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Between 19th to 21st of October 2021, teachers and organizations' representatives will be gathering physically in Greece, Piraeus, for a three-day Learning Teaching Training Activity. IDEC, SA will host the event, but all partners are responsible for preparing and delivering the modules and activities to the learners.
The present Agenda includes:
|Introduction of the participants|
|Introduction to the course|
|Module 1: Igniting the interest of the schools and staff|
|Module 2: Identifying of the needs of the school and the local community & Strategify it in a detailed internationalization plan|
|Module 3: Navigating in the Erasmus+ opportunities and selecting the ones that provide the chance to respond to the needs|
|Module 4: Networking in local/national/international level|
|Module 5: Authoring a quality proposal|
The event will be perfectly balanced between theory and practice to induce confidence in teachers who are considering starting their PM journey. The main EU work program of Erasmus+ will be analyzed and the function of a Project manager extensively approached through training activities that encourage:
- The development of networks and opportunities for international cooperation.
- Encourage and foster a sense of initiative among staff and students.
- Provide guidelines and a framework for European projects in their educational institutions.
- The creation, leadership, and management of European project teams.
- Research and identify international cooperation opportunities.
- Understand the requirements and procedures that lead to the creation of a European project.
The partnership is very enthusiastic for being physically together for the first time, but mainly to continue with the Project's IO's.
For more information, you can contact the project partners at [email protected]


ISSN: 2455-8400
International Journal of Aquaculture and Fishery Sciences
Short Communication Open Access Peer-Reviewed
Kingdom of seashells: Explotation and culture of major commercial species
Nandini Padhi*
UGC, AICTE, ICAR, Centurion University of Management and Technology, India
*Corresponding author: Nandini Padhi, UGC, AICTE, ICAR, Centurion University of Management and Technology, India, Tel: _PHONE_; E-mail:
Received: 29 October, 2020 | Accepted: 07 January, 2021 | Published: 08 January, 2021
Cite this as
Padhi N (2021) Kingdom of seashells: Explotation and culture of major commercial species. Int J Aquac Fish Sci 7(1): 001-004. DOI: 10.17352/2455-8400.000065
The beauty of hard outer protective layer of shells is admire by each and everyone. According to Hindu mythology some shells of Turbunaria sp.are believed to be the sacred reflection to the God Vishnu. From the ancient days the chank is considered as holy. Seashells are found in wide range of colors, sheds, tones and texture.
A soft-boiled animal is present beneath this hard shell. This shell gives the protection to that animal. Marine mollusks such as; calms oysters, mussels, snails are having exoskeleton which is a hard protective covering layer. These shells are major source of organic decomposition. This layer is so hard by the presence of calcium carbonate with a very less quantity of protein. All the seashells play a very important role for ecology and our human society as well. In ancient days seashells like cowry and tusk shells are using as currency. As these are easy to carry and durable too. For making ornaments, cutting tools, lamps, basins these shells are used world widely. Even in some parts of India for astrological prediction cowries are using. Mostly decoration of seashells started by Portuguese in Goa and more over the near about coastal areas. This unique craft is now familiar in everywhere. Around 50,000 mollusk species are found on earth. Some are used as seafood or in craft industries.
Around 5070 numbers of species are found in India. Among them some are belong to freshwater or marine habitat. In India marine mollusk diversity is rich and abundantly found in coast of Gujarat,Tamilnadu, Andaman and Nicobar island Lakshyadeep island. Various gastropod species are found in India, which is gradually exploited due to its several uses.
Common gastropods found in India
Gatropoda is the largest molluscan class having a large diversification. In larval stage it going through the process 'torsion'. In this process the entire top of their body twists 180 degree on their foot. This is coiled shpe. It maybe left-handed or right-handed. Left-handed coil is known as sinistral (spiraled counter -clockwise) and right-handed coil is known as dextral (clockwise). The marine gastropods are mainly reported in c India, coastal belts of Kerala, Maharastra, Goa, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Andaman and Nicobar island Lakshyadeep island and some eastern coastal states. Gulf of mannar, Tuticorin coast are known as Gastropod resources bed. In Tamilnadu coast sacred chank Turbunaria used to culture. Other important sea shell species are Button shell (Umbonium sp.), Winged shell (Strombidae), Spider shell/ Scorpion shell (Lambis sp.) Cowry (Cypraeidae), Helmet crab (Cassididae), Hairy triton (Cymatidae), Frog shell (Bursidae), Murex shell (Muricidae), Rock snail (Thaididae), Whelk (Nassaridae) are having good commercial market price.
Ornamental gastropods are extensively used in craft industry and it has having high international price. Mostly these goup of animals lives in coral reef areas like,Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Palk bay, Andaman and Nicobar island and some islands of Lakshyadeep. But due exploitation by shrimp trawls and other traditional fishing gears affecting the population of Babylonia spp. as well as ornamental chanks such as, Wing shell (Tibia curta), Purse shell (Bursa spinosa), Screw shell (Turritella attenuta), Cone shell (Conus glans). Marine gastropods are more ornate than the freshwater. A few gastropods are used as food such as, abalone, limpet, whelk, conch and other different are used as preparation for escargot. Most of the gastropods are act as decomposer as they decompose they decompose the dead plants and animals. In every habitat they act as decomposer community and predator as well.
Exploitation of gastropods
The shells were always valued by their size. Cephalopods are having high market price both in national and international market, so irrespective of their size the fishing of cephalopod is going on. Some dominant sp. exploited due to fishing are Uroteithis duvaucelli (Indian squid), Sepia pharaonis (Pharaoh cuttle fish), S. aculeate (Needle cuttle fish), Amphioctopus neglectecus (web footed octopus). These are mostly exploited by bottom trawling. Fishing banned in India of some endangered species like top shell (Trochus sp.). Due to less population Abalone sp. fishing is almost stop. Most of these are caught by squid jigging and trawling. The bottom trawlers which are operating upto 200mtdepth are using for cephalopod fishing. Some traditional gears like shore seine, boat seine, hooks and lines are still using to catch cuttle fishes. The outer hard cover is used as art and craft, cowries are used currency. Some religious sentisement attachments towards chank are lead to more explotation of gastropods irrespective of their size. Considering the intense exploitation of these animals in certain areas as a raw material for shell-craft industry.
Common bivalves found in India
Bivalves belong to the phylum mollusca. It is the largest phylum of invertebrate animals known as mollusca, secondly only to Arthropods. 'Mollusc' word originates from Latin word, derive from the word 'mollis' which means soft. This successful group of animals is found in a wide environmental range. These are highly diverse found in terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats. Among them freshwater mussels are coming under class Bivalvia which comprises about 14% of total molluscan species. The organisms like clams, mussels, edible oysters, pearl oysters, window pen oysters, cockles of this group are contributing towards fisheries from marine and brackish water resource. They have two hard outer shells to protect their body and a hinge joint is there to connect the two shells. The wide variety of shape and colours are freflected in diversified species of molluscan family. Bivalves are benthic mollusc found in intertidal and sub tidal region. They are filter feeders mainly feeds on phytoplankton and detritus which is abundantly available in natural water bodies. They are having byssus threads which is using as attachment organ. In distal region silk and proximal region elastin is present. Byssal thread is composed of collagenous proteins. Some of them size varies from as small as thumbnail to others as big as a plate. These bivalves are mostly caught and cultured for its meat and outer shell purpose. The rare pearl production can be done by this pearl oyster. From economic prospective Bivalves are valued for their beauty, shell decoration also. This leads to overharvesting of mussel resources. Marine bivalves are distributed along all Indian coasts. Oysters are used for meat purpose where as pearl oysters are using for pearl production. Among oyster resources Crassostrea is found abundantly, window pane oyster Placenta is restricted to some region and its getting exploited Indian back water oyster. (C rassostrea madrasensis), Indian rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) found throughout the Indian coast but other Crassostrea sp like C. gryphoides and C. rivularis restricted to north-west coast of India.
Biological role of mussel
These are labeled as good indicators of biological integrity and water quality by scientists. They can withstand with hydrodynamic environment. It used to assess environmental contamination or pollution. The use of freshwater mussel shells as indicators of ecological integrity and environmental stress has been informally exercised by scientists since early 1900s [1]. Bio-indicator is an organism whose characteristics are used to point out the presence or absence of environmental conditions which cannot be feasibly measured from other taxa or the environment as a whole (Landres, et al. 1988). The Rainbow mussels (Villosa iris) have been used extensively as a surrogate to evaluate the effects of various toxic contaminations to freshwater mussels (Mummeer, et al. 2003 Valenti, et al. 2005,2006; Wang, et al. 2007). Some


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Golden Treasuresby MIke Griefe
Childhood memories often include the stories that came from the books read to children by adults. These stories teach many of the lessons that children learn as they grow, and the books holding those stories often become treasured family heirlooms, surviving with the occasional torn page and creative crayon signature to rest on the shelves for the next generation.
For Naomi Williamson, professor of library services and director of the annual Children's Literature Festival at the University of Central Missouri, these books are a cornerstone in the foundation of the study and development of children's literature. As the coordinator of the Children's Literature Research Collection in UCM's James C. Kirkpatrick Library, she has come to know the favorites of children and adults alike.
Williamson continues the work of the late Ophelia Gilbert, former children's librarian, in building the university's collection of Golden Books, the small books with the gold binding that have been a staple of children's book collections since they were first published in 1942 and sold for 25 cents each.
"These books are an important part of American literature," Williamson said. "They introduced children to the stories that taught values, and they were affordable. They also were written and illustrated by many of the leading authors and illustrators in American children's literature."
The UCM collection now contains more than 1,000 Golden Books, a portion of the more than 26,000 volumes contained in the Philip A. Sadler Research Collection of Literature for Children and Young Adults. Golden Books have been printed continuously by several publishers since 1942, and can be found in all shapes and sizes in 18 different subject categories. All books are numbered, indicating the series and date of publication. Williamson is focusing on completing a collection of the first series of books numbered through 600.
Golden Books gradually became a growing part of the children's literature collection when the university's Central Elementary laboratory school closed in 1980. The collection from that library was combined with the university collection under the direction of Gilbert, who served as the Central Elementary librarian. It continued to grow several years later with a gift of children's books from the estate of the late Jean Riddle, a longtime Warrensburg educator who taught for many years in the Knob Noster School District.
As the collection grew, Williamson began to organize it a sub-collection of Golden Books within the Sadler collection. To date, there are 320 of the first 600 titles in the UCM collection. Many of the titles have become highly collectable, as indicated by a collector's catalog.
"I've found them in a variety of places," she said. "I keep this catalog with me and check out flea markets and antique shops when we travel. Some of them are very rare and can be worth $50 to $100, while most are worth $2 to $10."
Williamson's prize find to date has been an original display rack for Golden Books. Made of wood, the displays were commonly found in dime stores and pharmacies throughout the country, and many were simply discarded over the years. With a few minor repairs, the display rack is used by the library in the Ophelia Gilbert Exhibit Room.
"There are too many in print to collect all of the titles," she said. "We don't have anywhere near all of the first 600 yet, but I do have three on my desk now that I picked up yesterday, so the collection is growing."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Galleries | Art,
Museums | Sights
During the Renaissance era in Europe (approximately 14th to 17th centuries), a tradition emerged of collecting objects from nature, religion, and history, and displaying them in cabinets—or sometimes entire rooms. These were often called cabinets of curiosities, or cabinets of wonder, and many things collected for these cabinets became part of museum collections. At this workshop, participants explore related works of art in the galleries, and, in the studio, create their own "cabinet of wonder."Homeschool workshops, specially designed for families who homeschool their children, feature activities that encourage parents and children to learn about and discover art together. Activities are interdisciplinary and teach about art and how art relates to other curricular areas such as language arts, science, and social studies. Each workshop includes an interactive gallery tour, followed by a group discussion in the galleries and an art-making activity that examines a select work of art. All participants receive materials to extend the lesson at home. Available only to homeschool families with children ages 4 to 12. Preregistration required. Families with children ages 10+ may register for the afternoon workshop on the third Tuesday of the month.


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As we are consulting and speaking with a range of communities and groups across Europe at our roundtables about what their priorities are and where they see opportunities for action, we are working to build Systemic Justice's knowledge and capacity to support truly community-driven strategic litigation.
A crucial piece of the puzzle is to start mapping the legal obstacles and opportunities across Europe when it comes to taking cases that deal with racial, social, and economic justice issues. Through this research, we hope to see where the future challenges and openings are for communities to drive a litigation agenda on the issues that are most important to them.
For this mapping, we are working with a network of pro-bono lawyers who are helping us get an overview of a number of relevant factors that might influence the direction that litigation on racial, social or economic justice issues might take in different countries across Europe. This includes looking at several different indicators, such as:
- Law: What is the legislative or policy environment when it comes to racial, social, and economic justice issues? Are there strong legal frameworks that seek to remedy these issues?
- Judiciary: Are the courts in the jurisdiction impartial and independent? Are their decisions followed? Do they take action on racial, social and economic justice issues, and to what extent do the courts apply an intersectional analysis in their decisions? Are they progressive on these topics?
- Legal community: How high are legal fees? Is there a pro-bono culture among lawyers working on racial, social, and economic justice issues?
- Legal processes: Who can take legal action in the country? Is it possible for groups, communities, or movements to come together and take a case as a collective? What does a person taking a case have to prove to the courts and what kind of evidence do they need to put forward? Are there opportunities for gathering evidence on racial, social, and economic injustice? What can the courts do in terms of making orders or helping individuals secure redress or reparations?
Our thematic consultation process and mapping research won't map one on one to our future litigation projects. There are many more factors that weigh in the balance when considering where Systemic Justice might be working with partners to develop litigation projects. This starts with the partners themselves: communities are setting the direction for our work, so instead of the "cause looking for a client" approach, we'll start from their perspective, objectives, and preferences to explore the options. Then there are several other factors to consider, including the overall climate in the jurisdiction(s), the possibility of creating societal support, opportunities to meaningfully engage with the press, and the potential to influence other jurisdictions with the project, amongst others. We will write more about this in an upcoming piece.
For now, we are grateful to the law firms who are working with us at these early stages of developing our work. Should you (or your legal practice) want to contribute to this exploration, don't hesitate to get in touch!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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ROMAIN WACZIARG FINDS LINK BETWEEN GENETIC DISTANCE AND INCOME DIFFERENCES
Study provides new perspective on technology adoption
Why are some countries rich and others poor? Much has been written on this question from a historical perspective, says UCLA Anderson Associate Professor Romain Wacziarg. "Countries that were colonized and populated by Europeans are generally more economically developed than countries that were not colonized, or were colonized but not populated by Europeans," he says.
Wacziarg thought this might have to do with the links between developed countries and Northwestern Europe, where the Industrial Revolution originated. "In particular," he says, "with the fact that the colonizers who settled in these regions had been close to the industrial breakthroughs of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries."
So Wacziarg and Enrico Spolaore of Tufts University began looking at the long term determinants of economic performance by countries -- measured by per-capita income. The main hypothesis of their study was that, if a country has a significant population that is genetically related to the population in the country where a major technological innovation took place, the country is more likely to adopt this technology and develop economically. The results are presented in a paper by Wacziarg and Spolaore entitled, "The Diffusion of Development."
"The idea is not about being European per se," says Wacziarg. "It's about being close to the source of innovation. Not just geographically close, but also genetically close. New Zealand and Australia are not geographically close to Europe, but they still got the industrial revolution sooner than Papua New Guinea in part because they were colonized by Europeans."
Genetic distance measures the time since two populations had common ancestors. Much like siblings are more closely related than cousins since they share parents rather than grandparents, if two populations split apart 2,000 years ago, they will be genetically closer than two populations that split apart 10,000 years ago.
The mechanism linking genetic distance to income differences can take a variety of forms. People who are genetically close are more likely to trust each other. Populations that are genetically close can also communicate more easily, understand each others' cultural norms and values, and adopt practices conducive to modern development -- such as rapid human capital accumulation, low fertility and better political institutions.
One unique thing about this study is the notion that traits that account for differences across populations are transmitted vertically, from generation to generation, more easily than horizontally from one population to another. Because of this, separation between populations is associated with a host of differences in skills, culture and language that are potential barriers to development.
"We needed a way to measure the distance between populations of different countries," says Wacziarg. It turned out that geneticists have identified genetic markers that enable them to distinguish populations. And since these markers evolve at a steady rate, it is possible to determine the length of time since two populations had a common ancestor. It's like a molecular clock, he says.
Genetic distance is based on blood samples. Enzymes and protein markers vary from one population to another. The measure of genetic distance is known as FST Genetic Distance. "It's what geneticists call the measure of heterozygosity, which summarizes how different your genes are," says Wacziarg.
In the study, Wacziarg and Spolaore found that genetic distance is significantly correlated with current per-capita income differences between countries, even controlling statistically for geographic distance and other differences such as climate and resources. The results hold for income differences measured around the world since the year 1500. Interestingly, genetic distance correlates with the current differences in income among European countries despite their close geographic proximity.
"It's really quite simple," says Wacziarg. "The more genetically related people are, the more they will communicate, trust each other, imitate each other and share ideas. Closely related populations will exchange practices, values, and modes of production that are conducive to economic development."
"What the paper does not argue," says Wacziarg, "is that a country will never develop if it is really far from the technological frontier. It ultimately might get it, but the time it will take is proportional to its genetic distance from the source of innovation."
The study suggests that anything that fosters the exchange of ideas between populations that are genetically distant might help overcome barriers to development. One example, says Wacziarg, was the migration of engineers from India to the Silicon Valley as the area became a hub for information technology. He notes that this certainly helped make India a leader in software and IT services.
"You can overcome some genetic distance by bringing people close," he says. Another reason for India's commercial success with IT, notes Wacziarg, is that the Indian population, particularly in North India, is actually quite genetically close to European populations. Indians also had the advantage of speaking English, a heritage of the history of British colonization. A population more genetically and culturally distant from Europe may not have fared as well.
Wacziarg admits that his study may not have immediate policy implications for poor countries. "There is an aspect of pessimism involved in any study that says a current economic situation has roots in deep history," he explains. "You can't change deep history. There is a notion that poverty results from extremely persistent forces that are very hard to change."
But he maintains that economic development remains possible for any population. "This study suggests that anything that facilitates the flow of ideas and exchange between distant populations might help," he says. "Countries do develop and become richer. India and China are cases in point."
Read more about the study in Economic Principles.


Electric Cornstarch
Static electricity and non-Newtonian fluids combine for an amazing hands-on science project
You can do some pretty amazing things with non-Newtonian fluids, and the same can be said of static electricity. When you combine the two, you wind up with a hands-on science experiment that you have to see to believe. Cornstarch seems to magically jump towards a statically charged balloon, but do you know the science?
Experiment Materials
 - Cornstarch
 - Vegetable oil
 - Mixing bowl
 - Large spoon
 - Balloon
 - Measuring cup
 - Adult supervision
Experiment Videos
 1. Pour 1/4 cup of cornstarch into a mixing bowl.
 2. Add 1/4 cup of vegetable oil into the mixing bowl. Stir the mixture until it thickens.
 3. Blow up a balloon and tie it off.
 4. Statically charge the balloon using your hair, shirt, or rug. (We prefer hair.)
 5. Place the charged balloon close to the spoonful of the cornstarch mixture. Once you witness the cornstarch jump towards the balloon, slowly move the balloon away. Repeat that as many times as you want!
How Does It Work
You probably guessed this by now, since you rubbed the balloon against your hair, but this experiment revolves around static electricity. When you rub the balloon on a coarse surface like your hair, you give the balloon additional electrons. These new electrons generate a negative static charge. Meanwhile the cornstarch, having identity issues about being a solid or a liquid, has a neutral charge.
When an object has a negative charge, it will repel the electrons of other objects and attract that object's protons. When the neutrally charged object is light enough, like the dripping cornstarch in this case, the negatively charged object will attract the lightweight object. But try attracting cornstarch while it's in the bowl… it doesn't work! You need to reduce the amount of other forces acting on the cornstarch for this experiment to work, and that's why you drip it from the large spoon. Dripping the cornstarch means fewer cornstarch molecules will be able to cohere to each other, which enables the dripping cornstarch to swing towards the balloon more freely.
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Significance and Use
Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in all transportation vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contents to vibration inputs.
Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to package or product failure. Identification of critical frequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of these occurrences.
Vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, the confidence level may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment data. It is highly recommended that one understand the most common failures to one's products and packaging in distribution, and then attempt to replicate those failures in the laboratory. Once such replication is established, then that test can become the minimum necessary test for future packaged products to pass.
Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container, its interior packaging, means of closure, and contents. These tests allow analysis of the interaction of these components. Design modification to one or more of these components may be utilized to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.
Methods A1 and A2, Repetitive Shock Tests, are suitable for tests of individual containers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle and may be suitable for tests of containers that might be subjected to repetitive shocks due to magnification of vibrations in unit loads or stacks.
Note 1—Methods A1 and A2 produce different vibration motions, and therefore, will generate different forces which may result in different damage modes and intensities. Results from these two methods may not correlate with one another.
Method B, Single Container Resonance Test, tests or determines the ability of an individual container and its interior packaging to protect the contents from transportation vibration, particularly when the container and its contents might exhibit resonant responses.
Note 2—Individual products that are palletized might be better tested using Method C.
Method C, Palletized Load, Unitized Load or Vertical Stack Resonance Test, covers the determination of the presence and the effects of resonance in palletized loads and multiple-unit stacked loads, and whether or not the strength of the containers is sufficient to withstand dynamic loads when stacked.
Any or all of these test methods may be employed, as determined by the appropriate performance specification, with test intensities, frequency ranges, and test durations as called for in the specification. Although these tests do not simulate the shipping environment, they are intended to create the damage-producing potential of the shipping environment. Results of any one of these methods may differ from the results of the others.
1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled shipping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container, with its interior packing and means of closure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection it provides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such as it experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitable for testing containers of any form, material, kind, design of interior packing, means of closure, and any size and weight. They are not intended for determining the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intended for tests of products in their operational configuration as other more suitable procedures are available for these purposes.,
1.2 The following methods appear:
Method A1—Repetitive Shock Test (Vertical Motion).
Method A2—Repetitive Shock Test (Rotary Motion).
Method B—Single Container Resonance Test.
Method C—Palletized Load, Unitized Load, or Vertical
Stack Resonance Test.
1.3 For testing of intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) containing liquid hazardous materials, refer to Test Method D 7387.
1.4 These test methods fulfill the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 8318 and ISO 2247. The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for these methods.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D3580 Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D7387 Test Method for Vibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) Used for Shipping Liquid Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods)
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
repetitive shock; resonance; shipping container; stack resonance; vibration; Repetitive shock; Resonances; Shipping containers/materials/applications; Shock test--shipping containers; Stack resonance; Vibration resistance; Vibration test--packaging/shipping materials;
ICS Number Code 55.040 (Packaging materials and accessories)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
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Unit Basics
A units guideline based on working in 0.125 steps, a magic number like π in the world of CSS.
Nested HTML elements with relative units are going to lead to odd PX values.
A simplified management for spaces and dimensions of HTML elements.
Edit on GitHub


text:
List Price: $4.07
Sale Price: $4.07
(as of 04/27/2016 02:15 UTC)Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product..
Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Free Shipping: Eligible For Free Shipping
The demand for spices in medieval Europe was extravagant and was reflected in the pursuit of fashion, the formation of taste, and the development of luxury trade. It inspired geographical and business exploration,as traders pursued this kind of common spices as pepper and cinnamon and rarer aromatic items, like ambergris and musk. Ultimately, the spice quest led to imperial missions that had been to modify planet historical past. This engaging guide explores the demand for spices: why were they so well-known, and why so expensive? Paul Freedman surveys the history, geography, economics, and culinary tastes of the Middle Ages to uncover the surprisingly varied methods that spices were put to use--in elaborate medieval cuisine, in the therapy of ailment, for the promotion of effectively-being, and to perfume crucial ceremonies of the Church. Spices grew to become symbols of elegance, affluence, taste, and grace, Freedman displays, and their expense and fragrance drove the engines of commerce and conquest at the dawn of the modern day era.
No features available.


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Department of Education Releases Data Snapshot on Disparities in School Discipline
April 3, 2014
The U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights has released "Civil Rights Data Collection: Data Snapshot (School Discipline)." This issue brief provides analysis of data from public schools nationwide that show disparities in how studentsbeginning in preschoolare disciplined based on their race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status. Data reveal that African American students, especially males; American Indian/Alaska Native students; and students with disabilities disproportionately face the most extreme forms of discipline and excluding increasing numbers of these students from the classroom causes them to lose instructional time.
Access the school discipline guidance package developed by the Departments of Justice and Education to improve school climate, policies, and practices.
Read more about the Supportive School Discipline Initiative.


can tell, there is no given formula. I merely read the graph to come up with my numbers. $\endgroup$ – Dave Coffman Sep 7 '17 at 20:14
This is another chance to use one of my favorite approximations ever! I first offered it as an answer to a question about how deep a platform diver will go into the water. Now is the chance to use it again!
Issac Newton developed an expression for the ballistic impact depth of a body into a material. The original idea was expressed for materials of approximately equal densities when the ballistic body is moving fast enough for the target material to behave as a fluid (think cannon ball into dirt, meteorite into lunar regolith, etc). For a human body into snow, we can assume it will behave in a granular enough fashion.
The human body has a density of roughly $985 kg/m^3$. Using the two limits for the density of snow provided in another answer to this question, snow has a density between $300$ and $900 kg/m^3$. Let's assume the characters are 5 feet tall (you can easily change the number used, it's not a complicated formula). This gives us two limiting expressions:
$$d = 5 \times 985/300 = 16.4~\text{feet}$$
$$d = 5 \times 985/900 = 5.5~\text{feet}$$
So it really would depend on the actual density of the snow, but if you assume that it starts out around $300 kg/m^3$ and can reach a maximum of $900 kg/m^3$, we can assume that the final depth will be close to the same as assuming the average value as $600 kg/m^3$ which would give:
$$d = 5 \times 985/600 = 8~\text{feet}$$
That will give you a pretty good idea of the penetration depths over that range of densities. These numbers are all pretty close to what is given assuming the ideal deceleration given by this answer.
If you want to do a much more complicated analysis of penetration depth, check out the other, more detailed answer to the platform diver question. There it is actually shown that the penetration depth approaches this Newtonian approximation pretty well! It is also interesting to note that the penetration depth does not depend on the impact velocity/original height. Assuming one is going "fast enough" for the material to behave like a fluid, the expression seems to hold.
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 $\begingroup$ "the girls are 5 feet tall" - Anna is female, Kristoff is male, and listed as "tall": disney.wikia.com/wiki/Kristoff $\endgroup$ – mskfisher Feb 26 '15 at 12:01
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Yeah... Like I said, never saw it and my ignorance is showing... $\endgroup$ – tpg2114 Feb 26 '15 at 17:02
Nice theoretical answers (I can certainly appreciate them, I'm a mathematician). But why delve into theory when experiment is available? In this video you can see a skier jump from more than 200 feet and get head first into the snow, without a helmet.
The video starts with the aftermath, if you want to see the jump right away fast forward to about 1 minute into it.
 - $\begingroup$ Spoiler: the linked clip title indicates this was a planned world-record attempt. He goes in head-first and is buried far enough that only his skis are showing. The voiceover from the paramedic (who was standing by) is that he split his lip but is otherwise fine. The clip ends with the skier slaloming off down the rest of the hill. $\endgroup$ – brichins Sep 5 '17 at 21:59
About 50 years ago in Reader's Digest there was an article about a Soviet airplane pilot who bailed out at high altitude. He fell into a snow-filled ravine and survived. If the angle of the snow is high enough it is no big deal. At Squaw Valley I have seen skiers do drops that might have been 100 feet. If the landing is steep enough it is OK. It is "flat landings" that will get you.
Rock climber Lynn Hill fell 100 feet onto a dirt slope. She not only survived, she recovered completely.
Stunt men do quite high jumps onto airbags. 100 feet onto 20 feet of snow seems possible, but I wouldn't try it if I had any alternative.


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Coquerel's Sifaka Baby
It's the Year of the Lemur at the Sacramento ZooMar 30, 2012
The Sacramento Zoo is welcoming its newest residents: a baby Coquerel's Sifaka (CAHK-ker-rells she-FAHK) born on February 4th weighing 115 grams, and a baby Mongoose Lemur that was discovered the morning of
Friday March 30th. There are only eight AZA-accredited facilities that house the fewer than 60 endangered Coquerel's Sifaka, while 17 AZA-accredited facilities house the fewer than 60 endangered Mongoose Lemurs in the U.S. To help preserve these vanishing species, the Sacramento Zoo takes part in Species Survival Plans® (SSP) initiated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), to cooperatively manage specific, and typically threatened or endangered species, populations in accredited institutions.
"Both births are significant at the Sacramento Zoo and to lemur populations" said Harrison Edell, General Curator. There are between 1,000 and 10,000 Mongoose Lemurs left and potentially less than 10,000 Coquerel's Sifaka living in the wild.
Knowing that both lemurs were going to be first time moms and that their due dates were nearing, staff had been keeping an eye out for any significant changes in the mothers' behavior. The sifaka mother and baby are bonding in their habitat across from the Conservation Carousel and the Mongoose Lemur baby can be seen on exhibit with its mother and father.
Both Coquerel's Sifaka and Mongoose Lemurs are native only to the island of Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa, although the Mongoose Lemur was introduced to the Comoro Islands of Moheli and Anjouan roughly 200 years ago. Newborn sifaka ride on their mother's belly for the first month, then graduate to riding on her back. By two months of age, they have learned the basics of leaping. By about six months of age, they claim the treetops as their own. Young reach adult size at one year. Coquerel's Sifaka are among the most endangered of the sifaka
species – habitat loss due to deforestation is the leading threat. They have a unique brown and white coloration, and are distinguished from other lemurs by the way they move. They maintain a very upright posture. Using only their back legs, they leap through the treetops, easily leaping more than 20 feet in a single bound. On the ground they spring sideways off their back feet to cover distance.
All Mongoose Lemur infants are born with female coloration and; males, change coloration within six to eight months. The infant is carried around the mother's waist and is weaned between five and seven months.
Mongoose Lemurs tend to live in small groups of three to four consisting of a mature pair and their immature offspring. The Ankarafantsika Reserve is the only protected area in Madagascar for the Mongoose Lemur.
AZA Members: Submit your Zoo & Aquarium News


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A 1D/Quasi-3D Coupled Model for the Simulation of I.C. Engines: Development and Application of an Automatic Cell-Network Generator 2017-01-0514
Nowadays quasi-3D approaches are included in many commercial and research 1D numerical codes, in order to increase their simulation accuracy in presence of complex shape 3D volumes, e.g. plenums and silencers. In particular, these are regarded as valuable approaches for application during the design phase of an engine, for their capability of predicting non-planar waves motion and, on the other hand, for their low requirements in terms of computational runtime. However, the generation of a high-quality quasi-3D computational grid is not always straightforward, especially in case of complex elements, and can be a time-consuming operation, making the quasi-3D tool a less attractive option. In this work, a quasi-3D module has been implemented on the basis of the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM and coupled with the 1D code GASDYN. The flexible OpenFOAM platform has been exploited for the development of both the quasi-3D cell-network generator and the implementation of the non-linear explicit quasi-3D solver. The grid generator is based on a fully automatic strategy, which takes as input the definition of the geometry in STL format. It works in two steps, firstly creating a refined background mesh, including all the small details of the geometry, and then agglomerating the cells, reducing the number of elements, in order to reach the desired cell density. The implemented quasi-3D solver, relies on a high accuracy numerical method specifically developed for working on such a coarse grid and it is adopted for the solution of the 3D domain. The coupled 1D/quasi-3D simulation tool has been firstly validated considering different silencer configurations, comparing the computed Transmission Loss with experimental values. Then, as further step of the validation, an entire engine configuration, including complex intake and exhaust systems, has been simulated. Furthermore, the performances of the quasi-3D numerical method are compared with those of a standard CFD solver, with particular focus on the numerical accuracy and computational burden of the two approaches.
Citation: Della Torre, A., Montenegro, G., Cerri, T., and Onorati, A., "A 1D/Quasi-3D Coupled Model for the Simulation of I.C. Engines: Development and Application of an Automatic Cell-Network Generator," SAE Int. J. Engines 10(2):471-482, 2017, _URL_ Download Citation
Augusto Della Torre, Gianluca Montenegro, Tarcisio Cerri, Angelo Onorati
Politecnico di Milano
WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience
SAE International Journal of Engines-V126-3EJ, SAE International Journal of Engines-V126-3


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Benefits/Uses of Passion Fruit Juice for Skin, Hair and Health
Passion fruit is a common fruit found in the tropical and sub tropical countries and is shaped like an egg with wrinkled skin. The flesh of the fruit is green in color with a unique aroma and is sweet to taste. So it is often used for making juice and is good to taste. It is great for keeping your body cool in the summer months and has lots of health benefits.
Skin Benefits of Passion Fruit Juice:
Vitamin C present in this juice fights against the harmful actions caused by the free radicals in the body and prevents pre-mature ageing as well as keep the immune system strong. So, have passion fruit juice regularly and have a skin free from wrinkles and fine lines.
Having passion fruit juice daily helps you in getting a healthy skin as it is rich in Vitamin A, which is essential for the skin. This vitamin is also good for proper cell growth and reproduction.
Benefits of Passion Fruit Juice for the Hair:
You can maintain healthy hair only if nutrients and oxygen from the blood enters the hair follicles and nourish them. Most of the problems related with hair is due to improper food habits and deficiency in nutrients, as well as illness. Consuming passion fruit juice ensures that your hair gets nourished and it grows properly.
Strong and Thick Hair:
Passion fruit is rich in Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6 and lots minerals like potassium, copper etc., which are essential for healthy of the hair. So, drinking passion fruit juice provides you thick and strong hair that is free of any problems.
Health Benefits of Passion Fruit Juice:
Passion fruit is highly nutritious and a excellent health drink that is good for getting relief from asthma and its symptoms. Vitamin C present in the juice helps in preventing histamines from attacking the body and causing symptoms of asthma.
Controls Blood Pressure:
The alkaloids present in passion fruit juice are excellent for reducing blood pressure. It is also known for its antispasmodic action. They are also good sedatives and calm your mind and body.
Beta carotene is good for the normal development of the bones and the teeth and for repairing the tissues of the body. It is also beneficial for having healthy eyes and has many other health benefits. The risk of Parkinson's disease, arthritis, depression and infertility is greatly reduced by having passion fruit juice regularly. Beta carotene is non-toxic compared to Vitamin A, which toxic in excess.
Helps in Weight Loss:
Passion fruit juice is very effective if you wish to lose weight because it is low in calorie. Only about 97 calories is produced by 100 gm of the juice. Sodium and fat are also found in small quantities in this juice. Being rich in natural sugars and carbohydrates, your body is able to recover fast after a workout, as the energy lost is recovered easily by having this juice.
If you are suffering from insomnia, have a glass of passion fruit juice daily before you go to bed. This will ensure you a sound and peaceful sleep. This is because this fruit relaxes your nerves and calms you down.
Improves Blood Circulation:
Passion fruit is a good source of Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, choline and folate. All these vitamins are essential for the proper functioning of the mucous membranes in the digestive tract and also for normal functioning of the brain. They also ensure the mental health and improve blood circulation in the body. Lowering the levels of cholesterol in the body is another useful benefit of the fruit. So, have a glass of passion fruit daily and stay healthy both mentally and physically.
Improves Immune System:
Vitamin C in this juice is an excellent antioxidant that is very effective in increasing the immune power of the body and helps you to fight against various diseases and infections. It also helps to heal wounds fast because of its ability to repair damaged tissues.
Prevents Cancer and Heart Diseases:
The yellow and purple color of the passion fruit is due to the presence of beta carotene in it in high amounts. Beta carotene is also called pro-vitamin A because it gets converted in to Vitamin A when it reaches the liver. It has anti-oxidative properties and is good for preventing heart diseases, cancer and for lowering blood pressure in people suffering from high blood pressure.
Stay Healthy and Relaxed:
Drinking a glass of passion fruit is very refreshing and keeps you cool. It is good for getting relief from the burning sensation in the stomach and keeps you relaxed and calm by relaxing your nerves.
Treats Digestion Problems:
Consuming passion fruit juice is a good way to treat various digestive problems. It is good for preventing constipation also. It acts as a laxative and ensures proper bowel movements, preventing constipation. Having about 4 to 6 ounces of passion fruit juice at an interval of 2 hours is very effective in treating hyperacidity as well as duodenal and gastric ulcers.
Treats Kidney Problems:
Passion fruit juice is a rich source of minerals, especially potassium. This is found in high quantities in the juice. It helps in the proper functioning of the kidneys and is also essential for the contraction of the muscles. Smokers, athletes and vegetarians benefit a lot by consuming passion fruit juice daily.
How to Make Passion Fruit Juice:
- It is very easy to make the juice. Take 5 or 6 passion fruits, wash well and then cut then lengthwise.
- Scoop the flesh from inside and blend in the blender with thrice the amount of water for just a minute.
- Now remove the black seeds from the juice with the help of a strainer and again add thrice the amount of water and sugar to taste.
- You can store it in the refrigerator and it will stay for about five days in this way.
- Have it chilled and you will see that it is very tasty.
- You can make two and a half liters of juice form 5 passion fruits.


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Systematic review of patient safety interventions in dentistry.
This systematic review of patient safety in dentistry found scant evidence for effective patient safety approaches, with the exception of surgical safety checklists, which were successful in preventing wrong tooth extractions. Further research is needed to characterize patient safety in dentistry and implement effective interventions.
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Consider function $$f(x)=\frac{x^{n_{1}}}{1-x}+\frac{(1-x)^{n_{2}}}{x},x\in(0,1)$$ where $n_{1}$ and $n_2$ are some fixed positive integers.
My question: Is $f(x)$ convex for any fixed $n_1$ and $n_2$?
The second derivation of function $f$ is very complex, so I wish there exists other method to verify convex property.
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Yeah, you can always use the definition ;-) – dtldarek Apr 22 '12 at 12:51
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2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
A method to show f is convex is to show $f''(x)>0$. Do the two terms separately, reduce to determining the sign of a quadratic polynomial in the numerator.
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Thank you very much! I work out it follow your idea. – Wayson Kong Apr 22 '12 at 14:26
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In mathematics, a real-valued function defined on an interval is called convex (or convex downward or concave upward) if the graph of the function lies below the line segment joining any two points of the graph. Equivalently, a function is convex if its epigraph (the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is a convex set. More generally, this definition of convex functions makes sense for functions defined on a convex subset of any vector space.according to wikipedia
A real valued function f : X → R defined on a convex set X in a vector space is called convex if, for any two points x1,x2 in X and any t belongs [0 1] we have $f(t*x1+(1-t)*x2)<=(t*f(x1)+(1-t)f(x2))$ now let's take $n1$ and $n2$ some fixed values,let say 5 and 10,and try it
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Thank you for your answer. – Wayson Kong Apr 22 '12 at 12:39
you are welcome, good lucks – dato datuashvili Apr 22 '12 at 12:46
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Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire have arrived!
If you were looking for the set in Pokémon Trading Card Game, see Evolution (GB1).
Ivysaur evolving into Venusaur, depicted in Pokémon Black and White
Evolution (Japanese: 進化 shinka) is a process in which a Pokémon changes into a different species of Pokémon. This change is not merely physical, however, as Pokémon of a higher evolutionary stage have different (and usually more powerful) base stats than their predecessors, may have different moves that can be learned, and sometimes change their types, though usually at least one of the types of the previous form is preserved. Other statistics, such as Nature and EVs, as well as shininess, are preserved. In the real world, it is more similar to metamorphosis than evolution.
Professor Elm and Professor Rowan are the leading experts in Pokémon Evolution. According to the latter's research, over 90% of all Pokémon are connected to at least one other through Evolution. Rowan is currently investigating whether Evolution is a form of maturity in Pokémon, and looking at the implications this process has on Legendary Pokémon, which don't evolve.
Evolution families
Stages of evolution
Piplup evolution family in the anime
Two-evolution families
Lowest Trigger
Level 30
Middle Trigger
Level 55
One-evolution families
Lowest Trigger
Level 20
Pokémon that do not evolve
The least common type of evolution family is that in which no evolutionary event takes place, meaning that it is made up of only one member. Many of the Pokémon that have no evolutionary relatives are Legendary Pokémon. However, there are still 61 other Pokémon that do not evolve. Below is a list of all non-Legendary Pokémon that do not evolve (Phione isn't included due to its status as a Legendary being disputed).
Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen IV Gen V Gen VI
Farfetch'd Farfetch'd Unown Unown Sableye Sableye Pachirisu Pachirisu Audino Audino Furfrou Furfrou
Kangaskhan Kangaskhan Girafarig Girafarig Mawile Mawile Chatot Chatot Throh Throh Hawlucha Hawlucha
Pinsir Pinsir Dunsparce Dunsparce Plusle Plusle Spiritomb Spiritomb Sawk Sawk Dedenne Dedenne
Tauros Tauros Qwilfish Qwilfish Minun Minun Carnivine Carnivine Basculin Basculin Carbink Carbink
Lapras Lapras Shuckle Shuckle Volbeat Volbeat Rotom Rotom Maractus Maractus Klefki Klefki
Ditto Ditto Heracross Heracross Illumise Illumise Sigilyph Sigilyph
Aerodactyl Aerodactyl Corsola Corsola Torkoal Torkoal Emolga Emolga
 Delibird Delibird Spinda Spinda Alomomola Alomomola
Skarmory Skarmory Zangoose Zangoose Cryogonal Cryogonal
Stantler Stantler Seviper Seviper Stunfisk Stunfisk
Smeargle Smeargle Lunatone Lunatone Druddigon Druddigon
Miltank Miltank Solrock Solrock Bouffalant Bouffalant
 Castform Castform Heatmor Heatmor
Kecleon Kecleon Durant Durant
Tropius Tropius
Absol Absol
Relicanth Relicanth
Luvdisc Luvdisc
Branch evolution families
Main article: List of Pokémon with branched evolutions
Lowest Trigger
Level 25
Middle Trigger
Water Stone
Holding King's Rock
A major difference between the final forms of an evolution family with a branch in evolution is in the way that their base stats line up. For example, Kirlia can evolve into both Gardevoir and Gallade, which both have 518 total base stats. However, Gallade's base stat in Attack is 125 and its base stat in Special Attack is 65. The reverse is true for Gardevoir, whose Special Attack is 125 and whose Attack is 65. This is true of many opposing evolutions, with one focusing in one specific stat, the other focusing in a separate stat, and both having the same total stats. This is especially obvious in the Eeveelutions, who each have exactly the same base stats, though organized differently.
A listing of the stat focuses is below.
Basic form Evolutions Types Difference
Oddish Oddish Vileplume Vileplume Grass Poison Defense is 85, Special Attack is 110, Special Defense is 90
Bellossom Bellossom Grass Defense is 95, Special Attack is 90, Special Defense is 100
Poliwag Poliwag Poliwrath Poliwrath Water Fighting Defense is 20 higher, Attack is 20 higher
Politoed Politoed Water Special Attack is 20 higher, Special Defense is 10 higher
Slowpoke Slowpoke Slowbro Slowbro Water Psychic Defense is 110, Special Defense is 80
Slowking Slowking Water Psychic Special Defense is 110, Defense is 80
Eevee Eevee Vaporeon Vaporeon Water Highest stat is HP
Jolteon Jolteon Electric Highest stat is Speed
Flareon Flareon Fire Highest stat is Attack
Espeon Espeon Psychic Highest stat is Special Attack, tied with Glaceon
Umbreon Umbreon Dark Highest stat is Special Defense, tied with Sylveon
Leafeon Leafeon Grass Highest stat is Defense
Glaceon Glaceon Ice Highest stat is Special Attack, tied with Espeon
Sylveon Sylveon Fairy Highest stat is Special Defense, tied with Umbreon
Tyrogue Tyrogue Hitmonlee Hitmonlee Fighting Attack is 120, Defense is 52, Speed is 87
Hitmonchan Hitmonchan Fighting Attack is 105, Defense is 79, Speed is 76
Hitmontop Hitmontop Fighting Attack is 95, Defense is 95, Speed is 70
Wurmple Wurmple Beautifly Beautifly Bug Flying Attack and Special Attack higher than Defense and Special Defense
Dustox Dustox Bug Poison Defense and Special Defense higher than Attack and Special Attack
Ralts Ralts Gardevoir Gardevoir Psychic Fairy Special Attack is 125, Attack is 65
Gallade Gallade Psychic Fighting Attack is 125, Special Attack is 65
Snorunt Snorunt Glalie Glalie Ice All stats are 80
Froslass Froslass Ice Ghost HP, Defense, Special Defense each 10 lower, Speed 30 higher
Clamperl Clamperl Huntail Huntail Water Attack is 104, Special Attack is 94
Gorebyss Gorebyss Water Attack is 84, Special Attack is 114
Burmy Wormadam Wormadam Bug Grass Special Attack and Special Defense higher by 10
Wormadam Wormadam Bug Ground Attack and Defense higher by 10
Wormadam Wormadam Bug Steel Equal special and physical stats
Mothim Mothim Bug Flying Lower Defenses but higher HP, Attacks, and Speed
Methods of evolution
Main article: Methods of evolution
 - leveling up when friendship has reached a high level
 - leveling up while holding an item
 - leveling up while knowing a certain move or a move of a certain type.
 - leveling up in a certain location
 - trading the Pokémon
 - trading the Pokémon while holding an item
 - trading the Pokémon for specific Pokémon
 - using an evolutionary stone on it.
 - leveling up with a certain Pokémon or Pokémon of a certain type in the party.
Additionally, holding an Everstone prevents a Pokémon from evolving, as well as surprising a Pokémon via the B Button. The latter method is known as "Evolution cancellation".
Some Pokémon have different evolutions depending on their gender. For example, only female Combee can evolve into Vespiquen; male Combee cannot evolve at all. Meanwhile, Snorunt can evolve into Glalie, but females ones have the option of evolving into Froslass instead. This instance occurs in a similar way with Kirlia, albeit with males having split evolution instead.
In the anime
Evolution in the Best Wishes series
In the TCG
Stages of evolution
Baby Pokémon
Basic Pokémon
Stage 1 Pokémon
Stage 2 Pokémon
Ability to evolve
However, Pokémon cards from different sets may evolve into one another. For example, Dark Crobat can evolve from either Dark Golbat of the Team Rocket set or Dark Golbat of the EX Team Rocket Returns set. So long as the card names match precisely both TO (here Dark Crobat) and FROM (here Dark Golbat), the evolution is legal. This rule, of course, can be circumvented by certain means, such as Pokémon Powers and Trainer cards, however, this is not common.
In relation to the real world
Evolution in Pokémon, for most species, is more akin to metamorphosis than to actual evolution. This is because real life evolution happens to a population rather than to individuals, and happens over much larger time scales than in the Pokémon world. In the Pokémon Adventures manga, it is mentioned that Pokémon Evolution is an entirely separate phenomenon from the normal process of evolution, and is a mysterious ability exclusive to Pokémon that is still not fully understood.
However, this does


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BIM for project managers: a crash course on the benefits of the BIM toolkit
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is changing best practices for information communication. This makes BIM an invaluable aspect of a project manager's toolkit. To make the most of these evolving opportunities, project managers need to understand the complexities in the market, starting with what exactly people mean when they say 'BIM'. This is a project manager's guide to all things BIM, allowing you to update your processes and technology to match the digital opportunities of the 21st century.
Is BIM software or a process? Beyond BIM Level 2
BIM is often misunderstood as just a software solution. While BIM has been largely defined by new and different software solutions, it is the processes that these software solutions enable that are at the core of why BIM is beneficial and worth adopting. To whatever degree BIM is a technology, it is also a process. If looking to engage with BIM, you need to look beyond the software and think about the process changes that BIM software will make possible.
When it comes to processes, the nature of BIM is always to improve and increase the level of communication across design and construction teams. But, what exactly that means does depend on the technology being described. Unfortunately, the increasing cachét of BIM has led to an expansion in how it is being applied — something that has come to be known as 'BIM-washing'.
These differences are probably easiest to understand in the context of the UK regulatory 'Levels of BIM' that were created to accompany the BIM Level 2 mandate for all publicly funded construction projects. Within this system:
BIM Level 0
BIM Level 0 refers to simple, old-school CAD (computer-aided design) software.
BIM Level 1BIM Level 1 adds 3D modelling capabilities and objects within the graphical CAD data — technology that is commonly referenced as 'object-oriented CAD'.
BIM Level 2
BIM Level 2 introduces format and sharing requirements designed to make the collaborative use of CADs easier. That includes the necessity for all CAD software to export to common file formats such as COBie (Construction Operations Building Information Exchange) and IFC (Industry Foundation Class) and the creation of a common data environment (CDE) to facilitate the sharing of data. This is the first 'Level of BIM' that could be considered 'new' in any real sense.
BIM Level 3BIM Level 3 is still undefined, but focuses on concepts such as creating a set of open data standards for easy data sharing. Generally this references single-source-of-truth, database-first design software that maximises collaborative opportunities.
BIM Level 3 is often what people are talking about when touting the benefits of BIM, even though most of the people using BIM aren't operating on this level of sophistication. Some of the benefits provided by a BIM Level 3 workflow will apply across levels — particularly to BIM Level 2.
The rest of this article will mainly discuss BIM Level 3 principles centred around a database-first, single-source-of-truth approach to data management and collaborative processes. This means that all structural and design plans are created as part of a single dataset, rather than as individual files. Elements of this common dataset can be accessed using specialist tools, but any changes made are automatically propagated across the project because all of the data is rooted in the same place.
It is important for project managers to understand the specific capabilities of the BIM 'labelled' software tools they are using on any given project so that they can match their process expectations and instructions accordingly. If still confused by these differences, you can check out our truly comprehensive explanation in The Ultimate Guide to BIM in 2019.
BIM brings clarity to the information landscape
BIM aims to create a single shared repository for information regarding the design and construction of a project. This includes structural information, materials, asset information and architectural designs. This makes it easy for a range of specialists to all contribute to the same project files. However, BIM isn't restricted to just the CAD-related files such as 3D models and 2D drawings — it also includes support for scheduling, clash detection and animation.
In the past, designs and plans were shared among various specialists via both digital means and also traditional mediums like paper documents. What BIM delivers is a simplified means of sharing information, particularly when it comes to cross-disciplinary cooperation. This is achieved via the database-first approach to collaboration.
Everything that is pulled from a 'true' BIM platform is automatically interpreted into the preferred form of representation that the specialist works with. This means that everyone from architects to engineers and interior designers can contribute at every stage of development using their own CAD tools, but without creating duplicate files. Everyone stays up to date, administration is simplified and the risk of creating clashes is minimised.
This also means that project managers have access to a wealth of information and they'll be able to oversee the various components that are involved in a project — all while accessing intuitive 3D models, rather than complex technical schematics. This makes it much easier for project managers to actually assess and understand the workflows and outputs of every specialist team under their control. Fundamentally, there is a reduced chance for miscommunication to occur between specialist teams, managers and clients.
True BIM workflows offer a coherent and transparent information landscape that is accessible to everyone involved in the project.
BIM creates new opportunities
Since BIM makes information available across the project, it gives project managers the ability to be more flexible and involved with how their teams function, while also being able to direct specific teams to work closely on various stages of the construction project.
The ability to work more closely together allows specialists to deploy their expertise whenever and wherever it is needed, reducing the need to segment design into stages — accelerating the entire process while improving outcomes.
Since BIM relies on a single source of information, technical challenges can be translated and understood by design teams to inform them of structural capabilities so they can either work around limitations or develop completely new solutions in real-time without a constant back and forth between various teams. When BIM techniques are used correctly, it enables teams to push the limits of their creativity while staying within the realm of technical possibilities. Being able to work closely with structural engineers, for example, helps designers understand the limitations and factors that impact each aspect of the project.
Project managers have a better understanding of current progress regardless of what stage the project is at, but so does every element of the design and construction team. This makes it easier to engage with experimental designs, prefabricated materials and manufacturing techniques like 3D printing and even programmable robots to assist on a construction site.
BIM enables project managers, but project managers need to enable BIM
The purpose of BIM is to store and deliver information that benefits teams of specialists that would otherwise be segregated, making it easier to leverage these talents to the greatest degree possible by enabling collaboration. BIM is a technology, but it is the process changes that it makes possible that are important.
When looking at construction and design phases, project managers should hold responsibility for ensuring that their teams understand what BIM is and how it can positively affect their workflow. Being able to utilise BIM to its fullest could transform the way your specialists interact and collaborate, resulting in quicker turnaround times and more creative projects that push the boundaries of what is considered possible in the construction industry today.
BIM is always expanding the types of technologies that it is compatible with. For instance, laser scanning can produce accurate point cloud data to recreate live scenes and environments that can be imported as BIM-compatible data. This data can be used to compare work-in-progress construction with the designs that were proposed in order to elevate quality assurance capabilities. Advances in point cloud processing and laser scanning technology have made it possible to take advantage of these techniques at a much lower cost and with improved productivity.
Project managers are recruited to oversee and direct teams involved in a project, so it's important to understand BIM processes and how to utilise them as a way to explore new collaborative processes and adopt the latest technologies. BIM excels at visually representing and communicating information across different disciplines and helps to manage the overwhelming amount of data involved in the construction process. It has the ability to drive innovation and speed up processes to deliver an efficient competitive advantage over the competition.
Making that happen comes down to project managers understanding the possibilities and overseeing the changes to process that will deliver those outcomes. It's the project manager's job to ensure that all teams understand the process changes that come with BIM and how they can utilise them to create new opportunities through a collaborative and informed work process. That starts with understanding BIM yourself.
You have been reading a project manager's guide to BIM. If you have more questions about how to best use BIM within your workflow, getting advice on the best BIM software, BIM process improvements and a crash course on BIM deliverable, we have written an Ultimate Guide to BIM in 2019 just for you!


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Suppose that two persons, A and B, died in a common disaster. B was the child of A and stood to receive some or all of A's property at A's death. Yet B (and, in turn, B's successors) would only be so entitled if B survived A, at least for an instant. How was a court to determine whether B so survived? This article explores the answers in England and America from 1766 to 2006. Commissioned for a book on The Law of Presumptions: Essays in Comparative Legal History, the article examines the history of the presumptions in Anglo-American law that govern survivorship. The article uses treatises, cases, and legislative records to shed new light on the history, and to explore the resistance at common law to any presumption on the matter - a resistance that was only overcome by legislation in the twentieth century.
Thursday, December 3, 2009
Gallanis on Death by Disaster: Anglo-American Presumptions, _PHONE_
Posted by Mary L. Dudziak
Death by Disaster: Anglo-American Presumptions, _PHONE_ has just been posted by Thomas P. Gallanis, University of Iowa. It appears in THE LAW OF PRESUMPTIONS: ESSAYS IN COMPARATIVE LEGAL HISTORY, R.H. Helmholz & W.D.H. Sellar eds. (2009). Here's the abstract:


Ronin - Meaning of Ronin, What does Ronin mean?
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Ronin - Meaning of Ronin
What does Ronin mean?
Meaning of the name Ronin
[ 2 syll. ro-nin, ron-in ] The baby boy name Ronin is pronounced as ROWNihN †. Ronin is used mostly in Hebrew and English, and its language of origin is Hebrew and Celtic.
Ronin is a derivative (Hebrew) of the English, Spanish, Dutch, and Hebrew name Ron.
Ronin is also a derivative (English) of the English and Irish name Ronan.
Ronin is somewhat popular as a baby name for boys. The name has been rising in popularity since the 2000s; prior to that, it was of infrequent use only. At the modest peak of its usage in 2012, 0.015% of baby boys were named Ronin. Its ranking then was #771. In 2012, out of the group of boy names directly related to Ronin, Ronan was the most commonly used. The name was twice as popular as Ronin in that year.
Baby names that sound like Ronin include Ronan (English and Irish), Raam (Hebrew), Racham (Hebrew), Raemonn, Rahaeim, Raham (English and Hebrew), Rahan, Rahane, Raheem (Arabic and English), Rahiem, Rahim (Arabic, English, and Iranian), Rahma, Rahmahn, Rahman (Arabic and Turkish), Rahmen, Rahmin, Rahym, Raimee, Raimey, and Raimi.
Ronin Baby Name Explorer
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Using an effective blend of theory and practice, this text helps students navigate potential investment opportunities in the real estate market. A unified principles and practice approach allows instructors to adjust the curriculum to their needs, and the concise workbook format helps facilitate learning. Coverage explores investment trends, tax laws, regulations, and market conditions. Instructor Resources include course outline, quizzes, answer keys, and a PowerPoint presentation.
Retail Price: $37.70
Please call _PHONE_ for Instructor Resource Access.
Product Name: Essentials of Real Estate Investment 10th Edition (eBook)
Product Discontinuation Date: 01/02/2017


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You are looking at historical revision 3802 of this page. It may differ significantly from its current revision.
LOOP is a generalized iteration form supporting extensible iterator macros, keyword updates, and full recursion. The idea is to create a loop as simple and close to natural Scheme as possible, while still being extensible.
See the article with message-id posted on comp.lang.scheme in September of 2006 for the original version and a brief history of Lisp iteration constructs.
In its most basic usage, LOOP can be used as a drop-in replacement for named let (assuming the let name isn't passed as a first class value). So, for example, the following definitions
(define (fold kons knil ls) (let lp ((ls ls) (knil knil)) (if (pair? ls) (lp (cdr ls) (kons (car ls) knil)) knil)))
(define (fold kons knil ls) (loop lp ((ls ls) (knil knil)) (if (pair? ls) (lp (cdr ls) (kons (car ls) knil)) knil)))
are equivalent. We further allow automatic stepping of variables, as in the DO macro:
(define (fold kons knil ls) (loop lp ((ls ls (cdr ls)) (knil knil (kons (car ls) knil))) (if (pair? ls) (lp) knil)))
The parameters have default steps, so we don't need to pass them explicitly anymore (though we can still do so if we wanted to override the defaults).
In addition, we provide extensible iterators to automatically handle the logic of stepping, fetching, and checking termination on sequence types. To use an iterator, specify one or more variable names followed by '<-' followed by the iterator and any parameters:
(x <- in-foo bar baz qux)
To iterate over a list, use the IN-LIST macro:
(x <- in-list ls)
This will bind X to the successive elements of LS in the body of the loop.
Now, when iterating automatically, the loop will also terminate automatically if it encounters the end of its input. In such a case you may want to specify a return value. You can do this by putting
right at the start of the loop body. So our example now becomes:
(define (fold kons knil ls) (loop lp ((x <- in-list ls) (knil knil (kons x knil))) => knil (lp)))
Note we can still call, or not call, the loop itself in the body according to whatever logic we want, and re-enter it possibly multiple times. However, in this common case where the entire body is reduced to just calling the loop again, we can omit it by using an anonymous loop:
(define (fold kons knil ls) (loop ((x <- in-list ls) (knil knil (kons x knil))) => knil))
No flexibility is lost over named let, yet we've gained the convenience of iterators. If you wanted to change the above to work on vectors, all you would need to do is change the iterator:
(x <- in-vector vec)
and it works as expected.
Bindings and Scope
Iterator macros may introduce variables in three different lexical scopes:
* Loop variables - analogous to the variables in a named let, these are initialized once and updated on each iteration through the loop. In the example above, KNIL is a loop variable (as are all named let and DO-style variables).
* Body variables - bound in the body, these are usually derived directly from loop variables. They can't be overridden (see below) and are not available in the final expression. In the example above, X is a body variable.
* Final variables - bound once in the return expression, these are sometimes used for some final computation such as reversing a consed up list.
Within each of these three lexical scopes, all variables are updated in parallel, and none are ever mutated (unless the programmer does so manually). This referential transparency is important to achieve full non-tail recursion and re-entrancy.
In many cases the loop variables will be implicit and unnamed. For instance, IN-LIST uses a loop variable to cdr down the list of pairs, binding X to the successive cars. However, in such cases the iterator usually lets you explicitly name the loop variable if you want access to it.
Loop variables may be manually overridden on a recursive call. You can either use the original positional arguments, or specify individual values by name with the <- syntax, punning the initial binding. Thus in
(loop lp ((x ls <- in-list ls))...)
the recursive calls
(lp) (lp (cdr ls)) (lp ls <- (cdr ls))
are all the same. Note that we are binding the loop variable LS, not X which is considered to be always derived from the loop variable. Note also that there is no need to recurse on CDR - we could use CDDR, or a completely unrelated list, or '() to force an early termination.
The following example flattens a tree into a list, using minimal conses and stack. This serves as an example of naming implicit loop variables, binding loop variables, and non-tail recursion.
(define (flatten ls) (reverse (loop lp ((x ls <- in-list ls) (res '())) => res (if (pair? x) (lp res <- (lp ls <- x)) (lp res <- (cons x res))))))
The scope of the final expression will include all the final variables, as well as all the last instances of all the loop variables, at least one of which will correspond to a true termination condition (you could manually check the others to see if the sequence lengths were uneven). The body variables are not bound, however the loop itself, if named, is available so that you can restart the loop with all new initial values if you want.
- ( [] <- in-list [ []])
Iterates over the successive elements of a list.
;;; Simple loop > (loop ((x <- in-list '(a b c))) (write x) (newline)) a b c ;;; Reverse a list destructively. (define (reverse! list) (loop ((elt pair <- in-list list) (tail '() pair)) => tail (set-cdr! pair tail))) ;;; Test for circularity (define (cddr* ls) ; CL's cddr (if (pair? (cdr ls)) (cddr ls) '())) (define (circular-list? ls) (and (pair? ls) (loop race ((tortoise <- in-list ls) (hare <- in-list (cdr ls) cddr*)) => _TAG_ (or (eq? hare tortoise) (race)))))
- ( [] <- in-lists [ []])
Iterate over a list of lists. is bound to the heads of each of the lists in . The CDR and NULL? options can be specified as in IN-LIST.
(define (any pred. lol) (loop lp ((elts <- in-lists lol)) => _TAG_ (or (apply pred elts) (lp))))
- ( [] <- in-string [ [ []]])
- ( [] <- in-string-reverse [ [ []]])
Iterate over the characters of a string. Proceeds from , inclusive, to , exclusive. By default is 0 and is the string length, thus iterating over every character.
You can specify a step other than the default 1, for example 2 to iterate over every other character.
The reverse version steps from one less than the end, continuing until you step below the start. Thus with the same and and a of 1 (or any divisor of the difference), the two forms will iterate over the same characters but in the reverse order.
Note this works correctly with the utf8 egg, but is not optimal in such cases because the use of numeric indexes is slow.
- ( [] <- in-vector [ [ []]])
- ( [] <- in-vector-reverse [ [ []]])
Analogues of the string iterators, but for vectors. Note also all of the SRFI-4 uniform vectors can iterated over as in-u8vector, etc.
- ( <- in-port [ [ []]])
- ( <- in-file [ []])
Iterate over data read from a port, defaulting to (CURRENT-INPUT-PORT) for IN-PORT, and a port opened by (OPEN-INPUT-FILE ) for IN-FILE. The reader defaults to READ-CHAR?, and the termination test defaults to EOF-OBJECT?.
The stateful nature of ports means that these are not referentially transparent, and you can't save a loop iteration to go back to later. In particular, IN-FILE will close its port on the first termination, causing an error if you attempt to re-enter the same loop again.
(define (read-mime-headers port) (loop lp ((line <- in-port port read-line) (res '() (cons line res))) => (reverse res) ; eof case (if (string-null? line) (reverse res


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Iain & Jane Clarke
Organic Farming (Environment)
The Clarke's have been farming at a 10 acre site near Whitchurch since 2003. The farm holds strong ethics and is fully committed to organic principles with no artificial fertilizers, chemicals or growth promoters used in the production and all livestock have free range access onto pasture.
Organic agriculture recognises the relationship between our environment, our health and the food we eat. As well as high animal welfare standards, organics avoids the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers and helps to revitalize the earth. And, because organic farming releases less greenhouse gases than non-organic farming, it means a smaller carbon footprint for the environment. Lending in this sector varies from dairy and meat, to forestry and fruit.


Head-Fi.org › Articles › Frequency Response Of Headphones
Frequency Response Of Headphones
Let's talk about speakers to begin with, their optimal frequency response is supposed to be a flat line from 20 to 20000 Hz. It means if fed by an input signal composed of varying frequencies at the same level (voltage), they will measure the same volume on a dB meter. It has nothing to do with the frequency distribution of the music itself, but merely ensures that the frequency distribution (tonal balance) of the music will not be changed by the speaker. If the music is bass heavy, the speaker will reproduce a bass heavy sound, if it has a lot of treble, they will reproduce a lot of treble.
In addition to that, an overwhelmingly large proportion of sound engineers mix and master music with studio monitors, and almost all of them have an extremely flat frequency response curve (not to mention that their studio was acoustically treated for flatness as well), and all the equalizing was done using those monitors as a reference. Thus, if you want to hear what was intended by the sound engineers, you would have to buy speakers with a flat FR (frequency response).
However, higher frequencies are attenuated faster as they travel through the air (that's why you only hear the bass when your neighbors play music). A good sound engineer mixes the music knowing this. That means that if microphones are placed near the instrument, the engineer would equalize the high frequencies to give an impression of space. If he wants to make it seem like it's played in a concert hall, he would have to reduce the higher frequencies according to that distance. The final product (the music you buy) would be realistic as far as frequency distribution is concerned when listened with a speaker that has a flat FR at the same distance as the sound engineer did.
Knowing that, we can move to the FR of headphones: the transducers being so close to the ear, high frequencies aren't attenuated when they arrive to the ear drum (not to mention the reflection of your pinna and your head), that's why the FR curve of headphones is not flat, higher frequencies should be reproduced at a lower volume to mimic the effect of traveling through air to reach our ears. Even so, the added high frequencies of headphones with a flatter FR make them sound more detailed than some speakers.
The lack of content in the high frequencies is partly due to distance attenuation and partly due to the fact that instruments don't naturally produce these frequencies, the highest sung note is an F6 which fundamental is 1397 Hz, for other instruments, refer to this chart:
Music instruments frequency chart from PSB speakers
This is of course pure theory, and it assumes that the engineer has perfect equipment and is trying to mix accurately. Some sound engineers use less accurate monitors and are not aware of their monitors faults and would thus create colored recordings. Other engineers might intentionally color the sound, to make it sound "better" on cheap equipment.
Comments (9)
Sooo... From what I understand, Almost nothing naturally produces a frequency above 5k?
_USER_ - a cymbal crash will produce frequencies (overtones) up to 100kHz, but the fundamental note is low.
The same applies to the human voice, violin, etc.
Here's an interactive chart you can look at - _URL_
As for this article, keep in mind the last paragraph notes an ideal flat FR for our speakers and headphones is "just theory". There's a lot of theories, and testing the theories
I stumbled upon this site a while ago and it has some really good information.
This tutorial is about the different bands of the audio spectrum. He recorded the same audio clip with a very steep bandpass filter throughout the whole audio spectrum and points out what to listen for in each. Very cool.
Take 15 minutes and listen to all of the audio tracks. It is very useful for learning what different frequency bands actually sound like and where certain pieces of music are located along the spectrum.
Wow. This picture is really cool.
>Almost nothing naturally produces a frequency above 5k?
No. _URL_ - see the right table. And you can do hear that clapping and cymbals can carry a lot of energy in this frequency range.
eheh i post this image on fb :P this wiki is full of information and pictures.. i really love it
Thanks for the interactive chart link! Helps make up for the meager representation of percussive instruments on this here chart.
 thanks for the info :)
Picking up neigbours fm signal not mine hearing his music cant get my my tv signal?
Helpful...Thanks for sharing.
Head-Fi.org › Articles › Frequency Response Of Headphones


Single Column Atmospheric Model (SCAM)
This page describes how to run the Single Column Atmospheric Model, version 6 (SCAM6). SCAM6 is described in detail in Gettelman et al 2019 and the following instructions are valid for CESM2 and subsequent releases.
SCAM makes use of the comprehensive CAM physics package but is idealized in its representation of the large scale resolved flow. A single column is simulated and the large scale flow and its associated tendencies are prescribed, either from observations or a simulation. This configuration is useful for understanding the behavior of the parameterized physics in the absence of feedbacks involving the large-scale circulation. As such it is useful for parameterization development and the understanding of the behavior of physical processes under the constraint of prescribed large-scale circulation.
CESM2-SCAM6 Containerized Tutorial
We have developed a self-contained version of CESM2 that runs the Single Column Atmosphere Model (SCAM6). This is a full version of CESM2, just configured with input data for a single compset (FSCAM). The container uses Docker, an open source virtualization layer. It is essentially a virtual machine running through the Docker layer. Docker works on any platform: Mac, Windows and Linux. Code and instructions for SCAM are available on a CAM6 Tutorial page.
Full SCAM Setup Instructions
Instructions on setting-up and running SCAM can be found in the CAM6 users guide. The instructions provided here expand upon those and aim at providing a more in-depth description for a new user.
Introduction to SCAM forcing datasets (IOPs)
The forcing datasets that are used to run SCAM are referred to as IOPs (standing for Intensive Observation Periods, referring to the fact that often SCAM is run using observational data obtained from intensive field campaigns). A number of observational IOPs are available within the CESM2 release and users can also generate their own using observational data or a CAM simulation.
The IOP dataset contains the large scale forcings required to run SCAM. Specifically, the zonal and meridional components of the flow (U,V) and the vertical pressure field are read in from the IOP dataset. SCAM then uses the Lagrangian dynamical core to calculate the vertical advection of moisture (Q) and the Eulerian dynamical core to calculate the vertical advection of temperature (T). Alternatively, these vertical advection tendencies can be read in directly from the IOP dataset, if they are available. The vertical advection does not act on any other prognostic variables e.g., aerosols. Given the dependence of the vertical advection terms on the formulations of the Lagrangian and Eulerian dynamical cores and the lack of vertical advection of other prognostic variables, users who aim to run SCAM with an IOP dataset generated from CAM itself should not expect exact bit-for-bit reproducibility of the CAM state but they should find close agreement.
In the presence of this prescribed large-scale atmospheric circulation, SCAM then predicts the evolution of temperature (T), moisture (Q) and other quantities such as cloud and aerosol properties, radiative heating rates, temperature tendencies due to moist processes etc using the CAM physics parameterization suite. It also predicts precipitation rates, but it should be noted that this is strongly constrained by the imposed large scale flow and as such, is essentially also prescribed.
SCAM offers the flexibility for users to decide the extent to which fields are prescribed or prognosed through a variety of namelist parameters that will be discussed in more detail below. For example, a user can choose to prescribe the surface fluxes rather than allow SCAM to prognose them given the large scale state. Or a user can choose to relax the atmospheric T and Q back to a specified state or can choose to replace these prognosed fields with prescribed fields from the IOP. In the default configuration, temperature is prognosed, but relaxed toward that in the IOP file with an e-folding timescale of 10 days at the surface to 2 days at the top of the model to prevent drift in the presence of inconsistencies between the IOP forcing and the model behavior. Users can alter the nature of this relaxation via the namelist.
A realistic distribution of aerosols must be present within SCAM. In the default configuration, the aerosol distribution is initialized from the initial condition file and surface emissions of aerosols for the duration of the simulation are taken from the standard CAM6 aerosol emissions datasets. Typically monthly mean climatologies are used. For example, for the observational IOPs discussed below, the aerosols are initialized using a monthly average aerosol profile for the relevant month at each location derived from the last 2 years of a 3 year present day CAM6 simulation. In the default configuration the aerosol species (mass and number) are relaxed to the initial conditions with the same timescale as the temperature relaxation described above. The stronger relaxation in the upper troposphere is desirable to account for the lack of large scale vertical advection of aerosol species.
Running SCAM with a provided IOP forcing dataset
As described in more detail in Gettelman et al 2019, a number of observational IOPs are provided within CESM2. These IOPs represent a variety of regimes from tropical convection and cirrus cases to Arctic mixed phase cloud cases. Here, instructions for running these in-built IOP cases is provided. In the following it is assumed that the CESM release is located in the directory $CESM.
SCAM is run using the FSCAM compset and the desired IOP forcing is specified through the --user-mods-dir flag in the create_newcase command. Directories containing the namelist settings for the various preconfigured IOP's available in CAM6 are located in the following directory
and are prefixed with "scam_". In these directories are a script containing xml commands that configure the case with the correct start dates, end dates, longitude, latitude etc and a user_nl_cam file that contains the default namelist settings including "iopfile" which points toward the IOP forcing dataset.
For example, the following steps can be used to create and run the arm95 case.
Step 1: Create the case
Run the following command from within $CESM/cime/scripts
./create_newcase --case $CASEDIR --compset FSCAM --res T42_T42 --user-mods-dir../../components/cam/cime_config/usermods_dirs/scam_arm95
replacing $CASEDIR with the desired location of your case directory.
Step 2: Configure the case
All parameters such as the start date of the simulation, the length of the simulation are set by default. These can be modified at this stage. For example, the default length of the arm95 run is 1259 timesteps. This can be modified to 1000 timesteps with the following command from within $CASEDIR
./xmlchange STOP_N=1000
Take a look at the namelist settings in $CASEDIR/user_nl_cam. Here is an explanation of what you see
scmlon=$PTS_LON # longitude of SCAM simulation. Set in env_run.xml via the shell_commands file in the IOP directory
scmlat=$PTS_LAT # as above but for latitude
ncdata="$DIN_LOC_ROOT/atm/cam/scam/iop/" # path to IOP forcing dataset
iopfile="$DIN_LOC_ROOT/atm/cam/scam/iop/" # Path to initial conditions dataset
mfilt=1500 # 1500 time values will be in each history file
nhtfrq=1 # history fields are output every timestep
co2vmr=368.9e-6 # CO2 concentraion
scm_use_obs_uv =.true. # If.true. then the IOP u and v values are used
scm_relaxation =.true. # If true then relaxation is performed on the fields set by scm_relax_fincl below
scm_relax_fincl = 'T', 'bc_a1', 'bc_a4', 'dst_a1', 'dst_a2', 'dst_a3', 'ncl_a1', 'ncl_a2',
 'ncl_a3', 'num_a1', 'num_a2', 'num_a3',
 'num_a4', 'pom_a1', 'pom_a4','so4_a1','so4_a2','so4_a3','soa_a1','soa_a2'
scm_relax_bot_p = 105000. # Lower bound (in Pa) of the relaxation of fields set by scm_relax_fincl
scm_relax_top_p = 200. # Upper bound (in Pa) of the relaxation of fields set by scm_relax_fincl
scm_relax_linear =.true. # If true then linear then relaxation timescale is linearly interpolated between the pressure levels.
scm_relax_tau_bot_sec = 864000. # timescale (in seconds) of the relaxation at the lower boundary
scm_relax_tau_top_sec = 172800. # timescale (in seconds) of the relaxation at the upper boundary
Step 3: Set-up and Build the Case
Set-up and build the case by invoking the following commands within $CASEDIR
Step 4: Run the Case
See the CESM users guide for more information on these procedures.
Step 5: Validate the model output
Figure 1 shows the time averaged cloud fraction, cloud liquid amount and cloud ice amount for the arm95 SCAM case using the default settings. This


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Questions on Daimler
1) What is the "agency theory"
for establishing general personal jurisdiction over a corporation
through the acts of its subs? What is the difference between it and the "alter ego" theory?
2) After the Court's decision, what is the status of the "agency theory"?
3) What does Sotomayor mean when she says that the case could have been decided on the basis of the reasonableness prong?
Is Sotomayor right that the Court's decision protects large corporate
defendants? Would it be possible for there to be no general PJ over a
corporate defendant even though it employed half of the people and
owned half of the property in the state?
5) Which theory of general PJ-Sotomayor's or Ginsburg's-is more in keeping with the "at home" theory of general PJ in Goodyear?
6) Which theory of general PJ-Sotomayor's or Ginsburg's-is more in keeping with the theory of PJ in Int'l Shoe?