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By David Loader
Fund Custody and Administration presents an total standpoint of funding cash with out restricting its research to express fund constructions, as different books do. Since governance and oversight of funding cash at the moment are significant regulatory requisites, directors and custodians needs to position better emphasis at the custody and safekeeping of fund resources, at the self sustaining and powerful valuation of the resources, and on collateral administration. through concentrating on either the asset transactions made via the funding supervisor for the portfolio and at the transactions within the stocks or devices of the fund itself, it supplies readers insights concerning the crucial components of funding fund administration and management, despite their geographical backgrounds.
- Explores the main levels within the funding strategy, from constructing a fund via its release and operation
- Explains the jobs of individuals in addition to the methods legislation impacts the fund and its operation
- Describes the paintings circulate linked to custody and management approaches and processes
- Defines the function of compliance and chance administration within the context of the fund and in addition how compliance necessities observe to custodians and administrators


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Can LLT heartbeats communicate between NICs with different device names?
One 2-node vcs cluster, the heartbeat NICs are eth2 and eth3 on each node,
IF eth2 on node1 down, and eth3 on node2 down. Does this mean the 2 heartbeat Links both down, and the Cluster is in split brain situation?
Can LLT heartbeats communicate between NIC eth2 and NIC eth3?
Since the 《VCS Installation Guide》requires the 2 heartbeat Links in different networks.We should put eth2 of both nodes in the VLAN (VLAN1), and put eth3 of both nodes in another vlan (VLAN2). So in this situation heartbeats cannot communicate between eth2 and eth3.
But, in a production cluster system, we found out the 4 NICs--eth2 and eth3 of both nodes are all in a same VLAN. and this lead me to post the discussion thread to ask this question:
IF eth2 on node1 down, and eth3 on node2 down, What will happen to the cluster (which is in active-standby mode)?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Aug 29, 2012
Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on butterflies and moths
(2008 – 2011) RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology III (Plant Physiology), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen
The aim of this project was to investigate the potential effects of the genetically modified Bt maize cultivar MON89034xMON88017 on butterflies and moths. This maize produces three Bt proteins, two of which were designed to control the European corn borer, which is a moth. Other butterfly and moth species in the area surrounding a Bt maize field may also be at risk as a result of Bt pollen deposits on their food plants, for example.
This project examined the following questions:
- How much pollen from genetically modified maize plants is deposited on the food plants of moths and butterflies in the area surrounding the maize field?
- How much Bt protein do caterpillars ingest via these food plants and does this have any observable effect on their development?
- How great is the risk potential for a butterfly population subject to the structure of the local agricultural landscape?
The pollen traps contained far more pollen than the nettles. The stinging nettles next to the field margin contained on average 34 pollen grains per square centimetre. The maximum level found on one plant was 212 pollen grains per square centimetre.
The feeding experiments produced first Bt maize pollen effects at doses of between 200 and 300 pollen grains per square centimetre of leaf. At these doses the larvae ate less and developed more slowly than the control insects. A much higher rate of mortality was measured at 1000 pollen grains per square centimetre.
In the agricultural landscapes investigated, caterpillars of both species of butterfly were found during the maize-flowering period, both in the vicinity of the maize fields and at distances of more than 50 metres from the fields.
To be included in the investigation, butterfly and moth species must be commonly found in the agricultural landscape; their larvae must develop when the maize plants are in flower; their caterpillars must be easy to spot and they must feed on only one host plant. The small tortoiseshell and the peacock butterfly, the commonest butterfly species in most agricultural landscapes, meet these selection criteria. Their caterpillars feed on nettle leaves.
Petri dish serving as a pollen trap: Maize pollen adheres to the agarose film.
The pollen traps are suspended one metre above the ground on vertical wooden posts. A nettle plant in a pot can be seen beside the post.
In the lab, small tortoiseshell butterfly larvae are fed with specific amounts of Bt maize pollen.
Maize pollen on butterfly and moth host plants
Pollen traps were set up on each side of the maize trial field during the flowering period to record maize pollen dispersal and density. The traps will be placed directly at the field edge and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 metres, with additional traps 50 metres from the edge in the direction of the prevailing wind. Each pollen trap will be set up for two 8-hour periods, day and night.
Nettle plants in pots will be placed alongside the pollen traps and regularly sampled to record how much maize pollen adheres to the nettle plant leaves. Maize pollen on the petri dishes and on the nettle leaves will be counted under the binocular microscope in the laboratory.
Pollen intake and toxicity of the Bt proteins
Intake of Bt proteins by butterfly larvae and their effects were investigated in the laboratory. Caterpillars were kept in climate chambers at a constant temperature of 25°C and a day:night rhythm of 16:8 hours. As soon as they attained the third larval stage, they were given a piece of stinging nettle leaf coated in a defined quantity of Bt maize pollen or, as a control, with pollen from a conventional maize variety. Afterwards the larvae were given untreated food. The caterpillars' feeding habits and development were recorded by measuring feeding activity, weight, development time and mortality. The ELISA detection method was used to measure Bt protein concentrations in maize pollen.
In a second experiment, caterpillars of the small tortoiseshell butterfly were given a piece of leaf to which a pollen solution had been applied, morning and evening until the larvae reached the final larval stage (on average 7 days).
Choice experiments were conducted in which the caterpillars could choose between stinging nettle leaves that had been dusted with maize pollen and untreated leaves. In another choice experiment, the caterpillars could choose between leaves containing Bt maize pollen and leaves with pollen from conventional maize plants. A record was kept of which leaves the caterpillars chose.
Estimating the risk potential
The risk to butterfly larvae posed by Bt proteins from genetically modified maize was assessed on the basis of the recorded pollen distribution and the laboratory results for pollen toxicity.
Landscape ecology parameters were also to be included in the risk assessment. Here the main focus was on the actual geographical distribution of butterfly populations and host plants in the agricultural landscape – particularly in terms of their proximity to maize fields. Other parameters were also of interest, including field size, the geographical location of maize fields and the percentage of agricultural land under maize cultivation. These parameters were recorded for two maize-growing regions in Germany during the maize-flowering period. All sites with stinging nettles were inspected for nests of the small tortoiseshell and peacock butterfly. The mapping was carried out using a geographic information system (GIS).
Maize pollen on butterfly food plants
The distribution of pollen depended mainly on wind direction, distance from the field edge and time of day. In the direction of the prevailing wind (north-east), the pollen quantities were several times higher than on the more sheltered sides of the trial field. Pollen quantities also declined rapidly with increasing distance from the field. It was noticeable that the stinging nettle leaves held several times less pollen per cm² than the pollen traps placed at the same sampling points.
In all three years the maximum values (833 pollen grains per cm² on the pollen traps and 212 pollen grains per cm² on the stinging nettles) were measured right next to the edge of the field. The average number of pollen grains per cm² found next to the field edge was 150 on the pollen traps and 34 on the stinging nettle leaves.
Pollen intake and toxicity of the Bt proteins
The project was able to set up its own breeding programme for small tortoiseshell and peacock butterflies.
The first effects became visible in the range of 200 to 300 pollen grains per cm². The larvae ate less and developed more slowly than the control insects. When given 1000 pollen grains per cm², the mortality rate of the larvae given Bt maize pollen was significantly higher than that of the control groups.
In the experiment with several treated leaf pieces, the effects were not found to be any greater than with the single pollen dose.
In the choice experiments, the caterpillars did not appear to show any preference for, or active avoidance of, any particular type of pollen offering.
Estimating the risk potential using real agricultural landscapes
No butterfly nests were found in either of the two study regions in 2008. In 2009 and 2010, nests of both the small tortoiseshell and peacock butterfly were found in both regions.
In the region with high levels of maize cultivation, more than 60 per cent of the nests were in the vicinity of maize fields. In the region with low levels of maize cultivation, over 50 per cent of all butterfly nests were more than 50 metres away from the nearest maize field.
The risk posed to the butterfly species studied here by the Bt maize was judged to be negligible because the quantities of pollen that led to effects in the laboratory experiment were found in only isolated instances in the field. Moreover, only a part of the butterfly populations was found to develop in the vicinity of maize fields.
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Effekte von Bt-Mais mit multiplen Maiszünslerund Maiswurzelbohrer-Resistenzgenen auf Nicht-Zielorganismen
RWTH Aachen University
Institute of Biology III
Worringer Weg 1
Post-release biosafety research on maize with multiple Bt genes (2008-2011)
- Binding of Bt proteins to soil particles, IBT Göttingen
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on nematodes, IBN Regensburg
- Producing a Bt protein standard and optimising detection methods, DLR Neustadt
- Effects of Bt maize on micro-organisms that break down maize litter, ZALF Müncheberg
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on arthropods, RWTH Aachen University
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on earthworms, RWTH Aachen University
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on butterflies and moths, RWTH Aachen University
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on micro-organisms in the soil, vTI Braunschweig
- Effects of Bt maize on honeybees, Universität Bayreuth
- Effects of Bt maize containing three Bt proteins on ground beetles and spiders, LfL Freising

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Emergency Management is the discipline and profession of applying science, technology, planning, and management to deal with extreme events that can kill or injure large numbers of people, do extensive damage, and disrupt a community.
Mitigation refers to activities that actually eliminate or reduce the chance of occurrence or the effects of a disaster. Recent research has shown that much can be done to either prevent major emergencies or disasters from ever happening or if nothing else, at least reduce the damaging impact if they cannot be prevented.
The planning of how to respond in case an emergency or disaster occurs and working to increase resources available to respond effectively. Preparedness activities are designed to help save lives and minimize damage by preparing people to respond appropriately when an emergency is imminent. To respond properly, Gloucester County must have a plan for response, trained personnel to respond and necessary resources with which to respond.
Response is the activities occurring during and immediately after a disaster. These activities are designed to provide emergency assistance to victims of the event and reduce the likely hood of secondary damage. Gloucester County Office of Emergency Management, Gloucester County Police, and Local Fire, Police, and Emergency Medical Service providers are primary responders.
This is the final phase of the emergency management cycle. Recovery continues until all systems return to normal or near normal. Short term recovery returns vital life support systems to minimal operating standards. Long term recovery from a disaster may go on for years until the entire disaster area is completely redeveloped, either as it was in the past or for entirely new purposes that are less disaster-prone.


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This technique summons a small, gourd-shaped toad, called a "Gourd Toad" (瓢箪蝦蟇, Hyōtan Gama), a unique species of toad indigenous to Mount Myōboku. By using the toad's tongue to drag in whatever it wraps around, his technique is best used to capture and isolate a victim dragging them into the toad's stomach. Isolated from the outside world by a barrier, the space inside the Gourd Toad's stomach is far larger than the surface size of the Gourd Toad itself.
The environment inside the toad's stomach is a cavernous chamber, which includes a lake of strong corrosive gastric acid that can dissolve anything that should happen to fall into it, along with shores around the acid lake, and formations sticking out of the lake; the already-existing structures within the Toad's stomach are seemingly unaffected by the acid lake. Once trapped inside, an opponent is cut off from any allies and susceptible to attack, and can then be easily defeated.


call if the expression is actually a debugger command (e.g, p/x var) or a procedure call in the program being debugged (e.g, call my_proc).
 - Debug ‣ Data ‣ Recompute
 Recomputes and refreshes all items displayed in the Data browser.
9.2. The Call Stack View
The call stack view lists the frames corresponding to the current execution stack for the current thread or task.
The bottom frame corresponds to the outermost frame (where the thread is currently stopped). This frame corresponds to the first function executed by the current thread (e.g, main if the main thread is in C). Click on any frame to switch to that caller's context; this updates the display in the source window. Use the up and down buttons in the tool bar to go up and down one frame in the call stack.
The contextual menu allows you to choose which information you want to display in the call stack window (via check buttons):
 - Frame number:
 The debugger frame number (usually starts at 0 or 1).
 - Program Counter:
 The machine address corresponding to the function's entry point.
 - Subprogram Name:
 The name of the subprogram.
 - Parameters:
 The parameters to the subprogram.
 - File Location:
 The filename and line number information.
By default, only the subprogram name is displayed. Hide the call stack view by closing it and show it again using the menu Debug ‣ Data ‣ Call Stack menu.
9.3. The Data Browser
9.3.1. Description
The Data browser is the area in which various information about the process being debugged is displayed. This includes the value of selected variables, the current contents of registers, and local variables.
This browser is open by default when you start the debugger. Force it to display through the menu Debug ‣ Data ‣ Data Window.
By default, the contents of the data browser is preserved whenever you close it: if you reopen it either during the same debugger session or automatically when you start a debugger on the same executable, it displays the same items as previously. This behavior is controlled by the Debugger ‣ Preserve State on Exit preference.
The data browser contains all the graphic boxes that can be accessed using the Debug ‣ Data ‣ Display* menus, the data browser Display Expression... contextual menu, the editor Display contextual menu items, and the graph item in the debugger console.
In each of these cases, a box is displayed in the data browser with the following information:
 - A title bar containing:
 - The number of this expression: a positive number starting from 1 and incremented for each new box displayed. It represents the internal identifier of the box.
 - The name of the expression: this is the expression or variable specified when creating the box.
 - An icon representing either a flashlight or a lock.
 This is a clickable icon that changes the state of the box from automatically updated (the flashlight icon) to frozen (the lock icon). When frozen, the value is grayed out and does not change until you change the state. When updated, the value of the box is recomputed each time an execution command is sent to the debugger (e.g step, next).
 - An icon representing an 'X'. Click on this to close and delete any box.
 - A main area.
 The main area displays the data value hierarchically in a language-sensitive manner. The browser knows about data structures of various languages such as C, Ada, and C++ and organizes them accordingly. For example, each field of a record, struct, or class or each element of an array is displayed separately. For each subcomponent, a thin box is displayed to separate it from other components.
A contextual menu, that takes into account the current component selected by the pointer, gives access to the following menus:
 - Close *component*
 Closes the selected item.
 - Hide all *component*
 Hides all subcomponents of the selected item. To select a particular field or element in a record or array, move the pointer over the name of the component (not over the box containing its values).
 - Show all *component*
 Shows all subcomponents of the selected item.
 - Clone *component*
 Clones the selected component into a new, independent item.
 - View memory at address of *component*
 Displays the memory view dialog and explores memory at the address of the component.
 - Set value of *component*
 Sets the value of a selected component. This opens an entry box allowing you to enter the new value of a variable or component. The underlying debugger does not perform any type or range checking on the value entered.
 - Update Value
 Refreshes the value displayed in the selected item.
 - Show Value
 Shows only the value of the item.
 - Show Type
 Shows only the type of each field for the item.
 - Show Value+Type
 Shows both the value and the type of the item.
 - Auto refresh
 Enables or disables the automatic refreshing of the item on program execution (e.g step, next).
The Data browser has a local menu bar containing a number of useful buttons:
 - Align On Grid
 Enables or disables alignment of items on the grid.
 - Detect Aliases
 Enables or disables the automatic detection of shared data structures. Each time you display an item or dereference a pointer, the address of all items already displayed on the canvas are compared with the address of a new item to display. If they match (for example, if you tried to dereference a pointer to an object already displayed), GPS will display a link instead of creating a new item.
Zoom in
Redisplays the items with a bigger font.
 - Zoom out
 Displays the items with smaller fonts and pixmaps. Use this when you have several items in the browser and you cannot see all of them at the same time (for example, a tree whose structure you want to see clearly).
 - Zoom
 Choose the zoom level directly from a menu.
 - Clear
 All the boxes currently displayed are removed.
9.3.2. Manipulating items Moving items
You can manipulate all items with your mouse, and you can move them anywhere within the browser. If you try to move an item outside of the visible area of the browser, GPS scrolls the browser to make the new position visible.
GPS also provides automatic scrolling if you move the pointer while dragging an item near the borders of the browser. While the pointer remains close to the border and the mouse is pressed while hovering on the item, GPS scrolls the browser and moves the item. This provides an easy way to move an item a long distance from its initial position. Colors
Most of the items are displayed using several colors, each conveying a special meaning. The default meaning of each colors is as follows (the colors can be changed through the preferences dialog):
The default color used to print the value of variables or expressions.
used for C pointers (or Ada access values), i.e. all the variables and fields that are memory addresses that denote some other value in memory.
You can dereference these (that is to say see the value pointed to) by double-clicking on the blue text itself.
Used for variables and fields whose value has changed since the data window was last displayed. For example, if you display an array in the data browser and then select the Next button in the tool bar, the elements of the array whose value has just changed appear in red.
As another example, if you choose to display the value of local variables in the data window (Display ‣ Display Local Variables), only the variables whose value has changed are highlighted; the others remain black. Icons
Several different icons can be seen when displaying items. They convey the following special meanings:
trash bin icon
Indicates the debugger could not get the value of the variable or expression. For example, because the variable is currently not in scope (and thus does not exist) or might have been optimized away by the compiler. In all cases, the display is updated as soon as the variable's value is known again.
package icon
Indicates part of a complex structure is currently hidden. Manipulating huge items in the data window (for example if the variable is an array of hundreds of complex elements) might not be very helpful. As a result, you can shrink part of the value to save some screen space and make it easier to visualize the interesting parts of these variables.
Double-clicking on icon expands the hidden part and clicking on any subrectangle in the display of the variable hides that part and replaces it with this icon.
See also the description of the contextual menu to automatically show or hide all the contents of an item. An alternative to hiding subcomponents is to clone them in a separate item (see the contextual menu).
9.4. The Breakpoint Editor
Access the breakpoint editor from the Debug ‣ Data ‣ Edit Breakpoints menu. It allows you to manipulate the various kinds of breakpoints: those at a source location, on a subprogram, at an executable address, on memory access (watchpoints), or on Ada exceptions.
Double-click on any breakpoint in the list to open the corresponding source editor at the corresponding location. Or select the breakpoint and then click the View button.
The top area provides an interface to create the different kinds of breakpoints, while the bottom area lists existing breakpoints and their characteristics.
To access advanced breakpoint characteristics for a given breakpoint select the breakpoint from the list and click on the Advanced button, which displays a new dialog window where you can specify commands to run automatically after a breakpoint is hit or specify how many times the breakpoint will be ignored. If running V


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Eyebrow Threading: What is it?
Well-maintained eyebrow shapes define the eyes and add to their beauty. Unfortunately, very few of us have perfect eyebrows, that do not need additional treatment. And the best way to have beautiful eyebrows is by means of eyebrow threading. So, what is eyebrow threading and how is it done? As the name goes, it is the technique of removing hair strands from the eyebrows with the help of a cotton thread. Threading can also be practiced to remove body hair, unwanted facial hair or upper lip hair.
The objective of eyebrow threading is to reduce the size of bushy eyebrows and shape them, so that they become clear and distinct. With such a hair removal method, you can flaunt different eyebrow shapes that complement your face structure. During the process, a piece of strong cotton thread is twisted in the form of a double strand. The same thread is laid over the brows to grab hold of the hair, along a line, and remove it. The after-result of properly threaded eyebrows is a well-defined shape.
Eyebrow Threading: Instructions
Eyebrow threading service is available in nearly all beauty salons. So, you can avail the same from a salon expert. First, discuss the eyebrow shape and size, which will look perfect in your face. Consider taking suggestions from the beautician to decide a proper shape for your brows. You can understand better about what is eyebrow threading after going through the instructions. The following are some tips on how to thread eyebrows.
- Before eyebrow threading, some people apply baby powder lightly over the brows to absorb the excess oil. This eyebrow care tip increases the gripping action of the thread.
- Hold one end of the thread (say 24 inch length) between the teeth, and the remaining end with the left hand. In doing so, make a loop in the near-middle of the string by twisting several times.
- Position the thumb and index finger of the right hand in the loop. Place the loop over the eyebrow side to be threaded, and pick up a line from the lower portion.
- Roll over the thread to remove hair as the twist thread portion moves along. Repeat the same for the hair in the lower portion. Then move to the center and upper eyebrows.
- Repeat the same eyebrow threading instruction for the other side. If required, the beautician trims the brows with scissors for a more pronounced shape.
- After eyebrow threading is over, a topical cream is applied over the brows to reduce swelling and inflammation. As it doesn't involve using creams or chemical based products, threading is a safer method than other hair removal techniques.
So, this was all about what is eyebrow threading. If you are impressed with this hair removal technique and would like to go for the same, then get it done by a salon expert. Otherwise, threading by an inexperienced person can spoil the shape of eyebrows, and you will need to wait for a long time, till your eyebrows grow for the next threading session.


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Ask Dr. Hort: Why hasn't olive tree yielded fruit?
It would be fruitful to learn more about olive tree
Q: I bought an olive tree about five years ago. I was told I'd get olives the next year, but that hasn't happened. Do you have any advice or suggestions on how and when I'll get olives? Do I need another "mate" to get fruit? Thanks for your help, always appreciated.
A: What would be really helpful is the cultivar, the name of the plant. The scientific name (Olea europaea) has many cultivars, which are used as the common name of the plant most of the time. In general, depending on the cultivar, it takes anywhere from three to 12 years to fruit, and, if grown from seed, it may never fruit. Some cultivars such as "Leccino" or "Pendolino" need a pollinator. "Arbequina" and "Koroneiki" both fruit around three years and are self-fertile. So, it's all in the name. Try to find out the "Cultivar" name from where you purchased your olive, then you can research its culture, care and fruiting time.
No disease here, just nutritional deficiency
Q: What is attacking my poor palms and how can I get rid of "it"? Would removing infected fronds be a solution? I hate using insecticides.
A: Not to worry. Your Phoenix palms are suffering from malnutrition, lacking mainly magnesium and potassium. Begin fertilizing with a quality palm product such as 8-2-12. The marginal scale problem can be pruned off and will disappear as your palms become more healthy.
Need help? Dr. Hort (Greg Charles) answers questions about garden problems. E-mail him at or mail questions to HomeLink, Features Department, St. Petersburg Times, P.O. Box 1121, St. Petersburg, FL 33731. Describe problem in full, and include your name, city of residence and contact information. If possible, include a good-quality photo. Fuzzy ones won't do. Photos cannot be returned.
Ask Dr. Hort: Why hasn't olive tree yielded fruit? 11/12/11 [Last modified: Saturday, November 12, 2011 3:30am]
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Adjectives for colic
Colic adjectives are listed in this post. Each word below can often be found in front of the noun colic in the same sentence. This reference page can help answer the question what are some adjectives commonly used for describing COLIC.
biliary, bilious
flatulent, intestinal
lead, renal
severe, spasmodic
Hope this word list had the adjective used with colic you were looking for. Additional describing words / adjectives that describe / adjectives of various nouns can be found in the other pages on this website.
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Distribution of mass, or "Formation" is a critical property that influences strength properties, cockle and curl. Formation, using transmitted light, has been done on white paper for years but has been unavailable to paperboard and liner board due to the inability to use transmitted light. Now, a new method, pioneered by Dr. Steven Keller and Verity IA makes formation measurement to board manufacturers.
An excerpt from the paper
The in-plane distribution of mass, or paper formation, of paperboard products is a critical property that influences strength properties, cockle and curl, as well as the surface uniformity and print quality. While generating the uniform distribution of fibers in the forming section is of paramount importance, imaging and subsequent analysis of the web structure has been difficult. Few formation analysis systems have sufficient beam energy to penetrate paperboards that have grammages values exceeding 120 g·m-2 with sufficient sensitivity to determine mass variation at the spatial dimensions useful for characterizing the flocked structures.
This presentation describes the acquisition method for soft X-radiography that enables the capture of images suitable for advanced statistical and spectral formation analysis. One can discern individual fibers throughout the board structure with the high sensitivity and depth of field when film and scanner are used. The use of storage phosphor systems as the image detector enables the rapid imaging at more practical resolutions of interest to board manufacture. The ash content must be considered in order to avoid over estimation of the grammage by this method. An empirical approach that corrects for the presence of inorganic matter is presented. The results suggest that X-radiography is viable for imaging paperboard formation and that it may also be used to examine the size and distribution of internally contained mineral matter.


text:
Matthew Boggess L&S Sciences
Developing a Model of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
Everyday actions require both the selection of the correct action and then the correct execution of this action. For example, when playing tennis, one has to both select the correct stroke to use and then correctly execute this stroke. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are two systems in the brain thought to be responsible for action selection and execution respectively. My research aims to develop a computational model of these two systems in order to investigate how they interact to produce complex motor actions. This model will be biologically constrained to best approximate actual biological function and will connect the two systems based on existing anatomical connections. By comparing the performance of this model with actual behavioral results, I hope to better understand the functional pathways in the brain that are responsible for producing actions as well as test hypotheses about how these two systems influence each other's learning.


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The Urine-Off Urine Finder Light is custom-engineered to locate those hidden, dried uric salt crystalsinvisible to the naked eye. The crystalline structure of dried urine causes it to fluoresce a dull yellow color under ultraviolet (UV or "black") light. After locating the dried urine, apply a cleaning solution as needed.
 - LED light more effectively fluoresces urine, making invisible deposits easier and faster to detect and treat. This is the ideal tool to locate hard-to-find urine stains that are invisible to the naked eye.
 - Discrete wavelength is engineered to concentrate much of its power within the 380–382.5 nanometer wavelengths to specifically detect urine and other body fluids
 - Professional grade aircraft aluminium construction.
What's the difference between Urine Finder black light and others?
"Black" or ultraviolet (UV) light is a type of light wave within a certain fairly broad frequency range. Within that range, there is a specific light frequency that will cause urine to fluoresce as brightly as possible. Bio-Pro Research Urine Finders are engineered to produce that specific wavelength of UV light, so they simply work better than generic black lights and make the task of locating urine deposits easier.
Any fluorescent "black light" will fluoresce dried urine to some degree – but the brightness will depend on the actual wavelength of the light output, and this varies considerably from light to light. Even among different lights of the same make and model, the manufacturing tolerances of consumer-grade black lights are simply not demanding enough to reliably produce a specific UV light wavelength. These lights are fine for their intended purpose, but for the specific job of detecting dried urine, they are less than ideal (note: incandescent/screw-in household bulbs with "black light" coatings generally will NOT fluoresce urine at all).
Tool measures 6 5/8" long.
Requires (3) AAA batteries – not included


text:
Click on Images to Enlarge
Alphabet Trivia can be used with aCommon Misspelled Words Trivia Cards can be used with all ages:
contains large print
so that the words are
easy to read. Just print
on card stock, cut, and laminate to start the
There are (2) sets of 26 cards. (1) set only has a question/statement and set (2) offers the first letter of the answer for those who may find the answer difficult. The answer key is also included. To Play: Read the question or statement on each card and allow participants to give their answer.
To Play: Read the question or statement on each card and allow participants to give their answer.
allows the participant to
express their thoughts and opinions when
reminiscing or engaging in meaningful conversations.
Extend this activity by having brief conversations about the answer
for each card.


A person walks into a room that has, on opposite walls, two plane mirrors producing multiple images. Find the distances from the person to the first three images seen in the left-hand mirror, when the person is 11.0 ft from the mirror on the left wall and 4.00 ft from the mirror on the right wall.
first image
second image
third image in feet
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text:
18 standard hours
402 standard days
|Points of interest|
- "The lush and wild environment provides resourceful victims the opportunity to eke out an existence, but I would envy no one the job of living under these primitive conditions. Give me Coruscant any day."
- ―Pfilbee Jhorn
Endor (also known as the Forest Moon of Endor and the Sanctuary Moon) was a small forested moon orbiting the gas giant planet of Endor and was the farthest moon away from it. An enchanted world, Endor was notable for being the native home of the Ewoks, and being the location of the Battle of Endor, which would result in the downfall of the Empire and the first death of the Emperor Palpatine. Due to its proximity to the Unknown Regions, Endor was a relatively quiet planetoid both prior to and after the battle.
Endor was also known for the vast amount of sentient species it supported, from baseline to exotic. This was largely due to the unusually large number of shipwrecks Endor experienced; it has been compared to a "desert island" in space.
Terrain and ClimateEdit
Endor's terrain was largely covered by massive, tightly-knit pine and redwood forests. However, the Forest Moon also contained vast dry deserts and grassy plains, small oceans, secluded lakes, and mountain ranges. The moon's low axial tilt and regular orbit of its gas giant primary helped ensure a comfortable climate. The Forest Moon was temperate and mild, with polar caps regulating the sea levels. Flora life included cambylictus trees and other large plants, thriving with many types of fruit including the Grava berrys. Endor was the second moon of the gas giant it orbited.
The forest moon was home to the Ewoks, famous for helping defeat the Empire at the Battle of Endor. The four other native sentient species were the tall and timid Yuzzums, amphibious Gorphs, and the mischievous and treacherous genetic Ewok cousins, Duloks. The moon also boasted other slightly stranger beings, such as Mount Sorrow or the Sun King, or even the fairy like Wisties.
The following are just some of the indigenous creatures that make up the Forest Moon of Endor's wildlife:
Around 3,645 BBY, the Republic had set-up a secret bio-lab on the moon.
The moon's history was constantly being shaped by starships crashing on the backwater satellite, introducing new species and technology which had to be integrated into the local politics and ecosystem. Known crashes included Sickly Tremor prior to 1,100 BBY (introducing Phlogs and Gorax), a Starhunter menagerie ark in about 800 BBY (introducing Gupins, Teeks, and tree goat), the Free Enterprise in 130 BBY (introducing Jindas and Tulgahs), a stolen ship in 100 BBY (introducing Sanyassan Marauders and the witch Charal), Noa Briqualon's starship in 26 BBY (carrying Noa Briqualon and Salak Weet), and the Towani family's starcruiser in 3 ABY (carrying Cindel Towani and her family).
Endor was set aside as a protected nature reserve during the Galactic Republic, giving it the name Sanctuary Moon. Few spacers had ever heard of Endor, let alone visited the moon. Of those who had, there were two types: those who continued on their way, not wanting to waste their time on such an unimportant puffball of a moon and those who had crash-landed in the forests due to the stellar anomalies, such as the Endor Gate black hole, in the area. These travelers were forced to scrabble for food and shelter along with the natives.
As ships disappeared in the region, the Endor moon earned a reputation as a "desert island in space," and was usually given a wide berth.
When thousands of survey teams were sent by the Emperor to scout locations for the new Death Star's construction site, Endor was one of the potential locations. The forest moon met the strict requirements demanded by no less a person than Darth Vader; the location must be remote, and must have a diverse geosphere capable of sustaining Human life. Endor's location was quite advantageous; the Moddell sector was far from most Imperial outposts. Lord Vader thought that the Rebellion wouldn't expect a new base to be hidden so far from the Empire's seat of power.
The first Imperial scouting expedition, Survey Team IX3244-B, was led by Captain Toss, who recommended the Endor moon even before his team had explored the surface. The native Ewoks led his team around in circles, and Lt. Kiviett recommended that the Ewoks be studied further. He felt they were a potential threat to the new base. Toss, wanting the credit for discovering the new Death Star construction site, ignored him.
The lack of a detailed report displeased the Emperor who authorized the deployment of a second scouting expedition under Pfilbee Jhorn. Pfilbee Jhorn's team studied the Ewoks further and also discovered several other species including the Teeks, Goraxes, Yuzzums and the Sanyassan colony. In the end, only Pfilbee and two others survived the mission and went offworld.
By 3 ABY, the Empire had established a research outpost on Endor, to enable further study of it. The "harmless" Ewoks encountered there did not go unnoticed by others in the Imperial hierarchy. Dr. Raygar, a servant of the Emperor, believed that these Ewoks guarded a powerful artifact he had been seeking: the Sunstar. Though he had originally intended to present the Sunstar to Emperor Palpatine, Raygar decided that with such a powerful artifact in his possession, he could overthrow Palpatine and rule the galaxy himself. He used the Sunstar to construct a devastating weapon.
The incident ended disastrously for Raygar, as Ewoks boarded his ship, stole the Sunstar and escaped back to Endor. Admiral Kazz, who had never believed in the Sunstar's power to begin with, arrested Raygar for treason. The would-be-emperor was dragged kicking and screaming into the Emperor's shuttle for execution. Palpatine, for his part, was curious to learn more of this forest moon.
There are over a dozen forms of sentient life on Endor, though only a small percentage of them are non-Ewoks, and many may have originated from offworld. The move was intentional on Palpatine's part: by placing the construction site over a protected sanctuary moon, he made the Alliance's decision to attack a devastatingly poignant one.
The Empire established an outpost on the Sanctuary Moon, and it was from here that preparations were made so that the construction site for the second Death Star could be moved there. When Imperial teams arrived to construct the shield generator complex and other installations, they discovered Alliance Captain Junas Turner, who had come to the moon to locate the new Death Star. He was taken captive and sent to the automated prison station Balis-Baurgh, along with an Ewok named Grael. They would later escape, but it was too late to inform the Rebellion of the threat.
Though the Sunstar was now safely returned to Bright Tree Village, its power had not prevented Raygar from stealing it, and so the Ewoks avoided the Empire whenever possible. They despised the crimes against nature perpetuated by the construction teams for the generator complex, but could see no way to fight against such powerful beings, particularly Darth Vader, who swept several Ewoks away on a wave of flame.
This attitude changed when Wicket W. Warrick spotted an AT-ST tumbling over the Yawari cliffs. This proved to the tribal elders that the invaders could be killed. On Wicket's recommendation, existing traps for the giant Gorax were modified to combat the Imperials.
Battle of EndorEdit
As the Galactic Civil War drew to a close in the years of 3-4 ABY, a Rebel Alliance strike team, led by Dash Rendar and Luke Skywalker, captured information from the cruiser Suprosa at Kothlis. It confirmed the existence of a second Death Star, being constructed over the moon of Endor. It was not realized then, but Emperor Palpatine had purposely allowed the plans to be captured, so that the Rebels could be coaxed into a trap.
The Rebel fleet amassed near Sullust and was addressed by Mon Mothma. She and Admiral Gial Ackbar informed the battle-weary freedom fighters that the Emperor himself would be aboard the station, further emphasizing the need to win the battle, which would either way end the war. The entire operation was orchestrated to coordinate the fleet, commanded by Ackbar, and a substantial starfighter force, led by Lando Calrissian to jump to Endor through hyperspace and arrive to a shieldless, incomplete Death Star. A commando team would be sent on ahead in a coup-de-main (or, clandestine operation) and disable the shield generator and projector housed on the Endor moon.
The commando team, led by Han Solo, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and Luke Skywalker, used the stolen Imperial shuttle Tydirium to slip past Imperial defenses and land on the moon. After speederbike chases, Leia going missing, and other confusions, the team fell into a primitive trap set by the main indigenous species, the Ewoks. At first they saw C-3PO as a deity, and prepared to sacrifice the main


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Scale Reviews
Find reliable measures for use in your questionnaires. Search Now
Suzanne Cromlish, PhD
Saint Xavier University, Chicago
Four, seven-point, semantic differentials measure how honest and legitimate something is believed to be.
With four items, the scale measures the degree to which a product is believed to be genuine and original in some unstated way.
Four, seven-point Likert-type items measure to what degree a person believes that a social standard of a particular group of people makes sense and is of benefit to them. The norm is not stated in the items themselves and must be provided to participants some way.
Nine-point Likert-type items are used to measure a consumer's belief that there is evidence that a particular product is genuinely a particular brand rather than a fake or confusingly similar one. A twoand a four-item version are provided.
A consumer's belief that a particular product contains the legitimate and genuine character of a particular brand is measured with three, nine-point Likert-type items. The scale could also be referred to as measuring "contagion" or "transferred essence."


Fruity Chocolate Almond Bark
/ / /
1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars (112 votes, average: 3.48 out of 5)
Dark chocolate is high in antioxidants and can be lower in sugar than other treats. Add in a handful of nuts and this will satisfy any snacking cravings you may have. Just remember, centenarians view sweets as celebratory foods. They are conscious about their decisions to indulge in sugar and eat it in moderation.
Yield: 12-16 clusters
1 cup toasted almonds, walnuts or pecans, coarsely chopped
1/2 cup dried cherries or chopped dried fruit, coarsely chopped
6 oz dark chocolate (60%-70%, or higher), finely chopped
¼ tsp cinnamon
½ tsp espresso powder, optional
1. In a medium bowl, toss together the almonds and the dried fruit. Line a baking sheet with waxed or parchment paper.
2. Melt the chocolate in the microwave on low power or until melted, but not thick. It may take from 1-2 minutes depending on the power of the microwave. Or use a double boiler to melt the chocolate. Stir in the fruit, nuts and cinnamon. Add espresso powder if desired.
3. Drop by teaspoonful for clusters, or pour onto parchment paper lined baking pan and spread evenly. Refrigerate until firm and store in air tight container in refrigerator.


Getty Images
The History of Pointe Shoes: The Landmark Moments That Made Ballet's Signature Shoe What It Is Today
Pointe shoes, with their ability to elevate a dancer both literally and metaphorically to a superhuman realm, are the ultimate symbol of a ballerina's ethereality and hard work. For students, receiving a first pair of pointe shoes is a rite of passage. The shoes carry an almost mystical allure: They're an endless source of lore and ritual, with tips, tricks and stories passed down over generations.
The history of pointe shoes reveals how a delicately darned slipper introduced in the 1820s has transformed into a technical tool that offers dancers the utmost freedom onstage today.
1730s: Marie Camargo Invents the Ballet Slipper
A lithograph of Camargo in a floral gown and heeled shoes with one leg lifted
Marie Camargo
Courtesy Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library
During ballet's creation in the courts of Europe, dancers wore heeled shoes in line with the era's aesthetic. In the 1730s, Paris Opéra Ballet dancer Marie Camargo was the first to remove her shoes' heels, forging the way for the soft slipper we know today. "Camargo is the transitional point between a heeled shoe and pointe shoe. She is the ballet slipper," says Linda Murray, curator of the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The slipper allowed Camargo to perform leaps and fast allégros that were not possible in heeled shoes, expanding movement vocabulary for ballerinas.
1790s: Charles Didelot's Flying Machine
In the late 18th century, Charles Didelot, a Paris Opéra Ballet dancer-turned-choreographer, invented a wire rigging that allowed dancers to "fly" onstage. The apparatus lifted dancers up onto their toes before they flew. "His ballet Flore et Zéphire introduced the idea of weightlessness," says Murray. "From a choreographic perspective, this is the first notion of what it means to dance on pointe."
1820s–1830s: Marie Taglioni and the Romantic Ballerinas
Lithograph of Taglioni in a dress covered in flowers and pearl jewelry and wings, standing on pointe in a low arabesque
Marie Taglioni in La Sylphide
Courtesy Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library
In 1823, the Italian dancer Amalia Brugnoli introduced pointework to ballet audiences, rising up to the tips of her toes in Armand Vestris' La Fée et le Chevalier. Brugnoli wore lightly stitched square-toed satin slippers, and had to use her arms and a visible amount of effort to get up on her toes. Nevertheless, she inspired the other dancers of the day, including Marie Taglioni, to practice the technique. In 1832, Taglioni became the first to dance a full-length ballet on pointe when she premiered La Sylphide, choreographed by her father, Filippo Taglioni. "Marie Taglioni gets the credit and the blame for introducing pointework," says Eliza Gaynor Minden, the head of design behind pointe shoe company Gaynor Minden. For Taglioni, rising up on pointe was more than just a stunt; she used her shoes—tight-fitting, darned, leather-soled satin slippers tied with ribbons—to convey character and emotion. Other Romantic-era ballerinas, particularly Fanny Elssler, who excelled at fast footwork, pushed pointework even further in the years that followed.
1870s–1890s: Italian Shoes Set the Imperial Standard
Sarah Lane in pink Aurora costume in a pass\u00e9 with one arm in the air onstage
American Ballet Theatre's Sarah Lane in Alexei Ratmansky's reconstruction of The Sleeping Beauty
Rosalie O'Connor, Courtesy American Ballet Theatre
Later in the 19th century, Italian shoemakers developed reinforced pointe shoes with stiff boxes made from newspaper, flour paste and pasteboard. The shoes' cardboard insoles were reinforced with leather. "The Italian ballerinas were able to do more bravura steps on pointe, including sustained balances and multiple pirouettes," says Minden. Italian dancers traveled to Russia, where ballet was extremely popular in the imperial courts, and ultimately influenced Marius Petipa to incorporate pointework into his ballets. He used it to help define his characters, such as Princess Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, whose long balances demonstrate her poise.
1910s–1930s: Anna Pavlova and Capezio
Black and white photograph of Anna Pavlova in a white swan tutu standing in fifth position on pointe with her arms crossed at her heart
Anna Pavlova in 1905
Herman Mishkin, Courtesy the Museum at FIT
Early-20th-century prima Anna Pavlova had very high, unstable arches, so she put leather soles inside her pointe shoes and hardened the box for more support. When she made her first trip to the U.S. in 1910, Pavlova had her company outfitted in shoes made by the Metropolitan Opera shoemaker Salvatore Capezio, thereby launching the first international pointe shoe brand. While Pavlova helped bring pointe shoes into the modern era, her shoes still had a very rounded toe and narrow vamp, making them much less stable than those worn today. "Footage of Pavlova even shows that she's sort of rocking on her toes the entire time she's on pointe," says Murray.
Close up photo of old heavily darned pointe shoe
Anna Pavlova's heavily darned shoe
Courtesy The Museum at FIT
1920s–1980s: The Shoe Adapts to Abstraction
Reichlen, in pink tights and a black leotard with a black belt, stands in a wide fourth position with her arms in the air.
New York City Ballet's Teresa Reichlen dancing Balanchine's 1946 The Four Temperaments
Paul Kolnik, Courtesy NYCB
Throughout the 19th century, the main purpose of the pointe shoe was to serve a ballet's narrative, distinguishing the mortals from supernatural fairies and sylphs. "But in the 20th century, particularly with the emergence of the Ballets Russes and then George Balanchine, you start to see an interest in pushing the vocabulary of ballet instead," says Murray. Over the next several decades, innovators from Bronislava Nijinska to William Forsythe expanded the physical limitations of ballet technique, leading to a demand for a stronger, more supportive shoe. Designs like the flat, platform box we are familiar with today were developed to give dancers more control.
1990s–Today: New Materials and Methods
Full page ad of two photos of Gillian Murphy with a quote below, and pink Gaynor Minden logo
Gillian Murphy in an early Gaynor Minden ad
Courtesy Gaynor Minden
In recent years, scientific approaches to pointe shoe construction and training have helped the shoe adapt to contemporary choreographic demands. In 1993, Gaynor Minden launched a shoe inspired by the shock-absorption found in athletic footwear, opening the door for other designers to experiment with modern materials to improve shoes' durability and fit. Emerging research in dance medicine has also made pointework safer. Dr. Sue Mayes, director of The Australian Ballet's pioneering Artistic Health program, collects data on all musculoskeletal complaints in the company, and she advises that proper fit for shoes is paramount to injury risk reduction. "The foot needs room to expand and contract to allow the shoe to act as a spring," she says, "We encourage dancers to be reassessed every year, even as adults." Mayes also stresses that proper preparation, gradual reintroduction of pointework after a break from dancing, and full leg strengthening can allow a dancer to perform on pointe without fear. "The last thing we want is for a dancer to feel cautious onstage."
Mayes adjusts the foot of a dancer sitting on a massage table in a studio.
Dr. Sue Mayes working with dancers at The Australian Ballet
Kate Longley, Courtesy The Australian Ballet
Beyond "European Pink"
Two Black dancers in silver tutus put on satin pointe shoes
Ballet Black dancers Cira Robinson and Marie Astrid Mence model Freed's line.
Tyrone Singleton, Courtesy Ballet Black
In the early 1970s, Dance Theatre of Harlem began customizing the company dancers' tights, pointe shoes and ribbons in shades of brown to match their skin tones. The effect was revolutionary for classical ballet. But it isn't until recently that pointe shoe manufacturers have started releasing shades that reflect the diverse skin tones of the ballerinas wearing them. Gaynor Minden released a collection of inclusive satin shades in 2017. The following year, Freed of London followed suit, in collaboration with the London-based dance company Ballet Black. And in the midst of June 2020's nationwide protests demanding racial justice, brands Bloch, Russian Pointe, Capezio, Nikolay, Grishko and Suffolk jumped on board, promising expanded lines released within the year. These options have helped free dancers from pancaking their shoes to match their skin tones, which can be costly and time-consuming. Most importantly, redefining what a pointe shoe looks like breaks down a long-outdated construct and makes ballet more accessible and welcoming to all


Summoning: Impure World Reincarnation
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Redirected from Edo Tensei
Summoning: Impure World Reincarnation[1]
Hokage reincarnated
Kanji 口寄せ・穢土転生
Rōmaji Kuchiyose: Edo Tensei
Literal English Summoning: Impure World Reincarnation
Viz manga Summoning: Worldly Resurrection
English TV Summoning Jutsu: Reanimation
Games Forbidden Jutsu: Return from the Dead
Other Reanimation Jutsu
Manga Chapter #117
Anime Naruto Episode #69
Game Naruto: Ultimate Ninja
Appears in Anime, Manga and Game
Classification Ninjutsu, Kinjutsu, Reincarnation Ninjutsu, Space–Time Ninjutsu
Rank S-rank
Class Supplementary
Hand seals Tiger → Snake → Dog → Dragon → Clap hands
Other jutsu
Parent jutsu
Derived jutsu
Kabuto Demonstrates Edo Tensei
The seal for the ritual.
Fu sacrifice
Torune being reincarnated with Fū as the sacrifice.
Next, a living sacrifice is required for the soul of the reincarnated to use as a vessel.[3] Once all prerequisites for the technique have been met, the acquired DNA of the person is smeared on a special scroll and once the scroll is activated, the remains spread out in the form of a special seal with the living sacrifice in the centre. Then dust and ash encase the sacrifice's body, giving them the same appearance that the reincarnated had at the time of their death. The process is apparently somewhat painful as seen when Fū was used to reincarnate Torune. The person is then reincarnated and the end product is usually stored in a casket until summoned by the user. The user can theoretically reincarnate a limitless number of people in this way, so long as they have enough sacrifices, chakra and DNA to perform the technique.[3] Despite this, this technique also has limitations, such as the individual having limitations that inhibited them in life such as Nagato's lack of mobility and depending on the summoner's mastery of the technique, the reincarnated individuals might not be brought back with the full power they had in life. However, reincarnating an individual with full power provides a potential risk to the user as the reincarnated can resist the restraining properties before they can have a talisman implanted into their brains. Although, this has only happened twice.[10] Any chakra of the sacrifice used for the reincarnation is completely overridden with the chakra of the one being reincarnated, thus a sensor type would only sense the chakra of the reincarnated soul and won't sense anything of the victim's original chakra signature. Even though destroying a shinobi's clothing causes it to regenerate, if it was taken off willingly without destroying the clothing, it will not reform on the reincarnated. Also, any unique anatomy will be restored with the reincarnated such as Hanzō's poison gland.
It is possible for a reincarnated shinobi to be revived into a real living body again. However, any modifications to the reincarnated that already exists elsewhere will be removed as a result. Madara, for example, was resurrected without his Rinnegan, because they already existed elsewhere and were not with him when he died.[11]
Edo Tensei 2
Deidara being "activated" after being reincarnated.
When first summoned, the body of the reincarnated is stored in a coffin; their body will appear grey and in a state of minor "decay": marred by cracks and other imperfections, and the individual will also appear to be "disengaged". After inserting a talisman, their bodies become "rejuvenated", regaining their original complexion and their eyes lose their glassy state; however, their sclerae take on a grey colouring, however this has no affect on the ability of the reincarnated and they can be left in this "decay" state if the summoner chooses to give them free reign. They retain their personality, memories, and all abilities they had in life, including kekkei genkai, kekkei tōta and summoning contracts.[12] When the reincarnated is conscious and their personality is suppressed, their sclerae becomes black and gain white irises.[13] Also, any conversation the reincarnated has with others, including other reincarnations, will not be heard by the user that is controlling them from a distance.
Edo Tensei Tag
The talisman used to control the reincarnated.
Different talismans can be used to enact different degrees of control. Orochimaru's talismans completely eliminated the personalities of the summoned, turning them into mindless killing machines under his command. Kabuto prefers to use a weaker controlling talisman on certain individuals, allowing them to retain some degree of their own personality. The latter method is useful for psychological warfare,[21] and can also allow the summoned individual to tap into their own emotions, memories, or creativity to enhance their effectiveness in combat,[22] but also carries a host of drawbacks; it takes more effort to retain control with the weaker binding which can make it possible for the hearts of the summoned to be swayed by strong emotions, which can result in the soul breaking free and returning to the Pure World,[17] or the reincarnated contradicting orders that they are given.[23] Reincarnated shinobi with their personalities still intact have their movements limited to certain actions, and are basically on "auto-pilot" to react to enemy techniques.[24] Once they recognise an enemy technique their bodies are programmed to counter it with an appropriate method.[25] The individual can also control their movements to a degree such as making poor combat decisions. While the Third Raikage was forced to fight the Fourth Division of the Shinobi Alliance Army he was able to distance himself from Gengetsu, to increase the Fourth Division's ability to seal them off. Gengetsu went on to comment if it wasn't for that, they wouldn't have been sealed off. Also, if a reincarnated isn't the type to control their emotions very well and get excited over a battle, they can actually end up being an even bigger threat despite wanting to be defeated.
Kabuto controlling the revived
The pebbles and grid Kabuto uses to monitor the reincarnated shinobi.
Unlike while they were still alive, the reincarnated have unlimited chakra[31] and stamina; able to fight continuously as neither Kimimaro, Itachi nor Hayate showed any fatigue from their illnesses as they did in life, and Itachi was even able to use multiple Mangekyō Sharingan techniques without showing exhaustion, while minor uses caused fatigue in life. The reincarnated are impossible to kill by normal means. Any damage they receive will easily regenerate, be it lost limbs or complete disintegration. Not even killing the summoner gets rid of them.[32] It is also shown even if part of the head of a reincarnated shinobi is destroyed, if enough of the head remains, they are still capable of performing techniques to counter the enemy.
Gojō Kibaku Fuda 1
Tobirama using the Mutually Multiplying Explosive Tags.
The reincarnated can also have their bodies modified and experimented on. While the technique usually reincarnates one as they were upon death, the reincarnated can also have various points from their life combined to get the best possible results as seen with Madara Uchiha, having been brought back "beyond his prime" despite dying a withered old man. In addition to regaining his physical youth with peak health and combat prowess, he also retained the Wood Release and Rinnegan abilities he had in his old age.[37][38][39] Madara also lost no chakra from using any of his techniques because of the technique, giving him even greater power. In the anime Kabuto also experimented on Blue B who had Gyuki's chakra added to his reincarnated body through cells cultivated from the horn that was broken in the tailed beast's last rampage.[40] Tobi also modified the eyes of the reincarnated jinchūriki to match his own, though this was only due to the use of the Six Paths of Pain technique which caused his eyes to be reflected in theirs,[41] as well as resealing the tailed beasts back into their respective hosts.[42] It also appears that despite gaining many enhancements, the reincarnated shinobi cannot gain full access to the new abilities, unless they are brought back to the world of the living as a living being; like in the case of Madara Uchiha. Similarly, while the reincarnated shinobi can access any abilities from any points of their life if modified for such, should the target be brought back to life, any lost anatomy from life will return as such; for example, Madara losing his eyes once revived since he had transplanted them to Nagato while alive.
Weaknesses and Methods of Countering
 1. Seal away the soul of the reincarnated individual.
 2. Have the summoner end the technique. As they are unlikely to do this voluntarily, using a genjutsu to trick them into cancelling the technique is ideal. The sequence of hand seals for cancelling the technique is Rat → Ox → Monkey → Tiger → Dragon → Boar and saying "release" (解,


What exactly is a wahoo?
August 23, 2012
Lahaina News
LAHAINA - Most of the Lahaina Charter fleet landed ono during July, with 116 hitting the docks.
With the nice weather holding for a couple of days, the boats headed to Molokai.
The best day saw 30 ono caught, with two other days seeing 19 fish hanging.
Article Photos
Most often the peak ono season is between late spring and early fall. They are normally found in abundance during the summer.
Wahoo, better known in Hawaiian waters as ono, are the biggest, fastest and meanest mackerel in America. It can reach speeds of up to 45 miles per hour in short bursts, allowing quick capture of prey species.
What exactly is a wahoo? It is a unique member of the tuna family called Scombridae; a "tribe" line of the tunas and mackerels called seerfish. That "tribe" contains the 18 species of Scomberomorus (king and Spanish mackerels) around the world, with the unique wahoo in its only species, Acanthocybium solandri.
Even the names, both common and scientific, are interesting. In 1769, the crew on James Cook's Endeavour, north of Tahiti, caught the first of these speedsters to be recorded in the Western world. It was scientifically named (Solandri) to honor the great Swedish scientist on board the Endeavour, Dr. D.C. Solander.
The name "wahoo" logically dates from the early whalers and missionary settlers seeing and utilizing the fine edible species in the Hawaiian Islands. Then and now, Oahu, which they pronounced and sometimes spelled "Wahoo," was an important base. The Hawaiians had long recognized the quality of wahoo with their name "ono," meaning delicious or tasty.
Wahoo are open ocean swimmers found near the surface in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. Wahoo live in tropical waters year-round but move with the changing seasons, traveling into cooler waters during warm summer months.
Most often the peak ono season is between late spring and early fall, and they are normally found in abundance during the summer. They are frequently found alone or in small, loosely connected groups rather than in compact schools. They are also often found near banks, pinnacles and flotsam (natural debris drifting in the ocean).
They grow fast, attaining a length of three-and-a-half feet the first year. Twoand three-year-olds are five feet long. The maximum reported size for the wahoo is 98 inches total length with a maximum weight of 184 pounds.
Typically, individuals attain a size of 39 to 66 inches. After reaching a length of 38 to 41 inches, individuals grow at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 inches per month. Latitude appears to influence size, with average weight increasing with distance from the equator, apparently correlated to cooler temperatures.
A 58.4-pound fish caught was five feet, three inches long; a 66-pound fish was five feet, three-and-a-half inches long; with a 71.7-pound fish five feet and six inches long. A 183-pounder was almost seven feet long. Not only do they get long, they get girthy.
The current IGFA all-tackle record is by a woman at 184 pounds, eight ounces on 80-pound test from Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, in 2005. The Hawaii state record is 133 pounds, three ounces in 2000 off Pohoiki, Hawaii. The Lahaina Harbor record is 78 pounds aboard the Charger back in 1984 by Capt. Mike Kearns and crewman Shadow.
Wahoo are sexually mature at one to two years of age. They usually live to about six years of age but can live longer. Male wahoo appear to reach maturity at a smaller size and possibly younger age than females.
Males are able to reproduce when they reach 2.8 feet in length; females are sexually mature when they reach 3.3 feet. They are usually about a year old at this size.
Wahoo start breeding at one-year-old. Female wahoo are very fertile, averaging approximately 40,000 mature eggs per two pounds of body weight. Females can produce up to 60 million eggs during spawning. The larvae are pelagic and prefer shallower water (less than 300 feet or so). The size of wahoo at hatching is 2.5 millimeters. Babies are two-thirds fish and one-third alligator.
Wahoo spawn year-round in tropical waters and during the summer in higher latitudes, including Hawaii, when sea surface temperatures are over 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Individual wahoo spawn multiple times throughout the spawning season. They are very productive, releasing millions of eggs per year to compensate for eggs that might not survive to adulthood.
In the subtropical Pacific Ocean, the wahoo spawning season extends for five months, although in equatorial regions of the Pacific, larval wahoo have been found year-round, suggesting a more prolonged spawning season.
The condition and abundance of wahoo appear to be related to a simple annual reproductive cycle. The condition of wahoo is highest in May before the spawning season and declines through the spawning season, reaching a minimum in July-August. Catch peaks in summer, during the spawning season, suggest that wahoo may gather near the islands to spawn.
Migration related to reproduction may also explain some of the seasonality in catch rates of wahoo near the Hawaiian Islands. The occurrence of wahoo larvae in plankton tows within 15 miles from shore of the main Hawaiian Islands has been reported during June-September.
It appears that wahoo migrate from the open ocean to the islands and banks to reproduce, then leave the islands and banks to feed in the open ocean. Surface currents and eddies generated in the island wakes are mechanisms that could transport larvae and juveniles to the open ocean.
A limited amount of spawning could also occur offshore. However, a move to nearshore waters in May for spawning throughout the summer would be consistent with the increase in condition and catch rates in the nearshore fisheries. The highest abundance areas for wahoo are southwest of the islands year-round but spread northward into coastal banks distributed over 1,200 square miles in summer.
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text:
Spiritual growth is an inner process, not only for people seeking spiritual awakening, and who live in monasteries or ashrams, but for every one. Spiritual growth is essential for a better, happier and more harmonious life, free of tension and strain, fear and anxiety.
Actually, this term is not correct and is misleading. The spirit is perfect and does not need to grow. It needs to 'awaken' and know itself. The spirit is already an inseparable part of the One Spirit, which is present everywhere. This knowledge and understanding is hidden beneath thoughts, desires, feelings and habits.
What you need to do is to remove everything that hides this knowledge and understanding. Spiritual growth is the process of getting rid of wrong concepts, thoughts and beliefs about who you are and about the world in which you live. Through this process, you increase your awareness of your real essence, which is beyond the ego and the personality.
In this process you drop negative and limiting habits, erroneous thoughts and beliefs, and let the inner self within you shine out. It is a process of looking inside you, shedding your illusions and uncovering your true essence, which is always present, but hidden beyond the ego-personality. Seems too far fetched? No, it isn't.
This isn't anything new or extraordinary.
|Spiritual growth benefits:


FBK Research Department Memoaustralia
To: Agent Penn E. Pincher & 1st Assistant
From: FBK Research Department – Request from Supervisor
Re: Your Task
You and your team of assistants will need to compile a fact book about the different countries the Big Bosses are scheduled to visit on an upcoming trip. You are to analyze these countries' different currencies, exports, imports and who their trading partners are. You will also be tasked with the job of figuring out the Big Bosses' expenses for their evening meals in these foreign countries.
 1. Before starting your research, you will need to print out the Agent Notebookmoney
 2. You will complete your task for the Big Bosses by completing the assignments listed below:
Assignment 1:
Visit Country at a Glance from the United Nations Web site to view the country you have picked for a picture and some general information about that country.
Assignment 2:
Visit the CIA's World Factbook for information about your country. Record your findings in your Agent Notebook under Assignment 2.
Assignment 3:
Fill in relevant statistics from your country for the International Currency Factsheet your teacher has posted at the front of the room.
Print out a picture of the front and back of the most recent currency your country has in circulation.russiaPictures of currency can be viewed at the International Bank Note Society. To get to the data, you need first to select a language: then select "paper money virtual gallery." Once there, select "banknotes," which leads you to different maps of different continents. Find your country by clicking on the continent it belongs to.
Assignment 4:
You must complete assignment 4, which is in your Agent Notebook. Your task is to find out how much money the Big Bosses will need in order to pay for their dinner in the country you are researching.
A calculator is recommended for assignment 4.
Every country has developed its own currency over hundreds, if not thousands, of years. A nation's currency is often a source of national pride and patriotism. If everyone in the world used the same currency, trading sure would be a lot easier, but it will likely be a very long time before that happens. If you have heard about the European countries working together to introduce the euro as a common currency, you may know how complicated that process really is.
No matter where you are, you can use the currency in that country to buy goods and services because it serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value and unit of account, just like the U.S. dollar at home. So you see, these items are really very easy to identify with a little practice; they are certainly very familiar to the children in the countries you as agents have researched. Good job!
This just in: A Lost Memo has been found. See if you can figure out the exchange rate, using the information you have gathered.
 1. Prepare a written memo to the Big Bosses, providing a briefing on the country and advising them on the amount of local currency they will need to purchase their evening meal.
 2. Create drawings of the top three items your country exports: identify other classmates who are representing countries that your country has trade relations with.
When you have finished the lesson, ask other students to join you in creating additional data for review. (Try for a group of 3-6 students.)Visit this section of the UN Cyber School Bus site.
Enter the name of your country; then select Go. Be patient while the graphs load.
Then select comparison factors from the Select Category: Population, Economy, Health, Technology or Environment.
Identify factors you will use in making comparisons about each country: the economy and technology categories will provide you with several items worthy of discussion.


Please get vaccinated.
Stationary decoder
In order to switch some light circuits utilizing an old loco decoder I took an old Märklin 6080 decoder and mounted it on a small board that can be plugged into the digital signal and have two independent light circuits plugged into it.
To each output I added a diode to ensure that stray current could not go the wrong way and also a 100µF capacitor to smooth the current out.
I Initially tied both motor outputs together and both function outputs together so that no matter what direction the decoder is in, the outputs will work. However, if the decoder is set to go forward the blue (motor reverse) wire still gets some pulsed output, and if set to go in reverse, the green (motor forward) wire also gets some pulsed output. Since the motor outputs are never off, the capacitor had the effect of maintaining power no matter what direction and speed was set, even at speed step zero! I therefore decided to dedicate this decoder module to reverse-only output. This entailed cutting the gray and green wires. The picture above was taken before that cut.
This means that by default, when the layout is powered up, neither output will be on. This suites me fine for what I intend driving with this decoder.
The motor output produces 17V no matter what speed step is used. (The capacitor effectively removes the pulse modulation. Under load I may see flicker at low speed steps.)
The function output produces 12.3 Volts.
I can now solder lighting circuits onto the gray plugs, each with the appropriate resistor for the LEDs in the circuit and the supply voltage. I just have to pay attention to the polarity since the plugs I had are not polarized and will allow incorrect insertion.
I have already prepared my software for driving any events using a loco decoder and this is what my event definition screen looks like for this decoder:
It will leave the function alone, setting a high speed-step, backwards. After 20 seconds my thunder sound effects will be played.
To switch the function output I define another event as follows
This will switch the function on and leave the speed alone.
Similar events can be defined to switch the outputs off.
Event definition user interface Copyright Dale Schultz 2007.
Additional use of a stationary decoder to drive a signal


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What is MARIE?
MARIE is a new design tool for mobile and autonomous robot application, designed to facilitate the integration of multiple heterogeneous software elements. It is a flexible tool based on a distributed model, thus allowing the realization of an application using one machine or various networked machines, architectures and platforms.
The robotics field is evolving quickly : the diversity of technologies available and the software solutions developed in the various research centers throughout the world is in fact increasing the complexity of integration. All these researchers and developers, which worked to develop new solutions, see the reuse of their work by other difficult or impossible. Too much often this abandonment or negligence to use available components is due to the inherent complexity of integrate different incompatible softwares because conceived for various platforms, various operating systems or protocols and conventions of communication.
--> Fast and simplified re-use of heteroclite components developed by others is essential for the evolution of this research area.
The impacts of such a tool on the re-use of the many existing and future technological and software solutions are very important :
- Allow the researchers and developers to concentrate on the particular aspect where they have a significant contribution to bring. Such a tool would avoid them to provide efforts for the reproduction and the adaptation of modules or applications already developed by others and which are not compatible or directly usable.
- Carry out configurations where particular components were never joined together for the same real time application. This opportunity potentially opens new avenues of research and development still not explored.
- Develop on a higher level of abstraction, such as decisional architecture. The tool makes it possible to act on this level because it abstracts the low level implementation of the robot system.
MARIE's initiative is based on the following main requirements :
- Reuse softwares, APIs, middlewares and frameworks frequently used in robotics (Player, CARMEN, RobotFlow, etc.)
- Adopt a rapid-prototyping approach to build complete system
- Allow distributed computing on heterogenous platforms
- Allow concurrent use of different communication protocols, mechanisms and standards
- Accelerate user-defined developments with well defined layers, interfaces, frameworks and plugins
- Support multiple sets of concepts and abstractions
MARIE's software architecture is based on three design choices made to address the main requirements :
Component Mediation Approach
To implement distributed applications using heterogeneous components, MARIE adapted the Mediator Design Pattern (Gamma, E. et al. 1994) to create a Mediator Interoperability Layer (MIL). The Mediator Design Pattern primarily creates a centralized control unit (named Mediator) interacting with each colleague (referred to as components) independently, and coordinates global interactions between colleagues to realize the desired system.
In MARIE, the MIL acts just like the mediator of the original pattern, but is implemented as a virtual space where components can interact together using a common language (similar to Internet's HTML for example). With this approach, each component can have its own communication protocol and mechanism as long as the MIL supports it.
It is a way to exploit the diversity of communication protocols and mechanisms, to benefit from their strengths and maximize their usage, and to overcome the absence of standards in robotic software systems.
It also promotes loose coupling between components by replacing a many-to-many interaction model with a one-to-many interaction model. In addition to simplify each component communication interface, loose coupling between components increases reusability, interoperability and extensibility by limiting their mutual dependencies and hiding their internal implementation.
By using a virtual space approach, the MIL's design reduces the potential complexity of managing large number of centralized components, as observed with the original pattern. This is mainly attributed on having limited centralization to communication protocols and mechanisms, and leaving most of the functionalities decentralized.
Supporting multiple sets of concepts and abstractions can be achieved in different ways. MARIE does so by adopting a layered software architecture, defining different levels of abstraction into the global middleware framework. Three abstraction layers are used to reduce the amount of knowledge, expertise and time required to use the overall system. It is up to the developer to select the most appropriate layer for adding elements to the system :
- Core Layer consists of tools for communication, data handling, distribute computing and low-level operating system functions (e.g., memory, threads and processes, I/O control).
- Component Layer specifies and implements useful frameworks to add components and to support domain-specific concepts.
- Application Layer contains useful tools to build and manage integrated applications using available components, to craft robotic systems.
Communication Protocol Abstraction
Component functionalities can often be used without any concerns with the communication protocols, as they are typically designed to apply operations and algorithms on data, independently of how data are received or sent. This eases components interoperability and reusability by avoiding fixing the communication protocol during the component design phase. Ideally, this choice should be made as late as possible, depending of which components need to be interconnected together (e.g., at the integration phase or even at runtime). Therefore, a communication abstraction framework, called Port, is provided for communication protocols and component's interconnections.
How do we implement this?
By creating several modules which have a specific role in the overall application. The first part are the Application Adapters whom handle all the details of a specific external application which include the starting and stopping of the application and the data conversion. After this, the Application Adapters communicates together using a common data language. These communications can be handled by the Communication Adapters which implements several communication paradigms. All these modules are supervised by the Application Manager which delegate the communication part the one or several Communication Managers.
We also provide logging and debugging tools to ease these tasks.


text: The Triangle is the southern corner of MEMBG and is outside of the main fence of the Garden. This space has changed hands several times over the years, but is now securely a part of the Garden. Trees and shrubs from all over the world can be seen in this area. Particular highlights include several massive Eucalyptus trees (E. maidenii, E. saligna, and E. acmenoides among others), as well as a sculptural Bracelet honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris) in the northwest corner of The Triangle. Several beautiful species of Dombeya from Africa are found on the western edge of the area, providing showy early winter flowers.


text:
BSc Actuarial Science
In a world filled with uncertainties, actuaries use mathematics, statistics, and software to help organizations avoid risk—and take advantage of it.
M.S.O.E. offers a bachelor's degree in actuarial science. Consistently ranked as one of the top occupations, actuaries use mathematics, statistics, and software to forecast the probability and cost of an event. They are experts in:
- Evaluating the likelihood of future events—using numbers, not crystal balls.
- Seeking creative ways to minimize risk.
- Decreasing the impact of undesirable events that do occur.
Actuaries have a combination of strong analytic skills, business knowledge, and understanding of human behavior to manage the complex risks facing our society. They work in a wide variety of fields, from public and private sectors to higher education, labor unions, public accounting firms, and consultants.
In a fast-changing world with emerging risks and the need for more creative ways to tackle them, there are constant opportunities for personal and professional growth. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, between 2010-2020, employment for actuaries is predicted to increase by 27 percent.
The actuarial science program is new, therefore placement rates do not exist yet. However, the projection for employment is outstanding, like all other M.S.O.E. degree programs.
Actuarial science includes a number of interrelated subjects, including probability, mathematics, statistics, finance, economics, financial economics, and computer programming. In the last 30 years, the field has undergone dramatic changes thanks to the growth of high-speed computers and software programs. In 2013, job search website CareerCast ranked actuary as the number one job in the United States based on environment, income, hiring outlook, physical demands, and stress.
You may want to consider actuarial science if you
- Are able to do mathematics and detailed work with accuracy
- Have keen analytical, project management and problem-solving skills
- Have an interest in business, including finance, accounting, and economics
- Have strong oral and written communication skills
- Are proficient with computers and computer programs
Program Educational Objectives
Graduates of the B.S. in Actuarial Science program will:
- demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skills in applied mathematics.
- demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skills in computer programming and computer applications such as: spreadsheets, presentation software, statistical analysis programs, database management and programming languages.
- have good business sense.
- display an understanding of professional and ethical responsibilities.
- display appropriate in-depth communications, management and teamwork skills, associated with the practical and professional aspects of actuarial science.
- be able to pass the first two actuarial exams on probability and financial mathematics before receiving their B.S. degrees and the other exams in the upcoming years after graduation.
- be well prepared to be accepted and successfully complete a master's program in any related field at a university in the United States.
Upon successful completion of the actuarial science program, graduates will have:
- obtained general applied mathematics knowledge: single and multivariable calculus, probability, statistics, linear algebra, differential equations and financial mathematics.
- obtained general computational knowledge by completing courses such as: Visual Basic, Java and Computational Methods and Applications.
- completed business courses: Micro and Macro Economics, Principles of Accounting, Finance and Accounting, Managerial Cost Accounting, Business Finance, Management Finance and Business Law.
- completed the course: Ethics for Professional Managers and Engineers.
- completed communication courses: Composition, Technical Composition, Business Communication, and Speech.
Contact Kayla Maule at _EMAIL_ or on Whatsapp at _PHONE_ for more information.
About the School
Milwaukee School of Engineering is a private, non-profit university offering bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering, business, mathematics and nursing and an intensive English for Academic Pur... Read More


text:
In 2015, schools with students learning under Fontan Relational Education (FRE)
saw achievements of:
- Average of 40 percent increase in reading comprehension
- 5 percent increase YOY (Year Over Year) in GPA
- Dropout rates close to zero
- No student failing
- Academic performance Ratio of 1.029 against 0.36 of traditional education
- 37 percent of students finishing a grade in seven months. Total average of students finishing a grade in nine months.
According to Erika Twani, CEO of Learning One to One Foundation, "There are many theories on how to improve our education outcomes: increase in-school hours, smaller school/class size, different teachers' compensation models, introduce technology, and so on. These ideas all have merit, but most only involve investing in old concepts. Unless we change the essence of the learning practice, we will not succeed. That is exactly what the Learning One to One Foundation does –literally transforming education."
Why it's different
Fontan Relational Education (FRE) is a proven model with 58 years of research that focuses on developing cognitive skills along with intellectual, personal, and socio-emotional skills. FRE customizes the learning process for different learners at an individual level based on students' abilities and interests, relating everything they learn to their own lives while using technology as the platform for personalized learning. It is supported by one-on-one academic guidance and a one-to-one computer system based on cloud technology that efficiently coordinates student achievement and engages students, school staff, parents, counselors and administrators.
According to Twani, "We focus on the learning process of each individual student, rather than personalization of content, which is what the vast majority of models do. The main tenet of the Fontan Relational Education model is its defined strategy to create learning autonomy, which happens as students grow and evolve in their learning process."
Why it Works
FRE is called "Relational" education because students move to the next topic in all subject areas only when they are able to "relate" everything they learn to their daily lives, increasing knowledge retention and their chances to succeed academically, developing true cognitive skills. Research proves that FRE works equally well with students with disabilities, allowing them to perform as any student. Public schools using Fontan Relational Education have improved performance in as little as one year after adoption.
How it Works
Under a specific school or an entire school district request, Learning One to One Foundation provides expert guidance for whole-school reform, teacher, parent, and student training to adopt FRE, an on-line app that enhances the students learning experience, and continuous support to improve academic and technology performance every day. FRE evolves every year, allowing educators to be prepared for students learning requirements in this never-ending transformation in the world. The Foundation is available for immediate consultations and to provide more information.


text:
) until a matching catch operation is found. The matching catch can then extract a value embedded in the exception object. A naive implementation of the throw operation literally follows the dynamic chain and performs the requisite tests. A more sophisticated implemented includes a catch link in each frame pointing the nearest frame on the dynamic chain with an attached catch handler. Then only catch links need to be followed. An even more sophisticated implementation (which works for a simple exception system) maintains a global table of the matching activation record address for each possible exception. (In Java, the appropriate design for this table is an interesting problem because exception matching is hierarchical, catch construction may include finally clauses that must be executed regardless of whether any of the catch clauses match, and programs can be dynamically extended during execution!)
Standard Scheme does not include an exception facility because it includes
a significantly more powerful control operator called letcc. (R4RS
Scheme uses a syntactic variant of letcc called call/cc.)
Here are some examples of the behavior of
(letcc Xit (+ (Xit 15) 5)) = 15
(letcc Xit (lambda (x) (+ (Xit (lambda (x) 5)) x)))cannot be evaluated any further;
(lambda...)is a value, and
Xitoccurs free in it
((letcc Xit (lambda (x) (+ (Xit (lambda (x) 5)) x))) 25)
= (letcc Xit2 ([lambda (x) (+ ((lambda (v) (Xit2 [v 25])) (lambda (x) 5)) x)] 25))
= (letcc Xit2 (+ ((lambda (v) (Xit2 [v 25])) (lambda (x) 5)) 25)
= (letcc Xit2 (+ (Xit2 [(lambda (x) 5) 25]) 25)
= (letcc Xit2 (+ (Xit2 5) 25)
In general, when a
letcc expression is evaluated, it turns its current
context (as in, ''complete textual context'') into a procedural object. This procedural
object is also known as a continuation object. When a continuation object
is applied, it forces the evaluator to remove the current evaluation context and
to re-create the context of the original
letcc expression, filled
with the value of its argument. Like procedures, continuation objects are first-class
values, which means they can be stored in data structures or tested by predicates.
In essence, letcc takes the current activation record and program counter at the point of invoking letcc and encapsulates them as a procedure waiting for a value to be returned. The body of the letcc is evaluated in the current environment extended by the binding of the letcc continuation name to the encapsulated procedure -- just as the body of a conventional let would be evaluated in an environment extending by the bindings specified in the definitions at the head of the let.
Now we understand the semantics of
letcc, but how do we use it
to write programs? We need to also understand its pragmatics. For instance,
letcc can be used for exception handling.
Let us write a procedure,
lod ::= null | (cons [0-9] lod)
Our procedure might look like this:
(define PiHelp (lambda (l) (cond ((null? l) 1) (else (* (car l) (PiHelp (cdr l)))))))
However, suppose it is possible that we can get an invalid digit (in the range
((bad? (car l)) (Xit _TAG_))
We use the following recipe for constructing such programs:
If we pass this new procedure exceptional data, we get
(Pi '(1 2 b)) ==> (letcc Abort (PiHelp '(1 2 b) XXX)) ==> (letcc Abort (* 1 (*2 (PiHelp _TAG_)))) ==> _TAG_
There are numerous control constructs that we can add to LC. Some of these are:
(raise M)stops computation and returns the value of
(raise M)corresponds to an exceptional datum condition for the meta-evaluator. Hence, it can be added to the evaluator by following the steps above.
raiseby delimiting the extent to which it can escape. Such a construct is called an abort delimiter, and is sometimes written as
(lambda (f G) (open-file f) (G f) (close-file f))
raisestatement, then the file will never be closed. This might be undesirable. To prevent this, we can instead write
(lambda (f G) (open-file f) (# (G f)) (close-file f))
_TAG_ be added to the evaluator with the following code:
((#? M) (letcc NewXit (MEval (#-body M) env NewXit)))
(# M H)where
His invoked only if
Maborts. (The code in
Hmight typically be used to perform some clean-up action.) Additional extensions are possible: we could have labeled exceptions, and we could also have restartable exceptions (where
raisereturns a value and the continuation active at the time it was invoked).
Here is the core of an interpreter that implements
This version of
# takes a body and a handler, as outlined above.
The handler takes one argument, which is the value ''thrown'' by
(define MEval/ec (lambda (M env Exit) (cond... ((raise? M) (Exit (MEval/ec (raise-expr M) env Exit))) ((#? M) ((letcc new-Exit (lambda () (MEval/ec (#-body M) env (lambda (raised-value) (new-Exit (lambda () (MApply/ec (MEval/ec (#-handler M) env Exit) raised-value Exit))))))))))))
(Note that all calls to the former
MEval will now have to call
instead, passing on the
Exit handler unchanged; only
installs new handlers.
MApply/ec is similarly modified.)
At this point, we will conclude our study of meta-interpreters. We have thus far covered the following:
It would be worthwhile to note in passing some of the topics that we did not cover but which could be studied with the same methodology: