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Hashi-o-kakero (17x17 hard)
Hashi-o-kakero (Bridges) is a logic puzzle game. The object is to connect all of the islands into a single connected group.
- user comments(6)
How to play
The object of the game is to connect the islands by drawing a series of bridges between the islands. The number in the center of each island represents the number of bridges connected to it. The bridges must begin and end at distinct islands, traveling a straight line in between and not crossing any other bridges or islands. Only one or two bridges can connect a pair of islands. To build a bridge between two islands click on the first (it will appear as selected) then click to another. If you wish one more bridge between those two island repeat the procedure. If you make it again those two bridges will disappear.
The beginning of the game will be only islands and no bridges connecting them It will look something similar to this image:
To solve the puzzle you have to connect all the islands taking into account the number in each island - this represents the exact number of bridges to reach it. Two neighboring island may not or can be joined together with one or two bridges. Bridges can not cross with each other. There can only be placed horizontally or vertically on the board. It is also important to know that each pair of islands must be connected either directly or to have some "indirect" connection.
Here's one way to solve the puzzle given above. "The easiest" here is an island that is located at the bottom left of the board. It can be associated only with the neighboring island to the right and have only one bridge. To join them we click on it:
After that we click on the island on the right and the bridge appears:
We continue in the same way building more bridges that are obvious:
On the next image we show how we have connected the topmost islands:
This is completely wrong, since this group of bridges will be "isolated" from others. But the rule say that between any 2 islands must have direct or indirect connection. So we have to remove those bridges. This can be done making another virtual island between the islands
And this is how it should be:
The island in the middle should have 5 bridge, but we are only 2 built. Since there are already 2 bridges and we cannot build another the only choice is to build those 3 remaining bridges between 2 horizontally neighboring islands. So we must have at least one bridge left and right.
Following similar thoughts come to this:
There are 2 remaining options - either to connect the island with "5" with the island with "4" and then the puzzle becomes trivial:
or connect two adjacent vertical islands with two bridges and hence to a different solution:
Not every puzzle can have multiple solutions. We choose exactly this to show you a wider range of possible hashi-o-kakero games.
More information can be found on wikipedia site: Bridges_(puzzle).
I love to play at this game.
Can have a reply bottom, cause i want to begin the same game fast.


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This procedure is a part of CCI Collection via CCI Picklist.
Collecting "CCI collect count each" items
Blood gas, arterial, and Blood gas, venous are not manually counted at HSC or STB sites, as it is automatically uploaded from DSM Lab Extract.
- "CCI collect count each" items are entered as counts of how often they occurred
- Px Date
- enter the total number of times the procedure was done as Px Count. If it happened as an Admit Procedure and as an Acquired Procedure, enter separately.
Px Date for patients who move
See Px Date#Moves
Code only if done by Radiology or Cardiology
- Code diagnostic imaging procedures only if performed by Radiology or Cardiology for which there is an order.
- Examples: a bedside echo done by a cardiology tech should be coded, but a bedside echo done by the ICU fellow should not be coded. An echo done informally by the cardiology team (i.e. informal in that no actual order was put in for it) should not be coded.
Multiple Views or Sequences at one sitting
- When a single imaging modality is used to look at a single body segment, then this is counted as ONE imaging study, even if during that study there are multiple views, or sequences, etc.
- e.g. if a AXR (abdominal plain X-ray) or CXR (plain film) film comprises multiple views/films done at one sitting, only count it as ONE.
- e.g. if an MRI is done and several different sequences are done of the same body part, that counts as ONE.
- e.g. if a cardiac echo is done and they do both 2-D, M-mode, Doppler, and contrast-enhanced, this counts as ONE.
- these examples hold for all types of imaging procedures, as long as they're of the same body part.
Guideline about Coding CCI vs ICD10 imaging codes
- There are a set of "imaging codes" in ICD10, but these are not to code that an imaging test was performed, but to code that a result was abnormal --- and like all the ICD10 codes for abnormal symptoms or signs or test results, they are mainly to be used when the actual diagnosis CAUSING the abnormal findings is not known.
ICD10 Imaging diagnoses and other diagnoses that require imaging should be coded together with corresponding Imaging Pxs, where we have a code for them.
Coding both is not redundant because the ICD10 will only be coded for abnormal results, and we don't have CCI coding options for every kind of imaging. Coding both as appropriate will cover all the ways we are interested in this data.
Alternate CCIs to consider coding instead or in addition
|Other procedure in Imaging Px:
Related ICD10 Codes
- CXR (← links)
- Task Team Meeting - Rolling Agenda and Minutes 2018 (← links)
- Query check CCI CXR vs LOS (← links)
- CCI Collection (← links)
- CCMDB.mdb Change Log 2018 (← links)
- Imaging Px (← links)
- CCI Category (← links)
- CCI Picklist (← links)
- ECHO (echocardiogram of heart) (← links)
- Angiogram, artery NOS (except specifically coded) (← links)
- Cardiac CT or Cardiac CT angiogram (with or without coronary arteries) (← links)
- CT of chest with PE protocol (CT angiogram of pulmonary vessels) (← links)
- Angiogram, cerebral (including vertebral arteries) (← links)
- Cardiac nuclear scan (e.g. MUGA) (← links)
- Angiogram, aortic (any part of aorta) (← links)
- AXR (abdominal plain X-ray) (← links)
- Cardiac MRI (← links)
- Angiogram, coronary (diagnostic cardiac catheterization) (← links)
- Thoracentesis (diagnostic) (← links)
- Angiogram, vein (← links)
- Angiogram, pulmonary artery (pulmonary arteriogram) (← links)
- (T) Liver (← links)
- (T) Total Body (← links)
- (T) Trachea (← links)
- (T) Coronary Arteries (← links)
- (T) Breast (← links)
- (T) Mediastinum (← links)
- (T) Vertebral Bones (← links)
- (I) Neck (← links)
- (T) Interatrial Septum (← links)
- (D) Thyroid Gland (← links)
- (I) Arm (← links)
- (D) Soft Tissue of Chest, Abdomen, NOS (← links)
- (D) Skin, NOS (← links)
- (I) Total Body (← links)
- (D) Intrathoracic Lymph Nodes, NOS (← links)
- (T) Thoracic Aorta (← links)
- (I) Digestive System, NOS (← links)
- (T) Pulmonic Valve, Related Structures (← links)
- (T) Surgically Constructed Sites in Digestive and Biliary Tract (← links)
- (T) Thyroid Gland (← links)
- (D) Parathyroid Glands (← links)
- (D) Sternum, Ribs, Clavicle, Scapula (← links)
- (T) Heart, NOS (← links)
- (T) Interventricular Septum (← links)
- (T) Diaphragm (← links)
- (T) Mitral Valve, Related Structures (← links)
- (T) Esophagus (← links)
- (D) Bronchi (← links)
- (D) Esophagus (← links)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Los Angeles, its modern rise to world-class city steeped in Spanish mission roots, has brushed over many of its multicultural landmarks.
A broad survey being conducted throughout the city is unearthing vast historic resources within its diverse neighborhoods.
"Certainly, one of the goals of Survey Los Angeles and community outreach has been to identify historic places associated with the rich heritage of Los Angeles and diverse communities," said Ken Bernstein, director of the city Office of Historic Resources.
The Los Angeles Historic Resources Survey, central to the city's first comprehensive historic preservation effort, is looking beyond just the big stuff.
The $5 million SurveyLA, launched four years ago courtesy of a Getty Foundation grant, wants the nitty gritty about L.A.'s broad heritage.
And that means looking for landmarks that also tell the stories of its black, Latino and Asian communities.
This spring, the office will survey Pacoima, a historically black neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley now devoid of landmarks.
"You'd think there would be a landmark, but there's not," said the Rev. Zedar Broadous, of Pacoima, whose
The city survey has recently identified sites associated with minorities. Those include, for example:
- The site in South Los Angeles off Crenshaw Boulevard, where bonzai landscaping and Japanese designs survive long past the Japanese-American residents who created them.
- The affluent Sugar Hill neighborhood of West Adams, where black celebrities such as Hattie McDaniel once stood up against racially restrictive real estate covenants.
- The Motel Hacienda, a $3-a-night dive on Figueroa Street where soul singer Sam Cooke met his bloody end.
But in the Valley, local, state and federal landmarks have long favored Mission-era or postwar sites associated with white suburbia.
Of the city's 1,012 historic landmarks, only three pertain to the working-class Northeast Valley: the San Fernando Mission; an equestrian neighborhood in Sun Valley; and the First Los Angeles Cascades, where William Mulholland's first waters gushed into Sylmar a century ago this year.
Then there's Griffith Ranch, commemorated by a state brass marker heralding where silent film pioneer D.W. Griffith drew inspiration for "The Birth of a Nation," (1915) which glorified the Ku Klux Klan.
SurveyLA now seeks public input on other historic sites across the city at myhistoricla.org.
"Most of the Valley (historic) sites I wouldn't call in underserved communities," Bernstein said. "But we'll get there."
African-Americans in Pacoima point to the once-robust black community once excluded from buying or renting homes elsewhere across the Valley.
They hail Greater Community Missionary Baptist Church, the granddaddy of black Valley churches.
They hail Styles Ville Barber Shop & Beauty Salon, the region's oldest black barber shop and gathering spot for more than half a century.
They hail the homes of black actors William Marshall, Don Blackman and Albert Reed, who each once lived in Pacoima.
Or the headquarters of civic activists like the late Marie Harris, which some say deserve landmark status. For decades, the honorary mayor of Pacoima held teenage pageants, political fundraisers, expos and even helped launch the Valley secession movement at her home on Welk Avenue.
"It's because of the incredible significance, unselfish contributions she made to this community," said daughter Rolene Naveja, 65, who lives in the home. "This house was established as the social showplace of the community."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Exsoll Electric is the Electricity sub division of Exsoll Energy with the focus to move electricity from where it is built to where it's the most needed.To ensure a long-term, reliable supply of competitively priced electricity, Exsoll Electric and its engineers develop, support and monitor all framework for bringing new generation on-line, competitive electricity markets, and efficient delivery systems.
With the confidence in our capacity, we are certain that our competitive electricity market will result in over thousands megawatts of new installed electricity generating capacity in areas where electricity is most needed.
While we continue to meet the growing demands, we translate this growth in perspective by producing capacity that could generate enough electricity to power over thousands of households and plants in Africa.
Thermal sources, coal-fired plants, and natural gas account for most of power sources, including efficient cogeneration at industrial operations that produce energy as a by-product of their normal activities. The remainder is hydro, wind and biomass:energy produced from organic sources such as wood waste, garbage or animal matter; still main remain insufficient as source of energy due to the skyrocketing growth of Africa's economy
Hence, we see the need to deliver electricity throughout to meet the growth in economy. Exsoll Electric is committed to develop the long-term plan that delivers adequate electricity need in a safe, reliable and economic operation.
Our aim: help household and plants save money on energy.


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The Ecological Model
Don Perras designed the Ecological Model to offer educators a preventative system of practical techniques to address today's challenging classrooms. While classroom management issues are a prime stressor for educators, training and professional development typically offer minimal preparation in this critical area.
This conflict is severely impacting teacher mental health.
Don recognizes this dilemma, and has developed the Ecological Model to enhance student learning while developing prosocial conduct. The model reflects four decades of classroom observations in 291 schools and 37 private agencies.
Increased student diversity
Lack of mastery of basic skills
Declined commitment to long-term personal goals
Focus on social popularity / peer pressure
The environment of public / private education is changing rapidly. Don's training helps today's educators manage their classrooms.
Besides differences in overall student behavior and commitment to learning, Don is sensitive to administrative pressures and teaching factors influencing our public and parochial schools' mission:
large percentage of retiring veteran teachers [national shortage crisis]
many new and inexperienced teachers
too many expectations of teachers without adequate resources, time, and supervision
increase of academic demands impacted by behavioral issues
Don trains administrators and teachers to implement his Ecological Model by empowering educators to understand behavior, practice creative instructional techniques, and establish positive group strategies designed to stabilize teacher/student/school interactions. These management procedures are field-tested and continuously perfected in many schools.
Don offers Ecological Model inservice workshops in a variety of formats. Instructional videotapes are shown during the sessions of consultees demonstrating environmental design, instructional methods, and group management techniques. View sample instructional videos of Don's system on 'YouTube.'
On-site personalized support for educators is recommended to strengthen teachers' application of Ecological Model strategies. 'New' staff are mandated to receive this assistance to maximize their professional talents and personal welfare.


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Expanding injection foam is typically something you'd get if you were insulating your house or repairing a cracked foundation. However, according to a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) report, we may start to see it used to treat wounded soldiers.
Abdominal wounds are especially deadly due to internal bleeding. Bleeding from other types of wounds can usually be stopped or at least significantly slowed simply by applying pressure to the wound. With abdominal wounds, the flow of blood might be stopped by applying pressure to the entry wound (and exit wound, if there is one), however there is going to be internal bleeding from damaged organs that will still kill the soldier if they aren't dealt with quickly. DARPA's Wound Stasis program began back in 2010, looking for a way to prevent deaths due to abdominal wounds and internal bleeding.
[ More Geekquinox: P.E.I. fisherman say Bluefin Tuna not endangered, scientists disagree ]
The 'Arsenal Foam System', developed by Arsenal Medical in collaboration with DARPA, is a two-part liquid that is injected into an abdominal wound. When the liquids combine, they quickly expand to 30 times their initial volume and form a solid foam. According to the DARPA news release, "The foam can expand through pooled and clotted blood and despite the significant hydrostatic force of an active hemorrhage," (meaning that even though blood exiting out of a torn artery or vein will exert pressure against the foam, the foam can still expand to make contact with the artery or vein and thus stop the bleeding).
Testing of the foam on pigs showed an over 80 per cent reduction in bleeding of treated wounds, and a survival rate of 72 per cent (compared to eight per cent in the control group) even up to three hours after the injury was sustained. It took doctors less than a minute to remove the foam, through a minor surgical incision, as one solid block. Examination of the foam showed that there was only minimal absorption of blood, and only at the surface that directly contacted the wound, proving that it effectively stopped the bleeding.
This kind of development also has applications beyond the military.
[ More Geekquinox: Freak weather-driven tsunamis could strike the Great Lakes ]
First responders could use this for shooting victims (of course), but also those with internal bleeding from injuries suffered in car accidents and in the workplace, and with the time frames seen in testing, this would be especially useful for emergencies in remote areas. Doctors could also use it more routinely, during surgery to control bleeding while they work.
The researchers presented their findings at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma in Kauai, Hawaii, and should be working with the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in clinical development of the product very soon.


photo.
Using simple proportions between times and positions you can calculate the value of the burn needed to get a fly-by trajectory - one that brings the relative speed of the target in the XY plane to zero. Since it doesn't move "sideways" and you move towards it, you will get there eventually.
You still don't know when the fly-by will happen, and at what speed, but all you need is to wait - or keep repeating the process to reduce the fly-by distance further.
Of course if the initial visual contact is way "off", you'll lack delta-V to perform the correction. Still, in case of New Horizons, about 100,000 km of initial error should be enough to get a very close fly-by, and anything above that will just add to the fly-by distance.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ In practice though, the time of the flyby was known to a second or two (necessary for camera pointing) implying that the distance to 2014MU69 was known to 20 km or so. Does anyone know how this was determined? $\endgroup$ Jan 2 '19 at 17:07
Your Answer


Computer algorithm, MRI used to tap memory
A computer algorithm, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and neuroscientists working together have been able to identify what people are remembering by measuring blood flow levels, according to new research out of the University College London.
First, a group of 10 volunteers (average age 21) was shown three very short (as in 7 seconds) films, each of a woman on a city street doing a simple task, such as mailing a letter. Then, each of the volunteers was placed inside an fMRI scanner and asked to recall each film, first in a specific order, then at random.
Using the scanner … Read more
Robotic cockroaches and electronic babysitters


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Contributed by smorelli on Jan. 21, 2016
Description: To compute appropriate thresholds for maps of the conjunction between (i) self gain > self no gain and friend gain > friend no gain and, we used Fisher's methods which can combine probabilities of multiple hypothesis tests (Fisher, 1925). Thus, thresholding each test at p-values of 0.025 for a two-way conjunction corresponded to a combined threshold p-value of 0.005, uncorrected. No cluster-extent thresholding was applied.Task View 3D View
If you use these data please include the following persistent identifier in the text of your manuscript:
This will help to track the use of this data in the literature.


, family-based, feel-good values as part of its marketing campaigns, the implementation of bullying practices in order to achieve the strategic objective of profits at all costs, leaves a very bitter taste.
Discussion Questions:
 1. What types of values does the Tim Horton's brand promote in its media campaigns?
 2. From an HR perspective, how should these values present themselves within a Tim Horton's franchise?
 3. How does bullying 'from the top' influence organizational behaviour?
 4. From a values perspective, identify specific changes you would make, as an owner of a Tim Horton's franchise, in order to
 1. comply with the new legislation.
 2. benefit both the employees and the organization.


How To Humid Proof Your Hair
Humidity can impact your hair a lot by making it sticky and frizzy. Here are ways in which you can humid proof your hair.
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Humidity is one of those factors that can have a huge role to play in what we look like overall. Of course, we all know about the impact that humidity has on the skin, but it tends to have a major impact on hair as well. Here, we will share with you ways to humid proof your hair.
Humidity can make the skin turn oily, greasy and really disgusting. Moreover, it makes the makeup come off your face very easily, like it is melting, and nothing looks grosser than melting makeup. Think of the residue it may leave behind on your glasses or sunglasses. Makes you cringe? Us too.
But, this post is about how humidity affects your hair and how to change that. Humidity tends to make the hair turn frizzy and stand out, and just be really hard to maintain. It also makes hair really sticky. So, what to do to tame unmanageable frizzy hair?
Well, you need a lot of patience and a little bit of hard work, but it is all totally worth it. Here's how you can humid proof your hair.
1. Clear Shampoo: Use a clear, transparent shampoo. Clear shampoos clean out the gunk from the hair faster, leaving it clean and weightless. They are also gentler and do not contain as many chemicals as other shampoos. You can even go for baby shampoo if you like.
how to humid proof your hair
2. Skip Conditioner: Conditioner adds more moisture to your hair. Most people would tell you to condition your hair every time you shampoo, but it is okay to skip it at such instances.
how to humid proof your hair
3. Apple Cider Vinegar Rinse: Instead of using a conditioner, you can mix three parts of water with one part of apple cider vinegar to use as a last rinse after washing your hair. This does what the conditioner does, without adding excessive moisture. This is an effective way how you can humid proof your hair.
how to humid proof your hair
4. Blow Dry: Blow dry your hair, as opposed to letting it air dry. Leaving your hair wet and moist for too long can actually promote the frizziness. Make sure you use a serum or heat-protecting spray before you blow dry.
how to humid proof your hair
5. Leave-In Conditioner: Use a leave-in conditioner. This is specifically good for people who have curly or wavy hair. It is better to use this, and not a serum, as a serum can weigh your hair down.
how to humid proof your hair
6. Straighten: You can use a straightening iron to even out any hair that may be sticking out of place. You don't need to straighten the entire length of the hair, you just need to manage the unruly bits.
how to humid proof your hair
7. Hairspray: Use hairspray to set fly-aways and baby hair. This is definitely one of the best tips to humid proof your hair.
how to humid proof your hair
Read more about: humidity, hair
Story first published: Monday, November 7, 2016, 10:12 [IST]
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Actually, more isn't necessarily better but none is not an option either.
Calibration curves are used to actually determine concentrations of compounds of interest in your samples.This idea being that the lowest and highest unknown concentrations are bracketed by at least 2 standard concentrations from your standard curve. _URL_ If a unknown is outside you calibration range, then you need to redo, to bracket that concentration in your curve, as long as the curve is still linear. If the curve cannot be increased, then dilutions are needed to bring the unknown concentration in the calibration range.
One can talk about the time interval between calibrations (weekly, monthly, etc.). This interval depends on how complex or dirty the samples are. If degradation of the separation is occurring, then a calibration is warranted. EPA test methods, in particular, say what the recommended calibration interval is. Also, if the column is removed for any reason, then a calibration is warranted.
Also, there is the use of duplicate samples, calibration check samples, and spiked samples that can be used during a run. These samples are to access the viability of the calibration curve. All of these should be used to some extent.
There is quite a bit of information in this post. The point is, one should not ignore these points because they are hard or make analysis more complicated. These should be used to better the analysis.
David Slomczynski, Ph.D; GeoMetrick Enterprises
This topic really is tough for people to understand. It is so easy just to go into various search engines and type in a topic and get out information but, that is only PART of the information out there. So much information is located in physical media (books, journals, etc) that people have ignored by it not being 'convenient'. In the science fields, many researchers do not go back far enough in the literature and this is to their detriment. There have been some amazing science problems worked out and discussed in older papers. Just using only the last 20 years of research or so, means people are using an arbitrary point of reference. Yes, older literature means you have to look through actual physical media and not on a computer screen. I think researchers should not be intimidated by it, after all, the earlier researchers had to do it that way also.
I will give an example. In my MS and PhD theses, I referenced a paper from 1883. This was the first scientific paper describing the actual enzyme I was working on. Why was that important? The researcher, Yoshida, described the enzymatic reaction in a very succinct and beautiful way. Remember, this paper was published before the term 'Enzyme' was coined, so Yoshida used the term 'diastase'. Beyond being historical, using this reference also showed how much interest there was in this research topic.
In another example, I found work that was done in the 1940's by the USDA that superseded some of the research I was involved with which proved it was not unique or novel. Going back to the original literature, showed how people have misinterpreted the original work and did not read the original close enough to actually understand the research.
Literature research is important for both research and for patent purposes. This has to be one of the most important of all the work the researcher has to do. "Due Diligence" in literature search can save researchers time from re-inventing the wheel. This is why it is important for researchers to do as much literature research as possible.
David Slomczynski, Ph.D; Geometrick Enterprises


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To reduce the potential of fire hazards and the frequency and severity of any fires resulting from hot work, OSHA has identified specific precautions for hot work. The term "hot work" is defined as riveting, welding, burning or other fireor spark-producing operations. This section covers all hot work operations except for those requirements found in Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment.
Sparks or molten metal from hot work, when combined with oxygen and a fuel source, can start a fire. Hot work is only allowed in areas that are free of fire hazards, or where fire hazards have been controlled by physical isolation, fire watches, or other positive means. Employers must maintain hazard free conditions in the space while hot work is being performed.
Other hazardous conditions can also result in fires. Potential ignition sources include combustible materials that may cause or contribute to the spread of fire such as cigarettes, matches, heat guns, heat producing chemical reactions, electric shocks, and improper use of heating devices. While these conditions are not covered by the following requirements, OSHA encourages employers to control all fire-hazards found in shipyard employment.
Review the Confined/Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres before proceeding with this section.
|Precautions for Hot Work
Figure 1. Improper Practice:
Charged burning torch unattended and lying on the deck floor.
Figure 2. Fire retardant covers on pipes used to protect against sparks
from hot work.
Figure 3. Glass cloth cover to protect equipment from being exposed to hot
Figure 4. Disconnecting supply manifold for fuel gases and oxygen.
Fuel gas/oxygen hose coiled up properly.
Gas cylinder holder located in the shipyard
- Unprotected combustible materials exposed to hot work.
- Fire and explosion hazards.
- Uncontrolled hot work.
- Failure to recognize flammable materials such as rubber, foam insulation, wiring, deck covering, wallboard.
- Performing hot work in non-designated locations.
- Spark-producing devices not observed by user (Figure 1).
- Burning of materials causing toxic gases or atmospheres.
- Oxygen-deficient and oxygen enriched atmospheres while performing hot work.
- Protective covers that have been moved, become deteriorated, contaminated, or unsuitable for the purpose.
- Fuel line and oxygen hose breakage.
Requirements and Example Solutions:
- Designated areas for hot work may be identified in sites such as vessels, vessel sections, fabricating shops, and subassembly areas that are free of fire hazards. [1915.503(a)(1)]
- In a non-designated area, a visual inspection of the area must be conducted prior to performing hot work. This includes adjacent spaces to ensure that the area is free of fire hazards, unless a Marine Chemist's certificate or Shipyard Competent Person's log is used for authorization. [1915.503(a)(2)(i)]
- Hot work can only be performed in areas free of fire hazards, or where fire hazards have been controlled by physical isolation, fire watches, or other positive means (Figure 2 and 3). [1915.503(a)(2)(ii)]
- See 1915.14 for additional hot work requirements.
- Hot work areas must be free of new hazards likely to cause or contribute to the spread of fire. [1915.503(b)(1)]
- Fire, gas and oxygen supply lines and torches must be adequately maintained. [1915.503(b)(2)]
- No unattended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in confined spaces (Figure 1).
- No unattended charged fuel gas and oxygen hose lines or torches are in enclosed spaces for more than 15 minutes.
- All fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are disconnected at the supply manifold (Figure 4) at the end of each shift.
- All disconnected fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are rolled back to the supply manifold (Figure 5) or to open air to disconnect the torch or extended fuel gas and oxygen hose lines are not reconnected at the supply manifold unless the lines are given a positive means of identification when they were first connected and the lines are tested using a drop test or other positive means to ensure the integrity of the fuel gas and oxygen burning system.
- Gas lines (oxygen, acetylene and other flammable gases) must be disconnected at the source at the end of each shift and the discharge end of each hose removed from confined or enclosed spaces. [1915.503(b)(2)]
- Only use gas hoses (oxygen, acetylene and other flammable gases) that are in good repair. [1915.55(f)]
- For additional precautions and requirements while performing hot work, please see:
Back to Top
Maritime Labor/Industry Recommendations
Transparent material used to shield welding arc in the shop.
Figure 8. Workers removing trash
from vessel space.
Back to Top
- Ensure that any cold work being conducted in adjacent spaces is compatible with hot work being performed.
- Thoroughly inspect adjacent spaces and protective covers before conducting hot work.
- Clearly identify space boundaries where hot work is to be conducted (Figure 7).
- Maintain good housekeeping practices (removal of rags and trash) (Figure 8) and train on combustible materials such as wiring and insulation adjacent to hot work.
- Remove combustible or flammable coatings or preservers (bulkhead coatings, floor coatings).
- Remove combustive materials (rubber, shrink wrap, foam insulation, wiring, deck covering, wallboard) or ensure that they are covered with shielding materials.
- Direct hot work away from openings or cover the openings.
- Equipment such as torches and cutting and welding apparatus should be stored so as to prevent tampering by unauthorized persons.
- Equip torch operators with hose clamps in case of accidental gas line breakage in the line.
- If an unattended torch is found in enclosed or confined spaces, hot work should be stopped, the area evacuated, gases secure at the source, and test atmosphere prior to starting work.
- Develop a hot work permit program for:
- all hot work on vessels.
- hot work in designated areas shoreside.
- Ensure workers are properly trained on the hot work permit program.


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Definition of asci
n. pl. - See Ascus. 2
The word "asci" uses 4 letters: A C I S.
No direct anagrams for asci found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after asci (in bold), or to acis in any order:
b - basic d - acids asdic cadis caids e - saice h - chias l - laics salic m - micas n - cains p - aspic picas spica
List shorter words within asci, sorted by length
All words formed from asci by changing one letter
Browse words starting with asci by next letter


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Natural Gas 101 at Colorado State University Designed to Give Students an Overview of Important Colorado Industry
Increased demand for natural gas and greater public interest in gas drilling and production in Colorado has led Colorado State University to offer students a course on the "Fundamentals of Natural Gas" for the first time.
The interdisciplinary course this spring features an introduction to the natural gas industry including geology, exploration, production, transportation and environmental issues. The class exposes students to all aspects of the natural gas industry with a particular focus on unconventional gas extraction as it is being practiced in Colorado.
"Part of the significance of this course is that it's multidisciplinary – we have students from economics and construction management in addition to geology and engineering students," said Sally Sutton, associate professor and geosciences department chair.
"It's exciting to have so many different professors with different backgrounds," said Jessica Olsen, a senior in mechanical engineering who has already accepted a job with Pioneer Natural Resources upon her graduation in May.
About 30 students in a variety of disciplines are enrolled, but 50 routinely show up. Some of the folks sitting in the front row are other faculty members teaching the course. Tom Sale, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering, and Bryan Willson, mechanical engineering professor, for example, have attended Sutton's lectures on the geology of shale.
"I'm having a load of fun in there," said Willson, whose Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory has done more than any group in the world to address impacts of natural gas pipelines and help industry partners reduce environmental effects of natural gas compression as well as improve efficiency. "I've always been focused on the end use and haven't studied the rock formations, and I find that pretty interesting."
Other instructors include Ken Carlson and Tom Sale. Carlson is co-director of the Colorado Energy Water Consortium, a private-public partnership between CSU and the natural gas industry that is focused on addressing water issues related to shale gas extraction and production. Sale is a leader in solutions for petroleum impacted soil and groundwater with current funding from Chevron, Suncor Energy, ExxonMobil, Shell, and the American Petroleum Institute.
In addition, the class will draw on guest instructors such as former Gov. Bill Ritter who is now director of CSU's Center for the New Energy Economy. Officials from industry and the Environmental Protection Agency also have been invited to speak.
The course addresses increased interest in natural gas production in Colorado and around the nation, particularly with the anticipated future development of oil and gas in the nearby Niobrara formation in northeast Colorado.
"I'm taking the class because it really looks like the natural gas industry is going to explode and also to get a better understanding of the energy future," said Shannon McKibben, a senior in chemical and biological engineering.
In a recent class, Sutton discussed with students how geologists identify and uncover natural gas from rock formations. Sutton researches shale, the rock type that serves as both source and host for many of the natural gas deposits being actively developed. Her work focuses on relating chemical, mineralogical and textural characteristics of shales to the ease with which they transmit or accumulate fluids, including natural gas.
"Changes in how natural gas is being produced suggest that we may be able to use much more natural gas as a potential bridge between petroleum and renewables," Sutton said.


Camera focus is more than just making sure your image is sharp and detailed. When you consider the storytelling value of shallow focus or how a rack focus can guide the eye, a whole new world opens up. Directors and cinematographers can manipulate the depth of field in film or photography for a variety of purposes. As you complete your next shot list, don't forget this vital aspect of image making. Today, we're going to review the different types of camera focus, how they contribute to visual storytelling, and we'll look at some iconic examples.
The Shot List Ep. 4 — Types of Camera Focus in Film
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Camera Focus
Overview on camera focus
When you start creating a shot list, there are certain considerations that come naturally and immediately. Shot size, camera framing, camera angles, and camera movement certainly are important. But there is one consideration that often gets overlooked: camera focus.
Depth of field can have a massive impact on the overall visual storytelling of each shot. So, let's take a minute to look at the different types of camera focus in film and how each can bring that extra layer of meaning to your shot list.
One aspect of achieving different effects with depth of field relies on a camera's aperture setting. Here's a breakdown of how aperture works
What is Aperture? • Subscribe on YouTube
To get us started, we've collected six different types of camera focus in our StudioBinder storyboard. We included the silhouettes of each type of focus. Can you name the movies they're from?
Follow the image link to explore the shot list in detail, switch pages to see the actual shots, and download the storyboard for reference.
Types of Camera Focus in Film • Shotlisted in StudioBinder
Now that we have a basic overview of the different types of camera focus in film, let's review them individually. We'll start with the basics and move onto more advanced ways to use focal length to make more dynamic and meaningful shots.
Deep Depth of Field
Deep focus
Deep focus is when you want the audience to be able to see everything at once. Maybe this includes a wide angle of mountains in the distance, or objects in the foreground and background simultaneously. This is when you'll need a deep depth of field
To achieve this, you'll need to understand what types of camera lenses to use and have a grasp on how aperture works. Here's an example of deep focus with one of the most iconic shots in cinema history.
In this moment from Citizen Kane, pay attention to how everything in the foreground, middle ground, and background stay in focus — and the various stories each plane of action contains.
Citizen Kane set the bar for excellence in deep focus cinematography
One of the benefits of using deep focus, as seen in these shots from Citizen Kane, is the ability to camera movement to create dynamic frame compositions. This allows the blocking and staging to diminish the need for cutting between individual shots.
Learn more about Deep Focus Shots →
Shallow Depth of Field
Shallow focus
In other cases, you might want to isolate a subject in the frame with a shallow depth of field. This is a great way to focus on something in particular without needing a close-up or extreme close-up
One filmmaker who used shallow focus to great effect is Steven Soderbergh in his film Contagion. As the world erupts into chaos around our main characters, the shallow focus keeps us locked into their individual stories. Here's a video breakdown of how this is done.
Shallow Focus in Contagion • Subscribe on YouTube
When you look at shallow focus shots, pay attention to how naturally your eye follows and remains on whatever is in focus. This is a great way to direct the audience to what's important. Without shallow focus, you run the risk of them not noticing what you hope they notice.
Learn more about Shallow Focus Shots →
Soft Focus Photography
Soft focus
If deep depth of field keeps everything we see sharp, soft focus keeps nothing in focus. The entire frame is "soft," with a slight blur or glow around your subjects. Soft focus shots require either special lenses that have this "defect" or with a filter — they used to stretch nylons across or wipe vaseline on the lens in the old days.
The end effect of soft focus is to give shots a dreamy or slightly unreal quality. That's why we see them so often in dream sequences or memories — a visual cue that separates the scene from "now" or "reality."
Here's a great example from one of the best horror movies, Brian De Palma's Carrie. This is ending of the film so there's a SPOILER ALERT in effect. Notice the haze in the air and the glow from Sue's white dress.
Soft Focus in Carrie
You can see how just a slight adjustment to soft focus gives a scene an entirely new context. Granted, soft focus is a bit old-fashioned but it's just one of many cinematography techniques that packs a punch.
Rack Focus Shot
Rack focus
We've already covered shallow focus but we can take that technique a step further. When you want to shift the focal plane from foreground to background, or vice versa, the rack focus shot is ideal.
By adjusting the focal length of the lens, you can direct the audiences' attention even more. Shifting focus from one subject to another can also forego the need to cut between two shots. This has a practical benefit (saving time on set) but it also helps keep the audience engaged.
Here's our breakdown of how rack focus shots are used, with a look at Daniel Craig's first appearance as James Bond in Casino Royale
Rack Focus Explained • Subscribe on YouTube
It should be clear that keeping the action in a single shot, with a rack focus, can be a really effective tool in visual storytelling. It keeps the shot dynamic and it gives the audience a direct connection to what's happening. Remember the rack focus when you're shot listing — it's a time saver on set and it just might be ideal for the scene.
Learn more about Rack Focus Shots →
Split Focus Diopter
Split diopter
A split diopter lens is a fascinating piece of equipment. Essentially, it creates two separate shallow focal planes in a single shot. This means something in the foreground can be in shallow focus, as can something else in the background. But why wouldn't you just use deep focus or rack focus between the two subjects?
Deep focus might leave too much to chance — you have to hope that the audience pays attention to what's important. And a rack focus can't keep both subjects in focus at the same time. In these moments, the best option is the split diopter.
Quentin Tarantino is a big fan of the split diopter lens. You can find these shots in many of Tarantino's best movies like Pulp Fiction and The Hateful Eight. Here's a quick explanation behind the split diopter shot.
How a Split Diopter Lens Works
The trouble with the split diopter is that is produces shots that are "impossible." In other words, our eyes can't create their own split focus image, it's unnatural. So, when we see it in a film, you run the risk of pulling the audience out of the movie.
Learn more about Split Diopter Shots →
Tilt Shift Photography
Tilt shift
Of the various types of camera focus in film, the tilt shift is perhaps the most radical. Normally, a camera lens is aligned directly with the camera's sensor. With a tilt shift lens, the lens can be either tilted vertically or shifted horizontally in relation to the sensor.
These lenses can be used to capture natural-looking images, such as panoramic landscapes. Or they can be used to make an entire city look like a toy model. Here's a compilation of tilt shift shots to give you an idea of how this works.
Tilt Shift Coachella
Similar to the split diopter, tilt shift shots provide an unnatural perspective. In other words, if you're thinking of adding a tilt shift shot like this into your shot list, it better be for a good reason.
Learn more about Tilt Shift Shots →
The Essential Guide to Depth of Field
We've covered many types of camera focus in film and they all have one thing in common: depth of field. When you understand how this works, your ability to choose which type of camera focus becomes a snap. We'll cover the science behind depth of field and answer some big questions like "what is the circle of confusion" and the role of camera sensor size.
Up Next: Essential Guide to DoF →
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text:
The employment status of an individual is important to identify correctly, as it is this which dictates their employment entitlements. For example, it is only employees who qualify for the right not to be unfairly dismissed, or a redundancy payment. The area is complicated as the tests are not clear cut, and the different categories of employment status can overlap. Employment tribunal decisions in this area are highly fact sensitive. This course sets out the fundamental principles from which the factual analysis can be conducted.
What you will learn:
On completion of this course, you will have a greater understanding of:
- the different categories of employment status and why this matters
- the three elements required for a person to qualify as an employee and the four states a tribunal will go through to identify whether there is a contract of employment
- the three elements required for a person to qualify as a worker
- the fact that the tests in theses areas are not clear cut and that each case should be examined on its own facts
- the fact that some of the categories overlap and it is possible for an individual to be classified into more than one employment status.
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C++ Core Guidelines: Interfaces II
Interfaces are a contract between a service provider and a service consumer. The C++ Core Guidelines has 20 rules to make them right because "interfaces is probably the most important single aspect of code organization".
Lego dimensions.svg
I wrote in my last post about the first 10 rules. Today I will finish my job and write about the remaining 10 rules.
Let's directly dive into the details.
There is a conceptional issue with this code.
X* compute(args) // don't
 X* res = new X{};
 //...
 return res;
Who deletes the pointer X? There are at least three alternatives to deal with the ownership problem:
I.12: Declare a pointer that must not be null as not_null
What is the semantic difference between the three variations of the following function length?
int length(const char* p); // it is not clear whether length(nullptr) is valid
int length(not_null p); // better: we can assume that p cannot be nullptr
int length(const char* p); // we must assume that p can be nullptr
The intention of variations two and three of length is quite obvious. The second variation accepts only a non-null pointer, the third version accepts a nullptr. You may have already guessed it. not_null if from the GSL.
I.13: Do not pass an array as a single pointer
Passing arrays as a single pointer is quite an error prone.
What will happen if n is too big? Right: undefined behaviour. The GSL offers a solution, called spans.
void copy(span r, span r2); // copy r to r2
Spans deduce their number of arguments.
I.22: Avoid complex initialization of global objects
Global objects provide a lot of fun. For example, if they are in different translation units, their order of initialisation is not defined. The following code snippet has undefined behaviour.
// file1.c
extern const X x;
const Y y = f(x); // read x; write y
// file2.c
extern const Y y;
const X x = g(y); // read y; write x
I.23: Keep the number of function arguments low
There is a simple rule: one function should do exactly one job. If that is the case the number of function arguments automatically become low and, therefore, the function is easy to use.
To be honest, the New Parallel Algorithms of Standard Template Library such as std::transform_reduce often break this rule.
I.24: Avoid adjacent unrelated parameters of the same type
What are the source and the destination of the following copy_n function? Any educated guess?
void copy_n(T* p, T* q, int n);
I often have to look for documentation.
I.25: Prefer abstract classes as interfaces to class hierarchies
Of course, that is an obvious and long-established rule for object-oriented design. The guidelines provide two reasons for this rule.
 - abstract classes are more likely to be stable than base classes
 - bases classes with state and non-abstract methods put more constraints on derived classes
I.26: If you want a cross-compiler ABI, use a C-style subset
ABI stands für Application Binary Interface.
This is a strange rule in C++ guidelines. The reason is that "Different compilers implement different binary layouts for classes, exception handling, function names, and other implementation details.". On some platforms, there are common ABIs emerging. If you use a single compiler, you can stick to the full C++ interface. In this case, you have to recompile the code.
I.27: For stable library ABI, consider the Pimpl idiom
Pimpl stands for a pointer to implementation and is the C++ variation of the bridge pattern. The idea is that a non-polymorphic interface holds the pointer to its implementation, therefore, modification of the implementation doesn't require recompilation of the interface.
Here is the example from the C++ Core Guidelines:
interface (widget.h)
class widget {
 class impl;
 std::unique_ptr pimpl;
 void draw(); // public API that will be forwarded to the implementation
 widget(int); // defined in the implementation file
 widget(widget&&) = default;
 widget(const widget&) = delete;
 widget& operator=(const widget&) = delete;
implementation (widget.cpp)
class widget::impl {
 int n; // private data
 void draw(const widget& w) { /*... */ }
 impl(int n) : n(n) {}
void widget::draw() { pimpl->draw(*this); }
widget::widget(int n) : pimpl{std::make_unique(n)} {}
widget::~widget() = default;
The pimpl is the pointer that holds the handle to the implementation.
For an in-depth discussion of this C++ idiom, read the GOTW #100 article by Herb Sutter. GotW stands für Guro of the Week.
I.30: Encapsulate rule violations
Sometimes code is ugly, unsafe, or error-prone because of various reasons. Put the code in one place and encapsulate it with an easy to use interface. That is called abstraction which you have sometimes to do. To be honest, I have no problem with that code, if the internal code used is stable and the interface lets you only use it in the correct way.
What's next?
In the last posts including the current one I often mentioned the guideline support library. Now it's time to have a look at insight and I will write about it in the next post.
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text:
The body is an electrical system with all 50 trillion plus cells governed largely
by electrical differences occurring between individual cells and our external environment.
Modern Biophysics has shown that cells resonate at certain frequencies and have
radio-like transmitting and receiving properties that allow cells to inter-communicate
and control biological and chemical systems in the body.
As healthy harmonic cells resonate at a very different frequency to that of unhealthy
cells, the doctors at CCVM use a specialized non-invasive form of electrical resonance
testing known as electrodermal testing in order to identify possible cellular imbalances
or stressors that may be affecting the body's electrical system.
These stressors may include:
- Addictions: to food, alcohol, chemicals,
- Allergies/sensitivities: to healthy
food, fats, sugars, alcohol, chemicals, heavy metals (mercury etc), environmental
inhaled substances (pollens, grass, petrol etc.)
- Asthma, Hay Fever, skin problems
- Hormonal imbalances: Resulting in
possible weight problems, menstrual and menopausal issues
- Psycho-immunology: Illness and stressed
conditions where the primary cause lies in some past emotional, mental or physical
trauma that the person has never fully recovered from
HOW DOES ELECTRODERMAL TESTING WORK?
Electrodermal testing has been used successfully in Europe since 1953, originating
with the German Electro-Acupuncture technique as developed by Dr. Reinhold Voll
(a German physician, acupuncturist and engineer). Dr. Voll established a clear connection
between electro-acupuncture points and internal organs, functions and processes.
The procedure involves measuring potential differences (voltage) between a tip electrode
held against an acupuncture point and a large surface electrode (hand electrode)
held by the patient. The resultant resistance is then measured. The EAV test technique
is founded on the theory of acupuncture. EAV has shown that acupuncture points bear
a direct relationship to a specific anatomical structure or physiological function
of the body. The doctors at CCVM will use the classical EAV testing with new computer


text:
This year will go down as a record year for precipitation of a different sort.
All over town, people have been complaining about their vehicles and plants being sticky. Are their plants dripping sap? Are they sick? What about the mold everywhere? What can I do about it?
The culprit is aphids. Aphids are not unusual. In fact, this same sort of infestation happens every year with pecans and crepe myrtles. But never has it been as bad as this year.
Here's how it works. Aphids survive on plant fluids. Contrary to what most people think, they don't suck fluids from the plants. They simply pierce the plants. The plants actually pump the fluids into their bodies. In fact, the plants are so efficient at pumping the fluids that they pump the aphids up faster than they can metabolize the fluids. The excess is secreted as honeydew.
The honeydew gathers as a droplet at the end of their abdomens until it is too big to remain there. Then it falls off. The result is honeydew precipitation.
Since honeydew is mainly plant sap, the sugar content is very high. It lands on objects, including upper surfaces of leaves, roadways, and cars. As the water evaporates, it turns into a sticky, syrupy substance that dirt sticks to. While it still has some moisture content, mold takes hold, taking advantage of the free food supply.
Overnight as temperatures cool, dew forms on cold surfaces, including the accumulations of honeydew. In this say, the honeydew gets reconstituted each night, thus encouraging the growth of the fungi.
Staff at a local car wash have reported that these fungi can actually stain the clear coat finish of cars.
Current forecast shows rainfall this weekend. Perhaps it will wash away the layers of honeydew that have accumulated for the last month or so.
Updated: 6:04 PM GMT on August 17, 2012
A A A


text:
Algorithms and performance optimization for distributed radar automatic target recognition
Wilcher, John S.
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis focuses upon automatic target recognition (ATR) with radar sensors. Recent advancements in ATR have included the processing of target signatures from multiple, spatially-diverse perspectives. The advantage of multiple perspectives in target classification results from the angular sensitivity of reflected radar transmissions. By viewing the target at different angles, the classifier has a better opportunity to distinguish between target classes. This dissertation extends recent advances in multi-perspective target classification by: 1) leveraging bistatic target reflectivity signatures observed from multiple, spatially-diverse radar sensors; and, 2) employing a statistical distance measure to identify radar sensor locations yielding improved classification rates. The algorithms provided in this thesis use high resolution range (HRR) profiles – formed by each participating radar sensor – as input to a multi-sensor classification algorithm derived using the fundamentals of statistical signal processing. Improvements to target classification rates are demonstrated for multiple configurations of transmitter, receiver, and target locations. These improvements are shown to emanate from the multi-static characteristics of a target class' range profile and not merely from non-coherent gain. The significance of dominant scatterer reflections is revealed in both classification performance and the "statistical distance" between target classes. Numerous simulations have been performed to interrogate the robustness of the derived classifier. Errors in target pose angle and the inclusion of camouflage, concealment, and deception (CCD) effects are considered in assessing the validity of the classifier. Consideration of different transmitter and receiver combinations and low signal-to-noise ratios are analyzed in the context of deterministic, Gaussian, and uniform target pose uncertainty models. Performance metrics demonstrate increases in classification rates of up to 30% for multiple-transmit, multiple-receive platform configurations when compared to multi-sensor monostatic configurations. A distance measure between probable target classes is derived using information theoretic techniques pioneered by Kullback and Leibler. The derived measure is shown to suggest radar sensor placements yielding better target classification rates. The predicted placements consider two-platform and three-platform configurations in a single-transmit, multiple-receive environment. Significant improvements in classification rates are observed when compared to ad-hoc sensor placement. In one study, platform placements identified by the distance measure algorithm are shown to produce classification rates exceeding 98.8% of all possible platform placements.


text:
The paper reports a search for association between the relative bone tissue mass (percent of total body mass, %BT) and FokI (rs10735810), BsmI (rs1544410), and TaqαI (rs731236) vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms. The group of apparently healthy young adults born in the central and northern regions of European Russia included 61 men and 60 women aged 16–23 years. No statistical association was detected between the FokI polymorphism and %BT. The carriers of the BsmI *A allele exhibited a higher %BT (p = 0.0172) compared to the subjects bearing the BsmI *G*G allele. The subjects with the *C*C TaqαI genotype were characterized by increased %BT compared to the carriers of the *T allele (p = 0.0018). The data are in good correspondence with the results obtained in the studies involving apparently healthy representatives of Central European and Northern European populations of the corresponding age.
We analyzed published data on the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D in healthy subjects in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (lat. 45°–65° N). The primary list included 158 publications. Reports with insufficient sample size and incomplete statistical descriptions were excluded from the analysis. The review covers 41 publications comprising 8569 individual assessments. The meta-analysis showed that the average levels of 25(OH)D were the highest among children under the age of 5 years, varied slightly between the age of 6 and 60 years, and decreased in older adults (60+). Gender differences become apparent at the postpuberty stage. The level of 25(OH)D was higher in men. No correlation between the level of 25(OH)D and latitude was found, but the relationship with the season and the duration of daylight was significant. No differences were revealed between ethnic and social groups.
A mathematical model is proposed to analyze the spinal strain-deformation condition resulting from axial and lateral g-loads that are generated by changes in the gravity field and/or pilot's actions during high-performance aircraft maneuvering under flight overload conditions. An algorithm of solution has been developed, which takes into account changes in the intervertebral disk pressure and the fibrous ring shape at the time when loading reaches close-to-critical g-values. Calculation of the spinal-strain deformation condition was implemented using the SPLEN computer system (KOMMEK, Russia). Analysis of the spinal straindeformation condition was made for two types of external loads: normal load and unilateral load with the bending moment. Maximum permissible loads on the spinal segment were evaluated, and a pattern of distribution of strain intensity and mean strains, spinal deformation, and the destruction field was described. The developed computer models can be used as a basis for developing a technique of predicting characteristic spinal injuries due to different extreme loads and pathologies.
The review considers the roles cortisol (Crt), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) play in the stress response. Age-related, sexrelated, and circadian fluctuations in normal conditions and in acute or chronic stress are described for Crt, DHEA, and DHEA-S. The main techniques used to estimate the Crt level in the blood, urine, and saliva are described, and approaches to the interpretation of the results discussed. Special attention is paid to Crt assays in anthropological and psychological studies.
The review considers the roles cortisol (Crt), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) play in the stress response. Age-related, sex-related, and circadian fluctuations in normal conditions and in acute or chronic stress are described for Crt, DHEA, and DHEA-S. The main techniques used to estimate the Crt level in the blood, urine, and saliva are described, and approaches to the interpretation of the results discussed. Special attention is paid to Crt assays in anthropological and psychological studies
The review considers the roles cortisol (Crt), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sul fate (DHEAS) play in the stress response. Agerelated, sexrelated, and circadian fluctuations in normal conditions and in acute or chronic stress are described for Crt, DHEA, and DHEAS. The main techniques used to estimate the Crt level in the blood, urine, and saliva are described, and approaches to the interpretation of the results discussed. Special attention is paid to Crt assays in anthropological and psychological studies.
We describe use of the Monte Carlo modeling method to specify the parameters of near infrared light propagation though the tissues of the head, which is needed for optimizing the operation of brain–computer interfaces. The studies used a four-layer spherical model of the head consisting of skin, bone, gray matter, and white matter. The relationship between the parameters of the radiation recorded and the distance between the source and detector were obtained.
We investigated cognitive functions of attention and decision-making in 18 healthy subjects and 15 schizophrenia patients using an experimental design with consecutive presentation of two short visual stimuli (double-step). In patients with schizophrenia, an increase in the number of errors and change in the pattern of saccadic responses have been found: an increase of the number of two-saccade responses to each stimulus and a decrease in the number of single-saccade responses to the second stimulus. In schizophrenia patients, the latent period of the first of a pair of saccades has been shorter; and the latent period of single saccade has been increased in comparison with healthy subjects. Opposite lateral differences in latent periods of saccades in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients have been found. Our results show the deficit of cognitive oculomotor control and a decrease in prognostic processes of saccade programming in schizophrenia patients. © 2015, Pleiades Publishing, Inc.
This study is focused on changes in the brain function throughout the adulthood in healthy men and women performing task switching (TS) in the visual modality. One hundred and forty healthy subjects aged 20 to 65 years (69 men) participated in the experiments. In the fMRI study, the subjects performed a test that required switching attention between two objectives (classifying figures according to their form or number). Using the voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we calculated the volumes of gray and white matter in the whole brain and in selected areas. The results showed that a common feature of different age and sex groups performing the TS was bilateral activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas, the inferior parietal lobes and the inferior occipital gyrus. We also found a transition from local to diffuse activation occurring with age. In young men (20 to 30 years of age) compared to women, a greater increase in theBOLD signal was found in the prefrontal areas bilaterally, the right parietal lobe and insula, and, in addition, bilateral activation in the supplementary motor area which were not observed in women. Older men and women (51 to 65 years) had no significant differences. The study of the BOLD signal correlations with age in women at the age from 20 to 40 and men from 20 to 55 years showed no significant changes. With further increase of age in both groups we found a consequent increase in the number of brain areas which are activated. The VBM analysis showed a significant decrease in the volume of gray, but not white, matter with age. No significant correlations between age-related changes in the gray matter volume (both in the whole brain and in the specific areas) and BOLD signal in this age group were detected.
The correlations between the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein E were analyzed in young non-overweight men (n = 40) and women (n = 61) aged 14–23 years having no acute or active chronic diseases. The measured variables were standardized within sex and four local groups. Spearman rank correlation was observed between the concentration of 25(OH)D and TC in women (Rsp = 0.306, p = 0.017), and between the concentrations of 25(OH)D and TG in men (Rsp = –0.372, p = 0.018).
A method is described for joint use of electroencephalography and near-infrared spectrography to locate sources of electrophysiological and foci of hemodynamic brain activity during motor execution and imagination. The sources of electrophysiological and foci of hemodynamic brain activity most relevant for controlling a hybrid brain-computer interface based on motor imagery are revealed and discussed.
We analyzed published data on the levels of serum 25(OH)D in apparently healthy individuals from the Russian Far North. The total sample included 2061 subjects of various age and ethnic groups. The serum levels of 25(OH)D and its age dynamics in the northerners living in towns are similar to those of the inhabitants of the temperate climate zone of Russia. Data on the age-related changes in the vitamin D status of the indigenous Arctic people with the traditional lifestyle are scanty. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the indigenous and alien population of the high-latitude regions reflect the seasonal changes in the daylight duration. The level of vitamin D decreases in winter and reaches minimum in February, i.e., after the end of the polar night


Population, aged 15 to 64
percent of population, 1960–2016
Info Edit
 Percentage of the total population that is in the age group 15 to 64. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin.
 Source: World Bank


text:
Valid and Reliable Assessment for All Children
COR Advantage is a whole-child assessment built on 36 items that are proven by research to best prepare children for school success. With the fewest items of any widely accepted early childhood assessment, COR Advantage saves teachers time and keeps them focused on what matters most.
Assess the Whole Child
COR Advantage focuses on children's naturally occurring activities rather than their performance on tests, allowing for a broader assessment of each child's development. It can be used with any developmentally-appropriate curriculum, and assesses all key developmental areas of children's progress. The comprehensive set of items and indicators help teachers track children's progress relative to Kindergarten readiness, the Head Start Early Learning Outcomes Framework, Common Core Standards for Kindergarten, all state early learning standards, and HighScope Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) at all age levels.
Recognized and Accepted Across the Country and Around the World
Like all HighScope assessment tools, COR Advantage has undergone rigorous validation by research staff with consultation from outside experts. The instrument was field-tested for reliability and validity with children representing diverse program settings and a wide range of abilities and family backgrounds. As such, it has become one of only a handful of assessments approved by Head Start, state-funded, and QRIS programs for accountability purposes.
Embedded Support for Teachers
The quality of data in the reports you generate from an assessment system is only as good as the quality of the observations that teachers score. While teachers have access to a variety of free professional development courses online to ensure their assessments are accurate, COR Advantage also includes a scoring guide with sample anecdotes embedded into the teacher workflow. This allows teachers to quickly verify the accuracy of the levels they assign to observations.


Example sentences for: injure
How can you use "injure" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - President Clinton proposed new federal gun control legislation. It would raise the legal age for handgun possession to 21, prohibit juvenile possession of semiautomatic weapons, require trigger locks, make parents criminally liable for "knowingly or recklessly" giving their kids access to guns used to kill or injure, and extend background checks to gun show patrons and people who try to buy explosives.
 - 18Weapons are instruments of combat used to destroy, injure, defeat or threaten an enemy.
 - And the USA Today front reports that strollers and mattresses that can injure or kill small children will be recalled today by Cosco and the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
 - Yet, the NYT notes, to convict Lee on all counts the government must prove that he intended to injure the United States and benefit a foreign power.
 - Travellers taking mefloquine should not take a hormonal contraceptive, nor any other drug known to injure liver cells.
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text:
During numerical simulation of laser and tissue thermal interaction, the light fluence rate distribution should be
formularized and constituted to the source term in the heat transfer equation. Usually the solution of light irradiative
transport equation is given in extreme conditions such as full absorption (Lambert-Beer Law), full scattering
(Lubelka-Munk theory), most scattering (Diffusion Approximation) et al. But in specific conditions, these solutions will
induce different errors. The usually used Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is more universal and exact but has difficulty to
deal with dynamic parameter and fast simulation. Its area partition pattern has limits when applying FEM (finite element
method) to solve the bio-heat transfer partial differential coefficient equation. Laser heat source plots of above methods
showed much difference with MCS. In order to solve this problem, through analyzing different optical actions such as
reflection, scattering and absorption on the laser induced heat generation in bio-tissue, a new attempt was made out which
combined the modified beam broaden model and the diffusion approximation model. First the scattering coefficient was
replaced by reduced scattering coefficient in the beam broaden model, which is more reasonable when scattering was
treated as anisotropic scattering. Secondly the attenuation coefficient was replaced by effective attenuation coefficient in
scattering dominating turbid bio-tissue. The computation results of the modified method were compared with Monte Carlo
simulation and showed the model provided reasonable predictions of heat source term distribution than past methods.
Such a research is useful for explaining the physical characteristics of heat source in the heat transfer equation,
establishing effective photo-thermal model, and providing theory contrast for related laser medicine experiments.


text:
Teen Obesity Linked to Mom's Smoking in Pregnancy: Study
TUESDAY, Sept. 4 (HealthDay News) -- New research suggests how smoking during pregnancy may increase a child's risk of obesity during adolescence.
Children born to mothers who smoked while pregnant show structural changes in their brains, which make them more partial to fatty foods and prone to subsequent weight problems, the study found.
"The fact that prenatal smoking is associated with a high risk of obesity in offspring has been known, but the potential mechanism that may lead to this risk was not fully understood," said study author Dr. Zdenka Pausova, a scientist at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. "Our study suggests that maternal smoking may cause structural changes in the part of the brain that processes reward and may increase preference for fatty food."
Still, more study is needed to validate the findings, she said. Not all mothers who smoke are destined to have obese children, she added. Smoking during pregnancy is one of many factors that may tip the scales in favor of teenage obesity.
The new study, published online Sept. 3 in the Archives of General Psychiatry, included 378 adolescents aged 13 to 19. Of these, 180 kids had mothers who smoked more than one cigarette a day during the second trimester of pregnancy. The average was 11 cigarettes a day.
As expected, babies born to mothers who smoked weighed less at birth. They also tended to be breast-fed for shorter periods of time, and were more likely to weigh more as teens than their peers whose moms did not smoke while pregnant.
What's more, scans showed that teens whose mothers were smokers during pregnancy had a significantly lower volume in the reward center of the brain, the amygdala.
When the researchers assessed the participants' dietary fat intake, they found an inverse correlation between amygdala volume and fat consumption, meaning the more fat consumed, the lower the amygdala volume.
Dr. Lorena Siqueira, director of adolescent medicine at Miami Children's Hospital, said the new findings provide one more reason that mothers-to-be should not smoke. "We have known that smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for low birth weight babies and preterm delivery," she said.
Calling the findings "fascinating, but preliminary," she said that maternal smoking history may not be the sole reason why some teens crave fatty foods. "This needs to be looked at more as a lot of what we are seeing may be due to access to salty, fatty foods that we all have a taste for."
Patricia Folan, director of the Center for Tobacco Control at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System in Great Neck, N.Y., said this new information may help experts tailor quit-smoking messages toward some pregnant women.
"We often counsel these women and tell them that smoking during pregnancy may increase their risk for a low birth weight baby, but they may not appreciate this," Folan said. Risk of adolescent obesity may resonate more for some women. "We know if we personalize the message, it can help motivate them to make a quit attempt," she said.
About 10 percent of pregnant women in the United States and Canada smoke, according to background information in the study.
It's never too late to quit smoking when pregnant, Folan said. "The pregnancy will be improved and you will be more likely to deliver at term without the health risks associated with preterm birth," she said.
More tools are available today to help people quit smoking than ever before, she said. "Talk to your doctor about which method will be best for you," she added.
While the study found an apparent link between maternal smoking and fatty food cravings in teens, it didn't prove the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship.
The American Cancer Society provides information on how to quit smoking for good.
SOURCES: Patricia Folan, R.N., M.S., director, Center for Tobacco Control at North Shore-LIJ Health System, Great Neck, N.Y.; Zdenka Pausova, M.D., scientist, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lorena Siqueira, M.D., director, adolescent medicine, Miami Children's Hospital, Miami, Fla.; Sept. 3, 2012, Archives of General Psychiatry, onlineRelated Articles
- Too Few Kids Use Fast-Food Calorie Info, Study Finds
May 23, 2013
- U.S. Teen Birth Rate Plummets: Report
May 23, 2013
Learn More About Sharp
Sharp HealthCare is San Diego's health care leader with seven hospitals, two medical groups and a health plan. Learn more about our San Diego hospitals, choose a Sharp-affiliated San Diego doctor or browse our comprehensive medical services.
Copyright ©2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


text:
A new study shows that a baby's first heartbeat may occur as early as 16 days after conception, rather than the three weeks previously thought. The study is being considered a potentially vital breakthrough for treating congenital heart disease since researchers will be able to understand the initiation of the heart's function in the developing baby.
According to the University of Oxford, where the study was conducted:
In the study, published in the journal eLife, researchers looked at the developing mouse heart and found that the muscle started to contract as soon as it formed the cardiac crescent – an early stage in heart development. In mice, this crescent forms 7.5 days after conception, which is equivalent to day 16 in the human embryo. Previously, it was thought that the heart started to contract a stage later, when the heart appears as a linear tube.
Researchers hail this finding as crucial; twelve babies a day in the UK are born with congenital heart disease, and such knowledge of heart development could help medical professionals both treat these babies, as well as prevent heart attacks later in life.
The heart is the first organ to form during pregnancy and is critical in providing oxygen and nutrients to the developing embryo. The process of heart development is highly conserved between mammalian species, meaning that these findings may add considerably to our understanding of how the human heart develops.
BHF Professor Paul Riley, who led the research at the University of Oxford's Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, said: 'We are trying to better understand how the heart develops, and ultimately what causes the heart defects that develop in the womb before birth and to extrapolate to adult heart repair.
By finding out how the heart first starts to beat and how problems can arise in heart development, we are one step closer to being able to prevent heart conditions from arising during pregnancy.'
The implications of this study for the pro-life movement are profound. Most women have not yet confirmed a pregnancy at just 16 days after conception, and this finding further shows that even early abortions stop a beating heart. The entire study is available here, and it details the methods the researchers used to pinpoint the developing fetal heartbeat, which included "adding fluorescent markers to calcium molecules within the mouse embryo, the team was able to see at exactly which point in time the calcium tells our heart muscle cells to contract and then become coordinated enough to produce a heartbeat."
The study, funded by the British Heart Foundation (BHF) at the University of Oxford, is the latest in a stream of evidence which shows that life unequivocally begins early in fetal development, weeks and even months before abortion is regulated, even in the most restrictive states.
The scientific nonprofit, The Endowment for Human Development has produced a video showing a baby's heart beating at only 4.5 weeks after fertilization (which is 6.5 weeks according to LMP dating). EHD partnered with National Geographic to make the award-winning documentary, "The Biology of Prenatal Development."


Having a finger or fingers, especially of a specific number, kind, or appearance. Often used in combination: four-fingered; rosy-fingered.
1. marked or dirtied by handling
a. having a finger or fingers
b. (in combination): nine-fingered; red-fingered.
3. (Music, other) (of a musical part) having numerals indicating the necessary fingering
(ˈfɪŋ gərd)
1. having fingers.
2. spoiled or marred by handling, as merchandise.
3. Zool., Bot. digitate.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Adj.1.fingered - having or resembling a finger or fingers; often used in combination; "the fingered roots of giant trees"; "rosy-fingered"; "three-fingered cartoon characters"
fingerless - not having or having lost fingers
References in periodicals archive?
He discusses both traditional and innovative scale fingerings, explaining that scales are best fingered with the middle three fingers on black keys or their adjacent white keys.
57 fingered in two different ways (see Examples 2a and 2b).


text:
Education 4 Action
'Education 4 Action' a network of individuals linked to Critical Labour Studies
'Education 4 Action is a network of individuals linked to Critical Labour Studies and others who are concerned with the privatisation of education and the growing impact of neo-liberalism on learning more generally. We aim to challenge the way public and worker education has been de-politicised and reduced in content and scope. Our aim is to raise these issues and to counter them through political action and the use of alternative forms of learning and collective discussion.
In this web space we aim to provide a set of learning materials for those interested in social and worker activism, in the context of a changing economic and social context. We provide here a series of learning materials in terms of power points and readings under various themes that we will keep expanding. We also aim to develop a repository for reports and papers related to various topics. Use these freely and suggest any more if they are in the public domain. Moreover, we are developing an A-Z of key words that will help us understand the core concepts at the heart of the changes taking place. There are other features too.


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Possible Duplicate:
Outlined characters
There are many ways how to change whole character color. I want edge color to be different from body color of character. How to do it?
It is possible to make character not from one color? (To make effects like "shadowed" character.)
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by Harish Kumar, Kurt, Werner, clemens, azetina Dec 6 '12 at 3:07
I just found effect trough pstricks or tikz, it could help. – boucekv Dec 5 '12 at 7:49
4 Answers 4
up vote 28 down vote accepted
You can use the contour package for this. If you load it with the outline option, you'll get "proper" outlines (as opposed to several offset copies of your text).
\textcolor{yellow}{\contour{blue}{Some Words}}
share|improve this answer
Another alternative is package pdfrender:
 - It needs pdfTeX or LuaTeX in PDF mode.
 - It works for Type 1 fonts by changing their rendering mode, thus PK fonts or rules are not supported.
 - Paragraphs, line breaks and even page breaks are supported.
 - Works with LaTeX or plain TeX based formats.
 - Available both as switch \pdfrender and as macro \textpdfrender similar to \textcolor.
Example file:
}{Hello World}
share|improve this answer
Oh, that looks interesting! Three questions: 1. Is there a way to put the stroke behind the text (thick strokes will otherwise drown out the fill colour)? 2. It seems that \pdfrender acts as a switch, changing the drawing style for all text that follows. Is there a way to apply the style only to a selected text segment? 3. Do you see a way of applying the pdfrender style to things like fraction lines (see tex.stackexchange.com/questions/8602/…)? – Jake Dec 5 '12 at 13:47
_USER_ (2) Use \textpdfrender instead of \pdfrender... – Paul Gaborit Dec 5 '12 at 13:48
_USER_ Even with \textpdfrender, the effect of clip actions (as TextRenderingMode=7) overflows the given text segment... May be a bug. – Paul Gaborit Dec 5 '12 at 14:19
_USER_ Thanks, answer fixed. – Heiko Oberdiek Dec 5 '12 at 14:23
_USER_ Ad 1.: You could put the fill variant over the stroke variant. But this looses line and page breaks. Ad 2.: Mistake, fixed, use \textpdfrender. Ad 3.: No, the feature works with glyphs from Type 1 fonts. Other things like rules or PK fonts are not supported. – Heiko Oberdiek Dec 5 '12 at 14:33
pst-text (part of the pstricks bundle) has some text-manipulation capability, including turning text into paths:
enter image description here
\usepackage{pst-text}% _URL_
\pscharpath[linecolor=red,linewidth=.4pt,fillstyle=solid,fillcolor=green]{\Large Some text}
More (illustrative) examples are contained within the pst-text documentation.
share|improve this answer
And here comes a ConTeXt example using the effect feature with the outer setting.
\startcolor [green]%
\hbox to\zeropoint{Hello World!}%
\startcolor [blue]%
\hbox to\zeropoint{%
 \starteffect [outline]%
 Hello World!
share|improve this answer


text:
The Toulouse is selected for meat and pate de foie gras (liver pate). The white has blue eyes, the two others brown with an orange outer eye ring. There are two types in Australia; medium size and the very heavy. The US recognises three types: production, standard and exhibition. Mating and fertility can be a problem with heavy ganders.
The Toulouse originated near Toulouse, France. It is a large bird, with a weight of up to 9 kg, and is known for its ponderous appearance and large dewlaps. The original grey coloured breed is a very old one and the name has been recorded back as far as 1555. The breed was first brought to the United Kingdom by Lord Derby in 1840, who imported some of them to England, and from then onwards the French Toulouse were used as breeding stock with the consequence that by 1894, English breeders had produced a massive bird. The 'Toulouse' in France, although kept in greater numbers, have never quite equaled such weights. The bird generally has a placid disposition, with the consequence that it doesn't thrive in flocks of mixed breeds. More aggressive geese will greatly distress the Toulouse, putting it off mating and sometimes resulting in its losing out at the feeding trough. These are very domesticated birds, easily bewildered by more active breeds. They do not need water or a pond. However, being waterfowl, they love bathing and playing in water and will also mate in water. They are not great wanderers, preferring to stay close to home, making them ideal for a large garden or orchard, where they will thrive. Interestingly, individual geese vary, and others thrive in mixed flocks and become severely aggressive, biting and hissing, while others are placid and prefer to follow around smaller ducks as opposed to other geese.
The Toulouse is the breed most used for the production of foie gras. The breed is a good layer of eggs, producing as well as any other goose breed. They rarely have problems producing fertile eggs, although problems can occur during severe weather in the winter and spring, as is the case with most breeds. A good goose will lay up to 160 eggs a year. These birds are generally not good sitters.
The grey, the buff, the white. Other than colour, all types are similar.
|Gander||11.8- 13. 6 Kg|
|Goose||9.1 – 10.9 Kg|
This unique presentation shows the fundamental structure and anatomy of the chicken
Now released in the App Store. Developed by the Poultry CRC. Have fun while learning about what makes a good egg.
Download for free in Australia
These lists contain organisations and individuals associated with the Australian poultry industry


Morphology of the epididymal region of turkeys producing abnormal yellow semen.
R. A. Hess, R. J. Thurston, H. V. Biellier
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Male turkeys producing abnormal yellow-colored semen (YS) had hypertrophied epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes. The cells were engorged with cytoplasmic, lipid-like (lipoid) droplets, a morphological abnormality found exclusively in this area of the epididymal region. The testes, epididymal region, ductus deferens, and abdominal fat were relatively yellow compared to turkeys producing normal white semen (WS). Adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity and lining the ductus deferens was more abundant in the YS producers. In addition to increased lipoid droplets, nonciliated cells of the ductuli epithelia contained larger and more numerous electron-dense lysosomal bodies than similar nonciliated cells in WS males. Resorption of morphologically normal and abnormal spermatozoa by the epithelia of the ductuli efferentes was prevalent in the YS males but was not observed in the WS turkeys. The seminal fluids in the epididymal region of the YS males contained abnormal spermatids, cellular debris, and increased amounts of electron-dense proteinaceous material.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)531-539
Number of pages9
JournalPoultry science
Issue number3
StatePublished - Mar 1982
Externally publishedYes
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Animal Science and Zoology
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Morphology of the epididymal region of turkeys producing abnormal yellow semen.'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Fruit and Vegetables
Cherry pruning
Question: cherry
Hi, I bought a house with a large cherry tree that probably wasn't cut the way it should have been and it became very tall with branches that were very difficult to access. I cut some big inner branch that went very high. I would like to know if I can leave the stumps as they are or I have to put some putty and above all what can I do to make the branches reappear at a reasonable height... is it possible to cut everything leaving the three main branches cut very low?
Cherry pruning: Answer: cherry
Dear Lorenzo,
unfortunately cherry trees are trees that do not like pruning, especially if they are drastic; generally they are pruned slightly when they are young, but the pruning of adult plants is not always advised, also because the plants are easily affected by the gummy, a fungal disease that attacks the wood of the tree, with obvious symptoms, such as lacerations on the branches, flower desiccation, loss of fruit, production and spillage of gummy resin. Since you have already made some cuts, try to prevent the fungus from penetrating the stumps by covering them with pruning mastic, but avoid making others.


- Sweden's news in English
The Swedish Teacher
If you want the answers, you just have to ask!
Nog, väl and ju
Hej alla!
It took me a while but finally I will try to explain how to use small words with big meaning – nog, väl and ju. A reader brought up the subject with the following question:
" Hi,
Just had a lesson on how to use Nog, Väl and Ju, but my teacher was no very clear on what is the meaning of them. She said it was impossible to translate them directly to Swedish. Nevertheless, I believe there should be some kind of rule or at lest trend, rather than just doing it by "feeling" as my teacher said.
First of all nog, väl, and ju are all so called satsadverb (sentence adverbials). Those of you who have read previous posts about word order and adverbials, know that a satsadverbial is a word that changes or specifies the meaning of the whole clause or sentence. Examples of satsadverb that might be more familiar to you are inte (not), kanske (maybe) and bara (only).
"Nog" is a troublesome little word since it has several different meanings and can easily be misunderstood and misinterpreted, even by native speakers I dare to say. Myself I really had to think hard what nog really means in different examples. That might be an explanation to why teachers often say that it is a question of "feeling for it".
I would say that a translation of "nog" goes from the weaker förmodligenprobably to the stronger visserligen – to be sure, it is true:
förmodligenprobably weak
säkerligen – no doubt, doubtless
helt säkert – certainly
visserligen – to be sure, it is true strong
Here are a few examples of how "nog" can be used:
Det blir nog sent i kväll.
(It will probably be late tonight. I will probably come home late tonight.)
In this case "nog" has the weaker meaning as in "I'm not sure, but probably".
Det ska du nog inte räkna med.
(I wouldn't count on it.)
Here the speaker is not 100% sure, but pretty close. I would say that the "nog" in this sentence means that the speaker has some doubts, but is more sure than if using "probably".
Det ordnar sig nog.
(It will be alright, for sure.)
This should not be interpreted as "It will probably be alright", which would be a strange thing to say I guess, not that encouraging 😉 In this case "nog" means "I'm sure of it".
Väl is a sentence adverbial that makes the sentence end up somewhat in between a statement and a question. I've had many students during the years being very frustrated over this. They ask me: "Is it a question or not? I want to know!" And all I can answer is: "Well, it is sort of a question, but still not quite." :)
Stäng fönstret!
(Close the window!)
This is a command. You will go and close the window.
Du kan väl stänga fönstret.
(Why don't you close the window.)
This is a little softer, rather an expectation or a wish than a command.
Kan du stänga fönstret?
(Can you close the window?)
This is, as you can see, a plain question.
Here are a few more examples with "väl":
Det är väl inte hela världen.
(That's not the end of the world, is it?)
"Väl" here corresponds with the "is its?"
Nu ska det väl snart sluta regna.
(It should stop raining soon, shouldn't it?)
Det vore väl underbart om …
(Wouldn't it be wonderful if…)
One thing that can be tricky with "väl" is that it is used when the speaker want to request something or give you an order so to speak, but still want to be polite. So the order can be mistaken for a question. This way of using "väl" is common in a work situation or in school. At work for example, your boss might say :
Du kan väl skriva klart den där rapporten till på måndag morgon.
This is a polite way to say "Finish this report, I want it in Monday morning."
Your teacher might say:
Ni kan väl titta på den här artikeln till i morgon.
What the teacher really means is "Read this article for tomorrow."
The turn has come to "ju". As I explained in a previous post, "ju" expresses something like "as you know" or "I know that you know". Actually it is used a lot when the speaker thinks that the listener should know better. Some examples:
Va?! Köpte du en sprillans ny BMW? De kostar ju en hel förmögenhet.
(What?! Did you buy a brand new BMW? You know they cost a whole fortune.)
– Du tog väl med dig ett paraply?
(You brought an umbrella, didn't you?)
– Nej.
– Men, jag sa ju att det skulle bli regn.
(But I told you it was going to rain.)
– Vill du ha en cigarrett?
(Do you want a cigarette?)
Nej, jag har ju slutat röka.
(No, I told you I've quit smoking.)
Phew, this was a tough one! I hope a have clarified something for you. Please post questions if you have any!
Sara the Swedish Teacher
Report abuse »
Tags:,,,
2 responses to "Nog, väl and ju"
 1. Sean says:
 Wow, many thanks!! I've been learning basic Swedish for a while now but no one has been able to properly explain these to me… Fantastic.
 Report abuse »
 2. Dylan Hooper says:
 It looks to me from the above article on väl, that the word can be used as a more formal way of saying please.
 Report abuse »
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