Beware the shiny light that is MmIsAddressValid
This came up on NTDEV today and has come up in the past (both in the community and internally on the KMDF team). MmIsAddressValid appears to be a great function given its name. You pass in a kernel virtual address (VA from now on) and it returns TRUE is the pointer is valid and FALSE otherwise. It appears that you can use to validate a pointer before accessing it, a function similar to the user mode APIs IsBadReadPtr and IsBadWritePtr. Unfortunately, this function does nothing of the sort.
So what does it do? It tells you if a dereference of the VA will result in a page fault or not. It does not tell you if the VA is valid or not. MmIsAddressValid will blindly dereference the VA when determining the return value, so the implementation itself does not validate the address (like all other kernel functions). On some versions of Windows, PagedPool lie within a specific range of addresses, so MmIsAddressvalid can theoritically make a simple value comparison of the VA against that range and return TRUe (this is a drastic simplification, the actual implementation is much more complicated).
What if this function did return whether the VA was valid? Woudl it still be useful? The answer is no and for the same reasons that IsBadReadPtr and friends are not useful. The answer is transitory. As soon as it returns the result, another thread can execute and free the address (as MSDN states for the user mode APIs).
In conclusion, you need to know the validity of your pointers a priori. Of course you must validate any user mode pointers you recieve in your driver, but you cannot take a random kernel address and test it for validity. Like Raymond says, "programming is hard," and you must be 100% in your code or else BSOD the machine.
Comments (8)
 1. JeffCurless says:
 I've always wondered why these functions still exist. Is there really a valid reason for their use? Since you can't trust them anyway, they are pretty worthless.
 2. That's a good question and I poked around. It is used internally in the kernel for checking the state of allocatoins that the kernel owns. For instance, there is a check to see if the a driver image has been paged out or not. The value of this function to driver writers is debatable though, but IMO, like many kernel specific functions, they were exported to drivers and the scenario for their use outside the kernel was never clearly defined.
 3. Garry Trinder says:
 It's probably can be also used to fail faster on invalid inputs and give some hints on cause (to user or application).
 Catching access violation exception over large chunck of code and returning it as error code is last resort.
 MmIsAddressValid simply add additonal try/catch for smaller blocks with minimal memory access functionality.
 4. strik says:
 Isn't MmProbeAndLockPages ( (with an appropriate try/except block) the function people might want to have used when they call MmIsAddressValid?
 5. TAG, no you cannot use MmIsAddressValid to validate input. If you are going to validate a user buffer, you need to use MmProbeAndLockPages. If you touch an invalid kernel pointer, you will bugcheck regardless of SEH surrounding that access. Wrapping each pointer access with SEH will also just suppress the error until some other point in time in the driver (and throw out any chance for the compiler to optimize the code around the SEH block).
 strik, yes to validate a user buffer, MmProbeAndLockPages is the right API to call. My point is that folks get a random KM pointer and want to validate it and MmIsAddressValid does not do that.
 I think it would be clearer if you think of MmIsAddressValid as MmWillAddressCauseAPageFaultWhenAccessed.
 6. Alex says:
 I that possible to implement IsBadReadPtr for kernel mode?
 7. IsBadRead/WritePtr is tricky subject.
 In user mode, both of these APIs should NEVER ever be used. they mask errors and cause corruption very quickly.
 In kernel mode, there is no such APIs, but when a driver is getting a user mode pointer (as through a METHOD_NEITHER IOCTL or an embedded pointer in an IOCTL input buffer), it must always validate the pointer through a probe call. typically you probe and lock and map the buffer to a kernel mode virtual address so you can use the buffer later outside of the context of the app. at the very least if the driver is going to touch the user mode address directly (in the context of the app only!), the driver needs to access the buffer in a structured exception block (ie SEH, __try / __except) to catch access to an invalid memory address.
 In kernel mode, for kernel mode pointers, you should always know if the pointer is valid or not and never access the kernel address under a SEH block.
 8. Vassili Gorshkov says:
 From what we see MmProbeAndLockPages() will BSOD if used with invalid address too. So this approach is not good either.
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Diesel engine do's and don'ts for a trouble-free winter
Diesel engine do's and don'ts for a trouble-free winter
The best solution to cold weather diesel starting problems in your vehicle is to avoid them by being prepared for cold weather before it happens.
Diesel engines are harder to start in cold weather because they depend on high temperatures created by compression to ignite the injected fuel.
The top reasons for this are gelled fuel, cold cylinder walls and electrical failure. There are, of course, many others but addressing these three is a good place to start getting your diesel engine ready for winter weather conditions.
Tips on fuel handling for your diesel engine
 - Do use winter blended diesel fuels which is less likely to gel.
 - Do store full portable diesel fuel cans in a temperature-controlled area to avoid condensation.
 - Do drain the water from the diesel engine fuel filter daily, preferably when the machine is shut down for the day so the water does not sit in the filter overnight.
 - Don't forget to drain the water separator on diesel fuel storage tanks every day.
 - Do fill the fuel tank at the end of the working day, as a full fuel tank doesn't leave room for water to condense overnight.
 - Don't neglect the diesel fuel filter – it's the most common place for fuel to gel.
 - Do change the diesel fuel filter before winter weather sets in. That makes it less likely to freeze and avoids the need to do the job in the cold.
 - Do keep a spare diesel fuel filter and/or water separator on hand. It's often easier to replace a frozen one than it is to thaw it.
 - Do park your diesel truck and equipment in a sheltered location whenever possible. A heated shelter is best, but simply parking your vehicle where the wind can't blow snow and ice under the hood can make a big difference when you start the engine.
Other important fluids beyond fuel for diesel engines
Tips about engine oil
 - Do switch to a lighter weight engine oil in your vehicle during cold weather. A cold engine needs adequate lubrication especially when you start the engine.
 - Don't use engine oil lighter than the diesel engine manufacturer recommends as it may not provide adequate lubrication when the engine is hot.
 - Do check your coolant regularly with a hydrometer. The glycol in your coolant is there for a reason, it doesn't boil off and it lowers the freezing temperature of the mixture.
 - Don't top off the coolant with some plain water. Make sure to use a proper water/glycol mix every time. You do not want water to freeze in your machine or truck engine or radiator.
 - Do pay attention to vehicle temperature gauges and avoid overcooling which can be caused by long periods of idling or excessive airflow. Overcooling can cause poor combustion leading to white smoke, increased fuel consumption, and inefficient aftertreatment system performance.
Diesel Exhaust Fluid
 - Don't store diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) at below freezing temperatures. DEF is about 50 percent water and will freeze.
 - Don't worry about DEF in the tank on the machine; the system automatically circulates engine coolant to thaw it so it's ready for use when the machine warms up to temperature.
Cold Engines
 - Do inspect and, if necessary, check glow plug status and change them if needed. Also review air inlet heaters before cold weather sets in. It's another job more easily done in warmer temperatures.
 - Do consider using engine block heaters if one is installed or installing an aftermarket unit. A warm engine is much easier to start and avoids many of the issues related to cold weather operation.
 - Don't use starting fluid unless the machine or truck engine is equipped with a factory installed kit that precisely controls the amount used. Simply spraying starting fluid into the air cleaner carries a high risk of causing a fire or even an explosion.
Electrical Systems
 - Don't ignore your battery. After a hot summer that encourages corrosion and fluid evaporation the added strain of a cold weather start can kill a battery. A battery can lose 35 percent of its power at 32° F (0° C) and as much as 60 percent at 0° F (-18° C).
 - Do consider using a battery warmer, either a "hot plate" type that slides under the battery or an "electric blanket" type that wraps around the battery will help the battery retain its charge.
Some other considerations
Parasitic loads
Parasitic loads can include: engine and transmission oil viscosity, fan drive, clutch engagement, hydraulic pump engagement, belt drive systems and anything else that's driven by the engine or consumes some engine power. Any parasitic load during cranking can be a major contributor to the engine's inability to start.
Warm-up time
Always let a cold machine or truck engine warm up for at least five minutes before putting it to work. That gives the coolant, engine oil, hydraulic oil and DEF time to come up to operating temperature so they can function efficiently.
Benefits from testing in cold weather environments
Diesel engine builders know their products will be used in virtually every environmental condition found on Earth and they go to great lengths to test them under extreme conditions.
Perkins, for example, has completed billions of hours of engine tests across different environments including cold testing at a Perkins facility in Arjeplog, Sweden, 100 km from the Arctic Circle where air temperatures drop to -49° F (-45° C).
A modern diesel truck or piece of equipment will start and run under all extreme conditions with very few things going wrong, but ignoring those challenges in your vehicles can be expensive.
Proactive preventive action may seem like an extra expense or time spent on something that isn't a problem, now, but it makes economic sense in the long run.
The consequences of ignoring winter diesel fuel problems in your equipment or truck can range from losing all or part of a day's work to repairing expensive engine damage.
Simple steps like keeping your fuel tanks and cans filled, plugging in heaters, using weather-appropriate fuels, strategic equipment parking and regular battery care can all make a big difference in how winter impacts your business.
Julian Wood is Perkins Product Manager for Aftermarket.
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text: Communication has a central role in raising awareness as well as influencing people to respond to climate change issues. Media has emerged as an essential source of communicating climate research to policymakers and the public around the world. However, media in developing countries, like Pakistan, lack the capacity to translate the scientific information and linking it to everyday life due to which the issue faces negligence on a wider scale. The proposed project aims to build the capacity of journalists and media persons of Pakistan through training workshops to effectively communicate the scientific information on climate change to policymakers and other stakeholders. The training workshop will serve as a platform for the media to interact with climate scientists and empower journalists and reporters to understand the technicalities of climate science and related uncertainties. Also, the project aims to disseminate the outcomes of the APN project on extreme events to the general public and students through dedicated news articles, TV interviews and seminars with a particular focus on highlighting the role of APN in promoting regional research. These activities would eventually contribute to better communication of the country's vulnerability to climate extremes and would ultimately bring the issue to the forefront of policy priorities.

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text:
silicon carbide, chemical compound, SiC, that forms extremely hard, dark, iridescent crystals that are insoluble in water and other common solvents. Widely used as an abrasive, it is marketed under such familiar trade names as Carborundum and Crystolon. It is heat resistant, decomposing when heated to about 2,700°C; it is used in refractory materials, e.g., rods, tubes, firebrick, and in special parts for nuclear reactors. Very pure silicon carbide is white or colorless; crystals of it are used in semiconductors for high-temperature applications. Silicon carbide fibers, added as reinforcement to plastics or light metals, impart increased strength and stiffness. Silicon carbide is prepared commercially by fusing sand and coke in an electric furnace at temperatures above 2,200°C; a flux, e.g., sodium chloride, may be added to eliminate impurities. Silicon carbide was discovered (1891) by E. G. Acheson; early studies of it were made by Henri Moissan.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on silicon carbide from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Compounds and Elements

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text:
Hemp (cannabis sativa) is a dual-purpose crop; the seed and the fibre have to be harvested separately. A hemp windrower was developed to create two separate windrows, one for seed-heads and one for fibre-stalks. The hemp windrower was a modified version of a commercial self-propelled windrower. The original header-lifting mechanism was modified, which increased the maximum header lifting height from 1.08 to 1.58 m for cutting seed-heads. To deliver the seed-head windrow from the cutting height to the ground, a foldable sliding conveying system was designed and attached to the windrower header. When conveying seed-heads, the slide should be inclined at an angle which is greater than the sliding-friction angle of the hemp (25° in the studied case). The hemp windrower was tested in the field and results showed that it fulfilled the design objectives. Specific research was conducted to investigate the mechanical impact on the seed-head during windrow delivery processes. A lower draper speed resulted in a reduced mechanical impact on the seed-head, which may reduce the potential seed loss associated with shattering. The relationship between seed-head length and the plant height was established for selecting the cutting height for seed-head windrowing. From the relationship, the cutting heights for the hemp fields having an average total height of 1.71 and 1.56 m were estimated as 1.40 and 1.29 m, respectively. These cutting heights minimised the percentage of seed in the fibre-stalk windrow and the presence of fibre-stalk in the seed-head windrow.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Journal||Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie des biosystems au Canada|
|State||Published - Dec 1 2003|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Mechanical Engineering


text:
Maurice Sendak, children's author and illustrator, died today. For those who loved his books it's a great loss.
You may be wondering what this has to do with Asian Art. Granted, not a lot. But it has to do with how we think about children, and what we share with them. Sendak's work is dark, exploring some of the grimmest topics a child could be exposed to. He didn't believe in sheltering children from the real world. He had a deep respect for the ability of children to deal with complex and challenging themes. For an insight into Sendak's work, check out this recent interview from The Colbert Report.
Phantoms of Asia, which opens on May 18, is in many ways a challenging show. As a parent, I am wondering how my three-year-old will react to the images. I wonder if he should even be exposed to some of them. I have been speaking with other parents here at the museum about how we plan to address some of the questions that could come up: about death, about violence, about sex. We will all have different ways of dealing with these questions, depending on the age of our kids, our own experience, our parenting styles. But we're all bringing our children to see the show. We all feel there's something in it that will be enriching for them. And I can't speak for the others, but for me I know that Maurice Sendak is part of the reason that I feel prepared to engage with this material: not just as a parent, but as a person.
Vale, Mr. Sendak.
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As part of their Social Studies curriculum, the students are learning about local government and even participated in a mock mayoral election. During the gathering, BP Oddo stressed the importance of civic engagement to the students and talked about his role in shaping local policy throughout his time in government.
"I'm happy to see how engaged you are now, at such a young age," noted BP Oddo. "I hope when you get older, this civic engagement will continue."
He encouraged the students to tell him about changes that they wanted to see made at their school and in their community. Many raised issues like litter and safety in public parks and increasing opportunities to use technology in the classroom.


text:
AbstractSugar diffusion studies were performed with sugarcane stem tissues bathed in distilled water, Tris buffer, and aqueous solutions of various chemical additives. Rind-free tissue slices were prepared with mature and immature internodes from field-grown sugarcane, and from plants propagated in the greenhouse with constant water and nitrogen supply. Sucrose diffusion rates were of sufficient magnitude to have physiological, and possibly economic, significance. Sugar movement to the external media conformed with the operation of an active accumulation mechanism as described by workers in Australia. Initial efflux was rapid up to about 4 hours, achieving a maximum external sugar concentration between 8 and 12 hours, followed by depletion of sucrose in the bathing medium. The depletion phase was attributed to reentry of sugar into the tissue slices rather than inversion. Inclusion of cycloheximide and 2,4-dinitrophenol in the bathing medium permitted a continuing efflux of sucrose amounting to 5- to 10-fold increases over that obtained with distilled water. Actinomycin D produced no appreciable effect on initial efflux rate. 6-methyl purine appeared to block reentry of exited sugar without causing leakage of vacuolar sucrose. Diffusion patterns for mature storage tissue suggested that a single mechanism is operative for fieldand greenhouse-reared cane. Tris buffer did not affect sucrose diffusion from mature tissue, but increased diffusion from immature storage tissue owing to an apparent inhibition of acid invertase. In general, sucrose diffusion was of greater magnitude from mature than immature tissue preparations, and reducing sugars diffused at a much lower rate which seldom exceeded 10 percent of the sucrose level. Addition of borate to the bathing medium appreciably increased the quantity of exiting sugar without altering the shape of the diffusion curve. The existence of a sugar-borate carrier system operating in the passage of cellular membranes is suggested. Physiological roles of a diffusible sugar pool in the intercellular spaces or dissolved in cell-wall water are evaluated. The potential significance of diffusion in promoting sucrose losses from stalks mechanically injured during harvest and post-harvest operations is also mentioned.
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. Currently I think that the work of the segmenter is similar to the work of the analyzer in Lucene. To break apart the content to discrete terms. Let us check…
this certainly seems to be the case here, yep. This code run on as many cores as the machine has, each one handling a single segmentation request. Once that work is done, it is sent to another thread to actually do the indexing:
Note that the indexerRequest is basically an array of all the distinct tokens, their frequencies and the start positions in the original document. There is also handling for ranking, but for now I don't care about this, so I'll ignore this.
Sending to the indexing channel will end up invoking this code:
And the actual indexing work is done inside AddDocument. A simplified version of it is show here:
An indexer is protected by a read/write mutex (which explains why we want to have sharding, it gives us better concurrency, without having to go to concurrent data structures and it drastically simplify the code.
So, what is going on in here? For each of the keywords we found on the document, we create a new entry in the table's dictionary. With a value that contains the matching document ids. If there are already documents for this keyword, we'll search for the appropriate position in the index (using simple binary search), then place the document in the appropriate location. Basically, the KeywordIndices is (simplified) Dictionary>.
So that pretty much explains how this works. Let us look at how searches are working now…
The first interesting thing that we do when we get a search request is tokenize it (segmentize it, in Wukong terminology):
Then we call this code:
This is a fairly typical Go code. We create a bounded channel (that has a capacity as the same number of the shards), and we send it to all the shards. We'll get the reply from all of the shards, then do something with the results from all the shards.
I like this type of interaction because it is easy to model concurrent interactions with it, and it is pervasive in Go. Seems simpler than the comparable strategies in.NET, for example.
Here is a simple example of how this is used:
This is the variant without the timeout. And we are just getting the results from all the shards, note that we don't have any ordering here, we just add all the documents into one big array. I'm not sure how/if Wukong support sorting, there was a lot of stuff about ranking earlier in the codebase, but that doesn't seem to be apparent in what I saw so far, I'll look at it later. For now, let us see how a single shard is handling a search lookup request.
What I find most interesting is that there is rank options there, and document ids, which I'm not sure what they are used for. We'll look at that later, for now, the first part of looking up a search term is here:
We take a read lock, then look at the table. We need to find entries for all the keywords that we have in the query to get a result back.
This indicates that a query to Wukong has an implicit AND between all the terms in the query. The result of this is an array with all the indices for each keyword. It then continues to perform set intersection between all the matching keywords, to find all the documents that appear in all of them. Following that, it will compute the BM25 (a TF-IDF function that is used to compute ranking). After looking at the code, I found where it is actual compute the ranking. It is doing that after getting the results from all the shards, and then it is going to sort them according to their overall scores.
So that was clear enough, and it makes a lot of sense. Now, the last thing that I want to figure out before we are done, is how does Wukong handles deletions?
It turns out that I actually missed part in the search process. The indexer will just find the matching documents, but their BM25 score. It is the ranker (which is sent from the indexer, and then replying to the engine) that will actually sort them. This gives the user the chance to add their own scoring mechanism. Deletion is actually handled as a case where you have nothing to score with, and it gets filtered along the way as an uninteresting value. That means that the memory cost of having a document index cannot be alleviated by deleting it. The actual document data is still there and is kept.
It also means that there is no real facility to update a document. For example, if we have a document whose content used to say Ayende and we want to change it to Oren. We have no way of going to the Ayende keyword and removing it from there. We need to delete the document and create a new one, with a new document id.
Another thing to note is that this has very little actual functionality. There is no possibility of making complex queries, or using multiple fields. Another thing that is very different from how Lucene works is that is runs entirely in memory. While it has a persistent option, that option is actually just a log of documents being added and removed. On startup, it will need to go through the log and actually index all of them again. That means that for large systems, it is going to be a prohibitly expensive startup cost.
All in all, that is a nice codebase, and it is certainly simple enough to grasp without too much complexity. But one need to be aware of the tradeoffs associated with actually using it. I expect it to be fast, although the numbers mentioned in the benchmark page (if I understand the translated Chinese correctly) are drastically below what I would expect to see. Just to give you some idea, 1,400 requests a second are a very small number for an in memory index. I would expect something like 50,000 or so, assuming that you can get all cores to participate. But maybe they are counting this through the network?
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Abstract. Knowledge bases have become ubiquitous assets in today's Web. They provide access to billions of statements about real-world entities derived from governmental, institutional, product-oriented, bibliographic, bio-chemical, and many other domain-oriented and general-purpose datasets. The sheer amount of statements that can be retrieved for a given entity calls for ranking techniques that return the most salient, i.e., globally relevant, statements as top results.
In this paper we analyze and compare various strategies for assigning global relevance scores to DBpedia facts with the goal to derive the best one among these strategies. Some of these strategies build on complementary aspects such as frequency and inverse document frequency, yet others combine structural information about the underlying knowledge graph with Webbased co-occurrence statistics for entity pairs. A user evaluation of the discussed approaches has been conducted on the popular DBpedia knowledge base with statistics derived from an indexed version of the ClueWeb09 corpus.
The created dataset can be seen as a strong baseline for comparing entity ranking strategies (especially, in terms of global relevance) and can be used as a building block for developing new ranking and mining techniques on linked data.


. When you machine away the outer section of a large piece of refined stock you risk exposing the inner section which was not treated in the same manor as the outside. Its because of this that it is recommended that large tooling be refined after the initial forming.
Handling & Installation
One of the most important considerations of tooling geometry is the actual size of the tool. Tools will be routinely moved, mounted, aligned, removed and stored in a typical shop. To have a tool section which requires multiple operators or machinery to load and unload is not practical and should only be used if absolutely necessary. One piece tooling is often cheaper then sectionalized tooling, and modern manufacturing methods do provide adequate accuracy. It used to be the case that limitations in grinder's vertical accuracy per foot meant that single long pieces of tooling would vary more from one end to the other than that sectionalized tooling with an equal total length. Today this is not a major factor when purchasing from a respectable source.
Sectional tooling provides more than just easy handling, it also allows for more geometry options.
This is a fairly standard break down of sectionalized tooling: 100mm Left and Right Ear, 10mm, 15mm, 20mm, 40mm, 50mm, 200mm and 300mm. In addition most manufacturers offer a 415mm 'Short' Section and a 835mm 'Long' Section. By combining different sections a wide variety of possible lengths emerge.


When you subscribe to apps, it's not uncommon to receive emails about updated privacy policies or terms and conditions of sale (CGV). The effective date is present in most types of contracts. In these agreements, this data is not provided by "validity date" but by "last revision" or "last update." As mentioned above, the validity date of digital transactions and applications is not as important as for traditional sales, service or supplier contracts. In the latter group, the absence of an effective date leaves the start date of the commitments vague. In the United States, section 22575-22579 of the California business code requires a validity date for the data protection agreement, since this agreement is imposed by the business code: for example, certain contracts, such as shareholder agreements, are terminated when a shareholder ceases to hold shares in a company. Under Netflix's terms of use, the date is at the end of the agreement's website. If users don't run all the way, it won't be easy for them. The agreement begins on [the date of this agreement] and continues for a period of [2] years and is subsequently terminated. The "Privacy Statement" page reports an update that took place on March 3, 2014. In addition to this date, it also offers a link to see the changes. The effective date was June 23, 2016. Twilio's shares began trading that day.
Often, a contract is entered into and dated on the day of the last signing (as explained above), but contains a different and defined "effective date" indicating when some or all of the parties' obligations must begin. This date may be in the future or in the past – whether a treaty can create or confirm rights related to past events is a matter of interpretation. Under contract law, the effective date is the date on which an agreement or transaction between or between signatories becomes mandatory. In the event of an IPO, this is the time when the shares can be traded for the first time on a stock exchange. Most agreements contain a date on which the revised terms come into force or are concluded. Often referred to as the effective date, this is traditionally the date on which contractual terms become applicable. The execution date is the date on which both parties sign the contract. It is when both parties agree on conditions and conditions, as the treaty describes. However, this is not necessarily the day the treaty enters into force. So what is the effective date of a treaty? If your app handles a lot of private information, you'll probably want to make the validity date as striking as possible.


text:
Q: "I created a forum in Oncourse but my students can't see it. What's going on?"
Let's say you want your students to have a discussion outside of class and created a forum on Oncourse. Although you (the instructor) can view the forum, the student states that he or she is unable to see it. What is going on?
In order for your students to see an Oncourse forum, two steps are necessary.
- 1. Create the forum (which is a container for topics)
- 2. Create, at least, one Topic within the forum (this is where the discussion will take place)
How to add a Forum and topic:
Note: To see whether your students can see the forum and topic, it's always a good practice to check the student view. This can be done by selecting "Enter student view" on the left toolbar.


Bharat Online
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Chandigarh TourismChandigarh TourismChandigarh TravelChandigarh City India
Chandigarh Tourism
The people of Chandigarh are extremely vivacious and fun-loving in nature. Let us explore the lifestyle of the people of the city, in detail.
People of Chandigarh
People of ChandigarhChandigarh is inhabited by people of varied races and classes. Most of its inhabitants trace an Indo-Aryan ethnic origin. There is lots of diversity among the different castes residing in Chandigarh. Say, even when a Jat and Khatri are next-door neighbors, some of their cultural traits vary a lot. These diversities add beauty and color to the cultural heritage of the city. Due to the diversity in the castes and culture of the people of Chandigarh, exploring the nooks and corners of the place can be a lot of fun for travelers. To know more about the people of Chandigarh, go through the following lines.
Among the various castes that are present in Chandigarh, the most dominant ones include Jats, Khatris, Aroras, Brahmans, Vaishas, Lohar, Gujjar, Tarkhan and Sansins. People belonging to other castes also live in the place, though in minority. These include the Awans, Arians, Kalals, Ahluwalias, Labans, Nais, Sainis, Kambohs and Soods, apart from Banias, Bhatias, Brahmins and Chhimbas. Some of these castes have Arabian, Persian and Turkish heritage as well.
Sikh Jat is the biggest community settled in Chandigarh. The people belonging to this caste are expert in agriculture and contribute significantly towards the regional agricultural output. They are characterized by a well-built appearance. A strong will power and the determination to earn a better living are some of their positives. The Khatris and Aroras are next largest in number, who are more into trade than agriculture. Among the minor agricultural castes, Sainis and Kambohs are the most prominent ones. The minority castes are occupied in agricultural operations as well as local trading operations.
People in Chandigarh are accustomed to a leisurely lifestyle, which sets them apart from the residents of other major cities in India. However, with the passing time, they are adopting themselves to a fast paced lifestyle. People in the city are very friendly and warm. Even when they live a very busy life, they try make it a point to dedicate some of their time to their loved ones and go for outing, especially during weekends, to some of the major attractions of the city.
Over the passing years, the city has become a trendsetter in fashion. Youth studying in different colleges of the city hang out with their friends, flaunting their chick clothing. People here easily embrace the drastic change in the fashion trends. Unlike the major metropolitans, where the life literally starts after 10 pm, Chandigarh goes off to sleep early. The celebrations of most of the occasions generally do not extend beyond 10 pm. Nonetheless, you can still find a decent amount of people partying in pubs and discs.
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text:
Old Apple Tree
Some say that it is the "oldest apple tree" in the Northwest. Some even say it may be the oldest on the west coast.
The Old Apple Tree, 2001
The Old Apple Tree, circa 1920
That may still be in dispute. Whatever the story, all the tales about Vancouver's apple tree are interesting and share a lot of facts.
It all started at a party in London...A lady at a farewell dinner party for Lieut. Emilius Simpson, the cousin of Hudson's Bay governor Sir George Simpson, playfully put the seeds of her desert apple into his waistcoat pocket. She asked him to plant them when he arrived at his destination on the other side of the world.
Emilius Simpson arrived in Vancouver in November of 1826 and was soon invited to dine with Dr. McLoughlin in the stockade on the present Deaf School site. During the evening he absentmindedly stuck a finger into his waistcoat and discovered the seeds.
Dr. McLoughlin, Simpson and Pierre C. Pambrun planted the apple seeds in small boxes which were put under glass. Dr. McLoughlin kept the boxes in the store where they could not be touched.
The apple tree was planted outside the fort when he felt it could survive. Around 1830, Washington's first apple harvest occurred. It was here in Vancouver, and produced one apple. The apple tree has produced a crop every year, although most trees of its kind only live 50-70 years. The "old apple tree" is now about 170 years old.
It has survived many trials, the city's flood of 1894, the emergence of the railroad, the choppers block in 1910, losing a limb in the winter of 1950, the Columbus Day storm in 1962, and freeway construction in more recent years.
There is an apple tree festival each year which takes place in the historical apple tree park.
Life Along The Riverfront Bore Fruit
By The Old Apple Tree - as told to BRIAN J. CANTWELL,
Columbian staff writer
I have seen a lot on this riverfront. There are probably as many stories as drops of water in the Columbia.
And that's a river that pumps more water in one day than the amount of soda pop Americans guzzle in 17 years. The river drains an area larger than France.
As it passes, I sip a little myself, from the water table that feeds the spongelike earth below my roots. I'm the Old Apple Tree. I've seen a lot of the history of Vancouver and the river. Floods, ice jams, storms. Bad times, good times, even visits by Russians.
Which goes to show this isn't just a story of flowing water. It's a story of people, all sorts. Of nearly naked red men and women of the Chinook tribe, gobbling salmon and summer berries on the river bank as Gorge-funneled breezes cooled them.
Of sweating Hawaiians, far from their plumeria-perfumed islands, herding pigs and hauling wood for Fort Vancouver fur traders.
Of homesick Texans and other transplants, taking a break from welding World War II aircraft carriers to dangle their feet from shipyard ways and ponder Mount Hood as they wolfed sandwiches from metal pails.
A lot of water has flowed beneath the Interstate 5 bridge since it was built 70 years ago. But I was around long before the bridge.
OK, I wasn't here when Lewis and Clark paddled by. But those two didn't actually land right here, although some people today want to erect a statue of them climbing Vancouver's riverbank; actually, so I've heard, the explorers stopped at Frenchman's Bar, about six miles downriver, and Government Island, about five miles upriver, on their round-trip to the Pacific. Close enough?
I've heard historians talk about it. I've been growing here since about 1826, planted from seeds brought from England by a captain at the fort, people say. So I'm about the oldest living thing in the neighborhood. Maybe the oldest apple tree in the Northwest.
Even if Lewis and Clark didn't stop right here in 1805, Meriwether Lewis had some nice things to write about this spot on the river: "This valley is indeed the only desirable situation for a settlement which I have seen on the west side of the Rocky Mountains."
He must have craned his neck as he passed.
This old tree put up with a lot those early days. Immediately to my north was the center of Kanaka Village, a roughly hewn collection of buildings housing rough-talking French Canadian trappers, Englishmen, Scots, Hawaiians and various Native Americans who worked around the Hudson's Bay Co. fort. They were the types that picked a sapling's first apples when the fruit was barely big enough to eat. The village was named for the Hawaiians, called Kanakas in the slang of the day.
This Kanaka Village, the first collection of homes outside the fort's walls, was the historic nucleus of the city of Vancouver, says Jim Thomson, the superintendent of today's Fort Vancouver National Historic Site. Today, much of the village site is almost buried under ribbons of concrete linking Interstate 5 and state Highway 14.
Before all that, however, there was a glorious, unobstructed view of the Columbia River and the ships moored at the fort's dock. A pond once reached inland just east of where Who Song & Larry's restaurant stands today. When you sit out on Who Song's deck and sip a beer, imagine yourself on the dock where the West coast's first steamship, the Beaver, once took on furs for shipment to capitals of the world. Next to the dock was a salmon house where Hudson's Bay Co. workers processed and smoked salmon for shipment to the Orient.
After 1849, when the American military moved in and established Vancouver Barracks, this dock eventually became the government dock, where supplies where unloaded for what was once the largest military post in the Pacific Northwest.
That was the center of action on this strip of waterfront for many years. Meanwhile, to the east where steel bridge girders are forged and all sorts of materials recycled today at Columbian Industrial Park, the land was farmed, first for the fort and barracks, later by private owners such as Lowell M. Hidden.
Hidden arrived from New England about 1864. In 1865, he bought 200 acres, stretching from the riverbank (now part of the industrial park) up the hill to what is now Mill Plain Boulevard. His grandson, Robert Hidden, a brickyard owner and guardian of local heritage, describes the land as "2 feet of topsoil over 90 feet of gravel." The farm grew corn, potatoes, carrots and hay.
I watched the town develop around me all this time. A lot of apples grew and fell. When Lowell Hidden first came here, he might have stayed at Alta House, a hotel and boarding house that stood on a high foundation amid mud at the river's edge. It was near where the Interstate 5 bridge crosses today. Alta House was a well-known hostelry where men in top hats and women in corsets and bustles came to see touring troupes of entertainers.
In this waterfront history, perhaps the most significant event - it definitely affected the waterfront's long-range future - was construction in 1908 of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway. Its tracks paralleled the river and ran east up the Gorge. The railroad had the dual effect of improving access to the waterfront for industry while decreasing access to the waterfront by the general public. The tracks, built on a high dike safe from floods, created a barrier, diminishing Vancouver's easy access to the river and blocking the beautiful view.
For the first time, I felt landlocked. The Vancouver waterfront's future as a place for apple trees didn't look promising. To make matters worse, a railroad spur was built just north of me where coal was dumped in untidy heaps to supply the barracks.
My view of the river was lost, so who am I to continue this tale? I'm a survivor, a living thing of bark and sap that has lived through all that Vancouver has lived through, as I've sat at what has become the hub of transportation in Southwest Washington. So let me tell you more.
The next big change was the Interstate Bridge, constructed in 1917. It meant an end to ferry runs that had docked near the same spot. About the same time, modern life established its presence, as the first electrical substation was built to serve Clark County. The building still stands, at the east side of the bridge's north end.
With 1917 came World War I, and a flock of new troops to Vancouver barracks. The barracks become headquarters for a military sawmill operation, cutting Northwest spruce, light and strong, that was then shipped from the government dock for the manufacture of biplanes and other fighting planes that looped and buzzed over the skies of Europe. Lucky they didn't want apple wood.
About three miles east, boat building had come to my stretch of waterfront about 1900 at a lovely cove along a grassy shore immediately west of what is now Wintler Park. The site today is home to Tidewater Barge Lines. Work there has included repair and maintenance of boats and barges, and construction of small boats and tugboats.
World War I brought more boat works. G.M. Standifer Construction Co. built a yard with six ways in 1917 to build wooden ships for the war effort. The yard was immediately west of


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Let $A$ be a non-empty set and consider $S(A)$ the set of all bijective functions from $A$ to itself, with composition as group operation. Fix $a_0 \in A$. Define $H = \{f \in S(A): f(a_0) = a_0\}$. Prove that $H$ is a subgroup of $S(A)$.
does this tell me $a_0$ is an identity or that $f(a_0)$ is an identity? I am assuming I need to use something to do with subgroup theorems but I am having trouble understanding how to use these.
Ok that makes more sense since $f(a_0)$ = $a_0$ and $g(a_0)$ = $a_0$ we can conclude that $f^{-1}$ $f(a_0)$ = $f^{-1}$ $a_0$ so we know $f^{-1}$ is in the set? So $f^{-1}$ $g(a_0) $= $a_0$ and the by the theorem we may conclude $H$ is a subgroup of G?
As a side note would love to know WHERE you guys find the element signs and how to put subscripts on things if you could link me to a list of stuff you can put into here with some instructions.
Someone has pointed me a direction a few times but i have never found something I understood. I am not a programer but if I can find a lost of things I am sure I can figure it out usually I just search until I find a post with what I want click edit and take the symbols I want but if theirs instructions somewhere I would very much appreciate that.
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1 – Jim Feb 3 '13 at 20:07
3 Answers 3
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$H = \{f \in S(A): f(a_0) = a_0\}$ is the set of bijective functions in $S(A)$ such that $f$ maps $a_0$ to $a_0$.
Here, $a_0$ is a fixed element which every bijective function in $S(A)$ that maps $a_0$ to itself is a member. $H$ includes the identity map/function, but not all $f \in H$ are the identity function.
To prove $H$ is a subgroup of $S(A)$:
 - Clearly, $H$ includes as its identity $f_I$, the identity map of $S(A)$, since $f_I(a_0)$ is clearly $a_0$.
 - Now show that for any $f, g \in H$, $f\circ g \in H$: i.e., show that $H$ is closed under the function composition.
 - Show that for any $f \in H, f^{-1} \in H$. Hint: This must be the case, as every $f \in H$ is bijective, and if $f \in H$, then $f^{-1}$ exists, and since $f\in H$, $f(a_0) = a_0$ and $f^{-1}(f(a_0)) = f^{-1}(a_0) = f_I(a_0) = a_0$, since by definition, $f^{-1}\circ f = f_I$, so $f^{-1} \in H$
Then you will have shown $\,H\,$ is a subgroup of $\,S(A)$.
As for your second question (or aside), you might want to visit MathJax/LaTeX: a tutorial and "bookmark" it as a favorite!
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Hint: To check something is a subgroup, it suffices to show that $H$ is nonempty (this clear since the identity function is an element [why?]), the composition of two functions is an element of the group (also easy to argue since every function fixes $a_0$), and that the inverse of a function is an element of the group (which follows because each element is a bijection).
I leave the details to you, but hopefully with what is given above, you can work through this mostly on your own.
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The standard way to show that something is a subgroup is to show:
 1. It is nonempty
 2. If $f, g \in H$ then $fg^{-1} \in H$
I'll leave (1) to you and give you a hint for (2). If $f, g \in H$ then you know $f(a_0) = a_0$ and $g(a_0) = a_0$. Apply the function $fg^{-1}$ to $a_0$. The result should be $a_0$ and once you've shown this you can conclude that $fg^{-1} \in H$.
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Hartakimia – CIMAH
- As the Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996 requires that the CIMAH Safety Report to be updated within three years of the date of the last report, an update of the previous CIMAH Safety Report has been carried out for Hartakimia.
- The principal objectives of the Safety Report are:
- to identify the nature of activity carried out in the facility;
- to identify the type, relative likelihood and consequences of the major accidents that might occur;
- to give an account of the arrangements:
- for safer operation of the activity;
- for control of serious deviations that could lead to major accidents; and
- for emergency procedures.
Benefits & ROI:
- CIMAH Safety Report will identify/provide:
- Information relating to every hazardous substance involved in the industrial activity and its relevant quantity
- Information relating to the installation
- Information relating to the system of management for controlling the industrial activity
- Information relating to the potential major accident in the form of risk assessment


Mayonnaise comes in different colours like cream, pale yellow, it's a condiments that has its history traced back to Spain which has its main ingredients as egg yolk, oil lemon juice.
 It could be made using an egg whisk or better still an electric blender.
 It can be used to eat a lot of things like bread,potatoes, bagels, sandwich and so on.
 To make mayonnaise you need: 3medium sized eggs
 1 teaspoon of sugar
 1/2 teaspoon of salt
Vinegar/lemon/lime (you can make use of any one of it). little of it
 Vegetable oil.
 1.)Carefully rinse the eggs.
 2.)Break the eggs,carefully separately the egg white from the yolk, what you need is the egg yolk and not the white.
3)in a blender or bowl,place your egg yolk
 4).Add your Vinegar or other optionals for your sour taste.
 5).Add sugar( which is optional)
6)Add salt.
 7.)Then blend or whisk gradually add your oil till its thick. If you noticed that the mayonnaise is watery, break egg yolk in to another bowl, whisk it and then add your watery mayonnaise to make it thicker.
When making mayonnaise endeavor to use fresh eggs. The moment you start adding oil, the mixture becomes thicker, then you can make it light by adding your lemon juice to it With this you don't need to buy mayonnaise from super store, when you make it store in a container and keep in the refrigerator.
it could be used as salad cream. It has a lot of nutritional contents like calories, saturated fats, potassium, vitamin B6 and other nutritional contents. It is healthier to make yours at home than buying and moreover it saves cost.
 Uses of mayonnaise
 1.mayonnaise can be used for treatment of sunburn, all you need to do is apply a little of it on the affected area, leave for some minutes before rinsing, this will help to remove dead skin cells, there by making the affected area lighter.
 2.It can also be used as hair conditioner to make your hair smooth and as well make it silky when you apply to the root of your hair.
3.It contains Omega H 3 fats which decreases the rate of having heart attack.
 4.Mayonnaise also help to control blood sugar level.
 5.Vitamin E in mayonnaise reduce the chances of having stroke.


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Invisible Man Reader's Guide
By Ralph Ellison
Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison
The questions, topics, and author biography that follow are designed to enhance your group's reading and discussion of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. We hope that they will provide you with new ways of looking at–and talking about–a book that is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest American novels of the second half of this century.
From the moment of its publication in 1952, Invisible Man generated the impact of a cultural tidal wave. Here was a pioneering work of African-American fiction that addressed not only the social, but the psychic and metaphysical, components of racism: the nvisibility of a large portion of this country's populace and the origins of that invisibility in one people's willed blindness and another's habit of self-concealment.
In his prose, Ellison managed to encompass the entirety of the American language–black and white, high-brow and low-down, musical, religious, and jivey–and reshape it to his own ends. In Invisible Man he created one of those rare works that is a world unto itself, a book that illuminates our own in ways that are at once hilarious and devastating.
Questions and Topics for Discussion
1. What makes Ellison's narrator invisible? What is the relationship between his invisibility and other people's blindness–both involuntary and willful? Is the protagonist's invisibility due solely to his skin color? Is it only the novel's white characters who refuse to see him?
3. What are the narrator's dreams and goals? How are these variously fulfilled or thwarted in the course of the book?
5. What is the significance of the grandfather's deathbed speech [p.16]? Whom or what has he betrayed? What other characters in this book resort to the same strategy of smiling betrayal?
6. Throughout the novel the narrator gives speeches, or tries to give them, to audiences both black and white, at venues that range from a whites-only "smoker" to the funeral of a black street vendor murdered by the police. What role does oratory–and, more broadly, the spoken word–play in Invisible Man?
9. What black men does the protagonist choose as mentors or role models? Do they prove to be any more trustworthy than his white "benefactors"? What about those figures whose authority and advice the narrator rejects–for example, the vet in The Golden Day and the separatist Ras the Exhorter? What characters in Invisible Man, if any, represent sources of moral authority and stability?
11. Why might Tod Clifton have left the Brotherhood to peddle demeaning dancing Sambo dolls? What does the narrator mean when he says: "It was as though he [Clifton] had chosen…to fall outside of history"? How would you describe Ellison's vision of history and the role that African-Americans play within it?
13. Where in Invisible Man does Ellison–who was trained as a musician–use language to musical effect? (For example, compare the description of the college campus on pages 34-7 to Trueblood's confession on 51-68, to the chapel scene on 110-135, and Tod Clifton's funeral on 450-461.) What different sorts of language does Ellison employ in these and other passages? How does the "music" of these sections–their rhythm, assonance, and alliteration–heighten their meaning or play against it?
15. In spite of its vast success (or perhaps because of it), Ellison's novel–and the author himself–were fiercely criticized in some circles for being insufficiently "Afrocentric." Do you think this is true? Do you think Ellison made artistic compromises in order to make Invisible Man accessible to white readers?
About this Author
Ralph Ellison was born in 1914 in Oklahoma City, the son of Lewis Ellison, a construction worker, and his wife, Ida, a domestic. He was introduced to literature by his mother, who used to bring him books she borrowed from the homes she cleaned. A further exposure was provided by the ironies of segregation: in the 1920s, Oklahoma City had no black library, and books from the library's main branch were shelved haphazardly in a pool hall, where the young Ralph might find a volume of fairy tales alongside one of Freud–with no well-meaning librarian telling him what a child ought or ought not to be reading.
Ellison attended Alabama's Tuskegee Institute on a music scholarship, but in 1936 he moved to New York City, where he began writing short stories while supporting himself as a free-lance photographer and audio engineer. After serving in the Merchant Marine during World War II, he spent seven years writing Invisible Man, working out of an office located at the back of a jewelry store on Fifth Avenue. The book was published in 1952 and was awarded the National Book Award. It has been translated into seventeen languages.
The manuscript of Ellison's second novel was destroyed by a fire in 1967. He spent the remaining years of his life painstakingly reconstructing it, while publishing two volumes of nonfiction, Shadow and Act (1964) and Going to the Territory (1986). He taught and lectured widely, was appointed to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, served on the National Council on the Arts and Humanities and the Carnegie Commission on public television, and was a trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Ralph Ellison died of cancer on April 16, 1994, at his home in New York City.
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This article was considered for deletion at Wikipedia on December 18 2018. This is a backup of Wikipedia:FISCO_BCOS. All of its AfDs can be found at Wikipedia:Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/FISCO_BCOS, the first at Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/FISCO_BCOS. Purge
FISCO BCOS[1] is an opensource blockchain platform built by Financial Blockchain Shenzhen Consortium (FISCO) taskforce team. It is based on BCOS[2] and Ethereum with features customized for financial industry satisfying regulatory requirements.
In December 2017, it was published as an open source blockchain platform.
In 2018, FISCO BCOS was brought into practical use as applications for Reconciliation and Digital Escrow[3][4] area.
The initiative of building up FISCO BCOS came from the facts that the financial industry stands with an unique IT infrastructure and requirements from regulation that solutions over traditional blockchain platform may not fit into the context without customizations.
The characteristics of Financial Blockchain platform can be considered with following:
 - Performance: Financial Industry demands the blockchain platform with the performance to process a huge volume of transactions in high frequency which can cope with the growth of the business. Such drives a need for a more efficient consensus mechanism applied at the blockchain network than one currently adopted in e.g. Bitcoins
 - Security: Despite blockchain technology already guaranteed data safety and free of tampering risk, it is essential to apply a mature and safe encryption algorithm which could be adaptive and subject to the requirements from regulation of industry
 - Compatibility & Compliance: the platform requires to be supportive to existing or legacy systems of the corporate and always comply with regulation and legislation.
 - Maintenance and governance: it is always of financial corporate's top priority to maintain a full control and surveillance in activities happened over the blockchain network. It is vital to the corporate to obtain statistic figures on demand for auditing purpose and be reported immediately when abnormities are detected.
 - Role: Participants at Financial industries have their clear roles and functions in their business context such as regulator, buyers & dealers. Each role accesses information and does functions at different point of time in a business cycle. The control of access & function to the information on the blockchain are necessary.
Advanced Messenger On-chain Protocol (AMOP)
FISCO-BCOS has built in with an inter-communication network (AMOP – Advanced Messenger On-chain Protocol) between participating institutions to allow a direct but secure peer-to-peer communication over the blockchain network where the communication is invisible to others and without any interceptions.
This protocol is designed to be used at the case where a round of handshakes process between institutions are required before committing a transaction on chain such as price negotiation and inventory verification.
 1. Uses blockchain network to support inter-branch, peer-to-peer and real-time message communication;
 2. Blockchain system actively invokes the operation API of the off-chain system;
 3. Provides standardized API for the interaction between off-chain systems and the blockchain.
The technical features of this protocol include the following:
 1. Peer-to-peer network topology: the communication path of the network nodes is planned to ensure that the messages are deliverable;
 2. Rapid detection of node abnormalities in the blockchain network and automated path switching to resend messages;
 3. Encryption technology used in the communication process to ensure the confidentiality of the communication layer.
Contract Naming Service (CNS)
Information like users, accounts or smart contracts are now denoted as an address of fixed length series of HEX values on blockchain platform, such make it difficult to be identified its type when being used in the application. For instance, a smart contract has to be assigned with an address like "0x92535066cd4b022c7e84b058d8bbbf71e22c3c78" so its instruction can be triggered. Such address is renewed at those modules where smart contracts are referenced when upgrade or redeployment of smart contracts process takes place. This whole process is complex and error-prone.
Contract Naming Service (CNS) is then designed to isolate the address coupling between application layer and smart contracts by assigning an easy-to-identify name to the smart contract so business layer can reference it instead. When the smart contract is called, CNS will resolve the address to execute the smart contract. It also reduces the risk of deploying a new version of smart contract as update of address is only done on the CNS.
When canary release is required, CNS provides to reserve both new and old addresses of smart contract and redirect portion of transactions to the new contract address according to the rule while other will remain pointing to old contract address until canary release is 100% complete.
Parallel Consensus and Parallel Computation
Parallel PBFT Consensus
PBFT algorithm achieves consensus by having multiple rounds of voting upon a proposal, meanwhile the voting process involves numerous back and forth acknowledgments between nodes or within a node. Each round of voting must reach a mutual agreement between the nodes before next round of voting can begin.
Because such process requires extensive travelling of data between nodes, the performance is subject to the network quality. On a sub-standard network and computing environment, it may take additional rounds of consensus processes before forming an agreement. That brings occasional instability and delays on the consensus process.
FISCO BCOS addresses above issue by optimizing the PBFT to let computation of all nodes including both leader and voting nodes be run in parallel at each round. When one node is computing to verify a batch of transactions, all other nodes are also synchronized to compute and vote on it without waiting for the others.
In addition, Parallel PBFT further reduces time-consuming and redundant computing processes. Through network path optimization and caching of repeated computing results, the time required to complete each step of the consensus process is lessened.
Parallel PBFT further keeps blocks generation at minimum at a period recognized as less or no financial activity to avoid blocks having no transactions from being generated
Browser and Control
FISCO BCOS provides a blockchain browser to access and query the data of blockchain at real-time, information like following can be obtained
 - Node information on ID, port number, block height, etc.;
 - Block information on block height, time, number of transaction, block creator, Gas, etc.;
 - Transaction information on hash, block owner, Internal Block ID, time of transaction, sender, receiver, etc.; users can also obtain information on transactions being processed.
The browser also comes with a flexible UI framework allowing developers to customize the browser for specific need.
Real-time Transaction Monitoring, Reporting and Interception
With the capability to obtain real-time and committed transaction data from the chain, FISCO BCOS can leverage its access control functionality and smart contract to define a set of rules to detect and intercept transactions with certain characteristics.
One of the example is to build a blacklist of anti-money laundering with inspection rules in place. When a suspicious transaction is detected, system will send an alert and intercept the transaction.
Identity Authentication
Blockchain offers a strong digital identity verification mechanism. Any role and identity connected to the FISCO BCOS are verified through its public/private key pair or CA certificates. This makes all the identities on the blockchain verifiable.
Combined with financial KYC process, information describing customer's identity such as biological traits, customer credits and due diligence can be published onto the chain. If necessary data masking processes or cryptographic algorithms can be adopted to protect the privacy of the KYC information so as to ensure that the customer has a verified and legal identity on the blockchain. The whole process occurs without divulging any sensitive information.


text:
5 posts • Page 1 of 1
[Administrators: feel free to relocate this post at your discretion; with its zoogeographical focus, it could just as aptly lie within the "Evolution" forum.]
Looking to this map of global crayfish distribution, one is immediately struck by what are seemingly several discrepancies - namely, the complete absence of crayfish from a broad pan-tropical belt encompassing most of South America, continental Africa (but not Madagascar) in its entirety, South/Southeast Asia, and [naturally] most of the Indo-Pacific. Based on fossilized remains, it seems likely that crayfish arose in the far-southern reaches of Permian Pangea:
As the following quotes reveal, said peculiarity has been considered before, but little of substance has come from this basal speculation:
(My italics and bracketed commentary; scientific names are not necessarily contemporarily valid.)
From Chapter Six ("The Distribution and the Ætiology of the Crayfishes") of T.H. Huxley's The Crayfish.
As Huxley wrote, prawns of the genus Macrobrachium [with some 200 species, the largest of the Palaemonidae] are almost ubiquitous (suspiciously so with respect to the global range of crayfish) in the warm freshwaters of the world. Representative species range across a broad swath of the globe encompassing Africa (from Mauritania east to Ethiopia and from the lower reaches of the Nile south to the Great Karoo) - that is, the southernand westernmost precincts of the Eurasian biogeographical zone; the Ethiopian zone; and the Central African zone); the Malagasy realm; southern Italy and the neighboring Balkans (Eurasian zone); the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia through the Indochinese Peninsula (Oriental zone); southern and western China across the East China Sea to southern Japan (Eurasian zone); the Philippines, Indonesia on both sides of Wallace's Line, New Guinea (and its respective division), and Australia (Austronesian zone); numerous isles of the southern and sub-equatorial northern Pacific Oceans (in rough correlation to those isles of the Polynesian Triangle having permanent freshwater systems [from Samoa to the Marquesas and northeast to Hawaii]; the West Indies (Caribbean transitional zone); Central/South America (Neotopics); southeastern and extreme southwest North America (marginal Palaearctic).
Its seems to me likely that stockily-chelate Macrobrachium prawns and crayfish together constitute a classic case of parallel evolution, on par with the analogous diversification of placental and Australian marsupial mammals.
Look to the following images for some markedly (both outwardly and in general habits) crayfish-like Macrobrachium spp.:
Macrobrachium sp. "Riesengarnele" ("Giant-shrimp")
Macrobrachium sp. "Panama"
Macrobrachium sp. "Mexiko Papalaopan
[Cumulatively from _URL_
Look also to _URL_ many of the species shown here appear, at first glance, to be much more than distant relations of crayfish.
Other Potential Competitors
"Krabbenkrebse"/"half cancers" of the genus Aegla (which, despite their appearance, are neither crab nor crayfish but Anomurans affiliated with marine squat lobsters and hermit crabs [see _URL_ by some accounts forced many South American crayfish into peripheral burrowing roles:
Experiments centered about conspecific competition between crayfish and Potamonid crabs overwhelmingly indicate the "behavioral dominance" of the latter over the former and suggest a "scenario of competitive exclusion" amongst the two:
Italian Freshwater Decapods: Exclusion Between the Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Faxon) and the Crab Potamon fluviatile (Herbst)
1. On the basis of present range and fossil evidence (quite sparse, apparently due to counterintuitively poor preservation of calcaerous chitin), in what timespan of geological time did the genus Macrobrachium arise (alternatively, when did its progenitors colonize freshwater)? In what geographical region (by both historical and present-day continental arrangement) did this transition occur?
2. Is it possible that robust Macrobrachium spp. today comprise an impediment (as per the doctrine of competitive exclusion) to the expansion of crayfish? Are some species of the former grouping "behaviorally dominant" over the latter? Why might this be so? [Macrobrachium spp. certainly possess greater mobility through the water column, typically finer dexterity of the chelipeds, possibly more acutely sensitive chemoreceptive organs, and, in some cases, immediately autonomous benthic larvae.]
3. What past geographical barriers, if any, could have prevented crayfish from having spread to the portions of the continental tropics from which they are absent?
4. Is it plausible that crayfish were once considerably more widespread than at present, and were subsequently displaced by the invasion of freshwater by other decapods?
5. Does anyone know of any formal experiments concerning interspecific competition between crayfish and Macrobrachium to have been conducted?
6. In the regions of Africa where crayfish have been introduced to control disease-harboring aquatic snails or have escaped from aquaculture establishments, have native Macrobrachium (if they exist) proved a hindrance to their advance? Have they, alternatively, lost ground? Is their planktonic larval stage suppressed?
Last edited by Shagreen on Fri Mar 25, 2005 1:06 am, edited 2 times in total.
Some more pertinent information:
(Boldface, italicization, and bracketed text are mine.)
Crayfish-prawn "coexistance" as applies to that regional case, is tenuous at best. However, the text is unclear in one vital regard - while it seems to suggest that crayfish are scarce in streams of the Mississippi/Missouri watersheds of the surveyed region, it gives little mention of the extent of their presence in the river proper (or, conversely, of shrimp colonization of such minor tributaries). If competitive exclusion by riverine prawns was the primary limiting influence, one might expect that the more aquatic species would by today have expanded their range to assume some of the vacated stretches (if dams and pollution would not have impeded such movement).
Note: One must recognize in considering this issue that geographical sympatry is not interchangeable with "side-by-side" coexistance, per se.
A little off the topic but while I went to St louis they didn't have any crayfish to eat. During Mardi Grad there were no crayfish to eat becasue of a storm. Crayfish along with other lake dwllers can be easily wiped out be it a new species added, storms, or ect.
By the way it's healthy. There's the supply of vitamin D and A as well as calcium and potassium, copper and zinc in crayfish.
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Scrabble word: PLOTTER
In which Scrabble dictionary does PLOTTER exist?
Definitions of PLOTTER in dictionaries:
- noun - a planner who draws up a personal scheme of action
- noun - a clerk who marks data on a chart
- noun - a member of a conspiracy
- noun - an instrument (usually driven by a computer) for drawing graphs or pictures
- A computer output device that draws graphs or pictures, usually by moving a pen.
- verb - to plan secretly
There are 7 letters in PLOTTER: E L O P R T T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to PLOTTER
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word PLOTTER plus a wildcard: PLOTTER?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word PLOTTER
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6 letter words
5 letter words
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3 letter words
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Images for PLOTTER
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text:
Clay Tool Set
This set contains a fantastic variety of tools suitable for use with clay. They may be used while the clay is still moist or on green ware (unfired air dried clay) to carve, cut and clean.
This clay tool set may also be used with polymer clay. Each tool is made from clear varnished hardwood handles with durable steel blades. There are infinite ways to use these tools. Below is a small selection of possibilities.
- The small metal brush creates multiple fine textured marks.
- The Spearhead end cuts small straight lines and is perfect for creating fine details. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- Remove clay in square in large flat areas with the open loop end. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- These tool ends are the perfect size for hand drilling holes for salt and pepper shakers in green ware.
- The needle point end is ideal for placing delicate objects or scratching in fine details. Carve, cut and smooth with the curved end.
- This tool is often referred to as a spoolie. It is great for cleaning rough spots on green ware in delicate or hard to reach places.
- The curved end has a small sharp blade which is great for removing small areas with straight edges. The angled end is great for cutting small detailed areas.
- The angled end is invaluable for flattening areas in hard to reach places. The needle point can create small holes, texture marks or can assist in placement of small objects.
- Use the slightly forked end to create wood like texture or sgraffito effects. Spearhead ends cuts small straight lines and etches fine details.
- The curved blade with the flat end lifts small areas with straight edges. Use the slightly forked end to create wood like texture or sgraffito effects.
- The curved blade cuts, carves and smoothes clay. The large spearhead blade is great for deepening details and making longer cuts.


Course Name Code Semester T+U Hours Credit ECTS
Ottoman Socio-Economical History I (_PHONE_) YEN 515 0 3 + 0 3 6
Precondition Courses None
Recommended Optional Courses
Course Language Turkish
Course Level yuksek_lisans
Course Type Optional
Course Coordinator Dr.Öğr.Üyesi MAHMUT HÜDAİ ŞENTÜRK
Course Lecturers
Course Assistants
Course Category
Course Objective It is aimed to teach social and economical habitat except for political history.
Course Content Ottoman social and economic history
# Course Learning Outcomes Teaching Methods Assessment Methods
1 Bounds ties between source and information. Apprehends the informative value of the source,,,,
2 Apprehends the sources of the Ottoman Empire in the Classical Age,,,,
3 Mentions the types of the sources and their usage in different areas.,,,
4 Shows the development of Ottoman history writing with embodiments.,,,
5 Betrays the value of every Turkish and World work.,,,,
6 Shows the similarities and differences between Ottoman historical sources and European and Asian historical sources.,,,,
Week Course Topics Preliminary Preparation
1 Setting periods to Ottoman history and the roots of Ottoman State
2 Crossing from the principality to the Empire (_PHONE_)
3 Era of Power vacuum and recovery (_PHONE_)
4 Ottoman State as a world power (_PHONE_)
5 The fall of the Ottoman Empire
6 Ottoman dynasty and accession system
7 State concept and classification system in the Ottomans.
8 Law system in the Ottoman State
9 Midterm Examination
10 Court system in the Ottoman State.
11 Central administration in the Ottoman State
12 Provincial administration and Timar system in the Ottoman State.
13 City, guild and dealers in the Ottoman State.
14 Education, teaching, religion and culture in the Ottoman State.
Course Notes
Course Resources
Order Program Outcomes Level of Contribution
1 2 3 4 5
1 To gain ability to make data collection, consulting literature and analyzing which form scientific knowledge in the relevant discipline; X
2 To become skilled in method knowledge and skills related with scientific research process; X
3 To be experienced to contribute at least one area in scientific studies in the institutional and methodological context X
4 To gain adequacy to make critical evaluation and synthesis; X
5 To be open minded for renewal and new ideas and to obtain ability to suggest new ideas. X
6 To have ability to study interdisciplinary and to adopt theory, method and practices used in the other area to relevant discipline; X
7 To follow closely technologic advancement, scientific developments and scientific technologies related X
8 To publish at least one academic study related with thesis (in national or international referred journals-preferred); X
9 To acquire ability to get across with national and international academic environments related with the area of specialization; X
10 To have behavior and ethical sensitivity in conformity with academic life. X
Evaluation System
Semester Studies Contribution Rate
1. Ara Sınav 60
1. Ödev 40
Total 100
1. Yıl İçinin Başarıya 50
1. Final 50
Total 100
Mid-terms 1 20 20
Assignment 1 20 20
Final examination 1 20 20
Total Workload 156
Total Workload / 25 (Hours) 6.24
dersAKTSKredisi 6


Repopulating units
I.A.1. Introduction
When we inject distinguishable cell mixtures into recipients and measure the percentage of differentiated cells produced by each type, differences in the raw percentage greatly underestimate the actual difference in numbers of stem cells. Figure I.1 below provides an example where all stem cells produce equal amounts of differentiated cells. Two, four, or eight stem cells (white circles) from donors 1, 2, or n, respectively, are mixed with a standard dose of 4 genetically marked competitor stem cells (black circles) and grafted into irradiated recipients. Recipients of 2 donor stem cells have 2/6 (33%) of differentiated cells from the donor type. Recipients of 4 donor stem cells have 4/8 (50%) donor type, and recipients of 8 donor stem cells have 8/12 (66%). Note that a doubling in number of donor stem cells, from 2 to 4, increases differentiated cells only 17%. A 4-fold (400%) increase in donor stem cells, from 2 to 8, increases differentiated cells only 33%.
Figure I.1. Changes in percentages of differentiated cells underestimate degrees of changes in stem cells.
To accurately reflect the actual differences in functional activities relative to the function of the standard competitor, we have developed the concept of the repopulating unit (RU), where the number of donor RUs = the number of competitor RUs x (%Donor / 100 – %Donor). (Details are provided in Figure I.3, below.)
I.A.2. Terminology
Table I.1 provides definitions of terms used throughout the discussion on our assays.
Table I.1. Terms and definitions related to our HSC assays.
I.A.3. Competitive repopulation assays
We measure HSCs using functional assays after bone marrow transplants. We inject a mixture of donor and competitor marrow, in which the original donor cells are distinguished from other cell types, such as the competitor and recipient, by genetic markers, such as ubiquitously expressed GPI isozyme differences. In the recipient, the HSCs produce erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and monocytes/macrophages as well as lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). Figure I.2 is an overview of the HSC functional assay.
Figure I.2. The long-term competitive repopulation assay measures the ability to produce differentiated cells relative to the standard competitor.
Because partially differentiated, yet multi-lineage, precursor cells continue to produce mature cells for up to 3 months, we compare percentages of differentiated cells descended from donor and competitor precursors 4–6 months after the transplantation. By this time, essentially all mature cells are descendants of the primitive HSCs (Jordan and Lemischka, 1990; Harrison and Zhong, 1992; Morrison and Weissman, 1994; Spangrude et al., 1995; Zhong et al., 1996). Although functional assays could be run on platelets, granulocytes or other myeloid cells, we usually use erythrocytes and lymphocytes.
I.A.4. Repopulating unit (RU) values
RU values measure donor HSC function relative to standard competitor HSCs. Figure I.3 illustrates how RU values are calculated.
Figure I.3. RU values are calculated from % donor-type cells in the recipients in competitive repopulation.
Fetal and adult (or adult and old) donors are used with the same genetically distinguishable competitor pool for each strain in each experiment, so that RU values are based on the same standard. HSC and HSC-EXP functions from each donor are evaluated using RU and RU expansion, respectively. To determine RU values, each of 4 lethally irradiated recipients receive a mixture of 1 million donor cells plus 1 million cells from the pool of standard genetically distinguishable competitor marrow. RU values are calculated from percentages of donor-type erythrocytes and lymphocytes in the recipients, where the relative repopulating abilities of 100,000 competitor marrow cells is defined as one RU. RU values at 4 weeks reflect short-lived precursors; RU values after 4–6 months reflect long-lived HSCs. In our studies, HSCs are quantified after 4 months. HSC-EXPs are quantified the same way, except the cells come from carriers rather than from the original donors.
I.A.5. Repopulating unit-expanded (RU-EXP) values
To determine RU expanded (RU-EXP) values, each of 2–3 lethally irradiated carriers receives 1 million donor marrow cells. After 4 months, BMCs are collected from healthy carriers and pooled for each donor. If desired, numbers of HSCs can be measured by antibody or dye exclusion markers in a portion of the marrow. Donor RU expansion in the carrier, i.e., total RUs per carrier per million donor cells, is quantified by RU-EXP values, as illustrated in Figure I.4.
Figure I.4. How HSC-EXP functions are estimated from RU-EXP values.
Long-term RU values are tested 4 months after transplantation of the mixture of 10 million carrier cells and one million standard competitor cells into each recipient. High doses of carrier marrow are needed, because after serial transplantation, BMCs repopulate far less effectively than cells transplanted directly from a donor (Harrison et al., 1990;Chen et al, 2000a; Yuan et al, 2005).
I.A.6. Advantages of RU and RU-EXP assays vs. other HSC assays
In vitro tests of HSCs may fail to predict actual long-term repopulating abilities and, especially, generation of HSCs. In contrast, HSC-EXPs, meaured as expansion of repopulating abilities in serial carriers, directly test long-term functional phenotypes. For example, "Long Term Colony-Initiating Cell" (LTC-IC) populations contain precursors capable of long-term repopulation in vivo (Cho and Müller-Sieburg, 2000), but LTC-IC precursor frequencies in vitro for C57BL/6J (B6) mice are consistently 5- to 10-fold less than for BALB/cByJ (BALB) or DBA/2J (D2) mice (Müller-Sieburg and Riblet, 1996;Chen et al., 2000b), as are cobblestone area-forming frequencies (de Haan et al., 2000). However, numbers of long-term functional HSCs are about 1 per 100,000 bone marrow cells (BMCs) in both BALB and B6 mice (Zhong et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1999). Most importantly, after serial transplantation of equal numbers of BMCs, those from young adult B6 donors produced RU-EXP values in carriers 2- to 3-fold greater than did BMCs from BALB or D2 donors (Chen et al., 2000a; Yuan et al., 2005). Thus, the strain pattern for RU expansion is the opposite of that for LTC-ICs. Because assays in vitro can give results opposite from long-term measures of repopulation in vivo, it is important to assay function in vivo, even when most work is in vitro, to be sure that the tissue culture results are relevant to results in the mice.


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Question: If M is a spin manifold. Condider the dirac operator on a spinor bundle. Can the eigenvalue of this operater tend to negative infinity? If it can, can we choose a riemann matrix such that under this matrix, the eigenvalue of dirac operator does not tend to negative infinity??
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2 Answers 2
Given any first order, graded, self-adjoint, elliptic operator on a manifold the spectrum is unbounded in both the positive and negative directions. There are probably elementary ways to see this, but I'll give an argument which is overly sophisticated but a bit more quantitative.
Given $D$ as above, consider the eta function associated to $D$:
$$\eta(s) = \sum_{\lambda} sign(\lambda) |\lambda|^{-s}$$
(the sum ranges over the eigenvalues of $D$)
By a variation on Weyl's asymptotic formula for the eigenvalues of the Laplacian together with some basic complex analysis, this function extends to a meromorphic function on the complex plane. It is a very deep topological fact that the eta function is actually bounded at $0$; in the case of Dirac-type operators this follows from the sort of heat kernel analysis used in the local proof of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, and for general elliptic operators this follows from the Dirac case together with some cobordism theory.
In any event, $\eta(0)$ can be regarded as a sort of "renormalized difference" between the number of positive eigenvalues and the number of negative eigenvalues, and the fact that it is bounded means that there are infinitely many positive and negative eigenvalues.
As I said above this machinery is probably overkill as far as your actual question is concerned, but it proves something stronger: it makes precise the assertion that the cardinality of the positive part of the spectrum agrees with the cardinality of the negative part "up to a finite error".
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"There are probably elementary ways". I think the following should work: It suffices to show that the Rayleigh quotient $\langle \phi, D\phi\rangle/|\phi|^2$ is doubly unbounded. Take $\phi$ to be supported in a ball where $D$ is well approximated by a constant coefficient operator. In a much smaller domain, take $\phi$ to be an eigenvector $\psi$ for the latter operator thought of as an operator with periodic boundary condition (i.e. an operator on a torus). – Tim Perutz Oct 29 '11 at 22:56
In the larger ball, define $\phi$ by cutting off $\psi$, but slowly, so that the behaviour of $\psi$ dominates. This reduces the problem to the case of constant coefficient operators over the torus, for which Fourier series are available. – Tim Perutz Oct 29 '11 at 22:57
BTW, a good account of these facts about the eta function is given by Ken Richardson in his note "Introduction to the eta invariant" ncatlab.org/nlab/show/eta+invariant#Richardson – Urs Schreiber Aug 27 at 18:52
Can the eigenvalue of this operater tend to negative infinity?
Yes -- actually this question is closely tied to the physical origins of the Dirac operator. Very roughly speaking negative eigenvalues correspond to negative-energy eigenstates; the Dirac equation predicts that particles with positive energy (e.g. electrons, which can have arbitrarily large positive energy) there is an antiparticle "twin" with negative energy (positrons in this case).
For instance, if $M$ is the unit sphere in $\mathbb{R}^3$ then Dirac eigenfunctions give you the angular part of the electron wave function; the corresponding eigenvalues are simply all the integers $n \in \mathbb{Z}$ which show up with multiplicity $n+1$.
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Your Answer


Cape Honey Flower
Scientific name: Melianthus major
About Cape Honey Flower
What does Cape Honey Flower look like?
You can't miss the Cape Honey Flower when it's growing in your yard. This smelly shrub grows up to 2+ m, with large frond-like leaves (50-10 cm long) that are covered in grey fuzz, especially underneath. The leaves are divided into 11-21 distinctive folded leaflets that are 8-15 cm long, edged with 1cm serrated teeth. The stems are stout, rough, soft-wooded and hollow leading down to a suckering root system. It flowers from July to April with tall, erect flower stalks that are 40-80 cm tall with dark reddish-brown flowers (2cm long). The flowers smell foul and produce large amounts of nectar. After flowering, inflated, papery and sharply angled seed capsules (2-5 cm long) reveal themselves, each containing long, shiny black seeds (5-6 mm long).
How does it spread?
These monsters grow well in drained soils of any quality, tolerate wind, salt, hot and cold temperatures, and damp or drought conditions, and is partly shade-tolerant. They can be found in sand dunes, sheltered coastal and steep areas, estuaries, inshore islands, disturbed lowland forest margins, shrubland, and fernland. Their suckering roots can spread in dumped vegetation, so don't be surprised to find them in gardens and waste places.
Cape Honey Flower seeds are long living and they form dense, spreading stands via suckering roots. These seed capsules are water-borne (sea or fresh), and to a lesser extent, wind-borne. When they take root, they will smother low-growing coastal species, form large stands and destroy habitats, and lead to invasion by weedy vines. Native birds may also be affected by its nectar.
How do I get rid of it?
Small plants need to be dug out and disosed at a refuse transfer station, or burned.
Big plants need to be cut down and stumps painted with metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (5g/L) or Tordon Brushkiller (200mL/L). Follow-up continuously on the suckering roots. In the spring, large sites need to be sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl 600g/kg (5g/10L) or Tordon Brushkiller (25mL/10L) plus penetrant. Check regularly for root regrowth in order to be sure to be rid of this pesky weed.
What can I plant instead?
We recommmend planting some Harakeke (Phormium tenax) or the Huruhuru Whenua (Asplenium oblongifolium). What other native plant would you recommend?


text:
Refer to this link:
Paranoid SaberDroid is open source, send your patches from your local source:
cd repo start AOSPAL/ cd git add -A git commit -a cd repo upload AOSPAL/
Commit your patches in a single commit. Squash multiple commits using this command:
git rebase -i HEAD~<# of commits>
When met with sync errors:
repo sync -j1
Take note of troublesome repositories. For example, if you get fetch errors on "android_frameworks_base", you can simply git clone it by doing the following:
git clone _URL_
When met with build errors:
Use the error to read the error. In other words, most of the time the build error will tell you what the problem is. For example, "no rule to make target", means that there could be a missing or malformed line in the Makefile (Android.mk) of that particular directory.
Log your builds by amending the following to your build command:
2>&1 | tee build.log
This will create a file in your source's root directory called "build.log". You can share this via Pastebin to your favorite XDA thread.
Google! Google! Google! Nine times out of ten, the error you're experiencing has been experienced by someone else. Make sure to check the interwebz for your issue! XDA is also a great place to find help!


text:
HAVANA, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- The representative of UNICEF, or the UN Children's Fund, in Cuba said here Friday that Cuba is among the countries that have best implemented the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and that countries in the world should learn from Cuba on the protection of children's rights.
Jose Juan Ortiz, speaking at celebrations marking Universal Children's Day, said Cuba, still under an economic embargo and is suffering from frequent natural disasters, has significantly reduced child mortality and improved child nutrition -- to levels that can rival those of developed countries.
The cause of the amazing achievements in children's protection in Cuba lies in the government's political will, he added.
All countries in the world should follow Cuba's example and strive to provide better conditions for children in judicial and social welfare fields, Ortiz said, adding that in this way most countries would be able to meet the targets set by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
On Friday, Cuba held a variety of activities nationwide to celebrate Universal Children's Day.
Special report: Global News Day for Children
Official Website of Global News Day for Children


text:
iBorescope solution provider
Focus on industrial video endoscopy, non-destructive internal visual inspection industry Rich experience in internal visual inspection and industrial endoscope product development
Technical consultation and technical support for visual inspection equipment.Endoscopy equipment rental inspection service.
Endoscopy on-site inspection case
Automotive Engine Turbine Visual Inspection
- The customer mainly inspects the turbine parts of the automobile engine.
- The diameter of the runner is about 3mm-5mm, and there are two curved channels inside.
- The observation needs to turn a circle to see the inner wall of the runner, and the diameter of the inlet of the inner wall of the runner is about 6mm.
On-site inspection of wind turbine gearbox
- Get a quicker and more efficient understanding of internal faults in steam turbines, gas turbines, gearboxes and more with iBorescope endoscopes.
- Check for rust spots, cracks, corrosion, erosion, welds and other defects.
- Minimize downtime and optimize maintenance schedules
Special drive motor on-site inspection
- Actual testing conditions:
- 1. Aviation aluminum, casting molding
- 2. The length of the observation section is 2 meters, there are two curves in the detection channel, and the inner wall is highlighted
- 3. Check the quality defects such as the welding part of the runner.


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Vanuatu joins the Union
24 August 2012 | News story
The Government of the Republic of Vanuatu has officially announced its decision to join IUCN by endorsing the IUCN Statutes. The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources has been designated by the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu as its liaison with the IUCN Secretariat.
IUCN extends its warmest welcome to Vanuatu, an archipelago of over 80 islands in the South Pacific Ocean located east of Australia and west of Fiji. Vanuatu is mountainous with a few active volcanoes on some islands. It is part of the biodiversity hotspot of east Melanesia, harboring notable endemic species and diverse marine and coastal life. Many communities rely heavily on native species for their livelihoods, and as such, the economic, social and cultural value of species is very high.
Natural resources are invaluable to the people of Vanuatu; agriculture and eco-tourism are the main sources of revenue. A country rich in culture; Vanuatu is considered one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world, with more than 100 distinct languages and dialects.
The Government of Vanuatu is party to key environmental conventions, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and others.
"Vanuatu is a critical link in ensuring the Melanesian countries are on board – especially with their unique biodiversity and cultural contribution to the global community," says Taholo Kami, Regional Director, IUCN Oceania.
IUCN Oceania has been working with the Vanuatu government under its Energy programme, looking at alternative renewable energy resources, and through the Water and Wetlands programme, whereby Vanuatu is a receiving country under the Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation and Livelihoods project, which aims to safeguard and manage mangrove ecosystems in five Pacific countries. IUCN Oceania looks forward to continued collaboration in these and other programme areas.
For more information on IUCN Membership in Oceania please contact Helen Pippard, Membership Focal Point at _EMAIL_