text:
The construction of dry stack walls (that is, wall construction without the use of mortar), has been a feature of human development for thousands of years. Extraordinary examples of dry stack stonework can be seen at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico; cliff dwellings in Arizona and Colorado; Mayan architecture in Mexico and Central America; and at the Inca city of Machu Picchu in Peru – to name only a few. These examples show that prehistoric cultures recognized the importance of durable construction and, at least in the case of Machu Picchu, the Incas developed techniques that were capable of surviving earthquakes. The walls at Machu Picchu are undoubtedly the finest dry stack construction ever devised.
Figure 1: Dry Stack and Mill Walls
The history of dry stack walls in our neck of the desert may not be as ancient, durable or glamorous as the sites mentioned, but the region still provides a rich testament to this type of construction dating from the latter half of the nineteenth century. These examples owe their use to mining, pioneer settlement and the development of transportation in Territorial Arizona. Their construction was for utilitarian purposes and achieved their desired results while maintaining a conscious focus on economy.
The purpose of this five part series is to describe, through photo and text, a historical context for the type of dry stack construction you are likely to encounter in the mountainous mining areas. Whether you are a fellow historical researcher or simply enjoy recreational trekking, your ability to locate and identify dry stack structures will increase your "situational awareness" about mines and settlements.
Quality and durability of dry stack walls varied greatly during the pioneer and prospecting era. Once you begin studying these structures it becomes relatively easy to distinguish the "Do it yourself" method from well-engineered and patiently constructed walls. For example, an itinerant mine worker might only have been interested in blocking wind and rain with a temporary shelter, where a mine owner needed a durable road that would not wash out during seasonally heavy rainstorms. A dry stack terrace wall at a mine had to be well-engineered to support tons of shipping ore and the constant vibrations of a stamp mill, while the construction of a foundation wall for a house or cabin did not require the same standards. It probably came down to the individual's sense of permanency and the resources at their disposal. For a 'jack' who may have earned $3.00 per day in the tunnels and shafts of a hard rock mine, there was little incentive to make an investment in a permanent structure.
Similarly, primitive pack trails that crossed the rugged mountainsides might be only two feet wide and did not require the scale or precision of wall construction demanded by wider roads that were needed to support heavy loads of equipment and ore shipments.
If you were a miner with several tons of mill ready ore (but no mill), or if you needed equipment and supplies, then you would understand why good roads and trails were vital. The railroad did not reach Wickenburg until 1877. Even then, transportation between a railroad town and the remote mining sites and settlements depended upon horses and mules. That helps explain why arrastres (the poor man's mill) were heavily used in the remote mining areas and – more than likely – explains the absence of milling operations even at many large mine sites. Milling equipment was simply too bulky or heavy to transport over these "rough and heavy" roads.
So, with this introduction, let's study a few of the dry stacks that you will find in the vicinity of the Wickenburg/Weaver/Bradshaw mountain ranges (east and north) and the Harquahala Mountains to the west.
Stage Coach and Freight Roads
When you are exploring remote areas you will be presented with many opportunities to spot historical features, such as the dry stack wall shown below. Notice that the actual 'road' is virtually impossible to detect because trees and shrubs now cover the route.
Figure 2: Stage Coach Road
The dry stack wall shown in Figure 2 is part of a stage coach road east of Wickenburg, situated between Hamlin Wash and Morgan Butte, south of Buckhorn Road. This road runs in an easterly direction for several miles and then branches in three directions (north, east and south). It connects to several historically important mine sites and settlements. The view in this photo looks in a westerly direction. This road probably pre-dates modern Constellation and Buckhorn Roads by two or three decades. Unless you are particularly observant, you are unlikely to see this feature, since there is only one viewpoint that exposes the old road. It illustrates several points:
- The original surface and slope of an old road or trail will inevitably be altered by decades of runoff and sedimentation that settles onto the abandoned roadway.
- Natural growth of vegetation will eventually reclaim the original margins of the roadway.
- A dry stack wall – regardless of its size – may be the only way to locate an old road.
Figure 3: Stage Coach Road Close-up View
The view in Figure 3 is a closer examination of the dry stack wall. This photo angle is only possible by hiking from above (right) to this south-facing slope, or via foot, horse or ATV from below (left). It is a particularly impressive dry stack wall; measuring nearly 100 feet in length and approximately twenty feet high at the center.
The builders of this wall are unknown to me but, based upon legend, were probably Chinese laborers. A notable feature of the wall is that it had a 'staggered' construction. In other words, the upper portion of the wall was offset from the lower portion. This allowed the upper wall segment to rest upon the reinforced foundation below it and contributes to overall structural integrity. Close examination of the wall reveals that many of the rocks were shaped to provide a tight fit. Also, the individual rocks do not protrude from the contour – the exposed surface of the wall is generally smooth.
Within a few hundred yards of this location there are another half-dozen dry stacks. Where there are no walls to support the roadway, sedimentation from the uphill slopes has virtually erased any evidence of the road, and native vegetation has obscured what remains of the original roadway. These dry stack walls have survived the elements for nearly 140 years and remain in wonderful condition to this day.
If you think of mine roads as branches from a stage coach route (that is, 'highways' leading to arterial roads and trails), then you can find many trails that will take you to old mines. Figure 4 shows a dry stack wall that was part of the famous "$17,000 Road constructed by George Mahoney between the settlement of Constellation and O'Brien Gulch. One of the dry stacks is visible to the left and right of the Saguaro cactus in the photo center. Mahoney discovered the Gold Bar Mine in 1877, but was constrained from transporting supplies and heavy equipment by the lack of an adequate road. He undertook the construction of this road in 1884 to address the problem.
Figure 4: Mahoney's Road
To the left and right of the Saguaro cactus you can see a dry stack wall that is considerably more modest in construction than what is shown in Figure 2. In contrast to the previous wall, this dry stack made use of more 'irregular' shaped rocks. In other words, the rocks were not shaped by stone masons to provide a tight geometrical fit. Instead, the placement of individual rocks in the wall was based upon their individual shape. Mahoney's road was narrower and less well engineered, but it served its purpose very well. I have never attempted to count the number of dry stacks on the route between Constellation and the bottom of O'Brien Gulch but I estimate there are at least a dozen walls along this route. The road is now nearly 130 years old. Today it can only be traveled by foot for the entire length, but the walls remain a testament to its durability.
Other stage coach and freight road walls have not survived the test of time, as seen in Figure 5. In this example, the ravages of weather have claimed the center portion of the wall. In spite of its collapse from seasonal flooding, it still serves as a marker to pioneer activity so, in that regard, its condition doesn't really matter.
Figure 5: Collapsed Dry Stack Wall
What do these photos suggest to you? To me, I see careful, well engineered construction. The rocks were carefully stacked and, when necessary, were shaped by stone masons to provide the best possible fit in the wall. Even though the dry stack in Figure 5 has partially collapsed, it is only the result of heavy runoff on a road that has been abandoned for at least a century. Figure 4 suggests, to me, a more economical approach to construction. It did not require shaped stonework but it is still well built. The hillside roads shown in Figures 2, 3 and 5 were also generally wider than Mahoney's Road into O'Brien Gulch.
It is important to consider that these roads were not 'public' highways in the sense that we are accustomed today. They were all built at the expense of a mine owner or stage/freight company for the purpose of expediting supplies, equipment and passengers. They were, in effect, only as wide and sturdy as needed to accommodate the type of traffic of the era and to endure (without excessive maintenance) for as long as possible.
The next article (Part Two) will deal with mine trail construction and will illustrate a different type of trail structure and dry stack walls. Examination of these trails and walls will show that they were typically more economical and designed with more modest objectives than what you have seen in Part One.
Last 5 posts by


text:
"Be not afraid of going slowly. Be only afraid of standing still."
Assistance Animals Consulting was created with the guided focus for veterinarians to help bridge the gap of education and understanding for doctors prescribing working animals, patients and organizations using working animals and the public at large interacting with working animals. These working animals are service dogs, emotional support animals as well as therapy animals. We will keep moving forward one step at a time, bridging this gap of education and understanding no matter how slow. Slow forward movement is better than no movement at all. Assistance Animals Consulting is an organization of veterinarians, recognized experts uniquely qualified to serve the community by providing resources for education, behavioral understanding, and guidance regarding working animals. Our veterinarians are here to support you. We are here to help you make it happen!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
626 Flatbush Ave: An Adaptive Vertical Community
ROBIN DRIPPS + GHAZAL ABBASY-ASBAGH
PARTNER: MAX CUTTLER
1. Any animal or human grotesquely deviating from the normal shape, behavior, or character.
The concept of "deviating from the normal shape, behavior, or character", suggests the existence of a normal condition. The premise of this studio was to re-consider this normal condition in housing and explore various hybrid conditions that would result in an abnormality. Building on the premise that the "normal" -- current modes of housing and urbanism -- are no longer sustainable ecologically or socially, it involved an investigation in hybridity -- cultural, phenomenal, economical, ecological, programmatic, spatial, formal, and others -- as vehicle for new urbanism. This followed by applying this investigation and prototype to Social Housing. The question was how can you break the rules of regularity that exist today in this typology. This reconfiguration was a search for possibilities and iterations.
The resulting building is a focus on a series of networks and patterns that already exist within cities. Cities are places of transaction where information, goods, cultural production, etc. all form an active network of negotiation. This series of networks is something that this project is meant to not only preserve, but promote, within a sustainable vertical community.


text: They have a nominal voltage of 3.7V or 3.6V. They are charged at 4.2V, and disconnected when the charger says 4.0V. Does that mean they are 3.6V when they are empty, or are they overchaged when they are 4.0V? How low in voltage can they go and still have plenty of current? Thanks. I'm designing a 36V lithium ion battery made from commercial 3.6V cells, since commercial 36V batteries are so expensive.


text:
Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Series
The COPS-funded series of Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, or POP Guides, consists of 49 Problem-Specific Guides, 5 Response Guides, and 6 Problem-Solving Tool Guides. The Problem-Specific Guides provide law enforcement with problem-specific questions to help identify potential factors and underlying causes of specific problems, identify known responses to each problem, and provide potential measures to assess the effectiveness of problem-solving efforts. Response Guides are POP Guides that summarize the collective knowledge from research and practice about how, and under what conditions, certain common police responses to crime and disorder do and do not work. Problem-Solving Tools Series are POP Guides that explain how various analytical methods and techniques can be applied to improve an understanding of crime and disorder problems.
Choose one of the following to view either all or a segment of the POP Guides Series –
These problem-oriented guidebooks are available on this CD or for download. By opening any of the POP Guides on this CD-ROM, you will be able to search the document, read individual chapters, and print only the sections you want.
If you wish to have a hard copy sent to you, call the COPS Office Response Center at _PHONE_ or send an e-mail to _EMAIL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
NAEP endeavors to include as many sampled students as possible in the assessment, including students with disabilities (SD) and English language learners (ELL), and has established specific inclusion goals: 95 percent of all sampled students and 85 percent of sampled students identified as SD or ELL. Inclusion rates were computed for each state/jurisdiction participating in the 2011 assessment and compared to NAEP inclusion goals. Specifically, Wilson confidence intervals were used in order to avoid having an upper bound greater than 1.
Three inclusion percentages were computed for each state/jurisdiction. An overall inclusion percentage represents included students as a percentage of all students sampled within the state/jurisdiction. In addition, separate percentages were computed to report included students as a percentage of the state/jurisdiction sample that was identified as SD or ELL.
Inclusion percentages are estimates based on a sample, and each estimate has a measure of uncertainty or margin of error. Confidence intervals quantify this uncertainty due to sampling, resulting in interval estimates of the inclusion percentages. Therefore, confidence intervals for inclusion percentages were used to determine upper and lower confidence bounds around the inclusion point estimates.
When determining whether each state/jurisdiction met the NAEP inclusion goals, the confidence intervals were used, rather than just the point estimates. In other words, if the inclusion goal, whether 95 percent or 85 percent, fell within the corresponding confidence interval, the state/jurisdiction was considered as having met the goal. Therefore, states/jurisdictions for which the upper bound of the confidence interval was less than 95 percent did not meet the overall inclusion goal.
In 2011, all states met the goal of including 95 percent of all students selected for the NAEP samples, and all but three states (Kentucky, Michigan, and North Dakota) met the goal of including 85 percent of those students identified as SD or ELL selected for the samples.
Read more about the NAEP inclusion policy, including exclusion rates from current and previous assessments in all subject areas.


Chickens prove key to tracing migration across Pacific
Illustration: Cathy Wilcox
Illustration: Cathy Wilcox
We all know why the chicken crossed the road but how the chicken crossed the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean is a riddle Australian scientists may have finally answered.
University of Adelaide archaeologists have retraced the movement of the domesticated bird based on genetic samples of ancient and modern chickens. The findings allow scientists to reconstruct the migratory patterns of their human carriers throughout Island South-East Asia, Micronesia and Polynesia more than 3000 years ago.
"The colonisation of the remote Pacific was one of the last great human migrations," said the study leader, Alan Cooper, of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA.
But Professor Cooper said questions remained over the timing and routes used by these people, who travelled using outrigger canoes, relying on currents, wind patterns and the stars to navigate.
Using DNA samples from the bones of ancient and modern chickens, the group identified the genetic signatures of the original Polynesian chickens, which the group used to retrace the early migrations of Polynesians, known as Lapita people.
More than 3200 years ago, the chicken popped up in the Bismarck Archipelago, a group of islands above New Guinea. It then travelled with humans to islands in West Polynesia including New Caledonia, Tonga, Samoa, Fiji and Vanuatu.
Almost 1500 years later, humans, with their chickens in tow, ventured further east to another group of islands now known as French Polynesia. But their exploration did not stop there.
About 50 years later, the Polynesian chicken could be found as far north as Hawaii, as far east as Easter Island and as far south as New Zealand.
"The remarkable thing is that this breed is still alive today. In some of the remote Pacific Islands this thing is quite common," said Professor Cooper, whose results are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal.
While the researchers are not certain when and by what route the bird arrived in the Bismarck Archipelago, they did trace its origins back further than 3200 years ago to the Philippines.
"We know from archaeology that the Lapita group, the first people moving across this area were really closely associated with carrying pottery, pigs, chickens and rats," he said.
Chicken bones were more common than human remains which made them easier to study.
The birds also had greater genetic diversity than other animals that travelled with humans.
The study analysed the mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down via the mother, from ancient chicken bones uncovered in Hawaii, Niue and Easter Island as well as modern varieties.
Featured advertisers


text:
Surgery for skull base tumours results in a cure for many patients. For most of these patients, traditional open craniofacial surgery is the safest approach with the best chance of success.
Indications for surgery:
- In recent years, however, endoscopy-assisted surgery, which leaves no visible scars, has been found to be effective for the resection of some skull base tumours.
- During endoscopy-assisted surgery, the endoscope and surgical instruments are inserted through the nose and approach the skull base tumour from below, without the need for incisions.
- The endoscopic brain surgery results in less pain and often a faster recovery than traditional surgery. The incision does not leave a visible scar on the face or scalp.
- Surgery times vary depending of the complexity of each case. For routine cases, surgery often takes two hours from the time anaesthesia is administered. More complex cases may take from four to six hours.
Removal of Brain Tumours:
Brain tumours are abnormal growth or cancers within the brain. Earlier having a brain tumour meant awaiting certain death. These days with advancement of therapy for brain tumours many can look forward to longer life spans with the diagnosis of brain tumours. Treatment for brain tumours includes surgery (minimally invasive), chemotherapy with anticancer drugs and radiation therapy.
Steps Taken in Tumour Removal Surgery:
- Brain tumor surgery: Before the surgery the scalp area is cleaned and shaved. The scalp is cleansed with an antiseptic lotion before the operation.
- Detailed images of the tumor are obtained beforehand using CT scans and MRI scans of the head. The operation in most cases is performed under general anesthesia wherein the patient is rendered unconscious.
- The surgeon makes an incision over the scalp. A hole is drilled into the skull. Sometimes a bone flap is lifted to expose a larger area of the brain for operation. In some cases the surgeon makes a smaller hole and inserts a tube with a light and camera on the tip. This is called an endoscope. The surgery will be done with tools placed through the endoscope.
- MRI or CT can help guide the doctor to the proper place in the brain. The tools are used to remove the tumor. This is a minimally invasive brain tumor surgery.
The tumor may be removed manually or may be removed using the newer techniques such as lasers, stereotactic computers, cryosurgery, thermal killing machines, ultrasound, radiosurgery, the Gamma Knife, the X-Knife, photo irradiation, blood: brain barrier disruption, boron neutron capture, etc.
- Chemotherapy: These are anticancer medications required in brain cancers. Anticancer drugs may be given as injections and sometimes as tablets or capsules. Chemotherapy may be given during and after radiation therapy with or without surgery.
- Radiation therapy: This therapy uses high energy x-rays, gamma ray, or protons beams to kills brain tumor cells. Radiation therapy usually follows surgery. The radiation kills the remaining tumors cells after surgery. External radiation therapy involves delivering radiation using large X ray like machines of frequent and regular visits to the hospital.


text:
In a city defined by water, a look at one way to get to it
The City of Pittsburgh, like many of its formerly industrial brethren, has made a number of moves to reclaim the working waterfront as active places for human activity. In most cases, this involves installing trails in linear parks with recreation nodes in place of the mills and plants that once relied upon water access. In these cases the recreational and riparian reclaimed edge pushes back buildings and their uses from the water they so desperately want to be on. The marina at Washington's Landing provides one exception where use of and engagement with the water occur as a matter of course.
In this simple analysis, we'll look at the six core characteristics that make it work:


text:
View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
Device for establishing a horizontal plane. It consists of a small, sealed glass tube containing liquid and an air bubble; the tube is fixed horizontally in a block or frame with a smooth lower surface. When the bubble is in the middle of the glass tube, the device is on a level surface; adjustment to the horizontal is indicated by movement of the bubble. The glass tube is slightly bowed, and the level's sensitivity is proportional to the radius of curvature.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on level, visit Britannica.com.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I want to produce a pdf that includes settings for a predefined profile, like the the printing on both side of a piece of paper, is that possible?
If a pdf does not provide this kind of feature, you some other file format that is able to?
share|improve this question
This sound like its unlikely to be possible. Different operating systems handle printing in very different ways, and it seems to me like an undesirable feature in any case so it unlikely to be implemented. – qubyte Nov 12 '11 at 2:31
this is true if you don't consider the fact that the reader of a certain filetype can decode and perform some tasks given by the file itself. If you open the same pdf with 2 times, the first time with Adobe Reader and the second time with another reader, you probably don't have the same features available even with the same file opened. – Micro Nov 12 '11 at 2:56
1 Answer 1
There is a (not well documented) key in hyperref.sty, called pdfduplex. It can take one of three values according to ISO PDF specificaiton, section 12.1: Simplex, DuplexFlipShortEdge and DuplexFlipLongEdge. Try this:
Other interesting keys are pdfprintarea, pdfprintclip, pdfprintscaling, pdfpicktraybypdfsize, pdfnumcopies; see this code from the package where these keys are defined:
 \do{2}{two copies}%
 \do{3}{three copies}%
 \do{4}{four copies}%
 \do{5}{five copies}%
Update (by -kp-)
Please note, that any of these embedded settings do not directly influence the print outcome at all, and they do give you control over the behavior of the print device. They only do influence 'the preset values used to populate the print dialog presented by a conforming reader' (as is spelled out somewhere in section 12.1 of the ISO spec for PDF-1.7).
It means that the PDF viewer popping up its print dialog should have the respective values pre-selected. As a user I could still select different values for the actual printing. Also, as a user I can usually set up my viewer application to 'ignore document presets'...
In other words, this (rather limited) functions will likely only work on Windows, and if you print the PDF using the print dialogs of Acrobat Pro (or Adobe Reader).
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
No Witnesses? Delayed Loss of Consciousness? Problems with ER Rely on Injured Brain for History Taking Symptoms Get Worse Over Time Second Look At Medical Records Lawyers Role
In most cases of TBI without coma, the emergency room records will say "no reported loss of consciousness." But how do we know there wasn't? The emergency room personnel are never at the scene, and there usually is at least a half hour gap between the time of the accident and the patient's arrival at the hospital. Who was there during the critical moment to tell?
If the only person who is asked whether there was a LOC is the patient, then the report in the emergency room record that there was no LOC, is of little significance. The injured person is a particularly poor historian of events for something that occurred when they may have been unconscious, disoriented or suffering from amnesia.
A Second Look at the Medical Records.
While you don't rely on the medical records, you don't ignore them either. The clues are often there, especially in the ambulance records. Is there a reference to disorientation, nausea, or the need for oxygen in ambulance records? Is what the patient said to the ambulance attendants with respect to symptoms and the events of the accident, consistent with what the patient told the ambulance attendants?
The Lawyer's Role.
By way of the lawyer's training and expertise in interrogation, the lawyer can often get a better sense of whether there was an LOC. Do a detailed questionnaire with respect to accident facts. Very carefully, walk the client through the accident details. Go back over the details several times, each time telescoping the time sequenced, getting more and more precise as to exactly what is happening just before impact, and just after the vehicles come to a rest. Watch for "the next thing I remember." Can the client give you a complete history, or are there jumps? What did the crash sound like? It is significant if the injured person cannot remember something as loud as the sound of the crash? In a surprising number of cases, there will be a gap in memory, if not consciousness.
For more information go to _URL_
Leave a Reply


text:
EARS: The Electroacoustic Resource Site
EARS is a structured Internet portal supported by extensive bibliographical tools, designed to aid those conducting research in Electroacoustic Music Studies.
The project is coordinated by Leigh Landy and Simon Atkinson at MTI Research Centre in collaboration with with Pierre Couprie and Rob Weale. EARS is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and Unesco and it forms part of Unesco's Digi-Arts Programme. The EARS team is now creating a new site for children.
EARS II + Composing with Sounds
The EARS II pedagogical project and its associated project "Composing with Sounds" will offer young people (Key Stage 3, 11-14 year olds) and interested people of all ages the chance to become acquainted with music made from sounds. EARS II offers a complete curriculum focusing on listening (repertoire), understanding of relevant concepts and making (composing) the music of sounds. It will offer various forms of navigation so that users can follow their teacher's or their own programme of discovery. The Composing with Sounds project is developing the creative platform for EARS II called "Compose with Sounds". This intuitive software includes a host of manipulation, generation and sequencing tools for inexperienced users. Composing with Sounds (CwS) has been funded by the EU Culture programme and also involves MTI collaborators INA/GRM, ZKM and NOTAM as partners as well as EPHMEE/Ionian University and Miso Music as associate partners. The CwS launch involves 18 schools in the six countries and culminates in concerts and teachers' workshops in all six as well in early 2013.
W: Composing with Sounds: _URL_ • EARS II: _URL_.
New Multimedia Tools for Electroacoustic Music Analysis
This three-year research project, made possible by an awarded of just under £300,000 by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), will develop an analysis software package and an analytical toolbox relevant to the breadth of electroacoustic genres. This will draw together existing methods, engage the latest interactive and hypermedia tools, and apply them to a range of works to compare their strengths and weaknesses. This aims to illuminate both the procedures and the works. We will be better able to judge what analytical approach (or approaches) would be best suited to gain an insight and understanding of a particular genre of the music. The research will be undertaken by DMU Professors Simon Emmerson and Leigh Landy with musicologist and programmer Dr Pierre Couprie and doctoral student Mike Gatt. A number of new extensions, developments and refinements will result in a newly developed software application ('E-Analyse' derived from Pierre Couprie's iAnalyse) which can apply a range of possible approaches. The project launched Autumn 2010. (Image: Pierre Couprie's "iAnalyse 3")
The Electroacoustic Music Studies Network (EMS)
The Electroacoustic Music Studies Network (EMS) facilitates developments in this vital field. It hosts international events focusing relevant subjects every other year.
Our collaborative partners in the EMS initiative are(OMF/MINT) at the Université de Paris IV — Sorbonne and INA/GRM, Paris.
MTI hosts the journal Organised Sound: an International Journal of Music Technology (Cambridge University Press). Prof Leigh Landy is the Editor.
Philharmonia Orchestra: The Sound Exchange
In 2002/3 the Access and Education Department of the Philharmonia Orchestra developed orchestral and internet resources with the MTI Research Centre. The Philharmonia is resident in Leicester. This large-scale collaboration was funded by the Arts Council of England as part of the orchestra's stabilisation. There were several large elements, supervised by Andrew Hugill, with support from MTI Research Centre members and MTI students and in collaboration with Dr Aladdin Ayesh of DMU's Computer Science Department.


text:
Vacuum brazed assemblies can be found in a wide array of markets and applications. These assemblies can range from oil coolers for automotive applications to highly complex environmental control systems with reduced weights for the aerospace and defense industries. The vacuum brazing process is especially ideal for products where high quality joints, lightweight assemblies and high thermal and mechanical performances are required.
Vacuum brazing is a manufacturing process for joining components that allows for higher thermal performance and lighter solutions. Braze alloys have a lower melting temperature than the materials that they are joining. Prior to the heating process, the braze alloy is applied between close fitting components of the parent alloy that are fixtured into place. The parts are placed in a vacuum furnace that is heated to at least 450°C, a level that will melt the braze alloy but not the main material. As the furnace is a vacuum environment, there is no risk of oxidation and no need for flux. The molten braze alloy fills in gaps between the components through capillary action so that when the part is cooled, it forms a joint through atomic attraction and diffusion. The end result is a clean, one-piece construction with strong joints.
Depending on application requirements of the part and its complexity, a helium leak check can verify the leak tightness of brazed joints. Parts that require T4 or T6 hardness stage undergo heat treatment after leak tight tests. This enables machining at similar feeds and speeds as those for untreated aluminum. Depending on individual part geometries, additional processes such as straightening may allow more effective ways of machining the finished components when required.
Although it can be limited by fixturing or oven size, vacuum brazing is an extremely versatile and clean process. As such, it tends to be the preferred manufacturing process used to produce lightweight, high performance assemblies with increased internal surface areas. Additionally, vacuum brazing can be used to produce larger assemblies with complex geometries, benefiting from the low distortion introduced by the process itself. These structures can range from plank type assemblies with internal channels to electronic enclosures, with or without internal features such as cold walls.
Aavid specializes in Brazed Heat Exchangers, Liquid Cold Plates, Heat Sinks, Chassis, and Enclosures.
Aavid braze furnaces are certified to braze per AWS C3.7 Class A, B, and C.
BenefitsVacuum brazing offers significant benefits over other joining technologies:
- Flux free process leads to clean parts
- Highly repeatable and controllable batch process
- Uniform material properties during and after brazing
- Ability to produce internal joints, even in complex structures, increasing the part's overall strength
- High temperature resistance of joints
- Common braze materials have excellent thermal properties
- Process enables highly enhanced surface structures to enhance thermal transfer
Aluminum Brazing Alloys and Fillers Available
Brazeable Alloys include:
- Wrought Aluminum 6061, 6063, 6082, 6951 (heat treatable) and 1100
- 3000 Series (non heat treatable)
- Cast Alloys A356, A357 and 443, 700 Series (less typical)
- 2000 and 7000 Series materials not typically brazed due to alloy limitations
- 5000 Series due to magnesium content
- Silicon, copper, zinc and others added in small quantities to aluminum to lower its melting point
- Magnesium also for vacuum brazing
- Typical Corrosion Resistant Filler Alloys include 4047, 4343 and 4045
- Comes in sheet, wire and powder forms
- Clad Brazing Sheet (filler alloy embedded on aluminum surface) also used
- No. 21 through 24 can be used for vacuum brazing


text:
On exhibit at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
One of the reasons I love exhibitions and museums is that they offer opportunities for storytelling and consequently, re-telling, as well. Most museums today are progressive in the sense that they continue a tradition of scholarship and service for the enhancement of public education. While some museums favor presentation methods might be simple and direct, without many opportunities for interactives, they stimulate public interest through the stories in their objects and exhibitions.
One such exhibition I had the chance to see recently was Power Play: China's Empress Dowager, at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian. The Freer and Sackler Galleries at the Smithsonian produce exhibitions on Asian Art and house the Smithsonian's Asian Art collection. This was a special exhibition on photographic prints from the glass plate negatives of the photos in the Freer Sackler Collection.
The exhibition itself is about the Chinese Dowager Empress Cixi, who is widely known through common history as the dominant political figure of the Qing dynasty, from the 1860's until her death in the early 20th century. She was the regent to two successive emperors and was known to be a conservative and tough leader, earning her the monicker of "Dragon Lady".
The photographs that comprise the exhibition were part of a political campaign by the Qing royal court to improve the Empress' undesirable image. Mainly given out as diplomatic gifts and also distributed throughout China (most likely as propaganda for the Qing court), the portraits helped form the ubiqitous "Dragon Lady" we all known in popular culture, but are also windows into a dying lifestyle and the private life of an unparalleled female political figure.
Organized into five sections, the exhibition seeks to provide a deeper and more complex portrait of the Empress by analyzing the subtle themes in each set of photographic prints. Each set of themed photographs convey the intentions of Cixi and her court through specific symbols and imagery. The photographs themselves were taken by a court photographer hired specifically for the task.
The exhibition itself is not large and can easily be walked through in around an hour or so. The objects and sections were paced at just the right rhythm throughout the galleries. The design is also fairly straightforward, placing the greatest emphasis on the photographs and using graphics sparsely yet tastefully.
Each photograph was printed large-scale and gave off a very regal and impressive aura. The galleries were darkened with the chosen wall color, with little ambient light. A spotlight shaped to each portrait provided the illumination for the objects. The overall aura was very much like a dark room but somehow also gave off a sense of theatricality, which was very much in line with the taste of Empress Cixi.
Unlike most fine arts exhibitions, Power Play did away with individual object labels and instead opted for an overarching panel that provided an overview of the exhibition sections and also pointed out details in certain objects. This was an effective technique in my opinion as it allowed visitors to take more time to really spend time looking at the photographs and not feel obligated to read every label on the walls.
The only graphics present in the exhibition were the section panels with the descriptions, and a large, loose wall hanging outside the exhibition exit that acted as a screen from the multimedia theater at the end of the exhibit. There was a very minimalist approach to the design, with the only semblance of ornamentation in the graphics being the seal of the empress imprinted on the graphic panels and exit screen. This I feel went well with the presentation of the photographs, and gave a very impressive, strong, and distinct presence.
Power Play is a great example of an exhibition with simple objects and a minimalist presentation technique that could have a potentially large impact on the stories surrounding a familiar historical figure. I know that my personal perception of the last empress was illuminated in some way. Hopefully more exhibitions like this can open avenues for discussion and stimulate interest in viewing history as a continuously changing part of the human experience.


text:
This module has been designed to give Red Earth staff key insights into the political environment surrounding Indigenous Australia, and how certain policies have shaped how remote Indigenous communities function and operate today.
As immersion facilitators you have a huge role to play in helping the participants explore and understand their experience with our Indigenous partners. Having a strong understanding of all of the topics mentioned in this module will help you explain and give historical context to accompany many of the stories that will be shared by the Traditional Owners.
This module includes the following lessons:
- Government Policies and Landmark Decisions
- Land Rights Movement
- Current Movements
- How Communities Operate
What to expect
- Estimated Time: 2 Hours
- Knowledge Quiz will be based on content from the lesson & topic pages
- The additional resources are not included in the estimated time, and will not feature in the Knowledge Quiz


text:
Cystatin C with eGFR Test in Ashland, Kentucky
The Cystatin C with eGFR test contains 1 test with 2 biomarkers.
To screen for and monitor kidney dysfunction in those with known or suspected kidney disease. Cystatin C is a relatively small protein that is produced throughout the body by all cells that contain a nucleus and is found in a variety of body fluids, including the blood. It is produced, filtered from the blood by the kidneys, and broken down at a constant rate. This test measures the amount of cystatin C in blood to help evaluate kidney function.Cystatin C is filtered out of the blood by the glomeruli, clusters of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that allow water, dissolved substances, and wastes to pass through their walls while retaining blood cells and larger proteins. What passes through the walls of the glomeruli forms a filtrate fluid. From this fluid, the kidneys reabsorb cystatin C, glucose, and other substances. The remaining fluid and wastes are carried to the bladder and excreted as urine. The reabsorbed cystatin C is then broken down and is not returned to the blood.


Chinese Cabbage
Curse of the bolting cabbage
A few years ago I began converting a portion of my cabbage harvest into stinky but mouthwatering kimchi.
Cravings for kimchi led to last year's troubled experiment with growing Napa cabbage – the traditional cabbage for making kimchi. Also known as Chinese cabbage (brassica rapa, Pekinensis Group), Napa is said to have more nutrients than other cabbage varieties.
I am a sucker for colorful, unusually-shaped vegetables so I bought seed for Scarlette Chinese Cabbage, a showy variety with bright magenta leaves, a pale yellow base, and contrasting white midribs. The catalog said these cabbages could bolt if exposed to temperature fluctuations as young seedlings but I didn't expect that to affect my plants.
The Scarlette Chinese cabbage seedlings were relentless. They crowded out other cabbage varieties in my seed flats and grew incredibly fast once transplanted into raised beds. They were a beautiful addition to the garden but quickly bolted. I salvaged a few loose heads for meals but mostly harvested cabbage greens. These became dehydrated vegetable flakes for an upcoming Arctic camping trip.
Chinese cabbage greens
Why did they bolt? Why would any self-respecting cabbage bolt?
The typical culprit for bolting vegetables in a well-maintained Alaska garden is the short nights of our growing season. Night duration impacts many plants through a phenomenon called photoperiodism, by which plants use their photoreceptors to measure the amount of light they receive. "Long day" plants like barley, spinach, radishes, and cilantro start flowering when nights are shorter. Short day plants like sunflowers need longer nights to start flowering.
Nurseries often use photoperiodism to trick plants into blooming but it seems to be less common for home gardeners to trick plants into not blooming. It's easier to avoid plants that bolt or look for bolt-resistant cultivars. Perhaps that's why photoperiodism is barely discussed in any of my gardening books.
All this aside, cabbages are usually categorized as "day neutral" plants, meaning they disregard day/night length. If they are bolting early in the season, it probably has nothing to do with photoperiodism.
Another culprit for bolting that might be relevant to my Chinese cabbage is called vernalization.
Vernalization is a beautiful word that describes how a period of cold weather is necessary for the flowering of many plants. It is more likely my Chinese cabbages bolted due to a cold spell in spring when I took my seedlings outdoors.
Other factors for bolting that are important to consider if day neutral plants are bolting include the soil quality, moisture level, and any other factor that might cause plant stress.
Chinese cabbage is a cool-weather crop that clearly wants to do well in my garden and I haven't given up on it yet. This year I'll wait to put seedlings outdoors until later in the spring when we aren't as likely to have cold snaps.
Maybe I'll make some scarlet kimchi after all.
Additional resources: I found a few good online resources for gardeners on photoperiodism, including a blog post from High Mowing Organic Seeds and an article from the Oregon State University Extension Service. Interesting scientific tidbits about photoperiodism and vernalization are shared in the book What a Plant Knows: A Field Guide to the Senses by Daniel Chamovitz.
2 thoughts on "Curse of the bolting cabbage
 1. Sarah says:
 Does your bolted cabbage taste good for kimchi? We've been trying to grow michihili (cant think of spelling) chinese cabbage and buds started growing and got prickly..before it tried making a head. Cut them as.soon as we saw it, so hoping the leaves are good for kimchi.
 - Transcendental Gardening says:
 I didn't try that and supposedly kimchi mainly made from leafy parts is somewhat icky. So if you have leafy bolted cabbage, might be better as pesto or a green sauce? If you do have a lot of stem material, I'd say to go for it 🙂
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s


text:
Bimetallic Ni-M (M = Co, Cu and Zn) supported on attapulgite as catalysts for hydrogen production from glycerol steam reforming
MetadataShow full item record
Monometallic Ni and bimetallic Ni-Co, Ni-Cu, and Ni-Zn catalysts supported on attapulgite (ATP) were prepared by chemical precipitation method and evaluated in the glycerol steam reforming (GSR) reaction under the following conditions W/G = 9, N 2 flow ratio = 0.16 L/min and GHSV = 9619 h -1. The prepared calcined and/or reduced samples were characterized by ICP-OES, N 2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, TEM, FT-IR, XPS and H 2 -TPR. The analysis results showed the addition of second metals obviously decreased the crystal size and suppressed the reducibility of active metal, by improving the metal-support interaction. These were optimized characters could promote the steam reforming reaction and water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) to improve the catalytic performance. The experimental results of catalytic activity revealed the glycerol conversions and H 2 yields over bimetallic catalysts were significantly higher than those over Ni/ATP catalyst. Among them, the Ni-Cu/ATP exhibited the highest the highest glycerol conversions and H 2 yield in GSR reaction, while it had larger particle size (12.2 nm) than Ni-Co/ATP (8.6 nm) and Ni-Zn/ATP (10.3 nm), and the higher reducibility than other two bimetallic catalysts. It may be deduced that the crystal size and reducibility of catalyst all showed pivotal to impart suitable catalytic activity, while these characteristics should have an optimal proportion for obtaining the outstanding catalytic performance. The effect of temperature on catalytic performance over all catalysts was also investigated. It was found that increasing temperature was favorable for glycerol conversions and H 2 yield, while the increase rate of H 2 /CO ratio was suppressed and CO/CO 2 ratio were increased for all catalysts at high temperature range of 600–700 °C. It was attributed to that increasing temperature although improved the breakage of C[sbnd]C, C[sbnd] H, and C[sbnd]O bonds in glycerol, the WGSR mainly side-reaction for producing H 2 was suppressed. The long-term experiments (30 h) were also conducted over all catalysts at W/G = 9, T = 600 °C, N 2 flow ratio = 0.16 L/min and GHSV = 9619 h -1. The results demonstrated the outstanding stability was obtained over Ni-Zn/ATP catalyst. In order to account for the causes resulted in catalyst deactivation, all spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, TPO and TG-DTG. The results shown catalyst deactivation was mainly affected by the sintering of active species and coke formation on catalyst surface. The Ni-Zn/ATP bimetallic catalyst showed the outstanding stability attributed to the excellent antisintering and carbon deposition, which resulted from the formation of unique metal-support interaction.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Steam reforming of phenol-ethanol to produce hydrogen over bimetallic NiCu catalysts supported on sepioliteLiang, T.; Wang, Y.; Chen, M.; Yang, Z.; Liu, Shaomin; Zhou, Z.; Li, X. (2017)© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. A series of NiCu bimetallic catalysts supported on sepiolite (Ni x Cu y /SEP) were prepared by co-precipitation method. The all as-prepared catalysts were characterized by using...
Catalytic partial oxidation of propylene to acrolein: the catalyst structure, reaction mechanisms and kineticsFansuri, Hamzah (2005)Bismuth molybdates have long been known as active catalysts for selective oxidation of olefins. There are several phases of bismuth molybdates but only three of them are known to be active for partial oxidation of propylene...
Nguyen, H.; Pham, Gia; Ran, R.; Vagnoni, R.; Pareek, Vishnu; Liu, Shaomin (2018)In this work, microwave (MW) irradiation was used to activate Co/Al2O3, Mo/Al2O3, and Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts for dry reforming of methane (DRM) reactions. Experimental results indicate that single metallic catalysts of...


text:
Archival inkjet print mounted on Sintra
16 x 16 in
This image is based on the famous spacewalk photo, but the astronaut has been replaced by a floating narwhal. Narwhals (Monodon monoceros), the unique species which may have spawned the unicorn myth, are poached for their beautiful 'horns' (which are, in fact, long spiraling teeth) and have been deemed threatened due to climate change. Kendler's replacing of the human figure in this iconic image makes us think of "a world that might have been otherwise" where cetaceans became the planet's dominant technological species.


"Keep" array index after filter in Javascript
ES6 adds quite a bit functionalities to array with map, filter etc. They are extremely handy, but I start to have trouble keeping track of the indexes.
For instance
arr.filter(v => v == 3)
We can find out if there's a specific element that we need, however once it's filtered, we lost its original index. Therefore we tend to use indexOf. But the point here is that we do want to filter, at the same time we need to have additional properties to be preserved during the process.
In order to do that, we could do
.map((v, i) => ({ v, i }))
.filter(t => t.v == 3)
Simple way
But what if I don't want to change array structure, instead we use another array for indexes,
const is = arr.map((_, i) => i)
Then we can write in an old fashion way,
is.filter(i => arr[i] == 3)
Basically we start with the index instead of value, assuming we can always access the original arr. There's a bit counter-intuitive here, since one of the reason we use filter is to hide arr. But I felt there's no point of the hiding here, unless you don't want to take advantage of the random access feature of array. This way, you keep track of two continuous memory spaces, one for the value and one for the index. You can join these two spaces if you really want to.
Instead of asking the question of "keeping" the index, we start with the index. IMHO this is relatively simple without overthinking of blending the value and index together to favor the information hiding.
This will become especially more important when we go into higher dimensional spaces, where using indexes in a continuous memory space is much more efficient than the value-first-index-later approach, if speed is your concern.
Front-end Engineer
Get the Medium app


text:
Questions around hydrologic calibration methodologies:
1) The performance of numerous rainfall-runoff models have been tested in many catchments across Australia in recent work (Petheram etal, 2009; 2012; Viney etal, 2009; Waters etal, 2013, in-prep). Two models consistently outperform the others: Sacramento (Burnash etal, 1973) and GR4J (Perrin etal., 2002; 2003). The Sacramento model tends to perform better when assessed over the calibration period, however the GR4J model has fewer parameters and the key question remains: does the simpler model allow more robust calibrations and perform better outside the calibration period?
As a side note, I am not sure whether GR4J has been tested on very large catchments (such as some we have in Northern and Western QLD). It may be that it lacks the complexity in its lower-zone storages required to model such catchments accurately.
2) Queensland hydrology has historically preferred to calibrate hydrologic reaches (as delimited by gauging stations or storages) in isolation. By using gauged flows at both the upstream and downstream ends of the reach, one obtains a good information about the routing behaviour, and estimates of historic residual fluxes (for calibration residual rainfall-runoff models, and reach losses). The benefit is that you are only calibrating to the best quality data. The downside is that the calibration period is limited to that during which data exists for upstream and downstream stations.
An alternative method is to calibrate all the models reaches together. This method introduces an amount of interplay between the parameters of successive reaches. It does mean you can use all the streamflow data (not just periods where upstream and downstream gauges have overlapping records). But it means that you are trying to calibrate many hundreds of parameters at once. It also means that you have to be careful about how to weight the relative importance of different gauges. And it means that spurious rainfall data in one subcatchment will not have an isolated effect; the resulting flows will hinder the calibration of all downstream reaches.
Which method is faster? Which is more robust (inside and outside the calibration period)?
3) The PEST optimization package has at least two optimization algorithms. The standard algorithm is very powerful, but assumes that the objective function is a well-behaved function of the model parameters. An alternative algorithm is the shuffled-complex-evolution algorithm implemented in SCEUA_P. It is slower to optimize, but makes no assumptions about the shape of the objective function, and is less likely to be trapped in local minima. A rainfall-runoff model is certainly better behaved than an operations model, but it does involve a few if-then-else blocks. So….
What optimization algorithm works best? Is the answer the same for Sacramento and GR4J?
Marshall, L. (2005) "Bayesian analysis of rainfall-runoff models: Insights to parameter estimation, model comparison and hierarchical model development", PhD Thesis, UNSW. _URL_
Vrugt, etal. (2008)


Lattice Degeneration | Retina-Vitreous Surgeons of CNY
Change Text Size
Lattice Degeneration
What is Lattice Degeneration?
The retina is the layer of specialized nerve tissue lining the back of the eye that allows you to see. Typically, we only use a small portion of the center of the retina to do most of our seeing. In some people, the far peripheral retina that is responsible for our extreme side vision can degenerate and become very thin and weak. The most common form of this peripheral retinal degeneration is lattice degeneration (figure 1). Lattice degeneration is seen in about 1 out of every 10 people in the general population. When it occurs, it is common for the condition to be found in both eyes. Lattice degeneration also commonly leads to the development of retinal holes (figure 2).
What causes Lattice Degeneration?
Why should I care about Lattice Degeneration?
Lattice degeneration can increase your risk of developing a retinal detachment. Although rare, a retinal detachment is a very serious problem that can lead to permanent vision loss and blindness. The retinal thinning, weakening and development of holes associated with lattice degeneration creates areas that are more prone to cause a retinal detachment. About one third of all retinal detachments are associated with lattice degeneration. Overall the lifetime risk of a retinal detachment in people with lattice degeneration is about 1 percent.
What are the symptoms of Lattice Degeneration?
Usually there are no symptoms associated with Lattice Degeneration. Symptoms typically only occur when a complication from the lattice degeneration occurs, such as a tear or detachment of the retina (figure 3). If you ever have the onset of flashing lights, new floaters or a loss of the side vision you need a prompt examination to rule out any serious problems with the retina.
How can lattice degeneration be treated?
Does Lattice Degeneration need to be treated?
For the vast majority of people with lattice degeneration no treatment is ever needed. The risk of developing a retinal detachment is very low, only around 1 percent. Even for people who develop retinal holes from the lattice degeneration the risk of a retinal detachment is only around 2 percent. However, there are some situations where laser treatment is recommended. Treatment is recommended when a retinal tear occurs, if the other eye has had a retinal detachment or if there is a strong family history of retinal detachments.
Figure 1. Lattice degeneration in the peripheral retina (arrows).
Figure 2. Retinal holes associated with lattice degeneration (arrows).
Figure 3. Retinal Tear.


text:
The term appreciation when used in the context of investing usually refers to an increase in the value of a particular asset. In the case of diamond jewelry, appreciation occurs when the value of a piece increases over time due to several different factors, such as supply and demand, inflation, and scarcity. Investing in diamond jewelry can make a great financial decision because diamonds tend to hold their value over long periods of time and can even appreciate in certain conditions.
Factors Affecting Appreciation – Reasons Why Diamonds Increase or Decrease in Value
Diamonds naturally appreciate or depreciate depending on a variety of factors. Supply and demand is one big factor when determining the worth of diamonds. When there's too much abundance, prices decrease. Similarly, if there's not enough availability for high quality stones then prices tend to be higher. Variables like technology advancements, geopolitics, and fashion trends can also affect gemstone prices. Scarcity is another major factor impacting diamonds' appreciation; rare gems are usually more expensive than those that are more common. Likewise, new discoveries or mines opening up will affect how much diamonds cost. Additionally, inflation plays an important role too; as the dollar weakens in purchasing power due to currency-wide inflation rates going up, so does the cost for certain items like gold and diamond jewelry rise in tandem with it.
Types of Diamond Jewelry Appreciation
Diamond jewelry can appreciate in value, meaning that over time the same piece of jewelry will be worth more. This appreciation is driven by a variety of factors such as rarity, demand, and inflation. Rarity: Diamonds are rare gemstones, as natural diamonds are formed deep below the earth's surface, making them less common than other gemstones like sapphire or rubies. Demand: As the worldwide market for diamond jewelry grows, so does the demand for diamonds and prices tend to increase proportionally. Inflation: When prices rise due to an increase in general prices across all services and goods due to the lack of purchasing power of currency then diamonds often experience similar increases in value. Appreciation Over Time: As mentioned above, factors like rarity and demand usually cause significant appreciation over time because more people will compete for a given limited supply—driving up prices. Therefore, with proper care and maintenance, diamond jewelry can even become more valuable with time.
Factors that Affect Diamond Jewelry Appreciation
Market Factors: As with most investments, diamond jewelry appreciates or depreciates in value depending on the current market. If prices are rising and demand is high, then you can expect to see your diamond jewelry's value increase. However, if prices are low in the market and demand is low, the value of your jewelry may drop correspondingly.
Cultural Influences: Diamond jewelry is steeped in symbolism and has long been associated with love and marriage, making it a desired and highly sought after item for many cultures around the world. This can have a direct effect on its appreciation potential. For example, some traditional Indian wedding sets featuring diamonds tend to show very strong appreciation potential due to their cultural significance.
Supply & Demand: The law of supply and demand states that if there is an increase in demand, but no corresponding increase in supply, then the price will rise – this applies just as much to diamonds as it does to oil or other commodities. Certain diamond shapes such as round brilliants often become more valuable when they become rarer; if a large period of time elapses between two similar stones offering identical specifications being made available to the market.
Rarity : A diamond's rarity directly impacts its appreciation potential. If a piece of natural rough contains certain characteristics such as clarity or size that make it rarer than other pieces of its type; these factors greatly contribute to a higher appraisal value when compared against more common stones with similar characteristics.
Quality: Ultimately though, quality is the most important factor impacting diamond jewelry appreciation potential; no matter what shape takes preference at any given time. It stands to reason that larger diamonds with better cut-grades will always be worth more than those rated lower than them on both counts – so investing in high-quality diamonds is always something sound advice for anyone looking for sustained investment returns from their purchase over time!
Care and Maintenance to Increase Appreciation
Diamond jewelry can appreciate and gain value over time. While the appreciation of diamonds can vary and is usually less than other forms of investments, caring for a diamond piece will help increase its value. Some of the best ways to ensure long-term appreciation are proper cleaning, storing, insurance, and repairs, as needed.
Cleaning jewelry frequently keeps your diamond pieces looking sparkly and attractive. Getting your jewelry professionally cleaned on a regular basis not only increases the visual appeal but also helps retain any existing stones or enhance their longevity.
Storing precious gems properly can also help preserve their quality. Storing in an airtight box filled with velvet-lined compartments can protect from everyday dust that may otherwise dull a jewels sparkle. It's best to store each piece separately so that larger pieces don't scratch smaller ones. Keeping away from exposure to heat and cold temperatures is critical too since extreme temperatures can damage the integrity and weaken metals used in settings or mountings.
Jewelry Insurance is something to consider so that you are protected if you lose a stone or if something happens to the piece itself such as damage or theft. Insurance companies offer policies which provide coverage for up to several times an item's appraised value depending on the policy you choose. Knowing that your jewelry is insured provides added peace of mind while ensuring that your beloved pieces remain appreciated and valuable should something unexpected arise.
Finally, making sure any necessary repairs are done quickly by a qualified professional jeweler keeps everything in working order and maintains protection against damage due to daily wear & tear or exposure to elements like water, heat or cold temperatures etc In some cases, these repairs may even restore a diamond's original sparkle! Taking care of any small issues right away before they become bigger problems makes for much more cost effective resolution down the line should anything happen at all — it's just good preventative upkeep here!
Appreciable Diamond Jewelry Assets
Yes, diamond jewelry does appreciate. However, it depends on several factors such as the quality and size of diamonds, the metal used to make the jewelry, market trends and demand for particular colors of diamonds and metals. Many people view diamond jewelry as an appreciable asset because investing in it can be more profitable than keeping money in a bank account. There are several key pieces that should be held for investment purposes, such as rings and necklaces featuring larger diamonds or highly-prized settings. For those looking to maximize their return, they should research cut types (princess cut vs round), color grading (D-F) and clarity scales (IF-SI3), all of which will play a large factor in determining the value of a piece of diamond jewelry. Additionally, exploring different avenues of selling – such as private buyers or auctions – could result in higher returns for those selling diamond jewelry.
Strategies for Investing in Diamond Jewelry
Yes, diamond jewelry can appreciate in value over time as long as it is of good quality. The key to realizing a return on investment (ROI) is to purchase jewelry that meets the standards for investment grade items. These are commonly classified as prime gems and limited editions or rare antique diamond pieces. To meet these criteria a piece must have superior craftsmanship, high clarity, excellent cut and color rating, certificate from the Gemological Institute America (GIA), and an origin free of conflict diamonds. Additionally, the buyer should research current market conditions to place an appropriate price tag at the initial purchase. With these factors in consideration one can acquire an asset expected to appreciate in value over time.
When selling diamond jewelry it's important to be knowledgeable about its provenance so that its value can be accurately assessed. An appraisal evaluation is often necessary which should be conducted by a GIA-certified gemologist prior to listing the item for sale. Delivering accurate counterfeit assessments with up-to-date diamond grading reports will help maximize any appreciation potential when it goes into the marketplace and help make sure your piece is not discounted due to suspicious grading or false information about its origins. Furthermore, buyers should also do their own research into current prices for similar jewelry pieces when selling their item within the same region or far away from home; there tends to be regional pricing differences even when working within the same country or international markets. To meet these criteria one must be sure to identify reliable trades providing accurate information on resale prices plus certifications detailing gemstone identity and origin details – all this combined will ensure maximum ROI potential over time if properly managed asset. Taking these steps should ensure your diamond jewelry asset portfolio is adequately protected against depreciation while maintaining critical provenance details needed for authenticity results required on any high-end luxury item transaction before making such investments with either cash or financing alternatives available online today.
Investing in Secondhand Diamond Jewelry
One of the most appealing factors in investing in secondhand diamond jewelry is that, because diamonds are durable and last for a long period of time, the pieces may appreciate in value over the years. As with any investment, there is a chance that some diamonds may depreciate; but it's likely that the piece will be worth more after it has been purchased than did when bought. Additionally, while diamonds tend to stay relatively consistent, they have seen incredible appreciation over time—with prices on some rare colors and sizes rising substantially due to their rarity. Because of this, buying a used diamond piece can not only provide cost-savings today but could potentially prove to be a great investment if you choose to resell it later. Furthermore, many diamond dealers offer certificates of authenticity which are essentially warranties of quality and value assuring the customer that their purchase corresponds to the stated price. These certificates also help buyers maintain their investments for future resale by attesting to genuine craftsmanship and increasing marketability.
Investing in diamond jewelry can be a smart way to increase the value of your assets, as diamonds generally appreciate over time. However, there


text:
|Location||Province of Rome, Lazio|
|Max. length||2.015 km (1.252 mi)|
|Max. width||1.545 km (0.960 mi)|
|Surface area||2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi)|
|Max. depth||60 m (200 ft)|
|Shore length1||6 km (3.7 mi)|
|Surface elevation||305 m (1,001 ft)|
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
In ancient times Lake Martignano was part of southern Etruria and called Alsietinus Lacus. Augustus drew from it the Aqua Alsietina; the water was hardly fit to drink, and was mainly intended to supply his naumachia (lake made for a sham naval battle) at Rome, near San Francesco a Ripa, on the right bank of the Tiber, where some traces of the aqueduct were perhaps found in 1720. The course of the aqueduct, which was mainly subterranean, is practically unknown: Frontinus tells us that it received a branch from the lake of Bracciano near Careiae (Galera): and an inscription relating to it was found in this district in 1887.


Messybeast.Com Cat Resource Archive FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions
Advertising and Links Policy (Items 14 & 15)
Version 4.2
Date: Nov 2013, Updated Jan 2020
1. Where is Messybeast?
The main contents page for the Cat Resource Archive _URL_
The gateway page to both Messybeast.com and sister site Moggycat is _URL_
In geographical terms, Messybeast.com is maintained in Britain.
2. What is Messybeast?
Messybeast.com ("Messybeast") is a privately maintained, not-for-profit archive of cat-related articles, information and clip-art. Messybeast is not a company, charity or non-profit organisation. Its main emphasis is cat care, cat welfare, feral cats and associated information for cat owners. It also contains general interest articles ranging from cloning and genetics through to the role of cats in idiom and urban mythology. A number of relatively scientific and technical topics are presented in plain English, making them accessible to those without a scientific background.
The archive is British, but tries to take into account differences in cat care and attitudes in major pet-owning societies throughout the world. There will be cultural differences evident in articles; where necessary, separate country-specific information is included and indicated as to its applicability. The information is presented without bias, but Messybeast reserves the right to express personal opinions and these are generally indicated by the first person singular (I, my, me) or by a qualifying statement. All attempts have been made to keep the articles accurate and up-to-date (except where marked "no longer maintained").
Just because an article includes two or more sides of an argument does not make it biased. Some of the facts and views expressed may be unpalatable due to breed society politics where they are more often "swept under the carpet". Ignoring facts will not make facts go away. Different societies/registries have different, but equally valid, opinions on topics such as "what is a deformity", indoors/outdoors etc. Some American breeders construe impartiality and presentation of multiple viewpoints as bias against them. Since Messybeast is not affiliated to a breed society or registry, it presents views other than the "politically" accepted one and does not sanitise articles to conform to registry politics.
3. Who runs Messybeast?
It is run privately by Sarah Hartwell in Britain. A contact email is provided on the main contents page. Contrary to some site reviews, Messybeast is not run or maintained by Cats Protection, nor by any other registered or private charity whose details appear in the archive or links.
4. Does Messybeast accept contributions?
The general answer is no. Messybeast articles are researched and written by S Hartwell and include personal observations/experience. Additional information, correction and comment is welcome for potential inclusion in articles e.g. short case histories. Articles will not be sanitised for the sake of national, breed or registry politics. Breeder photos appearing on Messybeast are provided for information and illustration only. A courtesy link is generally included to the breeder's site. This does not constitute an advertisement of any particular breed or breeder. Where possible, information is obtained from multiple independent sources to provide a variety of viewpoints; in the case of some topics/rare breeds there may only be a single source of information available.
Messybeast contents are restricted to informational and commentary. Fiction, stories, poems etc about cats and cat-related humour are held at Messybeast's sister site, Moggycat and includes some contributions.
Many of the earlier-dated articles on Messybeast and Moggycat were originally written for cat magazines and newsletters. Factual articles have been updated unless stated otherwise in the introduction.
5. Does Messybeast endorse featured breeds or breeders?
Articles about breeds are informational only. They are not endorsements of particular breeds or breeders. They detail the attributes and development of breeds. In newly developed breeds this information may be available from a single breeder or a small number of breeders. In short, Messybeast does not provide consumer reviews of breeds or breeders. Messybeast does not remove informational articles on the basis of single cats displaying an undesirable issue that is not representative of the breed in general. Any breed, whether new or long-established, may produce cats that have issues that are not representative of the breed as whole.
6. Does Messybeast rehome cats?
The definitive answer is "No". It is not a rehoming site or a shelter/breeder referral site. It is an information archive. To find details of your local cat shelter, humane society, animal rescue group etc, you should refer to your local telephone directory or Yellow Pages. You may find local information by searching using Google (_URL_). Messybeast does not maintain a list of rescue organisations.
7. What advice is available from Messybeast?
While Messybeast will try to answer general email queries (or refer you to an appropriate source of information), it does not give detailed veterinary or specialist advice. Veterinary queries should always be referred to a qualified veterinarian or to a veterinary nurse/veterinary technician. There are plenty of cat care/health books available, look for ones which have been written or approved by a veterinarian, a humane society or by a recognised feline organisation. Cat care fact sheets are available from many veterinary surgeries and welfare organisations.
I have been studying genetics for over 30 years, most of that being specific to cat genetics and to hybrid animals. In that time I've built up extensive knowledge of cat inheritance genetics and hereditary conditions. I have a particular interest in making information about "anomalies" available to veterinary staff, breeders, rescues and owners. Some anomalies are so rare there is little freely available information about them. For detailed genetics advice, the book "Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians" is well worth getting hold of through Amazon or other online booksellers. I was a contributor to the 4th Edition.
I've also observed and studied cat behaviour for around 30 years. That includes working with all types of cats at a rescue shelter, taming feral kittens and taking on "unhomeable" cats. For more detailed behavioural advice, books by Peter Neville (behaviourist), Claire Bessant (behaviourist), Bruce Fogle (vet) or Roger Tabor (biologist) are available from on-line booksellers. Alternatively, look for books written by members of a recognised pet behavioural body (e.g. APBC in the UK). Cat owners in the USA might want to look out for books by Jackson Galaxy.
8. What is the Messybeast breed list?
This is a world-wide list of all formally recognised breeds, plus unrecognised breeds, varieties, variants, extinct breeds, experimental breeds and a number of notable mutations and cross-breeds. It originated in the mid 1980s and was maintained in association with the members of Yahoo's "newbreedcats" mailing list and later with Facebook. It is not affiliated to any individual organisation or registry. The breed list is now used by many other sites, both with and without prior permission. Many copies found elsewhere on the web are historical versions of the list.
Messybeast does not maintain a list of breeders. Breeders can be found via cat magazines and by using a search engine e.g. _URL_. Not all breeds will be found in all countries.
There is an associated breeds time-line which is more difficult to maintain because different breeds achieved recognition in different places at different times and under different names.
The Plain English guide to cat colours is a non-genetics list of different colours and patterns. It is largely a cross-reference guide since some colours/patterns have different names in different countries or in different breeds.
9. Where has the clip art collection gone?
The royalty free clip-art had to be removed due to problems of traffic. This caused the server to come to a halt and prevented people accessing the informational articles. A few clip art images have been left online as these are used to illustrate Messybeast's own articles.
10. What about using Messybeast articles and clip-art in my newsletter or on my site?
An email contact is provided on the archive's contents page. In general, non-commercial use e.g. club newsletters is fine provided the copyright is left intact (inclusion of the Messybeast URL is appreciated). Use in commercial (profit-making) publications is by agreement of Messybeast only and a courtesy copy is appreciated. The clip-art is royalty free and provided for use on websites, in newsletters, school projects etc.
If you want to include an edited or adapted version e.g. adapting the euthanasia articles to dogs or to produce a hand-out fact-sheet or a reference source for a particular age-group, please ask first. There are already some adapted versions elsewhere on the web which may save you time!
11. What about linking to Messybeast?
There is no restriction on linking to individual pages within the site. As with all web sites, there is the possibility of those pages being updated or moved.
12.Why can't I link directly to Messybeast photos?
Hot-linking my images to include them in your own pages or on forums uses up my bandwidth and costs me money. Messybeast is a not-for-profit site so I don't want to pay for other people to use my bandwidth. If you want to feature a single image


text:
There are Amnesty Groups and Action Circles spread out in communities across Canada. Each group in Saskatchewan is different.
Amnesty groups engage in many types of human rights campaigns and activities.
- We raise awareness about human rights issues in our communities by talking to the local media
- Lobby local politicians and government officials,
- Organize educational events with guest speakers, videos, and webcasting
- Group members write letters, hold vigils, organize demonstrations and other public events, and
- Work on specific long-standing appeal cases of individuals whose human rights are at risk.
In Saskatchewan there are Amnesty Groups in Saskatoon, Regina and Moose Jaw.
If you would like more information about starting a community group or action circle in your community email: _EMAIL_


text:
Can we evolve beyond thermal separation processes?
Colloquium | October 4 | 4-6 p.m. | 180 Tan Hall
Ryan Lively, Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology
The rapid increase in global industrialization necessitates technology shifts in energy production, manufacturing, and carbon management techniques. Large energy costs in refineries, power plants, and manufacturing facilities using traditional separation techniques are currently a major opportunity for innovation. Approximately 10% of global energy use can be attributed to separation processes, with the vast majority of separations being thermal in nature (e.g., distillation). Significant energy and cost savings can be realized using advanced separation techniques such as membranes and sorbents. One of the major barriers to acceptance of these techniques remains linking engineering materials to actual processes that are effective in the presence of aggressive industrial feeds.
The creation of robust materials-enabled advanced separators and their manufacturing into low-cost, energy-efficient devices to meet this global challenge will be the focus of the talk. Engineering novel materialssuch as zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, polymers of intrinsic microporosity, and carbon molecular sievesinto hollow fiber separation devices shows promise for emerging separation applications. These include natural gas liquid fractionation, olefin/paraffin separation, carbon capture, and organic solvent purification. Specifically, a new separation process known as organic solvent reverse osmosis that enables effective differentiation of isomer molecules will be presented. Synthesis and formation of advanced composite materials, mass transfer of small molecules through these materials, and an outlook for energyand costefficient separations will be discussed. The dual advance of novel materials engineering and scalable separation device manufacturing will enable use of membranes and sorbents in critical industrial separation processes.


text:
is Concept Attainment?
Attainment is an indirect instructional strategy that uses a structured
inquiry process. It is based on the work of Jerome Bruner. In concept
attainment, students figure out the attributes of a group or category
that has already been formed by the teacher. To do so, students
compare and contrast examples that contain the attributes of the
concept with examples that do not contain those attributes. They
then separate them into two groups. Concept attainment, then, is
the search for and identification of attributes that can be used
to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non-examples.
is its purpose?
attainment is designed to clarify ideas and to introduce aspects
of content. It engages students into formulating a concept through
the use of illustrations, word cards or specimens called examples.
Students who catch onto the idea before others are able to resolve
the concept and then are invited to suggest their own examples,
while other students are still trying to form the concept. For this
reason, concept attainment is well suited to classroom use because
all thinking abilities can be challenged throughout the activity.
With experience, children become skilled at identifying relationships
in the word cards or specimens. With carefully chosen examples,
it is possible to use concept attainment to teach almost any concept
in all subjects.
make connections between what students know and what they will
how to examine a concept from a number of perspectives
how to sort out relevant information
their knowledge of a concept by classifying more than one example
of that concept
go beyond merely associating a key term with a definition
concept is learned more thoroughly and retention is improved
do I do it?
of Concept Attainment:
and define a concept
positive and negative examples
the process to the students
the examples and list the attributes
a concept definition
the process with the class
the teacher chooses a concept to developed. (i.e. Math facts that
by making list of both positive "yes" and negative "
no" examples: The examples are put onto sheets of paper or
Examples: (Positive examples contain attributes of the concept
to be taught) i.e. 5+5, 11-1, 10X1, 3+4+4, 12-2, 15-5, (4X2)+2,
Examples: (for examples choose facts that do not have 10 as
the answer) i.e. 6+6, 3+3, 12-4, 3X3, 4X4, 16-5, 6X2, 3+4+6, 2+(2X3),
one area of the chalkboard for the positive examples and one area
for negative examples. A chart could be set up at the front of
the room with two columns - one marked YES and the other marked
the first card by saying, "This is a YES." Place it
under the appropriate column. i.e. 5+5 is a YES
the next card and say, "This is a NO." Place it under
the NO column. i.e. 6+6 is a NO
this process until there are three examples under each column.
the class to look at the three examples under the YES column and
discuss how they are alike. (i.e. 5+5, 11-1, 2X5) Ask "What
do they have in common?"
the next tree examples under each column, ask the students to
decide if the examples go under YES or NO.
this point, there are 6 examples under each column. Several students
will have identified the concept but it is important that they
not tell it out loud to the class. They can however show
that they have caught on by giving an example of their own for
each column. At this point, the examples are student-generated.
Ask the class if anyone else has the concept in mind. Students
who have not yet defined the concept are still busy trying to
see the similarities of the YES examples. Place at least three
more examples under each column that are student-generated.
the process with the class. Once most students have caught on,
they can define the concept. Once they have pointed out that everything
under the YES column has an answer of 10, then print a new heading
at the top of the column (10 Facts). The print a new heading for
the NO column (Not 10 Facts).
can I adapt it?
activity can be done on the chalkboard, chart paper or overhead
projector to a large or small group. It also works well as one-on-one
work. Rather than starting with the teacher's concept, use a student's
concept. Concept attainment can be used to introduce or conclude
a unit of study.
on the Concept Attainment Model
all of the positive examples to the students at once and have
them determine the essential attributes.
all of the positive and negative examples to the students without
labeling them as such. Have them group the examples into the two
categories and determine the essential attributes.
the students define, identify the essential attributes of, and
choose positive examples for a concept already learned in class.
the model as a group activity.
and Evaluation Considerations
write the definition from memory.
positive and negative examples from a given group.
their own examples of the concept.
a learning log
an oral presentation
a web, concept map, flow chart, illustrations, KWL chart, T chart


How Guinness is made
Stephen Kilcullen
5m 59s
Lesson Details
Can you identify the key ingredients involved in brewing Guinness? Although Guinness has been around for over 250 years, the company still uses the same ingredients and the same traditional brewing steps to brew the perfect pint.
In this lesson for bartenders and servers, Stephen Kilcullen dives deep into the four main ingredients used to create the beer, and the six classic steps that are undertaken to brew every batch of Guinness. You will find out more about:
 1. Milling and mashing
 2. Wort separation
 3. Boiling
 4. Fermentation
 5. Maturation and storage
 6. Packaging
Learn how different the yeast used to create Guinness is to other brewing yeasts, and how specific ingredients are delicately balanced throughout the process. Stephen explains that at Guinness breweries, there are brewers on site who have been with the company for over 40 years. This lesson will give bartenders and servers insight into the unique beer and brand.
Learn hospitality skills for today's world, including:
The four key ingredients to brew Guinness
The six steps to brewing
The story behind the ingredients
Stephen Kilcullen
Master Brewer & Global Head of Quality at Guinness
Read More
Related learning


In and out of the box
Who is Luce? Who is this gifted, high-school boy with his great smile and athletic body. Luce (Kelvin Harrison jr) was taken from Eritrea as a child and adopted by Amy (Naomi Watts) and Peter Edgar (Tim Roth). In a speech at his school in Northern Virginia Luce chuckles when telling the audience that his white mother could not pronounce his name, so 'my father suggested they rename me'. The audience, both on the screen and in the cinema, burst out laughing when he says that he did not understand his name at first. Luce? It sounds like 'loose', he smiles, baring his sparkling teeth. His real name remains unmentioned, probably no coincidence in a drama about identity.
Luce's teacher, Ms Wilson (Octavia Spencer) is suspicious of this charming boy, though, and she questions his motives for writing an essay on the revolutionary psychiatrist Frantz Fanon, who supported violence as a means to stop colonization. She decides to search his locker, finds some illegal fireworks, and consults with Luce's parents, which makes us all struggle with what to think and who to believe.
What is going on between black boy Luce and his black teacher Ms Wilson, who appear to think differently about their position in America and how they might be seen. What about the other black boy who is denied a scholarship? In a conversation, published in Drama Movies (Entertainment Scene, Filmmakers, Sundance, 24 January 2019), co-director and co-writer Julius Onah explains: 'I knew from my own experience, having gone to Washington – Lee High School (recently renamed Washington Liberty) in the middle of Arlington, that it was a melting pot inside of a melting pot, even though it's predominantly white. Arlington was also interesting because, like many places, it has progressive ideals that run up against internalized prejudices that people either aren't aware of or refuse to acknowledge.' He goes on to explain that the reference to 'black black' in the movie stems from his own experience at school, where some black people were accepted by whites and others, the 'blacker' ones, were not.
Strange, disconcerting things start to happen as the movie goes on, both to Ms Wilson as to Rosemary, her sister (Marsha Stephanie Blake). The strong suggestion that Luce, who appears to have so many different faces, is somehow involved in all this causes uneasiness. Is this black paragon of virtue really such an emblem of an integrated immigrant? Can his white, suburban parents handle him? How do they cope with their own convictions, but also growing fears about their model son? They desperately cling, not only to their own ideas of Luce's character, but also to those of their own parenthood. They have taken such efforts, paid for years of therapy after Luce's childhood in Eritrea and he has been doing so well. Their idealism, goodness, even identities seem to crack. Especially Amy is prepared to do a lot to preserve her own notion of who she is and what she thinks she believes in.
Julius Onah (in the above mentioned conversation, published in Drama Movies) says: 'I knew a lot of people like Amy and Peter in Arlington. People who are educated, smart, privileged and profess certain 'liberal' values. What I found interesting about the story was what happens when people who look good on paper discover tension between the values they profess and having to actually live those values.'
The atmosphere in the film gets more grim, also because of Luce's Chineselooking girlfriend Stephanie (Andrea Bang), who – like Luce – is fighting to escape the 'box', full of demands, they feel they are in.
The characters get more complex and ambiguous. In this film about racism, power, privilege and identity, manipulation reigns. Not just on the screen. In the cinema questions about our own preconceived ideas and expectations stare us in the face, leaving us unsettled about Luce and about ourselves.
title: Luce
directed by: Julius Onah
written byJulius Onah and J.C. Lee
starring:Kelvin Harrison Jr., Octavia Spencer, Naomi Watts, Tim Roth, Norbert Leo Butz, Andrea Bang, and Marsha Stephanie Blake
genre: drama, thriller
country: USA
runtime: 109 minutes
year: 2019
distributor: Searchers in the Netherlands
language: English


text:
Researchers have developed a more reliable approach to synthetic biology, the assembly of genetic'standard parts' to create an organism with desired traits. They've been able to combine a library of parts with computer models that help predict the behavior of those parts when they're combined in a living system. The approach takes some of the trial and error out of the process, moving 'tweaking' of the system earlier in the process.
The team used their improved method to build a genetic timer for brewer's yeast, capable of causing the yeast to clump together within a fermentation vat at a specific time. We'll talk with a member of the team about the research, and what improved synthetic biology might be used for.
Produced by Charles Bergquist, Director and Contributing Producer


Heaven Questions.com
Your Subtitle text
Questions & Answers About Heaven
With Randy Alcorn
Will there be animals in heaven?
Elijah was taken up to heaven in a chariot pulled by horses (2 Kings 2:11). We're told there are horses in heaven (Revelation 6:2-8; 19:11). In fact, there are lots of horses, enough for the vast armies of heaven to ride (Revelation 19:11; 2 Kings 6:17).
Other animals aren't mentioned in the Revelation passages, presumably because they don't play a role in Christ's second coming (an army bringing deliverance rides horses, not Dalmatians or hedgehogs). But isn't it likely that since there are innumerable horses in heaven there are all kinds of other animals too? Why wouldn't there be? Why would we expect horses to be the only animals? If there were no other animals, there wouldn't be horses.
In Isaiah 65:17 God refers to creating a New Heavens and a New Earth. In subsequent verses the text seems to move back and forth from the millennial kingdom to the New Earth. God makes clear he will have animals living there-either in the millennium or the New Earth or both (Isaiah 65:25).
Some also argue for animals being in heaven based on Ecclesiastes 3:19-21, which says "Man's fate is like that of the animals...all go to the same place." However, in the larger context of Ecclesiastes Solomon is simply talking about the outward appearance of death. Men and animals both die and we can't see where they go. Scripture tells us elsewhere, however, that man has an eternal soul. It tells us he goes one of two places at death. Animals are not said to have eternal souls. They are not said to relocate when they die. The presumption would be that at death they cease to exist.
However, this doesn't mean beloved animals won't be in heaven. I once read Billy Graham's response to a little girl's question, "Will my dog who died this week be in heaven?" Graham replied, "If it would make you any happier, then yes, he will be." Animals aren't nearly as valuable as people, but God is their maker and has touched many people's lives through them. It would be simple for Him to recreate a pet in heaven. I see no reason to believe he wouldn't if it would bring his children pleasure.
Romans 8:18-22 says that the whole creation was subject to suffering and futility because of human sin. The creation groans in longing for the liberation that will come to humans, and thereby to all creation itself. Creation is under man's dominion and will share the rewards of his redemption just as it shared the punishment for his sin. Animals are a central part of that creation, next to man himself the most significant part. After all, besides his wife, Adam was called upon to give names only to one other part of the creation-the animals (Genesis 2:19-20). He worked the garden, but he wasn't invited to name the vegetation. Clearly, the animals had certain qualities that set them above other creation. They were to be special to man, and his naming them makes his connection with them personal.
If the New Earth is all the best of the old earth and more, then we should expect it to contain animals. If animals weren't part of the New Earth, this would seem an obvious oversight. Eden was ruined through sin and will be restored through Christ's reign of righteousness. All that was part of Eden, and then made wrong through the sin of the first Adam, we would expect to be part of the New Earth, made right through the virtue of the Second Adam.
Would God take away from us in heaven what he gave, for delight and companionship and help, to Adam and Eve in Eden? Would he revoke his earlier decision to put animals with man, and under man's care? If he remakes the New Earth with new men (who look very much like the old men, only perfect), wouldn't we expect him also to make new animals (who will presumably look like the old animals, only perfect)?
2 Kings 2:11
Revelation 6:2-8
The Second Seal--War
The Third Seal--Famine
The Fourth Seal--Death
Revelation 19:11
2 Kings 6:17
Isaiah 65:17
Isaiah 65:25
The wolf and the lamb will graze together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox; and dust will be the serpent's food They will do no evil or harm in all My holy mountain," says the LORD.
Ecclesiastes 3:19-21
Romans 8:18-22
Genesis 2:19-20
<< Previous Next >>
By Randy Alcorn
Eternal Perspective Ministries
39085 Pioneer Blvd. Suite 206
Sandy, OR 97055
_PHONE_
Website Builder