text:
completing this session the participant will be able to:
Given background information:
STATE the two most important questions an instructor
should ask in designing instruction.
LIST the components of a formal ability-based
LIST the components of an informal
ability-based objective statement.
WRITE formal and informal
This is the forth
topic of five in a series of instruction designed to
provide an introduction to some essential tools in
Lesson 4: Ability-Based Objectives
© 2005 Towson University ◦ Gloria P. Holland, Ed.D.


text:
Muscles Of The Leg
If you are beginning an exercise routine to tone your lower body, knowing the muscles of the leg can help you figure out which areas to target to get sexy, well-built calves. Although "leg" commonly refers to the entire lower limb, it technically means the part of the limb between the knee and ankle. Read on to learn more about the muscles of the leg and their functions.
The calf is actually comprised of two muscles: the soleus and the gastrocnemius. The gastrocnemius muscle begins at the lower femur, which is just above the knee. The muscle continues all the way down the calf area and attaches to the Achilles tendon. The soleus muscle begins at the tibia and fibula (also known as the shinbone) and continues down the leg. The soleus is located under the gastrocnemius muscle. The flexor digitorum longus is situated under the soleus muscle and fused to the tibia with a thin layer of tissue known as crural fascia. The tibialis anterior, as its name suggests, is located at the front of the tibia.
Each of the muscles of the leg functions differently to make standing, walking, jumping, sitting and kicking possible. For example, it is possible to stand up because the gastrocnemius stabilizes the ankle and knee. Without it, you would constantly lose your balance and topple over. The same muscle also helps with knee flexion when you are seated.
With the help of the gastrocnemius, the soleus muscle allows the foot to plantarflex. Simply put, plantarflexion refers to the movement of your foot pressing the gas pedal in your car. Plantarflexion enables the angle between your ankle and shin to increase by 90 percent. The flexor digitorum longus' primary function is to flex to the second to fifth toes. This is one of the muscles of the legs that is weak at providing plantarflexion. Finally, the tibialis anterior allows you to invert your leg and draw it toward your body. This muscle is the strongest dorsiflexor (the opposite of a plantarflexor) in your leg. In other words, the tibialis allows you to raise your toes off the ground.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: _URL_
- Executive functions and memory abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Campbell, Linda E.;
Morris, Robin G.;
Murphy, Declan G. M.;
Murphy, Kieran C.
- The University of Newcastle. Faculty of Health, School of Medicine and Public Health
- Objective: Velo-cardio-facial syndrome or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common known microdeletion syndrome. One of the genes in the deleted region is the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which is thought to have significant effects on cognition through its influence on dopamine metabolism. The aim of the present study was to better characterize the cognitive phenotype in a large cohort children with 22q11DS compared with sibling controls and to investigate if the cognitive deficits in 22q11DS were modulated by COMT expression. Method: The memory, executive function and attentional abilities of children with 22q11DS (n = 50) compared to sibling controls (n = 31), were measured. Also, within children with 22q11DS, a preliminary exploration was carried out of the relationship between cognitive ability and COMT genotype. Results: Overall, the 22q11DS group had significantly reduced scores on tests of memory (especially in visual memory) and executive function (particularly in planning, working memory, and motor organization) compared with sibling controls. No association, however, was identified between COMT genotype and cognitive function. Conclusions: Although 22q11DS children have specific cognitive deficits, differences in COMT do not account for these findings.
- Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 44, Issue 4, p. 364-371
- Publisher Link
- Informa Healthcare
22q11.2 deletion syndrome;
- Resource Type
- journal article


text:
What is deep frying?
Deep frying involves plunging food into hot oil at a temperature of 160-190°C, in effect boiling in oil to produce a deep-fried quality. The food remains moist on the inside, and thanks to the good heat transfer properties of the hot oil, the cooking process is very fast.
When food is placed in the hot oil, rapid surface heating takes place. This leads to a quick change in the form of the surface proteins, which in turn allows only a limited flow of water from the product being deep fried.
Since the surface is quickly sealed and liquid flow from the inside is limited by these changes, moisture inside the food stays largely in place. Successful deep frying produces food which is crispy on the outside and cooked right through on the inside.
How is quality achieved?
For good quality you need to use:
- A fat/oil specially intended for deep frying
- The right temperature and timing for the particular food
- Good equipment, soundly maintained
If the above conditions are met, the oil for deep frying will be preserved for as long as possible. Poor quality oil for deep frying naturally results in a poor end product.
Ideal temperature for:
French fries - 180°C
Fish - 160-170°C
Croquettes - 170-180°C
Doughnuts, etc. - 160°C
Four factors that affect the ageing of deep frying fats/oils:
Oxygen, light, heat and catalysts.
Oxygen in the air makes deep frying oils turn rancid
Ultraviolet light helps the oxygen in the air to break down the oil. You can mitigate this effect by putting a lid over the fat during a pause in the cooking. You should also cover the oil when the deep fryer is turned off.
The rate of oxidation increases as the temperature rises. If the temperature rises by 10°C, the break down speed is doubled.
For example: A temperature increase from 180°C to 190°C means that the oil will be broken down at twice the rate.
Materials which, although not consumed themselves, break down the oil more quickly.
- Copper and brass
- Salt (never salt food over the hot oil)
- Food remains (filter the oil at least once per day to remove any food remains)
- Poor cleaning
- Old and new oils should not be mixed together (since the old might already be oxidised, the new oil will be broken down very quickly).
Be aware also that water escaping from the frying food has a negative effect on the oil (known as hydrolysis), in which the water breaks down the oil into free fatty acids. These produce a rancid smell and taste. They also lower the smoking and combustion temperature of the oil.
When should I change my deep fat frying oil?
- if it smokes at a low temperature
- if it smells and/or tastes bad
- if it has darkened appreciably
- if it forms a froth
- if it has thickened up
A good rule of thumb is:
A fresh oil for deep fat frying behaves like sparkling mineral water when opened. It bubbles up, then the froth subsides. Old oil behaves more like beer: the froth is fine and takes a long time to disperse.
What fat/oil should I use for deep frying?
There are three types of deep frying fat/oil
- Semi-solid. In this case, PREP Supreme is a good choice.
- Liquid, ideal for "normal" deep frying, such as potatoes. PREP Ultra is recommended.
- Solid, suitable for all kinds of deep frying, especially when many of the foodstuffs to be fried are "fat-destroyers", such as breaded products, doughnuts and other confectionery. Used widely by bakers and confectioners. We recommend our Fritex 35.
Good practice: summary
- Deep fry at the correct temperature
- Don't fry too much at a time: it causes the temperature to sink and the product to become limp or dry.
- If you have fried fish in the oil, you can expect any French fries fried in the same oil to acquire a fishy taste. Ideally you should use different oils for different products.
- Never salt food over the oil
- Clean the fryer every day
- Put on the lid and lower the temperature when using infrequently
- Filter the oil at the end of the day an place in the refrigerator.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


description of the dissecting room, it is known that he attended the university of Ferrara. He applied to himself the title doctor utriusque medicinae – a degree granted only by the medical schools of northern Italy. He is known to have been accepted as a graduate by town magistrates in two instances, and the doctor who wrote the preface to his Greater Books of Surgery addressed him as a fellow physician.
The origin of the name Paracelsus is also uncertain. At that time, humanist scholars latinized their surnames as a measure of their esteem for classical learning. This was especially popular among German humanists. It seems highly improbable that Paracelsus – who opposed classical authority and preferred to use the German vernacular – would have adopted such a practice. Therefore, it seems most likely that the name Paracelsus was given to him by others. There is no evidence that he used it himself.2 He consistently signed his name Theophrastus von Hohenheim.
There is also controversy about what the name Paracelsus means. Para is Greek for "over" or "beyond," while celsus is either the name of a Roman medical author or Latin for "high." In humanist circles it would have been unthinkable to combine Greek and Latin words to form a name: it would have been a crude parody of humanist ideals. One wonders, therefore, if the two words were placed in juxtaposition and given to Hohenheim as an insult. They would have described someone who was a "tall talker" (beyond-high), while playing on the meaning of his German surname (high-home). It would also have parodied his claims to surpass Galen and Avicenna by making him "beyond-Celsus," a more obscure figure. This sort of literary joke would have been just the kind of thing foisted upon the unfortunate social outcast by a witty humanist. We know that in Basle he came under attack by just such a person, who called him "Cacophrastus." That he never used the name Paracelsus himself tends to support such an idea. Yet the intended insult had a poetic and mysterious sound: it was well suited to a man who was already during his lifetime more a legend than a real person. Now, he is universally known by that name.
Almost immediately after his graduation Paracelsus began to practice medicine in an unconventional fashion. In those days surgery was considered separate from and inferior to "physic" (the use of medicines). The Hippocratic Oath forbade opening or cutting the body by a "physician." As a result, surgery was carried on by "barber-surgeons" or "chirurgeons," who were entrusted with all such activities that involved cutting of the body or its parts, whether it was the hair or the internal organs. Paracelsus refused to recognize the division between surgery and physic.
Surgery not only lacked prestige, but was extremely crude and unsophisticated. Paracelsus was one of the first to envision it as an essentially medical procedure. He was aware of the importance of cleanliness, stating that nature would heal a wound if it were kept clean. He also saw the need for anesthetic: it is Paracelsus who introduced the use opium in medicine.
Paracelsus considered his medical training to be virtually worthless and openly identified himself with the empirical tradition that opposed Galen and the rationalist doctrines of medicine. The empirics believed that experience would lead them to medical knowledge, not rational dogma. They were universally stigmatized by conventional doctors as quacks and charlatans. Most of the empirics were folk-doctors, eccentrics untutored in the classical masters, or drop-outs from conventional medicine like Wilhelmus von Hohenheim. Between them and the established doctors there was great enmity.
After graduation, Paracelsus took an extensive trip (1517-24). Working as an army surgeon and physician, he traveled from Italy to Spain, England, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the Baltic states, Poland and Moscow. Here he was taken prisoner by raiding Tartars and removed to the Russian Steppes. It is possible that he was initiated into a shamanic society at this time. His writings display a familiarity with psychological techniques characteristic of shamanism and completely unrelated to anything found in European literature at this time. Resuming his travels, Paracelsus returned to Italy through Eastern Europe, then made an extra excursion to Egypt (he describes crocodiles and hippopotami), the Holy Land, Turkey, Constantinople, and the Balkans. Paracelsus was one of the most traveled scholars of his time. He had marched with imperial armies and wandering tribes, learned from Greek alchemists in Constantinople, was in the last boat out of Rhodes when it fell to the Turks, visited the Hippocratic homeland at Cos and the temples in Athens. He finally arrived back in northern Italy. Ironically, this area was considerably less safe than most of the places he had already been. The pall of war and destruction hung heavily over the land. In 1524 he returned to his father's quiet house in Villach.
It was now time for Paracelsus to settle down somewhere as a physician. Unfortunately, his anti-authoritarian streak, coupled with a love of travel, made him unsuited to permanent residence. The rest of his life he would spend as a vagabond, traveling through the towns and villages of central Europe. During these journeys he plied his skills as a physician, earning a reputation that made him legendary among the people as a healer, but notorious among the burghers and doctors as a trouble-maker.
Paracelsus suffered from personality problems that are peculiar to a genius. He believed he was right, that his theories were based upon divine and eternal truths, and that his opponents were contemptible fools. Though he speaks of being humble before nature, he was less than circumspect before men. His tirades against his opponents were vicious, inflammatory, and vituperative. He insulted their personalities, wives, religions, and lifestyles. Yet, he was unable to receive criticism himself. He continually destroyed personal and professional relationships, until his ostracism from society and culture was relatively complete. He complained at one point that he "seldom slept in the same bed twice.
It seems likely that Paracelsus was an alcoholic. He appears to have suffered from the symptoms typical of that disease: outbursts of temper, poor social skills, a sense of persecution, and inability to hold down a permanent job. This conclusion is supported by eyewitness accounts. "He could not be found sober, an hour or two together, in particular after his departure from Basle," wrote his secretary, Oporinus. "Nevertheless, when he was most drunk and came home to dictate to me, he was so consistent and logical that a sober man could not have improved upon his manuscripts."3
Not being able to communicate his insights to his peers, Paracelsus used the pen as an outlet. His manuscripts are voluminous. He wrote numerous treatises every year, taking care to deposit them with more stable friends and students. Hardly any of these were published during his lifetime.
Through these writings we are able to trace the intellectual development of our peripatetic doctor. Until about 1525 he wrote primarily on practical concerns of medicine. Dropsy, mental illness, consumption, colic, apoplexy, worms, gout, stone, materia medica, and the properties of various springs occupy these works. There are few hints as to his subsequent preoccupation with occult and divine topics. Over the next several years, these begin to manifest.
In 1527 a pivotal event occurred which finalized the alienation of our wandering doctor. Paracelsus was offered a position as municipal doctor at Basle that would give him authority and political power. He was given the oversight of public health, administration of apothecaries and doctors, and a position on the faculty of the medical school. The fiasco that resulted demonstrates that Paracelsus was talented and insightful, but lacking in essential social skills. He was so rude, arrogant, and bellicose that he antagonized everyone, including his own supporters. Finally, he was forced to flee Basle in the middle of the night. Paracelsus never again had the opportunity to work from within the system. Everywhere he went, patients clamored for his services, while authorities clamored for his removal from town.
While he was in Basle Paracelsus committed the act for which he is most famous in the annals of medical history. He cast a copy of the Canon of Avicenna into a public bonfire to show his contempt for medical dogma. His contemporaries thought him outrageous, but later generations have seen it as a brave challenge encouraging independent thought in the period of the Renaissance.
After the debacle at Basle, Paracelsus' writing became more individualistic. He began to work out his own system of medicine. About 1530 his concepts started to fall into place. Over the next several years he was able to express his mature thoughts about medicine. His two great works on this subject are the Paramirum and the Paragranum,


Shawn M Moore > Term-TtyRec-Plus-0.09 > Term::TtyRec::Plus
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Module Version: 0.09 Source
Term::TtyRec::Plus - read a ttyrec
Term::TtyRec::Plus is a module that lets you read ttyrec files. The related module, Term::TtyRec is designed more for simple interactions. Term::TtyRec::Plus gives you more information and, using a callback, lets you munge the data block and timestamp. It will do all the subtle work of making sure timing is kept consistent, and of rebuilding each frame header.
 use Term::TtyRec::Plus;
 # complete (but simple) ttyrec playback script
 foreach my $file (_USER_) {
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new(infile => $file, time_threshold => 10);
 while (my $frame_ref = $ttyrec->next_frame()) {
 select undef, undef, undef, $frame_ref->{diff};
 print $frame_ref->{data};
Creates and returns a new Term::TtyRec::Plus object.
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new();
Here are the parameters that Term::TtyRec::Plus->new() recognizes.
The input filename. A value of "-", which is the default, or undef, means STDIN.
The input filehandle. By default this is undef; if you have already opened the ttyrec then you can pass its filehandle to the constructor. If both filehandle and infile are defined, filehandle is used.
Perform bzip2 decompression. By default this is undef, which signals that bzip2 decompression should occur if and only if the filename is available and it ends in ".bz2". Otherwise, you can force or forbid decompression by setting bzip2 to a true or false value, respectively. After the call to new, this field will be set to either 1 if decompression is enabled or 0 if it is not.
The maximum difference between two frames, in seconds. If undef, which is the default, there is no enforced maximum. The second most common value would be 10, which some ttyrec utilities (such as timettyrec) use.
A callback, run for each frame before returning the frame to the user of Term::TtyRec::Plus. This callback receives three arguments: the frame text, the timestamp, and the timestamp of the previous frame. All three arguments are passed as scalar references. The previous frame's timestamp is undef for the first frame. The return value is not currently looked at. If you modify the timestamp, the module will make sure that change is noted and respected in further frame timestamps. Modifications to the previous frame's timestamp are currently ignored.
 sub halve_frame_time_and_stumblify {
 my ($data_ref, $time_ref, $prev_ref) = _USER_;
 $$time_ref = $$prev_ref + ($$time_ref - $$prev_ref) / 2
 if defined $$prev_ref;
 $$data_ref =~ s/Eidolos/Stumbly/g;
In addition to passing arguments, you can modify Term::TtyRec::Plus's initial state, if you want to. This could be useful if you are chaining multiple ttyrecs together; you could pass a different initial frame. Support for such chaining might be added in a future version.
The initial frame number. Default 0.
The previous frame's timestamp. Default undef.
The accumulated difference of all frames seen so far; see the section on diffed_timestamp in next_frame()'s return value. Default 0.
The time passed since the first frame. Default 0.
next_frame() reads and processes the next frame in the ttyrec. It accepts no arguments. On EOF, it will return undef. On malformed ttyrec input, it will die. If it cannot reconstruct the header of a frame (which might happen if the callback sets the timestamp to -1, for example), it will die. Otherwise, a hash reference is returned with the following fields set.
The frame data, filtered through the callback. The original data block is not made available.
The frame timestamp, straight out of the file.
The frame timestamp, with the accumulated difference of all of the previous frames applied to it. This is so consistent results are given. For example, if your callback adds three seconds to frame 5's timestamp, then frame 6's diffed timestamp will take into account those three seconds, so frame 6 happens three seconds later as well. So the net effect is frame 5 is extended by three seconds, and no other frames' relatives times are affected.
The diffed timestamp, filtered through the callback.
The previous frame's timestamp (after diffing and filtering; the originals are not made available).
The difference between the current frame's timestamp and the previous frame's timestamp. Yes, it is equivalent to timestamp - prev_timestamp, but it is provided for convenience. On the first frame it will be 0 (not undef).
The 12-byte frame header, straight from the file.
The 12-byte frame header, reconstructed from data and timestamp (so, after filtering, etc.).
The frame number, using 1-based indexing.
The time between the first frame's timestamp and the current frame's timestamp.
Returns the next frame that meets the specified criteria. grep() accepts arguments that are subroutines, regex, or strings; anything else is a fatal error. If you pass multiple arguments to grep(), each one must be true. The subroutines receive the frame reference that is returned by next_frame(). You can modify the frame, but do so cautiously.
 my $next_jump_frame_ref = $t->grep("Where do you want to jump?", sub { $_[0]{data}!~ /Message History/});
Rewinds the ttyrec to the first frame and resets state variables to their initial values. Note that if filehandle is not seekable (such as STDIN on some systems, or if bzip2 decompression is used), rewind() will die.
Returns the infile passed to the constructor. If a filehandle was passed, this will be undef.
Returns the filehandle passed to the constructor, or if infile was used, a handle to infile.
Returns 1 if bzip2 decompression has taken place, 0 if it has not.
Returns the time threshold passed to the constructor. By default it is undef.
Returns the frame filter callback passed to the constructor. By default it is sub { _USER_ }.
Returns the frame number of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the timestamp of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the time so far since the first frame.
Returns the total time difference between timestamps and filtered timestamps. accum_diff is added to each frame's timestamp before they are passed to the frame_filter callback.
Shawn M Moore,
Copyright 2006-2009 Shawn M Moore, all rights reserved.
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Social Security Number Assignment
Tags: Writing English 101 EssaysWriting Thesis EssayDrinking Age EssayPoint Counterpoint And EssaysCritical Thinking Classroom ActivitiesWhat Is Literature Review PdfMba Dissertation SupportEthan Frome Essay
For example, if the highest group assigned for area 999 is 72, then we know that the number 9 is an invalid number because even Groups under 9 have not yet been assigned.
First issued in November 1936, to date, over 420 million different Social Security numbers have been issued in the United States.
Since all of your financial records, education, driver's licenses, insurance and health care are tied to your Social Security number; it is a major factor in identity theft.
As a result, it eventually found its way to Grace D. That's because cards have not been issued where the first three digits are 000, 666, or higher than 772. Unfortunately, that number belonged to Hilda Schrader Whitcher, the secretary of an E. Ferree company vice president who decided to use her official number on the sample cards. Whitcher's Social Security number as their own at one time or another. They wanted to know why so many people had her number. If you object to certain digits in your Social Security number you can appeal for a new one, but only if you can prove your concerns are firmly rooted in your religious beliefs or cultural traditions. Social Security numbers are not reused after the card holder dies. Even though numbers aren't reused, the Social Security Administration says the current numbering system is capable of providing enough new numbers for "several generations into the future." That means Social Security numbers will still be available well past 2030.
Valid cards are also never issued with the middle two digits or the final four digits all zeros. In 1938 a sample Social Security card with the number 0 was inserted into new wallets manufactured by the E.
Comments Social Security Number Assignment
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text:
On the Distribution of Income and Worker Assignment Under Intra-Firm Spillovers, with an Application to Ideas and Networks
UPF Economics and Business Working Paper No. 417
46 Pages Posted: 26 May 2000
Date Written: October 5, 1999
We study the earnings structure and the equilibrium assignment of workers when workers exert intra-firm spillovers on each other. We allow for arbitrary spillovers, provided output depends on some aggregate index of workers' skill. Despite the possibility of increasing returns to skills, equilibrium typically exists. We show that equilibrium will typically be segregated, that the skill space can be partitioned into a set of segments and any firm hires from only one segment.
Next, we apply the model to analyze the effect of information technology on segmentation and the distribution of income. There are two types of human capital, productivity and creativity, i.e., the ability to produce ideas that may be duplicated over a network. Under plausible assumptions, inequality rises and then falls when network size increases, and the poorest workers cannot lose. We also analyze the impact of an improvement in worker quality and of an increased international mobility of ideas.
Keywords: Income distribution, worker assignment, stratification, networks, information technology
JEL Classification: J3
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Design patternsOpen Close Principle
Like every principle Open Close Principle is only a principle. Making a flexible design involves additional time and effort spent for it and it introduce new level of abstraction increasing the complexity of the code. So this principle should be applied in those area which are most likely to be changed. There are many design patterns that help us to extend code without changing it, for example decorator.


Assa Meaning in English, Assa Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Assa Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Assa Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Assa Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Assa, names similar to Assa and sibling names of Assa. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Assa.
Baby Image
Boy, Girl
Japanese, Norse
fair, beautiful goddess
Related Assa Baby Names
Shino, YOSHI, Raidon, Hoshiko, Kioko, Yori, Taka, Takara, Aysa, Gin, Yukio, Yasuo
Sibling Names
Assa as a girl's name is of Old Norse origin, and the meaning of Assa is "fair, beautiful goddess". Assa is a variant of the Old Norse name Astrid.


text:
Idaho's WWAMI is a partnership between the University of Washington School of Medicine and the states of Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho. Since 1972, the University of Idaho has partnered with the UW School of Medicine to help educate Idaho's future physicians.
Each year, a cohort of 40 medical students that are residents of the Gem State complete their first and second year of medical training at U of I. Students are dual-enrolled at the University of Idaho and the UW School of Medicine while completing their Foundations Phase (18 months). The Clinical Phase can be completed in Idaho, Seattle or across the five-state WWAMI region.
The curriculum taught at each WWAMI site, including the Seattle site, is a joint product of the UW School of Medicine. While each site has its own unique instructors and may have specific offerings, such as the wilderness medicine elective offered to Idaho and Seattle students, all WWAMI students learn the same core curriculum at the same time.
Idaho WWAMI has five primary goals for the State of Idaho:
- Provide publicly supported medical education
- Increase the number of primary care physicians
- Provide community-based medical education
- Expand graduate medical education (residency training) and continuing medical education
- Provide all of this in a cost-effective manner
Idaho WWAMI has an excellent rate of return: 51% of our graduates choose to practice in Idaho — well above the national average of 39%.


2 different types of files, network config scripts and network configuration files.
 13. Look for the configuration file for your original interface, it should be named ifcfg-eth0
 14. Edit the new file for your interface and give it the following settings (or create a brand new file, might be easier than editing the old one):
 HWADDR=xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx <-- # Use YOUR centos3 VM's MAC ADDRESS!!!
Keep consistent with Quotation or no Quotation
You have the option to either place quotation marks around the values, or no to use quotation at all. Regardless of the method you chose, KEEP CONSISTENT. For example, if beginning value with a double-quote, end value with a double-quote. If beginning value without a double-quote, do not end with any quotation.
 1. Save the file and then restart the network connection by issuing the commands:
 ifdown eth0 and ifup eth0
 2. Verify your configuration as you did before.
 3. Restart the centos3 VM.
 4. Use the ifconfig and ping commands to verify your network connection to other VMs.
 5. Login and attempt to ssh to your matrix account to verify the settings.
 We need to also configure your centos2 VM for a persistent network connection as well:
 6. Configure the centos2 VM (in the View -> Details menu of Virtual Machine Manager) to configure the NIC interface to network1, click Apply, and switch your centos2 VM view from details to console.
 7. Start your centos2 VM, login, and su to root.
 8. Issue the command: ip address and write down the MAC address for your eth0 network interface.
 9. Edit the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 file using the IPADDR:, and the same NETMASK, GATEWAY, DNS1 and MAC address information for you centos2 VM (i.e. recorded previously).
 10. Save changes, re-issue the ifdown and ifup commands, and then issue the ip address and ping commands to verify that you can connect to other VMs on your network.
Answer INVESTIGATION 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.
Creating private networks are an important task, but a system administrator also needs to manage the network to make it convenient to use, and troubleshoot network connectivity problems.
This investigation will expose you to useful "tweaks" and utilities to help accomplish this task. Lab 7 requires that you understand these concepts and have a good general understanding how to use troubleshooting utilities (like netstat).
Hosts files vs. the Domain Name System
On large public networks like the Internet or even large private networks we use a network service called Domain Name System (DNS) to resolve the human friendly hostnames like centos.org to the numeric addresses used by the IP protocol. On smaller networks we can use the /etc/hosts on each system to resolve names to addresses.
Part 1: Using /etc/hosts File for Local Hostname Resolution
After setting up a private network, it can be hard to try to remember IP addresses. In this section, we will setup your network to associate easy-to-remember server names with IP ADDRESSES.
Perform the following steps:
 1. Complete this investigation on all of your VMs and the c7host machine.
 2. Use the hostname and ifconfig commands on your c7host machine and all of your 3 VM's to gather the information needed to configure the /etc/hosts file on all of your Linux systems.
 3. Edit the /etc/hosts file for the c7host, centos1, centos2 and centos3 VMs. Add the following contents to the bottom of the /etc/hosts file: c7host centos1 centos2 centos3
 4. Verify that you can now ping any VM by their hostname instead of the IPADDR.
Part 2: Network Connectivity & Network Service Troubleshooting Utilities
Common Network Troubleshooting Tools
Purpose Command(s)
Network Connectivity ping
Network Service Status netstat
Troubleshooting network problems is an extremely important and frequent task for a Linux/Unix system administrator. Since network services (such as file-server, print-servers, web-servers, and email-servers) depend on network connectivity, as Linux/Unix sysadmin must be able to quickly and effectively pin-point sources of network problems in order to resolve them.
Network service problems may not be entirely related to a "broken" network connection, but a service that is not running or not running correctly. The following table lists the most common listing of utilities to assist with detection of network connectivity or network service problems to help correct the problem.
Perform the following steps:
 1. Switch to your c7host machine.
 2. Issue the ping command to test connectivity to your centos1, centos2, and centos3 VMs.
 3. Examine the contents of the ARP cache by using the command: arp What is the purpose of ARP?
 4. Check the contents of the cache again by using the command: arp -n What was the difference in output?
 5. Issue the following command: netstat -at This command will list all active TCP ports. Note the state of your ports.
TCP is a connection oriented protocol that uses a handshaking mechanism to establish a connection. Those ports that show a state of LISTEN are waiting for connection requests to a particular service. For example you should see the ssh service in a LISTEN state as it is waiting for connections.
 1. From one of your VM's login to your host using the ssh command.
 2. On your c7host VM rerun the netstat -at command and in addition to the LISTEN port it should list a 2nd entry with a state of ESTABLISHED. This shows that there is a current connection to your ssh server.
 3. Exit your ssh connection from the VM and rerun the command on the CentOS host. Instead of ESTABLISHED it should now show a state of CLOSE_WAIT. Indicating that the TCP connection is being closed.
 4. On your c7host VM, try the command: netstat -atn How is this output different? Without the -n option netstat attempts to resolve IP addresses to host names (using /etc/hosts) and port numbers to service names (using /etc/services)
 5. Examine the /etc/services file and find which ports are used for the services: ssh, sftp, http
 6. Now execute the command netstat -au What is the difference between the options: -at and -au? When examining UDP ports why is there no state?
Part 3: Using Arrays to Collect VM Network Information
Bash Shell Scripting Tips:
 - Incredibly useful tool that works like a "storage container" of variables. Arrays have names like variables, but are numbered for quick storage and access of related elements. Indices are I.D. numbers for array access. The first index starts at zero instead of 1.
 - Instead of using index numbers, you can use I.D. names: this is referred to as an Associative Array.
 - Examples:
 for((x=0; x<5; x++)) # Example of a regular array
 read -p "Enter item #$((x+1)): " item[xx]
 for((y=0; y<5; y++))
 echo ${item[y]}
 set a b c # Example of an "Associative Array"
 for x
 read -p "Enter item $x: " item["$x"]
 echo item[$x] is: ${item["$x"]}
Working with Temporary Files
 - When creating temporary files, it is important NOT to store on a user's account (to avoid overwriting their existing files). Instead, temporary files can be created in the /tmp directory.
 - The $$ variable can be used as the filename extension which assigns the current PID of the shell script running to make the filename unique, and allow easy removal at the end of the shell script by deleting ALL files in the /tmp directory with the extension:.$$
 - Example:
 ls -lR > /tmp/temp-file.$$
 grep secret /tmp/temp-file.$$
 rm /tmp.$$
We finish shell scripting by using arrays by reading and storing networking information for each VM (centos1, centos2, and centos3) to be stored in a report in your c7host machine. We will use the ssh command in order to grab the network information (one VM at a time), and store the network setup into an Associative array in our c7host machine.
If you do not entirely understand the script that you will enter, just realize that we are using these "special storage variables" in order to make this work.
Perform the following steps:
 1. Perform this section in your c7host machine.
 2. Open a shell terminal and login as root.
 3. Change to the /root/bin directory.
 4. Using a text editor, create a Bash shell script called network-info.bash and enter the following content below:
# Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***
# Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***
# Purpose: Creates system info report
# USAGE:./network-info.bash [full pathname to ifcfg-eth0


text:
On April 13, 2016, the SEC issued a Concept Release, Business and Financial Disclosure Required by Regulation S-K. In this release, which is part of the SEC's initiative to review and improve its disclosure requirements, the SEC is seeking comments on whether its "business and financial disclosure requirements continue to elicit important information for investors and how registrants can most effectively present this information." The Concept Release covers a wide range of topics, however, this blog post focuses on the SEC's concerns about risk factor disclosures. Item 503(c) of Regulation S-K currently requires "disclosure of the most significant factors that make an investment in a registrant's securities speculative or risky and specifies that the discussion should be concise and organized logically."
Except for five specific examples of risk factors suggested by the SEC in Item 503(c) (the company's lack of operating history, lack of profitable operations in recent periods, financial position, business or proposed business and lack of a market in the company's securities), risk factor disclosure is principles-based. It is interesting to note that these five factors specified in Item 503(c) have not changed since the SEC published its initial guidance on risk factor disclosure in 1964.
In the Concept Release, the SEC focused on ways to improve risk factor disclosure. Some of the SEC suggestions on which it requested comments would require significant additional disclosures from the companies, if adopted. For example, the SEC is inquiring whether it should require companies to:
- accompany each risk factor by a specific discussion of how the company is addressing the risk;
- discuss the probability of occurrence and the effect on performance for each risk factor;
- describe assessment of risks;
- disclose the specific facts and circumstances that make a given risk material to the company;
- present risk factors in order of management's perception of the magnitude of the risk or by order of importance to management; and
- identify and disclose ten most significant risk factors (without limiting the total number of risk factors disclosed).
The SEC is struggling with the lengthy risk factor sections in the filings, especially in light of its current requirement that the risk factor discussion should be concise, and a proliferation of generic risks when Item 503(c) requires companies not to present risks that apply to any issuer or any offering. The SEC is looking for a meaningful way to identify significant risk factors specific to a particular company and asking for comment on whether:
- the SEC should specify generic risks that companies are not required to disclose;
- certain risk factors should be included in a separate section of the filing or in an exhibit to distinguish them from the most significant risks; and
- there should be a risk factors summary in addition to the complete disclosure.
The SEC recognizes that the risk profile of a public company is constantly changing and evolving. For example, today, companies face risks associated with cybersecurity and climate change which did not exist when the original risk factor disclosure was being developed. Any meaningful changes to risk factor disclosure will have to go through a rule-making process. It will be interesting to see which revisions to risk factor disclosures will be actually implemented.


text:
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A small annual plant, baby blue eyes is scientifically known as Nemophila insignis. Nemophilia bloom in the summer, displaying soft pastel flowers. The border plants are also known as "five spot plants," and are not considered edible nor medicinal.
Baby blue eyes typically do not grow over 10 inches (25 centimeters) in height. Most only grow up to 6 inches (15 centimeters). The flowers, which are typically powder blue with white centers, can grow up to 1.5 inches (4 centimeters) in diameter. The flowers, which cover the small plants, can also be darker shades of blue or purple. Some varieties may be spotted or striped.
Though baby blue eyes are hardy plants, they should still be planted before the last frost of spring to ensure that they will grow. Cool, dry areas work best for the propagation of these plants. They should be covered only lightly with soil, then lightly watered regularly in order to be kept moist for optimal growing conditions. Full sunlight or partial shade is usually recommended for these plants.
To protect against possible frost, seeds may be planted indoors up to a month before outdoor seeding. They grow quickly, often in less than two weeks, and can usually be transplanted well, if done so in optimal growing conditions. Transplanted baby blue eyes should be spaced at least 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters) apart. Plants may be able to grow in dry soil, but they cannot tolerate humidity well.
Roots of baby blue eyes plants should be kept moist and cool. In order to accomplish this, most gardeners cover the bases of the plants with a rich supply of mulch. Once established properly, the plant self-sows and can propagate itself freely if left alone. To prevent a wide range of the flowers, browned, spent flowers should be trimmed off the plants.
Gardeners seeking small, attractive border plants or bedding edges may wish to incorporate baby blue eyes in their landscaping plans. The low-growing flowers make lovely basket plants or container flowers for those who wish to hang a patch of color around a porch or yard display. Members of the Hydrophyllaceae family, baby blue eyes can also be a lovely addition to rock gardens, garden paths, and walkways.
Helpful bees are attracted to these flowers. Planting Nemophilia can ensure that gardens are filled with the buzzing insects as well as songbirds and other pleasant wildlife. Butterflies also flock to the flowers.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!


to the operator log used to be controlled by setting the logicals GTM_TPRESTART_LOG_START and GTM_TPRESTART_LOG_DELTA appropriately. This stopped working in V50000D onwards and used to cause any restarting process to ACCVIO if the above logicals were defined. This is now fixed to work as it used to. [OpenVMS] (C9H03-002829)
 - [V5.2-000A] GT.M now protects against inappropriately long resource waits which could cause brief moments of degraded performance. [OpenVMS] (C9H03-002830)
 - [V5.2-000A]GT.M no longer issues a GTMASSERT in the very rare case that a process uses the DAL call to disconnect all databases and then terminates due to a forced exit or an error before successfully [re-]opening any database.[OpenVMS] (C9H03-002833)
 - [V5.2-000A] SET of global variables within a parenthesized list of targets where the global references use extended syntax containing one or more local variables now occurs properly when the local variables are defined or gives an appropriate UNDEF error when a local variable is undefined. In previous versions, even when the local variables were all defined, it used to give a message that did not specify the variable name (HPUX/AIX) or a segmentation fault (SIG-11). [Linux/Tru64/Solaris/AlphaVMS] (S9C08-002197)
 - [V5.2-000A] Output-only parameters of type char * and string * without pre-allocation now trigger the ZCNOPREALLOUTPAR error. Also see C9F09-002753.[UNIX] (S9C10-002243)
 Note that this change makes V5.2-000A not backward compatible for programs that use this feature. Although GT.M is normally fastidious with respect to maintaining backward compatibility, improvements in performance and robustness were judged to warrant an exception in this case.
 - [V5.2-000A] The pattern match operator no longer causes a process to hang if the pattern following the question-mark (?) is a string literal more than 6 characters long and the repetition count consists of a period (.) with no leading and trailing integer literals. (S9F01-002526)
 - [V5.2-000A] Unrecognized Intrinsic Functions and Intrinsic Special Variables and unrecognized deviceparameter constructions that are bypassed due to FALSE postconditionals no longer cause run-time errors. The error messages affected by this change are INVFCN, INVSVN, FNOTONSYS, SVNOSET, SVNONEW, DEVPARINAP, DEVPARUNK, DEVPARVALREQ. These errors still trigger error reports at compile time—for example "SET:0 $ZZZZ=1" continues to generate a compilation error— but no longer generates a run-time error. (S9F10-002572)
 - [V5.2-000A] Extensive testing validates that two argument $STACK() and ZSHOW "S" work properly. If $ECODE is null then the two argument $STACK() returns the same result as ZSHOW "S". The result differs only when $ECODE contains error information. Fidelity recommends applications reset $ECODE in their error handlers before restoring the normal flow of control. (S9F12-002579)
 - READ X:0 now leaves $TEST set in case the only character READ is a terminator. (S9F12-002582)
 - Certain cases of an untimed OPEN of the TCP device that would cause the process to spin in a tight loop no longer do so.(S9G09-002625)
 - READ *X:now properly times out when the timeout is greater than 8 seconds. [Linux] (S9G11-002628)
 - [V5.2-000A] $zgetjpi("","INVALID ARG") now produces the BADJPIPARAM error rather than a segmentation fault (SIG-11). (S9G12-002632) [UNIX]
 - [V5.2-000A] Pre-allocation of xc_string_t is now allowed and is required for output-only parameters on external calls. Also see S9C10-002243. (S9G12-002634, C9F09-002753) [UNIX]
 - [V5.2-000A] ZSHOW "V" or ZWR when variables with "long" content no longer give a segmentation fault (SIG-11). This was fixed in V5.2-000 but the fix was not documented. (S9G12-002635)
 - [V5.2-000A] $ZB now contains the correct value after a READ *. In particular, $ZB holds the full escape sequence after entry of an escape sequence when ESCAPE processing enabled. This was broken in GT.M V5.2-000. [AIX/Solaris/HPUX] (S9H02-002642)
 - [V5.2-000A] Exponents greater than 18 digits no longer result in a numeric evaluation of 0; for example in previous versions, WRITE +"1E12234567890123456789" produced 0. (S9F11-002573)
 - [V5.2-000A]The GT.M utilities and the mumps commands now use a space-dash (" –")combination to delimit/introduce a qualifier, which is standard UNIX usage, where they used to require only a dash ("-", which was not standard).
 This will cause existing shell scripts that use the idiosyncratic dash-only form to break – they can be fixed by adding one or more spaces in front of any dash.
 This change allows the use of dashes in argument and qualifier values. [UNIX] (C9B04-001681)
 - [V5.2-000A] $ORDER() now returns the correct value even if the optional second argument is specified and contains a global reference. In such cases, previous versions used to perform the $ORDER() operation on the global reference in the second argument instead of the first.
 $REFERENCE is now set properly after a $ORDER() operation involving a global reference in the first or second argument. Previous versions used to set this incorrectly. For example $ORDER(^x(1)) used to incorrectly set $REFERENCE to ^x(1.00) instead of ^x(1). (C9B10-001744)
 - [V5.2-000A] $ORDER() now returns the correct value where the second argument is an extrinsic function that manipulates the first argument. In such cases, previous versions could give an incorrect result. For example, $ORDER(V(2,-1),$$ABC) where the extrinsic $$ABC() sets the node V(2,2) to 1 and quits with a value of 1 now returns a result of 2 where it used to incorrectly return a null string (""). Substituting ^V for V in the example demonstrates the change for global references. (C9B10-001765)
 - [V5.2-000A] $GET() with two arguments where both the arguments contain global references now sets the naked indicator correctly to the last global reference in the second argument. In cases where the first argument had a value, previous versions used to incorrectly set the naked indicator to that first argument. (C9B10-001767)
 - [V5.2-000A] The processing of SET commands with multiple targets and $Piece() / $Extract() now complies better with the M standard.
 GT.M now allows the $PIECE() and $EXTRACT functions as targets in a SET command that has a parenthesized, comma-separated list of targets. Previous versions disallowed this usage.
 When SET arguments have multiple parenthesized (set-left) targets and a target is used as a subscript in more than one item in the list of targets that follow, ALL the targets now use the before-SET value (not the after-SET value) in conformance to the M-standard. Previous versions of GT.M used the before-SET value only for the last such subscripted target item in the list and incorrectly used the after-SET value for all prior subscripted target items. For example, set a=0,(a,array1(a),array2(a))=2 now sets both array1(0) and array2(0) to 2 whereas previous versions of GT.M would set array2(0) to 2 and array1(2) (instead of array1(0)) to 2.
 If a SET target is of the form $PIECE(glvn,d,m,n) or $EXTRACT(glvn,m,n) GT.M now evaluates the right hand side of the Set even when m > n or n < 1. Previous versions of GT.M would not evaluate the right-hand-side of the SET which could result in the naked indicator not being set correctly. For example, set ^x=1,$piece(^a,";",3,2)=^b now correctly sets the naked indicator to point to the global ^b. Previous versions of GT.M set the naked indicator to ^x in this example. (C9C05-002003)
 - GT.M socket devices now allow up to the number


. That is,
The term Euler Characteristic Curve with respect to the filtration refers to the function
Next, we will discuss a non-trivial example.
Example 2.
Let and be the, the summation operator. Then the. Figure 4 illustrates. Figure 4 shows the a life curve and at 5 selected threshold values, we see the set. The value of the curve at that threshold if calculated by applying to each highlighted point and summing over all such function values. In the content of grayscale images, this curve can be interpreted as the lifespan at the current binary image.
Here are some examples that are independently studied in different contents, but they can be realized as persistence curves.
Example 3.
[10] developed an optimal thresholding method in imaging processing based on persistence diagrams. The main idea in [10] is to define an objective function, and the optimal threshold will be chosen at the maximum of the objective function. One major component of the objective function in [10] is, where. can be viewed as persistence curves if one lets and be the average operator, then.
Another example is by [2], where the concept of entropy was introduced to TDA.
Example 4.
In [2], a summary function based on persistence entropy was defined
In this last example, we also recognize persistence landscapes, a well-known diagram summary, as a special case of persistence curves.
Example 5.
Let represent the -th largest number of a set. [5] defines the following functions for a diagram.
Then the -th Persistence Landscape [5] is defined by. We see then with and,. Indeed one can quickly see through direct calculation that.
We see that under the Persistence Curve framework, two seemingly disparate object, namely the Betti curve and persistence landscapes, are connected.
Although we have the ability to choose any function of the diagrams, we tend to choose the functions that carry sensible information about the diagram and hence the underlying space. Many of these curves are built from well-studied persistence diagram statistics. Table 1 lists a few persistence curves that rely on well-studied diagram statistics. For example, the Midlife quantity has been used in recent work, such as persistence landscapes [5] and persistence image [1] to serve as a linear transformation. The Multiplicative Life quantity has been studied in the field of random complexes [4]. The life-entropy persistence curve actually appears as the entropy summary function in a recent paper by Atienza, Gonzales-Diaz, and Soriano-Trigueros [2]. We also introduce two new entropy-like functions using the multiplicative life and midlife statistics.
Name Notation T
Betti sum
Midlife ml sum
Life sum
Multiplicative Life mul sum
Life Entropy [2] le sum
Midlife Entropy mle sum
Mult. Life Entropy mule sum
-th Landscape [5]
Table 1: Examples of persistence curves.
Figure 4: Schematic of a persistence curve,. Each subplot represents the set.
Notation Description
The maximum between the number of off diagonal points in each diagram
a point in persistence diagram
if ; 0 otherwise.
Table 2: The notation here pertains to two given diagrams and enumerated in correspondence to the optimal matching for bottleneck distance
Before our next theorem, we will set up some notation and conventions. Let. Let represent the maximum between the number of off diagonal points in each diagram and note that is finite. We assume the optimal matching under the bottleneck distance of these diagrams is known and we index the points of each diagram and so that points with matching indices are paired under the optimal matching. We define and analogously for. If, we define for,, and again, analogously for. Notice that if is the sum statistic, then can be written as
For easy reference, this notation is summed up in Table 2. Finally, in regards to infinite death values one has a couple options. If there is a global maximum finite death value for the space, we set all infinite death values to this maximum. For example, in the case of images, 255 is the max pixel value, hence the largest possible finite death value. If no such value exists, we can set the infinite death values to be equal to the largest finite death value in the current filtration.
Theorem 1.
Let and index them through the optimal bottleneck distance matching. Let be the sum statistic. We adopt the notations in Table 2. Let and
Then we have
We are interested in the difference.
This becomes
We'll focus on each summand individually. Notice that is simply the indicator function on the interval, hence its norm is just the lifespan of the corresponding diagram point,. Thus we see for the first,
The dichotomous nature of allows us to write and vice versa for. For the second summand we note that and. In consideration of the pairing there are three cases to consider up to permutation. Those cases are
 1. ;
 2. ;
 3..
In each case, it is straightforward to observe that
Thus, we have
Hence, we obtain
However, we must note that there was a choice of splitting in the beginning. Therefore, with
we conclude
Note that there is no assumption on. Theorem 1 offers a general bound on persistence curves associated with different persistence diagrams. It does not reveal the stability (yet). As we will discuss in Section 6, unstable persistence curves may also serve reveal important and useful topological information, such as ECC. On the other hand, if the stability is of the interest, with an additional assumption on, the stable persistence curves can be obtained as stated below.
Corollary 1.
Under the same assumptions as in Theorem 1, if we further assume that is a stable measurement, i.e., then the persistence curves are stable, i.e.
It follows directly from Theorem 1. ∎
For example, if, the stability result due to [2] can be retrieved from Corollary 1.
Theorem 2.
[2] Let be diagrams. Let, and (this is called the relative error of and ), then
Thusfar we have established the concept of a persistence curve, established a general bound, and established a class of persistence curves based on stable measurements that are robust with respect to noise.
Figure 5: PC workflow for one channel image
Figure 6: PC workflow for -channel image
(a) A snapshot of the 25 different textures in UIUCTex.
(b) A snapshot of the 24 textures in Outex.
(c) A snapshot of the 10 textures of KTH-TIPS.
(d) A snapshot of the 10 textures in the FMD database.
Figure 7: Snapshots of the texture databases
(a) A sample of 4 textures from Outex Test suite 0 and their corresponding Betti curves calculated on 0 and 1 dimensional diagrams for each image and its inverse.
(b) A sample of 4 textures from KTH and their corresponding Betti curves.
(c) A sample of 4 textures from FMD and their corresponding Betti curves.
(d) A sample of 4 textures from UIUCTex and their corresponding Betti curves.
6 Applications to texture analysis
In this section, we apply PCs to texture classification. Texture analysis is one of the fundamental research areas in computer vision. (yu-min: talk about texture analysis here) One challenge in the area is to find intrinsic characteristics, or quantitative representations of textures in order to perform classifications, or employ statistics. PCs can be served as intrinsic characteristics of the textures, and this section is devoted to demonstrating effectiveness of PCs.
6.1 Descriptions of the data
We consider popular texture databases and describe each of them below.
 1. Outex is a database from the University of Oulu and consists of test suites each with a different challenge [19]. We focus on the test suites,, and. Test suite contains texture classes with images of each class that are by in size. The test suite is equipped with preset 50-50 train/test splits. A score on the test suite is the average accuracy over all splits. Test suite is similar to with the only difference in the misclassification costs. A score on the test suite is the average weighted accuracy over the splits. Finally, Test suite tests rotational invariance (yu-min: Say more about it). In this suite there is a single train/test split of the 4320 images with the training set containing of the images. A score on this test suite is a single accuracy score. See Figure 7(b) for sample images of Outex.
 2. UIUC dataset is a collection of textures from University of Illinois Urbana-Champagne [26]. The dataset consists of texture classes with images of each texture. Each image is of size by. A score on this set is the average accuracy of 100 random 50-50 train/test splits. See Figure 7(a) for sample textures from UIUCTex.
 3. KTH-TIPS 2 [31] The KTH Textures under varying Illumination, Pose and Scale (TIPS) 2 is a database containing 81 200 by 200 grayscale images for each of its 10 textures. As the name suggests, each texture class contains images of different scales, rotations, and illuminations. A score on this set is the average accuracy of 100 random 50-50 train/test splits. See Figure 7(c) for sample textures from KTH-TIPS 2.
 4. FMD The Flickr Material Database (FMD) contains RGB images of sizes by for each of its materials [40]. This database is the most


text:
All of the essential mechanisms in our system were veriﬁed in solution using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These mechanisms include: walker-track binding, walker-track|triggering the walker, walking from one track to another, picking up cargo, walking while carrying cargo, triggering the cargo goal, dropping oﬀ cargo, and irreversibly walking from tracks to the walker goal. Each gel has several control lanes (marked in green), where control lanes are either single strands, or previously veriﬁed combinations of strands. Positive controls are marked with (+) below the lane number, and negative controls are marked with (-) below the lane number. We deﬁne a negative control as one that should not appear in any reaction in that gel, even though some may in practice appear due to stoichiometric errors etc. Lanes that test the binding of certain strands are labeled in blue, whereas lanes that test strand displacement reactions are labeled in red. Null experiments (ones where expect no reaction to occur, but provide comparisons for reactions where we expect the end result to be the same or similar) are labeled in black. All inputs in a lane were intended to be equimolar unless otherwise noted. Probes were used when it seemed necessary to distinguish strands or complexes of similar length (for example PTR2 was used with track 2 to distinguish it from track 1, although we found that TR1 always appears slightly higher in the gel than TR2, and likewise when they are bound to the walker, perhaps due to some minor secondary structure.)
This gel tests the ability of the walker to bind to its tracks and the walker triggering mechanism. Lane 1: W; 2: TR1; 3: TR2; 4: WI; 5: WT; 6: W + TR1 → (W-TR1); 7: W + TR2 → (W-TR2); 8: W + WI → (W-WI); 9: WI + WT → (WI-WT); 10: W + TR1 + WI → (W-TR1-WI); 11: (W-WI-TR1) + WT → (W-TR1) + (WI-WT).


"There's no limit on how much you can earn."
As you probably already know, a healthy revenue cycle is essential for maintaining your healthcare facility's financial wellbeing and ensuring that physicians in your organization are appropriately compensated. One way to improve your revenue cycle is to reduce AR days, but a few other things affect how financially healthy your organization is.
Several factors go into maintaining a revenue cycle, including:
 - Scheduling
 - Patient registration and eligibility checks
 - Up-front payment collection (copayments and deductibles)
 - Claims management
 - Medical billing and receiving patient payment
If any of these moving parts get out of line, it will disrupt the revenue cycle, causing an increase of AR days and a hit to your organization's financial health.
Below we talk about why you should focus on reducing your AR days and a few steps to help you keep your financial wellbeing in check.
Improving Your Revenue Cycle: Why You Should Focus on Reducing AR Days
If your AR days are increasing, that means that your facility is in danger of quickly slipping into large amounts of debt. Reducing AR days is necessary for an ever-changing economic environment to take control of your medical facilities' cash flow.
All too often, cash-starved health systems are victims of declining AR turnover rates and high debt levels. While turning around your average number of AR days isn't a simple task, do it with some determination and organization. Below are a few key steps to help you and your medical organization reduce your AR days and regain your cash flow and financial health.
Key Steps to Reducing Your AR Days and Improving Your Revenue Cycle
 1. Determine Your Goals
One of the first steps in reducing your AR days is to determine your goals. What does an ideal number of AR days look like for your facility? This number will differ depending on several factors, including the type of facility and the mix of payers you have.
Setting a specific yet realistic goal for reducing your AR days will help make the process easier. It often helps to write out your goals and have a brainstorming session with your team. Post these goals somewhere so everyone, including yourself and your billing staff, can see them and have the motivation to achieve what you're working towards.
 1. Accurate Documentation is Key
The next step to reducing your AR days is making sure that your facility and staff are keeping timely and accurate documentation of all your coding and billing cases. By having organized and up-to-date documentation to look back at, you can more easily find any inefficiencies in your revenue cycle that you can correct. This step may take some time and effort, but it is a vital and essential part of the process of reducing your AR days.
 1. Set "Clean Claim" Goals
Ensuring that your billing department understands that you have a set expectation for receiving clean claims within 48 hours of receipt of required documentation can help you reduce your AR days drastically.
Many coders and billers aren't willing to give you clean claims unless you set clear expectations and ask for them. It's also a good idea to make these same types of goals for follow-up on electronic rejections on uploaded claims. The more precise and direct you are with these goals and your communication, the easier it will be to reduce your AR days.
 1. Have Processes in Place for Tracking Denials
Denials are another part of the healthcare revenue system that can get miscommunicated, delayed, and cause more AR days.
Ensuring that you have processes in place for tracking denials can help your personnel understand how your facility handles denials to minimize time to payment. Communication and organization are key in creating an effective claims denial process and reducing your AR days.
 1. Set Payer-Specific Policies
Make sure that you are putting in the time and effort necessary to educate personnel on payer-specific policies to ensure that your team has access to the required training, whether it's Medicare, Medicaid, or other payment avenues. For many payers, online access to these policies is readily available and includes easy-to-use webinar style training explicitly created for this purpose.
How Outsourcing Your Revenue Cycle Management Can Help Reduce A/R Days
When it comes to the financial wellbeing of medical facilities, billing operations are one of the most vital and essential aspects of what it takes to manage a healthy and thriving health care facility. If you find yourself running a medical facility struggling with an increase of AR days and accruing debt, there is still a chance to turn around the revenue cycle.
Before you can reduce your AR days, you first need to look at what is wrong with the infrastructure of your revenue cycle. And outsource some efforts to a trustworthy vendor who can help you resolve claims, set up patient payment plans, and pay close attention to outstanding accounts. When AR ages to the point of no return, it can be challenging to turn around a revenue cycle and increase cash flow.
Medical Billing Opportunity can help you establish your own billing business and guide you into earning more.
Contact us to learn about the different courses to help you build your Medical Billing business with reduced A/R days and maximum revenue gained.
Keeping ahead of COVID-19


Passengers with disabilities have assistance during their air travel, both at airports and onboard aeroplanes.
Most of the services they can use are free. Below you can find a list of essential services found in air transport. If you need more detailed information about this, go to the airline regulations.
Most airlines offer the following specialized care services for people with disabilities:
Assistance during boarding and disembarking.
Assistance during the accommodation of your luggage.
Assistance at the exit door.
Use of a wheelchair.
Persons with disabilities travelling alone must be able to:
Use the bathroom independently.
Take a snack without needing help.
Apply for the necessary medicine appropriately.
Wear an oxygen mask independently.
In case your level of disability does not allow the passenger to perform any of the above points, the passenger must travel accompanied by a person who is over 16 years of age and has the physical conditions necessary to assist him.
In the following cases, it will be necessary to have a medical certificate that guarantees the possibility of flying to the passenger:
When the passenger has a mental disability and is not accompanied by another passenger.
If your health status and the level of your disability is not stable.
When the passenger carries full syringes and liquid medications.
If you suffer from a contagious disease that jeopardizes the safety of other passengers or has recently undergone surgery.
If necessary, the airline generally provides a model certificate for passengers. This must be completed and signed by the disabled passenger's doctor and then returned to the airline. Some offer discounts to people with disabilities on some of their routes.
For security reasons, airlines limit the number of people with disabilities on board, which generally varies between three and five passengers depending on the route and the airline. This number includes passengers with disabilities travelling with another passenger to help. That is why the early booking of the flight is essential, providing all the detailed information about the limitation to the airline.
For reasons of safety regulations, passengers with disabilities may not occupy some seats of the aircraft (for example, seats located next to emergency exits). The team on board will help them so that they can hold their positions during the flight.
Before the flight, people with disabilities should consult with a doctor about the possibility of performing the desired route.
Notification about the passenger's disability to the company:
You must notify the airline about the passenger's disability at least 48 hours before boarding.
Remember to inform about the need to carry an oxygen supplement, if you have an implanted pacemaker, transported medications, etc.
The transport of wheelchairs
Airlines allow passengers to take their wheelchairs for their trips. However, it will not always be possible to make it in the cabin of the plane due to limited space. If the wheelchair exceeds the size that allows free movement through the corridor of the aircraft, it must be transported free of charge as checked baggage. In this case, the airlines will provide the service of a wheelchair that complies with the measures allowed inside the flight.
If the passenger decides to take their wheelchair, it is advisable to inform the airline about its weight and size, and if it can be folded. If an electric motor powers the wheelchair, some companies may refuse your transportation or may require some additional security measures to carry it as checked baggage.
In the case of being an electric wheelchair, it is necessary to provide information on the type of battery that it uses - dry batteries or liquid electrolyte batteries. If the cell is usable, in no case will it be possible to take the wheelchair on board the plane?
The airlines, in addition to wheelchairs, allow you to transport crutches, walkers and canes for free.
If necessary, the airport can also provide a suitable wheelchair for free. If this is requested in advance, the chair will be separated in a specialized assistance section of the airport waiting for the passenger who asked it.
For detailed information on airlines, types of disabilities and rules regarding the transport of wheelchairs and other mobility aids, check the websites of each of them.


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High energy bars contain a blend of simple and complex carbohydrates, which provide energy during intense and sustained exercise to maximise the store of carbohydrate energy. They are rich in vitamins B1, B2, PP, C and E:- vitamins B1 and PP contribute to converting food to energy.- vitamins C, E and B2 are involved in the antioxidant protection of cellular components. They are also low in lipids and so more digestible. Ideal during training sessions or in competitions. They can also be taken before exercise during the preparation phase.
Oat flakes, Crunchy cereal clusters (rice and wheat flour, sugar, wheat malt and gluten, salt), Glucose syrup, Crystallised orange peel 10% (orange peel, glucose syrup, sugar, acidifier: citric acid), Inverted sugar syrup, Vegetable oils, apple pieces 3.1%, Stabilisers: sorbitol and glycerol, skimmed milk powder, Powdered whey, Flavourings, pineapple flakes 1.3% (pineapple, maize, starch, sugar) Salt, Emulsifiers: soya and colza lecithins, Vitamins C, PP, B6, B1, B2, E (Lactose and milk proteins), Acidifier: citric acid.


10. Povijest obnove
History does repeat -especially when a providential failure occurs. But why? The answer is "Foundation for the Messiah."
In similar fashion to the later "Abel-position Democratic World" in the 20th century, Jacob long ago -on the individual level, had to first restore the Three Blessings before he could unite with and win over his Cain-position counterpart.
Esau welcomes and embraces Jacob. Esau removes his fallen nature.
Even though the Foundation for the Messiah was completed on the family level, the Messiah still couldn't come quickly for two reasons.
The Abel-type person (or people) subjugate Satan's representatives by first establishing three victories.
Four lessons can be discerned from studying Abraham's family in the Exposition of the Divine Principle.
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HitTest(Point, Single) Method [InkDisp Class]
HitTest(Point, Single) Method [InkDisp Class]
HRESULT HitTestCircle ( [in] long x, [in] long y, [in] float radius, [out, retval] IInkStrokes **Strokes );
[Microsoft® Visual Basic® 6.0]
Public Function HitTestCircle( _ x As Long, _ y As Long, _ radius As Single _ ) As InkStrokes;
[in] The radius of the circle to use in the hit test, in ink space units.
[in] The x-position of the center of the hit test circle in ink space units.
[in] The y-position of the center of the hit test circle in ink space units.
[out] Returns the collection of strokes that are either completely inside or intersected by the specified circle.
|E_POINTER||A parameter contained an invalid pointer.|
|E_INK_EXCEPTION||An exception occurred inside the method.|
|E_INVALIDARG||Invalid display handle.|
|E_UNEXPECTED||Unexpected parameter or property type.|
If a stroke intersects the circle, the complete stroke is returned.
The method computes the intersection, considering the full set of drawing attributes that apply to the stroke, including the full pen width, Bezier smoothing (if present), and shape of the pen tip.
After a rotation or shear transform has been performed on a stroke or a collection of strokes, the transformed x- and y-coordinates are no longer concentric with the original coordinates. Because of this, the radius argument should not be calculated from the x- or y-coordinates.
The application must always pass in a destination pointer for the resulting collection of strokes. If there are no intersections, the collection has a count of zero.
[Visual Basic 6.0]
This Visual Basic 6.0 example shows how to find the InkStrokes collection that is associated with the smallest set of IInkRecognitionAlternate objects that include the strokes selected by clicking the mouse in the drawing space of Form1, where the ink strokes have been recognized and the result is in an IInkRecognitionResult object, theRecognitionResult. This example starts with a standard exe application, adds a reference to the Microsoft Tablet PC Type Library, and has a text box Text1 and a check box HitTestMode added to the form. When the check box is unchecked, ink is collected and recognized, with the top alternate placed in the text box. When the check box is checked, a click with the mouse or a tap with the pen will use HitTest(Point, Single) to find the collection of strokes within a hit test radius of 200 ink space units and color it red.
Option Explicit Dim WithEvents theInkCollector As InkCollector Dim WithEvents theRecognizerContext As InkRecognizerContext Dim theRecognitionResult As IInkRecognitionResult Dim hasRecoResult As Boolean Dim theStrokes As InkStrokes Private Sub HitTestMode_Click() theInkCollector.Enabled = Not theInkCollector.Enabled End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() ScaleMode = vbPixels 'Initialize the InkCollector Set theInkCollector = New InkCollector theInkCollector.hWnd = Me.hWnd theInkCollector.Enabled = True 'Create new RecognizerContext Dim theRecognizers As New InkRecognizers Dim theRecognizer As IInkRecognizer Set theRecognizer = theRecognizers.GetDefaultRecognizer Set theRecognizerContext = theRecognizer.CreateRecognizerContext 'Initialize the recognizer's strokes 'and assign them to the RecognizerContext Set theStrokes = theInkCollector.ink.Strokes Set theRecognizerContext.Strokes = theStrokes 'Clear the hit test check box HitTestMode.Value = 0 hasRecoResult = False End Sub Private Sub Form_MouseDown( _ Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) Dim inkX As Long Dim inkY As Long Dim hitStrokes As InkStrokes Dim AltStrokes As InkStrokes'Convert the mouse down to ink space coordinates If hasRecoResult And HitTestMode.Value = 1 Then inkX = CLng(X) inkY = CLng(Y) theInkCollector.Renderer.PixelToInkSpace Form1.hDC, inkX, inkY 'Get the stroke set hit by the mouse (within a radius 'of 200 HIMETRIC) and color it red. Set hitStrokes = theInkCollector.ink.HitTestCircle(inkX, inkY, 200) If hitStrokes.Count > 0 Then Set AltStrokes = _ theRecognitionResult.TopAlternate.GetStrokesFromStrokeRanges(hitStrokes) Dim theStroke As IInkStrokeDisp For Each theStroke In theInkCollector.ink.Strokes theStroke.DrawingAttributes.Color = RGB(0, 0, 0) Next For Each theStroke In AltStrokes theStroke.DrawingAttributes.Color = RGB(255, 0, 0) Next Form1.Refresh End If End If End Sub Private Sub theRecognizerContext_RecognitionWithAlternates( _ ByVal RecognitionResult As IInkRecognitionResult, _ ByVal CustomData As Variant, _ ByVal RecognitionStatus As MSINKAUTLib.InkRecognitionStatus) Set theRecognitionResult = RecognitionResult 'Update the text box with the top result Text1.Text = theRecognitionResult.TopString hasRecoResult = True End Sub Private Sub theInkCollector_Stroke( _ ByVal Cursor As MSINKAUTLib.IInkCursor, _ ByVal Stroke As MSINKAUTLib.IInkStrokeDisp, _ Cancel As Boolean) 'When a new stroke is collected, add it to 'the RecognizerContext's strokes collection theStrokes.Add Stroke 'Tell the RecognizerContext to recognize theRecognizerContext.BackgroundRecognizeWithAlternates End Sub


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New research from the University of Florida highlights the most effective strategies for applying fertilizer to produce more consistent results with less environmental impact.
Click on the PDF in the LearnMore! box to view all figures, charts and graphs.
We surveyed several leading liner producers on how they applied water-soluble fertilizer during a four-week cropping cycle with vegetative annuals (Figure 1). While there are many ways to deliver nutrients during cutting propagation, some strategies for applying fertilizer produce more consistent results with less environmental impact than others.
This range in the application of water and fertilizer raised several research questions that have driven Kate Santos' Ph.D. project on cutting nutrition. In this article, we describe a few of our findings from university trials and grower experience as part of the Young Plant Research Center program.
Nutrition Requirements of Unrooted Cuttings
Unrooted cuttings (URCs) require higher tissue nutrient levels than finished plant material because tissue nutrient concentrations often drop from just after sticking until roots begin to form. If the cuttings contain a high level of nutrients (relative to finished plant material), then this drop will not cause a problem because the tissue levels never reach a minimum critical level that affects growth, if fertilizer is supplied throughout the rooting cycle (Figure 2). However, if the nutrient levels in the URC are low to begin with, then this drop can cause nutrient levels to drop below the critical level, often causing the appearance of nutrient deficiencies, slow or non-uniform rooting, or greater susceptibility to diseases.
One of the biggest problems we found was the lack of information on tissue nutrient levels in URCs and how they related to published levels in finished plant material. We therefore asked cuttings suppliers and rooting stations to send in tissue samples from healthy URCs for nutrient analysis. We collected more than 4,000 tissue samples between 2004 and 2008, and we now have information on 89 plant species. We have included the survey results for petunia (Figure 3), and other results will be published later this year. Overall, we have found that stock plant producers are doing a good job providing rooting stations with cuttings that are high in initial nutrient levels relative to finished plant material (Figure 4).
In your own operation, if you consistently see deficiencies in cuttings during propagation (Figure 5), check nutrient levels of the URCs using a tissue analysis, and increase stock plant fertilizer levels. It is common to see deficiencies in tip cuttings taken off a tray, because those tip cuttings are likely to have low initial nutrient levels unless you have adequately fertilized mother plants in the tray.
Maintain Steady Supply
Once root initials emerge, cuttings need a constant supply of nutrients. There are several ways to do this at the stage when roots emerge.
Include a pre-plant charge, and minimize leaching. Most pre-plant nutrient charges are highly soluble. Our research has shown that once a complete container volume of water is leached through a plug tray, that pre-plant charge is gone. We developed a simple collection tray method to measure leaching, which growers use to refine their mist practices (Figure 6a). When we used this method in several grower locations, we found that some growers leached a container volume very quickly, within a week of sticking, whereas other growers used much less water.
Apply a fertilizer drench as soon as mist is reduced. Growers typically apply 200- to 250-ppm nitrogen from a complete fertilizer as a one-time drench.
Apply fertilizer in the mist system from sticking on. Mist fertigation is most effective for crops that show nutrient deficiencies early during propagation at your location, if URCs arrive looking nutrient deficient, or if you are taking tip cuttings from liners that were grown lean. Most growers only apply 50- to 100-ppm nitrogen during mist fertigation to avoid salt burn.
As with any change in your management, trial the fertilizer method you use on a small group of plants before applying to the entire crop. Once plants are off mist, most growers apply 150- to 200-ppm nitrogen. Higher fertilizer concentrations tend to increase shoot growth and decrease root growth.
Research emphasizes that nutrient deficiency during propagation is less likely if URCs have adequate nutrient levels prior to sticking. Even with a URC high in nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and boron (the most common deficiencies in cuttings), it is easy to run into deficiency issues during propagation. Nutrients need to be supplied to cuttings by the time roots begin to grow, either through a pre-plant charge, corrective fertilizer drench or mist fertigation. A moderate fertilizer level (100- to 200-ppm nitrogen) with minimal leaching will provide the best combination of root and shoot growth without excess runoff.
The authors thank the American Floral Endowment, the University of New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, InnovaPlant (Proven Winners), Oro Farms, Bodger Botanicals, Syngenta Flowers, Ball FloraPlant, Dramm Corporation, Hortimax, and our Young Plant Research Center partners — Altman Plants, Blackmore Co., Center Greenhouses, D.S. Cole Growers, Ellegaard, Fafard, Florida Plant Specialist, Four Star Greenhouses, Greencare Fertilizers, Knox Nursery, Kube-Pak Corp., Lucas Greenhouses, Pindstrup, Pleasant View Gardens, Premier Horticulture, Quality Analytical Laboratories, Smith Gardens, Sun Gro Horticulture, Wagner Greenhouses and Welby Gardens — for supporting this research.


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The Handbook of Sustainability Literacy
Skills for a Changing World
Edited by Arran Stibbe
Responding to the threats of climate change, peak oil, resource deletion, economic uncertainty and energy insecurity demands the utmost in creativity, ingenuity, and new ways of thinking in order to reinvent self and society. In The Handbook of Sustainability Literacy, leading sustainability educators are joined by permaculturists, literary critics, ecologists, artists, journalists, engineers, mathematicians, and philosophers in examining the skills needed in the twenty-first century. Among the many skills, attributes, and values described in this volume are values reflection, coping with complexity, permaculture design, transition skills, advertising awareness, effortless action, and ecological intelligence, each accompanied by ideas for active-learning exercises to help develop the skill. Far from being a rigid or definitive statement of the "one right way," however, the handbook is exploratory, aiming to open up new, unthought-of paths, possibilities, and choices. It is intended primarily for educators across the spectrum from higher education to informal education, but is also suitable for learners themselves and anyone interested in the literally "vital" issue of the skills we need to survive and thrive in the twenty-first century and build a more sustainable future. Contributors include John Naish, Satish Kumar, Patrick Whitefield, John Blewitt, Stephan Harding, and Stephen Sterling.


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Wall's To Develop Low-fat Ice-cream Using Fish Blood
Wall's have announced their plans to use a protein that has been originally isolated from fish blood to produce the world's first ice creams using genetically// modified technology.
The parent company, Unilever, have claimed that the technique will allow it them to develop ice creams that are of low-calorie, and low fat. They explained that they could be using this technology to make newer versions of their best selling products like the Cornetto, Magnum, and Carte D'Or.
There are debates going on about the GM technology due to an increased desire by consumers for a more natural'real' food diet, where in artificial additives are removed. But officials at the Unilever believe the benefits of low-fat ice cream could prevail over any doubts about GM.
It was explained that the blood protein is originally extracted from an eel-like ocean pout fish, which uses the protein to survive extreme cold at the bottom of the seas. They stated that the protein has been chemically synthesised and it can be grown in vast vases that can produce a brownish liquid. This liquid, they explained could lower the lowers the temperatures at which ice crystals form and the shape they take up. They claimed that they could then create a stiff and solid mixture by using less cream or fat.
The company has also announced that they have submitted an application with the Food Standard Agency to use the new technology, involving the GM process. Unilever officials have also stated that the process has already been approved in the U.S. and in other parts of the world. They categorically stated that no GM material would remains in the final product, and that the process involving the GM element would be used to only create the protein.
Clare Oxborrow a food campaigner of the Friends of the Earth has said: 'At a time when more and more consumers want to choose unadulterated food, it's disappointing to see Unilever investing in this unnecessa ry development in overly processed food.'
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Kary Bosma on Jubilee Fellows' Summer Internships
Kary Bosma coordinates Jubilee Fellows, a Calvin College summer internship for students considering pastoral ministry.
Kary Bosma coordinates Jubilee Fellows, a Calvin College summer internship for students considering pastoral ministry. Each summer Bosma and Jubilee Fellows co-directors Dale Cooper and Todd Cioffi divide visits among 12 interns.
Kary Bosma
Will you describe a typical visit?
We try to visit during weeks four or five of their ten-week internships, so we need to coordinate timing along with geography. A program representative visits an internship site for one or two days, enough time to discuss everything, including living with their host family and daily routines. We talk most about their internship. They make goals with their supervisor when the internship begins and complete a mid-point report to evaluate how well they are accomplishing their goals. We discuss how their work so far has impacted his or her sense of calling to ministry.
What challenges do Jubilee Fellows experience?
We talk about how the student is maintaining her relationship with God in the midst of serving him. We discuss what has surprised them about working in ministry. We also talk candidly about any difficulties, whether personal struggles or in work or with their supervisor or host family.
We meet with the student's mentor and any other church staff working closely with the student. It's an opportunity for them to speak honestly about the student's performance and express concerns. We express our gratitude for their mentoring our student.
How do these summer internships affect Jubilee Fellows?
Most come away with a new understanding of and appreciation for the daily work of church ministry. Students are often given opportunities to work in their interest areas, such as teaching, youth, and worship. They're challenged to participate in areas they aren't aware of or don't feel particularly gifted in, such as administration, children, and pastoral care. They often express surprise at all the behind-the-scenes work that happens daily or weekly. They find that, besides preaching on Sunday, a pastor may lead a funeral, make pastoral care visits, attend a worship planning meeting, fold bulletins, and manage church finances. A church educator planning for vacation Bible school must choose curriculum, plan activities and crafts, market the program to members and the community, recruit and coordinate volunteers, purchase snacks, and decorate the church basement.
Often students approach the summer hoping for affirmation about what career path to follow. Sometimes they expect to find the final answer to "Might God be calling me to a vocation in church ministry?" What often actually happens is they spend the summer learning more about themselves: how God has equipped them, which ministry areas best use their gifts, and how to improve in areas of weakness. Mentors reflect weekly with students on how their experiences are effecting or affecting their calling. Mentors affirm their gifts and challenge them when appropriate.
Why do churches continue or stop hosting Jubilee Fellows?
Congregations and mentors are often eager to welcome future Jubilee Fellows after their initial experience. They are usually pleased with the work done and student quality. It is a unique opportunity for churches to gain a highly motivated, thoughtful intern as part of a well-organized and established program...at no financial cost to the church. Several congregations host students year after year, because their staff and congregations are committed to mentoring future church leaders. Mentoring takes significant time and energy for the mentoring pastor, church staff, host family, and congregation. Not all churches are able to sustain an intern every year. Pastoral sabbaticals, retirements, or changing leadership may prevent churches from hosting another Jubilee Fellow.
Churches often want to host a Jubilee Fellow, but I don't have enough students to send out! As our network of internship churches expands—this year eight of our students are at new internship sites— we are blessed with the task of connecting each student with the church that best suits their vocational interests. I work with pastors at each potential site to determine the best fit. We prayerfully determine which churches will receive a Jubilee Fellow and which will have to wait.
As you look back on the years of Jubilee Fellows, how many have gone on to seminary or a church-related job?
Around 75 percent of former Jubilee Fellows have gone on to seminary or to serve in ministry-related fields, such as unordained church ministry, parachurch organizations, and missions.
The Jubilee Fellows program is part of Calvin College's Congregational and Ministry Studies (CMS) department. Read about CMS throughstudents ' eyes.


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'Built on dry land'
Scientists first made the discovery by accident in 2003 using sonar to survey the bottom of the lake but published their findings only recently. The structure is comprised of basalt rocks, arranged in the shape of a cone. It measures 230 feet (70 meters) at the base of the structure, is 32 feet (10 meters) tall, and weighs an estimated 60,000 tons. It is twice the size of the ancient stone circle at Stonehenge in England.
Its size and location, says Shmuel Marco, a geophysicist from Tel Aviv University who worked on the project and who also took video of the structure during a scuba dive to examine it, indicated it could have been constructed underwater as a type of fish nursery. However archaeologists think it more likely it was built on dry land and later submerged by the lake.
'Even more enigmatic'
The exact age of the structure has been difficult to pinpoint, but calculations based on the six to ten feet (two to three meters) of sand that have accumulated over the bottom of the base — sand accumulates an average of one to four millimeters per year — as well as comparisons to other structures in the region, put the estimate anywhere between 2,000 and 12,000 years old. The possible purpose of the structure is even more enigmatic.
Dani Nadel, an archeologist from the University of Haifa, who partnered on the site, and who has led several prehistoric excavations in the region, notes it shares similarities with communal burial sites, though he's quick to discourage anyone from drawing a definitive conclusion.
What do you think could have been the purpose of this mysterious ancient structure? Feel free to share your own speculations with us!
Source: Daisy Carrington, CNN


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The Universe has universal rules which have been shared with humanity through religions and must be followed to end the recycling of souls. It is the job of all of humanity to get out of the recycle process by following the rules set up by the Universe.
These rules exist only for the souls in human bodies. Souls at the recycling centre, souls trapped in lower life forms and souls in transition are not covered under the universal laws.
Following the universal rules while in the human body will help release the soul from the recycling process and allow souls to choose how they want to live.
The guardian of humanity does not have any control over these rules. They were created by the Universe and must be followed by humanity. Only the laws that are common to all religions can be considered universal laws because they have been proven to provide souls with the leverage to remove themselves from the recycling process.
Example of Universal Rules
- Do not worship entities or earth based objects/persons or ideas.
- Be careful with the power in your words.
- Incorporate a day and daily times for reflection and meditation.
- Respect your soul family.
- Avoid killing life forms with souls.
- Do not Take or have the intent to take from others.
- Do not cheat in any committed relationship.
- Country citizenship
- Do not lie with intent.
- Do not wish for what others have.


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There's an interesting story at The Smithsonian's Past Imperfect blog regarding the peculiar history of the mythological basilisk. Those of you who spent your teenage years playing Dungeons & Dragons in your basement might already know what a basilisk is. However, for the rest of you, here's a description:
The basilisk remained an object of terror long after the collapse of the Roman empire and was popular in medieval bestiaries. It was in this period that a great deal of additional myth grew up around it. It became less a serpent than a mix of snake and rooster; it was almost literally hellish. Jan Bondeson notes that the monster was "the subject of a lengthy discourse in the early-13th-century bestiary of Pierre de Beauvais. An aged cock, which had lost its virility, would sometimes lay a small, abnormal egg. If this egg is laid in a dunghill and hatched by a toad, a misshapen creature, with the upper body of a rooster, bat-like wings, and the tail of a snake will come forth.