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Intelligence-led and outcome-oriented practice lies at the heart of community safety partnerships (CSPs) being the most effective possible vehicle for tackling crime and re-offending at the local level in England and Wales. To achieve this, efficient and effective information sharing between relevant partners is essential.
Information sharing involves the transfer of information from one agency to another. This can be information that is transferred via electronic means, in paper records, or verbally between CSP partner agencies. This can include the sharing of both personalised and depersonalised information as well as non-personal information.
Information sharing in many CSPs in England and Wales has made significant strides since the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Some guidance has helped CSPs along the way, but many CSPs continue to struggle and come up against barriers that constrain them in making better use of the rich sources of information that can be shared between partner agencies.
This guidance, published in March 2010, is aimed at community safety practitioners and their managers. It is designed to be comprehensive in helping CSPs improve their information sharing so that they can use data in order to be confident and well informed in the decisions that they make to improve community safety at the local level. The guidance identifies what data should be shared, provides clarity on legislation, and offers advice on the processes that can be put in place to help facilitate information sharing. The guidance addresses information sharing between local CSP partners, rather than between central government and regional government agencies.
The guide draws from practice and experience across England and Wales. Importantly, the guide gets into the detail of information sharing by:
- identifying the data (right down to the data fields) that partner agencies and local neighbourhood practitioners should share
- describing the key principles to follow when sharing information
- providing clarity on legislation so that practitioners can be confident in what can and what cannot be shared
- explaining the processes to apply in order for data to be fit for purpose for local-level intelligence-led service delivery
- suggesting a framework that can be used to help improve upon existing arrangements for information sharing.
The appendix describes the technical process of depersonalising geographic data, and explains the roles that analysts and non-analysts should play in a CSP to help facilitate information sharing and the associated development of intelligence products. The appendix also contains a glossary of words and terms used in this guidance and practice advice, and a list of abbreviations useful for community safety practitioners.
Benefits of information sharing
Effective information sharing is fundamental to supporting the development of CSP intelligence and providing an evidence base on which these partnerships can make decisions. This decision making should then help direct appropriate responses to:
- prevent and reduce crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour (ASB)
- apprehend and prosecute offenders; reduce re-offending
- address issues associated with the misuse of drugs and alcohol
- enhance public reassurance and confidence in the services that are in place to improve community safety.
To tackle these issues associated with community safety requires a response that involves more than one agency. Each of these agencies collects information that relates to certain community safety problems, so in order for these problems to be understood it requires each agency to share this information. If a certain problem is only considered from the view of a single agency then key aspects of the problem can be missed, the problem can be poorly understood or even misunderstood, resulting in decisions being made on little substance, and ineffective responses being deployed.
Information sharing therefore supports three important aspects of CSP working:
- understanding the problem - tackling the issues associated with crime, disorder, ASB, the misuse of drugs and alcohol, reducing re-offending and public reassurance requires the nature of each problem to be well understood. To understand the problem requires information to be brought together from a range of agencies. This entails exploring patterns relating to the problem, and then deciding on tactical, investigative or strategic responses (for example, to inform Integrated Offender Management arrangements - IOM), actions for managing the most harmful and problematic individuals (for example, Prolific and other Priority Offenders - PPOs), and for supporting those that are most vulnerable to victimisation.
- multi-agency in content, multi-agency in outlook - considering the problem using information from a range of agencies rather from just one agency leads more naturally to a multi-agency response. If the problem is only considered from the view of a single agency then the natural reaction is often for that agency to be considered as the only one that is in a position to tackle the problem. The inclusion of information from a range of agencies helps them to identify the role that they can play in responding to the problem and delivering a more joined-up approach to addressing it.
- supports partnership working - if the problem is considered using a range of agency information then this tends to overcome the reliance on one agency as the single source of information and sole purveyor of a solution to the problem. Relying on just one agency to provide information and respond to the problem with little input from other agencies can undermine the CSP and the spirit of partnership working. Information sharing helps to foster and improve inter-agency relationships.
Benefits of information sharing - a practical example
Consider the example of developing a multi-agency response to reduce the re-offending of prolific and other priority offenders (PPOs).
A number of agencies collect information relating to these individuals:
- the police collect information on the offences that PPOs are known to have committed
- probation may have carried out a recent OASys assessment on each PPO
- the drug and alcohol action team may have the PPOs registered with them and hold data relating to their drug misuse.
To understand the issues associated with prolific offenders requires these data to be drawn together. They can be used to help identify issues that relate to individuals as well as highlighting patterns that can be seen across all PPOs. These could be issues associated with drug misuse, unsuitable housing, and lack of employment skills that are common to many prolific offenders, and the partnership will need to decide upon the most appropriate multi-agency response. If issues associated with prolific offenders were only considered by using data from one agency then certain aspects of the problem could be missed, which in turn could impact upon key decisions about the suitability and timeliness of interventions to address an individual's offending behaviour.
Ultimately, the personal safety of millions of people rests on the decisions taken by statutory agencies on the ground. All partners engaged in work related to community safety and wellbeing have a responsibility to share information where they think that action may need to be taken - if a housing officer, for example, notices something untoward on a visit, suitable and clear processes should be in place to ensure that, where appropriate, the information is shared with the relevant partner agency. Failure to do so may compromise both the safety of the individual and the professional reputation of the agencies in the partnership.
The guidance document and appendices are available to download below.
Date: Mon Aug 02 14:32:27 BST 2010


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Break large pieces of work into chunks.
You know what your project has to deliver and you're clear about what its scope is. So now you need to do some planning. But where do you begin?
Whether you project is big or small, one of the first challenges of project planning is to break the overall deliverable down into manageable chunks. Later, you'll use this to work out the schedule, identify the resources you'll need, and work out what the cost of it all is likely to be.
One of the most popular ways of this is to use a "Work Breakdown Structure". This technique is often used by professional project managers, using formal project planning methodologies. But you'll also find it useful for smaller, less formal projects – and even if your job title isn't "Project Manager". These might include a running marketing campaign, managing an office move or even organizing a company "away day".
A Work Breakdown Structure is a detailed list of all of the things that need to be delivered and the activities that need to be carried out to complete the project. As shown in Figure 1 below, it's represented as a tree-structure, with each deliverable or activity broken down into further components.
Figure 1: Work Breakdown Structure Format
There are several different approaches you can use when constructing a Work Breakdown Structures:
With the Mind Tools Club, you get much, much more than you do here for free.
And we'll give you the 4 workbooks above when you join!
Learn on the move with the free Mind Tools iPhone, iPad and Android Apps. Short bursts of business training ideal for busy people.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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- Special Sections
- Public Notices
Robotics courses can teach kids math and programming skills, instructor Jeff Rivera said, but if that's not enough, there's always the draw of Legos.
"Everybody loves to play with Legos," Rivera said.
Elizabethtown Community and Technical College has started its Kids' College program this summer, offering week-long classes to children covering a variety of topics, from forensic science to video game design.
This week, the college is hosting an intermediate robotics course, one of three robotics courses in the Kids' College program. Rivera, an associate professor in the electrical technology program, has taught the courses for several years.
The courses use Lego robotic kits. Students learn to build robots and program them to perform tasks. The robots can be programmed to retrieve and carry objects, or push and pull them along a map filled with different pathways. Programming involves a lot of math to determine distances for the path the robot needs to travel, Rivera said.
The courses have proven to be some of the most popular in the Kids' College program. Rivera said robotics can be found in many professions from medicine to mining.
"Robotics is becoming more and more prevalent in industry and just in everyday life," he said.
Melissa Broadfoot, 9, enrolled in the courses to explore possibilities in engineering.
"I just wanted to become an engineer or a doctor, so I just wanted to get started on one of those two," she said.
Justice Smith, 13, is entering his freshman year at John Hardin High School. He had taken a beginning robotics before this week's course.
"I took one the first time because I like to see how things work," Smith said.
Smith has enjoyed himself, to the point where he thinks he might want to go into a field using some of the same skills. He'll never be bored, he said.
"It will always keep my interest," Smith said.
Kelly Cantrall can be reached at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


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There are few skills in the modern Code of Points have the ability to correlate with macro gymnastics themes that have impacted the development of the sport over the decades. But the wolf turn is exactly that.
It is practically unheard of to find a skill that was popularized and universally performed in two different eras, let alone two eras separated by 50 years. Yet the wolf turn exemplifies this because it is a skill with so much history associated with it. To demonstrate just how far back the history of this skill goes, let me introduce Eva Bosakova.
Eva wasn't the first WAG to debut an eponymous skill, but she was the first to debut an eponymous skill that everyone remembered. Her cartwheel on beam in the early 1950s was as revolutionary as Olga Korbut's 1972 Olympic routines. Bosakova started the trend of gymnasts working difficult acrobatic elements into their routines. It was due to Eva Bosakova that gymnastics fans and the media started paying any attention at all to the concept of an eponymous skill.
Immediately following her cartwheel Eva Bosakova transitioned into a turning motion. While I wouldn't call it a wolf turn, it is impossible to deny that Bosakova didn't use the exact same turning motion that would serve as the foundation for the modern wolf turn. It was only a matter of time before another gymnast came along and decided to add an extra 180 degrees to Bosakova's turn. The foundation for the wolf turn was being laid from the very moment WAG pivoted towards eponymous skills.
In the current era, the wolf turn is widely mocked amongst gymnastics fans. And why shouldn't they? The only exposure younger fans have had with this skill are the error-riddled and frequently botched double and triple wolf turns of the last 15 years. They aren't as visually appealing as the artistic-laced wolf turns of the cold war era that were almost always done perfectly. Yet behind the modern element is a historic skill that has more historical connotations with it than all but a handful of skills in the Code of Points. It really should be treated as one of the most sacred moves in the history of the sport, even more so when it is realized how many sacred names are associated with this skill.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Most of us are probably familiar with the term engine braking, but have you ever stopped to think just how it works?
Some of you that are a little more mechanically minded probably have a pretty good idea, but there are actually 3 different methods of engine braking that can be used depending on the vehicle. Most commonly, engine braking is used on larger transport trucks or vehicles that would otherwise be hard to slow down with rotary breaks.
However, there is a method of engine braking in gasoline-powered engines, as well as two other methods for diesel engines. Essentially, engine braking is using the retarding forces inside an engine (friction, compression, etc.) to slow down the movement of the rotor, and resultingly, the car. You can check out a super in-depth explanation of all of the different kinds of engine braking in the video below from Engineering Explained Youtube Channel.
The first method to discuss is gasoline engine braking, which utilizes the formation of a vacuum to slow down the vehicle. When you let your foot off of the throttle, the throttle body closes, meaning that as the pistons retract into the cylinders, a small vacuum is formed, creating forces that inhibit the continued motion of the car.
The first diesel method acts the exact opposite of creating a vacuum, rather it creates excess compression in the cylinder. As the piston moves up to push the exhaust out, the exhaust valve will close creating back pressure in the cylinder, thus slowing the car down.
The last diesel method of engine braking is a little more complicated, and it is dubbed the "jake brake" after the company that created it. The video above explains this method the best, but essentially you are releasing some of the compression built up in the engine so it is not as effective in moving the pistons.
You are "wasting energy" in the combustion process by simply combusting gasses, then immediately releasing them, resulting in a negative network. There are quite a few valves and solenoids used to make each of these systems work properly, and all of them are timed and regulated perfectly to make everything work.
Hopefully, now you understand engine braking a little bit better, and you can impress your non-engineer friends by your knowledge of how cars are able to slow down without pressing on their brakes.


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Ontario universities are continually reviewing and reinvigorating teaching and learning strategies to ensure that students leave universities prepared for a successful future. Examples of innovative strategies in teaching and learning were recently published in a report called Beyond the Sage on the Stage. Universities are also engaged in a variety of research initiatives designed to improve teaching in collaboration with the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO). These include: skills for student-focused learning, effective use of technology, orienting new faculty and graduate students to best practices and degree program restructuring.
Ontario universities have also implemented a new Quality Assurance Framework based on learning outcomes and third party scrutiny. A report called Ensuring the Value of University Degrees in Ontario outlines how learning outcomes are embedded in university courses and how degree level expectations define what university graduates know and what skills they have acquired from their degree.
Read about groundbreaking teaching and learning methods.
Find a teaching and learning centre at an Ontario university.
Read the report Beyond the Sage On the Stage: Innovative and Effective Teaching and Learning at Ontario Universities, for examples of different teaching and learning strategies from across the province >
Read the report Ensuring the Value of University Degrees in Ontario, to find out more about learning outcomes, degree level expectations, and the Quality Assurance Process in Ontario >
Ontario's Degree Level Expectations >
AUCC's "Great Beginnings" - a resource to enhance quality and innovation in undergraduate education >


Confident Color System
Color Certifications, Continuing Ed, & Coaching for Decorating and Staging Professionals
Chances are, if you are here, you want to take your color skills to a new level. Color is the core of the design process and yet, where most mistakes are made. It is the first thing we notice so if done incorrectly, it will set the tone for the rest of the space. Most people select color based on a good eye or good instincts, or their perception of what makes a beautiful color palette. The result may be a redundancy or projects that look alike or a fear of giving a room what is actually deserves.
The Confident Color System was created to help you gain confidence by understanding the whys of the process. That is the key…knowing why you put the sofa there or select a certain color palette. Because when you tell your clients the why and not your opinion, the advice you provide grows in value…which means your business and your worth increases. Your options include a Live 2 Day Class or start learning in minutes with the Online class.
What makes the
Confident Color System unique?
1. Longest running color certification class in country geared to decorating, design, and staging professionals.
 2. Most color certification classes focus on primarily paint. In our highly interactive class, students will work with fabrics, furniture, décor, and more, because color impacts every element of the space. Color is so much more than paint.
3. Practical skills and tools you can implement immediately, including our unique Color at a Glance Handbook.
5. The Confident Consultation System and Comfort Zone Budget System
6. Based not only on the science of color but over 40 years of working in the field in thousands of rooms. Any question you have…we've been there.
7. Confident Color Certified Professional Designation. CCCP
5. The nuances of color are driven by hue family and hue bias. Color is generational and impacted by its neighbors. Once you understand that, you will quickly know what goes with what.
6. Our proprietary Confident Color System Coding that will allow you to look at a color and identify it's best coordinates in minutes. Inspired by the Munsell System, this is truly color made easy.
What will Students
learn and receive in this class?
Students will learn:
 1. The 3 most important questions to ask a client…and what not to ask
 2. How to establish the purpose and goal of your colors
 3. Where a color is placed is as important as what color is selected
 4. How to create Perfect and Pleasing Palettes in Minutes
 5. How to eliminate 75% of the colors in a deck in 3 minutes
 6. Hue Bias, Hue Family, Undertones, Overtones, and what matters
 7. Turning Color into Cash-the business of color
Students will receive:
 1. Color Harmonies at a Glance Handbook
 2. Confident Consultation Forms Kit
 3. Confident Color System Certification
 4. One on One Coaching Session with Instructor
 5. Virtual Support Materials and Resources
 6. Bonus Webinars
 7. Private FB Group


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I am working on a web app that provides a visual programming environment to generate 3D models - Mobius
It involves creating a scripts by adding lines of coding and just editing parameters. We are using angular-tree-component to generate a tree to represent the code structure, like in the image below
The lines of code are draggable - but as the tree becomes bigger - dragging and dropping becomes cumbersome. Hence, we were thinking of adding a cut-paste functionality with which the user can select and cut lines of code and paste them somewhere else.
What would be the most user-friendly way of implementing this functionality?
Adding Ctrl+X, Ctrl+V shortcuts are one way - but I am not sure if it would be discoverable, given that this feature didn't exist before. What microinteractions should I be taking care of in this case?
Is there a better way to implement this other than keyboard shortcuts? Each line has a set of buttons that are visible when the line is focussed. Not sure if adding another button to that is a good idea?


news, world news, health, science, technology
Tag: ancient
Archaeologists have unearthed a unique Roman ceremonial carriage from a villa just outside Pompeii, the city buried in a volcanic eruption in 79 AD. The almost perfectly preserved four-wheeled carriage made of iron, bronze and tin was found near the stables of an ancient villa at Civita Giuliana, around 700...
The capture of the first living coelacanth, a mighty ocean predator, off the coast of South Africa caused quite a stir in 1938, coming as it did roughly 65 million years after its supposed extinction.
As a result of new research published Wednesday, after more than 17,000 years of silence and decades neglected in a French museum, a shell fashioned into a horn by our prehistoric ancestors was played again.


Lingwo.ws tutorial, part 1: Creating a service
This is the first part in a four part series on Lingwo.ws. In this part, we will:
 - Install the reference implementation.
 - Create a simple example service.
 - Use "curl" to experiment using the service.
What is Lingwo.ws?
Lingwo.ws is an open specification for a way to design RESTful web services. I've described earlier why this is desirable, but to summarize:
 - Shared expectations: RESTful web services can be just about anything, so long as they follow a few design principles. So, when someone says a service is RESTful, you will still need to read its documentation and learn how specifically that service works. If a service conforms to Lingwo.ws, however, this means it conforms to a specific design.
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Case-Study 1- What were the pros and cons of transportation as a form of punishment?
1. You are George Bonfield, the missing son from Source 5. Write the letter home which poor Anne Bonfield is so anxious to hear from.
2. Design a "Snakes and Ladders" board-game for transportation. Start by listing the "snakes" - things that could go wrong for you as a convict sentenced to transportation. Then list the "ladders", the things that could go right. The sources give plenty of examples of each.
Then design and decorate the Board. What will you put at the end of the game - the destination for the winner?


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USDA And Russian Scientists Develop High-Tech Crop Map
AgroAtlas is a new interactive website that shows the geographic distributions of 100 crops; 640 species of crop diseases, pests, and weeds; and 560 wild crop relatives growing in Russia and neighboring countries. Downloadable maps and geographic information system (GIS) software are also available, allowing layering of data, such as that relating major wheat production areas to concentrations of Russian wheat aphids.
According to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant geneticist Stephanie Greene, the impetus behind developing AgroAtlas was to promote world food security, particularly in Newly Independent States""countries of the former Soviet Union striving to broaden their agricultural base. Greene works in the National Temperate Forage Legume Genetic Resources Unit operated at Prosser, Wash., by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA's principal intramural scientific research agency.
Greene leads the AgroAtlas project with Alexandr N. Afonin, a senior scientist with St. Petersburg State University in Russia. The Internet-based map is the successful result of a proposal they submitted in 2003 for funding under a program coordinated by the ARS Office of International Research Programs (OIRP) in Beltsville, Md., and supported by the U.S. Department of State.
In September 2010, the two researchers joined their colleagues to host the first of a series of 10-day workshops in St. Petersburg teaching the use of GIS software to scientists and students from former Soviet states. OIRP also awarded scholarships supporting travel and lodging expenses for 20 students to learn about AgroAtlas and GIS software. They, in turn, were to return to their institutes to train others.
Demonstrations of AgroAtlas include showing where in Crimea, a major wine-producing region, U.S. wine grapes can be successfully grown, as well as the distribution of major wheat diseases in the North Caucasus region according to agroclimatic zones. Greene notes AgroAtlas also has potential to aid in the detection and identification of insect pests, pathogens or weeds that have entered""or could enter""the United States from Russia or neighboring countries.
Read more about this research in the March 2011 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.
On the Net:


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In late fall and winter you can see fruit still on some of the trees and shrubs. What kinds of trees still have fruit? Will the fruit be eaten by animals this winter? Here is an opportunity to do some scientific investigating.
First, look around your school or neighborhood to see if there are trees still loaded with fruit. Can you find any? How will you figure out what kind of trees they are? One way is by using an identification key. Another is just to look through a book or Websiteand try to match the fruit you see with a picture.
Start a journal with a page for each kind of tree or shrub you find. If you don't know what kind of tree or shrub it is, at least make a drawing of the fruit. Show its shape, size, and color. Write down the date you saw it and some kind of note of how many are on the tree or shrub. Is it loaded with fruit or are there just a few?
As fall turns to winter, make a note on your journal page for each kind of tree or shrub. Record how many of the fruits are left and whether you see any clues that birds or other animals are using them for food. How do you know animals are eating them? Are there fewer fruits? Are there partially eaten pieces on the ground? Do you see animals feeding? Do you find animal tracks?
As the weeks go by, what conclusions can you draw from your observations? Do they tell you what fruits are most popular with local animals? Do they tell you what kinds of plants are best for helping local wildlife?
Share what you have learned with your teacher or parent. Explain how your data helped you.
Read more about helping wildlife with trees and shrubs.
- A great reference is American Wildlife and Plants: A Guide to wildlife and plants, by A. C. Martin, H. S. Zim and A. L. Nelson. 1961 Dover ed. New York.
- Another is Songbirds in Your Garden by John K. Terres. 1987 Harper and Row.


Three Little Pigs PartyIs one of your favorite stories from childhood The Three Little Pigs? It's a classic tale of a wolf and his three little pig friends, one of whom outwits the wolf and saves his brothers too. If your child loves pigs and this classic story, this would make a great birthday party theme for your child and his friends.
For a party invitation, I love DIY pig cards that will be perfect for this party. Using square heavy card stock fold it into a large enough card to place a pink medium-sized circle glued atop the front of the card. Embellish your pig with a snout, eyes, eyelashes, and ears by cutting out black and white shapes to make your pigs. Write all of the party details on the inside of the card.
For your party decorations, create a barnyard atmosphere creating a red barn door on your front door to the party, spreading hay around the party table, creating a barnyard mural to hang on a party wall, and a sea of red, brown, and yellow balloons for the floor of the barn for the kids to wade through.
Given this is a piggy party, use pink balloons, streamers, and party ware to bring it alive as well. You can use solid party-ware and draw pig faces on cups and napkins for added budget-friendly decor. Wolf footprints leading to the party door would also add festivity.
Create an atmosphere of The Three Little Pigs too by creating mini-homes made out of hay, sticks, and brick. This can either serve as a party activity or to be used in one.
For your Piggy Activities:
Give out a pig snout and place a bit of dirt on the guests' faces to get this party started.
Who sounds like a pig? Have the kids make piggy sounds together.
Play Piggy Says like Simon Says.
Have the kids either build the Three Little Pigs homes out of hay, sticks, and bricks. See which ones they can huff and puff and blow down the easiest.
Read the classic tale and have the kids act it out together.
Hold a Piggy Hunt. Hide pig stickers throughout the party area and give the group 2 minutes to find them.
Play Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? Designate one child to be the Wolf and have the kids line up in one area, and the pigs must cross to the other line safely without being tagged by the Wolf. If they are, they join the Wolf Pack as the kids try to reach the opposite side without being tagged. The game continues until all pigs are wolves.
For your Piggy Party Menu: serve Pigs in a Blanket, Pig Slop (fruit salad), trail mix, and strawberry milk.
For a Piggy Sweet Treat, make a batch of vanilla cupcakes, frost with pink icing, and have the kids create pig faces with chocolate candies. Here is a Pig Cupcake Tutorial as well.
Send the kids home with their pig snouts, small storybooks, and small burlap bags filled with a piggy trail mix.
Now who exactly is afraid of the big bad wolf?
Say It!


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How Nextgen ATAM helped a global Automotive OEM test and debug a newly launched in-market infotainment system
"Nextgen's cobot and vison system provided a rapid solution to our field service issue...that allowed a fix to be developed in weeks, compared to the months of test and analysis that would have been involved in manual debug. "
Lead Project Engineer, Global Automotive OEM
Most product testing today still involves human engineers testing features and functions manually. According to the research group Global Market Insights most software testing is still performed using human test engineers as shown in the diagram below. This is because test automation requires software engineers to create test frameworks and then write individual scripts for each use case. If the system functionality changes then these test cases need to be updated. Test case maintenance is one of the key challenges facing the software test automation industry.
Product testing involves more complexity than software testing due to the unique physical interfaces for each product. This can range from conventional touch screens to buttons, sliders, rotary controls and pressure sensitive interfaces. In many cases the complexity of instrumenting and manipulating these physical controls presents a barrier to creating an automation solution. Typically the mechanical or electrical manipulation is too complex and cost prohibitive. This is where modern collaborative Robots or Cobot's can provide a significant benefit. Cobot's are easier to program and incorporate safety features allowing them to operate alongside humans avoiding the need for large enclosures.
Benefits of Automating Product Testing
Automated product testing provides the design and development team with significant insights into device performance. Based on our experience a balance needs to be established between those features that need to be tested manually and those that can be automated. Manual tests will typically involve 1-5 repetitions of the test case before a result is recorded. With automation we can increase that to hundreds of tests and establish a more intimate understanding of the product behaviour. This is particularly useful when trying to find hidden bugs that can be easily missed during manual testing due to the lack of test coverage or the intermittent nature of the problem. Automated testing is excellent for finding those issues that may only occur say once in 10 or 20 cycles.
Increasing the test cycles through automation enable engineers to develop further insight into product performance. These could be metrics such as responsiveness when the system is loaded.
The graph below shows the time to connect after power cycle using the Bluetooth Low Energy link, over 26 cycles. The connection time can be seen to vary by over 1 second.
Automated testing enables the design teams to accurately measure performance distribution over a high number of test cycles with zero or little incremental effort. In the case above the test could be increased to cover 500 or 1000 cycles with minimal additional cost. This allows the test engineers to focus on the root cause analysis and reduce the time spent performing repetitive manual tests.
Product Testing Using Cobot's
Cobot's provide a low cost and adaptable solution to product testing where manipulation and control of a product is required. The main challenge has been the process of programming the Cobot to perform individual actions, called tool paths. Each tool path requires a series of way points to be defined in 3D space for a specific movement, such as pressing a button for example.
The latest Cobot's feature mechanisms that can be manipulated by the human engineer to teach the desired action, making the task of defining a movement much easier. In other cases more sophisticated tools can be used to define feature planes in 3D space and reference all cobot actions to that plane allowing more sophisticated control and movement. Examples of these are shown later in this study.
One important aspect of modern Cobot's is their ability to measure applied force at the end effector or touch stylus, this allows us to reproduce real world human interactions such as touch and swipe for example.
Coupling the Cobot with a vision system enables us to expand the test scope and check each function and test result. We can also capture live video of each failure mode while the tests are in-progress.
The case study illustrates how Nextgen's FlexFlow cobot and vison system used automated testing to solve a field service issue in weeks without requiring any incremental manual test effort.
An Automotive OEM was receiving reports of calls being dropped from a recently launched infotainment system. This issue was generating consumer complaints on its new vehicle platform. The OEM decided extensive stress testing was needed to deep dive the connectivity issue to reproduce and fix with a system firmware update.
However the OEM's infotainment security policy meant that the programmable interfaces used for testing development firmware builds were now disabled in the final production firmware builds, ready for market launch.
The OEM team were unable to find manual test resources for this urgent testing and needed a viable solution to automate its testing and requested help from Nextgen.
Nextgen's ATAM FlexFlow cobot and vision system was deployed to control and manipulate the infotainment user interface and perform the required testing on the production firmware.
Using the ATAM FlexFlow cobot system a test sequence was rapidly developed to make and place calls of varying lengths while monitoring the connection and call stability. Our test engineers were quickly able to construct the test cases with Nextgen FlexFlow cobot using the visual point and click macro system to direct and record the cobot movements.
The ATAM FlexFlow codeless test user interface allows anyone to create complex test cases.
Once setup the automated test sequence accessed the phone pairing menu on the infotainment system, using the cobot and vision system to manipulate the HMI to perform the pairing and conduct call tests. The mobile phones were selected and controlled using Nextgen's seamless smartphone control.
The ATAM FlexFlow cobot vision system was also configured to sequentially control a range of 20 key mobile phones on different networks. The length of each phone test was five hours total with calls of different lengths. The cobot was testing intensively 24 hours a day and the testing completed in 5 days. An in-depth call quality and connection stability profile for each phone was generated.
The rapid action of the OEM's engineering team coupled with ATAM FlexFlow cobot vision system was key to the successful and rapid resolution of the field issue. The ease of using the vison system and intuitive point and click interface directed the movements of the cobot to perform complex tasks on the infotainment HMI without a single line of code.
ATAM FlexFlow's visual, drag-and-drop graphical interface enabled engineers to create and update a detailed test sequence on both the infotainment system head unit and the connected mobile phones without coding. As well as making the creation of test flows both simpler and quicker, it also enables potential problems in a test flow to be identified more easily – leading to faster resolutions and more robust testing practices from start to finish.
The test data was analysed and it quickly became apparent that phones from a certain manufacturer were dropping calls. Bluetooth traces demonstrated a timing mismatch between the phone Bluetooth stack and the expected response timing in the system, leading to phone disconnecting from the infotainment system unexpectedly under some conditions.
The Automotive OEM notified and worked with the phone maker to correct the Bluetooth stack implementation issues in subsequent phone firmware releases, and simultaneously released updated infotainment firmware to work around the unexpected phone connectivity behaviour. This provided an immediate route to satisfy consumers with phone connectivity issues.
"Our bug location and fix to firmware validation team have been aided by Nextgen ATAM to find and fix an unexpected bug fast before it became a major field issue and customer service headache."
Development Engineer, Global Automotive OEM
Find out more about how Nextgen's automated testing platform (ATAM) and cobot vison system can help you accelerate interoperability testing.


text:
Laynhapuy Indigenous Protected Area
North-east Arnhem Land | Declared in September 2006
The importance of the IPA lies in the coming together of natural values and the fact that we continue to live on our lands and keep strong our culture, our traditional knowledge and our use and management of our country.
Our country continues to nurture us as it did our ancestors and this we also wish for our children. This is our home.
Laynhapuy Homelands Association Inc.
Photos: (Left) Wararrpa near Yilpara. (Right) Fire Management training near Gurrumurru. (Bottom) Removal of marine debris and ghost nets, Laynhapuy coast.
Located in north-east Arnhem Land, Laynhapuy Indigenous Protected Area's (IPA's) natural environment and rare flora and fauna are virtually intact. Declared in September 2006, the 690,000 hectare IPA protects internationally significant wetlands and coastal landforms, and its sea country is home to endangered turtles and dugong. Laynhapuy IPA is administered by the Laynhapuy Homelands Association Incorporated. Adjacent to the Dhimurru and Anindilyakwa IPAs, the three groups of Traditional Owners are linked by family, ceremonial and other cultural connections. Members of the three land management groups share information and cooperate on management and training programs.
The local Yolngu people are guardians of one of the oldest living cultures in the world. It is believed that interactions with outsiders first occurred around the sixteenth century through trade relations with Macassan fishermen. Many of the sites central to this relationship will be protected by IPA activities.
On Laynhapuy IPA, only senior Traditional Owners are able to speak for their country and approve land management activities. Representative Traditional Owners guide the management of the Laynhapuy Homelands Association, and set priorities for the management program and ranger activities.
The Laynhapuy community is committed to the development of visitor management activities and a sustainable tourism plan. They are working to protect culture and cultural sites, and to control feral weeds, pigs and buffalo. Traditional burning techniques are used on the IPA and management of the sea and coast is a priority, including removal of marine debris and monitoring of turtle habitats. The local Yirralka Rangers assist with these activities, addressing threats to cultural and environmental values.
Laynhapuy IPA is managed in line with World Conservation Union (IUCN) Category VI - a protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems.


Do 'bosses' understand packaging's value?
In this question-and-answer interview, Brian Wagner of Packaging and Technology Integrated Solutions (PTIS) articulates the benefits of giving packaging a seat at the product/package development table.
Healthcare Packaging (HCP): Has packaging taken a back seat in the development of a product?
Brian Wagner (BW): Yes, that has been the case in my career going back 24 years, at least in the biggest of companies. In smaller and medium-sized companies, packaging is forced to be part of the upfront discussion. As companies grow and the process becomes more complex, artificial walls grow up between functions. So marketing, product development, package development, and all these separate functions have different goals and languages. If you look at things from the consumer's perspective when they buy and use a product, they are linked. The product is the combination of the product and the package, the brand equity, a consumer's prior experiences, services such as the company's Web site and a 1-800 number, and all of the sustainability components as well. (PTIS's Product Formula = product + package + brand equity + experiences + services + sustainability components.)
HCP: And it may be that packaging is what consumers use to make the final decision about what to buy on the shelf, yes?
BW: Yes, it clearly is. And you really can't ask the consumer, because it's linked in their subconscious, but it's such an important element.
HCP: Who is making packaging decisions in the corporate world?
BW: Marketing is making a lot of decisions on packaging. The way the process tends to start is at the fuzzy front end or what a lot of people refer to as "pre-concept work," which is typically a marketing research function, and sometimes involves gaining consumer insight through focus-group observational research, trends analysis, and ideation. Packaging professionals are seldom invited to participate at this stage. So, if you are in the packaging or the supply chain function, working to get involved at the front end you have to try to help educate your bosses and other key stakeholders on the importance of packaging. It's really new to them. So you need to build a fact-based story. We have been consulting for eight years, and we spend a lot of time doing that, but frankly it's not for the faint of heart. We really believe that packaging is a critical enabler and differentiator, but there are few published reports quantifying the value of packaging. So, one of the things that we often do for these companies is develop simple case stories. They are fact-based, quantifiable, and memorable.
HCP: Packaging can be part of a strategy to reduce costs through light-weighting, down-gauging, or serving as a sustainable material. Why doesn't that convince management of packaging's importance?
BW: That's the piece of packaging that executives tend to understand because it's on the cost-center side of the business. In accounting terms, packaging falls and resides in cost of goods sold. So, the opportunity to reduce costs, make lines more efficient, and focus on sustainability-reduction initiatives are issues companies have been doing for years, because they get that piece.
HCP: What piece don't they get?
BW: They don't get the profit-center side in which packaging is really part of the brand-that it's part of the advertising budget, part of promotion, that it can actually elevate the value of the company's brand. That tends to be where growth and innovation happen. You can innovate on the cost-saving side as well. But it's the profits-center growth side of the world where packaging is not really well understood.
HCP: Now I imagine that affects packaging across all types of industries. Let's look at the over-the-counter pharmaceutical business in particular. This segment would likely lag behind food and beverage in this area, yes?
BW: Yes, very much so. Ten years ago, when we did benchmarking work, I would have told you that if you wanted to look for innovative packaging, look in food and beverage. Five years ago, it started moving more into personal care and health and beauty aids. If you are in a major food and beverage company, you do this preconcept work and develop graphics and branding, and eventually the packaging department gets called in to say, 'We need to put this in a box or a bag or something.' The right way to do that is to involve packaging in the early preconcept work and to provide innovative ideas and opportunities for packaging to create relevant points of difference. This can also lead to speed-to-market and intellectual property benefits.
What we have seen in pharmaceutical OTCs is a different concept of the commercialization process. In the OTC world, you start with very technical needs. The concept stuff is really about a molecule; it's about a drug being developed. Then, for the drug, there is consideration given for packaging, but it tends to be far more functional: How much barrier does it need? How much protection from moisture in the environment? You focus on the efficacy of the product. That process takes months. So then you have put the product into a blister or a bottle or a pouch, and that goes to the Food and Drug Administration. Then there is consideration given around functionality from a child safety standpoint for instance. So it's driven by legislation. Several months go by, and then you have the product in a bottle or a pouch or a blister, and in the last stages, it gets approved and readied for commercialization. Then you thinks about putting 12 of them in a carton or another secondary container. There is really no time to innovate. There is very little time given to things like allowing the package to help with consumer compliance, or allowing the package to help the pharmacist or the doctor who is dosing this or prescribing it. Therefore, take the opportunity to work on those elements early on to identify new alternatives, differentiate your brand, and innovate in your product categories.
HCP: What are some of the key tips or best practices that you might recommend for someone in this pharmaceutical arena with regard to sustainability?
BW: First and foremost is to think much earlier about what is being developed from a triple bottom-line sustainability standpoint. Address end-of-life issues, such as where is the packaging eventually going to go? How is it going to be used-by the hospital, doctor, pharmacist, and consumer? Start with its end of life and work backwards. Understand that sustainability is the environmental piece. Sustainability in its broader sense is about helping the planet. But also think about things like how the package help with patient compliance. By starting this process earlier, you can also work to capture Intellectual Property protection.
HCP: You're asking a lot of pharmaceutical packaging-not only to get the proper molecule out there, but also to package it and have it provide oxygenand moisture-resistance. And now you also want to sell it against comp-eting products and have it be sustainable?
BW: It's a huge challenge, yet I think it's a bigger challenge the way they do it today, which is waiting for certain approvals to happen before they figure out that end-of-life scenario and consumer considerations. It's the last stop, and by the time they get to it, there is little or no chance to innovate. Most new packaging capital projects require at least 18 months to implement. Speed-to-market requirements and late decisions result in the use of the same old packaging and equipment. They have invested millions of dollars in FDA approvals and in all the other aspects of the product. The last thing they do is find the equipment and the package to put it in to rush it to the market.
HCP: What can they do differently?
BW: One thing we do at PTIS with customers is a Consumer Package Roadmap™, where we help them understand the imagery and perceptions about a packaged product's colors, shapes, materials, and fonts-working with specific consumer groups and channels. Where appropriate, we apply Universal Design principals. Does the packaging consider their eyesight, their dexterity, and so on? So, we create a toolbox and work with the company to develop a consumer-based packaging roadmap-that's not product-specific. They can then go to that tool rather than having to retest every time. Companies need to start developing a database of knowledge and insight and allow or consider things such as what kind of symbols work for consumers? When it comes to compliance, create a checklist to put in the 'toolbox.' Will the package contain 24 pills? Will you use RFID (radio-frequency identification) or other technology that actually triggers something electronically? We don't see enough companies building that kind of knowledge, operating guidelines, tools, or processes that they can tap into. They are very reactionary.
HCP: We also hear that some of these OTC products can learn from product packaging used outside the industry, such as food and beverage products. Is this a valuable way to help learn what works or what doesn't work in terms of packaging?
BW: Yes, that's a great example. We lead One Day Solutions workshops for companies at New Product Works []. NPW is a PTIS alliance partner, with a collection of over 100,000 products gathered over the past 30 years, organized and cataloged across different categories, providing a hands-on, tangible stimulus.
HCP: The costs to introduce a drug have been estimated to be in the neighborhood of $800 million. Is it possible that companies are spending that on R&D and are then making packaging an afterthought?
BW: Right, that's what happens! With clinical trials for instance, the primary package is likely to be the same as the commercial version, but the secondary package can change dramatically. Things like sales samples for doctors can change tremendously. For this, research is a lot different than selling it to


text:
The SPECAL Photograph Album understanding of dementia leads to a counter-intuitive but essential set of principles that we call SPECAL sense.
SPECAL sense is needed by everyone communicating in any way with the person with dementia.
SPECAL sense has meant that I have been able to bring joy and sustainable contentment into his life when no one else could. That's something I'll never forget.
SPECAL sense immediately reduces stress for the person with dementia and everyone around them.
SPECAL sense begins with three Golden Rules:
- Don't ask direct questions
- Listen to the expert – the person with dementia – and learn from them
- Don't contradict
These Three Golden Rules run contrary to commonsense communication styles which are taken for granted when dementia is not an issue.
The Three Golden Rules are counter-intuitive and those of us without dementia need to develop this entirely new set of communication skills.
Read our simple examples and explore the difference you can make to someone with dementia ……
Just stopping asking questions has completely altered our life. I cannot believe the change. Her distress has evaporated. We have got her back again.
1. Don't ask direct questions
Avoid asking any direct question that requires the person with dementia to search for factual information that may not be stored in their album. They are already aware of their disability. Asking them to search for facts they may not have will merely increase this awareness, causing them unnecessary distress and potential trauma.
It is surprising how much information you can gather without asking direct questions!
My mother kept asking where the dog was. I tried over and over again to explain that the dog had died. Then I went on a SPECAL course and decided to try saying that the dog was fast asleep. She sighed with relief. It was just a different answer, that's all, but it made such a difference.
2. Listen to the expert (the person with dementia) and learn from them
Listen to the questions the person with dementia is asking, and consider very carefully what the best answer might be from their perspective rather than your own.
For people with dementia, feelings are more important than facts. It is crucial that the information they receive generates good feelings for them.
- Having a record of good feelings, yet not knowing why, is one thing.
- Having a record of negative, possibly traumatic feelings with no explanation as to why, is quite another.
We owe it to the person with dementia to avoid leaving them with anxieties that they cannot, only moments later, explain.
So we must search for the information and the language that is most acceptable to them. Once we have found the best answer to their most frequent question, this form of words should be used consistently by everyone coming into contact with the person. This may not be commonsense, but it is certainly SPECAL sense, and it increases confidence all round.
Carers using the SPECAL method find that the person's anxious questioning gradually subsides.
Nowadays I try and say something like 'I expect you're right', and straight away the problem that was brewing just seems to vanish.
3. Don't contradict:
Do not argue with the person with dementia about which page or which photograph they are choosing to use in their album.
They are increasingly likely to use intact memories
from their pre-dementia past, in order to understand what is happening around them in the present. The rest of us need to avoid disturbing the sense they are making, and start where they are at. We need to take careful note of the language they use, so that we can follow them, rather than expecting them to follow us.
Mum is happy, we're happy, the carers are all happy, what more can you ask?
The Three Golden Rules may seem counter-intuitive at first, but when they are used
by everyone coming into contact with the person with dementia, the benefits quickly become self-evident and life will be much easier.
Once SPECAL sense is used, many aspects of caring for the person with dementia will begin to fall into place.
As you develop
your understanding of dementia by using SPECAL sense, your confidence as a carer will grow and you can start building up a personalised SPECAL Care Profile.


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 - 2N® VoiceBlue Next has these parameters:
 - IP address
 - Incoming port: 5060
 - Firmware: 01.00.04
 - Cisco Call Manager parameters:
 - IP address
 - Incoming port: 5063
 - Firmware: CUCM 8.0
 - If we have an IP network in which an Cisco Call Manager, several SIP phones and 2N® VoiceBlue Next are connected, the configuration would be as shown in the figure below. Furthermore, suppose that the network is addressed as shown in the figure and GSM numbers are all numbers starting with 6, 7 and containing 9 digits.
2N® VoiceBlue Next settings
 1. SIP trunk interconnection
 For the setting of the trunk between the 2N® VoiceBlue Next and your CUCM, you need to configure "SIP proxy (GSM→IP)" for GSM incoming calls. "SIP proxy (IP→GSM)" is designed only for secure communication with the traffic from your CUCM. You can specify the IP address and port where the IP packets will be accepted.
 2. Configuration of the LCR (Least Cost Routing)
 You have to specify prefixes for the operators in the country you are currently located. An example of this would be that in Czech Republic prefixes 6 and 7 have a 9-digit number.
 The setting is displayed below.
 You need to create specific guidelines connecting prefixes with the GSM group. In the "GSM group" you will specify settings for SIM cards assigned to this specific group. In the "GSM group assignment" you can assign the module for the appropriate GSM outgoing group.
 3. Configuration of GSM outgoing groups:
 You are able to have different setting for each GSM group (CLIR, free minutes, virtual ring tone, roaming and others)
 4. Incoming calls
 For incoming calls you can define 2 groups with the different behaviours and assign them to the GSM modules. The settings are similar with "GSM groups assignment" for outgoing calls.
 In GSM incoming groups you can specify the traits for each GSM incoming group. Choose the mode to Reject, Ignore, Accept incoming calls or Callback.
 You can define the list of numbers called. The number will be automatically dialled after the DTMF dialling has timed out. This happens when the customer doesn't press any button until the specific time. At this point, the number will be routed to the extension 100 to your Cisco Call Manager (if you set up SIP proxy (GSM->IP) in VoIP parameters).
Cisco Call Manager settings
 1. Create a new trunk
 Add new trunk in the menu Device → Trunk → Add new
 You need to set up Trunk Type: SIP Trunk and Device Protocol: SIP
 Set up the trunk as in the picture below
 Calling Search Space is setting for incoming call to CCM. In the Test Team is set up which numbers are allowed to be called.
 AAR (Alternative Call Routing) is not necessary to set up. It depends on the customer's requirements.
 Destination address is the IP address of the 2N® VoiceBlue Next.
 SIP Trunk Security Profile have to be set as: Non Secure SIP Trunk Profile and Outgoing Transport type must be set up for UDP communication
 2. Route pattern settings Enter the menu Call routing → Route/Hunt → Route Pattern → Select gateway
 You can use a route list and groups but if you intend to use only one gateway connection, then you do not have to do it.
 You can simply set up rules in Route pattern.
 Examples of Route pattern:
 724! means prefix 724 and all other digits after
 724XXXXXX means prefix 724 and 6 more digits
 0.6! means that dialled 0 will be separated and 6 with other digits can be dialled. In the Called Party Transformation must be set up PreDot for the stripping of the 0.
 If you make any change, you need to save it and then apply changes!!
More product information:
 - 2N® VoiceBlue Next (Official Website 2N)


text:
Shown below is an example of a prominent transgressive surface, combined with a sequence boundary. This surface separates underlying shallow subtidal carbonate from overlying deep subtidal carbonate and mudstone. Note the pyritization, visible as a rusty stain, at this surface. Photograph taken at the contact between the Upper Ordovician Carters Limestone (below) and Hermitage Formation at the Nashville International Airport. This outcrop has subsequently been removed and is no longer visible.
The next example of a transgressive surface separates underlying shallow subtidal carbonate from overlying offshore mudstone. Photograph taken at the basal contact of the Nolichucky Formation in southwestern Virginia.
Return to surfaces


text:
To what extent does brain structure correlate with different psychological traits? An interesting new paper from Massachusetts General Hospital researchers Mert R. Sabuncu and colleagues uses a new method to examine what the authors call the'morphometricity' of various behaviours and mental disorders. Sabuncu et al. define morphometricity as "the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be explained by macroscopic brain morphology" - in other words, the degree to which people with similar brains tend to be similar in a particular behaviour. Morphometricity is somewhat analagous to the concept of heritability from genetics. Using FreeSurfer software and the statistical technique of linear mixed-effects (LME) modelling, the authors examined over 3,800 structural MRI scans, pooled from 9 studies. Sabuncu et al.'s analysis was based on calculating an anatomical similarity matrix (ASM) across the individual brains. The ASM represents the "global morphological resemblance between pairs of individuals in the sample". Essentially, the ASM represents how similar two individuals are in overall brain structure. Sabuncu then calculated the morphometricity of each trait by comparing the structural similarity to behavioural similarity. The results showed that Alzheimer's disease is almost perfectly morphometric, with an estimated value of 0.94–1.00 (where possible values range from 0 to 1). Schizophrenia was moderately morphometric (estimate 0.55), with autism coming in slightly lower at 0.38. Perhaps surprisingly, Parkinson's disease had a much lower morphometric value of just 0.20.
Other, non-disease-related traits, such as IQ and level of education, were highly morphometric too, with values above 0.8. In fact, IQ was slightly more morphometric than sex (IQ 0.95 vs. sex 0.93), while age was perfectly morphometric (1.00). The authors conclude that
In the dawning era of large-scale datasets comprising traits across a broad phenotypic spectrum, morphometricity will be critical in prioritizing and characterizing behavioral, cognitive, and clinical phenotypes based on their neuroanatomical signatures. Furthermore, the proposed framework will be significant in dissecting the functional, morphological, and molecular underpinnings of different traits.
This is an important paper, but we shouldn't rush to over-interpret the results. For instance, whereas Sabuncu et al. say that the high morphometricity estimates for disorders such as autism and schizophrenia "unequivocally point to a neuroanatomical substrate for these clinical conditions", this really doesn't follow. Consider the schizophrenia data in this study. The MRI scans came from a database called MCIC. The problem is that 86% of the patients in this study were taking antipsychotic medication, which might well effect brain structure. 29% of the schizophrenia patients also had a history of alcohol or drug abuse, which could leave an impact on the brain as well. So we can't say whether the high morphometricity of schizophrenia is driven by the syndrome itself, or by exposure to various substances. We should not conclude that high morphometricity means that brain structure causes a particular behaviour. In terms of the morphometricity measure itself, I note that the authors say that it "does not require cross-validation, which is often the technique used in machine learning to gauge prediction accuracy". That's because their method "exploits the entire dataset to fit the model and estimate the unknown variance component parameters, and in turn morphometricity, in an unbiased fashion." I would prefer if some validation had been performed, e.g. by calculating the morphometricity of a randomly generated 'trait' or by permuting the trait data.
Sabuncu MR, Ge T, Holmes AJ, Smoller JW, Buckner RL, Fischl B, & Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2016). Morphometricity as a measure of the neuroanatomical signature of a trait. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America PMID: 27613854


Help with Database Questions
Posted by Jahrule under Interview Questions on 8/17/2013 | Points: 10 | Views : 2209 | Status : [Member] | Replies : 0
1. You are given a table (A, B, C) where A is a low-cardinality attribute, B is a high-cardinality attribute, C is a numerical variable. You're asked to produce cross-tabulation of sum of C by both A and B and show resultant table in Excel spreadsheet. Would you choose to show A as columnar dimension? Why?
2.What key mathematical property of a field is used in deciding if it should belong to an index?
3.What is the general class of dependencies which uniquely identify every record in a table?
(No response found.)
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)
What kind of foods the animal eats...
The food that the animal gains energy from...
Fruits, Flowers, Leaves
Other animals that hunt and eat the animal...
Fossa, Hawks, Snakes
Whether the animal is solitary or sociable...
Group Behaviour:Troop
Life Span:
How long the animal lives for...
15 - 22 years
Age Of Sexual Maturity:8 - 9 years
Gestation Period:4 - 5 months
Average Litter Size:
The average number of babies born at once...
Name Of Young:Infant
Age Of Weaning:8 months
Conservation Status:
The likelihood of the animal becoming extinct...
Estimated Population Size:10,000
Biggest Threat:Habitat loss
Distinctive Features:
Characteristics unique to the animal...
Black and white markings and loud, prolonged vocal calls
Fun Fact:The largest species of Lemur!
Related Animals
Aye Aye Aye Aye
Thought to be extinct until 1957!
Grey Mouse LemurGrey Mouse Lemur
The largest species of mouse lemur!
Natively found on the island of Madagascar!


king yau king yau - 7 months ago 20
C# Question
Why my BMP image is bigger than the original after reducing its width and height?
In my project, i have to resize the image and then save it to a folder. However, i got a problem which some image will be bigger than the orginal's file size.
resize method:
public Image reduce(Image sourceImage, string size)
double percent = Convert.ToDouble(size) / 100;
int width = (int)(sourceImage.Width * percent);
int height = (int)(sourceImage.Height *percent );
var resized = new Bitmap(original, width, height);
return resized;
//the code to get the image is omitted (in my testing, bmp format is fixed, however, other image formats are required)
//to test the size of original image
oImage.Save(Path.Combine(oImagepath), System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Bmp);
Image nImage = resizeClass.reduce(oImage,"95");
nImage.Save(Path.Combine(nImagepath), System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Bmp);
 - The first saving of the image: 1920*1080, fileSize: 6076KB
 - The second saving of the image: 1824*1026, fileSize: 7311KB <= it should be less than 6076KB
The Bit depth of original image is 24 which resized is 32. Is the problem here?
Based on your provided Code, i've made an ExtensionMethod you might want to use:
public static class ImageExtensions {
 public static System.Drawing.Image Reduce(this System.Drawing.Image sourceImage, double size) {
 var percent = size / 100;
 var width = (int)(sourceImage.Width * percent);
 var height = (int)(sourceImage.Height * percent);
 Bitmap targetBmp;
 using (var newBmp = new Bitmap(sourceImage, width, height))
 targetBmp = newBmp.Clone(new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height), sourceImage.PixelFormat);
 return targetBmp;
 var nImage = new Bitmap(@"PathToImage").Reduce(50); //Percentage here
 nImage.Save(@"PathToNewImage", ImageFormat.Jpeg); //Change Compression as you need
Please note, that this is now automaticly determinating, where the new Image has its x = 0 and y = 0. Also i've replaced the string-percentage with a double one.
As others in the comments mentioned, you have to use the same or even lower PixelFormat as the SourceImage. Also, setting the right/best image-extension on the Save-Method reduces the FileSize
Hope this helps


A little mind candy for the middle of your day
Students Call for Salt Water Taffy to Become NJ's Official Candy
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 Students from Samsel Elementary school in Sayreville, N.J. will do their part in an effort to make salt water taffy the state's offical candy. (Published Thursday, June 5, 2014)
 New Jersey has an official state bird (the goldfinch), flower (the common violet), tree (the red oak), fish (the brook trout), folk dance (the square dance), bug (the honeybee) and even a dinosaur (Hadrosaurus foulkii). One lawmaker reckons that what New Jersey needs now is an official state candy.
 Assemblyman John Wisniewski is pushing a bill to honor salt water taffy with the designation. He introduced it after meeting with students at Sayreville's Samsel Upper Elementary School for a lesson on how a bill becomes law. The measure cleared an Assembly committee on Thursday.
 Wisniewski had asked the students to come up with something that deserved to become a law. They wanted to name an official state candy and chose salt water taffy, which was invented in Atlantic City as a popular souvenir of a trip to the shore in the late 19th century. (The sugar-laden confection does not actually contain any salt water.)
 Testifying Thursday before the Assembly tourism committee in Trenton, fifth-grader Tyler Graham said designating an official state candy can help boost tourism at the Jersey shore in the wake of Superstorm Sandy.
 "Wouldn't it be nice to give citizens a reason to come to the shore and purchase the official state candy?" he asked.
 Atlantic City became the epicenter of the salt water taffy world, with confectioners Enoch James, Joseph Fralinger and William Shriver founding taffy and candy companies bearing their names.
 The bill now goes to the full Assembly.
 Assemblywoman Valerie Vainieri Huttle commended the students and thanked them for the samples they passed out.
 "My favorite flavor is banana and chocolate," she said. "I already had one."
 Assemblyman Ralph Caputo said, "The lesson is that when you become a legislator, you get to have candy before lunch."


text:
Saints' Cults in Medieval Livonia
The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: Chapter 10, Ashgate, July 28 (2009)
Saints' cults played a crucial role in medieval society. Although we know very little about the beliefs and rituals of the indigenous peoples of Livonia, either before or after the thirteenth-century conquest, we may assume that the process of Christianization must have caused major changes in their religious practices. How quickly these changes took place, and how deep they were, is a question which is difficult to answer, given the scarcity of sources describing the attitudes of the indigenous peoples towards the Christian faith, or dealing with their religious customs. This is valid not only for the thirteenth century but also for the rest of the medieval period. There exist, of course, brief complaints in documents such as church statutes about the ignorance and superstition of the 'non-Germans', but these texts were written by and from the point of view of the ruling elites and not that of non-Germans themselves, who did not possess a written culture before the nineteenth century. One may also assume that complaints about such matters were a commonplace in other newly Christianized countries as well.
However, it is not only the beliefs and customs of the native inhabitants of Livonia that we are interested in, but also those of the 'newcomers' in the country, that is, the (predominantly German) upper and middle classes. The location of Livonia between the Roman Catholic West and the Russian Orthodox East (not to mention the neighbouring Lithuanians who remained pagan until the late fourteenth century) makes this region an interesting melting pot of different cultural and religious influences. The political, economic and cultural connections to Germany, Denmark and Sweden, the role of the Hanseatic League, the presence of the military orders (first the Sword Brethren, then the Teutonic Order) and the monastic orders (most notably the Cistercians and the Dominicans) must all have had a significant impact on the development oflocal religious life.


text:
The Most Common MIG Weld Defects on Aluminum and Steel and How to Avoid Them
This article was originally prepared for and published in Sign Media Canada (_URL_).
Some of the most common weld defects are porosity, lack of fusion and burn through, with aluminum presenting a few more welding challenges than steel. Aluminum conducts heat about six times faster than steel, plus it has excellent thermal conductivity coupled with a low melting point, making it extremely susceptible to warping and burn-through. Additionally, aluminum wire has less tensile strength, which can pose wire feeding issues and lead to weld defects if the correct equipment is not used. We'll highlight the differences here.
Shielding gas protects the molten weld pool from the surrounding atmosphere, which would otherwise contaminate the weld. Figure 1 shows how the lack of shielding gas on steel can cause porosity (pinholes) in the weld bead are formed in the face and weld interior in the absence of shielding gas. Lack of shielding gas can be caused by improper setting on the equipment, a hole in the gun liner or wind blowing the shielding gas away.
FIG. 1. No Shielding Gas on Steel - A lack of or inadequate shielding gas is easily identified by the porosity and (pinholes) in the face and interior of the weld.
On aluminum, a sooty looking weld (FIG.2) can be caused by using a drag vs. a push technique (FIG. 3, below). The soot can be removed, but cutting the weld open will reveal pinholes where impurities are trapped in the weld. Aluminum builds up an oxide that needs to be removed before welding. Wire brushing is the most common method of cleaning aluminum, but it needs to be done with a stainless steel brush to avoid contaminating the weld with the impurities of a steel brush.
Push vs. drag technique. On steel, either pushing or dragging the gun is acceptable, but with aluminum, the drag technique will lead to weld defects.
Lack of Fusion
Lack of fusion can occur when the voltage or wire feed speed is set too low, or when the operator's travel speed is too fast. Because aluminum conducts heat much faster than steel, it is prone to lack of fusion at the start of a weld until enough energy is put into the weld. Some welding equipment addresses this by automatically ramping up the current at the start of a weld and then decreasing it to avoid too much heat build up.
With aluminum, craters can form at the end of a weld. If they are not filled in, they create a stress point, which can lead to cracking. This requires the user to quickly trigger the gun again to fill in the crater, although some welding machines offer a crater timer that will fill in the crater when the gun trigger is released.
Too much heat input can be caused by setting voltage or wire feed speed too high or by too slow of a travel speed. This can lead to warping or burn through especially on the thinner materials found in the sign industry, aluminum being more prone to the effects than steel. Generally aluminum requires a faster travel speed than steel to avoid heat build up.
Because of its low columnar strength, feeding aluminum wire has been likened to pushing a wet noodle through a straw. "Birdnesting," or the tangling of the wire between the drive roll and the liner is a common, time-consuming and costly problem. Clearing it requires the operator to stop welding, cut the wire, discard the wire in the gun, and refeed new wire through the liner. It also may require cleaning or changing the contact tip because of the burnback caused when the wire stops feeding. There are several ways to feed aluminum wire: Push only, spool gun, push-pull system and continuous feed push only system.
Push only: Feeding aluminum wire through a push only system can be difficult, but it can be done on a limited basis. It requires u-groove drive rolls to provide more surface contact with the wire, a Teflon liner, adequate drive-roll pressure, the ability to keep the gun cable straight and a high tolerance for pain.
Spool Gun: A spool gun, such as the Spoolmatic® 15A or 30A, eliminates the possibility of birdnesting by putting a 4-inch (1-lb.) spool on the gun, so the wire only feeds a few inches. Spool guns can accommodate aluminum wire diameters from.023 to 1/16-inch and allow the operator to use longer cables (15'-50').
A spool gun needs to have the roll changed after every pound of wire is used, compared with the 8- or 15 lb spool on a push-pull system.
Push-pull gun: With a push-pull gun, a motor in the gun pulls the wire through the liner, while the motor in the welder or feeder control becomes an assist motor. By maintaining consistent tension on the wire, the push-pull system helps eliminate birdnesting. It is more ergonomic than the spool gun, since the weight of the spool is not in the operator's hands.
Also, the spool needs to be changed less often than on a spool gun and allows the purchase of larger spools. However, remember that aluminum builds up an oxide layer after being exposed to air for a while. If you only go through a pound or two of aluminum a week, the smaller spool may be a better choice.
Choosing the right equipment
Choosing the right equipment can address many of these problems before they occur. AutoSetTM technology, as found on many of Miller's Millermatic welders, relieves the operator of having to dial in parameters when welding steel. With Auto-Set, the operator simply dials in the thickness of the steel and the diameter of the wire being used, and the machine sets the optimal voltage and wire feed speed.
For fine tuning, or for welding aluminum, a machine equipped with infinite voltage control, such as the Millermatic 212 AutoSet or Millermatic 252, allows the operator to fine tune settings to avoid putting too much or too little heat into the weld. Older equipment may use tapped settings that can make it more difficult to set, especially when welding thin material.
In addition, both the Millermatic 212 and Millermatic 252 can use spool guns to allow easy set up for both steel and aluminum welding. The Millermatic 252 also features Auto Gun DetectTM, so the operator only has to pick up the MIG or spool gun and pull the trigger to start welding.
For more dedicated aluminum welding, a machine such as the Millermatic 350P, features pulsed MIG welding, which helps eliminate burn through on thin materials. In addition, it features an XR-Aluma-ProTM push-pull gun, which helps eliminate wire feeding issues. Additional technology, such as Aluminum Pulse Hot StartTM provides more power at the start of a weld to avoid the "cold start" to which aluminum welding is prone.
The photo above shows an example of a good weld on steel. Below are photos of a selection of bad welds that can result from a variety of potential problems, including the following:
Voltage Too Low - Too little voltage results in poor arc starts, control and penetration. It also causes excessive spatter, a convex bead profile, and poor tie-in at the toes of the weld.
Wire Feed Speed/Amperage Too High - Setting the wire feed speed or amperage too high (depending on what type of machine you're using) can cause poor arc starts and lead to an excessively wide weld bead, burn-through and distortion.
Wire Feed Speed/Amperage Too Low - A narrow, oftentimes convex bead with poor tie-in at the toes of the weld marks insufficient amperage.
Travel Speed Too Fast - A narrow convex bead with inadequate tie-in at the toes of the weld, insufficient penetration and an inconsistent weld bead are caused by traveling too fast.
Travel Speed Too Slow - Traveling too slowly may produce a large weld with excessive heat input resulting in heat distortion and possible burn through. In most cases, proper travel speed is when the arc is on the leading edge of the puddle.
Voltage Too High: Too much voltage is marked by poor arc control, inconsistent penetration, and a turbulent weld pool that fails to consistently penetrate the base material.


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The Brandenburg-Prussian Superior Board of Mines in Berlin Responsibilities, Tasks and Leading Personalities from 1810 to 1838
The fact that the Brandenburg-Prussian Superior Board of Mines or the Superior Board of Mines for the Provinces of Brandenburg and Prussia only existed for 28 years is probably why this authority has failed to receive the credit it deserved for its work in more recent histories of mining administration. Nevertheless, the establishment of this now virtually forgotten Superior Board of Mines in 1810 can be regarded as a result of the Stein-Hardenberg administrative reforms. To demonstrate this, the article begins with a brief review of the mining laws and the administration of the Prussian mining industry towards the end of the 18th century.
The report then describes in detail what led to the establishment of this provincial authority and how its responsibilities changed over the years from its foundation in 1810 to its dissolution in 1838. A close look is also taken at the Board's staff, in particular the long-standing head of the Board and subsequent Director of Mines, Hans Otto Philipp Martin. Before he took over the management of die Silesian Superior Board of Mines in 1833, he fought in the mid-1820s for the survival of the Brandenburg-Prussian Board, which was already doubtful only 15 years after its establishment. In the end, however, he was unable to prevent the Superior Board of Mines for Brandenburg and Prussia having to hand over its work to the Berlin Superior Mining Directorate and other subordinate authorities. It was finally dissolved in 1838.


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- The definition of negligent is a careless person, or always failing to do the right thing.
An example of negligent is someone writing their ATM pin number on their bank card.
- habitually failing to do the required thing; neglectful
- careless, lax, inattentive, or indifferent
Origin of negligentMiddle English ; from Old French négligent ; from Classical Latin negligens, present participle of negligere: see neglect
- Given to or characterized by neglect, especially habitual neglect: The negligent worker missed another deadline.
- Law Acting with or done through negligence.
Origin of negligentMiddle English, from Old French, from Latin neglegēns, neglegent-, present participle of neglegere, to neglect; see neglect.
(comparative more negligent, superlative most negligent)


Somali pirates get on Russia's nerves
Russia says it will join the international effort to fight armed pirates off the Somalian coast. The EU is planning a military operation against the pirates that seize civilian ships along the trade route in exchange for
In the first seven months of 2008, there have been some 24 attacks near Somalia, including the hijacking of ships with Russian crew. Five Russian sailors still remain among hostages of Somali pirates.
The Russia's navy chief said they would send their ships, too, but he added, they would act independently of the main force.
German Defence Minister Franz Josef Jung has announced that the EU will start a joint operation against pirates near Somali and Kenya this year.
Earlier, the World Food Program called on maritime powers to protect the vessels with humanitarian en route to Somali.
Over the past eight months warships from various NATO carried out the mission.
Russian sailors captured by Somali pirates


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As a small business owner, allocating costs through an accounting system is a necessary task. The process requires you to assign costs so that all components included in that cost are divided accordingly. Depending on the root cause of the cost, it can be allocated to one or multiple areas of the business. A number of reason exits for cost allocation.
Provides Accurate Cost
By allocating cost to the respective departments that used a particular resource, you're able to show that the item associated with the cost had an input in the cost generation. Specifically, you can easily identify the amount spent on specific areas of the company. For example, if your human resources, accounting and customer service departments use the same computer system, you would spread the cost out for the computer system over all three departments. Accurate product cost information also enhances the quality of financial reporting and improves decision-making within the company.
Enhances Resource Usage
By assigning costs to specific departments, you may use those costs only to the point that their benefits supersede their cost. Specifically, when deciding whether to use a specific department's resource, you would first consider the department's fixed and variable costs. Depending on your business, fixed costs such as rent, insurance and salary of full-time employees generally stay constant. Variable costs rise directly in accordance to the level of sales in dollars or units sold, such as shipping charges, sales commissions and cost of goods sold. By allocating costs, you're able to determine the extent that you can use company resources without negatively impacting cost.
Controls Limited Resources
By knowing how to use company resources and making it known that there are costs associated with those resources, you generally limit the demand for them. Specifically, if the resources were free, the demand for them likely would be greater than if you assigned a cost to them. For example, the production department controls a fixed asset, such as machinery or motor vehicles; however, demand outweighs supply. In this case, you may charge all the departments that use that fixed asset a cost, which enables you to balance demand with supply. This allocation has more to do with managing the demand than the actual cost for obtaining the asset.
One of the best ways to understand cost allocation is to view it as a process that requires you to identify, aggregate and assign costs to cost objects. A cost object is an item or activity, such as a department or product, that requires you to separately weigh costs. The direct method is the most widely used alternative for allocating costs. For example, your accounting and payroll departments are the only divisions that hired employees during a particular month. After determining the total cost to human resources for hiring the respective employees for that month, you would allocate the specific percentages and flat dollar amounts of the total cost to the accounting and payroll departments.


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U.S. Department of Labor
Table of Contents
Overexposure (Welding Fumes)
Like most shipyard employees, shipfitters may work with substances or processes that have the potential for creating overexposure to substances in the workplace. The risk of overexposure is particularly a concern when shipfitting operations are performed in enclosed and confined spaces. The danger of overexposure, for example, may come from inhalation of welding fumes (see Hot Work SHIPS (PDF*)) or working near potentially harmful substances or materials. In addition to controlling exposures through proper exhaust ventilation, respiratory protection also may be necessary. The risk of overexposure to harmful substances also can occur through dermal absorption. Where such risk exists, protective clothing is necessary to protect employees. Prevention of overexposure requires both recognition of the potential hazard and knowledge of the various prevention methods, including providing adequate washing facilities, and prohibitions against eating, drinking, and smoking in work areas to prevent recontamination and cross-contamination.
*Accessibility Assistance: Contact OSHA's Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management at _PHONE_ for assistance accessing PDF materials.
All other documents, that are not PDF materials or formatted for the web, are available as Microsoft Office® formats and videos and are noted accordingly. If additional assistance is needed with reading, reviewing or accessing these documents or any figures and illustrations, please also contact OSHA's Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management at _PHONE_.
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Is there an evidence based analysis of history of insurrectionist methods that prove they're best for revolution?
+1 vote
I wonder if insurrectionary anarchism is a personal preference or a strategic one in terms of anarchism. The reason being this kind of anarchism is more fun and it doesn't wait on an overall strategy just hopes to generalize revolt. Is there any evidence historical or otherwise that suggests this method produces insurrections of a libertarian nature more often than any other more community organizing focused strain of anarchism?
Also theory. Is the reason not to like formal organization a matter of personal preference or strategy? If strategy how does a revolutionary movement win without organization and a general strategy? is Revolution secondary or irrelevant to Insurrection strands?
asked Aug 28, 2013 by Read2much? (190 points)
2 Answers
0 votes
The Revolution usually invoked by (professional) revolutionaries is not relevant to insurrectionary folks (anarchist or not). Generalizing revolt is not the same as aiming for a revolution.
Also, I'm not really sure there's an identifiable tendency in anarchism that can be called "insurrectionary"; seems more like a preference around organizing and tactics.
answered Aug 28, 2013 by lawrence (20,390 points)
+3 votes
From my understanding, insurrectionist anarchism sometimes/often advocates not "hoping to generalize revolt" but rather acts to popularize and articulate anarchist tactics and analyses (through constant action/attack) so that, when a moment of rupture or revolt actually happens, people will be in a better position to potentially apply those tactics and analyses for themselves.
The difference between this and "revolutionary" anarchism would be that revolutionary anarchism imagines a deliberate strategic organizing toward a point in time when conditions are right for revolution (or, at least, toward a steady and ongoing process of revolution that builds up to an ultimate destruction of capitalism and the state), whereas insurrectionists don't imagine anarchists as being the instigators of a mass revolt but rather as people who can spread the tools and knowledge and relationships necessary to generalize revolt when it happens.
As for personal preference versus strategy, I think there are elements of both. I've seen people who are willing to participate in formal organizations wind up quitting out of frustration because the meetings never led to action, or people with conflicting ideas drove the group to a standstill, or there were too many complicated organizational components to focus on before anything else. And there are obviously sound reasons why working with people based on personal affinity can be more effective and enjoyable for people.
Also on the subject of "general strategy", I don't think such a thing necessarily exists even outside of insurrectionist strains of anarchism. The Platform is the only example I can think of offhand.
I can't say either way about a historical precedent for insurrectionary tactics versus revolutionary organizing but as far as I know, neither have ever "won" as of writing this.
(If somebody feels that I'm slightly or completely wrong on this answer/interpretation, or leaving out an important facet or nuance, please correct me, cuz I feel like I'm still in the process of articulating my thoughts on this.)
answered Aug 29, 2013 by Rice Boy (11,640 points)


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Labuda, M., Koch, R., & Nagyová, A. (2015). "Dark Sky Parks" as measure to support nature tourism in large protection areas – case study in the Nature Park "Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide". Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung, 47(12), 380–388.
Abstract: Some of the key characteristics of environmentally compatible. tourism are the minimisation of negative impacts on the environment and the preservation of the ecological capacity. "Dark Sky Parks" are one of the important measures to support nature tourism in large protection areas. Using the example of the Nature Park "Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide" the paper introduces a concept of 'astrotourism': measurements of the brightness (magnitude) of the nocturnal sky, selection of suitable sites for astronomic observations, development of a lighting plan which mainly aims to define rules and guidelines for the outdoor lighting, and measures to protect the nocturnal sky and reduce the light pollution in the future Dark Sky Park. The region of the Nature Park Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heide is characterised by a minor light pollution, due to a low settlement density and its large, coherent forest areas. This fact contributes to the protection of nocturnal species and it can be used for the future tourism concept in the protection area. The presented concept to develop nature tourism shows a reaction on one of the fastest environmental changes: the decreasing intensity of natural darkness due to artificial light sources.


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There are many hazards when traffic reduces to a slow crawl. Traffic jams are often difficult for drivers because it demands more precise driving and can be frustrating. KidsHealth makes some recommendations for drivers stuck in traffic. Firstly, checking the radio for real-time traffic news can help you navigate a bad back-up. Next, it may be smarter to travel less-popular roads in order to avoid worse traffic. There are also certain times of the day which should be avoided, such as rush hour in the mornings and evenings. Make sure you continue to obey rules of the road even if you've only gone a few feet a minute, such as using the shoulder to pass traffic. Check for reckless drivers who are switching lanes quickly, and if you need to exit the roadway make sure you have an escape plan. It is also a wise idea to remain courteous in order to promote good feelings and not encourage road rage.
Other traffic hazards include construction zones. Drivers should stay aware of roadway debris and slow down whenever you notice signs that mention road work. Traffic fines double in work zones, so keep your speed low. Nighttime traffic can also be hazardous, so be cautious of roads that aren't lit well, or react to another driver's high beams by focusing on the right side of the roadway, rather than blinding them back. Also stay aware of sunset or sunrise because these may lead to vision problems while on the roadway.Tweet


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For over three decades, Carol Yurrita's paintings have reflected her interest in highlighting issues involving, almost invisibly, women: their individual work, as well as their impact on society and family. Yurrita has found in painting the best way to express her protest and confrontational profile, as a first technique. She speaks her narrative through painting, digital graphics, and most recently, through the richness of objects, where shape supports her ideas. As a member of "Hecho in Guatemala" she uses her plastic-art training as a platform for expression and to strengthen growth from the perspective of a female collective.
"In my artistic proposal I identify the themes addressed, which are independent of the technique, the values and concerns I identify in society; the identification with social icons, the position of women and concepts that make them evident. This is my continued source of interest."


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:109–110, 127–129). I have labelled this early period of six years the Early missionary period. I have left a gap in periodization between 1918 and 1935 since I know of no conditions likely to lead to borrowing during that period.
After the transfer of New Guinea (the northern half of modern mainland Papua NewGuinea) to Australian sovereignty, German and Australian Lutheran missionaries continued their activities, and in 1935 Gedaged (or Graged), another Bel language (described in a manuscript grammar by Dempwolﬀ (n.d.)) was adopted as a lingua franca by the mission and was used extensively in education and in church activities. Narer on Karkar Island was an important educational and missionary centre. This period, which I call the Gedaged schools period lasted until 1962, when the mission largely replaced Gedaged with the national lingua franca Tok Pisin (Freyberg 1977, Ross 1996).
Tok Pisin had doubtless already made inroads on Karkar before the second World War, however from about 1935, and was already spoken by most of the population in 1962. Today all Takia speakers are bilingual in Tok Pisin. I call the period during which Tok Pisin has been a lingua franca on Karkar the modern period, as it extends into the present. Recent years have seen a reduction in the inﬂuence of the Lutheran Church on Karkar and a growth in a number of smaller Christian denominations. Only one borrowing on the list ('to fast') is attributable to this last period, which I call the smaller missions period. The Gedaged schools period and the smaller missions period both overlap with the modern period, but this is necessary if the dating of twentieth-centruty loans is to be as accurate as the data allow.
The period since 1935, during which ﬂuency in Tok Pisin (New Guinea
Pidgin) has grown from common to universal.