The Linux Telephony Kernel API
Controlling Phone Devices—the ioctl System Call
Commands for the phone device to perform certain actions are not written to the phone device using a write call—only audio data is written to the device. To control the phone device, a set of ioctl functions are defined to handle the basic phone activities. This basic set of ioctl functions are defined in /usr/include/linux/telephony.h. Vendors who wish to extend that basic set of capabilities may do so, but those functions are limited to their own device driver and are outside the scope of the common Linux telephony API.
An example will best illustrate this potential. Using the telephony API with a Quicknet Internet PhoneJACK card and a phone plugged into the card (called an FXS port or POTS port by telephony folks), Listing 2 shows a brief program to ring the phone.
Listing 2. Ringing the Phone
You'll notice that the device is opened, defaulting to /dev/phone0 if the user does not provide a specific device name on the command line. The maximum number of rings is set with an ioctl call using the PHONE_MAXRINGS constant. The phone is then instructed to ring using the PHONE_RING ioctl. This example program is a simplified version of the LGPL module ring.c found in Quicknet's Software Developer Kit (SDK). It's too simple to do anything more than illustrate the technique and demonstrate the use of ioctls to control a phone device, but real-world programs need not be much more complicated, the API is fairly simple. All the Linux telephony API ioctl constants are defined in the header file /etc/include/linux/telephony.h.
It's this basic fact that allows software written for sound cards to be adapted easily for use with phone devices; like sound cards, the only data written using the read and write system calls is audio data. In addition, the low-level constants used in the defined telephony ioctl calls were designed to avoid conflict with existing sound card ioctls. Porting an application that expects a sound card to use a phone card instead will primarily involve handling the errors returned from the sound card ioctl calls your code makes. It should be possible (though perhaps not easy) to write a wrapper that opens the telephony device and spawns a child process (inheriting the open file descriptor to the phone device) that runs software expecting a sound card interface. While it's not totally transparent, it's possible and should not actually be that difficult.
Asynchronous Event Notification
Events that occur on the telephony side of the device need to be communicated to the user-space software running the phone. Old and crude methods for this required the software to poll the device continuously for status and changes. The Linux telephony API avoids that, of course, and provides two different techniques, both generically called "asynchronous event notification". The first method uses signals for indication, and the second uses the "exception bit" in the file descriptor set for exceptions. I'll cover both techniques in order.
The use of signals for event notification requires three steps: first, prepare and declare a signal handler function for the SIGIO signal; second, set the process ID (PID) for the running process to receive the signal; third, enable the generation of the signal on the open files descriptor using the fcntl system call. An excellent description of these steps can be found in Chapter 12 of Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment by W. Richard Stevens (a worthwhile book to have in any case). Again, a short example will probably clear this up. Assuming you have an open file descriptor ixj1 that is an open phone device, you can enable asynchronous event notification with signals with the following code snip:
signal(SIGIO, &getdata);
fcntl(ixj1, F_SETOWN, getpid());
oflags1 = fcntl(ixj1, F_GETFL);
fcntl(ixj1, F_SETFL, oflags1 | FASYNC);
and a related signal handling function (getdata in the code above) to process the data. When you get the signal, you still do not know what kind of event occurred—only that an event did occur. Your program would then have to make an ioctl call to the phone device to ask what kind of event was detected (more on this below). In addition, if your program has more than one open phone device file descriptor, you will not know which one generated the signal. And, signals can be complicated to deal with and can be unreliable in a multi-threaded program and, so, are avoided by some developers. These factors limit the effectiveness of this method, leading to the more useful case of using the "exception bit" in the file descriptor set for exceptions.
It's common for programs to set read and write exception sets and then use the select( ) system call to wait for a file descriptor to be readable or writable. A less well-known aspect of the select( ) call is the "exception set". The Linux telephony API uses this exception set to signal a process that a telephony event has occurred. Listing 3 presents a simple example using the file descriptor ixj1.
Listing 3. Using an Exception Set
This extremely simple (and not really useful) example is purely to illustrate the technique of using the exception set and select( ) to detect events. The phone device driver will set the appropriate bit in the exception set if an event has occurred, causing select( ) to return. The user can screen the read, write and exception descriptor sets to determine if its own file descriptor was marked by the device driver as ready for that kind of operation. If data is ready to be read, the statement FD_ISSET(ixj1,&rfds) will return TRUE; FD_ISSET(ixj1,&wfds) statement returns TRUE if the device is ready to be written to. And, if a telephony event has occurred, the FD_ISSET(ixj1,&efds) will return TRUE. So, how do you detect what specific event occurred?
The API provides a special PHONE_EXCEPTION ioctl call and an associated telephony_exception structure to decode the return value. This call will set bits in the structure that indicate which of the telephony events occurred (there may have been several). In the above example "hookstate" bit is examined in the statement if(ixje.bits.hookstate), and if that bit is set it indicates a change of status. An ioctl call is then made to determine if the phone is on or off hook. Real-world code would have used a large select or an extended if-else-if ladder to examine the contents of ixje.bits after the PHONE_EXCEPTION ioctl call. A detailed explanation of how to use this technique is beyond the scope of this article, but please refer to the /usr/include/linux/telephony.h file for details of what kinds of events can be detected.
Comment viewing options
cherr7's picture
Globe7 has Launched its New Softphone i Linux


text:
Career Profiles and Employment Projections
Chemical Plant and System Operators: Career Information
Chemical Plant and System Operators
Top 3 chemical system operator Jobs
Water Treatment Operator
- Aboitiz Power Generation Group
Ensures integrity of water basins/pools and chemical tanks in accordance with internal safety policies and established procedures, including but not limited…
- Moog Inc.
The operator is responsible for chemical cleaning, treatments and coatings which can help in extending the lives of metals and ensuring the safety of people…
- Luen Thai Macao Commercial Offshore Company Limited
- Central Luzon
Boiler operators are responsible for maintaining heating systems in large buildings in the boiler, engine, and mechanical rooms.
See all chemical system operator jobs
What Chemical plant and system operators Do
Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines.
Chemical plant and system operator Salaries
- 2014 employment: 38,100
- May 2015 median annual wage: $59,320
Job Outlook for Chemical plant and system operators
Projected employment change, 2014–24:
- Number of new jobs: -3,500
- Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline)
How to Become a Chemical plant or system operator
Education and training:
- Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent
- Work experience in a related occupation: None
- Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training
Get the education you need: Find schools near you!
*Some content used by permission of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Effects of Interaction of Static Load and Frost on Damage Mechanism of Concrete Elements
Keywords:concrete, cyclic freezing and thawing, scaling, bending, fracture mechanics, interaction
AbstractFrost damage is typical material deterioration in concrete structures subjected to external environmental conditions. However, the weather conditions do not make the sufficient factor causing the worsening of the concrete properties. Concrete structures with frost damage in service are subjected to loadings. The investigation was carried out with the primary objective to assess the influence of interaction of mechanical load and freeze-thaw cycles on damage process of concrete. The salt scaling process was observed for beam specimens subjected to cyclic freezing and thawing in third-point loading condition. The damage development due to internal cracking was monitored using fracture mechanics parameters.


text:
Scientists from Imperial College London have made a huge medical leap by converting embryonic stem cells – the precursors to every cell in the body – into lung cells. This marks the first step towards growing human lungs for transplantation.
The research, which will be published in the journal Tissue Engineering, took human embryonic stem cells and encouraged them to convert into the cells needed for gas exchange in the lung, ie. where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is excreted. The investigations have taken place using stem cells derived from embryos, but the scientists say the next step is to test the system using stem cells from other (perhaps less controversial) sources – including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow.
Dame Professor Julia Polak, from ICL, who led the research team, says: "This is a very exciting development, and could be a huge step towards being able to build human lungs for transplantation or to repair lungs severely damaged by incurable diseases such as cancer."
While the end plan of building lungs for transplantation is several years off, the researchers say they hope to use their findings after initial lab testing to treat problems such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, which currently kills many intensive care patients. By injecting stem cells that will become lung cells, they hope to be able to repopulate the lung lining in these patients.
The team will commercialise their findings through the Imperial College spin out company NovaThera.


text:
Reset a Mailman Password
For WHM version 11.30
This feature allows you to reset the main password for any mailing lists associated with your server, including the password for the Mailman mailing list software. You can reset the password without knowing the old password. This can be useful if, for example, the password has been lost or compromised.
To reset a Mailman password:
- From the Mailman Account Lists box, select the mailing list whose password you would like to change.
- The password called mailman is set up by the Mailman system. It is only for internal use by the Mailman application; however, if you are having problems with mailing lists on your server, you should reset this password.
- Enter the desired password into the New Password field.
- Remember to use a secure password.
- If you would like WHM to generate a secure password for you, click the Generate Password button.
- Confirm the password in the Password (Again) field.
- Click Change Password.
Topic revision: r3 - 01 Dec 2009 - 18:07:04 - MelanieSeibert


text: This article is a theoretical examination of tactility in the Czech surrealist filmmaker Jan Švankmajer's film Down to the Cellar (1983). Švankmajer's deployment of tactile images in a surrealist context shows the need for a discussion of the imagination's role in the embodied film experience. Departing from Laura Marks's The Skin of the Film, this article seeks to explore the surrealist embodied imagination through surrealist poetics of analogy, as defined by Andre' Breton, and the link between these and Walter Benjamin's writings on mimesis. Finally, the film is viewed from the perspective of Gaston Bachelard's ideas of ''the imagination of matter,'' where matter is seen as a highly potent stimulant for the imagination. Bachelard's notion of the imagination's multisensory properties further lends credence to Švankmajer's aims to liberate the imagination of the spectator through images that invoke touch.


test banner
LFO Variables & Destinations
LFO Variables & Destinations
Basic Synth Supplemental 1: Modulation is the key
As we've learned, modulation is the key to interesting and organic sounds that evolve over time. Some of the most interesting synthesizers are those that include a large number of LFOs that can be routed to a plethora of destinations.
We also learned that LFOs can directly control parameters of audio path modules, for instance, when a LFO modulates the cutoff frequency of a filter - this is called first order modulation. They can also control parameters of other control path modules, for instance, when an LFO modulates the attack time of an envelope - this is called second order modulation
When using LFOs as control signals, there are many variables to consider. Some of this may be recap from Basic Synth 4: LFO's, Envelopes & Random Voltage, but we're going to dive a little deeper into what makes LFOs so powerful and common destinations to route them to.
Typical LFO Variables:
 1. Waveform: The waveform of the LFO determines the shape at which modulation occurs. Similar to audio oscillators, the classic waveforms were often used for LFOs - sine, triangle, sawtooth/ramp, square, and pulse waves. A common misconception is that random voltage and smooth random voltage are LFO waveforms. This is not true. In the same way that a noise generator is not an oscillator, random voltage is not a LFO waveform.
 2. Frequency: Remember - LFOs are just subsonic oscillators, so the same rules apply! The frequency of the LFO, measured in hertz (Hz), determines the rate at which modulation occurs. Pro tip - vibrato and tremolo are achieved at around 3Hz-7Hz
 3. Polarity: Going back to Basic Synth 0: Control Voltage, we learned that voltage can be unipolar positive (positive voltage fluctuates above 0V), unipolar negative (negative voltage fluctuates below 0V), or bipolar (positive and negative voltage fluctuations cross 0V). It's important to note that modulation is also determined by the CV input range of the parameter. Most analog CV inputs can accept bipolar voltage (e.g. input range of ±5V), but some digital CV inputs can only accept unipolar positive voltage (e.g. input range of 0V-5V). In most cases, modulation is added to the parameter's knob position. That being said, if a bipolar LFO is used to modulate a unipolar positive CV input, the negative portion of the LFO will be clipped at 0V. In order for the full LFO signal to be accepted by the unipolar positive CV input, the LFO must be offset to a fully positive signal. Similarly, if a unipolar LFO is used to modulate a bipolar CV input, modulation will only occur on one side of the parameter's knob position. Offsetting the unipolar LFO to be bipolar will allow modulation to occur on both sides of the parameter's knob position.
 4. Amplitude: The amplitude of the LFO determines the depth of modulation. The higher the amplitude, the more influence the signal will have over the destination parameter. For more subtle modulations like pitch vibrato in a string patch, we often patch LFOs through an attenuator to limit the amplitude of the signal. In keyboard synthesizers, the modulation wheel often defaults as a LFO attenuator.
 5. Phase: Phase is an interesting topic. I like to think of it as offsetting the signal within the time domain while maintaining the same frequency. The best way to think about this is in a quadrature LFO setup. For instance, four separate LFOs can all be set to the same frequency, but be 90° out of phase from one another. For instance, LFO 1 starts its cycle and once its 90° through its cycle, LFO 2 starts its cycle. Once LFO 2 is 90° through its cycle, LFO 3 starts its cycle. Once LFO 3 is 90° through its cycle, LFO 4 starts its cycle. Once LFO 4 is 90° through its cycle, LFO 1's cycle resets, completing a 360° circle of modulation.
 6. Reset: A common feature of LFOs is the ability to reset the waveform cycle with the presence of a rising-edge signal (like a gate or trigger signal) at its reset input. Often it's helpful to patch a keyboard's gate output to the LFO's reset input, which forces the LFO to reset with every key press. If, for example, the LFO is patched to modulate the cutoff frequency of the filter, this ensures that the LFO won't be mid-cycle when the VCA is opened by the envelope generator.
 7. Sync: In LFO world, sync can mean two different things. If we think about LFOs like we think about oscillators, then we know that soft synchronization and hard synchronization are both possible. If we think about digital tap tempo LFOs, then we know that a LFO can be synchronized to an external clock source. This means that no matter what the clock rate is, a full cycle of a LFO will exist between any two successive clock pulses.
 8. Delay/Fade Time: Some LFOs have dedicated linear envelopes and VCAs included in their architecture allowing the LFO to fade in over time. This is great for faded-in vibrato and faded-in tremolo patches.
 9. Architecture: Analog LFOs will always be smoother than digital LFOs for the same reasons that analog oscillators are smoother than wavetable oscillators. In the digital world, we really care about the amount of resolution a waveform has so that we don't experience steppiness in our modulation. For instance, low resolution modulation on the pitch of an oscillator is very noticeable and often unwanted. That being said, most modern digital modulation sources have a high enough resolution to where steppiness is not perceived except for maybe at very slow rates.
 10. Destination: The LFO destination is the parameter within the system that the LFO is moduating, which could literally be anything you want! *Sigh* the beauty of modular synthesis.
Typical LFO Destinations:
 1. Pitch Vibrato: Bipolar sine LFO to FM input on oscillator
 2. Octave Pitch Trill: Unipolar positive square LFO to FM input on oscillator
 3. Syncopated Octave Pitch Trill: Unipolar positive pulse LFO to FM input on oscillator
 4. "Red Alert": Unipolar positive ramp LFO to FM input on oscillator
 5. VCA Tremolo: Unipolar positive sine LFO to AM input on VCA
 6. VCA On/Off: Unipolar positive square LFO to AM input on VCA
 7. PWM Chorusing: Bipolar LFO to PWM input on oscillator
 8. Filter Wah-Wah: Unipolar LFO to FM input on low pass filter
Be the first to comment...
Leave a comment
* Your email address will not be published


Skip to Content
Klenk Law
ILIT: Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust
What is an ILIT?
An ILIT is an Irrevocable Trust created specifically to hold life insurance policies.
The person who forms the trust is called the "Grantor," and the individuals who benefit from the trust are the "Beneficiaries." The Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust is nothing more than paper, so it needs a person to carry out its terms. That individual or entity is called the "Trustee."
What is the Purpose of an ILIT?
In the past, the primary goal of the ILIT was to avoid Death Taxes. But, it is a versatile trust and can serve many purposes including divorce planning, buy/sell agreements, blended family planning and more. Easy to form and readily recognized by the IRS, and ILIT makes up a portion of many estate plans.
Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts Pros and Cons
 - Creditor/Divorce Protection for your Spouse: After your death the life insurance becomes cash. The ILIT can hold the money in a further, protective trust for your surviving spouse sheltering it from creditors and future spouses.
 - Creditor/Divorce Protection for your Descendants: The ILIT is an Irrevocable Trust, but at your death, it can continue as one more other Irrevocable Trusts. These trusts can protect your descendants from their legal entanglements, creditors, and divorces.
 - Reducing Death Tax Liability: Including avoiding state death tax at the second spouse's death.
 - Keeping Assets within the Family: The ILIT can limit beneficiaries to your spouse and descendants. For example, life insurance to a son may end up with a daughter-in-law at his death, but an ILIT can make sure the life insurance passes to your grandchildren instead.
 - Special Needs Trust Planning: The ILIT can be drafted to provide care for a Special Needs Person without disqualifying that person from needs-based government benefits.
 - Sheltering Cash-Value Insurance: While in some states, the cash value in your life insurance can be seized by creditors. An ILIT can provide shelter.
 - Dynasty Trust: An ILIT can be set up as a Dynasty Trust, providing care for you descendants forever.
 - Privacy: An ILIT is not part of your probate estate, so it will not be publicly listed.
 - An ILIT can be designed to avoid future state income taxes.
 - Divorce Planning: An ILIT can hold life insurance subject to a divorce agreement and name both spouses as trustees. In this way, both spouses control premium payment and beneficiary designations.
 - Avoid Probate Delays: With an ILIT, life insurance is available as soon as the policy pays out, avoiding delays due to a minor child or the estate being beneficiary.
 - Reducing Executor's Fees: If the life insurance pours into the estate, the executor may receive a higher fee. Life insurance in the ILIT is not part of the Probate estate, so the executor receives no fee based on its value.
 - Buy/Sell Agreements: An ILIT often is part of a buy/sell agreement, providing a clear roadmap for quick exchange of life insurance proceeds for the company shares.
 - Loss of Control: The ILIT will own the policy, not yourself. For most people, this is not much of an issue, as the life insurance benefits arrive after your death.
 - Cost: though not terribly expensive, crafting an ILIT to your specific needs and situation does take time, so there will be some expense.
 - Need for Keeping Up With the Law: The law is always changing, and nothing is guaranteed. Techniques that work today may not work tomorrow. Over the years you will have to keep up with changes to make sure the ILIT is still providing the advantages you had hoped to gain.
If a Pennsylvania resident named his wife as beneficiary of his $1M life insurance policy, no Inheritance Tax is due at his death. But, at the wife's death, the $1M is now cash subject to the tax. Before the children receive the $1M, a $45,000 tax is due. The ILIT avoids the tax entirely.
Typical Estate Questions About Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts:
Here are some questions clients, beneficiaries, and Trustees ask:
Why should I create a Trust for a Life Insurance Policy?
Having life insurance owned by an Irrevocable Trust removes the life insurance from your taxable estate and shelters the proceeds. If you die, the trustee can quickly collect the funds, avoiding complications your beneficiaries or your estate might face. For example, you might die in a car accident in which spouse was driving. Your spouse might be subject to a lawsuit from other victims, so your life insurance proceeds might be subject to these claims. Further, if both of you have died and you have minor children, they are unable to collect the funds. An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust avoids all these complications.
Can I put money from a Life Insurance Policy into a Trust?
After you have collected the life insurance, it is too late to fund an ILIT, but there are other Irrevocable Trust options that we can explore. The trust most useful to you will depend on your particular situation and your overall Estate Plan.
How long can an ILIT be active?
The ILIT will exist until the insured's death, but in some states such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the ILIT can then go on forever sheltering the proceeds from your descendants' creditors and divorce.
Can a beneficiary to the ILIT also be the Trustee?
Yes. We should carefully examine each Trustee's potential exposure for divorce and creditors, but having a beneficiary as the ILIT Trustee is possible.
How does an ILIT reduce death taxes?
By removing the life insurance and the proceeds from your and your spouse's taxable estate, they avoid the tax. For example, if a Pennsylvania resident places a $1,000,000 policy in an ILIT for his wife, at his death the $1,000,000 is not included in his estate. If the wife dies soon after and the $1,000,000 passes in further trust for the children, the cash is also not in the wife's estate. This avoids $45,000 of Pennsylvania Inheritance Tax.
Is an ILIT private or public?
ILIT terms are not exposed to the public. An ILIT is private.
How does an ILIT avoid state income taxes?
A Life insurance distribution is not subject to income tax. Further, if the ILIT is drafted to have a situs in a state without income taxes, the annual non-distributed income avoids state income tax. If the trust assets are being invested as a "nest egg" for a child's retirement, in the long run avoiding state income tax can substantially increase that nest egg.
Can an ILIT beneficiary be a minor?
Yes, ILIT beneficiary's are often minors. The Trustee uses the trust funds for the minor. The document can name an age when the minor becomes the trustee.
Do I need to change my Life Insurance Beneficiary Form with an ILIT?
The life insurance policy must be transferred into the ILIT. Once the ILIT owns the policy, the trustee changes the beneficiary to the ILIT.
Can I have part of my Life Insurance go into the ILIT and part to someone else?
The ILIT must own the life insurance policy, so the ILIT is the beneficiary. But, you can have us draft the ILIT to say a certain amount immediately passes out to someone. For example, the trust could say the first $300,000 of life insurance passes outright to your parents while the remainder stays in the trust to provide for your children.
Is there a minimum or maximum dollar amount required for an ILIT?
No, the ILIT can hold a policy of any size.
Can an ILIT avoid Inheritance Tax?
Yes, the insurance proceeds are not included in your estate and, if drafted properly, the proceeds will avoid inheritance taxes at the beneficiary's death.
Reasonable Prices | Years of Experience | We Make Estate Planning Easier
If you have any questions about Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts or any other estate administration topics, please contact us to schedule a free consultation. For more than two decades Klenk Law has focused only on Estate Law. We've seen it all, and this experience allows us to explain complex estate law and planning techniques clearly and concisely. We make it easy for you to understand ILITs so you can make the best decisions for yourself and your family.
What Our clients are saying
Klenk Law Logo
Peter provided outstanding advice and preparation of a will and trusts.
Klenk Law Logo
Klenk Law Logo
Klenk Law Logo
Klenk Law Logo
Let us put our expertise to work for you.
Free consultation within 24 hours.


text:
Although it is often overlooked, Lab colour is an extremely useful colour space in Photoshop that enables you to separate luminance information from colour information.
The more familiar RGB colour space achieves colour and brightness through mixing channels of red, green and blue light. By mixing the three channels, each with its own level of colour and saturation, an overall range of tones and colours is achieved.
Conversely, Lab splits all the colour information into two channels, but separates the lightness, or luminance, onto a third independent channel. This difference in channel make-up enables some eye-popping colour treatments and corrections that just aren't possible in RGB, all without compromising the luminance, contrast or detail of the image.


text:
Local researchers help create robotic worm
BOSTON (WHDH) -- Researchers at MIT, Harvard and a South Korean university have created a robotic worm.
The device, called a mesh worm, is a mesh tube wrapped in wires. A small current makes the tube contract and expand, giving it its worm-like movement.
Researchers say the worm could be useful in finding victims following natural disasters because it could squeeze through small spaces in debris.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Surviving Under Pressure
I often ask people, if they had ever thought of committing suicide in their academic life, and a reasonable number of them say 'yes', even the ones, who had been high achieving students in their lives. According to a study done by the National Institute of Mental Health, USA, suicide is the third leading cause of death in youngsters aged 15 to 24. Another study, conducted in Australian High Schools on students aged 12 to 14 years, revealed that students with low self esteem, depressed mood and perceptions of failure may be at increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Our children live under enormous pressures these days. They are on a constant battle to survive against all odds. Almost every other child in this world undergoes a painful, psychologically uncomfortable and often dehumanizing experience in order to receive education. I believe there are at least three kinds of pressures that work upon them: academic pressure, parental pressure and peer pressure.
How does Academic Pressure Work?
The first kind of pressure that works upon our children is academic pressure. They are almost always burdened. They have to carry a bag filled with six to eight textbooks and notebooks for each subject. Homework is something that most of them do not enjoy and cannot escape from. These poor children cannot afford to be absent from class, even if they are not well. According to a survey, children aged between 11 and 14 do an average of three-hour homework, in order to survive and remain acceptable in their schooling systems. They carry a bag which is about 40% of their body weight. According to British Osteopathic Association: "Children should never carry more than about 15% of their own body weight. The long term effects from carrying heavy bags include strains on the neck and shoulder leading to headaches, fatigue and an early development of poor posture along with strain to arms and wrists."
Majority of school going children hardly go for a morning or evening walk and do not experience the pleasant breeze and fresh oxygen, which is required for better brain functioning. Almost every second day is a test or some marked assignment. About 20% of their school days are allocated for exams. In between, there are such competitions as spelling bee and declamation contests requiring students to prepare five to six hours a day with immense pressure to win each of them. Tuitions are a routine, which they have to follow. And there are tests at tuitions, too. Students, who concentrate on their academics, look too serious, exhausted and often ignorant about what is happening in the world or in their families. They tend to forget themselves for the love or fear of exams. All that is important in their lives is to fulfill the academic demands at any cost. These poor children receive respect from society on the basis of their academic performance and not on the basis of their good intentions or great ideas.
It is generally believed that teachers cannot contain more than two subjects, while students are able to accommodate the diverse and often unconnected pieces of knowledge from eight subjects. Many children face immense learning difficulties, as they are not allowed to express their understanding in the language they know well. Classwork that is demanded on a particular pace with a particular level of perfection from every child becomes an instrument of torture. How strange it is to offer a break of twenty minutes in a school day of six hours. Sometimes even this twenty minutes break is also withdrawn from a child, who needs additional time for making up the academic work. If the school is located at a distance, then the travelling time in school transport adds to their miseries.
How does Parental Pressure Work?
Another pressure that badly affects children is parental pressure. I have heard many children saying: "I wish I was born free." Parents generally have very high and non-flexible expectations from their children. It has become hard for many parents to trust their children's abilities and intentions, when they fail to do well in exams. In a majority of cases, the relationship between parents and children relies on the grades the children receive in their exams, which is so very unfortunate.
Given the above mentioned facts, it appears that children in today's world are doing two jobs. They are employed at two places: school and home. They cannot take a day off at their will and are often not compensated for their work. They live a life where friendships, questioning, experimentation and wandering around are hardly appreciated. They are not encouraged for their natural curiosity and qualities of giving, sharing and frankness. Instead, they are chained to follow an agenda and a routine that is set for them without their consent. All children go through this, until they become able to exercise their own will and experience their independence. But many poor children are lost in this battle. Their creative spark is successfully extinguished by the collective efforts of parents and schools.
One of the ambitions of parents is to get their child admitted into a brand school. Under this vision, mothers start dreaming about some of the renowned schools already at the time of their pregnancies. Imagine the terrible pressure the poor child will be born with. She or he will be sent to preparation centres at the age of two years, in order to pass the entrance test of his/her parents' dream school. Once the child is admitted, the vicious never-ending cycle of academic stress, competitions and loads of homework is on the way.
Much of the conversation that takes place between parents and children is governed by the following questions or instructions: "What happened in your school today? How was your test today? What grade did you get in the last paper? What is the homework today? When is the next test? Change your school uniform. Do your Salah. Have your lunch and, please, do it quickly. Get ready for tuition."
Another form of parental pressure is their demand for discipline and maintaining a tidy and mess-free home. Girls in particular become a victim of this wish. In many families, the obsession to tame the children for manners and obedience in their early childhood supersedes any other wish of meaningful learning or relationship.
Many parents demand their children to choose a particular professional field, without considering the child's interests. A majority of parents make their children realize that they spend a lot of money on their education, and that children have to pay back through getting good grades. When children somehow fail to meet the demands of their parents, they feel bad about themselves and lose self confidence.
How does Peer Pressure Work?
Peer pressure plays a phenomenal role in the lives of children. Children want to be liked, accepted and appreciated by their peers more than anyone else in the world. This peer consciousness causes some positive and negative influences on their personality. They learn from their peers and become interested in doing things, which are being liked by their peers. Mark Twain once put it beautifully in his witty style: "I have always paid the school master for the education of my kids, but these are the school boys who have taught him."
Sometimes good habits and trends are initiated and reinforced by groups of children, while at other times it is vice versa. A child being a part of his social group gets influenced by his or her peers. At times, a child may not feel comfortable in adopting something from the peers. But the fear of being unpopular, disapproved and rejected by the social group surrounds the child and exerts immense pressure on him/her.
Although many children experience some sort of peer pressure, they usually do not realize it. Peer pressure takes a child into a complex state of varied feelings, ranging from fears and rage to hate, hope and jealousy. If a child is not confident enough, his/her self image will be severely influenced by the kind of treatment he/she receives from the peers. Sometimes, children stop pursuing their genuine natural interests, because they feel that they will be ridiculed for their interests. Often, many children tend to do things which are not of their choice but the desire of the group. Smoking is one such example, which a lot of boys and girls initiate, in order to look smart and cool. Sometimes, they smoke to seek additional appreciation from their peers. For some children, smoking becomes their social passport. Some children try to impress their peers through smoking or through any other activity, which is forbidden by the adults.
Peer pressure may be unspoken or unintentional. Sometimes a child may feel pressured not because peers are asking him to do a certain thing but the child himself feels that if he will not do a certain thing, he might be considered silly.
Nobody likes to be rejected by the equals. When children fail to cope with peer pressures or, in other words, do not conform to group norms, they isolate themselves or restrict their interaction with few class fellows. Many do not create friendships; rather, they limit themselves to acquaintanceships. A reasonable number of children willingly or unwillingly adopt what is being desired by their peers and conform to group norms.
One of the major causes of negative peer pressure is comparison between children. Many teachers and parents do it continuously in subtle ways. Some do it rather explicitly. When we do not recognize children, as who they really are, and fail to own them unconditionally, they learn to doubt themselves. Their confidence weakens and they become increasingly sensitive to the approval from their peers.
How Can We Reduce Academic Pressure?
 1. We need to believe that academics are not everything. A successful person is not the one who gets good grades, but a person who is well-rounded, happy and enjoys healthy body and mind with a vision to strive for.
 2. Schools should reduce the number and size of exams and introduce alternatives to formal testing like portfolio development and mechanism of self-assessment. This will help to eradicate the tuition culture and children will have some free time for family and other meaningful activities.
 3. Curriculum should be made child-friendly and flexible. There should be more opportunities of recreation, and the academic process must capitalize on


Passing parameters to functions
In the previous section, you saw how to define a function and use a function. In this section, you will learn how to pass parameters (or values) to a function. Let's continue with the example we used in the previous section. We will change our function definition and the other JavaScript code as follows:


The Aether, Inertia and Cosmology
From Natural Philosophy Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Scientific Paper
Title The Aether, Inertia and Cosmology
Read in full Link to paper
Author(s) Peter F Browne
Keywords Aether fluid, cosmological model, de Sitter cosmology
Published 1996
Journal Apeiron
Volume 3
No. of pages 3
Pages 14-16
Read the full paper here
Assigning to the Aether fluid a velocity-dependent refractive index can ensure that a spherical light wave remains spherical for all observers. Motion relative to zero-point radiation cannot be measured, suggesting identification with the Aether. The divergent energy density U of zero-point radiation when added to self-gravitational potential energy density cU Kc2 hfb0g, where fb0g = -2pGroR2 3 yields total energy density Kroc2, which is finite if 2pGroR2 = 3Kc2. Because mfb0g= -Kmc2, addition of mass m does not increase ro. The uniformly dense sphere then becomes an exact cosmological model. Spontaneous matter creation is possible at any world point without affecting ro. Duality of such a theory with de Sitter cosmology is claimed.


Understanding Electromagnetic Interactions and Electron Transfer in Ga Nanoparticle?Graphene?Metal Substrate Sandwich Systems
Abstract: Plasmonic metal nanoparticle (NP)?graphene (G) systems are of great interest due their potential role in applications as surface-enhanced spectroscopies, enhanced photodetection, and photocatalysis. Most of these studies have been performed using noble metal NPs of silver and gold. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the noble metal?graphene interaction leads to strong distortions of the graphene sheet. In order to overcome this issue, we propose the use of Ga NPs that, due to their weak interaction with graphene, do not produce any deformation of the graphene layers. Here, we analyze systems consisting of Ga NP/G/metal sandwich coupling structures, with the metal substrate being, specifically, copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), i.e., Ga NP/G/Cu and Ga NPs/G/Ni. We experimentally show through real-time plasmonic spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy measurements of the quenching of the Ga NP localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) depending on the wetting of the graphene by the Ga NPs and on the electron transfer through graphene. Theoretical finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations supportively demonstrate that the LSPR in such sandwich structures strongly depends on the contact angle of the NP with graphene. Finally, we also provide evidence of the electron transfer from the Ga NPs into the graphene and into the metal substrate according to the work function alignments. These considerations about the contact angle and, consequently, geometry and wetting of the metal NPs on graphene, are useful to guide the design of those plasmonic systems to maximize electromagnetic enhancement.
 Fuente: Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(19), 4085
Editorial: MDPI
 Fecha de publicación: 01/09/2019
Nº de páginas: 10
Tipo de publicación: Artículo de Revista
DOI: 10.3390/app9194085
ISSN: 2076-3417
Url de la publicación: _URL_


Our range of PCYC programs aim to give young people practical, real life skills that they can apply to work, family and their community.
Our sports and youth programs aim to build on young people skills and character through training and mentoring, creating young leaders of the future.
Driving education programs promote safer driving, and OOSH supports families, parents and communities by providing affordable after school care.
PCYC is unique among youth organisations because it is the only one which is a partnership between the community and the NSW Police Force.
We work with the NSW Police Force youth command work to counter the impact of juvenile offending.
Our Police youth case managers' approach has proven results and contributes towards reducing reoffending rates by 60 to 70 per cent.
Programs have to incorporate education relevant to the crime category on which the officers are focusing. An example of that would be a break and enter program: the education component could include a presentation from insurance companies on the impact of break and enters, a presentation from a victim, and discussion on crime statistics and dealing with the volume of what's occurring in that area to help educate young people on the impact of their actions.
Fit for Work
Fit For Work is a program designed to holistically address a young person's disengagement from their family, education and employment opportunities, to help reduce and prevent their involvement in anti-social behaviour and/or crime. This will ultimately lead to increased employment opportunities for a cohort that traditionally is reflected in high unemployment statistics. Aimed at youth aged 15-17 years.
Fit for Work
Fit for Change
Fit For Change is a program tailored to address the core principals of risk, need and responsivity. This intervention program will address the seven major risk/need factors in order to reduce and prevent re-offending. Aimed at youth aged 12-17 years.
Fit for Change


Sie sind auf Seite 1von 3
Abigail Mattson
TEL 410
November 13, 2017
Interview Transcription: Ginger Skelton
I chose to interview Ginger Skelton for our TEL 410 project. Ms. Skelton is an English
as a Second Language teacher in the Fayette County Schools near where I live. I have known
her for several years, and have a lot of respect for how much she cares about her students. I had
the opportunity to observe Mrs. Skeltons classroom on November 13, 2017, and then to
interview her about her job. Here are the questions I asked, and her responses:
1. How long have you been an ESL teacher?
Mrs. Skelton: I got my Masters Degree in Bilingual and Bicultural Education 11 years ago, the
same year my oldest son was born. I worked as a Bilingual teacher for several years in
Colorado, and have also worked as a general classroom teacher in a couple different grades.
This is my first year as a pull-out ESL teacher.
2. What is the ESL curriculum in the Fayette County School District like?
Mrs. Skelton: There is no curriculum for ESL in our school district. This means that I have to
choose all of the resources for my students. They do get to spend some time working on an
online literacy program called Lexia Core 5, but there is no set, specific curriculum that I must
use. My students are at very different levels of learning how to read and write English and their
native language, so it would be hard to follow a set curriculum.
3. How many students do you work with every day?
Mrs. Skelton: I pull out students from almost every grade in the elementary school every day,
which is usually between five and ten students per grade. I also push in to a 4th-grade class every
day. I work with an average of 30 40 students every day.
4. What kinds of languages do the students you work with speak?
Mrs. Skelton: Most of the students speak Spanish as their native and home language. I also have
a student who speaks an Indian language, a student from Pakistan, and two Haitian-Creole
5. What kinds of activities do you use with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: With the kindergarteners, I do a lot of phonics and sound or letter recognition
activities. With the third graders, I try to incorporate reading as much as possible we go
through short chapter books together. My fifth graders are really struggling in social studies
right now, so I use short games that are related to their social studies material to help them in
their other classes.
6. How does your school measure your students progress in English?
Mrs. Skelton: My students participate in a test called the AXIS test for English Language
Learners once a year in January. They also take the other tests that students at their grade level
complete for the state and for national education standards. If they improve on their other tests,
that shows that they are improving their English skills. Students who do very well on the AXIS
test may actually test out of ESL services.
7. What is the hardest part about your job?
Mrs. Skelton: I wish I could spend more time with my students. Some of them need more help,
and I am not able to give them the support they need. I have ten kindergarteners at one time, and
they need a lot of help that I cant give to all of them at once. I see that my fifth-grade students
are struggling in their other subjects, but theres only so much I can do.
8. If you could change one thing about your job or about the ESL curriculum, what would
you change?
Mrs. Skelton: I would push in to a different class for 4th-grade. Right now I go to math, because
that was the only time it worked for me to help those students. But math is not a great time to
support them with literacy, and they need more instruction.
9. How much parent involvement is there with your students?
Mrs. Skelton: My students parents are not very involved, and this is one of my personal goals
right now. Im working on ways to involve the parents in their childrens education and to
support them in knowing how they can help their students. I had the chance to translate a parentteacher conference for some of my parents who speak Spanish, and this helped them connect
with their childs general classroom teacher. Those particular parents wanted to help their child,
but felt like they couldnt because they didnt speak English.
10. How do students become a part of ESL services?
Mrs. Skelton: All parents fill out a short language survey at the beginning of the school year. If
the parents indicate that any language other than English is spoken in their home, their children
are screened during the first two weeks of school. Kindergarteners are interviewed, and 1stthrough 5th-graders take a test. Depending on their school, they are identified for ESL services.
The screening process is not always accurate or useful in showing the level that the students are
at, and the way that the school assesses progress is not helpful. It does not use accurate or
effective testing to determine if students are improving at a good rate.
I learned a lot from my interview with Mrs. Skelton and was very impressed by how
much she cared about her students and by how hard she worked. Her entire day was filled with
activities and pull-out sessions with students who need help. Most days she even works through
her lunch hour, because there are students who need extra support. Her students know that she
cares about them, and work hard in her classroom. It definitely inspired me to work hard on my
advocacy project, and to look for ways to help ESL teachers find more effective methods for
assessing their ESL students.


text:
Fennel Seed - Certified Organic
Fennel symbolizes longevity, courage, and strength. In addition to its use as medicinal values, fennel has many health benefiting nutrients, essential compounds, antioxidants, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Fennel seeds also are a rich source of dietary fiber. 100 g seeds provide 39.8 g of fiber. Much of this roughage is metabolically inert insoluble fiber, which helps increase the bulk of the food by absorbing water throughout the digestive system and easing constipation problems.
Fennel seeds concentrated source of minerals like copper, iron, calcium, potassium, manganese, selenium, zinc, and magnesium. Copper is essential for the production of red blood cells. Iron is required for red blood cell formation. Zinc is a co-factor in many enzymes that regulate growth and development, sperm generation, digestion and nucleic acid synthesis. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure. The human body uses manganese as a cofactor for the important antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase.
Fennel seed decoction or added as a spice in food has been found to increase breast milk secretion in nursing mothers. Fennel water often is used in newborn babies to relieve colic pain and help aid digestion. Fennel seed oil is used to relieve coughs, bronchitis and as a massage oil to cure joint pains.


Loyola University Chicago
Department of History
Barbara Rosenwein Discusses Teaching the History of Emotions
History of Emotions 2014
Graduate students of all specialties will have a unique opportunity in fall 2014 to learn about the history of emotions from one of the pioneers in that field. Dr. Barabara Rosenwein recently took time to answer some questions about HIST 410: The History of Emotions, and the field in general. You can preview the course by downloading the HIST 410 syllabus. As Dr. Rosenwein nears the end of her teaching career, there is no better time to enjoy her wealth of knowledge.
Describe the course structure of History 410: History of Emotions. What is unique about it—compared to other topic courses that you have taught in the past?
In no other topics course do I assign a psych textbook on anything; in this one, I do. In addition, this course devotes some time to methods: How do historians study emotions? What other methods might be possible? Beyond that the course structure isn't all that different from other topic courses that I've taught. We'll read lots of articles and a few books, devote some classes to reports, reserve some class time for private meetings between me and individual students, and (for students who want to get seminar credit), we'll end with a mini-conference at which the seminar students will present their work.
In what ways will your course benefit students working outside of your period of specialization, medieval history?
I'm one of only a very few medievalists who works on the history of emotions. Most of the others are modernists--either of European or U.S. history. The sources are better and more varied for those fields. It's not like emotions started and ended in the Middle Ages! Consider Oprah Winfrey's website. It's full of emotions and it assumes its visitors will be interested in them too. There are so many terrific topics of research that students could embark on outside of the medieval period: comparing emotions in Bollywood films with those of Hollywood; comparing the emotions that Oprah's admirers care about with those that, say, read Parent's Magazine. Or looking at changing emotions attached to war--or nationalism, or politicians-- in twentieth-century England. Public historians could think about what emotional effects a museum exhibit or a monument might have, not to mention what a new housing development might mean to old-timers in a neighborhood. The field is so open!
What are some the most essential tenets to the historical study of emotions? What disciplines outside of history inform the field?
The history of emotions is really a new field and rather contentious! So when you ask about essential tenets, the answer is that there are none. There are historians, for Jan Plamper, for example, who think that current scientific studies of emotions are irrelevant to historical studies. In his view, scientists today "essentialize" what is really a constantly changing, socially constructed phenomenon. On the other hand some historians, William Reddy, for example, go first to the sciences (experimental psychology and neuroscience) to understand emotions of the past. And then there are lots of historians in between. For more on this discussion see this American Historical Review roundtable; we'll read the article itself in Hist 410.
When did historians begin to isolate emotions as a unique field of study?
Although historians have always talked about emotions (when Nero died, "the senators were 'joyous,'" says the Roman historian Tacitus) the modern field of emotions studies began in the 1940s in Europe and in the 1980s in the United States. The European tradition was founded by Norbert Elias, whose book The Civilizing Process is still considered authoritative by many. (We'll read excerpts in Hist 410). The American strand was started by Peter Stearns and his then-wife Carol Stearns, who argued in the American Historical Review that historians should study changing emotional standards. They used advice books and child-rearing manuals to demonstrate a great change in emotional expectations in the U.S. from the Victorian era to the modern, with the turning point in the 1920s.
Why did you decide to offer this course now?
I'm writing a book on emotions from 600 to 1700. That's a big stretch. I think a class like this offers an exciting chance for me to learn and discuss materials outside of my comfort zone, and it's a great chance for students to do the same for themselves.


text:
The Ørsted Satellite Project
Ørsted, Hans Christian. (_PHONE_).
Danish physicist, professor at the University of Copenhagen.
Discovered that current flowing through a wire can deflect a magnetised
compass needle, a phenomenon which inspired the development of
In 1932 the name Ørsted (Oersted) was adopted for the physical
unit of magnetic field strength. In 1993 the first Danish satellite was named after Ørsted
Ørsted projektets danske hjemmeside.
The Ørsted Satellite Mission
The Ørsted Science Data Center
The Ørsted Newsletter
The Ørsted Project Organization
Join the Ørsted International Science Team
Oersted project and results (PDF file)
A list of relevant and useful links
Solar-Terrestrial Physics Division Homepage
Danish Meteorological Institute Homepage
E-Mail address: _EMAIL_
Last modified 040604 by Lars Tøffner-Clausen.


text:
This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of article quality.
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the upper vales of Anduin and while there, they must have had some contact with the Éothéod, who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a northern Mannish tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from Greenwood, the Éothéod migrated south to Calenardhon and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "Wandering Days".
A small number of Stoors would move briefly to the Angle of Eriador where they had some contact with the Dunlendings, picking up a few Dunlendish words. When the Stoors later moved to the Shire with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that Stoors mostly settled in (eg. Buckland and the Marish).
In any case, by the time of the War of the Ring, the Rohirric language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like Meriadoc Brandybuck; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire.
Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "Old Place Names in the Shire".
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in Gondor or Rivendell. It contained many simplifications and archaisms.
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely and "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possess only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the deferential pronoun; except in scattered parts of the Westfarthing where is was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment.
This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what Gondorians are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.
It was most obvious when Peregrin Took was speaking to Denethor II, Steward and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in Minas Tirith; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "Ernil i Pheriannath".
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning.
Members of old aristocratic families such as the Tooks and the Bolgers, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. Isengar, Hildifons).
Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. Amaranth, Belladonna), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees (Marigold, Poppy). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners (Adamanta, Berylla, Ruby).
The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the Bagginses of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.
The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:
- Hobbit (kuduk) - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the Northmen gave to them in the Vales of Anduin.
- Smial (trân) - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. Bag End, Brandy Hall, or Great Smials of the Tooks).
- Mathom (kast) - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the Mathom-house is a museum)
- Thain - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of Arvedui.
- Withywindle - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.
- Swertings - a word referring to the Swarthy Men.
- Oliphaunts - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as Elephants.
- Goblin - the evil race properly termed "Orcs" in Common Speech were referred to as "Goblins" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the Great East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking Pipe-weed was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. The term "Goblin" came to more often be used when referring to smaller Orcs, of the type Hobbits were more likely to see (rare roving bands like that led by Golfimbul). Larger soldier-Orcs bred for war were less likely to be referred to as "Goblins", because they never really encountered them, thus larger breeds of Orcs would often simply be called "Orcs".
- Note: Tolkien's conception of what "Orcs" and "Goblins" were exactly fluctuated over time, and in The Hobbit was written when these ideas had not solidified in his mind, and as such in that book he uses the two terms rather interchangeably. Later on, he more fully set down that "Orcs" was the proper term for the entire race, with "Goblins" being a colloquial Hobbit-invented term for Orcs
The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calender words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name Kalimac Brandagamba (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")
In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic Old English ones that had not survived in modern language; such examples are Thain from þegn, mathom from māþum and smial from smygel.
The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to Théoden of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures they they call the Holbytlan in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "Kuduk". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "Kûd-dûkan".
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.
- Westron = Modern English
- "Middle Westron" (of the Yellowskin Book) = Middle English
- "Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh
- Fallohide names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)
- "Bree-landish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British Celtic language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")
Portrayal in adaptations
- Adapter Terence Tiller briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.
- There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of Samwise


text:
ANM uses specific ports for its processes. Figure A-1 illustrates a typical ANM server deployment in a network. This illustration identifies the protocols and ports used by the different network devices in a typical deployment.
-Table A-1 lists the ports used for ANM client (browser) or ANM server and ANM high availability communication.
-Table A-2 lists the ports used for communication between ANM and managed devices.
Figure A-1 ANM Server Deployment
Table A-1 Ports Used by ANM in a Network Deployment1
Default port if ANM is configured for access using HTTP (using anm-installer).
Default port if ANM is configured for access using HTTPS (using default install option).
MySQL Database system (ANM HA installation opens this port to communicate with the peer ANM).
TCP (10444) and TCP (10445)
ANM License Manager (ANM HA installation opens these two ports to communicate with the peer ANM).
Port used by ANM server to communicate to Email Gateway through SMTP.
Port used by ANM server to send out trap notification to external NMS application.
1It is highly recommended that you run ANM on a stand-alone device. However, if you run ANM on a shared device, please note that ANM locally opens the following ports for internal communication:


text:
As you see in the graph below, there are $10$ empty circles in our star and you are asked to fill these circles with the numbers between $1$ to $12$ (you can choose which two numbers you will not use among these) in them:
But while putting these values inside the circles, you need to consider the special property of this star:
The five sums along the dash lines (such as $C+G+F+E$) and the sum around the pentagon inside the star ($H+I+J+F+G$) are all equal to each other.
This star is called the perfect star.
FYI: Forgot to put dash line through B to D and very tired to draw this again. so assume there is dash line over there too.


You are here
Kelvin Thomson unveils population reform plan at Royal Park Protection Group AGM
What a coup for long-time environment and democracy activist, Julianne Bell! Last night in Melbourne at the AGM of the Royal Park Protection Group, federal ALP Member for Wills, Hon Kelvin Thomson announced and detailed his 14 point plan for population reform, which is reproduced at the end of this article.
The plan was well received by an audience composed of the Royal Park Protection Group [RPPG] members of members of other Victorian community groups.
Questions from the audience indicated a high degree of engagement with the topic both on the local and global level.
Lifelong concern for Australia's native animals
After delivering his plan, Kelvin Thomson spoke of his lifelong interest in Australia's unique native fauna, and his concern that it can very easily be extinguished mainly through through loss of habitat and that our compassion should extend to living creatures other than humans. He said that many small species will disappear and not even be noticed by most people however be a loss to bio-diversity all the same.
Thomson also referred to the more iconic example of the koala whose perilous survival has been most recently in the news. He pointed out that there are only as many koalas remaining in the wild as there are additional humans in Australia every few weeks!
Kelvin Thomson expressed his concern that Australians need to leave our continent in as good condition as it was when we found it.
A motion at the end of the meeting was passed unanimously and in support of Kelvin's position which also called for a population summit.
Royal Park Protection Group an appropriate host
It was very appropriate that RPPG host this ground-breaking speech because RPPG was formed to defend 20 ha of Royal Park, in the heart of Melbourne, from being sold off by the Bracks government to Australand (Singapore majority owned) developers for a housing estate which was advertised worldwide to prospective immigrants. After this extraordinary gift of the peoples' land, the Bracks government even gave Australand $80m of tax payers money, purportedly in exchange for 10 days use of the land for the Commonwealth Games. Unable to win against the might of corporations and government, and with little help from Victorian unions, RPPG members went on to form Protectors of Public Land (Vic) and have now led Victorians in organising against the destruction of democracy and public land for commercial interests profiting from politically engineered population growth.
Where to from here? Population Reform - Political Challenges!
Kelvin Thomson will be the guest speaker at a Public meeting run by
Sustainable Population Australia (Victorian branch)
on Sunday November 29th at 3.00pm.
Topic: Population reformPolitical challenges
At: Meeting Room 1 North Melbourne Library 66 Errol St. North Melbourne.
All welcome.
Enquiries to jillq[AT]
Tonight I am releasing for discussion a 14 point plan for population reform.
The first 11 points go to how we can stabilise Australia's population.
2. Cut the skilled migration program to 25,000 per annum.
3. Hold the family reunion program at 50,000 per annum.
4. Increase the refugee program from 13,750 to 20,000 per annum.
6. The revised number of annual permanent arrivals from these programs would be 95,000 - 50,000 family reunion plus 25,000 skilled plus 20,000 refugees. Two more factors need to be considered: the number of people departing permanently from Australia, and the number of people arriving permanently from New Zealand. To reach a net overseas annual migration target of 70,000, the number of automatic places available for New Zealanders needs to be restricted to the number of departures from Australia over and above 25,000. The Trans Tasman Travel Arrangement would be renegotiated to achieve this, splitting available places for New Zealanders equally between skilled migrants and family reunion, and allowing New Zealanders to also apply and compete with other applicants under these normal migration programs.
7. Reduce temporary migration to Australia by restricting sub-class 457 temporary entry visas to medical and health related and professional engineering occupations.
8. Require overseas students to return to their country of origin and complete a two-year cooling off period before being eligible to apply for permanent residence.
9. Abolish the Baby Bonus.
The final three points go to how we can play a role in helping stabilise global population.
12. Increase Australia's aid to meet the United Nations target of 0.7% of Gross National Income with money saved by abolishing Fringe Benefits Tax concessions for company cars, and greater use of off-the-shelf purchases in defence equipment purchases.
14. Put overpopulation on the Agenda for the Copenhagen Climate Change talks.
How have I arrived at this plan?
I have set out the reasons why I believe the world's projected population levels are too high and unsustainable – global warming, food crisis, water shortages, housing affordability, overcrowded cities, transport congestion, fisheries collapse, species extinctions, increasing prices, waste, war and terrorism – in detail in a speech to Parliament on 17 August. [ Editor: This link is broken, but the contents are reproduced below. The broken link was]
If we are going to achieve this outcome, everyone has a role to play. Every country has both the right and the duty to stabilise its own population at a level compatible with its own resources and environment. In equity terms, this is an easier issue to deal with than carbon emissions, where the poorer countries have a legitimate anger that the wealthy countries have had all the fun; wrecked the neighbourhood, and the police have been called in to shut the party down just as poorer countries were starting to arrive.
The equitable approach is for each country to pull its own weight and stabilise its own numbers. Countries should not be asked to do more, or less, than this.
The two most promising ways of achieving population stability around the world are educating girls and women, and the provision of better health services, particularly reproductive health services. These two measures lower the fertility rate. According to the World Vision chief executive Tim Costello, for every extra year a girl stays in school, her fertility decreases. "She has fewer children and more optimism and power", says Tim Costello. Professor Roger Short says that removing the barriers that separate women from the knowledge and technologies they need to manage the size of their family will cause family size to fall, even in poor, illiterate communities. He says conversely, as a result of lost attention to family planning since the 1990s, the population projection for several countries in 2050 has been raised, e.g. Kenya, up from 54 million to 83 million.
There are four things Australia can do to promote this international responsibility. First, in international fora such as the United Nations,
we should promote population stabilisation, better education for girls and women, and improved health services.
Second, we should increase our overseas aid program to meet the United Nations target of 0.7% of Gross National Income. This would involve an increase of $350 million in 2010-11 and a bit over $1 billion in 2011-12. The Government is committed to returning the Budget to surplus, so clearly such an increase would involve finding savings from elsewhere in the Budget – the money has to come from somewhere. One option which has merit in my view is scrapping the $1.5 billion fringe benefit tax concession for company cars, a subsidy from taxpayers which has been criticized by the Australian Conservation Foundation and other groups as damaging to the environment. Another is to trim fat from the defence budget by buying off-the-shelf military equipment rather than engaging in incredibly expensive modification. For example the Air Warfare Destroyer project cost double the initial estimate of $3.5 to $4.5 billion, to be $7.5 billion. So too did the Amphibious Vessel project, initially estimated at $1.5 to $2 billion, and finishing at $3 billion.
This additional money could be channelled into three critical areas – improving education levels, improving health outcomes and reproductive health services, including contraception, and developing renewable energy-based economies which have a path to prosperity that is not linked to increasing greenhouse emissions.
Third, we should put the issue of population stabilisation on the Agenda for the Copenhagen Climate Change talks. Al Gore has listed population increase as one of the three key drivers of climate change, and he is right. It is hard to see how any serious carbon reduction targets can be met while the world's population continues to escalate. Until we address the issue of population, we are fighting global warming with at least one arm tied behind our back. Whilst it is unreasonable to ask developing countries to remain impoverished, it is not unreasonable to ask them to adopt a goal of population stabilisation.
Fourth, we can lead by example, and stabilise our own population.
The reasons why I believe Australia's population needs to be stabilised are also set out in detail in my speech to Parliament on 17 August, which can be accessed at [ editor: Link no longer functional, due to Kelvin's retirement"">]
Population is a function of birth rates, death rates, and migration rates. I am in favour of everyone living as long as possible. That leaves the migration rate and the birth/fertility rate.
Australian population increase over time is set out in the following graph:
Population policy cannot be a long-term side effect of ad-hoc immigration practice (Barry Jones Report, 1994). Immigration policy should be based on population policy.
Australia's population has been skyrocketing in recent years, and the principal reason for this is the dramatic increase in our migration rate. This increase is due to the record high levels of Australia


text:
Hayal İncedoğan – "In the Shade of Time"
Presenting a conceptual depth with her versatile productions, Hayal İncedoğan presents the collateral aspects of time, space and memory perception spectacularly in her exhibition "In the Shade of Time".
The exhibition developed within a system of archiving plants, expressed with the term 'herbarium' in botanical science, and brings a new dimension and meaning in the minds of the audience by combining today's visual experiences and memory. The exhibition narrates the approach of time through works from various disciplines in terms of perspective. The artist, who has connotations from the previous exhibitions, comes up with a new subject and material for each project. By taking this method as a principle, she pushes her limits.
The project, which the artist has developed by starting to photograph the plants she has grown, includes works that have emerged as a result of an accumulation of approximately five years, including the growth processes of the plants.
Taking motifs as a means of expression, İncedoğan uses a unique language by combining different materials and techniques. With the exhibition, she explores the intellectual as well as the intuitive possibilities of the concept. Since the motif is suitable for synthesizing the eastern and western culture, she emphasizes the importance of being open to the universal dialogue. The exhibition includes artists works with different techniques; painting, audio-video, neon, and installation works.


Why was clemency trending last week?
shaped charge
noun, Military
a warhead having a concave, hollow end and operating on the Munroe effect. Unabridged
Cite This Source
Examples from the web for shaped charge
 - First, a specially shaped charge of chemical explosives surrounding a plutonium pit goes off.
 - shaped charge jet penetration into nitromethane in support of several experimental series.
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for shaped charge
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for shaped
Scrabble Words With Friends
Nearby words for shaped charge


The Maxobj Object
A Maxobj is a Javascript representation of a Max object in a patcher. It is returned by various methods of a Javascript Patcher object, such as newobject().One important thing to keep in mind about a Maxobj is that it could eventually refer to an object that no longer exists if the underlying Max object is freed. The valid property can be used to test for this condition.
Maxobj Properties
rect (Array, get/set)
The location of an object in a patcher. When the object's rectangle is changed, it will move on screen if it is visible. The coordinates are stored in the following order: left, top, right, bottom.
maxclass (String, get)
The Max class (as opposed to the Javascript class, which is "Maxobj" and accessed via the standard class property) of the object.
patcher (Patcher, get)
The Patcher object that contains the Maxobj
hidden (Boolean, get/set)
Is the object set to be hidden in a locked patcher?
colorindex (Number, set/get)
If the object is set to use one of the standard 16 colors, this property is the index of the color
nextobject (Maxobj, get)
If there is another object after this one in the Patcher's list of objects, this property returns it, otherwise it returns a nil value
varname (String, get/set)
The patcher-specific name of the object, as set with the Name... dialog
canhilite (Boolean, get)
Whether the object can be selected for text entry (a number box would be an example of an object whose canhilite property returns true)
background (Boolean, get/set)
Whether the object is in the Patcher's background layer
ignoreclick (Boolean, get/set)
Whether the object ignores clicks
selected (Boolean, get)
Whether the object is selected in an unlocked patcher window.
js (jsthis, get)
If the Maxobj refers to an object is of Max class js, this returns the associated jsthis object
valid (Boolean, get)
Returns whether the Maxobj refers to a valid Max object
Maxobj Methods
Perhaps the most powerful thing about a Maxobj is that you can send any message to a Maxobj that you can send to a Max object in Max as if you were invoking a method on the object in Javascript. For example, if you had a number box Maxobj and you wanted to set its value to 23 without outputting the value, you could do this:
Note that certain words such as int, float, and delete are keywords in Javascript, and you will need to use either array notation or the message method for such reserved words. For example:
 n["int"] = 23;
 n.message("int", 23);
The following methods are common to all Maxobj objects.
message (string, …)
Sends the object the message specified by the string, followed by any additional arguments provided. This is useful for sending messages to object which dynamically dispatch messages with the "anything" message, as is the case for instances of js, jsui, lcd, and others.
help ()
Opens a help file describing the object, if it exists
subpatcher (index)
If the object contains a patcher, this function returns a (Javascript) Patcher object. The optional index is used for specifying an instance number, which only applies to poly~ objects. If the object does not contain a subpatcher, a nil value is returned.
understands (string)
Returns a Boolean value if the object has an entry in its message list for the message specified by the string. If the entry is not a message that can be sent by a user within Max (i.e., it's a C-level "untyped" message), false is returned. This doesn't work for messages which are dynamically dispatched with the "anything" message, as is the case for instances of js, jsui, lcd, and others.


text:
Children's Stick Insect is a medium sized stick insect. Females are larger and bulkier than males, and usually green, but can also be pinkish or cream. The wings are yellowish with bright patches of yellow and blue at the base. Males are slender and light reddish brown. Both males and both the males and females have two pairs of wings. Males are strong fliers, but females are too bulky to fly well. They rely on camouflage to avoid predators. When threatened, Children's Stick Insect will spread its wings showing the yellow and blue markings. Nymphs have a yellow stripe running along the length of the body. When at rest, the nymphs will align themselves on the leaf so yellow stripe aligns with the leaf midvein.
length to 14cm
feeds on leaves of Eucalypt trees
The females lay their eggs from a tree where they drop down into the leaf litter. The eggs are small, oval and grey and hatch after about four months. The nymphs are light green or green tinged with pink or purple.
Children's Stick Insect is found in eastern coastal areas of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
|Common Name:||Children's Stick Insect|


text:
A viewer asked "Todd, why does fog form so often on fall mornings?"
That's a great question! And remember, fog is actually just a cloud that forms close to the ground. The ingredients needed for it tend to come together during the long, cool nights of fall.
Autumn days can still get relatively warm, with plenty of invisible water vapor in the air. Clear, lengthening nights allow the air to become saturated as it cools to the dew point temperature.
Fog forms from the ground up, becoming thickets around dawn.
After sunrise, heating from the sun and the mixing of higher altitude winds down to the Earth's surface help to dissipate fog layers.


text:
Thousands Face Delay in Medical Tests
By Liz Szabo
Thousands of patients in the USA may face delays in getting key medical tests because of a global shortage of radioactive tracers, which are used to perform bone scans and to assess blood flow to the heart, experts say.
The radiotracer in short supply, Mo-99, is mostly used to observe blood flow to the heart and in bone scans that assess the spread of cancer, says Robert Atcher, president of the Society of Nuclear Medicine.
Used in 80% of nuclear medicine procedures, the drug also is used to measure kidney function and to gauge whether cancers have spread to the lymph nodes during some breast cancer surgeries.
The impact on patients is "very serious," Atcher says.
About half of the 20 million nuclear medical scans performed in the USA each year are for urgent needs, he says.
In some cases, cancer patients may safely delay the tests for a few days or weeks. But others, such as those who have had heart attacks, may not be able to wait and may have to have more invasive procedures, such as angiograms, says Atcher of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.
The shortage stems from the shutdown of three of the world's six facilities that make radioisotopes, according to an article by the British Nuclear Medicine Society in the current British Medical Journal, or BMJ. Reactors in France and Belgium have closed for scheduled maintenance, while a Dutch reactor unexpectedly shut down in late August because of a problem in its cooling system. The Dutch reactor, which supplies about half of the USA's supply of Mo-99, isn't expected to reopen until late October.
Mo-99 has a half-life of less than three days, so it can't be stockpiled or stored for very long. Half-life is the time required for a radioactive substance to lose 50% of its activity by decay.
The shutdown of a Canadian reactor in November and December last year delayed exams for about 50,000 patients in the USA, which has no facilities to make Mo-99, according to the BMJ article written by Alan Perkins, Andrew Hilson and John Hall.
All the reactors that make nuclear medicines are about 40 years old, the article states. As the reactors age, shortages could become more common. (c) Copyright 2008 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc.


text:
Anemonella thalictroides 'Rosea'
The only member of its genus, rue anemone is a tuberous perennial native to the woodlands of eastern North America. 'Rosea' has pink, fragile, cup-shaped flowers on slender stems from spring to early summer, a long bloom sesaon for a spring wildflower. It often goes dormant in summer. Its flowers resemble a small anemone and its leaves resemble Thalictrum (meadow rue), hence its common name of "rue anemone." Use this delicate, small plant in a shady rock garden, in a woodland or native plant garden, or as underplanting in a shady shrub border


text:
Latest update: December 11th, 2012
Jacob and Esau are about to meet again after a separation of 22 years. It is a fraught encounter. Once, Esau had sworn to kill Jacob as revenge for what he saw as the theft of his blessing. Will he do so now, or has time healed the wound? Jacob sends messengers to let his brother know he is coming. They return, saying that Esau is coming to meet Jacob with a force of 400 men. We then read: "Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed" (Genesis 32:8).
The question is obvious. Jacob is in the grip of strong emotions. But why the duplication of verbs? What is the difference between fear and distress? To this a midrash gives a profound answer:
Rabbi Judah bar Ilai asked whether fear and distress are identical. The meaning, however, is that he was "afraid" that he might be killed and that he was "distressed" that he might kill. For Jacob thought that if he prevails against me, will he not kill me? If I prevail against him, will I not kill him? That is the meaning of "he was greatly afraid" – lest he should be killed – "and distressed" – lest he should kill.
The difference between being afraid and distressed, according to the midrash, is that the first is a physical anxiety while the second is a moral one. It is one thing to fear one's own death, quite another to contemplate being the cause of someone else's. However, a further question now arises. Surely self-defense is permitted in Jewish law. If Esau were to try to kill Jacob, Jacob would be justified in fighting back, if necessary at the cost of Esau's life. Why then should this possibility raise moral qualms? This is the issue addressed by Rabbi Shabbetai Bass, author of the commentary on Rashi, Siftei Chachamim:
"One might argue that Jacob should surely not be distressed about the possibility of killing Esau, for there is an explicit rule: 'If someone comes to kill you, forestall it by killing him.' Nonetheless Jacob had qualms, fearing that in the course of the fight he might kill some of Esau's men, who were not themselves intent on killing Jacob but merely on fighting Jacob's men. And even though Esau's men were pursuing Jacob's men, and every person has the right to save the life of the pursued at the cost of the life of the pursuer, nevertheless there is a condition: 'If the pursued could have been saved by maiming a limb of the pursuer, but instead the rescuer killed the pursuer, the rescuer is liable to capital punishment on that account.' Hence Jacob feared that, in the confusion of battle, he might kill some of Esau's men when he might have restrained them by merely inflicting injury on them."
The principle at stake, according to the Siftei Chachamim, is the minimum use of force. Jacob was distressed at the possibility that in the heat of conflict he might kill some of the combatants when injury alone might have been all that was necessary to defend the lives of those – including his own – who were under attack.
There is, however, a second possibility, namely that the midrash means what it says, no more, no less: that Jacob was distressed at the possibility of being forced to kill, even if that were entirely justified.
At stake is the concept of a moral dilemma. A dilemma is not simply a conflict. There are many moral conflicts. One example: may we perform an abortion to save the life of the mother? This question has an answer. There is a right course of action and a wrong one. Two duties conflict and we have meta-halachic principles to tell us which takes priority. There are some systems in which all moral conflicts are of this kind. There is always a decision procedure and thus a determinate answer to the question, "What shall I do?"
A dilemma, however, is a situation in which there is no right answer. I ought not to do A (allow myself to be killed); I ought not to do B (kill someone else); but I must do one or the other. To put it more precisely, there may be situations in which doing the right thing is not the end of the matter. The conflict may be inherently tragic. The fact that one principle (self-defense) overrides another (the prohibition against killing) does not mean that, faced with such a choice, I am without qualms. Sometimes being moral means that I experience distress at having to make such a choice. Doing the right thing may mean that I do not feel remorse or guilt, but I still feel regret or grief that I had to do it.
About the Author: Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, chief rabbi of the British Commonwealth since 1991, is the author of many books of Jewish thought, most recently The Koren Sacks Rosh HaShana Mahzor (Koren Publishers Jerusalem).
You might also be interested in:
You must log in to post a comment.


text:
Our 4-Day Power System Engineering Course is actually a series of three power system analysis, protection coordination and modeling and calculations courses, which is designed to help both junior and experienced electrical engineers understand electrical power systems as they apply to industrial, commercial and institutional buildings and facilities that are production-oriented. This course will address issues such as short circuit studies, voltage drop calculations, electrical equipment ratings and selection criteria, and power systems grounding. NOTE: Course Includes FULL Demo Power System Analysis Software License.
Course #1 - Power System Analysis And Design
Power System Analysis And Design starts with sound design. A proper functioning electric power distribution system is vital to safety, maintenance, troubleshooting and the efficient operation of a modern industrial plant. The power distribution system includes high voltage utility tie circuit breakers, main transformers, medium voltage switchgear, distribution transformers, motor control centers, electric motors, variable speed drives, etc. This course is designed to address all aspects of industrial power distribution systems, including system planning, equipment selection, specification and application, system grounding, protection and conformity with electrical code requirements, etc. Typical one-line and relaying diagrams will be discussed for various applications.
The Power System Design part of the course Will Teach Students How To:
Course #2 - Power System Protection And Coordination
The Power System Protection And Coordination section of the course will provide a practical and comprehensive description of the principles and concepts of analysis, application and operation of protection schemes for various power system elements such as feeders, transformers, motors, buses, generators, etc. The Power Systems Coordination course makes extensive use of in-class curve drawing exercises and actual case histories to familiarize trainees with the art of power systems coordination. Selection of time/current characteristics, protection, selectivity and deriving protective device settings consistent with National Electric Code and ANSI Standard requirements are emphasized in this course. This course covers the subject of power system protection from a practical perspective, and includes important functional aspects such as testing and coordination of protection systems. This course is designed for individuals who are involved with industries and utilities which depend on proper system protection for operational efficiency and minimizing damage to equipment.
The Power System Protection And Coordination Engineering Training Course:
Course #3 - Power System Modeling and Calculations
Our Power System Modeling and Calculations engineering course will provide students with an in-depth review of fault analysis problems in industrial, commercial and institutional power systems and provide the means for solving such problems, and discusses the impact of short-circuit fault currents on equipment selection. The course also highlights the differences in the computational approaches recommended in IEEE and IEC standards. A commercially available software program for performing fault analysis will be used by the presenter to solve example problems.
The Power System Modeling and Calculations Training course will analyze all aspects related to the:
These three Electrical Engineering Courses will demonstrate electrical engineering software Simulation and Calculations engineering course will provide students with an in-depth review of fault analysis problems in industrial, commercial and institutional power systems and provide the means for solving such problems, and discusses the impact of short-circuit fault currents on equipment selection.
This Power System Analysis, Protection Coordination and Modeling and Calculations course is designed for utility, industrial, commercial and institutional power system electrical engineering personnel, electrical consulting engineers, as well as electrical design engineers, who are responsible for the reliable design, engineering and operation and of industrial, commercial and insitutional electric power distribution systems. Plant, facility, and corporate electrical engineers dealing with one or more company distribution systems and consulting and utility engineers dealing with clients' systems. Consultants, architect-engineers will also find this course very beneficial.
1: POWER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS
2: SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3: POWER SYSTEM SUBSTATION CONFIGURATION
4. VOLTAGE CONSIDERATIONS
5. MODELING AN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
1. LINE AND MOTOR STARTING VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
2. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
3. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
1. LOW VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT RATINGS AND SELECTION
2. SWITCHGEAR RATINGS AND SELECTION CRITERIA
3. OVERCURRENT COORDINATION FUNDAMENTALS
4. FUSE CHARACTERISTICS
5. LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER CHARACTERISTICS
6. TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS
7. CONDUCTOR AND BUS SELECTION & PROTECTION
8. TRANSFORMER SELECTION & PROTECTION
1. AC INDUCTION MOTOR SELECTION & PROTECTION
2. ARC FLASH STUDIES AND SOFTWARE SIMULATION
3: TOOLS FOR SELECTION AND CONFIGURATION
4: OTHER STUDIES AND SOFTWARE SIMULATIONS AVAILABLE
Start: 8:00 a.m.
Coffee Break: 10:00 a.m.
Lunch: 12:00 noon (included with course)
Restart: 1:15 p.m.
Finish: 4:30 p.m.
The registration fee to attend this training course is $1599
Register and prepay 14 days before forum date and receive an early bird registration fee of $1499
Register 3 delegates at full price $1599, and get a 4th registration FREE!
Successful completion of this course qualifies delegates to receive a certificate of course completion with indicated CEUs.
CEUs are granted by the Engineering Institute of Canada. One CEU is equivalent to 10 professional development hours of instruction.
This course earns 2.8 CEUs.


text:
Tunnel erosion in the loess of Banks Peninsula
Degree GrantorUniversity of Canterbury
Degree NameMaster of Science
This study has examined in more detail than previous studies, and within the framework of the erosion model, the physical setting in which tunnel erosion occurs on banks Peninsula. Two selected parameters were studies in detail using quantitative techniques, that is, slope aspect and soil erodibility. Tunnel erosion on Banks Peninsula is largely a culturally induced form of erosion. European man disrupted the balance between climate, soil and primitive tussock cover by removing this protective cover, allowing the increased runoff easier access to the highly erodible parent material loess below the compacted layer in the soil. It appears most of the tunnel systems on Banks Peninsula today may be relict features corresponding to a period of maximum pasture deterioration prior to the late 1940's.