Customer Service Specialist (Apprenticeship Level 3)
The main purpose of a customer service specialist is to be a 'professional' for direct customer support within all sectors and organisation types. You are an advocate of Customer Service who acts as a referral point for dealing with more complex or technical customer requests, complaints, and queries. You are often an escalation point for complicated or ongoing customer problems. As an expert in your organisation's products and/or services, you share knowledge with your wider team and colleagues. You gather and analyse data and customer information that influences change and improvements in service. Utilising both organisational and generic IT systems to carry out your role with an awareness of other digital technologies. This could be in many types of environment including contact centres, retail, webchat, service industry or any customer service point.
Entry Requirements
You should hold GCSE maths and English grades A-C to start this apprenticeship or willing to take Functional Skills level 2 exams.
Functional Skills
Apprentices will be required to have or achieve level 2 English and maths prior to completion of their Apprenticeship. If this has already been achieved then development of further English and maths skills will continue for the whole of the apprenticeship.
A minimum of 15 months, typically 18 months.
Delivery Model
1-1 coaching and support in the workplace, face to face and phone / skype on a monthly basis.
Upon completion of this Apprenticeship, learners may be eligible to progress to the Team Leading Level 3 if they are in a management role.
This apprenticeship is in funding band 6. Levy paying employers may fund apprentices on this programme from their Apprenticeship Account and non-levy paying SMEs through the co-funded option. There may be a small fee for some SME's (this is usually 10% of the cost of the Apprenticeship e.g. £400).
End Assessment
To achieve this apprenticeship standard, the employer, training provider and apprentice will agree when the apprentice is ready and competent to undertake the independent end point assessment, which will test their skills knowledge and behaviours required for this role.
Apprenticeship Content / qualifications and assessmentsThere are no formal mandatory qualifications as part of this Standard.
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Have you ever stopped to wonder about the avocado's bizarrely large seed? How on earth this most scrumptious of plants could ever have propagated itself in the wild when swallowing such a seed could mean extreme discomfort when passing it or even death by choking?
Unlike many other plants we eat that humans have genetically manipulated over the years to make larger, more nutritious, and more delicious (such as corn and strawberries), today's avocados are pretty much the same as their ancient ancestors. But it turns out that the animals that helped the avocado spread its massive seeds no longer exists.
To learn more, check out this post on Brainpickings that reviews Connie Barlow's 2002 book The Ghosts of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms and includes the following It's Okay to Be Smart video about stinky ginko seeds and avocados:
Without an animal around that can eat avocados without fear of choking or asphyxiation, the avocado only remains because humans find it so goddamn delicious. In honor of our ancestors that decided this fruit was worth preserving, below are directions for how I usually make guacamole. Enjoy!
2 ripe avocados
1-2 cloves garlic, depending on size (and love of garlic)
1 bunch cilantro
Fresh ground black pepper
1. Slice open the avocados long ways, twist apart, remove the seed, halve the halves, and turn the quarters inside out to remove the avocado flesh into a bowl. Here's a video of how I do it (and yes, I do drop the pit on the floor):
2. Smash the garlic clove with the flat of your knife, finely mince, and add to the bowl.
3. Halve the lime, and (depending on how juicy your lime is) squeeze the juice into the bowl. (Start with just one half; you can always add more later.)
4. Using a fork, mash the avocado chunks against the side of the bowl to your desired level of smoothness or chunkiness, mixing in with the garlic and lime as you do.
5. Slice open the jalapeno, remove seeds and membranes, finely dice, and add to the bowl.
6. Chop a handful of cilantro off of the bunch, finely chop, and add to the bowl.
7. Mixing everything together, then taste. Add more lime if it needs to be brighter. Add salt and pepper to taste.
Featured image from the Brainpickings article. Guacamole photo by me.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Bank Guarantee
Bank Guarantee
A bank guarantee is an assurance given by the bank to any third person wherein the bank agrees to undertake the risk of payment on behalf of the debtor to the creditor. The parties enter into a contract of guarantee, and the bank acts as a surety. Bank guarantees are commonly used for business and personal transactions and seek to protect the creditor from suffering any financial losses in case of default in payment by the debtor. This guarantee secures the creditors and helps businesses grow. Under a contract of bank guarantee, the creditor becomes the beneficiary and is entitled to claim the advanced amount from the bank. If the bank fails to fulfil its obligations under the BG, the creditor can proceed to bring an action before the Courts.
Validity period and claim period of a Bank Guarantee
The validity period is the period of existence or the lifetime of a bank guarantee (BG). A beneficiary (the creditor) can make a written demand to the bank in furtherance of the BG during the validity period. However, in certain cases, the BGs contain a clause that lays an additional period within which the claims can be made. This grace period is known as the claim period. Though it is generally expected that these dates are different, still there is no compulsion to keep both the dates different, as such, the expiry date of the claim period ranges from one to twelve months after the validity period.
Liability of banks upon invocation of bank guarantee
A bank that is a party to the BG undertakes an obligation to make payment when the beneficiary creditor makes a legitimate claim within the validity period of the concerned BG. By virtue of the contract of guarantee, a creditor becomes entitled to claim payment of the bank when the borrower defaults and can even enforce this claim before the Courts. Before making payment upon the presentation of a claim, the banks first notify the debtor of the same and requires them to arrange for funds to pay the claimed amount. However, if the borrower fails, the Bank has to pay.
In UP State Sugar Corporation Vs Sumac International Ltd, the Supreme Court held that when an unconditional bank guarantee is provided or accepted, the beneficiary is entitled to realize such bank guarantee regardless of the ongoing disputes and a bank guarantee constituted a bargain between the two parties, by which the bank unconditionally had to pay the amount in question.
Section 128 of the Indian Contract Act talks about the concept of a surety's liability, and it states that the liability of the surety is co-extensive with that of the principal debtor unless it is proved otherwise by the contract.
In M/S Adani Agri Fresh Ltd Vs Mahaboob Sharif & Ors, it was highlighted by the Supreme Court that the bank guarantee is an unconditional one, and the respondent thus cannot raise any dispute and prevent the appellant from encashing the bank guarantee.
Similarly, in the case of Ansal Engineering Projects Ltd Vs Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Ltd, the Supreme Court stated that a bank guarantee is a separate contract entered into between a bank and a beneficiary and is not subject to underlying transaction and also that since the bank had unequivocally agreed to pay on demand, the liability of the bank was absolute and unconditional and could not be circumvented in any manner whatsoever.
When the question of liability of bank in case the beneficiary presents a claim during the claim period arises, one has to consider Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Section 28 lays down that any agreement in restraint of legal proceedings shall be void. However, exception 3 to this section saves the guarantee agreement of a bank or financial institution from the application of the general rule. Moreover, the Limitation Act, 1963 provides for a time limit of one year for a normal bank guarantee, but on the other hand, it has prescribed thirty years for all suits to be instituted by the government. This prescribed limitation period made the banks apprehensive about Section 28 of the Indian Contract, which before the amendment of 2013, had declared all agreements containing stipulation of discharge of liability as null and void.
Prior to 1997, the situation was that according to Section 28, any agreement through which any party was restricted from enforcing its right in respect of any contract by the usual legal proceedings in tribunal or even limited the time within which this could be done was void to that extent. It was in 1997 that an amendment to Section 28(b) of the Indian Contract Act was made to provide for agreements that extinguished the rights of any party or discharge any party from any liability under or in respect of any contract on the expiry of a specified period to restrict any party from enforcing its rights.
It can be seen through the judgement pronounced in Union of India v. Bhagwati Cottons Ltd, in which the Court held that any agreement containing a clause stipulating that rights of a party shall be suspended and another party shall be discharged from liability if the claim is not filed within the stipulated time, would be hit by the 1997 amendment.
Despite this decision by the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court, in the case of Explore Computers Pvt Ltd v. CALS ltd and Anr, the Court took a different stance by stating that though the clause within the agreements specifying the time limit within which beneficiary has to enforce its claim within sometime after expiry of bank guarantee is considered to be void in nature but the clause terminating the forfeiture or suspension of the right of claim is not brought within the specified time after the expiry of bank guarantee is valid.
In Union of India & Ors. v. IndusInd Bank Ltd & Ors, while upholding the validity of a clause limiting the claim period for the assertion of a right, the Supreme Court observed that it's clearly stated under the law that a clause that restricts the Limitation Period is not always hit with the aid of using Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act. The amendments to Section 28 are a substantive change in the law which provides that even where an agreement seeks to extinguish the rights or discharges the liability of any party to an agreement having the effect of restricting such party from enforcing their rights on the expiry of a stipulated period would be void to that extent.
It was because of these conflicting judgments that an amendment was brought in the Indian Contract Act in the year 2013, i.e. exception 3 to Section 28, which was responsible for providing validity to the clause in the contracts which provided for extinguishment of rights or discharge from any liability, the period of which should not be a less than one year from the date of occurring or nonoccurring of a specified event. In the IndusInd case, it was held that the effect of this exception is to limit the period provided under the Limitation Act from three years to one year in the case of banks and financial institutions which issue a guarantee.
In the case of Kaushalya Rant v. Gopal Singh, it was held that Explanation 3 of Section 28 is dealing with a special branch, i.e. the Bank Guarantee and is confined to a specific branch and therefore, to that extent and in terms of statutory interpretation, exception 3 is a special law and as such would prevail over the Limitation Act, 1963.
Furthermore, the Reserve Bank of India, in a circulation dated 9th October 2015, has confirmed the 2013 amendment by stating that the Banks are not allowed to keep margin money after the invocation period.
Thus, the Banks may be discharged of their liability in the following two conditions:
 1. If no claim is made within a specified claim period or,
 2. If Claim is made within the period of validity of bank guarantee and not less than one year is provided for enforcement of the guarantee from a specified event, after which the bank shall be discharged of its liabilities.
Rights of Parties involved in Bank Guarantee
A Bank Guarantee is considered as a tripartite agreement between three main parties, namely, the principal debtor (the customer), beneficiary (the creditor) and the surety/guarantor (the bank).
Rights of Surety
All those rights made available to the parties to the contract are made available to the surety. These rights are as the following:
 1. Right Against Principal Debtor:
 1. Right of Subrogation: According to Section 140 of the Indian Contract Act, if there is a default by the debtor in making the payment and the surety makes the payment, the surety is invested with all the rights creditor/ beneficiary had against the principal debtor. This is known as the principle of Subrogation.
 2. Right of Indemnity: According to Section 145 of the Indian Contract Act, if the surety (bank) fulfils the principal debtor's obligation by paying the amount in case of its default, then after payment is made, the bank can recover the same from the principal debtor. This applies only to the sums paid rightfully and not to the sums paid wrongfully.
 2. Rights Against Creditor:
 1. Right to Securities: Section 141 of ICA prescribes that once the surety has performed its obligation in case of default by the debtor, he is subrogated to all the rights available to the creditor/ beneficiary against the debtor. Similarly, the surety is entitled to the benefit of every security which the creditor has against the principal debtor at that time when the contract of surety is entered into. It is irrespective of whether the surety was aware of the existence of securities at that time.
 2. Loss of Securities: It means that if the creditor loses securities, then the surety is discharged from


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What is a Flueologist and What Does He Do
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Modern terminology is rapidly changing the English language, with new words like "selfie" and "WiFi" adding to the many thousands of established words, and if you ever wondered what a flueologist is, he was formerly known as a chimney sweep.
The definition of a flue is a pipe or channel that conveys hot gas from a furnace to the chimney, and anyone who knows about such things would be called a flueologist today.
The word is not found in any of the prominent English dictionaries, yet it will soon have an official noting, as the term picks up popularity, and it may surprise you to know that a modern flueologist does an awful lot more than merely sweep chimneys.
Chimney Repairs
The United Kingdom has more chimneys that just about any country in the world, and if we go back a hundred years, as coal soon became the chosen fuel, the Industrial Revolution ensured that the chimney sweep was always in demand. Many of these chimneys are still in use today, and they require regular sweeping and, of course, repairs.
Some are over a century old, and with storm damage and the natural aging process, repairs are often required. If you live in the South East, Milborrow Chimney Sweeps are the ideal people to call if your chimney is in need of repair.
Modern or Period Fireplaces
A modern flueologist will also offer a wide range of fires and fireplaces, and can also install the units. Of course, anyone who works with chimneys would also be knowledgeable about fires, and whether or not you have a chimney, there are other flue options to ensure a clean and safe environment. They would also carry out essential maintenance and any repairs that are necessary, ensuring your fire provides warmth for the winter.
Boiler and Stove Installation
Essential for many homes, your hot water must have a safe storage tank, and stoves are becoming more popular, as they offer a sustainable energy source. If you would like to know more about the range of stoves and boilers available today, contact your local flueologist, who will likely have a range of affordable units.
Chimney Sweeping
Of course, this would be one his main areas of business, and with so many chimneys in use, you might have to book in advance. This might have been a booming trade 100 years ago, yet today, there are few companies that are in the profession. You will be happy to hear that the modern chimney sweep no longer uses boys to clean the flues, and with modern equipment, the cleaning process is non-invasive when compared to how it used to be.
Whatever your chimney needs, a flueologist is the person to call, and with all the above services available, it is easy to understand why he is always busy. If you should ever require his services, there will likely be that services your area, and an online search is all it takes to make contact.
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During Partitions of Poland, Zbaraz was a part of Austro-Hungarian Empire and there weren't good railway connections between Galician towns and those at Russian side, also because of different breadth of rails.
This way I believe your grandmother could use the railway connection between Tarnopol and Krakow, which was part of Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis. And from there she could take another train going through Kielce to Warsaw, as from what I know, that was the easiest way.
You can see the possible route on the linked map, which shows the state of connections in 1897. Here's its smaller version:
As for the next part, between Warsaw and Gdansk, this map of German railways in 1899 can provide some details:
The main differences that could change the possible way after 1899 were the development of Russian railways in the first decade of 20th century and the overall development and changes in railways during the World War I.
Still, take in mind that when the war finished, there were only a few rail connections between areas of Poland that were previously parts of different empires. So it was much easier to go by train from Polish town to another country than to another Polish town.
It's possible that she didn't take the train from Warsaw, as many Polish peasants who tried to emigrate were crossing the border illegally, paying the bribe, which was was much easier on smaller routes. With the help of Google you can translate this post from Polish genealogy board speaking about Polish emigration to USA in the end of 19th century, which covers this subject among others.
Of course it could look pretty different in the times of World War I.
Also are you sure about Gdansk? Because at the same article it's written that at the end of 19th century the main ports from which Poles were leaving to USA were Bremen, Antwerp and Hamburg.
EDIT: I've found the following map, showing ports from which emigrants from another Galician town, Świlcza, were coming to New York between 1897 and 1924. As we can see, there's also Gdansk on the list, even if the numbers show it was much less popular option.
More details at the linked website in Polish language.
You should also read another website, containing local press articles in which Galician citizens write about their road to USA. The first one (1902) was written by journalist who focuses on the ship itself, but the more interesting is the second relation (1903), describing how emigrants from Galicia were treated in Germany on their way in trains and in the ports.
And third press article, from 1890, describing relations from port in Bremmen, how Polish emigrants were treated. I suppose it would be similar in Gdansk.
And finally the book by Martin Pollack, "Ceasar of America", describing Galician emigration to USA before 1918. Originally it's in German, it was translated to Polish and it's possible that to English too.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learn something new every day
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A hand auger, sometimes called a handheld auger, is a tool, often made of steel, that is used to bore a hole. Typically, hand augers are used to create holes in dirt, ice, or wood, though a hand auger may be used to create holes in other materials as well. The use of the word hand in the term, restricts this type of tool to one that can be used by hand and is powered by human force.
There are many different types of augers. There are mechanical and motor-driven augers. Perhaps the most common mechanical auger is that which is used to create the holes that a post for a fence or gate is inserted into. These are also known as hole diggers or clamshell diggers. Motorized augers, which aren't usually considered to be a type of hand auger, can be standalone tools, or they can be attachments used in conjunction with handheld drills that are powered by electricity. A plumber's hand auger, also known as a plumber's snake, is slightly different than most augers as it is used to unclog pipes by pushing the blockage through; but these hand augers are also handheld and powered by the user.
The part of the hand auger that does the actual boring is shaped much like the an Archimedes' screw. The outside looks like a loosely thread screw, and the center shaft may or may not be hollow. The traditional woodworking hand auger is this sort of screw-styled auger that typically does not have the hollow shaft. The tool is screwed into the material, and as the tool is unscrewed the material is removed and a hole is formed.
A hand auger is not the right tool in all applications, however. When digging a hole to insert a post, for example, especially in soils with a high clay content, a clamshell digger, or hole digger, is usually preferred. This types of auger typically has two long, curved metallic panels opposite eachother that are thrust into the material. The augers' handles are then pulled towards eachother and the tool is removed from the material, leaving a hole behind. A small hand auger, however, may be more effective when planting bulbs, as it is easy to control both the diameter and depth of the hole. Augers are also used to gather soil samples to test the pH of the soil.
Hand and mechanical augers vary greatly in size, purpose and therefore, price. The makeup of the steel is one driving force in the price, with high-alloy carbon steel blades typically costing more. Ice hand augers typically make a hole with a diameter between 5 inches (12.5 cm) to 8 inches (about 20 cm). An adjustable hand auger allows the user to adjust the handles. Garden augers typically are 3 or 4 inches (7.6 to about 10 cm), although it should be noted mechanical augers are much larger and appropriate for tilling or other heavy garden work.
Augers can rust and become dull with time and use. Proper maintenance is necessary to maintain the tools integrity. The tool should be cleaned after each use. Oiling the metal components can also help the longevity of the tool. Also, the sharp rim of the auger would benefit from an occasional rub with a whetstone or hone to keep the working edge sharp.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!


The Deathly Dangers of Blind Cords
They are in all of our homes. They are something we see every single day and something we may even use every day. They are things we never consider to be dangerous and yet they have killed over 800 children! So, what are these dangers? This danger in our home is blind cords?
How are blind cords so dangerous?
The typical victim of blind cords are toddlers around 3 years and younger. These toddlers get too close to the blind cords and somehow they get tangled up in the cords and they end up having the cords wrapped around their neck. At this point the toddlers are not strong enough to get themselves off of the blind cords and sometimes they are too short to be able to avoid being strangled. Parents usually find their children hanging from their necks on the blinds, which would be the most horrific sight a parent could ever see!
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English 112A, Spring 2002 Study Questions
Charlotte's Web /
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe / Holes/ Walk Two Moons.
1. What is a runt? Explore the extended meanings of this term.How does this portray the differences between parents and children? Are their values different? Explain.
2. How are Fern's fears very like Wilbur's? Are they also similar to Hansel's and Gretel's? Do Fern's fears extend beyond the immediate problem? Explore the possibilities.
3. What is the meaning of the chapter "Escape"? What are the dynamics involved in this chapter? What, for example, does Wilbur decide to do? Why does he give up his freedom? This is an example of a dynamic tension, conflict, or polarity within the work.
4. Describe the character of Templeton? How does what Templeton does differ from Charlotte's work? from the other animals? Explore the nature of "ratness."
5. Children's literature can best be understood by examining important episodes. One such episode is in Chapter 5 (39-42) in which the characters discuss the importance of food. Discuss how food is a metaphor in the book.
6. Discuss the importance of Wilbur's failure to be able to spin a web? Connect this to your previous discussions of Templeton and being a runt. In this context, what does "versatility" mean (116-17)? Its value?
7. How is Charlotte's tale about her cousin connected to the story's theme? Explain the value of her identity as shown in the following paragraph. "I am not entirely happy about my diet of flies and bugs, but it's the way I'm made.... Way back for thousands and thousands of years we spiders have been laying for flies and bugs.
8. Look closely at the death of Charlotte. What is the dynamic connection between Charlotte's magnum opus, her death, and the everyone's role? "Is it a plaything?" "Plaything? I should say not. It is my egg sac, my magnum opus."
9. Explore the significance of the last paragraph of the book. "Wilbur never forgot Charlotte.... She was in a class by herself. It is not often that someone comes along who is a true friend and a good writer. Charlotte was both."
10. What is the meaning of the title of the book? Think of the implication when we say we are reading Charlotte's Web. Are we getting trapped the way Charlotte's victims are trapped? What about the power of words?
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
1. What is the relevance of the setting to the story? "This story is about something that happened to [four children] when they were sent away from London during the war because of the air-raids" (1). What does this add to the story?
2. Picture the architecture of this very old house, in which "no one will mind what they do." What is implied in this statement? Connect the architecture of a house with all its sections, attics, basements etc. to conceptions of ideas of the self.
3. What are the laws of time and space that govern Narnia? Are they different from the ordinary world? Discuss how the transition is made between the natural world and the imaginative world (hint: in the closet). Compare and contrast the differences in chronotopes (we will explain this part of the questions in class).
4. This story involves the act of reading--interpreting signs--on several levels. What are some of the conventional signs which must be read or interpreted correctly? Why does Lucy seem better at this than Edmund?
5. Madness--lack of control--as a theme is touched upon directly or indirectly several times in this book, most notably in the figures of Lucy, Edmund, and the White Witch. How is this insanity akin to excessive imagination? What might your definition of madness be?
6. Look carefully throughout the book for images of darkness, "vanishing," light, warmth, cold, and touching. Is there a pattern? What conclusions can you draw?
7. C. S. Lewis incorporates mythologies from very different sources, mixing them together. Discuss a few of them, how Lewis's use differs from the original and how they make the story more understandable.
8. How is magic defined in this story? What are the characteristics of magic? synonyms?
9. Note the change in Edmund during the course of the story. How is his educational background different from his siblings? Examine Edmund's "addiction" to turkish delight.
10. Analyze the ways in LWW can be seen as a text for teens or adults. How does this story compare to Joseph Campbell's hero cycly?
1. The book starts by explaining what is not at Camp Green Lake. There used to be trees, a lake, a town, shade, and people, now there are only lizards, rattlesnakes, and scorpions. How is this puzzle attractive reading? How does this beginning illustrate the basic pattern of the narrative? A braided narrative? juxaposition as narrative form?
2. "My name is easy to remember," said Mr. Pendanski as he shook hands with Stanley just outside the tent. "Three easy words: pen, dance, key." How is this sentence a metacritical comment? In other words, how does this sentence show us how to read this book? How does Stanley's own name illustrate the narrative plot?
3. This is a story about juvenile delinquents, about learning, about reading, about crooks, thieves, and pig-stealings. Or is it? What satirical comments are being made about our views of these folks? Give two examples.
4. "Do you hear the empty spaces?" she [the Warden] asked (67). What are some other "empty spaces" in the book? Discuss the connection between empty spaces and the statement, "Zero was nobody" (81). How are these connected to black holes and time warps.
5. What are all the connections between Clyde Livingston, smelly feet, Zero, and Stanley? Digging holes makes character. Whose? Why?
6. "Doc Hawthorn was almost completely bald, and in the morning his head often smelled like onions" (109). Now look closely at this sentence: "A lot of people don't believe in yellow-spotted lizards either, but if one bites you, it doesn't make a difference whether you believe in it or not" (41). Examine the ways in which the ideas behind these two sentences are connected. This should also lead you to consider how myth and folk tales are woven into the fabric of this story.
7. There are some ethnic considerations elements in this story. What are they? How are these situations connected to a transcendence of these same elements?
8. Friendship. What is it? How do Stanley and Zero develop their friendship? What do they sacrifice?
9. Irony. What is irony? How does irony work in this book? Discuss some examples to illustrate how the Holes is an ironic demonstration of the onion-eating, layers of onion metaphor/episode in the book.
10. There seems to be nothing that is predictable in this book. Is this book in the absurdist tradition? a black comedy? What is serious becomes funny, and what is funny quickly turns serious. What seems to be a game turns deadly very quickly.
Walk Two Moons --Revised March 3, 2002
1. Look carefully at the following quotation: "Just over a year ago, my father plucked me up like a weed and took me and all our belongings... and stopped in front of a house in Euclid, Ohio" (1).
2."And that voice-it reminds me of dead leaves all blowing around on the ground" (23).
3.Look at the names of characters in the story. What are the definitions of these particular names? How are the individuals different from and/or similar to these definitions?
4. Trace the importance of the trees mentioned in this passage. Note some of the tales: the ones her mother tells her, Phoebe's tale, etc. See how they overlap one another.
5."On their moccasins, and I thought again about Phoebe's message: Don't judge a man until you've walked tow moons in his moccasins" (58).
6."Ever since my mother left us that April day, I suspected that everyone was going to leave, one by one" (59).
7."She kept climbing and climbing. It was a thumpingly tall ladder. She couldn't see me, and she never came down. She just kept going" (169).
8."Lately, I've been wondering if there might be something hidden behind the fireplace, because just as the firplace was behind the plaster wall and my mother's story was behind Phoebe's, I think there was a third story behind Phoebe's and my mother's, and that was about Gram and Gramps" (274).
9."One afternoon, after we had been talking about Prometheus stealing the fire from the sun to give to man, and about Pandora opening up the forbidden box with all the evils of the world in it, Gramps said that those myths evolved because people needed a way to explain where fire came from and why there was evil in the world" (276). Explain how this idea works, and show how it works in the book.
10."I still fish in the air sometimes" (277). Do a close reading of this sentence.
The View from Saturday
1. In class, we have


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Simple, effective Construction Phase Plans online
What is eCPP?
eCPP is the new template available through eRAMS helping contractors to coordinate, manage health, safety and welfare on site and their control measures for small to medium-sized and/or relatively simple construction activities. eCPP also allows you to outline the activity or project and identify the basic information, key dates and contact details.
- key dates including start and finish dates
- the welfare facilities
- the skills required on site
- who is the main/principal contractor
- who else will be working on site
- how health and safety information will be shared.
- identify the key dangers and hazards on site
- what controls you will use (this can be obtained from your risk assessment)
- how the controls will be monitored
- identify what PPE is required on site
- the key site rules
- first aid and fire procedures.
To access eCPP, please log on to eRAMS and click the eCPP option. A quick start guide is also available for download below.


(I have written an extensive article on the topic of ikar and tafeil in berachos.) Rav Moshe deliberates whether the chocolate or the raisin is more important, in order to determine if the beracha on chocolate-covered raisins is ha'eitz, like the raisin,or shehakol, like the chocolate. Rav Moshe concludes that neither the chocolate nor the raisins can be considered of secondary importance (tafeil) to the other, and therefore, chocolate-covered raisins require two berachos, ha'eitz on the raisins and shehakol on the chocolate.
Rav Moshe then discusses which of the two berachos to recite first. Usually, one should recite the beracha of ha'eitz before reciting shehakol. However, Rav Moshe points out that one must eat the chocolate before reaching the raisin; thus, the beracha on the chocolate will have to be first. Rav Moshe concludes that the best thing to do is to recite ha'eitz on a regular raisin and then shehakol on the chocolate. (When this option does not exist, he rules that one should recite shehakol on the chocolate and then ha'eitz on the raisin. This would require biting off a bit of the chocolate first until he can reach the raisin.)
Clearly, Rav Moshe held that chocolate is definitely shehakol and not even questionably ha'eitz. I conjecture that he held so because chocolate undergoes so many changes and processes in its preparation, one should not consider the finished product a fruit at all. Alternatively, he may have held that since chocolate is liquefied and remains a liquid for most of its processing, it retains its status of being a liquid for hilchos berachos, and thus the correct beracha is shehakol. In any instance, the almost-universal custom is to recite shehakol before eating chocolate. (For other reasons why chocolate should be shehakol, see Shaarei Haberacha pg. 693 and Makor Haberacha pgs. 52-61.)
Notwithstanding that many authorities agree with Rav Moshe that the beracha on chocolate is shehakol, they disagree with his ruling that chocolate-covered raisins and nuts require two different berachos, contending that one should recite only one beracha. Among these poskim, there are two major approaches, those that hold that the beracha is always shehakol, since they consider the chocolate to be the ikar, and those who feel the beracha should be determined by whichever is greater in quantity (Yalkut Yosef, Vol. 3, pg 431; Vezos Haberacha pg. 97). I refer you to your own posek to decide which beracha you should recite before eating this delicacy.
As I mentioned above, the Aztecs considered chocolate a royal food. By studying the halachos of the berachos on this food, we elevate it to being a true royal food – since we are determining which beracha the mamleches cohanim vegoy kodosh, the holy nation that is a kingdom of priests, recites on this food.
Did the Brothers have a Right to Sell Yosef?
Question #1:
How could the righteous brothers of Yosef want to murder him in cold blood?
Question #2:
If I saw someone do something wrong, what should I do about it?
Question #3:
May I inform a parent that I saw his/her child do something wrong, or is this loshon hora?
By properly understanding the story of Yosef's sale, we will be able to answer these three seemingly unrelated questions.
Who are these brothers?
When studying the events leading to the kidnap and sale of Yosef, we must remember that all twelve of Yaakov's sons were pure, tzadikim gemurim.[1] In light of their tremendous stature, this already incomprehensible story is that much more difficult to understand.
Had this story taken place in the most dysfunctional family imaginable, we would still be shocked by the unfolding of its events. After all, even if brothers feel that their indulged, nasty kid brother is challenging their father's love for them, would they consider committing fratricide, or any other murder for that matter?
This would apply even to members of a poorly functioning family. How much more so when we are discussing great talmidei chachamim, who constantly evaluate the halachic ramifications of every action that they perform! How can we possibly understand what transpired? In other words, the Ten Brothers were far greater tzadikim than the Chafetz Chayim or Rav Aryeh Levin, greater talmidei chachamim than the Chazon Ish or Rav Moshe Feinstein (this comparison does not diminish the stature of any of these tzadikim; on the contrary, mentioning them in this context shows how much we venerate them). We cannot imagine any of these people hurting someone's feelings intentionally, much less causing anyone even the slightest bodily harm. It is difficult to imagine any of these tzadikim swatting a fly! Thus, how can we imagine them swatting their brother, much less, doing anything that might cause long-term damage?
Since we cannot interpret this as an extreme case of sibling rivalry, we are left completely baffled by the actions of the ten saintly and scholarly brothers. How could these ten great tzadikim consider killing their brother? And, then, decide that selling him into slavery was more appropriate? As we see clearly, for the next twenty-two years, they assumed that their decision had been justified, although they acknowledged that they should possibly have given Yosef a "second chance."
Yosef reports
Yosef was in the habit of reporting to his father dibasam ra'ah (usually interpreted as slander) – actions that he interpreted as infractions. Rashi quotes the Midrash that Yosef informed his father of whatever bad actions he observed in Leah's six sons. Specifically, Yosef reported:
(1) They were consuming meat without killing the animal properly, a sin forbidden to all descendants of Noach.
(2) They were belittling their brothers Dan, Naftali, Gad and Asher, by calling them slaves.
(3) He suspected them of violating the heinous sin of giluy arayos.
Others explain that Yosef accused the brothers of not caring properly for their father's flock.[2] Although Rashi makes no mention of this accusation, it is clear from his comments that, in his opinion, had Yosef suspected them of this, he would certainly have noted it to his father.
Is dibasam ra'ah equivalent to slander?
We must be careful not to define dibasam ra'ah as slander, which usually intimates malice and falsehood, and would imply that Yosef's intentions were to harm his brothers. Without a doubt, the righteous Yosef had no such intent. It is more accurate to translate dibasam ra'ah as evil report. Yosef did share his interpretations of his brothers' actions with his father, but they were not fabrications, and defaming them was not his goal.
Why is Yosef tattling?
Without question, Yosef's goal was the betterment of his brothers. He acted completely lishmah, with no evil intent, just as later, in Parshas Vayigash, he holds no grudge against his brothers, despite the indescribable suffering they caused him.
Indeed, Yosef's motivation was his sincere concern for his brothers. He knew well the halachah that if you see someone sin, you must bring it to the offender's attention, explaining to him that he will achieve a large share in Olam Haba by doing teshuvah.[3] A person giving tochacha must always have the interests of the sinner completely at heart, and consider how to educate the malefactor in a way that his words will be accepted.
Yosef knew, also, that whoever has the ability to protest sinful activity and fails to do so is liable for his lack of action. However, the Seforno comments that, due to Yosef's youth, he did not realize what might result from hisreporting to his father about his brothers.
At this point, we can already answer one of the questions I raised above: If I saw someone do something wrong, what should I do about it?
Answer: I am obligated to bring to the person's attention that it is in his or her best interest to do teshuvah and correct whatever he or she has done wrong. The admonition should be done in a gentle way, expressing concern, so that it can be received positively and thereby accomplish its purpose.
Why through Yaakov?
Without question, Yosef's goal in sharing his concerns with his father was that his brothers correct their actions. If so, why didn't Yosef admonish them directly?
Yosef wanted his father to take appropriate action to correct the brothers' deeds and, thereby, bring them to do teshuvah. The halachic authorities disagree whether Yosef was guilty of speaking loshon hora by using this approach in this instance. The Chafetz Chayim contends that Yosef was guilty of speaking loshon hora, because he should have shared his concerns directly with his brothers, rather than first discussing them with his father.[4]
Maybe his brothers are right?
Yosef should have considered


text:
Students will create a variety of angles using the Geoboard APP. The teacher will use Screen Capture to display the angles created by the students and will lead a discussion on whether the angles are acute, right, or obtuse.
Before the Activity
Students will log in to NavNet and exit the APP.
During the Activity
Students will select the GEOBOARD APP. Tell them to choose a square, 6x6 board. Each student will create an angle. Use Screen Capture to collect and display the angles. Ask the students to help you sort the angles into categories of less than 90 degrees, 90 degrees (if appropriate), and more than 90 degrees. Prompt students to create examples of all three types of triangles and discuss their work.
After the Activity
Review student results:
As a class, discuss questions that appeared to be more challenging
Re-teach concepts as necessary


framework bundle, on the other hand, is one that contains a dynamic shared library along with its resources, including header files, images, and documentation.
 - A loadable bundle contains executables and associated resources, which are loaded into running applications; these include plug-ins, and kernel extensions.
The application and plug-in type bundles are built and organized so that the top level directory is named Contents. That is, the directory Contents/ contains the entire bundle, including any file needed by the bundle. Take for example, Safari. If you Control-click on the Safari application in the Finder and select Show Package Contents, the Contents/ directory will be revealed in the Finder. To see what's in the Contents/ directory, quickly hit -3 to switch the Finder to Column View, and then hit the C key on your keyboard (this highlights the Contents folder). You will see the typical contents of an application bundle, including:
 - The required XML property list file named Info.plist, which contains information about the bundle's configuration
 - A folder named MacOS/, which contains the executable
 - A folder named Resources/ that contains, among other resources, image files
 - Files named version.plist and PkgInfo
Applications can also contain application-specific frameworks, that is, frameworks that are not used by any other application or plug-in. Framework structure
Frameworks are critical in Mac OS X. Cocoa, the toolkit for user interface development, consists of the Foundation and Application Kit (or AppKit) frameworks for Objective-C and Java. Frameworks use a versioned bundle structure, which allows multiple versions of the same information; for example, framework code and header files. They are structured in either one of the following ways:
 - Symbolic links are used to point to the latest version. This allows for multiple versions of the framework to be present.
 - In the Framework bundle structure, the top level directory is named Resources. The actual Resources/ directory need not be located at the top level of the bundle; it may be located deeper inside of the bundle. In this case, a symbolic link pointing to the Resources/ directory is located at the top level.
In either case, an Info.plist file describing the framework's configuration must be included in the Resources/ directory. (Chapter 12 discusses how to create frameworks and loadable bundles. This chapter only describes how to use the frameworks.)
Before discussing how to use frameworks, let's look at the different kinds of frameworks. A private framework is one that resides in a directory named PrivateFrameworks, and whose implementation details are not exposed. Specifically, private frameworks reside in one of the following locations.
 - ~/Library/PrivateFrameworks
 - /Library/PrivateFrameworks
 - /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks
An application-specific framework can be placed within the given application's package. For example, consider the private framework, Graphite.framework, which is located in /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks. This private framework consists of a directory named Graphite.framework/, which, aside from symbolic links and subdirectories, contains the Graphite executable and files named Info.plist and version.plist. No implementation details are revealed.
A public framework, on the other hand, is one whose API can be ascertained, for example, by viewing its header files. Public frameworks reside in appropriate directories named Frameworks/. For example, the OpenGL framework resides in /System/Library/Frameworks. This public framework consists of the directory /System/Library/Frameworks/OpenGL.framework, which contains (among other things) a subdirectory named Headers. Implementation details can be ascertained by examining the header files.
Precisely where a public framework resides depends on its purpose, and where it is placed. When you build an application, you can program the path of the framework. Later, when the application is run, the dynamic link editor looks for the framework in the path that was programmed into the application. If a framework cannot be found, the following locations are searched in the order shown:
This is the location for frameworks used by a single user.
Third-party applications that are intended for use by all users on a system should have its frameworks installed in this directory.
Third-party applications that are intended for use by all users across a local area network (LAN) should have its frameworks installed in this directory.
The shared libraries in these frameworks provided by Apple, for example, in the Application Kit (or AppKit), are to be used by all applications on the system.
There are three types of frameworks in /System/Library/Frameworks:
Simple public framework
Apple defines a simple framework as one which is neither a subframework nor an umbrella framework, and has placed in this category only those frameworks that have been used in older versions of Mac OS X. One such example is AppKit, which is located in /System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework and can be examined in the Finder.
A subframework is public, but has a restriction in that you cannot link directly against it. Its API is exposed, however, through its header files, and subframeworks reside in umbrella frameworks. To use a subframework, you must link against the umbrella framework in which it resides.
Umbrella framework
This type of framework includes other umbrella frameworks and subframeworks. The exact composition of an umbrella's subframeworks is an implementation detail which is subject to change over time. The developer need not be concerned with such changes, since it is only necessary to link against the umbrella framework and include only the umbrella framework's header file. One advantage to this approach is that not only can definitions be moved from one header file of a framework to another, but in the case of umbrella frameworks, the definition of a function can even be moved to another framework if that framework is included in the umbrella framework.
To better understand the difference between simple and umbrella frameworks, compare the composition of the simple /System/Library/Frameworks/AppKit.framework with the umbrella framework /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework. The umbrella framework contains several other frameworks, namely, CarbonCore, CFNetwork, Metadata, OSSerrvices, SearchKit, and WebServicesCore. The simple framework neither contains subframeworks, nor is it a subframework contained within an umbrella framework. Including a framework in your application
When including application-specific frameworks, you must let the preprocessor know where to search for framework header files. You can do this with the -F option, which is also accepted by the linker. For example:
 -F directoryname
instructs the preprocessor to search the directory directoryname for framework header files. The search begins in directoryname and, if necessary, continues in the standard framework directories in the order listed earlier.
The -F option is necessary only when building application-specific frameworks.
To include a framework object header, use _TAG_ in the following format:
 _TAG_
Here, framework is the name of the framework without the extension, and filename.h is the source for the header file. If your code is in Objective-C, the _TAG_ preprocessor directive may be used in place of _TAG_. The only difference beyond that is that _TAG_ makes sure the same file is not included more than once.
The -F option is accepted by the preprocessor and the linker, and is used in either case to specify directories in which to search for framework header files. (This is similar to the -I option, which specifies directories to search for.h files.) By default, the linker searches the standard directories, /Local/Library/Frameworks and /System/Library/Frameworks, for frameworks. The directory search order can be modified with -F options. For example:
 cc -F dir1 -F dir2 -no-cpp-precomp myprog.c
results in dir1 being searched first, followed by dir2, followed by the standard framework directories. While the -F flag is needed only when building application specific frameworks, the -framework is always needed to link against a framework. Specifically, inclusion of this flag results in a search for the specified framework named when linking. Example 11-1 shows "Hello, World" in Objective-C. Notice that it includes the AppKit framework.
Example 11-1. Saying hello from Objective-C
 _TAG_ int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) { NSLog(@"Hello, World\n"); return 0; }
Save Example 11-1 as hello.m. To compile it, use -framework to pass in the framework name:
 cc -framework AppKit -o hello hello.m
The -framework flag is accepted only by the linker and is used to name a framework.
Compiler flags of particular interest in Mac OS X are related to the peculiarities of building shared code, for example, the compiler flag -dynamiclib, which is used to build Mach-O dylibs. For more details, see Chapter 12.
11.2.6. Compiler Flags
You can see the gcc manpage for an extensive list of compiler flags. In particular, the gcc manpage describes many PowerPC-specific flags, as well as Darwin-specific flags. Table 11-3 describes a few common Mac OS X GCC compiler flags that are specific to Mac OS X. These flags should be used when porting Unix-based software to Mac OS X. We've also included a few flags that enable various Tree-SSA-based optimizations. These are the flags that begin with -ftree.
Table 11-3. Selected Mac OS X GCC compiler flags
Turns off the Mac OS X preprocessor in favor of the GNU preprocessor.
-ObjC, -ObjC++
Specifies objective-c and objective-c++, respectively. Also passes the -ObjC flag to ld.
Enables AltiVec language extension. Provided for compibility for earlier versions of GCC.
Enables AltiVec language


text:
|Go to:Historical Standard ATLAS Moorings - Surface Mooring Hardware - Sensor Heights and Depths - ADCP Current Meter Moorings - Historical Current Meter Moorings - TRITON Moorings|
NEXT GENERATION ATLAS MOORINGS
of the relatively inexpensive ATLAS (Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition
System) mooring was initiated by PMEL's Engineering Development Division
(EDD) in 1984 (see Standard ATLAS Moorings,
below). By the mid-1990's, a reengineering effort was underway to modernize
the ATLAS mooring with emphasis on:
|A significant Next Generation ATLAS improvement over the Standard ATLAS is the incorporation of inductively coupled sensors for subsurface data. The sensors clamp onto the wire rope strength member that serves as one of the inductive elements. This simplifies fabrication, eliminating the themistor cable with its labor-intensive assembly and deployment procedures.|
|Addressable modules on the cable allow the system to be expanded for new sensors by adding the appropriate hardware and software interfaces. Flexibility in the design also allows the interface of additional sensors including rainfall, short-wave and long-wave radiation, barometric pressure, ocean salinity and currents. Most measurements are made at a sample rate of 10 minutes, with the exception of barometric pressure (1 hour), short-wave and long-wave radiation (2 minutes), and rainfall (1 minute). These high temporal resolution data are recorded internally and available after mooring recovery.|
HISTORICAL STANDARD ATLAS MOORINGS
|After testing and deployment of prototype ATLAS moorings, the first elements of the large scale monitoring TAO array were deployed in the eastern Pacific in November 1984. The full TAO array was eventually completed in December 1994.The standard ATLAS mooring had a design lifetime of one year, and the system proved to be robust and reliable. Over 500 Standard ATLAS moorings were deployed between 1984 and 2001. The final standard ATLAS was recovered in November 2001 and NextGeneration ATLAS moorings are now used exclusively in the TAO array.|
Standard ATLAS moorings measured surface winds, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, and ten subsurface temperatures from a 500 m long thermistor cable. Daily-mean data were telemetered to shore in near real-time via NOAA's polar-oribiting satellites and Service Argos. A small subset of hourly values (2-3 per day) coinciding with satellite passes were also transmitted in real time. Hourly values of surface data were internally recorded and available after mooring recovery.
SURFACE MOORING HARDWARE
| The TAO surface
buoy is a 2.3 m diameter fiberglass-over-foam toroid, with an aluminum tower
and a stainless steel bridle. When completely rigged, the system has an
air weight of approximately 660 kg, a net buoyancy of nearly 2300 kg, and
an overall height of 4.9 m. The electronics tube is approximately 1.5 m
long, 0.18 m diameter, and weighs 27 kg. The buoy can be seen on radar from
4-8 miles depending on sea conditions.
Non-rotating 3/8" (0.92 cm) diameter wire rope jacketed to 1/2" (1.27 cm) is used in the upper 700 meters to guard against damage from fish bite. Standard ATLAS thermistor cables were fixed to the mooring wire with wire rope clamps. Plaited 8-strand 3/4" (1.9 cm) diameter nylon line is used for the remainder of the mooring. Anchors are fabricated from scrap railroad wheels, and typically weight _PHONE_ kg. All hardware is standard equipment as used in other PMEL taut-line moorings and deployments follow the traditional anchor last routine.
Moorings are deployed in water depths between 1500 and 6000m. To ensure that the upper section of the mooring is nearly vertical a nominal scope of 0.985 (ratio of mooring length to water depth) is employed on the moorings in water depths of 1800m or more. At a few sites, slack moorings with scope 1.35 have been deployed due to either shallow bathymetry or severe current regimes. In these cases, the upper portion of the mooring is keep fairly vertical (but less so than taut-line moorings) by using a reverse catenary design.
Standard instrument heights for ATLAS mooring meteorological sensors. LWR is Long Wave Radiation sensor, SWR is Short Wave Radiation sensor, Rain is rain gauge, ATRH is air/relative humidity sensor, BP is Barometric Pressure sensor
Standard instrument depths for ATLAS moorings by ocean basin are listed below: SST/C is Sea Surface Temperature and Conductivity sensor. T1, T2,...., T10 are subsurface thermistors. TP9 and TP10 are subsurface temperature and pressure sensors. TC1,...,TC6 are subsurface temperature and conductivity sensors. TV1 is a velocity measurement made at 10m depth by a Sontek acoustic Doppler current meter. The current meter is cabled to a temperature module at 13m depth, which relays both velocity and temperature data to the surface buoy.
CURRENT METER MOORINGS
| ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT METER MOORINGS
Subsurface Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) moorings are deployed at a few locations to provide velocity profiles the upper 200-300 m of the water column. ADCP moorings are mostly deployed at equatorial locations where geostrophy breaks down and direct velocity measurements are required. ADCPs are usually deployed in tandem with nearby ATLAS moorings, which may also measure velocity as a backup to the ADCP and/or to provide velocity data near the surface where acoustic backscatter from the sea surface interferes with the ADCP signal. The vertical resolution of the ADCP is about 8 m. ADCP data are available only after the subsurface moorings are recovered.
HISTORICAL CURRENT METER MOORINGS
From the 1980s to the mid-1990s, older style current meter moorings were deployed at a few equatorial sites in the Pacific (0-156E, 0-165E, 0-140W and 0-110W). Upper ocean currents were measured at 4 to 7 discrete depths in the upper 300 m using vector-averaging and vector measuring mechanical current meters. In general, these moorings differed from ATLAS moorings in that no subsurface data were telemetered in real time and in that subsurface data were internally recorded at higher sample rates than Standard ATLAS systems. Between 1990 and 1995, current meter moorings included downward looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) mounted in the surface toroidal float and were referred to as PROTEUS (PRofile TElemetry of Upper ocean currentS) moorings. PROTEUS mooring deployments stopped in 1995 because fish backscatter interfered with the acoustic signals and seriously contaminated the velocity measurements.
These older style current meter moorings were eventually replaced by Next Generation ATLAS moorings with paired subsurface ADCP moorings. Instrument depths for the older current-meter moorings were different than for ATLAS moorings and varied over time. For graphical information on these instrument depths, see the TAO data availability page. In NetCDF files used for web displays, temperatures from historical current meter moorings have been regridded to standard ATLAS depths.
| In October 1999,
responsibility for moorings along and to the west of 156E was assumed by
the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) which
has deployed Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) buoys at those locations.
Data from both ATLAS and TRITON moorings are merged in a common data base
and available from both PMEL and JAMSTEC.
|Home | Project overview | Data display | Data delivery | El Niño & La Niña | Site map|


Beacon Stories
Jun 3, 2019
Original Foundation Advocate Gertrude Weiss Celebrates 100th Birthday
Gertrude Weiss was one of the early Foundation Fighting Blindness investors and advocates. Diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa, Gertrude continues to live her life to the fullest. As a longtime friend, the Foundation honored Gertrude on her 100th birthday recently.
Get updates on Beacon Stories
By Gertrude Weiss' Granddaughter
This is one of those stories that seems rather incredible to believe.
In 1971, a group of friends gathered in a well-appointed living room in Baltimore, Maryland to discuss the start of a charity for a rare genetic disorder of the eye. This new research-driven organization would become known as the RP Foundation. Most people in the room had never heard of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), including Gertrude and Morris Weiss, but they were convinced this organization would benefit generations of people and knew it was worth an early investment to help find cures.
Photo of a 1970s-era Gertrude Weiss, on the phone.
Gertrude Weiss (circa 1970s).
Gertrude Weiss was a stylish grandmother of five, who was known for driving a white Mustang convertible with red leather seats. One day, Gertrude went for a routine eye exam. The ophthalmologist saw spots on Gertrude's retina and wanted to refer her to a specialist at Johns Hopkins to rule out something called RP. "Do you mean retinitis pigmentosa?" Gertrude asked. The physician was surprised she had heard of the disease.
Photo of Gertrude Weiss on her 100th Birthday holding her award from the Foundation Fighting Blindness
By the mid-1970s, Gertrude was diagnosed with RP and slowly began to lose her peripheral vision. The diagnosis, with no known cure, was unexpected, given Gertrude did not even wear glasses, knew of no relatives with the disorder, and was older than most who were diagnosed. But none of these surprises stopped Gertrude from living her life to the fullest.
Gertrude began working in the interior design business, as her acumen for math, organization and style superseded any diagnosis. She continued to drive a sporty car, but always returned home before dark and when her night blindness would affect her most. Eventually, she voluntarily gave up driving altogether, but continued to work while her vision eroded.
"I was fortunate to have time to prepare," recalls Gertrude. "I sought out tutors who would teach me how to cope with a lack of sight. I relearned tasks as simple as measuring milk for my cereal, texturizing the keypad of my phone, or walking with the arm of another."
This month, Gertrude celebrates her 100th birthday. Now completely blind, she relies on her sharp mind and math skills to read, invest and even give design advice.
"When the RP Foundation began, I was impressed with the real possibilities for a cure that existed in the research world," says Gertrude. "Now that the organization is called the Foundation Fighting Blindness, I continue to monitor the innovations and therapies that are beginning to have a significant impact on those of us with degenerative eye diseases. It's gratifying to know that some will truly see this progress."


Why are the leaves on my goji berry plants turning yellow and falling off?
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1 Answer
_URL_ _URL_ I do not grow goji berry plants, but in general, for many plants or trees, the leaves turn yellow and fall off, often mostly the bottom leaves, and are replaced by new leaves. Sometimes plants need sunlight to grow best, and as a season changes, and cooler temperatures arrive with the sun being further away giving less sunlight per day and being not as strong; well; leaves die. You did not say where you are located, so don't know if you have big seasonal changes. more
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The slightest movement of your fingers on the Mavic's control sticks is translated almost immediately into movement in the air, so you always feel in complete control. Its powerful motors and expertly optimized propellers, provide more power than you would expect for its size, making it able to fly smoothly in up to 24mph (38.5kph) winds.Sport Mode was designed for fun, giving the Mavic a top speed of 40mph (65kph), all the while ramping up agility and responsiveness, to give you a taste of drone racing. You can also use it to film something fast, or zip out to catch a shot before the moment passes. Even in Sport Mode, the Mavic will stop almost instantly if you let go of the controls, so no matter how fast you go, you can stop at any time.
4K ULTRA HD VIDEO
Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) is a shake reduction technology based on image cropping. It is particularly popular among compact and small drones since they can be made more simply by replacing a 3-axis gimbal stabilized camera with a fixed camera and EIS. EIS works by cropping edges from a 4K image, and can theoretically create a smooth full HD 1080p video from an original 4K video. However, EIS is unable to completely eliminate shaking and introduces ripples in both photos and videos. In drones, EIS has three main problems:
1. EIS systems cannot shoot 4K or high frame rate video because cropping is necessary to reduce shake, and the amount of cropping will vary depending on the amount of movement. As 4K is currently the highest definition available for most cameras, 4K (or even 2.7K video) cannot be shot while using EIS. Additionally, as it takes time to process the cropping, recording video at high framerates is not possible, resulting in only 1080p video at 30fps.
2. Shooting perspectives cannot be controlled precisely. Without a gimbal, drones are forced to use a fisheye lens to allow shooting angle changes, but changing the angle only uses part of the camera view, negatively affecting the shooting experience.
3. Black edges may be introduced in the video in flight during a severe maneuver. This occurs because EIS technology clips beyond the edge of the video in an effort to keep the image stable.To provide true 4K aerial video and a smooth live feed, the Mavic Pro is equipped with the smallest high-precision 3-axis gimbal that DJI has ever made. With brushless motors on all three axes, the gimbal can control the camera with precision, adjusting it to eliminate shake caused by movement from the Mavic. This 4K camera uses core technologies found in all DJI cameras. It is equipped with a 1/2.3 inch CMOS image sensor, commonly found in professional sports cameras, and an aerial imaging optimized integrated lens with an equivalent focal length of 28mm. It shoots smooth 4K video at 30fps, 1080P video at 96fps and 12-megapixel photos.


What alcohol is best for migraines?
What alcohol is best for a headache?
For those who have the soon-after headaches, drink "headache-safe" beverages, such as white wine and crystal-clear, light liquor.
Does alcohol help with headaches?
Can alcohol help migraines?
Population-based studies performed in various countries (US, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Japan, Italy) show that fewer migraine sufferers consume alcohol than those without headaches. Moreover, the more alcohol consumed the less likely the drinker reported migraine and non-migraine headache.
What is a cocktail for migraine?
A migraine cocktail is a combination of medications that's given to treat severe migraine symptoms. The exact medications used in a migraine cocktail can vary, but it typically includes triptans, NSAIDs, and antiemetics. A migraine cocktail is also available in OTC medication.
INFORMATIVE: Can a hospital give a patient alcohol?
Why do I get a headache after 1 drink?
Why does 1 beer give me a headache?
The single main reason that alcohol is the cause of a headache is that it is what is known as a diuretic. In simple terms, this means that it has an effect on the kidneys which causes the level of fluid that you are taking in to become lower than what your body is putting out.
What gets rid of headaches fast?
Tips to Get Rid of a Headache
 1. Try a Cold Pack.
 2. Use a Heating Pad or Hot Compress.
 3. Ease Pressure on Your Scalp or Head.
 4. Dim the Lights.
 5. Try Not to Chew.
 6. Hydrate.
 7. Get Some Caffeine.
 8. Practice Relaxation.
What alcohol does not trigger migraines?
Is ginger ale good for headaches?
Drink ginger ale
If you're having a headache or migraine attack, try sipping ginger ale. It may reduce your headache pain and help calm a migraine-related upset stomach. Drink one or two cups per day.
Is Beer Bad for migraines?
But if you're prone to migraine headaches, you'll need to be careful about how much you drink. A 5-ounce glass of wine (or 12 ounces of beer or a 1.5-fluid-ounce shot) may be OK every now and then, so long as it doesn't bring on a headache. If it does, you'll need to drink less or stay away from all alcohol.
INFORMATIVE: Best answer: Why alkyl halides possess less boiling points than those of alcohols of comparable molar mass?
How do you permanently cure a migraine?
Talk to your doctor about a treatment plan that works for you.
 3. Try acupressure. …
 4. Look for feverfew. …
 5. Apply peppermint oil. …
 6. Go for ginger. …
 7. Sign up for yoga. …
 8. Try biofeedback.
What wine is good for migraines?
Drink: Pinot Gris
White wines like Pinot Gris or low tannin red wines like Pinot Noir. Tannins, also found in chocolate, are known to cause Migraine headaches but number one reason for wine headaches is dehydration.
Is Coca Cola good for migraines?
Whether it's a run-of-the-mill tension headache or a migraine, caffeine can help. That's why it's an ingredient in a lot of popular pain relievers. It can make them as much as 40% more effective. Sometimes you can stop the pain in its tracks just by having caffeine alone.
What do hospitals give you for migraines?
Do Migraines lead to dementia?
Researchers have found a strong association between experiencing migraine attacks and increased risk of developing dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
 All about addiction


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Friday, March 26, 2010
'Sine Qua Non'
As a part of the International Flower and Garden Show, RMIT Bachelor of Design, Fashion students are proposed to construct a display using predominantly 80% plant materials. This year's theme was to address the topic of; "Monument to Water".
Being a part of the two classes of Third Year students which where involved in this competition, I was lucky enough along with 10 other students to be shortlisted, and actually make my proposed monument design.
Here are some photos of my design, final monument, and the design philosophies that drove the entirety of my developmental process.
"To Create a 'Monument to Water' one must first understand what a monument is, to then be able to dedicate one to water.
Through researching and questioning the concepts and meanings behind monuments in society, I have come to the conclusion that a monument is ultimately a symbol. They are abstracted dedications, which celebrate the colossal qualities of a person, place or event. These monuments in society never truly replicate the subject's physical form or proportion through materials or content. Yet, they clearly and symbolically celebrate the endearing characteristics of the subject.
So, if a person's qualities are abstracted when becoming a monument; an abstract subject, like water, should therefore be personified. And it's qualities equally celebrated though symbols.
Through analysis the qualities of water, such as being powerful, fierce, religious, scientific, life cycles, nurturing, and godly, these characteristics have been translated into layers of symbols. Which can be visually read, and be truly representative and celebratory to ALL the elements of water."


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Keywords: Maritime Ships and boats Naval
Historical Items Showing 3 of 106 View All
Contributed by: Maine Historical Society
Location: Kittery; Portsmouth
Media: Photographic print
Contributed by: Maine Maritime Museum
Media: black and white photograph
The story of the capture of the British ship Margaretta by a group of Patriots in Machias on June 12, 1755 has taken on legendary proportions, some of them deserved, some exaggerated to improve the story and to move Machias more toward the center of the Revolutionary War narrative.
Lt. William Burrows and Commander Samuel Blyth, commanders of the USS Enterprise and the HMS Boxer, led their ships and crews in Battle in Muscongus Bay on Sept. 5, 1813. The American ship was victorious, but both captains were killed. Portland staged a large and regal joint burial.
Britain was especially interested in occupying Maine during the Colonial era to take advantage of the timber resources. The tall, straight, old growth white pines were perfect for ships' masts to help supply the growing Royal Navy.


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Case Study: Theatre Seating
In many auditoria, the seating and audience form the main absorption in the room, and consequently being able to correctly measure and predict the absorption coefficient of these surfaces is very important. The wrong estimation of seating absorption has been blamed for acoustic problems in many halls. Salford University developed a method for testing theatre seating which is now used commercial.
The aim of measuring the random incidence absorption of a small sample of seats in a reverberation chamber is to predict the absorption that a large area of the same seats will exhibit when installed in an auditorium. There are problems, however, in that the small sample of chairs in the reverberation chamber (say 24) is unrepresentative of a large block of seating because the edge effect is overemphasised in the reverberation chamber measurements.
The Kath and Kuhl method involves placing the seating in the corner of the reverberation chamber in rows with their intended row spacing, and the exposed edges obscured with barriers. The concept is to separately measure three absorption coefficients by carrying out measurements with and without barriers:
- For an infinite array with no edges with side and front barriers in place;
- For the front edges with the side barrier only in place, and
- For the side edges with the front barrier only in place.
This then allows the absorption of the array, front and sides to be found, and a proper prediction of the absorption of any size array.
The test technique has been used extensively over the past few years to test provide information for the design several new or refurbished theatres and concert halls such as the Royal Albert Hall and Royal Festival Hall.
Back to Commercial Testing homepage


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PHP SQL Select Where is used to provide the records from the table that meet the specific criteria and print the records on the browser. The Where Clause helps you to return only those records that meet the specific criteria in the SQL query.
Understand with Example
This section of Tutorial illustrate an example from 'PHP SQL Select Where'. To understand and grasp the example we create a table user. The select Query is used to return the records from table 'user'.
In order to execute the query in PHP, we create a where.php. The Where.php uses the mysql_query () function. This function helps you to send the query or command to a MySQL connection. The Mysql_query () function create a mysql query "SELECT * FROM user WHERE fname='sandeep'", which select all the records from "user" where fname= "sandeep". The While loop tells PHP to execute the statement repeatedly, till the while expression evaluate all the records of'sandeep' from table 'user'. The echo, property of PHP is used to print the records on the browser.
Source Code of select_where.php
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/SQL/ServiceBroker/Error' BEGIN PRINT N'_URL_ ; DECLARE _USER_ INT ; DECLARE _USER_ NVARCHAR(4000) ; WITH XMLNAMESPACES ('_URL_ AS ssb) SELECT _USER_ = CAST(_USER_ AS XML).value('(//ssb:Error/ssb:Code)', 'INT'), _USER_ = CAST(_USER_ AS XML).value('(//ssb:Error/ssb:Description)', 'NVARCHAR(4000)'); RAISERROR(N'Received error Code:%i Description:"%s"', 16, 1, _USER_, _USER_) WITH LOG; -- Insert your error handling code here END CONVERSATION _USER_; END ELSE -- in case of end dialog message - close conversation IF _USER_ = N'_URL_ BEGIN PRINT N'_URL_ ; END CONVERSATION _USER_; END END TRY BEGIN CATCH IF (@@TRANCOUNT>0) ROLLBACK TRAN --error handling code here END CATCH end GO
The following code shows how to reconfigure and set internal activation procedure on both conversation sides:
--run sql statements in sqlcmd mode on the source and target db instances with correct parameters. :on error exit :setvar ServerName
:setvar DatabaseName --sqlcmd command to open connection to a db server :CONNECT $(ServerName) GO use $(DatabaseName) GO --sql code to amend the queue to invoke message processing routine. ALTER QUEUE [dbo].[SampleQueue] WITH ACTIVATION ( STATUS = ON, PROCEDURE_NAME = [dbo].[InternalActivationProcedure], MAX_QUEUE_READERS = 2, EXECUTE AS N'dbo' )
MAX_QUEUE_READERS option configures the SQL Server system settings to run anywhere from 0 to 32,767 parallel processes. The greater the number of parallel processes that you have running, the faster that messages can be processed. However, you should run no more than one parallel processes per CPU core on the server so that you don't overload the CPUs.
The following t-sql code shows how to disable/enable internal activation on the queue:
use DestinationDB GO --disable internal activation ALTER QUEUE [SampleQueue] WITH RETENTION = OFF, ACTIVATION ( DROP ) GO --enable internal activation ALTER QUEUE [SampleQueue] WITH RETENTION = OFF, ACTIVATION (STATUS = ON, PROCEDURE_NAME = dbo.InternalActivationProcedure, MAX_QUEUE_READERS = 2, EXECUTE AS 'dbo' ) GO
Once our previously sent message with order information is processed by dbo.InternalActivationProcedure sp, data will appear on the DestinationDB.dbo.Order table. Lets check the result by querying the table :
use DestinationDB GO select * from dbo.[Order]
Use sql server dmvs to check service-broker configuration on both sides of service-broker communication. The following system views can help to troubleshoot your solutions:
--run sql statements in sqlcmd mode on source or target db with correct parameters. :on error exit :setvar ServerName
:setvar DatabaseName --sqlcmd command to open connection to a db server :CONNECT $(ServerName) GO use $(DatabaseName) GO SELECT * FROM sys.databases SELECT * FROM sys.routes SELECT * FROM sys.tcp_endpoints SELECT * FROM sys.service_broker_endpoints SELECT * FROM sys.dm_broker_activated_tasks SELECT * FROM sys.dm_broker_connections SELECT * FROM sys.dm_broker_forwarded_messages SELECT * FROM sys.dm_broker_queue_monitors SELECT * FROM sys.transmission_queue SELECT * FROM sys.service_broker_endpoints SELECT * FROM sys.certificates SELECT * FROM sys.conversation_endpoints
Starting SQL Server 2008 R2, Microsoft provides ssbdiagnose utility that can help to troubleshoot issues in service broker conversations and service configuration.
One of the main challenges with asynchronous application design is to ensure that messages are processed in order. Service Broker dialog protocol ensures the exactly-once-in-order(EOIO) message delivery on a conversation. It allows sql developer to focus on application business logic rather than on message transmission mechanism. In general, Service Broker provides an easy-to-use, asynchronous message processing platform for building highly-scalable applications that do not require an immediate response to the command that is executed. It handles the most difficult tasks involved in writing messaging applications. These difficult tasks include message coordination, reliable message delivery, locking, and starting queue readers, etc. It gives you power to manage the entire infrastructure required to build asynchronous distributed systems. It should be now clear how to configure basic service broker solution in order to harness the power of technically reliable, consistent, robust, efficient, asynchronous message queuing and processing mechanism and start developing highly available, scalable solutions.
Here are the list of useful links that might help you learn more:


PowerShell Communicating with RESTful APIs
REST stands for Representational State Transfer (sometimes spelled "ReST"). It relies on a stateless, client-server, cacheable communications protocol and mostly HTTP protocol is used. It is primarily used to build Web services that are lightweight, maintainable, and scalable. A service based on REST is called a RESTful service and the APIs which are being used for it are RESTful APIs. In PowerShell, Invoke-RestMethod is used to deal with them.


Example sentences for: jennerated
How can you use "jennerated" in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary:
 - Why can't they be Jennerated (ah, that devilish imp, Paronomasia, intrudes again).
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Salt is effective in treating oral diseases including dry mouth thanks to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. Warm salt water gargle is also beneficial for neutralizing the mouth acid to maintain its natural pH level and eliminate oral bacteria – the two main reasons for bad breath. Minerals in saline stimulate salivary glands to produce amylase, which in turn can aid in the dry mouth treatment.
- Prepare 200 ml of water and 1 tablespoon of salt.
- Add the salt to the water and stir well.
- Take the salt water to a boiler and heat for warm water and drink.
- Use salt water in the morning when you wake up to make the most effective use of salt.
4. Baking Soda
If it is used to treat dry mouth, baking soda will stimulate the salivary glands. Baking soda may also help to thin saliva and reduce the acid effect of dry mouth. However, lower acid levels may promote bacteria growth. The alkalinity of baking soda can help neutralize the excess acids in your mouth that cause cavities and tooth decay. Besides, it is a great solution for mouth soreness or oral mucositis.
- Prepare1/2 teaspoon baking soda, 1 teaspoon salt, sugar, and a few drops of lemon juice with 1 cup of water.
- Add the baking soda, salt, sugar, lemon juice to the water and stir well
- Consume the liquid.
- Follow it 1-2 times a day.
Ginger is a famous herbal sialagogue, which may help stimulate saliva production and aid dry mouth. It also contains lots of medicinal benefits associated with it thanks to its bioactive compound called gingerol.
Method 1: Ginger Tea
- Add a few slices of ginger into a cup of warm tea and enjoy.
- It's best to drink this kind of tea after dinner.
- Ginger tea helps to detoxify the body, treat dry mouth, keep the lungs warm, and prevent flu, cough, and other common diseases.
Method 2: Ginger, Salt, Water, And Vinegar
- Prepare ginger, salt, and vinegar to make a mixture.
- Cut ginger into thin slices, then soak in vinegar, add a little salt, and mix them well.
- Mix the mixture into water and stir well to enjoy it.
- Apply this method 1-2 times a day for best effects.
Method 3: Just Ginger
Take a small piece of ginger and chew when needed, your dry mouth will quickly improve. Although it cannot treat the disease completely, it can help you in emergencies.
6. Aloe Vera
Aloe vera juice helps to avoid bleeding gums and maintaining healthy gums and oral hygiene. Its natural anti-bacterial properties promote cell growth and healing. Some types of aloe vera gel are also used in the prevention of bleeding gums and mouth ulcers. In addition, it stimulates salivary glands to produce more saliva. Therefore, this is a very effective way to treat dry mouth.
- Take a handful of aloe vera leaves and a bit of pure honey.
- Peel the aloe vera and clean them carefully.
- Soak it in water for 1 hour to help remove its resin completely.
- Add it and honey to a blender and pour a little water.
- Drink this liquid 1- 3 times per day (15 minutes before meals), each serving 20 ml (1 tablespoon).
Aloe vera may be associated with miscarriage and congenital deformities. Pregnant women and nursing mothers should not use products from aloe vera.
7. Dill Seeds
Among natural home remedies for dry mouth, using dill seeds is one of the most effective. Dill seed is a good source of minerals and vitamins such as vitamin C, vitamin B3, manganese, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron, and many plant nutrients such as fenchone, carotenoids, flavonoids, Anethole, and camphene, which all help to stimulate salivary glands. Dill leaves and seeds are also good breath and mouth fresheners. Besides, the essential oils found in it are antioxidant, germicidal, and disinfectant in nature, which can help stop microbial infections in your mouth while their antioxidants help lessen the damage caused due to free radicals to teeth and gums as well.
Method 1: Just Dill Seeds
Just take a little dill seed and chew them. This simple way can help you to deal with dry mouth.
Method 2: Dill Seeds And Lemon
- Soak 2 tablespoons of dill seeds in water overnight and boil them in the morning.
- Filter water and squeeze the lemon juice into this water.
- Drink it on an empty stomach every morning for 2 weeks.
Avoid using dill seeds in large doses. Compounds in the tree can be harmful to the nervous system, causing hallucinations and convulsions if it is used extensively. It can exacerbate estrogen-receptor-linked cancers such as the endometrium, breast, ovaries, etc. because it has high estrogen content. Pregnant women may be advised against eating large quantities of dill seeds.
Celery contains high fiber content. It reduces the risk of tooth decay because it can sweep away some of the residue of food on the teeth. In addition, celery stimulates the secretion of saliva, pH balance in the oral cavity, helping the oral cavity to achieve natural antibacterial effects. It is also enriched with vitamin C and has multiple beneficial flavonoids and enzymes. The water retaining capacity in it is especially effective at keeping your mouth moist and increasing the saliva production.
- Prepare 200 g of celery and 100 ml filtered water.
- Rinse the celery and slice it into small pieces.
- Put the celery in a blender to squeeze the juice.
- Pour out the cup with 100ml of filtered water to use.
Pregnant women should consider before using celery to treat dry mouth. If you are pregnant and you still want to use this remedy, you should use a small amount because celery can cause side effects in some cases.
9. Chewing Gum
Saliva helps neutralize plaque acids – which attack and weaken the protective layer, leading to tooth decay after some time. This acid works strongly after we eat, especially sweet and soft foods. Therefore, chewing gum will help balance the acid concentration in the mouth, preventing tooth decay. Chewing gum also helps remove excess food that clings to teeth and restores tooth enamel to make teeth stronger.
Chewing gum (preferably sugar-free) regularly increases the amount of saliva produced through chewing, thus cleaning the mouth and preventing or treating tooth decay naturally.
- Using artificial saliva prepared in the form of mouthwash, the mineral spray will help moisten the mouth.
- Sleep and work in a humidifier room to avoid dry mouth. If the room is air-conditioned, there should be a humidifier.
- Enhance vegetables and fresh fruits in the daily rations.
- Eat foods that are processed with water, such as soup, to minimize the unpleasant feeling of chewing.
- Eat more protein and avoid fried and fatty foods.
- Limit high sugar or acidic foods. The presence of sugar in your mouth will support the growth and development of oral bacteria, resulting in the development of dental caries and acid production.
- Avoid coffee because it will make the dry mouth more complicated.
- Brush your teeth gently with fluoride toothpaste, 2-3 times daily.
- Do not use alcohol-based mouthwash, preferably using diluted saline for oral hygiene and a quick home remedy for dry mouth. Alcohol may cause liver disease, salivary gland disease, or dehydration.
- Pay attention to cleaning your tongue.
- If you use dentures, be careful cleaning every day, insert teeth very carefully to avoid holes that make food tucked back.
- Saliva infections, side effects of medications, and dental diseases also cause dry mouth. Therefore, for the treatment of dry mouth, you can go to the dentist for a physical examination to determine the situation and make an effective recovery plan.
- If you get dry mouth due to drug side effects, decrease or stop drug use and replace it with other drugs.
You can easily try these natural treatments for dry mouth relief because most of the components in them are available in your kitchen. Also, share with us if you know other home remedies for dry mouth.


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Many solid tumors exhibit elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). This elevated pressure within the core of the tumor results in outward flow of interstitial fluid to the tumor periphery. We previously found that the directionality of IFP gradients modulates collective invasion from the surface of patterned three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Here, we used this 3D engineered tumor model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying IFP-induced changes in invasive phenotype. We found that IFP alters the expression of genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Specifically, the levels of Snail, vimentin, and E-cadherin were increased under pressure conditions that promoted collective invasion. These changes in gene expression were sufficient to direct collective invasion in response to IFP. Furthermore, we found that IFP modulates the motility and persistence of individual cells within the aggregates, which are also influenced by the expression levels of EMT markers. Together, these data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that guide collective invasion from primary tumors in response to IFP.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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Posted by The Situationist Staff on February 7, 2009
A pair of capuchin monkeys show very compelling signs of cooperation and a sense of fairness, by working together to solve a problem using tools, and then sharing the reward.
They also show signs of understanding fairness: when unequal rewards are given to one monkey and not another, the monkey receiving the lesser treat would rather go hungry than accept anything less than an equal reward.
From the BBC documentary "Capuchins: The Monkey Puzzle", narrated by the ever brilliant Sir David Attenborough.
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Report Says Great Lakes Shipping Supports 227,000 Jobs & Generates Billions of Dollars
The Great Lakes Shipping industry has released the results of a study of the economic impacts of shipping in the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Seaway system. The study found that maritime commerce supported 227,000 jobs; contributed $14.1 billion in annual personal income, $33.5 billion in business revenue, and $6.4 billion in local purchases; and added $4.6 billion to federal, state/provincial, and local tax revenues. North American farmers, steel producers, construction firms, food manufacturers, and power generators depend on the 164 million metric tons of essential raw materials and finished products that are moved annually on the waterways. Additionally, marine shipping saves companies approximately $3.6 billion per year in transportation costs compared to the next least-costly land-based alternative.
U.S. Transportation Secretary, Ray LaHood, expressed support for the study results: "This report bears out what we've long known – that the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway is crucial to the U.S. economy. Not only is marine transportation the single most fuel-efficient and cost-effective way to haul goods from one place to another, but it also supports hundreds of thousands of essential jobs and generates billions of dollars in economic activity."