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HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation
OpenVMS Debugger Manual
4.2.2 ASCII String Types
When displaying an ASCII string value, the debugger encloses it within quotation marks (") or apostrophes ('), depending on the language syntax. For example:
To deposit a string value (including a single character) into a string variable, you must enclose the value in quotation marks (") or apostrophes ('). For example:
If the string has more ASCII characters (1 byte each) than can fit into the location denoted by the address expression, the debugger truncates the extra characters from the right and issues the following message:
If the string has fewer characters, the debugger pads the remaining
characters to the right of the string by inserting ASCII space
You can examine an entire array aggregate, a single indexed element, or a slice (a range of elements). However, you can deposit into only one element at a time. The following examples show typical operations with arrays.
The following command displays the values of all the elements of the array variable ARRX, a one-dimensional array of integers:
The following command displays the value of element 4 of array ARRX (depending on the language, parentheses or brackets are used to denote indexed elements):
The following command displays the values of all the elements in a slice of ARRX. This slice consists of the range of elements from element 2 to element 5:
You can deposit a value to only a single array element at a time (you cannot deposit to an array slice or an entire array aggregate with a single DEPOSIT command). For example, the following command deposits the value 53 into element 2 of ARRX:
The following command displays the values of all the elements of array REAL_ARRAY, a two-dimensional array of real numbers (three per dimension):
The debugger issues a diagnostic message if you try to deposit to an index value that is out of bounds. For example:
In the previous example, the deposit operation was executed because the diagnostic message is of I level. This means that the value of some array element adjacent to (1,3), possibly (2,1) might have been affected by the out-of-bounds deposit operation.
To deposit the same value to several components of an array, you can use a looping command such as FOR or REPEAT. For example, assign the value RED to elements 1 to 4 of the array COLOR_ARRAY:
You can examine an entire record aggregate, a single record component, or several components. However, you can deposit into only one component at a time. The following examples show typical operations with records.
The following command displays the values of all the components of the record variable PART:
The following command displays the value of component IN_STOCK of record PART (general syntax):
The following command displays the value of the same record component using COBOL syntax (the language must be set to COBOL):
The following command displays the values of two components of record PART:
The following command deposits a value into record component IN_STOCK:
4.2.5 Pointer (Access) Types
You can examine the entity designated (pointed to) by a pointer variable and deposit a value into that entity. You can also examine a pointer variable.
For example, the following Pascal code declares a pointer variable A that designates a value of type real:
The following command displays the value of the entity designated by the pointer variable A:
In the following example, the value 3.9 is deposited into the entity designated by A:
When you specify the name of a pointer variable with the EXAMINE command, the debugger displays the memory address of the object it designates. For example:
The debugger recognizes address expressions that are associated with instructions. This enables you to examine and deposit instructions using the same basic techniques as with variables.
When debugging at the instruction level, you might find it convenient to first enter the following command. It sets the default step mode to stepping by instruction:
There are other step modes that enable you to execute the program to specific kinds of instructions. You can also set breakpoints to interrupt execution at these instructions.
If you specify an address expression that is associated with an instruction in an EXAMINE command (for example, a line number), the debugger displays the first instruction at that location. You can then use the period (.), Return key, and circumflex (^) to display the current, next, and previous instruction (logical entity), as described in Section 4.1.8.
For example, on Alpha processors:
Line numbers, routine names, and labels are symbolic address expressions that are associated with instructions. In addition, instructions might be stored in various other memory addresses and in certain registers during the execution of your program.
The program counter (PC) is the register that contains the address of the next instruction to be executed by your program. The command EXAMINE.%PC displays that instruction. The period (.), when used directly in front of an address expression, denotes the contents of operator---that is, the contents of the location designated by the address expression. Note the following distinction:
On VAX processors, you can use the /OPERANDS qualifier to control the amount of information displayed when you enter the EXAMINE.%PC command:
On VAX processors, use the /OPERANDS qualifier only when examining the current PC instruction. The information might not be reliable if you specify other locations. The command SET MODE [NO]OPERANDS enables you to control the default behavior of the EXAMINE.%PC command.
As shown in the previous examples, the debugger knows whether an address expression is associated with an instruction. If it is, the EXAMINE command displays that instruction (you do not need to use the /INSTRUCTION qualifier). You use the /INSTRUCTION qualifier to display the contents of an arbitrary program location as an instruction---that is, the command EXAMINE/INSTRUCTION causes the debugger to interpret and format the contents of any program location as an instruction (see Section 4.5.2).
When you examine consecutive instructions in a MACRO-32 program, the debugger might misinterpret data as instructions if storage for the data is allocated in the middle of a stream of instructions. The following example shows this problem. It shows some MACRO-32 code with two longwords of data storage allocated directly after the BRB instruction at line 7 (line numbers have been added to the example for clarity).
The following EXAMINE command displays the instruction at the start of line 6:
The following EXAMINE command correctly interprets and displays the logical successor entity as an instruction at line 7:
However, the following three EXAMINE commands incorrectly interpret the three logical successors as instructions:
4.3.2 Depositing Instructions (VAX Only)
On VAX processors, you can deposit instructions as well as examine them. Use the following DEPOSIT command syntax:
You must enclose language-expression (an assembly-language instruction) in either quotation marks or apostrophes. The /INSTRUCTION qualifier indicates that the delimited string is an instruction and not an ASCII string. Or, if you plan to deposit several instructions, you can first enter the SET TYPE/OVERRIDE INSTRUCTION command (see Section 4.5.2). You then do not need to use the /INSTRUCTION qualifier on the DEPOSIT command.
Instructions occupy different numbers of bytes depending on their operands. When depositing instructions of arbitrary lengths into successive memory locations, use the logical successor operator (Return key) to establish the next unoccupied location where an instruction can be deposited. The following example shows the technique:
When you replace an instruction, be sure that the new instruction, including operands, is the same length in bytes as the old instruction. If the new instruction is longer, you cannot deposit it without overwriting, which will destroy the next instruction. If the new instruction occupies fewer bytes of memory than the old one, you must deposit NOP instructions (instructions that cause no operation) in bytes of memory left unoccupied after the replacement. The debugger does not warn you if an instruction you are depositing will overwrite a subsequent instruction, nor does it remind you to fill in vacant bytes of memory with NOPs.
The following example shows how to replace an instruction with an instruction of equal length:
4.4 Examining and Depositing into Registers
The VAX architecture provides 16 general registers and 18 vector registers, some of which are used for temporary address and data storage. Table 4-1 identifies the debugger built-in symbols that refer to VAX registers.
On VAX processors:
On Alpha processors, the Alpha architecture provides 32 general (integer) registers and 32 floating-point registers, some of which are used for temporary address and data storage. Table 4-2 identifies the debugger built-in symbols that refer to Alpha registers.
On Alpha processors:
The following examples show how to examine and deposit into registers:
On VAX processors, the processor status longword (PSL) is a register whose value represents a number of processor state variables. The first 16 bits of the PSL (referred to separately as the processor status word, or PSW) contain unprivileged information about the current processor state. The values of these bits can be controlled by a user program. The latter 16 bits of the PSL, bits 16 to 31, contain privileged information and cannot be altered by a user-mode program.
The following example shows how to examine the contents of the PSL:
See the VAX Architecture Handbook for complete information about the PSL, including the values of the various bits.
You can also display the information in the PSL in other formats. For example:
The command EXAMINE/PSL displays the value at any location in PSL format. This is useful for examining saved PSLs on the call


Simple Adoption Law & Legal Definition
A simple adoption refers to a type of adoption that establishes a new legal parent-child relationship between the child and his/her adoptive parents, without terminating the parent-child relationship which existed before the adoption.
In simple adoption, adoptive parents have parental responsibility for the child. It allows some of the legal bonds between an adopted child and his/her birth family to remain. However, it is less restrictive in its requirements and less radical in effects than plenary adoption.


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Pinckneys Treaty Teacher Resources
Find teacher approved Pinckneys Treaty educational resource ideas and activities
Twelfth graders complete readings from the packet to explore themes in American history from the seventeenth century until the Civil War. In this American history instructional activity, 12th graders read and discuss their assigned document sets and prepare a presentation to give a synopsis of the documents. Students construct a document based question patterned after the Advancement Placement questions and devise a rubric for scoring their question.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Embedding an Infogram
Infogram is an app that creates beautiful charts and infographics - a great way to share data with your clients. And with our Embed block, you'll be able to display your Infograms in your Qwilr Pages.
Adding an Embed Block
Step 1. Choose Embed from the new block menu in your page.
Step 2. Select Infogram from the list of available options.
Step 3. You'll see this form. Time to head to Infogram to get your project URL.
Finding the Infogram URL
Step 4. Open the Infogram you'd like to embed. In the top right corner, click Share.
Step 5. Choose Public on the web and copy the link at the bottom of the box.
Step 6. Back in your Qwilr Page, paste the link into the box and click See It.
That's it, you're done! Your Infogram will now display in your Qwilr Page.


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The Majiayao Culture is one of the most important Neolithic cultures in Chinese prehistory. In 1923 the Swedish geologist and archaeologist, Johan Gunnar Andersson, excavated several archaeological sites, including Banshan and Machang in Gansu province in northwest China. He collected a large number of distinctive painted pottery vessels, which are today housed in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm. Dr. Andersson and his colleagues first affiliated these cultural materials with the Yangshao culture of central China, located well to the east of where he was excavating. The finds became well-known in the Western world for most of the 20th century as representative examples of this Chinese Neolithic culture. After 1949, Chinese archaeologists carried out further archaeological investigations in the region and re-defined this material as Majiayao culture, in order to reflect its separate existence in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (an area that covers parts of Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia provinces).
As a result of further archaeological discoveries in the later 20th century, the Majiayao culture is now recognized as a major Neolithic manifestation in the northwestern region of China, dated approximately to 3300 - 2000 BC. Today, over 2,200 Majiayao sites have been identified, but only about 50 of them have been excavated. Archaeological evidence implies that the Majiayao culture was a simple egalitarian society with an economy based on farming (made possible by the domestication of millet) and animal husbandry. The Majiayao culture is especially well-known for its mass production of pottery. The most characteristic artifacts are large pottery vessels embellished with spiral circles, undulating lines and geometric patterns painted in black-and-red (and sometimes white) on the top part of the vessels. New archaeological research suggests that Majiayao painted pottery was influenced by Yangshao pottery designs from central China, and reached its peak during the 3rd millennium BC, when painted pottery disappeared in other parts of China. Based on changes in pottery forms and designs, Majiayao ceramic production is further divided into three phases: Majiayao (3300 - 2600 BC), Banshan (2600 - 2300 BC), and Machang (2300 - 2000 BC).
Source: Royal Ontario Museum 2006

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: these particles scatter in the counter sides with speed of light on one line. If this phenomenon is not clear to the quoters of official science, that, from the point of view of new physics, the phenomenon is quite understandable. At counter motion of protons, its on short time will forms a gravidynamic system - biproton, in which one both protons are gyrated in one side on common orbit. At decay of biproton components its protons scatter in the counter sides with speed of light. It is understandable, that a simple phenomenon the scientists maximum will complicate, differently they will cease themselves to respect.


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After bereavement people can feel afraid of opening up about their grief to others. Fear of becoming overwhelmed by feelings in front of friends and family can lead the bereaved to avoid social contact altogether.
Researchers investigating the effect of social disconnection on psychological health after bereavement have developed a new scale to measure the phenomenon. They used the scale to measure social disconnection after bereavement in 676 recently bereaved participants who responded to an online survey. A second group of 275 people took part in the study and were followed up 6 and 12 months after their bereavement.
Specifically the findings showed that individuals who report being socially disconnected are more psychologically distressed in the first 6 months of loss. Similarly being more connected socially predicted better mental health.
Dr Kirsten Smith, lead author on the paper, adds:
'As a nation we are currently experiencing unprecedented amounts of loss in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study speaks to the need to reach out to those who may have suffered a bereavement.'
Dr Smith relates the research findings to the stiff upper lip attitude that we often see in western societies and the idea that keeping our grief hidden is part of surviving. In fact evidence shows that pushing emotions away results in a rebound effect which is more likely to result in problems.
The new research clearly points to the importance of emotional connectedness following a loss. So what can we do in practical terms to support the bereaved? Dr Smith suggests staying in regular contact with bereaved family and friends. She urges 'Let them know you care, keep checking in even if they don't feel ready to talk yet. Even though physical distance is currently a necessity emotional distance doesn't need to be.'
The paper was published in Clinical Psychological Science.


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thermal backfills should be formulated and tested only by soil thermal specialists who understand the tricks of the trade in making thermal measurements.
Fluidized thermal backfills do not have to be compacted; they flow in a fashion similar to concrete. In fact, FTB is typically supplied from concrete trucks, and may be poured or pumped, and seldom requires any special shoring or bulkheading. It solidifies to a uniform density by consolidation, with excess water seeping to the top. Regular FTB can be pumped up to 150 m (500 ft) using conventional concrete pumping equipment and greater distances with special modifications. It hardens quickly so that the ground surface may be reinstated the next day, but the low strength (100 to 250 psi [0.7 to 1.8 MPa]) allows it to be broken up with a backhoe if required. If a higher strength is required, the cement content can be increased and the water adjusted without degrading the thermal performance.
FTB will flow readily to fill all the spaces, without vibration, yet harden quickly. Future settlements are negligible. It also affords mechanical protection for the cables or cable pipes and provides support for underground and surface facilities (road pavement). FTB has good heat dissipation properties even when totally dry. Depending on the mix design, typical thermal rhos are 35 to 40°C-cm/W wet, and 70 to 100°C-cm/W dry, with excellent thermal stability. The FTB can be formulated for use in both flat and hilly terrain. Thicker, slower flowing mixes can be formulated when addressing an area with a significant slope.
The use of a well-designed thermal backfill can enhance the heat dissipation and increase the allowable ampacity of an underground power cable, as well as alleviating thermal instability concerns. The corrective backfill will reduce the heat flux experienced by the native soil so that it will not dry out; therefore, the stability of the native soil is no longer a concern. A good backfill should be better able to resist total drying and also have a low dry thermal rho if it is completely dried. It should be available at a reasonable cost, and be easy to install and easy to remove if required. The thermal backfill must be laboratory evaluated and include specifications for mineral quality, gradation (sieve analysis), thermal dryout curve and optimum density. Typically, the entire trench width is filled with thermal backfill to a minimum height of 300 mm (12 inches) above the cables. For poor native soil conditions or heavily loaded cables, the thickness of the backfill can be increased to maintain a low composite thermal rho. A fluidized thermal backfill is the ideal way of providing a high-quality cable backfill.
Deepak Parmar is president of Geotherm Inc. From 1960 to 1978, he worked on various civil engineering (soil and rock mechanics) projects in the United Kingdom and Canada. Since forming Geotherm Inc. in 1978, Parmar has worked solely on underground and submarine power cable projects. He received the BS degree in civil engineering from Woolwich Polytechnic, United Kingdom, in 1966, and the Diploma in Management Studies (DMS) from Slough, United Kingdom, in 1972. He is a member of the Engineering Institute of Canada, Canadian Society for Civil Engineers, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Canadian Society for Electrical and Computer Engineers, Tunneling Association of Canada, IEEE/PES/ICC, Canadian Electrical Association and CIGR….
Jan Steinmanis is vice president of Geotherm Inc. He received a B.A.Sc. degree in civil engineering from the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1975. From 1976 to 1982, Steinmanis worked as a research engineer with Ontario Hydro, where he worked on several civil engineering projects and on the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)-funded projects for the Development of Thermal Property Analyzer. He also conducted several research projects, including the soil geotechnical-thermal properties database for Canada (a Canadian government-funded project). He is a registered professional engineer.
- Perform in-situ thermal rho testing and sampling of the native soils. This may be done in conjunction with any required geotechnical testing, such as for manholes. Review any available soils information so test locations cover all the soil types.
- In the laboratory, perform thermal dryout tests (thermal rho vs. soil moisture) on select samples. This will define the thermal rho for drier soil conditions.
- Source and design the fluidized thermal backfill (or compacted granular backfill) based on locally available materials. This also will include a thermal dryout curve.
- Choose the design thermal rho values for the native soil and thermal backfill based on the lowest expected soil moistures.
- Use a computer cable design program to optimize configuration of cables, trench size and thermal backfill envelope.
|Description||Thermal Resistivity Dry (°C-cm/W)|
|Shale (highly friable)||200|
Thermal stability describes the ability of a moist soil to maintain a relatively constant thermal rho when subjected to a cable heat load, thus preventing a power cable from exceeding its safe operating temperature. Thermal instability (or "thermal runaway") occurs when a soil is unable to sustain the heat from a cable. The soil progressively dries, resulting in a substantial increase in the thermal rho and attendant increase in the cable-operating temperature. If soil moisture is not replenished or current reduced, the ultimate result may be a totally dry thermal rho and cable failure caused by overheating.
Visually, thermal runaway can be described on a thermal dryout curve. At high moistures, the curve is relatively flat, so any minor drying of the soil will not change the thermal rho very much (thermally stable). Excessive cable heat will dry the soil below the knee of the curve (critical moisture), and the thermal rho will increase significantly. This will cause the cable to get hotter, thus drying the soil more. The thermal rho will "walk" up the thermal dryout curve as the soil dries, eventually giving a totally dry thermal rho near the cable.
Thermal instability concerns can be minimized by always using a fluidized thermal backfill around the cable. The thermal dryout curve of a good backfill has a sharp knee at a low critical moisture content and the totally dry thermal rho is quite low. For these backfills the thermal stability may be treated as a binary concept, that is, if the lowest expected moisture is above the critical moisture content then the backfill is stable for normal heat rates and the moist thermal rho may be used in ampacity calculations. If the lowest expected moisture is below the critical moisture then the backfill is unstable and the totally dry thermal rho must be used for the design. For FTB, the totally dry thermal rho is usually less than 90°C-cm/W, so it is still quite acceptable. By using a sufficiently large thermal backfill envelope, the heat flux through the native soil will be quite low; therefore, the native soil will not dry out, and the stability of the native soil is not a concern.


NeurIPS 2019
Paper ID:2447
Title:Uncertainty-based Continual Learning with Adaptive Regularization
This paper proposed uncertainty-regularized continue learning (UCL) to address the challenge of catastrophe forgetting of neural networks. In detail, the method improves over variational continual learning (VCL) by modifying the KL regularizer in mean-field Gaussian prior/posterior setting. The approach is mainly justified by intuition explanation rather than theoretical/mathematical arguments. Experiments are performed on supervised continual learning benchmarks (split and permuted MNIST), and the method shows dominating performance over previous baselines (VCL, SI, EWC, HAT). Reviewers include experts in continual learning. Some of them were concerned on the MNIST benchmark, but with additional supervised learning and RL experiments provided in author feedback, reviewers reached a consensus of accepting this paper. Although UCL is an improvement over VCL, two continual learning experts in the reviewing panel viewed this modification as novel contribution. I would suggest the following revision In the camera ready: 1. A clear discussion on the novelty of UCL over VCL; 2. A better justification of the UCL objective, preferably with some detailed derivation; 3. Adding in the RL experiments to make the paper stronger.


Friday, January 30, 2015
Resolve Multiple Interface Bindings With Ninject
The old adage "program to an abstraction, not a concretion" reigns true and used in most modern application design via the use of Interfaces and concepts like IoC and DI. The polymorphic behavior of Interfaces and their ability to have multiple implementations allows us to do some really cool things as well as be staged for highly testable code with mocking frameworks like Moq.
However I'd say 99% of the time we typically have 1 Interface bound to a single concrete class using our DI framework. There will be cases where you will want to take advantage of having more than 1 implementation of an Interface and need to configure this.
Ninject is a great DI framework and you can achieve this through the use of named bindings. In this case if we have an Interface named ICalculate you could have 2 (or more) implementations. However upon injecting the class into a constructor, how would you dictate which instantiation/binding to use? The named bindings accomplish this as follows.
1. Provide a name for the bindings using the same Interface to allow them to be unique:
2. Specify the named binding as an attribute applied on the argument of the Interface being injected:
readonly ICalculate _calculate;
public MathCalculations([Named("Calculation1")] ICalculate calculate){
 _calculate = calculate;
It's that easy! For more information, see the Ninject documentation here.


text: The carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases OXA-23 and OXA-24/40 have emerged worldwide as causative agents for β-lactam antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter species. Many variants of these enzymes have appeared clinically, including OXA-160 and OXA-225, which both contain a P → S substitution at homologous positions in the OXA-24/40 and OXA-23 backgrounds, respectively. We purified OXA-160 and OXA-225 and used steady-state kinetic analysis to compare the substrate profiles of these variants to their parental enzymes, OXA-24/40 and OXA-23. OXA-160 and OXA-225 possess greatly enhanced hydrolytic activities against aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone when compared to OXA-24/40 and OXA-23. These enhanced activities are the result of much lower Km values, suggesting that the P → S substitution enhances the binding affinity of these drugs. We have determined the structures of the acylated forms of OXA-160 (with ceftazidime and aztreonam) and OXA-225 (ceftazidime). These structures show that the R1 oxyimino side-chain of these drugs occupies a space near the β5-β6 loop and the omega loop of the enzymes. The P → S substitution found in OXA-160 and OXA-225 results in a deviation of the β5-β6 loop, relieving the steric clash with the R1 side-chain carboxypropyl group of aztreonam and ceftazidime. These results reveal worrying trends in the enhancement of substrate spectrum of class D β-lactamases but may also provide a map for β-lactam improvement.


Pizza Outside the Box — Free US Ground Shipping over $50
Pizza lovers in America have a big problem: how do we craft the kind of amazing pizza sauce that can be found in Italy? The secret is in the quality of the tomatoes.
Ask anyone who's traveled to Italy and they'll tell you: the food there rocks! Everyone has a different favorite meal, and a different flavor profile, but one common element remains across travel stories. People marvel at the flavor of foods with only 3-5 ingredients
How is it that Italians can pack so much flavor into such a simple meal? How can we replicate the perfect sauce we get to eat in Italy?
State of tomatoes in the US
Long story short: tomatoes found on grocery store shelves in the US are lacking. How tomatoes got to be this way is a topic as opaque and divisive as how New York bagels are so good. As far as this humble writer/foodie is concerned, there are a handful of likely culprits that conspire to cause our tomato malady.
Farmers are under a lot of pressure to produce volumes of fruits and vegetables. Not only do they have to produce these high yields, they have to ensure that they last long enough to make it to the end consumer. This focus leaves the importance of flavor a distant third on the totem pole, an afterthought.
Another consideration is that Americans demand access to seasonal foods year round. Farmers grow tomatoes in Florida to ensure a year-round supply, but the humidity and soil composition don't do the tomatoes and flavor favors. Instead, farmers have to kick start their defenses with pesticides to protect the tomatoes in their unnaturally hostile environment. Clearly, our friend the tomato deserves better!
Through years of the previous two practices, tomatoes in America are now missing the gene that allows them to produce the appropriate amount of sugar! In the 1930s, farmers bred tomatoes that were uniformly red in color, which helped them ensure the tomatoes were ripe, but inversely affected flavor
So we now have a pretty compelling explanation as to why sauce is so much better in Italy, but what's an aspiring American piazzolo to do?
Quality of Canned Tomatoes
Canned tomatoes make better pizza sauce, at least in America. There, we said it. Here's the secret: consumers care a lot about what tomatoes look like fresh on store shelves, but no one cares what tomatoes look like after they're chopped up and canned! That means companies that can tomatoes can focus on selecting the tastiest varieties, instead of the kinds that look the best for the longest period of time.
Our Culinary Manager at Pizzacraft swears by canned tomatoes for the pizzas he makes here, and he loves a particular brand: Bianco Dinapoli. They're sold locally on the West Coast at Whole Foods, and the company tells us that they're looking to expand to national distribution for consumers. Their products are currently available Amazon nationally (through resellers), and are widely distributed to restaurants throughout the United States. The best part? They taste absolutely delicious. They're the perfect balance of tart, sweet, and bold tomato flavor that will lend authenticity to any sauce.
If they're not available in your area, try putting together a sauce with any can of organic crushed or peeled tomatoes and let us know what you think!
Pizzacraft 15 May 09:57
Happy to hear you all agree. Was a bit nervous going into this post because I thought people would be upset. But what the industry has done, we have no choice! I often make pizzas without sauce (gasp!) but really I do. Just some fresh mozzarella slices with heirloom tomatoes and whatever else works. Ricotta cheese with pesto also brings that moisture I'm looking for. But I will admit – tomato isn't my favorite flavor. Just I'm just one editor of this blog!
michael Mortensen
michael Mortensen 25 Apr 09:57
So true, i have tried many times to use fresh local tomatoes and have been disappointed over and over. I have been using del monte tomato in cans and produced some good tasting pizza's
Regards Mike
John Wells
John Wells 25 Apr 06:37
The best tomato pizza sauce: Puree a can of imported Italian San Marzano tomatoes in a blender and that's it!
Tomato Wellness
Tomato Wellness 24 Apr 15:15
Great points! People are often surprised to learn that top chefs around the world rely on canned tomatoes thanks to their consistent flavor. The fresh tomato market is focused on looks, while the tomato products industry is focused on taste. We have a lot of great info about the health benefits as well at
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( persicaria, lady's thumb, willow weed )
Latin name: Persicaria maculosa Gray, (Polygonum persicaria L.)
Occurrence: Redshank is a native summer annual generally distributed throughout the UK on waste, cultivated and open ground. It is recorded up to 1,500 ft. It is a troublesome weed in cultivated fields and gardens. It occurs on most soils but especially on moist, rich soils and on acid peaty loams. It is said to thrive on soils deficient in lime. Redshank occurs in cereals and other arable crops but it is not associated with a particular crop and is regarded as a follower of man.
Redshank exhibits considerable phenotypic plasticity and genotypic variation. The leaves vary in shape and size and the flowers may be red, pink or white. It can form hybrids with pale persicaria (P. lapathifolia).
Redshank was regarded as nutritious and has been fed to horses and cattle as green food. The leaves are rich in vitamin C. However, the plant contains oxalates and is potentially toxic in large amounts.
Biology: Redshank flowers from May to September or until killed by frost. The flowers are sometimes pollinated by insects but are usually self-pollinated automatically. Seeds ripen from July onwards. Figures for the average seed numbers per plant vary between 200 and 5,952. The seeds are polymorphic and exhibit considerable variation both in weight and shape. Plants growing in the shade produce smaller seeds than those growing in full light. In dry conditions a plant will allocate more reserves to the seeds. Redshank can be found in fruit for 5 months of the year.
Seed is dormant at shedding and for 60 days afterwards. Chilling permits seed to after-ripen. Moist storage at low temperatures and seed scarification break seed dormancy. A period of dry storage is said to reduce seed viability but may increase germination levels initially. Light, nitrate and alternating temperatures interact to promote germination.
In the field, seedling emergence occurs from April to June with the main peak in April. Seed that does not germinate develops secondary dormancy with rising temperatures during late spring and summer. Low temperatures in the next autumn-winter period break dormancy again permitting germination the following spring.
In sandy loam soil, field seedlings emerged from the top 70 mm of soil with most seedlings from the surface 40 mm.
Persistence and Spread: If the plant is cut back early it may persist into a second year.
Seeds can remain viable in soil for 45 years. After 10 years, there was up to 62% germination depending on depth of burial. After 30 years, germination was around 9%. Redshank seedlings were abundant on land ploughed for the first time after 45 years. Seeds broadcast onto the soil surface and then ploughed in had a mean annual decline rate of 24% and an estimated time to 95% decline of 10-14 years under cropping with winter or spring wheat. In dry storage, seeds gradually lose viability. There was a 50% reduction after 3 years and 100% loss after 7 years. Seed stored under granary conditions exhibited only trace viability after 20 years.
Ripe seed retained on the plant may contaminate cereal grain at crop harvest. Redshank seed has been found as an impurity in cereal, flax, grass and clover seed. The mean number of seeds found in red clover was 6 per 1,000 equivalent to 21,000 weed seeds per ha sown with the clover.
Seeds can pass unharmed through the digestive systems of horses, cattle and deer. Viable seeds have been found in cattle droppings. The seeds are also ingested and dispersed by birds. Redshank seed can float in water for 24 hrs and has been recovered from irrigation water.
Management: Well-hoed root crops and surface cultivations in spring and early summer should keep it under control. However, in moist conditions, stem fragments can re-root allowing re-establishment after soil disturbance. Seeding should be prevented and care should be taken not to introduce seed with crop seed or in manure.
In spring wheat, increasing the sowing rate of the cereal and reducing the row width reduced redshank biomass and seed production. The narrow rows were mechanically weeded in June and July with a spring tine harrow.
Redshank seed is susceptible to soil solarization but the seedlings are relatively tolerant of ultraviolet-B radiation. Seeds in moist soil heated at 75 or 102°C lost viability after 12 hours and after 5 minutes respectively.
Updated November 2007.
Further Information / Links:
For more information on this weed
- Fully referenced review Redshank (81 Kb) November 07
»UK farmers' case studies « Back to Annual Broad-leaved Weeds


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Due to its many health advantages, buckhorn plantain (plantago lanceolata) has been used as a medicine for millennia. This article provides a thorough summary of the properties of buckhorn plantain, together with information on its health advantages, recommended dose, possible side effects, drug interactions, and responsible usage. We will also examine the plant's chemistry and its physiological processes on the body and brain in more scientific depth.
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Buckhorn Plantain: Benefits, Dosage, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, and Other Important Information is an original (NootropicsPlanet) article.
Nature of Buckhorn Plantain:
A perennial herbaceous plant in the plantaginaceae family, buckhorn plantain is sometimes referred to as ribwort plantain or narrowleaf plantain. Although it originated in Europe, it is now widespread around the globe. The plant produces flowers that have spike-like clusters with long, thin leaves and distinct parallel veins. The leaves, seeds, and roots of buckhorn plantain are used in traditional herbal medicine because they have therapeutic properties.
Health Benefits of Buckhorn Plantain
- Anti-inflammatory Benefits: Buckhorn plantain includes bio-active substances such as aucubin and flavonoids, which have strong anti-inflammatory benefits. Because of these components, buckhorn plantain is beneficial for treating diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis.
- Wound Healing: Buckhorn plantain leaves contain allantoin, a substance recognized for its ability to promote wound healing. It benefits small wounds, burns, and skin irritations by promoting tissue regeneration and accelerates the healing process.
- Support for the Respiratory System: Buckhorn plantain has long been used to treat respiratory conditions including asthma, bronchitis, and coughs. The plant includes mucilage, which facilitates expectoration and soothes inflamed airways.
- Digestive Aid: Buckhorn plantain eating has been linked to better digestion. The mucilage in the plant helps ease heartburn, helps regulate bowel movements, and calm the digestive system.
Chemistry of Buckhorn Plantain
Numerous bio-active substances found in buckhorn plantain contribute to its therapeutic properties. These consist of:
- Iridoids: Aucubin is the main iridoid substance present in buckhorn plantain. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects can be found in iridoids.
- Flavonoids: The flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin are found in buckhorn plantain. Flavonoids are renowned for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and they support the buckhorn plantain's general health advantages.
- Tannins: Buckhorn plantain contains tannins, which are polyphenolic substances. Due to their astringent properties, they can help lessen inflammation and preserve mucosal membranes.
- Mucilage: Mucilage, a material that resembles gel and is made up of complex carbohydrates, is present in buckhorn plantains. Mucilage has demulcent properties that build a calming and protective covering on sensitive tissues, especially in the digestive system.
- Allantoin: This substance has a reputation for promoting wound healing. It aids in the healing of wounds and skin irritations by promoting cell proliferation, collagen formation, and tissue regeneration.
Physiological Properties of Buckhorn Plantain
The bio-active chemicals in buckhorn plantain and their interactions with different molecular targets are what cause the physiological effects of the plant on the body and brain. Its healing effects are supported by the following mechanisms:
- Anti-inflammatory Activity: Buckhorn plantain's aucubin, flavonoids, and tannins have anti-inflammatory properties that prevent certain enzymes from producing inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. By modulating inflammatory pathways, inflammation in many tissues and organs is reduced.
- Antioxidant Protection: Buckhorn plantain contains flavonoids and other phenolic compounds that have the ability to scavenge dangerous free radicals and shield cells and tissues from oxidative damage. This antioxidant property benefits general health and can aid in the prevention of chronic conditions linked to oxidative stress.
- Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration: Buckhorn plantain's allantoin, which stimulates collagen production, cell proliferation, and tissue regeneration, aids in wound healing. It speeds up wound healing and the growth of fresh skin tissue, facilitating recuperation.
- Calming and Protective Effects: Buckhorn plantain's mucilage content acts as a calming and shield for inflamed mucous membranes. This effect is very important for the digestive system since it can reduce bloating, heartburn, and stomach ulcers.
- Support for the Respiratory System: Buckhorn plantain has a long history of usage in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, and coughs. The plant's mucilage and anti-inflammatory qualities may help calm inflamed airways, lessen coughing, and encourage expectoration, however the exact processes are still unclear.
While buckhorn plantain's therapeutic effects are supported by scientific data, further study is necessary to completely understand how it works and to create precise dose recommendations for various medical ailments.
A sensible and knowledgeable approach to healthcare can provide people with a natural option for promoting their entire well-being by including buckhorn plantain in their daily diet. As with any dietary supplement, it is best to seek the advice of trained herbalists or medical experts to ensure proper dosage, avoid possible interactions, and get individualized recommendations.
Optimal Dosage of Buckhorn Plantain
The ideal dose of buckhorn plantain is dependent on a number of variables, including your age, general health, and the intended purpose. It is essential to speak with a skilled herbalist or healthcare practitioner for individualized advice since the scientific research does not provide exact dose recommendations. Depending on your particular health condition, you must take into account unique circumstances and provide the proper dose directions.
Side Effects of Buckhorn
Occasionally, buckhorn plantain ingestion might result in moderate gastrointestinal discomfort, such as gas, bloating, or an upset stomach. Usually transient, these symptoms disappear on their own.
Although buckhorn plantain is mostly regarded as safe to eat, some people may encounter minor side effects. It is important to be knowledgeable about these possible negative effects:
Allergic Reactions: Plants of the plantaginaceae family, particularly buckhorn plantain, can cause allergies or sensitivities in certain people. Skin rashes, itching, hives, or respiratory symptoms like sneezing or breathing difficulties can all be signs of an allergic response. It is crucial to stop using and get medical help if any negative reactions happen.
Skin irritation: Buckhorn plantain formulations administered topically in certain people can result in allergic dermatitis or skin irritation. Before using it more widely, it is advised to do a patch test on a small area of skin.
It is important to note that side effects are rather infrequent and that the majority of people can consume buckhorn plantain without suffering any negative effects. However, it is always advisable to proceed with care, especially if you are trying buckhorn plantain for the first time or if you have a history of allergies or sensitivity to plants in your family.
It is best to stop taking buckhorn plantain and get additional advice from a skilled herbalist or healthcare provider if you suffer any severe or lingering negative effects. They can evaluate your particular circumstances and provide suitable advice based on your unique health profile.
Potential of Buckhorn Plantain
When handled sensibly, buckhorn plantain is typically safe to eat. However, a few people could develop minor side effects including skin irritation, allergic reactions, or stomach discomfort. It is advised to stop using and get medical help if any negative side effects happen.
Buckhorn Plantain and Drug Interactions: There is little scientific research about possible drug interactions with buckhorn plantain. To prevent possible interactions or negative effects, if you are using drugs, especially those with anticoagulant or antiplatelet properties, you should speak with a healthcare provider before consuming buckhorn plantain.
It is crucial to ensure that buckhorn plantain is used responsibly when using it as a dietary supplement. Here are some suggestions to keep in mind:
- Quality and Sources: Select buckhorn plantain items of the highest quality from reliable suppliers, or choose wild-harvested or organic sources.
- Consultation: To establish the proper dose and use based on unique health conditions, medicines, and possible interactions, consult a healthcare practitioner or a licensed herbalist.
- Allergies and Sensitivities: Use buckhorn plantain with care if you have known allergies or sensitivities to members of the plantaginaceae family of plants, such as plantains or bananas.
- Begin with Low Doses: Start with a low dose and gradually raise it as tolerated, watching out for any negative responses.
- Adverse Effects: Stop using immediately and get medical help if any unexpected or serious side effects appear.
Buckhorn plantain has a long history of traditional use and is a diverse therapeutic herb. It is a great dietary supplement due to its many health advantages, which include anti-inflammatory effects, wound healing abilities, respiratory support, and digestive aid. Even if the ideal dose and particular drug interactions need individual evaluation, wise use of buckhorn plantain can enhance wellbeing in general. Its entire potential must be thoroughly researched in order to provide detailed dose recommendations and drug interactions.
- Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress-protective activity. Retrieved From: _URL_
- Plants For A Future. (n.d.). Plantago lanceolata – L. Retrieved from: _URL_


Project Nominators (lead):
Project Nominators (additional):
United States
Project Description:
This is a small-scale project that will evaluate processes and economics for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation from pressurized gas streams. The project will evaluate primary promising new gas separation membranes, initially at atmospheric pressure. A subsequent stage of the project will improve the performance of the membranes for CO2 removal from the fuel gas product of coal gasification and other gas streams under high pressure.
Links to more information:


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All-electric ships (AES), enabled by integrated power systems (IPS), have been pursued for both commercial and military applications to meet the increasing ship-board power demand and environmental sustainability initiatives. They necessitate real-time power management (PM) for dynamic reconfiguration to support system critical operations in the event of dynamic load change or IPS component failures. The nonlinear, large scale trajectory optimization problem associated with IPS, along with the non-analytical nature of IPS model, makes many existing methods inadequate in meeting the real-time requirements. In this paper, we develop a methodology that exploits time scale separation, a characteristic associated with IPS dynamics, to achieve real-time optimization. In parallel, a dynamic model of the IPS with gas turbine and fuel cell as power plants is developed that captures the relevant dynamics but is simple enough for real-time optimization. The tradeoffs between the computational efficiency and optimization accuracy are analyzed. The optimization results for IPS PM on a real-time simulator are reported, which illustrate the real-time feasibility of the proposed optimization strategy.
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The game features and advantages of Multiplied Challenge are:
2 game modes sequential or selective (full version)
2 forms of learning or review game (full version)
11 levels of play (full version)
Interaction of children with new technologies
Helps improve the level of analysis and understanding.
LEVEL OF LEARNING
This level of play is ideal for people who are just learning multiplicaryatables we can see the result of the operation on the bottom of the screen.
This level of play is for people who already know or wish to review the multiplication tables as they are not showing the result of the operation,so the person will have to do the operation to calculate the result and tocapture the correct number.
We can play two ways in sequence, to play starting in table 2 through 12,sequentially.
But we can also do so selective we decided that we want to learn orreview board and once we finish we can return to re-select the table you want.


Altered Sleep Patterns in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Insulin Regimen
 1. Farid H. Mahmud, MD1,2
 1. 1Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
 2. 2Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 1. Corresponding author: Yonatan Yeshayahu, jonathan.yeshayahu{at}
Changes in sleep duration and pattern are well described in adolescence. Only 20% of adolescents meet recommendations for hours of sleep during the week (9–9.25 h) (1), and adolescents frequently overcompensate on weekends with delayed awakening times (2). Limited data exist describing sleep patterns in type 1 diabetic patients. This is directly relevant to determining optimal insulin treatment regimens and achieving target metabolic control. We describe sleeping times in adolescent diabetic patients in relation to age-matched peers with attention to the influence of insulin regimens.
Seventy-five adolescent patients with diabetes and 54 healthy individuals aged 12–18 years were assessed. Sleep timings on typical weekends and weekdays were collected as part of a larger, institutional ethics committee approved study evaluating activity using a questionnaire (Habitual Activity Estimation Scale) (3), which was completed by patients during routine diabetes clinic visits. The control group was recruited from a local high school. Insulin treatment regimen, diabetes duration, A1C, and anthropomorphic measures were extracted from the medical charts. These variables were compared between patients with diabetes and the control group and within the patient population between different insulin regimen groups. Data were compared using unpaired t tests and linear regression analysis.
Study and control subjects were of similar age (diabetic subjects 16.0 vs. control subjects 16.3 years, P = 0.07) and sex (diabetic subjects 44% female, control subjects 57% female, P = 0.13). Forty percent of patients were on a three times daily insulin regimen, 44% were on multiple daily injection, and 16% were on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
Mean weekday sleep duration was significantly longer in adolescents with diabetes compared with matched peers (diabetic subjects 8.4 h, control subjects 8.0 h, P = 0.01). Weekend sleep duration was significantly longer than weekday sleep duration in both groups with (mean increase in sleep, diabetic subjects 1.8 h, control subjects 2.2 h). The mean wake up time during the weekend was similar between diabetic subjects and the control group (11:16:00 a.m. vs. 11:06:00 a.m., respectively). In both groups, sleep duration during weekdays was inversely correlated with age such that 18-year-old subjects experienced 1 h less sleep than 12-year-old subjects (weekday sleep duration at age 12 years 8.9 h, age 18 years 7.9 h, P = 0.02). A1C did differ based on insulin regimen (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion 7.4 ± 0.4, multiple daily injection 7.9 ± 0.2, three times daily insulin regimen 8.8 ± 0.2, P = 0.007), but mean sleep times or wake times did not differ based on insulin regimen, A1C, or duration of disease.
During adolescence, total sleep duration changes and sleep/wake times shift such that teenagers go to bed late and wake up even later. The circadian timing system responsible for this phase delay in sleep is influenced by hormonal changes during puberty, specifically a delay in melatonin secretion (4). Altered sleep may be of greater relevance in adolescents with diabetes, because disrupted sleep architecture occurs in children with diabetes, and sleep depravation does impair insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects (5). Therefore, earlier intensification of insulin regimen should be considered to better accommodate the reality of adolescent sleeping habits.
Y.Y. is a recipient of the American Physicians Fellowship (APF) grant.
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
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Tuesday, August 23, 2011
And his backstory?
 1. Willie Tubbs hails from Macon Georgia, the city that produced so many great musicians like the Allman Brothers, parts of R.E.M., Otis Redding and Little Richard plus others. Willie lived in extreme poverty as a child earning money by shining shoes, sweeping out stores and washing dishes. He has been a religious man all his life. His father was a preacher and his mother sang in the choir. He too sang in the church choir, but his father and mother insisted on good schooling so his singing aspirations never led him into the music industry. His family scraped and saved enough money to send him to Tuskegee University where he pursued a degree in teacher education. He then taught people how to teach for many years at the University. After Willie retired and his spouse of many years died, he underwent a religious crisis. He eventually came to find a brand of syncretic Sufism and peace within.
 2. You have a spider-web thing going with the jacket. Another version where maybe the tie is the spider?
 3. Anonymous9:00 PM
 Marco has quite an imagination. Actually he is George Washington Amos and he lives with his wife, Sallie, near Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He is a retired railroad porter, has a little garden, a cat and two hound dogs and his children and grandchildren all live just down the road.


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Kinetics of pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids
The kinetics of pathogen destruction were determined during storage of digested and dewatered wastewater treatment biosolids to obtain relationships between temperature and duration of biosolids storage. Biosolids, seeded with Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and Ascaris suum eggs were incubated at 5°, 22°, 38°, and 49.5°C, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions for up to 62 days. Destruction of pathogens in stored biosolids occurred at all temperatures examined; however, rates increased with increasing temperature. There was no significant difference between the destruction of pathogens under aerobic or anaerobic conditions at all temperatures studied. At 50°C, the decay rate of S. typhimurium, Y. enterocolitica, bacteriophage f2, poliovirus, and A. suum eggs was estimated to be 1.13, 1.10, 1.54, 0.81, and 0.21 log10 reductions per day, respectively.


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On April 6, 2010, Jack O'Connell held a press conference to announce that California faced a teacher shortage. The state's superintendent of public instruction cited anticipated retirements over the next ten years, teacher attrition through layoffs, and a break in the supply line from teacher preparation universities as major factors in creating a critical shortage of teachers in the state. After a lull in the past five years, student enrollment in California is predicted to grow, creating a mismatch between supply and demand for teachers.
However, most of the attention in California was drawn not to a potential shortage of teachers, but rather to threats to school funding and potential layoffs of teachers due to the state's budget crisis. During a specific moment of crisis, a politicization of teacher shortages, current or projected (some would say imagined), can cause one to overlook what might be a real issue.
Certainly, this was the case the last time teacher shortages were predicted. In the previous two decades, school districts were able to address increased enrollment and predictions of teacher shortages by tapping into an increased supply of new teachers from universities. While there were genuine shortages of teachers in some places, they tended to exist in certain rural and urban situations. And of course, the supply of good math, science and special education teachers has been tight for a while.
Steady Teacher Attrition
But let's go back and look at the claims made by California's schools chief to see if there really might be a teacher shortage on the horizon in this bellwether state. Events in California are often a harbinger for things to come elsewhere.
O'Connell cited a report from the nonprofit Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning (CFTL). As California struggles to provide a robust student and teacher data collection and reporting system, groups like the CFTL provide data that point to trends in the state. The CFTL teamed with the California State University and University of California to prepare a report, California's Teaching Force 2010: Key Issues and Trends. The report cites some facts that point to a looming teacher shortage:
- In 2009-2010, 32 percent of the workforce was over fifty years of age, placing about a third of teachers on track for retirement in the next ten years.
- The number of new teachers hired has dropped 50 percent in the past two years.
- The number of enrollees in teacher preparation colleges dropped from 75,000 to 45,000 from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008.
- The number of teaching credentials issued declined by 35 percent since 2004.
In addition, the report notes that whereas student enrollment had decreased in recent years, it is projected to grow by more than 230,000 by 2018-2019.
What is not emphasized, but should be highlighted here, is that there has been a steady attrition of teachers in the state. Many teachers have left the profession after being laid off during the fiscal crisis—26,000 as of April 2010. It's estimated that 40 percent of teachers provided with statutorily required layoff notices in the spring of 2010 in California did not get their jobs back by the first day of the new school year. Others have left the profession because of dissatisfaction with teaching in general, reduced compensation due to salary reductions or furlough days, or a decrease in monetary support for supplies and textbooks.
Attrition Rates across the Nation
In the past, it is teacher attrition that has pushed a teacher shortage from theoretical to real, as new teachers from the supply pipeline have always been sufficient to replace retiring teachers. School districts could also draw from a reserve pool of teachers to plug gaps. This reserve pool traditionally has consisted of teachers who have left the profession, to raise families in some cases, or who obtained teaching credentials but did not seek positions right away. It is estimated that roughly 50 percent of newly qualified teachers do not enter the profession upon graduation. This reserve pool has been depleted, not augmented, by layoffs as, it is argued, teachers give up on the profession as a result of the harrowing nature of layoffs and a sense of abandonment by the education establishment.
The report concludes that this is a tough time for California's teachers, characterized by increased demands for improvements to achievement for all students (a reasonable demand, of course) and reduced resources and instability caused by the fiscal crisis that grips the state. It is no wonder that teaching is a less than attractive profession for new college graduates.
The National Center for Educational Statistics, a federal body that reports to Congress, showed the Digest of Educational Statistics for 2010 that the total number of K12 teachers nationwide increased by 12 percent from 1999 to 2009, easily meeting the demands of increased enrollment over that time. The overall national pupil-teacher ratio declined from 16.1:1 to 15.3:1 during that same period. At a glance, it would seem that there was no teacher shortage, at least until 2009.
A 2007 policy brief from the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future noted that teacher attrition tends to tip the supply equation into deficit. Of course, it would seem that the teaching ranks have been diminished since 2009 by the economic downturn and resultant layoffs, even with the last federal stimulus to schools. In May 2010, the Obama administration estimated that 100,000 teachers would lose their jobs nationwide, and the federal stimulus to schools was implemented to negate this threat. Once this federal money dissipates by the end of 2012, it is expected that more teachers will lose their jobs if the economy fails to ignite.
The extent of this anecdotal decline is not yet showing up in the data. The most recent Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) by NCES was in 2007-2008 and predated the full impact of the economic crisis. The Teacher Follow-up Survey usually follows SASS by one year and seeks to provide information about teacher mobility and attrition in grades K-12. The most recent survey, in 2008-2009, shows that 8 percent of public school teachers left the profession. (By comparison, the attrition rate was 6.6 percent in the mid-1990s.) Among public school teachers with one to three years of experience, the rate in 2008-2009 was 9.1 percent.
The retirement rate has remained steady at about 2 percent of teachers since the 1960s. It would seem that schools have been able to manage a 10 percent attrition rate (8 percent leavers and 2 percent retirees) by tapping into the supply provided by universities and the reserve labor pool of former teachers. But the rate of attrition seems to be trending higher, and we have yet to see the impact of the financial downturn in the numbers.
Perhaps the warning from California that the supply line of new teachers is disrupted may be worth a closer look. It might not be as easy as it has been in the past to churn out new teachers from the universities, as higher education too has been hit by the financial downturn. It is also important to note that the NCES predicts record student enrollment every year until at least 2018.
It would seem that school districts should at least position themselves for a potential shortage once the economy starts to improve. It is time to rebuild relationships with universities in order to attract student teachers and interns. It would be wise to harness the full power of the Internet, perhaps including social networks, to reach out to the newest generation of potential teachers. Most importantly, it is prudent to retain the teachers you have by providing support and mentorship during these challenging times. This will have a positive impact on student learning and will shave costs in staff development overall as schools keep well-trained and highly qualified teachers in the classroom.
Eamonn O'Donovan is a former principal and currently serves as an assistant superintendent of human resources in Southern California.


Porsche Design P 9982 from BlackBerry - Change your input language
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Change your input language
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language is the display language you chose.
Tip: If you need to switch input languages often, make sure that your device is set up to detect your
languages automatically. To enable language detection, turn on the
Language detection switch on the
Input Languages screen.
2. Tap Settings > Language and Input.
3. Tap Input Languages >.
User Guide
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4. Select the checkboxes beside the languages that you want to enable.
If you can't select the checkbox beside a language, you may already have three languages selected.
Browse the full list of languages and clear a language that you no longer want to use. Then, select a new
input language.


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Multi-Store Exchange Issues in
QuickBooks Point of Sale
QuickBooks Point of Sale (POS) is a complete retail management solution that helps companies effectively handle sales, inventory, and customer information. Although QuickBooks POS has numerous advantages, multi-store configurations may need to be improved. In this post, we'll examine some of the typical problems customers may encounter while managing numerous shop locations in QuickBooks POS and discuss solutions.
Challenges in Data Synchronization
Maintaining correct and current data across many locations is one of the fundamental problems in multi-store installations. Effectively synchronizing inventory levels, sales transactions, and customer information may be challenging for QuickBooks POS. This may result in inconsistencies, issues with the inventory, and false reporting.
To address data synchronization challenges
Implement a regular schedule to synchronize data across several storage locations. a. Regular Synchronization. As a result, inventory levels, sales statistics, and customer data are continuously updated.
- Reliable Network Connectivity: To enable smooth data exchange, ensure all store locations have a reliable and secure network connection. During synchronization, an effective network architecture will stop disruptions and data loss.
Efficiency and Quickness
The efficiency of QuickBooks POS may begin to suffer if there are more retail locations. Getting data, generating reports, and performing transactions across many sites may become sluggish and laborious. This may hinder regular operations and irritate staff members and unhappy clients.
To improve performance and speed
- Optimize Hardware: Check that QuickBooks POS operates on hardware that satisfies the suggested system requirements. The performance of hardware elements like CPUs, memory, and storage may be significantly improved.
- Database administration: Maintain and enhance the QuickBooks POS database regularly. System responsiveness may be increased by doing tasks like database compacting, archiving outdated data, and rebuilding indexes.
- Regular Cleaning: Remove unwanted files, such as old or temporary reports, that might use system resources and impact performance.
Reduce network latency by optimizing the network infrastructure to boost data transfer rates and lower latency. Consider using local servers or cloud-based solutions to reduce data transmission delays between shops.
Control of security and access
Managing data security and restricting user access in a multi-store scenario may be challenging. It is essential to ensure that sensitive information is shielded from unauthorized access and breaches and that only authorized people can access detailed store data.
To improve access control and security:
- User Permissions: Depending on the duties of each position, define user roles and give the appropriate access levels. Only provide authorized people access to sensitive data and functionality.
- Password Guidelines To prevent unwanted access, implement strong password rules that include frequent password changes, complexity restrictions, and multi-factor authentication.
- Data Encryption: Use encryption technologies to safeguard data while it is being sent and stored. This protects sensitive client information, payment information, and other private information.
- Regular Auditing: Conduct user activity audits regularly to spot any irregularities or possible security holes. Address any suspicious activity immediately and take the appropriate steps to strengthen security measures.
Integration with Systems from Third Parties
Like QuickBooks POS, many companies depend on other systems like e-commerce platforms, accounting programs, or payment gateways. Data synchronization and compatibility issues might arise when integrating these systems with multi-store configurations.
To simplify system interaction with external systems
- System Compatibility: Check the compatibility of the external systems with QuickBooks POS before integrating them. Check whether any software versions or integration requirements are required for smooth data transmission.
- API Integration: Look into the Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that QuickBooks POS and other systems provide. APIs allow various software programs to interact and exchange data, facilitating easier integration.
- Notable Development: In certain circumstances, integration between QuickBooks POS and particular third-party systems may call for unique development. Consult with specialists or developers to create specialized solutions depending on your company's needs.
Although QuickBooks Point of Sale is an effective tool for managing retail operations, multi-store configurations may present some difficulties. Businesses may enhance their multi-store transactions in QuickBooks POS by resolving data synchronization issues, optimizing efficiency and speed, strengthening security and access control, and simplifying connectivity with third-party systems. To provide a smooth and practical retail management experience across numerous store locations, it is crucial to use the right tactics, seek expert support when necessary, and remain up to speed with the most recent innovations.


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Try This Out!
On a sunny day, your shadow follows you everywhere! Have you ever noticed that it slowly changes position throughout the day? In this activity, track your shadow all day to see where it goes.
What you need
- A friend
- A clock
- A sunny day
- Early in the day, go stand out on the pavement. Make sure that you are in a big open space, without any tall objects around you.
- Take the chalk and trace around your feet.
- Give the chalk to a friend, and have them trace the outline of your shadow. Write the time above the outline.
- Every hour, repeat step 3 for at least five hours. Make sure you're standing inside the foot outline you drew in step 2!
Take a look at all of the shadow outlines you've made – they moved quite a bit, didn't they? You will also notice that the shadows have changed shape just a bit. Can you figure out why that is?
The Earth is a planet, which rotates around its axis (an imaginary line down the centre) once a day. During the day, as the Earth rotates from west to east, your position relative to the sun will become more and more westward, and the sun will appear to move higher in the sky. This phenomenon means that the sun hits your location at different angles all day.
One of the challenges with solar panels is they are not always in the direct path of the sun's rays, since the sun moves during the day. In response to this problem, engineers have developed solar panels that can track the changing position of the sun and move accordingly, to get the most sunlight to its surface as possible.
Look at where your shadow fell at the beginning of the day, and look where it fell at the end of the day. From there, you can figure out which way is north, east, south, and west. If you're having trouble, think about the spin of the planet. From there, determine which direction the sun rises and sets in, and use that information to help you figure it out.Back to top


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Types of loss reduction.
Contains the following values:
NONE: Un-reduced weighted losses with the same shape as input.
SUM: Scalar sum of weighted losses.
SUM divided by sum of weights.
SUM divided by number of elements in losses.
SUM divided by number of non-zero
SUM_BY_NONZERO_WEIGHTS: Same as
_USER_ validate( cls, key )


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for this workshop
American Institute of Mathematics, San Jose, California
Asja Fischer, Guido Montufar, and Jason Morton
This workshop, sponsored by AIM and the NSF, will be devoted to the mathematics of Boltzmann machines. Since their debut in the context of deep learning, Boltzmann machines have been studied intensively, with significant leaps over the past six years, giving them a rare combination of mathematical traction and practical machine learning relevance. Researchers have been pushing tools in information theory, algebra, combinatorics, geometry, and optimization to their limits to achieve the understanding we currently have of these models. The result is a situation where further progress probably requires a more intimate merger of these tools.
The workshop will analyze Boltzmann machines in terms of
- their representational power (compact representations, approximation errors, geometry),
- parameter leaning and optimization (discrete dynamics, sampling, structure of the loss function), and
- their connections to other models and generalizations (deep/ quantum/temporal models).
The workshop will differ from typical conferences in some regards. Participants will be invited to suggest open problems and questions before the workshop begins, and these will be posted on the workshop website. These include specific problems on which there is hope of making some progress during the workshop, as well as more ambitious problems which may influence the future activity of the field. Lectures at the workshop will be focused on familiarizing the participants with the background material leading up to specific problems, and the schedule will include discussion and parallel working sessions.
The deadline to apply for support to participate in this workshop has passed.
For more information email _EMAIL_


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Safe Landing is a 3-year policy and program development initiative that focuses in on the issues of long-term housing and aftercare for those who are exiting the sex trade, informed by those with lived experience. Safe Landing has been funded by Public Safety Canada, with support from the Nova Scotia Department of Justice. Specifically, Safe Landing seeks to:
The goals of Safe Landing are:
- To consult with marginalized communities and persons with lived experience of the sex trade to inform policies and practice.
- To faciliate housing opportunities that provide safe, supportive housing for victims of trafficking which meet their particular needs and address complex trauma.
- To develop resource materials, share knowledge through training and build capacity regionally and nationally to replicate similar programs.
Educational and Awareness Materials
All content was created through academic and grey literature reviews, as well as national and international scoping reviews, identity-community consultations and speaking with individuals with lived experience. These materials explain the indicators of sexual exploitation, a glossary of terminology used within the sex trade, and practice principles for supporting trafficked and exploited persons.


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Fearing the Unknown
Chapter 3, Mishna 21(b)
By Rabbi Dovid Rosenfeld
"Rabbi Elazar ben (son of) Azariah said: If there is no Torah [study]
there is no proper conduct; if there is no proper conduct there is no
Torah [study]. If there is no wisdom there is no fear of G-d; if there is
no fear of G-d there is no wisdom. If there is no knowledge there is no
understanding; if there is no understanding there is no knowledge. If
there is no flour (sustenance) there is no Torah; if there is no Torah
there is no flour."
Last week we discussed our mishna's first statement -- "If there is no
Torah [study] there is no proper conduct." As we explained, a person who
is guided by his conscience alone will invariably fall short of the
eternal, unbending principles of morality set forth in the Torah. Our
consciences will roughly point us in the proper direction -- they *are* G-
d-given and they do hear the echoes of our eternal souls, yet even in the
best case they will fail to provide us with much of the details outlined
in the Torah for proper behavior. Further, the human conscience is as
prone to error as human beings themselves. It can easily be duped by
transient, fashionable concepts of morality and fair play -- which as we
know all too well, can at times be diametrically opposed to the real thing.
At the same time, our mishna tells us that without proper conduct one will
not accomplish in Torah study. The commentator Rabbeinu Yonah explains
that the words of the Torah will simply not dwell with a person who is not
worthy of its teachings, who lacks the basic proper behavior of the
student of Torah. R. Samson Raphael Hirsch explains further that if one
seems uninterested in applying the Torah's concepts to his life, much of
the Torah's beauty and relevance will be lost upon him. He will not study
in order to internalize, to apply to himself and to life situations. Much
of what the Torah has to say will to him be abstract and empty knowledge.
"If there is no wisdom there is no fear of G-d; if there is no fear of G-
d there is no wisdom:" Without wisdom, without a serious understanding of
G-d and His relationship with the world, one cannot meaningfully fear G-d.
Such a person might be "afraid" of G-d -- knowing He is bigger and
stronger than he and will punish him for his sins. But he will lack the
mature understanding of the concept of an infinite, all-powerful G-d. As
we know (and discussed recently), G-d does not attempt to rule though fear
and intimidation. We have to be mature enough to recognize G-d ourselves,
and to stand in awe of Him rather than in abject and senseless terror.
The truth is, human nature is ordinarily to be far more fearful of the
unknown -- death, the afterlife, spirits, things that go bump in the
night -- than that which we know about. We feel much more composed and
able to deal with matters if we know what a danger is -- even if an angry
Doberman Pinscher -- than to have an eerie sense that some unknown danger
When it comes to knowledge of G-d, however, the precise opposite is the
case. If we know G-d exists but relegate Him to the realm of the unknown,
He will become a vague, undefined concept. We will live life in the
physical world alone, perfectly content to ignore the existence of the
many spiritual layers of creation. Ignorance is bliss. If we know
something is watching us but don't know who or what, we are afraid. If,
however, we can look around and convince ourselves there is nothing
watching us at all (even if subconsciously we know life is not really that
simple), we are quite at ease.
The Talmud relates that R. Yochanan ben Zakkai, on his deathbed, wished
his students that they would fear G-d as much as they fear man. His
students asked: "Only that much?" He answered: "If only! Know that when a
person sins he looks around and says 'I hope no one is watching.'"
The Chovos HaLevavos (Sha'ar HaBechina 5; this is a classical ethical
work authored by R. Bachya ibn Pakuda of 11th Century Spain) writes that
it is one of the wonders of creation that man has an instinctive sense of
shame before his fellow but has no such shame before his Creator. Even
though we might believe with perfect faith that G-d is watching us at all
times, we do not have a *sense* of His presence. He is far less present to
us (except the most righteous among us) than one of His puny creations who
happens to be passing by.
R. Elazar of our mishna therefore tells us that in order to truly and
properly fear G-d we must be proactive. We must have the wisdom to
conceptualize our understanding of Him. We must study and internalize the
concept of G-d and His relationship with the world. We will certainly
never really understand G-d or His ways, but we cannot simply consign Him
to the realm of the unknown and unknowable, lest He slip out of our
At the same time, continues our mishna, without fear there is no wisdom.
We explained in Mishna 11 (_URL_
11.html) that if we do not feel a sense of urgency in our studies -- that
we are anxious to understand and follow G-d's Torah and are literally
scared of falling short, what we learn will lose its significance and will
never stick. Torah study requires a great deal of self-motivation. If we
see it as an interesting excursion, it will never become a part of us and
never have the impact it must. (It's kind of reminiscent of taking off
work time to attend an optional training course. If we're not too tired,
we might actually listen. But no tests? Optional homework? Forget it!
Imagine if school had been like that! Where would we all be today?)
We now arrive at the final few statements of our mishna. In the interests
of brevity, I'll deal with each of them quickly.
"If there is no knowledge there is no understanding; if there is no
understanding there is no knowledge:" The terms used in our mishna
are "da'as" which we translated as knowledge, and "binah" or
understanding. (As Eskimo language has umpteen words for snow, Hebrew has
a large collection of words for the many different shades of wisdom. (We
have a lot interesting food words too, but they're mostly Yiddish. ;-) The
commentators offer different explanations for these two terms. Maimonides
understands da'as to mean knowledge which one has acquired, often from
other sources. Binah is the result of one's own reasoning, typically by
further defining concepts or cases, or by comparing and contrasting them
to other cases. The meaning is thus that without understanding the basic
facts, one cannot possibly discern subtleties of definition and analysis.
However, only after defining and contrasting do we truly understand the
"If there is no flour (sustenance) there is no Torah; if there is no
Torah there is no flour:" In Chapter 2 Mishna 2
(_URL_ we discussed the
importance -- from a religious standpoint -- of earning a livelihood and
of being self-sufficient. Without sustenance, one will have neither the
financial means nor the emotional security to pursue religious endeavors.
Such a person may not be spending the many hours most of us do commuting
and working at the office, but without a means of support and the
emotional well-being (as well as ideally the self-confidence) it fosters,
such a person may learn less -- in quality if not quantity -- than his
At the same time, without Torah there is no livelihood, meaning,
according to the commentators, one's livelihood serves no purpose. If one
works, but it is primarily for the sake of Torah -- to allow him to live
his life religiously, to raise a family founded upon Jewish principles,
and not least to give the appropriate amounts to charitable causes -- his
very working will become an act of Divine service. It is a fulfillment of
G-d's wishes, if not His direct command. If, however, one works basically
for himself, it is fundamentally a mundane activity. In order to sanctify
the mundane, to transform secular acts into spiritual ones, we must live
every aspect of our lives for the Torah and for G-d.
Text Copyright © 2009 by Rabbi Dovid Rosenfeld and Torah.org.


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I understand that this might be a loaded question. For example, in Sql Server 2008, doing DECLARE _USER_ NUMERIC(10); means that the range of the variable will be limited by 10 digits. In other languages such as C, Java, etc. the standards for representing whole and fractional numbers are different. The range of the values is being sliced by multiples of bytes, and this is understandable, due to the way hardware works. A language could provide something that most hardware does not yet support, such as a 256-bit integer type, which will work fast on a 64-bit computer, if it is implemented correctly.
The numeric types in the databases seem to be not tied to underlying hardware. I understand that the values might need to be null-ablle, which can cost a bit or two, but why such arbitrary precision that does not seem to optimize storage or calculation speed?
Perhaps databases do not need to perform numeric computations often. Perhaps digit width of a column is a natural extension of character width. Perhaps SQL was supposed to be a non-programmers language (because it sounds like English :) )? Perhaps history took a weird turn, such as one that allowed the inferior VHS format to prosper.
Please help me understand this.
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4 Answers 4
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Actually, you're either very wrong in that assertion, or SQL server is hugely incompatible with other DB engines. Typically, you have:
 - NUMERIC(precision, scale)
 - NUMERIC(precision)
In the second case, scale is zero, i.e. you can only handle integers; precision is the maximum total number of digits with the specified scale (meaning integers in the second case).
By contrast, you seem to be reading numeric(10) as meaning "any number as long as there are 10 digits or less", for which there is no (best I'm aware anyway) SQL construct short of single/double float types (whose name differ per DB engine).
Indeed, they're not. Numeric/Decimal is an arbitrary precision number, stored very much like a varchar of huge length (1000+ digits). You can actually use it to store 1e100 + 1 as an exact value. You'll get 1 followed by zeros, and finally a 1.
You sound like you need a float... The latter would store 1e100 when given 1e100 + 1, and would yield 1e100.
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This is speculative, but I can think of a couple plausible reasons:
 1. Relational databases use numbers as identifiers more frequently than as the objects of arithmetical operations. Efficiency of storage and comparison would be more important than fast arithmetic operations. Going from 16-bit right to 32-bit integers is a big jump and would result in needless file bloat (waste in a table = num numeric fields * num rows * number of unused bytes)
 2. Transact SQL is a pretty old language, developed originally for 16-bit processors. 16-bit integers are pretty weak tea for any sort of commercial/business used, particularly in light of point (1). The original T-SQL would have needed a more powerful and flexible integers than natively provided. This may be driven by backwards compatibility.
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I think your notion that a value in a column is like a variable is not accurate. SQL Server (and other databases) stores data in terms of pages (8 KB for SQL Server). Each page will have as many rows of data as will fit (plus some overhead). So SQL Server storage really doesn't care about each column type and stores raw bytes.
Check this link for more information
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Fixed-point numeric types are not used for the same purpose as floating-point numeric types.
Sure, floating-point types (which every SQL database also has) are optimized for the machine hardware, but they are also imprecise. Every day we get to see another newbie who doesn't understand this (not to pick on anyone, that was just the most recent example I found).
You pay a hefty price for the performance and space benefits that a floating point gives you; in particular, you end up with something that can never ever be used in any system that requires exact quantities, such as a financial system. Go ahead and try using floats for your invoicing component; the accountants will kick you to the curb after the 10th time in a row that the control process fails.
Integers are great for precise storage of quantities, but pretty miserable when it comes to computation. We sold 5 units yesterday and 6 units today; you want the average? It's exactly 5, according to the system!
There are situations where you must use fixed-point precision, even if it's not perfectly optimized. Generally, those situations involve either money or precursors to money (like discount rates), although anything dealing with real-world quantities is usually better off as fixed point as well - weights and measures are another obvious example.
Oh, and by the way, that silly VHS comment at the end? Nothing but a myth. So let that be a double lesson to you: Things happen for a reason. Vapid platitudes such as "VHS won because of marketing" or "SQL was originally supposed to be for non-technical users" may sound quaint and charming but they are rarely the whole story and are often outright fabrications.
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If you just sorted numbers from lowest to highest before adding them up, would not that help in both cases? – Job Jun 10 '11 at 1:59
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Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Places Reflecting America's Diverse Cultures
Explore their Stories in the National Park System
Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
Massachusetts, Rhode Island
In the area from Providence, Rhode Island to Worcester, Massachusetts, Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor tells the story of industrialization in America and the transformation of a river from a source of food to a floating highway. Growth and change in this region is also the story of thousands of people who came from across the globe looking for work. Many still come today, creating new communities and adding to the diversity of the area. Visitors to Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor have the opportunity to explore over 300 years of American history at this birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution that is a dynamic landscape of historic and natural sites to see.
William Blackstone and Roger Williams were among the earliest European settlers in the Blackstone River Valley. Blackstone helped to found Boston and then came west to around present-day Cumberland, Rhode Island in 1635. Roger Williams helped to settle the Providence, Rhode Island area. Initially, most of the settlers were farmers. Following King Phillip's War in the late 1600s, life in the valley began to change.
Towns rebuilt after the war embraced new technological developments including the widespread use of waterpower and mills for manufacturing. In the late 1700s, Moses Brown, a merchant from Providence, and Samuel Slater, an Englishman, established a successful loom manufacturing company in Pawtucket, Rhode Island at Slater Mill, America's first textile mill. The company set the standard for the development of mills throughout the Blackstone Valley. Today, visitors can visit Old Slater Mill as part of the Slater Mill Museum and learn more about life in the mills.
The need for a faster, cheaper way to move goods from the mills to markets and to bring in raw goods led to the construction of the Blackstone Canal that runs along, and sometimes in, the Blackstone River. Completed in 1828, the canal enabled mills to spread throughout the valley from Providence to Worcester. Canal boats pulled by horses transported products and passengers for only about 20 years, after which the railroad replaced boat traffic. In that time, the valley changed dramatically. Irish laborers built the canal, which was responsible for bringing immigrants to the United States. Between Providence and Worcester, visitors can bike along portions of the towpath, canoe, or kayak, and explore the history of the canal at a number of museums and historic homes by taking these Blackstone Valley Canal Tours.
The Waters Farm in Sutton, Massachusetts is a good example of the farms that dominated the region before mills. The Waters family built the first part of the farm in 1728. They produced apples and apple cider to earn a living, but commercial trade was not a major part of life on the farm. Instead, the Waters family made and maintained the goods they needed on the farm. At one point, the farm had its own blacksmith and carpenter's shop, barn, and cider mill. Visitors can tour the farm and learn more about pre-Industrial life in the river valley and the Waters family, who lived on the property from the early 1700s to the late 1900s. Visitors can also explore the historic town of Sutton which, like much of the valley, grew more industrialized over time.
Later, larger mill construction took place in Chepachet Village, part of Gloucester, Rhode Island, one of the earliest towns changed by the Industrial Revolution. Visitors today can see an early mill constructed in 1814 to take advantage of the water that runs through the village. This mill, the Stone Mill, is one of a number of downtown buildings that date from the early 1800s. Agriculture and family businesses that dominated the area beginning in the 1600s began to give way to other types of commerce. In Chepachet, a mill, a Masonic Hall, a tavern, and a grocery store made the town a center of commercial activity. Larger mill buildings from a later period are also in the town.
By the mid-1800s, the larger mills needed more employees, which led to the growth of mill towns. In Georgiaville, part of Smithfield, Rhode Island, Zachariah Allen established a particularly successful mill in 1853 that became the basis for the life of the community. Mill housing still lines Stillwater Road. In this company town, the mill provided both a paycheck and a place to live. Workers and supervisors lived in separate employee housing. At Georgiaville Pond, visitors can look out over a landscape changed for the mill where dams on the Woonasquatucket River created ponds that helped ensure a constant water level so that the mill could always run.
Founded in the 1840s as a Utopian village, Hopedale, Massachusetts is another good example of a mill town. Here, as in Smithfield, the mill and its owners shaped the town. The Draper Corporation constructed houses and institutional buildings. At the time, the company thought that by providing workers with good homes and other amenities, employees would work harder and the company could attract better prospective employees. The Draper Corporation became the largest manufacturer of equipment for the production of cotton textiles in the country. Workers came from all over to work the factory, including men and women from England, Scotland, Canada, Ireland, and Italy. By 1916, roughly 1,700 people worked in the factories; this number grew to almost 3,500 by 1951.
In the 1920s, mills began to decline in the United States, as manufacturing in the Northeast weakened. Life in the Blackstone River Valley is much different now than it was when Samuel Slater and Moses Brown teamed up to establish the textile industry in the United States roughly 130 years ago. The presence of the textile industry has diminished, though its impact has not. The area is still home to a rich mix of peoples. Until most of the mills closed, French-Canadians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Swedes, Poles, and the Portuguese were among the largest immigrant groups to come to the valley looking for opportunities. Today, new immigrants come from South America, Cambodia, Laos, and Viet Nam.
The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor brings alive the story of the Industrial Revolution in the United States. In its historic mill towns and other sites, visitors can learn firsthand what drew so many diverse peoples to the promise of opportunity there.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To set apart in or as if in a ghetto; isolate.
- v. To make into or similar to a ghetto: "He left a city ghettoized and strangled by highways and the auto" ( New York).
- v. transitive To put someone in a ghetto, or to isolate as if in a ghetto.
- v. transitive To make a place into a ghetto, or to add the characteristics of a ghetto.
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. to form into a ghetto; to isolate (people) as though into a ghetto.
- v. put in a ghetto
"Where do you get the term ghettoize as you use it above?"
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"+ porn sites think it would be easier for the government to "ghettoize" them."
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These user-created lists contain the word 'ghettoize'.
Looking for tweets for ghettoize.