Mafraq Governorate
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Mafraq Governorate (محافظة المفرق)
Mafraq in Jordan.svg
Mafraq Governorate
Country Jordan
Cities Ruwaished, Safawi
Capital Mafraq
 - coordinates 32°16′0″N 36°9′20″E / 32.26667°N 36.15556°E / 32.26667; 36.15556Coordinates: 32°16′0″N 36°9′20″E / 32.26667°N 36.15556°E / 32.26667; 36.15556
Area 26,551 km2 (10,251 sq mi)
Population 300,300 (2012)
Density 11.3 / km2 (29 / sq mi)
Governor Saleem Rawahneh
Timezone GMT +2
 - summer (DST) +3
Area code +(962)2
Urban 39.2%
Rural 60.8%
Mafraq (Arabic محافظة المفرق Al-Mafraq, local dialects Mafrag or Mafra' ) is one of the governorates of Jordan, located to the north-east of Amman, capital of Jordan. It has a population of 287,300 (2010 estimate)[1] making up 4.5% of Jordan's population. Its capital is Mafraq, which is known for its military bases.
The city hall of the town of Khalediyya
Nahias of Mafraq
Many Roman and Byzantine sites have been found throughout the governorate, most notably churches dating from the third century AD; believed to be two of the oldest purpose built churches in Christianity: and Roman water dams in Ruwaished and the city of Mafraq. Mafraq city also contains a Roman fort.
During the British mandate period, Mafraq housed a military facilities which are still in use today. The fifth division of the Jordanian Army is stationed in Mafraq.
The province is located in the eastern part of the kingdom of Jordan. It is the only governorate in Jordan that has borders with three countries: Iraq to the east, Syria to the north, and Saudi Arabia to the south. It is bordered by Irbid and Jerash governorates to the west, and by Zarqa governorate to the south.
Mafraq governorate covers the second largest area in the kingdom, but yet the second smallest population density (after Ma'an). The climate is dry most of the year. The western region of the province is part of the fertile Houran plateaus, that extend through southern Syria, the Golan heights and northern Jordan.
The Governorate is connected to Iraq through the Karameh Border Crossing, and to Syria through the Jabir Border Crossing.
The population of Mafraq Governorate according to the census of 2004 was 244,188 of whom 30% is considered urban and 70% is rural. Jordanian citizens made up about 94% of the population. The Jordanian Department of Statistics population estimate for the year 2010 is 287,300 with a female to male ratio of 48.17 to 51.83 and a population density of 10.8 persons per km2. In 2011 and 2012, the civil war in Syria resulted in the immigration of more than 180,000 Syrian refugees to Jordan, mostly settled in Mafraq and Irbid Governorates. In July 2012, the Zaatari refugee camp was opened in Mafraq Governorate for Syrian refugees.
Demographics of Mafraq Governorate 2004 Census [2] 2011 Estimate
Female to male ratio 48.0% to 52.0% 48.18% to 51.82%
Jordanian citizens to foreign nationals 93.9% to 6.1% N/A
Urban population 30.0% 39.2%
Rural population 70.0% 60.8%
Total population 244,188 293,700
Administrative divisions[edit]
Mafraq Governorate is divided into four districts (or departments) according to article 10 of the 46th Administrative Divisions System of the Kingdom of Jordan by the Ministry of Interior which was ratified in the year 2000:
District Arabic Name Subdivisions Administrative Center Population
Census 2004
estimate 2008
1 Mafraq Capital (Nafraq Casabah) District لواء قصبة المفرق includes 72 towns and villages Mafraq city. 101,712 114,550
2 Ruwaishid District لواء الرويشد includes 12 towns and villages Ruwaished 9,805 11,040
3 North Badiya (Badiah Shamaliyah) District لواء البادية الشمالية includes 67 towns and villages Sabh 57,706 64,990
4 West Badiya (Badiah Gharbiyah) District لواء البادية الشمالية الغربية includes 45 towns and villages Sama as-Sarhan قلايدالخيل 74,965 84,420
Agriculture forms a central element of the economy for Mafraq Governorate, especially in the Houran Plateau in the western part of the province. The total area of fruit farms in the province in 2008 was 48.676 km2, with a total production of 101874 tons of fruits mainly apples and peaches, according to the ministry of Agriculture.[3] The total area of vegetable farms in the province for 2008 was 8.295 km2 with a total production of 15540 tons, with cabbage, onions, garlic, and lettuce being the main products.[4]
There is one natural gas production field at Al-Reeshah, it is run by the Jordanian National Petroleum Company. In 2008, British Petroleum purchased the rights to produce natural gas in the field, and is expected to increase its capacity from 21 cubic feet (0.59 m3) to 300 million cubic feet per day in the next five years. The natural gas produced at Al-Reeshah is used entirely for producing electricity at a nearby electricity generating station with a capacity of 120 Megawatts, covering 12% of the total needs of the kingdom for the year 2008.[5]
The city of Mafraq hosts Al al-Bayt University, which is the only university in the governorate.[6]
See also[edit]


Earth Consultants
Applying Lean Six Sigma to the Environment
How many times do you flush the toilet per day? You might be surprised!
3 min read
5! Is that correct? It can't be that many…
In the book, Green Intentions, author Brett Wills discusses ways to reduce different environmental impacts by understanding the value stream of those processes within a business.
Green Intentions
Under the topic of water reduction, he explains how to estimate the amount of water coming from various sources. After you count up the number of urinals and toilets, and record the gallons per flush (gpf) for each device, you should multiply the number of employees by 5, to estimate water usage. 5? That seemed extremely high to me, don't you think?
So of course, I needed to do my own research to see if that is true. Here is what I found…
The last article actually references a study from AWWARF (now Water Research Foundation). I couldn't find the original study, but I'm still looking for it. If you have something better, please let us know.
It seems like others are saying the same thing, and 5 is not far off. Many of these numbers are a daily toilet use, not separated by office and home. Only a couple of them break out the number by toilet and urinals. Here is my recommendation, for those trying to estimate water usage in a company.
 - For urinals, use 3 flushes per office day per male employee
 - For toilets, use 1 flush per male employee, and 4 flushes per female employee
This will put it at 4 total flushes per employee per workday.
So let's show how this information might look in a spreadsheet. Let's look at a company with 110 females and 95 males (205 employees), that pays $0.02 per gallon of water. What is the estimated cost of the urinals and toilets? This information could be used to determine payback on installing low flow toilets.
The estimated employees per device is based on the number of males and females and the percent of each device type, and assumes that each employee has an equal chance of visiting each device. If you want to get more specific, you might look at the breakdown by area (especially in larger buildings). So if you look at the urinals, there are 4 of the 2.5 gpf model, and 2 of the 1.0 gpf model. Since 67% (4 of the 6) urinals are 2.5 gpf, we calculate that 67% of the males will use it (63 out of 95 males).
Here is a link to a simple spreadsheet to get you started. Feel free to modify as needed.
Water Usage Estimates by Toilet
Do you have a different approach? Please share!


Today on Blogcritics
Home » Gaming » Scared Now?
Scared Now?
Trick or Treat
Prior to video games existed the idea of horror. Like film and literature before it, games have tried to emulate the same panic and fear-inducing concepts of its brethren. It's safe to say that for the most part that they have failed. Games have essentially devolved from creating tension and real suspense in favor of grotesque abominations and cheap thrills.
I may be merely generalizing, but there hasn't truly been a genuine horror experience in video games. There have been bits and pieces of a more grandiose idea but nothing beyond that. Here are five suggestions I have for developers to create realistic horror in video games.
5. Good Controls
So let me get this straight — I'm a government agent trained in all manners of fighting techniques, except I am limited to the movements of a Lego brick. How cool is that? Back in old school Resident Evil this concept was used to usher in the feeling of tension through limited movement. Today this is known as poor control mechanics. Giving players free control of their character means focusing less on the "tension" of controlling like garbage and more on creating real horror. Go figure.
4. Inferential Fear
Fear is something that occurs organically in our minds. As such, every aspect of your experience should be just that, organic. I don't need grotesque imagery or nightmarish halls of the infernal to scare me. All it takes is for you to simply walk up and steal the small sense of security I have. Show the player how real the fear in your world is to the fear that exists in real life. All children are afraid of the dark, as unorthodox or as illogical as that may seem. Yet since we were little, we knew we were never alone in the darkness.
3. Death
The idea of failure in games is what makes games less emotionally thrilling. By nature, games are designed in a way that warrants multiple playthroughs. That doesn't mean demeaning the overall experience however. It has become paramount to arm the player with godlike powers, thus dispelling the instantaneous illusion of fear. The player must be shown immediately what death and failure means, and in an overall sense the negative aspect that death represents. That is to say, you should not be cheap or overall weak in your game design. Rather, invest your time to make your player helpless against the idea of fear.
2. Not Seeing is Believing
Too often in horror, we are treated to the true face of evil. The Antagonist that represents all our nightmares and horrifying experiences. The effect is two-fold; while you immediately display terror and a mix of emotions, you show the player what to expect. This isn't necessarily a bad thing; it's just used with too much liberty in video games. How many times do I have to kill the annoying enemy that scared me from the first hour? By the end of the game, I'm just annoyed and frustrated at the monster, rather than feel tense and frightened. Use a little more tact and show players that the idea that the monster you created is a lot more terrifying than the actual creature.
1. Be Scary
How's that for being redundant? When all else fails at the end, just remember that being a sadistic turdball works too. Give the player connections, ties through character development and interaction. Then show the player what you do best — being scary. Prey on them. Show them the deep psychological aspects of the human mind. Shatter their expectations of what is real and not real. So deeply ingrained to the point where they fear the myopic details of their lives. Show them why people are afraid of the dark.
These suggestions are far from complete, or for that matter well reasoned. However, I still have hope for a truly scary video game to come along. Hopefully Alan Wake fills that niche. Yes that was a shameless plug; hooray for being professional.
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 Personally, I find it hard by all forms of media to be scared. I think what makes me like older horror games (Resident Evil etc.) is the fact the the atmosphere is truly dark. As you said, restrictions in movement were what made those particular games thrilling, but I loved the puzzle elements along with the scarcity of ammo. I miss survival horror games that actually forced you to be resourcful, giving an aspect of well.. survival. Opposed to the action shoot em up that Resident Evil is today.
 If they brought back the bad controls just to bring back the dark atmosphere of RE, it would be a fair trade to me. The camera angles made it a cinematic experience for me, not knowing what lurks around the corner.
 Freedom of control make things less scary, for me at least :)


text:
AllianceBlock and Datomize Integration
AllianceBlock announcing its integration with Datomize, a synthetic data solution provider. The partnership will allow Datomize to bring its state-of-the-art data replication and synthesization tools to the Data Tunnel.
It will also allow all users to harness Datomize's options to anonymize, expand, and augment datasets. This will add an optional privacy and experimentation benefit to our data solutions that will allow more users and institutions to access our product while a lower initial investment is needed.
AI-Powered Data Privacy Opens Up New Institutional Use Cases for the Data Tunnel
Using integrated tools from Datomize, Data Tunnel's users can create a synthetic replica of a dataset that keeps the same key statistical and demographic characteristics while excluding sensitive or personal information such as names, contact details, or social security numbers.
In cases where datasets are biased or incomplete, users can expand them using probabilistic, AI-powered tools. This will allow Data Tunnel users to gain insights from synthetic datasets that retain the characteristics and trends of real-world data while ensuring compliance with relevant data privacy regulations.
By using the technology of Datomize, their users can create more training data for their models (Replicate), improve the quality of the data of their datasets (Recharge) or synthesize new data inside their dataset so that it can generate new insights (Reinvent). Here is an overview of Datomize's features and how they accelerate the use of Data Tunnel :
- Replicate: AI-powered data generation tools to generate high-quality synthetic data that improve the quality and variety of existing datasets. This means data publishers can now submit their data without privacy concerns. They can also create additional data based on the original.
- Recharge: Specialized tools to enhance the quality and variety of training data for machine learning models. This means that users wanting to use incomplete datasets that they see potential in can now use machine learning models to fill out the gaps based on existing information.
- Reinvent: Dedicated features to reconstruct and augment existing datasets to overcome bias or gaps in existing data. This will allow users to test different scenarios and hypotheses by combining various data sources.
AllianceBlock Co-Founder and CTO Matthijs De Vries said: "Data is the fuel that powers new ideas and drives good decisions. But anyone who has worked in data science or analytics knows how hard it can be to deal with incomplete or skewed datasets. By partnering with Datomize, we will empower Data Tunnel users to fill the gaps in their data, unlock new possibilities, and uncover insights from machine learning."
Datomize Founder and CEO Avi Weiss added "Information is at the heart of every economy and when data is more openly accessible, it leads to more innovation and growth. Partnering with AllianceBlock was an obvious choice as we share a common vision of a transparent, open and compliant data economy that preserves user privacy".
Datomize's synthetic data solution accelerates and streamlines the development, training and testing of AI/ML models and applications that drive business growth. Datomize preserves the behavioral features of the original production data without violating personal privacy regulations to speed up the time to market for new products and services and rapidly generate insights that drive digital transformation. Providing the speed and scale required by global financial institutions and highly regulated industries, Datomize processes highly complex data structures with multiple dependencies and is fully scalable to process thousands of tables and millions of records. Datomize enables enterprises to rapidly release new services, move analytics to the cloud, integrate third-party solutions, and glean insights from AI/ML models to become market leaders.
AllianceBlock is building seamless gateways between TradFi and DeFi by remedying issues in both spheres and linking them more closely. They see the future of finance as an integrated system where the best of both worlds can work together to increase capital flows and technological innovation.
They are building this future by bridging traditional finance with compliant, data-driven access to new decentralized markets, DeFi projects and ecosystem-scaling tools such as funding and interoperability. As such, they are building a next-generation financial infrastructure that aims to provide regulated financial entities worldwide with the tools they need to access the DeFi space seamlessly.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the studio of the Russian realist painter, Ilya Repin. Repin was a member of the Wanderers group of painters and a great friend of Tolstoy and painted the portrait at the top of this post of Tolstoy barefoot. Repin epitomises the new spirit of critical, socially oriented, Russian painters. He rejects the French insistence on the importance of light above all:
"You say we need to move towards light and colour. No! Here, too, our goal is content. The character and soul of the person, the drama of life, impressions of nature, her life and meaning, and the spirit of history – that is what concerns us, it seems to me. For us, paint is a weapon: it exists to express our thoughts …"
His student, Malyavin, loved colour. He used his favourite colour, red, in most of his paintings, and most of them depict peasant women. He became a popular portraitist but his work was not accepted by the art establishment. It was too different and too colourful. He found more acclaim in Paris, although he became popular again in Russia during the Revolution as he had continued to exalt the peasant folk he had grown up amongst. He travelled abroad frequently with his paintings and died on December 23rd, 1940, in Nice, France.
More Malyavin


characteristics of the Greek RDI system?
Greece has been experiencing a rapid deterioration of a number of several macroeconomic and quality of life indicators since the onset of the financial crisis. Despite the fact that the Greek RDI system has been under pressure, national expenditure rose in absolute and relative value (e.g. R&D intensity). Additionally, other initiatives, such as the appointment of a Deputy Minister for Research in 2015 (for the first time since 1985), the implementation of a National Strategy on Smart Specialisation or the mobilization of Regional authorities to support research and innovation may be considered to be signs of the higher priority that the RDI sector is given on the national policy agenda.
econtentThis positive juncture for RDI in Greece, combined with the capable R&D human resources and research of high scientific quality that is performed in specific niches of excellence, make us optimistic for the future and for the ability of the country to integrate its research and innovation dynamic in its new growth and productive model. This can be seen from the latest R&D indicators for spending (R&D intensity) which shows an increase to 0.97% of GDP for 2015 from 0.84% in 2014. In addition, domestic SMEs exhibit a healthy/robust attitude towards innovation – for example, Greece (0.87%) outranked the EU average (0.69%) in terms of non-R&D innovation spending as % of turnover for 2012.
Similarly, the domestic scientific and research base is increasingly internationalizing. The number of international scientific co-publications has been systematically rising during the last decade indicating the growing networking of the international science base. Also, Greek actors have been systematically excelling in attracting competitive European research funds.
Are Greek organizations successful in participating in European research funded programmes or are they lagging behind?
To elaborate more on my last point, one of the clearest indications of Greece's great research potential, is manifested in terms of Greek domestic scientific, research and business participation in EU Framework Programmes. European Framework Programmes are the major funding mechanisms for increasing the scientific and technological capacity of the member states on behalf of the EU.
As such and according to the latest data (Horizon 2020), Greece is ranked 9th in the number of signed contracts and 12th in budget share. This is very important given that 28 countries are members of the EU. Greek organizations exhibit an equally good success rate in H2020 (2014-2020), while, the success rate of Greek participation (in terms of number of Greek participations) reaches approximately 13%, a rate which is even higher for specific programmes, such as Research Infrastructures or Space. Greek organizations have attracted more than €437 million euro with 312 Greek SME participations attracting approximately €83 million euro.
What is EKT's strategy for the future?
In answering this question it should first be noted that EKT is one of the (very) few organizations in Greece that has undertaken the difficult task of setting a carefully crafted and comprehensive strategy until the year 2022 that builds upon the current developments. In accordance to the Centre's central objectives, and in the broadest terms, EKT aims to increase the volume and quality of the Greek digital scientific and cultural content that will be made freely available for use and re-use by all interested parties, supporting actively open-access policies. This will be achieved by making use of state-of-the-art technologies.
Secondly, EKT will safeguard the production of the national RDI statistics by accomplishing all the relevant milestones. In addition, new metrics and RDI-relevant publications addressing various and currently-hidden aspects of the national and regional innovation system will be brought out. Thirdly, emphasis will be put on matters of incorporating new knowledge produced by the domestic science and academic system into innovation-intensive business ventures, and facilitating the interplay between academia and the private sector.
* Interview by Florentia Kiortsi
Learn more about EKT's strategy (in Greek). Read also: "Research - Create - Innovate": Connecting R&D with Enterprises, Summary of the Operational Programme 'Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship & Innovation', Doctorate holders in Greece: Highly competitive, highly mobile, Historic high in research spending, Industrial scholarships to boost research in Greek enterprises, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation to Strengthen Research across Greece, New Initiative on Research & Development funding, new era for Universities and SMEs
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webMethods step by step Database to Flat file
Jan 18, 2012 15:24 1 Comments Development Pia
TASK: DataBase To FlatFile
OS: WindowsOS
Platform: webMethods 6.1
This task takes the data from a database table (Employee)(SQL Server) and writes it
 in a form of flat file.
To achieve it following Flow Steps are usedâ¦
 1. DBToFF: SelectAdapter
 2. Pub.flatFile: convertToString
 3. Sample.IO.test: writeToFile
Before using the flow steps we need to create a JDBC Adapter Connector. For creating JDBC Connector refer the document How To Create JDBCConnector.doc and also we need to create a JDBC (select) Adapter service. For this refer the document How to create a JDBCAdapter Service.
Flow Steps in detailâ¦.
DBToFF: SelectAdapter
This flow step is created using selectJDBCAdapterService that is invoked through insert flow step.
After executing this step the records in the table (Employee) are shown in the SESQLOutput DOC.
2. pub.flatFile: convertToString
ConvertToString service is used to convert the SESQLOutput IDOC into a string using the flat file schema. (For creating FlatFile Schema refer How to Create FlatFile Schema?)
 Mapping for this flow step.
Ã OverwriteFlag must be specified to overwrite/Append
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text:
(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
Abolitionists were a controversial minority in the North. Most Northerners were hesitant to disrupt the country's economic status quo by challenging the institution of slavery. This invoice documenting the sale of cotton and cotton products in rural Massachusetts underscores the pervasive demand for cotton throughout the United States. While not abolitionists, per say, many Northerners did want to see the end to slavery, yet their insatiable demand for slave-produced goods kept the system profitable in the South and ensured its continuity until the Civil War.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Executive Summary
- Cooperatives in U.S. Economy
- Economic Impacts
- Commercial Sales & Marketing
- Social & Public Services
- Financial Services
- Discussion Papers
- Future Research
- Download Report
University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives
Research on the Economic Impact of Cooperatives
While relatively few in number, cooperatives in the transportation sector encompass a broad range of functionality. Often members of cooperatives in this sector are other service organizations. The cooperatives may be organized to meet the demand for services in lower-density rural areas, or in areas that cross geographic jurisdictional boundaries. The cooperative may be created to meet specialized transport requirements of school districts or those with limited mobility. Cooperatives are also organized to offer transportation alternatives that reduce the number of car trips in an effort to address environmental and sustainability issues that accompany the heavy traffic demands of urban areas.
Cooperatives offer an organizational approach for scheduling and vehicle sharing that more cost-effectively meets specialized transportation needs. Public-private cooperative ventures have resulted in ride-share and shuttle programs that provide route-specific transportation services to members, and are frequently organized around commuting patterns of employees.
Car sharing, begun in Europe in the late 1980s, is another approach to car ownership that has used the cooperative model to provide services to members. As of July 2008, the U.S. has 18 programs, several of which are nonprofit member-governed organizations (Carsharing). These consumer cooperative organizations purchase, maintain, and insure cars for use by members on an as-needed basis. Members pay a fee and must meet driving license and record requirements to participate.
Cooperatives also supply the specialized transportation-related needs of a wide variety of members, including truck drivers, owners of biodiesel vehicles, and bicyclists.
Taxi cab cooperatives usually are worker cooperatives organized to benefit the drivers who provide transportation services to paying individuals. Typically, taxi cab companies operate using independent contractors who often must provide their own vehicle or lease one from the company. A worker-owned cooperative may be organized to provide a variety of employee benefits, the potential for a share in company profits, and the right to participate in ownership decision-making.
Privately owned taxi companies may also form purchasing cooperatives to provide more efficient administrative services to its member businesses.
Many public governmental entities use cooperative programs to more cost-effectively provide transportation services, such as compliance programs for school districts, and to facilitate inter-agency coordination of transportation planning. As governmental entities, these fall outside the scope of this project. However, many cooperative ventures involving both governmental agencies and private organizations have been formed to provide specialized transportation services, or to tackle the environmental and regional planning issues that arise from delivery of transportation services. In these cases, a nonprofit corporation organized along cooperative lines is sometimes formed to manage these efforts.
Car share cooperatives occupy a small portion of the growing car share market, which is dominated by Zipcar, a privately owned, national business that merged in 2007 with Flexcar, another leading car share enterprise. Car share cooperatives often predated the entry into a local market by Zipcar, or exist in cities not served by a private company. The nonprofit cooperative model also more easily supports a broader educational and outreach mission to reduce traffic and raise awareness of the larger externalities associated with widespread car ownership. The nonprofit status also allows such cooperatives to receive outside grants and donations that can offset the significant start-up costs for such a venture. Another stated benefit of the cooperative model for car share enterprises is the local control it can provide in developing the car share option as part of the larger transportation plan.
Worker-owned taxi cooperatives comprise a small fraction of the approximately 6,300 companies that operate in the United States. Only 6% of taxicab operations have >100 vehicles in service, >80% of these companies operate fewer than 50 vehicles (Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association).
The transportation sector also encompasses a variety of enterprises, such as small-scale biodiesel fuel supply cooperatives or services to support increased bicycle use. In these cases, the cooperative model provides services in markets that are not sufficiently developed, or do not have sufficient margins to attract profit-driven businesses.
Depending on the type of goods and services being provided, the transportation sector contains several different types of cooperative organization.
Because the provision of transportation services exists in the realm of the public good, many transportation cooperatives are organized on a nonprofit basis, and are collaborations between nonprofit, businesses, or public transportation entities to provide services or to develop trip reduction programs.
Nonprofit status may make collaboration with governmental agencies more straightforward, thus making the cooperatives eligible for grants and donations, and promoting a broader educational mission that can reach more members. Many nonprofit cooperatives exemplify boundary issues described above, and the members may have varying degrees of control over the organization, depending on board structure and bylaw requirements.
Car share cooperatives are member organizations that span the boundary between nonprofit and cooperative. Member representation on the board may vary, and multiple member classes besides individual drivers may exist, including businesses that provide a car sharing service to employees, and non-driving members who may support the goals of the organization.
Worker-owned taxi cooperatives are owned by the taxi drivers who elect a board to oversee the cooperative's strategic generation. The cooperatives are structured to provide employee benefits and patronage profit-sharing; membership requirements vary.
The data on transportation cooperatives was obtained from primary research. All economic data was obtained from survey work undertaken by the UWCC. The survey response rate for transportation is 31% and all reporting cooperatives provided us with 2007 fiscal year-end data. The data collection and survey methodology is discussed in detail in the Data Collection section in the Appendix.
Table 4-3 shows that we have data for 13 transportation cooperatives and collectively these firms account for >$68M in assets, nearly $290M in sales revenue, and pay nearly $9M in wages. There are approximately 500 hundred employees and nearly 30,000 memberships. As Table 4-3.3 shows, by extrapolating to the entire population (49 firms) and adding indirect and induced impacts to this activity, transportation cooperatives account for >$567M in revenue, nearly 800 jobs, $20M in wages paid, and >$60M in valued-added income.


text:
a1 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305 USA
The critical role of social or collective memory in ongoing processes of societal reproduction and transformation is well acknowledged by anthropologists and is being increasingly modeled in archaeological interpretations as well. Investigating how social memory impacted the materialities and historical trajectories of the Maya civilization has great potential for advancing archaeological methodologies as well as enlarging our knowledge of the Maya. In addition to the wealth of epigraphic, ethnographic, and early historical information available for the Maya, archaeologists are examining enduring architecture, representative imagery, and even mundane artifacts that constitute a "technology of memory" for clues to the interplay of recollection and forgetting in the operation and transformation of Maya societies. This commentary reviews issues and problems in archaeological studies of social memory and addresses the specific prospects for investigating social memory among the pre-Hispanic Maya, drawing upon the analyses provided by the papers in this special section.
(Online publication July 04 2011)


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Teaching nature vocabulary focusing on colours and conjunctions
Target Group:
Beginner Level
Nature and colours flashcards (additional verb flashcards)
beach, bridge, cave, clouds, flowers, forest, grass, island, lake, moon, mountains, rainbow, river, road, rocks, stars, sun, tree, volcano, waterfall
Introduce nature vocabulary to students. Ask students basic questions: What is it? What colour is it? Is it big or small? e.g.. You also can add pre-learned verbs from the verb set (go, draw, fly, jump, play, ride a bicycle, run, swim, walk, write) to your questions. Can you draw a sun? Do you like waterfalls? Can you swim inside a river? e.g..
Nature vocabulary; numbers; colours; grammar; sentence structure; word-picture association; early reading; singular and plural; conjunctions; favourites; like and dislike
Game Idea:
Cops and Robbers - Divide the students into two teams. Draw 2 lines on the floor and leave a big free space between the two lines, where you can place the flashcards on the ground. 2 Students have to stand behind the lines, one from each team. You call out a vocabulary word and both students have to jump in the flashcard space to find the right flashcard. Student who grabs the flashcard first, team get a point.
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Excavations at historic Borestone site at Bannockburn
7 December 2011
Archaeologists are continuing preliminary investigations at the site of the new visitor centre for the Battle of Bannockburn.
Following earlier excavations in October, the team are digging for the position of the Borestone where Robert the Bruce raised his banner before the battle of Bannockburn in 1314 where the Rotunda now stands.
The Rotunda, built in 1964 to mark the 650th anniversary of the battle, is badly in need of repair and structural engineers are assessing the work required. As part of the project a full Conservation Plan was completed for the rotunda by the conservation architect Andrew Wright.
Cabinet Secretary for Culture and External Affairs Fiona Hyslop said:
"The work to create a new visitor centre at the site of the Battle of Bannockburn is continuing well with this second round of archaeology ensuring that nothing of importance is lost during the building work.
"We may still be some way off the opening in time for the 700th anniversary in 2014 but it is vital that we push ahead with this work to preserve any remaining archaeology and use these findings to add to our understanding and reflect it in the state of the art interpretation that will make this centre a world-class attraction.
"The new centre will just be the latest commemoration of this incredible site and this particular series of excavations is hugely interesting because it is looking at the legacy of the site as a memorial and the way that people have memorialised and interacted with it throughout the centuries. "
The new centre has been designed by award-winning architects Reiach and Hall as part of the project to enhance the presentation of the battle and its significance to our history in time for the 700th anniversary of the battle in 2014.
In addition to the Rotunda, the site is also the focus for other memorials to the battle: the famous Pilkington-Jackson statue of Bruce, a cairn built in 1957, and the flagpole erected in 1870.
Derek Alexander, Head of Archaeological Services for the National Trust for Scotland, said: "The first memorial to the battle was in fact the Borestone itself: a flat stone with a circular hole 4 inches in diameter and 4 inches deep. Tradition has it that the Borestone was the socket in which Robert Bruce, King of Scots, raised his standard prior to the battle and marks the site of the Scots camp. The site has been visited by tourists since the 18th century, including Robert Burns, and an engraving of 1826 shows it beside the road in an open rural landscape.
"We are hoping that in addition to the position of the Borestone we may find objects dropped or even deliberately placed and left by visitors to the site over the last couple of hundred years – it certainly worth investigating."
Over the years numerous visitors chipped off parts of the Borestone, to take home as souvenirs, and by the middle of the 19th century the fragments had to be protected by an iron grille set into a low stone wall and the site was staffed by a custodian.
During the building of the rotunda in the 1960s the precise location of the original Borestone was cleared and re-surfaced and the last two fragments transferred into the new visitor centre for safe-keeping.
The current archaeological investigations are looking for the site of the original Borestone itself, which may be marked by a bed of mortar. Another trench will also be excavated over one end of the 19th century custodian's hut. In both trenches it is hoped there may be artefacts dropped by visitors to the site over the last 300 years.
The proposal for the new visitor centre was announced in 2009 with £5m funding from the Scottish Government. An application for £3.8m has received a stage one pass from the Heritage Lottery Fund with a final decision hoped for early in 2012.
2014 will be a huge year for events in Scotland – as well as the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn, Scotland will also play host to the Commonwealth Games and The Ryder Cup.
Notes for editors:
- The Battle of Bannockburn Project is a joint venture by the National Trust for Scotland and Historic Scotland, on behalf of the Scottish Government, to provide a new visitor centre and experience for one of the most significant battles in Scotland's history for the 700th anniversary in the 2014.
| ||Architectural Team – Reiach and Hall with Sinclair Knight Merz (Engineer), Turner and Townsend (QS) and KJ Tait (M&E Engineers)
| ||Interpretation consultant – BrightWhite
| ||Landscape Architects – Ian White Associates
| ||Digital Design - Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation (CDDV)
- Historic Scotland is an executive agency of the Scottish Government charged with safeguarding the nation's historic environment. The agency is fully accountable to Scottish Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament.
- The National Trust for Scotland is one of Scotland's leading conservation charities, which relies on the financial support of its members to fund its important work of caring for the natural and cultural heritage of Scotland for everyone to enjoy _URL_


6 1. Measure theory where 1 N Z := { n N : n Z} and _TAG_ denotes the cardinality of a finite set A. Taking Cartesian products, we see that |B| = lim N→∞ 1 N d #(B 1 N Zd) for any box B, and in particular, that |B1| +... + |Bk| = lim N→∞ 1 N d #(E 1 N Zd). Denoting the right-hand side as m(E), we obtain the claim (ii). Exercise 1.1.2. Give an alternate proof of Lemma 1.1.2(ii) by showing that any two partitions of E into boxes admit a mutual refinement into boxes that arise from taking Cartesian products of elements from finite collections of disjoint intervals. Remark 1.1.3. One might be tempted now to define the measure m(E) of an arbitrary set E Rd by the formula (1.1) m(E) := lim N→∞ 1 N d #(E 1 N Zd), since this worked well for elementary sets. However, this definition is not particularly satisfactory for a number of reasons. First, one can concoct examples in which the limit does not exist (Exercise!). Even when the limit does exist, this concept does not obey reasonable properties such as translation invariance. For instance, if d = 1 and E := Q [0, 1] := {x Q : 0 x 1}, then this definition give E a measure of 1, but would give the translate E + 2 := {x + √would 2 : x Q 0 x 1} a measure of zero. Nevertheless, the formula (1.1) will be valid for all Jordan measurable sets (see Exercise 1.1.13). It also makes precise an important intuition, namely that the continuous concept of measure can be viewed5 as a limit of the discrete concept of (normalised) cardinality. From the definitions, it is clear that m(E) is a non-negative real number for every elementary set E, and that m(E F ) = m(E) + m(F ) whenever E and F are disjoint elementary sets. We refer to the latter property as finite additivity by induction it also implies that m(E1... Ek) = m(E1) +... + m(Ek) 5Another way to obtain continuous measure as the limit of discrete measure is via Monte Carlo integration, although in order to rigorously introduce the probability theory needed to set up Monte Carlo integration properly, one already needs to develop a large part of measure theory, so this perspective, while intuitive, is not suitable for foundational purposes.
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2016 U.S. Cross-Platform Future in Focus
2015 was another transformative year in media, as TV and digital convergence accelerates and the longstanding consumer habits continue to be upended. While the media landscape is often described as growing increasingly 'fragmented', a more accurate description might be that it's becoming increasingly interconnected, with consumers seamlessly accessing content across more screens than ever before. The lines between desktop, mobile, TV and film are beginning to blur as the various platforms are often more distinguished by differences in use case than by the underlying technology. As a result of this changing landscape, there are a new host of issues and solutions facing marketers and publishers, such as how to effectively advertise across these platforms and how consumers' purchasing behavior is shifting over time.
Consider some of the key trends shaping the cross-platform media landscape in 2015 and what they suggest about the future. This was the year that:
- The TV landscape continued its shifting of time and space, with more delayed, on-demand and digital viewing of TV programming than ever before.
- Digital media usage continued to grow at a fast rate, driven by smartphone app usage which is inching closer and closer to 50 percent of all digital media time spent.
- Several traditional print publishers made huge gains with their digital audiences by making effective use of mobile to attract new readers and becoming more digitally-savvy operations.
- Digital got exceedingly close to becoming the largest advertising medium despite facing continued challenges such as viewability, invalid traffic (IVT) and the more recent issue of ad blocking.
- Consumers significantly accelerated their use of mobile devices for both shopping and purchase activity.
In this report, we will examine some of the most important sectors of the cross media ecosystem to show how the landscape has changed, who is leading the way, and what it all means for the year ahead – and beyond. It is an exciting time in the media industry, and we hope this exploration of today's key issues helps put the Cross-Platform Future in Focus.


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Fairbanks August 2012
InFairbanks the average temperature for August was 56.3°F, just 0.2°F above the long-term mean. The lowest temperature for the month hovered above freezing at 37°F on the 22nd, while the highest temperature was an enjoyable 78°F on the 14th. Temperatures generally stayed in the expected trend, and no new record events were recorded.
Like July, precipitation was below normal in August at 1.45", 0.43" below the expected value of 1.88". More than half of the monthly precipitation was observed on just one day, the 26th. The mean wind speed was 3.4 mph, with a maximum gust of 33 mph on the 27th, blowing from a westerly direction.


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The Progressive, May 2000
Title: Plutonium Pancakes
Author: Will Fantle
Faculty evaluator: Randy Dodgen, Ph.D.
Student researchers: Kim Roberts and Mike Graves
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plans to pump toxic waste water into Denver's sewer system in order to clean up a Superfund site at the Lowry landfill.
Between 1950 and 1980, at the Lowry landfill near Denver, millions of gallons of hazardous industrial wastes were dumped into shallow unlined pits. The EPA declared the 480-acre site a Superfund site in 1984. Now the EPA wants to treat the contaminated groundwater at the landfill and discharge it into the Denver metro sewage system. The sewage system would then use the sludge from the treated water to fertilize Colorado farmlands.
Citizen groups say that the landfill is widely contaminated with highly radioactive plutonium and other deadly wastes. Adrienne Anderson, an instructor at the University of Colorado at Boulder, stated that EPA's plan is a way to "legally pump plutonium into the sewer line." Plutonium is widely considered one of the most deadly substances on the planet.
Anderson and her students have accrued some 200,000 files on the Lowry landfill. One document entitled "Preliminary Evaluation of Potential Department of Energy Radioactive Wastes" dated December 13, 1991, found that the levels of plutonium and radioactive americium detected at the Lowry landfill were 10 to 10,000 times greater than the average levels reported for a nuclear weapons plant in that area. The document had been released by the Lowry Coalition, a group of corporations and government agencies dumped materials at the site. The polluters included Adolph Coors (who once produced nuclear fuel), Lockheed Martin, Rockwell (then operator of the U.S. Department of Energy's Rocky Flat's nuclear bomb plant), Hewlett Packard, IBM, Waste Management, and the Denver Post. The EPA itself also dumped pesticides and other lab wastes at the site.
In 1961 Colorado State Trooper Bill Wilson stopped a milk truck that was spraying liquid on the ground at Lowry. According to Wilson, the truck's operator told him he was dumping radioactive wastewater from the Rocky Flats plant and had the government's permission to do it. Wilson realized that he couldn't do anything about it, but he filed reports on identical activities he witnessed for several more years with the state's transportation regulator.
Gwen Hooten, at EPA's region 8 office in Denver, is in charge of the Lowry cleanup. She and other EPA officials deny that the site is poisoned by plutonium or any other nuclear wastes. Hooten dismisses the 1991 document as "invalidated data."
Critics are not buying it. Any plutonium, heavy metal, or other toxic wastes pumped through the sewage system will likely settle there for years. The problem will only become more widespread.
In 1993 the EPA classified municipal sludge as a fertilizer for farmers. Denver municipal sludge is already being spread on farmland as biosolids. Wheat grown on this land is sold for human consumption.
UPDATE BY WILL FANTLE: The legacy of toxic waste left during last century's time of ignorance and uncontrolled disposal practices will likely vex our environment and children for decades to come. Beyond containment of the problem, there are no obvious answers.
Since the publication of "Plutonium Pancakes," the city of Denver began accepting the Lowry landfill's toxic liquid discharges. The EPA's solution to the headache, mostly relying upon diluting Lowry's toxins by flushing them into the city's wastewater stream, was halted after a couple of months, according to Steve Pearlman of the Wastewater Reclamation District.
The treated wastewater remained sufficiently poisonous to harm the growth and reproductive rates of micro-organisms used to measure health and safety. Pearlman says the district has made some changes and will began accepting the Lowry toxins again in the near future. The district has also eased its detection standards for certain contaminants (including some that are radioactive), a move Pearlman attributes to lab testing capabilities.
Adrienne Anderson, the outspoken opponent of the disposal plan, has been embroiled in a whistleblower case brought about by her testimony on behalf of the union representing the workers at the Wastewater District. Her comments at an EPA hearing were challenged, leading to a court trail.
During the course of the trial, Anderson discovered that she had been the subject of a coordinated PR campaign aimed at discrediting her. The attacks were part of an effort undertaken by the district to win public support and acceptance for the spreading of the district's sludge on Colorado farm fields.
The district even garnered an award from the national pro-sludge Water and Environment Federation for the PR campaign. The three-ring binder detailing the district's work (obtained by Anderson through a Freedom of Information Act request) contains an entire section describing how they labored to sabotage Anderson.
Anderson says union workers have also suffered under the Lowry waste treatment plan. Workers concerned with their health and safety have been forced out, with one employee even receiving an anonymous death threat.
Throughout, the region's most powerful media have largely remained silent. The state's two biggest newspapers, the Denver Post and the Rocky Mountain News (which merged in the last year), are among the many powerful corporations who had dumped toxic wastes into Lowry.
Their hand in the mess may partly explain their silence, but Email messages reveal another story. As part of her digging into the smear campaign against her, Anderson says, she found an Email exchange between the district and a local reporter "cackling about the defamatory attacks on me."
While occasional reportage of the Lowry situation continues out-of-state and nationally (including a Christian Science Monitor update), Anderson says "no reporter in Denver will talk to me." News releases issued by her, the union, and others are routinely ignored. And the electronic media, she indicates, has been unwilling to commit investigative resources to the story.
Those seeking more information can contact Adrienne Anderson at _PHONE_ or via Email at:_EMAIL_.
- None Found


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A memorial celebrating the history of Hatfield's former RAF airfield is being unveiled today...
The Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust has erected the monument commemorating the facility which opened in the 1930's.
Aircraft production by de Havilland was in full swing by the mid-1930s and many of the company's extremely well known types were built and first flown from the site: the Tiger Moth and Dominie trainers, Rapide transport, Mosquito fighter-bomber, Vampire and Venom jet fighters and the Comet, the world's first jet airliner.
Eventually two-thirds of the legendary Mosquito produced were built at Hatfield. The Geman air force recognised the value of the airfield as a bombing target that suffered heavy loss of life in 1940.
Since then much of the airfield has disappeared to make way for industry, housing and education, while parkland now exists on the former landing area.
A main hangar and the control tower do survive, and Hatfield is still used in various ways as a heritage trail and, in the recent past, occasionally for television and film productions, such as 'Saving Private Ryan.'


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It could be that it is not the monitor which is in "power save mode", but the computer itself.
When you cannot get a computer out of "power save mode" by any other means, typically the cause is that the button-cell-type battery of your computer, which is located on the motherboard, is empty.
Usually, this happens on a computer which is a few years old, since its batteries will have run out after such a long time. (The motherboard battery is used to store various settings when the computer power is off, such as date and time. When your computer detects this battery is empty, it goes into a low-power mode).
The solution is to replace the button-cell battery on the motherboard of your computer:
- open the case of your computer;
- visually locate the motherboard (the main electronic circuit board) of your computer;
- visually scan the motherboard for a button-cell battery (it looks like a digital watch battery, but a bit larger);
- remove this motherboard battery from your computer;
- restart your computer: it should now power up normally (you may get some warning messages during the start-up sequence, but ignore them);
- set the date and time of your computer using the "Date and Time" control panel;
- you can now use your computer normally, but you will lose date and time settings when you disconnect the computer power cord, since there is no motherboard battery present to store them;
- take the motherboard battery to an electronics store and get a replacement;
install the new battery in your computer;
- restart your computer, and set the date and time again; the settings will now be saved using motherboard battery power.


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What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages? The Answer, and Examples for 8 World Languages
Foreign languages aren't always as foreign as you'd expect.
If you speak Russian, you might be surprised at how much Ukrainian you understand. Or as an English speaker, you might catch the gist of some Scots.
There's a good reason for this: mutual intelligibility.
This is a great boon to travelers and language learners. If you've studied one language, you may very well understand some of another—or have a much easier time learning it.
- What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages?
- The Mutually Intelligible Languages of 8 Popular World Languages
- What You Should Know About Mutually Intelligible Languages
What Are Mutually Intelligible Languages?
Briefly put, mutual intelligibility is when speakers of one language can understand a related language to some degree.
Mutual intelligibility is highly subjective. Between sources, you might find some claiming that two languages are mutually intelligible, while other sources claim those same languages aren't.
Because mutual intelligibility comes in varying degrees, it's hard to determine how much overlap there needs to be for something to be classified as such. This list focuses on common languages widely thought to be at least partially and mutually intelligible.
The Mutually Intelligible Languages of 8 Popular World Languages
Russian is partially mutually intelligible with Ukrainian, Rusyn and Belarusian.
Russian has 85% intelligibility with Rusyn (which has a small number of speakers in Central and Eastern Europe). Russian is also 85% mutually intelligible with Belarusian and Ukrainian in writing. However, Russian is only 74% mutually intelligible with spoken Belarusian and 50% mutually intelligible with spoken Ukrainian.
Russian speakers are also likely to understand some Bulgarian, along with other Slavic languages to a lesser extent.
Scots and English are considered mutually intelligible. Albeit, Scots dialect is far more pronounced than English, and at times, can be unintelligible.
In writing, however, Scots language looks similar to English (albeit with some spelling variations).
French has a reasonable degree of lexical similarity with Italian, Sardinian, Romansh, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, making it partially mutually intelligible with these languages.
French has 89% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% similarity with Sardinian (spoken on the Italian island of Sardinia), 78% similarity with Romansh (spoken in parts of Switzerland) and 75% similarity with Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish.
German is partially mutually intelligible with Yiddish and Dutch.
Because they use different alphabets, German and Yiddish are only mutually intelligible when spoken. Yiddish speakers usually have an easier time understanding German than vice versa, largely because Yiddish has added words from other languages, including Hebrew and Slavic languages, which makes it more difficult for German speakers to understand.
In writing, German is also somewhat mutually intelligible with Dutch. However, Dutch speakers usually understand more German than the reverse because they study German in school.
Italian is partially mutually intelligible with French, Catalan, Sardinian, Spanish, Ladin and Romanian.
It is estimated that there is 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% similarity with Catalan (spoken in Southern Spain), 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Ladin (spoken in Northern Italy) and 77% with Romanian.
Portuguese has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Spanish, Galician, French and Italian.
It has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with Galician (spoken in Northwestern Spain), which is a language that's sort of a cross between Portuguese and Spanish. Portuguese also has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Spanish.
While not usually considered "mutually intelligible," there's also enough similarity between French and Italian that speakers of Portuguese may understand both of these languages.
Spanish has varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Italian, Sardinian and French.
Spanish is most mutually intelligible with Galician. It's also highly intelligible with Portuguese in writing, though less so when spoken. The overall lexical similarity between Spanish and Portuguese is estimated to be 89%.
Spanish and Catalan have a lexical similarity of 85%. Spanish is also partially mutually intelligible with Italian, Sardinian and French, with respective lexical similarities of 82%, 76% and 75%.
There are distinct regional variations of Arabic. However, many of these dialects are at least partially mutually intelligible. Rural variations are usually less mutually intelligible.
While common speech from urban areas aren't always mutually intelligible across regions, speakers from these regions can often use a more formal form of Arabic to speak with each other. Additionally, some Arabic speakers may be familiar with Egyptian Arabic through the media, so they may rely on this to bridge any language gaps.
Tunisian Arabic is also considered mutually intelligible with Maltese, particularly with regards to idiomatic expressions.
What You Should Know About Mutually Intelligible Languages
Understanding the connection between mutually intelligible languages, can make it easier to learn an additional language. If you choose to study a language that's mutually intelligible with one you already know, chances are you'll have to put a lot less work in than if you were learning a language from scratch.
If you're learning multiple languages at once, pairing similar languages is a great way to maximize your studying.
Finally, understanding mutual intelligibility gives you helpful insight into the history of a language. Sets of similar languages are the result of shared origin, so knowing a little more about mutual intelligibility can help you understand their origin.
Linguistic distance is the relative degree of difference between languages or dialects. How this is measured varies, but mutual intelligibility and vocabulary overlap, and often play a role in these calculations.
This term is similar to linguistic distance in that it can reflect how similar or different languages are. However, lexical similarity focuses on exclusively overlapping vocabulary to determine similarity between languages.
Mutual intelligibility refers to whether speakers of one language can understand speakers of another language. This understanding can be in spoken or written communication. Mutual intelligibility also occurs in a wide variety of degrees, ranging from none, to partial, to full mutual intelligibility.
Between some languages, there can also be imbalanced mutual intelligibility, known as "asymmetric intelligibility." This occurs when speakers of one language can understand a related language to a greater degree than speakers of the related language can understand the other.
Frequency of exposure is one of the main causes of this. If speakers of one language have more exposure to its related language, they're likely to pick up more of that language.
Traditionally, dialects are regional variations of one main language. Usually, they're at least partially mutually intelligible with the main language they stem from.
That being said, the line between a language and a dialect is often blurred. For instance, Portuguese and Spanish have a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility, but they're technically separate languages.
The Chinese language, on the other hand, is comprised of a number of dialects that aren't always mutually intelligible.
So give these mutually intelligible languages a second look. They have more in common than you might think!


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The principles of validation are almost the same as I have given on the previous page, so I won't repeat them. The one difference is that it is not helpful to try to validate checkboxes at the moment they are checked; it is best left until submission time.
The validateCheckbox routine in the code assumes that multiple checks are required. This is because if you want the reader to select just one option, radio buttons are a much easier way of achieving the same result. The code makes it possible to enforce exactly N checks, or a maximum of N, or a minimum of N.
One curious case is when you want the reader to check a single box. This might at first glance seem pointless, but apparently the lawyers of the world have decided this is a good way of enforcing terms and conditions. This requires slightly different code, as a single checkbox is not treated as an array of one element. (Actually a probably better solution would be to use two radio buttons: "I do not accept" and "I accept" with the former set as the default. Then no script is needed.)
A small example follows.


Digital info set to grow five times by 2012
Sujit John, TNN May 20, 2009, 01.23pm IST
ORLANDO: In this economic environment in which most things are going down, here's something that's still rising, digital information.
Very, very precisely, the world created 3,892,179,868,480,350,000,000 (or almost 4 sextillion) bits of new digital information in 2008. Considering that there are 8 bits per byte, that also translates to about 487 billion gigabytes, or the equivalent of more than 162 trillion digital photos or 4.8 quadrillion online bank transactions.
The figure comes from a study by research firm IDC, and presented here on Monday at EMC World, an annual gathering of the storage company's partners, customers, developers, and analysts that saw some 7,000 attendees this year.
According to the study, the amount of digital information created last year grew 73% over that in the previous year, and that was faster than even IDC's previous projection. Says John Gantz, chief research officer for IDC, "Contrary to popular belief, as the economy deteriorated in late 2008, the pace of digital information created and transmitted over the internet, phone networks and airwaves actually increased."
The study forecasts that the digital universe will double in size every 18 months. In 2012, five times as much digital information is expected to be created compared to that in 2008. Over the next four years, the number of information-generation technologies and interactions are expected to increase dramatically.
Mobile users are projected to grow three times and 600 million more people are expected to become internet users. Non-traditional IT devices such as wireless meters, automobile navigation systems, industrial machines, RFID readers and intelligent sensor controllers are projected to grow 3.6 times.
And interactions between people via email, messaging, social networks, etc, will grow 8 times, says the study. The increased access to broadband communications, electronic patient records, smart electric grids, smart buildings, etc, as also internet commerce are seen to be the other big growth drivers for digital information.
How to manage this with lower budgets
But all this growth is coming at a time when IT budgets are declining, creating a greater divide between the amount of information generated and the amount of IT resources purchased and deployed to manage it. Says Joe Tucci, CEO of EMC Corp, "Whether you are a student, senior executive, stay-at-home parent or surgeon, the growth of digital information collides with every-day business and every-day life. Those who use information growth to their advantage are seeking out new and creative ways to manage, secure and protect the rapidly growing volumes."
So, what are these creative ways?
At EMC World, several new technologies, especially related to virtualization and cloud computing, were put forward as options for companies to manage more with less. One of these, called EMC Atmos onLine, provides customers instant access to online storage resources, managed by third party providers, to reduce capital expenses and management overhead.
It combines the flexibility and cost efficiencies of on-demand storage (you pay for only what you use) while providing the controls that enterprises require, such as reliable service levels, information protection and secure access. In other words, you avoid the capital expenditure of adding to your own data centre and the high cost of managing data over a dedicated storage area network, and you also avoid the risks typically associated with online resources.
EMC also announced a capability that allows a customer to move data from internal virtualized data centres to external ones, depending on its requirements. This is particularly important since most customers are reluctant to move all their information into an external cloud.
EMC company VMware's latest launch vSphere was the other big technology in focus. It's a layer of software and tools in the data centre that helps to combine all the physical and virtual resources in the centre into one centrally managed pool of computing power. "It becomes a single giant computer," VMware CEO Paul Maritz said. It allows you to use every resource in the data centre to its maximum capacity, dramatically increasing the efficiency of the centre.
(This correspondent is in Orlando on the invitation of EMC)


The canvas of culture
What is culture? Does it come from what we believe in or does it depend on how we act? We learn about culture in different ways – from people, from our homes and from those living around us. And importantly we learn about it from our school. This issue gives us a brief insight into what culture is all about and how the learning spaces in schools can effectively give children an introduction into the kind of society that they are part of.
Feeling good about being you
Pawan Kumar Gupta
An important objective of education is to make the student feel confident and good about herself. But in reality, this may not be the case as the system is focused on comparison. Both parents and the school unconsciously encourage comparison and evaluation of a student which takes a toll on the student's selfconfidence. Therefore the author argues that it is important to build an environment that does not encourage comparison or competitiveness of any kind if the child or the student has to feel good about being herself.
Stepping out of the manic machine
Rahee Dahake
How can a school environment nurture in the students a sense of aesthetics and appreciation of beauty in all its forms? Schools can be happy and caring communities that recognize the importance of expressing emotions and learning through feelings. Through exposure to art, films, literature, music and performing arts which are normally not part of the curriculum, children have access to a rich world which can become part of their lives and help them gain an understanding of varied multisensory learning.
Who is being taught what?
Rohit Kumar
How can a school create its own culture? Culture can be built beginning from the students themselves. When they walk into school, they bring in their lives, their stories, their customs, beliefs, hopes and aspirations. Therefore a school should be able to absorb all the different cultures that students bring, in short, a school cannot refrain from engaging with multicultural beings. It has to be a collective growth— of teachers, students, principals, helpers, and everyone else from the school community.
A bridge between home and school
Jane Sahi
How can the school, home and community converge to create a third space to help children's literacy learning? Schools need not be the only domain for children to learn literacy. Each and every home is characterised by its memories, stories, languages and cultural resources which can enrich a child's literacy learning at school. This article gives several suggestions on how a third space can be created where re-contextualisation can happen and literacy practices at home and school can merge.
The library: a place of being and becoming
Usha Mukunda
How can a library space in a school bring about a culture of freedom and enquiry? Can a school library sow the seed of thinking differently and nurture young people to grow into strong individuals? The author points out various ways in which a library can be used to effectively bring home the idea of what culture is all about — it can be an inclusive or diverse space, it can create room for conversation and dialogue, or even a collaborative and compassionate space with no bias and dogma. Read on to find out more.
Opening hearts and minds: Fostering a culture of acceptance
Aruna Sankaranarayanan
Diversity is practically synonymous with India. From the towering Himalayas to coastal Kanyakumari. From the arid deserts of Rajasthan to the lush greenery of the Sunderbans, India houses an array of geographical features that form the context for the range of our cultures.
Words and the worlds they make
Anjana Nayar
Melania Trump recently made a gift of some treasured children's books – a set of 10 classic Dr. Suess books – to various schools across America. The First Lady of the United States, making the gift on the occasion of US National Read-a-Book Day, has said she constantly reads the Dr Suess books with her son.
Sharing the lives of children
B. Ramdas and Rama Sastry
Listening to the other
Thejaswi Shivanand
Selvi is a nine-year-old attending a middle school in a town in south India. She has been the target of attention from some of her classmates ever since she joined this school late last year, and this attention has resulted in her being bullied and excluded from her peer group.


text: Figure 2. Climate and malaria suitability data for the Kericho area from the global gridded climatology data, including meteorologic and malaria suitability time series. Minimum (bottom), mean (middle) and maximum (top) monthly temperature (a) total monthly precipitation (b) and mean vapor pressure (c) are all plotted with a 25-point (month) moving average (bold) to show the overall movement in the data. The number of months per year suitable for malaria transmission (d) are also plotted. Suitability was determined if rainfall exceeded 152 mm and temperature exceeded 15°C in any month (1,4). The significance of these movements is presented in Table.


Lesson 20 | Home | Lesson 22
VB2010 Lesson 21- Managing Graphics 1-Basic Concepts
21.1 Introduction
Managing graphics is easy in earlier versions of Visual Basic as they have built-in drawing tools. For example, In Visual Basic 6, the drawing tools are included in the toolbox where the programmer just need to drag the shape controls into the form to create rectangle, square, ellipse,circle and more. However, its simplicity has the shortcomings, you don't have much choices in creating customized drawings.
Since Visual Basic evolved into a fully OOP language under the VB.net framework, shape controls are no longer available. Now the programmer needs to write code to create various shapes and drawings. Even though the learning curve is steeper, the programmer can write powerful code to create all kinds of graphics. You can even design your own controls
VB2010 offers various graphics capabilities that enable programmers to write code that can draw all kinds of shapes and even fonts. In this lesson,you will learn how to write code to draw lines and shapes on the VB interface.
21.1 Creating the Graphics Object
Before you can draw anything on a form, you need to create the Graphics object in vb2010. A graphics object is created using a CreateGraphics() method. You can create a graphics object that draw to the form itself or a control. For example, if you wish to draw to the form, you can use the following statement:
Dim myGraphics As Graphics =me.CreateGraphics
*Always use Dim to define the object. Using me instead of Form1 because it is not allow in VB2010.
Or if you want the graphics object to draw to a picturebox, you can write the following statement:
Dim myGraphics As Graphics = PictureBox1.CreateGraphics
You can also use the textbox as a drawing surface, the statement is:
 Dim myGraphics As Graphics = TextBox1.CreateGraphics
The Graphics object that is created does not draw anything on the screen until you call the methods of the Graphics object. In addition,you need to create the Pen object as the drawing tool. We will examine the code that can create a pen in the following section.
21.2 Creating a Pen
A Pen can be created using the following code:
myPen = New Pen(Brushes.DarkMagenta, 10)
where myPen is a Pen variable. You can use any variable name instead of myPen. The first argument of the pen object define the color of the drawing line and the second argument define the width of the drawing line.
You can also create a Pen using the following statement:
Dim myPen As Pen
myPen = New Pen(Drawing.Color.Blue, 5)
Where the first argument define the color(here is blue, you can change that to red or whatever color you want) and the second argument is the width of the drawing line.
Having created the Graphics and the Pen objects, you are now ready to draw graphics on the screen which we will show you in the following section.s
21.3 Drawing a Line
In this section, we will show you how to draw a straight line on the Form.
First of all, launch Visual basic 2010 Express. In the startup page, drag a button into the form. Double click on the button and key in the following code.
Dim myGraphics As Graphics = me.CreateGraphics
Dim myPen As Pen
myPen = New Pen(Brushes.DarkMagenta, 10)
myGraphics.DrawLine(myPen, 10, 10, 100, 10)
End Sub
The second created the Graphics object and the third and fourth line create the Pen object. The fifth draw a line on the Form using the DrawLine method. The first argument use the Pen object created by you, the second argument and the third arguments define the coordinate the starting point of the line, the fourth and the last arguments define the ending coordinate of the line. The general syntax of the Drawline argument is
 object.DrawLine(Pen, x1, y1, x2, y2)
The output of the program is shown below:
That's all for the lesson at the moment, you can modify the above the code by changing the color and the width of the line as well as the coordinates of the starting and the ending points.
We will show you how to draw shapes and more drawing options in the coming lesson.
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Faithful+Gould has provided subject expert support to enable Network Rail to produce a Whole Life Costing (WLC) manual to embed whole life cycle costing into all future infrastructure projects from 2014 onwards.
The WLC manual for projects provides the following:
- Core principles: defining WLC and life cycle costing (LCC), why it is important and when / how to apply it
- Roles and responsibilities: clients, project sponsors, PM, QS, RVM and route asset managers and engineers
- Establishing WLC in projects: how to produce economic and financial modelling on projects, estimating methods for capital construction costs, estimating methods for life cycle costing and non construction costs, how we deal with sustainability and reliability, driving WLC into the decision making process though risk and value management
- Methods, products and tools to use
- WLC tasks during the GRIP stages: checklist (following the RIBA plan of works format)
- Evidence required at key decision points
- Cost breakdown structure + unit costs method (link to Rail Methods of Measurement)
- Case studies
This will have massive implications on the UK construction industry and will change the way investment decisions are made in future. The WLC manual embeds the WLC and LCC cost breakdown structure from the ISO 15686, new rules of measurement and also the 'unit cost framework' methodology as Network Rail's Rail Methods of Measurement. This provided a standardised cost framework for cost analysis and benchmark cost data all asset categories (for all infrastructure asset categories – e.g. tunnels, structures, track, signalling, as well as for stations, car parks and other operational buildings).
The Office of Rail Regulations has made WLC a mandatory requirement for funding of all future infrastructure construction project works to the rail network from April 2014 onwards.


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Select the unit to convert from in the input units list. Select the unit to convert to in the output units list. Enter the value to convert from into the input box on the left. The conversion result will appear in the output box.
The volume of an object refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by that object. You must have encountered with questions like "Up to what weight can the box hold?" or "What is the capacity of the container?" To know the answers of such questions, one need to calculate the volume. When it comes to find the area of a shape then we usually work with two dimensions like squares, rectangles, triangles etc., on the other hand finding the volume requires to work in cubic units. One can find the volume of variety of shapes and sizes.
Although it is not that much tough to calculate volume of an object but still it might become a burdensome task sometimes to calculate the volume as there are some formulas that need to be take into account while calculating volume of objects. Online Conversions is here with its user-friendly volume unit conversions tool that will surely make your calculations swifter and accurate.
Volume of many shapes like cube, rectangular prism etc can be calculated with the help of simple formulas but when it comes to calculate volume of more complicated shapes then it is required to cut into simple shapes and add the volumes for the total. Mathematical methods are also used to estimate the volume of even more complicated shapes. Either you can use of these complex mathematical formulas and calculations get the volume of desired product or there is a more simpler way you can use our easy-to-use Volume Unit measurement conversion tool. Common measurements of volume include liter, cubic centimeters, cubic meters, as well milliliters. Sometimes calculus formulas are also used to identify the volume of an object or shape but with online conversions tool calculating volume is just a matter of few seconds.
All this can be done easily with the help of this online conversions tool.
Most often used Volume Unit measurement conversion
barrels (petroleum) to gallons (fluid) (bbl to gals) converter
1 barrel (petroleum) (bbl, bo) is equal 42 gallons (fluid) (gals)
gallons (fluid) to barrels (petroleum) (gals to bbl) converter
1 gallon (fluid) (gal) is equal 0.023809523809524 barrel (petroleum) (bbl, bo)
cubic feet (ft³) to cubic yards (cu ft to yd³) converter
1 cubic foot (ft³, cu ft) is equal 0.037037037037037 cubic yard (yd³)
cubic yards to cubic feet (ft³) (yd³ to cu ft) converter
1 cubic yard (yd³) is equal 27 cubic feet (ft³) (cu ft)
cubic meters to cubic yards (m³ to yd³) converter
1 cubic meter (m³) is equal 1.3079506193144 cubic yards (yd³))
cubic yards to cubic meters (yd³ to m³) converter
1 cubic yard (yd³) is equal 0.764554857984 cubic meter (m³)


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Types of Insulin
The body naturally makes different amounts of insulin at different times. Smaller, steady amounts are produced between meals and overnight (sometimes called "basal" or "background" insulin). Larger amounts are produced when you eat (sometimes called "bolus" or "mealtime" insulin). Together, they manage your blood sugar (glucose) all day.
Because you can't make insulin or don't make enough for your body's needs when you have diabetes, you probably will need to use more than one type of manufactured insulin to get the same effect. These different types of insulin work at different rates and for different amounts of time. Here are more details about the different types of insulin available:
- Basal insulins: Basal insulins include intermediate-acting and longer-acting insulins. These start more slowly and last longer than mealtime insulins. Your doctor usually recommends you take basal insulin once or twice a day.
- Mealtime insulins: Mealtime insulins include rapid-acting and short-acting insulins. Rapid-acting insulin starts very quickly and works for the shortest time. Short-acting insulin starts more slowly and works longer than rapid-acting insulin.
- Mixture insulins: Mixture insulins contain a mix of both basal and mealtime insulins in one solution. They can help manage your blood sugar at meals, between meals, and even at night, depending on your treatment plan.


Tech Industry
The One About the Chickens and The Pigs (aka What Stand-up Is and What Stand-up Isn't)
The one about the chickens and the pigs is an old part of scrum folklore. It is outdated and sexist. Its lesson however is still relevant.
There's an old adage in scrum software development about chickens and pigs at stand-up. Chickens are product managers and pigs are developers.
You don't hear it too often anymore, probably because these days it feels a little sexist. (It's not lost on anyone anymore how gendered the roles of product manager and developer feel in most tech companies— the product people being women and the developers being men.)
It takes a leap of faith to understand what it means, and what even is the question it's asking anyway.
The question is fairly basic: Who participates at your morning company or engineering stand-up?
That is, I mean, really: who speaks and who does not speak. I know it sounds rigid and those of us to talk about it get called a "scrum bullwhip" (a title I proudly wear). Pigs speak at stand-up. Chickens (product managers, CEOs, and stake-holders), if they come to stand-up (and generally only product managers should) aren't supposed to speak unless spoken to.
What? It sounds like some kind of renaissance classism like people used to say: "children shouldn't speak until spoken to," but to understand the chicken & pig adage is to learn something core about scrum and the stand-up meeting itself.
 - Standup is about managing the work, not the people.
What the F does this have to do with chickens and pigs, you might be asking? (I warned you it's a long way around with this one.) Well, the idea is that we're making breakfast. We're all making breakfast together.
The end result is the breakfast. How we get there matters, but not everybody's contribution is equal.
The scrum process forces the engineers to prioritize working on the very most important thing first (hopefully, the one task they have assigned to them).
(It turns out that this metaphor was created by Ken Schwaber in the early days of scrum, but it was officialy removed from the Scrum guide in 2011 because of many of the reasons I've discussed here.)
Most product people, stakeholders, and CEOs being unfamiliar with the concept of "stand-up," incorrectly assume or treat engineering stand up as a "management meeting" and think it's their opportunity to talk or get what they want.
Sadly, this is, in fact, the opposite of scrum. Instead, scrum is about aligning your engineering efforts with your organizational-wide goals.
These days many of the millennials, born of the gadget generation, have grown in jobs where they can hide their high-functioning adult ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder).
A high-performing engineering team works in total contrast to this ADHD, attention-switching, always-on-call mentality: The thing to work on is the one thing right in front of you, never anything else.
If that thing that you're working on isn't the most important thing, then the CEO or product owners haven't correctly prioritized the backlog. When product people and CEOs come to scrum and participate it's like a group of people trying to make breakfast when some other people trying to plan for lunch or dinner or tomorrow's meals. The appropriate response you'll get from the developers is: "Hey, back off, we're making breakfast now, come back when we're done and we'll talk about lunch."
The chickens lay eggs. The pigs are slaughtered. After breakfast is made, the chickens are still alive.
It's a grotesque metaphor and one that can even be insulting to product people because it makes them feel like their contribution isn't valuable. Well, that's part of the crux of it too:
It isn't that the product development contribution as a chicken (product owner) isn't valuable, it's that software development is a moving train.
As a developer, so that I can achieve flow, I should have the materials needed to do the ticket (story) I'm working on without a lot of back and forth with the stakeholder.
In fact, the correct amount of back and forth with the stakeholder is 0 (zero).
Each and every back and forth costs wait states — that is, times when the flow of the craft (that is, building the software) has to wait for someone else in the chain. If this is you then your process is most definitely held back by wait states.
What does this have to do with chickens not speaking at standup? It's not that chickens aren't actually supposed to literally be quiet, it means that they don't have a turn when you go around each "giving" your stand-up.
Why don't chickens have a turn? Because stand-up is about 1) what code we accomplished yesterday, 2) what we're working on today, and 3) removing blockers.
The chickens don't actually accomplish coding tasks. They contribute to the coding tasks (things like wireframes, mockups, designs, written user stories, business cases)— these are called artifacts. But these artifacts, although they can help the process, aren't actually the finished result of working production-quality code. (Except, arguably, in the case of web designs where the designs are translated into working code.)
It's a really old, sexist, and out-dated adage that comes from the 90s and in 2020 it's probably insulting to most.
I haven't yet thought of a good replacement, because the core of the adage (which I admit is kind of nonsense on many levels when you really try to lay it all out) is about the fact that the production of the code is what matters. Or, if you will, the end result (which in software development is working code.)
Scrum assumes and prioritizes high-performance engagement. At the same time, it shines a light on low-performing tools, processes, and people. It is the "sunlight" that will disinfect any broken engineering process.
It ain't easy, and it ain't for everyone, but when practiced right, it remains the most engaged and accelerated form of software discipline today.
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- Precious stones
- Arabic manuscripts (4)
- Mines and mineral resources (2)
- Arabic poetry (1)
- Botany (1)
- Illuminations (1)
- Miniatures (Illuminations) (1)
- Naskh script (1)
- Poetry (1)
- Zoology (1)
Book of Royal Gemstones
This work, by Abu al-‛Abbās Ahmad b. Yūsuf al-Qaysī al-Tīfāshī, a 13th-century writer and mineralogist who was born in Tunisia and worked in Egypt, describes precious gems found in the treasuries of kings and rulers. The author lists 25 gemstones and dedicates a chapter to each. They include the ruby (yāqūt), emerald (zumurrud), topaz (zabarjad), diamond (almās), turquoise (fīrūzaj), magnetite (maghnātīs), agate (‛aqīq), lapis lazuli (lāzward), coral (marjān), and quartz (talq). In each chapter, the author discusses the causes of the gemstone's formation, provenance, criteria for appraisal of...
The Book on the Properties of Precious Gems
The title page identifies this manuscript as a copy of Kitab khawas al-jawāhir (The book on the properties of precious gems), written by Yaqūb ibn Ishāq al-Kindī in the ninth century. The work has 25 chapters, which are titled "On the knowledge of gems in general," "On knowledge of rubies," "On knowledge of emeralds," "On knowledge of lapis," and so forth. Each of these chapters gives basic information about these precious stones and their properties, as understood at the time. Information on the pricing of gems and the location of...
The Blossoms of Thoughts Regarding the Precious Stones
Azhār al-Afkār fī Jawāhir al-Ahjār (The blossoms of thoughts regarding precious stones) is considered the most detailed and complete treatise of the Middle Ages on stones and their properties. Lapidaries, or treatises devoted entirely to the discussion of precious stones and their features, can be traced to ancient Greece. Pliny, in his Naturalis Historia (Natural history), mentions at least 20 authors as sources of his knowledge of stones, even though, of the works he cites, only the treatise On Stones by Theophrastus (circa 371–287 BC) has survived. Theophrastus's...
The Selection of Treasures Regarding Precious Stones
Kitāb nuhab al-dahā'ir fī ahwāl al-jawāhir (The selection of treasures regarding precious stones) is a treatise devoted to precious stones and, in particular, to the different kinds of hyacinth (a precious stone of the ancients, sometimes held to be the sapphire). The work opens with a draft of a poem on precious stones on the title page, probably copied at the same time as the manuscript, and proceeds with brief notes on the different kinds of hyacinth, on pearls, and on other precious stones found in water. The author...
Farah's Encyclopedia of Nature
This Persian manuscript contains the text and accompanying illustrations of Faraḥ nāmah (Farah's encyclopedia of nature), also known by the title Ajayib al-dunya (Wonders of the world). The work is a treatise on natural history by al-Muṭahhar ibn Muḥammad al-Yazdi (flourished circa 1184). The manuscript was copied in the 17th century in a large Taliq script, and is illuminated with detailed multicolored illustrations of animals, birds, plants, rocks, and humans. Persian miniature painting was becoming a fine art genre in the 12th–13th centuries, and portrayal of the...


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2007)|
A hole punch (known also as a holing pincer, hole puncher, hole maker, or rarely perforator, or paper puncher) is a common office tool that is used to create holes in sheets of paper, often for the purpose of collecting the sheets in a binder or folder. A leather punch, slightly different from one designed for paper, is used for leather goods.
The origins of the hole punch date back to Germany via Matthias Theel, where two early patents for a device designed to "punch holes in paper" have since been discovered. Friedrich Soennecken made his patent on November 14, 1886, for his Papierlocher für Sammelmappen.
A typical hole punch, whether a single or multiple hole punch, has a long lever which is used to push a bladed cylinder straight through a number of sheets of paper. As the vertical travel distance of the cylinder is only a few millimeters, it can be positioned within a centimeter of the lever fulcrum. For low volume hole punches, the resulting lever need not be more than 8 cm for sufficient force.
Two paper guides are needed to line up the paper: one opposite where the paper is inserted, to set the margin distance, and one on an adjacent side.
Hole punches for industrial volumes (hundreds of sheets) feature very long lever arms, but function identically.
Another mechanism uses hollowed drills which are lowered by a screwing action into the paper. The paper is cut and forced up into the shaft of the drill to be later discarded as tightly packed columns. This method allows a small machine to cut industrial volumes of paper with little effort.
The most common standard for the dimensions and location of filing holes punched in paper is International Standard ISO 838. Two holes with a diameter of 6±0.5 mm are punched into the paper. The centers of these holes are 80±0.5 mm apart and have a distance of 12±1 mm to the nearest edge of the paper. The holes are located symmetrically in relation to the axis of the sheet or document.
Any paper format that is at least 100 mm high (e.g., ISO A7 and larger) can be filed using this system. A printed document with a margin of 20–25 mm will accommodate ISO 838 filing holes.
4-hole extension ("888")
A four-hole extension is also commonly used. The two middle holes are punched in accordance with ISO 838, and so paper punched with the four holes can be filed in binders that are consistent with ISO 838. The two additional holes are located 80 mm above and below these. The use of two additional holes provides more stability. This extension is sometimes referred to as the "888" system, because of the three 8-cm gaps between the holes. Some 2-hole punches have an "888" marking on their paper guide, to assist punching all four holes into A4 paper.
For US Legal Size paper format (8-1/2" x 14" or 216x355 mm) traditionally 4 holes has been used in the past and still in use today but not as common as it sibling the standard 3 holes (see below). The 4 holes are preferred due to the extra long length of 14" side of the paper where the 4 holes would be placed. Binders with 4-rings gives the paper a better support in the binder. Were the documents only punched with 3 holes it will with time create sacking of the paper at the top part of the binder above the top ring. The 4 holes are positioned symmetrically 3.5" (89 mm) apart (center to center of each hole)
In regions that use the U.S. "Letter" paper format (8.5" x 11" or 216×279 mm; United States, Canada, and in part Mexico and the Philippines), a three-hole standard is widely used. The holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 108 mm (4-1/4 in) apart. The diameter of the holes varies between manufacturers, with typical values being 6–8 mm (1/4 to 5/16 inch). (The 5/16 value is most commonly used, as it allows for more variation in both ring binder and paper punching.) The distance of the hole center to the paper edge also varies, with 12 mm (1/2 inch) being a typical value. Unlike ISO 838, this 3-hole system appears to have no well-established exact specification. It can only be applied to paper formats that are at least 240 mm high.
Another standard also occasionally used in the United States is a filebinder system. Its two holes are positioned symmetrically, with the centres 70 mm (2-3/4 inch) apart.
In Sweden, a four-hole national standard is almost exclusively used. The centres of the holes are 21mm, 70mm and 21 mm apart. The guides help keep the paper in a straight line.
The official name of this four-hole system is triohålning since it was adapted to the "Trio binder" which was awarded Swedish patent in 1890. The binder's inventor Andreas Tengwall supposedly named it after a consortium consisting of himself and two companions, i.e., a trio.
According to Shaugho Punchers Inc., the ideal 1 Hole Punch places the centre of the hole punched at 1.0 cm in from the left of a page and 4.0 cm down from the top of a page. According to Killeen Co., the punched hole should between 0.9 cm and 1.1 cm from the left hand side of a page and between 3.9 cm and 4.1 cm from the top of a page.
Uses of hole punches
Single hole punches
Single hole punches are often used to punch tickets, which indicates its credit has been used, and to make confetti when creating scrapbooks and other paper crafts. For applications needing a variety of hole shapes, a ticket punch may be used. A single hole punch differs from a ticket punch in having a shorter reach and no choice of hole shape.
In the United States, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, rendering them "used." This helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. Paper drilling is also popular for this purpose.
A related office tool is the eyelet punch. This is a single-hole punch which also presses a metal fastening loop around the hole. It is used to permanently secure a few sheets of paper together which must not be separated or modified.
Multiple hole punches
Multiple hole punches typically make between one and eight holes at one time, the placement of which matches the spacing of the rings in a binder. For example the filofax system uses six holes in two groups of three.
With a few exceptions, two-hole and four-hole punches consistent with ISO 838 are the norm.
In the United States the three-hole punch is most common. Less frequently seen is the two-hole filebinder punch.
There are office models available for the perforation of 1 to 150 sheets of paper, and industrial models for up to 470 sheets. Most multiple-hole and many single-hole punches accumulate the waste paper circles (chads) in a chamber, which must be periodically emptied in order to facilitate the continued operation of the punch.
Paper drills are machines similar to a drill press that use hollow drill bits to drill through stacks of paper. The hollow bit design allows the chads to be ejected during drilling. Paper drills in the United States are most commonly either single-hole or three-hole in construction.
- br-online (German)
- "Appletonideas Punch Resources". Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- "Paper Punch & Cutter Resources". Retrieved 2009-08-12.
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