text:
Steam should be available at the point of use in the correct quantity, at the correct pressure, clean, dry and free from air and other incondensable gases. This tutorial explains why this is necessary, and how steam quality is assured.
The correct quantity of steam must be made available for any heating process to ensure that a sufficient heat flow is provided for heat transfer.
Similarly, the correct flowrate must also be supplied so that there is no product spoilage or drop in the rate of production. Steam loads must be properly calculated and pipes must be correctly sized to achieve the flowrates required.
Steam should reach the point of use at the required pressure and provide the desired temperature for each application, or performance will be affected. The correct sizing of pipework and pipeline ancillaries will ensure this is achieved.
However, even if the pressure gauge is correctly displaying the desired pressure, the corresponding saturation temperature may not be available if the steam contains air and/or incondensable gases.
Air is present within the steam supply pipes and equipment at start-up. Even if the system were filled with pure steam the last time it was used, the steam would condense at shutdown, and air would be drawn in by the resultant vacuum.
When steam enters the system it will force the air towards either the drain point, or to the point furthest from the steam inlet, known as the remote point. Therefore steam traps with sufficient air venting capacities should be fitted to these drain points, and automatic air vents should be fitted to all remote points.
However, if there is any turbulence the steam and air will mix and the air will be carried to the heat transfer surface. As the steam condenses, an insulating layer of air is left behind on the surface, acting as a barrier to heat transfer.
In a mixture of air and steam, the presence of air will cause the temperature to be lower than expected. The total pressure of a mixture of gases is made up of the sum of the partial pressures of the components in the mixture.
This is known as Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. The partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each component if it occupied the same volume as the mixture:
Note: This is a thermodynamic relationship, so all pressures must be expressed in bar a.
Consider a steam/air mixture made up of ¾ steam and ¼ air by volume.
The total pressure is 4 bar a.Determine the temperature of the mixture:
Therefore the steam only has an effective pressure of 3 bar a as opposed to its apparent pressure of 4 bar a. The mixture would only have a temperature of 134 °C rather than the expected saturation temperature of 144 °C.
This phenomena is not only of importance in heat exchange applications (where the heat transfer rate increases with an increase in temperature difference), but also in process applications where a minimum temperature may be required to achieve a chemical or physical change in a product. For instance, a minimum temperature is essential in a steriliser in order to kill bacteria.
Air can also enter the system in solution with the boiler feedwater. Make-up water and condensate, exposed to the atmosphere, will readily absorb nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide: the main components of atmospheric air. When the water is heated in the boiler, these gases are released with the steam and carried into the distribution system.
Atmospheric air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 0.03% carbon dioxide, by volume analysis. However, the solubility of oxygen is roughly twice that of nitrogen, whilst carbon dioxide has a solubility roughly 30 times greater than oxygen!
This means that 'air' dissolved in the boiler feedwater will contain much larger proportions of carbon dioxide and oxygen: both of which cause corrosion in the boiler and the pipework.
The temperature of the feedtank is maintained at a temperature typically no less than 80 °C so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can be liberated back to the atmosphere, as the solubility of these dissolved gases decreases with increasing temperature.
The concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide is also kept to a minimum by demineralising and degassing the make-up water at the external water treatment stage.
The concentration of dissolved gas in the water can be determined using Henry's Law. This states that the mass of gas that can be dissolved by a given volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
This is only true however if the temperature is constant, and there is no chemical reaction between the liquid and the gas.
Layers of scale found on pipe walls may be either due to the formation of rust in older steam systems, or to a carbonate deposit in hard water areas. Other types of dirt which may be found in a steam supply line include welding slag and badly applied or excess jointing material, which may have been left in the system when the pipework was initially installed. These fragments will have the effect of increasing the rate of erosion in pipe bends and the small orifices of steam traps and valves.
For this reason it is good engineering practice to fit a pipeline strainer (as shown in Figure 2.4.2). This should be installed upstream of every steam trap, flowmeter, pressure reducing valve and control valve.
Steam flows from the inlet A through the perforated screen B to the outlet C. While steam and water will pass readily through the screen, dirt will be arrested. The cap D can be removed, allowing the screen to be withdrawn and cleaned at regular intervals.
When strainers are fitted in steam lines, they should be installed on their sides so that the accumulation of condensate and the problem of waterhammer can be avoided. This orientation will also expose the maximum strainer screen area to the flow.
A layer of scale may also be present on the heat transfer surface, acting as an additional barrier to heat transfer. Layers of scale are often a result of either:
The rate at which this layer builds up can be reduced by careful attention to the boiler operation and by the removal of any droplets of moisture.
Incorrect chemical feedwater treatment and periods of peak load can cause priming and carryover of boiler feedwater into the steam mains, leading to chemical and other material being deposited on to heat transfer surfaces. These deposits will accumulate over time, gradually reducing the efficiency of the plant.
In addition to this, as the steam leaves the boiler, some of it must condense due to heat loss through the pipe walls. Although these pipes may be well insulated, this process cannot be completely eliminated.
The overall result is that steam arriving at the plant is relatively wet, and the droplets of moisture carried along with the steam can erode pipes, fittings and valves especially if velocities are high.
It has already been shown that the presence of water droplets in steam reduces the actual enthalpy of evaporation, and also leads to the formation of scale on the pipe walls and heat transfer surface. The droplets of water entrained within the steam can also add to the resistant film of water produced as the steam condenses, creating yet another barrier to the heat transfer process.
A separator in the steam line will remove moisture droplets entrained in the steam flow, and also any condensate that has gravitated to the bottom of the pipe. In the separator shown in Figure 2.4.3 the steam is forced to change direction several times as it flows through the body. The baffles create an obstacle for the heavier water droplets, while the lighter dry steam is allowed to flow freely through the separator.
The moisture droplets run down the baffles and drain through the bottom connection of the separator to a steam trap. This will allow condensate to drain from the system, but will not allow the passage of any steam.
As steam begins to condense due to heat losses in the pipe, the condensate forms droplets on the inside of the walls. As they are swept along in the steam flow, they then merge into a film. The condensate then gravitates towards the bottom of the pipe, where the film begins to increase in thickness.
The build up of droplets of condensate along a length of steam pipework can eventually form a slug of water (as shown in Figure 2.4.4), which will be carried at steam velocity along the pipework (25 - 30 m/s).
This slug of water is dense and incompressible, and when travelling at high velocity, has a considerable amount of kinetic energy.
The laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but simply converted into a different form.
When obstructed, perhaps by a bend or tee in the pipe, the kinetic energy of the water is converted into pressure energy and a pressure shock is applied to the obstruction.
Condensate will also collect at low points, and slugs of condensate may be picked up by the flow of steam and hurled downstream at valves and pipe fittings.
These low points might include a sagging main, which may be due to inadequate pipe support or a broken pipe hanger. Other potential sources of waterhammer include the incorrect use of concentric reducers and strainers, or inadequate drainage before a rise in the steam main. Some of these are shown in Figure 2.4.5.
The noise and vibration caused by the impact between the slug of water and the obstruction, is known as waterhammer.
Waterhammer can significantly reduce the life of pipeline ancillaries. In severe cases the fitting may fracture with an almost explosive effect. The consequence may be the loss of live steam at the fracture, creating a hazardous situation.
The installation of steam pipework is discussed in detail in Block 10, Steam Distribution.
Your closest Spirax Sarco is


text:
This is the sixth in a series of seven factsheets on the theme of community engagement, that draws on the results and lessons learned from the PRRINN-MNCH programme. This particular factsheet focuses on working with religious leaders to improve maternal, newborn and child health. The key messages are:
- Religious leaders can play an important role in disseminating MNCH information across a large population and persuading communities to change established behaviour and attitudes.
- Religious leaders can also help to promote a shift in thinking away from 'charity' towards broader-based support for the least supported who are likely to suffer the heaviest burden of ill-health.
- A facilitative approach is required where religious leaders are supported to use health-related information to devise their own key messages and preferred means of communicating them.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Geert Jan Jansen
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Geert Jan Jansen (born 1943) is a Dutch painter and art forger, who was arrested in 1994.
Geert Jan Jansen was born in Waalre in the Netherlands. His engineer father was fond of art and Jansen became an art student. He befriended a US art dealer, Michel Podulke, who ran a gallery called Mokum in Amsterdam.
Later, Jansen opened his own galleries, Jacob and Raam, but was not particularly successful. When his business went badly, he decided to sign posters of Karel Appel's lithographs and sell them as originals. Later, he made his first Karel Appel forgery and sold it for 2,600 guilders. Thus encouraged, he sent another forgery to London; auction house sent a photograph to Appel, who stated that it was genuine. The gouache was sold at a record price.
In 1981, Dutch police were informed about a forged Bart van der Leck painting. They searched Jansen's house in Edam but found nothing. They did find 76 forged Appel lithographs in the ceiling of a local warehouse, but charges were not pressed. Short of evidence, the attorney general cut a deal with Jansen: He would not be charged if he would not make forgeries for three years.
In 1988, Jansen released another batch of Appel paintings. When they were found to be forgeries, gallery owners blamed each other. In June 1988, police confiscated hundreds of Appel forgeries from the MAT gallery in Amsterdam. The owner of the gallery said that he had bought 100 Appel forgeries from the Tripple Tree Gallery, who had bought them from a dealer Henk Ernste in Paris. Ernste was later arrested but the case was settled with a 5.5 million guilder fine. During the furor, Jansen moved from the Netherlands to France with his mistress.
In March 1994, "Jan van den Bergen" came to the auction house Karl & Faber in Munich. He claimed to be an art dealer from Orléans and presented his business card. With him he had a Chagall drawing, an Asger Jorn gouache and a Karel Appel painting. The first two had written certificates of authenticity. He wanted them to be auctioned quickly and left in a hurry.
Expert Sue Cubitt of the auction house had the works examined. The Chagall certificate had a misprint and she became suspicious. Jan Nieuwenhuizen Segaar, a representative of Karel Appel, contacted the artist who said that work was his but Cubitt was still suspicious. The Chagall committee in Paris verified that the certificate was a forgery and therefore the drawing was also a forgery. A similar thing happened with the Asger Jorn certificate. The auction house decided to withdraw all the works from sale because it could not guarantee their authenticity. Sue Cubitt decided to inform Ernst Schöller of the Stuttgart Fine Art and Antiquities squad.
When Sue Cubitt and the police checked other auction catalogues, they noticed that similar works of art had been offered for sale and discovered Van den Bergen had offered these and other works for sale in auction houses around Europe. When Schöller checked the Orléans gallery address, he found that it was a fake; there was a wine bottle company at that address.
The trail of false addresses companies led Schöller and the French police to a farm in La Chaux near Poitiers. Jansen - who had used the name Van den Bergen - and his associate were arrested May 6, 1994.
When police investigated the farm, they found 1600 forged artworks. Forged artists included Cocteau, Dufy, Ferdinand Erfmann, Charles Eyck, Leo Gestel, Bart van der Leck, Matisse, Miró and the most popular target of forgery, Picasso.
French police had few leads and their appeal through the media brought no reports of forgery. Six years later, they checked the auction records of a Drouot gallery where Jansen had traded most of his forgeries through a number of different false names. They confiscated some suspicious paintings and threatened their buyers with complicity in the crime if they did not press charges against Jansen.
Jansen went on trial in September 2000 in Orléans. By that time, the police had thousands of forgeries. During the trial Jansen's lawyer demanded that the works not to be destroyed in case there were real works among them. However, most of the charges were later dropped - two of the buyers disappeared - and only two remained.
Eventually Jansen was sentenced to one year imprisonment and four additional years suspended sentence. He was exiled from France for three years. All of his works were to be destroyed. Jansen planned to appeal.
External links[edit]


LECTURE 6 by vivi07
 Chapter 21 Monopoly
1. Auctions and Monopoly 2. Prices and Quantities 3. Segmenting the Market
 1. Auctions and Monopoly
We begin this chapter by putting auctions in a more general context to highlight the similarities and differences between auctions and monopolies. In this spirit we investigate the sale of multiple units by auction, to see when the selling mechanism affects the outcome, and how. Within the context of a multiple unit auction we derive our first result in finance, the efficient markets hypothesis, that in its simplest form, states prices of stocks follow a random walk.
 Are auctions just like monopolies?
Monopoly is defined by the phrase "single seller", but that would seem to characterize an auctioneer too. Is there a difference, or can we apply everything we know about a monopolist to an auctioneer, and vice versa? We now begin to make the transition between auctions and markets by noting the similarities and differences.
 Two main differences between most auction and monopoly models
The two main differences distinguishing models of monopoly from a auction models are related to the quantity of the good sold: 1. Monopolists typically sell multiple units, but most auction models analyze the sale of a single unit. In practice, though, auctioneers often sell multiple units of the same item. 2. Monopolists choose the quantity to supply, but most models of auctions focus on the sale of a fixed number of units. But in reality the use of reservation prices in auctions endogenously determines the number the units sold.
 Other differences between most auction and monopoly models
1. Monopolists price discriminate through market segmentation, but auction rules do not make the winner's payment depend on his type. However holding auctions with multiple rounds (for example restricting entry to qualified bidders in certain auctions) segments the market and thus enables price discrimination. 2. A firm with a monopoly in two or more markets can sometimes increase its value by bundling goods together rather than selling each one individually. While auction models do not typically explore these effects, auctioneers also bundle goods together into lots to be sold as indivisible units.
 An agenda for the first portion of our work on monopoly
We will focus on two issues: 1. How does a multiunit auction differ from a single unit auction? 2. What can we learn about market behavior from multiunit auctions?
 Auctioning multiple units to single unit demanders
Suppose there are exactly Q identical units of a good up for auction, all of which must be sold. As before we shall suppose there are N bidders or potential demanders of the product and that N > Q. Also following previous notation, denote their valuations by v1 through vN. We begin by considering situations where each buyer wishes to purchase at most one unit of the good.
 Decisions for the seller to make in multiunit auctions
The seller must decide whether to sell the objects separately in multiple auctions or jointly in a single auction. The seller must choose among different auction formats.
 Open auctions for selling identical units
Descending Dutch auction: Suppose the auctioneer has five units for sale. As the price falls, the first five bidders to submit market orders purchase a unit of the good at the price the auctioneer offered to them. Ascending Japanese auction: The auctioneer holds an ascending auction and awards the objects to the five highest bidders at the price the sixth bidder drop out.
 Multiunit Japanese auction
In a Japanese auction, bidders drops out until there are only as many remaining bidders in the auction as there are items. The winning bidders pay the price at which the last bidder dropped out of the auction. In this auction it is easy to see that the bidders with the highest valuation win the auction.
 Multiunit sealed bid auctions
Sealed bid auctions for multiple units can be conducted by inviting bidders to submit limit order offers, and allocating the available units to the highest bidders.
In discriminatory auctions the winning bidders pay different prices. For example they might pay at the respective prices they posted.
In a uniform price auction the winners pay the same price, such as a kth price auction (where k could range from 1 to N.)
 Revenue equivalence revisited
Suppose each bidder: - knows her own valuation - only want one of the identical items up for auction - is risk neutral Consider two auctions which both award the auctioned items to the highest valuation bidders in equilibrium. Then the revenue equivalence theorem applies, implying that the mechanism chosen for trading is immaterial (unless the auctioneer is concerned about entry deterrence or collusive behavior).
 Prices follow a random walk
In repeated auctions that satisfy the revenue equivalence theorem, we can show that the price of successive units follows a random walk. Intuitively, each bidder is estimating the bid he must make to beat the demander with (Q+1)st highest valuation, that is conditional on his own valuation being one of the Q highest. If the expected price from the qs+1 item exceeds that of the qs item before either is auctioned, then we would expect this to cause more (less) aggressive bidding for qs item (qs+1 item) to get a better deal, thus driving up (down) its price.
 Multiunit Dutch auction
To conduct a Dutch auction the auctioneer successively posts limit orders, reducing the limit order price of the good until all the units have been bought by bidders making market orders.
Note that in a descending auction, objects for sale might not be identical. The bidder willing to pay the highest price chooses the object he ranks most highly, and the price continues to fall until all the objects are sold.
 Clusters of trades
As the price falls in a Dutch auction for Q units, no one adjusts her reservation bid, until it reaches the highest bid.
At that point the chance of winning one of the remaining units falls. Players left in the auction reduce the amount of surplus they would obtain in the event of a win, and increase their reservation bids.
Consequently the remaining successful bids are clustered (and trading is brisk) relative to the empirical probability distribution of the valuations themselves. Hence the Nash equilibrium solution to this auction creates the impression of a frenzied grab for the asset, as herd like instincts prevail.
 Why the Dutch auction does not satisfy the conditions for revenue equivalence
We found that the revenue equivalence theorem applies to multiunit auctions if each bidder only wants one item, providing the mechanism ensures the items are sold to the bidders who have the highest valuations.
In contrast to a single unit auction, the multiunit Dutch auction does not meet the conditions for revenue equivalence, because of the possibility of "rational herding". If there is herding we cannot guarantee the highest valuation bidders will be auction winners.
 Multiunit demanders
By a multiunit demander we mean that each bidder might desire (and bid on) all Q units for himself. We now drop the assumption that N > Q. Relaxing the assumption that each bidder demands one unit at most seriously compromises the applicability of the Revenue Equivalence theorem. Typically auctions will not yield the same resource allocation even if the usual conditions are met (private valuations, risk neutrality, lowest feasible expects no rent from participation).
 Example: Two unit demanders in a third price sealed bid auction
Consider a third price sealed bid auction for two units where there are two bidders, each of whom wants two units. Thus N = Q = 2. Each bidder submits two prices.
We suppose the first bidder has a valuation of v11 for his first unit and v12 for for his second, where v11 > v12 say. Similarly the valuations of the second bidder are v21 and v22 respectively, where v21 > v22.
 Example continued
The arguments given for single unit second price sealed bid auctions apply to the highest price of each bidder. One of his prices is highest valuation.
There is some probability that each bidder will win one unit, and in this case the price paid by one of the bidders will be determined by his second highest bid. Recognizing this in advance, he shades his valuation on his second highest bid.
 Vickery auctions defined
A Vickery auction is a sealed bid auction, and units are assigned according to the highest bids (as usual).
Each bidder pays for the (sum of the) price(s) for the losing bid(s) his own bids displaced. By definition the losing bids he displaced would have been included within the winning set of bids if the bidder had not participated in the auction, and everybody else had submitted the same bids. In a single unit auction this corresponds to the second highest bidder. The total price a bidder pays in a Vickery auction for all the units he has won is the sum of the bids on the units he displaced.
 Vickery auctions are efficient
A Vickery auction is the multiunit analogue to a second price auction, in that the unique solution (derived from weak dominance) is for each bidder to truthfully report his valuations.
This implies that a Vickery auction allocates units efficiently, in contrast to many multiunit auction mechanisms.
This session compared auctions with monopoly, and thus established the close connections between them. We found the revenue equivalence theorem applies to multiunit auctions if each bidder only wants one item. Prices in first and second price sealed bid repeated multiunit auctions follow a random walk. When bidders demand more than one unit each, the revenue equivalence theorem breaks down. The Vickery auction is efficient, in contrast to many other auction mechanisms.
 2. Prices and Quantities
This section of the chapter analyzes how the determination of quantity impacts on the monopolist


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that does not actually exist, of a large group of diverse people, is obviously impossible to do precisely. We acknowledge making a number of assumptions, some stated, some implicit, and some generous to critics of this proof.
Within this context, we aim to demonstrate, through probability calculations, that a large number of open payment channels will be required for each user, thus making the system essentially inoperable at a size of 1,000,000 users.
2. Channels and Hops Required, with No Constraints
Modeling the network as a complex graph of 1,000,000 nodes, we shall examine the probability of reaching a random peer given a certain number of open channels, C, and allowing for a certain number of hops, H.
From the perspective of a user, reaching distant peers through a series of branching channels is similar to tree structure.⁴ The number of leafs grow exponentially and are possible transaction destinations.
To simplify the calculations, we will ignore the possibility that a branch on the tree could link to another branch already on the tree (such as an ancestor or cousin).
This possibility happening would reduce the number of peers found from a purely exponential branching to a slightly lower number. Since we are attempting to prove that a relatively low number of peers would be reached without a large number of channels or hops, and the real number would be even lower, this is a generous assumption (strengthening the proof).
Let n be the number of leafs, defined as C^H. For example, 10 open channels and 6 hops is 10⁶ = 1,000,000.
The probability P for failing to choosing a member of a set |N| with cardinality n by sampling n times, with replacement is:
(In our case, obtaining a desired destination by matching to a leaf.)
We can generalize this with the limiting form:
Since 1/e = 0.3678… then the probability of choosing correctly at least once is (1- (1/e)) = 63.21…%
Having access to any given peer at a rate of only 63.21% is too low to be considered successful for a payment system.
Using a different number of trials can be expressed as:
By taking various exponents of e, we can calculate the corresponding probabilities:
Using a value of 1,000,000 users and the limiting form, we derive the formula:
Using this formula, we can calculate some initial values reaching at least the 80% probability level; however this is not considering other factors not yet discussed:
3. Channels and Hops Required, with a Basic Money Constraint
All hops along the route must have sufficient funds to process any payment they wish to service. This is the money constraint.
Modeling a network of a million users with a wide variety of financial profiles and spending patterns isn't possible to do precisely because there are too many unknown factors.
However, we can make a very general common-sense assumption that many or most users will receive some kind of income at some kind of regular interval, and deposit an allowance of funds into the LN for spending.
Deposited funds will generally be either spent or eventually withdrawn. (We will assume LN is not used as a savings vehicle)
As users spend funds, payment channel availability for routing will degrade, either because a channel closes, or because the funded amount diminishes. When additional funds are deposited, the routing capabilities are revitalized.
We do not have a detailed model of which and how many users are getting paid how much, when, and how often. However, we can aggregate the behavior of the set of users thanks to the law of large numbers, which states that " the average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should be close to the expected value".
The typical consumer cycles consist of receiving income, spending it, and then repeating. We can generalize this behavior as a reverse sawtooth wave:
Visually, it appears as:
Salary payments are represented by spikes, and income is then spent gradually until the next payment.
Integrating the function gives half the value of the period, as expected:
This is also apparent visually as the waves form right triangles cutting out half the area.
The implication is that about half the channels that would be used for routing are invalid. Thus, the number of channels at each hop needs to be doubled.
Our probability formula changes to:
And our table of results becomes:
There is also a huge generous assumption we are making, which is that all users are a useful part of set of routing participants for all other users. In reality, a vastly uneven distribution of wealth would likely put additional and significant constraints on the system.
4. Additional Constraint of Lending
In addition to the burdens of dividing funds and finding routes, we assume that the user also participates in the network by helping others route payments.
This disrupts the user in two ways.
First, it may cause the distribution of the user's personal funds to become unbalanced, diminishing the number of routes available. Over time, this could theoretically average out with money flowing in either direction of any given channel. However, each user would be subject to a large degree of variance at any given time.
The second is that the money used in routing others' payments is unavailable to the user during the time that the route is in use.
We shall generously ignore the first cause of disruption and only attempt to model the second. We'll take the simplistic approach of assuming all users have the same average number of transactions and spending volume, and assume each user participates equally in the routing.
Let us define the following variables:
U: the number of users
H: the number of hops
V: the total network transaction volume during a period of time
v: the transaction volume per user during a period of time
r: the total routed volume per user during a period of time
D: the duration in hours of a time period of measurement
t: average number of transactions per user for time period D
d: the duration in hours of the average route
Since each hop needs to route the entire transaction amount for any transaction in a route that it participates in, the total routed volume for the entire network during a period of time = VH.
Thus, r= VH/U. And since V/U=v, r=Hv.
For example, if v=$1000, the plot appears as:
Let us introduce the concept of dollar-hours to measure routing capacity.
Each user can only spend their own money once, of course. But for purposes of routing others' money, we can think of dollar-hours as the total dollars in their channels, multiplied by the number of hours they available. For example, $1000 sitting unmoved for a week is 168,000 dollar-hours.
We can then calculate a quotient Q, which represents the percentage of available capacity remaining after routing for others:
Q = 1- (d(H-1))/D
Note that v and t do not appear in the equation as they are factored out, but they are implicit in the ratio d/D. The reason for H-1 is that one hop doesn't cost the network anything beyond a user's own transactions (r=Hv).
For example, if the network uses 4 hops, and routes require 4 hours, and the user's balances for routing are based on 168 hours (1 week), then:
Q=1- ((4)*(3))/168 ) = 0.92
Our probability formula is now:
Assuming D=168, and routing time d = 4 hours, we arrive at the following probabilities:
5. Determining Transaction Limitations Based on a Pareto Distribution
It hardly seems necessary to prove that if funds need to be split into small buckets, there would be an enormous negative effect on usability. However, for completeness, we included this section.
We assume most consumer and business spending follows a Pareto distribution in that each user makes a relatively small number of large transactions, several medium-sized transactions, and a larger amount of smaller transactions.
The Pareto probability density function is expressed as:
For the simplest type 1 Pareto curve, this simplifies to:
The distribution does not change by applying constants, but we can better envision the model with some real world values by multiplying the y-values by 1000, so that dollar amounts for big items become substantial, and integrate over a typical set of x values (number of transactions at each dollar value), say 50.
The total sum of transactions = $980. Using a 10% value of $98,
we can solve the equation: 98 = 1000/x² to obtain 3.194 transactions.
Next, we will integrate over the smaller set of transactions to obtain the sum value of the transactions that have amounts that less than the our minimum $98 value:
Since 293.48/980=.299, we can say that only 29.9% of all desired economic activity would be possible if 10 channels were used.
I expect critics to nitpick. I encourage you to do your own critical thinking. Do not forget the generous assumptions we have made to ignore wealth disparity.
Remember, Bitcoin must be decentralized. Be wary of the rationalization of "Centralization is ok as long as the base layer is kept decentralized." That is an insidious trap which allows forcing users off the base layer and into the centralized systems. We must never allow that.
So, is Bitcoin in trouble because second layer solutions may not work? No, not at all. Bitcoin was designed to scale on-chain with simple blocksize increases. It can and will do so, if we allow it.
- Not a new type of address. Simply, a multi-signature address for the purposes of the channel.
- Originally published by Carl S. Sterner in 'Resilience and


our comfort zone as opposed to radical changes and progress where we must step out to instability for growth. Energy neutral is okay, comfortable, and good.
Then we zoom out to energy rich where abundance is our natural state of being. We see so many possibilities and opportunities everywhere. We are able to sustain a baseline and take the actions necessary to support radical growth and progress…creating a newer, higher level baseline. Life is amazing, outstanding, incredible, wonderful, a beautiful gift, a blessing, and epic at this state. Inspiration, victory, love, joy, passion, and excitement are all states of energy richness.
Inspired to show up with energy richness and unlock your super saiyan? Here's 9 practical strategies to living a richly energized life.
1. Oxygenating your body
Our physical body needs oxygen. Without it, we can die within minutes. Unfortunately many of us don't even know that we're not receiving enough oxygen to sustain richly energized states of being. Sitting hunched over for 8 hours a day as we work on our computers supports a posture that makes it difficult to breathe deeply and nourish majority of our cells with oxygen.
Fortunately…I've got a spectacular solution for this: 1-4-2 breathing method daily. I first learned about this method through a Tony Robbins seminar and immediately noticed vibrancy throughout my body after a few minutes of using this breathing.
2. Drinking natural spring water
Think drinking tap water is ok? Think again. Tap water is flooded with arsenic, aluminum, fluoride, prescription, and over-the-counter drugs. In disbelief? Read this educational article by Dr. Mercola.
Just like most of us aren't receiving a rich amount of oxygen, we're also chronically dehydrated…and a lot of this has to do with the quality of water we're drinking. Did you know that nearly 40% of the bottled water we think is spring water is actually tap water?
As for the water that may truly be natural spring water, there are chemicals leaking into the water from the plastic, especially when the bottle is heated through sun exposure and exposed to light (this includes florescent lights in grocery stores). Now, our bodies are about 60% water…and just like oxygen, water is an essential element needed for a richly energized life…let alone any life. My recommendation is to drink natural spring water. You can do what I do and order Mountain Valley Spring Water in glass packaging (glass because nothing leaks into the water). I've been using them for the past 7 months and have been very happy with the quality of their water and service. You can also have some fun with it and find a local natural spring. Just make sure to fill up in glass or another safe container!
3. Creating a results-focused plan
Knowing the results that are most important to us laser focuses our energy, time and attention to best creating that result. The issue is I, like many of us, was brought up in a "to-do list" culture. I'm not saying there's anything wrong with a to-do list; what I am saying is going off to-do lists keeps us focused on the activity as opposed to the results…and that can limit us from seeing greater actions and resources to attain our results.
I think Tony Robbins has developed an outstanding strategy for this: the RPM plan; results-focused, purpose-driven, massive action plan. Clarity is power and hen we make a clear decision on the result we want, our reticular activating system supports us in subconsciously bringing our focus to everything that's relevant to achieving our result.
When we know what we want, we can consciously use our WHY (the purpose) to call forth emotional fuel to breakthrough any obstacles. Viktor Frankl, the famous Austrian psychiatrist and Holocaust surviving author of "Man's Search For Meaning" has said, "Those who have a 'why' to live can bear with almost any 'how'."
The last part of RPM is MASSIVE ACTION! Now when we're in full tilt do, do, do mode…we know that we're taking the most strategic actions to best achieve our result, as opposed to just getting busy in the habit of doing things.
4. Belly laughing with great company
Have you ever laughed so hard that milk came out your nose? Or maybe you spat your drink out? Aren't those the greatest laughs? Maybe not the pain or embarrassment that comes with it, but the deep belly laughs that generate the humor of that moment.
Laughter is medicine and it's very contagious. If you want to experience how energizing it can be to laugh, next time you're feeling sluggish start a laughing contest with a friend.
Even try this…begin with fake laughing as hard and loud as you can with a friend. Eventually, both of you can't help but realize how silly and funny it is and you'll both start to really build up the laughter. Sooner than you know it, you'll be belly laughing and you'll be fueled with energy as your body releases endorphins that uplifts your mood, increases bonding, stimulates your organs, and improves your immune system. Add belly laughter into your daily rituals and you'll live a richly energized life.
5. Upgrading your nervous system
Our nervous system is the processing system and software for our life. It sends messages from our brain to every single cell, tissue, muscle, and organ in our body. It processes information from both our outside and inside world. It's what gives us our perceptive abilities to differentiate what we feel, see, taste, hear, and smell.
When there's disconnection in our nervous system, there's a disconnection in our full expression of life. And today we live in a world where we have more information flying at us with greater speed and quantity than ever before. We feel more overwhelmed, anxious, stressed and fearful from the silliest things when our ancestors were focused on running away from man-eating tigers.
One of the best things we can do today for our health and life is to upgrade our nervous system. And one of the best ways I've discovered we can upgrade our nervous system is through the healing modalities created by the man I introduced initially, Donny Epstein. In fact, receiving Network Spinal Analysis care and using Somato Respiratory Integration exercises supported me in overcoming anxiety. I consistently use SRI daily and receive NSA care, and every time I do so…it feels like I'm getting an iOS update for my nervous system so I run smoother, better, more effectively and efficiently…and ultimately live a richly energized life.
6. Planting and gardening
Assuming you've got a healthy garden that's free of GMOs and pesticides…the foods you grow and eat out of your garden are going to be significantly more nutrient-rich than the foods you'll find at a grocery store. How? For one, you can trust the quality of the foods from your garden since you're involved in the planting and growing process. You also can pick the food when it's most ripe…unlike most major food vendors who pick off earlier so they'll last longer in the grocery stores. Picking the food when it's ripe ensures that it has peak nutritional content.
Gardening also adds a spiritual aspect in our relationship to food and nature. We facilitate and participate with a process of life, and in the consumption of our food…we feel the bond with our food.
Now you may be thinking you can't garden because you don't have an outdoor garden. Fortunately one of the easiest ways we can get involved with gardening happens in the comfort of inside our home…and that's through growing sunflower seed sprouts. If you have patio space available you can bring pots to plant greens like kale, arugula, butter lettuce, and collard greens. You can also check the Internet for any community garden spaces.
Beyond the the nutritional and spiritual benefits of gardening, assuming we garden outside…we're able to be exposed to more sunlight and gain more Vitamin D. an essential vitamin for a healthy, energized life that most of us are actually deficient in.
7. Group sports and exercise
To exercise alone is great, but to compete in group sports is powerful for expanding our boundaries of fitness. With competition, we are challenged to show up with more physical and mental energy…calling forth greater strategies, communication, team work and hustle from ourselves to win the game. There's also a strong factor of accountability that makes it more fun and engaging as we play and train.
For me, I love to play soccer. If you're interested in trying something new, I recommend participating in a Spartan Race. They've been growing famous for their epic obstacle courses, fun challenges, and the group camaraderie and teamwork built into a festival-like experience.
8. Having accountability partners for goals
Want to increase your chances of accomplishing your goals by over 25%? Get an accountability partner. According to a study done by Forbes magazine, people who shared their goals with others had over a 25% chance of achieving their goal as opposed to the group who didn't share their life goals.
Having accountability partners has been one of the greatest success strategies people have used throughout time. I personally have multiple accountability partners I check in with on a daily basis. A key thing I've learned when choosing accountability partners is to pair up with someone who's dedicated to living an epic life and who shares similar values as yourself. When you know who this person is and you're both game for teaming up together…make a commitment to show up honestly and fully, as well as inspire and challenge each other to be greater consistently.
9. Expressing Gratitude
Gratitude is the best medicine. When we feel grateful, we feel rich. Sir John Templeton, one of the richest people in


The finished pots are quite sturdy while the seeds are growing, but they'll break down quickly once they've been planted in the soil, meaning you don't have to transfer them.
What you need
 - Black and white newspaper
 - A small, glass jar
How to make it
 1. Lay a full sheet of black and white newspaper flat. Don't use shiny, coloured paper as it may contain heavy metals that could drain into your soil.
 2. Fold the paper in half lengthwise twice to form a long, narrow strip of folded newspaper.
 3. Lay a small, glass jar on its side and place it on one end of the strip of paper. Roll the newspaper around the jar. The jar is used only as a form to roll the paper around. About half of the strip of paper should overlap the open end of the glass.
 4. Push the ends of the paper into the open end of the jar. This step doesn't have to be neat and tidy; just stuff the overlapping newspaper into the jar.
 5. Pull the jar out of the newspaper pocket so you have the newspaper pot in your hand.
 6. Push the bottom of the jar into the newspaper cup, squashing the folded bottom to flatten. This step will seal the bottom of your pot. Once the pot has been filled with soil, the bottom will be secure.
 7. Pull the jar out and you have a finished paper pot, ready to grow seeds in.
Thank you to The Big Lunch for this idea.
Image credit: Terrie Schweitzer


Systems of Differential EquationsTwo models of interacting species
 1. 1. Given Information/Objectives
 The following system for "stable competition":
 Find the equilibrium points for the system.
 Using the Jacobian matrix, linearize the system about the equilibrium that has both species present.
 Classify this equilibrium.
 Plot direction field and orbits.
 2. The attempt at a solution
 After finding equilibrium points (2/3,2/3), and the Jacobian (provided that the equilibrium points I found were correct) for the previously mentioned points (J[2/3,2/3]=28/9). I don't know where to go from here; how do I know what kind of equilibrium it is??
 2. jcsd
 3. A few points:
 1) There are 3 equilibrium (aka fixed) points; you have found one of them.
 2) The Jacobian is a 2x2 matrix, with entries functions of x and y; evaluating it at a point is still a 2x2 matrix.
 3) The Jacobian evaluated at a point allows you to classify the equilibrium point in the linearised system. For example, if it has two distinct positive eigenvalues, then the equilibrium point is an unstable proper node. The corresponding eigenvectors, one being dominant, allow you to sketch the direct field near the fixed point. I suggest you consult your notes or text to become aware of the other types.
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text:
How can the physical, moral and spiritual conditions of man be reformed?
According to the Holy Quran the natural state of man has a very strong relationship with his moral and spiritual states, so much so that even a person's manner of eating and drinking affects his moral and spiritual states. If the natural state of a person is subjected to the control of the directions of divine law it becomes his moral state and deeply affects his spirituality, as is said that whatever falls into a salt mine is converted into salt. That is why the Holy Quran has laid stress on physical cleanliness and postures, and their regulation in relation to all worship and inner purity and spiritual humility.
As indicated in the Holy Word of God Almighty, the natural state of man, the fountain head of which is the self that incites to evil, is not something divorced from his moral state.
The Holy Word of God has classified man's natural faculties and desires and urges, as natural conditions. These, when they are consciously regulated and controlled and are brought into action on their proper occasions and places, become moral qualities.
In the same way, moral conditions are not entirely distinct from spiritual conditions. When moral conditions develop absolute devotion to God and complete purification of self and, cutting asunder from the world, turn wholly to God and to perfect love and complete devotion and full serenity and satisfaction and complete accord with the divine will, they become spiritual conditions.
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text:
This projectwas completed as a intern opportunity with HPCC Systems in 2019. Curious about projects we are offering for future internships? Take a look at our Ideas List.
Find out about the HPCC Systems Summer Internship Program.
Create a Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring. The virtual machine will be Ubuntu 18.04 amd64. Prefer using Hyper-V Builder tool of HashiCorp Packer to create the image.
Completion of this project involves:
- A Hyper-V virtual machine image which include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring.
- Make sure virtual machine image can be successfully imported and HPCC processes can be started.
- Successfully test following on Windows 10: 1) ECL sample through ECL Playground. 2) Ganglia-monitoring graph in ECLWatch. 3) Nagios web page with HPCC processes listed.
- Document the usage.
By the mid term review we would expect you to have:
- Get familiar with HPCC Packages such as HPCC Platform, HPCC Plugins, HPCC Ganglia-monitoring and HPCC Nagios-monitoring
- Get familiar with HashiCorp Packer tool, particular how to use HypterV Builder to create virtual machine image.
- Write initial build script for creating HPCC Platform and Plugin.
- Test deployment of above on Windows 10.
Backup Mentor: Godson Fortil
- Ability to code in Python.
- Knowledge of Juju charm and git would be helpful. Student can learn Juju Charm from Juju charm docs
- Python 3.0 and Linux bash scripts knowledge.
- It would be an advantage to be familiar with one the Cloud Environment, such as AWS, Azure, Google, etc. Basic HPCC Systems knowledge is needed but student can learn this during the process.
- A Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform and Plugins
End of project
A Hyper-V virtual machine image to include HPCC Platform, Plugins, Ganglia-monitoring and Nagios-monitoring
A github project for build scripts and instruction
A documentation for usage


Focus: Minimalist's Tug-of-War
Published December 11, 2002 | Phys. Rev. Focus 10, 26 (2002) | DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFocus.10.26
Figure 1
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266601 (2002)
Swiss cheese conductivity. According to computer simulations, a composite material optimized for two properties (conducting both heat and electricity) has a surprising structure. The boundary between the two phases is called a minimal surface.
Spider silk must be light, elastic, and strong–all at once. Drawing inspiration from natural materials that must balance such competing demands, researchers have used computer simulations to calculate the microstructure of a material that simultaneously conducts both heat and electricity. The surprising shape that resulted provides the first simple example of the effects of competing demands on mixtures of two materials, and may offer materials engineers a way to solve a range of similar problems. The results appear in the 23 December print issue of PRL.
Biological materials are often composites of two or more substances that can simultaneously perform several tasks well–such as provide mechanical support, conduct electricity, or transport fluids and particles. To Salvatore Torquato of Princeton University, that fact suggests at least a rough sort of optimization at work. A mixture optimized for a single property, such as heat conduction, looks like blobs of one material suspended in another. But no clear, simple examples exist for the structure resulting from a two-property tug-of-war in a mix of two materials.
Now Torquato and his coworkers have adapted a method called topology optimization to simulate a mix of two phases, one that conducts heat well and one that conducts electricity well. These specific properties were chosen for their simplicity. After the researchers make a first guess at the arrangement, the program morphs the guess this way and that until it finds a shape that maximizes both heat and electrical transport.
The resulting boundary between the two phases turned out to be a so-called bicontinuous, triply-periodic, minimal surface. "Bicontinuous" means that each phase extends from one side of a sample to every other side without interruption, rather than one phase being immersed in the other. It has a repeating pattern in all three directions ("triply-periodic"). And the material boundary has the minimal surface area possible for a surface with the first two properties. To understand a minimal surface, think of a soap film on a wire frame bent into a complicated shape. The soap film is minimal because of surface tension, but the simulated minimal surface comes from the competition between the two properties and "is completely unexpected," says Torquato. He's unaware of any other physical mechanism for minimizing a surface besides surface tension.
The technique should extend to any combination of two or more physical properties, including chemical, mechanical, and optical characteristics, he says. One practical example might be mass and electrical flow in batteries. To Torquato, the result also implies that there might be signs of optimization, however incomplete, in biological systems. Certain cell membranes resemble periodic minimal surfaces, for instance.
The biological angle may not pan out, but the authors' work represents a fascinating conjecture, says mathematician Robert Kohn of New York University. The topology optimization method employed is a powerful technique that remains relatively unknown, he says. It isn't clear why the competing demands of material properties can mimic the effect of surface tension and lead to a minimal surface, but Kohn hopes those in the field can establish the connection. "It would be nice of course to have a proof. But that's work for the rest of us."
–JR Minkel
JR Minkel is a freelance science writer in New York City.
Subject Areas
New in Physics


Toasting the 4th of July like The Founding Fathers Would Have - With Madeira
The most popular wine in colonial America, with all due respect to Thomas Jefferson's French favorites, was Madeira. Never heard of it? While it's not very popular today, this fortified Portuguese wine was wildly popular on board the European ships traveling across oceans, and among the citizens of their distant colonies. Madeira was popular for a very practical reason — it travels well.
Fortifying the wine with spirits raised the alcohol content to around 19 – 21 percent, allowing the beverage to survive long journeys at sea. Two other things happened to Madeira, while at sea, that actually improved the beverage. Most wine will 'cook' if exposed to heat for a prolonged period of time. The hold of an eighteenth-century ship was not a kind place for table wine. Madeira, on the other hand, as sailors soon discovered, improved with exposure to heat (similar to when the Roman armies realized that storing their wine in oak barrels improved the wine within). Additionally, sailors realized that the 'pitching and rolling' the wine experienced in the ships hold improved Madeira's flavor.
Madeira's rise was also aided by the fact that the island, for which the wine bears its name, was a popular port of call for European ships headed to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Among other supplies, a ship docking in the post would pack its hold with Madeira before sailing on to its ultimate destination.
Don't miss a drop!
The Americans, colonists then citizens, while they loved their whiskey, as the Whiskey Rebellion illustrated, also loved Madeira. It wasn't the cheapest drink, but there was plenty of it in America in the late eighteen century. Historians estimate that we were importing 25 percent of all the Madeira the Portuguese were producing during the period. When it came time for an important toast in early America, Madeira was typically the drink of choice.
Toasting The Declaration Of Independence
Signing of Declaration of Independence
When the members of the Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776, all the men there knew the seriousness of their action. They had signed their names to a document that would serve as the foundation of a new nation, or the evidence the British would cite when they hung them for treason. Clearly, a drink was called for. On such a momentous occasion, only Madeira would do. From there, Madeira served as the toasting beverage of choice.
Toasting George Washington's First Inauguration
Washington's First Inauguration At Federal Hall In New York
On April 30, 1789, George Washington was sworn in as the first President of the United States of America, in New York, the nation's capital at the time. Washington, followed by a crowd of citizens, walked from his home to Federal Hall, both located in what is today Downtown Manhattan. After meeting with the House and the Senate, Washington moved to the second floor balcony, where he took the presidential oath of office.
The Madeira-soaked celebration that followed has become a bit of a legend. While all agree the inauguration was celebrated with glasses of Madiera, when that happened is a bit foggy. Some claim he took the oath with a glass of Madeira in his spare hand — most certainly not the case, while others recall a toast immediately following the ceremony. The actual Inaugural Ball was held a week later, where it was Washington's dancing that caused a bit of a stir in early American society. Whatever the case, we can be sure Madeira was consumed, as Washington was known to enjoy three to five glasses an evening.
Toasting The Louisiana Purchase
Message of President Thomas Jefferson To The Senate
President Thomas Jefferson was America's earliest and strongest advocate for wine of the unfortified sort. During his time and travels in France, where he developed a strong taste for French wine, from some of today's most famous chateaus in Bordeaux in particular, he also believed that America one day could and would produce wines to rival the Old World's greats. His experimental vineyards in Monticello weren't particularly successful, but his prediction proved correct. Today, America produces some of the world's finest wines. Further, many believe those coming out of his native Virginia will soon be recognized as some of America's finest wines (see our guides to the vineyards of Monticello and Northern Virginia).
At its time, the Louisiana Purchase, was quite controversial. Many wondered whether then-President Jefferson's decision to buy the 828,000 square mile territory from the French was unconstitutional. Jefferson himself had his doubts, but he believed the opportunity was too important to pass up. The deal itself was fairly complicated, as the French had only recently bought the territory back from the Spanish. Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois signed the treaty in Paris, in April of 1803. Later that year, following Senate ratification, the three nations marked the peaceful handover of the territory in New Orleans, its former capital, with a series of celebratory toasts: Champagne to honor France; Malaga (a fortified Spanish wine) to honor Spain; and Madeira, our adopted wine, to honor America.
Madeira eventually declined in popularity, becoming something of a niche beverage. This was due to a combination of reasons, ranging from the arrival of powdery mildew and then phylloxera from Continental Europe, to events abroad. America was still an important market for Madeira by the time of Prohibition, and so when Prohibition was enacted, it effects were devastating.
The American love affair with Madeira is long over. We've grown our own wines to replace our original 'de defacto national wine.' Toasting to the 4th of July with a glass of American wine would certainly be in spirit of the day, whether it's a Cabernet Sauvignon from California or a Cabernet Franc grown across the continent on Long Island's North Fork. But if you truly want to toast to our Independence as our Founding Fathers would have, Madeira should fill your glass.


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SMART GRID - NEGAWATT - LED - ENERGY SAVINGS - SHIPPING - ELECTRIC TRUCKS
Efficiency innovation is, simply put, doing more--"getting more"--with less. For instance, the notion of the "negawatt": a unit of energy that is NOT created (when it otherwise would have been) due to energy savings and efficiency (and the follow up notion of an arbitrage market on which these negawatts might then be exchanged). New smart grid technology utilizes two way digital communication to manage electricity more efficiently, intelligently monitoring and controlling appliances at consumers' homes in order to increase efficiency and reduce cost. A dish washer is automatically run in the middle of the night (during off peak hours), negawatts are generated, energy is saved. Another example: LEDs create light with less energy expenditure (thus lowering energy consumption) and have a longer lifespan than traditional lighting sources.
Of course energy efficiency doesn't just involve pushing electricity around in a more intelligent fashion--moving physical product from point A to point B more efficiently is also a huge part of the process. A freight train can move a ton of freight 436 miles on a single gallon of fuel; and hence, if more freight is moved by train, we have an obvious, tremendous reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The use of zero-emission electric trucks, in place of the thousands of traditional diesel vehicles currently in use, would dramatically improve the quality of air in all urban environments. And the value chain becomes ever more optimized.


or having certain features or characteristics in common: a set of coins; John is in the top set for maths
2. a group of people who associate together, esp a clique: he's part of the jet set
3. maths, logic
 a. Also called: class a collection of numbers, objects, etc, that is treated as an entity: 3, the moon is the set the two members of which are the number 3 and the moon
4. any apparatus that receives or transmits television or radio signals
5. tennis, squash, badminton one of the units of a match, in tennis one in which one player or pair of players must win at least six games: Graf lost the first set
6. a. the number of couples required for a formation dance
 b. a series of figures that make up a formation dance
7. a. a band's or performer's concert repertoire on a given occasion: the set included no new numbers
 b. a continuous performance: the Who played two sets
vb, sets, setting, set
8. (intr) (in square dancing and country dancing) to perform a sequence of steps while facing towards another dancer: set to your partners
9. (usually tr) to divide into sets: in this school we set our older pupils for English
sett or set (sɛt)
1. Compare cobblestone a small rectangular paving block made of stone, such as granite, used to provide a durable road surface
2. the burrow of a badger
3. a. a square in a pattern of tartan
 b. the pattern itself
[C19: variant of set1 (n)]
set or set
[C19: variant of set1 (n)]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
O.E. settan "cause to sit, put in some place, fix firmly," from P.Gmc. *satjanan (cf. O.N. setja, O.Fris. setta, Du. zetten, Ger. setzen), causative form of P.Gmc. root *set- (cf. O.E. sittan "to sit," see sit). Confused with sit since early 14c. Of the sun, moon, etc., "to
go down," recorded from c.1300. Set-to "bout, fight" is 1743, originally pugilistic slang. Setup "arrangement" is from 1890. Setback (n.) is from 1674; to set (someone) back "cost" is from 1900.
"fixed," from M.E. sett, prop. pp. of setten "to set" (see set (v.)). Meaning "ready, prepared" first recorded 1844.
"collection of things," mid-15c., from O.Fr. sette "sequence," variant of secte, from M.L. secta "retinue," from L. secta "a following" (see sect). The word had been earlier used in Eng. in the sense of "religious sect" (late 14c.), which likely is the direct source of some
meanings, e.g. "group of persons with shared status, habits, etc." (1680s). Sense of "burrow of a badger" is attested from 1898. That of "scenery for an individual scene in a play, etc." is recorded from 1859. Meaning "group of pieces musicians perform at a club during 45 minutes (more or less) is from c.1925, though it is found in a similar sense in 1580s.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Medical Dictionary
set (sět)
v. set, set·ting, sets
 1. To put in a specified position; place.
 2. To put into a specified state.
 3. To put into a stable position.
 4. To fix firmly or in an immobile manner.
 5. To become fixed or hardened; coagulate.
 1. The act or process of setting.
 2. The condition resulting from setting.
 3. A permanent firming or hardening of a substance.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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American Heritage
Science Dictionary
set (sět) Pronunciation Key
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Cite This Source
Computing Dictionary
SET definition
1. Secure Electronic Transaction.
2. Single Electron Tunneling.
3. Standard d'Echange et de Transfert.
set definition
Some common set of numbers are given the following names:
R = the real numbers
C = the complex numbers.
See also set complement.
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Abbreviations & Acronyms
Secure Electronic Transaction
The American Heritage® Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Cite This Source
American Heritage
Idioms & Phrases
In addition to the idioms beginning with set, also see all set; dead set against; get set; get (set) someone's back up; get (set) the ball rolling; lay (set) eyes on; on a pedestal, set; smart set; tongues wagging, set. Also see under put.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer.
Copyright © 1997. Published by Houghton Mifflin.
Cite This Source
Encyclopedia Britannica
ancient Egyptian god, patron of the 11th nome, or province, of Upper Egypt.
Learn more about Set with a free trial on
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Cite This Source
Example sentences
Bailey used basic anatomical comparison to set the stage for his idea.
But as more and more people came to rely on potatoes as a principal food
 source, the stage was set for a national tragedy.
If they stick, the findings could set the stage for a less expensive x-ray
 machine that does not require electricity.
Then, they will listen to stories set in each of the seven continents to
 identify geographic characteristics of each place.
Copyright © 2014, LLC. All rights reserved.
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- JewishGen -
ViewMate: JewishGen participants seeking commentary or problem
solving advice from others, are encouraged to use ViewMate for the
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- Hebrew Calendar and Date Conversion:
- JewishGen Calculator,
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Luach - free downloadable Hebrew date conversion program
- Convert dates from civil (Gregorian) to Hebrew, and vice versa: click
an option to display calendars and holidays: click
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We are constantly searching for new and relevant links and resources
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Page title and URL.
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- Choose a category from this page or suggest a new category.
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text:
'))) ; INSERT INTO people_objtab VALUES ( 0003, name_objtyp('SARAH', 'MARIE', 'SINGER'), address_objtyp('525 Pine Avenue', 'San Mateo', 'CA', '94403'), phone_ntabtyp( phone_objtyp('home', '_PHONE_'), phone_objtyp('work', '_PHONE_'), phone_objtyp('cell', '_PHONE_'))) ;
Then, you can insert into the
projects_objtab relational table by selecting from the
people_objtab object table using a
REF operator, as in the following examples:
INSERT INTO projects_objtab VALUES ( 1101, 'Demo Product', (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0001), 'Demo the product, show all the great features.', personref_ntabtyp( (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0001), (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0002), (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0003))) ; INSERT INTO projects_objtab VALUES ( 1102, 'Create PRODDB', (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0002), 'Create a database of our products.', personref_ntabtyp( (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0002), (SELECT REF(p) FROM people_objtab p WHERE id = 0003))) ;
Method functions can be implemented in any of the languages supported by Oracle, such as PL/SQL, Java, or C. Consider the following factors when you choose the language for a particular application:
In general, if the application performs intense computations, C is preferable, but if the application performs a relatively large number of database calls, PL/SQL or Java is preferable.
A method implemented in C executes in a separate process from the server using external routines. In contrast, a method implemented in Java or PL/SQL executes in the same process as the server.
The example described in this section involves an object type whose methods are implemented in different languages. In the example, the object type
ImageType has an
ID attribute, which is a
NUMBER that uniquely identifies it, and an
IMG attribute, which is a
BLOB that stores the raw image. The object type
ImageType has the following methods:
get_name()fetches the name of the image by looking it up in the database. This method is implemented in PL/SQL.
rotate()rotates the image. This method is implemented in C.
clear()returns a new image of the specified color. This method is implemented in Java.
For implementing a method in C, a
LIBRARY object must be defined to point to the library that contains the external C routines. For implementing a method implemented in Java, this example assumes that the Java class with the method has been compiled and uploaded into Oracle.
Here is the object type specification and its methods:
CREATE TYPE ImageType AS OBJECT ( id NUMBER, img BLOB, MEMBER FUNCTION get_name() return VARCHAR2, MEMBER FUNCTION rotate() return BLOB, STATIC FUNCTION clear(color NUMBER) return BLOB ); CREATE TYPE BODY ImageType AS MEMBER FUNCTION get_name() RETURN VARCHAR2 AS imgname VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT name INTO imgname FROM imgtab WHERE imgid = id; RETURN imgname; END; MEMBER FUNCTION rotate() RETURN BLOB AS LANGUAGE C NAME "Crotate" LIBRARY myCfuncs; STATIC FUNCTION clear(color NUMBER) RETURN BLOB AS LANGUAGE JAVA NAME'myJavaClass.clear(color oracle.sql.NUMBER) RETURN oracle.sql.BLOB'; END; /
Static methods differ from member methods in that the
SELF value is not passed in as the first parameter. Methods in which the value of
SELF is not relevant should be implemented as static methods. Static methods can be used for user-defined constructors.
The following example is a constructor-like method that constructs an instance of the type based on the explicit input parameters and inserts the instance into the specified table:
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE atype AS OBJECT(a1 NUMBER, STATIC PROCEDURE newa ( p1 NUMBER, tabname VARCHAR2, schname VARCHAR2)); CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY atype AS STATIC PROCEDURE newa (p1 NUMBER, tabname VARCHAR2, schname VARCHAR2) IS sqlstmt VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN sqlstmt := 'INSERT INTO '||schname||'.'||tabname||'VALUES (atype(:1))'; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sqlstmt USING p1; END; END; / CREATE TABLE atab OF atype; BEGIN atype.newa(1, 'atab','scott'); END;
To create generic object types that can be used in any schema, you must define the type to use invoker-rights, through the
CURRENT_USER option of CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE. In general, use invoker-rights when both of the following conditions are true:
For example, you can grant user
SARA execute privileges on type
atype created by
SCOTT in "Static Methods", and then create table
atab based on the type:
Now, suppose user
SARA tries to use
atype in the following statement:
This statement raises an error because the definer of the type (
SCOTT) does not have the privileges required to perform the insert in the
newa procedure. You can avoid this error by defining
atype using invoker-rights. Here, you first drop the
atab table in both schemas and recreate
atype using invoker-rights:
DROP TABLE atab ; CONNECT SCOTT/TIGER ; DROP TABLE atab ; CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE atype AUTHID CURRENT_USER AS OBJECT(a1 NUMBER, STATIC PROCEDURE newa(p1 NUMBER, tabname VARCHAR2, schname VARCHAR2)); CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY atype AS STATIC PROCEDURE newa(p1 NUMBER, tabname VARCHAR2, schname VARCHAR2) IS sqlstmt VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN sqlstmt := 'INSERT INTO '||schname||'.'||tabname||'VALUES (scott.atype(:1))'; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sqlstmt USING p1; END; END; /
Now, if user
SARA tries to use
atype again, the statement executes successfully:
GRANT EXECUTE ON atype TO SARA ; CONNECT SARA/TPK101 ; CREATE TABLE atab OF scott.atype; BEGIN scott.atype.newa(1, 'atab', 'SARA'); -- executes successfully END; /
The statement is successful this time because the procedure is executed under the privileges of the invoker (
SARA), not the definer (
You can create function-based indexes on the return values of type methods. The following example creates a function-based index on the method
afun() of the type
CREATE TYPE atype2 AS OBJECT ( a NUMBER, MEMBER FUNCTION afun RETURN NUMBER DETERMINISTIC ); CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY atype2 IS MEMBER FUNCTION afun RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN RETURN self.a * 100; END; END; / CREATE TABLE atab2 OF atype2 ; CREATE INDEX atab2_afun_idx ON atab2 x (x.afun()) ;
For some methods, you can use function-based indexes to improve the performance of method invocation in SQL.
Oracle8i SQL Reference for detailed information about using function-based indexes.
In release 8.1, objects are stored in a new format that uses less storage space and has better performance characteristics than the previous format. The performance also is improved due to a more efficient transport protocol. If the
COMPATIBLE parameter is set to 8.1.0 or higher, all the new objects you create are automatically stored and transported in the release 8.1 format.
In order to convert the objects created in a release 8.0 database to the release 8.1 format, complete following steps:
Replication of object columns and object tables is not yet supported. If replication is a requirement, then you can use object views and store the application objects in relational tables, which can be replicated. Using object views, both the object model and the data to be replicated can be preserved in the database.
Inheritance can imply various levels of encapsulation for super-types. In cases where the super-type should not be exposed to other objects, a subtype should contain the methods and attributes necessary to make the super-type invisible. To understand the implementation consequences of the inheritance, it is also important to remember that Oracle8i is a strongly-typed system. A strongly-typed system requires that the type of an attribute is declared when the attribute is declared. Only values of the declared type may be stored in the attribute. For example, the Oracle8i collections are strongly-typed. Oracle8i does not allow the implementation of heterogeneous collections (collections of multiple types).
The Oracle type model does not support inheritance directly. However, you can map your current Oracle object types to Java classes and then leverage the inheritance features native to Java.
In addition, inheritance can be simulated in Oracle. For example, you can use one of the following techniques to simulate inheritance:
The Subtype Contains Super-type technique hides the implementation of the abstractions/generalizations for a subtype. Each of the subtypes are exposed to other types in the object model. The super-types are not exposed to other types. To simulate inheritance, the super-type in the design object model is created as an object type. The subtype is also created as an object type. The super-type is defined as an embedded attribute in the subtype. All of the methods that can be executed for the subtype and it's super-type must be defined in the subtype.
The Subtype Contains Super-type technique


text:
After the New Jersey Legislature was relocated to Trenton from Perth Amboy during 1790, a new state house was constructed during 1792 by Philadelphia-based architect Jonathan Doane. Subsequent additions were made to the building during the 19th century. Architects who contributed to the New Jersey State House during the 19th century include John Notman (1845 created office wing on North side) who was a Philadelphia architect and Samuel Sloan (1871 designed new wings) who was also a Philadelphia architect. On March 21, 1885, a large fire caused the destruction of the State Street wing. Lewis Broome, from Jersey City helped to redesign the building.
The New Jersey State House attained its present size during 1911 and has not been changed significantly other than by modernization of the main corridor during 1950. A 1960 plan, calling for the replacement of the oldest sections of the State House with modern... Read More


How Do You Spell Queen?
What does Queen really mean?
1a : the wife or widow of a king.
b : the wife or widow of a tribal chief.
2a : a female monarch.
b : a female chieftain.
3a : a woman eminent in rank, power, or attractions a movie queen..
How do you spell?
What makes a woman a queen?
A Queen is someone who doesn't conform to what others thinks of her but takes advisement from others because she knows that she does not know all. A Queen is someone who's always looking out for the greater good of others. A Queen is also a warrior fighting for justice for her people.
What type of word is Queen?
noun. a female sovereign or monarch. the wife or consort of a king. a woman, or something personified as a woman, that is foremost or preeminent in any respect: a movie queen; a beauty queen; Athens, the queen of the Aegean.
What does Princess mean sexually?
A pillow princess is a slang phrase that describes someone, mostly an LGBTQ woman, who prefers to receive sexual stimulation more than they do to give it.
What is the full meaning of Princess?
1 archaic : a woman having sovereign power. 2 : a female member of a royal family especially : a daughter or granddaughter of a sovereign. 3 : the consort of a prince.
How do you spell daughter?
How do you spell Queen in English?
Correct spelling for the English word "queen" is [kwˈiːn], [kwˈiːn], [k_w_ˈiː_n] (IPA phonetic alphabet).
Why do British say H wrong?
Can you write cow in 13 letters?
So you can write "COW" in 13 Letters as "SEE-O-DOUBLEYOU". … 🐄 Cow can be spelled in 13 letters as SEE – O – DOUBLE – YOU.
How do you spell princess?
Correct spelling for the English word "princess" is [pɹˈɪnsɛs], [pɹˈɪnsɛs], [p_ɹ_ˈɪ_n_s_ɛ_s] (IPA phonetic alphabet).
What does Queen mean in a relationship?
Some women think being treated like a queen means to be constantly pampered and catered to. In a superficial relationship that's what it always means. In a real relationship, it does mean that on occasions. But what it really is: a deep and abiding respect, love and trust her man has for her.
What does Queen mean in Hebrew?
gĕberetTo further complicate matters, the word gĕberet (/ɡəbɛrɛt/; Hebrew: גְּבֶרֶת, also גְּבִרְת, gĕbirĕt, and גְבָרֶת, gĕbāret, meaning 'lady', 'mistress', or 'queen') occurs 9 times in the Masoretic Text.
What are the characteristics of a queen?
We explore 6 qualities of beauty queens that we can all learn from and apply to our own context as a _TAG_ in the office.Charisma. All beauty queens are very likeable, have good energy and exude charisma. … Confidence. … Charities. … Eloquent speech. … Beauty queens always look good. … A winning attitude.


text:
The thirty-third day of the Omer, is a festival known by the phonetic sound of the number thirty-three in Hebrew, Lag b'Omer. Bonfires are lit and ecstatic dancing and mystical studies are undertaken in honor of the memory of the luminary of Jewish mysticism, Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai, known by the acronym Rashbi.
Rashbi is recorded as having died on day of the thirty-third day of the Omer after telling the secrets of his mystical practices. He is traditionally considered to be the author of the primary Jewish mystical text, the Zohar, which means radiance. And that very text says that Rabbi Shimom and his home were filled with a dramatic radiance while he shared his final secrets on the day of his death. The many teachings we have in his name shed light to this day on practices which support a core tenet of Judaism: our capacity to evolve as people; which is why special customs for children and families also prevail on this day including:


text:
Finally the new version of the Realbook preset is here.
There are important news that will make editing the book faster and that will make the result more realistic.
Below are the news summarized in a few cryptic words:
- Quick System for Inserting and Deleting pages
- Realistic Random Distribution System
- New Cover Textures System
- Pages with Thickness
- Parametric Headband
- Adjustable position of the pages
- Landing option for closed and opened pages
- Global Scale Function
- Cover Bend Dimension
- Several Adds and Corrections
Take a look at the videos below to learn more.
If you need a book with a curved spine on the hard cover, just add an FFD deformer as a child of the Cover Base object and deform it. Don't forget to increase the number of X Segments of the Cover Base object.
If you need a book with a custom pages, for example with rounded corners or with thickness and so on, just follow these steps:
Go to the Layer Manager and make the hidden layer visible.
Create your own geometry for the page (with rounded corner, with thickness, …) and make it child of the Piano geometry. Adjust the position and the dimension (depend on your poligon).
3. Now disable the Piano geometry.
4. Return on the Layer Manager and hide the layer again.
5. Duplicate the page.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have float numbers like 3.2 and 1.6.
I need to separate the number into the integer and decimal part. For example, a value of 3.2 would be split into two numbers, i.e. 3 and 0.2
Getting the integer portion is easy:
n = Math.floor(n);
But I am having trouble getting the decimal portion. I have tried this:
remainer = n % 2; //obtem a parte decimal do rating
But it does not always work correctly.
The previous code has the following output:
n = 3.1 => remainer = 1.1
What I am missing here?
share|improve this question
Shouldn't 3.2 be split into 3 and 0.2? – Surreal Dreams Dec 22 '10 at 18:28
Yes. Typo error – Oscar Dec 23 '10 at 9:21
add comment
6 Answers
up vote 71 down vote accepted
Use 1, not 2.
js> 2.3 % 1
share|improve this answer
Thanks. It works fine. – Oscar Dec 23 '10 at 9:20
You just saved my life :) – Shikiryu Apr 8 '11 at 14:39
Sweet, that simplified a nasty problem for me. – Falkayn Jun 29 '12 at 5:11
add comment
var decimal = n - Math.floor(n)
Although this won't work for minus numbers so we might have to do
n = Math.abs(n); // Change to positive
var decimal = n - Math.floor(n)
share|improve this answer
If you already have the integer portion, there's no need to call Math.floor() again -- just use the integer portion that you've calculated. – tvanfosson Dec 22 '10 at 18:29
add comment
You could convert to string, right?
n = (n + "").split(".");
share|improve this answer
add comment
You could convert it to a string and use the replace method to replace the integer part with zero, then convert the result back to a number :
var number = 123.123812,
 decimals = +number.toString().replace(/^[^\.]+/,'0');
share|improve this answer
True, you could. – I. J. Kennedy Nov 6 '13 at 2:24
add comment
How is 0.2999999999999998 an acceptable answer? If I were the asker I would want an answer of.3. What we have here is false precision, and my experiments with floor, %, etc indicate that Javascript is fond of false precision for these operations. So I think the answers that are using conversion to string are on the right track.
I would do this:
var decPart = (n+"").split(".")[1];
Specifically, I was using 100233.1 and I wanted the answer ".1".
share|improve this answer
add comment
float a=3.2;
int b=(int)a; // you'll get output b=3 here;
int c=(int)a-b; // you'll get c=.2 value here
share|improve this answer
that doesn't look like javascript to me! – Ch'marr Aug 8 '13 at 1:31
-1. No javascript here, moreover, c = 0 – pckill Feb 3 at 14:53
add comment
Your Answer


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The Jackson deserialize and cast to Integer all numbers if value in range of Integers instead it cast to Long. I would like to cast ALL values to Long. Is it exist easy solution of issue?
share|improve this question
possible duplicate of Forcing Jackson to deserialize to specific primitive type – Fabian Lange Jul 22 at 19:35
1 Answer 1
Jackson deserializes to type you tell it to, so if you declare property to be of type long or Long it would construct it as long. But maybe you are binding to "untyped" structure like Map? If all values are of type Long, you could just declare type appropriately, like:
Map map = objectMapper.readValue(json, new TypeReference>() { });
Alternatively might be able to add custom Deserializer for Object.class with different handling (default deserializer is org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser.UntypedObjectDeserializer).
It might help if I knew what you are actually trying to do -- Integer and Long are both numbers, so often distinction does not matter a lot... so what is the reason to require Longs?
share|improve this answer
The deserialized numbers are IDs of objects that I would like to retrieved through the Hibernate. When I use Integer it throw an exception that it can convert from integer to long. – eugenn Jun 30 '10 at 13:14
Then the easiest way might be to explicitly just convert these, something like 'Long id = numberValue.longValue();'. Unless if map only has numeric values, in which you can declare types as Map (as I mentioned above) – StaxMan Jul 1 '10 at 7:06
_USER_ explicit conversion will become redundant when the IDs become long so wouldn't some form of type casting (e.g. JsonTypeInfo) be preferable? – ajostergaard Aug 24 '13 at 7:02
Jackson does type co(nv)ercions where necessary. So if POJO indicated that long or Long are needed, that's what you'd get. The original post is vague enough that I don't really know enough to know what the right answer is. But polymorphic type inclusion does not seem to be part of the picture. – StaxMan Aug 27 '13 at 17:43
Your Answer


text:
Peace lily (Spathiphyllum Schott) is one of the most popular tropical ornamental foliage plants and is used worldwide for interiorscaping. However, little information is available on the genetic relationships of cultivars. Using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with near-infrared fluorescence-labeled primers, this study analyzed genetic relatedness of 63 commercial cultivars and breeding lines. Forty-eight EcoRI + 2/MseI + 3 primer set combinations were initially screened, from which six primer sets were selected and used in this investigation. All cultivars were clearly differentiated by their AFLP fingerprints, and the relationships were analyzed using the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average cluster analysis (UPGMA). The 63 cultivars were divided into four clusters. All commercial cultivars or breeding lines resulted from crosses of some of the cultivars, a total of 45, were positioned in cluster I with Jaccard's similarity coefficients between 0.61 and 0.88. There was only one cultivar in cluster II. Cluster III contained 16 cultivars; they are either species or breeding lines generated from interspecific hybridization. Cluster IV had one unknown species. This study provides genetic evidence as to why cultivars from cluster I and III are not readily crossable because the Jaccard's similarity coefficient between the two clusters was only 0.35. Results also indicate that commercial cultivars are genetically close. Strategies for increasing genetic diversity of cultivated peace lily should be sought for future breeding efforts.
Jianjun Chen, Richard J. Henny, Pachanoor S. Devanand, and Chih-Cheng T. Chao
A.A. Watad, K.G. Raghothama, M. Kochba, A. Nissim, and V. Gaba
Explant growth and shoot multiplication of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium were compared on agar-solidified medium and interfacial membrane rafts floating on liquid medium. After 25 d of culture, greater shoot multiplication and fresh mass gain were achieved by plant material grown on rafts. Shoot multiplication of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium on membrane rafts reached a maximum at 25 d, whereas the fresh mass increased throughout the culture period (40 d). The number of shoots of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium material grown on membrane rafts remained constant between 25 and 40 d of culture. The plants grown on membrane rafts also developed more roots.
D.J. Norman, J.M.F. Yuen, and R.J. Henny
Twenty-two spathiphyllum cultivars were evaluated for resistance to Cylindrocladium root rot (CRR). Four isolates of the fungus Cylindrocladium spathiphylli Shoult., El-Gholl & Alf. were selected from two different locations each in Florida and Hawaii. Spores of isolates were applied as a soil drench in replicated experiments using a randomized complete block design. The most severe symptoms were those produced by C. spathiphylli isolates from Hawaii. None of the spathiphyllum cultivars tested were highly resistant to CRR although resistance among the cultivars was observed. The cultivars Chris and Textura were the most promising cultivars, having fairly uniform resistance to the four isolates of C. spathiphylli. The cultivars Cupido, Daniel, Frederik, Jetty, and Vanessa were moderately resistant when combined data from all tests were analyzed. Results from this research permit the selection of more resistant breeding lines and also creates a baseline against which resistance of newly developed cultivars can be compared.
R.J. Henny, T.A. Mellich, and D.J. Norman
Thirty-one spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum Schott.) cultivars were evaluated for flowering response following treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3). Greenhouse-grown plants were treated once with 250 mg·L-1 (ppm) GA3 applied as a foliar spray. Within 16 weeks after treatment all GA3-treated plants had flowered but none of the untreated controls produced flowers. 'Vickilynn' (14.1 flowers/plant after 16 weeks), 'Piccolino' (12.8), 'Mascha' (12.6), 'Chris' (11.7), 'Alpha' (11.7), and 'Daniel' (11.0) produced significantly more flowers than other cultivars. The cultivars producing the fewest flowers per plant after 16 weeks were 'Sierra' (2.5), 'S1008' (3.2), 'Rica' (3.4), 'Sonya' (4.3), 'Vanessa' (5.1), 'S18' (5.5) and 'S4002' (5.6). 'Alpha,' 'Textura,' 'Daniel,' 'Mascha,' 'S1007', and 'Showpiece' had significantly better flower quality. 'S1008,' 'Codys Color', and 'Petite' had poor flower quality. 'Mascha' was the earliest cultivar to bloom producing maximum flower counts during weeks 9 to 10 after treatment while 'Vanessa' was the latest to flower with peak bloom occurring 15 to 16 weeks after treatment. Most cultivars reached peak bloom at 11 to 13 weeks after treatment. Results indicate sufficient genetic variability in spathiphyllum flowering response to GA3 treatment exists to permit cultivar selections based on differences in flowering time, number of flowers and flower quality.
Robert H. Stamps
Impatiens 'Dazzler Violet', Petunia × hybrida 'Carpet Blue', and Spathiphyllum 'Ty's Pride' plugs were planted in 10-cm pots containing a commercial peat-based soilless growing medium composed of Canadian 60 peat: 20 vermiculite: 20 perlite (by vol) not treated with surfactant. Growing medium was treated, or not treated, 1) at planting, 2) during production, and/or 3) preshipment with experimental surfactants. The production phase consisted of growing plants on raised benches in a greenhouse until they reached marketable size. Phytotoxicity, plant water use and growth were determined. At the beginning of the postproduction phase, growing medium in all pots was brought to container capacity. Plants were then dried to wilting three times. Water loss and water retained on rewatering and times to wilt and recovery were recorded. Surfactant treatments caused no foliar phytotoxicity and did not delay flowering for petunia or spathiphyllum. However, surfactant treatments delayed flowering for impatiens by ≈4 days. Surfactant treatments increased top growth of petunia but not of the other crops. Postproduction, water retention at rewatering, and times to wilt were increased for petunia and spathiphyllum when they were in surfactant-treated medium. For impatiens, treatments had no effects on water retention or wilting, probably due to the small root systems and limited attendant medium dewatering for this crop. Generally, all three experimental surfactants performed similarly and weekly and preshipment surfactant applications were of no additional benefit compared to a single initial application at planting.
Ricardo Campos and David Wm. Reed
Salinity is a limiting factor in plant growth. The combination of water high in soluble salts and water-soluble fertilizers can induce salt damage in plants. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of salinity in irrigation water on optimal fertilization rates in Spathiphyllum 'Petite'. The combination of 5 levels of fertilizers and 5 salinity levels were tested. Maximum growth was observed at 250 mg l-1 N and no salts, and with 2000 mg l-1 salts at 125 mg l-1 N. As salt levels increased, height and leaf area decreased. Tissue calcium, sodium, and chloride increased with increasing levels of salinity. Tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium generally increased with increasing levels of fertilizers, and were not affected by salinity level. It is possible that high sodium and chloride concentrations in leaves, petioles, and roots produced an ion toxicity.
Matthew W. Kent and David Wm. Reed
Greenhouse cultural methods must minimize runoff to keep pace with environmental regulation aimed at protecting water resources. Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of N fertilization rate on New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens ×hawkeri) and peace lily (Spathiphyllum Schott) in an ebb-and-flow subirrigation system. Maximum growth response for impatiens was centered around 8 mm N levels as measured by root and shoot fresh and dry weight, height, leaf number, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration. For peace lily, growth peaked at about 10 mm N. Growing medium was divided into three equal layers: top, middle, and bottom. Root distribution favored the middle and bottom layers, and the relative distribution of roots was consistent as N level increased. EC remained low in middle and bottom layers at N concentrations below 10 mm, but increased significantly for all layers at levels above 10 mm. The EC for the top layer was 2 to 5 times higher than in the middle or bottom layers at all N levels. Increased nitrate concentration paralleled increased EC, while pH decreased as N concentration increased for impatiens and peace lily.
Matthew W. Kent and David Wm. Reed
Greenhouse cultural methods must change rapidly to minimize runoff


text:
6th International Conference on Higher Education Advances
Submission deadline: January 24, 2020
Author notification: March 25, 2020
Camera ready due: April 13, 2020
Conference dates: June 2-5, 2020
The Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'20) is an excellent forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange ideas, experiences, opinions and research results relating to the preparation of students, teaching/learning methodologies and the organization of educational systems.
The HEAd'20 conference will be held on June 2-5, 2020 at the Faculty of Business Administration and Management of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), which has been recently ranked as the best technical university in Spain by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2019.
Topics of interest
The program committee encourages the submission of articles that communicate applied and empirical findings of interest to higher education professionals.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following topic areas:
- Innovative materials and new tools for teaching
- Educational technology (e.g., virtual labs, e-learning)
- Evaluation and assessment of student learning
- Emerging technologies in learning (e.g., MOOC, OER, gamification)
- Scientific and research education
- Experiences outside the classroom (e.g., practicums, mobility)
- New teaching/learning theories and models
- Globalization in education and education reforms
- Education economics
- Teaching and learning experiences
- Entrepreneurship and learning for employment
- Education accreditation, quality and assessment
- Competency-based learning and skill assessment
Dernière mise à jour : 9 janvier, 2020 - 13:10