Comments Threshold
RE: Inadvertent Leading...
By omnicronx on 3/17/2008 8:42:11 AM, Rating: 0
You have been reading a few too many sci-fi books sir..
Regardless if half the commands are user based, the robot still reasons. It takes different variables into account, before it makes a decision. This sounds a lot to me like human thought process. Although it is a far way off from being an independent entity, according to just about any scientific definition of A.I, this project DOES fit the bill, and should be considered A.I.
RE: Inadvertent Leading...
By omnicronx on 3/17/2008 8:46:28 AM, Rating: 2
Furthermore, they have been able to change the thought process to act more like a child, or more like an adult. The robot will end up with a different independent result, that depends on the current 'age setting' and can not merely be an a, b, or c answer. It robot adapts, thats a big step towards A.I in my mind.
RE: Inadvertent Leading...
By Xodus Maximus on 3/17/2008 10:24:14 AM, Rating: 5
It takes different variables into account, before it makes a decision
So does every other computer program out there (they take variables and'reason' the way the programmer wants them to, to achieve the result initialy desired), my point is that the way it comes to the decision is fixed, more appropriately scripted if you will.
They did nothing more than reinvent a method of scripting with a custom interpreter. The age factor is nothing more than one of those fixed variables in a fixed algorithm, sorry.
Let me explain what I mean better, in their example, you could "ask the question" 1 million times, and get the same response, tweaking the age factor changes the response, because the researches designed it so.
What should happen is that after a few times it should give the opposite answer, a child would do so automatically, an adult would ask "why do you ask again, was the first answer not correct?".
My point is that with their system you can program it to behave this way, but given the first program, the second part should be natural if it was a true A.I modeled from human thought.
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What is a Cloud Center of Excellence and Why You Should Care?
As the adoption of cloud computing grows, focusing on operational excellence in the cloud is a must for enterprises.
Gartner expects the public cloud market to cross the $300 billion mark by 2022, further showing the importance of the cloud in enterprises. However, it's not all roses as the numbers suggest.
The projections for the public cloud market from 2018-2022 (image source)
Lack of efficiency and resource wastage is still a problem in many enterprises. Every year, $62 billion goes to waste as a result of poor cloud utilization, mainly due to bloated architecture, overprovisioning, and paying for unnecessary performance boosts.
This is expected, however, as cloud computing is relatively new compared to other technologies. Hence, enterprises must take proactive steps in keeping their cloud operations as streamlined and efficient as possible.
One way to achieve that is by developing a Cloud Center of Excellence (CCoE).
What is a Cloud Center of Excellence (CCoE)?
A CCoE is a team responsible for:
 - Developing a framework for cloud operations
 - Governing the IT and cloud infrastructure
 - Implementing cloud best practices throughout the business
Although organizations can manage their architecture without one, it's much better to have a dedicated team to do so instead of relying on team members who may not have sufficient experience with the cloud.
Think of it as a new, dedicated department in your business. Managing a cloud infrastructure without a CCoE is akin to asking engineers to handle the balance sheets—it's inefficient and risky.
Aside from management, a CCoE works to implement best practices and improve efficiency wherever possible. It also takes into account the organization's goals and culture to ensure that the cloud infrastructure will always meet the company's expectations.
Identifying trends and opportunities in cloud computing is another reason to adopt a CCoE. Keeping up with rapidly advancing technology is one of the key challenges for businesses today. With a CCoE, businesses stay one step ahead of the competition by adopting innovative cloud practices quicker than their peers in the industry.
Benefits of a CCoE to cloud management and optimization
The greatest advantage of a CCoE is the ability for enterprises to realize the full potential of the cloud as it eases the execution of cloud migration strategies.
The center provides answers to many of the common concerns in migrating to the cloud.
Are they considering re-platforming? Is the lift and shift strategy better instead? What must be done to the original data while migrating?
A CCoE can readily answer these questions so businesses can clearly identify the approach they're taking in moving workloads to the cloud. This makes the migration process smoother and more successful.
A CCoE is also dedicated to handling the entire cloud computing life cycle—from designing the ecosystem, managing security, to ensuring compliance. This gives enterprises the structure they need to make faster, more informed decisions for their cloud ecosystem.
Since the center focuses on implementing best practices to achieve operational excellence, enterprises can expect to see noticeable savings, especially in transition costs from moving to the cloud as well as their average cloud spend.
What are the steps needed in building a CCoE?
The most important aspect of a CCoE is having the right team.
William Orban, general manager of AWS, recommends building a core team of three to five members regardless of the industry or size of the business. Ideally, the team should be composed of individuals with varying expertise e.g. developers, system administrators, and network engineers.
Non-tech roles also play a part as the center must be able to strike a balance between performance and cost. The best DevOps teams can deliver value to their organization's operations while maintaining cost-efficiency—a CCoE needs to emulate this.
As the cloud is constantly evolving, businesses should look for individuals who are open-minded and willing to embrace change rapidly. Being aware of cloud computing trends is an advantage. Team members should also be adept enough to implement their findings in the organization's processes.
Establishing the scope of responsibilities for a CCoE is the next piece of the puzzle.
By defining its responsibilities, businesses can streamline the work of the center and significantly improve productivity because team members know their tasks. Organizations struggling to define the responsibilities of their CCoE should consider using methodologies like Agile.
The scope of work for a CCoE will expand as the infrastructure matures. Therefore, it's vital for organizations to perform regular check-ins with team members to determine whether there's a need to broaden the center's responsibilities.
Some of the core tasks of a CCoE include:
 - Managing cloud governance
 - Defining and controlling authorization to access resources
 - Monitoring resource usage to keep costs low
 - Ensuring tight security across the environment
 - Rightsizing whenever necessary
 - Building performance reports for management and other related departments
Finally, a successful CCoE comes from empowering team members to communicate and implement best practices throughout the organization. Any suggestions made by the center must be supported by higher-ups instead of relying on bureaucracy to greenlight decisions.
Other departments in the company must be trained on CCoE methods to help them understand why the center is important to their work. Trying out new ideas and concepts in the cloud should also be encouraged across the team.
How a visual cloud management platform can help support the goals of the CCoE
A CCoE will not be able to achieve its goals without the right tools. One of the best solutions your organization can invest in to empower your CCoE team is a visual cloud management platform.
A cloud visualization platform like Cloudivize gives team members the visibility they need to carry out their tasks by visualizing relationships between every AWS resource. This helps your CCoE team to fully grasp your cloud infrastructure just by looking at it via the visual view.
Your CCoE can improve communication with other departments in the company by using the visual view provided by Cloudivize, ensuring that all sides at this communication are seeing the organization cloud infrastructure at full complete view, without missing important details and without using different unsynchronized tools.
With Cloudivize, your CCoE team gains confidence in making informed decisions as well as identifying key areas to be improved in your organization's cloud infrastructure.
Cloudivize also enables enterprises to track each AWS asset's usage and performance metrics. This makes it easier for the center to optimize your cloud spend.
Request a demo today to find out how Cloudivize can elevate your organization's CCoE to the next level.
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International Data Corporation (IDC) has published a framework designed to guide business and IT decision makers faced with planning and investment decisions related to artificial intelligence (AI) for automation. The framework defines the expected levels of human-machine interaction and the hierarchy of automation scope, which can then serve as a basis for assessing data, algorithm, IT, staffing requirements, and potential risks at the intersection of AI capabilities and use cases.
IDC has published a framework designed to guide planning and investment decisions related to artificial intelligence (AI) for automation.
"IDC's AI-based automation evolution framework was developed based on global market research that highlighted two lessons," said Dan Vesset, group vice president, Analytics and Information Management Research at IDC. "First is the need to understand the components of the evolving relationship between humans and machines. Second is to understand the scope of AI-based automation. Once these two dimensions are brought into focus, the planning and investment decisions associated with AI-based automation will be much clearer."
To understand the likely evolution of AI-based automation, IDC evaluated the interaction of humans and machines with a focus on the analysis of inputs, the decisions based on this analysis, and the actions that result from these decisions. The result was the identification of five levels of AI-based automation, ranging from human-led and human-governed to machine-led and machine-governed. However, because it is insufficient to consider only how the roles of humans and machines will change over time, IDC also developed a hierarchy to understand the scope of AI-based automation. The hierarchy is based on a rising scale of automation ranging from a task (the smallest unit of work performed on behalf of an activity) to a system (a set of connected processes).
The result is a pragmatic framework that decision makers across industries can use to assess the opportunities and risks of AI-based automation in the foreseeable future. To illustrate how the framework is applied, the report provides examples of how AI-enabled automation is used in healthcare and IT operations involving different levels of human-machine interaction and automation.
"One of the key takeaways is that individuals and enterprises need to improve their AI literacy by understanding the level at which AI-enabled automation can result in benefits across a hierarchy of tasks, activities, processes, or systems," Vesset added. "A better understanding of AI's potential as well as its limitations will help decision makers to uncover opportunities to apply the best of today's AI solutions to the automation of specific tasks and activities."
Recommended Read: Really Simple Systems CRM Launches Integration With Zapier

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Malaxophobia: Symptoms, Causes and Consequences
The malaxofobia is a type of phobia is characterized by the suffering of an irrational, persistent and abnormal fear was the love games.
This alteration, also known as sarmasophobia, implies the presence of a phobic fear towards all behaviors that have to do with seduction in a loving context.
In this way, people suffering from malaxophobia experience elevated feelings of anxiety when exposed to situations related to the game of love.
It consists of a rare disorder among the population, however there are individuals who may present this type of fear of seduction.
Currently, this psychopathology is well described and documented, and has interventions that allow the achievement of optimal recovery.
In this article we review the information that is available today of malaxophobia. Its characteristics, symptoms, causes and diagnoses are discussed, and what interventions can be performed to overcome the fear of seduction are reviewed.
Often, malaxophobia can be perceived as a sexual disorder or a relational disorder.
However, this psychopathology consists of an anxiety disorder, resulting from a specific type of phobia.
In this case, the feared element is the game of love or seduction. That is, all those behaviors that people perform with the aim of establishing a relationship with another.
Seduction encompasses a large group of actions and activities, which can be markedly ambiguous. There is no manual that defines what behaviors are part of the game of love.
In fact, seduction is not so much described by the action undertaken, but rather by the intentions or purposes pursued by the behaviors.
Thus, the element feared in malaxophobia consists of the performance of any activity that has seductive purposes towards another person.
The symptomatology of malaxophobia appears when the individual suffering from the disorder is immersed in a situation of amorous play. That is, when he starts seduction activities with another person.
Faced with these situations, a series of manifestations appear related to the fear caused by the situation itself.
This symptomatology responds to a high increase in tension and nervousness, which can be classified as anxious symptoms.
In general, three main types of anxiety signs can be established in malaxophobia.
Physical symptoms
At first, the manifestations experienced by the person with malaxophobia are expressed through the physical functioning of the body.
That is, a series of changes in the body are produced as a result of the fear that seduction causes.
This symptomatology appears immediately when the love game begins. Or it can even be witnessed in the previous moments, when the person anticipates that the action of seduction will begin imminently.
The specific signs may vary slightly in each case, as there is no single pattern of physical symptomatology in malaxophobia.
However, all manifestations occur through an increase in the activity of the central nervous system. So, the group of physical symptoms of anxiety that can be experienced are:
 1. Increase in the cardiac rate
 2. Increase of breathing
 3. Palpitations
 4. Hyperventilation or choking sensation.
 5. Pupillary dilation
 6. Muscle tension.
 7. Headaches and / or stomach
 8. Excessive sweating and / or cold sweats.
 9. Feeling of unreality or depersonalization.
 10. Dizziness, nausea and vomiting.
Psychological Symptoms
The appearance of physical symptoms is motivated by fear of such situations of seduction. That is, to a series of fearful thoughts about these elements.
Thus, together with the physical manifestations, a series of cognitive symptoms, a series of thoughts, are experienced.
These thoughts are characterized by negatively characterizing the game of love and seductive behaviors. They are always irrational and provoke a high fear of these situations.
Keep in mind that the thoughts of malaxophobia are irrational but not delirious. So the person is unable to think consistently about such situations but never reaches delirium.
In this sense, the subject with malaxophobia can develop thoughts such as: "if I try to seduce this person I will make a fool of myself", "whatever I do I will not be able to like it" or "I can not expose myself to performing seduction behaviors".
All these thoughts about the feared element and the null personal abilities to face it originate the phobic fear and the physical symptoms. When the latter appear, they motivate an increase in negative thinking about seduction.
Behavioral symptoms
Finally, the discomfort and high anxiety caused by the fear of seduction leads to an intense alteration in the behavior of the person. The two most important behaviors of malaxophobia are avoidance and escape.
Avoidance defines all the behaviors that a person with this disorder performs with the objective of not exposing themselves to their feared elements.
Put another way, the subject with malaxophobia will do everything he can to avoid any situation of seduction or love play.
The escape instead appears when a person with this psychopathology is immersed in a loving play activity.
In these situations, the individual tends to perform escape actions in order to alleviate the discomfort that is causing seduction with another person.
Malaxophobia vs social phobia
Malaxophobia has a number of similarities with a well-known disorder such as social phobia However, they form pathologies and different diagnoses.
Social phobia is defined as a disorder in which the person fears irrational, excessive, uncontrollable and persistent social activities.
In this way, both the fear and the symptomatology of social phobia is comparable to that of malaxophobia. However, both disorders differ in the feared element.
Although in malaxophobia the situation that is feared constitutes a type of social activity, the phobic fear does not extend to the rest of social situations.
In this way, malaxophobia is a less serious psychopathology since it is limited to social situations of seduction. Other types of activities such as public speaking, socializing with friends or establishing relationships with other people are not feared elements in malaxophobia.
Malaxophobia can be a highly disturbing disorder for the person suffering from it, or a remarkably insignificant alteration.
The repercussions of psychopathology depend in large part on the individual's personal situation. That is, if he is "forced" to perform seduction actions to achieve desired elements in his life.
In other words, malaxophobia is a very disabling alteration for those people who want to establish a relationship with someone.
In these cases, seduction behaviors and love games can be essential or necessary activities to achieve the goal of having a partner.
And is that the main consequence of malaxophobia is the complete avoidance of seduction activities.
People with this disorder persistently avoid such situations, so getting to establish a relationship with someone can become highly complicated.
This fact can negatively affect the psychological state of the person beyond the symptoms of anxiety that originates the disorder.
The low self – esteem, personal dissatisfaction, alteration of mood or emotional disorders are problematic to which a person may be exposed to malaxofobia.
For this reason, intervening the disorder is highly important. Especially in those people to whom the phobic fear causes negative consequences in a serious and direct way.
Not all fears of seduction and / or love games have to be attributed to malaxophobia. In fact, in order to establish this diagnosis, a series of requirements must be met.
These diagnostic criteria must be specified by a medical professional, through a complete psychological evaluation of the individual. The seven key points to detect the presence of malaxophobia are the following:
 1. The person experiences intense fear or anxiety for any situation and activity related to seduction and the love game (phobic elements).
 1. Exposure to phobic elements always or almost always causes fear or immediate anxiety.
 1. The phobic elements are completely avoided or actively resist with fear or intense anxiety.
 1. Fear or anxiety is disproportionate to the real danger posed by the activities of seduction and amorous play.
 1. Fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent, and typically lasts six or more months.
 1. Fear, anxiety or avoidance causes clinically significant discomfort or deterioration in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
 1. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, such as fear, anxiety and avoidance of situations associated with panic symptoms or other disabling symptoms (as in agoraphobia ); objects or situations related to obsessions (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder ); memory of traumatic events (as in post-traumatic stress disorder ); leaving home or separation of attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder ); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder).
Malaxophobia, as happens with the rest of specific phobias, does not present a single cause that gives rise to the pathology.
In fact, multiple investigations have shown that the development of this disorder responds to the combination of different factors.
The different elements that are related to the etiology of the disease do not appear in all cases. In fact, it is usual that in each case there are more factors than others.
In general, the elements that have been identified as potentially causing malaxophobia are:
Direct conditioning
Having lived bad experiences related to seduction seems to be the most important causal factor of malaxophobia.
In these cases, the individual can condition their emotions with regard to this type of situation and develop a phobic fear towards seduction.
Vicar conditioning
It is often not necessary to live a


_USER_{NBERw4332, title = "Demographic Factors and Real House Prices", author = "Richard K. Green and Patric H. Hendershott", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "4332", year = "1993", month = "April", doi = {10.3386/w4332}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {Real house prices are directly determined by the willingness of households to pay for (and willingness of builders to supply) a constant-quality house. Changes in the quantity of housing demanded will affect real prices only to the extent that the long-run housing supply schedule is positively sloped. In this paper we use 1980 census data to measure the impact of the age structure and real income per household on the willingness of households to pay for a constant quality house. Extrapolating these variables forward to 2010, we conclude that evolving demographic forces are likely to raise real house prices. not lower them.}, }


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This paper reports a numerical investigation of a periodic metallic structure sandwiched between two quartz plates. The volume comprised between the quartz plates and the metallic structure is infiltrated by a mixture of azo-dye-doped liquid crystal. The exposure to a low power visible light beam modifies the azo dye molecular configuration, thus allowing the wavelength shift of the resonance of the system. The wavelength shift depends on the geometry of the periodic structure and it also depends on the intensity of the visible light beam.
Optical Society of America. Journal B: Optical Physics, 2014, Vol 31, Issue 2, p. 360-365


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Deal, in Present-day English, may be one of a number of words. All are pronounced to rhyme with 'feel'.
- There is a very general term of quantity. It is indeterminate, or vague, in amount, but, like 'a lot', it is generally a considerable part. 'A deal of something' usually means a good amount, or 'a great deal'.
- The original sense was of 'a share' of something. Today, players of card games deal the cards, or deal out, to give each player a fair share of the cards being played. The overall distribution is 'a deal'; the player who distributes is the dealer..
- In its general sense ('an amount'), this word can be applied adverbially, with verbs to say that someone 'does something a great deal', or to intensify adverbs and adjectives.
- The most useful idea, perhaps, is that of the verb 'to deal' and its associated noun 'a deal'.
- The verb 'to deal' means 'to negotiate', 'to discuss in order to come to an understanding'; 'to make a [business] arrangement'. In the best sense, it refers to coming to a bargain that is of benefit to both sides; a good sense is "A transaction of an underhand or questionable nature; a private or secret arrangement in commerce or politics entered into by parties for their mutual benefit; a 'job'" (OED). This can be extended to dealing with business and professional matters: "Please contact XXX, who is dealing with this matter"; "Mrs YYY dealt with the marriage contract". This sometimes has the implication of'successfully', or 'to a completion'; sometimes it is neutral in its implication, 'was the person who took responsibility for'.
- 'A deal' is such an arrangement, with the implication that it is of benefit to both parties - perhaps especially to one who claims 'to have done a deal'.
- To deal in a commodity is to trade in it - to have dealings in it. So we find dealers in wood, or leather, or horses, etc. (The verb without any Object is informal, and therefore to be avoided in academic English: the implication is nearly always of criminal trade in illegal drugs.
- Dealers may deal with their customers and suppliers. In a slightly figurative sense, we can use deal with of some sort of work of art to mean 'takes as its subject': "Hamlet and Lear deal with the subject of madness". In a disciplinary sense, a teacher may deal with naughty children in school, and police may deal with rioters (often with implications of violence).
- To have a 'raw deal' is to'make a bad baragain', or to be treated harshly as a result of negotiati0ons; ; a'square deal' is a fair one.
- Deal is also a word in the timber trade. Here, the general meaning is 'plank of fir or pine, of certain sizes'. (The precise sizes change with context, and are different in America and Britain.)
- The New Deal is the name for the overall policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States (in office _PHONE_) to deal with the effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s. (For an historical sketch, including further reading, see Wikipedia: [].)
You may also want to see deal (irregular verb)

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History of the Somerville Fire Department
In 1838, Charlestown, MA authorities paid a sum of $400 to have a two-story wooden engine-house built at the corner of Washington and Prospect Streets (this area is property of Somerville today). In this engine-house, the "Mystic No. 6" was stored. Mystic No. 6 was not much more than a "tub" measuring three feet six inches long, by two feet wide. It consisted of an oblong wooden tank sheathed with metal, pistons which worked perpendicularly, and handsome lancewood brakes. It could not "draught" water, and all it threw was water which was poured into it by buckets. A law was enforced starting that year which required each household to have two buckets hung in their front hallway. When an alarm was sounded for a fire, each man was to run with his buckets to the fire location and lineup with the others to pass the buckets of water from a well or cistern to the men who operated Mystic No. 6.
In 1842, Somerville set off from Charlestown to become a town of its own. Mystic No. 6 was left as a legacy to Somerville and the engine's valuation of $50 was entered into the town's record books. All firemen at this time were volunteers and were paid a generous sum of $1.50 per year.
On November 12, 1849 town officials appropriated $1,438.75 for the purchase of a "good and sufficient fire engine". The first-class modern suction machine, one of the best ever made by the celebrated Hunneman & Co. of Roxbury arrived about January 1, 1850 and was dubbed "Somerville No. 1". It had six and a half inch cylinders, folding brakes and all of the latest improvements. On January 15th of that same year, Nathan Tufts Jr. was named the first Chief Fire Engineer and George Brastow was named the clerk by the town's selectmen. The first fire that the new department responded to was the burning of Johnson's barn which was located on School St. toward Union Square.
In 1853, the members of the fire department requested a pay raise from $1.50 to $12.00 per year. When the board of selectmen refused to consider it, the department went on strike. The town fathers yielded, however, and the strike was short-lived. This was also the year that Mystic No. 6 was sold for the amount of $33.00 and it was taken to East Boston and broken up for old junk. It was also in 1853 that the first flagstaff in town was erected by the firemen in Union Square.
The engine-house was destroyed by fire on December 24, 1855 but Somerville No. 1 was saved. A new brick building was erected on the same plot of land in 1856 for a cost of $5,000.
The first report made by fire engineers was made by Chief Samuel H. Gooding, in 1862, for the preceeding year, in which he states that the department consists of one engine company, "whose membership has been reduced by members being in the army." He recommends the placing of larger wheels and a "stouter beam" on the engine, also the purchase of a hook and ladder truck for one horse to carry the ladders distributed about town which can not be found when wanted: to quote his own words, "they being out among the neighbors generally." He also recommended the purchase of an extra hose carriage. There were 8 fires that year, with a loss of about $3,300. Of the 800 feet of hose, 200 feet were good, 300 feet were fair and 300 feet were poor. There was also 6 ladders, 1 hook, 6 reservoirs and 3 hydrants.
In April of 1863, an amount of $300 was appropriated for a hook and ladder truck. One was finally purchased in September of that year for the amount of $350 but it was not formally manned at that time. In April 1865, a sum not to exceed $4,000 was appropriated to purchase a hose carriage and horse, and provide a suitable place to locate it in East Somerville. In June of 1865, engineers purchased a second-hand hose carriage formerly used by Gen. John E. Wool Hose Co. of Troy, NY for the sum of $600 and it went into service on October 1st of that year as "Liberty Hose Co. 1". The company disbanded on July 9th, 1866 due to internal dissention and fighting, but a new company was formed within a few days, taking the name of "John E. Wool."
In March of 1866, the selectmen and engineers were instructed to purchase a steam fire engine, horses and all appurtenances thereto not to exceed in cost $10,000 and to locate the same. It arrived on May 26th and occupied Hand Engine 1 Station in Union Square. Hose No. 1 Station was built on Webster Street in East Somerville that same year. Winter Hill Hose Co. 2 was organized in 1869 and occupied a station on Marshall Street in 1872.
A new station was erected at the corner of Highland Avenue and Walnut Street (the Somerville Public Library now occupies this site) in 1871 and Engine Co. 1 was relocated from the station in Union Square to this new station on July 20th, 1871. George H. Foster Hose Co. 3 was organized when Engine Co. 1 was transferred to its new station, and with Hook & Ladder Co. No. 1, which was organized in 1870, it occupied the station that Engine 1 vacated in Union Square.
The first Silby engine owned by the town was purchased in 1873 and it was also that year in which the "John E. Wool" was sold to the town of Everett for the amount of $400 and later went out of service and was returned to its original company in Troy, NY. It was also in 1873 that the George Brastow Hose Co. No. 4 was organized and assigned to a building at the corner of Highland Avenue and Grove Street. It was at this point in time that every apparatus in the city (Somerville became a city on January 1, 1872) was equipped with horses.
The Gamewell fire alarm telegraph system was established in 1874 at a cost of $34,500 and it went into service on June 17th of 1874. The first box alarm pulled in the city occured on June 25th, 1874 when Box #34 was pulled on the corner of Broadway opposite Marshall Street.
In 1874 a new ladder truck was bought and the Winter Hill Company became the Robert A. Vinal Hook & Ladder Company. Chief James R. Hopkins declined to allow the new ladder truck to be named for himself. In 1877, the power to remove men was placed in the hands of the Mayor and the Aldermen. In 1885 the department became all uniformed.
Hose Co. No. 5 was organized on August 15th, 1889 and placed into service in September of 1889 at a brick station located at the corner of Somerville Avenue and Lowell Street. A huge Central Fire Station was built in 1894 at Highland Avenue and Medford Street. The new station sheltered Engine 1, a hose wagon and the new chemical engine A. It also included accommodations for a combined aerial-ladder truck and a water tower. The second floor of the station was used for sleeping rooms, a recreation room, hayloft, workroom and the chief's quarters. The third floor was used exclusively as the headquarters of the of the fire-alarm telegraph system. The station which had stood at the corner of Highland Avenue and Walnut Street was torn down. Also in 1894, a station was built on Highland Avenue near Cedar Street to house two pieces of apparatus. A truck was bought shortly thereafter and Hook & Ladder Co. No. 2 was organized to operate out of the new station.
In 1896 a new fire station, designed to accommodate three pieces of apparatus, was erected at the corner of Broadway and Cross Street. To this building Hose Company No. 1 was transferred from the old wooden building on Webster Street and reorganized into an engine company. Relief Engine Co. 2 was also assigned to this new station.
The station at Teele Square was erected shortly before the turn of the Century, and covers all of the territory west of Willow Avenue.
Since 1900, the department has become completely motorized.
In 1918 the Somerville Fire Dept. joins the International Association of Fire Fighters as Local 76.
The above histories were written by John C. McNally, William E. Brigham & H.H. Easterbrook. Special thanks to Somerville Firefighter Bob "Monty" Doherty.
Page Last Updated: Mar 05, 2012 (12:11:59)


$key, $member ); =head3 sunion my _USER_ = $r->sunion( $key1, $key2,... ); my $elements = $r->sunion( $key1, $key2,... ); # ARRAY ref =head3 sunionstore my $ok = $r->sunionstore( $dstkey, $key1, $key2,... ); =head2 Commands operating on hashes Hashes in Redis cannot be nested as in perl, if you want to store a nested hash, you need to serialize the hash first. If you want to have a named hash, you can use Redis-hashes. You will find an example in the tests of this module t/01-basic.t =head3 hset Sets the value to a key in a hash. $r->hset('hashname', $key => $value); ## returns true on success =head3 hget Gets the value to a key in a hash. my $value = $r->hget('hashname', $key); =head3 hexists if($r->hexists('hashname', $key) { ## do something, the key exists } else { ## the key does not exist } =head3 hdel Deletes a key from a hash if($r->hdel('hashname', $key)) { ## key is deleted } else { ## oops } =head3 hincrby Adds an integer to a value. The integer is signed, so a negative integer decrements. my $key = 'testkey'; $r->hset('hashname', $key => 1); ## value -> 1 my $increment = 1; ## has to be an integer $r->hincrby('hashname', $key => $increment); ## value -> 2 $increment = 5; $r->hincrby('hashname', $key => $increment); ## value -> 7 $increment = -1; $r->hincrby('hashname', $key => $increment); ## value -> 6 =head3 hsetnx Adds a key to a hash unless it is not already set. my $key = 'testnx'; $r->hsetnx('hashname', $key => 1); ## returns true $r->hsetnx('hashname', $key => 2); ## returns false because key already exists =head3 hmset Adds multiple keys to a hash. $r->hmset('hashname', 'key1' => 'value1', 'key2' => 'value2'); ## returns true on success =head3 hmget Returns multiple keys of a hash. my _USER_ = $r->hmget('hashname', 'key1', 'key2'); =head3 hgetall Returns the whole hash. my %hash = $r->hgetall('hashname'); =head3 hkeys Returns the keys of a hash. my _USER_ = $r->hkeys('hashname'); =head3 hvals Returns the values of a hash. my _USER_ = $r->hvals('hashname'); =head3 hlen Returns the count of keys in a hash. my $keycount = $r->hlen('hashname'); =head2 Sorting =head3 sort $r->sort("key BY pattern LIMIT start end GET pattern ASC|DESC ALPHA'); =head2 Publish/Subscribe commands When one of L or L is used, the Redis object will enter I mode. When in I mode only commands in this section, plus L, will be accepted. If you plan on using PubSub and other Redis functions, you should use two Redis objects, one dedicated to PubSub and the other for regular commands. All Pub/Sub commands receive a callback as the last parameter. This callback receives three arguments: =over 4 =item * The published message. =item * The topic over which the message was sent. =item * The subscribed topic that matched the topic for the message. With L these last two are the same, always. But with L, this parameter tells you the pattern that matched. =back See the L for more information about the messages you will receive on your callbacks after each L, L, L and L. =head3 publish $r->publish($topic, $message); Publishes the C<< $message >> to the C<< $topic >>. =head3 subscribe $r->subscribe( _USER_, sub { my ($message, $topic, $subscribed_topic) = _USER_;... }, ); Subscribe one or more topics. Messages published into one of them will be received by Redis, and the specificed callback will be executed. =head3 unsubscribe $r->unsubscribe(_USER_, sub { my ($m, $t, $s) = _USER_;... }); Stops receiving messages for all the topics in C<_USER_>. =head3 psubscribe my _USER_ = ('prefix1.*', 'prefix2.*'); $r->psubscribe(_USER_, sub { my ($m, $t, $s) = _USER_;... }); Subscribes a pattern of topics. All messages to topics that match the pattern will be delivered to the callback. =head3 punsubscribe my _USER_ = ('prefix1.*', 'prefix2.*'); $r->punsubscribe(_USER_, sub { my ($m, $t, $s) = _USER_;... }); Stops receiving messages for all the topics pattern matches in C<_USER_>. =head3 is_subscriber if ($r->is_subscriber) { say "We are in Pub/Sub mode!" } Returns true if we are in I mode. =head3 wait_for_messages my $keep_going = 1; ## Set to false somewhere to leave the loop my $timeout = 5; $r->wait_for_messages($timeout) while $keep_going; Blocks, waits for incoming messages and delivers them to the appropriate callbacks. Requires a single parameter, the number of seconds to wait for messages. Use 0 to wait for ever. If a positive non-zero value is used, it will return after that ammount of seconds without a single notification. Please note that the timeout is not a commitement to return control to the caller at most each C seconds, but more a idle timeout, were control will return to the caller if Redis is idle (as in no messages were received during the timeout period) for more than C seconds. The L call returns the number of messages processed during the run. =head2 Persistence control commands =head3 save $r->save; =head3 bgsave $r->bgsave; =head3 lastsave $r->lastsave; =head2 Scripting commands =head3 eval $r->eval($lua_script, $num_keys, $key1,..., $arg1, $arg2); Executes a Lua script server side. Note that this commands sends the Lua script every time you call it. See L and L for an alternative. =head3 evalsha $r->eval($lua_script_sha1, $num_keys, $key1,..., $arg1, $arg2); Executes a Lua script cached on the server side by its SHA1 digest. See L. =head3 script_load my ($sha1) = $r->script_load($lua_script); Cache Lua script, returns SHA1 digest that can be used with L. =head3 script_exists my ($exists1, $exists2,...) = $r->script_exists($scrip1_sha, $script2_sha,...); Given a list of SHA1 digests, returns a list of booleans, one for each SHA1, that report the existence of each script in the server cache. =head3 script_kill $r->script_kill; Kills the currently running script. =head3 script_flush $r->script_flush; Flush the Lua scripts cache. =head2 Remote server control commands =head3 info my $info_hash = $r->info; The C method is unique in that it decodes the server's response into a hashref, if possible. This decoding happens in both synchronous and pipelined modes. =head3 shutdown $r->shutdown; The C method does not support pipelined operation. =head3 slowlog my $nr_items = $r->slowlog("len"); my _USER_ = $r->slowlog("get", 10); The C command gives access to the server's slow log. =head2 Multiple databases handling commands =head3 select $r->select( $dbindex ); # 0 for new clients =head3 move $r->move( $key, $dbindex ); =head3 flushdb $r->flushdb; =head3 flushall $r->flushall; =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following persons contributed to this project (alphabetical order): =over 4 =item * Aaron Crane (pipelining and AUTOLOAD caching support) =item * Dirk Vleugels =item * Flavio Poletti =item * Jeremy Zawodny =item * sunnavy at bestpractical.com =item * Thiago Berlitz Rondon =item * Ulrich Habel =back =head1 AUTHORS =over 4 =item * Pedro Melo =item * Damien Krotkine =back =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is Copyright (c) 2013 by Pedro Melo, Damien Krotkine. This is free software, licensed under: The Artistic License 2.0 (GPL Compatible)


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Ortiz de Dominguez serves students Grades Pre-K-2. The school incorporates innovative, cutting-edge strategies and approaches appropriate to early childhood education. The school has won three National Public Science Day awards, and teachers have earned Rochelle Lee grants, National Board certifications (11), Foundation for Education grants, and a Kohls Commission Grant.
Title I Eligible:
Preschool Instructional Program:
Significantly Modified Curriculum w/ Intensive Supports Program:


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Touch, Sexuality, and Hands in British Literature, 1740–1901
From Robert Lovelace's uninvited hand-grasps in Samuel Richardson's Clarissa to to Basil Hallward's first encounter with Dorian Gray, literary depictions of touching hands in British literature from the 1740s to the 1890s communicate emotional dimensions of sexual experience that reflect shifting cultural norms associated with gender roles, sexuality, and sexual expression. But what is the relationship between hands, tactility, and sexuality in Victorian literature? And how might scholars best interpret what those touches communicate between characters? This volume addresses these questions by asserting a connection between the prevalence of violent, sexually charged touches in eighteenth-century novels such as those by Eliza Haywood, Samuel Richardson, and Frances Burney and growing public concern over handshake etiquette in the nineteenth century evident in works by Jane Austen, the Brontës, George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, Thomas Hardy, Oscar Wilde, and Flora Annie Steel. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach that combines literary analysis with close analyses of paintings, musical compositions, and nonfictional texts, such as etiquette books and scientific treatises, to make a case for the significance of tactility to eighteenthand nineteenth-century perceptions of selfhood and sexuality. In doing so, it draws attention to the communicative nature of skin-to-skin contact as represented in literature and traces a trajectory of meaning from the forceful grips that violate female characters in eighteenth-century novels to the consensual embraces common in Victorian and neo-Victorian literature.
Table of contents:
- Introduction: Touching the Victorians: A Theoretical Context
- Chapter 1: Rape: Hand-Grabbing in Samuel Richardson's Clarissa
- Chapter 2: Attraction: Reciprocal Touch in the Conduct Fiction of Fanny Burney and Jane Austen
- Chapter 3: Desire: Transgressing Handshake Etiquette in Jane Eyre and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
- Chapter 4: Sexuality: The Tactile Erotics of Gloved and Ungloved Touch
- Chapter 5: Orientation: Queer Touch, Proximity, and Erotic Potential
- Epilogue: Touching Ourselves: A Neo-Victorian Case Study
About the Author:
Kimberly Cox is Assistant Professor of English at Chadron State College, where she teaches courses in British literature, gender and sexuality, multiethnic literature, literary theory, and composition. She received her PhD in Victorian literature and her graduate certificate in women's and gender studies from Stony Brook University. She served as managing editor of Victorian Literature and Culture from 2016 to 2018. Her work on hands, haptics, and sexuality has appeared in Victorian Network, Victorians: Journal of Culture and Literature, Nineteenth-Century Literature, and Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies,the journal for which she recently coedited the special issue "'Teaching to Transgress' in the Emergency Remote Classroom."


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How to Cure an Ageing Barrel
To enjoy your aged spirits, you must first go through the process of barrel curing. If you don't cure the barrel you will not be able to use it. Curing is the process of soaking the wood so that it does not absorb your precious spirits during ageing. Having the wood absorb moisture will make it expand. The curing process helps to get rid of any gaps in the wood, and gives the hoops a tighter grip. When you first receive your barrel, you may notice small gaps in the staves, or loosened hoops. This is normal as changes in temperature and humidity will cause the wood to expand or shrink in transit. As our barrels are hand made in America, they have a long journey before reaching you. Do not nail or screw the hoops into place. This will damage your barrel. Before curing your barrel tightly insert the spigot using a rubber mallet.
What is Barrel Curing?
The curing process helps you identify leaks in your barrel. All barrels are made without any prolonged contact with moisture, so they are as far from ready as they can be. When you fill your barrel for the first time there will almost certainly be leaks.
How Long Does it Take to Cure a Barrel?
The curing process can take up to a week, but this is an essential part of barrel ageing. Each barrel is unique, as the wood from each tree is unique. There is no set time for the barrel curing process.
How to Cure an Oak Barrel
 1. Rinse your barrel 3 times with water to remove any loose charred debris. Fill the barrel from the top, and flush it through the spigot
 2. Fill the barrel with warm water and insert the bung. Make sure to fill the barrel to the top until you can't fit any more in. Every part of the inside of the barrel needs to be in contact with the water
 3. If you identify leaks in your barrel, apply a small amount of barrel wax to the leaking area. Push the wax in to the hole until the leaking stops
 4. Top up the water after fixing any leaks
 5. Leave the barrel in a cool place, out of direct sunlight. We recommend placing on a drip tray to prevent damage to any surfaces
 6. Check for leaks periodically and apply barrel wax where needed
 7. Regularly top up the water to ensure all parts of the barrel absorb water
 8. The barrel is ready when it can hold water for at least 3 hours
 9. Once your barrel has stopped leaking, rinse it through 3 times
 10. Allow the barrel to dry for 3 hours before filling with your spirits
Your barrel is now ready to age spirits. Read our guide on How To Barrel Age Spirits for more information.
Ageing Barrel Help Topics
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Date Acquired: October 6, 2008
By examining the characteristics of craters and their relationships to each other, geologists are able to unravel the history of Mercury. This image shows a northern portion of Mercury's surface, looking at the terminator (the transition from the sunlit dayside to the dark night side of the planet). The crater in the lower left, Vyasa, has a rough floor, with other craters superimposed onto it, indicating that this crater is relatively old. In contrast, the neighboring crater, Stravinsky, has a much smoother floor and appears to overlap the rim of Vyasa, suggesting that this crater is relatively younger. These craters appear to be aptly named to support this relative age relationship; Vyasa is named for the ancient Indian poet from about 1500 BC, while Igor Stravinsky was a 20th century Russian-born composer. The nearby crater Rubens, named for the 17th century Flemish painter, may indeed represent an event intermediate in time between Vyasa and Stravinsky.
Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington


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BLM Road Numbers - Understanding Township and Range
BLM roads are identified numerically by a legal description based upon a rectangular grid, established from a point in northwest Portland, and spanning the State. From this point, Township grid lines run east and west; Range grid lines run north and south -each six miles apart. The resulting 6-mile squares called Townships are divided into 36 one-mile squares called Sections. Each section is approximately 640 acres.
BLM road signs in the field have three numbers. They identify the Township, Range, and Section from which a road originates. For example:
Numbers after the decimal point indicate another road originating in Section 14.


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A small layout must have a background story to help the viewer, or the operator, understand the context of the layout. Context provides the setting, and the work done before the viewer or operator get's there. This article will provide an overview of the context and the details of an average operating session.
I'll discuss the following (initial) topics:
- Industries – including information about the days served and the car types received and / or shipped
- What paperwork is involved in the running of the layout
- What must be done before operating the layout
- What must be done at the end of an operating session
There'll be more once I get to this level of detail and planning.


Is Oil Used For Electricity?
How many kWh is a barrel of oil?
1,700 kilowattThere are 42 gallons (approximately 159 liters) in one barrel of oil.
The energy contained in a barrel of oil is approximately 5.8 million British thermal units (MBtus) or 1,700 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy..
How much petrol comes from a barrel of oil?
Why is a barrel of oil 42 gallons?
How much is a barrel of oil right now?
The current price of WTI crude oil as of October 30, 2020 is 35.79 per barrel.
How much electricity does oil use?
Utility-scale electricity generation is electricity generation from power plants with at least one megawatt (or 1,000 kilowatts) of total electricity generating capacity….What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?Energy sourceBillion kWhShare of totalNatural Gas1,58638.4%Coal96523.4%Petroleum (total)180.4%Petroleum liquids120.3%20 more rows
What percent of electricity comes from oil?
What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?Energy sourceBillion kWhShare of totalFossil fuels (total)2,58262.6%Natural Gas1,58638.4%Coal96523.4%Petroleum (total)180.4%20 more rows
What are the 3 forms of energy?
Potential energyChemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. … Mechanical energy is energy stored in objects by tension. … Nuclear energy is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom—the energy that holds the nucleus together. … Gravitational energy is energy stored in an object's height.
What is the cleanest form of energy?
Who consumes the most oil?
The United StatesThe 10 biggest oil consuming nations account for more than 58% of the world's total oil consumption per day. The United States is the world's biggest oil consumer, followed by China, Japan and India.
How much oil is left in the world?
Who is the number 1 oil producing country?
The top five oil-generating countries are as follows:United States. The United States is the top oil-producing country in the world, with an average of 19.51 million b/d, which accounts for 19% of the world's production. … Saudi Arabia. … Russia. … Canada. … China.
What are the 4 types of electricity?
How much oil is used for fuel?
What three countries use the most oil?
List of countries by oil consumptionRankCountry/RegionOil consumption (bbl/day)-World (incl biofuels)100,100,0001United States19,400,000-European Union15,000,0002China14,056,000116 more rows
How much oil is used per day?
In 2019, the United States consumed an average of about 20.54 million barrels of petroleum per day, or a total of about 7.50 billion barrels of petroleum products.
Is the oil industry dying?
Where does US get its oil?
What is the main source of energy on Earth?
Is oil a good energy source?
Oil is particularly useful as a fuel because of its high energy density. As previously mentioned, the original energy source of oil is the Sun, as the energy stored within dead organic matter is what creates crude oil over time.
What is oil used for today?
We use petroleum products to propel vehicles, to heat buildings, and to produce electricity. In the industrial sector, the petrochemical industry uses petroleum as a raw material (a feedstock) to make products such as plastics, polyurethane, solvents, and hundreds of other intermediate and end-user goods.
What type of energy source is oil?


Date: Wed, 11 Feb 1998 22:45:55 -0500
From: "W. Randolph Beckford" beckford[AT SYMBOL GOES HERE]DICKINSON.EDU
Subject: word choice
If anyone would like to answer the following question for me, I would
appreciate it. If not, please ignore or direct me to the proper forum.
I am a student tutoring ESL to a visiting Russian professor at my college.
Frequently confusing the senses of "say," "tell," and "speak" (because she
says that Russian has one word for all three), I tried to explain the
difference myself. However, although I could show her example sentences,
even my own logic told me that, like Russian, these verbs ought to be
synonyms in English, theoretically. For example, "The teacher says to
read chapter 6;" but NOT "The teacher speaks (tells) to read chapter 6."
I realize that this probably has to do with a transitive/intransitive
difference, but could someone explain it clearly in this instance?
Although I may just be experiencing a "mind fart," thank you very much!
Randy Beckford
Writing Center Consultant
Dickinson College
Carlisle, PA
Si futurum est, fiet.


Argument Picker is a simple API to access and elaborate arguments in a flexible way.
Basically it allows, given URL arguments like:
to retrieve one of those arguments through a function:
which - in the specific example - would return "Volkswagen".
This module essentially adds the possibility to assign labels to arguments, through this syntax:
and then allows you to retrieve any argument using the label as a reference.
Some of the helper functions are dedicated to specific modules (i.e. Views), enhancing the accessibility of arguments:
Assuming "your_view" has a "foo" argument, using argument_picker, you could easily setup this argument's default value with:
return arg_picker_get_view_argument("foo");
which would return "4" (for the example above) or "all" (when the argument is not present).
Basically it's just an alternative to an url querystring with Drupal-specific add-on features, which comes extremely useful when implementing progressive filters (like a faceted search) through views but it also comes very handy for retrieving arguments in dynamic PHP blocks, panel panes, custom modules or wherever you want.
Not to mention that a normal querystring is still usable:
leaving every other querystring-related features intact.
Project Information


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Mckinney Courier-gazette > News
Healthy re-Quest: Study looks to address childhood obesity with video game
File photo - Burks Elementary third-grader Reece goes over his answers to The Cooper Institute's NutriGram assessment in May 2011. McKinney ISD's Finch Elementary is one of six Texas schools now participating in a study that will examine how a health-oriented video game could help children improve their nutrition.
The "quest" against childhood obesity has gone electronic, at least in Texas.
Selective gaming may lead to better nutrition for elementary students, according to The Cooper Institute and The Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, which this week launched a study that will use a video game to help children understand how to optimize their health via 3-D avatars and apples.
Six Dallas-area schools, including Finch Elementary in McKinney, will take part in the study. Ninety minutes a week, for six weeks, fourth-graders will play "The Quest to Lava Mountain," a game that teaches them skills like gathering and cooking healthy food while reinforcing science, reading, environmentalism and social collaboration.
"Childhood obesity is one of the biggest challenges we face today in Texas and in our country," said Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, founder and chairman emeritus of The Cooper Institute, a nonprofit dedicated to preventive medicine research and education. "With larger numbers of children suffering from diabetes, heart and other diseases, it's more important than ever to improve fitness and reduce the fatness of our young people.
"We must come up with innovative ways to do this, and 'The Quest to Lava Mountain' video game is one of the unique approaches we are taking at The Cooper Institute."
The Cooper Institute initially tested out the game in recent years, when it launched it to 1,800 kids in Texas, who used it during their NutriGram program. NutriGram assesses children's knowledge, behaviors and attitudes toward healthy eating through the game and an online questionnaire.
Promising effects of game were revealed through a school in El Paso, in one of the nation's poorest zip codes, said Nancy Beasley, associate director of youth initiatives at The Cooper Institute. The school's principal allowed students to play the game at the school over the summer and noticed immediate health-conscious changes, Beasley said.
"We found out the El Paso students were asking their parents for milk instead of soda when they went grocery shopping," she said. "They were asking for healthier things."
Perhaps living out their own "quest." In the game, food is fuel for their avatars, which go faster and farther in the game on healthier selections. Choose the right fuel, gain more energy - much like in everyday life.
"It's more about an embedded mindset for the kids," said Karin Klemm, McKinney ISD physical education facilitator. "The hope is that they'll be thinking the same process in real life, as they're going through their day. They'll know that if they eat the apple, they'll be more active and energetic."
Other tenets: eat smart, be more powerful; importance of variety and moderation; and relation of physical activity to nutrition. The game allows monitoring of the food-choice trends of players at the beginning and end of their respective quests. End-of-quest surveys and before-and-after recalls will gather gamers' real-life food choices.
The young gamers' top responsibility: beat the game.
"If a kid completes a video game, we feel like as educators we need to go in and test that child; why is that?" said Beasley, who with others had their research, "The Quest to Lava Mountain: Using video games for dietary change in children," in the Journal of American Dietetic Association. "We trust the game mechanics and we trust they finished the game...so we know they know the content."
Participating schools are spread around the area, and three other schools - not playing the game - will be used as controls in the study.
Klemm first saw the game when Burks Elementary students played it during their NutriGram - a brief gaming session compared with the upcoming six-week quest of 20 Finch Elementary fourth-graders.
She and Beasley met with Finch participants and parents Thursday afternoon to explain the game and study. Jim Young, grandfather to fourth-grader Alex, said he simply signed Alex up as a way for him to get involved at school.
"Alex is a very picky eater, very finicky; he doesn't eat a lot of fruits and vegetables," Young said. "It's going to be interesting to see how he fits into this."
Klemm is open to anything that could improve students' health habits - even video games.
"It does seem contradictory, but so many kids are technologically based now, even us as teachers and coordinators are learning more tech-savvy things to reach them," she said. "The whole point of the game is relating back to your daily life.
"We always say eat healthy on testing days, but we should be doing that every day of the year because we're learning every day of the year."
Speaking to Finch parents, Beasley recommended they limit their children's time playing the game each day based on their amount of physical activity, and revealed findings that point to the benefits of video-game learning.
If the six-week study proves successful as it did in El Paso, the electronic quest - not children's waistbands - could expand.
"Our goal is to distribute the game as widely as possible with funding," she said. "We'd love to push it out to all kids throughout the U.S."


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The first edition refers to a book's first printing run. For some blockbuster titles, this can be as many as 50,000 copies or more. But for older books, or books originally published by small imprints, the first run may have been as few as 100 copies. For books that have subsequently become desirable or prized for their place in literature, the first edition is almost always published in a smaller, and thus more collectible, print run.
Beyond sheer scarcity, first editions are also collected because they are considered to be the closest a reader can get to the author's original intent for his or her work. Thus, first editions are sought if a book has been changed for the second printing. Changes include new prefaces, text corrections or edits, and changes to a book's format or binding.
Especially collectible are first editions of books that went on to win any of the numerous literary prizes that the publishing world annually bestows upon itself. For example, "W...
In general, there are as many types of collectible first editions as there are collectible categories of books. After the 2009 film "Julie & Julia" revived interest in chef and author Julia Child, prices for first-edition copies of her 1961 cookbook, "Mastering the Art of French Cooking," soared, although it's a safe bet that the movie-fueled demand will not be long-lasting. Not all first editions need to be vintage to be collectible. For example, the success of the recent "Twilight" vampire movies has made first-edition copies of Stephanie Meyer's 2005 novel of the same name quite collectible.
The other thing to consider when collecting first editions is the country where a book was originally published. First editions produced for readers in the writer's home country are usually more collectible than those printed in foreign countries. The most famous example of this is probably J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone," which was published by Bloomsbury in the U.K. in 1997 before being re-titled by Scholastic in 1998 for the U.S. market as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone." That first Bloomsbury edition numbered around 1,000 copies, which is why copies of this edition routinely sell in the six figures.
Novels from the 19th century present the collector with a number of unique challenges. First, the paper and binding is obviously very old, so caring for a first edition from that time period requires attention and effort—it may not be wise to simply shove a first edition of "David Copperfield" by Charles Dickens onto a crowded bookshelf. The other issue particular to Dickens is that many of his books were initially serialized, which means there is typically a first edition "bound from the parts" as well as a "first edition in book form."
The other problem with 19th-century novels, especially the early ones, is that books were routinely rebound to make the covers more attractive than their originals. During rebinding, half-title pages were often dispensed with, further eroding the value of rebound first editions.
Modern first editions are books from the Edwardian era through contemporary times. The quality of the dust jackets of these editions can have a large impact on the value of modern books, in no small part because the artwork on them is sometimes as highly regarded as the writing within. Famous covers include those for F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby" (1925), John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939), and J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" (1951).
Interviews & Articles
The first pages of Peter Benchley's 1974 novel, "Jaws," as well as the opening minutes of Steven Spielberg's 1975 blockbuster, beg… [more]
One of my favorite "books as objects" is the first edition of H.G. Wells' "The Time Machine: an Invention." Published in 1895, it … [more]
In 2005, I moved to New York to head up the Entertainment Memorabilia department at Christie's, New York. One of my first assignme… [more]
Collectors of autographed baseball cards are alert to the existence of forgeries, so they know to be on their guard. But how many … [more]
One of the most curious items in our auction on December 2, 2010, is the first book produced in its entirety in the Montana Territ… [more]
I don't remember a time when I didn't read books. In grade school, I devoured library books. I also loved comic books, and was whe… [more]


What Is Taurine? | Taurine Benefits & Side Effects
If you've found taurine listed in the ingredients on your energy drink, you might be wondering exactly what it is and what it does. Unlike some of the other ingredients in that can, this isn't some scary chemical, but an amino acid. Here's everything you need to know about taurine.
What is taurine?
Taurine is an amino acid that occurs in some animal-based foods and naturally in some of our body's tissues. Taurine makes up a large amount of the "free" amino acids that are circulating in the body instead of making up proteins.1 It contains sulphur, which makes it common in many of the body's physiologic functions.1 Its role in many energy-related reactions makes it a common ingredient in energy drinks and related supplements.
man holding protein shaker
Where does taurine come from?
Taurine occurs naturally in your body, but is also found in common animal-based food sources. The highest levels of taurine in food occurs in meat, fish, and dairy products.2 It's considered "conditionally essential" to the human diet, meaning your body has some of its own, but benefits from getting even more from food.3 Poor health conditions are often associated with low levels of taurine, implying that it's crucial for helping prevent health issues. It's also found in lower levels as we age, meaning it might play a role in aging.
What does taurine do?
Taurine plays a role in many functions in muscle cells related to the movement of calcium ions as well as the process in which ATP, the cell's energy molecules, are turned over.1 It also assists with the stabilisation of cell members, anti-oxidation (the process of protecting your cells from the damage of free radicals), regulation of fluid balance, and stimulation of glycolysis and glycogenesis (energy processes). Simply put, taurine seems to be involved in many of the processes related to energy usage and muscle function. For this reason, researchers are fascinated with all of the possible impacts of taurine on exercise and performance.
Benefits of Taurine
1. Taurine impacts health
Taurine is considered a nutraceutical due to its many varied impacts on health, including treatment of fatigue and muscle disorders, improvements in immune function, inflammation, and neuroprotective effects.4 This wide range of health-related benefits has the potential to benefit millions of people who struggle with the impact of these health conditions.
2. May impact muscle and performance
The most desirable potential impacts of taurine are related to performance and muscle, as a possible ergogenic (performance enhancing) aid. So, can it really make you stronger and faster? The proposed benefits of supplementing with taurine are related to its impact on performance and muscle tissue. One study tested running performance after supplementing with taurine but did not see significant improvement.4 However, elevated levels of taurine post-exercise were related to quicker recovery and less oxidative stress on the muscle tissue.4
3. May improve exercise performance
A more recent study built on this idea and showed significant improvement in performance during endurance exercise after just one single dose of taurine.5 This implies that body builders and cardio-based athletes may both benefit from taking it prior to their workout. Another study showed that muscles were able to sustain a greater load prior to contraction, meaning that muscles can sustain greater stress for longer periods of time.6
Taurine has great potential to help improve recovery after weightlifting by reducing the oxidative stress of exercise on the muscles post-workout. Although the previously mentioned study did not show significant performance enhancement of running, the subjects did show small increases in speed and decreases in heart rate, implying that they worked more efficiently after supplementation.4
4. Acts as an antioxidant and improves recovery
Taurine seems to act as a strong antioxidant that also improves the body's own recovery response. So, it may work two-fold by preventing the damage and stress of exercise but also speeding up the muscles' rebuilding. Because it's a common ingredient in energy drinks, it was often thought that taurine in combination with caffeine was a requirement for ergogenic effects, however, a study that used taurine alone still showed a positive impact.
Research in the area of taurine supplementation is still new and limited to studies that focused on various groups of athletes in different sports and in different conditions. For this reason, the promising impact of taurine should be further investigated to help better advise athletes how to make it most useful for them.
Taurine supplements | Safety & dosage
The study that showed endurance benefits from taurine had varied recommendations between 1 and 6 grams in a single dose.5 Due to its presence in many animal-based food, it may be necessary in larger amounts for vegetarians or vegans. It may also show a greater effect in these populations if they typically function with sub-optimal levels of taurine and then begin to supplement. None of the studies showed any negative side effects of taking taurine, but any supplement may impact other medications or health conditions. It's always best to speak with your doctor before starting out with a new supplement.
Take home message
Taurine is a simple way to boost your supplement needs with potential performance improvements and definite impact on speeding up muscle recovery. It has strong antioxidant properties, even when not used in conjunction with caffeine. Its decreasing levels as you age means that supplementation may even help reduce some of the negative effects of the aging process. So, whether it's in your energy drink, Friday-night steak, or as a supplement, taurine could be exactly what you need to feel on top form.
1. Waldron, M., Patterson, S. D., Tallent, J., & Jeffries, O. (2018). The effects of an oral taurine dose and supplementation period on endurance exercise performance in humans: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine48(5), _PHONE_.
2. Laidlaw, S. A., Grosvenor, M., & Kopple, J. D. (1990). The taurine content of common foodstuffs. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition14(2), 183-188.
3. Stapleton, P. P., Charles, R. P., Redmond, H. P., & Bouchier-Hayes, D. J. (1997). Taurine and human nutrition. Clinical nutrition16(3), 103-108.
4. De Carvalho, F. G., Galan, B. S., Santos, P. C., Pritchett, K., Pfrimer, K., Ferriolli, E., … & de Freitas, E. C. (2017). Taurine: a potential ergogenic aid for preventing muscle damage and protein catabolism and decreasing oxidative stress produced by endurance exercise. Frontiers in physiology8, 710.
6. Satoh, H., & Kang, J. (2009). Modulation by taurine of human arterial stiffness and wave reflection in Taurine 7 (pp. 47-55). Springer New York.
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Definición de primrose en inglés:
1A European plant of woodland and hedgerows, which produces pale yellow flowers in the early spring.
- Primula vulgaris, family Primulaceae (the primrose family). This family also includes the cowslip, pimpernels, and cyclamens
- Around this time of year, there is a good show of daffodils, tulips, primroses, primula, helibores orientalis and other spring flowers.
- Spring flowers - celandines, primroses, violets, wood anemones - were followed by pyramid and early purple orchids, wild thyme and rockrose.
- The Cowslip Count took place in the spring of 2000 and we received data on over 2,000 places around the UK where cowslips, primroses and false oxlips are growing.
1.1 (also primrose yellow) [mass noun] A pale yellow colour: old-fashioned tones of primrose and lavender [as modifier]: primrose-yellow paintwork
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- If you walk around the historic districts of Willemstad - Punda, Otrabanda, Scharloo and Pietermaai - you'll spot every hue from ochre or primrose yellow to baby blue and candyfloss pink.
- 'The colour is primrose yellow and national guidelines state that this or cream must be used for yellow lines in all conservation areas,' a council spokeswoman reveals.
- It produces large trumpet, ivory white flowers which open a lovely pale primrose yellow, fading gradually to pure white.
- The pursuit of pleasure, especially when it is seen to bring disastrous consequences: blithely unaware of his doom, he continued down his primrose path[with allusion to Shakespeare's Hamlet i. iii. 50]Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The populace wanting a reprieve from 'the necessities of their condition,' he wrote, had been led down the primrose path by a mirage of well-being to which ideological conjurers had made them feel entitled.
- In the one glass, alcohol can stimulate the mind or lend courage to the meek; in the other, it is a primrose path to perdition.
- But pretending the budget doesn't matter is the primrose path to high taxes and poor services.
Definición de primrose en:
- Inglés de EE.UU. dictionary


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Andrew County, Missouri
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Andrew is a county in Missouri. It was formed in 1841 from the following county/ies: Platte Purchase. Andrew began keeping birth records in 1883–95, marriage records in 1841, and death records in 1883–93. It began keeping land records in 1841, probate records in 1841, and court records in 1841. For more information, contact the county at Savannah 64485. On the attached map, Andrew is located at B1.
For information about the state of Missouri see Missouri Family History Research.


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area is still worthwhile and is enhanced by visits to the local ethnic minority villages of the Hmong. A trip to the Tham Piew caves and the hot springs nearby are worth an extra day.
Pakse and the South
Pakse is synonymous with Wat Phou just as Siem Reap is with Angkor in Cambodia. The founder of the first Khmer Empire, Jayavarman II, who built Angkor, also built Wat Phou. It is much smaller than Angkor, but about 30 years older and at times was the Khmer capital. After Angkor, Wat Phou is one of the cultural highlights of Laos and South-East Asia. Pakse is a busy commercial town built by the French early this century as an administrative center for the South. The many colonial buildings lend an air of old world charm.
Excursions from Pakse include the Bolaven plateau, with its many ethnic minorities and coffee plantations. In addition, four thousand islands on the Cambodian border area can also be reached from Pakse. The Mekong River at this point is about 8.5 miles wide and encompasses about 4,000 islands during the dry season and about half of that during the rainy season. This unique landscape forms one of the most impressive sights of this region. One of the highlights is South-East Asia's largest waterfall, Khon Phapheng.


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Can anyone tell me why do I have attribute table text on my layers in ArcMap 10 and how I can get rid of those texts? I have no idea when the texts appeared into my workspace. I have been digitizing and copying and pasting polygons from layer to another. However, the texts seems not to be part of any layer because they stay on the screen even I chance the visibility of all my layers.
Printscreen-picture of my view
share|improve this question
Open a new mxd to where you drag your layers one by one. Then you can narrow down which layer the text is associated to, if any. You don't seem to have overly many layers, so shouldn't be too time consuming. – Martin Feb 12 '14 at 8:47
Thanks for the tip! That solved it! The text was not part of any layer (like I assumed) and didn't appear in the new mxd. – Blueridge Feb 12 '14 at 8:59
2 Answers 2
The text you see is the result of Paste operation. The most likely reason for that is that you had either created a report in ArcMap or copied rows from Attribute table by using Copy (or just Ctrl-C shortcut). This piece of data was stored in your operation system clipboard and when you were trying to copy/paste a layer in the table of contents or a feature, you have pasted what you had latest in the clipboard which were those rows.
You will likely be able to select this object by using the Select Elements tool on the Standard toolbar and then delete it.
share|improve this answer
+1 I think you've nailed the steps that would have led to the symptom seen. – PolyGeo Feb 12 '14 at 9:55
Not knowing the history of this map it is not possible to be certain, but from the description of what solved it, I would say that you were seeing Graphic Text that was created in your map at some point in time.
There is an Online Hep Page entitled Essential annotation and graphic text concepts that may be worth reviewing if you want to know more about Graphic Text (and Annotation).
If they are Graphic Text then they should be selectable for deletion (with the Delete key) by using Edit | Select All Elements.
share|improve this answer
Thank you all! The texts were indeed Graphic Text. I pasted some texts again for testing and I was able to delete the texts by Edit | Select All Elements (and Delete key). Much easier than dragging all layers to new mxd! – Blueridge Feb 13 '14 at 13:46
Your Answer


RCMP raid on Wet'suwet'en
RCMP raided a Wet'suwet'en land defender camp on February 6. Photo by Jesse Winter
What You Need to Know About the Wet'suwet'en Crisis
Your guide to "rule of law," "land defenders," and the 1997 Supreme Court decision underpinning Canada's biggest news story.
February 21, 2020, 5:23pm
There is a special kind of sinking feeling that kicks in when news develops faster than the human brain can process. In Canada we've had to get used to this feeling the past few weeks as a long-simmering dispute over a natural gas pipeline in northern B.C. has grown into the biggest story in the country, with coast-to-coast blockades underlining a broken relationship between Indigenous peoples and the provincial and federal leaders who claim to care about their rights.
Things really started to break down when militarized police descended on Wet'suwet'en people and their supporters to make way for the $6.6 billion Coastal GasLink pipeline earlier this month. The resulting cascade of cross-country protest—which has stopped hundreds of trains and disrupted government proceedings—has been dubbed the Wet'suwet'en crisis, but it could just as easily be called the Canada crisis. After all, it's not the first time the country has pinned the RCMP against Indigenous people defending their land (see: Oka crisis, Gustafsen Lake). At the heart of the issue is a First Nation's traditional governance structure, and its ability to exist and make decisions outside the constraints of Canada's colonial legal system.
We've since seen spinoff controversies about alternative routes, what to call Indigenous people who occupy their territory in the face of police-enforced removal, how much money and jobs these blockades will ultimately cost, and what politicians really mean when they invoke the "rule of law." If you're tuning in late, or need some talking points ahead of some tough conversations with relatives and coworkers, VICE is here to help with some answers to questions about the Wet'suwet'en Nation, Coastal GasLink, and the crisis Prime Minister Justin Trudeau says he wants to resolve quickly and peacefully.
Why did the RCMP raid Indigenous land?
In the early hours of February 6, a small army of police descended on a snowy outdoor camp where members of the Wet'suwet'en Nation and their supporters were keeping watch over ancestral land. The raid lasted five days, and resulted in 30 arrests. All the war toys came out: low-flying helicopters, dog teams, snipers, and drones.
It wasn't the first time that police had conducted a military-style raid on Wet'suwet'en territory. In January 2019, the RCMP arrested 14 people at another Wet'suwet'en camp with a similarly over-the-top show of force. Tactical officers were authorized to use lethal force, according to an explosive report uncovered by the Guardian.
The "why" question boils down to a pipeline company's request to a judge. Coastal GasLink—a subsidiary of TC Energy or TransCanada, which also owns the Keystone pipeline and other big oil infrastructure—has a plan to build a natural gas pipeline from northeastern B.C. to the coast, which crosses through Wet'suwet'en land. It filed an injunction to prevent anti-pipeline roadblocks, and a B.C. Supreme Court judge granted it in December.
The court order gave police the power to clear the roadway leading to construction sites for the pipeline, but its power to remove Wet'suwet'en people occupying nearby camps is disputed. Civil rights groups have called the enforcement overbroad and not legally justifiable. The majority of arrestees were released without charges or court dates.
Who are the Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs?
The Wet'suwet'en Nation is a 22,000-square-kilometre stretch of land that has been inhabited by the Wet'suwet'en people for thousands of years. The nation is led by chiefs representing five clans and 13 house groups. Their status as leaders is decided through a feast system, called bahlats. Though they are called hereditary chiefs, their titles are not necessarily handed down by bloodline, but by consensus during feasts.
Since 2012 most of these leaders have opposed Coastal GasLink and other pipelines through their territory, on the grounds that these projects will disturb vital ecosystems and culturally significant sites. The number of active Coastal GasLink-opposing chiefs has shifted over time. Three hereditary chiefs who received funding in exchange for support for the pipeline were stripped of their titles.
Some titles are still in dispute, but none of the current (undisputed) chiefs have spoken in favour of Coastal GasLink. In January 2020, the chiefs who oppose the pipeline issued an eviction notice to police and pipeline workers.
Aren't there elected chiefs who support the pipeline?
Separate from the Wet'suwet'en Nation's traditional way of governance is Canada's band office system, which was designed along with residential schools to strip away Indigenous land and culture. There are six reserve communities within the Wet'suwet'en Nation's borders, all governed by band councils elected by members. Five of these band councils have signed on to benefit agreements with Coastal GasLink, citing economic opportunity.
Somewhat confusingly, one reserve community with an elected council is now called the Wet'suwet'en First Nation, though it was previously named Broman Lake Indian Band. This band council is one of the five that approved the pipeline. The Hagwilget band near Hazelton, B.C. is the remaining holdout. The financial incentives used to secure these agreements have been widely criticized.
Hereditary chiefs say these elected councils were created primarily to oversee the reserves, and do not have the authority to make decisions that affect the whole nation. And they say Canada's court system has recognized this right rests solely with hereditary chiefs.
Did the Supreme Court make a ruling on this?
The hereditary chiefs say that their right to reject energy projects on their territory is upheld by a Supreme Court of Canada ruling from 1997, called the Delgamuukw decision. In that case, the Wet'suwet'en, along with the neighbouring Gitxsan, argued that they never surrendered title rights, and should have a say when it comes to logging clear-cuts planned on their territory. The nations presented ceremonial songs and other cultural artifacts as proof of their deep relationship with the land.
Canada's highest court ultimately affirmed that the provincial government could not "extinguish" Wet'suwet'en title rights, but that title rights are "not absolute." Though the ruling didn't define what title rights do entail for the Wet'suwet'en, it did confirm that these rights existed before Canada became a country.
Is that because British Columbia is "unceded" land?
Attend any event in B.C., and you're likely to hear someone acknowledge you're on the unceded lands of one or more local First Nations. That's because the vast majority of First Nations that fall inside the province's borders never signed treaties with the government, and therefore never surrendered their ownership of the land. This includes the Wet'suwet'en.
However, just because a First Nation has signed a treaty with Canada doesn't necessarily mean that their land is "ceded." A great deal of Canada's treaty documents read like sharing agreements, with extensive rights and responsibilities cutting both ways. So the Wet'suwet'en's non-treaty status is only one aspect of the delicate legal situation that sets the case apart.
Why do I keep hearing about Gidimt'en and Unist'ot'en camps?
In 2009, members of the Unist'ot'en clan of the Wet'suwet'en people began reclaiming a remote area by the Morice River, accessible only by logging road. At the time several energy companies including Enbridge's Northern Gateway pipeline were jockeying to build up an energy corridor through the area. Over the past decade the camp has grown into a symbol of Indigenous resistance and self-determination, and is now home to a $2 million healing lodge with programming funded by the First Nations Health Authority.
In more recent years members of the Gidimt'en clan established a second camp along the same logging road. Both of the camps are on Wet'suwet'en land, and are occupied by Wet'suwet'en land defenders and supporters year round. Both were raided by the RCMP earlier this month, though people barricaded inside a Gidimt'en cabin and the Unist'ot'en lodge were allowed to stay.
Who is a "land defender" and who is a "protester"?
Because the Wet'suwet'en are standing ground on their own land, many reject the idea that they are protesting. When asked to self-identify, Wet'suwet'en people and supporters occupying the territory will tell you they're land defenders, not anti-pipeline protesters. Canadian journalists have debated whether or not to adopt this terminology.
This gets a bit trickier when you consider the Indigenous-led blockades that have since popped up on rail lines, ports, and bridges across the country. These solidarity actions are putting pressure on the provincial and federal governments to meet the hereditary chiefs at the negotiating table. In both cases, organizers say the focus should be standing up for Indigenous self-determination—not just stopping one pipeline.
Edmonton rail blockade
Wet'suwet'en supporters block a CN Rail line west of Edmonton on February 19. Photo by Jason Franson / The Canadian Press
Why do politicians keep using the phrase "rule of law"?
Nearly a month before the raid, B.C. Premier John Horgan told reporters that the "rule of law" must prevail and the Coastal GasLink project should proceed. Multiple members of


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8 min read
Your Guide to Heat Activated Adhesives
By Sue Chambers on Mar 26, 2020 9:30:00 AM
A heat activated adhesive is a type of adheive, usually applied to a tape backing, that will not bond at normal temperatures. Instead, it becomes sticky in certain temperatures, wherein the adhesive chemicals are activated and can form a bond.
These tapes are extremely versatile and can be used for bonding in a huge variety of projects. Join us, today, as we dive deep into heat activated adhesive, its uses, benefits, alternatives, and how it all works.
What Is Heat Activated Adhesive?
Let's start today's article off with a basic explanation of heat activated adhesives. As the name implies, this is a non-sticky adhesive that, usually, will not bond or adhere at normal temperatures. As part of its design, this adhesive only begins to bond when heated to a very specific temperature.
Heat activated adhesive films offer a lot of versatility in their design and application. They are industrial in scope and have actually grown extensively in popularity over the last few decades.
When activated from a heat source, your adhesive goes through two stages:
 - Phase one occurs takes place within seconds of the heat activation process. Bonding occurs between the two objects and the adhesive tape itself begins to cool after being heated.
 - The second phase of the process is carried out over the next few minutes. Once the adhesive has had chance to cool down, the chemicals on the tape start crystallizing. This increases the strength of the material bond significantly.
One of the big draws to heat activated adhesives is that it is completely dry before being heated. There is no tackiness, and it will not stick to itself, making it incredibly easy to work into various cracks and crevices without major hassle. The tape itself feels like paper and only becomes sticky under heated conditions.
Adhesive films use thin layers of specifically designed bonding agents attached to some sort of backing material to get the job done. This gives you, the user, a product that is equal parts easy to use and extremely versatile. Backings can be coated with the adhesive on one or both sides. They may also be treated with different concentrations of the same adhesive. This makes them more or less appropriate for different tasks.
Moreover, these backings may actually be created from a range of materials. Depending on your needs and supplier, you might find any of the following as your heat activated adhesive backing:
 - cloth
 - foam
 - foil
 - paper
 - plastic well as a host of others. The aim, with these, is to provide enough room to use heat adhesives in a range of environments. You'll find tapes cut and wound into rolls, for easy use and storage.
Heat-activated adhesives are available in configurations for any job you can imagine. Suitable for materials from plastic to metal and wood, there's very little you can't actually join with a good heat activated adhesive.
More Characteristics
Heat activated film brings a range of useful traits to the table, including some of the following:
 - resistance to aging and weathering
 - improved shock resistance
 - extreme flexibility
 - available in a range of thicknesses and designs
 - incredibly high bonding strength
 - improved resistance to chemicals
 - extremely stable in high temperatures
 - elasticity under various conditions
 - the availability of electrically conductive variants
As a leading adhesive across various industries, heat activated films deserve their reputation. The adhesive itself is designed for temperatures from 40 to 140 degrees, C. Depending on where you go, adhesives are also made in a variety of grades. Looking for an improved flammability rating? Expecting more from your web grade? There's something out there for you.
Different Types Of Adhesive Tape
Of course, heat activated tape isn't the only variety out there. Let's take a closer look at the three main types of adhesive tape, in general, so we can compare their benefits:
Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Film
Otherwise known as "PSA", pressure-sensitive adhesives use chemicals that activate under pressure. This is what many of us think of when we think of traditional adhesive tape. A film that consists of pressure sensitive adhesive applied to some sort of substrate, typically on one side. The other side of the tape's backing usually features a release liner that makes manual pressure applications easier.
You'll PSAs sticky at room temperature, making them quick to prepare and to apply. They can be used to bond various materials, from paper and plastic to metal and concrete in some cases. They work better in temperatures from 59 to 95ºF. At a lower temperature, you may run into wetting or adhesion issues with the actual substrate itself. Alternatively, if used in extremely high temperatures, the tape itself may stretch or warp, presenting problems during the final application.
In terms of bonding pressure, expect around 30 psi from this adhesive, depending on the specific application you are using it for.
Heat Activated Adhesive Film
With so many options of tape available, heated, pressure sensitive, and not, it should be noted that heat activated pressure sensitive adhesive exists. For the purposes of simplicity, however, we'll just be looking at heated options, today.
Heat activated films are a different animal to pressure sensitive tape. Unlike the latter, heat activated adhesive are completely dry until activated by the titular heat. That means they are not tacky, will not stick to the user or themselves, and can be applied in whatever configuration they need to be.
For proper adhesion, the film has to be kept at a high temperature, typically anywhere above 180º F, for a very specific period of time. This is useful because it is so specific, meaning there is zero change of accidentally activating the tape before you are ready to use it.
While the tape is cooling after being heated, the adhesive's microstructure begins to crystallize, boosting its overall bond strength significantly. This strength is important to the overall utility of these tapes. With thermally activated adhesives, they are particularly aggressive, and their adhesion allows for difficult surfaces to be joined with minimal issues. These can include notoriously tricky substrates, such as rubber and other polymer based materials.
As a last note, heat activated adhesives are also very customizable and can be combined with various backing materials to achieve different results.
Moisture Activated Adhesive Film
Where pressure sensitive tape requires the application of pressure, and heat is require for heat activated adhesive films, moisture is activated in wet conditions. Here, the adhesive compound becomes sticky when wet with water or any other approved liquid solution.
This is less of an industrial option than the other adhesives on this list, and is generally much less expensive. Users will find this adhesive film backed with kraft paper, and it is generally used for more lightweight projects.
What Are Some Of The Other Benefits Of Heat Activated Adhesive?
Heat activated adhesive tapes are mostly popular for their relatively high bonding strength. This is a strong bond with an even application and, as we've described, is often used for binding tricky substrates that other chemicals just don't work on.
Improved chemical resistance is another big factor. The crosslinking reaction that occurs while the thermoset adhesives are curing makes for a far more robust bonding structure that you just don't find elsewhere. Pressure sensitive and moisture films have their place, but they can't compete when it comes to bonding strength.
Not only is it stronger than alternative adhesives, but it also works on surfaces those films just aren't compatible with. Adhesion on these surfaces simply isn't an option, usually, but the added bonding strength and maneuverability of heat films give them a decisive edge. Look to heat activation for work with the following materials:
 - Aluminum foil
 - Polyurethane
 - PVC
 - Rubber
As a result of this compatibility, thermally activated adhesives are also used in a wider variety of industries. Laminating, forming and thermoplastic welding all have their uses for this tape, among many others. One industry that has seen a lot of play in this regard is the textile industry, where heat-activated adhesives combine extremely well with various fabrics. This, in turn, means it can be used to make various high-performance composites, giving designers the tools they need to build anything they want.
More practically, these same textile designers were able to incorporate this film into their waterproof garments. Sealing their garments quicker and more easily than ever before, heat activated adhesive films found a place in this community early on. Add to that the fact that it is washing machine durable, and it's a no brainer why this would be popular in textile work.
Of course, the benefits of this kind of adhesive go much further than that. It starts with versatility, with the tape itself designed for rigid or flexible applications. This is why it's seen so much success in different industries, as the applications are far-ranging and varied.
It's also excellent for induction curing and sealing. This makes it appropriate in high-pressure applications, shoring up leaks and curing surfaces quickly and easily.
Applications For This Adhesive
Using a combination of specifically designed tapes and heat activated adhesives, it's possible to achieve a variety of great results. These tapes can be used to bond to weather strip seals, with their high durability