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|Example: 4x-1 = 2x+6, find the x value?|
Solution: Make the bases equal so that we can equate exponents.
Now 4x-1 = (22)x-1 = 22(x-1) = 22x-2.
Therefore 22x-2 = 22x+6
As the bases are equal, the exponents must be equal.
That is 2x-2 = x+6
2x-x = 6+2
Therefore x = 8.
Directions: Solve the following problems. Also write at least ten examples of your own.


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Hi I'm working with probability as part of an engineering course, and I'm struggling with the following tutorial question: Components of a certain type are shipped to a supplier in batches of ten. Suppose that 50% of all such batches contain no defective components, 35% contain one defective component while 15% contain two defective components. If two components are randomly selected from the batch. What are the probabilities associated with 0, 1 and 2 defective components being in the batch under each of the following conditions? a) Neither selected component is defective. b) One of the two components is defective. c) Both components are defective.
I've considered using hypergeometric probability distribution for events P(35%) and P(15%) while comparing to P(50%) but this yields no result.
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Have you learned about the law of total probability? I would suggest that you try and solve the simpler problem of one item being selected at random from a randomly selected batch and finding the probability that it is defective, and then tackle the problem of two items. By the way, since this looks like homework, please add the homework tag. – Dilip Sarwate Aug 31 '12 at 11:48
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2 Answers
Let $B_0$ be the event that the batch has $0$ defectives, $B_1$ be the event the batch has $1$ defective, and $B_2$ be the event the batch has $2$ defectives.
Let $D_0$ be the event that neither selected component is defective. Problem (a) asks us to find the conditional probabilities $\Pr(B_0|D_0)$, $\Pr(B_1|D_0)$, and $\Pr(B_2|D_0)$. Now the hardest part, identifying precisely what we are after, has been done!
For the calculation, we use the general conditional probability formula $$\Pr(X|Y)\Pr(Y)=\Pr(X\cap Y).$$ Put $X=B_0$ and $Y=D_0$. We need $\Pr(D_0)$ and $\Pr(B_0\cap D_0)$.
The event $D_0$ can happen in three different ways: (i) Our batch of $10$ is perfect, and we get no defectives in our sample of two; (ii) Our batch of $10$ has $1$ defective, but our sample of two misses them; (iii) Our batch has $2$ defective, but our sample misses them. If it helps, draw a tree that shows the three different paths through which we can end up with no defectives.
For (i), the probability is $(0.5)(1)$. For (ii), the probability that our batch has $1$ defective is $0.35$. Given that it has $1$ defective, the probability that our sample misses it is $\binom{9}{2}/\binom{10}{2}$, which is $8/10$. So the probability of (ii) is $(0.35)(8/10)$. For (iii), the probability our batch has $2$ defective is $0.15$. Given that it has $2$ defective, the probability that our sample misses both is $\binom{8}{2}/\binom{10}{2}$, which is $56/90$. So the probability of (iii) is $(0.15)(56/90)$. We have therefore found that $$\Pr(D_0)=(0.5)(1)+(0.35)(8/10)+(0.15)(56/90).$$ The probability $\Pr(B_0\cap D_0)$ has been calculated during our calculation of $\Pr(D_0)$. It is $(0.5)(1)$. We conclude that $$\Pr(B_0|D_0)=\frac{(0.5)(1)}{(0.5)(1)+(0.35)(8/10)+(0.15)(56/90)}.$$ The rest of the calculations for $D_0$ are easy, we have all the information needed. We get $$\Pr(B_1|D_0)=\frac{(0.35)(8/10)}{(0.5)(1)+(0.35)(8/10)+(0.15)(56/90)}$$ and $$\Pr(B_2|D_0)=\frac{(0.15)(56/90)}{(0.5)(1)+(0.35)(8/10)+(0.15)(56/90)}.$$
Alternately, we could have used Bayes' Formula directly. I wanted to do it in the above more basic way so that the logic would be clear.
Now unfortunately we have to deal with (b) and (c). But (c) is trivial! For (b), the calculation is as above, a little simpler, because if our sample of two has a defective, it cannot come from a perfect batch.
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André, how is your calculation not a use of Bayes' formula, since you are simply replacing $P(D_i)$ in the expression $$P(B_j \mid D_i) = \frac{P(B_j \cap D_i)}{P(D_i)}$$ by its value as obtained via the law of total probability? In over 35 years experience teaching probability to recalcitrant engineering undergraduate students, I have always tried to emphasize the formulation that you have used, pointing out that the numerator term is one that is computed as part of the denominator and thus need not be calculated again: cf. your "The probability $P(B_0\cap D_0)$ has been calculated during " – Dilip Sarwate Aug 31 '12 at 13:25
It is certainly absolutely the use of the Bayes' Formula idea. just going back one little step. (Before the divorce of Math and Stat, I used to teach the standard probability and statistics for engineers pretty often. One has to do a delicate balance between ideas and cookbook.) – André Nicolas Aug 31 '12 at 13:37
Thanks a lot, this answer is making sense too now, this stuff isn't so bad if you really start understanding it. Thank you – Tertius Aug 31 '12 at 14:01
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Try using Bayes' theorem: $$P(A|X) = P(X|A) \dfrac{P(A)}{P(X)}$$
For instance, let event $A_m$ be "there are $m$ defective components in the batch" and let event $X_n$ be "$n$ of the selected components are defective". Then we have the given marginal probabilities for $A_m$:
$$\begin{aligned} P(A_0) &= 0.5 & P(A_1) &= 0.35 & P(A_2) &= 0.15 \end{aligned}$$
and the conditional probabilities for $X_n$ given $A_m$:
$$\begin{aligned} P(X_0|A_0) &= 1 & P(X_0|A_1) &= \frac45 & P(X_0|A_2) &= \frac{28}{45} \\ P(X_1|A_0) &= 0 & P(X_1|A_1) &= \frac15 & P(X_1|A_2) &= \frac{16}{45} \\ P(X_2|A_0) &= 0 & P(X_2|A_1) &= 0 & P(X_2|A_2) &= \frac1{45} \end{aligned}$$
(Exercise: Why those probabilities? It's just a simple case of sampling without replacement.)
From the conditional probabilities, we can also calculate the marginal probabilities for $X_n$ using the law of total probability:
$$\begin{eqnarray} P(X_0) &= 1\cdot0.5 &+& \frac45\cdot0.35 &+& \frac{28}{45}\cdot0.15 =& \frac{131}{150} =& 0.87333\dots \\ P(X_1) &= 0\cdot0.5 &+& \frac15\cdot0.35 &+& \frac{16}{45}\cdot0.15 =& \frac{37}{300} =& 0.12333\dots \\ P(X_2) &= 0\cdot0.5 &+& 0\cdot0.35 &+& \frac{1}{45}\cdot0.15 =& \frac{1}{300} =& 0.00333\dots \\ \end{eqnarray}$$
Now apply Bayes' theorem to get the conditional probabilities $P(A_m|X_n)$.
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Thanks man, just went to see my lecturer about this problem. He confirmed everything you've said. Nice answer. – Tertius Aug 31 '12 at 13:47
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"Inviting Participation – Internet Spotlight" – in Public Libraries (Nov/Dec 2007)
Much of what is in this article is common sense but still very useful. The main point is to invite people to partcipate in new initiatives that involve blogs and other technologies.
The author also points out ways to encourage participation. One is to write interesting content. Another is to include links within the post to other interesting sites. It is also important to allow comments. Some libraries even have contests where commenting is the way to enter. Comments should also be responded to promptly. Whenever possible use various formats such as video, audio, and image formats to add interest. These are just a few suggestions to encourage users to keep coming back. Even though these tips are not necessarily intended for instruction focused blogs the principles are likely helpful.
These links are referred to in the article:
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Problem Solving Strategies
When Dealing with Grief
Looking at problem solving strategies may be the last thing you want to do at the moment. However, the death of a loved one can create enormous problems on top of dealing with your grief and loss.
If you have lost your life partner or a significant person in your life you have probably realised that your life has now changed forever. You may be faced with a number of significant problems or issues which are needing resolution.
Firstly there are the many decisions and choices to be made regarding funeral arrangements. The universal questions of how, what, when, where, why, who, can help here. Often this is when a friend or relative will step in and assist. However, if this is going to be you, then you will need to give these issues some thought. The funeral director can help with all the questions that need to be answered regarding funeral arrangements. You are probably the person who has the most intimate knowledge of your loved ones wishes. Use this time to acknowledge their wishes and to be involved in the arrangements for your own need to be part of the funeral process.
Once the funeral is over it is likely that people will disappear just as quickly as they appeared. You may now be on your own to deal with your changed life circumstances. Some issues you may need to address with problem solving skills could be:
- Financial circumstances. Where does this leave you financially? Do you need to make any significant changes? Can you continue as before the death of your loved one?
- Housing: can you stay where you are? Do you have to sell up, down size or move out?
- Employment: Do you need to find employment, change employment or give up work?
Relationship and Emotional Issues
Suddenly relationships have changed and no one is quite sure how to deal with it.
- Have your relationships changed with family, friends or work colleagues? Should they? What do you need to do about this?
- Has your relationship changed with yourself? What do you need to do to support and nurture yourself?
- What plans do you have for today and for your future?
Whatever your circumstances or your problem solving skills, you will be faced with many changes when dealing with grief. Changes consequently create more problems.
Problem Solving Process
Problem solving and decision making can involve any issue or task that you need to complete or resolve. Make sure that it is something that you need to address and not your grief or emotions taking over. For instance if your financial situation is such that you must sell you home or move, then this is what you need to do and you can work on some problem solving strategies to help you. However, unless you actually must make a significant change it is best to wait for a while, let the grief and pain subside a little before you take on huge changes.
Use the following problem solving process to clarify the problems and find appropriate solutions. Write it down and ask someone to go through the process with you.
1. Define the Problem
This is the starting point of the problem solving process and sometimes the toughest one to conquer. Whatever is happening, it must be your problem, not someone else's problem or someone else's fault. OK then these questions may help.
- Answer the what, where, when, why, how and who questions of the current situation. This will tell you exactly where you are now.
- Again answer the what, where, when, why, how and who questions of what you feel should be happening. This will tell you where you want to be.
- If the problem seems to be too big or overwhelming, break it down into smaller chunks and go through each of the above questions for each of the smaller parts of the problem.
- Prioritise and determine which problem needs to be addressed first (those will be the ones that have the most dire consequences if not addressed).
2. Analyse the Problem
An important problem solving skill is analysing the problem. Make sure that you complete this step to ensure that the solutions finally reached will be effective ones.
- Collect as much information as you can about the problem. Again ask the what, where, when, why, how and who questions. This time to determine the extent of the problem and where it is coming from.
- During this process resist the temptation to jump to the solution.
3. Develop a Range of Solutions
- Be creative and have a brainstorm session. Yes, you can do this by yourself however, you can come up with some very good solution ideas if you involve other people.
- Be open to all ideas for solutions. There is often great value in some of the weirdest solution suggestions.
- Sometimes the best solution for the problem at the time is to take no action at all.
4. Decide on a Solution
- Of all the possible options from step 3, now is the time to choose your solutions.
- What is the risk for each solution? How likely is it that the solution will work? What will you do if it does not work?
- What costs and resources are involved in implementing the solutions? Determine what you need to do and what others need to do.
- What is the time frame? When the solutions must be completed.
5. Implement the Solution and Follow Up
Implementation and follow up complete the problem solving process. Make sure that you continue to maintain a written (or electronic) recording of all aspects of the problem solving process.
- Obtain agreement from all involved.
- Establish a task schedule and time frame
- Monitor progress
- Evaluate the outcome (is it working).
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Scope of Forensics in Dentistry
The scope of forensics in dentistry (also called forensics in odontology) includes both the identification of human remains and the associated legal responsibilities. Dental forensics may involve the identification of an individual or in some cases multiple individuals, such as from a mass disaster. In the latter case, the task would be preferably handled by a team that includes forensic odontologists, a forensic anthropologist, and a forensic pathologist for biologic profiling or population stratification.
Stratification is the sorting of multiple individuals based on age and, to a lesser extent, race and gender. When this process is applied to a group of unidentified human remains, it enhances the chance to make a positive match between one individual and the dental records of missing persons. If a match is impossible, at least the assessment of the developmental age of the dentition of individuals using diagnostic imaging allows the forensic dentist to determine the age. This determination involves a process where the developmental age of the dentition of an individual is compared with the mean developmental ages of a standard population to arrive at a chronologic age. This process also can be performed on living individuals, such as when identifying individuals with amnesia. There are other methods (not included in this chapter) besides the developmental age of teeth to determine chronologic age, such as determining the developmental age of the bones of the wrist and hand. Virtually all age determinations by any scientific process have an associated error rate. According to Saks in his publication, "The Coming Paradigm Shift in Forensic Identification Science," quantification of error rates in the comparative forensic sciences has been problematic. For this reason, it is imperative that the forensic dentist understands the inherent scientific errors and is cautious in selecting language used to state opinions in official reports.
Forensic dentists also contribute to cases involving bite-mark injuries including recognition, documentation, and analysis of injuries. Analysis involves comparison of a known dentition with a bite mark in a substance, including human skin. Such cases may involve civil litigation or providing aid to dental regulatory authorities. Radiology often provides objective data that are useful in supporting the opinions of a forensic dentist. This chapter focuses primarily on the role of the forensic dentist in identifying human remains.
Need for Identification of Human Remains
Human remains are identified for personal, legal, and societal reasons. People place great importance on verification of the identity of the deceased from a personal perspective because doing so gives a measure of closure to loved ones, permits appropriate funerary rites, and allows appropriate religious ceremonies to be undertaken. In the absence of knowing for certain that a loved one has died, the grieving process may be delayed or interrupted.
From a legal perspective, certification of death is required before payment of life insurance; settling of wills and estates; dissolution of business partnerships, contracts, and marriage; and settling of debts. Just as important from a legal perspective is the commencement of suspicious death investigation. Knowing the identity of a person who died under suspicious circumstances may instigate the investigation. Also, fulfilling the legal requirements for the identification of an individual has importance for society as a whole. A competent forensic death investigation of human remains has four goals: determination of the means, manner, and cause of death and identification of the remains.
Methods of Body Identification
The primary methods used in body identification are visual identification, fingerprint identification, DNA identification, identification by the presence of unique skeletal or medical devices, and dental identification. Visual identification, although the most common method, is unpleasant and may be unreliable. This method can be considered a form of comparative science practiced by someone without scientific training and at a time of high stress and in difficult circumstances. Errors in visual identification are well documented. Fingerprint identification is common but requires that the deceased individual has fingerprint records before death (e.g., criminal record, military or police service) and for the cadaveric fingerprints to remain intact after death. The fingerprints may not be intact in cases where the body has undergone decomposition, maceration, or incineration. Fingerprint identification is impossible with skeletonized remains.
DNA identification, accomplished by comparing an antemortem (before death) sample with an unknown set of human remains, provides confident identification except between identical twins who have the same DNA. In addition to comparative identification, DNA analysis can be used for racial stratification where a DNA trait may indicate the ethnocultural group of a deceased individual.
Identification by skeletal or medical devices can be made if these devices have serial numbers or if they are unusual in form (Fig. 34-1). Additionally, frontal sinus morphology is quite variable, and this region may be used to compare antemortem and postmortem (after death) diagnostic images for the purpose of identification.
Dental identification has many advantages over the other techniques. Empirical testing has proven that it is reliable, straightforward when antemortem images are available, and readily demonstrable in courts of law. It is also quick and inexpensive.
Utility of Dental Radiology for Body Identification
Diagnostic images are used in dental identification because they provide objective evidence of the antemortem and postmortem condition. Conventional radiographs and digital images are a permanent record of the antemortem condition at the time they were exposed and are difficult to misinterpret. In contrast, a dental charting by one dentist may not be directly comparable to a dental charting by a second dentist of the same patient. Despite the forensic utility of antemortem dental images, most dentists (appropriately) do not expose a full-mouth set of images at each appointment. As a consequence, antemortem images should be analyzed in conjunction with the antemortem dental chart. Antemortem dental images should never be exposed for the purpose of providing a record for later comparison, even in high-risk groups such as convicted criminals or sex-trade workers. Use of the chart and antemortem images of known date allows the forensic dentist to produce an antemortem odontogram, a record of the patient's dentition, which can be compared with the postmortem conditions for the purposes of identification.
Identification of a Single Body
The process of body identification using dental criteria is relatively straightforward and is outlined in the American Society of Forensic Odontology manual. Using diagnostic images, the forensic dentist identifies points of agreement (concordance) between the antemortem and postmortem images and lists them numerically. There is no set number of points needed for an identification to be made. A decedent who was edentulous before death may/>


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See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Phialophora: A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora.
Source: MeSH 2007
Source - MeSH 2007
The following list attempts to classify Phialophora into categories where each line is subset of the next.
Search to find out more about Phialophora:
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Massurealism – The Concept
A combination of Surrealism and Mass Media, Massurrealism is a form of Western Art. American artist James Seehafer came up with the term in 1992. Surrealism is an art, focusing on what lies outside reality. It was developed by experimenting with new methods and techniques to discover and experience the unreal, and identifying its relativity with reality. Mass Media consists of technology and Pop Art, with its tools being video and computer graphics. Pop Art is a form of Technology Art, exploiting these tools for individual artistic production. Therefore, creating Surrealist artworks with the help of technology is called Massurealism. According to Seehafer, the fundamental difference between Surrealism and Massurrealism is that Surrealism developed in Europe in the 20th century, before the proliferation of Mass Media. With the help of contemporary computer graphics and video, Massurrealists get complete control over portraying any level of imagery, which the Surrealists could only dream of.
James Seehafer, the founder of the word 'Massurrealism,' began his work by using a shopping cart, which represented American mass consumerism fueled by Mass Media. In 1995, through a small program, he inspired some German students to host a Massurrealist show. Soon, James started his own website and started receiving works from other artists. The theories of Cecil Touchon, Marshall Mcluhan, and Jean Baudrillard have well influenced Massurealism. Many objected that defining Massurealism essentially restricts creativity. A free art can classify and categorize all in life.
Apart from James Seehafer, the other leading Massurrealists are F. Michael Morris, Marketta Leino, Ginnie Gardiner, Dominic Ali, Capyln Dor, and Cecil Touchan. This form of art started in New York, further spreading to Los Angeles and beyond the U.S. borders to Mexico, Russia, and Europe.
The most famous Massurrealist work is Seehafer's Digital Collage, 'Shopping Cart' (1990). In this artwork, the cart is placed in a dark background, at one of the most unexpected places for such an object, suggesting an alternative meaning, hidden in this commercial symbol. Another Massurrealist masterpiece is the Mixed Media work 'Die tote stadt' (2004) by Melanie Marie Kreuzhof.
Massurrealism, a marriage between Surrealism and Mass Media, is often more than a combination of Surrealism, Pop Art, and Mass Media. Basically, it must explore and develop the interaction arising from the juxtaposition of these sensibilities. A Massurealist work should ideally demonstrate an active dialogue amongst its defining elements.
Source by Annette Labedzki


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Summary: This article will take you through a couple of ways to recover Google Chrome History on Windows 10/8/7. The article will also talk about the best tool for data recovery.
Google Chrome is a web browser which is used all over the world due to its simple interface and decent speed. One of the functionalities of this browser is that it saves the history of the searched web pages, just the way other web browsers does. Search history is instrumental as it saves both effort and time by eliminating the need to type in the complete address/name of the web page that you opened in the past. Besides, it also helps in getting back to the webpage/website, which was lost accidentally or mistakenly.
Nevertheless, there can be a case when Google chrome history gets deleted due to any random reason. When this happens, you cannot go back to the pages/websites that were opened on your computer system.
There is no need to worry if you ever come across this issue as this article will explain you some of the most straightforward solutions to overcome this issue along with the best method to recover Google Chrome history with the support of a professional recovery tool.
Why causes the need to recover Google chrome history?
- Google chrome history deleted by mistake/accident.
- Google Chrome changed to another version.
Methods to recover Google chrome history:
There are many solutions which can help restore google chrome history quickly. We have listed some of the most convenient solutions to do so!
Solution1: Recover from the Recycle Bin
Step1: Go to Recycle Bin and check whether the deleted web history files/folders are located there?
Step2: If you can locate the Chrome history files in Recycle Bin, then, select those files by clicking on them. After this, select the "Restore" option from the context menu to restore the history.
If you cannot find the deleted history in the recycle bin folder, this means that the history has been deleted permanently.
Solution2: by using DNS Cache
To apply this method, make sure not to turn off/shut down your computer system after history is being deleted.
Step1: Open command prompt by going to the start menu and then typing "cmd" in the search box.
Step 2: After launching the command prompt, input "ipconfig /displaydns" command and press Enter to execute it.
Step3: Wait for a while for the command to be executed entirely.
After the command is executed, the search history will be displayed on the screen, from where you can search/find what you need.
Solution3: Recover Chrome History with the help of Cookies
Step1: Launch Google Chrome and move the cursor to the upper right corner of the page and select the "More" option. This will let you control and customize the web browser.
Step2: Go to Settings option and scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the "Advanced" settings button.
Step3: Select "Site Settings" located under the Privacy and Security section.
Step4: After this, you will be able to see Cookies at the top.
Step5: Select Cookies by clicking on it and start finding the information you want.
Bonus Tips: If you have no idea how to locate the Cookie Settings, please just copy and paste this command: chrome://settings/siteData to the Chrome's Address bar.
Solution4: Recover Google Chrome History with My activity
Step1: Launch "_URL_" and in the given search box type "My Activity".
Step2: Select and open the first result "myactivity.google.com".
Step3: Now, login with your Google account.
Step4: Doing this will let you see all your activities and the information related to it. Navigate to the information required by you and recover the lost history.
Solution5: Recover Chrome History using Bitwar Data Recovery
Try this method if you are unable to recover the history using the above methods as it's a sure shot solution to recover any kind of data. Bitwar Data Recovery is well designed recovery software for all type of data recovery needs. It works flawlessly to retrieve even the permanently deleted history.
Generally, the Chrome's history files saved in this path: C:\Users\(username)\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\local storage, however, if you've changed the installation path, please enter this command: Chrome://version to the Chrome's address bar to locate the exact profile path.
After that, we can then launch Bitwar Data Recovery Software to start history file recovery.
Step1: Open the official website "https://www.r-datarecovery" to download the software.
Step2: After downloading, install the recovery software and launch it on your device.
Step3: Select C partition or other partition that has the Chrome history file. And then click on "Next".
Step4: Choose Quick Scan mode and then select "Other types", after that, click on the "Scan" button.
Step5: Locate the history file path from the left Path panel and find the folder.
Step6: Select the folder and then hit on the "Recover" button.
Applying this solution will restore all your web browser history.
Other Solutions worth a try
Solution6: Use the System Restore Feature
Step1: Right-click on "This PC" and then hit on "Properties".
Step2: Turn to "System Protection" or "System Restore" tab.
Step3: Click on "System Restore" button to restore.
Web browser history can play an essential role in the lives of ardent computer users as it removes the need to search for the website/web page by typing its complete address and name, therefore, saving both your time and effort.
But what if you lose all your web history due to reasons like history deleted by mistake and history deleted because of upgrading the web browser?
Well, whatever be the reason for the Google Chrome history to be deleted, the above-given solutions will surely help you in restoring it. You can apply any of the given methods to Recover Google Chrome History. But, we recommend opting for a technique that will guarantee results.
Bitwar Data Recovery software is one such recovery tool that provides quality and expected results. It can recover any kind of data such as images, audios, videos, documents, etc. from any device such as internal & external hard drive, SD card, and USB flash drive. The software is extremely simple to use and can run on both Mac and Windows operating system.
So, choose the best method depending on your requirement to recover Google Chrome history and save both your time and effort while continuing browsing happily!


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Following the death of Meriwether Lewis on Oct. 11, 1809, at Grinder's Stand, an inn along the Natchez Trace in middle Tennessee, his body was buried near the inn's stable—with no formal ceremony—and his grave was covered with wooden fence rails.
For more than 30 years, Gov. Lewis' grave remained abandoned and unmarked. Tennessee lawmakers established Lewis County as a memorial to Gov. Lewis in 1843 and allocated $500 to erect a monument over his grave. The monument, built in 1848, still stands along the National Park Service's Natchez Trace Parkway. It is about eight miles southeast of Hohenwald, Tenn.
The monument features a broken column, symbolizing Lewis' early and tragic death.
Unfortunately, the grave was abandoned once more and became overgrown with vegetation until the 1920s, when the Meriwether Lewis Memorial Association was formed. Through the association's work, President Calvin Coolidge designated the gravesite a national monument in 1925. That same year, the U.S. War Department assumed maintenance of the gravesite. Maintenance was transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1933.
President John F. Kennedy brought the gravesite under the management of Natchez Trace Parkway in 1961, and the site was renamed Meriwether Lewis Park.
The site features the grave and monument, along with a 1930s reproduction of Grinder's Stand, a pioneer cemetery, a campground, picnic tables, exhibits and trails. The site, at milepost 385.9 on the parkway, is about 70 miles southwest of Nashville.
During a ceremony on Oct. 7, 2009, marking the 200th anniversary of his death, a bronze bust of Gov. Lewis will be dedicated to the Natchez Trace Parkway for a planned visitor center. The Meriwether Lewis Chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation will host the event, called "Courage Undaunted—The Final Journey." This will be the first national memorial service ever held to honor Lewis' life and achievements.
To view a map of the burial site, visit _URL_
Sources: National Park Service, Meriwether Lewis Chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Tennessee Historical Society


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David Feldman asked whether it would be reasonable for the Riemann hypothesis to be false, but for the Riemann zeta function to only have finitely many zeros off the critical line. I very rashly predicted that this question would be essentially as hard as the Riemann hypothesis itself. However, on further reflection, I stumbled upon a natural and reasonable conjecture which has a serious bearing on whether this dichotomy holds, which I have never seen in print.
So, let $f:\mathbf{R}\to \mathbf{R}$ be continuous. There are various notions of quasi-periodic and almost periodic function in the literature. The following (quite weak) one is more than enough for my purposes:
Definition. A function $f: \mathbf{R} \to \mathbf{R}$ is locally quasiperiodic if, for every bounded interval $I \subset \mathbf{R}$ and every $\delta>0$, there exists an unbounded sequence $t_n \in \mathbf{R}$ such that $\sup_{t\in I} |f(t+t_n)-f(t)|<\delta$.
For example, finite trigonometric polynomials $\sum a_j \sin{(b_j t + c_j)}$ are locally quasiperiodic.
Back to the zeta function: the Hardy $Z$-function is defined as $Z(t)=\pi^{-it/2}\frac{\Gamma(1/4+it/2)}{|\Gamma(1/4+it/2)|}\zeta(1/2+it)$. The functional equation for the zeta function immediately implies that $Z(t)$ is real-valued, and by construction we have $|Z(t)|=|\zeta(1/2+it)|$. One of the nice things about the $Z$-function is that it turns out to be computable in fairly efficient ways (the Riemann-Siegel formula), and it reduces the problem of finding zeros of zeta on the critical line to finding sign changes of the $Z$-function. In fact, the $Z$-function knows about the Riemann hypothesis: If the $Z$-function has a negative local maximum or a positive local minimum, then the Riemann hypothesis is false; see e.g. Section 8.3 of Edwards's book. I don't believe the converse to this is known, so let's call such an extremum a strong failure of the Riemann hypothesis.
Now, I don't believe that the $Z$-function itself is locally quasiperiodic, because the density of its zeros should grow as $t$ grows, and it should wiggle "faster and faster" accordingly; more precisely, the number of zeros in an interval $[t,t+h]$ for $h$ fixed should be $\sim \frac {h}{2\pi}\log{t}$ as $t\to\infty$. However, rescaling in a naive manner, let's consider instead $Z(\frac{t}{\log{t}})$. This should have $\sim \frac{h}{2\pi}$ zeros in an interval $[t,t+h]$ for $h$ fixed and $t \to \infty$, and I see no reason not to believe that
Conjecture A. The function $Z(\frac{t}{\log{t}})$ is locally quasiperiodic.
My main reason for enunciating this is that the truth of Conjecture A implies that if there is one strong failure of the Riemann hypothesis, then there are infinitely many strong failures. This is actually pretty evident; take $I$ a small interval containing the relevant bad local extrema and take $\delta$ small enough so the intervals $I+t_n$ contain bad local extrema of the same type.
It's not obvious to me whether Conjecture A is at all accessible by current technology. For example, I don't a single example of an unbounded function which is provably locally quasiperiodic. I would love to see such an example (I've tried and failed to construct one). Also, it seems natural to ask whether there is some simple characterization of locally quasiperiodic functions in terms of properties of their (distributional) Fourier transforms. Is such a characterization reasonable to expect?
share|improve this question
Two downvotes with no explanation at all? Mystifying. – David Hansen Dec 23 '10 at 21:27
The "strong failure" extrema might have a different tendency. Some form of approximate universality should be maintained if they are forced to on average decrease in magnitude; this might induce a rate of growth in $Z$ different from that expected assuming RH. What is the tendency of the "near failure" extrema (where $Z$ almost fails to change sign)? – user130144 Feb 23 '14 at 20:23
3 Answers 3
up vote 21 down vote accepted
This doesn't quite sound like the right conjecture here, because Z is known to go to infinity on the average, by Selberg's central limit theorem (see my blog post on this topic). But this is easy to fix by working with a projective notion of local quasiperiodicity in which one divides $f(t)$ or $f(t+t_n)$ by an $n$-dependent scaling factor. In that case, one is basically asking for the zero process of the zeta function to be recurrent, and this would be predicted by the GUE hypothesis. However, I doubt that this question will be resolved before the GUE hypothesis itself is settled.
EDIT: Note though that there are other hypotheses than the GUE hypothesis that also lead to a recurrent zero process, such as the Alternative hypothesis, which is linked to the existence of infinitely many Siegel zeroes. I suppose it is a priori conceivable that some sort of dichotomy might be set up in which recurrence is obtained by completely different means in each case of the dichotomy (as is the case with proofs of multiple recurrence in ergodic theory) but I am personally skeptical that one could really handle all the cases without making enough progress on understanding zeta to solve much more difficult and prominent conjectures about that function. (In particular, with this approach one would have to first eliminate the possibility of having only finitely many zeroes off the critical line, leading us back to the original conjecture that motivated the one here.)
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the comments, Terry! I don't think you need to appeal to Selberg for the unboundedness - Hardy-Littlewood showed $\int_{0}^{T}|\zeta(1/2+it)|^2 dt \sim T\log{T}$ about twenty-five years before Selberg's work. Even granted this, $Z(t)$ is "almost always" bounded (see for example Corollary B in Soundararajan's paper "Moments of the Riemann zeta function"), so I'm not sure if a rescaling is necessary... – David Hansen Dec 23 '10 at 17:57
I'm not sure what you mean by ""almost always" bounded" here; Soundararajan's corollary B has a logarithmic loss in it. Selberg's law tells us that the typical value of Z(t) is like $\exp( c \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \log \log t} )$, where c fluctuates normally. This does not seem particularly consistent with local quasiperiodicity as you have defined it. – Terry Tao Dec 23 '10 at 18:05
Hmm, yeah, that was a poor interpretation. I guess what I meant was that $Z(t)$ is unbounded very "mildly", perhaps so mildly that local quasiperiodicity is still plausible. Must a locally quasiperiodic function be bounded on average? That doesn't seem obvious. – David Hansen Dec 23 '10 at 18:14
It is technically possible to be both locally quasiperiodic and generically unbounded; but generic unboundedness makes the local quasiperiodicity property a much less natural property to ask for - it's like asking for recurrence in a dynamical system where the orbits are going to infinity on the average, as opposed to mostly being confined to a compact set. Recurrence is of course still possible in such situations (e.g. for Brownian motion in one and two dimensions) but becomes a much "thinner" property: one would no longer expect to obtain recurrence on a set of times of positive density. – Terry Tao Dec 23 '10 at 19:29
Terry: Thanks very much for that clarification! I think I understand now why my conjecture might be considered "unnatural" - which is not to say I don't believe it's true! :) – David Hansen Dec 24 '10 at 21:46
I'd have another suggestion to replace your $Z(t/\log(t))$ : there's the Riemann-Siegel Theta function described in Harold Edwards' book, $\theta(t)$. The Gram points satisfy: $\theta(g_n) = n\pi$, $n$ = 1, 2, 3,... So the idea is to look at $W(\alpha) = Z(\theta^{-1}(\alpha))$. That way, if $g_n$ is the $n$th Gram point, $\


text:
The Tennessee Department of Education has approved Carnegie Learning's suite of math curricula as preferred basal instructional materials through June 2018. Adopted materials include Carnegie Learning MATHia® software for middle grades 6-8 and Carnegie Learning Bridge to Algebra, Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II textbooks and Cognitive Tutor® software for high school students.
All programs provide individualized, student-centered learning in a core basal implementation or as intervention and accelerated instruction.
"The consumable text aligns perfectly to the common core power standards in Tennessee and provides teachers with lessons that will increase their teacher evaluation score while providing high-level tasks in a collaborative, student centered classroom setting to reinforce the math skills needed," said Vicky Smith, curriculum & instruction supervisor, Cheatham County Schools.
Based on more than two decades of cognitive science research at Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Learning mathematics programs align to the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, the Tennessee Mathematics Standards, the five content strands of the standards set by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, and support research-based School Improvement objectives for improved student performance in mathematics.
In addition to adoption in Tennessee, Carnegie Learning® Math Curricula are approved instructional materials in the following 16 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and West Virginia.


Sun Java System Message Queue 4.3 Developer's Guide for C Clients
A handle that specifies the properties that determine the behavior of this connection. You must create this handle using the MQCreateProperties function before you try to create a connection. This handle will be invalid after the function returns.
See Table 4–2 for information about connection properties.
An MQString specifying the user name to use when connecting to the broker.
The library makes a copy of the username string.
An MQString specifying the password to use when connecting to the broker.
The library makes a copy of the password string.
An MQString used to identify the connection. If you use the connection for a durable consumer, you must specify a non-NULL client identifier.
The library makes a copy of the clientID string.
A connection-exception callback function used to notify the user that a connection exception has occurred.
A data pointer that can be passed to the connection exceptionListener callback function whenever it is called. The user can set this pointer to any data that may be useful to pass along to the connection exception listener for this connection. Set this to NULL if you do not need to pass data back to the connection exception listener.
Output parameter for the handle to the connection that is created by this function.
The MQCreateConnection function creates a connection to the broker. The behavior of the connection is specified by key values defined in the properties referenced by the propertiesHandle parameter. You must use the MQCreateProperties function to define these properties.
You cannot change the properties of a connection you have already created. If you need different connection properties, you must close and free the old connection and then create a new connection with the desired properties.
Setting a Client Identifier
The messaging service uses a client identifier in combination with a durable subscription name to uniquely identify each durable subscription. If a durable subscriber is inactive at the time that messages are delivered to a topic destination, the broker retains messages for that subscriber and delivers them when the subscriber once again becomes active.
Handling Connection Exceptions
Use the exceptionListener parameter to pass the name of a user-defined callback function that can be called synchronously when a connection exception occurs for this connection. Use the exceptionCallBackData parameter to specify any user data that you want to pass to the callback function.


text:
Step-by-Step Guide to Table Measuring & Pattern-Making
Illustration on how to measure your leafs
To avoid measuring and patterning errors, be sure to keep the following points in mind as you move forward:
- Use a metal tape measure for the best results
- Avoid using the table manufacturer's measurements
- Remove extension leaves before measuring (they should be measured separately).
Measuring your table only takes a few minutes. It's important to avoid measuring slopes or molding. Instead, focus on the flat surface of the table.
- From the center split, measure the table's width to the nearest 1/16"
- Down the center, measure your table's end-to-end length
Unless your table is perfectly round, square, or rectangular, creating a pattern is an essential part of the process. As with measuring, be sure not to include extensions, slopes, or molding.
- Align the pattern paper with the table's center split
- Smooth out any wrinkles
- Weigh the paper down with a heavy object to keep it in place
- Use the side of a pencil or crayon's tip to trace the table's edge


text:
A systematic review of prevalence and risk factors associated with playing related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in pianists.
MetadataShow full item record
Background Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) are a recognized problem amongst instrumental musicians. Although pianists are prominent in data regarding prevalence of PRMDs, there is poor understanding of piano-specific risk factors associated with PRMDs. Aim To synthesize published literature on the prevalence of and risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists. Methods Thirty-eight databases were searched. Eligible studies were those investigating prevalence of or risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists, using an appropriate methodology according to a hierarchy of evidence. Information regarding study population, operational definition of PRMD, risk factors investigated, statistical tests used and outcomes was extracted and narratively synthesized for all eligible papers above an arbitrarily chosen quality score. Results The literature search identified 482 citations. Fifty-two papers were ranked in a hierarchy of evidence; 12 were eligible for evaluation using a quality assessment tool. Common methodological limitations included sampling/measurement biases, inadequate reporting of reliability/validity of outcome measures, lack of operational definition of PRMD and no statistical significance testing. Prevalence rates for PRMDs in pianists varied widely (26–93%). Four authors demonstrated statistically significant risk factors; however, no authors combined a clear operational definition of PRMD with statistically established risk factors. There was no consensus between authors regarding risk factors. Conclusions Current evidence does not provide sufficient information regarding prevalence of and risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists. Future studies should provide an operational definition of PRMD, use valid, reliable measurement tools, utilize a prospective cohort study design and perform appropriate statistical tests.
PRE2009-Health Information Systems (incl. Surveillance)


text:
In this ESL grammar exercise, students must identify the adjectives in sentences and the nouns that they modify.
Circle the adjectives in each sentence, and draw an arrow to the nouns that they describe.
1. Using a computer is difficult.
2. Paper airplanes are fun.
3. I want to buy that new red car.
4. We can use the old paper in my English notebook.
5. The video game is expensive because it is new.
6. Airplanes are fast, but boats are slow.
7. Don't draw disgusting pictures!
8. That picture looks like a real tiger!
9. I think math is easy.
10. The expensive, new car is very fast.
Back to ESL Grammar Exercises
Stickyball Home: ESL Resources for Teachers


text:
>The short answer is that in this case the resistance of the switch went
>from essentially zero to some larger value, but the circuit still has
>anohter element, the brake lights. Therefore the current way have been
>reduced somewhat by the increase in reistance in the switch, but the switch
>now is carry a somewhat reduced current, but at a greater currect so it ws
>heating up, as power = I*I*R.
>69 MGC-GT coming together.
Let's try this again. Purely theoretical:
If the brake circuit consisted only of the switch and brake lights (and a
12 volt battery), and the brakes normally drop 12 volts, and the switch
zero, than the brake lights are dropping all the voltage and therefore
dissipating all of the heat. If the switch takes on resistance, let's say
equal to that of the brake lights combined, each part, the brake lights and
the switch, will drop 6 volts, assuming they are in series. It is this
voltage drop, dissipating power, which creates heat (or motion in a motor,
or whatnot, but in the switch, it had nothing to do but heat up). Before
the switch took on resistance, it had no voltage drop, and therefore
dissipated no heat, and since power=I*E, or current times voltage,
(resistance of the component determines the voltage drop of the component,
and total resistance of the circuit determines the current in the circuit,
but resistance is not part of the formula for power), then the switch
In the real world, wires and the contacts of a switch actually do have a
tiny bit of resistance, but that's why we use larger wires and switches for
higher power applications. The switch should have been a negligible
resistance in this case, but was not.
Corrections to my corrections, anyone?


(1) same as NORMAL, but also draw (X=0,Y=0) axes
 GRID (2) same as AXES, but also draw grid lines
 LOGX (10) draw box and label X-axis logarithmically
 LOGY (20) draw box and label Y-axis logarithmically
 LOGXY (30) draw box and label both axes logarithmically
When using logarithmic axes (LOGX, LOGY and LOGXY) you normally need to log the data yourself, e.g.
 line $x->log10, $y, {axis=>'LOGX'};
For your convenience you can put PDL::Graphics::PGPLOT into autolog mode. In this mode a call to line or points will log the data for you and you can pass in the unmodified data, e.g.
 autolog(1); # enable automatic logarithm calculation
 line $x, $y, {axis=>'LOGX'}; # automatically displays logged x data
You can use the function interface to enable autologging:
or use it with a window reference (mode switching on a per window basis)
autolog without arguments returns the current autolog setting (0=off, 1=on).
If you set the AXIS option to an array ref, then you can specify the box/axis options separately for the horizontal (ordinate; X coordinate; 0th element) and vertical (abscissa; Y coordinate; 1st element)) axes. Each element of the array ref should contain a PGPLOT format string. Presence or absence of specific characters flags particular options. For normal numeric labels, the options are:
 A : draw axis for this dimension.
 B : draw bottom (X) or left (Y) edge of frame.
 C : draw top (X) or right (Y) edge of frame.
 G : draw Grid of vertical (X) or horizontal (Y) lines.
 I : Invert ticks: draw them outside the plot rather than inside.
 L : Label the axis Logarithmically.
 P : Extend ("Project") major tick marks outside the box.
 M : Numeric labels go in the alternate place above (X) or to the
 right (Y) of the viewport.
 N : Numeric labels go in the usual location below (X) or to the
 left (Y) of the viewport
 T : Draw major tick marks at the major coordinate interval.
 S : Draw minor tick marks (subticks).
 V : Orient numeric labels Vertically. Only applicable to Y.
 (The default is to write them parallel to the axis.)
 1 : Force decimal labelling, instead of automatic choice
 2 : Force exponential labeling, instead of automatic.
If you don't specify any axis value at all, the default is ['BCNST','BCNST'] for plots and ['BCINST','BCINST'] for images. (These list ref elements are handed on directly to the low-level PGPLOT routines).
In addition, you can specify that your axis labels should be printed as days, hours, minutes, and seconds (ideal for julian dates and delta-t, or for angular quantities). You do that by setting additional character flags on the affected axis:
 X : Use HH MM SS.S time labeling rather than conventional numeric
 labels. The ordinate is in secsonds. Hours roll over at 24.
 Y : Like 'X' but the hour field runs past 24 if necessary.
 Z : Like 'X' but with a days field too (only shown where nonzero).
 H : Label the numbers with superscript d, h, m, and s symbols.
 D : Label the numbers with superscript o, ', and '' symbols.
 F : Omit first (lowest/leftmost) label; useful for tight layouts.
 O : Omit leading zeroes in numbers under 10 (e.g. " 3h 3m 1.2s"
 rather than "03h 03m 01.2s").
For example, to plot a numeric quantity versus Julian day of the year in a standard boxed plot with tick marks, you can use ["BNCSTZHO","BCNST"].
Normally the limits are chosen so that the plot just fits; with this option you can increase (or decrease) the limits by either a relative (ie a fraction of the original axis width) or an absolute amount. Either specify a hash array, where the keys are TYPE (set to'relative' or 'absolute') and VALUE (the amount to change the limits by), or set to 1, which is equivalent to
 BORDER => { TYPE =>'rel', VALUE => 0.05 }
Set the character/symbol size as a multiple of the standard size.
 $opt = {CHARSIZE => 1.5}
The HardCH option should be used if you are plotting to a hardcopy device.
colour (or color)
Set the colour to be used for the subsequent plotting. This can be specified as a number, and the most used colours can also be specified with name, according to the following table (note that this only works for the default colour map):
 0 - WHITE 1 - BLACK 2 - RED 3 - GREEN 4 - BLUE
 5 - CYAN 6 - MAGENTA 7 - YELLOW 8 - ORANGE 14 - DARKGRAY
However there is a much more flexible mechanism to deal with colour. The colour can be set as a 3 or 4 element anonymous array (or piddle) which gives the RGB colours. If the array has four elements the first element is taken to be the colour index to change. For normal work you might want to simply use a 3 element array with R, G and B values and let the package deal with the details. The R,G and B values go from 0 to 1.
In addition the package will also try to interpret non-recognised colour names using the default X11 lookup table, normally using the rgb.txt that came with PGPLOT.
For more details on the handling of colour it is best that the user consults the PGPLOT documentation. Further details on the handling of colour can be found in the documentation for the internal routine "_set_colour".
The HardColour option should be used if you are plotting to a hardcopy device [this may be untrue?].
This sets the direction of the axes of a plot or image, when you don't explitly set them with the XRange and YRange options. It's particularly useful when you want (for example) to put long wavelengths (larger numbers) on the left hand side of your plot, or when you want to plot an image in (RA,dec) coordinates.
You can use either a scalar or a two-element perl array. If you set it to 0 (the default) then PDL will guess which direction you want to go. If you set it to a positive number, the axis will always increase to the right. If you set it to a negative number, the axis will always increase to the left.
For example, [0,0] is the default, which is usually right. [1,1] tells PGPLOT to always increase the axis values up and to the right. For a plot of intensity (y-axis) versus wavelength (x-axis) you could say [-1,1].
This option is really only useful if you want to allow autoranging but need to set the direction that the axis goes. If you use the ranging options (XRange and YRange), you can change the direction by changing the order of the maximum and minimum values. That direction will override DirAxis.
Set the fill type to be used by "poly", "circle", "ellipse", and "rectangle" The fill can either be specified using numbers or name, according to the following table, where the recognised name is shown in capitals - it is case-insensitive, but the whole name must be specified.
 1 - SOLID
 $opt = {FILLTYPE => 'SOLID'};
(see below for an example of hatched fill)
Set the character font. This can either be specified as a number following the PGPLOT numbering or name as follows (name in capitals):
 2 - ROMAN
(Note that in a string, the font can be changed using the escape sequences \fn, \fr, \fi and \fs respectively)
 $opt = {FONT => 'ROMAN'};
gives the same result as
 $opt = {FONT => 2};
The HardFont option should be used if you are plotting to a hardcopy device.
Set the hatching to be used if either fillstyle 3 or 4 is selected (see above) The specification is similar to the one for specifying arrows. The arguments for the hatching is either given using a hash with the key ANGLE to set the angle that the hatch lines will make with the horizontal, SEPARATION to set the spacing of the hatch lines in units of 1% of min(height, width) of the view surface, and PHASE to set the offset the hatching. Alternatively this can be specified as a 1x3 piddle $hatch=pdl[$angle, $sep, $phase].
 $opt = {FILLTYPE => 'HATCHED',
 HATCHING => {ANGLE=>30, SEPARATION=>4}};
Can also be specified as
 $opt = {FILL=> 'HATCHED', HATCH => pdl [30,4,0


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In the dictionary, how has meanings of the manner or way in which and to what extent, degree.
Did Professor McGonagall repeat what Hermione did (demonstrate how she did it), or did she just pick up the match that Hermione had changed, to show how much it had been changed?
Can you show me how I may tell which of these meanings is in play?
share|improve this question
closed as not a real question by Cameron, Will Hunting, MετάEd, Mahnax, tchrist Nov 17 '12 at 12:48
The fact that I assumed Prof McGonagall was a man probably means I shouldn't presume to know this! My guess is that in this specific case, "how" could be replaced by "that" or "how much". But that's only because it's the most likely scenario, not because of the grammatical form. In other very similar constructions, "how" could be replaced by something like "the way it was done". In short, this particular use of the word "how" is inherently ambiguous. – FumbleFingers Nov 17 '12 at 5:14
So, grammatically, how - as a conjunction - can't include the meaning of 'how much or the degree of what have been done'? – Listenever Nov 17 '12 at 5:27
All that need be done here is to replace "how" with "that". This is a simple substitution and it is what works here. The "how" here is not at all ambiguous: "how" = "that". No question. The Prof did not repeat what Hermoine did, she merely held up the match and displayed Hermoine's successful result. – user21497 Nov 17 '12 at 7:05
Thank you, I get it. – Listenever Nov 17 '12 at 9:20
_USER_ Franke: I disagree there's "no ambiguity". In these half-a-dozen instances of "showed him how it had", unquestionably in some you can substitute "[the fact] that", but in others it's "the extent to which", or "the method by which". You cannot determine which applies by grammar alone, and in some cases I'm sure the construction could be ambiguous. I think the closevoters are wrong, and this question should be reopened. – FumbleFingers Nov 17 '12 at 14:49
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
The second one. They all know how she did it. The remarkable things was the fact she could do it.
share|improve this answer
All students did their own job, so they couldn't know how she did it. – Listenever Nov 17 '12 at 5:10
The teacher gave them all the information they needed to perform the spell. She didn't keep anything secret. It's just practicing it that takes time. Think of it like juggling. I know how people juggle 4 balls, I just can't do it myself. – Sam Nov 17 '12 at 5:13
The fact that you know how she did it (having read all about it in the book), and the possibility that they know (having been taught by same teacher) isn't all that relevant. The question is how do you know what the words mean if you don't already know that before you read them? – FumbleFingers Nov 17 '12 at 5:18
_USER_ I suppose you don't technically know which meaning, except through experience, and the thought that if the authors intention was the first meaning, it could and should have been written in a much less ambiguous way. – Sam Nov 17 '12 at 5:34
If we can 'change' how into 'that,' would it be a very matter-of-fact interpretation? education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/how CONJUNCTION: 1. The manner or way in which: forgot how it was done. 2. That. 3. In whatever way or manner; however: Cook it how you please. – Listenever Nov 17 '12 at 5:44


text:
Town Analyses > Jericho > Physical Landscape
There are 78 different types of soil identified within the Jericho borders, a product of the area's dynamic glacial past. Distinguishing one soil from another is the product of several factors, including the type of bedrock underlying all other deposits, the surficial material coating the bedrock, the steepness of slope on which the soil lies, the climate or microclimate that determines the rate of decomposition, the size of soil particles, and the mineral composition of the soil itself.
Why do we bother dividing soils into different types? Soil structure often dictates what types of vegetation will grow naturally on a landscape, and human activities and land use practices are often more suitable on one type of soil over another. Farming, for example, is most productive on soils with relatively high clay content that has mixed with sand for better drainage. Also, it tends to be level and free of many rocks. Although most of Vermont was cleared for farming at some point in the state's history, we can actually see a relationship between soil type and date of farm abandonment, where the prime soils are most likely to remain farms even today. Most of the prime soils are located along river floodplains, where clay was once deposited when the land was covered by a lake, but where sand has more recently been mixed with the clays. Upland farms, with soils derived from rocky glacial till, were often the first to be abandoned.
Certain trees and vegetation may also grow better in one soil than another, which eventually leads to animal habitat also partially corresponding to soil type.
Jericho Agricultural Soils
MRP Sept 024
Classic rocky Vermont soils


text:
Soil Testingwith pH and EC Pens
How to use this equipment and interpret the results, without breaking the bank.
A number of
inexpensive pen-like instruments are available that can be used in the
greenhouse to determine growth medium pH and soluble salts. The cost of the
individual pH and electrical conductivity (EC) "pens" ranges from
$50-80, and a combination pH/EC pen costs about $120. Pens are available from
most greenhouse, agricultural and forestry supply houses. Proper use of these
instruments provides accurate pH and EC measurements, which a grower can use to
make immediate crop management decisions or to seek further in-depth testing by
a commercial soil test lab.
Supplies style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"55 Helvetica Roman"'>
In addition to
the pens, you will need the following items to take care of the pens and do pH
and EC (soluble salts) tests. Many of the items can be obtained for free or
inexpensively from home or the grocery store. Of course, more expensive,
professional supplies can be purchased from a science lab supply company, but
the expensive accessories won't necessarily make the tests turn out any better.
Here is the basic list of what you'll need:
4 and 7 buffer solutions to calibrate the pH pen
standard solution to calibrate EC pen
funnel (5- to 6-inch top diameter)
plastic cups or clean 15-oz. glass jars
waxed paper cups
colander (6-inch dia. min.)
baking pan or 8- to 10-inch diameter plant saucers
Calibration of Pens style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"55 Helvetica Roman"'>
All of the
commonly available pens and more expensive types of pH and EC meters work on
the same basic principles, and if they are calibrated properly, should give the
same readings. All pens and meters must be calibrated or standardized to give
consistent and dependable readings each time they are used. If a pen or meter
has no means of being calibrated, it is probably not going to give good
procedures differ somewhat depending on the brand of pens and of course, the
instructions accompanying the pens you buy should be followed carefully. On
some you push a button, on others you turn a small screw to set display at the
proper value. For pH pens, calibration is done with the pH 7 buffer solution or
by a "two point" calibration using the pH 4 and pH 7 buffers.
Calibration involves placing the pH pen in a 3-oz. cup of buffer solution,
allowing a stable reading to develop and then, if necessary, adjusting the
displayed value to the pH of the buffer. The EC standard solution is used in
the same way to calibrate the EC pen. After calibration the used solutions
should be discarded.
is a must to get any useful information from pens and meters. How often
calibration needs to be done depends on the type Á of meter and
frequency of use. Readings of even the most expensive laboratory meters tend to
"drift" over time and must be brought back to the proper reading
fairly often. When you first start using the pens, plan on calibrating at the
beginning of every testing session until you find out how much the readings
drift between sessions. Most pens come with a couple of small packets of buffer
or standard solution to get started, so you will need to purchase more for
future use very soon.
The pens can
be used to directly measure pH or EC of some types of samples with no special
style='font-family:"55 Helvetica Roman"'>. They can be used directly to measure
the pH of irrigation water, hydroponic solutions and pesticide solutions.
Calibrate the pen first according to the instructions, rinse off the buffer and
then place the pen directly into a sample large enough to completely immerse
the sensor. Agitate the pen slightly in the sample to dislodge any air bubbles,
then allow a stable reading to develop. Checking the pH of irrigation water is
useful, but remember that an alkalinity test is needed to get a complete
picture on how water pH might be affecting your crop.
style='font-family:"55 Helvetica Roman"'>. These can be used to measure the EC
of fertilizer solutions and to check the operation of fertilizer injectors. The
EC pen is used in the same way as the pH pen. To check the operation of an
injector, you will need to: 1) Determine the EC of water without fertilizer; 2)
check the fertilizer solution after the injector has run for several minutes;
3) subtract the EC of the water from the fertilizer solution EC; and 4) compare
the results to the table on the fertilizer bag or product literature. This will
tell you whether or not you are getting the ppm you think you are.
the sensors of the pH and EC pens carefully with distilled water between
measurements to avoid contaminating the next sample with residue from the
previous sample or buffer.
terms, greenhouse growth media is tested for pH and EC by extracting the sample
with water and making the pH and EC measurements on the extracts. Some testing
Á meters claim you can stick the sensor probes directly into the growth
medium and take readings, but this approach has not gained wide acceptance in
the field of professional soil testing.
The two most
common testing systems for on-site measurements of pH and EC are the
traditional 1:2 dilution method, outlined here, and the relatively new Leachate
PourThru method. Both methods are easy to do using the pens and can be used to
help diagnose problems and track pH and EC changes as a crop grows.
1:2 Dilution Method style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"55 Helvetica Roman"'>
growth medium. Take
samples from the root zone or use all of the material in several pots of plants
representative of the crop or problem under diagnosis. Never sample from the
surface alone because nutrients and soluble salts accumulate here and do not
represent the fertility status of the root zone. Sampling is a good time to
inspect the plant's roots, a small or diseased root system can often be the
best explanation of apparent fertility problems.
It is best to
air-dry the sample at room temperature or below 80° F on a greenhouse
bench. Spread the sample out in a baking pan or plastic saucer and remove any
large pieces of root and other debris. Unless the sample is very wet, it should
be dry enough in 24 hours to test. Screen the dry sample using the colander or
similar sieve. The dried and screened sample is ready to test.
and analyze. The
extraction procedure for the 1:2 dilution method is as follows: 1) Combine one
volume of air-dried growth medium with two volumes of distilled water. Using
the items listed earlier, fill one 3-oz. cup with growth medium and two 3-oz.
cups with distilled water and mix them together in a 16-oz. cup; 2) mix the
sample and distilled water thoroughly by swirling the cup and then allow it to
stand for 30 minutes; 3) after 30 minutes pour the mixture into the funnel
supporting the coffee filter. (I find two filters put together work best.) Catch
the filtered extract in another 16-oz. cup. The objective is to separate the
liquid extract from the solids, which are discarded. The extract is now ready
to test for pH and EC; 4) properly calibrate pens; 5) pour enough extract into
a clean 3-oz. cup so that the sensor of the pen will be completely immersed in
the extract. The pen should be swirled in the extract to dislodge any air
bubbles and then leave the pen still until a stable (unchanging) reading
appears. The stable pH or EC reading is your result; and 6) compare your EC
reading to Figure 3, left. This EC figure is specific to the 1:2 dilution
method. Do not use any other figure unless it states "1:2 method."
The pH tables in this fact sheet or pH information from other sources can be
used to interpret data.
Leachate PourThru Method
alternative to the 1:2 dilution method is the Leachate PourThru method, a
procedure by which the pot leachates are analyzed for pH and EC directly using the
pens. Details of this procedure can be found at North Carolina State
University's Web site at _URL_ (look for the topic PourThru
sampling). A big advantage of this method is that the growth medium is not
sampled, so the plants are not disturbed and no time is spent preparing the
growth medium for testing. Leachate PourThru is a great way to graphically
track changes in pH and EC over time, but the testing protocol must be followed
carefully to get the best results -- it is not as simple as just testing
whatever comes out of the pot. If a grower plans to do only limited testing,
say a couple of times during the growing season, the 1:2 method may be more
Interpreting Test Data
pH -- soil
greenhouse crops can grow satisfactorily over a fairly wide pH range. However,
optimum pH ranges have been established for some crops and soilless media and
mixes


text:
Military - Overview
The Museum's superb military collections document the history of the men and women of the armed forces of the United States. The collections include ordnance, firearms, and swords; uniforms and insignia; national and military flags and banners; and many other objects.
The strength of the collections lies in their enormous depth. Some 3,000 military small arms and 2,400 civilian firearms document the mechanical and technological history of the infantryman's weapons from the beginning of the gunpowder era to the present. Among the 4,000 swords and knives in the collection are many spectacular presentation pieces. The collections also include Civil War era telegraph equipment, home front artifacts from both world wars, early computers such as ENIAC, Whirlwind, and Sage, and materials carried at antiwar demonstrations.


text:
Explore / Articles
Giovanni-Battista Belzoni (_PHONE_)
Giovanni-Battista Belzoni was an Italian explorer and archaeologist, born in Padua (Padova). In 1803 he was working in England as a circus strong man, and exhibiting models of hydraulic engines. In 1815 he went to Cairo to try and sell his hydraulic engines to Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, and within two years had begun a new career, excavating Egyptian tombs and temples. He worked as an agent for the British Consul, Henry Salt, and helped him to amass his first collection, sold to the British Museum in 1823.
From Thebes he obtained the colossal sculpture of the head of Ramesses II ('the Younger Memnon') for The British Museum. He also discovered the tomb of Sety I in the nearby Valley of Kings, which contained the king's magnificent alabaster sarcophagus.
Belzoni explored Elephantine (Jazirat Aswan) and the Temple of Edfu (Idfu). In 1818 he became the first person in modern times to enter the pyramid of Khafre at Giza. He was also one of the first Europeans to visit the oasis of Siwa, and he identified the ruins of Berenice on the Red Sea.
He returned to England in 1819 and published a two-volume account, Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries Within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs and Excavations, in Egypt and Nubia... (1820).
Belzoni's methods were crude by modern standards. He disregarded many items that did not interest him and must have damaged much in pursuit of his goal. However, although he has been accused of 'pillage' he was no worse than his contemporaries.


text:
Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C is a new version of an old Trojan that's installed as one part of a larger infection for the purpose of concealing memory processes and other malicious components. Most Trojans like Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C will run without your permission as concealed memory processes and can be observed only indirectly through the side effects of their attacks. Since Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may be part of a larger threat and even more malicious threat, you should immediately take action to delete Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C from your computer before serious damage occurs.
The many Tools of Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C's Malignant Trade
Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C is just a 2010 version of the Hideproc Trojan that was first noted in 2007. Since that time, different versions of Hideproc have appeared, including Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C as well as Trojan:Win32/Hideproc.F and Trojan:Win32/Startpage.RM.
Even if your security software can detect one of these threats, your PC may still be vulnerable to attacks by newer versions like Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C. Keeping your anti-malware programs completely updated is a vital step in protecting your PC from Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C. Avoiding initial infections can be done by keeping your browser up to date, disabling scripts from untrustworthy sources and avoiding suspicious files.
Some versions of Hideproc are installed as specific pieces of a larger infection for the purpose of hiding this infection. Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may conceal, not only Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C's own memory processes, but also the memory processes of other malicious programs. When this is combined with a standard Trojan tactic of running automatically when Windows loads, this lets Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C and Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C's cohorts hide in plain sight while still being active at all times.
You can detect hidden memory processes by noting unusual system resource usage or by observing the other side effects of the attacks caused by Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C and similar Trojans.
The Rest of what Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C Has in Store for Your Computer
Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C or threats related to Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may also cause other problems:
- Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may hijack your web browser. Hijacks can play advertisements, create fake errors that make it appear as though a benevolent website isn't safe, change your homepage or redirect you to dangerous websites.
- Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may install a Remote Administration Tool or serve as a RAT by itself. RATs let remote criminals control your computer and are often the culprits behind Distributed-Denial-of-Service attacks and other illegal activities.
- Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may use keylogger functions or other spyware-related capabilities to record passwords and other information in a log that is later sent to a remote criminal.
- Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may block applications and even make it look like those applications are infected when they're completely fine.
- Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C may create Trojans that imitate Windows errors to try to fool you into performing self-destructive actions. These Trojans can even imitate specific Windows functions like the Security Essentials Alert.
Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C Automatic Detection Tool (Recommended)
Is your PC infected with Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C? To safely & quickly detect Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C, we highly recommend you run the malware scanner listed below.
Download SpyHunter's* Malware Scanner to detect Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C What happens if Tool:Win32/Hideproc.C does not let you open SpyHunter or blocks the Internet?
File System Modifications
- The following files were created in the system:
# File Name 1 1 Click PC Fix v3.5.exe 2 11878.dll 3 adsnt.exe 4 appconf32.exe 5 ashampkeygen.exe 6 audiosrv32.dll 7 ce3f3047-08bc-36dd-43e4-358cd4362a09.dll 8 chngu32.dll 9 chp.exe 10 cleaner7.exe 11 core32_175.dll 12 crack maxsea plaisance v10.11.12.exe 13 cryptnet32.dll 14 DCPPaid.exe 15 dispdrv.exe 16 DK.exe 17 dpcfinen.dll 18 Fl_3-8D-0fa-O4.dll 19 gamexl.exe 20 info.exe 21 ISd33_2298.exe 22 lpnedu.dll 23 MsMxEng.exe 24 NEBDFWc.dll 25 oyplemis.dll 26 PornoProtector.exe 27 questbrowse137.exe 28 ramcore.exe 29 sbluini.dll 30 service.exe 31 setup.exe 32 setup_lvk.exe 33 stlubchg.dll 34 SubsHelperBHO.dll 35 Svg64.exe 36 THE7SINS_RETAIL.EXE 37 uinex4.dll 38 updateuser.exe 39 userlib.exe 40 w2_0.exe 41 winntse.bin.exe 42 wrtchry.dll 43 Xtreme Stage Hack.dll 44 xvid_setup1.2.2-win32.exe 45 yaxuvu.dll
Posted: April 18, 2011 | By SpywareRemove
Threat Level: 8/10
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Detection Count: 1,330


LINGUIST List 16.1023
Mon Apr 04 2005
Qs: Governing Lang Change;Unaccusative and Reflexive
Editor for this issue: Jessica Boynton <>
To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form at
 1. Heather Schmidt, Institutions that Govern Language Change
 2. Konrad Szczesniak, Alternating Unaccusative Verbs and the Reflexive
Message 1: Institutions that Govern Language Change
Date: 04-Apr-2005
From: Heather Schmidt <>
Subject: Institutions that Govern Language Change
Fund Drive 2005 is now on! Visit to donate now!
To view the correct characters, go to
I was just wondering if anyone knew of any articles or sources about
official institutions that govern language change. I'm mainly looking for
information about the French Academy, but if there are other sources, those
are welcome too. I'm just wondering about the general effectiveness of
these institutions.
Linguistic Field(s): Sociolinguistics
Message 2: Alternating Unaccusative Verbs and the Reflexive
Date: 03-Apr-2005
From: Konrad Szczesniak <>
Subject: Alternating Unaccusative Verbs and the Reflexive
Dear Linguists,
I am working on the much-discussed causative analysis of unaccusative verbs
and I'm looking for examples of the following phenomenon in as many
languages as possible:
It is a widely recognized regularity that alternating unaccusative verbs in
some languages (especially Romance and Slavic languages) require a
reflexive clitic in the intransitive/inchoative pattern. For example, in
Polish one says
Dziecko zamroziło mleko (The child froze the milk)
Mleko zamroziło SIE (The milk froze REFLEXIVE-SIE)
This fact is addressed and explained very well by most current approaches
to unaccusativity and the causative alternation. But what these approaches
don't capture very well is that in Polish (and probably in many other
languages), a sizable portion of such unaccusative verbs has non-reflexive
inchoative equivalents:
Mleko zamroziło SIE / Mleko zamarzło
Milk froze REFLEXIVE-SIE / Milk froze (non-reflexive [NR])
Now, the non-reflexive version does not participate in the causative
*Dziecko zamarzło mleko (The child froze[NR] the milk)
Can you send me similar examples of non-reflexive non-alternating
unaccusative verbs in other languages - verbs which are only used in the
inchoative/intransitive structure? I would greatly appreciate examples both
from Slavic and Romance languages as well as ones from non-European
languages, which I will later post as a summary. Thank you.
Best regards,
Konrad Szczesniak
Institute of English
Silesian University
Linguistic Field(s): Semantics


Irrigation Scheduling
The purpose of irrigation is to ensure plants have the right amount of water available for optimum growth. This is the essence of irrigation management. Recent research demonstrated that commencing irrigation too late impacts upon the potential dry matter (DM) production of many dairy irrigators and, therefore, farm profit. A vital piece of information for deciding when farmers should start irrigating is the amount of water stored in the soil.
The Smarter Irrigation for Profit (SIP1) project highlighted that many irrigators are not maximising the production potential of their sites as management basics are not implemented or executed well. The key fundamental is the right scheduling, or timing, of water applications. The next is making the most of these applications by applying the right amount. By optimising both timing and rate, water productivity can be increased whilst reducing input costs and improving the profitability of irrigation.
Key indicators for irrigation timing and rate
Keeping soil moisture in the optimal zone to maximise plant growth is the aim of irrigation. This zone is called readily available water (RAW) and is different for varying soils and plant types. RAW is determined by knowing the soil texture and the rooting depth of the plant.
SIP1 highlighted that most dairy farmers use their experience and rotations to guide their irrigation decisions, but this is resulting in lost opportunities to optimise plant growth. By monitoring soil moisture through in-situ measurement (soil moisture probes) or using a weather-based water balance calculation, farmers can more accurately schedule irrigation and determine necessary rates to keep soil moisture in the optimal RAW zone.
More can be found on determining RAW on the Smarter Irrigation for Profit page.
Smarter Irrigation for Profit
Why is RAW so important?
The concept of RAW for the industry has not been adequately explained until SIP1. The RAW zone can be visualised as a bucket that receives water (rainfall and irrigation) and loses water (evapotranspiration [transpiration of the plant and evaporation]).
The RAW is in perfect equilibrium when it is full, but not leaky. At this point, called field capacity, the plant can most easily extract water from the soil and put excess energy into development and growth. When soil moisture becomes depleted below the lower level of the RAW zone, called the refill point, the plant has to work much harder to source water from the soil and its development and growth is impeded.
The lost opportunity
Many dairy farmers have historically used visual 'eye-balling' of the pasture/crop or a fixed irrigation method for scheduling irrigation. In SIP1 it was determined that at the commencement of an irrigation season, or after rainfall, irrigators were starting their irrigation too late, leading to what is now called a 'green drought'.
Historically, energy and water costs associated with irrigation were the determining factors for delaying start-up. Now there is more information about the improved production, and therefore income, that outweighs these input costs when irrigation commences earlier.
Delayed start-up allows the soil moisture to deplete below the RAW after the last rainfall event. When irrigation finally commences, capacity to lift the soil moisture back-up into the optimal zone is limited by the specifications of the irrigation system. The farmer may be forced, if it is possible by their system, to operate the irrigation for longer periods, potentially using peak and shoulder power at higher rates to do so. If the irrigator is started at the right time to simply maintain soil moisture in the RAW zone, unnecessary high use costs can be avoided.
In order to optimise the efficiency of irrigation, there are a number of steps farmers can follow:
 1. Monitor soil moisture
 2. Adopt a weather-based water balance calculator tool to forecast scheduling requirements
 3. Look at water and energy data to monitor usage and costs
 4. Measure production (kilograms DM per hectare per day) to evaluate whether the efficiency of the inputs versus outputs is being optimised
Confidence in the data is important, so farmers should ensure they use a reputable irrigation agronomist to discuss their soil moisture monitoring equipment needs. This technology provides a measurement of the effectiveness of rainfall and irrigation on raising or maintaining soil moisture within the RAW zone.
Irrigation scheduling decision support tools
Deploying a fixed depletion level strategy rather than a fixed frequency/ amount is fundamental. There are a number of freely available sources of information that can guide you to ensure you are starting-up and maintain your irrigations above the refill point in the RAW zone.
Weatherwise is a free seven-day weather forecast notification emailed to farmers' inboxes daily. The data is supplied by SWAN Systems from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) using a forecast model with 400,000 points on a grid extending right across Australia.
Using Weatherwise
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is based upon an actively growing pasture grass of about 12 centimetres high. It gives farmers an indication of the amount of water being used or lost from the soil profile.
The rainfall data provides an indication of whether the soil profile may be refilled over the coming period. The shortfall is where irrigation scheduling (rate and timing) comes into play, better known as a water balance calculation:
Rainfall minus ETo (millimetres/day) = supplement irrigation required (mm/day)
Where the rainfall amount is greater than the RAW for the soil type and plant species, then only the RAW amount is used as the rest of the rainfall amount is lost as runoff or infiltration below the root zone.
This simple method is a good starting point for irrigators who are currently not using a scheduling tool to plan their irrigation requirements.
Accessing Weatherwise
It takes two minutes to sign up for Weatherwise at
IrriPasture is an online weather-based water balance scheduling and recording tool developed by the University of Southern Queensland's Centre for Engineering in Agriculture. This tool can be used on a PC or via a smartphone app.
IrriPasture uses weather data (ETo/rainfall) from the closest BOM weather station as well as taking into account the rooting depth of the plant (over development and at maturity) and the texture of the soil.
Using IrriPasture
Multiple water balance calculations can be set up for different areas of a farm. RAW should be determined for soil types prior to setting up IrriPasture so the refill point can be set.
IrriPasture provides an overall irrigation amount (mm) and timing (days) forecast for each site and graphs soil moisture trends to help visualise the current predicted water content of the soils.
Rainfall minus ETo (mm/day) plus soil texture and pasture plant water demand (crop coefficient (Kc) of 1)= supplement irrigation required (mm required over certain number of days)
Accessing IrriPasture
IrriPasture can be accessed via its website,
IrriSAT has been extensively used and validated in the grain and cotton industries. The cloud-based app automates satellite processing and information delivery of Landsat and Sentinel satellite data and provides water management information across a range of scales. It uses this information to determine the crop coefficient (Kc) of an actively growing plant.
Whilst plant water-use conversation for ETo of 1.0 is used for pastures, other crops will have a different water requirement. For example, lucerne at early flowering stage or a tall actively growing crop of maize or sorghum is likely to use more water and the appropriate Kc will be approximately 1.2. This means that these crops require 120% more water than good pasture under the same conditions to achieve top growth rates and yields.
Using IrriSAT
Multiple water balance calculations can be set up for different areas or crops. The Kc is used to calculate water requirements for the crop within the past three to seven days as the last satellite has passed over the site. The tool provides an overall irrigation amount (mm) and timing (days) forecast for each site.
Rainfall minus ETo (mm/day) plus soil texture and crop water demand (Kc as determined by IrriSAT) = supplementary irrigation required (mm required over certain number of days)
Accessing IrriSAT
The IrriSAT app can be found via the website and accessed on most web enabled devices including smartphones, tablets, laptops and PCs. Once on the site, click on the information icon for videos and guides to establish sites.
More information is available in A quick guide to the use of the cloud-based IrriSAT app.
Other resources
Dairy SA tools
DairySA has an irrigation requirement spreadsheet that is used locally and a weekly Irrigation Requirement Report for the Mt Gambier and Mt Compass regions.
Contact DairySA's Kylie Boston for further information by emailing
Weekly Irrigation Requirement$ Summary
The Murray Dairy region is serviced by an Agriculture Victoria Weekly Irrigation Requirement$ Summary. This includes an interactive scheduling tool to determine the most productive timing for the next surface irrigation tailored to the unique circumstances of each farm.
It uses the ETo information sourced from local weather stations and operates with Microsoft Excel on mobile devices and desktop computers..
Contact Agriculture Victoria Senior Irrigation Officer Robert O'Connor to access the weekly email service by emailing


text:
The ACCRINT Function is an Excel Financial function. The function will calculate the accrued interest for a security that pays interest on a periodic basis.
ACCRINT helps users calculate the accrued interest on a security, such as a bond, when that security is sold or is transferred to a new owner on a date other than the issue date or on a date that is an interest payment date.
The ACCRINT function was introduced in MS Excel 2007 and hence is not available in earlier versions.
The ACCRINT function uses the following arguments:
Issue (required argument) – This is the security's issue date.
First_interest (required argument) – This is the first interest date of the security.
Settlement (required argument) – The security's settlement date. It is the date after the issue date when the security is traded to the buyer.
Rate (required argument) – The security's annual coupon rate.
Par (required argument) – The security's par value. If omitted by the user, the function will take the par value as $1,000.
Frequency (required argument) – This is the number of coupons payments per year. The function will take for annual payments, frequency = 1; for semiannual, frequency = 2; for quarterly, frequency = 4.
Basis (optional argument) – This is the kind of day count that is used for calculating the interest on a given security. If we omit the argument, the basis is set to 0. Basis can be any of the following values:
Day Count basis
0 or omitted
8. Calc_method (optional argument) – It is either 0 (calculates the accrued interest from first_interest_date to settlement_date) or 1 (calculates the accrued interest from issue_date to settlement_date).
How to use the ACCRINT Function in Excel?
To understand the uses of the ACCRINT function, let's consider a few examples:
Suppose we are given the following details:
Issue date: 2017/01/01
First interest date: 2017/03/31
Settlement date: 2022/02/15
Basis – 2: 2
Calculation method: 1
The formula to use is:
The result we got is $3,203.13, which is the interest on maturity that we will receive.
The function calculated ACCRINT using the formula below:
Ai is the number of accrued days for the quasi-coupon period within the odd period.
NC is the number of quasi-coupon periods that fit in the odd period. Fraction is raised to the next whole number.
NLi is the normal length in days of the quasi-coupon period within the odd period.
We get the result below:
Example 2 – Using DATE with ACCRINT
If the dates given are not in date format, we can use the DATE function along with ACCRINT to get the interest receivable on maturity. Suppose we are given the following data:
The formula used was:
We get the result below:
Things to remember about the ACCRINT Function
_TAG_! error – Occurs when:
The given rate argument is ≤ 0 or the provided [par] argument is ≤ 0.
The given frequency argument is not equal to 1, 2, or 4.
We provided issue ≥ settlement.
The given basis argument is not equal to 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
_TAG_! error – Occurs when:
The given issue, first_interest, or settlement arguments are not valid dates.
Any of the arguments provided is non-numeric.
When we input the issue and settlement dates, they should be entered as either:
References to cells that contain dates; or
Dates that are returned from formulas; or
If we attempt to input these date arguments as text, Excel may incorrectly interpret them, due to different date systems or date interpretation settings.
Thanks for reading CFI's guide to important Excel functions! By taking the time to learn and master these functions, you'll significantly speed up your financial analysis. To learn more, check out these additional CFI resources:
To master the art of Excel, check out CFI's FREE Excel Crash Course, which teaches you how to become an Excel power user. Learn the most important formulas, functions, and shortcuts to become confident in your financial analysis.


text:
2016 Artist in Residence
Lorette C. Luzajic is most inspired by colour, texture, and the vast array of human ideas and imagination, including art, literature, religion, pop culture and technology. If one word was needed, to sum up what is behind her creativity, it would be "curiosity."
Her fascination with human ideas melds perfectly with her love of eclectic materials, resulting in what she calls "mixed up media." Lorette plays with appropriation to create wholly original works; she blurs the intersection of art and writing by incorporating text, literature, and typography collage; she uses music to fuel the rhythm of each painting.
Lorette's formal education is a degree in journalism from Ryerson University, but her independent study of art history and constant reading could be considered "learning for life." Taking pictures to better observe the world around her, as well as travel, are both essential to her creative practice.


I am trying to render cities on the map, using Geonames' dataset (source). I have downloaded the top 10000 cities as a GeoJSON file, and loaded it into QGIS. However, when I zoom out, this shows too many points: they completely fill the map.
I have enabled labels, and there is the option under Layer Properties › Labels › Rendering › Feature Options to limit the number of features rendered. This way, only the largest cities in an area will be labelled (I have set render priority to be based on population), but when I zoom in I can see more city names appear.
Is it possible to apply a similar limit to the symbols themselves? Can I hide all but the largest 100 cities within the viewport? I do not want to hard-code limits for population and zoom level, because I would like cities in less populous areas to appear sooner when zooming in there.
There are several ways I can think of to address this situation using the Expression Builder, or even using a custom python function. Because of the size of the layer, however, these can be incredibly resource-intensive.
There is, thankfully, an easier, sneakier way, using the label settings you've already established. This will result in label text which is fixed in its position, but this can be addressed with a few extra steps. Here's how it works:
 1. On the Background tab, enable label backgrounds.
 2. Choose Marker Symbol as the background type.
 3. Adjust the symbology of the marker as necessary.
 4. Adjust symbol placement and offsets so that marker symbol is properly placed.
 - You'll want to choose "offset from point" under Placement, and choose for the label to be placed directly on top of the point.
 - If you're labeling the city name using the same layer, make sure that whatever offset you choose to move the text off of the point, that the inverse of that offset is applied to the background marker symbol.
 5. (Optional) Get dynamic label text back.
 1. Set the label text to a single whitespace character.
 2. Duplicate the layer.
 3. On the new layer, remove the marker symbol, and re-set the label text to the "name" field, or whichever you are using.
 4. Adjust the labeling properties on the new layer to get the text to your liking. You may need to change some of the labeling priority weights between the two layers.
background marker symbol
In my map, I offset the "label" by -4. By offsetting the background marker symbol by +4, the point will render directly on top of the geometry feature.
And here are the results. I've left the actual feature layer being rendered just to show that it is highlighting the larger population points correctly. With this label setting, I can actually opt to uncheck the Enable symbol layer box on the symbology tab, and let the label points take their place entirely.
full extent
And here's the same setup at a much broader scale, with the point features no longer being rendered.
In fact, the rendering style cluster does something similar, only that points that are too close are not suppressed, but clustered in a separate symbol. However, you can use this at least as a workaround by adapting to your needs.
Choose clustering as rendering style for your points layer. Than define your cluster symbol and set it as completely transparent. Define the distance for clustering, so all points that are closer than this value will be clustered - and thus be transparent.
Alternatively, you could also use a date-driven size for the cluster, defining in an expression the conditions when size should be 0 (thus invisible). Also play around with Control feature rendering order, see: _URL_
Your Answer