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Would a constitutional amendment clear up postponed voting?
The possibility of Hurricane Sandy delaying some presidential and congressional voting next Tuesday is unlikely, but it may take something like a constitutional amendment to make emergency voting laws clear cut and enforceable.
The Congressional Research Service looked extensively at election disaster scenarios back in 2004, when it pondered how the federal and state governments would deal with a terrorist attack on or around Election Day.
And while there are laws and precedents about delaying or postponing elections involving the president and Congress, the Congressional Research Service's study shows there's also plenty of room for constitutional conflict in the process.
Among the 27 amendments to the Constitution, at least eight amendments deal specifically with voting issues. The issue of emergency election procedures could get some momentum as a possible amendment, if the worse-case scenarios play out in a postponed election.
Currently, there are widespread power outages in Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and New Jersey, as well as parts of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and West Virginia.
As many as 400,000 people in New York City might be without power on Election Day, and flood damage has complicated the polling process in New Jersey, where military trucks will be used as portable polling places on Tuesday.
Leaders in New York and New Jersey have given no indication they will postpone Election Day. But it isn't clear if state or federal officials have the ultimate power to postpone an election.
The process gets sketchy because the Constitution gives each state the power to administer an election that includes federal officials.
But Congress gets to pick the day that election is held. It passed that law in 1845, after an 1840 presidential election controversy, where political parties moved whole populations of voters between states that had different Election Days.
There appears to be a legal precedent for states delaying election races involving congressional seats if a hurricane or natural disaster strikes.
The federal case of Busbee v. Smith, which was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court, found that such elections delayed by natural disasters could be held at a later time.
However, presidential races operate by different rules. If a state doesn't have a tentative slate of presidential electors after Election Day, the federal statute says a special election must be held within the state, at a time to be determined.
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"Whenever any State has held an election for the purpose of choosing electors, and has failed to make a choice on the day prescribed by law, the electors may be appointed on a subsequent day in such a manner as the legislature of such State may direct," says the federal statute.
The Congressional Research Service says the statute makes it difficult, if not impossible, to postpone and reschedule a presidential election if a problem is known in advance (like a hurricane). The states would have to let partial elections take place and then schedule more elections.
"If there is a disruption just prior to an election, could an election for presidential electors not be held, that is, be postponed and rescheduled in a particular date and still be in conformance with [the statute]? There is no clear and definitive authority on this question, nor do there appear to be specific legal precedents bearing upon this issue," it says.
One theory is that the federal statute overrides state laws about delaying elections in advance.
"Under this theory no prior postponement and rescheduling would be permitted state-wide, even a postponement for natural disasters such as an impending hurricane, or the destruction shortly prior to the elections of a number of polling places, since it would conflict with the federally scheduled time," said the Congressional Research Service back in 2004, before Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy.
But another school of thought is that the states, under Article II, Section 1, clause 2, of the Constitution, have the right to delay their own presidential elections at any time. They just need to make sure a slate of electors is sent to Congress six days before the electoral votes are counted in Washington.
So a set of states affected by a natural disaster could have about a month to hold elections, agree on the results, and send their electoral slates to Congress—if there aren't legal challenges.
Complicating matters could be a decision by Congress just before an election to pass an emergency law to postpone a presidential election across the country, or in an extreme case, the president using his emergency powers to move an election date.
The benefit of a constitutional amendment is that the issue of holding fair elections after a widespread or national emergency would have a clear set of rules. The amendment would settle any conflicts between state laws and federal statutes.
Past amendments resolved the 1800 election crisis (the 12th Amendment), the direct election of U.S. senators (the 17th Amendment) and the ability of Congress to pick a new president in an election without a majority winner (the 20th amendment).
Of course, the hurdles in front of any constitutional amendment are high. At least 38 states must approve a proposed amendment after it is first approved by Congress or a constitutional convention.
But procedural amendments about voting have a track record of getting passed. Clarifying the states' abilities to delay and reschedule their own elections in an emergency could have a shot at ratification if Congress were to approve an amendment and send it to the states for a vote.
Scott Bomboy is the editor-in-chief of the National Constitution Center.


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With the introduction of a bill mandating a modern slavery reporting requirement, Australian businesses are starting preparations for publicly reporting on their own operations and supply chains. At the heart of the bill is the process of human rights due diligence: an exercise by which a business identifies, prevents, mitigates and accounts for human rights impacts.1 It is an outward-looking process that focuses not on the risk to the business, but the risk to those whose rights are, or may be, impacted.
Norton Rose Fulbright in conjunction with the British Institute of International and Comparative Law recently launched the findings of a second comprehensive study in relation to human rights due diligence. The study involved a detailed analysis of the human rights programs in ten businesses identified as leading in the arena. The findings published online demonstrate that human rights due diligence involves a multi-layered process, that is ongoing and subject to regular review.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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As most of you already know, with the help of Venn Diagrams, you can arrange all your abstract ideas easily. They're excellent when it comes to making comparisons between groups of things. Venn diagrams are usually used for solving Math problems which demand logical thinking and deductive reasoning, thus Venn diagrams acts as an important tool in K-12 Education. Venn diagrams do not just restrict its use to classroom learning, but also used extensively in other disciplines. It's a great tool for organizing, evaluating and representing complex relationships visually.
Venn diagrams are a type of graphic organizer which consists of overlapping circles. Some even refer to it as the Overlapping Circles Chart. We've compiled a collection of quick and simple Venn diagrams to illustrate logical relationships from various disciplines :
Image from - _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Elizabeth Plankinton mansion was built in 1886 by John Plankinton in anticipation of of his daughter, Elizabeth's, marriage to British sculptor, Richard Hamilton Park. Unfortunately before the couple were married and could move into the new home, Park changed his mind and ran off with a dancer from Minneapolis. After that event Elizabeth chose not to live in the palatial structure and spent much of her time abroad. The mansion was empty until 1896 when it was purchased by the widowed Mrs. Hugh L. Johnston. The Knights of Columbus began using the structure in 1910 and would occupy it until it was destroyed in 1980. Marquette University purchased the land around the mansion in 1975. The Elizabeth Plankinton mansion was on the list of the National Register of Historic Places and many students, polticians and citizens protested when they learned of plans to tear it down. However, their efforts were to no avail, as bulldozers began demolishing the building on October 11, 1980, before the permits were issued for such activities.
Scanned as grayscale in negative mode with Epson Expression 10000XL at 2400 DPI. Display image is jpeg generated from archival TIFF file.
This image is issued by Marquette University. Use of the image requires written permission from the staff of the Department of Special Collections and University Archives. It may not be sold, or redistributed, copied or distributed as a photograph, electronic file, or any other media. The image should not be significantly altered through conventional or electronic means. Images altered beyond standard cropping and resizing require further negotiation with a staff member. The user is responsible for all issues of copyright. Please credit: Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette University Libraries.


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Luigi Bazzani (Italian, _PHONE_)
A Pompeian Interior, 1882
Oil on panel, 28 3/4 x 22 inches
Signed, inscribed, and dated lower right: Luigi Bazzani/ROMA 1882
The 1748 rediscovery of Pompeii's amazingly preserved urban fabric inspired many 19th-century artists to imagine scenes from Roman daily life. The anecdotal charm, sumptuous color, and archaeological accuracy of A Pompeian Interior typifies this genre. Like Alma Tadema, the painter of what can be called "everyday antiquity," Bazzani probably relied on readily available photographs of ancient sites to create his compositions. The artist recreates the main central hall or atrium of a Roman villa, lighted by an opening in the roof, and a basin, called an impluvium, to collect rainwater that then flows into an underground container for everyday use. The impluvium and the winged-lion table in this painting appear to be based on those in the House of Meleager in Pompeii, featured in a photograph owned by Alma Tadema, who also used the table in his painting Glaucis and Nydia, 1867 (The Cleveland Museum of Art).
Luigi Bazzani, also called Bazzanetto, first studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti in his native Bologna, Italy. After traveling to France and Germany, Bazzani settled in Rome, where he specialized in genre and landscape subjects, as well as set designs for theaters. He exhibited regularly from 1893 in Rome, Vienna, Munich, Berlin, and Paris. A teacher of perspective and set design at the Academia di Belle Arti in Rome from 1892 to 1896, Bazzani became a member of academies in Rome, Bologna, and Perugia.


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How to make double hung windows using old materials
Use of double hung windows in homes is quite old and still there are large numbers of people who prefer them for their homes. The leading benefit of these windows is that they are suitable for almost every home. Generally, when it is the matter of double hung windows, people prefer to design their own windows with their own efforts. People prefer to design double hung windows by own efforts mainly because of the reason that they will get what exactly they want. Any material that suits the windows can be used for this tasks but majority of time people prefer old materials for designing the double hung windows.
There is lot of things that one has to keep in the mind before designing the double hung window through old materials. It is necessary to consider influences on a design before starting any work. Also it is better to have a look at the features of the design.
1. Selection of materials
When it is the matter of choosing old materials, there are large number of options that are easily available. Selection of materials depends upon on lot of things and especially on the type of weather on the place where these windows are to be installed.
2. Designing the double hung windows using wood
Wood is one of the better options for designing such windows. Generally, wood is one of the oldest materials available for this and is preferred for this task mainly because of its durability. For designing the double hung windows through wood, what one has to do is:
- Firstly, select the design and size of the window to be designed.
- Next step is to cut the wood as per the design. Cutting tasks include cutting of wood in different shapes and sizes so better is cut them with full concentration. For this, some of the tools are needed which can be taken on rent. Use of red cedar wood is a great option.
- Wooden parts can be joined using iron sticks.
- Paint the windows once they are installed because painting them before installation may destroy the paint during installation.
- Selection of glass is not a big task and majority of times a plain glass is used.
It must always be remembered that wood is not suitable for all weather conditions. Wood is a better option for places have less annual rainfall in a year.
3. Using iron for designing double hung windows
The use of iron for designing double hung window is quite common just like wood. The iron has its own merits and demerits over wood. The designing procedure of these windows through iron is same as design of windows through wood but there is one major issue with iron and that is cutting and designing of iron is quite hard and for this sometime complex tools are required. It is because of this reason, people do not prefer DIY task for designing double hung window through iron. Generally, iron double hung windows are suitable for majority of weather conditions.
4. Plastic is another wise choice
Just like iron and wood, plastic is another one of the oldest materials that is preferred by large number of people for designing double hung window in their own way. The leading advantage of plastic is that it is suitable for any design any size. Another advantage of plastic is its low cost and long life. Plastic has one leading disadvantage and that is it loses its grace, when come under direct sunlight and thus not suitable for places having dry atmosphere.
Some important things to be kept in mind while using plastic are:
- This material needs perfect cutting and a small variation in size may result in failure of entire design.
- Joining the plastic needs lot of care and thus task is performed by a burning process.
5. Installation of double hung windows
There are generally two sashes that one has to implement while designing the double hung windows. One sash is at the top of window while other at the bottom. Both of them are movable. Balancing devices are used for shifting the sashes up and down and they also support their movement as well. The overall weight of sash is balanced by overall weight of balancing devices thus windows can easily be set at any position.
Double hung windows can easily be designed using old materials and by preferring old materials one can have lot of benefits including cost saving and especially one can get the desired design for his/her double hung windows. Use of double hung windows designed with old materials has become a modern trend nowadays.


Sub-menu Navigation
Back to basics - brush up on your nav skills
One of the most basic skills in navigation is working out a course to steer taking into account the tidal offset.
Get it wrong and frankly you look like a bit of a fool, particularly if you end up several miles down tide of your destination and then have to spend the next couple of hours explaining to your crew why you are punching into the tide as opposed to tucking into a hearty meal at the local yacht club.
Whether you've been navigating for years or are a total novice, Tim Bartlett's RYA Navigation Handbook is a great way of brushing up your skills: This excerpt will provide an excellent starting point:
Course to steer for one hour or less
The first step is to draw in the intended track as a straight line from the point of departure to the intended destination and beyond.
The next is to draw another line, from the same starting point, to represent the tidal stream - pointing in the direction the stream is flowing, and with its length proportional to the speed of flow.
It doesn't matter what scale you use: a knot could be represented by a centimetre, or by an inch, or even by some completely arbitrary unit.
The third step is to open a pair of drawing compasses or dividers to a distance equivalent to the boat speed, using the same scale as the tide speed.
Put one point of the dividers or compasses at the end of the tide vector, and use the other to strike an arc across the line representing the intended track.
Finally, draw a straight line to the point where the arc intersects the intended track. The direction of this line represents the course to steer. It does not matter if it seems to be starting from the wrong place (in the illustration, for instance, it is starting from Nimble Rock, rather than from the river entrance)
because it is only the direction of the line that is important. Nor does it matter if the lines drawn to calculate the course to steer pass over shallow patches, or hazards, or even cross the coastline: they are purely lines representing a mathematical construction: the only one that has any direct relationship to the movement of the boat across the surface of the real world is the one representing the intended track.
Tim said: "This is course to steer at its most basic level. Don't forget that there are tricks you can use to enable your GPS to work it out.
"In addition to this, if you are trying to work out a course to steer for over an hour then this complicates matters. You also need to bear in mind any leeway, or sideways drift your boat may experience."
For a full explanation of Course to Steer and many other aspects of navigation, you need to pick up a copy of Tim's RYA Navigation Handbook.
Tim's top tip: the one in sixty rule
"This is a little trick I picked up some time ago and can save you valuable time when working out a Course to steer." Tim said.
"It all stems from the slightly obscure but very convenient trigonometric fact that the sine of 1° is about 1/60, and that for angles up to about 45°, dividing any angle by sixty gives a reasonable approximation of its sine.
Don't worry if you forgot all about trigonometry and sines the day you left school, because it boils down to some very simple mental arithmetic, like this:-"
Tide speed x 60 = course correction
Boat speed
The 'course correction' is always up-tide. So if a vessel experienced a tidal stream of 2 knots, and had a boat speed of 5 knots
2 x 60 = 120 = 24°
 5 5
"This is true if the tidal stream is roughly at right angles to the intended track. If it is ahead or astern, no offset is required. If it is at about 45° to the intended track, use two thirds of its rate in the formula instead of its full rate."
For a full explanation of Course to Steer and many other aspects of navigation, you need to pick up a copy of Tim's RYA Navigation Handbook, order code G6.
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There are many activities that can be part of your organization or community's Youth Mainstreaming strategy. They include the following activities.
- Youth Action Councils — Woven into the lifeblood of an organization or community, YACs can build commitment, action and outcomes into Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth as Activists — Focused on specific issues and tangible outcomes, youth activists can move Youth Mainstreaming into a powerful, positive place for everyone.
- Youth as Activity Leaders — Leading learning, socializing, community building and other activities can empower youth throughout organizations and communities.
- Youth as Advisors — Providing key wisdom, knowledge and ideas, Youth Mainstreaming can empower youth as advisors through action and outcomes.
- Youth as Advocates — Standing up for what matters to their families and communities can allow youth as advocates to move Youth Mainstreaming forward.
- Youth as Artists — Using and developing their art through Youth Mainstreaming can reposition youth from being passive and active members in society.
- Youth as Board Directors — Youth Mainstreaming requires youth are fully able to transform schools, organizations and government. Being board directors can be key.
- Youth as Decision Makers — Engaged as personal, organizational and community decision-makers, young people can move the Youth Mainstreaming strategy further.
- Youth as Designers — Using science, strategy and planning, youth as designers can move Youth Mainstreaming to deeper and more powerful effects.
- Youth as Evaluators — Assessing and evaluating youth activities, community action and more can move Youth Mainstreaming toward broad social acceptance.
- Youth as Facilitators — Guiding and directing activities for youth and communities, Youth Mainstreaming actively engages youth facilitators throughout.
- Youth Forums — Positioning youth voice as more than information, youth forums make Youth Mainstreaming a meaningful opportunity to transform communities.
- Youth as Grant-Makers — Youth Mainstreaming puts youth-led philanthropy in action, providing powerful opportunities to support what matters to them.
- Youth as Lobbyists — Standing up for what matters to them among lawmakers and moving agenda through the political process is key for Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth as Media Makers — Rather than being the target of media or passive recipients, in Youth Mainstreaming media is made by youth for communities.
- Youth as Mediators — As key partners in restorative justice, Youth Mainstreaming can engage youth as mediators in community and interpersonal conflicts.
- Youth as Mentors — Sharing their their knowledge and ideas with adult allies and vice versa, Youth Mainstreaming can rely on engaging youth as mentors.
- Youth as Organizers — Creating community organizing campaigns is part of many nonprofits, and engaging youth as organizers can embolden Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth as Planners — Planning activities, developing programs and hiring or firing adult and youth staff can drive Youth Mainstreaming in powerful ways.
- Youth as Policy-Makers — Young people can become engaged as full and complete partners in policy-making bodies of all kinds, including schools and governments.
- Youth as Recruiters — Recruiting communities, families, peers and friends, young people can provide powerful influence and inspiration for Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth as Researchers — Youth can study things in ways that adults cannot. Participatory research positions youth as examiners of what affects them most.
- Youth as Specialists — After examining and studying what matters, establishing the knowledge of youth as specialists can be central to Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth Summits — Conducting conferences and summits to build consensus and create collective action plans can be a powerful outcome of Youth Mainstreaming.
- Youth as Teachers — Teaching adults, younger people and their peers about what issues that matter to them can be a powerful Youth Mainstreaming strategy.
- Youth as Trainers — Building the skills and knowledge of participants can be the key to successful Youth Mainstreaming, especially when youth facilitating training.
- Youth as Volunteers — As equally invested partners, engaging youth as volunteers within organizations and communities can move Youth Mainstreaming forward.
- Youth as Workers — Staffing the organizations and communities that adopt Youth Mainstreaming strategies can empower and infuse young people in deep ways.
This list is just a description of some ways that Youth Mainstreaming happens. In order to implement a powerful, effective strategy it can be essential to identify next steps.
Share your thoughts in the comments below! For more information about how The Freechild Project can support Youth Mainstreaming in your community or organization, contact us.


Rare 1652 NE Threepence silver coinToday we take a look at the fascinating 1652 NE Threepence silvercoin.
In 1652, the first metallic currency was struck in England's American colonies. During this time period, the American colonies were suffering from a currency shortage. The English government had banned the export of its silver coins to its own colonies. England was experiencing a coin shortage itself and wanted to keep its small coin denominations at home, but the government also believed that the colonies should be sending wealth to England (certainly not the other way around). Even if the English government had wanted to send coins to the colonies, they were unable to do so until they had solved their own currency problems. Of the coins in circulation in the colonies, many were counterfeits. The local businesses struggled to maintain a healthy economy, particularly in bustling port towns like Boston which was already engaging in a healthy import/export trade by the mid 1600s.
The colony of Massachusetts Bay, laboring under the small change coin shortage, resolved to solve the problem on its own. Without bothering to ask approval from the English government, the General Court of Massachusetts Bay charged silversmiths John Hull and Robert Sanderson to create shilling, sixpence, and threepence coins.
The first coins struck in America were made by an illicit mint in Boston, Massachusetts. The coins were struck in silver and are known as the "NE" or "New England" type coins. The coins were struck for only three months in 1652 and are exceedingly rare. The coins were simple, irregularly shaped discs with no decoration or date. One side bore the punched initials of "NE" for New England, while the reverse bore the denomination on the reverse in Roman numerals (III for threepence, VI for sixpence, XII for shilling).
Rare 1652 NE Threepence silver coinOnly one specimen of the 1652 NE Threepence coin is known to exist, and is held in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, though every denomination of the surviving 1652 New England coins is a genuine rarity.
We recently came across an interesting 19th century facsimile coin designed after the extraordinarily rare 1652 New England Threepence. The 1652 NE coins were already known and valued as scarce by this time. In the mid 19th century, the hobby of coin collecting exploded into wild popularity. The surge in interest in coins led to the eternal collector's dilemma: there are only a very limited number of rare coins, and passionate collectors may never see, let alone own, the most interesting and exciting examples in their field of interest. While counterfeiting coins for use as currency has existed as long as currency has itself, the coin collecting boom now saw an increase in the creation of facsimiles of rare and desirable coins. Some of these facsimiles were honestly sold as interesting copies for the passionate and knowledgeable collector who simply wanted a version of a rarity for his own enjoyment. However, some unscrupulous people would sell the facsimiles as authentic, duping their trusting customers.
The 1652 NE Threepence coin is a fascinating glimpse into the history of the American colonies. Our version of this coin can be found in our store.
Or, click here to visit our store and see everything currently available!
The 1652 NE Threepence Silver Coin
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Ilala Weavers are the sponsors of the Zulu art, they have built relationships with a number of Zulu communities within a 200km radius of Hluhluwe. The Zulu's are the largest tribe in Southern Africa, renowned for their artistry and craftsmanship.
Dotted on the rolling hills of KwaZulu-Natal, there exists a beehive of industry, where numerous women work at the art of basketry. They have taken the traditional art form and turned it into a way in which to supplement their incomes, and in many cases their only means of income.
The women work in their homes, where they can assimilate basket-making into their normal routine – giving themselves time to raise their children, work in the fields, collect water and other daily chores


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as being the Queen's "representative in the Commonwealth" and "subject to [the] Constitution" the Governor-General may exercise "such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him". The Governor-General nevertheless performs many functions, some of which may be traced back to the Constitution and some of which may be more ceremonial, having no Constitutional or statutory source: cf. Kline v Official Secretary to the Governor-General HCA 52 at, HCA 52; (2013) 249 CLR 645 at 653 per French CJ, Crennan, Kiefel and Bell JJ. Other than by reference to an agreed fact that some of the correspondence is characterised as "personal and confidential", there is no evidence (and certainly no agreed fact) that there was any relationship between the Queen and the then Governor-General other than that set forth in the Constitution.
- Although it may readily be accepted that the Queen has no capacity to control or influence the Governor-General in the exercise of Constitutional functions (cf. Sue v Hill HCA 30 at and HCA 30;, (1999) 199 CLR 462 at 496 to 497 per Gleeson CJ, Gummow and Hayne JJ), the fact remains that there is a relationship between the Queen and the Governor-General established by the Constitution. Nor does the position occupied by the Governor-General or any absence of any ability to control the exercise of Constitutional functions throw any light on whether a communication is a "personal" communication. If anything, the position itself and the subject matter (it is considered) would more clearly indicate that the correspondence remain records of the Commonwealth.
- Concurrence cannot be expressed with the submission of the Respondent, being the submission accepted and relied upon by the majority, "that that interaction [between the Queen and the Governor-General] was of a kind that was personal, not in the sense that it did not involve the undertaking of actions referable to the respective status or office held by the participants, but because the particular body performing the act was doing so personally and not officially" (at para ). Other than by reason of the fact that correspondence was between the Queen and the person who for the time being occupied the position of Governor-General, there is no real explanation or reason for concluding that they were writing "personally". To accept that some of the correspondence was described as "personal and confidential" is not a sufficient basis to conclude that the correspondents were acting in their personal and not official capacities. Indeed, to accept a submission that the Queen and the Governor-General were not "acting … officially" seems to deny the very positions each occupied. And the dichotomy advanced in submissions between "property of the Commonwealth" and "personal property" is apt to mislead. There is no reason why correspondence which has been written in a "personal" capacity may not also be the "property of the Commonwealth".
- Not all documents or correspondence exchanged between Governors-General and the Monarch are necessarily, however, "Commonwealth records". The title or position of the correspondents and the understanding or intention of those engaging in such correspondence is not determinative. Nor is the subject-matter of the correspondence determinative.
- With the benefit of hindsight, it is respectfully considered that the question now to be resolved may not have been best resolved by reference to an agreed statement of facts. Much may depend upon the manner in which such correspondence is expressed and the precise subject matter being addressed. One or other of the documents in question may be potentially characterised as "personal property". A conclusion that "newspaper clippings" sent to the Queen are "personal" property is a conclusion with little merit. "[R]eports" to the Queen and correspondence addressing "political happenings" attract different consideration. Without separately considering each such document, it is difficult to characterise the documents as "personal" rather than as documents going to the very heart of the Constitutional system of government of the Commonwealth and forming part of the records of the Commonwealth. Whether any particular document is an "exempt record" by reason of s 33 of the Archives Act because disclosure may (for example) "constitute a breach of confidence" (s 33(1)(d)) is an entirely separate question and a question which did not, and does not, arise for present determination.
- Notwithstanding the constraint imposed by the manner in which the proceeding progressed, it is nevertheless concluded that the documents and correspondence, considered as whole and as described in the agreed statement of facts, remain "Commonwealth records". That conclusion is reached by reference to the positions occupied by the Queen and the Governor-General; the functions being discharged by the Governor-General; the nature of the correspondence as described in the agreed statement; the subject matters being addressed; and the importance of that subject matter to the Constitutional system of government of this country. To regard those documents as "personal" property, with great respect to those who hold a contrary view, is a conclusion which cannot be supported.
- The appeal should be allowed."
Not many readers could be persuaded that the package in dispute "contains the personal and confidential correspondence between the Right Honourable Sir John Kerr, A.K., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., K.St.J., Q.C., Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia from 11 April 1974 until 8 December 1977, and Her Majesty The Queen," as the majority put it. Such correspondence is sui generis, said the majority – Latinising.
Good. The reader who has survived thus far, may be offered a line from one of Horace's Epistles, actually 1, xviii, 15,which runs like this: "Alter rixatur de lana saepe caprina", and could be translated as: "one often quarrels about goat's wool." A freer translation could be: "Do not waste your time over worthless matters." made fun of those who lost time quibbling predominantly and pedantically on trivial and stupid issues, similar to goat's wool which had no commercial value.
In fact, once it had been sheared, that wool appeared in hard, intricate, difficult to untangling; And once spun with great difficulty, it was prickly, rough and shaggy, for nothing easy to work and unpleasant to wear.
The issues of 'caprine wool' in short, cost only practical and mental fatigue, without actually giving any valid and concrete result.
Traveller has had more than a smattering in the law, albeit at a continental university. Because not entitled to be regarded as 'learned in law'- as the courtly expression states – Traveller put a question to a learned barrister, And the question went like this: "Suppose that at the beginning of the dispute, safely before the lawyers – who are officers of the court, aren't they? – started duelling over the meaning of this and that section of the Archives Act – were to agree that the judge should open the package and satisfy himself as to the nature of the correspondence by reading it, would the case have been resolved more quickly and more economically?"
The question revealed Traveller's limited knowledge of 'common law' and displayed a certain ignorance of the position that judge have in common law countries: they are ministers of a quasi lay religion which casts them as detached from the Hoi polloi, the 'commoners', the 'plebeians', and their lawyers. The suggestion also ignored that Professor Hocking's lawyers, who were acting pro bono, had already committed the cause to a 'case stated' procedure. Had Hocking demanded that the judge see the content of the package the Archives, quite likely would have objected. A well provided client may insist that the lawyer use every available method to exhaust the finances of a pro bono assisted adversary. Archives could have stalled proceedings for years on technicalities.
Three judges appeared weaklings in defence of The Monarch. Justice Flick dissent is short, clear, courageous and un-ambiguous. Can anyone miss the ringing of the bell at para. 110: "It is, with respect, difficult to conceive of documents which are more clearly "Commonwealth records" and documents which are not "personal" property. The documents include correspondence between a former Governor-General of this country, written in his capacity as Governor-General, to the Queen of Australia in her capacity as Queen of Australia, concerning "political happenings" going to the very core of the democratic processes of this country."? [Emphasis in original]
Is special leave being sought?
Continued Saturday – Adjunct imperialist clowns (part 1)
Previous instalment – Medieval combat for 'the Palace letters' (part 10)
Dr. Venturino Giorgio Venturini devoted some seventy years to study, practice, teach, write and administer law at different places in four continents. He may be reached at _EMAIL_.
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DOE's Bioenergy Technology Office's (BETO) efforts to "rewire the carbon economy?" Think catalytic upgrading to liquid fuels and chemicals. That means: "Forming carbon-carbon bonds from reduced CO2 to produce chemicals between C5 and C8 provides an opportunity for direct use as transportation fuels. Non-biological conversion specialists believe that a biorefinery could potentially use CO2 as a feedstock, perform biological reduction, and then convert to liquid fuels catalytically."
New research by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Carnegie Mellon University, SRI International and the University of Colorado at Boulder and published in Nature has shown that drone-based delivery could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in the transportation sector. Maybe an answer to what is expected to be enormous growth in the freight sector? Overall, the results are mixed, and the best choice depends on things such as the size of the drone, the weight of the package and the types of power plants on the regional electricity grid. Drones are favored in regions with relatively clean electricity, such as California.
Tammy Klein is a consultant and strategic advisor providing market and policy intelligence and analysis on transportation fuels to the auto and oil industries, governments, and NGOs. She writes and advises on petroleum fuels, biofuels, alternative fuels, automotive fuels, and fuels policy.


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To the left is yet another popular image of Gen. Francis Marion having a meal in the wilderness during the Revolutionary War. Except this time he's being portrayed by Leslie Nielsen (on the left, before his hair turned white) in Walt Disney's Swamp Fox adventures, first broadcast _PHONE_. This image comes UltimateDisney.com, where nostalgic folks can order a D.V.D. of those episodes.
Marion's enslaved servant Oscar was a regular character in that series and sang its theme song, recounting Marion's exploits. The actor who played that part was credited as "Smoki Whitfield," though he appeared in other movies and TV shows as Robert or Jordan Whitfield. He had a long Hollywood career, but most of his roles were as porters or African sidekicks, such as Eli in the Bomba the Jungle Boy series.
Whitfield's screen name "Smoki" fits into a pattern for African-American actors of the time. Many white Hollywood actors adopted professional names that hid or changed their ethnic background, as when Emmanuel Goldenberg became Edward G. Robinson. But many black Hollywood actors, particularly males, worked under names that emphasized or ironically played off their ethnicity and the stereotypes associated with it. The most famous was Lincoln Perry as Stepin Fetchit, but others included Willie Best as Sleep 'n' Eat, Fred Toones as Snowflake, and Spencer Bell as G. Howe Black.
And at last I get to my point: American culture didn't forget Gen. Marion's enslaved servant Oscar. Rather, the culture fit that historical individual into reassuring molds that changed along with mainstream society's values. First came the loyal, subservient servitor visible in nineteenth-century paintings and books. Then came the Disney Company's friendly supporting character and quaint musical entertainer. Given that pattern, praising Marion's "devoted and selfless consecration to the service of our country" in a Senate ceremony could simply shift the man into another reassuring mold—exemplary African-American patriot—without bringing us closer to understanding his real experiences.
Genealogist Tina C. Jones started to research Gen. Marion's enslaved workers to find clues to such experiences; some of her ancestors were captive on that slave-labor plantation. Calling our attention to the black servants in paintings of Marion should help us think about what those figures represented. Reminding us that throughout the Revolution Gen. Marion was served by a real individual kept in bondage should spur us to consider what that man's life might have been like. But we shouldn't take the symbol for the man.
In its article on the Dec 2006 Senate ceremony about John Blake White's painting of Marion, the Washington Post stated of the black cook, "He has had his name restored." And indeed names are significant. Jones's research seems to have spurred recent authors to refer to the man as "Oscar Marion" rather than "faithful servant Oscar."
Of course, not all enslaved people shared a surname with their owners. Notable exceptions included:
- William Lee, George Washington's bodyservant during the Revolutionary War.
- Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson's servant and likely mistress.
- Crispus Attucks, identified only by his first name when he escaped from slavery in Framingham; newspapers and legal documents included a Native American surname after his death in the Boston Massacre.
- Frederick Bailey, who later took the name Frederick Douglass; he was never enslaved in a Bailey family.


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Applying ice after an injury is a common method for reducing pain and swelling. It is especially effective for athletes, who often experience sudden, painful injuries. This type of cold therapy, also known as cryotherapy, is used by chiropractors for the same purposes.
Types of Cold Therapy
Many types of cold therapy are available to reduce pain and swelling after an injury, including the use of:
- Ice packs
- Ice massage
- Slush bucket (half water, half crushed ice)
- Whirlpool with ice water
- Cold wet towels
Benefits of Cold Therapy
Cold temperatures cause blood vessels to narrow, which reduces the flow of blood into an area. As a result, cold therapy:
- Reduces swelling and pain after injury
- Slows movement of fluid into tissues
- Reduces the amount of chemicals that cause inflammation in injured tissue
- Reduces bleeding
- Slows the movement of pain signals from nerves
- Decreases muscle spasms by reducing the contraction of muscles
Cold therapy may also keep cells in the injured area from dying due to the lack of oxygen. This is because an injury can reduce blood flow — and oxygen — to the area. However, cold therapy slows the activity of cells, which reduces how much oxygen they need to stay alive.
Tips for Best Cold Therapy
For cold therapy to work, cold packs should be applied as soon as possible. Pain and inflammation are common within 72 hours after an injury.
To avoid frostbite, cold packs should be applied for only 10 minutes at a time, with breaks of at least an hour in between. The ice can be applied several times a day, for three or four days after an injury — or as directed by your chiropractor.
Also, cold packs should never be applied directly to the skin. Instead, a towel should be placed between the skin and cold pack.
Cold therapy may not be appropriate for everyone. Some people respond to cold temperatures by breaking out in hives or developing pain in the joints.
If you have questions about cold therapy or think you might benefit from this type of treatment, please contact our office to schedule an appointment and receive more information.


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Validity Evidence for the Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension (TOSREC)
An essential component of a response to intervention (RTI) framework is a screening process that is both accurate and efficient. The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity evidence for the Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension (TOSREC) to determine its potential for use within a screening process. Participants included 226 students in Grades 1 to 5. Validity evidence was analyzed through (a) correlation with performance on concurrent, individually administered oral reading fluency (ORF) measures, (b) correlation with performance on concurrently administered reading comprehension measures, (c) correlation of fall and winter TOSREC performance with a state reading outcome measure administered in spring, (d) a binary classification analysis to predict whether students met grade-level performance benchmarks on a state reading assessment, and (e) a stepwise regression analysis examining the variance in performance on a state assessment accounted for by TOSREC and ORF. The concurrent correlations of TOSREC with ORF were high, with the exception of the fall fourth grade administration. Correlations of TOSREC and outcome measures were consistent with those of ORF. The binary classification analysis examining the TOSREC's ability to accurately predict those students who did not meet grade-level performance benchmarks on the state's reading assessment demonstrated high classification accuracy (90%) as well as high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (86%). Finally, a regression analysis indicated that the TOSREC accounted for additional unique variance in state assessment performance above and beyond ORF. Implications for practice are discussed.
Johnson, Evelyn S.; Pool, Juli L.; and Carter, Deborah R.. (2011). "Validity Evidence for the Test of Silent Reading Efficiency and Comprehension (TOSREC)". Assessment for Effective Intervention, 37(1), 50-57. _URL_


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Animated Instructional Software for Mechanics of Materials: Implementation and Assessment
During the past 3 years, the Basic Engineering Department at the University of Missouri-Rolla has been developing a second-generation suite of instructional software called MecMovies for the Mechanics of Materials course. the MecMovies suite consists of over 110 animated example problems, drill-and-practice games, and interactive exercises. Students generally respond favorably to software of this type; however, much of the data that has been gathered to assess the effectiveness of similar software has been anecdotal. the method by which instructional software is incorporated into the engineering class is partly responsible for this lack of systematic evaluation. Often, software packages have been implemented in the classroom as supplemental material—recommended but not required. in the Fall 2003 semester, MecMovies was integrated thoroughly into the course assignments for one of the six UMR Mechanics of Materials sections. Four professors were involved in the study, and student performance in the experimental MecMovies section was compared to performance in the five control sections through a common final exam. at the end of the semester, students who used the MecMovies software also completed a survey questionnaire consisting of a number of subjective rating items. This paper presents a comparison of student performance in the experimental and control sections along with discussion of student qualitative ratings and comments.
T. A. Philpot and R. H. Hall, "Animated Instructional Software for Mechanics of Materials: Implementation and Assessment," Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Wiley, Apr 2006.
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
Business and Information Technology
National Science Foundation (U.S.)
United States. Department of Education
Keywords and Phrases
Animations; Assessment; Instructional Software; Mechanics of Materials
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Article - Journal
© 2006 Wiley, All rights reserved.


68 minutes | Feb 3rd 2021
Developing the Indomitable Gift of Compassion with Dr. Stan Steindl
We all struggle at times with our relationships, in parenting, at work. We all get sad, stressed and worried. We might feel lonely or isolated. We might feel fear, guilt or shame. These are all forms of suffering, much of which comes from rumination, self-criticism and the complex work of our minds. The good news is that we can alleviate much of this suffering by uncovering our Compassionate Self - the key to a healthier mental life.Today's guest is an expert in compassion, Clinical Psychologist, Adjunct Associate Professor, and Author of the insightful and beautifully written book: "The Gifts of Compassion: How to understand and overcome suffering", Dr Stan Steindl.In this episode, Stan gives us a starting point to understanding compassion and guides us through discovering our most compassionate selves.Join us today as we answer the following questions:What do we mean by compassion?What is the difference between empathy and sympathy as interpersonal skills?Why understanding suffering is the key to unlocking our most "compassionate selves"Identifying fears, blocks, and resistance to open yourself up to receiving self-care and self compassionHow self criticism disguises itself as self challenge with short term benefits but is actually counterproductiveWhat is shame and how is it relevant in self compassion?The difference between shame and guiltUsing imagery to learn about and develop your most compassionate selfWhere can you find Stan:_URL_ (Compassion in a T-Shirt)_URL_ (The Compassion Initiative with James Kirby)_URL_ add links to Stan's social media, see guest tab)Dr. Stan Steindl's book:_URL_ resources mentioned in this episode:About Compassion Focused Therapy - _URL_ and abstract for the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of compassion-based interventionshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0005789417300667Link to my coaching services on the web site please :-)
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To Prescribe or Not To Prescribe? Surrogate Decision Making For Life-Enhancing Products
Journal of Consumer Research, vol.
With rapid biotechnological advances in specialty drugs and direct-to-consumer advertising, consumers are under tremendous pressure to look, perform, feel, and live better. This is often accomplished through the use of life-enhancing products, sometimes referred to as performance-enhancing products, which can be accessed only through a gatekeeper, such as a physician. Integrating consumer and medical research, this article investigates how physicians make trade-offs between objective medical and nonmedical factors to determine consumers' access to life-enhancing products by examining US pediatric endocrinologists' prescription decisions for growth hormone (GH) for healthy but short children. The results of a conjoint study indicate that consumer medical criteria have less impact on a physician's decision to prescribe GH if the consumer requests a prescription or the physician believes in the intangible product benefits, and more impact when the product is more expensive. A physician's length of experience increases the impact of consumer medical criteria and decreases the influence of a consumer's preference for a prescription on the decision to prescribe. Overall, this research shows that not all consumers have equal access to life-enhancing products; their access depends on a complex combination of medical and nonmedical factors related to the consumer, product, and the physician.


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Alana is a mother of two kids. Just like other brothers and sisters, they usually argue and fight a lot when they play together. One day, these two kids made Alana emotional breakdown when they were fighting on the stairs, and Alana was standing in the kitchen. She yelled at her kids. The words, "Stop it both of you!" were louder and more shrill than anything she has ever heard. Her kids' reactions were shocked at the first. Then her daughter started to cry and yelled back, "Don't you scream! You're mean!" Her son dropped to his knees as he was heartbroken.
I don't think it is the result she wanted, but it's the result she got after she yelled at her kids. Sometimes when kids fight and argue, they need your companion and attention. After that day, Alana read, researched, and reflected. In time, she adopted a powerful tactic to stop her from yelling at her kids.
So let's learn one simple strategy of stop yelling at your child from Alana Pace's short story. Fill the form and click the Download button below to get the full article.


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Browse through our Glossary!
The name given to any food dish prepared with mixed ingredients that include a starch (pasta, potato or grain), a protein (meat, poultry or fish), and vegetables combined with a soup sauce to keep it all together and baked in a covered dish. Greek and Latin in origin, the term Casserole is a common reference for a variety of different food dishes that combine ingredients in a soup-based sauce such as cream of mushroom or cream of chicken soup. Another term used in reference to a Casserole is hotdish. Chicken and rice, tator tot hotdish, or tuna noodle hotdish are all forms of a Casserole or hotdish. Casserole may also be a term used to describe the piece of kitchenware in which the food is being served, such as a Casserole pot or dish. Casserole dishes are typically round and made from metal or oven-safe glass and pottery.
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I&39;ve move object along path in after effects also tried copy path onto position which creates a path but it&39;s open at beginning and end of the motion path. Can You animate text in after effects? First, you need to select the object and click P, move object along path in after effects for position. HD, Hand Reviewed and 100% Ready to Use. To activate a move object along path in after effects camera tool hit the 'C' key on your keyboard and cycle until you have the right layer selected. Then hit " OK.
Click the Position property name to select it, and then choose Edit > Paste. SPP Motion Graphics Competition: Please Support me by hitting Like & ShareVideo: Hi, In After Effects, I have an object, 7680x4320 pixels (4 times FullHD size). I found a workaround to manually reflip it but is quite annoying.
After that, you need to click on the stopwatch next to position, to set the startpoint of the movement. · The path is a simple line, not move object along path in after effects a complex shape, and The Artboard in Illustrator is the same size as the Composition You can copy the path in Illustrator and paste it directly to move object along path in after effects the motion path move object along path in after effects of a layer in After Effects and everything will line up. TopSearch Can Help You Find Multiples Results Within Seconds. Like a trail of objects following the same path move object along path in after effects in a "train". You will see a yellow diamond appear on the timeline. Go to Layer > Transform > Auto-Orient, and choose Orient Along Path. In his latest tutorial, Ilir Beqiri shows how you can move and align a layer in After Effects along a path by working with expressions.
This is a good method to animate solid objects orbiting around in 3D space, move object along path in after effects move object along path in after effects but I after want to animate an organic, fluid object swirling around the Y axis. There is a fast and easy way to move along a mask, path, or spline, as shown in Joe Lawrence's latest quick tip tutorial. And what that will do move object along path in after effects is bring move object along path in after effects up this.
move object along path in after effects The arrow flows along just great. If you have spent any amount of time using After after Effects for motion graphics, you probably have wished for an easy way (or one at all) to move elements around the screen by drawing the move object along path in after effects path first. Follow this tutorial to learn how to create a text path in After Effects CC. How do I rotate an object in effects after effects? I used my path for X&Y and keyframed Z. · You would think for such a motion graphics concentric tool such as After Effects, that animating an object along a path would effects be simple.
Each one does something specific. How do you make a text path in after effects? move object along path in after effects to at the bottom of this Transform menu, Auto-Orient. · Ilir Beqiri shows how you can use expressions to move and align along a path in After Effects. Move the Time indicator a few seconds into the timeline, and move your object to a new position.
Object along move object along path in after effects path Animation. I have defined a NURBS curve (path) and attached an arrow to effects the path. And to do that, simply right-click on the layer and go to Transform and then go.
97, and give it a name such as "Rollercoaster Text. So, what we can do is we don&39;t have to animate rotation, but move object along path in after effects we could. automatically have After Effects orient this move object along path in after effects object along its path, which.
zip Walter Soyka Designer & Mad Scientist at Keen Live link. Press R to open the Rotation parameter, and scrub to rotate the animated layer to the proper angle on the path. · The easiest, most precise and fastest way to warp layers along paths. Select the car layer, and then press P to display its Position property. When I move a 3d object (create with Element 3D) along a 3D move object along path in after effects path ad set the position properties to "Auto-orient" sometimes the object flip along the Z (the Z-axis maintains the same parameter during the motion, but the object flips). Now I want this object to follow a path, to reveal different parts of the object as it moves move object along path in after effects along this path. Here&39;s an example move object along path in after effects for your case that you could modify: 12140_dotonpath. this happens in AF CC, CS6 and CS5.
Moving objects along a path in After Effects Social: YouTube: com/channel/UCQKfDFA1cCAB1Oq5B6Vr7ew/ Twitter: More Move Object Along Path In move object along path in after effects After Effects videos. Select the directed by layer in the Timeline panel, and press M to display its Mask Path property. · Making text follow a path in After Effects is all about controlling the tools already built into the software. Select the words Mask Path and then choose Edit > Copy to copy the path.
Warp and Animate Layers Along Paths. it moves the mask then starts moving the object. Once you've got used to working with keyframes you shouldn't need too many creative workarounds, and enhancing your animations is a good way to learn about expressions too. I&39;ve set my composition size to 1920x1080 pixels, purposely 4 times smaller than my object. While that takes care of movement, it doesn't do anything to keep the layer move object along path in after effects oriented as it moves.
When I create or place an object on my AF comp and then draw a mask. See attached photo for general idea of what I&39;m thinking. Deselect all the keyframes. Click the Mask move object along path in after effects Path property to select it, and then choose Edit > Copy.
Click the radio button for " Orient Along Path " in the new Auto-Orientation window that appears. Same thing that is happening in the second half of this tutorial with text: After Effects Tutorial: Get an object to follow a mask path - YouTube. I try to paste that path into the position properties the path will be &39;offset&39; and the object will not go to the start of the mask.
Orient the object along the path. PSS: Using the Puppet Pin Tool to shape the pre-comp in the final position and animating the pre-comp contents isn&39;t exactly a nice way to do it cause the Puppet Pin Tool is hard to manoeuvre and. And it doesn&39;t align to the ellipse, (IDK how to rotate the motion path to align). Another handy feature of After Effects is its ability to automatically rotate the object with the turns of the mask path. move object along path in after effects Paint tools: Brush. Make a move object along path in after effects new composition that's 1920×1080, 29.
Add the motion track file to the project. We learn how to get an object such as a solid or move object along path in after effects a after shape to animate along a mask path we define, and also learn a similar move object along path in after effects technique for text objects. Google Search Icon Animation.
Search For Info About After effects templates. What I want to do is take a graphic and move it along the same path (X,Y, AND Z) to make it look like move object along path in after effects it&39;s leaving the particle trail. is just so helpful. Creative Cloud Libraries in After Effects; Drawing, after painting, and paths. · Orient the Object to Rotate Along the Path Another handy feature of After Effects is move object along path in after effects its ability to automatically rotate the object with the turns of the mask path.
Here&39;s the scenario: I want to animate a stream of arrows following a path. Click and drag your video or photo from the "Name" section into the project pane in the lower-left corner of the window, making sure to drop the file above the video&39;s title there. But then with objects. Remove objects from your move object along path in after effects videos with the Content-Aware Fill panel. To move a camera in After Effects you need to use one of move object along path in after effects the four camera movement tools. Adobe After Effects. The 1 AE Templates. For that, there are, of course, other tricks.
co has been visited by 1M+ users in the past month. · I am struggling to animate multiple objects along a path and would be grateful for any advice please. · If you&39;re using the latest version of After Effects, you can make use of the new pointOnPath() expression to link the position of one layer to a path on another. Seems simple enough, but can&39;t find a way. TIP OF THE DAY: One trick I use to have an object move back and forth across a single line move object along path in after effects without having to use two line paths, I use a SQUARE motion path, set easing to none, move object along path in after effects then flatten the box path down to a line, set the timing to 20 seconds or so, now the object moves gently back and forth in the background with the single control. I feel like this is fairly basic but


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Desiccators, sometimes called dry boxes, provide a low-humidity atmosphere for storage of items and materials that would otherwise be damaged by moisture. Desiccators are used for a wide range of applications across several scientific disciplines.
In chemistry and biology, desiccators are often used to store hygroscopic reagents and chemicals. Keeping these compounds in a low-humidity environment drastically increases their shelf life. In semiconductor research and manufacturing, dry storage is often employed to prevent damaging oxidation of wafers and other components that can lead to immediate or latent failures.
In order to achieve a low relative-humidity (RH) atmosphere for storage within a desiccator, two storage techniques are commonly used: desiccant-based and nitrogen-purged.
Benefits of Desiccant
A desiccant is a hygroscopic material, often silica gel. We've all seen "pillow packs" in pill bottles and electronic pac


decomposed "San José". These are distressing omissions.
 To give a concrete example, do a case-insensitive search for "Berliner Weisse" on this page in a modern Unicode-savvy browser (sorry Firefox users), and it will correctly find the alternate spelling "Berliner Weiße", a string with a different number of characters. The Go strings package could not support this.
 My enthusiasm for its Unicode support was further dampened when I exercised some of the operations it does support. For example, it doesn't properly handle the case conversions of Greek sigma (as in the name "Odysseus") or German eszett:
 package main
 import (
 . "strings"
 func main() {
 os.Stdout.WriteString(ToUpper("Weiße Elster\n"))
 This outputs "ὀδυσσεύσ" and "WEIßE ELSTER", instead of the correct "ὀδυσσεύς" and "WEISSE ELSTER."
 In fact, reading the source code it's clear that string case conversions are currently implemented in terms of individual character case conversion. For the same reason, title case is broken even for Roman characters: strings.ToTitle("ridiculous fish") results in "RIDICULOUS FISH" instead of the correct "Ridiculous Fish." D'oh.
 Go has addressed this by documenting this weirdo existing behavior and then adding a Title function that does proper title case mapping. So Title does title case mapping on a string, while ToTitle does title case mapping on individual characters. Pretty confusing.
 Unicode in Go might be summed up as good types underlying a bad API. This sounds like a reparable problem: start with a minimal incomplete string package, and fix it later. But we know from Python the confusion that results from that approach. It would be better to have a complete Unicode-savvy interface from the start, even if its implementation lags somewhat.
 In the language FAQ, the designers explain why Go does not support assertions:
 ...our experience has been that programmers use them as a crutch to avoid thinking about proper error handling and reporting. Proper error handling means that servers continue operation after non-fatal errors instead of crashing. Proper error reporting means that errors are direct and to the point, saving the programmer from interpreting a large crash trace. Precise errors are particularly important when the programmer seeing the errors is not familiar with the code...Time invested writing a good error message now pays off later when the test breaks.
 This is the "moon rover" philosophy: if something unexpected happens to the moon rover, it should relay as much information as it can, and keep going no matter the cost. This is a defensible position. I would expect to see some sort of error handling infrastructure, and precise error reporting. But there's not:
 - If you index beyond the bounds of an array, the error is "index out of range." It does not report what the index is, or what the valid range is.
 - If you dereference nil, the error is "invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference" (which is it, and why doesn't it know?)
 - If your code has so much as a single unused variable or import, the compiler will not "continue operation," and instead refuse to compile it entirely.
 Some of what I wrote above seems a little snarky / petty, but there it is. Regardless, Go still chooses to not support assertions.
 Compile times
 Go's compilation speed receives top billing on the home page, with the claim "typical builds take a fraction of a second." At first blush it seems to be so. The single-file project I spent a day on compiles in two hundreths of a second. The 45 file math package compiles in just under a second. Wow!
 The compile speed claims seems to have since been removed, so I also removed some ill-conceived ramblings. Here's a summary of what I found 16 months ago:
 - For small compiles, the Go compiler was blazingly fast; on a large synthetic codebase (700 files), it was three times slower than clang compiling C.
 - The Go compiler does not support incremental or parallel compilation (yet). Changing one file requires recompiling them all, one by one.
 - You could theoretically componentize an app into separate packages. However it appears that packages cannot have circular dependencies, so packages are more like libraries than classes.
 I don't know to what extent these findings still apply, if at all. Building on the latest release errored with a cryptic "nosplit stack overflow" message, which I did not dig into.
 The most important and unusual feature of Go is its concurrency mechanism. To summarize, the "go" keyword can be applied in front of a function call, which will be executed in the background, concurrent with the remainder of the function and all other so-called "goroutines." Goroutines are lightweight. Communication between goroutines is via "channels," which are thread safe queues. A channel is parametrized by some type: you can make a channel of ints, of strings, of structs, etc. This is an attractive mechanism, especially compared to traditional pthreads.
 At this point the notes become sparse; the remainder of the text is new content presented in black so as not to exhaust your retinas.
 A goroutine is a thread which is scheduled in user-space, and so less expensive than kernel threads. Overhead is a few KB. The docs say, "It is practical to create hundreds of thousands of goroutines in the same address space." Cool!
 You can create a goroutine with any function, even a closure. But be careful: a questionable design decision was to make closures capture variables by reference instead of by value. To use an example from Go's FAQ, this innocent looking code actually contains a serious race:
 values := []string{"a", "b", "c"}
 for _, v := range values {
 go func() {
 done <- true
 The for loop and goroutines share memory for the variable v, so the loop's modifications to the variable are seen within the closure. For a language that exhorts us to "do not communicate by sharing memory," it sure makes it easy to accidentally share memory! (This is one reason why the default behavior of Apple's blocks extension is to capture by value.)
 fish Fails at Making a Thread Safe Set
 To explore Go's concurrency, I attempted to make a thread-safe set. The set "runs" in its own goroutine, which not only enables thread safety, but also allows clients to insert data into the set and move on, while the set rehashes in the background - something that a lock-based implementation cannot do!
 Let's make a type for the set, SafeSet:
 type SafeSet struct {
 set map[string] bool
 adder chan string
 There's a map that will be protected by a goroutine, and a channel. The goroutine reads values from the channel, and adds them to the map.
 The set needs a way to test for membership. I took a design cue from the old Go tutorial, which implements an object's methods by having a separate channel for each request "type," so we add a "test" channel. The test channel must receive the value to test, and also a channel to send the result. So we package up the value to be looked up and the result channel into a little struct. We send this on the "test' channel:
 type SetTest struct {
 val string
 result chan bool
 type SafeSet struct {
 set map[string] bool
 adder chan string
 tester chan SetTest
 Little single-use types like SetTest seems to be a common idiom in Go. Next, we can introduce a function that services a SafeSet, and all of its channels:
 func (set *SafeSet) run() {
 for {
 select {
 case toadd := <- set.adder:
 set.set[toadd] = true
 case testreq := <- set.tester:
 testreq.result <- set.set[testreq.val]
 Lastly we make a function that creates a SafeSet, by allocating all of its components and kicking off the goroutine:
 func newSet() (result SafeSet) {
 result.set = make(map[string] bool)
 result.adder = make(chan string, 16)
 result.tester = make(chan SetTest, 16)
 go result.run()
 That magic number "16" is the buffer size of the channel: it can hold 16 values in-flight. (A channel can also be unbuffered, which causes a reader to block until a writer is available, and vice-versa.)
 The channels are buffered so the client can insert into the set and then move on, even if the set is busy. Not shown is deletion, or wrapper functions; the entire code is here.
 As far as I can tell, this is idiomatic Go (or at least it was 16 months ago). Much of the code is concerned with packaging requests and then demultiplexing them in the goroutine. This seems like needless boilerplate: why not instead simply pass a closure over a channel that the goroutine will execute? I have never seen this technique used in Go, but it seems natural to me. (It's essentially how libdispatch works.)
 For comparison purposes, I wrote a similar set in Objective-C.
 In the ObjC SafeSet, the role of the goroutine is played by the dispatch queue


is behind it.
In this envelopes situation, no information is gained after making our initial choice, about the probability of the contents in the other envelope - the expected value is the same as it was at the outset so there is no probabilistic reasoning to employ to justify altering our decision.
Consider different prior probs: in particular assign to ln(2x) probability 1/2 and to ln(x/2) probability 1/2. Then, the expected value of the other envelop becomes
ln(2x) 1/2 + ln(x/2) 1/2 = ln(x)
which is the same as the logarithm of the value on your envelop.
This is a good one! The snag is that there's no uniform probability distribution on positve integers (or reals).
If I instead of taking the envelope, (equivalently) toss a coin. And let us say I choose 'Heads'. Question: This situation above is it not akin to then changing my mind to 'Tails' -- and so on?
What is the fundamental reason that one should keep flipping from 'Heads' to 'Tails' and back-n-forth, and assume there is more money being made from (equivalent) future iterations.
This is a Ponzi scheme. :-)
What if the envelopes contained, say $1 and $100? As far as I understand it, the math above goes out the window, but the decision of whether or not to swap envelopes doesn't change. It's basically 50/50 odds.
x is the amount in your chosen envelope. Let L = lower amount and H = higher amount. H=2L.
Expected value of x is 1/2*L + 1/2*H = 1/2*L + 1/2*2L = 3/2 * L
Expected value of the other envelope is also 3/2 * L by symmetry, so there's no point in switching.
The (deliberate) flaw in the formula they set out is that they say the amount in the other envelope is either 2x or x/2, but this means that one envelope is worth 4 times the other, which we know isn't the case!
Very interesting. If I swap twice do I get 5x/4 squared? Maybe I will get someone to swap on my behalf and go on an expensive holiday knowing full well it will be paid for when I get back!
It's a function of x, which you don't know.
I call my choice of envelope x.
Then the other must be 2x or 1/2x.
I like the sound of that, so I swap.
So my first choice is now the other envelope and is 2(2x or 1/2x) or 1/2(2x or 1/2x) = 4x or x or x or 1/4x = 4x or x or 1/4x
I like the sound of that even better, so I swap again
So the other envelope is now 2(4x or x or 1/4x) or 1/2(4x or x or 1/4x) = 8x or 2x or 1/2x or 2x or 1/2x or 1/8x = 8x or 2x or 1/2x or 1/8x.
Yes, you got it, I swap again... and again till the first term is like (2^100)x or something, then I open the envelope.
That's how I get to be one of those mysterious billionaires.
Instead of thinking about the two outcomes of the situation, it is better evaluated by the amount of change that will be experienced by the switch. You can either hold the 2x or the x with equal odds, so if you don't make the switch, it is fifty/fifty either way. If you hold the x and switch to the 2x, that is a net gain of x. However, if you hold the 2x and switch to the x, that is a net loss of x. Averaging these outcomes, you get 0.5(x - x)= 0, which shows that there is no net gain or loss in making the switch.


-irrelevant information in preadolescent children. Biol Psychol. 110:68-74.
Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu C-T, Castelli DM, and Hillman CH. 2011. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci. 14(5): 1046–1058.
Keely TJH and Fox KR. 2009. The impact of physical activity and fitness on academic achievement and cognitive performance in children. Int Rev Sports Exercise Physiology 2(2): 198-214.
Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Moore RD, Wu CT, Kamijo K. 2014. Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function. Pediatrics pii: peds.2013-3219. [Epub ahead of print]
Hillman CH, Buck SM, Themanson JR, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM. 2009a. Aerobic fitness and cognitive development: Event-related brain potential and task performance indices of executive control in preadolescent children. Dev Psychol. 45(1):114-29.
Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Castelli DM, Hall EE, Kramer AF. 2009b. The effect of acute treadmill walking on cognitive control and academic achievement in preadolescent children. Neuroscience. 159(3):1044-54.
Pontifex MB, Saliba BJ, Raine LB, et al. 2013. Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 162:543-551.
Raine LB, Scudder MR, Saliba BJ, Kramer AF, and Hillman C. 2016. Aerobic Fitness and Context Processing in Preadolescent Children. J Phys Act Health.13(1):94-101.
Raine LB, Lee HK, Saliba BJ, Chaddock-Heyman L, Hillman CH, and Kramer AF. 2013. The influence of childhood aerobic fitness on learning and memory. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 11;8(9):e72666.
Schmidt M, Jäger K, Egger F, Roebers CM, and Conzelmann A. 2015. Cognitively Engaging Chronic Physical Activity, But Not Aerobic Exercise, Affects Executive Functions in Primary School Children: A Group-Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 37(6):575-91.
Tomporowski PD. 2016. Exercise and Cognition. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 28(1):23-7.
Content of "The cognitive benefits of exercise for children" last modified 3/15
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Failure to Launch & Drug Addiction: Which Comes First?
Man seeking addiction treatment funding
"Failure to launch" describes an adult between the ages of 18 to mid-30s who lives at home with their parents and is unable to become independent mentally, physically, emotionally, and financially. Typically, these individuals struggle to transition from adolescence to a successful, thriving adulthood. Failure to launch is not a diagnosis, but rather a way to describe this population of young adults.
What is Failure to Launch?
When we talk about the word "launch," it refers to the developmental stages during childhood and adolescence when learning to become independent and developing important life skills occur in the home.
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Typically, these are defined into terms like sensory motor, neuromotor, social, and learning skills, which allow a person to explore and gain skills on becoming an independent adult [1]. Part of learning to launch within society is having motivation, a passion or interest in a career, and resiliency to be able to overcome challenges and struggles.
Many individuals who struggle with failure to launch have mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, or drug and substance addiction, keeping them from becoming fully independent. Often, they might struggle with occupational or academic failures and drop out of university. They may lack the internal motivation to try again or continue with gaining life skills.
In 2013, research was published through the U.S. Census Bureau that 36 percent of those aged 18 to 31 are still living with their parents [2]. The researchers drew conclusions that it can be connected to many factors, such as socioeconomic changes, family dynamics, and mental health issues.
The Role of Technology
Often in today's youth, the immediate is the way of the world. They are used to getting instant information and quick products. Many are used to having technology at their fingertips and use it to socialize, play, shop, and pretty much conduct all aspects of daily life.
With the rise of the Internet, many young adults are able to secure high paying jobs without a higher education degree. The National Association of Colleges and Employers reported that the average starting salary for a person with a bachelor's degree is $45,327 [2].
Based on this, many young professionals may not accept or stay in a position where they feel they are owed a higher salary.
Family mental health issues or addiction can also play a role in failure to launch. Having caretakers or parents who are addicts or unable to cope with the role of being a parent can create an environment where there is no active learning on how to become a responsible adult. When the youth has an addiction, it can also lead to the inability to move forward with their life.
Statistics on Drug Addiction in the U.S.
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), most addictions start between the ages of 10 to 13 [3].
College girl playing guitarSuch drugs of choice are typically tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and prescription drugs, which are all available with fairly easy access due to a parent or caretaker's use.
Also, according to the NSDUH, if use continues, the drugs become stronger and more frequent, leading to an addiction.
Addiction can be described as a chronic disease that includes drug seeking behaviors, compulsive actions, impulse control issues, and potentially harmful consequences of continued use [4].
As previous studies have shown, when drug use occurs, it alters the brain patterns and dysregulates self-control and impulse control. Meaning, that a person is more inclined to use substances.
Long-term issues with continued drug addiction can be learning issues, faulty decision-making and judgment, increased stress, difficulty or lapses in memory and behavior that is favored toward drug use [4].
Factors such biology, environment, and development all play a role in drug addiction. Regardless of how the addiction begins, it can be devastating for an individual and their family.
How Failure to Launch Relates to Drug Addiction
Many of the factors that play a role in the development of an addiction also have roots in the failure to launch condition. Which comes first though? It is hard to tell. One is a description of a generation, and the second is of a disease which affects the brain and body.
Failure to launch and drug addiction are both pieces to a larger puzzle. It is about what environment we are born into, what heritability factors we contain, and what we are taught throughout our life.
If a person does not have positive, encouraging role models, it might affect their outlook on jobs, their ability to go farther than their parents, or how they view themself. If no one in their family went to college, it could impact their ability or motivation to go to school.
If a parent or caregiver does everything for their child, it can create a sense of entitlement within the child, and a lack of ability to know how to care for himself or overcome challenges on their own.
Addiction is powerful and all-encompassing when someone is an addict. If a caregiver is an addict, then they are unable to provide the coping skills for their child to know how to enter into the adult world ready for responsibilities and independence. It can create the cycle of addiction among generations of family with continued failure to launch.
Man staring by the bridgeIn conclusion, failure to launch and drug addiction are both separate but connected. Drug addictions can start in tween or early teen years and have a biological, environmental, and social aspect to them.
Failure to launch is a learned behavior or way of being, dependent on the environment. It is not totally certain which comes first when trying to figure out the reason for a generation of individuals with failure to launch, but we know that there are various levels of factors that influence a person and family to fear engaging in independence.
[1] Fischer, R. (2015, January 20). Failure to Launch Syndrome. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from
[2] Tucson, C. (n.d.). Cottonwood Tucson. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from
[3] Abuse, N. I. (n.d.). When and how does drug abuse start and progress? Retrieved June 20, 2017, from
[4] Abuse, N. I. (n.d.). Understanding Drug Use and Addiction. Retrieved June 20, 2017, from
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Reviewed By: Jacquelyn Ekern, MS, LPC on July 29, 2017.
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The Global Forest
Forty Ways Trees Can Save Us
A lushly written, compelling tribute to trees-grounded in a wide range of scientific knowledge.
Renowned scientist Diana Beresford-Kroeger presents an unforgettable and highly original work of natural history with The Global Forest. She explores the fascinating and largely untapped ecological and pharmaceutical properties of trees: leaves that can comb the air of particulate pollution, fatty acids in the nuts of hickory and walnut trees that promote brain development, the compound in the water ash that helps prevent cancer, aerosols in pine trees that calm nerves. In precise, imaginative, and poetic prose, she describes the complexity and beauty of forests, as well as the environmental dangers they face. The author's indisputable passion for her subject matter will inspire readers to look at trees, and at their own connection to the natural world, with newfound awe.
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From the Old French form of the Greek name Eugenios (from eugenēs 'well-born, noble'). This name was borne by various early saints, notably a 5th-century bishop of Carthage, a 7th-century bishop of Toledo, and four popes. It is sometimes used as an Anglicized form of Irish Eóghan and has also been used as an Anglicized form of the Irish name Aodh.
English: from the Old English personal name Tāta, possibly a short form of various compound names with the obscure first element tāt, or else a nursery formation. This surname is common and widespread in Britain; the chief area of concentration is northeastern England, followed by northern Ireland.


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- (latitude, longitude) points $P_1, P_2,\ldots, P_n$.
- Presumably, all the points should form a dense cloud. However, noise is possible.
- The virtual center of the points.
For instance, 99% of the points may lie within a circle with 1km radius, except for 1% scattered outside that circle at a distance larger than 1km from any point inside the circle. Then this 1% is noise.
Unfortunately, I do not know how to define the noise properly. But the virtual center I am looking for should be close enough to most of the points. If most of the points are close to it, then I do not mind that some be far away.
If it is not too hard, I would like to be able to recognize more than one dense cloud amongst the points. In which case, each cloud could be reduced to its virtual center and thus I will have to find the new virtual super center of the virtual center cloud. That super center is the final result.
I am not a mathematician, so my descriptions are vague. But I am pretty sure that this is a well known problem and it probably has a trivial solution.
This question is similar to Detect Abnormal Points in Point Cloud, however, my space is two dimensional, which probably does not matter. Still.
The points are indeed on the surface of a sphere, a spheroid actually, Earth more precisely. However, the distance between them is not large enough to take the Earth curveture into account, so it may be safely assume that the surface is flat and longitude is X and latitude is Y.


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A tutorial video from the Autograph team on transformations in 3D. Because of the extra dimension transformations are somewhat different in three-dimensions. In this activity we will see what those differences are. Clicking on the web-link below takes you to all the videos in this series.
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A useful tutorial video advising how to use Autograph to teach transformations in 3-D. The video is clear in its instructions which ensures the teacher is able to maximise pupils' learning and understanding.
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Medical Policy: 01.01.16
Original Effective Date: March 2009
Reviewed: January 2021
Revised: January 2021
This policy contains information which is clinical in nature. The policy is not medical advice. The information in this policy is used by Wellmark to make determinations whether medical treatment is covered under the terms of a Wellmark member's health benefit plan. Physicians and other health care providers are responsible for medical advice and treatment. If you have specific health care needs, you should consult an appropriate health care professional. If you would like to request an accessible version of this document, please contact customer service at _PHONE_.
Benefit determinations are based on the applicable contract language in effect at the time the services were rendered. Exclusions, limitations or exceptions may apply. Benefits may vary based on contract, and individual member benefits must be verified. Wellmark determines medical necessity only if the benefit exists and no contract exclusions are applicable. This medical policy may not apply to FEP. Benefits are determined by the Federal Employee Program.
This Medical Policy document describes the status of medical technology at the time the document was developed. Since that time, new technology may have emerged or new medical literature may have been published. This Medical Policy will be reviewed regularly and be updated as scientific and medical literature becomes available.
Mechanical stretching devices are generally proposed as an adjunct treatment to PT and/or exercise. Mechanical stretching devices differ from continuous passive motion devices in that they are nonmotorized and include the following types: low-load prolonged-duration stretch (LLPS) devices, patient-actuated serial stretch (PASS) devices and static progressive stretch (SPS) devices. Mechanical stretching devices are generally proposed as an adjunct treatment to physical therapy (PT) and/or exercise. Physical Therapy (PT)/Occupational Therapy (OT) procedures and stretching devices have been developed to increase ROM without damaging the affected joint or its related muscles, tendons, and connective tissue.
Treatment of joint stiffness/contractures may include physical therapy, manipulation under anesthesia, arthroscopic or open lysis of adhesions, or revision surgery. Conservative treatment typically consists of postoperative physical therapy with pressure stretching techniques and home exercises. When rehabilitation has failed, serial casting, static braces, or dynamic splints that provide low-load prolonged stretch may be used if appropriate and proven. Dynamic splints use spring loading or elastic bands to provide low-intensity tension (less than that exerted by a physical therapist) and are designed to be worn over relatively long periods (ie, 6-8 hours or overnight). The efficacy of a stretching regimen to permanently remodel tissue is considered to be a function of the intensity, length of the session, number of sessions per day, and number of days per week that stretching is performed.
Several types of dynamic splinting devices are available:
LLPS devices permit active and passive motion with elastic traction within a limited range. The devices maintain a set level of tension by incorporated springs. Examples of low-load, prolonged-duration stretch (LLPS) devices include:
SP stretch devices hold the joint in a set position, while allowing manual modification of the joint angle, and may allow active motion without resistance. The device does not exert stress on the tissue unless the angle is set to the joint's limitation. This type of device allows a limited range of passive or active motion, but the motion is free and does not provide elastic traction. Available static progressive (SP) stretch devices include:
PASS devices provide a low-to high-level load to the joint using pneumatic (Extensionators [ERMI} or hydraulic (Flexionators [ERMI}) systems that are adjusted by the patient. PASS devices are custom-fitted and are available for the ankle, elbow, knee, and shoulder. A customized treatment protocol and training in use of the device are provided to the patient. Available patient-actuated serial stretch (PASS) devices include:
Jaw stretch devices are devices that open the jaw to stretch the oro-facial tissues and mobilize the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It is used primarily to prevent and treat trismus and scarring or fibrosis from radiation therapy, surgery, and trauma. Brands include:
The use of low-load prolonged stretch (LLPS) splinting devices are proven for improvement of range of motion after surgery or injury when physical therapy alone has not been effective. The use is limited to joints of the knee, elbow, toe, finger, and wrist. Use in other joints has not been proven at this time. Use prophylactically has not been proven at this time. Success in use with chronic or long-term fixed contractures has not been proven at this time.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined that devices classified as "Exerciser, Non-Measuring" are considered Class I devices and exempt range of motion 510(k) requirements. This classification does not require submission of clinical data on efficacy, only notification to the FDA prior to marketing.
This Policy addresses mechanical stretching devices including:
Low-load prolonged stretch (LLPS) will be considered medically necessary for those with contractures of the following joints, caused by injury or joint stiffness (not due to the indications found in the investigational list) of the following joints:
There is no evidence that prolonged use of dynamic splinting devices past four months has been any more effective in long-term outcomes.
Dynamic splinting devices (dynamic (low-load prolonged stretch [LLPS]) devices are considered investigational for use with joints other than knee, elbow, toe, finger, and wrist.
Dynamic splinting devices (dynamic (low-load prolonged stretch [LLPS]) devices which are specific to the ankle and shoulder are considered investigational for all indications including but not limited to the management of chronic joint stiffness or chronic fixed contractures due to trauma, fractures, burns, head and spinal cord injury, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, or cerebral palsy. Based on peer reviewed literature there is lack of scientific evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of dynamic splinting for these indications.
The use of dynamic splinting devices are not appropriate and are unproven in the pediatric population. Dynamic splinting devices are investigational for pediatrics, those patients under 18 years of age.
The use of dynamic splinting devices are not appropriate and unproven in the use of chronic conditions including, but not limited to: contractures from chronic conditions, arthritis. Prophylactic use of dynamic splinting is investigational in the management of chronic contractures.
Dynamic splinting is considered investigational for the following indications (this is not an all-inclusive list):
Based on peer reviewed literature there is lack of scientific evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of dynamic splinting for these indications and therefore, is considered investigational.
Bi-directional static progressive stretch (SPS) devices including JAS splints (e.g., JAS Elbow, JAS Shoulder, JAS Ankle, JAS Knee, JAS Wrist, and JAS Pronation-Supination) are considered investigational for all indications.
Clinical evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that use of static progressive or patient actuated devices is a safe or effective treatment option. Studies are limited to small sample sizes. Based on peer review literature clinical evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that the use of a static progressive stretch device improves long-term patient outcomes. Evidence is limited to primarily short-term outcomes and lack of comparison to other treatment modalities and therefore is considered investigational for all indications.
Patient-actuated serial stretch (PASS) (including but not limited to ERMI Flexonaters and Extensonators) devices are considered investigational for all indications.
Based on peer reviewed literature, there is lack of published studies investigating PASS devices, no conclusion can be drawn regarding their efficacy. Therefore, patient-actuated serial stretch (PASS) devices are considered investigational for all indications.
Use of jaw stretch devices (e.g. TheraBite, OraStretch) is considered investigational
Based on peer reviewed literature, there is lack of published studies investigating jaw stretch devices. No conclusion can be drawn regarding their efficacy.
Use of the SaeboMas (e.g. SaeboFlex, SaeboReach) support system is considered investigational.
Based on peer reviewed literature, there is lack of published studies investigating the SaeboMas support system for patients. No conclusion can be drawn regarding the efficacy.
To report provider services, use appropriate CPT* codes, Modifiers, Alpha Numeric (HCPCS level 2) codes, Revenue codes, and/or diagnosis codes.
Wellmark medical policies address the complex issue of technology assessment of new and emerging treatments, devices, drugs, etc. They are developed to assist in administering plan benefits and constitute neither offers of coverage nor medical advice. Wellmark medical policies contain only a partial, general description of plan or program benefits and do not constitute a contract. Wellmark does not provide health care services and, therefore, cannot guarantee any results or outcomes. Participating providers are independent contractors in private practice and are neither employees nor agents of Wellmark or its affiliates. Treating providers are solely responsible for medical advice and treatment of members. Our medical policies may be updated and therefore are subject to change without notice.
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