Wednesday, April 30, 2014
Common LibreSSL porting mistakes
The other day I wrote an article discussing LibreSSL, and the common mistakes being made by those thinking they know how to port it to other platforms. Since then, I've seen even more non-official ports pop up, and even some discussions about various Linux distros or other projects switching from OpenSSL to LibreSSL via one of the ports. I've also gotten multiple requests to elaborate a bit on some of the most common mistakes I'm seeing across these porting projects.
So here is a more verbose explanation of some of the most common problems I'm seeing:
explicit_bzero() isn't.
This function needs to ensure it cannot be optimized out. However, several projects are either using macros to define explicit_bzero as bzero, or are wrapping explicit_bzero() to bzero() without using any optimization parameters which will ensure the function call stays in. Especially problematic in the case of using link-time optimizations (LTO).
reallocarray() directly wrapped to realloc()
The former function receives the size of the element, and how many elements we're dealing with, and the latter just takes a raw amount. It's a good thing to use reallocarray() when you need to reallocate say a struct whatever[5000] to a struct whatever[30000], so you can pass sizeof(struct whatever) and 30000 as two separate parameters, as opposed to calulcating sizeof(struct whatever)*30000 which may overflow. But the naive implementations are just directly wrapping to realloc(), reintroducing the problem that reallocarray() is supposed to be fixing.
There's also issues of alignment to consider when blindly multiplying where small values are concerned, but I won't go into them here.
Poor arc4random_buf() implementations
This function is supposed to fill a buffer using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. However, I'm seeing a whole class of dumbness here:
 - Using classical pseudorandom number generators.
 - Using older less secure implementations.
OpenBSD functions may be more secure than counterparts elsewhere
This is a generic issue where OpenBSD is deleting some silly platform wrappers, or reducing multiple functions calls with glue logic down to a single standardized function. OpenBSD is depending on the security of their implementation of said function, while the porters have no idea that their platform is less secure, and have no inkling that something is wrong, because there are no compiler errors about missing functions in this scenario. One common case where this scenario is true is with the calloc() function, where the OpenBSD implementation checks for issues, but several other platforms unfortunately do not.
The future
I've actually predicted all the above problems would appear in ports once I saw what OpenBSD is doing to OpenSSL, before any of the ports of LibreSSL became public. There's a couple of other significant mistakes I'm expecting to see appear in LibreSSL ports, but have not seen yet. These probably already exists in ports I haven't reviewed, or will exist in the wild soon enough. Chief among them is implementing timingsafe_bcmp(). I'm expecting to see implementations which directly wrap to regular bcmp(), which unlike the former, is not performed in constant-time, and can expose the application to timing attacks. I'm confident in this because it's not the first time I've seen OpenBSD projects ported, and all these issues exist till this day in various projects in the wild. If you're going to port a project, please take a moment to really understand the functions you're porting, reviewing the manpages and all the comments in the source code, and truly understanding the ramifications of what you're doing.
As I said before, avoid any LibreSSL port which is not from the LibreSSL team itself, or from another team with a proven track record for knowing how to develop a secure environment.
Lastly, here's some Google searches which may turn up some of the issues mentioned here, but is by no means exhaustive:"-Dexplicit_bzero%3Dbzero""%23define+explicit_bzero+bzero""-Dtimingsafe_bcmp%3Dbcmp""%23define+timingsafe_bcmp+bcmp"
carlos said...
Are you posting these problems to their issue tracker? Or better yet, send patches fixing them?
insane coder said...
I specifically told the author of one of the porting projects floating around out there about it.
Unfortunately though, there are a bunch of porting projects popping up, and I'm not going to stay on top of all of them.
Furthermore, I myself don't necessarily even know the full extent of problems out there. This is meant as a warning to not use any LibreSSL port except from the LibreSSL team itself.
voodooKobra said...
Max said...
Poor arc4random_buf() implementations. This function is supposed to fill a buffer using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. However, I'm seeing a whole class of dumbness here:... Using poor sources of entropy like /dev/urandom on Linux... and using them to generate long-lived keys.
I'm curious about this statement. /dev/urandom on Linux works by collecting entropy and then running it through a cryptographically secure number generator, so I'm not clear on the difference between that and arc4random_buf(). Especially given recent statements by cryptographers that (except for during boot when there isn't much entropy in the pool) /dev/urandom is good enough for actual use ( ). Am I missing something?
insane coder said...
There are a ton of gotchas to using /dev/urandom (or /dev/random for that matter). I will write an article about that.
William Ahern said...
There is nothing inherently wrong with the entropy of /dev/urandom. This blogger is wrong about that, IMHO. You certainly can't use /dev/random on Linux, because it could block indefinitely. And in any event if /dev/urandom is broken so is /dev/random. Entropy guesstimation in this kind of application context is a flawed and unworkable idea, which is why OpenBSD doesn't even have a blocking /dev/random.
There are inherent problems with using a /dev device, though. 1) It won't exist in most chroot jails (ideally your chroot jail is mounted nodev); and 2) even if it exists, it might not be openable because you've hit the process descriptor limit.
The safest way to gather entropy in Linux is by using a little known sysctl. The mibs are CTL_KERN + KERN_RANDOM + RANDOM_UUID. This pulls from the same internal entropy source as /dev/urandom, but doesn't require acquiring a file descriptor.
OpenBSD, NetBSD, and FreeBSD (as of 10.0) all use a sysctl to access the kernel CSPRNG.
Max said...
Thank you William for your comments, and I'll look forward to the blog post from insane coder.
insane coder said...
William, I don't think you understood what I was getting at here. This was not about /dev/random vs dev/urandom.
The problems are way more severe than you describe.
Your safest way to gather entropy in Linux has also been removed some time ago.
Max, and everyone else: The follow up
Max said...
I'm sorry; I'll take the blame for the divergence on /dev/random vs /dev/urandom. My link to quotes by cryptographers on /dev/urandom happened to be part of a larger article about why the blocking nature of /dev/random is unnecessary.
Now I see that the problem isn't in whether the bytes are sufficiently unpredictable (what the cryptographers were commenting on) but on potential trouble with the interface.
insane coder said...
Max, I wouldn't blame you, on rereading what I wrote, I think my line was somewhat confusing. I received half a dozen e-mails from people seeming to think I was fixating specifically on /dev/urandom, and that I was suggesting one must use /dev/random on Linux. So you're not alone.
I meant to say some existing practices were unsafe, and I was referring to some specific examples.
I probably should have written something like: Using /dev/urandom unsafely on Linux, with a fallback on gettimeofday(), is a poor source of entropy. Doing so to generate long-lived keys is dangerous.
I wrote this article in a rush in a response to those asking me to clarify my previous article with some specifics, and in this section, I wasn't careful in how I phrased it.
Unfortunately most readers seem to focus on one thing which doesn't sound right to them, and ignore all the good points raised :(
insane coder said...
. said...
Carlos is correct. Talking shit without the community sense to solve it is just being a bitchy gossip.
Furthermore, it shows that by LibreSSL not taking leadership over the threshold in a way that OpenSSH Portable has become widely popular. It would be cleaner and less net effort to consolidate porting efforts to a single project under OpenBSD.
Joe P. said...
> I'm on my period said...
So Insane Coder should quit his job, give up his house, family, and friends, and move into the alley next to his local free internet cafe, all so that he can devote enough time to finding each and every one of these horrendous ports that keep popping up and fixing them one by one? Sorry, but "community sense" doesn't apply when the "community" shouldn't exist in the first place.
LibreSSL has said that they're planning to do proper ports if and when they have the funding and the stable codebase to work from, but


text:
Summary: This collection of 59 recent studies on the biological basis of human behavior explores the questions of whether the behavioral patterns we see are genetically fixed or racially variable. It offers a broad perspective from many disciplines -- plus a critical evaluation of whether experts are now better able to answer these questions or whether this renewed interest is just a resurgence of the old racism and biological determinism of the past. The articles stimulate r...show moreeaders to think about the questions and read -- with a critical eye -- those writers who believe they have found a simple and simplistic answer to these very complex problems. Illustrates the growing awareness of the complex interrelationships between environmental and cultural influences on behavior in humans and other animals. Covers areas such as evolution, humans, and primates; the biological basis of human behavior; the biological basis of race and racism; the new Biological Determinism; the brain, hormones, and human behavior. Includes popular, scientific, good and bad approaches to the same themes. Uses critical examples which carefully evaluate alternate approaches, and evaluates the data available to reach various conclusions -- or lack thereof. For anyone interested in the biological basis of human behavior....show lessEdition/Copyright: 2ND 99
More prices and sellers below.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Soft Set Theoretic Approach for Dimensionality Reduction
A reduct is a subset of attributes that are jointly sufficient and individually necessary for preserving a particular property of a given information system. The existing reduct approaches under soft set theory are still based on Boolean-valued information system. However, in the real applications, the data usually contain non-Boolean values. In this paper, an alternative approach for attribute reduction in multi-valued information system under soft set theory is presented. Based on the notion of multi-soft sets and AND operation, attribute reduction can be defined. It is shown that the reducts obtained are equivalent with Pawlak's rough reduction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
One might need to insert a large amount of data when first populating a database. This section contains some suggestions on how to make this process as efficient as possible.
When using multiple INSERTs, turn off autocommit and just do one commit at the end. (In plain SQL, this means issuing BEGIN at the start and COMMIT at the end. Some client libraries might do this behind your back, in which case you need to make sure the library does it when you want it done.) If you allow each insertion to be committed separately, PostgreSQL is doing a lot of work for each row that is added. An additional benefit of doing all insertions in one transaction is that if the insertion of one row were to fail then the insertion of all rows inserted up to that point would be rolled back, so you won't be stuck with partially loaded data.
Use COPY to load all the rows in one command, instead of using a series of INSERT commands. The COPY command is optimized for loading large numbers of rows; it is less flexible than INSERT, but incurs significantly less overhead for large data loads. Since COPY is a single command, there is no need to disable autocommit if you use this method to populate a table.
If you cannot use COPY, it might help to use PREPARE to create a prepared INSERT statement, and then use EXECUTE as many times as required. This avoids some of the overhead of repeatedly parsing and planning INSERT. Different interfaces provide this facility in different ways; look for "prepared statements" in the interface documentation.
Note that loading a large number of rows using COPY is almost always faster than using INSERT, even if PREPARE is used and multiple insertions are batched into a single transaction.
COPY is fastest when used within the same transaction as an earlier CREATE TABLE or TRUNCATE command. In such cases no WAL needs to be written, because in case of an error, the files containing the newly loaded data will be removed anyway. However, this consideration only applies when wal_level is minimal as all commands must write WAL otherwise.
If you are loading a freshly created table, the fastest method is to create the table, bulk load the table's data using COPY, then create any indexes needed for the table. Creating an index on pre-existing data is quicker than updating it incrementally as each row is loaded.
If you are adding large amounts of data to an existing table, it might be a win to drop the indexes, load the table, and then recreate the indexes. Of course, the database performance for other users might suffer during the time the indexes are missing. One should also think twice before dropping a unique index, since the error checking afforded by the unique constraint will be lost while the index is missing.
Just as with indexes, a foreign key constraint can be checked "in bulk" more efficiently than row-by-row. So it might be useful to drop foreign key constraints, load data, and re-create the constraints. Again, there is a trade-off between data load speed and loss of error checking while the constraint is missing.
What's more, when you load data into a table with existing foreign key constraints, each new row requires an entry in the server's list of pending trigger events (since it is the firing of a trigger that checks the row's foreign key constraint). Loading many millions of rows can cause the trigger event queue to overflow available memory, leading to intolerable swapping or even outright failure of the command. Therefore it may be necessary, not just desirable, to drop and re-apply foreign keys when loading large amounts of data. If temporarily removing the constraint isn't acceptable, the only other recourse may be to split up the load operation into smaller transactions.
Temporarily increasing the maintenance_work_mem configuration variable when loading large amounts of data can lead to improved performance. This will help to speed up CREATE INDEX commands and ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY commands. It won't do much for COPY itself, so this advice is only useful when you are using one or both of the above techniques.
Temporarily increasing the checkpoint_segments configuration variable can also make large data loads faster. This is because loading a large amount of data into PostgreSQL will cause checkpoints to occur more often than the normal checkpoint frequency (specified by the checkpoint_timeout configuration variable). Whenever a checkpoint occurs, all dirty pages must be flushed to disk. By increasing checkpoint_segments temporarily during bulk data loads, the number of checkpoints that are required can be reduced.
When loading large amounts of data into an installation that uses WAL archiving or streaming replication, it might be faster to take a new base backup after the load has completed than to process a large amount of incremental WAL data. To prevent incremental WAL logging while loading, disable archiving and streaming replication, by setting wal_level to minimal, archive_mode to off, and max_wal_senders to zero. But note that changing these settings requires a server restart.
Aside from avoiding the time for the archiver or WAL sender
to process the WAL data, doing this will actually make certain
commands faster, because they are designed not to write WAL at
all if wal_level is minimal. (They can guarantee crash safety more
cheaply by doing an
fsync at the
end than by writing WAL.) This applies to the following
CREATE TABLE AS SELECT
CREATE INDEX (and variants such as ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY)
ALTER TABLE SET TABLESPACE
COPY FROM, when the target table has been created or truncated earlier in the same transaction
Whenever you have significantly altered the distribution of data within a table, running ANALYZE is strongly recommended. This includes bulk loading large amounts of data into the table. Running ANALYZE (or VACUUM ANALYZE) ensures that the planner has up-to-date statistics about the table. With no statistics or obsolete statistics, the planner might make poor decisions during query planning, leading to poor performance on any tables with inaccurate or nonexistent statistics. Note that if the autovacuum daemon is enabled, it might run ANALYZE automatically; see Section 23.1.3 and Section 23.1.5 for more information.
Dump scripts generated by pg_dump automatically apply several, but not all, of the above guidelines. To reload a pg_dump dump as quickly as possible, you need to do a few extra things manually. (Note that these points apply while restoring a dump, not while creating it. The same points apply whether loading a text dump with psql or using pg_restore to load from a pg_dump archive file.)
By default, pg_dump uses COPY, and when it is generating a complete schema-and-data dump, it is careful to load data before creating indexes and foreign keys. So in this case several guidelines are handled automatically. What is left for you to do is to:
Set appropriate (i.e., larger than normal) values for maintenance_work_mem and checkpoint_segments.
If using WAL archiving or streaming replication, consider disabling them during the restore. To do that, set archive_mode to off, wal_level to minimal, and max_wal_senders to zero before loading the dump. Afterwards, set them back to the right values and take a fresh base backup.
Consider whether the whole dump should be restored as a single transaction. To do that, pass the -1 or --single-transaction command-line option to psql or pg_restore. When using this mode, even the smallest of errors will rollback the entire restore, possibly discarding many hours of processing. Depending on how interrelated the data is, that might seem preferable to manual cleanup, or not. COPY commands will run fastest if you use a single transaction and have WAL archiving turned off.
If multiple CPUs are available in the database server, consider using pg_restore's --jobs option. This allows concurrent data loading and index creation.
Run ANALYZE afterwards.
A data-only dump will still use COPY, but it does not drop or recreate indexes, and it does not normally touch foreign keys. So when loading a data-only dump, it is up to you to drop and recreate indexes and foreign keys if you wish to use those techniques. It's still useful to increase checkpoint_segments while loading the data, but don't bother increasing maintenance_work_mem; rather, you'd do that while manually recreating indexes and foreign keys afterwards. And don't forget to ANALYZE when you're done; see Section 23.1.3 and Section 23.1.5 for more information.
You can get the effect of disabling foreign keys by using the --disable-triggers option — but realize that that eliminates, rather than just postpones, foreign key validation, and so it is possible to insert bad data if you use it.


text:
Pursuant to Illinois law, certain cases are eligible to be "expunged" or "sealed,"thereby removing them from a defendant's criminal history record or accessibility to the public, respectively. Individuals who have criminal records eligible for this procedure might seek to use it in order to obtain a job, protect a current job, help them with certain licensing prospects, or just eliminate the potentially damaging effects of a criminal history record. An individual must meet certain eligibility requirements and pay a mandatory fee in order to expunge and/or seal a criminal arrest or record.
It is helpful to review the process by which these petitions are filed in the Criminal Division and the steps through which they proceed in order to understand the Expungement/ Sealing Procedure. Upon the filing of a Petition to Expunge and/or Seal, the following steps occur:
- A petition is filed with the Office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court on the fifth floor of the Criminal Court Administration Building at 2650 W. California Ave., Chicago, Illinois, and it receives a case number.
- A copy of the petition along with a receipt for the fee is given to the petitioner.
- The Clerk's office sends out three copies of the petition to: the Illinois State Police, the arresting agency and the Chicago Corporation Counsel.
- A court sheet and index card are created for the petition, and it is logged into the Clerk's book and data is entered into the Clerk's computer system.
- The case is then assigned to the Presiding Judge of the Criminal Court who hears these cases at 1 p.m. on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays in courtroom 101.


text:
Crinum pedunculatum is a large bulbous perennial herb, which may reach 2 (or even 3) m high by a 2-3 m spread.
The leaves are strappy and up to 2 m long by 15 cm wide and thickened, with blunt points. The flowers, occurring throughout the year, are about 10 cm across and borne in clusters of 10-25. The pleasantly perfumed flowers are most commonly white, but a form with reddish-purple flowers also occurs. They are followed by rounded, beaked seed fruits 2 to 5 cm across, each containing one to several seeds.
Two color forms of this species occur in Hawaii: one with green leaves and white flowers, and the other with reddish leaves and pink to purple-red flowers (Staples & Herbst, 2005).


text:
Meaning of Mousterian
Pronunciation: (m-stēr'ē-un), [key]
— adj. Anthropol.
- of or pertaining to a Middle Paleolithic culture of Neanderthal man dating to the early upper Pleistocene Epoch (c100,000–40,000b.c.) and consisting of five or more stone-artifact traditions in Europe whose characteristic tools are side scrapers and points.
- pertaining to Paleolithic human relics having the workmanship, finish, and character of the flint scrapers found in the sands of Moustier, France.


text:
This Isn't A Strategy
Today, we use the word strategy to describe any planned action model to achieve outcomes. But historically strategy served a different purpose than simply describing an action plan.
A strategy is a change framework designed to deal with two realities:
- The uncertainty of the future
- The scarcity of available resources (including funding, staff, skill sets, networking, values, etc.).
An operational plan, on the other hand, by its nature is supposed to draw boundaries and eliminate uncertainty by detailing the specific action path to outcomes before the project starts, and by applying a budgetary limit for the achievement of those outcomes.
In this first post, I'm going to talk about the difference between Risk and Uncertainty, since uncertainty is part of the reason why we need a strategy.
Risk and Uncertainty are not the same, though we tend to think that they are synonyms.
Risk is statistically calculable-which is to say, we can assign a probability to the risk because we have some source of data that allows us to estimate how likely the event is. The proper response to this risk probability is to mitigate risk, to take steps that will allow us to react quickly to reduce the impact of the event that we are worried about.
We can't assign a probability to real uncertainty though it is common for organizations to define uncertainty as risk, so it will be seen as manageable and requiring no particular change of current behavior. If we confuse uncertainty with risk, we will end up imagining events (since we are uncertain as to what will actually happen), assigning them a fictitious probability, and developing fictitious mitigation strategies.
The perfect example of this was the Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown. In the planning for building the power plant, the corporation's design system had discussions of how to quantify the likelihood of an earthquake that would threaten the integrity of the plant's operation. These discussions were only incidentally about the actual risk. They were mostly about the initial costs of building the plant to mitigate the results of an earthquake since that structural mitigation would dramatically affect the cost of building the plant and the potential profit from its operation.
You can easily imagine ongoing arguments between engineers and financial planners about the right investment in earthquake mitigation. What they settled on was a model that made the construction of the plant able to withstand an earthquake that was 10 times stronger than any earthquake in Japan's history (that is, experiential history, written history, narrative history, since there was no way to access historical evidence of earthquakes back beyond these sources of data).
Of course, the actual earthquake was several orders of magnitude greater than any earthquake in that historical record and resulted in the complete loss of plant integrity and an ongoing destruction of the area around the plant and in earth's oceans that will continue at some level for longer than anyone currently alive will be around to see it.
Obviously, the planners for this nuclear plant had no idea what the actual risk of this event was. They concocted a model of the "risk" that would allow them to build the plant, satisfy state regulators and provide predictable financial projections to the organization and its investors. The model was entirely wrong but was financially, socially, and politically useful.
While nuclear meltdown is seldom a possibility in our change efforts, we often follow exactly the same line of reasoning that the engineers and financial planners did for the Fukushima plant.
The answer to uncertainty is not an operational approach to a mitigating a fictitious risk, but the development of a real strategy.
Next Post, Part 2: Fictitious approaches to uncertainty as social glue.


text:
Ever needed to send someone a password? How about some personal details? Did you send it to them over email? We've all done it, but we should all stop doing that ASAP. Sending private information over email is like opening your window and yelling to someone across the street but expecting no one else to hear it. NoteShred provides a simple way to get the message across without the risk of someone in the middle listening in.
How Does It Work
Create a note, assign it a password and then select how and when you would like the note to shred itself. Attach a file to be encrypted if you wish. The note has a unique URL that you can send to a recipient along with a password for them to open the note. You decide when the note will destroy or "shred" itself, this can be immediately after reading or at a later date. We email you once your note is shredded or deleted so you can rest easy knowing that sensitive information is no longer just laying around in someone's inbox.
Your notes are encrypted using AES-CBC 256 encryption with a variable encryption key based
on a unique password you supply combined with random data. This means that only the people with the password can decrypt the note. We
are not able to decrypt your notes or your attachments.
Optional client side encryption allows you to additionally encrypt notes in the browser before pushing to the server for maximum security. Try it here. Once a note has been shredded, it is erased completely. This is perfect for sending sensitive information such as passwords or personal information over email or message without exposing your information in clear text or worrying if that private email has been deleted.
Want to use NoteShred on your mobile? No problem,
just open up the web site on your phone and it will scale to fit your device.


text:
Could cannabis-derived medicine help type 2 diabetes sufferers?
In an article published in today's issue of the Society of Biology's magazine, The Biologist, GW Pharmaceuticals' Director of Botanical Research and Cultivation, Dr David Potter, discusses how cannabis could be bred to provide raw starting material for a medicine to treat metabolic disorders.
Researchers at the UK's only legal cannabis production facility are researching ways to use highly-standardised extracts from the plant to tackle metabolic syndrome, and are studying how such products could potentially treat conditions as diverse as cancer pain, epilepsy, ulcerative colitis, psychosis and brain injury. GW Pharmaceuticals' first licensed medicine, Sativex, is already used to treat muscle spasticity in MS patients and primarily contains two principal cannabinoids: THC and CBD. But the medical potential of the remaining, minor cannabinoids is also huge.
Dr Potter says: "Metabolic syndrome is a disruption of the way the body metabolises food to produce energy or to store as fat. It is most common in obese people and can lead to major health problems such as Type II diabetes."
Obesity, with all its effects on human health, is widespread. The GW Pharmaceuticals team is exploring how they can use cannabis-derived medicines to tackle one aspect of the problem. Phase IIa clinical studies are evaluating specific cannabinoids as potential treatments for metabolic syndrome and Type II diabetes. This builds upon pre-clinical data demonstrating the desirable effects of a number of cannabinoids on insulin resistance, cholesterol and liver fat, all features of metabolic disease.
Dr Potter's team has successfully bred cannabis plants which produce high levels of a cannabinoid called THCV (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin). THCV is normally only present in minor quantities; its structure is similar to THC but it exhibits very different pharmacology. It has shown promise as a potential treatment for Type II diabetes by virtue of controlling and modulating a range of factors involved in lipid deposition, cellular energy expenditure and insulin resistance - the key pathophysiological features of metabolic syndrome.
Dr Mark Downs, Chief Executive of the Society of Biology, says:
"Metabolic syndrome, and the health problems it leads to, is a huge strain on the NHS, and can massively reduce the quality of life of those affected. It is always exciting to see new avenues being explored to tackle the issue."
There are many potential therapies for metabolic syndrome and the other conditions highlighted, and the therapeutic use of compounds found in the cannabis plant is one of the various promising routes for new treatments.
GW's licensed medicine, Sativex, primarily contains the two most common cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). It is currently prescribed to MS sufferers and is currently undergoing Phase III trials for the treatment of pain in the advanced stages of cancer.
Although THC and CBD are the most well-known cannabinoids and appear at the highest concentrations, there are nearly 60 less common cannabinoids (such as THCV) and GW has studied approximately 20 of these.
One of the technical challenges of studying these minor cannabinoids is to breed cannabis plants with high concentrations of the cannabinoid of interest.
Dr Potter says: "My team's task is to run a selective breeding programme for minor cannabinoids which have been identified as having clinical potential. Thankfully cannabis has a fast growing cycle, with several crops per year. This means we can often produce suitable plants within a few years or even less."
Epilepsy and brain injury
Compounds developed by GW have shown promise in the treatment of epilepsy, and the company has recently discovered that cannabinoids are able to reduce the expression of certain epilepsy-related genes. This opens up an exciting possibility of using cannabinoids as personalised epilepsy medicines; patients most likely to respond can be identified by the presence of a specific gene.
Dr Potter points out that modern 'skunk' cannabis has been bred by recreational users to increase the concentration of THC while decreasing the concentration of CBD. Whereas THC has been linked to psychosis, CBD has anti-psychotic properties, so may provide some protection from the effects of THC. The lack of CBD in skunk potentially makes this form of cannabis more likely to induce harmful psychoses, especially in young teenagers whose brains are not yet fully developed.
GW Pharmaceuticals is also testing the use of medicines based on CBD for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Encouraging in vivo studies suggest that, because of its anti-inflammatory properties, CBD could also be useful in treating brain injury, both in accident victims and newborns starved of oxygen at birth.
Dr Potter says: "As rigorous modern research with cannabinoids comes to fruition, a new era of treatment options may have arrived."
Provided by Society of Biology
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PAYT Bulletin: Winter 2007
A new report sponsored by EPA and Skumatz Economic Research Associates, Inc. indicates that the number of PAYT communities has grown from approximately 4,000 in 1997 to nearly 7,100 communities nationwide. PAYT has led to the diversion of 4.6 million to 8.3 million tons of municipal solid waste per year that would have otherwise been disposed of. It is also reducing communities' impact on global climate change by reducing carbon equivalents by 2.1 million to 3.8 million metric tons per year; reducing carbon dioxide equivalents by 7.8 million to 13.3 million metric tons per year; and reducing energy use by 61 million to 108 million British thermal units per year.
PAYT programs are now available in about 25 percent of communities in the United States, covering nearly 75 million residents. In the past decade, there has been an almost 70 percent increase in the number of PAYT communities. States with the largest share of communities with PAYT available include California, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin, all with PAYT available in 40 percent or more of the communities in the state. Five of these states have more than 75 percent of communities with PAYT. Thirty of the 100 largest cities in the United States are using PAYT.
The recent national analysis indicates that PAYT communities show a 17.1 percent recycling rate overall, compared with only 13.6 percent in non-PAYT communities. In PAYT communities, the rate of yard waste diversion is 11.5 percent, compared with 7.8 percent in non-PAYT communities. The study also found that household costs for monthly garbage services were not significantly higher for PAYT communities compared to non-PAYT communities.
U.S. PAYT Communities and Share of Communities Covered, by State
(Source: Skumatz Economic Research Associates, Inc. surveys, 2005-2006)
PAYT is growing in cities and towns across the country. See where the latest PAYT programs and events are taking root.
Seen + Heard
"Our 'throw-away' society faces serious consequences if this lifestyle is not reversed… All communities should be required to use 'pay-as-you-throw' systems. Using that system, residents are charged for each bag of garbage generated. It is a system that encourages the consumer to generate less garbage and recycle more… It makes all the sense in the world - environmentally, financially, and morally - to reduce waste." ("We Can't Afford Not to Recycle" Editorial that appeared in Connecticut's TheDay.com newspaper on Jan. 2, 2007)
"Local authorities now see the move towards new charging systems for household waste as 'unstoppable' - with only a matter of time before residents pay for the collection of waste they do not recycle." (UK's Letsrecycle.com Describing England's increasing use of PAYT programs in the scramble to meet the European Union's 2010 "landfill directive" targets.)
"It has to do with how well each community advertises [recycling]. Fort Collins is good because of its pay-as-you-throw ordinance." (Dan DeWaard, Waste Management of Northern Colorado Describing why Fort Collins, Colorado, is better than most places about recycling.)
Increasing the city's recycling rate from 30 percent to 43 percent in only a few months, the PAYT program in Akron, Ohio, is already showing results. "People hate the idea at first, but after living with it for a couple months they love it," said Akron public works manager Paul Barnett, who implemented PAYT in Akron last summer. Nearby Lorain County, Ohio, is now considering a similar program that would limit residents to one standard-sized trash can per home.
Seeking alternatives to the town's $165-a-year trash fee, Stoneham, Massachusetts, may join the growing ranks of PAYT programs in the " Bay State." In November 2006, a committee recommended the switch, saying the system would provide an incentive to recycle and reduce household waste, as well as cut fees to $90 per household. Stoneham would join the 120 municipalities in Massachusetts that have unit-based pricing for trash collection.
Penn Township, Pennsylvania, is one of 20 communities that will share more than $2.3 million in grants for their recycling efforts in 2004, awarded in early January by the commonwealth's Department of Environmental Protection. Penn Township received special mention for its successful PAYT program.
Recently featured in Waste News Magazine, Wayzata, Minnesota, is showing how PAYT can inspire communities to weed out unnecessary trash. The town has collected organics as part of its curbside recycling program for nearly four years. Food scraps, pizza boxes, paper towels, vacuum cleaner bags, dryer lint, and dead houseplants are all included in the composting effort, which has cut Wayzata's garbage output by at least 12 percent.Canterbury, New Hampshire, recently adopted PAYT—much to the delight of EPA's Pay-As-You-Throw program manager Janice Canterbury, happy to now share more with the New England town than just her last name. Is Canterbury, England, next in line?
The two largest soft drink manufacturers, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Company, are being asked by a corporate responsibility group to increase their beverage container recovery and recycling in the United States. The group, As You Sow, submitted shareholder resolutions to the soft drink giants in November, encouraging them to influence nationwide recycling rates that are lagging behind increased beverage sales. Showing that Coke has done its homework on solutions that work, the company issued statements indicating its support for PAYT.
"To increase collection we have been focused on designing packaging with high recycling value and working with other stakeholders to promote effective community collection programs such as Pay-As-You-Throw or RecycleBank models—models achieving recycling rates of all materials above 50 percent," said Scott Vitters, Coca-Cola's director of sustainable packaging, explaining what the company is currently doing to improve recycling.
Coca-Cola is a "huge advocate" for PAYT, Vitters stressed, dating back to the 1980s when it hosted a PAYT forum at its headquarters with EPA's help. Although lately the company has done more work with the RecycleBank model, he said Coke is currently researching the best PAYT programs in the United States.
"Treating waste like a utility is fundamentally the way to go," he said. While Coke packages its drinks in high-value recyclables, like aluminum cans and plastic bottles, Vitters explained that without public education and motivation to recycle, "commodity dollars are going down the drain—and we want those commodities back for ourselves."
To that end, Vitters said Coca-Cola is working on model programs that raise recycling rates by looking at what waste costs the consumers, and then introducing incentives such as PAYT, and will continue to look for ways to partner with EPA and the National Recycling Coalition.


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[Program currently on hold]
The La Jolla Elementary School's innovative robotics program is open to students in grades 3-5. The program will introduce STEM minded students to the world of robotics. Using the NXT Lego Mindstorm and EV3 robots, students will enjoy assembling their robots by following a detailed schema, programming their robots, and designing attachments to have their robots do exactly what the assignment asks. Additionally, students will use a variety of 21st century math skills to adjust the movement and maneuverability of their design. La Jolla Elementary teachers will work with students on carefully chosen topics and activities that will be taught with hands on exploration, STEM learning and an inquiry-based, team building approach.


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Professor John Windsor chose to specialize in pancreatic surgery because he saw this vital and difficult-to-reach organ as "the last frontier of general surgery, with huge challenges and still much to learn." This gives you an idea of Windsor's curiosity and drive — two qualities that led him to found SIMTICS.
SIMTICS is an innovative e-learning company that uses online simulation technology to train students in medical procedures. Windsor, who is Professor of Surgery at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, knew that you can't teach practical procedures in a classroom and in the hospital. With the random presentation of patients it is not possible to plan systematic training. What is more, patients are less happy to be trained on. A new approach was needed and Windsor set out, with his colleagues, to develop a new way to train large numbers, even in remote areas, through low cost, high tech web-based simulation.
Windsor was inspired by the success of flight simulation for effectively training people in the high-risk aviation industry. In a similar way SIMTICS is using web technology to train for performing complex procedures while reducing risks to patients. Students can learn at their own pace from anywhere and are no longer as reliant on the availability of suitable patients and teachers.
Windsor joined me for an enlightening Q&A on his perspectives on education and innovation; how e-learning is revolutionizing medical training; and his motivations, concepts and experiences behind SIMTICS.
What has influenced your approach to medical procedure training?
An important influence was homeschooling our five children until they were teenagers which taught my wife and I a lot about learning. We learned about differential readiness and different learning styles. We learned about how periods, classes, assigned topics, and homework and didactics are barriers to learning. A child who is learning will keep running with something they are interested in. They'll be more spontaneous because they enjoy their learning. To force a kid to take a step they're not ready for will turn them off. In homeschooling the learning is self-paced. That allows a child to stay on task and keep mining that opportunity for as long as they like. The success of homeschooling, which was a radical departure from traditional education, gave me courage to try something new with teaching in medical school.
Another important input for me was being involved from the very beginning of the laparoscopic revolution. This was a game changer. For the first time we had digital images of entire procedures, but we also had a whole surgical workforce deficient in essential new skills for the new technique. My return to New Zealand in 1991 meant that I had the opportunity to develop and build a skills training and simulation center–the first in Australasia. But ultimately this too influenced me because of the increasing cost of providing skills and procedural training by short courses and refresher courses. Without huge subsidies it is difficult to provide a sustainable training program through dedicated skills centers with expensive hardware-based virtual reality simulators and there is the problem of 'tutor fatigue.' Taking people out of the work force for training also reduces service output.
So I have a lot of experience in the development, delivery and assessment of short courses to teach clinical skills and procedures. I learnt about how technology often drove courses, how courses needed to be repeated to address knowledge decay, how courses take people out of the work place and how expensive they are. I also learnt through my international travel and teaching about education faddism. Every self-respecting institution wanted their own multi-million dollar skills laboratory even before there was evidence for the reliability, validity and cost-benefits of simulation training. We still do not know if patients do better (the final and most important outcome variable) because of the new ways we teach.
How does the e-learning model fit with medical education?
Our education and frameworks are still last century. The learning space, the learning journey is more complex than it used to be. With the Internet, we should be designing things that are simpler and much more efficient. I don't think we've been radical enough in thinking how learning might be.
We are moving into the age of personalized medicine and I think this needs to be matched with personalized learning. There are some extremely exciting developments in education theory and practice, which are often overshadowed by educational technology. Further, the use of the web as a platform for the delivery of education in healthcare is in its infancy. As such e-learning has tended to be an add-on to existing frameworks and pedagogy, and has not been used to re-invent the learning paradigm.
The biggest challenge of e-learning is getting past the limited mindset and current approach (limited to words and images) to incorporate interaction, simulation, decision-making, assessment and feedback. These are all possible. We should be supporting more personalized learning off-campus, so that teacher face-time can focus on higher-value activities, and in particular identify specific training needs through e-learning. That has been one of our goals at SIMTICS.
What motivated you to change the medical education delivery model?
The frustration of learning how to do clinical procedures and operations was apparent from the beginning of my training. Learning is reliant on the random admission of cases. It might be months before one saw a second similar case to practice what she had learnt the first time around. Not ideal for reinforcing learning. Further it is difficult to integrate all the inputs, which come at different times from past experience, experts, books, videos, conferences. To bring all learning media together on one learning platform was our goal.
So we started brainstorming about how procedural skills might be learnt in a cost-effective, individualized, durable, and accessible way that integrates and extends existing curricula and takes advantage of the internet and the cloud. The need drove a vision.
How did these experiences all add up to the formation of SIMTICS?
There were three of us at the beginning: a frustrated South African surgeon who was compelled to re-sit his surgical exams in New Zealand, a pediatrician who was a computer and IT expert, and there was me as surgical educator. It was the surgeon who suggested that it would be nice to bring all the learning materials together in one place to facilitate learning. It was the pediatrician who convinced us it could be done in an integrated and educationally sound way. So we sketched out, on a napkin, the computer interface that brought the core media elements together.
The surgeon missed his exam, the pediatrician retired and I was left standing, but not before we made some real progress with the concept. We did enough to win a national award and were offered a two-year residency in the IceHouse business incubator. This gave us the opportunity to build a business around the idea.
Why is cognitive simulation the cornerstone of SIMTICS technology?
Cognitive simulation is a point of difference for us, as it emphasizes that much of procedural learning is a mental process. And that much learning can take place before actually doing the procedure. There is an excellent study which demonstrates that mental rehearsal is just as effective as repeated practical courses for maintaining procedural skills, which emphasizes the importance of the cognitive element of procedural learning.
The SIMTICS integrated cognitive simulator allows the student to read the steps of the procedure and understand the basis for it, to watch an expert perform it, to interact with the anatomy relevant to the procedure, and then to do the procedure, with visual clues. The latter guided learning can be turned off and the procedure repeated as an assessment. This can all take place before the procedure is done in a patient. The procedure might be putting in a urinary catheter or a chest drain, performing a lumbar puncture or suturing a wound. And the learning experience can ensure that the right thing is done at the right time and in the right way to ensure a safe and efficient outcome for the patient. The learner gains confidence with competence.
The simulation component is special because of its simplicity. Rather than breaking the bank with a fully interactive state of the art gaming technology, we realized that this is not required for learning. When a complex procedure is deconstructed and the steps taught in sequence, it is possible to capture these sequences. The can be used as 'pre-rendered' sequences which play out when the right decision is made, or not if the decision making is wrong.
SIMTICS was the result of identifying an urgent need and creating an innovative solution. What does it take to become an innovative thinker? Is it within everyone's grasp?
Innovation starts with an idea, and is usually fueled by a need. Being aware of needs and being skeptical about common solutions is important. The reality is that truly original ideas are rare, like the splitting of the atom to release nuclear energy. Most innovations come from new applications of existing ideas, a sort of cross pollination. An example of this is the innovation of putting a light weight power generator in a soccer ball so that kids playing football in the dusty village square can provide electricity for lighting or the water pump for the family. The power generator technology is not new, but the application is innovative. I think we have done this at SIMTICS by bringing together ideas in education and technology and applying this within a new e-learning paradigm of cognitive simulation.
Images: John Windsor, SIMTICS


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The presence of thermal waters has marked the existence of this town since its very beginnings. Hot water had already been making life easier in the town since Roman times and the existence of spa activity was documented in 1326, when the Hospital de Banys, or bathing hospital, was founded. Thermal water services helped to activate the town's economy, especially since the 19th century, when the medicine of the time recommended hydrotherapy as a preventative and curative remedy.
Moving from health to leisure services, La Garriga became a residential town and was an obligatory stop for the region's intellectual and financial elite. Mr. Blancaflor began thermal water tourism with the opening of the Blancaflor Spa in 1840 and the town's prosperity increased considerably in the late 19th century. A railway line was opened in 1875 and the town's one-kilometre-long main boulevard was built in the same year. An increasing number of summer tourists, coming mainly from Barcelona and seeking a quiet, refreshing place to stay, led to changes in the town's urban layout, which at the time was still concentrated in its old town. A general enlargement plan was approved in 1882 and the middle-classes began to build second homes (summer villas) and wanted to imbue them with the modern, cosmopolitan airs of a great city in order to differentiate them from vernacular architecture.
Modernisme was the fashionable style of the day and it was introduced into the town by architects such as Emili Sala i Cortés, Antoni Mª Gallisà i Soqué, Josep Puig i Cadafalch, Lluís Planas i Calvet and Josep Sala i Comas. But the actual creator of the town's formal makeover was the town architect Manuel Raspall i Mallol. He was head of municipal construction work in the town from 1906 and, by 1927, he had built some 70 buildings in La Garriga and another 30 in the Vallès region (l'Ametlla, Cardedeu, Granollers, etc) and Barcelona.
Trained in the capital and greatly influenced by Domènech i Montaner and Puig i Cadafalch, Raspall designed single-dwelling houses in a style that increasingly had less to do with Modernisme and was closer to Noucentisme as the years passed. He designed a total of seven blocks in the town's new enlargement area - as well as various houses - and one of these has been well preserved, the so-called "Mansana de la Concòrdia", or "Block of Harmony", in contrast to Barcelona's "Mansana de la Discòrdia", or "Block of Discord", in which various poetic designs compete. But in this block, otherwise known as "Mansana Raspall", the architect's interest in traditional outlines can be seen in the use of stone and sgraffito, as well as a profusion of decorative arts combining coup de fouet and Secessionist designs.


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It's "petard" and a petard was a bell shaped metal container filled with explosives. It was used to blow in gates or breach walls. It was lit with a slowly burning fuse, but there was always the danger of a premature explosion - the chance that you would be hoisted (lifted) by your own petard. It comes from Shakespeare and I think the quote is actually "hoist with his own petar." (Not "on" - that's just become the common parlance.) Interestingly, some cite petard as deriving from the French word for "fart." A different kind of explosion!
i beileve a " pitard " is a device used in medeival times
its a form of bomb on a spike
when lit a man would run at the castle doors his side were at war with and ram it into the doors
but occasionaly his clothes would get stuck to the spike, or the fuse would be so short so the opposition could not extinguish it that he would be killed in the ensuing explosion
and so the expression " hoist by his own pitard "
all the best
The French word pétard means "a loud discharge of intestinal gas," - not "silent but deadly" but a big ole noisy bi-labial fricative.
"To be hoist by one's own petard," is a now proverbial phrase apparently originating with Shakespeare's Hamlet (around 1604) not long after the word entered English (around 1598).
It means "to blow oneself up with one's own bomb, be undone by one's own devices."
The French developed a kind of infernal engine, named the Petard, only about a decade before Shakespeare used the hoisting phrase in Hamlet, for blasting through the gates of a city. The French noun pet, "fart," developed regularly from the Latin noun pēditum, from the Indo-European root *pezd-, "fart."
During WWII, the British had a munition also called the Flying Dustbin. which was a spigot mortar. It fired a 40-pound (18 kg) finned bomb at pillboxes and other concrete obstacles, to destroy them - but that was long after Hamlet was published.
This article contents is post by this website user, EduQnA.com doesn't promise its accuracy.
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How to Make Salted Duck or Chicken Eggs
Eggs submerged in salt water
Eggs submerged in salt water
In The Beginning
The existence of salted eggs dates to many centuries ago in Asian countries like China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. Salted eggs were probably a daily food among farmers and villagers where other foods were scarce and the people were poor. The only food they had to survive on in those days came from their own crops and farm animals. Preserved and salted foods were also common as they could be stored for a long time without refrigerators, which they didn't have back then.
Salted Duck Eggs
Duck eggs are often used in the making of salted eggs. The traditional way of making salted eggs is by covering the eggs in a salty mud paste and letting the eggs cure for many months. This method is still being used today. Other modern methods are also being used, and it could be one of the reasons why there are more and more inferior-quality salted eggs being sold out there.
The Chinese make salted duck eggs by coating them with a thick paste made from charcoal, salt, water and then wrapping each egg in a plastic bag. The Filipinos use a mixture of clay, salt, and water to coat the duck eggs. The duck eggs are then cured for a few weeks before they are ready to be sold in the markets.
Good Eggs or Bad Eggs
It is easy to tell if a cooked salted egg is of good quality or inferior type. A good salted egg has a bright yellow yolk in the middle that is oozing with thick yellow liquid. A poor quality salted egg lacks the yellow colour in its yolk, sometimes it's not even pale yellow and is often too salty to be eaten.
Where to Buy Salted Eggs
You can find salted duck eggs in most Asian grocery stores. Some of the eggs have been dyed with red or pink colour so as not to get them mixed up with the normal fresh eggs. Some eggs are wrapped individually in plastic bags and are still coated with the black charcoal paste. Half a dozen salted eggs usually cost around $6 from the grocery store.
Why Not Make Your Own
You can also make your own at home with chicken, duck, emu, or quail eggs. Duck eggs are still the best for making this particular dish. There is a particular taste in duck eggs that seems to bring out the aroma, texture, and taste of an authentic salted egg. So, go for duck if you can find them!
Duck eggs coated with black soil to make salted eggs.
Duck eggs coated with black soil to make salted eggs.
How to Make Salted Eggs
You will need the following ingredients/items:
 - 12 eggs
 - 500 grams cooking salt
 - 4 cups water
 - Large glass container with a lid
 1. Pour the cooking salt and water into a pot and boil.
 2. Stir until all the salt has melted and keep boiling until you see lots of salt crystals start to form on the side of the pot. This means the salt water has reached a saturation point and the salt has started to crystallise.
 3. Remove pot from heat and let the salt water cool to room temperature.
 4. Put the eggs in the glass container.
 5. Slowly pour in the salt water and salt crystals until all the eggs are submerged in the water.
 6. Cover the container with the lid and leave it in a cool dark place.
A good quality salted egg is bright yellow and moist inside.
A good quality salted egg is bright yellow and moist inside.
Salted duck eggs sold in the Philippines
Salted duck eggs sold in the Philippines
Waiting Time...
It takes approximately 4 weeks for the eggs to turn salty. If you prefer less salty eggs, you can take out one egg to test for saltiness after three weeks. Boil the salted egg in water for 10 minutes until it is hard-boiled. Let it cool and then remove the shell.
Tasting Time
Taste and see if it is salty enough for your liking. If not, leave the eggs in the container for another week or two, depending on how salty you want them to be.
When you are satisfied with the saltiness of the eggs, remove them from the salt water and store the eggs in the refrigerator until they are needed for cooking.
Serving Suggestions
Salted eggs can be served as a small side dish with rice or noodles. They can also be used as a filling for Chinese mooncakes.
Salted eggs can be used as a side dish served with steamed rice.
Questions & Answers
Question: Can I reuse the salt and water to make another batch of salted eggs?
Answer: You will need to reboil the salt and water if you want to reuse the solution.
Question: Why is salted chicken egg not commercialized like salted duck egg? What is the difference between a salted chicken egg and salted duck egg?
Answer: From my own understanding, the duck egg has a thicker shell that allows it to store better for a long time. Also, duck eggs have a distinct flavor that some people do not like - preserving the duck eggs in salt tends to get rid of that flavor. Duck eggs have bigger yolks, salted egg yolks are becoming very popular in a lot of Asian recipes!
Question: Why should we use a glass container for salted egg stock? What about a plastic Tupperware?
Answer: Personally I like to use glass containers for storing food. You may use Tupperware containers if you prefer them.
Question: After curing salted eggs for 4 weeks, do I need to boil them first before eating or I can just peel them and eat it without cooking?
Answer: The salted eggs need to be cooked before consuming. You can boil them like hard-boiled eggs, or you can break the shell and put them in a bowl and steam until they are cooked. The salted eggs can also be mixed with meat or vegetables for cooking.
Question: How does the egg become salty when cooking?
Answer: Eggshells are porous and salt water can go through the eggshells by a process called osmosis.
Question: Why do the eggs float when put in a container with salt water?
Answer: Salt water has a higher density that causes the eggs to float.
Question: Can the eggs be boiled first before putting them in the jar of salty and water?
Answer: If the eggs are cooked first, they will become hard-boiled eggs. In the solid form, they will take very long to become salted eggs.
Question: Is it true that it is less hygienic to use a mud/soil in making salted eggs?
Answer: I am sure the mud/soil used for salted eggs production commercially has some sort of quality control.
Question: What if an egg is cracked before you put in the glass to make salted eggs?
Answer: If the egg is cracked, do not put it in the container.
Question: Can I directly boil duck eggs with the salt solution?
Answer: If you boil the duck eggs in the salt solution, the process will only cook the eggs but not make them salty.
Question: How long do salted eggs keep for, and how do I store them properly after I finish salting them?
Answer: The salted eggs can be kept in the fridge for several weeks.
Question: I've just recently made a batch of salted chicken eggs for the first time, it was brined for 16 days. The eggs were cooked all they like hard-boiled. Is it normal for the yolk part to be green in color? It sure tasted good though.
Answer: The color of the yolk has something to do with the quality of the egg. Good quality eggs have a bright orange color while poorer quality egg yolks are sometimes pale yellow. I haven't seen green color in the yolks but if the eggs were fresh enough when you bought them, it should not be a problem.
Question: How to color duck eggs?
Answer: Food dye can be used if you want to color the duck eggs.
Question: Is it okay if I don't boil the water and salt when making salted eggs?
Answer: Boiling the water helps to dissolve the salt and attain the saturation point.
Question: How do you preserve a salted egg?
Answer: You can keep the salted eggs in the fridge for a few weeks.
Question: I just bought my first salted eggs and I am not sure what to do with them first. Do I need to wash them or cook them before consuming them?
Answer: If you have bought ready made salted eggs from the store, just give them a wash before you cook them.
Question: Can the curing time be shorter for salted eggs?
Answer: If the curing time is less than 3 weeks, the eggs will not be salty enough and will not store well.
Question: Is there a way to remove the salt content from imported preserved chicken eggs?
Answer: I would suggest soaking the uncooked eggs in water for one to two weeks and changing the water every other day.
Question: Can we make a spicy salted egg?
Answer: You can make the salted egg spicy when it is ready to serve.
Question: Do I have to wait 4 weeks to complete the salted duck egg?
Answer: Yes, it takes time to make salted egg.
Question: Can I use slightly cracked eggs like very small crack on the shells to make salted duck eggs?
Answer: I would prefer not to use eggs with visible cracks.
Question: Does a salted


note rubasov All of your hash keys (just the keys, not the values) will be stringified in perl5, so you cannot store a filehandle (or a reference) in a hash key (a hash key is a string, not a scalar variable for general use). Try to store these somewhere else, depending on your data structure for instance: %radar = (some_id => [$fileh, $repoch], some_other_id => [$fileh2, $repoch2],...) 824298 824298


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Bumps on the back of tongue : Large, Red Or Painful. Our tongue is made up of taste buds. They are generally larger at the back of the tongue, where the taste buds may be big enough to be visible. It is normal to have small bumps on the tongue. There is no need to be alarmed if you see small bumps on the back of your tongue. However, if the bumps are large in size and they are red and painful, it can be a symptom of some problem.
Bumps on the back of tongue should be considered a problem if :
- Bumps are larger than normal. Check the size of your tongue bumps with others in your family or friend circle. You need to look at your tongue, roll it forward in front of a flat mirror and check the size carefully.
- Bumps on the back of your tongue are red and swollen. They may be accompanied by pain.
- You have difficulty in swallowing. Sometimes, there could be pain in the salivary glands, sore throat or any other related symptoms as well.
What causes bumps on back of tongue? These bumps or raised spots are called papillae. They can occur because of many reasons. However, the common non serious causes only cause temporary bumps, so they should clear up in a few days. However, if the bumps on your tongue and red and inflamed and they have been for about 2 weeks or so, then you should consult a doctor. The causes of bumps on back of tongue are :
- Allergy : Some people have allergies to particular food. This allergy can manifest itself in the form of swelling and hives on the skin. Sometimes, these hives can show up on the tongue as raised red areas.
- Painful red bumps on the tongue can be Canker Sore. They generally heal up on their own.
- Fungal infection : Some infections of the mouth, like the one caused by a fungus named candida can cause raised white spots on the tongue, generally at the back of the tongue.
- Sore throat accompanied by bumps on the back of tongue can be a symptom of inflammation of tonsils. This inflammation is painful and can cause severe discomfort in swallowing.
- Bumps on the back of tongue can be Warts. They can also be caused by Herpes virus.
- The least common cause of tongue bumps is Cancer. It is characterized by hard lumps on the tongue which can be sore. However, they are generally present for a long time.
- Sometimes, bumps on the back of tongue can come out because of a response of the body's immune system. An example of a disease where immune functioning causes red bumps is Kawasaki disease. It affects children and is serious. So, if kids have large bumps on the back of tongue, medical help must be taken.
In general, bumps on back of tongue are not a problem. Only thing is that you should keep looking at your tongue and notice any changes. To prevent infections etc, maintain good oral hygiene.


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Many telecommunications networks in the Pacific interconnect not directly but via international carriers in the United States or Australia. This has a profound impact on both the cost and the performance of regional traffic. While web traffic is slowed, real-time collaborations are rendered unusable, creating barriers for inter-island collaboration.
Governments, competitive carriers, Internet societies, and activists argue that direct interconnection, or peering, is the answer to these performance problems. They believe that if competitive networks are allowed to exchange traffic free-of-charge with incumbent networks, the cost of Internet will go down, and performance will go up.
Incumbent networks throughout the Pacific steadfastly refuse to openly peer with other carriers, education networks, and government networks – and a change in this behaviour is not in sight. Not only do they refuse to peer, they sometimes charge their competitors more for direct access to their networks than competitors pay for global Internet connectivity. Competitors, activists, and even governments say this is a clear violation of network neutrality. This project investigating carrier interconnections in the Pacific has shown the situation to be far more nuanced.
This project's objective was to share research collected during an earlier iteration of the project via the web in a dynamic way. This included information on physical and routed topologies, telecommunications market data, and information on the relationships Pacific Island nations have with the rest of the world.
In support of these objectives, the project has produced a website that reviews the telecommunications environment of the Pacific Islands. The site looks at each market's connectivity to the world: telecommunications, sea freight, air routes, and trade. It provides real-time statistics on carrier market share. Finally, it considers the complexity of island telecommunications through a composite case study on peering.
The report is publicly available.


Losing Keys
There is nothing as infuriating as going to grab your keys from where you thought you just left them only to discover they are not there.
Nothing that is, until you start a search for said keys that turns into a massive house-wide exploration that turns up not a single shiny key!
If this describes one of your days, then take comfort in knowing you are not alone. The same thing happens to thousands of people every day. This article takes a look at this age old problem and offers some helpful solutions.
Artificial Intelligence
It's as if those pesky keys had developed an intelligence all of their own and had gone and deliberately hidden themselves from your sight. Worse, they'd managed to conceive such a clever hiding place that you'd never find them no matter how hard you looked.
While you know as well as I do that inanimate objects don't really possess any kind of artificial intelligence, the thought does cross your mind from time to time, I'm sure. So how do those jangly little metallic critters manage to give us the slip in such a convincing manner?
The blame, unfortunately, tends to lie in the direction of the key's owners for placing them in a different place than intended. Occasionally a family member might pick them up and move them to a different location. In a few rarer cases, the family pet might grab them and take their prize to the doggy bed or drop them in the cat litter.
Finding Misplaced Keys
I have switched from using the term "lost" to "misplaced" here, because that's what most often really happens. We think we put them down in one place when we really put them down in another and forgot where that "other" place was.
But a solution is to hand in the shape of a very clever (in its simplicity) device that can route out those carefully camouflaged miscreants in a jiffy at the click of a button. The device is a simple electronic key finder gadget that operates in two parts: a handheld transmitter and a small receiver attached to the aforementioned keys, usually via their key ring.
You can read more about them in that link as well as source one or two pretty good examples of the devices that are on sale online. There is no secret about the workings, which are pretty simple in that the transmitter sends out a weak wireless signal that is picked up by the receiver when it is in range, whereby it emits an audible beep and voila! Lost keys are no longer lost!
Other Applications
This kind of key locator is not just for finding lost keys. They often come in packs with a single multi-button transmitter that can activate each of several receivers. That makes them perfect for attaching to TV remotes, wallets, cell phones, in fact just about anything you have a tendency to put down and forget where that somewhere" was!
Ah yes, the TV remote is a favorite - disappearing down the side of a sofa or chair but which one? Beep! That one! Ready to go out to a nice restaurant but can't find where you left your all-important wallet? Beep! Aha, there it is!
Simple, effective and multi-tasking, how did you ever exist without one?


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Turkic "Balbal" in Japan By Mark A. Riddle
At the Rakan-ji Temple in Houjou-chou, Kasai City, in western Hyougo Prefecture, are some unusual stone sculptures. The entire collection is called the "Go-hyaku Rakan," ('five hundred arhat' — an arhat is an advanced disciple of Buddha), and some of the sculptures at Rakan-ji are very much like Buddhist statuary seen elsewhere throughout Japan. But others are very unusual — they are not typical "Rakan;" they are not like the stone images of Jizou found everywhere in Japan; and they are unlike the douso-jin stone sculptures of Japan.4They are very unlike the tolharubang ('grandfather figures') found on Cheju Island, Korea, and the very similar figures of Hayato-zuka, in Aira-gun, Kumamoto Prefecture. Indeed, Japanese photographer–author Wakasugi Kei judged the unusual "rakan" sculptures of Houjou-chou to be unlike anything else seen anywhere in Japan, unlike any rakan statuary found anywhere else in the world, and questioned whether they were really rakan at all — and in that, he was right. So, what are they? Actually, the unusual "rakan" sculptures of Houjou-chou are very similar to, indeed quite the same as, Turkic balbal found in Central Asia. The purpose of this essay is three-fold: (1) to present the evidence supporting this identification of the unusual stone sculptures of the Rakan-ji of Houjou-chou as Turkic "balbal"; to offer additional evidence that shows the presence of ethnically non-Japanese people in the Kibi/Harima area of early Japan; and to explore the implications of this evidence.


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Native to boggy areas of the eastern United States and Canada, the cinnamon fern is one of the earliest ferns to emerge in the spring. Young fronds are covered with white, woolly hair before they unfurl. When full grown, the waxy fronds are yellow-green and grow 24 to 36 inches tall and 6 to 8 inches wide. There are two distinctly different types of fronds—fertile and sterile.
The fertile frond resembles a cinnamon stick. It emerges first, and after releasing its spores it turns golden brown, withers, and lies on the ground through the summer.
The sterile fronds appear in late spring, stay green all summer, and turn brown with the first fall frost. This fern requires a slightly acid (pH 5.5 to 6.5) soil that is kept evenly moist. It spreads slowly, and because of its height, it is best used as a background plant.


Which animals always say g'day? Monotremes! In our BrainPop movie, Tim and Moby introduce you to this group of mammals found mainly in Australia. Discover the five living types of monotremes, plus a few thing that make these creatures different from other mammals. You'll also learn about the unique way that monotremes feed their babies, as well as what's up with those crazy duckbills, poisonous webbed feet, and pointy spines! Oh, those monotremes are so extreme — extremely cool, that is!
Learn More:
Can you tell me about the platypus?
What are mammals?
What groups are mammals divided into?


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The oral health of our patients is never static. Vulnerabilities and risks for oral diseases and disorders change over a lifetime. With advances in dental science, it is becoming increasingly possible to determine a patient's risk for oral disease and tailor treatments accordingly. Risk assessment uses knowledge of disease indicators and risk factors associated with oral disease to determine which patients are more or less likely to prevent disease, have disease progress, or maintain their oral health status. Best practices dictate that once the clinician identifies the patient's risk for oral disease (low, moderate, high, extreme), evidence-based treatments or recommendations may be used to create a therapeutic and/or preventive care plan that will assist the patient in achieving optimum oral health.
Upon completion of this CE webinar, the student will be able to:
1. Analyze the principles of oral disease management by risk assessment
2. Recognize the value of performing a risk assessment on patients
3. Describe and differentiate between clinical protocols used to manage oral disease and those to improve oral health
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Demetrius J. Karos, Ltd.
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2 ways people violate tax law while thinking that they aren't
| Feb 22, 2021 | Tax Law
Taxes can affect just about every area of your financial life. From your retirement savings and life insurance to the gifts you give to your family members, there are many tax liability issues that are easy to overlook. Those with significant resources can sometimes run afoul of federal tax laws without trying to do so.
Behaviors that people think are legal could actually put those individuals at risk of criminal charges if they get caught or face an audit in the future. If you have engaged in either of the two questionable financial practices below, you might be in a vulnerable position during an audit.
1) Holding money in offshore accounts does not protect you from taxation
People have long used international banking as a means of avoiding taxes on the capital taxes on their assets. However, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires that those subject to federal taxation disclose not only accounts held in domestic banks but also the balances in foreign bank and investment accounts.
Some people intentionally choose to bank with countries whose strict privacy laws often mean that their banking records aren't easily accessible to the IRS. The Cayman Islands, Switzerland and Singapore are favorite locations for such accounts. However, if the IRS does find out about the account or audits you and discovers the money trail leading to those accounts, you could face allegations of tax evasion and major financial penalties.
2) Giving people physical property doesn't sidestep text requirements either
If you give a loved one a lot of money, eventually they will have to pay gift taxes on those resources. The bigger the amount that you give, the more likely it is that they will have to fill out paperwork at the bank before depositing the cash or the check you provide.
Giving someone valuable physical assets seems like a way to avoid paying taxes on a transfer. Handing over a $10,000 tennis bracelet to a child is an action that is hard to track. However, during an audit, such transfers could come to light. While they may not be financial gifts, valuable property transfers to your family members still require tax filings or put you and the recipient at risk of allegations of tax evasion.
Violating the law in an attempt to hide assets or transfer them without paying tax on them could be a risky decision whose consequences far outweigh the short-term benefit. Talking about your tax minimization strategy with a lawyer can help you avoid making mistakes that might violate the law and leave you vulnerable.
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Ask questions about projects relating to: biology, biochemistry, genomics, microbiology, molecular biology, pharmacology/toxicology, zoology, human behavior, archeology, anthropology, political science, sociology, geology, environmental science, oceanography, seismology, weather, or atmosphere.
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can a spider plant grow in something other that water? (ex: vinegar, liquid jell-o, coffee)
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That's a very interesting question! I am thinking the acid in vinegar might be a problem. But jello -- mostly sugar, gelatin, water, and coloring, right? Coffee? Hmm, is the chemical makeup of coffee?
I found a lot of information about spider plants on Google when I typed "Growing spider plants." It seems that maybe too much water could be a problem -- whether it is coffee or jello. So you will need some kind of control -- perhaps distilled water and another control grown in soil. One reference on the web said chemicals are a problem --so you might compare distilled water to water from a creek or even your street after a storm.
A basic scientific approach is to understand the dimensions you are studying (usually called dependent variables). For example -- the amount of water and the properties of the water could affect the growth of the plants. The acidity of the water is another variable.
When you test other liquids such as coffee and vinegar, you'll need to know how they are related, and this will suggest other liquids to test. For example, given that vinegar is acidic, you could also use milk, which is non-acidic (pH > 7). In this case, you'd want to measure the pH of the coffee. This doesn't mean that pH is a critical factor, but it's one of the differences you'll need to consider between the liquids you test.
As another example, jello has sugar in it. So in using jello you might actually be testing how sugar affects the growth of spider plants.
To summarize, you'll need to understand some of the properties of the liquids -- a way to relate them chemically -- or your results will be perhaps interesting, but not tell you anything fundamental about the growth of spider plants.
I hope this is helpful to get started.
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[Ask a Mexican!] The First South-of-the Border Amnesty
Gringo del Sur
Dear Mexican: I recently heard that casino-building projects done by many of the tribes in Washington require a certain percentage of Native American labor with no restrictions on tribe. I was told they had a difficulty meeting their quota, so I wondered who counts as a Native American? Why are Mexican-Americans born on both sides of the border not recognized as Native Americans in the same way the Apache or Blackfoot are? How do Mexicans with indigenous roots feel about this?
Curious White Seattleite
Dear Gabacho: This is ¡Ask a Mexican!, not ¡Ask Black Elk!, so I'll leave it to my native hermanos to determine who belongs to their respective tribes and why. The case of borderland tribes such as the Yaqui and Apache is especially hard to untangle—not only did their historical homelands not have tocross the border, but the border also crossed them thrice. The U.S. Census doesn't have a box to check for those people born in Mexico who possess or identify with an indigenous Mexican group because the U.S. Census is a crock of mierda with racial classifications no doubt created by a pencil pusher who drank too much tequila the night before. That said, there are enough indigenous Mexicans in the United States to begin rethinking this—demographers estimate there are more than 100,00 Mixtecs and Zapotecs (Indians from the state of Oaxaca) in the United States, and they freely acknowledge it's probably a severe undercount due to these people being ostracized by both gabachos and Mexicans. And this isn't counting the many Chicano yaktivists who think taking on an Aztec name and hanging the calendar stone on their bedroom wall classifies them as a direct descendant of Cuauhtémoc.
REMEMBER, READERS: Start asking me questions on my YouTube channel (_URL_). The bigger the sombrero, the better!
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Cached Windows passwords sound risky -- but aren't
Companies fear pass-the-hash attacks and cached Windows passwords. But disabling them can cause other problems
How cached passwords work
When a user successfully logs on to a Windows computer for the first time, Windows creates a local user profile folder to store desktop and other user-related settings. For domain users, Windows will store a cached log-on as well. With future log-ons, if the domain user attempts to log on to the same domain but the Windows user cannot successfully contact a domain controller, Windows will log on the user locally if the user submits the same password (or other authentication credentials) entered in the last successful domain log-on.
A common use for cached log-ons is to serve traveling laptop users. When the laptop user is connected to the home domain network, log-ons are verified by the domain controller. But when the laptop is away from its home domain, the user can still log on and use Windows because of the cached information. The password (or authentication credential) used during travel must be identical to the one previously cached while on the home network. When away, the submitted password is verified against something called the cached log-on password verifier, which is a one-way function of the user's previously submitted password.
A case of mistaken identity
In thinking about cached log-on verifiers, users often make the error of equating them to normal password hashes (such as LANManager or NT hashes) that computer hackers are always stealing, replaying, and cracking. Fortunately, they aren't the same. The mistaken assumption is reinforced by Microsoft's recommendation, as documented in the Microsoft Security Compliance Manager tool, that cached log-ons be disabled.
The default cached log-on setting (located in group policy objects at Computer Configuration/Windows Settings/Security Settings/Local Policies/Security Options/Interactive Logon: Number of Previous Logons to Cache) is usually around 10 cached log-ons. This default setting goes back to Windows NT 4.0, if not longer. Now, Microsoft recommends that cached log-ons be set to 0, which disables it.
The bad thing about disabling cached log-ons is that many computers could be difficult to log on to, or even to troubleshoot or repair, if the computer cannot reach a domain controller. Many computers, even ones that never leave the home network, suffer quick, transient network problems, which cached log-ons help overcome.
The confusion over the security risk of the cached log-on seems to ensnare lots of Windows security experts. I've read more than a few security papers that have characterized removing cached log-ons as a highly critical recommendation. I have seen respected computer security firms find cached log-on verifiers on their customer's networks and point them out as hacking vectors that need to be addressed immediately.
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You are at: CarrTracks website Library section.
Railroads made great strides during the early part of the 20th Century in adding automatic block signal systems to their lines to improve safety. The Southern Pacific was one of the leaders in installing automatic block signals. The first automatic block signals on the West Coast were installed on the SP in 1904 between Oakland and Port Costa. SP only had automatic block signals on 3% of its main lines in 1902 (102 miles). By 1912 it had 75%, over 3,000 miles. In 1907 the US railroads installed automatic block signals on 2,005 miles of single track and 1,424 miles of two or more main tracks. The top company was the SP which installed automatic block signals on 991 miles of single track and 87 miles of double track that year. Second on the list was the UP with 431 miles of single track and 191 miles of double track. Subsidiary lines OSL installed 301 miles of automatic block signals and OR&N with 118 miles. Between 1905 and 1914 the US railroads had been installing an average of 2,448 miles of automatic block signals per year. This dropped to 1,748 miles per year during the 1915 to 1918 period.
This is a list of the number of miles (single or double track) protected by automatic block signals and the type of signals used on some of the major railroads in the West as of January 1, 1931. Total is the total mileage for the railroad: mainlines and branches.
SSW had just 1.6 miles of color light signals.


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SUS – SATELLITE BASED WARNING SYSTEM FOR VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
The warning system is based on data from the European Sentinel satellites from the Copernicus program, as well as climate modelling and socio-economic data. SUS recieves funding from Den Europæriske Fond for Regionaludvikling og regionale udviklingsmidler via Vækstforum Hovedstaden and Water DTU.
MOIST – Managing and Optimizing Irrigation by Satellite Tools
SEN-ET Sentinels for Evapotranspiration
SpaceAcademy@DK will bring space research into the classrooms in higher education – to ensure that Denmark educates future labor so the potential in space data and space research can be fully utilized, and on the other hand to increase recruitment to STEM programs by using the fascination power of Space. SpaceAcademy@DK receives funding from the Danish Ministry of Education and Science.


Here's How The Average Korean Will Look In 2100 According To Scientists
Through artificial smart image technology, pictures of average Korean faces from the past, present, and the future were produced to show how Koreans looked like. These images were created by historians and facial reconstruction experts based on skulls of ancient Koreans.
1. Ancient Koreans of 12,000 years agoThe generated faces have the distinct traits of North Eastern Asians.
2. The Silla Dynasty (57 BC – 935 AD)The average faces shifted significantly as blood was mixed with people who migrated south from Northern Siberia.
A round oval shaped face and small lips are the most significant traits.
3. Goryeo Period 918 ~ 2017Migration of foreign people became less common since the beginning of Goryeo Dynasty.
Through Korea's unification in the Chosun period, Korean faces became close to what the average face is in present-day South Korea.
4. 2050As multinational families with neighboring Asian countries become more prevalent, South East Asian features may start to become more accentuated by 2050.
5. 2100By 2100, it is expected one out of every 5 households will be a multinational family.
The average Korean face is expected to most likely reflect traits from multiple Asian nations.