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- Version History
Design by Contract
"Design by contract" is a metaphor coined by Bertrand Meyer for his purely object oriented language Eiffel. The idea behind it is to separate the concerns of suppliers and clients of software modules: The client of a routine is responsible for calling it with correct arguments. The supplier can rely on it, she/he mustn't check it again. The supplier in turn is responsible for delivering correct results, provided the routine's arguments are valid. If not, the supplier needn't do any work at all.
In this metaphor a module is something like a contract between the supplier and the client of that module. But like a contract in social life, it's useless if not properly documented. Hence the "small print" of our module should be documented automatically, so that each party knows about each others duties....
Another metaphor of Meyer's is "command-query-separation", where in Eiffel a command is working by side effect (it changes the object's state) and a query is a pure function (it reports the object's state without changing it). His advice is, never to do both in one routine, write two instead.
Implementation and use
This module is an attempt to bring Design by Contract to Chicken Scheme. In effect, it replaces define and define-syntax by new macros define-with-contract and define-syntax-with-contract respectively, where - in the long form - the lambda or syntax-rules expression is preceeded by a contract expression. A short form is available as well, where the call pattern of the procedure is followed by the contract clauses and the procedure's body.
To achieve automatic documentation, these two macros have to be wrapped by a call of the parameter
initializing documentation and the definition
(define module-name (doclist->dispatcher (doclist)))
saving it in a dispatcher routine.
The case of procedures
For procedures a contract expression starts with the symbol contract and contains a list of clauses, where each clause is either
- the pattern of a typical procedure's call, the only required clause,
- a documentation string,
- a list starting with the keyword domain: and containing checks of the assumptions,
- a list starting with the keyword results: containing variable names which are bound to the results of the procedure; if this list is not supplied (results: result) is assumed,
- a list starting with the keyword range: containing checks of the propositions on the results,
- a list starting with the keyword effect: which contains triples of the form (state query change [equ?]) where state is bound to the query expression before the command call and the change expression is compared with equal? [or equ?, if supplied] to another call of query after the command call.
Note, that command-query-separation demands, that only one of a range: and an effect: clause are allowed.
The case of macros
For syntax-rules macros (and the [ir-]macro-rules or er-macro-rules macros of the (ir-|er-)macros eggs) the contract expression is simply a docstring. After all, those macro-transformers have domain checks already built-in in form of the pattern matching process, it needs only be automatically documented.
For raw low-level macros based on (er-|ir-)macro-transformer, it's a list starting with the keyword forms: which contains the admissible patterns of the macro's call and a mandatory documentation string.
contract[syntax] (contract (name. args) clause...)
where each clause is one of
- a documentation string
- (domain: assumption...)
- (results: result0 result1...)
If this clause is not supplied (results: result) is assumed.
- (range: proposition...)
- (effect: (state query change [equ?])...)
 (define-with-contract name (contract (name. args) clause...) (lambda args. body)) | (define-with-contract name
(let ((var val)...) (contract (name. args) clause...) (lambda args. body)))
 | (define-with-contract (name. args)
clause.... body)
where the admissible clauses are described above and instead of let another binding construct can be used as well.
define-syntax-with-contract[syntax] (define-syntax-with-contract name docstring rules)
or[syntax] (define-syntax-with-contract name (forms: form0 form1... docstring) transformer)
where docstring is a documentation string, rules is either a syntax-rules expression or one of er-macro-rules, [ir-]macro-rules from the (ir-|er-)macros package, each form is the pattern of an admissible call of name and transformer is a raw low-level macro-transformer.
doclist[parameter] (doclist '())
should be called before the first define[-syntax]-with-contract expression to initialize automatic documentation.
doclist->dispatcher[procedure] (doclist->dispatcher (doclist))
saves (doclist) in a dispatcher. A typical use is
(define module-name (doclist->dispatcher (doclist)))
which should be called after the last define[-syntax]-with-contract expression to save the automatic documentation in module-name. This procedure can than be called by the module's client with or without a symbol argument.
Without argument the call returns the list of exported symbols, with argument the call returns the textual representaion of the contract of the module's exported symbol sym.
prints the documentation of the whole module in readable form.
contracts[procedure] (contracts [sym])
prints the contract of the exported symbol sym of the contracts module or the list of exported symbols when called as a thunk.
see the Design by Contracts tutorial in /design-by-contract
data-structures, extras, srfi-13
Copyright (c) 2011, Juergen Lorenz All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. Neither the name of the author nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- changed (effect:...), removed (state:...) (invariant:...)
- some enhancements
- added print-doclist, fixed typo in setup script reported by mario
- initial import


The Shock of the News
Media Coverage and the Making of 9/11
272 pages
March, 2010
ISBN: 9780814795552
Also available in
Brian A. Monahan is Associate Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Marywood University.
All books by Brian A. Monahan
How did the events of September 11, 2001 come to be thought of as 9/11? The Shock of the News is an authoritative account of post-9/11 political and social processes, offering an in-depth analysis of the media coverage of this momentous event. Brian Monahan demonstrates how 9/11 has been transformed into a morality tale centered on patriotism, victimization, and heroes.
Introducing the idea of "public drama" as a way of making sense of how media processed and packaged the 9/11 attacks for their audiences, Monahan not only illuminates how and why the coverage took shape as it did, but also provides us with new insights into the social, cultural, and political consequences of the attacks and their aftermath. Monahan explains how and why 9/11 became such a potent symbol, exploring how meanings and symbols get created, reinforced, and disseminated in modern society. Ultimately, Monahan offers an important new understanding of this singular event of our time, and his compelling narrative brings the momentous events back into focus.
 - "Well-written and engaging, Brian Monahan's book should become a landmark in media analysis."
 —Joel Best, author of Damned Lies and Statistics
 - "Anyone who wishes to understand how the attacks have been understood and the policy choices we made needs to read this poignant and skeptical book."
 —Gary Alan Fine, author of The Global Grapevine: Why Rumors of Terrorism, Immigration, and Trade Matter
 - "The Shock of the News is a must-read for researchers engaged in media analyses or studying anything related to the September 11th terrorist attacks. It would be an excellent addition to undergraduate and graduate classes in media analyses or media and society."
 —Michelle D. Byng, Critical Sociology


Horse Racing in Mongolia
Horse Racing in Mongolia is one the three manly sports of Naadam Holidays. No doubt, horse race goes way beyond Genghis Khan but the earliest record is in Secret History of the Mongols. Mongolians say of themselves as nomads born in a saddle.
Also, we say that horse is the man's best friend and Mongolians learn to ride as early as three years old, or it is said that before they even began walking. Mongolian horses are known by their small size, sturdiness and strength. They live in herds led by a stallion which leads and protects them from wolves. They are well adapted to the harsh weather conditions of Mongolia.
horse racing in mongoli
mongolian jokeys
horse training in mongoli
The horse trainers in Mongolian called "uyaach". They start training their horses for the Naadam or Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year) couple of months before the race but they literally train them throughout the year.
These are not ordinary day-to-day labor horses, they are of special racing breed and are very expensive too. Training is a science and few do make mistakes that in rare occasions cause horses to die during the races.
Mongolian horse race tracks are wide open steppes and hills, and range between 15 to 30 kilometers equivalent to 9,4 to 19 miles. Mongolian race horses are divided according to the horse age: one (daaga), two (shudlen), three (khyazaalan), four (soyoolon) and over five years (ikh nas), and stallions.
Guess the age of the jockeys? They are between 5 to 12 years old, both boys and girls. They are not merely riders but are strategic warriors because the success of the race is equally dependent upon horses and their little riders. They know when to hold the horse back and when to speed up and to my surprise most of them ride on bare backs. Ouch.
Horse racing in Mongolia awards only first five horses in each age category. The ultimate winner is entitled as Tumnii Ekh which means mother of ten thousand. The winners enter the stadium to receive their awards and praise songs which talks about the owner, rider and horse. Similar song of encouragement sang to the loosing two year old horse as bayan khodood means full stomach – too much food does not help the race!
Horse racing in Mongolia is a prestigious sport that carries along much fame but not much money. They do not make fortunes like wrestlers but are highly respected and honored, in life, they are ordinary nomads.
Go from Horse Racing in Mongolia to Mongol Archery
Beautiful Mongolia
Nomadic Life
Where to go?
What to eat?


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If a game doesn't get to use the right amount of RAM, it lags. You may also experience issues like a black screen or sudden crashes in the middle of your gameplay. In such a case, you will definitely want to allocate more RAM to the desired game.
But Windows lets the dynamic memory be freely used by any applications/games. So, it isn't necessary to allocate RAM specifically for a game from users, and neither will you find any specific settings to allocate a certain amount of RAM for any game.
However, there are some settings you can tweak to ensure more memory is used by the desired application.
How to Allocate More RAM?
Before moving on to play with the settings, you can try to close other applications. It will help the RAM, CPU, and GPU focus on your game rather than diverge resources.
Then, you can proceed to the listed methods to optimize RAM usage for your game:
Specific Game Settings
All the games are programmed to take a definite amount of memory at an instance to run smoothly. Most of them would automatically use the required amount of RAM. But depending upon the game you are playing or the app you are using, you may have the privilege to increase the RAM occupancy.
Some applications will provide such a feature within their toolbars, majorly in the Edit tab. There, memory settings can be manually set under the given limits.
But for other Games/Applications, there may be not-so-simple specific procedures, which you will be able to find out by searching on the Internet.
Moreover, games consist of other settings to tweak, like render quality, resolution, fps, etc. If you increase the values of such settings, games will automatically utilize more amount of resources.
Allocate Disk Cache
Except for the direct RAM allocation, you can allocate a certain portion of your RAM or hard disk to act as cache memory for your game. This will help to load the game files faster by keeping them temporarily ready. You can follow the steps below to allocate disk cache size for your game:
- Right-click on the desktop icon of your game and choose Properties.
- Go to the Shortcut tab.
-disk-cache-size=within the Target text field at the last of the Path target without any space.
The value should be in bytes, so if you want to allocate around 1GB of disk cache to your game, replace '' with 1 followed by 9 zeros. Example:
- Click on Apply and then OK.
End Unnecessary task
Other than that, you can end all the unnecessary tasks running in your background. These tasks tend to take up RAM and CPU, causing their actual capacity to limit.
Though prioritizing the desired games will allocate resources over those background processes, ending the unwanted tasks will always help to optimize performance.
You can follow the steps to end tasks from Task Manager:
- Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager.
- Within the Processes tab, right-click on the process/application you want to stop and choose End task.
- Do the same with other unnecessary processes.
Halt Startup Applications
Now, even if you stop the background processes once, some will start after rebooting. It is because such processes have been enabled with permissions to startup automatically. It is mundane to end such processes each time from the task Manager, rather, you can disable them from starting automatically.
Follow the steps mentioned below to disable them:
- Again, open the Task Manager and go to the Startup tab.
- Right-click on the process and click Disable.
- Repeat the same with the unwanted startup process.
Prioritize from Task Manager
Windows Task Manager lets you prioritize processes with more resources. Though it is not any direct or specific allocation of RAM, it will let the process prioritize within the CPU. Due to this, the application is likely to get priority in RAM holding as well during conflicting scenarios.
To prioritize a game, you will have to follow the given steps:
- Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager.
- Go to the Details tab.
- Right-click on the desired game, and choose High from Set priority.
(Realtime priority shouldn't be set, as it will imbalance other processes queued to the CPU)
- Hit on the Change priority button.
You will also have to change the priority of the other processes related to that game.
Should I Allocate More RAM to a Game?
As mentioned earlier, no Windows settings will provide you with the settings to allocate RAM to a game. But even if in-game settings let you do so, you shouldn't be proactively doing it. It is because allocating extensive memory to some games will hamper the operations of other mandatory processes.
So, depending upon your physical capacity of RAM sticks, you can allocate it to a certain application. With a higher amount of physical memory and a suitable amount of memory assignment, you will face fewer problems. Or, you may have to increase your RAM capacity physically.
Moreover, if you are experiencing slow gameplay, there might be issues other than the RAM allocation. More often, problems in gameplay are the result of a faulty GPU. May it be hardware inabilities or some other configuration issues, GPUs are the major causes of laggy gameplay, poor quality, FPS jumps, screen tearing, etc.
Or the processing part, the CPU can cause issues if it is being extensively used without a proper cooling system. Moreover, the required specs for the game you're playing can be checked on their official documentation. Unmet requirements can't be fixed without hardware upgrades.
Consider upgrading your hardware if their specs turned out to be the weak links in your smooth gameplay experience.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What is keystore?
A file containing the keys and certificates used for authentication
What is life cycle (J2EE component)?
The framework events of a J2EE component's existence. Each type of component has defining events that mark its transition into states in which it has varying availability for use. For example, a servlet is created and has its init method called by its container before invocation of its service method by clients or other servlets that require its functionality. After the call of its init method, it has the data and readiness for its intended use. The servlet's destroy method is called by its container before the ending of its existence so that processing associated with winding up can be done and resources can be released. The init and destroy methods in this example are callback methods. Similar considerations apply to the life cycle of all J2EE component types: enterprise beans, Web components (servlets or JSP pages), applets, and application clients.
What is life cycle (JavaServer Faces)?
A set of phases during which a request for a page is received, a UI component tree representing the page is processed, and a response is produced. During the phases of the life cycle: The local data of the components is updated with the values contained in the request parameters. Events generated by the components are processed. Validators and converters registered on the components are processed. The components' local data is updated to back-end objects. The response is rendered to the client while the component state of the response is saved on the server for future requests.
What is local subset?
That part of the DTD that is defined within the current XML file.
What is managed bean creation facility?
A mechanism for defining the characteristics of JavaBeans components used in a JavaServer Faces application.
What is message?
In the Java Message Service, an asynchronous request, report, or event that is created, sent, and consumed by an enterprise application and not by a human. It contains vital information needed to coordinate enterprise applications, in the form of precisely formatted data that describes specific business actions.
What is message consumer?
An object created by a JMS session that is used for receiving messages sent to a destination.
What is message-driven bean?
An enterprise bean that is an asynchronous message consumer. A message-driven bean has no state for a specific client, but its instance variables can contain state across the handling of client messages, including an open database connection and an object reference to an EJB object. A client accesses a message-driven bean by sending messages to the destination for which the bean is a message listener.
What is message producer?
An object created by a JMS session that is used for sending messages to a destination.
What is mixed-content model?
A DTD specification that defines an element as containing a mixture of text and one more other elements. The specification must start with _TAG_, followed by diverse elements, and must end with the "zero-or-more" asterisk symbol (*).
What is method-binding expression?
A Java Server Faces EL expression that refers to a method of a backing bean. This method performs either event handling, validation, or navigation processing for the UI component whose tag uses the method-binding expression.
What is method permission?
An authorization rule that determines who is permitted to execute one or more enterprise bean methods.
What is mutual authentication?
An authentication mechanism employed by two parties for the purpose of proving each other's identity to one another.
What is namespace?
A standard that lets you specify a unique label for the set of element names defined by a DTD. A document using that DTD can be included in any other document without having a conflict between element names. The elements defined in your DTD are then uniquely identified so that, for example, the parser can tell when an element should be interpreted according to your DTD rather than using the definition for an element in a different DTD.
What is naming context?
A set of associations between unique, atomic, people-friendly identifiers and objects.
What is naming environment?
A mechanism that allows a component to be customized without the need to access or change the component's source code. A container implements the component's naming environment and provides it to the component as a JNDI naming context. Each component names and accesses its environment entries using the java:comp/env JNDI context. The environment entries are declaratively specified in the component's deployment descriptor.
What is normalization?
The process of removing redundancy by modularizing, as with subroutines, and of removing superfluous differences by reducing them to a common denominator. For example, line endings from different systems are normalized by reducing them to a single new line, and multiple whitespace characters are normalized to one space.


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The Impact of Multi-Sensor Data Assimilation on Plant Parameter Retrieval and Yield Estimation for Sugar Beet
- 1VISTA Geowissenschaftliche Fernerkundung GmbH, München, Germany
- 2Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
Keywords: yield modelling, crop growth model PROMET, sugar beet, multi-sensor data assimilation, SLC
Abstract. Yield Maps are a basic information source for site-specific farming. For sugar beet they are not available as in-situ measurements. This gap of information can be filled with Earth Observation (EO) data in combination with a plant growth model (PROMET) to improve farming and harvest management. The estimation of yield based on optical satellite imagery and crop growth modelling is more challenging for sugar beet than for other crop types since the plants' roots are harvested. These are not directly visible from EO. In this study, the impact of multi-sensor data assimilation on the yield estimation for sugar beet is evaluated. Yield and plant growth are modelled with PROMET. This multi-physics, raster-based model calculates photosynthesis and crop growth based on the physiological processes in the plant, including the distribution of biomass into the different plant organs (roots, stem, leaves and fruit) at different phenological stages.
The crop variable used in the assimilation is the green (photosynthetically active) leaf area, which is derived as spatially heterogeneous input from optical satellite imagery with the radiative transfer model SLC (Soil-Leaf-Canopy). Leaf area index was retrieved from RapidEye, Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ data. It could be shown that the used methods are very suitable to derive plant parameters time-series with different sensors. The LAI retrievals from different sensors are quantitatively compared to each other. Results for sugar beet yield estimation are shown for a test-site in Southern Germany. The validation of the yield estimation for the years 2012 to 2014 shows that the approach reproduced the measured yield on field level with high accuracy. Finally, it is demonstrated through comparison of different spatial resolutions that small-scale in-field variety is modelled with adequate results at 20 m raster size, but the results could be improved by recalculating the assimilation at a finer spatial resolution of 5 m.


amreading Commonplace Book writer's inspiration
Q-Tip, the Sampling Scientist
When laid out this way, it would appear that the art of the sample, in the mind of Q-Tip, was science. He began by laying out pause tapes in his home until 1989, when he had the opportunity to be present for the recording of De La Soul's iconic album Three Feet High and Rising. It was in those moments when he was shown around the studio by the in-house recording engineers and afterward was allowed to tinker with all the sampling devices. Seeing his potential and interest, the rapper and producer Large Professor taught him how to use other studio equipment to most effectively hone his sound. Not all young producers have a group of welcoming mentors like Q-Tip had, but not all young producers were as uniquely skilled from their teenage years as Q-tip was, and not all were as willing as Q-Tip to "dig deep in the crates" to search for sounds. Q-Tip was, in many ways, an extension of rap's early DJs, chipping away at a massive block of music and peeling off only what he needed.
Go Ahead in The Rain: Notes to a Tribe Called Quest, pg.26
By Hanif Abdurraquib
Hanif's words giving us the viewfinder close-up of Q-Tip's musical development.


text:
How do macrophyte distribution patterns affect hydraulic resistances?
In eutrophic river systems, macrophytes attain high biomass with reduced drainage and increased flooding risk. To avoid these problems, water managers remove vegetation. Total removal, however, increases wash out of macro-invertebrate communities reducing the ecological value of rivers. Partial vegetation removal reduces this washout and prevents an increase in hydraulic resistance. In this, study the hydraulic performance of three partial vegetation removal patterns was tested. From the results it was seen that hydraulic resistance, expressed as Manning's n, was varying between 0.025 m−1/3 s and 0.050 m−1/3 s. Compared with the empty situation, the different distribution patterns increased resistance between 14 and 23%. Hydraulic resistance of these patterns was also significantly influenced by the species present in the vegetation patches. Three groups of macrophyte plants (emerged, floating leaved and submerged) with significantly different hydraulic resistances were determined. The emerged species Sparganium erectum generated the least resistance with an average friction of 0.03 m−1/3 s. Stuckenia pectinata and Potamogeton natans had slightly higher friction values around 0.4 m−1/3 s. Ranunculus penicillatus and Callitriche platycarpa had average friction values around 0.05 m−1/3 s. The proposed vegetation removal patterns are good alternatives to create a management system, which minimally increases hydraulic resistance but still guarantees the ecological functions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Let's say you have some data about your company and want to create a database and tables to store and analyse this data.
Th employees salary information are in the Salary table and employees information in employees table.
id is the primary key for the Salary table and employee_id is the primary key for the employees table. And employee_id in the Salary table is a foreign key for the employee table.
Creating a Database in PostgreSQL –
What is a database?
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database. – Oracle
Let's create a database
Life with data (lwd) to store both employee and salary table.
To create a database in SQL, we use the CREATE DATABASE statement. Open the pgAdmin tool that we installed previously. You can find the instruction for installing PostgreSQL and pgAdmin from here –
How to use pgAdmin from here – pgAdmin
Open the pgAdmin > PostgreSQL 14 > Databases > postgres > right click on postgres > Query Tool
Then write –
CREATE DATABASE lwd;
This statement creates a database on your server named lwd using default postgres settings.
Once you execute the query, right click and refresh the Databases on the left navigation, you will see that lwd database is created.
Connect to the lwd database –
Now that we have successfully created the lwd database but before we create any table we have to make sure that we are connected to this database and not the default postgres database.
- Close the query tool by click x on top right, no need to save the previous query.
- In the object browser right click on lwd and select Query Tool.
- In the top right you will see lwd/postgres@PostgreSQL 14.
- Now, any code you execute will be applied to the lwd database.
Create Tables in PostgreSQL –
What is a Table?
A table is a grid of rows and columns that stores data. Each rows holds a collection of columns, and each column contains data of a specified type: most commonly, numbers, characters, and dates. When you create a table, you assign a name to each column (sometimes referred to as a field or attribute) and assign it a data type. The Data type of a column determine what kind of data can be stored in that column. If you enter a text data into a date column then you will get an error.
CREATE TABLE Statement –
To create a table in a database we use the CREATE TABLE statement followed by the table name.
CREATE TABLE table_name ( col1 datatype, col2 datatype, col3 datatype,.... );
Let's create both the salary table.
Salary Table –
CREATE TABLE Salary ( id bigserial, employee_id int, amount int, pay_date date );
The id column in this table is bigserial data type. It is a special integer data type that auto-increments every time you add a new row to the table. the first row gets the value of 1, second row 2, and so on.
The employee_id and amount is of int type, sort for integer. And the pay_date is a date (year, month, day) type.
To insert text in a column we can use char(n) for fixed length string and varchar(n) for variable length string where n is the length of the string.
Later we will talk more about various data types and constraints in a table. But for now, we will keep it simple. Make sure to follow our blog for the latest updates.
Once you execute the above code and right click refresh on lwd database, salary table will be inside the lwd > schemas > public > Tables > salary.
INSERT statement –
often when we work with large number of rows, the easiest method is to import data from a csv file or from other databases directly into table, which I will explain in the upcoming posts. But for now we will learn how to do it manually.
To insert data into a table we use the INSERT Statement.
INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2, col3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...);
Let's insert data into the salary table.
INSERT INTO salary (employee_id, amount, pay_date) VALUES (1, 9000, '2017/03/31'), (2, 6000, '2017/03/31'), (3, 10000, '2017/03/31'), (1, 7000, '2017/02/28'), (2, 6000, '2017/02/28'), (3, 8000, '2017/02/28');
If you run the above query, the salary table will be created. After the INSERT INTO we write the table name in which we want to insert the data followed by column names inside the parenthesis. In the next row we use the VALUES keyword followed by the data to insert into each column in each row. We did not inserted the values for the id column as it is bigserial type and the values gets automatically inserted for each rows as we discussed before.
To confirm that everything worked correctly, you can run the following sql query to see the data.
SELECT * FROM salary
We have successfully created the database and the salary table. Now go ahead and create the employee table yourself.
Related Posts –
- How to install PostgreSQL and pgAdmin on Windows.
- How to install PostgreSQL and pgAdmin on Mac.
- How to use pgAdmin for PostgreSQL.
- INSERT INTO – Add new record in a table.
- Copy Table columns without rows in SQL.
- Copy Rows from One Table into Another.


text:
Students will use the Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial quarter to learn about Commander Perry and the International Peace Memorial.
Read the March Coin of the Month to learn about Commander Perry and the International Peace Memorial. As a class, discuss unique features of this memorial. Record the student responses on chart paper.
Using available online and classroom resources, have the students research details of the International Peace Memorial, accomplishments of Commander Perry, and key events of the Battle of Lake Erie. Invite the students to work in groups and use a graphic organizer to illustrate and record their findings. Have the students create a script highlighting an aspect of their research, then perform their script as a park ranger might deliver a living history demonstration (in character for the period).
Make a Connection
Do you know that we have a collection of lesson plans based on the America the Beautiful Quarters® Program for educators and students to enjoy? Lesson plans for grades K through 12 are available online for free. Be sure to use this program to explore the rich history of our national sites with your students.
Content Related Links


5. Use human-centered sales to break through complexity
Many factors combine to make CBS a complex buying decision. Potential customers must balance a variety of considerations ranging from the relatively obvious — space to accommodate a toilet, availability and desirability of substitutes, and ability and willingness to pay for sanitation, for example — to issues surrounding the finer points of product design and cultural factors such as reluctance to share a toilet across mother-in-law/son-in-law relationships.
Finding a way through that complexity requires a human-centered sales approach that teaches salespeople to focus on solving the customer's problem, rather than on product features and price. Typically centered around issues of basic human dignity and the health and safety of family members, personalized conversation helps customers to articulate the biggest problems they face as a result of not having their own toilet, and to come to their own conclusion that CBS offers a better answer to those problems than other sanitation options.
Part of Solution
 - Insights for advancing container based sanitation (CBS) businesses
 - Additional Information
 Such conversations should also be used to surface specific design features that might help to overcome any residual concerns acting as barriers to purchase. For instance, that might mean a square design that fits neatly in the corner of small, crowded dwellings, or the ability to disguise the toilet as a piece of furniture to avoid embarrassment in front of guests in a oneor two-bedroom house.
 Organisations Involved


How to Store Breast Milk
Freezer or Fridge: A Basic Guide to Breast Milk
Yes, it is worth crying about spilled milk—at least, when it's your own milk that's been spilled. You've missed meetings, lost sleep and sacrificed cocktail hour to pump that breast milk, so having to throw it out because of improper storage is a huge loss. Nourishing your child with it makes all that sacrifice worthwhile, which is why storing your breast milk properly is so important. It will last just hours at room temperature or as long as a year in the freezer.
Packing Breast Milk
How to Warm Up Breast Milk
Learn More
Using clean, airtight containers to store breast milk protects it from contamination. As soon as you express it, pour the milk into a glass or hard plastic BPA-free bottle with a tight-fitting lid or into a plastic bag made especially for storing breast milk. Other types of plastic bags or containers aren't suitable for this purpose.
Aim to fill each container with a single serving of milk. That way, you can thaw and serve a single bottle at a time. Leave at least an inch of space at the top if you plan to freeze the milk because it will expand as it freezes. Write the pumping date and the quantity of milk on a label and attach the label to the container.
Wash your hands with soap and water before expressing milk. If you touch anything between pumping and packaging the milk, wash your hands again before transferring the milk to the containers.
In the Fridge
Breast milk can be stored safely in the refrigerator for up to five days, if the internal temperature is no greater than 39 degrees F. Place the containers near the back of the fridge to keep them as cold as possible. Avoid overcrowding that area of the refrigerator, so the cold air can circulate around the containers. Don't put breast milk on a shelf on the fridge door because it will be exposed to warm air every time the door is opened.
In the Freezer
How to Switch Back & Forth From Breastfeeding to Bottle Feeding
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The colder the freezer and the less frequently it's opened, the longer breast milk will keep. Store it for up to six months in the freezer half of your refrigerator if it has a separate door from the fridge. If your freezer doesn't have its own door, such as a mini-fridge, store milk in it for no longer than two weeks.
A chest or upright freezer is the best option of all. Presumably, you don't open it regularly, so milk stays frozen consistently inside. Store it for up to 12 months in this type of freezer, again placed near the back or bottom of the freezer to keep it as cold as possible.
In a Cooler
Storing milk in a cooler is a convenient way to keep it cold when you're traveling or if you don't have access to a fridge at work. Keep the containers in an insulated cooler, surrounded on all sides by frozen ice packs, for up to 24 hours. Aim to open the cooler only after you're home and ready to transfer the milk to the fridge or freezer, so don't put other food and drinks in the cooler with the milk.
On the Counter
On a cool day, milk can stay safely on the counter for up to eight hours—but only if the room is no warmer than 77 degrees F. Don't store breast milk on a counter or table if the room is hotter than that. Cover milk containers with a towel to protect them from light and heat.
Reheating Breast Milk
Always grab the oldest milk from the freezer or fridge, assuming it's still within the window of time for safe storage. Thaw frozen milk by putting it in the refrigerator overnight. To thaw it quickly, place a container of milk in a bowl of warm water or hold it under a stream of warm water. Give the container a swirl every minute or so until it's completely liquid.
A picky baby may refuse milk unless it's warm. Heat up any stored breast milk by running it under warm water or by following the directions for your bottle warmer. Don't heat milk in the microwave or in hot water; it may scald your baby's mouth.
It's important to only thaw the amount of milk you need for the next day. Once it's thawed, use it with 24 hours or discard it. Seeing all that hard-earned liquid go down the drain is a bummer, so err on the side of thawing too little milk at a time. You can always heat up more milk quickly if you need to, but you can't safely refreeze milk once it's thawed.


cross product calculator 3 vectors
A Matrix and a vector can be multiplied only if the number of columns of the matrix and the the dimension of the vector have the same size. The cross (or vector) product of two vectors \( \vec{u} = (u_x, u_y,u_z) \) and \( \vec{v} = (v_x, v_y, v_z) \) is a vector quantity defined by: What is Meant by Cross Product? Assuming "cross product" refers to a computation | Use as referring to a mathematical definition instead. )The similarity shows the amount of one vector that "shows up" in the other. Computational Inputs: » vector 1: » vector 2: Compute. As many examples as needed may be generated with their solutions with detailed explanations. Solved Examples Question 1: Calculate the cross products of vectors a = <3, 4, 7> and b = <4, 9, 2>. The procedure to use the cross product calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter the real numbers in the respective input field. Or that North and Northeast are 70% similar ($\cos(45) =.707$, remember that trig functions are percentages. \) matrix A {a ij} vector x {x j} matrix-vector product. Cross product calculator. Cross product formula is used to determine the cross product or angle between any two vectors based on the given problem. The function calculates the cross product of corresponding vectors along the first array dimension whose size equals 3. If A and B are vectors, then they must have a length of 3.. Our online calculator is able to find scalar product of two vectors with step by step solution. Home / Linear Algebra / Matrix Operation; Calculates the matrix-vector product. In this case, the cross function treats A and B as collections of three-element vectors. If A and B are matrices or multidimensional arrays, then they must have the same size. Step 3: Finally, the cross product of two vectors will be displayed in the output field. For example, we can say that North and East are 0% similar since $(0, 1) \cdot (1, 0) = 0$. An interactive step by step calculator to calculate the cross product of 3D vectors is presented. Defining the Cross Product. Step 2: Now click the button "Solve" to get the cross product. The cross product calculator is had been used to calculate the 3D vectors by using two arbitrary vectors in cross product form, you don't have to use the manual procedure to solve the calculations you just have to just put the input into the cross product calculator to get the desired result. Matrix-Vector product Calculator. The dot product represents the similarity between vectors as a single number:. Two non-zero vectors are perpendicular if and only if their scalar product equals to zero: In the coordinate form, scalar product of two vectors is expressed by the formula: a b a x b x a y b y a z b z, where and.
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In the UK, earning a master's degree in computer science has many advantages. The UK is a popular alternative for those wishing to study MSC in Computer science in the UK because it is home to renowned universities that provide a wide variety of programs for students of computer science.
These MSC in Computer Science UK universities are proud of their cutting-edge curricula and top-notch, technologically advanced facilities. In addition, an MSc Computer Science UK degree is recognized and recognized internationally, which is another factor that draws foreign students to the UK. You've made a great choice if you're one of them and want to earn a master's degree in computer science in the UK.
This blog will serve as your guide as we cover all crucial details concerning a master's degree in Computer Science in the UK, including the best universities, admission requirements, employment opportunities, and more.
Why Study MS in Computer Science in the UK?
Let's first discuss why you should think about taking this degree in the UK before moving on to the specifics of studying for a Master in Computer Science there:
- Innovative Curriculum: The teaching materials for the master's degree in Computer Science in the UK are innovative. The top universities in computer science in the UK not only offer cutting-edge educational facilities but also incorporate cutting-edge technology into their teaching methods.
- Opportunities for Employment: The UK is home to some of the largest corporations, such as Salesforce, Microsoft, and Google. These businesses are constantly looking for graduates with an MS in Computer Science from the UK.
- High WagesThere are several high-paying positions in this industry in the UK. A graduate of a UK computer science university can expect to make up to £44,000 per year on average. As you gain more knowledge and experience, your payment may increase to £79,000.
- Studying at the top universities for computer science in the UK is reasonably priced. This is due to the program's one-year length, which results in lower overall tuition costs than other well-liked study-abroad locations like the USA.
Eligibility Criteria & Admission Requirements for MSc Computer Science in the UK
The qualifications and eligibility for a Mater's degree in Computer Science vary from university to university in the UK. All colleges demand a specific set of standards, nevertheless, which never change. They consist of:
- Experience in Programming
- Bachelor's degree
- Language Requirements in English
The following will go over each of these:
1. Bachelor's Degree
To pursue an MS at a UK computer science university, international candidates must hold a first-class UG degree with honors in Computer Science, Math, or any other computing component. Indian students must have earned a minimum grade of 60% on their threeor four-year Bachelor's degree.
2. Programming Experience
Another crucial qualification for an MS in computer science in the UK is this. International students must have at least rudimentary knowledge of computer programming. The completion of a project, while a person is enrolled in school or working, is regarded as a legitimate experience.
3. English Language Requirements
For their MS in Computer Science in the UK, international students must successfully complete an English proficiency test.
There can be some additional requirements in addition to the ones listed above. Check the official websites of UK universities offering master's degrees in computer science to learn about any institution-specific admission requirements.
Documents Required to Pursue Masters in Computer Science in the UK
When completing your application for an MS in computer science at one of the best universities in the UK, supporting documents are required. Make sure the following papers are examined:
- transcripts for bachelor's degrees
- the entire official transcripts
- References and Letter of Support
- scores on the English Proficiency Test
- Purpose Statement/Personal Statement
Cost of Studying MSc Computer Science in the UK
Tuition fees and living expenses make up the two components of the cost of an MSc in Computer Science in the UK. Let's examine both of them:
The cost of an MS in computer science varies depending on the university. The duration of the MS in Computer Science in the UK is one year, and the annual tuition costs for overseas students range from £27,500 to £35,900.
Cost of Living
The cost of living in the UK varies depending on where you choose to live and the kind of lifestyle you want. The cost of living in the UK can, on average, reach up to £18,000 per year and roughly £1500 per month.
International students who attend the best universities in the UK for an MS in computer science typically spend the most on housing. Most students who choose private housing must pay extra. Most universities are close by and transportation is inexpensive.
Most universities will provide an MS in Computer Science in UK Scholarship for international students to assist support their degree, despite the high expense.
Course Curriculum for MSc Computer Science UK
Students receive a solid grounding in computer science theory as well as useful software engineering skills, including teamwork for commercial or academic clients, through the UK masters in the computer science program. After finishing their coursework, graduates have the option of choosing between interdisciplinary industrial roles and Ph.D. research.
Among the crucial subjects addressed in the course are:
- Computer architecture
- operating systems
- fundamental programming algorithms
- Project for the MSc in Computer Science: Database Principles
After discussing the requirements, curriculum, fees, and admissions processes, let's learn about the top universities in the UK for master's degrees in computer science:
Top 5 Universities in the UK for MS in Computer Science
In the UK, a number of prestigious universities provide an MS in the computer science program. We discussed the top 5 institutions, including their programs, rankings, and costs for an MS in computer science in the UK.
- University of Oxford
- University of Cambridge
- Imperial College London
- University College London ( UCL)
- University of Edinburgh
Let us briefly discuss these top universities below:
1. University of Oxford
One of the best institutions in the UK to earn an MS in computer science is the University of Oxford. Four different computer science programs are available through a department that is specifically dedicated to this subject. The institution also hosts social gatherings where overseas students can connect with others who share their interests and broaden their horizons.
2. University of Cambridge
A master's program in computer science with a research focus is offered at the University of Cambridge. Students must complete a research project in addition to the five modules that make up the program. The method of instruction is a special synthesis of conventional instruction, seminars, hands-on learning, and reading groups.
3. Imperial College London
There are many different MS in Computer Science degrees available from Imperial College London. These classes concentrate on broadening students' comprehension and expertise in computer science, thereby preparing them for careers in the computing sector.
4. University College London ( UCL)
Another top university in the UK for an MS in computer science is UCL. Students' theoretical, practical, and programming skills are all enhanced by the course. Along with these abilities, UCL students also gain other crucial abilities like communication and collaboration.
5. University of Edinburgh
Both full-time and part-time Computer Science courses are available at the University of Edinburgh. This institution is renowned for its skill in computer system design, analysis, implementation, and use. The course material is broken up into two semesters and includes a mix of lectures, tutorials, project work, and homework.
The demand for computer science professionals is rising because it is such a diverse industry. Top universities in the UK for an MS in Computer Science, therefore, offer this opportunity, making it crucial to study in this competitive field with the greatest industry specialists. Studying computer science in the UK can be a fruitful career choice, but if you're not sure and would like professional advice, get in touch with our counselors right away.


Leading Through Change
Details Program Description
The Leading Through Change program by Performance Learning Concepts
provides a transformative experience for current and future leaders, with the
specific purpose of helping them thoughtfully assess and productively
respond to the challenges associated with our ever-changing business environments.
This program will benefit mid to senior-level managers who operate within a
changing and growing business environment and wish to maximize their
management skill sets to effectively empower their teams through creative
and innovative leadership practices.
Participants in the program will:
- Identify, assess, and prioritize current challenges related to changes in their
organizations and leadership roles.
- Practice communication strategies for connecting better with those whom
they lead, while engaging in authentic and productive dialogue surrounding
changing tasks and environments.
- Explore Design Thinking philosophy, its relevance to leadership strategies,
and create a plan for applying the first step, "Empathy," to their current
leadership goals in responding to change and growth.
Thoughtful and progressive educational philosophies drive our approach to
learning. As such, our programs are filled with engaging, experiential, pragmatic,
and stimulating learning exercises that allow participants to put
knowledge to practical use during the workshop.
Together, Dr. Rod Taylor and Jeremy Podany hold five degrees in higher
education and have collectively led hundreds of unique groups through
training and development workshops and conferences—from world-leading
accounting firms like Deloitte to innovative manufacturing and sales organizations
like Nissan North America.
Detailed Outline of Program
Assessing Change
-Evaluate your and your teammates' unique style and approach
to handling change
-Gain clarity on the types of changes happening in your organization
and how to best approach them
Healthy Qualities of Leading Change
-Develop strategies for moving your department or organization
forward through changing goals and environments
-Acquire further insight into conflict resolution
-Learn how to invest in your own personal health as a leader
Communicating Through Change
-Explore the communication habits of persuasive leaders
-Learn the important difference between convincing someone and
persuading them to act
-Learn techniques for communicating productively through the
process of change
Handling the Pressures of Change
-Develop an increased grit and mindfulness of the varying
pressures associated with change leadership
-Harness the value of professional lifelines
-Create a personal plan to stay fresh during change and help
others do the same
Designing Your Change
-Dive into the core principles of Design Thinking—an innovative
methodology that provides a clear multistep path that can guide
our leadership decisions, from empathy to implementation
-Learn to purposefully design your change management leadership
-Examine the powerful connection between empathy and strong
Registration Closed
Nashville, TN, USA


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Phlebotomy training is necessary for those individuals who want to develop specialized skills in order to collect blood from the patient with least amount of pain. Phlebotomy training is relatively new specialized procedure for collecting blood from the veins. The demand for trained phlebotomist grew within last two decades. Phlebotomy classes learning has made the procedure of blood collection a very safe and sterile method. Phlebotomy training is very important for those who are willing to get an extremely good job in a reputed hospital, research laboratories, research institutes, etc. This training involves providing guidance for handling and controlling biohazardous materials such as blood sample, unused sterile needles and used needles. Phlebotomy training is all about collecting, testing and transporting the blood samples with getting them spoiled.
Phlebotomy training classes
In Phlebotomy training, the students learns in detail about the human anatomy, creating patient rapport, needle technique, medical safety and the process of keeping the records. In addition to the theoretical knowledge, the student is also given practical training about handling several medical equipments including container of biohazardous waste containers, biohazardous spill kits, syringes of various sizes, dermal puncture devices, vacuum tubes, blood culture bottles, bandages, tapes, tourniquets, looking arm rest, etc. This kind of training can be done in the same way as other medical training programs. Phlebotomy training can be done as 4 year bachelors degree or a two year associate degree. Some hospitals, community colleges, research institutes also provide vocational programs from Phlebotomy training.
Phlebotomy Training : Work and Salary
After taking Phlebotomy training along with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a person may get $10 per hour and this amount of salary increases with time and experience of the phlebotomist. It can be up to $30 per hour. The salary figure after a Phlebotomy training depends on the kind of job and the place the person is working on.
Details of Phlebotomy training
Phlebotomy training is done in order to become a certified phlebotomist. Phlebotomy certification is the best certification for a person seeking a good career in hospital field in which a person can help reduce the pain of the patient in taking blood out of patient's body. It is done through venipuncture. Venipuncture is the process of collecting venous blood which is through anti cubital vein of the forearm. Depending on the test, almost five to six millimeters of blood is extracted from the patient. To take this training there are certain requirements which has to be fulfilled by the candidate. The very basic requirement includes high school graduate or GED. But there a certain other requirements which depends on the institution a person is applying for. The time limit for the training varies from state to state but the basic time limit is mainly 2 to 4 months of sincere training. During the Phlebotomy training, the candidate must do at least 100 unassisted blood withdrawals. Along with blood withdrawals, different uses of instruments are also taught. The candidate must take an entrance test after the training so that the candidate can take phlebotomy certification. Phlebotomy training comprises of theoretical as well as clinical interaction.


Project Description
Five things that will blow your mind about Alberta's oil and gas wells
1. There's one well for every 10 people living in Alberta.
Inactive wells in Alberta, August 2017. Source: Fuzeium Data.
Alberta is absolutely covered with oil and gas wells. More than 450,000 wells have been drilled in the province, reaching from rural and Indigenous communities right into the heart of its biggest cities.
Once oil and gas companies are finished actively producing from a well, they are legally required to clean, cap, and "reclaim" them. The problem is, they're not doing that. As these wells degrade, they leak toxins into the land, air and water.
2. The cleanup bill for these wells is greater than the value of the entire oil and gas industry.
How is that possible? Let's break it down. Over 330,000 wells in Alberta either need to be cleaned up right now or in the coming years. "Full cycle" reclamation cost can range from $100,000, up to millions of dollars for a really difficult well. When you do the math, cleaning up Alberta's oil and gas wells could cost up to a hundred billion dollars.
Those numbers don't even include the cleanup costs of all the wells' related infrastructure, including 23,000 oil and gas facilities, and over 430,000 kilometres of pipelines. Once you add those in, we're talking about hundreds of billions of dollars of industry cleanup costs. You read that right: hundreds of billions.
And here's where things get really scary. When you put the full cost cleanup liabilities onto the books, the vast majority of Alberta's oil and gas companies are already insolvent — and have been for some time.
In other words: if Alberta's oil and gas industry had to account for its cleanup costs, it would already be out of business.
And if oil and gas companies aren't setting aside the money to clean up their own mess, just who is going to pay for it?
You guessed it: the rest of us.
3. Alberta's oil and gas companies have figured out how to pull off "bankruptcy-for-profit" — and it's the scheme of the century.
In Alberta, conventional oil and gas companies have been staving off bankruptcy by taking on massive debts, and running a $32 billion deficit from 2009-15. This reckless approach to business is only possible because of the Alberta government's lax approach to industry regulation.
Alberta: Crude Oil & Natural Gas. Pre-tax Profits, _PHONE_. Source: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.
Just how corporate-friendly is the regulation? To start off, well owners have almost no hard deadlines for well cleanup. So companies that would be broke if their cleanup costs were on the books continue to operate. They're taking on more and more debt, knowing they can put off their environmental obligations indefinitely.
That is, until they implode into bankruptcy, selling off their assets to pay back creditors, while leaving a toxic legacy behind. It's bankruptcy-for-profit. And the stakes for the rest of us could not be higher, because…
4. An upcoming Supreme Court case could leave all of us on the hook for industry cleanups across the country.
The legal battle around a company called "Redwater Energy Corporation" is the most important court case you've never heard of. In May 2016, an Alberta court decision allowed Redwater to walk away from its legal duty to abandon and reclaim its old wells — and let it pay off its creditors first instead.
The case is currently being appealed to Canada's Supreme Court.
So what does it all mean? If this precedent holds, it means that every industry across the country can walk away from its environmental liabilities. Every pulp mill, mine, or power plant across the county can be run into the ground, while executives and shareholders walk away with the profits, and leave all of us with the cleanup bill.
5. There's a way to fix this. And it could put Alberta back to work and spark a reclamation boom.
Brent Nimeck and Regan Boychuk stand in front of an abandoned well, 2017.
What if we could make sure the industry pays its cleanup bill now — AND put tens of thousands back to work in the process?
Brent Nimeck and Regan Boychuk are Albertans who have been working in and researching the province's oil and gas industries for decades. They've come up with an innovative way to fix the problem of reclaiming these old wells before the industry walks away from them. The plan is called RAFT: Reclaiming Alberta's Future Today.
The idea is simple: hold the oil companies to their legal obligation, and make them pay to clean up their mess. In Alberta, there are tens of thousands of unemployed oilfield workers and vast arrays of equipment ready to be put to work to clean up those wells.
Implementing RAFT would shift Alberta away from its reliance on fossil fuel production and launch a new reclamation boom in Alberta –– a model that could be exported to energy jurisdictions around the world.
Healing the land through reclamation can also begin to rebalance the scales of justice with Indigenous communities in the province. One hundred years of oil and gas exploration in Alberta have poisoned the land, water and air, undermined the treaties, and now threaten to leave all of us with this toxic mess and the cleanup costs.
But getting oil and gas companies to clean up their mess could be the start of a green jobs boom, and a new future for Alberta.
So let's get to work. Sign our petition to hold oil and gas companies accountable.


gradient (%) Mole length (m)
Clean 0 to 1 40 to 50
Clean 1 to 2 50 to 60
Clean 3 to 5 80 to 100
Stony 0 to 1 30 to 40
Stony 1 to 2 40 to 50
Many mole drains have been installed at a length of 200m and some up to 400m have been pulled at Cooriemungle in south-west Victoria. These have performed satisfactorily for a number of years, but would survive much longer if the length was reduced (80 to 100m) because they would empty out quicker and are not likely to remain saturated.
Steeper gradients
Steeper gradients of greater than 3 per cent should enable relatively trouble-free moles because minor surface undulations won't cause blockages with negative gradients, and the risk from erosion is reduced. On steeper gradients, moles should cross the direction of the main slope to help intercept surface runoff and to avoid the possibility of channel scour and erosion.
Lower gradients
In most situations surface slopes are usually below 3 per cent and drains should run parallel to the slope fall.
The flatter the gradient, the more even the soil surface has to be and the use of collector pipe drains may be needed to achieve good results.
Optimum mole drain depth depends on soil type, and the conditions when moles are installed. Generally moles are pulled at 400 to 600mm depth. For most pasture situations a torpedo diameter of 65 to 75mm is recommended, although the channel diameter will be slightly less immediately after moling. A plug or expander attached to the rear of the torpedo will tend to maintain the channel size and smear the channel itself increasing its longevity.
Moles less than 400mm deep are liable to be damaged by tractors and animals during or immediately after rain. However, if mole drain depth is slightly less than 400mm, use a smaller diameter torpedo (35 to 45mm) to reduce ground heave during mole draining. Torpedoes of 100mm have been used but require substantially higher powered tractors and have not been proven to be an advantage over the smaller sized torpedoes.
A rule of thumb is that the expander to mole draining depth ratio is 1:7, that is, a 70mm diameter expander should have mole depth of approximately 490mm.
Very heavy soils and those with high contents of suitable clay down to moling depth may benefit from its first mole draining at a shallower depth due to tractor limitations. Also as the soil structure improves over time subsequent moles can often be pulled at deeper depth.
Spacing is designed to promote an interlacing effect of the fracture pattern from the moling and so encourage maximum water flow opportunity. Spacing between moles is usually about 2m in dairy pastures. In less intensely grazed areas spacing may be up to 5m apart, but performance falls off markedly with wider spacing.
The drain outfall or outlet is the most important part of the system. If this fails the whole system fails.
Mole drains can discharge to open drains, into interceptor drains filled with gravel, or preferably a collector pipe system. The latter two systems are more expensive, but protect the mole outlets and the only maintenance required is at the tile outlet (see Subsurface pipe drainage design and construction).
Open drain outlets should be fenced off from stock and kept clean so the outfall is above the drain water level. This prevents water backing up into the mole outlets, softening the clay channel and eventually causing them to collapse. Short lengths of plastic pipe inserted in the ends can protect them.
Another advantage of gravel filled interceptor drains is that moles can be pulled both ways, instead of the one way trip from open drains, speeding up the job.
Effective life
The effective life of a mole drain can be from hours (if done in the wrong conditions to 10 to 15 years (if done in the correct conditions). Moles in some soils have lasted longer. Even some soils that in theory shouldn't support moles are still operating after 5 years.
Other factors
 1. Improved drainage not only takes away surplus water but takes away some nutrients as well.
 2. Fertiliser should not be applied immediately before rain events when run-off is likely.
 3. Good management practices, such as not applying fertiliser within four days of predicted rain should reduce nutrient run-off to a minimum.
 4. Consider changing paddock layout to make mole draining easier.
 5. Water pipes often have to be re-laid.
 6. Drainage trenches can outfall to dams, so that more water can be harvested.
Water Act
The Water Act 1989 provides guidance for the management of waterways and swamps. Before considering draining a wet area, contact your local catchment management authority for advice and to check if you need a permit.
Page last updated: 24 Jun 2021


A Tale of Two Views
By Gene McCullagh
August 18, 2010
The Library module is a powerhouse of organization tools. You can view many images, a few, or one. Zoom in for fine details. Add star ratings. Add color labels. Change landscape to portrait and back again! The list goes on and on.
There is one small problem, however. Many new Lightroom users can be confused by Lightroom's reaction to some of their actions. Some seasoned users even get confused on occasion. Here's a typical question I get asked; "I select several images and press 4 to add a 4 star rating. Why does this sometimes add the rating to all the images selected and other times only to my active image?"
The answer lies in the difference between how the Grid view and the Loupe view treat these actions. Although they are both part of the Library module they serve very different purposes. You can think of the grid view like a lawn sprinkler, it gets everything wet. Loupe view is more like a water gun, you aim it at something and only it gets wet. (It's a weak analogy, I know. But hang in there.)
First, let's talk a little about terms. Take a look at this screenshot from the Library module.
This is the grid view. You can see that the border area around the images appears in different shades of gray. Dark gray indicates that the image is unselected. Light gray means the image is selected. When multiple images are selected then the active image is indicated by the lightest gray border. This same scheme is reflected in the filmstrip at the bottom of the window.
You can switch between grid and loupe by clicking on one of the first two icons on the toolbar. You can also use the keyboard shortcuts of G for grid and E for loupe. When you switch to loupe view it is the active image that will appear.
Back to the original question. So why does pressing 4 sometimes add a 4 star rating to all the selected images and at other times only to the active image? The answer lies in how these two views approach organizational tools. Grid works on the entire group while loupe plays favorites with the active image. This behavior applies to nearly everything you do in the Library module. So if I'm in grid view with several images selected and press 5 they ALL get 5 stars.
But in loupe view only the active image gets the rating.
This behavior is consistent with all of the organizational tools; keywords, color labels, flags, virtual copies, metadata, etc.. If you glance over at the metadata panel while in grid view you can see that Lightroom puts a placeholder in some fields that are different across the images selected.
So, for example, if the Rights Usage Terms are not the same for all the selected images you will see in that field. As soon as you switch to loupe view the panel changes to show only the metadata for the active image (no matter how many are in the selection).
Even the left and right arrow keys respond differently. While in loupe view the left and right arrow keys will cycle through the selected group and make each image in turn the active image. In grid view pressing the right arrow key will jump you to the first image AFTER the selected group.
The big exception to all of this is the develop tools found in the Library module. And this too makes sense since these tools aren't organizational by nature and are really part of the Develop module. They're in the Library module as a convenience.
So whether you are in grid or loupe view, increasing exposure will only effect the active image. Likewise, pressing V will only convert the active image to black & white.
Once you get this difference into your head then the confusion will be gone and you can zip through your shoots like an organizational superhero!
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str.utf16) var revbuff = reverse(buff) // You now have a buffer loaded with bytes!! if let aStr = String.stringWithBytesNoCopy(&revbuff, length:revbuff.count*sizeof(UInt16), encoding: NSUTF16LittleEndianStringEncoding, freeWhenDone:false) { aStr // returns "dnuorgyalp,olleH
Swift: Bytes for Beginners (Part II)
Last time a string was converted into bytes and then transformed from bytes back into a string. Following on from this, I'm going to start by creating two separate byte arrays: let strA = "Hello, " var buffA = [UInt8](strA.utf8) let strB = "playground" var buffB = [UInt8](strB.utf8) Note: I've simplified the construction of the byte arrays (aka buffers) since the last post and created them all on one line. This is thanks to reading this StackOverflow post. Joining byte arrays together Now I'm simply going to join the two byte arrays together. buffA += buffB And the same as last time transform this back into a string. if let a = String.stringWithBytes(buffA, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) { a // returns "Hello, playground" } Reversing a byte array As you can see the byte array is being treated like any other array. Now let's take this a step further and use one of Swift's algorithms to manipulate the array: buffA =
Swift: Bytes for Beginners (Part I)
Talk of buffers and bytes can be quite daunting and before you know it people are wanting you to XOR. But the code that I'm going to post in this series is going to move slowly. First of all we're going to start with a string: var str = "Hello, playground" You should be comfortable with this first of all. Next we're going to create a buffer. Don't run away. A buffer is simply an array. And our buffer is going to be an array of unsigned 8-bit integers: var buff = [UInt8]() Why unsigned 8-bit ints? Well these are the code units that a UTF8-encoded string works with. So that's the only thing we can use for this example. But how do we know the string is UTF8-encoded? It isn't yet, but we're going to extract the utf8 bytes and then append them to our buffer (array) like this: buff += str.utf8 Painless. Next let's transform those bytes back into a string for completeness: String.stringWithBytes(buff, encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding) A Stri
Pure Swift: Conversion of Cocoa dependent code (Xcode 6 Beta 5)
Original methods (using Cocoa) A week or so ago, I wrote a series of methods for a Gist String extension fork that simply borrowed unthinkingly from the Cocoa Framework: extension String { func splitStringByCharacters() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: self.startIndex, end: self.endIndex), options: NSStringEnumerationOptions.ByComposedCharacterSequences, { (substring, substringRange, enclosingRange, bool) -> () in arr.append(substring)}) return arr } func splitStringBySentences() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: self.startIndex, end: self.endIndex), options: NSStringEnumerationOptions.BySentences, { (substring, substringRange, enclosingRange, bool) -> () in arr.append(substring)}) return arr } func splitStringByLines() -> [String] { var arr = [String]() self.enumerateSubstringsInRange(Range(start: se
Pure Swift: A little deeper into generics (Xcode 6 Beta 5 and Beta 6)
At the end of the last blogpost I delivered myself a challenge to write a method that could remove duplicates from a String or an Array of any type. And here's progress so far. I'm half way and I'm not sure how much further I can continue without some serious brainwork. This is what I have: func identifyDuplicates(s:seq, contains:(seq, seq.Generator.Element, Int) -> Bool) -> [Int] { var sequence = s var indArr = [Int]() var i = 0 for a in sequence { if contains(sequence,a,i) { indArr.append(i) } i++ } return indArr } This generic method can take an array or a string and can be called respectively: let dupArr = identifyDuplicates([1,2,2,3,4,3,4,4], { (a:[Int], b:Int, c:Int) -> Bool in contains(prefix(a, c),b)}) var str = "Hello, playground" let dupStr = identifyDuplicates(str, {(a:String, b:Character, c:Int) in contain
Pure Swift: My First Generic Method (Xcode 6 Beta 5)
I was thinking about how to transform an Array instance into a Set, where duplicates are removed. And to do this for an Int array was fairly straightforward, func removeDuplicates(array:[Int]) -> [Int] { var arr = array var indArr = [Int]() var tempArr = arr var i = 0 for a in enumerate(arr) { if contains(prefix(arr, a.index), a.element) { indArr.append(a.index) } i++ } var ind = 0 for i in indArr { arr.removeAtIndex(i-ind) ind++ } return arr } but I didn't want to write a new method for every type of Array. I therefore took advantage of generics to write a method that took an Array of items that adopt the Comparable protocol, because that's exactly what we're doing to find duplicates; we're comparing the values of the items to one another. func removeDuplicates(array:[T]) -> [T] { var arr = array var indArr = [I
Pure Swift: A one-line method to add insert functionality to String instances (Xcode 6.3; update for Xcode 7, iOS 9)
This is the third blogpost focusing on writing pure swift methods and extensions. And here's a really simple one to add insert functionality to String instances: extension String { func insert(string:String,ind:Int) -> String { return prefix(self,ind) + string + suffix(self,count(self)-ind) } } "Hello World!".insert("Swift ", ind: 6) Enjoy! Update: 14 April 2015 I wrote this post in the early days of Swift and in fact there's a much easier way of inserting a string called splice(). var aString = "Hello World!" aString.splice("Swift ", atIndex: advance(str.startIndex,6)) So while there are any number of ways that we can approach the insertion of a String without splice, for example using subscripting ( inspired by a StackOverflow post ): extension String { mutating func insert(str:String, atIndex:String.Index) { self = self[Range(start: self.startIndex,end: atIndex)] + str + self[Range(start: atI
Pure Swift: A method for replacing occurrences of a string within a string (updated for Xcode 6.3.1, Swift 1.2 and Xcode 7 beta 1, Swift 2)
rangesOfString In the last blogpost, I created an extension to the String type to add a rangesOfString: method that was written purely in Swift. extension String { func rangesOfString(findStr:String) -> [Range] { var arr = [Range]() var startInd = self.startIndex // check first that the first character of search string exists if contains(self, first(findStr)!) { // if so set this as the place to start searching startInd = find(self,first(findStr)!)! } else { // if not return empty array return arr } var i = distance(self.startIndex, startInd) while i<=count(self)-count(findStr) { if self[advance(self.startIndex, i)..


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Routing protocols generally fall into two categories. Proactive protocols disseminate routes throughout a network regardless of the demand for such routes. While these protocols periodically incur route dissemination costs, they can provide routes quickly in response to client requests. Reactive protocols, on the other hand, discover routes only as they are needed. While this on-demand operation may increase route discovery latency, the protocol overhead is low.
The optimal routing protocol depends on network characteristics and may change dynamically. A static network where routes to all nodes are equally in demand all the time calls for a proactive protocol; a dynamic network where a few mobile nodes are the target of most route queries may benefit from a reactive protocol. In the past, the tradeoff between these protocols was made at network deployment time, fixing the protocol for the whole duration of the network lifetime.
SHARP is a hybrid routing protocol that finds the optimal mix of proactive route dissemination and reactive route discovery. An analytical model is used to make the tradeoff optimally. Each SHARP node can direct the routing layer to optimize for a different metric, such as overhead, latency or jitter, for routes targeting that node. Overall, SHARP provides an informed,anaytically-driven mechanism to find the optimal mix of proactive and reactive routing within a network.


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Kinetics and morphology of homoepitaxial diamond growth by chemical vapor deposition
Rawles, Robin E.
D'Evelyn, Mark P.
Doctor of Philosophy
To address the relative lack of understanding concerning growth mechanisms for diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD), this work explores kinetics of diamond epitaxy--growth on single-crystal substrates--and morphology of diamond surfaces--CVD films and natural and synthetic diamond after hydrogen plasma treatment. Optical Fizeau interferometry was implemented for in situ growth-rate measurements, providing a facile and sensitive means of systematically studying diamond growth kinetics. Fizeau interferometry was also used for non-contact temperature measurement of diamond single crystals, and the index of refraction variation with temperature was determined. Kinetics of diamond (100) homoepitaxy was investigated--in particular, the effects of oxygen on epitaxial growth and etching was studied, in conjunction with the nanometer-scale film morphology. Addition of oxygen to the hot-filament reactor had similar effects for growth conditions containing 0.5% or 1% methane in hydrogen. Growth rates at lower temperatures increased relative to samples grown without oxygen, proceeded through a maximum, and then decreased until etching was observed at high temperatures. Increased etching of diamond and non-diamond carbon was also observed for hydrogen with oxygen than for hydrogen alone. Oxygen addition improved the crystallinity of CVD diamond films deposited on silicon, as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Without oxygen such films had polycrystalline features with relatively smooth (100) and rather rough (111) facets--with oxygen these films had both smooth (100) and (111) facets. Growth rates for diamond (100) and (111), with and without oxygen, were measured simultaneously using in situ Fizeau interferometry. The ratio of the two growth rates was then correlated with the nanometer-scale morphology, characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Oxygen addition affected the (100) growth rate only; (100) epilayers were smooth for growth without oxygen but contained defects and penetration twins for growth with oxygen. The (111) epilayers from growth with and without oxygen were highly defective. Single-crystal diamonds, with and without CVD epilayers, and natural and synthetic diamond powders were treated in hydrogen plasmas, and examined by AFM and SEM. Evidence for a possible role of diffusion of surface species during diamond growth was observed.
Physical chemistry; Engineering; Materials science


Żelazowa Wola
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Żelazowa Wola
Chopin's birthplace
Żelazowa Wola is located in Poland
Żelazowa Wola
Żelazowa Wola
Coordinates: 52°15′N 20°19′E / 52.250°N 20.317°E / 52.250; 20.317
Country Poland
Voivodeship Masovian
County Sochaczew
Gmina Gmina Sochaczew
Population 65
Żelazowa Wola [ʐɛlaˈzɔva ˈvɔla] is a village in Gmina Sochaczew, Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.[1] It lies on the Utrata River, some 8 kilometres (5 mi) northeast of Sochaczew and 46 km (29 mi) west of Warsaw. Żelazowa Wola has a population of 65.
The village is the birthplace of Polish-French pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin, and of violinist Henryk Szeryng. It is known for its picturesque Masovian landscape, including numerous winding streams surrounded by willows and hills.
In 1909, in celebration of Chopin's centenary, Russian composer Sergei Lyapunov wrote the symphonic poem, Zhelazova Vola (Żelazowa Wola), Op. 37 (Russian: Жeлaзoвa Вoлa), "in memory of Chopin".[2]
Housed in an annex to the Chopins' home, surrounded by a park, is a museum devoted to the composer. In summer, concerts of his music are performed by pianists from all over the world, who play inside the family home. In an adjacent park is a monument to the pianist, designed by Józef Gosławski.[3]
 2. ^ Crocks Newsletter
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 52°16′N 20°20′E / 52.267°N 20.333°E / 52.267; 20.333


IRQ I/O Address /dev/ttyS2 COM3 4 0x03e8 /dev/ttyS3 COM4 3 0x02e8 /dev/lp0 LPT1 7 0x0378-0x037f /dev/lp1 LPT2 5 0x0278-0x027f /dev/fd0 A: 6 0x03f0-0x03f7 /dev/fd1 B: 10 0x0370-0x0377
Checking DMA Channels
Direct memory addressing (DMA) is an alternative method of communication to I/O ports. Rather than have the CPU mediate the transfer of data between a device and memory, DMA permits the device to transfer data directly, without the CPU's attention. The result can be lower CPU requirements for I/O activity, which can improve overall system performance.
To support DMA, the x86 and x86-64 architectures implement several DMA channels, each of which can be used by a particular device. To learn what DMA channels are in use on your system, examine the /proc/dma file:
$ cat /proc/dma
3: parport0
4: cascade
This output indicates that DMA channels 3 and 4 are in use. As with IRQs and I/O ports, DMA channels should not normally be shared. In practice, DMA channel conflicts are rarer than IRQ conflicts, so chances are you won't run into problems. Copy or print the contents of /proc/dma on your system to preserve a record of this information.
Checking Hard Disk Data
The /procfilesystem provides a way to learn about your PATA hard drives: the /proc/ide directory tree. This directory contains several subdirectories, but the simplest way to get at the data you want is to use the symbolic links that are named after your hard drives, such as /proc/ide/hdafor the master drive on the primary controller or /proc/ide/hddfor the slave drive on the secondary controller. These symbolic links point to directories that contain several files each, such as model(the hard drive's model number), settings(many low-level settings), capacity (the drive's size in 512-byte blocks), and driver (the name and version number of the Linux driver that's responsible for the drive). You can examine these files by using cat or less:
$ cat /proc/ide/hda/driver
ide-disk version 1.188
Although the /proc/idedirectory tree provides useful information, it's not always the best way to learn about your disk devices. One good alternative is the hdparmutility, which enables you to read or set various hard disk options. To obtain a summary of information on your drive, use the -i option as root.
# hdparm -i /dev/hda
 Model=WDC WD600AB-32BVA0, FwRev=21.01H21, SerialNo=WD-WMA7E1272684
 BuffType=DualPortCache, BuffSize=2048kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=off
 PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
 DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
 AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
signifies the current active mode
This command returns a wide range of basic information, including the drive's model, firmware revision, serial number, cylinder/head/sector (CHS) counts, buffer size, access modes supported (PIO, DMA, and UDMA), and more. Even if most of this information is like Greek to you, having a record of it should be useful, so save it to a file or print it for future reference.
Unfortunately, both the /proc/ide directory tree and hdparm are useful only for PATA drives or for SATA drives that are managed by drivers in the PATA section of the Linux kernel. For SCSI drives and SATA drives that are handled by drivers in the SCSI section of the Linux kernel, less information is available through these methods. There is a /proc/scsi directory tree, but its contents are more concerned with the SCSI host adapter than with the devices it handles.
For both PATA and SCSI devices (including SCSI-driven SATA drives), you can obtain some basic information and data on drive partitioning by using the fdisk utility's -l option as root, which displays the partition table on the drive:
# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 81.9 GB, 81964302336 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 158816 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes
 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 9689 _PHONE_+ a5 FreeBSD
/dev/sdb2 9690 158816 75160008 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 9690 13565 _PHONE_+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/sdb6 13566 15504 977224+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb7 15505 60073 22462744+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb8 60074 158816 49766440+ 8e Linux LVM
PATA drives have drive identifiers of the form /dev/hdx, where x is a letter from a onward. SCSI drives have identifiers of the form /dev/sdx, where x is a letter from aonward. SATA drive identifiers can take either form, depending on the driver that handles the SATA controller.
The partition information can be useful in certain disaster recovery situations. It can also be helpful if you need to add, remove, or otherwise modify your partitions. For these reasons, you should archive this information to a file or print it. Phase 5 describes Linux partition management in greater detail.
Checking PCI and USB Data
Modern computers use the PCI bus to connect most devices. Even devices that are built into the motherboard, such as USB controllers, are likely to use the PCI bus internally. You can learn about PCI devices from the /proc/pci pseudo-file. Much of the information retrieved from this pseudo-file will seem meaningless to you unless you're a hardware expert; nonetheless, it can prove useful in debugging problems, once you learn what certain key things mean. Thus, you should copy this pseudo-file or print it out for future reference.
The /proc/bus/usb/devices pseudo-file holds information on USB devices. As with the /proc/pci pseudo-file, much of the information will seem like gibberish, but it's worth saving. With the USB information, though, you may at least be able to spot manufacturer names or device model numbers.
Checking Kernel Messages
When Linux boots, it displays a large number of messages about the hardware it finds. These messages scroll by so quickly that you're unlikely to be able to read them; however, you can review them by typing dmesg | lessor print them by typing dmesg | lpr. The dmesgcommand displays the contents of the kernel ring buffer, where kernel messages are stored. This buffer is of limited size, and as the system continues to operate, the kernel is likely to place additional messages in this buffer. Thus, your original kernel messages may scroll out of the buffer in time. Some distributions store a copy of the kernel ring buffer as it existed when the computer first booted in a log file, such as /var/log/dmesg.
You should review your kernel ring buffer to familiarize yourself with the messages it contains. You needn't study every detail, but try to spot information on important subsystems, such as your hard disk, so that you know what types of messages to expect from a working system. In the event of hardware problems, the kernel ring buffer can be an invaluable resource. You might find that hardware isn't detected (no mention of it appears in the ring buffer), or you might spot error messages relating to the hardware in the ring buffer.
Criteria for Completion
To complete this task, you should create a disk file or set of printouts that includes information on several hardware features:
. Used IRQs. Used I/O addresses. Used DMA channels Low-level hard disk information (for PATA disks) Disk formatting information PCI summary information.
USB summary information You should also review your kernel ring buffer messages and be familiar with the basic format of these messages.
Managing Linux hardware and the kernel
 Home: Introduction
 Part 1: Set BIOS Options for Linux: task 2.1
 Part 2: Know the hardware in your computer, task 2.2
 Part 3: Resolve hardware conflicts, task. 2.3
 Part 4: Configure USB devices to Linux, task. 2.4
 Part 5: Configure Linux Disk Drive, task 2.5
 Part 7: Use Linux power management features, task 2.7
 Part 8: Configure X options for Linux, task 2.8
 Part 9: Manage X logins for Linux, task 2.9
This was first published in January 2007
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Do not disable mirror write consistency for redo log files.
A.3 CPU Scheduling and Process Priorities
The CPU is another system component for which processes may contend. Although the AIX kernel allocates CPU effectively most of the time, many processes compete for CPU cycles. If the system has multiple CPU (SMP), then there may be different levels of contention on each CPU.
The following sections provide information about CPU scheduling and process priorities:
A.3.1 Changing Process Running Time Slice
f # /usr/sbin/schedo -t n
A.3.2 Using Processor Binding on SMP Systems
However, starting with AIX 5L, specific improvements in the AIX scheduler enables Oracle Database processes to be scheduled optimally without processor binding. Therefore, Oracle no longer recommends binding processes to processors when running on AIX 5L version 5.3 or later.
A.4 Setting the AIXTHREAD_SCOPE Environment Variable
In addition, on AIX 5L version 5.3 or later, if you set systemwide contention scope, then significantly less memory is allocated to each Oracle process.
 - Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:
 - C shell:
Doing this enables systemwide thread scope for running all Oracle processes.
A.5 Network Information Service external naming support
Network Information Service external naming adapter is supported on AIX. To configure and use Network Information Service external naming, refer to the "Configuring External Naming Methods" section of Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide.
A.6 Simultaneous Multithreading on AIX 5.3 and Later Versions
If Simultaneous Multithreading is enabled, and AIX 5.3 and later version operating system is used, then the v$osstat view reports 2 additional rows corresponding to the online logical (NUM_LCPUS) and virtual cpus (NUM_VCPUS).
If Oracle is run on AIX 5.3 and later versions without Simultaneous Multithreading, then these rows are not reported.
A.7 Configuring IBM JSSE Provider with Oracle JDBC Thin Driver
If you want to configure SSL on IBM JDK, then you may face the following issues:
 - IBM JSSE does not support SSLv2Hello SSL protocol
 For SSL clients using Thin JDBC connectors, you must set oracle.net.ss1_version system property to select TLSv1 SSL protocol or SSLv3 SSL protocol
 - IBM JSSE does not allow anonymous ciphers
 For SSL clients using anonymous ciphers, you must replace the Default Trust Manager with a Custom Trust Manager that accepts anonymous ciphers.
 See Also:
 IBM JSSE documentation for more information on creating and installing Custom Trust Manager


text:
The issue discussed in this wiki page does only occur if the BW system does not contain the correction of note _PHONE_(_PHONE_ and _PHONE_ are also recommended).
QPROV: The QueryProvider design does not guarantee a full aggregation of values. If possible, the packages from the database are just passed though to the analytic engine to be processed package by package. Thus, no full aggregation is happening and in case of multiprovider as source of the QueryProvider, there can be multiple records with the same key coming from different part providers. Thus, it is not recommended to update for example target DSO with the 'Overwrite', to get the same results as in the source query 'Summation' is recommended.
The following features can impact the packages and requests created from the Analytic Engine and then being retrieved from BWA/database.
The same problem has been previously documented for the feature virtual key figures/ characteristics for BWA has been described very well in note _PHONE_ and the basic problem is visible here again.
The following example explains this impact step by step:
Simple example: Number of rows with QPROV based on multiprovider as source of DTP depends on feature 'Operations in BWA/HANA' and leads to unexpected aggregation behavior writing to a DSO with 'Overwrite'
A query is based on a multiprovider with data coming from 2 part providers.
One key combination (NR_MAT = 'A') is coming from both providers and thus would get aggregated in the query result.
In RSRT the results are the same even so for one query 'Operations in BWA/HANA' is set to 3 (standard) and in the other one to 2 (as in 7.0 per InfoProvider).
Defining a transformation and a DTP on with theses QPROV as source to 2 equally defined DSOs, now shows this interesting behavior, for one DTP 5 records and for the other one 6 records are extracted:
Having a look into the generated data packages and relating this to the original content of the multiprovider does explain this behavior:
When 'Operations in BWA/HANA' mode 3 is used, then one access (= one package) to the multiprovider is generated and the already aggregated data is returned to the analytic engine.
Whereas when 'Operations in BWA/HANA' mode 2 is used, then one access (= one package) per part provider is generated and non-aggregated records would come back to the analytic engine. These packages are reused for the DTP packaging; in the provided example 2 packages with 1 additional record are returned aggregating with summation would lead to the same result as in the query. However, if the target is an DSO and you have set 'Overwrite' the results in the target, can be different from the results in the source query due to this effect.
Thus, be aware, that no full aggregation is happening when working with QueryProvider and always use 'Summation' for achieving the same results in an target DSO as in the source query.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Two hostile nations both claim a piece of territory. They may go to war over it. Or, they may negotiate some agreement. The agreement would be written down, and both governments would agree to keep the agreement.
- A football club wishes to buy a player from another club. A series of negotiations would take place between the clubs, the player and the player's agent. If the negotiations succeed, the player gets moved. In this case, and in many others, success is followed by a legal contract, or a court decision, which makes the agreement legal.