CABBAGE (Pers. kalam) Brassica oleracea L. vars. The word kalam (and its obsolete variant karam; see below) seems to be cognate with Greek krámbē, from which comes Arabic karanb/koronb (see Maimonides p. 92 n.; see also Kendī, p. 326 n. 262, where Levey refers also to Skt. karambhā on the authority of Löw, I, p. 482; see also Mayrhofer, Dictionary I, p. 165).
The common "garden-grown" (bostānī) varieties and races of cabbage are derived—through selection and cultivation—from the wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea L., which, according to Zargarī (I, 2nd ed., p. 156), grows "in central Iran around Isfahan." The cabbage varieties most commonly grown and consumed nowadays in Persia are the following:
Kalam-e pīč (lit. kinky cabbage), the common head(ing) cabbage, B. oleracea var. capitata, sometimes also called kalam-e barg (lit. leaf cabbage; see, e.g., Ṭabāṭabāʾī, I, p. 485; but Zargarī, p. 153, reserves this name for the var. acephala). (When used without any complement, kalam refers to this variety, which is the most widely cultivated and consumed one.) The karam-e rūmī (lit. Roman/Byzantine cabbage), one of the two varieties of karam the cultivation of which Abūnaṣrī Heravī (p. 144) describes for the Herat area in the early 10th/16th century, is probably this variety. Its main culinary uses nowadays include: kalam-polow (cabbage pilaf, with fried pieces of cabbage leaves, small meatballs, and tomato sauce); dolma-ye kalam (stuffed cabbage leaves, hence the name kalam-e dolmaʾī "cabbage for stuffing" sometimes given to this variety); āš-e kalam (formerly, karanbā, i.e., karam-bā [Jorjānī, p. 135], used in Hindi/Urdu, too; an āš, with pieces of cabbage leaves as main ingredient); in various western-style dishes, especially borš "borsch."
Kalam(-e) qomrī, the kohlrabi, sometimes called kalam(-e) sang(ī) (stone cabbage, probably a calque of Azeri Turkish dāš-kalam), in Shiraz, kalam-e sar (head[-forming] cabbage). As already guessed by Majlesī (LXIII, p. 218), the word qomrī seems to be an alteration of Arabic qonnabīṭ/qannabīṭ itself from Greek kōnōpídi/kōnopída, etc. (see Maimonides, p. 92 n. 1; cf. Tonokābonī who gives qomrīt [p. 218, s.v. karanb] or qomrīd [p. 340, s.v. laʿūq-e karanb "cabbage linctus"] as the equivalent of Ar. karanb in the Persian dialect of Isfahan, and [p. 694] equates qonnabīṭ with kalam-e rūmī = kalam-e gerd "round cabbage"). The qonnabīṭ, however, has traditionally been taken for the cauliflower by many classical and modern authors (cf. its inaccurate description by Ebn Māsūya, apud Ebn al-Bayṭār, pt. 4, pp. 57-61, s.v. karanb; among the moderns, see Ghaleb, s.vv.; qonnabīṭ/qarnabīṭ = the cauliflower, and koronb = both the drumhead cabbage and the kohlrabi). On the other hand, in addition to Majlesī, who seems to equate the qonnabīṭ with the qomrī, Mīrzā ʿAlī-Akbar, chef at the court of the Qajar Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah, stresses several times (pp. 13, 32, 44) that "kalam-e qenbīṭ, [sic] is known as qomrī," referring to the cauliflower as gol-e kalam and kalam-e gol (p. 66; see below). The kalam-e bīḵī (lit. "root cabbage") mentioned by Abūnaṣrī as the equivalent of Arabic karanb (p. 135), refers probably to the kohlrabi.
This variety has long been grown on a limited, local scale by most villagers, especially in Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Kermān, Shiraz, Arāk, Kurdistan, and around Tehran (Ṭabāṭabāʾī, I, p. 539). Its main culinary uses include: cut into small pieces, instead of cabbage leaves in āš-e kalam (see above), especially in Azerbaijan villages; instead of the same in kalam-polow and also together with lentils (ʿadas) in yaḵnī-e ʿadas-kalam, both mainly in Shiraz.
Kalam-e gol (flower cabbage), cauliflower (i.e., the plant). Seldom used in native Persian dishes, it was popularized after World War II due to increasing social contact between Iran and the West (Ṭabāṭabāʾī, I, p. 517). The main uses of the gol(-e) kalam, cauliflower, include: pickled in vinegar (toršī-e gol-e kalam) or in brine (especially as one of the ingredients of the popular maḵlūṭ (mixed vegetables); in Shiraz, a ḵᵛoreš (q.v.) is sometimes made with gol-e kalam. (Other varieties such as kalam-e ḡoṇčaʾī/fandoqī/tokmaʾī, Brussels sprouts, and kalam-e qermez, the red cabbage, introduced after World War II, are seldom used; see Ṭabāṭabāʾī, I, p. 532).
Historically, the medico-pharmacological authors of the Islamic period have mentioned or briefly described several species and/or varieties of karanb, which cannot be always identified with certitude because of inadequate descriptions or confusion in terminology, e.g.: (ʿAlī b. Moḥammad [?], apud Ebn al-Bayṭār, loc. cit.) karanb nabaṭī (Nabatean) = andalosī (Andalusian/Spanish), probably the common garden cabbage; šāmī (Syrian) = mawṣelī (from Mosul), most probably the rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica); qonnabīṭ/qannabīṭ originally probably the kohlrabi (but usually taken to be the cauliflower; see above); ("the author of al-Felāḥa" [?], quoted ibid.) karanb nabaṭī, which "is the well-known cabbage," and ḵūzī (from Ḵūzestān); (Maimonides, p. 22, no. 184) karanb = baqlat al-anṣār, and karanb šāmī = qonnabīṭ; (Mowaffaq Heravī, naming five kinds without any explanation, p. 262, s.v. karanb) nabaṭī, barrī (wild), baḥrī (maritime), qonnabīṭ, and mawṣelī, for which Laufer (pp. 380-81) has provided the following unwarranted equivalents respectively: "Nabathaean, Brassica silvestris, B. marina, B. cypria, and Syrian from Mosul"; (Tonokābonī, pp. 715-16) bostānī (including the qonnabīṭ), barrī, and baḥrī (adapted from Dioscorides, Ar. tr. apud Ebn al-Bayṭār, loc. cit.); "the well-known variety (qesm) of [the bostānī] has a green beet-like rooṭ ..., and Syrian, Hamadānī, Mawṣelī, and Andalosī subvarieties (aṣnāf), differing in form" (concerning the confusion about the identification of the barrī and baḥrī cabbages, see also Leclerc's note, II, p. 159).
Many medicinal properties and uses have


text: Our sand calculator will help you estimate how many Cubic Yards of Sand you need for your desired coverage area. Sand Calculator How much sand do I need? The sand calculator offers 4 "Box" area fields and 2 "Circular" area fields for you to calculate multiple areas simultaneously (back yard, front yard, driveway, garden, etc.). Rectangular, Square and Box Areas Enter the width and length of of up to four areas measured in feet and the materials coverage depth for each area in inches Area 2 Square FeetArea 3 Square FeetArea 4 Square FeetArea 1 cubic yardsArea 2 cubic yardsArea 3 cubic yardsArea 4 cubic yards Circular Areas Enter the distance across each circular area measured in feet and the materials coverage depth for each area in inches Circle 1 Square feetCircle 2 Square FeetCircle 1 cubic yardsCircle 2 cubic yardsTotal coverage area in square feet Estimated Cubic Yards RequiredTotal cubic yards of all areas and depths Enter Your Email Address for a Copy of the Calculations NameThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- CPU (CPU type)
The CPU (or processor ) is the core component of any console. It executes the programs (e.g. games) with the help of other dedicated hardware. The CPU has high impact on the general performance of a console, altough other components and the general architechture of the devide also play a significant role.
- Memory (Memory installed)
The amount of internal memory available to execute programs.
- Video memory (Video memory)
The amount of video processing memory reserved for graphics board. Presented as megabytes.
- HDD size (Storage capacity (HDD size))
If the console has an internal hard disk drive, the storage capacity of the drive is announced here (in giga bytes, GB). The HDD can be used, for example, to store games/game data, photos, music, videos or software.
- USB ports (Number of USB or USB2 ports)
The number of USB ports the console has. The ports can bes uses to connect game controllers or external devices, or to read memory cards.
- Ethernet (Integrated Ethernet / LAN adapter?)
If the console has an integrated Ethernet port, it can be connected to a local area network (LAN) via the port. The speed of the LAN connection is announced as megabits per second (Mbps).
- WiFi (Integreated WLAN / WiFi)
WiFi is a wireless solution to connect a device to a local area network.If the console is WiFi-enabled, it can be connected to a WLAN Network without the use of a connection cable.
- Bluetooth (Integrated Bluetooth adapter)
Bluetooth can be used to form a data transfer connection between the console and Bluetooth enabled devices. Another possible use of the technology is to connect external devices or game controllers.
- HD media support (Support for HD media)
The console can support some kind of HD media, i.e. it can be used as a HD media player for the supported format(s). Theoretically there can be devices suppporting either HD DVD or Blu-ray, but in practice only the latter is supported by consoles.
- Component video (Component video output)
Component Video is a type of video transmission where either luma and chroma difference channels (Y, Cb, and Cr) or red, green, and blue (RGB) video is sent across three separate cables.
- HDMI (HDMI output)
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is an interfacing standard for transferring digital video and audio between electronic devices. It is developed primarily for high definition displays in mind.
- SD card reader (Integrated SD memory card reader)
Integrated Memory Card Readers can be used to read information from different types of memory cards. The readers can be used for example to save game data to a memory card, view photos from a memory card of a digital camera, or to transfer music or other files from/to the console. Common types of memory cards are SD, MemoryStick, and CF.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


bc.info [plain text]
This is bc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from bc.texi.
File: bc.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
* Menu:
* Introduction::
* Basic Elements::
* Expressions::
* Statements::
* Functions::
* Examples::
* Readline and Libedit Options::
* GNU 'bc' and Other Implementations::
* Limits::
* Environment Variables::
File: bc.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Basic Elements, Prev: Top, Up: Top
* Menu:
* Description::
* Command Line Options::
File: bc.info, Node: Description, Next: Command Line Options, Prev: Introduction, Up: Introduction
 'bc' [ -hlwsqv ] [long-options] [ FILE... ]
 'bc' is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with
interactive execution of statements. There are some similarities in
defined before processing any files. 'bc' starts by processing code
After all files have been processed, 'bc' reads from the standard
command to halt the processor, 'bc' will never read from the standard
 This version of 'bc' contains several extensions beyond traditional
'bc' implementations and the POSIX draft standard. Command line
options can cause these extensions to print a warning or to be
rejected. This document describes the language accepted by this
processor. Extensions will be identified as such.
 The author would like to thank Steve Sommars
() for his extensive help in testing the
implementation. Many great suggestions were given. This is a much
better product due to his involvement.
 Email bug reports to . Be sure to include the word
"bc" somewhere in the "Subject:" field.
File: bc.info, Node: Command Line Options, Next: Numbers, Prev: Description, Up: Introduction
Command Line Options
 'bc' takes the following options from the command line:
'-h, --help'
 Print the usage and exit.
'-l, --mathlib'
 Define the standard math library.
'-w, --warn'
 Give warnings for extensions to POSIX 'bc'.
'-s, --standard'
 Process exactly the POSIX 'bc' language.
'-q, --quiet'
 Do not print the normal GNU 'bc' welcome.
'-v, --version'
 Print the version number and copyright and quit.
File: bc.info, Node: Basic Elements, Next: Expressions, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
Basic Elements
* Menu:
* Numbers::
* Variables::
* Comments::
File: bc.info, Node: Numbers, Next: Variables, Prev: Command Line Options, Up: Basic Elements
 The most basic element in 'bc' is the number. Numbers are arbitrary
fractional part. All numbers are represented internally in decimal and
all computation is done in decimal. (This version truncates results
from divide and multiply operations.) There are two attributes of
of 3.
File: bc.info, Node: Variables, Next: Comments, Prev: Numbers, Up: Basic Elements
 Numbers are stored in two types of variables, simple variables and
arrays. Both simple variables and array variables are named. Names
underscores. All letters must be lower case. (Full alphanumeric names
are an extension. In POSIX 'bc' all names are a single lower case
 There are four special variables, SCALE, IBASE, OBASE, and LAST.
SCALE defines how some operations use digits after the decimal point.
The default value of SCALE is 0. IBASE and OBASE define the conversion
output is base 10. LAST (an extension) is a variable that has the
detail where appropriate. All of these variables may have values
assigned to them as well as used in expressions.
File: bc.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Variables, Up: Basic Elements
 Comments in 'bc' start with the characters '/*' and end with the
characters '*/'. Comments may start anywhere and appear as a single
the start and the end of the comment.
 To support the use of scripts for 'bc', a single line comment has
been added as an extension. A single line comment starts at a '#'
character is not part of the comment and is processed normally.
File: bc.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Statements, Prev: Basic Elements, Up: Top
* Menu:
* About Expressions and Special Variables::
* Basic Expressions::
* Relational Expressions::
* Boolean Expressions::
* Precedence::
* Special Expressions::
File: bc.info, Node: About Expressions and Special Variables, Next: Basic Expressions, Prev: Expressions, Up: Expressions
About Expressions and Special Variables
 The numbers are manipulated by expressions and statements. Since
the language was designed to be interactive, statements and expressions
are executed as soon as possible. There is no main program. Instead,
later, are defined when encountered.)
 A simple expression is just a constant. 'bc' converts constants into
internal decimal numbers using the current input base, specified by the
variable IBASE. (There is an exception in functions.) The legal values
of IBASE are 2 through 16. Assigning a value outside this range to
IBASE will result in a value of 2 or 16. Input numbers may contain the
letters are variable names.) Single digit numbers always have the
value of the digit regardless of the value of IBASE. (i.e. A = 10.)
For multi-digit numbers, 'bc' changes all input digits greater or equal
to IBASE to the value of IBASE-1. This makes the number 'FFF' always
be the largest 3 digit number of the input base.
 Full expressions are similar to many other high level languages.
variable SCALE. Legal values of the variable SCALE are 0 to the maximum
number representable by a C integer.
File: bc.info, Node: Basic Expressions, Next: Relational Expressions, Prev: About Expressions and Special Variables, Up: Expressions
Basic Expressions
a complete expression and "VAR" refers to a simple or an array variable.
A simple variable is just a
 and an array variable is specified as
 Unless specifically mentioned the scale of the result is the maximum
scale of the expressions involved.
'- expr'
 The result is the negation of the expression.
'++ VAR'
 of the expression.
'-- VAR'
 of the expression.
'VAR ++'
 the variable is incremented by one.
'VAR --'
 the variable is decremented by one.
'expr + expr'
'expr - expr'
 The result of the expression is the difference of the two
'expr * expr'
'expr / expr'
 The result of the expression is the quotient of the two
'expr % expr'
 scale of the maximum of SCALE+scale(b) and scale(a). If SCALE is
 set to zero and both expressions are integers this expression is
 the integer remainder function.
'expr ^ expr'
 result is SCALE if the exponent is negative. If the exponent is
 first expression times the value of the exponent and the maximum of
 min(scale(a)*b, max(SCALE, scale(a))).) It should be noted that
 expr^0 will always return the value of 1.
'( expr )'
 This alters the standard precedence to force the evaluation of the
'VAR = expr'
 The variable is assigned the value of the expression.
'VAR = expr'
 This is equivalent to "VAR = VAR expr" with the exception
 that the "VAR" part is evaluated only once. This can make a
 difference if "VAR" is an array.
File: bc.info, Node: Relational Expressions, Next: Boolean Expressions, Prev: Basic Expressions, Up: Expressions
Relational Expressions
 Relational expressions are a special kind of expression that always
true. These may appear in any legal expression. (POSIX 'bc' requires
that relational expressions are used only in 'if', 'while', and 'for'
relational operators are
'expr1 < expr2'
 The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly less than expr2.
'expr1 <= expr2'
'expr1 > expr2'
 The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly greater than expr2.
'expr1 >= expr2'
'expr1 == expr2'
 The result is 1 if expr1 is equal to expr2.
'expr1!= expr2'
 The result is 1 if expr1 is not equal to expr2.
File: bc.info, Node: Boolean Expressions, Next: Precedence, Prev: Relational Expressions, Up: Expressions
Boolean Expressions
 Boolean operations are also legal. (POSIX 'bc' does NOT have
operators are:
 The result is 1 if expr is 0.
'expr && expr'
 The result is


text:
5 Signs That the World is Becoming a More Peaceful Place
In times such as these, it is difficult to imagine that world is becoming more peaceful. The war in Syria rages on while politicians slowly and painfully debate the best way to bring all sides to the negotiating table, indicators demonstrate that inequality is on the rise in most parts of the world, the tides of nationalism and religious extremism ebb and flow across continents, and homophobia and racism seem loathed to cease the rearing of their ugly little heads. However, despite all of the dismal data, the number of people fighting to make the world a better place continues to grow. While cynicism and disappointment may be the default responses after any night of news consumption, some less sensational statistics suggest that the world actually is becoming more peaceful.
Here are five signs that will make us believe that the work of citizens, activists, and policy makers may just be paying off and making the world a more peaceful place to live in.
1. Support For Domestic Violence is Decreasing
Throughout the past 15 years, attitudes about domestic violence have changed dramatically around the globe. Most countries today have laws against domestic violence, and the list of governmental and non-governmental projects that aim to educate people about the harmful nature of partner-partner violence goes on and on. However, sometimes it is difficult to gauge just how effective these measures are. A study conducted by the University of Michigan sought to change that by analyzing data from 26 low-middle income countries. The study succeeded in proving that globally, more people have a negative attitude about domestic violence than ever before, and that as a result fewer people around the world are perpetrating this type of violence. A perfect example of this shift in attitudes can be found in Nigeria, where 65% of men reject domestic violence, 13% more than just 5 years ago. The United States is another success story. Partner-partner violence decreased by 64% in the U.S between 1994 and 2010! If ensuring that the home is a safe haven isn't making the world more peaceful, then I don't know what is!
2. Teenagers No Longer Stigmatize Being Gay:
Last year a sociologist from Brunel University came out with a new book that demonstrates how attitudes about gay people are changing among youth. The book The Declining Significance of Homophobia: How Teenage Boys are Redefining Masculinity and Heterosexuality claims that the negative connotations associated with gayness in the 1980s and 90s are disappearing, and that the "coming out" narrative is being altered as gay teens become less isolated and parents more accepting. While the book is based on the sociologist's observations in the United Kingdom, a similar phenomenon can be observed in many developed countries. As a video on the Upworthy webpage pointed out, many homophobic comments that were considered completely normal ten years ago would be viewed as outrageous and unacceptable today. While homophobia is still a grave problem in many countries around the world, factors such as the legalization of gay marriage in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Denmark, France, Spain, and South Africa and the popularity of many gay pop-culture icons internationally, pave the way for a new generation of tolerant youth. One can't help but feel optimistic when imagining a schoolyard free of homophobic bullying!
3. The Number Of Vegetarians is Growing Worldwide:
Vegetarian Times published a study demonstrating that 3.2% of adults in the United States follows a vegetarian diet, and the numbers are growing everyday. Globally, 1% of the population (excluding India, where 40% of the population maintains a vegetarian diet) is vegetarian. As vegetarian and vegan food became more readily available throughout the past 10 years, vegetarianism also became more popular among youth. So how does vegetarianism make the world more peaceful? Many vegetarians would argue that the way we treat animals is a good indicator of how we treat both the earth and each other. By refusing to inflict pain, suffering, and death on another species we are taking the first steps towards a more peaceful lifestyle and worldview. However, for those who are sceptical of the philosophical and moral undertones of this argument, a vegetarian diet is better for humans and for the environment, full stop.
A UN report published in 2010 urgently stated that a switch to a vegan diet is imperative if humans are going to avoid starvation, poverty, and the detrimental effects of climate change. As the population grows, meat and dairy consumption becomes unsustainable. Luckily, however, as people stop consuming meat we also cut more carbon emissions and use crops to feed people instead of livestock. Keeping this in mind, the growing number of vegetarians suddenly seems like a huge indicator of peace on earth!
4. More People Are Volunteering:
In 2010, the Chronicle of Philanthropy reported that the number of Americans who volunteer grew exponentially during the economic crisis. According to the report, 63.4 million Americans (27% of the population) volunteered to help a cause during that year alone. Additionally, volunteering has become more popular among youth from around the world who often take a year off to volunteer overseas after they finish their education. Volunteering makes the world more peaceful in a variety of ways. Not only does it provide vital work experience for youth, but it also promotes an active and cohesive civil society and maintains social integration in communities. More importantly still, volunteering makes it possible for non-governmental organizations to spend less money on salaries and administrative duties and more resources on the plethora of good causes to which they dedicate their time. The fact that people are becoming more involved in these types of activities is a sign that the world is becoming kinder, more compassionate, and generally more peaceful as people choose to get their hands dirty and give back to society.
5. There is Less Political Violence in the World Than Ever Before:
Contrary to popular belief, political violence is actually diminishing. According to a paper written by Professor Havard Hegre from the University of Oslo, war has become less justifiable throughout the years, just as torture, duelling, and the death penalty have become less prevalent around the world. Hegre is convinced that not only is the world a more peaceful place today than it was in previous years, but that it will become even more peaceful by 2050. While some may be skeptical, the data seems to support this argument. Most regions except for the Middle East are improving, with Africa demonstrating the most marked progress. Military spending is falling and world leaders are increasingly turning to diplomacy over armed conflict to settle disputes. Currently, only 1 country out of 100 is at war, and less than 1 million people have been killed in war during the 21st century. Of course we would all be a lot happier if there were no wars on earth and no unnecessary deaths, but if we believe Professor Hegre's theory, we may just be heading in the direction of a world free of political violence!


text:
Going On a Shape Hunt: Integrating Math and Literacy
Integrating mathematics and literacy allows students to develop an understanding of the place of mathematics in their world. Students are introduced to the idea of shapes through a read-aloud session with an appropriate book. They then use models to learn the names of shapes, work together and individually to locate shapes in their real-world environment, practice spelling out the names of shapes they locate, and reflect in writing on the process. This lesson provides opportunities to engage students using many different learning modalities.


text:
Norway shares the same latitude as Alaska, Greenland and Siberia, but compared to these areas Norway has a pleasant climate. Find out what clothes to pack when planning your holiday in Norway, check out recent snow reports for your destination or go to weather forecast for Norway.
Late June to early August is when the weather is warmest and the days are long and bright. Temperatures in July and August can reach 25°C - 30°C. At the same time there is hardly any humidity in the air.
Sea temperatures can reach 18°C and higher, making swimming a popular pastime.
The warmest and most stable weather usually occurs on the eastern side of the southern mountains, including the south coast between Mandal and Oslo.
Even further north, summer temperatures are rather pleasant – sometimes reaching as high above 25°C.
However, the summer weather can be wet and changeable, especially in Fjord Norway, Central and Northern Norway.
If you want to experience the midnight sun, you will have to travel to the northern part of the country, above the Arctic Circle.
In the autumn the landscape is painted in golden colours. The temperature drops slowly through September, making for good berry and mushroom picking weather.
During autumn the land areas lose more heat than the sea, and eventually the coastal areas have the highest temperatures. In September the outer part of the Oslofjord usually has the highest mean temperatures. Later in the autumn, the warmest areas are usually found on the coast of Rogaland and Hordaland.
In winter much of Norway is usually transformed into a snow-clad paradise.
The lower inland areas, both in the southern and northern parts of Norway, can have very low mean temperatures in winter. Temperatures can reach below -40°C in the inner areas of Finnmark, Troms, Central Norway and Eastern Norway, even if this does not happen each winter.
By contrast, the coastal areas have comparatively mild winters. However, gales, rain and clouds can be frequent and heavy.
May to mid-June is when the scenery in Norway is at its most spectacular, with trees and flowers waking to life, snow in the mountains and melt water swelling the waterfalls. Orchards of flowering fruit trees along the Hardangerfjord in May are images of paradise.
There are several public holidays in May, and the Norwegians make full use of them to celebrate springtime after a long winter.
Spring is the season when the temperature differences between the southern and northern part of the country are largest. This is also the time of year when daytime and night-time temperatures differ the most.
In early spring a zone near the coast of Western Norway usually has the highest mean temperatures, but in May the highest temperatures are usually found in the southern part of Eastern and Southern Norway.
The weather in spring can be very varied. There may be days when it is cold enough to snow, and days when it is warm enough to sit outside in the sunshine. Spring months can also be very windy.
Remember that the weather and temperatures can change quickly, especially in the mountains. So whether summer or winter, autumn or spring – prepare yourself for the wilderness and bring good footwear and warm clothes.
Average daytime temperatures
Source: Meteorologisk institutt
Book your stay and transportation now
Best prices guaranteed by BookNorway.
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Search among more than 2,500 cottages and cabins.
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Search the widest selection of ferry lines and routes.
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Search for car rental and compare prices at more than 100 destinations.


Subject: Re: Testing for function equality
From: Erik Naggum <>
Date: Sun, 02 Jun 2002 22:30:48 GMT
Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp
Message-ID: <>
* "Matthew X. Economou"
| Using READ-DELIMITED-LIST won't accomplish this.
 Sigh. Yes, it will. (I really wonder why you ask for help when you
 reject the offers you get. What is _wrong_ with people who ask for help
 in such a manner that only the single, specific question they ask may be
 answered? If you got stuck, do you think it is because you made all your
 other choices as wisely and informedly as possible? Of course not! You
 are stuck _now_ because you made a critical error a _long_ time ago. The
 ability to make yourself aware of the choices you have made is crucial to
 learn from experience. Lack of such ability is goddamn annoying to those
 who watch you fumble and stumble through a wilderness of non-solutions
 instead of going straight for the right answer when given a hint.)
| Instead, I must modify the reader.
 You only think you must. Please listen.
| The Common Lisp specification states that one cannot meaningfully copy
| the reader macro function of #\( because it is hard coded to look for #\)
| to terminate the list.
 Yes, it calls read-delimited-list with #\). This is _really_ obvious.
| I would like to write a version of the left parenthesis reader macro
| function that can be meaningfully copied, provided one copies the reader
| macro function for #\) as well.
 This is the wrong approach. How do you know which terminating delimiter
 you want to associate yourself with? How do you communicate this? Why
 are you so dead set against communicating it directly to the function
 that reads the delimited list?
| Using these functions in place of the standard reader macro functions
| allows one to meaningfully copy the syntax of #\( to a new list-opening
| character, provided one also copies the syntax of #\) to a corresponding
| new list-closing character.
 If you want to arrive at a solution, rather than your own preconceived
 solution, which you are now trying to force to work, it is no harder than
 to make a function that accepts two arguments, the delimiting characters,
 and sets up the reader for the former macro character to be a function
 that calls read-delimited-list with the latter character as terminator,
 and then copies #\) to the latter so a stray terminator will signal an
 I posted code only yesterday that used <> and () for lists. Do you think
 I mucked around with writing my own read-delimited-list to get this
 effect? No. It is simple and straightforward with read-delimited list.
| I want a straight answer to the question: Can EQ test two functions for
| equality in conforming code code? The specification pages for EQ and
| family don't say. The above code depends on the answer being "Yes."
 You _want_ a straight answer? Really? Are you sure you understand how a
 voluntary forum works? Why are you so inconsiderate? How hard can it be
 to treat people who have expressed a desire to _help_ you nicely?
 Geez, the clueless newbies here are getting more arrogant by the minute.
 You can do the work to figure out the "straight answer" yourself. The
 answer is right there in front of your pertinacious obstinateness.
 70 percent of American adults do not understand the scientific process.


should be based on single cell detection, and there are plenty of cases where single cell measurements are superfluous. However, too often we fail to appreciate the huge mistakes we can do in biology when we forget the assumptions we do when using population measurements.
But which assumptions do we really do?
Often implicitly, when doing population measurements (e.g., Western blots, sequencing, proteomics, etc…) we assume that populations of cells we measure are homogeneous and synchronous. Or at least we assume that these differences are unimportant and that they can be averaged out. In the best cases, we try to enforce a degree of synchronicity and homogeneity, experimentally. In reality, one of the most important assumptions we implicitly do is that the system we analyse is an ergodic system. In physics and statistics, an ergodic system is a system that, given a sufficiently long time, explore all its possible states. It is also a system where – if sufficiently sampled – all its states are explored and, consequently, averages over time on a single cell and averages over a population at a given time are the same. However, there are limits to this assumption in biology. The obvious example is the cell cycle. There is significant literature about ergodicity and cell cycle [e.g., 1, 2, 3] and how this principle can be exploited, but…
The lottery for cell division makes you grow faster.
There is a particular phenomenon that we encountered while we were working on this project [4] that fascinated me for its simplicity and consequences. How cells can increase their fitness (i.e. their growth rate)? One obvious answer is by dividing faster. Another, at first glance less obvious answer, is by exhibiting an heterogeneous cell cycle length. Let's consider a population of cells that divides every 24 hours. Over one week, these cells will have 128 times the original population size. Now, let's consider cells that divide on average every 24 hours but exhibit variation in cell cycle length, randomly, with a standard deviation of 4 hours and a normal distribution. Cells with 20 hours or 28 hours long cell cycle are equally probable to occur. However, in one week, cells with a 28 hours long cell cycle length will grow 64 times and cells with a 20 hours long cell cycle length will grow about 380 times. On average, these cells will grow ~200 times, that is much faster than cells dividing precisely every 24 hours (128 times). This is true for any pair drawn at equal distance from the two sides of the average; these pairs are equiprobable, thus cells dividing at a given average cell cycle length grow faster at increasing heterogeneity. Let's remember that this can occur not just in the presence of genetic differences, but even just for stochastic variations where the progeny of one cell will not keep the same cell cycle length but will keep randomly changing according to an underlying distribution. This is a phenomenon that has been observed experimentally, for instance, in yeast [5] with single-cell measurements but that is occurring in any cellular systems as described in [1] and our own work [4]. Population measurements might conceal these very important phenotypic or mechanistic differences.
The sum of two normal distributions is not another normal distribution.
The beauty of the normal distribution is that it is such a 'well behaved' distribution and, at the same time, it represents many physical and biological phenomena. If a population we are characterizing is made of two normal distributions, their average is the average of the normal distribution. If these have the same average, the variance of the sum will be the sum of the variances. These basic and useful mathematical relationships can be also rather misleading. In fact, while these statements are mathematically correct, two populations of cells that 'behave rather differently', for instance in response to a drug, cannot be averaged. For instance, one cell population might be killed with a given concentration of a drug. Another population might be resistant. By detecting 50% cell death, we could assume – incorrectly – that dosing at higher concentrations we could kill more cells.
The plot shown below illustrates this basic principle. The blue and red distributions, averaged together, exhibit the same variance and average of the yellow distribution but they represent very different systems. If the blue distribution represents the sizes of cats and the red distribution the sizes of dogs, the yellow distribution does not represent the size distribution of any real animals. In other words, the average phenotype is not a real phenotype and, in the best case scenario, when there is a dominant population, it represents the most frequent (the mode) phenotype. In all other cases, where the homogeneity of the phenotype is not checked, the average phenotype might be simply wrong.
This is a very simple illustration of a problem we frequently encounter in biology, trusting our population measurements (averages and standard deviations over experimental repeats) without being sure of the distributions underlying our measurements. In the figure above, the purple distribution is a distribution where the average is the correct average of the blue and red distribution, but the purple distribution is the statistical error of the assay and it is unrelated to the scatter of the biological phenomenon we are measuring. Sometimes, we cannot do anything to address this problem experimentally because of the limitations of technologies but it is very important – at least – to be aware of these issues.
Just for the most curious, I should clarify that for two Gaussian distributions with relative weights A and B, we can define a mixing parameter p=A/(A+B). The average of the mixed population will be simply μP=p*μA+(1-p)*μB, i.e. for p=0.5 is the average of the means. The apparent variance is σP^2 = p*σA^2+(1-p)*σB^2+p(1-p)*(μA-μB)^2, i.e. σP^2 is the average of the variances summed to the squared separation of the two averages weighed by the geometrical averages of the mixing parameters of the two populations.
Collective behaviour of cells is not an average behaviour, quite the contrary.
When discussing these issues, I am often confronted with the statement that we eventually do not care about the behaviour of individual cells but with the collective behaviour of groups of cells. There are two important implications to discuss. First of all, when arguing the importance of single-cell measurements, we do not argue the importance of studying individual cells in isolation. Quite the contrary, we should measure individual cells in model systems the closest to the physiological state. However, many assays are incompatible with the study of cell behaviour within humans and we resort to a number of model systems: individual cells separated from each other, 2D and 3D cultures, ex and in vivo assays. The two arguments (single cell measurements or measurements in more physiological model systems of tissues or organisms) are not the same.
Second, collective behaviours are not 'average behaviours'. There are great examples in the literature but I would advise just even to visit the websites of two laboratories that I personally admire. They nicely and visually illustrate this point, John Albeck's laboratory at UC Davis and Kazuhiro Aoki's laboratory at NIBB. Collective behaviours emerge from the interaction of cells in space and time as illustrated by waves of signalling or metabolic activities caused by cell-to-cell communication in response to stimuli. The complex behaviours that interacting cells exhibit, even just in 2D cultures, can be understood when single cells and their biochemistry are visualized individually. Once again, phenotypes or their mechanism might be concealed or misinterpreted by population or snapshot measurements.
This is, of course, not always the case. However, my advice is to keep at least in mind the assumptions we do when we perform an ensemble or a snapshot measurement and, whenever possible, to check they are valid.
At FLIM impact (Episode I)
What has been the impact of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to science and to the biomedical community in particular? Is FLIM a niche technique, one of those techniques that always promise but never deliver?
The top 10 most cited papers
Excluding reviews, the list of the top 10 most cited papers, albeit representing a very narrow window on the impact that FLIM had on the broader community, is rather instructive. Do consider, we are missing all those papers where FLIM was used but not cited in title or abstract. Most of the top 10 is made of applications to cell biochemistry, demonstrating the potential and the impact that fluorescence lifetime has. FLIM helped to understand how signalling work in living cells and animals, helped to identify drugs and to study disease. Some of the top cited papers are more technical, such as Digman's paper on the phasor-transform or Becker's paper on TCSPC widely cited because of their influence on contemporary FLIM techniques from a perspective of data analysis and technology. Other papers date back to the initial years of FLIM with applications to biochemistry. Overall, from this list, we understand (if more evidence was needed) that FLIM had a deep impact on the understanding of cell biochemistry albeit, historically, FLIM has been limited to the specialist laboratory.
I would like to highlight also another small observation, perhaps just interesting for the specialists, and not visible from other bibliometric analyses. Tom Jovin and a group of scientists trained by him (e.g., Dorus Gadella and Philippe Bastiaens) left a significant footprint in the field, directly driving biomedical relevant applications while pushing, at the same time, technological or methodological developments. Many others are linked to this 'school' directly or indirectly, scientists that use/develop a microscope to do biochemistry.
 1. Mapping temperature within cells using fluorescent polymers by Ok


text:
Pomegranate stain removal can be a very difficult task, but it is very easy to stain clothing, upholstery, and carpets.
There are a few tricks of the trade you can follow to try and remove the pomegranate stains, but the key to these disasters are quick stain removal. If left for too long on any surface it may be impossible to remove the stain.
With the recent drive to be healthier many have begun to eat and drink pomegranate products. Although they provide great health benefits their stains can be a nightmare to remove from different surfaces. If you are going to be eating or cooking with pomegranates make sure you are working on a surface you don't mind staining. If you are unfortunate enough to have to need information on pomegranate stain removal you are going to need to make sure you act fast!
How to Get Pomegranate Stain Out of Fabric
You will need:
- Cold water
- Liquid dish soap or liquid laundry detergent
- A soaking bucket
- hydrogen peroxide (optional)
- Oxiclean (optional)
Remember prompt pomegranate stain removal is the key to removing the stain completely. This type of stain removal can very difficult or impossible if left for too long. To remove pomegranate stains from clothes follow these steps:
- Begin to remove the pomegranate stain by rinsing the clothing in cold water.
- Next, you will need to apply the liquid dish soap or liquid laundry detergent to the area. Make sure that you thoroughly work the soap onto the fabric. You can do this with your fingers or by scrubbing the fabric together.
- Soak the fabric in cold water for about 30 minutes.
- Next rinse the fabric under cold water. Make sure you inspect your clothing before moving on to laundering. If the stain is still on the fabric and you place it in the dryer there is no hope for removing the stain. The dryer allows the stain to set into the fabric making it impossible to remove.
- If the pomegranate stain is still on the clothing there are a few steps you can take to further the process of pomegranate stain removal.
- If the stain remains you can use the hydrogen peroxide to try and treat the fabric. Beware, hydrogen peroxide can cause fabric to become discolored! First, test a small area of the clothing to see if the hydrogen peroxide is safe to use. If the hydrogen peroxide cannot be used try soaking the fabric in a bucket of oxiclean. This detergent can act the same as the hydrogen peroxide and is safe to use on almost all fabrics.
- If your fabric can handle the hydrogen peroxide you can go ahead with your plans for pomegranate stain removal. Gently blot the stain with the hydrogen peroxide and allow it it to sit for only about 3 minutes. Do not leave the hydrogen peroxide for too long!
- Finally, rinse the clothing under cold water and wash as normal.
If you follow these steps in the process of pomegranate stain removal you should be able to remove the stains from your clothing. Remember to test the clothing before using the hydrogen peroxide. If, after you follow all of the steps, the stain is still on your clothing you can try to use a variety of store bought stain removal products.
How to Clean Pomegranate Stain off of Carpet and Upholstery
You will need:
- Cold water
- liquid dish soap
- 2 Soft white cloths
- White Vinegar
To remove a pomegranate stain from upholstery and carpets is a little more complicated because you are unable to soak the fabric. With this said it is very important to get to work right way. To successfully remove a pomegranate stain from carpet and upholstery follow these steps:
- To begin, the pomegranate stain removal process, try and blot or scrape as much of the pomegranate off of the surface.
- Mix a solution of 1 cup cold water and 1 teaspoon of liquid dish soap in your bowl.
- Use a sponge or soft cloth to blot the surface of the stain with the dish soap solution. Ensure that you have thoroughly worked the soapy water into the fabric or carpet.
- Now wet the white cloth with the white vinegar and begin to dab away the soap from the fabric.
- If the pomegranate stain has not been removed, you can continue repeating steps 1-4 until the stain has been removed.
- Once the pomegranate stain has been removed you will want to use a clean cloth and clean water to rinse the fabric or carpet. This step is needed to ensure all soap and vinegar residue has been removed from the surface.
If you are not receiving the proper results, in the process of pomegranate stain removal, you can continue the process with a few other products.
- Lemon juice
- Store bought stain removers
- a solution of baking soda and club soda
As always ensure these products are safe to use on your fabrics before trying to remove the pomegranate stain. You can do this by testing small areas of the surfaces where no one will see if the product reacts poorly with the fabric.


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The Top 6 Tech Trends to Amplify Safety Success in 2021
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February 24, 2021
7 Minutes
 Dina Adlouni
Dina is the resident Content Writer at Alcumus North America. When she's not writing about health and safety, you'll find her enjoying a cup of tea while watching her favorite sitcom.
Explore the top trends in technology in 2021 and how they can help you drive safety success. This week we sponsored a webinar, "The Safety Technology Trends You Need to Know for 2021", alongside EHS Daily Advisor with Senior Risk Control Consultant, Abby Ferri. In the session she shared insights on the latest cutting-edge safety technology and how to get implementation buy-in from your management team.
Whether your team is paper-based or already using a specific EHS technology system, it's important to explore the benefits emerging technology could offer your organization. From increasing front-line participation and engagement in safety to boosting productivity on-site, the tools are out there to help. It's simply a matter of finding the right one for your business.
1. Artificial Intelligence
Consider If: You are having difficulty identifying trends and patterns to reveal predictive analytics to mitigate risk
 Artificial intelligence can be defined as machine with the ability to identify patterns and make recommendations based on your behavior. From voice assistants on our phones to predictive text in our emails, this is something we see regularly, but have you considered how this could be applied to the world of health and safety?
First, Abby points out that certain safety apps allow EHS professionals to collect data, however this information remains stagnant without the ability to be analyzed to instigate change. This may be due to the application's lack of robust reporting capabilities or insight into analytics. So, you may find yourself stuck crunching numbers in front of your computer and identifying patterns yourself, rather than using the time to proactively strengthen your safety program and engage with the workforce. This is a red flag and indication that it's time to look into AI-backed solutions to allow you to dive a little deeper.
With software solutions supported by an AI functionality, safety professionals can collect and analyze real-time data with ease, allowing them to capture predictive analytics. For instance, reports can be generated based on what the tool has observed, which may point to a potential risk that may occur if certain behaviors persist. By giving you more insight into what might happen on-site, based on the information this tool is picking up, you can start to get more of an overview of the activities and corrective actions in order to mitigate risks. This is one of the most useful ways to stay proactive and reduce any potential risk before it occurs.
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2. Augmented Reality
Consider If: You are struggling to maximize productivity
Augmented reality is another emerging trend which can be described as an enhanced version of your surroundings where insight and data is offered based on the objects found within that surrounding. With an AR-centered tool, you can get instant information on your environment without lifting a finger.
Allow Abby to set the scene: Imagine you are in a warehouse with a tool helping augment reality. Through this cutting-edge technology, you can look at your surroundings with new eyes as it gives you insight such as protocols related to a specific machine nearby or items found in that area in an instant.
With a heightened view of reality, workers can engage more effectively with their environments using this tool to maximize productivity.
3. Virtual Reality
Consider if: You are struggling to find a way to efficiently train workers without exposing them to any risk.
Next on the list is virtual reality. Virtual reality is another emerging technological trend which simulates a particular situation using sight and/or sounds, in addition to other possible sensory elementsThese simulated experiences allow safety professionals like yourself, to put workers in "unsafe" situations, while remaining in a safe environment.
This is most useful when training new workers on-site. Imagine having the ability to put front-line worker in a "high-risk" situation, without any real danger. Teaching a new worker how to operate a crane, for example, without putting him in the field without the proper training is easily achievable with VR.
Perhaps this is one of the most useful times to use virtual reality as less workers are on-site and more restrictions are being implemented due to the pandemic. Virtual reality can be used to give workers the tools they need to train while off-site and to maximize their time.
4. Voice Technology
Consider if: You are struggling to streamline communication within your organization.
Another interesting trend is voice technology which uses your voice to help boost productivity. We've seen this on our phones, with voice to text functionalities allowing us to speak a message rather than type it, allowing us to manage different tasks simultaneously, without losing time.
This can be extremely useful for high-risk organizations as workers can easily input information using only their voice, allowing them to maximize efficiency while on-site. This could also be useful with organizations who have multiple production sites or locations, as it streamlines all communication, becoming the single source of truth for the entire organization. This way you can scale the information and ensure everyone is getting the same message at the same time.
If your organization's pain-point is communication, this is definitely an option to consider!
5. Voice Data
Consider if: You are struggling to find hidden trends and risk that may be overlooked, as well as eliminating paper.
In addition to voice technology, voice data is also an emerging technological trend. With this cutting-edge tool your voice is the data in question, analyzed to highlight risks which may have been hidden or overlooked. How does it work? Abby breaks it down…
This incredible functionality uses artificial intelligence to analyze your voice from all aspects. This includes tone, the words you're saying, language, and so on. Workers can simply push a button and speak with the tool listening in to analyze the words that are being said in addition to how often, as well as the way they are being said.
For instance, if a certain word is being repeated, this tool will pick up on that pattern and highlight it as something to focus on. If you're feeling stressed or confident, the technology will highlight it and bring it to your attention to identify a possible hidden risk which may have otherwise been overlooked. If you seem to be more stressed for instance, during a specific hazard inspection while in others you are more confident, this may be telling you something that you may not have realized before.
If user-engagement is a struggle at your organization, this is another tool which allows you to minimize your use of paper and increase worker participation as they see the difference their input is making first-hand.
6. Video Technology
Consider if: You are struggling to find an alternative method to boost engagement among team members.
Video technology is the final trend on the list, which can help you succeed in 2021. By utilizing different forms of content to engage with your team, you can expect more participation on a day-to-day basis.
Rather than sending out a companywide email, why not record a video? Not everyone digests information in the same way, so explore your options. Consider the types of tools or social media platforms your team members use and leverage them to boost engagement and garner more insight.
This can also be useful in terms of training where short videos can be implemented to give workers specific safety highlights. Gauge what the top safety trends are each month, and record a video communicating this to workers to keep everyone in the loop.
All in all
These forms of technology can be extremely helpful, but will they be useful for your organization? Take a look at your safety program as a whole and identify pain points that have emerged. Based on these issues, choose the most effective technology you feel would alleviate the problem.
Once you establish what this tool is, get buy-in from leaders in your organization who believe in technology and show the results and data from senior leadership to help convince the more skeptical. The proof is in the data, so take the time to showcase how this tool could help you increase productivity and boost engagement among team members.
Find out how Alcumus can help. With our suite of safety technology and experts, we can help you simplify safety and


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A novel zinc complex with antibacterial and antioxidant activity
In order to enhance the antibacterial activity and reduce the toxicity of Zn2+, novel complexes of Zn(II) were synthesized.
A water-soluble zinc-glucose-citrate complex (ZnGC) with antibacterial activity was synthesized at pH 6.5. The structure, morphology, characterization, acute toxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and in situ intestinal absorption were investigated. The results showed that zinc ion was linked with citrate by coordinate bond while the glucose was linked with it through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The higher the molecular weight of sugar is, the more favorable it is to inhibit the formation of zinc citrate precipitation. Compared with ZnCl2, ZnGC complex presented better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative).
The results of acute toxicity showed no obvious toxicity in this test and in situ intestinal absorption study, suggesting that ZnGC complex could be used as a potential zinc supplement for zinc deficiency.
Peer Review reports
Currently, numbers of serious problems in clinics were caused by various bacterial infections. The multi-drug resistance limits the progress of conventional antimicrobial agents in the clinics. More and more antibiotics have been explored in order to overcome these issues [1]. Some heavy metal ions with biocidal action such as silver, zinc or copper, have been used as inorganic metal antibacterial materials. As most of the substances are toxic, zinc is one of essential dietary trace metals required for a number of physiological and biochemical functions in human body. Zinc deficiency can lead to series of hazardous influence to immune systems [2, 3]. Furthermore, zinc itself exhibits antibacterial efficacy. Zinc chloride can effectively inhibit the growth of almost all strains causative of halitosis and periodontal disease resulting in a direct decrease of the bacterial production [4, 5]. Zinc ion possibly inhibits the growth of plaque formation and exhibits a promising potential to be used as an antibacterial agent in future dentifrices and mouth rinses [6]. Zinc containing wound dressings are commonly used for topical applications which enhance healing of chronic and acute wounds [7,8,9]. Meanwhile, there are also many evidences that zinc can provide anti-infective action in the damaged skin or tissues with little side effects [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Free zinc ion accelerates hospital acquired infections by increasing the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes and inducing intercellular adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus [16]. Therefore, the development of biofilms chelated zinc represents a potential therapeutic approach for combating biofilm growth in a wide range of biofilm-related infections. Additionally, zinc ion has protein-precipitating action resulting in tissue contraction, corrosion and a chemical fixative effect. High concentrations of zinc chloride ingestion cause obstructive scarring in the pylorus and mild corrosion of oropharynx or oesophagus. Zinc chloride has an inherent degree of toxicity with a great ability to permeate tissues. Ingestion of zinc chloride might cause the stimulatory action on the mucous membranes of gastrointestinal tract with vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. In order to reduce the toxicity and irritation of free zinc ion, various zinc complexes come to wide attention [17,18,19].
Trisodium citrate is a multipurpose class of ligand having notable biological and chemical activities. Therefore, the design and preparation of new complexes with zinc and trisodium citrate, which aims to improve their proprieties through the discovery of new structures, is still a great scientific challenge. Further continuing research on our previous work [20,21,22], a novel zinc complex (ZnGC) was synthesized in this study by using Zn2+, glucose and trisodium citrate. The structural, chemical components, characterization, acute toxicity and in situ intestinal absorption study of the complex was performed and evaluated. In order to investigate whether the complex formed, it was heated at 130 °C for 1 h, which resulted a fluorescence phenomenon observed under 365 nm ultraviolet light. The antibacterial activity was investigated and confirmed against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains [23]. The ZnGC complex has a potential to be used as a candidate for zinc supplements and the application in antibiosis material in biomedical fields.
Material and methods
Materials and animals
All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. or Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., and all chemicals used were of the analytical reagent grade (AR). Deionized water (pH 7.0, 18.2 mΩ) was used for all experimental works.
Male and female Kunming mice (20–24 g), male Wistar rats (250–300 g) and the normal diet were purchased from Center of Laboratory Animals of Henan Province (Zhengzhou, China). All animals were housed with maintained temperature at 22 ± 3 °C under natural light/dark conditions and free access to food and water. All animal experimental procedures were approved by Henan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Synthesis of ZnGC
The mixture of 8.0 mmol glucose and 2.0 mmol trisodium citrate dihydrate was blended in 40 mL deionized water for 5 min. Then, 2.2 mmol ZnCl2 was subsequently dropped into the solution, and 1 mol L−1 NaOH or HCl was used to adjust pH to 6.5 with constant stirring at 50 °C for 24 h. The white precipitate was observed when ethanol was added until its concentration reached approximately 80% vol. The prepared solution was then centrifuged at 4300 × g for 2 min, the obtained sediment was washed with 80% ethanol three times, and then it was dissolved in water and lyophilized (Christ Delta 1–24 LSC plus, German). This zinc complex obtained was named ZnGC.
Determination of zinc, glucose and citric acid contents
Zinc content
The quantification of zinc content was detected by using ICP-AES system (Optima 2100DV, Perkin Elmer, USA).
Glucose content
The glucose content of ZnGC complex was detected following Galant with minor modification [24]. The samples were dissolved in 2 mL 1 mol L−1 HCl, then 50 mL water and 5 mL 0.05 mol L−1 iodine standard solution were added in. 1 mol L−1 NaOH solution was slowly dropped into the solution until the color became to yellowish. After being reacted in the dark for 15 min, titrate to the end point immediately by Na2S2O3 standard solution with adding 2 mL 1:1 HCl. The glucose content (w/w) in the samples were calculated according to the following equation.
$${\text{glucose\% }} = \frac{{(Mol_{{I_{2} }} - 2 \times Mol_{{Na_{2} S_{2} O_{3} }} ) \times M_{glu\cos e} }}{sample\,weight} \times 100\%$$
Note: Mglucose = 180.157.
Citric acid content
Citric acid was determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method [25], which performed on an Agilent 1260 system (Agilent, USA) with a diode array detector (DAD) and the ChemStation (Agilent Technologies, USA) software for data processing. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase column packed with octadecylsilane phase particles (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18) at 25 °C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.5% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid regulates pH = 3) at 5:95 (v/v). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min−1, the detection wavelength at 210 nm, and the sample injection volume was 10 μL.
For the stock solution of the citric acid standard was dissolved in water at a concentration of 3.0 g L−1. The samples were dissolved in 1 M HCl at a concentration of 4.0 g L−1 by appropriate dilutions. All samples and standards were injected three times each and mean values were used [26].
Stability of ZnGC complex
ZnGC complex dissolved in ultra-pure water was dialyzed using 1000 Da dialysis tube in a beaker containing 200 mL ultra-pure water with stirring. 1 mL of dialysate was taken at 1, 12, 24 and 48 h respectively, and 1 mL of ultra-pure water was added after each withdrawal. Then, the content of zinc ions in the dialysate were determined by ICP-AES system.
Physicochemical characterization
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS)
SEM and EDS (JSM-7001F JEOL, Japan) were


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- Psychology & the public
- What we do
- Member networks
- Careers, education & training
We care about the well-being of strangers
People often behave as though they are interested in the wellbeing of the strangers they meet. This is the finding of new research published in the journal PLoS ONE, which looked at the readiness individuals show for cooperating with individuals, their interest in tracking the reputation of others and the ways in which they treat other people.
Max Krasnow, a Postdoctoral Researcher in Psychology at the University of California Santa Barbara's Center for Evolutionary Psychology, noted people often appear to have an interest in the behaviour of individuals they come across, despite the fact they are unlikely to ever see them again.
Mr Krasnow gave the example of a person helping somebody in a wheelchair with their shopping, observing witnessing such an action will elicit feelings of kindness to the helper.
"Equally, if people see someone driven off the road by a reckless driver, they might become angry enough to pursue and even confront the driver," he added.
Chartered Psychologist Sue Firth comments:
"From quite an early age we learn that it's great to be liked and horrible to be disliked. This need for approval and discomfort with disapproval, means that when we meet strangers we're much more likely to give out positive energy and demonstrate a desire to care about people. Our desire to help is therefore representative of how much we enjoy being well thought about. Sending out a message that's uncaring would not be welcoming and incur criticism.
"We can also be quite judgemental of others when faced with negative traits and this impression can last a long time, which is why people show anger when someone is thoughtless or unkind."
- Most Read
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- Register of Applied Psychology Practice Supervisors
- Raising awareness of adult autism


Dearborn, MI
Dearborn profile
Living in Dearborn
Dearborn is a larger medium-sized city located in the state of Michigan. With a population of 93,932 people and 24 constituent neighborhoods, Dearborn is the eighth largest community in Michigan.
Dearborn is neither predominantly blue-collar nor white-collar, instead having a mixed workforce of both blue-collar and white-collar jobs. Overall, Dearborn is a city of professionals, sales and office workers, and service providers. There are especially a lot of people living in Dearborn who work in sales jobs (10.84%), office and administrative support (10.63%), and healthcare (7.43%).
Also of interest is that Dearborn has more people living here who work in computers and math than 95% of the places in the US.
In terms of college education, Dearborn is substantially better educated than the typical community in the nation, which has 21.84% of the adults holding a bachelor's degree or graduate degree: 29.85% of adults in Dearborn have a college degree.
The per capita income in Dearborn in 2018 was $23,943, which is lower middle income relative to Michigan and the nation. This equates to an annual income of $95,772 for a family of four. However, Dearborn contains both very wealthy and poor people as well.
The people who call Dearborn home describe themselves as belonging to a variety of racial and ethnic groups. The greatest number of Dearborn residents report their race to be White, followed by Black or African-American. Important ancestries of people in Dearborn include Lebanese, Other Arab, German, Polish, and Irish.
Foreign born people are also an important part of Dearborn's cultural character, accounting for 29.08% of the city's population.
The most common language spoken in Dearborn is English. Other important languages spoken here include Arabic and Polish.


Venabili uses a nested layers mechanism to not only give you access to all the keys that you might need, but also to distribute them in a way that is the most comfortable and fast to reach, even if means duplicating keys just to have them in different places for different situations.
Defining layers
Layers are defined in the venabili.c file as 4x12 matrices of keys that match the position of the physical switches.
Take a look at the default layer:
Layer l0 =
{ k_tab, k_q, k_w, k_e, k_r, k_t, k_y, k_u, k_i, k_o, k_p, k_hyphen},
{ HLctrl(k_escape), k_a, k_s, k_d, k_f, k_g, k_h, k_j, k_k, k_l, k_semicolon, HRctrl(k_enter)},
{ m_lshift, k_z, k_x, k_c, k_v, k_b, k_n, k_m, k_comma, k_dot, k_slash, m_rshift},
{ m_lsuper, m_lalt, m_ralt, LS(3, k_empty), LS(2, k_empty), LS(1, k_space), k_space, LS(2, k_empty), LS(4, k_empty), m_ralt, m_lalt, m_rsuper},
Each row is inside braces {} and each key is separated by a comma,, these are just normal C arrays.
After you've defined some layers you need to register them with the add_layer(name) function like so:
// Layer l0 =...
// Layer l1 =...
// Layer numbers =...
// Layer symbols =...
Each layer you register will acquire an identifier that increments from 0.
Once you're happy with your layers, make sure to set the N_LAYERS number in the config.h file to match the number of layers you have registered.
Switching between layers
To allow you to switch between layers you need to include Layer Selection keys LS(id, key), where id is the layer number that key will take you to and key is the normal key to be triggered if you press and release the key without using any of the keys inside that layer. A great example of this is:
LS(1, k_space)
This key will put a space if you press it and release it quickly, but will let you access layer number 1 (that is the second layer) if you hold it and press some other key at the same time.
Notice that if the same physical key that has the Layer Selection key in one layer, has some other key in the upper layer, that key will also be pressed as soon as you enter the layer. To avoid this have that key to be k_empty in the upper layer like so:
Layer l0 =
{ LS(1, k_space),... },
//...
Layer l1 =
{ k_empty,... },
//...
When you enter a layer by holding its Layer Selection key, you will go back to the default layer (the very first layer that you declared) as soon as you release it. There are however some use case scenarios where you might want to stay in a layer without having to hold any key.
For instance, this is useful if you define a layer that has hotkeys for some sort of editing software or video game in the left half of the keyboard, allowing you to use any keyboard shortcut you might need while holding the mouse with your right hand.
You can achieve this by having a Layer Lock key inside the target layer:
Layer l1 =
{ c_layer_lock,... },
//...
This way if you hold your LS(1, k_space) key in layer 0 and then press the your c_layer_lock key that is inside layer 1 the keyboard will stay in layer 1 when you release all the keys.
Now you can use any other key you have in layer 1 without having to keep holding some other key at the same time.
To release the lock just press your Layer Lock key once again and you'll be back to the default layer.


What Could You Do With A Lead Furnace?
Lead is a metal element that mankind have known and used for ages; most of us are aware of its three main features:-
 1. It is soft and malleable.
 2. It is very heavy in weight.
 3. It is poisonous enough to kill us. It is, in fact a neurotoxin and cases of lead poisoning were documented from the times of the ancient Romans, Greeks and Chinese.
Not so many will know that its chemical symbol is"Pb" (from the Latin: plumbum) and its atomic number is 82; nor that lead has a comparatively low melting point of 621.5 °F
Day to day usage of lead has almost finished for things like eating plates or vessels; roof linings, water pipes; and additives to paint and gasoline or diesel fuels – due to concerns over the health issues. However, it does remain a metal of choice in several popular fields. It is an excellent radiation shield both for atomic radiation protection and blocking-ray penetration but these are somewhat specialised uses.
When scuba divers wish to sink to the bottom of the ocean; they use lead weights on a belt around their waists to overcome the body's natural buoyancy. When anglers want to catch fish from deeper water; it is lead that provides the sinker for their hook and line. People who like to fire older guns need lead for their bullets or shot depending upon the age of the weapon.
Melting & Casting
Because of its low melting point, the above hobbyists could place lead in a heavy duty saucepan and melt it on their kitchen stove and then pour the lead into molds for whatever shape they wish to produce. There are two problems with this scenario:-
 1. The wife would object.
 2. It would not be very practical for any sort of volume production.
The solution would be to setup a separate workshop and invest in a Lead Furnace in which to melt your lead prior to casting it into bullets, shot, diving weights or fishing sinkers. You could even reproduce antique toy lead soldiers if you so desired – all you would need is the Lead Furnace and suitable molds for the shapes you wish to make; you could even set up a commercial lead casting business.
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text:
The PHM is a global network bringing together grassroots health activists, civil society organizations and academic institutions from around the world, particularly from low and middle income countries (L&MIC). We currently have a presence in around 70 countries.
The world is facing a global health crisis characterized by growing inequities within and among nations and millions of preventable deaths, especially among the poor. These are in large degree due to unfair economic structures which lock people into poverty and poor health. In 2000, concerned activists, academics and health workers got together for the first People's Health Assembly. The People's Charter for Health (PCH), our founding document was developed and PHM was born.


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Description: The stocky Royal Penguin has a black cap, neck, back, tail, and black wings (flippers). It has a white face, throat, and underparts. The bill is large, thick, and orangish in color. The Royal Penguin has conspicuous yellow feather tufts that extend from near the bill. On average, the Royal Penguin measures about two feet in height and weighs 10-15 pounds. Some scientists consider the Royal Penguin a sub-species of the similar Macaroni Penguin.
Diet: krill, fish and small amounts of squid.
Range: Royal Penguins breed on Macquarie Island, though individuals routinely show up in New Zealand and along other nearby islands.
Nesting: Royal Penguins nest on beaches or slopes covered with vegetation. Female Royal Penguins give lay their eggs in October. Two eggs are laid and incubated for a period of about 35 days, though only one chick usually survives. The male and female take turns incubating the eggs in two-week shifts. When the eggs hatch, the young are cared for by the male, while the female ventures to the sea and brings food back to the her mate and her young. After about three weeks, the young penguins of the colony form a creche (huddle) while their parents continue to feed them for several weeks. After about two months, the young penguins attain adult plumage and begin life on their own.
Status: While the Royal Penguin is still considered a threatened species, recent estimates have indicated over 850,000 pairs in existence.
Royal Penguins (and other species)


The 'Real' Triple Crown
2002-195 trophy
In 2006 a silver shield was produced as the physical embodiment of an idea that had existed since 1894. The Triple Crown was first made reference to by the Irish Times in 1894 after Ireland had defeated England, Wales and Scotland in a single season for the first time. Since then the notion of a mythical crown has been a firm part of rugby lexicon and the Triple Crown is one of several accolades contested annually during the 6-Nations Championship.
1914 Triple Crown Illustration
However the 2006 shield was not the first such trophy to have been proposed. In 1975 Dave Merrington, a retired miner from County Durham, sculpted an ornate crown embellished with an English rose, Irish shamrock, Scottish thistle and Welsh Prince of Wales feathers out of a piece of coal that had been hewn from the Haig Colliery in Whitehaven, Cumbria.
This 'Real' Triple Crown was then offered to the four home unions as a trophy for whichever team successfully defeated the other three. Tudor Jones, sports editor for Coal News, campaigned for several years to have the trophy accepted by the unions but eventually conceded defeat when Gareth Edwards and Gerald Davies, themselves sons of miners, sIMG_0554aid that they would prefer for the crown to remain the stuff of legend.
The 'Real' Triple Crown however lived on. In 2000 it was formally presented to the World Rugby Museum by former England centre Jeff Butterfield.
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This entry was posted in England, Ireland, Museum Collection, Scotland, Wales. Bookmark the permalink.
5 Responses to The 'Real' Triple Crown
 1. Phil Mead says:
 There are several types of coal, with different calorific values and density. The coal used for the Triple Crown is anthracite, which is very hard and has a high calorific value and therefore expensive to buy.
 Liked by 1 person
 2. Huw Richards says:
 The timing is interesting. 1894 completed a cycle, never since repeated, in which all four countries won in turn in as many seasons. That also included the first Triple Crowns for Scotland (1891), Wales (1893) and Ireland (1894). So it marks a point at which beating the other three becomes a serious feat, since all are potential winners themselves. There's a similar significance to the arrival of the Grand Slam as a concept in the late 1950s. I interviewed several players who took part in Wales's Grand Slam seasons of 1950 and 1952 more than 50 years after that achievement. They all remembered it in terms of the Triple Crown. That's because it was still assumed that any team good enough to win the Triple Crown would also beat France. By the mid 1950s this was no longer the case (and only about half the Triple Crown winners since have completed a Slam) so the new term reflected a changing reality.
 Liked by 2 people
 - Thanks Huw, that's interesting to hear the 1950s Welsh player's perspective. Our understanding is that it was the Times newspaper that first coined the term 'Grand Slam' (as it applies to northern hemisphere rugby) the day before England achieved a clean-sweep in 1957.
 3. Carin meider says:
 Who was the 1st team to win The Triple Crown made from Coal
 4. Hi Carin, the trophy was never awarded but Wales were the first side to win a Triple Crown (1976) after it was carved.
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3 Reasons You Are More Than Your Job
By Jennifer Holder on 27 June 2016 0 comments
In a society where work means everything, retirement can sometimes lead to depression. Many Americans say they can't wait to retire, but the reality is that among men especially, retirement can mean loss — of identity, values, and more. When a retired person can't attach that identity to something else, he or she needs to find an outlet like gardening, traveling, or the like. Unfortunately, sometimes that feeling doesn't translate.
That's why you should make sure that your identity isn't wrapped up in your work, no matter what stage you're at in your career. Don't let it define you, because when it's over, you'll feel lost, and like you don't belong anywhere. You see this played out a lot in sitcoms, when women let the men they're dating determine their identity. It's similar. You want to find your identity and then go after what you're passionate about professionally, not the other way around. It's hard when you're a fresh college graduate and you aren't sure what your future holds.
But there is hope. Here are a few reasons that you should not let your job determine your identity. Just let it be a small part of what fulfills you.
You Have Other Interests
While you should always take pride in your work, you shouldn't let it determine how you feel about your life. The most important parts of your life are the things you love. Whether it be your friends or family or traveling or food, find a passion in something rewarding, but not necessarily financially feasible. You have to find something else that gets you out of bed every morning. And if what you're most passionate about does get you out of bed every morning, make sure you have a balanced life after work.
It Can Always Come to an End
You will never realize that your life is your job until you lose it. When you lose your friends, your after-work activities, and your lunchtime connections, it becomes harder to regain your composure and self-worth. Make time to have hobbies outside of work — volunteer, play sports, find a church, synagogue, or mosque — whatever might connect you with others. That way if something does happen, you have a support system to fall back on.
You Have to Put Yourself First
When the company you work for gets mixed up in something or is blamed for something and it hits the press, people think of you. And sometimes if you go to bat for the company, you are entangled in whatever is happening. This has happened to me before, especially when I worked with people who were litigious. Make sure you don't let how people feel about the place you work translate to how they feel about you. Business is just that, and you need to protect yourself, above all else.
All of this is hard to stomach because, as Americans, we spend most of our lives thinking about what we want to be when we grow up, what we would rather be doing when we finally do grow up, and how we wish we had done one thing or another after we retire. Live life now, while you still can. Travel, read, and experience new adventures. Don't let your 9-to-5 take over your life, just let it fund your life.
How do you determine your identity?
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- Home > Education > The Korean Language Culture Academy
- The Korean Language Culture Academy, founded in 1992,
operates to help people succeed in the correct and educated language-life and spreading of correct linguistic rules. There are not only 'lectures in the Korean Language Culture Academy', but also 'visiting lecture outside the Korean Language Culture Academy', by which teachers visit institutes or organizations located at every region in Korea and give lectures.
- The reference: The Korean Language and Culture School in
National Institution of Korean Language
- Telephone: (02)2669-9752, 2669-9729, 2669-9723, 9736
- FAX: (02)2669-9747, 9787
Lecture in the Korean Language Culture Academy
The Korean Language Culture Academy offers various learning programs for public officials, teachers and the general public. Each course is designed with specialized curriculum and schedule according to participants. Teachers are provided with 30-hour course for 5 days, and public officials and the general public with 35-hour course for 5 days. The detailed curriculum offered by the Korean Language Culture Academy is as follows. At the linguistic norm class, participants can learn about orthography, spacing words, the standard language, the notation of loan words and Romanization of Korean. At the writing class, the writing of correct sentence, the writing of correct official documents, the practice of plain Korean language, and the writing of a dissertation are taught. The speaking class consists of the standard pronunciation, language-etiquette, debate and discussion, effective speaking, and one-minute speeches.
Visiting lecture outside the Korean Language Culture Academy
If more than 30 people want to take the classes, teacher visit and give lectures on the date when they applied in advance.


Pre Calculus: Children's Book
Pre Calculus: Children's Book - Page Text Content
FC: The Adventures of Mike and Sulley Ginger Odum, Ivonne Ramirez, Laura Bellato and Autora Lorimer
1: Once upon a time, in the city of Monstropolis, there lived two friends named Mike and Sulley. They worked together in a factory called Monsters Inc.
2: One morning Mike decided to stop at Sulley's house on his way to work... Mike is standing outside his door facing the sunrise. He immediately turns 52 degrees north and walks 27 feet to Sulley's house. From thier original heading, Mike and Sulley turn 140 degrees south towards the factory. What's the distance Mike would have walked if he decided to go straight to the factory from his house? | Chapter 1 | The Factory
3: Solution ASA: | Mike would have walked 17.36 feet if he wanted to go straight to the factory.
4: Chapter 2 | A Door | Sulley and Mike arrive at their workplace, Monsters, Inc., a huge corporate building that houses the power plant... Mike needs to order Sulley a new door but doesn't have the distance number to type in. The door will fly in 4.5 meters diagonally down, and then drop straight down 6.8 meters to the ground. Considering that the door's angle of depression to Sulley is 15.5 degrees, what is the direct distance from Sulley and Mike to the door's origin?
5: Solution SSA 1 Triangle: | Mike can now record Sulley's distance from the door to be 10.9 meters. | A | C | B
6: Chapter 3 | The Child | Mike and Sulley's job is to scare little children. When they open a door, they can walk into a child's bedroom in the human world. Sulley, who is 72 inches tall, creeps into the room and stands 23 inches away from the child laying in bed. He leans over the child at an angle of 83 degrees. In order to get the most scare out of the child, the glare distance between Sulley's eyes and the child's eyes must be 72.86 inches. Is the distance between their eyes 72.86 inches?
7: Solution SAS: | B | A | C | Yes, glare distance between their eyes is exactly 72.86 inches.
8: Chapter 4 | Boo | Sulley goes back to get Mike's paperwork and finds one door still on the scare floor. Curious, he opens it and is frightened by a little girl (Boo) who sneaks out of her room and onto the scare floor. Sulley quickly puts her back in her room, but she sneaks out again. Sulley hears the evil Randall coming, and stuffs the toddler into a suitcase and sneaks her into the locker room. When he goes to show Mike, he sees that Boo is running away. The monsters must go on a chase to find her before Randall finds out. Sulley sees Boo escaping southwest 15 feet away from him and then sees her turn east down a hallway, making a 32 degree angle. In order to catch her, they must split up to find the fastest way. There are two hallways that branch off from where Sulley and Mike are standing, which extend 12 feet out. What would be the distance Boo runs if Sulley catches her vs. Mike catching her?
9: H2 | H1 | ft | ft | B | C | A | B
10: Solution SSA 2 Triangles: | If Sulley catches her first (H1), Boo would have run 3.73 feet. But if Mike catches her first (H2) Boo would have run 21.71 feet.
11: Triangle Solution 2 | Triangle Solution 1
12: Chapter 5 | Moving Doors | The evil Randall finds out the child is in the factory and tries to kidnap her. Sulley, Mike and Boo are now trying to get away from Randall and decide to jump on one of the moving doors. Randall has also jumped on a door and is 12 feet away from the group's door. The angle between Randall's door and the next door coming from the north is 45 degrees, and the angle between Randall's door and the group's door is 30 degrees. In order to correctly time their getaway, the group needs to find the exact distance from their door to the new door.
13: Solution AAS: | The new door is 23.2m away! | C | A | B
14: Chapter 6 | The Chase | The chase continues with Randall getting closer and closer to Mike, Sulley and Boo, and is now only 11.6 feet away. The group has just jumped 10 feet with a 40 degree angle of elevation to the next moving door and goes into the room to hide. Randall is so tired from the chase, he only has energy left to jump 6 feet towards that same door. Does Randall make it to the door?
15: Solution SSA no triangle: | No, Randall doesn't make it and falls!! Oh darn.
16: Chapter 7 | Scream Extractor | Randall has entered a dark room and thinks he has just kidnapped Boo. However, he finds later that he accidentally snatched Mike. Randall decides to turn his scream extractor machine on Mike unless he tells him Boo's location. Mike tries to create a plan to avoid the machine. He is 52 inches away from Randall. The scream extractor, located above the monsters, is 46 inches away from Randall, and 73 inches away from Mike. Mike needs to find the angle of elevation to the machine in order to escape its power.
17: Solution SSS: | The angle of elevation to the machine is 38.79 degrees. | A | B | C
18: THE END | Mike manages to escape and meets up with Boo and Sulley. Together they return to Boo's room, tuck her into bed, and then shred the door. And they all lived happily ever after. And remember children...the moral of this story is to keep your math skills in tip top shape so that you can solve your own life problems!
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Considering this being Good Friday, I thought I would share with you some thoughts that I have had lately regarding the mystery of crucifixion and the Passion as related to the initiatory path. Basically I believe the dramatic events of the Easter (Passover) being resumed in all Adepti Grades. The Adeptus Minor 5°=6° Grade obviously corresponds to the suffering and Crucifixion, i.e. the Passion of the Christ. It also marks the necessary sacrifice by the ego made upon the Cross of Suffering, and the deliverance (or passover) of the lower will to the Higher and True Will. It is marked by that mystico-magico state known as the Knowledge and Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel, or the realization of the Higher Self or Divine Genius. It is of the leap of faith, of having a fundamental trust in the Father that everything eventually will work out for the better. All this is resumed in the 12th Key of the Tarot - The Hanged Man.
The Adeptus Major 6°=5° Grade is a continuation of this theme as it deals with the death of the body upon the Cross. The sacrifice is consummated - Tetelestai, it is finished! However it is not an actual death per se but instead marks the dramatic change in the life of the initiate; the entrance to the immeasurable region. This theme is resumed in the 13th Key of the Tarot - Death.
But before the initiate is ready to enter the immeasurable region he must face his own Evil Persona. Therefore the Adeptus Major Grade also deals with the descent of Christ into Hades (or Hell) and his final resurrection on the third day. It is said that Christ made a new covenant between the souls of the dead and God, as a preparation for The Last Judgement. This descent is of course a reference to the task of the Adeptus Major who now must work with the averse forces within himself, i.e. demonic evocation, to finally root out their dominion over his lower nature. This relates to the 16th Key - the Fallen Tower. This Key fitly depicts the Kings of Edom and how they finally are cast down by the Divine Will or Martial Principle.
The resurrection from death of the Adeptus Major finally marks the transition into the liberated state of the Adeptus Exemptus. This is aptly resumed in the 2oth Key of the Tarot - The Last Judgement, where the Child Horus is seen being resurrected. Remember that Horus is the Godform of the Adeptus Major Grade; Osiris is slain and purified in the Adeptus Minor Grade of Tiphareth and resurrected as the child Horus in the Adeptus Major Grade of Geburah.
Finally the Adeptus Exemptus 7°=4° Grade relates to the transfiguration and ascension of the Christ. (The ascension may here relate the passing of the Abyss.) This is a natural outcome of being liberated of your own shadow, the Qlippotic complexes of the unconscious. This is partially depicted by the 21st Key of the Tarot called Universe or The World. This card shows the ascended state of the Adept, which is placed in the centre of the Zodiac (the wreath) and the Elements (the Kerubim at the corners), holding the dual forces in both hands and in equilibrium. All this imagery clearly is a reference toward perfect equilibrium and harmony, of wholeness, of holiness - the very antithesis of the Qlippoth and the Sitra Ahra ("the Other Side"). Also notice the scarf flowing around the nude figure in the shape of the Hebrew letter Kaph, which corresponds to Jupiter. This is the Planet referred to as Chesed, the Sephirah of the Exempt Adept Grade. Some correspond the Egyptian Godess of Truth or Maat with Chesed, so the nude female figure may actually represent Maat, which in the Neophyte Hall (or Hall of Maat) manifests equilibrium and reconciliation between the opposites as represented by the two Pillars.
Also notice how the figure holds its legs, in the form of the cross - a reference to the Cross of Suffering and also Equlibrium. This is the same position in which the Hanged Man holds his legs in the above mentioned Key of Tarot. Now the figure is reversed. So in the final analysis, the Second Order initiatory process reenacts the dramatic events of the son of man from Good Friday to the Ascension of Christ, while the Outer Order may be regarded as enacting the journey that Jesus makes from his baptism, mission, etc. unto the events which occurs in Gethsemane. The Portal Grade in my opinion to the final night at Gethsemane before the apprehension by the Roman soldiers, where we find Jesus crying overwhelmed by feelings of forsakenness by his Father, i.e. the dark night of the soul.
So as can be seen, the life of the Messiah or Master Jesus may be regarded as a metaphor for the way of the initiate, as it is envisioned for the Great Work in the tradition of Les Frères Aînés de la Rose+Croix (F.A.R+C.). I further believe that the Analysis of the I.N.R.I. (as depicted upon the Cross of Suffering) is the key to unlock the mystery of the Crucifixion and Passion of the Christ. This Analysis of the Key Word (as it is called in the Golden Dawn tradition) relates to the Grade Signs of the Adeptus Minor, the Signs of L.V.X. The letters I.N.R.I. brakes down as into the following:
is translated into the Hebrew letters of
(I) Yod : (N) Nun : (R) Resh : (I) Yod
which in turn corresponds which
(I) Virgo : (N) Scorpio : (R) Sol
which in turn relates to the deities of
(I) Isis : (N) Apophis : (R) Osiris
which translates into the Sacred Word
I. A. O.
and constitues the Signs and Letters of
(I) L. (A) V. (O) X., LUX
This is the traditional attribution of the Golden Dawn which I have pondered for quite some while now. The L.V.X. signs are so rich in symbology that one easily could write a whole thesis on this subject. But to be brief, its meaning can be interpreted on different levels (as with all good symbology, as for example with alchemical symbolism). I will break it down further into these levels, and in this I will focus on the Egyptian deities which gives the key to the understanding of the Letters. First we have the basic or archetypal meaning:
Isis = Life; Apophis = Death and decay; Osiris = resurrection and rebirth.
This is the everlasting cycles of life and all manifestation. Compare for example with simple group dynamics or partnership, where we have the initial "honeymoon" in which we find everyone from their best sides and disregard all faults, which corresponds to the phase of Isis. Then we have the phase where all and everything is scrutinized and criticized; suddenly we find everyone in their worst image, which corresponds to the phase of Apophis. Fortunately this eventually leads into the last phase where we finally are able to view everyone in a more realistic way, and where everyone finds their natural place and position within the group. This is the Osiris phase.
This is also very much alive in the path of the initiate and his or her relation to the initiator, which finds its correlation in psychotherapy and obviously is a recapitulation of the parental relationship between the child and the parent. It is part of what is referred to as transference or projection of inner "objects" upon outer objects. Initially the initiate idealizes the Hierophant, which soon enough turns into its opposite where he suddenly does everything wrong. This splitted up black and white picture of the parent or initiator is finally resolved and integrated where the initiate recognizes both his faults and strengths - in a more realistic manner. As can bee seen the I.A.O. formula is a common existential phenomena which can be observed both in the small and in the large.
This I.A.O. formula can also be seen as a important part of the path of the mystic: Isis = First beneficial spiritual development, great initial impetuous, seeing first glimpses of what's behind the Veil of Isis; Apophis = The dark night of the Soul (i.e. loosing the initial contact with the divine, the curtain being drawn back before one's eyes, lack of motivation); Osiris = The Greater Initiation, the birth of the new persona, contact with the Self, illumination of the Golden Dawn, etc. This formula has thoroughly been expanded upon in a thesis by an old Frater of mine called Initiation and Death.
This can further be transcribed to the initiatory process of the Golden Dawn: Isis = the Outer Order (or initial Elemental Grades); Apophis = Philosophus and especially Portal Grade; Osiris = Second Order (especially the Adeptus Minor Grade). These also corresponds to the major Grades of the Golden Dawn: Isis = First Grade (Malkuth, the Elemental Grades); Apophis = Second Grade (Yesod, The Portal of the Vault of the Adepti); Osiris = Third Grade (Tiphareth, Adeptus Minor).
The three higher Grades of the Second Order is also to be understood in the formula of the I.A.O. as follows:


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my subject is biology. what can be done in the future through this subject, except doctor? scopes of agriclture?if i do my bsc ag from a private college,(shiats,allahabad)what can be done further?what are the other scopes?
Options with Biology
With a biology related degree you can work in industries such as agriculture, healthcare, horticulture, clinical research, fisheries, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. With agriculture, you can work in Seed/Fertilizer Manufacturing Companies, food processing companies, organic farming companies, etc. After you graduate, opportunities also exist in unrelated fields should you want to shift tracks. In a management role, you can consider jobs in the government and non-profit sectors.
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