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New species of bat found in VietnamFebruary 21st, 2012 in Biology / Plants & Animals
A distinctive echolocation frequency led to the discovery of a new species of bat within the genus Hipposideros. Although this bat is similar to the species Hipposideros armiger, differences in acoustics, size, and DNA between these bats led to the identification of the new species. This new member of the bat community, which has been found in two locations in Vietnam, has been given the scientific name Hipposideros griffini.
The current article of the Journal of Mammalogy reports on findings from a survey of bats in Vietnam over a span of three years. Eleven of 308 bats of the Hipposideros genus that were captured and handled for study displayed differing characteristics from all known taxa of Hipposideros and represent a new species.
Captured bats were measured for features such as forearm length, ear height, nose-leaf width, tooth row length, and body mass. Tissue samples were taken for genetic analysis. Recordings were made inside a flight tent, in front of caves, and under forest canopies, identifying calls of bats when they left their roosts and when they were foraging. Researchers used software for bat call analysis that can display color sonograms and measure frequencies.
The H. griffini bat has a smaller overall body size than its close cousin, H. armiger, and variations in the skull and teeth. Differences also appeared in the mitochondrial DNA collected from these bats. The echolocation frequencies of the new species range from 76.6 to 79.2 kHz, which is higher than frequencies of several H. armiger subspecies, which range from 64.7 to 71.4 kHz. Additional evidence shows that these two species are occupying the same geographical region yet have retained their separate identities.
H. griffini is named after the late Professor Donald Redfield Griffin of Rockefeller University in New York. Griffin was a leader in and essential contributor to bat echolocation research, which was key to identifying H. griffini as a new species. The proposed common name for this bat is "Griffin's leaf-nosed bat."
The new species was found at Cat Ba Island in Ha Long Bay in northern Vietnam and in Chu Mom Ray National Park, situated on the mainland more than 600 miles (1,000 km) to the south. H. griffini joins about 70 other species within the genus Hipposideros.
More information: "A new species of Hipposideros (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from Vietnam," Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 93, No. 1, February 2012. _URL_
Provided by Journal of Mammalogy
"New species of bat found in Vietnam." February 21st, 2012. _URL_


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Bunting, banners and threats for Winegrower's Revolt anniversary
- Monday 11 June 2007
This September, during the traditional European Culture Day that takes place on September 19-20, the Languedoc-Roussillon region has taken the Winegrower's Revolt as its theme.
Special events will take place in the village of Marseillan, where the leader of the uprising lived and worked, while commemorative objects, from banners to statues, will be placed in villages around the region.
Local museums and wine properties will have exhibitions on related topics such as how to preserve the viticultural landscape of the Languedoc against increasingly industrialised winemaking practises.
June 2007 is the 100th anniversary of the uprising – the first time that southern French winemakers voiced their frustration through angry demonstrations that flooded over into violence.
Cheap wine from Algeria was flooding the Midi, and winemakers were going bankrupt en masse. Marcellin Albert, an innkeeper and winemaker from Marseillan, organised The Winegrowers' Revolt, with huge demonstrations in Montpellier, Narbonne and Béziers involving up to 800,000 demonstrators that led to six deaths.
Remy Pech, a local historian who has been researching the revolt, has commented, 'It is important to remember an event that shaped not just the region but the entire country.'
At the same time the protest group CRAV (Comité Regional d'Action Viticole) – which over the past few years has been responsible for bombings, attempted sabotage on TGV tracks and other direct action – appeared recently on local TV with the exhortation, 'Wine producers, we appeal to you to revolt. Show yourselves to be the worthy successors of the rebels of 1907, when people died so that future generations might earn their living from the land.'
Other events to remember the centenary have been going on throughout the year in Languedoc-Roussillon.
In April, a Vignerons d'Europe conference was held in Montpellier in conjunction with Slow Food France. Over 1,000 winemakers from around Europe met at the conference, and the centenary was used as a basis for discussing the current wine crisis.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The presence of coliform bacteria, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes (DEP) and Salmonella were determined in ready-to-eat cooked vegetable salads (RECS) from restaurants in Pachuca city, Mexico. The RECS were purchased from three types of restaurants: national chain restaurants (A), local restaurants (B) and small restaurants (C). Two restaurants for each A and B, and three for C, were included. Forty RECS samples were purchased at each A and B restaurant and 20 at each C restaurant. Of the overall total of 220 analysed samples, 100, 98·2, 72·3, 4·1 and 4·1% had coliform bacteria, faecal coliforms, E. coli, DEP and Salmonella, respectively. Identified DEP included enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The EPEC, ETEC and STEC were isolated each from 1·4% of samples. No E. coli O157:H7 were detected in any STEC-positive samples. The analysis of Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and median test of microbiological data showed that the microbiological quality of RECS did not differ between the different restaurants (P > 0·05).This is the first report regarding microbiological quality and Salmonella, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolation from ready-to-eat cooked vegetable salads from Mexican restaurants. Ready-to-eat cooked vegetable salads could be an important factor contributing to the endemicity of EPEC, ETEC and STEC, and Salmonella caused gastroenteritis in Mexico.


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carry out consultation represents a further advance in expanding decision-making powers to local communities and social movements.
It may also prove an important step in broadening the necessary debate on how to flesh out the constitution's provisions on indigenous autonomy and land reform.
This entails dealing with complex issues, such as how best to tackle poverty and develop Bolivia's economy while protecting the environment and the rights of indigenous communities.


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Where Do Your Relatives Live?
Do you know where your relatives live? Some might live close by, while others may live very far away – even across an ocean! Make a map to mark where your relatives live, then use the floor to make an even bigger map! Try to see how far everyone's relatives are and learn where they live.
Back to Activity Finder
 - What do you need for this Adventure?
 - Do you know where some of your relatives live? How can you find out?
 - What could you use to help you imagine that the floor is a bigger version of the map?
 - With the other members of your team, use a map to mark where your relatives live. You can use a map of your community, your province, Canada or even the world.
 - Now pretend that the floor is a bigger version of the map, divided into quarters (four equal squares). Your meeting place is right in the middle. Pick your relatives who live farthest away, and go stand in the corner where they live.
 - Pass a ball from person to person, calling out the name of the friend you are passing the ball to. When you catch the ball, tell everyone the name of the relative and the place where they live (the place where you imagine you are standing), and then pass the ball to another friend.
 - Pass the ball until everyone has touched it.
 - Who has relatives from very far away?
 - Whose family lives close by?
 - What did you learn about where people's relatives live?
 - What made it easy to pass the ball to some friends, and harder to pass to others?
Keep it Simple
 - It can be hard to imagine distance without a reference – start by taking a map of your town or city and marking where everyone lives, including relatives if you can. Then, take a map of Canada and mark your city, as well as the cities where people's relatives live. Finally, take a map of the world. Mark your city and any cities where people have relatives! Whose relative lives the furthest? How does the distance change on each map?
Take it Further
 - How far does the furthest person live from your meeting place? How many kilometers is that? If possible, track your hikes throughout the year and see how far you hike. Track how close you would be able to get to that person's town or city!


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In the vocabulary of music, the term "Andante" indicates a tempo characterized by an intermediate speed between adagio and allegro; it can be further specified, with different nuances which catch different possible moods: moderato, con moto, con brio. The title conceived for this exhibition is drawn from musical terminology - even if we are conscious that, applied to music, it would be an oxymoron. If we apply it to visual experience, on the contrary, the reference to two different tempos is meant to suggest an essential feature of the process leading to the present work: Andante Lento aims to describe the pace of those who travel fast enough to cover distances, but who are as well able to linger in places, on things, on those natural and human details that travellers recognize as the very essence of travel. You go, but you are willing to slow down when circumstances demand it. The collection includes 22 images about Italy, they are photographs of places well-known, but they are not usual: faithful to the principle of going slow, the photographer took a few steps off the marked path, stopped, waited, contemplated, and took the picture. The choice of the format is not accidental either: the reading of a panorama picture, like its composition, requires an extra effort to control all the elements, but is more respectful of the nature of the human gaze that lingers on point after point in order to understand the whole.
Photos by STEFANO AMANTINI, MASSIMO BORCHI and GUIDO COZZI


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VOR stands for VHF Omnidirectional Range. It is a navigation beacon intended for civil use and provides a user with a radial to/from the station. It works on frequencies between 108.00 and 117.95 MHz.
VOR/DME station PEK (Beijing):
source: Wikimedia, author: Yaoleilei
TACAN stands for TACtical Air Navigation, a military system that is similar to VOR but with higher accuracy. It works on frequencies between 960 and 1215 MHz.
Part of the TACAN is DME (Distance Measurement Equipment), which works in the same frequency band. The DME used in TACAN is the same that can be used by civil aircraft. Due to the higher frequency the system is more accurate and the antenna is much smaller and therefor easier to deploy (e.g. on a ship, on a battlefield).
(source: wikimedia, US Air Force, Camera Operator: SENIOR AIRMAN JONNA N. WILSON)
A VORTAC combines the VOR and TACAN in one location. Civil users will use the VOR signals which have the same performance as ordinary VOR signals. In addition they use the DME from the TACAN. Effectively a VORTAC is like a VOR/DME.
Military users only use the TACAN, for them a VORTAC is the same as a TACAN.
source:Wikimedia, author: Hans-Peter Scholz Ulenspiegel


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When I'm using a computer, I like to get things done quickly and efficiently. If my hands are on the keyboard, I don't want to move one to the mouse if I don't have to. Luckily there's some great keyboard shortcuts you can use to make life easier.
- ALT+TAB = Switches between running programs.
- CTRL+TAB = Switches between tabs within a program.
- ALT+F4 = Closes the program you're in.
- CTRL+F4 = Closes the current window but not necessarily the program.
- F1 = Launches Help! It's generally contextual, you get help for the program and window that you're in.
- CTRL+c = Copy
- CTRL+v = Paste
- CTRL+x = Cut
- CTRL+b = Bold
- CTRL+u = Underline
- CTRL+i = Italics
Many of the shortcuts use the "Windows" key in combination with other keys. That's the key near your space bar with the flag on it.
- Windows Key by itself = Opens the Start Menu. Alternate=ctrl+esc.
- Windows Key + e = Opens Windows Explorer.
- Windows Key + l = Locks your computer. Alter.nate=ctrl+alt+del, click Lock.
- Windows Key + f = Opens the Find dialog.
- Windows Key + d = Minimizes all of your windows and displays the desktop.
- Windows Key + r = Opens the Run dialog box where you can do things geekily, like type Winword instead of clicking on the Microsoft Word icon.
That's just a few that I use on a regular basis. Check out this Microsoft Knowledgebase article for a more comprehensive list. _URL_
Most programs also have their own keyboard shortcuts. You can usually find them by hitting F1!


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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: February 12, 2007
Gold unstable at high pressures
(Nanowerk News) Gold is not as noble and stable as it has been previously thought. This is the conclusion of an international team of researchers from Germany, France and Sweden who came to the ESRF to study the structure of this material at high pressure. They present their results in Physical Review Letters (" Noblest of All Metals Is Structurally Unstable at High Pressure").
The uniqueness of gold and its appreciation as a valuable throughout history is closely related to its exceptional stability to chemical reactions and extreme pressures and temperatures. Gold was considered as a synonym of immovability and constancy (remember the wedding rings!). Indeed, at ambient pressure gold has been known to remain stable in a cubic crystalline phase to at least 180 GPa (one million eight hundred thousand atmospheres).
Scientists from the Bayerisches Geoinstitut and the University of Heidelberg (Germany), together with researchers from Sweden and the ESRF (France) have detected for the first time a phase transformation in gold using the synchrotron. The experiments have shown that at pressures above ~240 GPa gold adopts an hexagonal-close packed structure.
In order to carry out their experiments, scientists used the beamlines BM01, ID27 and ID30 at the ESRF combined with a new instrument at the Bayerisches Geoinstitut. The sample was placed inside a diamond anvil cell, which was then electrically heated externally. This allowed them to study gold at the pressures of the Earth's core, that is, at a depth of 5500 km from the surface.
Advances in high-pressure techniques require standards which are applicable at a multimegabar pressure range. Large pressure and temperature stability of the cubic gold phase and its high isothermal compressibility make gold an ideal material to be used as a pressure marker at high pressurehigh temperature experiments at pressures above 100 GPa. The pressure-induced phase transition found in gold at pressure above 240 GPa places a "natural" limit on the application of cubic gold as a standard.
These results confirm the theoretical predictions about the phase changes in gold. "These new experimental and theoretical results remind us that there is no "absolute" unchangeable material, and the noblest of all metals, gold, is not an exception from this rule", explains Leonid Dubrovinsky, main researcher.


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Teaching toward a world without war
Elizabeth Gray Vining, 1902–1999
A Philadelphia native and member of Germantown Monthly Meeting, Elizabeth Gray Vining published her first book for young adults at the age of 22, and went on to publish over 60 more in her lifetime. At the age of 42, Elizabeth wrote weekly releases on the activities of AFSC for Quaker papers and other religious publications, when she was selected to be the first woman to tutor the crown prince of Japan.
Her name had been suggested to the education commission by then Executive Secretary Clarence E. Pickett, who had visited Emperor Hirohito and heeded his request for help in finding an American tutor for the crown prince. After listing Elizabeth's many accomplishments in a letter of recommendation, Clarence Pickett added that she was "one of the most lovely and cultured women that I have ever known," but "she would not lift a finger to seek the appointment."
Once chosen, the American press expressed Elizabeth's position as an opportunity to spread the values of American democracy. But she was clear that this was an opportunity to build bridges: "I am not here in Japan as a missionary," she declared. "I will present my views and let my pupil go on from there… I hope I can contribute to the peace and understanding of the world. The emphasis will be on a world without war, and on nations working together for peace."


Construction, alignment and analysis of twelve framework physical maps that represent the ten genome types of the genus Oryza
Date 2008/2/28 7:00:00 | Topic: 2008
Kim H, Hurwitz B, Yu Y, Collura K, Gill N, SanMiguel P, Mullikin JC, Maher C, Nelson W, Wissotski M, Braidotti M, Kudrna D, Goicoechea JL, Stein L, Ware D, Jackson SA, Soderlund C, Wing RA.
Genome Biol. 2008;9(2):R45. Epub 2008 Feb 28.
We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. japonica reference genome sequence. Over 932 Mb of end sequence was analyzed for repeats, simple sequence repeats, miRNA and single nucleotide variations, providing the most extensive analysis of Oryza sequence to date.
This article comes from Arizona Genomics Institute
The URL for this story is:


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Annotate and Collaborate Everywhere with the Cloud
With cloud features, EZWrite 5 streamlines classroom discussions by making it smoother than ever for teachers and students to share ideas, notes, and opinions as if they are annotating on the same whiteboard regardless of where they are. Furthermore, with AMS service teachers will be able to access teaching materials stored in cloud storage and start the class directly with BenQ's IFP.
Smooth Real-Time Collaboration
Packed with teacherand student-friendly features, BenQ's EZWrite 5 is the leading annotation solution for interactive and collaborative classroom scenarios. Teachers and students can enjoy enhanced interactivity by using EZWrite Cloud Whiteboard to collect, categorize, edit, and share notes between the IFP and mobile devices.
EZWrite 5 allows teachers to directly download and upload files to cloud services, such as Google Drive and Dropbox. Exclusive to EZWrite 5, this convenient cloud access makes it easy for teachers to modify their materials and bring them everywhere.
Step.1 Download a file from your cloud stroage
Step2. Open the file directly in EZWrite 5
EZWrite 5 comes with dual pens that allow two users to write or draw simultaneously with different colors, making it ideal for lively classroom activities.
EZWrite 5 is ideal for creative, inspired creation in art classes. Users are guaranteed to enjoy an effortless experience that feels like writing and drawing with actual pens and brushes.
To further ensure uninterrupted learning for students, RM7502K streamlines the steps for teachers to start classes with BenQ Launcher. Created to aggregate all key tools in one hub, BenQ Launcher allows teachers to start using EZWrite whiteboard as well as accessing to variety input sources in a single tap without logging into their accounts. Teachers can also put announcements on the message board. Additionally, BenQ Launcher comes with SwitchQ, a task switcher, letting teachers effortlessly switch between recent apps and input signal sources at fingertips.


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SAVINGS ACTION 62: Consider a laptop for your next computer
Are you thinking of buying a new computer? Why not consider buying a laptop instead of a desktop? Desktops use much more power than a laptop does, and costs you more money to run. Desktops use around 100 watts of energy to run while laptops only use about 38 watts. Also, desktops need to be plugged in to function while laptops can operate for hours on battery power. Modern laptops now have fairly equal functionality, so choosing a laptop does not mean you'll have to sacrifice functionality for mobility. You can use a laptop almost anywhere, while a desktop will always be limited by its size and need for an outlet to function.
Cost: An average laptop costs $500, but the price is largely dependent on what brand you want to purchase.
Savings: Approximately $1,320.42 annually by using a laptop instead of a desktop
Environmental Impact: Prevent the emission of 227 pounds of CO2 annually
Take the challenge and learn more about saving energy! Visit: _URL_


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Chaos, like next year's weather, is anything but predictable. So results appearing in the 8 October print issue of PRL may seem paradoxical: researchers claim that for the first time, two lasers have been synchronized so that one can anticipate the chaotic fluctuations in the other. Some experts are skeptical of the result, but it illustrates some of the challenges in the field of chaos research, where physicists are attempting to understand and make use of nature's seeming disorder.
The weather is a classic example of chaos. In a perfect world, a computer–given a complete set of atmospheric data and equations–should be able to crunch out forecasts for years to come. But in practice, tiny uncertainties in the initial data set eventually lead to completely inaccurate predictions. A laser also becomes very unpredictable if you reflect a small portion of the laser's output back into the device. This feedback makes the laser's future output–like next year's weather–strongly dependent on its past.
Alan Shore and his colleagues at the University of Wales in Bangor, UK, created fluctuations in their first laser–the "transmitter"–using this standard feedback technique. They also fed some of the transmitter's light into a second, "receiver" laser, which went into fits of intensity fluctuations nearly identical with those of the transmitter. The team arranged the mirrors in a way that gave the transmitter's feedback signal a long round trip, so the receiver got the signal earlier and anticipated the transmitter's fluctuations by a fixed amount of time.
Surprisingly, that fixed anticipation time did not depend upon the round-trip time for light to re-enter the transmitter. Several researchers have pointed out that even the tiniest amount of accidental light traveling from the receiver back to the transmitter could induce unintended fluctuations in the transmitter. They suggest that the receiver might not be anticipating fluctuations in the transmitter, but rather, causing them. Shore says that there is a small amount of feedback from the receiver to the transmitter, but that his team has shown that this feedback is not causing the fluctuations in the transmitter–a result they will soon publish.
Although many experts want to consider this result more carefully, they are optimistic about the potential usefulness of chaos synchronization. Dan Gauthier of Duke University in Durham, NC, suggests one possible application for anticipating chaos: researchers could maintain an extremely steady laser intensity by using the advanced signal to counter fluctuations quickly. Ingo Fischer, of the University of Darmstadt in Germany, still sees open questions in the interpretation of the new results, but is fascinated by the synchronization of chaotic lasers. He says researchers are still dreaming up applications. Unfortunately, one critical phenomenon seems to be missing from his list: predicting the weather.


text: Botrytis cinerea is a fungus that can express itself as a 'noble rot' or 'gray rot'. The positive variant, noble rot, arises when the mornings are moist (morning mist) and the grapes are able to dry in the afternoon sun. The Botrytis cinerea fungus makes the skin of the grapes porous resulting in dried out shrivelled grapes. These grapes have concentrated sugars, acids and aromas, which contributes to the rich wine flavours and aromas. The negative variant, gray rot, arises when the grapes do not dry up and remain moist. The gray mold fluff is characteristic of this variant.


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Why are Chinese surgeons so keen on grafting hands onto legs?
This article is more than 2 years old.
After a Chinese man severed his hand in an industrial accident, surgeons decided to graft it onto the patient's leg to keep it from deteriorating. A month later, the hand was replanted onto the arm, and the man is said to be making a slow recovery.
However, this isn't the "groundbreaking surgery it has been made out to be. "The operation is only noteworthy because the picture is eye-catching," Dominic Furniss, a plastic surgeon and associate professor at Oxford University, tells Quartz. "Plastic surgeons perform [equivalent operations] routinely throughout the world on a daily basis."
Replantation surgeries have been performed since 1965. The world's first procedure involved a thumb, but the technique has since been used for arms, legs, ears, and penises. The level of function in the replanted organ can vary, but it's never quite fully functional.
A replantation surgery usually involves three steps. First, the damaged tissue is removed from both portions. This is done to ensure that in case the reattachment fails, the stump can be allowed to heal on its own. Then bones are shortened and joined with pins, wires, or plates and screws, which allows the two parts to be held together. Finally, tendons, arteries, veins, and nerves are repaired, which may sometimes require grafts from other parts of the body or a tissue bank.
A hand replantation typically takes between six and eight hours, according to Furniss. "The patient would begin rehabilitation within one week, and leave hospital within two weeks," he says.
But the Chinese surgeons split the surgery into two parts. Instead of replanting the hand right away, they let the stump heal for a few weeks. In the meantime, they grafted the hand to the leg so that it would survive this period.
The pioneer of grafting surgeries.
Such a graft involves taking easily-accessible blood vessels from one part of the body and attaching them to the severed body part. Ankle, groin, and under-arm areas have such blood vessels. Marko Godina, a Slovenian plastic surgeon, was the first person to perform such a grafting operation in 1984, when he attached an amputated hand to area under an arm.
Tang Juyu of Xiangya Hospital, who performed the recent surgery in China, tells Quartz that he felt the two-part procedure was necessary. The stump was badly crushed and the patient had lost too much blood, which could be dangerous for someone undergoing a long surgery at the outset. And this is the second time Tang is performed such a two-part replantation.
Ganga Hospital in Coimbatore, India has seen more than 2,000 replantation surgeries in the last 15 years. Hari Venkatramani, a leading plastic surgeon at Ganga Hospital, agrees with Tang's assessment of the situation.
A single-operation replantation surgery requires removal of damaged tissue, which in a severely crushed stump could mean losing a lot of the body part. If the limb is immediately replanted on to the body part, it might look more grotesque: Think about a hand attached at the elbow.
"For the layman it might look strange, but such two-part replantation surgeries have been performed many times before," Venkatramani tells Quartz. "Such cases are still quite rare, because you need the severed limb to be in a good condition even if the stump isn't."


I have a binary file and a text file of the corresponding data, and I know the location in the binary file where the data are contained. However, I am unable to determine in what manner the data are encoded. The data do not appear to be stored as float16, float32, float64, signed/unsigned int of various length, or char, based on analysis of the hexdump. Perhaps the section containing the data has been compressed by some algorithm, or perhaps the numbers are stored in a representation with which I am unfamiliar.
The human-readable data are as follows:
I have 70 such lines, each containing two numbers of the precision shown in the table. The corresponding data section comprises 2312 hexadecimal digits, or 1156 bytes. There is a repeating pattern of characters ascending the ASCII table followed by @ signs (e.g., 4@ = '0x3440', 5@ = '0x3540', 6@ ='3640', etc.). This "motif" occurs every 16 bytes and there are 70 occurrences. One challenge is that although there is a monotonic progression in the ASCII value of the byte preceding the @ ('0x40'), it does not always increase (i.e., there are stationary points, sometimes followed by a jump that skips over one of the ASCII characters; for instance 4@... 5@... 6@...6@... 8@... 9@...). Based on the 16-byte periodicity of this motif, I assume each row in the human-readable table is represented in the binary file by 16 consecutive bytes. Thus, the total size of the binary data table would be 16*70 = 1120 bytes. The complete data table is 1156 bytes, so I further assume the unexplained 36 bytes contain header information. Indeed, I can account for most of the header: 15 bytes containing a data descriptor in plain text, 16 bytes of zeros which appears to serve as an offset, and one byte ('0x46' = 70 in decimal) which appears to encode the number of lines in the table.
My problems are currently the following:
 - I do not know the "phase" of the 16 bytes of data (i.e., where one 16 byte segment ends and the next begins)
 - I do not know how the human-readable numbers are encoded. They do not appear to be encoded in various float or integer representations, nor as ASCII characters.
 - I do not know whether the data are compressed and if so how to determine the method of compression. If they are compressed, then the compression would be restricted to the data table itself since I can find plain text elsewhere in the binary file by running strings on it. Running file on the binary file simply reports that it contains "data".
An example of the hexadecimal contents (xxd dump) corresponding very nearly to the contents above and aligned to show the progression of '0x40' = @ that I mentioned previously is shown below. This table begins with the '0x46' (decimal 70), to which I alluded previously as being a part of the header and representing the number of lines in the data table. The hex digits before the colon simply give the offset of the line from the beginning of the file; the middle section shows eight bytes (16 hex digits) of data; the right part of the table shows the ASCII-printable values for the hex data (. signifies ASCII-unprintable values, mostly 0x00).
00000180: 4600 0000 0000 0000 0000 3440 0000 0000 F.........4@....
00000190: 0000 583f 0000 0000 0000 3540 0000 0000 ..X?......5@....
000001a0: 0000 503f c3f5 285c 8f02 3640 0000 0000 ..P?..(\..6@....
000001b0: 0000 553f 3e0a d7a3 70fd 3640 0000 0000 ..U?>...p.6@....
000001c0: 0000 453f 0000 0000 0000 3840 0000 0000 ..E?......8@....
000001d0: 0040 5d3f 85eb 51b8 1e05 3940 0000 0000 .@]?..Q...9@....
000001e0: 0000 5e3f cdcc cccc cc0c 3a40 0000 0000 ..^?......:@....
000001f0: 0000 633f f628 5c8f c2f5 3a40 0000 0000 ..c?.(\...:@....
00000200: 00c0 703f 3e0a d7a3 70fd 3b40 0000 0000 ..p?>...p.;@....
00000210: 0000 5a3f 0000 0000 0000 3d40 0000 0000 ..Z?......=@....
00000220: 0020 613f 48e1 7a14 ae07 3e40 0000 0000 . a?H.z...>@....
00000230: 00c0 643f c3f5 285c 8f02 3f40 0000 0000 ..d?..(\..?@....
I would like advice on how to proceed with this particular problem, mainly determining whether compression is a factor and how the numbers are represented in the binary file, since I can thus far detect no obvious correspondence between the rows of human-readable data and the repeating 16-byte motifs that I described.
This data actually is in standard x86 double (8 byte) representation, with the first 4 byte something else (46 00 00 00 probably being 70 as you said) and the data starting at offset 0x184 in the binary file.
What probably confused you is the fact that the human-readable data is rounded, and the binary file has a better precision. So, for example, your 23.0 is actually 22.99, which is why 3640 occurs twice, and the next value, 24.00, has 38 40.
When I convert your hex back to binary (edit out the offset and character dump, then xxd -r -p < x.hex > x.bin), then run the following perl program over it:
open(F, "<$ARGV[0]");
binmode F;
seek(F, 4, 0);
while (read(F, $dbl, 8)) {
 read(F, $dbl2, 8);
 printf("%15.10f %15.10f ", unpack("d", $dbl), unpack("d", $dbl2));
 printf("%4.1f %5.3f\n", unpack("d", $dbl), unpack("d", $dbl2));
I get this:
20._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 20.0 0.001
21._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 21.0 0.001
22._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 22.0 0.001
22._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 23.0 0.001
24._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 24.0 0.002
25._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 25.0 0.002
26._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 26.1 0.002
26._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 27.0 0.004
27._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 28.0 0.002
29._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 29.0 0.002
30._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 30.0 0.003
31._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 31.0 0.000
As you see, the right 2 columns are the numbers in your precision and match (except the last 0.004 which isn't in your file), while the first 2 columns are in high precision and, sometimes, have a value that is slightly less than the next integer.
I found this by converting 20.0 to double and checking the hex:
perl -e "print pack('d', 20.0);" | xxd
_PHONE_: 0000 0000 0000 3440 ......4@
then just starting at the fitting offset in your file and converting stuff back.
 - I cannot thank you enough. I am a novice at this, and I tried to grep for various representations of the human-readable numbers (e.g., the representations of decimal 20.0 provided by this converter) on a hexstream of the file


text:
Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol (alcohol) in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume (ABV). The term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them. If the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate. Gunpowder would not burn in rum that contained less than 57.15% ABV. Therefore, rum that contained this percentage of alcohol was defined to have 100 degrees proof. The gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816.
Since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union.
"In common with other EC countries, on 1st January, 1980, Britain adopted the system of measurement recommended by the International Organisation of Legal Metrology, a body with most major nations among its members. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C. It replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years." Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof, now uses the European scale set down by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). This scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980.


text:
Master Tour displays your schedule information on a day to day basis. Travel and schedule items do not carry over to the next date, even when the time passes midnight. What if you would like to create a schedule item that occurs after midnight? This is what the +1 check box is for.
To create schedule items that occur past midnight, simply enter the time (i.e. 1:00 AM) and then check the box next to the date that says "+1". This tells the system that the activity occurs the following calendar day (ie late night) but that it is still part of today's schedule. Often times items on your schedule will run past midnight, but you would like them to be associated with the current day. For example, a bus call is at 1:00 AM. Technically 1:00 AM is the following day but you would probably want to see that printed on the schedule for current day, so you would enter the time as 1:00 AM and check the +1 box.
For a schedule item that starts before midnight then continues after midnight, you'd only check the +1 checkbox for the End Time, like so:
Please remember that your schedule items that occur past midnight from one night do not carry over to the next date. It is recommended that if you have travel plans after midnight that occur past midnight well into the next morning, split this information so that information up to a certain hour (say, 3:00am) will display on the day the travel starts, while the rest of the travel information (4:00am onward) will display on the next date.


instrument is that you generate sound in real time. When you pull a string on a guitar you immediately hear the chord out loud. We could not afford to have our office musicians wait longer than half a second before they heard the first note and the next after. Trial 1: Access Pin Via REST API The data that's generated when you touch your plant is available via REST API because the Arduino Yún supports an Internet connection. The size of each encoded frequency is 160, so we needed to make a rest call 160 times just to get the value of a single frequency. You can read about making REST API calls to an Arduino Yún here. Trial 2: JSON Our second option was making the Arduino structure the data before it returned it. When the user touches the plant, the Arduino Yún has the ability to structure an array of size 160 that stacks the data from the selected analog pin which the user calls. The client makes the call: myArduinoYun.local/arduino/plants.json And the array that is created from that is returned: [{1:153},{2:186}, …. {159:78}] Although this reduced our original 160 calls down to 1, there was still a three-second delay because the Arduino was internally structuring that data into a stacked array. Trial 3. Bridge / {Key:Value} The Bridge library is a great predefined function on the Yún which allows communication between Arduino and Linux. By invoking the Bridge.put method in your code, the data is saved to the Arduino captures as a 160 key-value pair array in the internal storage of the Linux. Then you can simply access each value by calling: _URL_ And the Yún, or server side, returns the value inside the key slot in an array: For example, invoking the call: _URL_ would return 78. This was still not good enough. There was a delay in the auditory response averaging 1.6 seconds and 5 in its worst-case scenario. Trial 4: Shell Command Since the Linux side of the Yún supports the shell command, this allowed us to write a lump of data to an micro SD card inside the Arduino. We used a single line of code: p.runShellCommand(echo "data" >> /mnt/sda1/arduino/www/logger/plant.json). This was by far the longest running time we encountered, taking from 10 to 27 seconds before we got auditory response. What We Learned Although we did not end up using the Arduino Yún, we learned it is a great tool with many capabilities. It can be fast but not optimal for a project that requires real-time interaction. The connection will always be limited to the speed of the network. It did not help that our project dealt with such large amounts of data for each individual reaction to a frequency. We are still hatching out a way to incorporate the Yún into our project because we believe there is still a lot of room for exploration with its capabilities and will write an update soon. In the meantime, here are the instructions to re-create our project with an Arduino Uno and a computer. What You Will Need Circuit board from Mads Hobye Computer Speakers Copper Wire Arduino Processing Minim Library for Processing A Windowfarms stand for the plants (optional) Plants 1) Install Arduino, Processing, and the Minim Library onto your computer. 2) Download our code from the Co.Labs GitHub page, an adaptation of Mads Hobye's Arduino Touche. 3) Build the circuit board from the Arduino Touche Instructable following the instructions here. We looked around and found the best shopping choice for the components you'll need: Arduino (We used an Uno) USB cable Breadboard Resistor 10k Resistor 1M Omh Resistor 3.3k Capacitor 100pf Capacitor 10nf Diode 1N4148 diode Coil / inductor: 10mH Copper Wire Paper clip 4) Plug the USB cable to the Arduino board and your computer to run the Arduino code you downloaded. 5) Open and run the Processing code from our GitHub. 6) The paper clip should be hooked to your copper wire attached to your circuit board. Place the paper clip inside the dirt of your plant. 7) Check to see what values your plant is sending to the Processing console window. If you are not getting any value, check your circuit board and make sure your paper clip is securely inside the dirt. 8) Optional: If you want to pick the sounds your plant makes when it is touched in different places, add your own MP3 files inside the data folder inside your Processing sketch. We got our sounds from this open source website. 9) Compose your own symphony with your new musical plant! Update: A Way To Make The Project Independent With The Yun We found a way to cut out the Mac component for making this DIY. This time, you will need an Arduino Yun instead of the Uno. The solution was simple. All we needed was a little USB Audio Adapter that can be purchased at any Best Buy or online retailer like Adafruit for under $15 dollars. Since the Arduino Yún has its own Linux support, Linino, it can pretty much be treated as its own independent computer. By writing the music to the SD card, and adding a simple line of code, brought to our attention by Mikamai developers, p.runShellCommand("madplay /mnt/sda1/guitar1.mp3"); we had music playing on your Yún within seconds, no Mac necessary. Be sure that after you install the opkg update and the kmod-usb audio mentioned in the tutorial above, you also install the opkg madplay. This is what will allow you to play music. Also, note that since we no longer have the mac to power the Yun, now you'll need to attach any compatible external batteries. Natalia Rodriguez Tue, 18 Feb 2014 21


text:
The chances of your being kidnapped or taken hostage are small. If it does happen, your chances of survival are
high. Kidnapping is a terrifying experience, but
you probably possess more personal resources than you think to cope with the situation.
Remember, you are of value to those who are holding you only if you are alive, and they want to keep
you that way. Your best defense is passive cooperation. The more time passes, the better
your chances of being released alive.
Kidnapping can happen anywhere -- you can be
taken off the street, from a car, or from your hotel room or residence. The
best opportunity for escape is in the beginning, during the confusion of the
apprehension while you are still in a public place. If escape is
impossible or too risky, you should nevertheless try to cause as much commotion as safely
possible to draw attention to the situation. You need to make others aware that an
abduction has taken place so that the authorities are notified and the search can begin.
Otherwise, it could be hours or days before your absence is reported. Also
see Defensive Driving Overseas.
Once you have been forced into a vehicle, you
may be blindfolded, beaten (to cause unconsciousness), drugged, or forced to lie face down
on the floor of the vehicle. In some instances, hostages have been forced into trunks or
specially built compartments for transporting contraband. If drugs are administered, do
not resist. Their purpose will be to sedate you and make you more manageable. It is
probably better to be drugged than to be beaten unconscious. If you are conscious, follow
your captors instructions.
While being confined and transported, do not
struggle. Calm yourself mentally and concentrate on surviving. Attempt to visualize the
route being taken, make a mental note of turns, street noise, smells, etc. Try to keep
track of the amount of time spent between points. You will be asked
questions about this after your release in an effort to determine where
you were held.
Once you have arrived at your destination,
you may be placed in a temporary holding area before being moved again to a more permanent
detention site. If you are interrogated:
- Retain a sense of pride but act cooperative.
- Divulge only information that cannot be used
against you. Make every effort to avoid embarrassing the U.S. and the
- Do not antagonize your interrogator with
- Concentrate on surviving. If you are to be
used as a bargaining tool or to obtain ransom, you will be kept alive.
After reaching what you may presume to be
your permanent detention site (you may be moved several more times), quickly settle into
- Be observant. Notice the details of the room,
the sounds of activity in the building and determine the layout of the building by
studying what is visible to you. Listen for sounds through walls, windows or out in the
streets, and try to distinguish between smells. Note the number, names,
physical description, accents, habits, and rank structure of your captors. Try to memorize this information so that you can report it after
- Know your captors. Memorize their schedule,
look for patterns of behavior to be used to your advantage, and identify weaknesses or
vulnerabilities. Use this information to assess opportunities to escape.
- Expect to be accused of being an intelligence
agent and to be interrogated intensively. Do not admit to any accusations. Keep your
answers short and don't volunteer information or make unnecessary overtures.
- Try to establish a rapport with your captors.
Family is a universal subject. So are sports and many hobbies. Your
goal should be to get the hostage takers to view you as a real person,
rather than simply an object. Listen actively to the terrorists'
feelings and concerns, but never praise, participate in, or debate their
"cause." If you know your captors' language, use it. Ask them
to teach you their language.
- Speak normally. Don't complain. Avoid being
belligerent and comply with all orders and instructions. Once a level of rapport or
communication is achieved, try asking for items that will increase your personal comfort.
Don't be afraid to ask for anything you need or want such as medicines, books, or papers.
Make requests in a reasonable, low-key manner.
- Plan on a lengthy stay and devise a way to
keep track of the passage of time. If isolated, you can approximate time by noting changes
in temperature between night and day, the frequency and intensity of outside noises
(traffic, birds), and by observing the alertness of guards.
- Establish a daily schedule of mental as well
as physical exercise. If your movement is extremely limited, use isometric and flexing
exercises to keep your muscles toned. To maintain your strength, eat what you are given
even if it does not look appetizing and you don't feel hungry. Use relaxation techniques
to reduce stress.
- If you detect the presence of other hostages
in the same building, try to devise ways to communicate.
During interrogation, do not be uncooperative, antagonistic, or
hostile towards your captors. Captives who display this type of behavior are often
held longer or become the object of torture or punishment. Take a simple,
tenable position and stick to it. Be polite and keep your temper. Give
short answers. Talk freely about nonessential matters, but be guarded when
conversations turn to matters of substance. Don't be lulled by a friendly
approach. Remember, one terrorist may play "Good Guy" and one
"Bad Guy." This is the most common interrogation technique.
Watch for signs of "Stockholm
Syndrome" which occurs when the captive, due to the close proximity and the constant
pressures involved, begins to relate to, and empathize with, the captors. In some cases,
this relationship has resulted in the hostage becoming sympathetic to the point that he/she
actively participates in the activities of the group. Establish a friendly rapport with
your captors, but maintain your personal dignity and do not compromise your integrity.
If forced to present terrorist demands to
authorities, either in writing or on tape, state clearly that the demands
are from your captors. Avoid making a plea on your own behalf.
Be patient, as hostage negotiations are
often difficult and time consuming. Remember, your chances of survival
increase with time. Most episodes of kidnapping or hostage-taking end with no loss of life or physical injury to the
you will probably be released or rescued. Do not try to escape unless you are certain of
success. If you are able to escape, go first to a U.S. Embassy or Consulate to seek
protection. If you cannot reach either, go to a host government or friendly government
If an attempt is made to rescue you, keep a low profile and immediately follow all
instructions. Rescue will generally be attempted only after negotiations
have failed. That means that lives of hostages, terrorists, and rescue
forces are all at risk during the rescue. You don't want to be shot in the confusion while
the rescue team identifies the terrorists, who may try to disguise
themselves as hostages. To protect yourself, follow these rules:
- DO NOT RUN. Drop to the floor and
remain still. If that is not possible, cross your arms on your chest,
bow your head, and stand still. Make no sudden moves that a tense
rescuer may interpret as hostile.
- Wait for instructions and obey all
instructions you are given.
- Don't be upset if a rescuer isn't sure
whether you are a terrorist or hostage. Even if you are handcuffed and
searched, do not resist. Just wait for the confusion to clear.
Related Topic: Defensive
Driving Overseas, DoD Code of Conduct.


Media releases
Expert comment on luck: Can you make yourself luckier?
The Spring Racing Carnival is here. With the thud of hooves comes the flood of novice punters hoping for a little return on their annual Melbourne Cup bet.
It is estimated about $280 million will be gambled on Melbourne Cup Day across the nation but what are your actual chances of winning… anything?
Is it all down to luck? What is luck? Can you make yourself luckier?
Victoria University's Dr Keis Ohtsuka is available to explain our perception of luck, chance and beliefs.
Dr Ohtsuka is a social psychologist studying gambling behaviour and cognition with a special interest in culture and gambling, erroneous gambling-related beliefs and superstition.
Dr Ohtsuka can comment on the following:
 - Cultural beliefs associated with gambling/luck
 - Why gamblers develop the illusion of control and overestimate their ability to control random events?
 - What is luck? Can you make yourself luckier?
A senior lecturer in psychology at Victoria University, Dr Ohtsuka is the editor in chief of the Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health and a member of National Association for Gambling Studies (Australia).
For interview: Dr Keis Ohtsuka +61 402 238 653 or [email protected].
See all media releases


text:
Type.GetMethod Method (String)
Searches for the public method with the specified name.
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
- Type: System.String
The string containing the name of the public method to get.
Return ValueType: System.Reflection.MethodInfo
An object that represents the public method with the specified name, if found; otherwise, null.
The search for name is case-sensitive. The search includes public static and public instance methods.
You cannot omit parameters when looking up constructors and methods. You can only omit parameters when invoking.
If the current T:System.Type represents a constructed generic type, this method returns the MethodInfo with the type parameters replaced by the appropriate type arguments.
If the current Type represents a type parameter in the definition of a generic type or generic method, this method searches the methods of the class constraint, or the methods of Object if there is no class constraint.
For generic methods, do not include the type arguments in name. For example, the C# code GetMember("MyMethod") searches for a member with the text name "MyMethod", rather than for a method named MyMethod that has one generic argument of type int.
The following example gets a method named MethodA.
Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 7, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 (Server Core Role not supported), Windows Server 2008 R2 (Server Core Role supported with SP1 or later; Itanium not supported)
The.NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see.NET Framework System Requirements.


text:
The easement is either voluntarily donated or sold by the landowner and constitutes a legally binding agreement that limits certain types of uses or prevents development from taking place on the land in perpetuity while the land remains in private hands.
Conservation easements protect land for future generations while allowing owners to retain many private property rights and to live on and use their land, at the same time potentially providing them with tax benefits.
In a conservation easement, a landowner voluntarily agrees to sell or donate certain rights associated with his or her property – often the right to subdivide or develop – and a private organization or public agency agrees to hold the right to enforce the landowner's promise not to exercise those rights. In essence, the rights are forfeited and no longer exist.
An easement selectively targets only those rights necessary to protect specific conservation values, such as water quality or migration routes, and is individually tailored to meet a landowner's needs. Because the land remains in private ownership, with the remainder of the rights intact, an easement property continues to provide economic benefits for the area in the form of jobs, economic activity and property taxes.
A conservation easement is legally binding, whether the property is sold or passed on to heirs. Because use is permanently restricted, land subject to a conservation easement may be worth less on the open market than comparable unrestricted and developable parcels. Sometimes conservation easements will enable the landowner to qualify for tax benefits in compliance with Internal Revenue Service rules.
Learn more about conservation easements and their benefits.
The idea that a landowner can convey certain rights on his or her land while retaining other rights is rooted in hundreds of years of English common law, on which the U.S. legal system is based. Conservation easements, however, are a more recent creation. Explore the evolution of conservation easements.
Conservation Easements: Conserving Land, Water and a Way of Life
(PDF, 200 KB, new window)
Conservation Easement Working Group Report
(PDF, 234 KB, new window)
March 01, 2011


text:
While developing the emulator I needed to debug stuff. Besides the pspautotests project that allowed me to verify some behaviours, I need to stop the execution of the emulator in several places, and to trace stuff. Also I needed to debug webgl and to detect which parts of the emulator to optimize.
The simplest way of debugging:
Collapsable groups and tables, helped a lot for testing:
Chrome's profiler helped a lot in determining slow functions:
Stopping the execution in some conditions:
debugger; keyword (that I didn't know before starting the emulator) helped was a very valuable tool that allowed me to determine some problems. I was able to use that keyword in functions I made, but also in generated code; that includes CPU generated functions, and vertex decoding. Also browsers have a console, that allows you to execute code and view internals, while debugging or while running. So I was able to call stuff like "emulator.threadManager.threads.elements" or evaluate expressions while in a breakpoint.
And for debugging webgl, there was a very useful project: WebGL Inspector.


Animal Grief : How Animals Mourn (Hardcover) - Alderton, David
Customer Reviews Write a Review
Product Overview
Publisher Motorbooks Intl
Mfg Part# 9781845842888
SKU 218920078
Format Hardcover
ISBN10 184584288X
Release Date 8/13/2012
Dimensions (in Inches) 8.25H x 8L x 0.5T
From the Publisher
Editors Note Science is now providing some remarkable insights into animal behavior, with crocodiles, for example, emerging as devoted parents, and elephants – like whales – able to communicate with each other across long distances by ultrasound, which is inaudible to our ears. There seems little doubt that animals experience a range of emotions, just as we do; but can they grieve, too? David Alderton – award-winning, multi-million specialist animal author – contends that emotions – including grief – can potentially have a survival value for a species. The authoritative, rational text is superbly supported by interesting, sensitive photographs carefully chosen to be reflective of the subject matter. Unique subject matter, drawing on the latest research • Covers both domestic and wild animals • A subject that has intrigued pet owners for many years • Fascinating insights into the natural world • Insights into how grieving may help wild animals to survive • How this could affect conservation planning • Sensitive, rational approach to the subject • The impact on pet owners and their animals • Written by an award-winning, multi-million selling specialist animal author • A book with widespread appeal for anyone with an interest in the natural world
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text:
DSSS: Determining chemical and microbial Fe(II) oxidation kinetics in situ: How well do organisms compete with chemical oxidation?
- Who: George W. Luther, Ph.D., University of Delaware
- What: Download the file (pdf)
- Where: Building 66, Auditorium
- When: 10:30 am to 12:00 noon, February 8, 2013
- Why: About the Distinguished Scientist Seminar Series
My interests cover a wide range of areas including redox reactions in the environment, trace element speciation in marine waters and sediments including metal-ligand complexes, biogeochemical processes, in situ electrochemistry and microelectrode technology. Our group also emphasizes research that interfaces chemistry with biology with the view that chemistry drives biology.
Abstract: The oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) to Fe(III) solids is of great significance to Earth history including banded iron formation (BIFs) and the rise of O2 in waters and the atmosphere. The chemical oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) in air saturated solutions is facile at circumneutral pH, but O2 arises mainly from photosynthetic activity. There are currently three theories on how microbes could have contributed to Fe(III) precipitation: (1) oxygenic photosynthesis, coupled to abiotic Fe oxidation, (2) aerobic (anerobic?) Fe oxidation by iron oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), and (3) anoxygenic photosynthesis, with Fe as an electron donor (photoferrotrophs). Using kinetic data obtained in the field as well as in the laboratory with in situ microelectrode techniques developed in our lab, it is now possible to discriminate between chemical Fe(II) oxidation and these microbially based processes in real time. Field data will be shown from diverse sites including Yellowstone National Park where groundwater, rich in Fe(II) and Mn(II) but with little or no O2, enter oxygenated systems. In the case of FeOB, their importance in Fe(II) oxidation increases at low O2 concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations for the first electron transfer between the metal ions, Fe(II) and Mn(II),with O2 over pH gives insight to the distribution of these metals in BIFs and their biogeochemical behavior.


Green Office Screens
Preserved plants are plants and flowers that have been 100% preserved by using natural techniques. The preservation liquid replaces the sap and water of the plant species used. This method preserves the plants freshness, keeping its natural beauty with no maintenance required. It has been proven by many scientific studies that having more greenery around the workplace has positive effects on employees. The effects of nature help reduce stress, increase productivity and offer a stylish and env


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Hi guys,
So, we are making a project where we use 3 UV sensors.
We want to get the readings of 3 sensors connected together but we want the serial monitor to show only the readings of the highest intensity of the sensors. So whenever one of the sensor is been directed towards the sun we want only that sensor's readings to show up. And we are not sure how to make the 3 sensors all in one code
This is the original code of one sensor
//Hardware pin definitions
int UVOUT = A0; //Output from the sensor
int REF_3V3 = A1; //3.3V power on the Arduino board
void setup()
 pinMode(UVOUT, INPUT);
 pinMode(REF_3V3, INPUT);
 Serial.println("ML8511 example");
void loop()
 int uvLevel = averageAnalogRead(UVOUT);
 int refLevel = averageAnalogRead(REF_3V3);
 //Use the 3.3V power pin as a reference to get a very accurate output value from sensor
 float outputVoltage = 3.3 / refLevel * uvLevel;
 float uvIntensity = mapfloat(outputVoltage, 0.99, 2.8, 0.0, 15.0); //Convert the voltage to a UV intensity level
 Serial.print("output: ");
 Serial.print("ML8511 output: ");
 Serial.print(" / ML8511 voltage: ");
 Serial.print(" / UV Intensity (mW/cm^2): ");
//Takes an average of readings on a given pin
//Returns the average
int averageAnalogRead(int pinToRead)
 byte numberOfReadings = 8;
 unsigned int runningValue = 0;
 for(int x = 0 ; x < numberOfReadings ; x++)
 runningValue += analogRead(pinToRead);
 runningValue /= numberOfReadings;
//The Arduino Map function but for floats
//From: _URL_
This is the original code of the Sensor
Edited by SamSMK
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text:
the scent-perception system that detects them, and Who gave plants their health-giving properties.
It is revealed in the Qur'an that sweet-smelling plants are a blessing:
He laid out the earth for all living creatures. In it are fruits and date-palms with covered spathes, and grains on leafy stems and fragrant herbs. So which of your Lord's blessings do you both then deny? (Surat ar-Rahman: 10-13)
How people should behave in the face of the blessings they are given is revealed in another verse:
Say: "It is He Who brought you into being and gave you hearing, sight and hearts. What little thanks you show!" (Surat al-Mulk: 23)
NOTES59. Tim Jacob, "Olfaction," 2001, _URL_
60. "Aromatherapy," M. Encarta Encyclopedia 2001, 2001 Deluxe Edition CD


text:
Gothic is a Germanic language of the Eastern branch (now extinct, it also included Vandalic and Burgundian) and the oldest Germanic language to be attested in writing, except runic inscriptions. It is the language of the Goths, a Germanic people probably from Sweden originally, that later divided into Wisigoths and Ostrogoths was to play a most important role during the late Antiquity, and finally settled in Spain and Italy respectively. Gothic is essentially known through a translation of the Bible made by the bishop Wulfila in the 4th century, of which important parts have come to us. It is the first language that Tolkien studied for his own pleasure, and it may have given an impulsion in the first development of Qenya. Some names from Rhovanion in the Thirs Age like Vidumavi or Vidugavia are of Gothic origin.
Atta unsar - Pater noster
Bagme bloma - Flower of the trees, a poem by J. R. R. Tolkien in a reconstructed form of Gothic.
Quotations of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien, Édouard Kloczko, Christopher Gilson, Patrick Wynne, Rhona Beare, Thomas Alan Shippey, Charles Kennedy, Elaine Treharne, André Crépin, Régis Boyer, François-Xavier Dillmann, Gabriel Rebourcet, Keith Bosley, Pierre-Yves Lambert, Gwyn Jones, Thomas Jones are under the copyright of their publishers.
Last update of the site : 2006, August 9th.
Contact us :


text:
Smoke from brush fires can aggravate residents who suffer from upper respiratory system conditions or heart and lung problems such as asthma and emphysema.
The Volusia County Health Department offers these tips for persons with respiratory problems:
- Avoid physical exertion and outdoor activity in areas with smoke. This caution also extends to young children and the elderly.
- Individuals who have respiratory conditions and do not have access to air conditioning should consider spending time in areas such as shopping malls, public libraries or museums.
- If you feel you are experiencing adverse health effects, contact a physician for an evaluation or advice.
- Residents are urged to exercise caution in accordance with local area conditions.
Additional information can be found at _URL_.


5 Ways Technology Has Completely Changed How We Handle Cash
cash in hand
For so long pop culture has had so many references to money and its role in society. You've probably heard those catchy phrases like "cash is king", or "cash rules everything around me" or references to raining down dollar bills. Yet in reality, cash-on-hand is becoming a thing of the past because, with mobile technology and a whole new world of payments, consumers don't need to carry it as much. Now cash isn't being done away completely yet, but there are fewer reasons nowadays for consumers to have to visit an ATM and make a cash withdrawal.
1. More Consumers Are Shopping at E-commerce Stores Than Ever Before
Online shopping continues to grow throughout the world, and since online shopping has to be done with credit and debit cards or through other electronic payment methods, cash is non-existent here. Consumers prefer shopping this way since they can do it right from home and can usually find the exact products at cheaper prices than in stores. There could still be a future for brick and mortar outlets in conjunction with online platforms that complement the shopping experience, but it's certainly clear that electronic payments will more than likely remain the main payment methods in this making the use of cash less important.
2. Credit Card Readers Are Cheaper and Easier Than Ever to Get
It used to be that most startup businesses and small mom and pop shops would only take cash payments at their establishments. Credit card payment processors and high-end point-of-sale systems used to be very expensive to get, but that's not the case nowadays. There are services out there that offer credit card readers that are very cheap and small that you could plug them right into a smartphone and use them immediately. With this current trend, even very small businesses with little cash flow and not much by way of a tech setup can accept credit or debit card payments and allow their customers to forego using cash. This is especially handy for small businesses that want less hassle from having to drive to the bank and make deposits.
3. Personal Loans Are Being Funded Without Needing Cash or Check Deposits
Online loans that don't require visiting a bank or receiving cash or a check from a lender have also become more common today. For example, with online installment loans from direct lenders, the loans are funded through electronic transfers right into the borrower's checking account without the need to involve cash. Likewise, the loans can be repaid through automatic withdrawals that are also made electronically. The only time cash may be involved is if the borrower has to make a cash withdrawal from their checking account to pay for an emergency.
4. Money Transfer Services Have Started Replacing Cash Gifts and Money Orders
It's always been considered unwise to send cash in the mail with all the high risks that doing so entails. It's been more common over the years to either send a check or buy a money order with cash to send money as a gift in the mail. But now there are so many money transfer apps out there that you can send someone money electronically quite easily either by entering your credit or debit card information in the app or doing a bank account transfer. But many of these transfer services will allow you to set them up as cash pickup transfer if the person you're sending them to doesn't have a bank account and needs to receive cash. Some money transfer services even have bill pay options on them allowing you to pay your creditors electronically.
5. More Electronic Alternatives to Banking Have Emerged
Plastic cards and electronic payment services have sometimes been thought to be limited to those with regular bank accounts while the unbanked population is limited to cash, but that's not quite the case. Prepaid debit cards are an option for most people, and most even allow paychecks to be direct deposited, and they also have other similar services to mobile banking. But there's also a cryptocurrency, and while it's not yet a universally accepted currency, it does have a few features that have experts considering it as a future electronic cash alternative. And practically anyone in the world with a crypto wallet either electronic or printed out on paper can use it.
The bottom line is the digital world has made the need for cash much less in recent years, and it's only likely to continue that way. However, having cash set aside sometimes for needed payments is still important as there are a few instances where it may be your only payment option.
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text: The study of the properties of the materials used in the several fields of the mechanical industry requires an analysis of their mechanical characteristics and behaviour under load, or under a combination of loads, which produce multiaxial stress states on the machine components. The analysis of the behaviour under axial and torsional combined loads, either static or time-variable, proves particularly interesting. During combined loads tests, the test machine should not transmit any parasitic action to the specimen, such as shear and bending moment, in order to consider only the reaction to torsion and axial load. Furthermore, it should allow to apply the torsional and axial actions separately (the application of axial loads must not be influenced by the applied torque and vice-versa). The test machine must also be designed to apply a high torsional moment without producing any non-allowable deformation. This paper reports the results of a survey of universal multiaxial test machines frames for performing torsion, static or fatigue tests on cylindrical specimens, with the simultaneous application of axial, tensile or compression loads, either static or time-variable. A preliminary survey showed that traditional test machines are equipped with a plane frame that cannot withstand a high torsion. A new machine was therefore developed based on a study to provide the most suitable frame structure to withstand a high torsion. The machine was patented.


Divorce Can Significantly Impact a Person's Investment Portfolio
Many things can change for a person here in Colorado as a result of getting a divorce. One is what their investment portfolio looks like. This is because investments are among the assets that are sometimes marital assets and thus are sometimes subject to being split up between the divorcing spouses in the divorce asset division.
How specifically a divorcing couple's investments are dealt with in an asset division can have major portfolio-related impacts on both of the members of the couple. Among the things the specifics of an investment division in a divorce can impact for a divorcing individual are:
 - What investment-related decisions will be before them following the divorce.
 - How balanced their portfolio is.
 - Whether their portfolio has any particular holes in it.
 - What sorts of changes a person may want to make to their portfolio following the divorce.
Given the major changes a divorce can have on a person's investment portfolio, some find conducting a review of their portfolio helpful following a divorce.
Of course, paying attention to the portfolio-related impacts of a divorce is not only important after a divorce has occurred, but also during the divorce process. Given the impactful nature that how investments are divided in a divorce can have, it can be very important for a person to keep their long-term financial and investment goals in mind when in negotiations regarding such asset division. Given the many complicated issues that can happen during divorce property division and the major long-term impacts property division can have, a divorcing individual may want the help of a family law attorney when it comes to the issue of property division in their divorce.


IRS Rules: Restructuring in Today's Regulatory Climate
Some nonprofits have been forced to restructure their organizations due to the economic challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Fortunately, IRS rule changes from a couple of years ago make the restructuring process far easier than it once was. If you're considering such a change, here's what you need to know.
How have the rules changed?
Under previous IRS rules, a tax-exempt organization was required to file a new exemption application when it made certain changes to its structure. Each of these circumstances was seen as creating a new legal entity that must file an exemption application. An unincorporated association that incorporated was generally considered a new legal entity required to file an application, as well.
To apply for new exempt status, a restructuring organization would need to file a final Form 990 under its initial Employer Identification Number (EIN), obtain a new EIN and apply for exemption for the new entity. In addition to being a time-consuming and often expensive process, the new organization risked failing to receive the desired tax-exempt status. This also required changing the EIN on all bank and investment accounts, which is part of the administrative burden of a restructuring.
Then change arrived under IRS Revenue Procedure 2018-15. Restructuring nonprofits are now only required to report significant organizational changes on their Forms 990. However, the restructuring must satisfy certain conditions.
What are the requirements?
To avoid the application process, the original organization must be 1) a U.S. corporation or an unincorporated association, and 2) tax exempt as a 501(c) organization. It also must be in good standing in the jurisdiction where it was incorporated or, in the case of an unincorporated association, formed.
The reorganization must involve one of the following:
 - Changing from an unincorporated association to a corporation,
 - Reincorporating a corporation under the laws of another state after dissolving in the original state,
 - Filing articles of domestication to transfer a corporation to a new state without dissolving in the original state, or
 - Merging a corporation with or into another corporation.
The resulting, or "surviving," organization must carry out the same exempt purpose that the original organization had. If it's a 501(c)(3) organization, the new articles of incorporation must continue to satisfy the IRS's organizational test for such nonprofits. The test requires that the nonprofit's organizing documents (for example, its articles of incorporation) limit its purposes and use of its assets to exempt purposes.
Any exceptions or caveats?
The new rules don't apply if the surviving organization is a "disregarded entity" (an entity the IRS doesn't consider to be separate from its owner for tax purposes), limited liability company (LLC), partnership or foreign business entity. They also don't cover the incorporation of exempt trusts, or mergers of organizations into LLCs. Nor do the new rules include reorganizations in which the surviving organization obtains a new EIN. Surviving organizations that aren't covered by the new rules must submit a new exemption application to be recognized as exempt.
Covered surviving organizations don't escape without any reporting obligations, of course. The IRS still requires survivors to report the restructuring on any required Form 990 for the applicable tax year. In the case of a domestication or reincorporation in a different state, the surviving organization also must report its change of address on Forms 8822-B and 990.
Note, too, that the surviving organization will need to reapply for exemption if there's been a material change to the exempt purpose or type of exemption from the original organization. An example would be switching from providing outreach services to having an advocacy mission.
The new rules apply only to federal income tax exemptions. Your state's laws could require you to file a new exemption application.
Seek assistance
If you're considering restructuring, reach out to us. We can guide you through the process and help position your organization for future success.


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Amazon has a new idea to ensure delivery safety: a self-destruct drone.
The idea behind the design is simple: If anything goes wrong while an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is delivering your latest Amazon splurge, it's safer to have a bunch of small drone fragments fall out of the sky instead of one big one. Ok, sure.
The patent is dated Nov. 28, and describes the process for "directed fragmentation" of a drone in the event of "service disruptions due to unsuitable weather conditions, equipment malfunctions, and other problems." According to the patent:
The fragmentation sequence can be evaluated and updated over time based on the flight path of the UAV, the ongoing flight conditions for the UAV, and the terrain topology over which the UAV is flying, among other factors... A controlled, directed fragmentation of various parts of the UAV can be accomplished upon disruption of the flight operations of the UAV or at other desired times. This can result in the UAV, and certain parts of the UAV, landing at more preferable or suitable locations if flight operations are disrupted.
The UAV would be able to set a flight path based on where dropping the drones would inflict the least potential damage, such as in a field or a lake.
Look, there's even a helpful picture! Which depicts a scenario in which a drone drops its propellers and such before crashing into a handy dandy tree.
An Amazon drone made its first real delivery in December 2016. Back in May, the company submitted another patent, that time for a parachute-enabled shipping label. You know, so your packages can drop on your doorstep like in the Hunger Games. (Which is basically life in 2017, at this point.)
So does that mean that self-destructing parachute-dropping drones will soon be delivering all your Amazon buys? It seems more likely that the patents are just meant to cover Amazon's bases in case they decide to go in this direction, and doesn't indicate anything for sure.
With little meaningful legislation about drone delivery on the books, a UAV-powered delivery economy could still be a while off. So no need to duck and cover just yet.


text:
When you have completed all the objectives, you can take two full-length practice exams, providing you a measurement on your exam readiness and helping you fully prepare for the real Cisco ICND2 exam experience.
In addition to the practice tests and personalized study plans, this product includes a complete ebook of the Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition.
The MyITCertificationLab: ICND2 200-101 an Academic package designed for instructor-led classroom environments.
CCNA ICND2 200-101 Official Cert Guide, Academic Edition, is a comprehensive textbook and study package for an intermediate-level networking course. This book has been completely revised to align to Cisco's new CCNA 200-101 ICND2 exam. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing student's retention and recall of exam topics. The book is printed in four color, allowing students to benefit from carefully crafted figures that utilize color to convey concepts. Students will organize their study through the use of the consistent features in these chapters, including:
- Foundation Topics — These sections make up the majority of the page count, explaining concepts, configurations, with emphasis on the theory and concepts, and with linking the theory to the meaning of the configuration commands.
- Key Topics — Inside the Foundation Topics sections, every figure, table, or list that should absolutely be understood and remembered for the exam is noted with the words "Key Topic" in the margin. This tool allows the reader to quickly review the most important details in each chapter.
- Chapter-ending Summaries — These bulleted lists provide a quick and concise review of the key topics covered in each chapter.
- Chapter-ending Review Questions — Each chapter provides a set of multiple choice questions that help student's test their knowledge of the chapter concepts, including answers and full explanations.
- Chapter-ending Exercises — Each chapter concludes with a series of exercises designed to help students increase their retention of the chapter content including key term reviews, key topic tables, command review exercises, and memory table exercises.
- Part Reviews — This new edition includes a new part review feature that helps students consolidate their knowledge of concepts presented across multiple chapters. A new mind mapping exercise helps students build strong mental maps of concepts. A new exam bank of part review questions helps students test themselves with scenario-based questions that span multiple topics.
In addition to these powerful chapter learning, review, and practice features, this book also contains several other features that make it a truly effective and comprehensive study package, including:
- A Getting Started chapter at the beginning of the book offer terrific advice for how to use the book features and build an effective study plan.
- The DVD contains over 60 minutes of video mentoring from the author on challenging topics such as OSPF, EIGRP, EIGRP Metrics, PPP, and CHAP.
- The book comes complete with the CCNA ICND2 Network Simulator Lite software, providing students with the opportunity to practice their hands-on command line interface skills with Cisco routers and switches. The 13 labs included for free with this product cover a range of EIGRP configuration and troubleshooting exercises.
- The Pearson IT Certification Practice Test software that comes with the book includes 4 full ICND2 exams and 4 full CCNA exams, providing tons of opportunities to assess and practice. Including the book review questions and part review questions, the exam bank includes more than 500 unique practice questions.
- A Final Preparation Chapter helps students review for final exams and prepare to take the official Cisco CCNA exams, if they want to achieve that certification.
- A Study Plan Template is included on the DVD to help students organize their study time.
The 1 hour 14 minute presentation found at the following link was given by Wendell Odom to cover "Teaching the New CCENT ICND1 100-101 & CCNA ICND2 200-101 Exam Material." _URL_
Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Network Simulator helps you develop and improve hands-on configuration and troubleshooting skills without the investment in expensive lab hardware. This state-of-the-art, interactive simulation software enables you to practice your networking skills with almost 150 structured labs designed to help you learn by doing, the most effective method of learning. Topics covered include router and switch navigation and administration, SNMP, syslog, IOS licensing, VLANs, STP, Etherchannel, EIGRP, OSPFv2, OSPFv3, IPv6 routing, HSRP, serial and serial link configuration, Frame Relay, VLSM route selection, password recovery, Netflow, GLBP, path analysis, routing analysis, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, NAT, and network troubleshooting.
Experience realistic network device responses as you perform each lab, which include detailed instructions, topology diagrams, critical-thinking questions, hints, and answers. Working through the labs, you will quickly become proficient with all the common Cisco IOS version 15 router and switch commands on the CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 exam. Choose from almost 150 labs organized by lab type or by topic. Track your progress with the lab status indicator, and use the new search feature to search for commands and keywords. Review lab objectives and step-by-step instructions within each lab, opening hints and tips sections that help you when you get stuck. Record your observations on device performance in interactive tables. Enter answers to critical thinking questions and get instant feedback to verify your work. Access performance reports in this easy-to-navigate grade history screen, which store all your attempts on each lab. View device configuration details, lab question performance, time to complete each lab, and CLI activity for each device in every lab. Export lab results to PDF files for easy sharing.
Unlike other simulators on the market, the lab scenarios included in the Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101 Network Simulator are far more complex, challenging you to learn how to perform real-world network configuration and troubleshooting tasks.
Minimum System Requirements:
- Microsoft Windows XP (SP3), Windows Vista (32-bit/64-bit) with SP1, Windows 7
(32-bit/64-bit) or Windows 8 (32-bit/64-bit, Desktop UI only)
- Mac OS X 10.6, 10.7, or 10.8
- Intel Pentium III 1GHz or faster processor
- 512MB RAM (1GB recommended)
- 500MB hard disk space
- 32-bit color depth at 1024x768 resolution
- Adobe Acrobat Reader version 8.1 and above
- Connection to the Internet during installation for access code validation
Other applications installed during installation:
- Adobe AIR 3.8
- Captive JRE 6
This product is a single-user license desktop software application.


text:
Checking WAEC result is been laid down into several ways, perhaps to Check WAEC Result without Scratch Card is one of it. That is why on this page you will learn it. Beside this processes where laid down by the West African Examinations Council, so it's not a trick to check WAEC Result without Scratch Card.
There are ONLY 2 methods to check waec result, whereby Pins are are even required. Meaning that you will still need the Scratch Card.
Why You Need The Waec result Scratch Card
- It savers as a protection to your result in the WAEC database
- Using the Scratch Card help control how user access the Result checking Portal
- Its a way of making money for the organization (WAEC Office)
Here are Ways to checking Result, NOT to Check WAEC Result without Scratch Card
I assume you all are mistaking the SMS method of checking WAEC result as a way to Check WAEC Result without Scratch Card. Well if that is what you are thinking, then its wrong because checking your result via SMS also needs PIN Number of the Scratch Card (although no serial number is required)
- Send SMS in the format below:
To short-code 32327 (MTN, Celtel & Glo subscribers)
- For example -:
Ensure you adhere strictly to the format above. There should be no space in the message.
- Wait for your result to be delivered to your phone via SMS. (SMS Cost N30 Only)
But Checking WAEC Results Online – You use this method
You can either use mobile phone or PC to do this, as long as its connected to the internet.
- Logon to _URL_
- Enter your 10-digit WAEC Examination Number.
(This is your 7-Digit centre number followed by your 3-digit candidate number eg. _PHONE_)
- Enter the 4 digits of your Examination Year eg. 2002
- Select the Type of Examination
- Enter the Card Serial Number found on the reverse side of your Scratch card.
- Enter the Personal Identification Number (PIN) on your Scratch card
- Click Submit and wait for the results window to come up
However, there are things you should know about which never exist, that is;
- to check waec result without examination number
- to check waec result without scratch card pin or serial number
- to check results without spending money or credit
This is because you MOST need the follow to successfully check your waec result online or SMS;
- Examination Number – Your Exam number make you look unique from others, that is why no one can have same exam number (only by error).
- Examination Year – You providing the year you wrote exam will enable the database to locate your results and other vital information about you.
- Type of Examination – WAEC conducts different types of exam, like GCE, SSEC, etc. That is why providing the type of exam you had participated also help getting your data from the WAEC portal.
Card Serial Number


locals doing so in more modern parts of the country. This could explain why the word chaqui, now chuchaqui, has moved over to simply describe that terrible feeling of being "hung over."
¿Tienes chuchaqui? — Are you hung over?
Sí, estoy chuchaqui. — Yes, I'm hung over.
Chuchaqui is chuchaqui, and it's the only way it can be spelled or said.
Note: Bolivia uses the word chaqui to signify a hangover, the only difference is that they've kept it as chaqui and sometimes spell it like chaki.
6. Mala Caña
I know that you've seen both of these words separately before, mala and caña. If we break them up we get, "bad" and "cane." And that's cane as in sugarcane, not a walking stick type of cane.
In Chile, and only Chile, mala caña is used to express that you have a hangover. The sugarcane, caña, apparently represents your state of well being in this context. Perhaps this stems from the idea that if you're not feeling too hot, then your sugar levels must be off, meaning they aren't as sweet as they should be—just a stab in the dark, but it seems to make sense. Thus, you have a bad cane, mala caña, as opposed to a good one.
Tengo una mala caña. — I have a bad hangover.
Tengo una mala, mala caña. — I have a really bad hangover.
Caña can never be used without mala to express a hangover, they go hand in hand for this purpose.
Note: We use the adjective mala instead of mal or malo because the word caña is feminine, and in Spanish, words in a sentence must always agree!
7. Ratón
You probably know that ratón means "rat," but do you know what tener ratón means? Based on the theme of this blog post, I assume that you've already gathered it means "hangover" as opposed to being the proud owner of a lovely pet rat.
The entire expression goes like this:
Tengo un ratón en la cabeza. — I have a hangover.
As you can see above, the most literal translation of tengo un ratón en la cabeza would be "I have a rat in my head." Having a rat in your head is the equivalent of having a headache, and that's where this expression comes from. Rats in your head = hangovers, and hangovers = headaches! You can also say:
Estoy enratonado(a) — I'm hung over (can be used both masculine and feminine).
And to round off this list of regional slang, tener ratones en la cabeza or tener ratón only makes sense in one country—Venezuela!
So the next time you're traveling through Caracas or Angel Falls and run into some locals after a night of fun (while shoving stuffed arepas into your mouth), remember how to talk about those rats in your head!
And One More Thing…
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text:
Here is the example, which is right?
It's important he know this.
It's important he knows this.
It's important he has known this.
or, those above all right, but express different meaning.
The third form of the sentence could be grammatically correct but expresses an unlikely thought, implying he no longer knows this, but it is currently important that he knew it some time in the past. It seems to be motivating the listener to take some action to ensure that the person who currently may not know it, did know it in the past. This is impossible without time travel.
The final "s" in "knows" is third person not plural, mainly because plurality applies to nouns not verbs I suppose.
As for the subjunctive: I can't do better than point you at Wikipedia's article
Grammar Monster suggests "Through common usage, the non-subjunctive forms of verbs are gradually replacing the subjunctive forms."


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If you struggle at the dreaded Source-based Qns (SBQs) and keep thinking to yourself, "I don't understand the source", this article might be useful.
Every SBQ Case Study has what I call a BIG QUESTION at the top of the page.
Use it as a hook to understand the sources!
- Bolded and aligned to the middle of the page
- Controversial or debatable
- And yes, it usually ends with a question mark 😛
Examples of Big Qs
- "Who was responsible for the ABC War/Conflict?"
- "How beneficial/effective was Policy XYZ?"
The sources listed in the case study would answer the Big Qn.
Read the sources to see each source's answer to the Big Qn is, and you'll get the Overall Message of the source.
For example, take the Big Q: "Who was responsible for the ABC War/Conflict?"
Source A contains lots of negative phrases about country D —> Src A's overall msg is that country D is responsible
Source B contains negative phrases about country F's actions, —> author thinks that country F is responsible
This gives you a handle so that you don't end up misinterpreting the source, which will result in a fail mark (no matter how closely you follow your answer formats).
Using the Big Qn as an understanding hook helps you get a crystal clear understanding of the source's message, which is critical to passing SBQs.