Between Two Seas (Traversing the Canal du Midi by yacht)
A typical Canal du Midi view. All photos on this post: Leica M9 Summilux 21mm
The Canal du Midi is more than just a convenient way to get from the Med to the Atlantic by boat, it is also extremely beautiful and despite its age, most efficient. The max speed in the canal is just 8 kmh and with about 20 minutes per lock the average speed works out at about 4 kmh which is no more than a pleasant walking pace. You might think that you'll never manage to do the 400 kms of its total length at that speed but even taking it relatively easy it can easily be done in two weeks.
If you love nature, peace and quiet, culture and history you will love the Canal du Midi. It was built 350 years ago and you will be amazed at the way it works. It really is a very impressive piece of engineering indeed and not a day went by when I did not reflect on the imagination and the foresight of the people who had the courage to make it happen all those years ago.
Most of the locks on the Canal du Midi are oval like this one. It works on the same principal of an arch. The idea being that it stops the lock walls collapsing when there is no water in them to support them.
The Canal du Midi was originally designed with commerce in mind and it was used to transport such commodities as wine, grain and fuels using barges pulled by horses. These barges, or Peniche as they are called in French were originally made of wood but more lately in steel. There are very few wooden ones left and almost all of the peniche on the Canal du Midi have been converted to house boats or tripper boats. Today the Canal du Midi is no longer used for transporting goods.
The way the French solved the many issues of just how to take a waterway through the whole country is fascinating. At the summit, some 650 feet above sea level are three lakes which feed the canal with the water that it needs and even today the canal is rarely short of water thanks to this. Along almost the entire length of the Canal du Midi were planted trees. These trees serve many purposes. The leaves provide shade from the southern French sun so that the horses did not over heat and reduce evaporation from the strong Midi summer sun but more than that, their roots hold the banks together and the leaves that fall line the canal bed and help to waterproof it.
Every now and then we'd come across a line of dead trees like these.
Most of the trees today are plane trees which were planted about 150 years ago to replace the original trees which were mostly fruit trees. Today the trees are under threat from a fungus which is killing them off at a disturbing rate. I asked many of the lock keepers (eclusiers) about it and received a different answer each time. Some said that the fungus came over during the war in the wooden cases that the Americans used to hold ammo but however it got here the results of the fungus are clear to see in the many dead trees along the way. Quite how the fungus is passed from one tree to another is not clear either.
Some eclusiers said that the fungus is in the water, others said that it was caused by people tying up to the trees and then spreading the disease when they subsequently tied to another tree further down the way. However this doesn't seem very likely as many of the trees that are affected are on corners and in other places where it is very unlikely that anyone has ever tied to them. More likely is that the fungus is carried in the water. This is born out by the fact that after the summit at Toulouse headed towards the Atlantic most of the trees are fine as the fungus cannot climb beyond the summit as the flow of water is always downwards. Some said that it was the spikes that people use to tie their boats to the banks and in many of the locks in affected areas there were pots of disinfectant that you are supposed to wash your spikes in before using them somewhere else.
In the round lock at Agde.
There were occasional signs at the effected areas instructing canal users not to tie up but since no one really knows what to do about it, all the measures are somewhat half hearted. It seems that the only remedy is to replace the trees with a more resistant species. The problem with this is that the old tree needs to be removed which in itself is no mean feat as many of these trees are a century and a half old and are a good 100 feet high! And the entire tree, roots and all needs to be removed before a new tree can be planted. One lock keeper said that it costs about 1000€ to replace one tree and if this is true the cost of doing so along the entire 400 km length of the Canal du Midi equates to one massive and hugely expensive project. I estimated that there are about 400 trees per one km so as you can see this could be a serious problem.
One wonders how the government will be able to justify such a huge expense when the canal is no longer used by commercial traffic. We paid just 66€ for a months stay in the canal which is nothing at all. It's not the dues from the pleasure boats that will raise the money to replace the trees.
Just one of the many narrow and low bridges on the Canal du Midi. Maximum air draft is 3 metres.
In an effort to reduce the cost of running the Canal du Midi many of the locks have been automated whereas before, every lock had a resident eclusier. The VNF (Voies Navigables de France) who run the Canal du Midi and the other canals in France have also managed to delegate much of the maintenance of the canal banks to another department who have created a fabulous cycle lane that runs the entire length of the canal and I'm delighted to say that not one day went by when we did not see a number of cyclists using the pathways.
According to many sources the Canal du Midi attracts 10,000 boats and two million visitors annually. I don't know where they get those figures from but I would be amazed if there were that many boats in or using the Canal du Midi. The Canal du Midi is a UNESCO site but will this be enough to save the canal? An estimated 210 million € is needed to replace the trees.
Chugging across one of the many aquaducts on the canal This one carries the canal over a river.
Anyway, enough of the sad news. It is my hope and belief that the Canal du Midi is too important and too beautiful for it to ever fall into disrepair. One way or another the trees will be replaced and it will go on for another 350 years at least. Let's talk about the nice things.
If you love birds you will love the Canal du Midi. Because you are chugging quietly along you do not disturb the birds who nest in the trees. A sharp eye, a good pair of binoculars and a bird book are all that needed. In the two weeks we were in the canal we saw over 10% of all the bird species in France. That's over 50 species!
The mad and slightly hectic 7 lock 'staircase' at Bezier. This section is the busiest of the entire canal. Note the two 'bumper boats' on the right.
There are a lot of birds of prey in the canals and we once saw a buzzard swoop down to the surface of the water and grab a fish. Another time we saw a parent feeding a chick in the nest, and another we saw a buzzard fly down to the water's edge and take a drink. We saw herons (grey, night and purple) we even got to see a Roller fly into its nest hole in a tree. One morning we were woken by the wonderful call of a Golden Oriole.
Leaving the tunnel at Malpas. This tunnel was dug entirely by trained badgers.
Asides from the stunning bird life there are also all sorts of other creatures such as dragon and damsel flies, fish in the canal, frogs, water snakes and butterflies.
If nature's not your thing then there are no end of fabulous and historic sites to see since the canal runs through some spectacular towns along the way, each with its own regional speciality. We stopped in Carcassonne where we had a genuine cassoulet. Where ever possible we always like to sample the local fare.
A strange metal sculpture with a head made from a camping gaz bottle for sale at one of the locks.
So you fancy having a go? What kind of boat is best? Well, you can do the trip in a yacht with the mast down but if you draw more than 4 feet or 1.2 metres you may have a few problems. They say that a boat drawing 150 cm can make the trip but we draw 120 cm and we had some moments that were touch and go. At the entrance to the Canal du Midi at the Etang de Thau we were skimming the bottom. We could feel the boat rise up and slow down. A load of throttle saw us get by but I don't think a boat drawing more than us would have managed. There is no shortage of water in the canal, at least there was not this year (2012) as there had been a lot of rain. All the sections of the canal were as full as they could have been but despite that the waters were shallow. I guess that the canal needs regular dredging now that the peniche no longer pass through.
The amazing fortified Cité of Carcassonne.
We did the trip in a yacht but if I was going to do this again


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for methanol content in the flash gas stream. Figure 4 presents the variation of the methanol content in the acid gas stream as a function of the reflux rate replacement with fresh water.
To show the impact of the lean MDEA circulation rate quantitatively, the percent of methanol content reduction for several streams was calculated by the following equations for five sour NGL methanol contents.or
Figures 2 through 4 and the calculation results indicate that the effect of sour NGL methanol contents on the percent of methanol reduction in different streams is small. For example, the sweet NGL methanol content reduction varied within 1.5 % (i.e. 59.9% to 61.4% for sour NGL methanol contents of 30 and 894 PPMw, respectively); therefore, Table 2 presents only the average percent reduction of the five sour NGL methanol contents for each lean MDEA circulation rate. Table 2 indicates that as the lean MDEA circulation rate increases, more methanol concentration reduction takes place in the listed streams. Note that the sweet NGL methanol content reductions are the same as the reductions in the lean amine stream. This is expected because the lean amine and sweet NGL streams are almost in equilibrium with each other.
Table 2. Average percent methanol content reduction in different streams for three lean MDEA circulation rates(*Fresh water free of methanol)
The variation of methanol content as a function of the molar % of the reflux stream replaced with the fresh water is presented in Figures 5 through 7 for the lean amine, purged reflux, and replaced reflux streams, respectively. These figures are for 11.36 Sm3/h (50 sgpm) lean MDEA rate. Similar diagrams were generated for the other two lean MDEA circulation rates.
Figure 5 indicates that as the percent of purging the reflux stream with the fresh water increases, the methanol content of the lean amine decreases. Figure 6 presents a similar trend for methanol content in the purge reflux stream. Figure 7 presents a different trend for methanol content in the returned reflux stream. For 100% purging, the reduction of methanol content is 100% for the five sour NGL methanol contents.
Figure 5. Methanol content in the lean amine stream vs reflux rate replacement for five sour NGL methanol concentrations
Figure 6. Methanol content in the purge reflux stream vs reflux rate replacement for five sour NGL methanol concentrations
Figure 7. Methanol content in the replaced reflux stream vs reflux rate replacement for five sour NGL methanol concentrations
Figures 8A and 8B present the methanol concentration profiles in the liquid streams leaving the stages in the regenerator column. These profiles are for lean MDEA circulation rate of 11.36 Sm3/h (50 sgpm), 0 and 100 % purge of reflux, and sour NGL methanol content of 30 and 894 PPMw. These figures indicate that the maximum methanol concentration occurs in the reflux stream with 0 % purging. With 100 % purging, the reflux stream contains no methanol. Similar profiles were observed for the two lower and higher lean MDEA circulation rates.
Figure 8A. Methanol content profile for liquid stream leaving the stages in the regenerator
Figure 8B. Methanol content profile for liquid stream leaving the stages in the regenerator
Based on the results obtained for the considered case study, this TOTM presents the following conclusions:
- Similar to the gas sweetening process, the MDEA liquid sweetening process removes a considerable amount of methanol from feed sour NGL. Moreover, if the methanol content of the sour NGL is high, the sweetened NGL may still retain high methanol content and can cause operational troubles in the downstream processes.
- The highest concentration of methanol content due to entrapment of methanol in the system is in the condensed reflux stream 10 of Figure 1 (see also Figure 8).
- Provisions of purging reflux (Water Draw) and its replacement with "Fresh Water" (Figure 1) can improve methanol recovery.
- The effect of sour NGL methanol content on the percent of methanol reduction in different streams is small.
- The basic MDEA sweetening process reduced the sweet NGL methanol content (PPMV) by ~60%, ~75% and ~80% for the lean MDEA circulation rate of 5.68, 11.36, and 22.71 Sm3/h (25, 50, and 100 sgpm), respectively.
- The modified MDEA sweetening process with 100% purging of the reflux stream reduced the sweet NGL methanol content (PPMV) by ~75%, ~90% and ~95% for the lean MDEA circulation rates of 5.68, 11.36, 22.71 Sm3/h (25, 50, and 100 sgpm), respectively.
- The purged reflux stream, which contains methanol should be disposed of properly or treated within the plant. The treated recovered water may be reused as fresh water in the sweetening process.
- In NGL sweetening, the residual amine in the NGL can also be a problem. The treated NGL usually goes through a water wash step. This step would also remove MeOH in the treated NGL stream. The wash water could be used as make-up in the regenerator purge loop. Water wash of the NGL would have a major impact on NGL quality, but only minor impact of flash gas and acid gas.
Methanol is both a Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) and a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC). It is regulated by the US EPA under the Clean Air Act. Operators therefore need to make sure that it is disposed of properly when purged. However, they must also consider its release into the atmosphere. This means that if there is no sulfur present, the acid gas likely cannot be vented without exceeding HAP/VOC thresholds. It must be sent to a control device, and even there, depending on the size of the plant, the operator may still bump into threshold limits.
To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational troubles, we suggest attending our G6 (Gas Treating and Sulfur Recovery), G4 (Gas Conditioning and Processing), G5 (Advanced Applications in Gas Processing), and PF4 (Oil Production and Processing Facilities) courses.
PetroSkills | Campbell offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others. For more information about these services, visit our website at _URL_, or email us at _EMAIL_.
By: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian
- Gas Processors Association, "GPA RR-149: Vapor-Liquid and Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Methanol or Ethylene Glycol Solutions," 1995. Equilibrium for H2S, CO2, Selected Light Hydrocarbons and a Gas Condensate in Aqueous
- O'Brien, D., Mejorada, J., Addington, L., "Adjusting Gas Treatment Strategies to Resolve Methanol Issues," Proceedings of Lawrence Reid Gas Conditioning Conference, Norman, Oklahoma, 2016.
- Moshfeghian, M., October 2010 tip of the month, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell, 2010.
- Moshfeghian, M., July 2016 tip of the month, PetroSkills | John M. Campbell, 2016.
- Maddox, R.N., and Morgan, D.J., Gas Conditioning and Processing, Volume 4: Gas treating and sulfur Recovery, Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, Oklahoma, 1998.
- Campbell, J.M., Gas Conditioning and Processing, Volume 2: The Equipment Modules, 9th Edition, 1st Printing, Editors Hubbard, R. and Snow –McGregor, K., Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, Oklahoma, 2014.
- ProMax 4.0, Bryan Research and Engineering, Inc., Bryan, Texas, 2016.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


sugar levels
The Winemaker's Think Tank: Vol 29 – How do I test for Brix?
What's the Winemaker's Think Tank?
A winegrower is measuring the alcohol level of the Pinot Gris grapes.
{refractometer used in vineyard for brix levels}
How do I test for Brix?
There are two ways to test for Brix in your grape juice and/or must. Prior to the addition of yeast and fermentation, one may use a hand refractometer to measure the sugar content (Brix) of the grapes. First the sampling method must be discussed. Simply taking one grape and squeezing it on the refractometer is not an accurate measurement of the entire batch, it is only reflective on the sugar content of that grape. The most accurate way to measure Brix would be to crush and process the grapes into a fermenting tub, punch down to thouroughly mix the must and allow to sit for 24 hours. This will create a more homogenous product from which to draw a sample. Using a hydrometer is simple, place a drop of grape juice on the lens of the hydrometer and lower the plastic coverslip. Hold the refractometer to your eye and look towards a bright light source. The light gets refracted by the sugar and will form an indicator line on the lens inside of the refractometer. This lens has a marked measurements column which will then give you your initial, pre-fermentation Brix level.
The density of wine in a test tube is determined through the use of a hydromete, which floats at different heights according to the density of the liquid (in accordance with Archimedes' Principle
{hyrdometer testing brix levels}
Once yeast has been introduced to the must and begins to excrete alcohol, the refractometer loses its accuracy. This is when the hydrometer becomes more useful in this instance. To use the hydrometer, you will also need a cylindrical container; a graduated cylinder works well (the cylinder must be taller than the hydrometer). Pour a strained sample of the must or juice into the sanitized cylinder. Put the sanitized hydrometer into the cylinder and spin it slightly to dislodge any bubbles that may cling to the sides of it. Allow it to come to rest in the juice and observe the meniscus of the liquid and where it falls on the gradients of the hydrometer. This will give you the Brix level of the fermenting wine. As the wine ferments, the Brix level will continue to drop until it is at zero.


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The Law Commission recommends reform of the Right to Manage
Helena Bannister explores the Law Commission's Right to Manage report.
On 21 July 2020 the Law Commission published three reports on commonhold; leasehold enfranchisement/freehold acquisition and the Right to Manage (RTM). The Law Commission makes hundreds of recommendations on these areas of proposed leasehold reform. This article will focus on the RTM report.
Right to Manage
The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 gave leaseholders the ability to take over the freeholder's management functions without having to purchase the freehold. Current qualifying criteria have been deemed overly restrictive - it is not possible to exercise RTM on multiple buildings or buildings with more than 25% non-residential space. The Law Commission's recommendations include:
- The scope of buildings eligible extended, with the non-residential eligibility threshold raised to 50%.
- An extension of the right to leasehold house owners and give multi-building schemes a route to RTM.
- Removing the requirement that leaseholders pay the landlord's costs of an RTM claim, including in any tribunal proceedings. Giving leaseholders significantly more control and certainty over the costs they will incur will bring the RTM within reach of more leaseholders.
- Reducing the number of notices that leaseholders must serve in order to claim the RTM, and giving the tribunal the power to waive procedural mistakes in claim notices.
- Clearer rules for the management of property which is not exclusive to the premises claiming the RTM, such as shared gardens and carparks.
Alongside the Law Commission's recommendations on commonhold and enfranchisement, the Government will now need to decide whether these proposals to make the RTM procedure more accessible and workable should become law. If so, it could see an increase in tenants seeking to obtain control of management of existing leasehold developments, particularly with the proposed change in the non-residential threshold which would make many more buildings eligible. These reforms have been long in the making, and it remains to be seen whether the Government now pushes for these reforms to be implemented sooner rather than later.


text: The 5 movements of the Second Symphony are represented by various objects in the sketch. The "Todtenfeier" is represented by the weeping figure. According to Mahler's narrative, the protagonist recalls a sweet moment in his life in the 2nd movement. As such, the 2nd movement is represented by the rose held by the mourner. The protagonist's moment of bliss is shattered in the 3rd movement when he recalls the turmoil of human existence, which is represented by the dates of the 2 World Wars written on the shaded side of the coffin. In this sketch, "Urlicht" is represented by the illuminated rose on the coffin, with the rose also being a reference to the first line of the Wunderhorn song. Finally, the glorious finale of the 5th movement is represented by the beam of light shining onto the coffin.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Meaning of a Format
Duke University Press 2012
MP3: The Meaning of a Format (Duke University Press, 2012) is a fascinating study of the MP3 as a historical, cultural, conceptual, and social phenomenon. In the course of an account of the MP3 that has surprising connections to telephony and the economics of perception, Jonathan Sterne usefully shifts our attention from media-in-general to a more specific focus on material formats, "the stuff beneath, beyond, and behind the boxes our media come in." MP3 explores the process by which AT&T learned how to make money from the gaps in human hearing. By the 1980s, Sterne shows, engineers had developed methods for using what cannot be heard within the audible spectrum as the basis for a system of data compression for digital sound transmission. The same decade saw a subgroup of the International Organization for Standardization, the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), devise a standard for digital video and audio with the help of a series of tests that gauged listeners' levels of sonic annoyance. Sterne shows how the MP3 format emerged out of these overlapping material and social contexts of perception, technics, and experimentation. There are cat pianos and cat telephones (not what you think!) here, as well as accounts of cybernetics and information theory, histories of the domestication of noise, considerations of the challenge of archiving digital mashups, and vignettes about Suzanne Vega and Tom's Diner. It's a wonderful book about an important part of our daily media landscape, and it was great fun to talk about it!
A review of MP3: The Meaning of Format can be found in Public Books here.


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suture anchors. Monofilament nylon suture or 60 to 80 pound test fishing line is suitable for this technique. A polyester blend suture can also be used in this application (Fiberwire, Arthrex, Inc., Naples, FL).
Prosthetic Imbrication Technique for Medial Collateral Ligament Rupture
A double prosthetic imbrication technique is used. This technique anchors suture from the origin of the collateral ligament to the distal insertions of both the long and the short portions of the collateral ligament. The origin of the medial collateral ligament is located just proximal to the medial malleolus. The surgeon must be aware that the malleolus extends 1 to 2 cm distal to the tarsocrural joint space. The anchor is placed as distally in the tibia as possible, without invading the joint space, and just cranial to midline. For the medial short ligament insertion site, the anchor is placed in the proximal plantar aspect of the medial talus. This screw should appear to be slightly distal and plantar to the origin screw. The anchor for the long ligament insertion is placed at the plantar base of the talus. Suture size is chosen according to the size of the animal. For a medium to large sized dog, size 60 to 80 pound test fishing line is used in proximal anchor and size 40 to 50 pound test fishing line is used in the distal anchors. One strand from the origin suture anchor is tied to both strands of the short insertion anchor with the joint held in 90 degrees of flexion. The remaining strand from the origin suture anchor is tied to both strands of the long insertion anchor with the joint held at the normal standing angle. Approximately 4 to 6 throws are placed in each knot to ensure security.
Prosthetic Imbrication Technique for Lateral Collateral Ligament Rupture
The tendon of the peroneus longus muscle is seen on the cranial aspect of the lateral malleolus and the lateral digital extensor and peroneus brevis tendons are caudal to the malleolus. The extensor retinaculum overlying the lateral malleolus is incised parallel to the peroneus longus tendon so the tendon can be retracted cranially. The origin of the lateral collateral ligament is located just proximal to the lateral malleolus. The surgeon must be aware that the malleolus extends 1 to 2 cm distal to the tarsocrural joint space. The origin anchor is placed through the distal fibula and into the tibia. The location is more caudal than that of the corresponding screw for medial collateral ligament imbrication. The insertion anchor for short portion of the ligament is placed in a position just proximal and plantar to the articular surface of the calcaneus. The insertion anchor for the long portion of the ligament is located at the base of the calcaneus. Suture size is chosen according to the size of the animal. For a medium to large sized dog, size 60 to 80 pound test fishing line is used in proximal anchor and size 40 to 50 pound test fishing line is used in the distal anchors. One strand from the origin suture anchor is tied to both strands of the short insertion anchor with the joint held in 90 degrees of flexion. The remaining strand from the origin suture anchor is tied to both strands of the long insertion anchor with the joint held at the normal standing angle. Approximately 4 to 6 throws are placed in each knot to ensure security.
The tarsocrural joint is immobilized with a transarticular external fixator for 4 weeks postoperatively. When the fixator is removed, a splint is applied for 3 weeks and then a soft padded bandage for 2 weeks. Alternatively, a mobile hinge external fixator may be employed (Slocum Enterprises, Eugene, OR; Imex Veterinary, Longview, TX). During initial healing phases, the hinge may be locked in position and then mobilized approximately 3 weeks later.
Polysulfated chondroitin (Adequan; Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC) is recommended during and after joint immobilization. We use Adequan at a dose of 4.4 mg/kg subcutaneously 2 to 3 times weekly for the first month then taper to once every 2 to 4 weeks as needed.
Minor to Moderate Shearing Wounds
Shearing injuries are commonly encountered in small animal practice. With minor to moderate shearing wounds, soft tissues of the distal limbs are avulsed or abraded following vehicular trauma. There is loss of skin, subcutaneous tissues, ligaments, and often bone. Shearing wounds tend to be heavily contaminated with foreign debris. The medial aspect of the distal portion of the limbs is affected most often, with tarsal injuries predominating over carpal injuries. The appearance of shear injuries suggests that many animals are oriented in a prone position with the hind limb abducted at the time of injury. This would expose the medial aspect of the tarsus to the ground if the limb was caught under the car at the moment of contact. The collateral ligament support of the tarsus often is lost, even in smaller wounds, due to the prominent position of the malleolus, resulting in medial or lateral instability of the tarsal joint. Approximately 72 % of tarsal shearing injuries result in joint instability.
The extent of ligamentous damage is estimated based on visual inspection of the wound, palpation under heavy sedation, and survey and stress radiographs. Mild shearing wounds have collateral ligament injury but no loss of bone. Moderate shearing wounds have ligament injury and bone loss, which can range from loss of the malleolus only to malleolar and talus involvement. Loss of bone from the articular surface of the tarsocrural joint is considered to be a severe shearing injury. The technique chosen for stabilization of collateral ligaments depends on the degree of damage to osseous structures in the tarsus and the expected activity level of the dog. Some animals with mild to moderate shearing injury do well treated conservatively, with splint fixation alone, for 6 to10 weeks. This technique relies on periarticular scar tissue to stabilize the joint. However, in our experience, early surgical stabilization provides the best opportunity for maximum joint function. Damage limited to malleoli and collateral ligaments can be repaired using prosthetic imbrication techniques as previously described for collateral ligament ruptures. Further stabilization is achieved by placing a transarticular external fixator. Surgical stabilization procedures can be initiated early in the healing process.
Conservative Management of Minor to Moderate Shearing Wounds
Conservative management of shearing wounds consists of wound lavage, debridement, application of topical medications, and immobilizing the tarsus with a soft padded bandage reinforced with fiberglass splint material. The bandage should extend from proximal tibia to the digits. Water-activated synthetic casting products such as fiberglass casting tapes are recommended to form the splint. The frequency of bandage changes depends on the size of the wound and degree of exudate. In one study of 98 cases of shearing wounds, the average time for second intention healing was 6.7 weeks.
Daily bandage changes are usually required for the first two weeks. Once a healthy bed of granulation tissue is established, the frequency of bandage changes can be gradually decreased. Exam or sterile gloves are worn for bandage changes. Bandage materials to be applied to the wound are placed on a clean impermeable surface. Disposable trays are useful for this purpose. The type of contact layer used changes with progression from an exudative open wound bed to a healthy bed of granulation tissue. Manipulation of the unstable tarsal joint and fragile wound bed causes patient discomfort. Appropriate analgesia and sedation are required to perform bandage changes. A combination of butorphanol (Torbugesic) and medetomidine (Domitor or Dexdomitor) provides satisfactory analgesia and sedation for most cases.
Surgical Stabilization of Shearing Wounds
A prosthetic imbrication technique is used to stabilize tarsal shearing wounds. The technique is identical to that described for treating collateral ligament ruptures. A significant difference is that the malleolus is absent in most shearing wounds, thus, it cannot be used as a landmark for placement of fixation devices.
A transarticular external fixator is placed using a type I or type II frame design is chosen. I prefer Type II frames for this. Hinges for transarticular external fixators are recommended as they permit limited movement in one plane to promote joint health while providing stability. Broad spectrum antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, can be administered during the initial phases of wound management when there is exposed bone that is not yet covered with a bed of granulation tissue. When bone is resurfaced with granulation tissue, antibiotics are generally discontinued. Sterile technique is maintained at all times during bandage changes.
If a hinged external connecting system is used, it is locked in place for the first 2 to 3 weeks. If a static external fixator is used (one without a hinge) it is removed in approximately 4 weeks and replaced with a splint. The splint is kept on for 3 weeks and is then replaced with a soft padded bandage for 2 to


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Teaching Energy Workshop: Field Trip Photo Gallery
Click any photo to enlarge.
Information about this field trip
Photos by Karin Kirk
A row of wind turbines at the Seven Mile Hill wind farm near Medicine Bow, WY.
This wind farm has 73, 1.5 MW turbines, manufactured by GE.
Turbine construction is complete, but some land reclamation work still remains to be done.
Group photo of field trip participants.
It was hard to stop taking pictures of the turbines and the scenery.
Group discussions about wind power.
It's most efficient to align the turbines in rows. If topography and the wind regime allow it, the side-to-side spacing is 4 rotor diameters between each turbine, with a front-to-back spacing of 12 rotor diameters.
The blades spin up to 14-20 rpm, and the tips of the blades can travel up to 200 mph.
The surrounding geology was noteworthy too.
There were many impromptu discussions about wind energy and the construction of the wind farm.
Machinery used to operate a drag line at a coal mine near Hanna, WY. The drag line is used to remove the overburden and expose the coal.
Workshop leaders at the coal mine.
Mark Lyford from the University of Wyoming describes reclamation efforts at the coal mine.
The reclaimed areas were hard to distinguish from the undisturbed area.
Photos by Sarah Schulmeyer, University of Wyoming
Opening dinner at the workshop
Photos by Mohamad-Ali Hasan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Wind turbines at the Happy Jack wind farm


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Turtle can be the most important and popular element in Polynesian culture. It's connected to many meanings and the most common ones are long life (eternity), wellness, fertility, union, family and harmony. It also symbolizes the navigator.
Turtle plays an essential role in Polynesian culture. The sea is regarded as the source of food and Polynesian people believe that it's also the world beyond, in which they will rest after death. And because turtles can freely move between the sea and lands, Polynesian people believe that they will bring them to their destination, the rest place.
Turtle are often designed with many complex patterns and symbols to express plenty of meanings. We will list one complex turtle design below.
Two "enatas" combined are one form of turtle. Other forms are turtle shells combined together, like the ones represented in the picture below the header.
Below are several samples that include turtles.


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Mirror Care 101
Mirror Care 101
Mirrors can really enhance any space throughout your home. But when a mirror is neglected and the frame or glass looks streaky and dusty, it can leave a pretty bad impression. Mirrors are the focal part of a room and attract attention, so it's important to keep them clean and looking great. Here are some tips to help you take proper care of your mirrors.
Always use a clean, gentle cloth when cleaning the glass
Mirrors are delicate, so it's imperative to be gentle when it's time to clean the surface of the glass. Never use an old, dirty rag. This can easily scratch up the glass if there are any abrasive particles or areas on the cloth. Using a soft, clean rag or paper towel works best.
Avoid using harsh cleaning agents
Using toxic cleaning agents that contain chlorine or ammonia can also damage the frame, so avoid using these. You can make a simple cleaning solution that works better than those toxic glass cleaners. Just combine equals part of warm water and dish soap. Even better, use M&T Glass Cleaner!
Avoid spraying cleaning agents directly on the mirror
Spraying cleaning agents directly on the glass surface of the mirror allows the cleaning product to drip down and seep in between the seams of the frame. This can end up damaging the backing of the frame over time. Always spray your cloth or paper towel when cleaning the surface.
Keep mirrors dry
For mirrors that are placed in the bathroom or any other space that experiences heat and moisture, this can make them deteriorate quickly if not maintained. Always try to ensure that rooms where mirrors are placed are well ventilated. Any "sweating" that may occur can end up damaging the mirror and frame over time so wipe mirrors down frequently, especially after a hot shower.
Always be diligent when hanging mirrors
If you're hanging a mirror on a wall, always ensure that there is sufficient support to handle the weight of the mirror. Check out this guide for hanging heavy mirrors.
Since mirrors are often a focal part of a room, they should be cared for and maintained properly. There are many common mistakes that homeowners perform when cleaning the mirror that can actually end up doing more harm than good. Avoid these mistakes by following these tips to keep you mirrors clean and looking great.


text:
The long-term evolution of and transport processes in a self-sustained final cover on waste deposits
2001 (English)In: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN _PHONE_, Vol. 271, no 03-jan, 145-168 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
A new principle for confinement of waste based on a self-sustained seal is presented. The top cover is considered to consist of two main layers; an organic carbon rich surface layer that is able to support vegetation and an inorganic layer beneath it. The function of the cover is to mitigate oxidation and acidification of landfilled waste and hence the release of toxic metals. It is suggested that forest soil formation and soil development could prove to be valuable information sources for the study of the long-term behaviour of a final cover on waste deposits. Since the cover is expected to develop in northern temperate climate the focus is on Spodosol soil. A number of simulations of the long-term behaviour of the final self-sustained landfill cover are made, including the rates of influx of oxygen into the cover. A cover having a large portion of organic matter compared with a cover with no organics can considerably decrease the oxygen concentration and thus the influx of oxygen into a landfill. The calculated oxygen intrusion rate for the former case is of the order of 0.05 kg m(-2) year(-1). Degradation of the organics produces acids. Our simulations indicate that the pH-buffering capacity of the mineral layer, represented by calcite and primary rock minerals, will last for many thousands of years.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2001. Vol. 271, no 03-jan, 145-168 p.
final top cover, solid waste, organic material, soil formation, litter fall, long-term, transport processes, oxygen, oxidation, heavy metal release, pH buffering, redox, modelling, root respiration, soil formation, forest soils, plantations
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-20578ISI: 000168401700012OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-20578DiVA: diva2:339274
QC 201005252010-08-102010-08-10Bibliographically approved


based macro system, low-level macro systems have also been proposed and implemented for Scheme. Syntax-case is one such system. Unlike syntax-rules, syntax-case contains both a pattern matching language and a low-level facility for writing macros. The former allows macros to be written declaratively, while the latter allows the implementation of alternative frontends for writing macros. The swap example from before is nearly identical in syntax-case because the pattern matching language is similar:
(define-syntax swap!
 (lambda (stx)
 (syntax-case stx ()
 ((_ a b)
 (let ((temp a))
 (set! a b)
 (set! b temp)))))))
However, syntax-case is more powerful than syntax-rules. For example, syntax-case macros can specify side-conditions on its pattern matching rules via arbitrary Scheme functions. Alternatively, a macro writer can choose not to use the pattern matching frontend and manipulate the syntax directly. Using the datum->syntax function, syntax-case macros can also intentionally capture identifiers, thus breaking hygiene. The R6RS Scheme standard adopted the syntax-case macro system.[8]
Syntactic closures and explicit renaming[9] are two other alternative macro systems. Both systems are lower-level than syntax-rules and leave the enforcement of hygiene to the macro writer. This differs from both syntax-rules and syntax-case, which automatically enforce hygiene by default. The swap examples from above are shown here using a syntactic closure and explicit renaming implementation respectively:
;; syntactic closures
(define-syntax swap!
 (lambda (form environment)
 (let ((a (close-syntax (cadr form) environment))
 (b (close-syntax (caddr form) environment)))
 '(let ((temp,a))
 (set!,a,b)
 (set!,b temp))))))
;; explicit renaming
(define-syntax swap!
 (lambda (form rename compare)
 (let ((a (cadr form))
 (b (caddr form))
 (temp (rename 'temp)))
 '(,(rename 'let) ((,temp,a))
 (,(rename'set!),a,b)
 (,(rename'set!),b,temp))))))
Languages with hygienic macro systems[edit]
 - Scheme - syntax-rules, syntax-case, syntactic closures, and others.
 - Racket - an offshoot of Scheme. Its macro system was originally based on syntax-case, but now has more features.
 - Nemerle[10]
 - Dylan
 - Elixir[11]
 - Nim
 - Rust
 - Mary2 - scoped macro bodies in an Algol68-derivitive language circa 1978
 - Julia[12]
 - Perl 6 - supports both hygienic and unhygienic macros[13]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees; et al. (August 1998). "Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation 11 (1): 7–105. doi:10.1023/A:1010051815785.
 2. ^ Feinberg, N.; Keene, S. E.; Matthews, R. O.; Withington, P. T. (1997), Dylan programming: an object-oriented and dynamic language, Addison Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
 3. ^ a b Kohlbecker, E.; Friedman, D. P.; Felleisen, M.; Duba, B. (1986). "Hygienic Macro Expansion" (PDF). ACM conference on LISP and functional programming.
 4. ^ _URL_
 5. ^ Kohlbecker, E; Wand, M (1987). "Macro-by-example: Deriving syntactic transformations from their specifications". Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
 6. ^ Bawden, A; Rees, J (1988). "Syntactic closures". Lisp and Functional Programming.
 7. ^ Dybvig, K; Hieb, R; Bruggerman, C (1993). "Syntactic abstraction in Scheme" (PDF). Lisp and Symbolic Computation.
 8. ^ Sperber, Michael; Dybvig, R. Kent; Flatt, Matthew; Van Straaten, Anton; et al. (August 2007). "Revised6 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme (R6RS)". Scheme Steering Committee. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
 9. ^ Clinger, Will (1991). "Hygienic macros through explicit renaming". ACM SIGPLAN Lisp Pointers.
 10. ^ Skalski, K.; Moskal, M; Olszta, P, Metaprogramming in Nemerle (PDF)
 11. ^ _URL_ section 2.2 Macros hygiene.
 12. ^ _URL_
 13. ^ _URL_


text:
How to configure the HomeShield Reward feature on a TP-Link Router/Deco
You can add extra online time as a reward for your kid's good behavior. This feature is for HomeShield Pro users only.
Before you start:
- You should have a TP-Link HomeShield router and have an iOS device running iOS 9 or later, or an Android device running Android 4.2 or later.
- You have downloaded and installed the TP-Link Tether app/TP-Link Deco app on your device.
Follow the steps below to set up this feature:
Note: In this article, we will take the Deco app as an example to illustrate the configuration.
1. Open the Deco app. Swipe right to open the menu and select HomeShield Pro.
2. Select the desired network to apply HomeShield Pro.
3. Open the Deco app. Go to the Parental Controls tab and select a profile.
4. Tap Adjust and select the allowed time you want to add or subtract for today.
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text:
When travelling, encourage your family to try local dishes. Immersing yourself in the local culture is the key to understanding and appreciating a country or city and a key part of this is its food.
Food literacy is understanding how our food choices impact our health and the environment. We believe that helping kids to become food literate is an essential part of their education.
Spend time together in the kitchen, learning about real food, where it comes from and how to cook it. Most importantly, don't worry about the mess and have fun.


Human beings take a lot of fluid into their body every day and it is absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the body and its cells.
The fluid from our body is excreted out via urine and sweating and the interstitial balance in our body is managed in this way.
Under some serious conditions, our body starts to store excess amounts of water in the body and that could simply be deadly for the person.
These situations might include :
 1. Heart Failure.
 2. Renal failure.
 3. Liver failure.
This might be because of Alcohol consumption or some other complications.
All in all, the human being who is suffering from this situation is in distress and he has very few chances of survival with the presence of that excess amount of water.
In such critical conditions, one medicine can work the wonder that the patient is looking for and that medicine is known as Bumetanide.
In this article, we will have a look at the different important aspects of this tablet and also have a look at the different side effects it may cause. We will also have a look at the Precautionary Measures that need to be taken while you are on this medicine.
How Does It Work?.
Most of the medicines are categorized into one category or the other. This medicine is categorized into the Diuretic category. It is also known as the Water Pill..
This medicine helps to get rid of excess water in our body. It increases the amount of urine that a person does and hence the person who is suffering from excess amount of water loses water by urinating.
This is also used by bodybuilders or Fitness models when they are nearing a competition or a photo shoot. As this medicine sucks in the water from the body so the bodybuilders and models may get a very sharp look.
How Is It Used?
This medicine is an oral medicine and is taken with water.
It is usually advised to drink At Least two glasses of water when you are using this medicine.
It is also highly recommended that when you are taking this medicine, you should drink At Least 10 glasses of water every day to avoid Dehydration and also not to hold back your urine.
The dosage of this Bumetanide should be decided by a registered medical practitioner.
Most of the times it is recommended to use in very critical conditions and under normal conditions, the doctors try to avoid giving high dosage of Bumetanide as it can have severe side effects as well if misused.
So, we would advise you to never take this medicine on your own and always follow the instructions of your doctor.
Side Effects Of Bumetanide
There are a number of side effects that can be associated with Bumetanide and here we will discuss a few.
 1. It may cause weakness to the person.
 2. It may cause Dehydration as it sucks in all the water from the body.
 3. It may have a bad effect on your kidney and liver if used unnecessarily.
 4. It may cause Dizziness as well as a feeling of fatigue and a tired body.
Precautionary Measures To Take
 1. Drink lots and lots of water while you are on this medicine.
 2. Always follow the instructions of your doctor regarding the usage and Dosage of Bumetanide.


Putting the Pieces Together
At the highest level, schema.xml is structured as follows.
This example is not real XML, but it gives you an idea of the structure of the file.
Obviously, most of the excitement is in types and fields, where the field types and the actual field definitions live.
These are supplemented by copyFields.
The uniqueKey must always be defined.
In older Solr versions you would find defaultSearchField and solrQueryParser tags as well, but although these still work they are deprecated and discouraged, see Other Schema Elements.
Types and fields are optional tags
Note that the types and fields sections are optional, meaning you are free to mix field, dynamicField, copyField and fieldType definitions on the top level. This allows for a more logical grouping of related tags in your schema.
Choosing Appropriate Numeric Types
For general numeric needs, consider using one of the' IntPointField', LongPointField, FloatPointField, or DoublePointField classes, depending on the specific values you expect. These "Dimensional Point" based numeric classes use specially encoded data structures to support efficient range queries regardless of the size of the ranges used. Enable DocValues on these fields as needed for sorting and/or faceting.
Some Solr features may not yet work with "Dimensional Points", in which case you may want to consider the equivalent TrieIntField, TrieLongField, TrieFloatField, and TrieDoubleField classes. Configure a precisionStep="0" if you wish to minimize index size, but if you expect users to make frequent range queries on numeric types, use the default precisionStep (by not specifying it) or specify it as precisionStep="8" (which is the default). This offers faster speed for range queries at the expense of increasing index size.
Working With Text
Handling text properly will make your users happy by providing them with the best possible results for text searches.
One technique is using a text field as a catch-all for keyword searching. Most users are not sophisticated about their searches and the most common search is likely to be a simple keyword search. You can use copyField to take a variety of fields and funnel them all into a single text field for keyword searches.
In the schema.xml file for the "techproducts" example included with Solr, copyField declarations are used to dump the contents of cat, name, manu, features, and includes into a single field, text. In addition, it could be a good idea to copy ID into text in case users wanted to search for a particular product by passing its product number to a keyword search.
Another technique is using copyField to use the same field in different ways. Suppose you have a field that is a list of authors, like this:
Schildt, Herbert; Wolpert, Lewis; Davies, P.
For searching by author, you could tokenize the field, convert to lower case, and strip out punctuation:
schildt / herbert / wolpert / lewis / davies / p
For sorting, just use an untokenized field, converted to lower case, with punctuation stripped:
schildt herbert wolpert lewis davies p
Finally, for faceting, use the primary author only via a StrField:
Schildt, Herbert


text:
But it's not about an existing game. You make up your own fantasy world and game.
It's similar to portal fantasy type stories.
Large parts of the story take place within videogames, usually in a VR setting, and the character needs to interact within the game to progress the story.
Fanfiction is playing with other people's worlds.
In LitRPG you don't just create a 'normal' world, but you also have to create a videogame with videogame rules, settings and stuff like that. A lot of LitRPG readers love reading about the stats within the game and how the game works and how the characters can play with or against the gaming elements.
As an author, it's really intense to write as it tends to require multiple spreadsheets of gaming stats and such because readers will catch it if you don't.


text:
first time with Walter Netsch. Also present were Jeremy Wilson and the University Architect, Gabor Zsolnay. The architects prepared a preliminary outline of specifications for the facility, which they presented on May 14.
Some aspects of the Seeley G. Mudd Library were strongly influenced by past experience with the Technological Institute Library. Since the faculty urgently desired to avoid future overcrowding of the sort they faced in Tech, a microfilm center was made a prominent feature of the new library; it was hoped that storing a large part of the journal collection on microfilm would extend the capacity of the new building. As experience was later to show, the use of microfilm was not cost-effective since it would require purchasing journals both in print and in microfilm out of current acquisitions funds. Moreover, though it could not have been foreseen at the time, a then-unimagined technology, the World Wide Web, rather than microfilm, would be the future of access to research journals. The space originally used for the microfilm center was later to prove most suitable for workstations that would access electronic journals on the web.
The major turning point for the new library was reached on April 29, 1975, when it was announced that the Seeley G. Mudd Fund would donate $1.4 million toward the library's construction cost. Construction on the new library began in March 1976; the cornerstone was laid in November 1976. The completed Seeley G. Mudd Library for Science and Engineering, a three-story structure with almost 44,000 net square feet of floor space, opened its doors to the public on July 25, 1977; the official dedication ceremony was held on October 14, 1977.
The Seeley Mudd Library has proven to be a flexible structure that has accommodated change. The space originally allocated for microfilms is well adopted to its current role as the site for computer workstations with Internet access, a new feature that may have been dimly foreshadowed in Joseph Wyatt's speech at the library's dedication. The Mudd Library has been fortunate in having support for its expansion into this exciting new area through the establishment of the Astrahan Electronic Information Center. Morton M. Astrahan was a Northwestern alumnus (B.S.E.E. 1945, Ph.D. 1949) who spent his entire career at I.B.M. The Morton M. Astrahan Center was established in 1992 with the help of Morton Astrahan's widow, Mrs. Joann Astrahan.
A further example of the accommodation of the Mudd Library to change occurred in the summer of 2001, when movable, high-density shelving was installed on the first floor. This installation significantly increased capacity, and as research moves increasingly online, it may well turn out to be the final expansion needed for the physical capacity (as opposed to "virtual capacity") of Northwestern's engineering and science libraries.
The United Library
In 1981, the United Library was formed through the merger of the libraries of Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary and Seabury-Western Theological Seminary. Garrett-Evangelical began with the 1974 combining of Garrett Theological Seminary and Evangelical Theological Seminary. Seabury-Western began with the 1933 union of Seabury Divinity School and Western Theological Seminary, meaning that the origins of the library collection can actually be traced back to the founding in the 1850s of Garrett in Evanston and Seabury in Faribault, Minnesota. Each of these institutions acquired collections from many sources, including manuscripts and books purchased by benefactors and portions of the holdings of other seminaries and colleges that closed, creating a theological collection that is both broad and deep. Special collections include the Hibbard Egyptian Collection, the Keen Collection of English Bible Translations, and the Methodist Collection. These and other holdings make the United Library's collection of over 300,000 volumes and 1,800 periodicals especially rich in biblical studies, patristics, Christian art, ancient Near Eastern studies, archaeology, church history, American denominationalism, pietism, Christian education, African-American theological studies, women's studies, Anglicana and Methodistica. Although most of the library's collections are integrated bibliographically into Northwestern's online catalog, NUcat, a thorough search requires use of the card catalog. Neither the United Library nor the seminaries it serves are administratively part of Northwestern University, but through the partnership of their libraries, both communities are well served.
The Joseph Schaffner Library
The Joseph Schaffner Library, located on Northwestern University's Chicago campus, is the only Chicago campus library that is administratively part of the university library system. Schaffner Library provides library and information services for the School of Continuing Studies, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, the Medill School of Journalism, and the Institute for Learning in Retirement. The Library's services and programs, which are designed for adult part-time students, aim to make library research as efficient and convenient as possible.
The Library traces its history back to the original Chicago campus in the Northwestern House on Lake Street, the home of the first School of Commerce. The School of Commerce, established in 1908, had a small collection of books for department use but as a library was not organized until 1917. The School of Commerce Library, serving both the Schools of Commerce and Journalism, had moderate growth reaching a total of 3,000 volumes in 1926 when the School of Commerce moved, with the Law and Dental Schools, from Lake Street to the present Chicago campus where new library quarters were provided through the generosity of the family of Joseph Schaffner. Schaffner, a founding member of Hart, Schaffner, and Marx and a trustee of Northwestern University from 1910 until his death in 1918, was a man who loved books and firmly believed in the principle of higher education. It was his confidence in the value of scientific study for business training that prompted him to join in the founding of the School of Commerce at Northwestern University and had shown interest in the library. In recognition of the Schaffner family's generosity in equipping the library and providing an endowment for books, the library was named the Joseph Schaffner Library at the dedication in Wieboldt Hall in 1927. With the Schaffner endowment, the collection of business, economics, and journalism expanded rapidly. By 1932 the collection had grown to 15,000 volumes and by 1940 to 43,000 volumes.
In 1942, the Schaffner Library absorbed the 11,000-volume collection of the University College Library bringing its total number of volumes to 62,000. The University College collection, the nucleus of the present social sciences and humanities collection, was begun in 1935 when the evening schools of the College of Liberal Arts, the School of Education, and the Schools of Music and Speech were combined into one administrative unit, University College, on May 11, 1933. The university library in Evanston not only supplied book funds, but also did the processing, while the single staff member was salaried by University College. The evening schools, begun in 1928, did not have library facilities available before 1935. The assigned library space on the eighth floor of Wieboldt Hall was small and the collection, though never large, quickly filled the assigned space and eventually necessitated the 1942 merger.
On September 1, 1969, by a decision of the faculty and approval by the university trustees, the Graduate School of Business Administration was converted to a Graduate School of Management, the undergraduate business program was phased out, and the school, with the exception of the evening program, was moved to the Evanston campus. The Library's administration was transferred first to the university library on the Evanston campus, under the direct supervision of the university librarian, then shortly after was supervised by the assistant university librarian for branch libraries. For a short period of time in 1972, the newly appointed management librarian supervised the Library. In November 1972, Schaffner Library was designated a separate branch and direct responsibility was transferred back to the assistant university librarian. The head librarian currently reports to the assistant university librarian for public services. Currently, the library has a staff of five employees, which includes three librarians, two technical services (automation) consultants and a part-time circulation supervisor. The library also employs student assistants and library interns.
Today, Schaffner Library has a total of 60,000 volumes and 100 current serial subscriptions, offers access to the over 200 databases available to the Northwestern community, maintains working collections in the social sciences and humanities, business, and economics, a collection of general journals, as well as a current print reference collection and reserve materials.
The Galter Health Sciences Library of The Feinberg School of Medicine
The origins of Northwestern's medical school date back to 1859 with the establishment of the medical department of Lind University (later to become Lake Forest College). Within the new Lind Building in downtown Chicago was "a faculty room also containing a 'library'" (24). Between this beginning date and the establishment of Northwestern's Chicago Campus as a home for the university's professional schools of medicine, dentistry, law, and commerce in 1925, there existed a series of medical libraries at each stage of the school's development. Given the times and the state of medical education, the libraries were not great. The medical library was dissolved around 1870 for lack of use, and volumes were donated to a unified library established by the Chicago Medical Society for use by any student, faculty or physician living within the city. The medical School


text:
Health Science Labs Endangered Species bath mitts are made from 100% recycled fabric and are conveniently sized for both you and your child. They provide hours of enjoyment in the tub while learning about the endangered species of the world. Included is a soft, 100% recycled cotton washcloth as well. Even the packaging is made from 100% recycled
cardboard so you can be sure you are doing the
best for the environment!
- Fun bath mitts in adult and child sizes that help children learn about endangered animals and their habitats
- Made from 100% recycled fabric
- Carton made from recycled material
- Helps support Defenders Of Wildlife
About Health Science Labs
Health Science Labs helps keep families healthy with its high quality nutritional supplements, first aid and other eco-friendly products for kids and babies that Moms can trust. They are committed to being environmentally friendly. The Endangered Species bath sets, Eco-Doodle and Eco-Labels use recycled packaging and renewable resources such as biodegradable "stone paper" printed with soy ink that doesn't kill tress, doesn't pollute the air or water, and saves energy and water. All of their liquid bath products are paraben, sulfate and dye-free. Every purchase of an Endangered Species by HSL product helps endangered animals through our donations to the Defenders of Wildlife Organization at _URL_.


Class: CompactTreeBagger
Proximity matrix for data
prox = proximity(B,X)
prox = proximity(B,X) computes a numeric matrix of size Nobs-by-Nobs of proximities for data X, where Nobs is the number of observations (rows) in X. Proximity between any two observations in the input data is defined as a fraction of trees in the ensemble B for which these two observations land on the same leaf. This is a symmetric matrix with ones on the diagonal and off-diagonal elements ranging from 0 to 1.
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text:
Cytokinesis in budding yeast involves an actomyosin-based ring which assembles in a multistepped fashion during the cell cycle and constricts during cytokinesis. In this report, we have investigated the structural and regulatory events that occur at the onset of cytokinesis. The septins, which form an hour-glass like structure during early stages of the cell cycle, undergo dynamic rearrangements prior to cell division: the hourglass structure splits into two separate rings. The contractile ring, localized between the septin double rings, immediately undergoes contraction. Septin ring splitting is independent of actomyosin ring contraction as it still occurs in mutants where contraction fails. We hypothesize that septin ring splitting may remove a structural barrier for actomyosin ring to contract. Because the Tem1 small GTPase (Tem1p) is required for the completion of mitosis, we investigated its role in regulating septin and actomyosin ring dynamics in the background of the net1-1 mutation, which bypasses the anaphase cell cycle arrest in Tem1-deficient cells. We show that Tem1p plays a specific role in cytokinesis in addition to its function in cell cycle progression. Tem1p is not required for the assembly of the actomyosin ring but controls actomyosin and septin dynamics during cytokinesis.
- © 2001 by Company of Biologists


text:
Definition of Platform
A computing Platform is a type of hardware and/or software where application programs may run. Operating Systems are Platforms, as are different types of computing hardware. Special-purpose Platforms include Routers, Remote Access Servers and database servers.
A Platform is frequently associated with its own Credentials database.
A Platform (as it relates to Identity Management (IdM)) is a type of target system. There are many possible types of platforms, including:
- Network operating systems: Windows NT, Windows 2000, Novell NetWare, etc.
- Directories: LDAP, x.500, etc.
- Host operating systems: MVS/OS390/zOS, OS400, OpenVMS, Tandem, Unisys, etc.
- Groupware and e-mail systems: MS Exchange, Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise, etc.
- Applications: SAP R/3, PeopleSoft, Oracle Applications, etc.
- Database servers: Oracle, Sybase, MSSQL, Informix, DB2/UDB, etc.


access_time 7 months ago languageEnglish
Microsoft vcpkg C++ Library Manager
visibility 248 comment 0
Microsoft vcpkg is a C++ library managers for Windows, macOS and Linux. For.NET, nuget is the commonly used package manager; for Java, Maven central and many other repositories are used by Maven or other build tools; for JavaScript, npm is a commonly used package manager and it is also the default package manager for JavaScript runtime environment Node.js. Microsoft vcpkg serves as similar purpose for C++ developers.
Install vcpkg on Windows
Before we can install vcpkg, make sure the following criteria are met:
 - Git - for cloning repository from GitHub
 - Windows 7 or newer
 - Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 or greater with the English language pack
Follow these steps to install vcpkg.
 1. Create installation folder. I recommend creating the folder in C drive to avoid path related issues.
 C:\>mkdir dev
 C:\> cd dev
 2. Clone the repository using the following command:
 git clone
 3. Run the following command to install vcpkg:
 4. Wait until the command is completed successfully.
Now we can use vcpkg to install C++ libraries.
Find libraries
Subcommand search is used to search libraries. The syntax looks like the following:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg search [search term]
For example, the following command searches for library openssl:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg search openssl
openssl 1.1.1i OpenSSL is an open source project that provides a robust, commercial-grade, an...
openssl-unix 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
openssl-uwp 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
openssl-windows 1.1.1h#1 Deprecated OpenSSL port
The results include a number of openssl related libraries.
Integrate vcpkg with Visual Studio
Run the following command to integrate vcpkg with Visual Studio:
.\vcpkg\vcpkg integrate install
The output looks like the following:
C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg integrate install
Applied user-wide integration for this vcpkg root.
All MSBuild C++ projects can now _TAG_ any installed libraries.
Linking will be handled automatically.
Installing new libraries will make them instantly available.
CMake projects should use: "-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=C:/dev/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
As mentioned in the output, you can include any installed libraries in your MSBuild C++ projects.
Use vcpkg in CMake
To use vcpkg with CMake outside of an IDE, you can use the toolchain file for CMake:
cmake -B [build directory] -S. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=[path to vcpkg]/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
For this article, the path is:
cmake -B [build directory] -S. -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=C:/dev/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
Use CMake with Visual Studio
Open the CMake Settings Editor, and under CMake toolchain file, add the path to the vcpkg toolchain file:
Example - openssl
Now let's implement this example that installs openssl: CMake Build Error - Could not Find OpenSSL on Windows 10.
Follow these steps:
 1. Run the following command to install package openssl:
 C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg install openssl:x64-windows
 Alternatively, you can also use the following command:
 C:\dev>.\vcpkg\vcpkg install openssl --triplet x64-windows
 I am using triplet x64-windows to match my project requirements. By default x86 triplet will be used.
 The following text will be printed out if in your system CMake version is lower than 3.19.2. I would recommending upgrade CMake versions.
 A suitable version of cmake was not found (required v3.19.2). Downloading portable cmake v3.19.2...
 Downloading cmake... -> C:\dev\vcpkg\downloads\
 For the first time, many other dependencies will also be downloaded. It will takes a while to download for the first time.
 2. Test openssl by running the following command:
 C:\dev>openssl version
 OpenSSL 1.1.1g 21 Apr 2020
 3. Create a project folder named C:\hdp\cmaketest.
 4. Create file CMakeLists.txt in the project folder with the following content:
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 # set the project name
 # Find package
 find_package(OpenSSL REQUIRED)
 5. Change directory to C:\hdp\cmaketest.
 cd /D C:\hdp\cmaketest
 6. Run CMake command:
 cmake. -DOPENSSL_ROOT_DIR="C:/dev/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows"
 The output looks like the following:
 7. Congratulations, openssl dependency is met.
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Children of recent immigrants are more likely to make sick visits to the doctor if their mothers see themselves as targets of ethnic or language-based discrimination, researchers at New York University report in a new study. Their research, which appears in the journal Health Psychology, provides new evidence that perceptions of discrimination by a mother could have a negative effect on the health of her child within the first 14 months of her child's life.
Previous scholarship has shown associations between discrimination and health. More recently, researchers have found that a mother's psychological response to discrimination—notably, high levels of stress during pregnancy—may have implications for the health of her child, such as low birth weight.
In the Health Psychology study, the NYU researchers explored the possibility that perceptions of discrimination may be associated with the health of young children.
To do so, they interviewed 98 immigrant mothers from the Dominican Republic and Mexico who had normally developing 14-month-old children. To gauge perceptions of ethnic and language discrimination, they adapted an established survey, the Everyday Discrimination Scale, which asks such questions as: "How often have you been treated poorly at work by supervisors because of your ethnicity" or "How often have you been treated with less courtesy than other people because of how you wrote or spoke English?" The mothers also reported the number of times their child visited the doctor for well-visits (regular checkups) and for sick visits (trips to the hospital or emergency room, a clinic, or a private office visit because the child was ill).
To measure ethnic-group attachment, the study employed a commonly used survey instrument, "The Ethnic Identity Scale," drawing upon responses to a pair of questions: "I have a strong sense of belonging to my ethnic group" and "I feel a strong attachment to my ethnic group".
Their findings showed distinctions between recent immigrants (those who had been in the U.S. about three years, on average) and those who had been in the U.S. for longer periods (about 14 years, on average), as well as between perceptions of language and ethnic discrimination:
- Among more recent immigrants, greater perceived ethnic and language-based discrimination were both associated with more frequent sick-child visits, but only among those who reported less attachment to their ethnic group.
- The associations between both forms of perceived discrimination and sick-child visits were not observed among recent immigrant mothers reporting high ethnic-group attachment.
- By contrast, among more established immigrants, perceived language-based discrimination was associated with more frequent sick-child visits across all levels of ethnic-group attachment.
"This study is the first to link greater language-based discrimination perceived by mothers to poorer health in their children," said David Amodio, an associate professor in NYU's Department of Psychology and one of the study's co-authors. "Moreover, these findings highlight the impact of language-based discrimination on Latino immigrants in the U.S., which is distinct from discrimination based on ethnicity."
The study's other co-authors were May Ling Halim, a doctoral student in NYU's Department of Psychology, and Hirokazu Yoshikawa, a principal investigator at NYU's Center for Research on Culture, Development, and Education and currently a professor at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education.
The research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
New York University


Term: Dangling Modifiers
Dangling modifiers, or misplaced modifiers, are words, phrases or clauses where it is unclear which element of the sentence they are modifying, because they could either be modifying the subject or object.
Having trouble sleeping, the TV helps me get through the night.
Having trouble sleeping is a dangling modifier as it appears to modify the subject, TV, though clearly the person means that they have trouble sleeping. This could easily be improved by using as I have trouble sleeping.


text:
Blue Crab Information
Blue crab have long been a delicacy around the world. Thanks to their scavanging ability and will to survive, this crab has withstood the test of time, even though it is avidly hunted world wide.
The Blue Crab belongs to the crustacean order of Decapoda, and consists of several species which are prized as delicacies worldwide. This crab lives along the eastern coasts of North and South America. It prefers waters known as "brackish," a mixture of fresh and salt water, sea grasses and weeds.
Like most large crustaceans, the blue crab has a hard shell. The shell ranges in color from olive, brown or red to varying shades of blue. The shell of this crab is made of chitin and hardened with calcium. The blue crab's pinchers or "chelae" are large and very unequal in size. The crab has both pinchers and legs and is one of the few crustaceans who are capable of swimming.
The eyes of the blue crab rest on short stalks, and are like those of insects, allowing the crab to see even the smallest movement in almost any direction. The blue crab has five pairs of legs, like other crabs. The male carries blue legs and the females are reddish-orange in color. The first pair of legs holds the sharp claws of the Blue crab, which are used to capture and hold food. They can also be used as a protective measure, holding predators in a painful grip. Often times, when threatened, the crab can allow these claws to break or drop off. Through the process of molting, the crab is able to regrow its claws. The Blue crab also has "paddles," which are formed at the tail end of its body. These long, flattened legs enable the crab to swim, a skill not found in many crabs. The Blue crab's other three pair of legs are used solely for walking.
During molting, the hard outer shell of the crab is discarded. A new, softer shell, which has already formed under the old shell, swells and begins to harden in the seawater. Molting begins as a break in the outer shell. Just below the crab's eyes and on either side of its mouth, the shell cracks open, so that the crab is able to back out. Male crabs molt through out their lifetime to accomodate their large bodies. Female crabs molt before breeding or when injured. Young crabs molt almost continiously during their early development.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Mating of the blue crab occurs between June and October. The male crab dances and waves at the female during courtship, using his swimming paddles to attract the female's attention. A mature female blue crab is 1-1/2 years old and prepares for mating by losing her shell or "molting." A few days before shedding her hard shell, the male grasps on to the female and holds her tightly beneath his own shell. A few days later, the female is released to complete the process of molting. Mating occurs once the female has released her old shell. Because the female is extremely vulnerable while growing her new outer coating, the mating male will often protect the female during this time. After several days, as the female's shell hardens, she separates herself from the male, and travels closer to the water's edge, where she burrows in the mud for the winter.
The female crab carries fertilized eggs in her abdomen in an area referred to as the "apron," on the underside of her body. The eggs undergo larval development inside the female. Once summer arrives, eggs are brooded, at which time they then develop into larvae. Of the many eggs that hatch, as few as two may live to reproduce. With an average size of.1 inches, the larvae spend the first days of their lives drifting between plants and plankton. Every three to five days, small crab larvae molts to accommodate their growing body. Young crabs molt many times and eventually, grow to 7 inches in length in about 200 days.
The blue crab are considered scavengers, often feeding on the bodies of dead animals at the bottom of the ocean. It is because of this that the blue crab has survived as a population.
Today, blue crab is considered a delicacy in much of the world. Favored for their soft, sweet meat, blue crab is actively hunted.


text: Editor's note: This is the fifth column in a series that challenges misconceptions about entrepreneurship. Myth: When measuring share of small business employment, the terms "small firm" and "small establishment" mean the same thing. Reality: To determine the share of employment small businesses account for in the U.S., I've always used data from the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration which provides data produced by the U.S. Census on small business employment. The Census data on the SBA Web site shows that, in 2006 (the latest year available), 50.2% of U.S. employment lies in businesses with fewer than 500 employees. But recently I began looking at data from payroll provider Automatic Data Processing (ADP), which uses payroll data to track U.S. employment. ADP's data shows that the share of U.S. employment in businesses with less than 500 employees is more than 30 percentage points higher. In 2006, the ADP data showed that 82.9% of U.S. employment was in businesses with less than 500 employees. Huh? A 32.7% gap in the share of employment in businesses with fewer than 500 employees is much too large to be the result of just some slight difference in measurement. So something else must be going on. What's Behind the NumbersTo figure out what could explain the differences, I took a look at what the two sources are measuring. Both are comparing employment in businesses of less than 500 employees to the overall number of people employed and both exclude employment on farms. So it's not the size of the businesses or the exclusion of agriculture that's the cause of the difference. It's also not their labor force figures. The two sources' estimates of the number of people employed aren't that far off each other—119,917,000 for the SBA in 2006 and 113,475,000 for ADP in 2006. Even if we assume that every employee counted by the SBA and missed by ADP was employed in a large business, ADP's estimates would show that small businesses accounted for 77.2% of U.S. employment, whereas the Census/SBA estimates would show that small businesses only accounted for 50.2% of U.S. employment. The use of payroll data is also not the explanation. Census measures employment on the basis of payroll tax records, using employer identification numbers to identify businesses. ADP gets its estimates from "aggregated and anonymous payroll data that represents approximately 400,000 of ADP's 500,000 U.S. business clients" which are then extrapolated to the overall population. So both sources are using payroll data to measure employment. Different definitions of "business"The difference, it turns out, lies in how the two groups define "businesses." ADP is measuring establishments, whereas Census is measuring firms. And small establishments, it turns out, are very different than small firms. According to the U.S. Census, "an establishment is a single physical location where business transactions take place and for which payroll and employment records are kept." Firms are "groups of one or more establishments under common ownership or control." Many more Americans work in establishments with fewer than 500 employees than in firms with fewer than 500 employees because a lot of establishments are part of large firms. For example, the Gap (GPS) outlet at your local mall is considered an establishment if it has fewer than 500 employees, but it is considered part of a firm if it has more than 500 employees. So if we measure employment at establishments with fewer than 500 employees, everyone working at the Gap outlets in different malls around the country would be considered employed in small establishments. However, if we measure employment at firms with fewer than 500 employees, everyone working at those different Gap outlets (as long as they weren't franchised) would be considered employed at large firms. The difference between the establishment and firm data is corroborated by looking at County Business Patterns, a Census Bureau effort to measure establishments. County Business Patterns shows small establishment employment numbers very similar to those shown by ADP. In 2007, the Census data shows 79.7% of employment was in establishments with fewer than 500 employees, while ADP shows that 83.1% of employment was in "businesses" with fewer than 500 employees. Skewed Employment StatisticsPutting the data together, it is clear that a lot of people work in small establishments that are part of large firms. Unfortunately, most people looking at the different sources of data don't know this, especially since the different sources are saying that they are measuring "businesses." And, unless people look at both sources at the same time, they probably don't even know they are different. But the difference does make it difficult to discuss a basic fact about small business—the share of employment it accounts for. There are probably a number of reasons why measuring small establishments is problematic when seeking to understand small businesses. But here's just one: suppose policymakers want to put in place policies to increase small business employment if small business isn't accounting for an increasing share of total employment. If policymakers look at establishment data, they will get the wrong answer about what to do. The share of employment in small firms has been constant in recent years, while the share of employment in small establishments has been rising. So looking at establishment numbers would give policymakers the impression that small business is accounting for an increasing share of employment. A fact that turns out to be untrue.


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We are developing a Java web application using Spring, Hibernate and MySQL.
I want our application to automatically backup the MySQL database daily; is there any way to accomplish that with Java code?
share|improve this question
u may use one facility of mysql that can be rollback the data of your database – Dhaiwat budh Sep 9 '12 at 17:44
2 Answers 2
This is easy to do.
 1. Write a script to create the backup using the "mysqldump" tool available at _URL_ - Google "mysql backup unix/windows script" to find some examples.
 2. Use a task scheduler to run this script. On UNIX this could be "cron", Windows as a "task scheduler". Best to do so at times when the app is under low-usage.
It is worth while putting some backup file cycling into the script so that you keep, say, every backup from the last week and delete the rest.
Also remember to backup to a physically different disk from the database itself so you have a backup if the disk dies.
share|improve this answer
You can user Quartz-scheduler to schedule the backup, take a look here on how to schedule an automatic Hibernate backup.
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Your Answer


UMAP 2012: Workshop on Augmented User Modeling (AUM) +1
From: Fabian Abel
Date: Tue, 8 May 2012 14:10:02 +0200
Message-ID:
2nd International Workshop on:
** Augmented User Modeling **
In conjunction with UMAP 2012
20th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization
Montreal, Canada, 16 - 20 July 2012
* 13 May: Submission deadline (23:59 pm Hawaiian time)
* 11 June: Notification of acceptance
* 18 June: Camera-ready paper
* 17 July: AUM workshop
our interaction with computer systems has impact on our activities and
opens up new opportunities for personalization and adaptation.
The time is ripe for developing new adaptation paradigms that exploit
sensor data and other digital traces of our activities to extend users'
personalized experience by connecting the digital, social and physical
Technological advancements in various areas - such as location tracking,
RFID, media aggregation and retrieval, information extraction, opinion
mining, social signal processing, intelligent media annotation and semantic
alignment - make it now possible to automate the processing of digital
traces to enrich the system's understanding about users' experiences in the
physical world. These technological developments bring new opportunities to
technological, social, and ethical challenges.
The AUM workshop aims to create a forum for academic and industrial
researchers and practitioners to discuss augmented user modeling from three
* User Modeling: methods and techniques for analyzing digital traces to
capture, represent and connect user experiences.
* Alignment: methods and techniques for augmenting user models by aligning
heterogenous user data traces.
* Applications: personalization and adaptation approaches and application
areas which can benefit from augmented user models.
Further details: _URL_
We welcome the following types of contributions.
* Demo papers (system demonstrations) and position statements (3 pages)
A more detailed Call for Papers and submission instructions can be found at
the AUM website: _URL_
* Fabian Abel (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)
* Vania Dimitrova (School of Computing, University of Leeds, UK)
* Eelco Herder (L3S Research Center, Germany)
* Geert-Jan Houben (Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands)
* Mohammad Alrifai
* Ahmad Ammari
* Lora Aroyo
* Adriana Berlanga
* Marcel Berthold
* Kalina Bontcheva
* Federica Cena
* Owen Conlan
* Declan Dagger
* Qi Gao
* Dominikus Heckmann
* Nicola Henze
* Laura Hollink
* Anthony Jameson
* Judy Kay
* Alfred Kobsa
* Tobias Ley
* Stefanie Lindstaedt
* Adam Moore
* Christina Steiner
* Dhavalkumar Thakker
* Michael Yudelson
For further questions please contact us at _EMAIL_
Received on Tuesday, 8 May 2012 12:10:38 UTC


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How Russian Spy Submarines Can Interfere With Undersea Internet Cables
H I Sutton
America and the West's dependency on undersea internet cables could be a strategic vulnerability. It is the consequence of both geography and the rise of the international digital economy. Russia, by comparison, doesn't rely on the cables as much, and it has a substantial fleet of spy submarines designed to operate on them.
Russia's ability to meddle with undersea cables has raised concerns on many occasions in recent years. Let's look at which Russian Navy submarines may be involved and how they operate, based on previous incidents which are only now being spoken about.
During the Cold War the focus was military communication cables and sonar arrays laid on the sea floor. But today the 'seabed warfare' arena has been expanded to include the internet cables which crisscross the oceans. Around 99% of our transoceanic data traffic flows through undersea cables, including financial transactions, email, social media and of course military communications.
Aaron Amick, a sonar expert who runs the Sub Brief channel on YouTube and Patreon has shared his firsthand experience of their modus operandi. Amick served aboard U.S. Navy submarines shadowing Russian subs operating over NATO cables off the Norwegian coast in the early 1990s. Note that this was after the end of the Cold War.
The first thing that the West may know of a Russian operation against the cables is the arrival of an Akula Class nuclear-powered attack submarine in the area. These can be very stealthy so they may not be detected. This is the over-watch patrol and will circle the target area to create a perimeter defense against snooping NATO submarines.
To reach the cable on the sea floor the Russians have unique nuclear-powered deep diving mini-submarines. These are known by the Russian term AGS, but in layperson's terms they are a type of spy submarine. The most famous example is Losharik, which suffered a fatal accident on July 1, 2019. The AGS have skids to sit on the seabed and manipulator arms to work on the cables. They can lay taps (even on fiber optic cables), make inspections or cut the cables in hard to fix places.
But the AGS minisubs cannot get to the target area on their own. They are carried by a massive host submarine. Russia currently has two, the most modern being BS-64 Podmoskovye, which is an enlarged Delta-IV class ballistic missile submarine. She carries the minisub instead of the missiles. And Russia is starting trials of a newer and larger host submarine, the Belgorod.
The host submarine will patrol in a star-shaped pattern above the minisub, keeping frequent voice contact with it. The minisub might be down there for days or maybe a week at a time, before rising to dock under the belly of the host submarine.
Amick observed the operations in the early 1990s when the mini-sub was a type called the Paltus. It was carried to the target cable by a modified 'Yankee class' ballistic missile submarine which had its missile section replaced. The nuclear-powered attack submarine providing the over-watch patrol was most often a 'Victor-III class' boat. Two Paltus and one Victor-III remain in service but they have been superseded by newer types.
The new types may increase the length of time operations take place, and potentially they may improve the stealthiness of the operation, making it harder to detect. Additionally, back when Amick observed the operations the host submarine was unarmed. The latest BS-64 and future Belgorod both appear to be armed. This may eliminate the need for an attack submarine providing over-watch.
Protection of civilian as well as military cables is seen with growing importance in NATO. Traditionally, the raison d'etre of a navy is to maintain control of the Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs). Until now this has meant shipping routes. But in a recent talk at The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), then Commander of U.S. Naval Forces in Europe-Africa Admiral James Foggo extended this to include submarine cables. It is a logical evolution, bringing SLOC up to date.
Internet cables get snagged by ship anchors on a relatively regular basis, but this tends to happen in shallow waters where repairs are relatively fast. With deep-diving spy submarines Russia can operate at depths of at least 3,000 feet.
The U.S. now has the Cable Ship Security Program (CSSP), which allows the Navy to stipend commercial vessels to make emergency repairs. But this only covers two ships, which may not be enough in the event of a serious attack, or even accidental damage.
Naturally there is no hard evidence in the public domain that Russia is currently conducting operations against Western undersea cables. But it is undeniable that Russia continues to invest massively in the capability to do so.
Using OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) to get to the stories first. Author of several books on Submarines, Special Forces and Narco subs. I mostly write about submarines
Using OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) to get to the stories first. Author of several books on Submarines, Special Forces and Narco subs. I mostly write about submarines and the world's more secretive navies.