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Campus: San Diego State University -- February 9, 2005
SDSU, Mexican University Complete Comprehensive Tijuana
River Watershed Atlas
Researchers at San Diego State University, along with partners around San Diego
and at El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF) in Mexico, have completed the most
comprehensive set of geographical data ever assembled about the Tijuana River
watershed, a crucial step toward successful long-term planning and management
for the fast-growing binational area.
The Tijuana River Watershed Atlas, in development for nearly a decade, includes
approximately 80 photographs, maps, and text in English and Spanish. It captures
much of the diversity and complexity of the watershed, a 1,750-square-mile drainage
basin that stretches from the Pacific Ocean at the Tijuana River Estuary north to
Mount Laguna and southeast into remote mountains and valleys located well inside
Richard Wright, professor of geography at SDSU and Rafael Vela of COLEF, general
editors of the project, said the new atlas is an important breakthrough because
it presents the first unified view of the watershed as seen by scholars on both
sides of the border.
"For the first time, policymakers and planners from the United States and Mexico
can work from a common set of data," Wright said. "That has been one of the
impediments to binational cooperation over the watershed in the past. If you're
not working with the same information, how can you productively discuss your
similarities and differences of opinion?"
The atlas, a boxed set of dozens of maps, photos and text each suitable for display
on a wall, includes many types of data, ranging from topography and climate
information to human population and land use patterns.
In addition to serving as a policy and planning tool, Wright said the atlas also
serves as an effective educational aid for demonstrating how the two nations are
intertwined by the watershed's systems and landscape. More than 200 copies of the
atlas are being provided to the San Diego Natural History Museum for use in the
PROBEA project, a binational environmental teacher education program. Some
copies of the atlas will be available to other educational agencies at no cost.
Compiling the atlas was a challenging endeavor at times, Wright said. The
researchers had to arrange for National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) aircraft to fly over Mexican airspace to take aerial photographs of the
areas of the watershed south of the border. SDSU partnered with the San Diego
Association of Governments to obtain needed satellite imagery. Common classification
systems had to be created in English and Spanish for some data, such as land use.
In some cases, maps required extensive field work and many months of labor to
For more information or to obtain copies of the atlas, call _PHONE_ or
visit _URL_ Funding for
research and production of the Tijuana River Watershed Atlas was provided by the
Southwest Consortium for Environmental Research and Policy, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, NOAA, and SDSU's Institute for Regional Studies of the
Californias (IRSC) and Department of Geography Center for Earth Systems Analysis
Research. Harry Johnson of the Department of Geography was the chief cartographer
for the atlas and Paul Ganster, director of IRSC, was the principal text editor.
Media Contact: Jason Foster,
_EMAIL_, _PHONE_


Fuel system icing inhibitor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Fuel System Icing Inhibitor)
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Fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII) is an additive to aviation fuels that prevents the formation of ice in fuel lines. FSII is sometimes referred to by the registered, genericized trademark Prist. Jet fuel can contain a small amount of dissolved water that does not appear in droplet form. As an aircraft gains altitude, the temperature drops and Jet fuel's capacity to hold water is diminished. Dissolved water can separate out and could become a serious problem if it freezes in fuel lines or filters, blocking the flow of fuel and shutting down an engine.
Chemical composition[edit]
Chemically, FSII is an almost pure (99.9%) ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGMME, 2-methoxy ethanol, APISOLVE 76, CAS number 109-86-4), or glycol monomethyl ether since 1994 diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGMME, 2- (2-methoxy ethoxy) ethanol, APITOL 120, methyl carbitol, CAS number 111-77-3). [1] Prior to 1994, Prist was regulated under the MIL-I-27686E standard, which specified use of EGMME, but subsequently came under the MIL-DTL-85470B, with use of less hazardous DEGMME with higher flash point. [2]
FSII retards the growth of microorganisms eventually present in the fuel, mostly Cladosporium resinae fungi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, known as "hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms" or "HUM bugs", which live in the water-fuel interface of the water droplets, form dark, gel-like mats, and cause microbial corrosion to plastic and rubber parts.
EGMME had been certified as a pesticide by the EPA, but as the requirement changes raised the certification costs, DEGMME has no official pesticide certification. DEGMME is a potent solvent, and at high concentrations can damage fuel bladders and filters. Long-term storage of FSII-fuel mixtures is therefore not recommended.
Anhydrous isopropyl alcohol is sometimes used as an alternative.
FSII is an agent that is mixed with jet fuel as it is pumped into the aircraft. The mixture of FSII must be between 0.10% and 0.15% by volume for the additive to work correctly, and the FSII must be distributed evenly throughout the fuel. Simply adding FSII after the fuel has been pumped is therefore not sufficient. As aircraft climbs after takeoff, the temperature drops, and any dissolved water will separate out from the fuel. FSII dissolves itself in water preferentially over the jet fuel, where it then serves to depress the freezing point of water to -43°C. Since the freezing point of jet fuel itself is usually in this region, the formation of ice is now a minimal concern.
Large aircraft do not require FSII as they are usually equipped with electric fuel line heaters that keep the fuel at an appropriate temperature to prevent icing. However, if the fuel heaters are inoperable, the aircraft may be still be declared fit to fly, if FSII is added to the fuel.
Storage and dispensing[edit]
It is extremely important to store FSII properly. Drums containing FSII must be kept clean and dry, since the additive is hygroscopic and can absorb water directly from moisture in the air. Since some brands of FSII are highly toxic, a crew member must wear gloves when handling it undiluted. Many FBOs allow FSII injection to be turned on or off so that one fuel truck can service planes that do require FSII as well as planes that don't. Line crew, however, must be able to deliver FSII when it is needed.
Such necessity was illustrated when a Flight Options Beechjet experienced a double flameout over the Gulf of Mexico in July 2004.[citation needed] The crew was able to glide to a lower altitude and restart the engines, and the aircraft landed safely. The FAA investigators found no mechanical problems with the engines, but when fuel samples were taken, FSII concentration was only 0.02%. Either the FSII injector in the refueler was not working at the FBO where the aircraft had received fuel, or the line staff failed to turn it on.


ितत्वाच्च। Of these, the first option in each category, allows for the operation of other means of cognition, because of two reasons - 1) there is no certainty in the outcome revealed and 2) it is accompanied by a doubt about its validity.
अप्रामाण्यधीकलङ्कितत्वं च द्वेधा भवति। दुष्टकरणकत्वनिश्चयादर्थाभावनिश्चयाच्च। A cognition can be accompanied by a doubt about its validity due to two reasons - 1) if there is certainty that the instrument of knowledge giving rise to the cognition is faulty, or 2) if there is certainty that the object revealed by the cognition does not exist.
तथा शैलाग्रस्थितविटपिनां प्रादेशिकत्वप्रतीतिर्दूरदोषनिबन्धना दृष्टेति दूरतस्थस्य चन्द्रमसः प्रादेशिकत्वप्रत्ययो दोषनिबन्धन एवेति निर्णीयते। Therefore, because of the knowledge of distance between the seer and the perceived objects, there is certainty that the size of trees on the top of a hill cannot be the size of a finger's length, even though perception reveals them to be so. It follows that the moon, which is even further away, cannot be the size of a finger, even though it appears to be as such.
एवमाकाशे समीपे नीरूपत्वनिश्चयाद्दूरे रूपवत्त्वधीर्दूरदोषजन्येति प्रागेव निश्चियते। Similarly, because proximate space is known with certainty to be colourless, it is clear that the perception of sky in the distance being blue must be due to a defect.
'पीतः शङ्खः' इत्यादि प्रत्यक्षं तु प्राथमिकपरीक्षितप्रत्यक्षेण 'शङ्खो न पीतः' इत्यर्थाभाव निश्चयादप्रामाण्यज्ञानास्कन्दितमेवोत्पद्यते। A person who sees the yellowness of the conch already has the verified knowledge that the conch is white, therefore his perception of yellowness is accompanied by the certainty of its incorrectness.
एवं सवितृसुषिरादिप्रत्यक्षमपि ।Similarly, the perception of a hole in the sun, which happens to some people, is also wrong.
तथा च चन्द्रादिप्रादेशिकत्वप्रत्यक्षं दूरादिदोषनिश्चयात्, 'पीतः शङ्खः' इत्यदिप्रत्यक्षं प्राथमिकार्थाभावनिश्चयादेव बाधितमिति पश्चादनुमानागमादिप्रसर इति न ताभ्यां तद्बाध:। Therefore the perception of the smallness of the moon is disproved by the certain knowledge that the perception suffers from the defect of distance, and the yellowness of the conch is disproved by the certainty that it cannot be yellow, and it is after they have been thus repudiated, that there is any scope for the operation of inference or scripture. That being so, scripture and inference are not the ones that are contradicting perception.
येन हि यस्य भ्रमत्वं ज्ञायतेः, तत्तस्य बाधकमित्युच्यते। The cognition that reveals the illusoriness of another cognition is the one that can be called the overruling or contradicting cognition.
न च चन्द्रप्रादेशिकत्वादिप्रत्यक्षस्यागमादिना भ्रमत्वं ज्ञायते। भ्रमत्वज्ञानोत्तरकालमेव तत्प्रवृत्तेः। Scriptural cognitions etc., cannot be called the overruling cognitions because they do not reveal the illusoriness of the perception of the smallness of the moon, for they (scriptural cognitions) only start operating after their (the perception of the size of the moon) illusoriness has already been established.
अप्रमाण्यज्ञानाकलङ्कितं तु स्वार्थपरिच्छेदकं निःशङ्कप्रवृत्तिजननयोग्यम्। A cognition not afflicted by a doubt about its validity is the one that is capable of revealing its object with certainty, and of leading to fruitful activity backed by conviction.
यथा 'वह्निरुष्ण एव','प्रस्तरो यजमानभिन्न एव', 'घटः सन्नेव इत्यादि तन्नान्यस्यावकाशदर्शनान्नान्येन बाध्यम्। For example, the cognitions "fire is hot indeed", "the prastara is certainly different from the sacrificer", "the pot certainly exists", do not allow room for any other means of knowledge, and therefore cannot be contradicted by any other cognitions.
न ह्यत्र प्रागेव दूरादिदोषधीर्वा अर्थाभावनिश्चयो वा कोट्यन्तरालम्बित्वं वाऽस्ति। In none of these cognitions, is there a prior cognition of defects (such as distance), or certainty that their objects do not exist, or the possibility of any other alternative outcome.
The opponent next invokes the six summary indicators of meaning according to pUrva mImAmsa - shruti, linga, vAkya, sthAna, prakaraNa, samAkhya (ref: pUrva mImAmsa sUtra 3.3.14) - to prove his point.
A short explanation of each of the terms is provided below for ease of comprehension.
1) shruti - when a word or collection of words independently conveys its primary / conventional meaning, without relying on other words or the context.
2) linga - when the meaning of a word is not clear and its suggestive meaning is brought by some other word.
3) vAkya - when the meaning of a word or word-collection is derived from a self-contained sentence unit.
4) sthAna - when the location of a sentence or a certain order of the text contributes largely to its interpretation.
5) prakaraNa - when the sentence meaning is not clear and it is derived from the context in which it occurs.
6) samAkhya - when a compound word is split into its components and its meaning is thus determined.
The general rule of interpretation is that the one that occurs previously in the sUtra (shruti, linga, vAkya, sthAna, prakaraNa, samAkhya) is stronger than the one that occurs later. So shruti is the strongest and samAkhya is the weakest. However, there are exceptions. Sometimes, prakaraNa backed by shruti is stronger than linga.
The opponent argues:
किं च क्वचित् प्रत्यक्षं प्रत्यक्षान्तरगौरवाद्युक्तिबाध्यं भवतु, क्वचिच्च लिङ्गादिकं श्रुतिगौरवात् श्रुत्यनुसारिप्रकरणादिबाध्यं भवतु, राजामात्य इव राजगौरवेण राजभृत्यबाध्यः,
Sometimes, we may admit that perception is overruled by reasoning, but that is due to the support of some other, more valid perceptual cognitions. Sometimes, implied indication (linga) may be overruled by context (prakaraNa), but only when it is backed by the power of direct connotation (shruti). Like for example a minister is sometimes overruled by the king's servant, on account of the authority vested in him by the king.
तथापि न युक्तिमात्रस्य प्रकरणमात्रस्य वा प्रत्यक्षलिङ्गादिबाधकत्वम्। प्रत्यक्षाद्यनुसारित्वस्य सर्वत्राभावात्।
Even so, it must be recognised that neither reasoning on its own, nor context on its own is universally capable of overruling perception and implied indication, respectively, because the support of perception etc. (and shruti) cannot be present in every instance.
न हि प्रधानभूताचमनादिपदार्थविषयया 'आचामेदुपवीति दक्षिणाचारः' इत्यादिस्मृत्या पदार्थधर्मभूतक्रमादिविषया 'वेदं कृत्वा वेदिं करोति' इति श्रुतिर्वेदकरणानन्तरं क्षुतनिमित्तकाचमनोपनिपाते बाध्यत इत्यन्यत्रापि तथा भवितव्यम्
It may so happen that the smRti injunction "if one sneezes in the middle of a ritual, perform an Achamanam" sometimes overrules the shruti injunction "commence the construction of the vedi (altar) immediately after making the v


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Xocai chocolates are sold on a multi-level marketing scheme, which is often considered similar to a pyramid scam, although it is legal in the United States. There is some evidence that the health benefits of Xocai chocolates are overstated by sellers.Continue Reading
Multi-level marketing schemes rely on distributors to recruit new sellers. The new sellers are the people who supply the bulk of the money. This can be done ethically and is legal because there is a product to sell, but many multi-level marketing schemes are not good investments. Xocai requires monthly purchases by each distributor and is structured so that commissions from recruits account for up to 50 percent of high-earning distributors' incomes.
In addition, Xocai is often marketed as a healthy chocolate, but there is no evidence that it is more healthy than any other dark chocolate. It does have a high antioxidant content, but it also contains artificial ingredients, such as sucralose, and is not organic.
The distributors of the product make weight loss claims, but the subjects of the studies are required to maintain a calorie-restricted diet and exercise regularly, so it is unclear whether the addition of Xocai to the diet is responsible for weight loss or if it is simply a matter of better diet and exercise.Learn more about Sweets

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Cristina ȘOȘEA Liliana POPESCU
Current migration processes require special assessment and attention due to their complexity and multiple socio-economic implications. The forms of international migration have only recently intensified in Romania due to the barriers imposed by the former communist regime, but their influence on population dynamics is certainly significant and the effects on national economy and demographic vitality of the country are undeniable. Although mainly recognized as an emigration country at the beginning of the post-communist period, Romania is recently going through a period of accentuated intensification of immigrant flows.
Starting with the 1990s, the share of immigrant flows in the net international migration balance has changed in dynamics, motivations, structure, specialization, forms, spatial intensity and consequences etc. This research presents a territorialized analysis of immigration to Romania in the period comprised between _PHONE_, which presents a high mediatic and scientific interest, given the volume and importance of the phenomenon.
Read full article


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Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
Department of Anthropology
Arctic Studies Center
ARCTIC CRASHES is a cross-disciplinary research project with multiple scientific and social perspectives. The idea of this ambitious undertaking is to combine these perspectives to get a more congruent and comprehensive idea of the forces at work in interactions between different organisms in various arctic ecosystems. The understanding gained from ARCTIC CRASHES will be theoretical and practical, as well as historical and applicable to current needs.
In the past, conflicting interpretations of population crashes have been expressed by polar indigenous people, environmentalists, commercial hunters, biologists, and government conservation agencies. By combining disciplines and perspectives, ARCTIC CRASHES aims to create a more unified point of view of population change and the human-animal-habitat relationship.
Anthropology, the study of humankind, social and biological science: Drs. Crowell, Fitzhugh, Krupnik, and Loring will provide the anthropological perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. By studying archeological sites dating back over the last 1000 years, the team will gain an understanding of the patterns and frequency of population fluctuations amongst arctic indigenous people. The anthropological perspective will play a key role in understanding the nature of human-animal relationships and their impact on population crashes.
Botany, the study of plant life, physical science: Dr. Adey will provide the marine botanical and paleo-environmental perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Studying the cycles of plant life recorded in coralline algae in the arctic over the period of study provides important insight into the habitat and ocean climate history that affected human and animal populations
Paleobiology, the study of fossils and current life, physical science: Dr. Pyenson will provide the biological and paleontological perspectives for ARCTIC CRASHES. It is necessary to analyze fossil records to understand population cycles, since the scale of ARCTIC CRASHES stretches far beyond the record of modern study and indigenous testimony. Knowledge of fluctuations from 1000 years ago and earlier is essential in determining whether current fluctuations are unprecedented and caused by modern influences as opposed to natural occurrences.
Vertebrate Zoology, the study of backboned animals, physical science: Dr. Wilson will provide zoological perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Zoology will provide information on the animal side of the human-animal-habitat relationship. The dynamics of large arctic mammal populations are especially important, since they are essential to the subsistence of arctic people.
Science History, humanities: Dr. Madison will provide the history of science perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. In order to create new research synergies among different disciplines, it is important to understand past methodologies and ways of thinking. Participation of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service will help us understand management regimes and preservation efforts.
Environmental Studies, humanities: Dr. Ray will provide the ES perspective for ARCTIC CRASHES. Environmental studies are especially important for understanding population trends given the new paradigm of thinking that is prevalent among environmentalists. The return of the 'extinction paradigm' puts greater emphasis on human-induced climate change as a determining factor in the habitat-human-animal relationship. Creating a consensus on the impact of human-induced and natural climate change on arctic populations is a primary goal of ARCTIC CRASHES.
Indigenous Perspective: One of the innovations of ARCTIC CRASHES is the project's reliance on indigenous knowledge testimony to gain a broader perspective on understanding the causation and consequences of animal population trends in both the terrestrial and marine arctic ecosystems. Laboratory science cannot give us the same in-depth perspective of these 'full-time ecologists' who, as a community, constantly dedicate their time to understanding their environment and the species that constitute their ecosystems.
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You are always at a risk of suffering from some minor or major accidents when you are practicing different activities like longboarding. Most of the times, the accidents are caused due to the balancing issues and sometimes, the accidents are caused when a rider bumps into a vehicle or in any other strong object while riding a longboard.
Similarly, some riders suffer from an accident while trying different stunts. These are the different types of accidents that can be avoided by practicing your skills regularly and carefully but there are some other types of accidents that cannot be avoided even if you practice your skills regularly. These are the accidents that are usually caused due to the maintenance issues.
The maintenance problems can put you into a lot of trouble, therefore, you must take good care of your equipment. Most of the new riders do not pay any attention the maintenance as they do not understand the importance of regularly maintaining their longboard. As a result, they suffer from a severe accident due to a breakage or other problem. In this article, we are going to discuss some useful ways that you can use to maintain your longboard regularly if you want to avoid the accidents. Carefully, take a look at these tips and make them a part of your routine.
Most of the manufacturers use the water-resistant material to prepare a longboard but there are some manufacturers that do not use such kind of material. In both the cases, you need to protect the longboard with the help of a plastic sheet so that it may stay safe from the dangerous effects of water and heat. The heat of the Sun can also affect the quality of your board. So, you must use a plastic sheet to avoid both types of damages. Make sure that the plastic sheet is applied in a way that it does not affect your practice at all.
Make sure the wheels that are installed in the longboard are properly maintained because wheels play an important role in moving your board forward. So, you must regularly check the wheels before starting your practice. You must try to remove the minor objects that may affect the speed of the wheel because these objects can sometimes make your wheels stuck in a position. It means that you will badly get injured if the wheels stop immediately while you are riding the board.
Regular inspection of the board is another important thing that can help in preventing different kinds of accidents. Thus, you will be able to find different issues that have appeared on the board after a particular time period. So, you must get the board inspected at regular intervals.


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Available in versions: Dev (3.19) | Latest (3.18) | 3.17 | 3.16 | 3.15 | 3.14 | 3.13 | 3.12 | 3.11 | 3.10 | 3.9
Applies to ✅ Open Source Edition ✅ Express Edition ✅ Professional Edition ✅ Enterprise Edition
In principle, JPA is agnostic of an entity model first or DDL first / database first approach. In principle, you can:
- Write DDL (e.g. migrate it with Flyway or Liquibase), then re-generate your entity code.
- Write entities, then re-generate your database or derive DDL increments from your git history, etc.
- Manually maintain both in parallel.
jOOQ is more opinionated here. It assumes your database already exists, outside of jOOQ. It does not assume your database follows any rules imposed by jOOQ regarding the design. For example, when using jOOQ, it's completely irrelevant:
- If you're using surrogate keys or natural keys
- If your keys have single columns or multiple columns
- If your tables even have keys, or if they're not in the first normal form
- If your tables are even tables, or if they're views, table valued functions, etc
Not just that jOOQ doesn't care about your database model, it also doesn't care about your client side data representation (e.g. the DTOs). I.e. it doesn't care:
- If your DTO classes and attributes are
- If your DTOs are immutable or mutable
- If your DTOs implement
hashCode()in any way
- If your DTOs have a meaningful identity, or are just value based classes (or soon even actual value types!)
There are no best practices from a jOOQ perspective. jOOQ has seen everything, and jOOQ won't judge you. jOOQ knows, that if your tables are not even in the first normal form, you'll have enough problems already, so you don't also need a problem with jOOQ.
But, again, jOOQ expects you to have a database that already exists. Yes, you can even use jOOQ for your DDL, but the point here is that you write DDL first, then your jOOQ queries later, ideally using source code generation.
Client applications come and go. They used to be written in Delphi. Then PHP. Then Java. Now Kotlin. Soon TypeScript/Rust/Go/Whatever? But your database stays. It will survive your client application, and as such, jOOQ understands that your database must come first.
Obviously, there exist other ways to think about business logic and databases. But jOOQ was designed for the database first model.
Do you have any feedback about this page? We'd love to hear it!


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The British Postal Museum in London houses a collection of objects, archives and works of art which trace back over 400 years of postal heritage. This historical collection is designated as being of outstanding national importance by the Arts Council and is on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The museum's archives are protected by a pressurised watermist fire protection system, designed, installed and maintained by Fireworks.
Why use pressurised watermist for archives?
Fireworks' watermist solutions are ideal for archives, as they offer the fastest, safest protection against fire and smoke. Automatic systems incorporate sensors that detect heat and/or smoke, long before fire is noticeable by the human eye. Pressurised water is then emitted exactly at the point of fire, to provide a highly effective, localised solution. The spread of harmful smoke is dramatically reduced and unlike traditional sprinkler systems, watermist only uses very small amounts of water.
The watermist fire protection system
The watermist solution designed for the British Postal Museum comprises a compact, powerful pump unit and a series of watermist nozzles. In the event of a fire been detected, the pump drives pressurised water through a system of fine diameter stainless steel pipes to the affected nozzle. Water is released through the nozzle, in the form of mist. These atomised water droplets are drawn directly to the point of fire, lowering the temperature and suppressing the fire in seconds.
A unique property of watermist is its ability to reduce the spread of smoke – the biggest cause of casualties and damage to assets during fire. Because of the minute size of water droplets, watermist is airborne and is able to bond with smoke particles, which then fall harmlessly to the floor.
Contact 0800 _PHONE_ for advice on fire protection for your library, museum or archive.
To learn how Fireworks' solutions protect architecturally important heritage buildings visit
For more information, contact _EMAIL_


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Following last week's report we revisited yesterday and it is evident that the recent intrusions on the western edge of the field are not the only ones. We think there are probably eight holes visible from outside the land including this one that can be seen from the south…
and this one (together with footsteps) that is easily visible from the north – and indeed stands out very clearly as you drive past the site on the main A5 so must have been seen by countless commuters.
Despite a notice indicating it is protected by a security company, access to the site can be gained pretty easily in places and here is the short inviting route from the road that those who dug the above hole almost certainly took -
Meanwhile, the holes on the western side that we highlighted last week are now surrounded by footsteps. Whether those were created by archaeologists or artefact hunters or both we can't say. However, while the suspected "marker" in the form of a stone placed on top of one of the fence posts (spotted by Paul Barford) has disappeared, this belt has now been left….
In summary, the following points seem relevant:
1. The intrusions we saw were not remote from the area where Treasure items have been found, quite the reverse.
2. Detectorists don't dig holes unless they get signals.
3. All the intrusions we saw have happened since the land was ploughed in November so the question arises: how many took place in the previous three years?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Durable Distributed Cache
This video describes NuoDB's underlying architecture, a memory-centric, peer-to-peer system that ensures ACID compliance, resiliency, and scale-out performance.
In this video, we'll discuss how the NuoDB architecture drives its ability to support today's modern, transactional applications. Users expect their applications to be available instantly, on demand, and with little to no latency, so you need a database that is built for the cloud.
NuoDB's enabling architecture is called the "Durable Distributed Cache," and it encapsulates the three key concepts that, when taken together, fuel its core capabilities.
So let's take a look at each of those concepts and figure out how they work in practice.
Distributed: A Peer-to-Peer Database
At its core, NuoDB is a distributed database system made up of independent peers running on multiple hosts, potentially in different data centers.
Peers can be added and provisioned for a specific task - like orchestrating transactions or managing durability. This means that you can independently scale to address database performance requirements, ensure redundancy, or perform real-time analytics.
The NuoDB peer-to-peer architecture lets you deploy a single, logical database and insulate your applications against complexity and failure.
A network of equals
NuoDB database peers communicate using asynchronous messaging and only talk to other peers that are relevant to a given task assigned to them. [meh] This minimizes network traffic.
Designed for resilience
The peer-to-peer system also makes the database resilient. Since no single peer is wholly responsible for a given task or piece of data, any peer can fail or be purposely shut down without impacting service availability. NuoDB can also be configured to automatically bring new resources online when failures occur.
And with NuoDB's ability to operate as a single database across data centers, peers can easily be added in new geographies based on changing usage patterns.
Cache: An In-Memory Database
Now let's talk about another important concept - Caching.
NuoDB is based on a memory-centric architecture designed to optimize your database around memory rather than disk.
Every peer has an in-memory cache [in memory cache], and at any time data can be cached in one or more locations.
Typically, a cache [begin request - note: one of these peers should be noticeably further away from the other two] contains a working set of your data. If a peer needs data that's not in its own cache, it requests it from the nearest peer who has it. This ability to populate data on demand means that NuoDB improves performance by naturally optimizing data locality based on usage patterns.
Ensuring Transactional Consistency
You may be wondering how the system ensures consistency when the data is cached in multiple locations.
Each peer knows the other locations of each data item stored in its own cache and can therefore drive coordination and cache consistency based on that knowledge.
NuoDB uses multi-version concurrency control, or MVCC, to coordinate read/write access to the system.
In-memory database, optimized
NuoDB's memory-centric architecture means that the database is what's in memory - not what's on disk. That means that you can make optimizations to the system - for example around storage, redundancy, and replication - without having to worry about disk I/O.
With NuoDB, database performance, latency, and availability are easily managed by bringing peers online or taking them offline.
This is further optimized by dedicating peers to different tasks. Some peers are used exclusively for transaction processing, while others focus on the third key concept of the Durable Distributed Cache architecture: data durability.
Durable: A Safe, Redundant Database
There are two types of peers, transaction peers and durability peers. When new data gets written to the database, it goes into a transaction peer's cache. Transaction peers collaborate with durability peers to support ACID semantics. Durability peers ensure that data assigned to them is written to disk and available to other peers on demand.
This is true for existing data as well as new data. For example, when a user changes a data value, the transaction and durability peers continue to coordinate and ensure that the change is replicated not just to the durability peers, where it gets written to disk, but also to other transaction peers that might have that particular data in cache.
Separating database services from data storage allows storage to flexibly balance safety, resource allocation, and cost.
NuoDB also gives you control over how you want to balance performance requirements versus data safety.
For instance, you can add more durability peers, control how many data copies are managed by those peers, and even determine how much of the data set each peer controls.
You can also control your "commit" level. For example, you can require a transaction to be considered committed when it's written to disk by just one durability peer, or you can require that it not be considered committed until it's written to disk by all relevant durability peers.
As you've seen in this video, NuoDB's Durable Distributed Cache is a memory-centric, peer-to-peer system that enforces ACID compliance, enables resiliency, and delivers scale-out performance across multiple data centers.
For more information, visit _URL_.


text:
Aeolis Mensae yardangs, as seen by HiRISE. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Click on image for better view of yardangs.
Aeolis Mensae is tableland feature in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars. Its location is centered at 2.9° south latitude and 219.6° west longitude. It is 820 kilometres (510 mi) long and was named after a classical albedo feature name.
Inverted relief
Some places on Mars show inverted relief, in which a stream bed may be a raised feature, instead of a valley. The inversion may be caused by the deposition of large rocks or by cementation. In either case erosion lowered the surrounding land, but left the old channel as a raised ridge because the stream bed is more resistant to erosion. An image taken by HiRISE shows a ridge that may be old channels that have become inverted.
|This article about the planet Mars or its moons is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
History professor examines state and territorial policies that affected early American Indian citizenship
Deborah Rosen, professor and head of history, has taken an in-depth look at early American Indian policy-making in her most recent book, American Indians and State Law: Sovereignty, Race and Citizenship, 1790 – 1880 (University of Nebraska, December 2007). The publication examines the role that state and territorial governments played in extending jurisdiction over Indians as well as defining borders and the meaning of citizenship.
"Belying the common assumption that Indian policy and regulation in the United States were exclusively within the federal government's domain, the book reveals how states and territories extended their legislative and judicial authority over American Indians between the early national period and the Reconstruction era," explains Rosen. "In this book, I detail how state and territorial governments regulated American Indians and brought them into local criminal courts, as well as how Indians contested states' actions and asserted tribal sovereignty."
Several students assisted Rosen with her publication as EXCEL scholars. These students were Robert Alessi '00, Tiffany Blakey '01, Phillip Dudley '04, Andrea Kotrosits '03, and Michael Sparrow '04.
The students handled a plethora of primary source documents that were foundational to Rosen's research, including judicial opinions, trial records, statutes, legislative hearings, constitutional convention debates, newspapers, speeches, letters, and official reports.
The finished book is a "discussion of nationwide patterns complemented by case studies focusing on New York, Georgia, New Mexico, Michigan, Minnesota, Louisiana, and Massachusetts that demonstrate the decentralized nature of much of early American Indian policy," according to Rosen.
In addition to its cornerstone use of primary sources and divergent conclusion, Rosen's book is the first to present a broad study of state and territorial Indian policies, laws, and judicial decisions in early United States history.
- Exceptional Faculty
- EXCEL/Undergraduate Research


text:
Renowned for his mesmerizing series of paintings, "The Porch People," the late artist A.B. Jackson was influenced by Rembrandt. His work was gently touched with melancholy. After Jackson died, then Old Dominion President Alfred B. Rollins Jr. wrote that he "had the ability to capture a timeless nature in a scene and to give universality to his subjects."
"Seeing is my religion," Jackson once said.
The son of an Irish mother and black father, he earned two art degrees from Yale in the mid-1950s. Art, he believed, transcended race. When he came to the newly desegregated South it was to teach art, not to fight for civil rights, although he became its quiet foot soldier. Denied entry to the Virginia Beach Boardwalk Art show in 1962 because of his race, he won best-in-show in 1966. In 1967, after teaching 10 years at Norfolk State, he joined Old Dominion as a full professor, becoming its first black faculty member.
President Lyndon B. Johnson owned Jackson pieces. So have museums, universities and other institutions. His book, As I See Ghent: A Visual Essay, was published in 1979.
After his untimely death in 1981, at age 55, the Chrysler Museum held a three-site retrospective exhibition of his work. A tribute by a local television station was called "Wow, Look at That," one of his trademark catch phrases.


text:
factor is used to encode a vector as a factor (the
terms 'category' and 'enumerated type' are also used for
factors). If argument
TRUE, the factor
levels are assumed to be ordered. For compatibility with S there is
also a function
are the membership and coercion functions for these classes.
factor(x = character(), levels, labels = levels, exclude = NA, ordered = is.ordered(x), nmax = NA) ordered(x,...) is.factor(x) is.ordered(x) as.factor(x) as.ordered(x) addNA(x, ifany = FALSE)
a vector of data, usually taking a small number of distinct values.
an optional vector of the unique values (as character strings)
either an optional character vector of
labels for the levels (in the same order as
a vector of values to be excluded when forming the
set of levels. This may be factor with the same level set as
logical flag to determine if the levels should be regarded as ordered (in the order given).
an upper bound on the number of levels; see 'Details'.
only add an
The type of the vector
x is not restricted; it only must have
as.character method and be sortable (by
Ordered factors differ from factors only in their class, but methods and the model-fitting functions treat the two classes quite differently.
The encoding of the vector happens as follows. First all the values
exclude are removed from
levels[j], then the
i-th element of the result is
j. If no match is found for
(which will happen for excluded values) then the
of the result is set to
Normally the 'levels' used as an attribute of the result are
the reduced set of levels after removing those in
this can be altered by supplying
labels. This should either
be a set of new labels for the levels, or a character string, in
which case the levels are that character string with a sequence
factor(x, exclude = NULL) applied to a factor without
NAs is a no-operation unless there are unused levels: in
that case, a factor with the reduced level set is returned. If
exclude is used, since R version 3.4.0, excluding non-existing
character levels is equivalent to excluding nothing, and when
exclude is a
character vector, that is
applied to the levels of
exclude can be factor with the same level set as
x and will exclude the levels present in
The codes of a factor may contain
NA. For a numeric
exclude = NULL to make
NA an extra
level (prints as
); by default, this is the last level.
NA is a level, the way to set a code to be missing (as
opposed to the code of the missing level) is to
is.na on the left-hand-side of an assignment (as in
is.na(f)[i] <- TRUE; indexing inside
is.na does not work).
Under those circumstances missing values are currently printed as
, i.e., identical to entries of level
is.factor is generic: you can write methods to handle
specific classes of objects, see InternalMethods.
levels is not supplied,
unique is called.
Since factors typically have quite a small number of levels, for large
x it is helpful to supply
nmax as an upper bound
on the number of unique values.
Since R 4.1.0, when using
c to combine a (possibly
ordered) factor with other objects, if all objects are (possibly
ordered) factors, the result will be a factor with levels the union of
the level sets of the elements, in the order the levels occur in the
level sets of the elements (which means that if all the elements have
the same level set, that is the level set of the result), equivalent
unlist operates on a list of factor objects.
factor returns an object of class
"factor" which has a
set of integer codes the length of
x with a
attribute of mode
character and unique
!anyDuplicated(.)) entries. If argument
is true (or
ordered() is used) the result has class
Undocumentedly for a long time,
factor(x) loses all
"names", and resets
factor to an ordered or unordered factor returns a
factor (of the same type) with just the levels which occur: see also
[.factor for a more transparent way to achieve this.
FALSE depending on
whether its argument is of type factor or not. Correspondingly,
TRUE when its argument is an ordered
as.factor coerces its argument to a factor.
It is an abbreviated (sometimes faster) form of
x if this is ordered, and
addNA modifies a factor by turning
NA into an extra
level (so that
NA values are counted in tables, for instance).
.valid.factor(object) checks the validity of a factor,
levels(object), and returns
TRUE if it is
valid, otherwise a string describing the validity problem. This
function is used for
The interpretation of a factor depends on both the codes and the
"levels" attribute. Be careful only to compare factors with
the same set of levels (in the same order). In particular,
as.numeric applied to a factor is meaningless, and may
happen by implicit coercion. To transform a factor
approximately its original numeric values,
as.numeric(levels(f))[f] is recommended and slightly more
The levels of a factor are by default sorted, but the sort order may well depend on the locale at the time of creation, and should not be assumed to be ASCII.
There are some anomalies associated with factors that have
NA as a level. It is suggested to use them sparingly, e.g.,
only for tabulation purposes.
"ordered" methods for the
provide methods for the Comparison operators,
and for the
range generics in
"ordered". (The rest of the groups and the
Math group generate an error as they
are not meaningful for factors.)
!= can be used for factors: a factor can
only be compared to another factor with an identical set of levels
(not necessarily in the same ordering) or to a character vector.
Ordered factors are compared in the same way, but the general dispatch
mechanism precludes comparing ordered and unordered factors.
All the comparison operators are available for ordered factors. Collation is done by the levels of the operands: if both operands are ordered factors they must have the same level set.
In earlier versions of R, storing character data as a factor was more space efficient if there is even a small proportion of repeats. However, identical character strings now share storage, so the difference is small in most cases. (Integer values are stored in 4 bytes whereas each reference to a character string needs a pointer of 4 or 8 bytes.)
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical Models in S. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
[.factor for subsetting of factors.
gl for construction of balanced factors and
C for factors with specified contrasts.
nlevels for accessing the
unclass to get integer codes.
(ff <- factor(substring("statistics", 1:10, 1:10), levels = letters)) as.integer(ff) # the internal codes (f. <- factor(ff)) # drops the levels that do not occur ff[, drop = TRUE] # the same, more transparently factor(letters[1:20], labels = "letter") class(ordered(4:1)) # "ordered", inheriting from "factor" z <- factor(LETTERS[3:1], ordered = TRUE) ## and "relational" methods work: stopifnot(sort(z)[c(1,3)] == range(z), min(z) < max(z)) ## suppose you want "NA" as a level, and to allow missing values. (x <- factor(c(1, 2, NA), exclude = NULL)) is.na(x) <- TRUE x # 1 is.na(x) # FALSE TRUE FALSE ## More rational, since R 3.4.0 : factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = "" ) # keeps , as factor(c(1:2, NA), exclude = NULL) # always did ## exclude = z # ordered levels 'A < B < C' factor(z, exclude = "C") # does exclude factor(z, exclude = "B") # ditto ## Now, labels maybe duplicated: ## factor() with duplicated labels allowing to "merge levels" x <- c("Man", "Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female") ## Map from 4 different values to only two levels: (xf <- factor(x, levels = c("Male", "Man", "Lady", "Female"), labels = c("Male", "Male", "Female", "Female"))) #> Male Male Male Female Female #> Levels: Male Female ## Using addNA() Month <- airquality$Month table(addNA(Month)) table(addNA(Month, ifany = TRUE))
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text:
The most common reasons for school administrators to avoid lead in water testing is the fear of the unknown.
The 2 most commonly sited reasons are:
- Fear that Lead is discovered
- Fear of high costs of remediation
These fears are legitimate and understandable. Many schools face limited budgets and need to be wise and make due with the funding that is available to them.
However, when you compare these 2 reasons with the downsides of NOT testing, they seem quite trivial.
These downsides include:
- Lead is having mental and physical impacts on your student's health
- Refusing to test opens yourself up to a tarnished reputation within the community
- Lead in drinking water is a hot button topic in the media and is heavily reported in the media.
School administrators are FAR better off testing for lead, identifying any problems and fixing them. In this scenario, even if lead is discovered and remediated the school is deemed a hero by parents, faculty, the community and the media.
By ignoring the need to test, school administrators put themselves in an unnecessarily difficult situation.


Sex Advice
6 Ways To Use Heat To Banish Painful Sex and Make Pleasure…Hotter
Gabrielle Kassel
Photo: Getty Images/Jena Ardell
Hot. *Fire emoji*. Smokin'. Heat-conjuring words are often called upon to describe good sex, but what if actual heat had a pain-diminishing and pleasure-improving place in the bedroom? According to sex educators, it absolutely can: For vulva-owners who struggle with dyspareunia, or painful sex, heat can prove especially helpful strategy for claiming some real-deal pleasure.
"Heat can ramp up sexual pleasure because it ramps up circulation, which helps prep vaginal tissues and genital nerves for heightened sensation and pleasure," says somatic sex expert, Kiana Reeves sex and community educator with pleasure-product company Foria.
Vulva-owners with tight, aka hypertonic, pelvic floor muscles or vaginismus (painful contractions of the vaginal floor muscles), "may find that heat application helps the muscles soften, instead of keeping the body from fighting penetration," says Reeves. In many cases, she adds, heat application can be the difference between ouch and oooh.
Keep reading for 6 ways you can use heat as a painful sex remedy.
1. Hold a heating pad to your lower abdomen and pubic mound
Cramps—whether from a period or penetrative sex—are essentially aggressive muscle contractions and overactive muscles at work, says Reeves, who adds that the heat can help quell the associated pain. "For vulva-owners who experience cramping after penetration, placing a heating pad on their lower abdomen before, during and/or after can help," says Reeves.
2. Keep it classic with oral sex
Fun fact: Cunnilingus is a free, heat-producing act that can help minimize painful sex. "The heat a partner's mouth creates against your vulva during oral sex is actually enough in some cases to help the pelvic floor muscles relax," says Reeves. It can be called upon to prep the body for penetration or as the main sexual event.
3. Use a stainless steel or glass wand
Both these materials are great for temperature play because they hold heat (and coldness) well. "Warm your wand up under warm water, or let it sit in a bowl of warm water," says sex educator and sex-toy reviewer Indigo Wolfe. When you're ready to use it, press it against the back of your hand or inner lip to test the temperature and, from there, start slow.
"Use it or have your partner use it against your thighs, then pubic mound, then labia," says Wolfe. If you want to explore penetration, wait until your labia are engorged and are firm to the touch, because both are signs of arousal, says Reeves. And for some shopping inspiration, consider the nJoy Eleven, $400 or nJoy Pure Wand, $130.
4. Take a bath
"The warm water will help all your muscles, head-to-toe, relax," says Wolfe. "You even might try making the water a little warmer than you can normally handle to make your non-genital erogenous zones even more sensitive to touch," they say. (Just be mindful not to burn yourself.)
5. Explore vaginal steaming
Reeves says a number of the vulva-owners she's worked with who have hypotonic (or tight) pelvic-floor muscles have found vaginal steaming to be pain-relieving. "Think about the way shower steam relaxes your trap muscles after a longggg day of typing. Vaginal steaming is like that," she says, but just for, you know, your vagina, because the heat brings blood flow to tissues, which trains the muscles to relax.
6. Try CBD lube
While heat-use should never replace lube, Reeves says heat can support the body's natural lubrication process. "The heat draws blood flow to the vaginal tissues, which is part of the arousal response that tells the body to become lubricated," she says.
And while CBD lube is not a warming product itself, it may function similarly to heat application. "The primary benefits of using CBD lube are the same as the primary benefits of heat application: muscle relaxation and circulation promotion," says Reeves. For folks who are wary about (literally) turning up the heat on their vulva, CBD lube is a great alternative, she says. Just keep in mind that many CBD lubes (like Foria's Awaken, $48 and Privy Peach Intimate Oil, $45) are oil-based, meaning, they're not condom-compatible.
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text:
You have to admit there's at least a little resemblance between the ring-lined cross-section of a tree and an LP. So why shouldn't a tree's rings elicit beautiful music the way a record's can?
That might well have been the inspiration for Bartholomaus Traubeck's Years project, a record player that can read the rings of a tree and translate them into lovely piano melodies.
According to the Years Web site, "A tree's year rings are analyzed for their strength, thickness and rate of growth. This data serves as basis for a generative process that outputs piano music. It is mapped to a scale which is again defined by the overall appearance of the wood (ranging from dark to light and from strong texture to light texture). The foundation for the music is certainly found in the defined ruleset of programming and hardware setup, but the data acquired from every tree interprets this ruleset very differently."
One wonders whether different families of trees produce varying kinds of music. For example, does a willow generate more soulful ballads? Or would Mozart come from an old growth redwood? Poplars grow fast, so could they be used for upbeat tunes?
It's a terrific idea, and I'd love to see this in person. But absent that, next time I go hiking into the forest, I'm just going to have to imagine what the many trees I'm walking by would be singing if they got the chance.


Worlds of David Darling
Encyclopedia of Science
Home > Encyclopedia of Science
Caesar cipher
The Caesar cipher is the simplest and oldest known type of substitution cipher, attributed to Julius Caesar who used it to send government messages. In it, each letter in the alphabet is replaced by another letter using a predefined rule which shifts the alphabet a uniform amount to the right or left. For example, a shift of three units to the right, would turn the "This is secret" into "Wklv lv vhfuhw."
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have the following assignment question, and I'm having trouble even getting started:
Consider the set of functions $\mathcal{F}=\{f,g\}$, with $f:\mathbb{R}^2\to\mathbb{R}$, and $g:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$, defined by $f(x,y)=xy$ and $g(x)=x+1$. Let $A=cl_\mathcal{F}(B)$, with $B=\{0\}$. I.e., $A$ is the closure of $B$ under the operations in $\mathcal{F}$. Then clearly $A=\mathbb{N}$. How would you go about showing that the following three equations, uniquely determine a function $h$?
$h(g(x))=h(x)+2$, and
What is $A$ good for? Is it necessary to show what we're being asked to show? And also, we're on the topic of primitive recursive functions and such, so I don't understand how this would fit into that topic anyway.
share|improve this question
I'd suggest replacing $f,g$ in the properties of $h$ with their given values, i.e. $xy$ and $x+1$ respectively. – hardmath Aug 16 '12 at 14:17
Are you sure about $h(f(x,y))=f(h(x),h(y))$? Maybe a typo for $h(f(x,y))=f(h(x),y)$ or something similar. – André Nicolas Aug 16 '12 at 14:20
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Using the second two equations, we have that $h(0)=0$ and $h(x+1)=h(x)+2$. Thus we can use induction to find the value of $h(x)$ for any value $x\in\Bbb N$. In fact, it is easy to see that if $x\in \Bbb N$ we have $h(x)=2x$.
Now the first condition $h(xy)=h(x)h(y)$ provides a contradiction, however, since we can take $y=1$ and find that $h(x)=2h(x)$, i.e. $2x=4x$ for $x\in\Bbb N$. Thus no function $h$ exists satisfying all three conditions, which is why André Nicolas asked if there was perhaps a typo.
share|improve this answer
Ah, I see. There must be typo (although I double checked the assignment, and that's exactly what it says). – FPP Aug 16 '12 at 14:36
Nice and simple. – mick Dec 10 '14 at 22:15
Your Answer


text:
Domestic Violence in
The Asian & Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic Violence has organized resources for Muslim communities because so many Muslim immigrants living in the U.S. come from various regions in Asia: Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia, i.e. the Middle East.
Jump to a section below
Notions of identity carry complex political, social, and familial meanings. The following terms are defined for clarity only and not to force anyone into a particular regional and ethnic grouping. Self-identification is appropriately a matter of individual decision.
- Arab, Middle Eastern, West Asian refers to people from the Middle East, also called West Asia and includes peoples who trace their origins to the countries, diasporas and/or ethnicities of these regions.
- Asian includes peoples of Central Asian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, South Asian, and West Asian ancestry, i.e., those who trace their origins to the countries, diasporas and/or ethnicities of the above regions.
- Muslim, which includes the Sunni and Shia' sects, refers to people who self-identify, culturally or religiously (whether they are practicing or not), as Muslims.
- Not all Arabs are Muslims. They can be Christians, Druze, Baha'is, or Jews. Christian sects in the Middle East include Antiochian Orthodox, Assyrian, Chaldean, Coptic, Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Maronite, Melkite, Roman Catholic, Syrian Catholic, and Syrian Orthodox.
- Not all West Asians, such as Iranians/Persians and Turks, are Arabs.
- Indigenous Muslims refers to African American Muslims.
- Immigrant and refugee Muslims in the U.S. come from Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan; MENA (Middle East & North Africa) Region: e.g., Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine; Africa, e.g., Somalia; and Europe, e.g., Bosnia.
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- Muslims constitute 0.8% (2,454,000) of the U.S. adult population.1
- 65% of U.S. Muslims are foreign-born; 27% of them emigrated from South and Central Asia, including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.2
- 35% of Muslims in the U.S. self-identify as African American, the largest racial group within the community.3
- 18%, nearly one in five Muslim Americans, self-identify as Asian.3
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Domestic Violence Statistics
- A survey of 63 Muslim leaders showed that 10% of Muslims experienced physical abuse in their homes. Alkhateeb, Sharifa. "Ending domestic violence in Muslim families." Journal of Religion and Abuse 1.44 (1999): 49-59.
- A study of 23 Muslim married female immigrants from Bangladesh residing in Houston, Texas revealed a 10% prevalence rate of spousal abuse. Rianon, Nahid J., and Shelton, A. J. "Perception of spousal abuse expressed by married Bangladeshi immigrant women in Houston, Texas, U.S.A". Journal of Immigrant Health 5.1 (2003): 37-44.
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Important Resources for Advocates
Asian & Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic Violence
- Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide For Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities (2012) This resource is meant to provide and clarify information about Islam and gender equality in marriage and divorce, to direct readers to the best practices that safeguard women's rights and interests, to promote wellbeing and balance for all parties, and to nurture communities.
- Directory of Domestic Violence Programs Serving Muslim Communities A list of organizations serving Muslim survivors of domestic violence, as well as immigrant and refugee women from the Middle East and Central, East, South, Southeast, and West Asia.
- Forums on Muslim Women's Issues: A Resource Directory A compilation of resources that address Muslim identities, women's roles and experiences, gender-based violence, community empowerment, cultural change, and interfaith relations.
- Bibliography on Gender, Domestic Violence, and Muslim Women A list of scholarly and popular works useful to advocates, researchers, and community members that includes over 150 listings.
- Muslim Women and Domestic Violence: 3 Key Topics A short bibliography on: Domestic Violence in Muslim Communities; Islamic Rights of Women; and Muslim Women: Gender, Race, Culture & Identity.
- Fact Sheet on Domestic Violence in Muslim Communities Includes recent Census demographics, statistics on domestic violence, select translated materials, (e.g., safety planning and legal glossaries), and other resources (such as international and national directories).
- Translated Materials A compilation of materials produced by domestic violence programs around the country, in Arabic, Bangla, Dari, Farsi, Hindi, Indonesian, Kurdish, Pashtu, Malay, and Urdu.
- Lifetime Spiral of Gender Violence In English and Farsi. A framework developed by the API Institute to understand how violence is lived and experienced over the lifespan, revealing patterns of victimization by enumerating the types of violence, vulnerabilities, and harms women and girls face.
- Kismet An online resource guide for Pakistani parents arranging bi-continental marriages (available in English and Urdu).
Muslim Advocacy Network Against Domestic Violence (MANADV)
A collaboration between Peaceful Families Project and the Asian & Pacific Islander Institute on Domestic Violence.
- A national network of advocates, service providers, activists, researchers, scholars, legal and health care professionals, on-line forums, and community-based-organizations addressing domestic violence in Muslim communities by empowering survivors, deepening advocacy, strengthening families, and organizing communities.
- MANADV aims to diminish the isolation advocates experience by building a national network where they exchange information; dialogue; share resources; strategize about intervention, prevention, and community organizing; analyze critical issues; develop models and trainings; and build alliances.
- Join Sharifa's List, named in honor of Sharifa Alkhateeb's groundbreaking advocacy on behalf of Muslims, to become a MANADV member and obtain information on resources, publications, trainings, and events.
For more information about MANADV and to sign up for Sharifa's List, visit _URL_ or send an email to _EMAIL_.
To forward news of MANADV among your networks, download and share a flyer describing MANADV.
Peaceful Families Project
Resources on Legal Issues
- Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide For Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities (2012) Also listed above, this resource highlights the legal issues that may arise, as well as the resources that are available to American Muslim women and their families under the auspices of American law.
- Awad, Abed. (2002). Court Enforces Mahr Provision in Muslim Marriage Contract: Odatalla Recognizes the Secular Terms of a Religious Agreement. New Jersey Law Journal, 169(11), 28-31.
- Awad, Abed and Popescu, Robert S. (2003). Appellate Division Declines to Adopt Bright-Line Prohibition Against Out-of-Country Visitation. New Jersey Law Journal, CLXXIII(12).
- Karamah: Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights, Publications on Islamic Law
- Legal Glossaries in Arabic, Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu. Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento, California
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Story of the Unknown Woman
Huma B. Dar
My name is Farah.
I am the one pierced by a dozen bullets
on my mother's orders
in my lawyer's office
My sin: I had dared to ask for a divorce.1
My name is Gauhar.
I am the one almost run over
by a truck or is it okay to blame the truck driver?
My crime: my "Otherness" exposed in the land of the free
wearing a shalwar-qameez
for every one to see.2
My name is Sultani.
I am the one who lost count after the rapist number three
or was it number thirty?
Faizan, my months old baby, kept on crying
at the sight of my breast cut off
My crime: I am a Muslim
My name is Simurgh.
I am the one whose stomach was kicked
child abused and kidnapped by a husband
while his sisters cheered him on
My sin: possession of a voice.
Are voices contraband?
My name is Kausar Bano.
I am the one - nine months pregnant
raped, belly cut open, foetus on trident
both burnt to ashes
My sin: being a Muslim in Gujarat.4
My name is Fatimah.
I am the one whose name and its shadows
Melted and evaporated into oblivion
in the alchemy of fire on nine-eleven
when Hawwa's strong bones
at the foundation of it all
cried out to be excavated
as once she herself had
through the darkness of the Middle Passage
Our crime: lithe bodies
deemed capable of labor
enslaved and indentured, undocumented, uncounted
My name is Sherbat Gula.
I am the one whose three babies didn't make it
to age five
in the land of the land-mines
while my burqah was the talk of the town
and my eyes green were labeled "ferocious"
My crime: born close to warm waters
and black gold
I am told.6
My name is Unknown
I am the one whose burnt face, cut at the nape,
droned, white phosphoresced, or raped
couldn't tell my charred


text:
- Consider the Source: Historical Records in the Classroom
This 146-page book is one of the first major publications to introduce the use of historical records as source material for classroom instruction. It includes reproductions of 26 historical records along with related lesson plans and activities.
- Erie Canal: New York's Gift to the Nation
A 303-page book from the Archives Partnership Trust and Cobblestone Publishing that contains:
1. Ninety-seven documents
2. Background essays
3. Learning activities developed to meet New York State's learning standards and assessments


text: This sturdy, tannic, plumy red wine grape, a staple of Bordeaux for over a century, was in decline until it was discovered by Argentina. This was in fact a rediscovery, because Malbec's root origins in Argentina date to the days before phylloxera in the earlier 20th century. Its character is more plum-like than Merlot and slightly more tannic that Cabernet Sauvignon. It is still used in the French southwest in the dark, tannic wine of Cahors, where the grape is known as Cot. Though Chile and Australia also have adopted Malbec, it's Argentina that has made its reputation. There, it becomes a rich, lush red that can develop complexity as it ages.


text:
Even if you've only been to a handful of yoga classes, chances are you've heard the sound of 'Om' or have seen the symbol. You've probably even chanted it yourself! Well, what is Om, and why do we chant it?
Om is the primordial sound of the universe.
Om is the oldest and most widely recognized mantra, or sacred utterance, in all of yoga. Symbolizing the Absolute, Om is believed to be the resonance, or vibration, that brought everything into creation. It is the basic sound of the universe.
Scientists have now proven what the ancient yogis knew, that everything in the universe is a vibration of energy, pulsating in and out. Every atom is in constant pulsation, reverberating a rhythmic vibration throughout nature—the same vibrational frequency as the sound of Om.
When we chant "Om" at the beginning and end of yoga class, we are symbolically and energetically tuning in to the transcendental vibration of the universe and everything in existence.
This monosyllabic mantra is pronounced in three sounds: A-U-M.
The "A" is pronounced as a prolonged "ah" with the mouth open, the "U" is pronounced as a prolonged "oo" with the lips drawn into a circle, and the "M" is pronounced as a nasalized "mmm" with the lips lightly touching.
The three sounds A-U-M create a resonance beginning in the chest, moving through the throat and ending in the lips, with the echo of the 'mmm' sound hummed and followed by a sweet, silent pause.
Try it: Take a deep inhale, and as you exhale put the three sounds together, moving from the prolonged "ah," into the prolonged "oo," and gently closing your lips to make the "mmm" sound before the exhale is through.
Allow the hum of the "mmm" sound fall away and rest for a moment in the silent pause that follows.
Chant 'Om' once or twice more, paying attention to where you feel the vibration of each sound. Can you feel the resonance of A-U-M move from your chest through your throat and onto your lips? Does the buzzing continue throughout your head?
The three sounds A-U-M represent the three basic states of consciousness.
"A" represents the waking state, "U" the dreaming state and "M" the sleeping state of our consciousness. The silent pause that follows the nasalized "mmm" sound represents the transcendental state of supreme consciousness in its un-manifested form.
The "Om" symbol represents the meaning of A-U-M.
The large, bottom curve of the symbol represents the waking state of consciousness (A), while the top curve symbolizes the deep sleep state and the curve to the right symbolizes the dream state. The dot above the crescent semi-circle represents the transcendental state.
The crescent separating the dot from the three curves symbolizes the veil of Maya, or illusion, that keeps us from realizing our true nature.
Now that you understand the meaning of 'Om,' try chanting it the next time you're asked to in class, allowing the vibration of the universe wash over you as you vocalize the A-U-M sounds.


Keep Bananas Fresh Longer by Separating Them and Wrapping the Stems in Plastic Wrap
We've discussed how wrapping bananas with plastic wrap keeps a bunch fresher longer, but if you want your banans to last as long as possible, the real key is to separate them and then wrap each individual stem with plastic wrap. Here's why.
Instructables user wilgubeast explains that the traditional method of wrapping the whole crown of a bunch works well, but if you want those bananas to last all week, separate them and wrap the stems individually as tightly as possible. You can also slice them up and rest the cut sides in a little acid (lemon juice works best, maybe a little vinegar) to prevent browning. Some people also swear by putting them in the fridge to slow the process.
If you're uncertain of the science here, it's really straightforward. Bananas, like many fruits, release ethylene gas naturally, which controls enzymatic browning and ripening of not just itself, but other fruits nearby. Much of that offgassing takes place at the stem—or the crown—of the banana. By wrapping the crown of a bunch, you slow down the ripening process a bit. For the best effect, separate the bananas and wrap them individually. If you've ever gotten a fresh bunch home and removed the wrap around the crown only to discover the bananas ripened faster than you expected (this has happened to me before), this is why. Still, don't take my word for it, wilgubeast links a number of papers on the topic at the link below, along with more detail on how to wrap those stems.
Keep Bananas Fresh Longer (Slices, Too!) | Instructables


text:
Learning Resources | News
Gale Adds More National Geographic Content to Virtual Library
- By Dian Schaffhauser
Instructors, librarians, students, and researchers will have access to a new collection of books, articles, videos, maps, and other resources culled from the collection of National Geographic. Education publisher Gale, which is part of Cengage Learning, has launched National Geographic: People, Animals, and the World. The content includes:
- Books on travel, science, technology, history, environment, animals, photography, and world cultures;
- The full text of National Geographic Traveler magazine from 2010 to the present;
- 325 videos on multiple topics from animals to travel;
- 655 color maps and atlases; and
- 600 downloadable images.
The latest collection is the third National Geographic offering included in Gale's portfolio. The company previously published digital editions of National Geographic Magazine Archive, _PHONE_ and National Geographic Magazine Archive, 1995-Current.
"These resources challenge all users to think about the world from multiple perspectives, such as comparing first-hand accounts with contemporary news coverage, while multimedia helps keep them engaged and enlivens learning and understanding," said Jim Draper, vice president of product strategy and content development for Gale.
Dian Schaffhauser is a writer who covers technology and business for a number of publications. Contact her at _EMAIL_.


Oree's 'Never Back Down' jazz opera explores 1851 Christiana riot
Posted: April 28, 2011
Despite a keen interest in African American history, Warren Oree had never heard of the violent standoff that came to be known as the Christiana riot. Then Oree came upon a two-sentence summary of the 1851 confrontation, which involved three escaped slaves, a strong-willed free black man, and a slave owner intent on retrieving his property. That was enough to spark the bassist/composer's curiosity.
"I don't knock the Underground Railroad," Oree says, "but for too long African Americans have been pictured as either running away or cowering, and that's not a true picture. You had many instances of slave revolt and rebellion that have been swept under the rug for various reasons. So when I heard about the Christiana resistance, I thought, 'Man, I've got to write about this.' And I figured I'd do it in a way that can be entertaining, a little different, and informative."
The result is Never Back Down, a jazz opera that premiered in July 2009 at Philadelphia's historic Cliveden house. Oree, a 62-year-old city native, wrote the piece under a grant from the Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corp. as part of its Quest for Freedom program promoting the city's Underground Railroad history.
At just more than an hour, Never Back Down is performed in a concert setting, allowing a balance between the jazz and operatic components. Beyond performing their parts, singers are called on to engage with the instrumental soloists.
"I put the structure of jazz first and put opera on top of that," Oree says, "as opposed to trying to put jazz on top of the operatic structure. I'm keeping it minimal. I asked the actors to dress all in black so the audience can hopefully fill in the blanks and visualize what they would have looked like in 1851."
Never Back Down will have its second performance Sunday at the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts, funded in part by a grant from the William King Foundation. In addition to an expanded version of the opera, the event will feature performances by the Clef Club Youth Ensemble and four area poets whom Oree commissioned to pen works exploring the theme of slave resistance.
Four singers will portray the key characters in the tale, which played out in Christiana, Lancaster County, on Sept. 11, 1851 - 150 years to the day before another historic U.S. tragedy. While the Christiana riot did not alter the national landscape to the same extent as the 9/11 attacks, the event prefigured the Civil War, with tensions erupting between African Americans striving for freedom and landowners contending to maintain the status quo.
(Although Pennsylvania nominally became a free state in 1780, about 6,000 slaves remained, and by law their children, even if born in the state, could be slaves until age 28. Although Christiana was north of the Mason-Dixon Line, the uprising, and the death of slave owner Edward Gorsuch, angered Southern landowners, who called for the hanging of those responsible.)
"It started out as a small, local case," says Leslie Simon, operations director at the National Archives at Philadelphia, who aided Oree in his research. "But it became very widely known and served as a rallying cry. It stirred up all sorts of emotions and became polarizing."
A year after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, a federal law mandating the return of runaway slaves to their owners, Gorsuch, a Baltimore planter, arrived on the doorstep of William Parker, a freed slave who had become a conductor on the Underground Railroad and organized groups to fight off slave hunters in the region. Gorsuch, leading a party of armed men, was seeking the return of three runaway slaves. The ensuing clash left him dead and his son wounded.
Roy Richardson sings the part of Parker. "He was a fighter, first of all," Richardson says. "He had all the qualities of a natural leader. He stood up for himself no matter what the cost, so it's a very strong image that needs to be portrayed. It's a lot to live up to."
It's no surprise that Oree found some resonance in the story of Parker and the Christiana riot. A born leader of sorts himself, Oree came to music relatively late in life after a troubled youth. He formed his signature group, the Arpeggio Jazz Ensemble, in 1979; it remains the core of his every musical endeavor.
Supplemented by additional horns, violin, and piano, the quintet (Oree, saxophonist Umar Raheem, percussionist Doug "Pablow" Edwards, guitarist Frank Butrey, and drummer Greg "Ju Ju" Jones, a member since the beginning) serves as the band for the opera. Expanded even further, it becomes the Philadelphia Freedom Jazz Orchestra, Oree's big band, which will perform Friday night at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Pared down to just Oree, Raheem, and Jones, it becomes the Arpeggio Jazz Trio, which will perform May 13 as part of the monthly Lucky Old Souls series at Moonstone Arts Center.
The Philadelphia Freedom Jazz Orchestra made its debut at last year's West Oak Lane Jazz and Arts Festival, for which Oree has served as artistic director throughout its eight years. (This year, it is scheduled June 17 to 19.)
"That was a dream of mine for a long time," Oree says of the big band. "So, as I do sometimes, I put the orchestra together impulsively. The name has a double meaning, referring to the whole Philly freedom thing but also the fact that I wanted the musicians to have freedom. I handpicked courageous, crazy cats who aren't scared to step off the charts and make their statement."
No matter the context, one constant when Oree takes the stage is a dynamic engagement with his audience. That may involve simply relating the story behind a piece of music, taking suggestions from the crowd for a bit of spontaneous composition, or, in the case of Never Back Down, encouraging audience members to place themselves in the characters' situation. Regardless of subject - even one as difficult as slavery - he sees music as a powerful means of communication.
"Music seems to have the power to help people retain," he says. "A perfect example is rap music. You have kids who can't remember two times two, but they will quote everything that Biggie Smalls or Nas or Lil Wayne is saying and can talk about it. So it's easier to listen to history with a musical accompaniment as opposed to someone just yapping. Throughout the years, music has been shown to be a powerful force for change. People make war or love with music."
A Jazz Opera and a Jazz Orchestra
"Never Back Down" will be presented at 3 p.m. Sunday at the Philadelphia Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts, Broad and Fitzwater Streets. Tickets are free. Information: _PHONE_ or www.lifelinemusic coalition.com
The Philadelphia Freedom Jazz Orchestra will play at 5 p.m. Friday at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, 26th Street and the Parkway. Tickets are free with $16 museum admission. Information: _PHONE_ or _URL_
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text:
THE WORLD'S LONGEST
NAME OF A LAKE
THE LONGEST LIST OF THE LONGEST
STUFF AT THE LONGEST DOMAIN NAME AT LONG LAST
What is the world's longest name of a lake?
A short answer: Lake Webster, Massachusetts.
We know, you didn't come here for the short answer.
Lake Webster as called by the Nipmucks has a much longer name, in fact a few so
take your pick:
Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg also happens to be the longest
place name in the US and the 6th longest in the world.
Page Sponsored By:


text:
Design Research, Storytelling, and Entrepreneur Women in Rural Costa Rica: a case study
Maria Gabriela Hernandez
University of Houston
Keywords: visual storytelling; rural ecotourism; design research; empathic design
This paper describes a project exploring design research practices and empathic design to produce context-specific knowledge to inform and facilitate visual storytelling, in collaboration with the Women's Association of Chira Island, a rural ecotourism association from the Pacific of Costa Rica. While their pioneering ecotourism projects have gained national recognition, its members have faced multiple challenges, including reassessing gender and social roles and furthering their capacity to support development in the community. Their experiences and stories became their most valuable asset, triggering the need to communicate them to benefit similar populations. The contents of this project were developed during three field research visits and two years of collaborative design work, employing " time," "space," and "voice" to contextualize the stories. This investigation resulted in printed materials and videos designed for mobility and easy reproduction to be used by the association as tools to inspire women in similar rural areas.
This paper is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence.
Cite this paper: Hernandez, M.G. (2016). Design Research, Storytelling, and Entrepreneur Women in Rural Costa Rica: a case study. Proceedings of DRS 2016, Design Research Society 50th Anniversary Conference. Brighton, UK, 27–30 June 2016.
This paper will be presented at DRS2016, find it in the conference programme


Add Analytics to Your Android App
This guide shows how to add Analytics to your Android app to measure user activity to named screens. If you don't have an application yet and just want to see how Analytics works, take a look at our sample application.
Required: Latest versions of:
Set up your project
Update your project's AndroidManifest.xml file to include the INTERNET and ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permissions:

Add the following dependency to your project-level build.gradle:
dependencies {
 //...
 classpath ''
Add the following dependency on Google Play Services to app/build.gradle:
dependencies {
 //...
 compile ''
Create global_tracker.xml
Create the file app/src/res/xml/global_tracker.xml with the following content:
 ${YOUR_TRACKING_ID}
Replace ${YOUR_TRACKING_ID} with your tracking ID.
Add screen tracking
Here you'll send a named screen view to Analytics whenever the user opens or changes screens on your app. Your code should do the following:
 - Provide the shared tracker via an Application subclass.
 - Override the callback method for the foreground activity.
 - Provide a name for the screen and execute tracking.
You should subclass Application and provide a helper method that returns your application's tracker.
 * Copyright Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 * This is a subclass of {_USER_ Application} used to provide shared objects for this app, such as
 * the {_USER_ Tracker}.
public class AnalyticsApplication extends Application {
 private static GoogleAnalytics sAnalytics;
 private static Tracker sTracker;
 public void onCreate() {
 sAnalytics = GoogleAnalytics.getInstance(this);
 * Gets the default {_USER_ Tracker} for this {_USER_ Application}.
 * _USER_ tracker
 synchronized public Tracker getDefaultTracker() {
 // To enable debug logging use: adb shell setprop log.tag.GAv4 DEBUG
 if (sTracker == null) {
 sTracker = sAnalytics.newTracker(R.xml.global_tracker);
 return sTracker;
Activity or fragment
Open the Activity that you'd like to track. You could also track a Fragment, but ensure that it correctly represents a screen view.
Override the onCreate method of the Activity or Fragment you want to track to obtain the shared Tracker instance:
// Obtain the shared Tracker instance.
AnalyticsApplication application = (AnalyticsApplication) getApplication();
mTracker = application.getDefaultTracker();
Override the appropriate method, such as onResume for an Activity or onPageSelected for a ViewPager to log when the screen changes.
Log.i(TAG, "Setting screen name: " + name);
mTracker.setScreenName("Image~" + name);
mTracker.send(new HitBuilders.ScreenViewBuilder().build());
Add tracking code to every Activity or Fragment that represents a screen. Be sure to set a name inside every Activity or Fragment if you want to differentiate between screen views for your app in Analytics. All activity recorded on the shared tracker sends the most recent screen name until replaced or cleared (set to null).
Send an event
To send an event, set the screen field values on the tracker, then send the hit. The following example uses the HitBuilders.EventBuilder to send an Event:
mTracker.send(new HitBuilders.EventBuilder()
Next steps


Finding Pediatric Urology In Austin?
Pediatric urology denotes the fondness of children and teens that have problems using their reproductive or urinary organs. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2000), a pediatric urologist has at least five years of technical training as well as four decades of medical faculty.
They have to also spend 50 percent of their professional time taking care of infants, children, and teens with urology-related conditions. You can also find out the professional pediatric urology in Austin via according to your health.
One of the many challenges associated with being a clinical pediatric urology pro is that children have an underlying difficulty communicating. When children convey their symptoms, they tend to become vague.
The information received by a physician could be confused by the interpretations of another party, such as a parent. Reports from family might be distorted due to their own fears in regards to the child's disease.
Under these conditions, the need for performing a detailed and thorough physical and analytical investigation becomes a lot more important. Once a diagnosis has been made, the function of the pediatric urologist can be either operative or clinical.
As the medical conditions and seriousness of each and every child's condition may be different. Cases of urological conditions include; problems passing urine, urinary tract infections, and structural abnormalities in birth.
Other conditions might include bedwetting and urinary tract damage from an illness or injury. A referral to a pediatric urology pro should offer parents satisfaction; it implies that the child will have use of advanced treatments, as a result of an experienced and well-educated professional.


text:
Altruistic Teens Less Likely to Become Depressed
It is better to give than to receive --- at least if you're an adolescent and you enjoy giving, a new study suggests.
The study found that 15- and 16-year-olds who find pleasure in pro-social activities, such as giving their money to family members, are less likely to become depressed than those who get a bigger thrill from taking risks or keeping the money for themselves.
The researchers detailed their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The study focused on the ventral striatum, a brain region that regulates feelings of pleasure in response to rewards. Previous research has shown that ventral striatum activity tends to be more pronounced in adolescence, suggesting that people at this age experience the pleasure of rewards more intensely than younger children or adults.
Adolescence also is a time of heightened risk-taking, which may be related to young people's increased sensitivity to rewards, said University of Illinois psychology professor Eva Telzer, who led the research.
Depressive symptoms also tend to increase during this time, she said.
Using a functional brain scan, the researchers measured ventral striatum activity in adolescents who engaged in tasks that involved either giving money to others, keeping the money or making risky financial decisions in the hope of earning a reward. The team tested the subjects' depressive symptoms initially and at the end of a year.
The researchers found that activity in the ventral striatum in response to different rewards predicted whether the subjects' depressive symptoms would worsen --- or lessen --- over time.
"If they show higher levels of reward activation in the ventral striatum in the context of the risk-taking task, they show increases in depressive symptoms over time," said Telzer. "And if they show higher reward activation in the pro-social context, they show declines in depression.
"This study suggests that if we can somehow redirect adolescents away from risk-taking or self-centered rewards and toward engaging in these more pro-social behaviors, then perhaps that can have a positive impact on their well-being over time," she said.


text:
The solution used to preserve most donor organs in the UK could be contaminated with bacteria, the government has said.
Viaspan preserves the kidney, liver, pancreas and bowel, and is often used when organs are transported around the country.
Tests in recent days have found the presence of a bacteria, Bacillus cereus, in the solution.
The manufacturer of Viaspan, Bristol-Myers Squibb, issued a recall of the product after tests on its production line revealed the bug.
The line was last tested in July. The company has said it cannot guarantee the safety of Viaspan since that date.
Hundreds of Britons have received organs since July, although transplant centres have reported no adverse effects in patients linked to possible contamination.
The government and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) are now working to secure alternative liquids.
Until then, Viaspan will still be used in the UK and patients can be prescribed an antibiotic in case the bug is present.
Chief Medical Officer, Professor Dame Sally Davies, said: "Our priority is to ensure patients are safe.
"There is currently no evidence of any problems in patients who have recently had transplants where Viaspan has been used.
"If we were to recall the product immediately it is clear that patients would suffer and some may die.
"The manufacturer has advised that, where necessary, Viaspan can continue to be used until transplant teams have stocks of alternative products and patients can be prescribed an antibiotic known to be effective against the contaminant as a precaution.
"Every day doctors and transplant teams make clinical decisions which weigh up the risks and benefits for their patients and they will continue to do so.
"We are now working urgently to source alternative products. The MHRA is working closely with the manufacturers and tests are ongoing."
Bacillus cereus is most well known for producing a toxin in food which causes food poisoning.
Symptoms of the poisoning include diarrhoea - which may be bloody and severe - nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps.
Last week the MHRA, which oversees the safety of medicines and devices, issued a warning to UK transplant centres about the bug.
It said the bacteria had been found in the solution used to test the sterility of Viaspan, but not in Viaspan itself.
However, the most recent tests on Viaspan have shown the bug to be present.
Professor Sir Kent Woods, chief executive of the MHRA, said: "There is no evidence from transplant centres that patients who have had transplants using this solution are experiencing any related healthcare problems.
"We have acted quickly to protect patients and we have alerted transplant centres and surgeons immediately about this contamination and precautionary recall by the manufacturer.
"We are working closely with the NHS to make alternative products available for transplant operations.
"We support the decision to use Viaspan if it is clinically appropriate for patients and there are no alternatives available.
"Situations like this are very rare. If transplant patients have any questions, they should speak to their doctor."
Lorna Williamson, NHS Blood and Transplant medical and research director, said: "NHSBT endorses the decision to continue to use Viaspan until suitable alternative products are available.
"This is necessary, if the transplant programme is not to be affected by this product recall.
"We are reassured that no adverse events have been reported related to this product.
"For patients suffering from terminal liver disease a transplant may be the only treatment and for many cannot be delayed even for a few days.
"NHSBT is working with the MHRA and the transplant centres to ensure that the vital transplant programme continues.
"We are liaising with the Department of Health over supplies of alternative products and are ready to offer transport assistance if needed."
A statement from Bristol-Myers Squibb said the firm took its responsibility for patient safety "extremely seriously".
It added: "We routinely monitor our manufacturing lines to confirm that our products conform to the highest quality standards required by the regulatory authorities.
"During one such routine test we received notification from the third-party manufacturer of potential contamination on the production line.
"Following this notification, we have taken the precautionary measure of recalling all batches of Viaspan.
"We are urgently investigating the cause of this issue, and our action to recall the product has been taken to safeguard patients in the UK from any unnecessary risk.
"BMS has notified all health authorities in countries where the product is distributed and will provide further updates as the investigation progresses.
"The recall will result in a temporary out of stock situation.
"As there are alternative solutions for organ preservation available within the UK, we recommend that transplantation centres source and use one of these alternatives until the investigation has been satisfactorily concluded and normal supply can be resumed."
Between April 2011 and March this year, there were 1,542 kidney transplants carried out in the UK.
A further 35 people had a pancreas transplant, while 164 received a combined kidney and pancreas, and 699 underwent liver transplants.
It is unclear exactly how many of these transplants involved Viaspan, which is regarded as the "gold standard" solution for organ preservation.
The Department of Health said alternative solutions are available to use for kidney transplants.
One is Soltran (also known as Marshall's Solution), which is available in the UK.
Two further solutions - Celsior and HTK - have been identified to maintain the viability of pancreatic, liver and bowel transplants.
The department said neither has a kite mark in the UK for organ preservation.
However, last night the MHRA authorised both products for humanitarian use and is working to confirm their availability.


Create an ErP product or system label
Generate a product label or system label with our simple online tool.
Create a product label
Download an efficiency label for individual heating appliances.
Create a system label
Download an efficiency label and fiche when combining multiple products – including controls and/or solar.
What is a fiche?
A fiche is a technical datasheet that calculates and records an overall system efficiency percentage and band. All product installation manuals provide ErP efficiency technical data. It's this technical data that, when combined, builds the overall system efficiency percentage. Our tool automatically populates the fiche and generates a label.


text:
Chemical composition of banded iron-formations of the Griqualand West Sequence, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, in comparison with other Precambrian iron formations
Mesobanded lithotypes (band rhythmites) of banded iron-formation (BIF) from the Griquatown and Kuruman Iron Formations of the Asbestos Hills Subgroup (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa) have been sampled. 142 major and trace element analyses from diamond drill cores, an underground mine and an open pit mine were carried out. Out of these 19 open pit mine samples were excluded from the interpretation of the analytical results because of a different behaviour of the alkali elements. It is shown that other published data seem to suffer from the same effect. The results show that the chemical composition of the iron-formations is virtually independent of their stratigraphic and geographic localities over hundreds of kilometres across Griqualand West, if averaged element distribution patterns are compared. The major element composition of mesobanded iron-formation samples (magnetite chert and magnetite-carbonate chert, riebeckite-carbonate chert and ironsilicate chert) varies between 30 and 51 wt.% SiO2, 23 and 66 wt.% Fe2O3T, < 0.02 and 0.14 wt.% TiO2, < 0.04 and 1.9 wt.% Al2O3, < 0.02 and 1.05 wt.% MnO, 1.48 and 7.5 wt.% MgO, 0.14 and 12.09 wt.% CaO, 0.11 and 4.26 wt.% Na2O, < 0.007 and 2.39 wt.% K2O and < 0.01 and 1.57 wt.% P2O5. The trace element contents are generally low and range from < 1 to 2 ppm Nb (detected in only one sample), < 2 to 23 ppm Zr, < 3 to 31 ppm Y, < 2 to 152 ppm Sr, < 4 to 5 ppm U (detected in only one sample), < 2 to 240 ppm Rb, < 4 to 4 ppm Th, < 4 to 19 ppm Pb, < 3 to 4 ppm Ga, < 4 to 33 ppm Zn, < 6 to 69 ppm Cu, < 7 to 17 ppm Ni (detected in only one sample), < 5 to 59 ppm Cr, < 4 to 16 ppm V and < 10 to 177 ppm Ba. The intercalated stilpnomelane lutites have a very similar gross composition but regularly display higher concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2, K2O, and Zr. They have a different origin but certainly bear the imprint of the BIF environment and must be considered a clastic contaminant of the otherwise chemically or biochemically precipitated iron-formations. Clastic contamination and subsequent hydrothermal alteration are the most plausible agents which effected the element distribution pattern of the BIF, because they are best to reconcile with a model which assumes hydrothermal fluids as major sources of BIF. It can be concluded, from the general geochemical uniformity of BIF throughout the depository and from the absence of clear-cut relations of elemental distributions and ratios to crustal components (documented by low K/Rb, high Rb/Sr ratios, no relevant correlation between TiO2 and Al2O3), that a basinward hydrothermal system acted as a source for the Fe and Si in the BIF. The geochemical similarity between the microbanded Kuruman Iron Formation and the interbedded granular and microbanded Griquatown Iron Formation suggests deposition of the iron-formations in the same chemical environment over the entire basin from the inception of these conditions until their termination by clastic input. The somewhat lower trace element concentrations in the Griquatown Iron Formation as compared to the Kuruman Iron Formation probably do not mean an environmental change, but may reflect the diagenetic and tectonic evolution of the iron-formations. Regular but short-lived interruptions by distal volcanic ash had no influence on the bulk BIF composition. On the contrary, the volcanics reveal a strong overprint by the regional major element BIF chemistry. Therefore, the relationship between volcanogenic rocks and banded iron-formation seems to be coincidental and related to basin development. The general geochemical similarity of the Griquatown and Kuruman Iron Formations with other Proterozoic and Archaean iron-formations in the world and especially with those of the Hamersley Basin, leads us to the conclusion that the BIF of the Griqualand West Sequence are representatives of typical, large-scale iron-formations of the Precambrian, which all formed in chemically very similar environments. © 1995.