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|Professor Yair Reisner
The Henry H. Drake Professor of Immunology
Location: Wolfson Bldg., Room 420
Short Bio of Prof. Yair Reisner:
Professor Yair Reisner earned a BSc degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1972, an MSc from the University of California at Berkeley in 1974, and a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1978. He then spent several years as a research associate at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. He joined the Weizmann Institute in 1981. He served as the head of the Immunology Department between 2005-2014. Prof. Reisner research has been involved, for the past three decades with the subject of transplantation immunology and, more specifically, with questions relating to haploidnetical bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Prof. Reisner achievements have been recognized by many awards including the Mortimer M. Borton Award for outstanding Research in Blood and Marrow Transplantation in 1996, the Maharshi Sushruta Award in 2002, Abisch-Frenkel Prize for Excellence in the Life Sciences in 2004, Samuel and Paula Elekeles Prize for outstanding research in the Biomedical Field in 2012 and the Rappaport prize for excellence in biomedical research in 2014. Prof Reisner was selected in 2003 by the World Technology Network as one of "top five people in the field of Health and Medicine whose work is of the greatest likely long-term significance". In 2003 he was awarded an Honorary Degree in Medicine from the University of Perugia, Italy. As of 2005 he serves as an elected member of the review panel for stem cell research in the State of California, USA. Between 2005-2007 Prof Reisner served as the president of Israel Stem Cell Society. He served as the associate editor of Experimental Hematology between 2004-2009 and he is currently associate editor of Frontiers in Alloimmunity and Transplantation and Deputy Editor of Bone Marrow Transplantation Journal.Research Interests:
Our research has been involved, for the past three decades with the subject of transplantation immunology and more specifically, with questions relating to haploidnetical (half-matching) bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Our early studies have paved the way for the wide use of bone marrow transplantation in patients without a matched donor. Initially, during the 80s our pioneering use of T cell depletion so as to prevent graft-versus-host disease has saved many lives of SCID patients (Lancet 1981, Blood 1983). In the 90s the discovery of the mechanism of action by which hematopoietic stem cells can overcome immune rejection (Nature Medicine 1995) has led to the use of 'megadose' hematopoietic stem cell transplants in more than 2000 leukemia patients for whom a donor was not available (N.Eng.J.Med. 1998; For Reviews see Blood 2013 and J. British Hematology 2015). Furthermore, our discovery that CD34 stem cells are endowed with veto activity, explaining their ability to overcome rejection in heavily conditioned leukemia patients, has led us to interrogate other veto cells in the immune system and their mechanism/s of action (Immunity 2000, Blood 2013, Reviewed in Regen. Med. 2015. ). Based on our insights from these studies we have shown in mouse models that central memory veto T cells if combined with megadose hematopoietic stem cells, can be used to enable tolerance induction to other donor cells, tissues or organs (Blood 2013) under minimal conditioning and without any need for post transplant immune suppression. This approach is currently in clinical trials and if successful it could pave the way for a new platform prior to organ transplantation or cell therapy.
Very recently, our long interest in immune tolerance has led to the discovery that perforin positive dendritic cells represent a unique immune regulatory subpopulation. Thus we demonstrated, using knockout mice, that this rare subpopulation controls inflammatory T cells in steady state and play a major regulatory role in metabolic syndrome and in experimental autoimmune encephlalomyelitis (Immunity 2015). Notably, mice lacking perforin-positive dendritic cells had high levels of cholesterol, early signs of insulin resistance, and molecular markers in their bloodstreams associated with heart disease and high blood pressure. A look at the immune systems of the mice revealed that they also had a different balance of immune T cells than normal. Moreover, when we removed these T cells from the mice, the lack of the dendritic cells no longer caused the animals to become obese or develop metabolic syndrome. Taken together, these results suggest that the normal role of the perforin-positive dendritic cells is to keep certain populations of inflammatory T cells under control. In the absence of these regulatory dendritic cells, when the brakes are taken off the inflammatory T cells, they cause inflammation in fat cells, which, in turn, leads to altered metabolism. Our lab is currently interrogating the role of perfroin positive dendritic cells in humans and continue to investigate in our mouse models the mechanism/s of action mediating the activity of these novel regulatory cells in steady state..
In parallel, our team was able to apply insights developed in bone marrow transplantation to embryonic lung stem cell transplantation, demonstrating its curative potential for lung injury repair (Nature Medicine 2015). In particular, we confirmed in these work our major hypothesis that lung stem cells, like hematopoietic stem cells, occupy discrete niches and that transplantation of lung stem cells can succeed only if these niches are vacated prior to transplantation. Our ability to demonstrate marked donor chimerism in the lungs of recipient mice enables us to further investigate potential new candidates for lung stem cell therapy from different human sources including stem cells derived from allogeneic adult lungs or from autologous induced pluripotential stem cells (IPS). Likewise we are currently investigating potential new strategies for lung stem cell repair in mouse models of cystic fibrosis.Taken together, our research continues to focus on two major lines of investigation:
1) Tolerance induction by mis-matched hematopoietic stem cells and other tolerizing cells
We have emphasized in recent years the role of accessory tolerizing cells, which could enable to reduce the toxicity of the conditioning, so as to apply this approach in the context of organ transplantation or as a prelude for cell therapy in cancer by donor lymphocyte infusions. In particular, we studied extensively the role and the mechanism of action of veto cells. This major drive, supported by two NIH and two EC grants, has led to the development of new veto cell preparation depleted of GVH reactivity (10, 11), as well as to new insights on mechanisms underlining the tolerance induced by CD34 stem cells (12, 13) as opposed to CD8+ veto CTLs (14, 15, 16). Our original finding that CD34 stem cells and their immediate progeny, namely, early myeloid CD33 cells, exhibit veto reactivity (12), could explain in part how mega dose CD34 stem cells overcome rejection in mis-matched leukemic patients. We showed that deletion of ant-donor effectors is mediated through TNFα (13) while in tolerance induction by veto CTLs, Fas-FasL mechanism is more relevant (15, 16). CD8 molecules on the veto CTLs interacting with H2-Class 1 on the effector cells were previously demonstrated to be also important, but only very recently we found a link between the two pathways, showing that the latter interaction leads to ERK phosphorilation which in turn induces down regulation of the apoptosis inhibitor XIAP. A new development of the veto concept was recently suggested by our studies when we demonstrated that human anti-3rd party veto CTLs could eradicate B cell malignancies via a TCR independent killing (17). New insights on the mechanism of action again suggest a role for the CD8-MHC class 1 interaction.
In parallel to the mechanistic studies, we demonstrated synergy of veto CTLs with Treg cells (18) and advocated the role of "off-the shelf" third party Treg cells regardless of their TCR specificity (19). In collaboration with MD Anderson we started this year an NIH sponsored clinical study of veto CTLs in patients receiving purified CD34 cells under reduced intensity conditioning.
2) Committed embryonic tissue as a new source for organ transplantation
In 2003, we were able to define for the first time, using metanephroi as a proof of principal, an optimal gestational 'window' required for successful organogenesis of human and porcine kidneys (3). More recent results suggest that by using the same approach, "window" transplants can be defined successfully for embryonic pig liver (5,6), heart (5), lung (5), spleen (7) and pancreas (5, 8). Furthermore, we demonstrated that embryonic pig pancreatic tissue harvested at E42 can grow and develop in fully competent mice under mild immune suppression and can cure diabetic mice (8). Gene analysis comparing differential expression of immune response genes in E56 Vs E42 tissue suggest different candidates for the observed reduced immunogenicity displayed by the tissue harvested at E42. Encouraging preliminary results suggest that marked growth and development of such implants, under tolerable immune suppression, can be attained in non-human primates and lead to independence of exogenous insulin.
Parallel studies investigating the various parameters critical for successful transplantation and growth of fetal porcine spleen showed that this new source could


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Close to Home: Teaching Kids About Homelessness Through the Arts
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The Close to Home curriculum uses a multi-media approach to engage students and teachers. It includes essays written by people who have experienced homelessness, photographs, music, and classroom speakers. The program was recently piloted at Pierce Elementary School in Brookline, MA, winning rave reviews from six graders and their teachers.
"When you are writing, you are communicating. I write so that I can change the world for our children," says Marc Goldfinger, activist, poet, and speaker. Marc, who is formerly homeless and is in recovery. They have collaborated with a team of artists, educators, and organizations to create a seven-day multimedia curriculum on homelessness for middle school and high school students called Close to Home.
The multi-media curriculum engages students and teachers with essays written by people who have experienced homelessness, photographs, music, and speakers who share their stories about the lived-experience of homelessness. The program recently debuted at Pierce Elementary School in Brookline, MA, winning rave reviews from sixth graders and their teachers.
Close to Home was developed through a collaboration between John McGah, Executive Director of Give Us Your Poor, and Deborah Reck, Executive Director of The Writers' Express. It includes contributions from celebrity musicians, educators, researchers, politicians, formerly homeless musicians, Appleseed Recordings, and the University of Massachusetts, Boston. Give Us Your Poor is a national public education campaign that works to dispel myths about homelessness. The Writers' Express is a non-profit that works with teachers and students to help build students' writing skills.
"Imagine your mother sitting on a cold, tiled bathroom floor, tears pouring out of her eyes. That's what I saw," writes 12-year-old student Kyla Middleton, "My mother was curled up against the wall, and her pain consumed me. My stomach dropped and my body felt numb. At the time, I couldn't understand what was happening. She was crying that night because she couldn't provide a home for my brother's first birthday party. She was embarrassed that she couldn't give her children a flashback to a happier time when we had a home."
Kyla's essay, titled "Being Homeless," is used in the Close to Home curriculum to help dispel myths about homelessness and to engage students in the reality of the experience. Kyla has attended the Writers' Express summer writing program, is one of the musicians on the Close to Home CD and is now a junior counselor for the Writers' Express summer program.
John McGah says the CD is a testament to the power of music and possibilities that exist when people come together around an important topic. They partnered with Appleseed Recordings, a folk label with a mission to advance social justice through music. Appleseed funded the recordings, producing a CD that inspires.
"Music is the language of the soul," offers John. "Even famous, rich, busy musicians said they loved the idea and wanted to help. Once Bruce Springsteen came on, it was hard for other artists to say no, from 90-year-old Pete Seger, to 12-year-old Kyla Middleton."
John describes contacting Natalie Merchant's agent, the former lead vocalist of the alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs. After sending her 30 tracks, Merchant replied that she loved the idea, and wanted to produce a song written by a fifteen-year-old girl, along with six other previously homeless musicians. The result was the song, "There's No Good Reason." Funding came through to fly in musicians to work with Merchant.
The group also created a short documentary film about the making of the song, which has since appeared in nine different film festivals and won an award at the Boston Film Festival. "It's about the power of music bringing people together. If music speaks to you, it doesn't matter if it is Natalie Merchant who lives in a nice home, or a young girl barely scraping by," says John.
Christine Di Buono, of The Writers' Express, believes that writing is a powerful tool for creating change. "Kids become much more engaged in the subject when they have the time to write and share. We all want to express ourselves. It is very powerful when you are dealing with sensitive issues, so getting kids to put themselves in the shoes of other people is important. We get kids to connect through understanding experiences from their own lives."
John McGah believes this curriculum is one way to reach the youngest generation. "We need to reach this next generation at an age when they intuitively understand connections between people. Writing is a great avenue because it can explore dispelling myths around homelessness. The Writers' Express writing method allows this. Writing is such a personal vehicle to go deeper through reflection. Writing is a deeply personal way to get students to go inward, while on a practical level meeting state educational standards."
Ultimately, Give Us Your Poor and The Writers' Express would like to see this curriculum in schools all across the country. It's an innovative and exciting way for schools to make connections in their communities, educate students on homelessness, and make personal connections between students and homeless service providers.
Homeless service providers who are interested in making connections with schools that are using the curriculum, or school administrators who are interested in learning more can contact Jeffrey Range at _EMAIL_, or by phone at _PHONE_.
Check out the "Related Items" on the right of the screen.
Type of Resource:
Newton Centre, MA

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Welcome to PicksGroup's PRCA Live.
The PicksGroup's PRCA Live (asset management) course looks at how we proactively investigate:
An incident, accident or near miss – all unwanted events
Methods and techniques for proactive investigating or assessing
Safety and risk models from around the world and the impact of human factors
Proactive maintenance, compliance, safety processes or systems and workplace barriers
Reviewing and understanding impacts of outcomes and benefits of knowledge retention programs
PRCA Live focuses on the opportunities to learn from near misses and the tangible benefits of continuous improvement.
PRCA Live encourages a combination of root cause analysis, continuous improvement, knowledge retention programs and interactive online course development, to reduce unwanted events at each level of an organisation.
Using communication and industry participation when creating timelines to identify near miss and potential hazards that may cause an injury, incident, financial loss, property damage or have negative reputational impacts.
PRCA Live collectively creates a strategy to ensure issue elimination and effective root cause corrective actions.
The system grows within an organisation and is driven by people, legislation, compliance and needs, not by theory and methodology alone.
A continual or continuous improvement program (CIP) is a planed ongoing process to improve products, services, or processes. These programs and process usually look at achieving:
- Small improvements over time.
- Large immediate improvements that may positively impact a business or process.
- Industry or business "ground-breaking" improvements that could change the way you and your organisation operate or even setting a new industry standard.
Some see CIPs as a given-process for management systems such as:
Business process management
- Asset Management
- Facility Management
- Safety management
- Quality management
- Project management
- Select tools and systems that clearly define roles, responsibilities and accountability.
- Make it available to all stakeholders. It is everyone's responsibility to manage their own assigned task.
- Train users – people won't use what they don't understand.
- Before we make a decision we need to be sure that our actions will not negatively impact the safety of people or create risk to the business.
- Consulting with stakeholders at different levels throughout an organisation with help you see a clearer, long term picture.
- Consultation will improve your services and create better relationships with your customers.
- Consultation will help streamline your business and cut down on waste. In turn this will save money.
- You have held industry consultation sessions and have information that will help you make an informed decision.
- Consider if you need to report any observations you may have made during consultation.
- Consider who you would report this to and how you will do this.
- Consider the impact of the information you need to report – what is the likelihood of financial or reputational damage?
- Consider privacy rules, company policy and legislation.
- Based on information gained through either reporting or consultation you will conduct an investigation aimed at highlighting root causes.
- Use your PRCA Live investigation pack and consider every resource you have.
- Whether this is a proactive or reactive investigation, the goal is to eliminate or mitigate future risk to people, property, environment or business.
- Use your PRCA Live tools to ensure both short and long term controls are put in place and corrective actions are carried out.
- Remember that a hazard, potential or a realised risk remains just that until you apply a corrective action. Don't wait for the investigation to be complete, if you can eliminate or mitigate a hazard or risk. If it is safe to do so, apply a corrective action as soon as possible.
- Record your outcomes and results, deliver them to the relevant stakeholders within your organisation and industry.
- Revisit outcomes, control measures and learnings.
- Knowledge retention programs and gap analysis will substantially reduce costs and help ensure compliance.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Speaker-Dependent Speech Recognition Based on Phone-Like Units Models --- Application to Voice Dialing
This paper presents a speaker dependent speech recognition with application to voice dialing. This work has been developed under the constraints imposed by voice dialing applications, i.e., low memory requirements and limited training material. Two methods for producing speaker dependent word baseforms based on Phone Like Units (PLU) are presented and compared: (1) a classical vector quantizer is used to divide the space into regions associated with PLUs; (2) a speaker independent hybrid HMM/MLP recognizer is used to generate speaker dependent PLU based models. This work shows that very low error rates can be achieved even with very simple systems, namely a DTW-based recognizer. However, best results are achieved when using the hybrid HMM/MLP system to generate the word baseforms. Finally, a realtime demonstration simulating voice dialing functions and including keyword spotting and rejection capabilities has been set up and can be tested online.
Record created on 2006-03-10, modified on 2016-08-08


Six-year MBBS program Education, Hubei University of Medicine(HUM)
Hubei University of Medicine (HUM) is located in the center of Shiyan, the Motor City, in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. The city boasts several tourist attractions, such as Wudang Mountain, a sacred place of Taoism; Danjiangkou Reservoir, the largest artificial freshwater lake in Asia; and Shengnongjia Forest.HUM has over 15,000 full-time students and over 1,000 faculty and staff. It offers 12 undergraduate programs, covering medicine, science, management and engineering. The university hosts two nationally recognized majors, five provincially recognized majors, seven provincially recognized courses, three provincial teaching model centers, and five first rate level three hospitals. Along with emphasis on undergraduate education, HUM is developing graduate, overseas students, and continuing education.HUM has cultivated international relationships by exchange and collaboration with universities in America, England, Australia, Japan, Korea and other nations, promoting the development of disciplines and internationalization.
The MBBS program at HUM is a six-year program. There is an early introduction of preclinical topics, which provides the basics for medical studies in the subsequent years. There will be both theory and practical classes. Students are expected to grasp the necessary knowledge that is applied during clinical training.
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Researchers from Rice University, the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln have found that hormone levels can affect voter turnout.
As witnessed by recent voter turnout in primary elections, participation in U.S. national elections is low, relative to other western democracies. In fact, voter turnout in biennial national elections ranges from only 40 to 60 percent of eligible voters.
The study, published in Physiology and Behavior, reports that while participation in electoral politics is affected by a host of social and demographic variables, there are also biological factors that may play a role. Specifically, the paper points to low levels of the stress hormone cortisol as a strong predictor of actual voting behavior, determined via voting records maintained by the secretary of state.
"Politics and political participation is an inherently stressful activity," said the paper's lead author, Jeff French, the Varner Professor of Psychology and Biology at UNO and director of UNO's neuroscience program. "It would logically follow that those individuals with low thresholds for stress might avoid engaging in that activity, and our study confirmed that hypothesis."
"Finding a relationship between high cortisol levels and nonvoting raises the interesting possibility that changes that reduce voting stress, including convenient, familiar early voting locations, and less daunting ballots and voting machines, might help increase turnout by reducing the stress of voting in the high-cortisol population," said John Alford, associate professor of political science at Rice.
To reach their conclusion, researchers collected the saliva of over 100 participants who identified themselves as highly conservative, highly liberal or disinterested in politics altogether and analyzed the levels of cortisol found.
Cortisol was measured in saliva collected from the participants before and during activities designed to raise and lower stress. These data were then compared against the participants' earlier responses regarding involvement in political activities (voting and nonvoting) and religious participation.
"Not only did the study show, expectedly, that high-stress activities led to higher levels of cortisol production, but that political participation was significantly correlated with low baseline levels of cortisol," French said. "Participation in another group-oriented activity, specifically religious participation, was not as strongly associated with cortisol levels. Involvement in nonvoting political activities, such as volunteering for a campaign, financial political contributions, or correspondence with elected officials, was not predicted by levels of stress hormones."
According to the study, the only other factor that was predictive of voting behavior was age; older adults were likely to have voted more often than younger adults. Research from other groups has also pointed to education, income and race as important predictors of voting behavior.
In explaining why elevated cortisol could be linked with lower rates of participation in elections, French cited previous experiments in which high levels of afternoon cortisol are linked to major depressive disorder, social withdrawal, separation anxiety and enhanced memory for fearful stimuli.
"High afternoon cortisol is reflective of a variety of social, cognitive and emotional processes and may also influence a trait as complex as voting behavior," French suggested.
"The key takeaway from this research, I believe, is that while social scientists have spent decades trying to predict voting behavior based on demographic information, there is much to be learned from looking at biological differences as well," French said. "Many factors influence the decision to participate in the most important political activity in our democracy, and our study demonstrates that stress physiology is an important biological factor in this decision. Our experiment helps to more fully explain why some people engage in electoral politics and others do not."


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A free soil testing scheme which reduces farmers' costs as well as benefiting the environment is being rolled out across north Wales this autumn by Environment Agency Wales.
The simple test evaluates the pH level and the amount of nutrients already in the soil. These measurements indicate the quality of the soil and help the farmer to work out the amount and type of fertiliser the soil needs.
Using less fertiliser or slurry can significantly reduce costs to farmers whilst allowing them to produce more crops. This also encourages livestock to gain weight.
The scheme, now in its third successive year, is backed by both of Wales' farming unions.
Farmers can save money by changing the type of fetiliser they use
A survey of farmers in north Wales who took part in the scheme last year found that more than three-quarters [77 per cent] will save money by changing the type of fertiliser they use.
Some seven out of ten [71 per cent] farmers will apply lime to their land, which helps to correct soil acidity. Almost two-thirds [64 per cent] will use less phosphate fertiliser, reducing the risk of pollution. And more than two-fifths [44 per cent] will replace their artificial fertiliser with slurry, reducing their costs as a result.
The soil testing scheme is aimed at landowners with farms located next to rivers where the quality of the water is reduced. This could be due to nutrients from fertiliser being washed from agricultural land into the water.
Reducing the amount of nutrients in rivers or the sea will also improve the quality of the water, helping tourism and benefit the north Wales economy.
Catchment areas for free soil tests
This year's scheme runs from 1 October until 31 December 2012 and includes farms in the following catchment areas:
- Camddwr (Gwyddelwern);
- Cegin (Pentir & Llandegai);
- Clwyd (Pwllglas & Clawddnewydd);
- Glanffyddion Cut (Rhuddlan & Dyserth);
- Hiraethlyn (Eglwysbach);
- Nug ( Cerrigydrudion);
- Wen (Chwilog);
- Goch ( City Dulas & Llandyfrydog, Anglesey);
- Dolfechlas Brook (Rhosesmor);
- Wheeler (Caerwys); and
- Bach (Tremeirchion).
For further information and to take part in this year's test please contact Environment Agency Wales on 01248 484173 by the end of September.
Nichola Taylor, Environment Agency Wales said: 'This free, simple test allows us to work out the precise pH and nutrient makeup of individual fields so that farmers can take informed decisions.
'This means they can make the right choice about what's best for their land and livestock and reduce their costs.
'We're working with famers across north Wales to find simple solutions that helps them and the industry and also creates a healthy environment.'
Dafydd Jarrett NFU Cymru said: 'NFU Cymru are supportive of regular soil testing. Optimal grass and crop growth will only occur when soil nutrients are at the right level.
'Over-application of nutrients can not only harm the environment but are financially wasteful. With fertiliser prices currently very high, this opportunity of a free independent soil test for pH, phosphate, potash and magnesium by Environment Agency Wales can only be beneficial to all.'
Rhys Roberts, FUW said: 'Soil testing is important for farmers, particularly in these challenging times, when it is important to maximise crop yields whilst minimising the use of expensive fertilisers.
'Knowing what nutrients are already available in the soil allows for greater precision in the use of fertilisers for optimising crop growth, which is a win-win situation for farmers and the wider environment. We would encourage farmers to make the most of this free soil testing scheme.'


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In sports, on a game show, or just on the job, what causes people to choke when the stakes are high? A new study by researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) suggests that when there are high financial incentives to succeed, people can become so afraid of losing their potentially lucrative reward that their performance suffers.
It is a somewhat unexpected conclusion. After all, you would think that the more people are paid, the harder they will work, and the better they will do their jobsuntil they reach the limits of their skills. That notion tends to hold true when the stakes are low, says Vikram Chib, a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech and lead author on a paper published in the May 10 issue of the journal Neuron. Previous research, however, has shown that if you pay people too much, their performance actually declines.
Some experts have attributed this decline to too much motivation: they think that, faced with the prospect of earning an extra chunk of cash, you might get so excited that you will fail to do the task properly. But now, after looking at brain-scan data of volunteers performing a specific motor task, the Caltech team says that what actually happens is that you become worried about losing your potential prize. The researchers also found that the more someone is afraid of loss, the worse they perform.
In the study, each participant was asked to control a virtual object on a screen by moving an index finger that had a tracking device attached to it. The virtual object consisted of two weighted balls connected by a spring. The task was to place the object, which stretched and contracted as a weighted spring would in real life, into a square target within two seconds.
The researchers controlled for individual skill levels by customizing the size of the target so that everyone would have the same success rate. That way, people who happened to be really good or bad at this task would not skew the data.
After a training period, the subjects were asked to perform the task while inside an fMRI machine, which measures blood flow in the braina proxy for brain activity, since wherever a brain is active, it needs extra oxygen, and thus a larger volume of blood. By monitoring blood flow, the researchers can pinpoint areas of the brain that turn on when a particular task is performed.
The task began with the researchers offering the participants a randomized range of rewardsfrom $0 to $100if they could successfully place the object into the square within the time limit. At the end of hundreds of trialseach with varying reward amountsthe participant was given their reward, based on the result of just one of the trials, picked at random.
As expected, the team found that performance improved as the incentives increasedbut only when the cash reward amounts were at the low end of the spectrum. Once the rewards passed a certain threshold, which depended on the individual, performance began to fall off.
Incentives are known to activate a part of your brain called the ventral striatum, Chib says; the researchers thus expected to see the ventral striatum become increasingly active as they bumped up the prizes. And if the conventional thought were correctthat the reason for the observed performance decline was over-motivationthey would expect the striatum to continue showing a lot of activation when the incentives became high enough for performance to suffer.
What they found, instead, was that when the participants were shown their potential rewards, activity in the striatum did indeed increase with rising incentives. But once the volunteers started doing the task, striatal activity decreased with rising incentives. They also noticed that the less activity they saw in a participant's striatum, the worse that person performed on the task.
Other studies have shown that decreasing striatal activity is related to fear or aversion to loss, Chib says. "When people see the incentive that they're being offered, they initially encode it as a gain," he explains. "But when they're actually doing the task, the thing that causes them to perform poorly is that they worry about losing a potential incentive they haven't even received yet." He adds, "We're showing loss aversion even though there are no explicit losses anywhere in the taskthat's very strange and something you really wouldn't expect."
To further test their hypothesis, Chib and his colleagues decided to measure how loss-averse each participant was. They had the participants play a coin-flip game in which there was an equal chance they could win or lose varying amounts of money.
Each participant was offered varying potential win-loss amounts ($20-$20, $20-$10, $20-$5, for example), and then given the opportunity to either accept each possible gamble or decline it. The win-loss ratio at which the subjects chose to take the gamble provided a measure of how loss-averse each person was; someone willing to gamble even when they might win or lose $20 is less loss-averse than someone who is only willing to gamble if they can win $20 but only lose $5.
Once the numbers had been crunched and compared to the original experiment, it turned out that the more averse a participant was, the worse they did on the task when the stakes were high. And for a particularly loss-aversive person, the threshold at which their performance started to decline did not have to be very high. "If you're more loss-averse, it really hurts you," Chib says. "You're going to reach peak performance at a lower incentive level, and your performance is also going to be worse for higher incentives."
"Previously, it's been shown that the ventral striatum is involved in mediating performance increases in response to rising incentives," says John O'Doherty, professor of psychology and coauthor of the paper. "But our study shows that changes in activity in this same region can, under certain situations, also lead to worsening performance."
While this study only involved a specific motor task and financial incentives, these results may well be universal, says Shinsuke Shimojo, the Gertrude Baltimore Professor of Experimental Psychology and another coauthor of the study. "The implications and applications can include any sort of decision making that contains high stakes and uncertainties, such as business and politics."
These findings, the researchers say, might be used to develop new ways to motivate people to perform better or to train them to be less loss-averse. "This loss aversion can be an important way of deciding how to set up incentive mechanisms and how to figure out who's going to perform well and who isn't," Chib says. "If you can train somebody to be less loss-averse, maybe you can help them avoid performing poorly in stressful situations."


div (HTML attribute)
Some developers perceive similarities between the p and the div elements, seeing them as being interchangeable, but this isn't the case. The p element offers more semantic information ("this is a paragraph of text, a small collection of thoughts that are grouped together; the next paragraph outlines some different thoughts"), while the
div element can be used to group almost any elements together. Indeed, it can contain almost any other element, unlike p, which can only contain inline elements.
The HTML below shows two divs being used in conjunction with id attributes to identify different sections of a web page:
 Page heading
 Body content
Use This For …
The div is an "anything-goes" element—it can contain any inline or block-level
elements you choose, so it has no typical content.
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This element has no compatibility issues. All the browsers listed support the
div element.
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Here we are providing you an example with code that retrieves all columns name in a specific database table. Sometimes, you need to know the number of columns and the names of the columns of the table, so you can retrieve it with the help of this example. See detail information given below:
Description of program:
Create a class ColumnName. The name of the class should be such that the other person can easily understand what this program is going to do. Strictly follow the naming conventions of java. Now declare a static method inside which creates the connection with MySQL database through the JDBC driver. After establishing the connection then you get all columns name and number of columns of specified table with the help of some APIs and methods.
Description of code:
This is an interface of java.sql package that can be used for getting information about types and properties of columns in a ResultSet object.
Above method retrieves number of columns (integer types data) in the ResultSet object.
This method returns columns name (string type data) from ResultSetMetaData object and takes integer type value.
Here is the code of program:
Output of program:
Getting Column Names Example!
Number of Column : 2
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.


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What is a "data plan"?
As mentioned in the excerpt, quoted from about.com:
A data plan is part of the service that mobile operators offer to give you connectivity anywhere under the sky.
This might be a real flatrate, or a "fake one": in many cases, a real one would be quite expensive. So you might decide for a given limit of "full speed", after which the speed is reduced to a minimum (still sufficient to check for mail -- but hardly usable to stream videos). Depending on how much you need, and how much you want to spend, the included amount of "full-speed traffic" might vary.
Though the topic "data plan" as such would be an "Android independent phone question" (and as such off topic according to our FAQ), there are still topics not falling into this category. Check existing questions to figure out which this might be, by simply clicking on the tag name.
- data-connection: for issues with your mobile data connection
- data-traffic: amount of data transferred. Use this for questions/issues like finding out which app is eating up your data plan.
- wi-fi: using your home WiFi network
- bluetooth: another wireless technology, but limited to short distances.
- usb: this can also be used to transfer data, but is not wireless.
- mobile-data: transferring data via your mobile data connection (2g/3g/4g)
- background-data: Data transferred in the background, i.e. without explicitly being triggered. This usually includes things like synchronizing your calendar and contact data.


text:
The Climate Reality Project -- Dubai
What can change in a day? Everything. On September 14, the world will focus its attention on the truth about the climate crisis. For 24 hours, we will all live in reality. Pick a faraway place or a city near you. Make it yours for one day. We're hitting every time zone — but only once. 7 p.m. in your time zone. Choose a location and get involved.
From an indoor ski resort to artificial islands, Dubai is a city of engineering marvels and architectural splendor. But these impressive achievements go hand in hand with the intensive use of energy and water. In a warming climate, building a sustainable city is one of Dubai's big challenges.
Dubai is the largest city in the United Arab Emirates — a rapidly developing and diversifying country on the Arabian Peninsula. This desert city is no stranger to intense heat. But as the planet warms, Dubai and neighboring cities like Abu Dhabi will get hotter and more arid. This may make it challenging even for many desert plants to grow.
Dubai is located on the coastal zone that is home to 85% of the country's population and 90% of its infrastructure. As climate change raises sea levels globally, this infrastructure could be damaged and rising tides could force people to leave their homes. In addition, warmer seas could hurt some of the country's most important fisheries.


text:
User Behavior Analytics (UBA)
In this lab, you learn how to use the User Behavior Analytics for QRadar (UBA) application to detect anomalous or malicious behavior. The lab comes with UBA already installed and configured. You learn to use the QRadar UBA Dashboard and how the application can help you detect malicious user behavior. The lab also walks you through the investigation process and demonstrates the integration with QRadar Advisor with Watson. The QRadar Advisor with Watson app is also already installed and configured in the lab. To learn more about QRadar Advisor with Watson, visit the dedicated section in the Security Learning Academy, where you can run the lab that is focused on QRadar Advisor with Watson. Finally, the lab walks you through tuning the rules for user risky behavior by configuring the senseValue parameter.
Getting Started with QRadar User Behavior Analytics
This roadmap outlines fundamental courses intended for someone who works with IBM QRadar User Behavior Analytics (UBA). These courses describe UBA architecture, review installation, and help you to deploy and use the UBA application.


Hyper Dictionary
English Dictionary Computer Dictionary Video Dictionary Thesaurus Dream Dictionary Medical Dictionary
Search Dictionary:
Meaning of TRICK
Pronunciation: trik
WordNet Dictionary
 2. [n] a cunning or deceitful action or device; "he played a trick on me"; "he pulled a fast one and got away with it"
 3. [n] a ludicrous or grotesque act done for fun and amusement
 4. [n] an attempt to get you to do something foolish or imprudent; "that offer was a dirty trick"
 5. [n] a period of work or duty
 6. [v] deceive somebody; "We tricked the teacher into thinking that class would be cancelled next week"
TRICK is a 5 letter word that starts with T.
 Synonyms: antic, caper, conjuration, conjuring trick, deception, fast one, fob, fox, illusion, joke, legerdemain, magic, magic trick, play a trick on, prank, pull a fast one on, put-on
 See Also: card trick, cozen, deceive, delude, device, dirty trick, dishonesty, diversion, duty period, gimmick, knavery, lead on, performance, practical joke, prestidigitation, recreation, shift, sleight of hand, snooker, twist, work shift
Webster's 1913 Dictionary
 1. \Trick\, n. [D. trek a pull, or drawing, a trick, trekken
 to draw; akin to LG. trekken, MHG. trecken, trechen, Dan.
 tr[ae]kke, and OFries. trekka. Cf. {Track}, {Trachery},
 {Trig}, a., {Trigger}.]
 1. An artifice or stratagem; a cunning contrivance; a sly
 I know a trick worth two of that. --Shak.
 2. A sly, dexterous, or ingenious procedure fitted to puzzle
 of boys. --Prior.
 4. A particular habit or manner; a peculiarity; a trait; as,
 The trick of that voice I do well remember. --Shak.
 He hath a trick of C[oe]ur de Lion's face. --Shak.
 5. A knot, braid, or plait of hair. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.
 6. (Card Playing) The whole number of cards played in one
 round, and consisting of as many cards as there are
 On one nice trick depends the general fate. --Pope.
 helm, -- usually two hours.
 8. A toy; a trifle; a plaything. [Obs.] --Shak.
 Syn: Stratagem; wile; fraud; cheat; juggle; finesse; sleight;
 deception; imposture; delusion; imposition.
 2. \Trick\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Tricked}; p. pr. & vb. n.
 -- often followed by up, off, or out. '' Trick her off in
 air.'' --Pope.
 People lavish it profusely in tricking up their
 children in fine clothes, and yet starve their
 minds. --Locke.
 They are simple, but majestic, records of the
 feelings of the poet; as little tricked out for the
 public eye as his diary would have been. --Macaulay.
 3. To draw in outline, as with a pen; to delineate or
 They forget that they are in the statutes:...
 there they are tricked, they and their pedigrees.
 --B. Jonson.


text:
The stat module defines constants and functions for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.fstat() and os.lstat() (if they exist). For complete details about the stat, fstat and lstat calls, consult the documentation for your system.
The stat module defines the following functions to test for specific file types:
Two additional functions are defined for more general manipulation of the file's mode:
Normally, you would use the os.path.is*() functions for testing the type of a file; the functions here are useful when you are doing multiple tests of the same file and wish to avoid the overhead of the stat system call for each test. These are also useful when checking for information about a file that isn't handled by os.path, like the tests for block and character devices.
The interpretation of "file size" changes according to the file type. For plain files this is the size of the file in bytes. For FIFOs and sockets under most flavors of Unix (including Linux in particular), the "size" is the number of bytes waiting to be read at the time of the call to os.stat(), os.fstat(), or os.lstat(); this can sometimes be useful, especially for polling one of these special files after a non-blocking open. The meaning of the size field for other character and block devices varies more, depending on the implementation of the underlying system call.
import os, sys from stat import * def walktree(top, callback): '''recursively descend the directory tree rooted at top, calling the callback function for each regular file''' for f in os.listdir(top): pathname = os.path.join(top, f) mode = os.stat(pathname)[ST_MODE] if S_ISDIR(mode): # It's a directory, recurse into it walktree(pathname, callback) elif S_ISREG(mode): # It's a file, call the callback function callback(pathname) else: # Unknown file type, print a message print('Skipping %s' % pathname) def visitfile(file): print('visiting', file) if __name__ == '__main__': walktree(sys.argv, visitfile)


text:
Perform transverse and longitudinal gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound scans by swiping your finger, throughout labeled and continuously added data sets of ultrasound exams in obstetrics and gynaecology. Zoom in or drag your scan with multi-touch gestures. The categorized scans are introduced with images or video clips and can be constantly redownloaded.
Normal and abnormal data sets of prenatal ultrasound examinations are provided as well. After the download you can scan back and forth by swiping one finger up or down (Figure 1) and if labeling is enabled the scan stops sequentially at each labeled content while swiping. To magnify regions of interest pinch out with two fingers (Figure 2 - same scan as shown in figure 1 but more caudally, slightly magnified and moved to the left) and a drag with two fingers will pan the content (Figure 1). To zoom back out pinch in. If available you can enable color Doppler imaging (Color button) or switch to a different scanning plane, either transverse or longitudinal (TS/LS button).
Each mode (transverse or longitudinal as gray-scale or color Doppler imaging) has its own labeling. The scans are pooled in categorized cases and each scan can be separately deleted and redownloaded if needed. Check regularly for new scans and cases with the "Update" button.


text:
Some images downloaded from the image warehouse can be directly operated. For example, a wordpress image library can be accessed through an external network when it is operated. Like this mirror image,How do you enter the running bash environment??
For some really deployed projects, maybe the web part, the web server, the database, these areIs it better to make the images separately and then access the images after running, or is it better to put them in the same container?
docker exec -it container-id/container-name bash


text:
Crews move young bull trout trapped in pools by dewatering upriver where water remains year round.
Fish out of Water
Scientists think that Kachess River always dewatered to some extent. The timing of Kachess bull trout traveling up to spawn is much later than their relatives in Box Canyon and Gold Creek. However, the extent of dewatering is likely much worse today than it was in the past due to the combination of human impacts and climate change. This means less habitat for young rearing bull trout, who spend 3 to 4 years growing larger before moving to lakes. The process of dewatering takes place rapidly and young bull trout are not strong swimmers. As a result, they become trapped in pools and sections of stream that go dry and they die.
Solving the Kachess Rubik's Cube
We can't solve the problem of dewatering entirely since it is tied to the dam. However, we can find ways to retain and create better habitat for bull trout and other species. The first step is gathering information about the upper Kachess watershed. There is a world of possibilities to help bull trout including:
- Placing wood in strategic locations to create refuge during high flows so young fish aren't pushed down river into the stretch that dewaters.
- Constructing log jams that provide pools with cover that can last throughout the summer for those that are pushed downstream
- Identifying the previous locations of tributaries before they were cut off by the road and reconnect them.
- Identifying relic channels that are lower than the current flood plain and directing flow there
We want to know the most effective ways of restoring the river, and that is where data comes in. Gathering data from gravel counts, ground surveys, LiDAR, flow and groundwater measurements, etc. will direct us where we need to go. For example, LiDAR data will provide us with insights into human impacts over the past 100 years, which we can then correct.
The confluence of Mineral Creek (left) and Kachess River (right). Interesting fact: Mineral Creek contributes significantly more water than Kachess, but is much less utilized by bull trout when spawning.
Kugel, Scott, "ABANDONED MINE LAND IMPACTS ON TRIBUTARIES IN THE UPPER YAKIMA RIVER WATERSHED, EASTERN CASCADES, WASHINGTON" (2018). All Master's Theses. 939.


text:
By Jonathan Martinez
While some flowers are dormant in the colder seasons, the California rose (Rosa californica), from the Rosacea family, brings a bright pink pigmentation of beauty to spring. This wild rose is native to California and can be found along the west coast up to Oregon.
This wild rose typically grows naturally near stream banks in moist areas below 4,800 ft. elevation. However, as a California native, it is drought tolerant and can withstand heavy soils that are hard on other native plants. California rose enjoys a very long blooming season, flowering from spring to summer, and is enjoyable and easy to grow. The ideal time to plant is late fall, to allow winter and spring rains to establish its roots. Being a native plant, once established, it will require little water to maintain and is considered a hardy plant withstanding temperatures as low as 0 degrees Fahrenheit.
California rose features five pink petals about 1-2 inches in size, numerous yellow stamens, and stands 5 feet tall when mature. This rose is beneficial because its roots help stabilize the soil, and its pink flowers attract many species of pollinators including birds, bees, and the mourning cloak butterfly. It tends to form a dense thicket as it grows, which shelters small critters and provides a habitat value.
At first glance, it might seem like just a pretty flower, with its innocent and beautiful features, but there is much more than meets the eye. It contains a high vitamin C content and was used in World War ll to treat scurvy due to vitamin C deficiencies. The rose hips (fruit buds) are said to contain more calcium, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorus than oranges. For tea lovers, you can dry the hips and steep in boiled water for 10-15 minutes, or you could use it to make a sauce or jelly. Although, if left alone, these hips also provide a valuable food source for native birds and wildlife populations.
The next time you take a walk near a local creek or park, keep an eye out for this magnificent beauty. But don't forget, it does have thorns so be careful!


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Suppose a ray of light hits a concave mirror and is parallel to the principal axis but far away from it such that it doesn't follow paraxial ray approximation. Will it pass through focus or between focus and radius of curvature or between pole and focus?
Here pole, focus and radius of curvature mean the same thing as in paraxial ray approximation.
share|cite|improve this question
It is depending upon the distance of ray from axis of mirror. – ABC Apr 27 '13 at 16:28
Removed the ridiculous down-vote by adding a +1. – Antillar Maximus May 15 '13 at 11:31
It really depends on the shape of your "concave" mirror. Is it spherical, parabolic, or just any old dent in a shiny surface? It affects the answer... – Floris Oct 17 '14 at 19:40
3 Answers 3
up vote 0 down vote accepted
enter image description here
Assuming mirror to be spherical section. C is the center of sphere.
See, Using trigonometry. $$x=d \times \sin(2\theta)$$ $$x=R\times\sin\theta$$
Eliminate $\theta$ and get $d$ : distance from Center of curvature as a function of $x$.
Verify for small theta where $\sin\theta\approx\theta$
If you just want to see that which side ray bents then see. $$d=\dfrac{R\times \sec\theta}2$$ which shows that $d\ge R/2$. So, ray bends towards the pole as looses it paraxial character.
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Sorry for the rough image made in Paint. :P – ABC Apr 27 '13 at 16:40
A parabolic mirror is a special case of a concave mirror. The rays at the rim are refracted to the focal point. This is true in simplification of geometric optics and perfect manufactured mirror. However in modern techiques like injection molding there are more imperfections at the rims of mirrors.
The question of a general concave mirror can be answered depending on the deviation of curvature $\frac{1}{R}$. If deviation is positive, then the rays are closer on optical axis.
share|cite|improve this answer
For a parabolic mirror, the answer is "all rays go through the focus". For a spherical mirror, you can see the answer most easily by looking at the limit as the spherical mirror is almost a hemisphere:
enter image description here
Clearly the rays that start further off axis are focused closer to the mirror.
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Your Answer


text:
A novel two-step method for cross language representation learning
Cross language text classification is an important learning task in natural language processing. A critical challenge of cross language learning arises from the fact that words of different languages are in disjoint feature spaces. In this paper, we propose a two-step representation learning method to bridge the feature spaces of different languages by exploiting a set of parallel bilingual documents. Specifically, we first formulate a matrix completion problem to produce a complete parallel document-term matrix for all documents in two languages, and then induce a low dimensional cross-lingual document representation by applying latent semantic indexing on the obtained matrix. We use a projected gradient descent algorithm to solve the formulated matrix completion problem with convergence guarantees. The proposed method is evaluated by conducting a set of experiments with cross language sentiment classification tasks on Amazon product reviews. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed learning method outperforms a number of other cross language representation learning methods, especially when the number of parallel bilingual documents is small.
|Conference||27th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS 2013|
Xiao, M. (Min), & Guo, Y. (2013). A novel two-step method for cross language representation learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.


text:
Sweave provides a flexible framework for mixing text and R/S code
for automatic report generation. The basic idea is to replace the
code with its output, such that the final document only contains the
text and the output of the statistical analysis: however, the source
code can also be included.
1 2 3 4 5
Path to Sweave source file. Note that this can be
supplied without the extension, but the function will only proceed
if there is exactly one Sweave file in the directory whose
the actual workhorse, (a function returning) a named
The default encoding to assume for
further arguments passed to the driver's setup function:
see section 'Details', or specifically the arguments of the
Automatic generation of reports by mixing word processing markup (like latex) and S code. The S code gets replaced by its output (text or graphs) in the final markup file. This allows a report to be re-generated if the input data change and documents the code to reproduce the analysis in the same file that also produces the report.
Sweave combines the documentation and code chunks together (or
their output) into a single document.
Stangle extracts only
the code from the Sweave file creating an S source file that can be
source. (Code inside
statements is ignored by
Stangle is just a wrapper to
Sweave specifying a
different default driver. Alternative drivers can be used: the CRAN
package cacheSweave and the Bioconductor package weaver
both provide drivers based on the default driver
RweaveLatex which incorporate ideas of caching
the results of computations on code chunks.
Environment variable SWEAVE_OPTIONS can be used to override the
initial options set by the driver: it should be a comma-separated set
key=value items, as would be used in a \SweaveOpts
statement in a document.
Non-ASCII source files must contain a line of the form
(where foo is typically latin1, latin2, utf8 or
cp1252 or cp1250) or they will give an error.
Re-encoding can be turned off completely with argument
Sweave allows a flexible syntax framework for marking documentation and text chunks. The default is a noweb-style syntax, as alternative a latex-style syntax can be used. (See the user manual for further details.)
syntax = NULL (the default) then the available syntax
objects are consulted in turn, and selected if their
component matches (as a regexp) the file name. Objects
extension = "[.][rsRS]nw$") and
extension = "[.][rsRS]tex$") are
supplied, but users or packages can supply others with names matching
Friedrich Leisch and R-core.
Friedrich Leisch (2002) Dynamic generation of statistical reports using literate data analysis. In W. Härdle and B. Rönz, editors, Compstat 2002 - Proceedings in Computational Statistics, pages 575–580. Physika Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, ISBN 3-7908-1517-9.
'Sweave User Manual', a vignette in the utils package.
Non-Sweave vignettes may be built with
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
testfile <- system.file("Sweave", "Sweave-test-1.Rnw", package = "utils") ## enforce par(ask = FALSE) options(device.ask.default = FALSE) ## create a LaTeX file Sweave(testfile) ## This can be compiled to PDF by ## tools::texi2pdf("Sweave-test-1.tex") ## or outside R by ## R CMD texi2pdf Sweave-test-1.tex ## which sets the appropriate TEXINPUTS path. ## create an R source file from the code chunks Stangle(testfile) ## which can be sourced, e.g. source("Sweave-test-1.R")
Add the following code to your website.
For more information on customizing the embed code, read Embedding Snippets.


Provider: ingentaconnect Database: ingentaconnect Content: application/x-research-info-systems TY - ABST AU - Pitts, Patrick A. TI - Tidal and Long-term Flow Through Two Tidal Channels Connecting Southern Biscayne Bay and Card Sound With Atlantic Shelf Waters JO - Bulletin of Marine Science PY - 2000-11-01T00:00:00/// VL - 67 IS - 3 SP - 973 EP - 988 N2 - Current meter data and local wind measurements from a 166-d study in 1996–97 are used to describe tidal and long-term flow through two tidal channels that connect southern Biscayne Bay and Card Sound with Atlantic shelf waters. Results indicate a quasisteady, long-term outflow from the estuary through Caesar Creek and Angelfish Creek that averaged 12 cm s−1 and 8 cm s−1, respectively. Harmonic analysis indicates that the tides dominate the instantaneous flow through the channels, with diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal constituents accounting for 85–87% of the total variance. M2 amplitudes for Caesar Creek and Angelfish Creek are 72 and 52 cm s−1, respectively. Comparisons of local winds and along-channel currents indicate that wind stress plays the primary role in driving the nontidal flow through the channels. Spectral analysis shows high coherence between along-channel currents and a broad range of wind stress components over time scales of 2–16 d. Winds from the northern sector show particularly high coherence with along-channel flow through both creeks, accounting for 40–80% of the variance in nontidal along-channel flow over the low-frequency time scales. A close inspection of the seasonal and low-frequency wind stress pattern, however, suggests that the long-term outflow observed through the two channels is not due to wind stress alone. A comparison of freshwater flux in the bay with channel outflow indicated a marginal cause-and-effect relationship. Surface runoff and precipitation explain only 2–3% of the variance in outflow through the two channels. UR - ER -


Space Age Music Maker
Eden Ahbez
 - Born Alexander Aberle, 15 April 1908, Brooklyn, New York
 - Died 4 March 1995, Los Angeles, California
Echoes from Nature Boy LPJust what brought him from Brooklyn in 1908 to Los Angeles in the mid-1940s awaits a better biographer's investigation. He claimed to have been raised in an orphanage, and have crossed the U.S. on foot eight times by the age of 35. He settled in L.A., married a woman named Anna Jacobsen, slept with her in a sleeping bag in Griffith Park, claimed to survive as a vegetarian on three dollars a week, and stood on street corners in Hollywood lecturing on various Oriental forms of mysticism.
He emerged to public attention around 1948, when Nat King Cole recorded his song, "Nature Boy," that told a fantasy of a "strange enchanted boy" "who wandered very far" only to learn that "the greatest gift" "was just to love and be loved in return." Having no job and no fixed residence, he had plenty of time to hang around places like the Lincoln Theater, where he accosted Cole's manager, Mort Ruby, insisting that Cole look at the soiled, rolled-up manuscript of "Nature Boy."
Cole recognized the underlying Yiddish melody in the song (as did the publishers of the Yiddish song, "Schwieg Mein Hertz," who later settled out of court with Ahbez after the tune became a hit) and expressed mild interest in adding it to his repertoire, since he was looking for a Jewish song to add to his act. After trying it a few times in his show, he decided to record it, with Frank DeVol provided the arrangement. He and DeVol tossed out the original waltz melody and went rubato, without a set rhythm, and recorded it on 22 August 1947. Buddy Cole played the piano part Nat had written.
Cole and Capitol didn't know what to make of the song, so they sat on the record for months. Meanwhile, word-of-mouth about the tune began to grow from Cole's live performances, and eventually Cole realized the record should be released. Unfortunately, no one had bothered to secure the rights to the song, and Ruby went off on a hunt to locate Ahbez. Legend has it that he found Ahbez and his wife camped out below the first "L" in the "HOLLYWOOD" sign. It turned out that Ahbez had given a half dozen people different shares of the publishing rights, and he ended up with virtually nothing. (After Cole died, his wife eventually gave the rights in toto back to Ahbez.)
Capitol released the tune as a "B" side, but when it first played on WNEW in New York, the station was bombarded by calls, and "Nature Boy" quickly became Capitol's #1 single. Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, Sarah Vaughan, and others rushed out cover versions, with the Petrillo recording ban looming just days away.
Ahbez was a legend in Hollywood for his unusual life style. Even after he and Jacobsen had a son, they kept on living out under the stars, with not much more than a bicycle, their sleeping bags, and a juicer to their name. The story may be apochryphal, but it's said that once, when Ahbez was being hassled by a cop who assumed from his wild appearance that he deserved to be hauled off to a mental institution, he remarked calmly, "I look crazy, but I'm not. And the funny thing is, that other people don't look crazy, but they are." The cop thought it over and responded, "You know bud, you're right. If anybody gives you any trouble, let me know."
Although Ahbez (or "ahbez," as he insisted in being called, holding that capital letters should be reserved for the divine) later had another tune, "Land of Love," recorded by Cole, he faded back onto the street corners until 1960, when Del-Fi Records boss Bob Keane brought him into the studio to record Eden's Island. For this album, Ahbez recited his poetry/songs in front of a pseudo-Martin Denny jungle exotica arrangement. Mickey McGowan has described this album as sounding like "Martin Denny had gotten together with Jack Kerouac" (if Kerouac had become a hermit instead of a beat, that is).
Ahbez popped up in a few different places during the 1960s, most prominently with Brian Wilson somewhere in the days before the legendary Pet Sounds and Smile albums were recorded. He cut another album, Echoes from Nature Boy, similar to Eden's Island, putting his poems in musical settings, which was released posthumously. Ironically, he died in 1995 after being hit by a car.
 - Eden's Island, Del Fi LP
 - Echoes from Nature Boy, Accent Records
Search for Records and CDs
New CDs
Used Records and CDs
Search GEMM for old recordings by Eden Ahbez.
Email: _EMAIL_
© spaceagepop 2015. All rights reserved.


pattern?
The idea of continuum of Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom is a faimilar concept. But the concept is subjective. Look at the following analysis in Data Mining
This raises some serious questions for data mining. You may wonder,"What makes a pattern interesting? Can data mining system generate all of the interesting patterns? can a data mining system generate only interesting patterns? "
To Answer first question, a pattern is interesting if (1) it is easily understood by humans,(2)valid on new or test data with some degree of certainty,(3) potentially useful, (4)novel. A pattern is also interesting if it validates the hypothesis user sought to confirm. An interesting pattern represents the knowledge.
Subjective interestingness measures find patterns interesting if they are unexpected and actionable.
Here is a relevant paper
Now if you look at how interestingness is defined it is all subjective. There was absolutely no reason why Google's algorithm should necessarily give the best results. Once again, of all the algorithms out there, there was no reason why results of page rank algorithms necessarily should satisfy the interestingness criteria for searching web pages using keywords.
I think they just got lucky!
It is 1% inspiration, the 99% perspiration
I strongly believe that innovation is like an iceberg.A publicly spectacular innovation is supported by invisible foundation of infrastructure and raw repositories of ideas and enthusiasm.These books are by far the closest coming to my conception of innovation.
Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on CreativityWhere Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation
The reason why google is google,is because of their infrastructure.
Google File System,
 Google Map Reduce
Straight from the horse's mouth
Here is a series of lectures by google


text:
The Magic School Bus™ Kit Series: Blasting Off with Erupting Volcanoes
Ms. Frizzle and her students take Young Scientists on a wild ride while blasting off with erupting volcanoes. Young Scientists learn about the layers of the Earth, study tectonic plate movement, explore different volcanic shapes and eruptions, make real pumice float, create the ultimate "lava" mixture, paint and explode a volcano, and much, much more! This explosive kit includes a colorful poster with volcanic facts, pictures, and stickers. Seatbelts, everyone! Get ready to Blast off with Exploding Volcanoes!


text:
The goal of this project is to develop bolometer arrays using a metal thin film formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Nanometer-thick freestanding layers deposited by ALD process have the potential to improve the performance of bolometers with achieving low thermal conductance and optimal optical properties.
A bolometer is a device to measure the energy of incident infrared radiation with resistance change. This device is widely used for the thermal imaging applications such as night vision. A standard bolometer consists of a thermally isolated freestanding membrane, supporting beams, and a thermistor (Fig. 1). The absorption of incoming infrared radiation in the membrane increases the temperature of the device. This temperature change is measured by the resistance change of the thermistor. The improvement of the bolometersf performance can be achieved by minimizing the thermal conductance of the suspended structure, maximizing the absorption coefficient, and maximizing the ratio of the TCR to the normalized 1/f noise. Conventional bolometers consist of multiple functional layers to optimize their performance. These functional layers can be replaced by one metal layer to further reduce the thermal conductance and simplify the fabrication process. However, this requires a film thickness in the order of nanometers since the impedance of the film must approach that of free space in order to absorb the wavelengths of the interest (8-14 um). We propose an uncooled infrared bolometer using a few-nanometer-thick metal film that is formed by ALD. ALD is used to reliably deposit metal films with less than 10-nm thickness. The ALD metal film is used both as the absorber and as supporting beams. The thermal capacitance is greatly reduced since the membrane is much thinner than the conventional dielectric absorbers. Therefore, the thermal insulation can be further improved while keeping the thermal time constant at an acceptable value. The fist implementation of the proposed bolometer is fabricated and characterized. Fig. 2 shows SEM image of the fabricated device. The device is made by about 14-nm Al2O3/Pt stack that are formed by ALD. The dimensions of the freestanding membrane is 50x50 um. Currently, we are working on the chracterization of the devices and the fabrication of bolometer arrays using surface micromachining. For further information, please check related publications or contact us.
Address: Bldg. 530, Room 224, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305
Last modified: Wed Jan 5 17:02:08 PST 2011


text:
- East Asia (1)
- Baikal, Lake (Russia)
- Lakes and ponds (1)
- Railroad accidents (1)
- Railroads (1)
- Russo-Japanese War, _PHONE_ (1)
- Satires (Visual works) (1)
- Soldiers (1)
Type of Item
Map of Baikal, a Sea, a Lake, or an Angara Gap, Located in the Irkutsk Province with All the Neighboring [Territory], Whose Mathematical Measurements were Completed and it Became Fully Known in 1806
Lake Baikal and the region around it were extensively explored by Russian expeditions in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This map shows in great detail the shoreline of the lake and the network of rivers flowing into and out of Baikal. The title of the map is shown in a cartouche. Below the title is a single-headed eagle, holding in its talons the coat of arms of Irkutsk Province. The illustration at the lower left is a view of Nikolaevsk Pier, located at the point where the Angara...
Russian Railroad Troop Transport and Soldiers Crashing through Ice
The Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) was documented in various forms of media, such as woodblock prints, photographs, and illustrations. The victories of the Japanese military in the early stages of the war inspired propaganda prints by Japanese artists. This print forms part of the series, Rokoku seibatsu senshō shōwa (The expeditionary war against Russia: tales of laughter). The illustrator is Utagawa Kokunimasa, also known as Baidō Bōsai or Utagawa Kunimasa V (1874–1944). The satirical writer Honekawa Dojin (pseudonym of Nishimori Takeki, 1862–1913) supplied each illustration with an accompanying...


Mar 16, 2014
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RSS By: Farm Journal Agronomists, Farm Journal
How Can I Estimate Corn Yield Potential?
Jul 12, 2011
Question: I have seen some information you had that shows how to estimate corn yield potential. Can you provide that again?
Answer: Here's the basic formula, and I'm also including a chart that shows how to estimate corn yield potential under various row spacings.
If you're in 30-inch rows, use a tape measure to mark off 17 feet 5 inches in a row of corn.
average ears x average rows around x average kernels long = Yield
I've inserted some actual ear, row and kernel numbers in the formula here to give you an example:
32 x 16 x 35 = 199 bu/acre
I would encourage you to implement this practice in four or five different locations within each field, and then average the numbers, to arrive at a fairly accurate result.
Keep in mind the formula does not take into consideration kernel depths. Based on weather conditions during kernel fill you may increase or decrease your yield by 5 to 10 percent.
As you evaluate plant stand numbers and ear counts, consider that you can benefit from getting those two numbers to more closely align with each other.
While the number difference between plant stands and ear counts cannot be eliminated, it can be minimized. In a corn-soybean rotation, the difference between the two would ideally be no more than 1,200. In corn-on-corn, with heavy residue conditions, the ideal difference between the two would be 2,000 or less.
Table 1. Length of row to equal 1/1000th of
an acre for various row widths
Row spacing
Row Length
13 feet 1 inch
13 feet 6 inches
17 feet 5 inches
23 feet 9 inches
34 feet 10 inches
*Information provided courtesy of University of Minnesota Extension Service.
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Welcome to the official BlackBerry Support Community Forums.
inside custom component
Java Development
TextBoxField revisited
by Developer on 07-29-2010 12:20 PM - edited on 09-20-2010 05:01 PM by Retired (11,880 Views)
This article was written as a follow-up to an old article in the BlackBerry® developers journal. I decided to retain the old class name so that people getting advice from someone remembering the old one will be able to find this. I have fixed some problems with that code as well.
Problem Definition
These days, wherever you look, there are input forms. Many fields in those forms are multi-line text entry boxes.
(Another common element is a one-line entry field either limited in size such as a phone number or horizontally scrollable to accommodate longer inputs such as a street address or an e-mail subject line. I have addressed the latter in another article - "Sample code - scrollable one-line text input field")
Those multi-line text entry boxes are already quite standard. Most of them:
 1. Have well-defined size
 2. Have some border around them
 3. Word-wrap at the right boundary
 4. Scroll vertically to enable navigating back and forth through a long text
If we look at text entry classes on BlackBerry devices (my personal favorite is EditField, though even TextField is advanced enough) we will see that they already provide word wrap. We just need to add the other three features. Let's think how we achieve that.
 - Well-defined size
We need some way of specifying the width and height of the field. I prefer doing that in the constructor, just like you specify style bit such as USE_ALL_WIDTH or FIELD_HCENTER in the constructor of the built-in classes. Thus, we need a constructor which will accept the desired width and height
 - Border
For those fortunate enough who have to support only newer phones with net.rim.device.api.ui.decor package, this part is extremely easy. At my work, I still have to support BlackBerry® Device Software 4.2.1; thus I will write somewhat lower-level code. Don't worry - it's only a few lines. Graphics.drawRect() to the rescue!
 - Vertical Scroll
That's easy: VerticalFieldManager(VERTICAL_SCROLL) is the universally accepted tool to achieve exactly that.
Let me show you the code and explain the key points:
public class TextBoxField extends Manager {
 int managerWidth;
 int managerHeight;
 private VerticalFieldManager vfm = new VerticalFieldManager(VERTICAL_SCROLL | VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR | USE_ALL_WIDTH | USE_ALL_HEIGHT);
 private EditField editField = new EditField("", "", EditField.DEFAULT_MAXCHARS, FOCUSABLE);
 TextBoxField(int width, int height, long style) {
 managerWidth = width;
 managerHeight = height;
 TextBoxField(int width, int height) {
 this(width, height, 0L);
 public String getText() {
 return editField.getText();
 public int getPreferredWidth() {
 return managerWidth;
 public int getPreferredHeight() {
 return managerHeight;
 protected void sublayout(int w, int h) {
 if (managerWidth == 0) {
 managerWidth = w;
 if (managerHeight == 0) {
 managerHeight = h;
 int actWidth = Math.min(managerWidth, w);
 int actHeight = Math.min(managerHeight, h);
 layoutChild(vfm, actWidth - 2, actHeight - 2); // Leave room for border
 setPositionChild(vfm, 1, 1); // again, careful not to stomp over the border
 setExtent(actWidth, actHeight);
 protected void paint(Graphics g) {
 int prevColor = g.getColor();
 g.drawRect(0, 0, getWidth(), getHeight()); // draws border
1. extends Manager (rather than VerticalFieldManager):
 we don't need a specialized container such as a VerticalFieldManager. We provide sublayout ourselves, as well as getPreferredWidth / getPreferredHeight.
 This is my personal preference, but I think the inner (scrolling) Manager should use all the width and height you give it. If you ever start beautifying this gadget with various background colors and so on, it will feel weird when the field is still short.
3. Use of Math.min to determine your Field's actual size:
 sublayout's parameters - w and h - tell you your Field's maximum available visual area. Honor those maximums!
4. Making room for the border:
 we lay out our inner VerticalFieldManager with smaller values than we use for the whole field (notice those "-2" in layoutChild call). This is because we reserve 2 pixels (1 on each side) for the border. We also position it (notice setPositionChild call) with the same restrictions in mind.
5. Saving and restoring your Graphics color (holds true for background color as well when you use one):
 You want something of a specific color? Fine - but don't forget to change that color back to its original value once you're done using it. Otherwise you might see all kinds of graphical artifacts which will be difficult to explain!
I hope this little piece of code is useful for you.
by Developer on 08-09-2010 10:27 AM
I suggested this article to some people in the support forums. One of the uses I didn't anticipate was to have a scrollable read-only programmatically changeable field (think event log or a chat window). There needs to be a possibility to make the field READONLY or even NON_FOCUSABLE, as well as the ability to setText or append some text. Here is a possible TextBoxField(int, int, long) constructor change (we then don't create the editField until we get to this constructor and determine what style does it need to have):
 TextBoxField(int width, int height, long style) {
 long innerStyle = style & (READONLY | FOCUSABLE_MASK); // at least
 managerWidth = width;
 managerHeight = height;
 editField = new EditField("", "", EditField.DEFAULT_MAXCHARS, innerStyle);
setText and append might look like this:
public void append(String addedText) {
 String newText = editField.getText() + addedText;
public void setText(String newText) {
See that "setCursorPosition"? This is a matter of style, but I have a feeling that after adding a text (like sending a new chat message) the user would expect to see that part of text on the screen immediately, not after stepping in there and scrolling down.
by Developer on 08-20-2010 05:51 PM
After some pondering I found how to properly change the border color on focus changes (there was such a question in the forums). Unfortunately, onUnfocus() on editField doesn't work - somehow a field is never aware of it losing focus if the focus shifts outside of its Manager.
The solution would be to:
1) Declare that this class implements FocusChangeListener :
public class TextBoxField extends Manager implements FocusChangeListener {
2) set this as a focus change listener on editField - like this:
3) add some member called, say, borderColor, and set the color to that value instead of Color.BLACK before drawRect() inside paint(). Initialize to unfocused state. I used Color.BLUE for unfocused and Color.RED for focused
4) implement focusChanged to change that color and cause a repaint:
 public void focusChanged(Field field, int eventType) {
 if (field == editField) {
 switch (eventType) {
 borderColor = Color.RED;
 case FOCUS_LOST:
 borderColor = Color.BLUE;
Well, you get the idea. Nothing special, but might be nice at times.
by Developer on 10-03-2011 02:09 PM
I'm having difficulty is making the Vertical Scroll bar arrows visible when using this code. Any idea why the up and down arrow are not visible in this code? Yes, I've modified the code a bit but not getting a reason why it is not working. May I request you to put some screenshot of how originially it looks at your end when you coded it?
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text:
Does my father need another endoscopy?
Q: My father's age is 70. Ten days back, he got an attack of vomiting of blood. He was then hospitalised urgently. The blood tests showed HBV+. The ultrasound report showed: mild splenomegaly, ascitis and coarse echotexture with irregular outline. The endoscopy report has showed a grade II oesophageal varices with oesophagitis. Now the situation is that bleeding is stopped, but the patient is restless and there is jaundice. Ascitis is also present and there is oedema in feet. Now the doctor has suggested that we will have to repeat the endoscopy 3-4 more times. My father is very worried and is reluctant to get an endoscopy done. Please suggest us how should I compel my father to get ready for an endoscopy or should I resist the doctor for doing another endoscopy?
A:The most common causes of bleeding in the upper part of the gastro-intestinal tract are duodenal and gastric ulcers, oesophageal varices, acute gastric erosions/haemorrhagic gastritis, tear of the oesophageal lining and gastric carcinoma. Oesophageal varices are dilated blood vessels within the wall of the oesophagus. A large blood vessel called portal vein carries approximately 1500 mL/min of blood from the small and large intestines, the spleen, and the stomach to the liver. Any obstruction to this blood flow due to any cause results in an increase in pressure in the vein (portal hypertension) which leads to development of a collateral circulation diverting the obstructed blood flow to other veins. These collaterals form by the opening and dilatation of preexisting vascular channels that connect the portal venous system and the superior and inferior vena cava. The most important such collateral is at the junction of the food pipe and the stomach and this is responsible for the main complication of portal hypertension—massive upper gastro-intestinal bleeding. An elevated portal venous pressure (>10 mm Hg) distends the veins proximal to the site of the block and increases pressure in organs drained by the obstructed veins. A rise in portal vein pressure could be due to a problem before the liver (pre-hepatic), within the liver (hepatic) or beyond the liver (post-hepatic) and some common causes are: cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease. Endoscopy is required so that treatment may be planned. It diagnoses the problem (presence of active variceal bleeding or an adherent clot), can predict risk of bleeding and treat the problem by sclerotherapy or variceal ligation (banding). You need to talk to the doctor and discuss all the issues with him.


text:
Narrator: This is Science Today. Researchers at the University of California San Francisco have discovered that chemicals found in a Japanese flower and green tea leaves can prevent brain cells from dying in stroke-like conditions. Doctor Raymond Swanson, a neurology professor at the school, says that when brain cells are damaged, they often over-exert themselves by trying to repair their structure.
Swanson: And of course under a stroke situation, that is the problem. There's not enough energy for the cells to live. And when that's compounded by a massive effect of repairing DNA, it kills cells that might otherwise live.
Narrator: The new chemicals, Swanson says, prevent cells from wasting much needed energy in the repair process -- and that may prove vital in a life or death situation.
Swanson: If you have a dead cell in the brain, you can't do any worse than that. So if you buy time, you may find yet other interventions, which can make these cells live. If you buy time you may be able to improve blood flow to the brain.
Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.


text:
BRANDEN W. JOSEPH
Beyond the Dream Syndicate - Tony Conrad and the Arts After Cage
Examining Tony Conrad's collaborative interactions as a guiding thread by which to investigate the contiguous networks and discursive interconnections in 1960s art.
Tony Conrad has significantly influenced cultural developments from minimalism to underground film, concept art, postmodern appropriation, and the most sophisticated rock and roll. Creator of the structural film, The Flicker, collaborator on Jack Smith's Flaming Creatures and Normal Love, follower of Henry Flynt's radical anti-art, member of the Theatre of Eternal Music and the first incarnation of The Velvet Underground, and early associate of Mike Kelley, Tony Oursler, and Cindy Sherman, Conrad has eluded canonic histories. Yet Beyond the Dream Syndicate does not claim Conrad as a major but under-recognized figure. Neither monograph nor social history, the book takes Conrad's collaborative interactions as a guiding thread by which to investigate the contiguous networks and discursive interconnections in 1960s art. Such an approach simultaneously illuminates and estranges current understandings of the period, redrawing the map across medium and stylistic boundaries to reveal a constitutive hybridization at the base of the decade's artistic development. This exploration of Conrad and his milieu goes beyond the presentation of a relatively overlooked oeuvre to chart multiple, contestatory regimes of power simultaneously in play during the pivotal moment of the 1960s. From the sovereign authority invoked by Young's music, to the paranoiac politics of Flynt, to the immanent control modeled by Conrad's films, each avant-garde project examined reveals an investment within a particular structure of power and resistance, providing a glimpse into the diversity of the artistic and political stakes that continue to define our time.


12 Secrets to Parenting a Blind Child
While the following list is certainly not comprehensive, it is a pretty good set of guidelines for parenting a blind child. It's based on a great many conversation with "successful," blind adults and asking how they were raised. I think everything on this list would be good parenting practice for any child, but these are things that are especially important if this child is visually impaired. They are in no particular order; they're all important.
 1. Children should be accountable for their actions. A child should be raised in such a way that, should their vision be magically restored at some point in the future, they would have the tools and personality to be a happy, productive adult.
 2. Develop a good work ethic. Everyone, regardless of how well they can see, needs to be accountable for how they work. A professional is someone who does their best even when they don't particularly feel like it.
 1. They should have regular chores that they're expected to perform to the best of their ability.
 1. Develop good social skills. Sight has nothing to do with courtesy, thoughtfulness, friendliness, etc.
 1. Get exposed to as many different experiences as possible. Blindness can be allowed to shrink a child's horizons. Extra attention should be paid to developing hobbies, taking trips, and trying new things.
 1. Master "blind skills" as early as possible: Braille, cane, accessible technologies, etc.
 1. Don't tell them that they can't do something. You could be wrong and, even if you're right, they'll still learn from the effort. After all, we are certain that, when a sighted child says that he or she wants to be President, there is virtually no chance they will succeed, but we smile and wish them luck anyway.
 1. Don't helicopter. The natural temptation to hover over our children is greatly magnified if that child has a disability. While we don't want to think about it, we are all mortal and the time will come when you won't be there.
 1. The child should be allowed to fail. You can bet if they're not failing, they're not trying. And, if they're not trying, they're not progressing.
 1. Teach them to advocate for themselves. Learning to do this appropriately is not hard, but it is a skill that is essential to learn and can be taught early.
 1. Teach the child to be a "problem solver." Successful adults, sighted or blind, cultivate the habit, when encountering a problem, of thinking, "Now, how can I solve this?" instead of "Oh, I can't do this."
 1. Whenever possible, model the behavior you expect. After all, you are the most influential teacher in your child's life.
Finally, grant yourself forgiveness. Even the very best parents make mistakes. If they didn't, there wouldn't be a need for psychotherapists.
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text:
Up to 3 values. The intensity levels for the break between
solid and dashed contours for each contour image.
Defaults are 0.0,0.0,0.0
Up to 4 values. Character sizes in units of the PGPLOT default
(which is ~ 1/40 of the view surface height) for the plot axis
labels, the velocity/channel label, the overlay ID string
(if option "write" in OLAY used) label, and the contour
value labels (see options=conlab).
Defaults try to choose something sensible. Use 0.0 to default
any particular value. E.g., 1.4, 0, 0, 0.5
Up to 2 values. Scales in natural axis units/mm with which to
plot in the x and y directions. For example, if the increments
per pixel are in radians, then this number would be radians/mm
(note that for RA axes you give radians on the sky per mm).
Although this choice of unit may be cumbersome, it makes no
assumptions about the axis type, so is more flexible. If you
also chose OPTIONS=EQUAL then one of your scales, if you set
both and differently, would be over-ruled. If you give only
one value, the second defaults to that.
Defaults choose scales to fill the page optimally. To default
the first but the second, use 0.0,scale(2)
The name of a file containing a list of overlay descriptions.
Wild card expansion is active and the default is no overlays.
Miriad task CGCURS OPTIONS=CURSOR,LOG,CGDISP can be used to
make an overlay file.
Entries in the overlay file can be white space or comma
delimitered or both. All lines beginning with # are ignored.
**** DO NOT USE TABS ****
Double quotes " are used below to indicate a string. The "
should not be put in the file. For all the string parameters
discussed below, you can abbreviate them with minimum match.
Each line describes an overlay and should be as follows:
##### The first 5 parameters in each line must be
1 2 3 4 5
OFIG XOTYPE YOTYPE ID WRITE
OFIG is the type of overlay; choose from
"sym" pgplot symbol number (give centre, symbol, and size)
"star" star (i.e. cross; give centre and half-sizes)
"box" box (give centre and half-sizes)
line line segment (give ends)
"vector" directed line segment (give centre, length, and
"circle" filled in circle (give centre and radius)
"ocircle" open circle (give centre and radius)
"ellipse" filled-in ellipse (give centre, half axes and p.a.)
"oellipse open ellipse (give centre, half axes and p.a.)
"clear" nothing, so you can write the overlay ID string (see
below) without the overlay
"colour" See below.
"lwid" See below.
offset See below.
XOTYPE and YOTYPE give the units of the overlay location (and
overlay half-sizes) contained in the file for the x- and y-
directions, respectively. Choose from:
"hms", "dms", "arcsec", "arcmin", "absdeg", "reldeg", "abspix",
"relpix", "absnat", "relnat", "absghz", "relghz",
"abskms", & "relkms" as described in the keyword LABTYP.
Note that OTYPE does not depend upon what you specified for
ID is an identifying overlay string which can be optionally
written on the overlay; it MUST be in the overlay file whether
you write it on the plot or not). The ID string is written in
the corner for "star" and "box", at the end for line, and in
the centre for "circle" and "clear". The underscore character
"_" is treated a special case and is replaced by a blank before
plotting. In this way, you can write several words as the
overlay ID; you connect them with underscores in the overlay
file, and cgdisp strips them out before plotting.
WRITE is "yes" or "no" to specify if the overlay ID is to be
written in the overlay figure or not.
##### Parameters beyond number 5 depend upon OFIG, XOTYPE, and
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 OFIG
X Y SY SS CS CE sym
X Y XS YS CS CE star, box
X1 Y1 X2 Y2 CS CE line
X Y VL PA SS A1 A1 A3 CS CE vector
X Y R CS CE circle, ocircle
X Y R1 R2 PA CS CE ellipse, oellipse
X Y CS CE clear
X,Y defines the center of the overlay in the nominated OTYPE
coordinate system (X- and Y-OTYPE can be different).
(X1,Y1) & (X2,Y2) are the end points of the line segment in the
nominated OTYPE (mixed OTYPEs are supported here too).
For %OTYPE = "abspix ", "relpix", "arcsec", "arcmin", "absdeg",
"reldeg", "absghz", "relghz", "abskms", "relkms",
"absnat" & "relnat" X,Y,X1,Y1,X2,Y2 are single
For %OTYPE = "hms" or "dms", the X and/or Y location is/are
replaced by three numbers such as HH MM SS.S or DD MM SS.S.
Thus, if XOTYPE = hms and YOTYPE = dms then the file for
OFIG=box, say, should have lines like
HH MM SS.S DD MM SS.S XS YS CHAN
XS, YS are the overlay half-sizes in the following units:
%OTYPE = "abspix" and "relpix" in pixels
"hms" and "dms" in arcseconds
"arcsec" in arcseconds
"arcmin" in arcminutes
"absdeg" and "reldeg" in degrees
"absghz" and "relghz" in GHz
"abskms" and "relkms" in km/s
"absnat" and "relnat" in natural coordinates
XS, YS are optional for OFIG="box" and "star". The defaults
are XS = 2, YS = XS pixels.
CS to CE is the channel range (image planes) on which to put the
overlays. If you specify only CS than the overlay is put on
that channel. If CS = 0 the overlays are put on all channels.
In all cases, CS and CE are optional and the default is 0 (all
SY is the pgplot symbol to use for "sym".
SS is the pgplot character height to use for "sym" and "vector".
May be set to zero for vectors to omit the arrowhead. Default
is the character height used for overlay string.
VL is the length of the vector in pixels.
PA is the position angle in degrees, positive N -> E.
A1, A2, and A3 are the PGPLOT arrowhead style parameters:
A1 is the fill-style, 1 (default) for filled or anything else
A2 is the acute angle of the arrow point, in degrees. Default
A3 is the fraction of the triangular arrowhead that is cut away
from the back. Default 0.3.
R is the radius of circle overlays in the units given in the
above list according to XOTYPE only.
R1 and R2 are the ellipse major and minor axes half-widths,
both in units according to XOTYPE.
##### OFIG = COLOUR (or COLOR)
A COLOUR directive can be included at any point in the overlay
file in the format
where the literal "COLOUR" or "COLOR" (without the quotes)
starts in column 1, followed by the PGPLOT colour index. This
changes the graphics overlay colour until the next COLOUR
directive is processed. PGPLOT colour indices are listed above
for the cols1 parameter. The default colour index is 9.
##### OFIG = LWID
An LWID directive can be included at any point in the overlay
file in the format
where the literal "LWID" (without the quotes) starts in column
1, followed by the PGPLOT line width in units of 0.005 inch
(about 0.13 mm) and must be an integer in the range 1-201. This
changes the graphics line width until the next LWID directive is
processed. The default width is 1.
##### OFIG = OFFSET
An OFFSET directive can be included at any point in the overlay
file in the format
OFFSET XOFF YOFF
where the literal "OFFSET" (without the quotes) starts in
column 1, followed by X and Y offsets which are applied to all
succeeding overlay file locations.
X = X + XOFF; Y = Y + YOFF
These offsets must be in the same units as the %OTYPE of
succeeding directives. It is intended so that your overlay
locations can be in,