text:
This section will describe the following:
- Scale Types
What the different axis scales offer.
Controlling numeric and time tick intervals.
- Scale Range
Controlling the axis scale start, end, and range.
- Scale Breaks
Using scale breaks.
- Scale Influentials
Allow axis markers and custom axis tick to influence axis scale ranges.
Axis scales dictate more than just the values on an axis. They also specify element behavior such as stacked, or FullStacked. The options for the Scale enumeration include:
Between numeric and time scales,.netCHARTING will automatically set the appropriate scale so it does not always need to be specified explicitly. Scales such as Stacked or FullStacked only apply to axes on which the element y values are plotted because these are the values that are stacked. For example with a combo chart, the Chart.YAxis would be the one to specify a stacked scale.
Other properties that control the scale include:
specifies the logarithmic base of intervals.
A '%' sign will be added to the end of tick labels and the axis maximum will snap to 100% if the plotted data's range falls between 50 and 100.
reverses the sequence of a scale.
Intervals come in two flavors, numeric, and time. The latter is more complicated so we'll tackle numeric first.
Controlling the interval is a simple concept. You can specify a numeric interval using code such as:
Chart.YAxis.Interval = 5;
Chart.YAxis.Interval = 5
This will force an interval at every five numeric units. Other interval related properties include:
Specifies the minimum numeric interval.
TIP: This allows you to prevent the axis scale from using intervals that are smaller than a single unit of your data. For example a chart showing votes and the maximum number being 3 may show intervals at.5 which are not desired.
Specifies the maximum number of ticks to generate.
The basic time interval is controlled with the Axis.TimeInterval property
Axis.TimeInterval = TimeInterval.Week;
Axis.TimeInterval = TimeInterval.Week
Advanced time interval
A more complex time interval is also available and can be specified through the Axis.TimeIntervalAdvanced property.
Using the advanced time interval version allows you to specify an interval multiplier. For example we can have an interval every 4 days or 2 weeks etc.
Axis.TimeIntervalAdvanced.Multiplier = 2;
Axis.TimeIntervalAdvanced.Multiplier = 2
Custom time span
A completely custom time span can be used as a time interval.
Axis.TimeIntervalAdvanced.TimeSpan = new TimeSpan(10,5,3);
Axis.TimeIntervalAdvanced.TimeSpan = New TimeSpan(10,5,3)
Custom start time
An interval can also start at any given time. These times can be specified through the following properties:
The month of year at which this interval initially occurs. Value ranges from zero indicating January, to eleven, indicating December.
The day of the week at which this interval initially occurs. Value ranges from zero indicating Sunday, to six, indicating Saturday.
A DateTime object representing the time instant at which this interval initially occurs. The value of this DateTime structure can be specific down to the millisecond.
The scale's numeric, time, and category axis boundaries can be specified using the Axis.ScaleRange property. New in version 5.0, the scale range can also represent a range on a category axis.
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueHigh = 100;
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = 2;
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueHigh = new DateTime(2000,12,1);
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = new DateTime(2000,1,1);
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueHigh = 100
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = 2
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueHigh = New DateTime(2000,12,1)
Chart.YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = New DateTime(2000,1,1)
Providing a single high or low value without its counterpart is also permitted.
YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = 2;
YAxis.ScaleRange.ValueLow = 2;
|Note: Numeric intervals start at zero, therefore, if the minimum value doesn't land on an interval there may be a gap between the scale's edge and the first axis tick.|
Category Axis Scale Ranges
New in version 5.0, the scale range can also represent a category axis range. It can achieved in two ways. The axis tick label text can be used to specify the range. The other way is to use a zero-based indexes to reference the axis ticks. For example, if there are 10 axis ticks they can be referenced using a numeric index of [0-9]. This code demonstrates the two methods.
// Using names. Chart.XAxis.ExtraTicks.Add(new AxisTick("Element 1", "Element 3", "Range")); // Using indexes. Chart.XAxis.ExtraTicks.Add(new AxisTick(0, 2, "Range"));
' Using names. Chart.XAxis.ExtraTicks.Add(New AxisTick("Element 1", "Element 3", "Range"))'Using indexes. Chart.XAxis.ExtraTicks.Add(New AxisTick(0, 2, "Range"))
Time Scale Padding
Time scale ranges can be padded with an equal amount of time on either side of the plotted data to produce the final range. This is achieved using Axis.TimePadding.
Chart.XAxis.TimePadding = TimeSpan.FromDays(10);
Chart.XAxis.TimePadding = TimeSpan.FromDays(10)
Scale breaks are discontinuities in an axis' scale. They are useful in the following scenarios:
- When there is a large difference between low and high element values.
- When element value variations are much smaller than the scale range.
- When specific days of a week should be excluded in the scale, for example, weekends are not needed in financial charts. Scale breaks can work with a calendar pattern in this case.
For the first two cases, the chart engine can automatically generate a scale break by setting Axis.SmartScaleBreak to true.
Scale breaks are added manually like so:
Axis.ScaleBreaks.Add( new ScaleRange(0,50) );
//Or for time:
Axis.ScaleBreaks.Add( new ScaleRange(new DateTime(2000,1,1), new DateTime(2000,12,1) ) );
Axis.ScaleBreaks.Add( New ScaleRange(0,50) )
'Or for time:
Axis.ScaleBreaks.Add( New ScaleRange(New DateTime(2000,1,1), New DateTime(2000,12,1) ) )
Scale Break Styles
A number of options are available to achieve the scale break style your charts require. The style can be set with the ScaleBreakStyle enumeration at the axis level as shown below.
Chart.YAxis.ScaleBreakStyle = ScaleBreakStyle.ZigZag;
Chart.YAxis.ScaleBreakStyle = ScaleBreakStyle.ZigZag
Objects that inherit from ScaleRange, such as AxisMarker and AxisTicks are able to influence the axis' scale range. For instance, a chart showing bandwidth usage over a period of time with an axis marker representing the bandwidth limit may have elements that will never reach or even come close to the limit marker's value. Because of this, the limit marker will not be visible on the chart; however, if AxisMarker.IncludeInAxisScale is true, the marker will tell the axis scale range to encompass its value.
Objects that can influence axis scales are:


text:
ife robin Erithacus (rubecula) superbus - a species of its own? Dutch Birding 23: 140–146.
- Although Dietzen et al. (2003) conclude that both Tenerife and Gran Canaria populations are independently derived from mainland populations and should constitute two species or all be placed in E. rubecula as subspecies, their data does not allow for a definite conclusion. The alternative explanation – that Tenerife was colonised by already-distinct Gran Canaria robins – has not been explored and the proposed model relies only on probabilistic inference. Likewise, the seemingly exact molecular dating is doubtful as it assumes a molecular clock that may or may not be correct, and of course the assumption that the ancestor of all robins was similar in colouration to superbus and not the continental birds is, being inferred from their model of colonisation, entirely conjectural.
- César-Javier Palacios, Hallazgo en Gran Canaria de una especie de petirrojo única en el mundo (Discovery in Gran Canaria of a unique Robin species in the world). Newspaper Canarias 7, 6/10/2006. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
- "Mary Poppins (1964)". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- "Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in", John Roberts, Yorkshire Post, 26 January
- "National Icons of Bangladesh". Bangla2000. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
- Hume R (2002). RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 263. ISBN 0-7513-1234-7.
- Jonsson, Lars (1976). Birds of Wood, Park and Garden. Middlesex, England: Penguin. p. 90. ISBN 0-14-063002-3.
- Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 309. ISBN 0-589-50260-3.
- "The RSPB-Robin:Territory". RSPB website. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
- "British garden birds - lifespan". garden-birds.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- Rothschild, Miriam; Clay, Theresa (1957). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites. New York: Macmillan. p. 113.
- Evans G (1972). The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs. London: Warne. p. 85. ISBN 0-7232-0060-2.
- Fuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2007). "Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins". Biology Letters 3 (4): 368–70. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0134. PMC _PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.
- "Cryptochrome and Magnetic Sensing". Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group.
- Ingersoll, p. 167
- Cooper, JC (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. p. 194. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
- de Vries, Ad (1976). Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. pp. 388–89. ISBN 0-7204-8021-3.
- "BBC Science & Nature:Animals". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
- "Robin". BBC. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- Public Petition Committee of the Scottish Parliament. National Bird (PE783). 10 November 2004. The Enterprise and Culture Committee of the Scottish Parliament Agenda (25th Meeting, session 2) on 31 Oct 2006
- Hull Kingston Rovers RLFC. "Hull Kingston Rovers: History". Official Website. Hull Kingston Rovers RLFC. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
- Morris, Desmond (1981). The Soccer Tribe. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 210. ISBN 0-224-01935-X.
Cited text
- Ingersoll, Ernest (1923). "Fire-birds: The Robin and the Wren". Birds in legend, fable and folklore. New York: Longmans, Green and co. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Further reading
- Lack, Andrew (2008). Redbreast: The Robin in Life and Literature. SMH Books. ISBN 978-0-_PHONE_-2-7.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Erithacus rubecula|
|Wikispecies has information related to: Erithacus rubecula|
- Erithacus rubecula in the Flickr: Field Guide Birds of the World
- Erithacus rubecula on Avibase
- Map of the distribution of the 3 Canarian Robin subspecies
- ARKive: Robin (Erithacus rubecula) images and movies. Retrieved 2006-NOV-30.
- Birds of Britain: Robin. Retrieved 2006-NOV-30.
- European Robin videos, photos & sounds on Internet Bird Collection.
- RSPB: Robin (Erithacus rubecula). Retrieved 2006-NOV-30.
- Sonatura : Song of the European Robin
- Sveriges Radio P2: Song of the European Robin (Real Audio soundfile)
- Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
- BBC Nature: Robin news, sounds and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


iridology zones dark spot kidney why?
Home » News » FAQ
What is iridology zones dark spot Psora Spots?
iridology zones dark spot kidney
iridology zones dark spot kidney
Location: Any location of the iris;
Appearance: Various shades of brown or black spots;
Symptoms: It indicates accumulations of toxins and is often an inherited weakness.
How to read iridology color?
Blue-Eyed Type (German: Lymphatic)
Description-White collaret (autonomic nerve wreath), solid blue or gray/blue color with no discoloration or psora (pigments). Related to the primary color blue and the spiritual aspect of health. Strong tendency towards Western phlegmatic (water) constitution and Chinese water, metal constitutions.
iridology dark outer ring
iridology dark brown eyes
iridology dark spots in eyes
iridology dark ring around pupil
iridology dark spots
iridology dark eyes
iridology dark ring around iris
iridology dark circle around iris
This is the "pure" blue eye that is found in people's of European descent. It usually accompanies a classic phlegmatic disposition, which means the person is prone to lymphatic disturbances and catarrh afflictions. This is probably due in part to the fact that people of European descent are frequently heavy consumers of dairy products. Blue-eyed people are also thought to have a greater tendency to accumulate uric acid in their bodies and to have kidney troubles. The body systems and parts that these people have to pay particular attention to are the following: Mucus membrane areas (upper respiratory tract, bronchioles, villi of lungs, digestive tract and the uro-genital tracts), lymphatic tissues (tonsils, appendix, spleen and lymph nodes) and membranes of the joints.
Health problems commonly found in people with the lymphatic constitution include the following: Sinus troubles, sore throats, tonsillitis, earaches, bronchitis, asthma, swollen lymph nodes, skin catarrh (eczema and dandruff), kidney weakness, arthritis and rheumatism.
Mixed-Eyed Type (German: Biliary)
Description-Discolorations or psora (drug spots) on top of a blue background (fiber structure is visible through color). Related to the primary color yellow and the mental aspect of health. Strong tendency towards Chinese wood, earth constitutions and the Western air constitution.
The blue/brown mixed eye has been linked by Iridologists with a disposition to biliary or hepatic (liver) troubles. It is believed that the colorations on top of the blue eye are a sign of toxicity in the body due to digestive problems. When the pigmentation is concentrated around the center of the eye, this is especially linked with digestive disturbances. Problems with the liver and other digestive organs can lead to further imbalances in the glandular and circulatory systems. Body systems and organs to pay particular attention to are as follows: The digestive system (stomach, pancreas, gall bladder and especially the liver) and the intestinal tract.
Common health problems Iridologists associate with this type are: Hypoglycemia, PMS, indigestion, gallstones, constipation, gas, toxicity of the digestive tract, anger and/or depression, difficulty getting to sleep followed by difficulty waking up in the morning, nausea, stiffness and achiness, headaches (especially migraines), food allergies, seasonal allergies and Candida.
spots iridology camera up the urethra Why iridology have Black
spots iridology camera up the urethra Why iridology have Black 1
Colors have strong meaning in this eye type:
Straw Yellow: Relates to the kidneys and suggests poor kidney function.
Neon Orange: Relates to the pancreas and suggests a tendency to blood sugar imbalances and problems with digesting (metabolizing) carbohydrates.
Dirty Orange: May relate to either the pancreas or the gallbladder. Suggests some tendency as neon orange, but may also suggest gall bladder problems. Look for other signs of gall bladder problems (marks in gallbladder zone or fatty deposits in whites.)
Dark Brown: Related to liver function.
Reddish Brown: Suggests breakdown of the blood and a need to work with blood purification and building. Possible problems with liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Brown Eyed Type (German: Hematogenic)
Description-Pure brown eye with pigments covering iris fiber structure. Related to the primary color red and the physical aspect of health. Probably Chinese constitutional types: fire and earth. Probability related to Western fire and earth constitutions as well.
Pure brown eyes are difficult for Iridologists to read because a layer of pigment completely covers up the fiber structure of the eye. However, Iridologists have noted some general characteristics of brown-eyed people. First, they appear to be pre-disposed to imbalances in blood composition and hence to blood disorders. It has been suggested that they have a possible inherent inability to store adequate supplies of minerals. They may especially have problems with calcium metabolism. Specific systems and organs to pay particular attention to are: The circulatory system (heart, blood, blood vessels), the organs that make blood (liver, spleen, bone marrow), the digestive system and the endocrine glands.
Common health problems experienced by brown-eyed people include: Anemia, hardening of the arteries, all types of blood diseases, constriction and hardening of lymph tissue, possible reduced leukocytes in the blood, digestive troubles, mineral deficiencies and early breakdown of the endocrine glands.
How to read the iridology Sample 3PCS? Sample Eye Readings
Here are a few sample eye photos, with the most glaring conditions marked. These are not comprehensive in any way, but are simply shared to give you an idea of what kinds of markings are visible, and what they signify.
Iridology chart
iridology charts
iridology charts
iridology chart
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Imagine a delicious pile of French fries next to a low-fat green salad. After resisting the fries, can you really be expected to go to the gym instead of watching TV? According to a new study in the Journal of Consumer Research, consumers who focus on long-term goals are more likely to resist unhealthy urges.
"Whether it's gobbling dessert, skipping a workout, or failing to floss, consumers often let down their guard when they're faced with one health challenge after another," write authors Nidhi Agrawal (Northwestern University) and Echo Wen Wan (University of Hong Kong).
"If we are feeling fresh, it's easy to focus on our goals and exert self-control. But when we've already tested the limits of our self-control, it's harder to keep going," the authors explain. "This is when focusing on the big picture helps us to keep our eyes on the goal and push ourselves harder. In contrast, focusing on the immediate situation only emphasizes how we've already maximized the extent of our willpower and hinders self-control."
The researchers investigated how health messages affect self-control. In their studies, the authors examined the processes at work as people face repeated self-control challenges. They found that after people have already faced a self-control challenge, a focus on their lack of resources may prevent self-control in further health-related activities, such as exercising or flossing.
The authors found that participants showed less self-control on health tasks when they focused on their immediate situations. In contrast, when they looked to the future and linked the health task to important long-term goals, they exerted self-control and were not affected by being tired or depleted. (This was true even when participants were asked to read long medical articles.)
The authors believe their findings are important for anyone conveying health messages to consumers. For example, messages that stress risks can deplete consumers to the extent that they fall prey to bad decisions, like overeating, which can compromise health.
"To prevent such detrimental repercussions, advertisers and public health advocates should promote higher-level thinking when presenting high-risk health messages," the authors conclude.
Nidhi Agrawal and Echo Wen Wan. "Winning the Battle for Self-Control: Look at Long-Term Goals." Journal of Consumer Research: October 2009.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Simulated Worlds Analogy
c. 1991 / (085)
Thompson describes how advocates for artificial life view consciousness as the result of combinations of minute particles. He proposes that if we consider computer symbols as the "little parts" utilized to produce "simulated life" within nature, we can then regard nature as a vast parallel processor. Certain characteristics of this model, Thompson notes, bear a surprising resemblance to the Puranic concept of maya.


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What kind of evidence of a disease would survive after 12,000 years? As a cause of death among animals, disease is probably a much more significant factor than predation, especially if they are under stress, though given the penchant of predators to pick out the weak and infirm, it may be difficult to distinguish (Shipman, 1981). A disease that could kill 3 sloths at once would have to have been dangerous and fast-acting, but can you prove it from fossils?
A hypervirulent disease has been suggested as a possible cause of the Pleistocene mass-extinction (MacPhee and Marx, 1997). The theory is humans or their dogs (or their fleas) brought a pathogen with them when they arrived in the New World, and while they were immune, the New World fauna was not, and large mammals died in unprecedented numbers–a dress rehearsal, if you will, for the devastation wreaked by measles, small pox, etc. when those pathogens arrived with Europeans 12,000 years later. But small pox didn't exterminate dozens of species.
As a rule, disease-causing microbes adapt to a limited number of hosts with a life-style and genes that make them susceptible. Diseases that can infect widely disparate species are rare. MacPhee and Marx offer rabies and Leptospira as models for the plague microbe, though neither has the requisite characteristics today (e.g. aerosol transmission, range of hosts, etc.). You also need to assume some different social systems among the infected animals, i.e. more direct contact to maintain the plague. Of course, you don't need to assume a super bug killed the Tarkio Valley Trio–a bad sloth-cold could have had the same effect if stress had left them vulnerable.
Proving the sloths died of a fast-acting acute disease is a challenge. Such diseases generally act on soft tissues, rarely do they leave an imprint on bone (Manchester, 1987). A long-term chronic disease has a better chance of leaving fossil evidence, but arthritis, or another such disease couldn't kill three sloths at once. Does that just leave us with an interesting theory and no way to prove it? Maybe not.
The ability to detect disease directly in fossils took a giant leap forward in 2005 when Hendrik Poinar, in the Ancient DNA Center at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and an international team, succeeded in sequencing 28 million base pairs (bp) of DNA from a well-preserved Siberian wooly mammoth jaw (Poinar et al., 2006). In a field where getting a few hundred bp of DNA is viewed as a significant achievement, they recovered 13 million bp of the mammoth's genome. The remaining sequences were traced to a wide range of internal viruses and bacteria, a number of soil organisms, and even the mammoth's last meal. Poinar's team used a database of DNA sequences on file at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and software they developed, to identify the DNA sequences down to the species level in many cases.
Sequencing DNA from our fossils is a long shot. The mammoth was preserved under ideal conditions. Iowa's wet temperate climate makes finding DNA extremely unlikely. However, the NSF wants us to try and Poinar has agreed to help. Who knows what we'll discover along the way–hopefully proof we have a sloth family, and maybe entire internal and external ecosystems in those fragile strands.... Dave
Poinar, HN, Schwarz, C, Qi J, Shapiro, B, MacPhee, RDE, Buigues, B, Tikhonov, A, Huson, DH, Tomsho, LP, Auch, A, Rampp, M, Miller, W, Schuster, SC. 2006. Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: large scale sequencing of Mammoth DNA. Science 311(5759): 392-294.
Rowe, B. 2005. Re disease and mass extinction The sneeze heard 'round the world: disease and the great Pleistocene extinction. Abstracts, Society for American Archaeology 70th Annual Meeting, March 30-April 3, 2005, Salt Lake City. P. 254.
MacPhee, R.D.E. and Marx, P.A. 1997. The 40,000 year plague: humans, hyperdisease and first-contact extinctions. In Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. S. Goodman and B. Patterson (eds.) Smithsonian Institution Press.
Manchester, K. 1987. Skeletal evidence for health and disease. In Death, decay and reconstruction: Approaches to archaeology and forensic science. A. Boddington, AN Garland and RC Janaway (eds.) Manchester University Press.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) _URL_
Shipman, P. 1981. Life History of a Fossil: An Introduction to Taphonomy and Paleoecology, Harvard University Press.


text:
- 1 Can humans float on mercury?
- 2 Will things float in mercury?
- 3 Will a gold ring float on mercury?
- 4 Can solid mercury float on liquid mercury?
- 5 Will an ice cube float in mercury?
- 6 Will a ice cube float in mercury?
- 7 What will happen when mercury falls on gold?
- 8 What happens when mercury falls on skin?
Can humans float on mercury?
The liquid metal is about 13 times as dense as water, which means that a 2 liter jug of mercury weighs more than 50 pounds. And because we meat bags are much less dense than mercury — on average 1.062 g/cubic centimeter — we're able to float in it.
Will things float in mercury?
Mercury is a metallic element and has a density of 13.5 grams per cubic centimeter (0.49 pounds per cubic inch). This means that the density of mercury is approximately 13 times greater than that of water. Therefore, some objects that sink in water will float on mercury, including pieces of lead, silver and steel.
Will a gold ring float on mercury?
Mercury is a liquid metal and has a density of 13.5 g/cm³ and gold has density of 19.3 g/cm³. Since density of gold is higher than the density of mercury, so gold would sink in mercury.
Can solid mercury float on liquid mercury?
Consequently the solid mercury is heavier than the liquid mercury and a piece of it when in solid state it will not float in its own liquid state. Mercury is a fascinating example of a metallic element that is liquid at room temperature.
Will an ice cube float in mercury?
Mercury is very dense, so the ice cube would make only a small dent in the mercury. But the fact that it is displacing even a little mercury means that the surface of the mercury is higher than it would have been before we dropped in the ice cube.
Will a ice cube float in mercury?
What will happen when mercury falls on gold?
Freddie Mercury may have had the golden voice, but real mercury, that endlessly entertaining and dangerous liquid metal, has the golden touch. That is, if it touches gold it will immediately break the lattice bonds of the precious metal and form an alloy in a process known as amalgamation.
What happens when mercury falls on skin?
Mercury Toxicity Direct contact with elemental (liquid) mercury can cause irritation and chemical burns. Possible immediate effects may include dizziness, vertigo, flu-like symptoms, burning or irritation, pale or clammy skin, irritability, and emotional instability.


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Since 2008, we have been reporting that the evolution of various components of CPI and PPI in the United States is not a random process but rather a predetermined one with long-term sustainable trends [1, 2]. Using these trends, one can predict consumer and producer price indices for various goods, services, and commodities. For example, in [3, 4], we presented the evolution for many goods and services with varying weights in the CPI. There are more goods, services, and commodities of interest for producers, consumers, and investors, however. Here we revisit and report the success of our predictions for the index for copper ores (the previous revision was two years ago). This is an example showing that some commodity prices are well predictable.
Figure 1 displays the difference between PPI and the index for copper ores since 1988. This difference has a remarkable history: no big change between 1988 and 2003, and then a sudden surge in the copper index started. The peak was reached in the middle of 2006. It survived before the second quarter of 2008. Then the copper index dropped by almost 300 units back to the overall PPI level. In 2009, the PPI of copper increased above 500. Since 2012, the price index of copper has been falling along a linear trend. One may consider these changes as associated with the rise-fall cycles in oil price, but there is no one-to-one correspondence.
We have to admit that there are no sustainable trends in the copper index and the future of the copper ores index cannot be predicted at a ten-year horizon. Since 2012, the difference is on its way to the zero level. Soon it may reach the trough observed in 2009 (see Figure 2 for relative or normalized prices). Two years ago, we formulated our prediction in a form that there was "no sign that the PPI of copper is going to change its long-term decline". And this was a correct forecast – the copper price still follows negative trend. If the pivot point for the current trend in the difference between copper PPI and the overall PPI is around 0 then the copper price will be falling another two years. This is in line with our prediction of further decrease in energy prices in our previous post.
Figure 1. Evolution of the price index of copper ores relative to the PPI.
Figure 2. Evolution of the difference between the overall PPI and the price index of copper ores normalized to the PPI.
Aluminium price had a short-term excursions into higher figures in 2014 and quickly returned to ite negative trend in 2015. This was a dramatic fluctuation, but not the biggest one in the past 10 years as Figure 3 shows. In 2014, we expected the difference to follow the green line into 2016, and this fluctuation was a major deviation from the expected behavior. Aluminum is a commodity, which suddenly changed its behavior. Currently, the price of aluminum follows the green-line-negative linear trend. From historical perspective, however, there is no room for further fall in aluminum price as Figure 4 shiows. It might be the best time to consider investment strategy for the next 5 years.
Figure 3. Evolution of the difference between the overall PPI and the price index of aluminum scrap.
Figure 4. Historical time series for the difference between aliminium and overall PPI. Aluminum price may soon reache the historical minimum.


Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper? [Complete Information]
Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper Image
Indian Markets have huge potential in terms of producing anything and everything, but we still rely on the Chinese Market for our basic needs, from a toy to a mobile phone. The Chinese producers have infiltrated the indigenous market and are able to sell the goods cheaper than the local producers. There ought to be a reason why Chinese products are cheaper?
Despite the huge costs involved in transportation through the sea route and high packaging costs and customs duty; Chinese manufacturers are able to squeeze in their products at prices that do not seem viable for their local counterparts. They even compete in items which are simple in nature and are easy to produce, like pencil boxes.
Why Chinese Products Are Cheaper Than Indian Products?
Going by the popular discussions, which emphasize on the fact that production cost in China is cheaper than others as the workers are available at low wages. We doubt the authenticity of the claim as many other countries like Vietnam, Bangladesh, Thailand; also pay their workers in a similar fashion. Yet their products are not that economical as one would perceive.
The fact that the Chinese goods have such an impact on the world and our local markets is really commendable on the part of the Chinese Government. With an exemplary implementation of well thought out strategies; they allowed their economy to be liberalized and supported foreign businesses and investors; which further strengthened the business environment in their county.
The administration has taken necessary steps in investing in the infrastructure of the country including roads, electricity availability, ports to enhance the overall productivity and create efficiency in their operations.
They have also taken initiatives towards setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and thereby attracting Foreign Direct Investment in their country.
Supporting and promoting global exports for the produce of China, the government consistently indulges in leveraging the currency exchange rates in the International market.
Some points answering the question as to why Chinese products are cheaper?
Economy of Scale
The Chinese Government has always focussed on producing goods on a large scale; which ultimately decreases the overall costs, thereby making the goods cheaper.
Exporting Globally
China believes in exporting their goods in the international markets. Their focus is to serve beyond their own country and thereby their target market is large as compared to our local Indian manufacturers; wherein the scope is restricted to the Indian markets. Since the quantum of production in our local markets is less, the overall cost is high; thereby increasing the price of the goods.
Huge investments in Infrastructure
China has always invested largely in the developments of the roads, transportations systems, supply chain networks; which makes the movement of raw material and the finished products simple and efficient and thereby reduces the cost and time involved. In a contrasting situation; India has still a long way to go and policies need to be implemented to boost the foster the industrial sector.
The same is the case in electricity generation. While electricity is available at cheaper rates with an uninterrupted supply in China; the scenario for the Indian market is, unfortunately, the opposite.
Productive Labour Force
Even though the wage rate in China has substantially improved over the years, the development of the labor force deserves a notable mention. They focus on providing their manpower with skill development programs from time to time, thus increasing productivity. Therefore, the workers are instilled with higher efficiency; thereby contributing to the high demand for Chinese products.
Reverse Engineering Processes
China saves big on Research and Development by not limiting itself. They believe in allowing the manufacturers to produce similar products without any intellectual property rights involved. They believe in copying the design and producing goods in huge quantities. There are claims that China usually imports, deconstructs, and carries out detailed studies of products from all over the world and make their own version.
Leveraging their currency
It is believed that China is involved in manipulating their currency value for their own benefit. Having not signed any WTO agreements, they are not liable to transparency in their transactions and intentionally keep their currency weak against the US Dollar thereby keeping competitive prices for exports.
It is also to be noted that they sometimes even export goods at a price lower than what they actually incur to take advantage of the benefits available.
Popularly known as dumping; this practice is causing harm to all the importing country's local producers who try to make ends meet and are ultimately forced to close down shop in lieu of such unhealthy competition. China has been indulging in such immoral activities for a long time now, despite many countries opposing it.
Summing up, we would like to say that, apart from these reasons, and many more; China is able to sell its product cheaper, and we are doing nothing about it. It is high time that the Indian government finds solutions to this unending competition in order to boost the economy and support the local manufacturers and vendors. India should carve a way towards self-sufficiency.
Do you agree with us? Let us know.
Where is the cheapest labour in the world?
The cheapest labour in the world is in Romania.
Why can't India manufacture cheaper products as compared to China?
It's because China has a great proportion of developed lands whereas in India 70% of people living in rural areas. Also, electricity availability is a major problem in India. Electricity is for a limited time, thus factories lay idle and do not produce goods during the time.
Which country is the largest producer of steel?
China is at No. 1 when it comes to the production of steel.
Leave a Reply


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Medium: Bienfang paper, Derwent graphic pencil set
Dimensions: 18 x 24 in.
The elements and principles of design can help us to understand an image, no matter the medium. Using them when creating an image creates a stronger finished piece. My biomorphic animal drawing can be better understood by looking at its texture, space, and contrast.
Since the animal I chose is a dog, creating a fur-like texture was necessary. I worked toward having this texture by shading using single lines placed closely together. The lines curve and move in different ways to show how the fur had grown on the husky and how it would lie on its body in this position. For the hat, I first shaded around the edges of the hat. I then shaded in different sections along the hat to create the fabric texture. I chose not to blend the shading for either of these parts of the image to make the texture stay closer to how it would look in reality. On the other hand, I blended the shading on the mechanical elements to look smoother since metal generally does not have a lot of texture.
The way in which the animal takes up space in the page helps with how the drawing's composition is seen. I wanted the animal to take up most of the paper so I have the potential to add a lot more visible detail. If I had made it smaller, it would have been difficult to some of the more subtle detail of the animal, such as the shine on the husky's nose and the reflection in its eyes. I put the animal off-center to make its presentation stronger. The image would not have been as strong if it was directly in the center of the paper. Also, this way helps with the impression of action, like the husky is looking down off the bottom of the paper at something capturing its interest.
Within the image, there is a full range of shading that creates a nice amount of contrast. The husky's fur has many different shades, so it creates a lot of contrast within the animal itself. With the hat being the darkest part of the image, the eye goes to that point first. It then moves to the darker fur on the animal's back and toward the right following the different values. Since metal is generally grayish in hue, it is about the same shade as the gray areas of the fur. However, there is enough of a difference in the value to create some contrast between those two elements. The differences in the contrast help to direct your eyes across the paper.
While an image can be strong standing on its own, thinking of it in the terms of the elements and principles of design can help us determine how successful an image is. Using texture, space, and contrast the choices behind my biomorphic animal can be better understood. These aspects of art in a work are what make art such a powerful force in our lives.


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Best US History Books
Are you struggling to find US history books that actually make history, well, interesting? We know your pain. The history of the United States is such a fascinating topic with so much to explore, but a lot of academic discussion just seems dry.
We've put together a list of our favorite US history books, along with some information about what you'll find in each.
Top 7: Best US History Books
1. Howard Zinn's People's History of the US
This book is one of the most fascinating US history texts on the market. It does something that no other book has ever tried to do: It tells the entire story of US history from the point of view of the average person.
The author doesn't focus on the different founding fathers or prominent political figures of each time period. Instead, he describes the struggles and triumphs of the average American. He sheds light on people who are often forgotten in discussions of American history.
In doing so, he makes a powerful statement: History is written not by the elite and the powerful, but by the common people who work together to achieve their goals.
He also highlights the tragedies of certain groups: atrocities faced by enslaved African Americans, genocide survived by Native Americans, deaths and disability caused by lack of labor regulation, and more.
Despite shedding light on some of the darkest parts of US history, the book is ultimately hopeful. It shows how we can have an impact on the future of our country by standing together as people.
The author has also gathered primary sources in the form of writings and interviews given by involved individuals. You'll read words from groups including:
You'll get a chance to think about the incredible things these people have accomplished, things that are often ignored in traditional history classrooms.
The book begins with the arrival of Columbus and continues all the way through the first term of Bill Clinton. In addition to facts and primary sources, the author provides analytical insight into how these events affect life today.
2. American History: A Visual Encyclopedia
This book from DK Publishing was created with contributions from the Smithsonian Institution. It is a visual journey through the history of the United States, built for children anywhere from infancy to twelve years old.
The encyclopedia has over 750 full color paintings and photographs. It also has specific information about each state, along with maps and charts that explain different events.
Every spread discusses a single part of US history. It might be an event like the moon landing or a time period like the Great Depression. It might be a movement like the civil rights movement or a war like the Civil War.
The book begins by discussing the thriving Native American cultures that existed when Columbus first came to the land. It takes you through different aspects of colonialism, war, independence, slavery, emancipation, and other events all the way up to today.
The biggest selling point of the book is the images. But there is also important historical information that's laid out in an easily-digestible format.
You can read the book from beginning to end to understand how the US became the powerful country it is today. Or you can flip through to learn more about different specific events and time periods.
Teachers will appreciate that the text of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution is included as well. It's a great book for classrooms or for casual at-home perusal.
3. American History: A Captivating Guide
Captivating History has put together a whopping eight different manuscripts to create this comprehensive look at the history of the United States. In addition to covering events like the Revolutionary War, it also explores more recent events like the Gulf War and Pearl Harbor.
There are eight different sections of the book. Each focuses on a different time period in US history and has extremely detailed information about what happened.
Whether you're a big history buff or just getting started, this book has something for everyone. It covers more topics than most history books do, and it provides greater detail and nuance than you'd expect.
The first part covers the Native American nations that existed when Columbus arrived, the colonization of the US, the French and Indian War, and the factors leading up to the Revolution.
The second part discusses life in the colonial US, the struggle for independence, and the talking points around taxation without representation. It also explains what the Seven Years' War was and the impacts that it had.
The third part is focused on the Revolutionary War itself. The book talks about the tensions and the different battles in the war. It talks about the strategies that generals like George Washington used to turn the tide and establish the US officially.
The fourth part focuses on the city of Chicago. It talks about how Chicago evolved over the years, what the worst parts of it were, and what the best parts of it were. It discusses how Chicago represented changing times.
The fifth part discusses the earlier part of the 20th century, like Prohibition and World War One. Part six focuses on the Great Depression, how it happened, and how FDR saved the nation.
The seventh part talks about how the world changed following the First World War. In the eighth part, you'll learn about the Gulf War: when it started, why it started, and what the costs were.
4. Scott Corbett's U.S. History
This book is perfect for those who have been seeking an academic textbook approach to US history. The goal is to cover the topics required by the majority of basic introductory curriculums.
The book offers a nuanced view of US history. It talks about the ideas and the people who have had a lasting impact on the United States. It discusses events that shaped the country's trajectory.
Some of the book focuses on big picture concepts like economics, politics, and diplomatic relations. But it also includes the experiences of real people along with eyewitness accounts. This makes it much easier to read than a dense academic text.
In addition, the book pays attention to gender, class, and race. It seeks to emphasize that the "American experience" is very different depending on your wealth, skin color, and gender.
5. A History of US
Rather than being a single tome, this is actually a set of eleven paperback books. All together, they make a stunning portrait of US history. Because it's an entire book set, the price is a little high. But it's worth it if you want a comprehensive look at the nation's past.
Each of the books focuses on a different aspect of US history. The title War, Terrible War explores the horror of the Civil War. There's also Or All the People, which is a modern book that considers how the 9/11 terror attacks have changed our world.
The series is designed for children, but many adults find themselves riveted by the writing. It's easy to read, but it doesn't gloss over the more brutal details of different historical events.
Many critics have hailed it as the best historical account written for children on the market. It's a series that turns US history into a thrilling, high-stakes narrative, one that will keep you on the edge of your seat.
6. Advanced Placement United States History
This textbook is specifically made for AP US History courses. In addition to buying the book, you can also rent a copy.
The book is excellent for AP students who want to study. It covers all of the material in an AP history course, and it also has study tools and review questions to help you retain the information.
In addition to the educational information, the book talks about how AP tests are structured, how they're graded, and what essay prompts look like. There are sample questions and essay prompts available, so you can get some much-needed practice before your exam.
7. An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States
Native American voices are often missing from literature about US history. Which is absurd - Native American history goes back much farther than colonial history! This book is written for adolescents, but adults can also enjoy the experience.
The book goes back over 400 years and turns traditional US history on its head. Instead of talking about the founding fathers, the author discusses how Native Americans have suffered and triumphed and resisted under imperialism.
Author Roxanne Dunbar-Oritz is an indigenous rights activist. Her goal with this stunning book is to help open people's eyes to how genocide and settler colonialism shaped the nation.
The right US history book for you will depend on your interests, needs, and age range.
Overall, we highly recommend the People's History of the US. It's a fresh perspective that sheds important light on topics that are often overlooked. It also shows us how we can make a difference in our day-to-day lives.
For a denser read, we recommend the Captivating Guide to American History. The eight parts are each packed with detail.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is US history?
US history refers to the history of the United States. The US became an independent country in 1776, but some people consider history before that to count as well.
European settlers had been in the country for over a hundred years. Meanwhile, Native American nations had been thriving in the land for thousands of years before the US came into existence.


The Flea
There was a stick in a stream steeped in mud, immobile and old. There was an ordinary flea sitting on it.
The stream went under the flea on the stick slowly, and a light breeze made the leaves ruffle on a tree nearby.
There was a fish in the stream wagging its tail. The fish was by the stick in the mud and it wagged its tail slightly to counter-act the flow of the stream. The fine mud swirled at its tail.
There was a hovering bird in the sky. It moved its wings against the gentle breeze. It hovered above the stick and the flea and the fish.
This took a moment, and in a moment the bird had flown away, the fish had swum beyond the stick, and the flea was gone as if snatched away by an invisible hand.
Published by
David Hammond
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Students (and their employers) always have to pay a social security contribution on their wages. The National Social Security Office collects these contributions. These deductions are used to pay pensions, unemployment benefit, sickness allowance, family allowance, and so on.
Two different social security tariffs apply to the student employment scheme:
- normal contributions
- solidarity contributions (2.71% for the student and 5.42% for the employer)


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- Shellac (Bull's Eye Orange works best)
- Xerox or Laser Print
- Oil based Lithography Inks
- Roller or Brayer
- Gum Arabic
- One empty bowl
- One bowl with clear water and a tsp. of gum arabic
This process uses your Xerox or laser print as a printing plate. You usually get only one or two quality prints out of each Copy. It is a good idea to have MANY copies with you when you begin printing. Your Copy must be toner based (heat set) and not inkjet or any other water-based type.
Prepare your ink and roll out on slab. A small amount of setswell or varnish may be needed to loosen the ink. Keep the ink on the slab lean to help avoid scumming of your plate.
- Shellac the back of the Xerox or Laser Print. This can be done ahead of time.
- Spread a thin layer of gum arabic onto the glass slab to hold the copy in place.
- Place the Copy face up on the slab.
- Spread a thin layer of gum over the face of the copy.
- With fresh water on sponge wipe excess gum from Copy.
- Roll up the Copy with ink as if a lithographic stone or plate.
- Wipe the Copy with the damp sponge.
- Ink again.
- Repeat until inked to your liking.
- Place your good paper on clean plate and place inked Copy face down onto paper.
- Cover with newsprint and then with blanket(s).


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Unknown to me we have several old and respected museums up in our little northern capital, quite a few of which have come together to form a group known as 'museums at the sea'. The maritime flair was pretty obvious on our visits this week to the Aquarium (no surprise there) and the Zoological Museum. The Zoological Museum was the one that really surprised me. In a stylish old brick building the museum housed specimens that were collected when it was first founded in the 18 hundreds. Some of them were even older, donated to or bought by the museum many years ago, still in immaculate condition.
Apart from the anteaters, monkey skeletons and some of the birds, there was a big focus on local wildlife and research. For the first time we learned that the Mola Mola (also known as Sun fish or Moon fish), which we had almost hoped to see in Bali, can even make it into our local harbours. We also learned a tremendous amount about the ways in which different animals swim, and how these different styles of swimming evolved. Plus we learned a lot of fun facts:
- In order to dive more efficiently, or in the case of hippos, walk on riverbeds more easily, some water animals have developed far thicker bones than land animals. This additional thickness increases the weight tremendously, functioning like the weight-belt strapped to a diver. When animals have these thicker bones it is called pachyostesclerosis. Want to know more? Read this academic article which explains why the phenomenon is only present in shallow water animals and dives deeper into animal anatomy.
- On a similar note, crocodiles have developed a unique way to help control their buoyancythey are able to move their lungs within their bodies. The animals usually submerge by breathing out and then sinking beneath the surface. Once underwater they can reduce their heartbeat in order to be able to dive for a longer period of time. According to this website all about crocodiles their heart rate will go down to two or three beats per minute.
- But if you think slowing down the heart rate to two beats per minute is impressive, you should spend some time with the sea turtle. The sea turtle also uses similar strategies to allow it to dive and stay underwater for extended periods of time. According to the museum, turtles will slow down their heart rate to one beat every nine minutes. Nine minutes!!
- Our other fun facts relate to fish. Apart from comparing size, how can you tell how old a fish is? We didn't think it was possible, but at the museum we learned that if you remove the bones of its inner ear, you can count the rings on the bone like you would a tree. The internet has now informed me that it can be any bony part of the fishscales, and fin rays included. However the ear-stones, also called otoliths, tend to give the most accurate reading.
- And the final fun fact I collected at the museum is that female anglerfish (you know, the scary deep sea creature in Finding Nemo) only have a glowing lamp because they live in symbiotic relationship with bacteria, which does the glowing. Male anglerfish don't have the light at all, but has evolved into a parasite. That means when a male anglerfish finds a female he bites her and clings on until he merges with her, connecting to her bloodstream. Creepy.
The museum also has a collection of whale skeletons to rival the London Natural History museum and a whole floor full of stuffed birds and mammals. With the temperatures below freezing the small museum was a wonderful refuge. Plus with their discount cards that entitle you to visit any second partner museum for a reduced price (as long as you do so within a week), we can try out quite a few more!
Links not working? Here are the URLs in order:
Bone density article: _URL_
Become a crocodile expert: _URL_
Determining fish age: _URL_
Anglerfish info and a scary picture: _URL_


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Earth Day Celebration|
On April 22, 1998, the Reed Middle School celebrated Earth Day by listening to speakers who addressed environmental topics such as: Backpacking, wildflowers, snakes, ground water pollution, zebra mussels and their affect on the Great Lakes, bees and pollination. We sent a group of students to sweep the beach (pick up trash). Other students used shovels and buckets to move stone to improve the appearance of paths in our nature center. Some students planted flower bulbs, some repaired the walkway and others cleaned and purified the pond in our courtyard, which was built by students. This is the fourth year that the Reed Middle School, with the cooperation of community volunteers, teachers, students and staff members has combined forces to enhance our school and community with a positive environmental impact.
CARRIED OUT BY:
Reed Middle School, Grades 5-8
Bridgman, MI, USA
RESPONSIBLE TEACHER / SUPERVISOR:
SCHOOL PRINCIPAL / GROUP DIRECTOR:
Kevin Ivers/Gail Weede


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CAN YOU DO READINGS OVER THE PHONE?
In person readings are what I recommend. Feeling and seeing your energy is important. Your aura that surrounds your body is provides us with a better understanding of who you are. In person readings are more interactive.
IS A SPIRITUAL READING A RELIGIOUS THING?
Spirituality is a sense of connection to something bigger than ourselves. Some define this as a search for the meaning of life. Spiritual readings provide intuitive guidance on life's path. Religion promotes a set of beliefs. It's possible to be spiritual without being religious and religious without being spiritual.
HOW LONG DOES EACH READING SESSION TAKE?
It depends on the type of reading but usually about an 1.5 hr. Generally speaking I don't put a time limit on readings. Clients are always welcome to come back and ask questions the week following the reading free of charge.


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A shipping line is a business that transports cargo aboard ships.
Logistics: There are many different ways of moving cargo from port to port.
Shipping in the Twentieth Century
Early shipping lines provided a method of distinguishing ships by different kinds of cargo, which is still used today:
- Bulk cargo is a type of special cargo that is delivered and handled in large quantities.
- General cargo, now known as break-bulk cargo, refers to a wide assortment of goods that may be delivered to several ports around the world.
- Oil became a crucial part of the shipping industry in the early 20th century. Its use varied from lubrication for developed machinery, burning in boilers and industrial plants, as well as for operating engines. Oil is also primarily shipped by specific shipping companies as opposed to other forms of transportation. This is considered a type of special cargo. The shipping of oil has become a debated issue due to the environmental impacts of both oil spills and oil tankers.
- Passenger cargo is the business of transporting people on shipping lines for the purposes of relocation or recreation. This became a growing industry near the turn of the twentieth century with the wide use of luxury ocean liners. Passenger cargo became a logistical challenge by attempting to balance pleasure voyage aspects with the structural limitations and requirements of the vessel.
- Special cargo is a term used for one specific product being shipped to a specific port.
Inland shipping along rivers and other freshwater bodies are used to transport cargo to ports other than those along the coast. Inland shipping requires more infrastructure than ocean shipping. Rivers and lakes require infrastructure, such as river ports and canals, to be considered developed and ready for commercial use. Much of this infrastructure became more widely developed during the 19th and 20th centuries. Some principal waterways used by shipping lines in the 20th century were the Rhine, Amazon River, Congo River, Nile River, Mississippi River, and Columbia River. Examples of waterway infrastructure include the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal. These waterways are still in use for commercial purposes today. Some waterways can only operate under seasonal conditions. For example, the Great Lakes operate shipping for approximately eight months each year, but cannot continue operations during winter months when the lakes typically become frozen. Most inland shipping lines are based on speed and efficiency to deliver cargo.
Contemporary maritime transportation is bound by geographical constraints, political regulation, and commercial interests. Modern advances and innovations in shipping technology have grown the shipping industry since the twentieth century. Many of these advances include the size of vessels, the size of fleets, specialty purposes for ships within the fleet, naval architecture and design, and automated ship systems. In terms of commercial interests, the maritime industry has a high level of contestability for shipping lines. This means that the ease of entering and leaving the industry is high. The cause of this is due to the purchase of secondhand ships, the return on which can often be covered fairly quickly for commercial ships. Newer, expensive ships require a larger return on the investment but pay off quickly. This is because these ships typically cater to a larger, more expensive crowd. For instance, new cruise ships can often be paid off within ten years due to the entrepreneurial nature of its intended purpose.
Innovations in the shipping industry are also being utilized by shipping lines to find solutions to global problems. For example, modern technology and research is being used to analyze the phenomenon of shipping containers disappearing while at sea. These problems are being researched in part by government agencies, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that operates in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. While part of this issue is due to human error as a result of lack of enforcement, advances in technology and ship design hope to improve the rates at which containers may be lost at sea.
Other challenges being pursued in the maritime industry include adaptation to a more globalized economy. While the maritime industry has always remained global by nature, shipping lines are now experiencing phenomenon that is unprecedented in scale or unseen at all before the 21st century. Many of these issues surround the nature of increased cooperation in the maritime industry. For instance, cooperation among many shipping lines in the industry is causing an anticompetitive market. This is one of the reasons for the high level of contestability in the shipping industry. With more cooperation among shipping lines, there are larger rates of ships and companies entering and leaving the industry. As of 2019, business and economic analysists are attempting to find solutions to reduce the anticompetitive practices and promote competitive growth in the maritime industry.
Large-scale shipping lines became widespread in the nineteenth century, after the development of the steamship in 1783. At first, Great Britain was the centre of development; in 1819, the first steamship crossing of the Atlantic Ocean took place and by 1833, shipping lines had begun to operate steamships between Britain and British Empire possessions such as India and Canada. Three major British shipping lines were founded in the 1830s: the British and American Steam Navigation Company, the Great Western Steamship Company and the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company.
The United States federal government passed the Shipping Act of 1916 as a protection agency for American shipping. The act, passed during World War I but before the nation officially entered the war, helped American shipping lines during a period when commercial shipping grew under the demands of the war. Under this act, the United States Shipping Board was also formed. In 1920, after the end of World War I, the federal government passed the Merchant Marine Act to protect American shipping interests in response to changing foreign shipping policy. The responsibilities established under the Shipping Act were eventually transferred to the Department of Commerce in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Federal Maritime Commission was created in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy to regulate shipping activity in the United States, finally giving blanket authority to one shipping commission. At the same time, the United States Maritime Administration, or MARAD, was founded to regulate the merchant marine industry and fleet. However, a sharp rise in international ocean trade gave the two agencies expanded power in the growing maritime industry.
- Hardy, A. C. (1928). Seaways and Seatrade. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Company.
- Rodrigue, J. P. (2017). "Maritime Transportation". The Geography of Transport Systems. New York, NY: Routledge. Retrieved from _URL_
- Davies, J. E. (1986). "Competition, Contestability and the Liner Shipping Industry". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 20 (3): 299–312. JSTOR 20052790.
- Frey, O. T., DeVogelaere, A. P. (2014, March). "The Containerized Shipping Industry and the Phenomenon of Containers Lost at Sea". Retrieved from _URL_
- Parthibaraj, Calwin S.; Subramanian, Nachiappan; Palaniappan, P.L.K.; Lai, Kee-hung (January 2018). "Sustainable decision model for liner shipping industry" (PDF). Computers & Operations Research. 89: 213–229. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2015.12.005.
- British History - Victorian Technology, BBC History
- "History of the Federal Maritime Commission". (2019, March 11). Retrieved from _URL_


Skip to definition.
Verb: implement im-plu-munt
 1. Apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design
 "implement a procedure"
 2. Ensure observance of laws and rules
 - enforce, apply
 3. Pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue
 "He implemented a new economic plan";
 - follow through, follow up, follow out, carry out, put through, go through
Noun: implement im-plu-munt
 1. Instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end
Derived forms: implements, implemented, implementing
Type of: apply, compel, complete, employ, finish, instrumentality, instrumentation, obligate, oblige, use, utilise [Brit], utilize
Encyclopedia: Implement


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Issue No. 03 - March (2009 vol. 8)
DOI Bookmark: _URL_
John M. Shea, University of Florida, Gainesville
Surendra Boppana, Qualcomm Inc., San Diego
In wireless ad hoc networks (WANets), multihop routing may result in a radio knowing the content of transmissions of nearby radios. This knowledge can be used to improve spatial reuse in the network, thereby enhancing network throughput. Consider two radios, Alice and Bob, that are neighbors in a WANet not employing spread-spectrum multiple access. Suppose that Alice transmits a packet to Bob for which Bob is not the final destination. Later, Bob forwards that packet on to the destination. Any transmission by Bob not intended for Alice usually causes interference that prevents Alice from receiving a packet from any of her neighbors. However, if Bob is transmitting a packet that he previously received from Alice, then Alice knows the content of the interfering packet, and this knowledge can allow Alice to receive a packet from one of her neighbors during Bob's transmission. In this paper, we develop overlapped transmission techniques based on this idea and analyze several factors affecting their performance. We then develop a MAC protocol based on the IEEE 802.11 standard to support overlapped transmission in a WANet. The resulting overlapped CSMA (OCSMA) protocol improves spatial reuse and end-to-end throughput in several scenarios.
MAC protocols, cross-layer protocols, multi-user detection, analog network coding, physical layer network coding
John M. Shea, Surendra Boppana, "Overlapped Carrier-Sense Multiple Access (OCSMA) in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 8, no., pp. 369-383, March 2009, doi:10.1109/TMC.2008.114


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When submerged in water, the body experiences only 15% of the effects of gravity, thus reducing muscular strain and pressure for the pregnant body with the growing demands of the baby. Water creates a buoyant support for the mother to move in three dimensions and be in comfortable positions without having to work as hard to support the weight of her own body. When immersed in water, the body also needs less oxygen, thus more of the body's resources go to healing and regeneration. Floating in water can remind us of the baby's experience, stirring our own deep primal memories of beginning our lives in the watery womb.
Warm water creates a soothing and buoyant medium for a laboring woman to relax her mind and body and birth her baby with ease. Waterbirth is a growing trend among women desiring gentle non-medicated births. The warm water significantly decreases the tension and pain a woman experiences, thus warm water immersion in labor is often referred to as an "aqua-dural" by midwives and doulas. The water can reduce the pain a women feels by half, while also supporting and facilitating labor contractions to be more effective. Waterbirth also creates a gentle supportive environment for the baby to be born into, allowing the baby to have a gentle transition to the world beyond the womb.
In labor, the birthing pool should be deep enough to fully cover the mother's belly and back, providing optimal soothing pain relief through immersion. The temperature should be comfortable to the mother, not too hot or cold. A pool designed for birthing will provide enough depth for full belly coverage, as well as room for the mother to move into different positions. In the water the mother can be on her hands and knees, leaning forward over the edge of the pool, squatting, supported squat, leaning back on the side of the pool and more. The water gently supports the mother to be in a variety of positions while keeping the pelvis open and the muscles of the hips, pelvis, thighs, and bottom relaxed, allowing optimal room for the the baby to be born.
Water in labor works best if the woman is already in active labor by the time she enters the pool. Then immersion in the water will speed up the rest of her labor, while also reduced pain and increasing mobility. If the woman is in early labor, being in the water may slow labor down. During a prolonged early labor, or during pre-term labor, taking a warm bath or shower may help to relax the uterus and space out contractions allowing the mother to get rest. However, early labor is a great time for working with gravity, walking and being upright. During active labor the water is gentle and supportive of the times of hard labor, transition, pushing, and emergence. Surrounded by warm water in a birthing pool, a laboring woman feels a safe boundary around her, and may feel more private and comfortable, even when surrounded by birthing attendants and family. The water creates intimacy and comfort, it is soothing and relaxing.
A baby born underwater experiences a gentle transition from womb to world. While underwater they are in a similar environment as in the womb, as well as still fully enveloped by the mother's energy field which permeates the water. The baby is not stimulated to breath or transition to air oxygenation until the face, mouth, and nose surface above the water. Until surfacing the baby is still getting oxygen from the blood from the placenta and intact umbilical cord. The baby is able to be born gently in a reduced gravity environment, allowing the baby to integrate the journey through the birth passage before being introduced to 85% more gravity upon their body.
Waterbirthing is one aspect of the continuum of water for pregnancy, birth, and infancy. While the baby is young, they are learning to move and control their body as it is growing rapidly. Babies who are trained in water, infant swimming, and waterplay are able to experience being immersed in an aquatic environment that supports their optimal brain growth and makes learning movements of the body and coordination easier. This allows the brain to make the necessary connections to support optimal movement and development without having to battle gravity and weight at the same time. Water babies grow strong quickly and show remarkable coordination, tone, friendliness, and confidence.
Water is a healing medium for women and babies to experience regularly in pregnancy, birth, and infancy. The powers of water assist in deep relaxation, vitality, and movement of the body. Water immersion, exercise, bodywork, and relaxation are incredible modalities for people in all stages of life for optimal health.


Tauranga Montessori Education Trust (TMET) was formed in 2002 with the purpose of supporting the Montessori community in the Bay of Plenty. TMET established Montessori@Bellevue (M@B) in 2002 to provide Montessori Primary education for children aged from 6 to 12 years. Due to growth and increased demand, TMET established a second Montessori Primary unit at Arataki School in Mount Maunganui in 2016.
Our teachers in both locations ensure that children receive the benefits of the Montessori philosophy and curriculum delivered within the framework of the mainstream school, the New Zealand Curriculum and National Standards for Primary Schools. Montessori units are fully integrated within the mainstream schools, giving the children access to the wider school programmes, facilities, social and sporting activities.
The Trustees are a group of dedicated parents who work alongside the Boards of Trustees and the Montessori teaching team. TMET is responsible for governance of the Montessori units whilst management is carried out by a Montessori Management Team within the School, closely supported by the School and its Board of Trustees. The Trustees also look for any opportunity to educate the wider community about the Montessori philosophy of education and to contribute in appropriate ways to that community.
TMET funds Montessori teaching staff salaries which are not funded by the Ministry of Education; Montessori materials; Montessori specific training and staff development. TMET relies on parent donations and fundraising to meet its financial obligations.
The principle objectives of the Trust are:
 1. To promote education via the Montessori philosophy
 2. To establish Montessori education classes to meet demand
 3. To provide guidance where necessary on the establishment and running of Montessori education classes
 4. To provide effective governance to Montessori classes established by the Trust
 5. To liaise with any BOT, Principal or other appropriate education professionals to ensure mutual understanding and solid working relationships to allow Montessori education classes to function effectively
 6. To provide professional development to Montessori teachers working within classes governed by the Trust
 7. To donate, loan or otherwise supply Montessori materials to classes governed by the Trust or to any other institution the Trust deems suitable.
The Statement of Purpose of the Trust is to promote and provide an education inspired by the Montessori philosophy which nurtures in the child a lifelong love of learning through self-discovery.


text:
One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
A sensory receptor that responds to the stretching of surrounding muscle tissue and so contributes to the coordination of muscle activity.
- 'A specific stretch receptor protein in plants has yet to be identified.'
- 'There are several mechanisms involved in regulating the secretion of vasopressin, including hypothalamic osmoreceptors, left atrial stretch receptors, and arterial baroreceptors.'
- 'The crayfish stretch receptor neuron is such an object.'
- 'Simultaneously, the enhanced chemoreceptor response elicits an inhibitory response from the baroreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors.'
- 'In the lobster stretch receptor, for example, extra spikes are generated even when soma invasion fails.'
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.


text:
If you have been charged with Grand Theft it is important that you understand the charges against you and what your legal rights are. Idaho's theft laws can be complex and severe. You should not try to take on the criminal justice system on your own.
What is Grand Theft?
In the State of Idaho (Idaho Code §18-2407 there are several ways someone you can be arrested and convicted for Grand Theft:
- Theft of property valued over $1000.
- The theft of a firearm.
- Theft by a public servant engaging in their duties.
- Theft of a public record.
- Theft of a check, money order, credit card, or bank card.
- Theft of property of any value through physical force.
- Theft of property of any value through extortion.
- Theft of livestock.
- A series of thefts that when added together exceed a value of $1000.
Consequences Of A Conviction For Grand Theft
All Grand Theft charges are felonies and can lead to severe penalties. Under Idaho Code §18-2408 Grand Theft is punishable by a fine of $5000 and up to 14 years in the state penitentiary. However, the negative effects of a conviction do not stop there, they can have serious short and long term consequences beyond those punishments ordered by the court, potentially affecting your employment, personal relationships, and reputation. A conviction can be particularly harmful in terms of gaining future employment, state licensing, and other benefits. The conviction will appear on any background checks and employers tend to pass on applicants with theft records, fearing them to be dishonest and having the potential to steal from their companies.
Grand Theft is considered a "crime of moral turpitude" and can prevent you from obtaining professional licenses and certifications. This may also prevent you from getting Federal Student Loans for education.
Grand Theft Of Livestock
This is a felony punishable by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars ($1,000) nor more than five thousand dollars ($5,000). The $1,000 minimum fine cannot be suspended or withheld. The person convicted of the offense may also be imprisoned in the state prison for not less than one (1) year nor more than fourteen (14) years. That means the person convicted will serve at least one year in prison, and possibly more. In addition, the court can assess civil damages, as provided in section 25-1910, Idaho Code.
Fight Your Grand Theft Case
Do not let a theft conviction follow you around for the rest of your life! Let me fight to keep you out of jail and keep a theft conviction off your record!
An experienced Idaho theft crimes attorney can fight the charge and keep it off your record. Every theft case is different and William Young scrutinizes the facts of every case to see if the prosecutor really has enough evidence to prove you guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If not, we can challenge the evidence in court, get the case dropped, or win the case at trial.
Even if the evidence is overwhelming, we can fight to try and get the charge reduced or limit the punishment to community service and/or probation.
You Are Not Alone - I Will Fight By Your Side
Do not fight the system on your own, you have too much on the line! Protect your rights and your freedom! Call me today for a free consultation!


text:
David Edge Prize for Vital Systems Security
A prize! The Society for the Social Studies of Science awarded its annual David Edge Prize for an outstanding article in STS to my article with Andrew Lakoff, "Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency," published in Theory, Culture & Society.
The commendation is below.
Edge Prize 2017: Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff
"Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency," from Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 32, no. 2 (2015), pp. 19-51.
The Edge Prize Committee is pleased to present the award to Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff for their article, "Vital Systems Security: Reflexive Biopolitics and the Government of Emergency," from Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 32, no. 2 (2015), pp. 19-51.
In a piece that seamlessly weaves deep theoretical engagement with rich historical analysis, Collier and Lakoff complicate our understanding of biopolitics as an organizing logic of modernist governance. They demonstrate that the techniques of population management that emerged in the 19th century, such as public health and urban planning, and which have formed the basis of social scientists' theories of biopolitics, represent but one approach taken by states to securing the health and well-being of their national populations. Alongside these techniques of "population security," Collier and Lakoff argue, the 20th century witnessed the emergence of "vital systems security," which takes as its object the distributed, sociotechnical systems on which human populations have come to depend and aims at assessing and avoiding unpredictable, episodic threats to these vital infrastructures.
By demonstrating the distinctiveness of vital systems security and its significance in contemporary governance, Collierand Lakoff do more than extend theories of biopolitics–though that in itself would make a significant contribution to the field. They also engage theories of the risk society, showing how the techniques of vital systems security address potentially catastrophic events that exceed traditional forms of risk management. In addition, while adopting a rigorously neutral stance, the authors open up new possibilities for assessing techniques of contemporary governance, especially in times of disaster acute and chronic. Arguing that the notion of the "state of exception" has been overgeneralized, thereby obfuscating whole realms of expertise and governance, they ask us as researchers to consider instead the ways vital systems security thinking shapes how states exercise power in their normal, and normalized, management of emergencies.
Collier and Lakoff's paper was selected from among 22 nominees from the journals East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal, Asian Medicine, Configurations, Social Studies of Science, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Theory, Culture & Society, Kronos: Southern African Histories, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Cities, and Engineering Studies. In evaluating this field of high-quality papers, the committee looked for work that combined empirical data with a clear theoretical framework in a way that reached beyond the boundaries of a particular case to advance thinking in STS.
2017 Edge Prize Committee: Gwen Ottinger, Drexel University, USA (Council Member, chair), Kristoffer Whitney, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA (2016 Winner), and Margarita Rayzberg, Northwestern University, USA (Student Representative to Council)
Awarded annually for an outstanding article in the area of science and technology studies.
The Prize is named in memory of David Edge (_PHONE_). David was trained in astronomy, and worked with the BBC before becoming the first Director of the Science Studies Unit at the University of Edinburgh in 1966. He had a strong administrative and intellectual role in the development of science and technology studies, as we know it today. He was active with the 4S from its beginning, and served as President and received the Bernal award for lifetime achievement. Throughout his life, David lent his tremendous energy to a broad range of interests and activities. Especially pertinent for this award was his role as co-founder and long-term editor of Social Studies of Science (_PHONE_). He was no ordinary editor: his unparalleled enthusiasm and unique personal touch pervaded even the most routine aspects of editing, and his encouragement and diligent work with new authors helped launch many careers in the field.
Acceptance Statement: Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff
We are honored to accept this year's David Edge Prize, and grateful to the prize committee for its perceptive and careful reading of our article. It is especially gratifying for our work to be recognized within the field of Science and Technology Studies, which has been a site of continuing inspiration and lively engagement for us. Our article was the product of a lengthy process of collaborative research and writing, and we are grateful to a number of colleagues who provided feedback and encouragement along the way. In particular, we would like to thank the editors of the special issue of the journal Theory, Culture and Society in which the article appeared: Pete Adey, Ben Anderson, and Stephen Graham. We are also grateful to the Science, Technology and Society program of the National Science Foundation for its support of our ongoing research on contemporary forms of security.


text:
Accelerate Learning Through Peer Networks and Exchanges
Learning exchanges and other events that expose local community members and conservation professionals to one another and to tangible examples of conservation successes and failures are powerful tools that provide both immediate and long-term benefits. Well-designed and executed exchanges accelerate learning and provide participants with experiences that have diverse, profound, and lasting effects on people and conservation programs.
Peer learning networks are especially powerful tools to accelerate learning, sharing, and action at all scales, and they facilitate continuity for long-term conservation. For examples of the many ways networks are used, see Scaling Up: Networks Amplify Impact and the three case studies. A partial list of effective peer learning networks serving the Pacific is also provided Helpful Resources,


ISSN 2717-7394
Quick Access
Bu Dergi DOI ve Crosscheck üyesidir
Evaluation of the relationship between tryptophan consumption and obesity among University Students
Objective: To investigate the level of tryptophan consumption among university students and to determine its relationship with obesity. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was conducted voluntarily to 1000 undergraduate students, 433 boys and 567 girls from Istanbul Aydın University in this correlation study. Students' daily tryptophan intake was determined according to the frequency of consumption of foods containing tryptophan, body weight, height, waist circumference were measured. SPSS 22.0 program was used for data analysis. Results: 56.7% of the students participating in the study are women and 43.3% are men. The average age and the standard deviation of the participants are 21,20±1,99 years, the minimum age is 17 years and the maximum age is 39. 17.5% of the participants are weak in terms of BMI, 33.8% are normal, 40.5% are overweight and 8.2% are obese. Comparing BMI values according to the students' gender, obesity is higher in girls than in boys (p <0.05). In terms of BMI, the number of obese and fat people is higher than male students. When looking at the tryptophan consumption amounts of students; the average amount of tryptophan is 321.62 mg in males and 323.41 mg in females. When the tryptophan consumption and BMI values of the students were examined, there was no statistically significant difference between them (p> 0.05). There was no significant relationship between tryptophan consumption and height and age, BMI, and the width of the waistline (p>0,05). Conclusion: University students consume high amounts of tryptophan, and there is no relation between the consumption of tryptophan on BMI and further extensive studies are needed.
BMI, Tryptophan consumption, University students, Obesity
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Please see the following links for helpful mental health-related resources
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
If you or someone you know is in crisis, call the free and confidential National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (8255). This line is staffed by a trained crisis counselor 24/7.
Maryland Early Intervention Program
The Strive for Wellness Clinic is part of the Maryland Early Intervention Program (EIP). The EIP is a collaborative effort among several centers focused on specialized programming in the early identification, evaluation, and comprehensive psychiatric treatment of adolescents and young adults at risk for, or in the early stages of, a mental illness with psychosis.
National Alliance on Mental Illness
The largest grassroots mental health organization in the United States. Resources are available for teens, young adults, and families. Local events can be found at: _URL_
Strive for Wellness statement on stigma:
Stigma is defined as a "mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person."
Sadly, many individuals experiencing mental illness are impacted by sigma. These stereotypes or prejudices lead of labeling and incorrect assumptions about those with mental illnesses. This can sometimes lead people having these experiences to internalize the negative stereotype and potentially transform their own identity.
When this happens, it leads to negative impacts on the potential for recovery.
Discrimination against those with mental illnesses is an example of stigma in action. It can limit a person's freedoms, and/or coerce or socially exclude them.
For many, experiences of stigma prevent individuals from seeking out potentially life-improving treatment and intervention.
 - Provide person-centered services in a nonjudgmental treatment environment
 - Actively protest negative myths about those with mental illness
 - Provide outreach and education to community and provider groups to educate others on mental illness and impacts of stigma


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There's more than one way to do things
Junk NOT words
by Anonymous Monk
on Oct 30, 2002 at 16:49 UTC ( #209141=perlquestion: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
I am trying to think my way through the problem of knowing when an arbitrary sting of characters is just junk instead of any arbitrary combination of words with all pounctuation removed.
For instance -- I want a script to recognize:
hudjheuhfnnvgxvbchnfhfujryyfgbch is not a phrase
but: whererangesarealltherage is a nonsensical phrase
My one thought is to try to break it down into bits using verbs to help in the process. One could than state that a string of consenants longer than n characters cannot be a word. Having done that, one could do a dictionary search on the bits containing volwels to see if they appear in words -- or better still, create a dictionary of three or four character bits which could be parts of actual words.
The only three or four character bit I can quickly see in the first arbitary string that is part of a word is "hud"
Perhaps there are better suggestions for solving this problem.
Comment on Junk NOT words
Re: Junk NOT words
by Molt (Chaplain) on Oct 30, 2002 at 17:04 UTC
 Not sure why you need this, but one possibility for an initial feel would be to look into building up a letter-by-letter Markov Chain from a large sample of text, and then use that to see how 'likely' the phrase is to be a word based on letter distribution. This will at least give you an idea of the Englishness of a phrase.
 This would need playing with to see if it work reasonably, and to tune the scoring metric. This happily recognise Lewis Carroll-style nonsense as real words ('bewarethejabberwockmyson') though, which is bad if you do literally want to check it's real words, but good when you know your dictionary is potentially more limited than the words you're identifying.
 One final warning.. beware of the three/four letter thing. It'll break on word boundaries unless you add all combinations letters possible where one word meets another. Better to treat these as penalties.
 Further to Molt's suggestion of using Markov Chains, there is a module on CPAN which provides their functionality in the form of Algorithm::MarkovChain.
 I wonder if you' d get better results by building a Markov chain based not on the frequency with which a letter follows another individual letter, but on the frequency with which a letter follows a given pair of letters.
 I recently did something like this for a web application that goes the other direction: instead of trying to recognize letter combinations as "words," it generates "words" that "make sense" phonetically based on a given data set—in this case, lists of names. You can play with it here. Try a couple of different categories and you'll see that the resulting made-up names are quite phonetically distinctive; they really do seem French or Shakespearean (and within that, male or female) depending on what category you select.
 I got the basic approach from this page by Chris Pound. I can't post the code because I wrote it for my employer, but basically I took each list of names, calculated the frequencies, and generated a Perl library containing a long series of assignments like this:
 @{$pairs{'ri'}}{qw(a c e n s u)} = (3, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1);
 That means that within this data set, "ri" is followed by "a" three times, "c" one time, etc.
 Anyway, I'd be curious how this approach might work for word recognition, and how the results for "pair-letter" frequencies might differ from those obtained with "letter-letter" frequencies.
Re: Junk NOT words
by davis (Vicar) on Oct 30, 2002 at 17:27 UTC
 Quick, ill-considered node before I dash off home:
 Why not measure the letter distribution of the sample being tested. I.e, count the number of 'a's, 'b's and so on. You could then compare the calculated distribution with one appropriate for your language, tables of which could almost certainly be found by googling, and if the actual result is within acceptable bounds, then assume it's ok.
 A little further explanation: if the input's random(ish), then the letter distribtion should be fairly close to random (ignoring keyboard patterns). Real, written english (at least) has a much higher proportion of 'e's, 't's, and's's.
 Is this going out live?
 No, Homer, very few cartoons are broadcast live - it's a terrible strain on the animator's wrist
 I have had some success using letter pair frequencies as a language identifier for OCR'd text -- letter pair distribution is a much better metric than just letter distribution. Pick out all of the two-letter pairs in your string, and compare the ten most frequent pairs against some pairs you got from analyzing a training text ( just remember to take out the whitespace from the training text first ). If it exceeds some similarity threshold, it is'real' text, otherwise gibberish.
 For example, my own values for most common letter pairs in English are these:
 English => ['he','th','in','er','an','ou'],
 I have found that a better than 50% match is a pretty reliable indicator
 Be aware that the path you are going down quickly leads to AI-complete problems in natural language processing. This is another one of those programming tasks that seems very easy until you try to do it on real data.
Re: Junk NOT words
by fruiture (Curate) on Oct 30, 2002 at 17:51 UTC
 sub resolve { my $strref = shift; my $strpos = shift; my $dictfh = shift; return [] if length($$strref) == $strpos; my $words; my $reset_fh = tell($dictfh); seek $dictfh,0,0; while(defined(local $_ = <$dictfh>)){ chomp; if( substr($$strref,$strpos,length) eq $_ ){ print "$_ at $strpos\n"; if( my $w = resolve($strref,$strpos+length,$dictfh) ){ $words = [$_,@$w]; last; } print "<- $strpos\n"; } } seek $dictfh,$reset_fh,0; return $words; } open my $dfh,'<','/usr/dict/words' or die $!; my $string = 'whererangesarealltherage'; my $words = resolve( \$string, 0, $dfh ); print $words? "@$words" : 'no words', "\n"; close $dfh;
 I've included some output that shows how the program "backtracks".
Re: Junk NOT words
by BrowserUk (Pope) on Oct 30, 2002 at 19:24 UTC
 This is a little crude, but given a less eclectic words file than the one I have, it might do better. In any case, it shouldn't be too hard to come up with a heuristic for making the decision, possibly based on the number or proportion of 1 and 2 character words or the average word length for example.
 This code
 C:\test>209141 hudjheuhfnnvgxvbchnfhfujryyfgbch may consist of the words hu dj he uhf n nv g xv bch n f h fu j ry y f g bch whererangesarealltherage may consist of the words where range sare all the rage thequickbrownfoxjumpsoverthelazydog may consist of the words the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog hsdkjfhuewfklJLKSDossfdlkjaslduasl may consist of the words hs dk j f hu ew f kl J L KS Doss f d l k jas l du as l PeterPiperPickedAPeckOfPickledPepper may consist of the words Peter Piper Pick edA Peck Of Pickled Pepper lazinessimpatiencehubris may consist of the words laziness impatience hubris C:\test>
Re: Junk NOT words
by gjb (Vicar) on Oct 30, 2002 at 19:41 UTC
 I'm rather surprised to see this problem turn up, could you (perhaps in private tell me why it is of interest to you?
 Reason is that I spent some time on it for a commercial project I'm unfortunately not at liberty to discuss. There's a very nice and elegant solution to it.
 Regards, -gjbRe: Junk NOT words
by jarich (Curate) on Oct 31, 2002 at 01:49 UTC
 Some while ago there was an excellent article in the tpj about simulating typos on both qwerty and dvorak keyboards.
 Sean M. Burke's premise was that typos on dvorak keyboards tended to look more like wierd words rather than random mis-typings than their counterparts on qwerty keyboards. In discussion