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Black Buffalo
Photo courtesy of Konrad Schmidt
Black buffalo - Common name
Ictiobus niger - Scientific name
Family - Catostomidae (suckers)
Status: SU, G5
IDENTIFICATION: This large sucker-fish can grow to 37 inches (940 mm) in length. It has a gray, olive, or bronze back with dark blue and olive iridescence. It has a white-yellow belly, black to olive-yellow sides, and olive black fins. It has a large conical head. Its sucker mouth is located near the bottom of its head.
SIMILAR SPECIES FOUND IN SOUTH DAKOTA: Similar species that occur in eastern South Dakota are the bigmouth buffalo and the smallmouth buffalo. The bigmouth buffalo has a very large ovoid head and a sharply oblique terminal mouth. The smallmouth buffalo has a conical head similar to the black buffalo but smaller with larger eyes. The smallmouth buffalo has a strongly keeled nape, whereas the black buffalo has a more rounded, weekly keeled nape. The smallmouth buffalo has a sub-terminal and horizontal mouth, whereas the mouth of the black buffalo is nearly sub-terminal and oblique rather than horizontal. The black buffalo has a body that is wider and shallower that that of the smallmouth buffalo.
HABITS AND HABITAT: Black buffalo inhabit impoundments and lakes, and pools and backwaters of small to large rivers.
DISTRIBUTION: Distribution Map The black buffalo ranges from South Dakota east to Michigan and Ohio, and as far south as Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. There have only been three occurrences of black buffalo in eastern South Dakota. Two occurred in the lower Big Sioux River below Sioux Falls in Minnehaha and Lincoln Counties. The falls likely form a barrier that prevents the further upstream migration of this large-river fish. The other occurrence was in Lake Mitchell in Davison County. Black buffalo have not been documented in eastern South Dakota since 1971.Finding a black buffalo in eastern South Dakota today would be very rare.
CAUSES OF CONCERN AND CONSERVATION MEASURES: The black buffalo is threatened by any activity causing alteration of its habitat.
Select another rare fish -


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[US Coast Survey 1851; this map shows the baseline used in the first US Coast Survey, the line was established on Fire Island; image courtesy of Stony Brook University]
Triangulation refers to a technique used in surveying and political action as well as research within the social sciences. In surveying, the term means the dividing of an area into triangles using known points and distances; angles are then measured from the known baselines to a new point, and its distance is calculated given existing information. This technique was used especially in circumstances that were difficult to survey by traditional means, allowing for the staking out of new territory along coastlines, in the atmosphere (pilot navigational charts), or in outer space (GPS satellite surveys). Within the social sciences, triangulation refers to using more than two methods in a study in order to test results. In political action, like in chess, the term signifies a specific maneuver in which an opponent is left with the move and at a disadvantage.
What I'm interested in today is what this method for the staking out new terrain might reveal when considering the social and material implications of Thomas Jefferson's landscape designs. While little discussed, many of Jefferson's original interests and design projects were concerned with landscape practices and concepts. In 1763 he made a study of navigation on the Rivanna River and subsequently lead a project to make it navigable as far as Milton, VA. In 1773 he was appointed surveyor of Albemarle County and even though he quickly resigned the post, he would use surveying to organize his experimental and productive agricultural landscapes. Around this time he also undertook the first systematic proto-archeological project in the United States, leading the stratigraphic excavation of an Indian mound near the Rivanna River.
Working toward this reorientation, it is useful to focus on the second of Jefferson's three major building projects in western VirginiaPoplar Forest. As the red headed stepchild of the Jeffersonian canon, Poplar Forest has rarely received attention alongside the well-known constructions at Monticello and the University of Virginia. It is something of a transitional project chronologically, aesthetically, and technologically. For that reason it promises insights into both projects. An examination of Poplar Forest with a focus on landscape and indigenous built forms promises insights into the design of Jeffersonian social and educational institutions that have remained inaccessible to Eurocentric epistemology.
[Poplar Forest near Lynchburg, VA, from the eastern mound; the summer kitchen is in the foreground and the main house is in the background]
Poplar Forest is a main central house with a large geometric mound on either side, and impressive lawns to the back and front. Current theories about the existing mounds asymmetrically located on either side of the house draw directly from European architectural theory: the mounds are supposed it to be a direct adaptation of Palladian concepts, intended to imitate a symmetrical façade with wings that terminate in a pavilion. Jefferson used earthen mounds at Poplar Forest- a radically different technology than a Palladian pavilionbut even the technology is attributed to European precedents he had seen; in the ornamental gardens of European aristocrats mounds were sometimes constructed throughout to create vantage points for surveying ornamental surroundings. It is supposed that Jefferson took these known forms and concepts and created his arrangement, bringing in mounds close to the house to serve as cheap stand-ins for Palladian pavilions.
This explanation is decidedly Eurocentric and simplistic. While this is not necessarily bad, it is highly problematic with respect to issues of aesthetics, technology, and context. For instance, why did he plant the mounds with trees, obscuring views, if they were traditionally used to provide vistas over immediate ornamental grounds? What about the fact that Poplar Forest was never intended as a public house for entertaining, but rather as a working farm where Jefferson could make some money to pay off his debts and get away from the never-ending string of guests making up his public life centered at Monticello? Why were the mounds constructed asymmetrically and off-axis if they were intended to imitate Palladian forms? Were these truly only a cheap stand-in for more stately Palladian pavilions? And as to the idea that they provided a convenient disposal site for excavation from the South Lawn, couldn't this material have be disposed in almost any location without the hassle of compaction techniques and geometrical construction needed to create the mounds?
[Artists' rendering imagining the archeological dig of an Indian mound undertaken near Monticello by a young Thomas Jefferson; the vertical elevation is exaggerated and indicates the various stratigraphic layers that Jefferson made note of in the mound's construction]
Jefferson's views of the Indians in Virginia were complicated. In addition to implementing policies that stripped certain nations of their land claims he had communicated his desire that "your blood will mix with ours; and will spread, with ours, over this great island [all of North America]." Writing to Benjamin Hawkins during the period in which he was constructing Poplar Forest, Jefferson said on February 18, 1803:
The ultimate point of rest and happiness for [the Indians] is to let our settlements and theirs meet and blend together, to intermix, and become one people. Incorporating themselves with us as citizens of the United States, this is what the natural progress of things will of course, bring, on, and it will be better to promote it than retard it.
This vision of Jefferson provides impetus for a new thesisAmerican settlements as an exceptional blend of imported European traditions and indigenous practices and concepts, set within a landscape that was larger and more violent than anything that Europeans had experienced. It is known that Jefferson had great interest in the mound structures of the native peoples that were located throughout Virginia and had even undertaken an excavation of one in the 1770's. Writing later he noted that:
"many [mounds] are to be found all over this country. These are of different sizes, some of them constructed of earth, and some of loose stones… There being one of these in my neighborhood, I wished to satisfy myself whether any, and which of these opinions was just. For the purpose I determined to open and examine it thoroughly… It was a spheroidical form, of about 40 feet diameter at the base, and had been of about twelve feet altitude…"
Certain facts arise from his early archeological work that might bring new concepts in to view when considering the landscape and architecture of Poplar Forest. That the sizes, proportions, material construction, and regional context were all similar in both the Indian mounds of the area and the mounds at Poplar Forest suggest that there is much to be learned from a more in depth consideration of the influence of Indian burial mounds, and indigenous architectural practices in general, on the architecture, landscape design, and ultimately public policy of Thomas Jefferson.
Despite being one of the most digested public figures in the history of the United States, and entire history is waiting to be written which considers Jefferson's work from a landscape perspective with a particular focus on the influence of indigenous forms and practices. In doing that work we might gain some insight in to Jefferson's understanding of and interest in indigenous settlements, and how he saw them "blending together" with those of the European settlers and African slaves? While the above questions have been traditionally considered from a general sociological perspective, a study that focuses on the landscape design of Poplar Forest might provide new insight not only into the design and construction of the Lawn and the grounds of Monticello, but also help us to understand the Public Lands Survey System, and other ambitious landscape projects in the Americas.
[west mound with view toward the Blue Ridge Mountains beyond; some trees remain on the mounds, although historical documents suggest that the mounds were much more heavily planted according to Jefferson's original design]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Sadness can cost people financially | BPS
Sadness can cost people financially
Sadness can cost people from a financial perspective, new research has shown. Published in the Association for Psychological Science's journal Psychological Science, the study found impatience brought on by such feelings can hit a person hard in the pocket.
Investigators from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and Columbia University discovered individuals who were sad exhibited myopia and impatience, which led to them making financial decisions that brought them more winnings in the short-term but lesser gains further down the line.
According to the findings, people who are feeling down tend to want immediate gratification and therefore do not consider the benefits to be gained through waiting.
The authors noted: "These experiments, combining methods from psychology and economics, revealed that the sadder person is not necessarily the wiser person when it comes to financial choices."
They added it is sadness - and not just any negative emotion - that serves to make people more myopic.
Chartered Psychologist Professor Alexander Maule explained: "This research adds to the growing number of studies showing that emotional states can influence how people make decisions and that different negative emotions such as sadness and disgust can have very different effects. The findings demonstrated 'present bias' in sad people - a stronger preference for immediate rather than delayed financial reward. This bias may adversely affect important financial decision taken by individuals who are sad after the death of a family member or after losing their jobs. The bias may lead them to use their funds for immediate consumption at the expense of more prudent investments that may serve their interests better by providing medium and long term security."
"These findings have important implications for counselling the bereaved or those being made redundant: we may need to help these people take account of medium and long term factors as well short term ones when making important decisions. However, several important issues remain unexplained. For example, the findings are based on simple manipulations likely to induce mild and transient emotional states. It is unclear whether similar findings occur in more extreme or chronic situations. Also, emotions often occur in mixtures such as sadness about the loss of a loved one and anxiety about the future without their financial support. Most research focuses on the effects of a single emotion. We need a better understanding of these complex interactions and how they affect decision making behaviour."


Paul L. Bruce, Jeffrey L. Hunter Pennzoil Exploration & Production Co. Houston Robert D. Kuhlman Halliburton Services Duncan, Okla. Don D. Weinheimer Halliburton Services Houston New fracturing stimulation technology contributed to solving problems in completing tight gas sands in the Carthage Cotton Valley field in Texas. These technologies included improved fluid systems, computer-controlled proppant placement, multiple isotope radioactive logs, mechanical properties logs, and innovative casing design. CARTHAGE FIELD Drilling activity in the Carthage field commenced on a large scale in 1...
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At Archbishop Chapelle High School in Metairie, a chain-link, 10-by-10-foot pen resembling a kennel sits outside the cafeteria.
Built by classes of juniors and seniors, under the guidance of their environmental science teacher, Joann Haydel, the pen is the start of the school's first wetlands nursery with Louisiana State University's Coastal Roots program.
Directed by LSU's College of Education, the program has reached out to south Louisiana primary and high schools to grow wetlands plants as a way to help restore the coast and to integrate hands-on awareness of coastal erosion into science education, said LSU's Pam Blanchard.
Since its debut in 2000, Coastal Roots has spawned wetlands nurseries at 35 schools in 15 parishes statewide, most of them coastal parishes, and has contributed more than 21,000 plants to the wetlands.
"We learn about the geology, the life science of the area, and what we're doing to protect and save our wetlands, " Haydel said. "We talk a lot about coastal stewardship, and the program is a way to tie it all in with something that's hands-on."
Before Hurricane Katrina, only one New Orleans school was involved in the program. After the double blows of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita obliterated 217 square miles of wetlands -- nearly half the loss researchers had projected to occur by the year 2050 -- schools began to take notice, Blanchard said. Now, 14 of them in greater New Orleans are Coastal Roots members.
"We were trying to find a better way to inform the K through 12 population of the problem (of coastal erosion), " Blanchard said. "When Katrina and Rita hit, a large number of people were severely impacted by that. (Schools) needed something their students could participate in... to give back something to the community."
Haydel used a $1,600 grant from the Brown Foundation, an organization that gives out service learning grants, to buy equipment for the nursery and will buy the smooth cordgrass the students will plant in coming weeks.
Students built the nursery structure in October, which included digging trenches and assembling PVC pipe for the irrigation system, erecting the fence and lining the pen with black matting. They will also have to install a pond for the aquatic plants, Haydel said. The class will take a field trip this fall to scout its restoration site in Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge and to obtain cuttings of plants to propagate in the nursery.
In the spring, when the grasses have matured, the class will return to Bayou Sauvage and plant them, adding a bit more vegetation to the fast-disappearing wetlands.
"We want the kids to go out into the site, so they can see what it looks like, " Blanchard said, noting the example of Fontainebleau State Park on the north shore, which is a project site for several other schools. "When our kids went out there, they stood in the middle of what used to be the forest, and the ranger told them, 'When we stood here three or four years ago, we couldn't see the sky. We would be standing in full shade.' The kids began to understand what really happened in the storm to these natural areas."
Haydel plans to make the project an annual cycle, with each class contributing to the local ecology and expanding awareness of the much larger, more troubling big picture of coastal erosion, she said.
"I knew we were losing wetlands, but I didn't know how much, " said Molly Smith, a junior.
"I didn't know it was so serious, " added her classmate, Kimberly Martinez.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Provided by: lmbench-doc_3.0-a9-1_all
bw_unix - UNIX pipe bandwidth
bw_unix [ -P ] [ -W ] [ -N ] size
bw_unix creates a pipe and forks a child process which keeps writing
data to the pipe as fast as it can. The benchmark measures how fast
the parent process can read the data in size-byte chunks from the pipe.
Nothing is done with the data in either the parent (reader) or child
The size specification may end with ''k'' or ''m'' to mean kilobytes (*
1024) or megabytes (* 1024 * 1024).
Output format is "%0.2f %.2f\n", megabytes, megabytes_per_second, i.e.,
This benchmark should move approximately the reported amount of memory.
Funding for the development of this tool was provided by Sun
Microsystems Computer Corporation.
Carl Staelin and Larry McVoy
Comments, suggestions, and bug reports are always welcome.
(c)1994-2000 Larry McVoy and Carl St$Date$ BW_UNIX(8)


Westbank FN Youth Council Workshop
I recently had the pleasure of working with and training fantastic people from the Westbank First Nations Youth Council at the beautiful Spirit Ridge Resort in Osoyoos, B.C. A stunning place to conduct a workshop that set the tone for a wonderful training day!
The ambitious and talented youth who participated in Activ8's Confidence, Money Management and Career Development Workshop were sharp, open-minded and eager to learn, contributing loads of energy, ideas, experiences and outstanding creativity to the session.
Westbank First Nations Youth Council
The 8-hour class began with introductions and each person sharing a vision of their future, expressing what they were most excited to learn about and telling us something about their personality which created a comfortable, uplifting and open learning environment.
After a short, creative warm-up exercise we dove into the first portion of the workshop focusing on assessing strengths, life balance, goal setting and how to best approach the action steps required to achieve one's goals. Everyone was keen to set their S.M.A.R.T. goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound) and to develop a roadmap to follow.
Once the class mastered the steps on setting and achieving goals, the next life enhancing skill to acquire was learning to overcome the fear response we all face, from time to time.
Whether applying for a new job and acing the interview or facing rejection when asking out a romantic crush, the youth learned how to become more mindful and conscious in the present, challenging any subconscious thought that may be holding them back from going after what they want.
A mindful thought-process is the difference between living without limitations versus being confined to a comfort zone that doesn't allow for personal expansion or expression. The young participants from Westbank FN were eager to adopt these new confidence building tools and learned the steps quite quickly!
After a lesson plan on brain science, neuro-plasticity and how to go about training the mind to optimize success and inspired action, we covered another important life skill, money management. Topics included how to balance a monthly budget, understanding compound interest, saving for future purchases (eg. university or a home), building and repairing credit, using credit responsibly, gaining knowledge of investments and, the importance of investing in one's education and travel to gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.
We discussed hot careers and industries in B.C., including business ethics and how to sell oneself during a job interview. The youth gained greater perspective of what industries are in demand and how sales and selling our ideas, expertise, etc., is a part of daily life, no matter what career we choose.
The participants also learned public speaking skills and how communicating ideas to an audience can further their careers and enhance their personal brands. The impromptu speaking portion of the workshop where the youth each gave a 2-minute talk on a topic they were familiar with proved to be an effective way to build confidence in public speaking.
Whether it's a presentation for school or work, or, being asked to emcee a friend's wedding, they have introductory knowledge of how to plan and give a speech, and know that they have the ability. It was exciting watching them express themselves and enjoy the public speaking process.
After the speaking portion we investigated entrepreneurship and the elements of a business plan. Paired up, the three teams collaborated on their business ideas and worked on building the various aspects of a lean business plan, which they later pitched to the rest of the class. There was a wellness product business, a video production/editing company and a car pool company where the youth identified each aspect of how to develop their products and services, operations, finance and marketing.
In addition to learning how to create their own lean business plan, the youth saw number of examples of Indigenous entrepreneurs in B.C. who started and are running successful businesses. This helped give them an ideal of what entrepreneurship looks like and hopefully will inspire them to follow the path, if it's their dream. Should working within a company be their longterm goal, knowing the fundamentals of business makes them stronger and more valuable employees.
The Westbank First Nations Youth did very well in every portion of the day's lesson plan. Their interest and enthusiasm in learning and adopting the knowledge and tools of each topic will certainly empower them to grow personally and professionally!
Having the courage to share who they are as individuals and working towards building a fulfilling life through learning, practicing and adopting life enhancing material is a testament to Westbank First Nation's commitment to education, skills training and developing its young people and B.C.'s future leaders.
I enjoyed meeting and working with Youth and Recreation Manger Nicole Werstuik and Westbank's Youth Council Members Saige, Justin, Chris, Robert, Brianna and Alyssa. I am thrilled that they enjoyed the workshop and can't wait to see what these talented, young people do next!
The picture below gives a peek at where our workshop was held. If you get the chance, I highly recommend visiting Spirit Ridge Resort in Osooyos, B.C.
Spirit Ridge Resort, Osoyoos, B.C.
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text:
Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) maintains the standards of doubled blind peer review while increasing the efficiency of the process.
All research articles published in the Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) undergo full peer review, key characteristics of which are listed below:
- All research articles are reviewed by at least two suitably qualified experts.
- All publication decisions are made by the journals' Editors-in-Chief based on the reviews provided
- Members of the advisory, international Editorial Boards lend insight, advice, and guidance to the Editors-in-Chief generally and to assist decision making on specific submissions
- Managing Editors and Editorial Assistants provide the administrative support that allows the Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) to maintain the integrity of peer review while delivering rapid turnaround and maximum efficiency to authors, reviewers, and editors alike.
- Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) additionally benefit through the manuscript referral process from the high-quality peer review conducted by established journals.
Peer review of referred papers:
Editors of the Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) will decide promptly whether to accept, reject or request revisions of referred papers based on the reviews and editorial insight of the supporting journals. Also, Editors will have the option of seeking additional reviews when needed. The authors will be advised when Editors decide, further review is required.
Peer review of novel submissions:
Articles submitted directly to the Celebes Journal of Language Studies (CJLS) will be thoroughly peer-reviewed by at least two appropriately qualified experts in the field selected by the Editor-in-Chief. The Editor-in-Chief will then decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions based on the reviews and comments received. The Editor-in-Chief will decide whether each submission reports well-conducted research with conclusions supported by the data presented in the paper. Assessments of priority will not be a factor in decision-making, but all articles must make an incremental or novel addition to the literature.


text:
More online exhibitions
Jim Dine: The Glyptotek Drawings Online Exhibition | Thaw Conservation Center
Jim Dine: Drawing with Light
Building up the Layers
Detail of Dine's fingerprints in the manipulated charcoal of Glyptotek Drawing.
Detail of Glyptotek Drawing showing texture from directly applied charcoal on the left, in contrast to the manipulated tonal area on the right.
Glyptotek Drawing
Dine began each drawing with charcoal or lithographic crayon, which he manipulated with his fingers (figure 2) and a kneaded eraser to create subtle gradations. On paper and frosted plastic supports, Dine used vine and compressed charcoal as his initial drawing material. However, when he worked on a clear plastic support, Dine required a stickier drawing material that would adhere to the very smooth surface and still allow for later manipulation. For this, Dine chose to use soft lithographic crayons. In several drawings Dine created passages of charcoal that have the appearance of a liquid. He achieved this effect by applying a layer of spray fixative and using his finger to manipulate the charcoal before the fixative dried. To create large areas of smudged charcoal, Dine first applied the charcoal over the area and then manipulated it to create a continuous tone. Evidence of this working method is visible in the lower left corner of Glyptotek Drawing, where the texture from the directly applied charcoal can be seen in contrast to the manipulated tonal area (figure 3).
Detail of the negative rough pattern in Glyptotek Drawing.
The wire mesh Dine used to manipulate the media is seen in positive and negative in this detail of Glyptotek Drawing.
Detail of shoe print in Glyptotek Drawing.
In Glyptotek Drawing, the rough pattern appears in both positive, when Dine applied the charcoal and pastel, and in negative, when Dine subtracted the media (figure 7). This suggests that the drawing was worked from start to finish on the same surface in one drawing session. In other drawings there are either two patterns, or only sections of the drawing that feature a pattern, thus demonstrating that Dine changed the white paper below the drawing, possibly over several drawing sessions.
Other patterns seen in some of these drawings do not come from below the supports, but from applied patterned surfaces. In Glyptotek Drawing, a diamond pattern resembling a wire mesh can be seen in both positive and negative (figure 8). Dine used the mesh in this drawing to apply media, remove media, and manipulate it. In other drawings, the patterns were not entirely intentional. In Glyptotek Drawings and, there is a second type of diamond pattern, which Dine confirmed is a shoe print (figure 9) and assumed he must have stepped on these drawings.ii Even though this pattern was unintentional, the print was left on the drawing and transferred to the printing plate. These shoe prints, along with fingerprints, smudges, tears, hairs, and drips from liquid media and heavily applied fixative, reveal Dine's working methods and become part of the history of the Glyptotek Drawings, and ultimately are transferred to the prints.


text:
We all know now that films can have a powerful impact on the desire to travel to certain destinations – fans of Lord of the Rings and James Bond have been flocking to New Zealand and the UK respectively for many years to visit their favorite film locations. But can cartoons have a similar influence?
In a new journal article just accepted in Current Issues in Tourism, SmartState Chair Simon Hudson suggests they can. In the article - co-authored with Vince Tung and Suna Lee from Hong Kong Polytechnic University – the authors explore the world of animation tourism - motivated tourists who purposely visit a destination or partake in activities at a destination as a result of anime. Japanese animation, or anime, emerged in the 1910s and developed into its modern, distinctive form in the 1960s. It is comprised of two components: manga and animation. Manga, which means recurring drawings, are comic strips that employ an exquisite drawing style with descriptive formats and fluid strokes. Animation, similar to Western cartoons, is featured on television and videos with storylines and characters that are often based on manga.
A good example of anime resulting in tourism is Your Name (Makoto Shinkai's teen body swap comedy). The beauty, and the film's romanticism, have turned the Japanese locations featured in the anime into fan meccas, with tourists flocking to the real life locations – the steps to a shrine in downtown Tokyo, a public library in the rural town of Hida, mundane looking train tracks in the same quiet countryside – despite knowing it won't be exactly as they've seen it on the big screen (see _URL_ for more).
The new article proposes a novel framework for capturing animation tourism marketing opportunities and provides a conceptual foundation to ignite a new generation of future research interests that are much needed in this area. The authors argue that destination management organizations (DMOs) and tourism marketers in Japan can use anime to ignite their marketing campaigns, as unique opportunities are generated given the distinctive characteristics, timely releases of new, as well as the long-term continuation of existing franchises, in a variety of storylines. Additionally, businesses and services could be created through animation tourism that would encourage visitors throughout the year.
The article on anime tourism is called The Potential of Anime for Destination Marketing: Fantasies, Otaku, and the Kidult Segment and will soon be online at: _URL_


text:
Abstract base class providing a mechanism to restrict searches to a subset
of an index and also maintains and returns position information.
This is useful if you want to compare the positions from a SpanQuery with the positions of items in
a filter. For instance, if you had a SpanFilter that marked all the occurrences of the word "foo" in documents,
and then you entered a new SpanQuery containing bar, you could not only filter by the word foo, but you could
then compare position information for post processing.


--get your your Linux knowledge
> Linux Reviews > Manual Pages (man) >
video capturing program for X windows
Manpage of XVIDCAP
Section: Version 1.1.3 (1)
Updated: January 2004
Index Return to Main Contents
video capturing program for X windows
xvidcap|gvidcap [-v] [--fps ] [--time ] [--frames ] [--continue [yes|no]] [--cap_geometry ] [--start_no ] [--compress ] [--use_clone] [--expand_to_24bit] [--quality ] [--source ] [--file ] [--gui [yes|no]] [--audio [yes|no]] [--audio_in ] [--audio_bits ] [--audio_rate ] [--audio_channels ]
xvidcap is a tool that captures movement on a selected area of an X11 screen to files. These files may be a number of individual image files (one for each frame captured) or video files encoded on-the-fly through FFMPEG's libavcodec. You select between the two alternatives by specifying a corresponding output filename, ref. "--file" in the OPTIONS paragraph. On-the-fly encoding will also allow you to record audio along with the video. Recording to individual frames may be more convenient if you wish to preprocess the images before encoding, or if you need other video codecs xvidcap does not support. Individual images can later be encoded with tools like ffmpeg, mencoder, or transcode.
Please note that FFMPEG follows it's own license, see:
The utility comes with two alternative GUIs: An Xt-based front-end (xvidcap) and a GTK2-based one (gvidcap). gvidcap is maintained somewhat better, esp. in terms of user-friendliness. However, xvidcap should always provide the same basic functionality. Keep in mind that GUI layouts and behaviours will differ.
The colormap which the program uses depends on the way you select an area to capture (see GUI CONTROLS). The default colormap is the colormap of the root window. If you select a window or just parts of a window with the select button the colormap of this window is used. Not all bit depths and visuals are supported, which means you might not get the correct colors.
For help, RFEs, or bug-reports please turn to.
Runs xvidcap in verbose mode. This will provide more information about user settings, input and output codecs, performance and so forth. Messages like'missing XX milli secs..' while capturing mean you are missing frames due to lack of ressources (dropped frames). This results in a video that will play back too quickly. Note though, that verbose mode slows down xvidcap and may actually be causing frame drops. Try running without verbose mode and watch the "frame drop monitor" in gvidcap, ref. GUI CONTROLS below.
--fps
Specifies the number of frames to be captured per second. This parameter accepts floating point values, which allows for very low capture rates like e.g. '--fps 0.5' to record one frame every 2 seconds. Note that at the moment xvidcap does not force valid frame rates for the given output format, hence your playback timing may be messed up if you don't select valid frame rates. For MPEG1 valid frame rates are: 23.976 24 25 29.97 30 50 59.94 60. MPEG4 can use frame rates from 7.5 to 30.
--time
Specifies the maximum time to capture, if 0 xvidcap will capture until stopped interactively. For any other value any recording session will stop automatically after the specified number of seconds. This parameter conflicts with '--frames' (see below). If both are given on the command line, the one given last beats the first. The program accepts floating point values, e.g. '2.5'.
--frames
Stops capturing after the specified number of frames are captured. If zero xvidcap will capture until stopped interactively, ref. '--time' above.
--continue [yes|no]
When on-the-fly encoding is selected, maximum recording time or frames are specified, and the output filename is incrementable (see '--file' below), xvidcap can automatically continue to capture to a new file when one exceeds the maximum recording time or number of frames. This will change the behaviour of '--time' and '--frames' because recording will not stop at the specified limits, but rather start a new video file. Again, this is disabled for capturing to individual files. If no argument to '--continue' is given, xvidcap assumes 'yes'.
Override the default width and height of the capture frame. Use the 'Select' button to adjust the frame size to an given window. The minimum size is 20 x 20.
--start_no
Defines the start point which should be used for numbering files. The default value is '0'.This parameter is used for capturing individual frames only. The numbering of movie files atm. always starts at zero.
--compress
Define the compression level used for storing individual frames. This is used as the level of native compression with image formats that support it (PNG). Image formats that do not support native compression will be compressed using zlib, if the specified compression level is higher than zero. In this case a suffix of '.gz' is automatically appended to all file names. Valid values are 0 - 9 where zero disables the feature. WARNING: This will slow down capturing and not unlikely cause frame drops.
Use the CLON chunk for MNG files if needed. This will slow down capturing, but saves bytes if two or more identicaly images are saved. This is not recommended if you capture a TV/Video clip, because there will never be two consecutive images which have the same CRC32 checksum.
This will work only for PPM files. It expands 15 and 16bpp images to 24bpp. It should also work for TrueColor/8bpp images, but this is still not tested. Use this option if you want to make input files for the Berkeley MPEG encoder.
--quality
Specify a value between 0 and 100 to define the quality setting for JPEG output or online encoding. The default value is 75.
--source
Enable or disable the usage of the X11 shared memory extension. For shm support both client and server have to run on the same host.
--file
File name or pattern to use for saving the captured frames. A file name pattern contains printf()-like formatting information to make the file name incrementable, e.g. --file "out-%02d.xwd". This is necessary for capturing to individual frames. xvidcap will replace the first printf() format string with the number of the frame currently captured. Thus, in the example given, it will write to files out-00.xwd, out-01.xwd, out02.xwd, etc. Here, the frame number to start with can be specified with '--start_no', see above.
On-the-fly encoding does not need a file pattern. If you specify one nonetheless like --file "mymovie-%d.mpeg", xvidcap will replace the format string with the number of the current recording session (always starting the count from zero). This will enable you to manually in-/decrement that number, or use the autocontinue feature (ref. '--continue' above) effectively creating a series of video files.
Output file types are selected based on the extension specified for the filename. The default file type is "X Window Dump". Valid extensions are:
 Portable Anymap: .pnm .pgm .ppm
 Multiple Network Graphics: .mng
 Portable Network Graphics: .png
 Joint Picture Expert Group: .jpg .jpeg
 X Window Dump: .xwd
 AVI video: .avi .mpeg .mpg
 ASF video stream: .asf
 Flash Video File: .flv .flv1
Support for PNM and PNG is experimental and only Directand TrueColor 15bpp, 16bpp, and 24bpp, or PseudoColor 8bpp seems to work today. Selecting either of AVI, ASF or Flash Video enables on-the-fly encoding through FFMPEG. You can specify the codec to use through a 'codec' parameter in the config file, cf. below.
--gui [yes|no]
Start xvidcap with or without control GUI overriding what's in the preferences file. Running without GUI will automatically start a single capture session. It can be stopped by either specifying one of --time or --frames, or by hitting CTRL-C.
On systems where FFMPEG supports audio capture, you will be able to add an audio stream to an encoded video (i.e. using an *.mpeg extension). Audio streams can either be captured from a compatible audio device (e.g. /dev/dsp ) or from stdin (cf. --audio_in below). Audio can be enabled by specifying any of the audio parameters below on the command line or enabling audio support in gvidcap's preferences dialog. Once audio support has been saved to the preferences file, it will be activated automatically next time xvidcap starts, unless overridden.
--audio [yes|no]
Enable or disable audio capture


Knowing What Publicists Do:
What is a Publicist?
 - DATE PUBLISHED : March 3, 2020
Authors often wonder what publicists do. Most often than not, they assume that publicists and publishers are just the same. Publicists and publishers are two very different entities.
By delineating the focus of these two entities, their differences become clear. A section of this article provides that information for authors to know what these differences are. To know more about publicists and what publicists do, keep reading.
What is a Publicist?
Authors confuse book publicists with book publishers. There's a huge difference, although both belong in the literary industry. Between these two lies a border that differentiates both entities.
A publicist is a professional whose expertise lies in the field of marketing. While it is a publisher's duty to edit and develop a book's design, a publicist develops marketing schemes. They are a team of marketers who research on various market segments and niches to help authors. More on publicists' tasks later.
The main task of publishers is the development of an author's books. They make sure that the book's design and strong command of language compel readers to purchase the book. Although publishers help authors sell their books, successful and efficient book publicity is out of their scope.
Investing in the services of these two entities increases the chance for authors to earn recognition on a global scale. Although there are authors who discourage themselves from investing in book marketing, the majority believe in the power of marketing. But, what exactly are the tasks of publicists? And, why is it necessary to invest in marketing plans?
What Publicists Do
Attaining market visibility is a challenge that often times disheartens authors. Due to the slow pace of their book, they quickly give up on their book's potential. Oblivious to book marketers or book publicists, their hard work and passion dive into the bin of wasted dreams.
Publicists are the professionals responsible for maximizing the exposure of a book to a segmented market. From thorough analysis of a book, they develop marketing tactics. Needless to say, transforming prospective readers into buyers requires less effort. The commitment to help authors by means of publicizing a book efficiently guarantees authors a maximized exposure. Having that stated, a marketed book becomes accessible to the un-curated target readers.
If authors desire to unlock the potential of their book, they need to know the functions of these two entities. Confusing one with the other makes it difficult for authors to reach his target readers. An investment in these literary businesses guarantees a greater chance of affecting the readers' lives. Should authors dream to impart life-changing messages, the two literary entities' services come in handy.
© Copyright _PHONE_ Truman Publishing CompanyAll Rights Reserved


text:
Status and Trends of Biodiversity
Azerbaijan can be divided into a number of biogeographical regions, although is dominated by Mediterranean plant communities (50%), boreal plant communities (30%), and Caucasus plant communities (5%). Azerbaijan has forest, grassland and desert, mountain, wetland, coastal and marine ecosystems. There are approximately 4,500-recorded species of higher plants, which represent around 65% of the floral diversity of the Caucasus region, and 11% of the world's flora... More »
Number and Extent of Protected Areas
To date the area covered by five of the protected areas has been increased by 36,600 ha, and they now cover a total area of 70,700 ha.


text:
What Is Aerial Yoga?
Aerial Yoga is a new type of Yoga that uses a circus hammock as a tool to help students achieve the traditional Yoga positions. Traditional Yoga positions lead us to a calm nervous system.
At its core, the practice of Yoga is a process of calming our nervous system through stretches, deep breathing, and actively letting go of stressful thoughts so that we can stop seeing the world through fear, anger, sadness or desire. Since these emotions determine what attracts, distracts and repulses us, when they are no longer dominant in our minds coloring how we see the world, we are not as easily manipulated by advertising, political agendas, or people with ill intentions. This means we feel more in control of our everyday decisions and therefore our lives.
What Is Unnata® Aerial Yoga?
Unnata Aerial Yoga uses the circus hammock to help students hold their bodies in the shape of traditional Yoga postures, the weight of the body being either partially or fully supported by the hammock. Many Unnata Aerial Yoga postures are designed to help the student better understand the purpose of traditional Yoga postures. Some Unnata Aerial Yoga postures are designed to help students achieve advanced traditional Yoga postures. Advanced Yoga postures can take years to learn, and even more time to understand and glean their benefits. The practice of Unnata Aerial Yoga is meant to help speed up that process in a safe manner.
In an Unnata Aerial Yoga class, students use both the hammock and the floor to immediately feel the improvement in their flexibility, strength and alignment, and to understand how to use the skills and benefits achieved through using the hammock while attending non-aerial Yoga classes and other physical activities.
The Unnata Aerial Yoga technique achieves more than a simple stretch. Our physical posture changes over time to increase our flexibility, develop strength, and forge deep, full breathing. Deep breathing reinforces a calm and serene attitude, which in turn increases our mental flexibility as well – the purpose of practicing Yoga.
Take a sneak peek in this real-time video of a "mini" Unnata Aerial Yoga class:
How is Unnata pronounced?
Unnata is the Sanskrit word for "elevated," meaning both elevated in spirit and physically elevated.
The "U" sounds like the "u" in blue and rhymes with zoo, too. The rest sounds like "not," followed by "ahhh."
Put the emphasis on the second syllable; "ooo-NOT-ah" — Unnata.


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Total Submissions: 1510Accepted: 546
We have a map for farming land in a country. The whole farming land of the country is divided into a set of disjoint farming regions. Each farmer owns only one farming region in this country. There is a boundary fence between two neighboring farming regions. The farmland map for this country can be represented in a plane graph. The following Figure-1 shows one example.
Figure-1: Farmland graph G(V,E)
There are two types of edges, boundary edge and non-boundary edge. All edges of G(V,E) except (v8, v6) and (v11, v10) are boundary edges which are between two neighboring farming regions. The "proper farming region" in a Farmland graph is a closed region bounded by a simple cycle and it should not contain any vertices or edges inside. In this figure, the polygon < v1,v9,v8,v7 >is a proper farming region, and the region < v2, v1, v7, v8, v2, v5, v4, v3 >is not a proper farming region since its boundary cycle is not simple.
We assume that the farmland graph G(V,E) is a simple connected graph, which does not allow self-loops (Figure-2 (a)) and parallel edges (Figure-2 (b)).Also in Farmland graph G(V,E), we do not consider the outer face of G(V,E).You can see that there are 2 proper farming regions in G(V,E) shown in Figure-1,namely < v1,v9,v8,v7> and < v2,v3,v4,v5>, since there are no vertices or edges inside. But the polygon< v1,v7,v8,v2> is not a proper farming region since vertex v3, v4, and v5 are located in that region. Similarly, the region is not a proper region because a vertex v10 is inside the region.A degenerate polygon < v6, v8> is not a proper region because it has no valid area inside.
Figure-2: (a) self-loop < v1,v1>, and (b) 3 parallel edges { < v1,v2>,< v1,v2>, < v1,v2>}
There are other assumptions for input farmland graph data.
1. There is at least one proper farming region.
2. The position of each vertex in Farmland graph is distinct.
3. There is no edge crossing, which means the graph G(V,E) is a plane graph.
4. Farmland graph G(V,E) is simple and connected.
Let us define the "size" of proper farming region. The size of proper farming region is the number of boundary edges of that region. For example, the size of the proper farming region < v2,v3,v4,v5 > is 4.
The problem is to find the number of proper regions that have a specified size.If you are requested to find the number of proper regions with size of 4 in the graph given in Figure-1, you must answer that there are 2 proper regions whose sizes are 4 because farming regions < v1,v9,v8,v7 > and < v2,v3,v4,v5 >are proper regions and their sizes are 4. If there are no such regions, then you have to print 0.
The input consists of M test cases. The first line of the input contains a positive integer M, the number of test cases you are to solve. After the first line,input data for M cases follow. The first line of each test case contains a positive integer N (>=3), the number of vertices. Each of the following N lines is of the form:
i xi yi di a1 a2 a3 ..... adi
"i" is the vertex number, xi and yi are the coordinate (xi, yi) of the vertex i, and di is the degree of the vertex i. The following { ai } are the adjacent vertices of the vertex i. The last line gives k, the size of proper regions that you have to count.
Note that M, the number of cases in input is less than 10. N, the number of vertices of a given farmland graph is less than 200. All vertices are located on grid points of the 1000 x 1000 lattice grid.
The output must contain M non-negative integers. Each line contains the answer n to the corresponding case of the input.
Sample Input
1 2 6 3 9 7 2
2 5 6 4 5 3 1 8
3 3 5 2 4 2
4 3 4 2 3 5
5 4 4 2 4 2
6 7 4 1 8
7 2 3 2 8 1
8 5 3 5 7 2 9 12 6
9 1 2 3 11 8 1
10 3 2 1 11
11 2 1 3 10 9 12
12 6 1 2 8 11
1 2 2 2 2 3
2 1 1 2 1 3
3 4 1 2 1 2
Sample Output
Home Page Go Back To top
Any problem, Please Contact Administrator


text:
Lately, I have been loving a good fishtail braid. They are actually really easy to create and a beautiful way to wear your hair on a day you don't feel like drying it! Here are the steps to create one yourself:
1. Divide your hair into two large sections, parting straight down the middle. For a sharper look, you can use a comb to part your hair evenly.
2. Pull a thin strand of hair from the outside of the left section. Pull it over the top of the left section, and grasp it under the right section. Basically, the strand of hair has gone over the left section and finishes under the right section.
3. Repeat Step 2 on the other side. Pull a skinny strand of hair from the outside of the right section, pull it over the right section, then weave it under the left section.
4. Keep alternating sides, weaving over and under, until you reach the bottom of the braid.
5. Tie off the end with a hair bobble or elastic.


text:
Ask questions about projects relating to: biology, biochemistry, genomics, microbiology, molecular biology, pharmacology/toxicology, zoology, human behavior, archeology, anthropology, political science, sociology, geology, environmental science, oceanography, seismology, weather, or atmosphere.
Moderators: MelissaB, kgudger, Ray Trent, Moderators
hi there, i'm new to sciencebuddies.org and have a question about the project: Swimming in Acid: Understanding Ocean Acidification. To do this project, it says to make your own saltwater by using Ocean Mix products, etc. if i have a saltwater aquarium fish tank at my house, can i just take out some of that water and use it for this project instead of mixing the Ocean Mix with regular tap water? thanks!
- Posts: 1
- Joined: Sat Jan 26, 2013 3:37 pm
- Occupation: Student: 8th grade
- Project Question: testing water
- Project Due Date: May, 2013
- Project Status: I am just starting
Welcome to Science Buddies! I think you are doing this excellent project from the Science Buddies website:_URL_ 13.shtml''
You can use any source of ocean water for this project. If there are no fish in the aquarium, then you could definitely use the aquarium water. However, if there are fish and plants established in the fish tank, I would be concerned about disturbing their equilibrium. Where did the water in the aquarium come from?
If you are close to an ocean, you could collect your water samples from the ocean.
The source of the water for this experiment if one of your controlled parameters, so should be identical for all of your samples.
Please post again in this topic if you have more questions.
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text:
The American Horseshoe Crab is a unique and valuable marine invertebrate. It provides both ecological and economic benefits to Maryland and other coastal states of the mid-Atlantic region. Since the 1990's, concern over the exploitation of this important species has been expressed by government agencies, conservation organizations and fisheries interests.
Currently, various user groups throughout the region use horseshoe crabs. Watermen harvest the crabs as
bait to catch several commercial fish species including eel (Anguilla rostrada) and whelk (Busycon spp.).
The biomedical industry uses a protein in the crab's blood to test the safety of other medical products.
In addition to these economic benefits, horseshoe crabs play an important role the coastal ecology in
the Mid-Atlantic region.
Horseshoe crab populations occupy an important ecological niche in
coastal habitats along the Mid-Atlantic coast. Adult horseshoe crabs are food for sea turtles, sharks
and terrestrial species such as raccoons and foxes. Their eggs are a vital food source for
Hemispheric shorebirds feed on the superabundance
of horseshoe crab eggs deposited in the
sand on mid-Atlantic beaches each spring. Rich in fat and protein, horseshoe crab eggs enable these
migratory shorebirds to continue their northern migration to Arctic breeding grounds.
The concentrations of shorebirds that come to feed on the eggs of the horseshoe crab are also important to the ecotourism
industry in the Delaware Bay. The shorebirds attract recreational birders from all over the world bringing
important tourist dollars to the region.
Maryland and other States are tasked with managing and conserving this valuable resource.
Specific conservation efforts are underway to better understand and manage horseshoe crabs
throughout the region. The ultimate goals of these efforts are maintaining the stability of the region's
horseshoe crab population, its role in the coastal marine ecology (i.e., shorebird connection) and its
availability for use by different stakeholders over the long-term.
or use the glossary.
Raising Horseshoe Crabs in the Classroom
- Stacy Epperson
Aquatic Resource Education Dept
Department of Natural Resources
580 Taylor Ave., E-2
Annapolis, MD 21401


text: Family: Strombidae. Characteristics: Although they may look a little different, Spider Conchs belong to the same family as the beautiful Pink Conch. Young Spider Conchs that have yet to develop their "fingers" look more like members of the cone family. Once they reach maturity, they develop their spider-like "fingers" on the outer lip of the shell. Most live in shallow water, feeding on algae. Spider Conchs are commonly found in the Indo-Pacific region of the world. Interesting Facts: Females have longer fingers than the males.


text:
- Encoding induction in correctness proofs of program transformations as a termination problem (2012)
- The diagram-based method to prove correctness of program transformations consists of computing complete set of (forking and commuting) diagrams, acting on sequences of standard reductions and program transformations. In many cases, the only missing step for proving correctness of a program transformation is to show the termination of the rearrangement of the sequences. Therefore we encode complete sets of diagrams as term rewriting systems and use an automated tool to show termination, which provides a further step in the automation of the inductive step in correctness proofs.
- Computing overlappings by unification in the deterministic lambda calculus LR with letrec, case, constructors, seq and variable chains (2011)
- Correctness of program transformations in extended lambda calculi with a contextual semantics is usually based on reasoning about the operational semantics which is a rewrite semantics. A successful approach to proving correctness is the combination of a context lemma with the computation of overlaps between program transformations and the reduction rules.The method is similar to the computation of critical pairs for the completion of term rewriting systems. We describe an effective unification algorithm to determine all overlaps of transformations with reduction rules for the lambda calculus LR which comprises a recursive let-expressions, constructor applications, case expressions and a seq construct for strict evaluation. The unification algorithm employs many-sorted terms, the equational theory of left-commutativity modeling multi-sets, context variables of different kinds and a mechanism for compactly representing binding chains in recursive let-expressions. As a result the algorithm computes a finite set of overlappings for the reduction rules of the calculus LR that serve as a starting point to the automatization of the analysis of program transformations.
- Towards correctness of program transformations through unification and critical pair computation (2010)
- Correctness of program transformations in extended lambda-calculi with a contextual semantics is usually based on reasoning about the operational semantics which is a rewrite semantics. A successful approach is the combination of a context lemma with the computation of overlaps between program transformations and the reduction rules, which results in so-called complete sets of diagrams. The method is similar to the computation of critical pairs for the completion of term rewriting systems. We explore cases where the computation of these overlaps can be done in a first order way by variants of critical pair computation that use unification algorithms. As a case study of an application we describe a finitary and decidable unification algorithm for the combination of the equational theory of left-commutativity modelling multi-sets, context variables and many-sorted unification. Sets of equations are restricted to be almost linear, i.e. every variable and context variable occurs at most once, where we allow one exception: variables of a sort without ground terms may occur several times. Every context variable must have an argument-sort in the free part of the signature. We also extend the unification algorithm by the treatment of binding-chains in letand letrec-environments and by context-classes. This results in a unification algorithm that can be applied to all overlaps of normal-order reductions and transformations in an extended lambda calculus with letrec that we use as a case study.


text:
Legs are the foundation of all humans – you stand on it every day. ;) Manga legs range from detailed and buff to generic, simplified lines. Simplified legs being the norm. Below is a row of legs in the front view. The first leg is typical, showing the simplified version I mentioned. Notice how the middle is practically straight and has no curves while the outer edge is just the opposite. The second example, on the other hand, has curves at both sides of the leg. Taking a closer look, the legs are shaped like cylinders with one end slightly wider than the other end from hip to knee, from knee to ankle.
At side and back view, the same idea applies. The back view of the leg tends to have dashes | / \ | indicating the back of the knee. You can also do the same at the front using one or two dashes except reversed | \ / |.
One important aspect about legs that you must keep in mind is when it is against another object whether if it's a chair or it's own self, the leg tends to widen out. The muscle gets pushed to the side or upwards depending on the situation. Above and the one below are three of such examples.
Top: Leg pushing up on itself.
Middle: Leg resting on chair.
Bottom: Leg against itself and on the floor.


text:
A mathematical model for the input/output characteristic of a single-stage triode vacuumtube amplifier is presented. The model, basically a cosine-series function, can easily yield closed-form series expressions for the amplitudes of the output components resulting from multisinusoidal input signals to the amplifier. The special case of an equal-amplitude twotone input signal is considered in detail. The results show that, similar to transistor-based amplifiers, the vacuum triode amplifier generates both evenand oddorder harmonic and intermodulation components. The results also show that the amplitudes of these components are strongly dependent on the tube parameters, the biasing voltage, and the amplitudes of the input tones and are not following a general pattern.
Click to purchase paper as a non-member or login as an AES member. If your company or school subscribes to the E-Library then switch to the institutional version. If you are not an AES member and would like to subscribe to the E-Library then Join the AES!
This paper costs $33 for non-members and is free for AES members and E-Library subscribers.


- FREE
 - Chelsea, London
National Army Museum
 - FREE
 - Chelsea, London
Regiments and Corps
19th Royal Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own)
19th Royal Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own) formed up, 1882
The first use of the numeral 19 for a British Army line cavalry regiment was in 1786, when the 23rd Light Dragoons was renumbered. This unit had originally been raised in 1781 and was the first ever British cavalry regiment to operate in India.
There, it fought against Tipu Sultan in the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars (1790-92 and 1799), including service at Seringapatam (1799). It later fought Dhoondia Wao in 1800 and served under Arthur Wellesley at Assaye (1803) during the Second Maratha War (1803-05). In 1806, it took part in the suppression of the Vellore mutiny.
The regiment's last years in India were spent on garrison duties. It then sailed to Canada to fight in the War of 1812 (1812-15). It became the 19th Lancers in 1816, before finally disbanding in 1821.
Cap badge, 19th (Princess of Wales's Own) Hussars, c1896
Officer's lance, 19th (Light) Dragoons (Lancers), 1820
The second regiment to bear the numeral was the 19th Hussars. This title was given to the 1st Bengal European Light Cavalry when it moved from the East India Company's service to the British Army in 1862. The unit had originally been formed in 1858 for service during the Indian Mutiny (1857-59).
In 1871, the 19th Hussars first arrived in England. Three years later, it was deemed the successor unit of the 19th Lancers and allowed to keep their battle honours.
19th Hussars formed up at Giza, Egypt, 1882
Kettledrum of the 19th Hussars, 1909
Which of the following was a nickname of the 11th Hussars?
The Lumpies
The Stumpies
The Dumpies
Did you know?
East India Company cavalry regiments waived the minimum height requirement of British Army cavalry units. As a result, the earliest members of the 19th Hussars were nicknamed 'Dumpies' owing to their shorter stature.
In 1882, the regiment deployed to Egypt, fighting at Tel el-Kebir in September of that year. It went on to serve in the Sudan during the Mahdist War and fought at Abu Klea (1885).
Following various imperial garrison duties, it later fought in the Boer War (_PHONE_). There, it took part in the defence of Ladysmith and the campaign in Eastern Transvaal.
In 1902, the regiment was re-titled the 19th (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own) Hussars. And, when Alexandra became Queen Consort in 1908, the name changed to the 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars.
Major AW Parsons, 19th (Queen Alexandra's) Hussars, c1908
World War
It was sent to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force in 1914, with squadrons fighting at Mons, Le Cateau, the Aisne and the Marne in 1914. It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, including the Second Battles of Ypres (1915), the Somme (1916), Cambrai (1917) and Amiens (1918).
The regiment was retitled the 19th Royal Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own) in January 1921, but disbanded just six months later.
The 19th Hussars was re-formed the following year as a cadre or central core of officers. It was then immediately merged with the 15th The Kings Hussars to form the 15th/19th Hussars.
A Soldiers Life at The Newcastle Discovery Museum
The National Army Museum works together with Regimental and Corps Museums across the country to help provide a network of military museums for everyone to visit and enjoy.
Explore the history and collections of the 19th Hussars (Queen Alexandra's Own) by visiting the displays of the Light Dragoons and its predecessors at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle.
Find out more
Explore further
Join the conversation


text:
Input strings can contain the following characters:
Letters a through z
Numbers 0 through 9
Period and underscore
If you use any other characters, you need to use double-quotation marks around the characters.
A single statement can be placed on its own line and be terminated with a semicolon. Multiple statements are placed within braces. A list of items must be separated by commas and enclosed in double-quotation marks.


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Solve the Forwarding Problem and Simulate Containers of References-2 : Page 2
Demonstrating the Problem
C++98 argument deduction rules don't always let you pass references to functions and algorithms, even when the arguments used are references. This problem is quite common in algorithms that forward their arguments to other callable entities or when constructors forward their arguments to base class constructors. The following code listing demonstrates this problem:
void func(int & ri) { ++ri; } template void g(F f, T t) { f(t); } int main() { int n = 0; int& rn=n; g(func, rn); cout << rn << endl; // 0 }
You'd expect that after calling g(), the value of n would change to 1. However, func() actually gets a copy of n, not a reference to n. Changing the signature of g() to:
template void g(F f, T& t)
causes other problems (for instance, when calling g() with rvalue arguments) so this option is ruled out.
This phenomenon is known as the argument forwarding problem. It can lead to bugs that are very hard to detect, especially when working with high-level libraries of algorithms.
Containers manifest a similar problem. Containers of references can be useful in simulating heterogeneous containers—a topic that I've discussed here more than once. However, it's impossible to create such containers in C++98. What may look like a container of references is actually an ordinary container of value objects. This happens because the references are implicitly replaced with value copies of the original argument:
int n=0; int& rn=n; vector vi; vi.push_back(rn); ++vi[0]; // modifies vi's copy of n, not n itself cout <<"original argument: " << rn << endl; // 0 cout <<"vector's copy "<< vi[0] < specialization produces illegal code constructs such as int& & and int&*:
vector vi; //compilation error
Enter reference_wrapper
std::tr1::reference_wrapper is a CopyConstructible and Assignable wrapper around a reference to an object of type T. It provides a conversion operator to T&, thereby enabling a function template to work on references unmodified. reference_wrapper can be used in places where argument deduction would not deduce a reference. For example, you can rewrite the previous vector example like this:
_TAG_ using std::tr1::reference_wrapper; int n=0; //simulate a vector of int& vector > vi; vi.push_back( reference_wrapper(n)); ++vi[0]; cout <<"original argument: " << n <


text:
The denitrifier method to determine the dual isotopic composition (??15N and??18O) of nitrate is well suited for studies of nitrogen contributions to streams during runoff events. This method requires only 70 nmol of NO3- and enables high throughput of samples. We studied nitrate sources to a headwater stream during snowmelt by generating a high-temporal resolution dataset at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, USA. In the earliest phase of runoff, stream NO3- concentrations were highest and stream discharge, NO3- concentrations, and??18O of NO 3- generally tracked one another during diurnal melting. The isotopic composition of stream NO3- varied in-between atmospheric and groundwater NO 3- end members indicating a direct contribution of atmospherically-derived NO3- from the snow pack to the stream. During the middle to late phases of snowmelt, the source shifted toward soil NO3- entering the stream via shallow subsurface flow paths. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.
Additional publication details
Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique


The Psychology of Election Denial
News at Home
tags: psychology, Donald Trump, 2020 Election, social psychology
Robert Brent Toplin, professor emeritus at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, was also a professor at Denison University and taught occasional courses after retirement at the University of Virginia. He has published several books and articles about American and global history.
Surveys taken several days after the presidential election show that most Republicans believe Trump really won the election. A Reuters/Ipsos opinion poll reported on November 18, fifteen days after the presidential election, that 52% of Republicans thought Trump won. Later surveys indicated that between 70% and 80% of Republicans do not buy reports of Biden's victory. They think the election was rigged and claim enough fraud occurred to tip the balance.
Why do so many Republicans refuse to acknowledge overwhelming evidence that confirms Joe Biden's victory? Millions of Republicans continue to accept myths about a stolen election. Facts do not influence their judgment. Evidence does not shake beliefs.
Obviously, the President and the national media influenced the thinking of many Republicans. Donald Trump frequently asserted that he won. Trump insisted that a mysterious disappearance of ballots and manipulation of tallies indicate fraud. Commentators on Fox News, Newsmax, and other media back the president's specious claims. But there may be an explanation from the field of psychology that explains defiance of the facts as well.
University of Michigan psychologist Christopher Peterson cited the idea when pointing to a rumor that spread across the Internet in 2011. The message claimed the world would end at 6 PM on May 21, 2011. After the projected date passed without a calamity, several people refused to recognize they'd been duped. "How many folks acknowledge that they were mistaken when the ensuing facts stare them in the face?" Peterson asked. Some do but many do not, he stated. "People will go to great lengths to maintain consistency among their beliefs, even when they prove to be blatantly wrong."
Christopher Peterson based this interpretation on research by a famous psychologist who conducted groundbreaking investigations in the 1950s. Leon Festinger developed the concept of Cognitive Dissonance, which suggested why some people hold firmly to beliefs when confronted with contradictory evidence. An investigation that helped launch his theory related to a group of people that believed a Chicago woman's prophesy that a great flood would destroy the world on December 21st. When the disaster did not occur, many followers did not acknowledge they had been misled. They accepted the cult leader's explanation that God spared them because of their devotion, commitment, and action. Rather than change their minds, those true believers became more intensely faithful. They attempted to persuade others, trying to broaden membership in the cult.
Leon Festinger followed up this study (published in a book, When Prophesy Fails) with several experiments that demonstrated the significance of Cognitive Dissonance. When confronted with contradictory information, Festinger observed, individuals often feel uncomfortable. Their personal beliefs or hopes are contradicted by hard facts. People reduce that dissonance (inconsistency) by avoiding situations or information that intensifies their discomfort. Especially when individuals have deep convictions and take significant actions in support of them, they are reluctant to question cherished ideas. If they are associated with a large group of people committed to the belief, their fidelity often becomes more severe. They find comfort in numbers.
Cognitive Dissonance appears to be a factor in the persistence of belief and loyalty displayed by many Republicans despite hard facts that indicate Joe Biden's substantial victories in the Electoral College and the popular vote. Over a period of four years, members of Trump's base enthusiastically accepted untruths disseminated by the admired leader. They were not inclined to challenge Trump's controversial statements and misrepresentations.
Now, after Trump's stunning defeat at the polls, they are hearing the president and his enablers on television, radio, and the Internet claiming information reported in the national media is false. To accept facts reported outside the partisan bubble can, indeed, produce the kind of emotional discomfort Festinger described. Many Republicans are acting in ways Festinger would predict. When dealing with the clash between internal beliefs and external realities, they adhere to beliefs.
Furthermore, as Festinger showed, Trump's hard-core supporters discover comfort in numbers. They proselytize, hoping to expand the size of their group and build an impression that favored ideas enjoy widespread acceptance. During the weeks of extensive media attention to Trump's fruitless legal and rhetorical efforts to deny Biden's victory, true believers among the president's followers tried to shore up their cause. They shared favorite reports on websites about supposed mischief in the tabulation of ballots, trying to legitimize claims that Trump and his enablers had been making in the national media.
Psychology cannot provide all the answers to the intriguing question of why so many Republicans refuse to change their minds in the face of abundant factual evidence that contradicts their ideas about the presidential election. But insights developed long ago by Leon Festinger and other social scientists may explain, to some degree, why this puzzling behavior occurs.
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text:
Testing Einstein's Equivalence Principle with Cosmic Transients
The Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) is an important foundation of general relativity and many other metric theories of gravity. At the post-Newtonian level, the accuracy of the EEP can be tested through the numerical values of the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters, such as the parameter γ. Specifically, the EEP accuracy can be constrained by comparing the γ values for different kinds of particles, or for the same kind of particle with different energies, since all gravity theories satisfying the EEP predict the same γ values for different test particles. There are a few precise tests of the EEP using constraints on the differences of the γ values of different tested particles. Among the most famous are the measurements of the time delay of the photons and neutrinos radiated from supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. In this talk, I will show you that the EEP can also be tested using the time delay of particles such as photons, neutrinos and gravitons with different energies arising in cosmic transients, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), fast radio bursts (FRBs), TeV blazar flares, gravitational wave events. I will also talk about our recent work on the constraints of the photon mass with the same time delays in GRBs and FRBs.
Time: May 11, 2016, 2:30 pm
Venue: A601, NAOC


Particle Swarm Optimization as Applied to Electromagnetic Design Problems
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Citations (Scopus)
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence algorithm inspired by the social behavior of birds flocking and fish schooling. Numerous PSO variants have been proposed in the literature for addressing different problem types. In this article, the authors apply different PSO variants to common design problems in electromagnetics. They apply the Inertia Weight PSO (IWPSO), the Constriction Factor PSO (CFPSO), and the Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (CLPSO) algorithms to real-valued optimization problems, i.e. microwave absorber design, and linear array synthesis. Moreover, the authors use discrete PSO optimizers such as the binary PSO (binPSO) and the Boolean PSO with a velocity mutation (BPSO-vm) in order to solve discrete-valued optimization problems, i.e. patch antenna design. Additionally, the authors apply and compare binPSO with different transfer functions to thinning array design problems. In the case of a multi-objective optimization problem, they apply two multi-objective PSO variants to dual-band base station antenna optimization for mobile communications. Namely, these are the Multi-Objective PSO (MOPSO) and the Multi-Objective PSO with Fitness Sharing (MOPSO-fs) algorithms. Finally, the authors conclude the paper by providing a discussion on future trends and the conclusion.
Original languageEnglish
Article number4
Pages (from-to)47-82
Number of pages36
JournalInternational Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research
Issue number2
Publication statusPublished - 1 Apr 2018
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Particle Swarm Optimization as Applied to Electromagnetic Design Problems'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text:
Science of Living
Jain Vishva Bharati
Science of Living (Jeevan Vigyan) - Introduction
THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF VALUE-ORIENTED EDUCATION
The sages have preached about Science of Living from time to time as under:
"Science of Living is a process of bringing about changes in the nature and habits of human beings. It can pave the way for building a healthy society through positive feelings."
"Science of Living is a system of yogic exercises, yogic Asanas, Pranayam, Preksha Dhyan, Kayotsarg and contemplations
"Science of Living makes us aware of the conditions of morality, dignity of labour and our responsibilities."
"Science of Living is a unique combination of discretion and emotions."
Education provides the foundation for all-round development of a human being. It shapes the personality of an individual. Of all the experiments which have so far been conducted in the field of education, Science of Living has come to be reckoned as an original experiment. In this system a student is made to study less and more time and energy is devoted to practice and experimentation on the self. For the revival of values and fuller development of the human personality, the subject of Science of Living has been conceived and developed, its source of inspiration is Anuvrat Disciplinarian Shri Tulsi. His thoughts have been further developed and expanded by Acharya Shri Mahapragya.
The syllabus of Jeevan Vigyan has been formulated for all levels of students beginning from class-1 up to graduation standard. Keeping in view the needs and the pace of learning of the students, the syllabus has been divided into twelve units as under:
|Right breathing||Kayotsarg||Preksha Dhyan|
|Anatomy||Health science||Mental health|
|Emotional health||Awareness of values||Non-violence|
Beginning with the use and development of sound, these units graduate into generation of awareness of values and promotion of non-violence. The sound has utmost impact on the way we live and conduct ourselves. We receive and communicate knowledge and scientific attitude through sound. The balanced development of sound is the basis of peaceful coexistence. No human being can succeed in life without the development of resolute will-power. Strong will-power liberates us from undesirable conduct and guides us towards right conduct.
The experiments in the field of education have convincingly proved that Science of Living is fully capable of bringing about desirable transformation in the personality of children.
The usefulness of Science of Living is not restricted to students alone. Its usefulness has been established beyond doubt in every walk of life. It is applicable to teachers or guardians alike. Teachers need to be trained first in this technique of Science of Living.
The nature of human being can
undoubtedly be changed. The experiments in the field of Science
of Living have proved to be blessings for the individual. These
experiments have succeeded in bringing about all-round
development of body, mind, intellect and emotions. In statistical
terms, lakhs of students, thousands of teachers and hundreds of
intellectuals have witnessed the sprouting of the seeds of change
in their nature, behaviour and conduct during the last 10 years.
Adhytma Sadhana Kendra, Chattarpur Road, Mehraull,
New Delhi - 110 030 Tel : _PHONE_


text:
After your senior loved one is discharged from the hospital, they may still need care from a short-term or long-term rehabilitation center but there may be complications during the admission process that cause them to be readmitted into the hospital. However, here are some steps to help identify high-risk admissions to rehab or home health services and tips to ensure that your loved ones have a safe transition.
- Identify Family Support
Seniors being admitted to rehabilitation often can't understand all of their care instructions from the hospital. It's important to identify someone – family member, friend, partner, etc. who can act as support and be able to help by providing emotional, physical, and potentially financial support during the transition.
- Safe Living Environment
When a senior is discharged from the hospital it's important to conduct a safety assessment to ensure that their home is safe. Seniors may participate in in-home rehabilitation or receive health services from their home, making it important for the home to be safe and secure. This step can be completed even before they leave the hospital. In fact, it's recommended to get this done early to prepare for their hospital discharge.
- Consider a Psycho-Social Approach
A psycho-social approach takes into consideration psychological factors like mental illness combined with the social aspects of a senior's life. Many seniors may feel anxiety and depression, especially if they suffer from chronic conditions that negatively impact the quality of their lives. To help, it's important to build a strong social network with other seniors in the same position or to identify hobbies and activities that help the senior feel engaged and positive. This approach should also include connecting your loved one with social workers, behavioral health nurses, and other community services to create a support team.
With an established community to support a senior, the final piece of a safe admission to rehabilitation is communication. Without it, the plan may fall through the cracks and fail. A senior may get discouraged and give up so it's extremely important that all members of the family and support team stay are on the same page and communicating.
Don't feel like you have to wait until they're released from the hospital to get started. The process starts before your loved one is discharged.
When you've handled these issues and are ready to consider a rehabilitation center, here are some questions to ask:
- Does the facility offer programs specific to your loved one's needs?
- Is 24-hour care provided and is the staff qualified to provide this care?
- How does the facility develop their treatment plans?
- How often will therapy be provided?
- What extra services are offered?
- Do caregivers help with discharge and insurance questions?
- Is the family encouraged to participate?
- Are therapy and outpatient physician services offered?
- Are patient electronic medical records accessible?
- Do patients have access to other specialists onsite at the facility?


The influence of hemp extract in combination with ginger on the metabolic activity of metastatic cells and microorganisms.
Molecules. 2020 Oct 28 ;25(21). Epub 2020 Oct 28. PMID: 33126621
Abstract Title:
The Influence of Hemp Extract in Combination with Ginger on the Metabolic Activity of Metastatic Cells and Microorganisms.
This study presents an investigation of the anticancer and antimicrobial ability of a combination of ginger and cannabis extracts in different ratios (1:1, 7:3 and 3:7). Extracts were obtained using various methods (Soxhlet extractions, cold macerations, ultrasonic extractions and supercritical fluid extractions). The antioxidant activity and the presence of total phenols were measured in the extracts, and the effect of the application extracts in various concentrations (c = 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01 mg/mL) on cells was investigated. Higher values of antioxidants were measured at the ratio where ginger was predominant, which is reflected in a higher concentration of total phenols. Depending on the polyphenol content, the extracts were most effective when prepared supercritically and ultrasonically. However, with respect to cell response, the ratio was shown to have no effect on inhibiting cancer cell division. The minimum concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth was found to be 1 mg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction, as their extracts reached higher cannabinoid contents. In both extractions, the cannabidiol (CBD) content was above 30% and the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content was above 45%. In the case of ultrasonic extraction, a higher quantity of cannabigerol (CBG) (5.75± 0.18) was detected, and in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, higher cannabichromene (CBC) (5.48 ± 0.13) content was detected, when compared to other extraction methods. The antimicrobial potential of extracts prepared with ultrasonic and supercritical extractions on three microorganisms (,and) was checked. Ginger and cannabis extract show better growth inhibition of microorganisms in cannabis-dominated ratios for gram-positive bacterium, MIC = 9.38 mg/mL, for gram-negative bacterium, MIC>37.5 mg/mL and for thefungus MIC = 4.69 mg/mL. This suggests guidelines for further work: a 1: 1 ratio of ginger and hemp will be chosen in a combination with supercritical and ultrasonic extraction.
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text:
"Det är ju inte hela tiden bara lycka heller" :äldre kvinnors berättade livom arbete, omsorg och åldrande i landsbygdsmiljö
Even though ageing in Western society has been a major issue in research and politics in recent years, there is still a distinct lack of knowledge about elderly people and their experiences. As much of the ongoing research has focused mainly on the oldest of the old and elderly people in need of public care, research about elderly people in general is needed. Ageing in a rural environment is of interest, because research about the elderly and ageing generally concerns urban areas. The study of old women has grown during the last decades in the academic fields of social gerontology and feminist studies. Older women's disadvantaged position has been highlighted from a structural perspective. This knowledge needs to be combined with knowledge from a micro level in order to make other experiences of being an older woman visible.The importance of considering ageing as an integral part of life has been stressed by social gerontological research during the last decades. The focus of this thesis is the life stories of ten women aged between 75 and 85 years of age. The study has two main aims: firstly, to analyse the diverse meanings involved in being a woman who was born between 1920 and 1930, and lives in the Swedish or Finnish rural countryside. Secondly, the aim is to highlight and analyse how caring is reflected in the women's stories about their lives. A broad understanding of caring as a fundamental condition for human existence is stressed in the thesis.Life stories are never complete, nor do they cover the totality of a life lived. The life story is a story told from a certain perspective in a specific situation and the meaning in the life stories is produced through interaction with the researcher. The women who participated in the study have lived their lives through major societal transformations. Historical events that have affected women's rights, possibilities and conditions, have served as a framework for understanding the women's life stories in a wider context. Structural and individual conditions have been taken into account, and indicate that the enabling and limiting conditions are both multi-dimensional and vary from individual to individual. A contextual framing is needed to understand expressions of care in the life stories. The life stories make visible caring as changeable; caring is carried out differently in different contexts and situations. An extended understanding of caring makes it possible to gain additional insights into meaningful expressions of caring during the life course, and these insights reach beyond conventional definitions in theories on caring.
Source Type:Doctoral Dissertation
Keywords:SOCIAL SCIENCES; Social sciences; Social work; INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AREAS; Gender studies; old age; women; life stories; life course; rural environments; gender; work; caring
Date of Publication:01/01/2009


Ingenuity (Adjectives)
Grammar — Advanced Level
Share this exercise
Complete each sentence choosing the correct option
 1. Ingenuity is a robotic helicopter located on Mars since February 18, 2021.
 2. The flights would get more as experience is gained and the allotted time for operating the helicopter dwindles.
 3. The first flight is planned to be a hover at an altitude of 3 m, lasting about 40 seconds.
 4. After deployment, the rover is expected to drive approximately 100 m away from the drone to allow it a "buffer zone."
 5. For flight testing, a vacuum chamber was used to simulate the very low pressure of the atmosphere of Mars.
Practice your writing skills by discussing the questions below
 1. What is Ingenuity?
 2. What are three interesting things that you want to discover in the outer space? Why?
 3. If given a chance to travel to the outer space. where would you go and why?
 Need help?
 Ask a question or reserve a class with Jennifer
 From English
 No translation


text:
Kings into Gods
Vittorio Cotesta, Università degli Studi Roma Tre
One might be surprised, astonished or indignant seeing men and women prostrating themselves in front of other men and other women. Or one might feel it is right to bow down before God, Allah, the saints, the Holy Virgin or the gods. Kings into Gods: How Prostration Shaped Eurasian Civilizations investigates the reasons why men prostrate themselves before deities or before powerful men. Through an in-depth historical and cultural analysis, this book highlights the connection between rituality and royalty within the Eurasian civilizations. The narrative and iconic documentation gathered and analyzed concerns the Greek and Roman world, the Mongolian civilization during the Middle Ages, the Hindu and Chinese civilizations, the Islamic civilization in India in the fourteenth century, the Mughal civilization and European civilization in the late Middle Ages. The different forms of the rituals in the courts of kings and emperors are tightly connected with the concept of royalty. The prostration is an act of humiliation of defeated enemies, a means to establish a abysmal distance between powerful elite and the people, a way of creating hierarchies within the elite itself.


[erlang-questions] A proposal for Unicode variable and atom names in Erlang.
Richard O'Keefe <>
Thu Oct 25 06:20:21 CEST 2012
On 23/10/2012, at 10:20 PM, Jesper Louis Andersen wrote:
> Google Go takes two stances differently:
> * There is *no* normalization. This means that you can write the same symbol using one codepoint or with two code points combining into the same representation. Of course this is the conservative stance where it is expected that people do not do silly things. But my guess is that it is much easier to handle. Is there a specific reason to pick normalization, apart from the obvious one? I see some similarities to tabs vs spaces for indentation here.
Normalisation is a pain in the πρωκτος. The only thing worse is _not_ doing it.
(As it happens, I am planning to rewrite the tokeniser of my Smalltalk system to
accept Unicode -- the run-time already does -- and this is one of the issues I've
been thinking about.)
I can see four options:
 (1) say that different encodings of the same text are different
 (2) leave it undefined whether they are different
 (3) say that it's someone else's problem (like XML 1.0, which says
 "Characters in names should be expressed using Normalization Form C"
 but leaves it to the author to make it so)
 (4) require normalisation.
The issue is a severely practical one: can two people with different editors
edit the same source file? As you sapiently observe, this _is_ very like tabs
vs spaces: your editor may think tabs are every 3 columns, but mine thinks they
are every 8, and you didn't tell _me_ otherwise. (Again, my Smalltalk system
discerns method and class boundaries using indentation, and it has paid off to
enforce no-tabs-in-source-files at check-in.) Of the options above, it is
only option (4) that makes multiple editors safe to use.
As it happens, I _have_ had the experience of typing exactly what I saw and having
it fail to match, so I do not want to see anyone else suffering the same fate.
> * In Go, identifiers are exported if they begin with a codepoint in class Lu. This is also a very conservative stance since now your programs must use an Lu codepoint for variable names if we just ported that solution to Erlang. But it is quite simple again, and very easy to handle from a parser perspective.
Restriction to Lu is not an option for Erlang. We *have* to continue to
allow "_" as well, which is a Pc character, not an Lu character. And if
we allow _that_ Pc character, why not the others? They aren't used for
anything else in Erlang.
We really have to allow Lt as well. It would be surpassing strange if
Ljudevit was a variable but ǈudevit was not.
There are 31 "Lt" letters in Unicode 6. Of those, 27 are Greek.
The other 4 exist for the sake of Croatian (which has an alphabet of 30
letters). As it happens, my maternal grandfather came from a small
town not far from Dubrovnik. Do I want to be the one to tell 4.4 million
people who look rather like Granddad Covič they can't write a variable
name in their own language using their own letters? No, not really.
From a lexical analyser perspective, scanning variable names requires
just two character sets: things that can begin a variable and things
that can continue one. How those sets are derived really has no effect
whatever on how complicated the parsing is. Scanning unquoted atoms is
admittedly tricky, but that's entirely down to Erlang's _existing_
treatment of "." and "@"; without those two to worry about we'd just
have atom starts and atom continuations and again the derivation of
the sets would make no difference to the scanner's complexity.
More information about the erlang-questions mailing list


Checking the spinal discs with injections and imaging
Between each of the bones in your spine (vertebrae), there is a small, fluid-filled disc. These discs are like tiny jelly doughnuts that act as a cushion between each one of your spinal bones. Discography, also known as a discogram, is a test that checks to see if a problem with one of your discs is causing you to have back pain.
Discography involves carefully injecting a dye into the discs. During the procedure, you'll lie on an X-ray table. Your doctor will use an X-ray or other imaging test to see inside your body and make sure that the dye is placed correctly and safely.
If one of your discs is causing you pain, injecting the dye into that disc will temporarily cause the same pain. If your pain isn't caused by a problem with your discs, you won't feel anything different when the dye is injected.
How to know if discography is the best option for you
There are other, less invasive ways to diagnose back problems. Once your doctor asks you about your pain and does a physical exam, imaging tests like an X-ray, CT scan or MRI can look inside the body without needing an injection.
These imaging tests can check for a slipped or herniated disc, fracture or other issue. Your doctor may recommend that you try one of these tests before undergoing discography.
To schedule a discography appointment at Main Line Health, call _PHONE_.