Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity
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"ARCH" redirects here. For other uses, see Arch (disambiguation).
In econometrics, autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) models are used to characterize and model observed time series. They are used whenever there is reason to believe that, at any point in a series, the error terms will have a characteristic size, or variance. In particular ARCH models assume the variance of the current error term or innovation to be a function of the actual sizes of the previous time periods' error terms: often the variance is related to the squares of the previous innovations.
Such models are often called ARCH models (Engle, 1982),[1] although a variety of other acronyms are applied to particular structures of model which have a similar basis. ARCH models are employed commonly in modeling financial time series that exhibit time-varying volatility clustering, i.e. periods of swings followed by periods of relative calm. ARCH-type models are sometimes considered to be part of the family of stochastic volatility models but strictly this is incorrect since at time t the volatility is completely pre-determined (deterministic) given previous values.[2]
ARCH(q) model Specification[edit]
Suppose one wishes to model a time series using an ARCH process. Let ~\epsilon_t~ denote the error terms (return residuals, with respect to a mean process) i.e. the series terms. These ~\epsilon_t~ are split into a stochastic piece z_t and a time-dependent standard deviation \sigma_t characterizing the typical size of the terms so that
 ~\epsilon_t=\sigma_t z_t ~
The random variable z_t is a strong white noise process. The series \sigma_t^2 is modelled by
 \sigma_t^2=\alpha_0+\alpha_1 \epsilon_{t-1}^2+\cdots+\alpha_q \epsilon_{t-q}^2 = \alpha_0 + \sum_{i=1}^q \alpha_{i} \epsilon_{t-i}^2
where ~\alpha_0>0~ and \alpha_i\ge 0,~i>0.
An ARCH(q) model can be estimated using ordinary least squares. A methodology to test for the lag length of ARCH errors using the Lagrange multiplier test was proposed by Engle (1982). This procedure is as follows:
 1. Estimate the best fitting autoregressive model AR(q) y_t = a_0 + a_1 y_{t-1} + \cdots + a_q y_{t-q} + \epsilon_t = a_0 + \sum_{i=1}^q a_i y_{t-i} + \epsilon_t.
 2. Obtain the squares of the error \hat \epsilon^2 and regress them on a constant and q lagged values:
 \hat \epsilon_t^2 = \hat \alpha_0 + \sum_{i=1}^{q} \hat \alpha_i \hat \epsilon_{t-i}^2
 where q is the length of ARCH lags.
 3. The null hypothesis is that, in the absence of ARCH components, we have \alpha_i = 0 for all i = 1, \cdots, q. The alternative hypothesis is that, in the presence of ARCH components, at least one of the estimated \alpha_i coefficients must be significant. In a sample of T residuals under the null hypothesis of no ARCH errors, the test statistic TR² follows \chi^2 distribution with q degrees of freedom. If TR² is greater than the Chi-square table value, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is an ARCH effect in the ARMA model. If TR² is smaller than the Chi-square table value, we do not reject the null hypothesis.
In that case, the GARCH (p, q) model (where p is the order of the GARCH terms ~\sigma^2 and q is the order of the ARCH terms ~\epsilon^2 ) is given by
 \sigma_t^2=\alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \epsilon_{t-1}^2 + \cdots + \alpha_q \epsilon_{t-q}^2 + \beta_1 \sigma_{t-1}^2 + \cdots + \beta_p\sigma_{t-p}^2 = \alpha_0 + \sum_{i=1}^q \alpha_i \epsilon_{t-i}^2 + \sum_{i=1}^p \beta_i \sigma_{t-i}^2
Generally, when testing for heteroskedasticity in econometric models, the best test is the White test. However, when dealing with time series data, this means to test for ARCH errors (as described above) and GARCH errors (below).
EWMA is an alternative model in a separate class of exponential smoothing models. It can be an alternative to GARCH modelling as it has some attractive properties such as a greater weight upon more recent observations but also some drawbacks such as an arbitrary decay factor that introduce subjectivity into the estimation.
GARCH(p, q) model specification[edit]
The lag length p of a GARCH(p, q) process is established in three steps:
 1. Estimate the best fitting AR(q) model
 2. Compute and plot the autocorrelations of \epsilon^2 by
 \rho = {{\sum^T_{t=i+1} (\hat \epsilon^2_t - \hat \sigma^2_t) (\hat \epsilon^2_{t-1} - \hat \sigma^2_{t-1})} \over {\sum^T_{t=1} (\hat \epsilon^2_t - \hat \sigma^2_t)^2}}
 3. The asymptotic, that is for large samples, standard deviation of \rho (i) is 1/\sqrt{T}. Individual values that are larger than this indicate GARCH errors. To estimate the total number of lags, use the Ljung-Box test until the value of these are less than, say, 10% significant. The Ljung-Box Q-statistic follows \chi^2 distribution with n degrees of freedom if the squared residuals \epsilon^2_t are uncorrelated. It is recommended to consider up to T/4 values of n. The null hypothesis states that there are no ARCH or GARCH errors. Rejecting the null thus means that such errors exist in the conditional variance.
Nonlinear GARCH (NGARCH) also known as Nonlinear Asymmetric GARCH(1,1) (NAGARCH) was introduced by Engle and Ng in 1993.
 ~\sigma_{t}^2= ~\omega + ~\alpha (~\epsilon_{t-1} - ~\theta ~\sigma_{t-1})^2 + ~\beta ~\sigma_{t-1}^2
~\alpha, ~\beta \geq 0 ; ~\omega > 0.
For stock returns, parameter ~ \theta is usually estimated to be positive; in this case, it reflects the leverage effect, signifying that negative returns increase future volatility by a larger amount than positive returns of the same magnitude.[3][4]
This model shouldn't be confused with the NARCH model, together with the NGARCH extension, introduced by Higgins and Bera in 1992.[clarification needed]
Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity IGARCH is a restricted version of the GARCH model, where the persistent parameters sum up to one, and therefore there is a unit root in the GARCH process. The condition for this is
\sum^p_{i=1} ~\beta_{i} +\sum_{i=1}^q~\alpha_{i} = 1
The exponential general autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (EGARCH) model by Nelson (1991) is another form of the GARCH model. Formally, an EGARCH(p,q):
where g(Z_{t})=\theta Z_{t}+\lambda(|Z_{t}|-E(|Z_{t}|)), \sigma_{t}^{2} is the conditional variance, \omega, \beta, \alpha, \theta and \lambda are coefficients, and Z_{t} may be a standard normal variable or come from a generalized error distribution. The formulation for g(Z_{t}) allows the sign and the magnitude of Z_{t} to have separate effects on the volatility. This is particularly useful in an asset pricing context.[5]
Since \log\sigma_{t}^{2} may be negative there are no (fewer) restrictions on the parameters.
The GARCH-in-mean (GARCH-M) model adds a heteroskedasticity term into the mean equation. It has the specification:
y_t = ~\beta x_t + ~\lambda ~\sigma_t + ~\epsilon_t
The residual ~\epsilon_t is defined as
~\epsilon_t = ~\sigma_t ~\times z_t
The Quadratic GARCH (QGARCH) model by Sentana (1995) is used to model asymmetric effects of positive and negative shocks.
In the example of a GARCH(1,1) model, the residual process ~\sigma_t is
~\epsilon_t


text:
More Spurious Words
107. Interview -- as a verb is spurious. "Our reporter interviewed President Grant yesterday." "A correspondent of the Herald has interviewed Count Bismark." Instead of interview say converse with, "have an interview with," or employ some of the many other expressions which are at command.This second set of words is more familiar to us as poor word usage.
110. Lengthy -- is a barbarous combination of letters for which there is very little use. Webster suggests that its application be limited to writings, discourse, etc. There is certainly no need of it anywhere else. Say long.
115. Reliable -- is much condemned by critics. Trustworthy is its proper substitute, and is undubtedly a better word. Authentic also may often take its place....Many writers pronounce emphatically and very dogmatically against reliable. It has, however, obtained general currency with writers and speakers as well instructed in language as they, and will probably carry the day against them.
105. Experimentalize -- is improper and unnecessary. Say, "experiment, or make an experiment.To this list I would like to add pressurize when used to mean to pressure someone into doing something they would rather not do. I have heard and seen this a little too often for comfort. Wood and air are pressurized. People are pressured.
113. Preventative. -- Say preventive.
117. Rotatory. -- Say rotary.
NOTE: I just looked up both words in the dictionary (The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Random House, 1966.) While my explanation is correct, the word pressurize appears under pressure as a synonym with no explanation as to its usage. Look up pressurize and it's there.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


bastard + -ize
Alternative formsEdit
bastardize (third-person singular simple present bastardizes, present participle bastardizing, simple past and past participle bastardized)
 1. To claim or demonstrate that someone is a bastard, or illegitimate.
 The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child, if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock. — Blackstone.
 2. To reduce from a higher to a lower state; to debase.
 The simplified word processor is a less-functional, bastardized version of the full program.
 3. To introduce debased elements into.
 4. To beget out of wedlock.


text:
Liquid Chromatography Detectors - The UV Detectors > The Diode Array Detector > Page 52
If the peak was pure, the ratio of the adsorption at the two wavelengths (those selected were 225 and 245 nm) would remain constant throughout the elution of the entire peak. The upper diagram in figure 31 shows this ratio plotted on the same time scale and it is seen that a clean rectangular peak is observed which unambiguously confirms the purity of the peak for chlorthalidone. The wavelength chosen to provide the confirming ratio will depend on the UV adsorption characteristics of the substance concerned, relative to those of the most likely impurities to be present, consequently the wavelengths must be chosen with some circumspection. Another interesting example of the use of the diode array detector to confirm the integrity of an eluted peak is afforded by the separation of the series of hydrocarbons shown in figure 32.
The separation was carried out on a column 3 cm long, 4.6 mm in diameter and packed with a C18 reversed phase on particles 3 m in diameter.
Courtesy of the Perkin Elmer Corporation
Figure 32. The Separation of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The separation appears to be satisfactory and all the peaks appear to represent individual solutes; without further evidence, it would be reasonable to assume that all the peaks were pure. However, by plotting the adsorption ratio,, for the anthracene peak it becomes apparent that the peak tail contains an impurity as the clean rectangular shape of the peak top is not shown. The absorption ratio peaks are shown in figure 33.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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According to a research team at the City College of New York (CCNY), tobacco dependence has a firmer grip on those who are poor or uneducated, making it harder for them to stay off cigarettes.
Smokers who had participated in a statewide smoking cessation program in Arkansas were tracked following the program by researchers from CCNY's Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education. The participants came from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, and while both rich and poor groups were able to successfully quit at roughly the same rate, the poorer an individual was, the harder it was for that person to overcome cravings and ultimately remain tobacco free.
Within three months of completing treatment, the poorest participants were 55 percent more likely than the richest to begin smoking again; at six months, that number jumped to 250 percent. Nationwide, Americans from households making less than $15,000 a year smoke three times more often than those making $50,000 a year or more.
Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the wide disparity. Smoking provides stress relief in times of hardship, and those of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience hardship, facing discrimination, job insecurity, and financial troubles. In addition, lower-paying jobs are less likely to offer the protection of local, state, and federal smoke-free laws. This means that even if a person successfully quits, he will find himself surrounded by smokers at work every day.
It is important to included these considerations when developing treatment programs, says the team from CCNY. Treatment focused on the needs of the middle class will necessarily require revision to fit lower economic status individuals. Suggestions include custom programs, but the CCNY team says that "booster sessions" after the main sessions are over may improve outcomes. It's hard to predict what stresses might drive someone back to cigarettes several months down the road, so it's important to continuing offering resources to those who will need them the most.
Source: City College of New York


text:
Women and the US Naval Observatory
There are several women who have contributed significantly to science, particularly to the astronomical society. Their continuous efforts, bravery, and support have been and are still celebrated to this day in the scientific community. The following women have made significant contributions to the field of science as a whole.
There are several obstacles that these women had to overcome, one of which was gender discrimination. Unfortunately, this is still an obstacle that many women face in their professional careers, not just in science but throughout many fields. It has been said that there were significant salary differences between men and women during earlier years but documentation supporting these claims is difficult to find and its accuracy is difficult to prove. The purpose of these studies are to find out if there is truly discrimination towards women that results in a lower salary and how, if it exists, can it be proven.
The following are prominent women who have worked in the Naval Observatory and devoted their lives to scientific discovery.
Isabel Martin Lewis – Isabel Martin Lewis was originally from Maine. She obtained her B.A. in 1903 and her M.A. in 1905. She was the first woman to be hired as an assistant astronomer at the U.S. Naval Observatory.
Alice Mabel Gray – Alice was born in Chicago in 1881. She was a natural leader and non-violent rebel. She was considered socially awkward and was even sometimes mocked for her appearance. She disagreed with mainstream society's view of women and sought to change it through her diligent pursuit of a career in science.
Other famous women in astronomy include Eleanor Annie Lamson, Hanna Mace Hedrick, Lucy Talbot Shipman, Elizabeth Brown Davis, Vera Marie Gushee, Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, and Catherine DeMille Lewis, and others.


text:
How is Autogolous Adult Adipose Stem Cell Treatment Administered?
It is a four hour outpatient procedure involving the following:
- Harvest: Using a proprietary but simple procedure similar to tumescent liposuction, 100cc of adipose tissue is harvested from the patient
- Breakdown: The adipose tissue is then broken down using a combination of Collagenase Type 1 Solution, and a proprietary Cell Preparation Medium.
- Separate: Using standard techniques, the Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) which contains Adult Stem Cells (ASCs) is separated from the fat cells.
- Isolate: ASCs and other progenitor cells are then isolated from the SVF using standard techniques.
- Wash: The cells are then triple-washed with saline to remove any traces of the collagenase and cell preparation medium.
- Activate: The isolated ASCs are then suspended in the person's own platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) growth factors and activated with AdiStem's red/yellow/green laser. This 'awakens' or activates the dormant ASCs.
- Infuse: The cells are then administered back to the patient through one or more of the following modes of administration:
Intravenous: The ASCs are administered through a standard intravenous drip
What happens to Stem Cells after implantation:
* Stem Cells are disperesed into the adjacent tissue and become smooth
* Stem Cells differentiatte into component cell types and integrate with the target tissue or organ
* Stem Cells begin to secrete several essential growth factors (see list below)
* Stem Cells start to attract the growth of blood vessels to facilitate tissue formation
And then healing begins!!
Now, stem cell treatment is not a guarantee of complete healing for Liam. No man can make that claim. But, we know that God uses man's intelligence in science to heal people all the time. For example, chemo doesn't work for every cancer patient. Sometimes it takes more than one round of chemo (it could take more than one round of stem cells). But you don't know if it will work at all unless you try.
God heals people all the time through modern science and medicine. The thing is, man would be using Liam's own divinely created cells to help him heal. How cool is that?


Miitomo Instructions
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Supervillain from Dimension X in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles universe.
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text:
Scrabble word: LAZARETTO
In which Scrabble dictionary does LAZARETTO exist?
Definitions of LAZARETTO in dictionaries:
- noun - hospital for persons with infectious diseases (especially leprosy)
- noun - a small locker at the stern of a boat or between decks of a ship
- A hospital treating contagious diseases.
- A building or ship used as a quarantine station.
- A storage space between the decks of a ship.
There are 9 letters in LAZARETTO: A A E L O R T T Z
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to LAZARETTO
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word LAZARETTO plus a wildcard: LAZARETTO?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word LAZARETTO
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SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.


text:
If I tell you to make your way to NPR's headquarters from the NOMA Metro stop a few blocks away, odds are you'll get yourself here, no problem. But how?
By using two GPS systems in the brain, one that determines the direct distance to the destination, and another that calculates the twists and turns you'll need to take along the way.
Scientists have disagreed over whether the human brain calculates a route to a destination, or calculates a straight line "as the crow flies." Researchers at University College London say both of those methods are hard at work when humans navigate, but in very different ways.
To find out, the scientists asked volunteers to memorize maps of London's Soho neighborhood, with its twisty, narrow streets. Then they spent a day on foot in Soho, finding their way to shops, restaurants and pubs.
The next day, participants were put in an fMRI scanner, where they watched videos that navigated through Soho. In the first five videos, the volunteers had to decide where to turn to reach a shop or other destination. In the other five, they got to sit back, relax, and let the GPS do the driving.
They did a good job, choosing the correct turns more than three-quarters of the time. (People who admitted that they always got lost were excluded from the experiment.) But more interesting is how their brains did it.
When the people first had to figure out how to get to where they were going, they used a part of their brains called the entorhinal cortex. That was working when the people were thinking the equivalent of "NPR is southwest of the Metro stop."
"It works out the straight line between you and your target," say Hugo Spiers, a lecturer in neuroscience at University College London, and senior author of the study. It was published Thursday in the journal Current Biology.
But during the journey, when people had to keep track of direction and make decisions at street corners, they used a part of the brain called the posterior hippocampus. "It doesn't care about the straight line where you're going, but the path to get there," Spiers told Shots.
Both parts of the brain are known to play a role in navigation and memory, but this experiment is perhaps the first to show how each specializes in a different aspect of navigation.
It's not known if something similar happens when you're traveling a route you know well, Spiers says. "The path may not need to be worked out because you know it." So my posterior hippocampus may be checked out when I walk to the Metro each evening.
And if you're fond of using the GPS when you drive, you might like to know that when the GPS switches on, your navigational brain switches off.
When the volunteers were in the relax-mode part of the experiment, their brains no longer tracked the route or decision points. "It turns off. It doesn't care," Spiers says. "Only when you're in charge and you're navigating is it working."
And yes, half the participants were female and half were male. And there was no significant difference between the sexes in their navigational skills.
The researchers picked Soho for this experiment because of its short, windy streets. But Spiers was charmed by the fact that because it's such an old neighborhood, many people have done this experiment inadvertently over the centuries. "The brain activity is the same challenge that would have faced a lot of famous people over the years. Karl Mark lived here; Samuel Johnson; the painter Francis Bacon. They all walked around these streets and knew them intimately."


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THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF IGBO-EZE SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE
Unemployment can be defined as the situation where by some people leaving in a specific given area, who are capable and willing to work but are not gainfully employed. For an example, in developing countries, like Nigeria, unemployment is a serious social evil that have seriously eating up Nigeria economy and have affects growth and development.
The production sector of the economy is one of the most important in terms of providing access to basic societal needs such as employment, income and services. Management is the act of controlling or running a business or an organization with the aim of making profit by an individual, firm or government. The implementation of effective management of available resources can be a remedy to the problem of unemployment in Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area in Enugu State as a case study.
Evidently, most of the developing Asian economic have sincerely realized the need to turn some attention to the development of resources which will generate employment at Local Level (Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area in Enugu) as well as provide cheaper goods at affordable prices to the vast majority of rural areas. Federal government in it 1997 national budget laid more emphasis on the establishment of cottage industries as a measure of curtailing the influx of people from the rural to the urban centres in search of what they term better job (employment). This led to the establishment of the family economic advancement (FAP) whose sole aim is to exploit the potential of the rural communities so as to facilitaties the setting up of productive cottage industries that will use local labour, locally available raw materials and fabricated equipment in the rural areas. With the presence of enormous raw materials exist in almost all parts of the country (i.e. Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area in Enugu State) and therefore, effective resource management should be carried out and sited areas where there is labour availability in the aim of salvaging the problem of unemployment in the given area. The family economic advancement programs which encompasses cottage industries and other relevant production is designed, among other things to promotes local designed and fabrication of plant and machinery and equipment by engaging other youths of Igbo-Eze South L.G.A. as a way of reducing unemployment. Provide facility for the procurement for machinery/equipment for Nigerians to set up and run cottage and effective managed industries, utilize all available local resources for the benefit of all Nigerians through improved production, preservation and provide an enabling environment for private sector and UN agencies participation in the program.
It is expected that this will initial the much needed technological development and effective management of resources in the given area as a case study.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area in one of the Local Governments in Enugu State. Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area was established in the year 1991 under the governorship of Dr. Okwudili Nwodo and Felix Agada as the First Chairman.
Formally, she was under Igbo-Eze North Local Government Area, but because people from the community were not receiving government attention, they were denied social amenities like electricity, pipe born water, health facilities etc. the community started to agitate for establishment of local government in their community since they have attained constitutional requirement, then after much deliberation, she was established in 1991.
Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area lies approximately at latitude of 0.4C° east, some fifteen kilometers (15kms) South of Nsukka.
Igbo-Eze South is made up of eight communities such as Itchi, Unadu, Alor-Agu, Nkalagu Obukpa, Iheakpu-Awka, Iheaka, Ovoko, Ihunowere and Ibagwa-Aka which is the headquarter of Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area.
The population of Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area accommodated about thousands of people including the immigrants that formed fifteen percent (15%) of the total population. She shares the same common boundary with such Local Government Areas as Udenu Local Government Area to the East, Nsukka Local Government Area to the South, Igbo-Eze North Local Government Area as the North while the Kogi State to the West.
Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area was blessed by God with natural endowments which include: the rain forest trees such as palm trees, Iroko trees, Mango trees and other economic trees which occupied the lower part of her headquarter.
This Local Government has affected the communities positively through the achievement of the followings.
1) Adequate provision of educational opportunities
3) Job opportunities
4) Good and adequate health care facilities
5) Clean environment
6) Application of modern technology for production.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem of how unemployment can be solved by the effective management of resources is the core of the study, the researcher intend to find out what effect, effectively managed resources will have in the reduction of unemployment rate in Igbo-Eze South Local Government. The population on which the study will be based the researcher intend to look at the operations of the establishment within the area and hope effective the manager of these business/ establishment will contribute in the study area.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is to elicit the jobs, which with the changing economic trend and high labour cost becomes very expensive for the employer who will proffer to improve the skill of his staff or computerize his company thereby cutting labour cost and maximizing his profit. When this becomes unemployment with little or no hope of getting employment because of the changing trends; modernization and technological development of labour management based on this short fall in employment becomes a problem. One way to improve unemployment is through the effective management of resources in an establishment.
Effective management of resources in an establishment in Igbo-Eze South encourages specialization and division of labour which means that more people will be needed to perform the certain function and more and more will also be encouraged to exhibit dexterity in certain skill so as to perform the certain task more effectively at a higher rate of output so as to meet the demand of their customers by this specialization is encouraged as opposed to the use of computers which needs few people to feel information into them.
Effective management of source resources in Igbo-Eze South will reduce unemployment and the dependence on government corporate bodies as the last hope of job seekers for engaging in income generating ventures. As a matter of fact, this will put smile on use of effective management of source resources as a means of reducing unemployment problem within Igbo-Eze South Local Government.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study states who should benefits from the research and how the study will go a long way in helping to achieve the strong impression. The effective management of resources will create in solving unemployment problem in Igbo-Eze South Local Government and Nigeria in general. It will also reduce the mismanagement of resources that leads to termination of worker in an establishment thereby create unemployment in the local government.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
1. To what extent can employment be created by effective managed resources positively affect the unemployment situation in Igbo-Eze South Local government Are?
2. In what ways can effective management of resources be used as a tool for reducing unemployment in Igbo-Eze South Local government area?
3. Can it be said that effective management of resources creates enough employment to reduce the mass drift from rural to urban centers of the local governments?
4. Can it create employment opportunities in Igbo-Eze South Local government?
5. Its there anyway(s) to improve on the present mode of operations of resources through effective management?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS.
1. HO: Unemployment situation in local government area cannot be reduced through effective resources management.
HI: Unemployment in Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area can be reduced through effective resources management.
2. HO: Effective resource management cannot create enough employment to reduce drift from rural to urban area.
HI: Effective resources management can create enough employment to reduce drift from rural to urban area.
3. HO: There is no way to improve the present mode of operation through effectives resources management.
HI: the present mode of operation can be improved through effective resources management.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is to find out how unemployment problem can be solved through the proper use of scarce resources in establishment the study will be limited to Igbo-Eze South Local Government Area, which will be used as the study population for the basis of study.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS.
It is good to give operational meaning to words misinterpretation by readers the terms associated with the study will be clearly detained and provisions will be made for the other definitions as they occur while the study is in progress.
This according to R.T Byreness and G.N stones (1981) is the amount of the unused labour involving skilled or unskilled people who are willing to work but could not secure employment with result from the bulk of dependent people in the society.
The basic structure and facilities necessary for a country or organization of functions efficiently.
Management form a Layman's view is getting this done through and with people aimed at achieving ones personal goals or in contest with the goals of the organization.THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN NIGERIA A CASE STUDY OF IGBO-EZE SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE


Money to preserve Mitchelville community on Hilton Head tied up in SC budget debate
_EMAIL_ 23, 2012
A state budget proposal sets aside $200,000 to preserve Mitchelville, believed to be American's first planned community for freed slaves, but supporters might have to fight for it.
The S.C. Senate debated amendments to the 2012-13 budget Tuesday and Wednesday. Among them is a measure from Sen. Shane Massey, R-Edgefield, stripping $4 million worth of projects earmarked for private nonprofits and local governments, including $200,000 for the Mitchelville Preservation Project.
Some senators, however, are considering whether the money could be routed through state agencies, which would decide how best to disburse the dollars.
Sen. Tom Davis, R-Beaufort, who supports Mitchelville's restoration, says he will vote in favor of Massey's amendment.
"I think preserving Mitchelville is a worthy project, but it ought not be funded via a political earmark in the budget," Davis said. "All politicians think their projects are worthy. That's why it's important for the projects to go through a competitive selection process before the appropriate executive agency, which in the case of Mitchelville would be the Department of Archives and History."
Davis believes he can persuade the state agency to fund its preservation, and says he's eager to help, comparing the effort to preserving Civil War battlefields of Gettysburg, Pa., and Manassas, Va.
"It's an extraordinary story, a compelling reminder of a defining moment in our nation's history right here in our own backyard," he said. "I am a strong proponent of limited government, but preserving something of great historical significance is a proper state function, and I am prepared to advocate its funding to the appropriate state agency in an open and competitive process."
Mitchelville was established in 1862, before the Emancipation Proclamation and a year after Union ships drove Confederate troops from Hilton Head Island.
Barracks were initially set up for "contraband" slaves left behind Union lines and those who fled to freedom from plantations on nearby islands. Living conditions, however, soon became intolerable.
Military orders were issued from Washington freeing the slaves in April 1862. Later, Union Gen. Ormsby Mitchel, for whom Mitchelville is named, set land aside to create the village. Each family was given a quarter-acre plot to build a home and grow crops. The village of 1,500 or so was built along what is now Beach City Road at the island's north end.
The freedmen elected their own officials and passed their own laws, including the first compulsory education law in the South, before Constitutional amendments granted such rights for African Americans.
The nonprofit group seeking to preserve the site hopes to use the state money to help buy plots adjoining 35-acres of townand county-donated land along Beach City Road.
The land abuts Fish Haul Creek Park, which the Town of Hilton Head has tentatively agreed to lease to the group so parts of the village can be recreated. The 10.5 acres would help the group preserve more of Mitchelville, which over time has been split, built up, sold, resold and eyed for development.
"We want to acquire as much of the original Mitchelville land as we can to preserve the spot where these freed slaves saw the dawn of freedom," newly named project chairman Randy Dolyniuk said.
The group is particularly interested in buying Jerre Weckhorst's house, a replica home and headquarters for Gen. Mitchel, which includes a trove of artifacts from the mid-19th century and earlier.
The house is not on the market, but Weckhorst said he will consider selling to the Mitchelville group.
The nonprofit group hopes it can purchase the five parcels for about $2.9 million.
"Two-hundred thousand dollars is a drop in the bucket, but is a very important drop in the bucket," Dolyniuk said. "That may be the seed money that will help us leverage more donations."
There is no timetable for completion of the project, which is in its early stages. Plans include ongoing archeological digs and research; replicas of cottages, a school, and a prayer house; commemorative statues and a welcome center.
"It's a shame more people, even those in Beaufort County, don't know about Mitchelville," Davis said. "We rightly recognize Penn Center and the historic district of downtown Beaufort, but don't give Mitchelville its due, and I will do whatever I can to raise public awareness and ensure it is preserved."
The Associated Press contributed to this story
Related content
 1. Mitchelville Preservation Project
 2. Mitchelville supporters fight to preserve 'an American story': May 12, 2012
 3. Mitchelville on the mind: Jan.3, 2006
 4. Mitchelville: A fight to preserve 'da spirit of freedom'
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text:
Banana Improvement Project
Countries directly benefiting:Brazil, Costa Rica, India, Nigeria
Additional country: Cambodia and Vietnam
Project completed in 1999
Project executing agency:
Common fund grant:
Average productivity of bananas in small-scale production of 8 tons per hectare per year is very low, compared to large-scale plantations of 40 tons per hectare per year. The low productivity is mainly due to the adverse effects of pests and diseases, which are most severe for small-scale farmers, who do not have the economic or the technical capacity to manage such problems. Chemical control methods employed by large plantations are beyond the means of the majority of smallholder banana farmers and, moreover, the intensive use of pesticides is likely to have a detrimental effect on the environment and human health.
The Banana Improvement Project (BIP) was conceived to address this critical problem of the banana industry to develop improved varieties for commercial as well as for staple food production. Eighteen research institutions were involved in the BIP funded research and development work carried out from January 1994 to December 1998. The BIP was among the most important projects financed by the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), both in terms of financial exposure as well as in terms of the scope and geographical spread of the work. It was also a unique project which was based on a collaborative effort of the CFC as financier, the World Bank as the Project Executing Agency (PEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as the initiator and supervisor of the project.
The project developed and evaluated a range of improved banana varieties which combine high productivity and export potential with improved disease resistance. Eighteen research sub-projects across the globe carried out strategic research. The project work also strengthened collaboration between conventional banana breeding and bio-technology research conducted by a research consortium in the framework of the project.
According to a terminal evaluation of the project conducted by three independent consultants, the BIP project provided a unique set of outputs in terms of both content and process. It has produced knowledge of a strategic nature as well as some technologies that have been and can be applied in the short-term. Based on conservative estimates, BIP has provided a rate of return on funds invested of at least 20%. A consolidated report was prepared for publication and wide dissemination as CFC Technical Paper No. 5.


text:
PostgreSQL manages database access permissions using the concept of roles. A role can be thought of as either a database user, or a group of database users, depending on how the role is set up. Roles can own database objects (for example, tables) and can assign privileges on those objects to other roles to control who has access to which objects. Furthermore, it is possible to grant membership in a role to another role, thus allowing the member role to use privileges assigned to another role.
The concept of roles subsumes the concepts of "users" and "groups". In PostgreSQL versions before 8.1, users and groups were distinct kinds of entities, but now there are only roles. Any role can act as a user, a group, or both.
This chapter describes how to create and manage roles. More information about the effects of role privileges on various database objects can be found in Section 5.6.


text:
Completed access to information requests
Use the link below to find a searchable list of the access to information requests that the Government of Canada, including the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), has processed. It is not a complete list. It does not include requests that focus on personal information or third-party proprietary information.
In line with the Official Languages Act, we cannot post the actual records disclosed, since they might not be in both official languages.
We will disclose the records in the form that they were released under the Access to Information Act, including format, language(s), and any exemptions or exclusions that were applied at the time of release.
If you would like to make an informal request for a copy of the records released in response to any of these requests, you can do so online using the tool available on the webpage above or by writing to us at the following address:
Access to Information and Privacy (ATIP) Coordinator
Canada Revenue Agency
555 MacKenzie Avenue, 5th Floor
Ottawa ON K1A 0L5
You can also send your request by fax to _PHONE_.
Include your contact information (full name, mailing address, and telephone number) and the file number(s) requested. If you have questions about this process, call our office at _PHONE_ or at _PHONE_.
For details on ways to access information at the CRA, go to Access to information and privacy at the Canada Revenue Agency.
Status of completed request (definitions of dispositions)
These definitions briefly explain the disposition of completed requests:
- No records exist: The request provided enough information to identify the specific information sought but no relevant records were found.
- All disclosed: All the records relevant to the request were disclosed to the requestor (that is, without any exemptions or exclusions).
- Disclosed in part: Only part of the information requested was disclosed because the rest was exempt or excluded or both.
- All exempted: No information was disclosed because all of the information requested qualified for exemption.
- All excluded: No information was disclosed because all of the information requested qualified for exclusion under section 68, 68.1, 68.2, 69, or 69.1 of the Access to Information Act.
- Date modified:


text:
As String
Public Property Let StudentID(pID As string)
' Validate ID
If Len(pID) = 10 then
mStudentID = pID
'' Code here to raise an error
Public Property Get StudentID() As String
'' Getting the property requires no validation
StudentID = mStudentID
Note that the private variable holds the property, which is exposed through public methods. Thus, the public interface consists entirely of methods, which can contain validation code. This has the further advantage that we can easily make the StudentID property read-only by leaving out the Property Let method. In this case, the property can be set only through its private member variable, from within the class module. This would not be possible using property variables alone.
In the theory of object-oriented programming, the Property Let (and Set) method is referred to as an update method, since it updates the value of the property, and the Property Get method is referred to as an accessor method, since it accesses the value of a property. (Sometimes both property procedures are referred to as accessor methods.) These two methods are the key to encapsulation, since their presence implies that the public interface consists only of methods, which can perform validation.
As mentioned in the introduction to the book, for the sake of simplicity and to save space, we will reluctantly violate encapsulation principles in our examples, by often declaring properties using public variables.
A class is just a description of some properties and methods and does not have a life of its own. In fact, if we run a program that contains only an empty form, along with a class module filled with code, nothing much will happen - the code in the class module will not execute. To obtain something useful, we must create an instance of the class, officially known as an object. Creating an instance of a class is referred to as instancing, or instantiating, the class. (For some reason, one sometimes sees the inaccurate phrase instance of an object. The object is the instance.) We may create as many instances of a class as desired.
Instancing a class, that is, creating an object, is a two-step process in Visual Basic, because it is first necessary to declare a variable to use as a reference to the prospective object. Moreover, there are two forms of object creation - explicit creation and implicit creation.
Explicit Object Creation
To explicitly create an object of type CStudent, we use the code
Dim Donna As CStudent
Set Donna = New CStudent
The first line declares a variable named Donna to be of type CStudent. The second line asks Visual Basic to create an object of type CStudent and assign Donna as a reference to that object.
It is very important to keep a clear distinction between an object and a variable that refers to that object. It is the variable that we use in code. In fact, variables are the only means we have to use objects - we never really "see" the object itself.
To drive this point home, note that if we write
Dim Steve As CStudent
Set Steve = Donna
then Steve and Donna both point to (that is, refer to) the same object. Thus, we have two object variables but only one object.
The fact that object variables provide only references to objects can lead to confusion when many different object variables reference the same object. One area of potential problems arises when it comes time to destroy an object, since Visual Basic will not do so until all references to that object are removed. Thus, for instance, while the line
Set Donna = Nothing
removes the Donna reference to the object, the object is not destroyed, since Steve still holds a reference to that object.
Despite these facts, one often hears an expression such as "the object Donna" rather than "the object referenced by Donna." Since the former usage is so common, we will feel free to use it as well, with the hope that no confusion will arise between a variable that points to an object and the object itself.
Instance Variables and Member Variables
There are some additional points that we should emphasize here. The line
Set Donna = New CStudent
not only creates an object, but assigns to that object its own copy of the member variables (both public and private) of the class CStudent. Simply put, each object gets its own copy of the member variables. These copies are referred to as the instance variables of the object. Thus, there is a distinction between member variables and instance variables. In a sense, member variables are never actually used as variables but serve as a "prototype" for the instance variables.
Thus, for example, if we write
Dim Bill as CStudent
Set Bill = New CStudent
then Donna and Bill will each have their own separate variables named FullName, StudentID, Exam1, Exam2 and Exam3. To refer to Donna's instance variables, the variable name must be qualified, as in
In fact, the expression Donna.FullName is called a fully qualified property name.
On the other hand, since Donna and Steve (from the previous subsection) point to the same object, they share that object's instance variables. Thus, the code
Steve.Exam1 = 20
implies also that Donna.Exam1 equals 20. This is in contradistinction to the situation for ordinary variables, where, for example, if we execute the code
X = 5
Y = X
Y = 10
then the value of X is still 5.
Method names must also be qualified, to indicate which instance variables (if any) are to be used in the code for that method. Thus, to execute the Average method for Donna, we write
The Pass method requires a parameter, as in
If Donna.Pass(65) then MsgBox "You Passed!"
It is important to emphasize that, while each instance of a class gets its own copy of the member variables, all instances share the same method code from the class. Thus, the lines
will cause the same lines of code to be executed. Of course, any references to member variables are replaced by the corresponding instance variables for the object in question. For example, when Donna.Average is executed, Visual Basic uses Donna's instance variables Donna.Exam1, Donna.Exam2 and Donna.Exam3, whereas when Bill.Average is executed, Visual Basic uses Bill's instance variables Bill.Exam1, Bill.Exam2 and Bill.Exam3.
Method code sharing is one of the most important advantages of object-oriented programming. In short, methods contain resuable code.
The As Object Syntax
If you have been programming with Visual Basic, then you may be familiar with the following syntax for declaring an object variable:
Dim Donna As Object
This line declares Donna as a variable of the generic abstract data type Object and thus allows Donna to reference any object. To illustrate, consider the following code:
' Declare Donna as a generic object variable
Dim Donna As Object
' Set Donna to reference a CStudent object
Set Donna = New CStudent
Donna.Name = "Donna Smith"
' Now set Donna to reference a Visual Basic form!
Set Donna = Forms.Item(0)
After setting the object variable Donna to point to a CStudent object, we then set the variable to point to a form object! (Forms.Item(0) refers to the first loaded form. We will discuss the Forms collection later in the chapter.)
It might seem that the use of generic object variables simplifies programming, since we don't have to decide ahead of time what type of object a given variable will reference. However, there is a performance penalty to pay for using generic object variables. We will say a few words about this issue now and postpone a thorough discussion until the chapter on OLE automation, where the issue is most keenly felt.
Visual Basic can determine the type of object that is referenced by a variable (also known as resolving a variable reference or binding a variable) either at compile time or at run time. Resolving references at compile time produces a more efficient executable file, since the file does not need to contain the extra code needed to do the referencing.
When we use specific object types rather than generic object types, such as CStudent instead of Object, or Textbox instead of Control, or Integer instead of Variant, Visual Basic can bind the variables at compile time, which is more desirable. This is particularly important when there are lots of object variables, or when using OLE automation objects, as we will see in a later chapter. The moral is: For improved performance, be as specific as possible when declaring variables.
Implicit Object Creation
As we have seen, the second line in the following code
Dim Donna As CStudent
Set Donna = New CStudent
asks Visual Basic to create an object of type CStudent and assign Donna as a reference to that object. Visual Basic provides an interesting and often useful alternative to this explicit object creation, which we will refer to as implicit object creation.
Implicit object creation is done by replacing the two lines above with the following single line:
Dim Donna as New CStudent
The effect of this line is to declare Donna as a variable of type CStudent, but it does not immediately create an instance of the CStudent class. However, Visual Basic will create an instance of CStudent and point Donna to that instance the first time the variable Donna is used. For example, the line
Donna.FullName = "Donna Smith"
will cause Visual Basic to create a CStudent object (that is, assuming this is the first line in which the variable Donna is used).
We will see examples of the use of both explicit and implicit object creation when we discuss object properties a bit later in this chapter.
It is probably true that explicit object creation is the better programming practice, since we have precise control over when objects are


cypress french
Cypress French (Cupressus sempervirens) 100% Pure Essential Oil
BOTANICAL NAME: Cupressus sempervirens
SCENT: Cypress French Essential Oil has a spicy, herbaceous, slightly woody evergreen aroma. It is fresh and clean.
PLANT PART USED: Needles and Twigs
EXTRACTION METHOD: Steam Distillation.
ORIGIN: France
COLOUR: Cypress French essential oil has a pale yellow hue
NOTE: Middle
The Cypress is a perennial, conical-shaped tree that is about 28 meters (80 feet) high. It is an evergreen with dark green foliage, small flowers and round brown-grey cones with seed nuts inside. The wood is hard and durable, and red-yellow in colour.
Traditional and Emotional uses reportedly include:-
Aromatherapy uses include in massage, combatting excessive perspiration (particularly feet), haemorrhoids, menorrhagia, oily skin, rheumatism, and varicose veins.
Aromatherapists also commonly credit Cypress French with being a relaxing, nerve soothing essential oil. It has the properties of an astringent and has been used in skin care applications.
Cypress French blends well with Bergamot, ClarySage, Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper, Lavender, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pine, Rosemary and Tangerine.
The Phoenicians and Cretans used Cypress wood for building ships and homes. The Egyptians used the wood for making sarcophagi (coffins), and the Greeks used it for sculpturing statues of their gods. The Greek word 'Sempervirens' means 'lives forever' or ever-living. The tree gave its name to the island of Cypress where it used to be worshipped. The legend says the cross of Jesus had been made of cypress wood and it generally seems to be connected with death.
Weight 0 kg


text: Edward Wright (1912–88) was an artist and designer. Born in Liverpool, where his father was Ecuadorian vice-consul (his mother was Chilean), he trained and worked briefly as an architect before concentrating on painting, drawing, print-making, and also 'commercial art' (as it was then still called). From 1942 through to his retirement he lived in London, with periods of work in book publishing and advertising, and teaching graphic design (very broadly conceived) – most notably at the Central School (his evening classes in typography, 1952–6, became legendary) and at Chelsea School of Art. Wright was among those who fostered the modern spirit in Britain, working alongside architects, and refusing any simple split between art and design. He was always much concerned with text and language. Among his exceptional work is the lettering that he made for modern buildings, often managing both a specific design and an alphabet that could be applied more generally. A short book of writings by and about him is available. Among other documentation of his work, see: here, an article in Baseline no. 52, and an appreciation in Unjustified texts.


text:
Niemann-Pick disease is a group of diseases passed down through families (inherited) in which fatty substances called lipids collect in the cells of the spleen, liver, and brain.
There are four most commonly recognized forms of the disease: Types A, B, C, and D.
Types A and B are also called Type I.
Types C and D are also known as Type II.
Each type involves different organs. It may or may not involve your nervous system and breathing. Each one can cause different symptoms and may occur at different times throughout life.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B occur when cells in the body do not have an enzyme called acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). This substance helps break down (metabolize) a fatty substance called sphingomyelin, which is found in every cell in the body.
If ASM is missing or does not work properly, sphingomyelin builds up inside cells. This kills your cells and makes it hard for organs to work properly.
Type A occurs in all races and ethnicities. It is more common in the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) Jew population.
Type C occurs when the body cannot properly break down cholesterol and other fats (lipids). This leads to too much cholesterol in the liver and spleen and too much of other lipids in the brain. Type C is most common among Puerto Ricans of Spanish descent.
Type D involves a defect that interferes with how cholesterole moves between brain cells. It is a variant of type C. This type has only been seen in French Canadian people in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia.
Symptoms vary. Other health conditions may cause similar symptoms. The early stages of the disease may only cause a few symptoms. You may never have all symptoms.
Type A usually begins in the first few months of life. Symptoms may include:
Abdominal (belly area) swelling within 3 - 6 months
Cherry red spot in the eye
Loss of early motor skills (gets worse over time)
Type B symptoms are usually milder. They occur in late childhood or the teenage years. Abdominal swelling may occur in young children. There is almost no brain and nervous system involvement, such as loss of motor skills. Some patients may have repeated respiratory infections.
Type C usually affects school-aged children. However, it may occur any time between early infancy to adulthood. Symptoms may include:
A blood or bone marrow test can be done to diagnose types A and B. The test can tell who has the disease, but does not show if you are a carrier. DNA tests can be done to diagnose carriers of types A and B.
A skin biopsy is usually done to diagnose types C and D. The health care provider watches how the skin cells grow, move, and store cholesterol. DNA tests may also be done to look for the two genes that cause this type
At this time, there is no effective treatment for type A.
Bone marrow transplants have been done on a few patients with type B with encouraging results. Researchers continue to study possible treatments, including enzyme replacement and gene therapy.
There is no specific treatment for Type D. A new medicine called miglustat is available for the nervous system symptoms of type C.
A healthy, low-cholesterol diet is recommended. However, research does not show that these methods stop the disease from getting worse or change how cells break down cholesterol. However, medicines are available to control or relieve many symptoms, such as cataplexy and seizures.
For more information, visit the National Niemann-Pick Disease Foundation website: _URL_
Type A Niemann-Pick is a severe disease. It usually leads to death by age 2 or 3.
Those with type B may live into late childhood or adulthood.
A child who shows signs of type C before age 1 may not live to school age. Those who show show symptoms after entering school may live into their mid-to-late teens. Some may live into their 20s.
McGovern MM, Desnick RJ. Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Diseases). In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW III, Schor NF, Behrman RE, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap80.4.
NP-C Guidelines Working Group, Wraith JE, Baumgartner MR, Bembi B, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis and management of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Mol Genet Metab. 2009;98:152-165.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.


text:
Issue | Canada engages in a new approach to resolve specific claims made by First Nations.
Synopsis | The Specific Claims Tribunal Act established an administrative tribunal with the authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to $150 million per claim. Claims over $150 million will be dealt with through a specially mandated Cabinet process.
Timing | Under the Specific Claims Tribunal Act, certain claims will be eligible for filing with the Specific Claims Tribunal as of 16 October 2011.
Federal policy divides Aboriginal land claims into two broad categories: specific claims and comprehensive claims. Specific claims arise from the alleged non-fulfillment of historic treaties between First Nations and the Crown, or improper administration of First Nations lands and other assets by the Crown. Comprehensive claims are based on the assertion of continuing Aboriginal rights and title that have not been dealt with by treaty or other legal means. This overview focuses on the specific claims process.
Between April 2010 and April 2011, 18 specific claims were settled at a total value of approximately $666 million. The monetary value of the claims settled in this period ranged from $134,283 to $231.4 million. As of 5 April 2011, 503 specific claims remain in the federal inventory of claims under assessment or in negotiations.1
Over the past several years, the federal specific claims process has been the subject of legal and policy reform initiatives intended to reduce the backlog of outstanding claims. In response to a 2006 report of the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, which highlighted the need for reforms to the specific claims process in several areas, the federal government launched Specific Claims: Justice at Last – Canada's Specific Claims Action Plan in June 2007. The reforms proposed in the action plan included an independent tribunal to make binding decisions on claims that cannot be resolved by negotiations, dedicated funding for specific claims settlements, and practical measures to improve the processing of both small and large claims.2
|Location of Specific Claims Under Assessment or in Negotiations (as of 5 April 2011)|
|Source: Figure prepared by the Library of Parliament using data obtained from Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.|
The Specific Claims Tribunal Act was introduced in the House of Commons on 27 November 2007 and came into force on 16 October 2008. The Act creates the Specific Claims Tribunal, an administrative tribunal composed of Superior Court judges with authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to a maximum of $150 million per claim.
The Act stipulates that a First Nation may file a claim with the tribunal if the claim has been previously filed with the minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, and if:
In effect, the Specific Claims Tribunal Act introduces three-year timelines for the assessment and negotiation of specific claims. As a result of these timelines, certain cases will become eligible for filing with the tribunal as of 16 October 2011.
With this deadline in view, the Specific Claims Tribunal is currently preparing for the commencement of operations. Between November 2009 and November 2010, several Superior Court judges were appointed to the tribunal, and Justice Harry Slade was appointed as its chairperson. Draft Rules of Practice and Procedure were made public in June 2010 and are currently under review by the Department of Justice. The tribunal's first annual report, dated 30 September 2010, provides a synopsis of work undertaken to that date and of anticipated activities through the current and following fiscal years.3
The introduction of the Specific Claims Tribunal Act in November 2007 was accompanied by the signing of a political agreement between the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and the National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations. The political agreement provides for additional discussion on improvements in the resolution of specific claims not directly addressed in the legislation, including matters related to claims that exceed the monetary cap of $150 million. The development of a Cabinet process to address claims over $150 million is ongoing.
© Library of Parliament 2011


text:
Applications that you use to stitch photographs together to
form panoramic images are called stitching software
. PTGui is stitching software.
Panoramic images are assembled of multiple images. Because the images are perspective corrected,
a seamless stitch can be made and the panorama will look like an image taken with an
artificial super wide angle lens.
Several types of stitching software exist: automatic stitchers and control point based stitchers.
Not all stitching software can do multi row panoramas. A multi row panorama is a panorama
consisting of images not only aligned next to each other, but also on top of each other.
If enough images are stitched together, a spherical panorama can be formed. This is a panorama
where you can see the full environment of the camera.
With PTGui you can create spherical panoramas, single row panoramas and multi row panoramic images.
It can handle every imaginable lens type, can output to many formats and projections,
including 360-degree spherical and rectilinear ('flat') formats.
Features of PTGui:
- Create spherical, cylindrical or flat panoramas from any number of source images
- Supports jpeg, tiff, png and bmp source images
- WYSIWYG Panorama editor for interactive editing and realtime preview
- Stitching software
- Supports many panoramic projections
- Create templates with frequently used settings
- Includes spherical panorama viewer and web publishing tool
PTGui originally started as a G
nterface for Panorama Tools (hence the name). Over the years it has evolved into the most versatile stitching software. It easily gives you high quality stitched panoramas from overlapping images or photographs.
Stitched using PTGui:


text:
Mapping Tutorial: Zoom and Navigation
The tools for moving around inside the map are in the first section, on the left-hand side of the toolbar.
Zoom: click-drag with the mouse to zoom in graphically. Click on the icon, then click-drag on the zone that you wish to enlarge. See also the navigation map section above.
If the mouse has a scroll wheel, this will allow you to zoom in and out.
Move map: click-drag with the mouse to move around inside the map. Click on the icon, then click-drag on the map to move in the desired direction. Using this button is optional; you can move around the map just with a click-and-drag.
Reframe: returns to the initial extent of the map. After zooming or moving around, click on the icon to return to the initial view of the map.
Search: locate a geographic unit by typing in its name or part of its name. Click on the icon, type in the name or part of the name of the geographic unit you wish to locate, and then click on Search. A list of geographic units containing the search term will appear. Choose the geographic unit that you wish to see on the map from this list.
See next: Selection »
See previous: « Views and Geographic Levels


Question: Which Of The Following Is The Default Overflow Property?
How do you make overflow visible?
In order for overflow to have an effect, the block-level container must have either a set height ( height or max-height ) or white-space set to nowrap.
Setting one axis to visible (the default) while setting the other to a different value results in visible behaving as auto.
The JavaScript Element..
What does overflow mean?
to flow over bounds1 : to flow over bounds. 2 : to fill a space to capacity and spread beyond its limits the crowd overflowed into the street. overflow. noun. over·flow | \ ˈō-vər-ˌflō \
How do I get rid of overflow hidden?
$('div#viewVoters'). attr('style','overflow:visible'); $('_TAG_'). css('overflow',"); $('_TAG_'). remove('style');
What is an overflow in programming?
In computer programming, an integer overflow occurs when an arithmetic operation attempts to create a numeric value that is outside of the range that can be represented with a given number of digits – either higher than the maximum or lower than the minimum representable value.
What is overflow in JavaScript?
Definition and Usage. The overflow property sets or returns what to do with content that renders outside the element box. Tip: If you want to hide the scrollbars of the entire document, use the overflow property on the body or the html element.
Why we use overflow hidden in CSS?
overflow:hidden prevents scrollbars from showing up, even when they're necessary. Explanation of your CSS: margin: 0 auto horizontally aligns the element at the center. overflow:hidden prevents scrollbars from appearing.
How do I make my Div overflow horizontally?
For horizontal scrollable bar use the x and y-axis. Set the overflow-y: hidden; and overflow-x: auto; that will automatically hide the vertical scroll bar and present only horizontal scrollbar. The white-space: nowrap; property is used to wrap text in a single line. Here the scroll div will be horizontally scrollable.
How can you make an element visible in an overflow hidden?
The overflow:hidden definition will hide anything inside that element that extends beyond its bounds. Make an additional outer div with position relative and set the absolute position of the div you want to move outside of the overflow hidden div.
How do you know when an overflow occurs?
Overflow Rule for addition If 2 Two's Complement numbers are added, and they both have the same sign (both positive or both negative), then overflow occurs if and only if the result has the opposite sign. Overflow never occurs when adding operands with different signs.
What does overflow auto do?
overflow: auto The auto value is similar to scroll, but it adds scrollbars only when necessary: You can use the overflow property when you want to have better control of the layout. The overflow property specifies what happens if content overflows an element's box.
How do you know if overflow occurs CSS?
Approach:Select the element to check form overflow.Check its style. overflow property, if it is 'visible' then the element is hidden.Also, check if its clientWidth is less then scrollWidth or clientHeight is less then scrollHeight then the element is overflowed.
How do I overflow an image in a div?
To activate the overflow property enclose the image, within a div of a particular width and height, and set overflow:hidden. This will ensure that the base container will retain its structure, and any image overflow will be hidden behind the container.
Why overflow hidden is used in navigation bar?
Adding overflow: hidden; triggers a new block formatting context that prevents. navBar from "collapsing" when it has floated children. Some people will suggest using display: inline-block;. Use with caution as each element will have white space around it that will make them larger than you think.
What is overflow initial?
initial. It sets the property to its initial value. Note : The overflow property only works for block elements with a specified height.
What is the default value of overflow property?
Definition and UsageDefault value:visibleInherited:noAnimatable:no. Read about animatableVersion:CSS2JavaScript"scroll" Try it
Why does overflow hidden not work?
It is because you are using position absolute. You cannot use position absolute with overflow hidden, because position absolute moves the targeted element out of context with the document structure.
How do you know if its overflow?
Overflow occurs with respect to the size of the data type that must accommodate the result. Overflow indicates that the result was too large or too small to fit in the original data type. When two signed 2's complement numbers are added, overflow is detected if: both operands are positive and the result is negative, or.
What are flex items?
A flex container expands items to fill available free space or shrinks them to prevent overflow. Most importantly, the flexbox layout is direction-agnostic as opposed to the regular layouts (block which is vertically-based and inline which is horizontally-based).


a minute.
Insects – the "winged swarming things" are all treyf according to modern interpretation. Leviticus 11:22 mentions some flying insects that are permitted, but nobody knows what species those Biblical Hebrew names refer to. It's very likely that they are locusts, but we don't know for sure, so just to be on the safe side all insects are forbidden.
Birds – birds were formerly considered all good except for a small group of species named in the Bible, mostly scavengers and birds of prey. This was obviously too good to last, so some smart-aleck pointed out that we don't actually know all those Biblical species and some of them might not be scavengers after all. So the current ruling is that birds are not safe to eat unless they are a species that has always been thought of as kosher (chickens, geese, etc.). Pheasants, quails and the like are now treyf. Penguins are right out.
MammalsLeviticus 11:3 and Deuteronomy 14:6 refer to "beasts of the earth", which is generally assumed to mean mammals. All mammals that have cloven hooves and chew their cud – ruminants, in other words – are kosher, with the exception of the camel and the pig, which are specifically denoted as off limits. So cows, sheep, goats and deer are all kosher, while hares, pigs both short and long, horses, hedgehogs, dogs, and in fact most of the mammals, are treyf.
All other living creatures are treyf, as well. This category includes all things that creep and crawl, such as reptiles, amphibians, rodents, Great Auks, arthropods that are not winged swarming things, platypuses, shellfish, dragons – and everything else you smartasses can think of. If it ain't in the short list above, it ain't kosher.
(In case of complete memory failure, you might want to skip the animals altogether and just eat a pomegranate. You'll remember pomegranates because they have 613 seeds each. Uncanny, isn't it?)
For general consumption, the laws of kashrut concerning plants are very simple: all plants are kosher, and only need to be cleaned and inspected to make sure there are no insects hiding amongst the leaves.
Farmers, on the other hand, work under an arcane set of tithes and donations, most of which are only ritually carried out. Ten percent of every harvest is meant to be tithed, but since there is no Temple in Jerusalem and the cohanim have been considered impure and unfit to receive tithes for at least a millennium, the "tithe" consists mostly of a symbolic separation of the cohanim's portion – no crops are actually taken away. There are a total of five different tithes and charity donations which need to be reenacted – some every year, and some only in certain years of the seven-year crop cycle.1
Fruit trees must not be harvested at all in their first three years, or in the first three years after transplanting. Fruits borne in these years are called orla and are discarded. In Israel, the fruits of four-year-old trees must not be harvested either, as they are supposed to be eaten only in Jerusalem. This may sound bizarre, but what the hell – there had to be some kind of compensation for those who choose to live in the most hotly contested city on the planet.
Finally, all trees and other perennial crops must be allowed to "rest" or for one year in every seven. No trees can be planted or harvested during this year. This practice is called shmitah, Hebrew for "casting aside".
Shechitah, the kosher method of slaughtering, is a critical aspect of kashrut. It must be done without causing the animal undue suffering, and in such a way that removes the majority of the blood, which is forbidden, and insures the cleanliness of the meat. It is to be done quickly and cleanly, and with a mind towards respect for God and his creation – there is even a blessing that accompanies the act. A kosher butcher or shochet, being personally responsible for the life and death of numerous animals and the spiritual well-being of every Jew in his area, is not just a big guy with a cleaver but a man well-versed in all aspects of Judaism, especially the laws of kashrut. He is almost as important to a Jewish community as the rabbi – and in many small communities throughout history, he was the rabbi.
A shochet's first task is selecting animals to be slaughtered. Only healthy mammals and birds are kosher. (Fish, for various reasons, are exempt from almost all of the regular laws.) Animals that show any signs of sickness are strictly forbidden, so the shochet has to inspect every animal. This selection process is part of what makes kosher meat so famous for its healthiness. Roadkill, by the way, is not kosher, nor is any animal that dies of natural causes.
When an animal has been approved and the shochet has recited the appropriate bracha, there is only one acceptable way to kill it, and that is with one sudden and forceful cut to the throat with a very sharp knife, severing the jugular vein and causing massive blood loss that kills the animal instantly. Due to the rapid loss of blood pressure in the brain, the brain should immediately stop functioning even if the animal does not die on the spot, so that it is almost unaware of its impending death. Even in the worst cases, death should not take more than a few seconds. This is widely considered the most humane way to slaughter an animal, and kosher slaughtering is actually cited as one of the two acceptable methods in US law2.
The blood must be drained immediately. The organs are then removed from the carcass, and inspected for flaws and health problems that would render the animal unfit for eating. In addition to the organs that any butcher would remove, this includes the sciatic nerve, which is specifically forbidden. (Since it is difficult to remove, the entire hindquarters of the carcass are often sold to non-Jewish butchers.) Certain fatty tissues known as chelev are also prohibited, and these are trimmed away and destroyed.
(At this time, the lungs may also be inspected for perforations and adhesions. If there are none, the meat can be certified "glatt kosher", from the Yiddish for "smooth". Some Jews will not eat red meat that is not certified glatt kosher, but this is an ultra-strict interpretation which many Jews consider superfluous.)
One especially important aspect of kosher slaughtering is the removal of all blood from the animal. According to Judaism, the life of an animal is contained in the blood, and is therefore forbidden. All blood must be drained immediately from slaughtered mammals and birds. (Fish blood is exempt). Kosher slaughter removes most of the blood by draining. The remainder must be removed by broiling or salting within 72 hours of slaughter. All of the blood is then buried with rituals. Remember "the blood is the life"? It's not just a catchphrase.
Also note that eggs with blood spots in them are unclean. For this reason, it is recommended to break eggs into a disposable container, not directly into a cooking pan. You'll see why in just a minute.
The Bible forbids boiling a kid in its mother's milk. (That's a goat kid, not a human kid, which wouldn't be kosher anyway, you heathens!) This rule, which is repeated three times in the Bible, has long been interpreted as a commandment not to mix meat with dairy foods. A kosher meal is usually designated as a meat meal or a dairy meal. A third class of foods, known as pareve, consists of all things that are neither meat nor dairy, and may be eaten with meat or dairy. Pareve includes all plant matter, along with things like salt (see below), cola, and oddities like gelatin and glue.
Once you have eaten meat, you must wait "a significant amount of time" before eating or drinking dairy. Three hours is the standard waiting period, but some Jews wait up to six hours. This is the reason for the tremendous popularity of non-dairy coffee creamer in Israel. However, dairy can be followed with meat almost immediately, provided you wash your mouth out first and eat a neutral food to eliminate the dairy "essence" from your mouth.
Up to this point the commandments were pretty straightforward, right? Well, this is where the headaches start. Not only are there dairy and meat foods, but dairy and meat utensils as well. Kitchen utensils pick up the meat or dairy nature, so to speak, in the presence of heat, so any pan that you have cooked a hamburger in becomes a "meat pan". A plate which has held macaroni and cheese becomes a dairy plate, etc. Keeping kosher means at least two complete sets of dishes, one for meat and one for dairy, which must never even touch each other.
(Remember the egg with the blood spots? The taint of blood can transfer to a hot pan just like the meat nature does. A mixing bowl that accidentally catches a bloody egg will remain kosher if it is promptly washed – these things only transfer in the presence of heat – but most kosher cooks will try to avoid that sort of thing as well.)
Like utensils, the kitchen's work surfaces can acquire a food's nature if any heat is applied to them. Stove tops


DMA mode
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Revision as of 02:35, 25 February 2009 by Galeandrews (talk | contribs) (another minor tweak)
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DMA is an abbreviation for the Direct Memory Access method of data transfer. Windows and Linux users should ensure DMA is enabled on their hard drives, as described here. This will help ensure fast and efficient editing, and smooth playback and recording.
Methods of data transfer
In DMA mode, data transfer is not done by the central processor, but by a small special processor called a DMA controller. It uses a procedure called cycle stealing, where the central processor memory access cycles are delayed for very short times to intersperse DMA controller memory access cycles. Some newer, faster DMA modes are called UDMA (Ultra DMA).
The alternative, slow and inefficient data transfer mode is called PIO, or Programmed Input-Output, where the central processing unit (CPU) transfers data byte for byte or word for word. This requires many processor commands for each data word and therefore causes a high and unwanted processor load. On a modern system, DMA can increase read and write speed by tenfold or more whilst substantially reducing CPU use.
DMA should be enabled on almost all modern Windows systems by default, and will cause problems if not. Some Windows 98 systems may not work with DMA on. Note that unused slots won't allow enabling of DMA. Older CD-ROM drives especially may not work with DMA on, or may have DMA mode permanently disabled. These drives should be left as they are. Consult your hardware driver documentation for guidance.
To enable DMA, follow the instructions below for your version of Windows.
Windows 98/ME
 1. Click Windows Start > Settings > Control Panel > System
 2. Click on the Device Manager tab at the top of the screen
 3. Click on the + sign next to the Disk Drives Icon
 4. Double-click on your IDE Disk Drive or CD-ROM drive as appropriate to display the Properties Window
 5. Click on the Settings tab located at the top of the screen
 6. Within the Options section, check the white box marked "DMA" to enable DMA mode
 7. Click OK and OK
 8. Repeat the above procedure for any additional Hard Drives or CD/DVD Drives you have in your system, then reboot
Windows 2000/XP/Vista
 1. Click Windows Start, right-click over My Computer > Properties, then on 2000 or XP click on the Hardware tab, then on the "Device Manager" button (on Vista click on "Device Manager" in the left-hand panel)
 2. Look for "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers" and click the "+" sign to left of it
 3. Right-click on each channel in turn, hit Properties, and click the "Advanced Settings" tab
 4. For each listed device, make sure the transfer mode is set to DMA, not to PIO. On 2000 or XP this is done by selecting "DMA if available" in the dropdown of each device (on Vista, this is done by highlighting each device, then check "Enable DMA" in the panel underneath)
 5. Click OK (and a second OK on 2000 and XP), then reboot
Forcing DMA by uninstalling
If after reboot you find that the drive has reverted to PIO, the only real solution is to uninstall the drive (or channel on Windows XP and later), and allow Windows to detect and reinstall the drive or channel upon reboot. After this, DMA should be enabled and should persist. For example on Windows XP or Vista:
 1. Right-click over the Channel or Controller that has the disc which only offers PIO mode
 2. Click "Uninstall", or Properties > Driver tab then click "Uninstall"
 3. Confirm the uninstall if prompted, then reboot
 4. If the "Add new hardware" Wizard does not run, click Windows Start > Control Panel > Add Hardware
 5. Install the driver Windows prompts you to
 6. PIO mode should now be replaced with UltraDMA mode
Macs should not need any user intervention as hardware is usually very closely supported by the operating system.
Linux supports DMA but it is off by default in many distributions and this will compromise performance. If you use the hdparm command (as root), DMA can then be added to your initialisation scripts to run at boot time. To Enable DMA on Linux systems:
 1. Run as root
 2. Issue the command
 # hdparm /dev/hda
 which will give you a list of what mode your hard disc/controller is in; if you have multiple drives, you will need to use the appropriate last letter (hdb for 2nd drive and so on)
 3. Look for the line that says "using DMA"; If it says "using_dma = 1 (on)", DMA is enabled on this drive, or if it says "using_dma = 0 (off)" then you aren't using DMA
 4. Issue the command
 # hdparm -d1 /dev/hda
 to turn on DMA mode for that drive; if this gives a "not permitted" error, you may have to go further into IDE controller support (probably in the kernel)
For more information see some of the many articles on the web, such as this one.


text:
REAP stands for Resource Enhancement and Protection. It is a program in the State of Iowa that invests in, as its name implies, the enhancement and protection of the state's natural and cultural resources. Iowa is blessed with a diverse array of natural and cultural resources, and REAP is likewise diverse and far reaching. Depending on the individual programs, REAP provides money for projects through state agency budgets or in the form of grants. Several aspects of REAP also encourage private contributions that help accomplish program objectives.
REAP is funded from the state's Environment First Fund (Iowa gaming receipts) and from the sale of the natural resource license plate. The program is authorized to receive $20 million per year until 2021, but the state legislature sets the amount of REAP funding every year. This year REAP was appropriated $12 million. When you add license plate and interest income, its total budget is about $12.45 million.
REAP funds go into eight different programs based upon a percentages that are specified in the law. These percentages, or what many people call the REAP formula, are shown in the following pie chart.
REAP Fund Allocation
First $350,000 each year goes to Conservation Education.
1% of balance goes for DNR Administration.
The remaining balance is then divided per the pie chart.
The following four state agencies administer REAP programs:
- State Open Space 28%
- City Parks and Open Space 15%
- Soil and Water Enhancement 20%
- County Conservation 20%
- State Land Management 9%
- Historical Resources 5%
- Roadside Vegetation 3%
- Department of Natural Resources
- Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Division of Soil Conservation
- Department of Cultural Affairs, State Historical Society
- Department of Transportation
REAP also contains very extensive public participation procedures. Individual county REAP committees are organized throughout the state. Public and private organizations that are interested in any of the REAP elements can participate on county committees. The primary purposes of these committees are to coordinate REAP projects among the various entities and develop a county REAP plan to help direct future REAP projects. The level of activeness varies among counties in the state. Some are very active, while others may only meet once a year. Most counties have REAP committees, but there are a few counties that currently do not have one.
The next level of public participation is regional REAP Assemblies. These are open public meetings where all REAP programs and associated projects are presented. Also, opportunities for regional REAP projects are identified at these meetings and participants may recommend changes to REAP policies, programs, and funding. A round of 18 assemblies is held once every two years during the months of September and October. The area of interest for each assembly coincides with the state's Council of Governments or Regional Planning boundaries.
The next and final level is the REAP Congress. Five delegates are elected at each of the 18 assemblies to serve on the statewide Congress, which makes for a membership of 90 people. The REAP Congress meets on even-numbered calendar years. The responsibilities of the congress are to organize, discuss, and make recommendations to the Governor, state legislature, and state agencies. The Congress uses the suggestions made at the 18 assemblies to help form its recommendations.


text:
Image pictured above, the Making it Work study logo, was designed by Clayton Gauthier.
Making It Work is an Indigenous focused community-based research study focused on integrated community services for people living with HIV, hepatitis C, and/or challenges with mental health or substance use. It is co-led by the Pacific AIDS Network and the AHA Centre, at CAAN. From a methodological perspective, Making It Work seeks to bridge Indigenous ways of knowing and doing and Indigenous research methodologies with Western academic RealistEvaluation methodology. The team has had many discussions about what this would look like and how it would work, and continue to do so. We envision our work as a kind of spiral, where everything we learn feeds into the next questions we seek to ask, and the information we glean from those questions then feeds into further questions, and so on. In addition to the three primary goals of the project, we are actively working to document what this methodological approach looks like and how we are building it as the project goes forward.
Initiative Objectives and Goals
We have three primary goals: to develop and implement an evidence-based evaluation plan for case management and community development programs across BC; to support capacity building in community-based research and evaluation methods for Peer Researchers, communities, and other stakeholders; and to highlight how Indigenous service delivery models can inform services for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people accessing services.
The Role of this Initiative to End the HIV Epidemic
Making It Work explores the relationship between improved outcomes and cultural safety, case management and community development by developing an understanding of how service providers adapt case management and programming to "make them work" in ways that are culturally safe for the people they serve.
Meaningful Engagement with People with Lived Experience
The process was collaborative and inclusive. The communities in which the research took place were full partners in all stages of the process. Community-based research seeks to democratize knowledge by recognizing and valuing the unique strengths and perspectives of all members involved in the research process.
Service providers, peer evaluators, service users, communities and other stakeholders
The importance of dialogue and spending time to discuss things from different perspectives has been evident in integrating Realist Evaluation into our project. This process has been one of capacity bridging between members of our research team with different life experience, and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous team members. Having people come together with different knowledge and world views and spending the time to develop our research methods using 'both eyes', or ways of seeing—without one eye being dominant over the other—has allowed us a wealth of information to build into our understanding. Part of coming together as a team with different experiences and knowledge has meant we have needed to be clear with our language and had to define concepts well. We have done this in team discussion sand have made a "key definitions" document to help guide our work.
Related knowledge transfer and exchange(KTE) products and resources are available on the PAN site.