Natural Remedies
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Morgellons Remedies
| Modified on Jun 22, 2021
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While somewhat difficult to treat, Morgellons disease can be effectively managed using a number of natural remedies. Common treatments of the disease involve alfalfa, peroxide and chlorella; however, other options are also available. While an actual cure for the condition has yet to be identified, many natural options effectively manage the symptoms of the condition.
What is Morgellons Disease?
The given name for an unexplained skin condition, Morgellons disease is characterized by painful sores as well as crawling sensations within and under the skin. Additionally, fibers and solid materials emerging from the sores are also common.
Morgellons disease may also present a number of other symptoms including skin rashes, intense itching, stinging or biting in the skin, sever fatigue, difficulty concentrating and short-term memory loss. The cause of the disease is unknown.
Natural Remedies for Morgellons
Morgellons is a largely misunderstood disease, but several treatment options have been identified. Many common remedies focus on treating the symptoms and jointly the cause. Alfalfa, peroxide and chlorella have been shown to be effective for treating the condition.
Alfalfa is an herb used in the treatment of many conditions. The herb itself creates an alkaline environment in the body, an environment in which many diseases cannot survive. Dissolved in hot both water, alfalfa penetrates the skin and eliminates the fibrous material causing the pain and discomfort associated with Morgellons.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a natural compound composed of hydrogen peroxide. When hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the body, it oxidizes releasing hydrogen and oxygen and eliminating invasive cells, viruses and bacteria. When taken orally or used as a bath treatment, hydrogen can eliminate the underlying cause of Morgellons.
Chlorella is a type of algae found in fresh water that is used to create nutritional supplements. This compound contains powerful amino acids, peptides, proteins, vitamins and nucleic acids. These properties increase the good bacteria in the body and eliminate the bad, so it serves as an effective treatment for Morgellons.
While Morgellons disease is still largely not understood; however, many treatment options have been identified as effective. Treatments include alfalfa baths, hydrogen peroxide treatments and chlorella supplements as well as others.
Alcohol and Peroxide, Homeopathy
2 User Reviews
4 star (2)
Posted by Nan (Minneapolis, MN) on 11/13/2008
Also wanted to mention that a much cheaper way of fighting these things...
I put have a vile of alcohol and half Hydrogen Peroxide and put all over active area...shere crawling occurring - for me a lot of it starts in the feet and legs so I smear it all over there...seems to keep them from crawling at night - it's a lot cheaper than TTO and seems to work as well or better. The TTO price has shot up recently...must be a lot of people with this stuff, it's driving the price thru the roof.
Also, found two homeopathics that in combination at least for me stop them from crawling - got 9 hours sleep last night from using them and the alcohol... Arsenicum Album - 30c or x and also Nux Vomica - 30c or x... seem to work so far... I've gotten a lot of relief over time using the homeos...I'm convinced therein will lie our cure - it vibrates throughout the entire body and will kill them when we find the right one...also, if people get samples of these critters you can get a remedy made out of the worms themselves and that would kill them right off!
Happy bug killing!
Replied by Pam
(Waco, TX)
How much is a "vile"?
EC: Nan probably meant to write: "half a vial", not "have a vile".
"A vial (also phial) is a relatively small glass vessel or bottle, especially used to store medication as liquids, powders or in other forms like capsules. They can also be sample vessels e.g. for use in autosampler devices in analytical chromatography."
Replied by Nan
(Raleigh, No Car, Usa)
4 out of 5 stars
Have tried a million things...the latest and best so far is psorinum 200c, a homeopathic remedy that is quite powerful....when I took the 3 small tabs I literally felt these things cramp up in my feet and around my was amazing...they hated it and it was harming them. I felt only slight movement most of the day...Unfortunately w/homeos one cannot eat strong tasting foods like mint, no chocolate/coffee because it dulls the affects. and I foolishly partook of some coffee and lost a little steam... Happily I made a water solution of psorinum by putting 1-2 of the small tabs in about 3/4 c of water and you have to put in a jar and pound the jar a bit to transfer the psorinum into the water and then I put some of that water on my immediately killed oodles of the face mites. Homeopathy vibrates so it doesn't necessarily have to touch something to kill may go down into the skin further than the surface...but it worked amazingly on the mites. I also put the water all over my body and it seemed to work to calm the morgs all over....but not 100%. Definately gave more sanity though, because after the new moon they were going crazy and I was quite alarmed...seemed monthly they were worsening. There are stronger solutions of psorinum...1m & 10m and I imagine they might work quite well in water on the skin as well. You should work w/a homeopath with psorinum as it is strong...I was at first a little scared when I took the first pills and their reaction was so's nice to know you have someone you can call can be antidoted by putting something w/camphor in it on your or smell it. I think psorinum may be our answer to this monstrosity...but it's all technique...dose, frequency of use, length of use...and sticking to a good diet and not ruining the homeo w/coffee, cinnamon or mint (toothpaste) or can look for a list online of things you can't use while on homeopathics....if someone finds the right dose/freq, etc...please post...and I will let you know when I know more. Sulphur homeo is another possibility.... lycopodium or thuja for the spores/fungal
Replied by Carol
(Austin, Tx)
Just a warning.... I saw a video the other day that warned against using Hydrogen Peroxide for Morgellons.... It showed that the parasite actually responded to Hyd Per by growing in size immediately... I wondered why these worms grew so fast in me... When they are confronted w/certain elements they respond to them by increasing in size... I've stopped using the peroxide and they seem to have diminished in size and they seem weaker.... I've also added essential oils to my TTO solution... peppermint/lavendar/lemon/camphor/cinnamon/clove and others - they hate it and stops their movement esp while you sleep (remember to wrap in glad wrap though so it stays on your skin throughout the night.... Just something to think about
(North east United states)
I don't know what is really wrong with me, but recently I have been having what I thought was pimples on my behind, but they do not respond to vinegar with essential oils, like pimples usually do, they don't itch, just painful at nights with the sensation of something crawling in my skin both around my eyes and on my legs and butt. So I tried something that I read in earth clinic that was meant for mites which is petroleum jelly -which would clog the pores of any insectwith one to two drops of an equal mix of tea tree oil and lavender oil per ounce of tea tree oil, applied both morning and evening. The pimples decreased in size significantly after 1 week and are now almost gone, and no new ones appear. I also dusted my furniture and rugs with Borax, and sprinkled Borax around the corners of rooms.
Replied by Carol
(Raleigh, Nc)
4 out of 5 stars
Recently I've mainly used TTO but put peppermint essential oil and lavendar on the skin directly more every day and then top off w/the TTO.... I've also been taking Echinacea & Goldenseal tabs... Great herbal antibiotics... Lavendar and peppermint are known to kill worms... Usually internally... One can take a drop of peppermint with a little water internally too but I'm mostly putting on skin.... I've noticed great improvement with these oils... They are defininately killing off... The smaller parasites first and the larger ones are weakenening... Very happy w/results - the best I've experienced since I met these monsters 4 yrs ago... I'm hopeful this might finish them off... I also take Nat Phos (suppose to work on long worms) and Silica is also good for worms.... I've found a good homeopathic parasite killer tooo from Newton Homeopathics... I think the essential oils are doing most of the work though.... Happy hunting! Try this I think you will get great relief... Particularly if you are new to this disease. I've also cleaned off my face


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Build Your Own Radio Controlled Vehicle
- Paint Your RC
- Tools & Supplies
- Build RC Planes & Helis (18)
- Build RC Cars & Trucks (19)
- Build RC Boats & Subs (6)
- Build Your Own Track (12)
Robotics and animatronics, along with radio controlled hobbies are a great way to get the younger generation (or anyone) interested in science and technology.
You Made an RC Out of What?
Check out these unusual RCs that gadget geeks like myself have built.
About.com Miniatures describes the basic tools for working with miniatures, including scale models such as RCs.
Kids Can Build Their Own RC
It's always fun when you can combine radio controlled vehicles with another activity that kids love -- and make it educational too. LEGOS, those plastic building blocks that provide endless hours of entertainment make building your own RC a snap. Elenco and Learning Resources also have cool construction sets that allow novice mechanics from 4 to 16 to experience the fun of building their own car without any automotive expertise.
Electronic Projects for RC
For the true do-it-yourself RC builder, find drawings, parts lists, and descriptions for chargers, circuits, sensors, servos, switches, and many other electronic RC parts to build from scratch.
What You Need to Build an RC Submarine
Learn about the things you'll need in order to make your own radio controlled submarine. Includes links to RC submarine plans and building tutorials.
Lego Baseplate Jigs
The Cool Tools blog describes using large Lego baseplates and some building blocks to create jigs or platforms for working with things like RCs. Create a custom fit to hold an airplane, car body, or other parts while gluing or painting, etc.
How Does Weight Affect RC Performance?
Weight plays a role in overall performance of an RC. Find out how to control your weight and why.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Tango DDR
In my Interaction Design Foundations course, I explain to students that tangible interfaces are becoming widespread because they explore the human body as an input device. This makes the interaction more sociable and affective. In one class, I brought a Dance Dance Revolution pad for our students to experiment with and they took it to the next level.
Guilherme was shy to play, but accepted to participate in a bodystorming: I wanted to know what would happen if the position of the pad improved embodiment of the game. We put the pad in his shoulder and started to play.
The feeling of the game changed totally. Instead of executing mechanic movements in front of a screen, we've got an affective human interaction.
During the bodystorming, many ideas emerged how to hack the pad and use in clothes or garments, enabling more intimate dance, like Touch Tango DDR.
Alexandre proposed to make a fight game using the same interface. There is already a Mugen game tha explore the same gameplay of DDR:
This is the video of the bodystorming session.
Categories: Blog.
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In some cases, it can cost a youth and families more to go through the juvenile court system than to cover the cost of attendance at the University of Michigan School of Law or Michigan State University.
This report is the product of the National Juvenile Defender Center's year-long assessment of Michigan's juvenile court system. The authors discuss the accessibility and quality of representation, the juvenile court system's lack of funding and oversight from the state, and the ways youth experience injustice based on economic disparities. The report concludes by outlining the steps Michigan is taking to improve its juvenile justice system and recommendations for additional reform.
You can read the full text of the report here.
- Requiring youth and families to pay for constitutionally-required defense creates barriers to representation and may discourage the appointment of counsel, or result in the termination of counsel prematurely or the creation of conflicts of interests for attorneys.
- Courts may add late fees, garnish wages, or impose bench warrants, tax intercepts, and collection from government benefits to compel payment. Once assessed, debt collection continues indefinitely, burdening youth and families unless the court takes action to provide relief.
- The juvenile delinquency courts that track income information on youth involved in the juvenile justice system reported that 60 percent of those youth and families were on public assistance or made less than $20,000. Another 20 percent of youth and families had an income level of less than $30,000.
- Even when bail conditions are met, bail payments may not be returned to the parent or guardian, but instead may be applied to reimbursement costs or other court fines and fees.
- Ensure that cash bail does not prevent youth from gaining pretrial release.
- Eliminate or substantially reduce juvenile court fines and fees.
- Ensure adequate funding to support an effective system of juvenile defense services.
- Eliminate reimbursement fees that youth and families pay for representation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Hekman and two colleagues examined a pool of 362 executives, including CEOs, vice president and directors from industries like banking, consumer products and food. They found that executives who ranked in the top 15% on a scale of dedication to diversity received an average performance rating of 3.76. Moving down on the pro-diversity behavior scale correlated to an increase in performance review ratings. A woman who ranked at the average of the diversity scale yielded a performance rating of 3.98, while scoring in the bottom 15% on the diversity scale pushed the performance rating to 4.15, a 10% increase from those who ranked at the top of the diversity scale, according to Hekman.
White men, on the other hand, actually got a bump in their performance review scores from valuing diversity, he added.
The researchers also conducted an experiment where actors, playing company leaders, gave a speech advocating for their firms to hire someone who either looked like them or did not look like them. When female actors read from a pro-diversity script, study participants rated them as colder, and when non-white actors read from a pro-diversity script, they were rated as less competent.
Related: Meet the Women of the Fortune 500


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All options can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix. You may use two hyphens instead of one to designate an option. You may use either white space or an equals sign between an option name and its value.
This program is part of Netpbm.
pamseq generates a PAM image of a specified depth and specified maxval that consists of a single row. The row consists of one tuple of every possible value, in order.
For a depth of one, the order is simple: From 0 to maxval, going from left to right. For higher depths, the highest numbered plane goes from 0 to maxval (going left to right) while all the other planes have value 0. Then the sequence repeats except with the next highest plane set to a value of 1, then 2, etc.
To create a simple ramp of the values 0..255, for input to various matrix calculations, try
pamseq 1 255(Before pamseq existed, pgmramp was often pressed into service for this).
To create a PPM color map of all the possible colors representable with a maxval of 5, do
pamseq 3 5 -tupletype=RGB | pamtopnmAgain, with a modern program based on the Netpbm library, you don't need the pamtopnm because a PAM RGB image is equivalent to a PPM image.
You can use such a color map with pnmremap to quantize the colors in an image. With the maxval of 5 given in the example, you get a color map of the set of "web safe" colors as defined by Netscape. Most web browsers guarantee that they can produce at least these 216 colors (215 plus black).


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A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
SYNDERESIS or SYNTERESIS
The habit of knowing the basic principles of the moral law; the knowledge of the universal first principles of the practical order. Sometimes applied to conscience, which is, however, rather the mind's concrete application of known principles, judging on the moral goodness or badness of a specific human action. (Etym. Greek synteresis, spark of conscience.)
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.


ListTagsForResource - Amazon WorkLink
Retrieves a list of tags for the specified resource.
Request Syntax
GET /tags/ResourceArn HTTP/1.1
URI Request Parameters
The request uses the following URI parameters.
The Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the fleet.
Required: Yes
Request Body
The request does not have a request body.
Response Syntax
HTTP/1.1 200 Content-type: application/json { "Tags": { "string" : "string" } }
Response Elements
The following data is returned in JSON format by the service.
The tags attached to the resource. A tag is a key-value pair.
Type: String to string map
Map Entries: Maximum number of 50 items.
Value Length Constraints: Maximum length of 256.
The request is not valid.
HTTP Status Code: 400
See Also


olian and Tocharian.
Subjective non-eventive
This category denoted states where the subject was affected (passives), but also often verbs of emotion and of thought which are clearly subjective, as well as what would later be termed reduplicated perfects. The development of reduplicated perfects with built in punctual meaning directly out of a "stative" requires the brunt of explanation. My hunch here is that reduplication was restricted to verbs like'stand' signifying states resulting from prior action. An expression like 'it is stood' qualifies as such while 'I have gone' is less focussed on state than on the completed action itself. This latter comparison explains how forms specialized in suggesting resultant states from actions (PIE *stestóh₂e 'it is stood up' → 'it has come to be stood up') can gradually expand to take on resultant actions as well (post-IE *bʰebʰórh₂e 'I have come to be carrying' → 'I have carried') and thus become a "perfect" with punctual aspect now emphasizing active result over mere resulted state. The connection then between subjective and perfect is indirect and subtle.
It should also be noted that only part of this single category yields perfects while the rest of the subjective umbrella is the mother of middles and inherently non-punctual states. So the subjective simply doesn't become perfective wholesale and there's no need for me to worry about the crosslinguistic tendency I mentioned above which refers more to developments as a whole, not in part. Phew!
Also, forms like *wóidh₂e 'I know' which never ever show reduplication in the later perfect hint at their original meaning and usage: 'I know' (stative) → 'I have come to know' (inchoative) → 'I have known/seen' (perfective past). Since 'to know' is not an action and since reduplication expresses a resultant state from an *action* as outlined above, naturally there can be no reduplicated forms possible for these stative verbs.
Subjective eventive
This category is composed of middles and are marked as such with special endings in *-r. They are actions accomplished through a medium ("mediopassive"), through one's own effort ("sitting"), or involuntarily like "spilling" or "sneezing". This category appears to be the least molested by change in the various branches, so I think I'll stop typing now.
There, now we'll see if this post stands the test of time...
[1] Gülzow, The Acquisition of Intensifiers Emphatic Reflexives in English and German Child Language (2006), Studies on language acquisition, v.22, p.45, table 6 (see link).
[2] Perhaps this verb is better placed in the category of subjective non-eventive instead. Note Hewson/Bubeník, From Case to Adposition: The Development of Configurational Syntax in Indo-European Languages (2006), p.100 (see link): "In this context we should remind ourselves of the archaic transactional meaning of *dō- (< *deh₃-) as shown by Hittite dahhi 'I take' (< *deh₃-h₂e) vs. general IE 'I give'." Jasanoff shows a slightly different interpretation in The role of o-grade in Hittite and Tocharian verb inflection (1992), published in Reconstructing Languages and Cultures, p.140 (see link): "Hittite has a 3 sg. dāi, which can be referred to an underlying *doh₃-e and taken as the continuant of a pre-Proto-Indo-European'middle' with the meaning 'gives/gave to oneself'."
(12 Sep 2009)
Just realized that a better translation of what must have been a bidirectional sense underlying *deh₃is not 'to trade' but 'to share'. Thus, a semantic shift from 'to share (my own property)' → 'to give' (as in Core IE dialects) and 'to share (another's property)' → 'to take' is clearer. It also works well with what grammatically hints at a non-eventive and atelic verb, non-eventive because it avoids the continuous marker and atelic because it shows no Narten-grade which would explicitly mark it as telic.
Also corrected the forms *h₁ḗs-h₂or and *gʰeu-h₂ór to *h₁és-h₂or and *gʰu-h₂ór respectively, as per the middle forms suggested in Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin (1995), p.133 (see link) and in Indo-European perspectives - Studies in honour of Anna Morpurgo (2004), p.506 (see link).
(05 Sep 2009)
Added footnote #2 concerning the changing semantics of *deh₃-.
(09 Sep 2009)
Added footnote #1 concerning theories on the typical evolution of transitive verbs.


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Salmon River Corridor
The Salmon River Corridor/Watershed is located in northern New York midway between the cities of Watertown and Syracuse. The area drains approximately 280 square miles of forested, agricultural and rural residential lands on the western slopes of the Tug Hill Plateau, in Oswego, Lewis, Jefferson (and a small area of Oneida) counties and discharges into eastern Lake Ontario. The watershed is extensively forested and supports world-class salmon and trout fisheries. It is the largest of New York's cold water tributaries to Lake Ontario.
Salmon River and Tributaries
The Salmon River system is one of several that form the radial stream drainages of the Tug Hill Plateau, a landform that slopes gently upward and eastward from the Ontario Lake Plain to an elevation of 2100 feet in the east-central portion of the region. Elevations of the Salmon River watershed range from 1900 feet at the upper headwaters to 250 feet at the Salmon River mouth on eastern Lake Ontario.
The greater Tug Hill, in which the Salmon River corridor is located, is a region where exceptionally good water quality exist due to an overall lack of impervious surface and because of high levels of forest cover. The region contains over 4000 miles of rivers and streams, 117,000 acres of wetlands and one of the largest (121,000 acres) intact forest blocks in the state. The abundance of water resources within the Tug Hill region is attributed, in part, to the 42-50 inches of precipitation that fall annually across the region. Lake effect precipitation delivers more than half of the annual precipitation and results in high seasonal variation of stream flow. Consequently an abundance of water is available during most of the year to sustain the extensive wetland systems, high velocity streams and eroded gulfs of the region.
Fishing on the Salmon River
The exceptional water quality of the Salmon River supports a world-class fishery. The Salmon River, along with its tributaries Trout Brook, Orwell Brook and Beaver dam Brook, is classified by NYSDEC as a Class C(t)- a designation for fishing, recreation use, and fish propagation and survival. The river is stocked with more than 412,000 fish, including brown and brook trout, steelhead rainbow trout, and Chinook and coho salmon. The fishery represents a significant local economic resource. In 2005 the Salmon River accounted for 30% of the total angler trips and 60% of the total angler effort (angler hours for all New York tributaries to Lake Ontario) (Prindle et al).
Freshwater Estuary and Dune System
The 270 acre Salmon River Freshwater Estuary is a system of open waters and marshes located at the mouth of the Salmon River at Port Ontario. The system is bounded by carrier dunes at Lake Ontario to the west, and by the last river riffle in the Salmon River. Some of these lands are owned by the State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, some by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and some are privately owned.
Salmon River Gorge
Salmon River Falls
The Salmon River Gorge begins at the 110 foot high falls and continues downstream for approximately 3000 feet. The Gorge includes 120 foot high sheer cliffs and talus slopes that support unique plant assemblages and several rare plant species. The 112 acres immediately surrounding the falls and gorge was purchased by the State of New York in 1993 and is currently managed as the Salmon River Falls Unique Area by the DEC.
The Salmon River has a long history as a prolific fishing resource dating back to the Native Americans of the Iroquois Confederacy, whose name for the river means "where swim the sweet fish." As early as 1657 Jesuit missionaries witnessed Iroquois fisherman hauling boatloads of salmon from the river, and the economy of the first white settlement founded in 1801 was based in large part on fishing. Well into the late 19th century the Salmon River was among the most productive native salmon-producing tributaries to Lake Ontario. Abuses occurring in both the lake and within the watershed, though, greatly altered the fishery resource of the river prior to the 1900s. Lake Ontario originally supported two top predatory species: the Atlantic salmon and the lake trout. A number of factors led to the collapse of these species' populations, including over-fishing, deforestation, loss of alteration of spawning habitat within the tributaries (for migratory Atlantic salmon), and inhibition of spawning migrations by dam construction. Another factor causing the decline of Atlantic salmon was the introduction of alewife to Lake Ontario. The eventual loss of predatory fish in the Great Lakes led to an overpopulation of alewives and rainbow smelt; and in order to reestablish predatory control in Lake Ontario, Pacific salmon were stocked in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The DEC responded to the failure of salmon stocks to reach self-sustaining levels by constructing the Salmon River Hatchery in Altmar. Since 1981 the Altmar hatchery has supplemented fluctuations in salmoides productivity and currently stocks Chinook, coho, steelhead and Atlantic salmon. The hatchery has created a year round fishery and is currently a fundamental resource for maintaining the sport fishing industry. The Pacific salmoides have shown excellent growth and reproductive capacity in some tributaries of the Great Lakes, including the Salmon River.
By the early 1980s, natural reproduction of Pacific salmoides was documented in the Salmon River system, and within a decade this system was estimated to be the leading Lake Ontario tributary for naturally spawned salmon. Excellent juvenile habitat and barrier-free spawning routes within the Salmon River watershed would permit reintroduction of Atlantic salmon. Based on a recent analysis using introduced rainbow trout, which as similar habitat requirements as Atlantic salmon, as a surrogate, abundant spawning and juvenile habitat exist for Atlantic salmon within the watershed (McKenna and Johnson 2005). However, the continued presence of alewife within the Great Lakes system would likely continue to limit the ability of Atlantic salmon to establish a self-sustaining population.
Fishing the Salmon River
Today sports enthusiasts converge in the area, especially in autumn, to reel in several varieties of salmon swimming upstream to their spawning grounds. Significant economic activity results from anglers visiting the watershed from outside the region, the state and the US. The regional fishing industry includes guide services, river and lake charters, fish cleaning, bait shops, restaurants and motels. The fishing industry is active year-round to cater to salmon fishing in the lower reaches of the Main Stem and the major tributaries, trout fishing in the cold headwaters of the upper watershed, warm water bass fishing as well as ice fishing on the freshwater estuary and the reservoirs, and lake fishing from Port Ontario.
Substantial risks to the fishing industry are posed by fish pathogens, invasive fish (such as carp, gobies, and lamprey). Other concerns that challenge long-term management of the fishing industry include potential over-fishing stream and destabilization and erosion due to excessive use, loss of public access on private lands, pollution and contamination by toxins and surface water and groundwater withdrawals.
Recreation and Tourism
Outdoor recreation is a vital component of the economy in the Salmon River corridor, as well as in the greater Tug Hill region. Recreational opportunities include: hunting, trapping, fishing, hiking, camping and nature study. Many individuals canoe on the region's small open waters and calm streams, boat from Port Ontario, and raft on the Salmon River when recreational releases of waters from the reservoirs permit. In addition, many hunting clubs include members who travel to the region from elsewhere. Other low-impact recreational uses of the watershed's resources include bird watching, hiking, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. Snowmobiling is popular in the winter.
Salmon River Corridor's Office
Because of its unique importance as a natural resource and its ability to improve the economic opportunities of the area through tourism and recreation, the DEC created the Salmon River Corridor's Office which is housed at the Salmon River Hatchery. The Special Assistant to the Salmon River, is a one-person office based out of the Salmon River Hatchery in Altmar. The position is tasked with the following duties:
- Serve as staff advisor to the DEC regarding policy, regulation, legislation, programs and public information about the Salmon River resource, including its fishery and ecology.
- Represent the DEC at hearings, conferences, meetings and other occasions where issues pertaining to the Salmon River are considered.
- Assist in the development of a year-round sport fishery on the Salmon River, including Atlantic salmon.
- Serve as liaison to Salmon River communities; environmental, sporting and conservation groups; institutions (schools, civic organizations, governments), businesses, National Grid, and other utilities and individuals.
- Develop and implement an outdoor education component to the public facilities at the Salmon River Hatchery, featuring the resources of the Salmon River and eastern Lake Ontario tributaries.
- Develop and implement a public information program to educate the public on all aspects of the Salmon River and its ecosystem.
Forests and Forestry
The watershed possesses a working forest landscape that is vital to the local forest products industry. Forest lands include a mix of private and public holdings. The extensive forest cover throughout the watershed is fundamental to sustaining the water quality and habitat that is necessary to maintain the region's fisheries, and it contributes to the large, un-fragmented core forest landscape of the Tug Hill. Ten state forests exist in the watershed: Salmon River State Forest, Altmar State Forest, Kasoag State Forest, Battle Hill State Forest, Chateaugay State Forest, Hall Island State Forest


Tales from the Witcher Podcast Artwork Image
Tales from the Witcher
Jacob Gerstel
Tales from the Witcher showcases serialized, original short stories set in the Witcher universe. Part audiobook and part Actual Play Report, these tales are written and narrated by Jacob Gerstel—and are based on the adventures of his Witcher tabletop roleplaying group. We'll follow the exploits of a stoic Bear School witcher, an alcoholic elven sorcerer, a resourceful craftsman, a lively bard, and others as they try to stay alive during the Third Northern War. There's action and adventure, magic and the mundane, scheming and politics, elves and dwarves, war and peace, and—because it's the Witcher—a touch of philosophy. New episodes every Wednesday.
Recent Episodes


Prison Registers in Institutes & Organizations
Discovering your ancestor in prison records doesn't necessarily make them a hardened criminal, nineteenth century law was harsh and children as well as adults were imprisoned for minor misdemeanors. These records are often very detailed and can include physical descriptions of height, weight and eye colour.
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Toddlers learn best through play, and it's no different when it comes to finding out about new tastes and textures in food. Encouraging your child to experiment with food from a young age will make it less likely they'll grow into a fussy eater.
We've got some great ideas for games to play with kitchen-cupboard staple snack, which you can try at home with your toddler …
1 Hidden treasure
Help! A pirate has come along and hidden all the jewels. Can your little one help you find them?
1. Hide 'jewels' – brightly-coloured bits of chopped food, such as tomato, cucumber, ham, peppers, and so on – in a bowl of cooked spaghetti.
2. Your toddler then has to dig around in the spaghetti to find the treasure, eating the rewards as they go. This is a great way to get them to try new things in small amounts.
2 Question of taste
Can your toddler guess what they're eating with their eyes closed? This is a great one for introducing the idea of sweet, sour, salty, bitter.
1. Assemble a selection of foods that have different tastes and textures. For example, something sweet, like a yoghurt, something salty like a chunk of cheese, something bitter like chicory leaves, and something a little spicy, like rocket. Think about textures, too, so the crunch of breadsticks or the smooth creamy texture of a slice of ripe avocado.
2. Your toddler closes his eyes and then takes a bite before guessing what he's eating. Can he describe the taste to you? Does it taste like anything else he eats? He'll love it even more if you play the game, too!
3 Painting with yoghurt
You'll definitely want to put a wipe-clean mat on the floor for this one, but young children learn about food as much through touch as they do through taste.
1. Put two bowls of fruit yoghurts and a large tray in front of them – preferably different coloured yoghurts, such as a plain one and a fruit one. You can even use puree pouches.
2. Get your toddler to dollop a spoonful of each onto the tray, then let them get painting! Can they make a swirl or pattern? Can older ones write some letters or numbers? What happens when the two colours start to mix? If you're using pouches, encourage your toddler to squeeze out wiggly lines or circles.
3. You can even add tools – a wooden spoon perhaps, or a breadstick. Of course, the best bit is eating their art as they create.
4 Plate face
Step away from Pinterest! We guarantee that if you spend hours turning a baked potato into a sailboat, it will get smashed into bits in seconds – and you'll feel pretty miffed! Instead, encourage your toddler to be the creative one.
1. Cut up lots of food into different shapes – slices of pepper, cubes of cheese, circles of cucumber, triangles of ham, and so on. Select foods that are already interesting shapes, too, like rice cakes or breadsticks.
2. Together, you and your child can then make a 'plate face' each, by using the different foods as eyes, mouth, nose, ears, hair, etc. Which face looks funniest? What could you use for a happy mouth, or a sad mouth? Who can eat the ears first?
5 Count on me
This is a great one to do at snack time, and these games will help to develop counting skills, too.
1. You'll need snack-sized packet of something that has lots of little pieces, such as raisins.
2. Encourage your toddler to try to count out three or four. Put two on one side and four on the other – which side has more? Can your little one arrange them in a line or fill in the gap of a line you've made? The reward, of course, is eating them with every correct answer (and every good try, as well).
6 Spoon test
Spoons are so boring! Why not use something else to scoop up your snack?
1. You'll need a variety of foods to use as a 'spoon' – try slices of pepper or carrot; breadsticks; slices of pitta bread; and pieces of fruit like apple or mango. You'll also need a bowl filled with something to dip into, such as hummus or yoghurt.
2. Together, take it in turns to use the different foods to act as a spoon. Which makes the best spoon? Which makes the tastiest one?


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Classical colognes to start with appeared in Europe within the 17th century
The main fragrance labeled a "parfum" extract that has a substantial concentration of aromatic compounds was Guerlain's Jicky in 1889. Eau de Toilette appeared alongside parfum throughout the transform of the century. The EdP concentration and terminology is The latest. Parfum de toilette and EdP began to look in the seventies and received popularity in the eighties.Eventually, the time period "cologne" has entered the English language as a generic, overarching expression to denote a fragrance worn by a person, in spite of its concentration. The particular item worn by a person may technically be an eau de toilette, but he should still state that he "wears cologne". An identical issue surrounds the phrase "perfume", which may be Employed in a generic sense to seek advice from fragrances marketed to Females, whether or not the fragrance is actually an extrait.The wide range within the percentages of aromatic compounds that may be current in Just about every focus implies that the terminology of extrait, EdP, EdT, and EdC is kind of imprecise. Though an EdP will often be additional concentrated than an EdT and consequently an EdC, it's not constantly the case. Unique perfumeries or perfume homes assign distinct amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Hence, Even though the oil concentration of a perfume in EdP dilution will always be increased than precisely the same perfume in EdT from in just an organization's exact same vary, the particular quantities range among perfume residences. An EdT from a single house might have an increased concentration of aromatic compounds than an EdP from Yet another.
Also, some fragrances With all the exact same item title
But obtaining a distinct focus may well not only vary of their dilutions, but truly use different perfume oil mixtures entirely. As an example, in an effort to make the EdT Edition of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EdP, the EdT oil can be "tweaked" to consist of a little extra best notes or less foundation notes. Chanel No. 5 is an efficient case in point: its parfum, EdP, EdT, and now-discontinued EdC concentrations are in actual fact distinctive compositions (the parfum dates to 1921, whereas the EdP was not make my scent singapore created until finally the nineteen eighties). Sometimes, text for example extrême, extreme, or concentrée that might reveal a greater aromatic concentration are actually absolutely unique fragrances, connected only as a result of a similar perfume accord. An illustration of This can be Chanel's Pour Monsieur and Pour Monsieur Concentrée.Traditionally, Ladies's fragrances tended to obtain better amounts of aromatic compounds than Males's fragrances. Fragrances promoted to Guys were being generally offered as EdT or EdC, not often as EdP or perfume extracts. This really is changing in the trendy fragrance world, Particularly as fragrances are getting to be a lot more unisex. Women's fragrances used to be popular in all amounts of concentration, but currently are largely seen in parfum, EdP and EdT concentrations.
Perfume oils are often diluted having a solvent
Nevertheless this isn't often the situation, and its requirement is disputed. Undoubtedly the most common solvent for perfume-oil dilution is alcohol, ordinarily a combination of ethanol and h2o or even a rectified spirit. Perfume oil can be diluted by the use of neutral-smelling oils for instance fractionated coconut oil, or liquid waxes which include jojoba oil.The scents in the very best and Center notes are affected by The bottom notes; conversely, the scents of the base notes will probably be altered by the kinds of fragrance resources applied as Center notes. Producers who publish perfume notes generally accomplish that with the fragrance parts presented for a fragrance pyramid,[31] utilizing imaginative and summary phrases for the components shown.The term perfume derives in the Latin perfumare, this means "to smoke by means of".[two] Perfumery, given that the artwork of making perfumes, commenced in historic Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization and possibly Ancient China. It had been additional refined via the Romans along with the Arabs.The world's initially-recorded chemist is thought to be a girl named Tapputi, a perfume maker talked about in a very cuneiform pill through the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.[three] She distilled bouquets, oil, and calamus with other aromatics, then filtered and place them back within the continue to numerous times.Over the Indian subcontinent, perfume and perfumery existed while in the Indus civilization (3300 BC – 1300 BC).[five]


More than 200 Organizations Push Congress to Address Western Water Infrastructure
A national coalition of over 200 agricultural organizations and urban and rural water districts including the Western Agricultural Processors Association urged President-elect Joe Biden and congressional leadership today to address aging Western water infrastructure in any potential infrastructure or economic recovery package. The coalition includes organizations from 15 states that collectively represent $120 billion in agricultural production, nearly one-third of all agricultural production in the country, and tens of millions of urban and rural water users. In separate letters to President-elect Biden and congressional leaders, the coalition said existing Western water infrastructure is in desperate need of rehabilitation and improvement. Most of the federal water projects in the West were built more than 50 years ago and were not designed with the present and future population demands and climate conditions in mind. Without immediate attention, the coalition said, the Western water system will quickly prove inadequate to meet the needs of urban and rural users and the environment. The coalition encouraged the federal government to invest in a diversified water management portfolio that enhances water supply and quality for urban and environmental uses while keeping water flowing to Western farms. Specific recommendations include funding for:
- Water conservation.
- Water recycling, reuse and desalination projects.
- New water storage facilities, both surface and groundwater.
- Watershed management, fish passage and recovery, and habitat restoration.
- Federal financing mechanisms for water projects.
- Loans for local districts operating and maintaining federally owned irrigation projects.
- Water quality improvement for rural communities.
Beyond financial support, the coalition also called on the federal government to ensure the timely construction of water projects by streamlining the regulation and permitting processes. Association President/CEO Roger A. Isom stated the time is absolutely now! We have gone too many years without upgrades to our water infrastructure."
Click here for the letter to President-elect Joe Biden and click here for the letter to congressional leadership.
Welcome to WAPA
Governor Signs Ag Overtime Bill


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- An Illumina metabarcoding pipeline for fungi (2014)
- High-throughput metabarcoding studies on fungi and other eukaryotic microorganisms are rapidly becoming more frequent and more complex, requiring researchers to handle ever increasing amounts of raw sequence data. Here, we provide a flexible pipeline for pruning and analyzing fungal barcode (ITS rDNA) data generated as paired-end reads on Illumina MiSeq sequencers. The pipeline presented includes specific steps fine-tuned for ITS, that are mostly missing from pipelines developed for prokaryotes. It (1) employs state of the art programs and follows best practices in fungal high-throughput metabarcoding; (2) consists of modules and scripts easily modifiable by the user to ensure maximum flexibility with regard to specific needs of a project or future methodological developments; and (3) is straightforward to use, also in classroom settings. We provide detailed descriptions and revision techniques for each step, thus giving the user maximum control over data treatment and avoiding a black-box approach. Employing this pipeline will improve and speed up the tedious and error-prone process of cleaning fungal Illumina metabarcoding data.
- Seed Transmission of Pseudoperonospora cubensis (2014)
- Pseudoperonospora cubensis, an obligate biotrophic oomycete causing devastating foliar disease in species of the Cucurbitaceae family, was never reported in seeds or transmitted by seeds. We now show that P. cubensis occurs in fruits and seeds of downy mildew-infected plants but not in fruits or seeds of healthy plants. About 6.7% of the fruits collected during 2012–2014 have developed downy mildew when homogenized and inoculated onto detached leaves and 0.9% of the seeds collected developed downy mildew when grown to the seedling stage. This is the first report showing that P. cubensis has become seed-transmitted in cucurbits. Species-specific PCR assays showed that P. cubensis occurs in ovaries, fruit seed cavity and seed embryos of cucurbits. We propose that international trade of fruits or seeds of cucurbits might be associated with the recent global change in the population structure of P. cubensis.
- Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Pythium ultimum reveals original pathogenicity mechanisms and effector repertoire (2010)
- Background: Pythium ultimum (P. ultimum) is a ubiquitous oomycete plant pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases on a broad range of crop and ornamental species. Results: The P. ultimum genome (42.8 Mb) encodes 15,290 genes and has extensive sequence similarity and synteny with related Phytophthora species, including the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed expression of 86% of genes, with detectable differential expression of suites of genes under abiotic stress and in the presence of a host. The predicted proteome includes a large repertoire of proteins involved in plant pathogen interactions although surprisingly, the P. ultimum genome does not encode any classical RXLR effectors and relatively few Crinkler genes in comparison to related phytopathogenic oomycetes. A lower number of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were present compared to Phytophthora species, with the notable absence of cutinases, suggesting a significant difference in virulence mechanisms between P. ultimum and more host specific oomycete species. Although we observed a high degree of orthology with Phytophthora genomes, there were novel features of the P. ultimum proteome including an expansion of genes involved in proteolysis and genes unique to Pythium. We identified a small gene family of cadherins, proteins involved in cell adhesion, the first report in a genome outside the metazoans. Conclusions: Access to the P. ultimum genome has revealed not only core pathogenic mechanisms within the oomycetes but also lineage specific genes associated with the alternative virulence and lifestyles found within the pythiaceous lineages compared to the Peronosporaceae.
- Which Morphological Characteristics Are Most Influenced by the Host Matrix in Downy Mildews? A Case Study in Pseudoperonospora cubensis (2012)
- Before the advent of molecular phylogenetics, species concepts in the downy mildews, an economically important group of obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens, have mostly been based upon host range and morphology. While molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed a narrow host range for many downy mildew species, others, like Pseudoperonospora cubensis affect even different genera. Although often morphological differences were found for new, phylogenetically distinct species, uncertainty prevails regarding their host ranges, especially regarding related plants that have been reported as downy mildew hosts, but were not included in the phylogenetic studies. In these cases, the basis for deciding if the divergence in some morphological characters can be deemed sufficient for designation as separate species is uncertain, as observed morphological divergence could be due to different host matrices colonised. The broad host range of P. cubensis (ca. 60 host species) renders this pathogen an ideal model organism for the investigation of morphological variations in relation to the host matrix and to evaluate which characteristics are best indicators for conspecificity or distinctiveness. On the basis of twelve morphological characterisitcs and a set of twelve cucurbits from five different Cucurbitaceae tribes, including the two species, Cyclanthera pedata and Thladiantha dubia, hitherto not reported as hosts of P. cubensis, a significant influence of the host matrix on pathogen morphology was found. Given the high intraspecific variation of some characteristics, also their plasticity has to be taken into account. The implications for morphological species determination and the confidence limits of morphological characteristics are discussed. For species delimitations in Pseudoperonospora it is shown that the ratio of the height of the first ramification to the sporangiophore length, ratio of the longer to the shorter ultimate branchlet, and especially the length and width of sporangia, as well as, with some reservations, their ratio, are the most suitable characteristics for species delimitation.
- Gene loss rather than gene gain is associated with a host jump from monocots to dicots in the smut fungus Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum (2014)
- Smut fungi are well-suited to investigate the ecology and evolution of plant pathogens, as they are strictly biotrophic, yet cultivable on media. Here we report the genome sequence of Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum, closely related to Ustilago maydis and other Poaceae-infecting smuts, but parasitic to a dicot plant. To explore the evolutionary patterns resulting from host adaptation after this huge host jump, the genome of M. pennsylvanicum was sequenced and compared to the genomes of Ustilago maydis, Sporisorium reilianum, and Ustilago hordei. While all four genomes had a similar completeness in CEGMA analyses, gene absence was highest in M. pennsylvanicum, and most pronounced in putative secreted proteins, which are often considered as effector candidates. In contrast, the amount of private genes was similar among the species, highlighting that gene loss rather than gene gain is the hallmark of adaptation after the host jump to the dicot host. Our analyses revealed a trend of putative effectors to be next to another putative effector, but the majority of these are not in clusters and thus the focus on pathogenicity clusters might not be appropriate for all smut genomes. Positive selection studies revealed that M. pennsylvanicum has the highest number and proportion of genes under positive selection. In general, putative effectors showed a higher proportion of positively selected genes than non-effector candidates. The 248 putative secreted effectors found in all four smut genomes might constitute a core set needed for pathogenicity, while those 92 that are found in all grass-parasitic smuts, but have no ortholog in M. pennsylvanicum might constitute a set of effectors important for successful colonization of grass hosts.
- Oomyceten – schön, nützlich und gefährlich : sie sind überall zu finden und dennoch kaum bekannt (2010)
- Auf Pflanzen sind sie klein, unscheinbar und leicht verwechselbar. Den Betrachter betören sie beim Blick ins Mikroskop durch wunderschön geformte Sporenträger. Doch Oomyceten, die lange Zeit mit Pilzen verwechselt wurden, können als Pflanzenschädlinge beträchtlichen landwirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten. Die einzelnen Arten zu unterscheiden und ihre Wirtspflanzen zu kennen, ist eine Voraussetzung dafür, ihre Verbreitung zu kontrollieren. Denn auch in Europa könnten exotische Arten aufgrund der Erderwärmung heimisch werden – mit erwünschten und unerwünschten Folgen.


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LIBERO (Italy), DIE WELT (Germany), HEUTE, KLEINE ZEITUNG (Austria)
The tiny Greek island of Icaria is considering a referendum to break away from debt-saddled Greece, and become part of Austria, according to several European press reports. Icaria, which has a population of 8,000, could decide to become independent after its 100-year treaty with Athens expires later this year, Italian daily Libero reported.
The island, which is closer to mainland Turkey, became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, though the freedom lasted a mere five months, before becoming part of Greece in November of that year. It derived its name from Icarus, the son of the master craftsman Daedalus in Greek mythology, who famously fell into the sea nearby after flying too close to the sun.
Berlin-based daily Die Welt reported that a spokesperson for Icaria's mayor Stafrinadis Christodoulos, said: "Athens has forgotten us, therefore we're thinking about an accession to Austria."
Austria's daily Heute was warmed by the prospect of their very own beach in the heart of the Aegean Sea, with an online poll showing 83% in favor of annexation.
But the sun-deprived Austrians shouldn't trade in their snowboards for water skis too soon. Austria's Kleine Zeitung reported that the Greek embassy in Vienna issued a statement stating: "Article 12 of the Lausanne treaty of 1923 confirms that the islands of the eastern Aegean, including Ikaria, belong to Greece."
Is this about modern Greek finances gone awry, or is Icaria telling another eternal tale of hubris?
An ancient monastery in Icaria (Wikipedia)


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Assigning functions or uses to space is one of the most critical parts of the Facilities and Administrative (F&A) or indirect cost proposal. The results of the space survey determine how most of the facility costs in the F&A or indirect cost proposal (depreciation, interest, and operations and maintenance expenses) will allocate to the University's direct functions such as instruction and organized research. Because space has a substantial impact upon the F&A rate, it is essential to code each room with the correct function(s) listed below. Definitions of key functions follow.
- RSCH - Organized Research
- DR - Departmental Research
- INST - Instruction
- OSA - Other Sponsored Activities
- SLU - South Lake Union
- APL - Applied Physics Lab
- NPC - National Primate Center
- VESL - Research Vessel Support
- OIA - Other Institutional Activities
- CRC - Cost or Recharge Center
- PC - Patient Care
- JT - Joint Use (space only)
- VAC - Vacant (space only)
ORGANIZED RESEARCH (RSCH) includes all research and development activities of the University that are separately budgeted and accounted for on a specific project basis. Effort cost shared on an organized research project should also be considered organized research. Organized research activities include:
1. Research grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements sponsored by the Federal government and Non-Federal agencies and organizations (e.g. states, cities, foundations, corporations, etc.).
2. Research projects funded with University funds, which are separately budgeted and accounted for on a specific project basis (e.g. Royalty Research Funds).
3. Sponsored research training: The sponsored training of individuals in research techniques (commonly called research training).
4. All federally sponsored clinical trials and early stage (phase 1 or 2) non-federally funded clinical trials.
5. Research cost sharing: Cost sharing related to organized research projects that has been reported as cost sharing on effort reports.
Organized research projects are defined as projects that require a proposal or other application to obtain funding, have a defined scope of work associated with the project, anticipate a "deliverable" result, and require that periodic financial and progress reports be submitted to the sponsor.
For research labs coded with any percentage as Organized Research, documentation must identify the budget(s) (both sponsored and university funded) that paid the salaries or wages of the occupants of the lab for work done in that lab. Also, whenever a research lab is coded as organized research, names of the occupants who worked on the project must also be attached to the room record in GeoSIMS.
DEPARTMENTAL RESEARCH (DR) includes research, development, and scholarly activities that are not separately budgeted and accounted for on a specific project basis. This also includes start-up and bridge funding for researchers in between research projects. Departmental research is funded from budgets that are not restricted to a specific project. DR also includes space used by visiting scientists not paid by the UW, volunteers, and unpaid faculty emeriti performing research in lab spaces. The DR code is to help identify labs and other research facilities used for activities that do not meet the definition of Organized Research.
1. Non-sponsored Teaching and Training: This term includes all non-sponsored teaching and training activities, whether they are offered for credits toward a degree or certificate or on a non-credit basis. Instructional activities include classroom teaching, preparing and typing of examinations and instructional materials, and grading examinations and assignments.
2. Sponsored Non-Research Training: Sponsored training refers to specific instructional or training activities established by grant, contract, or cooperative agreement. [However, sponsored training of individuals in research techniques (commonly called research training) should be classified as organized research.]
OTHER SPONSORED ACTIVITIES (OSA) are programs and projects financed by Federal and non-Federal agencies and organizations that involve the performance of work other than instruction and organized research. Examples of OSA are health service projects, public service projects, late stage (phase 3 or 4) non-federal clinical trials, and public service conferences.
OTHER INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES (OIA) include all activities not covered by any of the other functional definitions described above. This includes auxiliary enterprises, such as the operations of residence halls, dining halls, student unions, intercollegiate and intramural athletics, bookstores, faculty housing, student apartments, guest houses, theaters, public museums, community relations and development, and other similar auxiliary enterprises. This also includes space used by faculty and staff paid directly by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
COST OR RECHARGE CENTER (CRC) includes activities that support formally established recharge centers and cost centers or other departmental revenue activities not otherwise considered Other Institutional Activities (OIA)
PATIENT CARE (PC) includes those activities directly involved with the delivery of patient care (e.g., University Medical Center and clinics). The space associated with residents in the School of Medicine should be coded as PC.
JOINT USE (JT) designates space used for multiple functions, the proportions of which cannot be determined with a high degree of accuracy. Departmental offices, TA/RA offices, conference rooms, and other multipurpose rooms such as departmental copy rooms, lounges, kitchens, and departmental libraries are examples of space that should be designated as Joint Use. Joint Use space will automatically be assigned functions in the same proportions as departmental salaries and wages. For example, if 15% of a department's salaries and wages are charged directly to organized research grants, then 15% of that department's joint use space will be classified as organized research.
Unlike other functional use codes, the use of "Joint Use" is restricted by federal guidelines to either 100% or 0%. Assigned space cannot be partially Joint Use.
Questions? Please contact Management Accounting and Analysis at _EMAIL_.


Urinating Swimmers Blamed for Dead Fish
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By Myles Collier, Christian Post Contributor
May 15, 2012|3:10 pm
German officials have banned locals from entering a lake in northern Germany while they determine if reports of swimmers urinating in the lake have caused the lakes fish to die.
Eichbaum Lake is currently being studied by researchers who believe that a large amount of human urine is responsible for an algae bloom that killed off an estimated 500 fish.
"Swimmers who urinate in the lake are introducing a lot of phosphate" that can lead to algae blooms, a spokesman for the Hamburger Angling Association told Bild newspaper.
"We're calculating half a liter of urine per swimmer per day," he said.
Swimmers are currently banned from the lake due to the high levels of algae, but the city's Urban Development and Environment Authority (BSU) is trying to re-open the lake to swimmers by the time the summer season starts.
In order to identify exactly what is causing the fish to die off, the BSU is requesting the help of a local university to test the urinating hypothesis.
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Local media reports have stated that it was not just the "urinators" that were responsible, but the combination of natural causes and a frozen lake.
In the winter time the lake freezes over and is used by many for ice skating. The ice skating may actually disrupt the fish while they are hibernating, leading to their deaths.
"The ice-skaters make a noise that wakes the fish out of hibernation," BSU spokeswoman Kerstin Graupner told the Local. "Then they can't breathe and freeze. That's a very common phenomenon."
She added that their bodies are only now being found.
Urine, however, is being considered a real threat to the health of the lakes ecosystem. The blog i09 explained that phosphates found in human urine work in a similar fashion as fertilizer which can lead to explosive algae growth.
When levels of algae increase the plants absorb all of the oxygen in the water, which then leads to the fish suffocating.
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How does New Zealand's education system compare? OECD's Education at a Glance 2010
Every year, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publishes Education at a Glance, a set of indicators that compares the education systems of its member countries, and participating partner countries.
The report How does New Zealand's education system compare? draws on the New Zealand data in Education at a Glance 2010 and summarises the characteristics and performance of New Zealand's education system in an international context.
Author(s): David Scott, Paul Gini, Strategy and System Performance [Ministry of Education]
Date Published: September 2010
Please consider the environment before printing the contents of this report.
Downloads / Links
For more publication-related information, please email the: Information Officer Mailbox
- At a glance
- 1. Introduction
- 2. New Zealand's investment in education
- 3. How many in our population are studying?
- 4. How educated are we?
- 5. The economic benefits of education in NZ
- 6. The social benefits of education in NZ
- 7. Our youth
- 8. NZ'ers in tertiary study overseas & overseas tertiary students in NZ
- 9. Staffing resources


Effects of Climate Change on Women
Dimitrov, B. E. George. 2019. "Effects of Climate Change on Women." Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary 4 (5): 210-5.
Author: B. E. George Dimitrov
Women hold half of the world population which is considered as one of the largest human resource in the organized and unorganized sectors. Though they share equal population with men they are often considered to be weak and vulnerable. In many circumstances they are often exploited, discriminated in the grounds of gender and their rights are being neglected. Most of the worlds developed and under developed nations has the large disparity of women participation in politics, decision making, policy and advocacy are not yet reached them, instead all the positions are occupied by men. The countries which are highly developed in economy, science and technology do not have proper representation.
Keywords: climate change, women, vulnerability, health
Topics: Environment, Climate Change, Gender, Health, Political Participation
Year: 2019


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This activity can be used to discuss protective factors, resiliency, and self-esteem (finding beauty in the imperfections). By using a shell as a symbol of the body, nature can be used as a healing agent in therapy.
- (For religious teens and to use this activity for grief, pair with book: My Beautiful Broken Shell: Words of Hope to Refresh the Soul by Carol Hamblet Adams)
- Seashells (at least 3.5″, white, flat surfaces are best. Have multiple so client can choose)
- Primary paint colors (acrylic or water-color)
- Small paintbrushes
- Water (for cleaning brushes)
- Paint palette or paper plate
- Begin by asking, "How are our bodies like shells?"
Begin the dialogue with clients of how shells protect animals in nature the way our bodies protect ourselves.
"Shells are symbols of protection."
"Shells all used to have animals living in them."
"Some shells still have animals in them and they are in the sea."
"Other shells have washed up on the beach, like your shell," (point to shell in front of child). "Just like us, shells are all different and they've all been through different things."
"Even though some shells may have cracks or be worn down from the ocean, they are still strong and beautiful with stories to tell."
2. Next, have the client think of a happy memory, safe place, or relaxing scene.
This step is about how a child/teen can use the shell as a reminder of protection and embracing imperfections.
The shells can also be used as grounding items when a client is upset or needs comforting. You may choose to facilitate this step by first discussing and practicing mindfulness.
Instruct the client that they are free to paint any images or symbols that bring them peace and feelings of protection.
3. Discuss while painting.
While the client is painting, you can engage in a dialogue about what protection means to them and how they feel protected. Or for other clients, how even the imperfect shells can still be beautiful and have stories to tell.
"Since this shell represents safety and protection, you might consider keeping it in your safe space. Where are you planning on keeping your shell?"
"Who keeps you safe?" (Or for teens, "How do you keep yourself safe?")
"Which safe place are you choosing to paint?" etc.
Some kids may want to show their shell to their caregiver and explain what the shell means to him or her.
Example of using inspirational words and safe places on shells.
Have the Client think of a special place in his/her home to keep the shell as a daily reminder of protective factors, motivating words, and safe places.
Want more therapeutic activities?


$ 0.247 2.44%
Kryll (KRL) Rank 894
Market Cap $12.21 M
Volume 24H 31926 KRL
Open 24H $0.241
Low/High $0.241 - $0.249
Compare to
Mkt.Cap $ 12.21 M Volume 24H 31,926.00 KRL
Market share 0% Total Supply 49.42 M KRL
Proof type N/A Open $ 0.24
Low $ 0.24 High $ 0.25
Date Price Volume
Overfishing of krill threatens ocean ecosystem
It's a Plankton Eat Plankton World
Kryll description
Krill are caught with midwater trawls. These are trawls that do not come into contact with the seabed and fishing typically takes place at depths up to 200 m, although it can occur at depths down to 600 m. The depth of fishing tends to follow a fairly regular pattern of being deeper during the day and shallower at night in response to the vertical migration of krill towards the surface at night. Similarly, there is a tendency for fishing to be deeper during winter than in the summer, and this may reflect some seasonal changes in the depth distribution of krill.
Kryll description
In I. Hempel; G. Hempel (eds.). Biologie der Polarmeere – Erlebnisse und Ergebnisse (Biology of the Polar Oceans Experiences and Results). Species of the genus Thysanoessa occur in both Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[19] The Pacific is home to Euphausia pacifica.
This is more than the mass of all the humans on Earth. "Swimming and feeding of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba – some outstanding energetics and dynamics - some unique morphological details". On the biology of krill Euphausia superba – Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group. Berichte zur Polarforschung. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research.
Kryll description Kryll description
Krill are crustaceans of the Euphausiacea order, which consists of 86 different species. Plankton, on the other hand, can come from a wide variety of different species and orders. Plankton fall into three broad categories, depending on their primary function. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms, capable of photosynthesis.
Kryll description
"The upshot of all this is that instead of one fleet catching 100,000 tons in a season, one boat can catch 100,000 tons in one season," said Gerry Leape, director of the Antarctic Krill Conservation Project. He said the commission had created guidelines that managed how and where krill were caught to try to minimize the impact on whales, seals and other predators. The idea is to spread out the catch once it reaches a certain size, particularly in the south Atlantic, where the bulk of the krill fishing occurs. The marine crustacean krill (order Euphausiacea) has not been a traditional food in the human diet.
What's fascinating is that jellyfish are also plankton, both the ones that float on the surface like the blue bottles and the ones deeper down like the Moon jellyfish. What's more fascinating is that the largest bone fish in the world the Sun fish or Mola mola is a plankton. Most scientists don't want to call it a fish but plankton.
Kryll description
Determining whether these changes are due to climate change, the long-term effects of historical (pre-CCAMLR) harvesting or current fishing activities remains a very active area of scientific debate. Each of the 25 Members of CCAMLR makes decisions about who to include on their delegation to each of the meetings depending on the issues for discussion. All CCAMLR delegations include scientists, some include fishermen (remember that many of the Members of CCAMLR are not actively engaged in fishing for krill in the Antarctic at the moment). A range of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are also represented at the meetings of the Scientific Committee and the Commission. Because decisions are made by consensus in CCAMLR, there needs to be unanimous agreement between Members for those decisions to be made.
Zooplankton play a crucial role in the marine food web as the primary herbivores that feed on the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are too small to be eaten by larger marine animals, and zooplankton provide an important link between the primary producers and the larger consumers. Some zooplankton species are permanently free-floating in the water column; others may only be present for short periods of their life cycle, for example, sea stars in their larval stage. Sea stars are therefore considered zooplankton for this stage of their life cycle, but their adult form is a benthic animal.
 - In winter they have to use other sources such as algae which grow on the underside of the ice, on the sea-floor.
 - Phytoplankton get their energy directly from the sun using photosynthesis, just like plants.
 - Since then, Japan is one of the top producers, but facing stiff competition by other countries.
Kryll description
What is krill?
How much krill is being caught?
Krill meat is 100% natural product feed on by penguins, fish, sea birds and whales. And it is krill that is one of the key species in the region's ecosystem. The biomass of the entire species is estimated at 500 million tons. Krill usually live at a depth of 100–200 meters, although some species also live deeper.
Suspension feeders actively capture food particles from the water which travel in close proximity, by using (stinging) tentacles. This strategy has been adopted by members from the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa class, such as scleractinian corals, octocorals and crinoids.
How do you catch plankton?
The Molas can grow up to 3000kg and when reproducing they lay over 3 million eggs. This world record holder in amount of eggs and body size for a bone fish is also the largest plankton of the ocean.
Kryll description
This is due to the fact (as the picture show) that the Mola don't have a back fin, they have a long dorsal fin and anal fin. These two fins help them manoeuvre in the water but are not strong enough to swim against the current.
Kryll description
Is krill a decomposer?
Krill are species of crustacean related to shrimp, and serve as a very important link in the food chain of the sea. Plankton consist of a larger group of organisms with much more variety, including bacteria, algae, protozoans, jellyfish and some species of cephalopods.
Zooplankton are animal plankton species that get their nutrients by eating other microscopic organisms. Bacterioplankton are the smallest plankton, and often serve as food for zooplankton and other lifeforms. The pack ice provides natural cave-like features which the krill uses to evade their predators. In the years of low pack ice conditions the krill tend to give way to salps,[27] a barrel-shaped free-floating filter feeder that also grazes on plankton.
Kryll description
Dense swarms contain so many krill that they are visible in satellite images. Many predators take advantage of swarms for feeding frenzies. Except for the species Bentheuphausia amblyops, krill are bioluminescent. The light is emitted by organs called photophores.
1. Krill Facts Center
Kryll description
Where does red krill oil come from?
Most predators eat more than one type of food and most prey are eaten by more than one type of animal. A Great White Shark eats tuna, seals and sea turtles as well as lots of other animals. Plankton is eaten by Blue Whales, shrimps and jellyfish as well as lots of other animals.
"Euphausia crystallorophias". Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. University of California, San Diego. J. Mauchline; L. R. Fisher (1969). Krill typically follow a diurnal vertical migration.
Krill is comprised of two families the largest of which is Euphausiidae which contains 20 different genra, the largest of which is the Euphausia. The other family of Krill is the Bentheuphausia ampblyops, which lives in the deep waters (below 3,330 feet) and are the most primitive species of krill. Mark Kinver (April 12, 2011). "Penguins suffer as Antarctic krill declines". "Krill fights for survival as sea ice melts".
Bacterioplankton are the free-floating bacteria that live throughout the water column. They are preyed upon by smaller zooplankton. Some of the bacteria in this group are autotrophic and produce their own food through photosynthesis. Others are heterotrophic and rely on other organisms for food. Bacterioplankton play an important role in the food web, breaking down organic material and making nutrients available for the phytoplankton.
What are the characteristics of plankton?
One common method for collecting a plankton sample is to tow the net horizontally using a low-speed boat. Before collecting the plankton, the net should be rinsed with the


flunk out. When a law school fills a first year class, it tries to maximize the number who will do well and minimize the number who do poorly. The obvious answer, admit as many high LSAT scorers as possible. (Most law schools do take other factors in consideration, mostly undergraduate grades. The correlation between ugpa and law school success is much weaker than for LSAT, but the two in combination is slightly more predictive than either one alone. But, LSAT is the primary determinant in admissions at most law schools--at least those law schools which cannot fill the entire entering class with students with 170 or better LSATs such as is likely at Yale.) I teach at a law school with "wobbles" between second and third tier status on the USNews listings (though our median and quartile LSATs are well up into the second tier) and if we wanted to double the number of African-American students actually enrolled we would have to accept students in the low 140s are even high 130s LSATs to reach this goal. Based on past statistics, the likelihood that very many of these students would graduate and become successful lawyers is very small.
One commentator suggests that even a small increase in African-American lawyers is better than none. Perhaps so, but at what cost. Most law schools cost in the neighborhood of $30,000 a year, and while there are some scholarships (especially at top tier law schools) the "additional" African-Americans admitted at lower tier schools are likely to have to finance their entire education. There is also income lost by postponing alternative employment. Thus, most of the cost of African-American students who fail is going to be borne by segments of the African-American community. If ninety percent of the African-American admittees admitted to top tier or near top tier law schools succeed, very likely that, overall, it is good for the African-American community as a whole (especially since at top tier law schools there is likely to be generous financial aid). But if only half succeed at a lower tier law school, is this a worthwhile bargain for the African-American community? (I have at least one colleague who thinks so.) But I think it is far more questionable as to the worth to the African-American community if only 20% or 10% succeed. If one out of five succeeds, the resources of the African-American community has had to invest close to a half-million dollars for each successful lawyer, and that doesn't count the psychological cost to those who failed. That is a moral question upon which I think it would be interesting to hear the opinion of the ABA.
I'm not convinced that he quite has all the numbers right, but I do think his comment reflects the growing discomfort by many professors at law schools outside the top tier, including professors who generally favor affirmative action, that "diversity" requirements that fail to account for the relevant applicant pool are forcing schools to admit students whom the schools know are statistically unlikely to ever become attorneys. Professor McKaskle makes additional interesting, related points. Read the whole thing.
Proposal to Forbid Law Schools from Relying on the LSAT:
Here are details of a proposal to prohibit law schools from relying on the LSAT, because of the "disparate impact" the test has on African American and Mexican law school applicants. This proposal will be brought to the relevant ABA committee in June. I wouldn't normally give this a snowball's chance of passing, but who would have thought that the relevant ABA committee would pass a proposal that blatantly misconstrues Grutter and requires law schools to disobey the law, all in pursuit of "diversity"?
There are three noteworthy oddities in the memo (by Prof. Vernellia Randall) accompanying the proposal. The first is that it states that the "LSAC recently reported that virtually no law school is implementing Grutter." Given that all Grutter did was allow (but not require) law schools to use racial prefernces to achieve racial diversity if they have determined that racial diversity is a compelling educational interest, it's not clear what "implementing Grutter" could possibly mean. My best guess is that Prof. Randall (who is webmaster of the bizarre "Whitest Law Schools" website) seems to associate Grutter with the idea that every law school should have a "critical mass" of Black and Latino students. Grutter certainly allows law schools to pursue a "critical mass" under the circumstances noted above, but doesn't require them to, and indeed forbids it for reasons other than the "diversity as a compelling educational interest" rationale.
Another oddity is the claim that law schools are relying too heavily on the LSATs at the expense of minority students to raise their ranking in U.S. News, which uses schools' LSATs in its ranking. (She writes: "Perhaps the most pervasive reason is that many schools are undertaking a crude attempt to increase their ranking in the U.S. News and World Report at the expense of admission of minorities.") I've heard this claim often, and I'm sure that part of what is motivating the ABA's recent aggressive actions against law schools without "enough" minorities is the view of some professors that law schools who aren't taking their "fair share" of African-American students are shirking, and are benefitting in the US News rankings at more "progressive" (what is progressive about admitting and then failing out Black students?) schools' expense.
This view, however, neglects how U.S. News works. Average LSATs are irrelevant. Rather, the magazine has traditionally looked at median LSATs (last year they switched to 25 and 75 percentile scores). If you simply replace your lowest LSAT white students with even lower LSAT Black or Latino students this will have no effect on your median (or 25th or 75th percentile, unless a school already has 25% plus Blacks and Latinos) LSAT. Thus, schools that do not engage in vigorous affirmative action preference policies are not getting any meaningful competitive advantage from U.S. News.
The third oddity is the concern only with inputs (number of minority students being admitted to law schools) and not with outputs (how many actually graduate and pass the bar). As I've noted before, at many law schools more than half of African American matriculants never become attorneys. Shouldn't this problem be dealt with before requiring law schools to change their standards to favor even less-academically ready applicants?
Update on the ABA's New "Diversity" Standard:
The Michigan Daily has an informative (albeit, as you might expect, rather Michigan-centric) story on the standard, noting criticism by me that the standard is intended to and will have the effect of requiring some law schools [the author says "small"; I tried to get across "resource poor" and "non-elite"] to break the law. The article also contains interesting quotes from Michigan Law School Dean Evan Caminker, who is critical of the ABA's growing tendency to micromanage law schools.
I've heard that many law school deans have become fed up with questionable and expensive policies imposed on them by the ABA, including pressure to tenure law librarians, clinicians, and legal writing professors; pressure to keep even non-"productive" faculty members' teaching loads low; pressure to limit the use of adjuncts; pressure on law schools that have tried their darnedness to attract minority students to spend more and more of their scarce resources on that goal; and so on. If the ABA leadership thinks that the law school establishment is going to rally to its defense on the "diversity" issue, I think it is sadly mistaken. Having abused its accreditation powers for so long in so many ways, there isn't much of a reservoir of support for the ABA to call on.
Relatedly, the ABA's authority to accredit law schools for federal law purposes for is up for renewal at the Department of Education. I learn from John Rosenberg, via the Chronicle of Higher Education, that the Center for Individual Rights, Center for Equal Opportunity (text here), and the National Association of Scholars (text here) have all written to the DOE arguing that unless the ABA is willing to give up its new, illegal diversity rules, reaccreditation should be denied. The Rosenberg link contains some choice quotes.
The Center for Equal Opportunity has also asked the DOE to procure the help of the Justice Department in investigating the ABA for violating federal law.


text:
In order to keep your board healthy and increase the useful life of any wooden cutting board you must follow these three steps.
- Never submerge your board in water or place it in a dish-washing machine
- Oil it regularly with mineral oil, butcher block oil or organic flax seed oil. The general rule of thumb is about once a month if possible.
- Clean immediately after use with hot water and a small amount of soap, then wipe dry and lean against a wall or other object to air dry


text:
Giant Spanish slugs have been mating with their British counterparts to create a mutant strain of "superslugs".
The Spanish molluscs are thought to have arrived in the UK in salads during the summer months, and have already spread all the way across the country to Wales.
The Mirror reports that they can grow up to 15cm in length, and produce hundreds more eggs than the typical British slug, which could spell trouble for the indigenous slug population.
Slug expert Les Noble of Aberdeen University said: "These slugs are like conquistadors were to the Aztecs. Native slugs can't keep pace and may become extinct.
"They are simply being overrun and when you consider the Spanish slug will happily make a meal out of a dead rabbit as much as out of dog muck you can see why they are so successful.
"We have already seen when these slugs move into an area, the native slugs vanish almost immediately. They can wipe out whole crops and prevent them growing there again."
A 72-year-old from Wales has claimed to have seen the giant slugs in her garden "eating snails", and added: "Our dog caught one, it was so big I thought it was a mouse."


text:
Jorn van Hezik was born in 1989 in Amsterdam Holland.
"Take a fresh look at the clouds, the colors of sky at sunset and sunrise. Look at the plants, trees, leaves, flowers and how they sway when wind blows! Look at water how it shakes and shapes itself in the vessel it's stored. Look at numerous forms of life; insects, animals, birds and human. This will clear off the dead memories and monotony that kills the joy of living."


Those who fail to plan...
I've found that the old adage of "Those who fail to plan, plan to fail", is easily modified to state:
As a Quality Management System (QMS) auditor and consultant, I've visited many companies during my career… including several Fortune 500 companies. And I've observed that MANY of the nonconformities identified, whether internally or from external QMS auditors, have similar root causes. This is so common that some "Corrective Action" software databases include a selection of "typical" root causes in a "Drop-Down List" - presumably in a misguided effort to assist management in creating Pareto charts to identify the "significant few" from the "trivial many" root causes.
When Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is reduced to simply identifying the proper "Drop-Down List" selection, it becomes obvious that the difference between "common cause variation" and "special cause variation" is not understood. This indicates a fundamentally flawed QMS!
One of the best and most effective tools for performing a structured RCA is the Ishikawa Fishbone chart (shown below). Fishbone charts typically categorize problems through the 6 Ms (Manpower, Materials, Measurements, Machines, Methods & Mother Nature) that originated with Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System.
 Ishikawa Fishbone Chart
And Fishbone charts are commonly used as a structured approach to identifying "Failure Modes" in a FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis).
Had a series of PFMEAs (Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) been completed during the planning stage, virtually all of the "root causes" (special cause variations) would have been eliminated before they were realized. And where issues are identified that contribute to process "common cause variation" (that can only be eliminated through changing the process), the PFMEA will be helpful in identifying actions to "mitigate" the likelihood of occurrence and/or the severity of its impact.
Very few of the companies I've visited have ever performed any PFMEAs as part of their planning. IF they had, then the costs associated with their product returns, customer complaints, and performing individual Root Cause Analysis (RCAs) and Corrective Actions would have been dramatically reduced.
Below are some common examples of "Failure Modes" categorized within the 6 Ms:
Category Failure Mode
Personnel Training Content (e.g., incomplete, confusing/cryptic, obsolete)
Training not updated to stay aligned with process changes (e.g., new equipment)
Instructor Knowledge / Competence (Lack of a "Train the Trainer" program)
Trainee Comprehension / Understanding (Lack of, or inadequate testing)
Trainee Competence (Ineffective of demonstration of competence)
Requirements not communicated (due to ineffective communication between functions & Personnel)
Materials Incorrect material received - due to incorrect specifications communicated to the supplier
Incorrect material received - due to inadequate control of changes to orders
Incorrect material received - due to unauthorised substitution
Nonconforming material received - due to inadequate material acceptance inspection requirements
Nonconforming material received - due to no acceptance inspection/verification performed on material
Nonconforming material - due to incorrect, incomplete, or missing identification
Nonconforming material - due to improper handling packaging (damage)
Nonconforming material - due to improper storage of materials (damage or spoilage)
Nonconforming material - due to Material shelf life exceeded
Measurements Tolerances not clearly specified
Tolerances are specified, but not achievable with existing equipment
Inadequate performance measurement and assessment
Process Capability is unknown
Equipment Improper or Inadequate Measuring and/or Test Equipment (e.g., lacking accuracy, past its calibration due date)
Equipment not under a Preventive Maintenance Program
Methods No documented procedures/work instructions exists for process
Procedures/work instructions not readily available to personnel
Procedures/work instructions do not include clear revision levels (to determine the applicable version)
Inadequate recall/removals of obsolete procedures/work instructions
Environment Lighting (e.g., Lack of defined requirements for illumination)
Temperature and/or humidity requirements not defined for material(s) and/or process(es)
Temperature and/or humidity requirements exceeded but not being monitored or reported
Foreign Object Debris / Damage (FOD)
So why isn't your company performing PFMEAs?


text:
This lavishly illustrated volume describes the 1594 triumphal entry of Archduke Ernst of Austria into Belgium. The description was written by Jan Boch, the scholarly town clerk of Antwerp, and the images were engraved by Pieter van der Borcht. Van der Borcht is best known for his engraved depictions of boisterous peasant scenes, but he also had a career producing mythological scenes and recording historical events, as demonstrated here. This book was printed by Plantin Press, one of the great Dutch printing houses of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By the time the "Descriptio publicae gratulationis" was published, the firm was run by Christophe Plantin's widow, Jeanne Rivière, and his son-in-law and heir, Jan Moretus.
Illustrated: p. 113, "Schema Elephanti"


text:
Transcription, Perception, and Meaning
Jonathan G. Secora Pearl
Linguistics Colloquium, May 18, 2006
University of California—Santa Barbara
Music and language are twin aspects of civilization, found in all known human cultures, across time and place, embracing us from our earliest days until the ends of our lives. Speaking and singing are found everywhere and everywhen. Wherein lies the distinction?
The greatest difficulty in answering this foundational question is that we are often deceived by written forms of music and language into believing our object dwells within them, rather than in the sounds that inspire them. On the page, these materials appear far more distinct than they do in sound. Text without context is a world without air; yet context alone remains the unanalyzable chaos of everyday experience. The trick is to find the balance between too much detail, and too little.


text:
Now I don't have to delete all those important ^#$#*&# PMs... yet...
Thank you Magister!!!
Helium II is a superfluid, a quantum mechanical state of matter with strange properties.
The thermal conductivity of helium II is greater than that of any other known substance, a million times that of helium I and hundred of times that of copper. This is because heat conduction occurs via a quantum mechanism.
Second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion, rather than by the usual mechanism of diffusion. Heat takes the place of pressure in normal sound waves. This leads to very high thermal conductivity. It's known as "second sound" because the wave motion of heat is similar to the propagation of sound in air.
Sound waves are fluctuations in the density of molecules in a substance; second sound waves are fluctuations in the density of phonons. Second sound can be observed in any system in which most phonon-phonon collisions conserve momentum. This occurs in superfluids and in dielectric crystals when Umklapp scattering is small.