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This week, researchers from Norway have reported that people who take part in or attend 'cultural' activities tend to have better physical and mental health. And cultural activities are defined as creative – such as playing music or drawing; and they're defined as receptive – such as going to the theatre, a museum and watching sport.
Publishing in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Koenraad Cuypers and his team sent surveys to tens of thousands of people in a rural region of Norway asking questions about their activities, happiness and perceived health. The researchers then took the results, ran some statistical tests and found this association between cultural activities and health.
Cuypers, who's from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, found that it was especially men in whom this relationship was most apparent. More than females, males reported higher levels of satisfaction, happiness and better perceived health if they took part in the receptive activities such as watching sport or going to a museum.
They also found that people in lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to attend either type of cultural activity, and that women were especially happy if they took part in more creative forms of culture. In addition, people tended to take part in more cultural activities the older they became up until they reached their forties, when it started to decline again.
The researchers stress they can't identify a causative relationship; they don't know if a bit of culture makes you happier or if happier/healthier people tend to involve more culture in their lives.


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How do blueprints facilitate communication among construction professionals?
In the field of construction, effective communication is crucial for the successful completion of a project. Blueprints play a vital role in facilitating this communication among construction professionals. Blueprints, also known as construction drawings, are detailed technical drawings that provide a visual representation of a building or structure.
Here are some key ways in which blueprints facilitate communication among construction professionals⁚
Visualization and Clarity
Blueprints provide a clear and accurate visual representation of the project, allowing construction professionals to visualize the end result. They include detailed information about the dimensions, layout, and specifications of the building, enabling all stakeholders to have a shared understanding of the project.
These drawings include various types of views, such as floor plans, elevations, sections, and details, which provide a comprehensive understanding of the project's design. This visual clarity helps construction professionals to communicate effectively and make informed decisions during the construction process.
Coordination and Collaboration
Blueprints serve as a common reference point for all professionals involved in the construction project, including architects, engineers, contractors, and subcontractors. They help in coordinating and collaborating with different teams and trades, ensuring that everyone is working towards the same goal.
By providing a detailed representation of the project, blueprints enable professionals to identify potential clashes or conflicts in the design or construction process. This early identification of issues allows for timely resolution and prevents costly rework or delays.
Specification and Compliance
Blueprints contain essential information about the materials, finishes, and construction methods to be used in the project. This specification ensures that all professionals have a clear understanding of the required standards and quality expectations.
Moreover, blueprints also incorporate relevant building codes, regulations, and industry standards. This compliance information helps construction professionals to ensure that the project meets all legal and safety requirements.
Estimation and Cost Control
Blueprints provide construction professionals with the necessary information to estimate the cost of the project accurately. They include details about the quantity and types of materials required, as well as the complexity of the design.
By having a clear understanding of the project's requirements, construction professionals can develop accurate cost estimates and budgets. This enables effective cost control throughout the construction process, preventing cost overruns and ensuring the project remains within budget.
Documentation and Record-Keeping
Blueprints serve as essential documentation and record-keeping tools throughout the construction project. They provide a historical record of the project's design and construction, which can be referred to for future maintenance, renovations, or additions.
Additionally, blueprints can be used to communicate changes or modifications to the project. Construction professionals can update the drawings with revisions, ensuring that everyone involved has access to the latest information.
Blueprints are valuable tools that facilitate communication among construction professionals. They provide a visual representation of the project, promoting visualization and clarity. Blueprints also aid in coordination, specification, estimation, and documentation, enhancing collaboration, compliance, cost control, and record-keeping.
By utilizing blueprints, construction professionals can effectively communicate their ideas, plans, and requirements, leading to successful construction projects that meet the desired objectives.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Overview of content related to 'further education'
This page provides an overview of 1 article related to 'further education'. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters.
Further education (often abbreviated "FE", called continuing education in U.S. English) is a term mainly used in connection with education in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It is post-compulsory education (in addition to that received at secondary school), that is distinct from the education offered in universities (higher education). It may be at any level above compulsory education, from basic training to Higher National Diploma or Foundation Degree. A distinction is usually made between FE and higher education ("HE") which is education at a higher level than secondary school, usually provided in distinct institutions such as universities. FE in the United Kingdom therefore includes education for people over 16, usually excluding universities. It is primarily taught in FE colleges (which are similar in concept to United States community colleges, and sometimes use "community college" in their title), work-based learning, and adult and community learning institutions. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Further education)
See our 'further education' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. For visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our 'further education' usage charts.
Ariadne contributors most frequently referring to 'further education':

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Australia; Indigenous peoples; missionaries; history; Catholic Church; Lutheranism; Pallottines
"This book covers the missionary activity in Australia conducted by non-English speaking missionaries from Catholic and Protestant mission societies from its beginnings to the end of the mission era. It looks through the eyes of the missionaries and their helpers, as well as incorporating Indigenous perspectives and offering a balanced assessment of missionary endeavour in Australia, attuned to the controversies that surround mission history. It means neither to condemn nor praise, but rather to understand the various responses of Indigenous communities, the intentions of missionaries, the agendas of the mission societies and the many tensions besetting the mission endeavour. It explores a common commitment to the supernatural and the role of intermediaries like local diplomats and evangelists from the Pacific Islands and Philippines, and emphasises the strong role played by non-English speakers in the transcultural Australian mission effort.
This book is a companion to the website German Missionaries in Australia – A web-directory of intercultural encounters. The web-directory provides detailed accounts of Australian missions staffed with German speakers. The book reads laterally across the different missions and produces a completely different type of knowledge about missions. The book and its accompanying website are based on a decade of research ranging across mission archives with foreign-language sources that have not previously been accessed for a historiography of Australian missions.
'A remarkable intellectual achievement, compelling reading.'
— Dr Niel Gunson
'The range of knowledge on display here is very impressive indeed.'
— Professor Peter Monteath"
如果您有任何问题，请随时与我们联系，谢谢。The Contest for Aboriginal Souls 内容均搜集于网络，本身不存储任何资源，如侵犯到您的权益，请提交反馈，我们将配合您第一时间删除。


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Are creative people more adept at justifying immoral behavior, and thereby more likely to transgress ethical boundaries? Or does unethical behavior require people to be more inventive, causing them to be more imaginative?
Whatever the relationship between creativity and immorality, a growing body of evidence suggests that the two are, in fact, linked. Over on Scientific American, Travis Riddle has written a great in-depth feature exploring what he calls "the dark side of creativity." We've included the introduction to the article here, but you'll definitely want to head over to SciAm for the whole piece.
In the mid 1990's, Apple Computers was a dying company. Microsoft's Windows operating system was overwhelmingly favored by consumers, and Apple's attempts to win back market share by improving the Macintosh operating system were unsuccessful. After several years of debilitating financial losses, the company chose to purchase a fledgling software company called NeXT. Along with purchasing the rights to NeXT's software, this move allowed Apple to regain the services of one of the company's founders, the late Steve Jobs. Under the guidance of Jobs, Apple returned to profitability and is now the largest technology company in the world, with the creativity of Steve Jobs receiving much of the credit.
However, despite the widespread positive image of Jobs as a creative genius, he also has a dark reputation for encouraging censorship, "losing sight of honesty and integrity", belittling employees, and engaging in other morally questionable actions. These harshly contrasting images of Jobs raise the question of why a CEO held in such near-universal positive regard could also be the same one accused of engaging in such contemptible behavior. The answer, it turns out, may have something to do with the aspect of Jobs which is so admired by so many.
In a recent paper published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers at Harvard and Duke Universities demonstrate that creativity can lead people to behave unethically. In five studies, the authors show that creative individuals are more likely to be dishonest, and that individuals induced to think creatively were more likely to be dishonest. Importantly, they showed that this effect is not explained by any tendency for creative people to be more intelligent, but rather that creativity leads people to more easily come up with justifications for their unscrupulous actions.


Room Integrity Testing
How do we protect valuable assets from the risk of fire?
Room Integrity Testing plays a critical part in mitigating this risk. A fire within your company building could have serious business ramifications, so we are all used to operating in a way that reduces fire-risk when at work.
Sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers can protect lives by releasing water at the site of fires. But when it comes to protecting the most valuable equipment in a building, water can cause as much damage as a fire, so a different approach must be used.
Room Integrity Testing
This approach is known as Gaseous Fire Suppression, which can work in one of two ways.
 - By displacing some of the Oxygen by releasing an inert gas into the enclosure, i.e Argon, CO2 or IG-55
 - By reducing the heat of the fire and thereby reducing or stopping the chain-reaction across the enclosure, i.e Novec 1230 and FM-200
Proving the system will work
The suppression system is usually designed to work for 10 minutes (this is called the Hold Time), to give enough time for emergency services to respond. As such, the concentration of the gas must be maintained above a defined percentage for the required hold time.
A good way to imagine why it is called a Hold Time it is to not think of it as a gas, but to imagine filling the enclosure to the top with water, and you want 90% of the water to stay there for 10 minutes. If the enclosure has a lot of holes, then the water is going to leak out rather quickly. If it is airtight, or watertight, then you will have most or all that water left at the end of the 10 minutes.
Air tightness testing
Room Integrity Testing
For this Hold Time, we need to demonstrate some level of airtightness. This is known as Room Integrity Testing and for many insurances, this does need to be done every 12 months after the construction.
The required level of airtightness does differ greatly, depending on the type of gas, the size of the enclosure, the height of the equipment, as well as many other factors. Even having fans operating in the enclosure will change the way the system works, so it is much more complex than a normal airtightness test.
With the correct gas and enclosure information, your test engineer will be able to give an estimate of the required level of airtightness and advise you accordingly. When planning any of these projects, it helps to get a air tightness consultant involved at an early stage as the construction may need to change based on the information given.
As an example, one such project we have worked on required an equivalent air tightness of 0.5m3/h.m2, which is tighter than some of the most energy-efficient buildings you will come across, so this required a very different approach to the construction.
The testing procedure
Room Integrity Testing involves a calibrated fan setup like a normal airtightness test, but there does need to be a pressurisation and a depressurisation result to adhere to the methodologies of BS EN 15004 and NFPA 2001.
Room Integrity testing
Cable penetrations in a data centre
One important distinction, is that no temporary sealing can be made to any element of the enclosure during the test. This test needs to demonstrate how the gas will perform under normal working conditions, so all vents and air handling units must be open and operating as normal.
There is another highly important aspect that must be considered as part of this test….
Peak Pressure Analysis
If you release 100kg of gas into an airtight enclosure over 30 seconds, there will be a significant amount of pressure created. This could be well over 2,000 Pa in some circumstances, which would damage entrance doors, and even destroy the enclosure completely if the walls are not able to support that level of pressure.
To reduce this pressure, you will have Pressure Relief Vents (PRVS) installed in the walls, ideally at a high level. An important part of the test that we perform will be to work out this peak pressure and then demonstrate that these vents provide enough of a pressure reduction.
This involves a second set of tests where the enclosure if pressurised to 125 Pa, at which point the vents should be fully open. The vents are then fixed in this position and the Effective Leakage Area is then worked out using another airtightness test. We will advise if the PRVs meet your requirements.
Strategies for getting a pass
It is firstly critical to establish how airtight the enclosure/room needs to be, using the installation details for the suppression system and the building geometry. The earlier this is done, the better as this information can determine a good sealing strategy, or even suggest that a system redesign is needed.
Large trunks of data cables are common areas of failure. The ideal solution is to lay a bead of mastic at the opening, then sit some of the cables into it in a way that means they are not touching. The mastic should be allowed to dry, and the process can be repeated by applying another bead of mastic and then sitting more cables into it. The result should be an effective seal around each cable that would otherwise have been very difficult to achieve.
Plasterboard should be well sealed at the head and beneath the Raised Access Floors as a continuous line. Take care to get a good seal at difficult junctions.
Exposed Blockwork should be plastered or have received several coats of paint.
Cable penetrations behind control panels and electrical fittings must be sealed during the installation, so that there is no need to remove these at a later stage for remedial works.
Cable trays can be difficult to seal when in a Raised Access Floor. Brief the contractors during the installation that these need a good seal beneath them, and for each individual cable to have a complete seal around it.
Pressure Relief Vents normally do present some leakage when closed. If the requirements of the enclosure are tight, then higher quality vents may be needed to give the best chance of passing.
Conduits should be sealed as they penetrate the perimeter wall and should also be sealed inside. This can be difficult to do during remedials, and so should be done during the installation before the conduit is closed.
Ductwork penetrations will need to be sealed, with the main difficulty being any sections that are flush against a wall or floor slab. This is a detail that is easily missed, so ensure that the contractor is aware of the importance of sealing these areas at an early stage.
Do you need help with Room Integrity Testing?
Call us on 0330 055 34 05 or email
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Skillful Dispatch using Skills and Equipment
What are Skills and Equipment?
In ARMS Skills and Equipment are exactly that; if a specific unit has a unique skill other units/officers do not possess, ARMS users would be able to designate this in the system. Equipment being utilized by units/officers such as MDTs, Batons, Tasers, Handcuffs, etc. can be described and assigned in our Equipment module. These two sections may go under the radar for a lot of departments, but the functionality may change the outcome of an incident tremendously.
How to use Skills and Equipment?
To utilize the Skills and Equipment features there are a few simple setup tasks an ARMS administrator will need to complete prior to using the CAD -> Reference -> Skills and Equipment function. To add any skill codes into the system an ARMS administrator will need to navigate to Set Up -> Code List -> Category: CAD Subcategory: Skills.
In this category selection, the admin will be able to enter any notable skill codes employees have. For example, an officer can speak Spanish fluently. An admin could click "Add New," and key in the code for Spanish speaking. Once the code is added it can then be selected in the Employee file and Skills and Equipment function.
To add equipment into the system the admin can either add the item in the Employee file, or our built-in Equipment module. These can be found in Set up -> Employee file -> Specific User-> Equipment or Set up-> Equipment.
If the department would like to assign equipment to a specific officer for day-to-day use, it is recommended to add this in their Employee File.
After these steps are taken to add in skills and equipment, dispatchers will then be able to utilize the Reference -> Skills and Equipment function. For this function, a user can open CAD, click Reference at the top of the CAD screen, and then click Skills and equipment.
While in the Skills and Equipment tab the dispatcher will be able to filter out a full list of available skills and equipment that are active on units. The list items are searchable by using the provided text box. When the list items are clicked, any officer/units who have the specified skills or equipment will display at the bottom of the pop-up. This will first show any logged-on units that have that skill/equipment highlighted in green, then any other units that are not logged in highlighted in yellow.
Why use Skills and Equipment?
A department would want to make use of the Skills and Equipment function when in need of dispatching officers to special incident situations. For example, a dispatcher receives a call that a non-English speaking victim had property stolen from them. The dispatcher would key in incident details and then go to the Reference -> Skills and Equipment module to search for who speaks the specified language. Once the search is complete the dispatcher would be able to deploy the unit to the location of the incident. By using this feature the department would be able to gather all necessary information more accurately to report it within the system. This feature will help utilize the department's assets and handle tricky calls with ease.
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Merging Dermatology Practices: What to Know
Merging Dermatology Practices: What to Know
Strategic diligence can have a huge impact on the success of a merger. Here are some ways to implement it.
In recent years, there have been noticeable increases in practice mergers among physician groups. With the ever-evolving reform of the United States health care industry, there is much uncertainty for private practice physicians, and merging with another dermatology practice (with either the same or a different specialty) does offer some advantages.
The decision to buy, sell, or merge a medical practice is complicated, however, and there are many variables to consider, including how to determine a dermatology practice's worth. Here are some important steps that can help ensure that a merger is successful for everyone involved.
Seek Validation
Is the strategic vision for the agreement valid? Physician owners must have a clear rationale for a transaction and truly understand a deal's impact on their practice's long-term financial future. Too often, there's a misguided sense of why the merger should take place, and far too little time is spent defining how the merger enables them to beat competitors and increase organizational value.
For many physician groups, the link between strategy and transaction is broken during due diligence. By focusing strictly on financial, legal, tax, and operations issues, the typical due diligence around a proposed merger fails to test whether the strategic vision for the deal is valid. To do so, dermatologists should bolster the usual financial due diligence with strategic due diligence. They should test conceptual rationale for a deal against more detailed information available to them after signing the letter of intent. Also, they should see if their vision of the future operating model is actually achievable.
Seek Confirmation
When analyzing a practice, looking at historic and current performance is relatively easy. But what about looking into the future? What are the strategic issues ahead? A strategic diligence should explicitly confirm the assets, capabilities, and relationships that make a buyer the best owner of a specific target acquisition. It should bolster the physician owners' confidence that they are truly an "advantaged buyer" of an asset. Advantaged buyers are typically better than others at applying their established skills to a target's clinical and business operations. They also employ their privileged assets or management skillset to build on things like a target's practice reputation, patient experience, or relationships with referring physicians. Naturally, they also turn to their special or unique relationships with vendors and the community to improve performance, leading to advanced synergies that go beyond what is normal.
Seek Mutually Reinforcing Advantages
When change comes suddenly, it can turn strengths into weaknesses and sweep away dreams of success. The aim of a merger should be to achieve mutually reinforcing advantages. Michael Porter1 wrote that competitive advantages stem from how "activities fit and reinforce one another.... creating a chain that is as strong as its strongest link." By undertaking strategic diligence, physician owners will be able to not only define their main objectives, but also gain greater control over the desired direction of the new entity after the merger is complete. Some strategic diligence questions to ponder include:
 - What are the strengths of each practice?
 - What could our practice be doing better?
 - What opportunities exist as a result of this merger?
 - What threats do we face by completing this merger?
 - What is the current culture of each practice?
As part of the process, you should consider the scope for further growth, efficiency, and improvement. It is critical for physician owners to be honest and thorough when assessing their advantages. Ideally, they develop a fact-based point of view on their beliefs—testing them with anyone responsible for delivering value from the deal, including physicians, physician extenders, clinical staff, and front and back office personnel.
Above all, when it comes to the merger of 2 physician groups, culture is a key decision criterion. Culture should be evaluated and discussed prior to any financial considerations. In my experience, this is of paramount importance for practice-to-practice mergers and is meticulously examined only through strategic diligence. Of course, nothing in the future is certain, but using a strategic and diligent approach provides far greater understanding of the issues ahead and forms another part of the puzzle when assessing a potential dermatology practice merger.
Nick Hernandez
Mr Hernandez is the chief executive officer and founder of ABISA, LLC, a consultancy specializing in solo and small group practice management (
Disclosure: The author reports no relevant financial relationships.
1. Porter ME. What is strategy? Harv Bus Review. November-December 1996:1-21.
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Students will be able to identify what a pilgrim is and what it was like to travel on The Mayflower.
- If You Sailed on The Mayflower in 1620 by Ann McGovern
- blue paper
- boat shapes
- craft sticks
- triangle shapes
- sentence strips
Using the book as a guide discuss
- What is a Pilgrim?
- Life on The Mayflower
- What did the Pilgrim take on their trip?
- Where did the Pilgrims sleep on the Mayflower?
After discussion and questions students will make their own Mayflower ships.
Directions for ships:
- Give each student two brown boat shapes, two white triangles, one craft stick and a blue piece of paper.
- Students first put together their boats by gluing the edges of their boat pieces together.
- Then glue the craft stick in the opening between the brown boat sides.
- Place the sails on both sides of the craft stick, and then glue the boat to blue paper (water).
- Students will use lined paper to write two sentences about The Mayflower.
Related lesson plans:
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- Thanksgiving Friends Being Thankful Lesson Share/BookmarkWhy we are thankful for what we have and what makes us thankful. Materials: You need to find a class that will exchange email with you. I have found that many teachers are willing to do this. It can be...
- Book Caterpillar Classroom Display Share/BookmarkMake a caterpillar to display in the classroom or hallway showing each book that has been read. Parents can see the books the kids have been reading! Materials: Construction paper in a variety of colors. Black permanent marker Titles of...
- Apples and Seasons Share/BookmarkUse the apple tree, and The Seasons of Arnold's Apple Tree by Gail Gibbons to teach seasonal changes. Objectives: To introduce the students to the idea that apples grow on trees and that these apple trees change as the seasons...
- Apple Exploration! Learning Centers Share/BookmarkFind several center station activities for a theme on apples and Johnny Appleseed Materials: stories about Johnny Appleseed Book by Steven Kellogg, Johnny Appleseed, A Tall Tale (Click for Ordering Information: Hardcover or Big Book) Tasting Station : apples – 5 different kinds, cut...


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outrigger, canoe-type vessel with a wood or bamboo float attached to the side of the craft and extending out over the water. The term outrigger also refers to the float itself. The craft is used throughout the South Pacific, although its greatest development has probably come in Sri Lanka, where traders may load up to 30 tons of cargo into a single vessel. Designed for speed and stability, the outrigger is usually propelled by sail or paddle. Certain sailing outriggers can attain speeds in excess of 20 knots (23 mi/37 km per hr). An outrigger is usually sailed with the float facing the wind, providing a counterweight against capsizing. It becomes dangerous, however, when the float is on the leeward side. To solve this problem, double outriggers, or canoes with an outrigger float on each side, are also used.
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 Replication and Rsync in Distributed Environments Overview
 IP/MPLSView includes third-party replication and remote synchronization (rsync) software packages that you can use to back up information for IP/MPLSView data and traffic collection. The replication and rsync utilities are designed to maintain backup servers with up-to-date versions of the files and the database of the primary servers they are backing up, and to replicate data in the event of a failure so the backup server can resume operation.
 The third-party rsync package backs up files from the primary application server to the backup application server and the Mongo database (MongoDB) and MariaDB replication packages keep the backup databases synchronized with the primary database. To synchronize the data, the replication and rsync software compares the data in the backup and primary databases and sends deltas in order to reduce overall data transfer.
 You can use the replication and rsync utilities to back up data in either of the following ways:
 You must install a separate license on the backup IP/MPLSView application server.
 Use the following utilities to administer the distributed servers:
 -—Sets up all IP addresses for all distributed servers.
 -—Stops all distributed servers.
 -—Checks the running status for all distributed servers.
 Modified: 2016-11-08


Mars Express, the European spacecraft orbiting Mars, has detected water ice on the planets South Pole. The discovery confirms the suspicions of NASA who had indicated this possibility with their Mars Odyssey craft in 2002.
It is believed that both poles contain significant quantities of ice, particularly since the Odyssey picked up signals indicating a big hydrogen presence.
My New site OpenEyes


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Equation: Quantifying Light = Great 3-D Animation
Light is one of the most challenging aspects of computer-generated imagery. It bounces around, reflects off surfaces, and changes color; if you don't get all those elements right, your animation will look no more real than Bugs Bunny—not necessarily bad, but not what the folks at places like Pixar are going for. In the mid-'80s, mathematicians quantified this process: If you know the intensity and color of the light arriving at a particular spot, you can figure out the same information for the light that bounces off. Here's the equation at the heart of every 3-D rendering package.
The intensity in watts of a particular color (wavelength λ) of light from spot x to the viewer's eyeball.
Light emitted from x. Unless some object—a lamp, the sun, a firefly, phosphorescent algae—is emitting a glow at x, this will be zero.
A hemisphere around x. Each point on Ω represents one of the possible directions from which light could hit x.
Strain your brain back to calculus and you may remember that this is a fancy summation—adding up infinitely many infinitely tiny things. Here, you take Ω—every possible angle light may travel to x—compute how much each unit of that light bounces toward your eye, and then add 'em all up.
This describes how much of the light that hits a material will reflect in a specific direction. A red surface, for example, will absorb every other color of light but red. A matte surface will spread light in all directions, reflecting only a bit toward your eye, while a mirrored surface will bounce all of the light in a single direction.
The amount of incoming light of wavelength λ that strikes x from a particular direction.
An adjustment for the angle of the light. Just as the low winter sun offers less heat than the high summer sun, less of the light coming from a low angle will bounce off x toward the eye than that arriving from a high angle.
An infinitely small section of the hemisphere Ω around x—in other words, just one of the directions from which light could strike spot x.
Software for making animated films like Despicable Me relies on the equation above to model how light interacts with objects.
Courtesy: Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment


text: In order to gain a deep insight into the mechanism of Ni-doped Mo activated sintering process, the diffusion behavior of Mo-Ni interface was studied utilizing a Mo-Ni diffusion couple. The phase structure and composition on the diffusion layer were characterized and analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, the self diffusion coefficient and interdiffusion coefficient were calculated. The results show that a diffusion layer is formed between Mo and Ni after sintering at 1223k for 1h, which is comprised of a δ-NiMo intermetallic compound and a limit solid solution containing small amounts of nickel. The self diffusion coefficient and interdiffusion coefficient are 2.068×10-18cm2/s and 4.5×10-12cm2/s, respectively. It is suggested that the diffusion rate of Mo in δ-NiMo intermetallic compound and a limit solid solution containing small amounts of nickel is 106 times bigger than that of self diffusion, and the intermetallic compound layer provides a short diffusion path for Mo activated sintering.


Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Home
The Science of Sound and Musical Instruments, by Joseph H. Lewis
Guide Entry to 00.05.05:
The curriculum unit, "The Science of Sound and Musical Instruments" can be used with students in grades 4-7 with minor adaptations. This unit is one portion of three other units written to discuss the how sound and instruments influence culture. This unit will serve as the science behind sound and will discuss how the instruments introduced in the other units make music or sound.
The paper will be divided into three different sections. Section I, The Structure of the Ear, will focus on how we hear and perceive music. The students will be introduced to each part of the ear and discover how they all work together in order to hear sounds. Section II, The Components of Sound, will introduce students to the concepts which allow sound to occur. They will also discover the role each of these components in producing sound through basic experiments found in the lesson plans at the end of the unit. Section III, How Musical Instruments Create Sound, will explain how the different types instruments mention in the units written by Doreen Canzanella, Judith Dixon and Jackie Porter units create sound.
(1) Identify the components of sound.
(2) Describe the relationship between pitch and frequency.
(3) Explain the terms sympathetic vibrations and resonance.
(4) Perform simple experiments about sound.
(6) Explain how musical instruments create sound.
(Recommended for Science, grades 4-6.)
To Curriculum Unit
© 2015 by the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
Terms of Use Contact YNHTI


Project Tatirano, Madagascar
This Entry has been submitted.
Project Tatirano, Madagascar: Developing a culture of rainwater harvesting to improve clean water supply
Fort Dauphin, Madagascar
Year Founded:
Organization type:
nonprofit/ngo/citizen sector
Project Stage:
$10,000 - $50,000
Project Summary
Elevator Pitch
Tatirano, meaning "to collect water" in Malagasy, is piloting rainwater harvesting (RWH) on a rural village school roof as a means of providing clean drinking water to the students. It is demonstrating to the community a simple, affordable and replicable technique of obtaining clean water from rain.
What if thousands of lives AND 5 hours a day could be saved simply by collecting rain?
About Project
Problem: What problem is this project trying to address?
11.7 million people in Madagascar do not have clean drinking water resulting in 4,000 childhood deaths due to diarrhoea each year. In the southeast (SE), communities rely on often broken and dirty wells and contaminated rivers whilst > 81% of the population live on < $1.90 per day (the international poverty line) and state capacity is non-existent after years of instability.
Solution: What is the proposed solution? Please be specific!
To construct, monitor and evaluate a pilot system to collect and store rainwater from a school roof in a rural village called Sainte Luce for students' drinking water. The simplicity of the system is conducive to household replication and thus eventually establishing a RWH culture in the region. This will provide a water source of improved quality at the homestead and alleviate pressure on existing sources, whilst also saving time not collecting water from faraway sources. The second phase will involve the design of a household setup in a kit that can be purchased by families to retrofit on their palm frond-built roofs. Funding will be sourced for the scale-up to provide means-tested subsidies on the kits to reach the poorest families.
Impact: How does it Work
In Ambandrika, all water sources available to the community have a high count of faecal coliforms. One of the two wells is broken and the other is under severe demand, whilst the 2nd and 3rd choice forest streams are hours away. The average time taken per day to collect water for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd choices are 21 minutes, 3 hours 44 minutes and 6 hours 10 minutes respectively. The region receives approximately 1500 mm of rainfall annually yet RWH is not common practice. Between 2001 - 2004 a project in Kusa, Kenya facilitated the construction of 311 tanks through subsidies that allow people, especially women, time to pursue entrepreneurial and educational activities. There is HUGE potential to replicate this success in SE Madagascar.
The current project provides clean drinking water for 143 school children plus the 4 teachers and the directress of the school. The school children will receive a water bottle for each of them to be able to take clean water home as well as enjoying it at the school. Five minutes following the completion of the guttering on one side (and having previously installed the clean, pre-galvanised metal roofing) it rained at a medium intensity and water streamed off the end in huge volumes. So significant was this rainfall event that people stopped collecting water from the bacteria laden well water 18 m at the other end of the building and started queuing to collect water from the roof. Whilst the completed system will only be used by the school for the students, this immediate behavioural change strongly suggests a massive potential impact in facilitating households to have their own systems.
In 5 years everyone in Sainte Luce (2500+ people) could have access to 100% of their clean drinking water needs through RWH systems; in 10 – 15 years the successful replication of the model across the region, by instilling a culture of RWH, could reach more than 250,000 people. This ambitious yet possible target would be achieved by training and supporting local committees to install systems using locally available materials. These groups will use their new skills to provide a service to others, enabling a positive multiplier effect towards health, socio-economic and developmental benefits.
External funding will partially subsidise early scale up plans until widespread confidence in the approach is achieved, after which households will fund the systems themselves. Local investment will instil ownership and responsibility, ensuring sustainability of both the performance of systems and RWH installation/consultancy as a profitable profession; training in installing and maintaining RWH systems could create new employment opportunities.
RWH has been completely neglected by the few organisations operating in SE Madagascar. Collaborations with experienced regional specialists (such as SEED Madagascar and Azafady NGO), will enable sharing of expertise and resources to ensure effective and efficient implementation. Existing water provision projects focus mainly on wells; although effective to a degree, many of these are easily broken or contaminated. The simplicity of RWH encourages system longevity and local involvement through avoiding intimidatingly complex ideas in both installation and maintenance.
Founding Story
In 2011, aged 18, Harry volunteered in a remote rural village in SE Madagascar on a conservation programme and washed in smelly red well water. One night Harry unwittingly left his empty bucket outside in the rain and awoke to a quarter-full bucket of what seemed to be the clearest water he had ever seen – cue light bulb moment! The region receives huge volumes of rain annually yet nobody collects it for drinking. Harry designed a pilot RWH scheme for the school building in the village for his undergraduate thesis and after receiving great interest from the village chief and elders, decided to seek funding and begin the daunting task of instilling a RWH culture in Madagascar!
The project is managed by Harry and supported by a regional specialist development and conservation charity called SEED Madagascar (formerly Azafady UK) and a local Malagasy NGO called Azafady. As the project moves past the pilot phase and secures funding for the scale up, a second full-time member of the team will be sought in order to expand Project Tatirano's scope and reach more people with clean drinking water.


text:
Using effective recruitment to retain competitive advantage in full in PDF format taken from edition 10 of Business Case Studies.
As a result of reading the Case Study, students should be able to:
- explain the importance of employee recruitment procedures as a means of maintaining competitive advantage
- understand the purpose of a vision supported by values as a focus for corporate strategy
- appreciate the need for business organisations to develop their core competences.
Read the case study online here
Using effective recruitment to retain competitive advantage (PDF)
- Brand: Cummins
- Product Code: tt100-pdf-18-184-10
- Availability: In Stock


text:
-term student outcome metrics. Fifty percent of Hypothetical U. enrollments are underserved students; the team anticipates that they will see the most improvement in gateway course achievement with this group given the focus of their activities, and expects slight improvement for other students. Hypothetical U. reviewed results from other institutions evidencing significant course outcome improvements when faculty have and act on real-time information about students, and for underserved students when course content is relatable for students from diverse backgrounds. From others' experiences, Hypothetical U. is optimistic about its ability to influence significant gains in gateway completion, particularly for underserved students. Their near-term target statements follow.
- The gap in the gateway math course success rate (achieving a C or better) between underserved and other students will decrease from 10 to 5 percentage points in the spring 2021 semester, with no decline in achievement by other students (Figure 2).
- Of all students attempting, the percentage of students successfully completing gateway math (achieving a C or better) will increase from 30 to 36 percent in the spring 2021 semester.
Examining historical data, and the relationship between gateway math completion rates across student populations, Hypothetical U. estimated the improvement in retention rates and set their long-term targets using the estimation model below (see Figure 3). This relatively simple model makes a number of assumptions – steady enrollments and composition of students, similar retention patterns over time, and a very limited number of influences on students and the environment – but provides campus teams with an example for determining "how much" is possible.
- Compute the number of additional students who will complete gateway math if the Spring 2021 target is hit. So, 25% of 2,500 historically underserved students completed gateway math in the base year, or 625 students.
- At a target of 33%, this increases to 825 students, for an additional 200 historically underserved students completing gateway math.
- Assuming a retention rate for the target that is similar to the base year—or 60% for historically underserved students—compute the number of additional students that will be retained: 60% of 200, or 120 students.
- Add the 120 additional students to the base of 1,500 retained students, for a total 1,620 historically underserved students retained.
- Compute the target percent, or 1,620 of 2,500 historically underserved students retained, or 65%.
Looking forward to evaluating the near-term metrics every term, Hypothetical U. decided it was prudent to begin evaluating their long-term target after completing one academic year of their new activities to provide sufficient time for students to attempt their gateway math course, and for faculty to revise curriculum. This resulted in Hypothetical U.'s formal target statements for the retention long-term metric:
- The percentage of first-time students retained will increase from 64 to 67 percent for the 2021 entering cohort, as measured by retention to their second academic year.
- The retention equity gap for first-time students will decrease by three percentage points for the 2021 entering cohort, as measured by retention to their second academic year.


Math learning app Photomath raises $23 million as it reaches 220 million downloads – ClearTips
Math learning app Photomath raises $23 million as it reaches 220 million downloads – TechCrunch
Photomath, the popular mobile app that helps you solve equations, has raised a $ 23 million Series B funding round led by Menlo Ventures. The application is a mass consumer success, and chances are you may already know about it if you have a teenager at home.
The application lets you point your phone's camera at a math problem. It identifies what has been written and gives you a step by step explanation to solve the problem. You might think that this is the perfect app for lazy students.
But there are many different use cases for photomaths. For example, you can write an equation in your notebook and use Photomath to draw a graph.
Typing an equation on a keyboard is quite difficult. This is why narrowing the gap between the physical world and your smartphone is the key to the success of Photomath. You can just grab a pen and write something on a piece of paper. Essentially, it is an AR calculator.
There is an interesting story behind the success of the app. Photomath was originally designed as a demo app for another company called MicroBlink. At the time, the team was working on the text recognition technique. It planned to sell its core technology to other companies that might be useful.
In 2014, he pitched MicroBlink at ClearTips Disrupt in London. And things changed drastically overnight as Photomath reached the first position of the iOS App Store.
Photomath has now attracted over 220 million downloads. As of this writing, it is still # 59 in the US App Store, one rank above Tinder. Other companies tried to make it competitive, but it seems they do not manage to crush small European startups.
The application seems even more relevant as many children are spending more time studying at home. They simply cannot raise their hands to call the teacher for some help.
Photomath is free and users can optionally pay for Photomath Plus, a premium version with more features, such as dynamic pictures and animated tutorials.
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Fruit flies are one of the most destructive pest insects in home gardens and attack a wide range of fruit trees and fruiting crops. Many gardeners find they are the number one enemy they battle every year.
This pest insect is most active from spring through autumn and species vary in different locations. For vulnerable fruit, you need to be prepared to be vigilant and have controls in place at the right time. You really have to know your enemy to tackle it!
If you've experienced damage to your harvest, it can be disheartening to even try to grow your favourite fruit crop. What if managing this pest insect is all too difficult?
Organic Fruit Fly Control Strategies
If you don't want to deal with fruit fly damage in your garden, you still have options:
1. Remove any host plants that are prone to attack.
Not all vulnerable crops are equally attractive to fruit flies. Some fruits are highly favoured, whereas others are only a moderate or low risk.
Be aware though, that even if you remove susceptible fruits from your garden, there still may be plants on neighbouring properties. That's why a community effort or at least your immediate neighbours may need to rally together to tackle this pest!
Removing all plants that are affected by fruit fly might be a challenge if you have a lot of vulnerable fruiting crops, but you could grow other trees and ornamentals instead.
2. Choose to grow foods that fruit fly don't prefer.
When choosing plants that are not fruit fly favourites, generally try to select varieties that have thicker or tougher skins. This can make it more difficult for these pest insects to lay eggs inside the fruit.
Which fruits are not prone to attack?
Non-host plants include choko, coffee, pineapple, longan and mangosteen, as well as undamaged jackfruit and rambutan.
Which fruits have a low-medium risk?
Some fruits that are less likely to be attacked include figs, olives, tangelo, monstera, lemons and limes with thicker skins and grapes* (* although these are sometimes affected).
Other fruits that are not preferred by fruit flies include blueberries, bananas (green but not when they are ripe) and grumichama. Generally kiwi fruit, mulberry and nashi pears, although these are occasionally affected.
11 Ways to Control Fruit Fly Organically
What else can you do to manage fruit flies in your garden?
Prevention is better than management but you will likely need an integrated strategy with more than one method of control.
Organic fruit fly control strategies:
- Prune your fruit trees heavily and make sure you thin out any fruiting buds.
- Select dwarf fruit tree varieties and grow in containers for easier management.
- Choose early maturing varieties that produce fruit before the fruit fly season starts or that ripen when the fruit fly is overwintering.
- Grow less and protect your vulnerable crops with fine mesh exclusion netting, individual fruit bags or sleeves.
- Enlist help from Nature's Army by growing flowers and habitat for predators including spiders, birds, parasitic wasps, assassin bugs, dragonflies, preying mantis, ants and ground beetles.
- As fruit flies can fly several kilometres, work with your immediate neighbours to coordinate your crop protection strategies so you create a wider safe zone.
- Monitor fruit fly activity by using traps with a pheromone attractant.
- Use other controls like organic bait sprays and set protein traps before your fruit ripens.
- As soon as you see evidence fruit has been stung, harvest it immediately. Look for a tiny pin prick, clear sap oozing or small dimples in the skin.
- Collect all fallen or rotting fruit from the ground. Destroy it to break the life cycle.
- If you have chickens, allow them to feed on affected fruit.
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I hope these tips and strategies help you harvest more fruit and manage this challenging pest insect organically.
- Imitate Nature for Higher Yields and Less Pests
- 13 Benefits of Growing Flowers in your Vegetable Garden
- Organic Aphid Control with Hoverflies
- 4 Steps to Improve Pollination and Your Harvests: Part 1
- 4 Steps to Improve Pollination and Your Harvests: Part 2
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A World of Difference
The VOC and Japan's economic policy, _PHONE_
Although much research in this field since the 1670s has been based on Japanese documents, foreign relations of Tokugawa Japan (_PHONE_) have never been thoroughly examined from the perspective of Dutch trade reports. The purpose of the dissertation by Kayoko Fujita is to investigate the foreign and economic policies of Japan between 1640 and 1715, as observed by the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
By KAYOKO FUJITA
My study is based on the entries concerning the Dutch factory in Nagasaki found both in the Generale Missiven, namely, the series of official reports from the VOC in Batavia to its headquarters in the Dutch Republic, and in the response information flow known as the Patriasche Missiven. A comparison of these two types of documents reveal how Dutch authorities in the East Indies and in Europe thought of the transformation of Japan, and how they tried to deal with it. Presently, I am preparing the Dutch transcription as well as a Japanese translation of these archive documents for publication.
In addition to the commercial presence of the Chinese, the expulsion of the Roman Catholic Portuguese in 1639 left the Protestant Dutch as the only Europeans permitted to trade in Japan. This unique position allowed the Dutch to observe the entire process through which Japan gradually tightened its foreign trade policy in order to secure itself against the outflow of currencies, and how the economy of Japan assumed a semi-autarkic posture in the early nineteenth century, a view called'sakoku' (literally: a 'closed country') by contemporary Japanese. Furthermore, owing to the rich silver supply from Japan, the Dutch gained an advantage over other Europeans in the intra-Asian trade during the formative period of the modern world-system. A comparison of sources reveals three new insights.
Firstly, the findings refute the assumption of previous studies that, until the loss of Taiwan in 1662, the VOC in Japan engaged in the traditional medieval East Asian pattern of trading mainly Chinese silk for Japanese silver. In truth, the Dutch merchants altered the established trade customs in order to cope with the changing political and economic situations in Asia and to maximize their profits. By the late 1630s they had already succeeded in connecting the two separated maritime zones, namely the East China Sea and the Indian Ocean, through the shipment of Japanese and Chinese precious metals and Bengali silk. This insight suggests the importance of making a strict distinction between trade patterns of local traders and Dutch merchants.
Secondly, in pursuing maximum individual profit, company servants also engaged in various supplementary commercial transactions such as private trade or smuggling. Being of central importance where the East Indies was concerned, Dutch colonial society in Batavia was founded upon a tight web of human relations formed through marriage, social intercourse, and business. In fact, Dutch sources reveal that the High Government in Batavia began to flaunt its relative independence from the Dutch Republic in the second half of the century. Therefore, the information on such private commercial activities was often hidden from the company directors back in the Republic. As Michel Foucault suggests, we should regard the margin of tolerated illegality of each social stratum under the ancien régime as a background circumstance of this 'corruption.'
The third insight emerges out of a comparison between Dutch and Japanese sources. Dutch sources reveal that the VOC regarded either the fear for the spread of the Christian faith (Roman Catholicism) or the protection of the profits gained by the central government authorities as the prime motive of the Tokugawa government for imposing restrictions on foreign trade in the seventeenth century. However, Japanese sources show that the Tokugawa government actually imposed the trade restrictions in order to protect domestic commercial activities. Generally speaking, the Dutch tended to focus on the Christian 'threat' as an explanation for what seemed to be incomprehensible measures taken by the Japanese government. This can be regarded as an example of how Westerners applied their own familiar cognitive models, such as the exclusiveness of religion, for new, unusual, or incomprehensible encounters during their expansion to Asia and the New Continent. *
Fujita Kayoko is a PhD candidate at the Institute for the History of European Expansion (IGEER), in association with the Research School CNWS, Leiden.


Canadian Mathematical Society
Canadian Mathematical Society
 location: Publicationsjournals
Search results
 Expand all Collapse all Results 51 - 66 of 66
51. CMB 2003 (vol 46 pp. 291)
Sankaran, Parameswaran
A Coincidence Theorem for Holomorphic Maps to $G/P$
The purpose of this note is to extend to an arbitrary generalized Hopf and Calabi-Eckmann manifold the following result of Kalyan Mukherjea: Let $V_n = \mathbb{S}^{2n+1} \times \mathbb{S}^{2n+1}$ denote a Calabi-Eckmann manifold. If $f,g \colon V_n \longrightarrow \mathbb{P}^n$ are any two holomorphic maps, at least one of them being non-constant, then there exists a coincidence: $f(x)=g(x)$ for some $x\in V_n$. Our proof involves a coincidence theorem for holomorphic maps to complex projective varieties of the form $G/P$ where $G$ is complex simple algebraic group and $P\subset G$ is a maximal parabolic subgroup, where one of the maps is dominant.
Categories:32H02, 54M20
52. CMB 2003 (vol 46 pp. 113)
Lee, Jaesung; Rim, Kyung Soo
Properties of the $\mathcal{M}$-Harmonic Conjugate Operator
We define the $\mathcal{M}$-harmonic conjugate operator $K$ and prove that it is bounded on the nonisotropic Lipschitz space and on $\BMO$. Then we show $K$ maps Dini functions into the space of continuous functions on the unit sphere. We also prove the boundedness and compactness properties of $\mathcal{M}$-harmonic conjugate operator with $L^p$ symbol.
Keywords:$\mathcal{M}$-harmonic conjugate operator
Categories:32A70, 47G10
53. CMB 2002 (vol 45 pp. 417)
Kamiyama, Yasuhiko; Tsukuda, Shuichi
Keywords:polygon space, complex structure
Categories:14D20, 32C35
54. CMB 2002 (vol 45 pp. 80)
Keywords:tangential approximation, Carleman
Categories:32E30, 32E25
55. CMB 2001 (vol 44 pp. 150)
Jakóbczak, Piotr
Categories:32A37, 32A22
56. CMB 2001 (vol 44 pp. 105)
Pilipović, Stevan
Categories:32A40, 46F15, 58G07
57. CMB 2001 (vol 44 pp. 126)
Zeron, E. Santillan
Each Copy of the Real Line in $\C^2$ is Removable
Around 1995, Professors Lupacciolu, Chirka and Stout showed that a closed subset of $\C^N$ ($N\geq 2$) is removable for holomorphic functions, if its topological dimension is less than or equal to $N-2$. Besides, they asked whether closed subsets of $\C^2$ homeomorphic to the real line (the simplest 1-dimensional sets) are removable for holomorphic functions. In this paper we propose a positive answer to that question.
Keywords:holomorphic function, removable set
58. CMB 2000 (vol 43 pp. 294)
Bracci, Filippo
Fixed Points of Commuting Holomorphic Maps Without Boundary Regularity
We identify a class of domains of $\C^n$ in which any two commuting holomorphic self-maps have a common fixed point.
Keywords:Holomorphic self-maps, commuting functions, fixed points, Wolff point, Julia's Lemma
Categories:32A10, 32A40, 32H15, 32A30
59. CMB 2000 (vol 43 pp. 174)
Gantz, Christian; Steer, Brian
Stable Parabolic Bundles over Elliptic Surfaces and over Riemann Surfaces
Categories:14J27, 32L07, 14H60, 14D20
60. CMB 2000 (vol 43 pp. 47)
Božičević, Mladen
A Property of Lie Group Orbits
Categories:32B20, 22E15
61. CMB 1999 (vol 42 pp. 499)
Zaharia, Alexandru
Characterizations of Simple Isolated Line Singularities
A line singularity is a function germ $f\colon(\CC ^{n+1},0) \lra\CC$ with a smooth $1$-dimensional critical set $\Sigma=\{(x,y)\in \CC\times \CC^n \mid y=0\}$. An isolated line singularity is defined by the condition that for every $x \neq 0$, the germ of $f$ at $(x,0)$ is equivalent to $y_1^2 +\cdots+y_n ^2$. Simple isolated line singularities were classified by Dirk Siersma and are analogous of the famous $A-D-E$ singularities. We give two new characterizations of simple isolated line singularities.
Categories:32S25, 14B05
62. CMB 1999 (vol 42 pp. 97)
Kwon, E. G.
On Analytic Functions of Bergman $\BMO$ in the Ball
Keywords:Bergman distance, \BMOA$, Hardy space, Bloch function
63. CMB 1998 (vol 41 pp. 129)
Lee, Young Joo
Pluriharmonic symbols of commuting Toeplitz type operators on the weighted Bergman spaces
Keywords:Pluriharmonic functions, Weighted Bergman spaces, Toeplitz type operators.
Categories:47B38, 32A37
64. CMB 1997 (vol 40 pp. 356)
Mazet, Pierre
Principe du maximum et lemme de Schwarz, a valeurs vectorielles
Categories:30C80, 32A30, 46G20, 52A07
65. CMB 1997 (vol 40 pp. 129)
Badea, Catalin
Sur les caractÃ¨res d'une algÃ¨bre de Banach
Categories:46H05, 32A15
66. CMB 1997 (vol 40 pp. 117)
Vigué, Jean-Pierre
Un lemme de Schwarz pour les boules-unitÃ©s ouvertes
Let $B_1$ and $B_2$ be the open unit balls of ${\bbd C}^{n_1}$ and ${\bbd C}^{n_2}$ for the norms $\Vert\,{.}\,\Vert_1$ and $\Vert\,{.}\, \Vert_2$. Let $f \colon B_1 \rightarrow B_2$ be a holomorphic mapping such that $f(0)=0$. It is well known that, for every $z \in B_1$, $\Vert f(z)\Vert_2 \leq \Vert z \Vert_1$, and $\Vert f'(0)\Vert \leq 1$. In this paper, I prove the converse of this result. Let $f \colon B_1 \rightarrow B_2$ be a holomorphic mapping such that $f'(0)$ is an isometry. If $B_2$ is strictly convex, I prove that $f(0) =0$ and that $f$ is linear. I also define the rank of a point $x$ belonging to the boundary of $B_1$ or $B_2$. Under some hypotheses on the ranks, I prove that a holomorphic mapping such that $f(0) = 0$ and that $f'(0)$ is an isometry is linear.
Categories:32H15, 32H02
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© Canadian Mathematical Society, 2015 :


Research magazine Horizons: Research, what will you learn from the pandemic?
All at once everything was different and scientific advice was more important than ever. The latest Horizons wants to know how science interacted with the media and politicians. And it asks if science itself will change as a result.
The handshake became outmoded. A scientific task force began to sit side by side with the Federal Council at press briefings. Masks were made compulsory even though hard facts were scant. Interest in scientific preprints surged. The new Coronavirus did away with many old habits. The current issue of Horizons shows what this might mean for science and its role in society.
Other highlights include: epigeneticist Susan Gasser, who is eager to keep on doing research - and fighting for gender equality, an expedition into the tunnel of Mont Terri and a debate about the dignity of animals.
The current issue of Horizons is - as always - as diverse as research itself. And accessible to everyone!
Division COM


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time constant, τ, for the pressure buildup. Thus, using this definition, and rearranging Eq. 11 yields:
A plot of the left side of Eq. 12 vs. (t−t0) is a straight line with slope equal to (1/τ), and intercept equal to zero.
These observations can be used to construct a fast method for finding the correct p*. First, calculate the average slope from an arbitrary early-time portion of the data shown in Table 2. This slope calculation starts at t1, and p1, and ends at t2 and p2. Next calculate the average late-time slope from a later portion of the table. The subscripts for beginning and end of this calculation would be 3 and 4, respectively. Next divide the early-time slope by the late-time slope for a ratio R:
Suppose we choose the second set of data points from Table 2: 2.0825 s and 4300 psia for the beginning of the early-time slope. Suppose further that we select data from sets 5, 9, and 11 as the end of the early time slope, and beginning and end of the late-time slope, respectively, with corresponding subscripts 2, 3, and 4. If we now guess that p* is 4700 psia, then insert these numbers into Eq. 13, the calculated value of R is 1.5270. Because this is greater than 1, the guess was too high. Results of this and other guesses for p* while using the same data above are shown as a curve plot 650 in
In general, for real data, the very early portion of the buildup data should be avoided for the calculations of p*, then k/μ. This fastest portion of the buildup, with high pressure differences, has the greatest thermal distortion due to compressive heating, and has the highest probability of non-Darcy flow. After p* has been determined as described above, the entire data set should be plotted per
Another method according to the present invention can be described with reference to
Equation 14 is valid for non-steady-state conditions as well as steady-state conditions. Formation flow rate qfn can be calculated using Eq. 14 for non-steady-state conditions when C is known reasonably accurately to determine points along the plot of
Steady-state conditions will simplify Eq. 14 because (pn−1−pn)=0. Under steady state conditions, known tool parameters and measured values may be used to determine points along the straight line region of
In Eq. 15, m=(p*−pss)/qpump. The units for k/μ are in md/cp, pn and p* are in psia, ri is in cm, qfn is in cm3/s, Vpump and V0 are in cm3, C is in psi−1, and t is in s. Each pressure on the straight line is a steady state pressure at the given flow rate (or draw rate).
In practice, a deviation from a straight line near zero formation flow rate (filtrate) may be an indicator of drilling mud leakage into the tool (flow rate approximately zero). The deviation at high flow rates is typically a non-Darcy effect. However, the formation pressure can be determined by extending the straight line to an intercept with zero draw rate. The calculated formation pressure p* should equal a measured formation pressure within a negligible margin of error.
The purpose of a pressure test is to determine the pressure in the reservoir and determine the mobility of fluid in that reservoir. A procedure adjusting the piston draw rate until the pressure reading is constant (zero slope) provides the information to determine pressure and mobility independently of a "stable" pressure build up using a constant volume.
Some advantages of this procedure are quality assurance through self-validation of a test where a stable build up pressure is observed, and quality assurance through comparison of drawdown mobility with build up mobility. Also, when a build up portion of a test is not available (in the cases of lost probe seal or excessive build up time), p* provides the formation pressure.
The procedure begins by using a MWD tool as described in
Phase II of the test 704 begins when the tool pressure drops below the formation pressure p*. The slope of the pressure curve changes due to formation fluid beginning to enter the test volume. The change in slope is determined by using a downhole processor to calculate a slope from the measurements taken at two time intervals within the Phase. If the draw rate were held constant, the tool pressure would tend to stabilize at a pressure below p*.
The draw rate is increased at a predetermined time 706 to begin Phase 3 of the test. The increased draw rate reduces the pressure in the tool. As the pressure decreases, the flow rate of formation fluid into the tool increases. The tool pressure would tend to stabilize at a tool pressure lower than the pressure experienced during Phase II, because the draw rate is greater in Phase III than in Phase II. The draw rate is decreased again at a time 708 beginning Phase IV of the test when interval measurements indicate that pressure in the tool is approaching stabilization.
The draw rate may then be slowed or stopped so that pressure in the tool begins building. The curve slope changes sign when pressure begins to increase, and the change initiates Phase V 710 where the draw rate is then increased to stabilize the pressure. The stabilized pressure is indicated when pressure measurements yield zero slope. The draw down piston rate is then decreased for Phase VI 712 to allow buildup until the pressure again stabilizes. When the pressure is stabilized, the drawdown piston is stopped at Phase VII 714, and the pressure within the tool is allowed to build until the tool pressure stabilizes at the formation pressure pf. The test is then complete and the controller equalizes the test volume 716 to the hydrostatic pressure of the annulus. The tool can then be retracted and moved to a new location or removed from the borehole.
Stabilized pressures determined during Phase V 710 and Phase VI, 712 along with the corresponding piston rates, are used by the downhole processor to determine a curve as in
Other embodiments using one or more of the method elements discussed above are also considered within the scope of this invention. Still referring to
Another embodiment of the present invention includes Phase 1702, Phase II 704, Phase VI 712, Phase VII 714 and the equalization procedure 716. This method is used in very low permeability formations or when the probe seal is lost. Phase II would not be as distinct a deviation as shown, so the straight line portion 703 of Phase I would seem to extend well below the formation pressure pf.
In operation, sampling and measuring instrument 13 is positioned within borehole 10 by winding or unwinding cable 12 from hoist 19, around which cable 12 is spooled. Depth information from depth indicator 20 is coupled to signal processor 21 and recorder 22 when instrument 13 is disposed adjacent an earth formation of interest. Electrical control signals from control circuits 23 including a processor (not shown) are transmitted through electrical conductors contained within cable 12 to instrument 13.
These electrical control signals activate an operational hydraulic pump within the hydraulic power system 14 shown, which provides hydraulic power for instrument operation and which provides hydraulic power causing the well engaging pad member 17 and the fluid admitting member 18 to move laterally from instrument 13 into engagement with the earth formation 11 and the bi-directional pumping member 19. Fluid admitting member or sampling probe 18 can then be placed in fluid communication with the earth formation 11 by means of electrical controlled signals from control circuits 23 selectively activating solenoid valves within instrument 13 for the taking of a sample of any producible connate fluids contained in the earth formation of intent. Apparatus 300 is contained in the tool.
As illustrated in the partial sectional and schematic view of
The present example of the invention runs FRA at the end of each pumping piston stroke on the suction side of the pump while the formation is building up to determine mobility, compressibility and correlation coefficient. The present invention provides a plot of mobility versus time as a deliverable to a sampling client as an indication of confidence of the integrity of the sample. The FRA plots pressure versus formation flow rate as shown in
The plot of pressure as a function of time yields the formation pressure, P* as a result of solving the equation P(t)=P*−[reciprocal of mobility]×[formation flow rate]. The slope of this plot is negative and the y intercept is P* with P on the vertical axis. The reciprocal of the plot is the mobility. The degree to which the plot matches a straight line is the correlation coefficient. When the correlation coefficient falls below 0.8, a problem is indicated. The present invention will give an up arrow indication to the operator to increase pump speed when the formation is capable of delivering single-phase formation fluid at a faster pumping speed and a down arrow to decrease pump speed when the pumping speed exceeds the formation's ability to deliver single-phase formation fluid at the existing pumping speed.
The pump volumes of chambers 62 and 64 are known and the position and rate of movement for the pistons 58 and 60 are known from LMP 47 so that FRA is performed on the bi-directional pump at the end of each pump stroke. As the draw down rate and pump volumes are known by the position of the piston and rate of change of position and the dimensions of the chamber 62 and 64, the draw down volume is also known or can be calculated.
Psaturation−P*=−(1/mobility)(formation rate). Psaturation


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New York, NY – Among moms with a child between the ages of two and six, reading is the activity they tend to spend the most time doing with their child each day, according to a survey of over 1,000 moms conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs on behalf of General Mills. Over half of moms (53%) select reading as one of the two activities they spend the most time doing with their child, followed by watching TV or movies (35%), playing with toys or dolls (29%), riding in the car to get to various activities (19%), and playing sports or outdoor activities (18%).
- Mothers 30 and older are more likely than younger moms to select reading as one of the two activities that they spend the most time doing with their child (57% vs. 44%).
- Mother with a household income of at least $50,000 are also more likely than those who are less affluent to select reading (59% vs. 44%).
Additionally, eight in ten moms (81%) report that they started reading to their child before their first birthday. An additional 12% started doing so when their child was one. Few (6%) waited until the child was older, and all started reading with their child before their child turned five.
- Hispanic mothers are less likely to begin reading to their child before they turn one (68%).
- Moms who are married are more likely than moms who are unmarried to begin reading to their child at this early age (84% vs. 73%).
Two thirds of moms (67%) read to their child at least daily, including 15% who do so several times per day. Another quarter (26%) say that they read with their child a few times per week, 5% do so about once a week, and just 2% do so less than once a week. Less than 1% of mothers surveyed reported that they never read to their child.
- Older moms are more likely than those who are younger to read to their child at least once a day, if not more: moms aged 40 and older: 76%; aged 30-39: 68%; aged 18-29: 57%.
- Moms who have graduated from college (73%), those have a household income of $50,000 or more (73%), those who are married (73%), and those who are Caucasian (70%) are among those more likely to report that they read to their child at least daily.
- Moms who started reading to their child before their first birthday are more likely to read with the child on a daily basis than are those who waited until their child was older (71% vs. 47%).
Mothers utilize a variety of methods to encourage their children to read. Three quarters select books that they think would really interest their child (76%) or always have books on hand (76%). Majorities also say that they make reading part of their child's daily routine (69%), let their child see them reading (59%) and talk about books with their child (51%). More than two in five (44%) say that they go to the library together, though just one in ten (9%) use incentives or rewards to encourage their child to read.
- Moms 40 and older tend to use more of these strategies than do younger moms. For example, 89% of moms aged 40 and up say that they always have books on hand compared to 65% of moms under 30. These older moms are also much more likely to go to the library with their child (53% vs. 32%).
Bedtime is typically when moms read to their child, selected by 61%. Over half (56%) say that they tend to read to their child in the evening, though fewer do so in the afternoon (31%) or in the morning (12%).
While all mothers say that they read to their child, how long they spend doing so varies quite a bit. Just 27% say that they spend 10 minutes or less when reading to their child, over half (54%) spend between 11 and 20 minutes reading with their child. One in five (19%) spend over 20 minutes when they sit down to read with their child. The average reading time is 16 minutes.
- Younger moms tend to spend less time when they read with their child than do older moms. Over a third of moms under 30 (35%) say that they typically spend 10 minutes or less while just 18% of moms 40 and older say the same.
- Those who are reading to their child less frequently also tend to spend less time when they do so. Moms who read to their child less than once a day are twice as likely as moms who read to their child on a daily basis to say that they spend 10 minutes or less (39% vs. 21%).
Though most moms make time each day to read to their child, busy schedules (61%) and cooking and household chores (57%) are the most common reasons that prevent them from spending more time reading. Many also say that their work or career (44%), spending time with their other children (33%) and the child's attention span impedes them from spending more time reading with their child. Few blame their local library's limited hours (3%) or not having a library close by (2%).
- Seven in ten moms who are employed full-time (70%) say that their job prevents them from spending more time reading with their child. Hispanic (54%) and African American (60%) moms are more likely than those who are white (41%) to say that their job is an obstacle when it comes to spending more time reading with their child.
Children tend to have a wide selection of books at home, with moms reporting that their child owns 55 books on average. More then nine in ten (92%) have over 10 books at home, including 42% who have over 50.
- Moms 40 and older (58%), college graduates (49%), those with a household income of $50,000 or more (49%), and Caucasians (50%) are most likely to say that their child owns over 50 books. In contrast, moms under 30 (26%), those who are unmarried (29%), Hispanic moms (27%) and African American moms (21%) are least likely to say so.
When selecting books for their child, moms are most likely to say that the educational value is one of the most important factors (62%). Roughly four in ten also consider colorful illustrations (43%), the topic (40%), the lessons or morals (38%) and the length and complexity (38%) as a top factor when choosing books for their child. They are less likely to consider their own personal experience (31%), recommendations from others (10%), or the author (3%) to be important when selecting children's books.
- The criteria moms use to select books vary with the age of their child. Those with a child ages two to four are more likely than those with a child ages five or six to say that the educational value such as letters, numbers, etc. (65% vs. 55%) and colorful illustrations (49% vs. 36%) are top factors when choosing a book. Conversely, those with older children are more likely to consider the topic (44% vs. 38% of moms of younger children) and the length and complexity (43% vs. 33%).
Though moms tend to have a multitude of books for their child at home, they also believe that school and public libraries ensure that that all children have access to quality books; nine in ten (90%) agree with this, including 51% who strongly agree.
- At least eight in ten moms across demographic groups agree that all children have access to books thanks to school and public libraries.
However, many (63%) also recognize that when it comes to children's access to books, there is a drastic disparity between middle and lower income neighborhoods in the U.S. At the same time, 37% do not agree.
- Moms who are married (66%), have a college degree (67%), and reside in the Northeast (72%) are most likely to agree with this statement.
These are some of the findings of an Ipsos poll conducted September 28-October 4, 2010. For the survey, a national sample of 1,012 mothers of a child ages 2-6 were interviewed online. Weighting was employed to balance demographics and ensure that the sample's composition reflects that of the universe. A survey with an unweighted probability sample of this size and a 100% response rate would have an estimated margin of error of +/- 3.1 percentage points 19 times out of 20 of what the results would have been had the entire population of mothers with a child ages 2-6 in the United States had been polled. All sample surveys and polls may be subject to other sources of error, including, but not limited to coverage error, and measurement error.
For more information on this press release, please contact:
Senior Vice President
Ipsos Public Affairs
Senior Research Manager
Ipsos Public Affairs
Ipsos is a leading global survey-based market research company, owned and managed by research professionals. Ipsos helps interpret, simulate, and anticipate the needs and responses of consumers, customers, and citizens around the world.
Member companies assess market potential and interpret market trends. They develop and build brands. They help clients build long-term relationships with their customers. They test advertising and study audience responses to various media. They measure public opinion around the globe.
Ipsos member companies offer expertise in advertising, customer loyalty, marketing, media, and public affairs research, as well as forecasting, modeling, and consulting.


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This camera view captures live images of the Living Roof of the Ortega Branch Library, the seventh San Francisco Public Library branch built to Silver certification standards under the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system.
This living roof with native species plantings reduces the library's carbon footprint by reducing heat island effects and capturing rain water. With creative roofing like this (and exterior paving materials) we reduce the heat island effect of this building (i.e. thermal gradient differences between developed and natural areas, if you want to get technical). It's important to minimize our impact on the microclimate and on wildlife habitat. We selected native and adapted plants that are well-suited to our climate, and require less water than traditional ground covers such as grass.


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The Rate of C-reactive Protein (CRP) Increase as a Marker for Bacterial Infections in Children (CRPv)
Recruitment status was Not yet recruiting
Fever is one of the most common problems in pediatrics. Differentiating between bacterial infections, that require antibiotic therapy, and viral infections that resolve on their own is an important challenge for physicians.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein that increases in response to inflammation and its level is generally higher in bacterial infections compared to viral infections. it can be measured by a simple blood test, however its utility as a sole marker for bacterial infection is limited.
The hypothesis of the study is that measuring CRP velocity, e.g the value of CRP divided by the hours since the fever started will improve the utility of CRP for the diagnosis of bacterial infections in children.
|Study Design:||Observational Model: Cohort
Time Perspective: Prospective
|Official Title:||CRP Velocity as a Marker for Bacterial Infections in Children|
|Study Start Date:||September 2010|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||September 2011|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:||September 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
children with fever due to bacterial infection
children with fever due to viral infection


Definitions for "-ine"
A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, in their nature, i.e. contain a basic nitrogen group.
A suffix, formerly used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as, hexine, heptine, etc., but now superseded by the ending -yne, as in propyne.


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Summary: In this article reporter Jan Hoffman provides the reader with an over view of the findings of an epidemiological study "Hysterectomy-corrected cervical cancer mortality rates reveal a larger racial disparity in the United States" recently published in Cancer (Beavis, Gravitt and Rositch, 2017). The researchers reexamined the mortality data on cervical cancer. They recalculated the mortality rate omitting all women who have had a hysterectomy. This was done since in most case the cervix is removed during this procedure, thus women with a hysterectomy are not at risk for developing cervical cancer. The researchers found that the difference in mortality rate from cervical cancer was 10.1 per 100,000 deaths for black women compared to 4.7 for white women. Previous calculations were 5.7 per 100,000 for black women compared to 3.2 per 100,000 for white women. Thus not only was the mortality rate from cervical cancer greater than previously thought but the disparity was also larger. This high mortality rate is particularly concerning since cervical cancer is preventable when screening and follow up guidelines are followed. The mortality rate in black women is comparable to the rate in low income countries and may be a result of less access to care. Hoffman quoted another expert as stating that a disparity also exists between Hispanics and whites. Hoffman ends with a story told by a New York City physician about treating two women with recurring cervical cancer who required total pelvic exenterations, one was 25 and one was 39. Hoffman notes that increased administration of the vaccine that protects against many types of human papillomavirus will help to decrease cervical cancer rates in the future.
Suggested prompts for discussion:
- The focus of this article is health disparity between whites and blacks. The reporter is careful to note that the underlying cause for the disparity is access to care. Examine the etiology of cervical cancer and discuss why disparity in this case reflects a difference in zip code rather than genetic code and how race is not a causal factor.
- The researchers who reexamined the cervical cancer mortality rate changed how the rate was calculated. Compare how crude mortality rates are calculated and the importance of choosing the correct denominator. How does looking beyond a crude rate help us better understand mortality risk? How does this apply to calculating the incidence rate for cervical cancer?
- The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Guidelines for cervical cancer screening are referenced in the article. Click on the link embedded in the article and review. What further research is needed to help better support some of the recommendations?
- There is a reference to the negative impact of possible policy changes to the affordable care act on accessibility to cervical cancer screening and treatment for women, especially those with limited financial resources. What are possible solutions to increasing access to gynecological care for women and why is it important?


gRPC on HTTP/2 Engineering a Robust, High-performance Protocol
In a previous article, we explored how HTTP/2 dramatically increases network efficiency and enables real-time communication by providing a framework for long-lived connections. In this article, we'll look at how gRPC builds on HTTP/2's long-lived connections to create a performant, robust platform for inter-service communication. We will explore the relationship between gRPC and HTTP/2, how gRPC manages HTTP/2 connections, and how gRPC uses HTTP/2 to keep connections alive, healthy, and utilized.
gRPC Semantics
To begin, let's dive into how gRPC concepts relate to HTTP/2 concepts. gRPC introduces three new concepts: channels1, remote procedure calls (RPCs), and messages. The relationship between the three is simple: each channel may have many RPCs while each RPC may have many messages.
Channel mapping
Let's take a look at how gRPC semantics relate to HTTP/2:
gRPC on HTTP/2
Channels are a key concept in gRPC. Streams in HTTP/2 enable multiple concurrent conversations on a single connection; channels extend this concept by enabling multiple streams over multiple concurrent connections. On the surface, channels provide an easy interface for users to send messages into; underneath the hood, though, an incredible amount of engineering goes into keeping these connections alive, healthy, and utilized.
Channels represent virtual connections to an endpoint, which in reality may be backed by many HTTP/2 connections. RPCs are associated with a connection (this association is described further on). RPCs are in practice plain HTTP/2 streams. Messages are associated with RPCs and get sent as HTTP/2 data frames. To be more specific, messages are layered on top of data frames. A data frame may have many gRPC messages, or if a gRPC message is quite large2 it might span multiple data frames.
Resolvers and Load Balancers
In order to keep connections alive, healthy, and utilized, gRPC utilizes a number of components, foremost among them name resolvers and load balancers. The resolver turns names into addresses and then hands these addresses to the load balancer. The load balancer is in charge of creating connections from these addresses and load balancing RPCs between connections.
Resolvers and Load Balancers
Round Robin Load Balancer
A DNS resolver, for example, might resolve some host name to 13 IP addresses, and then a RoundRobin balancer might create 13 connections - one to each address - and round robin RPCs across each connection. A simpler balancer might simply create a connection to the first address. Alternatively, a user who wants multiple connections but knows that the host name will only resolve to one address might have their balancer create connections against each address 10 times to ensure that multiple connections are used.
Resolvers and load balancers solve small but crucial problems in a gRPC system. This design is intentional: reducing the problem space to a few small, discrete problems helps users build custom components. These components can be used to fine-tune gRPC to fit each system's individual needs.
Connection Management
Once configured, gRPC will keep the pool of connections - as defined by the resolver and balancer - healthy, alive, and utilized.
When a connection fails, the load balancer will begin to reconnect using the last known list of addresses3. Meanwhile, the resolver will begin attempting to re-resolve the list of host names. This is useful in a number of scenarios. If the proxy is no longer reachable, for example, we'd want the resolver to update the list of addresses to not include that proxy's address. To take another example: DNS entries might change over time, and so the list of addresses might need to be periodically updated. In this manner and others, gRPC is designed for long-term resiliency.
Once resolution is finished, the load balancer is informed of the new addresses. If addresses have changed, the load balancer may spin down connections to addresses not present in the new list or create connections to addresses that weren't previously there.
Identifying Failed Connections
The effectiveness of gRPC's connection management hinges upon its ability to identify failed connections. There are generally two types of connection failures: clean failures, in which the failure is communicated, and the less-clean failure, in which the failure is not communicated.
Let's consider a clean, easy-to-observe failure. Clean failures can occur when an endpoint intentionally kills the connection. For example, the endpoint may have gracefully shut down, or a timer may have been exceeded, prompting the endpoint to close the connection. When connections close cleanly, TCP semantics suffice: closing a connection causes the FIN handshake to occur. This ends the HTTP/2 connection, which ends the gRPC connection. gRPC will immediately begin reconnecting (as described above). This is quite clean and requires no additional HTTP/2 or gRPC semantics.
The less clean version is where the endpoint dies or hangs without informing the client. In this case, TCP might undergo retry for as long as 10 minutes before the connection is considered failed. Of course, failing to recognize that the connection is dead for 10 minutes is unacceptable. gRPC solves this problem using HTTP/2 semantics: when configured using KeepAlive, gRPC will periodically send HTTP/2 PING frames. These frames bypass flow control and are used to establish whether the connection is alive. If a PING response does not return within a timely fashion, gRPC will consider the connection failed, close the connection, and begin reconnecting (as described above).
In this way, gRPC keeps a pool of connections healthy and uses HTTP/2 to ascertain the health of connections periodically. All of this behavior is opaque to the user, and message redirecting happens automatically and on the fly. Users simply send messages on a seemingly always-healthy pool of connections.
Keeping Connections Alive
As mentioned above, KeepAlive provides a valuable benefit: periodically checking the health of the connection by sending an HTTP/2 PING to determine whether the connection is still alive. However, it has another equally useful benefit: signaling liveness to proxies.
Consider a client sending data to a server through a proxy. The client and server may be happy to keep a connection alive indefinitely, sending data as necessary. Proxies, on the other hand, are often quite resource constrained and may kill idle connections to save resources. Google Cloud Platform (GCP) load balancers disconnect apparently-idle connections after 10 minutes, and Amazon Web Services Elastic Load Balancers (AWS ELBs) disconnect them after 60 seconds.
With gRPC periodically sending HTTP/2 PING frames on connections, the perception of a non-idle connection is created. Endpoints using the aforementioned idle kill rule would pass over killing these connections.
A Robust, High Performance Protocol
HTTP/2 provides a foundation for long-lived, real-time communication streams. gRPC builds on top of this foundation with connection pooling, health semantics, efficient use of data frames and multiplexing, and KeepAlive.
Developers choosing protocols must choose those that meet today's demands as well as tomorrow's. They are well served by choosing gRPC, whether it be for resiliency, performance, long-lived or short-lived communication, customizability, or simply knowing that their protocol will scale to extraordinarily massive traffic while remaining efficient all the way. To get going with gRPC and HTTP/2 right away, check out gRPC's Getting Started guides.
 1. In Go, a gRPC channel is called ClientConn because the word "channel" has a language-specific meaning.
 2. gRPC uses the HTTP/2 default max size for a data frame of 16kb. A message over 16kb may span multiple data frames, whereas a message below that size may share a data frame with some number of other messages.
 3. This is the behavior of the RoundRobin balancer, but not every load balancer does or must behave this way.


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Patient registries can be a powerful tool. They can help researchers:
In discussions with NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) on establishing an APBD patient registry, here is a recap of their thoughts:
- The process lends itself to developing a comfort level with a registry provider that will give the best product
- The selected solution should provide access to de-identified information and the ability to search and analyze the data
- The setup should facilitate the ability to provide de-identified data to the Global Rare Diseases Patient Registry and Data Repository (GRDR) established by NIH. This may result in leading other potential patients to our organization.
- Finalized patient registry questions can be shared with NIH ORDR.
- ORDR has developed an informed consent template that can be used in establishing APBD registry
What your donation will fund:
Annual maintenance fee $15,000
Naming opportunity available