About Nagoya University
The Nagoya University Academic Charter
In recognition of the unique role of seats of learning and their historical and social missions, this document establishes the guiding principles for scholarship at Nagoya University. Nagoya University maintains a culture of free and open-minded academic endeavor and aspires to contribute to the prosperity and happiness of all people through research and education in those fields studying human beings, society, and the natural world. Above all, it aims to foster the harmonious development of humanity and science, to conduct advanced research, and to provide an education that encompasses the full range of the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. To these ends, we outline below the goals and guidelines for carrying out the required measures for continuing to perform our duties as a leading university.
1. Fundamental Objectives: Research and Education
(1) Nagoya University, through its creative research, shall pursue truth and produce world-leading intellectual achievements.
(2) Nagoya University, through an education that values independent thinking, shall foster individuals who possess intellectual courage, the power of rational thought, and imagination.
2. Fundamental Objectives: Contribution to Society
(1) Nagoya University shall spearhead scientific research and foster individuals capable of exercising leadership both in the domestic and international arenas so they can contribute to human welfare, the development of culture, and global industry.
(2) Nagoya University shall put to good use the specific qualities of the surrounding community and, through multifaceted research activities, contribute to the development of the region.
(3) Nagoya University shall promote international academic co-operation and the education of international students. It will contribute to educational and cultural exchange with other countries, especially those in Asia.
3. Fundamental Policies: Research and Education System
(1) Nagoya University shall study the humanities, society, and nature from an inclusive viewpoint, respond to contemporary issues, and change and enrich its education and research system to generate new values and a body of knowledge based on humanitarian values.
(2) Nagoya University shall support an education system that inherits and develops intellectual resources cultivated from the world's intellectual traditions. It will promote advanced and innovative education.
(3) Nagoya University, through disseminating information, exchanging people, and cooperating with institutions in Japan and abroad, shall create the foundation for an international academic culture.
4. Fundamental Policies: University Administration
(1) Nagoya University shall always support scientific inquiry based on the autonomy and initiative of its members, guaranteeing them the right to freely conduct their research.
(2) Nagoya University shall ask its members to take part in the formulation and implementation of our foundational principles for research and education and the objectives and policies for administration.
(3) Nagoya University, aspiring to be an open and accessible university, shall promote both internal and external independent assessment and evaluation of its research, education and administration.


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Many enterprises, both large and small, are focused on increasing their business flexibility while simplifying their IT infrastructure in order to better meet their business objectives. The IBM On Demand Operating Environment defines a set of integration and infrastructure management capabilities that enterprises can use to achieve these challenging objectives.
The On Demand Operating Environment feature of particular relevance to this Redpaper is the use of a service-oriented architecture (SOA). Using an SOA is necessary to achieve the goals of increased business flexibility and a simplified IT infrastructure. Many of these enterprises are determined to use proven architectures, designs, and product mappings in order to speed their implementation and minimize their risk.
This Redpaper describes how to use the DVD entitled "Service Orientation Test-Drive with Linux on xSeries" that accompanies the paper. This paper focuses on a simple infrastructure to exploit service orientation principles. The intent of this environment is to allow companies to evaluate the processes and questions that arise from SOA projects, and take into consideration aspects such as the impact on the underlying system infrastructure.
The information provided by this Redpaper and additional materials will help you get off to a fast start with SOA by providing an easy platform to install the basic software building blocks that can allow companies to experiment with service orientation principles.
Table of contents
Ch. 1 Solution introduction
Ch. 2 Web services and service-oriented architecture
Ch. 3 Installing the test-drive during Linux installation
App. A Configuration files

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Workshop: Playwork theory
Length of workshop: one day
Number of participants: 6 to 15
Price for Play Wales members: £400 per workshop
Price for non-members: £500 per workshop
Playwork Principle 6 states that 'the playworkers response to children and young people is based on a sound up to date knowledge of the play process and reflective practice'. This workshop will provide an overview of current playwork theory and consider its application in practice.
It is intended as a refresh for current playworkers or practitioners new to playwork. A range of playwork theory can be explored to meet the agreed learning needs of the specific group.
Learners will explore:
- The Playwork Principles
- Current playwork theory as it applies to the play process
- The importance of reflective practice
Who is it for?
- Playwork practitioners
If you have any queries about the workshop or to book please contact us
Please note the workshop price does not include venue hire or refreshments


The Importance of Securing Web Services
Secure your RESTful applications against common vulnerabilities with this book and eBook.
In the upcoming sections of this article we are going to briefly explain several concepts about the importance of securing web services.
The importance of security
The management of securities is one of the main aspects to consider when designing applications.
No matter what, neither the functionality nor the information of organizations can be exposed to all users without any kind of restriction. Suppose the case of a human resource management application that allows you to consult wages of their employees, for example, if the company manager needs to know the salary of one of their employees, it is not something of great importance. But in the same context, imagine that one of the employees wants to know the salary of their colleagues, if access to this information is completely open, it could generate problems among employees with varied salaries.
Security management options
Java provides some options for security management. Right now we will explain some of them and demonstrate how to implement them. All authentication methods are practically based on credentials delivery from the client to the server. In order to perform this, there are several methods:
 - BASIC authentication
 - DIGEST authentication
 - CLIENT CERT authentication
 - Using API keys
The Security Management in applications built with Java including those ones with RESTful web services, always rely on JAAS.
Basic authentication by providing user credentials
Possibly one of the most used techniques in all kind of applications. The user, before gaining functionality over the application is requested to enter a username and password both are validated in order to verify if credentials are correct (belongs to an application user). We are 99 percent sure you have performed this technique at least once, maybe through a customized mechanism, or if you used JEE platform, probably through JAAS. This kind of control is known as basic authentication.
In order to have a working example, let's start our application server JBoss AS 7, then go to bin directory and execute the file add-user.bat (.sh file for UNIX users). Finally, we will create a new user as follows:
As a result, we will have a new user in JBOSS_HOME/standalone/configuration/application - file.
JBoss is already set with a default security domain called other; the same one uses the information stored in the file we mentioned earlier in order to authenticate. Right now we are going to configure the application to use this security domain, inside the folder WEB-INF from resteasy-examples project, let's create a file named jboss-web.xml with the following content:
 other
Alright, let's configure the file web.xml in order to aggregate the securities constraints. In the following block of code, you will see on bold what you should add:
 Any rol * Area secured protected_resources /services/* GET POST User with any role * BASIC
From a terminal let's go to the home folder of the resteasy-examples project and execute mvn jboss-as:redeploy. Now we are going to test our web service as we did earlier by using SoapUI. We are going to perform request using the POST method to the URL
SOAP UI shows us the HTTP 401 error; this means that the request wasn't authorized. This is because we performed the request without delivering the credentials to the server.
Digest access authentication
This authentication method makes use of a hash function to encrypt the password entered by the user before sending it to the server. This makes it obviously much safer than the BASIC authentication method, in which the user's password travels in plain text that can be easily read by whoever intercepts. To overcome such drawbacks, digest MD5 authentication applies a function on the combination of the values of the username, realm of application security, and password. As a result we obtain an encrypted string that can hardly be interpreted by an intruder.
Now, in order to perform what we explained before, we need to generate a password for our example user. And we have to generate it using the parameters we talked about earlier; username, realm, and password. Let's go into the directory of JBOSS_HOME/modules/org/picketbox/main/ from a terminal and type the following:
java -cp picketbox-4.0.7.Final.jar org.jboss.
security.auth.callback.RFC2617Digest username
MyRealmName password
We will obtain the following result:
RFC2617 A1 hash: 8355c2bc1aab3025c8522bd53639c168
Through this process we obtain the encrypted password, and use it in our password storage file (the JBOSS_HOME/standalone/configuration/ We must replace the password in the file and it will be used for the user username. We have to replace it because the old password doesn't contain the realm name information of the application.
Next, We have to modify the web.xml file in the tag auth-method and change the value FORM to DIGEST, and we should set the application realm name this way:
 DIGEST MyRealmName
Now, let's create a new security domain in JBoss, so we can manage the authentication mechanism DIGEST. In the file JBOSS_HOME/standalone/configuration/standalone.xml, on the section , let's add the following entry:

/"/>
Finally, in the application, change the security domain name in the file jboss-web.xml as shown in the following snippet:
 java:/jaas/domainDigest
We are going to change the authentication method from BASIC to DIGEST in the web.xml file. Also we enter the name of the security realm; all these changes must be applied in the tag login-config, this way:
 DIGEST MyRealmName
Now, restart the application server and then redeploy the application on JBoss. To do this, execute the next command on the terminal:
mvn jboss-as:redeploy
Authentication through certificates
It is a mechanism in which a trust agreement is established between the server and the client through certificates. They must be signed by an agency established to ensure that the certificate presented for authentication is legitimate, it is known as CA.
This security mechanism needs that our application server uses HTTPS as communication protocol. So we must enable HTTPS. Let's add a connector in the standalone.xml file; look for the following line:

Next we add the security domain:

As you can see, we need two files: and, both are empty and located in the JBOSS_HOME/standalone/configuration path.
We are going to add the tag in the web.xml in this way:
Then, change the authentication method to CLIENT-CERT:
And finally change the security domain in the jboss-web.xml file in the following way:


You might think "legendary" lost treasure is the stuff of fiction, something you could only hope to find if you were a character in an Indiana Jones film. However, there are a vast array of lost treasures that actually exist in the real world, waiting to be found by whomever is willing to search hard enough for them. Keep reading to discover some of the most lucrative treasure hunting locations on the planet.
San Miguel
In the 18th century, Spain possessed an 11-ship fleet that carried a staggering $2-billion in treasures, including jewels, minerals and precious metals. The ships were last spotted near the coast of Florida, when they were thwarted in an attempt to make it back to their home destination before a devastating hurricane was due to hit. The ships immediately sank deep into the ocean's depths, killing the sailing crews aboard and burying all of the riches far below the sea. As of present, crews have unearthed seven out of the 11 ships. However, it is believed all of the treasure aboard is still missing. The San Miguel is the most noteworthy lost ship. It held the largest amount of Spanish treasure. If you have diving experience and are willing to travel to the Floridian coast or perhaps beyond, the San Miguel and its riches could be yours.
The Treasure of Forrest Fenn
Forrest Fenn, a military pilot and master of treasure hunting in his own right, thought his last living act would be scattering every valuable he'd amassed over the years across the country, leaving riddles for other adventurous people to use to find all $1-million worth. However, as of 2015, he is still alive and no one has managed to unearth any of Fenn's riches. If you dare, you could be the first person to find Fenn's treasure.
The Buried Treasure of Key West
Spain is yet again the source of this mysteriously-located wealth mine. Nuestra Senora de Atocha, a 17th century Spanish fleet, was swept up in a severe storm while passing by the Florida Keys. Several of its ships were unable to survive the storm and sank below the sea's surface, taking with it up to $700-million worth of valuables. Mel Fisher was able to find part of this massive prize, specifically around $500-million of it, during the mid-1980s. However, there is evidence that suggests more treasure waits to be found. The captain of the fleet wrote a manifesto detailing just how much treasure was loaded onto the fleet.
This is just a taste of hidden treasure troves that exist in the world. If you're interested in the idea of real treasure hunts, we can point you in the right direction. If you're interested in discovering more treasure hunting hotspots, contact us at our website. We provide a full network for treasure hunters to share and explore.


text:
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Here is your class.
OT 234 - History of Ancient Israel 2
An exegetical study of the Old Testament historical books Judges through Esther, plus related readings from the Old Testament poetic and prophetic books. Includes summaries and introductions to the various books, questions over the text, and information about the redemptive plan of God to save the world. Students will learn the facts of the text through lecture, discussions, and assigned reading and projects.
- OT 134 History of Ancient Israel 1

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Reinforced concrete design is based on the assumption that concrete and steel reinforcement combines to create a new, composite material. Generally, the concrete is designed to carry the compressive loads while the reinforcing bar is designed to carry the tensile loads. There must be bond between the reinforcing bar and the concrete if it is to carry the tensile load and maintain equilibrium. However, bond between concrete and reinforcing bar is been affected by corrosion, a leading cause of structural failure. Reinforcing bar corrosion is a major concern in the world of concrete structures. It develops high pressure within the concrete causing the cracking and spilling of the concrete cover and the exposure of the reinforcing bar to further corrosion activity.
The Bond clause of the BS 8110 –1:1997 code is simply based on the compressive strength of concrete, a factor that could be expected to increase useable bond capacity. All other factors known to affect bond were not taken into consideration. The ACI 318 (2002) code took various factors like concrete cover, diameter of bar, lap length, transverse reinforcement, spacing, transverse steel strength and the cylinder strength into consideration but the environment was not considered. The Eurocode EN 1992–1–1: 2004 (E) took various factors affecting bond into consideration including the environment and a factor of 0.7 of the normal bond strength was recommended in aggressive environment.
A developing country like Nigeria can adopt any code of practice but local specifications must be written to compliment the adopted code. The lifespan and failure of structures especially reinforced structures has been of great concern to professionals and researchers in and out of the construction industry and over time, there has been a list of other factors that supposedly reduces the lifespan of structures or even possible failures. The environments where the reinforced structures are built affect the bond between concrete and steel reinforcement which in turn accelerates the performance loss of reinforced structures especially when reinforced concrete structures are located in aggressive environments, where they are exposed to corrosive fumes, sea water spray, abrasive actions, adverse weather conditions etc. hence an attempt to study the effect of the environment on bond between concrete and steel is desirable and worthwhile.
Not much work has been done on the effect of the environment on bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. This investigation is an attempt to generate data that can be used in developing local specification on bond between concrete and steel reinforcement in aggressive environments like coastal and industrial, to be able to justify the use or otherwise of the recommended reduction factor of 0.7 in the Eurocode or to be able to recommend appropriate reduction factor in severe environments.
The aim is to determine the effect of the environment on bond resistance between concrete and steel reinforcement. The objectives are to:
i. Generate data on bond between concrete and steel reinforcement exposed to different environments (Normal, Coastal and Industrial); and
ii. Compare the effect of each environment on the bond between the concrete and steel reinforcement.
Seventy-five (75) RILEM push-in specimens were cast. Twenty-five (25) specimens each were cast in the Normal, Coastal and Industrial environments, using 16mm high yield diameter bars in 160mm cube moulds. Three (3) control cubes were also cast to monitor the strength of concrete cast in each environment. All the materials used were exposed to the respective environment for fourteen (14) days. The RILEM specimens cast were cured in their respective environment for twenty-eight (28) days, and afterwards push-in tests were conducted to determine their bond resistances.
The results of this present study would enhance the writing of local specifications for bond in different environments.
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 - Pages: 48
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 - Chapters: 1-5
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The National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, founded on October 11, 1890, and headquartered in Washington, DC, is a service organization whose motto is "God, Home, and Country."
The Society is dedicated to promoting patriotism, preserving American history and securing America's future through better education for children. DAR members volunteer millions of service hours annually in their local communities including supporting active-duty military personnel and assisting veteran patients, awarding thousands of dollars in scholarships and financial aid each year to students, and supporting schools for underserved children with annual donations exceeding one million dollars. The members of Jane Douglas Chapter are the conservators of The Continental DAR House, which was built in 1936 by the Continental Oil Company and is open to visitors every day during the State Fair of Texas. The Jane Douglas Chapter, established in 1895, is the second oldest chapter in Texas.


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with a 0b LSbit) 68h 69h Rin Value These bytes contain the MSB (68h) and the LSB (69h) of the measured Rin (15-bit number, with a 0b LSbit) 6Ah 6Dh ReservedReserved 6Eh IO States This byte shows the logical value of the I/O pins. 6Fh A/D Updated Allows the user to verify if an update from the A/D has occurred to the 5 values: temperature, Vcc, Bin, Pin and Rin. The user writes the byteto 00h. Once a conversion is complete for a give value, its bit will change to '1'. 70h 73h Alarm Flags These bits reflect the state of the alarms as a conversion updates. High alarm bits are '1' if converted value is greater than corresponding highlimit. Low alarm bits are '1' if converted value is less than corresponding low limit. Otherwise, bits are 0b. 74h 77h Warning Flags These bits reflect the state of the warnings as a conversion updates. High warning bits are '1' if converted value isgreater than corresponding high limit. Low warning bits are '1' if converted value is less than corresponding low limit. Otherwise, bits are 0b. 78h 7Ah Reserved Reserved 7Bh 7Eh Password Entry Bytes The four bytes are used for password PWE Byte 3(7Bh) entry. The entered password will MSByte determine the user's read/write privileges. PWE Byte 2 (7Ch) PWE Byte 1 (7Dh) PWE Byte 0 (7Eh) LSByte 7Fh Array Select Writing to this byte determines which of the upper pages of memory is selected forreading and writing. 0xh (Array x Selected) Where x = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 80h F7h Customer EEPROM 87h DA % Adj Scale output of D/A converters by specified percentage Name of Location Function of Location Memory Location (Array 1) 00h FFh Data EEPROM MemoryLocation (Array 2) 00h Ffh Data EEPROM Memory Location (Array 3) 80h 81h Temperature High The value written to this location serves 88h 89h Alarm as the high alarm limit. Data format is 90h 91h Vcc High Alarm the same as the corresponding value 98h99h Bin High Alarm (temperature, Vcc, Bin, Pin, Rin). A0h A1h Pin High Alarm Rin High Alarm 82h 83h Temperature Low The value written to this location serves 8Ah 8Bh Alarm as the low alarm limit. Data format is the92h 93h Vcc Low Alarm same as the corresponding value 9Ah 9Bh Bin Low Alarm (temperature, Vcc, Bin, Pin, Rin). A2h A3h Pin Low Alarm Rin Low Alarm 84h 85h Temp High Warning The value written to this locationserves 8Ch 8Dh Vcc High Warning as the high warning limit. Data format is 94h 95h Bin High Warning the same as the corresponding value 9Ch 9Dh Pin High Warning (temperature, Vcc, Bin, Pin, Rin). A4h A5h Rin HighWarning 86h 87h Temperature Low The value written to this location serves 8Eh 8Fh Warning as the low warning limit. Data format is 96h 97h Vcc Low Warning the same as the corresponding value 9Eh 9Fh Bin Low Warning (temperature, Vcc,Bin, Pin, Rin). A6h A7h Pin Low Warning Rin Low Warning A8h AFh, Dout control 0 8 Individual bit locations are defined in C5h Fout control 0 8 Table 4. B0h B7h, C6h Lout control 0 8 B8h BFh, C7h C0h ReservedReserved C1h Prescale Selects MCLK divisor for X-delay CLKS. C2h Dout Delay Selects number of prescale clocks C3h Fout Delay C4h Lout Delay C8h C9h Vcc - A/D Scale 16 bits of gain adjustment for CAh CBh Bin - A/D Scalecorresponding A/D conversion values. CCh CDh Pin - A/D Scale CEh CFh Rin - A/D Scale D0h Chip Address Selects chip address when external pin ASEL is low. D1h Margin #2 Finisar Selective Percentage (FSP) for D/A #2 D2h Margin #1 FinisarSelective Percentage (FSP) for D/A #1 D3h D6h PW1 Byte 3 (D3h) The four bytes are used for password 1 MSB entry. The entered password will PW1 Byte 2 (D4h) determine the customer's read/write PW1 Byte 1 (D5h) privileges. PW1 Byte 0 (D6h) LSB D7h D/AControl This byte determines if the D/A outputs source or sink current, and it allows for the outputs to be scaled. D8h DFh Bin Fast Trip These bytes define the fast trip comparison over temperature. E0h E3h Pin Fast Trip These bytes definethe fast trip comparison over temperature. E4h E7h Rin Fast Trip These bytes define the fast trip comparison over temperature. E8h Configuration Override Location of the bits is defined in Table 4 Byte E9h Reserved Reserved EAh EBh Internal StateBytes Location of the bits is defined in Table 4 ECh I/O States 1 Location of the bits is defined in Table 4 EDh EEh D/A Out Magnitude of the temperature compensated D/A outputs EFh Temperature Index Address pointer to the look-up Arrays F0h FFh ReservedReserved Memory Location (Array 4) 00h Ffh D/A Current vs. Temp #1 (User-Defined Look-up Array #1) Memory Location (Array 5) 00h Ffh D/A Current vs. Temp #2 (User-Defined Look-up Array #2)
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 DETAIL MEMORY DESCRIPTIONS - A/D VALUES AND STATUS BITS Byte Bit Name Description Converted analog values. Calibrated 16 bit data. (See Notes 1 2) 96 All Temperature Signed 2' s complement integer (60h) MSB temperature(-40 to 125 C.) Based on internal temperature measurement 97 All Temperature Fractional part of temperature LSB (count/256) 98 All Vcc MSB Internally measured supply voltage in transceiver. Actual voltage is full 16 bit value * 100 uVolt. 99 All VccLSB (Yields range of 0 6.55 V) 100 All TX Bias MSB Measured TX Bias Current in mA Bias current is full 16 bit value * (1/256) mA. 101 All TX Bias LSB (Full range of 0 256 mA possible with 4 uA resolution) 102 All TX Power Measured TX output power in mW. MSB Output is full 16 bit value * (1/2048) mW. (see note 5) 103 All TX Power LSB (Full range of 0 32 mW possible with 0.5 μW resolution, or -33 to 15 dBm 104 All RX Power Measured RX input power in mW RX MSB power is full 16 bit value * (1/16384)mW. (see note 6) 105 All RX Power LSB (Full range of 0 4 mW possible with 0.06 μW resolution, or -42 to 6 dBm) 106 All Reserved MSB Reserved for 1st future definition of digitized analog input 107 All Reserved LSB Reserved for 1st future definitionof digitized analog input 108 All Reserved MSB Reserved for 2nd future definition of digitized analog input 109 All Reserved LSB Reserved for 2nd future definition of digitized analog input General Status Bits 110 7 TX Disable Digital state of the TXDisable Input Pin 110 6 Reserved 110 5 Reserved 110 4 Rate Select Digital state of the SFP Rate Select Input Pin 110 3 Reserved 110 2 TX Fault Digital state of the TX Fault Output Pin 110 1 LOS Digital state of the LOS Output Pin 110 0 Power-On-Indicates transceiver has achieved power Logic up and data valid 111 7 Temp A/D Indicates A/D value in Bytes 96/97 is Valid valid 111 6 Vcc A/D Indicates A/D value in Bytes 98/99 is Valid valid 111 5 TX Bias Indicates A/D value in Bytes 100/101 is A/DValid valid 111 4 TX Power Indicates A/D value in Bytes 102/103 is A/D Valid valid 111 3 RX Power Indicates A/D value in Bytes 104/105 is A/D Valid valid 111 2 Reserved Indicates A/D value in Bytes 106/107 is valid 111 1 Reserved Indicates A/D value inBytes 108/109 is valid 111 0 Reserved Reserved
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 DETAIL MEMORY DESCRIPTIONS - ALARM AND WARNING FLAG BITS Alarm and Warning Flag Bits Byte Bit Name Description 112 7 Temp High Alarm Set when internal


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Mahananda Navami is an auspicious day observed in Northern parts of
by certain Hindu communities. Navami is the ninth day in a fortnight in a traditional Hindu lunar calendar. Mahananda Navami 2013 date is February 19, September 13 (Bhadrapad Month), December 11 (Margashirsh). This particular Maha Nanda navami is observed in a couple of other months too. The main ritual involves purifying oneself in holy rivers like India Ganga.
Mahananda Navami is observed mainly on the ninth day (navami) during shukla paksha (waxing phase of moon) of Magha mahina or Magh month. (January – February), Bhadrapad month and Margashirsh month.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have a square-based map. Only horizontal and vertical movement is allowed (no diagonals). Movement cost is always 1.
I'm implementing an A* algorithm on that map, using the Manhattan distance as a distance heuristic. Is this heuristic consistent? Can I can avoid checking g(node) against nodes that are in the CLOSED set?
Edit: By consistent I mean monotonic.
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If your movement cost is uniform across every tile, you could replace A* with Jump Point Search – Nick Caplinger Jun 26 '13 at 0:32
Hey, that's nice! – Emiliano Jun 27 '13 at 11:31
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4 Answers
up vote 9 down vote accepted
To actually answer your question: the manhatten distance is consistent when you're constrained to moving vertically/horizonally along an unweighted grid (this can be easily shown by the definition on wikipedia). So yes, in your case you can avoid rechecking nodes in the closed set.
However, once you allow diagonal or any-angle movement, manhatten distance becomes nonadmissible because it overestimates diagonal costs, which necessarily means it's not consistent.
share|improve this answer
Yes, this is exactly the kind of answer I was looking for. It would be nice to know what happens if the heuristic function is h(x) = min(manhattan(p1), manhattan(p2)) (i.e. either p1 or p2 are good ending point and I want to reach the nearest one). Is this h(x) still monotonic? – Emiliano Jun 6 '13 at 14:01
_USER_: Yes, if h(x, p1) and h(x, p2) are consistent, then min(h(x,p1), h(x,p2)) will also be consistent. This is easy to show from the definition on wikipedia (we would need to show that min(h(x, p1), h(x, p2)) <= distance(x,y) + min(h(y, p1), h(y, p2)) for all nodes x and y with an edge between them. Now assume that h(x, p1) is the minimum; can you show that it's definitely <= the right-hand side, using the fact that both heuristics are consistent?) – BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft Jun 6 '13 at 14:31
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Yes, the Manhattan distance between two points is always the same, just like the regular distance between them. You can think of the Manhattan distance being the X and Y components of a line running between the two points.
This image (from Wikipedia) illustrates this well:
Manhattan distances
The green line is the actual distance.
The blue, red and yellow lines all represent the same Manhattan distance (12 units). No matter what combination of movements up and right you draw from the bottom-left point to the bottom-right, you'll get the same total Manhattan distance.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the edits Anko, looks better than before! – Byte56 Jun 3 '13 at 14:36
Great answer: short, sweet, to the point and with a pretty picture. – Blue Jun 3 '13 at 15:34
I believe by the definition you linked, the Manhattan distance is consistent. The green line distance would be using a different heuristic. The Red, Blue and Yellow lines show that the distance between the two nodes remains the same (when using the same heuristic). Moving closer reduces the heuristic and moving farther away increases the heuristic. This meets the monotonic requirement of the OP. As the graph is constructed, with a node at each "intersection", the Manhattan distance is consistent. If it were a different scenario (like allowing diagonal movement), the heuristic would be bad. – Byte56 Jun 3 '13 at 20:30
I already said that Manhatten Distance is consistent, but not for the reasons you mention. Your answer does not show consistency, nor does your argument in the comments. "Consistent/monotone heuristic" has a precise definition (given in my above link), which is not the same as a monotone function which you seem to be confusing it for. Stating "moving closer reduces the heuristic and moving farther away increases the heuristic" is not sufficient to show it's consistent, eg. 2*manhatten satisfies that, but is not consistent. – BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft Jun 3 '13 at 20:47
I don't know why you say it's incorrect, you appear to be insisting this answer is incomplete. The proof in your answer appears to be just as weak: "the manhatten distance is consistent...", you then go on to reiterate the original specifications of the question, following with how it would be non-admissible if the scenario were different. I didn't feel as though the answer warranted a full mathematical proof. If you feel this question requires that, then please include it in your answer and I will up vote it. Thanks for the constructive criticism. – Byte56 Jun 3 '13 at 21:10
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In extension of Byte56's answer I would like to point out, that in your specific data set, using the Manhattan Distance as your heuristic function will actually always be a perfect heuristic in the sense that it will always return the actual path cost (assuming there is nothing "blocking" the paths).
You should also note, that all nodes in the correct direction (either horisontally or vertically) will yield the same expected distance (because there are many equally short paths to the goal). You should be aware that your priority queue (open set) should, in case of tied priorities, dequeue the latest added node first (LIFO - Last In First Out). By doing so you will only examine the nodes which will end up in the optimal path. If you examine equally suitable nodes in a FIFO (First In First Out) manner, you will effectively be examining all nodes which are part of a best path. This problem arises because there are multiple equally good paths to the goal node.
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"(assuming there is nothing blocking the path)" - that's a pretty big assumption. If there's nothing blocking the path, there is no need for a path-finding algorithm to begin with! – BlueRaja - Danny Pflughoeft Jun 3 '13 at 19:31
_USER_-DannyPflughoeft: That is true, it was just a thought popping up when looking at Byte56's image. The rest is true nonetheless. – tahatmat Jun 3 '13 at 19:57
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I'm not sure what do you mean by "always" consistent. Is the Manhattan distance on a fixed grid independent of the path taken? Yes, as Byte56's answer said.
However, for example, Manhattan distance is not invariant under rotations. E.g., the Manhattan distance (L1-norm) between the origin and a point (10,10) is |10-0| + |10-0| = 20. However, if you rotate your coordinates by 45 degrees (so now your fixed point lies along one of the directions of the grid), you'll now find the same point is now at (10sqrt(2),0), so has a Manhattan distance to the origin of 10sqrt(2)~14.14.
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+1 for pointing this out; OTOH, Manhattan distance is invariant under 90-degree rotations, which are really the only ones that can be made 'consistently' on a discrete grid. – Steven Stadnicki Jun 3 '13 at 18:23
Good catch, though he did mention that only horizontal and vertical movement is allowed. – tahatmat Jun 3 '13 at 18:25
The original question was about consistent as in monotonic. – Emiliano Jun 3 '13 at 18:30
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Research Suggests People Who Make Vegetable Juice Part of A Daily Diet May Be More Likely To Get
Recommended Daily Servings
CHICAGO, October 24, 2008 - Making vegetable juice a daily habit could be a small step that can lead to big changes in meeting daily vegetable recommendations, according to a new study being presented by researchers from the University of California-Davis this week at the American Dietetic Association annual conference1.
With seven out of 10 adults falling short of the daily recommended vegetable intake as put forth by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines, researchers studied whether drinking vegetable juice could be a simple behavior change to help boost the intake of this critical food group2. And it was.
The study looked at three groups of healthy men and women. All three groups received dietary counseling on ways to get more vegetables, but only two of the groups were instructed to consume at least one serving of vegetable juice, in the form of V8® 100% vegetable juice each day. Of those two groups, one drank one 8-ounce glass of vegetable juice every day and the other drank two 8-ounce glasses of vegetable juice every day as part of a balanced eating plan.
The study found that those who received dietary counseling and consumed vegetable juice were far more likely to meet the daily vegetable recommendations, about two and a half cups (five servings), than those who received counseling alone. Specifically, more than half of the participants who drank one serving of V8 100% vegetable juice met the recommendations, as did all of those who drank two 8-ounce glasses of V8 100% vegetable juice each day. Of those who did not drink any vegetable juice, less than a quarter got enough vegetables.
Researchers concluded that changing dietary behavior is much more effective when dietary advice is complemented with tangible, real, easy and convenient solutions.
"What we found in this study is that drinking vegetable juice seemed to address some of the key barriers to vegetable consumption such as convenience, portability and taste, so individuals were more likely to meet their daily recommendations," said Carl Keen, PhD, study author and distinguished Professor of Nutrition & Internal Medicine at University of California, Davis. "Furthermore, vegetable juice drinkers reported that they actually enjoyed drinking their vegetables, which is critical to adopting dietary practices for the long-term."
In fact, after six weeks of the study, vegetable drinkers reported they felt "more satisfied" with the ease of getting vegetables into their diet, and that V8 100% vegetable juice provided an important additional source of vitamins and minerals.
A growing body of science indicates vegetables are important to promoting good health, including helping to reduce risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and achieving a healthy weight. According to Produce For Better Health, all forms count.
"The best type of vegetable is one that you will actually consume, so it's important to provide people with a variety of great tasting options and ways to include them in their diet," said Elizabeth Pivonka, PhD, RD, Produce for Better Health Foundation. "That's why we encourage people to explore all types of vegetables, such as 100% juice, fresh, frozen or canned, to get at least one serving of vegetables at each meal occasion throughout the day."
V8: Delivering Authentic Vegetable Nutrition
For more than 75 years, the V8 brand has been committed to providing simple, innovative solutions to help consumers increase their daily vegetable intake. Today the portfolio of great-tasting, convenient products includes V8 100% vegetable juice and V8 V-Fusion® 100% juice, a blend of vegetables and fruit juices with a sweeter taste, which provides a full serving of vegetables and a full serving of fruit in every 8-ounce glass. This year the brand also introduced new Campbell's® V8® soups, which provide a full serving of vegetables in every bowl. For more information, visit _URL_.
About Campbell Soup Company
Campbell Soup Company is a global manufacturer and marketer of high-quality foods and simple meals, including soup, baked snacks, and healthy beverages. Founded in 1869, the company has a portfolio of market-leading brands, including Campbell's, Pepperidge Farm, Arnott's, and V8. For more information on the company, visit Campbell's website at _URL_
Juli Mandel Sloves
Campbell Soup Company


_USER_{NBERw1894, title = "The Pure Theory of Country Risk", author = "Jonathan Eaton and Mark Gersovitz and Joseph E. Stiglitz", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "1894", year = "1986", month = "December", doi = {10.3386/w1894}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {This paper attempts to survey, and to put into perspective, recent lterature that has analyzed the nature of credit relations between developed and developing countries.This analysis has made use of recent advances in the economics of information and strategic interaction. Traditional concepts of solvency and liquidity are of little help in understanding problems of soverign debt. Creditors do not have the means to seize the assets of a borrower in default. Hence the borrower who is expected eventually to repay his debts should be able to borrow to meet any current debt-service obligations. A problem that is essential to a theory of international lending is that of enforcement. The difficulty is one of ensuring that the two sides of a loan contract adhere to it, in particular that the borrower repays the lender and the lenders can commit themselves to penalize the borrower if he does not.}, }


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Welcome to http:/www.handsonuniverse.org/activities/Explorations/tactile-moonphases/
Try this instead: Link to alternate page with thumbnails linked to larger images.
SEE Project. _URL_ These images are set for high contrast that suits the needs of individuals who are blind and visually impaired. Print then copy the images onto swellform paper, then process through a Swellform Graphics Machine (_URL_ The result will be tactile images to sense by touch rather than through sight. SEE Project is funded by NASA IDEAS.
You may notice that some images appear larger or smaller than others. The moon's orbit brings it sometimes as close as 55 Earth radii, and other times as far as 65 Earth radii. What difference does distance make in the apparent size of our Moon? Take a look at two full moon pictures taken on different dates.
These pictures are mosaics constructed from images taken with Univ. of Chicago Yerkes Observatory Rooftop Telescope - South (Meade 8 inch, F/6.3, SBIG ST8 CCD). Number of moon refers to day in cycle. Moon images were taken during a variety of cycles.
Questions or Comments? _EMAIL_?subject=Project SEE: Moon Phases
Links to jpg files, png files,
Link to fts files for display/manipulation with Hands-On Universe image processing software.
Explorations * Hands-On Universe * SEE Project


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External Treatment Effects and Program Implementation Bias
NBER Technical Working Paper No. 250
This paper discusses the definition and identification of external treatment effects and experimental designs capable of detecting these effects. External effects occur when the outcome of a given individual is affected by the treatment assignments of other individuals. The paper argues that two-stage randomization schemes, which randomize allocation of treatments across communities and randomizes the treatments themselves within communities, are useful for identifying private and external treatment effects. The importance of external treatment effects are illustrated in the context of several health economics applications: the impact of R&D subsidies, smoking prevention programs for youth, and the evaluation of HIV-prevention programs currently taking place in Africa.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/t0250
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Quick Answer: Is A Cucumber In The Melon Family?
What family do melons belong to?
CucurbitsCantaloupe/FamilyA melon is any of various plants of the family Cucurbitaceae with sweet, edible, and fleshy fruit.
The word "melon" can refer to either the plant or specifically to the fruit..
Cucumber, melon, and watermelon are originally from the Old World (primarily Africa and Asia). Although they are in the same family (Cucurbitaceae) with the squashes, pumpkins, and gourds (mostly of the genus Cucurbita ), they are only distantly related.
What are mini cucumbers called?
Gherkins, also called cornichons, or baby pickles, are small cucumbers, typically those 2.5 to 12.5 centimetres (1 to 5 in) in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.
Is a cucumber an unripe watermelon?
Because watermelons, cucumbers and squash are in the same family and are able to cross-pollinate, place each of these where the vines will not intertwine. … So what we have here would then be an unripe watermelon.
Is watermelon fattening to eat?
What are the benefits of eating cucumbers?
Is a cucumber a fruit or a vegetable?
Cucumbers are a type of edible plant that belongs to the gourd family. It's widely cultivated and makes a nutritious addition to any diet. Cucumber is usually considered a vegetable because of how it's used in the culinary world. However, as it grows from flowers and contains seeds, it's botanically a fruit.
Are cucumbers poisonous?
Are mangoes in the melon family?
I mentioned this is a large family of many unfamiliar members, well there are 7 subspecies of recognized groups of melons. Chito melons are small lemon sized melons used for pickling. They include mango melon, garden lemon, and melon apple. These are also known as pomegranate or plum granny.
What are green melons called?
Is watermelon a natural Viagra?
What does a melon taste like?
A sweet melon with a netted greenish-orange rind, it has white flesh that tastes like a cross between cantaloupe and honeydew. This melon closely resembles a cantaloupe, except it's slightly larger and the rind is greener. The taste is very similar to that of a cantaloupe.
Are cucumbers a gourd?
What family is cucumbers in?
Can I use zucchini instead of cucumber?
Zucchini (aka courgettes) can be used interchangeably usually for cucumber in sliced pickles such as bread and butter, sweet mix, etc. … There are also many pickle and relish recipes for other summer squash.
Are cucumber and melon in the same family?
Is melon a vegetable or fruit?
What is a vegetable? According to Webster dictionary, a vegetable is anything made from, obtained from, or containing plants or plant products. A melon is in the family of Cucurbitaceous, which includes cucumber, squash, gourds, and pumpkins. Therefore, a cantaloupe is a vegetable.
Why are they called Burpless cucumbers?
Burpless cucumbers are cucumbers bred with no or reduced levels of cucurbitacin. This reduces bitterness and reportedly the likelihood of burping. Cucurbitacin is highest on the skin and stem of the cucumber fruit.
Is the green part of a watermelon a cucumber?
Is watermelon a type of melon?
Why is melon good for you?
It also is low in fat and contains several key vitamins and minerals, such as: Vitamin C: proven to boost your immune system, as well as give you healthy skin, strengthen tissues, and promote healthy brain function. Potassium: an important mineral for healthy heart function.


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Even before wartime incarceration, Japanese Americans largely lived in separate cultural communities from their West Coast neighbors. Although the Nisei children, the American-born second generation, were U.S. citizens and were integrated in public schools, they were socially isolated in many ways from their peers. These young women found rapport in ethnocultural youth organizations, a forgotten world of female friendship and camaraderie that Valerie J. Matsumoto recovers in this book. Through extensive networks of social clubs, young Japanese American women competed in sports, socialized with young men, and forged enduring friendships. During the 1920s and 1930s, Nisei girls organizations flourished in Los Angeles, then home to the largest Japanese American population. In clubs with names such as the Junior Misses and Tartanettes, girls gained leadership training, took part in community service, found jobs, and enjoyed beach outings and parties. Often sponsored by the YWCA, Buddhist temples, and Christian churches, these groups served as a bulwark against racial discrimination, offering a welcoming space that helped young women navigate between parental expectations and the lure of popular culture. Indeed, their dances, meetings, and athletic events filled the social calendars in the ethnic press. As cultural mediators and ethnic representatives, these urban teenagers bridged the cultures of the Japanese American community and mainstream society, whether introducing new foods, holidays, and rituals into the home or dancing in kimono at civic events. Some expressed themselves as poets, writers, and journalists and took leading roles in the development of a Nisei literary network. Womens organizing skills and work would prove critical to the support of their families during World War II incarceration and community rebuilding in the difficult years of resettlement. By bringing to life a dynamic and long-lasting world of friendship circles and clubs, City Girls highlights the ways in which urban Nisei daughters claimed modern femininity, an American identity, and public space from the Jazz Age through the postwar era.
- Publication Date:
- 25 / 03 / 2014


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.1% of the total value of the catch.
Research has shown that aquarium fishing activities significantly impact the populations of anemones and anemonefish by drastically reducing the densities of each in exploited areas, and could also negatively impact anemone shrimp, and any organisms obligately associated with sea anemones. It should be noted that anemonefish can survive alone in captivity, as has been shown by multiple research efforts.
In southern Italy and southwestern Spain the anemone Anemonia sulcata is consumed as a delicacy. The whole animal is marinated in vinegar, then coated in a tempura-like batter and deep-fried in olive oil. They are similar in appearance and texture to croquettes, but have an intense seafood taste.
Fossil record
Most Actiniaria do not form hard parts that can be recognized as fossils but a few fossils do exist; Mackenzia, from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada, is the oldest fossil identified as a sea anemone.
See also
- "Sea anemone". Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 2008.
- Peter Castro & Michael E. Huber (2010). Marine Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 121.
- "Sea Anemones – info and games". sheppardsoftware.com. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- Robert D. Barnes (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 150–157. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
- N. Campbell & J. Reece (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-8053-0009-3.
- "Fagatele Bay NMS: Clownfish and Sea Anemone". National Marine Sanctuaries. January 12, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- Eliabeth M. Wood (1985). Exploitation of Coral Reef Fishes for the Aquarium Trade. Report to the Marine Conservation Society.
- Frank A. Chapman, Sharon A. Fitz-Coy, Eric M. Thunberg, Charles M. Adams (1997). "United States of America trade in ornamental fish" (PDF). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 28 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.1997.tb00955.x.
- Sherry L. Larkin & Robert L. Degner (2001). "The U.S. wholesale market for marine ornamentals". Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3 (1–3): 13–24. doi:10.1023/A:1011329300967.
- Craig S. Shuman, Gregor Hodgson & Richard F. Ambrose (2005). "Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines" (PDF). Coral Reefs 24 (4): 564–573. doi:10.1007/s00338-_PHONE_-z.
- Daphne Gail Fautin (1991). "The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not" (PDF). Symbiosis 10: 23–46.
- Ronald L. Shimek (2004). Marine Invertebrates. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-890087-66-1.
- Calvin W. Schwabe, (1979), «Unmentionable cuisine»,University Press of Virginia, pp-362
|Wikispecies has information related to: Actiniaria|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Actiniaria|
|Look up Actiniaria in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Order Actiniaria
- Photos of various species of Sea Anemones from the Indopacific
- Anemone Armies Battle to a Standoff
- Anemone Wars: Clone armies deploy scouts, attack tidally – unsuspected military tactics
- Sea anemones look like sea flowers but they are animals of the Phylum Cnidaria
- Information about Ricordea Florida Sea anemones & pictures
- Photographic Database of Cambodian Sea Anemones
- Photos of Sea Anemones


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Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide
Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide introduces experimental design and data analysis / interpretation as well as field monitoring skills for both plants and animals. Clearly structured throughout and written in a student-friendly manner, the main emphasis of Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide concentrates on the techniques required to design a field based ecological survey and shows how to execute an appropriate sampling regime. Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide evaluates appropriate methods, including the problems associated with various techniques and their inherent flaws (e.g. low sample sizes, large amount of field or laboratory work, high cost etc). This provides a resource base outlining details from the planning stage, into the field, guiding through sampling and finally through organism identification in the laboratory and computer based data analysis and interpretation.
The text is divided into six distinct chapters. The first chapter covers planning, including health and safety together with information on a variety of statistical techniques for examining and analysing data. Following a chapter dealing with site characterisation and general aspects of species identification, subsequent chapters describe the techniques used to survey and census particular groups of organisms. The final chapter covers interpreting and presenting data and writing up the research. The emphasis here is on appropriate wording of interpretation and structure and content of Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide.
2 Monitoring site characteristics
3 Sampling static organisms
4 Sampling mobile organisms
5 Analysing and interpreting information
6 Presenting the information
Appendix 1 Glossary of statistical terms
"With all the points above in mind, I know that I will make this book available to all my students. In fact, having read it, I can now even answer questions about slurp guns."
- African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 1 November 2012
"It is very informative and its 606 pages are a real bargain for £45.00."
- British Ecological Society Bulletin, 1 August 2012
"Summing Up: Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through graduate students."
- Choice, 1 January 2012
"The book is very well structured and takes the reader through the entire process of carrying out an ecological research project in clear and logically ordered sections [...] The book contains a huge amount of information which is presented in a highly accessible way, with clear illustrations and case studies throughout."
- Elsevier's Biological Conservation, 1 January 2012
"I highly recommend the very thorough and approachable book Practical Field Ecology: A Project Guide by C. Philip Wheater, James R. Bell, and Penny A. Cook, to any students, researchers, ecologists, business people, and policy makers who are seeking a very well grounded guide to planning, executing, measuring, and reporting on any ecological project. This book provides the tools necessary to provide scientifically sound information for informed decision making in any ecology related field."
- Blog Business World, 19 November 2011
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Transition to spirit life.
March 6, 2016
What happens in transition to a life of spirit is an overwhelming sense of peace, and that peace remains. It is not a momentary condition but is permanent. It is a peace of spirit, not a peace of human response. There is a kind of review, but this review that many speak about is not a trial. It is not a means of determining whether one makes the grade or not. It is a calm look at what has been gratefully learned. There is no negative ledger. There is no judgment that says one person has led a life of giving while another has devoted energies to taking. There is no judgment in that way, rather the review is an acknowledgment of growth. It is nothing more and nothing less, for you grow as you grow. It is not a race. It is not a competition. You evolve in spirit as you evolve in spirit. The life review is merely an acceptance of the growth that has taken place.
The review is not the Judgment Day that is so often referred to. It would be better to consider it an acknowledgment, not a judgment.
When you understand the lessons you've learned, you will also be aware of what still needs to be learned as you become ultimately totally love. Some souls then choose to return to a human energy form, and they grow in that way. Others decide it is not necessary, and they evolve in a different direction towards a different awareness. The decision is not difficult because the decision is made strictly through love, and it is clear. There is not a decisive point that causes anxiety or guilt or fear.
Your growth as souls follows a smooth path. Of course there are stones or boulders, but the path is not about the boulders. The path is about the certainty of growth. For some, the journey is quicker than others, but time is never an issue. Time is ultimately meaningless. So it makes no difference which direction a soul chooses, for that choice will always be what is best for that soul. The choice is a recognition. It is an affirmation. Above all, it is a loving act of the soul, and when the soul responds through love, there is no loss. There is nothing to be regretted.
Transition to spirit life.
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Fools for Lava
The timeless beauty, and obvious danger of Mount Vesuvius.
Jun 11, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 37 • By AMY HENDERSON
Two million people live in the shadows of Mount Vesuvius, serenely confident that mainland Europe's most active volcano will not choose any time soon to blow its lid. Their proximity is an astonishing act of faith. They must spend their evenings singing "On Top of Old Smokey" and "You're the Top." Are their libraries filled with stories about Mt. Kilimanjaro, Magic Mountains, and Shangri-Las?
Vesuvius is the latest in Harvard University Press's Wonders of the World series. Focusing on sites that have achieved iconic stature "and are loaded with a fair amount of mythological baggage," the series includes studies of Stonehenge, The Colosseum, and The Roman Forum. Gillian Darley, a broadcaster and architectural journalist, has a combination of interests that make her a natural for this work on Vesuvius.
To begin, she describes herself as curious about the interaction between past and present with people, buildings, and places. She is also familiar with chronicling a life history, having previously published biographies of Octavia Hill (1990), John Soane (2000), and John Evelyn (2006). With Vesuvius, Darley has deployed her skills to write a lively biography of the mountain best known for swallowing Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 a.d.—a catastrophe emblazoned in history by Pliny the Younger's famous account of the death of his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who, as commander of a fleet of warships, was lost as he attempted to rescue people desperately fleeing the 100-mile-an-hour volcanic cloud that engulfed all in its path.
Vesuvius has had eight major eruptions; dormant for 600 years after 1037, it reawakened with a bang in 1631, killing 4,000 people with its smoke and ash. The volcano was last heard from in 1944, when it forced Allied troops to evacuate an airbase as ash and rocks rained down and destroyed fighter planes.
This mountain and its effluvia attracted vivid attention even before Pliny's time, and Vesuvius is an entertaining guide to the volcano's impact on European culture, ranging over its influence on religion, science, philosophy, art, literature, and music. Darley's cultural archaeology has unearthed written records about Vesuvius beginning with Vitruvius (circa 15 b.c.), who described the volcano's "kind of powder" which, when mixed with lime and rubble, became so impregnable that "neither the waves nor the force of water can dissolve them." Plutarch describes how Spartacus and his small slave army of 100 gladiators hid in its crater before cascading down its slopes to surprise 3,000 enemy soldiers below. Early Christians pondered the religious implications of the mountain's eruptions: To what extent were the fires of the earth linked to the fires of hell? Later, in an age devoted to rationalism and natural philosophy, the mountain was seen as a natural wonder worthy of careful observation and description.
The mountain's 17th-century eruption catalyzed a fascination by that century's philosophers and natural scientists, many of whom flocked to the volcano's rim to experience its wonder for themselves. The Fellows of the Royal Society, including Robert Boyle, Joseph Addison, and George (later, Bishop) Berkeley, filled the society's Transactions with fervent, bodice-ripping descriptions. An enraptured Berkeley teetered on the very edge of the crater to see "a vast aperture full of smoke.... I heard within that horrid gulf certain odd sounds, which seemed to proceed from the belly of the mountain: a sort of murmuring, sighing, throbbing, churning... and between whiles a noise like that of thunder or cannon."
Darley's discussion of the Romantic response to Vesuvius is perhaps her most engaging. If natural philosophers had used the volcano to extrapolate a "handy manual to the mysteries of the earth," the mountain was embraced by the Romantics as "a key to the complexities of the psyche." The volcano's suppressed violence became "a metaphor for the conflicted soul as much as for revolution and radical political thought."
Eighteenth-century notions of the sublime had focused on Vesuvius as a phenomenon of nature's terror; for example, Edmund Burke (1757) described Vesuvius as fulfilling the Sublime's extremes of both Fire and Ice. For the Romantics of the 19th century, however, Darley relates how Vesuvius exhibited the intensity of experience. Shelley wrote that Vesuvius offered "the most impressive exhibition of the energies of nature I ever saw," its beauty residing in its "character of tremendous and irresistible strength." Walking to the rim, he described the sight as "the most horrible chaos that can be imagined." Darley calls the volcanic landscape "a fittingly cathartic auditorium in which the author of Prometheus Unbound could watch the theater of Nature." It was Nature as supreme melodrama.


text: Book DescriptionCustomer Relationship Management: A Databased Approach offers the promise of maximized profits for today's highly competitive businesses. This innovative book provides readers with the tools and techniques to effectively use CRM. It emphasizes the utilization of database marketing in order to build strong and profitable customer relationships. Kumar first describes how to implement database marketing and then looks at recent advances in CRM applications. Critical marketing issues like optimum resource allocation, purchase sequence, and the link between acquisition, retentions, and profitability are also examined on the basis of empirical findings.


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|User Guide | Transform Guide | OSW on the Web|
Many real-time computer-music systems employ two different notions of time: "physical time" that is associated with hardware clocks and low-level scheduling, and "virtual time" which can be scaled or otherwise controlled by the user. OSW provides a unified user-configurable view of physical and virtual time that encompasses both system functions (such as scheduling and sample clocks) and user control.
All transforms that depend on time, such as the Sinewave transform, a sample playback transform or a MIDI sequencer are automatically synchronized to a single clock (by default, the clock of an audio device being used). Users can gain more explicit control over time by optionally connecting such time-dependent components to time machines, special transforms that map physical time from clocks to virtual time, or scale virtual time output from other time machines. Time machines include parameters for scaling virtual time or resetting to a specified value (i.e., "go to this time"), thus allowing users to control the flow of time in the connected signal-processing components. The control functions can be arbitrarily complex, and include user input from MIDI or high-resolution gestural input devices. Consider the following example that uses two time machines:
Both Sinewave transforms are explicitly synchronized to the same time source via time machine tm0. However, while slow is directly connected to tm0, fast is connected to tm0 through a second time machine, tm1, which scales time by a factor of 1.5 (i.e., time at tm1 "runs 1.5 times faster"). Even though both fast and slow are set to the same frequency (261Hz or Middle C), the explicit speedup of time into fast will cause it to sound 1.5 times (or a perfect fifth) higher. A similar example is used in the "rate controls pitch" tutorial.
Time machines can be used to mimic the speed control on profession record players or tape decks (see the sample loop tutorial example), or as an expressive tempo controller when playing scores.
When you connect a signal generator, such as a Sinewave or a noise generator, to an audio output, it will continuously generate samples as long as the audio output is turned on. However, if a Sinewave transform is connected to a time machine, it will only generate output when it receives time input. Thus, time machines can be used to switch signals on and off even while the audio output is on:
Turning the Toggle on sets the Switch to 1, routing time output from the time machine tm1 to the BrownNoise transform, which then outputs samples. If the Switch is set to 0 (by turning the toggle off), then output from the time machine will no longer be routed to the noise generator, which is effectively shut off.
You can also use time machines to switch among several potential signals in a patch:
Setting the Switch from 0, 1 or 2 switches on the sinewave, phasor or noise generator.
Open the switcheroo tutorial to try out the examples in this section.
Implicit and explicit time machines can be used to control not only signals, but events as well. The most general method for synchronizing events to the OSW time system is through the Ticker transform. The Ticker transform can be used to emit Units at regular time intervals that can be controlled by the user. Tickers can be used to design systems based on regular events, such as complex music sequencers. It is also used by transforms such as Wacom (the graphics-tablet interface) that poll input devices at regular intervals.
Music-playing transforms, such as the MidiSequencer for standard sequencing of MIDI files and the PlayScore for the more general OSW score format, can be controled via time machines (see chapter 4 for more details on the OSW score system). Time machines allow expressive control of both the tempo and control of such musical sequencers. Patches can also sequence events stored in OSW lists by attaching a Ticker to a list::Sequence transform.
Ticker allows users to synchronize events to regular time intervals. Events that happen at specific times rather than regular intervals can be triggered using the OneShot transform. OneShot emits a Unit value when its time input (either an implicit connection to the main clock or an explicit connection to a time machine) reaches a specified time. OneShot is useful for events that happen only once at a specific time during a program's execution, or at irregular intervals by explicit control via a time machine.


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This tool is a useful way to control the Intensity of colors in a photo. It is often used in conjunction with the Light tool.
- Saturation. This slider adjusts the intensity of all colors in your photo.
- Vibrance. This slider adjusts only the intensity of muted colors, ignoring well-saturated colors. This is useful for finer control when adjusting color.
- Remove Color Cast. Automatically removes undesirable color casts in your images by detecting and adjusting the hue.
- Color Block. Choose a color target that you want to control.
- Hue. Adjusts the hue or basic color shades of your image for the selected target. Sliding the control further to the right results in a shift towards the next color in the list (for example from Orange to Yellow). Sliding the left shifts the hue towards the previous color in the list (for example from Orange to Red).
- Saturation. Adjust color saturation for the selected target. Sliding the control further to the right results in a more intense color. Of course, moving to the left removes color.
- Luminance. Adjust the brightness of the colors for the selected target. Sliding the control further to the right results in a brighter color within the image. The further to the left, the darker the image.
- Hue Shift. This filter lets you roll the hue in a photo for subtle or dramatic changes. A little is perfect to eliminate unwanted color tints while a big adjustment is perfect for a dramatic style.
Thanks for your feedback.


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- A special-purpose camera that takes a meteorological picture of clouds, etc. in the sky with the field of view of 180 degrees from the horizon.
- Can take a picture of the entire sky of 50 mm dia. circular image in a 6 x 6 cm format 120 roll film.
- Fish-eye-NIKKOR 16.3 mm f/8 lens is a modified version of 16 mm f/8 Fisheye lens (picture angle 180 degrees) produced in 1938 for meteorological photography (cloud cover measurement).


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Design and Documentation (QIE)
From Physics 111-Lab Wiki
Quantum Interference and Entanglement Lab
This lab was developed by Berkeley Professor Hartmut Haeffner and several undergraduate students and volunteers (see acknowledgements). The current experiment is to show a violation of Bell's inequalities. Our next goal is to add a Mach Zehnder interferometer and/or Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer to the experiment. By fully shielding the blue laser beam path, which is set up permanently, we can allow students to assemble and align all optical components downstream of the BBO crystal. A set of detection arms with attached breadboards that pivot at the BBO crystal makes it easy for students to adjust the angle at which downconverted photons are detected without the tedium of moving each optical component separately.
During the summer of 2011, assembly began led by Segre intern Will Morong, with help from another intern, Bennett Sodergren. During the 2011-2012 academic year two physics undergraduate students, Kelsey Johnsen and Sachi Wagaarachchi, continued the development with Professor Haeffner, and observed violation of the Bell's Inequality on April, 2012. In the summer of 2012, Segre interns Nitin Egbert and Griffin Hosseinzadeh continued to improve the experiment, and wrote the Wiki writeup for the students to use. The experiment was successfully tested by the third Segre intern, Harry Nunns. Tom Andrade contributed several custom fabricated components, including the BBO mount, rotating arms/breadboards, and the power supply/heat sinks for the single photon detectors. This experiment is constantly upgraded and maintained by Don Orlando.
Funding for this experiment has been provided by an NSF Grant to Hartmut Haeffner and a generous donation by alumnus Hans Mark.
Blue Laser Beam Path
Our laser is a 405 nm Blu-Ray laser diode running at 100 mA and a power of about 20 mW at the BBO crystals (a fraction of what it actually produces). This is connected to a cage that contains: a short-focus lens (4.5 mm) for collimating the laser beam, a long-focus lens (40 cm) for finely adjusting the focus, a steering mirror, a half waveplate, a 405 nm bandpass filter, the second steering mirror, and then the BBO crystals. The first steering mirror centers the beam on the crystals, while the second one adjusts its angle so that it is 2.5 degrees away from each detector and roughly level with them. For this, the distance between the mirrors should be greater than the distance from the second mirror to the BBO crystals.
The half waveplate will be adjusted using the coincidence counts to give an equal superposition of vertical and horizontal laser light. Each BBO crystal downconverts a photon with a polarization along a particular axis to two photons of the same polarization (opposite to what the laser beam was). Our setup has two BBO crystals with their conversion axes orthogonal to each other, so that one downconverts horizontally polarized light and the other yields a vertically one. The downconverted photons from each of these emerge in cones roughly 2.5 degrees off the laser-beam axis. Actually, if you look at other angles you will still see downconverted photons, but in this case the photon pairs come at different angles and energies, while three degrees is the point at which they are degenerate.
Downconverted Photon Beam Path
Because each of the BBO crystals emits light of the same energy in cones that overlap, a detector placed in the appropriate position has a nearly equal chance of seeing horizontally and vertically polarized downconverted photons. Moreover, until some sort of measurement of polarization is applied to the system, the two types of photons are indistinguishable. Because of this, according to the rules of quantum mechanics, these photons are in a superposition of the two possibilitiesthe possibility of a pair of horizontally polarized photons or a pair of vertical ones. This makes the photons entangled. To understand this, it is helpful to think of the double-slit experiment. In that setup, we said that particles arriving at the screen could have come through the left or right slit, so in fact until measured they exist in a superposition of the two. There are two differences to keep in mind, however. The first is that in the double slit experiment, these two possibilities interfere constructively and destructively at different points on the screen, producing fringes, but in our entanglement setup we keep the phase relationship between the paths constant. This is rather like if you imagine shrinking the double-slit screen until it only covers the central bright fringe. The second is that our two possibilities now correspond to two particles, not one, which is why this system is entangled.
Now then, these entangled photons arrive at the two branches of our detector setup. Each branch has an iris, a half-waveplate, a polarizing beam splitter cube, and two lenses at either face of the cube, which are protected by 800nm low-pass filters and feed collected photons through fiber optic cables to a total of four Avalanche Photodiode (APD) single-photon detectors. The irises and filters help to minimize noise from other photons. The waveplates and beamsplitters, meanwhile, allow us to measure each photon of the pair along any polarization axis. The waveplates rotate the photon polarizations, which is equivalent to rotating the detector basis in the other direction, and the polarizing beam splitters do the actual job of separating out the different polarizationsand thus collapsing the quantum state.
Single Photon Detectors and Coincidence Detection
Our APDs can detect anywhere between a few hundred to about 30 million photons per second, and put out a voltage pulse for each one. The pulses from the four APDs pass to the next part of the signal processing chain, the DE-2 FPGA. An FGPA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) is essentially a hardware circuit that is configured by software. Instructions, written in a language called VHDL, are loaded onto the machine that tell it what gates and modules to route incoming signals through, and how to output results. The software we've loaded onto ours allows it to count up the single pulses, count coincidences between any set of detectors within four possible time windows, and stream all of this to our computer's Labview program. The FPGA streams eight registers of running counts to the computer. The first four are the counts on detectors A, B, A' and B' (in that order), and the last four are coincidence counts that are determined by flipping switches on the front of the device. Each register has four switches, one for each detector, and one simply flips the ones for the detectors that one wishes to include in the coincidence count, allowing for 2, 3, or 4-fold coincidences as desired. To measure Bell's inequality we have the registers set to measure AB, AB', A'B, and A'B' coincidences, respectively. The last two switches on the FPGA toggle between four possible settings for the allowed time window of coincidence. For 0 as off and 1 as on, the settings are:
00- length of incoming pulse (~20 ns)
01- roughly 15 ns
10- roughly 10 ns
11- roughly 5 ns
All these time values drift perhaps ±3 ns with temperature and how the DE2-115 is feeling today.
Explanation of how the coincidence window settings work: Coincidence detection is just done by putting two or more pulses through an AND gate. If they overlap enough to put out an output pulse (and it appears that no more than 1 ns is required for this), they count as a coincidence. Therefore, narrowing the coincidence window is done by shortening the pulsesif pulses are sufficiently delayed, once they are shortened they will no longer overlap and so will no longer produce a coincidence pulse. The shortening is done by ANDing a pulse with another version of the pulse that is slightly delayed and inverted. The output is zero except for the time between when the first pulse and delayed pulse arrived. Because the delay must be very short, less than even one cycle on the DE-2's 50-MHz clock, the delay is a hardware delay. A copy of the pulse is essentially routed through a few buffers, which each take a nanosecond or two, before being inverted and sent through an AND gate with the original.
Running counts from the 8 registers are streamed at 10 Hz to the computer, which when running the appropriate labview program will add them all up for a user-defined time, display the result, and record data.
Note: VHDL and Labview provided by Mark Beck, beckmk[at]whitman.edu.
Sketch of the quantum state evolution of the system:
Light from the laser:, where φ is some unknown angle.
(laser photons are downconverted into two photons of half the frequency and the opposite polarization).
Passing detector waveplates set to α and β from the horizontal:
Passing through the beamsplitters acts as a measurement of polarization along the H-V basis, collapsing the state into one of these eigenstates.
Single Photon Detectors
We use the Educational Use Single Photon Counting Module SPCM-EDU CD3375 from Excelitas Technologies (formerly Pacer). This set of 4 avalanche photodiodes (APD) is available only through bulk purchases arranged by ALPhA and AAPT for use in educational settings.
Fiber optic cables to use as input to the APDs were obtained from Pacer/USA, part number SPCM-QC9. Standard fiber optic cables from Thorlabs were not workable due to light


text:
A young student was walking with his sheikh in the garden one day. Feeling a bit insecure about what Allah had for him to do, he was asking the his sheikh for some advice. The sheikh walked up to a rosebush and handed the young student a rosebud and told him to open it without tearing off any petals. The young student looked in disbelief at the sheikh and was trying to figure out what a rosebud could possibly have to do with his wanting to know the will of Allah for his life and ministry. But because of his great respect for the sheikh, he proceeded to try to unfold the rose, while keeping every petal intact. It wasn't long before he realized how impossible this was to do. Noticing the younger student's inability to unfold the rosebud without tearing it, the sheikh began to recite the following poem:
It is only a tiny rosebud,
A flower of Allah's design;
But I cannot unfold the petals
With these clumsy hands of mine.
The secret of unfolding flowers
Is not known to such as I.
Allah opens this flower so sweetly,
Then in my hands they die.
If I cannot unfold a rosebud,
This flower of Allah's design,
Then how can I have the wisdom
To unfold this life of mine?
So I'll trust in Allah for leading
each moment of my day.
I will look to Allah for His guidance
each step of the way.
The pathway that lies before me,
Only Allah knows.
I'll trust Him to unfold the moments,
Just as He unfolds the rose.


Hurricane Hunters
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A NOAA's WP-3D Orion weather reconnaissance aircraft
The Hurricane Hunters are aircrews that fly into tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean to gather weather data. Currently, the U.S. units that fly these missions are the United States Air Force Reserve's 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Hunters; such missions have also been flown by Navy units and other Air Force and NOAA units.
Five U.S. aircrews have been lost during such missions since they started during World War II.[1]
Before satellites were used to find storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. Today, satellites have revolutionized weather forecasters' ability to detect signs of such cyclones before they form, yet they cannot determine the interior barometric pressure of a hurricane nor provide accurate wind speed information — data needed to accurately predict hurricane development and movement.
USAFR 53rd WRS[edit]
Patch of the Hurricane Hunters
The Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the world's only operational military weather reconnaissance unit, is based at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi; most weather recon flights go from there. The term "hurricane hunters" was first applied to its missions in 1946.
The USAFR Hurricane Hunters fly weather missions in an area midway through the Atlantic Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands, and have on occasion flown into typhoons in the Pacific Ocean and gathered data in winter storms.
The 53rd WRS Hurricane Hunters operate ten Lockheed WC-130J aircraft, which fly directly into the hurricane, typically penetrating the hurricane's eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet (150 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m).
NOAA Hurricane Hunters[edit]
The civilian and NOAA Corps crew members of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters, based at the Aircraft Operations Center at MacDill AFB, in Tampa, Florida, mainly perform surveillance, research, and reconnaissance with highly instrumented aircraft including airborne Doppler weather radar measurements in both Atlantic and Pacific storms. They fly two Lockheed WP-3D Orion aircraft, heavily instrumented flying laboratories modified to take atmospheric and radar measurements within tropical cyclones and winter storms, and a G-IV Gulfstream high-altitude jet above 41,000 feet (12 km) to document upperand lower-level winds that affect cyclone movement. The computer models that forecast hurricane tracks and intensity mainly use G-IV dropwindsonde data collected day and night in storms affecting the United States.
View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on August 28, 2005, by a NOAA P-3.
Among the types of aircraft that have been used to investigate hurricanes, are an instrumented Lockheed U-2 flown in Hurricane Ginny during the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season. Other types include the A-20 Havoc, 1944; B-24, 1944–1945; B-17, 1945–1947; B-25, 1946–1947; B-29, 1946–1947. WB-29, 1951–1956; WB-50, 1956–1963; WB-47, 1963–1969; WC-121N _PHONE_; WC-130A,B,E,H, _PHONE_.
The idea of aircraft reconnaissance of hurricane storm trackers was put forth by Captain W. L. Farnsworth of the Galveston Commercial Association in the early 1930s. Supported by the United States Weather Bureau, the "storm patrol bill" passed both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives on June 15, 1936.[2]
1943 Surprise Hurricane[edit]
The 1943 Surprise Hurricane, which struck Houston, Texas, during World War II, marked the first intentional meteorological flight into a hurricane. It started with a bet.
That summer, British pilots were being trained in instrument flying at Bryan Field. When they saw that the Americans were evacuating their AT-6 Texan trainers in the face of the storm, they began questioning the construction of the aircraft. Lead instructor Major Casey Hamilton took one of the trainers out and flew it straight into the eye of the storm. After he returned safely with navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and Duckworth flew into the storm a second time.
This flight showed that hurricane reconnaissance flights were possible, and further flights continued occasionally. In 1946, the moniker "Hurricane Hunters" was first used, and the Air Force and now Air Force Reserve have used it ever since.
The U.S. Navy's VW-4 / WEARECORON FOUR Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Four, "Hurricane Hunters" was the seventh U.S. Navy squadron dedicated to weather reconnaissance. They flew several types of aircraft, but the WC-121-N "Willy Victor" was the aircraft most often associated with flying into the "eye of the storm." VW-4 lost one aircraft and crew in a penetration of Hurricane Janet,[3] and another to severe damage in a storm, but the mortally damaged Willy Victor (MH-1) brought her crew home, though it never flew again.
Swan 38[edit]
In 1974, a newly converted WC-130 (serial number 65-0965) was transferred to the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, the "Typhoon Chasers", at Andersen Air Force Base on Guam. The aircraft was sent to investigate Typhoon Bess. The crew departed Clark Air Base in the Philippines with the callsign "Swan 38".
Radio contact with the aircraft was lost on 12 October 1974, apparently as the aircraft was heading into the typhoon's eye to make a second position fix. There were no radio transmissions indicating an emergency on board, and search teams could not locate the aircraft or its crew. All six crew members were listed as killed in action.[4]
Swan 38 was the only WC-130 lost in a storm.
Hurricane Katrina[edit]
The landfall of Hurricane Katrina on 29 August 2005 devastated Keesler Air Force Base, home of the 53rd WRS. The equipment and personnel of the squadron were flying out of Dobbins Air Reserve Base near Atlanta. Despite heavy losses, the squadron never missed a mission from the National Hurricane Center. The 53rd has since returned to Keesler.
TV series (2012)[edit]
A reality television series featuring the USAFR 53rd, also entitled Hurricane Hunters, debuted on The Weather Channel in July 2012
(Official page for the TV Series).
 1. ^ Masters, Jeffrey. "Hunting Hugo". Wunderground. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
 2. ^ Associated Press. STORM PATROL BILL PASSED TO PRESIDENT. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
 3. ^ Harlin Garland (October 1966). "U. S. Navy Hurricane Hunters". ESSA World (Environmental Satellite Services Administration): 7.
 4. ^ Tom Robison. Whiskey-Charlie! Retrieved on 2008-09-26.
External links[edit]


Grade 4: How did the First Nations display compassion for the European Settlers? (part 1)
This lesson can be integrated into a unit on understanding and showing compassion. Students will explore the ways in which the Aboriginal peoples showed compassion towards the early European explorers.
It is expected that student will:
 - Students will identify effects of early contact between Aboriginal societies and European explorers and settlers
 - Students will analyze factors that influenced early European exploration of North America
 - Describe Aboriginal peoples' relationship with the land and natural resources
 - Grade 4 Socials Studies textbookOur Beginnings Outlooks 4
Step 1: Have the students work in small groups to brainstorm the idea of compassion. What is it? How are they compassionate to others? How are other compassionate to them? How would life be different if people did not display this very important characteristic?
Step 2: As a class, read "A Second Voyage" pg. 141 in Our Beginnings, the Grade 4 Social Studies textbook aloud. Have a class discussion about scurvy and the role the First Nations and how their knowledge of their land and resources helped the survival of many European explorers and settlers.
Look for evidence of:
 - Student willingness to openly participate in group and class discussions
 - Student's ability to understand and identify positive impacts the First Nations had on European explorers and settlers.
 - Student's ability to display knowledge of Aboriginal people's relationship with the land and resources.
 - Create a Venn diagram that displays compassion and caring shown by the First Nations and European Settlers. The middle of the diagram will illustrate common acts of compassion between both parties.


text:
Preclinical stage pharmaceutical company N8 Medical has just announced that its proprietary Ceragenin Technology was the subject of two recent reviews published in peer-reviewed journals that showcased the platform's breakthrough ability to act as a broad-spectrum solution to bacterial infections, including those acquired from hospitalization, contaminated medical devices, and respiratory infections linked to cystic fibrosis. Ceragenins are cationic steroidal antimicrobials or CSAs, which are synthetic, non-peptide small molecule mimetics of endogenous host defense or antimicrobial peptides.
To date, more than 100 CSAs have been successfully synthesized, equipped with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer properties. Of particular focus is N8 Medical's CSA-13, which offers potent, rapid-acting antimicrobial properties, capable of addressing even multidrug resistant strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ("MRSA") and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
"Review articles such as these continue to validate our clinical hypotheses, encouraging our march to the clinic," said Dr. Michael Triplett, CEO of N8 Medical. "Further, they demonstrate the multiple applications for ceragenins, which may ultimately provide N8 Medical with multiple opportunities for fighting bacterial infections, both in the near term as coatings for medical devices and in the longer term as potential therapeutics."
The first platform review was published in MedChemComm, and written by Dr. Ido Herzog and Dr. Micha Fridman of the Royal Society of Medicine. They highlighted CSA-13's great potential to be developed into antibiotic agents that can safely and effectively prevent formation of biofilm on medical devices and equipment. The second review is published in Studia Medyczne, which outlined a number of bacterial strains CSAs can effectively target and eradicate, particularly in infections precipitated by cystic fibrosis. CSA-13's bactericidal, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anticancer activity was also reviewed as a promising component in future controlled release mechanisms and gene delivery.
N8 Medical, Inc., based in Columbus, Ohio, is a preclinical biotechnology company that specializes in researching and developing anti-infective solutions indicated for the treatment of chronic infections associated with cystic fibrosis, and antimicrobial agents for the prevention of biofilm formation known to cause medical device-related hospital acquired infections. N8 Medical is developing first-in-class, groundbreaking anti-infective agents that may mimic immune system function.


Cantheist icon and symbols
cantheism symbol logo glow relief
The graphic symbol for Cantheism / Cannatheism, seen on the left, is modeled after the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for hemp rope and fiber skeins. Its shape was eventually transformed into the modern letter "h."
The emblem is designed to be discreet, simple and easily sketched by hand. The shape replicates that of a coiled skein of hemp fiber, seen on the right. It refers both to the ancient roots and the intertwined nature of human experience and the cannabis plant.
Symbolism and health safety
Egyptian hieroglyphic reference to cannabis hemp.
Illustration: Detail from an Egyptian stella (_PHONE_ BC), Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze (Italy) Room III, case 14, Item 7611
A small skein of
hemp fiber, the model
for this hieroglyph.
The hand symbol for Cantheism is right hand cupped around the left, with two fingers extended in the inner hand, symbolizing the male and the female plants. The overall hand gesture signifying the female calyx which holds the trichome glands.
The Cantheist personal greeting is to hole the left hand over the heart with fingers spread and a small nod or bow of acknowledgement. This gesture, also used in the Cannamaste Circle, has been a safe and respectful acknowledgement of the other person that can be made at a distance to prevent passing germs.
Likewise, the sacramental spliff is smoked through a chillum style, cupped hand and sometimes a hemp smoking cloth, to prevent passing germs mouth to mouth.
Astronomy: The three stars of Orion's belt represent the three aspects of cannabis: Commerce, medicine, and spirit. Sirius, the brightest star in the nearby constellation Canis Major (Big Dog), visible in the Northern sky during winter, is identified with cannabis.
Alchemistry: Cannabis pulp and fiber can be fabricated and transformed into almost anything, including every product made from fossil fuels, timber and cotton. The story of Rumplestiltskin relates to a person who could spin gold from straw. Likewise, great wealth can be derived from the cannabis plant but without magic, simply using the plant in commerce. Use of hemp instead of harmful petrochemical products is essential for the restoration of natural balance to the planet.
The active flowers and leaves can be converted into a wide assortment of inhalables and comestibles, ranging from flowers to hash resin to honey oil to water hash to kief to food items to beverages to tinctures to salves to liniments, etc., etc.
Sharing and passing the breath of life
ancient Egypt pharaoh Ptah dynasty
The immortal Ptah breathes power and strength into a 12th Dynasty pharaoh while standing beneath the Cantheist logo.
During ceremonial smoking circles, each person in the group must say Cannamaste to the people next to them, take and hold the burning spliff, inhale a deep breath and pass it on to continue the circle.
Given that some people prefer to ingest their sacrament as vaporized herb or oils, edibles or tinctures, inhaling the smoke is encouraged but not required. People in the circle should each receive the spliff with the Cannamaste salute, hold (possess) the spliff while inhaling and exhaling, then pass it along to the next congregant in the circle.
The Cantheist Symbol can be seen
in numerous real and imitation
heiroglyphics, like this image
from a Las Vegas casino.
During a Cantheist wedding, it is common for the couple to share the "breath of smoke" during the ceremony.
An ancient allusion to this practice is seen in the detail above, taken from a relief on the Pillar of Sesotris I, 12th Dynasty (c. 1971-28 BC).
The immortal Ptah breathes on the Egyptian pharaoh, investing him with renewed power and strength. Note the Cantheist icon situated above the Ankh in the upper left corner.
A modern depiction is seen in this decoration, left, from a relief in a Las Vegas casino.
Glyph transformed by language, cultures
Below is a representation showing how the Egyptian symbol for hemp became a more angular shape in the Semitic alphabet as a cipher for tent wall, or canvas. Meanwhile, the Semitic word for hemp, kaneh bosm, became the Greek word kannabis and was adapted into Latin as cannabis, from which derives the english word canvas.
Author, cannabis expert witness, journalist, artist
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Law of Similarity: Overview & Examples
Instructor: Orin Davis
Psychologists use the Law of Similarity to understand behavior. Learn the Law of Similarity, which is the tendency to link similar items into a distinct group, and see examples of how it affects you every day.
Definition of the Law of Similarity
Have you ever walked down a busy street on a summer day and heard the music coming out of the cars with open windows? You are probably hearing multiple songs at once, and yet you are able to identify each of them and not get lost in the ocean of sound. Within each song, the series of notes is connected more closely than it is to the notes of any of the other songs, and it is this similarity that allows you to pick out the Beatles, Frank Sinatra, and Barbara Streisand all at the same time. The fact that we link things that are similar and treat them like a distinct group is the Law of Similarity. Psychologists use the Law of Similarity to understand behavior.
Examples of the Law of Similarity
To really understand how the Law of Similarity works, let's look at a few examples.
Example 1
Take a look at the letters below:
h h h h h h h h h h
q q q q q q q q q q
n n n n n n n n n n
p p p p p p p p p p
You would probably describe what you see as four rows of letters instead of ten columns of letters, because we tend to group similar things into whole sets - that's the Law of Similarity.
Example 2
What shape do you see in this picture?
ASCII Smiley
If you look closely, you will see that the smiley face is made of individual characters. We are able to see each of the eyes and the mouth because they are made of similar characters that we combine in our minds using the Law of the Similarity. While the light and dark contrasts help, we would be able to see the smiley face as long as the characters that make up the eyes are all the same but also distinct from the characters that make up the background. That way, we can group the characters using the Law of Similarity and distinguish them as eyes that are separate from the background of the face.
The Law of Similarity is a Gestalt Rule
The Law of Similarity is one of the rules that comes from Gestalt Psychology ('gesh-TAHLT'; German for 'whole'), which is about how human beings perceive wholes. Gestalt Psychology describes how a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Take a look at Example 3 to see for yourself.
Example 3
Here are four lines:
Four Lines
Here are four more lines:
Four lines in a square
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