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India's poorest areas suffer the heat, mostly in MP and Chhattisgarh, as govt plans target cities
Researchers used data from the 2011 Census, the district level household survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation to create a Heat Vulnerability Index that found 10 districts facing a "very high risk" due to the heat conditions.india Updated: May 20, 2017 13:09 IST
People living in underdeveloped parts of central India are most vulnerable to the health impacts of heat waves, a Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) for India has found.
The index considered various factors including a person's age, caste, income and health, as well as the green cover in an area, as having a bearing on people's heat vulnerability, and its analysis of 640 (of the 707) districts in the country finds 10 districts to be "very high risk." Six of these are in relatively underdeveloped areas in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. In contrast, the 20 districts in the "very low risk" category are mostly in the relatively developed states of Kerala and Goa and the union territory of Lakshadweep.
The Index was published in The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, in March 2017. Researchers used data from the 2011 Census of India, the District Level Household Survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation, combining it statistically to create the index, according to this Rand Corporation blog post by two of the authors, Gulrez Shah Azhar and Jaime Madrigo.
The very high-risk areas, concentrated in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, are less urbanised and people there have fewer household amenities as well as lower rates of literacy and access to water and sanitation.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
These high-risk areas are not the same as areas with high or rising temperatures — the correlation between the HVI and average land surface temperatures is moderate. "When we think of temperature, there are several issues to consider – in addition to temperature there is effect of humidity and radiant heat on mortality. At the same time, local populations are adapted to (used to) the prevailing temperatures. Deaths happen when heat exceeds these adaptation thresholds," Gulrez Shah Azhar, one of the authors, told IndiaSpend.
Azhar gave the example of Dehradun, which reported heat wave deaths at lower temperatures than neighbouring cities in UP last year. "In UP there were much higher temperatures but no reported deaths, since the much higher temperatures are normal for UP," he said, adding, "If we include temperature as a variable in the index itself, it would bias the results towards places with higher normal temperatures."
India's largest avoidable natural disaster
The number of deaths due to heat waves recorded in 2015 – more than 2,400 – was higher than the number of deaths caused by any other natural disaster, according to the ministry of home affairs. In 1998 the death toll was 3,000 and in 2002, over 2,000, according to data from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 2016 action plan for the prevention and management of heat waves. The NDMA is an agency under the ministry of home affairs.
A heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures (more than the normal maximum temperature) that occurs during the summer season, with the resultant atmospheric conditions causing physiological stress, and sometimes death, among affected populations, according to the NDMA.
The Indian Meteorological Department uses several factors to quantify a heat wave:
a. Hot weather conditions are not considered a heat wave unless the maximum temperature reaches 40°C in plain areas and 30°C in the hills.
b. If the normal temperature in an area is less than 40°C, an increase of 5-6°C above 40°C constitutes a moderate heat wave while an increase of 7°C or more is a severe heat wave.
c. When the normal temperature is more than 40°C, an increase of 4-5°C from this normal is considered a moderate heat wave, while an increase of 6°C or more is a severe heat wave.
d. When the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more for two consecutive days, irrespective of normal maximum temperature, it is considered a heat wave.
Despite casualties, and the fact that heat wave deaths occur due to atmospheric conditions, heat waves are not included in the notified list of natural disasters, according to this response by the ministry of home affairs to a question asked in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament.National Disaster Management Authority
Health impacts, mortality and preparedness
In 2016, the NDMA prepared guidelines for state governments to formulate action plans for the prevention and management of heat waves, outlining four key strategies: forecasting heat waves and enabling an early warning system; building capacity of healthcare professionals to deal with heat wave-related emergencies; community outreach through various media; and inter-agency cooperation as well as engagement with other civil society organizations in the region.
The NDMA says adopting these measures has brought heat wave-related mortality down in many places such as Ahmedabad. The city experienced a major heat wave in 2010, and registered over a 1,000 additional deaths in May that year that could be attributed to heat wave conditions. In 2013, the city adopted a 'Heat Action Plan' (HAP) that has reduced mortality in succeeding years. The primary objective of the HAP is to alert populations most at risk of heat-related illness to existing or impending extreme heat conditions, and to take precautions.
At the same time, the India Meteorological Department publishes daily bulletins containing information about the prevailing temperature and a warning for coming days. For example, on May 17, severe heat wave conditions were observed at isolated places over coastal Andhra Pradesh, and heat wave conditions at isolated places over Odisha, Vidarbha and Tamil Nadu, according to this IMD bulletin.
"The combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population makes India vulnerable to heat waves. Vegetable vendors, auto repair mechanics, cab drivers, construction workers, police personnel, road side kiosk operators and mostly weaker sections of the society have to work in the extreme heat to make their ends meet and are extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of heat waves such as dehydration, heat and sun strokes," the NDMA guidelines say, "Therefore, it is not surprising that these workers, homeless people and the elderly constitute the majority of heat wave casualties in India."
The HVI confirmed as much. Pointing out that the high and very high HVI districts are in the central part of the country,the paper said that with a higher tribal population, these states have been at the lower end of various health, education, economic and population growth indicators.
a. Further research using sub-district level data to provide separate indices for urban and rural areas to enable more targeted geographical interventions.
b. Deeper analysis of urban ward-level data to provide intra-city vulnerability patterns.
c. Provision of public messaging (radio, TV), mobile phone-based text messages, automated phone calls and alerts.
d. Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing comfortable clothes.
e. Popularization of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water storage tanks and insulating housing materials.
f. Provision of drinking water within housing premises and indoor toilets.
(Patil is an analyst with IndiaSpend)


A Review on the Ways to Set Up Payroll for a Business
If you research to discover more about hiring workers, you will find that it is always an exciting process. A business owner has to know that getting employees can help grow their business, and one can find out from this site how employees can help expand their business. Paying the employees is necessary, and that means you have to know how you will be paying your workers. Setting up payroll has always been necessary for any business since this is what helps employers pay their workers without experiencing some problems. Since setting up payroll is vital to any business, you have to learn how to do it, and here is more information on setting up a payroll. Here is a useful discussion on how to set up payroll for your business.
The other important thing that one needs to do when setting up payroll is getting the necessary documentation from their employees. To set up a payroll, you will need some details from your employees, and that is why it is a must to collect documentation from your employees. It is much easier to pay your employees through their bank accounts, and that is why you need their bank details, including their name. Your employees will need to pay tax, and that is why you need them to fill paperwork from the IRS to know more about their tax.
Setting up payroll is not complete until you calculate payroll. After you collect all the information you need from your employees, you will be required to calculate payroll depending on their hours of working. An individual has to ensure the calculation is done correctly to give their employees pay stubs, including the amount they are supposed to receive. To sum it all up, setting up a payroll will be easy when you follow the provided guides.


text: This paper proposes a route planning problem for sightseeing with fuzzy random variables based on constraints of required traveling times and satisfactions of the total sightseeing activity. In general, traveling times among sightseeing places and the satisfactions of activities depend on weather and climate conditions. Tourists will like to do their favorable route planning without drastically changing the tour route of usual condition such as fine even if the weather condition changes for the worse. Therefore, the fuzzy random variables for traveling times and satisfactions of activities derived from uncertainty conditions are introduced, and a new route planning problem is proposed to obtain the favorable route similar to the optimal route under the usual condition. As a basic case of fuzzy numbers, interval values and the order relation are introduced. From the order relation, the proposed model is transformed into an extended model of network optimization problems. A numerical example is provided to compare the proposed model with standard route planning problems for sightseeing.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Conserved in 2008
- 59 acres southwest of Shelton in Mason County.
- Permanently conserved are riparian areas, floodplain, agricultural fields, and deciduous and coniferous forests that collectively provide valuable habitat for a variety of important species. The Property contains portions of a spring-fed tributary to Goldsborough Creek. Goldsborough Creek is a stream of regional importance for salmon production.
- There are many notable bird species on the property, including; Swainson's thrush, Pacific-slope flycatcher, Pacific wren, scarlet tanager, and nuthatch. The habitat for these diverse species of birds is provided by Douglas fir, bigleaf maple, and Western redcedar trees.
Thank you to the following partners:
- Ann Olli
- Mason Conservation District
CLT Strategic Conservation Goals Achieved:
- Conserve wetland, riparian areas, and associated upland forests.
- Conserve working lands.
The Olli Property is located in a historically rural / agricultural area, close to Shelton and Hwy 101, which is undergoing a gradual conversion to residential uses. The Property was a dairy in the early 20th century, and the barn on the property was recently added to the historic register. The Property has been in the landowner's family since the mid-20th century.


Version 2 (modified by ross@…, 8 years ago) (diff)
Scoped Type Variables
Brief Explanation
Type annotations, which Haskell 98 allows in expressions, are also allowed in patterns and (currently in GHC only) in result type signatures, attached to the left side of a function definition. New type variables in these annotations scope over the function body, permitting locally defined variables to be given signatures in situations where it would be impossible in Haskell 98, e.g.
sortImage (f::a->b) = sortBy cmp
 where cmp :: a -> a -> Ordering
 cmp x y = compare (f x) (f y)
Note that although GHC and Hugs use the same syntax, the meaning of type variables is quite different, and there are other differences too.


24 Oct 2015 – Wakes In The Home
When my mother Alice was growing up, wakes were actually held in the homes. When a family member died, the funeral home prepared the body, placed it in the casket, and delivered it to the home. During the wake, friends and family would come to pay their respects. The wake was a celebration of life with food and drink.
My mother remembers her great-grandmother (Laura Washington) and grandfather (Joseph Brown) having a wake held in their home. Based on the time of the funeral, the body would be delivered to the home the day before, and be available until an hour or two prior to the funeral which was held in the church.
My Mom remembers Melzar (her father) telling her about one wake held in a home. At night, when the attendees fell asleep, someone set the body up in the casket with a sweet potato in his hand. Once positioned, the person went around the room waking folks up and pointing to the body in the casket. Needless to say, folks started to scream and run out of the house to safety! A few folks were injured trying to get away as soon as possible. Some had broken arms, legs, etc. The pranks became so prevalent that wakes stopped being held in the home! This story has been passed down through the generations on my Mom's side of the family.
In doing some research, I ran across Irish Wakes which sounds very similar to what was happening during my Mother's days. See the Irish Wake history below.
Also, I found information on the History of African-American Funeral Service.
History: WHAT IS AN "IRISH WAKE"? The traditional Irish Wake was commonplace around Ireland up until about the 1970's. This was the process of Laying out the body of a departed relative in the house where they lived and /or died. All of the family and a few of the deceased ones neighbours and friends would gather at the house. The body was usually in a coffin in the parlour of the house or living room. There would be lots of food and plenty of drink to be consumed. People would come and socialize and remember the departed person's life. This wasn't a time for tears to say the least, it was more of a party than a funeral. It was the traditional Irish way of celebrating one's life and ensuring that they had a good send off. A proper Irish Wake is worth the time and effort required to return to the old customs. It is hard to imagine a passing being complete without one!
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that is 1/2.
The evidence-adjustment factor
With our prior beliefs represented as probability equations, let's get back to computing that evidence adjustment.
(evidence adjustment) = P(H|S∧K) / P(H|K)
The numerator on the right-hand side we already know: P(H|S∧K) = 1.
The denominator, P(H|K), we do not. We must find some way to break it into terms that we do know.
The nice thing about propositions, like H, is that we can use Boolean logic to manipulate them. So, let's break H into pieces that are more likely to be useful:
H = H∧(S ∨ ¬S) = (H∧S) ∨ (H∧¬S).
What I did was split the proposition that the coin comes up heads into a disjunction of two mutually exclusive propositions: that the coin comes up heads and is special, or that the coin comes up heads and is not special. That first term of the disjunction, however, is redundant: if a coin is special, our prior knowledge already tells us that it must come up heads; therefore, we can simplify H∧S to S. Now we have,
H = S ∨ (H∧¬S), given K,
P(H|K) = P((S ∨ (H∧¬S))|K).
We can break up the disjunction on the right-hand side using the sum rule for probabilities, which is given as:
P(A∨B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∧B).
Since our disjunction is of mutually exclusive propositions, the final term of the sum-rule expansion drops out; therefore,
P(H|K) = P(S|K) + P(H∧¬S|K).
Now let's crack that new final term, P(H∧¬S|K). To do so, we'll use the product rule for probabilities:
P(A∧B) = P(A|B) P(B) = P(B|A) P(A).
P(H∧¬S|K) = P(H|¬S∧K) P(¬S|K).
And, already knowing that P(H|¬S∧K) = 1/2, we can simplify the right-hand side:
P(H∧¬S|K) = P(¬S|K)/2.
And substituting this reduction back into the equation for P(H|K) gives,
P(H|K) = P(S|K) + P(¬S|K)/2.
We can further simplify the equation by noting that P(S|K) + P(¬S|K) must equal 1 and, therefore, that the ¬S term can be rewritten in terms of S to give,
P(H|K) = P(S|K) + (1 - P(S|K))/2 = (1 + P(S|K)) / 2.
Now, to bring it all home, let's plug these values into our evidence-adjustment formula:
= P(H|S∧K) / P(H|K)
= 1 / P(H|K)
= 1 / [(1 + P(S|K)) / 2]
= 2 / (1 + P(S|K)).
And that's our evidence-adjustment factor. Now, what does it do?
Adjusting our beliefs in light of the new evidence
To better understand what the evidence adjustment does, let's recall the original belief-adjustment equation:
(new plausibility) = (old plausibility) × (evidence adjustment)
So the adjustment factor nudges our initial degree of belief, whatever it may be, one way or the other, depending on the evidence. To see the effect of this nudge for various initial degrees of belief, consider the following plot:
Looking at the plot, let's see if the nudge agrees with our intuition. First, if we were absolutely convinced that the coin is (or is not) special, no amount of evidence should sway our beliefs. Looking at the plot, we see that when our prior probability is 0 or 1, so is our adjusted (posterior) probability, exactly what we expected.
But what if our initial knowledge is complete ignorance about the coin being special? In that case, upon seeing the coin toss, our prior probability of 1/2 gets nudged to the posterior probability of 2/3 – toward the belief that the coin is indeed special. Again, it's what we would expect.
In fact, the evidence adjustment is always going to push us toward confirming the belief that the coin is special because the evidence supports that belief. The force of that push, however, depends on how surprising we find the evidence, that is, how much it challenges our prior beliefs. The following plot shows this relationship:
Note that the evidence provides the strongest push – a factor of 2 – when our prior knowledge makes us doubt most strongly that the coin is special. On the other extreme, when we are already convinced that the coin is special, observing that the coin comes up heads when tossed isn't surprising at all, and correspondingly the evidential push of that observation is nothing: an adjustment factor of unity.
Answering the original question
Finally, with our evidence adjustment well in hand, we can answer the original question: After seeing the outcome of this single coin toss, how much more should you believe my claim that the coin always comes up heads, compared to what you believed before the coin toss?
The answer, we reasoned earlier, is the evidence adjustment less one:
(relative plausibility increase)
= [evidence adjustment] – 1
= [2 / (1 + P(S|K))] – 1
= [2 / (1 + (prior plausibility))] – 1
= (1 – (prior plausibility)) / (1 + (prior plausibility))).
So, if we let p represent our prior degree of belief that the coin is a special, heads-always coin, we should be
100% × (1 – p) / (1 + p)
more confident in our belief after seeing the coin come up heads when tossed.
And that's the answer.
But there are other ways of arriving at it. One of the more convenient is to use odds instead of probabilities. But let's save that discussion for next time.
Update: Here's the promised discussion: Odds and the evidence of a single coin toss.


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The red flour beetle is known as an invasive species that eats any kind of wheat, and scientists have used these beetles to study specifically how invasive species spread. However, a professor at Colorado State University and a professor at the University of Colorado are studying them as a way of conservation.
Ruth Hufbauer, a CSU professor in the Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, and Brett Melbourne, a CU assistant professor of in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, are using red flour beetle populations to study factors that dwindle or expand a population of species. The study was released in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Hufbauer said the beetles are better for research because they can reproduce quickly and she can use large numbers of them ethically.
"I got involved in questions that would be really difficult to do in nature to ask and to address in nature with experiments, because it would be unethical to to just release things out into nature, and also there's just so many challenges with working outside," Hufbauer said. "We think carefully about the design of these experiments so that they can give us general answers that we can then apply to many other species in the wild, such as tigers or trees."
Melbourne said that the beetles act as "model species" for the research without wildlife in risk.
"For example, you would not want to purposely introduce an invasive species to the wild to see what happens, or try different ways to make a species go extinct. So, we can use the beetle in artificial ecosystems in the laboratory to answer these difficult questions," Melbourne wrote in an email to the Collegian.
According to Hufbauer, what has been done historically to help a declining population of animals is to bring more to the population. While this helps, Hufbauer was interested in seeing if it was merely the numbers or the genetics that help a group survive.
"I see the beetles as a model the way a wind engineer (would) build a scale model of a building and put it in a wind tunnel and blow the wind at it," Hufbauer said. "You don't want to do that with the actual building, because that's way too expensive. But if you can build a model that represents enough of the real world system, then you can learn a lot from it."
Using natural populations of beetles allows Hufbauer to manipulate the systems while adding genetically similar individuals of beetles. She said the results of the study were that genetics matter. With just a few beetles with a different genetic background, it reduced the extinction rate and increased adaptation.
Melbourne and Hufbauer are continuing to research how genetic and ecological processes combine to determine how a species goes extinct or expand its range.
"I think that for each species that's endangered or threatened, or any individual population that we're worried about, we'll need to have data on that," Hufbauer said. "But by doing large replicated experiments like this in the lab, we can understand the mechanisms that are underlying this."
Collegian Science Reporter Seth Bodine can be reached at _EMAIL_ or on Twitter _USER_.


"Bean counting" has long been an insulting term for what finance professionals and accountants do. Often it's been used to tar CFOs as transaction processors — a role largely relegated to the back office. What's more, people like to use the phrase to ratchet up the pedestrian aspects of finance by tagging practitioners as "mere" bean counters or "little more than" bean counters or "simply" bean counters. Such clichés get tossed around a lot.
Given how often the expression is used as a glib putdown, though, the origin of the term may come as a surprise. Let's set the historic record straight and redeem the lot of the bean and its interpreters, since the scrutiny of beans was anything but simple or prosaic. Indeed, the expression sprung from the birthplace of democracy, ancient Greece, some 2,500 years ago. More exactly, it comes from the city-state of Athens, the site of what some historians call "radical" democracy.
Knowing that, you might guess beans were used for voting. Furthermore, you might think the advantage of using beans — say beans colored black and white — is their utter lack of ambiguity. At a glance, you know which pile to put which bean in: one bean, one vote.
The historical record, however, doesn't corroborate that. It describes various means of voting used by the Greeks, including a show of hands, voice acclamation, voting according to roll call, voting done with pebbles placed in front of officials on a table, even preliminary balloting with olive leaves. In especially serious matters, voters were required to congregate in groups with others voting the same way. Since the Athenian assembly gathered thousands of citizens for decisions of city policy, that meant for a lot of milling about.
Using beans, on the contrary, was not one of the voting methods. The Athenians did not choose their officials using beans; rather, the beans chose the officials for them.
It turns out the Greeks selected many minor public officials — and jurors — using an elaborate system based on random drawings. That's where they used black and white beans. Although the Greeks had a participatory democracy, it was not for everyone: the only people eligible to serve in office, or on a jury, were native-born men who owned property. To ensure impartiality among them, beans and fate were employed to make final, definitive selections. Their process was so elaborate that it was nearly impossible to rig the results. Aristotle describes the process in his Constitution of Athens, and modern archaeologists have unearthed a number of the Athenians' bean machines.
The choice of office holders involved at least three random steps. First, two people were chosen in a random drawing to be responsible for running the bean machine. Next, candidates put their names on pieces of paper that were then randomly drawn, one by one, by the two officials. Each drawn name was inserted in a column of slots in the machine according to the order in which they were picked.
After all the candidates' names were lined up, beans were poured into a conical opening at the top of the machine. All the beans were black, with the exception of a single white one. As the beans passed through the conical opening, they rolled into a narrow tube attached to the machine. The beans were then released one at a time from the bottom of the tube. The first bean corresponded to the first candidate whose name was drawn and had been placed in the uppermost slot; the second bean corresponded to the second candidate, and so on. Should a black bean appear when it was your turn, it meant no job for you. When the white bean appeared, the gods had spoken: politicians were known to say: "I owe my seat to the bean."
The actual act of bean counting came before the beans were poured into the machine. If a seat in the Athenian assembly had 100 candidates vying for it, the officials presiding had to count out exactly 99 black beans to go with the 1 white bean. Thus, as all can see, bean counters were guardians of democracy. And they were divine intermediaries, helping bring forth the will of the gods.
Nevertheless, the Greek mathematician Pythagoras disliked the method — he is supposed to have said: "Have nothing to do with the bean." Some think he was saying: "Have nothing to do with politics," but he may also have said it because he believed beans held the souls of people waiting to be reincarnated.
Which may be another reason beans were used to choose a candidate's lot. Not only were they cheap, plentiful, colorful, smooth, and of uniform size, but they were thought by some to be souls in transition. In the case of city office, they served to bring citizens from an embryonic state — that of mere candidate — to the actual, honorable task of representing the city for a year.
Sadly, one fateful day when Pythagoras found himself pursued by enemies, he refused to cut across a bean field to escape and was overtaken and slain: such was his ill-considered aversion to the bean. As one of history's greatest mathematicians, how could he not have known that the shortest distance between two points is a beeline?
The use of random drawings to choose public officials made its reappearance some 2,000 years later in Renaissance Italy. The Italians distrusted the motives of those of their fellow citizens who were eager to grasp at public office, so for a time they resorted to choosing them by lot. Campaigning, vote-buying, and other political chicanery was effectively rendered pointless.
So there you have it. What the Greeks invented — democracy and clean elections — can be attributed to the bean. And to average citizens who were chosen to act as the much-respected, high-minded bean counter.
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When you're building a staircase, it's a complicated procedure. This simple part of your house has a lot of regulations set out in section K of The Building Regulations. To better understand what you need to do, we will look at a few key points.
- Rise, going, and angle
These three things are the foundation of building a staircase. The rise, going, and angle defines the dimensions of the steps. The individual rise refers to the height of each individual step; the individual going refers to the width of each step; the angle is of the entire staircase. These three things have to be considered together to apply by building regulations. The minimum and maximum dimensions of these are:
- Individual rise: Minimum 150mm – maximum 220mm
- Individual going: Minimum 220mm – maximum 300mm
- Pitch/Angle: Cannot be greater than 42 degrees.
In addition to this, there are also some more requirements. For example, all risers are required to be the same length, except when a staircase is separated by a landing.
- Kite Winders
To save space, some people put staircases in corners and use kite winders. These affect the rules regarding the required going because of the angle. The most important rule to follow is that the winder treads must all be at least the same length as the straight treads. For example, if you have straight treads with a length of 250mm, the winder treads must at least be 250mm but they can be longer.
There are also rules regarding the width of the winding treads. These steps will be wider towards the wall and narrower towards the room. The narrowest part of the step must be a minimum of 50mm.
There are actually no requirements regarding the width of a staircase, but this is generally based on accepted building practices. For example, a staircase going up to the first floor serving multiple rooms should be no less than 800mm wide. It is usually recommended to get a bit wider than this minimum so that you won't have trouble carrying things up the stairs in the future.
The minimum headroom is 2 metres. It's important to note that this height is not measured from the stair, but from an invisible pitch line that is drawn across the front of all the stairs. Exceptions are made for loft conversions with sloping ceilings.
A landing is any flat section after stairs. To qualify as a landing, the width and length of the floor must be greater or equal to the narrowest part of the staircase.
- Handrails & Balustrades
The position of the handrail is regulated between 900mm and 1000mm above the pitch line/floor. You don't always have to use a handrail, but when there is a staircase with a drop of more than 600mm it is a requirement. Generally, this is between 2-3 steps. There are also rules regarding the gaps between spindles. A 100mm sphere should not be able to pass through any opening.
You can use staircase designers to make sure that your stair design fits these regulations so you can be sure that your property is compliant with the law. Without following this guide, you could be at risk for additional costs or even worse you could devalue your property as any new potential buyer would need to pay for and carry out the changes themselves.
The moral of the story here is to make sure that you get it right the first time.


text:
According to William Keene, Oregon State Epidemiologist, last week initial lab test results of a Sally Jackson cheese sample taken from a wedding were PCR (polymerase chain reaction) positive, indicating DNA likely linked to the outbreak strain. Today, those results have also been culture confirmed, and are indistinguishable by pulse-field gel electrophoreses (PFGE) to the eight ill persons in Oregon, Minnesota, Washington and Vermont.
When a person consumes contaminated food and becomes infected as a result, a stool sample can then be cultured to obtain and identify the bacterial isolate. These bacterial isolates are then broken down into their various component parts, creating a DNA "fingerprint." The "fingerprint" of the bacteria can then be compared to the "fingerprint" of isolates from persons who consumed the contaminated product or the contaminated product. When DNA "fingerprints" are indistinguishable, they, along with solid epidemiological work, are proof that the contaminated product was the source of the illness.
The process of obtaining the DNA "fingerprint" is called Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis, or PFGE. This technique is used to separate the DNA of the bacterial isolate into its component parts. It operates by causing alternating electric fields to run the DNA through a flat gel matrix of agarose, a polysaccharide obtained from agar. The pattern of bands of the DNA fragments, or "fingerprints," in the gel after exposure to the electrical current is unique for each strain and sub-type of bacteria.
To see a partial reall list and inspection reports, see "Sally Jackson Raw Milk Cheese Distribution List for E. coli Recall – Eight Ill in Oregon, Washington, Vermont and Minnesota."


text:
About the Agency
NSF has the advantages of a small agency environment that fosters collaboration, creativity and opportunities to contribute to major agency-wide projects. Consistently ranked by its employees as one of the top federal agencies in managing its workforce, NSF maintains a creative, flexible, and collegial atmosphere and is respected in both the federal and scientific arenas for its work in promoting science, technology, education and management best practices. Join our team at one of the best places to work in the federal government and use your knowledge and imagination to keep NSF at the frontier of discovery! More about NSF.
This position is located in the Administrative Systems Branch, or Research Directorate Systems Branch, or External Systems Branch, Division of Information Systems, Office of Information and Resource Management. If you are interested in working in a dynamic, fastpaced, and innovative IT work environment (conveniently located in the heart of Ballston) for a top-ranked federal agency, look no further. The National Science Foundation (NSF), a major source of federally-funded basic research, is committed to the advancement of science, innovation, and discovery, helping to move the nation's science and engineering research efforts into new frontiers. NSF's Office of Information and Resource Management/Division of Information Systems (DIS), as a leader in e-business and cutting-edge technology, delivers a comprehensive suite of customer-enabling technologies and tools to more than 250,000 scientists, educators, technology experts, and administrators conducting business with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to facilitate research, grant, and financial management business processes.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Information Systems (DIS) is seeking an Information Technology (IT) Project Manager in our Applications Service Area. As an IT Project Manager, your duties include:
- Applying knowledge of IT systems, methods and practices to support initiation and planning, requirements, design, development, testing, deployment, and closeout processes related to the implementation and integration of custom and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Business Applications; Develops metrics, critical success factors and key indicators to monitor and assess results in Business Applications;
- Determining the appropriate software development methodology based on the product concept.
- Understanding existing and emerging technologies and their applicability in the software implementation environment [e.g., vendor or open source, Service Oriented Architectures (SOA)].
- Adopting and applying systems engineering perspectives and processes to software development.
- Knowing and considering available off-the-shelf software to make build or buy decisions.
- Monitoring software configuration changes to anticipate and address the impact of data reliability and customer satisfaction issues.
- Working knowledge of Data Warehouse and SharePoint solutions.
- Developing and managing the scope of a project (e.g., project objectives, team, tasks, defining milestones and deliverables, timelines, hours, costs, developing plans and schedules, estimating resource requirements, monitoring activities, activity prioritization, system integration).
- Developing metrics, standards of performance, critical success factors and key indicators to monitor and assess results.
- Developing risk strategies to eliminate or reduce, overcome, or compensate for an organizations exposure to liability.
- Considering stakeholder needs when recommending appropriate Web technologies including the Organizations strategic vision.
- Assessing delivery strategies, Web technologies, oversight, and organizational implications for Web-based development, taking into consideration web technology in relation to privacy standards and Federal regulations.
- Transitioning from legacy client-server applications to one of the pre-defined Web solutions.
- Performing in-depth studies and analyses to determine technological impact resulting from adoption of new technologies and solutions, initiating necessary corrective actions to integrate the new solution;
- Leading and conducting prototyping and proof of concept activities, establishing reusable templates and solution components.


text:
Momentum depends on mass and velocity
Teaching Guidance for 14-16
Both mass and velocity
Wrong Track: This ball has the larger mass, so it'll have the larger momentum.
Right Lines: Momentum, a quantity that's a good measure of the motion of a body, depends on mass and on velocity. To work out which has the larger momentum you have to pay attention to both the mass and the velocity: →p = m × →v.
A focus on compensation
Thinking about the learning
Students often fix on only one factor, when they should consider both factors that contribute to a physical quantity. They select either mass or velocity, and they fail to combine the two quantities into the compound quantity that is momentum. So their comparisons are often in error.
Thinking about the teaching
The key relationship is: →p = m × →v.
That this kind of pattern (A = B × C) turns up so often, and so often causes troubles is one reason for focusing on the issue of compensation throughout the SPT materials. Because it's an often used pattern, and because students are known to have difficulty with it (through selecting just one of the factors) we'd suggest foregrounding it as a pattern, so that students give it due prominence.


text:
Evaluation of calf muscle reflex control in the 'ankle strategy' during upright standing push-recovery
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Revealing human internal control mechanisms during environmental interaction remains paramount and helpful in solving issues related to human-robot interaction. Muscle reflexes, which can directly and rapidly modify the dynamic behavior of joints, are the fundamental control loops of the Central Nervous System. This study investigates the calf muscle reflex control in the "ankle strategy" for human push-recovery movement. A time-increasing searching method is proposed to evaluate the feasibility of the reflex model in terms of predicting real muscle activations. Constraints with physiological implications are imposed to find the appropriate reflex gains. The experimental results show that the reflex model fits over 90% of the forepart of muscle activation. With the increasing of time, the Variance Accounted For (VAF) values drop to below 80% and reflex gains lose the physiology meaning. By dividing the muscle activation into two parts, the reflex formula is still workable for the rest part, with different gains and lower VAF values. This result may indicate that reflex control could more likely dominate the forepart of the push-recovery motion and an analogous control mechanism is still feasible for the rest of the motion part, with different gains. The proposed method provides an alternative way to obtain the human internal control mechanism desired for human-robot interaction task.
|Number of pages||22|
|Publication status||Published - 21 May 2019|
- applsci-09-02085 (1)
Final published version, 8 MB, PDF-document
Licence: CC BY


On this page, you will find out what your life path number, birth sign, and ruling planet really mean. Learn the meaning of your birthstone, birth flower and discover what is G.I. Generation and what happened in 1930s. View the most popular baby names on the day you were born and other untold facts.
Your life path number is 5
What does life path number 5 mean? Life path number 5 represents progress, adventure and opportunity. You possess the curiosity of a cat and long to experience all of life.
September 7 zodiac sign is Virgo
Your ruling planet is Mercury
The birthstone for September 7, 1933 is Sapphire
The birthstone for September 7, 1933 is Sapphire. The sapphire is the official birthstone of September. Named for its rich blue color, sapphire means "blue" in Greek. It is a classic stone that symbolizes trust and honesty, making it one of the most popular engagement gemstones — second only to diamonds. The birthstone for June 2021 is Pearl, Moonstone and Alexandrite.
The birth flower for September is Aster/Myosotis
1933 is a Silent Generation
If you are born on were born in 1933, you are part of Silent Generation. The Silent Generation, which followed after the G.I. Generation. As young adults during the McCarthy Era, many members of this generation felt it was dangerous to speak out. They were too young to see action in World War II and too old to participate in the fun of the Summer of Love.
1933 is the Year of the Rooster
If you are born in 1933, according to Chinese Zodiac, you were born in the Year of the Rooster. Rooster people are honest, observant and hardworking. They seldom rely on other people in daily life, which can make them impatient when dealing with others. This year (2021) is the Year of the Ox.
The above date is September 7, 1933 written in Roman numerals. It is written in the traditional American / Western style and formatted in the order of Month-Day-Year (09-07-1933).
The most popular baby names in 1933: Mary for girls and Robert for boys
There were an estimated babies born throughout the world in 1933. The estimated number of babies born on 7th September 1933 is or about babies every minute. (Source: un.org)
In 1933, the most popular baby girl name was Mary, it was given to 55,507 girls. For boys, it was Robert and was given to Robert times in 1933. (Source: ssa.gov)
The world population in 1933 was (Source: census.gov).
7 September, 1933 birthday summary
How old am I if I was born in 1933?
→ You are 87 years old.
What day was my birthday on?
→ You were born on a Thursday.
How many days until my birthday?
→ There are until your 88th birthday.
What day will my birthday be in 2022?
→ Your birthday will be on a Wednesday in 2022.
What is my birthstone?
→ Your birthstone is Sapphire.
What is my birth flower?
→ Your birth flower is Aster/Myosotis.
What is my life path number?
→ Your life path number is 5.
What is Numerology?
What was the number one song on my birthday?
What was the number one song on my 14th birthday?
What does my birthday mean?
Which celebrities share my birthday?
Who are the famous birthdays celebrating with me?
September 7, 1933 facts
Day index: 250th day of 1933
Day of week: Thursday
Week index: 36th Thursday of 1933
Next same calendar year: 2023
Days until next birthday:
Age on next birthday: 88 years old
Days since birth:
Days spent sleeping: 10,686 days
Months spent sleeping: 351 months
Years spent sleeping: 29.28 years
Part of life spent sleeping: 33%
Full moons since birth: 1,087
First one billion second: was on May 16, 1965
Life path number: 5
Zodiac sign: Virgo ♍
Zodiac ruling planet: Mercury
1933 world population: (Source: un.org)
What day of the week is September 7?
September 7, 2020
September 7, 2021
September 7, 2022
September 7, 2023
September 7, 2024
Other date formats
 - 7 September 1933
 - 7-9-1933
 - September Seventh, Nineteen Thirty-three
 - IX-VII-MCMXXXIII (mm-dd-yyy)
 - September 7th 1933
 - September 7 1933
 - 7th September 1933


text:
"Joe" certainly was a small dinosaur, compared to adults of its kind. It was only six feet long (compared to over 25 feet long for adult duck-billed dinosaurs), so "Joe" couldn't have been fully grown. But, could scientists get any more precise?
A little bone biology turned out to be just the ticket to aging "Joe." Even though bones are hard, they are actually made up of a dynamic, living tissue that undergoes constant remodeling, replacement, and growth. Many animals alive today lay down yearly layers in their bones—just like tree rings! Dinosaurs were no exception. So, if you slice up a dinosaur bone and count the rings under a microscope, you can figure out how old it was when it died.
Let's take a closer look at these yearly rings! Under a microscope, every tiny detail of the bone was revealed, even the spaces once occupied by blood vessels and bone cells.
What do Joe's bones look like? The researchers studying "Joe" took a small sample from the shin bone, and sliced it up very, very thin.
"Joe"'s bone showed signs that it was growing very fast—lots of big blood vessels, but no yearly rings. This meant "Joe" was a very young animal—probably under a year in age! In under 12 months, "Joe" had hatched at less than the size of a human infant and grown to over six feet in length. It takes a human 15-20 years to grow that much.


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There's no independence without an end to detention and incarceration. On the day before our country celebrates Independence Day, we gather in front of the Elizabeth Detention Center to demand a release of all detainees to their communities and an end to the carceral state. No one can be free until we are all free. we demand _TAG_ and _TAG_.
Jails and prisons have seen major COVID-19 outbreaks even in areas where the virus is not spreading as sharply in the general population. Detainees at the privately-run Elizabeth Detention Center have spoken out about the dangerous conditions at the private ICE immigration facility operated by CoreCivic. Detainees recently joined a lawsuit seeking the immediate release of people detained at EDC or, in the alternative, expedited bail hearings. The lawsuit also seeks to stop ICE from admitting new people into EDC and from unilaterally transferring people from EDC to other immigration jails and prisons around the country
Keep in mind:
- New Jersey is located in the US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the country.
- Union County has the fourth-highest number of cases and fatalities in the state.
- Additionally, the Core Civic private detention center in Elizabeth is not relaying information on testing or conditions to the public.
- Hector Mendoza, a plaintiff in the lawsuit, was deported to Mexico two-days after the lawsuit was filed, without notice to his attorney and after a federal judge filed an injection against the deportation. He is still missing.
- Living conditions are inhumane and unsafe
- DHS's own doctors and experts around the nation are speaking up about the need for ICE to release detainees but ICE is not providing adequate levels of testing. _URL_
- Detained individuals are denied testing and medical treatment until they experience only the most severe symptoms of COVID-19, putting them at a higher risk of serious infection. Everyone must be tested properly and released from ICE and jail facilities.
- Many detainees are put in quarantine which is essentially solitary for 23 and half hours a day. This cannot be allowed and there needs to be a humane way to quarantine.
- Detainees must use their own commissary money to buy soap and fever reducers. What happens if they don't have the money?


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Convex hull, developed at the Research Imaging Center (RIC), uses algorithms to "warp" images of human brains and make them ready for scientific comparison. The task is much like fitting a grapefruit inside an orange. No two brains have the exact same size, shape and structure. Identifying the functions of different parts of the brain requires accurate cross-comparison between images taken from hundreds of people.
The outgrowth of work in the '80s by the center's director, Peter T. Fox, MD, convex hull has been honed into computer algorithms by medical physicist J. Hunter Downs III, PhD, an RIC instructor. The brain research community is debating the convex hull method as a possible standard in building an atlas of the brain's functions. Accepting a standard would speed the brain mapping project by letting researchers worldwide compare and share like data.
"I'm a toolmaker," said Dr. Downs, who studied computer science as an undergraduate at The University of Texas at San Antonio and completed his doctorate in medical physics in 1994 at the Health Science Center. "This is a tool designed so the neuroscientists can talk coherently about how the brain functions."
The convex hull concept also has industrial applications where points must be plotted on a curve. For example, engineers who design auto bodies use its principles.
Dr. Fox pioneered the idea for brain imaging in 1985 at Washington University when he took what is called the "bounding box" method a step further. The box describes the boundary drawn around any selected part of the brain image; the image inside then is enlarged or reduced for comparison with like images from other subjects. Dr. Fox began work that would expand the scope beyond warping, or "normalizing," length, width and height. He began exploring a way to normalize curvature as well.
Arriving at the Health Science Center, Dr. Fox described the concept to Dr. Downs and Jack L. Lancaster, PhD, a physicist, professor of radiology and head of the RIC's computer software development team. "I didn't know the mathematical term or the concept of convex hull, but Hunter and Jack sure did. They said, 'That's a convex hull.'"
Here is how it works:
"Use the orange and the grapefruit for an example," Dr. Downs said. "The bounding box is able to stretch the dimensions of the orange to match the size of the grapefruit, but neither the grapefruit nor the orange is quite circular so we need to make them the same shape.
"Convex hull keeps the whole brain image in a three-dimensional space. It is conceived as a way to scale outward from some central point by using the ratios of that distance from the central point to the convex hull surface, which is the outside of the brain," he said.
"For example, you want to scale the orange to be the same size as the grapefruit so you can determine where the seeds lie relative to the different shapes. You take the outer surface of the orange and the central point of the orange and find the lengths in every direction. You do the same thing with the grapefruit. Then you use the ratios of those lengths between the orange and the grapefruit to stretch out the orange to the grapefruit," he said.
Dr. Fox had conceived of several measurements, but computer applications of the convex hull allow for thousands that touch virtually any point on the curved surface.
Convex hull is being used on images of the whole brain and is accurate to within 2 millimeters. The average brain is 180 millimeters long. Dr. Fox and his staff now are developing ways to selectively measure smaller portions of the brain using the same methodology. He expects to sharpen accuracy fourfold to within.04-millimeter of where any given brain function takes place.
Return to index

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Boy Names baby nameCríostóir
What does the name Críostóir mean?
The different meanings of the name Críostóir are:
 - Greek meaning: Bearer of Christ
 - Celtic - Gaelic meaning: Bearer of Christ
The meaning of the name "Críostóir" is different in several languages, countries and cultures and has more than one possibly same or different meanings available.
Starts with:


text:
and switch off the transformer. Transformers without conservators are usually equipped with sudden pressure relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay.
The flash point
(min) and pour point
(max) are 140 °C and −6 °C respectively. The dielectric strength
of new untreated oil is 12 MV/m (RMS) and after treatment it should be >24 MV/m (RMS).
Vacuum transformer oil filter is mainly used for removing trace water, gas and impurities from insulating oil, improving the insulating oil performance index. It is mainly applied to purification of 110KV, 220KV, 500KV, 750KV, 1000KV power transmission equipment insulating oil, also applied to treat low viscosity oils, like insulating oil, turbine oil, and hydraulic oil in the transmission equipment which is lower than 110KV. Meanwhile, Series ZYD oil purifier can be used as independent vacuum source with functions of vacuum drying and vacuum oiling. Insulating oil performance mainly decided by oil's water content, If the water is not saturation in the oil, it appears as the molecular states; If the water is saturation in the oil, it appears as the liquid states and stay at the bottom of container. Under the vacuum states, because the less gas content, the water and gas in the oil will be escaped from the oil and evacuated by the vacuum pump. The higher vacuum value (Close to 0 Pa), the higher speed of water molecular volatilization (The latest technology, the Vacuum oil purifier can reach to 1Pa Working vacuum value). The gas and water which dissolved in the oil will become gaseity and exhausted by vacuum pump. The oil temperature affect vacuum oil purifier working efficiency, the higher temperature, the water molecular get more kinetic energy, so it is higher diffused speed of water molecular. But, exorbitant temperature will cause fracture of carbon chain for oil molecular, if that will make oil bad. So we don't suggest the oil temperature excess 80℃. Also the impurity will affect oil dielectric strength, so the vacuum oil purifier requires high filtration precision.See more the products details


Monday, August 29, 2011
The Mourne Wall
Early evening sunlight highlights the Mourne Wall as it strides over the High Mournes:
Slieve Donard; Slieve Commedagh; Slieve Corragh; Slievenaglogh
There's an interesting article in Wikipedia; here's the first paragraph:
The Mourne Wall is a wall which was constructed to enclose a reservoir's catchment area in the Mourne MountainsNorthern Ireland. It was built between 1904 and 1922 by the Belfast Water Commissioners to enclose the water catchment in the Mournes.


text:
March 29, 2010
The National Mall was more dark than usual on Saturday night, when buildings around the city and the world—including the Smithsonian Institution's Castle and the Reynolds Center—turned off the lights for 60 minutes as part of Earth Hour, a global effort by the World Wildlife Fund to draw attention to climate change.
The hour "symbolizes that by working together, each of us can make a positive impact in this fight," the fund says. Most times, even at night, the world's most populous areas are still bright with light, but most of it is just wasted energy.
Last week, museum staffers at both the Castle and the Reynolds Center, home to the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian American Art Museum, made preparations for a Saturday night plan to go dark.
At the Castle Saturday evening, Smithsonian photographer Eric Long set up camp outside the building shortly before Earth Hour began at 8:30 p.m., snapping a shot of the castle before the hour (at left above), with lights both inside and outside of the castle aglow, and after (at right), when only a handful of emergency lights, and the glow of the Washington Monument in the distance, remained.
"There are reflections from the Independence Ave. street lights that are in the windows of the Castle and surrounding the front of the gardens," Long said. "There are also some emergency lights which were not able to be turned off." But the symbolically dark 19th-century Gothic revival building looked marvelously eerie against the pink-hued light of the city's night sky.
All 50 states participated in the initiative, and early estimates say 4,000 communities in 126 countries turned off their lights during the hour.
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data images. (U.S. Patent _PHONE_)
Simplification of Biand Poly-systems
Biand poly-systems are further enhanced by simplification. Eliminating auxiliary components results in partial simplification and further work results in a completed simplification, which means a poly-system becomes a mono-system again.
Examples of a partially simplified biand poly-system include:
- A wristwatch (with a calculator) is a bi-system. Two sub-systems use one battery. The design system is much simpler than two independent systems in terms of the structure, the number of components and weight.
- Multiple barrel rifle and trigger mechanism (a poly-system). The rifle presents the smooth-bore barrels (constituting a set of three barrels and all three are the same caliber size) which arrange in the form of an equilateral triangle with a lower vertex. The firing device, correspondingly, presents a set of three firing-pins, hammers and fixture levers. All able to produce, with the single trigger, a progressive sequence of shots in combination with differentiated necks, specially designed and a complete range of shot types. (U.S. Patent _PHONE_)
A completely simplified biand poly-system results in a new mono-system. Examples include:
- A set of wrenches for hexagonal nuts of different sizes (a heterogeneous poly-system) could be simplified by integrating them into an adjustable spanner (new mono-system). The following is the abstract of this patent: "An adjustable spanner includes a handle having a mounting end having a pressure edge and a thinned portion, a movable piece having a multi-angular surface capable of cooperating with the pressure edge to grip there between a tubular article and an engaging portion. By means of a pivoting, medium is slidably and pivotably mounted on the thinned portion and a positioning elastic piece has a first end fixed to the handle and a second opposite end engaging with the movable piece." (U.S. Patent _PHONE_)
- Integrated cooling breath apparatus. A rescue suit is provided with separate cooling and breathing systems. The disadvantage of this bi-system is that the reserve of cooling agent (liquid oxygen) is restricted by the volume required for a heavy cylinder of compressed air. It is proposed to integrate the air cylinder and coolant reservoir. A portion of the oxygen in the reservoir is allowed to evaporate to be used for breathing. Oxygen vented from the reservoir sucks in hot air from under the suit, cools it and exchanges some heat with the liquid oxygen in the reservoir. This design allows a larger volume for coolant and lower suit weight. (A.C. 111 144)
Increasing Ideality:Several Principles to Ideal Design
Another important pattern, increasing ideality, states that evolution of all technological systems proceeds in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality. This means that in the process of evolution either the system performing a certain function gets less cost or the system becomes capable of performing its function better or performing more functions than for which it was originally designed. Ideality is defined as the sum of a system's useful functions divided by the sum of its undesired effects.4
Ideality = All Useful Effects
All Harmful Effects
Ideality is the benefit-to-cost ratio. When using this ratio to evaluate the progress of a technological system, one should keep in mind that it is "vertical,"not "horizontal," concepts. This means an individual may use the ratio to express the ideality of one technological system, but not to compare different technological systems. For example, using the ratio to compare the ideality of television sets and refrigerators means nothing because the definitions of useful function and harmful function are different. Ideality has the same properties of quality cost. Quality cost is used to improve the direction of a company's management system. It is strongly suggested, however, that quality cost should not be used to benchmark the quality performance of different companies because definitions and classifications of quality costs could have many differences.
The ideality is a general measure of system excellence. Ideality is a global concept, but the solutions to accomplish an excellent ideality are dependent on specific situations faced by different technological systems and development tasks. For example, for a high cost product such as automotive products, it is important to deliver needed functions reliably without increasing cost; for an electronic consumer product, rapidly adding advanced features with a low cost increase might be a better strategy. The following principles are useful in helping to find specific approaches in achieving the ideal final solution based on different situations.
Realizing the Ideal System: Desired Functions are Achieved Without a System
In an engineer's point of view, any technological system is not a goal in itself and is needed only to perform a special function. To realize the desired function is an engineer's final goal. The better system is the one that consumes fewer resources in both initial construction and maintenance. Thus, the ideal system requires no material to be built, consumes no energy and space, needs no maintenance and cannot be broken.3 It appears that this kind of system is only in our imagination, but it is true that there are some cases when the ideal system concepts can be fully realized. The following are two examples.
Example 1: Cultivating fishes in farmland.6
The Southeast part of China has a high density population. Every piece of land is used to raise rice; therefore, no extra space is used to cultivate fish. In order to solve fish shortage problems, agriculture experts suggest that the farmland be used to cultivate fish while it is used to cultivate rice. The experiments were successful. In this case, farmers use the land and water (resources) to cultivate rice and fish. The wastes of fish are used as fertilizer for rice. The desired function, cultivating fish, is realized without a fish raising system.
Example 2: Lamps without bulbs.2
During the 1970s, the Soviet Union launched an unmanned lunar probe to the moon's surface to transmit television pictures to the Earth. A projector using a light bulb was designed to illuminate the lunar surface ahead of the vehicle. Existing light bulbs, however, would not survive the impact of landing on the moon's surface. The most durable bulbs were ones used in military tanks, but even those bulbs would crack at the joint between the glass and screw base during tests. A new bulb design suitable for the application had to be developed. The situation was reported to the program leader, Dr. Georgi Nikolayevich Babakin, a researcher and radio specialist, who asked: "What is the purpose of the bulb?" The answer was obvious, to vacuum seal around the filament. The moon's atmosphere, however, presents a perfect vacuum. Therefore, Babakin suggested lamps without bulbs.
Obtaining an Ideal System:Desired Functions are Ideally Performed by Already Existing Substance Resources
Resources are substances, fields, field properties, function characteristics and other attributes existing in a system and its surroundings, which are available for system improvement.1 In order to obtain an ideal system or to increase ideality of a system, all resources should be considered, but a substance resource is one that is used a lot. Substance resources can be divided into several categories. Readily available substance resources are ones that can be used in their existing state. Derived substance resources are resources that can be used after some kind of transformation. Since substance resources include all material from which the system and its surroundings are composed, any system that has not reached its ideal state should have substance resources available.
Example 3: Use the equipment to replace the ballast.
Late in the space program to the planet Venus, an influential scientist wanted his ten kilogram experiment to be included on the voyage. He was told that it was too late because every gram already had been identified. Not accepting this answer, he identified 16 kilograms of ballast. He then proposed the removal of ten kilograms to be replaced with his equipment. In this case, the ballast was the unidentified resource.
Example 4: Using a pollutant (waste) to prevent pollution.
To prevent pollution, exhaust gas from a thermal power station is treated with alkaline chemicals. The alkaline slag is recovered from coal burning at a coal power station. Where the slag had also been a source of pollution. In this case, the system function of preventing pollution is realized by using an existing resource.
Obtaining and Approximating the Ideal System:Desired Functions are Obtained by Using Physical, Chemical and Geometric Effects Without Costs
There are two ways to increase system ideality. The first is to increase the number or magnitude of the useful functions; the second is to reduce the cost, number or magnitude of the harmful functions. Often a complex system is replaced with a simple one if a physical, chemical and geometric effect is used. The system ideality, therefore, can be improved in this way.
Example 5: Reinforcing a rod.5
Reinforcing rods are stretched before pouring concrete during the manufacturing of pre-stressed concrete slabs. A hydraulic system uses the coefficient of thermal expansion by heating the rods, which causes them to expand. The rods are then clamped into position and allowed to cool.
Example 6: Ferromagnetic powder throttle.5
A disadvantage of throttles with electromagnetic control, containing a magnetically controlled valve that shuts off the air duct, is the complexity and inadequate reliability of their design. Using ferromagnetic effects can solve this problem. The valve is formed as ferromagnetic powder is controlled by the magnetic field and placed between the nets in the air duct.
Obtaining and Approximating the Ideal System:Desired Function is Realized by Excluding Auxiliary Functions
Auxiliary functions provide support for and/or contribute to the execution of the main function. In many situations, auxiliary functions may be excluded (together with the elements and/or parts associated with


Event order
From Lazarus wiki
Revision as of 10:21, 31 July 2013 by BigChimp (talk | contribs) (Added seealso; some more details on typical form event order)
Lazarus offers various events that you can use to enter your own procedures to handle things that happen in your application (e.g. a user clicks a button).
There are rather a lot of possible events to cater for a lot of different scenarios. Somebody who does not know Lazarus or Delphi could well pick the wrong event.
Lazarus documentation
The Lazarus_Tutorial#Event_Actions Lazarus tutorial has some information on what events do what.
Typical event order for forms is:
OnCreate => OnShow => OnActivate => OnPaint => OnResize => OnPaint =>...
OnCloseQuery => OnClose => OnDeactivate => OnHide => OnDestroy
This is the equivalent to the class constructor in forms. Use this to initialize form-level variables etc. The form is not yet shown at this time.
Fired when the form gets the focus (e.g. when switching between applications).
When the form is shown (e.g. when loading the form or setting its.Visible property to true), this event is fired - just before the form is visible. This allows you to modify the visual appearance of controls (e.g. disable certain controls) without flickering.
The equivalent to a class destructor in forms. Use this to clean up/free variables.
General controls
These events apply to various controls. Please use the Object Inspector if it is available for the control you're currently using.
The OnEditingDone event for controls can act like the Validate event in other programming languages: it indicates the user is done changing the control and intends to keep that value. The program can now check the control content for correctness, show error messages, update database fields, etc.
Applicable Delphi information
Because the implementation of events in Lazarus and Delphi is similar, a lot of Delphi-related documentation is applicable to Lazarus with minor modifications.
Delphi documentation is often handy. You can search for the actual control you want to know more about to get a list of its events.
If you want to know about the order in which events fire on a form, this article from about.com can be useful.
See also


text:
The Casius quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars' eastern hemisphere and covers 60° to 120° east longitude (240° to 300° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a Lambert conformal conic projection at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Casius quadrangle is also referred to as MC-6 (Mars Chart-6). Casius quadrangle contains part of Utopia Planitia and a small part of Terra Sabaea. The southern and northern borders of the Casius quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km and 1,500 km wide, respectively. The north to south distance is about 2,050 km (slightly less than the length of Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little over 3% of Mars' surface area.
Map of Casius quadrangle from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue.
Origin of nameEdit
Casius is the name of a telescopic albedo feature located at 40° N and 100° E on Mars. The feature was named by Schiaparelli in 1888 after Mt Casius in Egypt, famous in antiquity for the nearby coastal marshes in which whole armies were reputed to have drowned. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1958.
Physiography and geologyEdit
The high latitude Casius quadrangle bears several features that are believed to indicate the presence of ground ice. Patterned ground is one such feature. Usually, polygonal shapes are found poleward of 55 degrees latitude. Other features associated with ground ice are Scalloped Topography, Ring Mold Craters, and Concentric Crater Fill.
Patterned ground in the form of polygonal features is associated with ground ice. It is rare to be found this far south (45 degrees north latitude). Picture taken by Mars Global Surveyor.
Periglacial Forms in Utopia, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see patterned ground and scalloped topography.
Polygonal patterned groundEdit
Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars, especially in scalloped topography. It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground. Sublimation is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to dry ice on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer that fell from the sky when the climate was different. Polygonal ground is generally divided into two kinds: high center and low center. The middle of a high center polygon is 10 meters across and its troughs are 2–3 meters wide. Low center polygons are 5–10 meters across and the boundary ridges are 3–4 meters wide. Low center polygons have been proposed as a marker for ground ice.
Ring mold cratersEdit
Ring mold craters look like the ring molds used in baking. They are believed to be caused by an impact into ice. The ice is covered by a layer of debris. They are found in parts of Mars that have buried ice. Laboratory experiments confirm that impacts into ice result in a "ring mold shape." They may be an easy way for future colonists of Mars to find water ice.
Concentric crater fillEdit
Concentric crater fill is when the floor of a crater is mostly covered with a large number of parallel ridges. They are thought to result from a glacial type of movement. Sometimes boulders are found on concentric crater fill; it is believed they fell off crater wall, and then were transported away from the wall with the movement of the glacier.Erratics on Earth were carried by similar means. Based on accurate topography measures of height at different points in these craters and calculations of how deep the craters should be based on their diameters, it is thought that the craters are 80% filled with mostly ice. That is, they hold hundreds of meters of material that probably consists of ice with a few tens of meters of surface debris. The ice accumulated in the crater from snowfall in previous climates.
High resolution pictures taken with HiRISE reveal that some of the surfaces of concentric crater fill are covered with strange patterns called closed-cell and open-cell brain terrain. The terrain resembles a human brain. It is believed to be caused by cracks in the surface accumulating dust and other debris, together with ice sublimating from some of the surfaces.
Well-developed hollows, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Location is the Casius quadrangle. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image that was taken by CTX.
Old glaciers are found in many places on Mars. Some are associated with gullies.
Nilosyrtis runs from about 280 to 304 degrees west longitude, so like several other features, it sits in more than one quadrangle. Part of Nilosyrtis is in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, the rest is in Casius quadrangle.
Landing Site in Nilosyrtis, as seen by THEMIS. Site is flat and contains water-altered clay minerals.
Climate change caused ice-rich featuresEdit
Many features on Mars, including many in Casius quadrangle, are believed to contain large amounts of ice. The most popular model for the origin of the ice is climate change from large changes in the tilt of the planet's rotational axis. At times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees Large changes in the tilt explains many ice-rich features on Mars.
Studies have shown that when the tilt of Mars reaches 45 degrees from its current 25 degrees, ice is no longer stable at the poles. Furthermore, at this high tilt, stores of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimate, thereby increasing the atmospheric pressure. This increased pressure allows more dust to be held in the atmosphere. Moisture in the atmosphere will fall as snow or as ice frozen onto dust grains. Calculations suggest this material will concentrate in the mid-latitudes. General circulation models of the Martian atmosphere predict accumulations of ice-rich dust in the same areas where ice-rich features are found. When the tilt begins to return to lower values, the ice sublimates (turns directly to a gas) and leaves behind a lag of dust. The lag deposit caps the underlying material so with each cycle of high tilt levels, some ice-rich mantle remains behind. Note, that the smooth surface mantle layer probably represents only relative recent material.
Mars Science LaboratoryEdit
Nilosyrtis is one of the sites proposed as a landing site for the Mars Science Laboratory. However, it did not make the final cut. It was in the top 7, but not in the top 4. The aim of the Mars Science Laboratory is to search for signs of ancient life. It is hoped that a later mission could then return samples from sites identified as probably containing remains of life. To safely bring the craft down, a 12-mile-wide, smooth, flat circle is needed. Geologists hope to examine places where water once ponded. They would like to examine sediment layers.
Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing sediments. The hardned layers are consequently more protected from erosion. This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes.
Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global Surveyor, they occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Usually, each gully has a dendritic alcove at its head, a fan-shaped apron at its base, and a single thread of incised channel linking the two, giving the whole gully an hourglass shape. They are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. A subclass of gullies is also found cut into the faces of sand dunes which themselves considered to be quite young. On the basis of their form, aspects, positions, and location amongst and apparent interaction with features thought to be rich in water ice, many researchers believed that the processes carving the gullies involve liquid water. However, this remains a topic of active research. As soon as gullies were discovered, researchers began to image many gullies over and over, looking for possible changes. By 2006, some changes were found. Later, with further analysis it was determined that the changes could have occurred by dry granular flows rather than being driven by flowing water. With continued observations many more changes were found in Gasa Crater and others. With more repeated observations, more and more changes have been found; since the changes occur in the winter and spring, experts are tending to believe that gullies were formed from dry ice. Before-and-after images demonstrated the timing of this activity coincided with seasonal carbon-dioxide frost


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From the Latin apodīcticus (proving clearly", "demonstrative), from the Ancient Greek ἀποδεικτικός (apodeiktikós, affording proof", "demonstrative), from ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeíknumi, I demonstrate).
 - (UK) IPA(key): /apəʊˈdɪktɪk/, /apəʊˈdaɪktɪk/
apodictic (comparative more apodictic, superlative most apodictic)
 1. Incontrovertible; demonstrably true or certain.
 - 1902, William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, Folio Society 2008, p. 284:
 No religion has ever yet owed its prevalence to 'apodictic certainty'.
 - 1992, Alexander Jablokov, A Deeper Sea, Avon Books, p. 250:
 The orca spoke in the odd grammatical tense used either to describe dreams, or to make statements so true they were apodictic, such as "All things die" or "Before my conception I did not exist."
 2. A style of argument, in which a person presents their reasoning as categorically true, even if it is not necessarily so.
 Don't be so apodictic! You haven't considered several facets of the question.
 3. (theology, Biblical studies) absolute and without explanation, as in a command from God like "Thou shalt not kill!"
Derived terms[edit]


The Peter Pan Prize
Elsie T. Holcombe
What If the World was Upside Down?
What if the world was upside down,
could you learn to walk on your head?
And if you tried to go to sleep,
would you fall out of your bed?
Now if your head was upside down,
would your smile become a frown?
And how could you ever drink from
a cup, if your legs and feet were up?
So, if your head was on the ground,
and your feet way up in the air,
would you need shoes to walk around?
Could you even sit in a chair?
Suppose the moon came down to earth,
would the cow jump under instead?
Would you be asked to light the sky
if the moon plopped into your bed?
If trees grew roots up over clouds,
would you climb them up or down?
And if their limbs and leaves were blue,
would the sky be green or brown?
And what if out was really in,
and round was a nice big square, could
the balls you bounce still roll around,
or would they just stay right there?
If someone said, "Come over here,"
and here was over there, would
most people know which way to go,
or would anyone even care?
©2020 by Poetry Society of South Carolina. Proudly created with


text:
Our Worship Nursery is open during our 9 AM worship service.
The Worship Nursery opens for drop-off at 8:45 AM.
We have two classes available:
1. Children Under 2 Years
2. Children Ages 2 - 4
Once a child turns 5, he/she will be expected at attend worship with his/her parents.
We will be taking extra measures to make sure toys are cleaned and sanitized in between use.
If dropping off your child, please help us with the following things:
1. Check to make sure your child is free of any symptoms and fever.
2. If your child is potty-trained, please take him/her to the bathroom before dropping him/her off.3. Please send only one parent to pick up your child after the worship concludes.
(This helps us prevent conjestion in the hallways.)


Last updated: July 29, 2014
National Breaking News
WA chopper crash caused by jerry can
A HELICOPTER pilot was lucky to escape injury when an inappropriately stowed jerry can caused his Robinson R22 to crash and flip during a cattle muster in Western Australia's far north.
Before the man began mustering on a property near Fitzroy Crossing on March 22, he had refuelled the helicopter from a jerry can and then secured the empty can in the passenger seat using the seatbelt.
He was climbing out of a descending turn to the rear of a mob of cattle and was only three metres above the ground when a gust of wind blew through the left door opening and dislodged the jerry can.
It became wedged between the seat and the cyclic stick, which looks like a joystick and changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades.
Despite the pilot's efforts to regain control of the helicopter, it crashed, with the main rotor blades chopping through the tail boom.
The helicopter flipped forward and bounced back up to about 15m above the ground before landing upside down.
The impact dislodged the top of the front dashboard and struck the pilot's helmet, but he escaped injury.
The helicopter was substantially damaged.
"This incident highlights the importance of ensuring all items are securely stowed," the Australian Transport Safety Bureau said.
"It also provides a timely reminder to pilots of the benefits of safety equipment such as a helmet."


text:
Native to high altitudes in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain states, the root of the osha plant is a traditional Native American remedy for respiratory infections and digestive problems. A related plant, Ligusticum wallichii, has a long history of use in Chinese medicine, and most of the scientific studies on osha were actually performed on this species.
What Is Osha Used for Today?
Osha is frequently recommended for use at the first sign of a respiratory infection. Like a sauna, it will typically induce sweating, and according to folk wisdom this may help avert the development of a full-blown cold. Osha is also taken during respiratory infections as a cough suppressant and expectorant, hence the common name "Colorado cough root." However, there have not been any double-blind placebo-controlled studies to verify these proposed uses. (For information on why double-blind studies are so important, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ),
Like other bitter herbs, osha is said to improve symptoms of indigestion and increase appetite.
Osha products vary in their concentration and should be taken according to directions on the label.
Osha is believed to be safe, although the scientific record is far from complete. Traditionally, it is not recommended for use in pregnancy. Safety in young children, nursing women, or those with severe liver or kidney disease has also not been established.
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 07/2012 -
- Update Date: 07/25/2012 -


Teacher Joe's
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If you want to learn English well, you have to practice speaking English! Use these sentences to help you start interesting conversations in English.
- Samuel Butler
This is one of the most famous sayings about love. Even if we feel pain when we lose our love, it is a good thing for us. I am not sure I agree with this! How about you?
- Franklin P. Jones
"Love makes the world go round" is a common saying. It means that everything, even the whole world, depends on love. This man disagrees. Maybe love is not so important. Still, without love, the "ride" in the "car of life", or the "train of life", has no meaning. Just how important is love, in your opinion?
- Kahlil Kibran
This is very poetic. In a conversation, you might say the first half only, and ask your friends if they agree. I wonder if this kind of love is really possible. We often say "This is MY girlfriend" or "This is MY wife". Is love enough by itself, or do we need to possess our love?
- Martin Luther King Jr.
Do you think it's truly possible to follow in Dr. King's footsteps? What can ordinary people do to "drive out hate"? Does it matter how we live our daily lives or should we wait until we're important people in society?
- Maxime de la Rochefoucauld
Do you think you have ever been TRULY in love? Why do people "fall in love"? Why do some people "fall out" of love? Are there different kinds of love? How can we find "true" love?
- Amelia E. Barr
Have you ever loved somebody who didn't love you in return? If so, what was it like? Have you ever been loved by somebody that you didn't love? If so, how did that feel to you?
"Love is a temporary insanity curable by marriage."
- Ambrose Bierce
What a shocking thing to say! Why do you think he said it? How is love "cured" by marriage? And if love is a disease, do we really want to be cured? How can we keep love alive even after marriage?
Back to Teacher Joe's Words of Wisdom
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text:
Short-term small groups are awesome.
They shouldn't be considered any less important than the longer term small groups that are typically talked about. Short-term small groups have their place in ministry and can accomplish things that are difficult for small groups that have a longer time committment.
Over the summer, I led a couple of short-term small groups. Even in the six weeks that each small group met, God used them to transform lives. The impact is observable today, weeks after the small groups completed.
There are several benefits short-term small groups can make happen.
Benefits of Short-Term Small Groups
The following are some of the benefits that a short-term small group Bible study can provide:
People More Likely to Commit
Many people do not want to make a long-term commitment if they do aren't certain it will benefit them. We know from experience how important it is to be a part of a small group. But there are many who do not have that experience. Having a short-term option encourages participation from those who are reluctant to make a longer-term commitment.
Enticing Outside the Church Family
Many short-term small groups are focused on a specific topic. Some of the topics have appeal to people outside the church. The topics of finances, overwhelm, and health are a few examples of this. Advertising to people outside the church could result in participation from unchurched, unsaved people who are far from God.
Can Lead to Participation in Long-Term Small Groups
Once a people experience small group, they are more willing to sign up and participate in a longer-term small group. You, as the leader, can encourage this. As you get closer to the end of the short-term small group:
- Make sure each member knows how to sign up for a small group
- Point out some of the benefits they are receiving in the current group and let them know those benefits can continue by signing up for a longer-term group
- Ask if they have any questions about small groups. I even went as far as to have a couple of small group leaders come to one of my meetings to do a question-and-answer session with my group members.
Supports Small Group Leader Training
Just like there are some people who are reluctant to make long-term commitments to a small group, there are potential leaders who may be reluctant as well. Short-term small groups are a great training ground for new small group leaders. The initial commitment is not long-term so those reluctant are more likely to give it a try. Also, if the short-term group is using a Bible study where the leader materials are already prepared and easy-to-use, the new leader is less likely to overwhelmed.
Question: What additional benefits do you believe short-term small groups can provide? You can leave a comment by clicking here.


text:
My hashcode function for string is as follows
I am following cs61 b lectures online and I dont quite follow when Prof.Jonathan on what would happen if instead of _PHONE_ we would use a value that is no relatively prime with 127. I understand the simple case where he uses 127 instead of _PHONE_ but what if it was a simple multiple of 127? How would it "bias" the hashvalue? How does the bias depend on the common factor "x"? Can anyone suggest me the reason?


text:
Peacemaker, warrior, cross-cultural community builder, American Indian activist, tribal elder, cultural preservation consultant, Native American issues advisor, Founding Mother of the modern Indian repatriation movement, Nobel Peace Prize nominee, local Unsung Hero, religious advisor, and the Rosa Parks of NAGPRA -- these are a few of the descriptors applied to a unique woman who spent the last 16 years of her life in Ames (_PHONE_).
Maria Pearson (Running Moccasins) was a proponent of human rights for all Americans, and, in particular, those of American Indians. A member of the Yankton Sioux tribe, she worked tirelessly on behalf of Native American peoples in Iowa and nationwide. Largely through her efforts, the Iowa Burial Code was changed in the 1970s mandating the reburial of American Indian skeletal remains. Her work in Iowa and continued advocacy on behalf of Native American rights was instrumental in the passage of important federal legislation, most recently the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990. This act provides comprehensive protection for Native American burials and associated artifacts on federal properties and in public and private museums and collections. Her accomplishments in this area were recognized not only at a national level but in several international conferences dealing with human rights and repatriation issues.
In 1990 she traveled to Venezuela to attend the Second World Archaeological Congress as an official indigenous member of the Executive Council. The BBC made a documentary program, Bones of Contention, about Maria that was broadcast in 1995.
Maria was featured in the Leadership 2003 series of the Ames Tribune.