text: If you have several domain names with different extensions and you would like all of them to open precisely the same Internet site, you could have the website under one of them and forward the others. There are various methods to forward one domain name to another, including the so-called domain parking. If your web hosting plan allows it, though, it will be better if you host all the domains and set up a URL redirect, not a domain redirect. The main difference between the two is that while a domain name is hosted, you could still have content for it, create subdomains, e-mail addresses, and so on., while with a parked domain you can't do any of those things. As an illustration, if you are building localized sites under various country-code domain names, you will be able to work on them, but meanwhile, people will be redirected to the main website.


Egg Substitute
There are a number of egg substitute products in the grocery store. They are made mostly with egg whites but contain small amounts of thickener. They're great for cooking scrambled eggs and omelets, and, in some cases, they can be used in baking. The main drawback is that substitute eggs are more expensive than regular eggs.
One quarter of a cup of most substitute egg products is equal to one egg. They usually have no fat and no cholesterol. There is a small amount (1 gram) of carbohydrate. There are 6 grams of protein, which is where most of the 30 calories per serving comes from.
1/4 cup egg substitute = 30 calories, 0g fat, 0g sat fat, 0g mono fat, 6g protein, 1g carbohydrates, 115mg sodium, 0mg cholesterol


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Twelve Stones" related to the biblical verses that describe the twelve stones that the Children of Israel place in Gilgal. However, it could be that the reference is a description of the quarry that was dug where the Byzantines identified the Gilgal. "During the Roman era, it was customary to construct temples of stones that were brought from holy places, and which were therefore also more valuable stones. If our assumption is correct, then the Byzantine identification of the place as the biblical Gilgal afforded the site its necessary reverence and that is also why they would have dug an underground quarry there," Prof. Zertal concludes. "But" he adds, "much more research is needed."
Here's a useful little video report from NTDTV:
I can't find an image of the 'Roman Legion flag' mentioned by Dr. Zertal in the video report (or perhaps I'm missing it).
- Underground cave dating from the year 1 A.D. exposed in Jordan Valley (PhysOrg)
- Underground cave dating from the year 1 A.D. exposed in Jordan Valley (EurekAlert)
- Underground Cave Dating From The Year 1 A.D. Exposed In Jordan Valley (Science Daily)
- Huge Underground Chamber Found–Early Christian Refuge? (National Geographic)
- PHOTOS: "Glorious" Ancient Chamber Found in Israel(National Geographic)
- Discovery of giant underground quarry in Jordan Valley may rock archaeological thinking (Ha'aretz)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Southern Italy has Watchtowers all along the coast line. Watch the video below for the story about these towers:
Title: Italy – Watchtowers in Southern Italy
Countries: Southern Italy
What are Watchtowers? They are towers usually built of stone high enough to be seen by the next tower along the coast. When Saracens (pirates) were spotted, they would light a fire in the tower to warn everyone along the coast. The next tower would see it and light theirs and so on along the entire coastline. You might say this was the Internet of their time. Some towers had a bell as well that was rung to warn locals of the pirates coming.
The locals would gather their families and valuables and head to their sister town usually high up on a hill. These towns were fortified castle like structures that prevented the pirates from entering.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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"This black t-shirt, which says "Silence = Death" with a pink triangle, symbolizes the struggle against AIDS.
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Primary Sources, Interactives & Media, Lessons & Activities
Maritime activity is as important as ever, and it affects the lives of people everywhere. The importance of shipping to today's global economy and the types of ships that transport goods throughout the world are the focus of this section of On the Water: Stories from Maritime America


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The Warsaw Metro is one of Europe's youngest underground/subway systems. Not suprisingly it consists of only one line, which is still under construction. Plans to build an underground in the city date back to 1925 when the first plans of such a system were drawn up. World War II, however, brought an end to the ambitious undertaking, putting it to a halt for nearly fourty years (a brief and half-hearted attempt in the 1950s can be disregarded here).
Finally, in 1984 (sic!) the program was given a green light by the Communist government and the first tunnels were built. Lack of funds, poor planning, and tedious bureaucracy meant that the works went on very slowly. The Metro was launched in 1995 with a total of 11 stations. Since then, however, the project has speeded up substantially; the line now has 14 stations along a distance of approximately 15 kilometres, and is to be completed with a total of 19 stations by 2005. A second line, crossing the city from East to West is to be completed by 2010.
The stations of the first line are (South to North):


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Ecology, Environment and Conservation Business
Welcome to VerticalNews!
We're a pay-per-view site for premium content. If you'd like to purchase this article, it's only $3.00.
Natural Resource Modeling
New natural resource modeling study findings recently were published by researchers at University of Foggia
March 13th, 2010
"In this paper, we propose a model describing the commercial exploitation of a common renewable resource by a population of strategically interacting agents. Players can cooperate or compete; cooperators maximize the payoff of their group while defectors maximize their own profit," scientists in Foggia, Italy report.
"The partition of the players into two groups, defectors and cooperators, results from the players' choices, so it is not predetermined. This partition is decided as a Nash equilibrium of a static game. It is shown that different types of players can exist in an equilibrium; more precisely, depending on the parameter values such as resource stock, cost, and so...
Click here for more articles from Natural Resource Modeling
Source: Ecology, Environment and Conservation Business (2010-03-13)


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LISBON, Mar 22 (IPS) - The huge impact of the economic crisis on male employment in Portugal has led to a sharp increase in the proportion of women who have become the main breadwinners in their families. But that has not translated into progress towards equality.
"Today there is more male unemployment than female, because the crisis has especially affected the civil construction industry," said Anália Torres, a professor at the Technical University of Lisbon's Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences.
"With less economic activity in that industry, which traditionally employs men, the male unemployment rate has climbed, while in sectors that generally employ women, unemployment grew much less," Torres said in an interview with IPS.
The European Commission expects unemployment in Portugal to reach 17.3 percent in 2013. But opposition parties and trade unions project a rate of 24 percent.
Professor Anália Torres at the Technical University of Lisbon's Higher Institute of Social and Political Sciences. Credit: Mario Queiroz/IPS
The gap between the figures is explained by the thousands of people who have stopped registering at the government employment centres or have moved abroad, mainly to other European countries or to the former Portuguese colonies of Brazil, Angola, Mozambique or Macau.
Among those who only have a primary school education, "the woman always earns less than the man," Torres said. "And as the educational level increases, the difference between the incomes of men and women grows. A woman with a doctorate earns much less than a man (with the same degree)."
In areas like education and health, where women earn 20 percent less than men, it is men who are most often laid off "because they are more expensive."
Another factor that puts women in the position of bringing home the bacon "is that many remunerated activities carried out by women are in the informal economy, undeclared or unskilled work, such as cleaning or babysitting in the homes of the well-off," the academic said.
In Portugal, the _PHONE_ colonial war in the country's overseas territories in Africa – Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique – "led to large numbers of women replacing men (in the workplace)," Torres said.
Since then, "the idea of the working woman who helps support her family has remained in place," she added.
During the war, Portugal maintained a permanent force of 220,000 military troops – an enormous figure compared to a population at the time of 8.8 million (10.6 million today).
In the 1960s, one million people from Portugal moved abroad for economic reasons or to avoid being sent to war in Africa. Women, Torres said, "took on a central role in a country with very few men of working age."
Nevertheless, "the predominant sexism persisted, and men continue to make a show of unacceptable machismo today," she said.
"By refusing to help do things around the home on the argument that 'I am a man, I don't do that kind of work', which also causes serious domestic violence problems, men show that the sexist culture is still in place."
Women are sometimes the target of violence, often with tragic results, because many men "base their masculinity on their wage-earning power, even though both men and women have been working and supporting the family for a long time now in Portugal," Torres added.
Between January and November 2012, 30 women were killed in Portugal by their partners or ex-partners, according to UMAR, one of the largest women's organisations in the country.
That makes Portugal the country with the largest number of femicides – gender-related murders – in the European Union, in proportion to the population.
But "working is also a kind of insurance against machismo, in the sense of women being aware that they are making a living and don't need men," Torres said.
Sociologist and researcher Sofia Aboim of the University of Lisbon's Institute of Social Sciences said that in the last eight years, the proportion of couples in which the woman is the main breadwinner has risen from two to 16.5 percent.
It is "obvious" that many men "have suffered a strong blow to their self-esteem, because their masculinity is traditionally associated closely with supporting the family," she wrote in the newspaper Público about the conclusions of a study on the subject.
Aboim said this situation was seen especially in couples with low levels of education and in older couples, especially between the ages of 51 and 65.
But Torres said discrimination against women is also deeply rooted among more educated segments of the population, even though "there are many women with excellent educations - teachers and professors, for instance."
In general, "the highest-level posts are filled by men, even though, for example in the academic world, studies show that there is no difference in the production of research or articles. But women are not heads of institutes and are not on the boards of universities, with very few exceptions," she said.
One big exception is the Centre for Judicial Studies, which provides training for future judges and prosecutors. Because the centre accepts lawyers on the basis of competitive examinations, "80 percent of those who have been accepted for training as magistrates in the last decade were women, because they scored higher than men."
The problems plaguing Portugal affect everyone, "but in the crisis, women face greater difficulties, aggravated in cases in which their husbands are unemployed, because they still have to take everything on their shoulders.
"The worst thing about this government (of conservative Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho) is its complete insensitivity and indifference towards the plight of the people," Torres said.
This is especially serious in Portugal and other countries where sexism is predominant, she said, because "if a woman has work and her partner does not, she continues to do the housework, unlike what occurs in other places, where men participate in the housework when they are unemployed."
© Inter Press Service (2013) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service
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Research paradigms and meaning making
They do not assume that there is a single unitary realityapart from our perceptions.
research paradigm positivism
Differentphenomena may require the use of different methodologies. Qualitative data analysis provides a method forcategorizing and organizing the subtleties of everyday social phenomena in a meaningfulway.
Research paradigms and meaning making
Typifications are never verbalized by respondents but created by the researcher togive meaning to the wide range of data they house.
This required the use of mixed methods.
research paradigms in education
ReferencesAl Zeera, Z. A hierarchy-based punctuated-equilibrium model of the process of emergence and change of new rural industries. Fourth, the task of constructing meaning throughqualitative data analysis was described citing a variety of perspectives and approaches.
Churchland, P.
Rated 10/10 based on 3 review
Research Paradigms and Meaning Making: A Primer


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The African Bush Elephant, also known as the Savanna Elephant, can weigh up to 5.5 tonnes, making it one of the largest mammals alive!
Humans are not the only ones that use tools to help them, some animals do to. Tools help animals to get food, to defend themselves and they can also be utilised to provide shelter from weather conditions.
Fascinating facts about some of the world's most amazing animals. From Aardvarks to Zebras our A-Z of the animal world is guaranteed to inspire. If your favourite animal's not yet included, please let us know. Check out the Top 3 most loved animals! »
The Cross River Gorilla is Africa's most endangered great ape, with only between 200 and 300 of these elusive creatures left. Conservation efforts are underway in Cameroon and Nigeria to bring the tiny population of Cross River Gorillas back from the brink by tackling forest loss and poaching.
Dolphins are extraordinarily intelligent animals who also display culture, something which was long-believed to be unique to humans.
The elephant brain is the largest of all land mammals, with a mass of over 5 kg. It is similar in structure to the human brain.
Scientists have shown that gorillas live in complex social groups, display individual personalities, make and use tools, and show emotions like grief and compassion. We shouldn't be surprised though – Gorillas are one of our closest living relatives, and they share at least 95% of their DNA with humans.
Most humans love to share their lives with animals, and in some countries more households have a companion animal than have a child.
Mountain Gorillas eat for up to 5 hours per day.
Octopuses are considered the most intelligent of all invertebrates. Scientific studies are increasingly confirming that they are sentient creatures.


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PLAY & LEARNING IN THE EARLY YEARSVenue: Autism Qld, 437 Hellawell Road, Sunnybank Hills
Date: 20 June 2012 (9:30AM to 3:30PM)
Children on the autism spectrum are often challenged in the development of the early learning skills that their peers acquire through play. Research supports the use of structured teaching to develop these skills, such as sorting and matching, counting and pre–reading. Building these base abilities is a factor in inclusion, play development and success both within the early years and later school environments, and provides the platform for the child to develop more complex play and cognitive skills. However, incorporating this form of teaching into the play based framework of the early learning centre can be difficult.


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Scientists at the University of California, Riverside are developing a way of converting "wet waste," such as sewage sludge and grass clippings, into synthetic diesel fuel and electricity in a move that could potentially reduce the need for landfill space and provide a cost-effective alternative to increasingly restricted land application.
The research, funded by Riverside Public Utilities and Eastern Municipal Water District, is being overseen by Colin Hackett, manager of the Alternative Fuels and Renewable Energy Program at UCR. The program is housed in the Bourns College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT).
Hackett, who also supervises graduate students at CE-CERT, has extensive experience in fuels, energetics and thermodynamics. He said he hopes to have a scale model of the new process up and running this month. If the testing phase is successful, a full-scale demonstration unit could be produced and operating by 2004.
"Productively managing the growing streams of waste is a key challenge for this region's future," Hackett said, "but we believe the process we have developed for converting wet bio-waste into energy shows particular promise."
Wet waste has historically been difficult to use as a fuel source because previous technologies required the waste be dried before conversion into fuel. By adapting the hydro-gasification conversion process, originally developed to produce clean-burning gases from coal, CE-CERT expects to be able to convert water and carbonaceous waste feeds into clean burning fuels and electricity.
CE-CERT's multi-stage fuel production process uses high temperature and pressure to produce gases that can be used for fuel synthesis or electrical power generation.
"The system requires no additional fuel or energy other than the chemical energy in the waste feed," Hackett said. "This process has enormous potential for energy conversion from any wet-was
Contact: Iqbal Pittalwala
University of California - Riverside


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If your child requires support for special educational needs and is in an early years setting, this is called Early Years Action. If they are in school it is called School Action.
What is Early Years Action/School Action?
The school or early years setting will tell you when they think your child has special educational needs. Your child's teacher or the ALN Coordinator will collect information from you and other people who work with your child. They will discuss with you what extra or different help is needed. This is called Early Years Action or School Action and it is a school based stage of support that will not need the involvement of anyone other than yourself and the school.
An Individual Education Plan (IEP) will be set up and the school will discuss this with you.
The IEP will include information about:
- what your child needs to learn
- how this will be taught
- who will help
- when the plan will be reviewed
Targets will be agreed based on the needs of your child. The school will review the IEP at least twice a year and ideally every term. Wherever possible, your child should be involved in the review process and the setting of new targets. If your child is not involved directly then his or her views should still be considered.
The school should always tell you how they are helping your child and what progress is being made.
Early Years Action / School Action will continue until it is no longer needed or it is decided that your child needs additional support at Early Years Action Plus / School Action Plus.


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- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Ovolo \O"vo*lo\, n. [It. ovolo, uovolo, fr. L. ovum an egg. Cf. Ovule.] (Arch.) A round, convex molding. See Illust. of Column. [1913 Webster] Note: In Roman work it is usually a quarter circle in section; in Greek work it is flatter, and is equivalent to the echinus; that is, it has in section the elastic curve of the shell of the sea urchin. In mediaeval architecture it is not distinguishable from the multitude of convex moldings, of all sections, which are used. [1913 Webster]


Finite solvable-extensible implies class-preserving
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This article gives the statement and possibly, proof, of an implication relation between two subgroup properties. That is, it states that every subgroup satisfying the first subgroup property (i.e., Hall-extensible automorphism) must also satisfy the second subgroup property (i.e., class-preserving automorphism)
Get more facts about Hall-extensible automorphism|Get more facts about class-preserving automorphism
Any finite solvable-extensible automorphism of a finite solvable group is a class-preserving automorphism.
Definitions used
Finite solvable-extensible automorphism
Further information: Finite solvable-extensible automorphism
An automorphism \sigma of a finite solvable group G is termed finite solvable-extensible if, for any finite solvable group H containing G, there is an automorphism \sigma' of H whose restriction to G equals \sigma.
Class-preserving automorphism
Further information: Class-preserving automorphism
An automorphism \sigma of a finite group G is termed class-preserving if it sends every element to a conjugate element.
Related facts
Stronger facts
Other facts proved using the same method
Facts used
 1. Finite solvable-extensible implies semidirectly extensible for representation over finite field of coprime characteristic
 2. Semidirectly extensible implies linearly pushforwardable for representation over prime field
 3. Linearly pushforwardable implies class-preesrving for class-separating field
 4. Every finite group admits a sufficiently large finite prime field
 5. Sufficiently large implies splitting, Splitting implies character-separating, Character-separating implies class-separating
Facts (1) and (2) combine to yield that any finite solvable-extensible automorphism is linearly pushforwardable over a finite prime field where the prime does not divide the order of the group, and fact (3) yields that if the field chosen is a class-separating field for the group, then the automorphism is class-preserving. Thus, we need to show that for every finite group, there exists a prime field with the prime not dividing the order of the group, such that the field is a class-separating field for the group. This is achieved by facts (4) and (5).


Using IR modules from VCRs
1) Intro
Some time ago, I came across the Lirc (Linux Infrared Remote Control) website and decided to build a serial port IR receiver. They had a list of suggested IR receiver modules, but I was unable to buy one, so I had to think of using something else.
A IR Receiver module is usually a photodiode and a 38khz detector. Most of them have 3 pins. VCC, GND, an output pin. If a 38khz carrier is detected, the output pin will become active. Some modules are active low, and others are active high. It is sometimes required to use an inverter(eg: 7404) to get the correct signal.
At first I thought to build a 38khz detector and to use a photodiode for receiving IR, but I soon realized that this would be too much trouble. Instead, I decided to use the IR module from one of my old VHS I had lying around.
2) Finding the module inside the VCR
This should be pretty easy. Just remove the plastic cover from the front panel, and you will probably see a small metal cage somewhere, as shown in the picture to the left.
3) Figuring out the pinout
There are 2 types of modules used in VCRs:
 1. Self-contained modules
 2. Built on board modules
1. Self-contained modules
Self contained modules are usually come with their metal cage soldered to the PCB, with 3 wires or pins coming out. Here are pictures of such modules:
The pinout is not usually too difficult to guess. If you're lucky, it will be printed on the pcb like this:
Otherwise, you can find the pinout by trial and error. Simply connect the ground, vcc. Connect the output pin to a led using a high resistor value like 1k. Also, limit the current in the VCC line if possible(using a resistor or a good power supply).
To test your pinout, aim a remote control to your module and press a button. The led will blink if you have the right pinout.
2. Built on board modules
Built on board modules have their metal cage soldered to the PCB, and a bunch of component (sensor, chips, resistor, caps...) directly soldered to the PCB. If you have this type of module, I recommend that you cut the PCB around it using a dremel or something.
Next, look at the board layout. Usually, this area is insulated with a ground plane. You will probably see 3 traces going inside the module like this:
One of them is VCC, another GND, and the last one is the output. You can easily guess which one is the ground and vcc. Just follow them on the PCB, and it will eventually connect to other chips. You can look theese chips datasheet to learn their pinout. If the trace connects to a VCC or GND pin, you got it. The remaining trace is the output.
4) Using the module
You can use these modules as an universal infrared receiver for your computer with projects like Lirc. You build an Infrared Break Beam detector. You can extend the range of your remote controls by building a repeater.
Written by Raphaël Assénat <>, in the hope that it will be useful. Comments and suggestions are welcome.
Sun Sep 29 15:29:17 EDT 2002


Vacuum Sealing Apples to Freeze
Perhaps one of the best ways to preserve apples for later use is the vacuum sealer, which is readily available on the internet or, perhaps, local appliance stores. There are several manufacturers that make these sealers, but the basic procedure is the same.
Basic Equipment Required
The basic equipment necessary for freezing apples is as follows:
1. Large stainless steel or enamel cooking pot to blanch the apples in.
2. Large bowl for the pre-treatment of the apples.
3. Apple corer and sharp paring knife.
4. Long handled slotted spoon to remove apples from blanching pot.
5. Cider vinegar or lemon juice to a ratio of 1 tablespoon to 1 quart of water for pre-treatment solution for apples. NOTE: Some fruits, such as berries, cranberries, grapes, strawberries and rhubarb, will not need this pre-treatment process in order tofreeze. The pre-treatment is basically used to prevent discoloration of light fleshed fruits such as apples, apricots, peaches and pears.
6. Vacuum sealer with bag rolls.
7. Any sugar or spices, such as cinnamon, that you would like to sprinkle on the fruit before freezing.
Method of Vacuum Sealing Apples
Step 1: Choosing Apples for Freezing
Always use the freshest, ripest, most blemish-free apples available when purchasing for home freezing projects. Inspect for blemishes and separate the damaged fruit from the good.
Step 2: Preparing for Blanching
Fill the large cooking pot about two-thirds to the top with water and bring to a slow, gentle boil. While the water is coming to a boil, prepare the apples.
Step 3: Preparing the Apples
Wash, core and slice the apples into wedges. (I do not peel the apples I use in apple pies.) If you prefer your apples peeled, then that will also need to be done in this step.
Peeling can be time consuming if you are processing a lot of apples. There are several methods to accomplish this task, some of which are specifically designed to peel apples, pears and other firm fleshed fruits.
The traditional equipment for this chore is a sharp paring knife or vegetable peeler. Apple corers are also helpful for slicing and coring apples quicker in preparation for pre-treatment.
One of the most efficient ways of peeling apples is by using a manual Apple Peeler and Corer, pictured below. In one easy step it allows you to peel, slice and core an apple in less than 15 seconds! These machines often lets you choose whether or not you want the apples just peeled, or peeled, cored and spirally sliced. With a little practice, you will be able to adjust the machine to your specific requirements and become a pro at peeling apples in record time.
Step 4: Pre-treating the Apples
Pre-treat the apples by soaking the slices in a solution of 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar or fresh squeezed lemon juice to 1 quart of water, (to make a larger amount of pre-treatment, double the above solution recipe), for a minute or two per layer of fruit. Pre-treat the fruit in batches, one layer at a time, until all of the fruit has been pre-treated.
Step 5: Blanching the Apples
Lift fruit out of the pre-treatment bowl with the slotted spoon and drop into the pot containing the boiling water for blanching.
Blanch the fruit for two minutes or so in single layers, and remove from the boiling water into the emptied large bowl that was used to pre-treat the fruit. If you are going to add spices or sugar before freezing, now is the time that you do that. Sprinkle the cinnamon, or other spices, and/or sugars, if desired, over the fruit and stir gently to coat.
Step 6: Vacuum Sealing the Apples
Make a bag big enough for the batch of fruit to be filled into. I like to package the fruit in quantities that would be required for a pie...usually 4 to 6 cups or so (check your fruit pie recipe for specific proportions for your favorite pies).
Place prepared fruit into the sealer bags and load into the front of the vacuum sealer, as pictured below.
Once the opened end has been inserted into the sealer, turn on the sealing machine. As the air is vacuumed out of the bag, re-adjust the bag by lifting it upward to the level of the sealer and guide as much of the air as possible from around the apple slices up toward the sealer.
Once the machine detects that as much air as possible has been removed from the bag, the sealing element engages to seal the bag. The machine will automatically switch off when the process is complete.
Press the button on the top of the machine to release the vacuum seal that has developed during the sealing process. This will release the seal plates and the bag will be easily removed.
If, when the bag is removed from the machine, air rushes back into the bag, then the seal was compromised. Cut off the bad seal, if possible, and reseal the bag.
If you are having trouble getting the bag to seal, then there is probably too much liquid being sucked into the sealer elements, not allowing the machine to connect properly. Drain some of the liquid out of the bag and try again.
Step 7: Freezing the Apple Bags
Place the apple bags into the freezer as flat as possible in a single layer until frozen. Once frozen, the bags can be stacked to minimize the space required to store the apples in the freezer.


is a divine essence
Therefore, the Son is the Father
Why not? Surely it is valid by the rule of dici de omni that Ockham frequently applies to arguments. According to this rule, a universal proposition denotes that the predicate is truly affirmed or denied of anything of which the subject is predicated. Thus "every divine essence is the Father" denotes that of whatever 'divine essence' is predicated, so also 'the Father' is predicated. Since the minor premisses states that 'divine essence' is predicated of the son, it follows (by this rule) that 'the Father' is also predicated of the Son. So the conclusion "the Son is the Father" apparently follows. Why, then, does he now say that it does not follow?
Ockham answers that the proposition "every divine essence is the Father" does not denote that the predicate is truly affirmed or denied of anything of which the subject is predicated. And so the argument above is not governed by dici de omni, and so it does not have to be valid.
We can only know when such an argument holds, or when not, from sacred scripture, or from the determination of the church. If scripture, or the church, states that the premisses of such an argument are true and the conclusion false, we can be sure that the argument is not governed by ordinary logical laws. He notes also that such an argument is always valid in the physical or 'created' world. For "in the world of created things it is impossible that something one in number, simple and singular, really be several things, really distinct" (inter creaturas impossibile est quod una res numero, simplex et singularis, sit realiter plures res distinctae realiter).
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Tuesday, August 23, 2011
More fixed earth
There is more information about the geocentric theory here. This suggests a problem. The original motivation for the geocentric theory was its apparent simplicity, given that the heliocentric theory requires an extra assumption – a tilted earth – to explain the seasons. But it turns out the geocentric theory also needs an extra assumption to explain the seasons, and the apparent motion of the sun that corresponds to this.
A good way to imagine this is to look at a potters wheel as it turns... it turns once every 24 hours... at the center is the Earth... place your finger in the clay, you make a circle, this is the sun... now slowly move your finger out 3% of the radius of your first circle... now move your finger inward 3%... that is the motion of the sun albeit the sun would also move in a spiral helix up and down while it is moving out and in by 3% of the radius... there are two motions here, one is up then down the other is in then out again. So there is the spiral up and down motion to account for the seasons but the size of the spiral is constantly changing to account for changes in the distance over the course of a year.
Yes but why does the sun move that way? The assumption of a tilted earth plus gravity seems a simpler explanation and thus (pace Dr Connolley) should be preferred. Obviously the underlying rationale for neo-geocentricism ('neo-geo') is the Bible and God, but that raises another question: is God fair? It seems unfair to create a universe whose nature seems almost designed to be misunderstood, once observed carefully. Observations by Galileo and other astronomers, phenomena like Foucault's pendulum, and many other observable phenomena, suggest a reality that is quite different from the literal truth of the Bible. Geological observations suggest the Earth is much older than 6,000 years. Why did God create the Earth in a way that seems almost designed to mislead? Why did God create dinosaur bones, without mentioned dinosaurs in the Bible? Was that fair of God?
It could be replied that, correctly understood (where correct understanding means theories like 'neo-geo'), these phenomena do not contradict the literal truth of the Bible. But then, clearly, many millions or billions of people, including all eminent scientists since Galileo's time, have not correctly understood the evidence. Was it fair of God to create a world whose true nature misled so many brilliant people?
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Thinking about Frodo
Dr Vallicella has a post about intentionality here which reminds me I haven't addressed the question of when two people are having thoughts about the same individual.
I characterised intentionality in this series of posts and particularly this. I have argued that it is merely a semantic phenomenon: certain verbs are 'logically intransitive' – they have a grammatical accusative, but no logical one. 'Tom wants a cigarette' has the grammatical subject 'Tom' and the grammatical accusative 'a cigarette'. But, unlike 'Tom is smoking a cigarette', the sentence is consistent with 'nothing is a cigarette'. Thus the verb 'wants' is logically intransitive. I also argued that we can parse a sentence like 'Tom has a thought about a hobbit' in two ways. First, as
Tom / has a thought about / a hobbit
where the verb phrase 'has a thought about' is logically intransitive (it appears to relate two objects: Tom and a hobbit, but clearly it can't, as there are no hobbits). The other way of parsing it is
Tom / has / a thought about / a hobbit
where the verb 'has' relates Tom and a thought. This is logically transitive, given that there are such things as thoughts, and given that Tom can be related to his thoughts by thinking them. That suggests we can analyse any sentence containing a logically intransitive verb phrase into a sentence containing a logically transitive one. If possible, that would explain intentionality completely. But what about
(*) Tom has a thought about Frodo?
It seems easy to explain a thought 'about hobbits'. It is a thought we would express using the word 'hobbit', or which would involve the attributes we commonly attribute to hobbits (being short, having furry feet, being prone to finding magic rings etc). But Frodo? How do we explain the possibility of two different people having a thought about the same individual fictional character, without being drawn into Meinong's junkyard of non-existing objects?
To resolve this, I shall invoke two principles. The first is the ancient view that thought is a form of silent speech which, if expressed, would signify to the thought to another. Since signification is in some sense public – many people can grasp the meaning of speech, which is indeed the whole point of language - this resolves the apparent problem of thoughts being unobservable or inaccessible. The second is that the term 'thought of X' is true of any thought which, if expressed, would contain a term synonymous with 'X'. I.e. 'Tom has a thought about Frodo' is true iff Tom has a thought which, if expressed, would contain a term synonymous with the name 'Frodo' as it occurs in 'Tom has a thought about Frodo'.
Thus the apparently intractable problem of explaining when two thoughts – scientifically unobservable events – can be reduced to the simpler problem of explaining when two proper names have the same meaning. More tomorrow.
How the left conquered Wikipedia
Here. Correct in all the main points (except for its faint suggestion that we might even begin to take Conservapedia seriously).
When I worked on Wikipedia, I was continually irritated by the politically correct view that, when it comes to philosophy, all cultures and all traditions had to be treated absolutely equally. So that, for instance, 'Eastern philosophy' had to receive equal coverage. There were two problems with this. First, the average Wikipedia editor knows even less about Eastern philosophy than about 'Western' philosophy (which is not very much). Second, there is no way that these subjects can be given the same sort of treatment. Eastern philosophy is so absolutely different to the Western variety that they are effectively different subjects, which happen to have the same name.
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Monday, August 22, 2011
Wittgenstein on relativity
William has given us an interesting link here.
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Translating ordinary language into predicate logic.
Vallicella has now apparently accepted my arguments against grammatically proper names being translatable into the 'logical constants' of modern predicate logic (MPL). But this leaves him with the problem that there are also strong arguments against translating them into the predicates of MPL. I summarised these arguments earlier in June, as follows.
Argument 1 was that a proper name does not signify something that is repeatable, therefore does not signify a property. Therefore it signifies an object. A reply is here.
Argument 2 was that a name cannot be significant or intelligible to another unless the idea of what the name applies to is in the other person's mind. But we can only have the idea of a particular thing by being acquainted with that thing, which is only possible if that thing actually exists. A reply is here.
Argument 3 was that definition proceeds by genus and specific difference. Therefore a proper name cannot be defined, for they name individuals, and individuals are not species. They have no specific difference, and can only be distinguished by the proper name itself. A reply is here.
Argument 4 was that truth-conditional semantics rests on the assumption that the conditions for the truth of a sentence give the sentence's meaning or significance.


Doug Darling, 54, stands by the Amos Palmer drain on his farm in Monroe County where he grows wheat, corn and soybeans. Proposed revisions to the federal Clean Water Act by the EPA and Army Corps of Engineers have Michigan farmers like Darling concerned about additional paperwork, cost and time.New water rules proposed by the EPA have Michigan farmers concerned. They could designate even minor wetlands or drainage ditches on farms as "Waters of the United States," requiring a federal permit, delay and cost to modify. / Romain Blanquart, Detroit Free Press
DETROIT -- Proposed revisions to water regulations by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Army Corps of Engineers have Michigan farmers wondering whether they'll eventually be harvesting more bureaucracy, delays and costs than crops.
The EPA-Army Corps proposal would modify the federal Clean Water Act to more clearly define what constitutes "waters of the United States" subject to federal regulation. It comes after Supreme Court rulings in 2001 and 2006, and subsequent interpretations of the law, led to a general narrowing to protect only "navigable waters" and the "relatively permanent waters" that connect them, leaving wetlands, small ponds and similar water bodies in a gray area.
And that's the rub for Michigan farmers: While the EPA has emphasized dozens of exclusions for agricultural activities, it would still impose a major burden - possibly requiring federal permits - to modify a farm's drainage ditches "that are dry 11 months of the year," said Laura Campbell, manager of the agricultural ecology department for the Michigan Farm Bureau.
"The EPA has identified some classes of ditches that would not be regulated - those that exist entirely in upland areas, or that don't connect to any downstream water body," Campbell said. "I'm not aware of any ditches in Michigan where that would apply."
"It's the additional paperwork, cost and time," said Doug Darling, who farms corn, soybeans and wheat on 1,400 acres in Monroe County's London Township.
Michigan is one of two U.S. states granted federal authority to regulate wetlands under the federal Clean Water Act's Section 404 - New Jersey is the other. Darling noted that Michigan Department of Environmental Quality regulatory requirements often include deadlines requiring permit rulings within 90 to 180 days.
However, "the EPA does not have any type of time line whatsoever," he said. And in farming, time is money.
"If we can't manage our water and do it timely, it becomes a major problem we can't recover from," Darling said.
DEQ Director Dan Wyant also criticized the proposed federal changes, saying that instead of clarifying the rules they add "greater uncertainty."
"We feel our wetlands program gives greater certainty to the regulated community," he said.
Although Michigan's program is based on a water body's size and includes setback requirements, the proposed federal change would require more DEQ staff making on-site determinations case by case, Wyant said.
"It's going to require more permitting, slow business down and cost more time and expense to business owners; there's just no doubt about that," he said.
However, EPA officials in the state don't agree.
"Providing better environmental protection to the waters that are protected, and more clearly clarifying which waters are not, will save people time and money," said Nancy Stoner, acting assistant administrator of the EPA's office of water.
Stoner said the proposed rule does not bring in additional water bodies that were not previously covered before the two Supreme Court cases.
"We actually think the proposed rule would reduce, not expand, jurisdictional rules over ditches," she said.
The Michigan Environmental Council supports the proposed federal water rules change. Council policy director James Clift said revisions to Michigan's wetlands regulations last year were "a step in the wrong direction."
Federal and state law applies if there is a significant connection between a water body such as a wetland, pond or ditch and a navigable waterway, Clift noted.
"The truth is, in Michigan, there is virtually always that connection," he said.
Where state law traditionally has presumed a connection if the water body was a set distance from a navigable waterway, last year's changes now allow an applicant to ask the DEQ for a determination, Clift said.
"You're talking about tens of thousands of dollars of drilling wells and doing hydrological studies," he said. "That's not worth it. You don't want your department spending that time and that significant waste of government resources, trying to establish that."
The federal proposal makes it very clear what's allowed behavior by the farmers, Clift said.
"We think it actually provides more clarity for the ag community," he said.
Republican state Sen. Tom Casperson disagrees. He introduced a pair of resolutions last month to call on the EPA and Army Corps to withdraw their proposed expansion of water.
"The EPA continues their disregard for private property and states' rights by writing rules that go well above and beyond their authority under the Clean Water Act," said Casperson. It and similar actions, particularly at the federal level, are an effort to implement agendas "which are typically the same as environmental organizations seeking to limit private property rights and use of our natural resources."
Copyright 2015
Read the original story: Fresh crop of water rules worries farmers


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Climate and Severe Weather
This section explores a variety of topics relating to climate, with a focus on the relationship between water, weather and climate in Alberta. Climate conditions, including changing climate conditions because of global climate change, influence:
- water on the landscape,
- our water use needs, and
- water related hazards and severe weather events like drought and floods.
Learn more about…
Climate and water words worth knowing
Our changing climate and its effect on our shared water resources is an increasingly popular topic of discussion in government, academia, businesses and households. Conversations about climate can be heavily science based, and may frequently be accompanied by an array of terms that are critical to understanding climate issues and their solutions.
The history of climate in Alberta and effects of climate change on Alberta's watersheds
The main story for Alberta is that variability is a permanent feature of climate, however climate change is likely to increase the range of weather conditions we experience. This means the province can expect to see more drastic swings between warm and cold, wet and dry, and calm and wild weather. It also means we can expect to see temperatures, precipitation and weather conditions that have been extremely rare historically, or not been seen at all in Alberta.
Read more about climate change and Alberta's water.
Green versus Grey Infrastructure
Both green infrastructure and grey infrastructure can play an important role in water management in Alberta. However it is important to understand the differences and challenges these alternatives bring from economic, environmental, and social perspectives.
Learn more about green versus grey infrastructure.
Extreme weather: insurance and government's financial response
When recovering from extreme weather events, you may not always know where to turn. Sometimes there can seem to be an overwhelming number of resources to consult, while in other cases there can appear to be very few.
Learn more about recovering from extreme weather.


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What is the outcome of genetic drift between two sub population?
Genetic drift is caused due to drastic changes in the frequencies of particular genes by chance alone. Genetic drift with changes in the gene flow imposed by isolation mechanism acts as an agent of speciation. Genetic drift can result in evolutionary divergence. Due to genetic drift, the variance between small sub populations increases with time. Due to genetic drift, allele frequencies fluctuate randomly in each sub population. This fluctuation is more rapid and more severe in smaller sub populations.
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Have you ever heard of hexactinellid sponges? I hadn't either until I attended a BC Ferries 30 minute lecture about the creatures of our coastal waters. Hexactinellid sponges are one of the West Coast's most astonishing hidden gems. And I mean hidden because they live deep within our coastal waters, out of sight from us land animals, and that is possibly why many don't know about them.
Hexactinellid sponges, also referred to as glass sponges, have existed for millions of years, beyond the Jurassic period. What makes them unique today, is the BC coast is the only place in the world where they have formed reefs. These reef colonies span hundreds of square kilometers along the ocean floor, and they have been growing there for over 8,000 years. They were discovered during the late 1980s in the Queen Charlotte Basin, and more recently in 2005, in the Fraser Basin, close to the mouth of the river.
They are called glass sponges because of their fragility. Mostly white and yellow, they grow in a funnel or tubular shape. Each siliceous skeleton is inhabited by a sponge larvae that will grow, reach adulthood, and die, then new sponge larvae will inhabit the skeletons of past generations. The reefs they form are extremely important for providing habitat to hundreds of marine animals and sea life – crab, shrimp, prawn, sea urchins, rock fish, among others – it is important they remain intact. Due to the delicate make up of their external structures however, the sponges are extremely susceptible to damage.
Unfortunately, as the reefs have only been voluntarily protected in the past, lots of destruction has taken place due to fishing, especially by bottom trawling and dredging. Damage to the reefs could take up to 200 years to recover. While voluntary preventative measures have taken place in the past and a trawling ban was issued in northern reef colonies in 2006, the Queen Charlotte Basin and Fraser Basin Reefs are currently designated areas of interest as a Marine Protected Area.


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In fluorescence microscopy, fluorophores are used to reflect an image of a given sample or specimen. A fluorescence microscope is generally made up of a specialized light source, either Mercury or Xenon, excitation and emission filters, and a dichroic mirror. The following steps will instruct you how to use a fluorescence microscope properly and safely.
Step 1: Remove the protective cover of your fluorescence microscope. Make sure it is set at low power before plugging and switching it on. Turn on the mercury lamp as well. You will have to wait approximately fifteen minutes before the microscope can provide full brightness. Switch on the motorized focus box.
Step 2: Place your prepared slide properly on the stage. Secure the slide with the stage clips. Peek through the eyepiece and slowly make the necessary adjustments to bring your sample into focus. The coarse knobs are there to lift or lower the stage while the fine knobs are there to provide a sharper and clearer image of your specimen.
If you are switching to a different objective, do so by holding the collar of your fluoresce microscope's nosepiece. Never exert pressure on the objective lenses themselves because this could cause them to lose their alignment.
Change of filters is best performed while the microscope is set at low power. If you are going to adjust the condenser for Kohler illumination, refrain from adjusting the stage knobs.
Step 3: If you are interested in taking pictures of the sample, you can attach a camera eyepiece to the microscope. Images will be stored on your camera's built-in memory or on a connected storage device.
Step 4: If you are finished using the microscope, you can only switch off the microscope if you have consumed at least thirty minutes. If so, remove the slide from the microscope then switch off the focus control box. Switch off the mercury lamp. You can turn on the fluorescence microscope again after half an hour.
Step 5: Unplug the fluorescence microscope and return it to its original place and under its protective cover.
Other Tips When Using a Fluorescence Microscope
Mercury lamps release extremely potent and visible UV radiation so avoid looking at them directly. Do not disassemble the lamp housing. Do not look into the fluorescence microscope's eyepieces when you are changing filters. Certain filters can reflect the UV rays directly to your eyes.
Always record how many hours you've used the mercury lamp of a fluorescence microscope. Going beyond its expected lifespan can put your fluorescence microscope at risk of exploding.
Switching a mercury lamp on and off frequently can reduce its lifespan. Leave it on if you expect someone else to use the fluorescence microscope in two hours' time.
If you are going to use oil immersion objectives for your fluorescence microscope, be careful when you are using low power objectives. Oil from your slide could contaminate your objectives when you swing the microscope's nosepiece the wrong way. After using them, you can clean the lenses with lens paper by dabbing off the oil. Do not wipe harshly.
Using Epifluorescent Illumination with Your Fluorescence Microscope
Step 1: Place the appropriate filter. If you are going to use an epi-polarization filter, make sure to switch off the mercury lamp first. You can only look in the eyepiece after replacing the filter.
You can use bright field or other techniques – reflected or transmitted – to focus on your sample. Switch on the Mercury lamp.
Place in the correct filter cube for your microscope's fluorochrome. Check if the analyzer slider has been detached; if not, then signal intensity would be reduced.
Step 2: If the Nomarski prism is still inserted in the space on top of your microscope's objective, remove it. Its presence only reduces the quality of images captured by your fluorescence microscope.
Step 3: Take out your microscope's shutter slider and place it in the desired filter position.
Step 4: Push the control lever in to open up the condenser aperture of your fluorescence microscope. Another push would open the field aperture of your condenser.
Step 5: You can now start observing your specimen. Adjust what's necessary. If you're done, push the fluorescence shutter in. Forgetting to do so places your sample at risk of overexposure and consequently, photobleaching. In photobleaching, fluorophores lose their ability to "glow" when they are illuminated.
You now know how to use a fluorescence microscope. Make sure to have a copy of this article posted near your work table to avoid forgetting any of the important safety tips included here.


air barriers in chases must be contained by sheathing to prevent them from heating up and falling against the chimney.
A number of things affect how strong cold backdrafting can be, and how big a problem it is, such as:
 - How cold is your climate? The colder the climate [or weather], the stronger the backdraft. Houses in Canada and northern tier US states suffer powerful backdrafts. People in southern states don't [but, of course, they have other problems]
 - How tall is your house and chimney? Taller houses and chimneys backdraft more aggressively. This is why basement stove backdrafts seem stronger than main floor stove backdrafts
 - Where are the leaks in your house? The higher the leaks, the stronger the backdraft. If you have a leaky attic hatch, lots of high level recessed light fixtures, forced air heating ductwork in the attic, or you like to sleep with the second floor bedroom window open, you'll have stronger backdrafts.
The really bad thing about outside chimneys is that the remedial measures are either ineffective or unappealing or expensive or all three, which is why we tend to be strident about not installing chimneys outside in the first place.
Consider the following comments in the context of the three points made above.
Insulating the chase might help some, but a large component of heat loss from typical chases is from leakage, so sealing it [including top and bottom] is at least as important as insulation. The only way to really fix an outside chimney is to trick it into thinking it is inside. That would mean a chase that is the same temperature inside as the house is so the chimney stays warm enough to compete with house stack effect. With a really well sealed and insulated chase, you could vent it into the house, with a couple of passive vents at top and bottom of each storey, so that a convection current would keep the inside of the chase nearly as warm as the house. That strategy is the only one sure to work, and then only if it is done well
On the other hand, if your climate is reasonably mild and your house is reasonably short and if its leaks are relatively low and you keep fires burning most of the winter and you burn the wood bright, hot and clean, you might never have a problem with cold backdrafting.
When it's windy, we have a smoky house
We installed a new woodstove with an existing chimney when we moved into our house three years ago. Last spring and this winter, we have been having problems with smoke coming into the house through the stovepipe joint where it enters the ceiling. When it first happened last spring, we thought it was possibly because of a pressure inversion. This winter, however, we seem to have a smoky house any time there is a wind. Our chimney is straight, inside in a one story addition to a one and one half story house. We clean the chimney frequently (approximately 5 or 6 times/winter). Do you have any diagnosis for the problem, where we can get help, and how we can fix it? We didn't have this problem the first winter we were here.
Thanks, Ed
Hi Ed,
Problems of this kind are so complex that I could spend a long time writing to you about possible contributing factors. I can't do that. But here are a few ideas.
1. A chimney installed in a single storey section of a two storey house has to compete as a stack with the house, especially when no fire burns or when chimney temperatures are low like when the fire smolders. This may not be the main cause, but it weakens the chimneys ability to flow air and gas up under all conditions.
2. You need to pay attention to which wind direction leads to the problem. If spillage happens when wind blows from the single storey side, you need to look for leaks on the downwind side of the house on the two storey side, especially high level leaks like open second floor bedroom windows or a leaky attic hatch. This situation can depressurize the house and suck flue gases down the chimney into the room.
3. Smoldering fires are a key cause of this type of failure. Make sure that you burn small, hot fires and don't let the fire smolder. The wood should be flaming until it is reduced to charcoal.
4. If there is no cap on the chimney, get one; open chimneys are extremely vulnerable to adverse winds. Raising the chimney might help to get the top of it up out of a zone of positive pressure caused by a wind effect.
Ideally you could contract with someone who can come to your house and diagnose this, but such people are hard to find. Check first with local chimney sweeps or long-time stove and fireplace retailers.
Stainless steel liner in a masonry fireplace chimney
What options are available for fireplace flue repair? We are working on a project where there are two existing fireplaces, roughly 75-80 years old. The owner would like the fireplaces restored. Can stainless steel liners be used on wood burning fireplaces? Jim
Hi Jim
Yes they can, but it is not an elegant solution because the connection above the throat and damper are difficult to do and rarely done well. Since we at woodheat.org think wood should not be wasted just to watch it burn, but should provide an energy benefit by delivering heat to the room, we would recommend the installation of a fireplace insert with a full stainless liner to the top of the chimney. In this case the liner is sized to the insert, not to the fireplace, and the connections can be secure and permanent. An additional benefit of an insert is that it would improve resistance to smoke spillage into the room and reduce outdoor air pollution from the fireplace. This is the only environmentally responsible solution, in our opinion.
If your client insists on retaining the conventional fireplace for historical or nostalgic reasons, a far better solution than stainless steel is a solid-set poured-in-place lining system. This insulating cementatious material greatly improves the structural integrity of the chimney and improves performance by insulating it.
You need to find a supplier of SolidFlue, Arens, Golden Flue, Supaflue and there may be a couple of others that I can't think of at the moment. Chimneys sweeps can usually tell you if there is a local supplier.
A fireplace cannot share a chimney
I bought an old house in Philadelphia. The heating system is gas, hot air. There are two chimneys. One vents the heating system and air conditioning; that one is in the living room. The other vents the hot water heater. I would like to add a fireplace in the living room. I would prefer wood. It would need to be very small, as the living room is 14 X 16.
Is there some way to utilize the chimney that vents the heating system? If not, how expensive would it be to install a new chimney for a wood burning fireplace (ball park figure is OK). The house is two stories and very small.
Am I better off with a direct vent gas fireplace? Any advice would be greatly appreciated!!! Susan
Susan wrote,
"Is there some way to utilize the chimney that vents the heating system?"
No, you can't use a chimney for both a fireplace and heating system.
There are many factory-built fireplaces on the market of all shapes and sizes. They don't need a foundation, can be put almost anywhere and routing a chimney up through the house is done all the time without problems. You need to visit a few fireplace retailers, see what they have and what they have to say.
"Am I better off with a direct vent gas fireplace?"
We are not the right people to ask about gas fireplaces. Since most everyone else will advise you to go gas, including most fireplace retailers, I will suggest that if you want a real fire, the only option is wood.


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Learning Lambda Calculus
Getting deeper into my journey that began with Spencer Brown's Laws of Form (the book costs over $50 on Amazon! I haven't read it yet) I am now learning lambda calculus, inspired by its usage in a Bruno Marchal paper. A paper by David C. Keenan called To Dissect A Mocking Bird describes the same with the use of a graphical notation of "bird-brains" which was very enjoyable.
His delving into that subject helped revive Andrewes' own sundial idea, what he calls the Longitude Dial. His original inspiration came from a 1610 map that University of Wisconsin cartographer David Woodward had once shown him. That map and others by the mathematician Franz Ritter are the oldest known examples of a gnomonic projection. They appear in Ritter's how-to book on sundials, Speculum Solis (Mirror of the Sun), published in Nuremberg, Germany. Ritter's map placed Nuremberg at the center of the Western Hemisphere. The farthest reaches of the map's landmasses look grossly distorted as a result, but the novel perspective causes the meridians of longitude to radiate out from the North Pole in straight lines, so they can double as the hour lines of a sundial. Ritter's innovative pairing of time and place might well have impressed any dialist, but it struck Andrewes with the force of a revelation. And although Ritter intended his gnomonic projection as the basis for a novel sundial, he seems never to have built one. Andrewes knew of no such dial anywhere. But he determined to make one.


Sacred Texts Christianity Early Church Fathers Index Previous Next
p. 785 Elucidation.
(In every succession, p. 764.)
Here our author mentions that he noted the succession of Bishops at Rome, but he gives his list with no remark about Rome in particular. He adds that "in every succession and in every city (i.e., in every See) a primitive accordance with the law and the Gospel is maintained." How can our excellent Lightfoot 3866 give it a colour wholly gratuitous in these words: "He interested himself in the succession of the Roman See, intent, like Irenæus in the next generation, on showing the permanence of the orthodox tradition, through the continuity of the Roman episcopate." Irenæus, who, above all the Westerns, is identified with the Orient!
Where is the evidence of any such idea or "intent"? As for Irenæus, his testimony has been sufficiently illustrated before, with proof that his words have not the slightest reference to the continuity of the Roman more than any other See, save only as the influx of visitors from other Sees helped to give it orthodoxy by their concurrent testimony. 3867
Compare vol. i. pp. 415, 460, and vol. v. Elucid. VI.; also Elucid. XI. pp. 157–159, this series.
Next: Note.


À la carte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see À la carte (disambiguation).
À la carte /ɑːləˈkɑrt/[1] is a French language loan phrase meaning "according to the menu", and used
 - in reference to a menu of items priced and ordered separately, i.e. the usual operation of restaurants. This is in contrast to a table d'hôte, at which a menu with limited or no choice is served at a fixed price.
 - to order an item from the menu on its own, e.g. a steak without the potatoes and vegetables is steak à la carte
 - to describe a retail pricing model in which goods or services traditionally bundled together are separated out, putatively giving the consumer greater choice at lower cost. Examples include airline pricing where in-flight drinks or snacks are not complimentary, on-line music purchasing where individual tracks can be bought instead of entire albums, or pay television where individual channels can be ordered rather than a bundle of channels.
The phrase was adopted into English in 1826, predating by a decade the common use of the French language loanword "menu".[2][3]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "À la carte". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
 2. ^ Richard Bailey, Eating Words, Michigan Today, 13 May 2008.
 3. ^ Menu, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Houghton Mifflin
External links[edit]


John LeClerc Josephs
John LeClerc Josephs
John LeClerc Josephs, who is studying at The Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia (Bachelor of Architecture, 4th Year), entered the Architects for Health's First Student Health Design Award (2007) with the following submission. For contact please email:
Western Australian Cancer Centre Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital is a large, progressive, fully accredited teaching hospital located on a 28 hectare medical campus adjacent to Kings Park in Nedlands, a scenic and central part of the city of Perth, Western Australia. The brief called for a new Western Australian Cancer Centre to be located on the west side of the existing hospital site. The addition would sit on existing car parking and green space and link internally to the existing hospital infrastructure. The brief called for a 12000 square metre development that encompassed a large number of clinic suites, offices, advanced medical technology equipment and rooms, social areas, waiting areas, and all required staff and patients services to run a cancer centre of world class caliber.
Ideology and Execution
Three main ideals were considered and applied to the design:
 1. To create quality architectural spaces in a hospital environment. Research into previous cancer centres revealed that brief requirements of space were often met in sacrifice of quality architectural spaces, such as those with natural light, ventilation and links to the outdoors – qualities proven beneficial to patient healthcare. In answer my design:
 1. Uses an exposed skeletal structural ceiling system between the tops of walls and floors to create horizontal lightwells for natural light into all staff and patient internal working spaces.
 2. Utilizes a central void space for natural light transmission, ventilation and the creation of unique internal views usually not experienced in central hospital spaces.
 3. The Ground Floor is lifted above the car park via a series of light columns on the face of the building to give the building a sense of structural lightness and added sensitivity to the site.
 4. The elevation of the floors via the skeletal structural ceiling adds an element of transparency to the building in elevation – not isolating external spaces surrounding the building.
 2. To understand the benefits of simple spatial design in a working hospital environment whilst using architectural techniques to break up the monotony of 'long corridor and box' arrangements. In answer my design:
 1. Shifted rooms in plan to break the line of the corridors and create negative space which could be utilized practically for storage or socially for waiting or interacting.
 2. Utilized the skeletal ceiling structure to shift the focal points of occupants away from the 'light at the end of the tunnel' to the intricacy of the ceiling.
 3. Created suitable rooms with transparent walls and windows along the hallways – the creation of a meandering eye.
 3. To initiate a 'green' feel to the building through its relationship to the outside, use of natural light and use of materials that are practical for cleavability yet are distant from traditional 'sterile' aesthetics. In answer my design:
 1. Lifts the structure above the natural ground level to clear the site for green space.
 2. Utilizes a rigid rectangular structure that would cater for the required internal size but allow 50% of the site to be landscaped. To meet the brief's spatial requirements of 12000 square metres, the structure would be 4 storeys high with a basement. The height was appropriate in the context of the site – matching the surrounding buildings whilst considering the impact on the neighbouring residential area.
 3. The creation of social void spaces, such as waiting rooms and cafes, with a strong connection to freed green spaces.
The Architects for Health
First Student Health Design Award
was sponsored by


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Ahrend is a Dutch company that produces and sells well-thought-out office-furniture products in two different factories in the Netherlands. In these factories, Ahrend creates complete working environments, where quality, care, and attention to its products, people, and environment are at the forefront. Ahrend furniture offices and showrooms are found all over the world (e.g., in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Australia, or in the Czech Republic). At present, Ahrend has more than 1,250 employees worldwide.
Ahrend makes various furniture products for the following sectors:
The Ahrend production plant in the town of St. Oedenrode, Netherlands
A seven-day production overview
Above, one of the visualization screens used in the factory is displayed. This particular screen provides information about the last 20 production runs. It shows the amounts of different products that are made with start and stop times. This cabinet-production line is a production line that makes carcasses for different types and dimensions of cabinets. In the background,
the Reliance SCADA/HMI system is interfacing between the PLC and the production information system. The PLC tells Reliance SCADA what type of cabinet is being produced at what time. Reliance passes this information to the production information system. An Excel report is generated on request for tracking and tracing purposes.
Visualization of a heat exchanger
The other visualization screen shows a heat exchanger. Cold ground water is pumped up from
a well deep underground. After being used by the heat exchanger, it is further used in the production process to cool the metal department. By using the pumped water for different goals, Ahrend saves half of the water needed every year.
Try the Reliance SCADA/HMI system on several example projects or download the installer of the trial version for free.


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It's hard to believe in 2015 that there are parts of the world yet to be explored, but a new species of monkey discovered in Peru demonstrates just how much of planet earth we still haven't seen. This discovery sheds light on not only what exists untouched in the most remote parts of the World, but also what we may lose without ever knowing thanks to human development. This entire species and others like it have the potential to disappear forever without ever being discovered if conservation efforts are not enhanced.
WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE TITI MONKEY?
This is a very special little primate, because it has eluded taxonomy for all of its existence as a species. The titi Monkeys have been described as far back as 1914 as a potential new species, but were never actually considered a new species until now. Due to the similarities between species of monkeys it has always been difficult to separate what is a seemingly homogeneous population of primates, relying on photographs taken over the years by travelers, and countless expeditions in the forest in search of the monkeys. Jan Vermeer, the project's chief researcher, was finally able to identify this new species of Titi Monkey. The photographs provided by tourists proved to be a critical part of the research effort according to Vermeer, "For this study we received help from people all over the world who provided their photographs for comparison."
HOW DID RESEARCHERS STUMBLE UPON THIS NEW SPECIES?
At first it seemed as though they might discover this new species by sheer coincidence. A rare stuffed monkey stowed away in the American Natural History Museum in New York City can be cited as one of the initial causes for the expedition to begin. A researcher found the preserved specimen to be unique and believed that it could offer insight into the taxonomy of a new species of primate. It turns out that he was correct in his initial assumptions, because his intuition led to the discovery of this new species of titi monkey. Vermeer suggests that studying specimens such as the one found in the American Natural History Museum could be the key to discovering additional species still unidentified, "Titi monkeys are often difficult to identify in the forest, especially the darker species, and more museum specimens would help us with understanding the diversity of this genus."
NOW THAT THEY ARE FOUND, WHAT'S NEXT FOR THE TITI MONKEYS?
Vermeer wants to continue exploring this part of Peru, and believes that the area is rich in discoveries which have yet to be made. Although there is still a lot of work to be done, new methods of research, e.g., the ability to instantaneously share photos, will lead to the discovery of more fascinating species in the future. All these things may someday improve conservation of efforts for those species as of yet unidentified.


A radioactive source emits particles according to a Poisson process with rate \lambda = 2 particles per minute.
What is the expected time of emission of the second particle given that three particles have been emitted in the first four minutes?
I know we can write this as E[S_2 | N(4) = 3], but how do you solve this?


Optimal cognitive distance and absorptive capacity
B. Nooteboom, W.P.M. Vanhaverbeke, G.M. Duysters, V.A. Gilsing, A.J. Oord, van den
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
720 Citations (Scopus)
4 Downloads (Pure)
In this paper we test the relation between cognitive distance and innovation performance of firms engaged in technology-based alliances. The key finding is that the hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped effect of cognitive distance on innovation performance of firms is confirmed. Moreover, as expected, we found that the positive effect for firms is much higher when engaging in more radical, exploratory alliances than in more exploitative alliances. The effect of cumulative R&D turns out to be mixed. It appears to increase absorptive capacity, as expected, but there is clear evidence that it also reduces the effect of cognitive distance on novelty value, making it increasingly difficult to find additional novelty.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1016-1034
Number of pages19
JournalResearch Policy
Issue number7
Publication statusPublished - 2007
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8 Assessments To Make Before You Proceed To File A Civil Lawsuit
Have you been a victim of legal malpractice? There can be instances when suing an lawyer for negligence may seem the only viable option. But before proceeding, you need to pay attention to some significant aspects. With the help of an attorney, determine what claim and relief you want to file for. This will be based on the nature of damages and available proof. Are you going to let the public know the details of the lawsuit? Confirm whether the revelation of these details can weaken the claim or not. Ask the attorney whether the dispute can be resolved by mediation or arbitration or not.
The result of the lawsuit entirely depends on your evidence and witnesses. You need to assess how much proof and the actual number of witnesses will be required. Calculate the overall cost of the litigation and how are you going to finance it. Figure out how much time the civil lawsuit will take. Find out whether the lawsuit for wrongdoing falls outside the statute of limitations. Go for a legal expert who has successfully handled such cases in the past.
This entry was posted in Law.


The Centre for Change and Complexity in Learning offers an intellectually rich, collaborative, challenging and interdisciplinary environment to support higher degree research students. As one of Australia's foremost research Centres in learning analytics and complexity we are actively seeking students with initiative to help shape future education models.
Broad research topics include:
 1. Human and Artificial Cognition (HAC)
 2. Infrastructures for AI (IAI)
 3. Learning and Social Analytics (LSA)
 4. Change in Complex Systems (CCS)
Prospective students are encouraged to email enquiries to


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Social isolation r/t altered
mental status AEB client's statement of, "When I have hallucinations, because of
my schizophrenia, I'm not appropriate in public."
Client will participate in
activities and programs at level of ability and desire by [Month] 8, [Year] at 1400.
Client will identify feelings
of isolation by [Month] 14, [Year] at 1400.
1: Observe for barriers to
Rationale: Causes of social
isolation may be different for each individual; adequate information should be gathered
so appropriate interventions can be planned (Ackley & Ladwig, pg. 768).
2: Provide positive reinforcement
when the client seeks out others.
Rationale: Social support
contributes to positive well-being (Ackley & Ladwig, pg. 769).
3: Assess physical and mental
status to establish a firm basis for planning social activities.
provides a mode for enhancing a person's quality of life (A. pg. 769).
1: Establish a therapeutic
relationship by being emotionally present and authentic.
Rationale: Being emotionally
present and authentic fosters growth in relationships and decreases isolation (Ackley
& Ladwig, pg. 768).
2: Discuss causes of perceived
or actual isolation.
Rationale: The individual's
experience of illness; the circumstances of everyday living that influence quality
of life; and emotions, fears, and concerns all have a bearing on the way illness
is managed (Ackley & Ladwig, pg. 768).
Evaluation set for [Month]
8, [Year] at 1400. Client has made some progress toward goal. He attended Unity
Day held at Dosker Manor but did not stay for more than ten minutes.
As of [Month] 14, [Year]
client identifies that he is socially isolated because he has limited interactions
with others and does not have any hobbies. He also indicates that all of his
family lives out of state.
During the assessment of
R.S. the nursing student notes that the barriers to social interaction include mental
illness, lack of social support, and decreased ability to form relationships due
to hallucinations. The nursing student told the client that she thought it was beneficial
for him to attend unity day.
During the third week of
meeting with R.S., the nursing student noted that they had developed a therapeutic
relationship. Client and student nurse discussed the causes of isolation and R.S.
determined that being socially isolated is keeping him from reaching his maximum


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One of the ways to make a non-invasive blood glucose meter that is most attractive to researchers is optical technology. It has the promise of being less painful and more affordable than our current blood glucose meters.
In the news earlier this month is the work that a team at the University of Southern California's Viterbi School of Engineering has high hopes for. A correspondent was kind enough to bring to my attention a December 28 article by Prachi Patel-Predd about a "New Optical Glucose Sensor" in Technology Review from the esteemed Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Led by Gerald Loeb, a professor of biomedical engineering there, the team is measuring the change in fluorescent emissions that occurs when glucose binds to certain molecules. The sensor is a tiny optical fiber that could be implanted in the skin of people with diabetes.
Dr. Loeb says that a portable analyzer will shine ultraviolet light into the free end of the fiber, measure the fluorescence, and tell us our blood glucose level. He says that we should be able to leave this little fiber inside our skin for a few months at a time. When they implanted the fiber in pigs for up to three months, the pigs didn't show any inflammation or even complain.
You can read more of the technical details in the article that I link above. But note that implanting a fiber, no matter how small, under our skin sort of stretches the definition of the term non-invasive.
And worse, something very much like it has been tried before without any success at least so far. To evaluate this and other proposed non-invasive solutions I always turn to the leading expert on non-invasive blood glucose technology.
He is John Smith. When he retired the from LifeScan, which makes the well-known OneTouch meters, he was the company's chief scientific officer. He came out of retirement the first time to head Fovi Optics Inc. in Santa Clara, California, which tried in vain to develop non-invasive optical blood glucose meters.
John then came out of retirement again, this time to try something totally different – to make wine. But he keeps up-to-date with all developments that might some day lead to a non-invasive meter, and wrote a great book about it that is available as a PDF on my website.
Dr. Loeb's team and others working on non-invasive optical sensors face what John calls the 'foreign body problem." Lots of companies and researchers previously investigated the use of a "reporter molecule" placed just under the skin, John says. They include Sensor Technologies, Sensors for Medicine and Science, Gerard Coté, BioPeak, Minimed, Glumetrics, Becton-Dickinson, Precisense, Minimed, Motorola, andArgose.
The idea sounds great – just a tattoo or minor injection under the skin. Then a sensing device can read the amount of glucose by shining light through the skin and measuring the response. But it's really difficult to do.
"The practical complications are similar to those that have plagued investigators who have tried to develop long-lived in-dwelling sensors," John says. "Any thing inserted into the body that is not rejected by the immune system will be incorporated by the organism surrounding it with a coating of protein – the foreign body response – with two problems for glucose measurement: It can both reduce the access of glucose to the sensing material, or it can decrease the amount of light that passes into it or is transmitted back out of the reporter.
"In every case so far, the result has been that the lifetime of the material in the body is limited, and the accuracy degrades over the period of a few days. And when a 'noninvasive' measurement device requires frequent recalibration using an invasive device, it quickly loses its appeal to the user. A further complication is introduced by the variable reflectance of skin, requiring precise alignment between the reader and to skin area to be read. It's easy to underestimate during the early, enthusiastic years, but the practical complications of a requirement like this need to be considered when assessing how well patients would be able to use a device in the home, or how long they would continue to use it."
It would be great if the University of Southern California approach would work. But John and I are afraid that with more experience this technology will be added to the scrap heap of history.
This is a mirror of one of my articles that Health Central published. You can navigate to that site to find my most recent articles.


Robotic rings for wearable robotic interaction
Robotic rings for wearable robotic interaction
These robotic rings that imitate eye and mouth movements are being developed by a research group at Keio University.
"The robot has electromagnetic motors in the eyes, which are controlled electrically. This bottom part contains a microcontroller to move the eyes, and a battery."
"Until now, robots have usually communicated with people from a distance. That's also true of pet robots like AIBO, and androids. Until now, robots haven't been attached to the human body. We've designed this ring-shaped robot as an entertaining communication device, like an accessory that's fun to wear, to help wearable robots progress beyond the research stage."
At present, the robot is controlled using a special-purpose microcontroller and a PC. But future improvements should enable it to sense motion by the wearer and people nearby, so it can move automatically.
"First of all, this device resembles a toy. So we want to make it more like a character, like when children or their parents play finger games. That would enable a new form of interactive play. We'd also like to incorporate this robot into the way children use their hands to communicate with each other."
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Witcher Wiki
Witcher Wiki
Witcher Wiki
the Armorer of the Order
The Armorer of the Order is more the name of the place, than of the individual. The "Σιδεράς του Τάγματος" himself comes from a long line of armorers. He and the "Order Merchant" run the establishment which can be found just opposite the steps leading to the slums of Βίζιμα's Συνοικία του Ναού, on Roper Street. Their main competition is Malcolm Stein.
They will politely tell anyone that they only deal with friends of the Order. Here is how you can tell if they will deal with you.
Έμπορος του Τάγματος[]
the Order merchant
The merchant sticks to mainly:
Σιδεράς του Τάγματος[]
the Σιδεράς του Τάγματος
The armorer, on the other hand, buys an amazing variety of goods:
And in a pinch, with some instructions and a healthy donation (70 oren(s) ) to the Order, the armorer can make a lightning rod.
Συνδεδεμένες αποστολές[]


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VAT avoidance - groups of companies statement of practice on the new Schedule 9A VATA 1994: conditions for the issue of a direction under the new Schedule 9A: relevant event
A relevant event is defined (Schedule 9A, paragraph 1(2)) as occurring when a company joins or leaves a VAT group registration, or when it enters into any transaction. The word "transaction" is capable of being given a very wide meaning when considered in isolation, but the key to understanding how Customs will interpret this in the context of the provisions is that a relevant event occurs when a taxpayer enters into a transaction. Generally Customs will take this to mean when the taxpayer enters into a contract or other disposition, such as a gift.
Take a lease of a building. Each payment of rent could be regarded as a transaction in itself. However, the mere payment of rent would not be regarded as covered by the term "enters into any transaction" as used in the legislation.
Customs will regard the entering into of the lease by the landlord or tenant as a relevant event, which would (if the other conditions are met), potentially bring a company within the scope of the provisions. Other examples falling within the scope of the provisions are an agreement for a lease, an assignment, variation or surrender. The performance of obligations under the lease, (e.g. the carrying out of repairs or the payment of rent), would not normally be caught unless, exceptionally, such obligation constituted the entering into of a separate contract.


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Cabinet decisions on deepwater biodiversity
24 September 2004
A multi-pronged strategy to improve the protection of deep water biodiversity and address the environmental threat from bottom trawling was announced today by Acting Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Jim Sutton, Fisheries Minister David Benson-Pope, and Conservation Minister Chris Carter.
The Ministers said the strategy reflected New Zealand concerns about the environmental impact of bottom trawling - using trawl nets in contact with the seabed, particularly on underwater mountains called seamounts.
"Bottom trawling can take a heavy toll on marine life in vulnerable areas and it is in everybody's interests to improve management of the practice throughout the world," the Ministers said.
The Ministers said the most practical solution globally to problems caused by bottom trawling was to have more effective management within regions of the high seas. In the southern hemisphere, New Zealand was already working with Australia to identify areas for protection in the Tasman Sea, they said. The two countries had also identified the need for a regional management framework to control fishing in the Tasman.
New Zealand would take a leadership role in promoting improved capacity and geographic reach of regional fisheries management organisations so that the effects of bottom trawling could be addressed, the Ministers said.
New Zealand would also seek to work with other countries in the region and internationally to improve biodiversity protection of the high seas and develop practical, enforceable outcomes, they said.
"We will be looking to advance discussions at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and with regional partners to get a strong resolution for interim targeted bans on bottom trawling in vulnerable areas while effective management frameworks are being developed," the Ministers said.
Domestically, the Government would work with the New Zealand seafood industry to explore immediate voluntary measures in some high seas areas, they said. These could include closing specific areas to bottom trawling or modifications to fishing gear.
The Ministers noted that there did not appear to be broad support for an interim global moratorium on high seas bottom trawling, and this was unlikely to form the basis of a proposal at UNGA.
Bottom trawling is a widely used fishing method employed by most fishing nations. There are thought to be 20-30 New Zealand flagged vessels currently involved in the practice in the high seas
There are tens of thousands of vulnerable seamounts within the Pacific basin and only a small fraction have been scientifically explored or fished. The Ministry of Fisheries and NIWA have been carrying out research on seamounts, and in New Zealand waters 19 seamounts covering a total area of some 100,000km2 were closed to bottom trawling in May 2001.


Maritime Museum "Caravel"
IMG_0159.JPG IMG_3692.JPG
 A rare and exclusive collection of artifacts that tell about the living world diverse oceans and seas, full of secrets and mysteries represented for visitors of the Maritime Museum "Caravel". The owner of this unique collection Raul Kimovich Samatov. He brought his first exhibits in memory of military service on the island of Cuba. From this moment begins his passion for the sea world. Now his collection consist of stuffed sea turtles, crocodiles, marine and freshwater fish, oceanic sharks, delicious scallops clams and sea snails, corals, starfish, sea urchins, crabs and more.
The pride of the collection is a six-meter nose sawfish (length - 1.5 m ), which was caught in the Atlantic Ocean and weighed 1,200 kg, whalebone, 210 cm long, which is the copyright of a large whale of Greenland, two sash giant clams each one15 pounds (!), stuffed green sea turtle (length - 1 m ), which was caught near the island of Borneo in the Indian Ocean and weighed 54 kg, the collection of marine stingrays (6 pieces), walrus tusk weigh (2 kg, length 61 cm), nose of swordfish, jaw of two-meter tiger shark. Among freshwater representatives immediately striking head of catfish (weigh35) caught in the river Ai, head of pike (weigh15) caught in the lake Asylykul district Davlekanovskiy RB, and two magnificent piranha from Venezuela.
Among the shells stand nautiluses squad of cephalopod marine snails from the southwestern Pacific Ocean, giant conch or royal sea snails from Cuba, large predatory sea snails or imperial helmet, huge Charon or triton horn, before whom the inhabitants of the Indoisland states Pacific region was used as a signal horn. Here you can see the sea shell of biggest snail syringes, or northAustralian trumpeter.
Speaking of shells, cannot ignore the smallest, but the most famous of them - cowries. These small shells reached deep continental all inhabitants of our planet, and found they had a real application. For example, the Bashkirs - in the form of women's jewelry, talisman or amulet from various diseases, etc. Kauri - coin among the peoples of Africa, Arabia, India, China and American Indians for three thousand years ( until the middle of the XIX century) performed the function of money. The slave markets of the world one black slave had cost from 150 to 200 such Kaurin.
Exhibits of the Museum remind us that we live on the former site of a very ancient huge shallow warm sea TACIS, the northern boundary of which reached the middle of the Urals, the southern border reached to Iran in the east - to the Tobol River in Western Siberia to the west - to the city Saratov. This is evidenced by the stand of fossils collected in the territory of Salavat and neighboring areas, and whose age is hundreds of millions of years, and among them a unique instance - trilobite fossil marine cancer, whose age is about half years!


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triple X syndrome
Tuesday 26 February 2008
Definition: Triple X syndrome, also called trisomy X or 47,XXX, is characterized by the presence of one extra X chromosome in each of a female's cells. This condition occurs in about 1 in 1,000 newborn girls. Five to 10 girls with triple X syndrome are born in the United States each day.
Most often, this chromosomal change causes no unusual physical features or medical problems. Females with triple X syndrome are sometimes taller than average and have an increased risk of learning disabilities and delayed speech and language skills.
Developmental delays and behavioral problems are also possible, but these characteristics vary widely among affected girls and women.
Most females with triple X syndrome have normal sexual development and are able to conceive children.