We have analysed 11 human-specific Alu insertion polymorphisms in the Balkans to elucidate the origins of the Aromuns, a linguistic isolate inhabiting scattered areas in the Balkan Peninsula. Four Aromun samples (two from the Republic of Macedonia, one from Albania, and one from Romania) and five neighbouring populations (Macedonians, Albanians, Romanians, Greeks, and Turks) were analysed by means of genetic distances, principal components and analyses of the molecular variance (AMOVA). Three hypotheses were tested: Aromuns are Romanophonic Greeks; the result of a Romanian southward migration; or local descendants of the Thracians. The analyses show that the Aromuns do not constitute a homogeneous group separated from the rest of the Balkan populations. Grouping by language or geography does not explain the genetic differences observed in the region, suggesting a lack of genetic structure in the area. Aromuns do not seem to be particularly related to Greeks, Romanians, or to other Romance speakers. The Aromuns might have their origin to the south of the Danube river, with extensive gene flow with the neighbouring populations. The present results suggest a common ancestry of all Balkan populations, including Aromuns, with a lack of correlation between genetic differentiation and language or ethnicity, stressing that no major migration barriers have existed in the making of the complex Balkan human puzzle.


text:
David Howarth. The Invention of Spain: Cultural Relations between Britain and Spain, _PHONE_. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. xvii + 244 pp. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-7190-6562-0.
Reviewed by David Brown (Department of History, University of Strathclyde)
Published on H-Albion (February, 2008)
A British Face in a Spanish Mirror
This is an interesting and genuinely original view of Europe during a period of profound change. David Howarth's study ranges across politics, history, religion, literature, and art to assess the "cultural relations" between Britain and Spain, although the substance of the book is rather more one-sided than the subtitle might suggest. In chronicling the "invention of Spain," Howarth sets out, as he states in the opening to the book, primarily to identify what British perceptions and understandings of Spain reveal about the development of British politico-cultural sensibilities as imperial hegemonies gave way to a new order of international and domestic political relations. For Howarth, Spain is a prism through which to see Britain better: the book aims to reflect "a British face in a Spanish mirror" (p. xii). Howarth argues that despite sincere, if intermittent, interest in Spain, "the British never really understood the Peninsula on its own terms" (pp. ix). Spain could, therefore, be represented simultaneously as "a greenhouse" by the Holland House set where liberal nostrums too advanced for British tastes "could flourish in a hotter environment," and as a society deeply respecting of tradition and thus a bulwark, for the Tories, against Jacobinism and the dangerous legacy of the French Revolution (p. ix). The Invention of Spain, then, is a study underpinned by paradox. Nineteenth-century Spain was seen in Britain, argues Howarth, as both liberal and conservative, and as a welcome counterpoint to Catholic France, yet itself a Catholic country against which British concerns about Catholic emancipation and relations with Rome might be better understood. Spain was somehow both advanced and old-fashioned. In seeking to delineate these competing interpretations of the peninsula, Howarth's study tells us comparatively little about Spain itself, but a good deal about Britain through the study of Spain.
Howarth opens with a chapter considering how British writers came to terms with Spain's political and economic decline. Told principally through an analysis of the works of William Robertson and Adam Smith, this chapter is actually concerned largely with questions of Britishness. It is, as Howarth argues, significant that what he identifies as the most important studies of Spain in the late eighteenth century were products of the Scottish enlightenment. "Scotsmen, no sooner subjugated by English imperialism, became drawn to a study of a still greater 'tyranny'--that of Spain," he writes, alluding to the traditional alignment of Scotland with France and of England with Iberia, and in particular Portugal (p. 3). There are suggestive points here with regard to debates about what might be termed a Francophobic Britishness, explored notably by Linda Colley (Britons: Forging the Nation, _PHONE_ ). It might have been interesting had Howarth taken further his analysis of how the "invention of Spain" related to this Anglo-centric idea of Britishness being, in many respects, and to risk oversimplification, "not French." "Benighted and priest-ridden Spain had to be studied if Europe was to be understood in the age of Rationalism," says Howarth in a comment on Robertson (p. 10). So, too, in a slightly different way, did Spain offer, for Smith, "an appropriate cautionary tale to a burgeoning British economy," not least that Britain's empire "must do better than Spain had done" (pp. 23, 25). The corpse of the Spanish empire attracted Robertson and Smith "like Rembrandt's anatomists" seeking a better understanding of politics, economics, and religion (p. 27). Significantly, Howarth maintains, Spain was for these writers a case study and not a country they expected "civilized" Britons actually to visit. Taking this as his foundation, Howarth proceeds to explore questions of politics and religion.
A history of apparently constant Spanish "failure" was fertile ground for competing liberal and conservative historiographies, fought out, for example, through the pages of the Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Review. Indeed, suggests Howarth, it was due largely to the reporting of Iberian affairs that Spain "vicariously gave birth to the Quarterly" to counter the "pernicious" views of the Whiggish Edinburgh (p. 31). Spain served many purposes: it could be used to reflect what was right or wrong in Britain and what was worse in France, and it served as a convenient distillation of the history of good versus evil. This fascination with Spain, a "Spanish fever," is observed particularly through the works of William Wordsworth, Richard Ford, and Robert Southey, and is seen to have found its first tangible political form in the diplomacy of George Canning (p. 32). Howarth suggests that through Canning's manipulation of public opinion in the 1820s, for example, the New World of Spanish America was seen as liberal, free, and English, something further underpinned by Lord Palmerston's famous Quadruple Alliance of the liberal west European powers in the 1830s. This is interesting and important, yet in laying emphasis on popular perceptions alongside the hitherto unequivocally high cultural portrayal of Spain, Howarth might have explored further the wider reception in Britain of these various constructions of Spain. Canning's populism, for example, is illustrated in purely parliamentary terms while more might have been said of the British public's apparent impression of "the Spaniard" as "primitive and savage" and somehow inferior, in the arts and manners of war, to not only Britain but also France during the wars of the 1830s (pp. 49-50).
Spain offered a similarly complicated series of lessons in terms of religion. For many Britons, Spain had the great advantage in the early nineteenth century of not being Napoleonic France, but the connection with the Iberian Peninsula was not a neat one, since Spain was also, of course, a major Catholic country. As the British political establishment argued over the rights of the Catholic population at home, Spanish Catholicism was being presented in such works as Blanco White's Letters from Spain (1822) as indivisible from Spanish corruption. Interest in Spain from a political and economic perspective, whether as a model or a warning, was thus qualified by religious priorities. As is brought into sharp relief in this section of the book, it was not always clear whether contemporaries wanted to understand Spain or simply to judge it. Howarth shows just how "the Church of Rome was often observed through the prism of Spain in the contest within Britain for emancipation and the establishment of a new hierarchy" (p. 87). Howarth's book, therefore, offers an interesting complement to recent studies of this question, such as the work of Saho Matsumoto-Best (Britain and the Papacy in the Age of Revolution, _PHONE_ ), placing this particular "British" question in its European context.
Having established the importance of Spain to contemporary self-perception, Howarth proceeds in the remaining chapters to examine the historians, painters, and art collectors who established the parameters of that understanding. In particular, Howarth's analysis of the emergence and growing popularity of the "Spanish School" is illuminating, and his tracing of the growing appreciation of Spanish art, as it emerged as something distinct from Italian, is handled well. Much attention is devoted, in particular, to the (mis)understanding of Diego Velázquez and the importance of such figures as Austen Henry Layard and Sir William Stirling in bringing his and others' work to prominence in Britain. As the final chapter, "Picturing Spain" demonstrates, the "dialogue between British artists and Spain" was just as complex and occasionally ambiguous as that between British politicians and the peninsula, but Howarth offers a careful examination of the visual representation of Spain and the importance of pictorial examinations of the theater of worship, the role of women, and ethnic stereotyping that echo the political, economic, and religious concerns of the earlier chapters in the book (p. 188). It is interesting to see how far art responded to the preformed ideas and prejudices of British audiences, and there are important comparisons pointed out here between the relative forces of literature and of painting in the history of cultural relations. Thus, as Howarth concludes: "Artists came to Spain knowing what they were looking for and they extracted a partial view of its cultural heritage. It was one selected on the basis of what a British public could make sense of. The invention of Spain was a confirmation of prejudice, never a broadening of the mind" (p. 226).
Howarth's study is a stimulating one. His interwoven analysis of politics, religion, and art offers a valuable contribution to the cultural, political, and diplomatic history of the period. In places, the book is perhaps more suggestive than exhaustive--such as in its treatment of the problematic issues of political and religious freedoms--but that is less a criticism of the work and more a reflection of its subject. In places, Howarth's analysis might have been developed further. The book is unapologetically high cultural, yet reference is made in places to public opinion and popular tastes. It would be interesting to know more about the broader reception

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The restoration of optical images, as well as the unfolding of spectroscopic and other data that have been convolved with a window function or an instrumental impulse response, can be viewed as the solution of an integral equation. Solution of such an integral equation when the data are corrupted by noise or experimental error is treated as the problem of finding an estimate that is a linear functional of the data and minimizes the mean squared error between the true solution and itself. The estimate depends on assumptions about the spectral densities of the images and the noise, the choice of which is discussed. Coherent optical processing and digital processing are described.
CARL W. HELSTROM, "Image Restoration by the Method of Least Squares," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 297-303 (1967)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
SOP for Out Of Calibration in Pharma | SOP for Calibration failure | Out Of Calibration as per 21CFR & ISO Guidelines |
- OOC SOP covers below points:
- Calibration definition
- Out of Calibration definition
- Out of Calibration procedure
- Calibration schedule
1.0 OBJECTIVE :
- To lay down a procedure for investigating and handling of Out of Calibration (OOC) of measuring device/Instruments.
2.0 SCOPE :
- This SOP is applicable to Out of Calibration of measuring device or instruments which are used for testing of Raw material, Packaging material, Finished Product and Stability samples in Quality Control Department.
3.0 RESPONSIBILITY :
- Analyst :
- To perform calibration and report the calibration status.
- Section Head :
- To co-ordinate with Head-QC regarding OOC results and participate in investigation for the same.
- Head QC:
- To ensure that this SOP is followed during investigation of OOC results.
- To investigate Out of Calibration.
- Head QA :
- To Investigate Out of Calibration and approval.
- Quality Control Head and Quality Assurance Head
5.0 PROCEDURE :
Definition: Calibration is a set of operation that establish, under specified condition, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values realized by standards.
It is the setting or correcting or adjusting of a measuring device or base level, to match or conform to a known and unvarying measure.
5.1 The calibration of instrument is a critical activity and it is carried out to ensure the performance and suitability of the instruments.
5.2 The calibration of instruments, apparatus, gauges and recording devises at suitable intervals in accordance with an established written program containing specific direction, schedules, limits for accuracy and precision and provision for remedial action in the event accuracy and /or precision limit are not met.
5.3 Instruments, apparatus, gauges and recording devices not meeting established specification shall not be used.
5.4 The procedure of calibration of each instrument is mentioned in SOP of respective instrument.
5.5 The frequency of each instrument is ± 5 days of defined interval, mentioned in respective SOP.
5.6 The schedule for calibration is prepared at the beginning of the year as per the Annexure No. 01.
5.7 The calibration schedule is checked by QC Head and approved by QA Head.
5.8 OUT OF CALIBRATION (OOC): It is defined as a failure to meet the acceptance criteria during the calibration.
- If out of calibration results found, affix a status label "OUT OF CALIBRATION" immediately. The failure in meeting the limits during the calibration (OOC) shall be thoroughly investigated to find the root cause, its impacts and for taking corrective and preventive action to avoid recurrence of such an incidence.
- Since the result is out of calibration, it needs to be checked for analyst / instrument error quickly for further decision making process, as below.
- Analyst error:
- Check competency of analyst by verifying analyst qualification, training, knowledge and experience, expertise in calibration, any objectionable issue, recording and reporting and behavioural pattern.
- Instrument error:
- Verify earlier calibration/ qualification record, previous instrument history, cleanliness, chocking/ blocking of material, preventive engineering status, physical condition.
- Check standards/ chemicals used for calibration and its validity, Glassware and instrument consumables spares.
- Check SOP for operation and calibration of instrument and it's format, environment conditions (temperature /humidity), dilution of solution (concentration), relevancy of methodology, calibration frequency, calibration limit too stringent etc.
- Analyst error:
- Rectify and repeat the calibration, if an error is observed in investigation, after approval from quality assurance.
- It will be documented properly and appropriate corrective and preventive action will be taken.
- If no error is found, the instrument is required to be checked and serviced as follow;
- Inform the Engineering Department to carry out in-house rectification of the instrument.
- If the in-house Engineering Department can rectify the defect, then use the instrument after proper calibration.
- In case in-house Engineering Department is unable to rectify the defect, call the service engineer of the instrument.
- Once the said instrument is repaired by a small correction or major part replacements based on the recommendation of service engineer, then carry out calibration and ensure that it is working satisfactorily.
- If the external expert performs the servicing satisfactorily, use the instrument after calibration for routine analysis.
- If the external expert fails to rectify the instrument, affix a status label "OUT OF ORDER".
- Arrange to replace the instrument for analysis, if available in lab or send the sample to approved external laboratory for testing.
- If required, based on the recommendations and our assessment, instrument may be discontinued with proper documentation.
- If no error is found in investigation related with instrument, analyst, used materials and process, product related investigation is started.
- It is not possible to judge, the exact date from the instrument was not suitable. The following points are necessary for the product related investigation.
- List out the number of samples tested on the suspected instrument.
- List out number of samples approved in recent past.
- List out number of samples rejected in recent past.
- Review of trend of analyzed product for confirming OOC period.
- Check testing methodology and relevancy of testing methodology.
- Verify the details of instruments used.
- Check analytical data including system suitability/ instrument verification before start up of analysis.
- All products tested on suspected instrument are kept on "HOLD", since earlier successful calibration and labeled appropriately.
- If OOC period is identified, all products are re-tested on urgent basis on similar other instrument or alternate instrument or outside laboratory whatever feasible.
- If OOC period is not identified, last ten batches are selected for re-testing based on criticality of the test and analyzed on urgent basis.
- If the re-testing results are found satisfactory, it shows that it is not impacted on the product quality. An effective risk assessment is carried out for efficacy and quality of drug product and safety for patient.
- If any abnormality is observed in re-testing results, the batch/ batches will be recalled from market as per recall procedure (Product Recall SOP).
- Available products shall be reprocessed / reworked after appropriate approvals and documentation procedure.
- The instrument calibration frequencies shall be kept in such a way that the situation must be under control in any incidences happening with respect to operation, calibration and engineering procedures.
- The analyst, who is responsible for calibration and related activities, should be well trained and experienced for operation and calibration of instrument.
|Out Of Calibration
|Standard Operating Procedure
|Label for Out of Calibration
|Label for Out of Order
8.0 SOP REFERENCES
- 21CFR 211.160 (Laboratory Controls).
- ISO 13485 & ISO 9001, Clause 7.6, Control of monitoring and measuring devices.
END OF THE SOP
Annex. No. 01 Calibration Schedule
Annex. No. 02 Label for Out of Calibration
Annex. No. 03 Label for Out of Order


text:
You can use 'to do' in almost every English sentence to emphasize the main verb in a sentence. The meaning of the main verb gets stronger or shows contrast by using 'to do'. This grammatical structure is called the emphatic do in English. For a full overview of what this is and how to form it, click here.
Emphatic Do Exercise 3
You can find the exercise below:
Complete the following sentences by using the emphatic do and the verb in brackets.
1.I (to like – present) beer.
2.We (to have – present) a dog.
3.She (to watch – present) TV sometimes.
4.They (to like – present) rice pudding.
5.I (to eat – past) a large pizza all by myself.
6.It (to escape – past) from its cage.
7.He (to use – present) his airpods a lot.
8.Yes, I (to break – past) my arm.
9.They (to listen – present) to the radio.
10.The teacher (to scream – past) at us.


When training for a specific movement in calisthenics, such as planche or front lever, should I be training for both movements at the same time or should I focus on one single movement?
They're both different movements that use a conjunction or muscles for each. Your body will learn to adapt to both just as quick as if you were to do one at a time. Its all about strength, control and balance. All can be improved by doing both exercises.
Your Answer


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A wheeled vehicle, especially a four-wheeled horse-drawn passenger vehicle, often of an elegant design.
- n. Chiefly British A railroad passenger car.
- n. A baby carriage.
- n. A wheeled support or frame for carrying a heavy object, such as a cannon.
- n. A moving part of a machine for holding or shifting another part: the carriage of a typewriter.
- n. The act or process of transporting or carrying.
- n. The cost of or the charge for transporting.
- n. The manner of holding and moving one's head and body; bearing. See Synonyms at posture.
- n. Archaic Management; administration.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The act of carrying, bearing, transporting, or conveying.
- n. Specifically.
- n. The carrying of goods, persons, etc.; the business of transportation.
- n. That which is carried; goods transported; load; burden; freight; baggage.
- n. In Scots law, the service of a horse and cart.
- n. The price or expense of carrying.
- n. That which is used for carrying or transporting, especially on or over a solid surface. A wheeled vehicle for the conveyance of persons.
- n. A wheeled stand or support: commonly in composition: as, a gun-carriage, a block-carriage for mortars, etc. See gun-carriage.
- n. Any part of a machine which carries another part: as, the carriage of a mule-spinner, a shafting, a type-writer, etc.
- n. That part of the frame of the old hand printing-press which supported and carried the form of types on the bed (or coffin, as it was then called), in its movement to and from the platen or impressing surface. Hand-presses are now made without carriage-frames, and with ribs running in grooved rails.
- n. In carpentry, the timber-frame which supports the steps of a wooden stair.
- n. (f ) The straps or bands by which the sword was hung from the waist-belt in the sixteenth century. See hanger.
- n. The act of carrying or taking from an enemy; conquest; acquisition.
- n. Tax; imposition.
- n. The manner of carrying or managing one's person; hence, behavior; conduct; deportment; manners.
- n. The act or manner of carrying out business; management.
- n. Bearing; import; tenor; meaning.
- n. In equity practice, control or conduct. It implies the priority of right to go forward with a proceeding in the prosecution of which others also are interested.
- n. A drain; a furrow cut for the purpose of carrying off water.
- n. A customary dry measure used for lime, consisting of 64 heaped bushels.
- n. In saddlery, a long handle fitted at one end with a knob and at the other with a branch for receiving a small circular tool: used for ornamenting leather.
- n. A wheeled vehicle, generally drawn by horse power.
- n. UK A rail car, esp. designed for the conveyance of passengers.
- n. A manner of walking and moving in general; how one carries oneself, bearing, gait.
- n. archaic One's behaviour, or way of conducting oneself towards others.
- n. The part of a typewriter supporting the paper.
- n. US, New England A shopping cart.
- n. UK A stroller; a baby carriage.
- adj. Related to a wheeled vehicle, generally drawn by horse power.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. obsolete That which is carried; burden; baggage.
- n. The act of carrying, transporting, or conveying.
- n. The price or expense of carrying.
- n. That which carries of conveys
- n. A wheeled vehicle for persons, esp. one designed for elegance and comfort.
- n. A wheeled vehicle carrying a fixed burden,.
- n. A part of a machine which moves and carries of supports some other moving object or part.
- n. A frame or cage in which something is carried or supported.
- n. The manner of carrying one's self; behavior; bearing; deportment; personal manners.
- n. The act or manner of conducting measures or projects; management.
- n. characteristic way of bearing one's body
- n. a machine part that carries something else
- n. a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby or child is pushed around
- n. a vehicle with wheels drawn by one or more horses
- n. a railcar where passengers ride
- From Old Northern French cariage, from carier ("to carry"). (Wiktionary)
- Middle English cariage, from Norman French, from Old North French carier, to carry; see carry. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"/I have only to say 'I should like to see such a thing,' or 'to be at such a place,' and next day a carriage is at the door, or a boat is on the river to take me if I/[Page 27]/please to the ends of the earth."
"But if your carriage is announced early, or circumstances make it necessary for you to leave in advance of others, do so without exciting observation, and make your adieus to your hostess or host, or both, in a low voice; but if they cannot easily be found, retire quietly without bidding them good-night."
"This moment, if you would have the goodness: my carriage is at the door; and Mrs Delacour will be so kind to excuse –"
"But I believe that my "carriage" is rather graceful than otherwise on them!"
"I think it is Maurice's sunny character that is most appealing: the dust-jacket cover of the biography shows him leaning out of a train carriage window, trilby in one hand, pipe in the other, smiling expectantly."
"Quite what occurred in the train carriage is open to speculation, and Dessaix ticks other writers off for speculating – notably Julian Barnes who wrote a short story about the encounter."
"The glorious little pumpkin carriage for the eldest son of the Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria, meanwhile, may or may not have been equipped with harnesses of blue velvet and bridles fastened with silver buckles, but it is something of a stretch to base this claim upon documents relating to an altogether different princely court."
"Some time afterwards an off-duty police officer, Elizabeth Kenworthy, had made her way into the bombed second carriage from the third."
""At the moment when 9 passes to 0, a lever will be moved, thus recording the necessity of a carriage to the figure above; the carriage is made subsequently, and for the Analytical Engine a method of performing the carriages all simultaneously was invented by my father which he called 'Anticipating' Carriage." —"
"PS: going to have to buy the barrell only on the Williams Gun... carriage is too pricey."
These user-created lists contain the word 'carriage'.
Words that relate to learning, knowing, being enlightened...
Trivet also has this list, which you should go see. And then I found this list, and this list...
"Everybody says words different,' said Ivy. 'Arkansas folks says 'em different, and Oklahomy folks says 'em different. And we seen a lady from Massachusetts, an' she said 'em different of all. Coul...
Everything hats,things with hoods,hoods,scarves,crowns,useful
adjectival forms,hat expressions,
Those annoying bloody new buzz words like, "gamification". I still don't know what it means! The other day I heard a "dill" use "brand" to describe a political belief. Then there is "mapping" in ot...
Words pertaining to horses, equines, equestrians
"House" words and phrases, literal and figurative. If another word comes before "house" in the phrase, it's listed on its own; if the phrase starts with "house," I've listed the part that comes aft...
Use this words and become a young lady from some of Jane Austen's books.
Bilby says I should have one. Even though most of these are on my other lists (the ones that weren't, I didn't really want to list).
Looking for tweets for carriage.


text:
Electroreception, such as that exhibited by South American knifefish, allows animals to navigate, sense prey, and even communicate by generating weak electric fields that reflect off objects in the environment. Scientists have drawn parallels between this unique sense and vision in people. But new research published in the September issue of Journal of Experimental Biology suggests that in contrast to vision, which paints a broad picture of the more distant environment, electroreception in weakly electric fish works over extremely short distances, providing information on the immediate environment much like the human sense of touch.
"[The researchers] combined the measurement of the physical stimuli and how distance and size of objects affect the electric image that's cast on the surface of the fish," said Rüdiger Krahe, who investigates the sensory processing of weakly electric fish at McGill University who did not participate in the research. Linking these characteristics to fish behavior, the authors demonstrated which changes in the electric field the fish could actually sense. "Vision is a true distance sense, and they show that [electrosensation] in these fish is a near sense."
Gymnotus knifefish, a genus of weakly electric fish, use a specially adapted organ to produce electric fields for hunting, navigation, and mating. Some produce electromagnetic pulses to constantly ping their environment, while others generate a continuous electric field in a wave pattern. Regardless of the strategy, the electric fields produced by these fish are quite weak (only several millivolts); a person touching the fish wouldn't feel a thing.
Though researchers have been studying varieties of Gymnotus for 60 years, it's still unclear how much information the fish receive through their electric fields. A specialized organ, which evolved from muscle cells, produces an electric field. The fish sense perturbations to this electric field, as well as the presence of other organisms' electric fields, through electroreceptors in their skin, most of which are located near the mouth.
"Electroreception is a non-intuitive sensory modality," Angel Caputi, who led the research at the Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable in Uruguay, explained in an email—meaning that human researchers have no frame of reference within their five senses to understand how fish use it to "see" the world. It has previously been likened to vision, but modeling by Caputi and his colleagues hinted that electroreception acted at much shorter ranges, allowing the fish to detect features of their environment up close, but giving little information about things more than a few centimeters away.
In order to understand how an object's size and location affect fish's ability to sense it using electroreception, Caputi and his colleagues presented G. omarorum knifefish with metal objects. "The beauty of pulse-type fish... is that they have a variable pulse rate," noted Krahe. "When they're doing nothing, [the electric pulses are] relatively stable.... If they detect something, they ramp up the pulse rate." Thus, measuring the electric pulses produced by the fish, Caputi and his team could determine whether or not the animals had detected an object.
As predicted, the knifefish could only detect most objects at short distances—usually about 10 millimeters from their skin—a small distance for a fish that measures about 30 centimeters (1 foot) in length. And the fish could only precisely locate the objects when they were almost touching them. "Fish confused location of two objects 1 centimeter apart when they are beyond a distance of a half of centimeter from the skin," Caputi said. Large objects could be detected at longer distances of up to 2 or 3 centimeters.
Caputi, trained as a physician, likens such limited electrosensation to the human sense of touch. Doctors are trained to detect different organs while pressing on a patient's abdomen, but the deeper organs become more "blurred" to the touch as a doctor tries to sense them through more layers of viscera, Caputi explained—much as objects become more indistinct to the fish as they recede to the electrical field's limits.
Interestingly, the fish's own body appears to affect the strength of the electric field. An electric field's strength decays quickly with distance, as do the electrical "images" reflected off nearby objects as they bounce back. But it turns out that the fish's body helps prevent further reduction in field strength as the reflected pulses approach its body, helping to make a more robust electrical image on its skin.
Caputi and his group are investigating the deeper workings of the knifefish's electrosensory system, implanting electrodes to record signals from individual neurons in freely swimming fish. "This will help us to find the way that the nervous system is organized for processing electrosensory images," he said.
Another important next step will be to understand how the role movement could help the fish detect and locate objects, Krahe said. Without changes to an object's location or electric field, the knifefish's electroreceptors will "adapt" to the stimulus and no longer sense it, but movement may help the fish re-sensitize themselves to permanent stimuli. Krahe also pointed out that the metal objects used in the study will perturb the fish's electric fields much more than, say, tiny daphnia crustaceans they might prey on in their natural habitat.
John Lewis, who studies sensory processing in weakly electric fish at the University of Ottawa, agreed. G. omarorum are primarily nocturnal and must navigate through tangled roots of lily plants. "We don't know much about [how fish sense] complex, natural objects in more natural environments," said Lewis, who did not participate in the research. "Detection is one thing, but figuring out where [an object is] is an important second level in prey capture."
Check out other touch-inspired articles, including an exploration of the star-nosed mole's bizarre namesake touch organ and a story about animals that communicate via sensing vibrations in the ground, in this month's Special Issue.
A. C. Pereira et al., "The active electrosensory range of Gymnotus omarorum," Journal of Experimental Biology, 215: 3266-3280, 2012.


text:
Please start this bird anatomy series with post #403, March 10.
At right, is a picture of a pheasant wing,
Though a bird sculptor does not need to be a scientist, an
understanding of the important bones, joints, and muscles...
where they attach and how they articulate is a must.
In addition to this knowledge, the bird sculptor must know the major feather groups. Birds in flight don't pose, therefore this understanding is a must. The feather sets are basic and every bird has the same groupings; from the tiny hummingbird to the gigantic albatross.
Below is a drawing of a bird wing. Wing flight feathers are divided into three groups: Primaries, secondaries,
and tertials. These groups are attached to what corresponds to the arm and hand of the human.
Most birds have ten primaries and these feathers are attached to the "hand" part of the wing. The primaries are individually controlled by muscles and are the propellers that provide thrust and move the bird through the air.
The secondaries are attached to the forearm region that corresponds to the human elbow and wrist. They are not individually controlled and act more like an airplane wing providing lift. Individual species have different numbers of secondaries: perching birds have nine or ten, eagles have sixteen, and albatross have thirty-two.
Below, is a recent work entitled "After the Hunt Still Life"
The sculptor must know that a pheasant, like most birds, has ten primaries and that modeling
nine or eleven on the wing is as egregious as modeling four or six fingers on the human hand.
29"H 19"W 4"D
Copyright, Sandy Scott


Moises GoldmanHigher Education and the Economy
Moises Goldman PhD – resident scientist
Parts - Royalty Free 5
Consider the following points:
 - The "whole" is equal to the sum of its parts.
 - The sum of its parts is equal to the "whole"
 - The sum of its wholes makes a bigger-and-better "whole."
This article will focus on the third idea.
.Parts - Royalty Free 2
The Part
Graduate engineers can usually code in various languages—Python, Flash, Java, CSharp, Ruby on Rails. Perhaps they are able to create "apps." They are specialists. With diligence and luck, they go to work in enterprise and fill specific roles.
In those roles, they create what might be call "parts." A project manager pulls together all the parts into a "whole." As typically happens, several of the parts do not fit. The process provides for other specialists that fill the gaps.
Parts--Royalty free 3
I am describing a typical mode of work. Specialists in cubicles re-design parts designed by specialists in other cubicles until the organization achieves a satisfactory whole. This is an iterative process, but not a creative one. Industry blunders forward. By any economic measure, it is grossly inefficient. Where, one may ask, is the root of the problem?
Moises Goldman PhD
Moises Goldman PhD
What is Optimal?
We need only ask a few questions:
 - Do the individual engineers on any given project understand what impact, Parts - Royalty Free 4implication or influence their developments have on the overall wellness, intent or strategy of the enterprise they serve?
 - Do they take into account current policy, regulatory, ethical, or socioeconomic factors?
 - Do they are work together—focusing on the whole and not their "part alone?
If the answer to any of these is no, then without a doubt their efforts cannot be optimal.
The Whole
Parts - Royalty Free 1Universities turn out engineers that are themselves essentially parts. I would argue that they should train-up collaborators adept at comprehending the larger view and better understanding their "part" in the "whole"—in other words, people who are themselves whole.
When each specialist embraces the larger picture, each specialty complements the others. The sum of each whole person makes a bigger-and-better whole project. The sum of the wholes is a bigger-and-better whole.
This article was adapted from a paper for the Institute for Work and the Economy by Moises Goldman PhD.
.Copyright © 2013 Moises Goldman – All Rights Reserved
Filed under chicago, Chicago Ventures, Economics, Education, Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship and Politics, Innovation, Innovation and Culture, Invention, MIT, MIT Enterprise Forum, Think Tank
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|The Eiffel Tower
Extent: 16 pages
Format: 205 x 285 mm
Small fans of paper cut-outs can now make a model of the famous French tower, using pre-cut shapes to create a 16"-model of the most significant architectural symbol of Paris.
Paper folding is an early-learning activity which is both creative and captivating. Our innovative cut-outs introduce children to the art of paper folding—an educational activity that awakens and captivates the imagination while sharpening manual and spatial skills. Children age 4 and above can assemble paper models without scissors or glue.


Synonyms of cosmopolitan
1. cosmopolitan, cosmopolite, sophisticate, man of the world
usage: a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries
1. cosmopolitan (vs. endemic), widely distributed
usage: growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution"
2. cosmopolitan (vs. provincial), traveled, travelled
usage: composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world; especially not provincial in attitudes or interests; "his cosmopolitan benevolence impartially extended to all races and to all creeds"- T.B. Macaulay; "the ancient and cosmopolitan societies of Syria and Egypt"; "that queer, cosmopolitan, rather sinister crowd found around the Marseilles docks"
3. cosmopolitan, ecumenical, oecumenical, general, universal, worldwide, world-wide, comprehensive (vs. noncomprehensive)
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
All rights reserved.
Definition and meaning of cosmopolitan (Dictionary)


Questions and Answers (FAQ)
We want to make working with our data as easy as possible. However, due to the large number of topics and the longitudinal structure of the data sets, we try to answer the most important questions on this page.
How do I get the data?
No. SOEP data can only be used for scientific research. We promise our respondents that their data will be used solely for scientific research purposes, and ensure that all data users adhere to this condition. We require all data users to sign a contract confirming their compliance with data protection measures before receiving access to the data, and only grant data use contracts to researchers who work at a scientific research institution.
Data collection and processing are financed largely through public funding. This allows us to provide the data to registered data users without any costs or fees.
We have written down all relevant aspects on the data access page.
If there are any questions left unanswered, we have listed the contact details of our SOEPhotline there. Our staff there will be happy to help you.
At the beginning
For an introduction to the topics and structure of the SOEP-Core data, see our SOEPcompanion or take a look at our questionnaires. Our metadata portal,, can be used to search for specific topics or keywords or to get an overview of the variables (including frequency counts) and questionnaires. This can be done on a cross-sectional or longitudinal data level.
For a compilation of articles on various possibilities for analyzing SOEP data, see this page.
Take a look at Getting Started, where we describe the various tools and services we offer for first-time and more experienced SOEP data users. There you can see at a glance which tools and services fit your needs.
We always provide the SOEP data as a "complete package": every answer to every question in every year. We prepare the data to be as user-friendly as possible—for example, by using generated variables and the "long" data format. Nevertheless, we strongly recommend that data users learn how to work with statistical software (SPSS, Stata, R, SAS, etc.) for data analysis.
The structure of our main dataset, SOEP-Core, is described in the SOEPcompanion.
Yes. Our codebooks are the questionnaires "with reference to variables" that we provide online. They are based on metadata and contain references to variables and variable labels, and the datasets in which they are contained, as well as values for the different items and the filter questions used in the questionnaire.
A detailed explanation of how to use the codebooks can be found in our SOEPcompanion.
Like status variables, generated variables serve to simplify your work with SOEP data. We offer generated datasets on specific topics (e.g., BIOJOB "Detailed information on first and last job") and specific groups (e.g., BIOPAREN "Biographical information on the parents of SOEP respondents").
A list of SOEP-Core datasets containing generated variables and a short description of each can be found in the SOEPcompanion. The specific assumptions made in the process of variable generation are covered in each of our documentation.
The short answer is that there are so many datasets because we want to know so much about our respondents. At present, we use up to 13 questionnaires in the main samples alone. We aim to provide the data for analysis as authentic and unaltered as possible. Whenever it appears useful, we also provide generated variables (see question above), which are contained in separate datasets.
SOEPcompanion offers a concise overview of the different types of datasets, the information they provide, and how to use them.
Both SOEPcompanion (for SOEP-Core) and SOEP-IScompanion (for the SOEP Innovation Sample), contain a "Survey Design" chapter in which we try to answer these questions in detail.
That depends. Unfortunately, we are not able to provide all information in both languages and are moving toward providing the majority our documentation in English only. In overview:
Questionnaires: Many of our SOEP-Core questionnaires are provided as "field versions", which contain both the German PAPI version of the person and the household questionnaire used in the field and the English translation. For SOEP-IS and some other studies, we provide the "version with variables" only, in separate German and English versions.
Dataset documentation: These publications are usually only in English. There are a few (older) publications providing data documentation or documentation on specific topics in German.
Methodological reports: The methodological reports on the fieldwork prepared by the survey institute were available exclusively in German up to and including the survey year 2017 (with the exception of SOEP-IS: main fieldwork in English, supplementary survey in German). The 2011-2017 SOEP Wave Reports include a summary in English.
Study Description: Available on our website in English and German. Please use the language switch in the menu bar for the other language.
Companions: In English only. Only the labels are in both languages; all other information is in English.
Help for working with the data
Our recommendation is to use 16GB RAM when working with the SOEP data. Users with less powerful computers can still use the data, but should make a few adjustments.
You can
[a] use "describe using pl.dta" to display the variables without loading them,and
[b] enter the variables selectively: "use pid syear plVARS using pl.dta [if syear>=xxxx]".
This allows you to work with larger datasets more effectively and with lower demands on your hardware and software.
To display all German variable labels in Stata in English, please use the command: label language EN.


text:
- NT6000 Intelligent Distribute Control System
- DEH-NK Digital Electro-hydraulic Control System
- Intelligent Combustion Optimizing System
- Equipment Fault Diagnosis and Early Warning Based on Expert System
- Intelligent Operation Optimizing System Based on Big Data Analysis
- SyncAMS Intelligent Equipment Management system
- SY8100C turbine digital electro-hydraulic regulator
- SC200/300 Integration/Middle-large Sized PLC
- SyncView Touch Screen
TFS600 Failure Safe Control System
The functionally safe controller based on IEC61508 design and meeting the application requirements of SIL3 systems can monitor the production process states of production devices and equipment, and provide timely response and protection against possible dangers or the deteriorations due to improper measures. It can be widely applied in the safety systems and key control fields such as petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy and electric power, execute corresponding measures for safe shutdown in case of emergency, and have high reliability and sensitivity, thus reducing risks and guaranteeing the safety of personnel, equipment, property and environment.
Independent triplex controller, degrading by 3-2-0;
Supporting special RTS and ESD application logic and SOE functions;
Supporting IO module types: digital input (DI), digital output (DO), analog input (AI) modules, etc.
Key safety-related modules exchangeable online during redundant configuration;
With real-time ambient temperature monitoring function, and supporting low/high-temperature alarm;
Automatic failure isolation of multi-level voting without performance degradation;
Supporting online testing of actuator functions;
Withstanding harsh industrial environments;
Receiving IEC61508 SIL3 certificate from TÜV Rheinland, an independent third-party safety certification organization.


text:
To locate self-assessment questionnaires that help score the competencies of a strategy consultant.
- Although McKinsey does not share a self-assessment questionnaire per se, it does share examples of problem-solving assessment tests and cases it uses for selection purposes.
- The first one, "Practice Test A," presents three scenarios based on actual cases. The goal is to assess one's ability to extract relevant data from the information provided, understanding of financial and business concepts, logical thinking, and others.
- Test B and Test C follow the same approach.
Bain & Company
- Bain follows a similar process. Consultant candidates are asked to solve a case study. The company provides three examples. For instance, the "Coffee Shop Co." case study asks candidates to analyze the financial aspects involved in opening a coffee shop in England based on the information provided.
- The "Performance Consulting Self-Assessment" test allows consultants to check which areas they need improvement. The test covers four competency areas: business knowledge, performance knowledge, partnering skills, and consulting skill.
- Our initial research shows that there is limited publicly available information regarding self-assessment questionnaires for strategy consultants that would cover all the required skills. Some consulting giants share examples of tests used to assess consultant candidates; however, they cover a limited range of skills.
Proposed next steps:
You need to be the project owner to select a next step.


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Optimizely Knowledge Base
Prepare Optimizely X Web for your site
This article will help you:
 - Set up pages, tags, and events in Optimizely X Web
 - Implement Optimizely X Web to build behaviorally targeted audiences
 - Passively collect baseline analytics for your site before you run your first experiment
In Optimizely X Web, you'll create experiments and campaigns using pages, events, tags, and audiences. Together, these features will help you create, target, and measure the impact of experiences that you deliver to your visitors.
They're reusable and always on. Set them up when you first start using Optimizely X so you can passively collect baseline data, even before you run your first test. When you're ready run experiment or campaigns, your pre-built components will help you set them up quickly.
Set up pages, tags, and events in the Implementation dashboard. For in-depth information about implementing Optimizely X on your site, try our Optimizely Academy course, Implement Optimizely X.
1. Add Pages
Pages are URL templates that let you choose where campaigns and experiments run. They're reusable URL patterns that are always on. You'll use them to tell Optimizely where to deliver experiments, personalized experiences, and recommendations on your site.
What URLs will you use to run experiments and campaigns on your site: your homepage, all product detail pages, a checkout flow? Add pages based on the URL (or pattern of URLs) where you want to test or personalize an experience. Learn to set up a page.
Here's a quick walkthrough:
By default, experiments and campaigns activate immediately after the snippet loads. Sometimes, you may need to set experiments to activate based on the presence of an element on the page, an event, or your custom code. This can be especially helpful if you're using Angular, Backbone, Ember, or Knockout. Here's how set up pages that activate conditionally.
2. Add Events
You can think of events as the "verbs" of Optimizely X. They track the actions that people take on your site, such as clicks, pageviews, form submissions, and purchases. Learn to set up a click, pageview, or custom event.
Here's a quick video walkthrough of setting up an event.
Above, we use Simple Match to create a product detail page for the 5 Panel Camp Cap. To target all product pages, we'd enter the broader URL ( with Substring Match instead.
3. Add Tags
If events are "verbs" such as clicks and pageviews, then tags are "adjectives." They describe key parts of a page that visitors engage with, such as the type of product and what it costs.
If you're using Optimizely X Web Personalization, tags and events provide data-rich picture of your visitors' behavior. Use them together to create behaviorally targeted audiences. Add tags to collect the data that Optimizely uses to render recommendations. Learn to set up a tag.
Here's how to tag a Price element:
4. Add Audiences
Audiences are groups of visitors to whom you'll show an experiment or personalized experience. Do you know which visitor segments are important to your business? Set them up as audiences so you can target them or see how they perform in your results, compared to all visitors. Here's how to set up an audience.
In Personalization, you can also use pages, tags, and audiences together to create a behaviorally targeted audiences. For example, you can target a "Luxury Traveler" audience for visitors who purchased bags over $200 in the last 30 days, using the page, events, and tags above.
Once you've prepared Optimizely X for your site, check out our Optimizely X Web Experimentation and Personalization resource pages for next steps.


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Exemptions from property income tax
The sale of homes, commonhold properties and land are tax-exempt if they constitute the primary residence of the taxpayer. The primary residence (the focal point of life) is the home or commonhold property in which the seller has lived continuously for at least two years since it was acquired and up to the time of sale. The primary residence exemption also applies if the seller has lived in this house or this apartment as the "primary resident" continuously for at least five years within the last ten years prior to the sale (the "five out of ten rule").
In contrast to the producer exemption, the primary residence exemption also covers the land, for a surface area of up to 1 000 m2. The exemption for a five-year continuous primary residence also applies if the primary residence was rented out for the remaining period of time (up to five years).
As the "five out of ten rule" does not require that the property be the primary residence immediately prior to the sale, the exemption will continue to apply even if the taxpayer already gave up his/her primary residence prior to the sale. In principle, the seller him/herself must have been the owner of the property while it was being used as the primary residence. The primary residence exemption is thus generally not inheritable, meaning that a sale from an estate is liable for tax even if the deceased would have met the primary residence requirement. However, periods during which the seller resided in the property as a dependant but was not yet the owner count towards the "five out of ten rule", provided that he/she ultimately inherits the property or receives it as a gift. Therefore, if an inherited or gifted detached house or commonhold property is sold, what is decisive is whether the seller had lived there continuously for five years as his/her primary residence (even as a mere housemate of the person who later bequeathed or gifted the house or apartment). Furthermore, the seller must relinquish or (in the case of the five-year period) must have already relinquished the primary residence.
- A person divides his/her home into two residential units, sells one and retains the other as his/her primary residence. The primary residence exemption does not apply.
- A person's home has been his/her primary residence for more than five years, he/she sells that home and remains there as the primary tenant (for more than one year). The exemption is not granted.
- A person's commonhold property has been his/her primary residence for more than five years. He/she owns a second commonhold property that he/she rents out. Once the rental arrangement has ended, he/she moves into the previously rented apartment as primary resident and sells his/her former primary residence. The exemption is granted.
- A person inherits his/her parents' commonhold property in which he/she has not lived for more than five years and sells it.The sale is not exempt.
There is a tolerance period of 1 year, both as regards the establishment of the primary residence for the purpose of the exemption under the two-year rule and for relinquishing the primary residence in both cases.
Profit from the sale of a self-constructed building is also tax-exempt. In this case, however, the associated land is liable for tax (see in this regard the example under "Old buildings"), unless the primary residence exemption is also applicable (see note below). A self-constructed building is one where the taxpayer builds the building from scratch (that is to say "house construction" and not completion or renovation, even if comprehensive) and assumes the (financial) risk associated with construction. A building is also self-constructed if it was built by an appointed contractor but the owner had to assume the risk of any cost overruns. The seller him/herself must have constructed the building; self-constructed buildings built by the legal predecessor are thus not covered by the producer exemption.
An exception to the producer exemption applies if the building has served to generate income within the last ten years: if the building has been only partially used to generate income (partial rental of the house or commonhold property), only the non-rented part may be exempt from taxation, with the rented part not being eligible for the exemption.
If the primary residence exemption and the producer exemption both apply, the primary residence exemption takes priority. This is more favourable as it is only the building that is tax-exempt under the producer exemption, whereas the associated land is also exempt under the primary residence exemption, in principle.
Sales carried out in the course of or in order to prevent official intervention (expropriations) are tax-exempt.
Exchange transactions involving agricultural and forestry plots of land as part of amalgamation and land consolidation procedures and exchange transactions involving plots of land as part of land rationalisation procedures are tax-exempt.
In these cases, the information relating to the exchanged plots of land that is relevant for tax purposes must be carried forward.
Responsible for the content: Federal Ministry of Finance


text:
For reading up on some basics, see Chi-Square Independence Test - Quick Introduction.
Null Hypothesis for the Chi-Square Independence Test
A chi-square independence test evaluates if two categorical variables are associated in some population. We'll therefore try to refute the null hypothesis that
two categorical variables are (perfectly) independent in some population.
If this is true and we draw a sample from this population, then we may see some association between these variables in our sample. This is because samples tend to differ somewhat from the populations from which they're drawn.
However, a strong association between variables is unlikely to occur in a sample if the variables are independent in the entire population. If we do observe this anyway, we'll conclude that the variables probably aren't independent in our population after all. That is, we'll reject the null hypothesis of independence.
A sample of 183 students evaluated some course. Apart from their evaluations, we also have their genders and study majors. The data are in course_evaluation.sav, part of which is shown below.
We'd now like to know: is study major associated with gender? And -if sohow? Since study major and gender are nominal variables, we'll run a chi-square test to find out.
Assumptions Chi-Square Independence Test
Conclusions from a chi-square independence test can be trusted if two assumptions are met:
- independent observations. This usually -not alwaysholds if each case in SPSS holds a unique person or other statistical unit. Since this is that case for our data, we'll assume this has been met.
- For a 2 by 2 table, all expected frequencies > 5.If you've no idea what that means, you may consult Chi-Square Independence Test - Quick Introduction. For a larger table, no more than 20% of all cells may have an expected frequency < 5 and all expected frequencies > 1.
SPSS will test this assumption for us when we'll run our test. We'll get to it later.
Chi-Square Independence Test in SPSS
In SPSS, the chi-square independence test is part of the CROSSTABS procedure which we can run as shown below.
In the main dialog, we'll enter one variable into the sex has only 2 categories (male or female), using it as our column variable results in a table that's rather narrow and high. It will fit more easily into our final report than a wider table resulting from using major as our column variable. Anyway, both options yield identical test results.
Under we'll just select. Clicking results in the syntax below.
SPSS Chi-Square Independence Test Syntax
/TABLES=major BY sex
/COUNT ROUND CELL.
You can use this syntax if you like but I personally prefer a shorter version shown below. I simply type it into the Syntax Editor window, which for me is much faster than clicking through the menu. Both versions yield identical results.
crosstabs major by sex
Output Chi-Square Independence Test
First off, we take a quick look at the Case Processing Summary to see if any cases have been excluded due to missing values. That's not the case here. With other data, if many cases are excluded, we'd like to know why and if it makes sense.
Next, we inspect our contingency table. Note that its marginal frequencies -the frequencies reported in the margins of our tableshow the frequency distributions of either variable separately.
Both distributions look plausible and since there's no "no answer" categories, there's no need to specify any user missing values.
First off, our data meet the assumption of all expected frequencies > 5 that we mentioned earlier. Since this holds, we can rely on our significance test for which we use Pearson Chi-Square.
Right, we usually say that the association between two variables is statistically significant if Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) < 0.05 which is clearly the case here.
Significance is often referred to as "p", short for probability; it is the probability of observing our sample outcome if our variables are independent in the entire population. This probability is 0.000 in our case. Conclusion: we reject the null hypothesis that our variables are independent in the entire population.
Understanding the Association Between Variables
We conclude that our variables are associated but what does this association look like? Well, one way to find out is inspecting either column or row percentages. I'll compute them by adding a line to my syntax as shown below.
set tvars labels tnumbers labels.
*Crosstabs with frequencies and row percentages.
crosstabs major by sex
/cells count row
Adjusting Our Table
Since I'm not too happy with the format of my newly run table, I'll right-click it and select
We selectand then drag and drop right underneath "What's your gender?". We'll close the pivot table editor.
Roughly half of our sample if female. Within psychology, however, a whopping 87% is female. That is, females are highly overrepresented among psychology students. Like so, study major "says something" about gender: if I know somebody studies psychology, I know she's probably female.
The opposite pattern holds for economy students: some 80% of them are male. In short, our row percenages describe the association we established with our chi-square test.
We could quantify the strength of the association by adding Cramér's V to our test but we'll leave that for another day.
Reporting a Chi-Square Independence Test
We report the significance test with something like "an association between gender and study major was observed, χ2(4) = 54.50, p = 0.000. Further, I suggest including our final contingency table (with frequencies and row percentages) in the report as well as it gives a lot of insight into the nature of the association.
So that's about it for now. Thanks for reading!


text:
Erectile dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risks: facts and controversies
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual dysfunction, and shares many risk factors with systemic conditions including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). ED is considered to be an independent risk factor for CVD and can be a harbinger of future cardiovascular events. Given this relationship, each encounter for ED should be viewed by healthcare providers as an opportunity to screen for CVD and other comorbid conditions, including the MetS, that can significantly affect a man's overall health. While universally accepted screening guidelines are lacking, expert panels do recommend an approach to risk stratification in men with ED. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of the relationship between ED, the MetS, and CV risk, and how this impacts the approach to the patient presenting with ED.


text:
My social network data contain two large families: A and B. A and B are inner connected and also mutual connected. The organic style clearly shows the network structure. The color indicator tells the connection strength, which is quite useful.
However, is it possible to color A and B families with different color. Say, nodes belong to A are colored in blue, so there is a transition from light blue to dark blue according to the number of connections to A nodes. The same for B, but color those nodes in red.
Could you please suggest a way to realize my idea?


« · »
Problem 6.2: A brick falls on a nail
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
A 1.5-kg brick falls a given height onto a 15-gram spike as shown in the animation (position is given in meters and time is given in seconds). Restart.
 1. Determine the work done on the brick by the nail.
 2. Use your calculation in (a) to determine the average force exerted on the nail by the brick.
The OSP Network:
Open Source Physics - Tracker - EJS Modeling
Physlet Physics
Physlet Quantum Physics


text:
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010)|
The Rugby Football League Championship was the major professional competition organized by the Rugby Football League in Great Britain. In 1996 it was superseded by the Super League and the Rugby League National Leagues. Winning Super League is still regarded as winning the championship, hence for completeness this article includes championships from the Super League era.
The first season of rugby league (1895–96) saw all the breakaway clubs play in a single league competition. The addition of new teams and the problems of travelling led to the league being split in two for the following season; into the Yorkshire League and the Lancashire League. This arrangement lasted until the 1901-02 season, when the top clubs from each league resigned and formed a single new competition. The following season the remaining clubs in the Yorkshire and Lancashire Leagues were re-organized to form a second division.
In 1905-06 the two divisions were re-combined into a single competition. Clubs played all the teams in their own county on a home-and-away basis, results counting towards the re-formed Yorkshire and Lancashire Leagues. They also organized inter-county fixtures on an individual basis; all results were collated into a single table for the Championship. In order to even up the competition a top-four play-off series was used to determine the Championship.
Apart from the interventions of the World Wars, this system was retained until the 1962-63 season, when the league briefly returned to a two divisional system. This lasted only two years, and in the 1964-65 season they returned to one large division subdivided into county leagues. The play-off were expanded to the top 16 teams.
In the 1973-74 season they once again went back to two divisions. The play-off and the Yorkshire and Lancashire League were abandoned, and a new play-off type competition, the Premiership, was introduced.
|Season||Champions ||Titles||Decided by||Source|
|1896–01||Separate county leagues||N/A||N/A|
|1903–04||Bradford FC||1||League (play-off)|
|1915–19||No competition due to World War I||N/A||N/A|
|1922–23||Hull Kingston Rovers||1||Play-off|
|1924–25||Hull Kingston Rovers||2||Play-off|
|1939–45||War Emergency League during World War II||N/A||N/A|
|1978–79||Hull Kingston Rovers||3||League|
|1983–84||Hull Kingston Rovers||4||League|
|1984–85||Hull Kingston Rovers||5||League|
Note Bold donates club winning Challenge Cup in the same season; thus completing the Championship and Challenge Cup 'Double'.
As of the 2012 season, three of the fourteen clubs participating in the Super League have never won the Rugby Football League Championship or Super League, they are; Castleford Tigers, Catalans Dragons, London Broncos.
As of the 2012 season, twelve clubs not currently participating in the Super League have won the Rugby Football League Championship.
The five, of the twelve, clubs with pre-World War II (WWII) Rugby Football League Championship wins are; Batley (1), Bradford FC (now the Association football club Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C.) (1), Broughton Rangers (now defunct) (1), Hunslet (2), Manningham (now the Association football club Bradford City) (1).
The four, of the twelve, clubs with both Preand Post-WWII Rugby Football League Championship wins are; Halifax (4, i.e. 2 pre- & 2 post-WWII), Leigh (2, i.e. 1 pre- & 1 post-WWII), Oldham (4, i.e. 3 pre- & 1 post-WWII), Swinton (6, i.e. 4 pre- & 2 post-WWII).
Of these twelve former Rugby Football League Championship winning clubs, only four have ever participated in the Super League, they are; Halifax, Leigh, Oldham, Workington Town, all of whom have had Post-WWII wins.
Of these twelve former Rugby Football League Championship winning clubs, none have been granted Super League 2012 licences, and are therefore precluded from the Super League for the foreseeable future.
|1||Wigan||19||1908/09, 1921/22, 1925/26, 1933/34, 1945/46, 1946/47, 1949/50, 1951/52, 1959/60, 1986/87, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96, 1998, 2010|
|2||St. Helens||12||1931/32, 1952/53, 1958/59, 1965/66, 1969/70, 1970/71, 1974/75, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006|
|3||Leeds||9||1960/61, 1968/69, 1971/72, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012|
|4||Huddersfield||7||1911/12, 1912/13, 1914/15, 1928/29, 1929/30, 1948/49, 1961/62|
|5||Swinton||6||1926/27, 1927/28, 1930/31, 1934/35, 1962/63, 1963/64|
|6||Salford||6||1913/14, 1932/33, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1973/74, 1975/76|
|7||Hull||6||1919/20, 1920/21, 1935/36, 1955/56, 1957/58, 1982/83|
|8||Bradford Northern/Bulls||6||1979/80, 1980/81, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005|
|9||Hull KR||5||1922/23, 1924/25, 1978/79, 1983/84, 1984/85|
|10||Oldham||4||1904/05, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1956/57|
|11||Halifax||4||1902/03, 1906/07, 1964/65, 1985/86|
|12||Warrington||3||1947/48, 1953/54, 1954/55|
|13||Widnes||3||1977/78, 1987/88, 1988/89|
|15||Wakefield Trinity||2||1966/67, 1967/68|
Note. In the event of a tie, the team that won x amount of titles first is given preference.
In Rugby League, the term 'the Double' is referring to the achievement of a club that wins the Championship and Challenge Cup in the same season. To date, this has been achieved by nine different clubs.
|1||Wigan||6||1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95|
|2||St Helens||3||1965/66, 1996, 2006|
Note. In the event of a tie, the team that won x amount of 'Doubles' first is given preference.
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new versions of an existing contract to the Schema Registry prior to deploying the code.
Data Contract Fulfillment
Fulfillment is the implementation stage where entity and application events differ the most. Unlike entity events where raw CDC topics are transformed into contract topics, application events represent a contract in its entirety (no abstraction layer needed) and have a single topic per contract. Application events can therefore be emitted to topics via the transactional outbox or, in some cases, emitted directly to the topic itself (non-transactional).
Non-Transactional vs Transactional Fulfillment
While not strictly required, you'll almost definitely want to implement event publishing via the transactional outbox to give developers the option of ensuring data integrity for critical application events. Non-transactional events should be used for either high throughput Directional Data where a small amount of data loss is acceptable, or where there is no entity being updated (For example, if you don't persist user searches anywhere in your database there's no point in using transactional publishing to collect each search event). Transactional events should be used to publish Business Critical events that also coincide with an update to an entity, such as canceling an order.
One thing that's very important to understand - whether using non-transactional or transactional event publishing, the outcome is identical (an event gets written to a Kafka topic). You should view transactional publishing as an implementation detail - it's important to know when to use it, but at the end of the day you're still just publishing an event.
Both Avro and protobuf will generate code that you can use to construct an object for your event. Using the above OrderCanceledEvent proto, constructing an OrderCanceledEvent object would look like the following;
Fulfillment of non-transactional events is pretty straightforward - you simply publish the event directly to the public contract topic.
The transactional outbox pattern is implemented with the Debezium project used for CDC in the previous post. In this case, you'll have a separate Debezium connector instance from the existing CDC connector that's configured to route events from the 'outbox' table in your database to the correct topic. I'm not going to rehash the implementation of the transactional outbox pattern in this article, as the Debezium team has already written a great post that you can take a look at. In our example, because we're using protobuf, the payload column of the outbox table needs to store binary data.
The fulfillment of transactional events looks a bit different and is more nuanced. It's critical that developers understand how database transactions work, and how to use them correctly when using transactional publishing. In the below example, in a single transaction we update the order row to set the status to canceled, and also write a OrderCanceledEvent row to the outbox table, all within the same transaction. If the transaction is committed both the Order row's status is changed to canceled, and the OrderCanceledEvent gets published. If the transaction is rolled back, neither happens.
The above code is a step-by-step example of how to publish both transactional and non-transactional events. Realistically you'd want to abstract away those details, so you might end up with an interface like
In the second publish method, the Connection is used to create the prepared statement that inserts the row into the outbox table. It's the caller's responsibility to commit the transaction after calling the publish method.
Data Contract Monitoring
Like all software development, even with extensive testing bugs still slip through the cracks, and make it to production. The most difficult bugs to catch are often subtle changes in behavior that don't immediately cause alarms to fire and data is no different. There are simply some aspects of semantic enforcement that cannot be reliably enforced prior to deployment. You enforce what you can by explicitly implementing things like value constraints, or using statistical analysis during testing and staging environments, but at the end of the day you still need good monitoring to alert you to changes in the semantics of your data. Part 3 of this series will focus on this - enforcement and monitoring of data contract semantics.
Thanks for reading, and good luck on your journey towards implementing data contracts. Remember to subscribe for Part 3!


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Seco de los Olivos: Overview
Located in front of the coast of Almeria (southeast Spain), the Chella Bank (Seco de los Olivos in Spanish) is a seamount whose top is found at a depth of 80 metres. It is a set of elevations that houses a very rich biodiversity, including deep-sea coral reefs, cetaceans, sharks and lots of fish. Oceana is responsible for documenting this area as a partner of the LIFE+ INDEMARES project of the European Union, with the objective of turning it into a protected marine area within the Natura 2000 Network.
In the frame of this project, Oceana has obtained never before seen images of the bank with an underwater robot (ROV). As well as these videos, which reach 600 metres depth, the on board diaries which are identified with the logo LIFE+ INDEMARES illustrate the main findings of the 2010, 2011 and 2012 expeditions and also explain the threats presented by aggressive fishing and rubbish.
Oceana first documented Chella Bank in 2006 and the following year found in these waters the first carnivorous sponge observed in Spain. All the details put together up to now demonstrate that this site in the Alboran sea is an ecologically important area within the Mediterranean and it is necessary to protect it.


ASBAssociated Student Body (ASB)
The purpose of the Associated Student Body (or ASB as it is known on campus) is to promote the welfare of the school, to encourage loyalty and school spirit, and develop leadership. Every student is a member of the association. Your ASB cabinet includes a President, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer, 6th, 7th, and 8th grade representatives.
Pershing's ASB plans all aspects of various school activities. They also learn basic parliamentary procedure and group dynamics. The qualities of leadership and school service are studied and strongly developed. ASB meets after school. Mrs. Robe is the advisor for this activity.


GNU Radio Manual and C++ API Reference
The Free & Open Software Radio Ecosystem
QT Graphical User Interface
This is the gr-qtgui package. It contains various QT-based graphical user interface blocks that add graphical sinks to a GNU Radio flowgraph. The Python namespaces is in gnuradio.qtgui, which would be normally imported as:
from gnuradio import qtgui
See the Doxygen documentation for details about the blocks available in this package. The relevant blocks are listed in the QT Graphical Interfaces group.
A quick listing of the details can be found in Python after importing by using:
There are a number of available QTGUI blocks for different plotting purposes. These include:
The time domain, frequency domain, and waterfall have both a complex and a floating point block. The constellation plot only makes sense with complex inputs. The time raster plots accept bits and floats.
Because the time raster plots are designed to show structure over time in a signal, frame, packet, etc., they never drop samples. This is a
fairly taxing job and performance can be an issue. Since it is expected that this block will work on a frame or packet structure, we tend to be at the lowest possible rate at this point, so that will help. Expect performance issues at high data rates.
Note: There seem to be extra performance issue with the raster plotters in QWT version 5 that were fixed with QWT version 6. As such, the time raster plots have incredibly poor performance with QWT5 to the point of almost being unusable. In the future, we may restrict compilation and installation of these plots only if QWT6 or higher is discovered. For now, just be aware of this limitation.
Drop-Down Menu and Interacting with Plots
All QTGUI sinks have interactive capabilities.
 - Zooming is done simply by clicking the left mouse button and dragging a rectangle around the area to zoom.
 - Zooming can be done in multiple steps.
 - A right mouse click will zoom out one step.
 - Ctrl+Right mouse click will zoom all the way out.
 - Ctrl+Middle mouse click and hold can drag the canvas around.
 - Mouse wheel up/down will zoom out/in on y axis (both axes in constellation plot).
 - Middle mouse button brings up a context menu.
Each type of graph has a different set of menu items in the context menu. Most have some way to change the appearance of the lines or surfaces, such as changing the line width color, marker, and transparency. Other common features can set the sampling rate, turn a grid on an off, pause and unpause (stop/start) the display update, and save the current figure. Specific feature are things like setting the number of points to display, setting the FFT size, FFT window, and any FFT averaging.
Triggering Menu for Time Plots
The time plots have triggering capabilities. Triggering can happen when the signal of a specific channel crosses (positive or negative slope) a certain level threshold. Or triggering can be done off a specific stream tag such that whenever a tag of a given key is found, the scope will trigger.
In the signal level mode, the trigger can be either 'auto' or 'normal' where the latter will only trigger when the even is seen. The 'auto' mode will trigger on the event or every so often even if no trigger is found. The 'free' mode ignores ignores triggering and continuously plots.
By default, the triggers plot the triggering event at the x=0 (i.e., the left-most point in the plot). A delay can be set to delay the signal along the x-axis to observe any signal before the triggering event. The delay feature works the same for both level and tag triggers. The delay is set according to time in seconds, not samples. So the delay can be calculated as the number of samples divided by the sample rate given to the block.
All trigger settings (mode, slope, level, delay, channel, and tag key) are settable in the GRC properties boxes to easily set up a repeatable environment.
A note on the trigger delay setting. This value is limited by the buffer size and/or the number of points being display. It is capped by the minimum of these two values. The buffer size issue is generally only a problem when plotting a large number of samples. However, if the delay is set large to begin with (in the GRC properties box or before top_block.start() is called), then the buffers are resized accordingly offering more freedom. This should be a problem in a limited number of scenarios, but a log INFO level message is produced when asking for the delay outside of the available range.
The QT GUI blocks require the following dependencies.
 - QtCore (version >= 4.4)
 - QtGui (version >= 4.4)
 - QtOpenGL (version >= 4.4)
 - PyQt4 for Qt4 (version >= 4.4)
 - Qwt (version >= 5.2)
To use the qtgui interface, a bit of boiler-plate lines must be included. First, the sink is defined, then it must be exposed from C++ into Python using the "sip.wrapinstance" command, and finally, the "show" method is run on the new Python object. This sets up the QT environment to show the widget, but the qApplication must also be launched.
In the "main" function of the code, the qApp is retrieved. Then, after the GNU Radio top block is started (remember that start() is a non-blocking call to launch the main thread of the flowgraph), the qapp's "exec_()" function is called. This function is a blocking call while the GUI is alive.
from PyQt4 import Qt
from gnuradio import qtgui
import sys, sip
class grclass(gr.top_block):
self.snk = qtgui.sink_c(1024, _TAG_
samp_rate, _TAG_
"QT GUI Plot") _TAG_
self.snk_win = sip.wrapinstance(self.snk.pyqwidget(), Qt.QWidget)
def main():
qapp = Qt.QApplication(sys.argv)
tb = grclass()
There are graphical controls in all but the combined plotting tools. In the margins of the GUIs (that is, not on the canvas showing the signal itself), right-clicking the mouse will pull up a drop-down menu that will allow you to change difference parameters of the plots. These include things like the look of the lines (width, color, style, markers, etc.), the ability to start and stop the display, the ability to save to a file, and other plot-specific controls (FFT size for the frequency and waterfall plots, etc.).
There is currently a single configuration option in the preferences files to set the rendering engine of the QTGUI sinks. Located in etc/gnuradio/conf.d/gr-qtgui.conf:
style = raster
The available styles are:
 - opengl: the fastest but not likely to always work
 - raster: fast and stable; terrible X forwarding performance
 - native: most compute intensive; very good over X
We default this setting to raster for the mix of performance and usability. When using QTGUI sinks through an X-forwarding session over SSH, switch to using 'native' for a significant speed boost on the remote end.
We can also set a QT Style Sheet (QSS) file to adjust the look of our plotting tools. Set the 'qss' option of the 'qtgui' section in our configuration file to a QSS file. An example QSS file is distributed with the QTGUI examples found in share/gnuradio/examples/qt-gui/dark.qss.


Animal Abuse and Its Link to Criminal Behaviors
By Kuljit Kaur
Staff Writer | Pacific Times
What does it feel like to be caged in a box and have someone shooting arrows through the cage? What does it feel like to be starved and beaten? What does it feel like to be left alone in the world without any assistance?
When someone tortures an animal and commit acts of animal cruelty, these are the conditions animals have to go through. But who can be responsible for such behaviors? The most common answer would be adults, however that is not entirely true. Studies have shown that children at young ages also can commit acts of animal cruelty that can put them at high risk of becoming criminals. How does abusing animals from a young age relate to criminal acts?
For my senior project, I have decided to impact the issue of animal abuse and its links to the violent tendencies in children. Abusing animals from a young age fosters a mentality of violence in children which then leads children to engage in acts of domestic violence as adults.
According to the article, Childhood Animal Abuse and Violent Criminal Behavior: A Brief Review of the Literature explains, "FBI criminal profiler, John Douglas, writes in The Mind Hunter that serial offenders' earliest acts of violence are often the torture and/or killing of pets or wildlife, then brutalizing younger siblings, and then finally engaging in domestic violence or street crime" (McDonald 2). This data shows that abusing animals from a young age has gradually led to violent acts and criminal activities. "The majority of exposure occurred between 6 and 12 years of age" (3) and children begin to develop a mindset that torture and violence are accepted actions. Many violent offenders and serial killers have engaged in acts of violence towards an animal at young ages.
For example, serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer had impaled dogs' heads, frogs and cats on sticks, and Albert DeSalvo, the "Boston Strangler" who killed 13 women, trapped dogs and cats in orange crates and shot arrows through the boxes in his youth. Solidifying the fact that not having the resources to prevent these offenders at a young age or documenting them allowed these offenders to become domestic criminals in the society.
According to the The Humane Society of the United States, "Of 36 convicted multiple murderers questioned in one study, 46% admitted committing acts of animal torture as adolescents. And of seven school shootings that took place across the country between 1997 and 2001, all involved boys who had previously committed acts of animal cruelty" (n.p. paragraph 2).
Coming across this data opened my eyes in the sense that children are at risk of becoming criminals if their actions of violence persist. In an attempt to change this flow of events, I wrote a bill consideration form that details a documentation system for children factoring violent tendencies and providing them with the appropriate assistance.
In this way, children can be tracked and given proper care to prevent a mentality of violence to develop and grow overtime. Currently, the bill has been put into consideration for next year and I request that before coming to any conclusions regarding the bill that the facts and details of this issue are thoroughly examined. For more information please contact Kuljit Kaur at
Speak Your Mind


Oncolyzer Mobile App
The Oncolyzer project is an interdisciplinary cooperation with Charité — Universitätsmedizin Berlin and SAP started in 2011. It combines individual competences in software engineering, IT systems, and medicine and defines a major key in our strategy to provide real-time data analysis cloud services for clinicians and researchers. The objective of the Oncolyzer project is to improve the treatment process of patients suffering from cancer diseases by leveraging optimized IT-aided software components for clinicians and researchers. As a result, doctors are enabled to select best available cancer therapies much faster by having all relevant information at hand.
The 'heart' of this innovation builds the in-memory computing platform, which supports the combined processing of structured and unstructured medical data in real-time. Thus, it is enables the integration of heterogeneous data sources within the clinical environment without the need for long-running and complex Extract Transform Load (ETL) processes to unify data. The organizational changes in the healthcare sector require increasing support by proper IT-aided tools and processes. Data needs to be instantaneously available at any location a doctor requires the data — even worldwide. The immense increase of knowledge about cancer requires the detailed analysis of biological and genetic details acquired during diagnosis of cancer cells to address only harmful cells as the target of future treatments while keeping side effects at a minimum. Until recently, common therapies that were not individually targeted were applied during the treatment of cancer. Meanwhile, treatments for specific genetic mutations are available, which enable treatment of cancer based on individual genetic dispositions. Nowadays, data processing and analysis becomes a time-consuming challenge due to improved and more detailed diagnostic approaches, such as next-generation sequencing of tumor DNA.
In the near future, the tumor's DNA of all cancer patients will be sequenced to support individualized patient-specific cancer therapies, which result in diagnostic medical data in amount of multiple terabytes. The analysis of these data required optimized software tools that enable graphical exploration of data, their real-time analysis, and the identification of therapy-relevant details to support clinical decision taking.
Features of the Hana Oncolyzer iPad Application
The Oncolyzer iPad application provides clinicians and researchers access to relevant patient data while in the secured network of the clinic's campus. The in-memory technology builds the backend of the application performing relevant data processing and analyses. Selected features of the Oncolyzer application are described in the following.
Combined Search in Structured and Unstructured Data
Oncolyzer: Search in structured and unstructured data medical data
Oncolyzer: Search in structured and unstructured data medical data
The Oncolyzer combines data from various data sources — structured and unstructured.
Structured data are, for example, biopsy results, size of tumor or tissue regions, blood concentration, etc. They are stored in a relational database format and can be accessed via defined attributes. Unstructured data are, for example, text documents, diagnosis, notes, etc. They are stored in text file and they neither consist of a predefined structure nor use standardized text paragraphs. As a result, unstructured data has the following drawback: typos, usage of pseudonyms, abbreviations, etc. However, the majority of clinical medical data is unstructured. Thus, it is important to analyze them in a systematic way and to extract relevant details in real-time. Further details about combined processing of structured and unstructured data can be found on the corresponding feature page.
Visualization of Patient Details for Personalized Medicine
Oncolyzer: Summary of patient's anamnesis
Oncolyzer: Summary of patient's anamnesis
All patient related information need to be available for decision taking by medical doctors. Individual specifics of patients need to be analyzed and evaluated to for personalized medicine. The Oncolyzer combines current as well as historic data of a selected patient on a single screen and performs automatically analysis of the available data, e.g. to highlight patient specifics compared to patients with similar diagnosis or anamnesis. Thus, characteristics and important differences are highlighted, i.e. medical doctors can use these additional information as indicator assessment of the individual reason for the disease and impact of the selected treatment. All information are visualized on an interactive time line, which enables clinicians to move back and forward through the patient's anamnesis while having access to all relevant data with a single click.
Analytical Exploration of Patient Cohorts
Oncolyzer: Real-time analysis of individual patient cohorts using freely definable criteria
Analysis data of all patients or a patient cohort is a time-consuming and often manual task. The Oncolyzer app enables analysis of patient data on mobile devices, i.e. there is no longer a need for a desktop PC to perform the analysis. Furthermore, freely definable filters can be applied to explore patient details. Thus, the Oncolyzer app enables identification of individual patients, e.g. for participation in specific clinical studies to provide individualized treatment. The use of always up-to-date data bridges information gaps and supports fast analysis and evaluation of patient cohorts. Further details about analysis of patient cohorts can be found in the corresponding app description.
You might also be interested in
The following links provide additional content-related information.


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Joke Telling Social Story and Speech Tool on How to Tell Jokes
This app includes a social story about how and why people tell jokes, and a simple visual/audio support for telling knock knock jokes. The story focuses on why it's important to tell people jokes, why a joke is funny, and how you tell a joke.
The app opens up to a menu that lets the user choose to either read the story or go to the "jokes" page. The social story describes why someone tells a joke, how to tell a joke and what makes a joke funny. The "jokes" page opens up with a door. The user "knocks" or taps on the door twice to start the joke. There are 9 fun and funny jokes to tell with great illustrations.
Telling jokes is an important developmental skill that allows children to improve communication while connecting socially with others. Humor is especially important for children with autism because studies have shown they often exhibit delays in relating to their peers, in standard cultural conventions and in understanding the emotional states and intentions of others.
Humor is a huge part of cognitive and social development, and children with autism tell significantly fewer jokes than their typical peers. The skills necessary for joke telling, such as language skills and the ability to connect with others are often found to be lacking in people with autism.
Typical children usually develop an understanding of humor and joke telling without direct instruction from adults. This makes it is easy to forget that this may not be the case for everyone. Certain individuals, particularly those with social or communication delays, like someone diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, may need more direct instruction in this important skill.
Not being able to understand humor, or inspire laughter in others can negatively affect the development of relationships, and of cultural participation. With children with autism, this could lead to a further deterioration of social skills and interpersonal relationships
Studies have found that interventions aimed toward children diagnosed with autism that use jokes or teach humor and laughter can improve social skills and relationships with peers. The jokes that are learned in this app can be used to inspire laughter and friendship in any social situation.
Teaching social skills such as joke telling and humor to any child may be easier and less stressful when visual supports, like social stories are used.
Social stories are an important type of visual support often used with children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome or other special need. This social story uses simple text and descriptive pictures to describe why and how you tell a joke.
Social stories were first defined by Carol Gray in 1991 and are commonly used to break down a task or social situation into small and easy to understand steps, often accompanied by descriptive pictures. Social stories are easy to implement and are used by many professionals for a wide range of behaviors and skills.
We know how limited resorces can be. To help support classrooms we offer free apps to educators.
Give us your name, school and work email and we'll send you Joke Telling Social Story and Speech Tool on How to Tell Jokes for free.
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