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sd_bus_message_append_array, sd_bus_message_append_array_memfd, sd_bus_message_append_array_iovec, sd_bus_message_append_array_space - Append an array of fields to a D-Bus message
int sd_bus_message_append_array(sd_bus_message *m, char type, void *ptr, size_t size);
int sd_bus_message_append_array_memfd(sd_bus_message *m, char type, int memfd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size);
int sd_bus_message_append_array_iovec(sd_bus_message *m, char type, const struct iovec *iov, unsigned n);
int sd_bus_message_append_array_space(sd_bus_message *m, char type, size_t size, void **ptr);
The sd_bus_message_append_array() function appends an array to a D-Bus message m. A container will be opened, the array contents appended, and the container closed. The parameter type determines how the pointer p is interpreted. type must be one of the "trivial" types "y", "n", "q", "i", "u", "x", "t", "d" (but not "b"), as defined by the Basic Types section of the D-Bus specification, and listed in sd_bus_message_append_basic(3). Pointer p must point to an array of size size bytes containing items of the respective type. Size size must be a multiple of the size of the type type. As a special case, p may be NULL, if size is 0. The memory pointed to by p is copied into the memory area containing the message and stays in possession of the caller. The caller may hence freely change the data after this call without affecting the message the array was appended to.
The sd_bus_message_append_array_memfd() function appends an array of a trivial type to message m, similar to sd_bus_message_append_array(). The contents of the memory file descriptor memfd starting at the specified offset and of the specified size is used as the contents of the array. The offset and size must be a multiple of the size of the type type. However, as a special exception, if the offset is specified as zero and the size specified as UINT64_MAX the full memory file descriptor contents is used. The memory file descriptor is sealed by this call if it has not been sealed yet, and cannot be modified after this call. See memfd_create(2) for details about memory file descriptors. Appending arrays with memory file descriptors enables efficient zero-copy data transfer, as the memory file descriptor may be passed as-is to the destination, without copying the memory in it to the destination process. Not all protocol transports support passing memory file descriptors between participants, in which case this call will automatically fall back to copying. Also, as memory file descriptor passing is inefficient for smaller amounts of data, copying might still be enforced even where memory file descriptor passing is supported.
The sd_bus_message_append_array_iovec() function appends an array of a trivial type to the message m, similar to sd_bus_message_append_array(). Contents of the I/O vector array iov are used as the contents of the array. The total size of iov payload (the sum of iov_len fields) must be a multiple of the size of the type type. The iov argument must point to n I/O vector structures. Each structure may have the iov_base field set, in which case the memory pointed to will be copied into the message, or unset (set to zero), in which case a block of zeros of length iov_len bytes will be inserted. The memory pointed at by iov may be changed after this call.
The sd_bus_message_append_array_space() function appends space for an array of a trivial type to message m. It behaves the same as sd_bus_message_append_array(), but instead of copying items to the message, it returns a pointer to the destination area to the caller in pointer p. The caller should subsequently write the array contents to this memory. Modifications to the memory pointed to should only occur until the next operation on the bus message is invoked. Most importantly, the memory should not be altered anymore when another field has been added to the message or the message has been sealed.
On success, these calls return 0 or a positive integer. On failure, they return a negative errno-style error code.
Returned errors may indicate the following problems:
These APIs are implemented as a shared library, which can be compiled and linked to with the libsystemd pkg-config(1) file.
- Basic Types
- The D-Bus specification


. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 91:1) explains that one should wear a nicer belt, which he calls an eizor, when davening. This is the source for those who put on a gartel, a special belt, prior to davening. The Magen Avraham qualifies this ruling of the Shulchan Aruch, contending that one who does not usually wear a belt is not required to put one on in order to daven. Someone who usually wears a belt as part of his clothing is required to have his belt on and closed when he davens. The Mishnah Berurah (91:4) cites the approach of the Magen Avraham as the normative halacha, but he adds that it is, nevertheless, considered exemplary conduct to put on a belt when davening, even if someone does not usually wear one.
Head covering
Is one required to wear a hat when davening?
The Rambam (Hilchos Tefillah 5:5), followed by the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 91:5), mention that Torah scholars and their disciples should have a full head covering when they daven. To quote the Rambam: "All chachamim and their disciples are careful not to pray without their head atufim," a word meaning that their heads are covered in a respectful way. The Aruch Hashulchan (Orach Chayim 91:6) writes that, in his country, one may not daven without a hat, since no one walked in the street without one. It would seem that he would agree that in a place where it is common for people to walk in the street without a hat that one may daven wearing only a yarmulke or similar head covering.
Thus, we have a general direction for appropriate davening attire. One should dress as one would be attired when meeting someone prominent. If times are peaceful, one should even consider "dressing up" for the davening; but when times aredifficult, one should dress appropriately, but not fancily. At this point, let us examine some specific halachic questions about proper attire.
Based on halachic sources, the rishonim discuss whether one may daven barefoot. Their conclusion is that one may not pray barefoot, except on Tisha B'Av and Yom Kippur (Tosafos, Shabbos op. cit.). The Bach adds that people should not daven wearing footwear that leaves their ankles exposed. One could argue that this depends on what is considered appropriate footwear in the place where you are living. This is based on a statement of the Aruch Hashulchan that if people do not wear respectable footgear, or walk barefoot in the place where you are, you are not required to don nice footgear in order to daven, but one should still not daven barefoot, even when that is common in your location (Aruch Hashulchan, Orach Chayim 91:5).
Work Clothes
May one daven midday and midweek in the rough clothes required for the work that one does to earn a living?
Rav Shlomoh Zalman Auerbach discusses a person who works wearing shorts or other garments that one would not wear when visiting a respected individual. He rules that one should not daven this way (Halichos Shlomoh, Tefillah 2:15).
One can actually find a Talmudic source for this ruling. In a different context, the Gemara (Shabbos 114a) states that one should not serve one's master his meal while wearing the same clothes used while cooking his meals. The clothes used to cook are presumably food-stained and sweaty; a respected master expects to be served by a waiter or servant wearing clean and smart-looking clothes.
Pajamas and robes
May one daven wearing pajamas, bathrobes or similar attire?
Since it is inappropriate to appear in front of respected people wearing pajamas, one should not daven that way either. I note that in one contemporary source, I saw that he ruled that someone who is ill may daven wearing pajamas (Tefillah Kehilchasah Chapter 7, footnote 78). Personally, I would suggest putting on nicer clothing on top of the pajamas in order to daven, if not too ill or weak to do so.
As far as davening while wearing a robe, it would appear that this depends on the type of robe in question. If it is a bathrobe that you would only wear in the house, you should not daven attired this way (Aruch Hashulchan, Orach Chayim 91:6). However, I see no problem davening while wearing a smoking jacket or a fancy robe.
Short sleeves
Is a man permitted to daven wearing a short-sleeved shirt and no jacket over it?
I was once asked this question, when I was on a visit to the Miami area. I answered that this depends on whether an attorney would enter a courtroom dressed this way. At the time, I was told that in Dade County (where Miami is located), it is acceptable for an attorney to represent a client in court without wearing a jacket.
Subsequently, I found that this question is disputed by some late authorities. Rav Ovadyah Hadaya, in his Shu"t Yaskil Avdi, ruled that one may not daven wearing short sleeves, since this is not considered a respectable way to dress when meeting dignitaries. However, Rav Ovadya Yosef disagreed, ruling that one may daven this way (Shu"t Yechaveh Daas 4:8).
Winter clothes
May one daven wearing winter clothes, which you would not usually wear in the presence of a respected person?
One may wear these garments when it is cold, since one would greet a respected person outdoors dressed this way (see Halichos Shlomoh, Tefillah 2:18).
May one daven wearing gloves?
The Bach writes that one should not daven while wearing gloves. However, Rav Shlomoh Zalman Auerbach explained that the Bach was referring to work gloves, since one would not greet a respected person without taking them off. If it is cold where you are, you may daven wearing winter gloves, since you would also greet a respected person this way (see Mishnah Berurah 91:12 and Halichos Shlomoh, Tefillah 2:18, ftn 29).
Is a man required to wear a necktie when he davens?
According to what we have seen, the rule is that the attire for davening should be the way people dress in your location when visiting a respected individual. If, in your place, this would not be done without wearing a necktie, one should wear one when davening. If this is not expected where you are, it is not required.
Dirty clothes
There are also early sources that imply that one's clothes must be reasonably clean when one davens (Darchei Moshe, Orach Chayim 53:10; Rema, Orach Chayim 53:25). This is certainly a problem if the clothes have an objectionable odor.
One of the examples mentioned by the early halachic authorities is an interesting situation. In a certain town, the chazzan, who apparently led services during the week as well as on Shabbos, also worked as the town shocheit, a very common practice in earlier times. (There is even a term used for this position, a shovshatz, which stands for shocheit ubodeik, sheliach tzibur, referring to all the roles in which this individual served the community.)
In this particular town, the shocheit apparently had the habit of showing up to mincha and maariv wearing the same clothes he had worn to shecht earlier that day. The people complained both about the physical appearance of his clothing and the odor that emanated from them. The Kolbo, a rishon, ruled that the shovshatz should be advised to change his clothes to cleaner ones before he arrives in shul to lead the services. If, after being warned to do so, he ignores the admonition, this provides grounds for dismissal (quoted in Darchei Moshe, Orach Chayim 53:10).
Wearing clothes respectfully
Not only should one wear respectable clothes when davening, but one should be careful to wear them in the proper way. For example, Rav Shlomoh Zalman Auerbach rules that someone should not daven with a jacket draped over his shoulders, since one does not speak to prominent people attired in that fashion (Halichos Shlomoh, Tefillah 2:15).
Hands over heart
Proper davening requires more than just proper clothing. When the Rambam (Hilchos Tefillah 5:4) discusses these laws, he adds the following: "He should place his hands folded right over left on top of his heart and stand like a servant in front of his master in awe, fear and trepidation. He certainly should not place his hands on his hips because this appears haughty." While davening, one should cast his eyes downward and think of the Might of Hashem and the lowliness of man. One should think: "How can I, poor and despised, come to approach the King of


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Previous Article: Doubly Linked List Next Article: Deletion of a Node from Doubly Linked List.
Insertion of a NodeBefore we discuss about how to insert a NODE let us discuss few rules to follow at the time of insertion.
- Check the location into which the user want to insert a new NODE. The possible locations where an user can insert a new node is in the range of 1 <= loc <= (length of list)+1. Let us say the length of the list is 10 & the user want to insert at location 12 (sounds stupid).
- As we know we can traverse Bi-Directional in case of Doubly Linked Lists so we have to take care of PREV and NEXT variables in the NODE structure. We should also update the neighboring Nodes which are affected by this operation. If not we might break up the List somewhere or the other by creating a BROKEN LIST.
We have following scenarios in the case of insertion of a NODE.
- Adding a Node at the start of the Empty List
|Figure 1: Empty List and the newNode we want to add|
- In HEAD - FIRST variable points to newNode (head->FIRST = newNode).
- In newNode - NEXT and PREV points to NULL as we don't have any other Nodes in the List.
- Increment the LENGTH variable in HEAD once insertion is successful to maintain the count of number of Nodes in the List.
HEAD->FIRST = newNode newNode->PREV = NULL newNode->NEXT = NULL increment(HEAD->LENGTH)
|Figure 2: After adding newNode in Empty List. (Changes in BLUE)|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Porosity is the ability of the hair to absorb water and other matter (like chemicals).
In the post 'Balancing Moisture & Protein', i gave a brief summery of what hair is. The outer layer of the hair, the Cuticle, is made up of several layers of interlocking scales and is responsible for how porous the hair is.
Different Degrees of Porosity
Low or poor porosity is characterised by very tightly closed cuticles and is generally considered healthy as all or most of the cuticle layer is intact. It doesn't easily absorb water and resists the penetration of chemical treatments.
Normal Porosity is hair that is able to absorb water well but resists permitting too much water to penetrate. This is considered the best porosity to have. Again, all or most of the cuticle layer is in tact and lies down flatly. Hair with normal porosity can hold styles well and receives chemical processing well. Although chemical processes can change the porosity of the hair from average to high.
Highly porous hair is hair that has sustained cuticle damage with lifted, missing, cracked or chipped cuticles. It absorbs significantly higher amounts of water then normal or low porosity hair (up to 55%, in contrast with 31.1% for healthy hair) and is not capable of holding onto that water as the damaged cuticles allow water out just as fast. This type of hair never feels properly moisturised even with constant moisturising. When hair is fully soaked in water, the weight of the excessively absorbed water can lead to significant breakage due to loss of elasticity. Highly porous hair easily accepts chemical treatments such as dyes, but wont hold onto the colour for very long and is easily over processed as it takes significantly less time than low or average porosity types to receive the chemicals. Highly porous hair doesn't hold onto styles as well as normal or low porosity types.
Uneven porosity is a combination of low or average porosity and high porosity and is common in long hair. The longer your hair is, the older it is and the more it has been exposed to mechanical, chemical, environmental and heat damage. Uneven porosity has spotty issues where some parts of your hair hold onto moisture well and some parts (such as the ends) do not.
What Causes Highly Porous Hair?
Genetics does have a part to play with how porous the hair is. Naturally curly hair is more porous than straight hair by nature. Every kink and bend along the shaft where the hair naturally curls or kinks stops the cuticles from lying down flatly and so the cuticles remain slightly raised along these points. The curlier or kinkier your hair is the more porous it is. Other determining factors are mechanical damage caused by rough handling, dry combing/brushing, friction caused by towel drying, scarfs, hair bands and hats, chemicals such as permanent dyes, relaxers, texturisers and perms, heat damage from tools such as blow-dryers, flat irons and curling tongs as well as over exposure to environmental factors such as UV rays and harsh winds. Strong sulfate shampoos, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, are capable of dissolving the fatty acid layer beneath the cuticle (called the Cell Membrane Complex or CMC, the 'cement' that keeps the cuticles in place), which can lead to irreparable gaps in the cuticle layer. Natural soaps, being very alkaline in nature, causes the hair to swell and the cuticle to lift up away from the surface of the hair shaft, penetrating through the cuticle and into the CMC where it can bind with the fatty acid layer and rinse it away, again causing gaps within the cuticles. All these different factors can permanently alter, raise and/or damage the cuticle layer causing highly porous hair.
It is best test for porosity on freshly cleaned and dried hair.
Test One – The Finger Touch Test
Gently hold a few strands of hair with one hand. With the other, run your fingers up the length of your hair, from tip to root. If your hair feels rough with lots of little ridges or bumps (excluding the bumps that are naturally created by the bends in the shaft where the hair curls) then your cuticles are not lying flatly and your hair is porous.
There are some who argue that the first test is not at all effective at determining porosity as the cuticle layers are so microscopically tiny that you can't possibly feel whether they are raised or not unless the hair has sustained significant damage.
Test Two – The Water Test
Take some shed hair (or pull out a strand of freshly washed and dried hair), a stop watch and a tall glass of water. Drop the hair into the glass and wait for one minute. After the minute has passed check to see whether your hair is floating or has sunk. If your hair is floating ON TOP of the water, than you have low/poor porosity. If your hair is floating JUST UNDER the water, your hair has average porosity. If your hair has SUNK to the bottom of the cup then your hair is highly porous. If part of your hair is FLOATING and part of it is SINKING, you have spotty porosity issues.
Healthy hair should not sink at all or only sink slightly (in one minute that is). The rate that the hair sinks is an indication of how quickly it absorbs (and will lose) moisture. The faster the moisture is absorbed into the hair, the more porous it is. Hair should naturally absorb moisture at a slow pace and should be capable of holding it for long periods of time. If hair absorbs enough moisture within one minute to cause it to sink in water, it is absorbing too fast and indicates high porosity.
Correcting Porosity Issues
After you have determined whether your hair has low, average or high porosity you may be wandering how to correct any issues. Here are some suggestions
If you find your hair does not absorb water well than you need to focus on moisture rich products more than protein. Deep conditioning WITH HEAT (a hooded dryer) is highly recommended. The heat will cause the cuticles to open and will allow the much needed moisture to enter into the cortex.
Highly porous hair can be treated in two ways depending on the type of damage caused to the cuticle.
Lifted Cuticles – PH
If your hair is highly porous and you don't necessarily use chemicals or heat and are generally quite gentle with your strands then it is possible that the cuticles are raised. Rebalancing your hair's pH may be all that is required to help return your porosity level to normal. Acidic rinses such as Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) rinses are an effective way of bringing the pH of your hair back down to optimal levels, thus closing your cuticles and correcting high porosity. For more on pH and hair click HERE.
Damaged Cuticles – Protein
If your hair is highly porous and you regularly use heat and/or chemicals, brush or comb your hair very roughly and/or without slippery products such as conditioner or you have tried correcting your porosity with pH and it hasn't really helped, then you have sustained cuticle damage. You may have missing, cracked or chipped cuticles. You cannot permanently repair damaged hair but you can patch it up temporarily with protein treatments. Protein helps to reinforce the hairs structure and can help fill in the gaps where the cuticles are chipped or missing. This creates a complete layer over your cortex that can resist moisture loss, keeping the hair moisturised for longer and will help to correct high porosity. Again heat can and should be used to help create stronger bonds between the protein and your hair so that the protein is not simply washed down the drain but actually remains on your hair after rinsing.
Uneven porosity can be corrected by either or both of the suggestion listed above. Using pH and protein will help fill in or flatten the cuticles in those places that are causing the spotty porosity problems. Product layering can also be very effective where the porosity issues are uneven, such as at the ends. If you have dry ends, then layering more moisture and oil/butter on the ends will help to create a thicker barrier where your hair is most susceptible to moisture loss and will help your hair retain moisture evenly.
The Best Treatment of All
I'm sure you know what i'm about to say. Prevention is better then cure! Reducing those things can cause the hair to sustain damage is the best 'treatment' we could possibly administer.
- Treat your hair gently.
- Detangle only when your hair is loaded with conditioner to reduce damage caused by friction
- Avoid chemical treatments as much as possible
- Avoid the overuse of heat styling tools
- Avoid harsh sulfate shampoos and alkaline soaps
This brings us to the end of the 'Getting To Know Your Hair Series'. I hope you've enjoyed learning about the different things that can affect the hair and what it takes to keep it healthy. Knowledge is the best tool in any successful hair journey!
If you have any comments, suggestions or questions regarding anything we've discussed in this series, feel free to leave them in the comment boxes or email me at _EMAIL_.


Meet The Brave Benin Warlord Who Fought And Killed Several British Soldiers During Invasion 1897
In Benin City, the Edo State capital in Nigeria, you would notice a particular statue of a man standing tall round the city centre with a bow and arrow and dead soldiers beneath him. Many have wondered who is the man and why that statue was erected in his honor. The purpose of this article is to bring to light who this brave man is.
He is no other than General Asoro of Benin Kingdom. He is one of the most historical figures in Benin history. He was a Benin warlord, who lead other members of the Benin royal army in resisting the British invaders from entering Benin city during what is new termed "invasion 1897".
Bronze sculpture of General Asoro
According to Benin Legend, Asoro held his ground on Ring Road, where he was reported to have said the now famous statement "So Kpon Oba" which translates to mean "no other person dare pass this road except the Oba", a word which was later corrupted to "SAKPONBA", the name of a well-known road in Benin. During the Benin Invasion of 1897 which lasted for many days, it reported that General Asoro ably defended the spot almost singlehandedly where his statue now stands. He fought with poisoned arrows and bows and was fortified by magic which made him not to fall to the guns of the British army but instead and dealt fatal shots to the British army with his poisoned arrows.
On how he died, legend has it that the only condition he had to obey to in order to stay alive, was that he should never look back over his shoulder. After fighting for several days, his quiver of arrows that hung from his shoulder was mysteriously snatched away. He looked right and left but could not find it. With pressure mounting on him to locate his arrows. he then looked back on his shoulder and saw "Ofoe" which in Benin means, "the messenger of death" and died at the spot where his statue now stands in Benin.
 To celebrate his bravery and ultimate sacrifice in preserving the Benin empire, a statue of him now stands at what is now known Oba Ovonramwen Square, at the beginning of Sakponba Road, Benin City.
Opera News Olist


MIT Guide to Lock Picking – Appendix B
Contrary to widespread myth, it is not a felony to possess lockpicks. Each state has its own laws with respect to such burglarious instruments. Here is the Massacusetts version quoted in entirety from the massachusetts general code:
Chapter 266 (crimes against property)
Section 49. Burglarious instruments; making; possession; use.
implement adapted and designed for cutting through, forcing or
same to be used or employed for such purpose, or whoever
knowingly has in his possession a master key designed to fit more
steal a motor vehicle or other property therefrom, shall be
punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than
Emphasis added.
In other words, mere possession means nothing. If they stop you for speeding or something, and find a pick set, they can't do much. On the other hand, if they catch you picking the lock on a Money machine they get to draw and quarter you.
It may be a good idea to carry around a xeroxed copy of the appropriate page from your state's criminal code.
Back to Index >
Appendix A >
MIT Guide to Lock Picking – Appendix A
This appendix describes the design and construction of lock picking tools.
A.1 Pick Shapes
A.2 Street cleaner bristles
Figure A.1: Selection of pick shapes
Figure A.1: Selection of pick shapes
A.3 Bicycle spokes
Figure A.2: Torque wrenches
Figure A.2: Torque wrenches
A.4 Brick Strap
Back to Index >
Chapter 10 >
Appendix B >
MIT Guide to Lock Picking – Chapter 10
Lock picking is a craft, not a science. This document presents the knowledge and skills that are essential to lock picking, but more importantly it provides you with models and exercises that will help you study locks on your own. To excel at lock picking, You must practice and develop a style which fits you personally. Remember that the best technique is the one that works best for you.
Back to Index >
Chapter 9 >
Appendix A >
MIT Guide to Lock Picking – Chapter 9
Real locks have a wide range of mechanical features and defects that help and hinder lock picking. If a lock doesn't respond to scrubbing, then it probably has one of the traits discussed in this chapter. To open the lock, you must diagnose the trait and apply the recommended technique. The exercises will help you develop the mechanical sensitivity and dexterity necessary to recognize and exploit the different traits.
9.1 Which Way To Turn
It can be very frustrating to spend a long time picking a lock and then discover that you turned the plug the wrong way. If you turn a plug the wrong way it will rotate freelyun til it hits a stop, or until it rotates 180 degrees and the drivers enter the keyway (see section 9.11). Section 9.11 also explains how to turn the plug more than 180 degrees if that is necessary to fully retract the bolt. When the plug is turned in the correct direction, you should feel an extra resistance when the plug cam engages the bolt spring.
The direction to turn the plug depends on the bolt mechanism, not on the lock, but here are some general rules. Cheap padlocks will open if the plug is turned in either direction, so you can chose the directionh which is best for the torque wrench. All padlocks made by the Master company can be opened in either direction. Padlocks made by Yale will only open if the plug is turned clockwise. The double plug Yale cylinder locks generally open by turning the bottom of the keyway (i.e., the flat edge of the key) away from the nearest doorframe. Single plug cylinder locks also follow this rule. See Figure 9.1. Locks built in to the doorknob usually open clockwise. Desk and filing cabinet locks also tend to ope clockwise.
When you encounter a new kind of lock mechanism, try turning the plug in both directions. In the correct direction, the plug will be stopped by the pins, so the stop will feel mushy when you use heavy torque. In the wrong direction the plug will be stopped by a metal tab, so the stop will feel solid.
Figure 9.1:Direction to turn plug
Figure 9.1:Direction to turn plug
9.2 How Far to Turn
The companion question to which way to turn a lock is how far to turn it. Desk and filing cabinet locks generally open with less than a quarter turn (90 degrees) of the plug. When opening a desk lock try to avoid having the plug lock in the open position. Locks built into doorknobs also tend to open with less than a quarter turn. Locks which are separate from the doorknob tend to require a half turn t open. Deadbolt lock mechanisms can require almost a full turn to open.
Turning a lock more than 180 degrees is difficult because the drivers enter the bottom of the keyway. See section 9.11.
9.3 Gravity
Picking a lock that has the springs at the top is different than picking one with the springs at the bottom. It should be obvious how to tell the two apart. The nice feature of a lock with the springs at the bottom is that gravity holds the key pins down once they set. With the set pins out of the way, it is easy to find and manipulate the remaining unset pins. It is also straight forward to test for the slight give of a correctly set pin. When the springs are on top, gravity will pull the key pins down after the driver pin catches at the sheer line. In this case, you can identify the set pins by noticing that the key pin is easy to lift and that it does not feel springy. Set pins also rattle as you draw the pick over them because they are not being pushed down by the driver pin.
9.4 Pins Not Setting
If you scrub a lock and pins are not setting even when you vary the torque, then some pin has false set and it is keeping the rest of the pins from setting. Consider a lock whose pins prefer to set from back to front. If the backmost pin false sets high or low (see Figure 9.2), then the plug cannot rotate enough to allow the other pins to bind. It is hard to recognize that a back pin has false set because the springiness of the front pins makes it hard to sense the small give of a correctly set back pin. The main symptom of this situation is that the other pins will not set unless a very large torque is applied.
When you encounter this situation, release the torque and start over by concentrating on the back pins. Try a light torque and moderate pressure, or heavy torque and heavy pressure. Try to feel for the click that happens when a pin reaches the sheer line and the plug rotates slightly. The click will be easier to feel if you use a stiff torque wrench.
9.5 Elastic Deformation
The interesting events of lock picking happen over distances measured in thousandths of an inch. Over such short distances, metals behave like springs. Very little force is necessary to deflect a piece of metal over those distances, and when the force is removed, the metal will spring back to its original position.
Deformation can be used to your advantage if you want to force several pins to bind at once. For example, picking a lock with pins that prefer to set from front to back is slow because the pinsset one at a time. This is particularly true if you only apply pressure as the pick is drawn out of the lock. Each pass of the pick will only set the frontmost pin that is binding. Numerous passes are required to set all the pins. If the preference for setting is not very strong (i.e., the axis of the plug holes is only slightly skewed from the plug's center line), then you can cause additional pins to bind by applying extra torque. Basically, the torque puts a twist in the plug that causes the front of the plug to be deflected further than the back of the plug. With light torque, the back of the plug stays in its initial position, but with medium to heavy torque, the front pin columns bend enough to allow the back of the plug to rotate and thus cause the back pins to bind. With the extra torque, a single stroke of the pick can set several pins, and the lock can be opened quickly. Too much torque causes its own problems.
When the torque is large, the front pins and plug holes can be deformed enough to prevent the pins from setting correctly. In particular, the first pin tends to false set low. Figure 9.2 shows how excess torque can deform the bottom of the driver pin and prevent the key pin from reaching the sheer line. This situation can be recognized by the lack of give in the first pin. Correctly set pins feel springy if they are pressed down slightly. A falsely set pin lacks this springiness. The solution is to press down hard on the firstpin. You may want to reduce the torque slightly, but if you reduce torque too much then other pins will unset as the first pin is being depressed.
It is also possible to deform the top of the key pin. The key pin is scissored between the plug and the hull and stays fixed. When this happens, the pin is said to be false set high.
9.6 Loose Plug
The plug is held into the hull by being wider at the front and by having a cam on the back that is bigger than the hole drilled into the hull. If the cam is not properly installed, the plug can move in and out of the lock slightly. On the outward stroke of the pick, the plug will move


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Der Sturm (German: The Storm) was a magazine covering the expressionism movement founded in Berlin in 1910 by Herwarth Walden. It ran weekly until monthly in 1914, and became a quarterly in 1924 until it ceased publication in 1932.
Among the literary contributors were Peter Altenberg, Max Brod, Richard Dehmel, Alfred Döblin, Anatole France, Knut Hamsun, Arno Holz, Karl Kraus, Selma Lagerlöf, Adolf Loos, Heinrich Mann, Paul Scheerbart, and René Schickele. Der Sturm consisted of pieces such as expressionistic dramas (i.e. from Hermann Essig and August Stramm), artistic portfolios (Oskar Kokoschka), essays from artists (the Kandinsky Album), and theoretical writings on art from Herwarth Walden. The most well-known publications resulting from the magazine were the Sturmbücher (storm-books), (e.g. Sturmbücher 1 and 2 were works of August Stramm – Sancta Susanna und Rudimentär). Postcards were also created featuring the expressionistic, cubist, and abstract art of Franz Marc, Wassily Kandinsky, Oskar Kokoschka, August Macke, Gabriele Münter, Georg Schrimpf, Maria Uhden, Rudolf Bauer and others. The term Sturm was branded by Walden to represent the way in which modern art was penetrating Germany at the time.
Particularly in the time before outbreak of the World War I, Der Sturm played a crucial role in the French-German exchange of expressionist artists, which led to a special relationship between Berlin and Paris. Regularly, poems and other texts of French and/or French-speaking expressionists were published (Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, etc.). This relationship was renewed after the war despite the hostilities between the two countries caused by the fighting.
The Gallery
The magazine also fostered the Galerie Der Sturm, started by Walden to celebrate its 100th edition, in 1912. The gallery became the focus for Berlin's modern art scene for a decade. Starting with an exhibition of Fauves and Der Blaue Reiter, followed by the introduction in Germany of the Italian Futurists, Cubists and Orphists, the gallery was to exhibit Edvard Munch, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Jean Metzinger, Gino Severini, Jean Arp, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and Kurt Schwitters.
After the war, Walden expanded Der Sturm into Sturmabende, lectures and discussions on modern art, and Die Sturmbühne, an expressionist theatre, as well as publishing books and portfolios by leading artists such as Oskar Kokoschka. Despite this, the gallery declined in importance after the war and closed in 1924, leaving the magazine to carry on as a quarterly until it too closed in 1932.
However, concerning the exact closing date of the Der Sturm Art Gallery (an offshoot of the magazine) as Maurice Godé, wrote in his book "Der Sturm of Hewarth Walden or the utopia of an autonomous art", the author wanted to promote the German "avant-garde" arts by means of both resident and touring exhibitions. Accordingly, Walden organized, until 1932, more than 200 exhibitions in its premises in Berlin plus multiple other touring exhibitions (Wanderausstellungen) in Germany and also in most other major European cities.


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The Visual Thesaurus is an interactive dictionary and thesaurus which creates word maps that blossom with meanings and branch to related words. Its display encourages exploration and learning. Available both as a desktop version and a web version. Additional features of Visual Thesaurus include Spelling Bee and Vocab Grabber. Spelling Bee: User is challenged by a series of words, with the spelling difficulty adapted to the user's individual skill level.
Displaying 1 - 1 of 1
Content Area: reading, writing
Grade Level: intermediate elementary, middle school, secondary, transition
IDEA Disability Category: autism, deafness, emotional disturbance, hearing impairment, major-other health impairment, multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairment, specific learning disability, speech or language impairment
English Language Arts: Writing

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


1.4 - A World Without Statistics!
Example 1.14: Sample Surveys Section
Gallup and Miller
The following essays illustrate the importance of statistics in research and everyday life. To do this we ponder the question of what would things be like in A World Without Statistics?
During the 1920's Ola Babcock Miller was active in the women's suffrage movement and later became famous in Iowa for starting the State Highway Patrol in her first of three terms as Iowa's Secretary of State. Her election in 1932 came as quite a surprise to the political pundits of the day as she became the first woman, and the first Democrat since the Civil War, to hold statewide political office in Iowa. However, her election did not surprise her son-in-law, George Gallup, who predicted her victory using the first scientifically sampled election poll ever. Three years later Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion and became well-known for correctly predicting that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alf Landon in the 1936 Presidential election – in contrast to the predictions made by Literary Digest magazine based on a non-randomly gathered convenience sample more than 40 times as large.
The use of randomly generated samples pioneered by George Gallup is now the staple of hundreds of organizations that try to determine the outcome of elections before they happen. These organizations face severe challenges caused by the difficulty of reaching portions of the population, a response rate of less than 10% amongst those who are reachable, and the unknown demographic composition of the voters in an election yet to occur. New technological advances in reaching potential respondents and improved statistical modeling have helped to address some of these issues – but the level of bias in an individual election poll is typically on the same order as the random error. Luckily, the diversity of the methodology across many pollsters produces industry averages that still have very small errors in predicting the dozens of major races polled in each election cycle. Without Statistics we would have a poor understanding of public opinion … and without statistics, we wouldn't know who won the election.
election cartoon - without statistics we wouldn't know who won the election!
Example 1.15: Search Engines Section
The first Internet search engine was created in 1990 at McGill University in Canada and attempted to create a searchable census of all of the files on FTP sites at that time. But, as the size of the Web grew exponentially, it soon became apparent that a method of sampling the Internet would be needed to produce the indexes required for searching. A solution was soon developed where sampling is done by a web crawler or "spider" – software that takes information from a web page and all of the pages that it links to and all of the pages that they link to and so on.
Statistical issues then arise in the indexing component of the process. What variables should be saved? For example, one variable in these indexes examines the number of inbound links to a page weighted by measures of the quality of the sites that link to the page in question. Interestingly, this is proportional to an estimate of the equilibrium probability of landing on a given page after a large number of clicks in a Markov model of Internet browsing. Next, what data structures and index size make for the quickest computation without sacrificing relevance? Even the large index maintained by Google, which is more than a hundred Petabytes in size, holds just a small fraction of the estimated 30 trillion pages on the Internet.
Finally, searching algorithms must produce results in a split second. Results are rank orders of websites in the index that should be strongly related to the probability that the site is relevant to user intent and needs. Models for predicting relevance are constantly updated – partly to ensure that website owners improve their sites using best practices and not simply to artificially match with search ranking variables. Current models are based on several hundred variables continuously examined using variable selection and model building experiments against user responses to search engine results. Do users click more often on the highest ranked items? Do they stay longer on the sites they go to?
Thus, statistical issues are addressed in the sampling (web crawling), indexing, and ranking phases of the operation of a good search engine. Without statistics, we would have to search the Internet one site at a time.
Search Engine cartoon - Without statistics we would have to search the internet one site at a time!
Example 1.16: Weather Forecasting Section
William Ernest Cooke
When astronomer William Ernest Cooke was hired to run the new Perth Observatory at the end of the nineteenth century, he was also charged with providing weather forecasts for the surrounding areas in Western Australia. But Mr. Cooke was not satisfied with merely presenting his best forecast - he also wanted to provide the public with a measure of its uncertainty. So, in 1905 his team began attaching uncertainty values on a five-point scale to their twice-daily forecasts. Indeed, the forecasts he gave the highest rating to turned out to be correct 98.5% of the time, while those given a rating in one of the two most uncertain categories were only correct for 56.5% of the forecasts. The century following these pioneering probability-based weather forecasts have brought vast improvements due to the same themes that improve the quality of any statistical enterprise:
 - Systematically Collected Data - remote sensing devices, including satellites, now automatically transfer data with nearly universal coverage of the planet;
 - Sound Statistical Models - now informed by a scientific understanding of the relationships amongst dozens of measured variables;
 - Computational Efficiency - weather forecasts and "cloud" computing make a perfect pair; and
 - Statistical Reporting - forecasts now routinely carry a prediction, and an assessment of the uncertainty over time and space, of multiple aspects of the weather.
If it wasn't for statistics we wouldn't know the probability of rain tomorrow and we wouldn't know how to dress for the weather today.
weather cartoon - without statistics we wouldn't know how to dress for the weather!
Example 1.17: Animal Models in Medicine Section
Claude Bernaud
In his 1865 book An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine Claude Bernard, the French scientist often called the father of modern medicine, argued against the use of "statistics" in medicine. Interestingly, he was really arguing against poor statistical practice at the time in observational clinical studies and for using the scientific method in laboratory investigations based on many ideas that are statistical in nature. He argued against the misuse of statistics that display only averages without understanding the sources of variability in the data. He argued that causative claims emerge more readily from experiments than from observation. He argued that experiments should have an underpinning of clear hypotheses that can be demonstrated or negated. He described how to eliminate sources of bias and was the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to foster objectivity. Claude Bernard often turned to the use of animals, especially mice, in experiments as a model of human physiology. Although mouse models are not appropriate for all human conditions, they have been very fruitful in investigating the mechanisms underlying many disease processes – especially those in cancer. Examples of such experimental systems that today provide great insight into the biology and genetics of human cancers include:
 - purebred mice that lack immune systems;
 - animals with a specific genetic aberration underlying a disease;
 - mice that can have their genome manipulated to remove a specific cancer fighting mechanism; and
 - mice that are amenable to transplantation of a human tumor.
Statistical ideas in handling variation are at the heart of all of these murine experiments. Statistics allows us to quantify the variability in measurements to decide on the scope of an experiment; to reduce the variability in designs through appropriate controls; to examine the variability in analyses though statistical modeling; and to precisely state the inferential conclusions that arise.
Without statistics pre-clinical medical science would be less efficient and more subject to ambiguous interpretation and without statistics lab mice would have nothing to do.
Mice cartoon - without statistics lab mice would have nothing to do!
Example 1.18: Process Control Section
W.E. Deming
In 1950 the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE), hosted W. Edwards Deming in a series of workshops on statistical process control to Japanese engineers and upper-level managers. The workshops focused on improving business processes and reducing the variation in results. They presented the endless feedback loop of "Plan-Do-Check-Act" for improvement pioneered by Deming's mentor Walter Shewart:
 - Plan: Establish objectives and design/revise business processes to improve results
 - Do: Implement the plan and systematically collect data
 - Check: Analyze the data, especially differences from planned implementation and expected results to identify weaknesses in the plan
 - Act: Determine root causes for variations from objectives and make changes to improve the process. Restart the cycle for continual improvement
Importantly, Deming's workshops went beyond Shewart's methods for improving production processes and providing technical details to staff. He also focused on management processes and insisted that his audiences include executives in position to make decisions. The results were stunning and led to the worldwide success of companies such as Sony and Toyota that quickly became known for the reliability of their products and the resulting loyalty of their customers.
Deming continued to refine his ideas and synthesized them in his famous 14 points of quality management presented in his 1982 book Out of the Crisis. Adaptations of Dr. Deming's integrated approach have had a prodigious influence on businesses worldwide.
Without statistics we wouldn't know that fixing things that are broken is less efficient than avoiding broken things – and automobile warranties just wouldn't be the same.
Process cartoon - without statistics automobile warranties just wouldn't be the same!
Example 1.19: Astronomy Section
Astronomy is perhaps the oldest science and the first to systematically collect data for analysis. For example, the ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician Hipparchus noticed the scatter in Babylonian measurements of


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Counting By Tens
Source: Babycenter Community
Ages: 6-8+ years
Instructions:To practice counting by tens and grouping by tens, count out 100 beans but don't let your child know how many there are. Get 10 paper cups or yogurt containers and ask you child to count out ten beans for each cup. Explain that if your child counts by tens, he or she can find out how many beans there are altogether. Let him or her try it. Then, suppose you moved five cups aside---how many beans are in the remaining cups? Maybe your child will want to group the cups in different ways and continue to count by tens to see how many beans there are.
Similar activities:The Counting Game, Counting Sticks, Counting Cards, Bubble Count, Counting a Silly Walk, Counting Beans, Kwanzaa Counting Game, Heart Counting Game, Lollipop Advent Christmas Calendar Count Down Tree, Finger Puppets You Can Count On!, Shamrock Counting, Make a Counting Book, Counting: Snowmen Song, Count Down Toast, Turkey Feather Counting
Coloring book pages


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The first Round Table was formed in Norwich, England in 1927. The founder, Louis Marchesi, was a young member of Norwich Rotary Club who felt a need existed for a club where the young business men of the town could gather on a regular basis. At their meetings they could exchange ideas, learn from the experiences of their colleagues and play a collective part in the civic life of Norwich. Within a year of inception the membership of this Round Table had grown to 85 and interest was being shown in establishing Round Tables elsewhere. From a very early stage it was agreed that Round Table would be a non-religious, non-political club and this has continued to this day.
A second Round Table was established in Portsmouth and subsequent growth was rapid, with 125 Tables and a membership of 4,600 by the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Round Table proved it had international appeal with the first overseas Table formed in Copenhagen in 1936. During the war years Round Table in Denmark continued to expand although in the British Isles activity was restricted and was in the nature of a 'holding operation'.
After 1945 the pattern of growth was rapidly re-established with Tables being 'chartered' all over the UK. Royston and District Round Table was the 619th Round Table to be chartered. Today there are just under 1,000 Tables with around 10,000 members.
Round Table now flourishes in the majority of European countries, throughout Africa, the Middle East, India, Hong Kong, New Zealand and America. In fact Round Table is represented in every continent of the World. Great things grow from small beginnings.
Name and badge
Round Table owes nothing to Arthurian Legend, deriving both its title and its maxim from a speech made to the British Industries Fair in 1927 by the then Prince of Wales – 'The young business and professional men of this country must get together round the table, ADOPT methods that have proved so sound in the past, ADAPT them to the changing needs of the times and wherever possible, IMPROVE them'.
To this day, the phrase "ADOPT, ADAPT, IMPROVE" is a key slogan of the organisation and is often seen on Round Table literature and regalia. The very fact that you see the words that were spoken in 1927 on a web site today proves that this process is still continuing.
Although this is claimed to be the Round Table of the mythical court of King Arthur, it is in fact a representation which was made in the 13th century and it was repainted in its present form for King Henry VIII
The table has for centuries been venerated by generations of tourists as the mysterious table of the 'Once and Future King' Arthur. Around the Table are the names of the 24 knights are written around the edge of the 5.5 metre diameter table, weighing 1200kg, surmounted by King Arthur on his throne.
Aims and Objects
The main aim of Round Table is FUN and meeting people from all walks of life, as well as organising fund raising events and community activities.
These principles are set out in the six 'Aims and Objectives' below. Five of them were established at Norwich in 1927 and the sixth (about international relationships) was added in the 1930's as Round Table spread abroad. Apart from minor wording amendments they have remained the same since.
They are to:
- Develop the acquaintance of young men through the medium of their various occupations.
- Emphasise the fact that one's calling offers an excellent medium of service to the community.
- Cultivate the highest ideals in business, professional and civic traditions.
- Recognise the worthiness of all legitimate occupations and to dignify each his own by precept and example.
- Further the establishment of peace and goodwill in international relationships.
- Further these objects by meetings, lectures, discussions and other activities


Principal Advisor: Dr Amalie Dyda
Phone: 07 3365 5437
Organisational unit: School of Public Health
Infectious diseases contribute to significant morbidity and mortality across the globe, highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing uptake of adult vaccination for diseases such as influenza and COVID-19 offers a cost-effective way to improve the health of adult populations and reduce healthcare costs, yet levels of uptake are sub-optimal. Adult vaccination uptake is affected by factors which often differ from those in childhood vaccination, and are more often related to awareness and perceived risk, both of which can be affected by the information people consume. Overall, it is very challenging to measure the effects of misinformation exposure on health at an individual and population level, which is why we are proposing a mixed method study design to investigate this. This project aims to utilise machine learning and citizens science to measure the impact of vaccine misinformation on individuals and involve the online community in this research to determine the way in which they access, understand, use, and share information about vaccines online.


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A more advanced metric than GDP alone, called the Human Development Index (HDI), considers life expectancy, education, and GDP. The highest HDI ranked countries in the world are Norway and Australia, with the United States ranked 13th.
Since 2001 the University of Michigan's Center for Sustainable Systems has developed a growing set of factsheets that cover topics including energy, water, food, waste, buildings, materials, and transportation systems. Each factsheet presents important patterns of use, life cycle impacts and sustainable solutions. They are designed to inform policymakers, business professionals, students and teachers. The factsheets are peer-reviewed and updated annually.


Sentence Examples with the word bend
With each bend of the highway they found breathtaking views.
Corps (Thielemann), 23,900, in the bend of the river Meuse, headquarters Ciney, and disposed in the area Dinant-Huy-Ciney.
View more
The great bend of the river affords easy irrigation, and the surrounding country is covered by a network of irrigating canals, even the paved streets of the town having streams of cool water running through them.
In the vicinity is the Karolinen canal, which cuts off a bend in the Danube between Lauingen and Dillingen.
Indianapolis (169,164), Evansville (59,007), Fort Wayne (45,115), Terre Haute (36,673), and South Bend (35999) In the same year there were 14 cities with a population of less than 35,000 (all less than 21,000) and more than 10,000; and there were 21 places with a population of less than 10,000 and more than 5000.
The Arno, which has its source in the Monte Falterona, one of the most elevated summits of the main chain of the Tuscan Apennines, flows nearly south till in the neighborhood of Arezzo it turns abruptly north-west, and pursues that course as far as Pontassieve, where it again makes a sudden bend to the west, and pursues a westerly course thence to the sea, passing through Florence and Pisa.
The Nan-shan highlands abut upon the highlands of the Chinese province of Kansuh, and near the great northward bend of the Hwang-ho they meet the escarpments by which the Great Khingan and the In-shan ranges are continued, and by which the Mongolian plateau steps down to the lowlands of China.


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Lecture 2, The Scarlet Cord:
The book of Hebrews lists Rahab, the prostitute from Jericho, as one of the faithful in the company of Abel, Enoch, Noah, Abraham and Sarah. Why was Rahab listed among these prominent biblical figures? Some say it is because she lied to protect the Hebrew spies. What do you say? Is it an act of faith to lie? In this message, Dr. Sproul considers this account as he gives us perspective on Rahab's life, and teaches us about the typological significance of the scarlet chord she used to keep her safe from the Hebrew army.


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Reading Group Guide
The Quilter's Homecoming By Jennifer Chiaverini
Reading Group Discussion Guide
1. How does Henry Nelson differ from the other suitors that Elizabeth Bergstrom entertains? How is his decision to purchase a ranch in California connected to his desire to marry Elizabeth? Why do both families feel apprehensive about the newlyweds' intention to move west?
2. What do the two quilts that her family makes in preparation for her wedding and journey to California represent to Elizabeth? Why is the Chimneys and Cornerstones pattern more precious to Elizabeth than the Double Wedding Ring pattern? Why does Elizabeth agree to trade the quilts to Mrs. Diegel, and what does her decision to do so reveal about her attitude toward sacrifice in her marriage?
3. "Each of those scraps held a special memory for Elizabeth. She would collect others...and stitch them together into a patchwork of memories, a record of their journey." How do the quilts Elizabeth makes and mends function as a record of the events of the past and present in The Quilter's Homecoming? How do the quilts Elizabeth discovers contain secrets and messages from one generation to the next?
4. Why might Henry and Elizabeth be "easy marks" for hustlers like Mae and Peter? Why does Henry refuse Peter's business proposal when he believes himself to be the owner of Triumph Ranch, but choose to give all of his meager savings to Mae when he and Elizabeth are practically destitute?
5. How does the story of Rosa's family and the hardships they experience connect to the story of Elizabeth and Henry Nelson's difficulties in the Arboles Valley? Why do you think the author decided to intersperse and overlap these families' stories in the novel? To what extent does such a narrative format resemble the process of quilting?
6. "We're ranchers, not movie stars." How does Elizabeth's brief encounter with the Hollywood producer, Grover Higgins, affect her? Why is Henry so opposed to her taking a screen test? How does marriage change Elizabeth's dreams for her future, and in what ways does marriage enable her to fulfill her dreams?
7. How would you characterize the Jorgensen family, and why do they agree to take on Elizabeth and Henry Nelson as workers? Why does Mrs. Jorgensen's treatment of Elizabeth infuriate Henry? How is the Nelsons' cabin on the Jorgensen farm important in Elizabeth's discoveries about Rosa and her family?
8. Why does John Barclay despise Lars Jorgensen, and to what extent do you think his hatred is justified? Why are others in the Arboles Valley uncomfortable around the Barclay children? Why does Elizabeth help Rosa in her efforts to escape her unhappy life with John Barclay, and what does her action reveal about Elizabeth's sense of justice?
9. Which character or characters in The Quilter's Homecoming did you most identify with and why? How did the description of quilts and quilting impact your appreciation of what these characters had to endure over the years? What do you think is the "homecoming" referred to in the title, and whose homecoming is it?
10. Why are Elizabeth and Henry initially suspicious of the offer of the Barclay Farm, and what ultimately wins them over and leads to their acceptance of the property? How have they "earned" the right to name it Triumph Ranch? Why is it significant that Elizabeth finds no trace of the quilts or photo album that Rosa cherished?
11. In The Quilter's Homecoming, the quilting that occurs is primarily done in solitude -- we get a glimpse of the Bergstrom women quilting, but for the most part, we see Elizabeth alone mending the quilts she discovers in the cabin on the Jorgensen farm. To what extent is quilting Elizabeth's way of feeling connected with her far-flung family?
Enhance Your Book Club
1. To view an online gallery of quilt patterns and quilts inspired by those featured in Jennifer Chiaverini's Elm Creek novels, visit the author's website: _URL_ and click on "Gallery." Check Jennifer's Chiaverini's event schedule to find out when she's coming to read in your region and plan a trip with your book club.
2. Were you moved by the Double Wedding Ring and the Chimneys and Cornerstones patterns that Elizabeth's family quilts for her before she travels to California? During your next gathering, why not piece together a quilt that your book club can deliver to someone in need? Bring squares that are meaningful to you and that tell a story. Then, consider donating your quilt to a local charity or shelter.
3. Just how much do you know about quilting? Take a quilting quiz with your fellow book club members _URL_ and see if you can answer such questions as "Where is 'Quilt City, USA'?" When you're done with the quiz, read more about quilting resources in the United States and online through PBS's website, dedicated to the art of quilting.
4. Did you know that quilts have been used as images on U.S. postal stamps? To read more about Gee's Bend, a formerly little-known community of quilters in rural Alabama that has become widely renowned for their craft (and had their art featured on postal stamps), visit: _URL_
5. Food is important to the characters in The Quilter's Homecoming, whether it is the meal of tortillas and tamales that Isabel brings to her daughter, Rosa, or the ripe apricots that tempt the locals in the Arboles Valley. Offer some of these foods at your book club meeting, or try a restaurant that has them on the menu.


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1. An appliance for preventing movement of a joint or for the fixation of displaced or movable parts.
2. The splint bone, or fibula.
3. splint bone; in veterinary anatomy, refers to the vestigial second and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal bones of horses that are closely apposed to the third metacarpal or metatarsal by a periosteum anchor.
4. In equine medicine, the term applied to the hard swelling (soft tissue inflammation and exostosis) produced by trauma or stress affecting the periosteal junction of the splint bone at the junction with the second metacarpal/metatarsal, causing localized inflammation, swelling, heat and pain; usually affects forelimb and almost always affects junction of the second and third metacarpal. Classified as high splint when proximad and low splint when present on the distal aspect of the splint bone.
The definition information for splint is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here.


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How often should we conduct a performance review meeting?
Nowadays, the performance assessment meeting represents a common practice that is, no longer, an uncomfortable event for either the employer, or the employee. Now that each party is familiar with this activity, the next arising matter regards how often should it be conducted? The frequency rate must take into consideration aspects that will enhance employee performance and also favor company and leaders' resources.
- One annual meeting
Once the need for performance assessment meetings has been acknowledged, it generally starts with a frequency of occurrence of once per year. Having one annual performance review meeting with the company's employees can be effective but it can also become an obstacle in reaching the desired performance results.
In the context of a very dynamic business environment which is continuously growing, developing and changing, a once a year performance review meeting means that employees will pursuit objectives which might be outdated in comparison with the company's current aims. Ineffectiveness might also occur when an employee, who is not on the right track towards achieving performance, will not be able to reestablish himself on the right course earlier than within a year. This is due to the absence of feedback and a clear overview, elements which are normally established during performance review meetings. These are the risks and the threats that may interfere when assessment meetings are conducted no earlier than once a year.
Nevertheless, there can also be contexts when a once a year performance assessment leads to reaching the desired performance results. This is the case when a rolling business has reached a stable state which is to be maintained: changes are few and rarely interfere with the strategic goals. A once a year performance evaluation, in such a context, may be more effective as the path needed to be followed is clear and arises from the previous performance cycles.
- Biannual meetings
Another approach of the frequency of performance assessment meetings is the biannual one which takes place twice a year, at the beginning/end of the year and at its middle. This approach maintains the employees more frequently updated on how they are performing in relation to the set objectives and also what is expected from them. When assessment meetings are conducted accordingly to performance standards, feedback during such an encounter stimulates employees' motivation. Through a biannual performance review meeting, employees' motivation for their work activity is being maintained at a higher levels. In addition, updates, changes, business goals and individual objectives are constantly aligned.
One inconvenient of conducting a twice per year review meeting is that leaders have to double their investment in resources like time, preparation in advance and, of course, rewards allocation. Efforts of these investments will, however, be compensated further on by employees who are motivated and eager to perform.
- Quarterly meetings
The last approach presented concerns assessment meetings included in a quarterly schedule, or every three months. For an employee, to be evaluated every three months means to continuously receive feedback. Additionally, because every feedback is constructive during performance meetings, the output expected from employees is to become more and more performance-oriented.
However, every three months evaluations can lead to two decisively opposite paths, depending on the context and manner of conduct. For example, in cases where deadlines are not tight and the business is not visibly changing, employees will feel like being held under constant surveillance, rather than being appreciated for their efforts. On the opposite side, when quarterly review meetings are performed in the context of a very dynamic business with employees who are working strictly on projects, a performance evaluation meeting comes as additional support and guidance to ongoing development activities.
There isn't any perfect recipe regarding how often a review meeting should be conducted. However, leaders should constantly take into consideration the dynamics of the business they are running, together with the organizational culture. They have to know their employees and what would make them feel awakened, aware of the input they are bringing to the company. Once the frequency of the performance review meetings has been decided, the next relevant steps are to clearly and transparently communicate this decision to employees and to assure an open framework during performance discussions.


What is software-defined networking (SDN)?
Software-defined networking (SDN) is an agile network architecture designed to streamline IT management and centralize control—and to help organizations keep pace with the dynamic nature of today's applications. It separates network management from underlying network infrastructure, allowing administrators to simplify the provisioning of network resources.
Explore additional software-defined networking topics:
What are the top benefits of software-defined networking?
SDN architecture is centered around the need to provide fast, reliable access to business applications. It's a response to the dynamic nature of today's apps, which depend on interactions between servers and the underlying network to be delivered with the right kind of connectivity. As organizations transition to delivering a mix of SaaS, web and cloud apps, traditional network service providers have lagged behind when it comes to automation and programmability. In response, SDN technology has been developed to equip organizations with new capabilities.
Key benefits of software-defined networking include:
 - Greater agility. By separating the control plane, which is responsible for routing network traffic, from the data plane, which forwards data through routers, SDN allows organizations to be more agile. This scalability is ideal for the high-bandwidth, dynamic nature of today's applications.
 - More programmability. Because there are no vendor-specific protocols or proprietary software, SDN allows IT to quickly configure, secure and optimize network resources. Network control is decoupled from the forwarding plane, which means the network is directly programmable.
 - Centralized control. With SDN, engineers and administrators can handle network services using a centralized, software-based management tool that makes it easy to respond to rapidly changing business requirements.
 - Reduced complexity. Software-defined networking significantly reduces the complexity of static networks. By automating network functions and simplifying the provisioning of resources, companies can deliver applications very quickly and easily.
 - Simplified operations. Because it supports automation, SDN eases the administrative burden of configuring key functionalities such as quality of service (QoS) and security.
 - Better use of network resources. By making the most of virtual resources, organizations that transition to software-defined networking are able to reduce operating expenses (OPEX).
 - Faster time to market. SDN allows organizations to leverage open APIs and third-party integrations, making it easy to deploy apps and get to market faster.
What does SDN architecture look like?
While there's no single model for software-defined networking, this type of network architecture has evolved over time.
One of the first SDN communication protocols was the OpenFlow model, which was foundational to the early development and standardization of SDN. Managed by the Open Networking Foundation (ONF), this approach requires organizations to deploy network devices—such as SDN controllers, routers and switches—that are built specifically to support the OpenFlow protocol. As SDN evolved, many found this initial model to be limiting—and developed alternative solutions.
The result was network virtualization models that allowed the creation of virtual networks. These virtual networks can be decoupled from the underlying network hardware, and controlled programmatically.
How does SDN work?
In software-defined networking, a software application controller manages the network and its activities. Instead of using hardware to support network services, SDN allows network administrators to virtualize physical network connectivity.
This network virtualization is made up of three layers—the application layer, the control layer and the infrastructure layer—connected through northbound and southbound APIs.
The application layer includes a set of applications and network functions that help improve application performance, simplify IT and increase security. Examples include application firewalls, wide-area network (WAN) optimization controllers (WOCs), load balancing, authentication and application delivery controllers (ADCs). Traditional networks use a specialized appliance for these functions, while a software-defined network uses the controller to manage data-plane behavior. The application layer contains programs that communicate specific network instructions to the SDN controller.
The control layer manages policies and the flow of traffic throughout the network. It consists of the SDN controller, which connects the application layer to the infrastructure layer. This layer processes the requirements sent by the application layer via the southbound API, and then passes them on to the actual network infrastructure via the northbound API. It also communicates information extracted from the infrastructure layer back to the application layer to optimize functionality.
The infrastructure layer contains the network's physical switches and routers in the data center. These network devices control important forwarding functions and data processing capabilities, and are responsible for collecting critical information—such as network usage and topology—to send back to the control layer.
The key components of a software-defined network include:
The SDN Controller
The SDN controller is the app that communicates with network devices and apps within a software-defined network. It serves as the core of the network by connecting the application and infrastructure layers, controlling the flow of data between northbound and southbound APIs.
Northbound API
The northbound API enables communications between the control and application layers.
Southbound API
The southbound API enables communications between the control and infrastructure layers.
Network functions virtualization (NFV)
NFV is a process for virtualizing hardware-based functions such as load balancers, firewalls and routers—and packaging them as virtual machines (VMs). With NFV, the organization doesn't need to invest in hardware for each individual network function.
Network and security services
This refers to functionality that enables business applications to perform efficiently and securely. Possibilities include a wide range of virtual network functions including the aforementioned ADCs, WOCs and firewalls, as well as security capabilities such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion protection systems (IPS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) protection.
Pure SDN switch
In a pure SDN switch, all of the control functions of a traditional switch (such as routing protocols that are used to build forwarding information bases) are run in the central controller. The functionality in the switch is restricted entirely to the data plane.
Hybrid switch
In a hybrid switch, SDN technologies and traditional switching protocols run simultaneously. A network manager can configure the SDN controller to discover and control certain traffic flows while traditional, distributed networking protocols continue to direct the rest of the traffic on the network.
Hybrid network
A hybrid network is a network in which traditional switches and SDN switches, whether they are pure SDN switches or hybrid switches, operate in the same environment.
How does Citrix help businesses with SDN?
Citrix helps organizations of all sizes successfully transition to software-defined networking with flexible options, allowing you to:
Additional resources


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Iron sculpture Struktur
by Reinhard Scherer
This extraordinarily unique sculpture, made of iron, was created by Reinhard Scherer in 1990. It is located on the campus of the University of Stuttgart in Vaihingen.
Reinhard Scherer shows his distinctive understanding of space and dimensions in this work, and thereby, illustrates the possibilities related to these elements. He conceptualized his construction with the objective of encouraging dialog between his work and the surrounding landscape.
Through Struktur, Scherer plays with his artistic sensibilities for flat planes and lines with the understanding that the 17-meter high sculpture would seemingly move flexibly and elegantly in the air.
Scherer was born in 1948 in Wangen in Allgäu and first began to develop his career in the arts during his studies at the Freien Kunstschule in Stuttgart. Later, he went on to study sculpture at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Stuttgart. Scherer has participated in various national and international competitions and has won several scholarships.
He is a member of the regional artist league, Künstlerbund-Baden-Württemberg. Since 1990, he has been living and working as a freelance sculptor in Alfdorf-Pfahlbronn.
Universitätsstraße 34
70569 Stuttgart


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What is Culture Shock?
Culture Shock is the name given to a feeling of disorientation or confusion that often occurs when a person leaves a familiar place and moves to an unfamiliar place. The reaction may be both physical and psychological, and some students will probably at some point ask themselves why they chose to leave their familiar surroundings. It is important then to remember that it is a learning process, and that most students will return with greater self-confidence and the ability to manage in an intercultural environment.
Why you may experience Culture Shock
When you arrive in Denmark, you will no doubt encounter a multitude of new things. The food is not the same as it is at home, and familiar greetings such as 'hello' and 'good day', 'thanks' and 'how are you doing', may suddenly give completely different responses than the ones you are used to. People talk in a strange language and look different. University rules are different, and the way of studying may appear strange and difficult. Even though things seem very similar, they may not be, and suddenly everyday routine and simple actions become difficult and frustrating. It is often small differences that are most frustrating, as you think you know how to behave/do things, but you get a strange response. Your family and friends are very far away.
Stages you may go through
Research has shown that culture shock often develops in different stages:
Arrival/ "Honeymoon" Stage: Everything is new and exciting
Culture Shock Stage: You start to experience difficulties with everyday things, as they are different from home, such as the language barrier, getting the right food etc.
Adapting Stage: You slowly start to understand the new culture and feel more in balance. You feel an urge to belong
Re-entry Shock Stage: This stage takes place when you return to your home country and suddenly find out that you have brought back something with you, namely something that suddenly makes you see your own culture with more critical eyes. This can be difficult to come to terms with.
To minimise the effect of culture shock it is important to acknowledge the existence of it, and to know and pay attention to the symptoms, as well as to keep in mind that it is occurring as part of a learning process. Some of the typical symptoms of culture shock are:
- Boredom, loneliness
- Allergies, pain
- Obsession with own health
- Sleeplessness, excessive need of sleep
- Mood changes, depression, powerlessness
- Anger, animosity against other people
- Identification and idealisation of home culture
- Trying to absorb everything within the new culture too fast
- Not capable of solving even the most simple problems
- Loss of self confidence and insecurity
- Development of stereo-types in the new culture
- Strong longing for family and friends back home
- Feeling overlooked
Dealing with Culture Shock
If you experience some of the above symptoms and have a sudden feeling of loneliness or sadness, here are some ideas that may be helpful in dealing with culture shock:
- Accept that you cannot know everything about the new country and the language, and if it is overwhelming, take a break.
Keep an open mind – People in Denmark may say or do things that people at home would not do or say. But the people in Denmark act according to their own set of values, not yours. Try to avoid evaluating their behaviour using the standards you would use in your own country.
- Try to do things that you did at home, listen to your favourite music and/or eat familiar food.
- Stay in touch with family and friends at home.
- Talk to a friend about your feelings.
- Stay active – physical activity often helps!
- Learn from experience – moving to a new culture can be the most fascinating and educational experience of your life. There is no better way to become aware of your own values and attitudes or to broaden your point of view.
Where to seek Help
However, this may not be enough, and you are always welcome to come and talk to the staff at the International Office. Talking things through with one of the advisors can help in achieving a perspective on culture shock, and the learning possibilities it implies.
Another possibility is to contact the student counselling, Studenterrådgivningen. Please be aware that the waiting time for a consultation with Studenterrådgivningen is up to 2-3 weeks but you can always get a consultation in a critical situation.
You can also contact your personal doctor and set up an appointment. In case you are experiencing a very strong feeling of sadness, and cannot see your way out of it, you should immediately contact lægevagten (emergency medical service) to make an appointment. They are open everyday from 16 to 8 the following morning and 24 hours on weekends and holidays. If you live in the municipality of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg or on Amager the telephone number is 70 13 00 41. If you live in the greater area of Copenhagen, call 44 53 44 00.
You can also contact the psychiatric emergency ward directly for counselling.


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Volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies
Volatility smiles are implied volatility patterns that arise in pricing financial options. It corresponds to finding one single parameter implied volatility that is needed to be modified for the Black-Scholes formula to fit volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies prices.
In particular for a given expiration, options whose strike price differs substantially from the underlying asset's price command higher prices and thus implied volatilities than what is suggested by standard option pricing models. These options are said to be either deep in-the-money or out-of-the-money. Graphing implied volatilities against strike prices for a given expiry yields a skewed "smile" instead of the expected flat surface.
The pattern differs across various markets. Equity options traded in American markets did not show a volatility smile before the Crash of but began showing one afterwards. This anomaly implies deficiencies in the standard Black-Scholes option pricing model which assumes constant volatility and log-normal distributions of underlying asset returns. Empirical asset returns distributions, however, tend to exhibit fat-tails kurtosis and skew. Modelling the volatility smile is an active area of research in quantitative financeand better pricing models such as the stochastic volatility model partially address this issue.
A related concept is that of term structure of volatilitywhich describes how implied volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies differs for related options with different maturities. An implied volatility surface is a 3-D plot that plots volatility smile and term structure of volatility in a consolidated three-dimensional surface for all options on a given underlying asset.
In the Black—Scholes model, the theoretical value of a vanilla option is a monotonic increasing function of the volatility of the underlying asset. This means it is usually possible to compute a unique implied volatility from a given market price for an option.
This implied volatility is best regarded as a rescaling of option prices which makes comparisons between different strikes, expirations, and underlyings easier and more intuitive.
When implied volatility is plotted against strike pricethe resulting graph is typically downward sloping for equity markets, or valley-shaped for currency markets. For markets where the graph is downward sloping, such as for equity options, the term " volatility skew " volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies often used. For other markets, such as FX options or equity index options, where the typical graph turns up at either end, the more familiar term " volatility smile " is used.
For example, the implied volatility for upside i. However, the implied volatilities of options on foreign exchange contracts volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies to rise in both the downside and upside directions. In equity markets, a small tilted smile is often observed near the money as a kink in the general downward sloping implicit volatility graph. Sometimes the term "smirk" is used to describe a skewed smile.
Market practitioners use the term implied-volatility to indicate the volatility parameter for ATM at-the-money option. Adjustments to this value are undertaken by incorporating the values of Risk Reversal and Flys Skews to determine the actual volatility measure that may be used for options with a delta which is not Butterflyon the other hand, is a strategy consisting of: It is helpful to note that implied volatility is related to historical volatilitybut the two are distinct.
Implied volatility, in contrast, is determined by the market price of the derivative contract itself, and not the underlying. Therefore, different derivative contracts on the same underlying have different implied volatilities as a function of their own supply and demand dynamics. For options of different maturities, we also see characteristic differences in implied volatility. However, in this volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies, the volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies effect is related to the market's implied impact of upcoming events.
For instance, it is well-observed that realized volatility for stock prices rises significantly on the day that a company reports its earnings. Correspondingly, we see that implied volatility for options will rise during the period prior to the earnings announcement, and then fall again as soon as the stock price absorbs the new information. Options that mature earlier exhibit a larger swing in implied volatility sometimes called "vol of vol" than options with longer maturities. Other option markets show other behavior.
For instance, options on commodity futures typically show increased implied volatility just prior to the announcement of harvest forecasts. Options on US Treasury Bill futures show increased implied volatility just prior to meetings of the Federal Reserve Board when changes in short-term interest rates are announced.
The market incorporates many other types of events into the term structure of volatility. For instance, the impact of upcoming results of a drug trial can cause implied volatility swings for pharmaceutical stocks. The anticipated resolution date of patent litigation can impact technology stocks, etc. Volatility term structures list the relationship between implied volatilities and time to expiration. The term structures provide another method for traders to gauge cheap or expensive options.
It is often useful to plot implied volatility as a function of both strike price and time to maturity. This defines the absolute implied volatility surface ; changing coordinates so that the price is replaced by delta yields the relative implied volatility surface. The implied volatility surface simultaneously shows both volatility smile and term structure of volatility.
Option traders use an implied volatility plot to quickly determine the shape of the implied volatility surface, and to identify any areas where the slope of the plot and therefore relative implied volatilities seems out of line. The graph shows an implied volatility surface for all the put options on a particular underlying stock price. The Z-axis represents implied volatility in percent, and X and Y axes represent the option delta, and the days to maturity. Note that to maintain put-call paritya 20 delta put must have the same implied volatility as an 80 delta call.
For this surface, we can see that the underlying symbol has both volatility skew a tilt along the delta axisas well as a volatility term structure indicating an anticipated event in the near future. An implied volatility surface is static: How the surface changes as the spot changes is called the evolution of the implied volatility surface. Methods of modelling the volatility surface and term structure high-profit options trading strategies smile include stochastic volatility models and local volatility models.


Accurate measuring using the Romer Arm
ROMER portable arm allows you to take measurements directly in the manufacturing environment, where process improvements are the most beneficial.
Alternative Engineering is aware that every hundredth of a millimetre counts when it comes to precision manufacturing. A minor misalignment can cause manufacturing impairments, damages or even breakages to your production. That's why part of our process is to accurately measure your machines and components.
Alternative Engineering use a ROMER Arm to accurately measure parts and equipment for manufacturing.
Quick, light, mobile and precisethat's what makes the ROMER Arm so special.
What is the Romer Arm?
A ROMER Arm is a portable, coordinate measuring machine which allows precise and accurate measurements of an object.
The ROMER Arm can move in three-dimensional space forward/backward, up/down, left/right combined with rotation about three perpendicular axes. The physical arrangement of the arm is much like a human arm, with a wrist, forearm, elbow which allows intricate measurement in confined spaces.
The ROMER Arm can be used for a range of applications including quality control, inspection, on-machine verification, reverse engineering or 3D modelling.
This allows Alternative Engineering to produce the most accurate information for manufacturing.
Romer Arm Measurements
Jarred Baines measuring change parts using the ROMER Absolute Arm
Using the ROMER for change part manufacturing
When Alternative Engineering measure for change parts we aren't just copying existing parts for manufacture. This can cause a 'Chinese Whispers' effect on the new change parts. Any wear & tear or inaccuracies with the original parts will get transferred to the newly manufactured ones. This will, in turn, cause the same issues you were already having.
Alternative Engineering doesn't just manufacture to a standard 'Blueprint' either. In our experience, machines can sustain damage and wear over its life which alters its shape. Slight changes in machine alignment are often hard to detect. Working off an exact copy or replica of your current parts will cause further issues. The ROMER arm allows Alternative Engineering to take measurements directly in the manufacturing environment where process improvement is most beneficial.
This is where the ROMER Arm gives Alternative Engineering an advantage.
Jarred Baines, one of our project engineers has stated that 'By mapping out the actual layout of the machine we ensure that new parts are tailored to suit. This results in fewer inaccuracies and higher stability.' We can recreate the correct bottle path to ensure maximum efficiencies.
'The fact that the ROMER Arm is an extremely portable solution means it can be brought directory onto the factory floor providing the most accurate 3D Measurements of your machine,' he said.
When you require new change parts Alternative Engineering will make an onsite visit with our ROMER arm. Bringing the ROMER directly to your bottling line to get exact 3D measurements which we can then make CAD images and simulations to see how they work.
Alternative Engineering: Expertise and service you can rely on
Alternative Engineering is a leading Melbourne based engineering and manufacturing company that specialises in high-capacity production environments with particular expertise in the Pharmaceutical and Food & Beverage sector. With an impressive and growing client list, Alternative Engineering has built a reputation for exceptional customer service, technical expertise, reliability and quality engineering outcomes.


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It's an odd thing about barge / scow jargon… if it's out there, it keeps itself well hidden. So I'm going to arbitrarily grab some terms to use. If you use them in public, some scholar is likely to take a swing at you, so be warned. For the purposes of this post…
- Barge or Scow – Square sectioned vessels with a bow and stern transom. Since these examples are all called scows, I'll follow suit, today. But it's six-of-one, half dozen of t'other.
- Dead-flat – A planar stretch of mid-bottom (no rocker, V or arc… flat like a table top).
- Curved End – Bottom which connects dead-flat and transom with a curved 'plane'.
- Raked End – Bottom which connects dead-flat and transom with a plane.
- Knuckle – The angle between dead-flat and a curved OR raked end that does NOT fair smoothly into the dead-flat.
Let's take a little stroll down Memory Lane. The following models represent four treatments of the flat bottomed scow:
MILTON is a real 'knucklehead'. Raked ends, steep forward and easy aft. This was very common around the great lakes, and showed up elsewhere around this country and others (e.g., the German Rhine).
Knuckles clearly disturb the clean flow of water. But in the heavy timber construction common to the day, the chines are quick and inexpensive to shape. MILTON's ends do have some curve, but slight enough to be easily fashioned from a grown tree. This will help reduce the angle, and therefore the resistance of the knuckle.
A bigger mystery is the blunt bow angle and easy aft end, also common (we'll see it in ALMA, below), which is contrary to most modern practice. I haven't found a good explanation. It's possible that it's a holdover from the out-of-favor cod's head and mackerel tail that was a leading paradigm for many centuries.
Speed-wise, that's got to hurt… the steep bow throws water forward, wasting energy and slowing the boat. There may be other properties that paid for the loss of speed. The extra buoyancy to lift over short, steep or confused seas (endemic to the Great Lakes, and the North Sea)? Many Dutch coasters have extremely blunt bows, it's claimed, for this reason.
Easy aft ends, though, release water smoothly, with little turbulence and drag. A good thing.
St. Michael's Sailing Scow
This model has raked ends, but now both are at a low angle. It should move much more easily through the water. But you can see that, it's traded off some volume by doing so.
Power variations can be found around the country, with aft rake eliminated and the dead-flat extended to the transom. This allows it to get up on step.
BTW, the line between scows of this type and garveys starts to get fuzzy. More thesis material, if you care about such things.
Another cargo schooner, ALMA has lines similar to those of MILTON, but her ends are both curved AND faired into the dead-flat. Compared to Milton, she should move quite well.
ALMA may have had to face the steep head seas at the mouth of SF Bay, where current meets the westerly, Pacific swell. As with MILTON, it may make up for speed lost to her abrupt bow. In both cases, distances to cover under sail were circumscribed… speed may not have been their top priority.
ALMA's end curves are chine-logged with scarfed sections of heavy timber. Compared to Milton, this would have been slower and more labor intensive. SF had a lot of Chinese, might-as-well-be-slave labor…
Despite the killer name, these were pretty common along the Gulf of Mexico coast, and were used more for smuggling than battle, though it did occur.
These are TriloBoats' closest scow ancestor. Ends curved AND faired AND relatively easy.
The leeboards were quite common in these boats, too, especially in smaller boats where uninterrupted hold space is at a premium.
So here's one of mine. Note the raked aft end. This is optional. Either end may be curved or raked.
My preference is curved at both ends. In plank-framed plywood construction, I consider it easier to build curved than raked.
Raked ends have the edge in tape'n'glue construction, but not by much. The performance gains from curves will, I believe, quickly pay for themselves, and keep paying. But that's me.
If you do choose a raked end, it's best astern. Turbulence created at the bow has the whole hull to play, dragging and slowing the boat.
My end angles are somewhere between the cargo schooners and the smaller scows. I'd like them to be a bit easier than they are, but other trade-offs muscle in (e.g. arranging longitudinal, full-length bunks in the bow).
If you're design your own, you'll find your own set of trade-offs. It boils down to trading off sleekness for speed vs. displacement / interior volume. The more you carve away, the faster you are, but the less you can carry, with less elbow room.
Two last thoughts:
The more heel – or the higher the expected seas – the higher the ends have to rise, especially at the bow. Low ends plow their transoms sooner. Pinching in the sides toward bow and stern transoms helps by shortening their radius from the center-line. On flat water, garveys – light scows with low ends and freeboard – are among the fastest monohulls under sail. But in a chop, forget it.
The easier the bow angle, the sooner it will pound, a consideration when motoring, or anchoring exposed. The boat is upright, then, and when bow and wave angle match up, it's like hands clapping.
For the next few weeks to months Dave Zeiger of Triloboats.com will answer one of your shantyboat living questions each week or so. Dave will draw upon his years of experience in boating… in living aboard.. How do you handle discharge of sewage? What are your food storage secrets? Send your questions to _EMAIL_.