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|Version||0.2 - Friday, 23 February 2007|
|Source code repository|
The library is a set of macros tries to emulate python's generators functionality in lisp.
One difference from the python's generators it is impossible to save a generator to a variable and call 'next' method manually. Only 'foreach' syntax is supported.
The reason of missed 'next' method is that pygen does not use real continuations to implement generators (as python does). It uses continuations idea only. Library's macros perform CPS transformation for FOREACH and YIELD forms.
(defgenerator gen1() (yield 1) (yield 2) (yield 3)) (defun use-generator () (foreach x in gen1() (print x)))
Normal thinking of the code is: OK, call gen1(), save the return value into a variable 'x' and call print(x); call gen1() again and do the same; cal gen1() again, again, again... In short, 'foreach' is a master and 'generator' is a slave - master calls slave while slave has a job to do.
But we can thing a little bit different: OK, we know what we are going to do with the generator's value - run the body of FOREACH form ((print x) in our case). So, it is possible to pass that code to a generator and the generator will call it when needed. The generator becomes a master and foreach becomes a slave. We can think about a generator as a normal function that receives additional parameter - what to do with the result value aka continuation. By pygen's macros the code above is transformed into something like this:
(defun gen1 (*cont*) (funcall *cont* 1) (funcall *cont* 2) (funcall *cont* 3)) (defun use-generator () (gen1 #'(lambda (x) (print x))))
If a generator function is simple that means it is relatively easy to save and and restore the function's state in a closure it might be more appropriate to use series package or some other lazy-lists package. For someone it could be more convenient to pass a functional parameter represented a continuation to a generator directly. Pygen is doing well when a generator function is a quite complex, e.g. there are several inner loops or when it is needed to work with 'unwind-protect' resources such as files. For example, SAX and pull XML parsers could be implemented using generators.
Generators are an abstraction. If it is suitable for you - pygen is here :)
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text:
don't need it. Clever use of a timer interrupt and careful design can yield a solution using a co-operative method. Using a co-operative method avoids a lot of potential pitfalls associated with pre-emptive strategies. Call it 'problem avoidance'. By avoiding methods that might introduce tricky problems in debugging means you have a better chance of writing defect free code - which should be a 'good thing'.
Switches and Interrupts
It seems like a perfect marriage, switches activating a pin change or external interrupt - but there are dangers lurking. These are:
1/ Switch bounce - mechanical switches 'bounce' as in giving multiple on/off actions. This usually happens in the range of 5 - 50mS. So hooked up to an interrupt, each press of the switch can give you a random amount of interrupts for each press.
2/ Picking up EMI. Say we had a switch connected by 10M of wire to our AVR with an interrupt. Without protection the wire may pick up unwanted radiation from a mobile phone or other unit. This would give us a burst of interrupts in fast succession - so fast that our poor AVR might be hard pressed to keep up. The net result is our application on the AVR doesn't work as we would like. Even without a long length of wire, we still have the potential to pick up unwanted interference.
Put simply,we have little control of the interrupts which may introduce some unreliability into our unit. So how do we avoid this?
Use a timer interrupt to read the switch input(s) and apply a debounce algorithm. Even if the input is not a mechanical switch, it always pays to apply some form of filtering to remove transient spikes etc from affecting the rest of our code.
If you want the switch to power up the AVR, use an interrupt here, but disable it once you've powered up then use a timer interrupt to read the switch.
Where possible, minimise or eliminate the use of external interrupts. I'm not saying 'never do it', but if you have to do it, be aware of the potential problems and take steps to minimise them.
If you've got this far hopefully you've been able to understand my waffle. If something is not too clear or you need clarification, drop a message and I'm try to correct/explain it.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
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Introduction: Visual Collections as Historical Evidence
Layton-Jones, Katy (2008). Introduction: Visual Collections as Historical Evidence. Visual Resources, 24(2) pp. 105–107.
This special issue of Visual Resources is offered as a response to the changing status of visual collections as historical evidence and explores the potential challenges and opportunities facing those who use these often undervalued resources. The intention is to make a substantial contribution to emerging debates surrounding the potential uses and accessibility of visual collections for the purposes of historical research. It also aims to redress the current imbalance between visual sources and more traditional documentary, statistical and verbal evidence as employed by academic historians.
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In Camera
Collishaw developed a technique of projecting glass slides onto walls coated with phosphorescent paint. The images were burnt onto the walls and lingered for several minutes after each projection. He took photographs of children, either alone or carried by adults, running from the scene of some disaster.
These were based on scenes from the Beslan siege in 2004.
As the scene unfolded over several days, the media was given time to set up outside the school and broadcast a constantly updated stream of images around the world for our consumption.
It seems that witnessing humans in extreme distress stimulates our adrenalin levels. Collishaw suggests that it may be a vicarious response to the intensity of this suffering that makes us feel more alive and alert. The media exploits this, feeding us a never-ending catalogue of disaster to devour. As the last images fade on our retina a new one arrives to take its place.
Shooting Stars
In this installation, a series of haunting images of Victorian child prostitutes are projected in rapid succession onto walls coated with phosphorescent paint. The ghost of these pictures is burnt onto the walls and gradually fades over time. Occasionally a projector will drag the image across the wall before leaving it burning bright at the end of a trail of light. This has a similar effect to the arc of a shooting star.
The lives of these girls sadly often resembled their presentation here; a light that burnt brightly and as suddenly extinguished in its prime, with just a ghostly image in a photograph to remind us of their ever having existed.


Is this plan going to affect the Township's schools?
The vision plan will not have a direct impact on schools. School officials have been part of this process to determine any concerns or needs of the district. In particular, Middle School, High School and Washington School officials have all been directly interviewed by Perkins Eastman, because of their proximity to and student usage of the downtown. If there are any recommendations for development, residential or commercial, the Township will carefully weigh any potential impact on the school system.
Show All Answers
1. How is this vision planning exercise different from others Millburn Township has done in the past? What's the plan for implementing the plan?
2. With so many vacancies, why aren't we focusing on the 500 block, "Upper Millburn Ave" in the Vision Plan?
3. Is this plan going to affect the Township's schools?
4. How is the Township going to pay for any of the recommendations that come from the Downtown Area Vision Plan?
5. In the event of construction, how are disruptions going to be mitigated?
6. How is this different from the 2018 Master Plan that also had a public survey and meetings?
7. We have no "Senior Housing" in Millburn Township. Will the vision plan address this need?


text: The Losick laboratory studies differentiation, morphogenesis and multicellularity in the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We investigate how a progenitor cell (the vegetative bacterium) gives rise to dissimilar progeny (the cellular compartments of the sporangium) and how the two sporangial compartments communicate with each other so to coordinate developmental gene expression with the course of morphogenesis. We study the regulatory mechanisms that govern sporulation gene expression and novel pathways of intercellular signaling. We also investigate how the morphological features of the developing spore assemble and how they do so at the right time and in the right place. We are elucidating the cues that govern protein subcellular localization and assembly of macromolecular complexes. Finally, and taking advantage of the discovery that "wild" strains of B. subtilis form architecturally complex communities of cells in which spore formation takes place preferentially in fruiting body-like aerial structures, we are investigating the circuitry that governs multicellularity and mechanisms that link spore formation to multicellularity.


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October 25, 2001
Saltwater Parasites
Unlike remoras that attach and release, these parasites make a permanent home on gamefish.
Q: While on a fishing trip to Mazatlan, Mexico, I photographed these three disgusting parasites attached to a dead striped marlin at the dock. They were alive and had some sort of moving, feathered claws opening and closing at the ends. What are they? Are they common? What is their life cycle and how do they affect their hosts? - Dwayne Flebbish, Salt Lake City, Utah
A: According to Ron Thune and Al Camus at the Aquatic Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, Louisiana State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, they are probably a form of parasitic copepod crustacean, possibly from the family Pennellidae.
This family includes species that are particularly harmful to fish. They burrow deeply into their host's flesh, sucking their blood and causing severe wounds and ulcers, often making the fish too repulsive-looking to market.
The life histories of some of the more than 140 species of pennelid parasites are more complex than those of other copepod families. They may pass through larval stages requiring intermediate hosts such as squid or pelagic snails, though others may be confined to a single host. The full life cycles of many species remain unknown. Some of the parasitic copepods that have adapted to permanently anchoring themselves to the body of a fish include Lernaea, Lernaeocera, Sphyrion and Pennella.
The largest of the pennelids are found in the genus Pennella, a possibility for the large parasites in your photo. Giants among parasitic copepods, Pennella filosa, for example, may reach 7 or 8 inches long with eggs sacs protruding from the ends reaching 14 inches. This genus is found frequently on the skins of swordfish, tuna, sunfish, flying fish and other pelagic species, and were reported by fishermen as long ago as the times of Aristotle and Pliny. The ancient writers described the agony of tunas and billfish jumping out of the water in efforts to dislodge the parasites.


text: _URL_ Uehiro Professor of Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford. His areas of research include the ethics of genetics, research ethics, medical ethics, sports ethics and the analytic philosophical basis of practical ethics. Julian is also Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, Director of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, and Head of the Melbourne–Oxford Stem Cell Collaboration, which is devoted to examining the ethical implications of cloning and embryonic stem cell research. He is also the editor of the Journal of Medical Ethics. The greatest problems of the 21st century - climate change, terrorism, poverty and global inequality, among others – are not the result of external threat, but predominantly the result of human choice and behaviour. Julian argues that when addressing these problems, we should look not only to policies tailored to our moral limitations, but to altering the biological dispositions which contribute to these limitations. In this seminar he will explore the possibility of using medicine to improve moral behaviour, discuss what impact it would have on our freedom, evaluate the ongoing redefinition of normality, and suggest alternative ways forward.


Reading HTTP request parameters
Even if you're new to web programming, you've probably seen HTTP request parameters. These are the bits sometimes "tacked on" to the end of a URL when you submit a form on a web page. For example, if an HTML form was defined as follows with a username field:
then submitting the form will make the browser request, but with the username parameter tacked on to the end:
When parameters are used
As well as being used for HTML forms as in the above example, HTTP parameters are also used in cases such as:
Essentially, any time a simple, short piece of data needs to be passed from the client to the server, they're a reasonable choice.
Reading parameters from the Servlet
Instead of adding request parameters to the end of the URL, it is also possible to POST them as actual data. To the Servlet, it makes no difference which request method (GET or POST) was used to send the parameters. In either case, we read the parameter using the getParameter() method of HttpServletRequest:
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
 throws ServletException, IOException {
 String userName = req.getParameter("username");
If the given parameter was not set, then null was returned. A couple of methods are available to help us enumerate the parameters passed in:
It may sound odd that getParameterMap() returns mappings to arrays of strings. The reason is that strictly speaking, more than one value can be assigned to the same parameter name. (In practice, it is rare to do so.)
Parsing POSTed parameters "manually"
Usually, the most convenient way of reading request parameters is via the getParameter() method. It should be noted that if you use this method to read parameters that are POSTed, you shouldn't generally use the getReader() method to obtain and read the POSTed data "manually".
Parameters vs request headers
HTTP parameters are generally used to pass user-supplied data. They should not be confused with HTTP request headers, which are generally used to carry "meta" information, such as the character encoding, referring page, type of browser etc.


Acer platanoides L.
Norway maple is a deciduous tree that grows 40-60 ft. (12.2-18.3 m) tall. The opposite leaves are palmately lobed with 5-7 lobes. The margins are marked with a few large teeth. Flowering occurs in the early spring before the leaves emerge. The flowers are inconspicuous and develop into large double samaras that mature in the late summer. Norway maple is very similar to sugar maple but can be distinguished by the fruit, sap and bark. The angle of seed wings of Norway maple is approximately 180 degrees, while the angle between the seed wings of sugar maple is near 120 degrees. Broken leaf petioles of Norway maple ooze white sap while the sap of sugar maple is clear. Norway maple bark is regularly grooved, and sugar maple bark has irregular plates. Norway maple has invaded forested ecosystems throughout the northeastern United States and parts of the Pacific Northwest. Once established into a forest, it has the ability to shade out the native understory and out-compete the native tree species. Norway maple is native to Europe and was first introduced into the United States in 1756. It has been, and continues to be, widely sold as an ornamental.
Identification, Biology, Control and Management Resources


Flight Simulators
We at HiTech Creations are willing to bet that the majority of gamers who play Aces High, our online combat simulator, are students of history. It only stands to reason that players who devote many hours to playing a game, who are constantly aware of changes and new versions of our flight simulator, would know a great deal about the actual aircraft, ships, and land vehicles used during World War II. It also stands to reason that a majority of our players know a great deal about the battles of World War II so that they can be better versed when playing our World War 2 flight simulator.
Well, let's talk about another of those battles, one that was relatively unimportant with regards to total casualties but one that had pretty large significance regarding the history of warfare.
The Battle of Crete was fought between May 20th and June 1st, 1941. On the morning of May 20th Germany launched Operation Mercury, an airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete. Defending the island were troops from England, Greece, New Zealand, Australia, and also civilians from Crete.
Germany suffered heavy casualties the first day of fighting, but eventually gained control of Maleme airfield in western Crete and was able to fly in reinforcements and eventually overwhelm the defenders of the island.
So what made this battle so noteworthy? First, it was the first time a country had attempted such a massive parachute drop of military personnel. It was also one of the first mainly airborne invasions in military history. It was also the first time German invaders encountered strong, organized civilian resistance.
The Germans suffered huge losses among the paratroopers, prompting Adolf Hitler to forbid such large scale airborne operations during the rest of the war, but the Allied commanders were so impressed by it that they began to organize their own airborne divisions which played a huge part as the war continued.
By battle's end there were over 23,000 casualties and 370 aircraft destroyed, fairly insignificant considering the huge losses that would follow, but rather important considering military lessons learned.
The makers and players of Aces High love military history like that, and through our flight simulation game history comes alive for us each and every time we play our game. If you have never played Aces High then what are you waiting for? Download the free trial and then sign up for the action.
Flight Sim Screen Shots


Wio Terminal Continuous Motion Recognition
In this tutorial, you'll use machine learning to build a gesture recognition system that runs on Wio Terminal. This is a hard task to solve using rule based programming, as people don't perform gestures in the exact same way every time. But machine learning can handle these variations with ease. You'll learn how to collect high-frequency data from real sensors, use signal processing to clean up data, build a neural network classifier, and how to deploy your model back to a device. At the end of this tutorial you'll have a firm understanding of applying machine learning in embedded devices using Edge Impulse.
There is also a video version of this tutorial:
1. Prerequisites
For this tutorial you'll need a supported device. Follow Wio Terminal Edge Impulse tutorial fist before the followings.
Apart from Wio Terminal, here are other supported devices.
If your device is connected under Devices in the studio you can proceed:
Edge Impulse can ingest data from any device - including embedded devices that you already have in production. See the documentation for the Ingestion service for more information.
2. Collecting your first data
With your device connected we can collect some data. In the studio go to the Data acquisition tab. This is the place where all your raw data is stored, and - if your device is connected to the remote management API - where you can start sampling new data.
Under Record new data, select your device, set the label to idle, the sample length to 5000, the sensor to Built-in accelerometer and the frequency to 62.5Hz. This indicates that you want to record data for 10 seconds, and label the recorded data as idle. You can later edit these labels if needed.
There is also another options for External multichannel gas, this uses the Grove - Multichannel Gas Sensor v2 for collecting gas sensor values.
After you click Start sampling move your device up and down in a continuous motion. In about twelve seconds the device should complete sampling and upload the file back to Edge Impulse. You see a new line appear under 'Collected data' in the studio. When you click it you now see the raw data graphed out. As the accelerometer on the development board has three axes you'll notice three different lines, one for each axis.
It's important to do continuous movements as we'll later slice up the data in smaller windows.
Machine learning works best with lots of data, so a single sample won't cut it. Now is the time to start building your own dataset. For example, use the following three classes, and record around 3 minutes of data per class:
 - Idle - just sitting on your desk while you're working.
 - Wave - waving the device from left to right.
 - Circle - drawing circles.
Make sure to perform variations on the motions. E.g. do both slow and fast movements and vary the orientation of the board. You'll never know how your user will use the device. It's best to collect samples of ~10 seconds each.
3. Designing an impulse
With the training set in place you can design an impulse. An impulse takes the raw data, slices it up in smaller windows, uses signal processing blocks to extract features, and then uses a learning block to classify new data. Signal processing blocks always return the same values for the same input and are used to make raw data easier to process, while learning blocks learn from past experiences.
For this tutorial we'll use the 'Spectral analysis' signal processing block. This block applies a filter, performs spectral analysis on the signal, and extracts frequency and spectral power data. Then we'll use a 'Neural Network' learning block, that takes these spectral features and learns to distinguish between the three (idle, circle, wave) classes.
In the studio go to Create impulse, set the window size to 2000 (you can click on the 2000 ms. text to enter an exact value), the window increase to 80, and add the 'Spectral Analysis' and 'Neural Network (Keras)' blocks. Then click Save impulse.
Configuring the spectral analysis block
To configure your signal processing block, click Spectral features in the menu on the left. This will show you the raw data on top of the screen (you can select other files via the drop down menu), and the results of the signal processing through graphs on the right. For the spectral features block you'll see the following graphs:
 - After filter - the signal after applying a low-pass filter. This will remove noise.
 - Frequency domain - the frequency at which signal is repeating (e.g. making one wave movement per second will show a peak at 1 Hz).
 - Spectral power - the amount of power that went into the signal at each frequency.
A good signal processing block will yield similar results for similar data. If you move the sliding window (on the raw data graph) around, the graphs should remain similar. Also, when you switch to another file with the same label, you should see similar graphs, even if the orientation of the device was different.
Once you're happy with the result, click Save parameters. This will send you to the 'Feature generation' screen. In here you'll:
 1. Split all raw data up in windows (based on the window size and the window increase).
 2. Apply the spectral features block on all these windows.
Click Generate features to start the process.
Afterwards the 'Feature explorer' will load. This is a plot of all the extracted features against all the generated windows. You can use this graph to compare your complete data set. E.g. by plotting the height of the first peak on the X-axis against the spectral power between 0.5 Hz and 1 Hz on the Y-axis. A good rule of thumb is that if you can visually separate the data on a number of axes, then the machine learning model will be able to do so as well.
Configuring the neural network
With all data processed it's time to start training a neural network. Neural networks are a set of algorithms, modeled loosely after the human brain, that are designed to recognize patterns. The network that we're training here will take the signal processing data as an input, and try to map this to one of the three classes.
So how does a neural network know what to predict? A neural network consists of layers of neurons, all interconnected, and each connection has a weight. One such neuron in the input layer would be the height of the first peak of the X-axis (from the signal processing block); and one such neuron in the output layer would be wave (one the classes). When defining the neural network all these connections are intialized randomly, and thus the neural network will make random predictions. During training we then take all the raw data, ask the network to make a prediction, and then make tiny alterations to the weights depending on the outcome (this is why labeling raw data is important).
This way, after a lot of iterations, the neural network learns; and will eventually become much better at predicting new data. Let's try this out by clicking on NN Classifier in the menu.
Set 'Number of training cycles' to 1.. This will limit training to a single iteration. And then click Start training.
Now change 'Number of training cycles' to 2 and you'll see performance go up. Finally, change 'Number of training cycles' to 100 or more and let training finish. You've just trained your first neural network!
You might end up with a 100% accuracy after training for 100 training cycles. This is not necessarily a good thing, as it might be a sign that the neural network is too tuned for the specific test set and might perform poorly on new data (overfitting). The best way to reduce this is by adding more data or reducing the learning rate.
4. Classifying new data
From the statistics in the previous step we know that the model works against our training data, but how well would the network perform on new data? Click on Live classification in the menu to find out. Your device should (just like in step 2) show as online under 'Classify new data'. Set the 'Sample length' to 5000 (5 seconds), click Start sampling and start doing movements. Afterwards you'll get a full report on what the network thought that you did.
If the network performed great, fantastic! But what if it performed poorly? There could be a variety of reasons, but the most common ones are:
 1. There is not enough data. Neural networks need to learn patterns in data sets, and the more data the better.
 2. The data does not look like other data the network has seen before. This is common when someone uses the device in a way that you didn't add to the test set. You can add the current file to the test set by clicking ⋮, then selecting Move to training set. Make sure to update the label under 'Data acquisition' before training.
 3. The model has not been trained enough. Up the number of epochs to 200 and see if performance increases (the classified file is stored, and you can load it through 'Classify existing validation sample').
 4. The model is overfitting and thus performs poorly on new data. Try reducing the learning rate or add more data.
 5. The neural network architecture is not a great fit for your data. Play with the number of layers and neurons and see if performance improves.
As you see there is still a lot of trial and error when building neural networks, but we hope the visualizations help a lot. You can also run the network against the complete validation set through '


text:
manually twice, then you can delete it by requestID.
34.CAN U ADD A NEW FIELD AT THE ODS LEVEL?
Sure you can. ODS is nothing but a table.
35. CAN NUMBER OF DATASOURCES HAVE ONE INFOSOURCE?
Yes of course. For example, for loading text and hierarchies we use different data sources but the same InfoSource.
36. BRIEF THE DATAFLOW IN BW.
Data flows from transactional system to analytical system (BW). DataSources on the transactional system needs to be replicated on BW side and attached to infosource and update rules respectively.
37.AS WE USE Sbwnn, sbiw1, sbiw2 for delta update in LIS THEN WHAT IS THE PROCEDURE IN LO-COCKPIT?
No LIS in LO cockpit. We will have datasources and can be maintained (append fields). Refer white paper on LO-Cockpit extractions.
38.Why we delete the setup tables (LBWG) & fill them (OLI*BW)?
Initially we don't delete the setup tables but when we do change in extract structure we go for it. We r changing the extract structure right, that means there are some newly added fields in that which r not before. So to get the required data ( i.e.; the data which is required is taken and to avoid redundancy) we delete n then fill the setup tables.
To refresh the statistical data. The extraction set up reads the dataset that you want to process such as, customers orders with the tables like VBAK, VBAP) & fills the relevant communication structure with the data. The data is stored in cluster tables from where it is read when the initialization is run. It is important that during initialization phase, no one generates or modifies application data, at least until the tables can be set up.
39.SIGNIFICANCE of ODS?
It holds granular data (detailed level).
40.WHERE THE PSA DATA IS STORED?
In PSA table.
41.WHAT IS DATA SIZE?
The volume of data one data target holds (in no. of records)
42.Different types of INFOCUBES.
Basic, Virtual (remote, sap remote and multi)Virtual Cube is used for example, if you consider railways reservation all the information has to be updated online. For designing the Virtual cube you have to write the function module that is linking to table, Virtual cube it is like a the structure, when ever the table is updated the virtual cube will fetch the data from table and display report Online… FYI.. you will get the information : _URL_ /index.sdn and search for Designing Virtual Cube and you will get a good material designing the Function Module
43.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES USED IN BEX?
Different Variable's are Texts, Formulas, Hierarchies, Hierarchy nodes & Characteristic values.
Variable Types are
Manual entry /default value
44.HOW MANY LEVELS YOU CAN GO IN REPORTING?
You can drill down to any level by using Navigational attributes and jump targets.
45.WHAT ARE INDEXES?
Indexes are data base indexes, which help in retrieving data fastly.
46.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2.1 AND 3.X VERSIONS.
Help! Refer documentation
47.IS IT NESSESARY TO INITIALIZE EACH TIME THE DELTA UPDATE IS USED?
48.WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF KPI'S?
KPI's indicate the performance of a company. These are key figures
49.What types of partitioning are there for BW?
There are two Partitioning Performance aspects for BW (Cube & PSA)
Query Data Retrieval Performance Improvement:Partitioning by (say) Date Range improves data retrieval by making best use of database [data range] execution plans and indexes (of say Oracle database engine).
B) Transactional Load Partitioning Improvement:Partitioning based on expected load volumes and data element sizes. Improves data loading into PSA and Cubes by infopackages (Eg. without timeouts).
50.How can I compare data in R/3 with data in a BW Cube after the daily delta loads? Are there any standard procedures for checking them or matching the number of records?
You can go to R/3 TCode RSA3 and run the extractor. It will give you the number of records extracted. Then go to BW Monitor to check the number of records in the PSA and check to see if it is the same & also in the monitor header tab.
51.Types of Update Rules?
(Check box), Return table
Routines, which we write in, transfer rules.
Routines, which we write in Update rules
54.What is the difference between writing a routine in transfer rules and writing a routine in update rules?
If you are using the same InfoSource to update data in more than one data target its better u write in transfer rules because u can assign one InfoSource to more than one data target & and what ever logic u write in update rules it is specific to particular one data target.
55.Routine with Return Table.
Update rules generally only have one return value. However, you can create a routine in the tab strip key figure calculation, by choosing checkbox Return table. The corresponding key figure routine then no longer has a return value, but a return table. You can then generate as many key figure values, as you like from one data record.
Start routines u can write in both updates rules and transfer rules, suppose you want to restrict (delete) some records based on conditions before getting loaded into data targets, then you can specify this in update rules-start routine.
Ex: – Delete Data_Package ani ante it will delete a record based on the condition
57.X & Y Tables?
X-table = A table to link material SIDs with SIDs for time-independent navigation attributes.
Y-table = A table to link material SIDs with SIDS for time-dependent navigation attributes.
There are four types of sid tables
X time independent navigational attributes sid tables
Y time dependent navigational attributes sid tables
H hierarchy sid tables
I hierarchy structure sid tables
58.What does the number in the 'Total' column in Transaction RSA7 mean?
The 'Total' column displays the number of LUWs that were written in the delta queue and that have not yet been confirmed. The number includes the LUWs of the last delta request (for repetition of a delta request) and the LUWs for the next delta request. A LUW only disappears from the RSA7 display when it has been transferred to the BW System and a new delta request has been received from the BW System.
59.How to know in which table (SAP BW) contains Technical Name / Description and creation data of a particular Reports. Reports that are created using BEx Analyzer.
There is no such table in BW if you want to know such details while you are opening a particular query press properties button you will come to know all the details that you wanted.
You will find your information about technical names and description about queries in the following tables. Directory of all reports (Table RSRREPDIR) and Directory of the reporting component elements (Table RSZELTDIR) for workbooks and the connections to queries check Whereused list for reports in workbooks (Table RSRWORKBOOK) Titles of Excel Workbooks in InfoCatalog (Table RSRWBINDEXT)
60.What is a LUW in the delta queue?
A LUW from the point of view of the delta queue can be an individual document, a group of documents from a collective run or a whole data packet of an application extractor.
61.Why does the number in the 'Total' column in the overview screen of Transaction RSA7 differ from the number of data records that is displayed when you call the detail view?
The number on the overview screen corresponds to the total of LUWs (see also first question) that were written to the qRFC queue and that have not yet been confirmed. The detail screen displays the records contained in the LUWs. Both, the records belonging to the previous delta request and the records that do not meet the selection conditions of the preceding delta init requests are filtered out. Thus, only the records that are ready for the next delta request are displayed on the detail screen. In the detail screen of Transaction RSA7, a possibly existing customer exit is not taken into account.
62.Why does Transaction RSA7 still display LUWs on the overview screen after successful delta loading?
Only when a new delta has been requested does the source system learn that the previous delta was successfully loaded to the BW System. Then, the LUWs of the previous delta may be confirmed (and also deleted). In the meantime, the LUWs must be kept for a possible delta request repetition. In particular, the number on the overview screen does not change when the first delta was loaded to the BW System.
63.Why are selections not taken into account when the delta queue is filled?
Filtering according to selections takes place when the system reads from the delta queue. This is necessary for reasons of performance.
64.Why is there a DataSource with '0' records in RSA7 if delta exists and has also been loaded successfully?
It is most likely that this is a DataSource that does not send delta data to the BW System via the delta queue but directly via the extractor (delta for master data using ALE change pointers). Such a DataSource should not be displayed in RSA7. This error is corrected with BW 2.0B Support Package 11.
65.Do the entries in table ROIDOCPRMS have an impact on the performance of the loading procedure from the delta queue?
The impact is limited. If performance problems are related to the loading process from the delta queue, then refer to the application-specific notes (for example in


text:
Kellogg Professor Neal Roese finds that decisions about love inspire more regret than those related to work
2/9/2012 - It's a story as old as time — having to make a decision about work or love, and being terrified to make the wrong choice.
A new study by Marketing Professor Neal Roese
and his colleagues may offer some guidance to those facing such decisions. They found that regrets related to love are more intense than those involving work.
In a previous study
, Roese found that romantic regrets are among the most common type of regret among Americans. His new study, with lead author Mike Morrison of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Kai Epstude of the University of Groningen, goes one step further and underscores the impact of social relationships.
"Social relationships, we suggest, are the most pivotal component of life regrets. Failed marriages, turbulent romances, and lost time with family may elicit regrets that last a lifetime," Roese and his colleagues write.
Romantic regrets are intense because regrets of a social nature pose a threat to a person's need to belong.
"Belonging, as a core human motive, powerfully connects to well-being and mental health," the authors write.
The paper describes five experiments, the results of which all suggest that love or other decisions of a social nature, such as ending a relationship or being unfaithful, are more intense than those involving work or less-social decisions, such a dropping out of college or quitting a job. Roese and his co-authors found that:
- Regrets involving romance or family ("love regrets") were consistently rated as more intense than education or career regrets ("work regrets").
- In the studies that compared highand low-intensity regrets, love regrets were far more common than work regrets in the high-intensity category, sometimes outnumbering work regrets by more than 2 to 1 (56.4 percent to 19.9 percent).
- On balance, low-intensity regrets were equally likely to focus on love and work regrets.
- People rated their love and work regrets to be almost identical in terms of self-blame and importance. However, romantic regrets rated much higher when it came to social impact and threats to feelings of belonging.
"What our research makes clear is that, while regrets are multifaceted with diverse consequences, their social impact looms especially large," the authors wrote. "Regrets can stem from love or work, but those stemming from the former seem to be the toughest to overcome. The need to belong is not just a fundamental human motive but a fundamental component of regret."
The study, "Life Regrets and the Need to Belong," will be published in an upcoming issue of Social Psychological and Personality Science.
For media inquiries, please contact Aaron Mays.


Carbon Clean is a global leader in low-cost carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and separation technology. Carbon Clean is investing and developing groundbreaking technology to capture CO2 from large scale CO2 emitters for less than $30/tonne. Carbon Clean's patented modular technology allows large CO2 emitters to cost effectively and easily capture CO2 and reuse it for conversion into chemicals.
Since 2016, they have been operating a zero carbon zero pollution plant in Tuticorin where 60,000 tonnes/year of CO2 is captured and converted into green chemicals. Carbon Clean offers integrated technology solutions in partnership with global companies like Veolia from France and Wood from the UK.


text:
Destinations > Canada > Canadian Rockies
The Canadian Rockies
Few Canadian destinations are as famous as the Canadian Rockies.
Every year 4 million visitors make their way to the mountains. Their
reasons for visiting are as diverse as the number of ways that one can
enjoy the mountain landscape.
Many arrive with organized group tours, traveling on motor coaches
and tour buses. Others come the the mountains in their private vehicles
and take a more leisurely approach. Still others pass through the
Rockies on their way to other destinations.
The Rockies fall into an Ecozone known as the
Montane (or Western) Cordillera. More diverse than any of Canada's
15 main terrestrial ecozones, it is composed of parallel series of
mountain ranges that lie perpendicular to the prevailing westerly winds.
This creates some of the wettest, driest, coldest, warmest and snowiest
landscapes in North America - and in some cases the entire planet.
The Rockies are only a small portion of the Montane Cordillera. They
stretch from the U.S. border with Montana and Idaho to the northwest all
the way to the Yukon and Alaska. The most famous portion of the Rockies
include the four mountain Parks (Banff,
Jasper, Yoho and Kootenay), Alberta's Kananaskis Country and Siffleur
Wilderness along with British Columbia's Mounts Assiniboine and Robson

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Friday, June 4, 2010
Being Kratos
This post contains spoilers for God of War I, II, and III.
Defending God of War's artistic merit is tricky. The story is rife with plot holes, continuity problems, and cheesy dialogue. Much of the violence and character interactions can be viewed as juvenile and gratuitous, if not obscene and misogynistic. As a character, Kratos appears to operate on a narrow emotional spectrum that spans from "angry" to "super angry."
Despite all this, Kratos is actually an extremely well-realized character and his story is an example of outstanding single-player narrative design. The themes (regardless of their maturity or complexity) explored in God of War's story and those conveyed through its gameplay complement each other. When playing a God of War game, the player is both digesting and actively constructing the game's narrative through their actions.
Violence is the strongest motif in God of War, and it pervades every situation in which Kratos and the player find themselves. By selling his soul in exchange for becoming an unstoppable warrior, Kratos ushers himself into a world in which things exist only to be destroyed. His hubris leads him to tragically kill his family, which causes him to channel his despair into punishing others rather than changing himself. His world becomes one of brutal utilitarianism: Anything that cannot be used as a weapon or a tool against his enemies is destroyed, and anyone whose death would advance his goal is a target.
The games' rules mirror this singular focus. With few exceptions, if something is on the screen, it is meant either to be destroyed or to be used to destroy something else. Devoid of any stealth, cover, or dialogue mechanics, the games makes every enemy that appears a target to attack. Any humans unfortunate enough to cross the player's path are killed and exploited for extra health, experience, or as gruesome objects that aid in solving environmental puzzles. Collateral damage is, at worst, neutral: at the very least, crushing optional enemies and pieces of the environment does nothing. Usually, it rewards the player's thorough and inventive destructive tendencies through narrative progression and ability enhancement. It is in the player's best interest to adopt Kratos' willingness to devastate the world and its inhabitants. Such behavior both matches and enhances the player's understanding of the Kratos they see in the cutscenes.
Like Kratos, the player interprets the world through combat. The game's dominant mode of expression is using the controller buttons in various combinations to kill beasts and people. Even when the action cools, the player still uses combat skills to interact with world: a door that must be forced open requires the player to mash the circle button in the same way they would when they are trying to ram a knife down a Minotaur's mouth. If a path is obscured by debris, the same deadly attacks used against enemies are used to destroy inanimate objects. Operating a simple switch or opening a treasure chest is done with the same forceful movements and angry vocalizations that happen during battle, which suggests that Kratos and the player are at war everything around them.
The tendency to interpret the world through violence is uncomfortably apparent during the infamous sex mini-games. As the camera pans a away from Kratos and his mate (or mates), button prompts identical to those used when killing enemies begin to appear. The player uses the same gameplay techniques during sex that are used to tearing peoples' heads off, and Kratos' grunts of exertion are largely indistinguishable from those made while slaughtering foes. When the encounter ends, the player is rewarded with experience points that are used to make Kratos even more deadly. Not only are women treated in the same way as the beasts Kratos and the player kill, they yield an identical reward when conquered. Like everything else in the game, their interaction with Kratos and the player is expressed through the language of violence and combat.
The quicktime events found throughout the game represent Kratos' reactionary, brutal nature and train the player to adopt his mindset. God of War is the story of a perpetual soldier who constantly performs deadly actions in order to survive and accomplish his goals. Kratos' predisposition to kill first and ask questions later caused the death of his loved ones and allies, but it is also what keeps him alive and striving towards his revenge. By the end of the game, the player has been trained to identify split-second opportunities for violence and to capitalize on them without having to think. Kratos inhabits a binary world governed by the law "kill or be killed." This rule is conveyed through games' rules: on a large scale, success is defined by killing enemies before they can kill the player. Peppered within the experience are quicktime events that distill the binary nature of success to its most basic form. Success is always measured in absolute terms.
In God of War III, the player and Kratos are tasked with ending the seemingly infinite cycle of destruction that takes place within the gameplay and the plot. Ultimately, Kratos accepts that his battle will only end when he abandons his need to fight. During the last fight against Zeus, the player is forced to come to a similar realization. As the player assumes a first person perspective, they are prompted to mash the circle button to mercilessly pummel Zeus to death. Each successful punch causes blood to spring from his face, and Kratos' (along with the player's) sight is soon completely obscured by a red wall of gore.
The player is free to keep pounding away and can still hear every successful punch land on the Zeus' lifeless corpse. The player can continue punishing their nemesis long after he utters his last pathetic groan, but it soon becomes apparent that if they continue fighting, the game will never end. Both Kratos and the player must accept that their bloodlust leads to an endless chain of violence. Such a chain has been demonstrated throughout the series by the many violent plot points and by the hundreds of massacres committed by the player. Ultimately, the only way to end Kratos' story is by forsaking the mindset that originally created it.
Of course, even Kratos' attempts at peace are violent. In God of War I, the player watches as he attempts to end his suffering by committing suicide. Instead of dying, he is saved and then tempted with the promise of more power and the opportunity to exact revenge. God of War II illustrates the escalating consequences of this temptation, and both Kratos and player are continually teased with the prospect of success. In God of War III, things come full circle and Kratos finally succeeds in ending his own life. However, he needs the player's help to do so. In order to finish the game, the player must not only abandon violence towards their enemy, they must actively turn it towards themselves. Using a button command previously reserved for vanquishing enemies, the player ends the game by causing the event they have spent the entire series trying to prevent: the death of Kratos, their avatar.
While the content and execution of God of War's themes may be morally questionable, the plot and gameplay are uniquely congruent. In a story about killing gods, nothing is sacred, and so it is consistent that the player is prompted to callously exploit and destroy everything they encounter. Chaining together vicious combos and learning to win quicktime events is how the player interacts with everything and everyone in the game. The game defines everything in terms of combat, which serves to reflect Kratos' character: he is a single-minded, reactionary figure whose efforts to rectify violence with more violence only serves to victimize those around him. In the end, Kratos and the player must turn this violence against themselves to end the story.
The moment the sword pierces Kratos the story as told by the plot and the story as told by the player's actions converge. Kratos may not be an overly-complex, noble, or even likable character, but he is understandable because the game requires the player to personify him through action. The player is both constrained and rewarded by the same violence that defines the character, which adds a depth of knowledge unique to performance art. To successfully play God of War is more than simply understanding or believing Kratos as a character; to succeed with Kratos is to be Kratos.
 1. To tell the truth, I've been expecting such a comprehensive piece to appear since I first spotted God of War in Scott's playlist a while ago. I've even been tempted to play through the series myself in order to be "in the know" whenever it happened, but had my fill upon reaching the Temple of the Fates in the second game and have yet to go back. What you sum up here is both concise and exceptionally clear-eyed, and I believe such a character-based approach to game mechanics (or a mechanics-based approach to character, for that matter) to be a fruitful avenue for game criticism, as long as it is applied with as much rigor as demonstrated here. I can think of several established classics whose reputation would suffer from such a dissection, but I'm certain that the whole medium would eventually gain tremendously from revising itself according to its defining characteristics.
 I believe this is my first comment on your blog, but I have been reading faithfully for over a year. For some reason I can't seem to ever gather the will to voice my opinion, but maybe that is because your posts often manage to fully wrap up their topics so well. And trust me, I mean this as a genuine compliment! : )
 2. Hi Louis,
 Thanks for visiting the site, and for such kind words!
 The beauty of the series is that you can be "in the know" without necessarily playing through all the games. However,


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text:
Turbulent Characteristic Length/Turbulent Length Scale
I wanted to know that while running cfd analysis of a flow in FLUENT, how does one decide on an initial guess for the Turbulent Characteristic Length?
For eg. I was trying to simulate flow over an obstacle and I took the length scale(l) as 1.5% of the inlet height. The obstacle is an ellipsoid and the inlet height is 1.4 m and the width is 1.5 m. The characteristic length of the obstacle is.8 m. Is 1.5%(of 1.4 m) too less an estimate for the Turbulence Length Scale?
How exactly is an initial guess for turbulence length scale made?
Thank you. :)
In the notice of FLUENT (chapter 7.2) they give the characteristics:
l (length scale) = 0.007 L (L=diameter)
k (Turb. kinetic energy) = 1.5*(u*I)² u=velocity
epsilon (turb dissipation rate) = 0.09^(3/4)*k^(1.5)/l (length scale)
it's a first approximation, it's good for initialization.
Thanks. I'll look into it. :)
And also, on a separate topic, I've been reading about hydrodynamic derivatives and its written everywhere that Nr is large and negative while Nv is small and of uncertan sign. What I want to know is, are these values(large and small) with respect to each other? Or are they with respect to (Mr, Mv, Kr, Kv) or (Yv and Yr non-dimensionalized)?
If you can help me out with this, I'd be much obliged. Thanks. :)
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text: We studied the mineralogy, petrology, and bulk, trace element, oxygen, and noble gas isotopic compositions of a composite clast approximately 20 mm in diameter discovered in the Larkman Nunatak (LAR) 04316 aubrite regolith breccia. The clast consists of two lithologies: One is a quench-textured intergrowth of troilite with spottily zoned metallic Fe,Ni which forms a dendritic or cellular structure. The approximately 30 μm spacings between the Fe,Ni arms yield an estimated cooling rate of this lithology of approximately 25–30 °C s−1. The other is a quench-textured enstatite-forsterite-diopside-glass vitrophyre lithology. The composition of the clast suggests that it formed at an exceptionally high degree of partial melting, perhaps approaching complete melting, and that the melts from which the composite clast crystallized were quenched from a temperature of approximately 1380–1400 °C at a rate of approximately 25–30 °C s−1. The association of the two lithologies in a composite clast allows, for the first time, an estimation of the cooling rate of a silicate vitrophyre in an aubrite of approximately 25–30 °C s−1. While we cannot completely rule out an impact origin of the clast, we present what we consider is very strong evidence that this composite clast is one of the elusive pyroclasts produced during pyroclastic volcanism on the aubrite parent body (Wilson and Keil 1991). We further suggest that this clast was not ejected into space but retained on the aubrite parent body by virtue of the relatively large size of the clast of approximately 20 mm. Our modeling, taking into account the size of the clast, suggests that the aubrite parent body must have been between approximately 40 and 100 km in diameter, and that the melt from which the clast crystallized must have contained an estimated maximum range of allowed volatile mass fractions between approximately 500 and approximately 4500 ppm.


IUCN threat status:
Not evaluated
Read full entry
Phaneropterinae is a subfamily of bush crickets or katydids. Belonging to the family Tettigoniidae, they have nearly 2060 species in 85 genera throughout the world. They are among the largest winged katydids.
The name Phaneropterinae is based upon the old world genus Phaneroptera meaning visible wing referring to the exposed tips of the inner wings.
Their legs vary from genus to genus but the front and middle ones are always much shorter than the hind ones. The ovipositor and male genitalia are also variable depending on the genus.
The katydids are arboreal in habitat with the vast majority of them passing their lives in shrubs and trees feeding on leaves and tender twigs with a potential for causing much damage when present in large numbers. This is rare, however as they live a solitary life unlike meadow grasshoppers and are thus seldom noticed by man.
Adult Phaneroptera sp with eggs
The Phaneropterinae differ from locusts in their habits of oviposition. Their eggs are rarely deposited in the earth or twigs but are either glued fast in double rows to the outer surface of slender twigs or are inserted in the edges of leaves.
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The British government established the Imperial War Graves Commission in 1917 to care for the overseas graves of the Empire's war dead. The new organization developed out of the British Army's Graves Registration Commission, established in 1915, and in 1960 was renamed the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC).
Burying the Fallen
The British Empire chose to bury its battlefield dead from the First World War near the sites where they had fallen, and not to repatriate remains to their home countries, as many grieving families and politicians had demanded. While thousands of bodies had been buried in makeshift graves during the fighting, military units, assisted first by the Red Cross and later by official grave registrars, had made efforts to note temporary sites for future reburials. After battles, special grave detachments attempted to collect the unburied dead for proper burial, and to disinter remains from temporary graves for proper reburial elsewhere. After the Armistice, this process began in earnest with the vastly expanded Imperial War Graves Commission moving remains into newly established imperial military cemeteries. The process involved tens of thousands of burials and took many years. It still continues on a smaller scale as agricultural or construction work across old battlefields regularly uncovers additional human remains.
The War Graves Commission
The Commission imposed a sense of social equality in its cemeteries and made no rank distinctions in the physical construction of grave markers. Each simple white headstone carries the name, rank, and unit symbol of the deceased, and a religious symbol if the soldier's religion was known. The unknown dead carry an inscription chosen by British author Rudyard Kipling, who lost a son during the war: "A Soldier of the Great War – Known Unto God." No other personalized adornments were allowed other than the opportunity for next of kin to pay for a short motto to appear at the bottom of headstone.
Today, the CWGC cares for the graves of 1.7 million members of Commonwealth forces who died in the two world wars and in subsequent conflicts around the globe. It maintains 2,500 cemeteries in over 170 countries. The Commission consists of six member countries – the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa. Member states jointly fund the Commission's operations, but the United Kingdom pays more than 75 percent of the costs.


This simple ergonomic tool makes it easier for left-handed people to write without any smudging
Over 90% of the world is right-handed, and the way we write is strongly informed by that fact… but it makes it difficult for the people who use their left hand to write/draw with. The minute you write with your left hand, you risk smudging the text with your palm every single time. The FELEF caters to a relatively small group of people but solves a large problem for them.
Created as a simple extension of the pen's cylindrical design, the Felef helps offset your writing instrument, maintaining a safe distance between your palm and your pen's nib. By putting the palm below the nib rather than beside it, the FELEF makes sure your palm's always resting against the blank paper, preventing any accidental smudges.
The FELEF works with any pen, simply fastening to it using a tightening screw. Its organic design offers a more comfortable gripping experience and the fact that it is ambidextrous means you can use it with your right hand too, especially if you find your hand cramping, or if you're working with text that's written from right to left!
Designers: Aakash Dolas, Shruthi Iyer & Tanay Dhongade.


text:
New paper by Dr Anthony Pelosi
During the 1980s and 1990s, Hans J Eysenck conducted a programme of research into the causes, prevention and treatment of fatal diseases in collaboration with one of his protégés, Ronald Grossarth-Maticek. This led to what must be the most astonishing series of findings ever published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature with effect sizes that have never otherwise been encounterered in biomedical research. This article outlines just some of these reported findings and signposts readers to extremely serious scientific and ethical criticisms that were published almost three decades ago. Confidential internal documents that have become available as a result of litigation against tobacco companies provide additional insights into this work. It is suggested that this research programme has led to one of the worst scientific scandals of all time. A call is made for a long overdue formal inquiry.
Read paper at:


Discipline and Punish
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Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel
Kunstformen der Natur (1904) by Ernst Haeckel
Foucault begins the book by contrasting two forms of penalty: the violent and chaotic public torture of Robert-François Damiens who was convicted of attempted regicide in the late 18th century, and the highly regimented daily schedule for inmates from an early 19th century prison. These examples provide a picture of just how profound the change in western penal systems were after less than a century. Foucault wants the reader to consider what led to these changes. How did western culture shift so radically?
To answer this question, he begins by examining public torture itself. He argues that the public spectacle of torture was a theatrical forum that served several intended and unintended purposes for society. The intended purposes were:
 - Reflecting the violence of the original crime onto the convict's body for all to see.
 - Enacting the revenge upon the convict's body, which the sovereign seeks for having been injured by the crime. Foucault argues that the law was considered an extension of the sovereign's body, and so the revenge must take the form of harming the convict's body.
Some unintended consequences were:
 - Providing a forum for the convict's body to become a focus of sympathy and admiration.
 - Creating a site of conflict between the masses and the sovereign at the convict's body. Foucault notes that public executions often led to riots in support of the prisoner.
Thus, he argues, the public execution was ultimately an ineffective use of the body, qualified as non-economical. As well, it was applied non-uniformly and haphazardly. Hence, its political cost was too high. It was the antithesis of the more modern concerns of the state: order and generalization.
The switch to prison was not immediate. There was a more graded change, though it ran its course rapidly. Prison was preceded by a different form of public spectacle. The theater of public torture gave way to public chain gangs. Punishment became "gentle", though not for humanitarian reasons, Foucault suggests. He argues that reformists were unhappy with the unpredictable, unevenly distributed nature of the violence the sovereign would inflict on the convict. The sovereign's right to punish was so disproportionate that it was ineffective and uncontrolled. Reformists felt the power to punish and judge should become more evenly distributed, the state's power must be a form of public power. This, according to Foucault, was of more concern to reformists than humanitarian arguments.
Out of this movement towards generalized punishment, a thousand "mini-theatres" of punishment would have been created wherein the convicts' bodies would have been put on display in a more ubiquitous, controlled, and effective spectacle. Prisoners would have been forced to do work that reflected their crime, thus repaying society for their infractions. This would have allowed the public to see the convicts' bodies enacting their punishment, and thus to reflect on the crime. But these experiments lasted less than twenty years.
Foucault argues that this theory of "gentle" punishment represented the first step away from the excessive force of the sovereign, and towards more generalized and controlled means of punishment. But he suggests that the shift towards prison that followed was the result of a new "technology" and ontology for the body being developed in the 18th century, the "technology" of discipline, and the ontology of "man as machine."
The emergence of prison as the form of punishment for every crime grew out of the development of discipline in the 18th and 19th centuries, according to Foucault. He looks at the development of highly refined forms of discipline, of discipline concerned with the smallest and most precise aspects of a person's body. Discipline, he suggests, developed a new economy and politics for bodies. Modern institutions required that bodies must be individuated according to their tasks, as well as for training, observation, and control. Therefore, he argues, discipline created a whole new form of individuality for bodies, which enabled them to perform their duty within the new forms of economic, political, and military organizations emerging in the modern age and continuing to today.
The individuality that discipline constructs (for the bodies it controls) has four characteristics, namely it makes individuality which is:
 - Cellular—determining the spatial distribution of the bodies
 - Organic—ensuring that the activities required of the bodies are "natural" for them
 - Genetic—controlling the evolution over time of the activities of the bodies
 - Combinatory—allowing for the combination of the force of many bodies into a single massive force
Foucault suggests this individuality can be implemented in systems that are officially egalitarian, but use discipline to construct non-egalitarian power relations:
Foucault's argument is that discipline creates "docile bodies", ideal for the new economics, politics and warfare of the modern industrial age—bodies that function in factories, ordered military regiments, and school classrooms. But, to construct docile bodies the disciplinary institutions must be able to a) constantly observe and record the bodies they control, b) ensure the internalization of the disciplinary individuality within the bodies being controlled. That is, discipline must come about without excessive force through careful observation, and molding of the bodies into the correct form through this observation. This requires a particular form of institution, which Foucault argues, was exemplified by Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon, which was never actually built.
The Panopticon was the ultimate realization of a modern disciplinary institution. It allowed for constant observation characterized by an "unequal gaze"; the constant possibility of observation. Perhaps the most important feature of the panopticon was that it was specifically designed so that the prisoner could never be sure whether s/he was being observed. The unequal gaze caused the internalization of disciplinary individuality, and the docile body required of its inmates. This means one is less likely to break rules or laws if they believe they are being watched, even if they are not. Thus, prison, and specifically those that follow the model of the Panopticon, provide the ideal form of modern punishment. Foucault argues that this is why the generalized, "gentle" punishment of public work gangs gave way to the prison. It was the ideal modernization of punishment, so its eventual dominance was natural.
Having laid out the emergence of the prison as the dominant form of punishment, Foucault devotes the rest of the book to examining its precise form and function in our society, to lay bare the reasons for its continued use, and question the assumed results of its use.
In examining the construction of the prison as the central means of criminal punishment, Foucault builds a case for the idea that prison became part of a larger "carceral system" that has become an all-encompassing sovereign institution in modern society. Prison is one part of a vast network, including schools, military institutions, hospitals, and factories, which build a panoptic society for its members. This system creates "disciplinary careers" (Discipline and Punish, 300) for those locked within its corridors. It is operated under the scientific authority of medicine, psychology, and criminology. Moreover, it operates according to principles that ensure that it "cannot fail to produce delinquents." (Discipline and Punish, 266). Delinquency, indeed, is produced when social petty crime (such as taking wood in the lord's lands) is no longer tolerated, creating a class of specialized "delinquents" acting as the police's proxy in surveillance of society.
The structures Foucault chooses to use as his starting positions help highlight his conclusions. In particular, his choice as a perfect prison of the penal institution at Mettray helps personify the carceral system. Within it is included the Prison, the School, the Church, and the work-house (industry)—all of which feature heavily in his argument. The prisons at Neufchatel, Mettray, and Mettray Netherlands were perfect examples for Foucault, because they, even in their original state, began to show the traits Foucault was searching for. They showed the body of knowledge being developed about the prisoners, the creation of the 'delinquent' class, and the disciplinary careers emerging.
See also
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In partnership with the National District Attorney's Association, Addiction Policy Forum (APF) presents this free, on-line course about how district attorneys can contribute to solutions to the addiction crisis. The course includes material included in APF's Addiction 1010 course covering instruction on addiction and the brain, the risk and protection factors associated with an individual's likelihood of developing a substance use disorder, a discussion of the importance of language and the need to reduce stigma around addiction, an explanation of trauma and need for trauma-informed care, and a brief overview of treatment options and the need to match the intensity of treatment with an individual's severity of substance use. The course concludes with 5 actions district attorneys can take to address the addiction crisis. The course includes brief quizzes to test users understanding of the material, and concludes with a list of resources and additional reading.
Funding source: Various grants and donations
This resource was produced by an individual/organization receiving funding from sources that have a conflict of interest such as a pharmaceutical company, political action committee, or other industry-related sources. Multiple studies indicate that research performed by individuals with relationships to industry and research funded by industry sources are more likely to favor the sponsor's products. Industry funding of charities and non-profit organizations has also been linked to groups supporting industry-favorable positions. For more information, please visit the CLOUD 101 page.
A free on-line education course with educational materials and information about how district attorneys can work to address the addiction crisis from APF and the National District Attorney's Association.


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As the Hispanic culture expands and melds more and more with traditional American culture, celebration traditions also cross over and mesh. You may walk into a Hispanic birthday party that looks no different than an American cookout, or you may find a heavier Latin influence in the array of food, activities and decorations. These general traditions vary widely from country to country, and even in the United States.
A Groaning Table
Hispanics may serve traditional food at a birthday party. Depending on their country's culture, relatives may make pulled pork, roasted or grilled meats and vegetables, tamales wrapped in corn husks or banana leaves, traditional rice dishes like Spanish rice or paella, chile con queso, and regional or local foods like menudo, a hominy-chili soup. These traditional foods often sit alongside contemporary American picnic staples like hot dogs, hamburgers, steak and chicken.
Just for Fun
Hispanic families engage in a number of American and Latin traditional activities and games. Younger children play pin the tail on the donkey, run sack races or do balloon tosses. Most birthday party activities culminate in hitting the pinata, a colorful paper-mache animal or character filled with candies, goodies and sometimes money. Kids line up, and each takes a turn getting blindfolded and turned around three times before she tries to hit the pinata strung up between two trees. A relative sometimes pulls on the string to swing the pinata to make it more challenging for older kids.
A Flowery Scene
Traditional Hispanic birthday decorations include fresh flowers, banners made from colorful crepe or tissue paper, colorful tablecloths and message banners in Spanish or English. Families may buy or make colorful crepe flowers ahead of time to attach to table corners and line fences. Giant tissue paper squares are layered atop one another, the center of the square is pinched and secured with pipe cleaner or wire and then fanned out into paper blossoms. Experienced flower makers may also glue crepe paper to wire to create blossoms.
Marking the Quinceanera
When a Hispanic girl turns 15, she traditionally has what's called a "quinceanera" to mark her passage into young adulthood. Traditionally, the celebration marks her maturity into womanhood, making her available for suitors, and it also reaffirms her devotion to God, connecting the celebration to Hispanics' Roman Catholic and Christian faith. The celebration typically consists of a mass or blessing at a church where relatives present the girl, called a "quince," and perhaps a court rivaling the most elegant wedding courts. A reception and dance or just a small gathering at the home of a family member comes after the church festivities, when relatives gather for a late-night feast of leftover treats from the reception.
- Photo Credit Todd Warnock/Lifesize/Getty Images


positions (depths). This can be a useful tool, particularly for large specimens where valuable information is located at depth. Although this feature can be useful for imaging dim samples or locules positioned at great depths, it is time consuming, can cause specimen rupture if laser power settings are too high, and optimal settings over the z-series are generally sample specific. For consistency between genotypes and because anther tissues of interest are sufficiently bright without these adjustments, this correction was not applied for the imaging in our study (Quilichini et al., 2014).
 10. Image processing.
 Save each image or z-stack as an.oif file for processing in Volocity v 6.1.1, or import the image sequence into ImageJ equipped with the Bio-Formats plug-in (Abramoff et al., 2004; Linkert et al., 2010). Image processing commonly includes applying false-colour to the emission from each channel, overlaying channels into one merged image or stack, adjusting brightness and/or contrast in a consistent manner, adding scale bars, or creating a z-projection from a z-stack.
 11. Instrument shutdown.
 After imaging, return the laser to 800 nm prior to turning off laser power. Close the shutter on the microscope and through the software used to operate the laser. Move the objective to the uppermost position prior to closing the Fluoview program.
Readers are encouraged to consult the Olympus Microscopy Resource Center (link below) for further information on the theory and applications of multiphoton fluorescence microscopy.
We thank the University of British Columbia BioImaging Facility, particularly Kevin Hodgson, for training, technical assistance and discussions. This work was supported by Canadian Natural Sciences, Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grants and the Working on Walls NSERC CREATE program. This protocol was developed for a study on pollen wall formation in Arabidopsis (Quilichini et al., 2014).
 1. Abramoff, M. D., Magalhaes, P. J. and Ram, S. J. (2004). Image Processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International 11(7): 36-42.
 2. Linkert, M., Rueden, C. T., Allan, C., Burel, J. M., Moore, W., Patterson, A., Loranger, B., Moore, J., Neves, C., Macdonald, D., Tarkowska, A., Sticco, C., Hill, E., Rossner, M., Eliceiri, K. W. and Swedlow, J. R. (2010). Metadata matters: access to image data in the real world. J Cell Biol 189(5): 777-782.
 3. Olympus FV1000 MPE Microscope User Guide.
 4. Quilichini, T. D., Samuels, A. L. and Douglas, C. J. (2014). ABCG26-mediated polyketide trafficking and hydroxycinnamoyl spermidines contribute to pollen wall exine formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 26(11): 4483-4498.
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Copyright: © 2015 The Authors; exclusive licensee Bio-protocol LLC.
How to cite: Quilichini, T. D., Samuels, A. L. and Douglas, C. J. (2015). Analysis of Developing Pollen Grains within Intact Arabidopsis thaliana Anthers by Olympus Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy. Bio-protocol 5(23): e1677. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1677.


Starting Point-Teaching Entry Level Geoscience > Gallery Walks > Examples of Gallery Walk Questions > Gallery Walk Questions on Air Pressure and Wind
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Gallery Walk Questions on Air Pressure and Wind
created by Mark Francek, Central Michigan University
The following are potential questions that could be used in a gallery walk activity about Air Pressure and Wind. The questions are organized according to the cognitive level at which students are engaged, using Bloom's Taxonomy.
Name the earth's semi-permanent pressure zones.
1. The top of the page represents north. Draw a SW wind. Draw a NE flowing river.
2. Explain how these different local winds originate: land-sea breezes, mountain-valley breezes, katabatic winds, and the regional monsoons.
It's your wedding day and you want blue sky for the pictures. Draw pressure cells on the map that would likely produce a) fair skies, south wind b) clearing skies, northwest wind c) warm, rainy, winds from the south.
1. Discuss how surface air pressure would be impacted by air density and temperature.
2. Create a scenario that would modify the following at the global and local scales.
a) incoming solar radiation
b) gravity
c) pressure gradient force
d) Coriolis force
e) friction force
1. Write a wind forecast for a location near the equator assuming the earth ceased to rotate and your location is on the side of the earth facing the sun.
2. How is unequal heating of the earth responsible for our predominant wind pattern here in Michigan?
Rank the critical energy and matter transformations necessary to create a west wind.
Learn more about creating questions for Gallery Walk using Bloom's Taxonomy
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Oman History
Oman History
The area of today's Oman was probably already settled in the Stone Age. Even before the area was Islamized around 630, the local Bedouin tribes traded copper and incense. The western part of the country (Dhofar province) belongs to the rule of the Sabeans.
After the first division of Islam in 657, today's Sultanate of Oman became a retreat for the followers of Ibadism, a special form of Islam. It was named after the founder of this movement, Abdulla bin Ibadh, who fought in Persia in the 7th century against the secularization of Islam and for the return to Islamic traditions. Despite the close orientation to the Koran, the Ibadites remained relatively tolerant towards other believers. The Imam of the Ibadites was elected by the religious community in the country and could also be voted out of office under certain conditions. In the 9th century, the Ibadites founded their own empire (Imamat) in the area of what is now Oman, which became an important trading power in the Arab region over the next few centuries.
 - COUNTRYAAH: See current national flag of Oman. Download high definition image, and learn flag meanings as well as the history of Oman flags.
In 1509, the city of Muscat on the Gulf of Oman and several other port cities were conquered by the Portuguese seafarer Alfonso de Albuquerque. In the 17th century, the Jaruba tribe succeeded in uniting the hostile tribes of Oman and using common forces to drive the Portuguese out of the country. They even managed to take Portuguese possessions in East Africa.
After the Jaruba dynasty, the Said dynasty, which still rules today, followed in the middle of the 18th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the Imamat reached its peak, the area covered large parts of the Persian coast and areas on the east coast of Africa. The island of Zanzibar was even temporarily the seat of the residence of the Sultan of Oman. Muscat and Suhar were important centers of caravan and sea trade with Africa, India and Persia. According to AbbreviationFinder, the main trades were spices and slaves from Africa. In 1856, Oman was divided into the Sultanate of Muscat and the Sultanate of Zanzibar.
From the beginning of the 19th century, the great European power Great Britain began to expand its influence in the Persian Gulf. The first contracts between Oman and the British East India Company were concluded as early as 1800, and in 1890 the Sultan of Muscat concluded another protection contract with the British. The country remained formally sovereign, but was increasingly under the influence of Britain. With the help of British troops, the Sultan Said Ibn Taimur succeeded in occupying the Ibadite Imamat, founded in 1913 by hill tribes in the interior, to drive out the Imam and to appoint himself the religious head of the country. The Seeb Peace Treaty (1920) stipulated that the sultan should in future have secular power, the imam religious power in the country.
With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1896 and the advent of the first European steamships, which were far superior to the Arab sailing ships, Oman lost its importance as a maritime power. Oil was found in the Dhofar province in the mid-20th century, and thanks to the rapidly flourishing oil export, Oman quickly became one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
Under the extremely conservative government of Sultan Said Ibn Taimur, who prevented modernization of the country, Oman remained a backward country despite its newly acquired wealth: slavery was maintained, the school system was shaped by Koran schools (there were only a few primary schools that were only boys) allowed to be visited and where foreign languages were strictly forbidden), public life remained severely restricted, there was hardly any electricity nationwide. In the mid-1960s there was an internal uprising against this restrictive policy, in 1970 the incumbent sultan was deposed by his son Quabus Ibn Said (Ibn Taimur al-Said) in a bloodless coup d'¨¦tat with the help of English officers. The new sultan who had trained in the UKopened up the country to external influences and modernized it. His first steps included abolishing slavery, lifting exit and exit restrictions, and equating men and women in public life. The form of government of the monarchy remained untouched without a parliament and without political parties and the preservation of Islam as a state religion.
Within a short time, the country changed to a modern welfare state with a well-developed infrastructure and social, health and education system. At the same time, the country broke away from British influence, but continued to maintain good relations with the western countries. In 1971 Great Britain withdrew from the Gulf region. Oman joined both the United Nations and the Arab League, an organization founded in Cairo in 1945 to improve economic, political and military cooperation between the Arab countries. Domestically, the sultan had to deal with communist-oriented groups ("Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf", FPLOGA; from 1974 only PLFO) in the province of Dhofar, which were supported by southern Yemen and other countries. The conflict could only be finally settled in the early 1980s.
After fundamentalism began its triumphal march in Iran at the end of the 1970s and the first Gulf War between Iran and Iraq broke out (until 1988), Oman concluded a pact of assistance with the United States and approved a military base on the island of Masirah (located on the southeastern coast of Oman). In 1981, Oman became a member of the Gulf Council to coordinate the region's economy and defense. In 2009 Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said made his first state visit to Iran for three days since 1979.
In the second Gulf War (1990/91), the country joined the anti-Iraqi coalition. In the same year the Sultan founded a national assembly ("Madjlis al-Shura"), which has only an advisory function. Universal suffrage was introduced for the Madjlis al-Shura in 2002; the first general election was held in 2003. In 1996 the Sultan first issued a constitutional order ("Basic Law of the State"). In 1997, the National Council (Majlis al-Dawla) created a second parliamentary chamber, which advises the government and the Madjlis al-Shura and whose members are appointed. Since the 1990s, Oman's leadership has been trying to make the country's economy independent of oil export and diversify (the country's oil reserves are expected to be exhausted by 2020). State funding began the intensive expansion of agriculture, fisheries.
Oman President


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Steps to Reducing Unwanted Traffic on the Internet Workshop Abstract
Pp. 1723 of the Proceedings
Analyzing Cooperative Containment of Fast Scanning Worms
Jayanthkumar Kannan, Lakshminarayanan Subramanian, Ion Stoica, and Randy H. Katz, University of California, Berkeley
Fast scanning worms, that can infect nearly the entire vulnerable population in order of minutes, are among the most serious threats to the Internet today. In this work, we investigate the efficacy of cooperation among Internet firewalls in containing such worms. We first propose a model for firewall-level cooperation and then study the containment in our model of cooperation using analysis and simulation. Our results suggest that, with moderate overhead, cooperation among Internet firewalls can provide 95% containment under 10% deployment while being resilient to _PHONE_ malicious firewalls.
- View the full text of this paper in HTML and PDF, or the talk slides in PDF.
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- If you need the latest Adobe Acrobat Reader, you can download it from Adobe's site.


text: The mathematical relationship (breakage equation) between the inlet and outlet particle-size distributions of a roller milling operation is described, and the breakage function linking the two is defined. The forms of the breakage equation and the breakage function are different for roller milling than for other comminution operations, such as hammer milling or ball milling. The breakage equation is discretised to give a matrix form, from which it is demonstrated that during roller milling of wheat, particles break independently of one another. This is an important assumption of breakage equations for many comminution operations and experimental results are presented, which confirm its applicability to the roller milling of wheat grains. Breakage matrices are successfully used to predict the outlet particle-size distributions from First Break milling of wheat. Later papers in this series consider the form of the breakage function.


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by Richard Prior
The Roe Deer is the first comprehensive book in English covering the biology, reproduction and behaviour of this beautiful animal and its place in modern Britain. It is the essence of a lifetime's experience in the management and conservation of the species, written in layman's terms with extensive references for students. A detailed bibliography is included.
Throughout, the author's deep understanding and affection for the species makes this a book which can be read equally for instruction or pleasure by anyone concerned with deer and the world they inhabit.


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Explains what the feature is or what its benefits are to the user or customer.
Changing the backup interval
inSync Client backs up data from your computer at regular intervals. The backup interval indicates the time between the end of one backup and the start of the next backup. If your administrator assigns you the required permission, you can change the backup interval.
To change the backup interval
- On the Summary window, click Preferences.
- Under Resources, move the Backup interval slider to reflect a backup interval. You can set the backup interval to a value between between 20 minutes to 7 days.
- Click Save.


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(Jargon Rating= 0) - a snowboardto snowboardto be snowboarding- A noun, adjective and verb. A plank of wood that can be tied to your foot and riden down a hill, preferably on snow. An alternative to its friend the ski.
a big ski (to a manufacturer anyway), but you only need one and ski boots just cost more
a one person snow rider in which a person stands on
a single board akin to a surfboard that is used to slide down a snow covered slope without the need for skis or ski poles but with greater agility and control
A snowboard is a board ridden in snowboarding to descend a snow-covered slope. It is similar to a surfboard or skateboard, except that the rider's feet are attached to the board with bindings. Snowboards generally have a length between 140-165cm, a width of around 25 cm, and are constructed with a laminated wood core with a steel edge.