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Xtranormal Movie Maker is a free online animation creating tool that allows the user to create a fully animated CG movie using the tools and options that it provides. Xtranormal Moviemaker service works in combination with Google. The user has to create a Google account for himself and log into that account to start using the service.
How to Use Xtranormal Movie Maker:
Once logged in, the user can create personalized animations with this free online animation creator using the actors and movie sets that are available. A simple step by step process of creating a sample CG animation video is,
- Select the set that is to be used as the backdrop for the video.
- Choose the characters that are going to share the screen space.
- Add sounds and effects using the inbuilt options in the editor and
- Finally, add the text which you want the animated character to say. This can be specified for each character in the video individually.
You can also try GoAnimate if you find Xtranormal Movie Maker too difficult to use
Creating a video is as simple as that. The user need not download any setup or install anything to use the free online animated CG movie creator. Other remarkable features of this online editor include,
The user can customize the video using the following options:
- Define motions for each of the characters in the video and make them move. The user can select from a list of predefined body motions that are available on the editor options.
- Make the character point at something using the inbuilt 'Point to' feature in the editor.
- Make the characters emote. Make them look sad, Happy or whatever the user wants. A combination of emotions can also be expressed.
- The actors can also be made to look in a particular direction.
- Adding effects such as sounds, pauses etc is also possible.
Once the video has been created, the user can:
- Listen to the changes made to the video.
- Preview the video along with the dialogues, effects and emotions using the Flipbook.
- Export the video to YouTube.
Using Xtranormal Movie Maker, creating an animation video is as simple as that.
Try Xtranormal Movie Maker and start creating videos online.


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Birds often run into objects that seem obvious to humans, like poles or wind turbines. In France, it's estimated that 25 percent of young storks die from running into power lines. Why does this happen, and what's the solution?
Ecologist Graham Martin, an expert in bird vision, wanted to find out. He examined the problem from a bird's perspective, rather than a human one, taking into account where birds' eyes are and how they hold their heads when they fly. Eventually it became more obvious what the problem was.
Photo by Konstantnin/Shutterstock
Because birds have their eyes on the sides of their heads, rather than the front like humans, their frontal vision is generally less acute than ours. Add to that the fact that their frontal vision is tuned for movement rather than obstacles, and you get the problem of birds slamming straight into unmoving power lines that are directly in front of them. Also, many kinds of birds fly so fast that it's hard for them to pick up a lot of landmarks, Martin explained, especially when they're in low visibility conditions.
When in flight, birds may turn their heads to look down, either with the binocular field or with the lateral part of an eye's visual field. Such behavior results in certain species being at least temporarily blind in the direction of travel... Armed with this understanding of bird perception we can better consider solutions to the problem of collisions. While solutions may have to be considered on a species by species basis, where collision incidents are high it may be more effective to divert or distract birds from their flight path rather than attempt to make the hazard more conspicuous.
So how do we help birds avoid smashing into poles and turbines? Martin added that birds generally watch the ground or look to the side, so warnings should not be place on the obstacle, but perhaps far from it, or to the side. He suggests the use of "alerting sounds or signals."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Kume is a roll-up curtain that is composed of four distinct layers.
- A front panel which acts as the first layer and seals the perimeter of the window opening when the curtain is closed
- A moisture barrier which prevents indoor humidity from reaching the window and condensing on the cold glass and window frame
- Wooden battens which maintain the fabric stretched out and thereby ensure that the curtain fits tightly against both sides of the window opening (the battens also create air pockets which further reduce heat losses through the curtain)
- A back panel which acts as the final layer of insulation and helps seal the perimeter of the window opening when the curtain is closed.
- Still air is one of the best insulators found in nature, and the Kume curtain contains a lot of it. First, between the fibers of the thick polar fleece that is used to make the curtain, and second inside the thin spaces that are created between the front and back panels by the battens.
- When closed, the Kume curtain fits tightly against the top, bottom and sides of the window opening. By doing so it traps a layer of insulating air between the glass and the curtain, and prevents the cold air that forms against the glass from seeping into the room.
- A Kume curtain basically works just like a good down jacket on a cold winter day. The air that is trapped in the thick layer of down creates an effective insulating layer, and the tight fit of the jacket around your waist, neck and wrists keeps your body heat in, rather than letting it leak out into the cold environment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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MyHeritage welcomes you to a new weekly blog post, "Surname of the week." We'll discuss the origin, history and other information of one surname in each post.
Surnames first appeared in the Middle Ages as a way to record and document people and for tax purposes. Details included given names, nicknames, parents' names, occupation and residence. This personal information later became an important part of the history of surnames.
English surnames, as we know them today, began in England as early as the 11th century. However, it was not until the late-17th-century that many families adopted permanent surnames.
Generally speaking, family names fall into the following categories with some examples given:
- Occupation: Smith, Taylor or Miller
- Personal characteristics: Young, Black or White
- Geographic or locations: Hamilton, Bush, Hill, Windsor or Murray
- Patronymics, Matronymics or Ancestral: Stephenson, Richardson or Harris
In honor of American-British Actress Elizabeth Taylor's birthday, we look at TAYLOR this week:
MyHeritage heads to London this week for the leading family history show, Who Do You Think You Are? LIVE, from February 22-24.
The event, at the Olympia Exhibition Halls, features genealogy workshops, expert speakers, vendors and more to help with your family history research.
We've recently added millions of new records to MyHeritage's data collections.
The international collections include headstones, military records, yearbooks and even wanted posters and mugshots!
The records are searchable on MyHeritage's SuperSearch engine and are integrated with MyHeritage's Record Matching technology. This means that MyHeritage users will automatically receive notifications about records from these collections that match individuals in their family trees.
Here's some more information and links to the main collections we've added:
Boxing Day is a holiday traditionally observed in the UK and Commonwealth on December 26, but has nothing to do with the sport of the same name!
Where did it originate?
There are various opinions about its origins.
One view is that it comes from a very early Christian custom where boxes were left outside of churches for people to donate offerings for the Feast of Saint Stephen.
The European belief is that it stems from a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages where people would give money and gifts to needy tradesmen. In Britain, it was customary for tradesmen to collect boxes of money or presents, as thanks for their services, much like the concept of the Christmas bonus that many companies in western countries have adopted.
In the days when wealthy aristocrats employed servants to manage their homes, servants would have to work on Christmas Day, but would be given the next day as a holiday. The masters would give the servants a box of presents and leftovers to take home to their families.
Today, Boxing Day in the UK is mainly about shopping. Most people who celebrate Christmas will have spent a large amount of time and money shopping before the holiday, buying food for their festive dinner and presents for their family. To entice people back to the stores, Boxing Day is the day retailers traditionally hold sales. In this regard, it's very similar to Black Friday in the US.
As many families come together for the holidays, Boxing Day is also a ''bonus'' family day.
Are you celebrating Boxing Day? If so, how?
Let us know in the comments below.
We love bringing member success stories to our readers. They provide encouragement, offer tips, and show what can be accomplished. We especially like the stories of our younger members, which often spotlight social media.
Joe Tarsh of Manchester (UK) is only 21 and became interested in his family when he was 13.
I came to the realization that I wanted to know where I came from and a little voice at the back of my head told me that if I don't ask now, then all the people who can answer may not be around to answer those questions much longer.
Born in London in 1991, his family moved to Hertfordshire, where he lived until 18. He then took a gap year, returned to the UK in 2010 and is now in his third year at university, studying for a degree in youth and community work.
He joined MyHeritage in March 2010 because he liked the site's easy accessibility, found it simple to use and it had an incredible amount of data.
This post appeared last week in our German blog. We've translated it to help Gudrun Giesemann find her father.
We're now hoping to help Gudrun, who's been searching for her biological father for over 30 years. She's tried everything, without success. Now we're asking our readers for help. Each bit of information could be vitally important for Gudrun.
Here's her story:
For over 30 years, I've been searching for my biological father whom I've never met. When my mother died in 1989, she told me that his name was SIDNEY or SYDNEY SMITH. Unfortunately, there are a lot of spellings of this common name.
The Queen was born Princess Elizabeth of York on 21 April 1926, and was third in line to the throne, after Edward, Prince of Wales (King Edward VIII), and The Duke of York, her father.
When King George V, the Queen's grandfather, died in 1936, Edward VIII became King. However, within a year the King abdicated to marry Wallis Simpson. This meant that the Queen's father, King George VI, became King, thus putting the now-Queen first in line to the throne.


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Finding the name for a tree in the Bornean forest is a pleasurable challenge. There is no guidebook to the tree species of Borneo, and we don't even have a comprehensive checklist (an estimate of the number of known species is 5,000, but it is likely there are many more still undescribed). Instead of turning to a single resource, those seeking to learn the trees of Borneo must accumulate knowledge from a number of different sources. My favorites include:
- E. J. H. Corner's Wayside Trees of Malaya
- The Tree Flora of Malaya
- Peter Ashton's Manual of the Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Sarawak
- P. F. Cockburn's Trees of Sabah, Vols. 1 & 2
- The Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak
- Flora Malesiana (for some taxa only)
- Ferry Slik's Plants of Southeast Asia website
- The Plant Observatory website
A recent addition, and without doubt the most beautiful and useful single reference, is Jim LaFrankie's Trees of Tropical Asia. This is a nearly comprehensive account of the genera (ca. 800) of trees in the whole of Southeast Asia, complete with excellent photographs of bark, leaves, flowers, or fruits for most genera. It is a labor of love, having taken Jim many years to complete, and represents the distillation of a vast amount of literature and personal experience (most of the photos were taken by Jim himself). Besides being an invaluable reference, it is very readable, full of significant stories and observations. It reminds me of an up-to-date rendition of some classic nineteenth century natural history work. It was the only (paper) book we took on our expedition. I dipped into it nearly every day, over my morning cup of coffee, seeking insight into some tree we had encountered. Our local team members (particularly Pak Manto) also treasured it; while they could not read the English, the images are so abundant and well-annotated that they were able to teach themselves the scientific name for many taxa.
As an author on a slowly-progressing field guide to the genera of Bornean trees, I often think about the advantages of different formats for field guides. Electronic books have many advantages over paper books: portability, ease of copying (if that is the authors' intention), durability, etc. However, the physical layers between the information and the reader (i.e., the screen and buttons) still limit the quality of experience of a digital book. Using a paper field guide is perhaps the most complex data-access task we perform: frequent use of the index and table of contents, flipping back and forth between figures and text, marking several sections with fingers to compare similar taxa. Our spatial memories are also engaged with a physical book, enabling us to remember the physical location of taxa pages, thus speeding up the use of the guide once we have used it a bit.


inclusive of options).
To demonstrate how these clauses operate and the difference in the protection afforded by the different types of clause, consider the example of protected shareholders who invested, say, $1 million to subscribe for 1 million shares at $1 per share, where the company subsequently raises a further $1 million by issuing 2 million shares at 50 cents per share.
Under a full ratchet provision the protected shareholders will be issued an additional 1 million shares at nominal value, reducing their average price per share to the down-round price of 50 cents (they will then have 2 million shares for $1 million invested).
Under a narrow weighted average ratchet the protected shareholders might be issued an additional 500,000 shares, reducing their average price to 66 cents, which is the weighted average where the company will have raised $2 million in total over the two issues by issuing 3 million shares (before the issue of the "free shares" under the anti-dilution provision).
In some cases, the additional shares are issued contemporaneously or immediately after the downround while in others, typically when the protected shareholders hold preferred shares, the protection only operates through the conversion formula if and when the preferred shares are converted to ordinary shares.
Should investors be protected against dilution?
Anti-dilution provisions protect one category of shareholders at the expense of others (usually they protect investors who invested after the founders at the expense of the founders). Simply put, the dilution in shareholding value which would have been suffered by the protected shareholders (but for the anti-dilution protection) is shifted to the shareholders who do not have that protection, so they suffer not only their own dilution (based on pro rata shareholding) but also much of the value dilution which would otherwise have been suffered by the protected shareholders.
Depending on the size and price differential of the down-round, the effects can be quite dramatic for the unprotected shareholders. The value of their shareholding can effectively be "washed out" by the combined effect of the down-round and the issue of free shares to the protected shareholders.
Anti-dilution provisions rarely operate in the company's best interests. They generally make it more difficult to raise new capital in the future and can adversely affect the company's future prospects, particularly if the founders who suffer the increased dilution include key people who remain important to the company achieving its growth objectives. However the company may have no choice but to confer anti-dilution protection in order to raise required capital and immediate capital requirements invariably take precedence over potential future implications. Where investors insist on anti-dilution protection the company should, if possible, try and introduce a "pay to play" condition so the investors have to participate in a new investment round in order to receive the protection.
Usually anti-dilution protection is conferred on investors who are paying more for their shares than the company founders and are investing based on the future potential of the company (as opposed to current earnings). If that value is not borne out by subsequent company performance and the company needs to raise more capital at a lower price, the investors effectively have an opportunity through the anti-dilution mechanism to retrospectively re-price their shares downwards. For the founders who paid less for their shares in the first place (and who may have got a large chunk of their shareholding for "sweat equity" or like, rather than hard cash) this might only mean that they lose the paper gain which accrued on the value of their shares when shares were initially issued to the investors at a premium.
While anti-dilution protection may well be justified at the time it is granted (based on the above factors), the protected investors should be realistic about whether they will actually receive the benefit of the protection when a down-round occurs. If the company is sufficiently desperate for new capital that it is forced to offer shares at a lower price to new investors, those new investors will hold the negotiating power and may impose an investment condition that any anti-dilution provisions are waived, particularly if they feel that the resultant additional dilution of the founders will be against the company's best interests (which, as noted above, may well be the case if founder support and alignment are still considered important for the future success of the company and the additional dilution will deprive them of meaningful shareholdings which will ensure they remain sufficiently aligned with the company's interests). The previous investors who have the anti-dilution protection may have little choice but to waive that protection if the company needs the new capital and they are not in a position to provide it.
Alternatively the new investors may be happy for the anti-dilution provisions to be applied, but only if the dilutionary effect on the key people amongst the founders is neutralised by the issue of shares or options under an employee share plan. This will also neutralise the anti-dilution protection to some extent, but will have the advantage of re-targeting incentives and the alignment of founders, concentrating on the people who really are important going forward.
Where the new investors allow the anti-dilution provisions to be applied they will take full account of the negative impact on share value these provisions will have (where the company's value will be spread across more shares) and factor that into the price per share they are prepared to pay. Accordingly, the down-round share price will be lower again where anti-dilute provisions operate (reflecting the additional dilutive effect such provisions will have on shareholding value).
Whether traded or not, the true underlying value of a company's shares will change regularly. Unless a company needing additional equity capital is able to offer shares at fair value (or less) at the relevant time, then it is unlikely it will be able to raise that capital.
Anti-dilution provisions do not prevent a company issuing shares at a lower price than a previous issue but they can make it more difficult for a company to raise capital and can operate against the company's best interests by further diluting the founders shareholdings to a point where they cease to be sufficiently aligned with the company.
Anti-dilution protection can be justified where investors are paying more for their shares than the effective price at which founders or other existing shareholders have invested, particularly where the founders have received "founder equity" or "sweat equity".
From a company and existing shareholder perspective, it is preferable for any anti-dilution protection to take the form of a weighted average ratchet (rather than full ratchet), ideally a broad based average, and to make that protection conditional on the relevant investors participating in the future investment round for which the protection is applied. However the company's ability to negotiate these provisions will depend on the strength of its negotiating position, how desperately it needs the new capital and whether it has alternative sources for that capital.
The convertible loan is a versatile financing instrument.
There are circumstances when it makes sense for equity investors to consider the option of a convertible loan, at least as an interim measure. Similarly there are circumstances when debt financiers should consider seeking the potential upside of an equity conversion right, possibly to bridge a gap in expectations between the lender and the borrower over debt terms.
In some cases the convertible loan offers the best of both worlds for the financier – the priority of debt, but with all or some of the upside of equity (depending on the equity conversion formula).
While that may sound like a good deal for the financier at the expense of the recipient, it is not necessarily the case. There are circumstances when a convertible loan makes sense for both sides and it may be the only form of financing which is viable in some cases.
This section considers the circumstances when a convertible loan structure may be the best or most viable financing option and some associated key deal issues which should be considered.
Key attributes of the convertible loan
The convertible loan is a debt instrument until it is converted. However, as noted in the introduction, it has the potential upside of equity (depending to some extent on the conversion mechanism described later in this section).
While the convertible loan is a debt instrument, it often carries risk which is more akin to equity risk. That is because it is typically used in circumstances when conventional debt is not available to the borrowing company or is not available on reasonable terms, because of the risk profile. The convertible loan has priority over the equity, but that priority is academic if the company has no realisable assets to repay debt or return equity.
The terms of the convertible loan will also determine the extent to which the loan is closer to equity than conventional debt. Some of those terms are discussed in this section.
When might a convertible loan be preferred to an equity investment?
The convertible loan option should be considered when an equity investor is not yet ready to commit to a long term equity investment in a company for whatever reason or there are other reasons why it is more sensible to structure an investment as a convertible loan in the first instance. Typical circumstances which might create this situation include:
 - The company or potential business idea is at a formative stage. Preliminary funding is required for a pilot study or to finance activities required to achieve a particular milestone which will indicate whether the business has sufficient potential to justify a more significant longer term investment.
 - The equity investor is providing growth funding in anticipation of an IPO or other liquidity event, but has no interest or mandate to be locked into an illiquid private company investment long term (ie if the liquidity event is not achieved).
 - The equity investor needs more time to complete full due diligence but the company needs preliminary funding in the meantime.
 - A growth company is seeking further bridge funding from existing shareholders (and possibly new investors if the required capital is not provided by the existing shareholders) ahead of


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Sailing races at the 2012 Olympic Games were conducted at Weymouth and Portland over July 29 and August 11. There were a total of 380 sailors from around the world.
The sailing field of play consists of four waterways, which are used to define the competition course. These courses are indicated with marker buoys that are laid daily for the duration of the Games. These buoys must be repositioned with every shift in wind strength or wind direction. Officials at sea monitor the weather and lay the buoys accordingly. The object of yachting is to complete the course marked by buoys using sail power in the shortest possible time. Sailors must find the most efficient way to make use of the available wind. Since a boat cannot sail directly into the wind, sailors must 'tack' back and forth at an angle when sailing into the wind. The closer a boat sails to the wind, the better it is able to follow a tight course, and the sooner it will cross the finish line.
The starting signal is given from an anchored vessel. Participants are warned five minutes before the start by a pistol shot and a class flag. One minute later, a second pistol shot is fired and a preparatory flag is hoisted. One minute before the start the preparation flag goes down and sailors are not allowed on the course side anymore (triangle between the first mark and the starting line). The race officially begins at the sound of the fourth pistol shot when the class flag goes down. Because sailboats cannot line up immobile at the starting line, they jockey for position in order to be the first to cross the line when the gun goes off. Those who cross the line prematurely must go back and re-cross it. Positioning is also crucial during the race, since a boat to the windward side of another (that is, between the other boat and the wind) will literally take the wind out of its opponent's sails.
Competitors are scored based on their finish position: one point is awarded to the first boat, two to the second, and so on. Once all races are completed, each crew may eliminate its one or two poorest rankings, depending how many races it has completed. The final race is called the medal race, for which points are doubled. Following the medal race, the individual or crew with the fewest total points will be declared the winner.
At London 2012, the 10 different Olympic Sailing events (six for men, four for women) featured a variety of craft, from dinghies and keelboats to windsurfing boards. Each of the classes in sailing competitions has its own specifications for length, weight and sail area. The events include men's and women's Two Person Dinghy (470), men's and women's Windsurfer (RS:X), men's Keelboat (Star), men's Skiff (49er), men's One Person Dinghy, Heavyweight (Finn), men's One Person Dinghy (Laser) and women's One Person Dinghy (Laser Radial).


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Silk Amino Acid Peptide Complex Blend
Silk Amino Acids are a natural water-soluble protein extracted from raw silk. Silk Amino Acids have high levels of serine, which are wonderful at preserving moisture in skin.
Silk Amino Acid is a unique silk peptide and one of the best at reducing fine lines and other signs of aging. Aside from the amazing texture of silk extracts, silk amino acids contain properties which allow it to rejuvenate skin tone, reduce wrinkles and hydrate your skin tissues to protect from free radicals.
All these benefits come from the unique properties of the amino acid due to their special water binding characteristics. In fact, silk amino acid (also known as Sericin) is only found in the best skincare formulas and for good reason.
They are basically natural water soluble glycoproteins which are extracted via raw silk. They contain relatively large quantities of Serine which possesses superb moisture preserving properties. Serine along with other important properties form a protective barrier on the skin and provide their characteristic silk-like texture.
Silk amino acids are produced by chemically tearing apart silk proteins into smaller and smaller peptide chains. This means these amino acids have lower molecular weight than the silk proteins they are made from. In turn, this produces their excellent moisturizing properties particularly for skin and hair.
The primary reason why silk amino acids are great for anti-aging skincare is the large amounts of hydroxyl amino they contain which are known for their important role in regulating moisture content of the skin and water binding process. Silk amino acids have very powerful properties for preventing wrinkles and fine lines because they are light and easily penetrate the skin layer thanks to their affinity for bonding with adhering-proteins.
Clinical studies show silk peptides have many anti-oxidant properties that help to prevent wrinkling. Finally, because of their high molecular weight, silk peptides leave behind semi-occlusive films that remain on the surface to protect the skin. This has the added benefit of increasing skin permeability which further increases the skin's resistance to damage and fine lines.
Visio Elan's Aria Regenerating Peptide Cream combines silk amino acids, NutraPeptides-R (hydrolyzed rice protein) plus Vitamin C, hyaluronic acid, Vitamins C, E and botanicals in an advanced skincare system.
This effective silk amino acid peptide cream protects your skin from wrinkles and visible signs of aging. When combined with Aria's Triple Peptide Serum, one of the best anti-aging serums on the market, this two-step system becomes an anti-aging duo.
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Stochastic Neural Firing Properties in Neurons of a Cerebellar Control System
The cerebellar system for the voluntary control of arm-hand movements involves a large number of different neuron types. These neurons are located both inside the cerebellum but also in extracerebellar brain structures, which provide processed motor and sensory information to the cerebellum. The various different neuron types have different morphology, receive different types, number and patterns of synaptic inputs and have different firing rates and kinetics. However, a common trait for all neurons is that their firing properties have clear stochastic components, which is evident in recordings from the neurons recorded in brain preparations when all synaptic inputs is removed (in vitro). Here, we take advantage of a unique, comprehensive database of the various neuron types present within the cerebellar arm-hand control system, recorded from the brain in vivo, to provide a comparative description of their spike firing patterns. Although the inter-spike intervals for most cell types in this system can be described by a simple type of distribution characteristic for stochastic neurons, it is only for a few exceptional cases that the consecutive inter-spike intervals are independent of each other. We conclude that the spike patterns of these neurons may be the result of multi-factorial sources of variability that include the patterns in the various synaptic inputs that neurons receive in vivo and the inherent stochasticity of spike generation.
- Technology and Engineering
2010 3rd IEEE RAS and EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics


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I'm not sure if I fully understand the difference between these two.
Can someone explain why I would use one over the other and how they differ?
"top" is for tweak an element with use of "position" property. margin-top is for measuring the external distance to the element, in relation to the previous one.
Also, top behavior can differ depending on the type of position, absolute, relative or fixed.
You'd use margin, if you wanted to move a (block) element away from other elements in the document flow. That means it'd push the following elements away / further down.
If you wanted the element to have no effect on the surrounding elements, you'd use positioning (abs., rel.) and the top, bottom, left, right settings.
With relative positioning, the element will still occupy it's original space as when positioned statically. With absolute positioning, you completely remove the element from the (static) document flow, and may then position it freely - but relative to the next best non-statically positioned element wrapped around it.
Margin applies and extends / contracts the element's normal boundary but when you call top you are ignoring the element's regular position and floating it to a specific position.
Means the element will begin displaying html at the 50% height of its container (i.e. the div displaying the word "content" would be displayed at 50% height of its containing div or html node directly before div#some_element) but if you open your browser's inspector (f12 on Windows or cmd+alt+i on mac) and mouse over the element you will see it's boundaries highlighted and notice the element has been pushed down rather than re-positioned.
Top on the other hand:
Will actually reposition the element meaning it will still display at 50% of its container but it will reposition the element so its edge starts at 50% of its containing element. In other words, there will be a gap between the edges of the element and its container.
"Margin is that space between the edge of an element's box and the edge of the complete box, such as the margin of a letter. 'top' displaces the element's margin edge from the containing blocks box, such as that same piece of paper inside a cardboard box, but it is not up against the edge of the container."
My understanding is that margin-top creates a margin on the element, and top sets the top edge of the element below the top edge of the containing element at the offset.
you can try it here:
just replace top with margin-top to see the difference.


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By, Bill Myers
Bill won Best-of-Show with his Pogs exhibit at the
The United States has deployed soldiers to many areas of the world since the terrorist attack on 9-11-01. Wherever soldiers are deployed, there are merchants available to provide services for the soldiers. Since the Revolutionary War, merchants, called sutlers, have followed the soldiers to provide their services and the Sutler Tokens are a numismatic reminder of that era. In 1867, due to corruption in the sutler system, only authorized traders were allowed on post. In 1889 this system was replaced by canteens. Finally, in 1895 the exchange service was established to provide support for the soldiers, which today is provided by the Army Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES). They provide services including a Post or Base Exchange (PX or BX), barber shop, beauty shop, gift shop, movie theater and food court.
When soldiers were first sent to Afghanistan, there was a shortage of coins in the AAFES system, so small cost items such as candy were used as change. This system was not optimal, and AAFES wanted to make maximal use of their available shipping weight for goods for the soldiers and not use-up part of that weight to ship coins. The wife of an AAFES executive suggested the use of a plastic disc to act as an "IOU". This idea was developed and AAFES instituted the use of plastic discs, called "POGs", in the value of 5 cents, 10 cents and 25 cents.
HISTORY OF POGS
The plastic discs that AAFES issues are called POGs due to their resemblance to the children's toy. POGs date back to the 1920s-50s in Hawaii. Children collected milk bottle caps. They devised a game where they would stack the caps art side up. They would then take another milk bottle cap, called a hitter or slammer, and throw it and try to hit the stack. Any caps that were flipped over with the blank side showing were collected by that player. As cardboard containers replaced glass milk bottles, children turned to juice bottles sold by the Hileakala Dairy in Maui for the bottle caps. The word POG stands for "Passionfruit, Orange and Guava", a tropical drink sold by the dairy. The name POG stuck. POGs are still available, though they are no longer bottle caps but are manufactured specifically as toys.
An earlier version of modern day POGs is from Camp Davies NCO Club in Saigon. The Vietnamese workers could not handle Military Payment Certificates (MPC) that were used by the soldiers for purchases, nor could they read English. To obtain take-out food, a soldier would pay for the order at the cashier cage with MPC and would receive a chit. The soldier would then give this to the cook to receive his order. The chits were of three types: square pieces of cardboard, cardboard inventory tags with metal rims and cardboard milk bottle caps. They were all stamped with "CAMP DAVIES NCO EM" and had the food item and cost hand written on the face, along with the Club Sergeant's initials. The bottle caps were from the Valley Farm Dairy, J.P. Serpa Dairy, Bristol, RI and Weltmer's Farm Dairy, Perrysville, OH. How these caps ended up in Vietnam is a mystery, as they did not provide milk to Vietnam. These could be classified as the first Military POGs.
POGs can only be used at AAFES facilities. AAFES officially labels the POGs as gift certificates. This stems from the law that only the U.S. Government can manufacture coins and paper notes. POGs are not produced by the U.S. Mint or U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, so they cannot be called "money" and should instead be classified as tokens.
The AAFES POGs are polystyrene discs, 23 mm (1.58 inches) in diameter. They have a medal turn. There are multiple printings of POGs. Once a printing is completed, it will never be reissued.
The first printing has "Gift Certificate" across the top, "AAFES" across the bottom and the denomination in the center on one side of the POG. On the other side the denomination is located at the top, "AAFES" on the bottom and three lines of text in the middle which state: "This gift certificate has a retail" (line 1) "value of (5, 10 or 25) cents and is redeemable" (line 2) "only at your BX/PX" (line 3). The background is white/grey on the 5 cents, brown on the 10 cents and red/brown on the 25 cents.
AAFES POGSBy, Bill Myers
For subsequent printings, each denomination has a common image on one side, and variable images on the other. The common side has "AAFES" across the top and "Gift Certificate" curved across the bottom, with the denomination in the center. The background is blue on the 5 cents, green on the 10 cents and orange on the 25 cents. There is one variant. The word "Bassett" appears under the denomination and above "Gift Certificate" on POG 5L101 (see classification system that follows). This was done to promote the fact that AAFES sells Bassett furniture.
On the variable image side, going around the rim counterclockwise from 11:00 to 7:00 is printed "This gift certificate has a retail value of". At 6:00 the denomination is listed in large print. Continuing counterclockwise from 5:00 to 1:00 is "and is redeemable only at your BX/PX", for the second and third printings, and "and is redeemable at any AAFES facility", for the subsequent printings. What is placed at the 12:00 position varies. For the second printing, it is blank. The third printing has "2003". The fourth and fifth printings have "2004". The sixth printing has '2005" and the seventh "2005B".
The placement of a picture on the variable side of POGs was started with the second printing. They were primarily of modern military scenes. The overprints of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) (Afghanistan) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) were placed on some POGs, as well, starting with the second printing. The third printing continued with pictures of modern military themes, but also included non-military but patriotic themes as well as two with AAFES themes. These AAFES themed POGs have the overprint of "we go where you go" and "proudly serving those who serve". The fourth printing was similar to the third but has the addition of black and white historical photographs. The fifth printing starts the addition of POGs both with and without the OIF/OEF overprint on the same background photo and denomination. This is why some denominations require 13 POGs to obtain a complete set. The sixth and seventh printings have a variety of military and patriotic pictures, including several photos of Elvis Presley (6th printing only) as a soldier, military football teams, race cars and past U.S. Presidents (7th printing only).
The first printing has only one POG for each denomination. The second, third and fourth printing have 12 different POGs for each denomination. The fifth printing has 13 different POGs for 5 cents and 25 cents and 12 POGs for the 10 cents. The sixth and seventh printing have 13 different POGs for the 10 and 25 cents and 12 for the 5 cents.
POGs are manufactured at the AAFES facility in Dallas. They are printed with nine sets of the same denomination per sheet and are punched out and put into trays for shipment. There are 400 POGs per tray for the 25 cents ($100) and 500 per tray for the 10 cents ($50) and 5 cents ($25). They are then warehoused at Mainz-Kastel, Germany and shipped to Kuwait, Afghanistan and Iraq as needed.
Some of the information about POGs is classified. This includes the cost of manufacturing, the process of design selection, as well as the exact quantities of each POG design printed.
The introduction of POGs was to save shipping weight. Table 1 gives a comparison of the weight of a tray of POGs versus the weight of the coins they replace. The difference in weight ranges from 1 lb 11 oz to 4 lbs 10 oz per tray.
Doug Bell and Steve Swoish have established a website for information on POGs - _URL_. They have classified the POGs so they can be readily identified. They use an alpha-numeric system. The classification system first lists a number which identifies the printing. This is followed by a letter for that design (A for the first printing, and A to M, skipping I, for the remaining printings). The next number is the denomination. This is followed by a 1, representing one each. For example, 4H101 represents the fourth printing, design H with the value of 10 cents. The POGs that carry the OIF and OEF overprinting, that starts in the fifth series, are classified as with ("w") and without ("wo") the overprint. POGs with


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In honor of my birthday (yesterday), I'm going to tell you about one of my favorite activities I learned about during my job at a science museum. It involves two of my favorite things – the sun and chocolate – a perfect combination. Plus, it's environmentally friendly – what could be better?
- Cardboard pizza box (the kind delivered pizza comes in)
- Aluminum foil
- Clear tape
- Plastic wrap or heavy-duty/freezer zip-lock bag
- Black construction paper
- Ruler or stick
- Chocolate chip cookie dough
Take the pizza box and cut a flap in the lid by cutting along three sides, leaving about an inch around the sides of the flap. Fold this flap up so that it stands up when the rest of the lid is closed.
Tightly wrap the aluminum foil around the flap, tape it to the back (outer side) of the flap. Make sure to cover the inner side of the flap with the foil to reflect the sun's rays.
Place double layer of plastic wrap over the opening you made when you cut the flap in the lid, leaving about an inch of plastic overlapping the sides. Tape each side down securely, sealing out the air. If you use a plastic bag instead of plastic wrap, cut out a square big enough to cover the opening, and tape one layer over it. You want to create an airtight window for sunlight to enter into the box.
Line the bottom of the box with black construction paper, which will absorb the heat. The black surface is where you will set your food to cook. To insulate your oven so it holds in more heat, roll up sheets of newspaper and place them on the bottom of the box, forming a border around the cooking area, and tape them down. You should still be able to close the lid, but inside there is a seal so air cannot escape.
It is best to use your solar oven when the sun is high overhead – from 11 am to 3 pm. Take it outside to a sunny spot and adjust the flap until the most sunlight possible is reflecting off the aluminum foil and onto the plastic-covered window. Use a ruler or stick to prop the flap at the right angle. You can also angle the entire box by using a rolled up towel.
Now for the best part… place the cookie dough in the center of the black paper so the cookies can be seen through the hole made by the flap. Make sure the shadow from the flap is directly behind the box for the best result. Remember to move the box every couple of hours to keep up with the movement of the sun. After 4-6 hours, your cookies should be done and ready to eat, straight from your new solar oven.
You can also make toast by buttering a slice of bread, or sprinkling cheese on it, then letting the sun do the rest, or hot dogs, nachos. If you plan on using the solar oven more than once, place your food on a clear plastic or glass plate to prevent the black paper from getting dirty.
For more details (and recipes) on this activity, go to:
Visit _URL_ for more great lesson plans, experiments, and games. Or learn about how Heifer International project participants in Malawi are saving energy and resources with their own environmentally friendly cooking stoves.


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On June 10, 1999, an Olympic Pipeline Company pipeline exploded in Bellingham, Washington. Approximately 236,000 gallons of gas spilled into two Bellingham creeks. A fireball erupted and burned for a one-and-a-half miles down one of the creeks. Smoke billowed to 30,000 feet in the air. Tragically, the gas leak and explosion killed three youth and thousands of animals, fish, and plants within the Whatcom Watershed.
RestorationBecause of the devastation, it was apparent that environmental restoration needed to take place. The City of Bellingham enlisted the Washington Conservation Corps (WCC) and funded efforts to restore the native vegetation and habitat loss along the watershed.
Liz Anderson, Bellingham crew supervisor and former WCC member has served on the Bellingham pipeline restoration project since 2006. She spoke of the devastation that the explosion caused to the Bellingham community, and the importance of returning the watershed to its original state.
For nearly 15 years, WCC restoration efforts have included:
- Re-engineering the creeks; creating ponds and flood plains, installing woody debris, and developing cable bogs
- Planting more than 100,000 trees
- Creating habitat
- Monitoring water quality and animal usage
- Thinning alder trees and allowing space for conifers to take over as the primary forest covering
- Removing invasive plants
- Maintaining the site
- Removing litter
The success continuesSite monitoring has shown huge improvements in the quality of the watershed. Over the past few years, WCC crews have witnessed the once damaged site becoming a habitat to fish, birds, and mammals. A bobcat has even been spotted taking up residence in the area.
According to Liz, the site is not yet fully self-sustaining, however, crews are seeing success beyond the primary stage of restoration on the project. "This is a great example of what can be done after a disaster," Liz said.


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September 11 – National Hot Cross Buns Day
Posted on September 11, 2012
National Hot Cross Buns Day
Five Food Finds about Hot Cross Buns
- A hot cross bun is a spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins and marked with a cross on the top, traditionally eaten on Good Friday.
- In many historically Christian countries, buns are traditionally eaten hot or toasted on Good Friday, with the cross standing as a symbol of the Crucifixion.
- They are believed by some to pre-date Christianity, although the first recorded use of the term "hot cross bun" was not until 1733.
- It is believed that buns marked with a cross were eaten by Saxons in honour of the goddess Eostre (the cross is thought to have symbolised the four quarters of the moon); "Eostre" is probably the origin of the name "Easter".
- Others claim that the Greeks marked cakes with a cross, much earlier.
Today's Food History
on this day in…
1721 Rudolph Jacob Camerarius died. A German botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs.
1777 The Battle of Brandywine in the American Revolutionary War. The British win, enabling them to capture Philadelphia.
1851 Sylvester Graham died in Northampton, Massachusetts. He advocated vegetarianism, temperance and the use of coarse ground whole wheat (graham) flour. He developed the Graham cracker in 1829.
1959 Congress passed legislation creating the Food Stamp program.
1961 The World Wildlife Fund, a conservation organization, was founded.


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Extracting protein-protein interactions from Medline using the hidden vector state model
A major challenge in text mining for biomedicine is automatically extracting protein-protein interactions from the vast amount of biomedical literature. We have constructed an information extraction system based on the Hidden Vector State (HVS) model for protein-protein interactions. The HVS model can be trained using only lightly annotated data whilst simultaneously retaining sufficient ability to capture the hierarchical structure. When applied in extracting protein-protein interactions, we found that it performed better than other established statistical methods and achieved 61.5% in F-score with balanced recall and precision values. Moreover, the statistical nature of the pure data-driven HVS model makes it intrinsically robust and it can be easily adapted to other domains.


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Social development, FDI, and domestic investment
Timeframe: Jan 2003 - Dec 2003
Funder: World Bank
Creating a favourable investment climate is crucial for economic development. In this study, we explore the impact of social development variables on FDI and private domestic investment, using panel data from 75 countries for the period _PHONE_. Our results show that reducing corruption leads to an increase in domestic investment. Though we do not find a significant impact of corruption on FDI, previous studies have established a similar relationship for FDI. Thus there is evidence to suggest that combating corruption can have a beneficial effect on both domestic and foreign investment. Our results indicate that improvements in political rights and civil liberties tend to increase FDI. In contrast, political freedom appears to have a negative effect on domestic investment. However, other studies suggest that democratization has a positive impact on corruption, which makes the total effect of political freedom on domestic investment ambiguous. A few other social development variables are found to have an impact on one of the two types of investment. Religious tensions appear to deter FDI, but have no impact on domestic investment. In addition, socio-economic conditions could affect domestic investment through savings.


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A Storyteller's Story Video 2011
By Matthew Foster, Florencia Marchetti, Rachel Rotrand, and Alejandro Yoshizawa
(Produced by Erica Lehrer and Monica Eileen Patterson for CDK Productions)
This video came about as a result of a seminar offered at Concordia University in the winter semester of 2011, called Curating Difficult Knowledge: Engaging with the aftermath of violence through public displays, memorials, and sites of conscience. During this seminar we, as students, were given the challenge of developing a public display that engaged with a Holocaust survivor's testimony, recorded on DVDs by Concordia's Centre for Oral History and Digital Storytelling for the Montreal Life Story's Project. Our group was given the video testimony of Ted Bolgar, a Jewish Hungarian Holocaust survivor residing in Montreal.
Following the viewing of his testimony, we were able to meet with Mr. Bolger a number of times to talk with him about his role as a Holocaust storyteller and educator. We learned that Mr. Bolgar has been giving public presentations about his experiences during World War II for the last twenty-five years, and through the retelling of his story, hundreds of times, he has developed a standardized, highly compelling narrative. He understands the transmission of his story to future generations to be a moral duty, fulfilling the mandate to ensure the world never forgets the Holocaust, and in the last few years the frequency of his presentations has turned this activity into what he calls "his full-time job."
Our project explores the quotidian and repetitive nature of Mr. Bolgar's testimony, and poses critical questions regarding the transmission and reception of difficult knowledge: How do we know about the Holocaust? What do we expect from Holocaust survivors? As viewers of Holocaust testimony do we privilege certain ways of telling over others? Our video installation engages in a critical examination of the possibilities of telling and listening, educating and learning about Holocaust history, and challenges viewers to acknowledge their own assumptions and/or expectations of Holocaust testimony.
Watch the video on YouTube
The recorded testimony used in this project was made available courtesy of Ted Bolgar, as part of the Montreal Life Stories project.
Matthew Foster is a recent graduate of Concordia University who specialized in History. He is now pursuing a Master's degree at the University of Toronto in Library and Information Studies.
Florencia Marchetti is an anthropologist and documentarian currently pursuing a PhD in Humanities at Concordia University, in Montreal. Her photo work has been published and filed as part of the Provincial Memory Archive in her native city of Cordoba, Argentina. She completed a video essay called Haunting Presences (2007, 42') as thesis for her MA in Social Documentation from the University of California in Santa Cruz, USA.
Rachel Rotrand recently finished a BFA in Art History and Studio Arts, with a minor in Religion, at Concordia University. Originally from Oakville, Ontario, Rachel is currently completing an MA in Art History at the University of Leeds.
Alejandro Yoshizawa is a Master's student in the History Department at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. His past films include From Issei to Sansei: The History of My Grandfather's Life (2008), and Vancouver's Chinatown: Past, Present, and Future (2009). He is currently working on his next film, The Hunt For Matsutake.


Cradle to Career data spurs new thinking
Since the creation of the Action Plan for Youth Success in 2014, Cradle to Career has focused on addressing quality, access, capacity, best practices and program design, all intended to impact the initiative's goals and indicators. Analysis of community indicators show that some have increased, some have not changed, and some have decreased. This has prompted new thinking and new questions: why is it that, despite expanded access and better program design, there are children who continue to fall through the cracks?


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Lunéville (Lorraine, France)
Lunéville is a city (population 20,200 in 1999; 19,065 in 1957) in northeastern France, known as the residence of Stanislaus Leczinski, King of Poland, when he was Duke of Lorraine. Peace was concluded here in 1801 between Austria and France. Luneville was the seat of a small Mennonite church. The Mennonites living here in the 18th century belonged to the Welschland congregation. On account of the distance between the members they divided, the local Mennonites formed the Luneville-Dieuze church (Mannhardt, Jahrbuch, 1888, 42), which met twice a month at the homes of the members. The congregation then consisted of fifteen families, with Christian Schweitzer as elder.
The Franco-Prussian war divided the congregation politically, but they continued to meet together until 1893, when border difficulties made it advisable to separate. The French families joined the congregation at Nancy. The German families continued to meet once a month in Dieuze. The number declined because of emigration and a low birth rate. Finally they joined the congregation at Morhange.
After World War I the Nancy church died out. The Lunéville-Dieuze group joined Gerbéviller, a subsidiary of Baccarat; together they organized the Lunéville congregation. It had then a membership of about 40 souls, and met once a month in a rented hall in Lunéville. There were smaller meetings and prayer meetings in the various homes. In 1954 the membership was ca. 30 souls, with no elder, and with a meeting only once a month. The preacher was Emile Muller, living in Herbéviller.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, _PHONE_: II, 702.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 414-415. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press website.
©_PHONE_ by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
MLA style: Sommer, Pierre. "Lunéville (Lorraine, France)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 25 May 2013. _URL_
APA style: Sommer, Pierre. (1957). Lunéville (Lorraine, France). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 25 May 2013, from _URL_


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In order to use Tomcat 4 for developing web applications, you must first
install it (and the software it depends on). The required steps are outlined
in the following subsections.
Tomcat will operate under any Java Development Kit (JDK)
environment that provides a JDK 1.2 (also known as Java2 Standard Edition, or
J2SE) or later platform. You will need a Java Development Kit, as opposed to a
Java Runtime Environment, so that your servlets, other classes, and JSP pages
can be compiled. Tomcat 4 has been extensively tested with JDK 1.3.1, which
Compatible JDKs for many platforms (or links to where they can be found)
are available at
Binary downloads of the Tomcat server are available from
This manual assumes you are using the most recent release
of Tomcat 4. Detailed instructions for downloading and installing
Tomcat 4 are available here.
In the remainder of this manual, example shell scripts assume that you have
set an environment variable
CATALINA_HOME that contains the
pathname to the directory in which Tomcat 4 has been installed.
Binary downloads of the Ant build tool are available from
This manual assumes you are using Ant 1.4 or later. The instructions should
also be compatible with later versions, but this has not been tested.
Download and install Ant from the distribution directory mentioned above.
Then, add the
bin directory of the Ant distribution to your
PATH environment variable, following the standard practices for
your operating system platform. Once you have done this, you will be able to
ant shell command directly.
Besides the required tools described above, you are strongly encouraged
to download and install a source code control system, such as the
Concurrent Version System (CVS), to maintain historical
versions of the source files that make up your web application. Besides
the server, you will also need appropriate client
tools to check out source code files, and check in modified versions.
Detailed instructions for installing and using source code control
applications is beyond the scope of this manual. However, CVS server and
client tools for many platforms (along with documentation) can be downloaded


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LAND SURVEYING HAND WRITTEN PLANS IN THE STOCKS OF THE MANUSCRIPT DEPARTMENT OF THE RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY
The manuscript department of the Russian State Library is in possession of a unique collection embracing both archival materials and hand written books, music manuscript, maps. According to the make-up of the holdings of the department the cartographic materials are incorporated either into personal stocks or into the stocks of solitary additions, which hampers the search.
Hand written cartographic items in need of scholarly study, description and organization have been picked out of the unprocessed archival materials of the manuscript department. They are maps, plans, atlases, drawings, side views. The stock is stamped with subject variety since there are general geographic and topographical maps, maps and plans of universal land surveying, military maps, plans of towns and fortresses, hydrographic, historical, ethnographic maps there. They derive from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. They can be held up as a marvelous aid in considering the history of the making of the Russian cartography in detail. Land surveying proprietary plans take a pride of place among the given cartographic materials.
The plans took in separate villages, cottages, waste ground. They were made chiefly on the scale of 100 sagenes in an inch (1:8400) and the generalized plans were drawn on the scale of 200 sagenes in an inch (1:16800). The plans were of interest in terms of their content, appearance, location of the elements of the design. Arable land, meadows, kitchen-gardens, rivers, roads, settlements were depicted there, the surnames of the land surveyors and in some cases the poll number of the peasants were entered. The plans were drawn in Indian ink and painted in water-colours, they were compiled between 1769 and 1910. Plans created at an earlier date were adorned with figured frame, unrolled scrolls, there were compass roses on them.
Work on the
scientific study and organization of the stock of the land surveying plans of
the Bobrinski-Sokovnins is in its infancy and it requires continuation. It is
interesting for cartographers, land surveyors, historians. Hese documents are
invaluable for the reconstruction of the history of the land-tenure in


LED Pool Light
Security lapse at India's Jio exposed coronavirus symptom checker results
Since the start of the outbreak, governments and companies have scrambled to develop apps and websites that can help users identify COVID-19 symptoms.
India's largest cell network Jio, a subsidiary of Reliance, launched its coronavirus self-test symptom checker in late March, just before the Indian government imposed a strict nationwide lockdown to prevent the further spread of the coronavirus. The symptom checker allows anyone to check their symptoms from their phone or Jio's website to see if they may have become infected with COVID-19.
But a security lapse exposed one of the symptom checker's core databases to the internet without a password, TechCrunch has found.
Jio's coronavirus symptom checker. One of its databases exposed users' responses. (Image: TechCrunch)
Security researcher Anurag Sen found the database on May 1, just after it was first exposed, and informed TechCrunch to notify the company. Jio quickly pulled the system offline after TechCrunch made contact. It's not known if anyone else accessed the database.
"We have taken immediate action," said Jio spokesperson Tushar Pania. "The logging server was for monitoring performance of our website, intended for the limited purpose of people doing a self-check to see if they have any COVID-19 symptoms."
The database contains millions of logs and records starting April 17 through to the time that the database was pulled offline. Although the server contained a running log of website errors and other system messages, it also ingested vast numbers of user-generated self-test data. Each self-test was logged in the database and included a record of who took the test — such as "self" or a relative, their age, and their gender.
The data also included the person's user agent, a small snippet of information about the user's browser version and the operating system, often used to load the website properly but can also be used to track a user's online activity.
The database also contains individual records of those who signed up to create a profile, allowing users to update their symptoms over time. These records contained the answers to each question asked by the symptom checker, including what symptoms they are experiencing, who they have been in contact with, and what health conditions they may have.
Some of the records also contained the user's precise location, but only if the user allowed the symptom checker access to their browser or phone's location data.
We've posted a redacted portion of one of the records below.
A redacted portion of the exposed database. (Image: TechCrunch)
From one sample of data we obtained, we found thousands of users' precise geolocation from across India. TechCrunch was able to identify people's homes using the latitude and longitude records found in the database.
Most of the location data is clustered around major cities, like Mumbai and Pune. TechCrunch also found users in the United Kingdom and North America.
The exposure could not come at a more critical time for the Indian telecoms giant. Last week Facebook invested $5.7 billion for a near-10% stake in Jio's Platforms, valuing the Reliance subsidiary at about $66 billion.
Jio did not answer our follow-up questions, and the company did not say if it will inform those who used the symptom tracker of the security lapse.
Source : TechCrunch
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I am working on a project that will involve having several RPi kiosks set up across a college campus. In the rare event that someone might accidentally/maliciously disconnect the power cord from one of the RPis, the associated kiosk would obviously stop working.
I would like to automatically get email notifications if this happens so that I would be aware of it immediately, but I don't know how to do this or even if it is possible. Any ideas?
 - 2
 this is called a "dead man's switch". if it's web-accessible there are a lot of options. but to tell that something is dead you need a nondead device watching it. dead servers don't talk. – tedder42 Jun 4 '16 at 0:35
It's certainly possible, but it'll require additional hardware. Once the RPi loses power, that's it. Just like your desktop, there's no magical way for the RPi to do anything (like send a notification) once the power is gone.
You could add a small UPS to the RPi. There are a few that are even designed specifically for the RPi, like this one. If the power goes out, the UPS will send a notification to the RPi. Then the RPi can handle sending a message across the network. If you're fast enough, the RPi may never experience downtime. If you're not fast enough, the RPi can gracefully shutdown.
Alternatively, you could add microcontroller to monitor the power and send a message if needed. Something like this should be able to run off a battery for along time.
I think the best and simplest option though would be to ping the RPi on a set schedule. Since your RPi is a network attached kiosk, you obviously can contact it through said network. Why not just setup a handshake every 1/5/60/whatever minutes? This could be as simple as a script on your server or even desktop workstation that just pings a list of IPs/Hosts and then notifies you which ones don't answer.
 1. Create an AWS account.
 2. Create a tiny text file that just contains something like "hello" or "alive"
 3. Create a S3 bucket for your project. Copy your tiny text file N times into that bucket, once for each Pi that you need to keep status on. Use unique filenames like pi1, pi2, pi3,..., piN.
 4. On each pi, create a simple shell script run by cron every minute that grabs that pi's text file via wget or curl.
 5. Enable S3 access logging
 6. On a separate Pi or an EC2 instance, write a script that regularly downloads the S3 logs and checks to see that all of the pi files have been recently accessed. Note that S3 access logging isn't instantaneous, so you may have a 20-30 minute lag before you discover that one of your Pis is down.
There are commercial server monitoring services like New Relic, but they may be too expensive for your application.
Your Answer


text:
Locate the Touch ID sensor
The Touch ID sensor is located in the upper-right corner of your keyboard.
To set up and use Touch ID on a Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, you need a Mac computer with Apple silicon and macOS Big Sur 11.4 or later.
To use the built-in Touch ID on a Mac laptop computer with Touch ID, just set up Touch ID in System Settings (Or System Preferences) > Touch ID & Password.
Try these steps
Try using Touch ID after each step:
- Make sure that you have the latest version of macOS.
- Make sure that your fingers and the Touch ID sensor are clean and dry.* Use a clean, lint-free cloth to wipe off any dirt or debris on the Touch ID sensor.
- Your finger should cover the Touch ID sensor completely. While Touch ID is scanning, you shouldn't tap too quickly or move your finger around.
- Choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), click Users & Groups, then click the lock to make changes. Click Login Options, then make sure that Automatic login is off.
- Choose Apple menu > System Settings (or System Preferences), click Touch ID & Password, then turn on the setting to use Touch ID to unlock your Mac.
- Try to add a different fingerprint. Choose Apple menu > System Settings (Or System Preferences), click Touch ID & Password, then click Add Fingerprint.
- For Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, turn your keyboard off and on, then connect your keyboard to your Mac with the USB to Lightning cable. After you turn Magic Keyboard off then on, Touch ID may be unavailable for up to 10 seconds.
- Restart your Mac.
If you need to enter your password
The first time you log in after you turn on, restart, or log out of your Mac, you must log in by entering your password manually. After that, you can use Touch ID to log in.
Additionally, you might need to enter your password instead of using Touch ID in these situations:
- Your fingerprint isn't recognized five times in a row
- You haven't unlocked your device in more than 48 hours
- You're trying to change settings in the Touch ID & Password pane of System Preferences
* Moisture, lotions, sweat, oils, cuts, or dry skin might affect fingerprint recognition. Certain activities can also temporarily affect fingerprint recognition, including exercising, showering, swimming, cooking, or other conditions or changes that affect your fingerprint.


text:
Work Package 2
Dissemination and communication
The objective of the dissemination and communication work package is to raise the awareness about the outcomes of the project and the developments that have been achieved within the Science for Prevention Academic Network. Within this work package, all key stakeholders such as public administrations, academics, relevant enterprises and research institutions, scientific and industrial experts are involved, in order to foster the impact of the project activities and results. This work package shall ensure that the project objectives, activities and methodologies developed within the project are widely promoted to the target groups defined by the dissemination and communication plan on European level and beyond.
Description of work and role of partners
Task 2.1 Development of Dissemination Plan
This task is devoted to development of effective dissemination and communication strategy and coordination of the dissemination activities within the project consortium partners. The aim of this task is to identify and structure the activities leading to the promotion of the project's activities and results. The plan shall define the target groups, key messages, media channels and responsibilities. Measurable criteria of the dissemination efforts shall be selected in order to effectively evaluate each dissemination activity. The dissemination plan shall define principles to be followed by all dissemination activities in order to avoid confusion and misconceptions and to foster the quality of project communication.
Task 2.2 Realization of Dissemination Plan
This task shall be devoted to development of the project logo, promotional material, press releases, articles, leaflets, newsletters, videos, etc. Prevention Science awareness raising activities shall be linked to activities of the European Society for Prevention Research Conference (EUSPR), the European Public Health Association (EUPHA), European Institute of Studies on Prevention (IREFREA), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), the active participation in top prevention related conferences, trade fairs and brokerage events (e.g. FP7 Proposers' Day). All dissemination activities shall be monitored and recorded during the project execution.
Task 2.3 Final Conference
Final project conference held in Brussels shall be organized informing about the project results, impact and future activities. The target audience shall include prevention relevant enterprises and research institutions, policy and decision makers, clusters, scientific and industrial experts across Europe.


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DTL - Computer Definition
(Diode-Transistor Logic) A type of digital circuit design that followed resistor-transistor logic (RTL) and was superseded by transistor-transistor logic (TTL). DTL used resistors at the inputs, diodes for logic gates and bipolar transistors for amplification. In subsequent TTL, the diodes were replaced with transistors. See RTL and TTL.


Can a Regulatory Budget Trim Red Tape?
| Aug 28, 2013 | Opinion
The idea of a regulatory budget has been around for decades. Unfortunately, given the current political environment, the idea of placing a budgetary cap on the overall costs of regulation will likely remain for some time just an idea that regulatory scholars will continue to debate without any practical results. However, a more achievable goal would be to adopt a modified regulatory budget that targets government paperwork requirements. Such a paperwork budget could reduce red tape while leaving current health protections unchanged, thereby generating bipartisan support.
Unlike total regulatory costs and benefits in our economy, we already have a tally of the active collections of information and the total amount of time it takes annually to complete federal paperwork. Although the figure changes daily, the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) reports approximately 9,100 collections of information (essentially government forms) and more than 10.3 billion hours of paperwork.
Thumbnail image for chart.png
If trimming this large burden seems impossible, it isn't. While the overall trend has been toward more paperwork throughout the years, the accompanying graph does show that there have been deceases at times. (Because Treasury is 75 percent of all paperwork, any single tax collection can drastically affect total numbers; the graph therefore displays collections of information without Treasury, better demonstrating the growth rate of typical regulatory agencies – and the possibility of reductions.)
A paperwork budget could be set up to function much like the United Kingdom's "one-in, one-out" system for regulation, which recently expanded to "one-in, two-out." A U.S. version of "one-in, one-out" for paperwork would cap the overall number of Office of Management and Budget (OMB) paperwork approvals and the overall number of hours associated with them.
The budget would operate by agency. For instance, if the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) wanted to require an additional form, it would have to consolidate or eliminate one of its nearly 1,200 existing forms and ensure the resulting swap would not increase its current 644 million hour paperwork burden.
HHS provides an example of the explosive growth of paperwork—but it also illustrates the feasibility of restraining paperwork. The agency's total paperwork burdens grew fourfold since 1995. But in 2008 and 2011, the agency did reduce its total burden. In 2012, HHS also finalized a rule to save hospitals $940 million annually by cutting paperwork requirements.
A paperwork budget, of course, would not solve every perceived regulatory problem, but it would reduce the red tape that most citizens and businesses encounter. It would also achieve cost-savings without reducing current health and safety protections. Assuming an hour of regulatory paperwork time is worth $31.23 (the median wage for a regulatory compliance officer), a 100 million hour reduction could save $3.1 billion.
Thumbnail image for paperwork.jpg
If 100 million hours sounds fanciful, the Department of Transportation (DOT) just proposed to eliminate 46.7 million hours of compliance time, roughly 15 percent of its overall budget. That's just one rule from one agency. Last year the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) proposed to merge several existing collections to eliminate 8.4 million hours of paperwork, or 21 percent of the Bureau's total.
The goal of a paperwork budget would be to give teeth to the "Paperwork Reduction Act." Instead of just tracking paperwork, agencies would be compelled to keep their burdens neutral. The returns could be tremendous. In FY 2011, the government added 355 million hours of paperwork burdens. An effective budget would have prevented this expansion and saved $11.8 billion (again assuming a cost of $31.23 an hour). To put that in perspective, OIRA has reported high-end costs of $12 billion in FY 2010 for all the major rules it reviewed.
Although a comprehensive regulatory budget is likely a non-starter politically, a paperwork budget could garner bipartisan support because it will save time and money while doing nothing to alter fundamental health and safety protections. Of course, if in the end Congress cannot pass such a reform, the President could still issue an executive order implementing a paperwork budget for cabinet-level agencies.
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Study: Race Impacts Severity of Teen SentencesBy Doris Nhan | Thursday, May 31, 2012 | 10:05 a.m. Photo: AP Photo/Carlos Osorio
People are more likely to assign blame to juvenile defendants if they imagined them as black, increasing the likelihood of supporting a harsher punishment for them, a study released last week concludes.
The researchers from Stanford University's psychology department suggest their findings may have broad implications for how juveniles are seen and treated in a criminal-justice system that is predominantly white, from lawyers to jurists to jurors.
The legal system's assumption of less culpability for juveniles affords them some protection against the harshest punishments for severe crimes, but the conclusions from this study indicate that those protections may not hold up when factoring in a young person's race.
The study, conducted with about 650 white Americans, looked at whether switching a juvenile defendant's racial description to either black or white would change whether the participant was more likely to find the juvenile to be responsible and to support a harsher punishment. The researchers found that it did.
Participants who had read "black" were significantly more likely to say that the individual was responsible and thus more supportive of a life in prison without parole sentence, said Aneeta Rattan, lead author of the study and a post-doctoral research scholar at the university.
"Using this one word to cue race got people to change their attitudes and perceptions to policy regarding juveniles," Rattan said, later adding, "We really have to ask how much bigger that effect can be in the real world."
In the real world, figures such as Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman exist, adding layers of complexities that one word in a controlled study cannot predict.
The study found that the racial bias was not necessarily based on any preexisting bias or political affiliation, suggesting that participants tended to unconsciously see black juveniles as more responsible for their crimes than whites, regardless of age.
As a result, respondents were more willing to accept a sentence of life in prison without parole for a juvenile convicted in a severe crime if he were black than if he were white.
This racial bias could be the fine line between deciding if a young defendant should be handed a lesser punishment under the protection of juvenile court or be tried as an adult — and thereby face more severe consequences.
Only white Americans were included in the research because the group is most overrepresented in the nation's jury pools and the justice system overall, Rattan said. The study is meant to serve as the foundation for a deeper look at the juvenile-justice system.
In 2009, about one in 17 youths was arrested, a total of 1.9 million, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Protection. Of that total, about one in 20 was white and one in eight was black.


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Atlas dwarf lizard (Atlantolacerta andreanskyi)
|Size||Length: up to 5.5 cm (2)|
The Atlas dwarf lizard is classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1).
The Atlas dwarf lizard (Atlantolacerta andreanskyi) is a small, mountain-dwelling lizard which takes its name from the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, where it is endemic (2).
Like other species in the Lacertidae family, the Atlas dwarf lizard is a small reptile, with the female often being slightly larger than the male. Its head and body are less flattened than in some other Lacertid species. A pattern of dark stripes running along the back of the Atlas dwarf lizard fade gradually along the sides into a white underside, which occasionally has a green tint. There is a dark stripe along the spine and the rest of the body is grey-brown (2).
Hatchling and juvenile Atlas dwarf lizards have brightly coloured, green-blue tails (2).
The Atlas dwarf lizard is endemic to Morocco, where it is restricted to the High Atlas Mountains (1).
The Atlas dwarf lizard is found at elevations between 2,400 and 3,800 metres (1). It is a ground-dwelling species, favouring areas with lots of vegetation, such as among shrub, thorn cushions and thickets. It is also found on scree near small water bodies (1) (2).
The Atlas dwarf lizard has a long hibernation period (1), after which, like other Lacertid species, is likely to only be active during the warmest parts of the day (3).
Like other species in the Lacertidae family, it is likely that males of this species have glands on the underside of their legs in order to mark territories, warn off potential competitors and attract mates. Should a competitor enter a territory, the male will perform a threat display, in which the throat is inflated, the body turned sideward and the head lowered (3).
This species reproduces sexually, and the female will lay three clutches of between one and three eggs per year (1) (2).
Members of the Lacertidae family will often run and hide underneath cover objects to escape from predators (3).
There are currently no major threats to the Atlas dwarf lizard. However, its habitat is accessible to hikers, which could potentially cause some level of disturbance to this species (1).
There are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for the Atlas dwarf lizard, although its existence in Toubkal National Park ensures that part of its habitat is protected (1).
Learn more about reptile conservation:
International Reptile Conservation Foundation:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
- Endemic: a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Gland: an organ that makes and secretes substances used by the body.
- Hibernation: a winter survival strategy in which the animal passes the winter in a resting state. This period of inactivity is characterised by specific biological and biochemical changes including lowered blood pressure and respiration rate. In reptiles, this is also known as brumation.
- Scree: small loose rock debris covering a slope.
- Territory: an area occupied and defended by an animal, a pair of animals or a group.
IUCN Red List (October, 2011)
- Arnold, E.N., Arribas, O. and Carranza, S. (2007) Systematics of the Palearctic and oriental lizard tribe Lacertini (Squamata: Lacertidae: Lacertinae), with descriptions of eight new genera. Zootaxa, 1430: 1-86.
- Halliday, T. and Adler, K. (2002) The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford University Press, Oxford.


Holistic Resource management
Allan savory is iften quoted, and his concept of holistic resource management
sounds good to me.
But what exactly are the HRM principles and rules we should should follow and
try to incorporate in our farm designs.
That's the kind of information, and detail that is so important.
Tell me what to do, and how to do it, and why to do it so that I may do it
and thus in some small way contribute to the movement.
Any help, comments etc on this topic would be greatly appreciated. While the
concept sounds good I just don't have any practical info. Thanks. frank


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Dear Astronomers: […] I've poured through my roughly 200 astronomy books and can't find an answer to this question asked by a boy at one of my recent talks: Why do the outer gas giant planets [generally] rotate faster than the inner planets? I was shocked at first because I realized I should know that! The best I could come up with was that the planet forming gas/dust around the bigger planets just happened to have faster moving eddies of material there than in the inner areas of the forming solar system. But I'm not sure that's it. Any ideas?
What a great question! Here's my thoughts on the subject, I hope they help: So the rotation rates of the terrestrial planets, ice-giants and gas-giant cores are largely determined by the stochastic collisions near the end of the formation process (when the colliding bodies are largest and so impart the most angular momentum). This effect is largely random and so will give a certain average angular momentum but has not inherent preferred direction and so won't lead to huge rotation rates.
Meanwhile the rotation of the gas giants is determined by a combination of the net angular momentum of infalling material during it's runaway growth as well as asymmetric inflow of material during the final stages of growth when the gas giant has largely opened up a gap in the gas disk it's forming in (the same process that generates type-2 migration). Looking at this first effect, the fact that gas giant planets are formed by so much material/mass which starts out relatively far apart will give a fairly large angular momentum depending on the eddy speed as you pointed out. On top of that, the fact that the late stage inflow onto the gas giants is in a single sense (clockwise OR counter-clockwise from the inner AND outer inflows) will spin up the planet's rotation rate significantly.
I hope this helps answer the question to your satisfaction.
University of California, Santa Cruz.


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Object is not asserted on this topic.
Freebase Commons Common /common
 - M89SR sniper rifle is a gas operated semi-automatic sniper rifle, produced by Technical Equipment International, an Israeli company based in Tel Aviv. The M89SR was first introduced as the Sardius M36 Sniper Weapon System in the 1980s. The rifle is based on the American M14 rifle in bullpup configuration, and uses the same 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. It was intended to replace the M14, though Sardius were unable to secure financing. When Sardius went out of business, Technical Consulting International obtained the licence to produce the M36. They made some adjustments, such as adding a new carbon fiber stock, and it was renamed the M89SR. The rifle was used by the Israel Defense Forces, in urban warfare and on the battlefield. The rifle is much shorter than an assault rifle even with a sound suppressor attached, making it easy to conceal. It is also relatively light, and is more accurate than other sniper rifles. Only a small number were used, in the undercover unit Sayeret Duvdevan. It was more successful abroad, and was sold to some special forces units.


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Committed to Student Success
Peel board trustees advocate for their communities
Public school trustees are the critical link between communities and school boards. They are elected by taxpayers during municipal elections every four years and are directly accountable to the community. The current 12 trustees have been elected to serve from Dec. 1, 2010, to Nov. 30, 2014.
Working together, trustees:
· govern and establish policies
· set budgets and govern the provision of curriculum, facilities, human and financial resources
· advocate for the needs of their communities, and explain the policies and decisions of the board to residents
· work with all levels of government to help ensure student success
Trustees are available to help taxpayers, parents and others address any issues they may have about the public school system.
Trustees meet as a board on a regular basis and also participate on organized standing committees. The meeting schedule lists public meetings.
Student trustees serve an important role for the Peel District School Board. They represent the voice of students in decisions about education in Peel, and they help keep students informed about important decisions that affect them. The Peel board has two student trustees—one representing schools north of Highway 401 and one representing schools south of Highway 401.


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Comment: Migrated to Confluence 4.0
Half of Shibboleth runs within the web server. For IIS, this half is implemented in an ISAPI filter and extension packaged in a single file called isapi_shib.dll. Because most versions of IIS provide very minimal support for the configuration of extensions on its own, all of the runtime configuration is handled by the SP configuration file (shibboleth2.xml) with the exception of the basic installation of the filter and extension into IIS.
Table of Contents
Loading the Filter and Extension
The low-level IIS installation details have been documented as part of the Windows installation process, and can be found linked from the NativeSPWindowsInstall topic for each supported version of IIS.
Typically, environment variables are used to set the appropriate path information to enable the library to locate the configuration file and initialize itself when IIS or its child processes are started.
titleStartup Failures
If you experience startup problems, you should do the following:
 - Verify the configuration is generally valid by running %SHIBSP_PREFIX%/sbin/shibd.exe -check from the command line.
 - Assuming that reports no serious errors, verify that all of the machine accounts used by IIS have read permission to the SP installation tree.
Enabling the Filter
Populate the element in shibboleth2.xml with elements that reflect the IIS site/vhost configuration, and then use the to apply content settings.
IIS has a design difference that separates it from Apache: it provides no mechanism to securely establish the "canonical" properties of a web site like it's hostname. Instead it divides the web server into "site instances" that can have properties like names and ports attached to them. The SP's portable internals don't understand the concept of a "site", so to correct for this, a non-portable piece of XML configuration is included within the element that performs a mapping between a site instance number/ID and the associated "canonical" virtual host information.
It is critical when performing initial setup, and when adding new Shibboleth-enabled web sites to an IIS server, to create those mappings. Failure to do so will result in the system ignoring requests to unmapped sites. Note that this is also a feature: any site instances you provide no mapping for will be ignored by the software.
Any time you manipulate the configuration section, you'll need to restart IIS completely.
Once the necessary site instance mappings are created, the rest of the per-request configuration is handled exclusively by the component. There is no "native" option as with the other web server implementations.
The module does not provide for integration with the native access control features of the web server. Therefore you will need to either perform such work within your application, or rely on the and the XML-based Access Control plugin (or an alternative plugin to the SP).
Content Settings
The SP supports an extensible set of content settings, properties that control how it interacts with requests and enforces various requirements. On IIS, these settings can be controlled only by attaching properties using the mechanism in the SP configuration.


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Article reproduced courtesy of the Guardian Environment Network
'Sustainable' palm oil campaign banned by ASA
9th September, 2009
Advertorial claimed that controversial oil business was 'green answer' and was important to alleviating poverty
A press campaign making environmental claims about the controversial product Malaysian Palm Oil, including that it is "sustainable", has been banned as misleading by the advertising regulator.
Palm Oil, which is used in a third of all groceries, has been at the centre of an environmental debate over its role in the destruction of rainforest in areas such as south-east Asia.
The press campaign, run by the Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), made a number of claims, including that the product was the "green answer" and that palm oil is the "only product able to sustainably and efficiently meet a larger portion of the world's increasing demand for oil crop-based consumer goods, foodstuffs and biofuels".
MPOC also argued that the palm oil business had played an important role in the "alleviation of poverty, especially among rural populations".
The advertorial went on to claim that criticism of Malaysia's palm oil industry – including "rampant deforestation and unsound environmental practices" – amounted to "protectionist agendas" not based on scientific fact or evidence.
Environmental group Friends of the Earth, and two members of the public, complained to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) that a number of the claims made by MPOC were misleading and could not be proven.
The ASA said that a palm oil company sustainability certification scheme, through a body called the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), and the certification of biofuels in general, was "still the subject of debate". Therefore making a claim that palm oil could be wholly sustainable, which cannot be substantiated, was deemed to be misleading.
The ASA also said that MPOC's attack on its detractors was likely to mislead. This was because MPOC could not prove that the production of palm oil did not, in fact, lead to deforestation or environmental damage.
MPOC's assertion about helping to alleviate poverty was also misleading according to the ASA, as there was "not a consensus on the economic impact of palm oil on local communities". The ASA said that some research had shown that biofuel production causes adverse social impacts including rising food prices and has a major short-term impact on the poor.
The ASA ruled that the ad should not be shown again.
Mark Sweney is the Guardian's advertising, marketing and new media correspondent. This article is reprinted courtesy of the Guardian Environment Network.
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- Use simpler data: Instead of using a 100,000 long vector, can you use a 10 long vector until you have the algorithm working?
- Remove complexity: Most MATLAB 'bugs' can be reproduced with no more than ten lines of code. Once we remove all the extraneous lines of code, it becomes clear what is really going on. For example, a recent graphics case was brought to me. The case had nothing to do with the title, so I removed the code that created a title. Was the title hurting anything? No, it was not, but that and 30 other similar removals made the code three lines long and made the problem very evident
- Use better variable names: I often get code to debug for people, the variable names are often distracting and take away mental energy from understanding the code. Which is easier to understand?
All I did was change the names of those variables for the plotting step. Ideally, I would have had well named variables throughout my code, but at least this little corner of the code it more understandable now. This kind of simplification (even though it is more lines of code), when applied many, many times will tame complexity.
plot(r287(ind:ev),hhGrams) or startIndex = ind; stopIndex = ev; xVec = r287; yVec = hhGrams; plot(xVec(startIndex, stopIndex), yVec)
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