Literate Programming Using Noweb
Noweb is a tool designed to enable a programmer to write documentation and code at the same time, with the goal of producing code that is easy to understand and maintain.
Writing the Program in Noweb
With the knowledge of what comes out the end of the pipeline in hand, we can now describe the structure of the nw source file itself. The nw source file for our example program is given in Listing 1.
When you write a noweb program, you alternate between explaining some piece of code and providing the formal definition of that piece of code. You must indicate whether you are entering documentation or code by using one of two noweb tags.
To begin writing documentation, one starts with an @ symbol in the left column, followed by either a space or a newline. This indicates that all of the text that follows, at least up to the next tag, is documentation text. All documentation text is passed through the filtering process to the (LA)TeX file. Thus, the author is responsible for providing any special formatting such as sections, tables, footnotes and mathematical formulae which may be desired or needed in the documentation.
In addition to the standard (LA)TeX command set, noweb provides three additional control sequences. Any text surrounded by double square brackets in the text is typeset in the same fashion as literal code, and the \nowebindex and \nowebchunks commands expand into the two types of indices shown at the end of our example in Figure 1.
To indicate the beginning of a code chunk, you use double angle brackets surrounding a name for the code chunk followed by an equal sign:
Everything following this construct is considered to be literal code or a reference to another chunk name. You reference another chunk name by placing its name in double angle brackets with no trailing equal sign. As with documentation, a code chunk is terminated when another tag is encountered. To continue a code chunk definition, you start a new code chunk using the same name within the brackets as the chunk to be continued.
The special formatting and cross-referencing of code chunks is handled automatically by noweb and requires no special input by the user—with the one exception of manually specifying identifier definitions.
To manually list identifiers which are defined in a given chunk, you terminate that chunk with a line of the form:
@ %def
The identifiers given on the line will be placed in a "Defines" footnote for that chunk and will automatically be cross-referenced and indexed by noweb as described in the previous section.
The process by which notangle extracts the code into a form suitable for the compiler or interpreter follows just a few simple rules. A root chunk is specified on the command line as the chunk to be extracted and assembled. This chunk is then printed line by line until a reference to another chunk is encountered. At this point, the referenced chunk is output line by line—and similarly for any chunks referenced therein. When the referenced chunk has been output, notangle continues the process of outputting the root chunk.
When dealing with continued chunks—two or more chunks sharing the same name—notangle concatenates their definitions in order of appearance into a single, named chunk. The extracted code for our example program is in Listing 2, and it can be seen that all spacing and indentation is preserved appropriately in the executable version.
Because of the way notangle extracts and assembles its input, the program can be presented and explained in the best order for human understanding. notangle will make sure that the program chunks are in the right order for the compiler or interpreter.
The Incantations
Now that we know how to create a program in noweb, we can examine the methods of generating our typeset and executable versions of the program. The noweb distribution provides a general shell script called, remarkably, noweb which drives the notangle and noweave processes. However, this method of invocation, though simple, is somewhat limited. We will focus here on using each tool separately as this method provides a more flexible approach.
When you invoke notangle, you specify a chunk name (a root chunk) to extract and assemble from the nw source file. If you fail to specify a chunk, notangle searches for a chunk named * to extract (this is the default root chunk in a noweb program). The notangle tool writes to stdout, so you must redirect this to a file of your choice. The general form of the command is:
notangle [-R
Thus, to extract the executable version of our example program we use:
notangle -Rautodefs.perl autodefs.perl.nw >
The -R option specifies which root chunk to extract. The -L option is used to embed line directives, if they are supported by the compiler/interpreter you are using. The line directives refer to locations in the nw source file. Thus, when debugging your code, you never need to refer to the executable version. Rather, you can edit the code in the nw source file. The default format is for use with the C preprocessor, but it also works well with Perl, with one catch. The line directives are emitted whenever a chunk is entered or returned to, and refer to the next line of code. Therefore, in a script such as ours, a line directive winds up as the first line of the executable version before the #! line, rendering it non-executable. The fix for this is to delete the first line directive, or to move it below the first line and increment the line number by one.
One can write filters for use with either notangle or noweave that manipulate the source once it is in the pipeline. The pipeline representation of the nw source file in noweb is beyond the scope of this article (see the "Noweb Hacker's Guide" included in the documentation of the distribution). However, it should be noted that a filter could easily be constructed which automates the solution to the line directive problem.
The typeset version of the program is generated with the noweave tool. There are several useful options for noweave, all detailed in the man pages. We will only consider a few of the most important options here.
The first option of general interest concerns the desired output: you can specify -latex (default), -tex or -html as the formatting language to be used for the final documentation. Each of these options will supply an appropriate wrapper (which can be suppressed with the -n option) for the typeset version. You can write your nw source file intended for LATeX typesetting and still have the option of producing an HTML document by invoking noweave with the -html option and the LATeX-to-html filter (-filter l2h) included with the distribution.
The -x option enables cross-referencing and indexing of chunk names, as well as any identifiers which are automatically recognized by an "autodefs" filter. Using the -index option implies -x and provides cross-referencing and indexing for manually defined identifiers—those mentioned in @ %def statements in the nw source file.
Normally, noweave inserts additional information, such as the filename for use in page headers, as part of its wrapper. The -delay option causes noweave to suspend the insertion of this information until after the first documentation chunk. This is most useful when you wish to provide your own (LA)TeX wrapper to specify additional packages or to define your own special formatting commands. This implies a -n (omission of wrapper) option and requires that you make sure to include a \end{document} control sequence in a documentation chunk at the end of the file to complete the wrapper. Our example nw source file is written in this fashion.
Our typeset version (Figure 1) was produced by first extracting the autodefs.perl root chunk with notangle and making it executable using the chmod system command. We then placed this executable in the noweb library directory and invoked noweave as:
noweave -autodefs perl -delay -index
 autodefs.perl.nw > autodefs.tex
We can then run LATeX on the resulting file—twice, to resolve page references—to create the dvi file, then use dvips to create the postscript version for inclusion with this article.
Additional options allow you to have the index created from an external file, to expand tabs and to specify alternative formatting options provided by the included noweb.sty file. The latter includes options to omit chunk numbering in the left margins, change text size in code chunks and switch from the symbolic cross-referencing of code chunks occurring at the right margin to simple footnote style cross-referencing similar in style to the "Defines" and "Uses" footnotes.
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text:
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
DRAG Cost is the amount of money by which expected project profit is reduced due to the delay of performing a critical path activity, or other critical path delay factor such as a schedule lag or scheduling constraint. DRAG Cost is the sum of two factors:
- A reduction in a project's expected monetary value due to acceleration premium or delay cost caused by the DRAG of a critical path activity or delay.
- An increase in a project's cost due to the project's indirect costs being extended due to a DRAG amount.
DRAG Cost computation is a useful technique for justifying additional project resources. For example, if an activity's DRAG Cost is $50,000 (based on ten days at $5,000 each), but duration compression could reduce the DRAG to five days through the addition of a resource costing a total of $10,000, the additional resource expense would be more than justified.
Just as DRAG is only found on critical path activities and delays, the same is true of DRAG Cost. DRAG Cost is a key component in computing an activity's "true cost of work".

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Sun Bee, or Helioanus burnupus, is an extinct species of bee. They were unique among insects for possessing antennae on their lower abdomen. When experiencing a primitive sense of pleasure, the small creatures would rub these rear antennae together very quickly to produce yellow sparks. Contrary to a common myth, the pink-spark producing queens each bred with only one carefully selected male, and thus were not flaming homosexuals.
By sparking in groups, the bees were responsible for most of the fires of 10,000 years ago. These blazes resulted in the extinction of the mastodon, the saber-toothed tiger, and Neanderthal man and woman. Contrary to another myth, the insect's bright self-abdominal rubbing did not lead to blindness. Instead, it led to the species' self-extinction.
While entomologists agree that sun bee honey was produced by virgin female sun bees, they disagree on the origin of the insect. According to a report by The Entomological Society of America, their flame-creating ability was likely the result of some type of mutation. The most likely causes are a a growth or hormonal disorder; fever-inducing bacterial or viral infection; complications at birth, perhaps being born near a volcano; or healing following a severe injury such as second degree sunburn during a sun-scorched summer attack by sun bee virgin honey-seeking North American sun bears.
The Clovis people
Sun bees were used as pollinators by the Paleo-Indians called the Clovis people, who were named after both the clover they harvested and the cloves they smoked. The first painting discovered (above right) was found by a high school coach near Folsom, New Mexico. At first I thought it was just student grafitti," said Coach Rod N. Pance. Pance, who had previously played for the Folsom State College football team "the Sun Bears," said he was playing touch football in Burnet Cave with his sister-in-law and former cheerleader Ophelia N. Yor-Pance. "We played for a while, just an innocent game. I just like playing touch football in caves. Nothing wrong with that. But suddenly Ophelia grabbed my ball. Then she threw it so hard I had to go look for it."
While looking, he discovered the painting. It was later proved to be early art created by the Clovis people. Once thought to be early modern humans, they are now believed to be the last Neanderthals to live not only in North America, but in all of the world.
Sun bee and the wolf
Scientists had long wondered why the strong, intelligent Homo neaderthalis became extinct while Homo sapiens, who were weaker and possessed a smaller brain, thrived. The critical factors that led to the extinction of Neanderthals and the success of modern humans are now known to be the bee, the wolf, and the garbage dump.
H. sapiens, who competed for food and shelter with H. neanderthalis, co-evolved with the wolf. While the more intelligent Neanderthals recycled their garbage to nourish their clover crops, Sapiens threw theirs into piles in deep pits so their culture could later be studied by archaeologists. Wolves would then raid these garbage dumps and, finding them an easy food source, began staying near Sapiens' camps. At the same time, sun bees raised by the Neanderthal Clovis people to pollinate their clover and produce honey became attracted to Sapiens' garbage they found down in the dumps.
Ecologically-minded Neanderthals would try sneaking into a Sapiens' camp to retrieve their bees and to use the wasted garbage for fertilizer. But as soon as they approached, the wolves would howl, frightening the sun bees into swarming into the air where they would intermittently spark. The loud sound and flashing lights instantly alerted the Sapiens. Thus the wolf and bee unintentionally worked together to became the first burglar alarm.
The wolves, which through eating human garbage quickly evolved into the modern garbage-eating dog, were also a tremendous aid in hunting. Ironically, they also attracted sun bees to the benefit of the Sapiens. Ordinarily, the insects would follow their queen by the pink sparks she produced while flying. But the dogs' pink tongues, wet with canine saliva, reflected both moonlight and sunlight in a way that mimicked the queen's sparks. The fiery bees also unwittingly helped by providing illumination which allowed night-time hunts and dinner dates. And the fires they created scared and confused hunted animals during both night and day, making it easier for hunters to kill their prey.
Scientists believe the bow and arrow, which Neanderthals never developed, only became practical for Sapiens with the help of bees and dogs. "A couple arrows would not stop a mastodon or a saber tooth tiger," said forensic paleontologist Sarah Osborne. "The intended prey could easily run away. But a pack of barking dogs confused them, and scared many into running into Homo sapiens' garbage dumps where they'd fall in the pits. There the bees would set them on fire. Nothing could live through that." The flaming deaths of thousands of saber-toothed tigers and mastodons led to the invention of cooked meat, the pit barbecue, and the all-you-can-eat restaurant. It also caused those species' extinction.
The death of the Neanderthal and the sun bee
Unfortunately for both H. sapiens and H. neanderthalis, the sun bees also created wildfires, which burned much of the vegetation and many of the animals. Food became increasingly scarce. The Neanderthal Clovis people soon abandoned bee keeping as being too dangerous. The two humanoid species developed separate strategies that led to success for the one, and extinction for the other.
After Sapiens mastered the use of dogs and bows and arrows as hunting aids, the wildfire-creating bees were no longer useful, but a serious detriment. Sapiens trained their dogs to warn them of the coming of the fiery sun bees by loudly barking. The dog thus became the first fire alarm. The Sapiens then shot fiery arrows made of the wood of the pink flame tree Brachychiton discolor at the bees. The pink flaming arrows looked like dozens of queens, and the bees, trying to follow them all simultaneously, became completely confused. The bees would then fly in random directions, some of them invariably ending up at a Neanderthal camp.
Neanderthals weren't warned by dogs of the bees coming, but, according to forensic entomologist Dr. Sinister Craven, tried to trap the bees by using their superior brain. They welcomed the sparking, sweet-desiring bees with smoking cloves and flavored alcoholic drinks they had invented, including the sun bees' favorite, the Tequila Sunrise. The bees were very attracted to the sweetness and the smoke, and drank and inhaled to the point of intoxication. This was intended to make them an easy capture.
Tragically for the Neanderthal, the drunken and happy bees repeatedly rubbed their rear antennae together. The ensuing revelry led directly to the explosion of the alcohol kegs and caused tremendous fires, which extinguished Homo neanderthalis. But tragically for the bees, they were too intoxicated to escape their self-created flames. The entire species was caught in the explosions, and all burned to death.
- ↑ The name of the species is a mixture of Latin and Greek. "Helio-" is Greek and means "of or like the sun," "-anus" is Latin and means "hindquarters," and "burnupus" is Pig Latin and means "burns us up."
- ↑ Many insects possess cerci on their lower abdomen, which look much like antennae but do not have ignition capability.
- ↑ The Latin term for the sun bee's pleasurable abdominal self-rubbing is "masturbation." It is from this spark-producing, self-feeling stimulation that comes the phrase "I'm feeling hot."
- ↑ Homo sapiens' instinctive desire for fame and the ability to imagine the future eventually led to the development of writing, the printing press, radio, television, the Internet, and Weekly World News.
- ↑ This explains why the Chow Chow dog, which has a black tongue and thus did not attract pink-tongue-following sun bees, was not used for hunting food, but was eaten. This also explains the origin of the term "chow."
- ↑ Early archers used bird feathers for fletchings and sun bees for illumination, which explains the association of the archer Cupid with the birds and bees.
- ↑ The mass deaths in the flaming pit with crying and gnashing of teeth also led to the religious concept of Hell.
- ↑ Recent evidence introduced by Dr. Sinister Craven suggests that some of the bees survived. The species may have mated with the firefly to produce the modern flaming bee, which can survive fire. These few remaining bees may explain what is perhaps the world's only surviving North American sun bear, the virgin honey loving Pedobear.
- ↑ The explosive extinction of the sun bee at a Neanderthal gathering explains why wild party-goers are often referred to as "Neanderthals" and why a party is often called a "bang."


Social Research Methods/Research Design
< Social Research Methods
This chapter provides a general introduction to research design by examining several issues:
The main purposes of social research
Units of analysis
How to design a research project
The elements of research proposals
Three Purposes of Research
Social research can serve a variety of purposes. Three of the most influential and common purposes of research are exploration, description and explanation.
Exploration involves familiarizing a researcher with a topic. Exploration satisfies the researcher's curiosity and desire for improved understanding. Exploration tests the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Exploration helps develop the methods that will be used in a study.
Description involves describing situations and events through scientific observation. Scientific descriptions are typically more accurate and precise than causal ones. For example, the U. S. Census uses descriptive social research in its examination of characteristics of the U. S. population.
Explanation involves answering the questions of what, where, when, and how. Explanatory studies answer questions of why. For example, an explanatory analysis of the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS) data indicates that 38 percent of men and 30 percent of women said marijuana should be legalized, while 55 percent of liberals and 27 percent of conservatives said the same. Given these statistics, you could start to develop an explanation for attitudes toward marijuana legalization. In addition, further study of gender and political orientation could lead to a deeper explanation of this issue.
The Logic of Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Explanation
 - Idiographic explanation - a "full", detailed, in-depth understanding of a case; for practical reasons, only a few subjects are studied in this way. An idiographic explanation of the marijuana legalization survey would involve a more conclusive list of factors that could influence a person's viewpoints on this issue. Therefore, an idiographic explanation would need to consider several factors, such as information from parents and previous experiences, not just political orientation.
 - Nomothetic explanation - a generalized understanding of a given case, with the goal of finding new factors that can account for many of the variations in a given phenomenon; is applicable to many subjects. Regarding the survey mentioned above dealing with people's stances on marijuana legalization, a nomothetic explanation may simply suggest that political orientation is the main driving force behind people's differing opinions on this issue. Hypotheses are not required in nomothetic research.
 - There are three main criteria for nomothetic causal relationships in social research:
1) the variables must be correlated
2) the variables are nonspurious
3) the cause takes place before the effect
 - Correlation - an empirical relationship between two variables such that changes in one are associated with changes in the other, or particular attributes in one are associated with particular attributes in the other.
 - Spurious relationship - a coincidental statistical correlation between two variables shown to be caused by some third variable. For example, increased ice cream consumption is related to the crime rate rise. But this relationship is caused by a third variable, summertime yielding hot weather and closed schools. Therefore, for a causal relationship, variables must be nonspurious
 - False criteria for nomothetic causality:
 - Complete causation - proper nomothetic explanation is probabilistic and does not explain every single case.
 - Exceptional cases - exceptions do not disprove nomothetic explanation.
 - Majority of cases - nomothetic explanation may be applicable to only a minority of cases in a given situation.
 - Necessary and Sufficient Causes:
 - A necessary cause represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow. Example: It is necessary for you to take college courses in order to get a degree. Take away the courses, and the degree never follows.
 ***A sufficient cause represents a condition that guarantees the effect if it is present. Example: Skipping an exam would be a sufficient cause for failing it (even though there are other ways to fail it).
Units of Analysis
A unit of analysis is used to classify what or whom is being studied. The classifications include individuals, aggregates, and social artifacts.
 - Individuals: In social science research, individuals are the most commonly studied.
 - Aggregates: can be considered groups, organizations, and social interactions.
 - Social artifacts: objects, such as paintings, articles, and diaries.
 - Social interactions: interactions among individuals or aggregates.
 - Examples: school children(individuals); elementary schools(aggregate-groups); education (aggregate-organization); journal (artifact); class attendance (social interaction).
 - Particularly concerning groups, one can derive certain characteristics of a social group by observing the behaviors of individual members. (note: street gangs can imply all gangs/social groups and can be specified by city, sizes, locations, etc.) Organizations can be generalized too either by grouping organizations together or segregating a single organization by itself. In the context of corporations, and individual corporation can be studied via the employees (total employment, number of ethnic minority groups), gross assets, net annual profits, etc.
 - Faulty Reasoning about Units of Analysis:
 - The ecological fallacy is the assumption that something learned about an ecological unit says something about the individuals making up that unit.
Example: If we found that suicide rates are higher in Protestant countries than in Catholic ones, we could not draw the conclusion that more Protestants commit suicide than Catholics; this would be an ecological fallacy.
 - Reductionism involves attempts to explain a particular phenomenon in terms of limited and/or lower-order concepts.
Example: For many social scientists, the field of sociobiology (social behavior can be explained solely in terms of genetic characteristics and behavior) is too limited and is an example of reductionism.
The Time Dimension
Cross Sectional Study: a study based on observations representing a single point in time; a cross section of a population. Example-The amount of people who registered to vote
Longitudinal Study: a study based on data that is collected at several different times. ExampleThe Tuskegee Experiment
 - There are three types of longitudinal studies:
 - Trend Study: A type of longitudinal study in which a given characteristic of some population is monitored over time. Example: The series of Gallup Polls showing the electorate's preferences for political campaign, even though different samples were interviewed at each point
 - Cohort Study: A study in which some specific subpopulation, or cohort, is studied over time, although data may be collected from different members in each set of observations. Example: A study on the occupational history of the class of 1970 in which questionnaires were sent every five years
 - Panel Study: A type of longitudinal study, in which data are collected from the same set of people (the sample or panel) at several points in time
 - Longitudinal studies do not always provide a feasible or practical means of studying processes that take place over time. Sometimes cross sectional-data can be used
-to imply processes over time on the basis of simple logic
-to make logical inferences whenever the time order of variables is clear
-ask individuals to report their past behaviors -cohort analysis to infer processes over time
How to Design a Research Project
Steps for designing a research project:
1) Define the purpose of your project (exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory?)
2) Specify the meaning of each concept being studied
3) Select a research method
4) Determine how you will measure the results
5) Determine the unit of analysis
6) Collect empirical data
7) Process the data
8) Analyze the data
9) Report your findings
The problem with a simple definition:
A real definition does not exist (fallacy of reification), as it mistakes our theoretical construct for a real entity.
A nominal (conceptual) definition is one that is simply assigned to a term without any claim that the definition represents a "real" entity.
An operational definition specifies precisely how a concept will be measured – that is, the operations we will perform.
The problem with an advanced definition:
Some conceptual accuracy is lost at every step along the way.
The meaning of measures are also highly contextual.
Once you've decided on a purpose for your research and the type of research you will do (exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory) the next step in designing a research project is conceptualizationthe mental process whereby fuzzy, imprecise and abstract notions (concepts) are made more specific and precise.
During this step, researchers specify definitions of concepts that will be used to examine a topic. For example, concepts like education, prejudice, and poverty need to be made more specific and precise before they can be used to understand a topic.
 - Concepts have indicators and dimensions. An indicator is something the researcher has chosen to recognize as a reflection of a variable being studied. Example: if you're going to study how college students feel about abortion and why, the first thing you'll have to specify is what you mean by "the right to abortion" (because support for abortion often varies according to conditions). A dimension is a specifiable aspect of a concept. Example: dimensions of religiosity: belief, ritual, devotional, knowledge.
Operationalization is the development of specific research procedures that will result in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world. Example: If you decided to use a survey to study attitudes about abortion rights, part of operationalization is determining the wording of questionnaire items. Some important questions to consider when doing operationalizations: How broad is the concept we want to study? How are we going to define (operationalize) or variables and attributes?
 - Example of Conceptual vs Operational definitions: Weight
 - Conceptual definition: a measurement of gravitational force action on an object.
 - Operational definition:


text:
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Keywords and information on Australia Quiz Module 6 activity
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Montreal-based publisher Joseph John wanted his comic book "Citizen Canada" to reflect the country's diverse history by having the titular hero speak English, French and Cree.
But when he started entering the Indigenous superhero's dialogue into Google Translate he found that Cree, the most common First Nations language in Canada, is not an option on the app.
John then took it upon himself to create an online petition urging Google to make Cree available on its translation app. A user-experience designer by trade, the publisher said he wants to help preserve the Indigenous language.
"I'm not an activist, I'm just a... designer," said John. "Making comics has always been my passion (but) I want my comic to be especially helpful to Indigenous people, I want to help First Nations peoples."
The preamble to John's petition points out that Maori, the language of Aboriginal people in New Zealand, is available on Google Translate. New Zealand government data suggests there are approximately 50,000 Maori speakers there, but data from Statistics Canada's 2016 census shows there were more than 96,000 Cree speakers in Canada when information was gathered.
Simon Bird - the creator of Cree Simons Says, a Facebook group with more than 20,000 followers that teaches people how to speak the First Nations language - said he would welcome the addition of his native language to Google Translate as a tool for beginner or intermediate speakers.
"Once there's a common understanding of the language between a fluent speaker and someone that doesn't know the language at all, I think that's going to be the real benefit," said Bird, who is also the director of education for Lac La Ronge Indian Band in Saskatchewan.
Cree, part of the Algonquin language family, has nine dialects that are spoken in a vast geographic region that stretches from Labrador to Alberta and the Northwest Territories, according to figures from the territorial government.
Bird said although there are certain modern words that differ between the various Cree dialects, the heart of the language is the same across Canada.
Molly Morgan, a spokeswoman for Google, said that Cree is among the many Indigenous languages included in the company's Noto font project but added incorporating it into the Translate app is a more complicated process.
"We're gradually adding languages over time but our system needs lots of examples to learn from," said Morgan. "Unfortunately we don't have a timeline for that specific language. The process of adding a language to Translate takes a big concerted effort from contributors."
John, who emigrated from Bangalore, India, in 2007, said he hopes that his comic will help his fellow immigrants better understand First Nations people. He hopes that "Citizen Canada' will help them understand the difference between First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples.
"I don't want people to think of Indigenous people as tragic or victims or any of that, I want them to think of them as superheroes," said John.


Numerev - Ressources linguistiques accessibles pour les chercheurs en LLSHS: l'infrastructure CLARIN ERIC - Francesca FRONTINI
openacrs's bookmarks 2020-02-23
How does an ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) work? What linguistic and textual resources are available? What services are offered? How can Montpellier researchers benefit from French participation in this initiative, for research and training? The presentation seeks to answer these questions, while presenting the activities of the national consortium, in the constitution phase, managed by the TGIR Huma-Num.
Presenter: Francesca Frontini
From feeds:
Open Access Tracking Project (OATP) » openacrs's bookmarks
Tags: oa.eric oa.ssh oa.linguistics oa.french oa.infrastructure
Date tagged:
02/23/2020, 12:15
Date published:
02/23/2020, 07:15


Skip to definition.
Noun: Susiana ,soo-zee'a-nu or,soo-zee'ey-nu
 1. An ancient country in southwestern Asia to the east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people
 - Elam
Encyclopedia: Susiana


text:
Physician William H. Welch
Noted physician and bacteriologist William H. Welch died on this date in 1934. He gained fame during his lifetime for discovering the bacterium that causes gas gangrene, since named Bacillus welchii. Welch also studied other diseases; these included pneumonia, diphtheria, and problems with immunity and infection. Born in Connecticut in 1850, Welch graduated first from Yale University and then from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Welch later was pathologist-in-chief of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Eventually, he also held senior administrative posts at the Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Hopkins hospital and the Institute of the History of Medicine. In 1910, Welch served as president of the American Medical Association.
Copyright Aetna InteliHealth, Inc., 2012. All rights reserved.


text:
Electrochemical testing using a potentiostat including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS is an excellent way to quantify the corrosion and to investigate details not visible otherwise. Electrochemical testing is very sensitive to surface events. It determines electrochemical characteristics of a system, measures corrosion rate of material and passivity / pitting behaviour. Electrochemical data is normally presented in the form of graphs which are easy to compare for the purpose of e.g. materials compatibility (galvanic corrosion prevention), corrosion resistance / rates in different environments, coatings performance.
Potentiostat Electrochemical Testing Applications
- Determining the porosity in coatings.
- Detemining the overportential for passivation.
- Determining the effectiveness of anticorrosion inhibitors and impact of water additives.
- Determining electrochemical compatability of materials to assess and prevent galvanic corrosion.
Basic Electrochemical Corrosion Tests
- Open Circuit Potential OCP reflects thermodynamic tendency of the material to participate in the electrochemical corrosion with the electrolyte.
- Tafel Plots to determine corrosion current and corrosion rate.
- Potentiodynamic Polarisation to assess passive and pitting behaviour as well as compare corrosion rates.
- Galvanic corrosion coupling to measure galvanic corrosion rates and potentials of dissimilar metals which can drive corrosion.
- Electrochemical Impedence Spectroscopy EIS study of the performance of protective anti-corrosion coatings.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


_USER_{Gross2006high, abstract = {With a focus on the role of cultural clustering and income distribution, this paper investigates whether standard determinants influence international migration of workers to France with the same intensity across different skill levels and with or without free mobility. We find that low-skill migrants respond to most push and pull migration factors. High-skill migrants however respond only to financial incentives and cultural clustering does not matter. Migration policy is effective at controlling flows of low-skill migrants but free mobility has no impact on high-skill flows. Hence, France must rely on growing earnings and skillpremium to attract high-skill workers from high income countries.}, address = {M\"{u}nchen}, author = {Dominique M. Gross and Nicolas Schmitt}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {F22; J24; O24; 330}, language = {eng}, number = {1797}, publisher = {CESifo}, title = {Why do lowand high-skill workers migrate?: flow evidence from France}, type = {CESifo working paper}, url = {_URL_ year = {2006} }


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Cricket has its origins way back in the 16 th century and started out as a children's game. The first games were played in fields where sheep were grazing and all you had was a stick and a ball of sheep's wool. Cricket has thankfully evolved over the years to produce the popular and well-loved modern cricket game.
Today, in South Africa, cricket is played in the first and the fourth terms at schools. Cricket is a game where players learn to play well by respecting their opponents, umpires, and rules of the game. Cricket is a popular sport and there are usually classes starting from Grade 1. The younger school children are taught basic ball skills and are shown how to participate and enjoy the game.
Benefits of offering Cricket at Schools:
- The game helps to develop overall fitness levels
- Helps to improve hand-eye coordination
- Improves balance and endurance
- Teaches kids how to work in a team
- Also helps to improve social skills and communication
Playing in a school cricket team requires commitment, attending weekly practice sessions and playing in organised competitive matches. School cricket is a place where kids should be able to play in an environment that allows them to reach their full potential.
Helpful tips for those who want to play competitive school cricket:
- All participants in a school match should drink plenty of water throughout the game
- Wear sun protection even in cloudy conditions
- Practice to develop good technique and this also helps prevent injury.
- Schools should provide the correct safety and protective gear. For example, if a child is batting or wicket keeping, they should be wearing a helmet that has a face guard.
- Look after the fast bowlers, let them bowl only a few overs during a match. This also depends on their fitness levels.


Magnesium chloride Side Effects
Not all side effects for magnesium chloride may be reported. You should always consult a doctor or healthcare professional for medical advice. Side effects can be reported to the FDA here.
For the Consumer
Applies to magnesium chloride: sustained-release tablets
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur while taking magnesium chloride:
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); nausea; slow reflexes.
For Healthcare Professionals
Applies to magnesium chloride: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral tablet extended release
Other side effects have resulted from toxicity (hypermagnesemia). Mild hypermagnesemia is generally well-tolerated. Moderate or severe hypermagnesemia primarily affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. The effects of hypermagnesemia may be worsened by the presence of hypocalcemia, especially in patients with uremia.[Ref]
Gastrointestinal side effects have included diarrhea. Magnesium toxicity has been associated with nausea (magnesium levels of 4 to 5 mEq/L) and rare cases of paralytic ileus (magnesium levels greater than 5 mEq/L).[Ref]
Nervous system
Nervous system side effects have resulted from the suppression of neuromuscular transmission in the CNS and at the neuromuscular junction by magnesium (antagonized by calcium). The degree of severity of these side effects has been dependent on the serum magnesium level. Clinically, if serum magnesium (Mg) levels increase to 4 to 7 mEq/L, there may be a decrease in tendon reflexes, muscle weakness and/or mental confusion/sedation. At levels of 7 to 10 mEq/L the respiratory rate slows and the blood pressure falls. At levels of 10 to 15 mEq/L there is usually profound mental depression, areflexia, coma and respiratory paralysis. Magnesium also has a curare-like effect at the neuromuscular junction at serum levels above 10 mEq/L. Death is not uncommon when serum magnesium levels rise to 15 mEq/L.[Ref]
The cardiovascular consequences of hypermagnesemia are due to peripheral vasodilation. Hypotension may be observed when serum magnesium levels rise to 7 to 10 mEq/L, becoming severe when serum magnesium levels rise above 10 mEq/L. Magnesium can also depress myocardial conductivity at levels greater than 10 mEq/L. This can result in bradyarrhythmias. While some patients are inexplicably able to tolerate extraordinary magnesium levels, there is a significant risk of asystole when levels rise to 25 mEq/L. The risk of cardiotoxicity from hypermagnesemia is increased in the presence of hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, acidosis, digitalis therapy, and renal insufficiency.[Ref]
Cardiovascular side effects have included hypotension, depressed myocardial conductivity and asystole.[Ref]
Acute hypermagnesemia may cause hypocalcemia due to suppression of the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and competition for renal tubular reabsorption between calcium (Ca) and magnesium. The latter can lead to decreased Ca reabsorption and hypercalciuria, which aggravates the hypocalcemia produced by decreased release of PTH.[Ref]
Metabolic side effects have included hypocalcemia.[Ref]
Magnesium chloride is generally well tolerated.[Ref]
1. Fung MC, Weintraub M, Bowen DL "Hypermagnesemia: elderly over-the-counter drug users at risk." Arch Fam Med 4 (1995): 718-23
3. Golzarian J, Scott HW, Richards WO "Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus." Dig Dis Sci 39 (1994): 1138-42
4. Bashir Y, Sneddon JF, Staunton HA, Haywood GA, Simpson IA, McKenna WJ, Camm AJ "Effects of long-term oral magnesium chloride replacement in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease." Am J Cardiol 72 (1993): 1156-62
5. Ricci JM, Hariharan S, Helfgott A, Reed K, O'Sullivan MJ "Oral tocolysis with magnesium chloride: a randomized controlled prospective clinical trial." Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 (1991): 603-10
6. Ridgway LE 3d, Muise K, Wright JW, Patterson RM, Newton ER "A prospective randomized comparison of oral terbutaline and magnesium oxide for the maintenance of tocolysis." Am J Obstet Gynecol 163 (1990): 879-82
8. Jenny DB, Goris GB, Urwiller RD, Brian BA "Hypermagnesemia following irrigation of renal pelvis. Cause of respiratory depression." JAMA 240 (1978): 1378-9
9. Alison LH, Bulugahapitiya D "Laxative induced magnesium poisoning in a 6 week old infant." BMJ 300 (1990): 125
10. Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, Eds. "Diseases of the Kidney, 5th Edition." Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company 1-3 (1993): _PHONE_
11. Feldstedt M, Boesgaard S, Bouchelouche P, Svenningsen A, Brooks L, Lech Y, Aldershvile J, Skagen K, Godtfredsen J "Magnesium substitution in acute ischaemic heart syndromes." Eur Heart J 12 (1991): 1215-8
12. Kelepouris E, Kasama R, Agus ZS "Effects of intracellular magnesium on calcium, potassium and chloride channels." Miner Electrolyte Metab 19 (1993): 277-81
13. Neumann L, Jensen BG "Osteomalacia from Al and Mg antacids. Report of a case of bilateral hip fracture." Acta Orthop Scand 60 (1989): 361-2
14. Cumming WA, Thomas VJ "Hypermagnesemia: a cause of abnormal metaphyses in the neonate." AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 (1989): 1071-2
15. Lembcke B, Fuchs C "Magnesium load induced by ingestion of magnesium-containing antacids." Contrib Nephrol 38 (1984): 185-94


Biochemical studies with DNA polymerase beta and DNA polymerase beta-PAK of Trypanosoma cruzi suggest the involvement of these proteins in mitochondrial DNA maintenance.
Incomplete polymerases:
Mammalian DNA polymerase beta is a nuclear enzyme involved in the base...
Mammalian DNA polymerase beta is a nuclear enzyme involved in the base excision and single-stranded DNA break repair pathways. In trypanosomatids, this protein does not have a defined cellular localization, and its function is poorly understood. We characterized two Trypanosoma cruzi proteins homologous to mammalian DNA polymerasebeta, TcPolbeta and TcPolbetaPAK, and showed that both enzymes localize to the parasite kinetoplast. In vitro assays with purified proteins showed that they have DNA polymerization and deoxyribose phosphate lyase activities. Optimal conditions for polymerization were different for each protein with respect to dNTP concentration and temperature, and TcPolbetaPAK, in comparison to TcPolbeta, conducted DNA synthesis over a much broader pH range. TcPolbeta was unable to carry out mismatch extension or DNA synthesis across 8-oxodG lesions, and was able to discriminate between dNTP and ddNTP. These specific abilities of TcPolbeta were not observed for TcPolbetaPAK or other X family members, and are not due to a phenylalanine residue at position 395 in the C-terminal region of TcPolbeta, as assessed by a site-directed mutagenesis experiment reversing this residue to a well conserved tyrosine. Our data suggest that both polymerases from T. cruzi could cooperate to maintain mitochondrial DNA integrity through their multiple roles in base excision repair, gap filling and translesion synthesis.
Other Enzymatic Activities, Health/Disease, Nucleotide Analogs / Template Lesions, Nucleotide Incorporation, Source / Purification
new topics/pols set partial results complete validated
No results available for this paper.
Using Polbase tables:


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There can be many reasons a particular TM1 application has performance issues. TM1 gets its power from the in-memory engine. This can also cause performance degradation as the application matures. Maybe it is time for a TM1 application health check. Here are some of the reasons why an application can slow down overtime:
- An application may perform perfectly fine in the beginning of an implementation but as time goes on, the slowly changing dimensions add sparsity to the cubes and bog it down. As new elements are added, chances are there are more intersections with new values. The time dimensions are notorious for creating this sparsity and creating unnecessary overhead. A good maintenance and archiving strategy can help alleviate this problem.
- In our practice, we see many applications that have been poorly designed. An example of this are cubes with large numbers of dimensions. We understand that sometimes it is difficult to avoid but care should be taken in choosing the right amount of dimensions. Some dimensions can be combined into one. Attributes can be used in place of dimensions to keep the cube dense.
- Many cubes are built extremely virtual in nature which means that the cube will utilize more memory and it will grow exponentially as new elements are added. One way this can happen is if cube rules are created to calculate elements instead of creating a consolidated element in a dimension – Using functions instead of attributes in a rule – Creating a rule where a TI process can do the job. An example of the later can be creating a rule to act upon an Actuals load that needs to be done once a month. You can process that calculation and store it in the cube instead of applying a rule to it and consuming memory unnecessarily.
- Another quick fix for poorly performing cubes is reordering its dimensions. Even though it seems simple and obvious to many, it's surprising to see the amount of implementations that have not checked the cube dimension order even once.
If you are frustrated with your TM1 application due to performance issues, contact Lodestar Solutions and give us the opportunity to help you get the most out of your investment.


Time filter
Source Type
Suo Y.,Ocean University of China | Suo Y.,Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Exploration Technique | Li S.,Ocean University of China | Li S.,Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Exploration Technique | And 5 more authors.
Acta Petrologica Sinica | Year: 2012
Tectonic migration is common geological process of basin formation and development. However, little is known for tectonic migration on the Western Pacific margins. This paper focuses on the representative regions of East China and its surrounding seas in the Western Pacific domain to discuss Cenozoic tectonic migration and mechanism based on our and previous structural results of the Bohai Bay Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, East China Sea Shelf Basin and South China Sea Basin and others. The Western Pacific active continental margin is the eastern margin of global convergent system located in the junction among the Eurasia Plate, the Pacific Plate and the India Plate. Under the effects of the India-Eurasia collision and retrogressive or roll-back subduction of the Pacific Plate, the Western Pacific active continental margin has a wide basin-arc-trench system which migrated and jumped eventually seaward and eastward. The migration and jumping are characterized by progressive eastward younging of faulting, sedimentation, depression, termination in and/or within basins, and generation, reservoir, seal, trap, migration and preservation of hydrocarbon and gashydrate. Due to the tectonic migration, the conditions related to hydrocarbon and gashydrate accumulation of East China and its adjacent lands and seas also get younger from west to east, and such a spatio-temporal distribution of Cenozoic hydrocarbon and gashydrate is significant for the oil and gas exploration in East China. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of Cenozoic intrabasinal and interbasinal tectonic migration in terms of interplate, intraplate and underplating processes. The migration or jumping mechanism of tectonism-magmatism-basin foramtionhydrocarbon-gashydrate accumulation is the Late Mesozoic extrusion tectonics and the Cenozoic NW-directed crustal extension, the regional far-field eastward flow of the western asthenosphere due to the India-Eurasia plate collision accompanying with eastern jumping and back-rolling of subduction zones of the Pacific Plate. Source
Discover hidden collaborations


Karen Liu
Karen Liu
Karen Liu is a Portland artist, statistician, and mom of two. She spent her youth in China. Since then she has lived in BC, Seattle, and eventually settled in Portland. She spends her days juggling between her two opinionated young girls and her job. Karen started selling her drawings when she was 7 for the cost of half a popsicle, but her teacher called her parents and put an end to that venture. These days, she works on portrait commissions for more art supplies. Aside from doodling, Karen, like many others, likes to talk about herself, which mostly means that she can't help but getting into arguments on the topics of the immigration experience, science, and childrearing. Even though her parents and aunties have always told her to be less contrarian, at this point, she is only hoping she will learn it by the time her kids get into their teen years.
Cartoon of a child in glasses and three question marks.
Sometimes, Just Pat Yourself on the Back for Trying…
Once in awhile, you get caught off guard. You realize you are failing while trying to explain some convoluted concept to a creature half your height who can't even comprehend that Portland is smaller...


Bert Heaney McKinnell
Bert McKinell's artistic practice combines skills drawn from life drawing classes and anatomical animation studies. His primary subject matter is the human form. He perfects his figures and often develops them into characters within his own fantasy worlds, using a range of mediums from graphite, watercolour and ink to oil pastels.
Bert's draughtsmanship skills are also applied to animals and inanimate objects, but in all cases accuracy of subject is of the upmost importance. He will create studies of his subject and meticulously rework them until they are absolutely perfect.
He has also combined his love of Manga drawings styles with written text. Inspired by Japanese, Chinese and Korean script he has created his own characters blending several ideas together.
Bert's most recent work takes his love of anatomical drawing further by creating clay sculptures based on the female form. He is a natural with the sculpting tools and uses Youtube videos to develop new techniques
Bert McKinnell is a resident artist at ActionSpace's Cockpit Arts studio.
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Zoom login information will be emailed to registrants.
With billions of cell phones in the world and millions of phone applications, the amount of evidence created by cell phones can be daunting. This program will explain the common types of evidence that can be recovered from cell phones, including deleted data. Some evidence types that will be discussed include location information, text messages, multimedia, voice mails, cloud backups, and more. Real-life case examples will be used to illustrate how evidence recovered from cell phones can be used in cases and investigations. The proper methods to forensically acquire cell phone evidence will be covered, and how evidence can be challenged in court.
Presented by Lars Daniel, Practice Leader, Digital Forensics, Envista Forensics
Lars has qualified as an expert in state and federal courts. He has qualified as a computer forensics expert, a cell phone forensics expert, a digital forensics expert, a photo forensics expert, and a video forensics expert. Lars provided training in digital forensics and has taught continuing legal education (CLE) classes throughout the United States. Lars has worked on cases throughout the United States and has provided forensic services in hundreds of criminal and civil cases. He is the co-author of the book, "Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals," and the book "Digital Forensics Trial Graphics: Teaching the Jury through Effective Use of Visuals."


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Oct. 23, 2012 A new report by a panel of international experts highlights policies to improve air quality road safety and congestion, supporting African development.
Transport is playing a big role in delivering economic development to Africa. But as the demand for transport grows and cities expand, policy makers need to tackle transport challenges to make sure that all parts of society can benefit from this central driver of jobs and growth.
"Transport policies in Africa are of critical importance to the delivery of sustainable cities, healthy citizens and poverty eradication," says Dr Dieter Schwela from Stockholm Environment Institute at the University of York. "This new report synthesizes knowledge on current trends, key issues and challenges facing policy makers and provides examples of best practice and case studies from African countries and internationally."
Road safety is extremely poor compared with the rest of the world with Africa accounting for over 10 per cent of global road fatalities. As urban populations in Sub Saharan African countries continue to expand at unprecedented rates, traffic congestion is increasing with some cities approaching gridlock.
Urban air and noise pollution is also worsening, particularly as result of the increase in numbers of vehicles and their associated emissions. Lack of air quality monitoring, emission standards and regulatory procedures exacerbate the problems. This has serious implications in terms of health and equity as well as thwarting economic development. Rapidly rising greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector are also a cause for concern.
The Transport Environment Science and Technology (TEST) network, a four year funded project by the European Commission's Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Group Science and Technology Programme, is launching a new publication at a special session at CODATU XV Conference entitled "The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities" in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), 22 to 25 October 2012.
The report, written by a panel of international experts, provides an introduction to the transport and environment issues in SSA countries. It focuses on the key transport-related areas of air pollution, road safety, traffic flow management, equity and climate change. The study also makes recommendations for the development of sustainable transport policies based on five central principles:
- Maximizing transport accessibility for all social groups, genders and income levels, so that all citizens can access health care, education, training and jobs with minimal effort, costs and journey time.
- Creating a safe, secure urban environment with the minimum possible risk of death and injury from road accidents.
- Ensuring that all public health measures deal with the debilitating and costly consequences of air pollution on human health.
- Freeing up urban road space by improving traffic flow conditions in a way that stimulates economic activity and job creation and avoids the generation of new traffic.
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The executive summary is available in French and English and full report (only in English) can be downloaded from the SEI and TEST websites (_URL_ and _URL_
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


Designing Interior Environments that Support Human Health
Course number
GBCI: _PHONE_
Read article here: Designing Interior Environments that Support Human Health
Purpose of Article
The article looks at how designers can create interior environments that promote human health, wellbeing and productivity
of the occupants. The article talks the reader through the various aspects of interior design that impact human health
and wellbeing, and introduces strategies that can help achieve a healthier indoor environment.
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the impact the design of an interior environment can have on its occupants in terms of health, wellbeing
and productivity.
2. Understand how human health and wellbeing is now an important and essential aspect of holistic sustainable design.
3. Understand the connection between environmentally-focused design strategies commonly seen in green building
rating systems, and human health-focused interior design strategies.
4. Differentiate the various interior design strategies that can positively impact different aspects of human
health and wellbeing.
Quiz by: Alison Walker


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Building takes place in stages, with the formwork being repositioned as often as necessary. This is one of the most interesting methods, but applies only to barrel vaults.
Corbel vaults can be built only using small spans. Building in so-called "slices", without formwork, is the most economical method. This exploits the properties of certain mortars which enable the bricks to be laid face on layers leaning at a steep angle to the vertical. To improve adhesion, small and fairly thin elements of regular dimensions should be used. Using this principle, and by varying the shape and the size of the courses, one can build barrel, groined, dominical, trough, squinch and boat vaults. Traditionally, all these vaults are built "by eye", but light tools can be used to guide the masons so that they build the required shape correctly.
Building techniques without formwork are always preferred as a formwork would be too complicated to manufacture.
This enables large areas to be covered, but results in conical forms which are very high relative to the span.
Increasingly inclined rings:
Horizontal rings which gradually decrease in diameter can be used to create all types of cupolas. This method uses the same brick-laying technique as for vaults built in "slices". Simple rotating guides which describe the form in the air can be used to obtain correct, regular forms.
Using a straw-reinforced earth mortar, it is possible to build fairly large sized cupolas. These are built up in successive layers.
Building a barrel vault in slices
Building a cupola using inclined ring-courses


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Introduction: Neuromuscular diseases cause a number of limitations which may be improved by using a telemedicine system. These include functional impairment and dependence associated with muscle weakness, the insidious development of respiratory failure and episodes of exacerbation.
Material and methods: The present study involved three patients with severe neuromuscular disease, chronic respiratory failure and long-term mechanical ventilation, who were followed up using a telemedicine platform. The telemedicine system is based on videoconferencing and telemonitoring of cardiorespiratory variables (oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure and electrocardiogram). Two different protocols were followed depending on whether the patient condition was stable or unstable.
Results: Over a period of 5 years, we analyzed a series of variables including use of the system, patient satisfaction and clinical impact. Overall we performed 290 videoconference sessions, 269 short monitoring oximetry measurements and 110 blood pressure measurements. With respect to the clinical impact, after enrolment in the telemedicine program, the total number of hospital admissions fell from 18 to 3.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the system was user friendly for patients and care givers. Patient satisfaction scores were acceptable. The telemedicine system was effective for the home treatment of three patients with severe neuromuscular diseases and reduced the need for hospital admissions.
Keywords: home care; neuromuscular diseases; telemedicine.


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It's one of our worst nightmares: being awake during surgery. But anesthesia doesn't work for everybody. The people this has happened to say the pain isn't the worst part, although that can be excruciating. It's the horror of being paralyzed and unable to talk to the surgeon, while being completely aware of what he's doing to you. Some patients describe it as like being buried alive.
It's not all that rare: it happens in about one out of every thousand operations. Rachel Nowak writes in New Scientist that a simple device called a BIS monitor can cut the number of these cases by 80%--but most anesthetists don't use it because they underestimate the possibility of a patient remaining awake.
Even when anesthesia works, many patients have fleeting memories of their operations. Because of this, doctors have been cautioned not to tell dirty jokes or make personal comments about the patient during the operation, as these are sometimes remembered.
The BIS monitor will soon become a standard part of operating room procedure because insurance companies will insist on it, to ward off potential lawsuits.
On this week's Dreamland, learn about the mysterious Cross in the town of Hendaye which reveals information about the changes we face right now and where and how to survive them.
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


Doctor fatigue leads to car accidents, near misses: survey
It's a wake-up call to challenge the idea it's 'heroic' to work long hours, say study authors
Almost half of anaesthetists and intensivists have had a car accident or a near miss due to work fatigue, a UK survey shows.
Car accident concept
Nearly 3850 UK and Republic of Ireland consultants in anaesthesia or paediatric intensive care responded to the survey on out-of-hours working arrangements, causes of work-related fatigue and its impact on commuting and other areas of life.
Almost half (45%) said they had had an accident or near miss while commuting when fatigued.
And most of the doctors had experienced work-related fatigue


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Clinton, George, c.1686–1761, colonial governor of New York (1743–53), b. England; father of Sir Henry Clinton. He entered (1708) the British navy and rose to the rank of admiral in 1747. Through family connections, Clinton was appointed (1741) governor of New York and arrived in the colony in 1743. Under the influence of James De Lancey he tried to conciliate the assembly and acquiesced on the issue of increased legislative control over revenues. Clinton later quarreled with De Lancey; his attempts to regain his lost powers failed; and his administration resulted in a permanent weakening of royal government in New York. Clinton was recalled (1753) to England and later served (1754–60) in Parliament.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies


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Ag Data Commons Maintenance - Thursday 08/18/2022
The Ag Data Commons will be undergoing technical maintenance on Thursday, August 18, 2022. Avoid adding or editing datasets during this period to prevent losing information. We apologize for the inconvenience. This notice will be removed once the issue is resolved.
Veterinary Pest Genomics Center Overview
The Veterinary Pest Genomics Center (VPGC) is an initiative within the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The vision for this initiative is to leverage big data solutions to evaluate risk from, and develop mitigations for invasive and other economically important veterinary pests. The introduction of invasive veterinary pests is accelerated by global change, including anomalies related to climate variability. An important aspect of this effort is to foster an innovation ecosystem involving the network of laboratories directly linked to ARS National Program 104 (Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology), and related locations, in a way that allows ARS to leverage its scientific talent and other research assets.
VPGC's mission is to:
- Utilize key biological resources, next generation sequencing technology, and state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches to sequence and annotate the genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and metagenomes of important and emerging arthropod pests of veterinary importance
- Develop and use molecular tools for population genomics studies of veterinary pests in their indigenous and invasive ranges to understand the role of different evolutionary forces in shaping phenotypic variation of high-consequence to agriculture
- Apply biogeographic, spatial, and temporal analyses to quantify and predict economically important or potential veterinary pest distributional changes, and integrate these analyses with genetic studies of rapid evolution and adaptation of pests to new or changing environments
- Conduct feasibility studies to evaluate advanced computing hardware and software systems for their ability to store and analyze large data sets on veterinary pests, and the capacity to integrate results from longitudinal


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In yet another example of reverse technology transfer, a product developed by Nualgi Nano Biotech (NNB), a low profile biotech company here, is helping Americans to clean up polluted lakes. A three-acre Duck Pond in Croton-On-Hudson in New York state has been restored to normal health thanks to 'Nualgi' - an invention by NNB founder Thothathri Sampathkumar.
Prior to the application of Nualgi in Aug 2011, the Duck Pond "was in a highly impaired state with a variety of water quality issues" such as bad odour, poor clarity and infestation with duck weed and algae, said John Tucci, president of Lake Savers, a small company in Richland, Michigan.
Lake Savers, which has about 2,000 acres of lakes and ponds, including the Duck Pond, under its management, uses a combination of oxygenation systems, beneficial bacteria and enzyme formulations in its restoration projects. According to Tucci, this however did not work well in extremely impaired water bodies like the Duck Pond and so the company wanted to assess whether the addition of Nualgi to its programme could speed up recovery of this water body. The US company obtained 50 kg of Nualgi from Sampathkumar in August 2011 to try it out.
In an email to the Bangalore company earlier this month, Tucci has acknowledged that the water quality in the pond showed a "remarkable and sustained improvement" after a single dose of Nualgi application. Duckweed disappeared in one month after application and did not come back till now, and no algae blooms either, while "fish productivity and health has improved dramatically with the pond becoming a favourite destination for local fisherman," he said.
Nualgi is a mix of micro nutrients in the form of nano particles including silica, iron and manganese, which triggers the rapid growth of a type of algae called diatoms, explained Mallimadugula Bhaskar, a collaborator of Sampathkumar. The oxygen released by diatoms through photosynthesis increases the dissolved oxygen level of water and thus keeps the pond clean and the diatoms converted into 'zooplanktons' provide food for the fish. One kilogram of Nualgi can treat four million litres of water, he said. Apart from India, Nualgi has been patented in the US, Britain, Germany and South Africa.
Encouraged by its successful experiment in Duck Pond, Lake Savers has obtained clearance from the US Environmental Protection Agency for using Nualgi on a large scale in the US. "We are now aggressively embarking on more intensive studies and applications of Nualgi in a variety of water bodies from 5 to 120 acres," Tucci said. The Lake Savers which has so far purchased 350 kg of Nualgi, has expressed intent to buy another one tonne this year, Bhaskar said.
According to Bhaskar, Nualgi is an economical alternative to treat sewage and organic wastes in "eutrophic" lakes and ponds as no skilled labor or energy is required. It is inexpensive and can be mass produced, he said.
An eutrophic lake is characterized by excessive growth of algae resulting from contamination by nitrogen or phosphorus compounds such as by laundry detergents, untreated sewage, and fertilizer run-off from agricultural land. "One obvious solution is to reduce these inputs but this is unrealistic," Bhaskar said, adding: "The other solution is to remove the nutrients from water. The Nualgi-diatom-zooplankton-fish food chain is the best way to achieve this. Thus all the polluted lakes and rivers can be restored to their original glory using Nualgi."
According to Bhaskar, Nualgi is being used in many lakes in southern India for the past seven years and fishermen are buying the product to increase their catch in water bodies. "In Delhi only 30 per cent of the sewage of about four billion litres is treated," Bhaskar told IANS. "If Nualgi is used, this can become 100 percent in one year without any capital expenditure."
It is likely that Nualgi will be effective in oceans too, Sampathkumar said, adding it can be used to prevent algae bloom, known as red tide, like the one a week ago that reportedly killed nearly one million fish in the Gulf of Mexico. Oceanographer David Karl of Hawaii University has taken a small sample of Nualgi and is testing it in ship-board experiments in the Pacific, Bhaskar said.
Nualgi's developers hope to promote its use worldwide to revive fresh water eutrophic lakes and the over 500 "dead zones" in coastal regions - so-called because they are so deprived of oxygen that they can't support any aquatic life.


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Erosion Control Netting
What is Erosion Control Netting?
Erosion control netting is a temporary measure to protect the soil surface. It is usually made of a synthetic material that is laid and anchored over straw or other mulch to hold the mulch in place and protect it from wind and water damage. It reduces soil erosion and provides a good environment for vegetative regrowth. The material is photodegradable or biodegradable, so it will eventually decompose and is not a threat to the environment.
When is Erosion Control Netting Used?
This practice is often used on areas that may erode near structures such as homes, roads, and bridges. Erosion control netting can be used on small, moderately steep, disturbed areas. Jute or coir netting can also be applied without mulch on flat sites for dust control and seed germination enhancement. However, it should not be used without mulch where runoff quantities are expected to be high. Erosion control netting is not appropriate in all situations, and the local NRCS office can help you decide if the use of netting is appropriate in your case. Situations when netting may not be appropriate include the following.
Steep slopes with sandy soils
Steep slopes with many rocks on the surface
Steep slopes with a lot of burned vegetation remaining
How is Erosion Control Netting Installed?
The soil surface should be reasonably smooth. Rocks and other obstructions which rise above the level of the soil and mulch must be removed. Erosion control netting can be purchased from a construction material supplier. Individual rolls of erosion control netting should be applied up and down the slope and never along the contour. The end of the netting at the top of the disturbed area should be buried in a trench at least eight inches deep. Rolls should be laid out so that edges overlap each other by at least six inches across the slope. When more than one roll is required going down the slope, the ends should overlap by at least three feet in a shingle fashion. This is extremely important!
Anchor pins or staples are used to anchor the netting to the soil surface. Anchor pins are made of rigid, 0.12-inch diameter or heavier, galvanized wire with a minimum length of 10 inches for hook or "J" type pins. Staples should be of wire.09 inches in diameter or greater and should have U-shaped legs at least six inches in length. Longer staples are needed for sandy soil.
Staples or anchor pins need to be driven perpendicularly into the slope face and should be spaced about five feet apart down the sides and center of the roll. Staples at the upper end of a roll and at the end overlap of two rolls should not be greater than one foot apart.
Erosion control netting should go beyond the edge of the mulched or seeded area by at least one foot at the sides and three feet at the bottom. If there is existing vegetation at the boundaries of the area, the erosion control netting should be continued into the stable vegetated area or to the edge of a structure.
Volunteers and NRCS employees apply erosion control netting, construct straw check dams, and use straw mulching to reduce erosion in this small, ephemeral drainage that was severely burned in the Bitterroot Valley during 2000.
Erosion Control Netting Illustration


Studying young children who snore
Saturday 22 September 2012 12:32PM (view full episode)
Up to 35% of children snore. It causes high blood pressure which contributes to cardio vascular disease. Lauren Nisbet is studying children between the ages of 3 and 5. They do a sleep over, in a sleep lab where heart rates and blood pressure are measured. Lauren Nisbet says preschool might be a time when snoring can be treated, thus reducing the consequences of snoring evident in older children.
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Robyn Williams: And so to our PhD this week. Here's Lauren Nisbet in Melbourne.
Lauren Nisbet: We all know someone who snores, and while many of you may be thinking of your partner, did you know that children snore? Up to 35% of children regularly snore. This easily equates to more than 1 million Australian children. So why does this matter?
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in Australian men and women. A major contributor to cardiovascular disease is high blood pressure or hypertension, and there is a relationship between high blood pressure and snoring or sleep apnoea.
Simply put, a person suffering sleep apnoea experiences pauses in breathing during sleep, and this can happen up to hundreds of times each night, depending on severity. This significantly reduces the quality of their sleep and often leads to symptoms such as daytime sleepiness and poor concentration.
But setting specific symptoms aside, this chronic disorder has serious effects on cognition, behaviour, metabolism and the cardiovascular system. It is recognised that adults who snore or who have sleep apnoea have raised blood pressure. This occurs not just during sleep but also during the day. My research group has also established that primary school children who snore have raised blood pressure, and yet clinicians and parents still see snoring as benign and unimportant. But that is changing. Research is indicating that snoring is not without consequences.
My name is Lauren Nisbet and I'm a medical student at Monash University. I'm undertaking a PhD at the Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research. My PhD focuses on children aged between three and five years old because this is the age in childhood when snoring or sleep apnoea is most common. Preschool children have large tonsils in comparison to the size of their airway, and when they are asleep their airway becomes relaxed and floppy, so you can imagine how this combination can be quite problematic for their breathing.
I want to find out whether these young children's cardiovascular systems are affected by snoring and sleep apnoea. Perhaps preschool children haven't been snoring long enough to alter their blood pressure. Nobody has ever investigated the effects at this young age, so this project will provide crucial information about the onset of cardiovascular disease and will guide the approach taken by doctors and families to this common disorder.
In order to do this we needed to study a healthy group of non-snoring preschoolers as our normal comparison or control group. We then studied around 150 preschoolers who did snore and did have sleep apnoea. In total we studied just under 200 children. All the children came to the Monash Children's Sleep Centre and were involved in an overnight sleep study.
Most people have never heard of a sleep study. It means sleeping in a special bedroom for one night, and during this time we collect simultaneous physiological recordings, entirely non-invasive, to look at breathing, heart rate, blood oxygen levels and brainwaves to distinguish the type of sleep. Some of the preschoolers did find it a little daunting, but the majority had a great time. Kids love stickers, and how often are they allowed to stick them all over their body? I know that some of the children in the study went to show and tell with stories of dressing up as a robot for a really cool science experiment. The kids were great.
Now the studies are done, my current task is to analyse the recordings. Each study runs the whole night, so we have thousands of hours of data, which means this will be very time consuming. So far I have assessed heart rate fluctuations as an indicator of the functioning of the involuntary nervous system, called the autonomic nervous system. Adults with sleep apnoea have dysfunction of this involuntary nervous system, but we have found that preschool children with sleep apnoea are no different from healthy, non-snoring children in this regard.
To assess blood pressure I didn't use a blood pressure cuff, instead I used an indirect blood pressure measure through calculations from the heart rate and pulse rate in the finger. This method doesn't disrupt the children's sleep and is also non-invasive.
There are many unknowns in this field. We don't know if the children who snore during childhood will be the ones to snore as adults. Some seem to improve with time, some get worse. Importantly, we don't know the long-term effects of childhood snoring, but imagine what the long-term implications of having high blood pressure from the age of three might be.
I'm not a clinician just yet, but as a researcher I believe the preschool age may be a time can treat snore and sleep apnoea and prevent the consequences that are already evident even by primary school age.
Robyn Williams: Who'd have thought? Lauren Nisbet at Monash, another of your bright sparks inventing the future.
This is The Science Show on RN throughout the cosmos.
Lauren Nisbet
PhD Candidate
Monash Institute of Medical Research
Melbourne Victoria
Robyn Williams
David Fisher
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Monday, January 30, 2012
Honey Tangerine Chicken
Honey tangerines, which are also known as Murcott oranges, are only grown in the state of Florida. The actual origin of this fruit is a bit of a mystery, but what we do know about it is that is a hybrid between the tangerine and sweet orange, also known as a tangor. It is thought that a man by the name of Charles Murcott Smith is the developer of the fruit, hence its name. He was a manager of a nursery located in Bayview, Florida. Charles is believed to have created the honey tangerines in the 1920s. Also, supposedly, involved in the development of the honey tangerine are J. Ward Smith and W. T. Swindle. Another name for the honey tangerines is Murcott orange, but it's mostly sold under the name honey tangerine. The fruit comes in various colors, but most of the time it has an orange red color and sometimes it's more of a yellow orange. It all depends on the winter conditions that year; if it was a cold winter, they have a darker orange and during warmer months, they have a lighter, brighter yellow orange.
The reason why the honey tangerines got their name was because of its sweet taste, perhaps the sweetest tangerine there is – usually compared to the sugar levels of the honeybell, also known as the Minneola tangelo. The juice of honey tangerines is mainly used in the kitchen for baking desserts like orange cakes. Some even put it in their salad dressing and croutons. Others put it in during the last minute of their stir fly to give it a citrusy taste. Honey tangerines are only grown in Florida between January and April. The best ones to pick are those that are a bit heavy, shiny and smooth. Those that are light may not be as juicy. Don't buy any that have green spots or wrinkled skin. Honey tangerines are known to spoil quickly, so make sure you plan to eat them fairly quickly before getting them; don't buy too many at a time if you don't think they'll be consumed in a timely manner. The average honey tangerine is small to medium in size. (Source:
I had purchased a few of these tangerines and still had one left. So I decided to just cut it up and make a sauce with it. It was very good. A little on the sweet side but not overly so and it was perfect over some brown rice.
Honey Tangerine Chicken
4-6oz. Boneless Chicken Breasts, cubed
2 tbsp. Flour
1 Honey Tangerine, peeled, segmented and cut in half
1/4 c. Honey
3/4 c. Low Sodium Chicken Broth
3/4 c. Orange Juice
1 tsp. Dill
2 tbsp. Canola Oil
In large pot or Dutch oven, heat oil and saute chicken until it is cooked through. Add flour and mix. Next, add the chicken broth, orange juice, honey, tangerine pieces and dill. Bring to a boil, then let simmer for 15 minutes. Season with salt and pepper and serve alone or over rice or noodles. Serves 4.
Points+=9pts (assuming all of the sauce is used and divided equally into four parts)
Shared on Amee's Savory Dish Fit and Fabulous Fridays on 2/3/12
 1. MMMM sounds wonderful Carrie! I have never had a honey tangerine before, going to see if I can get some from Cali! Nettie
 2. Carrie, this sounds wonderful, and simple enough for me to try! Going to pin this! Hugs!
 3. Thanks for sharing with Weekend PotlucK! Your photo is just GORGEOUS!!!!
 ~Tonya from 4 little Fergusons
 4. Looks amazing!!! :) Thanks for sharing, Carrie!


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Your plants need Nitrogen to grow. Nitrogen comes in many forms – Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate. We need to know how much Nitrogen is in our Aquaponics system. We could perform a persulfate digestion to get TN (Total Nitrogen), but in a properly running Aquaponics system, the majority of Nitrogen will be in the form of Nitrate.
When setting up a new system, or making major changes (such as a grow bed cleaning, adding new fish, or changing feed rates) I recommend testing Ammonia and Nitrite as well as Nitrate.
The Nitrogen Cycle
In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria break down the nitrogenous compounds (fish waste & uneaten food). First, Ammonia is changed into Nitrite. Then, Nitrite is changed into Nitrate. Both Ammonia and Nitrite are dangerous to fish, but Nitrate is fairly well tolerated by most species.
Testing for Nitrate in Aquaponics
- API Nitrate Test (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 ppm) $8.92 / 90 = $0.10 per test.
- LaMotte Smart3 + 3689-SC. Zinc Reduction. (0.0-60.0 ppm) $33/50 tests = $0.66 per test.
- Hach DR900 + 8039 Nitraver 5 Cadmium Reduction. (0.3 – 30pppm) $50.39 / 100 tests = $0.54 per test
- YSI 9500 + NitraTest. (0.0 – 20.0 ppm) $155/200 = $0.77 per test OR $60/50 = $1.20 per test


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Jump to:Page Content
Since 1953, the United States has maintained a formal extended deterrence commitment to protect South Korea. The guarantee included a mutual security treaty that formalized the U.S. pledge and basing troops close to the border as a sign of U.S. determination to defend its ally from another attack from the North. The U.S. commitment also entailed the inclusion of South Korea under the U.S. nuclear umbrella whereby Washington vowed to use nuclear weapons to deter, and if need be, defeat an attack. The United States never renounced the first use of nuclear weapons so that a nuclear response could follow a conventional attack or a nuclear strike. For South Korea, the umbrella also included the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons on the peninsula. However, these weapons were removed from South Korea in 1991. The nuclear umbrella has long been a part of U.S. extended deterrence in East Asia, yet there have always been some troubling aspects of this strategy, both in Asia and in Europe. This talk will examine the history of the U.S. nuclear umbrella for South Korea, the role the umbrella plays in South Korean and U.S. security planning, and questions regarding the credibility of the commitment.


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April 28, 1854 - August 23, 1923
Phoebe Sarah Marks was born in Portsea, England in 1854. She changed her first name to Hertha when she was a teenager. After passing the Cambridge University Examination for Women with honors in English and mathematics, she attended Girton College at Cambridge University, the first residential college for women in England. Charlotte Scott also attended Girton at this time, and she and Marks helped form a mathematics club to "find problems for the club to solve and 'discuss any mathematical question that may arise'". Marks passed the Mathematical Tripos in 1880, although with a disappointing Third Class performance. Because Cambridge did not confer degrees to women at this time, just certificates, she successfully completed an external examination and received a B.Sc. degree from the University of London.
From 1881 to 1883, Marks worked as a private mathematics tutor, as well as tutoring other subjects. In 1884 she invented a draftsman's device that could be used for dividing up a line into equal parts as well as for enlarging and reducing figures. She was also active in devising and solving mathematical problems, many of which were published in the Mathematical Questions and Their Solutions from the "Educational Times". Tattersall and McMurran write that "Her many solutions indicate without a doubt that she possessed remarkable geometric insight and was quite a clever student of mathematics."
Marks began her scientific studies by attending evening classes in physics at Finsbury Technical College given by Professor William Ayrton, whom she married in 1885. She assisted her husband with his experiments in physics and electricity, becoming an acknowledged expert on the subject of the electric arc. She published several papers from her own research in electric arcs in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London and The Electrician, and published the book The Electric Arc in 1902. According to Tattersall and McMurran,
The text included descriptions and many illustrations of her experiments, succinct chapter reviews, a comprehensive index, an extensive bibliography, and a chapter devoted to tracing the history of the electric arc. Her historical account provided detailed explanations of previous experiments and results involving the arc and concluded with the most recent research of the author and her colleagues...The book was widely accepted as tour de force on the electrical arc and received favorable reviews on the continent where a German journal enthusiastically praised if for its clear exposition and relevant conclusions.
Hertha Ayrton had been elected the first female member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1899. In 1902 she became the first woman nominated a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Because she was married, however, legal counsel advised that the charter of the Royal Society did not allow the Society to elect her to this distinction (this advice was reversed in 1923, but the first woman was still not admitted to the Royal Society until twenty years later.) However, in 1904 Ayrton did become the first woman to read her own paper before the Royal Society. This paper was on "The origin and growth of ripple-mark" [Abstract] and was later published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. In 1906 Ayrton received the Royal Society's Hughes Medal for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples. She was the fifth recipient of this prize, award annually since 1902 in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, and as of 2005, the only woman so honored.
After her husband's death in 1908, Ayrton continued her research. One set of experiments validated Lord Rayleigh's mathematical theory of vortices. She also invented a fan that could create spiral vortices to repel gas attacks. These became known as Ayrton fans, but were never widely used.
Ayrton was an active member of the Woman's Social and Political Union and participated in many suffrage rallies between 1906 and 1913. She was a founding member of the International Federation of University Women and the National Union of Scientific Workers. She served as vice-president of the British Federation of University Women and vice-president of the National Union of Women's Suffrages Societies. Two years after her death in 1923, her lifelong friend Ottilie Hancock endowed the Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship at Girton College.
Photo Credit: Photograph is used with the permission of the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Archives


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LONDON (Reuters) - Scientists designing and testing what they hope might become the classroom of the future have found that "Star Trek"-style multi-touch, multi-user desks can boost children's maths skills.
A three-year project with 400 eight to 10-year olds found that using interactive "smart" desks can have benefits over doing maths on paper, and that pupils are able to improve their fluency and flexibility in maths by working together.
"Our aim was to encourage far higher levels of active student engagement, where knowledge is obtained by sharing, problem-solving and creating, rather than by passive listening," said Liz Burd of Britain's Durham University, who led the study.
The research team, whose findings were published in the journal Learning and Instruction, designed software and desks that recognise multiple touches on a desktop using infrared light vision systems.
The desks are built into furniture of the classroom to help encourage more collaboration, and are networked and linked to a main smartboard. A live feed of the desks goes directly to the teacher who can intervene quickly to help a pupil while allowing group work to continue.
Burd's team found that 45 percent of pupils who used a maths programme on the smart desk system increased the number of unique mathematical expressions they created, compared with 16 percent of those doing it on paper.
Using the new desks helped children work together and solve problems using inventive solutions, the researchers said.
"We found our tables encouraged students to collaborate more effectively," said Burd. "Such collaboration just did not happen when students used paper-based approaches."
(Reporting by Kate Kelland, editing by Paul Casciato)


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Grundomat pneumatic piercing tools have been providing accurate horizontal bores beneath roads, railways, and landscaping across North America and around the world for nearly 45 years. Water, gas, sewer and electrical industries have all benefited from this work horse of trenchless technology. Minimal operating space is required and the horizontal boring tool serves as a complement, and in many situations an economical alternative to, larger, more expensive directional drilling equipment.
The reciprocating stepped-cone chisel head action of the GrundomaT tool is unique because it hammers away at solid obstacles. This two-stroke action means that the piston's impact is concentrated on the reciprocating tool head for optimum boring performance.
Compressed air repeatedly propels the piston against the rear of the chisel head assembly. This first compresses the pre-tensioned steel spring which forces the chisel head assembly forward independently of the main casing to provide a pilot bore. Then, the same continuous force thrusts the main
- Chisel-tip performs pilot bore
- Stepped-conedesignandlongtoollength hold trajectory
The tool follows the pilot bore to the targeted exit, even through rocky soils and cobble. GrundomaT's stepped head design fractures and displaces rock, resulting in the directional stability of the tool. This provides for consistently on-target bores, from short to long-distance shots.


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Purchase this article with an account.
David Kane, Peter J. Bex, Steven C. Dakin; The aperture problem in contoured stimuli. Journal of Vision 2009;9(10):13. doi: 10.1167/9.10.13.
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© ARVO (_PHONE_); The Authors (2016-present)
A moving object elicits responses from V1 neurons tuned to a broad range of locations, directions, and spatiotemporal frequencies. Global pooling of such signals can overcome their intrinsic ambiguity in relation to the object's direction/speed (the "aperture problem"); here we examine the role of low-spatial frequencies (SF) and second-order statistics in this process. Subjects made a 2AFC fine direction-discrimination judgement of 'naturally' contoured stimuli viewed rigidly translating behind a series of small circular apertures. This configuration allowed us to manipulate the scene by randomly switching which portion of the stimulus was presented behind each aperture or by occluding certain spatial frequency bands. We report that global motion integration is (a) largely insensitive to the second-order statistics of such stimuli and (b) is rigidly broadband even in the presence of a disrupted low SF component.
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Research Interests:
Human-in-the-loop control systems
Statistical learning
Vehicle dynamics and control
Engineering design
Research summary:
Models of human search behavior
[Could not find the bibliography file(s)
Search is the process of making rational decisions under uncertainty. In [?] we developed a model of human behavior in a spatial search task. Notably, we found that some people achieved very high performance on such tasks, including significant numbers of people who achieved performance better than an otherwise "optimal" algorithm. Our model allowed us to show that this high performance is consistent with the humans having good priors, i.e., the high-performing people have good intuitions about the task. In [?], we considered the problem of learning these intuitions from data and showed that this could be achieved using our model. In [?], we have considered other, more sophisticated models of human choice behavior based on the concept of satisficing, where the decision maker cares only about achieving performance above a given threshold, rather than achieving maximum possible performance.
Reactive decision making
Engineering design


Hands-On Experience
Experiential learning is all about learning through hands-on experience, whether it be debating in a small group at a professor's home, gaining work skills through an internship, conducting research to help solve problems in inner-city Rochester, or studying different cultures in Japan or England.
You'll do all of this within the context of a Christian environment where it's safe to struggle with questions because your friends and professors are there to support you.
Opportunities for Experiential Learning at Roberts
Study Abroad
Cultural Enrichment Guest Series
Mission Trips


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1553 Woman, formerly called Mary Tudor but possibly Jane Grey by Hans Eworth (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge University UK)
Art Historian J, Stephan Edwards assessed this portrait in 2005 and concluded, "Though often posthumously depicted, painted, and portrayed, Lady Jane Grey has actually been invisible to a modern viewing audience through lack of any authentic life portrait. Unknown Lady by Hans Eworth, however, contains a number of clues that reasonably suggest identifying the young woman depicted as Lady Jane Grey. The portrait, when read through a sixteenth-century lens, appears to be a pre-marital portrait of a wealthy and noble young woman who dressed demurely, was pious without being prudish, and whose family may have borne a name or title beginning with the letter 'D'. The young woman's unusual thinness and other physical features serve, in the context of Eworthian portraiture, to shorten any list of potential identities. When examined in the context of sixteenth-century material culture and identity construction, it is reasonable to suggest that Unknown Lady is a reappearing lost portrait of Lady Jane Grey painted in April or May of 1553 in association with evolving plans to exploit Jane as an instrument for altering the royal succession."