text:
What Is a Raster Scan?
A raster scan is a method of constructing an image through the use of horizontal lines. The lines can be analog representations of the image, or they can be a sequence of pixels in which each dot represents a tiny rectangular area of the image. One of the primary applications of raster scaning technology has been in traditional display devices such as televisions or computer monitors. Some computerized printers also use similar methods to construct images on paper. Most digital images files also are stored and reconstructed using raster scan techniques.
In a television or computer monitor, an image is constructed using raster scan technology by starting in the upper left-hand corner of the screen and drawing a horizontal line that ends on the right edge of the screen. The line returns to the left side, dropping a tiny amount downward, and draws the next line of the image. When the beam that is drawing the image reaches the bottom right corner of the screen, effectively indicating the whole image was rendered, it moves back to the upper left corner to start again, an action known as a vertical retrace. This process occurs dozens of times every second to create a smooth moving image.
Even though a raster scan is capable of producing a very realistic image, the actual process creates a minute amount of nearly unnoticeable distortion in the image. At the end of each horizontal line being drawn, the beam must return to the left-hand side of the screen, which is called blanking or horizontal retrace. This is accomplished most efficiently by actually drawing each visible line with a slight downward slope toward the bottom right of the screen. In this way, during the horizontal retrace, the beam moves back in an almost straight horizontal line. Although it is the fastest way to draw the image, it actually means a monitor using raster scan technology is drawing the image skewed at a very miniscule angle.
Computer software that saves images digitally uses a similar technique to encode information and subsequently to decompress it. A raster scan of the image starts in the upper left corner of the image and progresses in the same way toward the bottom right. Instead of saving an entire line of analog information, however, the image is converted into small rectangles called pixels that can be set to a single color. The collection of the pixels in horizontal lines forms the image not only in the file encoding, but also in computer memory when the image is displayed.
_USER_ -- the solution is use vector graphics which can be scaled up or down as much as needed. However, creating vector images can be a fussy process and the "industry standard" is still raster. Think of all those digital cameras out there pumping out JPG and PNG images -- converting those over to vector is hit and miss.
You have hit on the flaw in raster images -- pixels. For example, let's say you publish a magazine and are sent a picture stored in a "rater format" (JPG, PNG, BMP -- the most common image formats, by the way) that was reduced in size so it would load quickly on an Internet site and still look good to visitors. That image might look great on a screen, but the resolution isn't high enough to reproduce well on paper.
If you try to enlarge the photo so that it will fit well in your publication, you also blow up those pixels so the photo looks blocky. The point here is that small raster images don't play nice with the publishing industry, but people prefer to use them so they will load quickly on Internet sites. That is why the megapixels count is important when you are shopping for cameras -- more pixels means a larger image size is created by the camera and one of those will look great in print. Still, people tend to scale photos down to save space and that can lead to trouble.
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Strangest 7 Chemicals on Earth
Updated on May 29, 2019
 - Fire activity: The process of crystallization is through the liquid vaporization, where the minerals begin to form after cooling of this liquid, or through the crystallization of hot solutions.
 - Sedimentation processes: crystallization occurs through the sedimentation of saline compounds of the sea and ocean water. This deposition is caused by water vaporization.
 - Transformations: Metals may be formed due to the influence of various factors, namely heat, pressure, water vaporization and chemical reactions of solutions.
1. Ferrofluid
Ferrofluid is simply liquid that acquire strong magnetic properties when it falls into a magnetic field, exposing it to a magnetic field that can be beautifully formed and moved as we see in science fiction movies.
The reason for these properties is nanotechnology, where fluids such as water and oil are injected with very small particles of up to 10 million meters of magnetic iron oxide, so they are so small that they do not affect the liquidity of the liquid placed in it.
These magnetic particles respond to the magnetic fluid of the magnetic field by moving. Therefore, the magnetic field can exert superpower on the fluid, completely changing the form of fluid moving to fill the gaps within it as far as possible in the field. These effects are strange, useful, and have many applications, for example, ranging from CD players, even circular space inhibitors and sound suppression techniques.
2. Gallium
Galium is a chemical element in the periodic table, a Ga symbol, and its atomic number 31, is considered a metal. Gallium is not free in nature, but in the form of calcium chloride (III) in small amounts in bauxite and zinc mines.
Its brilliant silver color is not the only thing that draws attention to this element, it also has a low melting point as it is solid at room temperature, but once you hold it in your hand, it starts to melt directly under the influence of hand heat.
This is due to the low melting point of gallium, which is 29.76 Celsius.
3. Vantablack
We are not talking about the black matter that fills space, but about a substance that was made by a British nanotechnology company. The material consists of nanotubes of pure carbon and can absorb light up to 99.96%, making it the darkest material on earth and the most materials experimentally laboratory of darkness at all. What distinguishes this material is that the light does not even reflect on its internal folds if it is bent, so that it cannot distinguish its real form. It looks like a two-dimensional page or a black hole like that discovered in space. The difference here is this material only swallows light.
As for the uses of this material are multiple, for example, calibrating telescopes and optical devices in addition to military uses, this material can hide real ninja people, or may be used in other concealment techniques such as those used in aircraft. So far, the material has been developed for use only on a slice of foils but is expected to be expanded on other objects such as 3D objects.
4. Superhydrophobic Coating
What is the thing that is exposed to water and does not get wet? It is a waterproof material. Without going into scientific detail, if you add dust to some silica sand, it will become resistant to wetness. When immersed in water, they are surrounded by a layer of air that prevents water from reaching it.
Sand grains covered with water-like substances appear when they are immersed in water that is coherent and interconnected, while above water is in its natural granular form.
Watch this video that illustrates this unique phenomenon, it is worth mentioning that these sand used as a game for children.
Another technique that is more dazzling than previous technology, but this time with miracle-making nanotechnology, where water-resistant and oil-resistant materials can be produced (of course, this will make many mothers happy) is the future technology that will conquer the world. Its benefits are innumerable. You will not need to clean a lot of things after use from clothes through your machine fan and factory machines to cement mixers.
5. Water
It's not a joke! In fact, we have to celebrate the greatest miracle on our planet, the water, where water has unique properties from the rest of the material. At a time when the volume of materials is in its solid state, the water is unique in increasing its volume when freezing, which makes it less dense than water in its liquid state. Ice blocks float on the surface preventing the freezing of the water surface due to heat insulation done by the ice.
Surface tension is another unique feature of water, where water is allowed to climb tree and plant stalks. If it was not for this wonderful property, there would be no life.
The small size of the water molecules allowed it to be absorbed through the membranes, known as the osmotic property.
6. Pharaoh's snakes
Pharaoh's snakes or Pharaoh's serpents are a type of small firework in which a lighted tablet exudes smoke and ash in a growing column which resembles a snake. The modern version of this firework is the non-toxic black snake. Pharaoh's snakes produce a more spectacular display, but they are toxic so this firework is only produced as a chemistry demonstration. If you have the materials and a fume hood, you can make your own Pharaoh's snakes.
7. Aerogel
Aerogel, a low-density "gel" substance where the "liquid" content of the substance has been replaced by gas. The result was the emergence of the material of very low density with multiple properties, the most important of these characteristics is its great ability to heat insulation. It is also called the name of frozen smoke.
What is the strangest metal?
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© 2019 Ameen Selegi
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 Post Comment
 - Ameen2002 profile imageAUTHOR
 Ameen Selegi
 23 months ago from Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
 Eman Abdallah Kamel, thanks for your comment. I hope you have benefited from the information.
 Have a nice day.
 - Emmy ali profile image
 Eman Abdallah Kamel
 23 months ago from Egypt
 Well written article and informative as well.
 - Ameen2002 profile imageAUTHOR
 Ameen Selegi
 23 months ago from Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
 Hi Audrey Hunt, thanks for your comment.
 Yes, the water is one of the strangest chemicals, because of its properties like surface tension, the water movement in the fountain is a parabola, color and more.
 I hope you have benefited from the information.
 Have a nice day.
 - vocalcoach profile image
 Audrey Hunt
 23 months ago from Idyllwild Ca.
 Very informative and interesting! I enjoy learning about chemicals. I am especially fascinated with #5 - water.
 Thank you for sharing this great hub!
 - Ameen2002 profile imageAUTHOR
 Ameen Selegi
 23 months ago from Rochelle Park, NJ 07662
 Hi Liz Westwood,
 Thanks for your comment, I hope you have benefited from the information.
 Have a nice day.
 - Eurofile profile image
 Liz Westwood
 23 months ago from UK
 This is an interesting and well-illustrated article.
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I was recently reading through some posts on this site. A question struck me -
Why does an object attached to the end of a string which is further attached to an accelerating car behave differently than it would if the object is attached with a rod welded to the roof?
P.S.- Apparently there is a misunderstanding with my question. What I mean by 'differently' is that the object when attached through a string tries to remain in rest, but then accelerates with the car (inertia), causing the string to make an angle $\theta$ with the vertical, whereas it is not the case when the object is attached through a rod, i.e., the rod always make $0^\circ$ with the vertical.
enter image description here
Edit - I have added a picture, if that helps...
 - $\begingroup$ Can you clarify what do you mean by 'behave differently'? $\endgroup$ – Cluse Mar 7 at 17:34
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Is it clear now? $\endgroup$ – user290607 Mar 7 at 17:49
 - $\begingroup$ Not to me. I think you're relying on people knowing the class of problem you're talking about, but I don't, so I'll drop it. In general, especially in this type of question with multiple scenarios of things attached together involving angles, etc, a picture really helps. $\endgroup$ – tom10 Mar 7 at 19:07
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Why do you say the rod will always remain vertical? $\endgroup$ – Sandejo Mar 7 at 19:13
 - $\begingroup$ Is the rod able to rotate? Or is it a rod connected to the bus in an unmovable fashion? $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 8 at 9:04
Alright then. Imagine you find yourself on a bus. There is a string hanging from the ceiling. Next to the string, a rod is welded to the ceiling. I think you agree that the string is movable in all directions while the rod is not (unless you attach the rod to a flexible joint).
Now attach a mass to the end of the string and one to the end of the rod. Can you see it? The bus starts to accelerate. The passengers feel themselves pushed to the seat they are in. Just so, both masses feel a force directed to the rear of the bus. The mass on the string is free to move (within the confine the string imposes) and the string will make an angle with the vertical direction. This angle depends on the value of the mass attached. The higher the mass, the smaller the angle (the force of gravity, which pulls the mass down gets bigger). The mass on the rod will not be able to move because the rod is welded to the ceiling. Only if the rod can move in the way the string can move, both the string and the rod will make an angle with the vertical upon acceleration.
Do you get me?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ No. That still does not answer my question. Why does not the rod bend? $\endgroup$ – user290607 Mar 8 at 13:04
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Ah. now its clear. The röd bends a little. If it would bend visibly it wouldnt be a rod. $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 8 at 16:10
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I have accepted your solution. Since the rod bends a little, the horizontal component of the force on the bus is the only force on the object, which is the same as compared to the string. Where is the difference (there is a subtle difference, I think). Please elaborate. $\endgroup$ – user290607 Mar 8 at 17:11
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ What do you mean by the force on the bus? $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 8 at 17:14
 - $\begingroup$ The force which causes the bus to accelerate. $\endgroup$ – user290607 Mar 8 at 17:15
I understand I have not understood the question right when I answered the following:
Because of inertia. If no forces are acting on an object, the objects velocity does not change. Using a string the car accelerates the object to a certain velocity and when slowing down the object will continue to move towards the car as no forces are acting on it (until it hits the car where the normal force of the mass of the car slows it down at once). Using a rod the object again accelerates with the car as it is tied to it. But when the car slows down, the normal force of the mass of the car immediately acts on the object thrue the rod, slowing down the object at the same time as the car slows down.
Second Try:
If I understood correctly what is meant here, the reason for the object making an angle to the "vertical" is simply inertia and the fact that it the string has a finite length: The object (attached outside of the car on the ceiling or inside on the ground) wants to stay at rest but is accelerated. The only way to stay as much at rest as possible is to move down (in addition to moving to the opposite side of the acceleration relative to the car) and thus making that angle.
If you meant horizontal instead of "vertical" (the object being attached to the back of the car outside) then the reason is chaos of aerodynamics. Aerodynamics predicts that the object moves in every direction, despite being dragged back by inertia and thus making that angle. But I'm not that familiar with aerodynamics and am therefor not able to give you more details. What I do understand is that when using a fixed rod welded to the car, the object has no degree of freedom whatsoever. Its position is completely determined by the car. A string gives the object all three degrees of freedom $(r,\theta,\varphi)$, inspite of some boundaries: $r\le L$ (length of string), $\varphi\in [0,\pi]$ (object can't go into the car), $\theta\in [0,\pi]$ (boundaries for $\theta$ are normal). Having these degrees of freedom the chaotic consequences of aerodynamics act on the object.
 - $\begingroup$ I think that the object hangs on a string or rod instead of lying on the ground (of the bus or behind it). $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 8 at 9:13
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I have extended my answer. $\endgroup$ – Roger Mar 8 at 11:37
 - $\begingroup$ Do you envision the object in or outside the car? I'm not sure if I understand the connection between the deviation from the vertical and chaos of aerodynamics. If I hang (inside a bus) a mass on a string, then on acceleration of the bus the object the string will deviate from hanging vertical (which a rod melted to the ceiling can't do). $\endgroup$ – Deschele Schilder Mar 8 at 11:45
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I have mistaken vertical with horizontal. The answer is updated now. $\endgroup$ – Roger Mar 8 at 11:51
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I don't think my question has anything to do with aerodynamics. You can think of the bus in vacuum if you wish. $\endgroup$ – user290607 Mar 8 at 12:34


text:
One secret that is kept a little bit too tightly by Parkinson's disease experts is that the medication interval or timing is as important as the dose. Here are a few tips:
-if the medication is wearing off before the next dose, consider moving dosages closer together
-It is not uncommon for some Parkinson's disease patients to require medications even as close as every 2 hours
-If you experience dyskinenesia (extra movements usually an hour or more after a medication dose) you may need to decrease the dose, and move the medication intervals closer together
-Medication timing usually changes as Parkinson's disease progresses.
-Remember in Parkinson's disease timing is everything!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The East India Company and public opinion
The East India Company's activities, particularly the behaviour of the Company's servants, roused much public indignation in England.
There were many sources of public and parliamentary outrage. The Company servants who had become fantastically wealthy through corrupt trade and other practices, became known as nabobs.
It was feared that these individuals, their agents and those who took their bribes, would corrupt Parliament by forming an unbeatable East Indian interest there.
Corruption and brutality
There was also despair at the bad administration of the Company's affairs, both in Britain and in India – especially in 1772 when the Company's finances collapsed. Lord North's Regulating Act of 1773 was a response to this concern.
In addition there was anger at the often brutal and corrupt behaviour of some of the Company's officials.
Attacks in Parliament
Robert Clive, the victor of Plassey, and MP for Shrewsbury from 1761, had to defend himself vigorously for three successive days in the Commons in May 1773 against the attacks levelled against him by General John Burgoyne, MP for Preston, who was the chairman of a committee examining his administration in India.
Edmund Burke (MP for Malton) became the most outspoken critic in Parliament against Company abuse and immorality in India and led a campaign to impeach the former Governor-General Warren Hastings (1773-85) on grounds of misrule and corruption.
Hastings was charged with high crimes and misdemeanors and was impeached in 1787. His trial - the longest impeachment proceedings in Parliament's history - began in Westminster Hall in 1788.
Burke was unrestrained in his denunciations, and violently accused Hastings of being the "captain-general of iniquity", a "spider of Hell" and a "ravenous vulture devouring the carcases of the dead".
Yet despite the passion and forcefulness of Burke's moral outrage, Hastings was acquitted of all charges in April 1795 after his seven-year trial.
Public interest and concern
Both the Clive inquiry and the Hastings impeachment stirred up widespread popular interest and excitement and showed that under the influence of the Evangelical movement there was a growing public feeling that there should be a moral foundation to British rule in the growing Indian empire.
Did you know?
Did you know?
The English term nabob comes from the Indian word nawab The nawabs were Indian rulers in provinces such as Bengal, and it seemed to people in England that some Company servants were becoming as rich and powerful as these local rulers.


Literature, Language, Culture
Kateb Yacine is one of the most recognized and influential writers in Algeria's literary history. Born in 1929, Yacine became well-known for both his plays and novels written in an Arabic dialect and French. His support of Algeria's national cause is clearly seen in works such as "Nedjma", which is set in the time of the war against France. Other books written by Kateb Yacine include "Soliloques", "Le Cercle des represailles", "L'Homme aux sandales de caoutchouc", "Boucherie de l'esperance", "Le Poete comme un boxeur" and "Parce que c'est une femme".
Mohammed Dib wrote more than 30 novels, many short stories, children's books and poems in his career. He is renowned for his innovative works, which relate to the 20th century of Algeria's history. Many of his literary works were centered on the battle for independence in Algeria. Albert Camus was also a renowned literary figure in Algeria during the 20th Century. A philosopher and author, Camus received a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957 and was recognized as having great influence on absurdism. His works include novels, short stories, non-fictional books and plays such as "The Stranger", "La Mort heureuse" ("A Happy Death"), "Le Mythe de Sisyphe" ("The Myth of Sisyphys"), "La Femme Adultere", "Neither Victim Nor Executioner", "Nuptials" and "Caligula".
Assia Djebar, Fatima-Zohra Imalayen's pseudonym, is an Algerian woman novelist, filmmaker and translator. Many of her works focus on the lives and issues faced by Algeria's women. Assia Djebar received much recognition when she was elected to the Academie Franeaise in June 2005. Her works such as EA Sister to Scheherezadee, have placed her amongst North Africa's most influential authors.
It is clear from the above examples that Algeria's literature and literary figures have played a vital role in this fascinating North African country, and exerts an influence far beyond its borders.
back to Culture


ips bold and resilient leaders—religious and secular, women and men, adults and teens—with the tools and resources they need for our complex, multifaith world. Auburn provides them with education, research, support, and media savvy, so that they can bridge religious divides, build community, pursue justice, and heal the world.
What is Groundswell?
Groundswell, the social action initiative of Auburn Seminary, builds the multifaith movement for justice through innovative campaigns.
What is Free Speech for People?
Free Speech For People is a national nonpartisan campaign that works to challenge the misuse of corporate power and restore republican democracy to the people. Launched on the day of the Citizens United ruling, Free Speech For People has helped to catalyze and lead the growing movement for a constitutional amendment to overturn the ruling and reclaim our democracy.
[ii] "Poll: Americans largely in favor of campaign spending limitations" by Morgan Little, The Los Angeles Times, September 16, 2012, _URL_
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text:
A recent study seems to find a good reason why old people sometimes get cheated and are somehow more vulnerable to fraud.
The study found that a particular region in the brain which actually helps us decide if a person can be trusted, is not as active in old people.
The study which involved analysis of brain scans that were taken while the old and the young made their assessment of photographs of people, found that a region called the anterior insula in the brain which picks up instinctive feelings, was not so active among the older lot.
Most importantly, the old people were unable to recognize certain tell-tale facial hints. Professor Shelley Taylor of the University of California in Los Angeles said, "The older adults do not have as strong an anterior insula early-warning signal; their brains are not saying 'be wary', as the brains of the younger adults are. It's not that younger adults are better at finance or judging whether an investment is good - they're better at discerning whether a person is trustworthy when cues are communicated visually."


Isolated Storage
For desktop apps, isolated storage is a data storage mechanism that provides isolation and safety by defining standardized ways of associating code with saved data. Standardization provides other benefits as well. Administrators can use tools designed to manipulate isolated storage to configure file storage space, set security policies, and delete unused data. With isolated storage, your code no longer needs unique paths to specify safe locations in the file system, and data is protected from other applications that only have isolated storage access. Hard-coded information that indicates where an application's storage area is located is unnecessary.
Important note Important
Isolated storage is not available for Windows Store apps. Instead, use the application data classes in the Windows.Storage namespaces included in the Windows Runtime API to store local data and files. For more information, see Application data in the Windows Dev Center.
This topic contains the following sections:
When an application stores data in a file, the file name and storage location must be carefully chosen to minimize the possibility that the storage location will be known to another application and, therefore, will be vulnerable to corruption. Without a standard system in place to manage these problems, developing ad hoc techniques that minimize storage conflicts can be complex, and the results can be unreliable.
With isolated storage, data is always isolated by user and by assembly. Credentials such as the origin or the strong name of the assembly determine assembly identity. Data can also be isolated by application domain, using similar credentials.
When you use isolated storage, your application saves data to a unique data compartment that is associated with some aspect of the code's identity, such as its publisher or signature. The data compartment is an abstraction, not a specific storage location; it consists of one or more isolated storage files, called stores, which contain the actual directory locations where data is stored. For example, an application might have a data compartment associated with it, and a directory in the file system would implement the store that actually preserves the data for that application. The data saved in the store can be any kind of data, from user preference information to application state. For the developer, the location of the data compartment is transparent. Stores usually reside on the client, but a server application could use isolated stores to store information by impersonating the user on whose behalf it is functioning. Isolated storage can also store information on a server with a user's roaming profile so that the information will travel with the roaming user.
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A quota is a limit on the amount of isolated storage that can be used. The quota includes bytes of file space as well as the overhead associated with the directory and other information in the store. Isolated storage uses permission quotas, which are storage limits that are set by using IsolatedStoragePermission objects. If you try to write data that exceeds the quota, an IsolatedStorageException exception is thrown. Security policy, which can be modified using the.NET Framework Configuration Tool (Mscorcfg.msc), determines which permissions are granted to code. Code that has been granted IsolatedStoragePermission is restricted to using no more storage than the UserQuota property allows. However, because code can bypass permission quotas by presenting different user identities, permission quotas serve as guidelines for how code should behave rather than as a firm limit on code behavior.
Quotas are not enforced on roaming stores. Because of this, a slightly higher level of permission is required for code to use them. The enumeration values AssemblyIsolationByRoamingUser and DomainIsolationByRoamingUser specify a permission to use isolated storage for a roaming user.
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Using isolated storage enables partially trusted applications to store data in a manner that is controlled by the computer's security policy. This is especially useful for downloaded components that a user might want to run cautiously. Security policy rarely grants this kind of code permission when you access the file system by using standard I/O mechanisms. However, by default, code running from the local computer, a local network, or the Internet is granted the right to use isolated storage.
Administrators can limit how much isolated storage an application or a user has available, based on an appropriate trust level. In addition, administrators can remove a user's persisted data completely. To create or access isolated storage, code must be granted the appropriate IsolatedStorageFilePermission permission.
To access isolated storage, code must have all necessary native platform operating system rights. The access control lists (ACLs) that control which users have the rights to use the file system must be satisfied..NET Framework applications already have operating system rights to access isolated storage unless they perform (platform-specific) impersonation. In this case, the application is responsible for ensuring that the impersonated user identity has the proper operating system rights to access isolated storage. This access provides a convenient way for code that is run or downloaded from the web to read and write to a storage area related to a particular user.
To control access to isolated storage, the common language runtime uses IsolatedStorageFilePermission objects. Each object has properties that specify the following values:
 - Allowed usage, which indicates the type of access that is allowed. The values are members of the IsolatedStorageContainment enumeration. For more information about these values, see the table in the next section.
 - Storage quota, as discussed in the preceding section.
The runtime demands IsolatedStorageFilePermission permission when code first attempts to open a store. It decides whether to grant this permisson, based on how much the code is trusted. If the permission is granted, the allowed usage and storage quota values are determined by security policy and by the code's request for IsolatedStorageFilePermission. Security policy is set by using the.NET Framework Configuration Tool (Mscorcfg.msc). All callers in the call stack are checked to ensure that each caller has at least the appropriate allowed usage. The runtime also checks the quota imposed on the code that opened or created the store in which the file is to be saved. If these conditions are satisfied, permission is granted. The quota is checked again every time a file is written to the store.
Application code is not required to request permission because the common language runtime will grant whatever IsolatedStorageFilePermission is appropriate based on security policy. However, there are good reasons to request specific permissions that your application needs, including IsolatedStorageFilePermission.
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The allowed usage specified by IsolatedStorageFilePermission determines the degree to which code will be allowed to create and use isolated storage. The following table shows how the allowed usage specified in the permission corresponds to types of isolation and summarizes the security risks associated with each allowed usage.
Allowed usage
Isolation types
Security impact
No isolated storage use is allowed.
There is no security impact.
Isolation by user, domain, and assembly. Each assembly has a separate substore within the domain. Stores that use this permission are also implicitly isolated by computer.
This permission level leaves resources open to unauthorized overuse, although enforced quotas make it more difficult. This is called a denial of service attack.
Same as DomainIsolationByUser, but store is saved to a location that will roam if roaming user profiles are enabled and quotas are not enforced.
Because quotas must be disabled, storage resources are more vulnerable to a denial of service attack.
Isolation by user and assembly. Stores that use this permission are also implicitly isolated by computer.
Quotas are enforced at this level to help prevent a denial of service attack. The same assembly in another domain can access this store, opening the possibility that information could be leaked between applications.
Same as AssemblyIsolationByUser, but store is saved to a location that will roam if roaming user profiles are enabled and quotas are not enforced.
Same as in AssemblyIsolationByUser, but without quotas, the risk of a denial of service attack increases.
Isolation by user. Typically, only administrative or debugging tools use this level of permission.
Access with this permission allows code to view or delete any of a user's isolated storage files or directories (regardless of assembly isolation). Risks include, but are not limited to, leaking information and data loss.
Isolation by all users, domains, and assemblies. Typically, only administrative or debugging tools use this level of permission.
This permission creates the potential for a total compromise of all isolated stores for all users.
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Sometimes it is helpful to verify a change to isolated storage by using the file system of the operating system. You might also want to know the location of isolated storage files. This location is different depending on the operating system. The following table shows the root locations where isolated storage is created on a few common operating systems. Look for Microsoft\IsolatedStorage directories under this root location. You must change folder settings to show hidden files and folders in order to see isolated storage in the file system.
Operating system
Location in file system
Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 (upgrade from Windows NT 4.0)
Roaming-enabled stores =
\Profiles\\Application Data
Nonroaming stores =
\Profiles\\Local Settings\Application Data
Windows 2000 - clean installation (and upgrades from Windows 98 and Windows NT 3.51)
Roaming-enabled stores =
\Documents and Settings\\Application Data
Nonroaming stores =
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 - clean installation (and upgrades from Windows 2000 and Windows 98)
Roaming-enabled stores =
Nonroaming stores =
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista
Roaming-enabled stores =
Nonroaming stores =
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The.NET Framework provides three classes in the System.IO.IsolatedStorage namespace to help you perform tasks that involve isolated storage:
The isolated storage classes enable you to create, enumerate,


1. The name of the Association is 'European Chess Union'. It is hereinafter called by its acronym "ECU".
2. The registered office of the ECU shall be at such place as may be determined from time to time by the Board.
3. The ECU is established for the objects and activities stated in the Memorandum of Association.
4. In these Articles, unless inconsistent with the subject or context:
(a) words importing the singular include the plural and vice-versa;
(b) words importing the masculine gender include the feminine and neuter genders and vice-versa;
(c) the word person includes moral entities having a separate legal personality;
(d) " Board" means the ECU Board;
(e) " ECU Dues" mean a Member's or an Associate Member's subscription, Tournament Fees, Bid fees and shares of prize funds for ECU events and events sanctioned by the ECU and fees for ECU services;
(f) "General Assembly" means a meeting of the General Assembly or an Extraordinary General Assembly meeting of the ECU;
(g) "Members and "Associate Members" shall have the meaning and rights defined in the Memorandum of Association and "Members" means both, Members and Associate Members; and
(h) "simple majority vote of those present and voting" means 50% plus one of the votes cast excluding blank and invalid votes and abstentions.


what Krishna means by "Brahma Nirvana" and what Buddhists mean by "Nirvana"?
 1. The Puranas only talk of the historical Buddha. The concept of multiple Buddhas has come into prominence much later after the demise of Gautama Buddha.
 The historical Buddha most likely lived before 1000 BC. There are 3 reasons for my believing so :-
 1. The dating of ancient India is based on the sheet anchor of Chandragupta Maurya's date which is based on assuming that Sandrocottus of Megasthenes' account was none other than the Maurya king. However, if one looks into this subject in detail, it becomes clear that the Greek accounts tally much more with what we know of the Gupta period than the Maurya period. If Guptas date to the 4th century BC, quite naturally the Mauryas dating will be pushed back several centuries earlier and with it the dating of Gautama Buddha even further.
 2. The traditional date of Adi Shankara is 509 BC. But it is also known that Shankara was quite influential in the demise of Buddhism. Adi Shankara clearly lived after Asanka & Vasubandhu and their predecessor Nagarjuna. Mahayana Buddhism is said to start with Nagarjuna. Now Nagarjuna was clearly several centuries later to Buddha. This also puts the date of Buddha before 1000 BC.
 3. The unwavering tradition that Kaliyuga started in 3102 BC. The Puranas date the dynasties of the Kaliyuga from the date of the Mahabharata War. Therefore, if we take the no of years given in the Puranas from the date of 3138 BC, clearly the date of Buddha becomes much older.
 But Buddha clearly was posterior to Krsna. Quite simply because he lived more than a thousand years after the Mahabharata War which was the era when Krsna lived,
 I had started a thread on this subject a few years ago on the historum forum.
 You will have to register on the forum before you can read the thread.
 1. Thanks very much for sharing Jaydeepsinh Rathod. Would you like to post an article here?
 In retrospect, Gautama Sakyamuni Siddharta Buddha might be older than Gaudapada. All your assertions and conjectures are reasonable.
 "The Puranas only talk of the historical Buddha". This refers to the 9th Avatar of Sri Hari Narayana Vishnu. In some cases prophesied before his birth. Some Hindus believe this technically refers to Gautama Sakyamuni Siddharta Buddha. Others believe that the Puranic Buddha was a previous Buddha; albeit Gautama Sakyamuni Siddharta Buddha is one of the greatest and highest spiritual masters of all time. Part of the issue is that Buddha himself is thought to have said as much. It wasn't until millenia after Buddha's passing that some started to regard Buddhism as a unique faith rather than a family of faiths inside Sanathana Dharma. For example the Buddhists of South East Asia and Sri Lanka were Hindu Buddhists. The Mahayana Buddhists, Chinese Buddhists and Japanese Zen Buddhists retain many Hindu trappings. Buddhists retain a seat in the Mahanirvani Akhara, founded by sage Kapila and continue to play in important role in the Kumba Mela and internal events of Hindus as an insider.
 Dear Slapstik, I heard that Buddha said that Shunyata (zero) isn't pure nothingness, albeit that is the closest descriptor there is to it through words.
 In this Buddha saying consistent with what Shankaracharya said as a boy:
 Shiva here doesn't refer to personal God or impersonal God but that which cannot be described. Chiddha Ananda (combined into chiddhananda) is used because there is no Ananda or no bliss. This can be translated as the bliss that transcends the bliss of Samadhi.
 One of the lines is that I don't exist. The last line is that I am neither liberated nor bound.
 High-tech airplane-based lidar mapping tools need to be used by archaeologists in South and Central Asia (and Iran). Currently archaeology is significantly underfunded into the Mohenjo-daro and Arya civilizations. Why do some Indologists believe that Mohenjo-daro was a different civilization from the Arya civilization?
 4. "It was geographically spread from Iran…"
 – Please provide peer-reviewed scholarship for this claim.
 I am very sceptical of claims that even remotely imply an Aryan migration (or the now-defeated invasion) theory. First, opponents of AIT were asked to believe concocted foreign origins of Subcontinental cultures. Now, claims like yours appear to suggest that Subcontinental cultures based on Sanskrit have Iranian origins. Yours is a grand claim and requires grand evidence. Please do not cite the name "Iran" as evidence.
 1. I know of no evidence of Aryan conquest or Aryan migration Ek Chakkar. Both the idea of Aryans coming from the west and the "Parashuram theory" that people fled from South Asia to the rest of the world. Rather my opinion–subject to change based on additional information–is that historic Bharat was geographically very large. In much the way elite American universities are respected and emulated around the world; Sanskriti culture, civilization and spirituality was revered and studied across much of Asia.
 There is a twelve volume english translation of the Mahabharata that I have studied carefully. In this there are references to many parts of Asia.
 To give one example, one of the most important generals and fighters of the Kaurava Army was Sudakshina, king of the Kambojas:
 Kamboja is today called Uzbekistan (and perhaps Turkmenistan, Tajikistan). Kamboja included what some people call Baktria. An Indo-Iranian people.
 Bhishma frequently praised Sudakshina as one of the best fighters and generals in the Kurekshetra war and as a great Arya Kshatriya, which suggests that Kamboja was part of Bharat at that time.
 To give another example, look at the description of how Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva conquer the world. They go to multiple distant lands on ships (perhaps Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Cambodia, Vietnam). They conquer Tibet and Burma (Bhagadatta... the 4th best general in the Kaurava Army lived beyond the Himalayas), based on my interpretation of the texts.
 Vivekananda believed that Kalayavana and his Yavana army were from Turkey, although I would be interested in hearing other theories of where Kalayavana came from:
 Kalayavana's army was several million strong and they ate up both sides of many rivers as they walked.
 Ek Chakkar, I look forward to learning from you. Please keep contributing.
 With respect to ancient Pharsi and Avestan, they sound very similar to Sanskrit and have mantric sound power. Many believe they worshiped the Daityas and Danavas before becoming Zoroastrian. What do you think?
 5. Ek Chakkar, you might want to watch:
 I think that Arya culture, civilization, religion, spirituality, technology formed over much of Asia, from Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Java, Sumatra, Java, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sikhim, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Burma. Maybe other countries such as Vietnam, Philippines (a Phillipino recently insisted to me that many thousands of years ago Philippines had a large Hindu community), and other countries. I don't know.
 Arya is not an ethnicity but an extremely divine culture that has existed across many ethnicities. Sanskrit might have formed as an open source project across much of Asia, although I don't know for sure.
 Interestingly 1 hour 9 minutes in, Rajiv Malhotra argues that Bengal might be close to lost and was doing worse than Pakistan. Rajiv might be right. What does everyone think?
 1. "Rajiv Malhotra argues that Bengal might be close to lost and was doing worse than Pakistan. Rajiv might be right. What does everyone think?"
 I find that to be a leading question. It implies that Pakistan is in some sort of abyss, whereas I've found it to be doing better than many parts of India in certain measures of human dignity. We still have lots to learn from each other. WRT to Bengal, it would appear to be holding its own and outperforming the other states in its neighbourhood according to major HDI indices. If we are speaking about the social life of Bengal and whether they are still imbued with the culture of classical indian civilisation, not only would I say that they are performing quite well, but that the rest of us have a lot of catching up to do. I realize many people want to draw a causality between their experiments with elected communist government and leftist revolutionary sympathies and some sort of social decay, but the irony is that you will struggle to find another people who are as deeply engaged with our literary and philosophical heritage, from antiquity to modern. Furthermore, as someone from the south, I rarely come across people from other states that take an interest


Electric field probe calibration: key for accurate measurements
Kapteos is introducing a breakthrough for electric field probe calibration through an Adiabatic TEM cell (ATEM).
electric field probe calibration
Electric (E)-field probes are of key interest for a wide range of applications: antenna testing, SAR measurement, MRI safety, EMC pre compliance, high voltage measurements, plasma plume dynamics, HPEM…
For most applications, an absolute value of the E-field strength needs to be assessed. Hence, electric field probe calibration is of key importance. For that purpose an E-field applicator generating a perfectly known E field both in direction and magnitude is required.
Major E-field applicators can be classified in three broad categories:
- plane-parallel capacitors for low frequency applications
- GTEM cells for high frequency applications
- TEM and Crawford cells for applications up to a few GHz
Plane-parallel capacitors are easy to produce but they need to be symmetrically powered (positive signal on one electrode while an opposite signal is delivered to the other electrode) and considerable care must be taken for the design of the electrodes in order to homogenize the E field in the gap between electrodes. If such design rules are not followed, large deviations (± 2 to ± 4 dB) could be observed between theory (applied voltage divided by gap width) and practice. Another drawback of this E-field applicator concerns its operating frequency range that is upper bounded in the MHz range.
On the contrary, GTEM cell theoretically doesn't present any upper bound concerning their operating frequency range. However, the impedance loading of the GTEM cell remains tricky and their standing wave ratio is generally too high to get a well defined E field. E-field strength is usually known within an accuracy of ± 2 to ± 3 dB.
TEM cells and Crawford cells present the key advantage of being two port devices, thus allowing to measure both reflected (S11 parameter) and transmitted (S21 parameter) waves through the use of a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). However, the abrupt transition between central and tapered sections of the TEM cell leads to a mode mismatch and then to the generation of higher order propagation modes. As a consequence, such cells present a quite low upper bound of their operating frequency range (typically 1 GHz or less).
Kapteos introduces here an innovative concept of ATEM cell that consists in removing the abrupt transition between central and tapered sections that is encountered in a classical TEM cell. Despite the size of this ATEM cell, this latter one exhibits no higher modes up to 6 GHz.
Once having an efficient E-field applicator 6 main issues have to be addressed before being able to carry out accurate electric field probe calibration.
1st issue: Standing wave
In order to illustrate the standing wave issue for electric field probe calibration, a CPW line with a mismatched impedance (80 Ω) has been loaded by 50 Ω and connected to VNA port 1. A near field electric field probe eoProbe™ has been connected to VNA port 2 as shown. Then an E-field map at DUT surface has been carried out, exhibiting nodes and anti-nodes at fixed positions along the Coplanar WaveGuide (CPW) line. Accuracy on E-field strength worsened rapidly with the increase of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). To keep an accuracy on E-field strength better than ± 0.5 dB, VSWR must be lower than 1.12 (S11 < -24.8 dB).
2nd issue: E-field enhancement near metallic parts
In order to illustrate the E-field enhancement issue, 2D ElectroMagnetic (EM) simulations have been carried out considering a 5.5-mm diameter near field electric field probe ET5-air placed between two parallel plates.
In case of a probe with a centered position between the two parallel plates, no significant E-field enhancement (i.e. no enhancement greater than 0.5 dB, i.e. 5.9%) occurs for an inter-electrode distance greater than 3 times the probe diameter. However, when the probe is clamped to one electrode, the E-field enhancement tends towards a low of 15%.
This E-field enhancement phenomenon originates from the Maxwell continuity equation at the interface between two media not presenting the same permittivity: it is growing with the increase of both permittivity mismatch and probe relative size.
In conclusion, the smaller the E-field probe and the lower its effective permittivity, the smaller is the measurement artifact induced by this E-field enhancement phenomenon. For that reason, Kapteos near field electric field probes are of different type (air and bio lines) in order to keep the permittivity mismatch with the measurement medium as low as possible. Moreover, for a distance of air line probes to nearest metallic element greater than 5 mm, the accuracy on E-field strength is kept better than ± 0.5 dB. This is the reason why Kapteos ATEM cell presents a septum to ground plane of 17.4 mm > 5.5 mm (probe diameter) + 2 x 5 mm.
3rd issue: Interference induced by the E-field probe
Another important issue, generally underestimated, concerns the interference induced by the E-field probe on the E-field distribution inside the E-field applicator. An easy and cost effective way to characterize the impact of the E-field probe presence inside the E-field applicator consists in measuring the transmitted RF power by the TEM cell versus the position of the E-field probe. For single port E-field applicators like GTEM cells, a slightly more expensive characterization bench is required: it is based on a VNA to measure the reflection (S11 parameter) of the injected RF power to the GTEM cell versus the position of the E-field probe.
As seen on the illustrations, measurable interference is neither induced at 100 MHz nor at 1 GHz, whatever be the near field electric field probe position inside the ATM cell. On the contrary, a periodic modulation of transmitted RF power appears at 10 GHz, exhibiting a periodicity of λ/2. At this latter frequency, high order modes are present in the ATEM cell and the probe introduces an extra boundary condition that is probe-position-dependent and that modifies the distribution of the TEM modes, each TEM mode presenting its own power transmission coefficient.
4th issue: Electromagnetic Interference in calibration bench
When making accurate calibration, a special care has to be considered concerning potential ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) in the calibration bench. It is of key importance to check that no EMI (conducted and radiated) contributes to the measured signals. Whereas it is easy to stop the emission of the RF source, there is no way to remotely power off the E field probe when a classical E-field probe, like a reference antenna, is used.
For that purpose, a 50 ohms has to be plugged in the RF cable instead of the reference antenna. However, in that case the EMI assessment is not carried out with the same experimental configuration than the one used for calibration procedure. With Kapteos near field electric field probe, you just need to switch off the laser source to remotely power off the E field probe while maintaining the system exactly in the same experimental configuration. EMI assessment is then straight forward as switching off the laser lets you know if you are concerned or not by EMI.
electric field probe calibration
5th issue: RF link Insertion Loss
During electric field probe calibration the Insertion Loss (IL) of the physical link between the E-field probe and the signal digitizer has to be precisely assessed. With an E-field probe using a RF link, its IL is usually measured during the VNA calibration procedure by bringing the RF-link end back to VNA port 2. However, this requires to fold the RF cable which leads to a IL change (both in magnitude and phase). The longer is the RF link and the higher is the operating frequency, the higher is this effect.
With Kapteos near field electric field probe, IL is not an issue in practice. Indeed, as the IL is measured in real time, we get rid of IL changes while the probe is moving as it is possible to subtract in real time any IL change. Moreover, IL is lower than 0.0012 dB/m whatever the frequency of interest (DC to 100 GHz) whereas the it is higher than 5 dB/m for a RF cable link at 65 GHz.
6th issue: Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the last parameter limiting the accuracy of the electric field probe calibration. E-field probe SNR is easy to obtain via a measurement using a field applicator and an Automatic Spectrum Analyzer (ASA). This SNR gives the accuracy floor with which the electric field probe calibration can be carried out.
To get an accuracy on E-field strength better than ± 0.5 dB, SNR must be greater than 23 dB.
Electric field probe calibration with ATEM cell: setup for accurate measurements
The simple experimental setup illustrated here has allowed to address five out the six issues discussed above. The only one that has not been addressed by this setup concerns the main issue of measuring the SWR in the ATEM cell for which a VNA is required.
With use of ATEM cell Kapteos near field electric field probes are calibrated with an accuracy of ± 0.5 dB up to 1 GHz and with an accuracy of ± 1 dB from 1 to 3 GHz.
For more information, feel free to contact us.


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An overview of spatial references
Geographic data for any particular area is stored in separate layers. For example, roads are stored in one layer, parcels in another, and buildings in a third. To enable the data in each layer to integrate when displayed and queried, each layer must reference locations on the earth's surface in a common way. Coordinate systems provide this framework. They also provide the framework needed for data in different regions to be referenced in different ways. Each layer in the geodatabase has a coordinate system that defines how its locations are georeferenced.
In the geodatabase, the coordinate system and other related spatial properties are defined as part of the spatial reference for each dataset. A spatial reference is the coordinate system used to store each feature class and raster dataset, as well as other coordinate properties such as the coordinate resolution for x,y coordinates and optional z- and measure(m)-coordinates. If required, you can define a vertical coordinate system for datasets with z-coordinates that represent surface elevation. For an introduction to these properties, see The properties of a spatial reference.
Prior to ArcGIS 9.2, spatial references were low precision. They allotted a limited space for coordinate storage, so it was not possible to store coordinates close together and have a large domain extent at the same time. The high-resolution spatial references created and maintained with ArcGIS 9.2 allocate more space for coordinate storage, allowing coordinates to be stored closer together while expanding the x-, y-, z-, m-domains of the dataset. Since the resolution and coordinate system define an extent for the dataset, there is no longer a need for a user-defined domain extent. To take advantage of these benefits, you can upgrade the spatial reference of any existing data to high precision. For more information, see Migrating to high precision. Low-precision spatial references continue to work in ArcGIS 9.2 as they always have. See Working with pre-9.2 spatial references for details.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to open a word document in Photoshop?
A Microsoft word document cannot be simply opened in Photoshop. Word documents are saved in.doc or.docx file formats which are not compatible with Photoshop. Photoshop deals with.psd,.jpeg,.gif, and other various image file formats. This is probably a strange tutorial as I usually talk about cutting out images using Photoshop.
Free Getting started with Photoshop PDF report.
Why would you want to open a Word Document in Photoshop?
You can do so many things on a computer, however people always want to do something that is not always possible. Here are a few reasons I can think of why you would want to open a word document in Photoshop:
 1. You might want to open a document full of pictures in Photoshop to edit them more professionally
 2. Maybe you want to split the Word document up into layers to enable better editing.
 3. You might want to use some special features in Photoshop that are not available in Microsoft Word.
How do you open a Word document in Photoshop
The only logical way I can see to open a word document in Photoshop is to use take a screenshot of the document, save it as a jpeg, and then open it in Photoshop.
You will need:
 1. Microsoft Word.
 2. A keyboard with a Print Screen key.
 3. The Mspaint program. (Comes with Windows)
 4. Photoshop.
How to get your Word document into Photoshop?
 1. Open your Word document.
 2. Go to see a print preview for the document so it will fit on the screen fully. Go to the file menu for Word 2003 or the office symbol for Word 2007. You will see print preview in these menus.
 3. When you see your full page press the prtscrn key on your keyboard.
 4. Open the mspaint program by going down to the start menu, all programs, accessories, then paint.
 5. Go to the edit menu at the top and choose paste.
 6. You will see a picture of the word document. Go to the file menu at the top and choose Save As.
 7. Mspaint will save the screenshot as an image file. I prefer.jpeg. Please remember where you are saving the file.
 8. Then open Photoshop, open the file that you saved.
Free Getting started with Photoshop PDF report.
Notes: You can also paste the document screenshot directly into Photoshop after opening a new project, however I feel that the quality is better through paint.
 1. says
 Simply take prtscrn and direct paste into photoshop(on a new file)
 prtscrn -> (Photoshop)Ctrl N -> Ctrl V.
 No need to go on any other program like mspaint or else. :)
 2. Bartek says
 I think it is the one of the worst sollution i ever read ;)
 Wanna do it pro?
 1)open ur word doc
 2)convert to pdf
 3)open in ps
 Best regards


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I was given an explanation that birds and reptiles are polyspermic because they have an abundant yolk sac. But how does it explain the thing?
Chicken as an adult is not using in my opinion yolk as an energy source. Yolk is used during embryogenesis as the primary energy source with blastula and gastrula -stages and during organogenesis, since the embryo needs proteins and energy somewhere.
How does abundant yolk sac make birds and reptiles polyspermic?


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Georgian Court University
Feudalism in Medieval Europe
Grade Level: 6-8
Time Frame: Two 40-45 minute classes
In this lesson students will explore the world of Medieval Europe. They will learn the way the people lived and how Phragmites was part of this world. Students will then be assigned a social class role in the system of feudalism and research information about their characterís privileges and disadvantages. Students will experience the feudal system through activities and presentations to relay what they learned to their class. Students may choose a variety of creative outlets to express their characterís life in their own creative way with a group or separately. In conclusion to this lesson, students will be able to reflect and discuss their experience, feelings, and what they learned from this lesson about life in the Middle Ages.
Image source: _URL_
New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards
STANDARD 6.1 (Social Studies Skills) All students will utilize historical thinking, problem solving, and research skills to maximize their understanding of civics, history, geography, and economics.
∑ Use critical thinking skills to interpret events, recognize bias, point of view, and context.
∑ Analyze data in order to see persons and events in context.
∑ Examine current issues, events, or themes and relate them to past events.
∑ Formulate questions based on information needs.
∑ Use effective strategies for locating information.
∑ Distinguish fact from fiction by comparing sources about figures and events with fictionalize characters and evens.
∑ Summarize information in written, graphic, and oral formats.
STANDARD 6.3 (World History) All students will demonstrate knowledge of world history in order to understand life and events in the past and how they relate to the present and the future.
∑ Discuss the evolution of significant political, economic, social and cultural institutions and events that shaped European medieval society, including Catholic and Byzantine churches, feudalism and manorialism, the Crusades, the rise of cities, and changing technology.
STANDARD 8.1 (Computer and information literacy ) All students will use computer applications to gather and organize information and to solve problems
∑ Choose appropriate tools and information resources to support research and solve real world problems, including but not limited to:
o On-line resources and databases
o Search engines and subject directories
STANDARD 9.2 (Consumer, Family, and Life Skills) All students will demonstrate critical life skills in order to be functional members of society.
A. Critical Thinking
∑ Communicate, analyze data, apply technology, and problem solve.
∑ Demonstrate responsibility for personal actions and contributions to group activities.
C. Interpersonal Communication
∑ Demonstrate respect and flexibility in interpersonal and group situations.
∑ Organize thoughts to reflect logical thinking and speaking.
∑ Work cooperatively with others to solve a problem.
∑ Demonstrate appropriate social skills within group activities.
∑ Practice the skills necessary to avoid physical and verbal confrontation in individual and group settings.
∑ Participate as a member of a team and contribute to group effort.
Materials and Resources:
Teacher will review the list of social groups from the Middle Ages (below) and, using his/ her knowledge of each studentsí strengths and weaknesses, will assign a suitable mix of students to each group (each group will research and act out one social status). Teacher may wish to review the various websites listed at the end of this lesson plan before starting the class so that he / she can better assist the student groups in navigating those website in order to obtain the necessary information to complete this assignment. If the classroom does not contain enough computers for every student to work in groups or individually, teacher may choose to print out web resources, or plan to schedule media time in the library or other resource room that will allow for individual access to computers in order to offer every student an opportunity to research their topic. Teacher should also ensure that sufficient materials are available for the students to make the posters required for their presentations.
Teacher will prompt students to think and discuss what they know about Medieval times. For example, they may not realize that two Disney movies took place during Medieval times: Robin Hood and The Sword and the Stone. Students can discuss the main concepts of these movies, such as the social structure (monarchy), the role of the church and the inequities between the lives of those in the upper levels and the hardships experienced by the "common" people. The teacher can relate these social statuses to those in the world we live in today. The teacher may wish to engage students by further discussing how students feel about social status and privileges that certain people have while others donít, such as movie stars, athletes and other millionaires compared to everyday people.
1) Students will be placed in groups for presentation the following day.
2) Teacher will assign each group one social status (Pope, Merchant, Nobles, Serfs, Knights and Vassals, Peasants, Royalty), to research using the listed websites and other resources that the students find (e.g. books from the library, suitable websites found by the student groups).
3) Teacher will give each member of each group a worksheet to fill in as a guide to be sure that each obtains the desired information for their presentations / role playing. The worksheet should include some or all of the following questions
The rest of the class time should be spent in research. Some useful resources are provided at the end of the lesson plan.
Depending on teacher and student preference, students should be asked to communicate what theyíve leaned about the social group assigned to them in one of two ways:
The class should start with a discussion about what the power structure of the various groups was during this time, and the relative sizes of each social group. Hopefully, based on what they've learned from their research and the teacher's guidance of the discussion as needed, the students will be able to correctly fill in the Medieval power pyramid (below and on student worksheet) using the following descriptors
Pope / Church, Monarch, Nobles, Knights, Vassals, Merchants, Farmers, Craftsmen, Peasants, Serfs
Things to note here would be that there were very few members of the monarchy, whereas there were a lot of people in the serf/ peasant class at the base of the pyramid. Also, the people at the top of the pyramid had a lot of power over their own lives and those of others. Those at the bottom had little power, even over their own lives.
The rest of the class should be dedicated to Role Playing / Poster / PowerPoint Presentation Activities.
Extension Activity: ďM&M gameĒ (from _URL_
1. Assign one student to play the King/ Queen.
2. Assign two students to be Nobles and 2 to be Vassals.
3. The remaining students are Peasants. (To make the selection process fairer, students can cast lots for these positions if desired).
4. Tell the students that one of the Nobles has a bigger estate than the other, and split the Peasants unequally, such that about 1/3 answers to the Vassal for one of the Lords (Lord A) while the other 2/3 of the Peasants live on the estate of "Lord B' and so answer to his / her Vassal.
5. Give each Peasant a plastic cup with exactly ten M&Ms in it. Let them know that they are not to touch the M&Mís until instructed. Tell the students that the M&Mís represent the crops from the land that the Peasants have tended. Then tell the Peasants that they must pay for the protection that they receive from their Lords with their crops. Their assigned Vassals will confiscate seven M&Mís (for classes under 20 students, have Vassals confiscate seven M+Ms to make this work better) from each Peasant in that Nobleís fiefdom.
6. From each Peasantís payment, the Vassal may keep two of the M&Ms but he / she must give five of them to his Noble to pay for his loyalty.
7. From each of the Vassalís payment, the Noble may keep two M&Ms for his / her services but must give the remaining three pieces to the King / Queen.
8. At the end of the exercise the Peasants should each have the fewest M+Ms and the King / Queen should have the most.
9. Ask each different role or students how they feel about what they received.
10. If desired a discussion of the church and its power could be added here. In the middle ages, tithing (in which the biblical suggestion that 10% of what one earned should be provided to the church) was taken very seriously. Have the students calculate how much money (M+Ms) would have gone to the church had everyone in the group tithed their income to the church. Given that money and power are closely related in most social systems, have the students discuss the implications of this for the power of the church during this period.
11. Ask the students if they think that the Feudal System was fair and why / why not?
12. Ask them why they think that the people at the bottom might have put up with this for centuries before eventually revolting (_URL_ Indeed most of the wars during this period were between different monarchs,


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Selecting and applying cesium-137 conversion models to estimate soil erosion rates in cultivated fields
Received for publication April 19, 2009. The fallout radionuclide cesium-137 (137Cs) has been successfully used in soil erosion studies worldwide. However, discrepancies often exist between the erosion rates estimated using various conversion models. As a result, there is often confusion in the use of the various models and in the interpretation of the data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the structural and parametrical uncertainties associated with four conversion models typically used in cultivated agricultural landscapes. For the structural uncertainties, the Soil Constituent Redistribution by Erosion Model (SCREM) was developed and used to simulate the redistribution of fallout 137Cs due to tillage and water erosion along a simple two-dimensional (horizontal and vertical) transect. The SCREM-predicted 137Cs inventories were then imported into the conversion models to estimate the erosion rates. The structural uncertainties of the conversion models were assessed based on the comparisons between the conversion-model-estimated erosion rates and the erosion rates determined or used in the SCREM. For the parametrical uncertainties, test runs were conducted by varying the values of the parameters used in the model, and the parametrical uncertainties were assessed based on the responsive changes of the estimated erosion rates. Our results suggest that: (i) the performance/accuracy of the conversion models was largely dependent on the relative contributions of water vs. tillage erosion; and (ii) the estimated erosion rates were highly sensitive to the input values of the reference 137Cs level, particle size correction factors and tillage depth. Guidelines were proposed to aid researchers in selecting and applying the conversion models under various situations common to agricultural landscapes.


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Some of the most common first names in the United States include Michael, James, John, Robert and David, as of 2013. Some of the most common last names include Smith, Johnson, Williams, Brown and Jones.Continue Reading
Statistically, male names rank higher overall on lists of most common names, because female names are typically more diverse. Some of the most common female names include Mary, Jennifer, Patricia, Linda and Elizabeth. As a whole, however, the distribution of American names is quite homogenous, with around 30 percent of all citizens having one of the 100 most common names.
The data come from a combination of Social Security Administration and U.S. Census data. The SSA has kept a database of first names since 1880. These data can be adjusted to account for life expectancy in order to determine an estimated distribution of first names. Surveyors also adjusted the data to account for immigrants to the United States, whose names are not cataloged in SSA data.
Data on last names comes from the 2000 U.S. Census, adjusted to account for population growth in the succeeding years. The significant increase in the Hispanic population led to increases in the predominance of Hispanic surnames such as Garcia, Rodriguez, Martinez, Hernandez and Lopez. Based on analysis of the data, the most common full name in the United States is probably James Smith.Learn more about Education


Mother of Three and Widow of the Nation: The Hungarian Mrs Vachott (1828–96) as Protégé-Editor
 - Zsuzsa Török Research Centre for the Humanities, Institute for Literary Studies, Budapest
This article focuses on the editorial undertakings of the Hungarian Mária Csapó (1828–96), better known as Mrs Vachott. Using her personal correspondence, memoirs, and the magazines she edited, the article traces the particularities of Mrs Vachott's career as an author and periodical editor. It does so by examining her performed identities in real life and as editor of various magazines. Furthermore, it intends to demonstrate that Mrs Vachott's professional endeavours were defined and shaped by a personal loss that eventually became her strongest symbolic capital in building up a literary career. Finally, the article suggests that Mrs Vachott's case offers valuable insights into the types of editorial roles that women inhabited during the nineteenth century.


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Massachusetts Supreme Court: Discharge From Civil Commitment Required When Examiners Conclude Defendant Is Not Sexually Dangerous
by Douglas Ankney
Following convictions for two counts of rape of a child in 1977, Wayne Chapman was sentenced to prison for a term of 15 to 30 years. But later that same year, Chapman was found to be a sexually dangerous person and committed to the Massachusetts Treatment Center for an indefinite term of one day to life.
In 1991, Chapman petitioned for release from civil commitment pursuant to G. L. c. 123A that was in effect at the time of his sentence and to be returned to ordinary confinement to serve the remainder of his original sentence. The judge granted his petition, and Chapman was returned to prison.
In 2004, when Chapman had one month remaining until his release from prison, the Commonwealth petitioned to have Chapman committed as a sexually dangerous person beyond the term of his criminal sentence. The petition was filed under the current version of G. L. c. 123A.
After a trial in 2007, Chapman was found to be a sexually dangerous person and was committed to the treatment center for an indeterminate period of one day to life.
In 2016, Chapman petitioned for release under G. L. c. 123A because both qualified examiners at the treatment center concluded he was no longer sexually dangerous. Chapman also was evaluated by a five-member community access board ("CAB"). Three CAB psychologists concluded Chapman remained sexually dangerous while two concurred he was no longer sexually dangerous. The Superior Court judge granted Chapman's petition. But Chapman's release was stayed until the resolution of this appeal by the Commonwealth.
The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts observed, "Liberty — the right of an individual to be free from physical restraint — is a fundamental right." Matter of E.C., 92 N.E.3d 724 (Mass. 2018). "Laws in derogation of liberty must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling and legitimate government interest, and must be strictly construed, in order to comply with the requirements of substantive due process." Id.
Because civil commitment is justified only to prevent future harm, a person may be deprived of the fundamental right to liberty only where the individual's dangerousness is linked to a mental illness or abnormality that causes the individual to have serious difficulty in controlling his or her behavior. Kenniston v. Department of Youth Servs., 900 N.E.2d 852 (Mass. 2009). When the Commonwealth contends a prisoner is a sexually dangerous person, it may file a petition seeking to civilly commit the individual following release from custody. G. L. c. 123A, § 12 (a)-(b).
A judge then conducts a hearing to determine if probable cause exists to believe the person may be sexually dangerous. G. L. c. 123A, § 12(c). If the judge finds probable cause to believe the person is sexually dangerous, then the person is committed to the treatment center for a period not exceeding 60 days for the purpose of examination and diagnosis under the supervision of two qualified examiners. G. L. c. 123A, § 13(a).
Within 45 days, each qualified examiner must provide the court with a written report summarizing his or her diagnosis and stating whether in their professional opinion the individual is sexually dangerous. Id. The Commonwealth then has 14 days from the date the reports are filed to decide whether to petition the court for a trial. G. L. c. 123A, § 14(a).
The trial is to be held within 60 days of the Commonwealth's filing the petition for trial. Id. But as a practical matter, such trials are held a year more after the petition is filed. During all this time, the individual is confined at the treatment center. And if the individual is determined to be sexually dangerous at the ensuing trial, he or she is committed to the treatment center for an indeterminate period of one day to life. G. L. c. 123A, § 14(d). Once committed, the individual may petition for discharge only once every twelve months. G. L. c. 123A, § 9. But it often takes years for the petition to be scheduled for trial, during which time the individual remains confined. Because of the length of time a person may be civilly committed as a sexually dangerous person (up to life) and because of the length of time a civilly committed individual is forced to await trial on his or her § 9 petition seeking discharge, the Court held in Johnstone, petitioner, 903 N.E.2d 1074 (Mass. 2009), that at least one of the two qualified examiners must opine that the individual is a sexually dangerous person. If neither of the qualified examiners concludes the individual is a sexually dangerous person, the Commonwealth "cannot rely upon other sources of potential expert evidence, such as the CAB's opinion that the petitioner is sexually dangerous, to meet its burden of proof at trial," and the petitioner is entitled to release before trial. Id. To prolong a civil commitment where neither examiner opines that the individual is sexually dangerous would violate due process. Green, petitioner, 59 N.E.3d 1127 (Mass. 2016).
The Court declined the Commonwealth's request to overrule Johnstone as being incorrectly decided. The Court invoked the principle of stare decisis in reiterating its preference for following precedent because doing so "promotes evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process." Shiel v. Rowell, 101 N.E.3d 290 (Mass. 2018).
Since neither of the qualified examiners determined that Chapman continued to be sexually dangerous, he was entitled to discharge without awaiting a trial on his petition. Accordingly, the Court affirmed the judgment allowing his petition for discharge from civil commitment. See: Chapman, petitioner, 482 Mass. 293 (2019).
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text:
9 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.
animals. The design is to build up a museum that will adequately represent the natural history of Southern Utah.
LIBRARY AND READING ROOM.
The library is furnished with the standard works in literature, history, pedagogy, science and commerce, besides miscellaneous books and public documents. The best American magazines and journals, and the leading newspapers of the State are also provided.
All students have access to these from 9:00 a. m. to 5:00 p. m. on school days and at other times when necessary.
All needful provision has been made for the proper development of the body. The students have the advantage of a variety of apparatus. Through the efforts of the Athletic Association, appliances for out-door exercises, for football, baseball, basket-ball, tennis, and croquet have been provided.
MANUAL TRAINING SHOPS.
A separate workshop is fitted up for each of the three years work. These shops are provided with benches, scroll saws, lathes, forges and tools for work in wood and light metals.
The Domestic Science Department is provided with a model


text:
Scientific name：Dichromothrips corbetti Priesner
This kind of thrips appears on Vanda orchids and Cattleya orchids. Adults and larvae cluster on the overlapping petals and the affected flowers have obvious faded spots or brown stripes, which cause flowers to lose their beauty and value.
They tend to lay eggs on petals or inside stems and leaves. Both larvae and adults are lively and active, constantly crawling and sucking plant juices. It happens more often in warmer seasons, when the leaves of the plants are kept dried for a long period of time.
They mainly cause harm to flowers, stems and leaves of a plant. Adults and larvae ruin flowers during the flowering stage, especially like to inhabit at the flower center or at the overlapping part of the petals and flowers. The affected petals have gray spots. Sprouts or leaf sheaths are also susceptible to larval infestation. The stems and leaves were yellowed and withered after being damaged.
The flowering part of the orchid is often attacked, and there are brown patches at the overlapping parts of the petals. It can be found that a large number of adults and larvae gather together, and the damaged flowers lose bright colors and its beauty.
This species of thrips generally occurs in the flowering stage of Vanda orchids and Cattleya orchids. Adults and larvae have serious and significant damage to flower parts. Damaged petals show brown patches and wither, which not only affects their beauty, but also damages the commercial value.
1. Remove unnecessary flower spikes when the plants are divided, to avoid breeding of thrips.
2. Spray the systemic insecticide on the surfaces of stems and leaves to reduce the density of thrips prior to flowering.
3. When the condition is severe during flowering period, spray the insecticide if need be, but at this time, the dilution factor of the insecticide should be reduced so as not to cause phytotoxicity in the flower part.
4. The surface of potted plants may be given insecticidal granules so that the pharmaceutical ingredients are absorbed through the roots and then run to the stems and leaves.
5. Use insecticidal fumigant or ultra-fine particle spray in a confined greenhouse and spray thoroughly with flowers, sprouts, leaves, etc., so that the liquid can reach the hiding place of the thrips.


text:
You can mount your FTP drive on your seedbox so you can easily access your files and folder by a mounted network drive on your PC from the seedbox, You can delete files, copy files from the seedbox like it was a drive on your seedbox.
One more benefit is you can drag and drop a file from seedbox onto a vlc player and it would start playing the video or audio files from seedbox directly.
Step 1: Copy the "Link to Use ftp from browser" sent in your initial mail
Step 2: Go to your desktop and right click on my computers, you dont have my computer on your desktop wtach this 2 mins video which will help you set up my computer in your desktop
Step 3: Right-click on my computer(on your desktop) and select map network drive
Step 4: Choose any unused drive on your device and On the next screen click on the blue text as shown on the screenshot below
Step 5: Select choose a custom network location. Double-click on it.
Step 6: On the tab that opens up paste the ftp url you copied from your seedbox is ready mail and then click next.
Step 7: Name any friendly name for the seedbox drive
Step 8: Click on next and then click finish
Step 9: Browsing to the ftp network drive in your device is easy just follow the screenshot
You and browse the files and folders now within your seedbox but one disadvantage is that you cannot play/open the files directly from your seedbox, but you can copy files and folders in your computer and use it accordingly.
If you have any questions put it in the comments we will try to update the tutorial accordingly.


From Spanking Art
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A leather belt.
A belt is a flexible band, usually made of either leather or fabric, commonly with a buckle for fastening, worn around the waist.
Belts as spanking implements[edit]
Belting illustration by Herric for French novel Cinglants châtiments (1932).
Post-belting scene of bare bottom female.
Leather belts are often used as spanking implements. In this role, they function as a form of strap. Belts as spanking implements are often impromptu — an ordinary belt worn as an article of clothing (either the spanker's or the spankee's) can quickly and easily be made available as a spanking implement. Such a spanking is often called a belting.
Belts are longer than straps. For this reason they are usually doubled up for spanking. For example, a 34 inches (86 cm) belt produces a 17 inches (43 cm) implement when doubled up. The belt is stereotypically an implement used by men - such as fathers, boyfriends, or husbands.
Using a belt for spanking is noted for the unique sounds produced:
 1. the sound of removing the belt from the spanker's trousers
 2. the sound of the belt striking the spankee's buttocks, and
 3. the mild thud sound of the two halves of the belt slapping each other.
In a belt spanking (sometimes called a belting, also sometimes called a strapping because a belt is a kind of strap), sounds (2) and (3) are repeated in a mind-numbing series.
Sound (3) can also be made by itself before a spanking to intimidate the spankee, similar to the popular swish of a cane through the air. The doubled-up belt is pulled straight by both ends with some speed, which produces this slapping sound.
Some devotees use a well-worn, oiled belt with a sharp crease at the middle. The tip of such a belt becomes a flat, polished surface. Consensual spanking with a belt typically involves a warmup cycle wherein the spankee becomes adjusted to the strokes, followed by a more harsh cycle. Spankees receiving a spanking with a belt typically are not restrained.
Belts for bondage[edit]
Belts can also be used for bondage, albeit they are less suitable than straps for most bondage purposes, as they are too long and stiff to tie wrists or ankles well. They may be of some use when it comes to restraining the bottom by his/her waist (e.g. to a spanking bench or a tree). Woven belts are softer yet can be extremely strong. Fabric belts are softest and very versatile for bondage as they can be knotted and don't require any buckle.
See also[edit]


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Valgrind experts can help me out here with the valgrind report.
Ran c++ application with valgrind to detect memory leaks, and strangely the leak summary shows different output on different runs. Note that the c++ process was loaded uniformly in all the runs. Below is the summary for two executions: In first execution:
==15767== LEAK SUMMARY:
==15767== definitely lost: 355 bytes in 25 blocks
In second execution:
==00:00:14:19.929 24494== LEAK SUMMARY:
==00:00:14:19.929 24494== definitely lost: 236 bytes in 8 blocks
Can someone tell why the number of blocks are varying?
Thanks in advance, appreciate your help.
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1 Answer 1
It is most likely that the process behaved differently (because of timing, thread scheduling, external resources, etc.)
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Thanks for your prompt reply. So, which one is the genuine leak? – syed misba Sep 7 '11 at 11:25
Most probably both, but it is possible that all leaks result from the same bug. – Ofir Sep 7 '11 at 12:42
Your Answer


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What does "sound engineering" mean in this context: "Establishment and use of sound engineering principles to obtain economically software that is reliable and works on real machines efficiently. (Fritz Bauer)"?
The definition above is for software engineering. However, the word "sound" used here definitely is not engineering for audio.
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closed as general reference by Hugo, Matt E. Эллен, kiamlaluno, MrHen, Marthaª Dec 8 '11 at 16:40
Welcome to EL&U. Questions here are expected to show some research and this is likely to be closed because you can find the different definitions of sound in any dictionary. – Hugo Dec 5 '11 at 5:57
_USER_: I disagree that this is a general reference. "Sound engineering" really would be ambiguous between "sound" = "audio" and "sound" = "reliable". "Sound engineering principles" is an established phrase, but it would be easy to miss this and just lock up "sound" or "sound engineering". – Colin Fine Dec 5 '11 at 12:49
_USER_: But the context is clearly given as: The definition above is for software engineering. However, the word "sound" used here definitely is not engineering for audio. So we're after some other non-audio definition of sound that can be looked up in a dictionary. And the three given answers are pretty much general reference answers. – Hugo Dec 5 '11 at 12:56
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The first definition of sound in most dictionaries has to do with something auditory, from the Middle English soun or Old French son. The second involves things that are free from defect or healthy, from the OE gesund. (Ref: The Free Dictionary).
The writer is referring to the latter, namely engineering practices that are free from defect, trustworthy, marked by good judgement, or compatible with an accepted point of view (definitions 1, 9, 10, and 11).
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Ah, here we have sound as an adjective, modifying engineering principles. In this sense, usually considered its second sense, sound means something like strong, secure, or reliable; or competent; or in good condition.
So it is engineering principles that are reliable and safe, probably.
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: solid, firm; also : stable
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I think we're encouraged vote to close these general reference questions rather than answering them with dictionary definitions. – Hugo Dec 5 '11 at 6:00


School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The tube fishway allows fish to glide past dam walls, weirs and other river barriers, with the potential to revitalise Australia's ailing freshwater fish stocks.
2020 ATSE Fellows
Researchers honoured for their pioneering work in renewable energy, water management and chemical engineering.
Digital Transport
The Research Chair in Digital Transport will advance data science in the transport field to enhance the future of mobility, making it safer, more efficient and sustainable.
Scented products can make you smell worse
A UNSW researcher explains how our perceptions of smell differ and why products like perfume or deodorant don't always make us smell nicer.
A glass ball on moss showing the world, a symbolic picture for environment
If we want to mitigate and solve the many global environmental issues the world is facing, we can't rely on technology alone, scientists have warned.
waste water running out of a drain
The government plans to monitor sewage for the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. And while this holds promise to tracking future local outbreaks, there are also some sticky ethical questions to consider.
ARC Linkage Grants UNSW
Why bad odours hang around
Odour is all about perception and minimising it depends on what stage of the process you choose to target, a UNSW Engineering lecturer explains.
UNSW researchers have helped develop an autonomous 3D mapping drone that slashes surveying times and has the potential to save lives, cut costs and even assist in disaster recovery.


text:
Sometimes, a Legislature may enact a law which is apparently within its authority and scope but in substance it violates it constitutional jurisdiction. In such legislation, the outlet form of law is not important where as its substance should be considered. Such legislation or law is called colourable legislation. The doctrine of colourable legislation is based on the principle that what cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly. When the question of the validity of such law arises before the courts, they apply the doctrine of colourable legislation and declare the law as invalid.
The legislature can only make laws within its legislative competence. If a statute is found to be invalid on the ground of legislative competence it does not permanently inhibit the legislature from re-enacting the same if the power to do so is properly traced and established. In such a situation it cannot be said that the subsequent legislation is merely a colourable legislation or a camouflage or to re-enact the invalidated previous legislation. The legislature cannot overstep the field of its competency, directly or indirectly
So the doctrine does not signify the colour of the legislation but it signifies whether the legislation while enacting a provision has acted according to its authorized power or usurping its power to make a law. The legislature is morally as well as legally accountable to the common people. The doctrine has no application where the powers of the legislature are not fettered by any constitutional limitations. So, any law made by disguise where there is a prohibition for making that law it will be deemed as colourable exercise of legislative power. In this manner the doctrine of colourable legislation is related to legislative accountability.
You can also refer to the Supreme Court's decision in the case of K.C Gajapti v State of Orissa, AIR 1953 Ori 185 where the doctrine of colourable legislation has been explained.
Yes, the doctrine of colourable legislation any be applied to a Constitutional Amendment Act. This doctrine basically says that what cannot be done directly cannot also be done indirectly. Thus it refers to the question of competency of the legislature to enact a particular law or to amend the consitution. Therefore, the Court can apply this doctrine to check whether the legislature is competent enough to bring in any constitutional amendment or not.
Besides this, the doctirne of ultra vires is quite often also applied to any constitutional amendment to check its validity.
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Kifissia/Piraeus Railway
Athens, Greece
_PHONE_ 012
NileGuide Expert tip:
Beware: certain stations are usually under construction these days and can either cause delays or interruptions that might end in being funneled out of the train and onto a bus.
Part of this track is the oldest in Athens, dating back to 1869. It runs the length of the Port of Piraeus to lush and pricey Kifissia, with twenty two stops in between. Among the stops, some of the more interesting include the Faliro stop, running directly underneath home to popular Olympiakos football club, Karaiskakis stadium, the Monastriaki and Thissiou stations that lead immediately to the Ancient and Roman agoras and popular flea markets, and the Victoria station, the nearest station to the Archaeological museum.
The Piraeus Station is housed in a nineteenth century building that was restored for the Olympic Games. It gives access to the train museum and the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. The Kifissia Station gives access to the Goulandris natural museum.


text:
Which is not that much of a difference, since one meaning of "engaged" in English is "active" or "involved".
- "Vrist" means "ankle".
- "Gift" can, depending on context and pronounciation, mean either married or poison.
- Another funny example: "Kiss" means "pee" in Swedish. The Swedish word for kiss is either "puss" (affectionate) or "kyss" (romantic/sensual).
- Hitting several similar ones at once: "He buys a pink sheet for a kiss". "Buys" sounds like "bajs" meaning "poo"; "pink" means "pee"; sheet sounds like "skit" meaning "shit" and kiss is as above.
- Swedish also has one with Danish and Norwegian. The word "rolig" means calm in Danish and Norwegian, while in Swedish it means "fun" or "funny".
- Also, "pula" means approximately "tinker" in Swedish and something quite different in Norwegian.
- The Norwegian word is actually "pule", and is roughly equivalent to the F-word.
- For some Swedish words it also matters how you stress the syllables. For example, "stegen" can mean "the ladder" (STE-GEN) or "the steps" (the walking kind) (STE-gen) and "anden" can mean "the spirit" (AN-DEN) or "the duck" (AND-en). Usually context makes it clear which you mean, so it's rarely a problem.
- Although my personal favourite, "banan" (Banana/the train) has confused me several times already.
- In Swedish, it's also important to remember that compound words can't be separated, or else the meaning changes. One of the most famous examples is "fryst kycklinglever" (frozen chicken liver) vs. "fryst kyckling lever" (frozen chicken lives). This is mainly a problem in writing (even for Swedes themselves), though it might possibly cause some confusion in speech too.
- "Simma" means "to swim", "Svimma" means "to go unconsious". You don't want to go "svimma" in water.
- "Putz" has been adopted into the English language as meaning a fool or idiot. It's actually Yiddish for penis. Enjoy walking around with the newfound knowledge that you've been calling people a dick in a foreign language.
- Ditto for "schmuck". Which incidentally makes this page into a cocktease.
02:31:26 PM Aug 28th 2010
The Dunglish examples are real, not conjecture, and were actually made by companies and famous people. Anyone mind if I restore them?
10:03:42 AM Jul 31st 2010
don't know if this belogs here, but there existes kind of a running gag for germans beginning to learn english based on the fact that the german word "bekommen" means "to get". Thus you have a german costumer in an english resturant saying "I want to become a beefsteak"
03:10:16 PM May 2nd 2010
'Ringo (a.k.a. Pumpkin) in Pulp Fiction notably calls for the "garçon" to bring him more coffee, believing that it's the French word for waiter or server, and his waitress immediately explains that "garçon" is French for "boy."' It should be noted that the old way to call for a waiter is to call, "garçon," although now it is considered rather rude.