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Invoicing is an essential aspect of running a business, ensuring that payments are made and received in a timely manner. However, managing invoices manually can be time-consuming and prone to errors. That's where invoicing solutions come in – they provide a streamlined and efficient way to handle invoicing processes. This comprehensive guide will delve into the fundamental aspects of invoicing solutions, exploring their definition, importance, and key components.
Before we dive into the details of invoicing solutions, let's start by establishing a clear understanding of what invoicing entails. In its simplest form, invoicing involves sending a bill or invoice to a customer, detailing the goods or services provided along with the corresponding costs. This serves as a request for payment.
Invoicing is not just a mundane administrative task; it plays a crucial role in the financial stability and growth of any business. By ensuring prompt payment collection, companies can effectively manage their cash flow. Additionally, it provides a professional image, as timely and accurate invoices enhance customer trust and satisfaction.
So, what exactly is an invoicing solution? Put succinctly, an invoicing solution refers to a software or system that automates and streamlines the invoicing process. It enables businesses to generate, send, and track invoices digitally, reducing manual efforts and minimizing errors.
Imagine a scenario where a small business owner spends hours manually creating invoices, double-checking calculations, and mailing them to customers. This manual process not only consumes valuable time but also increases the risk of errors. An invoicing solution eliminates these challenges by providing a user-friendly interface that simplifies the entire process.
Invoicing is not just about sending bills and collecting payments; it is a fundamental aspect of running a successful business. Efficient invoicing practices contribute to financial stability, customer satisfaction, and overall business growth.
Let's delve deeper into the importance of invoicing:
An invoicing system comprises several crucial components that contribute to its functionality. These include:
By leveraging these key components, businesses can streamline their invoicing process, reduce manual efforts, and improve overall efficiency.
Now that we have a solid understanding of the basics, let's explore the various types of invoicing solutions available in the market today. These include traditional invoicing systems, digital invoicing solutions, and cloud-based invoicing systems.
Traditional invoicing systems typically involve manual processes, such as creating invoices using word processors or spreadsheets, printing them, and mailing them to customers. While this approach may work for small-scale operations, it becomes increasingly cumbersome and inefficient as businesses grow.
One of the main drawbacks of traditional invoicing systems is the potential for human error. With manual data entry, there is always a risk of typos or miscalculations, which can lead to billing discrepancies and payment delays. Additionally, the physical nature of traditional invoices makes it difficult to track and organize them efficiently.
Another limitation of traditional invoicing systems is the lack of real-time visibility. Since invoices are sent through mail, it can take days or even weeks for them to reach the customers. This delay in communication can hinder cash flow and make it challenging for businesses to monitor their outstanding payments.
Digital invoicing solutions, also known as electronic invoicing or e-invoicing, leverage technology to streamline the invoicing process. With digital invoicing, businesses can create invoices electronically, send them via email or online portals, and receive payments electronically.
One of the significant advantages of digital invoicing is the elimination of manual data entry. By integrating with accounting software or using dedicated invoicing platforms, businesses can automate the creation and delivery of invoices. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of errors.
In addition to efficiency gains, digital invoicing solutions offer improved tracking and organization capabilities. Invoices can be easily stored and accessed digitally, making it simple to search for specific transactions or generate reports. This enhanced visibility enables businesses to have a better understanding of their financial health and make informed decisions.
Furthermore, digital invoicing solutions often come with features like automated reminders and payment notifications. These functionalities help businesses stay on top of their outstanding invoices and improve cash flow by encouraging timely payments from customers.
Cloud-based invoicing systems take digital invoicing a step further by providing a web-based platform where businesses can store and manage their invoicing data securely. This allows for seamless access from anywhere, anytime, using any device with an internet connection.
One of the key advantages of cloud-based invoicing systems is the flexibility they offer. Businesses can access their invoicing data and perform necessary tasks, such as creating or sending invoices, from any location with internet access. This is particularly beneficial for businesses with remote teams or those who frequently travel.
Moreover, cloud-based invoicing systems provide enhanced data security. By storing data in the cloud, businesses can protect their invoicing information from physical damage or loss due to accidents or disasters. Additionally, reputable cloud service providers often implement robust security measures to safeguard data from unauthorized access.
Another significant benefit of cloud-based invoicing systems is the scalability they offer. As businesses grow, they can easily scale their invoicing operations without the need for additional hardware or software installations. The cloud-based infrastructure can handle increased invoicing volumes, ensuring businesses can keep up with their expanding customer base.
In conclusion, while traditional invoicing systems may still be suitable for small-scale operations, businesses can benefit greatly from adopting digital invoicing solutions or cloud-based invoicing systems. These modern approaches not only streamline the invoicing process but also provide improved accuracy, efficiency, visibility, and flexibility, ultimately contributing to better financial management and customer relationships.
When selecting an invoicing solution for your business, it's essential to consider certain key features that can greatly impact its effectiveness. These features include customization capabilities, integration with other systems, security measures, and much more.
Each business has unique invoicing requirements, and a good invoicing solution should offer customization options to tailor the system to your specific needs. Look for features like customizable invoice templates, the ability to add logos and personalized messages, and the flexibility to adapt to different payment methods.
For example, imagine you run a creative agency that specializes in graphic design. Your invoicing solution should allow you to create visually appealing invoices that reflect your brand's aesthetic. It should provide options to customize the layout, font, and color scheme to match your company's branding. This level of customization not only enhances the professionalism of your invoices but also reinforces your brand identity.
An ideal invoicing solution will seamlessly integrate with other systems and software that your business relies on. This includes accounting software, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and payment gateways. Integration eliminates the need for manual data entry, reduces errors, and saves time.
Let's say you use a popular CRM system to manage your customer relationships and track sales leads. A robust invoicing solution should integrate with your CRM, allowing you to automatically generate invoices from the customer data stored in your CRM. This integration streamlines your invoicing process, ensuring that all relevant information is accurately transferred, such as customer details, products or services sold, and pricing. By eliminating the need for manual data entry, you can focus on more important tasks, like nurturing client relationships and growing your business.
Data security is paramount when dealing with financial information. An invoicing solution should prioritize the security of sensitive data by implementing encryption protocols, secure data storage, and user access controls. Additionally, it's vital to ensure compliance with relevant data protection regulations like GDPR.
Consider a scenario where your business handles sensitive client information, including payment details. Your invoicing solution should employ industry-standard encryption methods to protect this data during transmission and storage. It should also provide user access controls, allowing you to restrict access to sensitive information only to authorized personnel. By adhering to data protection regulations like GDPR, you can assure your clients that their information is handled with the utmost care and security.
In conclusion, when selecting an invoicing solution for your business, it's crucial to consider the customization capabilities, integration with other systems, and security features. By choosing a solution that meets these criteria, you can streamline your invoicing process, enhance your brand image, and safeguard sensitive financial information.
Implementing an invoicing solution can yield numerous advantages for businesses of all sizes. Let's explore some of the compelling benefits.
A well-designed invoicing solution automates time-consuming tasks such as invoice generation, tracking, and payment reminders. This frees up valuable time for business owners and staff to focus on core operations, leading to increased productivity and improved overall efficiency.
For example, instead of manually creating invoices and sending them to clients, an invoicing solution can generate invoices with just a few clicks. It can also track the status of each invoice, sending automated reminders to clients who have outstanding payments. This automation not only saves time but also reduces the chances of human error.
Moreover, an invoicing solution can streamline the payment process by integrating with various payment gateways. This allows clients to make payments directly through the invoice, eliminating the need for manual reconciliation and reducing the risk of late or missed payments.
An invoicing solution provides businesses with accurate and up-to-date insights into their financial health. With real-time visibility into invoicing data, businesses can better manage their cash flow, identify outstanding payments, and make informed decisions regarding budgeting and forecasting.
By centralizing all invoicing information in one place, businesses can easily track and monitor their revenue streams. They can generate reports that provide a comprehensive overview of their financial performance, including revenue trends, payment patterns, and outstanding invoices. This data empowers businesses to make data-driven decisions and take proactive measures to maintain a healthy financial position.
Furthermore, an invoicing solution can automate the process of reconciling payments with invoices. By automatically matching incoming payments with corresponding invoices, businesses can quickly identify any discrepancies and resolve them in a timely manner. This ensures accurate financial records and minimizes the risk of financial mismanagement.
A smooth and professional invoicing process contributes to positive customer experiences. By providing timely and


Format);
And for other thats not support window.clipboardData and swf flash files you can also use control + c button on your keyboard for windows and for mac its command + c
share|improve this answer
try creating a memory global variable storing the selection, then the other function can access the variable and do a paste for example..
var memory = '';//outside the functions but within the script tag.
function moz_stringCopy(DOMEle,firstPos,secondPos) {
var copiedString = DOMEle.value.slice(firstPos, secondPos);
memory = copiedString;
function moz_stringPaste(DOMEle, newpos) {
 DOMEle.value = DOMEle.value.slice(0,newpos) + memory + DOMEle.value.slice(newpos);
share|improve this answer
could copy from any where else not considering inside the page alone – Marwan May 2 '11 at 9:12
Your Answer


text:
A Robust Power-Scalable Transmitter Architecture for Wireless Body Area Networks
MetadataShow full item record
In this dissertation, an RF transmitter is presented that uses closed-loop PLLbased BFSK modulation and is reconfigurable for both the MedRadio and 433 MHz ISM bands. A power efficient class-C amplifier is utilized and the design methodologies for designing a highly efficient and low-power amplifier are discussed in detail. The mediocre PVT performance of the classical implementation of the class-C power amplifiers is a major cause of concern that inhibits widespread usage of these types of amplifiers. An open-loop ultra-low power calibration loop is designed to deal with process, temperature and voltage drifts. Also introducing for the first time, a digitally tunable power amplifier core with a single reconfigurable matching network is able to vary the output power level from -12 dBm to -2dBm while maintaining similar efficiency numbers. A completely integrated PLL is used in the frequency synthesis. BFSK modulation is performed by switching the divide ratio of a dual modulo divider and a low-power NMOS delay-based ring-VCO acts as the oscillator. Several performance records are achieved: (1) The PA realizes a peak efficiency of 47% in the high-power (ISM) (-2 dBm) mode and 43% (33%) in the MedRadio -12 dBm (-16 dBm backoff) modes. (2) The PLL dissipates only 72 &muW with a phase noise of -111 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz. (3) The overall transmit efficiencies are 29% and 17% for the -12 dBm and -16 dBm backoff levels for the MedRadio band and 44% for the ISM (433 MHz) bands. (4) The PVT compensation loop reduces the standard deviation by 59% compared to the classical implementations.
- Electrical engineering

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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I really like using C/C++ expressions from WinDbg. It's a natural way to extract information from C and C++ applications if you know these programming languages; therefore, I think it's useful to share how to do this.
First, let's talk about poi().
poi() is used to get pointer-sized data. Think about the * operator for C and C++.
Therefore, poi is the best operator to use if you want pointer-sized data.
The double question mark (??) command evaluates and displays the value of an expression according to the C++ expression rules.
Now, let me show you how to get a pointer value using poi() and??.
The single question mark (?) is used to evaluate expressions.
Tip: By using?, you can easily convert a number from hexadecimal to decimal or vice versa. Remember to use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal and 0n for decimal.
Finally, we have the C++ expression parser - @@c++() - that supports all forms of C++ expression syntax, such as:
- Numbers in C++ expressions
- Characters and strings in C++ expressions
- Symbols in C++ expressions. (see WinDbg documentation for details)
- Operators in C++ expressions
- Registers and pseudo-registers in C++ expressions
- Macros in C++ expressions
For more information, you may want to read the Magic Pointers article.
Here you can see scripts that use the??, @@c++() or poi() commands.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Colouring Culture began in 2016, as the rise of adult colouring books launched into the marketplace. Chaz Fliy, the founder of Colouring Culture, is a designer and wellbeing coach, and realised that there were no inspiring products available that catered for his interests. Chaz began thinking and soon began creating a series of detailed illustration concepts based on a community he knew well - The Sikhs. As the concept illustrations came to life, he began adding to the collection weekly until he had created 20 original and detailed colouring-worthy art pieces. During the process of creating the illustrations, he explored how a mindfulness adult colouring book could help others, those less fortunate and communities struggling with mental health issues. Chaz recalled a visit to Uganda which he embarked on in 2014, where he was fortunate to spend some time teaching at an orphanage school. The memories of the experiences were both joyous and eye-opening, to note that many children in lesser developed countries did not own their own school books, pencils or art supplies. This memory got Chaz thinking and Colouring Culture was formed. This was an initiative to help the mental wellbeing of adults in ethnic and cultured communities. With every one book sold, Colouring Culture provides a free book to an underfunded school or child in communities it supports.
During April 2020, there was an event that would change the course of history as we knew it. Covid-19 created a time of uncertainty, heightening physical illness and the rise of mental health conditions. Chaz took the opportunity to revisit the colouring book project and had time to reflect on an even bigger vision for the project. A book series would be created to help individuals connect to a topic they were interested in, and connect to their own culture. It would also support artists who were struggling to receive work or commissions during and after the global pandemic. Chaz made a decision to make the project a collective one. He contacted talented artists, writers and strategy advisors within the Sikh community to help create a project on a larger scale, and it was launched on Kickstarter as a crowdfunding campaign!
The book was successfully funded by supportive backers and, after several months, we were able to release our first in the series of art therapy colouring-in books, starting with The Sikhs. We hope that you will enjoy the journey.
With EVERY Colouring Book sold,
we will give ONE absolutely FREE
to an underprivileged school.


Utilize este identificador para referenciar este registo: _URL_
Título: Connectivity between tropical coastal habitats:using stable isotopes in juvenile penaeid shrimps and potential food sources
Autor: Abreu, Daniela Carvalho de, 1990-
Orientador: Paula, José Pavão Mendes de, 1959-
Macia, Adriano
Palavras-chave: Crustáceos
Ecossistemas aquáticos
Teses de mestrado
Data de Defesa: 2008
Resumo: Mangroves and its adjacent coastal systems such as seagrass meadows, muddy and sandy habitats are well known as nurseries areas for numerous species, particularly penaeid shrimps, one of the most important fishery resources in the world. Spatial and temporal coastal habitat utilization by individuals of different species is often associated to the food availability and protection against predators that each habitat may provide. A better understanding on the coastal habitats use as refuge and feeding ground for a variety of species and their movement between and across habitats is extremely important to elucidate the connectivity between the habitats which therefore is extremely important information for the preparation of conservation and management plans of the fishery resources and their habitats. Making use of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, the present study, conducted at Inhaca Island (south of Mozambique) in two mangrove fringed bays (Saco and Sangala Bays), intended to investigate the biological connectivity within the mangrove and its adjacent coastal habitats (sand flat, mud flat and seagrass meadows) in terms of feeding areas for four of the most commercially important penaeid shrimps species in Mozambique (Metapenaeus monoceros, M. stebbingi, Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus indicus). Different potential food sources (mangrove leaves, seagrass leaves, epiphytic algae on the mangrove roots and on seagrass leaves, benthic microalgae, plankton, polychaetes, isopods and sediment detritus) had been collected and analyzed for each habitat and compared to shrimp species carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed on carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios among potential food sources in each habitat on both Saco and Sangala Bays (composing an important tool for habitat discrimination) and also observed for carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios between shrimp species among the different habitats. Mangrove and seagrasses do not seem to be a direct food source for penaeid shrimps at Saco and Sangala Bays, but the seagrasses epiphytic algae, benthic microalgae, sediment detritus, polychaetes and plankton are the most likely potential food sources. No ontogenetic dietary shifts were reported for the penaeid shrimp species on the present study. It appears to exist a habitat connectivity related to feeding for all the shrimp species on both bays, which could be a result of tidal migration or even from a recent migration for a new habitat seeking for better protection. The mud and sand flat and the seagrass habitats are used as feeding area by shrimp species at Saco Bay and the sand flat and seagrass habitats are used as feeding areas at Sangala Bay
Resumo alargado disponível em português
Descrição: Tese de mestrado, Biologia (Biologia e Gestão de Recursos Marinhos), 2008, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências
Aparece nas colecções:FC - Dissertações de Mestrado
Ficheiros deste registo:
Ficheiro Descrição TamanhoFormato
18874_ULFC080462_TM.pdf2,2 MBAdobe PDFVer/Abrir
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Formato BibTex MendeleyEndnote Degois


Registration Dossier
Physical & Chemical properties
Currently viewing:
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
non explosive
Additional information
According to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, the study does not need to be conducted if there are not any chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in the molecule (cf. Annex VII section 7.11 Column 2 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006). According to ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance (November 2012), zinc dilaurate does not contain functional groups that are directly associated with explosive properties.
However, since oxygen is present in the molecule, the oxygen balance (OB) according to the following chemical reaction and mathematical equation (Lothrop et al) was calculated:
CxHyOz + [x + (y/4)-(z/2)]. O2 → x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
using the formula: OB = -1600 [2x +(y/2) -z] / molecular weight,
where: x = Number of carbon atoms, y = Number of hydrogen atoms, z = Number of oxygen atoms.
In the following, the calculations which are in accordance with the requirements set forth in the ECHA guidance are briefly described. The calculations were performed for Zinc dilaurate.
Molecular formula (zinc dilaurate): Zn (C12H23O2)2
Molecular weight: 464.01 g/mol
OB=-1600[48+23-4]/ 464.01 = -231.03
The absence of reactive groups in the structural formula and the oxygen balance being less than –200 indicate that the substance will not decompose violently under formation of gases or release of energy (and thus does not pose a risk for explosivity). Thus, testing does not need to be conducted and a negative result can be predicted.
Zinc dilaurate is therefore considered to be void of any explosive properties. Finally, it is noted that despite the long-term use of zinc dilaurate, it is not classified for explosive properties according to UN transport regulations and derogation from testing is hereby applied for.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The substance zinc dilaurate is considered to be void of any explosive properties.Therefore, classification is not required for explosiveness according to CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 and Directive 67/548 EEC.


You probably do not come from: Bulgaria. If necessary, change to: United States
 1. Homepage
 2. TCC
 3. Extreme testing
Extreme testing
Here at ifm, we want you to be as confident in your temperature instruments as we are in ours. Each TCC sensor is "tested beyond standards" to ensure we manufacture the most stable, reliable and accurate temperature products on the market today. Throughout the development of this product, our engineers identified the primary causes of drift and failure and they have tested our products and those of three other major manufacturers in our X-treme test lab. See the results for yourself.
Thermal shock impact on drift and sensor life
CIP processes are among the most harsh to which instruments are exposed. The constant cycling between hot and cold temperatures can quickly cause fatigue of the electronic components and therefore, lead to drift and failure. Every CIP cycle is a potential source of drift.
We simulate CIP in our thermal shock chamber. Instruments are fully submerged in a bath at -15 °C for 10 minutes and then transferred immediately (< 10 seconds) to another bath at 140 °C. We test for drift after every 50 cycles at a measured temperature of 123 °C.
The chart shows the results for each manufacturer. The last measurement shown for Manufacturers B and C is point where each unit failed. Note that there is no data shown for Manufacturer A, since their products failed after two thermal cycles. The TCC measurement drifted < 0.2 °C and it did not fail even after 1000 cycles, at which point, we stopped the test.
Flow velocity impact on weld strength
ifm tests resistance to fatigue failure due to mechanical bending forces caused by high velocity flow and water hammer. The test simulates the forces experienced in pipes and measures the fatigue strength of the laser weld between the process connector and the tube of the probe. Most manufacturers recognize this weld as a weak spot.
Since we cannot guarantee the orientation of the assembly when installed, we test by applying a cyclic flow force over the entire weld pulling in all directions. The simulation illustrates the stresses on the weld as we expose the weakest point—the weld bead overlap -- to the cyclic force. The red color indicates the highest stress being applied on the weld joint.
To test weld strength in the X-treme test, we capture the probe / connection assembly and rotate it as we apply 50 lbf to the assembly until the joint breaks. We believe this extreme test fairly subjects the assembly to the worst case situation. We tested 3 samples from each manufacturer with a 50 mm probe length.


text:
|Ways of Working|
There are differences between cities and countries in how the decisions are made, the services produced and strategies and policies implemented. The category Ways of working helps to understand the different ways of actions in different countries and provides a possibility to learn from others. The category contains general information about the functions of the city. Ways of Working tells about the principles of decision making, organisation, service production, and strategies and policies which have an effect on health promotion.
The category is divided into following sub-categories:
Decision making presents the principles of city level decision making and explains the processes behind it. In the sub-category you can also find information about the roles and responsibilities of the city and its different departments in wellbeing production. The sub-category also clarifies the role of the Healthy Cities steering group in the city structure.
Organisation explains the administrative structure of the city, with text and images.
Service production describes how the wellbeing services are organised in the municipal level and how these services support health promotion. The topic explains the wellbeing production responsibilities of the city.
Strategies and policies tells about the different strategies and policies which affect health and wellbeing in the city, and explains their purposes and goals.
|Last Updated on Friday, 22 February 2008 13:29|


or learn more
Moleskine Notes December 2008
Dec 30, 2008
Here's how hash tables work for a simple rule.
(defrule example
 (point-1?x)
 (point-2?x)
Let's say you've got facts (point-1 1) through (point-1 100). When these facts are asserted, they're stored in a hash table for the pattern (point-1?x) based on the value of?x. If (point-2 53) is asserted, the value of 53 for?x is used to create a hash value to look into the hash table for the first pattern. We then apply the pattern test to the contents of the bucket in the specified position in the hash table. If the contents of the bucket were (point-1 3) and (point-1 53), we'd only have to apply the comparison test for the correct value of?x twice. Without the hash table, we'd be forced to look at all the matches for (point-1?x) which would require 100 comparisons rather than 2.
I'm still hoping to get a beta version of 6.3 with the performance improvements out in the next month or two. The major performance improvements have all been completed. Currently I'm tweaking the internal representation of the rules so that the addition of (initialfact) patterns to rule will no longer be necessary. I also need to add hash tables to speed up pattern matching for situations where a large number of constants are used in patterns.
I have no mouth…
Outwardly: dumbly, I shamble about, a thing that could never have been known as human, a thing whose shape is so alien a travesty that humanity becomes more obscene for the vague resemblance. … I have no mouth. And I must scream.![_URL_
 1. Cool Hand Luke
 2. Tombstone
Let's say that we want to enrich Java Sets so that we can do folds and foreachs and all that good functional stuff with them. Here's a trait that defines the methods that we want to provide: trait RichIterableOps[A] {
 // required method
 def iterator: Iterator[A]
 def foreach(f: A => Unit) = {
 val iter = iterator
 while (iter.hasNext) f(iter.next)
 def foldLeft[B](seed: B)(f: (B, A) => B) = {
 var result = seed
 foreach(e => result = f(result, e))
Let me fire up the Scala Interpreter to play with this. I am going to mix the trait into a HashSet, and then do some operation on the Set; let's see how that plays out:
 scala> val richSet = new HashSet[Int] with RichIterableOps[Int]
 richSet: java.util.HashSet[Int] with traits.RichIterableOps[Int] = []
 scala> richSet.add(1); richSet.add(2)
 scala> richSet
 res0: java.util.HashSet[Int] with traits.RichIterableOps[Int] = [1, 2]
 scala> richSet.foldLeft(1)((x,y) => x+y)
 res1: Int = 4
A new emoticon?
relationship :wrote has passive :written
"Stephen King" wrote "Pet Cematary" # This reflexively calls "Pet Cematary" written by "Stephen King"
"Stephen King" isa :author
an :author isa :person
# querying
what :wrote "Pet Sematary"? => :author
what isa :author => :person
who wrote "Pet Sematary"? => "Stephen King"
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Reply to "Moleskine Notes December 2008"


text:
Accurate free and forced rotational motions of rigid Venus
Observatoire de Paris, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), CNRS/UMR8630, Paris, France e-mail: _EMAIL_
Accepted: 27 February 2010
Context. The precise and accurate modelling of a terrestrial planet like Venus is an exciting and challenging topic, all the more interesting because it can be compared with that of Earth for which such a modelling has already been achieved at the milli-arcsecond level.
Aims. We aim to complete a previous study, by determining the polhody at the milli-arcsecond level, i.e. the torque-free motion of the angular momentum axis of a rigid Venus in a body-fixed frame, as well as the nutation of its third axis of figure in space, which is fundamental from an observational point of view.
Methods. We use the same theoretical framework as Kinoshita (1977, Celest. Mech., 15, 277) did to determine the precession-nutation motion of a rigid Earth. It is based on a representation of the rotation of a rigid Venus, with the help of Andoyer variables and a set of canonical equations in Hamiltonian formalism.
Results. In a first part we computed the polhody, we showed that this motion is highly elliptical, with a very long period of 525 cy compared with 430 d for the Earth. This is due to the very small dynamical flattening of Venus in comparison with our planet. In a second part we precisely computed the Oppolzer terms, which allow us to represent the motion in space of the third Venus figure axis with respect to the Venus angular momentum axis under the influence of the solar gravitational torque. We determined the corresponding tables of the nutation coefficients of the third figure axis both in longitude and in obliquity due to the Sun, which are of the same order of amplitude as for the Earth. We showed that the nutation coefficients for the third figure axis are significantly different from those of the angular momentum axis on the contrary of the Earth. Our analytical results have been validated by a numerical integration, which revealed the indirect planetary effects.
Key words: planets and satellites: individual: Venus / celestial mechanics
© ESO, 2010


text:
My kids love to draw and doodle, especially Annika. She leaves silly notes and drawing all over the house. Often when we are running out the door, she grabs a note book to keep her busy in the car. Her sweet notes always make me smile. Now we keep one of these little DIY dry erase tiles in the car.
When I found a few left over white tiles in the garage, I knew they would be perfect for making small dry erase boards for the girls. There are lots of easy tutorials on how to make DIY dry erase boards, but I want to try using tiles.
To make these simple DIY dry erase tiles, you will need:
- White Ceramic Tiles (Ours were 4″ x 4″)
- Ribbon – to tie the book cover closed
- Hot Glue Gun
- Jewels – optional
Cut the felt large enough to wrap around the ceramic tile like a book cover. It should cover the front and back of the tile. Use a hot glue gun to secure the felt to the back of the tile. Attach the ribbon to the felt with hot glue. Embellish the cover any way you like, my girls enjoyed adding lots of sparkly jewels.
Dry erase boards are a fun tool for playing and teaching your kids. Here are a few ideas to get you started…help your kids learn letters and numbers, write their name, practice spelling words, play a game of Tic Tac Toe or Hangman, work of math problems…you get the idea. The tiles are small, and the perfect size to throw in your purse for entertaining on the go.
My kids just recently discovered how to make subtractive drawings. You will need one working Dry Erase Marker and one marker that is dried up. First, cover the entire board with Dry Erase Marker. Then using a dried up Dry Erase Marker begin drawing as you would normally. The dried up marker will act as an eraser, creating a wonderful subtractive drawing.
For more dry erase fun, check out our printable BINGO cards for road trips.
Please remember to be careful if you are going to use these with your kids. If the tile drops; it will break and leave sharp edges.
Do you have any fun games to play on our new DIY dry erase tiles? I would love to hear any creative suggestions for using dry erase boards with kids.
If you are looking for more road trip ideas, follow the link to a fun list of things we like to do.


text:
A U.S. information technology service company with more than $350 million in annual sales. Stores and manages 80,000 parts in 98,000 sq ft of space spread over 128 warehouses managed by 41 employees. There was no reliance on any 3rd party for stock control and the technology used to support part supply and inventory management was inadequate.
Initially conducted a comprehensive evaluation of current inventory management structure. Analyzed in-house distribution locations, number of SKUs and parts, part turnover, and total inventory management cost. In addition, attention was paid to third party stocking locations, number of SKUs, number of parts, and necessity of parts vs. SLA. The process for procurement, disposal, field stock allocation, shipping, van stock allocation, and replenishment was also examined. An assessment of the current in-place technology to support inventory management was completed and the following plan recommendations were implemented:
- Reduce Number Of Parts From 80,000 To 23,000 And Recycled Remainder, As These Parts Are Not Necessary For Client SLA Commitments.
- Close In House Stock Locations And Outsource To Third Party.
- Deploy Critical Inventory To 151 Locations To Meet SLA Commitments
- Propose And Integrate New Inventory Management Software
Implemented recommendations improved operations and achieved $600K in annual savings and reductions. Parts inventory was readily available at appropriate locations and service improved.


text:
Alaska Court RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
District courts had jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters in Alaska before statehood. Federal district judges were appointed as early as 1884. The entire territory had only one district, administered by a judge in Sitka, until 1903, when three districts were created with judges at Juneau, Saint Michaels, and Eagle City. The fourth district was added in 1909, and the four seats were placed in Juneau, Nome, Valdez (moved to Anchorage in 1943), and Fairbanks.
The areas served by these districts are as follows:
- Juneau, District 1: Southeastern Alexander Archipelago and the cities of Ketchikan, Wrangell, Sitka, and Juneau.
- Nome, District 2: North, including Nome and Barrow.
- Anchorage, District 3: South, including Anchorage, Kodiak, and the Aleutian Islands.
- Fairbanks, District 4: Central, including Fairbanks, Bethel, and Toksook Bay.
Since 1959 district court jurisdiction has been limited to minor civil and criminal matters such as issuing marriage licenses and arrest warrants, hearing misdemeanor cases, and acting as the temporary custodian of the property of deceased persons.
A superior court, a supreme court, and magistrate courts have also served Alaska since 1959.
The Family History Library does not have copies of any court records from Alaska. The Alaska State Archives has most of the territorial court records (except probate records) for the first district and some for the second and fourth districts. The archives has the court journals but not the complete case files for the first district.
The case files of the first district, the records of the third district (1900-59), and some miscellaneous records of the other districts are at the National Archives—Alaska Region. Copies of documents not at these two archives can be obtained by writing to the appropriate local clerk's office.
- This page was last modified on 10 July 2012, at 21:35.
- This page has been accessed 829 times.
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text: Nuclotron-based Ion Collider state-of-art design involves innovative solutions in superconductive applied technology. Thanks to its consolidated experience, ASG has been directly involved into the program by providing to Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) a large 0.5 T Nb-Ti superconductive magnet equipped with an active (resistive) modulation system. Typical solutions have been specifically optimized in order to guarantee the maximum flexibility in all operative conditions. ASG has been involved in the whole design of magnetic, structural, thermal and protection systems. Magnetic configurations meeting optimized field requirements have been identified also accounting in detail the expected significant technological deviations. The two resistive coils, forming the active modulation system, principally perform the identification of the optimized magnetic configurations. Lorentz forces and coil interactions produced by the system have been calculated in order to verify mechanical structure and stresses on the coils. The protection system of the magnet in case of quench has been designed in order to minimize thermal stresses on the cold mass components. The electromagnetic interactions between components, during dynamic events, have been evaluated in order to verify the cryogenic and structural stability of the system. Manufacturing phase is ready to start. Main results will be presented to illustrate the adopted process and technological solutions.


Tennis Industry magazine
The complete stringer: From Stringer to 'Racquet Tuner'
When you focus on the player's preferences, type of play and personal characteristics, you'll step up your business.
By Fred Timmer
What is the difference between a stringer and a racquet tuner?
A serious racquet tuner uses a stiffness tester to test if his "product" meets the desired string bed stiffness.
Such a stiffness tester measures the overall stiffness of the string bed. Mechanical testers apply a certain force on the string bed and measure the deflection. Electronic stiffness testers generate the natural vibration of the string bed, and calculate the string bed stiffness from there.
Stringing on stiffness means that the stringer aims at that value that the player actually feels when he plays with the string bed. The stringing tension is only a set tension on a certain machine and the final result is influenced by the quality of the machine, the stringer and the type of string that is used.
What items does a racquet tuner need to fulfill his task in the best possible way:
The business-importance of being a racquet tuner
There is a saying "A stringer is good until the player finds a better one" which means that no stringer can allow himself to stay "only" a stringer. As soon as a more dedicated stringer is discovered by the players business can go down. Of course mouth-to-mouth publicity can also be used in one's favor, like "famous" Dutch stringer Arie showed once.
Arie learned about the formulas Stringway developed that could be used to calculate the tensions for racquets of different size and also learned that the tensions should go down considerably to obtain maximum playability.
Arie told his customers that he would string free of charge according to his personal advise, the players only were asked to pay when they were satisfied. His business grew rapidly because the players really felt that his advise offered them much more comfort and ease of play, compared to the much higher tensions that were used then (in 1995).
The graphic below shows all the aspects which a racquet tuner needs to know and items that he needs to carry out his task at maximum quality. The result of his knowledge, skill and professional equipment will be a satisfied customer who keeps coming back to him.
racquet tuner
This series — 'from stringer to racquet tuner'
In this series we will deal with all aspects that have to do with "tuning a string job". The basis will be the player with his or her preferences, type of play, age and possible arm injuries.
This installment will cover the classification of strings for different types of players.
Future installments will cover:
Chapter 1 — What string for whom? The string is the unknown quality
The importance of elongation
There is a huge amount of strings on the market today and it is quite difficult for stringers to find the best strings for different types of players. To make things worse, string manufacturers do not advertise the most important specification of their strings - elongation. It is like offering a car without telling how many seats are inside.
In the old days there was a saying that was frequently used to describe a new string; "this string plays like gut". Manufacturers tried to copy the gut string because that was believed to be the best playing string.
When a player hits a ball he feels the way that the string stretches and how it accelerates the ball in the opposite direction. These properties depend entirely on the elongation of the string.
It is impossible to copy the playability of gut strings, because it seems impossible to copy their elongation quality. Perhaps that is the reason that string manufacturers did not like to tell the elongation specs of their strings, it would tell the world that the new strings are not as good as gut after all.
The elongation measurement of a string shows the most important quality of a string, it shows what the player will feel on ball impact and also gives some insight on the durability of a string. Also, elongation of a string affects the loss of tension during stringing and play.
Measuring elongation
The answers to many questions about strings come from testing their elongation. It is quite easy to measure the elongation character of strings. A stringer can actually perform a simple test on his stringing machine. But, with more scientific equipment, a complete graph can be created.
Figure 1 shows the elongation graph of a string. Creating a graph like this requires special equipment that cannot be found in most shops. As the string being tested is pulled through a range of tensions, the special equipment constantly measures the length of the string and converts it to a percent of elongation. The horizontal axis shows the elongation of the string in %, the vertical axis shows the tension in pounds.
Figure 1
String elongation fig1
The string is tensioned from 44 pounds to 88 pounds while the elongation is measured. After reaching 88 pounds the tension is lowered to 44 pounds again. The speed of pulling is low (1 to 2 pounds/second) so that all the elongation in the string can be developed.
The graph shows the following figures:
To show the qualities during play the test must be done from the lowest stringing tension upwards:
When this string is tested again the elongation will be much less because the remaining elongation that has developed during the first pull will not develop again.
The graph shows that there is a certain amount of elongation for each tension in the string.
Simplified elongation test — 5 point test
It is not necessary to measure a complete graph to obtain the major elongation figures of a string. One can also do a 5 point-test. Tension the string to 44 pounds and make 2 marks on the string 10 cm apart (this is point 1). Then, change the tension from 44 to 66 and measure the distance between the marks (this is point 2). Then change the tension to 88 and measure the distance between the marks (this is point 3). Then change the tension back to 66 and measure the distance between the marks (this is point 4). Finally, change the tension back to 44 and measure the distance between the marks (this is point 5). Measure the length of string between the marks at each tension and calculate the different elongations with these results. It is important to measure the elongation at 66 and 88 because it can show the difference in character of a string in the lower and higher tension range. Many monofilament strings show a completely different character at higher tensions compared to the lower tensions.
Figure 2 shows a simplified but very accurate test setup. The tension is generated by a Constant Pull drop weight system, which is very suitable because it is easy to raise and lower the tension accurately. In Figure 2, the elongation is measured with a linear potentiometer mounted inside the test tool, which is simply clamped to the tested string between the clamp and the tension head.
Figure 2
Stringtest 2
The display of the Tennis Computer shows the elongation figures, which are measured by the linear potentiometer. But, similar results can be achieved by making marks on the string and measuring the distance between them at each of the 5 tensions. To calculate the percent of elongation at each point, subtract the length of string at point 1 from the length of string at the current point and divide that number by the length at point 1. Take care that the test is done with an un-pulled piece of string because the results will be very different the second time the piece of string is tested.
To conduct this 5-point test, it is best to use a drop weight machine, but a good constant pull electronic machine can also be effective. It is not critical to use 66 and 88 pounds. But, it is important that two strings being compared are pulled to the same tensions.
string elongation 2
Many different strings
Figure 3 shows different strings, which are in the market, a stiffer string suitable for spin play, a more comfortable string and a useless string with huge elongation but almost no elastic elongation at all.
Figure 3
Different strings fig3
Figure 4 shows the elongations of some monofilament strings and figure 5 shows the elongations of a number of nylon multifilament strings.
The player also feels the stiffness of the string.
In addition to the elongation figures, the tables in Figure 4 and Figure 5 also show the stiffness of the strings in the blue column. The stiffness is shown in pounds/inch for a length of string of 320 mm.
The stiffness is calculated by dividing the total elongation from 44 to 66 pounds by the difference in tension (22 pounds).
Figure 4
Fig 4 monos
Figure 5
Fig 5 multis
The figures show that:
'Fast' strings and 'slow' strings
There is one more important item concerning the elongation of strings; there are fast strings and slow strings. With "fast" string it takes little time to develop all the elongation for a certain tension, with "slow" strings it takes much longer.
The elongation develops slower when there is a more friction inside the string, either between the filaments of the multifilament string or internally in the material of the monofilament string. A fast string (with a certain amount of elastic elongation) will give more power than a slower string with the same amount of elastic elongation. The speed of a string can be noticed on a stringing machine because a slow string needs more time before it will stop stretching at a given tension.
The meanings of the elongation figures
The meaning of the different


eversign API Documentation
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at least the 1940s. (fn. 213)
Worsham Factory
Worsham mill remained part of the More manor of Asthall Leigh until 1725 or later. (fn. 214) In 1767, and probably earlier, it stood on a leet across a shallow loop in the Windrush. (fn. 215) In 1785 it belonged to Asthall manor, (fn. 216) with which it descended until 1810 when it was allotted to Diana Gorges. (fn. 217) She sold the premises in 1815, and in 1819 they were bought by Robert Collier, a blanketmanufacturer of Witney and Crawley, (fn. 218) who probably around 1830 built a blanket and mop factory (fn. 219) comprising a stock house, fulling mill, and spinning sheds together with a corn mill. The mills were said to be the most powerful on the Windrush. Collier was bankrupted in 1833 (fn. 220) and the factory apparently passed to mortgagors, one of whom sold it to a group of new owners in 1847. (fn. 221) They leased the premises from 1851 to the Witney blanket manufacturer Richard Early the younger (d. 1874), (fn. 222) who bought them in 1864. (fn. 223) They passed to his (imbecile) son Arthur Richard Early, whose representative leased them in 1877 to Henry Early of Witney, Richard's younger brother. (fn. 224) In the mid 1890s bicycles were also manufactured on the premises. (fn. 225)
Pritchett and Webley of Witney bought the factory and land in 1896, replaced the waterwheel with a water turbine, and in 1902 added a new block. (fn. 226) About then there were 50 looms, 15 in the main building and 35 probably in the new shed. During this period additional power was supplied by a traction engine and later a gas engine. Many workers came from Minster Lovell. By 1913 the company had failed and Worsham was owned by George Howitt, previously the owner of a partinterest in the factory which his father-in-law, Edward Cadbury of Bourneville (formerly Warws.), had acquired in 1903. The factory was soon purchased by Norman Minty, who made tents there during the First World War and afterwards attempted to revive blanket-making as the Worsham Blanket Company. In 1924 Marriott and Sons of Witney bought the factory and made improvements, introducing electric power in 1947. (fn. 227) They merged in 1960 to form Charles Early and Marriott (Witney) Ltd, which closed Worsham in 1965. After a brief occupation by a motor cycle company, the Worsham factory was bought about 1970 by Johnstone Safety Products (later JSP Ltd), which used it for the manufacture of protective clothing and, from the 1980s, injection-moulded plastic products such as hard hats. (fn. 228)
Two ranges of Worsham mill, orientated north-east to south-west, date from the redevelopment of c. 1830: a central range over the Windrush, and an adjoining narrower, lower range to the south-west. Both are of three storeys and six bays, with segmental brick heads to the windows and a timber internal structure. The south-west range was probably the stock house (warehouse), as it retains former hatch openings now converted into windows. The central range has remains of drive shafts for the machinery and on the north-west side a wheel pit with three arches, perhaps evidence that there were once three wheels. A cast-iron bridge south-east of the main range is possibly contemporaneous. A two-storeyed range adjoining the main range to the north-east is of 1902 and has an open-truss roof on cast-iron columns. In 1881 there was also a freestanding block south-east of the factory, (fn. 229) and soon afterwards a gatehouse and a pair of cottages were built. The free-standing block was replaced in the late 20th century, and Johnstone's put up other buildings.
Windmill and Fisheries
A stone windmill at Stonelands was described as 'new' in 1781. It was depicted on a map in 1797, but not recorded thereafter. (fn. 230)
Asthall manor included a fishery in the late 13th century, (fn. 231) worth 1 mark in 1279 and 10s. in 1304. (fn. 232) In 1370 it was claimed that the fishery extended downstream from Swinbrook to a bridge. (fn. 233) This was probably Worsham bridge, because in 1279 fishing rights east of Worsham were shared between the lords of Asthall and Minster Lovell. (fn. 234) Fishing rights were sold with the manor in 1688 and 1810, (fn. 235) but in 1926 were retained by Lord Redesdale. (fn. 236) Fisheries or fishing rights were claimed for the Harcourts' Asthall Leigh manor in 1587 and 1598, (fn. 237) for the former More manor in 1725, (fn. 238) and for the Grandisons' Asthall estate in 1791. (fn. 239) Fishing rights were sold with College farm in 1929. (fn. 240)
1 ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
2 Glos. RO, D 1447/3/15.
3 Gibbons (ed.), Liber Antiquus, 4; Glos. RO, D 1447/3/15.
4 Eton Coll., ECR 52/174, calling East field Mead field, perhaps in error.
5 ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
6 BL, Harl. Ch. 86. D. 55.
7 Glos. RO, D 1447/3/15.
8 Queen's Coll. Mun., 4.D.12, ff. 1, 5v.
9 Ibid. 4.D.13, ff. 1–2; 4.D.40.
10 Glos. RO, D 1447/2/27.
11 ORO, F5/4/E/1, pp. 4–5; Bodl. GA Fol. A 273*, no. 96, 23–33; Glos. RO, D 1447/3/15.
12 Cf. ORO, incl. award and map (1814), boundary between Long Hedge and Settle Gate fields.
13 ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
14 Queen's Coll. Mun., 4. D. 12, 4. D. 40.
15 ORO, F5/4/E/1, pp. 4–11; ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
16 Cf. M.A. Havinden, 'Agricultural Progress in Open-field Oxfordshire', Agric. Hist. Rev. 9 (1961), 78–9.
17 ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
18 VCH Oxon. I, 415.
19 BL, Harl. Ch. 45. G. 59, 50. G. 10, 54. A. 25.
20 Ibid. 45. G. 59, 86. G. 21.
21 Eton Coll., COLL/EST/AST/2, f. 10.
22 Queen's Coll. Mun., 4. D. 12, ff. 1, 11, 13.
23 Ibid. Cartulary bk, p. 117.
24 PRO, C 133/97.
25 Eton Coll., COLL/EST/AST/2, f. 9.
26 Eton Coll., COLL/B1/1/6/25.
27 Glos. RO, D 1447/1/259, release 10 July 1688, f. 3.
28 Information from Mr K. Betteridge, Asthall Leigh.
29 ORO, incl. award and map, ref. Dd 162.
30 Bampton Hund. 38; PRO, C 133/97.
31 PRO, C133/97.
32 Eton Coll., ECR 52/180, pp. 2–3.
33 Eton Coll., COLL/B1/1/6/25.
34 Cf. ibid.; ORO, incl. award and map (1814).
35 Schumer, Oxon. Forests, p. 211 (no. 373); ORO, incl. award (1862), nos. 1–3; cf. OS Map 1", sheet 45 (1833 edn).
36 ORO incl. award (1814), nos. 64, 84, 100.
37 Queen's Coll. Mun., 4.D. 12, f. 1v.
38 Schumer, Oxon. Forests, p. 211 (no. 370).
39 ORO, incl. award (1862), nos.


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 Effective Speech Endings
A dynamic ending is critical to the success of any presentation because the last thing said is what the audience remembers best. It is where you epitomize your main message. Your presentation will die a premature death with a wimp conclusion like: "Well, I see I have run out of time" or "I don't have anything more to say."
You can avoid dead endings by following a simple preparation and delivery template. It works for all types of presentations including teaching and training.
Effective endings require preparation and practice. They must be planned. The end of your presentation is not the time to wind down or improvise. Instead it is when you make your final, strategic sprint toward your speech goal. Preparation for the ending starts with the beginning. Who is you audience? What is your objective? Are you trying to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire? What results do you anticipate?
Start with a robust beginning
Age old wisdom says a good beginning makes a good ending. You can liken the beginning of a speech to the entrance to a building, designed to bring people in. It sets the tone and conveys what to expect inside. The exit is designed to transition people out into a larger, external world. Often the entrance to a building is also the exit but from a different perspective. As with the architecture, the beginning and ending of presentations are flip sides of the same door. Start on a forceful note and a ending follows easily. When you struggle with an ending, it usually indicates a need to revisit your opening. (Guide on the Side - Part I - Beginnings)
Satisfy the objectives of the ending
Create a sense of closure
Similar to how you end conversations
Emphasize the main point
What the audience should do or expect next
Make a lasting impact
Package and deliver your message so it is easy to remember
Reconnect emotionally with the audience
In both the opening and the conclusion, the presenter should convey positive emotions (confidence, eagerness, sincerity, enthusiasm, energy).
By contrast, the body of the speech is often relatively unemotional, containing hard data and objective analysis.
Conform to the time frame
The ending of a speech should take the same proportion of the allotted time as the opening, that is no more than 5 to 10%. In a 20 minute speech (the length of a typical panel presentation) this translates to 1 to 2 minutes for the ending. Since both the ending and beginning are relatively short, they demand the most attention during the preparation phase. Mark Twain observed that it takes much longer to prepare a short speech than a long one.
Use a simple technique to summarize your main point
 1. Call to action
 "Here are two things you can do now X and Y."
 2. Refer back to the beginning
 If you asked for a show of hands, posed a question or made a startling statement relate back to the opening issue.
 3. Demonstrate how easy it is to apply your speech topic
 Use a prop, role play or display
 Sometimes it is better to show than to tell.
 4. Use a quotation
 Add a dimension to your ideas with a quote from a celebrity or historical figure.
 5. Ask a rhetorical question
 "If we don't do this who will?"
 6. Tell a story to illustrate or confirm your main point"
 I was naive like Red Riding Hood about Y2K before I discovered that danger is often lurks in familiar settings. You know the details of my story and can avoid my fate by..."
 7. Leave a tip or word of wisdom
 "Let me leave you with this tip. It is better to rent a judge than buy one."
 8. Repeat your key points
 "When you vote, remember this proposal is A, B and C.
Delivery Tips
Memorize your ending
This enables you to conclude exactly as you prepared and not hazard running over, going off target or losing focus.
Time your ending
You need to know how long the conclusion is so you know when to begin the ending phase of your speech and more importantly so that you stay within your allotted time.
Increase your voice volume so you end with a crescendo.
Avoid adding new topics to the ending that you forgot in the body.
There is a tendency for speakers to add details as they end. Resist the temptation. Add-ons annoy audiences. They feel like they are in a landing pattern when suddenly the plane takes off again. As a result, they may not remember either the forgotten detail or your ending.
If you are presenting with presentation software, think twice about whether you really need to continue to use technology for your ending. Face-to-face interactions with audiences are most persuasive and powerful. Unless you plan to end with a message that requires an online demonstration, you may inadvertently cancel out the emotional qualities which connect you to the audience and make your final message memorable.
To paraphrase T.S. Eliot Your presentation should "End with a bang and not a whimper."
Copyright 2000 by Addison Singles Toastmasters. Created by Magee Website Productions. Messages to Webmaster can be directed to Bill Magee.


text:
Welding Terms are basically short notes on the definitions of welding terminology. These brief notes normally found at the end of the welding handbook. Glossary presents a quick look at the very topic. Nowadays, almost all the exams consist of some questions based on these welding terms. They may be related to the contents and names of welding equipment. The following are basic A-Z welding terms on various topics.
Basic Welding Terms and Terminology
Thousands of surfers search basic welding terminology every day. Students, welders, and general users can find here all the information on welding glossary alphabetically. These short definitions are not only beneficial for welding tests but also for interviews. Some more, glossary helps to grasp the very topic fast. Before reading a welding book, better go through the terminology after checking the contents of the book. The following are some of the examples of welding glossary.
Actual Throat is the shortest distance from the root of a fillet weld to its face.
Air Carbon Arc Cutting is a cutting process variation that removes molten metal with a jet of air.
AISI stands for the American Iron and Steel Institute
Alloy is a mixture of metallic elements with specific properties such as greater resistance to corrosion or improved strength.
Backing Ring is backing in the form of a ring and generally used in the welding of pipe.
Bare Electrode is a filler metal electrode carrying inside a single metal or alloy that has been produced into a wire, strip, or bar form.
Cast Steel is molten steel cooled and solidified in a mold.
Chip Test is a test that is used to identify a metal.
Thus, the above-mentioned were some of the examples from the A to Z basic welding terms. Aspiring people can find all the terminology on our website, WeldingInfo. For detailed information on welding definitions, follow the link.


text:
The Cultural Production of a Pharmaceutical Market: The Making of ADHD
The pharmaceutical industry has grown into a global market worth nearly $1 trillion. How are we to make sense of this sudden upsurge? As I argue, the rising demand for pharmaceuticals must be contextualized within a culture of consumption, where health practices are yoked to individuals' purchasing habits. Through a case study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavior-controlling drugs affecting six million children in the United States, this analysis shows how discourses of prevention and the quick fix originated in the school, family, and medical establishment; shape consumer demand; and are employed effectively in pharmaceutical advertising. This article concludes that the demand for pills is constructed by entangled discourses that induce new ways of relating to health and illness.


text:
StatusThe thesis was presented on the 11 June, 2009
Approved by NCAA on the 1 October, 2009
Abstract– 1.10 Mb / in russian
– 1.17 Mb / in romanian
The thesis is dedicated to the investigation of the phenomena of interaction of electric fields with perfect or low-conducting liquid dielectric media, comparatively new sphere of physics – electric hydrodynamics (EHD) or narrower thermoelectric hydrodynamics (TEHD) in the case of thermally non-uniform media.
The aim of the research is the study of EHD phenomena and reveal of their applied aspects conformably to the solution of some urgent physicotechnical problems: control of the processes of transfer of heat, mass and charge; energy transformation; separation of heterogeneous systems (filtration); the search of new (alternate) energy sources.
Hydrodynamic effects of EHD interactions appear as macroscopic motion of the liquid under the influence of external electric fields called electric convection (EC). To investigate it the media are divided into two classes: perfect dielectrics from the point of view of the conductivity being zero and low-conducting ones when this parameter is small but not zero. It is shown that oned of the necessary conditions of the origin and existence of electroconvective phenomena is heterogeneity of the medium with respect to its electrophysical parameters (ε and/or σ), owing to the following inhomogeneities: thermal, mechanical (heterogeneous media – emulsions, suspensions) and caused by the electric field itself.
It has been realized the classification of EHD phenomena: thermoelectroconvective ones, such as electrothermal convection (ETC) in perfect (ETCP) and low-conducting (ETCL) liquids, as well as ETC caused by joule heating (ETCJ); mechanoelectroconvective ones in heterogeneous media (electromechanical convection, EMC); electroconvective phenomena in homogeneous isothermal gases and liquids typical for greatly non-uniform fields and known under the name of the electric wind (EW), and in the case of the uniform and weakly non-uniform external fields they are called electroisothermal convection (EITC). Much attention is given to the thermoelectroconvective phenomena as they are the most important from the standpoint of the applied aspects of EHD phenomena.
Equilibrium hydrostatic state and all types of electroconvective phenomena; convective instability; laminar convection; the developed convection intensity; one-dimensional flows have been studied.
Electrophysical parameters of disperse media are found and EMC regularities are examined in detail. In the case of isothermal phenomena there have been analyzed different mechanisms of electrization of liquids and almost all experimentally known types of charge generation have been explained. Proper distributions of electric field and charges are obtained. A number of problems on isothermal flows and regularities of charge relaxation in them interesting not only from theoretical point of view but practical as well have been solved. The notion of the "electric" Reynolds number (the main qualitative and quantitative characteristic of EHD phenomena) is introduced.
The regularities of electroconvective heat exchange are revealed and generalized criterial equations for the Nusselt number for all cases of convections ETCP; ETCL; ETCJ; EMC (emulsions, suspensions); EW (at various pressures); EITC are found.
The physical aspects of energy transformation methods : electric power into mechanical one (EHD pumps and inversely - mechanical energy into electric one (EHD generators) are examined and discussed. The procedure of transformation efficiency calculation is presented.
The computation of the wind EHD generator and isothermal EHD "flowmeter-generator" are presented. Much attention is given to TEHD methods of transformation as the case in point is the transformation of namely heat energy into other types being the priority problem. The found solutions of some problems are recommended as physical models of TEHD pumps in the case of perfect dielectrics or/and TEHD generators in low-conducting media. Formulas for liquids flows and current densities are obtained. The currents at one-dimensional isothermal flows and one-dimensional convection of wet air in the inclined capacitor simulating the natural convection on the hillside in the thundery weather, i.e. under the conditions of the electrified air, have been calculated.
Another target of investigation is the problem of filtration of dielectric low-conducting heterogeneous liquid systems, in the first place with the aim of their electric refinement. The foundation of electric filtration theory has been created and the mathematical simulation of the process in the form of composite-exponential function being the basis of the data treatment and generalization.
The laboratory simulation of the atmosphere moisture circulation has been carried out in order to examine the possibilities to get electric power and water from the atmosphere and soil. Encouraging results have been received which should be thoroughly analyzed. General conclusions and practical recommendations are presented.


text:
Car make and model are both terms used to identify and describe vehicles. Make is essentially a short term for an automaker, which means the company that makes the vehicle. Toyota, Ford, Chevrolet, and Honda are all examples of automakers or car makes. So what is the model of a car? Model is the specific type of vehicle produced by the automaker. For instance, a Camry is a model of Toyota, and a Civic is a model of Honda. Other terms to describe cars include the model year, body style and trim level.
Understanding Car Makes
The manufacturers and large companies that produce different car makes are typically multinational corporations with more than one location. Nevertheless, they are strongly associated with their home countries. For example, Nissan, Honda, Subaru, Mazda, and Toyota are often referred to as Japanese automakers, despite having many satellite branches around the globe. Similarly, Hyundai and Kia are associated with Korea, which is their home country. Ford, Chevrolet, and Chrysler are examples of American car makers. Volkswagen, Fiat, Porsche, and BMW are examples of car makers located in Europe and strongly associated with Europe, despite being popular around the world. Some consumers have a strong preference for particular automakers and will only buy from that brand.
Another thing to remember is that sometimes car makes will be made by the same company. For example, Acura is the luxury brand of Honda, and Lexus is the luxury brand of Toyota. These vehicles are luxury cars and differ from the car models found under their parent company brands.
Understanding Car Models
Car model, on the other hand, refers to different types of cars found within one car brand. Car models have distinct names within the brand to differentiate them from other vehicles in the lineup. Sometimes car models have specific proper names such as a GMC Yukon. Other times, the car model might just be a number or letter or a combination such as the Audi Q3. Some of the more famous car model names include the Mustang, Corvette, Prius, Explorer, and Beetle. Car model names are important to distinguish vehicles as sometimes car makers release very similar vehicles. For example, the GMC Yukon and the Chevrolet Tahoe are very similar vehicles and, despite the different brands, are owned by the same company.
Differences Between Car Models
Despite car models being a more precise way to identify a vehicle besides just the car make, it may not be precise enough in many applications. Depending on the year and trim of a car model, it could be radically different and treated differently in terms of buying or selling, shopping for car insurance or even registering the vehicle. For example, various trims and model years of vehicles may have different options such as safety features, engine size, and transmission among others. This affects the value of the vehicle and can change the type of quote you get for car insurance.
Car Model Body Styles
The same car model might also include different body styles under the same name. For example, a single passenger car model might offer a sedan, convertible, wagon and coupe version with the same name. An SUV crossover might also be referred to as a hatchback. The body style refers to the general shape and function of the vehicle. Identifying a Toyota sedan, for example, would narrow it down to cars with four doors. A Mitsubishi coupe is likely to be used to distinguish a two-door vehicle under that brand name.
Trim Levels For Car Models
Along with body styles, most car models also have at least a few different trim levels. For example, the 2019 Dodge Charger has the following trim level options: SXT, GT, R/T, SXT AWD, Scat Pack, and SRT Hellcat. Trim levels can be used in a tiered method where the lowest trim is the vehicle with the least amount of options while the luxury trim is at the top with the most options. However, sometimes trim levels are used to distinguish a vehicle's different use category. In the example used above, the SRT Hellcat is a top-level sportscar trim. In another case, the Rubicon is a Jeep Wrangler trim designed more for off-roading. Some car makes logically distinguish trim levels while others have to be decoded. Mercedes-Benz is one of these that uses a combination of letters and numbers. The C 300 and the AMG C 43 are both C Class car models but are different trims.
Car Model Year
Car model years are another important way to distinguish vehicles and assess their value. Car makers often completely redesign car models and the year is a meaningful way to know this. However, it's important to remember that the model year does not necessarily indicate when the car was manufactured. For example, cars from the 2019 model year were available to purchase back in 2018. So if a redesign of a specific car model occurred for the 2019 model year, it was most likely manufactured in 2018.
Car Makes By The Same Manufacturer
As previously mentioned, some car manufacturers actually have more than one brand under their label. However, these brands are distinct car makes, and it would be incorrect to call an Acura MDX a Honda MDX. They are also not interchangeable, so you can't refer to a Honda Civic as an Acura Civic. In some cases, like with General Motors, the other brands are due to mergers with other companies in the past. GM has acquired Buick and Cadillac in the past, and these are considered GM brands in the present. However, at one point they were their own brands. This is different from Toyota, which created Lexus for the luxury car market and Scion to target an economy market.
How To Determine Your Car's Make and Model
Car makes are identified by logos and by their name. You can always find both on your vehicle in one place or another. The emblem appears prominently on the grille for example. The car model is usually also indicated somewhere on the vehicle, but in the case that it's not, it will also be on the registration and owner's manual.


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PEOPLE living in Staffordshire are being urged to take part in a new scheme to help generate power by recycling used cooking oil.
Staffordshire County Council says it has found an innovative way to turn cooking oil into renewable energy as part of a scheme it is running in partnership with energy firm Living Fuels.
The scheme sees tanks placed at 13 of Staffordshire's household waste recycling centres for residents to dispose of their waste cooking oil.
Bosses say just one full tank can provide enough electricity to power the average home for a year.
When collected, the used cooking oil is taken to Living Fuels' state-of-the-art recovery facility where it is naturally settled and recovered into a clean, green bioliquid without the need for any chemicals or heat. This bioliquid is then used in the company's renewable energy facilities to produce carbon neutral electricity to power homes and businesses.
Staffordshire County Council's cabinet member for environment and assets Mark Winnington said: "This innovative scheme is another way in which we can take a waste substance and turn it into renewable energy, demonstrating great benefits for Staffordshire's environment and residents. Any savings on fuel costs are welcome and this is another example we are looking to get the best value for money for our residents and literally drive down waste.
"This is a great working partnership with Living Fuels which we hope as many people as possible take advantage of and help generate even more renewable energy for our county."
Since the scheme started in October 2008, enough renewable electricity had been recovered in Staffordshire to make 11.5 million cups of tea. The recovery of used cooking oil forms part of the Staffordshire County Council and Stoke-on-Trent Council's joint waste plan, which supports new waste recovery procedures and encourages renewable energy initiatives.
When poured down drains, used cooking oil costs UK water companies an estimated £15 million per year on blockages, which can lead to water contamination and flooding.
Living Fuels' operations director Rob Murphy said: "We are delighted to be able to work with Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent councils to help them provide residents with a truly green solution for getting rid of their waste vegetable oil."
Participating recycling centres near to Ashbourne include Pennycroft Lane, Uttoxeter and Fowlchurch Road, Leek


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Kodo Toys and Games Comprehensive Kit
Support mathematical concept development, cooperation, and autonomy with this vast array of unique tools and loose parts. This collection focuses on geometry, number sense, and spatial relationships. Use pieces from this set to enhance your Discovery area, too.
- Balance - Beautiful wooden balance is a simple tool for children to learn about relative weight, mass, and proportion through play. Includes metal cups.
- Gemstone Matching Tiles - Twelve large wooden tiles feature six pairs of over-sized colorful gemstones to arrange and match.
- Yim Yams Earth Colors - Set of 8 pieces create 4 Yim Yams to be used on their own for matching or combined with other loose parts for arranging and composition.
- Wool Balls Color Sorting Set - Use for counting, patterning, ordering, rolling, tossing, representing, and, of course, sorting! The 56-piece set includes seven wool balls in seven rainbow colors and seven matching wool bowls. Balls are 2" in diameter.
- Animal Coverings Matching Tiles - Match the 15 animal tiles with their 15 coverings tiles. The back of the tiles feature colored dots for children to self-correct. Includes 30 3" x 2" wooden tiles.
- Sorting Trays - Collect, sort, and arrange small manipulatives and table blocks with this set of 4 trays, each divided in different ways. Write-on wipe off surface.
- Geometric Puzzle Set - This set of 4 Geometric Puzzles includes a circle, square, triangle, and pentagon with 2-5 pieces to each different color puzzle.
- Experimental Seesaw - This tool helps children reason, count, make predictions, and draw conclusions as they arrange table blocks and other loose parts at either end.
- Lids Set - A large collection of 85 lids are used to support math investigations, as dramatic play props, or as construction materials. Includes metal and plastic lids in a range of sizes.
Wooden Loose Parts Kit - A comprehensive collection of wooden loose parts and storage bags perfect for open-ended table top construction and dramatic play.Includes:
- People Pack: 30 Wooden Figures in 3 Sizes with Canvas Storage Bag
- Wooden Clothespins: 30 Wooden Clothespins with Canvas Storage Bag
- Split Balls Pack: 30 Wooden Split Balls in 3 Sizes with Canvas Storage Bag
- Rings Pack: 30 Wooden Rings in 3 Sizes with Canvas Storage Bag
- Spools Pack: 30 Wooden Spools in 3 Sizes with Canvas Storage Bag
- Cubes Pack: 30 Wooden Cubes in 3 Sizes with Canvas Storage Bag
- Building Boards: 10 Rectangular Wood Boards, 6" x 8", 1/2" - 3/4" Thick
- Wood Biscuits: Pack of 10 Circular Wood Biscuits
- Set of 4 Fabric Bags
- Gem Discs Game - Play as a matching game, used as loose parts, or combine with other manipulatives. This collection of 36 sparkly discs, a pair of wooden dice, and a pair of gem dice is sure to engage! Includes storage bag.
- Fabric Bowls - Organize and display small loose parts, math manipulatives, art materials, balls, and more! Set of three fabric bowls nest.
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - This contains small parts. Not for children under 3 years.
Product Age Ratings:
Lids Set, Gemstone Matching Tiles are appropriate for 12 months +
Wool Balls Color Sorting Set, Geometric Puzzle Set are appropriate for 18 months +
Animal Coverings Matching Tiles are appropriate for ages 2+
Wooden Loose Parts Kit, Gem Discs Game, Fabric Bowls, Sorting Trays, Experimental Seesaw, Balance, Table Towers, & Yim Yams Earth Colors are appropriate for ages 3+
Please Note: NOT FOR RESALE


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Prior to Office 2008, you could automate repetitive tasks and add entirely new features in Microsoft Word by using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. Unfortunately, Word 2008 doesn't support VBA. In its stead, Microsoft recommends that you use AppleScript and Automator. The good news is that, with a little tinkering, almost anything you could do with a VBA macro in previous versions of Word, you can now do with AppleScript in Word 2008.
There's bad news as well. One, Office 2008 doesn't support the recording of AppleScripts as it once did for VBA. That means you must code AppleScripts by hand. Two, you can't attach AppleScripts to toolbar buttons. (You can put them in a menu and assign keyboard shortcuts to them, though.) And three, you can't embed AppleScripts in a Word document (as you could do with VBA macros); if you want someone else to use a script you've written, you'll have to send them the script file along with the document.
As examples of what you can do with AppleScript in Word 2008, I created the following scripts. They solve some basic problems in Word; some of them replicate macros I created with VBA in earlier versions of Word.
To use these scripts, type them into Script Editor (in /Applications/AppleScript) and save them, with the file format Script, in the Microsoft User Data/ Word Script Menu Items folder. (By default, it's in your user name/Documents.) Alternatively, if you'd rather not type them out yourself, you can download them and copy them into the same folder. However you do it, the scripts should then appear in Word's Scripts menu (just to the right of the Help menu, shown with the stylized S icon).
Editor's Note: We didn't have for all of Joe Kissell's AppleScripts for Word 2008 in the original magazine article, so we added three more to this article. These scripts are all in the enclosed download file.
Paste plain text
Most word processors have an alternative Paste command—often called Paste Plain Text or Paste And Match Style—that strips the copied or cut text of its original formatting, so that when you paste it, the text assumes the style of the text you're pasting it into. To do that in Word, after you've copied or cut your text, you have to choose Edit: Paste Special, select Unformatted Text, and click on OK; you can assign a shortcut to Paste Special but not to the procedure as a whole.
I wanted a way to do this in Word 2008 with a single keystroke, and without having to install any third-party software. (Loads of utilities will let you do this.) Microsoft's Web site suggests one paste-as-plain-text script. It looks wonderfully simple, but there's a problem: unless the insertion point is at the end of the document when you run the script, Word leaves the insertion point before the pasted text, not after, as you would normally expect when pasting text.
So I made a script of my own (see "Code Box" below). It doesn't actually paste the contents of the Clipboard; rather, it simulates typing by using the
type text command. This method puts the insertion point at the end of the pasted text, where you'd expect it. This script works only with text. If your Clipboard contains only graphics, the script does nothing; if the Clipboard contains text plus other elements, the script inserts only the text.
Enclose in HTML tags
Word isn't the best tool for editing raw HTML code. But sometimes you may need to insert some HTML in a document. If you select some text and run this script (see "Code Box" below), it encloses that text in
 (anchor) tags and, as a bonus, moves the insertion point between the quotation marks so that you can type or paste in the URL to which the text should link. (You can easily modify this script to insert different HTML tags.)
set newPoint to (selection start + 9) determines the new location of the insertion point. (You want the insertion point to follow the nine characters in the text string
" & content of text object & "" set content of text object to myString set selection start to newPoint end tell end tell
Clean Up Text
tell application "Microsoft Word" set findRange to find object of selection tell findRange execute find find text "^p^p" replace with "¶" replace replace all execute find find text "^p" replace with " " replace replace all execute find find text "¶" replace with "^p" replace replace all execute find find text "^w" replace with " " replace replace all execute find find text "^p^w" replace with "^p" replace replace all end tell end tell
[Joe Kissell is the senior editor of TidBits and the author of numerous e-books about Mac OS X.]


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A means of controlling a horse
mostly used in western
riding. For most of history, horses were controlled using the two reins independently
to indicate which direction
you wanted the horse to go. Of course, in the old west
, this caused a problem becuase you might need a hand for say, shooting or roping
. And you know, training your horse to repsond to leg pressure
is just too much work I guess. Insert neck reining.
So basically what you do is train the horse to respond to the pressure of the reins on the neck. The reigns are tied in a knot so it kinda forms a loop. To move the horse right, you move the reins to the right so that the left rein falls against his neck. When the horse feels the rein on the left side of his neck, he is trained to move away from it, hence he goes in the direction you want. And there you go, one handed control with very little pressure on the mouth being invovled.
And now you know.


text:
ByMajor Surendra Mathur (Sena Medal) Retd
Oak tree is the most popular and revered tree in Europe and other continents and is deeply associated with their, culture and beliefs. In Hindi it is called Shahbatul, Batul or Banj. Present days, we seldom find mention of this tree being found in India. Many books are available on it in Europe, especially because this tree has been the center of religious feelings and beliefs there. It is definitely mentioned in Ayurveda, that too because of being of medicinal value and not because of any religious beliefs. This tree is found in Himalayas in India. From Akhand Bharat point of view, it is abundantly available in Hindukush region. No mention of its worship is found in our scriptures.. We worship many trees in the places of worship, such as Kalpavriksh, Ashok, Bambu, Banana, Hemp, Coconut, Lotus, Mango, Neem, Sandalwood, Tulsi, Vatvriksha, Peepal, Bell, Dhatura etc. for performing religious rituals of Sanatan Dharma. Many temples and religious places are located in clumps of trees like Vatavriksha or Peepal etc. In many religious rituals, festivals, there is a method of worshiping these trees. But nowhere the Oak tree finds any mention.
In Europe, Oak is the most sacred and revered tree. The Ashrams of the elders (Gurus) are located in clumps of (Oak) and this practice is legendary. Why this tree is the most worshiped in Europe and what are the beliefs is a matter of consideration. In the biological language it is known as Quercus. It has many characteristics. This tree comes amongst the tallest trees and its height can reach more than one hundred feet. Its age can also be more than thousand years. It is a very dense and its root stem is huge. This tree gives shelter to many birds, insects and animals. The tree starts giving fruit only after about fifty years. From this we can estimate how huge, dense and useful this tree is. We can compare this tree with the Vatvriksha tree worshipped by the Hindu. Its fruit is known as Manjunphalam in Ayurveda and is very useful in making medicines. Its flower is small and has no special smell. Many species of this tree are found in Europe. It is believed that more than six hundred species of this tree have been found so far. The fruit has different names. It is called (Quercus infectoria) in Latin. In English it is called (Oak Galls) and different names are prevalent in different regions.
Oak tree has many utilities, such as its wood is used in Europe for making furniture. Its wood is considered to be very strong and durable. It's importance is also prevalent in the society from the cultural point of view. This tree is also considered a symbol of fertility. Many examples of this tree are found in the compositions of poets in Europe. An orchid on this tree, know as Asrohini / Akash Bell / Amar Bell and called Mistletoe in English, is considered very auspicious for lovers to stand under this tree. Orchid Mistletoe and Oak are auspicious for lovers. Very interesting and beautiful details of Oak tree are found in the compositions and fantasies of European poets. This vine Mistletoe is fully cultivated by Oak, her roots takes full diet from the tree and it seems as if they are for each other. This is mentioned in many poems of Shakespeare. Oak is considered as a sign of love, affection and fertility. This tree is the king of the jungle in Europe and is so huge that it is considered a symbol of patience, strength, perseverance. There is a Guru-disciple tradition in Europe too. In Ashrams of the Guru, disciples lived in clumps of Oak trees. It was considered a holy place. Indian social traditions, in which society was based on Panch tradition, similar traditions were also prevalent in Europe. The Panchayat in Europe used to address public interest litigation and problems under the Oak tree. The society used to accept the decision of the panchayat taken under this tree. This whole process was similar to that, followed in India. In India too, most of the religious ashrams have been in the clumps of the tree. At ashram, Guru used to teach his students. These Ashrams used to be the focal points of faith, education and social order of Sanatan Dharma and Samaj. Knowing such a parallel process, assumptions are made that Oak's faith has remained similar to that of Vatavriksha in India. We have come to the conclusion that this tree is the hallmark not only of the vastness but also of a strong, sustenance of animals, useful medicinal, symbol of nature, masculinity, religion and culture. That is, we can fully compare it with the Vatavriksha associated with the Sanatan culture. The only difference is in trees, however imagination and beliefs are the same.
Despite the mythological cultural similarities of Europeans and Indians, why Oak is not mentioned in our religious texts. Oak is more popularly known for its furniture. Foreign invasions and encroachments destroyed Oak groves in Europe, like in India. The ashram system in India was also destroyed. Religious, cultural and educational systems, which were based and organized in most ashrams, were severed. All social systems and beliefs had almost disappeared. All this happened due to foreign invasions. The same happened with European communities. Religious ashrams were destroyed. Restrictions were imposed to change and destroy beliefs. Ashrams and faith centers which were in clumps of Oak trees were also banned. Even orders were given to cut those trees. But the society of Europe awakened and they revolted. This rebellion was so vast and widespread that the invaders had to retreat. The Church did not think good in destroying these trees and decided not to destroy them, but started using this tree and its religious insignia in its own propaganda. Vatvriksha is also as big as Oak and the root stem is also very strong. More than the original stem, the roots originating from the branches spread to the ground and make the tree strong and large in its own form. Vatavrksha is also a symbol of fertility and the tree of Lord Brahma. Lord Brahma is the creator and the subject seems to be associated with fertility. It seems that both have similarities in every respect but why the tree is different. Another example of the importance of this tree appears in European countries. Its symbol is also used as a national symbol of many countries, including the United Kingdom and America. The national flag of many countries, the national emblem in military dress, etc. have also been popular. This tree is also the national tree of many countries. Keeping in mind all these, it can be concluded that the culture, civilization in Europe, Oak has been a very important symbol of religion. Just as we connect the Vatavriksha to Lord Brahma, in Europe, the Celts associate Oak tree with their god Lugh.
Features of Lugh: - The Celts consider this deity to be a mythical hero and an emperor. He is praised to save them from other world spirits. He is considered full of all virtues. He is considered a great warrior god of thunder, lightning, and rain. This deity is also considered as a trickster. They also consider him the god of Indra Dhanush and Akash Ganga. I think Lugh as Indra or the Sun god. I likewise marked the characteristics of the god Indra.
Characteristics of Indra Devta: - Lord Indra is considered to be the presiding deity of other gods and resides in heaven. Indra is the king of gods and ruler of heaven. He leads the gods who build and maintain heaven. He leads elements such as Agni, Water and Surya and constantly battle against the opponents of the gods. Indra is the god of Vajra and Varsha and the great warrior, the symbol of courage and power and the god of war. The weapon of Indra is the Vajra. He also use bows, nets and hooks. He rides a white elephant named Airavat. He drives a chariot drawn by four horses capable of passing through the air. Indra also appears as a trickster in mythological folklore. In Hindu mythology, the rainbow is called the "Bow of Indra". Indra is the god of light, thunder and rain.
An analysis of Lugh and Indra makes it clear that Lugh is a synonym for Indra deity. Analyzing these two gods, it is concluded that there are many similarities between them. The question arises as to why Celts associate Oak with reproduction. Even in Sanatan culture, there is such a fantasy in which Vatavriksha, the tree of Lord Shri Brahma, who created the universe, is considered as a tree of reproduction. Vatavriksha can also be considered as a symbol of fertility due to its being connected with the creation. This is why women worship this tree. When the clouds thunder and the arrival of the rain is intertwined with the lightning on the earth, then this huge tree of oak becomes the supreme means of bringing that strong lightning to the earth and absorbing it. Electricity is the medium to bring the power from the sky to the earth. Earth becomes fertile again due to this electricity and rain, we see greenery everywhere. For this very reason, it must have been considered as the medium of reproduction. It is the concept of "Prakrati " and "Purush". For this reason it may have been


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British Standard (BS) is the generic term given to high integrity batteries that meet strict safety, performance, and durability criteria.
It took several years following the introduction of Valve Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries in the early 1980s to implement specific safety standards.
Now premium UPS batteries used for installations such as hospitals and telecommunications applications are evaluated against BS 6290-4, the standard for lead-acid stationary cells and batteries.
Batteries that fully comply with the standard offer a design life of 10-12 years, threaded copper insert terminals, and a flame retardant case. They tend to cost slightly more than standard sealed lead-acid batteries.
There are International Standards that complement British Standards, for example, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards aim to provide an agreement for technical matters on an international basis.
IEC 60896 adopted much of BS6290-4, with the voluntary accreditation open to all VRLA batteries that meet its qualifying criteria.
Further Reading: