Howard Hughes and His Larger-Than-Life Dream Machine, the Spruce Goose
Howard Hughes' at the controls of his H-4 Hercules troop transport plane, the "Spruce Goose," November 1947.
J.R. Eyerman—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Not published in LIFE. Howard Hughes at the controls of his H-4 Hercules troop transport plane, the "Spruce Goose," November 1947.
Industrialist, record-setting aviator, movie mogul, recluse — Howard Hughes was one of the most accomplished and mysterious figures America has ever produced... and, in the end, one of the most pitiable.
An almost preposterously wealthy and dashing figure of the 1930s, Hughes was an engineering prodigy who, even as a young boy growing up in Texas, pushed the proverbial envelope. In 1916, when he was 11, he built the first radio transmitter ever used in Houston. He was forever tinkering with engines and electrical devices, re-designing and making them more efficient, more powerful, more useful, better.
By the time he was in his early 20s, he had discovered another lucrative talent, and was living the high life in Los Angeles, producing movies. And in everything he did, whether backing films or flying and engineering fast (and faster, and faster) planes, Hughes was a hands-on kind of guy.
When contracted by the U.S. government in the mid-1940s to build a military transport plane, he responded in his usual modest style and set about creating the H-4 Hercules, a massive wooden plane later famously dubbed the "Spruce Goose" which would, when completed, be the largest flying machine ever built. (The plane was actually made of birch, not spruce: the contract required that the aircraft be built of "non-strategic materials" during the war. But the catchy nickname — which Hughes always hated — stuck.)
Despite its enormous size, the Hercules was meant to be flown with a crew of only three people. Its planned "cargo," meanwhile, was beyond impressive: up to 750 fully equipped military troops, or one 35-ton M4 Sherman tank.
"I want to be remembered for only one thing," the billionaire once said, "and that's my contribution to aviation."
Before long, however, his contributions — as well as his integrity and his honesty — would be severely questioned by elected officials who never had much use for the flamboyant Hughes. In 1947, for example, he was compelled to testify before a Senate committee led by Sen. Owen Brewster (R-Maine). Brewster effectively accused Hughes — at the time, the head of TWA, in addition to his myriad other projects and businesses — of misusing $40 million in government funds during the development of two planes: the Hughes Aircraft XF-11 and the H-4 (the Spruce Goose), neither of which was ever successfully delivered to the government.
During the hearings, which ended inconclusively, Hughes stirringly defended his work on the H-4, in particular:
"The Hercules was a monumental undertaking," he testified. "It is the largest aircraft ever built... I put the sweat of my life into this thing. I have my reputation rolled up in it and I have stated several times that if it's a failure I'll probably leave this country and never come back. And I mean it."
Brewster claimed that the H-4 was a classic and disgraceful boondoggle and would never, ever fly. On November 2, 1947, for a few minutes at least, Hughes famously proved him wrong. With co-pilot Dave Grant and assorted engineers and mechanics, Hughes flew the monumental plane (its wingspan of 320 feet remains the largest in history) for about a mile, roughly 70 feet above Long Beach Harbor. The plane never flew again — but Hughes felt vindicated.
All the controversy and political palaver around the plane's construction, meanwhile, obscured something about the H-4 that, to this day, is often overlooked in any discussion of the mammoth aircraft: namely, its sheer, sleek aesthetic power. Putting aside for a moment the technical complexities and challenges inherent in designing a flying vessel the size of the Hercules, one can do a lot worse than focus on the beauty of the thing. As an object, the Hercules looks like something Brancusi might sculpt — if the great Romanian artist dabbled in aeronautics and wished to create a work 220 feet long, 25 feet high and 30 feet wide.
Here, offers a series of photos — many of which never ran in LIFE — of the largest "flying boat" ever built and the aviation genius who designed and flew her.
As the years passed, Hughes retreated deeper into a severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug abuse and the debilitating, deadening isolation for which he later became so famous. By the time of his lonely death in April 1976, he had devolved from a rakish, even debonair man of the world into a skeletal wreck. Postmortem x-rays revealed hypodermic needles (likely used to inject codeine, to help manage his chronic pain) embedded in Hughes' arms. His six-foot, four-inch frame weighed roughly 90 pounds. His hair and nails had grown freakishly long. He was wholly and frighteningly unrecognizable. He was 70 years old.
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|THE CROSS DOWN UNDER|
ignorance even in the Church leadership, Mother Mary MacKillop persevered, all
the way to beatification
The life of Blessed Mary of the Cross MacKillop (_PHONE_), Australia's first native to be beatified, was as rugged as the terrain where she proclaimed the Good News.
She co-founded a group of women Religious who worked in the isolated areas of the frontier, sharing the hardships of the poor. She also endured misunderstanding, chronic poor health, excommunication, the disbanding of her order and even charges of alcoholism.
Mary MacKillop was born Jan. 15, 1842, in Fitzroy, Melbourne, in Australia, barely 50 years after the first Europeans had settled in the country.
As a child, MacKillop read about the sad predicament of many families caused by the 1851 gold rush in Victoria, South Australia, and their misery pricked her social conscience. She became committed to helping them.
In 1860, MacKillop, a schoolteacher, met Father Julian Tenison Woods. Both wanted to improve the lot of ordinary Australians, and they decided that the best way to accomplish this was to provide a free Catholic education for children.
There were no religious orders in South Australia because of harsh living conditions and a small proportion of Catholics. Sisters were needed who would be flexible and willing to live in the same poverty as those they served. Father Woods and MacKillop began to plan such an order.
The first Josephite school opened in January 1866 in a converted stable. Two months later, MacKillop publicly declared her commitment to become a Religious. She took the prophetic name Mary of the Cross.
Her acceptance of her life's crosses in silence and charity, resisting her natural urge to retreat, is the -hallmark of her sanctity.
Though not the first Australian order, the Sisters of St. Joseph were the first group founded specifically for Australia's poor. The order exemplified those qualities at the very heart of the colonial spirit: justice, equality and a fair go for all.
Mother MacKillop's egalitarian approach to religious life upset many of the clergy accustomed to European models, where "choir" sisters from upper-class families lived a genteel life of prayer and "lay" sisters from the lower classes did the menial work. The Josephites had no class distinctions, and they lived where they worked, in whatever housing was available.
Moreover, since the Australian Church was completely male-dominated, the idea that a group of women Religious could be governed by a woman was unheard of. The constitution of the Josephites called for the sisters to be governed by a superior elected from their number, instead of being under the control of the local bishop.
After many long battles, Mother MacKillop won approval for this from Rome. Many of the Josephite's trials came from the clergy. Time and again, the strength of will, extreme charity and silent suffering of Blessed Mary of the Cross led to eventual victory.
She directed the Josephites to a multitude of social-service works. They visited hospitals and jails; they sheltered the homeless, orphans and women in "moral danger"—that is, former prisoners, prostitutes and unwed mothers.
Government-welfare programs were practically nonexistent, so despite a drastic shortage of money, the Josephites started additional crises centers to serve neglected children, the elderly and alcoholics. To support their works, the sisters begged and did plain sewing.
Mother MacKillop suffered chronic bad health. Stress and her rigorous travel schedule as the order's superior contributed greatly to this. A stroke in 1902 left her in a wheelchair for the last seven years of her life. Yet, she continued her exhausting schedule.
In her younger years, she suffered headaches that were so severe that, under her doctor's direction, she took medicinal doses of brandy. In 1884, there were allegations that she was an alcoholic and an embezzler, among other charges.
Sydney's Archbishop Francis Patrick Moran was in charge of the investigation, which absolved her of all charges. His report was submitted to Rome and, although the report cleared Mother MacKillop, the archbishop felt it reflected badly on the clergy who had brought the charges and advised that his report be kept confidential.
This led to a hitch in Mother MacKillop's beatification process in 1931, when no official documentation of her clearance could be located. It was 20 years before the report was located and her cause could proceed.
One September morning in 1871, Bishop Lawrence Bonaventure Sheil of Adelaide arrived at the convent and demanded to see Mother MacKillop. Upon her arrival, he turned to the assembled sisters and announced that, because of her "disobedience and rebelliousness," Mother MacKillop was to be excommunicated.
Instructing her to kneel, Bishop Sheil read out the sentence. He then informed the sisters that anyone who had further dealings with her would suffer the same penalty.
Stunned, Mother MacKillop left the convent immediately, and for the next six months lived quietly with friends. Within weeks, most of the sisters in Adelaide had been either expelled or dispensed from the order, and the convent was turned over to a different group.
The true grit and goodness of the character of Mother MacKillop was brought out during this time. In spite of the fact that priest friends advised her that the excommunication was invalid, she did not protest. She refused to speak in her own defense. Instead, she accepted the excommunication as a cross given by God.
After a report in the local Catholic newspaper, a storm of gossip and rumors broke. The human Mother MacKillop wanted to flee, but the saintly Mother MacKillop stayed, silent and prayerful.
Six months later, shortly before his death, Bishop Sheil recanted and instructed a trustworthy priest to find Mother MacKillop and remove the sentence.
Though the excommunication devastated her, there is a clear written record showing that she continuously defended the bishop, asked others not to blame him and said only that she felt he had made a mistake or was misguided by his advisers.
With not a whimper
During the last 18 months of her life, Mother MacKillop was in constant pain, virtually bedridden. Her nurses testified that she suffered without complaining until her quiet death on Aug. 8, 1909.
In January 1995, Pope John Paul II raised Mary MacKillop to the honors of the altar at a solemn Beatification Mass in Sydney.
"In the vastness of the Australian continent, Blessed Mary MacKillop was not daunted by the great desert, the immense expanses of the outback, nor by the spiritual wilderness which affected so many of her fellow citizens," the Pope said. "Rather, she boldly prepared the way of the Lord in the most trying situations....
"Mother Mary of the Cross knew that behind the ignorance, misery and suffering which she encountered there were people... yearning for God and His righteousness.... Her story reminds us of the need to welcome people, to reach out to the lonely, the bereft, the disadvantaged."
Ball writes from Houston, Texas
This article was taken from the September 15, 1995 issue of Our Sunday Visitor. To subscribe write Our Sunday Visitor, Inc, 200 Noll Plaza, Huntington, In 46750.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Since time immemorial, women have been subjecting themselves to crazy beauty practices to look beautiful and be more appealing. Today, we have different products easily available on the market. But in ancient times, people had to get creative. From changing the shape of one's feet to using highly poisonous materials on the face, we bring to you 10 such craziest ancient beauty practices.
1. In China, foot binding was considered a mark of beauty until the 20th-century. Tight binding was applied to the feet of girls at a young age to modify the shape of their feet to look like a lotus. This resulted in limited mobility for women, and some even had to suffer from lifelong disabilities.
Despite the immense pain, women in China kept alive the tradition of foot binding for many years. The concept was made famous by a 10th-century court dancer named Yao Niang. Her feet were bound into the shape of a new moon! The emperor was enchanted by her dancing on just her toe inside a six-foot golden lotus. Eventually, other ladies of the court started trying out the method, and it turned into a tradition. It became a symbol of one's status along with beauty and sexuality. Down the line, it became so embedded into the Chinese culture that a girl without feet binding had only negligible chances of getting married!
The process starts when the girls are between four to nine years in age. This is the time when the arch of the feet is not fully developed and is easier to bound. The preparation involves the foot being washed with warm, herbed water and animal blood. This was done to soften the feet. Next, the toenails are clipped as far as possible to avoid growth. The toes on each foot were curled under the foot by pressing with great force. This was done until the toes broke. Once the desired lotus shape of the feet was achieved, bandages were used to tightly hold the feet in shape. Eventually, with time, the feet became numb.
There were many health issues related to this process the most common being infections. Blood circulation to the toes was completely cut off because of the tight binding. This meant that any infection on the toes would never heal and ultimately lead to rotten flesh. Moreover, the mobility of the women with bound feet was restricted to a large extent. Some even had to suffer lifelong disability in lieu of the broken bones and terrible infections. (source)
2. The Greeks and Romans used crocodile excrement in their body-toning mud baths. It was also used in face masks, as it was believed to slow down aging.
The ancient Greeks and Romans used various animals and animal byproducts for medicinal and beautifying purposes. One common belief was that reptile excrement had the power to slow down the aging process. So, the Greeks and the Romans used to fill their bathtubs with a mixture of warm mud and crocodile feces. They would then sit there for hours hoping their skin to magically turn younger. Some of the wealthy people were also known to create face masks out of the excrement and mud mixture. The great Greek physician, Galen, noted that women who desired luxury preferred crocodile dung face masks to complete body baths. This was definitely one of the grossest beauty practices, but still, nobody was harmed while trying it out. (source)
3. In 1936, Isabella Gilbert invented the "Dimple Maker" so that dimples could be "made to order!" The device consisted of a spring with two tiny knobs that press into cheeks to create the dimples.
Who doesn't love dimples? There are so many people who wish they had dimples. If only there was a machine that could magically create dimples on our cheeks! In reality, there existed one such machine. Known as the "Dimple Maker," it was created by Isabella Gilbert in 1936. The machine came with just simple instructions: "Wear dimplers five minutes at a time, two or three times a day, while dressing, resting, reading, or writing. Look into the mirror and laugh. There will be a semblance of a line where you should always place the dimplers until your dimples are made."
The device consisted of a spring-like contraption with two rounded knobs. The knobs were to be placed where the dimples are desired. So, the knobs would just press the cheeks hard to create two depressions on both sides of the face. The doctors at the American Medical Association denounced the machine in 1947, as they believed that the prolonged use of the machine might lead to cancer. (source)
4. Tho-Radia, a French cosmetics brand, manufactured products that contained radioactive chemicals like thorium chloride and radium bromide. They were supposed to provide a "radiant" skin.
With the discovery of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, the entire scientific community jumped on it. It was not long before radium came to be used in medical and commercial requirements. Beauty is one segment that accepted radium with open arms.
Many cosmetics companies started infusing radium into their products with the promise of a more "radiant" skin. In 1933, Alexis Moussali, a pharmacist, and Alfred Curie, a Parisian doctor, joined hands to launch a range of French radioactive beauty products. The product range was called "Tho-Radia" and included a cleansing milk, skin cream, powder, rouge, lipstick, and toothpaste. The products were marketed as a scientific method of beauty. Advertisements showed a highly-glowing face that can be achieved by using the products. Furthermore, each advertisement carried claims such as "Stimulates cellular vitality, activates circulation, firms skin, eliminates fats, stops enlarged pores forming, stops and cures boils, pimples, redness, pigmentation, protects from the elements, stops aging and gets rid of wrinkles, conserves the freshness and brightness of the complexion." (source)
5. Belladonna or deadly nightshade was used in eye-drops by women to dilate the pupils of the eyes to make them appear seductive.
Crave seductive eyes? Put a drop of deadly nightshade into your eyes! That's what ancient Italian women used to do!
The common name "belladonna" for the poisonous nightshade came from its use by women to look more appealing. Bella donna is Italian for "beautiful lady." Women used to prepare drops from the plant and apply it to their eyes. This would give a pupil dilating effect which was considered seductive at that time. The drops act as a muscarinic antagonist, which means that it works by blocking the receptors in the muscles of the eye which, in turn, constricts the pupil in size. It was quite dangerous, as prolonged use had the potential to lead to permanent blindness. (source)
6. Ancient dentists recommended Portuguese urine as perfect teeth whitening ingredient. Urine jars from Portugal were shipped because people thought that it was a more powerful cleansing agent than "home-grown" Roman urine.
The first people to invent toothpaste for oral hygiene were the Egyptians. The ancient toothpaste was nothing like the ones we use today. They were just a mixture of pumice, a very light and porous volcanic rock, and wine vinegar. Next in the oral hygiene race were the Romans. They did not have any fancy kinds of toothpaste but a totally organic solution to oral hygiene. It was urine.
Daily teeth care for the Romans involved using a local toothpaste where the main ingredient was human urine. Wealthy Romans were ready to pay enough money to get their hands on the famous teeth-whitening toothpaste. Also, the urine was imported from Portugal. It was believed that Portuguese urine had more efficiency when it came to whitening than Roman urine. Sounds bizarre, but it's true. Later, the Portugal urine also made its way to mouth washing liquids in the 18th century. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, their oral hygiene methods were lost.
If we look into the science behind it, the Romans were actually on to something. Urine contains ammonia which is a great cleansing agent. Our modern toothpaste and mouthwashes contain ammonia to provide the whitening effect. (source)
7. Beauty patches, also known as "stick-on beauty marks," were a cosmetic staple in the 1700s. The patches came in a variety of shapes and sizes, like stars, moons, hearts and even more intricate designs like a horse and carriage.
During the 18th century, beauty patches were all the rage. They were used to cover up pimples or blemishes on the skin. This was one of the earliest examples of the use of beauty techniques to convert facial flaws into fashion statements!
Smallpox occurrences in the 18th century were majorly responsible for the emergence of these beauty patches. Very few people survived the pox, but for those who survived, they were left with scars. Enter beauty patches to hide those scars. The first beauty patches were made from costly fabrics such as silk or velvet. They were then coated with an adhesive so that they could be stuck onto one's skin. They came in a variety of decorative shapes like crescents, circles, hearts, triangles, stars, etc.
Eventually, the beauty patches turned into a cosmetic staple. People started adorning them even though they had no blemishes or pimples to cover. According to the Pitt Rivers Museum, "Women pasted them on the face, neck, and breast, according to a newly emerging language of symbolism: a patch above the lip meant coquetry, on a forehead, grandeur, and at the corner of an eye, passion." (source)
8. By the late 1800s, some women would use a blue

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Easy and Powerful Open Source Tool for creating fully interactive 3D presentations for stereoscopic visualisation.
With affordable real time, stereoscopic visualisation now being a reality, why is it not more widely adopted? The answer is simple, hardware is only one part of the equation, traditionally these systems have been run by experienced computer programmers and without these skills it has been either impossible or very expensive to create your own content. Not any more!
Present3D is a real breakthrough in power, flexibility and ease of use for a stereo visualisation authoring tool. Completely cross platform, the same presentation can go from laptop, to desktop, to multipipe stereo visualisation environment independent of the OS and hardware used and, most importantly, any one can use it! No programming skills required! And it gets better, Present3D allows the creation of seamless presentations that combine, text, bulleted text, backgrounds, images, stereo images, movies, stereo movies, point cloud models, polygonal models (over thirty formats currently supported including massive terrain and vizsim.flt models) and animation paths, all in a real time, fully interactive environment....drop in a model, turn it, zoom in and explore a detail, fly through and around it..... but why stop at just one model, Present3D uses the familiar slideshow format of applications like Powerpoint, so not only can a single slide combine all of these elements, including multiple models, but you can have as many slides as you require. Go from a text and movie introduction, to a fly through of a virtual town, to a full colour laser scan....what ever is required to explain your research, product, topic or design. By using animation paths and the autorun facility you can also build fully interactive stereo kiosks, for medical information, science centres, museums and heritage applications, now the limit is your imagination.
You will find links to the helps pages on this site and where to obtain P3D below.
The DLF uses P3D for the development of its 3D Presentations and Shows.
Present3D can now be obtained by downloading the OpenSceneGraph from site link below.
OSG Site : Download SVN
Then go here to obtain instructions for Building OSG and Present3D on OsX
We aim to provide binaries shortly that will make the install easier. You will find links here when that happens.
Links To Present3D Help Pages :
How to : build a Present3D Show
How to : use Present3D
How to : use Present3D Additional Features
How to : Screen Capture in Present3D
Present3D Keyboard Controls
Setup Images for Stereo Alignment
WideWindow Configuration Files
How to : create a Present3D Menu to start Present3D shows and other apps (page coming soon)
How to : SSH login without a Password ( for control of a remote version of P3D)
How to : include Paths in Present3D
How to : Jump location within Present3D
How to : create side x side stereo movies for use in Present3D
How to : edit or create stereo movies in Final Cut Pro
How to : edit or create stereo movies in Motion (page coming soon)
How to : apply a movie to a Model
How to : include a VNC window in a Present3D scene
How to : include a Live Streaming Video Feed
How to : view Volumetric Data in OsgVolume
How to : include Volumetric Data in Present3D
(Development Team members only) : Present3D Development Page
You can support the development of Present3D by making a donation or, if you are a developer, by getting your hands dirty and becoming directly involved..
You will find information on making a donation here: Donations
To register an interest in becoming involved please contact us: contact


Patrick Murphy
Patrick Murphy works as both designer and artist. He works across a wide range of disciplines creating art, installations, events, exhibitions, branding and objects.
The act of making and design is central to Murphy's work, whether through making his own or curating that of others and supporting their practices. As an artist Murphy's conceptual approach is grounded in creating a dialogue with our surroundings and each other.
Using familiar objects and themes to depict and examine our culture, he seeks to alter the original context of his subjects so they appear simultaneously familiar and unfamiliar, to encourage and stimulate a sense of questioning and search for meaning from the viewer.


On the 1st November 1965, during high winds, three out of a group of eight cooling towers at Ferrybridge 'C' Power Station collapsed, with the remaining towers sustaining severe structural damage. The towers, each 375 feet high, had been constructed closer together than was usual and had greater shell diameters and shell surface area then any previous towers. The design and construction contract for the towers had been given to Film Cooling Towers (concrete) Ltd. in 1962.
High winds were considered to be the trigger for the collapse, but an inquiry found the exact cause to be an amalgamation of several other factors in their design:
 - British Standard wind speeds had not been used in the design resulting in the design wind pressures at the top of the tower being 19% lower than it should have been.
 - Basic wind speed was interpreted and used as the average over a one minute period, whereas, in reality, the structures are susceptible to much shorter gusts.
 - The wind loading had been based on experiments using a single isolated tower. The grouping of the towers created turbulence on the leeward ones – the ones that did actually collapse.
 - Safety margins had not really covered any uncertainties in the wind loadings.
There had been, it was decided, a serious underestimation of the wind loading in the initial design.
Fortunately, no one was killed or injured in the accident.
Ferrybridge Cooling Tower Collapse Ferrybridge Cooling Tower Collapse
A cooling tower comes crashing to the ground during high winds at Ferrybridge 'C' Power Station in 1965. The aftermath of the incident. Three
of the eight cooling towers were
completely destroyed.
The vibrations of slender structures are caused by cross-wind loads known as the phenomenon vortex shedding. Specific critical wind speeds around an object can create under and over pressures that makes it move (vibrate) in cross-wind direction. These forces can make bridges swing , and chimneys or similar slender and light structures oscillate. Oscillation occur when the damping is small and the natural resonance frequency is close to the vortex shedding frequency.
10 responses »
 2. Dr. N. Subramanian says:
 I want to use the images in my book on Design of RC structures.Can you give permission or give me the source?
 3. Tony says:
 This is a good explanation of the collapse. I analysed the structures post collapse, and concluded that a single tower without the complexities of adjacent towers would have reinforcement stresses exceeding yield at a wind speed of approximately 68 mph. On the day of the collapse, the station anemometer was indicating gusts of 72 mph.
 I designed the strengthening works for the remaining 5 towers, and supervised the rehabilitation project.
 4. Fred Griffiths says:
 The cooling towers did not blow down 1st nov 1965. i started work there april 1966 and the towers were still intact.I dont know the exact date but i think i was either 1966 0r 1967.
 5. _EMAIL_ says:
 im sure my grandad took the pictures and gave them to the power sation years ago. Lesley Newbould
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What is the Centrum Nutri Coach?
The Centrum Nutri Coach is an on-line tool that will allow Filipinos to keep track of the nutrients they get from what they eat.
How is it the first of its kind? How is it specifically made for Filipinos?
The Centrum Nutri Coach is the first on-line nutrition tool in the Philippines that takes the Filipino diet into consideration. So in the menu of food choices, you will see halo-halo, inihaw na liempo, kare-kare and other Filipino favorites. It is the only nutrition assessment tool that is based on the Food Composition Table of the Food and Nutrition Table of FNRI (Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Philippines). The Centrum Nutrition Coach will show you how near / far you are from the daily recommended daily intake of each nutrient.
How does it work?
You will be asked to input factors like your age, weight and level of physical activity into the Nutri Coach website. These factors are important in gauging how much you [word missing: is this vitamins and minerals?] need.


The difference between spot welding and pull welding
1. The tip of the soldering iron must be very sharp, but the soldering tip must be wiped clean before use. There is a sponge on the soldering station of the temperature-controlled soldering iron. Pour some water to make the sponge soak for the tip of the soldering iron.
2. The anti-static wrist strap can be replaced with high-quality wire according to the challenger. My method is: peel the copper core inside the two ends of the coaxial cable of about 2 meters, the length of the copper core is about 25 cm. Do not damage the shielded copper wire of the coaxial cable at the time of stripping. Flattening the shielded copper wire can replace the tin suction tape.
3. If rosin solder paste is not available, solid rosin can be dissolved in alcohol instead.
4. The solder wire does not need to be very thin, just 1.0mm. I used to think that the solder wire was 0.5mm and bought 0.5mm, but now I feel that this method is not necessary.
5. The minimum magnifying glass is 4 times, both head-mounted and desktop, I use a desktop magnifying glass (with fluorescent lamp inside).
■ Comparison of several welding methods
1. Spot welding: It is necessary to solder each pin with a relatively sharp soldering iron head, which has higher requirements on the electric soldering iron, and the soldering speed is slow.
2. Drag welding: faster than spot welding, personally feel that the welding effect is not as good as pull welding, sometimes the solder on the divided pins is uneven, and may be sticky.
3. Pull soldering: The things that are required are very general, especially the electric soldering iron. During the soldering process, the soldering iron head does not touch the pad but the solder ball. Because of the tension of the solder balls, the solder on each pin is very uniform and not much, very beautiful! Speed, skilled in the future will be faster than drag welding. This method can be described as a simple, reliable and inexpensive welding method.
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text:
setfsuid - set user identity used for file system checks
_TAG_ /* glibc uses
int setfsuid(uid_t fsuid);
setfsuid sets the user ID that the Linux kernel uses
to check for all accesses to the file system. Normally, the
value of fsuid will shadow the value of the effective
user ID. In fact, whenever the effective user ID is changed,
fsuid will also be changed to new value of effective
An explict call to setfsuid is usually only used by
programs such as the Linux NFS server that need to change
what user ID is used for file access without a corresponding
change in the real and effective user IDs. A change in the
normal user IDs for a program such as the NFS server is a
security hole that can expose it to unwanted signals from
other user IDs.
setfsuid will only succeed if the caller is the
superuser or if fsuid matches either the real user
ID, effective user ID, saved set-user-ID, or the current
value of fsuid.
On success, the previous value of fsuid is returned.
On error, the current value of fsuid is
setfsuid is Linux specific and should not be used in
programs intended to be portable.
No error messages of any kind are returned to the caller. At
the very least, EPERM should be returned when the
When glibc determines that the argument is not a valid uid,
it will return -1 and set errno to EINVAL without
attempting the system call.


text:
Abstracting and Indexing as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic, Humans, Information Storage and Retrieval, MEDLINE, Primary Health Care, Sensitivity and Specificity, Subject Headings
OBJECTIVES: Identifying clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for primary care from electronic databases is difficult. This study aims to identify a search filter to optimize retrieval of these to establish a register of CPRs for the Cochrane Primary Health Care field.
STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Thirty primary care journals were manually searched for CPRs. This was compared with electronic search filters using alternative methodologies: (1) textword searching; (2) proximity searching; (3) inclusion terms using specific phrases and truncation; (4) exclusion terms; and (5) combinations of methodologies.
RESULTS: We manually searched 6,344 articles, revealing 41 CPRs. Across the 45 search filters, sensitivities ranged from 12% to 98%, whereas specificities ranged from 43% to 100%. There was generally a trade-off between the sensitivity and specificity of each filter (i.e., the number of CPRs and total number of articles retrieved). Combining textword searching with the inclusion terms (using specific phrases) resulted in the highest sensitivity (98%) but lower specificity (59%) than other methods. The associated precision (2%) and accuracy (60%) were also low.
CONCLUSION: The novel use of combining textword searching with inclusion terms was considered the most appropriate for updating a register of primary care CPRs where sensitivity has to be optimized.
Medicine and Health Sciences
Keogh C, Wallace E, O'Brien KK, Murphy PJ, Teljeur C, McGrath B, Smith SM, Doherty N, Dimitrov BD, Fahey T. Optimized retrieval of primary care clinical prediction rules from MEDLINE to establish a Web-based register. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2011;64(8):848-860.


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Developing Mobile Apps for Physical Activity in Low Socioeconomic Status Youth
Systems and Industrial Engineering
Objective: The objective of the study was to implement a user-centred approach in the design and development of smartphone game-based applications (SGA) prototypes for PA promotion in adolescents, specifically from low SES families. Aims: (1) Describe the development of smartphone game-based applications to promote physical activity in adolescents from primarily low socioeconomic status households. (2) Determine acceptability of initial prototypes. Methods: This study implemented a user-centred approach including adolescent focus groups (n =3; 14 adolescents), parent interviews (n=7), and idea generation sessions (n=5; 80 participants) to develop and design smartphone applications as a persuasive technology for adolescents. Results: Qualitative data demonstrated that adolescents identified smartphone features that would have the ability to have frequent opportunities for social networking and competition. The majority of parents had favourable perceptions of smartphone games for physical activity promotion. Furthermore, idea generating centred around sports and recreational games. A final set of games were developed into hand drawn and computer generated prototypes. Conclusions: The study provides a framework for how to incorporate a user-centred approach in the design and prototype development of smartphone game-based applications, and indicates the feasibility of continued smartphone game-based applications development and effectiveness testing for promoting physical activity among low socioeconomic adolescents.
Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Blackman, Kacie C.A.; Zoellner, Jamie; McCrickard, D. Scott; and Winchester, Woodrow W. III, "Developing Mobile Apps for Physical Activity in Low Socioeconomic Status Youth" (2016). Faculty Publications. 3726.


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Does trazodone lower the seizure threshold? (5+ factors)
In this article, we will discuss whether trazodone can lower a seizure threshold or not. Furthermore, we'll explore the potential link between trazodone and seizures, what research suggests on this, factors contributing to increased seizure activity from trazodone, who is more at risk and how to manage and prevent seizures while taking trazodone.
Does trazodone lower the seizure threshold?
Yes, trazodone may be associated with lowering the seizure threshold. However, this is not a commonly reported side effect of trazodone but may occur rarely, especially at higher doses. (1)
Trazodone, an antidepressant, is approved by the FDA for treating patients with major depressive disorders. It may also be used off-label to promote sleep quality in people struggling with insomnia. It is classified as a serotonin modulator which exerts its effects by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain. This neurotransmitter is crucial for mood and sleep regulation among many other functions. (1)
Seizures are sudden and uncontrollable electrical activity more like a shock in the neurons of the brain that can be characterized by a variety of symptoms including changes in behaviour, jerks or abnormal body movements and partial or complete loss of consciousness. (2)
A lower seizure threshold may be referred to as a condition in which a person is more susceptible to experiencing seizures, such as the brain is more easily triggered into electrical shock (seizures) as compared to people with a higher seizure threshold. (2)
If you have a history of seizures or epilepsy or you're concerned about the potential for seizures while taking trazodone, it's advisable to consult a healthcare provider for further detailed guidance in this regard.
How does trazodone cause seizures?
The exact mechanism by which trazodone might cause seizures is not clearly understood and it is considered a relatively rare side effect. However, it is believed that while acting as a serotonin modulator, trazodone may influence the activity of other neurotransmitter systems and their imbalances and fluctuations may contribute to abnormal electrical activity in the brain called seizures. (1,3)
Trazodone is known to inhibit the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain leading to increased serotonin levels in the synpatic clefts. While serotonin is considered to have anticonvulsant properties, the sudden fluctuations in its levels and alterations in receptor activity, especially with higher doses of trazodone can sometimes cause pro-convulsant effects due to altered electrical activity in the brain. (3)
Trazodone is also associated with the blocking of alpha-adrenergic receptors which may play a crucial role in the control of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine. The alterations in the balance of these neurotransmitters can contribute to seizure activity. Other than this trazodone also tends to interact with histamine and dopamine and interactions with these chemicals, particularly at high doses may lead to the excitability of neurons producing convulsive shocks. (1)
What does research suggest?
According to a research study, the researchers performed a trial to determine if there's a connection between the use of antidepressants like trazodone and the risk of seizures or epilepsy. They observed the data of 238,963 people who were diagnosed with depression from age 20-64 years in the UK. (3)
During the first 5 years of tracking, the researchers found that around 0.37% of these people (878 individuals) developed epilepsy or experienced mild to moderate and even severe seizures. They further concluded that the risk of seizures is high equally with all types of antidepressants commonly prescribed among the population. According to reports the top 5 antidepressants with the highest risk of seizures in the first 5 years of this trial include trazodone (with 95% risk) among others. (3)
This study shows the high risk of developing epilepsy or seizures with the use of antidepressants, especially at higher doses for prolonged time.
What factors may increase seizure activity while using trazodone?
Certain factors may increase the likelihood of seizure activity in individuals using trazodone. These factors include: (4)
Higher doses of trazodone may increase the risk of seizure activities in a person compared to lower doses.
Some people may be more sensitive to experiencing epileptic seizures while using trazodone than others because of variations in their genetic makeup, personal or family history of seizures or other neurological conditions.
Trazodone can interact with certain medications, especially those affecting the levels of neurotransmitters that control the electrical activity of the brain, such interactions may lead to an increased risk of seizures. For example, certain SSRIs or SNRIs such as Celexa, Effexor, Prozac etc affect the levels of serotonin and may lead to seizures as a side effect in rare cases with high doses.
Alcohol and substance use:
The overconsumption of alcohol or using recreational drugs and other substances of abuse like cocaine, heroin, marijuana etc in excessive quantity can significantly lower the seizure threshold of a person and amplify the risk of seizures.
Underlying medical conditions:
If you have a pre-existing neurological condition like brain injury, tumor etc then the chances of experiencing seizures as a side effect of trazodone can be exacerbated.
If you have certain metabolic conditions or imbalances like low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia), insufficient electrolyte levels or dehydration, you may have a lower seizure threshold and may most likely experience it using high doses of trazodone.
If you try to stop the use of trazodone abruptly without gradually tapering it off, you may experience seizures as a withdrawal side effect of the medication.
Older people may be at more risk of experiencing seizures related to trazodone use because their body gets weak over time and most of the physiological functions decline with age, leading to a reduced seizure threshold.
How to manage and prevent seizures while using trazodone?
It's very crucial to maintain your overall physical and mental health while taking trazodone. Keep in touch with your healthcare provider and set up timely follow-up visits for frequent monitoring and evaluation of your health status. Stick to the recommended dosage regimen and don't alter the dose or time of your medication on your own, nor stop using it abruptly without informing your doctor to avoid withdrawal side effects including seizures. (1)
If you experience any unusual symptoms or seizure-like activity seek out immediate medical attention as time is crucial in this regard. Stay calm and if you are conscious enough note down the time when the seizure starts and how long it lasts. This information can be helpful to your doctor. If the seizures are determined to be related to trazodone use, your doctor might adjust the treatment plan or explore alternative medications with a better safety profile. (4)
You must ensure to always prioritize your safety and adopt some healthy lifestyle modifications that positively influence your treatment plan and overall health like regular physical exercises including running or cardio, practising techniques to manage your stress like yoga or meditation, eating nutrient-rich food and avoiding excessive drinking of alcohol and other substances that may increase the chances of side effects. (2)
As a pharmacist, in my opinion, trazodone is a well-tolerated antidepressant in most adult patients and not a lot of people with adjusted doses come up with complaints of seizures. It is a must to follow the prescribed dose and not prolong the treatment duration as suggested by your healthcare provider.
Was this helpful?
National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus Drug Information, Seizures. [Internet] Available from: _URL_
Hill T, Coupland C, Morriss R, Arthur A, Moore M, Hippisley-Cox J. Antidepressant use and risk of epilepsy and seizures in people aged 20 to 64 years: cohort study using a primary care database. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Dec 17;15:315. doi: 10.1186/s12888-_PHONE_-9. PMID: 26678837; PMCID: PMC4683813. Available from: _URL_


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Learning targets: prewriting, idea development, synthesis, writing fast
- Make a list of 10 academic challenges that first-year college students might face in their first semester college.
- Choose three of those challenges to focus on. For each challenge, write a paragraph that describes the challenge in a way that readers will easily recognize it. This paragraph might include a scenario or information on the causes of the challenge. For each challenge, write another paragraph that outlines the knowledge, strategies, and habits that a student would need to overcome the challenge. In this second paragraph, include the names of experts you could draw on to coach a student facing that particular challenge. You should end up with 6 chunky paragraphs.


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Google ImagesScrabble Tiles
Download this one here
Download this document a scrabble board! created by _USER_
|A lot of these are now floating around on Twitter! This is where you seen it first! :)|
What to do:
Place these images on the students desksas they walk in ask them to...
- Think of as many words as they can
- Make up a word linked to the lesson objective
- Make up as many words linked to the last lesson and so on...
The difference is however, the tiles have scoresso students then figure out who has made up a word with the most points.
Get students to make words up to a certain value that you present them with (Make sure it is achievable!) Ask students to figure out other students scores?
Make a bonus prizeif the student makes up the word you have decidedgive them a prize!
Get students to make tiles up for others?
Use magnetic Scrabble Tiles!!
Here are some adaptations!
Labels: Literacy, plenary, starter


How To Make Flavored Salts
Cooking Lessons from The Kitchn
From the ingredients you use to the foods you put them on, flavored salts are wide open to your imagination. Start with a flaky salt, add herbs, spices, or other ingredients, and you have a quick, unique way to season everything from sliced tomatoes to chocolate cakes. They make wonderful edible gifts, too.
Here's a step-by-step recipe with basic ratios to get you started, plus tips for how to use seasoned salts, and a few of our favorite ingredient combinations.
What You Need
Basic formula: Start with a ratio of 1 teaspoon flavorings per 1/4 cup salt. Increase flavorings to taste.
Salt: Coarser, flakier salts are preferable for their texture and appearance. Try kosher salt (least expensive option), Maldon salt, or fleur de sel. If all you have is regular table salt, you can use that with a higher proportion of flavorings.
Flavorings: Use your imagination! Think herbs, spices, chile peppers, citrus peel, edible flowers, tea leaves or powder (matcha), mushrooms, dehydrated fruits and vegetables (garlic, onions, tomatoes). Flavor ingredients should be dry in order to prevent clumping; see instructions below.
Measuring cups and spoons
Oven / food dehydrator (optional)
Mortar and pestle / coffee or spice grinder / food processor (optional)
Baking sheet (optional)
Airtight container
1. Prepare flavorings: Ingredients should be dry and small (ground, chopped, flaked).
If necessary, dry ingredients in the oven at a low temperature (150-200°F) or in a dehydrator.
- Fresh herbs may be air or oven dried, dehydrated, or microwaved.
- Citrus such as lemon, orange, and lime may be grated or peeled into strips before drying in the oven or dehydrator. You can also use whole, dried citrus slices.
- Instructions for oven drying fresh mushrooms may be found here.
2. Combine flavorings and salt: Start with 1 teaspoon flavorings and 1/4 cup salt. Combine using your fingers, a mortar and pestle, or pulse in a coffee or spice grinder or food processor. Mix well but avoid pulverizing the salt. Taste and increase the amount of flavorings, if desired.
3. Store: Store salt in an airtight container. Ideally, let it sit at least a day before using. Intensity of flavor will diminish over time, but it can last for up to a year.
4. Use: The potential uses are endless! Try sprinkling flavored salts on...
Avocado toast
- Brownies
- Fruit salad (just a little bit!)
Fried foods like tempura and french fries
- Grilled meats
- Poached or scrambled eggs
- Popcorn
- Fresh ricotta or baked feta (serve as an appetizer with bread)
- Rims of cocktail glasses
- Roasted vegetables
- Sliced tomatoes
- Soups and stews
Additional Notes:
A few great combinations to try:
Chile-Lime Salt: 1/4 cup salt + 1 teaspoon red pepper flakes + 1 teaspoon dried lime zest + 1/4 teaspoon smoked paprika
Citrus-Rosemary Salt: 1/4 cup salt + 1/2 teaspoon dried lemon zest + 1/2 teaspoon dried orange zest + 1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary
Lavender Salt: 1/4 cup salt + 1 teaspoon dried lavender buds
Saffron-Fennel Salt: 1/4 cup salt + 1/4 teaspoon saffron threads + 1 teaspoon fennel seeds
Vanilla-Cinnamon Salt: 1/4 cup salt + seeds from 1 vanilla bean + 1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
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Submit your own tutorials or ideas here!
(Images: Emily Ho)


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The seemingly simple task of deleting an Exchange Server database can sometimes be less than simple. I've seen...
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a number of situations in which Exchange Server appears to have trouble letting go of unwanted databases. So what do you do when you can't delete a database?
The most common cause for this problem is that Exchange Server won't allow you to delete a mailbox database if that database contains an existing user mailbox. Determine which mailboxes exist within the database and then move those mailboxes to a different database.
To get a list of the user mailboxes that exist within a database, enter the following command into the Exchange Management Shell, but replace with the actual mailbox database name:
Get-Mailbox –Database ""
If you determine that the database contains user mailboxes, you can issue a move request for those mailboxes by using this command:
Get-Mailbox –Database "" | New-MoveRequest –TargetDatabase ""
Exchange Server 2013 also makes use of public folder mailboxes. To remove a public folder mailbox, you'll use the same method as you do to remove user mailboxes, but you'll need to use the PublicFolder switch. For example, if you wanted to see a list of public folder mailboxes, you would use the following command:
Get-Mailbox – Database "" –PublicFolder
Similarly, use this command to move a public folder mailbox:
Get-Mailbox –Database "" –PublicFolder | New-MoveRequest –TargetDatabase ""
Notice that I didn't have to use the PublicFolder switch in the New-MoveRequest cmdlet.
It's not just user mailboxes and public folder mailboxes that can be problematic. Archive mailboxes can also cause problems. Exchange Server tries to help you by showing an error message that actually lists the command used to view a list of archive databases. The command Microsoft provides is:
Get-Mailbox –Database DatabaseID –Archive
However, this command doesn't always work as it should. A workaround is to run the Get-Mailbox cmdlet and filter the output based on the ArchiveDatabase attribute. This means compiling a list of mailboxes where the archive database attribute matches the name of the database you're trying to delete.
As an example, imagine you need to delete a database called "DB1." If you wanted to see a list of all the archive mailboxes within the database, you could use a command like this:
Get-Mailbox | Where-ArchiveDatabase –eq "DB1"
Moving mailboxes after they've been identified
Identifying the archive mailboxes is only the first step in deleting an Exchange Server database. Once those mailboxes have been identified, they need to be moved.
Once again, this can be accomplished using a move request. The New-MoveRequest command can be appended to the command that was used to identify the archive mailboxes. The full command might look like this:
Get-Mailbox | Where-ArchiveDatabase –eq "" | New-MoveRequest –ArchiveOnly –ArchiveTargetDatabase ""
Notice that this time the move request used the ArchiveTargetDatabase switch instead of the TargetDatabase switch. We also used the ArchiveOnly switch.
Once you remove the mailboxes from a database, you should be able to delete the database from the Exchange Administrative Center. However, because you are already in the Exchange Management Shell, it might be easier to remove the database using the command line:
Remove-MailboxDatabase –Identity ""
The key to being able to remove a mailbox database is to make sure there are no mailboxes in the database. Although this tip focuses on moving mailboxes to another server, you can delete the mailboxes using the Remove-Mailbox command.
About the author:
Brien Posey is an eight-time Microsoft MVP for his work with Windows Server, IIS, Exchange Server and file system storage technologies. Brien has served as CIO for a nationwide chain of hospitals and healthcare facilities, and was once responsible for IT operations at Fort Knox. He has also served as a network administrator for some of the nation's largest insurance companies.
Dig Deeper on Microsoft Exchange Server Mailbox Management


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From the very first track, "Body," one can hear how the physicality of the instruments have imbued the sound's texture. The physical characteristics of the metal strings create a layer of dynamic juxtaposition to the grinding timbres emerging around them. The broody "Ascent," features the album's clearest call-and-response between the stringed instrument and the drum, barking and thudding back and forth at one another. Evident in tracks such as "Border" and "Speak," Emptyset uses basic rhythmic structures drawn from an array of broad cultural practices, expressed neutrally and without overemphasis on the source. Taken as a whole Borders distills the duo's inspirations to their essence and the resulting music is as raw as it is captivating.
(και σταματας και παιρνεις 2 κουλουρια απο την κυρια στη βενιζελου)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
This is a re-post on a previous question I asked. My first question was too vague to warrant detailed responses. Really, I have two specific questions to ask.
1) Let $\sigma = (A; \{0,1\}; +, \times)$ be a signature. Form the language $L(\sigma)$ over $\sigma$. Let $T$ be the theory of commutative rings and let $M$ be a model of this theory. We can realize localization in the model $M$ by specifying a class of formulas in our language $$K = \{s_x \ \mid \ x \in A - (0)\}, \quad \mbox{where}\ s_x = [\exists x, \ x = x]$$ and then for each $x$ defining a formula $s_{x}^{-1} = \exists y, xy = 1$. Adding $s_{x}^{-1}$ to our theory $T$, call it $T_x$ and then taking a model $N$ of $T_x$ with the property that there is a monomorphism $M \rightarrow N$ will realize $N$ as a localization of $M$. My first question is whether or not this is right way, for a logician to think about localization of a commutative ring?
2) It seems to me that it should be possible to extend this construction to other languages by specifying an appropriate class $K$ and formula's $s_{x}^{-1}$. In particular, this should work for non-commutative rings.
In summary, what can be said about localization in a first order language?
Edit Actually, in 1), I still have a problem. Specifying a monomorphism $M \rightarrow N$ is not accurate because $M$ may not be integral. Actually, I need to specify a map $M \rightarrow N$ by a universal property.
share|improve this question
Is your question along the lines of "Is there a model-theoretic construction of the localization?" or is it along the lines of "How much of 'X is the localization of Y' can be expressed in first-order logic?" Also, what is $[\exists x = x]$? And if $T_x$ is supposed to be the result of adding $s_x^{-1}$ for all $x \in A \setminus ${$0$}, then $T_x$ is a confusing notation for this. – Amit Kumar Gupta Apr 18 '11 at 5:01
Also, in question 2, you talk about extending "this construction." However, in question 1 you didn't produce any construction that I can see. Which construction are you talking about? – Amit Kumar Gupta Apr 18 '11 at 5:06
oops. Instead of $\exists x =x $ I mean $\exists x, \ x =x$. I am not sure what $X$ and $Y$ are in your post though. We have a theory $T$ The construction is to choose an appropriate class of formulas $K$ and then for each $f \in K$ define an appropriate formula $f^{-1}$ in $L(\sigma)$. Then add $f^{-1}$ to $T$ to obtain a new theory $T_f$. Given a model $M$ of $T$ and a model $N$ of $T_f$, we would also need $N$ to solve specific universal problem in $L(\sigma)$. Meaning that we should have a morphism $M \rightarrow N$ with some specific properties. – Andrew Stout Apr 18 '11 at 14:05
Why would you want to add a formula $\exists x (x = x)$, this formula says nothing other than that the structure is non-empty. And again, do you mean $T_f$ to be the result of adding all $f \in X$ to $T$, or just a single $f \in K$? X and Y were nothing in particular. Ignore my questions about the technical details, the main thing is to understand your question: Do you want to know if there's a model-theoretic construction of the localization, or do you want to know how much of "something is the localization of something else" can e expressed in first order logic? – Amit Kumar Gupta Apr 18 '11 at 14:46
What is the role of the set $A$? Is it a set of constants in the language that you intent to use as the multiplicative set used as the denominators in the normal construction of a localization? I'm not sure how you can proceed without 1) a predicate expressing the set of denominators, and 2) a sentence expressing the equivalence relation between fractions with denominators from this set. – Scott McKuen Apr 18 '11 at 15:07
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
EDIT: At the bottom, I'll explain how, if you have a ring $R$ and a subset $A$ of $R$, how you can construct a theory such that any model of that theory contains a copy of $R$ such that the copies of elements of $A$ are units.
First, let me comment on a couple issues with the approach you're taking. Then I'll try to resolve these issues by answering your question, but since I'm not 100% sure what your question is I'll give two answers.
Some technical issues: The formula $\exists x, x = x$ doesn't say anything, it just says "there's something which is equal to itself," which essentially just says "there is something." Furthermore, this formula is only well-formed when $x$, is a variable, it doesn't make sense to say it when you're picking $x$ to be some element of your ring, it would be like saying $\exists 4, 4 = 4$. Also, this formula doesn't depend on $x$ the way I think you expect it to. The formulas $\exists x, x = x$ and $\exists y, y = y$ are essentially the same, much like how $\int f(x) dx$ and $\int f(y) dy$ are the same.
I understand what you're trying to do with your theory $T_x$ (or $T_f$ in the comments), it's supposed to be a theory such that any model has an inverse for all the $x \in A \setminus${$0$}. The theory you've constructed won't work for various reasons, some of which can be fixed and some can't. One problem is there's nothing to ensure that a model of $T_x$ has a copy of your original $M$, but this can be fixed. Another problem is that there's no guarantee that $T_x$ has a model at all. Or rather, there is a guarantee, and that guarantee comes from the already known fact in commutative ring theory that localizations exists, but model theory is not doing any work for you here. Similarly, model theory does nothing to guarantee that any resulting model will satisfy the desired universal property.
Now here's how we might try to salvage your approach, and use model theory to "construct" the localization. I won't go into full detail here since I'm not sure this is what you want to know, but if you want more details just ask and I'll edit my post accordingly (edit: I've added some details at the end). The vague outline is this: Forget the universal property for now. Pick an appropriate signature, and theory in this signature, such that a model of this theory would give you the desired object - in this case a commutative ring $N$ into which $M$ embeds such that the image of $A$ under this embedding is contained in the set of units of $N$. Then, show that every finite subset of this theory has a model, which will essentially amount to showing that you can produce a localization (minus the universal property) for any finite subset of $A$. At this point, the Compactness Theorem will give a model of your entire theory, and you'll have your $N$ (and implicitly, your embedding).
There's a couple problems here. First, how would you tackle the stage where you need to be able to show that you can produce a localization (minus the univ. prop.) for finite subsets of $A$? I would use one of the standard ring-theoretic proofs of the existence of the localization. But these proofs are sufficiently general that it's just as easy to apply them to the whole of $A$ as it is to apply them to any finite subset of $A$. In other words, if you're going to have to use a ring-theoretic proof of the existence of localizations at some point in a model-theoretic construction of the localization, why do any of the model theory in the first place and apply your ring-theoretic proof directly to $A$?
More crucially, we have a problem with the universal property. There's no way to express the universal property in first-order language in such a way that the result of applying the Compactness Theorem has the desired universal property. If we are working in a much richer structure (e.g. a model of ZFC) where we can talk about rings and the elements of rings both as objects in our universe, then we can express, in a first-order way, that $N$ is the localization $A^{-1}M$, including saying everything we need to about the universal property. This is just an instance of the fact


text: Cantarini was a prolific etcher. At least 37 plates of mythological, religious and allegorical subjects have been ascribed to him, all of exceptional quality. His prints were praised in his lifetime for their extraordinary delicacy and vibrant and luminous quality. Cantarini followed a set procedure in the design and creation of his prints: he would start with a general sketch of the composition in pen or pencil. After having studied the details of the composition one by one, he traced the design in red stone, with the details defined. The design was then replicated in pen in its final dimensions using a grid and then transferred on a copper plate and etched.


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"Your mouse is a database."
The futures and promises from Chapter 4, Asynchronous Programming with Futures and Promises, push concurrent programming to a new level. First, they avoid blocking when transferring the result of the computation from the producer to the consumer. Second, they allow you to idiomatically compose simple future objects into more complex ones, resulting in programs that are more concise. Futures encapsulate patterns of asynchronous communication in a way that is clear and easily understandable.
One disadvantage of futures is that they can only deal with a single result. For HTTP requests or asynchronous computations that compute a single value, futures...


text:
The FunnelEnvy platform allows B2B marketers to easily create audiences based on data sources and deploy those audiences to their campaign platforms in real time. As the "marketing data layer" this allows you to move prospects through the customer journey faster through more relevant, cross-channel campaigns.
The core concepts in FunnelEnvy to understand are:
- Audiences - The customer segments & stages associated with the customer journey based based on sources of data (collections)
- Collections - A group of related data attributes. These can be Integrated, Custom or Premium collections.
- Integrated Collections - External sources of data (e.g. Demandbase, Marketo, Eloqua)
- Custom Collections - Custom collections can contain any relevant data to be used for classification that is specific to the business. Often used for behavioral actions - these could indicate the content that a user has visited on the site.
- Premium Collections - You may have premium collections as part of your subscription, such as the "Account" collection which has firmograpghic information.
- Attributes - The fields within a collection that can be used to classify a user into an audience.
- Audience Destinations - Once audiences are defined they can be sent to "destinations", which are generally the platforms where audiences are defined (e.g. Optimizely or AdRoll).


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Summary: Solid carbon dioxide is added to a large beaker of water containing universal indicator. As the CO2 dissolves, the indicator changes from neutral (green) to acidic (orange).
Dry Ice is extemely cold, use gloves or tongs when handling.
Chemicals and Solutions:
universal indicator solution
2 lbs. dry ice
25 mL of 0.l M NaOH solution
6 M NaOH solution
4 liter beaker of water
Add univeral indicator solution to the water and make the solution purple by adding some 0.1 M NaOH solution. Then just start adding dry ice to the solution. The dry ice will sublime causing the solution to bubble and it will also dissolve in the water forming carbonic acid causing the indicator to change colors as the solution becomes more and more acidic. The solution will change from purple to blue to green to yellow to orange and finally to red. Once the red color is reached 6M NaOH can be added to take the color back up to purple and the cycle can begin again.


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Medical Officers at Kandahar, 1881
This photograph of 24 medical officers of the Southern Afghanistan Field Force in Kandahar is from an album of rare historical photographs depicting people and places associated with the Second Anglo-Afghan War. It is estimated that at least 30 surgeon officers accompanied the field force in 1880 in the fighting that culminated at the Battle of Kandahar. The men pictured here were withdrawn from Kandahar by April 1881. The Second Anglo-Afghan War began in November 1878 when Great Britain, fearful of what it saw as growing Russian influence in Afghanistan, invaded the country from British India. The first phase of the war ended in May 1879 with the Treaty of Gandamak, which permitted the Afghans to maintain internal sovereignty but forced them to cede control over their foreign policy to the British. Fighting resumed in September 1879, after an anti-British uprising in Kabul, and finally concluded in September 1880 with the decisive Battle of Kandahar. The album includes portraits of British and Afghan leaders and military personnel, portraits of ordinary Afghan people, and depictions of British military camps and activities, structures, landscapes, and cities and towns. The sites shown are all located within the borders of present-day Afghanistan or Pakistan (a part of British India at the time). About a third of the photographs were taken by John Burke (circa 1843–1900), another third by Sir Benjamin Simpson (1831–1923), and the remainder by several other photographers. Some of the photographs are unattributed. The album possibly was compiled by a member of the British Indian government, but this has not been confirmed. How it came to the Library of Congress is not known.
Title in Original Language
Medical Officers at Kandahar 1881
Type of Item
1 photographic print in an album : albumen
- "The Second Anglo-Afghan War 1878–1880 and the March from Kabul to Kandahar," _URL_
Last updated: September 30, 2016


Functions commonly have multi-character names - mainly acronyms - in cryptography, much more so than in math. The question is how we can best format these methods in LaTeX? If we don't do anything then they seem to consist of multiple symbols (indicating, perhaps, multiplication) in italics.
For example $KDF$ will look like three separate characters, K, D and F (in a different font of course).
The \operatorname command works well for this purpose, and I think it's the most appropriate choice. It disables italics, prevents hyphens from being converted into minus signs, and more.
Example: HMAC-SHA256(k, m) can be typeset using $\operatorname{HMAC-SHA256}(k,m)$.
screenshot of example
Unfortunately, \operatorname is a lot to type. Usually, a document would use \DeclareMathOperator once at the beginning to define shorter command names for common operators. This actually works on Crypto SE:
Now $\hmac(k,m)$ will be rendered just like $\operatorname{HMAC}(k,m)$.
The first line defines a new command \hmac, and the second line uses it.
This might be worthwhile if you're writing a long answer, but it seems like overkill in most cases. Maybe Crypto SE could eventually declare some popular operators automatically?
Even without \DeclareMathOperator, there are still some shorter options. I think the semantics of these commands are less appropriate, but that's not the end of the world.
 - \text: Does not space things out as nicely as \operatorname does.
 - \mathrm: Does not handle hyphens properly, so HMAC-SHA256 is rendered as "HMAC minus SHA256". Same spacing problem as \text.
Personally, I've been using \text on Crypto SE. That's out of laziness: I think \operatorname (or declaring a custom operator command) is a better choice.
 - $\begingroup$ Been abusing \text too… thanks for the pointer towards \operatorname which indeed seems to be a better fit. $\endgroup$ – e-sushi Feb 16 '16 at 23:29
 - $\begingroup$ I presume we cannot use \DeclareMathOperator on Crypto.SE with all the small snippets of LaTeX? $\endgroup$ – Maarten Bodewes Feb 21 '16 at 14:38
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ I added some details on that $\endgroup$ – Tim McLean Feb 22 '16 at 2:43
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text:
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Название: A note on the Risch differential equation
Автор: Kaltofen E.
This paper relates to the technique of integrating a function in a purely transcendental regular elementary Uouville extension by prescribing degree bounds for the transcendentals and then solving linear systems over the constants. The problem of finding such bounds explicitly remains yet to be solved due to the so-called third possibilities in the estimates for the degrees given in R. Risch's original algorithm.
Vie prove that in the basis case in which we have only exponentials of rational functions, the bounds arising from the third possibilities axe again degree bounds of the inputs. This result provides an algorithm for solving the differential equation у' + f'у = g in у where f, g and у are rational functions over an arbitrary constant Held. This new algorithm can be regarded as a direct generalization of the algorithm by E. Horowitz for computing the rational pari of the integral of a rational function (i.e. f' = 0), though its correctness proof is quite different.


text:
EPIDEMICS of poliomyelitis usually start about the time fruits and vegetables begin to ripen. This is true not only for epidemics in the north, but also for those in the south temperate zone.1
Many patients with poliomyelitis admitted to City Hospital, Cleveland, gave a history of eating fruits just prior to the onset of the disease and often spontaneously connected the eating of fruits with the disease.
One of us (Toomey) has often suggested that the virus which causes the infection could be carried into the gastrointestinal tract either in or on food. He has made numerous, but unsuccessful, attempts to initiate and to propagate the disease in animals by injecting extracts or washings from fruits and vegetables.2 Peaches are frequently implicated by the laity, and these stone fruits are often infected with viruses. It occurred to us that Prunus virus I (peach yellows), or some other virus


text:
Gay messages built into school maths lessons for children as young as FOUR
Controversial: Children will be taught about gay issues in maths, English, science and geography lessons (picture posed by models)
Young children are to be taught about homosexuality in their maths, geography, science and English lessons, it has emerged.
As part of a Government-backed drive to 'celebrate the gay community', maths problems could be introduced that involve gay characters.
In geography classes, students will be asked why homosexuals move from the countryside to cities – and words such as 'outing' and 'pride', will be used in language classes.
The lesson plans are designed to raise awareness about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual issues and, in theory, could be used for children as young as four.
They will also mean youngsters are exposed to images of same-sex couples and books such as And Tango Makes Three, which tells the story of two male penguins raising a chick, which was inspired by events at New York's Central Park Zoo.
Meanwhile, statistics students may use census data on the number of homosexuals in England.
However critics warn that the drive is an unnecessary use of resources and distracts attention from learning, as British schools tumble down international league tables in maths, English and science. Although the lesson plans are not compulsory, they are backed by the Department for Education and will be available for schools to download from the Schools Out website.
Sue Sanders, from Schools Out, said: 'All we are attempting to do is remind teachers that LGBT people are part of the population and you can include them in most of your lessons when you are thinking inclusively.'
David Watkins, a teacher who is involved in the scheme, said: 'When you have a maths problem, why does it have to involve a straight family or a boyfriend and girlfriend? Why not two boys or two girls?
'It's not about teaching about gay sex, it is about exposing children to the idea that there are other types of people out there,' he added.
However, Craig Whittaker, who is a Conservative MP and a member of the education select committee, said: 'We are too far down the national comparative league tables in core subjects. Teachers should concentrate on those again.
Same sex: Geography lessons will explain why homosexuals move to
cities and language classes will teach gay vocabulary (picture posed by models)
'This is not about being homophobic, because there are other schemes around the education which support the LGBT agenda.'
John O'Connell, of campaign group the TaxPayers' Alliance, said: 'Parents will wonder if this is a right use of funds and time, particularly when we keep hearing how tight budgets are.'
The plans are funded by a £35,000 grant from education quango the Training And Development Agency For Schools. They will be launched in February at the start of LGBT History Month.
A Department for Education spokesman added: 'These are optional teaching materials.
'It is for head and teacher to choose the most appropriate teaching resources to help promote equality and tolerance.'
LGBT History Month started in 2005 and has previously focused more on raising awareness of prominent figures said to be homosexual.
A list on its website includes Hadrian the Roman emperor and Michaelangelo the Renaissance painter.


text:
The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in India with funding from the Laudes Foundation has been supporting an organic cotton farming programme in three districts of the Nimar Region in Madhya Pradesh where cotton is a major crop and a key source of income for the predominant tribal communities.
In this context, the Aga Khan Foundation commissioned us to conduct a longitudinal study (collecting data from 2021, 2022 and 2023 cropping cycles) to:
- Assess the comparative impact of organic and conventional cotton farming, in terms of farm incomes, cotton productivity, environmental impact (water, soil, carbon emissions) and the overall quality of life of cotton farming families in Madhya Pradesh's Nimar region
- Identify the key determinants of cotton productivity (e.g., seed quality, access to irrigation, soil type/ soil health, access to other inputs) and the contribution of these key determinants to the productivity of organic cotton and conventional cotton.
For this study, we have been using a 'follow-up longitudinal design (panel survey)' along with mixed-method data collection approach (quantitative: face to face interviews and qualitative: in-depth interviews and focused group discussions) following sequential explanatory design of data collection. Our detailed scope of work includes:
- Finalisation of the three farming cohorts for data collection across the three years (2021, 2022, 2023)
- Finalisation of the indicators and the process for collecting data for each of these indicators
- Mapping of primary and secondary data collection sources
- Comparative analysis of BT and non-BT cotton farms with respect to pesticide and chemical fertiliser consumption, water use, labour requirement, cotton productivity and incomes earned from cotton
- Comparative analysis of organic and BT cotton plots on soil
- Co-relation assessment and analysis of trends in cotton and other crop production and productivity across the years covering all seasons based on farmers' practices
- Identification of key determinants of cotton and contribution of these key determinants to the productivity of organic cotton and conventional cotton.


text:
TRTHH_LN: Total time spent during activity providing secondary childcare for household children < 13 (in minutes)
Total time spent during activity providing secondary childcare for household children < 13 (in minutes) [Edited Universe: All activities for respondents with at least one household child < 13]
Notes: TRTHH_LN is the maximum for the activity of the following variables: TRTOHH_LN and TRTNOHH_LN
Based upon 261,307 valid cases out of 261,307 total cases.
- mean: 5.76
- minimum: -1
- maximum: 1195
- standard deviation: 25.91
Location: 55-62 (width: 8; decimal: 0)
Variable Type: numeric
Source: This variable was taken from: American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 2009.
Copyright: ICPSR has an FAQ on copyright and survey instruments.


Organic Nitrogen Sources for Sweetpotatoes: Production Potential and Economic Feasibility
Project Overview
Project Type: Research and Education
Funds awarded in 1992: $105,000.00
Projected End Date: 12/31/1995
Matching Non-Federal Funds: $50,720.00
ACE Funds: $15,000.00
Region: Southern
State: North Carolina
Principal Investigator:
Wanda W. Collins
North Carolina State University, Horticultural Science
Annual Reports
 - Agronomic: general grain crops
 - Production Systems: general crop production
 Crimson clover, used as a winter cover crop, was tested as a source of nitrogen fertilizer to grow sweetpotatoes. Winter green manures offer a more stable soil nitrogen supply due to the time involved in decomposition to release nutrients, and have the potential to decrease nitrate leaching. Clover resulted in yields equivalent to the commercially recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer. Measures of sweetpotato quality, including the storability and sprouting of roots the following spring for plant production, were the same for clover and inorganic fertilizer. In one location root protein levels were lower resulting from the clover treatment than the fertilizer treatment, but since yields were the same, and there is no premium for protein, the value of the sweetpotatoes was the same. In other tests crimson clover supplied as much or more N than the commercial fertilizer recommendation with no differences in root protein.
 Crimson clover was also tested as a nitrogen source in two year rotational systems of corn followed by sweetpotatoes and sweetpotatoes followed by corn. It was compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, half the recommended rate and the recommended rate for both crops and analyzed to see if there was any nitrogen carryover from one crop to the next that resulted in yield differences. High indigenous nitrogen fertility of the soils resulted in yield decreases due to the addition of either source of nitrogen in the first year for the sweetpotatoes. In the second year there were no differences in sweetpotato yield for any of the nitrogen levels. Corn fertility in the first year did not affect the performance of the sweetpotatoes in the second year. Corn yield resulting from crimson clover incorporated just prior to corn planting was the same as the commercial nitrogen fertilizer rate in both years. However, there was a statistically significant reduction of corn yield following sweetpotatoes grown using crimson clover in the first year of the rotation. Nitrogen levels in the grain were the same as in the fertilizer treatment, indicating that nitrogen was present during grain maturation, but the corn matured slightly earlier, suggesting a delay in nitrogen availability, and hence a lower grain yield. This effect could not be separated out in the second test, and requires further investigation to see if it is consistent. Excluding this possible second year effect, crimson clover was sufficient as the sole source of nitrogen fertilizer for both corn and sweetpotato production.
 An economic analysis on the sweetpotato-corn and corn-sweetpotato rotations revealed inconsistent results. This was due in a large part to the high nitrogen fertility of the soils, such that adding nitrogen fertilizer caused sweetpotato yield reductions during the first year. The value and costs involved in sweetpotato production were much greater than those of the corn such that the profitability (or lack of) of the sweetpotatoes dominated the economic analysis. The only two year treatments that were better than using the commercial levels of nitrogen fertilizer were where sweetpotatoes were grown in the first year with no nitrogen fertilizer. In the second year, where sweetpotatoes followed corn, there were positive responses to nitrogen fertilizer. Adding no fertilizer was less profitable than adding some. The most profitable treatment was using crimson clover in the first year for corn followed by half the commercial rate of inorganic fertilizer for sweetpotatoes the second year. This resulted in a premium of $1751 over the commercial practice of using nitrogen fertilizer for both crops. The best rate of return per dollar was for the no nitrogen for corn – half nitrogen for sweetpotato treatment, which returned $1214 per hectare. Net economic gains of $1,000 or more per hectare were realized through nine of the twenty-four alternative nitrogen treatment-rotation strategies evaluated. Fifteen of the twenty-four treatments resulted in a positive economic change compared with the current practice. A majority of the fifteen positive net economic value changes (nine of fifteen) involved use of a cover crop as part of the alternative treatment. Economic analysis of treatment data indicates that the use of crimson clover as a cover crop would benefit a large number of local growers who rotate corn and sweetpotato in a planting sequence.
 Another study was aimed at investigating the physiological mechanisms involved in nitrogen use by sweetpotatoes. The response of sweetpotatoes to nitrogen fertilizer was split into two components: how well the plant can recover nitrogen from the soil and how well it can convert that nitrogen into storage roots. Clones high in one component are not necessarily high in the other. The concept behind this split is to pick the clones highest in each component and cross them to see if they can be combined into a higher yielding clone. When selection is based on yield only, some of the clones highest for one component are missed, and then so are some of the potentially best breeding combinations. This study measured the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization ability of several sweetpotato varieties and found that there was variation among them for both components. An additional analysis was used to say which component was responsible for most of the variation, allowing breeders to focus resources on the component that will make the most difference. This was dependant on how yield was measured and on the level of nitrogen fertility. Results suggest it is worth making crosses based on the nitrogen components to see if yield ability can be increased and the inheritance of these traits be determined.


text:
Legislated FCSS Requirements
FCSS Program Requirements
Below are some of the guidelines for FCSS programs. For a full listing of programs, services and approaches that generally meet the FCSS Act, please refer to the FCSS Program Advice Inventory (pdf).
FCSS funded programs must also do one or more of the following:
- Help people to develop independence, strengthen coping skills and become more resistant to crisis.
- Help people to develop awareness of social needs.
- Help people to develop interpersonal and group skills which enhance constructive relationships among people.
- Help people and communities to assume responsibility for decisions and actions which affect them.
- Provide supports that help sustain people as active participants in the community.
FCSS must not fund services that:
- Provide primarily for the recreational needs or leisure time pursuits of individuals,
- Offer direct assistance, including money, food, clothing or shelter, to sustain an individual or family,
- Are rehabilitative in nature (as that is in conflict with "prevention"), or
- Duplicate services that are ordinarily provided by a government or government agency.
As is the case with all funded programs, Red Deer and District FCSS is required to meet outcomes and financial accountability as set by the Province. On a random basis, the Red Deer & District FCSS program is audited directly by provincial FCSS staff with the last audit being in 2013.


Last updated November 29, 2011. Created by lzimmerman on November 29, 2011.
Log in to edit this page.
You can use views and a specific, trimmed-down page template to create blocks or pages containing widget content to be viewed in an iframe.
 - Views
 - Page and (optionally) views templates
 - Theme preprocessing functions (preprocess_html and preprocess_page)
 - CSS styles
 1. Define a path specific to widgets.
 Widget layout will be determined by a path on your site, which will contain your widget pages or blocks: for example,
 2. Create views for your widgets
 Create a view for each block or page of widget content, containing only the content you want to display in the widget.
 When creating views pages, make sure the path begins with the argument you're using for widgets.
 For example, if you are using the path /widgets/ for widgets, you might use the page path: /widgets/first-widget
 3. Copy your theme's page.tpl.php to a new template for pages containing any widget-related view. Menus, etc. should be removed from these pages.
 - Here's a sample widget-page template based on the Bartik theme (and named page--widgets.tpl.php):

 if ($page['content']['system_main']['main']) {
 $page_content = $page['content']['system_main']['main']['_TAG_'];
 // Widget pages: add 'parent' target to node links
 $page['content'] = preg_replace('//','',$page_content);

 Page wrapper, header, tabs, and other sections have been removed: only the main content will be displayed in the final iframe.
 Be sure to adjust this section to suit the main-content area of your theme, to preserve basic theme styling as desired.
 The widget-block class has been added to the block content so that the widget can be given a specific size, etc.
 - The example above is based on the suggestion found here:
 A line has also been added to add targets to widget content links, set to 'parent', so that widget links aren't opened inside the iFrame.
 4. You can also alter the views templates themselves as needed. The views template for standard widgets created as pages or blocks is views--view.tpl.php.
 5. Create a page for each of your views blocks, making sure to use your widget-specific path. Assign the blocks to their pages in Structure->Blocks.
 6. Use theme functions to assign a template and body class to your widgets.
 - In yourtheme_preprocess_page, assign your widget page template to all widget pages on the site, according to your selected path:
 function bartik_preprocess_page(&$variables) {
 // Check path to determine widget pages
 $pathargs = explode('/',request_uri());
 if (
 $pathargs[1] == 'widgets') {
 // Use template: page__widgets
 $variables['theme_hook_suggestion'] = 'page__widgets';
 Note that the line beginning "if($pathargs …" will need to be changed according to which section of your path is being checked, and its name.
 - In yourtheme_preprocess_html, add a class to the body of all widget pages for CSS styling (so that you can center widget content, etc., as needed).
 function bartik_preprocess_html(&$variables) {
 // Add a widget-page class to all widget pages, by path
 if (isset($variables['page'])) {
 if (
 $pathargs[1] == 'widgets') {
 $variables['classes_array'][] = 'widget-page';
 You can use additional paths and argument checks here suggest other templates based on size, etc.; e.g. /widgets/300x250/.
 Now your site's widget pages should contain only the views content you have created. (If you're logged in, you will probably see your administrative toolbar also.)
 7. Style your widgets as needed.
 Sample CSS (based on Bartik):
 - This rule may be useful in removing any page background you're using:
 body.widget-page {
 background: transparent;
 - Make sure default page styling doesn't interfere with widget sizing or placement:
 body.widget-page _TAG_, body.widget-page _TAG_-first, body.widget-page _TAG_-second {
 float: none;
 display: block;
 - This rule sets the widget block to a specific size, centered, with a white background and a rounded black border:
 _TAG_.widget-block {
 margin: 0 auto;
 width: 400px;
 text-align: left;
 overflow: hidden;
 background-color: _TAG_;
 border: 1px solid #000;
 border-radius: 7px 7px 7px 7px;
 padding: 5px 10px;
Once the pages are ready, just drop the a widget link into an iframe tag like this one:
(You may need to adjust the widget and iframe size in order to prevent scrollbars from appearing.)


ゴ, コウ, のち, うし.ろ, うしろ, あと, おく.れる, こし, し, しい, しり
behind, back, later
JLPT5 G2 S9 F26
The relevant bronzeware inscription form is an abbreviated form# of (slight power) + an element combining dragging leg/foot and movement → drag along on account of having slight power → *behind*; *late*; *after*. Other extended meanings include *back*; *rear*; *lag*; *late*; *afterward*; *since* (then); *ever since*; *the remainder*; (time) *remaining* and *successor*.
[Full Kanji Etymology List]


Climate Change Brings 60 Million-Year-Old Prehistoric Plant Back to Life
For the first time in 60m years, an ancient plant has produced male and female cones in Britain outdoors. Botanists say this is a sign of global warming.
60 million years ago, the Cycad plant, or Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) grew naturally in the UK. For the first time since then, botanists have been able to produce both male and female cones on Cycads outdoors.
Originally native to Japan, these plants typically prefer warm temperates and grow in subtropical regions. So how come they're back to the UK? Well, apparently it all has to do with climate change.
Back in 2012, botanists at the Ventnor Botanic Gardens on the Isle of Wight produced a male cone outdoors, but it wasn't before 7 years later that a female cone also appeared. This made it possible for the team to transfer pollen and generate seeds for the first time in millions of years!
Male cone (Photo: Stan Shebs [CC BY-SA 3.0])
The Isle of Wight has a microclimate with an average temperature that is several degrees higher than in the rest of the UK, which makes it an ideal setting for growing these prehistoric plants. However, the ability of these plants to now thrive outdoors is an indication that the climate is changing.
"Fifteen, 20 years ago we started growing cycads—it started as an experiment, something you wouldn't normally do," Ventnor Botanic Garden curator Chris Kidd explains. "Fifteen years on, they're not only surviving winters, growing and producing leaves. Five years ago we had a male cycad that produced a cone, and this year we have a male and female both producing cones. The direction of travel with climate change is very profound. We're getting plants that you wouldn't normally get to grow outdoors growing outdoors, cycads producing cones, which is quite extraordinary."
Female cone (Photo: Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0])
The return of the Cycad has been helped by recent European heatwaves. Kidd says they've been able to have to plant more and more types of exotic flora in their botanic gardens due to the rising temperatures. Records kept at the botanic garden show that the highest average temperatures for January 100 years ago were lower than today's lowest average for the same month. As a result, the 27-hectare (67-acre) garden, with a climate milder than any other part of Britain except the Isles of Scilly, is capable of growing plants that would have once been unable to survive a British winter.
While this might sound interesting and exciting at first, for other types of crops and plants these changes in temperature can be devastating.
"It's not something that's happened with a short-term mild spell. It's a longer-term warming which is making these things happen," Kidd said. "The [cycad] plant will have made the decision to commit to cone production [in summer 2018], and that production is set in place to run through over winter and produce the following year.
"Thirty years ago we couldn't have grown them. But these plants have been growing out of doors here in the gardens for 15 years, going through their natural cycles."
Cycas revoluta in spring. Photo: Esculapio [CC BY-SA 2.5])
A relic from ancient times before flowering plants appeared, in its native Japan Cycas revoluta is believed to be pollinated by beetles. In the botanic garden, the plant with a male cone is placead some distance away from the female and the pollen is to be transferred by hand within about a week.
"By crossing them and making seed from them we're doing something that has never been done before in the UK," Kidd pointed out. "We see the undercliff here as being a predictor for the wider British landscape in 20 to 30 years time."
Cycads have only three surviving species of an ancient and largely extinct lineage that has changed little since the Jurassic period. We can safely consider these plants "living fossils" that are now returning to Europe and maybe even Antarctica, as Jurassic-era fossils of specimens strikingly similar to the present-day plants have been found on both continents.
And that, probably, isn't good news.
Sources: 1, 2
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text: Oncocytic tumors of the major salivary glands are rare, accounting for less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. When they do occur, these neoplasms typically present as solitary nodules that affect only one major salivary gland, usually the parotid. Multiple bilateral multinodular tumors are rare. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman with a case of synchronous multiple bilateral multinodular oncocytomas that arose in a background of bilateral oncocytic nodular hyperplasia in the parotid glands. The patient underwent superficial parotid resections, and at the 4-year follow-up, she exhibited no evidence of recurrence.


Tolkien Gateway
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[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]
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[[de:Bard I.]]
[[fi:Bard Jousimies]]
[[fi:Bard Jousimies]]
Revision as of 01:23, 20 August 2008
Bard I
Biographical Information
DeathT.A. 2977
Physical Description
Bard I (died c. Third Age 2977) of Lake-town was one of the most skilled archers among Men and was the heir of Girion, the last king of old Dale. Bard was able to slay the Dragon Smaug with a single arrow after a tip from the old thrush (who had overheard Bilbo Baggins' description of Smaug) revealed an unarmoured spot on the Dragon's underside. Because of his miraculous shot he was given the epithet Bard the Bowman.
Bard claimed a twelfth of the treasure amassed by the dragon, which he subsequently shared with the Master of Lake-town to rebuild the town. However, the Master stole the money and ran off into the wild where he died. Four years later, after the rebuilding of the city, Bard became the first King of restored Dale. His success was chronicled in The Hobbit.
Robert Ireland and Ruth S. Noel provide Celtic origins, bárd ("guardian") and bard ("poet"). However, the language of Dale tends to be translated into Old Norse, not Celtic. In other names (such as Isembard), bard refers to beard. This could be either the facial hair, or more likely "Battle-Axe" (beard is also a term for a part of an axe).
Bard II
Preceded by:
Girion, 174 years earlier
King of Dale
T.A. 29442977
Followed by: