Upward strategies for nonprofit brands
Nonprofit brands are definitely on the rise. Their ascent may have been a bit tentative at first, as they explored the best brand approaches for their organizations, but they're finding effective ways to create and deliver brand value, and to build brand communities. As they move upward, they're also bringing new fundraising options into view.
In this post I'll discuss strategic brand approaches for nonprofit organizations. The time is ripe for such a discussion because many nonprofits have reached a "phase one" of brand development, where they've largely focused on building brand identities to aid in promotion and fundraising. They're now ready to move to a more value-rich level of brand development using brand platforms and programs, and interactive brand communities. Freezing their brands at the identity level carries considerable downside risk.
Topics I'll discuss include:
 1. Moving beyond brand identity
 2. The brand strategy imperative
 3. Building value-based brand programs
 4. The importance of brand context
 5. Brand partnership opportunities
 6. Leveraging the brand community
Three strategy areas for nonprofits
In general, nonprofit strategies fall into three areas:
 1. Strategies for mission effectiveness
 2. Strategies for fundraising
 3. Strategies for partnering and opportunity development
A nonprofit's brand strategy can favorably impact all three areas. Historically, nonprofit brand development (as identity) has often been geared to fundraising, PR and publicity. This is probably the weakest use of brand and brand value. Brand programs produce their greatest results when they're integrated into mission effectiveness (as collaboration tools) and into partnering and opportunity development (as value innovation.)
Moving beyond brand identity
In the nonprofit world the term "brand" has often been understood rather narrowly to mean "brand identity." In this approach, nonprofits that seek to "build their brand" usually seek only an identity package designed to set them apart and make them more attractive to potential donors, sponsors or partners. This will typically include a memorable name, a distinctive logo or mark, a design guide to insure visual, symbolic and thematic consistency in all communications (including a website high in donor appeal), and perhaps a punchy slogan or tag line for positioning.
Once a nonprofit has its identity package in hand it usually considers its brand "done," and is off and running with promotional campaigns.
The brand identity trap
Brands, of course, are much more than identity, and nonprofits that limit their brand building to an identity package may be leaving significant amounts of brand value on the table. They certainly run the risk of making their brand a form of signage rather than a form of community engagement. This can become a serious trap. If their focus on identity leads them to neglect brand programs and platforms, and building brand communities, they are reducing their strategic brand options. They are also leaving themselves vulnerable to competing nonprofits whose richer brand structures and programs make them better suited as strategic development partners.
The brand strategy imperative
Because brand programs produce more results than mere brand visibility, a nonprofit's brand strategy will aim for much more than an identity package. A nonprofit's brand programs will connect its substance and direction with the substance and direction of its participants and its partners. This is a strategic connection, made of brand platforms, deliverables, brand engagements, levels of brand experience, brand relationships, brand communities and value networks.
In the business world, a company creates its identity and brand value largely in concert with customers, in a process usually centered around product experience and customer relationships. In the nonprofit world, things are a bit more diffuse. A nonprofit brand creates its identity and value in concert with program beneficiaries, members, donors, sponsors, volunteers, government and civic agencies and other stakeholders. Its brand strategy must take all into account.
Brand strategy considerations
In formulating a nonprofit brand strategy, there are core questions an organization must consider:
 1. As an organization, what is our strategic solution to the problem we address?
 2. What is our (strategic) identity?
 3. How can our brand strengthen our strategic solution?
 4. What kinds of unique value can our brand programs deliver?
 5. How can our brand innovate?
 6. What kind of brand community can we build?
 7. How can that community help build our brand?
 8. How can our brand programs help advance 1) those we serve; 2) our donors; 3) our partners?
 9. How can our brand elevate the context of what we do?
 10. How can our brand create growth opportunities for our organization, our participants and our partners?
Platforms and programs at the heart of your brand
Keep in mind that as important as your identity is (and it is important), it's only one component of your brand. The heart of your brand consists of brand platforms and programs that deliver value that participants and partners can use. These go far beyond your identity proper. They're the building blocks of your future. They include the following elements:
 1. Your brand agenda
 2. The quality of engagement and experience that your brand delivers
 3. The value produced (or unlocked) by your brand
 4. How your brand changes the game in your category
 5. How your brand chain advances program participants
 6. How and where your brand innovates
The thesis of this blog is that brands can be highly effective tools to create customers in the business world. While nonprofits may not typically think of participants and partners as "customers," for the purposes of nonprofit brand-building it may be prudent to do so.
For nonprofits, context is as important as cause
While a nonprofit may be organized toward a specific cause, its brand (and brand identity) can be strongest when they address a larger context that frames the nonprofit's (unique) approach to the cause. For many nonprofits this may require a shift in thinking, and in self-definition. Convention is the enemy of brand. The last thing you want is for a generic cause to define you.
There are thousands and thousands of worthwhile causes, served by hundreds of thousands of nonprofit groups. Does your organization create some unique value in how you approach your cause, something that sets you apart and raises your solution (and the cause) to a stronger and more meaningful context?
Your transformational context
A large part of your brand, and your identity, resides in the transformational value that you provide. You are, after all, a change agent. Thus, you inhabit (and create) a transformational context that defines how you're advancing your partners and participants through your brand.
While "alms for the poor" is a worthy cause, job creation and community development are probably a more productive (and transformational) context for helping those in need. Do you want to be a brand of "alms" or a brand of "community development"? Nonprofits on the solution side of a cause (i.e., "teaching people to fish") can use the context they create as a primary means of brand differentiation. Through their transformational context they may also emerge as a foundation player in a new approach that redefines the cause itself.
Ask yourself: what are we a brand of?
One of the first steps in building a brand is to ask yourself: what are we a brand of? This can sometimes be a difficult question to answer. The most literal, functional or conventional answer may not lead to your strongest brand. A nonprofit might ask: Are we a brand of charity? A brand of compassion? Of fellowship? Generalized categories such as these may not be enough to drive a brand, or to differentiate you from other organizations that share the same mission.
Examples: what you can be a "brand of"
It's usually best to build your "brand of" quality as a proactive force that creates value on a wider (transformational) stage. Then your "brand of" discussion might be: Perhaps how we innovate is what sets us apart. Thus, "we're a brand of innovation." Or maybe we offer structural solutions far beyond meliorative steps. Maybe we're a model that redefines the category, raising it to a higher level. Maybe we redefine the context of our cause, so that it lends itself to more effective approaches. Perhaps we're building brand communities that can take on a life of their own, extending the brand at a grassroots level. Or maybe we're helping to eliminate the problem by empowering participants themselves, raising them and our brand in the process.
You might also be a brand of strategy innovation. Perhaps what you're a "brand of" is a potential innovation avenue for a corporate partner, setting the groundwork for a long-term joint venture.
The above are typical departure points for answering the "brand of" question. As a rule, you would want to be a "brand of" something dynamic, deep, creative, liberating, expansive and social—and absolutely true to you.
Are we becoming a brand of fundraising?
Fundraising is so vital to nonprofits that over time they may tend to become—often without realizing it—brands of fundraising. When this happens their appeal becomes their brand, and it saturates their approach to the world. Often, this can be a side effect of "cause marketing," which can reduce the brand to a symbolic role in marketing support. In effect, the nonprofit becomes a branded marketing machine.
A downside of becoming "a brand of fundraising" is that a nonprofit may begin to operate under fundraising priorities, neglecting its brand programs. This brings a danger of hollowing out the brand, missing brand innovation opportunities, ignoring brand communities, and opening the door for others to step in with more compelling forms of brand value and brand context.
This problem can be mitigated when fundraising strategy is aligned with


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In today's competitive global market, it is necessary for regions to have a long-term economic development strategy that can serve as a roadmap to progress and prosperity. The Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) does just that.
The CEDS is a locally-based, regionally-driven economic development planning process and document that successfully engages community leaders, private sector partners, and other stakeholders in planning for our region's future.
The CEDS planning process creates the space for the region to identify its strengths and weaknesses and brings together a diverse set of partners to create good jobs, diversify the economy, and spur economic growth. The CEDS is a pre-requisite for federal designation as an Economic Development District (EDD) and must be updated at least every five years. An effective CEDS allows a region to maximize its economic development potential, as well as engage with the US Economic Development Administration (EDA) and other federal partners to receive infrastructure and technical assistance grants, such as EDA's Public Works and Economic Adjustment Assistance programs.
Overall, an effective CEDS planning process identifies locally-grown strategies that will guide regional economic development, encourage partnerships and collaboration, and improve economic outcomes and overall quality of life in our region.
The CEDS At a Glance:
- The CEDS helps to build on the strengths of our region, as well as identify gaps in resources or expertise that need to be addressed
- The CEDS planning process can facilitate regional collaboration, expand supply chains, and grow and support new industry clusters
- With a CEDS in place, regions are more likely to attract federal funds and technical assistance by demonstrating resources are used efficiently and effectively
- The CEDS process can make our region more resilient and better positioned to plan for, respond to, and recover from natural disasters and economic shocks
- The CEDS can be much more than just a static document, but rather an engaging platform that generates region-wide discussions and serves as a call to action for economic development
REGIONAL COVID-19 RECOVERY PLANNING
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
In the winter and spring of 2021, NEOEDD met with over 70 stakeholders who provided input on key needs, partnerships, challenges, strengths, and opportunities as part of NEOEDD's effort to understand the unique and shared economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Baker, Union, Wallowa county region. The stakeholders identified the following key needs which are further defined in the Community Needs Assessment document.
|Social Capital||Continue to increase communications and collaboration|
|Continue to explore equitable methods to make resources more accessible and combat structural inequity/inequality
|Health, Food, & Social Services||Continue to explore innovative solutions to provide affordable, inclusive mental and physical health care|
|Continue to explore innovative solutions to increase access to healthy food options
|Education & Childcare||Continue to work with partners to make childcare options more equitable for families and profitable for providers|
|Continue to find innovative ways to improve and expand career pathway and skill development options
|Built & Natural Environments||Continue to explore innovative ways to increase attainable housing options|
|Continue to develop for a more resilient future
|Economic Development||Continue to explore business retention solutions and provide more workforce development options for current and future workforce|
|Continue to support resilient local businesses and strong diversified economies|
NEOEDD will be meeting with stakeholders to develop a COVID-19 Recovery Plan throughout the remainder of 2021. If you are interested in participating in the planning and implementation process, please contact us.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Project focus areas
TTCI has developed a research approach under the Association of American Railroads' Strategic Research Initiative (SRI) Program that focuses on three areas of study to identify defective castings before in-service failures occur: (1) defining the stress environment and current performance of truck castings, (2) developing nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods, and (3) determining the quality of Grade B+ material. The stress environment and NDI methods were selected as the first areas of study based on feedback from railroad members. The following list details the approach used by TTCI to define the stress environment and performance of truck castings in this environment:
- Identify critical stress areas in bolsters and side frames using finite element (FE) analysis.
- Estimate the bolster and side frame stress environment using available revenue service load environment data.
- Estimate the fatigue life of castings with and without surface defects.
Once the critical stress areas of the castings were identified, a parallel effort began to review NDI technologies capable of inspecting large truck castings for defects that could potentially lead to failure.
The final area of research, focusing on the quality of Grade B+ material, is ongoing at TTCI. A thorough survey of Grade B+ material is being completed under a joint effort between the Federal Railroad Administration and the SRI program.
The first step in the development of the FE and fatigue models was to generate solid models that were representative of the S-2-HD bolster and sideframe castings. To understand the variance in stress based on component design, three manufacturers were chosen for the analysis.
Solid models for each manufacturer were engineered using laser-scanning technology. Once the solid models were constructed, they were imported into an FE analysis software package and meshed with over one million elements each. An analysis was completed with the castings in the "As-manufactured" condition for three different load conditions. The results of the analysis defined the critical stress areas in each casting. After critical stress areas and nominal stress levels were identified under various load conditions, simulated defects were placed into the models, and the changes in stress levels in the critical areas were observed. Fatigue analyses were completed for a total of six S-2-HD bolster and sideframe castings with and without defects using stress data from the FE analysis, strain data collected from revenue service, and mechanical test data for Grade B+ material gathered from a literature review.
All of the reported fatigue life estimates assume component life until crack initiation. Crack growth analysis was not included in this study. Results from the FE analysis show that the highest stresses were found in the brake rod hole and transition area for the bolster and the pedestal jaw radius and spring nest radius for the side frame (Figure 1). The FE results also indicate that when defects are present in the critical stress areas, high localized stresses are observed that are above the yield strength of the material. Figure 2 is an example of an FE model result for a bolster, highlighting the critical stress areas and the stress concentrations around a gouge type defect.
The results of the stress/fatigue analysis indicate that when defects are present in critical stress areas, a reduction in component stress is necessary to improve the overall fatigue performance of the S-2-HD bolster and sideframe castings. Figure 3 shows the fatigue life estimates for all manufacturers' bolsters and side frames when defects are present. The estimates show that only a few cases meet or exceed the target life of 1.5 million loaded miles (red dotted line) when defects are present in critical stress areas. The data also indicates that some designs may be more susceptible to fatigue damage than others.
Nondestructive inspection procedures
In addition to the FE/fatigue analysis, TTCI investigated various NDI methods to determine if they are capable of reliably inspecting sideframes and bolsters. The NDI methods evaluated included dry and wet (fluorescent) magnetic particle (MP), liquid penetrant, alcohol wipe, visual, ultrasonic (pulse-echo and phased array), and radiography. Field evaluations showed that using a MP inspection technique was the best candidate for field application. TTCI used the results of the field evaluations to provide a draft recommendation to the AAR's Coupling Systems and Truck Castings Committee for review and implementation.
The final research area is focused on the quality of Grade B+ material. FRA recently has joined efforts with the AAR's SRI program to conduct a thorough survey of cast material from a wide range of manufacturers and foundries. Under the FRA program, mechanical test data (tensile, Charpy, and dynamic tear) will be collected from seven different foundries. All samples will be removed from the critical stress areas of the castings. Results from the testing will enable TTCI engineers to determine the current state of material quality and develop a set of recommendations for improvements in Grade B+ metallurgy.


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In re the Exxon Valdez case brief summary
Pre OPA case, 9th circuit
- The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef spilling oil.
- Exxon spent over $2 billion on efforts to remove the oil from the water.
- Exxon spent $300 million on voluntary settlements prior to any judgments being entered against it.
- Exxon agreed to pay $900 million to restore damaged natural resources to the state of Alaska and the US
- This is an appeal of a $5 billion punitive damages award arising out of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- The verdict in this case is for damage to economic expectations for commercial fishermen.
- The plaintiffs here were almost entirely compensated for their damages years ago.
- The punitive damages at issue were awarded to punish Exxon not to pay back the plaintiffs.
- Whether punitive damages should have been barred as a matter of law and
- Whether the award was excessive.
- There was a class action.
- This is not a case about environment. It's about commercial fisherman.
- Are punitive damages barred as a matter of law? NO.
- Reasoning: this is a different result than in the Southport case were the court concluded the opposite.
- The Clean water act says nothing about punitive damages.
Punitive damages Permissibility
- Exxon argues that punitive damages aren't traditionally allowable in admiralty law.
- A prior criminal sanction doesn't generally bar punitive damages.
- Because the court has not been aware of a principle of law pursuant to which they should strike punitive damages award on the ground that the conduct had already been sufficiently punished and deterred.
Punitive damages in Maritime Law
- In admiralty law, punitive damages sometimes are allowable and sometimes they are not.
- Although rarely imposed, punitive damages have long been recognized as an available remedy in general maritime actions where defendant's intentional or wanton and reckless conduct amounted to a conscious disregard of the right of others.
- Punitive damages are available under the general maritime law.
- Punitive damages are traditionally unavailable for breach of contract.
- The consent decree pursuant to which the case was settled states the $900 million is "compensatory and remedial" and none of the amounts are described as punitive.
- The punitive damages in this case are for harming the economic interests of commercial fishermen, the availability of fish to native subsistence fishermen and private land. As such, the harm and the punishment is distinct from the harm to the environment and natural resources.
Statutory preemption of common law → this is the Southport core decision
- Exxon argues that the common law punitive damages remedy has been preempted by the comprehensive scheme for oil spill remedies in the Clean Water Act.
- The issue should not be treated as waived. Exxon clearly and consistently argued statutory preemption as one of its theories for why punitive damages were barred as a matter of law and argued based on the Clean Water Act prior to entry of judgment.
- Because the issue is massive in its significance to the parties and is purely on of law, it would be inappropriate to treat it as waived in the ambiguous circumstances of the case.
- The better reading of the Clean Water Act is that it doesn't preclude a private remedy for punitive damages.
- Where a private remedy does not interfere with administrative judgments and does not conflict with the statutory scheme, a statute providing a comprehensive scheme of public remedies need not be read to preempt a preexisting common law private remedy.
- The absence of any private right of action in the Act for damage from oil pollution may more reasonably be construed as leaving private claims alone than as implicitly destroying them.
- Miles case → it doesn't support Exxon's argument (different decision than in South Port). It says that Miles was about wrongful death case.
- The Clean Water Act doesn't preempt a private right of action for punitive as well as compensatory damages for damage to private rights / The Clean Water act doesn't preempt the right to punitive damages.
Rest of the case are the rules for allowing punitive damages (this isn't admiralty law as such)
Standard of Proof
- The standard of proof in maritime cases is preponderance of evidence as opposed to clear and convincing evidence required in instances as habeas corpus and deportation.
- Exxon argues that the district court erroneously instructed the jury that it could impose punitive damages on Exxon even if all the recklessness was by its employee Captain Hazelwood rather than by Exxon itself. The instructions said that "a corporation is not responsible for the reckless acts of all of its employees" but for "those employees who are employed in a managerial capacity while acting in the scope of their employment".
- The appellate court follows the of Protectus Alpha which says that punitive damages can be awarded against a principal for an agent's torts, not only where they are authorized, ratified or approved and not only where the agent wax unfit and the principal was reckless in employing him, but also where he was "employed in a managerial capacity and was acting in the scope of employment".
- The court affirms the punitive damages judgment because the foreman was a managerial employee acting within the scope of his employment and had discretion in what he did.
Sufficiency of Evidence:
- Exxon argues that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to award punitive damages against the Captain or against Exxon for the captain's conduct.
- There was sufficient evidence supported by testimony, exhibits and reasonable inferences from them.
Amount of the Punitive Damages Award:
- The jury awarded $5 billion in punitive damages against Exxon (as well as $5,000 in punitive damages against the captain). At the time it was the largest punitive damages award in American history.
- Exxon challenges the $5 billion award as excessive.
- The punitive damages amount is about one year's net profits for the entire world-wide operations of Exxon, and the jury may well have decided that for such egregious conduct the company responsible ought to have a year without profit.
- Before Motor v. Oberg the court would not disturb punitive damage awards unless it appeared that the jury was influenced by passion or prejudice. However, as explained in Ace v Aetna, under Oberg the court must consider whether punitive damages award passes "muster under federal due process analysis" in addition to reviewing whether the vidence is sufficient as a matter of law to support the award.
- The test of whether a punitive damages award survives review cannot be merely whether there is any evidence to support it, under Oberg.
- Two critical Supreme Court opinions decided after the district court's decision in this case, have expanded the way courts review constitutional challenges to large punitive damage awards.
- In BMW v Gore the court held that $4 million in punitive damages award was unconstitutional because the defendant lacked fair notice that such a severe award would be imposed (if it was so grossly excessive that the defendant lacked fair notice that it would be imposed). In concluding the award violated the Cue Process Clause, the court established three guideposts for courts to use in determining whether a punitive damage award is grossly excessive:
- The reprehensibility of the defendant's conduct
- The ration of the award to the harm inflicted on the plaintiff
- The difference between the award and the civil or criminal penalties in comparable cases.
- The Supreme Court reaffirmed the importance of BMW in Cooper v Leatherman – this time the courts said that considerations of institutional competence weigh in favor of independent appellate review. "Courts of appeal should apply a de novo standard of review when passing on districts courts' determinations of the constitutionality of punitive damages awards.
- In this case Exxon did not raise any direct constitutional challenges to the amount of the award until after the judgment. Therefore, the court has no constitutional analysis to which exercise any de novo review.
- The court remands the district court to consider the constitutionality of the amount of the award in light of the guidespots established in BMW.
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Applying Evolutionary Computing in Case Retrieval Stage
Nabila Nouaouria-Amri and Med Tayeb Laskri
DOI : 10.3844/jcssp.2005.419.423
Journal of Computer Science
Volume 1, Issue 3
Case Based Reasoning is a problem solving paradigm which is able to retrieve and reuse solutions that have worked for similar situations in the past. Past situations and their solutions are stored in a memory called case base. To find the good experiment in memory is the key of success in the reasoning. To identify adequate experiment in memory constitutes the process of recall. The study presents an associative memory model used for a Case-Based Reasoner. The search algorithm is funded on an evolutionary approach to compute neighbourhood of a new problem then a direct access is performed.
© 2005 Nabila Nouaouria-Amri and Med Tayeb Laskri. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Double A-Frame Monkey Bridge
—> View Video of Bridge Construction
Adjusting knots and lashings after the first test crossing.
The well-known, time-tested, traditional Monkey Bridge is perhaps the most familiar of all Scout pioneering projects. It's frequently featured at Scout Expos, Camporees, Scout Camps, and is often a central attraction at public gatherings where Scouting is represented.
The following instructions and guidelines are provided by Adolph Peschke, taken from the 1993 edition of the Pioneering Merit Badge Pamphlet:
Link to: Older Pamphlet InfoUsing a double A-frame to build a monkey bridge is a departure from the usual X-frame that supports the foot rope and hand ropes. This new method has two distinct advantages over the X- frame version. First, the double A-frame provides a wider base making it less likely to tip over. The second advantage is that the positions of the A-frames can be adjusted so the span between the hand ropes can be narrowed for better balance as you make the crossing.
Building the A-frames. The first step in building the monkey bridge is to build four A-frames using the 8-foot spars for the two legs, and 6-foot spars for the ledger. Lay out the first set of three spars (two legs and one ledger) on the ground in position for lashing. Before lashing, drive three stakes, as follows, to help you make all four A-frames the same size: Drive a stake at the top to mark where the leg spars cross. Then drive stakes to mark the positions of where the bottom ledger crosses the legs. This will also indicate how far the legs are spread apart. Now you can lash the four A-frames together, laying them out one at a time using the stakes. Remember that all three lashings on the A-frames are square lashings, even though the spars cross at less than 90˚ angle.
Schematic of A-frame alignment
Double A-frame. When you have four A-frames, you can lash two of them together to form a double A-frame. (see figure 140). Lay one A-frame on the ground and then put another on top of it so that the bottom ledgers overlap one-half their length (approximately 3 feet). The first step in lashing the A-frames together is to go up where the two legs cross (the X formed by one leg from each A-frame). Then with a good tight square lashing, lash the two legs together.
Note: The point where these two legs are lashed together is where the foot rope will rest. You can adjust the overlap of the two A-frames to adjust how high the foot rope will be off the ground. Also note where the tops of the A-frames are, because this is where the hand ropes will be. To complete the double A-frame, stand it up so the butt ends of all four legs rest solidly on level ground. Lash the two bottom ledgers together where they overlap with three strop lashings. Now repeat the entire process to build the second double A-frame.
Laying out the distance between A-frames and anchors
Site preparation. Before you can erect the double A-frames, you need to prepare the site. Begin by stretching a length of binder twine along the center line of where the monkey bridge is to be built. Working from the center, measure 10 feet toward each end to mark where the A-frames are to be placed. They should be 20 feet apart. Then mark out another 10′ from each A-frame to where the anchors are to be built.
Note: These dimensions are for building a bridge with a 20-foot span. This is the maximum span for a bridge using a 50-foot rope. The extra 30 feet of rope is needed to have 15 feet of rope at each end for the proper distance from the A-frames to the anchors (10 feet) and for the knots at the anchors (5 feet).
Build the anchors. The foot rope will be attached to anchors at both ends. Before erecting the double A-frames, build a 3-2-1 anchor, or a log and stake anchor, 10 feet from where the A-frames will be erected (see figure 141).
Rope grommet. After the anchors are built, attach a rope grommet with a ring or shackle in it. (You can make the rope grommet with a 10-foot length of 1/2-inch diameter polypropylene rope. Tie the ends together using a carrick bend, and permanently secure the ends with some strong twine).
Position the A-frames. Prepare to erect the monkey bridge by moving the A-frames into position no more than 20 feet apart. Lay them down on the binder twine that marks the center line of the bridge.
Hand and foot ropes. Now you can prepare the foot and hand ropes for the monkey bridge. Lay the foot rope in a straight line off to the side of where the A-frames are laying. Then lay the two hand ropes on the ground next to each other so they're parallel to the foot rope and 42 inches away.
Stringer ropes. Now you can add the stringer ropes that will go from the foot rope to the hand ropes. Start by tying the center of an 8-foot long stringer rope (use 1/4-inch manila rope) at the center of the foot rope, using a clove hitch. The stringer rope is tied around the foot rope so that both ends are 4 feet long. Add two more stringer ropes on both sides of the center stringer rope (so there are five stringer ropes in all), tying them about 4 feet apart. Tie one end of each stringer rope to one of the hand ropes, again using a clove hitch. Then do the same with the other ends of the stringer ropes, attaching them to the other hand rope.
Assemble the bridge. You're just about ready to assemble the bridge. First place a piece of heavy canvas (called a "saddle") in the V formed by both double A-frames. This will protect the foot rope and allow it to slide a little in the V without interfering with the lashing rope.
Schematic of foot, hand ropes and anchors
Now get the crew together to erect the bridge. You will need a safety officer to watch for any problems that might occur, and a signal caller to tell the crew members what to do. You will need two Scouts to lift and hold each double A-frame in place, two more Scouts to lift the foot rope into the V of the double A-frames, and two more Scouts to lift the two hand ropes into place at the tops of the A-frames. Lift everything into place. Then, holding the A-frames steady, temporarily tie the hand and foot ropes into the rings of the grommets using a roundturn and two half hitches (see figure 142).
Tighten the foot rope. Now you can put a strain on the foot rope. It's not necessary to use block and tackle since this will put too much strain on the lashings, anchors, and the foot rope itself when there is a load on the bridge.* Whatever strain three or four Scouts can put on the foot rope by pulling it by hand will be enough. As soon as the bridge is used a few times, there will be a sag in the rope. This is fine because it means that you are working with reduced strain on the foot rope as a safety measure.
Tighten the hand ropes. Next, tie the hand ropes to the top ends of the A-frames. First, loosen one end at a time from the anchors. Then, use a clove hitch to tie the hand rope to the top end of the leg of the double A-frame. As you're tying these clove hitches, adjust the strain on the sections of the hand ropes between the double A-frames to match the sag of the foot rope. Also, adjust the length of the stringer ropes so there is even strain between the foot rope and both hand ropes. After the hand ropes are tied to the tops of the A-frames, move down and retie the ends of the hand ropes to the rings in the grommets using a roundturn and two half hitches.
Final testing. With caution, one crew member can get on the bridge as all lashings, anchors, and knots are observed by the safety officer and all other crew members. Make adjustments as required. Then secure the running ends of the hand ropes and foot rope with a piece of cord. Safe operation calls for only one Scout to be on the foot rope of the monkey bridge at a time.
 - eight 4-inch x 8-foot A-frame legs
 - four 3-inch x 6-foot ledgers
 - fourteen 1/4-inch x 15-foot lashing ropes for Square Lashings
 - one 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch x 50-foot rope
 - two 1/2-inch x 50-foot hand ropes
 - five 1/4-inch x 8-foot stringer ropes
 - six 1/4-inch x 10-foot lashing ropes for Strop Lashings
 - six pioneering stakes for each 3-2-1 anchor
 - eight pioneering stakes for each log-and-st


Difference Between File and Folder (With Table)
The terms Folder and File are computer terms, which are quite commonly used.
In simple terms, a file is similar to a document available on one's desk and a folder is similar to a container that is used to store files.
It cannot be denied that it is impossible to keep thousands of paper files on a single desk, as it will be impossible to find a particular file from the lot when you need it. So, it is necessary to store these files in a folder. The files must be organized and placed into particular folders. This will make it easy to search for a particular file.
File vs Folder
The difference between a file and a folder is that a file is a collection or group of interlinked data and information, whereas a folder is a container used to store files and subfolders. Files have extensions to identify their type but folders do not have extensions.
Comparison Table Between File and Folder
Parameter of ComparisonFileFolder
DefinitionIt is a collection of linked information and data which is stored in a secondary storage device.It is basically a container that carries and organizes files and adds them under a common heading.
ExtensionsIt can have extensions.It cannot have extensions.
ContainerA file is not a container. It cannot hold or contain any other files or folders.A folder is a container that can contain any number of folders or files.
Supported operationsThe operations that a file supports are open, modify, save, print, rename and email the file content.The operations that a folder supports are share, rename, move and delete.
SharingFiles are restricted from being shared on the network by itself.Folders are allowed to be shared on the network.
SpaceFiles occupy space on the memory of a computer.Folders do not occupy any space on the memory of a computer.
Memory sizeA file has a particular memory size.A folder has no specific size.
What is a File?
Whenever we store any data in our computer system, the operating system supplies an entity called a file. A file is a collection of associated information or data. There are many different types of files as per the data stored in them and these are identified by the extensions they have. Some files can have data and information in numeric form, some can have it in binary or alphanumeric form. A few types of files include a workbook, word document, scanned photograph, application, or any audio or video stored in a hard drive.
Properties of a File
 1. Name– The name of the file helps to differentiate it from one another. Files are accessed using their names and there are certain rules for naming files.
 2. Extension– It is the extension that specifies the type of the file, whether it is a document, text, image, video audio, or any other type.
 3. Date and time– These are stored by a file at the time of its alteration or creation in addition to the data in the files.
 4. Length– The total byte content expresses the length of the file.
 5. Protection attributes– The file protection attributes are used to determine the type of file access that is given to the user, such as archive, read-only, or hidden.
What is Folder?
A folder is used to accommodate a group of files and folders and place them under the same heading. Any number of folders can be created and each such folder can have numerous files and subfolders. The folders can have many entries as per the number of files created. If a file is deleted from the folder, the entry automatically gets deleted from the folder also.
Folders are important to keep. They help organize numerous files into groups and make searching for a particular file easy. If we did not have any folders on our computer system, all the programs, documents, and different files would be found in the same place. A Folder allows us to have multiple files in it. We can have more than one file with the same file name in different folders. For example, a file called assignment.doc can be saved in my documents folder, and another file called assignment.doc in another folder called assignments.
A folder does not have extensions like a file.
Main Differences Between File and Folder
 1. A file is a collection of related information and data, whereas a folder is a place to store such files.
 2. A file can have extensions, but a folder does not have extensions.
 3. A file cannot contain other same entities, while a folder can contain other same entities.
 4. When talking about space consumption, a file has a specific size. On the other hand, a folder does not have any particular size.
 5. Once the file is created, it can be opened, saved, printed, renamed, emailed, and modified. Once a folder is created, it can be moved, renamed, or deleted.
 6. Serial, indexed sequential, sequential and direct file organizations are the different organizations of a file. The different directory organizations of folders include a single directory per user, one directory per user, and multiple directories per user.
 7. A file has a name, time, date, length, protection, and extension attributes. A folder has a name, time, date, and protection attributes.
 8. A file can store information or data in a single unit, while a folder can store different types of files.
People often get confused between the terms File and Folder, but these are completely different words that cannot be used in place of one another. A file is a group of related information and data. A file can be a word document, workbook, application, scanned or digital photograph, or any video or audio stored in a hard drive. On the other hand, a folder is a place to store such files. They help to organize multiple documents and files into a group, so as to make a particular file easily searchable. Thus, a folder can contain numerous folders and files, but a file cannot accommodate another file or folder inside it.
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_
Fortnite vs PubG video


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Fox River (Illinois)
The Fox River is a tributary of the Illinois River in the states of Wisconsin and Illinois in the United States. The river starts near Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin and flows past Waukesha, for a total of 70 miles (110 km) in Wisconsin. The river enters Illinois and flows generally southward for 115 miles (185 km), until it joins the Illinois River. Illinois towns that are on the Fox River include Geneva, Algonquin, Dundee, Elgin, St. Charles, Aurora, Batavia, and Yorkville.
The Fox River has 15 dams, including McHenry Dam, which impounds the river to form the Fox Chain O'Lakes in northern Illinois.
External link and source
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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17 March 2014
San Francesco - Via della Quarquonia 1 (Classroom 1 )
The Eshelbian (or configurational) force is the main concept of a celebrated theoretical framework associated with the motion of dislocations and, more in general, defects in solids. In a similar vein, in an elastic structure where a (smooth and bilateral) constraint can move and release energy,a force driving the configuration is generated, which therefore is called by analogy 'Eshelby-like'or 'configurational'. This force (generated by a specific movable constraint) is derived both via variational calculus and, independently, through an asymptotic approach. Its action on the elastic structure is counterintuitive, but is fully substantiated and experimentally measured on a model structure that has been designed, realized and tested. These findings open a totally new perspective in the mechanics of deformable mechanisms, with possible broad applications, even at the nanoscale.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other ancient city of the same name see Ptolemais (Cyrenaica).
Not to be confused with Ptolemaiida.
Aerial view of Ptolemaida
Aerial view of Ptolemaida
Seal of Ptolemaida
Ptolemaida is located in Greece
Coordinates 40°31′N 21°41′E / 40.517°N 21.683°E / 40.517; 21.683Coordinates: 40°31′N 21°41′E / 40.517°N 21.683°E / 40.517; 21.683
Country: Greece
Administrative region: West Macedonia
Regional unit: Kozani
Municipality: Eordaia
Population statistics (as of 2011)[1]
Municipal unit
 - Population: 37,289
 - Area: 217.901 km2 (84 sq mi)
 - Density: 171 /km2 (443 /sq mi)
 - Population: 32,142
Postal code: 502 00
Telephone: 24630
Auto: KZ
Ptolemaida (Greek: Πτολεμαΐδα, Ptolemaïda, Katharevousa: Πτολεμαΐς, Ptolemaïs) is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Eordaia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.[2] It is known for its coal (lignite) mines and its power stations.
During the Ottoman period, the city was named Kaylar, rendered into English as Kailar;[3] this name was retained in Greek as Kailaria (Καϊλάρια) until 1927. Kailar refers to the Kayı tribe, the tribe of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. The modern name Ptolemaida was introduced by decree on January 20, 1927, honoring Ptolemy son of Lagus, a comrade-in-arms of Alexander the Great, and his daughter Ptolemaïs.[4] His statue stands in the central square of the city.
According to archaeologists, the Ptolemaida region has been occupied since 6000 BC.[5]
Neolithic times[edit]
Prehistoric jewelry found in Ptolemaida
Archaeologists, in November 2005, discovered the remains of two farming villages dating back to the Neolithic period. A press report notes that such farming villages were trading centres and had a "developed knowledge of metalworking".[5]
A golden necklace dating to roughly 4500 BC was discovered on February 16, 2006.[5] Associated Press reporter Costas Kantouris describes the item as a "flat, roughly ring-shaped [which] probably had religious significance and would have been worn on a necklace by a prominent member of society."[5]
Lately in the lake Zazari near Ptolemaida there were found 16 houses that belong in the Neolithic era due to archaaeologists. These houses were in the lake and were exposed because of the decreased water level of the lake. That particular small settlement gives information about the society and the people in the Neolithic era.
Ancient period[edit]
Ancient Greek ceramic plate from Ptolemaida
Ancient Macedonian grave in Ptolemaida
In the area of Ptolemaida many archeological findings have occurred in the last 30 years due to mining operations. Ceramic artifacts, dating to the 6th century BC have been found at two sites near Grevena and Ptolemaida. Archaeologists found the artifacts at two prehistoric farming settlements. Two Ancient Macedonian graves have also been found in the area of Ptolemaida, dated from the 5th century BC.
Byzantine Period[edit]
At various times, Ptolemaida was part of the Latin Empire, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Despotate of Epirus.[citation needed] The borders among the Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus are very uncertain.
Ottoman period[edit]
During the Ottoman period, Ptolemaida was called Kayılar, and it had two parts: Aşağı Kayılar and Yukarı Kayılar. Aşağı Kayılar was Bektaşi[citation needed] and Yukarı Kayılar was Rufai,[citation needed] Hanefi.[citation needed]
Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in Macedonia; their descendants were known as Konariotes.[citation needed] Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397, many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; their descendants may be recognized among the Beys or Muslim landowners in Kayılar.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 18th century, the Turkish population was quite considerable, but since that time it has continuously decreased. A low birth rate, the exhaustion of the male population by military service, and a large mortality from epidemics have brought about a decline which has lately been hastened by emigration. The Turkish rural population around Kayılar was mainly composed of Konariot shepherds.[citation needed] In the late 19th and early 20th century, Ptolemaida was part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Ptolemaida was taken by Greek forces on October 15, 1912.
The municipal library
Ptolemaida's football club is called "Eordaikos" (Greek: Εορδαϊκός). Other teams include AE Ptolemaidas. Ptolemaida has schools, lyceums, gymnasia, churches, banks, a post office, a train station (Kozani - Florina), a police station, a water tower, and squares (plateies). There is the potential of a university being established by the state in the near future. The Anthropological and Folklore Museum is based in the town.
Lignite mine of Ptolemaida
Ptolemaida is a highly industrialized area. The four power plants in this area produce 70% of Greece's electrical power, using the large local deposits of lignite as fuel. The plants are owned by the Public Power Corporation (DEI), the major employer in the city. The plant was dedicated by the prime minister of Greece at that time, Constantine Karamanlis. The other two are in Amyntaio in Florina regional unit and in Agios Dimitrios.
Askio mountain near the city
The city, situated in the middle of the Eordaia plain of Western Macedonia, has a humid continental climate. Summers can be hot with thunderstorms in unsettled spells, whereas winters are among the coldest in Greece. It was here that the absolute low temperature record of Greece was recorded (−27.8 °C (−18 °F) on 27 January 1963).
The current Municipality of Ptolemaida is constituted by the city of Ptolemaida and 12 small communities which all together cover an extent of 2.179 square kilometres (0.841 sq mi). At the 2001 census, the population of the city was 30,017 residents. The total population of the municipality in 2011 was 45,450 residents.
Year Community Municipal unit Municipality
1940 7,719 - -
1951 8,816 - -
1961 12,747 - -
1971 16,588 - -
1981 22,109 - -
1991 25,125 32,775 -
2001 30,017 36,393 -
2011[1] 32,142 37,283 45,450
The city lies in the valley of Eordaia, between the Askio mountains to the southwest and the Vermio mountains to the northeast. It is located north of Kozani, east of Kastoria, south of Florina, and south-west of Edessa. Since the 1960s, GR-3/E65 has bypassed it to the east. It is the seat of the province of Eordia.
 Florina Filotas - Amyntaio Edessa
 Kastoria Brosen windrose.svg Veroia - Naousa
 Neapoli - Siatista & Grevena Kozani Velventos - Servia
Ethnic groups[edit]
A substantial proportion of Ptolemaida's residents are Pontic Greek from Sourmene or Sürmene, Turkey[citation needed] or their descendants. These were refugees from Asia Minor who first arrived in Macedonia during the 1920s as a result of the population exchange according to the Treaty of Lausanne. The original inhabitants of the neighbouring villages were of Slavic extraction who had settled the


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Audience: Executive Leadership, Foster Caregivers, Public, Shelter/Rescue Staff & Volunteers, Veterinary Team
Being a foster caregiver to a dog or cat is an incredibly rewarding experience. Occasionally, however, the pets that are placed in foster care can become sick or injured. This can be a stressful experience for the cat or dog and for the foster caregiver. Questions of when to take them to the veterinarian, or is this an emergency, can alarm foster caregivers who are concerned by signs of sickness or injury in their charges. The following class aims to help foster caregivers determine when something is an emergency and when it isn't by providing an overview of the most common emergency symptoms.
In this class you will learn:
- Why a highly contagious and potentially fatal infectious disease is an emergency in a population of cats and dogs
- Guidance on when to seek emergency veterinary care
- Different types of supportive care you can provide until emergency care can be obtained
This presentation is best viewed in Firefox, Chrome and Internet Explorer browsers.


of Set The Temple of Set is an occult initiatory order founded in 1975. A new religious movement and form of Western esotericism, the Temple espouses a religion known as Setianism, whose practitioners are called Setians. This is sometimes identified as a form of Satanism, although this term is not often embraced by Setians and is contested by some academics....
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ANAHUAC FIELD. Anahuac field is an oval-shaped oil and gas field near Turtle Bay in central Chambers County, on the coast of Southeast Texas. Its discovery and development were scientifically guided by its primary operators, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Sun Oil Company, and Gulf Oil Corporation. The field draws oil and gas from a faulted domal uplift in massive sands of the Marginulina and upper Frio formations. The source of its primary recovery was a strong water-drive and gas-cap expansion, but since April 1957 the reservoir has been maintained by reinjection into the Frio formation of all the nonassociated and most of the casinghead gas produced in the field. Between its discovery on March 6, 1935, and January 1, 1993, the field produced more than 277 million barrels of oil, and between 1974 and 1993 the field yielded more than 43.3 billion cubic feet of gas. The field is significant because the small number of operators in it followed a systematic drilling program that spaced wells for optimal oil recovery and economic return. Anahuac field was named for the county seat, situated five east of it.
In 1925 and again in 1927 and 1929 Humble Oil and Refining Company conducted early forms of geophysical measures and tests in the area of the future Anahuac field, looking for evidence of an oil-bearing structure. When geophysics offered no encouragement, Humble management allowed the company leases to expire. However, the management did not lose exploratory interest in the area. Late in 1932 Humble made a trade for the right to explore a block of 21,000 acres for thirty-five cents an acre. In the trade Humble gained the right to select any part of the acreage for drilling at five dollars an acre. In May 1933 the company used a reflection seismograph, the latest in geophysical equipment, on the block and found evidence of a structure. With these encouraging results, Humble leased three-fourths of the original block. On December 8, 1934, Humble spudded the No. 1 A. D. Middleton in Section 58, Houston and Texas Central Railway Company survey, in central Chambers County. The well had a show of high-gravity oil at the section between 7,024 and 7,050 feet in the Frio sand in February 1935. On March 6, 1935, the well reached a depth of 7,052 feet with an initial daily production of 120 barrels of oil and a gas-to-oil ratio of 12,500 cubic feet per barrel. The No. 1 Middleton was deepened to 7,088 feet on March 16, 1935, in an attempt to reduce the gas-oil ratio. From the lower depth, the well yielded 547 barrels of oil a day with an improved gas-oil ratio of 435 cubic feet to one barrel of oil.
After the success of the No. 1 Middleton, four more wells were completed in the field by early May. On May 8, 1935, the Railroad Commission of Texas set well spacing at one well to every twenty acres. At the same time the commission based production allowable 50 percent on acreage and 50 percent on well potential. On July 21 an independent partnership, Glenn H. McCarthy and R. A. Mason, brought in the No. 1 White in the James McGahey survey, with initial production of 588 barrels of oil a day, and extended the field about three miles to the north. Although nine wells were completed in the field by the end of July, it was the No. 1 White that proved the substantial size of the field and influenced leasing to the north and east. Although intense leasing drove prices as high as $1,000 an acre, the drilling of wells was cheap and quick in the new field. The average cost of drilling and completing a well to 7,100 feet was $23,000. The average time needed to drill a well through the soft sand and shale of the subsurface was twenty-one days. Even with cheap drilling costs and short drilling time, operators completed only thirty-eight wells by the end of 1935, when annual production for the field was 342,239 barrels of oil. The few operators in the field faced no competition or time constraints in field development. They chose safe locations by staking direct offsets to producing wells because they wanted an orderly development of the field and because they knew little about the producing structure.
Until the summer of 1935, when leasing excitement gripped the town of Anahuac, the county seat consisted of 200 families and few accommodations for newcomers. To meet the demand, new hotels and cafes sprouted as quickly as mushrooms after rain. Although the town had no railroad, a bus company scheduled service through Anahuac. In the field, Humble constructed a camp of twenty-five houses for employees, three warehouses, and a one-unit high-pressure pump station to carry oil through a six-inch line to its carrier in Barbers Hill oilfield and on to its Baytown refinery. In September 1935 Sun Oil Company built a four-inch pipeline in the field that eventually reached its refinery, and Gulf Production Company completed a six-inch line to run to the Hankamer field. Humble built a modern road through the field to replace an earlier wooden one. A canal was dug to supply water for the field from the Trinity River. With these new constructions, operators were set to continue field development.
During 1936, development of the field progressed with the drilling of 106 additional wells. By the end of the year only three operators were working the field, and it was estimated that 50 percent of the field was developed. Production for 1936 was 2,603,280 barrels of oil, almost 2,000 barrels below the set allowable. Although 1937 production almost doubled the 1936 figure, yields were held to just over 2.5 million barrels a year through 1940. By February 1941 Anahuac field covered 7,300 acres and Humble owned 75 percent of it. Four other companies held the remaining 25 percent. At the end of 1941, when the field reached full development, annual production was 4,649,833 barrels of oil from 356 wells and 378,438,000 cubic feet of gas from three producing wells. Annual oil production climbed during the early 1940s until peak production was reported at the end of 1944, when 11,916,137 barrels of oil were brought to the surface. Production was maintained above five million barrels of oil a year through 1975, the fortieth anniversary of the discovery of the field. By 1985, after fifty years of operation, the field gave up over 1.3 million barrels of oil annually. At the end of 1992 Anahuac field reported cumulative production of 277,086,782 barrels of oil, proving the effectiveness of the optimal oil-recovery program set in place by Humble, Sun, and Gulf fifty-seven years earlier.
William E. Galloway et al., Atlas of Major Texas Oil Reservoirs (Austin: University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, 1983). Frank J. Gardner, Texas Gulf Coast Oil (Dallas: Rinehart Oil New Company, 1948). Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Petroleum (Tulsa: American Association for Petroleum Geologists, 1975). Railroad Commission of Texas, Annual Report of the Oil and Gas Division, 1943.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Julia Cauble Smith, "ANAHUAC FIELD," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


The comparison makes the difference in budget! Is it true or not?
Well, it is true and that's why most of the passengers complete the task of Farecompare because with this they will be able to get the best airfare on the reservations. When it comes to crack those deals that can reduce the burden of your heavy budget then Fare Compare is not just a task for you but it is one more step to crack the superb flight booking. Fare meters on airline ticket booking always look higher for beginners because they don't know about the worthy ideas to save money on the reservations. Here we are going to disclose the information about every single component of the "Fare Compare" process for the passengers.
What is Fare Compare?
Fare comparison is the process when a passenger compares the fare for flight booking for a particular destination according to their travel requirement. It is the mandatory process for all those passengers who are thinking to save money on the reservations goals. Fare Compare is not a difficult task for you if you know some simple tips and tricks to do this. You need to know about the fact that passengers who understand the importance of this term during the travel booking or management are always able to find them quite effective deals as per their budget requirement.
Why it is Important For You?
Why it is Important For You?
1). the answer to this question may come in different points and that's why we classify every point clearly here. Fare Compare is important for you to make sure that you are not paying higher costs on the Airlines Reservations. As a flyer, when your first and foremost objective is securing extra money on the travel, then this task has become essential for you always.
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Process of Fare Compare Step by Step:
Process of Fare Compare Step by Step
1). The crucial thing in the task of Farecompare for the passengers is drawing own requirement for the comparison of airfare. When you don't know about your actual travel requirement then this process may never end on an appropriate root. In the travel requirement, you must decide about the travel destinations, preferable dates, airline preference, fare class preference, and the budget line as well.
2). Consider a Cheap Tickets portal, where you can compare the price for the fare. Yes, it may also the flight booking portal or flight price search engine for this task and many amazing global flight comparison portals are available for the passengers on the World Wide Web.
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4). Flexibility is the key to success in the fare comparison process for the passengers and they can complete this process easily and appropriately when they change their travel requirement as per the given airfare.
5). Peak hours and the peak time for the fare compare also playing a vital role for the passengers. With this, you can find the right stuff for the travel booking. If you don't want to pay higher costing on the reservations then compare and book the tickets on Tuesday.
6). Airlines selection also matters for the passengers when they are going to compare fare for the air tickets booking. When you are getting quite effective lowest fare on the cheapest flag carriers in comparison to premium airlines such as delta or United then become smart and pick the option that is quite cost-effective for your travel booking.
Advantages of Compare Fare That You Must Know:
Advantages of Compare Fare That You Must Know
1). Beginners can understand the effective travel booking ideas for the reservations that will reduce their budget on the flight booking. Compare fare is never a challenging task for you when you do things in the right place and at the right time.
2). You can spend a saved amount for your next holiday or while exploring other destinations of your city. Comparison of the fare is now an easy thing for you by exploring the holiday booking packages on the travel agency portals as well.
3). The process is smoother and easier. When you are going to compare fare by self then you don't have a need to pay the booking fee to the travel agent or you may directly tell about the booking requirements and you don't have a need to waste time on-call, by comparison, the airfare and finding the right deals.
Therefore, Fare Compare is the crucial aspect in the travel booking for the passengers and they can't ignore this task when they are thinking to save more and more on the reservations. You can also start making the travel booking at the lowest cost for the affordable budget by going for a more comprehensive manner for the fare compare stuff. It will help you to make sure the easy and economical booking.


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Please PAUSE the "How to Draw a Kangaroo" video after each step to draw at your own pace.
For the first few steps, don't press down too hard with your pencil. Use light, smooth strokes to begin.
Step 1: Draw an oval as a guide for the lower part of the kangaroo's body. It doesn't have to be a perfect shape. It's just a guide.
Step 2: Draw a small circle on the upper right side as a guide for the upper part of the kangaroo's body. The circle should be around half the size of the original oval, and their outer edges should meet.
Step 3: Draw an even smaller circle on the upper right side of that. Pay attention to the positions of the circles and their different sizes.
Step 4: Draw a small arc on the right side of the head as a guide for the kangaroo's muzzle.
Step 5: Draw a longer, thinner arc on top of the head as a guide for the kangaroo's ears.


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Does "gospel-preaching church" have a shared meaning among Christians? What is it supposed to mean, and what are the signs of this "gospel-preaching church"? Is the term a tautology? Or is the negation of the term a way to criticize and slight other types of Christians or denominations that one group of Christians may disapprove of or dislike? If possible, where did this phrase come from, and by whom is this phrase typically used?
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I like this question...but can you be a bit more specific? Are you referring to a particular church or denomination that officially call themselves "gospel-preaching church" (as in First Self Righteous Gospel Preaching Church, Banjoville, TN) or are you wanting a definition of what a church must do to preach the Gospel? There are many overlapping denominations and sects that effectively lead souls to Christ. There are also (like David points out in his good answer) many denominations that are "Holier than Thou." – Charles Alsobrook Dec 25 '13 at 15:42
I just want to know what the term means. What a church may do to preach the gospel would fit under the big topic of "gospel-preaching church". – Double U Dec 25 '13 at 15:52
3 Answers 3
The term is not one that has an official definition across the board. However, there are two meanings that are generally implied by the phrase. One is a bit.. inflammatory, even if it's not really "meant to be taken that way". It is tied up with the idea (common to most Christians) that some Churches are preaching a false "gospel". (I say it's common to most Christians because if it weren't, we wouldn't have so much division within the umbrella of what's called "Christianity".) The other is less inflammatory.
Starting with the inflammatory meaning, to get it out of the way:
It's something usually said by mainstream evangelicals, and in typical usage, it means "A church that preaches what my Church preaches.
To clarify that, most denominations agree on the central tenets of Christianity, but there are disagreements on certain points.
- Some denominations teach a works-based salvation, or faith+works salvation.
- Others are perhaps unfairly accused of teaching a works+faith salvation message. - Some denominations preach a Gospel message at the end of every service, and may include an invitation, while others don't. (I don't recall any such thing ever occurring in a Catholic or Lutheran service, come to think of it. Just the fiercely evangelical denominations.)
But typically, when you hear this phrase, it's a standard Evangelical protestant, who is a strong believer in salvation by faith alone. And they're saying, in effect, "Go ahead and go to a Baptist Church, or an Evangelical Free, or an Assembly of God, even, they all differ in some ways, but they all have the right message on what it takes to be saved. But don't go to that Catholic Church, they teach that you're saved by obedience to the Church, ordinances, and believe all kinds of wacky stuff like praying to saints and Transubstantiation. Steer clear of them and stick to the churches that teach the real Gospel message. And don't even get me started on them Mormons or Jehovah's Witnesses. Go find you a Church that teaches that you're a sinner, that you need to repent and put your faith in Jesus, and trust in that alone! Don't go to some Church that teaches anything not found in the Bible".
(Again, shorter version, "Go to a Church that teaches what I believe.")
It can also have a less "I'm right, those heathens are wrong" meaning. It can also simply mean, a Church whose focus is evangelism.
As noted above, I don't recall ever hearing a message about having to repent, put my faith in Christ, and get saved in a Catholic Church. (They may preach that, but I've just missed it...) By contrast, every Baptist service, wedding, funeral, or pot-luck I've ever attended has a message, or at least a prayer that does this. Also, you don't see a lot of Catholics going door-to-door handing out tracts, inviting people out to Church. I see that in Baptist and other strongly Evangelical Churches (As well as with LDS and Jehovah's Witnesses) all the time. So in that context, "Gospel Preaching Church" can simply mean a Church whose focus is on sharing the Gospel.
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Who's right and who's wrong may be off-topic on this site, but it isn't in the real world. The differences in doctrine are significant, and we all believe that the consequences of being wrong are eternal. It shouldn't be surprising that we put a lot of importance on correct doctrine, and are passionate about those who we believe have incorrect doctrine, and could lead people astray. – David Dec 25 '13 at 2:16
Wow. So much sectarianism in a simple phrase! – Double U Dec 25 '13 at 19:29
A church sermon can include many topics: history, language, society, morals, ethics, relationships, psychology, and more. None of these things are wrong in and of themselves, and yet if a sermon consists only of these things, that sermon is deficient. A gospel-preaching church will aim to always make the core of their sermons be the Christian gospel, out of which these other topics can be developed and discussed in the context of the gospel.
A gospel-preaching church would also want the gospel to be addressed in all the other things it does too (in its hymns/songs, prayers, bible studies, children and youth programs etc.)
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So, one meaning of "gospel-preaching church" is that the church in question must address the gospel in some way in whatever topic of the sermon. – Double U Dec 26 '13 at 0:59
I wouldn't say that if it occasionally doesn't make focus on the gospel that means it's no longer gospel-preaching, but it would be exceptional. Sadly there are churches where addressing the gospel would be the exception. – curiousdannii Dec 26 '13 at 1:02
And though I focused on the sermon, a gospel-preaching church would want the gospel to be addressed in all the other things it does too (in its hymns/songs, prayers, bible studies, children and youth programs etc.) – curiousdannii Dec 26 '13 at 1:03
My answer has a purely anecdotal basis. Being a "boomer," I am more than a little familiar with the tension which existed in my formative years--the 50s and 60s--between two distinct flavors of ethos within the nationwide Christian church in America.
On the one hand, there were the "social gospelers." These were self-confessed Christians of various mainline (and not-so-mainline) denominations who, like James, the half-brother of Jesus, weighed in on the works-side of the works-faith dichotomy. You know, "faith without works is dead." Call them realists who believe the Gospel should not be about
"Pie in the sky when you die by and by."
To them, the Gospel should make a positive and constructive difference in the life of Everyman and Everywoman in the here and now. Themes such as justice, mercy, compassion, good deeds, the brotherhood and sisterhood of all mankind, and even "All roads lead to Rome if you agree on these themes; but if you don't, then you're a narrow-minded bigot who doesn't deserve to be called a Christian."
On the proverbial other hand were--for want of a better word--the idealists, whose Gospel alone, they believed, had the power to change people's lives from the inside out so that they would quite naturally do what the Gospel requires of them, which is make disciples of those around them so that they in turn can make more disciples, and so it goes until the whole world at least hears the Gospel message at least once and Jesus returns and takes all true believers to heaven. Call them the "truth gospelers." In terms of James's theology, they leaned more toward faith than works, and while they believed good works are a good thing, in order to "count" they needed to be the fruit of conversion and not the fruit of a social gospel which to them was, in the Apostle Paul's words, "another Gospel" (in other words, a spurious Gospel which must be rejected; see Galatians 1:8,9).
Having grown up in the latter camp, I came to resent the "social gospelers" because they--wait for it--did not preach the true Gospel, but a spurious, fake Gospel. "They" preached a Gospel of good works and not the Gospel "we" preach; namely, "For by grace you are saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; not of works lest any man should boast" (Ephesians 2:8,9).
With 20/20 hindsight, what we failed to do was read the next verse and take it seriously. What fell by the wayside was, "For we [Christians] are [God's] workmanship created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand so that we would walk in them" (Ephes


OpenUnison is a new approach to identity management. OpenUnison combines web access management and provisioning services into a single system. Utilizing an internal virtual directory, powered by MyVirtualDirectory, OpenUnison can combine identity data from several sources such as Active Directory, LDAP directories and relational databases. OpenUnison combines most of the features of the commercial version of Unison, with the main difference being that OpenUnison is packaged as a J2EE application that is deployed into any J2EE container such as Tomcat or JBoss where as Unison is packaged as a stand alone service with a UI and management system.
Marc BoorshteinOpenUnison


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新しい質量分析技術の法医学領域への応用 Application of New Mass Spectrometric Techniques to Legal Medicine
In the fields of legal medicine and forensic toxicology, numerous drugs and poisons obtained from diverse biological specimens such as whole blood, urine, and hair need to be identified and quantified. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods for analysis of drugs, especially mass spectrometric methods. In this paper, we introduce three methods—surface ionization organic mass spectrometry, a combination of mass spectrometry and cryogenic oven trapping (COT), and laser spray ionization (LSI)—and their application to legal medicine. Gas chromatography/surface ionization organic mass spectrometry is very sensitive in detecting drugs containing tertiary amine residues; for Phencyclidine (PCP), its sensitivity is 20 to 1,000 times higher than that of the conventional electron ionization method. Surface ionization organic mass spectrometry is suitable for compounds containing cyclic tertiary amino side chains. COT in combination with gas chromatography has enabled detection of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with high sensitivity. We have succeeded in quantifying several VOCs, such as chloroform, cyanide, thinner components, ethanol, and general anesthetics in whole blood by COT; COT affords a sensitivity that is 10 to 50 times higher than that of the conventional headspace gas chromatography method. Recently, we succeeded in identifying and quantifying 15 VOCs in human whole blood with the combination of COT and mass spectrometry. LSI is a new ionization method for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We have succeeded in detecting aconitine alkaloids and psychopharmaceuticals using LSI. In the infusion mode, aconitine and haloperidol were ionized with higher efficiency compared to that in the conventional electrospray mode. However, since the signals in the LSI mode are not stable, it is necessary to improve the stability of signals in the LSI mode for applying LSI to forensic toxicology.
- 質量分析 = Mass spectroscopy
質量分析 = Mass spectroscopy 56(3), 131-138, 2008-06-01
The Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan


Tag Archives: Europe
Word: lissome
Definition: (adjective) Easily bent; supple.
Synonyms: lithe, supple, slender
Usage: There was a grace, which no austerity could diminish, about every movement of her lissome, slender form. Discuss.
Biography: Pepe Romero, World Renouned Classic Guitar Player
Pepe Romero
Pepe Romero
Pepe Romero 2000.JPG
Pepe Romero in 2000
Background information
Born March 8, 1944 (age 71)
Málaga, Spain
Genres Classical music, flamenco
Occupation(s) Guitarist, arranger
Instruments Guitar
Years active fl. ca. 1959 – present
Labels Philips Records
Associated acts The Romero Guitar Quartet
Website _URL_
Notable instruments
Torres 1856
The Romero Guitar Quartet
The Romero Guitar Quartet
Related Stories: HERE
Today In History. What Happened This Day In History
Today in History
May 5
1834 The first mainland railway line opens in Belgium.
1865 The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery.
1912 Soviet Communist Party newspaper Pravda begins publishing.
1916 U.S. Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
1920 Anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are arrested for murder.
1935 American Jesse Owens sets the long jump record.
1945 Holland and Denmark are liberated from Nazi control.
1961 Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space.
1987 Congress opens Iran-Contra hearings.
Born on May 5
1813 Soren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher.
1830 John B. Stetson, American hat maker.
1883 Charles Albert "Chief" Bender, baseball player.
1890 Christopher Morley, writer (Kitty Foyle).
1909 Carlos Baker, biographer.
picture of the day
Photo: U.S. Army Signal Corps
this day in the yesteryear: Kublai Khan Becomes Ruler of the Mongol Empire (1260)
Kublai Khan Becomes Ruler of the Mongol Empire (1260)
The grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan was a Mongol emperor who founded China's Yuan Dynasty and became the first Yuan emperor in 1271. In 1279, he completed his grandfather's conquest of China by overthrowing the Sung dynasty. He promoted economic prosperity by rebuilding the Grand Canal, repairing public granaries, extending highways, and encouraging foreign commerce. His magnificent capital at Cambuluc—now Beijing—was visited by several Europeans, including what notable figure? More… Discuss
Read more about the expansion of the Mongol (Hordes) empire
The sunflower is a plant native to the New World and common throughout the US. Its stem can grow up to 10 ft (3 m) tall, and its flower head, commonly having yellow rays, can reach 1 ft (30 cm) in diameter. The sunflower was domesticated around 1000 BCE in the Americas, where the Incas venerated it as an image of their sun god, and it reached Europe in the 16th century. It is valued today for its oil-bearing seeds that can be made into bread. The sunflower is the state flower of what US state? More… Discuss
Migration Period (Migrarea popoarelor)
Migration Period
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Migration Period
Map of Europe, with colored lines denoting migration routes
Time 376–700 AD
Place Europe and Northern Africa
Event Tribes invading the declining Roman Empire
The Migration Period, also known as the Völkerwanderung[1] ("migration of peoples" in German), was a period of intensified human migration in Europe often defined, from the period when it seriously impacted the Roman world, as running from about 376 to 800 AD[2][3] during the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. This period was marked by profound changes both within the Roman Empire and beyond its "barbarian frontier". The migrants who came first were Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Lombards, Suebi, Frisii, Jutes and Franks; they were later pushed westwards by the Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars and Alans.[4] Later migrations (such as the Arab conquest and Viking, Norman, Hungarian, Moorish, Turkic, and Mongol invasions) also had significant effects (especially in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe); however, they are outside the scope of the Migration Period.
Origins of Germanic tribes
First phase
Second phase
The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin from around 895, and the Viking expansion from the late 8th century may be taken to mark the last large movements of the period. All the barbarian peoples were gradually Christianized and integrated into the medieval Christian order.
Climatic factors
Barbarian identity
The role of language in constructing and maintaining group identity can be ephemeral, since large-scale language shifts occur commonly in history.[21] Modernists propose the idea of "imagined communities"; the barbarian polities in late antiquity were social constructs, rather than changeless lines of blood kinship.[22] The process of forming tribal units was called "ethnogenesis", a term coined by Soviet scholar Julian Bromley.[23] The Austrian school (led by Reinhard Wenskus) popularized this idea, which influenced medievalists such as Herwig Wolfram, Walter Pohl and Patrick Geary.[17] It argues that the stimulus for forming tribal polities was perpetuated by a small nucleus of people, known as the Traditionskern ("kernel of tradition"), who were a military or aristocratic elite. This core group formed a standard for larger units, gathering adherents by employing amalgamative metaphors such as kinship and aboriginal commonality and claiming that they perpetuated an ancient, divinely-sanctioned lineage.[24]
A capable soldier would be able to assume the group identity without being born into the "tribe". "A victorious campaign confirmed [the leaders'] right to rule and drew [to] them an ever-growing people who accepted and shared in their identity".[24] In time, these heterogeneous armies grew into a new people possessing "a strong belief in a common biological origin".[25] Halsall argues that no objectively-definable criterion can be consistently used to distinguish ethnic groups from one another: language, social customs, geographic habitation, religion or a common origin. "The only common factor in defining ethnicity is belief: in the reality of your group and the difference to others".[26]
Walter Pohl highlights the dynamic nature of group identity, proposing that during the Migration Period people could live in circumstances of "ethnic ambiguity". Given that ethnicity was important for the upper classes, they could adopt multiple ethnicities to secure the allegiance of their partners and followers: a phenomenon referred to as "situational ethnicity".[26] To advance socially, one needed to "grow into a dominating group with high prestige, to copy its lifestyle".[27] The process of assimilation could produce "a wide variety of transitional stages".[28] Followers could also disband from larger units. Factions arose, challenging the right to lead the people and uphold their traditions. Conversely defeat by an external power could mean the end of a ruler and his people, who were absorbed into the victorious confederacy.[29] "Seen in this light, 'ethnic' identity among barbarians was extraordinarily fluid, as new groups emerged and old ones disappeared".
Whatever the case, this process of building large-scale group identity was particularly evident along the Roman frontier, prompted by the example of Roman provincial life and the threat of Roman attack.[32] Ethnicity was a complex, subjective and multi-layered process, and the Migration Period saw groups rise and fall. Confederations like the Huns and the Vandals arose, to vanish abruptly within a few generations. Other, previously-obscure groups (like the Angles and the Franks) created enduring polities. Even ancient groups like the Goths (who existed from late antiquity until the Middle Ages) underwent profound transformation. Given constant migrations, changing allegiances, and new cultural appropriations, all that remained constant was their Gothic name.[33] As Thomas Noble states, "tribes are no longer imagined to have been "marching for centuries at a time in ordered ranks with homogeneous ethnic compositions" from a distant, localized homeland across Europe into a settlement on Roman soil:
"The common, track-filled map of the Völkerwanderung may illustrate such [a] course of events, but it misleads. Unfolded over long periods of time, the changes of position that took place were necessarily irregular … (with) periods of emphatic discontinuity. For decades and possibly centuries, the tradition bearers idled, and the tradition itself hibernated. There was ample time for forgetfulness to do its work".[34]
"Invasion" versus "migration"
Historians have postulated several explanations for the appearance of "barbarians" on the Roman frontier: weather and crops, population pressure, a "primeval urge" to push into the Mediterranean, or the "domino effect" (whereby the Huns fell upon the Goths who, in turn, pushed other Germanic tribes before them). Entire barbar


text:
Ben is a retired chemistry professor who likes his quiet comfortable life of eating, drinking and reading newspapers. To make him responsive, you will have to bother him long enough that he will fold his newspaper. Then you can talk to him, poke or tickle him or even have a telephone conversation with him.
If you get Ben to his laboratory however, he becomes as happy as a puppy. There you can do chemistry experiments by mixing a combination of two test tubes together and see the hilarious reactions.
HINT: Record a funny video of your telephone conversation with Ben and send it to your friends.
HOW TO PLAY:
- Poke Ben's newspaper to make him fold it.
- Then you can talk to Ben and he will repeat.
- Poke or slap Ben's face, belly, feet or hands.
- Tickle Ben's belly.
- Poke or swipe Ben's graduation picture.
- Press the phone button and have a conversation with Ben.
- Record a funny video of your telephone conversation with Ben.
- Press buttons to make Ben eat, drink or belch.
- Press the chemistry button to switch Ben to the laboratory.
- Mix any two test tubes together and see the hilarious chemical reaction.
- Record videos and share them on YouTube, Facebook or send them to your friends and family by email or MMS.
This app is PRIVO certified. The PRIVO safe harbor seal indicates Outfit7 has established COPPA compliant privacy practices to protect your child's personal information. Our apps do not allow younger children to share their information.
This app contains:
- Promotion of Outfit7's products and contextual advertising
- Links that direct customers to our websites and other Outfit7 apps
- Personalization of content to entice users to play the app again
- Watching videos of Outfit7's animated characters via YouTube integration
- The option to make in-app purchases


text:
Hyperbolic Geometry using Cabri
This page and links maintained
by Tim Lister, _EMAIL_
|A tessellation of the hyperbolic plane H2
(the Poincaré unit disc model) by (2, i, i) triangles, that
is, with angles (90, 0, 0). Every triangle has two vertices on the disc
boundary (at infinity). The diagram was built up from an initial triangle
with a vertex at the centre, by reflection (inversion in a disc line) about
one of its sides. A line in this model is the arc of circle orthogonal
to the disc boundary. Parts of the tessellation are shown in varying degrees
of layers in each of the quarters.
Full screen version
|During the summer of 97 I had great fun playing
with some marvelous software, Cabri
, and devising constructions for use in teaching the basic ideas of a geometry
course put on by the Open University. These started with some figures to
demonstrate the transformations of Inversive Geometry, and progressed to
figures for the Arbelos, the inversors of Peucellier and Hart, Coaxial
Circles and so on, much of which was driven by the discovery of a Dover
edition of a small pearl of a book "Advanced
Euclidean Geometry (Modern Geometry) An elementary Treatise on the Geometry
of the triangle and the Circle" (to give its full title) written
by Roger A. Johnson and first published in 1929. It had languished on my
bookshelves, having been bought years ago for 20 cents (South African)
in some sale or other.
||I can recommend it as a fascinating read, or
just for taking in the breathtaking complexity of the many hand crafted
diagrams to be found on its pages.
Compared to these mechanic and static drawings the beauty of a Cabri
figure is that you can "grab and drag" various objects in it and this movement
of the figure often gives a clear or most certainly new insight into the
underlying result or concept. The Cabri icon shown above, with its "grabbing
hand", perfectly captures the major strength of this program. It was with
this in mind that I started to construct a series of Cabri macros and an
ever growing menu for constructions for hyperbolic (or non-Euclidean) geometry
in the Poincaré disc model. The menu commands can be used to draw
figures that illustrate some of the fascinating results and figures to
be found in the hyperbolic plane.
The Cabri Java Handbook
|Download the hyperbolic geometry menu, plus notes for its use.
||The latest innovation is Cabri Java.
Fully interactive Cabri figures displayed on the page via a Java applet.
||d-lines in the Poincare disc, parallels and ultra parallels
||Tiling the disc with regular triangles
||non Euclidean distance
||Talk given at CabriWorld 2001, Montreal
A collection of figures, animated gifs and downloadable Cabri (Fig) files.
|Circumscribed Circle. A result of both Euclidean
and Hyperbolic geometry.
|Isometries of H2
|Tessellation of H2 using regular triangles.


text:
Specifies a light source. The number of possible lights depends on the implementation, but at least eight lights are supported. They are identified by symbolic names of the form GL_LIGHT where ranges from 0 to the value of GL_MAX_LIGHTS - 1.
Specifies a light source parameter for light. Accepted symbolic names are GL_AMBIENT, GL_DIFFUSE, GL_SPECULAR, GL_POSITION, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, GL_SPOT_EXPONENT, GL_SPOT_CUTOFF, GL_CONSTANT_ATTENUATION, GL_LINEAR_ATTENUATION, and GL_QUADRATIC_ATTENUATION.
Returns the requested data.
Sample Code References
The following code samples have been found which appear to reference the functions described here. Take care that the code may be old, broken or not even use PyOpenGL.
OpenGLContext tests/glgetlight.py Lines: 14


Content of Selected Elements in the Muscle Tissue and Gills of Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and Water From a Polish Lake
Magdalena Stanek, Karolina Stasiak, Bogdan Janicki, Henryka Bernacka
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Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, University of Technology and Life Sciences,
Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2012;21(4):1033–1038
The aim of this work was to analyze the concentrations of select elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the water, muscle tissue, and gills of perch sampled in autumn from Lake Gopło in NW Poland. The correlations between the fish size (body length) and metal concentrations in the tissues were investigated by linear regression analysis. In addition, the bioaccumulation coefficient, as a measure of accumulation intensity of an element in an organ, was analyzed. The mean content of K, Mg, and Zn in the analyzed perch was higher in the muscle (18.90, 1.53, and 52.92, mg·kg-1) than in gills (8.88, 1.30, and 44.99 mg·kg-1), and the difference between these values (except for Zn) was statistically significant (p≤0.05). The analyses of the correlation between metal concentration in the meat and the body length of fish show that the bioaccumulation of Na, K, Mg, and Zn decreases as fish body length increases (negative correlation). The evaluation of the chemical pollution of Lake Gopło concentrations was based on the following ions (N-NO3, N-NO2, and P-PO4) and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn). The concentrations of nitrite nitrogen in the waters of Lake Gopło range from 0.012 (in September) to 0.057 mg N-NO2 dm-3 (in November). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen ranges from 0.09 to 1.888 mg N-NO3 dm-3. The concentration of orthophosphate in surface waters of Lake Gopło is not very diverse (0.17-0.2 mg PO4 -3 dm-3).