text:
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Brain stem lesions: Diseases of the brain stem can result to abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves which may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change, and co-ordination problems. See detailed information below for a list of 9 causes of Brain stem lesions, including diseases and drug side effect causes.
» Review Causes of Brain stem lesions: Causes
Home medical tests possibly related to Brain stem lesions:
Review further information on Brain stem lesions Treatments.
Real-life user stories relating to Brain stem lesions:
Research the causes of these more general types of symptom:
Research the causes of related medical symptoms such as:
Research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom Brain stem lesions:
Read more about causes and Brain stem lesions deaths.
Undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia: BBC News UK reported on a man who had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness because he suffered from sudden inability to speak. This was initially misdiagnosed as a...read more »
Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for a patient to show mental decline to dementia. Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions, such as a stroke or Alzheimer's disease, it...read more »
Mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed: Although the symptoms of severe brain injury are hard to miss, it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a...read more »
Brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia: A condition that results from an excessive pressure of CSF within the brain is often misdiagnosed. It may be misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease or...read more »
Post-concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed: A study found that soldiers who had suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return. A variety of...read more »
Children with migraine often misdiagnosed: A migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. These patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but migraines can also occur in children. See misdiagnosis of migraine...read more »
Other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services:
Rare types of medical conditions and diseases in related medical categories:
Conditions that are commonly undiagnosed in related areas may include:
The list below shows some of the causes of Brain stem lesions mentioned in various sources:
This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Brain stem lesions. Of the 9 causes of Brain stem lesions that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information:
The following list of conditions have 'Brain stem lesions' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
Select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of Brain stem lesions or choose View All.
Ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums.
Medical story forums: If you have a medical story then we want to hear it.
This information shows analysis of the list of causes of Brain stem lesions based
on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient:
Medical Conditions associated with Brain stem lesions:
Symptoms related to Brain stem lesions:
Doctor-patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis:
These general medical articles may be of interest:
Medical research papers related to Brain stem lesions include:
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text:
model relationships, and it can result in a larger model size.
- Longer relationship filter propagation chains will need to be traversed, which will likely be less efficient than filters applied to a single table.
- The Fields pane presents more model tables to report authors, which can result in a less intuitive experience, especially when snowflake dimension tables contain just one or two columns.
- It's not possible to create a hierarchy that spans the tables.
When you choose to integrate into a single model table, you can also define a hierarchy that encompasses the highest and lowest grain of the dimension. Possibly, the storage of redundant denormalized data can result in increased model storage size, particularly for very large dimension tables.
Slowly changing dimensions
A slowly changing dimension (SCD) is one that appropriately manages change of dimension members over time. It applies when business entity values change over time, and in an ad hoc manner. A good example of a slowly changing dimension is a customer dimension, specifically its contact detail columns like email address and phone number. In contrast, some dimensions are considered to be rapidly changing when a dimension attribute changes often, like a stock's market price. The common design approach in these instances is to store rapidly changing attribute values in a fact table measure.
Star schema design theory refers to two common SCD types: Type 1 and Type 2. A dimension-type table could be Type 1 or Type 2, or support both types simultaneously for different columns.
Type 1 SCD
A Type 1 SCD always reflects the latest values, and when changes in source data are detected, the dimension table data is overwritten. This design approach is common for columns that store supplementary values, like the email address or phone number of a customer. When a customer email address or phone number changes, the dimension table updates the customer row with the new values. It's as if the customer always had this contact information.
A non-incremental refresh of a Power BI model dimension-type table achieves the result of a Type 1 SCD. It refreshes the table data to ensure the latest values are loaded.
Type 2 SCD
A Type 2 SCD supports versioning of dimension members. If the source system doesn't store versions, then it's usually the data warehouse load process that detects changes, and appropriately manages the change in a dimension table. In this case, the dimension table must use a surrogate key to provide a unique reference to a version of the dimension member. It also includes columns that define the date range validity of the version (for example, StartDate and EndDate) and possibly a flag column (for example, IsCurrent) to easily filter by current dimension members.
For example, Adventure Works assigns salespeople to a sales region. When a salesperson relocates region, a new version of the salesperson must be created to ensure that historical facts remain associated with the former region. To support accurate historic analysis of sales by salesperson, the dimension table must store versions of salespeople and their associated region(s). The table should also include start and end date values to define the time validity. Current versions may define an empty end date (or 12/31/9999), which indicates that the row is the current version. The table must also define a surrogate key because the business key (in this instance, employee ID) won't be unique.
It's important to understand that when the source data doesn't store versions, you must use an intermediate system (like a data warehouse) to detect and store changes. The table load process must preserve existing data and detect changes. When a change is detected, the table load process must expire the current version. It records these changes by updating the EndDate value and inserting a new version with the StartDate value commencing from the previous EndDate value. Also, related facts must use a time-based lookup to retrieve the dimension key value relevant to the fact date. A Power BI model using Power Query can't produce this result. It can, however, load data from a pre-loaded SCD Type 2 dimension table.
The Power BI model should support querying historical data for a member, regardless of change, and for a version of the member, which represents a particular state of the member in time. In the context of Adventure Works, this design enables you to query the salesperson regardless of assigned sales region, or for a particular version of the salesperson.
To achieve this requirement, the Power BI model dimension-type table must include a column for filtering the salesperson, and a different column for filtering a specific version of the salesperson. It's important that the version column provides a non-ambiguous description, like "Michael Blythe (12/15/2008-06/26/2019)" or "Michael Blythe (current)". It's also important to educate report authors and consumers about the basics of SCD Type 2, and how to achieve appropriate report designs by applying correct filters.
It's also a good design practice to include a hierarchy that allows visuals to drill down to the version level.
A role-playing dimension is a dimension that can filter related facts differently. For example, at Adventure Works, the date dimension table has three relationships to the reseller sales facts. The same dimension table can be used to filter the facts by order date, ship date, or delivery date.
In a data warehouse, the accepted design approach is to define a single date dimension table. At query time, the "role" of the date dimension is established by which fact column you use to join the tables. For example, when you analyze sales by order date, the table join relates to the reseller sales order date column.
In a Power BI model, this design can be imitated by creating multiple relationships between two tables. In the Adventure Works example, the date and reseller sales tables would have three relationships. While this design is possible, it's important to understand that there can only be one active relationship between two Power BI model tables. All remaining relationships must be set to inactive. Having a single active relationship means there is a default filter propagation from date to reseller sales. In this instance, the active relationship is set to the most common filter that is used by reports, which at Adventure Works is the order date relationship.
The only way to use an inactive relationship is to define a DAX expression that uses the USERELATIONSHIP function. In our example, the model developer must create measures to enable analysis of reseller sales by ship date and delivery date. This work can be tedious, especially when the reseller table defines many measures. It also creates Fields pane clutter, with an overabundance of measures. There are other limitations, too:
- When report authors rely on summarizing columns, rather than defining measures, they can't achieve summarization for the inactive relationships without writing a report-level measure. Report-level measures can only be defined when authoring reports in Power BI Desktop.
- With only one active relationship path between date and reseller sales, it's not possible to simultaneously filter reseller sales by different types of dates. For example, you can't produce a visual that plots order date sales by shipped sales.
To overcome these limitations, a common Power BI modeling technique is to create a dimension-type table for each role-playing instance. You typically create the additional dimension tables as calculated tables, using DAX. Using calculated tables, the model can contain a Date table, a Ship Date table and a Delivery Date table, each with a single and active relationship to their respective reseller sales table columns.
This design approach doesn't require you to define multiple measures for different date roles, and it allows simultaneous filtering by different date roles. A minor price to pay, however, with this design approach is that there will be duplication of the date dimension table resulting in an increased model storage size. As dimension-type tables typically store fewer rows relative to fact-type tables, it is rarely a concern.
Observe the following good design practices when you create model dimension-type tables for each role:
- Ensure that the column names are self-describing. While it's possible to have a Year column in all date tables (column names are unique within their table), it's not self-describing by default visual titles. Consider renaming columns in each dimension role table, so that the Ship Date table has a year column named Ship Year, etc.
- When relevant, ensure that table descriptions provide feedback to report authors (through Fields pane tooltips) about how filter propagation is configured. This clarity is important when the model contains a generically named table, like Date, which is used to filter many fact-type tables. In the case that this table has, for example, an active relationship to the reseller sales order date column, consider providing a table description like "Filters reseller sales by order date".
For more information, see Active vs inactive relationship guidance.
A junk dimension is useful when there are many dimensions, especially consisting of few attributes (perhaps one), and when these attributes have few values. Good candidates include order status columns, or customer demographic columns (gender, age group, etc.).
The design objective of a junk dimension is to consolidate many "small" dimensions into a single dimension to both reduce the model storage size and also reduce Fields pane clutter by surfacing fewer model tables.
A junk dimension table is typically the Cartesian product of all dimension attribute members, with a surrogate key column. The surrogate key provides a unique reference to each row in the table. You can build the dimension in a data warehouse, or by using Power Query to create a query that performs full outer query joins, then adds a surrogate key (index column).
You load this query to the model as a dimension-type table. You also need to merge this query with the fact query, so the index column is loaded to the model to support the creation of a "one-to

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
MacGregor Campbell, consultant
Here's a freaky twist on a classic illusion.
Thomas Papathomas, a vision researcher at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, has created a new variation on the hollow-mask illusion - where viewers find it difficult to distinguish whether they are seeing a mask's interior or its exterior.
Papathomas's version uses both a hollow mask and a hollow torso, each inverted from the other so that when the head is concave, the torso is convex, and vice-versa. As the torso and head rotate, in the same direction, they appear to rotate oppositely to one another, resulting in the head appearing to twist unnaturally.
Papathomas calls this the "Exorcist Illusion," referring to a famous scene in the 1973 horror movie, The Exorcist, in which a girl possessed by the devil twists her head around a full 360 degrees.
This illusion requires no satanic involvement however. A constantly rotating hollow mask - or torso - appears to rotate in one direction when the exterior is facing the viewer, and the opposite direction when the interior faces the viewer. Since the brain and the torso are inverted from one another, when one appears to rotate clockwise, the other seems to rotate anticlockwise.
Papathomas created this illusion for the Neural Correlate Society's 2012 Illusion of the Year contest.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Why this is leading practice
This Leading Aspect Award application is concerned with analysing external and internal test results to identify weaknesses and to inform future teaching and learning. There are four distinct areas:
1. Testing and recording (administered by the teacher). External testing.
2. Identifying areas of weakness
3. Providing individual and personalised learning through interactive computer programs (student centred)
4. Monitoring of progress and development of skills.
This process enables pupils to make further progress and raise their personal level of achievement.
Impact to date
- Improvement of GCSE results
- Pupils taking responsibility for their own learning
- Increase of pupils' self esteem
- More effective teaching and learning due to the in-depth data analysis, pinpointing each student strengths and weaknesses
- Other departments (SEN and music) have adapted the system for their own use
- 2 primary schools now using data in a similar way to improve their teaching and learning of the subject.
- Links with other subjects leading to the re drafting of the Maths schemes of work, in order to ensure that topics are taught at specific times, in line with requirements from other subjects.
- Formal and informal training sessions done by the Head of Department for colleagues from Hodge Hill and to colleagues from other schools during a Birmingham Network Training Day
Rationale / Start Point
There is a school emphasis on Assessment for Learning and we need to get pupils to take responsibility for their own learning. This application is to show that we are developing pupils to:
- Become more aware of their own strengths and weaknesses
- Work towards being independent learners
- Regular testing of students to determine strengths and weaknesses
- Personalised data leading to the production of IEPs, through the use of the WORD mailmerge facility.
- Pupils' weaknesses targeted with personalised learning programmes.
- Pupils identified for intervention as soon as weaknesses appears
- GCSE early entries for the majority of students, leading to in-depth analysis of results and specific targeting of weaknesses before re-entry
- Use of "MyMaths", an on-line programme, linked to the data analysis of tests, leading to individual programmes of study.
- Family learning offered and strongly supported by management and governors. This encourages the students and their parents to learn together in school.
- Data analysis of tests and exams influencing what is taught. Scheme of work altered as necessary to ensure that weaknesses are tackled. (eg. weaknesses seen from the analysis of the previous GCSE results, lead to the topic being covered more fully starting at KS3)
- Involvement of the whole of the department in the monitoring programme
- Support given to the teachers by the Maths leadership group and the Head of Department
- Regular monitoring of teachers and marking by the Maths Leadership group and School Leadership Team, in order to ensure consistency.
Sustainability and Further Development
- The whole department is involved in this process, leading to the production of IEP which are used consistently by teachers.
- Since this system is used consistently and is part of the day-to-day routine of the department, there is no doubt that it will continue. The process will become more refined and solid as times goes by.
- The support of the senior management team and of the governors is evident and will ensure that the process continues.
- The Birmingham North Area Network of Maths teachers will be the forum for future sharing of good practice with other Maths departments.


Build Your Own Dictionary
Browse Alphabetically
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: an unfinished treehouse: a treehouse your father got really psyched about building until he zoned out
 Word History: "treehouse" dropping the "se"
 Example Sentence: The roof of my new treehou doesn't protect from the rain very well.
 Submitted by: Cinderella Jelly from MA on 01/16/2008 02:07
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a person who hugs trees: a person who believes in environmental causes
 Example Sentence: My dad is a treehugger!
 Submitted by: Vicki from Texas, USA on 02/11/2008 07:02
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: full of trees: having a lot of trees in one place
 Example Sentence: The forest was treeish and very green.
 Submitted by: Jae from California on 09/18/2008 08:40
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: to be territorial about a specific tree or group of trees
 Example Sentence: Many squirrels are treeitorial and defend their trees by fighting over them.
 Submitted by: Anonymous from California, USA on 02/13/2012 08:20
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a tree that looks like a seedling
 Example Sentence: Don't step on the treeling, please.
 Submitted by: Mahdi from Tamil Nadu, India on 07/29/2008 07:06
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: larger than life
 Example Sentence: I felt treenormus.
 Submitted by: Boo from Florida, USA on 11/20/2009 08:28
 1. Function: verb
 Definition: to sneak around without making a noise
 Example Sentence: Spies treeped through the neighborhood.
 Submitted by: T from TN, USA on 10/27/2010 11:53
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a material available to write on
 Word History: It comes from the words "tree bark" combined with the word "paper."
 Example Sentence: I am writing on treeper.
 Submitted by: Cedric from New Hampshire, U.S.A. on 10/25/2007 06:30
 1. Function: verb
 Definition: to climb a tree
 Word History: I wanted to invent my own word.
 Example Sentence: I need help trefing that spruce.
 Submitted by: Cleara from Michigan, America on 10/18/2007 04:37
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a person of high intelligence, wit, courage and willpower
 Word History: ancient word from ancient people called the vaya-gor's
 Example Sentence: If you are a treiw, you are always one step ahead of other people.


Oracle Fusion Middleware Tag Reference for Oracle ADF Faces
11g Release 1 (
calendarDropTarget calendar drop target
This tag makes a calendar component a drop target and can be used to declaratively initialize the drop target.
Name Type Supports EL? Description
actions String no Drag and drop actions supported by this target. The actions must be an NMTOKENS from the set of "COPY, "MOVE", "LINK" in any particular order e.g. (actions="COPY LINK MOVE"). If no actions are specified, the default is "COPY".
dropListener javax.faces.el.MethodBinding Only EL A method reference to a callback with the signature method( dropEvent) called when a drop occurs on the component. This callback should check the DropEvent to determine whether it will accept the drop or not. If the callback accepts the drop, it should perform the drop and return the DnDAction it performed-- DnDAction.COPY, DnDAction.MOVE or DnDAction.LINK, otherwise it should return DnDAction.NONE to indicate that the drop was rejected. The target component is automatically redrawn in response to a successful drop.
If the calendarDropTarget is attached to the calendar component, an implicit support for moving of activities is added by the framework. The drop transferable will contain the object of the following flavor: The dropSite for the drop event will be an object of instance:
Please note that currently there is no CalendarDragSource tag and hence the drop target is responsible for moving the activities. Page authors are responsible for handling drop from external data sources in dropListener. This can be done by adding one or more af:dataFlovor tags to the af:calendarDropTarget tag.


text:
Zoom into a Report
The zooming functionality is available for the NetFlow Auditor charting applet. Users can zoom into all bar, line and area charts.
You can zoom into a report to reveal more intricate details.
Note: By default (except in the case of a baseline report) the grid will update as you select a time area. To "float" through the graph data without the grid updating, click "Chart tab" and disable the "Zoom Option".
To zoom down into a report:Step 1:
Generate a report. Following is an example of a weekly baseline report.Step 2:
For line charts focus choose zoom mode (
). Zoom mode is a toggle option of Drag mode click on drag mode (
) to change to zoom mode.Step 3:
Drag the mouse to select an area within the graph into which you wish to drill down. Step 4:
A new graph is displayed elaborating only the selected area with greater detail.Step 5:
Repeat Step 2, as many times as you want.


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What is it about the French language that so prettifies commonplace notions? Devoré fabric refers to velvets that have been dissolved to create transparent patterns. In French, this literally means 'devoured'. More prosaically, in English this fabric is sometimes referred to as 'burnout', which conjures up some rather horrid images.
The process was first created in Europe in the 1920s, and requires velvet that has a blend of cellulose fibre – viscose, cotton, rayon – and a protein-based fibre such as silk. A chemical gel is applied in the desired pattern to the fabric, and the cellulose is dissolved away to leave behind the silk, which appears as a semi-transparent gauze, and thereby creating the pattern.
Devoré was popular during the 1920s unsurprisingly, as it was then invented, and the dresses of the time were so much more inventive with the use of this innovative fabric than the ubiquitous scarves and fringed kimonos of today.


name: pesca version: 4.0.1 synopsis: Proof Editor for Sequent Calculus description: Pesca is a program that helps in the construction of proofs in sequent calculus. It works both as a proof editor and as an automatic theorem prover. Proofs constructed in Pesca can both be seen on the terminal and printed into LaTeX files.. The user of Pesca can choose among different versions of classical and intuitionistic proposition and predicate calculi, and extend them by systems of nonlogical axioms. The implementation of Pesca is written in the functional programming language Haskell. category: Theorem Provers, Compilers/Interpreters license: GPL license-file: LICENSE author: Aarne Ranta maintainer: Aarne Ranta homepage: build-depends: base>3, process build-type: Simple data-files: README, doc/geometry, doc/lattices, doc/manual.tex, doc/proof.sty tested-with: GHC==6.8.2 executable: pesca main-is: Editor.hs hs-source-dirs: src other-modules: Axioms, Calculi, Interaction, Natural, PrelSequent, PSequent, PrSequent, Sequent ghc-options: -Wall ghc-prof-options: -prof -auto-all


text:
People come together for a variety of reasons. Sometimes a crowd is just an aggregate of people who happen to be doing the same thing, like waiting for a bus or shopping at the mall. Although these people may be in the same place at the same time, they are not pursuing any collective agenda.
Some people are brought together for certain events like concerts, weddings or funerals. Some crowds come together to further an agenda. They may attempt to create or resist social change.
As you saw in the examples in this module, the type of collective action can vary but these often come about because the people involved do not feel that they will be listened to without taking up their cause. They may believe that appropriate change cannot come through any other venue than their collective action.
Several hundred years ago, social movements were short lived and often violent. If the townspeople gathered their torches and pitchforks to go and kill the Frankenstein monster, once that task has been completed, the social movement was over. Present-day social movements are less violent and can become national or even international movements, simply through the creation of a website.
What you learned to do:
- Describe the causes and development of collective behavior, social movements, and social change
- Describe technology in a sociological context
- Describe the evolution and role of the media in society
- Understand and discuss how we analyze media and technology through various socialogical perspectives


SEO Agency Canada
Effective search marketing is an essential component of a market presence for every business in Canada. For more than 20 years immediaC has been working with our business clients as an SEO agency.
When you want to connect, share your message, or offer your product or service, then your website needs to be found at the top of the list. You need to reach the people who are ready and searching for what you offer.
When they look, you need to be there.
The services of a search engine optimization agency like immediaC are critical. What can professional SEO do for your business?
 1. Site architecture and keyword research
 2. Keyword landing page construction
 3. Linking strategies
 4. Content development
 5. Social media strategy
The objective is to build traffic on your website by formatting pages that will be properly listed in Google. This is not a technical exercise, but rather requires a marketing approach to solving the search engine optimization problem.
Getting listings in search engines doesn't need to be complex. You just need to understand a few simple concepts.
For example, Google and other search engines are fundamentally looking for two things:
 1. The words on your page.
 2. Links to your page.
Sure there are many things to review and get correct under these two broad categories.
Getting a good search listing is a marketing challenge. You will need to put yourself in the head of a potential customer or person who you would like to find your site. This is about putting your message, your thinking, your philosophy, your photos or your blog, out there so that other people can find it.
It is like being able to read the mind of your client at the precise moment they decide to buy what you sell.
Google has been called the database of intentions. At any given point, Google has a good idea of what humanity is thinking. Where is the first place you go when you need to research a topic, look up a definition, help someone with their math homework, or understand your EKG. "Hey Google! Where do I buy a _________?"
Once you have the visitor on your page, the content of the page needs to help your client make a decision and ideally lead them to conversion. This means they 'convert' from a prospect to a client by registering, signing up, or making a purchase.
As part of an SEO service engagement, you want to ensure that your SEO agency is working on goals and measuring conversion success.
Part of the work of a good search engine optimization agency is to define and codify goals and then measure the success of these goals.
Keyword Search Terms
The first step is building a set of keyword search terms. You need to think about all the terms that a potential customer, client or contact will use to look for you. Your SEO agency can do some keyword research for you.
The next step is to build a page for each term.
Consider this example. If you are in the business of providing a food supplement made from fish oil, you want a good listing for "Fish Oil Supplements". But that is just the tip of the iceberg. Start brainstorming other terms that people might use when they are looking for a product or service like yours.
 1. Omega 3 Fatty Acids
 2. Supplements for Athletes
 3. Latest Health Foods
 4. Omega 6 Fatty Acids
 5. Fish Oil for Health
 6. Natural Vitamins
 7. Essential Fatty Acids
 8. Homeopathic Treatments
For many businesses this will be a huge list. It is not a one-time process; you will come up with new terms all the time. This strategy means coming up with many specific terms. You need to focus each page on your website, with a specific term that a potential customer might look for. There are lots of different ways to build a list of terms. Think of:
 1. Features & Benefits
 2. Product Names
 3. Geography
 4. A Special Interest Group
The last 20 years providing SEO services in Canada have given us tremendous experience. We look forward to an opportunity to work with you and improve your search appearance.


text:
One thing you need to do is determine how to space out the tiles and draw them. If this were a simple rectilinear grid of tiles, you could use the AutoCAD® ARRAY command to fill in the tiles. But for the garden path, you need to have each row of tiles offset from the previous row.
This row-offset pattern is a repeating pattern. Think of how you might go about laying the tiles if you were building the actual path. You would probably be inclined to start at one end and just keep laying down rows until there wasn't any more space left.
At the starting point of the path
Figure out the initial row offset from center (either centered on
the path or offset by one "tile space").
While the space of the boundary filled is less than the space to
Draw a row of tiles.
Reset the next start point (incremented by one "tile space").
Add the distance filled by the new row to the amount of space
Toggle the offset (if it is centered, set it up off-center, or
Go back to the start of the loop.


text:
In tire manufacturing different material layers are rolled up onto a drum, thus the tire is built up layer by layer. For tire quality and safety it is necessary for the start and end of each layer to have a defined overlap.
Up to now, for the determination of this overlap, systems capable of acquiring only one track are employed. The Fraunhofer EZRT development SpliceChecker is applying light-sectioning techniques in order to inspect layer setup along the entire width and circumference for the first time. As a result of this measurement not only the overlap is determined but also a possible lateral offset of the layer with regards to its desired position. Optionally, it can also be determined, whether the layer has been deposited at all or if a material with incorrect width or thickness was used. Also production flaws like folded corners ("dog-ears") or foldings can be detected.
In light-sectioning a light-section is projected diagonally towards material layer onto the drum and monitored by a specialized camera under an angle from the projection direction. From the course of the light section a height profile is generated. During tire buildup up to 8000 height profiles of the material layer are recorded. This enables tire buildup inspection even at layer deposition velocities of 120 m/min.
The current SpliceChecker systems are acquiring the layer buildup on a width of 400 mm or 700 mm resp. Under development is a modular system capable of acquiring a layer width of up to 1000 mm with just one camera. Measurement speed and resolution are adapted to the individual requirements of our customers. By coupling with existing machine controls an integration into existing manufacturing systems is possible.
- Data acquisition during layer buildup
- Suitable for all material layers (Innerliner, Ply, Breaker, etc.)
- Usually no additional cycle time required
- Measurement of the entire material layer
- Precise determination of splice (overlap/open) throughout the entire width
- Determination of material width and offset throughout the entire winding
- Customer specific evaluation possible
- No reference data acquisition necessary
- Can be flexibly adapted to various tire systems
- Offline evaluation of saved data possible


text:
Eligibility: People with physical disabilities, people with epilepsy and children with autism.
Support Dogs is a national assistance dog charity (member of ADUK) dedicated to training dogs to transform the lives of people with physical disabilities, people with epilepsy, children with autism.
Support Dogs currently offers 3 training programmes:
Disability Assistance Programme - The client's pet dog is trained to provide assistance and support with everyday activities such as:
- Loading and unloading the washing machine
- Fetching the post
- Dressing and undressing
- Opening and closing doors
- Picking up and dropping objects
- Raising the alarm
Seizure Alert Programme - Support Dogs provide the dog for this programme. Seizure Alert Dogs are trained to give up to a 50 minute warning prior to an oncoming epilepsy seizure, allowing the client to get to a place of safety.
Autism Assistance Programme - Support Dogs provide the dog for this programme. Autism Assistance Dogs are trained to provide safety and companionship for children aged 4-10 years with autism. They have been shown to:
- Reduce stress for family members
- Promote positive changes in behaviour
- Provide comfort for the child when upset
- Increase safety for the child
- Enhance verbal communications
- Reduce social isolation
All qualified support dogs will receive a jacket and identification book which allows them access in restricted areas.
Whilst all the information given in this document was correct at the time of going to press, DIAL Doncaster cannot be held responsible for any subsequent changes.


simplicial approximation theorem
Homotopy theory
models: topological, simplicial, localic, …
see also algebraic topology
Paths and cylinders
Homotopy groups
Basic facts
The simplicial approximation theorem roughly says that if XX and YY are simplicial complexes and f:|X||Y|f: {|X|} \to {|Y|} is a continuous map between their geometric realizations, then after further subdivisions XX', YY' there is a simplicial map g:XYg: X' \to Y' such that |g|{|g|} is homotopic to ff.
Let XX be a simplicial complex, with vertex set X 0X_0. We recall that the geometric realization of XX is a space whose points may be described as functions α:X 0[0,1]\alpha: X_0 \to [0, 1] such that α 1((0,1])\alpha^{-1}((0, 1]) is a simplex of XX (in particular, finite) and vX 0α(v)=1\sum_{v \in X_0} \alpha(v) = 1. For a simplex ss of XX, we let |s|{|s|} denote the closed (affine) simplex in the geometric realization |X|{|X|}, defined by the formula
|s|={α|X|:α(v)>0impliesvs}.{|s|} = \{\alpha \in {|X|}: \alpha(v) \gt 0 \; implies \; v \in s\}.
This may be identified with a standard affine simplex, and we topologize |s|{|s|} so that this identification is a homeomorphism. |X|{|X|} is then given the coherent topology: the largest topology rendering each inclusion |s||X|{|s|} \hookrightarrow {|X|} is continuous.
If X,YX, Y are simplicial complexes, then a function f:X 0|Y|f: X_0 \to {|Y|} can be extended linearly to a continuous map f˜:|X||Y|\tilde{f}: {|X|} \to {|Y|} by the rule
f˜(α)= vX 0α(v)f(v),\tilde{f}(\alpha) = \sum_{v \in X_0} \alpha(v)f(v),
provided that for every simplex ss of XX, all convex combinations of elements of f(s)f(s) lie in |Y|{|Y|}. Naturally this is the case if f=jϕf = j \circ \phi where ϕ:X 0Y 0\phi: X_0 \to Y_0 is a simplicial map and j:Y 0|Y|j: Y_0 \to {|Y|} is the natural inclusion.
We may then define a general subdivision (not necessarily an iterated barycentric subdivision) of a simplicial complex XX to be a simplicial complex XX' such that
 - Vertices of XX' are points of |X|{|X|},
 - For every simplex ss' of XX', there is a simplex of XX such that s|s|s' \subseteq {|s|},
 - The linear map i˜:|X||X|\tilde{i}: {|X'|} \to {|X|} induced from the inclusion i:X|X|i: X' \hookrightarrow {|X|} is a homeomorphism.
Often one treats such i˜\tilde{i} as an identity map.
Let X,YX, Y be simplicial complexes, and let f:|X||Y|f: {|X|} \to {|Y|} be a continuous map. A simplicial map ϕ:XY\phi: X \to Y is a simplicial approximation to ff if f(α)|s|f(\alpha) \in {|s|} implies |ϕ|(α)|s|{|\phi|}(\alpha) \in {|s|}.
Suppose ϕ:XY\phi: X \to Y is a simplicial approximation to a map f:|X||Y|f: {|X|} \to {|Y|}, and suppose f=|ϕ|f = {|\phi|} on a subset A|X|A \subseteq {|X|}. Then there is a homotopy |ϕ|frelA{|\phi|} \simeq f \; rel \; A.
Define the homotopy HH by H(α,t)=tf(α)+(1t)|ϕ|(α)H(\alpha, t) = t f(\alpha) + (1-t){|\phi|}(\alpha). This makes sense since if f(α)|s|f(\alpha) \in {|s|}, then |ϕ|(α)|s|{|\phi|}(\alpha) \in {|s|} and |s|{|s|} is closed under convex combinations. Clearly H(α,t)=f(α)H(\alpha, t) = f(\alpha) for all tt on a set where ff and |ϕ|{|\phi|} agree.
Given simplicial pairs (X,A)(X, A), (Y,B)(Y, B) and a map of pairs f:(|X|,|A|)(|Y|,|B|)f: ({|X|}, {|A|}) \to ({|Y|}, {|B|}), there is a subdivision i:(X,A)(|X|,|A|)i: (X', A') \hookrightarrow ({|X|}, {|A|}) and a simplicial approximation ϕ:(X,A)(Y,B)\phi: (X', A') \to (Y, B) to fi˜:(|X|,|A|)(|Y|,|B|)f \circ \tilde{i}: ({|X'|}, {|A'|}) \to ({|Y|}, {|B|}).
Moreover, if (X,A)(X, A) is a finite simplicial pair, we may choose the subdivision to be an iterated barycentric subdivision (sd nX,sd nA)(sd^n X, sd^n A) for any sufficiently large nn (given ff).
 - Robert Switzer, Lemma 6.8, p. 76 in: Algebraic Topology - Homotopy and Homology, Die Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, Vol. 212, Springer-Verlag, New York, N. Y., 1975 (doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61923-6)
Last revised on January 28, 2021 at 00:11:40. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.


Quick Answer: What'S A Word For Someone Who Pays Attention To Detail?
Who is a meticulous person?
How do you say you are detail oriented?
What's a word for attention to detail?
meticulousSome common synonyms of meticulous are careful, punctilious, and scrupulous. While all these words mean "showing close attention to detail," meticulous may imply either commendable extreme carefulness or a hampering finicky caution over small points.
What does it mean to pay close attention to detail?
Attention to detail is a talent where one has shown the repeated ability to achieve thoroughness, accuracy, and consistency while using keen observation and concentration when accomplishing a task. …
What does it mean to pay attention to detail?
Definition. Achieves thoroughness and accuracy when accomplishing a task through concern for all the areas involved. Behavioral Indicators. − Provides accurate, consistent numbers on all paperwork.
What is an example of a detail?
How do you explain attention to detail in interview?
Here are a few tips to prove that you are a detail oriented person.Being enthusiastic and energetic.Very focused.Paying attention.Check minute details.Provide examples from past.Explaining previous work experiences.Helping the interviewer understand well.
How is attention to detail a strength?
Detail-oriented strengths give you the ability to work better, to be more effective and to minimize the risk of errors. Companies value and require these strengths, that's why many people include attention to detail capacity on their resumes, CV and job applications.
What are some examples of attention to detail?
10 Examples of Attention To DetailPlanning. Planning a task before you begin such as creating a checklist for a maintenance procedure.Design. Designing things before you create them such as a software developer who develops a software design before they write any code.Communication. … Listening. … Diligence. … Risk. … Refinement.
How do you describe a detail oriented person?
What is attention to detail in workplace?
Attention to detail is the ability to achieve thoroughness and accuracy when accomplishing a task. As many employers seek this skill, it is not surprising to see many students list on their resume that they have 'strong attention to detail'.
Is attention to detail a personality trait?
Attention to detail is generally a good trait that is worth developing, but one must pay attention to how they are applying it to the people around them, lest they find themselves alienated and overwhelmed.
How do you pay attention to detail at work?
For our brain to be able to pay attention to detail, it needs to be well-rested, so it's crucial that you schedule regular breaks. Get up as often as you can and walk around the office, while you should also give yourself mental breaks. Spare a few minutes to read your favourite blog or to look up recipes for dinner.


Group Decision Making: Meaning and Techniques - Principle of Management
Principle of Management
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Group Decision Making: Meaning and Techniques - Principle of Management
Group Decision Making: Meaning and Techniques
Group Decision making:
It is the process of making decision by groups that affect the welfare of the organization and the people in it. In a group, members effectively identify problems, choosing alternatives and evaluate decision. Such decisions are mostly unbiased and very effective.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group decision making:
Advantages: The following are the advantages of group decision –making
 1. Generate more information ideas and solutions.
 2. Builds team feeling
 3. Communicates information to more people, improving understanding and morale.
 4. Increases commitment to the solution.
 5. Shares responsibility
 6. Builds interpersonal and leadership skill
 7. Particularly suitable to non programmed decision making
Disadvantages: The following are some of the disadvantages of group decision making
 1. Requires good group management and communication skills
 2. Takes more time.
 3. May create conflict between supporters of different views.
 4. Dilutes responsibility, although the supervisor is ultimately accountable.
 5. Domination of a vocal few, who talk the loudest and longest
 6. Group think- a pressure to avoid disagreement or raise objection may occur.
Techniques of Group Decision Making:
Participation, communication, free flow of information, chances of interaction and respect for each individual member in group are the main factors that lead to improve decision making. The following are the technique used in group decision making:
1. BrainStorming: It is a useful technique for generating ideas about possible causes of problems, and about potential solution to problems, once they have been identified. The objective of brain storming is to generate pool of ideas on a particular subject. The technique of brain storming includes a strict series of rules. They are as follows;
 1. No idea is too ridiculous. Group members are encouraged to state any extreme or outlandish idea.
 2. Each idea presented belongs to the group, not to the person stating it. In this way, it is hoped that group members will utilize and build on the ideas of other.
 3. No idea can be criticized.
 4. The good ideas are selected later.
2. Delphi Technique: A Delphi technique is a systematic means to obtain consensus from a group or panel of experts. In this technique participants are asked to give their ideas, suggestions and views on the decisional problem. All responses are transcribed into a single document and the results are sent back to the panel members and then again their reactions to others' views, ideas and suggestions are collected. The name of the participants is kept anonymous. A panel coordinator contacts each participant usually by mail questionnaire. After obtaining consensus, from the expert panel the decision will be made.
3. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT): NGT is a structured group meeting that proceed as follows:
A group of individuals (7 to 10) sit around a table but do not speak to one another. The problem is presented to them and they write their reactions, ideas, suggestions, and views on a sheet of paper. After this process is over, structured sharing of ideas takes place. Each person around the table presents his/her ideas. A person designated as recorder writes the ideas of various members on a blackboard. At the end of it, there is a list of ideas open for discussion. Each idea is discussed fully before moving on to the next one. The next stage involves independent voting in which each participant selects priorities by ranking or voting and final decision is made by the majority of the votes cast.
Quantitative tools for decision making:
Management decisions are also made by using quantitative tools. These tools are basically in use to give emphasis on the means or how best to reach the stated goals. Some important quantitative tools are as follows:
1. Linear programming: Linear programming is a mathematical technique for deciding among competing demands for limited resources. This tool is used to fine out the exact solution that will minimize costs or maximize gains. The application of linear programming determines the best ways to do the followings:
 1. To distribute manufacturing goods from a number warehouses to a number of customers.
 2. Making placement of personal to various jobs.
 3. Preparing shipping schedule
 4. Selecting a product mix in a manufacturing plant to make the best use of machine and labor hours available while maximizing the firm's profit.
2. Probability: Probability is a statistical measure of the chance that a certain event will occur. It deals with the rational calculation of chances of specific outcomes from a course of action. Nowadays the use of probability calculation has been increased in decision making to calculate likelihood of certain events and to supply an estimate of the gain or loss for a decision that assist the manger in selecting the best decision for a given set of circumstances.
3. Queuing: Queuing theory is also called waiting theory.It is a mathematical decision-making technique for solving waiting –line problems. The main objective of this theory is to minimize the losses caused from waiting. This technique helps to take decision to minimize the line of customers, waiting to get the services from the organization.
4. Decision Tree: This technique is based on probability factors. A decision tree is a representation in graphic form of a number of possible futures events that may affect a decision. It is used to identify the strategy most likely to reach the goal. It shows all possible courses of action, their values, and the best return that can be produced. Thus, it enables the decision maker to evaluate alternatives in terms of the best estimates of future results.
5. Game Theory: Game theory is used to give reality to the situation. It is concerned with the formulation of a strategy against the competitor. This theory assumes that business situation have a strong similarity with games. Business games are played to formulate strategy that will provide maximum countering action. The outcome of the game is readiness of mangers to respond to the action of competitors. The mangers should try to know what a competitors' strategy is, as well as the outcome of ever possible move that a competitor can make. This technique is thus, useful to analyze behavior of the competitors.
6. Operation Research: It is the application of scientific or mathematical methods to analysis and evaluation of alternative solution to a problem situation. It consists of bringing together available data on a specific problem, processing these data and obtaining quantitative reports of various potential courses of action. Thus, it provides data to the decision maker in choosing the solution which best satisfied the goals.
7. Simulation: Simulation is the process of experimentation with a model of some real system or situation in order to gain understanding or solve a problem in the real world. It is a means of gaining artificial experience through the use of model that gives the appearance or effect of reality. Thus, simulation models are empirical and not mathematical like operation research model. It is basically a systematic trial and error approach to complex problems.
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A wolfdog most often is the combination of a gray wolf and a Siberian husky, Alaskan malamute or German shepherd. The wolfdog will display behaviors of the wolf and the breed of dog that it is mixed with. The three categories of the wolfdog include low, mid and high content. The content is determined by the percentage of wolf the wolfdog possesses.
Today's blog gives a basic list of what differentiates a wolf from a dog and the 26th of this month we will delve deeper into the characteristics of this animal.
- A wolf gives birth to pups between late March and early May while dogs give birth year-round.
- Pure wolves are born black or very dark grey while dogs are born in an assortment of colors.
- A wolf usually has a longer snout than a dog.
- A wolf has eyes that are more laterally placed when compared to a dog's more forward facing eyes.
Today's blog post only brushes the surface of the wolfdog. Check back in on Wednesday the 26th to learn about the behavior of the wolfdog, if they make good pets and "watchdogs", health problems and other fun facts.


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We are working hard to make what3words available offline in every language. Currently English, Spanish, Portuguese and Swahili 3 word addresses can be searched and discovered without a data connection. All other languages require a stable connection; therefore if your app is using an online language, it will switch to English when entering offline mode.
Articles in this section
- Can I open a link to a 3 word address in satellite view?
- How can I see a 3 word address as latitude,longitude coordinates?
- How do I find my 3 words?
- Can I save 3 word addresses?
- Why don't the map and satellite locations match?
- How does what3words work at the North and South pole?
- Is what3words more accurate than GPS?
- When I search for a place or street address why does it sometimes show the wrong location?
- Why do I see different words every time I press the location button?
- Which app is best for me to use what3words offline?


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This thesis examines Western rationality, contextualizing that subject in British colonialism and Western modernity. Using Scott Lash's description of academic characterizations of modernity, I explore the "high" modernity of the social sciences represented in the books Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and The Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan Doyle. I then explore the cultural studies critique of that characterization of modernity in the book Arrow of God by Chinua Achebe. Using the theory of Jean Francois Lyotard, Martin Heidegger, and Theodor Adorno, I look at Western rationality through its manifestation in British colonialism. I argue that colonialism is a site where rationality's negative legacy is manifest, and that the paradoxical representations of rationality in the books by Carroll and Doyle indicate a problem with the assumption that Western rationality was a universal epistemology. Contrary to the British's own ideas of their rationality, I find that Western rationality is ultimately a culturally-grounded discourse. Using Chinua Achebe's Arrow of God, I examine the intersection between Western rationality and other forms of cultural knowledge, an intersection that occurred through British colonialism. Achebe argues against the universal model of Western rationality and posits instead a relative valuing of each culture's methods of arriving at truth. I use his novel to illustrate the limits of Western rationality and its claim to universality.
College and Department
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Schultz, Andrew B., "Holmes, Alice, and Ezeulu: Western Rationality in the Context of British Colonialism and Western Modernity" (2007). All Theses and Dissertations. 1149.
rationality, rational, enlightenment, reason, logic, Western Rationality, the West, colonialism, modernism, modernity, postcolonial, postcolonialism, eurocentrism, ratiocentrism, eurocentric, ratiocentric, Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Chinua Achebe, Arrow of God, Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle, Hound of the Baskervilles


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Dual-light photodynamic therapy helps kill oral bacteria
ESPOO, Finland: Regular toothbrushing helps maintain good oral health, but does not completely prevent the occurrence of oral disease. To help kill Streptococcus mutans bacteria and the harmful oral bacteria that cause gingivitis, researchers from Koite Health in Finland are launching a method intended for home use. The method involves using antibacterial photodynamic therapy and antibacterial blue light to reduce the markers indicating early gingivitis and plaque formation.
"Dental diseases are caused by the combined effect of the bacterial community, and Streptococcus mutans plays a key role in dental caries. For plaque, mutans is a bit like the first violin that starts a concert. It adheres to the tooth first and opens the door for other bacteria," said co-founder of Koite Health Dr Tommi Pätilä, associate professor in paediatric heart surgery and organ transplantation in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, in a press release.
According to the researchers, bacteria living in the mouth are resistant to the antibacterial blue light because they are protected by various sugars. However, the combination of a photosensitive solution and the wavelength of dual light affects the bacteria's internal structures.
In the study, the participants were administered a mouthwash containing a light-absorbing compound and were asked to rinse the mouth with it for 30 seconds. The substance was then activated with a photosensitiser placed between the teeth. The dual-light therapy was administered to the entire dental area for 10 minutes. "The photosensitive substance in the effervescent tablet adheres to the surface structures of the bacteria. Red light activates the substance and initiates a chain reaction that kills the bacteria. Antibacterial blue light administered at the same time significantly enhances the effect," Pätilä explained.
The product was applied to the canines on one side of the mouth once a day, and the teeth on the other side of the mouth were left untreated. The data showed that there was less plaque formation and other markers of periodontitis on the side that received the treatment.
Although thorough oral hygiene is the most effective way to prevent dental disease, the researchers believe that dual-light therapy is particularly beneficial to people with aggressive strains of dental bacteria, chronic disease or diseases such as arthritis. Other high-risk groups include children and cancer patients. "Although dental care is generally better than earlier, the cost of oral diseases is around $442 billion globally," said Sakari Nikinmaa, co-founder and CEO of Koite Health, in a press release.
"We especially hope that the product we've developed will help maintain the oral health of cancer patients who are undergoing intensive treatments and prevent gingivitis in diabetics. Diabetes causes a tenfold increase in the risk of gingivitis," Nikinmaa concluded.
Dual-light therapy designed for home use will be launched for consumers in early 2020.
The study, titled "Dual-light photodynamic therapy administered daily provides a sustained antibacterial effect on biofilm and prevents Streptococcus mutans adaptation", was published online on 9 January 2020 in bioRxiv.


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Visualize Potential Breast Augmentation Results with 3D Imaging
The Vectra 3D imaging system was primarily used with clinical research studies involving breast surgery revision. It provides physicians with objective information and standard measurements allowing them to see how the volume and shape of the breast changes over time in very precise ways.
"The same concept is useful when you are looking at a primary breast augmentation or any other breast surgery," explains Dr. Richard Baxter, a board-certified plastic surgeon based in Mountlake Terrace, WA.
The Vectra 3D imaging system creates proportional 3-D images of the area of a patient's body they are interested in sculpting. Dr. Baxter notes, "One of the things we found out by using this system is that everybody is asymmetrical, there is no such thing as two perfectly matched breasts. The ability to rotate the image and look at it from different angles can show physicians that the chest wall might be different; there might be variations in the volume of the breast and subtle differences in the shape. Understanding all of this up front is very helpful in planning the surgery."
"We think in 3D but have always had to look at 2D pictures to do our planning. When you are just looking at 2D before and after images you miss a lot of the different approaches and those can be helpful in planning the surgery," he adds.


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New Mineral Discovered: Panguite
A fireball that once burst out in the Sky over Mexico scattering thousands of meteorites across the state of Chihuahua, is still a strong evidence for our solar system evolution. The mineral that was embedded in the meteorite Allende was Panguite.
Panguite, the new titanium oxide derives its name Pan Gu, the giant from ancient Chinese mythology who established the world by separating yin from yang to create the earth and the sky.
Panguite was discovered by the Caltech Researchers who used electron scanning microscope to study minerals that were embedded inside the meteorite. The mineral and the mineral name have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association's Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification.
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Sources claim that, Panguite was observed first under a scanning electron microscope in an ultra-refractory inclusion embedded in the meteorite. Refractory inclusions are among the first solid objects formed in our solar system, dating back to before the formation of Earth and the other planets. "Refractory" refers to the fact that these inclusions contain minerals that are stable at high temperatures and in extreme environments, which attests to their likely formation as primitive, high-temperature liquids produced by the solar nebula.
According to sources, Panguite contains familiar elements like oxygen and magnesium, as well as more exotic ones like zirconium and scandium and its chemical name is (Ti4+,Sc,Al,Mg,Zr,Ca)1.8O3.
According to sources, study researcher Chi Ma, a senior scientist at Caltech said "Panguite is an especially exciting discovery since it is not only a new mineral, but also a material previously unknown to science. It's brand-new to science."
The study is detailed in the July issue of the journal American Mineralogist and was supported through grants from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, and NASA's Office of Space Science.


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Megafauna dung key to soil health
Nutrient movers Large animals help move nutrients around the landscape in much the same way as arteries carry blood around our bodies, scientists have found.
And when those large creatures become extinct, these crucial "circulatory systems" are damaged, causing long-term harm to the health of soils.
These findings come from a new analysis of events roughly 12,000 years ago, when many large animals such as giant ground sloths and car-sized armadillo-like creatures became extinct in Australia and North and South America.
Ecologist Christopher Doughty from the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford and colleagues developed a new mathematical model to calculate the effect of those mass extinctions on soil nutrients.
In the journal Nature Geoscience this week they estimate the extinctions reduced the dispersal of the vital nutrient phosphorus in the Amazon by 98 per cent, with far-reaching environmental consequences that linger to this day.
There were similar, less dramatic, effects in other continents, including Australia.
Until now, there has been no way to estimate the role of so-called megafauna on nutrient transport, Doughty says.
Using a mathematical model allowed them to estimate the impact of the large animals, using data from Africa about the relationships between the size of modern-day animals and their daily movement, food consumption and lifespan.
Bigger animals carry around larger amounts of vital nutrients such as phosphorus in their bodies and dung. Also, because they move larger distances than smaller animals, they have a key role in transporting those nutrients to areas where the soil is less fertile, the researchers say.
"Our study estimates that they play a huge, important role in transporting nutrients on continental scales over thousands of years," Doughty says.
"Arteries transport nutrients broadly throughout the human body and then capillaries transport the nutrients to smaller regions. We think that large animals played this role for the planet, broadly moving nutrients…from high concentrations to low concentrations."
"Therefore, when big animals go extinct, these arteries are severed leading to more nutrient poor regions, and possibly a less healthy planet overall."
The effect of the extinction was less severe in Australia than in South America because Australia had no elephant-sized animals, which meant its animals were not as big on average.
"Since we find bigger animals are disproportionately important in this distribution process, more smaller extinctions will have a smaller effect than fewer very large animal extinctions," Doughty says.
"However, because there were so many extinctions in Australia, it still has a very large role there too."
The scientists say their new mathematical model can also be used to predict the effect on soil fertility for thousands of years in the future if current endangered large species go extinct.
"This has a real value to people that we can now quantify and value," Doughty says. "If these animals go extinct, the health of the planet will suffer in quantifiable ways for thousands of years."
He says he's like to work with economists to put a monetary value to each large animal death based on their calculations.
"If we allow current endangered animals to go extinct, especially large ones like elephants, we will have a more nutrient poor planet in the future. The international community should recognise this and put efforts to preserve them in accordance to their value."


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James Mehigan, The Open University
How do the Euro 2016 countries stack up on juvenile justice?
[10 June 2016] – A lot has been written about the footballing form and potential of the 24 nations competing in France for European honours over the coming weeks. We know that if each team plays to their standing in the Uefa rankings, Germany will beat Spain in the final, with England beating Portugal in the third place play-offs.
However, the outcome would be quite different if each country were ranked in terms of their human rights record, or quantifiable aspects of juvenile justice. This blog looks at how the Euro 2016 countries compare on access to justice for children, minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) and life imprisonment for children.
To kick off this competition, the first area to look at is access to justice for children. In February 2016 the Child Rights International Network (CRIN) published a report assessing every country in the world for its performance on access to justice for children. It takes into consideration a huge number of variables including the legal status of the child and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in municipal law, remedies in criminal and civil law, as well as practical matters like venue, legal aid and timeliness. Having considered and weighted all of these factors, CRIN was able to give each country a percentage and produce a table ranking 197 countries.
Rating countries for qualitative performance is fraught with difficulties. Some NGOs, such as Amnesty International, eschew the idea. Others, like Transparency International and Reporters Without Borders, produce regular rankings of countries' performances. Justice, and access to it, is culturally and historically contingent, and putting a number on it is never as precise as one might like.
Methodologically, how can your weighting take into account the significance of cultural and political factors which may ameliorate or aggravate a policy? CRIN's researchers, working with partners around the world, assessed countries by how they compared to a 'model report' on access to justice. They then applied the countries' performance in each category to the model and used this to establish a score in each element of the study which then informed the global 'CRIN ranking'.
The top three countries on access to justice for children globally are Belgium, Portugal and Spain, all strong contenders for overall victory this year. Of the Euro 2016 countries, Iceland is next with a world ranking of 8 (out of 197), while England and Wales come in behind them (ranked 10) followed by Northern Ireland (ranked 18).
If each country in the current draw plays to its access to justice ranking, we come out with some surprising results. The winners are easily predicted (Belgium beat Portugal in the final), but some of the earlier stages cause upsets. Northern Ireland would top Group C and Germany (rank 66) would fail to make the knock-out rounds as they limp in, the worst ranked third place team. Sweden, home of many progressive social policies would also fail to qualify from their group, having been narrowly beaten by Ireland.
As the only Euro 2016 teams that share a criminal jurisdiction, England and Wales are ranked equally, meaning that if they play to their CRIN rankings, they will come joint first in their group. As a tie-break England go through first as they have a higher Uefa ranking. In this scenario, England and Northern Ireland make the quarter finals, while Wales goes out in the round of 16. So on the basis of the CRIN rankings of access to justice for children, no UK team will be champions of Europe, or even semi-finalists (Spain would beat Iceland in the third place play-offs).
While it is a credit to the UK nations to rank so highly on access to justice, the sad reality is that they perform exceptionally poorly on MACR and life imprisonment of children. If there was a European Championship in convicting children youngest and sending them to prison longest, the nations of the UK would excel.
England, Wales and Northern Ireland have the youngest minimum age of criminal responsibility at 10. The UK's nations are not alone in allowing 10-year-olds to be found criminally responsible. Five Euro 2016 nations allow children as young as 10 to be found criminally responsible: England, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Switzerland and Wales. Ireland has a general MACR of 12 and only lowers it to 10 in homicide and certain specified sexual offences. The other four nations however allow 10-year-olds to be found criminally liable for any offence. So, on this measure, the lowest MACR, all three UK teams make it to the semis with Switzerland.
In which area of youth justice are the UK nations going to be champions of Europe? The answer is simple and unambiguous. It's an area where UK nations smash all their competitors with England and Wales shining above all of Europe: life imprisonment of children.
Only five Euro 2016 nations allow children to be sentenced to life imprisonment: England, France, Ireland, Northern Ireland and Wales. Ireland allows for a life sentence to be imposed on children, however there are no known cases and only one case of an adult sentenced to life for a crime committed when he was 17. France is now in the process of abolishing life sentences for children, but it has allowed for life imprisonment of children over 16 and has previously sentenced two children to life imprisonment. One of the sentences was quashed, leaving only one person serving a life sentence in France for an offence committed as a child. These two prisoners are the only people in all the Euro 2016 nations outside the UK to be serving such a sentence. They are two in 650 million.
Life sentences for offences committed as a child are significantly more prevalent in the UK. Indeed with only two people on such a sentence in all the other countries combined, it wouldn't take much to become champions of Europe. Figures are scant, but in 2004 Northern Ireland had three children serving 'Detention at the Secretary of State's Pleasure'. Figures are similarly vague for England & Wales. The Ministry of Justice does not keep records of how many prisoners are serving at 'Her Majesty's Pleasure' (the rather perverse name for a life sentence for a child). They statistically morph into the adult lifer population when they hit 22 and the MOJ doesn't worry about it.
We do know that between 1995 and 2013 some 361 people were sentenced to remain in prison at 'Her Majesty's Pleasure'. Alongside these prisoners, the MOJ has stated that 325 people received indefinite sentences for public protection (life sentences for lesser offences, known as IPPs) for offences committed while a child during theinhuman and depressing seven year life of the IPP sentence.
Of the Euro 2016 nations, Wales, Northern Ireland and England can proudly proclaim their progression to the knock-out stages when graded on access to justice for children. Sadly, it is in the areas of minimum age of criminal responsibility and life imprisonment that they really excel. While Belgium may be champions on access to justice, the UK can claim three of the semi-final slots for having the lowest age at which a child can be convicted of a crime. But where the English and Welsh really set themselves apart is in sentencing children to prison for life.
While the rest of the Euro 2016 nations combined have only two prisoners serving life sentences for offences committed as a child, the UK nations have committed hundreds to this fate. If Britain leaves France without a trophy, at least its fans can know that the rest of the nations combined cannot match its modern-day child Gulag.
This article is a guest post for CRIN written by James Mehigan, Lecturer in Criminology, Open University and Barrister, Garden Court Chambers.
Originally posted to the Child Rights International Network (10 June 2016):


Dmitry Karasik > Prima-1.37_01 > Prima::VB::CfgMaint
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Prima::VB::CfgMaint - maintains visual builder widget palette configuration.
The module is used by the Visual Builder and cfgmaint programs, to maintain the Visual Builder widget palette. The installed widgets are displayed in main panel of the Visual Builder, and can be maintained by cfgmaint.
The Visual Builder widget palette configuration is contained in two files - the system-wide Prima::VB::Config and the user ~/.prima/vbconfig. The user config file take the precedence when loaded by the Visual Builder. The module can select either configuration by assigning $systemWide boolean property.
The widgets are grouped in pages, which are accessible by names.
New widgets can be added to the palette by calling add_module method, which accepts a perl module file as its first parameter. The module must conform to the VB-loadable format.
This section describes format of a module with VB-loadable widgets.
The module must define a package with same name as the module. In the package, class sub must be declared, that returns an array or paired scalars, where each first item in a pair corresponds to the widget class and the second to a hash, that contains the class loading information, and must contain the following keys:
class STRING
Name of the VB-representation class, which represents the original widget class in the Visual Builder. This is usually a lightweight class, which does not contain all functionality of the original class, but is capable of visually reflecting changes to the class properties.
icon PATH
Sets an image file, where the class icon is contained. PATH provides an extended syntax for indicating a frame index, if the image file is multiframed: the frame index is appended to the path name with : character prefix, for example: "NewWidget::icons.gif:2".
module STRING
Sets the module name, that contains class.
Sets the default palette page where the widget is to be put. The current implementation of the Visual Builder provides four pages: General,Additional,Sliders,Abstract. If the page is not present, new page is automatically created when the widget class is registered.
Sets the module name, that contains the original class.
The reader is urged to explore Prima::VB::examples::Widgety file, which contains an example class Prima::SampleWidget, its VB-representation, and a property lineRoundStyle definition example.
add_module FILE
Reads FILE module and loads all VB-loadable widgets from it.
Returns string declaration of all registered classes in format of classes registration procedure ( see "FORMAT" ).
Loads class and pages information from either a system-wide or a user configuration file. If succeeds, the information is stored in _USER_ and %classes variables ( the old information is lost ) and returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation; _USER_ and %classes content is undefined.
Returns array of page names
Reads information from both system-wide and user configuration files, and merges the information. If succeeds, returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation.
Erases all information about pages and classes.
Writes either the system-wide or the user configuration file. If $backup flag is set to 1, the old file renamed with.bak extension. If succeeds, returns 1. If fails, returns 0 and string with the error explanation.
FILES ^, ~/.prima/vbconfig.
Dmitry Karasik, <>.
VB, cfgmaint, Prima::VB::examples::Widgety.
syntax highlighting:


vbYes The Yes button has been pressed
 7 vbNo The No button has been pressed
General syntax of MsgBox function
 The examples given above on the use of the MsgBox function by no means
 describe all possible variations on the way that it can be used. However, the
 general syntax takes the following form:
 MsgBox (Prompt [, Buttons] [, Title])
 Where Prompt contains the text to be displayed in the dialog box.
 M Buttons determine the number and types of buttons to be displayed
 M Title contains the text to be displayed in the title bar of the message box.
Forcing a line break in a message box
 To force a line break in a message box, you can use the vbCrLf constant as
 shown in the following example code.
 Sub newLineProg()
 MsgBox "Three blind mice." & vbCrLf & "See how they run."
 End Sub
 Take note
 You can use the &vbCrLf (carriage return Line feed)
Figure3.10 Line breaks in a MsgBox
 constant with Excel 97 or later. With Excel 95, use
 the ASCII codes for the Carriage Return Chr(13)
 and the Linefeed Chr(10)  see Appendix 1.
Running VBA modules
 An Excel/VBA application can be anything from a small routine that
 performs a useful service to a large application that completely shields the
 user from Excels basic interface. Excel provides a variety of ways to launch
 an application that can be tailored to suit the system. The ways is which an
 Excel VBA program can be
 launched are as follows:
 M By using Tools > Macro >
 Macros, selecting the macro
 and clicking the Run button (see
 Figure 3.11).
 Figure 3.11 Invoking a macro
 with the Macro dialog box.
 M By assigning a button to the
 macro. Examples of this were
 given in Chapter 2.
 M By assigning your VBA procedure to a built-in macro. Excel contains four
 built-in automatic macros, which are invoked when some event occurs.
 These built-in macros are:
 Auto_Open  invoked whenever a workbook containing the macro is
 Auto_Close  invoked whenever the workbook containing the macro is
 OnSheetActivate  invoked when you first enter data on a worksheet.
 OnEntry  invoked when you enter a worksheet.
Using Auto_Open
 The following example illustrates how the Auto_Open procedure can be
 used to provide a start up message. The example shown in Listing 3.1 will
 give a different message for each day of the week. On Monday the message
 given is Have a nice week, on Tuesday the message is One down, four to
 go!, and so on. The procedure works by creating a variable that will contain
 the digits from 1 to 7 representing the days of the week. It then finds out what
 day it is, using a built-in function that returns the current day (more on this
 in Chapter 9), and a Case statement to decide what to do for each day of the
 week (more on this in Chapter 9). Dont worry about your understanding of
 this just yet, as long as you can see how Auto-Open() works. The line select
 Case dayNum is used to choose the current day and to associate the
 appropriate message so that it can then be output in a message box.
Listing 3.3 Using the Auto_open macro
 Sub Auto_Open ()
 'Example auto open macro to give a day of the week message
 Dim dayNum As Integer
 dayNum = Weekday(Date)
 Select Case dayNum Note how the Case
 Case 2: MsgBox "Today is Monday! statements are indented
 Case 3: MsgBox "Today is Tuesday!"
 between the Select
 Case 4: MsgBox "Today is Wednesday!"
 Case dayNum and End
 Case 5: MsgBox "Today is Thursday!"
 Case 6: MsgBox "Today is Friday!" Select block.
 Case Else: MsgBox "Happy Weekend!"
 End Select
 End Sub
 Figure 3.12 Sample MsgBox from Listing 3.1
 Take note
 The built-in macros Auto_Open, Auto_Close, etc., have been replaced by event procedures (see
 Chapter 10) in Excel 97 and above, but they are still supported for compatibility with workbooks
 created in previous versions. It is recommended that you do not to use the Auto_Open and Auto_Close
 macros in new workbooks. For even though they do what is required, implementing event procedures
 is more appropriate now (see Chapter 10). They have been included here for two reasons. If you are
 developing a workbook that will make use of versions of Excel before 97, you must use the Auto_Open
 and Auto_Close macros. Moreover, you might still see them being used by other programmers.
Tips for running VBA macros
 The following tips may help relieve stress when running VBA procedures:
 M Always include the statement: Activesheet.Unprotect before the main
 body of program instructions begin. This enables changes to be made to the
 active worksheet. If you fail to do this, then you will probably get a runtime
 error in your program. You can always re-protect the sheet when the macro
 is complete.
 M Always ensure that the correct worksheet is selected by including an
 statement of the form: Worksheets (mySheet).Select before the program
 instructions begin, where mySheet is the worksheet that is required to be the
 active sheet during the running of the macro. If you fail to do this and some
 other worksheet is active during the program run, then the macro instructions
 might be applied to the wrong worksheet with unpredictable and, possible
 very undesirable consequences.
 M Make sure that any named ranges that are referred to in a VBA macro exist,
 and are correctly spelt. This is a common source of errors, and can be avoided
 by checking the names of each of the named ranges by using the Excel named
 range box. Click the Name box at the left-hand end of the formula bar in
 Excel to see what Name ranges exist in your workbook.
 M Dont try to run a macro until it is ready. If your macro refuses to run, check
 for obvious obstructions, i.e., make sure that you have no dialog box
 awaiting a response, or that you are not currently editing a cell in the
 worksheet that you are using, and so on.
 M If you are typing a VBA statement that is excessively long, you can continue
 from one statement to the other by using the underscore ( _ ) character. To
 use this, first type a space at the point where you want to finish the line, and
 then type the underscore character, and then continue the typing on the next
 line. Remember, you must have the space before, and after, the underscore
 M If you want to temporarily remove a statement in a VBA program, you can
 comment out the statement by inserting the comment symbol (') before the
 statement line begins. This circumvents the need for re-typing the line again
 when it is to be used.
The improved UpdateSales macro
 If we go back to the UpdateSales macro earlier in this chapter, you will recall
 that among other things, the month_no was incremented ready for the next
 month before ending the macro. The problem with the macro however, is
 that if it is used every month, then eventually it will contain the value 13, and
 this of course does not make sense as there are 12 months in a year. For this
 reason, this example will extend that macro so that whenever the month_no
 value exceeds 12, it is reset to 1. We can use the VBA If Then statement
 to do this as can be seen on line 11. This checks to see If a condition is met
  in this case month_no >12  and if it is, Then the statement(s) will be
 executed. That is, the month_no value is reset to 1.
 The full code is shown in Listing 3. 4. Notice the lines 11 to 13 have been
 included to implement this part. If Range(month_no) >12 Then checks
 to see if the month_no is greater than 12, and if it is the action in line 12 is
 taken, i.e. Range (month_no) = 1. Line 13 will end the If block: this
 means the actions following the true condition are complete.
 Note how the statements are indented between If Range (month_no) >12
 Then and End If.
Listing 3.4 The UpdateSales macro updated to include decision
 1 Sub Updatesales ()
 2 'Update Sales VBA program Version 1.0
 3 'Written by Keith Darlington Date 12/1/03
 5 Worksheets ("Weeklysales").select
 6 ActiveSheet.Unprotect
 7


text:
Painting Lines for Football
Date: 6/3/96 at 18:16:4 From: George Dickenson Subject: Painting a field A football field is 120 yards long with 10 yards at each end zone, and 60 yards wide with lines marked 5 yards apart except for the end zones. One can of paint will stripe 300 linear feet. How many cans would it take to stripe a football field?
Date: 6/14/96 at 0:56:23 From: Doctor Brian Subject: Re: math problems There are two sidelines 120 yards long. Or is it 140 - that is, does the 120 include the end zones or not? There are then either 23 or 27 stripes for yard lines, depending on whether the field is 120 or 140 yards long. To determine the total length of the lines we either have: (2*140) + (27*60) = 280 + 1620 = 1900 yards or (2*120) + (23*60) = 240 + 1380 = 1620 yards. Since each can paints 100 yards, divide into the total number of yards to get either 19 or 16.2 cans. -Doctor Brian, The Math Forum Check out our web site! _URL_
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© _PHONE_ The Math Forum


text: The following methods of training are for building an athlete's "Work Capacity" which will help the athlete train harder and longer to get greater results. These types of training methods are to be used at the beginning of training and only used up to 4 weeks. Then methods of training would be changed to a more traditional concept of training. After completing the first month of training you would start a more traditional and sport specific program, and then two to three workouts per month you would go back and address the "Work Capacity". Understand that this method of Work Capacity will only develop athletes for so long and more sports specific concepts need to be implemented.


text:
Evolution of milk production systems in Tropical Latin America and its interrelationship with markets : An analysis of the Colombian case
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The objectives were to: (1) identify and quantify the effect of technological change on productivity, profitability, and competitiveness in different milk production systems and regions of the country; (2) analyze the relationship between productivity, technological change, profitability, and competitiveness; (3) analyze the evolution of milk production systems in Colombia; and (4) discuss the market concentration and its impact on the formation of milk price. Data came from a survey to 545 farms during the year 2000 in five regions: Caribbean and Piedmont in the lowlands, Coffee Growing, Antioquia, and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie in the highlands. The survey was designed to quantify inputs and products in order to determine costs and prices at the farm level in order to calculate (a) variable costs for feed supplementation, labor, health, reproduction, fertilization, and irrigation; (b) gross income from the sale of milk and beef, and (c) to characterize farms according to productivity level and management practices. The statistical analysis of multiple correspondence and general linear models were used to explain the variability observed between productivity and profitability as a function of technological change. Independent of the production system or the region where farms were located, the increase in competitiveness was in direct relationship with herd size. Thus, as herd size increased, production costs per unit of milk and beef decreased, net incomes per cow increased, and the return to capital investment improved. However, when this increase in competitiveness was associated with increases in productivity, this trend was not observed, which suggested that highly productive farms were not necessarily competitive. The dual-purpose system was the most profitable one in the Piedmont, Caribbean, and Coffee growing regions while in Antioquia and in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie the most profitable was the specialized dairy system. With regards to technological change, the adoption of improved pastures and the investment in pasture divisions for a more efficient rotation generated higher productivity and income in all regions and production systems, as well as increased competitiveness through a reduction in production costs per unit of milk and beef. The use of strategic feed supplementation to the basal diet of forage had mixed effects. The best economic response to this supplementation in lowland regions (i.e., Piedmont and Caribbean) was with low quantities (i.e., < 0.5 kg DM/cow/day) of feed supplements while in highland regions (i.e., Coffee Growing area, Antioquia and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie) was with moderate quantities (i.e., between 0.5 and 2 kg DM/cow/day). The use of fertilization and irrigation increased productivity, but reduced net income and increased production costs, except in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie. The practice of milking twice a day increased both productivity and profitability and reduced production costs, except in the Caribbeanregion. Farms that de-wormed milking cows with low frequency against internal and external parasites obtained higher incomes and lower production costs in comparison with farms that de-wormed cows with higher frequency although there were no differences in productivity. The amount of years of experience of farmers at producing milk was a key factor to increase profits, although not productivity. Farms located in sites where the commercial value of land was high (>US$6,000/ha) and near market centers had higher productivity that those with commercial value of land medium ($3,000 to $6,000/ha) and low (<$3,000/ha) but were less profitable in all regions. Box 1: Recommendations to researchers and extensionists Identify profitable technologies. Technologies that increase productivity are not necessarily profitable, which suggest the need to determine appropriate ways to evaluate them economically. This was the case of fertilization and irrigation. It is necessary to determine the best economic response to various levels of N2 and H2O to different species of improved grasses under various soil types and conditions. The most competitive and profitable breed group in the dual-purpose system was the crossbred with low (24% European-76% Zebu genes) and medium levels of dairy genes (55% European-45% Zebu genes) but had lower productivity than the purebred group (98% European genes). In the specialized dairy system, the purebred group was slightly more profitable, productive and competitive than the crossbred group with medium level of dairy genes, but this difference was not significant. The Colombian dairy sector has become more productive and competitive, but less profitable. Comparing the evolution of dairy farms with studies 12 years ago, milk production per hectare increased by 44% in dual-purpose herds and 14% in specialized dairies. This increase in productivity reduced the milk production cost by 16% and 10% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies, respectively, due to an increase in stocking rate by 15% and 17% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies as well as to an increase in investment in infrastructure and equipment by 258% and 37% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies, respectively. However, the net income per hectare during this period decreased by 27% and 69% in dual-purpose and specialized dairies due to a reduction in the producer's price of milk and beef of 22% and 20% in dual-purpose systems, and of 41% and 27% in specialized dairies. Nevertheless, this reduction in price to producers was never translated in lower prices to consumers, but remained in the hands of supermarkets and milk processing plants which expanded and modernized with long-life technology. Development agencies must internalize the fact that policies oriented to markets will be increasingly "oriented to supermarkets". If one adds that in Colombia exists 3 or 4 supermarket chains that control the food retail market, the conclusion is that sectoral policies will need to learn how to deal with a handful of giant companies. This in a huge challenge, and demands an urgent review of ideas and strategies. Box 2: Recommendations to decision makers Regionalize research. Due to the fact that the most profitable production systems are region-specific, Colombia should have different strategies for research and technology transfer in order to exploit more efficiently the comparative advantages of each region and production system. Promote collective action. It is necessary to promote cooperatives and associations to help small producers to adapt to new patterns with higher levels of competition. Otherwise, the new rules of the game could induce a massive exodus of producers in the short term and in a relatively brief period of time. It is possible, in the short run, to adopt technologies that increase milk productivity and reduce production costs while profits are reduced as a result of falling real prices as occurred in Colombia during the 90's. However, in the long run, this situation is simply unsustainable. The proposals and challenges presented in this case study have illustrated the problems and opportunities of the dairy sector in Colombia. However, these systems could represent similar situations in other countries of Latin America. Given the phenomenon of globalization and higher degree of efficiency that these systems are being exposed to, the issues of productivity, technological change, competitiveness, and markets, are critical and of enormous relevance for the performance and survival of the livestock sector in the next decades. Box 3: Recommendations to producers Without research there is no future. Efficiency goes hand in hand with technology and this depends on research and technology transfer. However, public funds allocated to agricultural research are being reduced. The challenge consists that producers in Colombia take greater control of livestock research by building alliances with local, regional and international organizations leaders in forage and livestock research. For this it is necessary that producers define and fund their own research agenda. Production-to-consumption participation. In the coming years, producers cannot limit themselves to participate only in the primary phase of production, but to expand their scope of action to other phases of the market chain to have a higher participation in the formation of milk prices and to capture a greater piece of the final price.
- CIAT Articles in Journals


text:
Judy Chicago: The Dinner Party
- Dates: September 20, 2002 through February 9, 2003
- Collections: Decorative Arts
Celebrating 1,038 actual and mythical women of achievement, The Dinner Party is a monumental tribute to all women. In 1974, Judy Chicago began work on this elaborate installation, which over the course of five years would ultimately become a collaboration between the artist and about four hundred women and men.
The main part of The Dinner Party is introduced by six tapestries with "visionary" texts, three panels acknowledging the artist's hundreds of collaborators, and seven panels documenting the lives of the specific women featured in the work. These multifaceted elements surround The Dinner Party's focal point; a massive triangular table adorned with thirty-nine place settings, each honoring a female figure who helped form and inform Western civilization. Through artistic media traditionally associated with women—notably china painting and embroidery—Chicago designed these settings to reflect each woman's unique accomplishments, though all the plates share a general imagery of butterflies, flowers, and vulvae. The table stands on the Heritage Floor, which is inscribed with the names of the other 999 women celebrated by this work.
The Dinner Party has made an important contribution to feminist thinking and to the history of art. This complex artistic statement helped point the way toward changing the once small, exclusive, and male-dominated art world into the inclusive scene we know today. Marking the twenty-second anniversary of its first showing at the Brooklyn Museum in the same space, this presentation of The Dinner Party invites visitors to contemplate anew the enduring significance of this landmark work of American art.
The Brooklyn Museum of Art is grateful to The Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation for the gift of The Dinner Party and for enabling us to preserve its legacy for future generations. In the summer of 2004, The Dinner Party will lend its permanent home in the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art on the fourth floor of the Museum.


text:
"She has a most graceful figure; holds herself well; and if, as may be hoped, she grows a little taller, she will possess every good quality one could wish for in a great princess. Her heart and character are both excellent."
This statement was made when she was around 13. There have been many debates on how tall Antoinette actually was, the number is unknown for sure. Speculation has found her to be anywhere from as tall as 5'6'' and a shorter 5'25''.
5'6'' would be rather tall for the 18th century lady. As she had been observed and described we must remember she would always be found in her fashionable heeled shoes, and miles high poufs. Along with posture fit for a queen (and helped by those grand corsets), she would certainly appear tall to contemporaries. She also had better nutrition than most. It can be agreed she was somewhere between the two but I would say closer to 5'25''.
By the 18th century height was at an all time low! (between the 9th -18th cent.'s) Yes, people grew shorter. The 18th century population was on average 2.5 inches shorter than their medieval ancestors.
If someone would be so kind as to measure the length of the death mask at Madame Tussaud's we can get an idea of how tall Marie Antoinette's height was based on the ideal cannon of proportions! (I know, that is dark) Too bad we do not have any exact numbers...