text:
- About AL
- Research at AL
- Aquatic Ecology
- Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology
- Conservation & Restoration Ecology
- Landscape Ecology
- Biologically-Optimized Environmental Classification of Maryland Streams
- Plant Community Response to Changes in Water
- Extinction Risk of the Delmarva Fox Squirrel
- Potomac Initiative
- Quantifying Feedbacks in Desert Vegetation
- Remote Sensing and Forest Disturbance
- Predicting Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise
- Landscape Controls on Seasonal Timing and Growing Season Length
- Watershed Hydrology and Biogeochemistry
- Seminar Series
- Chesapeake Watershed CESU
- Central Appalachians Stable Isotope Facility
- Citation Classics from AL
Gear up for Earth Day at Appalachian Laboratory Open House - April 21
Gear up to celebrate Earth Day with a free Open House at the Appalachian Laboratory in Frostburg, on Saturday, April 21, from 10 a.m.-2 p.m. Learn about science with hands-on experiments for the whole family, meet the scientists working in your community, and enjoy activities in a special Kids Corner.
The Appalachian Laboratory is located at 301 Braddock Road, just ¼ mile north of exit 33 on Interstate 68. There is pleny of free on-site parking. directions
The University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Appalachian Laboratory is home to state-of-the-art research on plant and soil ecology, aquatic chemistry, hydrology, wildlife ecology and conservation biology. Three floors of the laboratory will feature hands-on learning about science, including research unique to Allegany County.
Hands-on, family-friendly science experiments include:
- Critter Nation: Learn about insects that live on the bottom of streams and build your own caddis fly case.
- Life in the Landscape: Participate in an interactive board game to experience the trials and tribulations of organisms as they move across the landscape.
- Bats: Beyond the Scary Movie: Learn why bats are important to our ecosystem and how they get around without "sight."
- Is that DNA in my smoothie? Learn how to isolate DNA from fruit.
In the Kids Corner, families can discover incredible insects, learn about the importance of our forests and plant a pine tree, make a hummingbird feeder to attract feathered friends to the backyard, make an eco-friendly tote bag, create a one-of-a-kind Earth Day t-shirt, and more.
The Appalachian Laboratory Open House is in conjunction with the Western Maryland Science & Engineering Festival Satellite Event being held at Frostburg State University in cooperation with Allegany County Public Schools.


text: Pine Sedum is common in the rocky outcrops of foothills and mid-elevation mountains throughout the state. You'll find it clustered around crevices and on scree at the base of cliffs. Fine stems support clusters of deep green pine needle-like foliage. In summer its crowned by clusters of deep yellow flowers. Not as showy as other native Stone crops but pretty none-the-less. To just 3″ tall and forming clumps to 1′ wide. In the garden give it enriched, fast draining soil with light, consistent summer waterthis improves the overall appearance. An interesting native Sedum for containers, rock gardens, borders, dry gardens. Evergreen. Very cold hardy. Oregon Native Plant.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


6 ways to derail your career
6 ways to derail your career
Feb 01, 2005
Marty Becker, DVM
1. Failing to show passion. Sometimes we become too robotic, and we fail to let our passion shine through. To combat this trap: Treat every patient and client like they're the most important ones you'll see today. Don't rush through the appointment, especially at the end. Take the time to clearly explain your reasons for what you're recommending.
For example, when a client brings a patient in for a spay, don't just say, "We're going to get some blood work done." Instead, explain to your client that a blood sample will help you to see how internal organs are functioning, especially the liver and kidneys, which will be most affected by the anesthetic. Another good rule of thumb: Explain procedures clearly enough that clients could go home and repeat them to their significant others—because they will.
2. Speaking a foreign language. The quickest way to loose a client's attention is to use terms they don't understand. So explain conditions and procedures using common language. Then test your communication skills and your client's comprehension by having your receptionist ask the client what you said. Bonus: The client will retain the information better after repeating it back to your receptionist.
Cross-stimulating the senses is another tool for increasing comprehension. Show clients a model or a picture so they can see better what you're explaining to them. If there's something they can hear, let them hear, and the same for the other senses.
When clients understand you, they'll feel more comfortable, and if your clients feel comfortable, they'll ask questions. But you need to engage them in the conversation and give them opportunities to speak. One tip: If you find you need to prompt clients to get them involved, stay quiet long enough for them to respond.
3. Stealing from family or personal time. If you spend too much time making your practice life match your vision, you won't have time to fulfill your dreams and obligations at home. And how often do you hear retired people say, "I wish I would've worked more"? In fact, most people wish they would have spent more time with their families.
The lesson: Work more efficiently and delegate more responsibilities, so you can take time off. You'll feel energized and work better. And when you see burned-out doctors or staff members, encourage them to take a long weekend or push them to learn an exciting new skill.
4. Violating clients' or staff members' trust. You command power because of your training and experience. Use it wisely. Recommend everything your patient needs, and only what it needs. Also, be upfront about what the patient will go through.
One of my pet peeves is when veterinarians don't warn owners that their pet might be in pain. Imagine yourself as the patient in such a situation. How would you feel if the doctor yelled out to a technician, "Come hold Marty down; we need to yank out this ingrown toenail." You would lose trust and respect for your doctor.
If you examine a cat, and it cries out or hisses or bites, your client is thinking you hurt his or her pet. A better route: Tell the client this could be painful for her cat and that if the cat shows any indication of pain, you'll stop and tranquilize the animal so you can exam it more thoroughly.
5. Viewing equipment as an investment and team members as an expense. The best practices are more willing to invest in good people and training than in a new ultrasound or laser. I see so many articles about poor employee performance and high turnover, and part of the problem is that most practice employees don't make living wages. Owners: Give your team members a career path and compensate them well to follow that path with you. You'll be making a long-term investment that will pay off for both of you.


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Let $f:X\to Y$ be a universal homeomorphism of regular (excellent finite-dimensional) schemes, $Z\subset Y$ be a regular subscheme. Is $f^{-1}(Z)$ necessarily regular?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Well, $f^{-1}Z$ could easily be non-reduced (for example, take the relative Frobenius morphism $\mathbb A^1_k \to \mathbb A^1_k$, defined by the embedding $k[y] = k[x^p] \subseteq k[x]$, where $k$ is a field of characteristic $p > 0$, and let $Z \subseteq \mathbb A^1$ be defined by $y = 0$), so I would guess that the question should be interpreted as asking whether $f^{-1}Z$ with its reduced structure is regular. But the answer is negative even in this case. For example, take the morphism $\mathbb A^2_k \to \mathbb A^2_k$ defined by the embedding $k[y,t] = k[x^p, t] \subseteq k[x, t]$, and let $Z \subseteq \mathbb A^2_k $ be defined by $y + t^{p+1} = 0$.
share|improve this answer
Can't we base-change $f : X \to Y$ with $Z$ and obtain: $g : f^{-1}(Z) \to Z$? This also is a universal homeomorphism by construction, right? So now we have a universal homeomorphism to a regular scheme, but a regular scheme is weakly normal, see A. Andreotti and E. Bombieri, ''Sugli omeomorfismi delle varietà algebriche''.
Therefore $g$ is an isomorphism at least as long as $f^{-1}(Z)$ is reduced and the map $g$ is birational.
EDIT: My argument that $f^{-1}(Z)$ was reduced was junk. I shouldn't have tried to do math while on the run. But as long as $f^{-1}(Z)$ is reduced and $g$ is birational, then I think things are ok.
share|improve this answer
Sorry, why $f$ being a universal homeomorphism contradicts its generic inseparablity? – Mikhail Bondarko Mar 20 '11 at 13:09
I was being dumb. Nevermind. – Karl Schwede Mar 20 '11 at 18:57
Your Answer


text:
Tamás Kozma et. al. (2015): Learning Regions in Hungary: From Theory to Realities. Debrecen: Center for Higher Education Research and Development Hungary (CHERD-H); Hungarian Educational Research Association. [40 pages. ISBN 978-963-12-3965-2 (See also: _URL_
This book is the 11th publication in the book series "Region and Education" of the Center of Higher Education Research and Development (CHERD) Hungary. The series – written by the researchers, PhD-students, and cooperation partners of the Research Institute – deals with a broad range of topics concerning the regional and religious dimension of education. The new book presents the results of the research project "Learning Regions in Hungary (LeaRn)". We learn from Tamás Kozma's preface that the interdisciplinary project was funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund OTKA and the research was carried out between 2011 and 2015 at the University of Debrecen in collaboration with other international institutions.
Chapter 1 presents the scientific theories and research projects on a national and international level. According to the authors the term "learning region" has been used as a development-policy slogan. The concept can be traced back to the 1980s. Research studies about human resources management and innovation processes (especially about interactive learning) and the model of web-based learning are its theoretical background. The strengthening of the regional dimension and the bottom-up principle of democratic decision processes are its political background. The concept of the learning region was adapted to the Lifelong Learning policy of the European Union through international organizations like OECD and UNESCO. In the EU member states – like in Hungary – it led not only to different (educational) policy actions but also to different research and development projects.
The concept of the LeaRn-project is based on a Canadian (CLI) and a German (ELLI/DLA) study and on several previous research projects of the CHERD. The research design defines the learning-region concept as a typical research and developing concept, in which "research occurs in appearance not as exploration, discovery or description of regularities, but as a social movement or community development" – in other words, as action research. The goal of the research project – based on the German Learning Atlas („Deutscher Lernatlas", DLA) – is to draw a map of the learning regions of Hungary, which includes data about formal, non-formal ("individual"), and communal learning processes (communication processes between members of a community). The following research methods were used: statistical data collection, questionnaire, interviews, participant observation, case studies, and comparative analysis of settlements. Chapter 1 shows clearly the complexity of the research design and the difficulties of an empirical assessment of the Hungarian learning regions.
Chapter 2 defines the key terms – learning region, learning city and learning community –, which also shows the three levels of the analysis. The study divides the term of learning region into two categories: economical and the cultural/educational. A learning city is part of a learning region, characterized by its successful conformity to the fast changes in economy and society. Universities play an important role in this process as key actors of the learning society and the innovation system. They take responsibility for local and regional development. The study shows that in Hungary the potential of the universities is not well used for the economic and social development of their cities. The term learning community means a unit – for example a district – within the learning city.
Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 present the dimensions ("pillars") of the Hungarian learning regions: formal, non-formal, cultural, and community learning with empirical analysis. To draw a map which shows all these dimensions, the researchers chose the most important indicators and worked out a complex index for each dimension. These indexes helped to create the learning maps (presented in the Appendix).
Chapter 3 focuses on the formal learning, which means institutional learning within the public school system. This dimension is empirically well underpinned (in fact, more than the others) by a lot of statistics as well as international and national studies. The LeaRn-project includes the so-called "non-traditional" learning group: Roma, migrants, adult learners. The research focuses on higher education because the project concentrates on adult-learning processes, and the graduates of higher education are the experts who use their knowledge in work and social life. There are two indicators on which the index is based on: the proportion of unemployed people with a higher education degree and the availability of learning institutions.
Chapter 4 discusses non–formal learning, which includes adult education and vocational education and training (within and outside the public school system), traditionally specialized for the respective local population. The analysis was carried out on the national, regional, and local level and is focused on the so-called "small sub-regions" ("kistérségek"). The main perspective of the analysis was the success in the labor market; therefore the most important indicators to create the index were the proportions of the employed population and the number of companies.
In Chapter 5 the authors zoom in on the discussion of cultural learning ("individual" learning), which they define as a special form of informal and non-formal learning. They emphasize three areas, i.e. culture, sports, and media. Here the research methods are case studies and questionnaires. The indicators to create the learning index were: the number of participants/students of the learning institutions, the number of the learning opportunities in these organizations, and the number of the pupils who took part in it. The analysis shows the compensatory role of cultural learning very clearly, which in the Northern Lowland (Észak-Alföld) region was aided by its economical-social development.
Chapter 6 presents some typical cases of community learning. Starting point of the analysis was the hypothesis that regional knowledge, inventions, and traditions build a complex "knowledge-industry" ("tudásipar"), which (re)produces the regional-local knowledge and strengthens the local self-consciousness (we-awareness). This is a key aspect of social-economical-cultural development.
The first case study features the example of the Finnish community in Geresdelak. For the local population this community is a source of new knowledge and a new lifestyle model as well. The second case study compares Szarvas and Mezőtúr, two cities in a similar regional situation. The study shows how different the role of a learning community can be: In Szarvas the communal knowledge has been used to overcome difficulties, in Mezőtúr to think about the past. The authors show that in Mezőtúr such a community learning process, which could promote a community self-consciousness, did not exist. This has a negative impact on the economic and social life of the city. The third case study also compares two cities: Tiszaföldvár and Kunszentmárton. We can see from the example of their high school ("Gymnasium") that dealing with its own history can promote or prevent the construction of a local identity and through that influence the development of the local community. The authors point out the significance of the so-called key persons, of horizontal cooperation, alternative learning centers, and of the local "knowledge industry". Analyzing the Tanoda program – which was funded for promoting the integration of Roma, and other students with multiple deprivations – the authors show an example for community learning in NGOs. Because there are only very few empirical studies about the program, they used the method of participant observation to show the disadvantage of reducing community-building impact. With the analysis of these (and other) case studies the researchers describe community learning as a community activity, i.e., as an activity of citizens for the sake of the community. Here, the amount of donations and of charity activities serve as indicators.
Chapter 7 presents the result of the research project: the learning maps of Hungary. There are four learning regions: Budapest and its surroundings, the region Budapest-Győr, the corridor Budapest-Balaton, and the region Balaton. Their most important similarity is the closeness to Budapest, which shows the traditionally strong impact of the Hungarian capital. The authors also emphasize some learning cities, which "stand out from their environment not like a stripe but like a point" (p. ) and have a positive impact on their area: Miskolc-Eger, Debrecen-Nyíregyháza, Szeged, Pécs, Szombathely, and Kecskemét. Characteristic for them is that in their centers are learning institutions (schools, universities) which can be defined as regional intellectual centers. With regards to the learning communities, the researchers call attention to the so-called "regions with weak potentials" on the outer periphery: the areas of North-East, East, and Southwest Hungary. On the inner periphery they point to the areas of Bakonyalja, the Marcal-cove, Outer and Inner Somogy, and the area along the river Tisza. The most important similarities of these are their low transport accessibility and the weak density of their institutional system and political activities. The study describes them as stagnant regions because the form of community learning has not reached the organization level of the learning cities or learning regions.
Chapter 8 shows the map that summarizes the results of the research project: the learning regions of Hungary. Like the German Lernatlas, this map should help to define the directions of regional educational development. The regional (educational) political actors in Germany use the Lernatlas to build a regional network connecting formal, non-formal, and


60 Faces of NCSY
Rabbi Dovid Bashevkin
Director of Education
Nominated and written by an Anonymous Intern
Rabbi Dovid Bashevkin, also known as the style consultant for NCSY, can be recognized as the Education Director for NCSY. I had the opportunity to meet Dovid as his intern for the past two summers. It's strange to think how lucky I was to be able to intern for someone so invested in the personal development and growth of teenagers around the world. Dovid spends most of his day learning Torah and deciphering the best way to convey it to teenagers so they develop a love of Torah and a desire to strive to know more Torah.
The coolest part about interning for the education department was the opportunity it granted me to develop my Torah learning and to grow my skills and breadth of knowledge. From the first day in the office, Dovid invested his time in educating me how to properly educate others, and ensuring my personal growth. He consistently sent me material, and pushed me to expand my Torah learning. I vividly remember a day in the office he sent me a few articles in Hebrew written by Rav Hutner and asked me to read, understand, and write a piece on them so others could learn it on their own. I had never learned in such a way, and I did not think I would be able to do it, but with Dovid's push, help, and belief in me, I spent several hours and finally cracked the meaning of the text. When I presented my work to Dovid, he imbued in me such a feeling of accomplishment and confidence that could not be matched by any other accomplishment. In short, he allowed me to push my potential to the fullest and accomplish.
Dovid's guidance was not confined to the four walls of his office or the six weeks of the summer. He kept in contact with me, constantly invested in my growth and professional development. When going through a personal struggle, he guided and advised me.
Dovid has inspired me to never shortchange myself in my Torah learning and Jewish education. He has helped me believe in myself and showed me what being a mentor for someone really means. Combined with his unbeatable knowledge of music, Dovid is one that I know will continue to push the limits in inspiring and educating the Jewish future.


text:
How the Earth Was Made: Everest
Explores the tallest and biggest mountain on Earth. Even though Everest is as far removed from sea level as possible, it's sedementary layers contain fossils that were once sea creatures. This episode explores how the Himalayas were formed when India smashed into Asia propelled by plate tectonics.
For a study guide from History Classroom, click here.
60-minute runtime; two-year copyright clearance.
Dec 12 at 6:00am ET/PT
Related Tools & Resources
This program explores the natural wonder that is nearly 300 miles long and over a mile deep.
Companion website to the History series that showed how the continents were formed, canyons were carved, and why the world's animals live where they do. Includes streaming video of full episodes.
This documentary unearths new evidence that the largest desert in the world may have once been underwater and the site of ancient human settlements.
The Atacama desert is considered the driest place on Earth, this documentary uncovers how this extraordinary dry landscape was created.
This companion website to the Science Channel television series has video clips showing how things are made, from speed skates to bacon to globes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Duplicate channels
You can copy a channel and use it in the current image or another image.
For example, you may want to use the Duplicate Channel feature to create a channel mask; or you may want to back up a copy of a channel before you edit it.
Duplicate a channel
If you are duplicating alpha channels between images, the channels must have identical pixel dimensions. You cannot duplicate a channel to a Bitmap‑mode image.
 1. In the Channels panel, select the channel to duplicate.
 2. Choose Duplicate Channel from the Channels panel menu.
 3. Type a name for the duplicate channel.
 4. For Document, do one of the following:
 - Choose a destination. Open images only with pixel dimensions identical to the current image are available. To duplicate the channel in the same file, select the channel's current file.
 - Choose New to copy the channel to a new image, creating a multichannel image containing a single channel. Type a name for the new image.
 5. To reverse the selected and masked areas in the duplicate channel, select Invert.
Duplicate a channel in an image
 1. In the Channels panel, select the channel you want to duplicate.
 2. Drag the channel onto the Create New Channel button at the bottom of the panel.
Duplicate a channel in another image
 2. Make sure that the destination image is open.
 The destination image does not have to have the same pixel dimensions as the duplicated channel.
 3. Do one of the following:
 - Drag the channel from the Channels panel into the destination image window. The duplicated channel appears at the bottom of the Channels panel.
 - Choose Select > All, and then choose Edit > Copy. Select the channel in the destination image and choose Edit > Paste. The pasted channel overwrites the existing channel.
Split channels into separate images
You can split channels of flattened images only. Splitting channels is useful when you want to retain individual channel information in a file format that doesn't preserve channels.
 1. To split channels into separate images, choose Split Channels from the Channels panel menu.
 The original file is closed, and the individual channels appear in separate grayscale image windows. The title bars in the new windows show the original filename plus the channel. You save and edit the new images separately.
Merge channels
Multiple grayscale images can be combined as the channels of a single image. The images you want to merge must be in grayscale mode, be flattened (have no layers), have the same pixel dimensions, and be open. The number of grayscale images you have open determines the color modes available when merging channels. For example, if you have three images open, you can merge them into an RGB image; if you have four images open, they can become a CMYK image.
If you are working with DCS files that have accidentally lost their links (and so cannot be opened, placed, or printed), open the channel files, and merge them into a CMYK image. Then re-save the file as a DCS EPS file.
 1. Open the grayscale images containing the channels you want to merge, and make one of the images active.
 You must have more than one image open for the Merge Channels option to be available.
 2. Choose Merge Channels from the Channels panel menu.
 3. For Mode, choose the color mode you want to create. The number of channels appropriate for the mode appears in the Channels text box.
 4. If necessary, enter a number in the Channels text box.
 If you enter a number that is incompatible with the selected mode, Multichannel mode is automatically selected. This creates a multichannel image with two or more channels.
 5. Click OK.
 6. For each channel, make sure the image you want is open. If you change your mind about the image type, click Mode to return to the Merge Channels dialog box.
 7. If you are merging channels into a multichannel image, click Next, and select the remaining channels.
 All channels of a multichannel image are alpha channels or spot channels.
 8. When you have finished selecting channels, click OK.
 The selected channels are merged into a new image of the specified type, and the original images are closed without any changes. The new image appears in an untitled window.
 You cannot split and recombine (merge) an image with spot color channels. The spot color channel will be added as an alpha channel.


text:
They write in the article:
The survey has revealed that the collections of millions of stars, dust, gas and planets in galaxies prefer to rotate anticlockwise from the viewpoint of an observer on Earth.
Traditionally astronomers have believed that galaxies would spin either clockwise or anti-clockwise in equal proportion. But these observations would seem to suggest that either a mysterious force is acting on them or that the universe is in some way lopsided.
I think this project was an incredible success, and a model for future endeavors in large-scale classification. Also, it was incredibly fun to participate in, as I got a host of cool galaxy images to download onto my computer for my screensaver.


RFC: Remove preg_replace /e modifier
 - Version: 1.0
 - Date: 2012-02-04
 - Author: Nikita Popov _EMAIL_
 - Status: Implemented
This RFC aims at deprecating and subsequently removing the /e modifier (PREG_REPLACE_EVAL) that preg_replace provides.
What does the /e modifier do?
Quoting the PHP manual:
If this modifier is set, preg_replace() does normal substitution of backreferences in the replacement string,
evaluates it as PHP code, and uses the result for replacing the search string. Single quotes, double quotes,
backslashes (\) and NULL chars will be escaped by backslashes in substituted backreferences.
$code = preg_replace('((.*?))e', '"". strtoupper("$2"). ""', $code); // uppercases headings
There are several serious issues with the /e modifier:
Security issues
As /e evaluates arbitrary PHP code it can easily be exploited if user input is not carefully validated or sanitized.
For example the above example can be used to execute arbitrary PHP code by passing the string {${eval($_GET[php_code])}}. The evaluted code in this case would be "". strtoupper("{${eval($_GET[php_code])}}"). "" and as such execute any PHP code passed in the php_code GET variable.
An example of a larger project which suffered from such a code injection vulnerability is RoundCube (see this changeset).
A both more secure and cleaner approach is the use of preg_replace_callback:
 function ($m) {
 return "". strtoupper($m[2]). "";
When passing the above exploit code ({${eval($_GET[php_code])}}) into this function the result will just be {${EVAL($_GET[PHP_CODE])}} and no code will be executed.
But we don't remove eval() either, do we?
The use of the /e modifier is not comparable to the use of eval(). *Any* use of /e can be replaced with a safer and cleaner use of preg_replace_callback. eval() on the other hand has *some* valid use cases which can not be implemented in any other (sane) way.
Additionally it is much easier to create a vunerability with /e than it is with eval. Firstly many people don't understand PCRE well enough to distinguish whether a use of /e is safe or not. But more importantly the fact that addslashes() is applied to all substituted backreferences creates a false feeling of security (as seen above it can be easily circumvented.)
Overescaping of quotes
The application of addslashes on all substituted backreferences not only isn't helping security, but additionally also results in unexpected behavior when the input contains quotes:
addslashes always escapes both quote types, but only one of them needs escaping (e.g. in double quoted strings only " should be escaped and in single quoted strings only'should be escaped). This will result in one of the quote types to be overescaped. E.g. if Hallo 'World' is passed into the above function the result would be HALLO \'WORLD\' (note the additional backslashes).
This behavior makes /e unusable in many cases (or people just use it anyways, without knowing that it is broken).
Use as obfuscation in exploit scripts
Various exploit scripts use the /e modifier to obfuscate their intention. Some examples from a quick SO search:
This obfuscation hides scripts from grep-like searches (as preg_replace is usually considered a "good" function). Additionally - as you can see in the second link - it is possible to obfuscate the use of the /e modifier itself, making it even harder to find.
Obviously the use by exploit scripts is not bad per se (most exploit scripts also use echo and we better keep that), so don't put too much weight on this argument ;)
The /e modifier has little to no valid uses but imposes a rather big security risk. As it can in any case be replaced by a callback there would be no loss in functionality.
The vote ended with 23 in favor and 4 against the proposal.
Current state
The /e modifier has been deprecated in trunk in _URL_ It will be removed at some later point in time.
rfc/remove_preg_replace_eval_modifier.txt · Last modified: 2017/09/22 13:28 (external edit)


text:
Latest VideosMore Videos
Whyatt has lost his very first tooth! When his mom tells Whyatt that the Tooth Fairy will come and take his tooth, Whyatt wants to know what happens if he wants to KEEP it? Super Why and his friends decide the best person to ask is the Tooth Fairy herself, so they set off to meet her in person. With a little bit of magic (and a little bit of floss) the reading heroes are able to get all their questions answered. Educational Objectives: To learn about the magic of the Tooth Fairy. Kids will follow the alphabet, rhyme with AY words, and use the power to read to change the story.
Watch Super Why! and more at PBS Kids Video.
Sorry, this episode has no rebroadcasts scheduled at this time.


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|Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List|
|Criteria||ii, iii, iv, vi|
|UNESCO region||Arab States|
|Inscription||1985 (9th Session)|
Hatra (Arabic: الحضر al-Ḥaḍr) is an ancient city in the Ninawa Governorate and al-Jazira region of Iraq. It is known as al-Hadr, a name which appears once in ancient inscriptions, and it was in the ancient Persian province of Khvarvaran. The city lies 290 km (180 mi) northwest of Baghdad and 110 km (68 mi) southwest of Mosul.
Hatra was founded by ancient Arab tribes some time in the 3rd century BCE. A religious and trading centre under the Parthian empire of Iran, it flourished during the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE. Later on, the city became the capital of possibly the first Arab Kingdom in the chain of Arab cities running from Hatra, in the northeast, via Palmyra, Baalbek and Petra, in the southwest. The region controlled from Hatra was the Kingdom of Araba, a semi-autonomous buffer kingdom on the western limits of the Parthian Empire of Iran, governed by Arabian princes.
Hatra became an important fortified frontier city and withstood repeated attacks by the Roman Empire, and played an important role in the Second Parthian War. It repulsed the sieges of both Trajan (116/117) and Septimius Severus (198/199). Hatra defeated the Iranians at the battle of Shahrazoor in 238, but fell to the Iranian Sassanid Empire of Shapur I in 241 and was destroyed. The traditional stories of the fall of Hatra tell of an-Nadira, daughter of the King of Araba, who betrayed the city into the hands of Shapur. The story tells of how Shapur killed the king and married an-Nadira, but later had her killed also.
Hatra is the best preserved and most informative example of a Parthian city. It is encircled by inner and outer walls nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) in circumference and supported by more than 160 towers. A temenos (τέμενος) surrounds the principal sacred buildings in the city's centre. The temples cover some 1.2 hectares and are dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 30 metres. The city was famed for its fusion of Greek, Mesopotamian, Syrian and Arabian pantheons, known in Aramaic as Beiṯ Ĕlāhā ("House of God"). The city had temples to Nergal (Babylonian and Akkadian), Hermes (Greek), Atargatis (Syro-Aramaean), Allat and Shamiyyah (Arabian) and Shamash (the Mesopotamian sun god). Other deities mentioned in the Hatran Aramaic inscriptions is the Aramaean Ba'al Shamayn, and the female deity known as Ashurbel, which latter is perhaps the assimilation of the two deities Ashur and Bel, despite their being individually masculine.
List of rulers
In inscriptions found at Hatra, several rulers are mentioned. Other rulers are sporadically mentioned by classical authors. They appear with two titles. The earlier rulers are called mrj' (translation uncertain), the later ones mlk -king.
|Nashrihab||mrj'||AD 128/29 - 137/38|
|Naṣru||mry'||128/29 - 176/77|
|Wolgash I||mry' and mlk - King|
|Sanatruq I||mry' and mlk - King||AD 176/177||ruled together with Wolgash I|
|Wolgash (II?), son of Wolgash (I.)|
|Abdsamiya||mlk - King||AD 192/93 - 201/202||Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger|
|Sanatruq II||mlk - King||AD 207/08 - 229/230|
Modern Hatra
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hatra|
- _URL_ BBC Chronicle "Lost Kings of the Desert"


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How are i.e. and e.g. pronounced?
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Why do English use Latin abbreviations anyway? In norwegian we use "dvs." as short for "det vil si" ("that is"), and "f.eks." as short for "for eksempel" ("for example"), and we would never pronounce it as an abbrevation (unless you're trying to sound geeky). – Stein G. Strindhaug Mar 21 '11 at 11:33
_USER_: In English, it's used to sound smart. – endolith Apr 25 '11 at 21:57
_USER_ -- Latin abbreviations are a holdover from the period where Latin was a standard part of the curriculum. I.e., e.g, and even etc. were common abbreviation used by scholars for centuries. We still invent and use abbreviations. Now we have lol and wtf. – Jay Elston May 22 '11 at 3:55
_USER_: Then, how to pronounce lol? loll or laugh out loud? The latter seems very prolix. – Xiè Jìléi May 22 '11 at 9:44
As an exception, etc is pronounced et cetera. – Pitarou Dec 23 '11 at 12:09
7 Answers 7
up vote 171 down vote accepted
i.e. stands for id est (Latin), which means "that is". You use it to link in a deeper explanation about something. Pronounce it "eye - ee".
e.g. stands for exempli gratia (also Latin), which means "for example". You use it to link in an example of a more generic term. Pronounce it "ee - jee"
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Can I read them out as, 'that is' and 'for example'? (When there's some audience) – Xiè Jìléi Aug 12 '10 at 23:18
It depends on who your audience is. Children, I think, would be distracted with the abbreviations. Educated adults wouldn't mind, though. – Chris Dwyer Aug 12 '10 at 23:27
I have lived my entire adult life thinking "i.e." stood for "in essence". Thanks for this! – Paul Lammertsma Aug 13 '10 at 0:42
_USER_: I always read them aloud as such, and it can get amusing when reading the work of others who have used them incorrectly. Oh, if only I had the chance to read more bad literature aloud... – Jon Purdy Nov 5 '10 at 20:18
_USER_ EXEMPLI GRATIA does not mean free example, it means "for the sake of an example". One shouldn't mistake the Latin noun grātia (grace, thankfulness, sake, present only in Romance languages) for the Latin adjective gratis (free, present both in the Romance and the Germanic languages). – Talia Ford Sep 22 '13 at 7:46
For i.e. I usually say "that is", occasionally "eye-ee".
For e.g. I always say "for example".
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+1, this is also how I do it. – John Gietzen Nov 25 '11 at 20:17
Can e.g. be pronounced as 'ack'? – Pacerier Nov 26 '13 at 0:11
When I was in college, one of my philosophy professors instructed us to use translated English for abbreviated or initialized latinisms when reading a text aloud. I would agree that in most cases you should speak the translated English rather than speaking the letters of the initialization.
 - i.e. is used for clarification and should be spoken "that is". While most English speakers will recognize the meaning of "eye ee" when spoken, saying "that is" is clearer.
 - e.g. is used for providing one or many examples and should be spoken "for example".
While i.e. and e.g. are relatively common, other abbreviated or initialized latinisms, such as viz., are less frequent and their English translation should certainly be provided when reading from a text that includes a latinism.
For example, take the following quote from Plato:
Perfect wisdom has four parts, viz., wisdom, the principle of doing things aright; justice, the principle of doing things equally in public and private; fortitude, the principle of not flying danger, but meeting it; and temperance, the principle of subduing desires and living moderately.
When reading that quote aloud, the translation for viz. should be provided.
 - Incorrect:
 - "Perfect wisdom has four parts, viz, wisdom, the principle..."
 - "Perfect wisdom has four parts, videlicet, wisdom, the principle..."
 - Correct:
 - "Perfect wisdom has four parts, namely, wisdom, the principle..."
 - "Perfect wisdom has four parts, that is to say, wisdom, the principle..."
Speaking the translation for initialized and abbreviated latinisms provides greater clarity for the audience than simply speaking the initials or the latin.
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Plato was Greek and lived at a time when the Romans had little (if any) influence on Greek language or culture. I wonder how he came to use the abbreviation "viz." :-) – Jay Elston May 22 '11 at 4:07
+1 But how will blowhards satisfy their pomposity needs without liberal seasoning with vocalized latinisms? – Greg Bacon Jun 5 '11 at 20:01
_USER_, remember "Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum viditur," which translates into "Whatever is said in Latin sounds profound." – Andrew Neely Oct 20 '11 at 12:01
This is the correct answer: you pronounce them as their English equivalents. – tchrist Sep 30 '12 at 20:22
+1, I have been pronouncing 'viz' as 'viz'. 'namely' is appropriate. Thanks for sharing the correct usage. – Ashwin kumar Dec 28 '12 at 5:51
Just pronounce the letters: "Eye eee" and "eee gee".
I have never met anyone who actually said "id est" and "exempli gratia", which is what they really stand for.
share|improve this answer
Did you meant "eee jee" and not "eee gee"? – iSid Aug 13 '10 at 6:24
_USER_: They're pronounced the same, and "gee" is even an English word (merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gee). Either will do. – mmyers Aug 13 '10 at 12:59
_USER_: You may disagree with this answer and Chris Dwyer's if you wish, but I disagree with your assertion of what one is "supposed" to do. Unless perhaps you would care to add an answer explaining where the "supposed to" comes from? – mmyers Oct 1 '12 at 14:52
I can't believe this wasn't addressed in the Oatmeal Comic but I usually say the letters or replace it with "for example" (and now, thanks to the comic, I'll replace it with "in other words" instead and use e.g. when I mean "for example").
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and as for the pronunciation of the Latin:
i.e. = id est
e.g. = IgzemplI gra:tI
(NB a: is pronounced like the "a" in car or can't)
but remember - as has been mentioned here; it's much better practice to use the English long-forms in speech:
i.e. - "that is" / "or"
e.g. - "for example"
share|improve this answer
What happened to the "a" at the end of "gratia"? Is it not pronounced? (I'm a beginner to Latin, especially pronunciation which I haven't been paying much attention to…) – ShreevatsaR Nov 5 '10 at 20:47
A more modern an common (British) pronunciation would be {gra:tI} However classical Latin would retain the "a:" sound at the end - {gra:tIa:} – Adam FG Nov 7 '10 at 15:33
Latin abbreviations
 1. i.e. = that is, such as, or "in other words"
 2. e.g = for example
 3. et. al. = and others (i get a lot of strange looks when I use this)
 4. NB. = nota bene; Note well (and this one as well... I have no idea why this one is capitalized)
 5. etc. = et cetera ("and other things", or "and so forth")
and yes when reading aloud I just use the translation to avoid confusion
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protected by RegDwigнt May 19 '11 at 8:25
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Brett Anderson's Height
Brett Anderson's height is 6 feet and 0 inches. That's 72 inches tall.
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Structural Steel Detailer
A manufacturer of custom metal products, located east of Pittsburgh, is seeking an experienced Structural Steel Detailer.
- Detailer to provide shop ready drawings for approval, coordination, efficient and accurate fabrication of miscellaneous metal and structural steel.
- At times, participating in or responsible for original design.
- Field measure for accuracy in detailing.
- Provide accurate material take-off for purchasing, fabricating, and record keeping.
- At times, purchasing project material and drafting supplies.
- Minimum of an AS Degree with at least 5 years of related structural steel detailing experience.
- Capable of evaluating and gathering information from contract documents, field measurements, conversations and experience to create shop and field ready drawings with minimal supervision.
- Superior verbal and written communication skills.
- General understanding of materials and requirements in our fabricating process.
- Ability to gather a working knowledge of the many operations of the organization.
- Knowledge of the latest engineering specifications and code requirements.
- Be familiar with specialized techniques of shop fabrication and field construction.
- Skilled in detailing by hand, skill in using AutoCAD; Any experience with Revit / BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a plus
- Hours: Mon – Fri 7:30am – 4pm


text:
Tecumseh is a town on Lake St. Clair east of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In the municipal restructuring of 1999 the town of St. Clair Beach and the Township of Sandwich South were amalgamated into Tecumseh. Previously, in 1991, part of Sandwich East also merged into Tecumseh.
From its origins in the late 1700s as a small Franco-Ontarian settlement with only a church, a school, a post office, a hotel and a general store, it has evolved into a thriving town or 23,500 people at the 2011 census. Food processing is a major industry in Tecumseh.
The map of Essex County circa 1951 from Ontario Archives locates the individual townships, city, towns and villages of the county. (Click at the bottom of the page to see the map enlarged.)
A sketchmap from Ontario GenWeb provides a simple illustration of the location of the former townships.
This is a sketchmap from Wikipedia illustrating the new subdivisions of Essex County.
In 1792, Tecumseh, then known as Ryegate Postal Station, had only three families. In 1912. Ryegate Postal Station was renamed Tecumseh in honour of Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee Tribe who was killed at battle in the War of 1812. Tecumseh had a large Franco-Ontarian population, and when nearby Windsor started to grow into the area, there arose conflict between the Loyalists and the Canadiens.
The creation of Tecumseh Road in 1838 and the establishment of the Great Western Railway opened up the area for settlement. The town became an important railway depot and stopover for travellers. County residents took horse and buggy into Tecumseh and then transferred onto the train, journeying by rail the rest of the way into Windsor. Several popular hotels were started in Tecumseh to accommodate travellers. The Bedell Hotel, the Soulliere Inn, the Hebert and the Hotel Perreault were some of the places most frequented by travellers and locals alike.
The French were for the most part the original settlers of Tecumseh, the majority of them descendants of the Frenchmen who had established their seigneural land holdings along the banks of the Detroit River in 1700s.
As the Town of Windsor grew, Tecumseh began to experience new blood when the overflow of immigrants coming to the city began to settle in the peripheral regions as well. Indicative of the change was the mix-up created by the introduction of the tomato to the area of Tecumseh. Many of the English residents of the community refused to touch the suspicious red vegetable believing it to be a "Love Potion"concocted by the amorous Frenchmen. The first post office was located on the northeast corner of Tecumseh and Lesperance and was operated by a Mr. Christie. Some of the first businesses in Tecumseh included a lumber mill operated by J.B.Cada; a grocery store operated by Arthur Cecile; a cheese factory on Banwell Road operated by Joseph Breault; a bakery owned by John Dugell; three butcher shops; a canning factory and a brewery eventually closed under Carling Company. In 1921 it was felt that Tecumseh was not getting its fair share of improvements in proportion to the taxes paid to the municipality of Sandwich East. A group of people headed by Malcolm Clapp petitioned the legislature to separate from the township and incorporate as the Town of Tecumseh with a population of 978. Dr. Paul Poisson was appointed as the first mayor of the town.The real growth in Tecumseh occurred in 1931 with the establishment of the Green Giant Factory as Fine Foods of Canada. Green Giant (now Carriere) is still located in Tecumseh and continues to employ full and part time workers.
As the population grew, so did the demands for services. The Ontario Provincial Police started policing the Town in 1948 with 2 officers. In 1922 a fire chief was appointed although no fire department was in existence, the fires were fought by town volunteers.
In 1999, as part of a reorganization of Essex County, Tecumseh was merged with the Village of St. Clair Beach, and the Township of Sandwich South into the Town of Tecumseh. In 2003, the City of Windsor annexed approximately from the Town of Tecumseh. Now considered to be a bedroom community of Windsor, Tecumseh is often cited as an example of urban sprawl; new subdivisions have developed on some of Canada's most valuable agricultural land beginning in the late 1980s.
The primary source for basic documents (vital statistics, land records, wills) for people who lived in the Province of Ontario is the Archives of Ontario, 134 Ian Macdonald Blvd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M7A 2C5.
Civil registration did not begin in the province until 1869. Before then there may be church records of baptisms and burials. For the most part these are still held by the denomination who recorded them. Copies of marriage records made pre-1869 had to be sent by individual clergymen to the registrar of the county in which the marriage took place. These marriage records are available through Ontario Archives, on micorfilm through LDS libraries, and on paid and unpaid websites, but because they were copied at the registrars' offices, they cannot be considered a primary source.
Vital Records after 1869
Birth, marriage and death registrations are not open to the public until a specific number of years after the event occurred. Births to 1914 are now available [October 2012]; dates for marriages and deaths are later. Birth and death registration was not universally carried out in the early years after its adoption. Deaths were more apt to be reported than births for several years. The more rural the area, the less likely it would be that these happenings were reported to the authorities.
Land Records and Wills
Information on how to access land records and wills is best sought on the Archives of Ontario website. An ancestor's land holding might be found on Canadian County Atlas Digital Project if he was in occupancy circa 1878.
Association for the Preservation of Ontario Land Registry Office Documents (APOLROD). A list of Land Registry Offices for all Counties of Ontario.
The original censuses are in the hands of Library and Archives Canada. All of the original census (_PHONE_) images are online with the exception of that for 1861. Not all of them are indexed. Later censuses are not yet available. Census divisions were redrawn as the population increased and more land was inhabited.
E-books and Books
Some websites with more local information on Essex County


text:
About 24% of all Americans identify themselves as Catholic, but in the black community, the percentage is far lower. According to a CARA Catholic Poll, just 3% of American Catholics, or 3 million Americans, identify themselves as both black and Catholic.
Further, just 250 of America's 40,000 priests and only 16 of the 434 bishops in the United States are black.
In conjunction with Martin Luther King Day, the following is a profile of three black members of the clergy, who also shared their thoughts on evangelizing the black community.
Bishop Joseph Perry, 63, is an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago. He grew up in an observant Catholic home in Chicago. His father was a laborer for the city in the sanitation department, and he also worked on the railroad.
Bishop Perry was one of six children. He attended various Catholic schools in Chicago and from a young age "had an affinity to the Church."
At age 9, he told his mother he wanted to be a priest. At 15, he entered the high school seminary and was eventually ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Milwaukee in 1975. He became a bishop in 1998 and today serves a region of Chicago that includes many poor, inner-city blacks.
"In the 19th century, Irish and German bishops focused on evangelizing in those communities, but little attention was paid to African-Americans," he remarked. "Historically, the Church in America has suffered from a lack of outreach to blacks, and the consequences are still with us today."
He noted that 37 of Chicago's parishes are predominantly black and that the archdiocese is engaging in a "Catholics Come Home" campaign to persuade more to come to church. The Church's efforts are hampered, he said, by an "aging and crumbling urban infrastructure," which has led wealthier residents to flee the city for the suburbs.
He continued, "What is left in the city are people who are poor (in many areas), so the Church is lacking in resources and has difficulty in keeping open parish schools."
The parish schools, he added, historically provided black children with an introduction to the faith, which many would practice throughout their lives.
The recession of the past few years has been particularly painful in the inner city, he continued: "People have been out of work for years and are desperate. In their frustration they resort to crime, including domestic violence. They cannot see the light at the end of the tunnel."
He noted that when Catholic Charities distributes food or clothing in the inner-city neighborhoods, long lines of the needy form to receive them.
When he preaches in the community, he encourages the people to be hopeful: "I tell them to keep searching for what they need, but to continue to pray and not forget about God."
Deacon Harold Burke-Sivers, 45, serves the Archdiocese of Portland, Ore. He was born in Barbados in the Caribbean and brought to the United States as a small child. He grew up in Hillsdale, N.J.
His father was an unchurched calypso singer; his mother a Methodist who converted to Catholicism. His parents divorced when he was young, and his mother encouraged Deacon Burke-Sivers and his three siblings in the practice of the Catholic faith. He served as an altar boy and was attracted to the priesthood: "I watched priests celebrate Mass, and I thought, I could do this."
He spent four years in a Benedictine monastery in Newark, N.J., and was attracted to the "wonderful combination" of the Benedictines' life of prayer and work. His mother was delighted to have a son in the monastery, but his worldly father was not.
Deacon Burke-Sivers opted for the married life instead, and today he works in university security and is the father of four children. He is also active as a deacon at Immaculate Heart Church, a featured speaker at many Catholic conferences and has an apostolate, Aurem Cordis, which promotes the faith. He hosted an EWTN series and has been featured on such Catholic radio programs as Catholic Answers Live. He travels 100,000 miles per year to speak, including international trips.
He's saddened that more black Americans are not Catholics and believes it's due to the perception that the Church is "a white man's Church and a religion of slavery." But, he added, "That's completely untrue."
His personal heroes include Father Augustus Tolton (1854-97), a former slave who is believed to be the first American black man ordained a priest, and whose cause for canonization was formally opened last year. In fact, he penned a new foreword to From Slave to Priest, a 1973 biography of Father Tolton by Sister Caroline Hemesath.
Deacon Burke-Sivers commented, "Father Tolton was rejected by every seminary in America because he was black and ultimately had to be trained in Rome. People would ask him why he stayed in a Church that persecuted him, and he'd reply, 'What the Church teaches is still true, even if there are many sinners in it.'"
The deacon also likes to point out that 701 canonized saints are black. And, when it comes to evangelization of black people, the saints remind us that what is most important is not one's color, but living the faith. He explained, "I need to be true to who I am. I'm Catholic first. And, oh yeah, I'm black, too."
In the Big Easy
Josephite Father Anthony Bozeman, pastor of St. Raymond-St. Leo Parish in New Orleans, is president of the National Black Clergy Caucus, part of The National Black Catholic Congress. Father Bozeman grew up in a traditional Catholic home in Philadelphia. The family prayed together at home, and he attended Catholic schools and served as an altar boy.
One of the priests who served his parish was Msgr. James Daly (_PHONE_), a World War II Army chaplain who served the Archdiocese of Philadelphia for many decades. The priest was an inspiration to him and led the future Father Bozeman to enter the seminary: "He was a good man and had a great desire to share God's love with others. I wanted to be like him."
Father Bozeman was ordained for the archdiocese in 2000. In 2009, he joined the Josephite Society of the Sacred Heart, the only community of priests and brothers in the United States exclusively engaged in advancing the teachings of the Church in the black community. He was assigned to his current parish, which is predominantly black and poor.
He describes New Orleans as "a tale of two cities." While the city has a strong Catholic history, it is also "The Big Easy," known for its worldly ways. A larger portion of the city's blacks are Catholic than in any other city in the country, with perhaps the exception of St. Augustine, Fla., he noted. He believes more black Americans have gravitated to Protestant religions because of a more aggressive evangelizing effort on the part of Protestant churches. But, he said, there are examples of blacks, who, after receiving the Catholic faith, tenaciously held on to it despite adverse circumstances. One black community he visited in a remote area outside of Houston, for example, was without a priest for a century. It held onto the faith through such practices as faithful recitation of the Rosary, he said.
To those in this parish who would consider leaving the Church for non-Catholic religions, he likes to remind them, "We have the seven sacraments. We need all the graces we get through them."
His personal heroes in the faith include Father Tolton ("I pray my ministry could be as fruitful as his"), Franciscan Sister Thea Bowman and his own aunt, Daisy Davenport. Of Aunt Daisy, he observed, "She experienced racism as an African-American Catholic but was able to look beyond it. She was very devoted to the Eucharist and knew that Christ was the center of the Catholic Church."
Register correspondent Jim Graves writes from Newport Beach, California.


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Organic Photovoltaic Device Model is a 1D Schottky-Read-Hall based drift diffusion model specifically designed to model organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. It can describe non-geminate recombination via two mechanisms: free-to-trap processes via an exponential tail of trap states, and free-to-free carrier processes. The model solves the drift diffusion equations for electrons and holes, Poisson's equation to calculate the potential distribution in position space, and the Schottky-Read-Hall capture escape equations for a discretized set of energy levels. The model has been used to generate a number of publications. It can simulate the following experiments often used to characterize OPV devices: JV curves (Light/Dark), Charge extraction data (Light/Dark), and Steady state recombination data (Light/Dark).
JABM is a Java API for developing agent-based simulation models using a discrete-event simulation framework. It has a simple architecture in which agents are represented using plain-old Java objects (POJOs). Simulations are configured via dependency injection using the industry-standard Spring framework, thus allowing attributes of any object in the simulation to be specified as random variables to be drawn from a specified distribution without having to write any Java code. Attributes of any object can be specified as independent variables or treatments with a given range of values, and experiments with different treatments can be easily parallelized using, for example, SGE.
MV3D is a virtual world and multi-player game framework for use with Python. It was designed with scalability in mind and is able to distribute a world across as many servers as needed while dynamically balancing the load. The simulation framework is not specifically slanted towards any one genre of online game or virtual world, and can just as easily be used for a space game as a fantasy setting. Objects on an MV3D server can be simulated using the ODE physics engine for realistic interactions. A single server is able to host thousands of of simulated objects. The client works with both the Ogre3D and Panda3D renderers.
StepSim is a lightweight step-based simulation module written in Python. It can do simple real-time simulations of discrete systems. StepSim supports step-by-step simulation or can run until a break condition occurs. Simulations are made up of containers and converters. A container stores a discrete amount of units of a certain type. A converter draws units from one or more containers and delivers the result to another container. StepSim does not even attempt to do any parallel processing. It processes converters round-robin in a fixed order.


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07 Jan Tree Care and Planting in Denton, TX
Trees are an important part of the Denton landscape. They give us shade in the summer and add nuance to our yards all year long. Some trees even provide fruits or nuts for us and the neighborhood wildlife, making trees an important part of our ecosystem. They work hard every year to collect sunlight and turn it into energy to do their job.
Like every living thing, trees require care and attention to perform their best, but the payoff is worth the effort. If you're considering adding a tree to your yard or property this year, or if you already have one and you'd like to learn more about how to care for it properly, here are some suggestions for where to start with your tree care and planting in Denton, TX.
Understanding the Denton soil and climate
Texas hosts a wide variety of landscaping, climate, vegetation, and more than 1,300 different soil types. To help us make some sense of the variation, Texas has been divided into 21 major land resource areas (MLRA) based on similar soils, climate, vegetation, topography, and land uses. The first thing to figure out before planting a tree in Denton is which MLRA your property is located within. Denton County is a part of three regions: Grand Prairie, Eastern Cross Timbers, and Blackland Prairie. Knowing a little bit about the soil, landscaping, climate, and vegetation within the MLRA where your property is located can help you make educated choices about your landscaping.
Fertilization and soil testing
Although we tend to focus on the part of the tree above ground, what's happening below ground is the most important part of a tree's overall health and vitality. The root system determines the strength, alignment, and health of the tree, and you get healthy roots by first having dynamic soil. But before you go to a garden center to buy a bunch of fertilizer that you may or may not need, you should get a soil test. Soil testing can tell you the nutrient level, pH, and organic content levels in your soil.
It's important to do a soil test before adding fertilizer because your soil might already be rich in certain nutrients, and you don't want to overload it with unnecessary additions. On the other hand, your soil might be especially lacking in certain elements. A soil test will let you know what needs to be added and how much. To test your soil, start by contacting Denton County AgriLife Extension Services. They can provide you with instructions and soil collection bags. If you have questions about fertilization or soil, please reach out to our team. Our certified tree experts Denton are available to answer questions or help in any way.
Trees that thrive in Denton
Dozens of trees thrive in Denton county, and there are a few prevalent trees. If you need help deciding which tree would work best for your yard, consider working with a Denton professional tree service. We'd be happy to put you in contact with a certified arborist Denton property owners know and trust. Here are some trees we recommend you take a look at if you're thinking of planting a tree on a Denton area property:
- American Elm is a popular tree in Denton county that's fast-growing and tolerates a wide range of conditions.
- Baldcypress is another popular tree that's excellent at adapting to many soil and moisture conditions.
- Bur Oak is a tree that's known for being drought-tolerant and well-adapted to a variety of conditions.
- Cedar Elm is a tough, drought-tolerant, shade tree that's adaptable to a variety of conditions.
- Pecan, the state tree of Texas, is popular both in the wild and among property owners in Denton but is known for needing a lot of room.
- Shumard Oak is a popular, widely available tree that grows acorns and prefers well-drained soils.
- Sweetgum is a tree known for its rapid, upright growth, star-shaped leaves, and spiky seed balls it produces.
- Chinkapin Oak is an excellent shade tree that thrives in limestone soils.
- Texas Red Oak is one of several red oaks available. It has a distinct bark texture, brilliant fall color, and grows acorns.
- Green Ash is yet another tree that tolerates a range of soil conditions, but it needs regular pruning to encourage a strong branch structure.
- Honey Mesquite is also a native that needs pruning to develop a strong branch and trunk structure, but its drought-tolerance makes it worthwhile.
Tips for planting
If you're planning to plant a new tree in Denton, there are a few things you should take into account before you start digging:
- Plan for available space. Different trees grow to different shapes and sizes. Consider the tree's mature height and spread, as well as the spread of the roots. A small tree only needs about 60 square feet, while a large tree needs more like 180 square feet. Don't plant a tree too close to your house, and avoid areas where your tree will block signs or street corners.
- When choosing a tree at the nursery, look for these signs of a high-quality tree. A quality tree has healthy roots that fill but don't encircle the pot. Look for a tree with a single trunk, not a tree with multiple trunks or a V-shaped trunk. Check the tree for wounds, undersized leaves, insects, fungus, or other potential diseases.
- How you plant your tree will depend on the type of tree you're planting, so do a little extra research first. There are a few things, however, that are pretty standard. When you dig the hole, it should be two to three times the root ball's diameter, and it should be deep enough that the top of the root ball is level with the ground. Fill the first half to three-quarters of the hole with the original soil, and then run a slow-flowing hose into the hole. Water thoroughly, then fill the rest of the hole with the original soil. Add mulch on top, but keep it away from the trunk and don't make a large pile. Just a two-to four-inch layer will do the trick. Young trees should be wrapped around the base to protect them from hot or cold weather.
- Young trees need to be pruned to develop a healthy alignment and structure. This can be a tricky task and is best left to the professionals, so we suggest you reach out to an expert tree service in Denton. Our ISA Certified Arborists are always available.
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We are the tree care experts Denton homeowners trust. We are proud to be a part of the Denton community, and we take our mission to save Denton trees very seriously. If you have questions or concerns about your tree's health and are looking for a tree arborist in Denton, please give us a call. Our ISA Certified Arborists are available to talk with you or visit your property to assess more serious concerns. Call us at _PHONE_ for more information.
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text: Community based monitoring is emerging as a promising practice for improving programme effectiveness and as a key component of rights-based implementation of health programmes. One of the challenges of this approach is to demonstrate that it is yielding results. Community based monitoring is often seen as a process intensive intervention, which may not yield results in terms of changes in health 'services' and health 'outcomes' in the short term. However, it is very important in 'empowering' communities and in building their capacities in engaging with service providers and to negotiate better services for themselves. This paper discusses the different conceptual dimensions of community monitoring and then explores the difficulties of monitoring and assessing progress and results. It also explores a set of mechanisms for documenting and assessing progress drawing upon contemporary practice of evaluation. Using practical examples drawn from the author's own practice and two examples of field level practice in India, the author proposes a practical methodology for assessing progress, drawing lessons and for establishing robust evidence based results in the field of community based monitoring.


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I have a text in database which is "computer-hardware". I used that code to split
 'string seperated by colons '-'
 Dim info As String = strcotegory
 Dim arInfo As String() = New String(3) {}
 'define which character is seperating fields
 Dim splitter As Char() = {"-"c}
 arInfo = info.Split(splitter)
 For x As Integer = 0 To arInfo.Length - 1
 Response.Write(arInfo(x) & " ")
but now I want to get "computer" in textbox1 and "hardware" in textbox2.
please guide me
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1 Answer 1
If I understood you correctly, replace the For loop with the following lines of code:
textbox1.Text = arInfo(0)
textbox2.Text = arInfo(1)
By the way, initializing arInfo (... = New String(3) {}) is not necessary, since you overwrite the value of arInfo anyway (arInfo =...).
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10 Reasons Why An Internship In China Is Good For You
People may not understand it still but internships are crucial role in the laboring or working world. You can observe that what features of business specifically takes your imagination before you perform to a full time job, by doing an internship. Internships are better for the student of the college.
There is much advantage of doing such an internship in China. You not only get the work or job experience, but also the experience of living and working in a foreign culture of countries like China. You can get a large amount of knowledge and information by doing internship in a country like China.
internship in china
Below are 10 reasons why Internship in China is good for you.
 1. 1. Internships in China are ready at any time
You can get the internship in China at any time throughout the year which is suitable for you. It is feasible for an individual to attain an important experience also when he or she is restricted by money, time or other duties.
 1. 2. Learn convenient skills to help in future career
Nowadays, companies want individuals who can use their earlier work experiences or practice and implement them to the existing job. The regular day working in China will challenge you with problem solving, cultural clashes, and time management and communication challenges. All these skills are valuable in modern and fresh work place.
 1. 3. Expand your global network
The famous maxim about global network is that your network is your net worth. It is an extreme part of culture in China and not important which company you wind up in.
 1. 4. Improve your language skills
On your CV, language always shines. And also language of China is one of those languages that make your CV better. It is advantageous for you if you are a Westerner. You can easily get a great job there.
 1. 5. Get in with the Internship
By getting the internship with a reputable company of China, it is very much easier to gain a career in Multinational Companies.
 1. 6. Enhance your global understanding
You will be able to observe the world and work from diverse viewpoint from an internship in China. You can also learn various new things and technologies by internship in China as this is a country of latest technology.
 1. 7. Gain lifelong friends
You will meet some excellent people during your time in China. You will make lifelong friendships and share adventures with them.
 1. 8. Have an experience of a lifetime
China is the land of various cultures and custom. The land of the China is very vast. You can watch something exciting, new and fresh everyday in China that provide you great and memorable experience in life.
 1. 9. Companies look for great talent
Great companies in China pay stipends and other companies provide excellent manual work experience, all of these things attract the appropriate talent. Every company wants the best employees for their company and internship in China is the good process to find talent.
 1. 10. Internship assist companies test new ideas
Companies prefer to test latest ideas and methods on interns. Employers utilize the program of internship to study program in an effective manner. Companies in China can attain useful feedback and insights on many processes at low prices by using interns.
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What happens when the user selects "Safely Remove Drive" when the drive is a USB Flash Memory device and what is the risk if the user simply pulls the drive without selecting that operation?
I am on Precise (12.04) and the drive is a USB 3.0 flash memory.
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
When the user selects "Safely Remove Drive", the partition of the media (in this case the USB flash memory) is "unmounted" as soon as the drive has finished its current operation(s).
Then, it's safe to proceed and physically remove the USB stick, because the drive is "switched off".
If you do not "eject" the media, meaning that is still mounted (i.e. linked to a directory, usually in /media), and you remove the drive, you can corrupt the files on the USB stick, even if you think the system is not reading/writing anything on the drive itself. So my advice is to always eject it.
This is just a quick answer, you can also check this article:
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"Eject" is not the same as "Safely Remove Drive" in that they are different menu items. – H2ONaCl Aug 3 '12 at 10:26
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River and lake flooding may be caused by short and intense rainfall events, long duration rainfall events, rapid snowmelt (including rain on snow events and glacier melt), ice blockages, landslides, earthquakes, dam/levee failures or a combination of these activities.
River flood forecasting involves predicting future of river and streamflow runoff conditions. In order to do this, hydrologists require varying combinations the following information:
In Yukon, the main mechanisms that contribute to flooding include ice-jams, rain on snow events, and rapid snowmelt. Below are examples of locations that are particularly prone to flooding:
For the communities that are prone to flooding, Environment Yukon monitors and predicts break up and water level conditions to allow sufficient lead time for the implementation of emergency measures. Regular updates on current water level conditions can be found on the Environment Yukon website.


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dishonor on the character.
At the GM's discretion, other known associates of a character with a reputation for honorable behavior may also receive the bonus.
If you're also using the reputation rules, you can apply a bonus on reputation checks based on a character's status as an honorable or dishonorable person.
A common concept in games and fiction that involve honor codes is family honor. The idea is that characters can "inherit" some portion of their family's reputation for honor, or dishonor.
|Family Relationship||Honor Score
|Same alignment as family||+2|
|Alignment same as family's in one dimension||+1|
|Class favored by family||+1|
|Alignment opposed in one dimension||-1|
|Alignment opposed in two dimensions||-2|
|Class opposed to family||-1|
|Same alignment as family||-2|
|Alignment same as family's in one dimension||-1|
|Class favored by family||-1|
|Alignment opposed in one dimension||+1|
|Alignment opposed in two dimensions||+2|
|Class opposed to family||+1|
When using family honor under the mechanical system, a character's starting honor score can be affected by several factors related to the family's status (honorable or dishonorable), alignment, and preference for a particular class, as shown below.
For example, Kroh comes from an honorable family and a long line of fighters. Since he is also a fighter, his starting honor score gets a +1 increase. His alignment is the same as that of the majority of his family members, so his starting honor score gets an additional +2 increase.
Hero Builder's Guidebook contains five tables in the section titled Creating Your Personal History that have information useful in a mechanical honor system. They are Table 6: Family Private Ethics, Table 7: Family Public Ethics, Table 8: Family Religious Commitment, Table 9: Family Reputation, and Table 10: Family Political Views. These family characteristics, if used in the game, affect a character's starting honor score as shown below.
|Family History||Honor Score
|Family's public reputation beneath contempt||-2|
|and private ethics untrustworthy or evil||-2|
|Family's public reputation beyond reproach||+2|
|and private ethics fair or good||+2|
|Family's public reputation undeserved
and private ethics fair or good
|and private ethics untrustworthy or evil||+2|
|Family enmity with state religion||-2|
|Family open heretics (cumulative with above)||-2|
|Family part of state religion||+2|
|Family strongly committed to state religion
(cumulative with above)
|Family reputation good||+1|
|Family reputation outstanding||+2|
|Family reputation mostly bad||-1|
|Family reputation bad||-2|
|Family is part of the government||+2|
|Family strongly supports government
(cumulative with above)
|Family loyal opposition to government||+0|
When using the free-form honor system, the categories defined under Measuring Free-Form Honor also apply to families.
Characters who are as honorable as their families, or more honorable, get more honor benefits (see Benefits of Honor) than those who are less honorable than their families.
Sample Codes Of Honor
Here are some codes of honor drawn from fiction and history.
Bushido is the code of the samurai from ancient Japan. Many books have been written about how a samurai should live, including the Go Rin No Sho (Book of Five Rings) and the Hagakure. According to one version of the code, a samurai must possess the following seven virtues.
- Gi (honesty and justice): A samurai deals openly and honestly with others and cleaves to the ideals of justice. Moral decisions do not come in shades of gray, only right and wrong.
- Yu (heroic courage): A samurai never fears to act, but lives life fully and wonderfully. Respect and caution replace fear.
- Jin (compassion): A samurai takes every opportunity to aid others, and creates opportunities when they do not arise. As a powerful individual, a samurai has a responsibility to use that power to help others.
- Rei (polite courtesy): A samurai has no reason to be cruel, and no need to prove his strength. Courtesy distinguishes a samurai from an animal, and reveals one's true strength.
- Meyo (honor): A samurai's conscience is the judge of his honor. The decisions he makes and how he carries them out are a reflection of his true nature.
- Makoto (complete sincerity): When a samurai has said that he shall perform an action, it is as good as done. He need not make promises; speaking and doing are as if the same.
- Chugo (duty and loyalty): A samurai feels responsible for his actions and their consequences, and loyal to the people in his care. A samurai's loyalty to his lord is unquestionable and unquestioning.
Code of the Knight Protector
The Knight Protectors, a loose organization of chivalric-minded warriors described in Complete Warrior, hold to this code of honor. It makes a fine code for lawful knights.
- Courage and enterprise in obedience to the Order.
- Defense of any mission unto death.
- Respect for all peers and equals; courtesy to all lessers.
- Combat is glory; battle is the true test of self-worth; war is the flowering of the chivalric ideal.
- Personal glory above all else in battle.
- Death before dishonor.
The "code of silence" of the Cosa Nostra isn't codified or written down. It makes a good code for a thieves' guild or other criminal organization. One interpretation is as follows.
- Do what you're told by your superiors.
- Always look out for ways to make money for the Family.
- Do not hide or hold back money from the Family.
- Respect your elders in the Family, and in the Organization in general.
- Never let a debt go unpaid.
- Never be late paying your debts.
- Don't get caught.
- If you do get caught, keep your mouth shut.
The standard rules offer the following code of conduct for paladins.
- Never commit an evil act.
- Respect legitimate authority.
- Act with honor (don't lie, don't cheat, don't use poison, and so on).
- Help those who need help (provided they do not use the help for evil or chaotic ends).
- Punish those that harm or threaten innocents.
Don't Tread on Me
This relatively short code of honor works well for barbarians, fighters, and rangers.
- I won't be wronged.
- I won't be insulted.
- I won't be laid a hand on.
- I don't do these things to others, and I require the same from them.
"Honorable" thieves in a guild might abide by a code similar to this one.
- Never steal from another member of the guild.
- Never perform another thief's assigned task or "steal" jobs from another thief.
- Never let your own jobs interfere with the guild's jobs.
- Don't attract attention to the guild, especially not the attention of the town fathers.
- 10% of the take from your jobs goes to the guild; you keep the rest.
- 100% of the take from guild-assigned thefts goes to the guild, and maybe you get a taste.
- Don't kill anyone in the commission of a job, except in self-defense. It attracts too much attention.


text:
Gas exchange system for extended in situ benthic chamber flux measurements under controlled oxygen conditions: First application - Sea bed methane emission measurements at Captain Arutyunov mud volcano
Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 6:23-33 (2008) | DOI: 10.4319/lom.2008.6.23
ABSTRACT: Mass transfer rates of many gases, nutrients, and trace metals across the sediment water interface are dependent on environmental oxygen conditions. In this article, a novel gas exchange system for extended in situ flux and respiration measurements in benthic chambers under defined oxygen conditions is described. Integrated within a GEOMAR modular lander, the gas exchange system was used to perform in situ measurements of the total oxygen uptake and sea bed methane emission rates under constant oxygen conditions at Captain Arutyunov mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) in a water depth of 1320 m. During two separate lander deployments, the oxygen concentration within the benthic chambers was kept constant for 37 and 47 h, respectively. Under these conditions total oxygen uptake rate remained constant at 4.4 and 13.2 mmol m2 d1. Seabed methane emission was low, in the range 0 to 0.2 mmol m2 d1. The system is suited for prolonged (days) in situ flux determinations under natural background oxygen conditions and offers a wide range of experimental applications.


Translations:Cosmic hierarchy/4/en
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In the third century, Origen of Alexandria set forth his conception of a hierarchy of beings, ranging from angels to human beings to demons and beasts. This renowned scholar and theologian of the early Church, who set forth the chief cornerstone of Christ's doctrine and upon whose works subsequent Church fathers, doctors, and theologians built their traditions, taught that souls are assigned to their respective offices and duties based on previous actions and merits, and that each one has the opportunity to ascend or descend in rank.


text:
By the end of the expedition I will have spent about 60-70 days on my own in the featureless landscape of Antarctica. Coping with the mental stress of being alone for this length of time and dealing with the monotony of both my daily routine and the landscape I am skiing across is key to the success of the expedition. It also presents an opportunity to learn something about the mental processes that enable self-discipline, perseverance, motivation and, ultimately, achievement when under pressure.
In preparation for the expedition, I worked with Dr Stephen Pack, a Senior Lecturer / Researcher at the University of Hertfordshire specializing in Sport and Exercise Psychology. He is an expert in the use of psychological skills by sport performers, the implementation of psychological skills training, and the use of counselling skills in sport and exercise psychology. Dr Pack taught me some tools and
techniques that helped her prepare for, and process, the mental rigours of the expedition and the months of isolation in a demanding environment.
Using language as an indicator of mental process, Dr Pack is looking closely at the podcasts recorded during my expedition to chart my mental journey through my use of language. Combined with pre and post expedition sessions, he hopes to use this information to contribute to his main research interest which lies in perceptions of stress and coping, and the link between physical activity and psychological well-being, particularly in the natural environment. Ultimately it is hoped that my journey might provide some insight into the influence of physical activity on mental well-being and on what
motivates individuals to achieve.


Monday, April 16, 2007
Are 38-Year-Olds the Best Philosophers?
I'm sitting here looking at the covers of Donald Davidon's recently re-issued anthologies. Boy does he look old. Is that what philosophers look like?
Davidson was born in 1917. The pictures must have been taken near the time of his death (I'd almost say after) in 2003, when he was 86. But his most famous, best regarded essays were written long before, in the 1960s and 1970s, when he was in his 40s and 50s. Why not grace the cover with a picture of him from that era? Non-philosophers often think of philosophers as old. My mother advised me, when I was an undergraduate, to do science first and philosophy when I'm old, since the best scientists are young the the best philosophers are old!
Davidson actually started a bit late. In my philosophy of mind class, I present to students the dates of the philosophers we read and the dates of publication of the assigned essays -- some of the most important essays in historical and 20th-century philosophy of mind. To calculate age, I subtract one from the difference of the years (if you're born in the middle of 1900, in 1950 you're 49 for half the year, and there's always a delay before publication). Here's the list from the main part of the course:
Rene Descartes: _PHONE_. Meditations on First Philosophy: 1641 (age 44).
John Locke (_PHONE_). Essay Concerning Human Understanding: 1689 (age 56).
George Berkeley (_PHONE_). A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge: 1710 (age 24). Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous: 1713 (age 27).
Julien Offray de la Mettrie (_PHONE_). Man a Machine: 1748 (age 38).
J. J. C. Smart (1920- ). "Sensations and Brain Processes": 1959 (age 38).
Hilary Putnam (1926- ). "The Nature of Mental States": 1967 (age 40).
David Lewis (_PHONE_). "Psychophysical and Theoretical Identifications": 1972 (age 30). "Mad Pain and Martian Pain": 1980 (age 38).
Ned Block (1942- ). "Troubles with Functionalism": 1978 (age 35).
Frank Jackson (1943- ). "What Mary Didn't Know": 1986 (age 42).
Paul M. Churchland (1942- ). "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes": 1981 (age 38).
Colin McGinn (1950- ). "Can we solve the mind-body problem?": 1989 (age 38).
David Chalmers (1966- ). The Conscious Mind: 1996 (age 29).
Supposing these data are representative, here are two theories:
(1.) Philosophers tend to peak around age 40; or
(2.) Philosophers who haven't done anything very influential by age 40 tend to withdraw from publishing philosophy, or not aim very high, for the rest of their careers; and those who do achieve eminence by age 40 tend to regress toward the mean for the rest of their careers. (How many great ideas, or bursts of genius, can you expect one person to have?) This second theory would explain the overrepresentation of great work by 40-year-old philosophers without committing to the thesis that 40 years of age is the best time to do philosophy.
(I just left 38 behind me last weekend. What will I think of this issue, I wonder, when I'm 60?)
Anonymous said...
How about Immanuel Kant, who went supernova well into his sixties?
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
A comforting example! Kant's three Critiques came out when he was 56-65 years old. I don't know that we should take that much comfort in the example of Kant, though. There's always someone in the tail ends of a good distribution! Berkeley offsets him.
Anonymous said...
Also Hegel, born 1770, published Phenomenology of Spirit 1807.
Which is close to 38.
Brandon said...
I wonder how much the list is affected by philosophical fashions. We tend to focus on Berkeley's Principles and Three Dialogues, but that's largely because we are interested in idealism as an epistemological foil (in great measure due to Hume and Kant). But Berkeley was going strong philosophically in the Analyst controversy in the 1730s; although, objectively, his most enduring philosophical contribution has been the one that was formulated in his first major work, the New Theory of Vision (1709). If we had less interest in epistemology and more in philosophy of mathematics or philosophy of perception, we'd tend to get different answers. We tend to emphasize Hume's Treatise (27/28 mark) because we're obsessed with issues of skepticism; but there have been periods and places where that's been considered Hume's least interesting contribution (in comparison with, say, his philosophy of religion, which pushes the mark way up to the end of Hume's life, or his aesthetics, which pushes it to the mid-40s).
I wonder, too, how much the list is affected by two other things: academic positions and interactions. That is, I wonder if the structure of academia itself will tend to put pressure on the 35-45 years, leading people simply to publish much more in that period than in other periods. And similarly, the years of 'peak' are bound to be affected by how much interaction with peers (and thus the debates of the day) is practically possible. One would tend to assume that below a certain age and above a certain age people are limited in how much interaction of that sort is possible.
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
I wouldn't say Phenomenology of Spirit is my *favorite* work of philosophy, Tanasije -- but I suppose reflections of this sort shouldn't be focused on idiosyncratic matters of judgment! So Hegel is a good example.
It's interesting to consider cases of philosophers who made major contributions over a long span of time -- more than the typical (it seems to me) span of 15 years. Hume is a good example of that, Brandon, if (as seems right) you count his philosophy of religion; Wittgenstein and Mill also come to mind. (I won't mention whom I think fits in this category among late 20th-century philosophers of mind, for fear of offending!) But maybe part of philosophical longevity is a willingness to start fresh with new topics or perspectives -- and not cavalierly, like a Nobel laureate who begins pronouncing broadly on everything now that his views have weight, but with a seriousness of scholarship.
The points in your final paragraph are pretty interesting, Brandon, but I'm not sure I agree with them. The motivation to publish starts pretty early, if one is ambitious. Maybe it wanes later, for some; but I don't think tenure is the main driving force of philosophers of this caliber. As for the opportunity to interact with other philosophers -- that seems to me generally to increase over time for the most professionally successful philosophers. To the extent there is ageism in this profession (which I fear I may be promoting with this post!) I don't think it applies, or applies much, to those at the very top of the profession. Indeed, the perception of the quality of a person's work generally lags considerably behind the actual quality of her work.
Roman Altshuler said...
Averaging 38 seems to be a general trend in Europe, as well. Consider:
Jean-Paul Sartre. The Transcndence of the Ego: 1937 (age 32), Being and Nothingness: 1943 (age 38)
Jacques Derrida. Writing and Difference, Of Grammatology, Speech and Phenomena: 1967 (age 37)
Gilles Deleuze. Difference and Repetition: 1968 (age 43)
Edmund Husserl. Logical Investigations: 1900 (age: 41)
Martin Heidegger. Being and Time: 1926 (age 37)
Juergen Habermas. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: 1962 (age: 33)
I don't know what you personally think of these people, given your stated lack of appreciation for Hegel's Phenomenology, but each of the above books was a major agenda-setting work. (The big exception in this tradition is Gadamer, who was about 60 when Truth and Method appeared.)
On the other hand, as far as I can tell, all of the above continued producing major work for well over 15 years, so I wonder if that is a cultural difference (along, of coruse, with the fact that the above are typically massive books rather than 20 page papers...).
Finally, I wonder if the peaking age might be dropping now in the anglophone world, given the greater emphasis on early publication.
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
Neat list, Roman -- thanks! My personal taste runs more to the analytic (though with a soft spot for Nietzsche [Genealogy of Morality, age 42]), but that's irrelevant to my hypothesis.
On


text:
Find a picture in a magazine or online.Really look at that picture the colors, movement if any, the description of the characters if there are any. Really look at that picture. How does it make you feel, happy, sad or nothing? Now take out your journal and write 200 or less words describing that scene or picture.Describe everything using poetic words to describe the scene or object. Famous authors are known for their poetic description of scenes or objects. One that comes to mind is Maeve Binchy. Her description in her books, made you feel you actually see the image through her writings.
Author,Artist and Illustrator. Self Published author of eBooks and videos. Plus I do artwork on assignments and teach classes.