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In a world often defined by its fast pace and constant change, there are moments that halt us in our tracks, forcing us to pause and reflect on the fragility of life. The Roosevelt Field Mall shooting on August 26th 2023, was one such moment—an event that shattered the ordinary and left an indelible mark on the lives it touched. Beyond the headlines and statistics, however, lie stories of individuals—vibrant souls who were tragically lost to an act of violence. These were not just victims; they were individuals with dreams, aspirations, and stories that deserve to be told. As we delve into the profiles of those who were taken from us too soon, we find an opportunity not only to mourn their loss but to celebrate the impact they had on their communities, forever etching their names into the tapestry of our collective memory. Following gokeyless.vn!
I. Roosevelt Field Mall Shooting August 26th 2023 General
The Roosevelt Field Mall Shooting on August 26th, 2023, stands as a stark reminder of the tragic consequences of hate-driven violence. This incident, which unfolded at a Dollar General store located in Jacksonville, Florida, sent shockwaves through the local community and reverberated across the nation. The seemingly ordinary setting of a retail store turned into a scene of horror, as lives were forever changed by an act of brutality.
At the heart of this incident lies the Roosevelt Field Mall, a place where people gather for shopping and daily activities. On that fateful day, the mall transformed into a site of unspeakable tragedy, as the tranquility was shattered by the sound of gunfire. The Dollar General store within the mall, which should have been a place of convenience and routine shopping, became the epicenter of a heart-wrenching event that would leave scars on the community.
The impact of the shooting was immediate and far-reaching. Families, friends, and loved ones of the victims found themselves grappling with the sudden loss of their dear ones. The community at large was forced to confront the harsh reality of hatred and violence, an unwelcome intrusion into their daily lives. The incident didn't just affect those directly involved; it sent shockwaves through society, forcing a collective reckoning with the underlying issues that contribute to such acts of violence.
The Roosevelt Field Mall Shooting serves as a somber reminder of the need for unity, empathy, and understanding in the face of tragedy. It highlights the urgent necessity to address the root causes of hate and violence and work towards a society where such incidents become a thing of the past. As we delve into the details of this tragic event, we must remember the lives lost and strive to ensure that their memory becomes a catalyst for positive change.
II. Unveiling the Details: Shooting in Jacksonville, FL Dollar General
The shooting incident that unfolded at the Dollar General store in Jacksonville, Florida, on August 26th, 2023, marked a horrifying chapter in the city's history. What should have been an uneventful day of routine shopping quickly turned into a scene of chaos and tragedy.
1. Location: A Tranquil Setting Shattered
The Dollar General store, nestled within the Roosevelt Field Mall, was the unexpected backdrop of this calamity. Situated in a community where people gather for everyday necessities, the store was an unassuming location that suddenly became synonymous with the devastating event. The familiarity of the setting made the incident all the more jarring, as the tragedy struck close to home for many residents of Jacksonville.
2. Timeline of Terror: Unfolding of the Incident
The events of that fateful day began to unfold shortly after 1 p.m. ET. In the span of mere minutes, the tranquility of the Dollar General store was shattered by the sound of gunshots. The unsuspecting shoppers and store employees went from browsing shelves to seeking cover as chaos erupted. The rapidity of the attack left little room for preparedness, catching everyone off guard.
As the situation escalated, law enforcement and emergency services responded swiftly to the scene. Their efforts to secure the area and provide assistance were a testament to the dedication of those who work tirelessly to protect and serve the community. The store that had once been a symbol of convenience was now a site of emergency response, highlighting the stark contrast between the ordinary and the extraordinary.
3. Immediate Aftermath: Shock and Grief
The aftermath of the shooting left the Jacksonville community in a state of shock and grief. Friends and family of those affected by the incident grappled with the sudden and senseless loss of life. The emotional toll of such an event was felt not only by those directly impacted but also by the entire community.
As news of the shooting spread, the Dollar General store became a gathering place not for shopping, but for mourning and reflection. The visual reminders of the incident, such as police tape and the presence of law enforcement, were a stark reminder of the fragility of safety and the unpredictability of life.
The shooting at the Dollar General store in Jacksonville serves as a reminder that tragedy can strike even in the most mundane of settings. The swift and brutal nature of the incident underscores the importance of addressing the complex issues that contribute to acts of violence and the need to come together as a community to heal and prevent future tragedies.
III. The Perpetrator: Jacksonville Shooter Identity
In the wake of the Roosevelt Field Mall shooting on August 26th, 2023, understanding the identity of the individual behind the heinous act is crucial to unraveling the motives and circumstances that led to such a tragic event.
1. Unmasking the Shooter: An Early Profile
The shooter, whose identity was later revealed, emerged as a central figure in the investigation. Preliminary information provided a glimpse into his background and characteristics. He was described as a white male in his early 20s, a demographic that typically raises questions about what might drive someone of his age to commit such a violent act.
2. Exploring Background and Motives: The Complex Pathways
Delving into the background of the shooter revealed a series of pieces that contributed to the puzzle of his motives. Early reports suggested that he had left behind "manifestos" that provided insight into his mindset and the factors that fueled his actions. These manifestos were filled with messages of hate, particularly targeting Black people. The revelation of such deep-seated hatred underscored the disturbing lengths to which he was willing to go.
3. Possible Motives and Influences: Peering into the Abyss
As authorities pieced together the shooter's background, a clearer picture began to emerge. The manifestos he left behind pointed to a racially motivated hate crime, suggesting that his actions were driven by a deep-seated animosity towards Black individuals. The shooter's beliefs were characterized by prejudice and bigotry, illuminating the toxic ideology that can foster such violent behavior.
The shooter's choice of target and the explicit nature of his manifestos offered a chilling look into the motivations that can lead an individual to commit an act of violence. The incident highlighted the importance of addressing hate speech, extremism, and radicalization, particularly among young individuals susceptible to such influences.
4. The Broader Implications: Seeking Understanding
Understanding the identity of the shooter is just one part of the puzzle. It serves as a starting point for broader discussions about the underlying issues that lead to acts of violence fueled by hatred. As communities grapple with the aftermath of such incidents, there is an urgent need to explore the societal factors that contribute to the rise of hate crimes and to find ways to prevent future tragedies.
The unveiling of the shooter's identity reminds us of the importance of vigilant monitoring and intervention when individuals exhibit signs of extremist ideologies. By comprehending the influences and motivations behind such actions, society can work towards preventing similar occurrences and fostering an environment of tolerance, empathy, and understanding.
IV. Manifestos of Hate: Understanding the Motive
The manifestation of hate takes on a chilling form in the aftermath of the Roosevelt Field Mall shooting. Unraveling the contents of the "manifestos" left behind by the shooter provides a critical lens through which to comprehend the underlying motivations and the deeply disturbing mindset that fueled the tragic incident.
1. Decoding the Manifestos: A Window into Darkness
The manifestos left by the shooter offer a rare glimpse into the inner workings of his mind. These documents, though disturbing and laden with hatred, serve as a vital tool for experts and investigators to grasp the rationale behind his actions. In these writings, the shooter articulated his grievances, biases, and desires, revealing a distorted perception of the world around him.
The heart of the manifestos lay in their racially motivated content. The shooter's words carried a venomous hatred towards Black individuals, as he espoused views that painted them as targets of his aggression. The language used was not only derogatory but also inflammatory, reflecting a twisted ideology that seeks to dehumanize and degrade.
By examining the content, patterns, and language of the manifestos, experts gain a clearer understanding of the depth of the shooter's hatred. The writings provide a stark reminder of the power that extremist ideologies can wield over vulnerable minds, driving them to commit unspeakable acts of violence.
2, A Glimpse into Radicalization: A Cry for Attention
The manifestos also shed light on the shooter's desire for attention and recognition. His choice to leave behind written documents indicates a calculated attempt to amplify his message of hate. This unsettling tactic demonstrates a desire to draw attention to his beliefs and ideologies, amplifying the terror he inflicted on innocent lives.
While the manifestos may be laden with hatred, they offer an opportunity for society to confront the harsh realities of extremism and radicalization. These documents underscore the need for proactive measures to counteract the spread of hate speech, identify individuals susceptible to radicalization, and intervene before their beliefs escalate into violence.


10 Things Soup Taught Me About Cooking
We've been enjoying a hot and nourishing Soup Week here at The Kitchn, and as we explored good tips and the secrets of really great soups, I realized something. So much of what I know about cooking came from soup. Not braises, not casseroles, not pasta. In many ways, soup taught me the essentials of cooking, and here are ten important things that I learned from making many pots of soup.
 - A little bit of bacon goes a long way. I think it was soup that first taught me how just a wee piece of meat, especially something as fragrant as bacon, could flavor an entire dish.
 - There are patterns in recipes that set you free. The process of making a good soup is slow and there are distinct steps. Heat fat. Sauté aromatics. Build it up with beans or vegetables. Add stock. Simmer. I began to see patterns and processes in the soup pot that taught me how flavor is created and intensified.
 - Emulsification isn't just for salad dressings. You know emulsification, that process by which oil and vinegar can get whipped into a thick, creamy dressing? Same thing happens in soup when you blend it up; you don't need cream to make a creamy soup.
 - Turkey stock is why turkeys exist. Seriously. I don't like turkey meat very much, but turkey stock is liquid gold, worth its weight in brownies gilded with diamonds. Turkey stock is not to be underestimated.
 - Soggy bread is actually very good. If soggy bread grosses you out, that should change when it comes to soup. A little good bread tossed into a pot of mulligatawny or a bowl of chicken broth can plump it out and add flavor.
 - The freezer is your friend. Soup goes in and comes back out for quick meals. The freezer also lets you store up bits of meat and vegetables, not to mention stock (turkey stock) for tossing into soups. After ice cream, soup is pretty much the only reason I have a freezer.
 - It's not the recipe's fault — it's yours. Soups taught me to taste, taste, taste as I cooked. If something seemed off, I learned that it's my own taste that determines the outcome. A recipe only gets you halfway there; after that you need to adjust salt, acid, and other flavors to your taste. If you don't like it, fix it until you do.
 - The pressure cooker is magic. This is a recent discovery, but I am newly in love with my pressure cooker overall, and discovering that I can make incredible perfect stock in 45 minutes in that thing has just cemented the deal. (Guess what kind I just made.)
 - Time is money. You can make food taste delicious in all sorts of ways: Fat, salt, acid, expensive luxury ingredients like truffles and vanilla beans. But if you are poor in money, or just watching your pocketbook, you can make up for it in time. I've made all sorts of "stone soups" out of a few weary vegetables and boxed broth, but made up the flavor by searing the heck out of the vegetables, or letting everything simmer for a long, long time. Time is money, in the kitchen.
 - Just make it up. More than anything else, though, soup taught me that it's not just OK, but delightful to just make it up in the kitchen. Have a bag of broth, some onions, and a pantry full of spices and canned beans? Why even look at a recipe? Get started, add a bit of this and that, and soon you'll have a soup that no one else has ever quite had before. It will be all yours, and all delicious. (Especially if you use turkey stock.)
Those are my own soup lessons, acquired from standing over a pot of soup. Has soup taught you things about cooking and being in the kitchen? I would love to hear!
(Images: Faith Durand)


How to specify which recording device to use with python sounddevice
I want to use the following function twice.
This function converts live audio input into a wav file.
For the first time, I use my pc built-in microphone and for the second run, I use my headphone's microphone that I plugged in before I run the code.
But when I tried my function it used only my headphone's microphone:
import sounddevice as sd
from import write
from playsound import playsound
def audio_to_wav(dst, device):
 converts live audio to wav file
 :param dst: destination wav file
 # Sample rate:
 fs = 4410
 # Duration of recording:
 seconds = 5
 myrecording = sd.rec(int(seconds * fs), samplerate=fs, channels=2, device=device)
 # Wait until recording is finished:
 # Save as WAV file:
 write(dst, fs, myrecording)
In my main I called this function twice:
def main():
 # transfer mic1 audio to wav:
 audio_to_wav("file1.wav", 0)
 # transfer mic2 audio to wav:
 audio_to_wav("file2.wav", 1)
 # play the wav files audio:
But when i ran this code the function used only the headphone's microphone.
How can I use both my pc built-in microphone and my headphone's microphone at the same time?
The problem was that in the audio manager (in my case it's Realtek audio manager), the recording device advance settings were set to "Tie up same type of input jacks…".
When I changed it to "Separate all input jacks as independent input devices" it fixed the problem.
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Here at Land To House you can find Hydraulic Ram Pumps for sale as well as a host of information of installing a pump. You can also find Land To House camping gear here. Please browse around and check out the projects that I have worked on over the years.
Hydraulic Ram Pumps For Sale
5 Steps to Buying a Ram Pump
(Already know the size you need? Click Here)
1. Determine your Water Flow Rate.
The ram pump needs flowing water to operate. The amount of water that you have available in the creek determines the size ram pump that you can use.
Here are the flow rate specs for each size ram pump available on Land To House
1/2″ Ram Pump 2gpm(7.6Lpm)
3/4″ Ram Pump 4gpm(15Lpm)
1″ Ram Pump 6gpm(22.7Lpm)
1-1/4″ Ram Pump 8gpm(30.3Lpm)
The water that each pump size needs is consistent for operation regardless of delivery flow.
How to measure flow rate? Use a 5 gallon bucket to catch the water. Time how long it takes in seconds. Divide 300 by seconds and you will have the Gallons per Minute.
Flow rate test
2. Determine your Head Pressure (water drop from source to pump)
The Ram Pump needs falling water to utilize the water hammer effect (ram). This is called Head Pressure. The pump works on a 1:7 ratio input head pressure to lift. For example if you have 10 feet of head pressure the pump will lift 70 feet vertical.
There are a few ways that you can determine the head pressure.
a. Take a garden hose and lay it in the creek. Let water run into the upper end. Lift the lower end up until the water stops flowing. Measure the distance from the surface of the water to the hose end. This is the head pressure available to the pump.
b. Place a garden hose in the creek and use a gauge that reads psi (pounds per square inch). Convert the psi to feet by using: psi/.433=feet of head.
c. Use a site such as Google Earth to find the elevation of the upper and lower parts of the creek and subtract the lower number from the higher number to find the head pressure.
head pressure
3. Determine the Lift height from the pump to where you need water
The main limiting factor of the ram pump is the lift height of the water. The horizontal distance that water is pumped is not an issue.
There are a few ways to determine the lift height.
a. The easy way is to use a site like Google Earth to get a general idea of the lift height. Take the elevation of the highest point you need water and the elevation of the pump location. Subtract the lower elevation from the higher elevation and you will have the lift height.
b. Use a clinometer. This tool finds angles of the incline and will let you use trig to find the height of lift.
c. Fill a garden hose or pipe with water and use a psi gauge to find the height. psi/.433=feet of head.
Elevation finder
4. Determine how much water you need in a day.
The amount of water that you need in a day is based on your own application. That being said here is what each ram pump size can supply in a day:
(Max output based on ideal setup)
1/2″ pump : 360 Gallons per day. (1211 liter per day)
3/4″ pump : 720 Gallons per day. (2725 Liter per day)
1″ pump : 1080 Gallons per day. (4088 Liter per day)
1-1/4″ pump : 1440 Gallons per day. (5451 Liter per day)
Keep in mind that these numbers are based on ideal input head pressure and lift height. If you have less head pressure or you are lifting higher your flow will be less.
5. Select the ram pump size below that fits your needs. If you still have questions please check out the Frequently Asked Questions.
To learn more about selecting the right pump, watch this video:
What else do you need to get the ram pump running?
-You will need a Drive Pipe to get water to the pump. This can be PVC or Poly Pipe. Be sure to match the pump size and the Drive pipe.
-You need a Delivery Pipe to take water up hill from the pump. This can be any size you like. Garden Hose, PVC Pipe, and Poly Pipe are all good options.
-Depending on the pipes you select you will need fittings to connect to the pump.
 - For PVC you will need adaptors from thread to socket. Then you will need couplings to connect sections of pipe.
 - For Poly Pipe you will need barb fittings that go from thread to barb. Then you will need barb to barb connectors to join sections of pipe. Hose clamps are often needed to keep the poly on the barb.
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Land To House


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A geographic information system (GIS) is a software application that provides the ability to present and analyse spatial and geographic data such as digital map or geo-localized data.
The data provided by the CMEMS portal come in a NetCDF format which is a common data format that can handle several complex variables (longitude, latitude, time, etc.). In order to use these CMEMS products, NOVELTIS has developed a QGIS plugin: NETCDF2GIS which enables to deal easily with NetCDF timeframes and depth levels and to operate some advanced functions on NetCDF files.
The objective of this training is to use a geographical information system to visualize and analyse CMEMS data with the NETCDF2GIS plugin. In this way, we will be able to:
- Conveniently ingest in QGIS various types of Copernicus Marine Service products for the Baltic Sea;
- Create maps and animations out of the Copernicus Marine Service variables;
- Import layers through WMS;
- Extract data within this area within a user defined area of interest
Products used :

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Toward the Meaning of the Biblical Hebrew Piel Stem
MetadataShow full item record
CitationBeckman, John Charles. 2015. Toward the Meaning of the Biblical Hebrew Piel Stem. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.
AbstractThe biblical Hebrew D stem (piel) seems to be inconsistent from verb to verb, both in its meaning and in its relationship to the G stem (qal). For example, the D stem has a higher valency than the G stem for some verbs (e.g., קדשׁ G 'to be holy', D 'to make holy'), whereas for other verbs, the G and D stems seem to be interchangeable (e.g., שׁבר־1 can be glossed 'to break' in both the G and D stems).
The dominant explanation for this is by Waltke and O'Connor (1990), who draw upon earlier work by Jenni (1968) and Goetze (1942). They posit that the D stem is factitive/resultative, meaning that it describes the subject causing a passive undersubject to enter a state without describing the process. Thus שׁבר־1, which means 'to break' (process) in the G stem, means 'to make broken' (resultative) in the D stem. By developing criteria to detect this distinction and by examining every occurrence of every verb in the Hebrew Bible, we found that the D stem has a process meaning far more often than a resultative meaning, contrary to Waltke and O'Connor's hypothesis. Furthermore, their hypothesis cannot explain verbs that lack a direct object in the D stem.
As an alternate explanation, Kouwenberg (1997, 2010) argued that the D stem originally expressed verbal intensity but then developed a variety of meanings, including verbal plurality and high semantic transitivity. In addition to having cross-linguistic support, this hypothesis also passed all three tests that we devised regarding its use in the Hebrew Bible: (1) The D stem adds an agent only to verbs that have low semantic transitivity in the G stem. (2) For verbs with roughly the same meaning in the D and G stems, the D stem is more likely in contexts that have high verbal plurality or (3) high semantic transitivity. Nevertheless, the difference in likelihood is often slight. Furthermore, the flexibility of Kouwenberg's explanation makes it difficult to falsify, even in theory. Therefore, the level of support for Kouwenberg's hypothesis is modest.
Citable link to this pagehttp://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:_PHONE_
- FAS Theses and Dissertations


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8-3/4 x 10-1/2
Inscribed stones and stone sculpture form the most prolific body of material evidence from early medieval Wales, c. AD 400–1100. Crucial to our understanding of the region's degree of continuity with the preceding Roman culture, Irish settlement, and the development of the early Welsh kingdoms, these Latin or Old Irish inscribed memorial stones instruct us on the language, literacy, and development of the church, among other areas. These two volumes allow us to identify a range of early medieval ecclesiastical sites within a wider landscape and the trace the church's patronage by the secular elite. Accompanied by more than 170 line drawings and elaborate illustrations, this corpus provides fresh new studies of these aspects, revised interpretations of the stones, and many previously unpublished and newly discovered examples.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This study proposed a new way to formulate a low energy super-sulfated cement (SSC) which can be used to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC) with high compressive strength and durability in terms of chloride penetration resistance. This innovative SSC, different from the traditional SSC, was purely produced with a ternary mixture of three industrial by-products of ground granulated blast furnace slag, low calcium Class F fly ash and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash and was denoted as SFC-SSC (super-sulfated cement made by mixture of slag, Class F fly ash and CFBC fly ash). Experimental results showed that the combination of a fixed amount of 15 wt.% of CFBC fly ash with various ratios of Class F fly ash to slag could be used to produce the hardened SCCs with high 28-day compressive strengths (41.8 - 65.6 MPa). Addition of Class F fly ash led to the resulting SCCs with lowered price and preferable engineering properties, and thus it was considered as state-of-the-art method to drive such type of concrete towards sustainable construction materials.
Super-sulfated cement (SSC), which is fabricated mostly without OPC, has been the research interest because of its low heat of hydration and superior resistance to chemical attacks. In the past decades, the SSC has been commonly used as one of commercial cements in Europe and India because when compared with the OPC manufacture, its manufacture is the simple, little consumption of natural material and energy and low carbon dioxide emissions -. Normally, the mixture of 80% - 85% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 10% - 15% sulfate activator (anhydrite or gypsum) and low amount of OPC (normally 5%) has been widely used for fabricating SSCs . For SSCs, because the glassy phases in slag are mostly monosilicates similar to those in Portland cement clinker, the slag particles will easily dissolve in low to mild alkaline solution and thus it plays a primary role as the main powder. However, the slag with large surface area and sharp particles cause the poor workability of the SSCs. Moreover, the cost of the SSCs is high due to the limited quantity of raw materials, such as slag required to include high alumina . To lower the cost of the SSC, the circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash has been used as activator instead of mixture of gypsum and OPC/hydrated lime used in traditional SSC . Similar to the conventional SSC, the SSCs triggered by CFBC fly ash also face the poor workability and the high cost because of high amount of slag. To reduce the cost of the SSC, the utilization of slag/fly ash blending powder triggered by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum was proposed . However, the negative effect of fly ash additive on the compressive strength of cement was also observed. Therefore, the challenge of fabricating the SSCs with reduced cost and increased mechanical property is always the goal to pursue better SSCs with 100% by-product wastes. This study proposes a new way to produce highstrength self-compacting concrete (SCC) with an innovative low energy SSC, which, different from the aforementioned SSC, is purely composed of a ternary mixture of three industrial solid by-products of ground granulated blast furnace slag (S), low calcium Class F fly ash (F) and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash (C). The addition of Class F fly ash in SFC-SSC (super-sulfated cement produced by mixture of slag, Class F fly ash and CFBC fly ash) is to improve both workability and mechanical properties of high-strength SFC-SSC concrete. According to the resulting mechanical and durability behaviors, the SFC-SSC concrete in this investigation challenges the conventional SCC concretes by eliminating the cost of OPC and reducing environmental impacts. This SFC-SSC concrete, therefore, is an important choice for the development of sustainability, as pointed out by Damtoft et al..
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials and Mix Proportions of SFC-SSC Concrete
The commercial Type I Portland cement in accordance to ASTM C150 was used as the reference binder. Mixture of Class F fly ash (FFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and CFBC fly ash (CFA) were used to produce the SFC-SSC. The chemical and mineral compositions of raw materials were shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively. Crushed natural stone with maximum size of 20 mm and river sand with fineness modulus (FM) of 2.9 were used as coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The specific gravities of sand and crushed stone are 2.65 and 2.67, and water absorptions are 0.8% and 1.0%, respectively. Both sand and crushed stone were carefully washed to ensure good binding in concrete mixtures.
Table 1. Physical properties and chemical compositions of three industrial solid by-products.
GGBFS: ground granulated blast furnace slag; FFA: Class F fly ash; CFA: circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash.
In this study, the CFA with a fixed 15 wt.% of the combined mixture of FFA and GGBFS was used to trigger the hydration of SFC-SSC. Five values of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 wt.% of FFA, as partial replacement for GGBFS by 0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 wt.%, were used to produce SFC-SSC. Flowable plain OPC concrete was cast for comparison. In addition, the concrete specimen using slag-CFA binder with an optimum mixture of 80 wt.% GGBFS and 20 wt.% CFA, as suggested by Dung, Chang, was also produced for comparison. The water to binder ratio (W/B) of SFC-SSC concrete was fixed at 0.3. The volume of paste and weight ratio of sand to mixture of sand and stone were fixed at 37.05% and 0.55, respectively. To control the workability of fresh concretes, Type G superplasticizer (SP) was used. The mix proportions of SFC-SSC concretes are shown in Table 2, where in the mixture designation, the characters F and C refer to the Class F fly ash (FFA) and CFBC fly ash (CFA), respectively. The numbers immediately following the characters represent the weight percentage of the materials used in the no-cement SFC binder.
2.2. Specimen Preparation and Test Methods
The property of fresh SFC-SSC concrete was adjusted in accordance with consistency and unconfined flow
Figure 1. XRD patterns of three industrial solid by-products.
Table 2. Mix proportions for self-compacting concrete (SFC-SSC concrete).
OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement; SP: Type G superplasticizer.
potential as suggested by ASTM C1611 and passing ability by J-Ring proposed by ASTM C1621. The cylindrical specimens of SFC-SSC concretes with diameter of 100 mm and length of 200 mm were cast for the tests of compressive strength in accordance to ASTM C39 and rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) in accordance to ASTM C1202. After 24 hours of curing in the molds at room temperature of 27˚C ± 2˚C, all specimens were removed and cured in the room temperature of 27˚C ± 2˚C and 65 % RH. To interpret the effect of mix proportion on the cost of the SFC-SSC concrete, the strength efficiency (SE) of concretes was calculated. The formula of the SE for the SFC-SSC concrete is assumed to be described as:
where,, and are the strength efficiency of SFC-SSC concretes, compressive strengths of concretes at testing time, and weight of GGBFS in a cubic mix proportion of concrete, respectively. Because the cost of GGBFS is higher than that of FFA or CFA, the decrease of cost of the SFC-SSC was associated with the increase of SE.
3. Results and Discussion
The fresh properties of the resulting SFC-SSC concretes are summarized in Table 3 and visually described in Figure 2. Table 3 shows that most of the SFC-SSC concretes illustrated the slump flow in range of 60 - 65 cm, as normally suggested for SCC manufacture. The increased FFA additive led to the increased flowability as demonstrated by the reducing amount of SP used. The visual stability index (VSI) values of the SFC-SSC concretes, based on ASTM C1611, were from 0 to 1 implies the accepted stability of the SFC-SSC concretes due to no segregation and bleeding (Figure 2). In this study, the SFC-SSC concretes with FFA additive had the excellent passing ability due to minor difference between slump flow and J-Ring flow (lower than 25 mm), which referred to no visible blocking. However, the SFC-SSC concretes without FFA additive had noticeable blocking during flowing because the difference between slump flow and J-Ring was beyond 25 mm. The increased CFA did not improve the fresh properties of the SFC-SSC concretes without FFA but


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The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine (Penn State) in Hershey, Pa., redesigned its programs to increase the number of generalist graduates and the number of residents entering primary care practice.
This project was part of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF) Generalist Physician Initiative, a national program that challenged schools of medicine to increase the supply of general internists, general pediatricians and family practitioners that they were training.
Under the Generalist Physician Initiative, Penn State accomplished the following:
- Established the Center for Primary Care.
- Established a statewide promotional campaign—the Penn State Primary Care Partnership.
- Implemented a tracking system to provide information on the career decisions of students, graduates and residents.
- Developed a Primary Care Pre-Admission Program to identify and recruit promising high school and undergraduate students.
- Developed a Primary Care Early Acceptance and Admissions Program to selectively admit students who seek to pursue primary care careers.
- Restructured the medical school curricula to emphasize more interdisciplinary, coordinated primary care courses.
- Emphasized and refocused the importance of primary care in the residency program.
- Established 12 community practice sites and trained some 350 preceptors to work with medical students and residents.


text:
Bleed a radiator
If your gas central heating isn't warming your home properly, or your radiators feel colder at the top than at the bottom, it could be because there are air bubbles trapped in the system. This means you need to bleed your radiators.
1. Turn off your central heating and wait for the radiator to cool down.
2. Find a radiator key. You can buy one cheaply from most hardware stores.
3. Look for a small valve at the top of one end of your radiator. Insert the key and turn it counter-clockwise to open the valve. You should hear a hissing sound as air escapes
4. Hold a kitchen towel or cloth under the key to catch any drips of water.
5. When a steady stream of water squirts through the valve, retighten it.


text:
Chemistry Of Different Amazonian Water Types For River Classification: A Preliminary Review
Free (open access)
17 - 28
E. A. Ríos-Villamizar, M. T. F. Piedade, J. G. Da Costa, J. M. Adeney & W. J. Junk
Water chemistry provides important parameters for the study of river ecology and management options of rivers and connected wetlands. Sioli, in the 1950s, established three water types (whitewater, blackwater and clearwater) for explaining limnological characteristics of the large Amazonian rivers, and related the physico-chemical parameters of these water types with the geological properties of their basins; a landscape ecology approach. Today, an increasing amount of hydrochemical data indicate that the chemical composition of Amazonian water bodies varies much more than assumed by Sioli. Nonetheless, due to its simplicity for describing the natural physico-chemical variability of Amazonian rivers, his classification is still valid. Our analysis, based in literature and field work, allowed to distinguish well among the three classical water types and to provide new preliminary insights about the limnological classification of Amazonian rivers in order to subsidize the sustainable management of water resources and wetlands. Keywords: Amazon basin, river classification, water hydrochemistry, landscape ecology.
Amazon basin, river classification, water hydrochemistry, landscape ecology


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StatusThe thesis was presented on the 15 June, 2007
Approved by NCAA on the 20 September, 2007
Abstract– 0.34 Mb / in romanian
0.85 Mb /
The purpose of this research thesis is conditioned by great lately transformations in psychological science, in direct link with increasing importance of interdisciplinary researches. It appeared the necessity of harmonious and practical applying in common of psychological, pedagogical and medical approaches related to the problem of recovering of children with hereditary mental diseases (HMD) in the context of scientific progress in genetics, medicine, pedagogy and psychology fields. Development amelioration resources of children with hereditary mental diseases represent some recovering and correction procedures, methodically applied by a crew of divers specialists in institutions and in families of affected children.
In the first chapter is presented diversity and historical evolution of approaches and attitudes of specialists in different profiles: numerous physicians (in psychiatry, genetics, neurology, pediatrics), psyho-pedagogues, psychologists, pedagogues, sociologists, biologists, philosophers etc. related to problem of HMD. Different forms, tips, functions, and causes of HMD, particularities of development of affected children are described and analyzed in first chapter.
Children affected by Down and X–fragile syndromes, two most frequent forms of hereditary mental diseases, are experimentally studied in second chapter. This experimental research includes children in first three years of age, from family and institutional environments. The process of development of children affected by hereditary mental diseases is profoundly analyzed in the perspective of three psychical basic behaviors: psycho-motorial, social-affective, cognitive-verbal.
In the last chapter of thesis is described the applying procedure of psychological, pedagogical and medical resources of development improvement of children with HMD. It is emphasized the importance of sooner diagnosis of hereditary mental diseases form and applying of models and resources of correction and recovering of affected children. Role of family (parents and relatives) is considered to be of maximal importance in achievement of some progress in development of children under three years of age. Methodic applying of development improvement resources to children with hereditary mental diseases can be more efficient if it is done as soon as possible by a team of divers specialists in collaboration with relatives and family of child.


text:
What Is the FileHippo Safety Guarantee?
# Bugs Fixed
* Performance: InnoDB: Improved the algorithm related to adaptive flushing. This fix increases the rate of flushing in cases where compression is used and the data set is larger than the buffer pool, leading to eviction.
* InnoDB: In a transaction using the REPEATABLE READ isolation level, an UPDATE or DELETE statement for an InnoDB table could sometimes overlook rows recently committed by other transactions. As explained in Section 188.8.131.52, "Consistent Nonlocking Reads", DML statements within a REPEATABLE READ transaction apply to rows committed by other transactions, even if a query could not see those rows.
* InnoDB: The Innodb_buffer_pool_pages_flushed status variable was incorrectly set to twice the value it should be. Its value should never exceed the value of Innodb_pages_written.
* InnoDB: The error handling and message was improved for attempting to create a foreign key with a column referencing itself. The message suggested a potential problem with the data dictionary, when no such problem existed.
* InnoDB: The CHECK TABLE statement could fail for a large InnoDB table due to a timeout value of 2 hours. For typical storage devices, the issue could occur for tables that exceeded approximately 200 or 350 GB, depending on I/O speed. The fix relaxes the locking performed on the table being checked, which makes the timeout less likely. It also makes InnoDB recognize the syntax CHECK TABLE QUICK, which avoids the possibility of the timeout entirely.
* Replication: It was theoretically possible for concurrent execution of more than one instance of SHOW BINLOG EVENTS to crash the MySQL Server.
* Replication: Statements using AUTO_INCREMENT, LAST_INSERT_ID(), RAND(), or user variables could be applied in the wrong context on the slave when using statement-based replication and replication filtering server options (see Section 16.2.3, "How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules").
* Replication: An INSERT into a table that has a composite primary key that includes an AUTO_INCREMENT column that is not the first column of this composite key is not safe for statement-based binary logging or replication. Such statements are now marked as unsafe and fail with an error when using the STATEMENT binary logging format. For more information, see Section 184.108.40.206, "Determination of Safe and Unsafe Statements in Binary Logging", as well as Section 220.127.116.11, "Replication and AUTO_INCREMENT".
- Note : Tables using the InnoDB storage engine are not affected by this issue, since InnoDB does not allow the creation of a composite key that includes an AUTO_INCREMENT column, where this column is not the first column in the key.
* SHOW TABLES was very slow unless the required information was already in the disk cache.


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What does the emoticon :0 mean in a text message? What's the meaning of ":0" when texting? Let me know what the abbreviation :0 stands for in online chat messaging slang or on Facebook and Twitter?
August 21, 2011
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:0 means "Surprised, shocked".
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Wed, 30 Dec 2020 20:35:39 -0500WeeblyMon, 04 Feb 2013 04:34:49 GMThttp://www.shailamorah.com/kriah-roundtable/proper-ponunciation-of-a-shva-at-the-beginning-of-a-wordWhich way the proper way to pronounce the Ois and Nekudah בְּ (Bais with a
Shva). Is it to be pronounced as the "be" in the word between (or more precisely b'tween), or as the "bu" in the word buttress, or as the "bi" in the word bittersweet. I've heard it all ways, and I've asked several Midakdikim. I would like to hear how Kriah Rabeim teach it.]]>
Thu, 24 Jan 2013 20:53:02 GMThttp://www.shailamorah.com/kriah-roundtable/shva-rulesPicture
The following question was recently posed in the Chinuch Chaburah Email:
Does anyone know where to find background information on the rules for Shva Na and Shva Nach? Are there simple formulas that Kriah teachers are using?
(MODERATOR: The Chinuch Chaburah is a publication of the esteemed Rabbi T.M.S.)
Well, I am not a Kriah teacher per say, but would like to answer this question.
If you open just about any תיקון קוראים there is a section at the beginning with
דקדוק rules. There are 2 commonly used סימנים for Shva Na rules which can be found there. The most common is א ב ג ד ה ו, my תיקון uses the less common:
א. Beginning of a word (like א in the Aleph Beis)
ב. Two Shva'im in a row.
ג. Tenuah Gedolah (That can be a post in and of itself.)
ד. Dagesh
ה. Hadomos-Same letters the first is Na(i.e. HaLIlu)
ו. Meseg-(looks like a vav)
ז. Zanav (Trop) the Shva after it is Na.
ח. Chataf the Chataf itself is a form of Shva Na
ט. T'amim (two trops on one word the first is also Na)
י. Yud after a vav Hamehapech like VaYIdaber (Machlokes)
Conspicuously absent from this list is Shva after a Hey Hayediyah, but that is really included in "Dagesh". (There are notable cases where there is no Dagesh but still Na - Hamevorach in barchu for example.)
Hope this helps...
C. Klien
Fri, 18 Jan 2013 05:37:07 GMThttp://www.shailamorah.com/kriah-roundtable/teaching-shva-rulesPicture
There are five main rules when a Shva is a Shva Nah (a'moving' Shva, meaning it is pronounced, and not 'blended' with the preceding letter). Most teach the rules this way:
 א)First – if the Shva appears as the first letter of the word, it is always a Shva Nah. ב)Two - If there are two Shvas in a row in the middle of a word, the second one is a Shva Nah. (If two Shvas appear at the end of a word, as in the word אַנְתְּ, they are both a Shva Nach.) ג) Gedolah – A Shva appearing directly after a Tenuah Gedolah is a Shva Nah. ד) Dagesh – A Shva under a letter with a Dagesh is a Shva Nah. ה) HaDomos – When two same letter appear next to each other, and the first one has a Shva, it is a Shva Nah, as in the word Hinine (הנני).
I would like to pose a question for Kriah Rebeim and Moros to ponder: Is it really necessary to expend so much time and energy on this Limud? Most modern day Siddurim are printed with a line above any Shva is a Shva Nah (except when at the beginning of a word, where it is unnecessary, since by nature it must be pronounced as a Shva Nah). Therefore, why bother loading the children with these rules when they will be better served by teaching them to look if it has a line above it or not?
I will qualify this a bit. There are two Shva Nah rules which seemingly can be taught very easily, and one that is a bit harder, but still relatively easy. Rules one and two are really quite easy. As mentioned before, rule one is natural. If the Shva is the first letter of the word, it must be pronounced. Thus, teaching this rule is a no-brainer. Rule two is also quite easy. Although when there are two Shvas at the end of the word, they are both pronounced as a Shva Nach, as in the word אַנְתְּ,when two Shvas appear in the middle of a word, it is more natural to 'blend'the first one (make it Nach), and pronounce the second one (make it Nah). Thus, these two rules are simple. Rule five (HaDomos) is also not too difficult. When you have two the same letter, and the first one has a Shva, it would be difficult to make it into a Shva Nach. Therefore, teaching that it is a Shva Nah is simple enough.
This brings us to rules three and four. Rule three is quite difficult, since the difference between Tenuah Gedolah and Tenuah Ketanah is a hard concept for youngsters. (MODERATOR: See post "To Nuah or not To Nuah, That is the Question" in the Kriah Roundtable by K. Gross) Therefore, teaching this rules would pose great difficulty, and I question if it is necessary, since looking for the line above the letter would do the trick. Rule four is not too difficult, since it is simple to look for the Dagesh. However, once looking, why not look for the line? In addition, some children do not realize that the Pintel (dot) in the Bais, Kof, Pay and Tof is considered a Dagesh. However, a line is a line is a line, etc.
And your opinion is...
K. Gross
Fri, 18 Jan 2013 05:27:20 GMThttp://www.shailamorah.com/kriah-roundtable/2Picture
When teaching Nekudos, is it common practice amongst the Yeshivishe/Litvishe Mosdos to teach which Nekudos are the Tenuos Gedolos and which are the Tenuos Ketanos, or not? I ask this not out of curiosity, but rather as a practical inquiry.
Most youngsters, I assume, would find this concept hard to understand. For them, it is difficult enough to master each sound and associate it with the given symbol. Adding the classification of Tenuah Gedolah and Tenuah Ketanah will surely burden them with extra baggage. My "Safek" is, is it really worth the extra pressure and anxiety to teach this concept to children at such a young age, when in all practicality is serves little in the way of their mastering Kriah?
 Although there is supposed to be a definitive difference between the Tenuos, where the Gedolos are considered as 'stronger', meaning the pronunciation is heavier, I find it hard to differentiate this in practice, and I'm pretty certain that children that are first learning Kriah do not master this concept. The Ashkenazi pronunciation does not lend itself to simple classification according to the sound of the Nekudah. Thus, the child learning to read, if he is taught the Tenuos, will probably have to learn and memorize them with little real understanding of the classifications. Yes, he can remember "PiTuChay ChoSam" (which must be explained, along with the correction of switching the Cheerik Maleh for the Cheerik Chuser, as explained in the Mishna Berurah), but this is not a simple piece of information for a beginner (especially since he probably does not recognize the words or know their spelling). Then, he must remember the 5 Tenuos which are left out, and classify them


Committal hearings
Committal hearings (also known as committal proceedings) are heard in the Magistrates' Court for indictable offences.
They occur after a person has been formally charged with an offence and either released on bail or held in remand. They mark the initiation of formal proceedings against an accused by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP).
Purpose of committal hearings
The purpose of these proceedings is for the Magistrate to determine whether the DPP has sufficient evidence to gain a conviction at trial in a higher court (i.e. whether there is a "prima facie" case). If the Magistrate deems that there is enough evidence for a conviction, he or she will commit the defendant to stand trial.
If there is insufficient evidence, the Magistrate can dismiss a case, and the defendant will be released. However, if further evidence is found, the defendant can be charged again.
Another purpose of committal hearings is to ensure efficiency in the operation of County and Supreme courts, as they will not have to waste time with weak prosecution cases.
There are two types of committal hearings:
 - Traditional method: prosecution witnesses give oral evidence in a courtroom under oath. As in a formal trial, these witnesses are examined and cross-examined. The defence may enter a plea, and occasionally call witnesses. However, the focus is on the prosecution.
 - Hand-up-brief method: prosecution witnesses give evidence through sworn written statements. This is the most common method of committal hearing.
See also:
Criminal pre-trial procedures
Bail and remand
Purposes of criminal pre-trial procedures


Accelermoter technology making its way into mobile handsets
New York, March 25: The technology used in Nintendo's popular WII video game console that lets you bowl strikes and hit tennis volleys is also making its way into mobile handsets.
Responding to a flick of the wrist or sweep of the arm, tiny sensors called accelerometers, which measure linear acceleration in the WIIMOTE game controller, translate motion into action on the screen, CNET news says.
When the technology is added to a cell phone, the handset's utility changes in several intriguing ways, it adds. it can, for example, function as a motion-sensing mouse that lets you browse the mobile internet by tilting the device left, right, up or down. It even can allow you to monitor a fitness workout by measuring the number of steps you take, your speed and the calories burned.
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We partner with organizations and individuals as they initiate change and encounter conflict.
Surprising solutions emerge when we effectively engage conflict. When people show respect and listen to each other's perspectives, it's possible to develop solutions that benefit everyone involved.
Our distinctive conflict engagement philosophy
Guiding principles drive our work:
- Innovation: The best practices from a range of disciplines guide our work. This multi-disciplinary approach allows us to constantly improve how we serve our clients.
- Learning:A commitment to learning and growth is essential to success. We encourage our clients to learn everything they can about conflict engagement and change management.We encourage them to have a renewed sense of curiosity as they apply their new knowledge to the complex challenges they face.
- Relationship-driven collaboration: Everyone must work together to successfully engage conflict. Relationships built on trust and respect serve as the foundation for effective collaboration.


How to Improve Reaction Time for Gaming
Avid gamers knowingly or unknowingly gain skills that they can use outside the gaming realm. There is a good reason for this. Gaming requires great motor skills, reaction time and quick reflex action. The coordination of the brain and the muscles is honed over time to perfection.
But first things first … what is reaction time? If you are driving a car and a pedestrian suddenly steps out on the road, your reaction time could save or kill that person. In gaming, reaction time is the length of time it takes you to react to visual or auditory stimuli in a game. It greatly determines whether you will win or lose.
Improving your reaction time is not easy. It takes many hours of practice on your computer, playing game after game. The improvements in your reaction time are so minimal such that you might not notice them. However, they are there alright. You can never be perfect in your reaction time. It is something that you build over years of playing.
4 main things that improve reaction time for gaming
These four things shall help take you from the slow zone to fast-as-lightning reaction time. Even if you have the best gaming equipment but you only play once a month, your reaction time will still be down there. That brings us to the first point.
Play consistently
The average reaction time of a human being when gaming is 215ms. However, several things can affect this, including the latency of your gaming mouse or keyboard.
The secret is to find one area where you need to improve and then work on that. Therefore, instead of playing consistently but on different games, try one game only, for several days. In fact, even playing a full game might not help that much. Isolate your skills and find out where you need the most practice.
While gaming, people respond to visual and auditory stimuli to make moves. Thus, if your ear cannot pick the sounds just right, get that headset on. Practice with your favorite games until you can catch the smallest of sounds from your game.
While gaming, the person with the fastest reaction time wins. Therefore, it is not always about how well you can play a game. It is how fast you can do it. Get a certain mission and practice on it purposely to shorten your reaction time.
Have enough sleep
Gaming is very much a thing of the mind. In fact, reaction time is all about how fast the brain can process commands. The brain regenerates itself while we sleep. If you have enough sleep, you can be alert, productive and attentive even to the smallest detail.
Sleep early after spending time practicing to improve your reaction time for gaming. That way, the brain will have time to analyze everything that you learned.
Create your playing room
Your reaction time is not going to improve much if you play in the living room when everyone is present. It will not improve with the children playing outside in the yard hollering their hearts out. You need to be very deliberate about your gaming hobby. Dedicate a room for gaming. It could even be your study. You can then soundproof it to keep out all the distractions.
Enhance the lighting in the room. A dim bulb will trick your mind that it is almost night and so your system starts shutting down slowly. A very bright bulb could affect your sight. Therefore, find a light that is specifically made for gaming.
When it is time for your hobby, close your door and put a no disturb sign if you have to. Get everything ready and wear your headsets.
Get the right gear
Gaming is as much about gear as it is about skill and experience. Skill and fastest reaction time will not do you much good if you have a computer that has high latency.
Here are some of the items that can help you enhance your gaming reaction time:
Headset – comfortable and light in weight
When you are playing your latest release of Call of Duty, you will need to shut out all the noise and all the distractions. In fact, a high quality headset is recommended for practice too to help you create an incredible reaction time.
Choose a headset that is specifically made for gaming. It should be light in weight, and it should also sit comfortably on your head. Make sure it covers your ears fully to keep in the gaming sounds and keep out all the noise.
Since you could sit for hours practicing on a certain map or mission to improve your reaction time, your headset should not be heavy.
Buy a gaming laptop
Gaming laptops are made to handle heavy graphics, display colors in vivid details and project sounds in the best way possible. That is why not every computer is good for gaming.
When you are practicing a fast hand for your gaming reaction time, you need a good computer with minimal latency. Latency is the delay between the time you type or key in a command and the time it is executed by the computer. To enhance your gaming reaction time, practice consistently with the computer that you will use to play.
Look for specs like a keyboard with backlight (for a laptop), at least 16GB of RAM, high SSD/HDD capacity, high screen resolution and long battery life. The hardware, software and drivers must be compatible with the game that you are using to practice to increase your reaction time.
Gaming mouse
Brands like Logitech make some of the best gaming peripherals. You need a high quality mouse to improve your gaming reaction time. Some people swear by wired gaming mouse, while others are wireless diehards.
Buy the right mouse for the right games. For example, an FPS mouse cannot be very useful when you are playing an MMO or MMORPG game.
High polling rate is better in a gaming mouse. It is usually 1000Hz. Although you might never use this high setting, get it. It will help you enhance your reaction time. Polling rate in a mouse means the number of times it communicates with the computer in one second.
Comfortable gaming chair
A regular office chair will not help you improve your gaming reaction time. Because you have to sit down for long hours to play your favorite games, a good chair is necessary because of back support, arm and head support.
A chair like RESPAWN RSP 110 gaming chair offers you excellent back, neck and arm support. It is also affordable, has a breathable back and nice padding on the lumbar region. You can sit on it for hours without feeling any strain. When you are comfortable, you can work on maps and missions that can enhance your reaction time. Its not just about gaming gear, even small stuff like the shoes you are wearing. The point is ensure you are comfortable when playing.
Gaming desk
Today, we have desks that are specifically made for computer gaming. Some people do not consider this as a must-have, but if you are serious about gaming, it can help bump up your reaction time. Try something like the Need Gaming Desk that has some exciting features like RGB mouse pad, cupholder, cable access, matte black frame and a nicely finished top.
It is quite possible to take your reaction time for gaming from 400ms to 200ms. You just need to practice consistently and buy the right gear for gaming. If you do not see any improvement in a few weeks, keep working on it. It takes time and it is hardly measurable.
Originally posted 2021-01-19 08:39:43.
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Mem_Fac_Eng_OU_44_13.pdf 547 KB
Sugaya Yasuyuki Department of Information and Computer Sciences Toyohashi University of Technology
A new numerical scheme is presented for computing strict maximum likelihood (ML) of geometric fitting problems having an implicit constraint. Our approach is orthogonal projection of observations onto a parameterized surface defined by the constraint. Assuming a linearly separable nonlinear constraint, we show that a theoretically global solution can be obtained by iterative Sampson error minimization. Our approach is illustrated by ellipse fitting and fundamental matrix computation. Our method also encompasses optimal correction, computing, e.g., perpendiculars to an ellipse and triangulating stereo images. A detailed discussion is given to technical and practical issues about our approach.
Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University
Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University
|Eprints Journal Name||


Stand Up for California's Clean Air Policies
Tell Scott Pruitt to leave California's pollution prevention programs alone.
Write to Scott Pruitt
Scott Pruitt intends to use his position at the Environmental Protection Agency to take away California's ability to make its own clean air policies. This move could lead to much higher levels of pollution locally and exacerbate problems like smog. At the same time, it would contribute to global climate change, because California has stricter air quality standards than many other places in the U.S.
Stand with the Environmental Defense Fund and write Scott Pruitt a letter telling him to not mess with California's clean air policies.


text:
Conflict Free Living: How To Build Healthy Relationships For Life by Joyce Meyer is about purging strife out of life and replacing it with peace and a continuing state of well being. Meyer reviews all of the various human negations like bitterness, fear, hate, anger, rebellion, unrest and negativity. At bottom, strife and stress are very similar. Both take a huge toll on our health and sense of well being.
The alternative is to embrace peace as a condition precedent to living a stress free life with fewer illnesses and psychological maladies. Meyer points out how every relationship needs to reduce unnecessary strife and stress in order to keep afloat.
Another important step come with replacing pride with deep humility. Even our language needs to be toned down because the right words can put out fires instead of starting or inflaming them. Unhappiness in a life or even a marriage can be manifested in a whole variety of negations like overeating, drinking and other bad but controllable habits.
Meyer addresses child-rearing by stating that we need to accept children for who they are. This is a superior strategy to re-shaping them into our own vision of how we would like them to grow up.
Conflict Free Living describes the destructive effects that conflict and uncontrolled dissent can have on life itself. Recognizing the foundations of strife is half the battle to effective containment and longer term happiness in relationships.


5 reasons why media outlets should invest in data journalism
The benefit of data journalism cannot necessarily be measured in clicks or likes. Its advantages are rather qualitative than quantitative – but investment will pay off, in the long run. Here's why.
 1. Create news instead of covering it
 By analyzing data for trends, patterns and outliers, data journalism allows you to find stories no one else has. And whereas all of your competitors source on the same news agencies as you do, data-driven stories are (at least for some time) unique to your media outlet. Data journalism can uncover story angles you didn't even know existed before and will make your company stand out from others – thereby helping you to (re)gain relevance.
 2. Add credibility in the age of fake news
 Being open and critical about the data you used and by making your methodology transparent so others can replicate what you did, will add to your credibility. If we want to win over Fake News we should provide our users with as much detail as possible on how our stories are formed.
 3. Hold the powerful accountable
 Three centuries back, the press was coined as the Forth Estate. If we want to live up to that term, data journalism can help hold the powerful accountable: Not only by following the money trail, but also by fact-checking whether policy goals are reached or whether politicians kept their promises, data can add factual arguments.
 4. Ask better informed questions
 Journalists too tend to believe in scientific studies or statistical reports. But data is never neutral. It's always gathered by someone (with a potential bias) for a certain purpose (with a potential intent) in a certain way (with the potential to not capture reality in its full extent). The means of data journalism allow you to find other data sources, gather your own data, re-run the analysis of others – comparing the results and challenge conclusions being made can help you make a more realistic assessment for your audience.
 5. FOMO: Many are doing it already
 This is a cheap argument, but if the above ones don't work, maybe we can count on your fear of missing out? Many media outlets do believe data journalism has a clear return on investment, so you need to join the game if you don't want to be left behind.
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Gianna Grün
Gianna-Carina Gruen is a freelance data journalist, currently building Deutsche Welle's data journalism unit. She also works for the interactive background magazine "Der Kontext", where she explores non-linear storytelling.
(Foto: C. Schmitt)
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Massive scale, breathtaking data-driven visualisation at CeBit 2014
I sometimes come across data visualisations that takes my breath away. This is one. Created by the design house Kram/Weisshaar for the CeBit 2014 computer expo in Hannover. Wish I was there.
It is of course the sheer size that makes an impact, but the visualisations themselves are amazing, the amount of data accessed mindblowing, and the integration of visuals and the physical space exemplary. Here is a quote from the designers themselves:
…repository of human culture and activity, able to tackle and articulate the complexity, breadth and depth of the information available within virtual spaces. A 3.000 square meter, floor-to-ceiling terapixel graphic makes manifest the largesse of Big Data, the theme of this year's CODE_n. The designers imagine systems beyond human perception and use custom code to plot massive amounts of data on spectacular canvases.
big data visualisation
big data visualisation
Yes, this is real data, from a huge amount of sources. The images almost speaks for themselves, though I wish I could findmore detailed photographs.
"Gigantic scales representing human knowledge from 1088 to 2008. Using Google Book archive of 4 billion pages and hundred of search terms related to politics, economics, engineering, science, technology, math and philosophy. This in sum demonstrates our histories, beliefs, concepts, theories and inventions."(excerpt from Kram/Weisshaar pages.)
"Hydrosphere hyperwall shows the global oceans as dynamic pathways. Sea climate, data-collecting mini-robots and ocean creatures; and current systems. Using massive amounts of satellite and on-ocean data interwoven with oceanic big data to describe forces, flow, wind directions." (excerpt from Kram/Weisshaar pages.)
"The ultimate complex network, the human brain. Extracted from MRIs, millions of fibre bundles, neural connections and white matter tracts are visualised. Including anomalies such as tissue damage in Alzheimer patients, to the neural basis of morality." (excerpt from Kram/Weisshaar pages.)
Have an opinion!


text:
Firesetting. Illustrated by Agricola in the 1550s, this picture shows the technique of firesetting which has been used from prehistoric times to fairly recently as a way of softening rock. Fires are lit against the rock and the action of heat softens the rock. It is often said that the miners would then throw water over the rock to fracture it but given the risk from smoke and rock fragments, this seems unlikely.
(Left.) Pillar Mine. The entrance section of Pillar Mine is rounded and smooth, classic signs of firesetting. Alderley Edge was covered with scrub and small trees which would have provided good material for fires. There is no proof that firesetting was used here as the site has been heavily disturbed by visitors through the centuries. The blackening of the rock is recent and cannot be taken as an indication of firesetting.
Copyright DCC and Nigel Dibben: 2013
Last updated: 07/05/2010
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Johann Gottfried von Herder (_PHONE_) was a German poet, critic, and philosopher.
Herder's critical writings indicated his intuitive rather than reasoning trend of thought. He collected folk songs and poetry of all nations, published as Summen der Volker in Liedern / Voices of the People in Song (1778), and in the Ideen zur Philosophic der Geschichte der Menschheit / Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man (_PHONE_) he outlined the stages of human cultural development.
He gave considerable impulse to the Romantic Sturm und Drang / Storm and Stress movement in German literature.
Why is Johann Gottfried Herder famous?
Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher, poet and literary critic.


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Map of flight path and driving directions from Dallas to Yuma.
Shortest flight path between Dallas Love Field (DAL) and Yuma International Airport (YUM).
How far is Yuma from Dallas?
There are several ways to calculate distances between Dallas and Yuma. Here are two common methods:Vincenty's formula (applied above)
- 1032.712 miles
- 1661.988 kilometers
- 897.402 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 1030.547 miles
- 1658.505 kilometers
- 895.521 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance – the shortest distance between two points).
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Dallas and Yuma is 1 hour. Yuma is 1 hour behind Dallas.
Carbon dioxide emissions
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What is fragmentation short answer?
Fragmentation is the breaking of the body into parts and then the organism develops all the parts of the body. The fragmentation is the type of reproduction in lower organisms. The fragments which are produced can develop into new organisms.
What is fragmentation with diagram?
During the process of fragmentation, a fragment of the parent forms a new being. It occurs when a shoot that is rooted becomes detached from the main group. Multicellular organisms with simple body organization can divide or reproduce by fragmentation. But, it cannot be used by all multi-cellular organisms.
What is fragmented?
1 : broken or separated into distinct parts Another fragmented language group is the Austroasiatic family, whose most widely spoken languages are Vietnamese and Cambodian.—
Where do you use critical thinking?
A simple rule to determine whether you should employ critical thinking in a given situation is when the result of a problem, initiative, goal, or circumstance (a headscratcher) is substantial. In other words, use critical thinking when the outcome makes a significant difference in your business or personal situation.
What is fragmentation give example?
fragmentation is a method of Asexual Reproduction, where the body of the organism breaks into smaller pieces, called fragments and each segment grows into an adult individual. ❤. Examples: Hydra, Spirogyra, etc.
What does mean by fragmentation?
Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting—breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. The verb fragmentate, which comes from fragmentation, means the same thing as the verb fragment—to separate something into parts or to break it into fragments.
What is the difference between fragmentation and regeneration?
Fragmentation occurs when an organism literally breaks off from itself. The broken fragments of the organism grow into individual separate organisms. On the other hand, regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction where the organism is capable of regrowing certain parts of its body when it loses them.
What is another word for fragmented?
Fragmented Synonyms – WordHippo Thesaurus….What is another word for fragmented?
What is an example of fragmentation?
Fragmentation is observed in nonvascular plants as well, for example, in liverworts and mosses. Small pieces of moss "stems" or "leaves" are often scattered by the wind, water or animals. If a moss fragment reaches a suitable environment, it can establish a new plant.
How do you become a linear thinker?
Linear thinkers use information they have learned from one situation to apply it to another situation in order to solve problems. They use consistency, rules, formulas or patterns to make decisions in life.
What is another name for thinking?
What is another word for thinking?
What is called budding?
Budding, in biology, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism. In some species buds may be produced from almost any point of the body, but in many cases budding is restricted to specialized areas.
Why is fragmentation not possible in humans?
Fragmentation is not possible in all multicellular organisms because : Different levels of complexity is found in different multicellular organisms. Specialised tissues are organised as tissues, and tissues are organized into organs. These need to placed at definite positions in the body.


Home > Research > Publications & Outputs > Soluble iron sulfide species in natural waters:...
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Soluble iron sulfide species in natural waters: reappraisal of their stoichiometry and stability constants.
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal article
Issue number1
Number of pages21
Pages (from-to)23-43
Original languageEnglish
A wide range of stoichiometries has been previously proposed for soluble iron sulfide species and there is no general agreement on their importance in natural waters. The solubility of Fe(II) in 0.1 M NaClO4 equilibrated at 20 - 0.1°C with various partial pressures of H2S (0.1, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001 MPa) was measured in the pH range 3.1-7.9. Equilibrium was established within 1-6 h when amorphous FeS was the solid phase. The results could all be fitted using values for the solubility product constant (I = 0) of p*Ks = 3.00 - 0.12 and of the stability constant for a soluble Fe(HS) 2 species (I = 0) of p#2 = -6.45 - 0.12 where *Ks = aFe2+ · aHS-/aH+ and #2 = aFe(HS) 2/aFe2+ · (aHS-)2. Any soluble species of the form Fex (HS) 2x where x = &gif1; would fit the data equally well. Measurements at different partial pressures are inconsistent with labile species of the form FexSx. There was no evidence for a Fe(HS) + species. When a solution is saturated with respect to amorphous FeS, Fe(HS) 2 will only be a significant proportion of Fe(II) when S(-II) is higher than 0.2mmoll-1. The constants for Fe(HS) 2 or Fex (HS) 2x (x S 2) are consistent with all freshwater data where constant values of measured ion activity products provide no evidence for soluble complex formation. For marine waters with high sulfide concentrations (S 6mmol l-1), measured concentrations of Fe(II) are consistent with there being negligible soluble iron sulfide. The data are better fitted if the dissolved species are polymeric as predicted concentrations of the monomer Fe(HS) 2 are significant. These findings suggest that rather than the dissolved species being Fe(HS) 2, it is probably polymeric, that is Fex (HS) 2x (x S 2).


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Legend has it that ice tea was first introduced during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904 because of an unusual heat wave that summer.
As the global trend of ice tea consumption gathers steam (it used to be a purely American phenomenon with 75% of all ice tea consumed in the US), more questions emerge regarding whether the benefits of regular tea consumption translate to drinking ice tea.
As it turns out, not all methods of making ice tea are created equal and the flavonoids content may vary widely. Most research points to freshly brewed hot tea as the best way to get the full range of benefits from the polyphenols contained in various teas.
The way to preserve most of the benefits of hot tea in your cold beverage is to chill it in the refrigerator. What does have a negative impact on the polyphenol content in ice tea is, ironically, the addition of ice. The latter causes the polyphenols to form an insoluble substance, which significantly reduces its bioavailability.
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A little boy loses his neighbor's dog inside the mysterious garden of Abdul Gasazi, who tells the boy that he has turned the dog into a duck. But when the boy returns home he finds the dog waiting for him on the porch. Gasazi was playing a trick on the boy - or was he? (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Reading, 2005)
This lesson was created as part of the Basal Alignment Project, during which teachers created CCSS-aligned lessons for existing literary and information texts in basal readers. All page numbers and unit/week designations found in this lesson relate to the edition of the basal reader named above. If you are using a trade book or different edition of this title, the page/unit/week references in this lesson will not match. Consult the content referenced in the body of the lesson to determine appropriate page numbers for your text.


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The school is intended to give a general overview of modern methods in electron crystallography with a strong accent on electron diffraction tomography. The students will learn basics of crystallography, image and diffraction pattern formation in a transmission electron microscope and most common methods of structure analysis using electron scattering data. Two transmission electron microscopy (TEM) labs are available in order to get an extended experience in diffraction tomographic data acquisition – at the Technical University of Darmstadt and the University of Mainz. Diverse data processing approaches will be presented during afternoon seminars. With the knowledge gained from the school the participants will be able to run tomographic experiments on their own and have a deep understanding of data processing upon their return to the home institution.
Basic crystallographic or TEM knowledge is desired; nevertheless both topics will be covered in a deep and deductive way. Students from diverse fields (chemistry, physics, biology, etc.) are encouraged to apply.


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— NYT Archives (_USER_) September 18, 2014
It cost one cent, was only four pages long, and was then called The New York Daily Times, but on Sept. 18, 1851, The New York Times published its first issue.
As Robert McFadden wrote in 2001, when the paper celebrated its sesquicentennial,
Beginnings are apt to be inauspicious, and so they were in 1851 with Henry Jarvis Raymond's little newspaper. But over the last 150 years, as the nation endured wars, depressions, terror attacks and often painful political, economic and cultural growth, that paper survived competitive challenges, even brushes with death, and prospered beyond its founders' wildest dreams.
Here are some related resources for teaching with The Times and for learning more about its history:
- Learning Network | Activity Sheet: Page 1 Bingo Game (PDF)
- Learning Network | Teaching With Any Day's Times
- Learning Network | Student Crossword: New York Times History
- Learning Network | New York Times Features Every Teacher Should Know About
- Times Topics Page | The New York Times
- 2001 Article | The Times at 150: The Story So Far


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THERE may be one more culprit to add to the long list of possible reasons for the rise in asthma and other allergies: birth by Caesarean section.
A study of 865 babies found that the 147 born by Caesarean suffered more digestive problems, and nearly twice as many developed food intolerances - both signs of inappropriate immune reactions (
"There may be long-term risks of Caesareans we've not considered before," says team member Sibylle Koletzko of the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany. "I would discourage it for all non-medical reasons."
The explanation might be that babies born by Caesarean do not get a chance to swallow beneficial bacteria during birth; colonisation of the gut plays a key role in the development...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


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The continuing dispersion of international metropolitan areas is illustrated by recently released 2011 Census of India preliminary data for the Mumbai "larger" metropolitan area. The historical core, the "island" district of Mumbai (Inner Mumbai) lost population between 2001 and 2011, while all growth was in suburban areas outside the historic core. Indeed, since 1981, Inner Mumbai lost 140,000 residents, while suburban areas gained 13.2 million.
The larger metropolitan area is defined by district boundaries, the census division level below that of the state. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority has a more "tight" definition, composed of smaller administrative units (municipalities), however that data is not yet available on the internet (Note). The larger metropolitan area includes four districts, two of which compose the city of Mumbai, Inner Mumbai (the historic core), and Outer Mumbai. The larger metropolitan area also includes the district of Thane, which is to the east and north of Mumbai and the district of Raigarh, which is to the south of Mumbai. The overwhelming majority of growth outside the city of Mumbai has been in Thane, which is accessible by land and bridge to Mumbai. Raigarh is less accessible from Mumbai and requires travel through Thane to reach.
The historic population trends of these four districts are described below. The evolution of the Mumbai urban form is illustrated by the following:
(1) The population growth rate peaked first in the core, Inner Mumbai, Outer Mumbai later and then fell substantially. Recent growth has been concentrated in the outlying districts of Thane and Raigarh. Figure 1 shows the population growth rate by district for each decade since the 1901 census.
(2) Much of the population growth was in Inner Mumbai until 1961. From 1961 through 1981, the bulk of the population growth moved to Outer Mumbai. By the 1981 to 1991 period, Thane emerged to virtually equal Outer Mumbai in its share of growth and has been dominant since 1991. Figure 2 indicates the share of the larger metropolitan area growth by district since 1901.
(3) The population of Inner Mumbai has risen comparatively little since 1961, with nearly all growth occurring first in Outer Mumbai and later in Thane. These two suburban areas now account for 90 percent of the larger metropolitan area population, double the 44 percent of 1961. Figure 3 illustrates the actual population, by district, of the larger metropolitan area from 1901 to 2011.
Inner Mumbai: The historic core (Inner Mumbai) registered 3.146 million residents, down from 3.327 million in 2001. The historic core now contains only 12 percent of the larger metropolitan area population, down from 40 percent in 1961, adding approximately 375,000 residents during that forty year stretch. Overall, since 1960, the island district has captured only 2 percent of the larger metropolitan area growth. This contrast with the period before 1951; Inner Mumbai had captured approximately 60 percent of the larger metropolitan region population growth between 1931 and 1941, and 49 percent between 1941 and 1951. However, Inner Mumbai's share dropped to a 26 percent share in 1951 to 1961 and an 11 percent share in _PHONE_. This is consistent with the overall trend in urban core population growth in metropolitan areas around the world, with population stalling or even declining once there is little greenfield land remaining for development. Inner Mumbai had lost population in the _PHONE_ census period, however recovered to reach its population peak in 2001. The 2011 population for Inner Mumbai was the lowest since the 1971 census. These population losses have occurred despite an unprecedented building boom of high-rise residential towers.
Outer Mumbai: The Mumbai Suburban district (Outer Mumbai) became a part of the city of Mumbai through a 1950 consolidation. As Inner Mumbai became fully developed, population growth shifted sharply to Outer Mumbai. By 2011, Outer Mumbai grew to 9.33 million residents, an increase of 7.95 million from its 1961 total of 1.38 million. Outer Mumbai captured 41 percent of the larger metropolitan area growth from 1961 to 2011. However, as the supply of greenfield land has been reduced, Outer Mumbai's growth has also slowed considerably. In each of the three decades from 1941 to 1971, Outer Mumbai grew by more than 100 percent. Outer Mumbai attracted only 19 percent of the larger metropolitan area growth, down from a 58 percent peak in the _PHONE_ period. The 2001-2011 increase of 744,000 (8.7 percent) was the lowest since the _PHONE_ census period, and was substantially below the 27.2 percent from rate from 1991 to 2001.
Thane: During the last 10 years, Thane has become the largest district in the Mumbai larger metropolitan area, with a population of 11.1 million, passing Outer Mumbai. Thane is now the largest district in India. In 2001 Thane had 8.1 million residents in 2001 and grew 35 percent to 2011. This, however, is down from a 55 percent growth rate between 1991 and 2001, reflecting a decline in the overall growth rate of the larger metropolitan area (see below). Thane has steadily increased its share of growth in the larger metropolitan area, from 24 percent between 1961 and 1971 to 55 percent between 1991 and 2001. Thane reached a peak in the 2001-2011 census period, capturing 74 percent of the larger metropolitan area growth. Since 1961, Thane has captured 49 percent of the growth in the larger metropolitan area and added 9.4 million residents. In each of the last two census periods, Thane has added 2.9 million residents, equal nearly to the population of the urban core, Inner Mumbai.
Raigarh: More remote from the core, Raigarh has experienced considerably slower growth than Thane, and until recently slower than Outer Mumbai. Raigarh grew 19 percent, from 2.21 million in 2001 to 2.64 million in 2011, an increase of 19 percent. This was the only census period since 1901 in which Raigarh grew more quickly than Outer Mumbai. Raigarh accounted for 11 percent of the larger metropolitan area growth between 2001 and 2011 and 8 percent since 1960. Raigarh added approximately 1.575 million residents from 1961 to 2001, more than four times that of larger Inner Mumbai (the urban core).
Overall Population Growth: Consistent with the general population growth rate declines witnessed in less affluent nations, the Mumbai larger metropolitan area is growing less quickly than in previous decades. Between 2001 and 2011, the area grew 17.3 percent, which is down from 30.9 percent between 1991 and 2001. The greatest growth had been between 1941 and 1951 (49 percent), with rates from 30 percent to 39 percent in each of the decades from 1951 to 1991 (Figure 4).
Mumbai: Penultimate Density, Yet Representative: The core urban area (area of continuous urban development) of Mumbai represents approximately 80 percent of the larger metropolitan area population. Mumbai is the third most dense major urban area in the world at nearly 65,000 residents per square mile (25,000 per square kilometer), trailing Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Hong Kong. Yet even at this near penultimate density, Mumbai exhibits the general trends of dispersion and declining density that are occurring in urban areas around the world, from the most affluent to the least. In the two Mumbai city districts, as in other megacities, housing has become so expensive that population growth is being severely limited. Overall, the Mumbai larger metropolitan area may also be experiencing slower growth as smaller metropolitan areas outperform larger ones, a trend identified in a recent report by the McKinsey Global Institute. Finally, the over-crowded, slum conditions that prevail for more than one-half of the city's residents could be instrumental in driving growth to more the distant suburbs of Thane and Raigarh.
Note: This "larger metropolitan area" definition is consistent with the cruder US Bureau of the Census delineation for metropolitan areas, which is based upon counties (in 44 states), rather than tighter definitions, such as municipalities or census tracts.
Photo: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly Victoria Terminus, Mumbai (by author)
Wendell Cox is a Visiting Professor, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris and the author of "War on the Dream: How Anti-Sprawl Policy Threatens the Quality of Life"


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Vic. Essential Learning Standards
Connect to: Vic. Essential Learning Standards
This website provides an overview of the new approach to Victorian curriculum from Prep to Year 10. The new Standards replace the Curriculum and Standards Framework (CSF) as the basis for curriculum and assessment in Victorian schools from 2006. The Standards have been developed by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) through extensive consultation and collaboration with education sectors and the broader community.


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The article shows the activities of Polish archaeological services and Polish-Ukrainian relations in archaeolgy in eastern Little Poland and Volhynia (today western Ukraine) in the years _PHONE_. The Second Polish Republic created new organizational structures for protection of archaeological remains. In 1920 the State Board of Inspectors of Prehistoric Remains was formed. In 1928 its responsibilities were taken over by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA). The PMA was the largest and most important archaeological institution in Poland at the years _PHONE_, with a wide range of responsibilities. After the Second World War, archaeologists at the PMA studied most of the material from western Ukraine which was to be found in the Museum's collection.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - "Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information".


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Modellansatz: Banach-Tarski Paradox
Banach Tarski ParadoxonLaden...
Nicolas Monod teaches at the École polytechnique fédérale in Lausanne and leads the Ergodic and Geometric Group Theory group there. In May 2016 he was invited to give the Gauß lecture of the German Mathematical Society (DMV) at the Technical University in Dresden. He presented 100 Jahre Zweisamkeit – The Banach-Tarski Paradox. The morning after his lecture we met to talk about paradoxes and hidden assumptions our mind makes in struggling with geometrical representations and measures.
A very well-known game is Tangram. Here a square is divided into seven pieces (which all are polygons). These pieces can be rearranged by moving them around on the table, e.g.. The task for the player is to form given shapes using the seven pieces – like a cat etc.. Of course the Tangram cat looks more like a flat Origami-cat. But we could take the Tangram idea and use thousands or millions of little pieces to build a much more realistic cat with them – as with pixels on a screen. In three dimensions one can play a similar game with pieces of a cube. This could lead to a LEGO-like three-dimensional cat for example. In this traditional Tangram game, there is no fundamental difference between the versions in dimension two and three.
But in 1914 it was shown that given a three-dimensional ball, there exists a decomposition of this ball into a finite number of subsets, which can then be rearranged to yield two identical copies of the original ball. This sounds like a magical trick – or more scientifically said – like a paradoxical situation. It is now known under the name Banach-Tarski paradox. In his lecture, Nicolas Monod dealt with the question: Why are we so surprised about this result and think of it as paradoxical?
One reason is the fact that we think to know deeply what we understand as volume and expect it to be preserved under rearrangements (like in the Tangram game, e.g.).Then the impact of the Banach-Tarski paradox is similar for our understanding of volume to the shift in understanding the relation between time and space through Einstein's relativity theory (which is from about the same time). In short the answer is: In our every day concept of volume we trust in too many good properties of it.
It was Felix Hausdorff who looked at the axioms which should be valid for any measure (such as volume). It should be independent of the point in space where we measure (or the coordinate system) and if we divide objects, it should add up properly. In our understanding there is a third hidden property: The concept "volume" must make sense for every subset of space we choose to measure. Unfortunately, it is a big problem to assign a volume to any given object and Hausdorff showed that all three properties cannot all be true at the same time in three space dimensions. Couriously, they can be satisfied in two dimensions but not in three.
Of course, we would like to understand why there is such a big difference between two and three space dimensions, that the naive concept of volume breaks down by going over to the third dimension. To see that let us consider motions. Any motion can be decomposed into translations (i.e. gliding) and rotations around an arbitrarily chosen common center. In two dimensions the order in which one performs several rotations around the same center does not matter since one can freely interchange all rotations and obtains the same result. In three dimensions this is not possible – in general the outcomes after interchanging the order of several rotations will be different. This break of the symmetry ruins the good properties of the naive concept of volume.
Serious consequences of the Banach-Tarski paradox are not that obvious. Noone really duplicated a ball in real life. But measure theory is the basis of the whole probability theory and its countless applications. There, we have to understand several counter-intuitive concepts to have the right understanding of probabilities and risk. More anecdotally, an idea of Bruno Augenstein is that in particle physics certain transformations are reminiscent of the Banach-Tarski phenomenon.
Nicolas Monod really enjoys the beauty and the liberty of mathematics. One does not have to believe anything without a proof. In his opinion, mathematics is the language of natural sciences and he considers himself as a linguist of this language. This means in particular to have a closer look at our thought processes in order to investigate both the richness and the limitations of our models of the universe.
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With over 3000 recorded plant species, including 180 endemic, it's not surprising that the spring months of June and July are a spectacular festival of wild flowers, trees and plants, in the central Pyrenees. The pastures and mountainsides are completely carpeted with a variety of stunning plants and flowers, creating a cacophony of colour. This is one of our favourite times of year to walk out here. Be warned though – walking holidays at this time of year can be slow at times, as people try to capture the beauty of flower-filled meadows and mountains on camera!
We've listed and described some of the plants and flowers you are most likely to see while walking in the French High Pyrenees, although, of course, this list is not extensive. There are also several uniquely Pyrenean species such as the Pyrenean saxifrage, the Pyrenean iris, the Pyrenean blue thistle, and the ramonda, which can only be found here, in the Pyrenees.
The Pyrenean tree-line can reach as high up as 2600m on the southern slopes of the Neouvielle massif. The highest altitude trees are the Pyrenean mountain pines (pinus uncinata or Pinus mugo), with their distinctive hooked tips on their cone scales. Black pines (pinus negra) can be found up to 2100m and then as you move lower down you can find Scots pine, beech, silver fir, birch and poplar. Below 1000m, the trees vary even more, with maple, hornbeam, sweet chestnuts and oaks.
Trumpet Gentiane, Gentiana kochiana (also known as Gentiana acaulis) (French: Gentiane de Koch)
This small gentian is native to central and Southern group and can be found here in the Pyrenees up to 3,000m. It has evergreen leaves which form a rosette, from which the trumpet shaped flower emerges. A perennial plant you can often see its blue flowers and their olive-green throats basking directly in the spring and summer sun.
Sundew or round-leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia
This carnivorous plant has its basal leaves arranged in a rosette, with a long stem that ends in a white or pink flower. The average plant has a diameter of 3 to 5 cm, with the flower having five petals and slender, tapered, light brown seeds. Thriving in wetlands, you can find it in sunny places.
Pyrenean Buttercup Ranunculus pyrenaeus
One of the first flowers of the spring, the Pyrenean Buttercup can sometimes be seen before the snow has even melted!
Rose Daphne Daphne cneorum
This shrub is named for it's smell rather than appearance, as it gives off a sweet and very rose-like aroma.