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You can clean by yourself your butcher block table tops, of course it will be very important to do because it is helpful very much adding nicer look in your room. Monetarily fabricated butcher block was presented in the 1880s as a sterile option to the conventional utilization of blocks slice from trees on which to cut meats. Hard maple turned into a favored surface for its strength and tight wood grains. Modern butcher block table tops is solid and alright for nourishment readiness and is accessible in sizes from little slicing sheets to full-kitchen table tops.
1. Purge butcher block table tops completely with dish-washing cleanser and water after each one utilization. Wood assimilates nourishment smells, oils and microbes from crude meat making it basic to legitimately clean.
2. Blend a gentle arrangement of 1 tbsp. fade into 1 gallon of warm water. Wash the table top with a clean wipe, flush, then wipe dry to further scrub microscopic organisms.
3. Stains butcher block table top with lemon juice. Flush and wipe dry.
4. Shake salt onto adamant stains and after that rub with the cut edge of a large portion of a lemon. For harder stains, attempt 3-percent hydrogen peroxide blended with water. Wash altogether and wipe dry.
5. Scratch the butcher block table tops each one night with a metal spatula or scrubber to evacuate waiting smells or stains.


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The Azuero Earth Project believes that environmental education starts with the kids! Each year as part of our Educational Initiative, AEP develops didactic games, interactive activities, experiments, videos, and presentations to reinforce environmental themes in six schools in the Azuero Peninsula. Through a full day of activities, students review previously learned topics, as well as learn new themes. We kicked off the initiative this year in Los Asientos, where lesson material focused on Organic Agriculture.
- Nitrogen Cycle Game – Acting as a nitrogen atom, students traveled to different stations of the atmosphere, filling out their "nitrogen passport" with different stamps in order to understand the Nitrogen Cycle
- Soil ExperimentStudents tested sand, clay, and compost to understand water filtration and soil types.
- Crop RotationActing as land owners, students decided what to plant for the following 5 years in order to maximize production AND soil health.
- Making CompostStudents learned the principles of decomposition and then headed out the garden to mix up a batch of compost
- Building Raised BedsAfter talking about water retention and erosion, students built raised beds in their garden and seeded native cucumber and bean varieties
For more information, check out our Education Program.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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An Industrial Engineer's Approach to Managing Oracle Databases - Robyn Sands
11 March 2008
This paper is an introduction to several concepts used in the manufacturing industry to improve efficiency. Some of these concepts will be compared to existing, well known methods in database management to demonstrate commonality between the disciplines. Other concepts will be explored to determine if there is a potential to develop new tools for database management. This paper discusses variation and why variation should be minimized where practical. The potential use of variation as a tool in performance measurement will be explored.


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What is high flow oxygen used for?
How does high flow nasal oxygen work? In physiological terms, HFNO improves the fraction of inspired oxygen, washes and reduces dead space, generates positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and provides more comfort than cold and dry oxygen.
What is classed as high flow oxygen?
A high – flow system can deliver very accurate oxygen concentrations, but is often uncomfortable and obtrusive. HFO consists of a heated, humidified high – flow nasal cannula (HFNC) that can deliver up to 100% heated and humidified oxygen at a maximum flow of 60 LPM via nasal prongs or cannula.
How many Litres is high flow oxygen?
What is the difference between high flow oxygen and BiPAP?
Oxygenation was shown to improve more with BiPAP than HFNC but arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was shown to decrease faster with HFNC. BiPAP did have higher rate of discontinuation of use and of skin breakdown.
How long can a person be on high flow oxygen?
What happens if your oxygen concentrator is set too high?
We do know however, high concentrations of oxygen over a period of time cause an overproduction of free radicals in the lungs. If unchecked, these radicals can severely damage or kill lung tissue. If left for a prolonged period of time the patient can suffer permanent lung damage.
Is 4 liters a lot of oxygen?
So if a patient is on 4 L/min O2 flow, then he or she is breathing air that is about 33 – 37% O2. The normal practice is to adjust O2 flow for patients to be comfortably above an oxygen blood saturation of 90% at rest. It is often, however, the case that patients need more oxygen for exercise.
What is the highest level of oxygen you can be on?
Maximum flow rate is normally 5 to 6 LPM. Besides, is 6 liters of oxygen a lot? The standard adult nasal cannula can run as low as ½ liter per minute to as much as 6 liters per minute.
How many liters of oxygen is normal?
The normal flow rate of oxygen is usually six to 10 litres per minute and provides a concentration of oxygen between 40-60%.
How long will 15 Litres of oxygen last?
So a "D" sized cylinder will last 19 minutes at 15 litres per minute.
How many liters of oxygen should a COPD patient be on?
Oxygen therapy in the acute setting (in hospital) Therefore, give oxygen at 24% (via a Venturi mask) at 2-3 L/minute or at 28 % (via Venturi mask, 4 L/minute) or nasal cannula at 1-2 L/minute. Aim for oxygen saturation 88-92 % for patients with a history of COPD until arterial blood gases (ABGs) have been checked.
What is the highest amount of liters allowed on a nasal cannula?
Flow rates of 1-4 litres per minute are used with nasal cannulas, equating to a concentration of approximately 24-40% oxygen. Flow rates of up to 6 litres can be given but this will often cause nasal dryness and can be uncomfortable for patients (British Thoracic Society, 2008).
How does BiPAP get rid of co2?
This is achieved through a pressure-cycled machine known as BiPAP. The higher level of pressure assists ventilation during inspiration (IPAP) by lowering CO2 levels, while the lower level maintains airway patency during expiration (EPAP), thereby increasing oxygen levels.
What are the contraindications for BiPAP?
Contraindications Respiratory arrest or unstable cardiorespiratory status. Uncooperative patients. Inability to protect airway (impaired swallowing and cough) Trauma or burns involving the face. Facial, esophageal, or gastric surgery. Apnea (poor respiratory drive) Reduced consciousness. Air leak syndrome.
Is high flow nasal cannula the same as CPAP?
In the past decade, high flow nasal cannula ( HFNC ) therapy has been introduced as an alternative method for the management of respiratory distress due to bronchiolitis. HFNC, like CPAP, is a high flow system and is able to generate a positive end expiratory pressure, but unlike CPAP it does not have a valve.


Identification of decoration and origin
Can you possibly discern the origin of this architectural figure. It is confounding me since I cannot find anything in the books that I have for reference.
It seems to me that this is a warrior figure and in his lap appears to be a bird. Can you dicere anything from these photos?
Ming "roof tile"
You call it an architectural figure and that is about as close as we can get. They are usually called "tiles" and were used on the roofs to ward evil sprits off the houses.
In the trade they are usually called "Ming dynasty" and everybody seems pretty happy with that provided they are not still warm from the kiln. You could look at the clothing of the figure, the general style, the crazing of the glaze and the general condition - since something that old ought to be at least a bit battered - but regarding the age there is really no telling by just looking at a picture.
Regarding the man and the bird I think that could be connected to an old story about a local king that - losing a war - got tied to the roof of his house until a bird took him away. Unfortunately I don't remember the details. The setting of the story was probably the Zhou dynasty. This specific figure is usually depicted *sitting* on the bird, though.
Thank you for your interest.
Best regards,
Jan-Erik Nilsson


Accedi / Registrati Account
You may have seen some posts that introduce Performance Co-Pilot (PCP). Here, we will focus on some questions we hear from customers while they are looking at PCP for the first time.
If you are familiar with other monitoring tools, then PCP should not be too hard to understand. First, let's look at how PCP maps to the generic monitoring system. In general, a monitoring system often has three layers and the lower layer will target collecting varieties of performance metrics data, e.g. CPU, memory, I/O, and similar data.
The second layer is responsible for the storage of data and analyzing it in real time or via a retrospective archive. Above the second layer, the uppermost layer is composed of monitoring and alarms, reporting and resource view, which are designed to react to predefined thresholds and "visualize" the results of analysis.
Fig 1. PCP 101
Like many monitoring systems, PCP has its own daemons to perform the jobs defined in the three layers. Corresponding to the first layer the Performance Metrics Collection Daemon (PMCD) coordinates the gathering and exporting of performance statistics in response to requests from the PCP monitoring tools.
After the data is collected, it can be sent to the Performance Metrics Inference Engine (PMIE) for analysis, and the data can also be archived by the Performance Metrics Logger (PMLOGGER). Furthermore, a performance dashboard of a given system can be generated with the Performance Metrics Chart (PMCHART) utility. The diagram generated by PMCHART is somewhat raw. If you need a more elegant diagram, there are other graphical options for you.
Logging Interval
Now, let's consider some questions commonly asked by customers. The first one that caught my attention is "how I can choose the logging interval?" They may say "I want to closely monitor an application, can I have it sampling every second?" The answer is yes. But is this necessary?
By default, PCP will sample and archive performance metrics data every 60 seconds. In most scenarios, this should be sufficient. As you should be aware, sar, a commonly used tool by enterprise customers, will capture metrics every 10 minutes by default.
However, when servers experience intermittent storage performance issues, we can change the sampling interval of PCP down to 10 seconds for the servers that need more detailed logging, which can be done by editing/etc/pcp/pmlogger/control (or /etc/pcp/pmlogger/control.d/local in newer PCP versions, see below) and appending -t 10s to the line for LOCALHOSTNAME, e.g.
# local primary logger
# (LOCALHOSTNAME is expanded to local: in the first column,
# and to 'hostname' in the fourth (directory) column.)
LOCALHOSTNAME y n PCP_LOG_DIR/pmlogger/LOCALHOSTNAME -r -T24h10m -c config.default -t 10s
Nevertheless, we need a reason to do that. Otherwise, it will cost system overhead unnecessarily.
System Overhead
Speaking of system overhead, here we come to another question I hear from customers: "How does PCP affect my existing systems?"
Before we go further, let's see which factors we should take into consideration while talking about system overhead of PCP:
 - The number of managed hosts
 - Frequency of logging interval (e.g. every 10 seconds)
 - Duration of historical data retention (especially who this affects disk usage)
 - The number of performance metrics monitored
 - Monitoring application performance
Without answers to the above questions, it is impossible to have an accurate assessment of the performance impact caused by PCP. The answers to these questions should be in place before the overhead of using PCP can be considered.
However, the PCP daemons are generally very lightweight in terms of computational demand; most of the (very small) CPU cost is associated with extracting performance metrics at the PCP collector system (PMCD and the PMDAs).
A local daemon consumes disk bandwidth and disk space on the PCP collector system. A remote daemon consumes disk space on the host where it is running and network bandwidth between that host and the PCP collector host. It is also worth mentioning that the archive logs typically grow at a rate of anywhere between a few kilobytes (KB) to tens of megabytes (MB) per day, depending on how many performance metrics are logged and the choice of sampling frequencies.
The archived metrics data can be found under /var/log/pcp/pmlogger/, the table here is an example from my test server:
Size (MB)
2.6 (compressed)
3.2 (compressed)
Each entry corresponds with three log files for one day. The log files will be named .meta, .index and .0, for example 20181017.meta, 20181017.index and 20181017.0. From the above table, we can see that in average the size of archive log increases by approximately 23 MB per day.
To conserve disk space, the log file .0 will be compressed and renamed to .0.xz after three days by default. And, The days before compressing log files can be specified by pmlogger_daily utility with option '-x' from /etc/cron.d/pcp-pmlogger as follows:
# Performance Co-Pilot crontab entries for a monitored site
# with one or more pmlogger instances running
# daily processing of archive logs (with compression enabled)
10 0 * * * pcp /usr/libexec/pcp/bin/pmlogger_daily -X xz -x 3
# every 30 minutes, check pmlogger instances are running
25,55 * * * * pcp /usr/libexec/pcp/bin/pmlogger_check -C
Many customers also ask: "Do you have any reference guides that contain use cases or solutions for PCP?"
Since each system is so different, it's hard to have a manual to simply lay out how to deploy it step by step. Once you answer some of the questions presented here, you can best design and deploy your own PCP monitoring solution.
About the author
In primo piano
Notizie in evidenza - selezionate per te


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- freely available
Sensors 2012, 12(12), 16168-16181; doi:10.3390/s121216168
Abstract: A catalytic sensor for the measurement of radical density in weakly ionized CO2 plasmas, created in a low-pressure electrodeless discharge, is presented. The CO2 plasma was created in a 4 cm wide borosilicate glass tube inside a copper coil connected to a radio frequency generator operating at 27.12 MHz with a nominal power of 250 W. The dissociation fraction of the CO2 molecules was measured in the early afterglow at pressures ranging from 10 Pa to 100 Pa, and at distances of up to 35 cm along the gas stream from the glowing plasma. The radical density peaked (2 × 1020 m−3) at 80 Pa. The density quickly decreased with increasing distance from the glowing plasma despite a rather large drift velocity. The dissociation fraction showed similar behavior, except that the maximum was obtained at somewhat lower pressure. The results were explained by rather intense surface recombination of radicals.
Oxidative plasmas are a popular medium for modification of the surface properties of solid materials. Chemically reactive particles created in the oxidative plasma react with solid materials at much lower temperature than the parent molecules, and this allows for surface modification of the materials at relatively low temperature. This treatment often leads to unique surface properties for the treated materials. Hydrophobic materials may become hydrophilic [1,2] and sometimes superhydrophilic. When the surface morphology is modified [2–4] metals form a thin oxide film, sometimes in the form of nanowires and other thermodynamically unfavorable forms [6,7], and composite materials are etched preferentially [8,9]. Oxidative plasmas are usually created in oxygen (O2) or a mixture of O2 with a noble gas, such as argon or helium. These plasmas are often very reactive and may destroy delicate samples through thermal degradation caused by exothermic reactions that take place on the material surface.
Plasmas can be created with different gaseous discharges at different powers. Powerful discharges are suitable for production of large quantities of metal oxide nanoparticles [7,10]. However, they are too aggressive for treatment of polymer materials, let alone delicate biomedical samples. In such cases, it is best to use plasma at a very low neutral gas kinetic temperature, relatively low ionization fraction, and moderately high dissociation fraction. Electrodeless high frequency discharges seem to be particularly useful for the generation of plasmas with these characteristics. A small problem arising from application of plasmas created in discharges at low power is the ignition phenomenon. It has been known for a century that the breakdown power of many electrodeless discharges is much larger than the sustaining power. There are several methods for overcoming this problem, including application of powerful pulses for ignition of the discharge. Another possible solution is application of an early afterglow instead of the plasma itself. The density of many plasma particles is much lower in early afterglow than in glowing plasma, while some other particles appear to be relatively stable and their density in the early afterglow is not much lower than that seen in the plasma itself. This is especially true for neutral O atoms, where the decay length in high frequency discharges may be very long. A less aggressive alternative to O2 is application of plasma created in a gas that contains O atoms, such as water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2). Although it was demonstrated that CO2 plasmas have certain advantages in polymer surface functionalization applications [13–15], very little work has been published on the decay of the dissociation fraction in an early afterglow of plasmas created in CO2. In the present paper, we address this phenomenon. For this purpose a thermocouple nickel catalytic probe was used. This probe is usually used for measuring the densities of neutral atoms produced in an electromagnetic discharge of diatomic gas molecules, such as oxygen and hydrogen. However with some modifications of the heterogeneous recombination model on a probe, radical densities in an early afterglow of a plasma created in a CO2 electrodeless radiofrequency discharge can also be determined.
2. Experimental Section
Experiments were performed using the discharge system shown in Figure 1. The main component of this system is a discharge tube (I.D. 3.6 cm), which is connected to an afterglow tube (I.D. 3.6 cm) by a narrow glass tube (I.D. 7 mm, length 6 cm) as shown in Figure 2. Carbon dioxide leaks into the discharge system through a manually adjustable high vacuum leak valve. The gas passes into the discharge region where it is transformed into plasma, and then continues into the afterglow chamber through a narrow borosilicate glass tube. The narrow tube effectively separates the glowing plasma from the early afterglow. The intensity of the emitted light is uniform in the discharge tube and diminishes as the gas enters the narrow tube. Visibly glowing plasma is present in the first 3–5 cm of the narrow tube, with the exact distance depending on the pressure, and converts to early afterglow thereafter. The absence of plasma glow results from the loss of electrons because of surface neutralization along the narrow tube.
The gas in the afterglow continues its way toward the pump passing through the vacuum gauge (Baratron® Absolute, pressure range 1–1,000 Pa, MKS Instruments, Andover, MA, USA) and flowing through a recombinator until it finally reaches the pump. The CO2 pressure was varied between 20 Pa and 120 Pa. The recombinator contains a rough copper mesh that effectively recombines any radicals into stable molecules, but this has practically no influence on the gas flow in the sense of lowering the effective pumping speed. Without the recombinator, radicals might react with the oil in the rotary pump. The nominal pumping speed of the two-stage rotary pump was 16 m3 h−1.
A standard thermocouple nickel catalytic probe (Figure 2) was mounted into the afterglow chamber as shown in Figure 3. Detailed operation of catalytic probe and calculations for determination of neutral oxygen atoms in oxygen plasma afterglow is described elsewhere. The temperature of the catalytic probe, which is needed for calculation of the density of radicals, was measured by a voltmeter connected to a computer. The catalytic probe was movable so that it was possible to perform measurements with the probe tip at different positions in the afterglow chamber. Before the experiments with the catalytic probe, a simple double electrical probe was mounted into the center of the discharge tube to estimate the density of positive ions in the glowing plasma. The saturated ion current depended on the pressure and slowly decreased with increasing pressure. The order of magnitude for the density of charged particles was 1016 m−3.
3. Results and Discussion
Systematic measurements were performed by adjusting the pressure in the afterglow chamber to an appropriate value, and then moving the probe along the afterglow chamber. The zero position was approximately 1 cm away from the exit of the narrow tube (see Figure 3). Measurements were performed at discrete positions separated by 5 cm. The maximum temperature of the probe under various experimental conditions is presented in Figure 4. The probe temperature measurements are both reliable and reproducible, while only the thermocouple and voltmeter are used. These measurements are also very accurate, with a precision of about ≈ 5 K. The density of the radicals was then calculated using the standard procedure, which is based on heating of the probe because of recombination of plasma radicals on its surface. One must also consider the heating contribution of ions and plasma radiation. However in our case there were no ions in the afterglow chamber, as they all were neutralized in the narrow tube. The role of plasma irradiation on the probe was measured with an optical emission spectrometer (OES) with sensitivity of 14,000 counts μW−1 per ms integration time. We measured OES spectra near the probe position and we estimated the radiation power to be about 10 W. This means that the nickel disk with mass of 2.6 × 10−6 kg and 444 J·kg−1·K−1 thermal heat capacity would heat up for 1 K in approximately 120 s. Even though this is an overestimation, while the solid angle of the probe is at least ten times lower than solid angle of spectrometer, the contribution from plasma irradiation can be neglected while the probe heats up, usually to about 100 K (Figure 4) in 20 s or less. Therefore the probe is heated mostly through the heterogeneous reactions of plasma radicals.
Here it is worth mentioning that we had to activate the probe. The nickel probe tip was oxidized and because of that, the first few measurements in an afterglow of the CO2 plasma were not reproducible. Several measurements had to be done to achieve reproducibility. This could be explained with the adsorption of CO molecules on the surface of the nickel disk. Thus the heterogeneous reactions on the surface of the probe tip are :
Reactions (1) and (2) include both the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (Oads + Oads → O2, COads + Oads → CO2) and Eley-Rideal mechanisms (O + Oads → O2, CO + Oads → CO2, COads + O → CO2), while for determination of radicals only power released by Reaction (1) and power released by Reaction (2) are needed.


Differential Fluid Change Cost Guide
gear oil drop
In many cases, especially on all-wheel-drive vehicles, the correct fluid is determined not just by weight but according to manufacturer-specific specifications, such as on some Honda and BMW vehicles.
It's always important to consult the service manual and check the manufacturer's specifications. It is also a good idea to verify that a service facility has done so and is using the correct fluid.
The costs are still generally within the same price range. However, sometimes, extra time is needed to round up the necessary fluids if they aren't at hand.
The Costs of Differential Fluid Service
The cost to change differential fluid ranges from around $70 to $160. The price is usually figured at half an hour of labor and then, the cost of fluids. Most shops, including dealerships, use a set price rather than the book-time, plus the parts that the estimates of other services are calculated with.
In some cases, there is one price for all-wheel-drive vehicles and another price for four-wheel-drive trucks, which tend to have a larger gear oil capacity. In many cases as well, the operation is different between the two.
Most all-wheel-drive vehicles have a simple drain plug for the differentials. On the other hand, many four-wheel-drive axles require the more laborious removal of the drive gear cover to drain the fluid.
Sometimes, there is also an additional charge on top of the differential service cost to service a limited-slip differential if special friction-modifier additives need to be used. It's important to use the correct additive if necessary or the clutches in a limited slip differential can bind up or operate intermittently rather than smoothly.
An example would be a 2004 Dodge 2500 four-wheel-drive truck with a limited slip rear end, which needs 4-oz of limited slip additive costing about $18, in addition to normal differential fluid.
Differential Fluid Service
The differential in a vehicle takes the input of engine power from a driveshaft and splits it into two driving wheels on the axle using heavy steel ring and pinion gears. These are connected to a steel frame housing the spider and side gears.
Both front and rear differentials follow the same design, and all of these are lubricated with thick gear oil. The basic purpose is to transfer the power while allowing the two drive wheels of an axle to turn at different rates, as is necessary when steering around corners.
What this also allows is for one wheel to spin independently of another, which is a great disadvantage in slippery terrain or snowy roads.
If one wheel loses traction, all engine power is sent to that wheel. For that reason, limited slip differentials were developed, which still allow driven wheels to turn at different rates, but limit the amount so that some power will always be applied to both wheels. This is more often used on all-terrain four-wheel-drive vehicles.
The differential fluid in either design is subject to age and wear and has regular replacement intervals. These are very dependent on how a vehicle is used.
The most common service recommendations are from 30,000 to 60,000 miles. The shorter period is for a vehicle that is used for towing, which generates a lot more heat and wear in the differential.
The longer period is for normal use. Sometimes, the interval is much longer, as wear depends not just on how a vehicle is used, but the use it is designed for.
A differential designed and built to tow 12,000 pounds, for instance, sees little wear or stress if it isn't actually used to tow anything.
It is also fairly common to have a recommendation for the first differential fluid change that is much shorter, such as at 15,000 miles. That recognizes the break-in period of the differential; when the new steel-to-steel running gears bed into each other and generate more heat and waste-metal particles than they do when they are well-mated surfaces that are polished from initial wear.
broken automotive differential in the hands of mechanic
Different Kinds of Fluids Used
Most gear oils have a specific weight rating such as 80w, or 80w-90, or 75w-140. The W signifies the tested viscosity rating of the gear oil in winter conditions, while the second number (if present) represents the viscosity in warm weather.
This is similar to how motor oil is rated, but the method and standards are different. 15w-40 motor oil, for instance, is pretty similar in consistency to 75w-90 gear oil. Sticking with the manufacturer's recommendation is always the safest way.
One other common option that comes up is synthetic versus conventional oil. Both are commonly available with the same weight ratings.
Other than cost, the general consensus is that synthetic is better. Generally, they have a lower friction coefficient (and so gears run cooler), better sliding characteristics, and are less affected by temperature changes.
The same as with motor oil, it all comes from the same place. However, the refining method is more involved and precise, and so, the cost is greater.
On a vehicle that is under heavy use, a synthetic is probably a good safe choice and should allow a more relaxed service schedule. Under normal or light use and in mild climates, the advantage is much less.
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1,700-year old ancient Roman tomb discovered in Tarhuna city, Libya
Last year, archaeologists were witness to the magnificence of ancient Roman legacy on Libyan soil with the discovery of an impressive villa at Ptolemais, which was once a major trading hub of Cyrenaica. And now, at the ending phase of this year, researchers have once again come across the legacy of ancient Roman presence in North Africa, with the identification of a tomb, dating from circa 3rd century AD. It was found in the area of Dogha in Tarhuna city, 40 miles (65 km) to the southeast of Tripoli.
The ancient tomb was found to have both remains and funerary belongings, both which are around 1,700-years old. According to the Municipal Council of Tarhuna, the main structure is composed of a rectangular chamber with two openings and a total of three sarcophagi made of limestone. One of these coffins has a carving that pertains to the original occupant's name – thus shedding light into its Roman origin.
Now in terms of history, the region of Libya played an important role in ancient empires, like Carthage, Achaemenid Persia, and Rome. For example, the ancient settlement of Leptis Magna, located within located within present-day Khoms, in north-western Libya, while being originally founded sometime in the 7th century BC as a Punic city, grew into a strategic Roman stronghold in North Africa by the late Republic time. Much of the growth had to do with the fertile farmlands surrounding the settlement along with the profusion of olive groves in the area – so much so that the city was levied by Caesar with a tax of three million pounds of oil annually.
Source: LibyaObserver
Image Credit: Municipal Council of Tarhuna
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This is the wildflower for which the Burren in County Clare is famed. Although there are many startlingly attractive flowers growing in this wonderful limestone area of western Ireland, the Spring Gentian is the plant which has become best known of all by those seeking to see the Burren's great variety of flowers. Its pure, bright blue solitary flowers (20–25 mm across) are extremely beautiful. As each of the five petal tubes unfurl, they spread to reveal a little white throat. Each flower has small fringed lobes or scales between its petals. The flowers are borne on upright stems, the leaves being bright green, oval, mostly in a basal rosette. These exquisite flowers bloom from late April to June. They are best found on grassy areas, near sand dunes and rocky pastures. In Ireland they are confined to the Burren and parts of Counties Galway and Mayo. This native plant belongs to the Gentianaceae family.
I first identified this wildflower in 1979 near Bishop's Quarter in the Burren. I photographed it at the Rine, also in the Burren in 2004.
If you are satisfied you have correctly identified this plant, please record your sighting for the 2013 wildflower mapping survey at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Date of this Version
Hypereutrophic Upper Klamath Lake has been studied for almost 50 years to evaluate the nature, cause, and effects of its very productive waters. Mitigation of undesirable effects of massive cyanobacterial blooms requires understanding their modern causes as well as their history. Knowledge of the pre-settlement natural limnology of this system can provide guidelines for lake restoration and management of land and water use strategies to maximize the benefits of this aquatic resource. This investigation uses a paleolimnological approach to document the nature and chronology of limnological and biological changes in Upper Klamath Lake for the past 200 years, covering the time when the lake was first described until today. A 45-cm gravity core, dated by 210Pb and diatom correlations, was analyzed for diatoms, pollen, akinetes (resting spores) of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, reworked tephra shards, and sediment magnetic characteristics. Pollen profiles show little vegetation change during this time. In contrast, diatoms indicative of increased nutrient fluxes (P and Si) increase moderately, coinciding with the settlement of the region by Euro-Americans. Numerous settlement activities, including draining of lake-margin marshes, upstream agriculture and timber harvest, road construction, and boat traffic, may have affected the lake. Magnetic properties and reworked tephra suggest riparian changes throughout the basin and increased lithogenic sediment delivery to the lake, especially after 1920 when the marshes near the mouth of the Williamson River were drained and converted to agricultural and pasture land. Drainage and channelization also decreased the ability of the marshes to function as traps and filters for upstream water and sediments. Akinetes of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae record progressive eutrophication of Upper Klamath Lake beginning in the 20th century and particularly after 1920 when lake-margin marsh reclamation more than doubled. The coincidence of limnological changes and human activities following European settlement suggests a major impact on the Upper Klamath Lake ecosystem, although ascribing specific limnological changes to specific human activities is difficult.


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Created on Day 5
April 5, 2012
Part of this creature's defense mechanism is its bright coloring. Also, when laying its eggs, the female Spanish dancer deposits a toxin with them, which keeps predators from eating the undeveloped Spanish dancers. The information for these habits was given to this creature by its Creator.
- The Spanish dancer's flattened body is brightly colored in shades of red, pink, or orange.
- Some are a solid color and some are patterned, depending on the location.
- This is the only nudibranch family that has six gills.
- This creature gets its name from the appearance of its swimming motion. It resembles the flaring skirt of a Spanish dancer.
- The male Spanish dancer enters dance competitions to win its mate.
- This creature is one of the most colorful in the world.
- This species was first described in the Red Sea, where its solid red form is found.
GENUS/SPECIES: Hexabranchus sanguineus
Size: Up to 1.5 ft (0.45 m)
Habitat: Shallow waters of tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific, on coasts and reefs


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Next: Pop-out and line Up: Long Range Connections Previous: Long Range Connections
Stimulus Dependent Synchronization: a Mechanism for Binding
The cells are orientation selective and spatially organized according to a two-dimensional model orientation preference map [37,61]; see Fig. 10. In addition to the center-surround connectivity (discussed above), each cell has 10 long-range connections, chosen in the range between 25-50 lattice constants which connect it only with cells of similar orientation preference (difference in preferred orientation less than ) reproducing the pattern of long range clustered connections found in physiological studies [14,28,29]. In these simulations we assume that the long-range connections between cells with similar orientations are excitatory (but see the following section).
Activity in neuronal array
Cross-correlation functions for different separations
Figure 10: (click on the image to view a larger version) Activity in neuronal array. Shown is the array of cells where the gray-level of each pixel corresponds to the preferred orientation of the respective cell (lightest gray: horizontal, light gray:, dark gray:, black: ). White pixels represent spiking cells. At this time, most of the activity is in regions with preferred orientation of about.
External input is modeled independently for each cell as a Poisson process of excitatory voltage pulses of size, arriving at a mean rate which depends on the phase difference between the stimulus orientation and the cell's preferred orientation. The simulations were performed under two conditions:
 1. A control, no-stimulus situation, in which the rate of the Poisson process received by each cell is the same (this could also be interpreted as spontaneous activity or as a noisy visual stimulus exciting all orientation cells alike).
 2. A simulation with 2 stimuli of different orientations. All cells in the left half plane received a stimulus with a specific orientation, while cells in the right half plane received a stimulus with an orthogonal orientation.
In particular, we compare the strength of synchronization in the stimulus condition between cells that receive the same stimulus (both in the right half plane or both in the left half plane) versus cells which receive mutually orthogonal stimuli. Figure 10, left shows a snapshot of the activity in the 2-dimensional array, superimposed on the underlying orientation column structure.
For mutually excitatory pairs of cells, the cross-correlations show a 'castle' [35] with a width of about 10-20 msec and centered at zero time offset (Fig. 5, top right). The cross-correlation function between model neurons at larger distance shows a weaker, slower ''hill'' (Fig. 5, bottom right). For mutually inhibitory cells the correlation function is characterized by a dip that rises to the coincidence level at longer times (Fig. 5, center right).
Figure 11: (click on the image to view a larger version) Correlation coefficient as a function of distance (in lattice constants) All curves are averaged over populations of neurons. (A) Homogeneous stimulation. Diamonds: correlation coefficient between cells of like orientation (), crosses: between cells of orthogonal orientation (; ). For distances larger than about 35 lattice constants, correlations between cells with common orientations (diamonds) become stronger than those between orthogonal orientations. (B) Differential stimulation. Diamonds: correlation coefficient between cells receiving stimulation with different orientation, crosses: correlation coefficient between cells receiving stimulation with the same orientation. Both curves in (B) are averaged over cells with all orientations. Note that for r between 30 and 45 (about the range of long-distance connections), pairs of cells receiving input with similar orientation are more strongly correlated than cells receiving input with orthogonal orientations, even if the members of the pair have with different preferred orientation.
We quantify the strength of synchronization by the contribution coefficient of the cross-correlation [51]. This quantity measures the number of coincidences above chance level and is computed as the area of the cross-correlation above the asymptote divided by the total number of spikes. Both in the control case as well as in the simulation with oriented external input (Fig. 11), the contribution coefficient exhibits a spatial oscillation, with largest values at small distances (for neighboring cells), then becoming negative at about 15-30 lattice units (indicating anti-correlated activity), and then becoming positive again at the typical distances of the long range clustered connections (35-45 lattice constants).
In the control situation, the contribution coefficient at large distances is larger for similar vs. orthogonal orientations. For the 2-orientation stimuli, the contribution coefficient of cells with the same separation (30-45) is larger for cells belonging to the same half plane than for cells across the boundary between the two half s of the system that receive different stimuli (even if the later have the same orientation preference).
We have also computed the effect of stimulus-dependent synchronization on the basis of the LFP variables. We have computed the mean LFP cross-correlations between two recording sites, stimulated either by the same or by different gratings, within the same distance between each pair of sites. As shown in Figure 12, the correlation between cells receiving the same input is significantly stronger than that between cells that receive different inputs. One should notice that this effect is stimulus dependent and can not be explained by the simple fact that connected cells synchronize [31]. In fact, the degree of correlation between two given cells depends their stimulation and is not only a function of the connectivity.
Figure 12: Cross-correlation functions of local field potentials. The dotted curve is between populations of cells with the same preferred orientation and the full line is between different preferred orientations.
The mechanism responsible for stimulus dependent synchronization is the following:
 1. Nearby cells are partially synchronized due to the short range excitatory connections, independent of their orientation preference. However cells whose preferred orientation equals that of their respective stimulus fire at a higher rate. Non-optimally oriented cells spike less, but when they do, they are in synchrony with their neighboring cells of optimal orientation preference.
 2. Cells at larger distances excite each other only if they have the same orientation preference. Therefore, if two cells separated by a distance in the range of the clustered connections receive the same stimulus (even if they are not optimally tuned themselves), they indirectly synchronize via the intermediate synchronization with their optimally tuned neighboring cells.
 3. For cells at similar distances that receive orthogonal stimuli, the synchronization link is less effective, since the optimally oriented cells in their vicinity have no direct connections.
Thus we find stimulus-dependent synchronization for cells in the range of the clustered connections. In accordance with recent experimental findings [16] and with other modeling work [45], we find that the degree of synchronization is higher when cells are excited with the same orientation. Synchronization is strong between nearby cells (independent of orientation preference) and there is a clear tendency for synchronization between cells with the same orientation preference separated by larger distances. We find that this result does not require models based on abstract phase oscillators with amplitude-dependent interactions, as in [45], but can be obtained in the more biologically plausible framework of populations of integrate-and-fire neurons.
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This 2-Track Cribbage Set (sometimes known merely as "Crib") is finely crafted from natural rubberwood. Each player races towards the end of the board as they collect points each turn from the hand of cards that they are dealt. Each point corresponds to how many spaces you are able to move along the track. The objective of Cribbage is to be the first player to score a target number of points, usually 61 or 121. Points are decided by certain card combinations from your own hand or by playing off of your opponent's cards, making this a game of both luck and skill.


There are three random variables, $x,y,z$. The three correlations between the three variables are the same. That is,
What is the tightest bound you can give for $\rho$?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Presumably by "pho", you mean rho ($\rho$). However, your question is not clear. What do you mean by "What's the tightest bound you can give"? $\endgroup$ – gung - Reinstate Monica Oct 15 '13 at 1:57
 - $\begingroup$ Well the name of the variable is just a dummy. By tightest bound, I mean something like [-1, 1] for a correlation, but this clearly isn't the tightest possible bound. $\endgroup$ – user1352399 Oct 15 '13 at 2:08
 - $\begingroup$ Do you mean that rho=cor(x,y)=cor(x,z)=cor(y,z), and what are the limits for rho? $\endgroup$ – user31264 Oct 15 '13 at 2:23
 - $\begingroup$ Yes I mean that rho=cor(x,y)=cor(x,z)=cor(y,z) and what are the limits for rho. Dilip, can you extend that to say that rho must be non-negative, ie >= 0? $\endgroup$ – user1352399 Oct 15 '13 at 2:44
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ A textbook to cite for this is Seber & Lee "Linear Regression Analysis" (At least it was in first edition...) $\endgroup$ – kjetil b halvorsen Nov 27 '18 at 18:46
The common correlation $\rho$ can have value $+1$ but not $-1$. If $\rho_{X,Y}= \rho_{X,Z}=-1$, then $\rho_{Y,Z}$ cannot equal $-1$ but is in fact $+1$. The smallest value of the common correlation of three random variables is $-\frac{1}{2}$. More generally, the minimum common correlation of $n$ random variables is $-\frac{1}{n-1}$ when, regarded as vectors, they are at the vertices of a simplex (of dimension $n-1$) in $n$-dimensional space.
Consider the variance of the sum of $n$ unit variance random variables $X_i$. We have that $$\begin{align*} \operatorname{var}\left(\sum_{i=1}^n X_i\right) &= \sum_{i=1}^n \operatorname{var}(X_i) + \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j\neq i}^n \operatorname{cov}(X_i,X_j)\\ &= n + \sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j\neq i}^n \rho_{X_i,X_j}\\ &= n + n(n-1)\bar{\rho} \tag{1} \end{align*}$$ where $\bar{\rho}$ is the average value of the $\binom{n}{2}$correlation coefficients. But since $\operatorname{var}\left(\sum_i X_i\right) \geq 0$, we readily get from $(1)$ that $$\bar{\rho} \geq -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$
So, the average value of a correlation coefficient is at least $-\frac{1}{n-1}$. If all the correlation coefficients have the same value $\rho$, then their average also equals $\rho$ and so we have that $$\rho \geq -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$ Is it possible to have random variables for which the common correlation value $\rho$ equals $-\frac{1}{n-1}$? Yes. Suppose that the $X_i$ are uncorrelated unit-variance random variables and set $Y_i = X_i - \frac{1}{n}\sum_{j=1}^n X_j = X_i -\bar{X}$. Then, $E[Y_i]=0$, while $$\displaystyle \operatorname{var}(Y_i) = \left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)^2 + (n-1)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)^2 = \frac{n-1}{n}$$ and $$\operatorname{cov}(Y_i,Y_j) = -2\left(\frac{n-1}{n}\right)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right) + (n-2)\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)^2 = -\frac{1}{n}$$ giving $$\rho_{Y_i,Y_j} = \frac{\operatorname{cov}(Y_i,Y_j)}{\sqrt{\operatorname{var}(Y_i)\operatorname{var}(Y_j)}} =\frac{-1/n}{(n-1)/n} = -\frac{1}{n-1}.$$ Thus the $Y_i$ are random variables achieving the minimum common correlation value of $-\frac{1}{n-1}$. Note, incidentally, that $\sum_i Y_i = 0$, and so, regarded as vectors, the random variables lie in a $(n-1)$-dimensional hyperplane of $n$-dimensional space.
 - $\begingroup$ I'm a little confused by this answer. I think it correctly shows that the p >= -1/(n-1) bound is necessary and sufficient for the variance of a sum of variables to be non-negative, but it doesn't seem to actually be necessary and sufficient for positive-definiteness of the correlation matrix in general. $\endgroup$ – user49404 Feb 3 '20 at 19:08
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ Correlation matrices don't need to be positive definite; only positive semidefiniite (also called nonnegative definite by some people). Also, the OP's question only asked for a bound on the minimum value of the common correlation of the (three) variables and not about correlation matrices in general. Be that as it may, see this answer of mine for the general result. $\endgroup$ – Dilip Sarwate Feb 4 '20 at 17:37
The tightest possible bound is $-1/2 \le \rho \le 1$. All such values can actually appear--none are impossible.
To show there is nothing especially deep or mysterious about the result, this answer first presents a completely elementary solution, requiring only the obvious fact that variances--being the expected values of squares--must be non-negative. This is followed by a general solution (which uses slightly more sophisticated algebraic facts).
Elementary solution
The variance of any linear combination of $x,y,z$ must be non-negative. Let the variances of these variables be $\sigma^2, \tau^2,$ and $\upsilon^2$, respectively. All are nonzero (for otherwise some of the correlations would not be defined). Using the basic properties of variances we may compute
$$0 \le \text{Var}(\alpha x/\sigma + \beta y/\tau + \gamma z/\upsilon) = \alpha^2 +\beta^2+\gamma^2 + 2\rho(\alpha\beta+\beta\gamma+\gamma\alpha)$$
for all real numbers $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$.
Assuming $\alpha+\beta+\gamma\ne 0$, a little algebraic manipulation implies this is equivalent to
$$\frac{-\rho}{1-\rho} \le \frac{1}{3} \left(\frac{\sqrt{(\alpha^2+\beta^2+\gamma^2)/3}}{(\alpha+\beta+\gamma)/3}\right)^2.$$
The squared term on the right hand side is the ratio of two power means of $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$. The elementary power-mean inequality (with weights $(1/3, 1/3, 1/3)$) asserts that ratio cannot exceed $1$ (and will equal $1$ when $\alpha=\beta=\gamma\ne 0$). A little more algebra then implies
$$\rho \ge -1/2.$$
The explicit example of $n=3$ below (involving trivariate Normal variables $(x,y,z)$) shows that all such values, $-1/2 \le \rho \le 1$, actually do arise as correlations. This example uses only the definition of multivariate Normals, but otherwise invokes no results of Calculus or Linear Algebra.
General solution
Any correlation matrix is the covariance matrix of the standardized random variables, whence--like all correlation matrices--it must be positive semi-definite. Equivalently, its eigenvalues are non-negative. This imposes a simple condition on $\rho$: it must not be any less than $-1/2$ (and of course cannot exceed $1$). Conversely, any such $\rho$ actually corresponds to the correlation matrix of some trivariate distribution, proving these bounds are the tightest possible.
Derivation of the conditions on $\rho$
Consider the $n$ by $n$ correlation matrix with all off-diagonal values equal to $\rho.$ (The question concerns the case $n=3,$ but this generalization is no more difficult to analyze.)


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Tunnel-making, boring war machine
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Groundborers were large machines used for creating tunnels manufactured by Akin-Dower. They were used to provide a quick shelter on dangerous worlds. A group of wealthy Naddists purchased several for use in the Freedon Nadd Uprising, where Warb Null attacked the city of Iziz on Onderon using modified versions of the Akin-Dower groundborers. After this attack, they were known as Onderonian War Machines.
- Tales of the Jedi Companion
- The Official Star Wars Fact File 113 (REV1, Naddist Revolt)
- The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia


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We have two functions:
$$\begin{align*} y &= x^4-5x^3+2x^2-5 \\ y &= -11x-20 \end{align*}$$
My task is to find two closest points that can be found on these two functions.
Can somebody give any hints on how to solve these type of exercises?
Thank you!
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Do you mean the closest points of the curves, or the minimum difference between the two functions? – copper.hat Feb 8 '13 at 8:17
The minimum difference between the two functions. :) – Trom Feb 8 '13 at 8:23
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You want to minimize $x^4-5 x^3+2 x^2+11 x+15$. Take the derivative, set that to $0$, and solve. Unfortunately this is an irreducible cubic, so the solutions are not very nice. There are three real roots: approximately $-._PHONE_$, $1.275428188$, $3.157446070$. I'll leave it to you to find which of these gives the minimum.
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Since you want the minimum difference between $$\begin{align*} y_1(x) &= x^4-5x^3+2x^2-5 \text{ and }\\ y_2(x) &= -11x-20 \end{align*}$$ you are looking for the minimum of $$ \left| y_1(x) - y_2(x) \right|$$ which will be a max / min of $$ z(x) = y_1(x) - y_2(x).$$ So write down the equation for $z$ as Robert Israel has done for you, differentiate $z$ and find its turning points.
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-IRDatabase Guide
-IRDatabase: Indiana Register
Proposed Rule
LSA Document #12-511
Adds 312 IAC 18-3-24 pertaining to entomology and plant pathology to regulate the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) and Geosmithia morbida sp. nov, a fungus that kills walnut trees. Effective 30 days after filing with the Publisher.
312 IAC 18-3-24 Control of thousand cankers disease
Affected: IC 14-24
Sec. 24. (a) The walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) is:
(1) a pest or pathogen; and
(2) regulated under this section.
(b) Geosmithia morbida sp. nov is:
(1) a pest or pathogen; and
(2) regulated under this section.
(c) The definitions in 312 IAC 1, 312 IAC 18-1, and the following apply throughout this section:
(1) "Bark" means the natural bark of a tree. The term applies to the bark around the knots and bark pockets between annual-growth rings, including an additional one-half (1/2) inch of wood and the vascular cambium.
(2) "Compliance agreement" means a written agreement between the state entomologist and a person that moves a regulated article into Indiana.
(3) "Move" means to:
(A) ship;
(B) offer for shipment;
(C) receive for transportation;
(D) transport;
(E) carry; or
(F) allow to move or ship.
(4) "Regulated area" refers to each of the following:
(A) Arizona.
(B) California.
(C) Colorado.
(D) Idaho.
(E) Nevada.
(F) New Mexico.
(G) Oregon.
(H) Pennsylvania.
(I) Tennessee.
(J) Utah.
(K) Virginia.
(L) Washington.
(M) Another area of the United States determined by the state entomologist to have thousand cankers disease.
(5) "Regulated articles" means each of the following:
(A) The walnut twig beetle in any living stage of development.
(B) Geosmithia morbida sp. nov.
(C) Any of the following originating from or transiting through a regulated area:
(i) Firewood of any nonconiferous species.
(ii) Plants and plant parts of walnut, including the following:
(AA) Nursery stock.
(BB) Budwood.
(CC) Scionwood.
(DD) Green lumber.
(EE) Other material whether living or dead, such as logs, stumps, roots, branches, and chips.
(FF) Exempted plant parts of walnut are nuts, nut meats, hulls, processed lumber that is one hundred percent (100%) bark free, kiln-dried with square edges and finished wood products without bark (for example, furniture, instruments, and gun stocks).
(6) "State plant regulatory official" means the national plant board member of the state of origin.
(7) "Thousand cankers disease" refers to a lethal insect-fungal pathogen pest complex of walnut that has been detected in the states identified in subdivision (4) and that is occasioned by the presence of the walnut twig beetle and Geosmithia morbida sp. nov.
(8) "Walnut" means Juglans spp.
(d) A person must not move any regulated articles into or through Indiana unless the person:
(1) obtains a compliance agreement from the division and ensures a copy of the compliance agreement remains with the regulated article during transit within Indiana;
(2) has the regulated article inspected at the point of origin by a state department of agriculture or state regulatory official; and
(3) delivers a phytosanitary certificate, issued by the state plant regulatory official, to the state entomologist at least twenty-four (24) hours before the regulated article enters Indiana.
(Natural Resources Commission; 312 IAC 18-3-24)
Posted: 10/03/2012 by Legislative Services Agency
DIN: 20121003-IR-312120511PRA
Composed: Aug 04,2015 8:17:05AM EDT
A PDF version of this document.


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CodeFluent Entities provides model importer capabilities which allows you to create model from an existing database or from an existing model.
Don't forget that CodeFluent Entities is shipped with the following importers:
- Microsoft SQL Server importer,
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Using the importer integrated into Visual Studio, you can create a CodeFluent Entities model from an existing database or a model such as Oracle Database or MySQL. Basically, instead of starting from scratch to design over your existing application, you can use the importer to parse your existing work and create your new model from what you already did.


Governor Sandoval Declares July BEAR Logic Month - KTVN Channel 2 - Reno Tahoe News Weather, Video -
Governor Sandoval Declares July BEAR Logic Month
Posted: Updated:
From the Nevada Department of Wildlife:
Governor Brian Sandoval has declared July "BEAR Logic Month." "BEAR" stands for Bear Education, Aversion and Research, and BEAR Logic Month is an opportunity to help educate the public about living in bear country.
To meet the goal of BEAR Logic Month, the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) has put together a series of public service announcements (PSA), press releases and a resource page on the NDOW website at In addition, the agency will host a BEAR Logic event for kids and is holding a youth coloring contest in a push to inform the public about steps that help decrease bear encounters.
Bear and human-wildlife conflicts often become more common with Northern Nevadans during the summer months, and living in bear country requires that residents take extra precautions.
"Bears can be very tolerant of humans, and very adaptable to urban environments," says NDOW game biologist Carl Lackey. "People are attracting birds with bird feeders, deer with ornamental shrubs and coyotes with small pets and pet food. Especially in a drought, people often make their backyards better habitat than certain types of wildlife can find anywhere else, causing further conflicts."
Bear complaints have risen sharply in the last ten years, due in part to the increase in people living in bear habitat. With Nevada in its third year of drought and the population of black bears in the state increasing, the problem will only continue to grow unless people start taking steps to remove the food sources that are attracting the bears.
"Some people don't recognize that they live in wildlife habitat, but anywhere along the Carson Front, from Reno to Gardnerville, including the Tahoe Basin and associated mountain ranges is bear habitat," said Lackey. "Areas like Galena Forest on the Mt. Rose Highway are historically very good wildlife habitat for bears, deer, mountain lions and coyotes."
Bears are opportunistic and will eat anything that becomes available. The bear's powerful sense of smell allows it to find food that humans consider out of reach. By removing these attractants, bear and humans are less likely to have unpleasant encounters.
When people are irresponsible with their food and garbage, bears can wind up in trouble. The Nevada Department of Wildlife reports that nearly 95 percent of all human-bear conflicts are associated with trash. Bears naturally fear humans, but if they have access to human food sources they may become addicted, lose their natural fear of humans, and even become aggressive.
"As always the main issue is people living in bear habitat and allowing bear's access to their trash," said Lackey. "We've proven that by stopping access to human sources of food the wildlife conflicts almost totally disappear."
NDOW believes that by following a few simple steps, you can help avoid human-bear conflicts.
* Use bear resistant containers (BRCs) and place them outside at least 30 feet from the house so bears do not learn to associate the smells and food rewards with your home.
* Use removable bird feeders (including hummingbird feeders) for temporary placement, or better yet, scatter bird seed on the ground, not in a container or in a pile. This way, bears and other animals like deer won't be able to easily get it.
* Keep pet food cleaned up or indoors. Place horse grain and chicken feed inside lockable metal containers and keep them outside so bears do not break into your shed or barn.
* Use electric fencing to keep bears out of gardens, apiaries and orchards. You should also remove any fruit as soon as it ripens.
From the Nevada Department of Wildlife
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Amazon River
Sangma Francis
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It is the widest, largest river on planet Earth, surrounded by deep rainforest and home to an incredible array of wildlife. Welcome to the Amazon.
Take a journey through South America along the winding Amazon River, spotting tree frogs, piranhas, snakes and tropical insects along the way. Where does the river begin, and where does it end? Which animals dwell in its murky waters and how much life does it sustain in the habitats all along its banks? Through gorgeous, detailed illustrations, the mysteries of the Amazon are revealed.
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The incidence of congenital anomalies of the uterus has generally been obtained from studies of women undergoing evaluation for infertility, and has been reported as 1-10%. However, the true incidence of uterine malformations is not known. This study reviews hysterosalpingograms obtained for evaluation of tubal closure after transcervical sterilization in normal multiparous women using methylcyanoacrylate and the FEMCEPT device. Of the 840 hysterosalpingograms studied, 16 congenital uterine anomalies were identified, for an incidence of 1.9%. The presence of anomalies in this population of women may more closely represent the incidence of congenital uterine anomalies in the general population.
(C) 1988 The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists


text:
Markets Wholesale Markets History
In 1816, the Street Commissioners purchased the old moated Manor House of the De Birmingham family and a year later opened the Smithfield Cattle Market on the site which now forms part of the Wholesale Markets Precinct.
The Old St. Martin's Market was used as a Wholesale Market until 1897. The Wholesale Fish Market in Bell Street was opened in 1869 and demolished in 1958.
St. Martin's Lane opened in 1883 and was divided into two sections, the larger upper part forming the wholesale Fruit and Vegetable Market, and the lower part, bordering Moat Row, initially used as a toll market for farmers and growers. The lower part was also home to the retail Rag Market each Tuesday and Saturday afternoon selling clothing, hardware and manufactured goods.
A Cattle and Pig Market in Montague Street was opened in 1892.
The City Meat Market and Abattoir in Bradford Street opened in 1897. The deterioration of the old Smithfield and City Meat Markets, the loss of the Fish Markets in Bell Street for the new Inner Road, and congestion of the narrow streets around the wholesale area, all led to the decision to build a new Wholesale Market complex. In February 1974 phase 1 of the scheme, the New Fish, Meat and Poultry Markets, was opened for trade.


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The Tax of Physics, The Physics of Tax
Stephen B. Cohen
Georgetown University Law Center
The Green Bag
Sometimes ideas from science illuminate muddled legal thinking. Physics teaches that for every particle of matter, there exists a corresponding particle of anti-matter. The idea of anti-matter helps explain the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Bradford v. Commissioner, which involved a baffling departure from established rules for taxing the discharge of a debt for less than the full amount owed.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 10Accepted Paper Series
Date posted: August 3, 2000
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Becoming a Prosperous Teacher, Part I
By Jelaila Starr
written October 4, 2000
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This article is written based on my own understanding and struggle with the core beliefs and fears that block our ability to manifest money. As a teacher myself I know that we must be able to manifest money in order to do our work and fulfill our missions. Those who are not teachers of ascension or First Wave Teachers as I call them, may also affected by these fears and beliefs.
I, like many of you, have intimate knowledge of these fears, having danced with each as my partner for many years and many lifetimes. I feel that by using my personal experiences as example and sharing the solutions that I have discovered, I can assist in helping you to identify those that still block you.
To understand how we incurred these beliefs and fears, at least in this lifetime, we will also need to examine some of the major systems of earth and the beliefs with which we have been indoctrinated. This examination is not done with malice but objectively, knowing that everything, even the most imbalanced systems, has value in our spiritual growth as human beings.
On any given day I receive at least one email from a frustrated, upset teacher asking for assistance in finding out why this financial deprivation has happened to them. They arrive in my email filled with the energy of pain, fear and sometimes hopelessness. As I read each one, my heart aches for them. I can easily empathize with their plight. I too have experienced times when I reached the end of my rope, out of money, energy spent and full of anger and bitter tears, railing at my guides and God asking, "Why, why has this happened to me? Haven't I done everything you asked of me? Haven't I jumped faithfully into every void, spent my savings, given my heart and soul to helping others? Why have you let me down?"
So what is causing this money issue among the First Wavers, those who came to teach and assist others through earth's ascension process? Why is it that so many teachers and would be teachers are finding themselves in a situation where they have no money to begin or continue their work? Could it be that the answer lies in the old 3D beliefs and fears about money. Is it possible that we are still buying into them but we are just not aware that we are doing it? I believe that to be the case and I intend through the remainder of this article to ferret them out, bring them to light, provide a way to identify them and give a solution to begin clearing each one.
So let's get started 'cause we've got a lot of digging to do.
Belief #1: If it's spiritual it should be free.
This belief has to be in my opinion the #1 stumbling block for spiritual teachers. To fully understand this belief we must look at it from both a 3D (earthly) perspective and the higher (spiritual) perspective.
Those of us who have been raised in organized religions have had this concept programmed into us since childhood. As a child growing up, the elders of my church told me that you couldn't put a price tag on God's word. Okay, I thought, that made sense to me, but why then, did they pass the offering plate around each Saturday (our church met on Saturdays)? Why are they doing that if God's word is free? As a child it made no sense to me.
Years later I finally understood this apparent dichotomy. I realized that the reason they passed the plate had nothing to do with God's word, but had everything to do with covering the costs they incurred in teaching God's word to the congregation. So while, in the eyes of the elders God's word is free, the church and its expenses are not. Someone has to pay for it. And while we're at it, someone has to pay the preacher for his work and the utilities to heat and cool the church.
I realized that churches don't get built on prayers and love alone, they need 3D money to build them. The elders can't pay the brick mason and the carpet layer with love and prayers. The brick mason can't take love and prayers to the grocery store and turn them into cash for food to feed his family. So if they can't do it, then how can you?
Your local churches, and every organized religion are spiritual based businesses and as such need money to keep them running. They offer a service and need to get paid for that service to keep providing that service week in and week out. Whether you are a teacher offering readings, a healer or have a center or school, your service is considered a spiritual based business. And because they are businesses you must find a way to financially support them just like any other business.
So why do so many of us still struggle with the feeling that if we charge for our spiritual work, we are bad or no longer spiritual? And why, as we look at the facts before us, do we feel it is okay for the churches to do it but not us? Why do we think that God or Spirit would expect us to provide a spiritual service without the earthly means to support it?
I believe the reason is that the powers that be here on earth want to keep us disempowered and under their control. I believe they know that the way for a man/woman to move out of the earthly systems, the earthly prison, is through a spiritual reconnection with the Soul/Higher Self and ascension. So, in order to prevent that from happening they created this belief and promoted it through the spiritual institutions. Knowing how strong our need to connect with source, with spirit is, they used it to shame us into obeying. Shame is a powerful emotion and will stop us dead in our tracks because it attacks our sense of self-worth.
When the religious institutions tell us that in order to be spiritual we should not charge for our services, and we believe them, they are able to render us powerless to fulfill our missions because we lack the financial resources to do it. I believe that our continued acceptance of this belief is what has led to the financial crippling of the metaphysical community.
Going further, if we were to attempt to move beyond this belief, we could be stopped because built into this belief is the emotion of guilt. In other words, if we do charge and someone who still believes in this belief, challenges us on this we will feel guilt. This has been my experience. And in that guilt I would feel as if I had stolen from God. Pretty powerful belief, huh?
But, as we have already seen, the church leaders don't believe this, now do they? So isn't it time we throw off the shackles of this belief by charging to cover the expenses and make a profit in our work, just like they do?
Now let's go to the final step and look at this belief from the higher perspective and when we do, we will see that Spirit does not support this, "If it is Spiritual it should be free" belief either.
In the universe we have a law called Cause/Effect or Giving/Receiving. In essence it means that for every cause there is an equal effect or when we give, we must receive. In other words, what goes around comes around.
We also have another law that states, "Everything is energy and all energy has value." So if every form of energy has a value, then it is subject to the law of Cause/Effect or Giving/Receiving. Then the only thing that wouldn't be subject to these two laws is nothing—a no-thing. So, if your spiritual service is a Something and not a No-thing then it is subject to the law of giving and receiving, therefore you must receive something in return for the spiritual service you give.
Now that we have looked at this belief from both the earthly and the higher perspectives, is there any reason to keep believing it? Can we take the steps to deal with the shame and guilt it creates in order to free ourselves from it? I believe that we can, and we must in order to do our work as teachers.
How can you tell if you are still operating from this belief?
 - You refuse to accept money for your services or only accept a love offering with no minimum stated.
 - You negatively judge those who do accept money for their services.
Is there a way to release this belief?
 1. Get in touch with the shame that keeps this belief active in your life. Taking a look at your family's beliefs around money and spirituality will help you identify it.
 2. Make an agreement with your Inner Child/Ego (I use these terms interchangeably because I believe they are the same) that you will not abandon him/her while you take the necessary actions to begin living out of a new belief that it is appropriate and necessary for you to charge money for your services. Let him/her know that when people come forward and project shame onto you because they still operate out of this belief, that you will not take that shame on


text:
You can cause the debugger to be called at a certain point in your
program by writing the expression
(debug) at that point. To do
this, visit the source file, insert the text '(debug)' at the
proper place, and type C-M-x (
eval-defun, a Lisp mode key
binding). Warning: if you do this for temporary debugging
purposes, be sure to undo this insertion before you save the file!
The place where you insert '(debug)' must be a place where an
additional form can be evaluated and its value ignored. (If the value
(debug) isn't ignored, it will alter the execution of the
program!) The most common suitable places are inside a
progn (see Sequencing).
If you don't know exactly where in the source code you want to put
the debug statement, but you want to display a backtrace when a
certain message is displayed, you can set
debug-on-message to a
regular expression matching the desired message.


Inca Trail Names
Place names on the Inca Trail
Most of the names of places on the Inca Trail were invented by Hiram Bingham, and are unlikely to correspond to the original names used by the Incas. They also reflect Bingham's assumptions about the function or significance of the different locations, which may not always have been accurate.
For these translations, I am indebted to Martina Faller and Iñes Callalli Villafuerte, who were kind enough to provide me with a list of translations in both English and Spanish.
Spanish: Puente Alegre
English: Bridge of Happiness
cusi = happy; chaca = bridge
Spanish: (lugar donde) Se Limpia el Oro con el Viento
English: Gold-sifting Place
q'ori = gold; huayra = wind; -chi = causative; -na = nominalizer
Spanish: Pueblo de escalónes o pueblo alto
English: Step(ped) town or High town
pata = step or stair, or high; llacta = village or town
Spanish: Lugar de Pasto
English: Place of Good Pasture
huaylla = good pasture; bamba = place
Spanish: (lugar donde) Se Hace Ceremoniales
English: Place of Offerings
(etymology uncertain) [1]
Spanish: Mujer Muerta
English: Dead Woman
huarmi = woman; huanusca = dead
Spanish: Rio Escondido
English: Hidden River
mayo = river; pacay = to hide
Spanish: Ruinas Amontonadas
English: Pile of Ruins
runku = piled; racay = derelict house [2]
Spanish: Poblado Pendiente
English: Village (in a) Steep Place
sayac = steep, vertical; marca = village
Spanish: Pueblo Alto en las Nubes
English: Town High in the Clouds
phuyu = cloud; pata = high part; marca = village [3]
Huinay Huayna
Spanish: Joven Para Siempre
English: Forever Young
huinay = forever; huayna = young
Spanish: Puerta del Sol
English: Gateway of the Sun
inti = sun; punku = gate, door [4]
Machu Picchu
Spanish: Cima Vieja
English: Old Peak
machu = old; picchu = peak [5]
Huayna Picchu
Spanish: Cima Joven
English: Young Peak
huayna = young; picchu = peak


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Mangano Calcite Massage Wand (UV Reactive)
SKU 11767
Mangano Calcite Wand (UV Reactive)
Self Love - Self Worth - Tranquility
Chakra: Heart
Approximate Size and Weight:
Small: 3-4" (0.15-0.35 LB)
Medium: 4-5" (0.35-0.55 LB)
Large: 5-6" (0.55-0.75 LB)
It is believed that Mangano Calcite can promote inner peace, compassion, self-love, and self-healing. It is also believed to get rid of negative energy within so one can reach harmony and mental peace. It is suggested to meditate and hold Mangano Calcite to soothe and comfort ones self in times of high stress and anxiety.
Mangano Calcite, also known as Manganoan Calcite, is a manganese calcium carbonate mineral and member of the Calcite family. Its color ranges from light to dark pink depending on the amount of Manganese in it. Mangano Calcite was first discovered in 1846 by A. Breithaupt in Banská, Štiavnica, Slovakia. He named it in reference to the inclusion of Manganese found within.
Chemical Formula: (Ca,Mn)CO3
Hardness: 2.5-3


Definitions for
Overview of noun brainwave
The noun brainwave has 2 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. brainwave, brain wave, cortical potential
((neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph)
2. insight, brainstorm, brainwave
(the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation) © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see disclaimer
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text:
In this article we are learning about "void pointers" in C language. Before going further it will be good if you refresh about pointers by reading – Introduction to pointers in C. A pointer variable is usually declared with the data type of the "content" that is to be stored inside the memory location (to which the pointer variable points to).
Ex:- char *ptr; int *ptr; float *ptr;
A pointer variable declared using a particular data type can not hold the location address of variables of other data types. It is invalid and will result in a compilation error.
Ex:- char *ptr;
ptr=&var1; // This is invalid because 'ptr' is a character pointer variable.
Here comes the importance of a "void pointer". A void pointer is nothing but a pointer variable declared using the reserved word in C 'void'.
Ex:- void *ptr; // Now ptr is a general purpose pointer variable
When a pointer variable is declared using keyword void – it becomes a general purpose pointer variable. Address of any variable of any data type (char, int, float etc.)can be assigned to a void pointer variable.
Dereferencing a void pointer
We have seen about dereferencing a pointer variable in our article – Introduction to pointers in C. We use the indirection operator * to serve the purpose. But in the case of a void pointer we need to typecast the pointer variable to dereference it. This is because a void pointer has no data type associated with it. There is no way the compiler can know (or guess?) what type of data is pointed to by the void pointer. So to take the data pointed to by a void pointer we typecast it with the correct type of the data holded inside the void pointers location.
void *ptr; // Declaring a void pointer
ptr=&a; // Assigning address of integer to void pointer.
printf("The value of integer variable is= %d",*( (int*) ptr) );// (int*)ptr - is used for type casting. Where as *((int*)ptr) dereferences the typecasted void pointer variable.
ptr=&b; // Assigning address of float to void pointer.
printf("The value of float variable is= %f",*( (float*) ptr) );
The value of integer variable is= 10
The value of float variable is= 37.75
A void pointer can be really useful if the programmer is not sure about the data type of data inputted by the end user. In such a case the programmer can use a void pointer to point to the location of the unknown data type. The program can be set in such a way to ask the user to inform the type of data and type casting can be performed according to the information inputted by the user. A code snippet is given below.
void funct(void *a, int z)
printf("%d",*(int*)a); // If user inputs 1, then he means the data is an integer and type casting is done accordingly.
printf("%c",*(char*)a); // Typecasting for character pointer.
printf("%f",*(float*)a); // Typecasting for float pointer
Another important point you should keep in mind about void pointers is that – pointer arithmetic can not be performed in a void pointer.
ptr++; // This statement is invalid and will result in an error because 'ptr' is a void pointer variable.


Why Germany was divided into West and East Germany
How to return the loan to the bank
How to obtain from the debtor debt
How to obtain from the debtor debt
A person can get into a situation where lack of money becomes a problem.
He attempts to borrow from friends, or take out a loan in the amount of write receipt of debt.
At the same time, sooner or later by oral or written agreement the borrower is obliged to repay the debt.
If your debtor has not paid the debt fora certain period of time, on a voluntary basis, we can conclude a contract with him to return the debt, with interest. Sometimes cases occur when the debtor has simply forgotten about the debt or the amount calculated. Therefore, in this situation need to competently make a claim letter, which describes the sanctions to be applied in the case of non-payment of debt. Usually, after such information in good faith borrowers repay debt.
If between the lender and the borrower has been issueda receipt for the amount of debt, then demand payment amount on the document not be easy. If there is no response to the claim of the creditor fee proposal, the next step in getting the debt is going to court. With the help of a court order bailiff starts with the case. First, the bailiff gives the performer time the debtor to repay debt on a voluntary basis. If the refund amount owed has not occurred, the officers begin to look for funds in bank accounts and to describe and seize the property owned by the borrower.
If you are a debtor of the bank. The loan, ie the period of arrears from 30 to 90 days, and the number of non-payment or a minimum of the next payment - 2-3 times, the bank in accordance with the loan agreement may apply to your specific sanctions. To start temporarily block your plastic card order, so you can not use the money until you put into the account an amount sufficient to pay the debt. If these measures are you ignored, then the bank has the right to bring you to the black list of clients, as well as reflect your failure to pay on your credit history. Accordingly, in the future the loan you will be very problematic.
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Contact Form Processing Products - for all your needs
FormMail • Form Encryption • Hosted Forms
Substitution Features in Templates
You can use templates with FormMail for providing "thank you" pages, autoresponse emails, and for the results emails you receive.
A template is simply a document (a plain text or HTML document) with a way of putting field values submitted from your form(s) in the document.
For example:
Customer's name is: $Name
Postal address is: $PostalAddr
FormMail looks for the symbol "$" followed by a field name and replaces it with the fields' value.
FormMail also looks for special substitution expressions and replaces those with the value of the expression.
Substitution Expressions
A substitution expression begins with "${" and ends in "}". Between the "{}" you place the field name, then a colon-separated list of options and other specifiers.
For example, the following will display a short one line summary of a postal address field in an HTML table row:
 Postal address is:
Expression Specifiers
Following is the list of specifiers supported by FormMail:
Normally, FormMail inserts a tag before each newline in field substitutions. This is mainly applicable to textarea fields. The nobr option disables the insertion of the tags.
N limits the number of characters substituted from the field value.
N limits the number of lines substituted from the field value. Usually used with textarea fields.
S is the string to use when FormMail separates elements of a list (array) field. This is the same as, and overrides, the template_list_sep feature.
This tells FormMail to perform TEXT_SUBS substitution on the field value. If you don't specify this option for a field, then its value is sanitized, and any HTML code in the value will be visible instead of operating as HTML. This option only has an effect when processing an HTML template.


text:
Hello peoples, this attachment is about Pedestal Fans; Ceiling Fan. (exceptional Ceiling Fans Manufacturers #8). It is a image/jpeg and the resolution of this picture is 1557 x 1168. This blog post's file size is only 51 KB. Wether You decided to download It to Your PC, you can Click here. You may also download more photos by clicking the following photo or see more at here: Ceiling Fans Manufacturers.
Meaning of Pedestal Fans; Ceiling Fan.
Pedestalped•es•tal (ped′ə stl),USA pronunciation n., v., -taled, -tal•ing or (esp. Brit.) -talled, -tal•ling.
- an architectural support for a column, statue, vase, or the like. See diag. under column.
- a supporting structure or piece;
- a support for a desk, consisting of a boxlike frame containing drawers one above the other.
- a columnar support for a tabletop.
- a bulge cast at the bottom of a concrete pile.
- set or put on a pedestal, to glorify;
idealize: When we first became engaged each of us set the other on a pedestal.
- to put on or supply with a pedestal.
Ceilingceil•ing (sē′ling),USA pronunciation n.
- the overhead interior surface of a room.
- the top limit imposed by law on the amount of money that can be charged or spent or the quantity of goods that can be produced or sold.
- the maximum altitude from which the earth can be seen on a particular day, usually equal to the distance between the earth and the base of the lowest cloud bank.
- Also called absolute ceiling. the maximum altitude at which a particular aircraft can operate under specified conditions.
- the height above ground level of the lowest layer of clouds that cover more than half of the sky.
- a lining applied for structural reasons to a framework, esp. in the interior surfaces of a ship or boat.
- Also called ceil′ing piece′. [Theat.]the ceiling or top of an interior set, made of cloth, a flat, or two or more flats hinged together.
- the act or work of a person who makes or finishes a ceiling.
- vaulting, as in a medieval church.
- hit the ceiling, [Informal.]to become enraged: When he saw the amount of the bill, he hit the ceiling.
Fanfan1 (fan),USA pronunciation n., v., fanned, fan•ning.
- any device for producing a current of air by the movement of a broad surface or a number of such surfaces.
- an implement of feathers, leaves, paper, cloth, etc., often in the shape of a long triangle or of a semicircle, for waving lightly in the hand to create a cooling current of air about a person: We sat on the veranda, cooling ourselves with palm-leaf fans.
- anything resembling such an implement, as the tail of a bird.
- any of various devices consisting essentially of a series of radiating vanes or blades attached to and revolving with a central hublike portion to produce a current of air: ceiling fan; wall fan.
- a series of revolving blades supplying air for winnowing or cleaning grain.
- [Horol.]fly1 (def. 34).
- a semicircular decoration of bunting.
- [Physical Geog.]an alluvial fan.
- hit the fan, [Slang.]to become suddenly more awkward, embarrassing, or troublesome: When news of the incident was leaked to the press, everything hit the fan at once.
- to move or agitate (the air) with or as if with a fan.
- to cause air to blow upon, as from a fan;
cool or refresh with or as if with a fan: He fanned his face with a newspaper.
- to stir to activity with or as if with a fan: to fan a flame; to fan emotions.
- (of a breeze, current of air, etc.) to blow upon, as if driven by a fan: A cool breeze fanned the shore.
- to spread out like a fan: The dealer fanned the cards.
- to move (oneself ) quickly: You'll fan your tail out of here if you know what's good for you.
- to winnow, esp. by an artificial current of air.
- [Baseball.](of a pitcher) to strike out (a batter).
- [Chiefly South Midland and Southern U.S.]to punish by spanking;
spank: Your mother will fan you good if you break that dish.
- to strike, swing, or brush lightly at something.
- [Western U.S.](chiefly cowboy use). to slap the flanks of (a horse or other animal) repeatedly with a hat to get it to move or move faster.
- to spread out like a fan (often fol. by out): The forest fire fanned out in all directions.
- [Baseball.](of a batter) to strike out, usually by swinging at and missing the pitch charged as the third strike.
Can you choose to other activities such as the size and shape of the mattress, it's also advisable to pay attention in addition to shade variety. Choosing a mattress of white on white room would need to be adjusted to the size of the space. Variety of these beds so your room white does not appear cramped or whole since one to be truly accurate can select the mattress.
In case you are looking for your companion of course and a bed for you personally select the mattress measurement is sufficient for 2 folks. But do not be too large in addition to area can be taken up by it. For you personally along with your partner you select enough calculate the only real mattress.
Actually the latest types of mattress today many are good-and can be utilized for anything else. Beneath the sleep where the portion will soon be employed like a clothes wardrobe or storage space. The mattresses have contemporary white color was selected as it is good-and relative to the idea of white shade.
But when you are buying Pedestal Fans; Ceiling Fan. (exceptional Ceiling Fans Manufacturers #8) to your kid or for your own (with no associate) it's greater should you choose a mini bed (simple poor). By doing so, the space place won't feel crowded. This bed that was mini is correctly useful for teenagers or kids.