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Getting started: communication without technology
The Communication Partner
Communication is a two-way process. The person 'listening' (the communication partner) is as important as the person'speaking'.
When developing a communication system with a person who has a number of disabilities, the communication partner is very important because they interpret the reactions of the individual to different experiences. Every movement, gesture and vocalisation has a meaning. Understanding all of these takes time, patience and a positive attitude towards the individual's ability to communicate.
Yes & No
Finding out how the person indicates 'yes' and 'no' might seem really basic, but it is very important. If the person is not able to speak, they will not be able to say "yes" or "no"; depending on their physical abilities they might not be able to nod their head for 'yes' or shake their head for 'no'. It is very difficult to have a conversation with someone, to ask them a question, or even to find out basic information - for example "Does it hurt here?" - if you cannot understand their communication for 'yes' and 'no'.
You might have to say to the person, "Show me how you say Yes", "Show me how you say No". People who are not able to speak have developed a whole range of methods for indicating 'yes' and 'no', for example:
 - looking up for 'yes' and down for 'no'
 - blinking their eyes once for 'yes' and twice for 'no'
 - a tight fist for 'yes' or an open hand for 'no'
 - pointing at the words 'yes' and 'no' printed on cards
 - moving their foot up for 'yes' and keeping it still for 'no'
Finding a system for signalling reliable 'yes' and 'no' that can be understood by a range of people can take some time. However, it provides a good starting point for future communication.
Signing and Gestures
Signing and gestures provide a visual clue to what is being said. Some people with severe speech difficulties also have problems understanding and remembering what is said to them. Signing and gesturing as well as speaking can provide the individual with additional clues which can help them to understand what is being said. For some people body language, gestures and signing might be the most effective way they have to express themselves.
Using Objects
Real objects can be used to encourage people to choose; for example, holding up a bottle of Cola and a bottle of orange to give someone a choice of drink. Objects can be used to let an individual know what is going to happen; for example, letting someone feel their swimming costume before putting it in a bag might let that person know that they were going swimming. Objects used in this way are sometimes called 'objects of reference'. It is essential that the same item is always used to signify the same event. See the section on Using Objects of Reference for more details.
Using Photographs
Some people are able to look at photographs and understand what they mean. Instead of using objects of reference you could maybe use photographs of familiar objects around the house, such as toys, fruit, TV, family and friends. Photographs can be used in exactly the same way as objects of reference, that is, to let the individual know what is going to happen, to let them choose what they want to do, to let them tell you something. You might start with giving the person a choice of two photographs, and gradually increase the number of choices of photographs.
Communication Possible At All Times
It is important that the person with multiple disabilities has access to their means of communication at all times. It can be useful to have their communication method visible, for instance:
 - timetable of the day displayed three dimensionally using objects of reference
 - appropriate photographs or symbols on the wall in the canteen
 - appropriate pictures up round the sand pit or water tray
 - pictures/objects available or pinned to the wall above the bathroom sink.


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A defining kind of thinking that designers do repeatedly involves balancing the benefits and drawbacks (tradeoffs) of different approaches to reach a preferred solution. Having students talk and write about the tradeoffs they are considering when deciding on one prototype among others can help them get better at doing informed designing.
"One of the most difficult aspects of product development is recognizing, understanding, and managing such tradeoffs in a way that maximizes the success of the product." Karl Ulrich and Steven Eppinger Product Design and Development (1995).
Tradeoffs are described in AAAS' Atlas of Science Literacy as a central tenet to design reasoning. Sometimes Decision Grids (see page 6 of LBD's Design Diary) can visually depict the benefits and tradeoffs of an especially difficult design decision among competing design ideas. The following are cases where tradeoffs play a role in making design decisions:
- Air Quality/Home Heating - In winter, all houses leak heated air to the outdoors. Methods for sealing homes that limit such air transfer have gotten so good that houses are "too tight". Such houses have the benefit of losing little heated air, but suffer the tradeoff that occupants to get sick for lack of fresh air.
- Gloves: One-Size-Fits-All/Goodness-of-Fit - It costs less to make one-size-fits-all gloves, but for a number of users, the fit is poor.
- Optimal Popcorn Cooking Time - During the first two minutes of cooking popcorn, most of the corn pops. You can continue to cook so that 100% of the kernels pop, but risk the tradeoff of burning the existing popcorn.
- Cost/Benefit: Titanium Cellphone - You can use strong-yet-light material like titanium to make a cellphone that does not break when stepped on, but the tradeoff is that the phone will cost as much as a laptop computer.
- Flat Roofed House: Easy-to-build/Hard-to-maintain - A house with a flat roof is easier to build that one with a sloped roof. When it rains, however, flat roofs have problems with water collecting and leaking inside. Maintaining a flat roof requires extra work that a sloped roof does not require.
- City Planning: Casinos in Town - Those who wanted casinos in Atlantic City, NJ, argued that the benefits of increasing business and state tax revenues in the New Jersey shoretown would outweight the tradeoffs of increased crime and a reduction of gambler's spendable income. As the Atlantic City Journal reported in May 25, 2003, "The [gaming] industry has changed the face of Atlantic City with new residents, new development and new problems."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The data protection keyword is one of the most essential things on FriendsBASE, but it is not necessary.
You have to type a keyword BEFORE start typing your data (friends, telephone numbers etc.). Only in that way will be encrypted correctly. Notice that if you forget the keyword there is no way to recover your valuable data.
In order to create a keyword you just type into (1) a word or a number that contain up to 8 characters.
To ensure that the keyword is ok just click (2).
NOTICE that you have to type your keyword correctly when FriendsBASE asks for it, when it starts, else you cannot even start FriendsBASE.


Destructive Emotions - Goleman D.
Destructive Emotions
436 000 сум
 - Автор: Goleman D.
 - Год издания: 2010
 - Кол-во страниц: 432
 - Издательство: Bloomsbury Publishing
 - ISBN: 978-0-7475-6182-8
 - Формат: мягкая обложка
Описание книги
Can the worlds of science and philosophy work together to recognise our destructive emotions such as hatred, craving, and delusion? Bringing together ancient Buddhist wisdom and recent breakthroughs in a variety of fields from neuroscience to child development, Daniel Goleman's extraordinary book offers fresh insights into how we can recognise and transform our destructive emotions. Out of a week-long discussion between the Dalai Lama and small group of eminent psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers, Goleman weaves together a compelling narrative account. Where do these destructive emotions (craving, anger and delusion, known in Buddhism as the three poisons) come from? And how can we transform them to prevent them from threatening humanity's collective safety and its future?


National Criminal History Checks
Willyama makes it easy to conduct fast and accurate background checks on your current and potential employees.
Understanding a National Criminal History Check
A Nationally Coordinated Criminal History Check—or police check—is often required when applying for employment, Australian citizenship, an appointment to positions of trust and a variety of licensing and registration schemes.
It helps organisations make informed decisions about the suitability of applicants for employment in sensitive or otherwise specialist roles.
What's involved in completing an application?
Applicants will be required to provide personal information and documentation to prove their identity. Providing robust and accurate information will help ensure a timely and accurate assessment. Applicants must also provide informed consent.
Timely & Accurate Results
Willyama aims to provide 95% of national ciriminal and police history checks within 10 business days or less. Around 70% of checks are completed in minutes.
How long will a national criminal history check take?
Willyama aim's to process 95% of police checks within 10 business days, noting that:
 - around 70 per cent of police checks are completed in real-time with results being returned to the organisation that requested the check within minutes
 - around 30 per cent of police checks are referred to one or more police agencies because a 'potential match' is found. On limited occasions, this process can take longer than 10 business days to process, due to the complexity of the check.
A 'potential match' may be found if the applicant shares similar details with other individuals recorded in police systems, particularly if they have a common name. Processing of a police check in these instances can take longer to progress.
Ready To Get Started?


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Being called a brainiac may be a compliment but when it comes to gray matter, a person can have too much of a good thing. Scientists at University College London recently conducted a study that links high levels of distractibility with an increased volume of grey matter in the brain's left superior parietal lobe.
The reasons for this are not yet fully understood, but it might have something to do with the way the brain pares away excess neurons as it matures in order to more effectively carry out certain tasks. The brains of adults who suffer from attention deficit disorder may have failed to complete this process, and the connection may also help explain why children tend to be more easily distracted.
Source: National Geographic


What is Moling?
Moling is a trenchless method of laying pipes or cables underground, where a pneumatically driven machine known as an Impact Mole forces a path through the ground, displacing soil rather than removing it.
Impact Moles come in all sizes, from 25mm diameters up to around 63mm in diameter. We will pick the appropriate size Mole for your project, and it tends to be a quick and simple way to install smaller pipes underground.
Impact Moling Specialists
If you have a job that you think might require impact moling, call or email us and we'll be able to discuss whether moling or directional drilling might be able to save you money, time and hassle.
Drilling/Moling vs. Trenching
Even when there are no obstacles in the path where you want to lay pipe, and the condition of the ground doesn't matter too much (e.g. a field), it can still often be quicker and cheaper to use an impact mole rather than an open trench.
We can install anything up to 100 meters in a day, and have achieved up to 20 meters in a single 'shot' (in perfect conditions), but more usually we work to a distance of 10 meters to keep deviation to a minimum.
Advantages of Precision Drilling
 - Minimum disruption (to road, rail or pedestrian traffic)
 - Usually cheaper
 - Usually quicker
 - Relatively environmentally friendly (e.g. reduced CO2 emissions)
 - Small footprint for work (only entry and exit points)
 - Looks extremely professional
 - No scarring


Wednesday, Nov 26, 2014
Agri Leader
Ready for a Florida agriculture test?
The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services just released "2013: Florida Agriculture by the Numbers," its 176-page report regarding the ag business in our state last year.
I'll save you the trouble of looking up the report yourself online by highlighting some of the most interesting findings here-and I'll make it fun with an interactive quiz. Unless otherwise indicated, the numbers refer to business in 2012. Here goes.
1. Florida's 47,500 farmers produce nearly __________ commodities.
a. 100
b. 300
c. 500
Answer: b. Those 300 commodities are produced on 9.25 million acres of land in the state.
2. Florida produced ______ of the total U.S. value for grapefruit.
a. 26%
b. 46%
c. 66%
Answer: c. That's a lot of grapefruit. In 2012, the state also produced 65 percent of the country's total value for oranges. Dan Sleep, a senior analyst at the state's Department of Agriculture, pointed out that farmers produce their various commodities despite a growing number of agricultural challenges, including hurricanes, freezes, droughts, pests, and international competition. "Each of these tests the skills and commitment of our agricultural industry, and each is overcome annually," said Sleep.
3. Which items had an increased value in 2012 compared with the previous year?
a. tomatoes, oranges and bananas
b. cucumbers, oranges and watermelon
c. tomatoes, sweet corn and watermelon
Answer: b. However, sweet corn, which is listed in item c, also had an increased value compared with 2011.
4. What percentage of Florida oranges were used in 2012 to make orange juice?
a. 96%
b. 52%
c. 33%
Answer: a. I used to wonder why I didn't find oranges "fresh from Florida" at the supermarket, until I learned that the orange business here is primarily for juices.
5. Florida's cash receipts from agriculture in 2011 totaled _________.
a. $4.78
b. $10.9
c. $8.26
Answer: c. That total is 5.4% higher compared to 2010 cash receipts. The leading ag items comprising that total were oranges, greenhouse/nursery and tomatoes.
6. Which agriculture item is a growing force in Florida's agriculture business?
a. avocadoes
b. pineapple
c. eggs
Answer: a. "Five years ago, avocado production appeared to be on the decline, shrinking from $17 million in sales to $12 million in 2007," Sleep said. "Now we've witnessed a complete reversal with a near doubling of cash receipts in 2011 of $25 million and strong gains in yields and production."
7. Where does Florida rank among all of the states for its total agricultural cash receipts in 2011?
a. 3b. 5
c. 17Answer: c. You're not the only one who's surprised. With all of the produce markets in which Florida leads the way, I thought for sure the state would have a higher ranking - not as high as California but certainly closer to it (California has the number one spot). However, it appears that states famous for their cattle and grain businesses, like Iowa, Texas, and Nebraska, lead them to have higher rankings. Florida is also second in the country for its vegetable cash receipts, but it's greatly overshadowed by California's numbers.
8. Ah, lucky 14. For which two ag items does Florida rank 14 out of all the states for its production?
a. honey and cattle
b. cotton and eggs
c. blueberries and potatoes
Answer: b. Who knew?!
9. Which county grew the largest number of citrus fruit in the 2011-2012 growing season?
a. Highlands
b. Martin
c. Polk
Answer: c. Polk also had the highest increase in citrus production compared to the previous growing season. Highlands County ranked second.
10. Which three items grown in the state decreased in value and production in 2012?
a. blueberries, strawberries, and tomatoes
b. onions, strawberries, and watermelon
c. cucumbers, snap beans, and blueberries
Answer: a. I find that intriguing as those three crops are traditionally big business here. However, I realize that weather and unique circumstances can play a huge role in changing year-to-year statistics.
So - how'd you do on the quiz?
I'll share more nuggets from "Florida Agriculture by the Numbers" in future columns.
Part of the Tribune family of products


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Click here to view an interactive map of the Northern Ireland dataset as currently collated by CEDaR.
The map is generated through the NBN Gateway using their Interactive Mapping Tool.
Coregonus autumnalis pollan Thompson
Pollan is a glacial relict of an Alaskan-Siberian whitefish species and is not found anywhere in Western Europe outside of Ireland. It is a good example of the importance of correct taxonomy in determining conservation importance. For most of the twentieth century, pollan was regarded as one or other of two coregonid species found in Britain. However, molecular studies in the 1970s showed conclusively that it was C. autumnalis, but that there were sufficient differences to regard it as a distinct subspecies C. a. pollan. In a recent revision, Kottelat has suggested that it should be designated as a full species C. pollan rather than a subspecies, which would make it an endemic Irish species. Further work is required to validate this proposal. Irrespective of its exact classification, pollan is one of the most unique elements of the Irish fauna. Pollan entered the Shannon system as a migratory fish at the end of the last Ice Age, some 14,000 years ago, and from there it spread to Loughs Erne and Neagh, all of which were interconnected in the period of glacial retreat. As the sea temperature and salinity increased, pollan lost its migratory habit and became restricted to freshwater. However, pollan have been found in the Erne estuary at Ballyshannon and downstream of Coleraine on the Lower River Bann. Since Neagh, Erne and Shannon (Ree and Derg) stocks have been isolated for over 10,000 years, undoubtedly genetic differences have evolved among them as a result of adaptation to local conditions and by genetic drift. There is also some evidence of distinct populations within Lough Neagh, presumably maintained as a result of natal homing to separate spawning areas.
Pollan is a silvery trout-shaped fish, with a dark greeny-blue back. Superficially, it resembles a herring but is easily recognised due to the presence of the diagnostic salmonid adipose fin, a small fleshy dorsal fin just in front of the tail.
Pollan spawn in December and January in shallow rocky areas of the loughs where wave action provides good oxygenation for the developing eggs. The young fish feed on animal plankton and on larger invertebrates as they grow older. $Mysis relicta$, a glacial relict crustacean, is an important food source in Lough Neagh, as are the abundant larvae of chironomid midges. Spawning takes place from about three years of age and individuals can generally live for about five years, although a seven-year-old has been recorded from Lower Lough Erne.
There are no similar freshwater species present in Ireland but two related whitefish species are found in Scotland, Cumbria, and Wales, although several populations of these have become extinct in recent decades.
How to see this species
Lough Neagh pollan are fished for commercially and can be seen as fishermen land their catches at various quays around the lough. They can be bought in some fish markets and shops during the fishing season (March to October). Pollan sometimes move down the Lower River Bann and they have been caught by anglers downstream of Coleraine.
Although still common in Lough Neagh, pollan is no longer found in Upper Lough Erne and has become very rare in Lower Lough Erne since the 1970s. It was abundant in Lough Erne in the early part of the twentieth century where it formed the subject of a substantial commercial fishery. Exploitation of Lough Neagh pollan is controlled by Fisheries Legislation, enforced by the Fisheries Conservancy Board Northern Ireland.
Why is this species a priority in Northern Ireland?
Pollan is not found anywhere else in Western Europe outside Ireland
Threats/Causes of decline
Pollan require water with a good level of oxygen and so eutrophication, due to nutrient enrichment, and climatic warming are major threats, especially in the deeper lakes where oxygenation due to wind-mixing is reduced. The other major threat is increase of non-native species such as pike, roach and zebra mussel, which have been linked to the decline in Lower Lough Erne, possibly as a result of predation and decline in zooplankton availability. The recent introduction of zebra mussel into Lough Neagh presents a serious threat to pollan in this lough.
Conservation of this species
An all-Ireland Species Action Plan was published in 2005. There is also a UK Species Action Plan which was published in 1995.
What you can do
Support the restoration of Northern Ireland lakes to high water quality status. Help prevent the further spread of zebra mussels within Lough Neagh.
Text written by:
Professor Andrew Ferguson

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Harbour (software)
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Harbour Project
Paradigm(s) multi-paradigm: imperative, functional, object-oriented, reflective
Appeared in 1999
Designed by Antonio Linares
Developer Viktor Szakáts and community
Stable release 3.0.0 (17 July 2011; 2 years ago (2011-07-17))
Preview release 3.2.0dev
Typing discipline optionally duck, dynamic, safe, partially strong
Dialects Clipper, Xbase++, FlagShip, FoxPro, xHarbour
Influenced by dBase, Clipper
Influenced xHarbour
OS Cross-platform
License Open source GPL Compatible
Usual filename extensions.prg,.ch,.hb,.hbp
Website _URL_
Harbour is a modern computer programming language, primarily used to create database/business programs. It is a modernized, open sourced and cross-platform version of the older and largely DOS-only Clipper system, which in turn developed from the dBase database market of the 1980s and 90s.
Harbour code using the same databases can be compiled under a wide variety of platforms, including DOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix variants, several BSD descendants, Mac OS X, MINIX 3, Windows CE, Pocket PC, Symbian, iOS, Android, QNX, VxWorks, OS/2/eComStation, BeOS/Haiku, AIX.
The idea of a free software Clipper compiler had been floating around for a long time and the subject has often cropped up in discussion on comp.lang.clipper. Antonio Linares founded the Harbour project and the implementation was started in March, 1999. The name "Harbour" was proposed by Linares, it is a play on a Clipper as a type of ship. Harbour is a synonym for port (where ships dock), and Harbour is a port of the Clipper language.
In 2009 Harbour was substantially redesigned, mainly by Viktor Szakáts and Przemyslaw Czerpak.
Database support[edit]
Harbour extends the Clipper Replaceable Database Drivers (RDD) approach. It offers multiple RDDs such as DBF, DBFNTX, DBFCDX, DBFDBT and DBFFPT. In Harbour multiple RDDs can be used in a single application, and new logical RDDs can be defined from combination of other RDDs. The RDD architecture allows for inheritance, so that a given RDD may extend the functionality of other existing RDD(s). Third-party RDDs, like RDDSQL, RDDSIX, RMDBFCDX, Advantage Database Server, and Mediator exemplify some of the RDD architecture features. DBFNTX implementation has almost same functionality of DBFCDX and RDDSIX. NETIO and LetoDB[1] provide remote access over TCP protocol.
Harbour also offers ODBC support by means of an OOP syntax, and ADO support by means of OLE. MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Firebird, Oracle are examples of databases which Harbour can connect.
xBase technologies often is confused with a RDBMS software. Although this is true, xBase is more than a simple database system as the same time xBase languages using purely DBF can not provide full concept of a real RDBMS.[citation needed]
Programming philosophy[edit]
Unlike Java which is intended to be write once, run anywhere, Harbour aims to be write once, compile anywhere. As the same compiler is available for all of the above operating systems, there is no need for recoding to produce identical products for different platforms, except when operating system dependent features are used. Cross-compiling is supported with MinGW. Under Microsoft Windows, Harbour is more stable but less well-documented than Clipper, but has multi-platform capability and is more transparent, customizable and can run from a USB flash drive.
Under Linux and Windows Mobile, Clipper source code can be compiled with Harbour with very little adaptation. Most software originally written to run on Xbase++, Flagship, FoxPro, xHarbour and others dialects can be compiled with Harbor with some adaptation. As 2010 many efforts have been made to turn the transition from other xBase dialects easier.
Harbour can use the following C compilers, among others: GCC, MinGW, Clang, ICC, Microsoft Visual C++ (6.0+), Borland C++, Watcom C, Pelles C and Sun Studio.
Harbour can make use of multiple Graphic Terminal emulations, including console drivers, and Hybrid Console/GUIs, such as GTWvt, and GTWvg.
Harbour supports external GUIs, free (e.g. HBQt, HWGui, MiniGUI (latest version based on Qt) and QtContribs) and commercial (e.g. FiveWin, Xailer). HBQt is a library provinding bindings to Qt. HBIDE application is a sample of HBQt potencial.
Harbour is 100% Clipper-compatible[2] and supports many language syntax extensions including greatly extended run-time libraries such as OLE, Blat, OpenSSL, FreeImage, GD, hbtip, hbtpathy, PCRE, hbmzip (zlib), hbbz2 (bzip2), cURL, Cairo, its own implementation of CA-Tools, updated NanFor libraries and many others. Harbour has an active development community and extensive third party support.
Any xBase language provides a very productive way to build business and data intensive applications. Harbour is not an exception.
Macro Operator (runtime compiler)[edit]
One of the most powerful features of xBase languages is the Macro Operator '&'. Harbour's implementation of the Macro Operator allows for runtime compilation of any valid Harbour expression. Such a compiled expression may be used as a VALUE, i.e. the right side of an assignment (rvalue), but more interestingly, such a compiled expression may be used to resolve the left side (lvalue) of an assignment, i.e. PRIVATE, or PUBLIC variables, or a database FIELD.
Additionally, the Macro Operator may compile and execute function calls, complete assignments, or even list of arguments, and the result of the macro may be used to resolve any of the above contexts in the compiled application. In other words, any Harbour application may be extended and modified at runtime to compile and execute additional code on-demand.
Latest Macro compiler can compile any valid Harbour code including code to pre-process before compile.
 &(... )
The text value of the expression '...' will be compiled, and the value resulting from the execution of the compiled code is the result.
is the short form for &( SomeId ).
is the short form of &( SomeId + "postfix" ).
Object Oriented Programming[edit]
Programming in an OOP style is a broader issue than a specific library or a specific interface, but OOP programming is something many Clipper programmers have come to expect. CA-Clipper 5.2 and especially 5.3 added a number of base classes, and a matching OOP syntax. Libraries such as Class(y), Fivewin, Clip4Win, and TopClass provide additional OOP functionality.
Harbour has OOP extensions with full support for classes including inheritance, based on Class(y) syntax. OOP syntax in Harbour is very similar to that of earlier Clipper class libraries so it should be possible to maintain legacy Clipper code with minimal changes.
Syntax and semantics[edit]
Harbour code on HBIDE.
Harbour as every xBase language is case insensitive and can optionally accept keywords written just by first four characters.
Built-in data types[edit]
Harbour has 6 scalar types : Nil, String, Date, Logical, Number, Pointer, and 4 complex types: Array, Object, CodeBlock, and Hash. A scalar holds a single value, such as a string, number, or reference to any other type. Arrays are ordered lists of scalars or complex types, indexed by number, starting at 1. Hashes, or associative arrays, are unordered collections of any type values indexed by their associated key, which may be of any scalar or complex type.
Literal (static) representation of scalar types:
 - Nil: NIL
 - String: "hello", 'hello', [hello]
 - Date: 0d20100405
 - Logical:.T.,.F.
 - Number: 1, 1.1, −1, 0xFF
Complex Types may also be represent as literal values:
 - Array: { "String", 1, { "Nested Array" },.T., FunctionCall(), _USER_() }
 - CodeBlock: { |Arg1, ArgN| Arg1 := ArgN + OuterVar + FunctionCall() }
 - Hash: { "Name" => "John", 1 => "Numeric key", { "Nested" => "Hash" } }
Hashes may use any type including other Hashes as the Key for any element. Hashes and Arrays may contain any type as the Value of any member, including nesting arrays, and Hashes.
Codeblocks may have references to Variables of the Procedure/Function>method in which it was defined. Such Codeblocks may be returned as a value, or by means of an argument passed BY REFERENCE, in such case the Codeblock will "outlive" the routine in which it was defined, and any variables it references, will be a DETACHED variable.
Detached variables will


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The Tamarian language was the spoken language of the Tamarians. The Tamarians spoke entirely by metaphor, referencing mythological and historical people and events from their culture. As a result, Federation universal translators – although they could successfully translate the individual words and sentence structure – were unable to convey the symbolic meaning they represented. Without prior knowledge of the Tamarians' history and legends, a word-by-word translation was of no use to someone attempting to communicate with them. This language barrier led to isolation of the Tamarian people after all attempts at communication had failed.
For example, instead of asking for cooperation, they would use a phrase such as "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra", because their culture's stories include a tale of two Tamarians, Darmok and Jalad, who were brought together while fighting a common foe on an island called Tanagra. The problem with communicating in this fashion is that without understanding the meaning of the reference, the metaphor becomes meaningless. While explaining the structure of the language, Deanna Troi gave the example that "Juliet on her balcony" could be used to describe a romantic situation, but it is impossible to understand if the listener does not know who Juliet is, or why she was on the balcony. (TNG: "Darmok")
Some examples of the Tamarian language:
- "Children of Tama" - Tamarian
- "Darmok on the ocean" - loneliness, isolation
- "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra" - cooperation
- "The beast at Tanagra" - a problem to be overcome
- "Kadir beneath Mo Moteh" - failure to communicate/understand
- "Kiteo, his eyes closed" - refusal to understand
- "Temba, his arms wide/open" - signifying a gift
- "Temba, at rest" - when a gift being offered is declined
- "Mirab, with sails unfurled" - signifying departure/engines to full/fleeing
- "Shaka, when the walls fell" - failure
- "Sokath, his eyes uncovered/opened" - understanding/realization
- "The river Temarc in winter" - be quiet/silence
- "Zinda, his face black, his eyes red" - anger or conflict, also can indicate pain or discomfort
- "Rai and Jiri at Lungha. Rai of Lowani. Lowani under two moons. Jiri of Ubaya. Ubaya of crossroads, at Lungha. Lungha, her sky gray" - greeting between two different cultures/races
- "Uzani, his army with fists open" - to lure the enemy towards you by spreading your forces
- "Uzani, his army with fists closed" - to close rank and attack after luring the enemy
- "Kira at Bashi" - to tell a story
- "Picard and Dathon at El-Adrel" - successful first contact between two alien cultures, or to work toward a common goal
These phrases and idioms were often attenuated in conversation: "Shaka, when the walls fell" was heard shortened to "Shaka"; others followed a similar pattern.
Dathon also used "Kalimash, at Bahar" after experiencing pain in his shoulder, signalling to Picard with a hand wave associated with "stay back", or perhaps meaning "I feel better now" or "the pain is gone".
The first officer said "Kalesh, when it rises!" when the Enterprise tried to beam Picard back up and Riker tried to inform them that their own captain was under attack by the entity. Since the result was that the Tamarians closed the channel, it may have meant something along the lines of "Let them figure it out by themselves."
Background information Edit
In one scene where Picard attempts to treat a wounded Dathon, the Tamarian says "Kiazi's children, their faces wet". It is unclear what Dathon means by this, although (since Dathon is trying to shoo Picard away from caring for his injuries at the time) it may allude to children crying for no reason; the Tamarian may be saying that Picard should not worry or feel sad, as nothing could be done. It might also mean that Dathon knew he was dying, as Kiazi's children apparently knew, since Picard was trying to find out the extent of Dathon's injuries at the time.
The Tamarian language is explored further in the short story "Friends with the Sparrows" from the TNG anthology The Sky's the Limit. In the story, it is explained that Tamarians have a fundamentally different brain structure to most humanoids, and as such experience concepts such as time and self differently.
The story explains that Tamarian children learn the stories behind the metaphors, and thus their meanings, through enactment and repetition. Variations of meaning in metaphors were conveyed through subtle vocal and gestural cues that the universal translator had previously missed. In fields such as engineering and programming, a musical language was used to convey precise equations, numbers and instructions; thus explaining how Tamarians could effectively operate starships.


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Accessing the file system and modifying files with Xill is usually pretty easy and straightforward. Every function is included in the File package.
Moving files aroundSimple modifications of the file structure can be done with the following functions:
They all need one or two full or relative paths as parameters. Moving can be done with a copy and delete. File.delete() works on files as well as folders.
There are several options to gather information about files and folders. They only need the path of the folder/file as parameter:
- File.getSize(path); returns filesize in bytes
- File.iterateFiles(path); returns an iterable with all complete paths of the files in that folder.
- File.iterateFolders(path); returns an iterable with all complete paths of the folders in that folder.
Notes about iterateFiles() and iterateFolders()
These functions can be given an extra boolean parameter (the default is false), which makes the function return every descendant instead of only the direct children. And, for performance reasons, the return type is not a list but an iterable. This means that the resulting items will only be actually loaded in a foreach() loop. For more information about these variables, check the variable types or the collections tutorial.
Opening and saving files
The general functions for this are:
- File.getText(path); returns the text from a text document
- File.save(path); saves a string to the specified path.
- File.appendTo(path,content); appends the string value of 'content' to the file at specified path. creates the file if it doesn't exist yet.
Running a file
It's also possible to execute a program from a robot with System.exec(arguments,directory); Example:
use System; var temp_path = "D:/temp"; var result = System.exec(["cmd.exe", "/C", "mkdir batchtest_temp"],temp_path); System.print(result);
This calls a command prompt at the location 'temp_path' and executes the command to create a directory. Any commandline program can be used from a robot this way, to extend the functionality of Xill endlessly.
Other file system usage
There are more functions communicating with the file system, like Excel.loadWorkbook() and Web.download(). These should all be addressed in tutorials specifically about the relevant subjects. File.extractText is also in the File package, and worth trying, but not core functionality in communicating with the file system.
If you missed anything, please click 'no' below and create a ticket. We'll get back to you quickly.


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About the Author
My work currently involves developing weldable high strength bainitic steels for use as armour, before this I did various other things with steel and nickel alloys (mostly steel!). Some details of those things can be found here.
My name is Mathew Peet, I have a webpage at mathewpeet.org which has some more of my stuff.
About Bainite – potted history
Bainite is a microstructure of steel that forms at temperatures intermediate between the formation of pearlite and martensite in many steels. First discovered by Davenport and Bain who conducted a series of isothermal transformation experiments.
Historically there has been much discussion in the literature about the mechanism of transformation of bainite, with opinions varying from it being very similar to pearlite, to it being similar to martensite. Results of Ko and Cottrell showed that bainite exhibited a surface relief consistant with a martensitic transformation mechanism. Shortly after Matas and Hehemann introduced the concept of a sub-unit mechanism to explain the apparant inconsistancy between the slow speed of transformation and the high speed the interface would be expected to move.
Microstructures formed as a result of continuous cooling or by welding are often very complex and this leads to lots of scope for errors in identification of microstructures. This leads to more confusion over the appearance of the microstructure an an urge to classify constituents by appearance rather than transformation mechanism.
Generally bainitic ferrite forms austenite as plates before carbon is partitioned to the austenite. Carbide precipitation can also take place either within the ferrite or between the plates of ferrite due to supersaturation. This distinguishes upper-bainite and lower-bainite.
If transformation occurs without the formation of carbides the volume fraction of bainite forming will be limited by thermodynamics. Once the carbon in the austenite reaches a concentration were any new bainite that formed would have the same energy as the parent austenite. This is the 'incomplete transformation' and 'T-zero concept'.
You can find more information on the phase transformations and complex properties group's page about bainite.
About the blog
I thought It would be useful and fun for me to write this blog. Personally my aim is to develop better writing habits and to document some of the things I think about to render them useful. So far posts have included simple calculations, experimental results, discussion of what is happening in the world, and an attempt to model the revenue of James Bond movies using neural networks.
For the blog I would like to discuss about metallurgy and science and related topics, in the end everything depends on metallurgy so topics may become quite wide reaching at times. From time to time I may persuade other people to contribute to the blog too. Please feel welcome to the site and feel free to leave feedback on the posts, let me know what you want to read about.
This blog now has a companion blog _URL_ who knows what will happen there.
Podcasts should be available by subscribing to this RSS Feed.


When setting up the Techdinamics Desktop Client, you might want to use a Generic USB scale to calculate the weight on the packing line.
Differently from specific scales (detailed here), Generic USB scales can be used, but it requires a few additional setup steps.
To set the scale up, you can follow the steps in this short video, or with the step-by-step instructions below.
To set up the Generic USB scale you will have to:
1. Access the Settings tab in the Techdinamics Desktop Client
2. Select Generic USB Scale from the Scale Model Dropdown
3. Complete the Scale Vendor ID (VID) and Scale Product ID (PID)*
4. Press Save to confirm the changes
* To obtain the Scale Vendor ID and Scale Product ID, you will have to:
1. Press the Windows Start menu button
2. Type "Device Manager" in the search bar and open it
3. Expand Human Interface Devices (HID)
4. Right Click in your USB Scale option and select Properties
5. Select the Details tab and obtain the information from the text


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THE PROBLEM OF HERMAN'S COURT
In his article, the author offers a new solution to the problem of the character of the court that processed and acquitted Veronika Desenice, the second wife of Count Friderik II of Celje, on account of witchcraft and poisoning in 1425. Friderik's father, Count Herman, subsequently vented his rage on the young daughter-in-law, first by bringing her to trial and later by executing her extrajudicially. Up to now researchers have believed that the process took place in a secular court. However, the content of the charge, as presented in the only source, the Chronicles of the Counts of Celje from the mid – 15th century, shows that the case probably did not fit in the context of secular but rather church judicature.
"THIS WILL BE A RED-LETTER DAY IN THE HISTOR Y OF OUR READING SOCIETY."
The First Decade of the Reading Society in Kranj
The reading society in Kranj was established on the 29th January 1863 as the eighth in a series of national societies that followed the model of the National Reading Society in Ljubljana. Regional government verified the reading society's regulations on the 16th December 1862 (these were amended at the end of 1866). The society started organizing cultural events called "besede". By the end of 1863 it had 113 members. The society moved from the original temporary location into Mayr's house, in which the Kazina society had been located since 1846, and marked this occasion with a celebration on the 16th August 1863 (one of the celebrations took place at the grave of the poet France Prešeren). On the 13th September the society organized the first outing and organized a reception for members of the Južni sokol (Southern Falcon) society from Ljubljana on the 29th of June 1864. On this occasion, a musical performance took place in the society's reading room. On the 20th August 1864 a branch of Južni sokol was founded. Following the example of the society in Ljubljana, it engaged in charitable activities (for the poor from Notranjska, victims of fire in Stražišče and poor school children). The society organized a solemn burial of Simon Jenko in 1869 and initiated raising a tombstone in his memory (it was uveiled in September 1873). In the 1870s enthusiasm for participation in the society waned. After a few years, however, the number of members began to rise again.
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL LEGISLATION UNDER THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY IN THE YEARS _PHONE_
The author uses Official Journals from the years _PHONE_ and contemporary literature to show the main stages in the development of legislation concerning the care for the poor and the protection of workers. She presents the provisions of the homeland law with respect to care for the poor and the care duties whose implementation was imposed on the municipalities. The article features the statute from the 25th March 1883 that endorsed state financial support for people in need. The statute is compared to the Law from the 27th December 1902 that granted state aid for the mitigation of poverty. The article continues with an overview of labour protection legislation under the monarchy, after the development of industry and employment of a large number of new workers resulted in a completely new relationship between employers and workers. The development of this relationship is reflected in the provisions of the Craft Order and its amendment to the act. The article also presents in detail legislation from the field of worker protection. Accident insurance for industrial workers in the Austrian half of the monarchy was introduced with the law from the 28th December 1887, the first socialprotection law in Austria. A health insurance law followed one year later. In Prekmurje, which was in the Hungarian part of the monarchy, Hungarian legislation introduced the same regulations in 1891 (Hungary reformed compulsory health insurance in 1907).
"JEWISH SLAUGHTERERS MURDER CHRISTIAN MAIDSERVANT ESTERA SOLLYMOSSY"
Jewish ritual murder
The article deals with the murder of the 14-year-old maidservant Ester Sollymossy, which was allegedly perpetrated by Jews, including their rabbi, in Tisza-Eszlar in Hungary. This murder further strengthened the already wide-spread anti-Semitism among the people; the author analysed reports on the incident in the five major Slovene newspapers of the time in order to determine the level of anti-Semitism in Slovenia at the time. From the first short news items that appeared in June 1882, to the end of one of the most resonant trials of the decade in 1883, newspapers featured many short and long articles about the affair; Slovene newspapers, in particular the central Catholic daily Slovenec, did not hide their anti-Jewish orientation.
SILENT HEROES OF THE GREAT WAR
Horses, Dogs, Pigeons and Other Animals on the First World War Front
The First World War, with its multitudinous and diverse employment of animals for the purposes of war, surpassed all armed engagements to that time. The cavalry in that era was experiencing a decline. Despite being a military branch with a dazzling past, it had an uncertain future and was relegated to the edge of the battlefield. The horses, on the other hand, were harnessed into the military logistic apparatus to a much greater degree. During the First World War, the elegant horse, despite its motorized competition, pulled or packed thousands of tons of war material and personnel. The transport departments were additionally complemented with less high-strung, but more stubborn first-class pack animals: the mules, the adorable and sturdy donkeys, the strong oxen and other animals. If horses were the most numerous, dogs were employed most diversely. Thus they would save wounded soldiers, carry messages, go on patrol, and protect objects and soldiers in trenches. Pigeons surpassed dogs when it came to carrying messages, until darkness or fog descended upon the battlefield. Some animals only made the lives of the soldiers more miserable. The louse and the rat are synonyms for trench combat. Others again reawakened often forgotten love, warmth and compassion in the soldiers.
"SHE HAD COME TO KNOW CUPID BEFORE SHE MET THE REGISTRAR."
Slovene and Italian Authors Dealing with Problems of Sexuality in the Bourgeois Era
The article deals with the differences in the treatment of sexual practices that existed between works that were published in central Slovenian regions and works that were published in Trieste, Koper, Gorizia and Reka during the bourgeois era. These were mostly written by Italian-speaking authors, who wrote about topics such as women sexuality, masturbation, sex education and sexual diseases with no major constraint. They were able to do so because they had come to realize that ignorance did not help protect morality and that it was no longer possible to keep quiet, given the alarming rate with which sexual diseases spread. While Italian writers openly supported birth control, the use of condoms, education of the young and strict hygiene in brothels, their Slovene counterparts adhered to moral teachings and complicated terminology that referred to the subject matter only indirectly. Slovene and Italian writers shared only the similarly uncompromising attitude towards masturbation; however, even here the two sides differed in their approach: Italian authors talked openly about the phenomenon and threatened every possible and impossible consequence that might deter individuals from performing it, while Slovene authors preferred simply to avoid this problem.
"DESPONDENCY HAS BEN A THING OF THE PAST SINCE I SUBSCRIBED TO ŽENSKI SVET (WOMEN'S WORLD)"
The magazine Ženski svet (Women's World) represents an important part of the Slovene women's movement between the world wars. Although it never styled itself as a feminist magazine, its authors included the most progressive publicists of the time (Angela Vode, Marja Bošnik, Lojzka Štebi) and writers (Dora Gruden, Milena Mohorič, Marijana Kokalj Željeznova, Erna Muser, Milica Ostrouška, etc.). Among Slovene magazines that addressed mostly women readers, Ženski svet had the longest life-span in the period between the world wars. It addressed both rural and urban women and was also popular because of its fashion supplement with dress patterns. Once university-educated Slovene women started writing for the magazine, it became more interesting even for educated women. The authors addressed topical themes, which resulted in heated debates (discussions about the right to abortion in 1936, about celibacy for woman teachers, the marriage crisis and prostitution). Of all women's activities between the world wars, the magazine Ženski svet probably most directly reflected the efforts and the necessary compromises that those women faced who could no longer accept the role of silent social observers.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SLOVENE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DURING THE "FIRST" RECESSION
After the first quarter of 2009 Slovenia officially entered the recession that was the result of the global financial and economic crisis. This was the first recession since our country started transformation recovery in 1993. It resulted in lower levels of economic activity, collapse of companies and a high unemployment rate. In his article, the author sheds light on developments in Slovene entrepreneurship during the "first" recession, which, however, did not have


Linux Today: Linux News On Internet Time.
More on LinuxToday
Sorting Perl Lists And Removing Duplicates On Linux Or Unix
Sep 05, 2008, 04:32 (0 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Mike Tremell)
[ Thanks to Mike Golvach for this link. ]
"From yesterday's posts on list permutations you can basically understand, even if you didn't run the code, how very many different combinations of 6 numbers there can be, when duplication is not a factor (i.e. 1, 2, 3 is different than 3, 2, 1). In our case, given our Objective, we would want those number lists, in parentheses above, to be considered equal. So how do we go about that?"
Complete Story
Related Stories:


text:
Twin Otter Platform Info
An important component of the 2006 experiment will be a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) deployed on a NOAA Twin Otter aircraft for remote sensing of local and regional ozone and aerosol distribution. Previous field studies have benefitted greatly from airborne measurements of ozone and aerosol profiles to characterize the threedimensional structure of pollution plumes and measure variability in mixing layer height (Alvarez et al, 1998, Senff et al, 1998, Banta et al, 1998, Banta et al, 2005). Airborne remote sensing enables tracking of plumes from urban areas and point sources, identification of isolated regions and layers of high ozone concentration, observations of atmospheric layering as characterized by aerosol structure, and investigation of local meteorological effects such as sea breezes and urban heat islands on pollution transport and mixing.
Inclusion of a remote sensing aircraft will also provide information on the three-dimensional representativeness of in situ observations made on the WP-3D and other aircraft during those periods when the flight tracks of the two aircraft sample the same region.
New ozone/aerosol instrumentation will be mounted on the NOAA DeHavilland Twin Otter. The NOAA remote sensing aircraft will be based at Ellington Field and will fly unpressurized at approximately 3-4 km above ground level for missions extending over approximately four to five hours. Relevant operating specifications for the aircraft during the experiment are expected to be as follows:
- Ground speed: 65 m s-1
- Endurance: 4-5 hours
- Range: 550 nm
- Over-water capability
- Capability for multiple flights/day


text:
For a test of open-mindedness, see Essay:Quantifying Openmindedness.
Saying someone lacks an open mind is often used pejoratively, for example, "Don't be pro-life/pro-marriage/pro-abstinence, be open-minded. In this context, "open minded" simply means considering a certain viewpoint.
- "It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it." (Aristotle)


Journals Higher Education
20 May 1999
328 Pages
6-1/8 x 9-1/4 inches
ISBN: 9780195128215
Also Available As:
Bookseller Code (06)
Accidental Logics
Carolyn Hughes Tuohy
What drives change in health care systems? Why do certain changes occur in some nations and not in others? Author Carolyn Hughes Tuohy argues that the answer lies in understanding the "accidents" of history that have shaped national systems at critical moments, and in the distinctive "logics" of these systems. Tuohy looks at the experiences of Britain, Canada, and the US, offering an international comparative study of public policy systems, as well as a recent history of the circumstances in each country that have impacted on the structures of each's national health care system. The guiding focus of the book is Tuohy's study of decision making systems in each country, looking at the decisions made by those who provide, finance, and use health care services. Finally, Tuohy reviews current issues in the health care arenas of these three nations and provides suggestions to guide the strategic judgments that decision-makers must make.


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Section 28-55 Merit System
(a) Principles. The town shall embrace the following merit system principles in administering its personnel program:
- Applicants and employees shall be assured of fair treatment in all aspects of personnel administration without regard for political affiliation, religious creed, sex, national origin, color or race. Individuals shall likewise be treated with proper regard for their privacy and constitutional rights as citizens.
- Employees shall be recruited, selected, trained and advanced on the basis of their relative ability, knowledge and skill.
- Employees shall be retained on the basis of the adequacy of their performance. They shall be guided in ways to correct inadequate performance and separated when inadequate performance cannot be corrected.
- Employees shall be protected against coercion for partisan political purposes.
- Employees shall receive equitable and adequate pay and benefits and eligible employees shall receive merit pay increases based on the quality of their performance, subject to the availability of funds.
(b) Merit salary increases. Pay increases may be granted to deserving regular full-time employees in accordance with the following provisions:
- When the employee holds a permanent appointment with the town, i.e., the employee satisfactorily completes the required probationary period.
- When such an increase will not exceed the maximum salary rate for the class of his position.
- When a year of continuous service has elapsed.
- When the work of the employee exceeds the standards established for satisfactory or average performance.
- When the employee is recommended for a merit salary increase by his department head. It shall be the responsibility of the department head to periodically (at least annually) counsel with his employees with regard to work quality, dependability, attitude, attendance and punctuality, and to suggest ways and means of improving same (where appropriate). The town manager shall be responsible for establishing an appropriate system for implementing this merit provision and to see that it is carried out in a responsible manner.
(Ord. of March 12, 1991, art. II, § 5)


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May 7, 2012 Sauropod dinosaurs could in principle have produced enough of the greenhouse gas methane to warm the climate many millions of years ago, at a time when Earth was warm and wet. That's according to calculations reported in the May 8th issue of Current Biology, a Cell Press publication.
The hulking sauropods, distinctive for their enormous size and unusually long necks, were widespread about 150 million years ago. As in cows, methane-producing microbes aided the sauropods' digestion by fermenting their plant food.
"A simple mathematical model suggests that the microbes living in sauropod dinosaurs may have produced enough methane to have an important effect on the Mesozoic climate," said Dave Wilkinson of Liverpool John Moores University. "Indeed, our calculations suggest that these dinosaurs could have produced more methane than all modern sources -- both natural and man-made -- put together."
Wilkinson and study coauthor Graeme Ruxton from the University of St Andrews were studying sauropod ecology when a question dawned on them: If modern cows produce enough methane gas to be of interest to climate scientists, what about sauropods? They teamed up with methane expert Euan Nisbet at the University of London to work out the numbers.
"Clearly, trying to estimate this for animals that are unlike anything living has to be a bit of an educated guess," Wilkinson said.
Animal physiologists have studied methane production from a range of modern animals to derive equations that predict methane production from animals of different sizes. It turns out that those calculations depend only on the total mass of the animals in question. A medium-sized sauropod weighed something like 20,000 kilograms, and sauropods lived in densities ranging from a few large adults to a few tens of individuals per square kilometer.
Wilkinson, Ruxton, and Nisbet therefore calculate global methane emissions from sauropods to have been 520 million tons (520 Tg) per year, comparable to total modern methane emissions. Before industry took off on modern Earth about 150 years ago, methane emissions were roughly 200 Tg per year. By comparison, modern ruminant animals, including cows, goats, giraffes, and others, produce methane emission of 50 to 100 Tg per year.
The study's conclusions not only show "just how strange and wonderful the workings of the planet are" but also serve as a useful reminder for the importance of microbes and methane for global climate, the researchers say.
Journal reference: Wilkinson et al.: "Could methane produced by sauropod dinosaurs have helped drive Mesozoic climate warmth?"
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


The mythical tall cedar in Lebanon (Ezek 31:3-31:5)
"Consider a cedar
Of Lebanon!
It has fair branches.
It has forest shade.
It has great height.
Its top is
Among the clouds.
The waters nourished it.
The deep made it
Grow tall.
Its rivers flow
Around the place
It was planted,
Sending forth
Its streams
To all the trees
of the forest.
So it towered high
Above all the trees
Of the forest.
Its boughs grew large.
Its branches were long
From abundant water
In its shoots."
Yahweh, via Ezekiel, compared Egypt to a tall cedar tree in Lebanon. This majestic tree had fair branches in a forest shade. It was extremely tall so that its top reached into the clouds. Ezekiel seems to be referring to an ancient Babylonian myth about the deep abyss or a dragon from the watery chaos that made trees grow tall. Thus they would enter the heaven of the gods in the clouds. The nourishing water from this deep abyss made this cedar tree grow tall. Streams from this water abyss flowed all around the place where this tree was planted. Even the other trees in the forest were able to grow because of this water. Nevertheless, this high cedar tree towered over all the other trees in the forest, because it had large long branches, due to the abundance of water in its shoots.


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Aggies for decades have considered the tree famous. Now, the Texas Forest Service (TFS) agrees that the "Century Tree" in the heart of the Texas A&M University campus warrants "Famous Tree of Texas" designation.
Better known on campus as the "Century Tree," the stately live oak dominates a large section of Texas A&M's Academic Plaza where one of the campus' most identifiable landmark buildings also stands.
No one knows exactly how old the tree is, but consensus is that it dates back to about 1900 — not too long after the 1876 opening of Texas A&M as the state's first public institution of higher learning. Many of its branches have grown so long and become so heavy that they now rest on the ground.
The Century Tree has extra special meaning to hundreds of Aggies who over decades have proposed to their fiancés in the pathway that runs between some of its drooping branches. More often than not, the young man proposing to his bride-to-be is a member of the Corps of Cadets.
The "Famous Tree of Texas" designation is reserved for "an elite group of trees that have 'witnessed exciting times in Texas frontier history' and are alive today," Gretchen Riley, the program's coordinator, said in a letter notifying Texas A&M President R. Bowen Loftin of the campus tree's inclusion in the select list.
Riley, staff forester for the Texas Forest Service, which is a member of The Texas A&M University System, explained that TFS initially included 87 "famous trees" in a book published in 1970.
"Sadly, Texas has lost many of these historic trees to the ravages of time," she noted "Only 56 remain."
The Century Tree is one of only three trees added to the registry in the past 40 years, Riley said. She added it is the only formally designated "Famous Tree of Texas" located in the heart of a campus but pointed out that another, dubbed the "Kissing Oak," is on land owned and utilized by Texas State University in San Marcos.
Riley said photos and information about the trees in the TFS registry can be accessed at _URL_, with a picture of the Century Tree and its story soon to be added.
Although the Century Tree is the only tree on the Texas A&M campus with formal TFS designation, there are scores of others with special meanings to Aggies and family members and friends of deceased former students. Twelve live oaks have been plants along a thoroughfare near the Bonfire Memorial to honor the memories of the 12 Aggies who died as a result of the collapse of the bonfire stack during construction in 1999. Also, the university's main drill field has traditionally been encircled by live oaks planted in memory of the 53 Aggies who died in combat during World War I. They were planted 90 years ago and, in 2008 university personnel replaced 25 that had died over a period of several years.
In all, more than 10,000 trees grace Texas A&M's 5,200-acre campus — one of the largest campuses in the nation.


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A Correct, Precise and Efficient Integration of Set-Sharing, Freeness and Linearity for the Analysis of Finite and Rational Tree Languages (TR)
Patricia M. Hill
Abstract:It is well-known that freeness and linearity information positively interact with aliasing information, therefore allowing both the precision and the efficiency of the sharing analysis of logic programs to be improved. In this paper we present a novel combination of set-sharing with freeness and linearity information, which is characterized by an improved abstract unification operator. We provide a new abstraction function and prove the correctness of the analysis for both the finite tree and the rational tree cases. Moreover, we show that the same notion of redundant information as identified in also applies to this abstract domain combination: this allows for the implementation of an abstract unification operator running in polynomial time and achieving the same precision on all the considered observable properties.
Available: PDF, 300 DPI, 600 DPI, and 1200 DPI PostScript, DVI, BibTeX entry.
[Page last updated on February 28, 2003, 17:44:23.]
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Convergent Lagrangian heuristics for nonlinear minimum cost network flows
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2008
We consider the separable nonlinear and strictly convex single-commodity network flow problem (SSCNFP). We develop a computational scheme for generating a primal feasible solution from any Lagrangian dual vector; this is referred to as "early primal recovery". It is motivated by the desire to obtain a primal feasible vector before convergence of a Lagrangian scheme; such a vector is not available from a Lagrangian dual vector unless it is optimal. The scheme is constructed such that if we apply it from a sequence of Lagrangian dual vectors that converge to an optimal one, then the resulting primal (feasible) vectors converge to the unique optimal primal flow vector. It is therefore also a convergent Lagrangian heuristic, akin to those primarily devised within the field of combinatorial optimization but with the contrasting and striking advantage that it is guaranteed to yield a primal optimal solution in the limit. Thereby we also gain access to a new stopping criterion for any Lagrangian dual algorithm for the problem, which is of interest in particular if the SSCNFP arises as a subproblem in a more complex model. We construct instances of convergent Lagrangian heuristics that are based on graph searches within the residual graph, and therefore are efficiently implementable; in particular we consider two shortest path based heuristics that are based on the optimality conditions of the original problem. Numerical experiments report on the relative efficiency and accuracy of the various schemes. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


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I know that 2 is a residue of primes of the form $8n+1$ and $8n+7$ and so on. I want to find a purely group theoretic or field theoretic proof of these statements.
For example, for 8n+1, the multiplicative group is of the order of 8 and so there exists an element of order 8, j. Then $(j + 1/j)^2 = 2$. Similarly for $8n+5$, there is an element of order 4, $i$ and if 2 had a residue, we could construct j such that $j^2 = i$ and therefore there is an element of order 8 which is impossible.
What I am not getting stuck on is finding something that differentiates a field of the order $8n+7$ from something of the form $8n+3$. This is how I proved the last 2 cases(there either exists or does not exist something of order 8).
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Is that a homework? – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 7:38
Voted to close. – Mark Sapir May 31 '13 at 8:59
The title asks about $-2$, the body doesn't. Anyway, voting to migrate to m.se – Gerry Myerson Jul 19 '13 at 0:26
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migrated from mathoverflow.net Jul 19 '13 at 2:25
This question came from our site for professional mathematicians.
1 Answer
I'm not sure that this is what you want, but I'll try anyway.
If $p$ is an odd prime, then $8\mid p^2-1$, so when $p\not\equiv1\pmod8$ we have the element $j$ in the extension field $\mathbb{F}_{p^2}$. The zeros of the eighth cyclotomic polynomial are $$ \phi_8(x)=x^4+1=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x-j^5)(x-j^7)=(x-j)(x-j^3)(x+j)(x+j^3). $$
We can say something extra about the minimal polynomial of $j$ over the prime field in these cases. This is because by the Galois theory of finite fields the other zero is the Frobenius conjugate $j^p$. So if $p\equiv 3\pmod 8$, then the minimal polynomial of $j$ is $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^3)=x^2-ax-j^4=x^2-ax-1.$$ The other factor of $\phi_8(x)$ modulo $p$ is then $m(-x)=x^2+ax+1$. Vanishing of the quadratic term $-2-a^2$ of $m(x)m(-x)$ implies that $a^2=-2$. But here $a=j+j^3=j-1/j$, so in this case you have $(j-1/j)^2=-2$.
On the other hand, if $p\equiv7\pmod8$, then $$m(x)=(x-j)(x-j^p)=(x-j)(x-j^7)=x^2+bx+j^8=x^2+bx+1.$$ Again the other factor is $m(-x)$, and we similarly see that $b^2=2$. This time you get $b=(j+j^7)=(j+1/j)$, and $(j+1/j)^2=2$.
Note that in both cases $j\pm 1/j$ is the trace of $j$, so an element of the prime field.
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I agree that this might fit Math.SE better. – Jyrki Lahtonen Jul 18 '13 at 13:14
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Whilst virus transfer between hands and food is known to occur, there is little research, until a recent study
, into the role of kitchen utensils used for food preparation in this cross-contamination.
For the study, the research brief
indicates, the scientists looked at the transfer of the Hepatitis A virus and Norovirus between a range of fruit and vegetables and different kitchen knives or flat steel coarse graters. The researchers found that when using utensils if the food stuff was contaminated, this resulted in more than half of all knives and graters becoming contaminated after preparing the contaminated produce.
It should be noted, as FSA Alerts
indicates, however, that the level of contamination observed differed with produce used and type of virus. For example, the smooth surfaces of a honeydew melon transferred more Norovirus to knives than the rougher surface of a cantaloupe.
The news about the easy spread of viruses comes as concerns about Norovirus are at their height. The leading cause of foodborne illness in the US is currently Norovirus, with produce and ready-to-eat foods being identified as the main food types responsible for outbreaks.
The research comes from Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia, USA, and has been led by Qing Wang. The findings have been published
in the journal Food and Environmental Virology.


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(NaturalNews) Every individual has unique characteristics that define their personality and biochemical processes. Many factors such as genetics, blood type, & ethnicity go into defining who you are and how you metabolize your nutrients. Some individuals have strong appetites and fast metabolisms while others eat little and have trouble losing weight. Understanding your own unique metabolic type can dramatically help you reach your health goals.
Metabolic typing distinguishes between individual differences based on the pace of his/her digestive system to oxidize/metabolize nutrients. Individuals can be classified into one of 3 major groups:
1. Fast oxidizers
2. Slow oxidizers
3. Balanced oxidizers
In part I of this series on metabolic typing we discussed fast oxidizers. This section will focus on slow and balanced oxidizers.
Slow oxidizers break down nutrients in their food slowly. They do not get a quick release of glucose into their blood stream but instead they have a sustained release over time when they eat carbohydrates. Slow oxidizers do not spike their blood sugar when they eat carbohydrates. Because of the slower release of glucose they can handle eating small amounts of healthy carbohydrates such as sweet potatoes, brown rice, quinoa, and sprouted grains.
Slow oxidizers typically do have more trouble losing weight due to their slower metabolic rate. Slow oxidizers should avoid sugars and high amounts of starchy carbs due to the sustained levels of insulin. As long as insulin is elevated in the blood stream the body cannot effectively burn fat for fuel. This metabolic type
must eat small meals that emphasize vegetables and good fats.
This metabolic type should eat lots of fresh and cooked vegetables of all different varieties. Nutrient rich veggies such as kale, collards, cabbage, and bok choy are particularly good for the slow oxidizer. The best fat
sources for slow oxidizers are coconut products, avocados and olive oil. Animal fats should be avoided as much as possible.
Fat and protein are more challenging to digest and tend to slow metabolism down. Slow oxidizers should eat smaller quantities of healthy fats and protein
at each meal and load up on non-starchy vegetables. They should stick with low-purine meats such as white meat chicken and turkey and eggs. Red meat, fish, organ meats, beans, & legumes are higher in purines (rich in DNA) containing proteins that slow down digestion.
Mixed metabolic types need a healthy balance of both protein, fat, & non-starchy carbohydrates. Mixed types will do best on a low carbohydrate, moderate protein/fat diet that emphasizes nutrient rich fruits (in moderation) and vegetables and healthy protein/fat sources. On a balanced diet they can usually stabilize their energy levels and burn fat effectively.http://caloriecount.about.com/metabolic-types-eating-ft93247http://www.drkaslow.com/html/fast_oxidizer_diet.html
Wolcott, William; Fahey, Trish; The Metabolic Typing Diet, DoubleDay, New York, 2000.
About the author
Dr. David Jockers owns and operates Exodus Health Center in Kennesaw, Ga. He is a Maximized Living doctor. His expertise is in weight loss, customized nutrition
& exercise, & structural corrective chiropractic care. For more information go to _URL_
To find a Maximized Living doctor near you go to _URL_
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text:
Mitchell's Short-tailed Snake, Rhinoplocephalus nigriceps is a brown snake with an undivided dark head patch joining a dark vertebral stripe, a white belly and white lips. It has 15 rows of mid-body scales, a single anal scale and 15-40 single subcaudal scales. It can grow to a total length of up to 60 cm.
This snake may be confused with a juvenile Brown Snake, however a juvenile Brown Snake has a dark collar.
Mitchell's Short-tailed Snake
Photographer: Peter Robertson / Source: Wildlife Profiles Pty Ltd
Distribution and habitat
The Mitchell's Short-tailed Snake occurs in the north-western and north-central areas of Victoria, in mallee and saltbush environments.
Biology and bite
Active at night, its diet consists of small lizards. Females give birth to as many as 7 live young.
The Mitchell's Short-tailed Snake is not considered dangerous to adults. If bitten on a limb, apply a pressure bandage, immobilise the limb and seek medical advice immediately. If bitten elsewhere, apply continual direct pressure to the bite site. Do not wash the wound as the venom can confirm the identification of the snake.
Coventry, A. J. and Robertson, P. 1991. The Snakes of Victoria – A Guide to their Identification. Department of Conservation & Environmen. /Museum of Victoria.
Cogger, H. 2000. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Reed Books.
Wilson, S. & Swan, G. 2003. Reptiles of Australia. Princeton University Press.


What do personal responsibility and narcissism have in common?
To say that we are each personally responsible for our lives and how we lead them is an attractive notion which makes sense and can enable people to take charge of their lives and make changes that make a difference. The term personal responsibility was and is a useful term in personal and professional development since it encourages a sense of ownership. It is a way out of dysfunctionality. Yet today the word has crept into the worlds of politics and business, which for some is a puzzle when they experience their leaders as very far from being personally responsible. Some such leaders are often described as narcissistic, self-obsessed and failing to lead for the common good. One might experience the narcissist in one's personal life, as for example inauthentic and false, maybe a pathological liar and potentially dominating one's world in a harmful way. It might be useful therefore to ask what is the link between these two traits, responsibility and narcissism?
To fight the pandemic, we are now being enjoined to "take responsibility". It is said, for example, that it is down to everyone to be aware and act responsibly as restrictions are lifted. The use of the term "personal responsibility" in social policy is not new, one example being that people need to take responsibility to manage their affairs to avoid falling into or being stuck in unemployment or poverty. Yet originally the term was used in quite a different situation, that of personal growth.
Personal responsibility as a tool of "third force" psychology
The "third force" psychology, that emerged in the 1960's as a challenge to psychoanalytic and behavioural theory, such as humanistic, existential and transpersonal psychology, used as a key tool the idea that we are each responsible for our lives and needed to consciously use this responsibility to become aware of what was going on in our lives and choose to make changes. It has had a profound impact and is widely used today, particularly in the English-speaking world.
As pandemic restrictions are being lifted today however, the emphasis on personal responsibility as a tool of public policy to fight the pandemic is an interesting one. To Johnson's libertarian tendency, and responding to pressure from his own right wing, it is a matter of saying that each person is responsible for their behaviour in how they manage their conduct. The difficulty with this approach, now widely used amongst certain politicians and leaders, is that it ignores the behaviour of others who might be less enlightened and more selfish, and the mediating role of government.
It ignores the idea that in a society, the existence of which was denied by Mrs Thatcher, an earlier Prime Minister in the 1980s much admired on the Right, there is also another person at almost every step, the "you", and there is also the group or a "we". The approach denies the possibility that we are all connected at some level, much though many seek to deny it. People are impacted by others and impact others. This can be observed on a daily basis in how people interact, such as the infectious power of laughter.
To hand over responsibility for managing the pandemic, an ideological decision, leaving it as "everyone for him/herself", may work, and it may cause a lot of suffering amongst those least able to help themselves. Experts in behavioural psychology for example have been questioning this approach, arguing that people also have a responsibility to others as well as ourselves. This is natural. There is a function in humans, for example, of care and compassion. Thus we often feel motivated to help others, or come to their assistance when they are in difficulty. Fritz Perls, the founder of the humanistic-existential therapy Gestalt, spoke of "response-ability" to emphasise the term. It's like we respond to our inner candle flame and the prompts within that urge us to rise above the "sweaty little ego" and reach for our altruistic self. We are therefore both responsible to ourselves as in individual responsibility but there is also social responsibility. "No man", wrote John Donne in the 17th Century, "is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main".
Unless of course you are a self-obsessed narcissist
Narcissism and boomeritis
Many observers suggest that in social terms narcissism is widespread, the "me, me, me", self-absorption. But what is a narcissist?
In psychology it is often described as an excessive interest in or admiration of oneself and one's physical appearance. Words to describe a narcissist include self-centred, selfishness, self-importance, having a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy or compassion, a need for admiration, vanity, conceit, egotism. Psychologists can use the term as a disorder, where in personal growth terms the self has been unable to develop beyond being psychologically like a small child and acquire an awareness of others and care and concern for them.
Such characteristics have become quite widespread in the era since the 1960s, and some suggest it is to be particularly found in the "boomer" generation that emerged in the protest movement of that era. A US philosopher Ken Wilber uses the term "boomeritis" to describe the powerful individualism of these people, the "I do my thing, you do yours", or "nobody tells me what to do". Such people have a strong rebellious and reformist tendency, the "fight the system" outlook, them against the world, a resistance to rules and roles. Wilber says that there is a powerful streak of narcissism here, often concealed from awareness and, while often espousing high ideals of one form or another, really belongs in development terms to an earlier stage of growth which supports an egocentric stance and denies anything universal or the responsibilities inherent in personal growth. Such people can retain an intense subjectivism which for them is a stuck phase, almost impossible to let go of.
What's the link with personal responsibility?
So what is the link between narcissism and personal responsibility? Essentially it is something being urged on another, the "it is your problem", but not taken for oneself since one does not accept rules and boundaries for oneself. Real personal responsibility is where someone takes ownership of an issue and basically says, "yes this is my stuff and I accept that I need to deal with it and will do so or am doing so". A dysfunctional use of the term is where someone urges another to "take responsibility" as a deflection from ownership of an issue themselves. Contained in this is an inauthenticity. In relationship issues, one partner will blame the other, "it's your problem", and fail or refuse to accept that the issue is co-created. Indeed they may deflect the issue or project it on to the other. In organisations, it's where someone is blamed where in fact it is a group matter. It can mean an abdication of responsibility.
The narcissist is an excessive inflation of the self where there is a refusal to take real ownership. To accept that they have an issue would threaten the false self that they exert great energy to try to preserve. That is why when the narcissist finally has a reckoning, if they ever do, it can be a huge crisis and they may feel everything is falling apart. Thus instead one may observe chaos around them.
Today's world is in part an outgrowth of this tendency and arguably one should see that the attribution of personal responsibility can at times be a false attribution that does not serve people.
You can read more about the lack of accountability in narcissists on this link.
There's so much fear around at the moment and people are pessimistic
People say that there's so much fear around at the moment and people are sad and pessimistic about the future. Events, issues and personal circumstances combine to give a negative outlook on life. In fact we can get completely absorbed in it. Is this how things are? Need they be?
Early spring sunrise - fear around
Early spring sunrise
I've been struck how people are saying that everything seems really miserable at the moment. Maybe it's the weather, repeated bouts of very cold spells when we're weary with winter, even as spring is in the offing. For many, national and world events are troubling and there seems so much conflict and anger around. People seem so divided from one another and antagonistic. Then, others have illness or difficulty in their personal lives too, and there's a lot of unwelcome change. It's as if the world's conspiring to dump a whole load of negativity on us all at once.
What also happens is that we get absorbed in it. Almost without noticing, it becomes the norm. We live in it. That's how life is. Then our work on ourselves, our focus on what uplifts us, fades into the background. Faith recedes. It can almost feel like a personality change. "God, I've become so grumpy!" one said the other day. I wondered what God thought about that.
Notice what you focus on
When life gets like this, and it does, it's important to notice that it's got like this, such as being absorbed in lots of fear around you. Not to beat ourselves up, just notice. It's the most powerful thing to do.
Where we place our mind, what we focus on, is what is, in awareness terms. That's what we get. So we see around us, and experience more of, what we focus on. Such is the power of the mind, for better or for worse.
It's not who we really are, much though it seems otherwise. It all an illusion, maya. And, what ever it is, "this too shall pass". Things move on, and we can move


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About the Debug URL
When you encounter an issue requiring support, you will be asked to provide a URL to access your solution and instance. The Debug URL will produce a URL that you can send to support that will allow them to access your solution without having to request access.
You can revoke access anytime under My Connections.
There are several ways to access the Debug URL link:
- In the Composer UI under Tools & Settings you will see the Debug URL option.
- A Debug URL link also appears in error messages.
- You can also copy the URL from the address bar of the browser after launching a Composer solution (recommended for Composer Release 7)
When you click, Conga Composer presents a prompt asking for access.
If you allow:
- The system will get a refresh token from Salesforce to allow access. (The Debug URL uses Salesforce OAuth security.)
- There are no time limits to how long support can access the solution for troubleshooting.
- Salesforce session timeout settings will not affect access.
- You do not have to remain logged into Salesforce in order for the URL session to remain accessible.
- You can revoke the access whenever you want via Connections under:
If you deny:
- The URL is generated using the session ID.
- The session will be revoked based on your Salesforce session timeout settings.
- Once you log out of that session the URL will cease to work.
- The URL is not as secure as using the Refresh token.
Generate a Debug URL (Composer Version 8)
In the Composer window, click, and then click.
Composer presents a prompt asking for access.
Click to generate a refresh token from Salesforce to allow access. This allows for troubleshooting without time limits. You can revoke this token after your support session.
Or Click to generate the URL using a session ID. This allows for troubleshooting until the current session expires or you log out.
Copy the contents of the Debug Url window.
This can then be pasted into the support form or emailed to your support representative.
Generate a Debug URL (Composer Version 7)
- Click the Launch button.
- The Conga Composer user interface will now display in a new browser tab.
Note: if you have enabled background mode (&DS7), you will need to disable it (&DS7=0) in order to reach the Composer user interface.
- Click on the browser URL, highlight the entire URL, and copy it.
The URL you copied from the Composer user interface is the debug URL; it should look something like this:


Charles N. Haskell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Charles Nathaniel Haskell
Governor haskell.JPG
1st Governor of Oklahoma
In office
November 16, 1907 – January 9, 1911
Lieutenant George W. Bellamy
Preceded by Frank Frantz
as Territorial Governor
Succeeded by Lee Cruce
Personal details
Born (1860-03-13)March 13, 1860
Leipsic, Ohio
Died July 5, 1933(1933-07-05) (aged 73)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Resting place Muskogee, Oklahoma
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Lucie Pomeroy Haskell
Lillian Gallup Haskell
Profession teacher, lawyer
Religion Methodism
Charles Nathaniel Haskell (March 13, 1860 – July 5, 1933) was an American lawyer, oilman and the first governor of Oklahoma. As a delegate to Oklahoma's constitutional convention, he played a crucial role in drafting the Oklahoma Constitution and gaining Oklahoma's admission into the United States as the 46th state in 1907. A prominent businessman in Muskogee, Oklahoma, he helped the city to grow in importance. He represented the city as a delegate in both the Oklahoma convention and an earlier convention that was a failed attempt to create a U.S. state of Sequoyah.
During Oklahoma's constitutional convention, Haskell succeeded in pushing for the inclusion of prohibition and blocking the inclusion of women's suffrage in the Oklahoma Constitution. As governor, he was responsible for moving the state capital to Oklahoma City, establishing schools and state agencies, reforming the territorial prison system, and enforcing prohibition.
Lee Cruce succeeded Haskell, who died of a stroke in 1933.
Early life and education[edit]
Born in West Leipsic, Ohio on March 13, 1860, Charles Haskell was the son of George R. Haskell, a cooper who died when the boy was three years old. His mother, Jane H. Reeves Haskell, worked for the local Methodist church as a bell ringer and custodian to support the six children.[1] At the age of 10, he started working as a farm boy for a farmer named Miller in Putnam County, Ohio, where he lived and worked for eight years as he grew into adulthood. Miller was a school teacher, but as the young Haskell had to work, he did not have time to attend school. Instead, Miller's wife taught him at home and Haskell earned a teaching certificate at age 17.
Private career[edit]
Haskell became a teacher at age 18 and taught for three years in Putnam County. On December 6, 1880, he passed the bar exam, and became a practicing attorney at age 20 despite having no academic training in the field. In his work as an attorney, Haskell became one of the most successful lawyers in Ottawa, Ohio, the county seat, as well as one of the most prominent members of the Democratic Party in northwestern Ohio. In 1888, Haskell started work as a general contractor; for the next 16 years, his business career gave him an understanding of American industrialism. During this time, he lived in New York City and in San Antonio, Texas.[1]
Marriage and family[edit]
Haskell married Lucie Pomeroy, daughter of a prominent Ottawa family, on October 11, 1881. After they had three children together, she died in March 1888. Their children were Norman, who became a Muskogee lawyer; Murray, a bank cashier; and Lucie.[1]
Haskell remarried in 1889, to Lillie Elizabeth Gallup. They also had three children together: Frances, Joe and Jane.[1]
Move to Muskogee[edit]
Haskell moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma, where he would become a prominent resident.
With the Land Run of 1889 and the passage of the Organic Act in 1890, Oklahoma Territory was gaining importance on the national scene. Haskell moved his family to Muskogee, the capital of the Creek Nation, in March 1901. When he arrived, Haskell found Muskogee a dry, sleepy village of some 4,500 people. Upon his arrival a movement of building business blocks began and he built the first five-story business block in Oklahoma Territory.
Haskell organized and built most of the railroads running into Muskogee. He is said to have built and owned 14 brick buildings in the city. Through his influence, Muskogee grew to be a center of business and industry with a population of more than 20,000 inhabitants.[1] Haskell often told others that he hoped Muskogee would become the "Queen City of the Southwest."
His success earned him clout in the politics of Indian Territory and the attention of the Creek Nation. During this time, the Native American nations in Indian Territory were talking of creating a state and joining the Union under the name of the State of Sequoyah. The Creeks selected Haskell as their official representative to the conventions, in the position of vice-president for the Five Civilized Tribes, held in Eufaula, Oklahoma in 1902 and Muskogee in 1905. Of the six delegates at the Muskogee convention, all were of Native American descent, save two: Haskell and William H. Murray. Even though U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt blocked the attempt to create Sequoyah, Haskell wrote a large portion of the proposed state's constitution. Though Haskell publicly worked for a separate state for Indian Territory, privately, he was thrilled to see the Sequoyah proposal defeated. Haskell believed it would force the Indian leaders to join in statehood with Oklahoma Territory.
The United States Congress and President Roosevelt agreed that Oklahoma and Indian Territories could only enter the Union as one state, the State of Oklahoma. After the federal passage of the Enabling Act in 1906, Haskell was elected as a delegate by the largest margin in the new state, representing the seventy-sixth district, which included Muskogee. Traveling to Guthrie and the Oklahoma Constitutional convention on November 20, 1906, Haskell would meet William H. Murray from the Muskogee convention and Robert L. Williams. Because of their meetings at both conventions, Haskell would gain a friendship with Murray that would last until the end of his life.
The delegates to the Guthrie convention included many of those who had served in the Sequoyah convention in Muskogee, and a number of the ideas proposed for the new constitution were based upon the rejected Sequoyah constitution. Haskell owned the New State Tribune, and through its editorial columns advocated for the propositions he wanted in the new constitution, most of which were incorporated into the document, in substance if not in form. While Murray served as the convention's president, delegates recognized Haskell's power in the body. A local newspaper during the time, the Guthrie Report, called Haskell "the power behind the throne."
Haskell had a perfect attendance and voting record during the session. He advocated for provisions that affected both territories' labor problems and avocation for representatives of organized labor. Haskell also drafted a report drawing up county boundaries, led the crusade for state prohibition, introduced Jim Crow laws and successfully kept female suffrage out of the state constitution.
Gubernatorial campaign[edit]
William Jennings Bryan supported Haskell in his 1907 campaign.
At Tulsa on March 26, 1907, during the recess before the final adoption of the constitution by the convention, Haskell held a large Democratic Party banquet at the Brady Hotel, attended by between 500 and 600 of the leading Democrats of the new state. During this banquet, the first campaigns for governor were formally inaugurated. It was during the course of that evening that Haskell was presented by his friends with the honors of the Democratic gubernatorial candidacy. Among the other potential candidates were Thomas Doyle of Perry and Lee Cruce of Ardmore. Haskell, like other prominent Democrats at the time, had the strong support of labor and agriculture leaders.[2]
Unfortunately for Haskell, the primaries for governor were set for June 8, and Doyle and Cruce had already been campaigning; Haskell had little time. During his campaign, Haskell made 88 speeches in 45 days, and reached nearly every county, while the lieutenants of the respective candidates were vigorously working in the school districts and securing support in every community. Haskell's hard working nature led him to win the Democratic nomination. Haskell's victory in the primaries was carried by a more than 4,000-vote majority. He immediately confronted a new opponent in the opposite party, the Republican territorial governor, Frank Frantz, who was nominated by the Republican caucus at Tulsa.
Frantz, the current territorial governor, a former Rough Rider, a friend of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, and with the federal prestige and support backing him, was the strongest candidate the Republican party could have presented to face Haskell. Haskell challenged his opponent to joint public discussions throughout the state, and every problem concerned with the administration of the new state came up in debate during the campaign.
During the course of the campaign, two nationally prominent figures spoke at various locations: Republican presidential nominee William Howard Taft and Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan. Unfortunately for the Republicans, Taft's disapproval of Oklahoma's proposed constitution and his advice that the people vote against it caused the voters to react in favor of the Democrats. Haskell won the gubernatorial race by more than 30,000 votes on September 17, 1907.[1] On the same day, the voters ratified the Oklahoma Constitution.
After Haskell's election


NYC Resources311Office of the Mayor
Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
Central Park
The Bridges of Central Park - Glen Span
When Frederick Law Olmsted (_PHONE_) and Calvert Vaux (_PHONE_) designed Central Park in 1858, they developed an innovative interwoven transportation system of pedestrian paths, bridle trails, and carriage drives. Since the park is only one-half mile wide, the designers found it necessary to create a compact system of bridges and arches that allowed for separate levels of pathways. Vaux and his assistant Jacob Wrey Mould (_PHONE_) created 35 unique structures, each with its own distinct style. They used brick, granite, marble, cast iron, and rustic wood; and fashioned rusticated gneiss boulders out of the natural rock outcrops. Subsequent changes in the path system led to tearing down three of the original arches and the construction of four others.
Glen Span, is one of two rustic arches that form the boundaries of the Ravine, a wooded area in the northern end of the park. Completed in 1865, the bridge was partially rebuilt 20 years later, replacing wooden trestles with rustic stone. The picturesque arch is made of light gray gneiss. The simple ornamentation consists of geometrically shaped stones and decorative grottos embedded in the underpass. Glen Span and Huddlestone Arch, the other archway in the Ravine, are slightly sunken into the park landscape in order to preserve the integrity of the forest setting.
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Know Before You Go
PlaygroundsEast 72nd St Playground
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