Scientists Discover the Basics of how Pressure-sensing Piezo Proteins Work
Composite of a cryo-electron microscopy image showing lipid vesicles with embedded Piezo channels, and the Piezo channel structure (top). Topography image of a single Piezo channel under force as recorded by high-speed atomic force microscopy (circle) and its lateral expansion in the membrane as a function of applied force (right). All images:Dr. Simon Scheuring.)
A team of scientists from Weill Cornell Medicine and The Rockefeller University has illuminated the basic mechanism of Piezo proteins, which function as sensors in the body for mechanical stimuli such as touch, bladder fullness and blood pressure. The discovery is a feat of basic science that also opens up many new paths of investigation into the roles of Piezo proteins in human diseases and potential new therapeutic strategies.
In the study, published Aug. 21 in Nature, the scientists used advanced microscopy techniques to image the Piezo1 protein at rest and during the application of mechanical forces. They confirmed this complex protein's structure and showed essentially how it can convert mechanical stimuli into an electrical signal.
"Our analysis shows that tension on the cell membrane in which Piezo1 is embedded can flatten and widen the protein's structure," said co-senior author Dr. Simon Scheuring, a professor of physiology and biophysics in anesthesiology at Weill Cornell Medicine. Dr. Scheuring and his laboratory collaborated on the study with the laboratory of Dr. Roderick MacKinnon, a professor of molecular neurobiology and biophysics at The Rockefeller University. Dr. MacKinnon was co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2003 for his work determining the structures and mechanisms of ion channel proteins.
 All images courtesy of Simon Scheuring.
Triskelion architecture of Piezo1.
Piezo1 and Piezo2 are very large and complex proteins with unique structures. They are embedded within the membranes of certain cell types, and their function is to transduce mechanical force on cells into electrical signals that alter cell activity. Piezo1 proteins work for example in bladder cells to detect when the bladder is full, and in blood vessel-lining cells to detect and help regulate changes in blood pressure. Piezo2 proteins work in sensory nerve endings in the skin and joints, helping to mediate the senses of touch, pain and proprioception—the sense of how one's limbs are arranged.
Advances in imaging techniques have enabled scientists in recent years to determine the basic structure of Piezo1—a structure that Piezo2 is thought to mostly share. From above this structure has a three-armed, propeller or "triskelion" appearance.
From the side it looks like a shallow bowl embedded in the cell membrane, with an ion channel at its center. The latter, when opened, allows a flow of calcium and other positively charged ions into the cell.
Side view of Piezo1. Red line indicates structural changes when ion channel is open.
The basic mechanism by which mechanical force opens the ion channel has remained mysterious. But in the new study Dr. Scheuring and Dr. MacKinnon and their colleagues, including lead author Dr. Yi-Chih Lin, a postdoctoral associate in anesthesiology, were able to get a clearer picture of how it works.
They combined cryo-electron microscopy with a less well-known technique called high-speed atomic force microscopy, which produces an image of an object essentially by feeling its surface with a super-sensitive mechanical probe. They showed with these methods that Piezo1 is a springy structure that normally bends the cell membrane where it sits, but will flatten out when, for example, a mechanical force is applied to the cell membrane.
"As the membrane tension increases, the structure of Piezo1 flattens and stretches out to occupy a larger area, which in turn opens the ion channel," Dr. Scheuring said.
He noted the possibility that other stimuli that stretch and flatten the Piezo1 structure, such as a pulling force on its arms from the inside or on an external domain called the CED from the outside the cell, in principle could open the ion channel—making it a suitably versatile mechanism for the wide range of cell types and physiological functions in which it works.
Proposed mechanisms of action of Piezo1 in response to force. Left: Changes in membrane properties, such as tension or curvature, lead to a force that opens Piezo1. Right: Piezo1 channel is activated when structures inside or outside the cell push or pul
Moreover, given this wide range of cell types—in organs including the lungs, bladder, intestines and pancreas, as well as in blood vessels and the sensory nervous system—the discovery of the basic Piezo-protein mechanism could lead to new ways of understanding and treating many human diseases. To take one example, Dr. Scheuring said, if the membranes of cells lining blood vessels contain excess cholesterol they would become stiffer, increasing the background tension on embedded Piezo 1 proteins and potentially disrupting these proteins' normal ability to detect and help regulate blood pressure.
"Our finding leads to a great many predictions about Piezo proteins' roles in disease that we and others can now go and investigate," he said.
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'Challenges and supports for adults with disabilities'
We continue our popular weekly HSE series during Covid-19 with the theme: "COVID-19 challenges and supports for adults with intellectual disabilities".
The Psychology services for Galway, Mayo and Roscommon have been streamlining some key information for viewers each week based on the evidence of what works in similar circumstances. "Our themes will be around building resilience, coping with cocooning, managing relationships, caring for those with disabilities and other vulnerabilities and sharing supports for those who are ill or bereaved".
HSE Psychologists Seamus Ryan and Claire Lacey together with psychology colleagues Denise Brett (Western Care Association), Tracy Parker (Ability West) and Maria Mannion (Brothers of Charity) have written the following article to help both adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities and their carers during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions.
Normal anxiety due to COVID-19
Daily news stories about COVID-19 can lead many of us to experience an overwhelming level of heightened anxiety. It can be difficult to take a break from conversations about COVID-19 at home, as well as from the debates on TV, radio, and social media. Many people are understandably worrying about illness, death, the impact on families, finance, education, employment, housing, and social isolation. People are experiencing some difficult but very normal feelings such as anxiety, fear, anger, frustration, irritation, sadness, loneliness, or boredom.
Challenges for adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities
In addition to the emotions experienced by the general population, people with intellectual disabilities may also face additional challenges:
· Many people with an intellectual or developmental disability may have an underlying medical condition which may make them more vulnerable to COVID-19, and may require cocooning.
· It may be harder for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities to understand what COVID-19 means, and the changes that are happening in our lives. For example, it may be confusing and frightening to see people wearing masks. It may also be difficult for someone with an intellectual disability to understand, or remember, to follow national guidelines in place e.g. remembering to stay 2 meters apart.
· They may depend on other people to meet their health, social and emotional needs, but these other people may not be available to support them at present. Disability service, however, are making use of technology to keep in contact with service users while face to face contacts may be taking place when all other avenues have been exhausted.
· People with intellectual disability are at an increased risk of experiencing mental health difficulties. As it is a stressful and unpredictable time, it is important that families and carers are aware of this increased vulnerability.
· If disability service providers start to have staffing shortages, people with intellectual disabilities may have to be supported by new, unfamiliar people. Despite best efforts by service providers, the new staff members will not have had a chance to develop trusting relationships which may cause the service user some anxiety.
· Routines are often very important, but routines may be disrupted during COVID-19. Transition and change of routine is often very difficult for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. There may be a reduction in access to activities that help regulate people's emotions, and substitute activities may not be accessible. Each service, however, is trying to develop tailored support for their most vulnerable groups.
· Day centres, training centres, and colleges may have closed, and this may have an impact on people's meaningful engagement in valued social roles, possibly leading to increased loneliness and mental health challenges. It is also difficult to cope with the uncertainty of when services will return for individuals and their families.
· Strained relationships may occur as families rearrange their lives to provide more of their own support to an adult with an intellectual disability, whilst at the same time trying to juggle their own changed circumstances.
· People with an intellectual disability often have communication difficulties which can make their worries or concerns hard for them to express, and sometimes for families or carers to identify.
· Sometimes people with intellectual disabilities can engage in behaviours of concern in an attempt to communicate or to cope with overwhelming emotions.
What changes might we notice in people with intellectual disabilities?
· Preoccupation with the news.
· Experiencing (normal) feelings of anxiety, fear, worry, sadness, or anger.
· Feeling tense, uptight, uneasy or worried about getting ill.
· Feeling worried that something has happened to people they have not seen in a while.
· Increased muscle tension, increased heart rate, chest tightness, increased breathing rate, fatigue, changes in sleeping patterns.
· An increase in psychosomatic symptoms (physical symptoms without a physical cause).
· Difficulties focusing on usual daily activities.
· An increase in behaviours of concern. For example, anger may be observed, which can indicate frustration or an underlying fear.
· Seeking more reassurance than normal to help manage the changes in routine.
· Withdrawing and disconnecting from others, feeling frightened to leave home.
How can we support adults with intellectual disabilities?
· Ask yourself how much does the person understand about what is happening at the moment? Consider what information and how much information might be useful to share with them. Consider how much COVID-19 talk there is around the person? Is it helpful information, or is it escalating their anxiety? You can use easy-to-read information or visual resources such as pictures, photos, or social stories to aid communication if needed.
· Adults with an intellectual disability may need regular reminders about hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette. Visual resources displayed in the home may help with this.
· Offer regular opportunities with plenty of time for the person you support to talk to you about their emotions and concerns regularly. Visual aids, such as cards displaying various emotions may be helpful with this. Providing open and reassuring communication will help them feel less isolated.
· Create a daily structure and routine. It may be helpful to use a visual schedule or calendar to keep a daily structure. Are there opportunities to learn new skills or do valued activities together? Ensure activities provide a mixture of pleasurable activities, activities that bring a sense of achievement, and socially connecting activities. Developing meaningful roles for everyone at home can help enhance feelings of self-esteem and maintain a sense of purpose.
· Find opportunities to offer choices within everyday routines to provide a sense of control (e.g., choice of food, drinks, choice of what activity options may be possible). Limit time spent watching news stories by setting one specific time of day when your household will catch up with what is happening in the news. Support the person to engage with other activities during the rest of the day. Try to avoid conversations about COVID-19 just before bedtime, to encourage better sleep.
· Encourage the person to engage in relaxing or calming activities, including activities that use movement and help the person to be active. Relaxation and mindfulness activities can help calm busy minds. Help the person you support to make a relaxation box including things that they can touch, smell, taste, listen to and look at in times of stress. Using the five senses can help ground a person when they are feeling overwhelmed. Day to day tasks that can also help regulate emotions include hoovering, cooking, or gardening.
· Support the person to keep eating healthily and keep moving as best as they can, e.g. walking or online exercise classes. Develop a wellbeing plan with the person. Think about how you might support them to maintain good physical, mental, spiritual and emotional health in creative ways.
· Help the person make a 'worry box' where they can write down or draw their worries and put them in the box. This can help the person to feel that their worries can be 'held' in the box, and outside of their own minds. Encourage the person to share what is in their worry box with you daily if they wish.
· Find ways for the person to use video call platforms such as WhatsApp Video, Skype, FaceTime or Zoom. Maintaining social connections with friends and family in this way is important where the usual face-to-face contact is not possible. The facial expressions and body language that are facilitated through video calls helps us to feel more connected to each other.
· If the person with an intellectual disability is self-isolating away from their family, you can encourage friends and family to stay in contact by suggesting sending cards in the post, sharing photos, or 'thinking of you' parcels to help combat loneliness. This reassures the person that those who are not with them are thinking about them.
· The person may need some extra individual time with their family members or carers to help with new routines, or in providing reassurance.
· As a carer, try to develop your own compassion for yourself, as you may experience difficult feelings that make you act in ways you might not normally act. Be forgiving to yourself and to others. Try to maintain your own self-care routines as much as possible. Managing your own routines, social connectedness, and mental wellbeing will be vital in allowing you to continue supporting the person you care about.
· Families and carers can also make contact with the person's local support services for further advice if needed.
Useful Contacts:
· For HSE COVID-19 guidance for people with disabilities, please see the "HSE Approved Guidance for Disability Services" section on the following webpage:
· For HSE advice on supporting someone with


This project was entered in the LSAA 2011 Design Awards (Cat 1, 1968)
Inverted conic covering a communal deck for year 5 & 6 girls at Melbourne Girls Grammar
The structural form is an asymmetric inverted conic, with what is basically a rectangular upper perimeter. In plan the area covered is small, about 12.5m by 11m, and the height varies from 3m at the bale ring to 5.5m at the lower edge to 9m at the highest edge
The conical form is asymmetrical about all axes. The bale ring has been set close to one corner so that the inverted conical shape is accentuated by being well away from the adjoining buildings to which it is attached, and so that the stormwater drainage through the bale ring has minimal interference with use of the deck on wet days.
The function of the structure is to provide critical protection of the school students from the elements during breaks in their school day, creating an outdoor leisure environment that mixes native plants with modern aesthetic material technology. It provides a space where the children can relax and briefly escape the physical confines of school. Even whilst raining, the children can retreat to this area and have their senses stimulated by the rain drumming on the tensioned fabric whilst the water is collected and pushed along the highly strung cables, creating a cylinder of rushing water. Classes can be held on the tiered decking during most weather conditions.
The inverted conic shape is attached to buildings on the south and west sides, and rises high to open edges on the east and north sides. The shape has been designed to allow morning light to penetrate all year around, whilst the northern sun penetration is tailored to the seasons. In winter, the low sun penetrates and warms all areas of the deck, even though it it is still protected from rain and prevailing southerly and westerly winds. In summer the deck is protected from the high sun by the outer edges, and kept protected from hot afternoon sun by the adjoining buildings.
This structure and its environment was designed and constructed during one of the most devastating droughts Victoria was endured, where water and its conservation is paramount. In this project, the water is gathered in this giant funnel and collected in the enormous water tanks deep beneath the landscaped gardens. This water is then used to irrigate the plants, ensuring their survival even when water restrictions prevent use of mains water.
The architects had conceived the deck as a communal space and wanted to provide shelter to it without it feeling enclosed. A new building of significant height was being constructed on the south side, and an existing 4-storey building was located on the western side.
The entrant worked with the architects right from the conceptual stage, and soon developed the inverted conic form. Other constraints and requirements were then considered in developing the detail, including
- weather protected path of travel from the south,
- a sense of separation from the older building to the west
- minimization of supports through the deck and in the gardens, and location of these supports away from play spaces and paths of travel
- protection from rain
- sunlight penetration summer and winter
- inspiring shape and form appropriate to a venue for inquiring minds keen to learn and discover
The structural expression minimizes the appearance of supports by attaching the high southern edge into the facade of the new building, with the fixing beam incorporated into a pattern of screens which stand off the facade to provide shading and visual screening.
The north edge is attached to a circular hollow section on two struts which lean away from the structure and have a single cable guy for each strut, providing a clear visual statement as to the development of tension in the fabric surface. Lateral restraint is provided by a single attachment of one end of the CHS to the existing building. The struts and guys are set partway along the CHS to emphasis the floating cantilever at the outer end and to balance out structural actions on this member. Although the strut bases are designed as fixed, overhead safety cables are provided in inconspicuous locations to ensure stability of steel elements in the event of loss of fabric tension.
Catenary edge cables are provided on the east and west sides to ensure visual lightness of the structure is maintained.
Post bases and tie-downs are connected to bored piers drilled into the mudstone, so the expression of foundations is minimal. The bale ring tiedown uses eight stainless steel cables to form a hyperbolic paraboloid shape which also directs rainwater runoff into a collection pit.
The membrane geometry was quite difficult to achieve because of the high degree of offset of the conic. At first pass the contractor advised they could not pattern the required shape without using over-fabric cables. These introduced folds into the fabric shape which the architect did not want, so the entrant worked closely with the specialist analysis engineers to demonstrate the stress fields and patterning which allowed the design shape to be developed with fabric only, providing the smoothly contoured conic shape which was eventually constructed.
A fabric pre-tension of nominally 1.5 kN/m in warp and weft directions was used as the basis for the fabric tension, with higher stresses obviously being developed in the narrow conic area.
Other design loads included roof live load of 0.25 kPa and wind loads to AS 1170.2
Cost and durability were both important, so a PVDF/PVC coated polyester fabric was used, with galvanized cables for the guys and edge cables, and stainless steel for the elements closer to the users such as the bail ring tie-down cables. The main steel elements were coated with a high performance paint system (blast clean, inorganic zinc primer, and epoxy top coats) to provide in excess of 30 years durability in this environment.
The fabric used was Ferrari 1002 Fluotop T, from France, and all elements including fabric, structural steel and cables were fabricated in Australia.
A detailed site survey was carried out to confirm geometry of all connection points including set out and as-constructed positions for footings.
Shop details for steelwork were prepared and reviewed by the design engineer, and fabric patterns were prepared and reviewed by the design engineers. The details were developed to provide as much tolerance as possible, with adjustment available in all fabric connections.
Membrane fabrication used overlap seams and high frequency welding. Fabric tolerances were to within 5mm.
Steel fabrication was by conventional methods, and steelwork fabrication tolerances were 2mm.
The design was a collaborative effort between the designer/engineer and the architect for the early stages when the concept was developed, then required more detailed collaboration between the designer/engineer, the specialist engineer, and the contractor to ensure the vision of the original concept was delivered without compromise.
Construction was reasonably simple, with main steel supports at each end being installed, fabric being attached to those, then final tensioning being done by catenary cables and the conic tie-down cables.
Little maintenance will be required as steel and cable components are designed for long life with no attention other than periodic inspection.
The fabric will need to be cleaned, and access for this is easily obtained by boom lift or cherry picker. Frequency of cleaning will depend on how much soiling occurs, but the area is not heavily industrialized and annual cleaning is expected to suffice.
Project Number: 1968
Title: Melbourne Girls Grammar School Cover to Communal Deck
Location: 86 Anderson St, South Yarra, Vic 3141
Entrant: SEMF Pty Ltd
Role: Designer & Engineer
Client: Melbourne Girls Grammar School
Architect: Sally Draper & Associates
Structural Engineer: SEMF
Spec Consultant: Wade Design Engineers
Builder: Oasis tension Structures
Fabricator: Oasis Tension Structures
Steelwork etc:


text:
The following values are focused on you as an individual. By developing in these areas, you will be better prepared to serve as a leader in groups and the greater society.
Consciousness of Self refers to the need for individuals to be self-aware. Individuals who are self-aware can articulate their values, strengths, weaknesses, interests, and talents. As a leader, you must have a strong sense of who you are as a person and understand the underlying values and assumptions that guide your actions. Many students find that their college years provide the opportunity to really explore their passions, define their values for themselves, and begin to consider how their talents can be used to enact a positive change in the community.
Congruence refers to thinking and acting in a way that reflects your values. The phrase "walk the talk" is one way to understand congruence. Ask yourself if your actions are consistent with the values that you espouse to others? During college, you may be pressured by your peers to engage in activities that do not mesh with your values – this is a direct challenge to Congruence. People are looking for leaders who will stand up for the things they believe in despite outside pressures. Are you someone who stands up for your beliefs?
Commitment is the internal drive and passion that motivates you to devote your time and energy to a particular cause or issue. Commitment is a very personal aspect of leadership development because it is different for each person. The causes or issues that excite one leader to work towards a change in one area may have little influence on the actions of another leader. While you are in college, take the time to really consider what motivates you in your life. What subjects or issues do you feel compelled to represent? How might your passion influence your choice of major or career? Are you volunteering your time and energy in areas where you are fully committed or have you signed on for things because your friends pressured you into it?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Golang program to check given number is EVEN or ODD
Here, we are going to learn how to check given number is EVEN or ODD in Golang (Go Language)?
Submitted by Nidhi, on February 16, 2021
Problem Solution:
In this program, we will read an integer number from the user and check the given number is EVEN or ODD.
Program/Source Code:
The source code to check the given number is EVEN or ODD is given below. The given program is compiled and executed successfully.
// Golang program to check given number is
// EVEN or ODD.
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
 var num int=0
 fmt.Printf("Enter number: ")
 fmt.Printf("Number is EVEN")
 fmt.Printf("Number is ODD")
Run 1:
Enter number: 10
Number is EVEN
Run 2:
Enter number: 11
Number is ODD
In the above program, we declare the package main. The main package is used to tell the Go language compiler that the package must be compiled and produced the executable file. Here, we imported the fmt package that includes the files of package fmt then we can use a function related to the fmt package.
Here, we created the main() function. The main() function is the entry point for the program. In the main() function, we created the variable num, which is initialized with 0. Then we read the value from the user. After that, we checked the given number is divisible by 2. If the given number is completely divisible by 2 then the given number will be an EVEN number otherwise number will be ODD.
Golang Basic Programs »
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How many times a year does the Hogwarts Express run between Hogwarts and London King's Cross?
I know the train goes to Hogwarts at the start of the school year near the start of September, and back to London before the summer break, since the books describe Harry ride these several times. But is the train also used for the Christmas break, when most students leave Hogwarts? We never see Harry use it, but that's because he doesn't want to spend the break with the Dursleys. Does it perhaps run even more frequently, so that students with parents in England can visit home several times a year, or shop in Diagon Alley in London?
 - 2
 The wikia suggests six times a year, maybe more, as needed. So I think we can assume 6 to be the lower bound, assuming that is correct of course. Though I wouldn't base an answer off of that. – TheLethalCarrot Apr 25 '18 at 12:45
 - As far as I know students aren't permitted to leave school - except to visit Hogsmeade - during term time (unless their parents come and take them out of school), so it's unlikely the Hogwarts Express runs frequently. Six times per school year seems reasonable, as there are three terms. – Anthony Grist Apr 25 '18 at 13:05
Likely six times in a normal year
The school year at Hogwarts is split into three terms: From the start of the school year until the Christmas break, after the Christmas break until the start of the Easter break, and after the Easter break until the end of the school year.
We know - as the question states - that the Hogwarts Express runs at least twice at the start and end of the school year. However, as students are permitted to return home for the Christmas and Easter breaks, it's extremely likely that the Hogwarts Express runs at the start and end of each term, which would mean it runs at least six times per year.
This seems unlikely.
There's no explicit mention in the books of Hogwarts students being permitted to leave school during term-time, except for the infrequent allowed trips to Hogsmeade (which is a relatively short walk from the school), unless their parents come and take them out of school.
There are also logistical concerns that would appear to make it not worthwhile. Students have lessons Monday through Friday, leaving only weekends when students could potentially return home on a frequent basis.
We know that the Hogwarts Express departs from King's Cross on the 1st of September at 11:00 (11am). We also know that it arrives the same day, though the exact time isn't explicitly stated in the books at any point. This means that the total travel time isn't known, but we can attempt to estimate it.
I believe that in the books it's dark when the Hogwarts Express arrives in Hogsmeade. According to this site sunset in Glasgow1 on September 1st is 20:19 (8:19pm). That would give us a minimum travel time of roughly nine and a half hours.
A travel time of nine and a half hours each way during a weekend is possible, but doesn't leave a huge amount of time in your destination (especially if you have additional travel after arriving in King's Cross). Usage would likely be low, which likely means they simply wouldn't run it at all.
Of course, nine and a half hours might be an overestimate for the total travel time (I doubt JKR consulted sunset times for September 1st when writing the books). However, even assuming the Hogwarts Express arrives early evening - around dinnertime - then the travel time is likely 7 to 8 hours, with the arrival time being between 18:00 and 19:00 (6 and 7pm). That still seems too long to make the trip worthwhile on a weekend.
1 Hogwarts isn't in Glasgow (or central Scotland), but the times shouldn't vary so wildly that it affects the estimate too much.
Presumably Four to Six Times
We know that students take the Hogwarts Express at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year, as these journeys are documented in most of the books. We also know that students can go home for the Christmas holidays, and Harry in fact does leave Hogwarts for Christmas in both Order of the Phoenix and Half-Blood Prince. In Order of the Phoenix he takes a portkey to Grimmauld Place, and takes the Knight Bus back to Hogwarts:
"You have all used a Portkey before?" asked Dumbledore, and they nodded, each reaching out to touch some part of the blackened kettle. "Good. On the count of three then... one... two..."
They were to return to Hogwarts on the Knight Bus the following day, escorted once again by Tonks and Lupin, both of whom were eating breakfast in the kitchen when Harry, Ron, and Hermione arrived there next morning.
In Half-Blood Prince we are not told how they got to the Burrow, but they return to Hogwarts via the Floo Network:
Late in the afternoon, a few days after New Year, Harry, Ron, and Ginny lined up beside the kitchen fire to return to Hogwarts. The Ministry had arranged this one-off connection to the Floo Network to return students quickly and safely to the school.
However, it would appear that these travel arrangements were an exception rather than the norm. In Order of the Phoenix they had to leave Hogwarts under emergency circumstances and wanted security on the way back; in Half-Blood Prince the Ministry apparently set up a Floo connection for security reasons as well. Indeed, earlier in the series we do find the Hogwarts Express being used for the Christmas holidays.
In Chapter Twelve of Chamber of Secrets we find the following statement:
In Deathly Hallows when the Ministry was already under Voldemort's control (so there would be no need for extra security traveling for Christmas) we again find the train used for Christmas:
Hogwarts also has Easter holidays. In all the years Harry attended Hogwarts, though, I don't believe we ever see anyone going home for Easter. However, in Prisoner of Azkaban a conversation between Fudge and Harry implies that students could go home for Easter:
"Ah, you're worrying about the reaction of your aunt and uncle?" said Fudge. "Well, I won't deny that they are extremely angry, Harry, but they are prepared to take you back next summer as long as you stay at Hogwarts for the Christmas and Easter holidays."
Harry unstuck his throat.
And in Deathly Hallows, though Harry no longer attends Hogwarts, we do hear about Malfoy and Ginny being home for the Easter holidays:
"Follow me," said Narcissa, leading the way across the hall. "My son, Draco, is home for his Easter holidays. If that is Harry Potter, he will know."
"... lucky that Ginny's on holiday. If she'd been at Hogwarts they could have taken her before we reached her. Now we know she's safe too."
However, we are not told how Ginny or Malfoy returned home. We might assume that the Hogwarts Express is used for Easter just like it is used for Christmas, but on the other hand it is possible that if so few people tend to go home for Easter then they wouldn't bother running the train.
Your Answer


text: The United States social safety net is a complex system with many programs and often difficult eligibility requirements. Many of these programs only deliver in-kind aid (not cash) to people living in poverty, a lot of whom can fall through the cracks and can't make ends meet. Basic income, the idea of providing people with a minimal level of cash support on a consistent basis, remains a point of debate in the United States and beyond. In this Teach-Out, you will join leading experts to explore the emerging idea of basic income and other associated social safety net programs. The Teach-Out will address the following questions: What is basic income? What is the difference between basic income and universal basic income? Why is basic income generating so much interest now? How does basic income work? What are the benefits and the challenges? How might basic income help create an inclusive economy? What is the social safety net? Who does it help and who does it leave out? How do we currently measure poverty and determine who is eligible for safety net programs? How do automation and a changing economy affect the basic income conversation? Note: This Teach-Out originally launched in July 2018. Some of the examples, studies discussed, and perspectives may have changed since we recorded these conversation, but the core content of the Teach-Out remains extremely relevant today. Please enjoy this relaunched version of the Teach-Out, we encourage you to engage in the discussion forums with other learners.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


fc that calls fa and fb in sequence could be 4 All elements of these new arrays have the same value, and Ar- "created." ArrayDB does not attempt such rewrites. 6 rayDB represents them using constant space, irrespective of the size This includes leaf arrays, the result array, and intermediate arrays of the array. produced by the query's operators.
10.A.P. Marathe, K. Salem: Query processing techniques for arrays 77 Rewrites for subi on the ith rewrite pass in the modiﬁed tree.7 The time complexity of the rewriting Number Transformation Theorem procedure is O(d2 n), where n is the number of nodes in the SUB i query tree prior to the ﬁrst rewriting pass [23]. NULL X 1 Theorem 2 An example of the logical rewriting SUB i Consider the AML query in Expression 8, which returns the X lower-left quadrant of the TVI array (array D) from Fig. 1 in X 2 Theorem 3 Sect. 1. We have assumed that the Thematic Mapper array A's SUB i shape is 1024, 2024, 7. That is, each of the seven bands are SUB i of the shape 1024, 1024. The TVI array's shape will then SUB i be 1022, 1022. The two outermost sub operations clip the 6 Theorem 4 lower-left quadrant: sub1 (_PHONE_ ) keeps only the ﬁrst 511 SUB i SUB j columns of the TVI array, and sub0 (_PHONE_ ) keeps only the ﬁrst 511 rows. The remainder of the expression is simply the SUB j SUB i deﬁnition of the TVI array in terms of the Thematic Mapper 7 Theorem 5 array (array A), as given in Eq. (6). (The function fA is the SUB i MERGE i accessor function associated with the array A.) sub1 (_PHONE_, 8 MERGE i SUB i SUB i Theorem 10 sub0 (_PHONE_, SUB i MERGE j apply(ftvi, merge2 (10, apply(fnr, MERGE j SUB i SUB i (8) 9 Theorem 11 sub2 (_PHONE_, SUB i SUB i apply(fA, A))) apply(fnr, sub2 (_PHONE_, APPLY APPLY 10 Theorem 13 apply(fA, A))))))) Rewrites for mergei on the ith rewrite pass ArrayDB's logical rewriting procedure produces ExpresNumber Transformation Theorem sion 9 from Expression 8. In the unoptimized expression (ExMERGE i pression 8), the apply(fA, A) operations read in the entire TVI Y array one band at a time, and the subsequent sub2 operations X Y ﬁlter all but the desired bands. In the optimized formula, the 3 Theorem 6 sub2 operations have been pushed into the apply operations MERGE i below them. Instead of reading the entire TVI array, each of X these leaf apply operations now reads only the band that is 4 X Y Theorem 7 required for the computation, as speciﬁed by the patterns P2 in the applys. Rewrites for apply on the ith rewrite pass apply(ftvi, Number Transformation Theorem merge2 (10, APPLY apply(fnr, NULL sub0 (_PHONE_, X sub1 (_PHONE_, 5 Theorem 12 (9) apply(fA, A, P2 = _PHONE_)))), APPLY APPLY apply(fnr, sub0 (_PHONE_, SUB i sub1 (_PHONE_, 11 Theorem 14 apply(fA, A, P2 = _PHONE_)))))) Fig. 9. ArrayDB logical rewrite. The tables show the rewrites considSimilarly, the two outer sub operations that performed the ered by ArrayDB during its ith top-down rewriting pass through the clipping in Expression 8 have been pushed through the apquery tree. The "current" node before and after the transformation is plications of ftvi and fnr. (In this example, they cannot be indicated using bold lines pushed all the way into the leaf apply operations, since the accessor function fA reads the stored Thematic Mapper array a full band at a time.) As a result, many fewer applications of fnr and ftvi are needed to evaluate Expression 9 than Expresapply a rewrite at x if x is one of subi, mergei, or apply; othsion 8. Notice that as the clipping subs are pushed through erwise, x is ignored. If a rewrite can be applied at x, the query 7 Another alternative is to try to apply every possible rewrite in all tree is modiﬁed as illustrated in Fig. 9, and the pass continues of the d dimensions at a node before proceeding to its children.
11.78 A.P. Marathe, K. Salem: Query processing techniques for arrays Operator Arity Parameters Memory cost (buffer space Restrictions required in i-order) apply p 1 external function f |Rf | elements input chunk shape is D f, output chunk shape is Rf replicate p 1 output chunk shape (C out ), C out [i] i-slabs of the input input chunks must be of unit chunk order, patterns array, plus |C out | elements size regroup p 1 chunk order, input chunk C in [i] i-slabs of the input aroutput chunks are of unit size shape (C in ) ray, plus 1 element combine p k (k ≥ 1) chunk order, ﬁlter patterns, 1 element input and output chunks are write patterns of unit size leaf p 0 accessor function (f ), chunk |Rf | elements order, patterns reorder p 1 input chunk order, output entire input array, plus C elinput and output chunk chunk order, chunk shape ements shapes are identical (C) Fig. 10. Properties of ArrayDB's physical operators the apply operations, the clipping window expands slightly. " p" emphasizes that these are physical operators.) The physThe larger window is required so that fnr can be applied propical operators are summarized in Fig. 10. erly to elements on the window's boundary. By exploiting its knowledge of the shapes of the domain and range boxes of apply p: The apply p operator applies an externally-deﬁned the applied functions, ArrayDB's rewrite procedure is able to function to each input chunk. Each function application determine when such adjustments are necessary. produces one output chunk. The input chunk shape of an apply p operator matches the domain box shape of the function it is applying, and its output chunk shape matches 4.3 Plan generation the function's range box shape. Leaf p: The leaf p operator is similar to the apply p opArrayDB's plan generator generates a query evaluation plan erator, except that leaf p does not take input from other from an AML expression. A query evaluation plan consists operators. Instead, leaf p operators feed stored array data of a tree of physical operators. Each (non-leaf) operator in the into a plan. ArrayDB assumes that arrays are stored using plan consumes data produced by its children. The root operator regular tiling [35,9]. A regularly tiled array is (conceptuproduces the query result. Conceptually, each physical operally) made up of non-overlapping subarrays (tiles). All of ator produces an array, and consumes the arrays produced by the tiles are of the same shape, and they completely span its children. However, operators do not normally fully materithe array. The individual array elements within a tile are alize the arrays that they produce. Instead, arrays are produced stored contiguously on a physical storage device such as and consumed a chunk at a time. Chunks are non-overlapping a disk. rectangular subarrays. On each NextChunk call, leaf p invokes an externallyArrayDB's physical operators are iterators [11]. Speciﬁdeﬁned accessor function to retrieve one array tile. Thus, cally, they are array chunk iterators. A chunk iterator produces the leaf p operator's output chunks have the same shape its output chunks one at a time, in response to NextChunk reas the tile shape. quests from its parent in the query plan. To obtain the data it A leaf p operator can be conﬁgured so that it will proneeds to produce a chunk, a chunk iterator may, in turn, make duce some, but not all, of the chunks of the stored array. one or more NextChunk requests to its children. The chunks to be produced are determined by a set of bit A chunk iterator produces the chunks of its output array in a patterns which are supplied to a leaf p operator as paparticular order, e.g., column-major order or row-major order. rameters. A leaf p operator takes one pattern parameter Similarly, it expects to be able to consume its input chunks in for each dimension of its stored array. The patterns act as a particular order. In a plan, successive operators must have masks on the slabs of array tiles (chunks) in each dimencompatible chunk shapes and chunk generation orders. For sion. Speciﬁcally, the tiles in the jth slab in dimension i example, if an operator produces chunks of shape 3, 3 in are produced by the leaf p


to say, the issue of how to define what classes of messages are subject to such a requirement, and how to enforce it, are beyond the scope of this discussion. Malamud Informational [Page 9] RFC 4096 Policy Labeling Ineffective May 2005 6. Security Considerations The use of labels in the "Subject:" field gives users and policy makers an unwarranted illusion that certain classes of messages will be "flagged" correctly by the MUA of the recipient. The difficulty in specifying requirements for labels in the "Subject:" field in a precise, unambiguous manner makes it difficult for the MUA to systematically identify messages that are labeled; this leads to both false positive and false negative indications. In addition, conflicting labeling requirements by policy makers, as well as other current practices that use the "Subject:" for a variety of purposes, make that field "overloaded." In order to meet these conflicting requirements, software designers and bulk mail senders resort to a variety of tactics, some of which may violate fundamental requirements of the mail standards, such as the practice of an intermediate MTA inserting various labels into the "Subject:" field. Such practices increase the likelihood of non-compliant mail messages and, thus, threaten interoperability between implementations. 7. Recommendations This document makes three recommendations: 1. There is widespread skepticism in the technical community that labels of any sort will be effective. Such labels should probably be avoided as ineffective at best. 2. Despite the widespread skepticism expressed in point 1, over 36 states in the U.S. and 27 countries have passed anti-spam measures, many of which require labels [Sorkin]. If such labels are to be used, despite the widespread skepticism expressed in point 1, there is a fairly broad consensus in the technical community that such labels should not be put in the "Subject:" field and should go in a designated header field. 3. If, despite points 1 and 2, a policy of mandating labels in the "Subject:" field is adopted, a complementary requirement to use the "No-Solicit:" should also be added. 8. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the following for their helpful suggestions and reviews of this document: Joe Abley, Harald Alvestrand, Elwyn Davies, Alain Durand, Frank Ellermann, Ted Hardie, Tony Hansen, Scott Hollenbeck, Peter Koch, Bruce Lilly, Keith Moore, Pekka Savola, and Mark Townsley. Malamud Informational [Page 10] RFC 4096 Policy Labeling Ineffective May 2005 9. References 9.1. Normative References [IANA] IANA, "Registry of Official Names for Character Sets That May Be Used on the Internet", February 2004,. [RFC2047] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text", RFC 2047, November 1996. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2231] Freed, N. and K. Moore, "MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations", RFC 2231, November 1997. [RFC2821] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 2821, April 2001. [RFC2822] Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April 2001. [RFC2978] Freed, N. and J. Postel, "IANA Charset Registration Procedures", BCP 19, RFC 2978, October 2000. [RFC3066] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages", BCP 47, RFC 3066, January 2001. [RFC3865] Malamud, C., "A No Soliciting Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Service Extension", RFC 3865, September 2004. 9.2. Informative References [8859-1] International Organization for Standardization, "Information technology - 8-bit single byte coded graphic - character sets - Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, JTC1/ SC2", ISO Standard 8859-1, 1987. [8859-8] International Organization for Standardization, "Information Processing - 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets, Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet", ISO Standard 8859-8, 1988. Malamud Informational [Page 11] RFC 4096 Policy Labeling Ineffective May 2005 [Colorado] Sixty-Second General Assembly of the State of Colorado, "Colorado Junk Email Law", House Bill 1309, June 2000,. [Doe] Frank Capra (Director), "Meet John Doe", IMDB Movie No. _PHONE_, 1941,. [Duck] The Mark Brothers, "Duck Soup", IMDB Movie No. _PHONE_, 1933,. [Florida] The Florida Bar, "Rules of Professional Conduct", 2005,. [KISA] Korea Information Security Agency, "Korea Spam Response Center -- Legislation for Anti-Spam Regulations: Mandatory Indication of Advertisement", 2003,. [Koch] Koch, P., "Subject: [tags] Considered Harmful", Work in Progress, November 2004. [Korea] National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, "Act on Promotion of Information and Communication and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection of 2001", 2001,. [Lessig] Lessig, L., "How to unspam the Internet", The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 2003,. [Levine] Levine, J., "Comments In the Matter of: REPORT TO CONGRESS PURSUANT TO CAN-SPAM ACT", Federal Trade Commission, Matter No. PO44405, February 2004,. [Moore-1] Moore, K., "Individual Comment of Mr. Keith Moore Re: Label for E-mail Messages", Federal Trade Commission of the U.S., NPRM Comment RIN 3084-AA96, February 2004,. [Moore-2] Moore, K., "E-mail Message to the Author and the IESG", March 2005. Malamud Informational [Page 12] RFC 4096 Policy Labeling Ineffective May 2005 [RFC0886] Rose, M., "Proposed standard for message header munging", RFC 886, December 1983. [RFC3834] Moore, K., "Recommendations for Automatic Responses to Electronic Mail", RFC 3834, August 2004. [Sorkin] Sorkin, D., "", 2005,. [Stooges] The Three Stooges, "Heavenly Daze", IMDB Movie No. _PHONE_, 1948,. [US] United States Congress, "The Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CANSPAM Act of 2003)", Public Law 108-187, 117 STAT. 2699, 15 USC 7701, December 2003,. Author's Address Carl Malamud Memory Palace Press PO Box 300 Sixes, OR 97476 US EMail: Malamud Informational [Page 13] RFC 4096 Policy Labeling Ineffective May 2005 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietfAcknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Malamud Informational [Page 14]


text:
Soil microbial diversity, community structure and denitrification in a temperate riparian zone
Authors: Martin T.L.; Trevors J.T.; Kaushik N.K.
Source: Biodiversity and Conservation, Volume 8, Number 8, August 1999, pp. _PHONE_(22)
Nitrate (NO_3^−) removal in riparian zones bordering agricultural areas occurs via plant uptake, microbial immobilisation and bacterial denitrification. Denitrification is a desirable mechanism for removal because the bacterial conversion of NO_3^− to N gases permanently removes NO_3^− from the watershed. A field and laboratory study was conducted in riparian soils adjacent to Carroll Creek, Ontario, Canada, to assess the spatial distribution of denitrification relative to microbial community structure and microbial functional diversity. Soil samples were collected in March, June, and August 1997 at varying soil depths and distances from the stream. Denitrification measurements made using the acetylene block technique on intact soil cores were highly variable and did not show any trends with riparian zone location. Microbial community composition and functional diversity were determined using sole carbon source utilization (SCSU) on Biolog^® GN microplates. Substrate richness, evenness and diversity (Shannon index) were greatest within the riparian zone and may also have been influenced by a rhizosphere effect. A threshold relationship between denitrification and measures of microbial community structure implied minimum levels of richness, evenness and diversity were required for denitrification.
Document Type: Regular paper
Publication date: 1999-08-01


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What is a Preliminary Title Report?The preliminary title report is provided by the title insurance company not long after escrow is opened. In Santa Clara County, unlike most of California, usually escrow is opened once a listing agreement is signed (not after a buyer is in contract to purchase the home). That means that the preliminary title report (sometimes called the "pre" or "prelim") is ready to be viewed by the time the home goes on the market.
What's in the pre?
 1. Information on where escrow is opened (which company) and who the escrow officer is
 2. The form of title insurance anticipated by the report
 3. Title – who the owners are, if it's in a trust, etc.
 4. Legal description of the property (assessor's parcel number, address etc.). If it is is a property held in condo ownership, that will show as well.
 5. Info on any and all liens recorded against the property (property taxes, supplemental taxes etc.)
 6. If there are any covenants, conditions and restrictions (CCRs)
 7. If there are any easements (usually there are at least public utility easements)
 8. Other liens, such as a deed of trust (what we think of as a mortgage)
 9. A plat map of the property
 10. and a few more items….
Why does it matter?
Reading a prelim can feel like reading the white pages of a phone book – if you still have one of those lying around. But the info is crucially important! First, it tells you whether or not the people selling the property actually own it. Yes, sometimes there are issues with this! The biggest challenge can be when two people are listed as owners on the MLS but in fact a third also has a share of ownership and must agree to any sale. "Ooops, we forgot that Mom or Dad is also on title!"
A big issue in recent years is whether or not the seller is "upside down" with the property. Let's say the house or townhouse is offered for $500,000 but it looks like $480,000 is owed. Might be good to do some math. By the time commissions, transfer taxes, escrow and title insurance costs are added up, is there enough for the sale to go through? Or are you looking at a short sale? You may not get all of the answers from the prelim, but you will at least get the questions to ask.
Another sensitive area is the property address. Sometimes the postal address is not the actual jurisdiction. For example, in Los Gatos, there are several areas where the postal or mailing address says Los Gatos, but in fact that parcel is in San Jose, Campbell, Saratoga, or a pocket of Santa Clara County – and not part of the town of Los Gatos at all.
There are lots of hidden issues which come to light in a preliminary title report. It's wise to slow down, read it carefully, and ask questions. In recent years, the prelims often come with an ePre format that includes links to supporting documents, such as the CCRs. If you have a preliminary title report, see if there's an "ePre" available with the extra documents. It's wise to read all of it while deciding if this is the property to buy (or if selling, to see if there's anything which needs clearing up).
Related Reading on Preliminary Title Reports:
Why do I need a title report?
What Is A Plat Map, And What Can You Learn From It?
Where are the easements? Request a color coded easement map from your title company!


text:
To be the premier organization representing its members at national, regional and international platforms to ensure the highest possible standards of quality and efficient comprehensive care and practice of digestive diseases.
- To generate awareness on the importance of digestive health and the early prevention of digestive diseases.
- To create a forum of medical experts who aims to keep the medical field updated.
- To contribute in the development of guidelines for the management of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in a multifaceted approach.
- To encourage the adaptation of a healthy lifestyle as a key factor in preventing various digestive diseases.
Sameer Al Awadhi
Yousif Al Sarkal
Mohammed Abdulla Banama
Nawal Al Nahdi
Scientific Committee Chairperson
Abdulla Al Hassani
Head – Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department


text:
Change your localized address for Rapida payments
Your localized address is the address associated with your Rapida payments. Follow these instructions if you want to change your localized Rapida address:
- Sign in to your AdSense account at _URL_
- In the left navigation panel, click Payments.
- Click Add payment method.
- Set the radio button to "Rapida settings".
- Click Continue.
- Next, enter your address details and on the last line enter the Rapida form number.
Enter your name and address in Russian characters. Be aware that in the Rapida system, the characters ";" and "/" are not allowed. Use words instead of these characters. The address in Russian must correspond with the Latin variant of the address, otherwise a failure may occur when a payment is made.
Below is an example of correctly completed fields:
First Name: Андрей
Last name: Бобров
Address: 1 Ул. Ленина 15-5
Address (use if address does not fit on the first line)
Rapida template ID: _PHONE_
- Confirm that you have the official documents (for example, passport) and supporting information indicated in the form shown above.
Make sure that the first name and last name in the account correspond precisely with the information in the state-approved proof of identity that you will present when collecting your payment through the Rapida system.
- Click Save changes.
Please note the following: if you set up your payments through the Rapida system after the 15th of the current month, we cannot guarantee the use of this payment method in the upcoming payment cycle. For example, to guarantee that you received your March payment through the Rapida system, you'd need to carry out the steps listed above before April 15.


text:
causes double bonds to migrate to new positions along the carbon chain, where there were formerly no double bonds in the hydrogenated oil. When the double bond in oleic acid moves from the normal ninth position to the less common 11th position, oleic acid is transformed into vaccenic acid, a new positional isomer.
All positional isomers are also geometric, i.e. trans. [Only trans? Positional isomers also have trans or cis configurations? descriptions??] Hydrogenation typically changes the geometrical and/or positional configuration of 10-50% of the molecules in an oil and generally creates 6-12 new trans isomers that did not exist in the natural, unprocessed oil. Selective hydrogenation further increases the quantity of trans isomers.
The position of the double bond affects the melting point of a fatty acid to a limited extent, but the geometric configuration of the double bond affects it dramatically. For example, the most common trans isomer, trans -oleic acid or elaidic acid, has a melting point of 43.5°C, as compared to 13.5°C for its geometric counterpart cis -oleic acid. Thus oleic acid is a liquid at temperatures considerably below room temperature, while elaidic acid remains a solid even at temperatures above room temperature--as befits a margarine. A second difference is that trans forms are generally less reactive and thus more resistance to oxidation than cis forms. Third, the human body tends to metabolize trans isomers almost as if they were saturated fats (Meyer 1974 disagrees??), even though they are generally monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, and may be listed as such in the product composition. Fourth, the cis isomer is physically more flexible than the trans (Irene disagrees??). It is folded back on itself in a sort of zigzag shape, whereas the trans isomer is more stretched out. The greater rigidity of the trans isomer is thought by some to affect its metabolism in cell membranes, as discussed later.
The amount of isomerization that occurs during hydrogenation can be regulated by adjusting the type of catalyst used, the degree of hydrogenation, and the conditions of time, temperature, and pressure. However it is not possible to eliminate trans isomers during hydrogenation. In some hydrogenated products trans acids are considered a plus factor, in others a drawback. For example, margarine and shortening makers have long known that increasing the proportion of trans isomers in their product gives the desired higher melting point with a lesser degree of hydrogenation. It is interesting to note that ordinary margarine contains only a trace of more saturated fats than the oil from which it is made. It is harder largely because of the higher level of trans -unsaturated fatty acids. Adding fairly large amounts of trans simplifies formulation problems by giving a quality product that melts at about mouth temperature, has a good mouthfeel, and spreads well. However, there is considerable controversy as to whether all this trans gives the most healthful product, as discussed below. On the other hand, makers of lightly hydrogenated soy cooking and salad oils try to minimize trans formation because of the higher crystallization losses they cause during winterization.
A very precise terminology has been developed for use in discussing trans and cis fatty acid isomers. Some of the more important saturated fatty acids and the cis and trans forms of unsaturated fatty acids are shown in Figure??. Basic information on fatty acids is given in Chapter 47.
Common Name Systematic Name Symbolic Notation
Palmitic acid Hexadecanoic 16:0
Stearic acid Octadecanoic 18:0
Oleic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic 9c-18:1
Elaidic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic 9t-18:1
Vaccenic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic 11t-18:1
Linoleic acid cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic 9c,12c-18:2
Trans diene trans-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic?? 9t,12c-18:2
Conjugated diene cis-9,trans-11-Octadecadienoic?? 9c,11t-18:2
Linolenic acid cis-9,cis-12,cis-15-Octadecatrienoic 9c,12c,15c-18:3
First find oleic acid. Our terminology tells us that this is a monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons in the basic chain. The single double bond is a cis double bond in the ninth position, i.e. nine carbon bonds from the terminal methyl (CH3) group on the carbon chain. Second, note that we have listed only two common trans forms; there are many other monounsaturated and diunsaturated trans forms, but two will suffice here to illustrate basic principles of terminology. Third, note that elaidic acid is the trans isomer of oleic acid; it is not a positional isomer, since in each case the double bond is in the ninth position. Vaccinic acid, however, is a positional trans isomer??, since the double bond is two positions away from the natural ninth position. Fourth, note what happens when linolenic acid is hydrogenated to linoleic, then linoleic to oleic. In each case, the double bond with the highest number (i.e. furthest from the methyl end of the carbon chain) is hydrogenated and thus eliminated as a double bond; how orderly! Fifth, the cis-trans configuration of diunsaturated fatty acids (dienes) is more reactive with oxygen than the usual cis-cis form, so that during hydrogenation one usually attempts to keep the former to a minimum. The conjugated diene, in which the two double bonds are separated by a single group of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms, with only one single bond (i.e. 9-11, or 10-12), is much more reactive toward oxygen than double bonds separated by the usual two single bonds (i.e. 9-12) (Bai?ley 1951, p. 9).
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H
Nonconjugated fatty Conjugated fatty
acid chain acid chain
Although trans fatty acids are not generally found in unhydrogenated vegetable oils or in plants, and they are not produced or synthesized in the bodies of humans and most other mammals, they are found to exist naturally in the fat of various ruminants, such as cattle, sheep, and goats; here they are thought to be formed via biohydrogenation by microorganisms in the animal's rumen. The butter and fat of cattle typically contain 5-10% trans fatty acids, and these are consumed by humans who drink milk or eat butter, tallow, or beef. It is important to note, however, that the predominant trans fatty acid in ruminant fat (vaccenic acid; 11 t- 18:1) is not the same as the predominant trans fatty acid produced by hydrogenation of vegetable oil (elaidic acid; 9 t- 18:1). Also the trans fatty acids in ruminant fats and hydrogenated oils have different distributions of positional isomers. However, minute amounts of all the trans fatty acids found in hydrogenated oils are also found in ruminant fats, such as milk (Patton and Jensen 1975) and minute amounts of trans fatty acids have even been found in the leaves and seeds of several types of plants. The body metabolizes each type of trans acid differently. Strictly speaking, then, the trans fatty acids produced in hydrogenated oils are not "unnatural" in the sense that minute amounts are found here and there in nature, but they are "unnatural" in the sense that they are not found in the natural oils in which they are produced during processing.
The main source of trans fatty acids in most diets is hydrogenated vegetable oils; trans acids constitute roughly 30-35% of the fatty acids in stick margarine, 14% in soft-tub margarine, and 11% in soy cooking and salad oils (ref??). Note that in hydrogenating soy oil to make a salad or cooking oil, the iodine value is reduced from 130-110, polyunsaturates are reduced by about 30%, monounsaturates are roughly doubled, but saturated fatty acids are essentially unchanged. About 11% of the fatty acids are trans isomers and in 24% of the fatty acids (not shown), the positions of the double bonds migrate (ref??).
In summary, then, the typical Westerner consumes trans fatty acids from two sources: hydrogenated oils and ruminant animal fats. A 1974 study in Germany estimated that 35-45% of the trans intake originated in ruminant fats (Applewhite 1981). It was estimated in 1975 that the trans fatty acid content of the fat in the average American diet was about 8%; most of this was contributed by hydrogenated vegetable oil products (Kummerow 1975; FASEB 1976). Rizek et al. (1974) estimated that in the period from 1937 to 1972 per capita annual consumption of trans fatty acids increased by 81%, from 6.3-11.4 gm. During the same period per capita consumption of vegetable oils and fats increased by only 64% (from 36-59 gm).
Composition of


- A A
Home > Business > Human Resources > People > Professions > President and Vice President Compared
Difference Between President and Vice President
President vs Vice President
Though there are Presidents and Vice Presidents in most democratic countries that are political offices held for the governance of a country, we are concerned with the titles of President and Vice President in the corporate world where these are titles held by officers in the management. Not many people are aware of the differences in the roles and responsibilities of Presidents and Vice Presidents that will be discussed in this article.
Time shave changed and so have organizational structures with specialization being the buzzword. Thus, we have CEO, COO, and of course the Presidents and the Vice Presidents. Who is more important in an organization, a CEO or a President and whose opinions matter more for the shareholders, President's or the Vice President's. All this is clear once a person understands the functions and responsibilities of President and Vice President.
Vice President is a title that is used commonly in large organizations. There may be many vice Presidents in a company with each Vice President specialize in a certain department implying a VP having specific set of skills. So we have VP finance, and we also have VP personnel. But irrespective of the number of vice presidents, there is a single person with the title of President. He is the most influential person in the organization and is equivalent to Chief Executive Officer or Managing Director.
In a company where there are many VP's, there is a convention to rank them according to their seniority. Thus, we have the Senior Executive VP who is the senior most VP, and he is the person next in command to the President. Thereafter, we have Executive VP, Senior VP and then just VP's of various departments. All VP's are under the control of the President, but in the absence of the President, it is the Senior Executive VP who performs the functions of the President. However, in the case of a successor being searched for the President, it is the board of directors that decide and not necessarily the senior most VP who becomes the President.
What is the difference between President and Vice President?
- President and Vice President are titles of key officers in an organization with President being the most powerful officer. He is considered to be equivalent to the CEO or the Managing Director of a company.
- There may be just one vice president in a small company but in the majority of instances, there are many VP's in a large organization, each having a specific set of skills reflected by their title. Thuis we have VP (finance), VP (personnel), and so on.
- Vice Presidents are under the control of the President.
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text: On 18th of February "Nazarbayev Intellectual School of Physics and Mathematics in Semey" organized the demonstrative methodological day for Pedagogical Collage named after M.O. Auezov and local schools. Teachers and students share their experiences with each other and it is the great work that we provide partnership with the NIS. Students were encouraged to practice their theory knowledge during their daily classes in order to stimulate their professional activities and share experiences in various subjects.Students studying the specialty Kazakh language and literature, technology, English, physical education, felt the effectiveness of leadership and mastering the best technologies of self-education through open lessons, trainings. Also, they visited the NIS library and learned new ways to get information from library staff. The information literacy training was very informative and interested.We thank NIS administration and the college administration for establishing a social partnership between college and intellectual school!


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Opposite to the coast of Lavreotiki at the southern part of Euboekos Bay it is situated the wild and arid island of Makronissos ("the long island" in Greek), or Nissos Elenis (the island of Helen) as it was known in antiquity. During the period of the civil war in Greece and the years after, until 1974, this island served as a place of exile and tortures of the political opponents of the government.
The eastern coast of the island has several small sandy beaches, accessible only by boat or yacht, provided the captain of the boat knows very well the sea, as several reefs scattered around may prove dangerous. A small cove, well protected from the winds is found at the southern coast; be cautious when reaching this cove, as there is an invisible reef some 200 meters far from the coast.
The island is found at a distance of some 2-4 nautical miles far from the boat slide of Lavrio, depending on the coast you choose to visit.


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In the wiki it is article only about shear modulus and it is written that it's unit is Pascal. At the same time in all researches about Red Blood Cells shear stresses, authors write "in-plane shear stress" and measure it in N/m. For instance, here - _URL_ I can't understand why - perhaps it is a difference between in-plane shear modulus and shear modulus. Or it is because membrane is a surface in 3D, not the whole body. Any ideas?
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When we talk about shear stress and shear modulus we're normally considering the deformation of a 3D body. However the article you cite is not talking about deformation of a 3D body but instead it's treating the surface of the erythrocyte as a 2D object. That means they use a surface stress which is probably better known as surface tension. This is similar to the way you calculate the deformation of soap films.
Surface tension (and therefore surface stress) is a force per unit length so it's units are N/m, and therefore the surface shear stress has the same units of N/m.
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Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has been traditionally used in treatment numerous health problems, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of chronic intake of stinging nettle leaf extract (UE) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).Design and method:
SHR were divided into 5 experimental groups. Throughout 4 weeks long study, control group (SHRC) received tap water, positive antihypertensive control group (SHR+L) received 10 mg/kg/day of losartan, while SHR+UE10, SHR+UE50 and SHR+UE200 groups were treated with 10, 50, and 200 mg/kg/day of dry aqueous-methanolic UE. Losartan and UE were dissolved in 0.5 ml of water, and given to the animals by gavage. At the end of the treatment mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured directly in anesthetized animals, and blood samples were collected for erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Serum lipid peroxidation level was assessed by total thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay (TBARS).Results:
MBP dropped significantly in SHR+L, SHR+UE50, and SHR+UE200 group. Furthermore, all three UE doses significantly increased SOD and CAT activities, but not the GPx activity. Antioxidant enzyme activities remained unchained in SHR+L group. Serum lipid peroxidation level was decreased in all three tested UE doses while it remained unchanged in SHR+L group.Conclusions:
Our results indicate that all three UE doses improve antioxidant enzymes activity and reduce serum lipid peroxidation level in SHR. Furthermore, MAP reduction in SHR+UE50 and SHR+UE200 is similar to losartan therapy. Therefore, UE expresses beneficial effects in genetically induced hypertension.


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Do you know your food habit impacts your luck and prosperity? Sounds wired! But, this is the truth and you can decipher it if you follow Food Astrology. There are very few people who are actually aware that their food habits can strengthen and/or weaken the effects of planets; irrespective of good and bad. Even, due to bad food habits, the most beneficial planet in your birth chart can start giving negative results. And if you visit a truly educated and genuine astrologer in Kolkata, you will be amazed to know how you can reduce or increase the effects of planets just with your food practices.
So, if you want to know how you can increase the beneficial results of planets through your eating habits until you fix an appointment for an astro-consultation, take this blog as your guide.
Improve Results from Planets Through Food Astrology
Yes, you just read it right. Utilizing food astrology, you can magnet positive results from planets. Let us know which food you should list in your diet to improve the planets that are weak in your natal chart, or that you want to strengthen.
- Sun: Sun denotes health, mental health, respect, confidence, success, and father in a birth chart. If it is weak in your natal chart, add wheat, mango, and jaggery to your diet.
- Moon: If the Moon is weak in your birth chart or you are suffering due to your mental health, take sugarcane, sugar, milk, ice cream, white bread, and rice.
- Mercury: Mercury reflects your intelligence quotient. So, if Mercury is inflicted in your birth chart, you can add more and more green vegetables, green daal, and green sweets to your diet.
- Mars: To strengthen Martian energy and bring back confidence and boldness in life start eating jaggery, honey, lentils, pomegranate, and red-colored fruits to your plate.
- Venus: This planet is a karaka of marital bliss and financial improvement as well. If you are suffering with money due to weak Venus, have curd, sugar, candy, sooji white-colored food, and fruits every day. It will also improve your married life.
- Jupiter: Your wisdom and character majorly depend on how Jupiter is posted in your natal chart. To have good results from the planet Jupiter, eat banana, maize, yellow pulse, besan, ghee, gram flour, gram dal, rock salt, yellow fruits, and turmeric with your regular food.
- Saturn: Your karma karaka planet is Saturn. If you want to appease Saturn, you should add food like black pepper, urad dal, sesame seeds, mustard oil, pickle, clove, bay leaves, black salt, black dal, jaggery, and black-colored fruits and sweets to your diet.
- Rahu and Ketu: If you are suffering due to Rahu and Ketu then start including black sesame, chana, mustard oil, black sweets, and black fruits in your diet. It will help to reduce the negative energy of these shadowy planets.
Try these foods based on your zodiac sign as well as planets (weak/strong) in your natal chart. Hope, you will incur results incorporating this food into your diet and get rid of the planetary dilemma. You can consult with Astrologer Shrijit Chatterjee, one of the most genuine astrologer in Kolkata to have personalized food astrology remedies.


Title: Timeliness via Speculation for Real-Time Databases Author: Azer Bestavros and Spyridon Braoudakis, Boston University Date: May 1994 Abstract: Various concurrency control algorithms differ in the time when conflicts are detected, and in the way they are resolved. In that respect, the Pessimistic and Optimistic Concurrency Control (PCC and OCC) alternatives represent two extremes. PCC locking protocols detect conflicts as soon as they occur and resolve them using {\em blocking}. OCC protocols detect conflicts at transaction commit time and resolve them using {\em rollbacks} (restarts). For real-time databases, blockages and rollbacks are hazards that increase the likelihood of transactions missing their deadlines. We propose a {\em Speculative} Concurrency Control (SCC) technique that minimizes the impact of blockages and rollbacks. SCC relies on the use of added system resources to {\em speculate} on potential serialization orders and to ensure that if such serialization orders materialize, the hazards of blockages and roll-backs are minimized. We present a number of SCC-based algorithms that differ in the level of speculation they introduce, and the amount of system resources (mainly memory) they require. We show the performance gains (in terms of number of satisfied timing constraints) to be expected when a representative SCC algorithm (SCC-2S) is adopted.


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An explanation of the mechanics of control line and its advantages compared with other kinds of flying model aircraft.
A control line model aeroplane is one that is tethered by fine wires or cables (the lines) so that it is forced to fly in a circle, and fitted with elevators that can be moved by a pilot holding a control handle attached to the ends of the lines in the centre of the flying circle.
Variations on this theme providing control by one or three lines also exist, but are nowhere near as common as the two-line form described here:
Diagram adapted from one in the Aeromodeller Data Book published by Model & Allied Publications.
Aerobatic models are normally fitted with large wing flaps which move in the opposite direction from elevators. There are a few ways of achieving this, some providing a differential action that applies more flap to the wing nearest the flying circle centre, but a common arrangement is shown in the following diagram:
Diagram from the Control Line Manual by R.G. Moulton, published by Model Aeronautical Press Ltd.
The control lines themselves are usually made of a twisted cable about 0.3mm diameter consisting of three or more fine strands of wire soldered together,
Cable has a several advantages over piano wire: it is less prone to kinking (hence the trade name Laystrate); its soldered construction protects its steel strands from rusting; and it does not have the tendency for lines to cling together magnetically, occasionally a source of sticky controls when using piano wire.
Very small models have also been flown successfully on cotton button thread or carpet thread, but modern threads containing lots of polyester are more flexible and result in rather vague control.
Advantages:The factors that led to the popularity of control line for many years are:


Carrello 0
Automation for Gates
What is gate automation?
Gate automation is a system that helps you to open and close your gate with ease and comfort, using a remote control and while remaining in the car. On Windowo you can find the kits to transform a traditional gate into an automatic gate.
The advantages of gate automatisms
What are the advantages and advantages of these gate automations? Here is a short list:
 - Gate automation is convenient : you can open the gate while being indoors, perhaps in rain or storm;
 - The automation for gates is safe : the gate stops when someone or something passes in front of the photocells;
 - There are automatic systems for every situation : for example for the home, condominium, or for companies, because the use of the gate is different;
 - The pieces are modular : if something breaks, you don't need to change the whole system. On Windowo you can find replacement accessories at discounted prices.
How does the gate automation work?
Let's take an example. Let's pretend you're in the car and it's raining...
 1. To open the gate, use a remote control (this is the most common method).
 2. When you press, a warning signal is sent to the control unit which communicates with the gate. The control unit is in fact the heart of the gate automation. Without that nothing can work.
 3. The control unit then tells the motor to open the gate, and this finally opens. It seems that the operation took a long time but, in reality, all these steps are very fast.
In summary: how is an automation system for gates made?
automation for gates online sale
Above you can see the example of an automatic swing gate.
The system for opening a gate is made up of a few but very important accessories that must work together and that cannot be missing in an automation system for gates. The main ones for sale online on Windowo are:
 - Engine
 - Electric unit
 - Sensors
 - Photocells
The motor for gates
The gate motor is directly proportional to the size of the gate. It can therefore be:
 - Single motor for small and light gates
 - Double motor for large and heavy gates
If we are talking about a house where aesthetics are important, you can use an underground gate motor. In fact, this is an excellent gate automation system that respects the external appearance.
Photocells for gates
Gate photocells are as small as they are important. They are in fact the eyes of a gate, that is, they see when a person, an animal or an object is passing in front of the gate. If the gate is closing, the photocells send a signal to the control unit which will block the motor.
Photocells are crucial for safety, which we had already seen among the advantages of gate automation. To work, 2 photocells are needed.
The electric control unit for gates
The control unit for gates is the heart of a gate automation kit. The control unit is the brain that receives the signal from the remote control and also from the photocells. The brain then tells the motor to open, close or lock the gate.
How many gate automations are there?
There are various types and can be chosen according to the building and use.
1. According to the type of opening
 - Gate automation with remote control : this is the most convenient and popular way to open an automatic gate;
 - Gate automation with key : to be inserted in the lock.
2. According to the type of building
 - Automation for house gates : it is small, light and is opened a few times a day;
 - Automation for condominium gate : it is heavier and is opened several times a day;
 - Automation for company gates : it is the largest and heaviest type, and is opened very often.
3. According to the type of gate
 - Swing gate automation : these are gates that open with 1 or 2 leaves, around a pin. They are comfortable when there is little space, or for houses or condominiums;
 - Sliding gate automation : these are gates that open by sliding on a rail. The advantage is that they can be much longer, so they are suitable for companies, parking lots and very large entrances.
Gate automatisms for sale online
Windowo is the shop specializing in the online sale of automation systems for gates, assembly kits and accessories to replace. You can find the best Italian brands, including Aprimatic. Now that you know everything about automatic gates, you just have to choose among the many products on sale.
© Windowo All rights reserved - VAT: 02324570221 Sito Ecommerce by


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Point wand at target
Blasts objects into pieces
- "...he tried the Reductor Curse again. It wasn't very effective, but it burned a small hole in the hedge..."
- —Harry using the spell during the Third Task.[src]
The Reductor Curse is a spell used to blast solid objects into pieces. The incantation for this spell is Reducto. The number of pieces may vary, depending on the power of the curse. If used with extreme force, the object may disintegrate.
- Severus Snape may have used this spell nonverbally on rose bushes during the Yule Ball in 1994.
- Harry Potter attempted to use this spell on a cloud of golden mist in the Third Task of the Triwizard Tournament. The spell had no effect.
- In meetings of Dumbledore's Army, Parvati Patil and Ginny Weasley produced Reductor Curses so powerful that they disintegrated a table and Death Eater duelling simulacrum/dummy respectively.
- Harry, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Neville Longbottom, Ginny Weasley and Luna Lovegood all used this spell to break shelves in the Hall of Prophecies in an attempt to distract the Death Eaters during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries.
- Later in the battle, Luna used the spell again to blow up a model of the planet Pluto while defending herself, a cursed Ron, and Ginny from the Death Eaters, but accidentally broke Ginny's ankle in the process.
- A member of the Order of the Phoenix tried to blast the door of the Astronomy Tower open with the Reductor Curse when Death Eaters had cornered Albus Dumbledore there.
- Harry Potter used this spell in a failed attempt to destroy Salazar Slytherin's Locket.
- Reducto may come from the English verb reduce, "to bring down, destroy".
Behind the scenes
- Molly Weasley may have used this spell to blast Bellatrix Lestrange to pieces during their duel in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2.
- In both of the LEGO Harry Potter games, the Reductor Curse is used to destroy Metal LEGO Pieces and, in the latter and only if the character possesses the Elder Wand, Gold LEGO Pieces.
- The fifth film gives the appearance that Ginny Weasley can cast a more powerful Reductor Curse than most of the others; in the book, this was the Patil twins that could do so.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
- Wonderbook: Book of Spells
Notes and references


Queen Mary's Bath House – Edinburgh, Scotland - Atlas Obscura
A blue plaque located near this irregularly shaped structure, reads: "This little two-storied building is traditionally associated with Mary, Queen of Scots (1542 -1587)." It is estimated that the building itself dates somewhere around 1565. She ruled over Scotland from _PHONE_, thus the building is attributed to her reign.
The building itself was originally the boundary wall enclosing the king's privy garden and may have served as a pavilion or summer house. Whether it contained an actual bath is unknown.
Speculation has been attributed to the signage, but it may have been a ploy to lure tourists to the location. What is known for sure is that this structure once belonged to a massive tiered wall that surrounded the Palace of Holyrood.
The two-storied building was constructed toward the end of the 16th century and was restored in 1852. It has been speculated that the building may be the oldest surviving tennis pavilion in the world. Several other theories about its usage include it being a dovecot or possibly utilized for banqueting.
However, very little is known about the true purpose of the building as most of the stories surrounding its existence can only be attributed to urban myths.
In 1776 John Pinkerton, a Scottish Antiquarian wrote Craigmillar Castle, an Elegy:
"The chamber, where the Queen, whose charms divine, Made wond'ring nations own the pow'r of love, Oft bathed her snowy limbs in sparkling wine, Now proves a lonely refuge for the dove."
Know Before You Go
The building is situated to the left of Holyrood Palace. There is no access to the interior, but it can be viewed from the outside.
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The Bab and the Theology of Revelation
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In 1844 a charismatic young Persian merchant from Shiraz, known as the Báb, electrified the Shí'ih world by claiming to be the return of the Hidden Twelfth Imam of Islamic prophecy. But contrary to traditional expectations of apocalyptic holy war, the Báb maintained that the spiritual path was not one of force and coercion but love and compassion.
The movement he founded was the precursor of the Bahá'í Faith, but until now the Báb's own voluminous writings have been seldom studied and often misunderstood. Gate of the Heart offers the first in-depth introduction to the writings of the Báb.
Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the author examines the Báb's major works in multifaceted context, explaining the unique theological system, mystical world view, and interpretive principles they embody as well as the rhetorical and symbolic uses of language through which the Báb radically transforms traditional concepts. Arguing that the Bábí movement went far beyond an attempt at an Islamic Reformation, the author explores controversial issues and offers conclusions that will compel a re-evaluation of some prevalent assumptions about the Báb's station, claims, and laws.
Nader Saiedi's meticulous and insightful analysis identifies the key themes, terms, and concepts that characterize each stage of the Báb's writings, unlocking the code of the Báb's mystical lexicon. Gate of the Heart is a subtle and profound textual study and an essential resource for anyone wishing to understand the theological foundations of the Bahá'í religion and the Báb's significance in religious history.


At Wednesday's ribbon cutting ceremony for Imagine Riverside's new Coachella school on Avenue 50, students said the Pledge of Allegiance in both English and Spanish - a taste of what's to come at the dual-immersion school.
"All of the different areas in both languages," Dr. Grace Jimenez of Imagine Riverside said.
You can find Imagine public charter schools all over the country. There are a total of 70 schools in 12 states, with about 38,000 students.
"Dual immersion is a little different than bilingual. It means students will be proficient in two languages, bi-literate in English and Spanish," Jimenez said.
Right now the school teaches kindergarten and first graders. Each year, Imagine Riverside will add a grade until it reaches K-8.
"It's really important for students nowadays to be ready for a global economy. We are preparing students for jobs that aren't even existing right now," Jimenez said.
A necessary education in two languages causes a lot of demand.
"We do have a list of students waiting to be in classrooms and we do have an overage of students right now. We are seeing to break those up into smaller groups and have more attention to your students," she said.
Parents watched their children at the ceremony, feeling lucky their sons and daughters will get this opportunity.
"I think it's great especially for Spanish speaking families. My child doesn't speak spanish at all but she's here, and I wouldn't say she's fluent, but getting there," father Osiel Salinas said.


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System users are those used to run services such as DNS, mail, web servers, and so forth. The reason for this is security; if all services ran as the superuser, they could act without restriction.
Examples of system users are daemon, operator, bind (for the Domain Name Service), news, and www.
nobody is the generic unprivileged system user. However, it is important to keep in mind that the more services that use nobody, the more files and processes that user will become associated with, and hence the more privileged that user becomes.


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Mar. 1, 2005 Scientists have turned to the brightest brains in Britain in a bid to understand the link between intelligence and dementia.
A team of researchers from The University of Manchester will be asking members of the high-IQ society Mensa for DNA samples in what will be the world's most sophisticated study of brainpower.
The research will allow the team to find genes associated with intelligence and examine how they interact with each other.
"When you look at the genes in combination you reduce the statistical power of the research considerably," explained Dr Tony Payton, who works in the University's Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research (CIGMR) and is leading the research.
"Selecting individuals who represent the extreme end of the IQ distribution increases this power dramatically. For example, 200 volunteers with an IQ of 145 is equivalent to using 100,000 unselected volunteers."
The results of the Mensa research will complement data collected from an earlier University of Manchester study of some 2,500 elderly people that has taken place over the last 20 years.
That research has already uncovered two genes associated with general cognitive ability, while work elsewhere over the past eight years has identified a further 10 other 'intelligence genes'.
"The study of intelligence is shrouded by historical, biological, ethical and descriptive complexities that have made a mockery of its intended definition 'to reason and understand'," said Dr Payton.
"Although our understanding of the biological basis of intelligence is still at an early stage, a general consensus about the role genes play in determining the level of intelligence has now been reached.
"All of us possess the same genes but there are variations within the genes themselves, known as 'polymorphisms', which are largely responsible for what makes us all unique.
"They have an important influence on factors such as our behaviour and susceptibility to disease and, of the genes implicated in intelligence, the associated polymorphism has been shown to alter the function of the gene."
Theoretically, the research with Mensa will be the most powerful approach to studies in this field ever adopted.
The study of 2,500 elderly people over 20 years has created the second largest DNA archive in the world - the Dyne Steele DNA bank - and is unique in that it assessed volunteers for changes in cognitive function.
"Combining this study with the Mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain The University of Manchester's position as a world leader in the field," said Dr Payton.
"Scientists are interested in intelligence genes because high intelligence protects against the onset of dementias such as Alzheimer's disease.
"A greater understanding of the role that genes play in regulating intelligence may help in the development of new diagnostic tests and more effective treatments designed to combat cognitive impairment in the elderly."
Mensa has more than 25,500 members in the United Kingdom and Ireland, all of whom have an IQ that is measured in the top 2% of the population.
The aim of the project is to initially recruit at least 1,000 members and investigate if there is a difference between their genetic polymorphisms and those found in average IQ individuals using the Dyne Steele DNA bank.
Most studies to date have only investigated single polymorphisms in single genes but given there are more than 33,000 human genes these approaches are incredibly expensive and time consuming.
Using cutting-edge technology, known as 'Affymetrix Microarray', Dr Payton's team will be able to investigate more than 100,000 polymorphisms at a time and hope to identify many intelligence genes in a short time.
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