text:
Currency format, values are right-aligned.
Custom number formats
If none of the built-in formats suit your needs, you can even create your own custom number format by using format codes from the Custom category.
Text values in Excel are left-aligned by default, and numeric values are right-aligned by default. However, you can manually change these at any time by selecting the cell(s) you want to change and clicking one of the options in the Alignment command group.
The Alignment tab in the Format Cells dialog box carries several detailed options to control text direction, orientation, and indentation.
Merge two or more cells
If the value in a cell is spread across several columns and you want to make it more presentable, you can merge the affected cells to behave like a single cell. You can either use:
- Merge & Center, or
- Center Across Selection
Merge & Center
This method is often used because it has a dedicated command right on the Home tab, so it's easily executed.
Just highlight the cells that should be merged, click Merge & Center, and it's done!
Drawbacks when using Merge & Center
- This command only preserves data in the first (top-left) cell of the highlighted range. Any data in the other cells will be deleted.
- Selecting cells of different sizes can be problematic.
- Sorting can be problematic since sorted cells must be of the same size.
For the above reasons, the Center Across Selection option is preferred by most Excel experts.
Center Across Selection
To use Center Across Selection:
- Select the relevant cells.
- Press Control + 1 or right-click and choose Format Cells from the menu.
- In the Alignment tab, from the Horizontal drop-down, select Center Across Selection.
- Click OK
Text will appear merged and centered, but each cell can still be selected individually. They can also be sorted and highlighted as normal.
If data is in any cell other than the top-left cell, there will be no loss of data.
Conditional formatting dynamically changes the way text, numbers, or cells appear based on a certain condition being met or not being met. It's a very effective way to help you understand patterns you might have missed otherwise.
Conditional formatting commands can be accessed from the Home tab in the Styles command group.
You can use the built-in rule templates (Highlight Cells or Top/Bottom) to identify the cells to be specially formatted, or you can create your own rule from scratch using the New Rule option.
Data Bars, Color Scales, and Icon Sets
With Data Bars, you can mimic Excel bar charts and use color to show how quantities within a range compare with each other.
With Color Scales, you can use a color's intensity to depict the same thing.
Icon Sets use a combination of shapes and colors to convey whether a value should be considered negative or positive.
The best part of conditional formatting is that it is dynamic, so when the data changes, Excel uses the rule(s) you created to determine whether the conditions are still met, and will update the formatting automatically.
Other formatting changes
Cosmetic changes such as font size and style, strikethrough effect, cell borders, etc., can be accomplished from the Home tab or the respective tab in the Format Cells dialog box.
Control your view
Excel allows you to enter and store lots of data, but that doesn't mean you always want to see it all at once.
For example, on a very large spreadsheet, you might find it very difficult to manage your data or even know what you are looking at because header rows or important columns are no longer visible when you scroll through the data set.
On the View tab, the Freeze Panes command lets you "lock" certain rows or columns so that they are always in view, no matter how far away you scroll.
There are three options available:
- Freeze Panes - visible rows and columns above the active cell will be frozen
- Freeze Top Row - the first visible row will be frozen
- Freeze First Column - the first visible column will be frozen
To unfreeze, return to the Freeze Panes dropdown, and 'Unfreeze Panes' will be the first command if any rows on the active worksheet were frozen.
Split worksheet view
Another option for controlling your view is to split the panes so that you can see separate sections of the worksheet at once with the Split command. When the 'Split' command is activated, you can divide the window into different panes that scroll separately.
The Split command is located next to Freeze Panes on the View tab. You can apply a vertical, horizontal, or four-way split, depending on the location of your active cell. The window you click on will become the active one, allowing you to scroll while keeping the inactive window(s) fixed.
Excel with Excel
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Remember, just because you can add every color of the rainbow to your worksheet doesn't mean you should. Generally speaking, it's better for your presentation to be understated than overdone. We've put together some best practices for Excel presentations, and free templates for money management, personal projects, business planning, and project management.
Now that you've learned enough to get started, you should probably know that there are shortcuts to do practically everything in Excel. Check out our cheat sheet of Excel hacks to organize and analyze data like a pro.
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I can't figure out how to add an IN clause in my query, using placeholders.
I'd want it to be something like:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$result = db_query('SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN :nids', array(':nids' => $nids));
Can't find any documentation on this simple task. What's the proper way to achieve this?
You are missing the braces.
Try this:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$result = db_query('SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (:nids)', array(':nids' => $nids));
For more information, see _URL_ especially the chapter on Placeholder arrays:
Placeholder arrays
Drupal's database layer includes an extra feature of placeholders. If the value passed in for a placeholder is an array, it will be automatically expanded into a comma separated list as will the corresponding placeholder. That means developers do not need to worry about counting how many placeholders they will need.
An example should make this behavior clearer:
// This code:
// Will get turned into this prepared statement equivalent automatically:
db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (:nids_1, :nids_2, :nids_3)", array(
 ':nids_1' => 13,
 ':nids_2' => 42,
 ':nids_3' => 144,
// Which is equivalent to the following literal query:
db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (13, 42, 144)");
 - I knew I was close ;) Thanks for the answer and the link! – Olof Johansson Jun 16 '11 at 15:20
 - what about the strings? node_types = array('node_type_1', 'node_type_2'); – Serjas Feb 8 '13 at 13:24
 - Same, doesn't matter. – Berdir Feb 8 '13 at 15:43
For Drupal 8
Entity query:
$query = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('entity_type')->getQuery();
$query->condition('field/property', [1, 2, 3], 'IN');
$ids = $query->execute();
Sql Query (select), essentially the same for other query types.
$query = \Drupal::database()->select('table', 't');
$query->condition('column', [1, 2, 3], 'IN');
For Drupal 7
See Berdir's answer.
For Drupal 6
You can do it like this:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$placeholders = db_placeholders($nids);
$result = db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN ($placeholders)", $nids);
db_placeholders is needed in Drupal 6 which will creating a string that holds the placeholders needed for the array of values given. Drupal 7 handles all this internally like Berdir describes.
Using the Database API in Drupal 7
Here's how you can use db_select() instead of db_query() for the same results.
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
 ->condition('n.nid', $nids, 'IN')
$nodes = $query->fetchAll();
Drupal 6 If your array contains strings you need to tell db_placeholders()
$colours = array('red', 'yellow', 'blue');
$placeholders = db_placeholders($colours,'text');
$result = db_query("SELECT * FROM {bricks} WHERE colour IN ($placeholders)", $colours);
Drupal 8 update.
Also valid.
$nids = db_query("SELECT nid FROM node_field_data WHERE nid IN (:nids[]) AND status = 1", [
 ':nids[]' => $nids
 - db_query is deprecated and will be removed in Drupal 9. It shouldn't be recommended as a solution at this point. You also shouldn't use the database directly for querying data related to entities; there are APIs for that – Clive Nov 9 '19 at 7:03
 - The recommendation is strictly Drupal 8 update. The current accepted answer no longer works for Drupal 8, because it lacks square bracket. To reject this answer because it does not work for Drupal 9 another major version is disingenuous. It stops users getting an answer that just works. The sentiment is a clear example of, Perfect is the enemy of good enough. – Chris Calip Nov 12 '19 at 23:27
Your Answer


text:
Editor Orlando Ortiz and authors review important areas in Imaging of the Postoperative Spine. Articles will include: Post-operative spine imaging in cancer patients; Minimally invasive spine intervention; Post-vertebral augmentation spine imaging; Imaging of lumbar spine fusion; Motion sparing spine instrumentation; Imaging of spine surgery complications; Post-operative fluid collections; Emerging techniques of post-operative spine imaging, What the spine surgeon needs to know about post-operative spine; Post-operative spine infection evaluation; and more!
- © Elsevier 2014
- 12th May 2014
- eBook ISBN:
- Hardcover ISBN:
Department of Radiology, State University of New York - Stony Brook

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Test common rail piezo injectors
with DIT31 test bench
Massimiliano Gandini (IP)
Classic(Old) test Method
The most popular method to measure the flow of a common rail injector is to collect in a graduated glass the amount of liquid introduced during a known number of injections and compare this volume with the graduation of the container.
Deteq test Method
An alternative able to provide higher resolution, is to split the flow in its two fundamental physical parameters: that is,
- the time interval between opening and closing of the nozzle (injection time).
- pressure difference during the injection time
Piezoelectric actuator control requires the additional CRP module to the unit TC38.
Test 1:Minimum pressure
Activated the automatic triggering cycle, it is easy to find the minimum pressure which allows the chatter.
Test 2: Chatter
Test 3: Return
With the injector pressurized, the pump is stopped and the pressure drops gradually, depending on the return.
Test 4: Seat Leackage
Known the acceptable leckage time, any lower value indicates a too high back leackage.
The injector on the left has an acceptable quantity of return; the other one on the right has an extra internal leakage.
Test 5: Opening Delay
Opening delay is the time to translate the electrical command into a mechanical movement
Injection time is the time elapsed between the opening and closing of the nozzle.
It is essential to determine the flow.
On the left an injector that pulverizes exactly on time, on the right an injector that responds with a delay.
For each chatter, at constant pressure DIT31 calculates the difference between the level of pressure on opening and closing of the nozzle.
This parameter, together with the injection time, determines the amount of the injected fluid.
On the left, the injector injects the correct amount. The injector in the center has at least one of the nozzle holes with a reduced diameter by dirt or oxide while the nozzle holes of the injector on the right are expanded by wear.
This component is an Upgrade.
PiezoDevice 87.20.116 is the specific device to be used on an exhisting DIT31 test bench for diesel injectors.
The device has been developed to solve a particular situation rising when testing piezo common rail injectors, as the piezo actuator must result lubricated before being energized. On the contrary the piezo actuator may be damaged


text:
Better pollution control technology needed to cut VOC emissions
By Summit Voice
FRISCO — Ongoing studies of winter ozone formation in the Uinta Basin shows the need for better pollution control technology on oil and gas drilling rigs and other equipment used for fossil fuel development.
An emissions inventory developed for the study found that oil and gas operations are responsible for 98-99 percent of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and for 57-61 percent of the nitrogen oxide emissions. VOCs and nitrogen compounds are the key ingredients for ozone-laced smog, which has been clearly identified as a human health threat.
The collaborative study led by University of Utah scientists was aimed at better understanding winter ozone formation and the scientists found that snow-covered ground, along with specific atmospheric conditions, are the key factors for ozone formation. C
urtailing industrial operations during certain weather patterns could be one way to reduce the formation of ozone, but that might prove costly for companies working with leased drilling gear, officials said during a press conference this week.
Before developing a comprehensive mitigation strategy, researchers want to develop more accurate weather and photochemical models to accurately simulate winter ozone formation. Only then will they know which mitigation strategies are most effective.
But in general, the study team said VOC controls hold the most promise for effectively reducing ozone production and would have other health benefits, considering that cancer-causing substances like benzene and tuolene are health threats in their own right.
The study was partly supported by the Western Energy Alliance with funding from several fossil fuel development companies adding up to $2.125 million.
"Ironically, after gathering a very impressive research team and deploying them into the basin with a vast array of scientific instruments, there were no high ozone occurrences in 2012," said Kathleen Sgamma, Vice President of Government & Public Affairs. "The weather conditions necessary for ozone formation did not exist last winter, but as a result, the scientists were able to gather extensive baseline data," she said.
"Industry remains committed to protecting air quality while continuing to develop domestic energy in the West, and proud to be a part of this scientific endeavor," Sgamma said.
The final 2011-2012 Study report and the 2012/2013 plan are online at _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
or equivalently of the form
with energy function
where V is the potential energy of the system. The method is known by different names in different disciplines. In particular, it is similar to the Velocity Verlet method, which is a variant of Verlet integration. Leapfrog integration is equivalent to updating positions and velocities at interleaved time points, staggered in such a way that they 'leapfrog' over each other. For example, the position is updated at integer time steps and the velocity is updated at integer-plus-a-half time steps.
Leapfrog integration is a second order method, in contrast to Euler integration, which is only first order, yet requires the same number of function evaluations per step. Unlike Euler integration, it is stable for oscillatory motion, as long as the time-step is constant, and.
In leapfrog integration, the equations for updating position and velocity are
where is position at step, is the velocity, or first derivative of, at step, is the acceleration, or second derivative of, at step and is the size of each time step. These equations can be expressed in a form which gives velocity at integer steps as well. However, even in this synchronized form, the time-step must be constant to maintain stability.
One use of this equation is in gravity simulations, since in that case the acceleration depends only on the positions of the gravitating masses, although higher order integrators (such as Runge–Kutta methods) are more frequently used.
There are two primary strengths to Leapfrog integration when applied to mechanics problems. The first is the time-reversibility of the Leapfrog method. One can integrate forward n steps, and then reverse the direction of integration and integrate backwards n steps to arrive at the same starting position. The second strength of Leapfrog integration is its symplectic nature, which implies that it conserves the (slightly modified) energy of dynamical systems. This is especially useful when computing orbital dynamics, as many other integration schemes, such as the (order 4) Runge-Kutta method, do not conserve energy and allow the system to drift substantially over time.
Because of its time-reversibility, and because it is a symplectic integrator, leapfrog integration is also used in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, a method for drawing random samples from a probability distribution whose overall normalization is unknown.
- Numerical ordinary differential equations
- Symplectic integration
- Euler integration
- Verlet integration
- Runge–Kutta integration
- C. K. Birdsall and A. B. Langdon, Plasma Physics via Computer Simulations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985, p. 56
- 4.1 Two Ways to Write the Leapfrog
- [Skeel, R. D., "Variable Step Size Destabilizes the Stömer/Leapfrog/Verlet Method," BIT Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 33, 1993, pp. 172-175.]
- Bishop, Christopher (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 548–554. ISBN 978-0-387-31073-2.
- The Leapfrog Integrator, Drexel University Physics


Baton Rouge, Louisiana
7 Day Forecast
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Giant, toxic snails invading more parishes
Related Story
DENHAM SPRINGS - Big, slimy, and toxic—the apple snail is likely taking over a lake near you.
"They probably floated around with flood waters. Hurricane Isaac moved them, the 2016 floods moved them, and I have a feeling this current flood will expand them into some areas that might not have them," said Rob Bourgeois, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Aquatic Invasive Species Coordinator.
Originally introduced as a pet for aquariums in 2006, the snail can now be found in 28 parishes across the state. Being in Louisiana you might look at these and see a delicacy ready to be cooked in butter, but Bourgeois says not so fast.
"I wouldn't recommend it because of the difficulty in making sure the parasite is gone. There are some recipes out there if you're bold and want to try it. I personally wouldn't," he said.
The snails contain a parasite that has the potential to be deadly in people. The same goes for their eggs.
"Looks like pink bubblegum with little dots in it."
Not only are they toxic, they're destroying the ecosystem with their voracious appetite for aquatic vegetation.
"Without vegetation, you don't have food for baby fish and other animals in the water. It also affects duck hunters by removing the vegetation that ducks like to come and feed on."
Which is why Wildlife and Fisheries is asking you destroy their eggs if you see them.
"You can scrape the eggs off of the surface of where it's at, typically it's on a cypress knee or a bulkhead. When it falls in the water it will drown and other fish will eat it and get rid of it. just be careful, again you don't want to splash that in your face. wash your hands after doing it."
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text:
The Rubicon River was a river in northern Italy in Roman times that was used as a boundry under Roman law. No leader was allowed to bring an army into Italy, which meant passing the Rubicon. As the flow of rivers change over time, modern geologists can only approximate where the river was located during the time of Ancient Rome.
Crossing the Rubicon
Crossing the Rubicon is an expression that refers to Julius Caesar's decision in 49 B.C. to cross the Rubicon River with an army as he marched toward the Roman Senate and therefore war. After his great success in Gaul, forces allied against him had the Senate pass a decree that he had to give up his armies and return to Rome - most likely to be brought up on charges. Caesar defied them. The expression means to go beyond the point of no return, much as Caesar did when he crossed the Rubicon River. At the time that he crossed he uttered his famous phrase, "Alea iacta est!" ("The die is cast").


text:
Commission participates to international In Silico Toxicology Protocol initiative
The European Commission's Joint Research Center (JRC) Directorate published on 22 November an article highlighting that JRC scientists are part of the international In Silico Toxicology (IST) Protocol initiative developing principles and protocols for the consistent use of computational models in chemical safety assessment to promote greater acceptance in regulatory applications.
The IST Protocol initiative focuses on how results from computational methods should be generated, interpreted, assessed and documented with a view to increasing confidence in their use. Work is in progress to apply the framework to specific toxicological parameters, such as genotoxicity, skin sensitization and systemic toxicity in acute and repeated doses.
It is interesting to note that the by presenting the IST protocol initiative, the JRC states that ''the regulatory acceptance of in silico approaches is still limited and one reason for this is the absence of harmonised protocols on how to properly apply methods and interpret results". It appears that the Commission has begun to consider the problems resulting from the absence of a regulatory framework for in silico medicine. More importantly, by being part of this initiative, the Commission' scientists are promoting the confidence and regulatory application of in silico methods.
The first publication of the consortium, published earlier this year, describes the general framework of the IST Protocols and how they could guide the international of computational predictions with experimental data to support the assessment of a chemical for adverse health effects, for instance in the context of drug development.
The IST Protocols include consideration of the reliability and relevance assessment of computational methods using a novel scoring scheme and the conduct and documentation of expert review using practical checklists. The IST expects that the use of the framework and associated protocols will increase the acceptance and uptake of in silico methodologies.


text:
BAR 34:05, Sep/Oct 2008
In Their Own Words
Adam Zertal is professor of Near Eastern Archaeology at Haifa University. As director of the Manasseh Hill Country Survey, Zertal discovered hundreds of archaeological sites dating to the earliest periods of ancient Israel's existence, including the controversial cultic site of Mt. Ebal.a In this excerpt from a recent interview Zertal gave to Israel National Radio, he discusses the importance of the Manasseh Survey and its findings for understanding the history of ancient Israel.
Survey is mapping. We map and register every archaeological site, everything that was made by man, from all periods. I think one of the motives [for the Manasseh survey] was that [the northern hill-country] is the area most relevant for the beginning of Israel.


text:
1. FOOD SECURITY:
Agriculture groups shore up financing for seed banks to help farmers adapt to climate change
The DNA of the world's food crops just got a little more secure. Two leading agricultural organizations, the Global Crop Diversity Trust and CGIAR Consortium, have agreed to invest $109 million over the next five years in the world's seed banks, which maintain 706,000 samples of seeds and vegetative material.


What Is the Plant the Giant Knotweed?
Giant knotweed, scientific name Polygonum sachalinensis, is an introduced invasive species to North America and Europe that is quickly causing ecological and economical damage. Not only does it spread quickly, its destructive capabilities often render the soil unfit for construction until the plant has been totally eradicated. This rapid growth rate has also lead to knotweed being considered a candidate for future biofuel generation.
Giant knotweed is a bamboo-like shrub with canes that grow up to 12 feet tall with roundish heart-shaped leaves about 1 foot long. The canes are up to 2 inches in diameter and are separated into nodes similar to bamboo. It forms large clumps that send out underground rhizomes up to 25 feet that sprout more canes. The small flowers arise sparsely in clumps around the nodes on the stem and are a greenish yellow-white color.
Giant knotweed is native to eastern Asia where it thrives in rich moist soil. In other parts of the world where it has been introduced by the ornamental plant trade, it grows in many different types of soils and prefers moist low areas and stream banks. It survives cold winter areas by dying back to the ground level and resprouting as the temperature warms. It requires at least 120 days a year above freezing to survive.
Giant knotweed will reproduce by seed, and the flowers are self-fertile. It will hybridize with the closely related Japanese knotweed, creating Bohemian knotweed, which is very common in the United States. The primary method of reproduction is by division or cuttings. A small piece of cane or root less than an inch long is enough to sprout a new plant, making it difficult or impossible to eradicate.
Because of its growth habit of spreading by runners and its rapid growth rate, knotweed can quickly take over a riverbank or moist area, choking off all of the native plant life and the animal life that depends on those plants. The roots invade underground sewer lines, water lines and foundations. Canes can grow through asphalt so often every single piece of the plant needs to be removed to lay a road or parking lot.
Many different eradication methods have been tried. Giant knotweed will respond to sprayed-on herbicides, but they are not always practical around aquatic settings, where it tends to colonize. Mowing or manual removal is the most effective, but every piece of the plant needs to be removed and destroyed. It can not be composted. After three years of cutting all the new shoots down twice a month, the rootstock may die off, depleted it of energy reserves. Recent trials of injecting concentrated systemic herbicide directly into the base of a growing cane has led to some success, but it is very labor intensive.
Keywords: Japanese knotweed, invasive species, Bohemian knotweed
About this Author


text:
Learn more physics!
If Photon has zero mass how can gravity effect light? What is rational behind Pauli exclusion principle and Why not two Fermion can have same quantum state? What is the significance of Pauli exclusion principle?
- Mansur (age 27)
We've answered the photon question several times before. Use our search for 'photon mass gravity'.
The pauli exclusion principle is exactly the same as the statement that no two fermions can be in exactly the same quantum state. It was first found as a simple observation. It was later understood via the'spin-statistics theorem' to be a necessary consequence of Special Relativity combined with quantum theory. I think that this site is not the right place to try to reproduce that argument, but you can easily find it in print or online.
I'm not sure quite what you mean by'significance'. If there were no exclusion principle everything would collapse. I think it's significant that that doesn't happen.
(published on 09/04/2008)
Follow-up on this answer.


text:
Treaty of San Francisco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Treaty of San Francisco
Peace Treaty of San Francisco
San Francisco Peace Treaty
|Treaty of Peace with Japan|
(Nihon-koku tono Heiwa-Jōyaku)
|English||Treaty of Peace with Japan|
|French||Traité de paix avec le Japon|
|Spanish||Tratado de Paz con Japón|
|German||Friedensvertrag mit dem Staat Japan|
The Treaty of Peace with Japan (commonly known as the Treaty of San Francisco, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty), between Japan and part of the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, United States. It came into force on April 28, 1952.
This treaty served to officially end World War II, to formally end Japan's position as an imperial power, and to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes. This treaty made extensive use of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.
This treaty, along with the Security Treaty signed that same day, is said to mark the beginning of the "San Francisco System"; this term, coined by historian John W. Dower, signifies the effects of Japan's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena as determined by these two treaties and is used to discuss the ways in which these effects have governed Japan's post-war history.
Attending countries
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Syria, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Vietnam attended the Conference.
Non attending nations
Burma, India, and Yugoslavia were also invited, but did not participate; India considered certain provisions of the Treaty to constitute limitations on Japanese sovereignty and national independence. India signed a separate peace treaty, the Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India, for the purpose of giving Japan a proper position of honor and equality among the community of free nations, on June 9, 1952. Neither the Republic of China in Taiwan nor the People's Republic of China in mainland China were invited because of the Chinese Civil War and the controversy over which government was legitimate. As a consequence of U.K.-U.S. disagreement over Chinese participation, neither North nor South Korea was invited. Italy was not invited either, notwithstanding the fact that the anti-fascist Badoglio cabinet had issued a formal declaration of war to Japan on July 14, 1945, just a few weeks before the end of the war. Pakistan as a state had not existed at the time of the war but was invited anyway since it was a successor state to British India, a major combatant against Japan. Portugal was also not invited—even though its territory of East Timor had been invaded by Japan, disregarding Portugal's status as neutral country in the war.
Soviet Union's opposition to the Treaty
The Soviet Union took part in the San Francisco conference, and the Soviet delegation was led by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. From the start of the conference the Soviet Union expressed vigorous and vocal opposition to the draft treaty text prepared by the United States and the United Kingdom. The Soviet delegation made several unsuccessful procedural attempts to stall the proceedings. The Soviet Union's objections were detailed in a lengthy September 8, 1951 statement by Gromyko. The statement contained a number of Soviet Union's claims and assertions: that the treaty did not provide any guarantees against the rise of Japanese militarism; that Communist China was not invited to participate despite being one of the main victims of the Japanese aggression; that the Soviet Union was not properly consulted when the treaty was being prepared; that the treaty sets up Japan as an American military base and draws Japan into a military coalition directed against the Soviet Union; that the treaty was in effect a separate peace treaty; that the draft treaty violated the rights of China to Taiwan and several other islands; that several Japanese islands were ceded by the treaty to the United States despite the U.S. not having any legitimate claim to them; that the draft treaty, in violation of the Yalta agreement, did not recognize the Soviet Union's sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands; and other objections. It was not until October 19, 1956, that Japan and the Soviet Union signed a Joint Declaration ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations.
People's Republic of China's objections to the treaty
The ongoing Chinese Civil War and thus the question of which Chinese government was legitimate presented a dilemma to conference organizers. The United States wanted to invite the Republic of China on Taiwan to represent China, while the United Kingdom wished to invite the People's Republic of China on mainland China as China's representative. As a compromise, neither government was invited.
On August 15, 1951 and September 18, 1951 the People's Republic of China published statements denouncing the treaty, stating that it was illegal and should not be recognized. Besides their general exclusion from the negotiation process, the PRC claimed that the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands and Pratas Islands in the South Pacific were actually part of China. The treaty either did not address these islands, or in the case of the Pratas Islands turned them over to the United Nations.
Ceylon's defense of Japan
||This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012)|
A major player in providing support for a post-war free Japan was the delegation from Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). While many were reluctant to allow a free Japan capable of aggressive action and insisted that the terms of surrender should be rigidly enforced in an attempt to break the spirit of the Japanese nation, the Ceylonese Finance Minister J.R. Jayawardene spoke in defence for a free Japan and informed the conference of Ceylon's refusal to accept the payment of reparations that would harm Japan's economy. His reason was "We in Ceylon were fortunate that we were not invaded, but the damage caused by air raids, by the stationing of enormous armies under the South-East Asia Command, and by the slaughter-tapping of one of our main commodities, rubber, when we were the only producer of natural rubber for the Allies, entitles us to ask that the damage so caused should be repaired. We do not intend to do so for we believe in the words of the Great Teacher [Buddha] whose message has ennobled the lives of countless millions in Asia, that 'hatred ceases not by hatred but by love'." He ended the same speech by saying "This treaty is as magnanimous as it is just to a defeated foe. We extend to Japan the hand of friendship and trust that with the closing of this chapter in the history of man, the last page of which we write today, and with the beginning of the new one, the first page of which we dictate tomorrow, her people and ours may march together to enjoy the full dignity of human life in peace and prosperity".
Minister Jayewardene's speech was received with resounding applause. Afterwards newspapers such as the New York Times stated "The voice of free Asia eloquent, melancholy and strong with the tilt of an Oxford accent dominated the Conference. The ablest Asian spokesman at the Conference was Ceylon's Finance Minister J. R. Jayewardene".
Signatories and ratification
The signatories to the treaty were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam and Japan.
The Philippines ratified the San Francisco Treaty on July 16, 1956, after the signing of a reparations agreement between both countries in May of that year. Indonesia did not ratify the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Instead, it signed with Japan a bilateral reparations agreement and peace treaty on January 20, 1958. A separate treaty, the Treaty of Taipei, formally known as the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty, was signed in Taipei on April 28, 1952, between Japan and the Republic of China, just hours before the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect.
The fate of Japanese overseas territories and Taiwan
The document officially renounces Japan's treaty rights derived from the Boxer Protocol of 1901 and its rights to Korea, Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores, Hong Kong (then a British colony), the Kuril Islands, the Spratly Islands, Antarctica and Sakhalin Island.
Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands and the Ryukyu Islands, which included Okinawa and the Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands groups, under a potential


What to do for Sore Muscles After Workout?
Whether you're new to exercise or have been working out for years, there's always the chance that you will have sore muscles after workout. It happens all the time with me when I change my workout routines. A lot of questions surround this phenomenon with one of the most common being what to do for sore muscles. Additionally, people wonder whether sore muscles after exercise are a sign of a good workout?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
Before we can answer the above questions, let's talk about DOMS. DOMS is the reason your muscles are sore after exercising. Immediately after a workout, your muscles might feel fine. However, over the next 8-24 hours, you could feel increasing discomfort that could last as long as a week. Because of the physical stress you place on your muscles, they get small microscopic tears. Along with inflammation, these muscle fiber tears cause minor pain known as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The good news is that these tears aren't serious. They are a sign that your muscles are trying to adapt to a new or more challenging workout routine. The process of rebuilding these muscle fibers leads to increased growth.
What to do for Sore Muscles?
Unfortunately, preventing DOMS is highly challenging and there isn't one catch all solution. There are a few tricks that may help in easing the pain though. Stretching and flexibility training can certainly help, although some research has found that it has no impact on DOMS. Hand in hand with these is a good cool down after your workout routine. You can keep it really simple and do some light cardio or even just walk. Yoga has shown some effectiveness in reducing DOMS as well.
Another method is using a heat remedy. Research has shown that applying heat to the skin increases blood flow and helps heal the small tears resulting in less soreness. Overall, just recognize that you need to rest your muscles and give them time to grow. You may even have to reduce the intensity of your next workout if you're still sore. Listen to your body and don't overwork it. If you can't perform regular activities because of sore muscles, overtraining may be the issue, not DOMS.
Are Sore Muscles After Exercise Good?
Many people want an immediate sign that a workout is helping them progress. While you won't see an overnight increase in muscle size, DOMS is a nice way of telling people they worked their muscles adequately hard. However, it is not necessarily an indicator of a good workout nor is that lack of soreness a sign of a bad workout. Soreness just means your muscles did something that they weren't used to doing. If you're sore after every workout, it might be a sign that your muscles need more recovery time.
In conclusion, the best thing to do for sore muscles after workout is to simple rest, recover, and let them grow. Try yoga or applying heat. Tone down the intensity of your next workout as needed. Additionally, sore muscles after exercise aren't an indicator of a good workout, so don't worry if you're not sore after every workout. Just don't confuse DOMS with overtraining or injury.


Roman Republic, Semuncia
This Roman semuncia shows the head of Bellona, the goddess of war, on the obverse. The reverse depicts the typical motif on Roman bronze coins, the prora, a prow.
When the coin was issued, Rome was just waging the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) against the Carthaginians, whom the Romans also called Punici. The two parties had already fought a long and bloody war some decades earlier, the First Punic War (264-241 BC). It would take yet another war, the Third Punic War (149-146 BC), to settle the power balance in the Mediterranean once and for all. The Roman Republic would remain victorious, the Carthaginian state would perish.
Signet Sunflower Foundation


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Half Title Page.
Table of Contents.
2: Shaping the School Curriculum in Chinese Societies.
3: Changing Curriculum Policy, Research and Trends.
4: A Continuous Journey: Curriculum Policy Change in Mainland China.
5: Transformational Issues in Curriculum Reform: Perspectives from Hong Kong.
6: Implementation of Taiwan's Curriculum Reform Policy: From the Perspective of Curriculum Guidelines.
7: Curriculum Research in Mainland China: Localization and Globalization*.
8: The New Curriculum Design of Basic Education in Mainland China.
9: Curriculum Development and Innovations in Schools.
10: Implementation of the New Mathematics Curriculum for Compulsory Education in Mainland China.
11: Arts Curriculum Reform and Research in Taiwan.
12: Verbal Interaction between Teachers and Students in Primary and Secondary Classrooms.
13: The Integrated Science Curriculum in Mainland China.
14: High School History: From Imparting Knowledge to Boosting Lives in the Context of the New Curriculum.
15: High School Task-Based Language Teaching in Mainland China.
16: Morality, Values and Spirituality in the School Curriculum in Mainland China.
17: School-Based Curriculum Development in Mainland China: Analysis of Literature from 2001 to 2010.
18: Teachers' Use of Differentiation Strategies in the Hong Kong Classrooms.
19: Conceptions of Textbooks by Chinese Teachers in Mainland China.
20: Small Class Teaching in Hong Kong: A Hong Kong Case of School Revival.
21: School-Based Curriculum Innovations: A Case Study in Shenzhen City Mainland China.
22: Autonomy of History Teachers in Mainland China.
23: The Use of Network Instruction in English Language Learning in Mainland China.
24: A Participatory Approach to Teaching Chinese Language in Mainland China*.
25: Implementation, Assessment and Teacher Development.
26: Web-Based Program for in-Service Teachers of Shenzhen City in Mainland China.
27: The Washback Effects of the National College Entrance Examination on the Curriculum Reform in Mainland China.
28: Teacher Evaluation as an Approach to Organizational Learning: A Case Study of Taiwan.
29: Reforms in Student Assessment in Mainland China: Contexts, New Policy, Changes, and Challenges.
30: A Comparative Study of Exemplary Teachers in Mainland China and the United States.
31: Hong Kong Teachers' Professional Development.
32: The Curriculum Innovation in Mainland China and Japan: A School-Based Approach.
33: Curriculum Reform in Rural Areas in Mainland China*.
34: Concluding Remarks.
35: A European Perspective on Curriculum Development and Innovation.


From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Revision as of 09:25, June 29, 2007 by WesternLotus (talk | contribs)
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Bloink1 solid
Athletisfungus (also known as rotor legs) is a phenomenon of physics discovered sometime in the early 1960's. Athletisfungus occurs when a state of extreme fear causes the subject's legs to exceed the speed of light. This creates a temporary space-time vacuum, and inverts Newton's laws of motion. The result is that the subject's total velocity inversely decreases as the force they exert increases.
Athletisfungus occurs most often among cartoon characters, although non-cartoon beings have also reportedly experienced its effects while attempting to escape from a grue. Indicators of athletisfungus include an illogical warping of space - time around the subject's legs causing them to appear to 'rotor' or spin, as well as a marked drop in mental capacity of all monsters, criminals, supernatural beings, and pop musicians within 72 feet. Some have theorized that athletisfungus releases particles similar to kitten huffing, but this has yet to be confirmed.
Famous Users
Known masters of athletisfungus include Shaggy (the cartoon character), Shaggy (the so called musician), various Flintstones and Looney Toons, Speedracer, and Megatron (although he is too cool to do it while anyone is watching).
Warning: Athletisfungus creates a highly unstable subspace field and should be attempted only by highly trained professionals, cartoons, and those who have achieved a state of enlightenment of at least demi-god. In addition to the obvious danger that whatever was chasing you will overcome its state of befuddlement and ingest/maim/molest/huff you, there are several other dangers.
1. Those attempting to escape from a grue are often tempted to use extreme sarcasm to improve their odds. Unfortunately, using extreme sarcasm anywhere within 5 parsecs of an Athletisfungus field will cause it to collapse into a singularity, bringing a gory death to you and your 5 trillion closest galactic neighbors. Unfortunately all it does to the grue is piss it off (the singularity negates the grue killing properties of the sarcasm), leaving any survivors with a cranky, radioactive, and somewhat gassy grue to contend with.
2. In a similar vein, Athletisfungus fields are know to be a powerful attractant to Dr. Phil who will inflict legion horrors upon you as described in the Gruesome Book of Grues ( in an emergency, the pocket version of the Betty Crocker Cookbook also has a good description). If you find yourself in imminent danger of a Dr. Phil encounter you should either:
A) Use extreme sarcasm - A horrible death by singularity, but preferable to Dr. Phil. Unfortunately, if you happen to be one of those people who believe in a categorized afterlife, killing trillions to save yourself from a few hours of indescribable horror is likely to earn you a one way ticket to the lowest basement of whatever form of hell you believe in. Even worse, Dr. Phil and the Grue you just killed are likely to end up there as well.
B) Feed yourself to the Grue - The more altruistic solution. You die a slightly more horrible death but save the lives of all those beings. At least until the Grue gets hungry or bored.
3. Anyone achieving a state of Athletisfungus while experiencing the effects of mind altering substances (including but not limited to: LSD, PCP, THC, THX, and BBC 1, 2, or 3) runs the risk of a dangerous mental condition in which the person believes they are a guest on a daytime television show. This leads to wild and erratic behavior. Symptoms are especially severe when the sufferer is actually on daytime television, and may include violent rage, violent violence, violent expressions of love for another being, flu like symptoms, and erections lasting for less than 4 hours. While its existence has been know for years, the first documented case occurred on May 23, 2005 when Tom Cruise appeared on Oprah while experiencing the effects of what is now known as 'Cruise Disorder'. While in this state, Cruise is also proported to have gained access to Sith powers such as Force Lightning. There are those who believe that these abilities were unlocked through the combined effects of Daytime TV, Cruise Disorder, and Scientology( an equally irrational, but completely unrelated condition). The Jedi Council has dismissed the whole incident as nonsense however, stating "These are not the clips you are looking for. You can go about your business. Move along....".
Some scientists are studying Athletisfungus in the hopes of creating an anti-perpetual energy device. The theory claims that if someone is placed unexpectedly between 2 sufficiently powerful sources of equal and opposing fear, that person will achieve a state of Athletisfungus so extreme that every atom and subatomic particle in their body will simultaneously come to a complete halt. This would result in either the subject achieving a state of absolute zero, being frozen in time, imploding into a point singularity, or simply destroying the universe as we know it. Since all of the theorized end results end in painful cessation of existence, willing test subjects have been hard to come by. Plans are underway to solve this problem and are rumored to involve the creation of a reality TV show.
In addition, obtaining sources of fear has proved challenging. The source must be universally feared and willing to work without a union contract or paid vacation. Grues are the most obvious source, but their tendency to ingest the researchers, the test subject, and the project notes is highly problematic. Chuck Norris was also considered, however since there is only one of him, and nothing else in existence can generate an equal amount of fear, the idea has been scrapped. Paperwork is currently underway to hire Oscar Wilde as a consultant with results pending.
Personal tools


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Bayer is trying to protect its manufacturing process for a chewable drug delivery dosage form with a US patent application.
The US patent filing covers the manufacturing process for a soft chewable product for delivering an API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). Manufacturing of the dosage form is done without extrusion.
"Processes for manufacturing the edible soft chews do not require the use of heat or the addition of water during mixing of active and inactive ingredients, provide stable concentrations of the active ingredient, and produce chews of consistent weight and texture", Bayer wrote in a US patent filing.
Manufacturing the dosage form without using extrusion allows Bayer to avoid heat generated when using this process. Heat can cause deterioration of the drug's stability and lead to API degradation.
As such Bayer wrote: "Preferably, the method would be performed without application of any heat above room temperature to the mixture or formed product. It is also desirable that the chews be susceptible to manufacture without use of costly, pharmaceutical grade water as an ingredient."
The Bayer process cuts out the use of water by adding the ingredients to a mixing vessel capable of blending the material and casting it against the side of the container. Taking this approach cuts the risk of microbial growth – and costs – from the use of pharmaceutical grade water in production.
An oil suspension and liquid ingredients, such as softening agents, are added to the dry materials. After blending the mixture is passed, without compression, into a moulding machine. Bayer thinks the machine could output more than 50,000 units per hour.
Pressing the dosage into this chewable form could increase compliance among people and animals. For humans Bayer envisages using sweet flavourings, such as sugars or molasses, to make it more pleasant to take the medicine.


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789. A Big War Will Come If Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Prophets Are Not Corrected
Judaism has many prophets.(click) Christianity has many prophets. (click) and Islam has many prophets.(click) On prophets, the sayings of prophets can never be compared perfectly because the languages of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are different. Unless all nations develop one language, can religions become equal.
Further, Judaism has a theory on eschatology. (click) Christianity also has a theory on eschatology. (click) And, Islam also has theory on eschatology (click). The general theory of eschatology for these three religions is that the universe had a beginning and thus has an end. In his Parmenides Dialogue, Plato proves that God and the universe exist forever. Thus, the universe is a continuum and all humans are reborn continually. So all nations and all humans must become equal
The prophets of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are never perfect and must always must be corrected. If this correction does not come soon, a big war will develop and all humans will be reborn in this war until it ends.
My books about God and the Universe are presented below:
1. The First Scientific Proof of God (2006), 271 pages, (click)
2. A New and Modern Holy Bible (2012), 189 pages.
3. God And His Coexistent Relations To The Universe. (2014), 429 pages


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This innovative exhibition brings together the works of artists Rachel Armstrong, Robert Lisney and Imogen Stidworthy. 'Common Ground' examines a sense of community and the evolution of this 'sense' in a world where influences; invited and uninvited, work to redefine it. This 'sense' is built as much upon experiences of difference as it is by place, language and lives in common. This understanding is reflected in the host venue, The Liverpool Climbing Hangar. The three artists are all engaged at different levels with activities at The Hangar and its emerging communities.
June 1st/6.30-9.30/The Climbing Hangar, 6 Birchall St, L20 8PD/0151 _EMAIL_
DJ: Liam Greene


Music and Photography?
Discussion in 'Philosophy' started by mikemorrell, Nov 29, 2018.
 1. This is a follow-up thread to a discussion on the Point of Departure thread. The discussion was about the time difference between listening to music and viewing a photo. Still, both music and photos share things like composition, color, harmonies and contrasts, rhythms, expressiveness, etc. Both music and photography can be expansive, full of life or more subdued, even minimalist. So I wonder:
 - what (if any) analogies you see between music and photography?
 - whether you think these analogies (could) inspire your photography?
 - what (if any) analogies you see between learning, practicing and performing on a musical instrument and a 'photographic instrument'?
 - whether you have any good examples (musical or photographic) to share that illustrate any analogies you see
 There might be a serious side to this discussion but it might just be fun to share some stuff:)
 2. First... I would say that there is clearly a link between the creative aspects of photography and music. Many, from Ansel Adams to myself (see how I put myself in the same sentence with Ansel Adams!) have done both well and creatively. I started photography almost 45 years ago. Just a few years before I started playing guitar.
 It's more difficult to define the link between the two. Both involve communicating things that, at first, only exist in your mind. In music, this is easy to see. In photography you need to realize that the scene in front of you isn't a photograph until you decide what to include, what to leave out and how the remainder should be seen. Adams described the negative (or the digital file had he survived a few more years) as the musical score and the print as the performance. His "performances" of his "scores" changed much over the years. The printing of Hernandez slowly changed from a streaked, dark grey sky to a uniform, jet black sky, over the years that he printed it. The same often happens with musical artists who change the style of their early songs as they age. I seriously doubt that the Rolling Stones will perform "Let's Spend the Night Together", on their new 2019 tour, the same way that they did when they were doing it in clubs in 1965.
 My father was a musician, a very good rock-n-roll guitarist in the 50's, 60's and 70's. He still plays. He was also an avid photographer in the early 1960's. He taught me something about music when I was a teen that I have applied to my photography. He taught me to never let anyone hear me or my band practice. If friends come over to watch the band practice, perform for them. He applied this to my photography when I started. He said, "If you want people to think that you are a good photographer, don't show them your bad pictures." This has worked for me both musically and photographically for 45 years now.
 3. Sandy Vongries
 Sandy Vongries Administrator Staff Member
 Well, completely "non philosophical", I am so unmusical that the music teacher in grade school told me to lip synch in the Christmas Chorus. In the '60' s when guitars were a fool proof girl magnet, Got a decent one, put in a good bit of effort, and after 6 months or so, sold it. I do love music and play it daily across a broad spectrum of genres. I like to think I have been more successful with photography over all these decades than with music. In my case, the connections may be a bit obscure.
 mikemorrell likes this.
 4. Abstraction.
 Music is often referred to as the most abstract of the arts. It's generally the least literal and narrative art form, program music notwithstanding.
 Though I consider the content, narrative, and story-telling of photos important, the way the story interacts with the more abstract qualities is also significant. Color, tonality, texture, form, quality of light, tension, etc. are all more abstract sides of photos and help shape the meanings, feelings, and content of the photo.
 One of my piano instructors taught me, by exposing me to opera, about the importance of breath and how good legato piano playing, which is foundational, ought to be modeled on the human voice and its breathing and ability to seamlessly move from note to note. I think photos have a similar quality especially in terms of gradations, which can play such a vital role.
 Quite a while back, I started a Philosophy of Photography thread, in a prior incarnation, called "Performance." Here's a few lines from my opening post.
 The eye is led around a photo. It can be slowed down in different areas of the photo like a musical rubato. There can be more jarring staccato notes in a photo or more fluid legato notes. Visual patterns have a rhythm. There can appear to be melodies and accompaniments in photos, subjects and backgrounds.
 Music and photograph are very different from each other, IMO, with many significant similarities.
 pavel_l. and mikemorrell like this.
 5. I was intrigued by this sentence. Don't you think its the other way around, i,e, Color, tonality, texture, light quality (not including tension) are the physical sides of a photo that shape the abstract sides like meanings, feelings etc, by their effect on our psyche. I do understand your use of the word abstract in relation to 'abstract art' when you refer to color, tonality, form etc, but compared to things like meaning or feeling, I think the former are less abstract than the latter.
 Thinking about the analogy between music and photos, I can only comment on the act of viewing and listening, since I don't play music. While viewing some photos, the moment I see a synergy between the different elements of a scene, it raises in my mind the same feeling of listening to symphony orchestra, when the allegro starts playing after a hiatus. A dark night scene may have feelings similar to a nocturnal piece, etc. There are many other similarities that I feel and I wish I could talk about them. However, I am not familiar with many terminologies in classical music, and I am sure there are others who feel the same way.
 Its my feeling that many analogies are formed in our brain bypassing the language and speech center, so there may not be words to describe them, although that doesn't make them mystical or supernatural. Thats just how the brain works, by forming connections between neurons. We may feel a lot of connection between different forms of art and other experiences, a fraction of which we may be able to communicate through language.
 Last edited: Nov 29, 2018
 6. Interesting!
 I was thinking of story, content, narrative and meaning as the more literal aspects of photos, much like clear subjects and recognizable objects form the basis of representational painting. Abstract painting, on the other hand, often eliminates those literal subjects and objects in favor of more "pure" elements such as color, tonality, shape, texture, etc.
 Though I agree with you that shape and color are more tangible than meaning and feeling, I also think they are more abstract than the subjects and objects that are often at the core of photographic meaning and feeling.
 7. I think I am more on the same page with you now. However my view is that, things like color, texture or form are not by themselves abstract. Its their effect. In a regular photo, their effect is more relatable to a physical world such as story, content or message/meaning, which in turn can create a certain mood (which can be abstract). In an abstract photo, their effect is less relatable to the physical world as they appeal directly to the emotional field of our mind.
 So, in a sense, colors, forms, textures in a photo can be treated as abstract (although I think I am referring to their perception, not the things themselves) without any attachment to physical meaning or reality, same as the emulsion grains making up those textures etc are abstract by themselves, when not seen as collectively producing the macro features like textures etc. May be the concept of abstract is better understood when viewed in relation to a reference, A in reference to B, where inability to relate A to B renders A abstract. i.e. emulsion grains in reference to forms, colors, textures, these in reference to story, narration, meaning, then these in relation to mood, feelings. A sociopath might find the experience of a narration or story abstract, since he cannot relate them to an emotion or empathy. Well, I may be going ahead of myself, but wanted to note down my thoughts before I forget, even if they may be half baked.
 Last edited: Nov 29, 2018
 mikemorrell likes this.
 8. I was using "abstract" relative to art in what I was thinking of as a pretty basic and simple way.
 From the dictionary... "abstract art" entry
 I do think of texture, color, and form as abstract in themselves, especially in an art context. At the same time, I agree with you that their effects tend also to be more abstract as well.
 In any case, I do think music is the most abstract of the arts and I think all art functions on many abstract levels, so music can provide great insights into the other arts


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REDUCE COMPOSTING TIME BY 90%
A real strength of the UCT and what makes it different than any other tumbler on the market is how it gets Oxygen into the mix. The most efficient microorganisms at composting are called aerobes and require Oxygen to live. Without good aeration, the aerobes die and the bacteria called anaerobes take over the composting effort. When this occurs, composting can be slowed up to 90%. This is why the UCT with its core aeration tube can produce compost faster than anything on the market today. In addition, the UCT allows for higher nitrogen content than a typical compost pile would because odor is much less a problem.
NOTE: Heat is also a factor in composting time and effectiveness. With higher temperatures material breaks down faster and weed seeds and other unwanted root structures are destroyed. The key ingratiate to compost heating is oxygen. When properly filled and aerated, the UCT will safely reach temperatures in excess of 130 degrees.


19th arrondissement of Paris
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Jump to: navigation, search
19th arrondissement of Paris
French municipal arrondissement
La Villette in the 19th arrondissement
La Villette in the 19th arrondissement
Paris and its closest suburbs
Paris and its closest suburbs
Country France
Region Île-de-France
Department Paris
Commune Paris
 - Mayor François Dagnaud
 - Total 6.79 km2 (2.62 sq mi)
Population (8 March 1999 census)[p]
 - Total 172,730
 - Estimate (2005) 187,200
 - Density 25,000/km2 (66,000/sq mi)
The 19th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements (administrative districts) of the capital city of France.
Situated on the Right Bank of the River Seine, it is crossed by two canals, the Canal Saint-Denis and the Canal de l'Ourcq, which meet near the Parc de la Villette.
The 19th arrondissement includes two public parks: the Parc des Buttes Chaumont, located on a hill, and the Parc de la Villette, which is home to both the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, a museum and exhibition centre, and the Conservatoire de Paris, one of the most renowned music schools in Europe and part of the Cité de la Musique.
The land area of the arrondissement is 6.786 km2 (2.62 sq. miles).
The population of the 19th arrondissement is still increasing. At the last census, in 1999, the population was 172,730 inhabitants. As of the same census, 68,101 people worked in the arrondissement.
Historical population
(of French censuses)
Population Density
(inh. per km2)
1872 93,174 13,730
1954 155,058 22,845
1962 159,568 23,514
1968 148,862 21,937
1975 144,357 21,273
1982 162,649 23,968
1990 165,062 24,324
1999 172,730 25,454
2009 (peak of population) 184,787 27,215
Places of interest[edit]
External links[edit]
Coordinates: 48°52′56.46″N 2°22′54.56″E / 48._PHONE_°N 2._PHONE_°E / 48._PHONE_; 2._PHONE_


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, May 25, 2013
Bullae in Both Lungs
My 6 year old son was seen in the ER for viral symptoms and a CT was ordered to rule out an appendix problem and was diagnosed with bullae bilaterally in the bases of the lungs. He is active and has never had shortness of breath. What is the prognosis for some one so young diagnosed with this?
Bullae at the bases of both lungs are quite unusual in a healthy 6- year-old with no previous history of pneumonia. It is difficult to say what this might mean without seeing the films. I do know that 6- year-olds are often not good at holding their breath while going through a CT scanner. If they are breathing as the scan of the lungs is done, the lung tissue can look abnormal. This might be contributing to what is being seen on the CT of his abdomen.I would recommend getting copies of the films (usually provided on CD) and taking them with you to an appointment with a pediatric pulmonologist. They, and their "go-to" pediatric chest radiologist, can look at the films and decide if the finding is "artifact" (blurring) or significant. Either way, if not done yet, a CT of his entire chest will likely be ordered in order to clarify matters. They will also see if your son can do some breathing tests to help determine how well his lungs are functioning.
Elizabeth D Allen, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics
College of Medicine
The Ohio State University


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SourceForge Project Page
Laxor is a C++ template library for numerical tensor algebra. It will allow a physicist or mathematician to enter tensor expressions using the familiar Einstein notation, and to produce efficiently running binaries.
Its implementation of the "Einstein" notation produces a tight relationship between the mathematical formulas and the code, allowing quick implementation of new physics formulas, and facilitating experimentation with the high-level reorganizations that lead to the greatest performance improvements.
Laxor uses "template meta-programming", by which the index bookkeeping calculations are mostly accomplished at compile time, so that after template resolution, the compiler is presented with (large) tensor element expressions that are much like what one might code by hand.
There are a number of projects around that approach the problem of tensor algebra, from a variety of angles. For example, tensor-index resolution used in a linear algebra package, and in some cases an attempt to model the "Einstein" notation (but often in a way that produces very slow code). These have not caught on, partly because the end users need both ease of use and efficient execution.
Presently, most physicists rely on explicit hand-coded or automatically-generated expressions in C or Fortran to do tensor calculations.
Hand-coded expressions for tensors are intrinsically huge (often involving hundreds of operations) maintainable only by their author. High-level reorganization of such code can be very difficult.
Automatic systems let physicists enter formulas in a concise form, but require an awful amount of tweaking, and the code in the end is often far from optimal. Also, it often happens that some years later the automatic system becomes unavailable, rendering all the coding useless. An automatic system for generating the expressions involves two steps to produce code (generation and compilation), and three sets of documents (the original math in a journal, computer files with the mathematical formulas, and the source code files).
With Laxor, the formulas will be in the source code, and correspond directly to the math in the journal. Laxor uses only standard C++ features, and so projects based on it can be expected to work for the foreseeable future.
This software is placed under the GNU Lesser Public License and is free, both as in freedom and as in beer.


Sexual orientation link to past: study
Elisabeth Wells
Elisabeth Wells
She said she would support further research being carried out.
Rather flawed. Feminine boys are shown to be targets for child abuse, both sexual and violent abuse. Xu and Zhang (2015) found that both gay and straight men who were feminine were much more likely to sexually abused than their masculine gay and straight counterparts. Because roughly 50% of gay men report feminine behaviour as children, that means they will disproportionately be abused. Feminine boys are much less trouble for a pedophile, and appear to evoke anger in some men who physically assault their children. Additionally, heterosexual men are much more likely to deny child abuse out of appearing masculine, especially in a face to face interview. Even so, when you look at raw data about 15-20% of overall gay people were abused as children, so it's simply not explanative of the wider gay population. Female orientation appears to be much more malleable to abuse than male orientation. A breakdown of male/female would have been useful since females seem to be put off men due to abuse, but men don't seem to 'go gay' because of abuse. Elisabeth Wells study should've taken more care to refer to better explanations of why this might be disproportionately reflected in research.
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Sweet tea is a Southern institution. In the South it is more plentiful then water, however this was not always the case. In the late 1800′s and early 1900′s sweet tea was a luxury. Sweet tea was a way to demonstrate ones status and decadence. There were several reasons for this. During this time period, tea, ice, and sugar were expensive. Out of all these the biggest luxury item was ice which had to cut and shipped from frozen lakes often over great distances and then stored into the warm months.
The oldest known recipe for sweet ice tea was published in 1879 in a cookbook called the Housekeeping in Old Virginia by Marion Cabell Tyree. This original recipe bears a strong resemblance to the modern version including the long steeping time and massive amounts of sugar. The only glaring difference is the use of green tea. Prior to WWII green tea was plentiful in the US and most sweet tea during this time period was made from green tea. However because of WWII green tea was no longer imported from Japan and instead the US turned to India which was under British-control and produced black tea. After the War, America never looked back and now black tea, specifically Lipton is the hallmark of sweet tea.
While people from the North may balk at the sweetness of the tea it is a refreshing summertime staple. But sometimes you need a little extra kick in your tea. The following drink was created by Simon Gibson of the Brooklyn Star. I discovered this recipe in an article written on Complex.com
Sweet Tea Sour 2 oz. Four Roses Bourbon
1 oz. sweet tea syrup
1 oz. lemon juice
1/2 oz. egg white Tea Syrup: Steep two large Lipton iced tea bags in three pints of boiling water for 30 minutes. Remove tea and add 1 quart of sugar while the water is still hot. Stir to dissolve and allow to cool.
For a Southern secret, try adding a touch of baking soda while the tea is boiling to help smooth some of the bitterness. The egg white adds a real nice texture to the drink. There is a a nice balance between the sweet and sour components but in homage to sweet tea on my second go round I dropped the lemon juice by a 1/4 to up the sweetness of the overall drink. I did not have have any Four Roses so I used Old Weller Antique.
The Lynchburg Lemonade was the subject of a fierce legal battle between creator Tony Mason and the Jack Daniels distillery. Was it a drink worth fighting for? Not in its original form, I'd say. The classic Lynchburg Lemonade is equal … Continue reading →
I discovered this recipe while skimming through the 75th Anniversary Edition of Mr. Boston's Official Bartender's Guide. The recipe calls for 1792 Ridgemont Reserve Bourbon Whiskey, which I did not have on hand. The notes for the drink state that this particular bourbon has a higher than average content of rye. I decided to go with a rye whiskey (Redemption Rye), although Bulleit Bourbon would have been another excellent choice.
Commodore Cocktail 2 oz 1792 Ridgemont Reserve Bourbon Whiskey (Redemption Rye or Bulleit Bourbon).75 oz white crème de cacao.5oz lemon juice 1 dash (tsp) of grenadine (hibiscus grenadine) shake with ice and strain into a chilled cocktail glass.
Some recipes call for equal parts of the first 3 ingredients and do not specify a high rye content bourbon. This will create an overall sweeter drink compared to the recipe I have listed. You should experiment to see which suits your palate best.
While its pink color may lure you into thinking its a sweet drink with no bite, beware for the rye gives it its fangs. There is sweet chocolately goodness throughout the drink with the rye making its presence felt near the end.
2oz bourbon (Makers Mark)
1oz fresh lemon juice
.5oz creme de cassis
.5oz simple syrup
1 dash Angostura bitters
Shake all ingredients in an ice filled cocktail shaker and pour over cracked ice. Garnish with a lemon wheel or lemon wedge whichever works for you
This drink was sweet, fruity, tart with a faint hint of spice. The bourbon is evident throughout and complemented by the spiciness of the Angostura. Next time I will up the bitters to 2 or 3 dashes to add a heavier spice note.
In the process of making this drink I noticed that I still had some hibiscus simple syrup in the fridge. I made a second drink and replaced the simple syrup with the hibiscus. I found that this creates a softer drink with the floral notes of the hibiscus pairing well with the cassis and toning down some of the bourbon flavors. I garnished it with a lemon wheel and an edible hibiscus flower. Hibiscus flowers taste like a combination of sweet raspberry and tart cranberry.


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A team of researchers from the National University of Singapore's Centre for Computational Science and Engineering and Zhejiang University has developed a new technique to control the interaction between electrons and vibrations on electronic transport.
This technique paves the way to effectively control data transportation in quantum computers as it improves the transportation of qubits, which are information encoded in electrons. The research team devised an electron transport model to evaluate the current fluctuations of electrons under the influence of phonons, which are quantized modes of vibration.
In the model, a nanomechanical resonator is used for exciting the phonons. The resonator is connected to a system known as double quantum dot (DQD), which can detain one or multiple electrons, to effectively examine the electron transport.
In this study, contrary to earlier studies, powerful random coupling regimes are imposed between the phonons generated by the resonator and electrons in the DQD. The researchers were able to control the phonon excitations without affecting the transportation of qubits. To achieve this, the researchers have utilized coherent phonon states method to decouple the interaction between the phonons and the electrons. The coherent phonon states technique is relied on attaining phonon resonance modes.
The research team has demonstrated that electrons can attain resonance and travel from one quantum dot to another if the surplus energy between the DQD system's two quantum dots is adequate to form an integer number of phonons. Multi-phonon excitations in powerful electron-phonon coupling regimes improve the electron transport. When the electron-phonon coupling becomes more powerful, the phonon scattering phenomenon suppresses the electron transport and detains the electrons. Thus, electron current fluctuations can be controlled effectively by adjusting the electron-phonon coupling, making it a better quantum switch for controlling the data transportation in quantum computers.


4 Reason Why Do I Get a Headache After exercise
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There are a ton of benefits in exercise, especially if you make it your daily routine. But if you experience headache after exercise, then you should read this post more seriously.
Event though the sensation of dizziness will slowly disappear in next 2-3 hour,in some cases it can last in longer time. In fact, it is not uncommon for this condition to cause a person to lose consciousness after exercising. So how come? Find out the answer in this article.
What causes headaches after exercise?
headache after running
headache after exercise
Basically, dizziness after exercise often occurs when doing high intensity exercise or lifting heavy weights. When you exert your body's strength excessively, it may cause your heart to work too hard, reducing the blood supply to the brain. Well, this is root causes headache after exercise. Even so, there are various other factors that can cause you to feel dizzy after exercising, including:
 1. Dehydration
 Dehydration or lack of fluids is the most common cause of dizziness after exercise. That is a reason why you need to pay attention to your fluid intake before, during, and after exercise to reduce the risk of dehydration. The more fluids you drink, the more powerful and stamina your body will be to continue activities. How much water to drink depends on your needs. Basically, people who sweat more may need more fluids as well.
 2. Blood sugar drops drastic
 If you feel dizzy, especially when exercising, this is a signal if your blood sugar levels drop suddenly. This condition usually triggers cold sweat, trembling, and weakness. One of the causes of lowering blood sugar levels is when you exercise on an empty stomach. So, to work on this, eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein about an hour before exercising. This will keep your body energized so that blood sugar levels are still well maintained.
 3. Low blood pressure
 During exercise, the heart works harder and pumps more blood to the blood vessels. As a result, the blood vessels dilate to accommodate the excess blood. When you stop exercising, your heart starts beating normally, but the blood vessels take a little time to adjust. Well, this causes a drop in blood pressure which causes you to feel dizzy and headache.
 Also is you recently head dialysis then it can be your answer, since dialyses process will make your blood tension low. You can read our full detail in this post, headache after dialysis
 4. The flow of oxygen to the brain is reduced
 During exercise, the body needs more oxygen than usual. Bad breathing techniques that can also cause dizziness when exercising because the blood lacks oxygen levels. As a result, the flow of oxygen to the brain decreases and causes headaches. To overcome this condition, you must adapt your breathing technique to the type of exercise and your body's abilities.
For example, while jogging, you can adjust your breath pattern to your footsteps. Where every four steps, you take a breath through your nose. Then, in the next four steps, exhale through your mouth. Get in the habit of inhaling through your nose and then exhaling more freely through your mouth.
If previously, you diagnosis with asthma then the problem can be bigger. You should check our post in here headache after asthma attack
What to do if you feel dizzy while exercising?
Usually headaches after exercise are not something to worry about, but if this condition disturb activities you can take this advice. So, in order to recover quickly, here's how to deal with headaches after exercise.
How to deal with headaches after exercise
If you get headaches after exercise, it could be something is wrong with your body. Even so, there are quick ways to get rid of the headache after exercising.
 1. Drink lots of water
 Usually, dizziness after exercise occurs due to dehydration. Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluid than it needs. When you exercise you sweat a lot, this includes losing fluids. If you don't drink a lot of water before exercising, you are very likely to become dehydrated.
A study reported by webmd.com that people who drank 4 glasses of water more than usual in a day, felt pain in the head less frequently for 2 weeks.
Therefore, always provide water when exercising. Make sure you are well hydrated by checking the color of your urine. If it is bright yellow this means you are drinking enough. Conversely, if it is dark yellow it means you are not getting enough fluids.
Additionally, you can add an isotonic drink to help cover your fluid needs. This is because isotonic drinks contain mineral salts and glucose which can balance the fluids in your body.
Exposure the sun in longer time can trigger headaches, even when you don't exercise. So, if you feel that you have been exercising too long in the hot sun, you should stop immediately or move to a more shady place.
 1. Avoid to long under the sun
If it's hot, bring a glass of water and a cool down using damp towel. Place it over your eyes and forehead for a few minutes. After that, try to take a warm shower to relax your muscles. If you don't have enough time, you can use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen to reduce your headache pain.
 1. Eat before and after exercise
 Not eating before exercise can be the wrong decision. The reason is, during exercise, your blood sugar levels will be drained. If you don't have a reserve of blood sugar from the previous food, then you will experience headaches after exercise.
Ideally, don't eat too close with exercise schedule, so that your stomach doesn't hurt when doing various movements. You can fill your stomach with highly nutritious foods about 1 hour before exercising. In that way, your body can digest the food that comes in first before being used for energy during exercise.
Then, if you have finished exercising, your blood sugar need to refilled. You can eat a variety of fruits as a stomach booster if you really don't want to eat heavily after exercise.
 1. Perform a cooling movement after exercising
 Headaches after exercise can also be caused by tense muscles in the body. This usually occurs when you not cooling down after exercising.
Just imagine that during exercise, all your body muscles are active and contracted. If you go through a cool down session, the muscles will tend to tighten and continue to contract.
If you got cramp, these muscles can even trigger headaches. Especially if the muscles that were cramped at that time were the muscles of the neck and shoulders. Therefore, it is very important to do cooling movements, so that the muscles will relax again.
 1. Take medicine
 Apart from ibuprofen, you can also take naproxen or indometachin 30-60 minutes before exercising. Both are believed to be effective for dealing with headaches after exercise. However, the use of this drug must be monitored by doctor because it can cause stomach irritation.
When should I see a doctor?
If you have try the methods above, but the headaches are getting more frequent, then you should consult your doctor. This also applies when you do an exercise routine and suddenly feel dizzy after exercise. By consulting a doctor, you can find out what causes it and how to deal with it.
Headaches experienced after exercising can actually be treated easily. However, it always possible if you have certain medical conditions. Therefore, if the symptoms are getting more frequent and severe, it never hurts to visit a doctor.
Other Alternative, maybe you should try or chance your exercise if it's too hard for your body. We found great post about picking right exercise with this condition in honorhealth.com
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Jacqueline Nelson
Dr Jacqueline Nelson is a Senior Research officer and previously a Chancellors Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Technology Sydney. She is interested in how racism manifests and exploring how we can respond to racism, both as individuals and by challenging cultures and practices that reproduce racism and inequality. Her areas of interest include racism in families, local or place-based responses to racism and denial of racism.


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Flourish Spices and African Food
West African food is an essential part of Olajumoke Elkanah's life, so when she moved to Oregon and discovered that the closest place to buy the ingredients she needed to cook her cultural dishes was over an hour's drive away, she knew she needed to do something. She opened Flourish Spices and African Food in 2022 with the goal of making all the spices, snacks, and produce necessary for her favorite West African dishes affordable and accessible for all.
Ola believes that sharing food has the power to bridge cultures and bring people together. Sign up for one of her cooking classes and she might just let you in on a few of her cooking "secrets" passed down through three generations of her family.


What is 1 Mod 50? (1 % 50)
In this article we're going to look at what 1 mod 50 means and how we can calculate that. This type of divisibility operation is called mod, modulo or modulus and you can often see the symbol % used as well (i.e. 1 % 50)
Modulo is the mathematical operation which lets you find the remainder when dividing two numbers like 1 and 50 together. When are say "what is 1 % 50?" we are asking "when I divide 1 by 50, what is the remainder?"
 - The first number, 1, is called the dividend
 - The second number, 50, is called the divisor
 - When you divide 1 by 50, the answer is called the quotient
To calculate 1 mod 50 we first need to divide 1 by 50 to get the quotient:
1 / 50 = 0.02
Now we have the quotient, we take the whole part of it (0) and multiply it by the divisor (50):
0 x 50 = 0
1 - 0 = 1
Therefore, the final answer is:
1 mod 50 = 1
We could also calculate this using a different method. To use this method, list out all of the multiples of the divisor (50) and find the one that is equal to or less than the dividend (1).
The multiples of 50 are: 0, 50, 100, 150, and so on.
As we look at those multiples of 50 we can see that the highest number that is less than or equal to the dividend (1) is 0.
1 - 0 = 1
1 mod 50 = 1
Link To or Reference This Page
 - "What is 1 Mod 50? (1 % 50)". DivisibleBot.com. Accessed on July 30, 2021. _URL_
 - "What is 1 Mod 50? (1 % 50)". DivisibleBot.com, _URL_ Accessed 30 July, 2021.
 - What is 1 Mod 50? (1 % 50). DivisibleBot.com. Retrieved from _URL_
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Random Calculations
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Foreign Minister Bob Carr has welcomed a new framework to support the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
Senator Carr said the framework involves scientific and technical cooperation between Australia and New Zealand to promote a permanent and effective ban on nuclear weapon tests.
"International cooperation enhances the ability of scientific experts to provide advice to their governments on whether a nuclear test has occurred," Senator Carr said.
"Cooperation between Australia and New Zealand can serve as a model for others around the world and will strengthen the CTBT.
"Australia strongly advocates the earliest possible entry into force of the CTBT, so we are taking technical steps to prepare for that time."
In the 16 years since the CTBT opened for signature, the CTBT Organization has largely completed work on a global network of over 300 facilities to monitor the environment for acoustic waves and radionuclide particulates and gases from a possible nuclear explosion.
Data collected by these facilities is made available to CTBT parties, who have the final responsibility in determining which events – about 30,000 per year - could be a nuclear explosion.
Although the CTBT has not yet entered into force, its monitoring system has already shown its potential by readily detecting nuclear tests conducted by North Korea in 2006 and 2009.
Technical agencies in Australia monitoring for nuclear explosions are Geoscience Australia and the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency.
The framework for bilateral cooperation is set out in a memorandum of understanding between the Australian Safeguards and Non-Proliferation Office and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Minister's office: (02) 6277 7500
- DFAT Media Liaison: (02) 6261 1555


UART-based connections
Renode allows connecting boards into a network using UART devices that exchange data.
Creating a hub
UART devices can be connected together using UART hubs.
To create a hub named uartHub, execute:
(monitor) emulation CreateUARTHub "uartHub"
Connecting UART devices
In order for UART devices to be able to communicate, they must be connected to a common UART hub.
Exactly as in the case of the wired network, use connector to connect them together:
(monitor) mach set 0
(machine-0) connector Connect sysbus.uart uartHub
(machine-1) mach set 1
(machine-1) connector Connect sysbus.uart uartHub
Disconnecting UART devices
You can also disonnect a device from a hub with:
(machine-1) connector Disconnect sysbus.uart uartHub
Running the simulation
The UART hub is created in a paused state, which means it won't transfer any data between devices. To enable the communication it must be started first. It happens automatically when starting the whole simulation, with:
(monitor) start
or can be triggered manually, with:
(monitor) uartHub Start
From this moment on data sent to sysbus.uart on machine-0 will be received by sysbus.uart on machine-1 and vice versa.
You can also stop a hub at any moment, with:
(monitor) uartHub Pause
In order to ensure the determinism of the simulation, bytes sent over an uartHub are buffered and delivered to the receiver at predefined times. Please, note that this might lead to slight delays in the communication. The maximum delay is controllable by the quantum parameter. For details on how the synchronization works and how to configure it, refer to the synchronization section of the documentation.


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About the Panel
The purpose of the Wyoming Advisory Panel for Students with Disabilities (WAPSD) is to advise the State in ways that promote services for children and youth with disabilities. The Wyoming Advisory Panel exists under the authority of the Code of Federal Regulations. The Panel shall serve as a forum by which issues and benefits regarding current and potential services to individuals with disabilities may be discussed by consumer, public, private, professional, and lay interests.
In order to promote issues that will help facilitate services for students with disabilities, the panel identifies barriers and provides advice related to the provision of quality educational services. The panel receives public comment; provides comments on special education rules and regulations; sets priorities; and engages in a variety of educational and public awareness activities around the state.
The panel is effective because of the diversity of members and the passion the members bring to each issue. There has been a substantial increase in commitment, desire to serve and participation in panel work. In the past year, there has been an increased willingness by all members to a commitment to the panel as a whole by actively participating in the panel meetings. One of the most significant contributions each panel member brings to the panel is his/her representation of a specific constituency.
A critical component that contributes to the success of the panel is ongoing implementation of the panel functions as outlined in the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 2004, including:
- Advise the State Education Agency (SEA) of un-met needs within the State in the education of children with disabilities.
- Comment publicly on any rules or regulations proposed by the State regarding the education of children with disabilities.
- Advise the SEA in developing evaluations and reporting on data to the Secretary under Section 618 of the Act.
- Advise the SEA in developing corrective action plans to address findings identified in federal monitoring reports under Part B of the Act.
- Advise the SEA in developing and implementing policies relating to the coordination of services for children with disabilities.
- Advise on services to eligible students with disabilities in adult prisons. The advisory panel shall also advise on the education of eligible students with disabilities who have been convicted and incarcerated in adult prisons.
- Review any final due process hearing findings and decisions.