text:
Global focus could mean loss of local jobs
|The Carbon Power Plant at night lights up Price Canyon as motorists travel by it. Coal powered power plants could be one of the victims of pending rules on air pollution and CO2 releases. |
The Utah Farm Bureau Federation at its annual convention on Nov. 15 will release a new study that shows Utahns will bear a disproportionate share of the economic costs for policy proposals related to the Western States Climate Initiative (WSCI). The WSCI has set a regional goal of reducing greenhouse gases by 15 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.
A new study commissioned by the Center for Energy and Economic Development, combines research done by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Penn State University and examines the potential costs associated with market-based greenhouse cap-and-trade policies. Both concluded that participation in state or regional cap-and-trade schemes could reduce Utah's annual economic output by billions of dollars, coupled with the loss of tens of thousands of jobs.
Randy Parker, Chief Executive Officer of the Utah Farm Bureau Federation represented agriculture and rural Utah on the Governor's 24-member Blue Ribbon Panel on Climate Change (BRAC).
"Throughout the BRAC process, Farm Bureau called for independent economic analysis of the impacts to Utah's economy, Utah consumers and our farmers and ranchers," Parker said. "This is the first analysis that quantifies the costs on implementing carbon tax policies."
Geography has dictated that Utahns have the third largest carbon footprint among the states while enjoying some of the nation's lowest power rates. Hydro, wind, geothermal and renewables currently provide only a small piece of our power needs, while nuclear power has never been embraced by Utahns. More than 95 percent of in-state power generation comes from plants powered by Utah's abundant coal and natural gas.
"Farm Bureau was compelled to be at the table during the BRAC process because our state's farmers and ranchers are major energy users, especially electricity and petroleum based products," Parker said. "Producing abundant food and fiber requires fertilizer and fuel for planting, harvesting, processing and transporting, all energy intensive processes. Any policy adopted to reduce greenhouse gases will likely increase energy costs for agriculture, while conversely, bio-fuels, renewable energy, carbon credits and carbon sequestration may provide an income opportunity for farmers and ranchers."
"In the absence of hard economic facts through the BRAC process, this new information is critically important in balancing debate on Utah's policy options," Parker said. "All Utah citizens should want policy-makers to exercise caution before embracing the California model."
The new study will be available following presentations on climate change at the Farm Bureau convention by Dianne Nielsen, Governor Jon Huntsman's Energy Advisor and Christopher Horner, a senior fellow at the Competitive Enterprise Institute.
According to the report public policies that are being debated in Washington, D.C. and our state capital will increase the size, cost and power of government. Ultimately, there is the potential that government will drain billions of dollars a year in economic activity and private wealth to be redistributed in the name of global warming.


text:
The story explains how Huey, Dewey and Louie originally joined the Junior Woodchucks. Years ago, when the boys were still very small, they were up to so much mischief that Donald finally got fed up with it and decided that something must be done. By chance, he ran across a scout group of the Junior Woodchucks, and this inspired him to send his nephews to join the organisation.
At the annual grand jamboree of the Junior Woodchucks, the boys discovered that their own grandmother is the daughter of the organisation's founder. Thus interested, the boys wanted to join the Junior Woodchucks immediately. The chiefs originally didn't want to accept them, but when they learned they were the great-great-grandchildren of their original founder, they accepted them immediately. They never had descendants of their founder before, even though Huey, Dewey and Louie weren't the first ones to try; Donald had also tried to join them, but was rejected because of his bad temper.
As novices in the Junior Woodchucks, the boys' first task was to find the remains of the Fort Duck, which was demolished to make room for Scrooge McDuck's Money Bin. The trail led the boys, accompanied by Major Snozzie, to a wood pulp factory owned by Scrooge, where the logs from the fortress were about to be made into pulp. But when the worker responsible for the pulp making learned of the logs' origin, as a former Junior Woodchuck himself, he immediately stopped the machines, to avoid destroying the historical remains.
The story ends with the boys being promoted to full members of the Junior Woodchucks and Donald being awarded an honorary medal.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Davis Lab
Research Interests
My current research efforts are focused on the impact of educational technology on teaching and learning in the scientific component of the professional (PharmD) curriculum. The use of technology is being explored to enhance student understanding of the basic principles of drug metabolism, including functional group recognition, and identification of relevant enzymes, reaction classifications, and metabolic products. Through the use of Flash technology, we have developed metabolic simulations for use by faculty in the classroom and laboratory, and as individual tutorials for students. We are currently assessing the impact of this technology in terms of facilitating student understanding of xenobiotic metabolism and developing the ability to predict logical routes of metabolism for drug molecules.


Leslie Shah
Senior Facilitator; Facilitation Fellow, Spring 2019
Country of origin: USA
Date started with Soliya: 2018
Field of work: I am a public health professional, a Growing Diverse Leadership Coach, a mediator, a facilitator, and a mom. I actively practice non-violence. I work to support healthy human interaction.
One accomplishment that you're proud of: I am training to become a Teacher of English to Speakers of Other Languages. It was during a session that it became really clear to me that being able to speak, hear, write, and read in English is a way out of poverty, globally.
What about Soliya inspires/motivates you to be involved? When the group grows suddenly quiet with an understanding of who they are and how they are in relationship to each other, it is empathy in the making.
What can you be found doing when not working/facilitating/training? When I am not facilitating, I am writing poetry, working in or with anti-poverty programs, and doing homework.
Favorite food: All things Chinese food related.


text:
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Occupational Employment Statistics
Occupations Within Industries
Overall, counselors earned relatively high wages in elementary and secondary schools and relatively low wages in individual and family services and vocational rehabilitation services
- Rehabilitation counselors had the lowest overall mean wage of these occupations. Their largest employer, vocational rehabilitation services, was low paying across occupations.
- Educational, vocational, and school counselors was the highest paying of these occupations. This occupation was concentrated in elementary and secondary schools, an industry that paid relatively high
wages to counselors.
- Elementary and secondary schools paid the highest wages for four of the five types of counselors. Vocational rehabilitation services and individual and family services had the lowest wages of counselors from the industries shown.
- The selected industries all employed relatively large numbers of counselors. Individual and family services employed a particularly high number of each type of counselor.
- Other industries employing counselors include State government; residential mental retardation, mental health and substance abuse facilities; and colleges, universities, and professional schools.
Employment of reporters and correspondents across all industries decreased from 52,550 in May 2004 to 50,690 in May 2008
- From May 2004 to May 2008, employment of reporters and correspondents decreased among newspaper publishers and television broadcasters and in cable and other subscription programming. Employment of these professionals increased in radio broadcasting and among periodical, book, directory, and other publishers.
- Between May 2004 and May 2008, wages of reporters and correspondents showed a large increase in the radio broadcasting industry, from a mean of $31,830 to a mean of $46,690.
- Reporters and correspondents experienced less wage growth in newspaper publishing than in other media, from $35,760 in May 2004 to $39,720 in May 2008.
Many occupations in the U.S. were concentrated in a single industry: 286 occupations had a majority of their employment in one industry, and 59 of these occupations had over 90 percent of their employment in one industry
- Sporting goods stores employed over 90 percent of bicycle repairers, and aerospace product and part manufacturing employed over 90 percent of aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers.
- Occupations that were specific to one industry include postsecondary education teachers, who were specific to colleges, universities, and professional schools; and postal service mail carriers, who all worked for the Government (neither occupation shown here).
A variety of industries had their employment concentrated in a single occupation
- Retail salespersons or cashiers accounted for the majority of employment in six retail industries, including shoe stores and gasoline stations.
- Transit and intercity bus drivers made up over half of employment in urban transit systems, while sewing machine operators made up just under half of employment in cut and sew apparel manufacturing.
- Investigation and security services was the industry with the highest percentage of employment in a single occupation: security guards made up almost 75 percent of employment in the industry.
- All of the occupations shown had average hourly wages below the U.S. average of $20.32.
On average, wages of workers who design and develop software and systems were higher than wages of workers who support and maintain existing systems, but wages varied by industry
- Cross-industry mean wages of software engineers and of computer systems analysts and researchers were above $75,000 per year, while wages for network and database administrators and analysts and computer programmers were below $75,000 per year.
- Colleges, universities, and professional schools was one of the lowest paying industries for all of these occupations.
- Software publishers and computer systems design and related services were among the highest paying industries for most IT occupations in which workers support and maintain existing systems, but were not among the highest paying industries for development-related occupations.
- The mean wages of computer support specialists ranged between $40,000 and $55,000 in the industries shown, and the mean wages of computer and information research scientists ranged between $70,000 and $130,000 in the industries shown.
Previous: Occupation focus | Next: Industry focus
Last Modified Date: April 2, 2010


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Rumors of the death of Google Wave are perhaps somewhat exaggerated. Google may have pulled the plug on the short-lived Google Wave, but the concept lives on in an open source project being embraced by the Apache Software Foundation.
The ambitious goal of Google Wave was to revolutionize online communication and collaboration. Similar to the way unified communications platforms attempt to integrate different methods of communication to improve efficiency and productivity, Wave merges e-mail, instant messaging, document sharing, blog posts, status updates, and more into a single environment.
Unfortunately, Google did a poor job of clarifying the potential of Wave or helping users understand how to embrace and utilize it. The initial excitement gave way to confusion, followed by apathy, and eventually to Google deciding to kill the project–at least as far as Google hosting and supporting it is concerned.
That doesn't mean the wave concept can't live on, though. Google Wave threads can be exported as ZIP files, and imported into alternate wave environments like Wave in a Box (WIAB). Now the Apache Software Foundation wants to integrate WIAB into its management and build systems with the intent of being able to turn Apache into a wave server.
An Apache Incubator proposal describes the project. "Apache Wave is the project where wave technology is developed at Apache. Wave in a Box (WIAB) is the name of the main product at the moment, which is a server that hosts and federates waves, supports extensive APIs, and provides a rich web client. This project also includes an implementation of the Wave Federation protocol, to enable federated collaboration systems (such as multiple interoperable Wave In a Box instances)."
The proposal also explains some of the motivation for continuing Wave as an open source project. "Wave has shown it excels at small group collaboration when hosted by Google. Although Wave will not continue as a standalone Google product, there is a lot of interest from many organizations in both running Wave and building upon the technology for new products.
According to the proposal, support and contributions for Apache Wave are expected from "Novell, SAP, companies related to the US Navy's usage of wave, startups in the wave ecosystem, and many independent individuals."
Despite being widely misunderstood, Google Wave had potential. Perhaps, if Apache incorporates the wave concept into its software, and the open source community embraces and continues to develop it, it may one day live up to the ambitious goal of transforming online communication and collaboration.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


to put it in a function, but it is a good practice in Julia to wrap your code like this. Note the use of push! to populate the data frame with data. We will use this pattern again later in this post.
Let us now try to run it and do some simple visualization of the results:
julia> using DataFrames
julia> using PyPlot
julia> Random.seed!(1234); # ensure reproducibility of the results
julia> _USER_ df = run_sim();
281.787909 seconds (58.70 k allocations: 597.163 MiB, 0.01% gc time)
julia> scatter(df.λ, df.q, 10, df.k, cmap=get_cmap("RdYlBu"));
julia> colorbar();
julia> xlabel("λ");
julia> ylabel("q");
julia> title("kurtosis");
Here is the produced plot:
Kurtosis plot
We observe that the model visually looks to be more sensitive to changes of \(\lambda\) than to changes of \(q\) and that there should be a significant interaction effect between them. In general: the more often the investors change their decision threshold and the higher the asset return damping factor is the less leptokurtic the distribution of returns is.
We can quickly check it using a metamodel of the form:
\[\text{kurtosis}\approx\alpha_0 + \alpha_1\cdot\lambda^{\alpha_2}+\alpha_3\cdot q^{\alpha_4}+\alpha_5\cdot\lambda^{\alpha_2}\cdot q^{\alpha_4}\]
Here is the code that estimates it:
julia> using GLM
julia> using Optim
julia> function best_model(df)
 function obj(x)
 f1(v) = v^x[1]
 f2(v) = v^x[2]
 return -r2(lm(_USER_(k ~ f1(λ) * f2(q)), df))
 return optimize(obj, rand(2).- 0.5).minimizer
best_model (generic function with 1 method)
julia> best_model(df)
2-element Array{Float64,1}:
julia> model = lm(_USER_(k ~ (λ ^ -0.447) * (q ^ -0.698)), df)
k ~ 1 + :(λ ^ -0.447) + :(q ^ -0.698) + :(λ ^ -0.447) & :(q ^ -0.698)
 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) Lower 95% Upper 95%
(Intercept) -0.333956 0._PHONE_ -7.11236 <1e-11 -0.426028 -0.241884
λ ^ -0.447 0.149634 0.00901133 16.6051 <1e-58 0.131964 0.167304
q ^ -0.698 -0.208741 0.00342888 -60.8773 <1e-99 -0.215464 -0.202017
λ ^ -0.447 & q ^ -0.698 0._PHONE_ 0.00065806 86.5657 <1e-99 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
julia> r2(model)
Note that in the example we find the exponents to which \(\lambda\) and \(q\) should be raised to get the best fit (which is quite good considering the resulting \(R^2\)). In particular in the line
we dynamically inject the user defined f1 and f2 functions into the model formula. Similarly in
we use exponentiation to transform the variables.
We can see that there is a significant interaction effect between the variables, as expected. As the resulting estimated function is non-linear, in order to check the range of marginal effects of \(\lambda\) and \(q\) in the domain of our design space, we will use the ForwardDiff.jl package:
julia> using ForwardDiff
julia> function get_gradients(model, df)
 prediction(x) = predict(model, DataFrame(λ=x[1], q=x[2]))[1]
 grad_df = DataFrame(λ=Float64[], q=Float64[])
 foreach(eachrow(df)) do row
 push!(grad_df, ForwardDiff.gradient(prediction, [row.λ, row.q]))
 return describe(grad_df, :min, :mean, :median, :max)
get_gradients (generic function with 1 method)
julia> get_gradients(model, df)
2×5 DataFrame
│ Row │ variable │ min │ mean │ median │ max │
│ │ Symbol │ Float64 │ Float64 │ Float64 │ Float64 │
│ 1 │ λ │ -548.901 │ -90.9051 │ -62.6736 │ -20.8306 │
│ 2 │ q │ -412.666 │ -35.1307 │ -18.6697 │ -0.973361 │
which confirms our visual observations that both variables have a negative derivative for the points in our design space and that the results are more sensitive to the changes of \(\lambda\) than of \(q\).
In terms of the performance note that the most expensive part, that was to create the df data frame, took under 5 minutes instead of estimated 2 hours in R.
This was a minimal showcase how you can implement a very simple agent based model using the Julia language. What I wanted to present is that the implementation of the model is as short as in e.g. R language, while at the same time you can get significant performance benefits (which is a very relevant issue when developing agent based models).
In the second part of the post I did some simple analysis of results of simulation experiment using this model to show several packages that are often used in such situations. I hope you enjoyed it!
As a final comment let me ask for some crowdsourcing :), as I want to show the participants of Social Simulation Week 2020 a comparison of several options against the Julia language. Therefore, similarly to the case of a recent post, I will be happy to update this post with codes provided by the readers to compare the complexity and performance. The challenge is to maximize speed (primary criterion) and at the same time have a relatively simple code (secondary criterion). I will benchmark and post the results of the submitted codes here. In general as we want to concentrate mostly on speed any programming language is welcome, with a restriction that we want to use CPU computing on a single thread. If you are interested please send me your implementation of cont_run function either via e-mail on Julia slack.
Appendix: Implementations provided by the readers
Here are the implementations of the model I have received from the readers.
Tomasz Olczak has sent me Python ports of the code (thank you for working on it). The first naive version is almost identical to Julia code:
from numpy import zeros
from scipy.stats import kurtosis
from numpy.random import default_rng
rng = default_rng()
def cont_run(time=10000, n=10000, λ=0.05, q=0.1):
 θ = zeros(n)
 r = zeros(time)
 pchange = zeros(n)
 ε = rng.standard_normal(time)
 for t in range(time):
 if ε[t] > 0:
 r[t] = (ε[t] > θ).sum() / (λ * n)
 r[t] = -(-ε[t] > θ).sum() / (λ * n)
 θ[rng.random(out=pchange) < q] = abs(r[t])
It runs roughly 7.5 times slower than the Julia code, which you can check e.g. like this:
>>> from timeit import timeit
>>> timeit(cont_run, number=10) / 10
Next goes an optimized version which uses Numba for run-time LLVM compilation to machine code:
from numpy import zeros
from scipy.stats import kurtosis
from numpy.random import default_rng, standard_normal
from numba import njit
rng = default_rng()
# from numpy.random import Generator, MT19937
# rng = Generator(MT19937(12345))
def _numba(time, n, λ, q, pchange):
 θ = zeros(n)
 r = zeros(time)
 ε = standard_normal(time)
 for t in range(time):
 if ε[t] > 0:
 θ[pchange[t] < q] = abs(r[t])
 global pchange
 if pchange.shape!= (time, n):
 pchange = zeros((time, n))
 r = _numba(time, n, λ, q, pchange)
This version is faster than the naive port, but still slower than Julia code:
>>> # 1st run is a warm-up run to allocate pchange and let Numba compile
>>> pchange = zeros(0)
>>> cont_run() # the value returned by cont_run is printed
>>> # now it's time to gather stats
>>> from timeit import timeit
>>> timeit(cont_run, number=10) / 10 # timing is printed


text:
Return to lovetolearnplace.com
Return to General Homeschooling Message Board
Go to Multiplication/Divison for their Math Families
Return to General Math Page
So why is math important? (Christian Worldview) Music, art, language, amusement parks, and most other things that cause joy would simply not be possible without math. We should never be content to simply study numbers, but to study the One that created the numbers. A few years ago, a little boy shared that he thought math was boring. "Boring?!? Oh, I see, you are not a Christian." The little boy took offense saying that he most definitely was a Christian. "How can math be boring to a Christian since God created it and God is not boring?!" The little boy has not complained about math being boring since.
The + is the sign that we use to show that we are adding. It is read as plus or and.
Look at the Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom.
Do you see the +? This is from the cross of Britain's patron saint, St. George. See if you can locate Scotland and the United Kingdom in an atlas and on a globe. Have your parents show you an atlas. An atlas is a book that has maps of many countries. Most atlases have pictures of a country's flag. Count how many flags you see that has a cross like + or X.
Now, on to the addition / subtraction math families!
|Twos ( 0,2 / 1,2 )||
( 0,11 / 1,10,11 / 2,9,11
3,8,11 / 4,7,11 )
|Threes ( 0,3 / 1,2,3 )||
( 0,12 / 1,11,12 / 2,10,12
3,9,12 / 4,8,12 / 6,12 )
|Fours ( 0,4 / 1,3,4 / 2,4 )||
( 0,13 / 1,12,13 / 2,11,13
3,10,13 / 4,9,13 / 5,8,13 / 6,7,13 )
( 0,5 / 1,4,5 / 2,3,5 )
( 0,14 / 1,13,14 / 2,12,14 / 3,11,14 / 4,10,14 / 5,9,14 / 6,8,14, 7,14 )
( 0,6 / 1,5,6 / 2,4,6 / 3,6 )
( 0,15 / 1,14,15 / 2,13,15 / 3,12,15/ 4,11,15 / 5,10,15 / 6,9,15 / 7,8,15 )
( 0,7 / 1,6,7 / 2,5,7 / 3,4,7 )
( 0,16 / 1,15,16 / 2,14,16 / 3,13,16 / 4,12,16 / 5,11,16 / 6,10,16 / 7,9,16 / 8,16 )
( 0,8 / 1,7,8 / 2,6,8 /
3,5,8 / 4,8 )
( 0,17 / 1,16,17 / 2,15,17 / 3,14/17 / 4,13,17 / 5,12,17 / 6,11,17 / 7,10,17 / 8,9,17 )
(includes Nines Trick)
( 0,9 / 1,8,9 / 2,7,9 /
3,6,9 / 4,5,9 )
( 0,18 / 1,17,18 / 2,16,18 / 3,15,18 / 4,14,18 / 5,13,18 / 6,12,18 / 7,11,18 8,10,18 / 9,18 )
( 0,10 / 1,9,10 / 2,8,10
3,7,10 / 4,6,10/ 5,10 )
( 0,19 / 1,18,19 / 2,17,19 / 3,16,19 / 4,15,19 / 5,14,19 / 6,13,19 / 7,12,19 8,11,19 / 9,10,19 )
|2s, 3s, 4s Review||Addition Chart|
|5s, 6s, 7s Review||Addition Chart with Answers|
|8s, 9s, 10s Review||Subtraction Chart|
|11s, 12s, 13s Reviews||Subtraction Chart with Answers|
|14s, 15s, 16s Reviews||100 Addition Facts Drill|
|17s, 18s, 19s Reviews||100 Subtraction Facts Drill|
Click here for PDF Adobe Acrobat files for addition/subtraction fact drills
Math families for addition and subtraction are a fun way to learn. The following are some ideas of how to make these abstract math concepts more concrete for your little ones.
Use things around the home to physically demonstrate addition and subtraction... toy blocks, marbles, candy, small erasers, coins, dog kibbles, cups, books, shoes, small toys, buttons, etc. In short anything that can be sorted into piles to demonstrate the Math Family you are currently working on.
It is important to verbally say the number family that you are currently working on. Perhaps working them into sing-song or jig format (e.g., 2,3,5 / 2,5,3 / 3,2,5 / 3,5,2 / 5,2,3 / 5,3,2) Children respond quickly to such a format hence the longetivity of nursery rhymes. Many adults can still remember old commercials due to this sing-song or jig format.
Using the numbers on a deck of cards or the dots on dominoes are VERY helpful when learning how to add and subtract.
See Addition Chart (Addition Chart with Answers) and Subtraction Chart (Subtraction Chart with Answers).
Review, Review, Review, Review is the key to mastering the math concepts!
Request: Do you have recommendations for Addition/Subtraction? If so, e-mail us your ideas by clicking here


text:
The purpose of this report is to provide information concerning injury mortality among infants, children (ages 1-14) and adolescents (ages 15-19) in Arizona. The data for 1997 are placed in a temporal context by comparison with the data for the preceding ten years.
Data on the number and characteristics of injury deaths among Arizona residents 19 years old or younger were obtained from the death certificates filed with the Arizona Department of Health Services.
In this report, fatal injuries as the underlying cause of death are defined and coded according to ICD-9* in the following manner:
Population denominators for Arizona residents, used to calculate rates, are projections from the Population Statistics Unit in the Arizona Department of Economic Security (data for _PHONE_ and _PHONE_) and the U.S. Census Bureau (data for 1990 and data by ethnic group for 1997). Detailed population data by gender, age and county were unavailable for _PHONE_. In order to obtain the population denominators for these two years, the 1990 percentages of population breakdowns (or census shares) were applied to 1991 and 1992 total state or county population estimates published by the DES.
Office of Epidemiology and Statistics
Bureau of Public Health Statistics
Arizona Department of Health Services
Phone: _PHONE_
FAX: _PHONE_


How Did Colonial People Make Candles?
Colonia way of making dipped taper candles
Making candles for dark nights was a yearly chore in colonial households. While colonists often bought cotton wick, they typically made enough candles to last for the year.
How Colonial Candles Were Made
Candles were most commonly made by dipping during colonial times in households, especially during the early colonial period. However, candle makers, or chandlers, started using molds as well.
Dipped Method
The process for dipping candles was fairly straightforward:
 1. Colonists would melt waxy material, usually tallow, in a large kettle full of scalding hot water.
 2. Once the tallow was melted, they would skim off the tallow and put it in another pot for dipping. They might also have put the tallow through a sieve to get out more impurities.
 3. They would then take a long wick (either bought from the store or spun from flax or cotton) and tie it to the end of a stick. Usually they would tie several wicks to one stick so they could dip several candles at once.
 4. Once the wick was tied, they would begin dipping the wick into the melted tallow.
 5. Once the candle was large enough, the candle maker (or wives and children) would press the bottom so it was flat and then hang the candles out to dry.
The tallow had to be stirred regularly, and it took about 25 dippings for a whole candle. Because it was quite a process, colonists would set aside an entire day for this annual chore. This process was the same regardless of the wax being used.
colonial woman hand dipping candles
Candle Molds
Colonial households typically didn't use candle molds. Molds could only make six to eight candles at a time and so it was impractical to use molds for the annual candle making. Consequently, colonial households would buy molded candles if they had enough money. However, the process for making them was very similar:
 1. The chandler would melt the wax material and skim off impurities.
 2. He would transfer the melted wax into something with a spout for easier pouring.
 3. He would then pour wax into the molds and allow it to harden.
Below is a demonstration of a colonial candle kit used with this method:
What Candles Were Made Of
There were four materials that candles were primarily made from during colonial times.
Beef and Sheep Tallow
The vast majority of candles in colonial times were made from tallow, which is a hard, fatty animal substance. The best candles were rendered from half sheep and half beef tallow. While you can use any tallow, this combination smelled the least and burned the best without sputtering. Especially poor people might use pig tallow, but it was undesirable because of the smell.
Medieval candles on sale at local fair
Beeswax was another popular material for candle making during the latter part of the colonial period. Beeswax, like bayberry, was not as plentiful as tallow, but it made a pleasant-smelling candle. They could be made either by dipping or in a mold.
New Englanders discovered bayberries have a waxy substance and were great for candle making. Not only did bayberry candles smell better than tallow candles, but they also were naturally a lovely green, making them great for decorating. However, it took about a dozen pounds of bayberry to yield one pound of candle wax. Consequently, people tended to add bayberry to their tallow wax rather than just making candles exclusively out of bayberry.
The first uniform candles were made from spermaceti, although chandlers did make molded candles from other materials. Molded candles were uniform in shape, so they looked nicer; however, spermaceti candles burned brighter and were firmer so they tended not to lose their shape. Chandlers made spermaceti candles by taking crystallized sperm whale oil and pouring it into candle molds and allowing it to harden.
Colonists didn't necessarily have a lot to work with, so the equipment needed to make candles was kept to a bare minimum.
 - Large kettle for melting wax and scalding water
 - A wooden paddle for stirring
 - Cotton wick - usually purchased, but colonists could make homemade wicks by spinning cotton on a wheel
 - A drying rack had several racks to hold many candles
 - Long sticks or branches for dipping multiple candles at once to make the chore more productive
 - Molds - chandlers might use molds to make uniform-looking candles; they were made out of tin or wood
Colonial Candle Making
Candles were an absolute necessity during colonial times because they were a primary way to light a home. Candle making was a common household chore until the oil lamp was invented and became common in the latter part of the 18th century. Even after the oil lamp came on the scene, colonists continued to make candles simply because they found them to be beautiful.
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How Did Colonial People Make Candles?


text:
"Adventures with a Microscope" DVD is 1 hr. 5 min. long and was produced by Microscope World. *Note: The program is for home use only. We offer different videos for schools
The DVD has four main sections with 13 chapter points:
Part 1 (12 min.) How to Use a Microscope and Prepare Slides: We show you everything you need to know for getting the most out of your microscope.
Part 2 (15 min.) Investigating Cells, five engaging demonstrations of observations that you can do with plant and animal cells.
(22 min.) Observing Prepared Specimens. Here we spend 1-3 minutes showing you what to look for when using the 10 prepared slides in your Super Slide Kit (10 individual chapter points on the DVD for easy access).
(15 min.) Investigating Pond Water. This section is awesome! You will see many microscopic critters found in pond water. See protozoans splitting and watch the food chain in action! With your microscope, you can find these same organisms in lakes, streams, aquariums and even an old rain puddle.


text:
Scientist for a Day inspires young scientists
Scientist for a Day saw dozens of budding young scientists visit the Australian Museum for Marine Worlds and Urban Explorer.
As the Museum doors opened on Thursday the 14th and Friday the 15th of January, an excited group of budding young marine scientists joined us for 'Scientist for a Day – Marine Worlds'. Together we learnt about what marine scientists do and then our visitors got to try out being a marine biologist with a rather smelly squid dissection! Using some very cool technology, our new marine detectives investigated a variety of the secret weapons that marine animals use and experienced being taxonomists by identifying some Balmain bug species! We also got to see some very special parts of the marine collection in a behind-the-scenes tour.
With the sun shining down on Monday the 18th, we welcomed some young entomology enthusiasts for 'Scientist for a Day – Urban Explorer'. We investigated the spider community of Hyde Park, by finding and identifying webs. Sorting through leaf litter to find and categorise the insects we found helped our young scientists realise that there are many types of life living under our feet, we just need to notice them! For those interested in the tiny spider that was found, our arachnologist identified it as a mature female Ostearius melanopygius. We saw some amazing pinned insects on a behind-the-scenes tour and also got to hold and draw some live stick insects.
If you were a participant in Scientist for a Day, please comment on this story and share what you learnt!
The Australian Museum runs Scientist for a Day programs for 8-12 year olds during selected school holidays, so stay tuned for details of the next adventure.
Ellen McCormack, Operations Coordinator


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High Speed Research Car T-16
In November, 2000, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) began operating high speed research car T-16 to investigate methods for providing a safer and smoother ride for passenger and freight trains traveling at higher speeds. FRA's Office of Research and Development uses T-16 to study the dynamics of wheel-rail behavior, to investigate methods for improving track inspection, and to assess potential high speed rail corridors. T-16 also assists Amtrak, local and regional commuter authorities, and individual railroads in assessing their routes.
T-16 is a former Amtrak Metroliner passenger car which was refurbished and instrumented with advanced technology, with capabilities for measurement and data collection at speeds up to 160 mph. Measurement capabilities include track geometry, rail head profile, ride quality, and wheel-rail forces. T-16 can also be used as an instrumentation platform to collect data from sensors mounted on other cars in the train.
T-16 has the capability to process and display collected data in several formats. Monitors throughout the train can be configured to show the various displays. Exceptions are displayed in a list with specific details about each instance and on a GIS map to show their location in reference to other features. Raw data is streamed across a video strip chart that provides a graphical representation of measured parameters. The on-board system calculates and displays Track Quality Indices (TQI) based on track geometry data collected by the car. When requested by track inspectors onboard, data can be printed to an exception report or paper strip chart. Data can also be downloaded to removable media for offline viewing.


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Adults, target-words, and the child's syntactical development
Language cannot be learned without linguistic input. Hence, the environment plays an important role in childrens' language development. In this paper it is examined how important the environment's role is. Two views are described: Universal Grammar and Emergentism. They are in this paper considered to represent two basic stances; the innate stance and the "non-innate" stance. The overall aim is to present evidence in favour of either Emergentism or Universal Grammar. It is achieved by a theoretical discussion and the findings from an observation. In the observational study the aim is to see if and, if so, how adults provide clues for children to develop their syntax. This is achieved by looking at target-words and how the adults use context and prosody to supply children with them. The findings show that the adults extensively use context when talking to children. The theoretical discussion together with the findings, are here found to support Emergentism, the non-innate view.
School:Högskolan i Skövde
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:target words universal grammar emergentism syntactical development environmental influence
Date of Publication:02/15/2008


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Oakley, Christopher Arris. "The legend of Henry Berry Lowry: Strike at the Wind! and the Lumbee Indians of North Carolina." Mississippi quarterly 60.1 (Winter/Spring 2007): 59–80. Key source
This article is a richly detailed, clearly written history of the outdoor drama Strike at the Wind!, from the planning stages in 1968, to the first opening night of its premiere season (July 1, 1976), through its reopening under the auspices of the Carolina Arts Network in the summer of 2006. Oakley provides a concise, clear summary of the late-nineteenth-century historical events portrayed in Strike at the Wind!. He also explains the subsequent position of the Lumbee in tri-racial Robeson County, especially when the North Carolina Constitution, state laws, and local practices made the Lumbee disenfranchised and increasingly separate. Thus, Oakley's cultural, political, and historical overview provides crucial context for Henry Berry Lowry's coming to be viewed, by the time Strike at the Wind! premiered, as the folk hero of the Lumbee.
Along the way, Oakley discusses the outdoor drama's predecessor, The Life-Story of a People. This pageant on Lumbee history, written by Ellen C. Deloria, was performed with a mostly local cast of 150, in 1940 and 1941. He explains the other factors at play during the planning stages of the drama as well. He discusses interest in bringing in tourist revenues; growing interest, in the late 1960s, in Native American culture; the popular as well as financial success of other outdoor dramas in North Carolina; and a desire to educate people about the history of the Lumbee, who had attained a limited form of federal recognition in 1956.Oakley also traces decisions such as which time periods and historical events the drama should focus on and who would write the play and compose the music. He reviews earlier fictional accounts of Henry Berry Lowry, briefly contrasting their treatment of him with Umberger's in the Strike at the Wind! script.
The article also describes concerns, during the development period, about casting; creative control of the play; and finances for building the amphitheater and producing the play. The article traces attendance, casting changes, and commentary on the play in local newspapers in the first few seasons; it then touches on the increasing financial struggles in the 1990s and the production lapses of 1996–1998 and 2004–2005.Most importantly, Oakley relates Henry Berry Lowry and Strike at the Wind! to Lumbee cultural identity and pride. The article concludes with Carolina Arts Network's acquisition of the rights to Strike at the Wind! in 2005, its aims for the drama, and its reopening at the of the production in 2006. There is also a summation of the position Strike at the Wind! came to hold in Lumbee society and as a manifestation of Lumbee identity.
This article is a useful and much-needed contribution to the scholarship on Strike at the Wind! and on Henry Berry Lowry.


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The second of the three little pigs built his house out of wood and although in the fairy tale the wolf blew it down, the head of UniSA's Zero Waste Research Centre - Professor Steffen Lehmann says piggy number two, may have been onto something.
Using more sustainable materials such as timber in city building construction is just one of the hundreds of ideas explored in the new book edited by UniSA's Professor Steffen Lehmann and Dr Robert Crocker.
Designing for Zero Waste: Consumption, technologies and the Built Environment is the first in a series and narrows in on themes around creating a sustainable city by implementing an array of construction and design techniques/ideas.
Professor Lehmann says Australian cities, including Adelaide, have many poorly designed and inefficient buildings and he is currently working on a research project that would see more timber used in construction.
"My big passion at the moment is about constructing buildings differently in the future," Prof Lehmann says.
"Instead of steel and concrete we would have timber construction that goes up seven, eight or even ten stories - that would store carbon and provide the opportunity for timber to replace these traditional carbon intensive materials.
"We can build ten storey buildings for urban use in the city that have no steel or no concrete except for in the footings. This is possible and desirable.
"We can reduce the damage and the impact of construction by having carbon positive buildings and that's very, very exciting. We have the opportunity to reverse some of the environmental damage our existing buildings have caused."
Professor Lehmann says the timber used in such constructions would be of equal strength to the material it replaces and wouldn't mean damaging the environment.
"It doesn't involve cutting down rainforests with pristine timber in Indonesia - we are not talking about that type of timber. This timber needs to come from a sustainably harvested source with a 12 year cycle, so we could set up a green supply chain with Mt Gambier pine trees for instance," he says.
Social sustainability is one of the key themes explored in the new book which develops ideas on how future cities can consume less and function more efficiently.
"The centre is very interested in cities and how to transform cities to use fewer materials to produce less waste and use less energy, water, and to grow food locally. Then if you add a greater focus on recycling - that is my idea of a more sustainable city," he says.
Prof Lehmann says a lot of the waste issues faced in urban areas are centred around the attitudes of people who consume too much.
"Why do people want a second fridge? Why do people want big cars like hummers? Why can't people drive less? We see a lot of young people have a limited relationship with nature and do not value tree planting.
"Attitudes are changing too slowly, in fact we see people wanting bigger houses to fill with stuff. We now have the largest homes in the world - bigger than the US - and they are badly designed and heavily dependent on air-conditioning. These are things we can change but they require education and attitude change as well."
The Earthscan Series on Sustainable Design's first book - Designing for Zero Waste: Consumption, technologies and the built environment will be launched at 6pm Thursday, February 23 at the Allan Scott Theatre - City West Campus.
To view the original article visit: _URL_


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Being able to store terabytes of data on a hard drive is pretty easy as nowadays, all you need to do is hook up a hard drive to your computer and you can start storing content immediately. But being able to keep that data lasting for longer than several years can be quite a challenge, especially if you regularly use the hard drive. It looks like that will be a thing of the past as a team of researchers have built a hard drive that can reportedly store data for over one million years.
The researchers hail from the University of Twente in the Netherlands and first looked into the theory of how information ages prior to making their amazing discovery. What they found was data needs to be stored in a way where its distinct from other pieces of data. The researchers then proceeded to put their discovery to use by building a disk that would do just that, which resulted in a thin tungsten disk that has a series of fine lines, that has been coated in a protective layer of silicon nitride.
If what the researchers is actually usable by the common everyday person, we'd certainly be interested to see what they think civilizations millions of years in the future should know about us. If I had to make one suggestion, it'd be the invention of the Shake Weight.


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30, 1804, Erastus Granger, originally from Suffield,
CT-which seems to be the epicenter of a good number of Grangersentered
into the village of New Amsterdam*, in the State of New York, via horseback.
He carried with him papers from then President of the United States, Thomas
Jefferson, which directed him to create a United States Post Office
in that town. He'd also been given the title, Collector of the Port'. Upon
his arrival, he found a community of about sixteen huts, three blacksmith
shops, two taverns, a drugstore and one jail.
After setting up the
Post Office in Buffaloe Creek, he was made the area's first Postmaster on
September 3, 1804. In 1807 he was appointed a Judge in Genesee County, which
then stretched west from the Genesee
River to Lake Erie. Granger held all of his posts until his resignation
on May 3, 1818.
By 1806, he'd moved
his offices into a wing of the so-called "Ransom" building on
North Main Street, built by
Asa Ransom. The original
office was destroyed by fire set by the British in 1813. Granger's house
and lands, located in the Flint
Hill section (of what was to become the City of Buffalo), served as
a haven for refugees in the aftermath of this fire and is one of the primary
reasons why he is remembered today, aside from his collection of papers
presented in this digital forum. His grave is located on land he once owned
within the City of Buffalo (Flint Hill) and on the grounds of present-day,
Forest Lawn Cemetary.
*note this information
was taken from a previous Erastus Granger digitization project and can be
found at Erastus
to the Erastus Granger


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Views are used for two things: to reduce complexity and to enhance security. Views can hide the complexity of your...
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query. I could have a query similar to the following:
SELECT d.dname,count(*) as NUM_EMPS FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e.deptno=d.deptno GROUP BY dname;
Instead of typing that complex query (which really isn't that complex by today's standards) I could query a view as follows:
SELECT dname,num_emps FROM my_view;
You should be able to come up with some pretty complex queries that could be stored in a view to make querying much simpler. In this way, the view is sort of a macro, doing many things behind the scenes but making it look easy to the end user or application.
Views can also be used to enforce security. Let's assume that I only want the user BOB to see just the ENAME and DEPTNO columns of the EMP table. I could use the following:
GRANT select ON emp TO bob;
But the above would let BOB see the entire contents of the table. I could write a view with just the columns that BOB can see as follows:
CREATE VIEW bob_emp AS SELECT ename,deptno FROM emp; GRANT select ON bob_emp TO bob;
With these two commands, BOB can only see the two columns of this table through this view.
Let's take the security concept a step further. Let's suppose we want to let everyone query the EMP table, but only for their record. We could write a view as follows:
CREATE VIEW my_emp AS SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename=USER; GRANT select ON my_emp TO public;
When a user queries from MY_EMP, it will only return those rows where the ENAME column contains their userid (defined by the USER psuedo column). The user is not granted SELECT privileges on the EMP table directly, but accesses that table through the view. This concept can be extended even further to support Virtual Private Databases (VPD).
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text:
Archive for August, 2011
by admin, August 27, 2011
Many individuals and world organizations dedicate themselves both justifiably and correctly in protecting endangered species of wild life.
Conservationists strive continually to protect such creatures as Pandas, Elephants, Seals, Rhinos, and Whales It would seem that there is some kind of built in mechanism to protect our fellow mammals, but what about the most common occupants of the oceans and rivers; the fish?
The general public either is not aware or does not care that approximately 90% of all species of fish have simply vanished, and that all of the world's oceans and rivers are undergoing great ecological changes; the reason?; over fishing!!
The Effects of Over Fishing.
Continue reading Effects of Over Fishing301 words, reading time ~ 1:12 mins
by admin, August 18, 2011
Torture is a method of inflicting severe anguish on another person. The torture may either be of an emotional or physical nature.
Physical torture involves causing much physical punishment and pain to another person. Emotional torture can consist of continual verbal abuse, or a continual deliberate lowering of the self esteem of another person. Indoctrination is a form of emotional torture.
The effects of torture will often show as the following –
- Acute anxiety, depression and extreme irritability.
- Loss of concentration, memory impairment or memory loss.
- Feelings of guilt and suspicion.
- Complete sexual dysfunction.
Continue reading Effects of Torture263 words, reading time ~ 1:03 mins
by admin, August 8, 2011
For any computer user who has suffered the effects of a computer virus he or she will know the annoyance and trouble which can be caused. A computer virus is a contagious program attached within another program or e-mail, which will self replicate and affect the integrity of the computer and stored data.
The virus can spread between computers and between differing organizations even by the act of opening or executing an affected file.
A commonly known type of computer virus is the Trojan horse. This has the effect of being a program which appears to have a valid function, but in fact damages other stored programs when executed. A computer worm is another highly invasive virus which commonly invades from another computer network. It replicates itself, thus avoiding deletion, and affects the operation of the host computer.
Continue reading Effects of a Computer Virus287 words, reading time ~ 1:09 mins


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CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE ABSORÇÃO DO DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO ATMOSFÉRICO POR MICROALGAS UTILIZADAS NA AQÜICULTURA PARA A GERAÇÃO DE UM MECANISMO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO LIMPO (MDL).
The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in the last years has intensified the "greenhouse effect". Due to their high carbon fixation rates, the large-scale cultivation of microalgae, under semi-controlled conditions, appears as an alternative to diminish the CO2 levels in the atmosphere. High costs of microalgae production affects the aquaculture profitability. To increase the production yield and reduce costs new research is necessary to find more productive microalgae species. The main objective of this study was to determine which phytoplankton species used in aquaculture that present the highest CO2 uptake rates, as well as commercial value and that could be produced in large-scale systems. The experiments were conducted with the species Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd, 1955), Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864, C. muelleri Lemmermann, 1898, Phaeodactilum tricornutum Bohlin, 1897, Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, 1873, Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt, 1926, T. pseudonana (Husted) Hasle & Heimdal, 1970), Tetraselmis chuii Butcher, 1958, T. tetrathele (G.S. West) Butcher 1959 and Isochrysis galbana Parke, 1949. The cells were kept in f/2 medium, constant temperature (optimum of each species), light intensity of ca. 100?mol/m-2/s-1 and 12L/12D photoperiod. Primary production measurements were conducted in different light intensities using oxygen and 14C (dissolved, particulate and total production) methods. Measurements were carried out when culture were in the LOG phase. The Photosynthetic Quotient and lipid fraction of most productive species were also determined. N. oculata, S. costatum e C. muelleri reached the highest growth yield, while C. affinis was the less productive species. N. oculata and I. galbana showed the highest oxygen production rates, while N. oculata e T. fluviatilis presented the highest carbon fixation rates. The most species showed PQ values bigger than 1.0. According to the results of growth and primary production rates, four species showed high potential for large-scale production: N. oculata, S. costatum, T. fluviatilis and I. galbana. Since N. oculata and S. costatum showed highest growth rates under low light intensity, these species could be cultivated during periods of low luminosity. On the other hand, T. fluviatilis and I. galbana, light adapted species, could be grown during spring/summer periods. Furthermore, the results indicate that N. oculata produces high amounts of lipid and fatty acid, indicating its great capacity for biofuels production.
Advisor:Paulo Cesar Oliveira Vergne de Abreu; Clarisse Odebrecht; Daniel Conde Scalone; Virginia Maria Tavano Garcia
School:Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:microalgas produção primária fotossíntese carbono aquicultura
Date of Publication:02/28/2005


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Legend of the Elder Brother
Two brothers were born five years apart, and they grew so close that the younger brother sought the older brother's guidance like a compass.
When the older brother died at age 37, the younger brother discovered a collection of coins which the older brother had acquired from traveling to 20 countries. The younger brother began drilling holes in the coins and he attached iron chains to create necklaces. He started giving away the necklaces to friends, family, and even strangers who desired them.
early coin necklace
One of the early sewn metal pieces, reverse side
The hole drilled in each coin reflected the pain in the younger brother's heart. Through hundreds of iterations, he discovered a method of sewing metal by using copper thread to stitch bronze gears onto the coins. The fronts of the pendants became like metallic flowers standing in opposition to his pain. It was through this process of transforming and releasing the older brother's coins that the younger brother became a jeweler.
Over the course of three years, the younger brother gave away 186 of these coin necklaces as they evolved in complexity and refinement. He wore the older brother's last coin for three years and he struggled in deciding whether or not to keep it. He finally decided he would let go of the older brother's last coin, so he made a special plan for it.
First, he traveled to every country the older brother had visited, except one country which was impossible to reach. The younger brother collected his own coins from each country. He then cut small pieces from each of his own coins and soldered these coin sections around the older brother's last coin. Using silver thread, he sewed three silver gears and a copper bail onto the last coin. He fashioned a chain with a small cage at the end, and in the cage he included a ring made from melting the older brother's silver cufflinks.
coin of passage
The Coin of Passage, reverse side
He named the necklace "The Coin of Passage" because he felt it represented overcoming the passing of his older brother. It was the right to pass, an act of passing, and a passageway leading to the end of his mourning. He decided he would bury the necklace at the older brother's grave above the older brother's heart. A narrow hole was dug at the grave in the fall while the earth was soft so the necklace could be buried the following winter.
The moment of the necklace burial was chosen with great intention. It was the exact minute the younger brother's lifespan surpassed the older brother's lifespan -- precisely 19,477,167 minutes into the younger brother's life. He passed his arm into the earth in order to return the last coin his brother had left behind, and he became the Elder Brother.
map of humanity 18k gold sewn metal
Map of Humanity in 18K Gold, reverse side of Sun
The jewelry creation process moved forward with a will of its own. All-new components were designed and manufactured in silver, gold, and platinum. The quality of each piece reached masterful levels. Holes were minimized to exemplify the act of healing. Gears were kept with 20 points to represent the 20 visited countries. The Map of Humanity was created using a small section of the brother's footprint taken the day of birth. Initially representing brotherhood and travel, the Map of Humanity soon became a mark of unity and familiarity; an understanding that we share a common desire to be recognized by one another.
Caps Brothers continues to this day with an unmistakable sewn metal technique, and new branches of expansive designs have also formed. The project has grown beyond its initial scope of self-healing and now focuses on reaching people with a message of recognition and commonality.
Caps Brothers Jewelry: Borne In Celebration
sewn metal timeline
Explore Sewn Metal ▸


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The Windows Script Host Object Model has many useful properties and methods for dealing with files, folders, disks, etc. One common use is for searching for a file in one or more sub-folders. The example function below illustrates how to use the
FileSystemObject along with the
Files, and File objects to iterate through sub folders to find a particular file.
To use this example in your macros you must add a reference to the Windows Script Host Object Model library. To do this select Tools > References, then scroll toward the bottom of the list and select Windows Script Host Object Model.
' 'This function requires a reference to: 'Windows Script Host Object Model (C:\Windows\System32\wshom.ocx)"'Public Function FindFile(ByVal strFileName As String, _ ByVal strStartPath As String, ByRef strFoundPath) As Boolean Dim objFSO As FileSystemObject Dim objFiles As Files Dim objFile As File Dim objFolders As Folders Dim objFolder As Folder strFoundPath = "" 'Set new instance if File System Object Set objFSO = New FileSystemObject 'Get all sub folders in the starting folder Set objFolders = objFSO.GetFolder(strStartPath).SubFolders 'Iterate through all sub folders For Each objFolder In objFolders 'Get all of the files in this sub folder Set objFiles = objFolder.Files 'Iterate through files in this sub folder For Each objFile In objFiles 'If we find the file store the path name and exit If StrComp(strFileName, objFile.Name, vbTextCompare) = 0 Then strFoundPath = objFSO.BuildPath(strStartPath, objFolder.Name) FindFile = True Exit Function End If Next Next FindFile = False End Function


How to find standard deviation of probability distribution on ti 84
( Ex #2a: Use the previous example about the bone density tests that are normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, so they meet the requirements of a standard normal distribution. Find the bone density score corresponding to P90, the 90th percentile. 4. To find the sum of L 2 press the 2nd key then the DATA key to access STAT-REG/DISTR. Compute 1-Var Stats for L 3 5. Press the ↓ to access Σx. This is σ 2. 6. To compute σ take the square root of the value in Step 5. Calculator: 2 nd x 2, then enter the value in Step 5 To calculate an area/probability for the Binomial Distribution 1. Oct 19, 2020 · The curve on the left is shorter and wider than the curve on the right, because the curve on the left has a bigger standard deviation. Probability and the Normal Curve. The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution. This has several implications for probability. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1. Find the probability that a randomly selected student scored more than $62$ on the exam. example 3: ex 3: The target inside diameter is $50 \, \text{mm}$ but records show that the diameters follows a normal distribution with mean $50 \, \text{mm}$ and standard deviation $0.05 \, \text{mm}$. Nov 09, 2020 · On the other hand, the standard deviation of the return measures deviations of individual returns from the mean. Thus SD is a measure of volatility and can be used as a risk measure for an investment. Standard deviation is considered the most useful index of variability. It is a single number that tells us the variability, or spread, of a distribution (group of scores). Standard Deviation is calculated by: Step 1. Determine the mean. Step 2. Take the mean from the score. Step 3. Square that number. Step 4. Title: How to Calculate Standard Deviation? 1 HOW TO CALCULATE STANDARD DEVIATION? 2 Standard Deviation. The measure of how much the data is spread out form the mean is called as standard deviation. It is expresses in sigma. The higher the dispersion, the higher standard deviation. 3 Standard Deviation 4 Standard Deviation Calculation. To... Jan 19, 2011 · As on the TI-83 Plus and TI-84 Plus, there is no built-in mode function on the TI-89. We've created a mode program for the TI-89 here. To use this program, press 2nd - to get to the VAR-LINK menu, select the "mode" program using the arrow buttons, and finally press ENTER to paste the function to your home screen. Likewise, the value: Φ(1) = 0.8413, means there is an 84.13% chance that the value of the signal, at a randomly selected instant, will be between -∞ and one standard deviation above the mean. To calculate the probability that the signal will be will be between two values, it is necessary to subtract the appropriate numbers found in the Φ(x... Calculating the standard deviation of a probability distribution using the TI-83/84 calculator Consider the following probability distribution: Outcome Probability Expected outcome 1 20% -10% 2 50% 20% 3 30% 40% Calculate the expected value and standard deviation corresponding to this distribution. 1. Normal Distribution is also well known by Gaussian distribution. It's a continuous probability density function used to find the probability of area of standard normal variate X such as P(X X1), P(X > X1), P(X X2), P(X > X2) or P(X1 X X2) in left, right or two tailed normal distributions. The mean of the distribution is equal to 200*0.4 = 80, and the variance is equal to 200*0.4*0.6 = 48. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance, 6.93. The probability that more than half of the voters in the sample support candidate A is equal to the probability that X is greater than 100, which is equal to 1- P(X< 100). A probability distribution describes how the values of a random variable is distributed. For example, the collection of all possible outcomes of a sequence of coin tossing is known to follow the binomial distribution. Whereas the means of sufficiently large samples of a data population are known to resemble the normal distribution. Since the... Standard Deviation Formulas. Deviation just means how far from the normal. Standard Deviation. The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are. You might like to read this simpler page on Standard Deviation first. But here we explain the formulas. The symbol for Standard Deviation is σ (the Greek letter sigma). In probability and statistics, the standard deviation is the most common measure of statistical dispersion. As a simple definition, standard deviation measures how spread out the values in a data set are. If the data points are all similar, then the standard deviation will be low (closer to zero). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This video tutorial shows how to use the TI-83 calculator to compute the mean and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.Calculate the standard deviation by subtracting the mean from each individual result to find the difference and then square this difference. Add up all of these differences and then divide the result by the sample size minus 1. Take the square root of this result to find the sample standard deviation (See Resources). Given a normal distribution with m=100 and standard deviation =10, if you select a sample of n=25, what is the probability that the sample mean is a. less than 95, b. between 95 and 97.5, c. above 102 …
From a set of data with n values, where x 1 represents the first term and x n represent the nth term, if x m represents the mean, then the standard deviation can be found as follows: S D = ( x 1 − x m) 2 + ( x 2 − x m) 2 +.... + ( x n − x m) 2 n. A normal distribution is a very important statistical data distribution pattern occurring in many natural phenomena.
The lifetime of a battery is normally distributed with a mean life of 40 hours and a standard deviation of 1.2 hours. Find the probability (percentage) that a randomly selected battery lasts longer than 42 hours.
The above chart on the right shows the Inverse Normal Cumulative Distribution Function with a Mean of 5 and a Standard Deviation of 2. If you want to calculate the value of this function when the probability = 0.6, this can be done using the Excel Norminv function, as follows:
* READ THE README FOR INFO!! * Incoming Tags- z score statistics,find mean median mode statistics in ms excel,variance,standard deviation,linear regression,data processing,confidence intervals,ave...
Assume that the distribution is normal and the standard deviation is $5680. Find these probabilities of the earnings of a teacher selected randomly. Round the final answers to four decimal places and intermediate z value calculations to two decimal places. Between $30,000 and $42,800 a year. Answer by Boreal(13295) (Show Source):
c) Probability that a score is between 81 (the mean) and 84.5? Here, 81 is the mean, so we know that 50% of the class is below this point. Next, the score of 84.5 is a one standard deviation above the mean. Why? Because each deviation in this question is "3.5" points. So, a score of 84.5 is 81 + 3.5 or one deviation above the mean.
The standard deviation of X is. For example, suppose you flip a fair coin 100 times and let X be the number of heads; then X has a binomial distribution with n = 100 and p = 0.50. Its mean is. heads (which makes sense, because if you flip a coin 100 times, you would expect to get 50 heads). The variance of X is
Then, to get the standard deviation, I am to square root.04, which gives me.2 So that all seems to check out, but when I put the info into my TI-84 and use it to calculate the standard deviation using the 1-Var Statistics option, it tells me the standard deviation is (.586). Does anyone know what might be going wrong?
Observe that the distribution is skewed; Develop a frequency table and determine the mean and standard deviation; Understand that as the sample size increases, the distribution gets more normal; Central Limit Theorem: Simulate the distribution of sample means from a continuous uniform distribution with all possible values between 1 and 10


about the first 6-month period being OK and then failing later. Note I would also test performance metrics that are absolute vs. over time such as max drawdown. In my opinion having both is superior to detect failure.
 #3 It is not false discovery if market conditions change and the trading system no longer performs. SPx provides a range of outcomes from historical simulation to which forward performance can be compared.
 - Comment by post author
 Dave, thanks for the reply. You wrote:
 I could not agree more with this. I mentioned SPx in my paper because I thought it represents an alternative method of evaluating historical performance of strategies and investigating the presence of bias from the practitioner side.
 I have used parts of the method in my book "Fooled By Technical Analysis" to investigate the "intelligence" of various strategies, for example replacing the entry logic with a random signal in a moving average crossover system, removing the exit rule of the RSI2 system and replacing it with a fixed target and stop, performing a randomization study and adding additional filters, and also using comparable securities in the case of the z-score system to introduce and variety of market conditions.
 In my opinion the proper use of any evaluation method is for providing support to the null hypothesis of zero profitability. I guess we agree that future profitability cannot be supported from historical data by either statistical significance tests, resampling methods or stochastic modeling because the probability of an error is high.
 Now, about #2 and #3 and forward performance, I have the following objection: Forward testing with real money can become a costly endeavor. Obviously, there are many candidate strategies and forward testing is not economically justifiable Traders need to have a good idea of whether a strategy represents a robust alternative before risking any money.
 As far as the Bayesian process, I really like that but whether it is successful depends on the nature of the tail of the distribution of returns. The problem with probabilities computed as ratios is that they may be meaningless although the ratio theoretically exists. See this article for more details:
 Therefore, these limitation seriously limit the effectiveness of all evaluation methods, not only of SPx, and my main point is that evaluation can only be used to support the null, i.e., not to decide which strategy is good to use but which strategy to discard. As you also say, this is an art and science. Stochastic modeling is a broad concept and application will vary depending on the strategy configuration and objectives. But as I say in the article, it is a much better method than classical statistical significance of limited scope although its application demands high level of quantitative skills and experience.


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Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) Continued
SASB recognizes that internalized, relationship representations are essentially interpersonal in nature. As such, there are three possible perspectives (or vantage points) from which to view the relational dynamic. The first is an inward-facing perspective of the self judging itself; what we traditionally call the self-concept. The second is an outward-facing perspective of the self judging other people. The third is the introject which is a judgment one makes about oneself but from the perspective of another person, rather than from one's own perspective. Thus, a person can be focused on another person, they can be focused on themselves, or they may take on the focus of the introject. In SASB terms, a person's internal representations are thought to be multi-faceted, and containing within them, each of these three perspectives. Thus, the two dimensions of affiliation and interdependence are plotted three times; once for each of these three self-perspectives. Because a social interaction looks differently depending on which perspective is doing the judging, the plots on each of these three different graphs may end up being different. To illustrate this complicated scheme, consider a situation where a parent tells a child, "You never do anything right." This interaction can be viewed and coded from each of the three perspectives described above. These three different perspectives are illustrated in Diagram E below which may aid the reader's understanding of the following rather complex narrative: Coding the two dimensions from the perspective of self-judging-other (the parent is judging child), the interaction has an attacking or hostile quality (low need for affiliation on the X axis), and the intent is to control rather than to emancipate the child (low need for interdependence on the Y axis). SASB characterizes this configuration of dimensions (attack paired with control), and perspective (self judging others), using the term "Blame". The experience of the interaction from the perspective of the parent is the feeling of a desire to attack the child.
From the second perspective of the self-judging-self (the child is judging himself) the interaction has a hostile quality and it is likely the powerless child recoils from the attack, as he submits to the parent's dominance over him. SASB characterizes this configuration of dimensions (attack paired with control) and perspective (self judging self) using the term "Resentful Submission." The experience of this interaction from the child's perspective is the feeling of protest against the parent's attack. If this blaming interaction is repeated multiple times, the child will ultimately develop an introjected representation of himself as blame-worthy. This occurs as the child internalizes a representation of the parent's blaming, other-focused perspective, then experiences this internalized model of the blaming parent, and lastly (but most importantly) fails to discriminate this new internal voice as belonging to the parent, separate and distinct from his own voice. Once the introject forms, the child becomes harshly self-critical and self-attacking, and the parent no longer needs to be present in order for the child to feel badly about himself. Therefore, from the third perspective of the introject, the child's experience is one of deserving to be attacked (blame-worthy). Note that this is not really the child's own perception, but rather a representation of the parent's perspective which the child has now internalized and confused with his own.
As is the case with Kernberg's dimensional model the various personality disorders can be plotted on the SASB grid. Doing so provides a means for viewing personality disorders less as separate categories, and more as distinctively-themed, interpersonal, interaction tendencies. While individual interactions (such as our example in Diagram E) of people with personality disorders may overlap with the healthy, flexible range (illustrated by the green shaded area in Diagram D), when diagramed across time and situation a pattern begins to emerge, and the interactions would tend to cluster in the outer edges of the graph. The interactional patterns characteristic of personality disorders are represented by the more extreme and rigid interpersonal features: an excessive interest in controlling others or conversely, a complete willingness to submit to others; an exaggerated need for other people, or its opposite extreme, a complete disinterest in other people. Thus, interactional patterns of healthy personalities would tend to cluster more towards the center of the grid where the two lines intersect, while the interactional patterns of personality disorders would be scattered in the outer edges of the grid.
The interested reader may enjoy reviewing our interview transcript with Lorna Smith Benjamin about personality disorders.


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Some bears are especially fond of larval bees and honey and will actively seek out hives in their home range. Consequently, beehives should be located as far as possible from timber and brush providing bears with cover and travel routes. Honey crops should be harvested as soon as possible after the spring, summer and fall nectar flows to reduce the attractiveness of hives to foraging bears, and prevent the loss of the new honey crop in the event of depredation. When possible, apiaries should be moved to new locations if bear activity is detected nearby.
To minimize possible damage to hives and prevent bears from establishing bad habits, apiaries in occupied habitat should be protected using electric fences, or at a minimum use bear-resistant platforms (with an overhang more than two metres above the ground).
Electric fencing has been shown to be almost 100 per cent effective in deterring bear damage. Compact apiaries are easier to protect with bear-resistant fencing than those scattered over a larger area, so beekeepers should consolidate hives to form the smallest apiary that can be practically managed.
Electric Fence tips for Beekeepers
Other references: Download Building a Secure Beehive Enclosure


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A hull free of marine growth keeps a boat working at its peak hydrodynamic performance level. A clean hull is safe, fast, and efficient; a bottom that is fouled (the appropriate maritime industry term) cuts speed and maneuverability and lowers fuel economy. Also, a clean hull makes a boat far more marketable to potential renters and looks good when underway.
If your boat stays in the water for at least part of the year, a good coat of anti-fouling paint will enable peak performance. Many boaters find bottom painting messy, tedious, and time-consuming, but it is one of the key preventative maintenance jobs that keeps a boat shipshape.
It is important to remember that modern bottom paints are designed to perform a specific purpose, use highly-developed science to do their jobs, come in a dizzying array of names, removal and application techniques, and have complex paint and hull compatibility issues. Stringent air, soil, and water pollution protection measures are involved in hull cleaning and painting. These and other factors, including regional environmental regulations, can be overwhelming for a boater tackling a hull paint job for the first time. The best approach may be to find a boatyard that provides hull-painting services to do the job initially and to participate as much as possible in the project to learn how to do it correctly.
Bottom Paint Prevents Marine Growth on Boat Hulls
Protecting hulls from marine growth has its roots in the days of sail, when wooden sailing vessels were severely affected by barnacles, algae, other creatures, and seaweed that attached to their hulls. Thin sheets of copper were affixed to the hull to prevent the marine growth, which was generally effective. As steel became the predominant material for ship hulls, paints that contained copper and later, tin, were developed to protect the hulls.
Beginning in the 1950s, anti-fouling paints were formulated with other special chemicals like tributyltin (TBT), organotin compounds, and other biocides to impede marine organism growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, bottom paints containing TBT became the industry standard for anti-fouling applications on commercial and recreational vessels. The substance was banned a few years ago around the globe because of its serious toxic effects on humans, marine life, and the environment.
Tips for a Boat's Bottom Paint
The following tips about bottom painting provide a very basic primer about bottom painting, information about paint types, and recommendations about how to approach a painting project.
- A regular regimen of hull washing and inspection after every use is the short-cut way to avoid costly and tedious bottom painting efforts. Even with attentive maintenance, the hull will eventually need repainting. Keep an eye out for paint that is cracked, excessively faded, or peeling.
- Sloughing or ablative bottom coatings contain biocides that kill marine organisms, like barnacles and algae and are formulated to "ablate," or gradually wear off, exposing a fresh layer of biocide. Ablative anti-fouling paint will not lose its effectiveness even if the boat is stored out of the water.
- A range of other biocide compounds and materials are available in modern bottom paints. Their application depends on the type of hull and whether the boat is used in salt, brackish or fresh water, how frequently the boat is underway, where it is stored, and to a degree, the region of the country where the boat is used.
- To prepare for a bottom painting project, determine the type of paint on the hull, which may take some detective work, especially if the boat was bought used. If the hull paint is unknown but a new coat is needed, applying a tie-coat primer prepares the unknown surface and allows a new coat of any anti-fouling paint to be applied.
- Particularly if the hull is of fiberglass construction, prepare the hull for painting by blasting with environmentally-friendly materials like walnut shells, baking soda, glass beads,or corncobs.
- Closely follow manufacturer instructions and safety precautions when applying new paint and removing paint already on the boat.
- Use plastic sheets under the boat to collect paint chips, sanding residue, and drips, Dispose the material responsibly.
- Optimal painting conditions are at temperatures between 50-80 degrees and when relative humidity is below 65%.
- Wear protective clothing, especially for the eyes and hands, and a mask to protect lungs.
- Paint with a zinc or a copper biocide is best for aluminum hulls or sterndrives.
- Modified epoxy paint is best for boats used infrequently because it has good antifouling properties when the boat is inactive.
- For boats in the water year-round, a high copper-content modified epoxy paint that prevents growth by leaching biocides upon contact with water is best. This type of paint releases the biocide at a decreasing rate, leaving the hard coating of the original thickness.
The Future of Bottom Paint
The combination of advanced research in paint technology and marine biology continues to produce innovative bottom paints that are increasingly less toxic to the marine environment and to humans. One type provides good anti-fouling protection by producing hydrogen peroxide when exposed to the sun or artificial light. Another development for replacing cooper and tin in anti-fouling paint is slime. Micromesh covering a boat's hull contains a material which turns into a viscous slime on contact with water and coats the micromesh. The slime constantly ablates, carrying away microorganisms and barnacle larvae as it wears away.
Today's bottom paints are designed to perform a specific purpose, use highly-developed science to do their jobs, and have complex paint and hull compatibility issues. Strict environmental measures around the country affect how boat hulls are cleaned, stripped, and repainted. Understanding all facets of hull painting and the variety of available paints can save money, time, and effort, and provide protection for the hull that meets user needs.
Learn about the various types of hulls and what they are best used for in this article.


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null Get a grip with winter tires
Snowy or icy road surfaces are a reality six months of the year across the country, and winter tires provide better traction, handling and braking distance. And thanks to next-generation design, the ride is quiet and smooth. No surprise, then, that thousands of Canadians rush out to equip their vehicles with winter tires with the first snowfall.
Fast facts about winter tires
 1. Winter tires should only be installed in sets of four. With just two winter tires, your vehicle's handling is not fully optimized.
 2. Winter tires contain silica, a compound that keeps tires flexible in cold temperatures. They also have a tread design that helps maintain a firm grip on snow and ice-packed roads, which helps improve handling, stability, control and cornering capabilities. All-season tires, on the other hand, can become hard and lose their elasticity in wintry weather, reducing traction and compromising your safety.
 3. Winter tires help reduce braking distance on cold, wet, ice and snow-covered roads. Depending on your speed and the weather, the braking distance of winter tires can be up to 25 per cent shorter (or two vehicle lengths) compared to all-season tires.
 4. Proper air pressure extends the tread life of your winter tires, improving safety and reducing fuel consumption. For every 5°C dip in the thermometer, your tire pressure decreases 1 pound per square inch which results in reduced handling and control of your vehicle. Check your tire pressure once a month when the tires are cold.
CAA has an easy rule of thumb for remembering when to make the switch from all-season tires to winter tires: when the temperature reaches 7°C or below put them on; when the temperature reaches 7°C or above, remove them. Another way to remember? Put them on when Daylight Saving time ends in November.
Should all provinces follow Quebec's lead on winter tires?
In 2008, the government of Quebec became the only province in Canada to enact a law mandating that all passenger vehicles must be equipped with full set of four winter tires between December 15 and March 15. What prompted the change? Quebec had gathered and analyzed accident data and found that the 10% of motorists who weren't using winter tires prior to the law were involved in 38% of the most severe accidents. Just one year after the new law was enacted in Quebec, the data showed a 5% net decrease in the number of accident victims, which was equal to 597 people who were spared injury or worse. A number of European countries have also instituted mandatory winter tire laws, including Finland, Latvia and Germany – and all have seen a significant drop in the number of fatal accidents.
The information in this article has been adapted from the following web sites. For more on this topic, visit:
Winter Tires: Mandatory in Quebec
Transport Canada: Winter Tire Safety Tips
Are Winter Tires Worth It?
CAA SCO: What you Need to about Winter Tires
Get a grip with winter tires
Do you need winter tires? In Canada, the answer is a resounding yes!


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I find it strange that it is such a useful property for a linear functional to be bounded by a sublinear functional. What information does it really give?
Let $X$ be a Banach space and $p,f:X\to\mathbb{R}$. Well I realize that if $p$ is a sublinear functional and $f$ is a linear one, the condition $|f(x)|\le p(x)$ is weaker than the condition $||f||<\infty$. But what does it really imply? I mean ok, if $p$ is bounded then $f$ is bounded, but what is $p$ is not bounded?
For example, if $f$ is defined on $V$ a subspace of $X$ and we take $\lim_{\,n\to\infty}f(x_n)$, with $x_n\to x\in\overline{V}\backslash V$ can we deduct that the limit exists (with the possibility of being infinity) or it may not even exist at all? Do we get any information on the spectrum of $f$?
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I think that the main point of the condition is that Hahn Banach applies in more generality than normed spaces.
For example one can prove that any two convex sets in a topological vector space (not even locally convex), with one of them open, can be separated by a continuous functional (i.e "geometric Hahn-Banach theorem"). The proof uses Hahn Banach where $p$ is the Minkowski functional of a well-chosen neighbourhood of zero.
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text: Using eBPF to detect malicious events on Cloud Native environments continues to rise because it provides a wide range of options to monitor for suspicious runtime execution, network connections, and file access. However, detecting sensitive data patterns, like social security or credit card numbers in encrypted L7 network traffic has traditionally been done in user space. By leveraging in-kernel HTTP visibility and kTLS, we now have the ability to paint a complete security picture and monitor sensitive data flows between Kubernetes workloads, even if they are encrypted. Using Tetragon, this talk will demonstrate how eBPF can be applied to solve the technical challenge of decrypting TLS traffic by using kTLS and showcase how Security Teams can detect sensitive data patterns, like social security numbers or exploit signatures in encrypted L7 traffic. By using eBPF, this solution avoids operational complexity, overhead, and is fully transparent to the application as well as the CNI.


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Effective call management saves time and labor costs. 1Call's automatic greeting, voice-activated menu navigation, and directory assistance technology can efficiently assist callers before they even speak with a live operator, and has shown to reduce the number of calls an operator receives by up to 40%.
Automated queue announcements inform callers of the estimated time it will take for their call to be answered and offer a choice to hold or be called back via caller ID or another number. When connecting to a live operator, solutions that incorporate artificial intelligence, utilize caller data and behavior to predict the needs of the caller, auto-fill information, and present that information to the operator to expedite calls.
Additional tools that improve call flows include text-to-speech and speech recognition software to more easily communicate with callers. Secure, smart messaging enables clinical personnel to contact each other without involving an operator, and smart check-in gives them control to change their status and contact preferences. These tools are also web and mobile-enabled.


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The Drinking Ostriches (an-na'am al-warid)
The Drinking Ostriches are part of the Ostriches (an-na'a'im) celestial complex, which also includes the Nest (al-udhi) of the ostriches and the Wasteland (al-balda). Unlike the Lion or the Scorpion, each star of the Ostriches represents an individual ostrich. The Ostriches are divided into two groups, four Drinking Ostriches and four Returning Ostriches (an-na'am as-sadir). The Drinking Ostriches were so named because their stars are located in the swath of the Milky Way, the river from which the Ostriches are drinking.
One of two groups of four bright stars, each arranged as a quadrilateral, with a ninth star connecting the two groups. The Drinking Ostriches are the first of the two groups to set.
γ SGR (Al Nasl), yellow giant star, magnitude 3.0
η SGR, orange star, magnitude 3.1
ε SGR (Kaus Australis), blue-white star, magnitude 1.9
δ SGR (Kaus Meridionalis), orange giant star, magnitude 2.7
The four stars of the Drinking Ostriches take just over a week to rise and set. Ibn Qutayba (d. 879 CE) reported that the Ostriches were said to rise on the morning of December 23 and set on the morning of June 23. On account of the precession of the equinoxes, today we can expect to observe the Drinking Ostriches setting in late June and rising in mid-January, as seen from the latitude of Tucson. (See How to Observe on the About page for more on this topic.)
The Drinking Ostriches do not figure in the calendar of the rains stars.
In early listings of the lunar stations, the Ostriches as a whole are the 22nd station of the year. This was later changed to the 20th lunar station after the stations were adjusted to begin with the vernal equinox. Two of the stars of the Drinking Ostriches match the Hindu nakshatra called Purva Ashadha.
Related Stars and Celestial Complexes
The Drinking Ostriches are part of the Ostriches (an-na'a'im, النعائم) folkloric celestial complex.
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Strategic Networking For Lawyers
Key Steps to Successful Strategic Networking for Lawyers
Whether your bottom line is seeking more clients or new opportunities, strategic networking will help.
Strategic networking is an outcome built on effective marketing and sales skills. And it's about more than accumulating as many referral connections as possible. The best predictor of career success "(a)ccording to multiple, peer-reviewed studies (is) simply being in an open network instead of a closed one," as discussed by one of the world's top networking scientists in this Forbes article.
Successful rainmakers have planned and are prepared to speak about themselves and their law firms. They are skilled at listening and asking questions that develop relationships and lead to sales opportunities. They have mapped and know their sales network, are executing strategic plans to expand the right areas of their sales network, and have developed a marketing and sales mindset. Part of a marketing and sales strategic culture change management project is training that helps the individuals and the law firm's bottomline.
Strategic networking is an efficient use of your time and money because:
 1. A referral generates 80% more results than a call.
 2. Approximately 70% of all jobs are found through networking.
 3. Most people you meet have at least 250 contacts.
 4. Anyone you might want to meet is at most only 4-5 degrees of connection from you.
But what if you hate networking because it drains you of energy, you don't know how to act and what to say, and it feels like extra work when you have too much work already? Know that we frequently make decisions emotionally or by reacting without thinking. This applies to networking and engaging in it. If you are an introvert, then being in crowds and talking with many people is exhausting for you, not energizing. If you are shy, going into a room of strangers and striking up conversations is daunting. If you believe that talking about yourself is bragging, you will have a difficult time crafting and delivering effective marketing messages and embracing others'. If you belief that networking is a waste of time, it will be.
Be prepared to identify your hidden feelings and thinking and manage them because networking should be an integral piece of your marketing and business development strategy.
Networking is more than attending events and glad-handing. Plan before you attend. Begin with goals. It is unlikely that you will meet you next client, but you might. It's more likely that you'll need to attend several events before you have polished your networking skills and learned how to demonstrate interest in others, talk about yourself, and manage the contacts you make. Before you attend your next event:
 1. Plan. What type of events should you attend? The answer to this question depends on where your clients and referral sources will be. What do you know about the interests of these people? What do they do with their free time?
 2. Prepare questions to ask. Demonstrate your curiosity about others by asking open-ended questions to find out what matters to people. The traditional questions are: What do you do? Where do you work? Try coming up with a few more memorable questions. Where is your favorite place to visit? What would you do if you had enough money to quit your job today?
 3. Demonstrate your ability to talk about yourself with 2-3 short sentences. How, in 30 seconds or less, will you answer the questions: What's new? What do you do? Do not aim for a comprehensive answer. There is no need to push out every bit of information about yourself that you think someone may need to know in the future. The purpose is to get a next touch. When you talk about your work, identify a problem you can solve. Then explain how you will solve it, for whom you want to solve it.Allow others to ask you questions. Business opportunities follow relationships and it takes time and a give-and-take series of conversation to develop lasting relationships.
 1. Be Present. Your cell phone is a distraction to yourself and others. Put it away.
 2. Volunteer your name when meeting others. If you've met before remind them of the context, if you recall. It's easy for any of us to forget a name or even a face when we are feeling anxious and our cognitive skills are not in top form.
 3. Introduce people to each other and explain how you know them, whenever possible. Win-Win-Win.
 4. Think of how to use the event context – food, drink, venue – to connect. The purpose of networking events is not for you to eat or drink but can make it easier to enter and exit conversations. Be helpful to someone else – or escape them – by offering to get them a drink.
 5. Meet new people. Everyone else needs to network, too. If you're uncomfortable trying to exit a conversation, ask them what they're hoping to get from the event, and practice (1) working that into a transition to guide them to their next conversation and (2) being uncomfortable and doing it anyway.
 6. Be Curious. Ask questions. Look for topics of mutual interest. Offer a compliment. Ask others for introductions to people they know. Read up on a subject ripe for a light discussion.
 7. Be positive. Don't complain. Smile and it is likely that someone will smile back.This is alwaysa good way to start a conversation with someone new.
 8. Start a conversation with someone who is standing alone. It's likely that networking is even more difficult for them than it is for you.
 9. When exiting a conversation, do not forget to mention how much you have enjoyed the conversation.
 10. Ask for a business card. If you are able, make a note on the back of the card that will help you recall each person later. Find an easy to reach place to store the cards you collect. When your name tag is on a lanyard, it may be easy to put them in the back of your name tag. It's likely that you'll be asked for your business card in return. Your cards should be easy to reach, too.
After you've made new connections, you have to strategically choose and prioritize which to move forward with. Then you have to plan how.
 1. Consider how the person you just met fits into your network. Do they know other people that you know? It's difficult to predict whether a person, you have just met, will become a client or a referral source in the future.
 2. Update your contact list or network contact system to save and easily access information about your new contacts.
 3. Should you follow up by an email or a phone call? Do you want to suggest getting together for a drink or lunch? Did the person mention a need that you can easily satisfy?
 4. Connect with new contacts on social media.
 5. Integrate your new contacts into your network development tickler system. You want to be top-of-mind when they have a need for what you do for themselves or someone else in their network. Follow up with emails, phone calls, and holiday cards without overwhelming anyone.
Networking, like any aspect of marketing and business development is like job-hunting. We tend to get a lot of NOs before we get a YES. When engaging in a challenging activity, it's good to have a significant source of resilience combined with what we call a learning mindset.
Resilience is the ability to rebound quickly and persevere in the face of a difficult challenge. A learning mindset is a lens on failures, mistakes, and the long road to success as a journey filled with new information to incorporate into your plans to reach your goals and new opportunities to practice new skills.
It usually takes years to transition a new contact into a client or referral source. Set your plans and expectations accordingly. This allows space for making mistakes and moving. And it means this is a slow process in general and for most people.
You must understand that you can develop your mindset. And you can do that with help from two different researchers who offer self-assessments on grit and growth mindset.
From there, you can make a plan to develop each. Our hidden ways of thinking and making decisions about networking are the same for any challenge. If you need more grit or a more robust learning mindset, you have an opportunity to develop both. You'll develop each by using the skill. The sooner you start, the sooner you can reach results!