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I am having difficulty with the following problem
In the given figure the point on segment PQ is twice as from P as from Q is. What is the point? Ans is $(2,1)$. How did that answer get calculated any suggestions
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5 Answers 5
up vote 1 down vote accepted
There is really no need to use any quadratics or roots.
Hint: Consider the same problem on the plain number line first.
How do you find the number between $2$ and $5$ which is twice as far from $2$ as from $5$?
You take their difference, which is $3$. Now splitting this distance by ratio $2:1$ means the first distance is two thirds, the second is one third, so we get
$$ 4 = 2 + \frac{2}{3}(5-2)$$
It works completely the same with geometric points (using vector operations), just linear interpolation: Call the result $R$, then
$$ R = P + \frac{2}{3}(Q-P)$$ so in your case we get $$ R= (0,-1) + \frac 2 3 (3,3) = (2,1)$$
Why does this work for 2D-distances as well, even if there seem to be roots involved? Because vector length behaves linearly after all! (meaning $|t \cdot \vec a|=t|\vec a|$ for any positive scalar $t$)
Edit: We'll try to divide a distance $s$ into parts $a$ and $b$ such that $a$ is twice as long as $b$. So it's $a = 2b$ and we get $$s = a + b = 2b + b = 3b$$ $$\Leftrightarrow b = \frac 1 3 s \Rightarrow a = \frac 2 3 s$$ That's where the fractions come from.
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The last equality should read with $|t|$. – user21436 Aug 28 '12 at 9:03
Your method does seem interesting and simple – MistyD Aug 28 '12 at 9:28
You said.. "means the first distance is two thirds, the second is one third" could you please explain that, – MistyD Aug 28 '12 at 9:35
If the required point is $(x,y)$, then because we're looking at a straight line, $x$ must be twice as far from the x-coordinate of $P$ as it is from the x-coordinate of $Q$. That is, it's twice as far from 0 as it is from 3. Since it's in $[0,3]$, we must have $x=2$. A similar argument for $y$ gives $y=1$.
No distance formula, square roots or quadratic equations are required.
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1) Find the equation of the line.
The equation of the line is $y=x-1$.
2) Write your condition by making use of distance formula. Use $1$.
You need: $(x,x-1)$ such that $$2\sqrt{(3-x)^2+(2-(x-1))^2}=\sqrt{(x-0)^2+(x-1-(-1))^2}$$
You get a quadratic. Solving which you have $x=2,6$. But, $x \in [0,3] \Rightarrow x=2$.
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So I get $y=\frac{2x}{3} -1$ How would I add a condition using this equation in the distance formula? – MistyD Aug 28 '12 at 8:29
Dear Downvoter, can you please explain? – user21436 Aug 28 '12 at 8:30
_USER_ Since a point we are searching for lies on the line, it should be of the form $(x, \frac{2x}{3}-1)$. Now you have distance constraint. Write it out. – user21436 Aug 28 '12 at 8:33
_USER_ I have updated my answer. The equation of your line was wrong. – user21436 Aug 28 '12 at 8:48
_USER_ I am NOT the downvoter; but I gave serious consideration to downvoting both your solution and PooyaM's. You are both nuking mosquitoes. Distance formula and quadratics? To divide a baby little line segment into equal thirds? You can do better! – user22805 Aug 28 '12 at 22:01
Consider that point has coordinates $H(x_H,y_H)$
Distance "$d$" between $(x_A,y_A)$ and $(x_B,y_B)$ is:
I:From the questions constraints we have:
$\sqrt{(x_H-0)^2+(y_H-(-1))^2} = 2\times \sqrt{(x_H-3)^2+(y_H-2)^2} $
$x_H^2+(y_H+1)^2=4\times (x_H-3)^2 +4\times(y_H-2)^2$
II:$(x_H,y_H)$ is on the same line connecting P to Q:
So $Slope_{HP}=Slope_{QH}$
$Slope_{AB}=(y_B - y_A)/(x_B-x_A)$
So: $(y_H-(-1)) /(x_H-0) =(2-y_H)/(3-x_H) $
Then we should solve for x and y from the 2 variable 2 equations we derived:
From II : $x_H=y_H+1$
plugging this into I yields: $x_H^2=4(x_H-3)^2$ two answers:
$x_H=2x_H-6 \Rightarrow x_H=6,y_H=5 \chi$ Because It is not between P and Q
$x_H=-2x_H+6 \Rightarrow x_H=2, y_H=1 \checkmark$
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Awesome solution clear and concise. Thanks _USER_ – MistyD Aug 28 '12 at 8:46
The parametric equation of the line joinining $P$ and $Q$ is $$ \vec{OR}=\vec{OP}+t(\vec{OQ}-\vec{OP})=(0,-1)+t(3,3)=(3t,3t-1) $$ where $R$ is its generic point. The parameter $t$ is not the euclidean distance, yet it is a linear reparametrization of the euclidean distance on the line. Thus, since $R=P$ when $t=0$ and $R=Q$ when $t=1$, the point in question is that for which $$ |t|=|2(t-1)| \quad\text{and}\quad 0


text:
Advanced Science, Simple Operation
Demonstrate the movement of invisible charged particles with this unique device. Designed in conjunction with the Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP), the Detector uses the analogy of magnetics. Students watch and plot the resulting paths of collisions between charged and neutral particles.
The two-layered detector comes with magnetic marbles, ordinary marbles, iron filings, and an instruction sheet. Size: 21 x 28cm.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Florida's Popular Land Conservation Program Diminished
If you have hiked in state preserves from Apalachicola to the Keys or kayaked some of Florida's unique springs, you've enjoyed the beauty of Florida Forever. This program and its predecessor, Preservation 2000, have protected 2.4 million acres of Florida's most pristine places. Many threatened and endangered species such as the Florida panther, scrub jay and black bear rely on habitat that still needs protection by Florida Forever.
The program also strengthens Florida's economy in many ways. Saving conservation land protects working agriculture, buffers military bases, brings people to our state and produces jobs.
Unfortunately, Florida Forever's unique funding formula – the money for conservation comes from the documentary taxes paid on real estate transactions– has not immunized it from controversy. The last two years no money was allocated by lawmakers and this year saw only $8.7 million. The previous 18 years have seen full funding for Florida Forever, authorized at $300 million per year.
If you've wanted to do something to make a difference for Florida's future and haven't known what to do or have just been too busy, this is the time to act. With a small investment of your time, you can make a big difference. Let your elected officials know that conservation is critically important to Florida's future.
View the Conservancy report Economic Benefits of Land Conservation: A Case for Florida Forever.


Posted by: Sue Loh
I've been working with one of our customers the last couple of days, and found that there were a few handy tips for using the Platform Builder debugger with Windows CE that I knew and they didn't. So I am sharing them here.
Uninstantiated Breakpoints
If you've ever tried to set a breakpoint, but gotten the pink-color uninstantiated circle (indicating that the breakpoint is not yet set) instead of the maroon-color circle (indicating that the breakpoint is set), the problem might be something like this:
 - Wrong source file: The code you set a breakpoint in isn't actually running.
 - Bad source path mapping: The binaries and PDBs you use contain strings indicating where the source code came from. But those strings are inserted when they are compiled. If you are trying to set a breakpoint inside of code that Microsoft compiled, then the strings will indicate a location that does not exist on your machine. The "source path mapping" is a mapping from the locations that are compiled-in to the code (eg. c:\SomeMicrosoftBuildMachine\foo\...) to the corresponding locations on your machine (eg. D:\WINCE500\bar\...) If you have ever had Platform Builder ask you for a source location when you tried to set a breakpoint, it's probably a source path mapping question. If your source path mapping is wrong for the file you set the breakpoint in, or if PB gets confused about it somehow, then it may not understand properly that the code you're looking at is the code that's running on the device.
 - Bad symbols: The PDB files in your release directory don't match the EXEs or DLLs that are running on the device. Usually this results in the breakpoint being set in some random other location in the code.
 - Common issue #1: you built the.exe or.dll more
 recently than the.pdb. This can happen if you rebuild while debugging;
 Platform Builder will hold the.pdb open and the compiler won't be able to
 overwrite the.pdb. Fix by rebuilding while you are not debugging the
 - Common issue #2: you built the.pdb more recently than the.exe or
 .dll. Usually this happens if it's a file in ROM and you forgot to re-run
 makeimg. Or if you rebuilt the.exe/.dll but the old version is still
 running on the device.
 - At worst, all of these problems can be fixed by
 disconnecting from the device, rebuilding, re-running makeimg, and
 reconnecting. But as you get familiar with how the tools work you should be
 able to figure out quicker ways of working.
 - Optimizations: The code is optimized (= release build) and the source line with the pink breakpoint doesn't
 map to code the debugger understands. In this case you might have to switch to a disassembly window, examine the disassembly and place your breakpoint using that window. Or build a debug version of your code, so that the
 optimizations don't confuse the debugger.
 - Module not loaded: The breakpoint cannot be instantiated until the code is actually loaded. So if the DLL or EXE is not loaded, the breakpoint will stay pink. When the DLL or EXE is loaded it should become maroon.
 - Breakpoint is pending: The debugger only instantiates breakpoints while the device is stopped for debugging. Not while the device is running. Our debugger doesn't stop the device from running in order to add the breakpoint when you set it. Instead it waits until you break into the debugger before setting the breakpoint. PB also breaks into the debugger automatically for a very brief time whenever a DLL or EXE is loaded or unloaded. So you may find that the breakpoint becomes instantiated when that happens.
 - Debugger is not connected: Try running "s loaddbg" in the target control window. That will load debugger DLLs and connect the PB debugger. To run that, you will need: loaddbg.exe and kd.dll, and if present in your release directory you'll need hd.dll, osaxst0.dll and osaxst1.dll. You can also get the debugger to start automatically during boot if you make sure that the IMGNODEBUGGER flag is not set before you make a new image.
 - Flash ROM: You can't debug ROM. By that I mean, if your image is running directly from flash ROM, the debugger can't edit the ROM to insert your breakpoint. A breakpoint is just a replacement of the existing code with a call to stop in the debugger, so if the debugger can't edit the code it can't insert the breakpoint. You can debug if your image is running from RAM, or if your.dll or.exe is running from RAM (which is generally true if it's not in the MODULES section of ROM).
 - If the modules you are trying to debug are built with VS2005, there is a QFE to Platform Builder 5.0 to support VS2005 symbols. The update is in the 2005 update package at You can also just copy msobj71.dll into "Program Files\Windows CE Platform Builder\5.00\CEPB\BIN".
Breakpoints without source
You can set a breakpoint even if you don't have the source code to set it on. If you know the exact function name and module name you can use the breakpoint window to break on function entry. In the View menu, go to Debug Windows / Breakpoint List. You can also get there by clicking the "hand" icon on the debug toolbar or by hitting ALT + 9. In the breakpoint window, create a new breakpoint using this syntax:
 {,,modulename} function_name
That's an open curly-brace, two commas, module name, close curly-brace, function name. You can use this for EXEs or DLLs. For example:
 {,,nk.exe} SC_QueryPerformanceCounter
 {,,pm.dll} PlatformSetSystemPowerState
This syntax is not actually specific to breakpoints. It's just a way to tell the debugger that a symbol is specific to a module. For example if you want to look at a global variable in the Watch window, you can use this syntax there too. For example you could type {,,nk.exe}CurMSec in the Watch window to see that global variable inside the kernel.
By setting a breakpoint on a symbol instead of a source file line, you use only the PDBs to set the breakpoint. There is no dependency on having the right source file or source path mapping.
Don't just guess random function names when using this method though. OS APIs often have prefixes and postfixes that differ from their official names (eg. the implementation of CreateFile is FS_CreateFileW) and may be completely different (eg. for some reason the implementation of DeleteAndRenameFile is called FS_PrestoChangoFileName... I like that one :-) ). You can search the.map files in your release directory to get clues about what the API names are.
The other useful thing about the breakpoint window is that you can see if your breakpoint changes are pending. Like I mention above, if you set (or unset) a breakpoint while the target device is still running, the change will not occur until you stop in the debugger.
Other tips
If you have a bunch of breakpoints set you may notice that your device is running slower. Every time a DLL or EXE is loaded the debugger does work to figure out if it needs to instantiate a breakpoint inside the module. Unfortunately from my experience, deactivating the breakpoints does not help. I don't know why. You would have to completely delete the breakpoints in order to get back to normal speed. My advice is not to do that though. Delete breakpoints when you're totally done with them, but don't let debugger speed put you into the habit of setting & deleting breakpoints left and right. Slower speed is better than having to redo some debugging because you forgot to set something.
Happy debugging...
UPDATE Dec 9, 05: I added the "debugger is not connected" case above.
UPDATE Dec 4, 06: I added some more details to the "Bad Symbols" case and added the "Optimizations" and "Flash ROM" cases.
UPDATE Jan 5, 07: Added bullet about the QFE to support VS2005 symbols.
UPDATE Feb 14, 07: See also


text:
The History of Foreign Affairs Administration in Finland
In 1858 the Russian consul in London, Counselor Kremer, asked if the consulate could engage a civil servant skilled in the Finnish and Swedish languages. The official would serve as the consul's interpreter when Finnish ships' captains or other seafarers came to the consulate on business. The consul's request demonstrates that at an early stage of the Czarist period in Finland Finns already had a presence abroad as a separate group who needed the services of a foreign affairs administration.
In the absence of their own administration Finns used the services of the embassies and consulates of the country that governed them, imperial Russia.
When Finland became independent the country set up its own administrative machinery to handle external relations. Initially it was thought that each individual branch of government would be responsible for its own particular interests. That was why, for example, the Ministry of Agriculture appointed "agrarian attaches" to Copenhagen and Rome. Soon, however, it became established policy that the Finnish state would be represented abroad exclusively by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its external representatives: ambassadors, consuls and honorary consuls.
Finland acquired its first foreign affairs senator during J.K. Paasikivi's formation of the Senate in 1918. The man appointed was a bank director, Otto Stenroth, well known for his organisational skills. Using Swedish administrative practice as a model, a decree of 28 June 1918 established a "foreign affairs bureau" with three departments and 17 civil servants.
There was much discussion of whether representation abroad should be based on embassies or consulates. Shipping and foreign trade needed consulates. It was thought that Finland did not have the type of foreign policy interests that would have justified the opening of embassies. Concrete cases showed, however, the necessity of foreign policy. Finland could not, for instance, get its postage stamps accepted for international mail without joining the Universal Postal Union and had to be a state recognised by other states in order to become a member of the Union.
One of Finland's first moves was to send delegations around Europe to seek recognition of Finnish independence. Some members of the delegations stayed abroad and were appointed Finland's charges d'affaires in a number of capitals. By the end of 1918 Finland had 12 missions abroad and 13 honorary consuls.
The most crucial and urgent issues in foreign affairs administration were the consolidation of the political position and borders of the Finnish state as well as the revival of foreign trade and shipping. To tackle these challenges the Foreign Ministry opened a political department and a trade policy department which were augmented in 1922 by a legal department. Matters of protocol were handled by a single official, the person who presented foreign diplomats to the President of the Republic.
Into the service of foreign affairs administration came people from trade, industry and the arts who had experience of working internationally. Many of them were engaged in the expanding area of representation abroad. In 1930 there were 17 missions outside Finland.
Following the Great Depression, starting in the mid-1930s, foreign affairs administration entered a period of consolidation and enlargement. In 1935 the Foreign Ministry had a staff of 77, while missions abroad employed more than 100 people. Before the outbreak of the Second World War Finland had 20 embassies, four of which were outside Europe. In addition there were six consular offices headed by consuls sent from Finland. The network of honorary consuls covered the world.
For foreign affairs administration the years of war from 1939 to 1945 meant continuous, rapid adaptation to changing situations. The Winter War of 1939-40 brought Finland, for a moment, to the attention of the whole world. That situation was effectively exploited in order to obtain aid and sympathy. Eminent correspondents gathered in the press room of Helsinki's Kämp hotel.
The Second World War brought foreign policy into the lives of ordinary people. The Allied Control Commission which sat in Helsinki from 1944 to 1947 was a tangible example of the influence that other states had over Finland's destiny. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs had to simultaneously meet the obligations of the Interim Peace Agreement and rebuild the network of missions abroad. Moreover, the country had to extract itself from economic isolation.
After the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty in February 1947 the situation in Finland gradually returned to normal and the development of foreign affairs administration could begin again. A new decree concerning the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was issued in 1951: the number of departments was to be increased by one with the establishment of the protocol department.
The duties related to foreign affairs administration increased greatly from the middle of the 1950s for three reasons. As colonialism waned dozens of new independent states emerged. Consequently, Finland began to establish political and commercial relations beyond the borders of Europe. Secondly, international cooperation started to expand from the traditional areas into science, technology, education and social affairs. The third reason was the enormous growth of multilateral cooperation. Finland's accession to the United Nations in 1955 was only the tip of the iceberg of work that the Ministry for Foreign Affairs undertook in various international and regional organisations, including economic cooperation bodies.
During the 1950s and 60s the resources for foreign affairs administration did not develop adequately and rationalisation became necessary. Offices were established within departments in 1971. The development cooperation section became a separate department in 1972 and soon had a bigger staff than any other department in the Ministry.
In the 1970s the Ministry acquired its own internal inspection system and training unit. The Department for Development Cooperation was reorganised in 1987 and the following year the press and cultural centre became a department.
Another important development was that the Ministry, which had operated at some twenty different locations, moved to the district of Katajanokka, in Helsinki, in 1987.


Home |Life | News
Zoologger: The toad that's part clone, part love child
Species: Bufo baturae
Habitat: mountains of northern Pakistan, hedging their reproductive bets
It's a question we all must face at some point: how, if at all, should we reproduce? In recent years humans have developed a bunch of new ways to do it, like in-vitro fertilisation and surrogate pregnancy. But even so we are a pretty staid and boring species as far as reproduction goes.
Plenty of organisms have fundamentally different ways of making babies. Many dispense with sex and clone themselves, or are male and female at the same time, or change sex over the course of their lives.
To this menagerie of animals with alternative strategies, we can now add the Batura toad. These Pakistani amphibians carry two separate genomes, which they pass on to their young in different ways. One gets jumbled up with their mate's genome, but the other simply clones itself. So each toad is part clone, part love child.
Three for three
They look pretty innocuous, but Batura toads are a rarity: instead of having two copies of each of their genes, they have three. The genes are carried on three sets of chromosomes.
The toads are descended from two parent species, which haven't been identified. In the distant past, individuals from the two species mated, producing offspring with the unusual three-copy genes. These were the ancestors of the Batura toads we see today.
It's remarkable that they have survived, because such "triploid" animals face a big problem. To make sex cells – sperm and eggs – animals must cut a normal cell in two, producing cells with half the genome each. But you can't divide three genes by two. So most triploid animals ditch sex and just clone themselves, although they may need to mate with something to trigger the process.
Batura toads have no such qualms, happily mating with each other and producing offspring that carry genes from both parents. Each new generation is triploid, so the frogs have found a way to pass on their peculiar genomes.
Clone me, sex me
Each Batura toad has two sets of matching chromosomes, called NOR+, and one set that is missing several key genes, called NOR-. To find out how the different sets were passed on, Matthias Stöck of the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, Jana Ustinova of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany, and colleagues ran a series of breeding experiments.
They found that all the frogs inherited their NORchromosomes from their mothers, with no contribution from their fathers. In other words, the NORchromosomes were being cloned. Males' sperm only contained NOR+ chromosomes, so they have no way of passing on their NORchromosomes.
However, the NOR+ chromosomes were inherited sexually. Both sperm and eggs contained a set, which got shuffled together to produce the NOR+ chromosomes of the offspring.
We don't know how the toads "know" which chromosomes are which, or how they put them through such different processes simultaneously, says Nicolas Perrin of the University of Lausanne, who was also involved in the research. It's also not clear why it was worthwhile for the toads to evolve their unique form of reproduction.
It may actually be harmful. Having reproduced this way for a few hundred thousand years, the toads probably have growing numbers of harmful mutations on their clonal chromosomes. However the sexual ones are probably perfectly healthy, having been regularly shuffled and purged of damaged genes. When it comes to their genes, Batura toads may be simultaneously in the prime of health and crippled beyond repair.
Journal reference: Proceedings of the Royal Society B, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1738
Read previous Zoologger columns: The first reptile with a true placenta, The fearsome jaws of a mini movie monsterMovie Camera, Stealth millipede wears living camouflage, Dozy hamsters reverse the ageing process, World's nicest bird murders chicksMovie Camera, Architect mouse builds a food mansion, The amphibious fish that mates with itself, The world's smartest insect, The most athletic ape in the canopyMovie Camera, The monkey that really gets brotherly love, Bullied boobies develop brain of a bully, How deaf-mute frogs talk to each otherSpeaker.
Third set on its way (Image: Matthias Stöck)
Third set on its way (Image: Matthias Stöck)
A parent's guide to reading a baby's mind
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17:23 28 July 2014
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text:
Drawing flowers is fun but making them truly unique with your own fingerprints is even better! The middle of each of these flowers is one of a kind!
1. Gather your materials. You will need a stamp pad, some markers and a piece of paper.
2. Press your finger tip into the stamp pad.
3. Print onto the paper.
4. Add petals.
5. Add stems and leaves!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Logo of Phnom Penh Post newspaper Phnom Penh Post - Administrative Officer
Administrative Officer
Cambodia Climate Change Alliance - Phase 3
The Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA)-Phase 3 is a multi-donor initiative funded by EU, Sweden, and UNDP with a comprehensive and innovative approach to address climate change in Cambodia. The overall objective is to strengthen national systems and capacities to support the coordination and implementation of Cambodia's climate change response, contributing to a greener, low carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable and knowledge-based society. The specific objective is to contribute to the implementation of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2023.
Job Title:
Contract Type:
Administrative Officer
Contract Staff
One year with possibility of extension
Please visit ុ_URL_ or contact the Department of Climate Change for detailed TORs.
To apply, please send a cover letter and a curriculum vitae including names of three referees to the following address:
The Department of Climate Change (DCC), the General Secretariat of the National Council for Sustainable Development (GSSD), c/o Ministry of Environment (MoE)
MorodokTecho Building, Lot 503, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel: _PHONE_/089 887 884
E-mail: [email protected] / Website: _URL_
Closing date: 22 January 2021 (17:00)


text:
|Oct17-07, 09:45 PM||#1|
p value (stats)
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Measurements o the percentage of enrichment of 12 fuel rods used in a nuclear reactor were reported with a sample mean of 3.26. Test the hypothesis H_0: [tex]\mu[/tex]=2.95 versus H_1: [tex]\mu\neq[/tex]2.95, and draw appropriate conclusions. Use the p-value approach.
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
I honestly don't know where to begin since the variance is unknown. Can someone help me out?
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text:
Notes help you document important Bill information. Create new ones with the Add Note function in Bill History.
Step 1. From the Bill Page, click 'Bill History'
Step 2. Click 'Add Note'
The number in parentheses on the Bill History tab indicates the number of Notes for the bill.
Step 3. Type your note, then click 'Add'
Step 4. To edit a note, click the 'Pencil' icon
Clicking the Speech Bubble icon reveals the full note.
Notes can only be edited within one hour of their creation. The 'Pencil' icon won't appear after that time.
Got it? Good!


Author Topic: Finding a Good IP Range for Streamyx (Read 47667 times)
Offline Reuben
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Finding a Good IP Range for Streamyx
« on: September 18, 2008, 08:19:34 PM »
This guide is only applicable to Streamyx users.
1. Introduction to the Problem
Not all Streamyx connections are created equal.
You can be experiencing extremely slow speed and poor performance while the guy next door is blazing away at max speed.
Why is this the case?
Streamyx spreads its connections over different routers. This is done automatically on TM's side. However certain routers may be overloaded or faulty or subject to an attack or under maintenance.
Our task here is to find a way to get to those functioning, wonderful (at least relatively) spankingly fast routers!
2. What is an IP Range?
IP addresses (often shortened to IP) are the internet's version of addresses. Instead of a real world address:
Mr Lim's Personal Computer
No 24, Jalan 20/9, Paramount Garden,
46300, Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
which is meaningless, we get assigned addresses in a numerical format.
For example:
You can find out what your IP is (which changes everytime you reconnect to the internet) by visiting
An IP range (as how we define it), is a range of addresses. We find that with Streamyx, the most important digits to look for in an IP address are the FIRST TWO DIGITS.
It is suspected that each router governs an IP range and everyone on the same IP range goes through the same router.
In human language:
"The first two digits of your Streamyx Internet Address determines which router you go through."
As long as these first two digits are the same (which means you are within the same IP range), all performance within that IP range will be the same.
So for example if you are unsatisfied with your speed/performance on 124.82.x.x, you will have to find an IP that does not begin with 124.82, but something else like 60.54, 124.13, 118.100, etc etc. and then retest and evaluate if it's a good one (see Part 4).
3. How to get a new IP Range
There is unfortunately no easy way about this. This is assigned on TM side and for our purposes is more or less random.
The only way to get a new IP is to disconnect and reconnect your connection and then recheck what IP you are on (you can do so by surfing to if you forgot). We do find that different times of the day gives different sets of IP ranges.
However some tips:
1) Do not disconnect and reconnect too fast in rapid succession
Do it in perhaps of intervals of 5-10 seconds, taking breaks in between. If done too fast, TM blocks you from connecting for a few minutes, and increases this time with every subsequent attempt. Take it slow and steady.
2) Be patient
It is not uncommon to try 10-20 times until you find the desired IP range you want. Be patient and stay at it.
4. Evaluating an IP Range - Yay or Nay
Now that we know what is an IP range, why it is important to find the right one and how to get new ones, let's find out how to evaluate if an IP range is good or bad!
We will use a free program called Pingplotter for this which may be downloaded here.
This program traces the path of your internet connection all the way to its intended destination and reveals any problems in the route.
After installing Pingplotter, start up the program. Under Address to Trace:, put or to test your connectivity to our US server ( Set the trace delay to 1 second, and Samples to Include to 1000. Click on TRACE and let it run for a minute or two.
We are testing as BBC is a renowned UK-based news site which we have identified as being closely equivalent to where we host our UK servers. It is also a neutral party so there's no accusation that the fault lies with us. Please note that pings to google and yahoo may NOT be accurate as they have special arrangements to prioritize their traffic.
There is a lot of information coming out of pingplotter, but we shall only focus on two statistics:
1) The AVG Ping which means average ping (the time it takes for a packet to reach to its destination) Lower is better
2) The PL% which means packet loss percentage (the packets that do not reach their destination and get lost) Lower is better
Below is a sample ping report generated from Pingplotter. You do this by clicking on Edit and then Copy as text (statistics only)
Target Name:
 Date/Time: 18/9/2008 7:52:15 PM to 18/9/2008 7:54:35 PM
Hop Sent Err PL% Min Max Avg Host Name / [IP]
 1 139 0 0.0 0 0 0 mygateway1.ar7 []
 2 137 77 56.2 7 233 19 []
 3 139 0 0.0 6 83 8 []
 4 139 0 0.0 6 19 6 []
 5 139 0 0.0 23 109 25 []
 6 139 0 0.0 29 216 38 []
 7 139 0 0.0 28 251 39 []
 8 139 0 0.0 29 205 30 []
 9 139 0 0.0 28 175 30 []
10 139 0 0.0 222 339 223 []
11 139 0 0.0 304 513 317 []
12 137 40 29.2 314 320 317 []
13 139 57 41.0 316 345 318 []
I have highlighted in red the parts that i want to focus on. This was taken from a particularly bad day and on a particularly bad IP range.
The AVG ping is 318 ms which isn't too bad. In general you want a ping that is below 400.
However what is bad here is the loss percentage which is at 40-50 %. This means for every two pieces of data you send, only one gets through! This affects the speed and stability of your VPN and other bandwidth sensitive apps such as video streaming and downloads. In extreme scenarios, even surfing becomes laggy.
Generally you don't want any loss at all though a loss of less than 10% should be still good enough for decent performance.
Keep on trying new IP ranges till you can find one that has the lowest loss and a decent ping.
A low loss is more important than a low ping! So even if an IP range has a fantastically low ping, but high loss percentage, then that IP will not be as good as one with a higher ping and a low loss percentage.
Hopefully now you have found a good IP range! Don't get disconnected if you want to retain it!
« Last Edit: February 15, 2009, 02:38:21 PM by Reuben »


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Dividing Your Data02/21/2001
In the next few articles, I'll look at how FreeBSD stores data on your hard disk. To store data on a hard drive, the drive must first be divided into logical storage units, and each unit must be assigned an address. The file system will save data to these storage units and keep track of which storage units contain which files.
Like any other version of Unix, FreeBSD uses "inode" (index number) tables to record where files are physically located on disk. Before any inode tables can be created, the disk storage units must be created and given addresses. Let's summarize the steps involved in this process:
fdiskutility is used to view and create the BIOS partition table which defines up to four disk "slices."
disklabelutility is used to view and create the Unix partition table which defines up to eight Unix "partitions."
newfsutility is used to actually create a "filesystem" on each Unix partition.
- Every filesystem will then maintain its own inode table.
Notice that your FreeBSD system contains both a BIOS partition table and a Unix partition table. This is necessary as FreeBSD is a Unix operating system, meaning it understands the Unix partition table; however, FreeBSD is also an operating system which runs on a PC (personal computer). PCs require software known as the BIOS in order to initialize the computer, discover the physical geometry of the drives, and locate the software that will boot the desired operating system.
One of the instructions in the BIOS is to look at the contents of the first sector of the first hard disk. This sector is 512 bytes in size; out of those 512 bytes, 64 bytes have been set aside for the BIOS partition table. Every entry in the BIOS partition table consists of 16 bytes, therefore there is only enough room to describe four BIOS partitions.
The BIOS partition table can be viewed or changed using an
fdisk utility. If you change the BIOS partition table, you are actually "slicing" your physical disk into as many as four logical disks. FreeBSD users prefer to call these logical disks "slices" so they won't be confused with the "partitions" described by the Unix partition table.
You may be familiar with the DOS
fdisk utility; I'd like to compare it to the FreeBSD
fdisk utility so you can see the similarities between the two programs. I'll start by showing the output from one of my PCs; I booted this PC with a DOS boot disk, then ran
fdisk from the floppy prompt:
Microsoft Windows 95 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp/ 1983 - 1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information Enter choice:
Here we've entered the main menu of the DOS
fdisk utility. I don't want to change the BIOS partition table, so I'll choose option 4 to display the partition information.
Display Partition Information
Current fixed disk drive: 1
Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage
C: 1 A PRI DOS 204 FAT16 3%
2 Non-DOS 3193 52%
3 EXT DOS 2753 45%
Total disk space is 6150 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = _PHONE_ bytes)
The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives.
Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y?N)......?[Y]
Notice that I have "sliced" up my hard drive into three slices, which DOS calls "partitions." The first slice has a status of
A for active, meaning that it contains boot code in order to boot an operating system. It is 204 Mbytes in size and has been formatted with the FAT16 file system.
The second slice is 3,193 Mbytes and contains my FreeBSD partitions. This file type is not recognized by the DOS
fdisk utility and has been simply labeled as non-DOS.
The third slice is a 2,753-Mbyte extended partition. Notice that you must enter another screen to see the layout of the extended partition. Extended partitions were designed to allow you to slice your hard drive into more than four slices; the extended partition is simply a pointer to another area on disk which contains yet another table to describe the layout of the "logical" partitions contained within the "extended" partition. Unfortunately, these logical partitions are truly "logical" as they cannot contain boot code, and many operating systems will not install on an extended partition. I'll press Y to enter into the screen that will show these logical partitions:
Display Logical DOS Drive Information
Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage
D: 1396 FAT16 51%
E: 361 FAT16 13%
Total Extended DOS Partition size is 2753 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = _PHONE_ bytes)


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Ok. So turns out that in Visual Studio Express that line numbers are not shown by default when editing a.cs file.
Seeing as how it gives errors in terms of line numbers, it seems a little ridiculous to not have them displayed.
Anyways, here is how to enable it:
- Go to the "Tools" Menu and select "Options"
- At the bottom of the window that opens, check the "Show all settings" box
- Under the "Text Editor" section, select the language "C#"
- Under the "Display" section, check the "Line Numbers" box
- click OK


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Math 01.522 - History of Mathematics
Math 01.522 History of Mathematics
(Prerequisites: two semesters of undergraduate calculus)
Topics include: Babylonian, Egyptian and Greek mathematics as well as topics in current mathematics. Attention will be given to the development of trigonometry, algebra, analytic geometry and the calculus.
This course gives students from many different majors the opportunity to see how the growth of mathematical ideas and techniques has evolved. In particular, the historical, religious, economic and philosophical background is shown to play a critical roll in the development of mathematics. This course is especially recommended to future teachers.
1. Babylonian and Egyptian mathematics
2. Greek mathematics
2.2 Euclid and the elements of geometry
3. Development of Trigonometry
4. Development of Algebra
5. Development of Analytic Geometry
6. Development of Calculus
7. Development of Selected Topics of Modern Mathematics
7.1 Modern geometries
7.2 Modern algebra
7.3 Methods of real analysis
BURTON, D.M., The History of Mathematics, Allyn and Bacon, 1992.
EVES, J.H., An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, Saunders, 1990.


Skip to navigation
Elite on the BBC Micro
Text: TT45 (Disc version)
Name: TT45 [View in context] Type: Subroutine Category: Text Summary: Print a letter in lower case
This routine prints a letter in lower case. Specifically: * If QQ17 = 255, abort printing this character as printing is disabled * If this is a letter then print in lower case * Otherwise this is punctuation, so clear bit 6 in QQ17 and print Arguments: A The character to be printed. Can be one of the following: * 7 (beep) * 10-13 (line feeds and carriage returns) * 32-95 (ASCII capital letters, numbers and punctuation) X Contains the current value of QQ17 QQ17 Bits 6 and 7 are set
.TT45 \ If we get here, then QQ17 has bit 6 and 7 set, so we \ are in Sentence Case and we need to print the next \ letter in lower case CPX #255 \ If QQ17 = 255 then printing is disabled, so return BEQ TT48 \ from the subroutine (as TT48 contains an RTS) CMP #'A' \ If A >= ASCII "A", then jump to TT42, which will BCS TT42 \ print the letter in lowercase \ Otherwise this is not a letter, it's punctuation, so \ this is effectively a word break. We therefore fall \ through to TT46 to print the character and set QQ17 \ to ensure the next word starts with a capital letter


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The BGS have recently worked in partnership with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) on the strategic assessment of the value and state of Scotland's geodiversity to help develop the basis for a national policy framework on geodiversity.
We also collaborate with local authorities, national parks, geoparks and third sector bodies in raising awareness of Scotland's geological heritage.
Stewart Stevenson MSP, Minister for Environment and Climate Change, launched Scotland's Geodiversity Charter in Edinburgh on 6 June 2012. Download the Press Release.
The charter recognises Scotland's geodiversity as an integral and vital part of our environment, economy, heritage and future sustainable development, to be safeguarded and managed appropriately for this and future generations.
For its size, Scotland has an outstanding geodiversity — our rocks, landforms, soils and natural processes reflect some three billion years of the Earth's existence.
Scotland's geodiversity is the vital bedrock of life, providing essential benefits for society through its profound influence on landscape, habitats and species, the economy, historical and cultural heritage, education, health and well-being.
We live in a dynamic environment where climate change may see greater risk from flooding, rising sea levels, coastal erosion and landslides. Understanding these natural processes is a vital part of enabling us to successfully manage and adapt to change.
The Charter summarises the importance and value of Scotland's geodiversity, highlights the need for action, and presents a shared vision for Scotland's geodiversity. It provides guidance to the various sectors on what needs to be done to achieve this vision.
Contact Hugh Barron for more information.


Skip to definition.
Noun: optic disc
 1. The point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light
 - blind spot, optic disk
Derived forms: optic discs
Type of: point
Part of: retina
Encyclopedia: Optic disc


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Country two-step dancing is a popular style of dance that is performed to country western music. Dance studios that offer country western dance lessons in San Jose may teach one of the many different styles of country western dance, but they will all incorporate the traditional or basic two-step dance move.
Country western dance is performed in pairs that consist of a leader and a follower. The traditional two-step dance move is three parts: a quick step, a quick step, and a slow step. The leader steps forward with his left foot, while the follower steps backwards with her right foot. Traditional two-step developed in Europe and Mexico in the 1800s.
Texas two-step, another popular style of country two-step that is often taught in country western dance lessons, consists of a four-part two-step: a quick step, a quick step, a slow step, and a slow step. Texas two-step developed in 1983 and was inspired by the Foxtrot. The two-step style taught in your country western dance lessons may depend upon the region of the country in which your dance studio is located.


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Our wonderful friends in Ascension have recently learnt that their bid to the Darwin Initiative for funds to develop a whole-island Biodiversity Action Plan has been successful – which is great news! The project is a joint initiative between the Ascension Island Government, the University of Exeter, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Queen Mary University of London, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, the University of Lund, and of course, the RSPB – what a line-up!
The project will cover both terrestrial and marine environments, and all types of plant and animal. To show their enthusiasm, and celebrate as part of this year's Jubilee, staff from the Conservation Office have been carrying a poster with them around the island – from the top of Green Mountain to the sun-baked lava fields where our famous masked booby Rocky is raising his chicks. Stepping Up For Nature!
In a paper published this week in the scientific journal Condor, a team of RSPB scientists and Montserrat Department of Environment staff revealed for the first time the life history of the critically endangered Montserrat oriole in great detail. The team, led by Richard Allcorn, searched the Centre Hills on Montserrat for oriole nests over a period of 6 years, and recorded both the breeding behaviour and the potential threats to the national bird of Montserrat. The main findings of this research are that the Montserrat oriole can potentially be very productive: pairs can raise several broods each year, despite caring for up to 8 weeks for their fledged offspring. However, very few nests actually succeed in fledging young. Invasive predators, most notably rats that were brought to the island by humans several centuries ago, can destroy many nests and kill eggs or chicks. In addition, a native bird species, the pearly-eyed thrasher, also preys on Montserrat orioles, so that altogether only about 29% of nests succeed to fledge young.
Female carrying nest material (Steffen Oppel) Adult birds are less vulnerable to predators, and have very high annual survival probabilities compared to related species that live in North America. But the odds of surviving a given year are not constant - during the study period there were two years in which notably fewer adults survived than in the remaining years. The RSPB is currently investigating what may cause these annual fluctuations in adult survival - watch this space for more exciting results later this year.
Pearly-eyed thrasher (Steffen Oppel)
You can find the paper here.
By Ananya Mukherjee, Vulture Safe Zone Coordinator
We've so far identified three sites as provisional vulture safe zones - one in Uttarakhand (Ramnagar) and two in Uttar Pradesh. These areas are where we hope to release vultures back into their natural habitat.
Things are heating up!
Setting off from Ramanagar we headed towards Lakhimpur Kheri. Tarai Nature Conservation is based in Lakhimpur Kheri and is one of our provisional vulture safe zones.
Unlike Ramnagar, which is much more scenic and picturesque (it's located on the foothills of the Kumaon Hills), Lakimpur Kheri is a city full of hustle and bustle with heavy traffic congestion and terrific noise pollution. Chaos was the order of the day. It was also a lot hotter than Ramnagar!
As we moved in search of new vulture colonies our vehicle's first stop was Pilibhit where we spotted large numbers of vultures.
Spotting new roosts
I'm still quite new to vulture spotting and only really know how to identify white-backed vultures. However, with the help of BNHS staff and Toby, I quickly learnt that the vultures I was now seeing were Himalayan Griffins. They were flocking together in groups of ten to fifteen around a carcass close to their roosting site.
We decided to follow the trail and 'voila!' - we saw even bigger numbers of vultures across the water as well as more roosting sites. Our vehicle swerved in the direction of the newly-spotted roost sites. Toby and Janki started counting the birds, I was busy taking photos, while Mandar did what he does best - identifying the species of vulture and their age.
Suddenly there was a yelp of joy as someone spotted a slender billed vulture, a rare sighting. I looked into the trees to see a small shy creature, perhaps a juvenile, which clearly sensing eager eyes staring had decided to keep its head hunched into its body!
After a while the bird suddenly raised its head, giving me the perfect opportunity to take a few photos of it:
What is a Vulture Safe Zone?
Vulture Safe Zone work involves ensuring that there is no diclofenac in the 30,000 sq. km area (or 100km radius), especially in the food supply of the vultures ie the cattle carcasses that they feed on. We do this through targeted awareness programmes and sampling to find out whether diclofenac is being sold by pharmacies and/or used by cattle owners to treat their sick cattle.
The provisional vulture safe zones had already been discussed in the November 2011 SAVE meeting and it is in the process of becoming a vulture safe zone.
What would that entail? A hundred percent removal of Diclofenac which has caused the critically endangered status of Gyps vultures in the South Asian subcontinent within a 100 km radius of a provisional vulture safe zone.
The third zone
The third provisional vulture safe zone is in Katerniaghat, an area close to the Indo-Nepalese border. It's a biodiversity hotspot that is home to white-backed and long-billed vultures. Other vultures seen in the area include king vulture, cinereous, Egyptian, Eurasian, and the Himalayan griffin.
Neo Human Foundation in Jharkhand is the last provisional vulture safe zone which we visited. This is the most advanced in terms of raising awareness and advocating for a diclofenac free area. This is because Neo Human Foundation's work is based on the notion of 'a New Man or a No Man' philosophy. The underlying philosophy is to live sustainably in a planet under pressure and so the need to change into a new man. With such a profound philosophy and passion to make a difference in the environment, Satya Prakash indeed has taken the lead in ensuring that diclofenac is not being sold in the town of Hazaribag where a number of vulture colonies have been identified in semul trees.
Different species of birds have different levels of metabolism and there are different ways in which NSAIDS work on the Cox1 and Cox2 metabolic pathways in different birds. A subject that is still being researched. However, Meloxicam has been identified as safe and does not harm vultures.
But meloxicam is still not as popular as diclofenac and would require hard advocacy and campaigning in the Indian subcontinent from the government to the grassroots level to drive home the point that it does not harm the vultures when they eat cattle carcasses treated with Meloxicam. It would also require a ban on the human multi-dose vial size of diclofenac which are being sold in the Indian market and often used for veterinary purposes.
With our campaign for saving vultures slowly gaining momentum, the day is not very far away when the sale of multi-dose vials of diclofenac becomes a ban!
With thanks to Save Our Species for their valuable sponsorship, which helps us carry out this essential work. For more information on the SAVE consortium and its work, visit _URL_
[Posted on behalf of Paul Donald, a man who truly loves larks]
Landing on the lovely beaches Santa Luzia is slightly easier than jumping from a moving boat onto the low cliffs of Raso, but we were still drenched when we waded ashore. Santa Luzia is a giant compared with Raso, covering 35 square kilometres, but it has not been permanently inhabited since the 1970s. All that remains of its former inhabitants are their ruined houses and a few stone walls. Actually, that is not quite all that remains, for when the people left, the animals they brought with them stayed, and Santa Luzia now has the problem that so many islands around the world face, that of introduced mammals.
Because cats and mice are firmly established, there are very few birds on the island. The most conspicuous absence is at night – in all their time on the island, José and Tommy Melo of the local conservation group Biosfera have never heard the weird nocturnal calls of breeding seabirds, many species of which should be present. Absent also are Raso larks, yet we know they were once here, and by a most unexpected means. Barn owls breed occasionally on Santa Luzia and they use the same nest sites for many years. Their pellets and droppings accumulate over long periods, allowing scientists to treat them as archaeological sites. Careful excavations have shown that the lower, older layers contain the bones of Raso larks as well as native reptiles like skinks and geckoes. Then there is a sudden change, when people arrived on the island, and more recent layers contain only the bones of mice.
So Raso Larks were here, and disappeared at around the time that people arrived. Elsewhere, piles of old seabird bones bear witness to the island's past glories. Our aim on this trip was to assess what needs to be done to restore the island, and its historic populations of Raso larks, seabirds, reptiles


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I mean, since we, as a society find it acceptable to desecrate the statues of heroes and/or prominent figures from our past, what is an acceptable time frame? How long should they be honored before we then find it acceptable to damage/destroy/pull down or remove statues of people from our past because they are currently in disfavor? 50 years? 100 Years? 75 years? What is the time frame?
I ask this because, since the Mob finds it acceptable and desirable to remove and destroy statues of historical figures, like civil war generals, past presidents and even Christopher Columbus in a paroxysm of hate, how long until THEIR revered statues can be removed and pulled down? I mean, it has been more or less 50 years since Martin Luther King Jr was killed….is that enough time for it to be acceptable for us to attack his statues with sledgehammers and tow ropes and pull them down from their pedestals and plinths and break them into pieces? DO we have to wait a certain amount of time for their heroes or revered figures to become non-PC enough for destruction of their monuments?
Asking for a friend and all that.


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Matthew Allen and Elaine Tay (2012), Wikis as Individual Student Learning Tools: The Limitations of Technology, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 8.2: 161-171.
This paper presents research into the attitudes and behaviours of students using wikis for individual writing tasks. The wiki-based assignment differs from the use of wikis normally researched because it was an individual task, not involving collaborative writing. This activity provides an excellent opportunity to learn more about how wikis are actually used by students in higher education. The research finds there is no compelling evidence that the wiki on its own improves performance over and above the general aptitude of students. It also finds that students generally did not utilise the wikis for high-intensity editing and revision. However, students did report that the wiki was valuable as a way of aiding them to review and develop their ideas. We conclude that using wikis for individual writing tasks can, where appropriate active instructions are given to support development of cognitive abilities, lead to improved outcomes for students.


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Use the following steps to upgrade the Java Run Environment, install Message Queue, and upgrade Directory Server.
Upgrade the Java 2 Runtime Environment (or Java 2 SDK) on each host (except on Windows NT) where Identity Synchronization for Windows components are installed. The minimum required version is 1.5.0.
Upgrade Directory Server to version 6.3. For more information, see Chapter 1, Overview of the Migration Process for Directory Server.
To keep the Administration Server intact, use the -N option while migrating Directory Server (configuration and data) to version 6.3. For more information on migrating configuration data and user data, see Using dsmig to Migrate Configuration Data and Using dsmig to Migrate User Data respectively.
The Directory Server upgrade preserves your current Directory Server configuration and database.


How much do all human chromosomes weigh?
It might sound like a math problem: knowing that an average human of 70 kg contains more than 30,000 billion cells and that each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, how much do the human chromosomes? Impossible at this stage to answer, of course, since it would be necessary to know the relative weight of the chromosomes in each cell. And if we can roughly estimate the amount ofADN, the latter represents only a very small part of the chromosome, the latter being mainly composed of protein. Researchers from the nanotechnologies of the University of London have therefore established another method to obtain the result.
Ian Robinson and his colleagues used the synchrotron Diamond Light Source to bombard the chromosomes of X-rays, then measured the spread of electrons when the chromosomes are crossed by the rays. The phase shift produces diagrams of diffraction which can then be used to reconstruct a karyotype from mass. Result, the 46 chromosomes of each of our cells weigh 242 picograms (1 picogram is equivalent to 10-12 gramme). « It is 20 times heavier than l'ADN that they contain, which suggests that certain components of the chromosomes remain to be discovered », observe Ian Robinson. Le nucleosome of chromosome 1 theoretically weighs 0.87 pg including 0.28 pg of DNA and 0.59 pg of protein. " Despite over 130 years of chromosome studies, our research shows that there are still parts of these complex structures that are poorly understood. ". A new " black matter To investigate?


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Arizona Pioneer & Cemetery Research Project
GPS: N33 15.918, W113 57.257
By Kathy and Ed Block, APCRP Historians
KOFA is an acronym for "King OF Arizona". The original Ghost Towns for which this cemetery served were Polaris and Kofa, AZ and were the main communities for the KOFA Mine, North Star Mine and other mines in the area. Several years ago an APCRP researcher (1) found the Kofa Cemetery, located about 1 mile southeast of historic King of Arizona mine. With photographs, maps and GPS coordinates we were ready for this research sojourn. After much searching, we were able to use this photo and topographical map to find this cemetery.
INSERT 1. Photo courtesy: Kevin Hart - Kofa Cemetery.
King's Valley Road to the walking trail to Kofa Cemetery is 24.4 miles of gravel from Highway 95. It begins between milepost 76 and milepost 77 east of highway from a cluster of little shacks where you can buy pop, ice cream, etc. at the historic Stone Cabin site. The road is rough in spots and dips thru shallow washes, which had puddles from recent rains. A high clearance vehicle would be desirable. The path to the cemetery is about 300 yards long from Road 65 (which branches south from King's Valley Road) and goes to the left around a hill about 20 feet high that blocks the view of the fenced cemetery from Road 65. The path appears to be a road which probably came from Kofa to the west. You do not see the cemetery until you are around the hill. It sits in a small valley on flat ground.
INSERT 2, Sketch of route to Kofa Cemetery, By: Ed Block. No scale, N = Up
The cemetery measures approximately 105 feet east to west and 150 feet north to south, with a tilt of the rectangle to the northeast. We counted 33 possible graves. Due to the haphazard layout (graves were randomly placed in different directions) based on APCRP experience researching other pioneer cemeteries with similar configurations, it is possible some graves could be on top of other graves.
Only two graves had legible grave markers. One had a chipped marble headstone that read, on one side, in Spanish. An inscription that translates: 1880 on top. "Reyes Garcia born Jan.6 and died Feb.3, 1901 in cofa, arizona." (2). The other side had a long inscription in flowery script in Spanish, virtually illegible. If 1880 was Reyes Garcia's birth date, he would have been twenty one years old and possibly a miner at KOFA mine?
INSERT 3 and 4. Spanish headstone. Photo by: Ed Block
The other marker was a basketball-sized rock. On one side, crudely carved lettering read: "1908. DIED.MRS(?) C.M." The reverse side read, "1910. DIED NOV.24, T.M." It was placed between two graves. Was this a husband and wife? Parent and child?
INSERT 5 and 6. Rock with initials and dates. Photo by: Ed Block
Other burials were marked by piles of stones or gravel, some with wooden posts or boards so old no writing was visible. Some graves had tumbled-down remnants of fences around them. One elaborate 4-post enclosure had notches for missing cross-pieces. This burial was likely a female.
INSERT 7, Elaborate 4- post grave; note rodent holes and brush inside the foundation.
Photo by: Ed Block
The wooden picket fence enclosing the cemetery had sections that had fallen down. Someone had replaced a few of the posts. We were told via an e-mail from the Quartzsite Historical Society that this cemetery is owned by, Kofa National Wildlife Refuge but there were no signs. This cemetery is included in the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. Volunteers working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have attempted to keep up the wooden perimeter fence.
INSERT 8. Fence around Kofa cemetery. Photo by: Ed Block
INSERT 9: Nameless boards marking graves. Photo by: Ed Block
Why was this cemetery placed here and why was it almost 2 miles from the community of Kofa, to the west, the settlement serving KOFA mine? It seemed to be almost "out of sight, out of mind?" One answer would be it was established to bury people from Kofa and other nearby mines. The old road to the cemetery is almost a straight line from Kofa. Some historic cemeteries, though, seem to be right in or near settlements, reflecting a positive attitude, maybe, towards cemeteries and death. Some decision must have been made as to where to begin Kofa cemetery, or any cemetery. Another possibility for its location is the ease of interment, being in sandy soil near the creek, made it easier to prepare a grave when a death occurred.
Kofa, the town, is located on private property in the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge. (KOFA is an acronym for King of Arizona Mine.) It's also within the Kofa Game Refuge, beneath a military aircraft training path and in the military bombing range. General Patton used desert areas for training during WWII and hikers sometimes find unexploded ordinance!
The Kofa post office was established June 5, 1900 and discontinued August 27, 1928. The town suffered from lack of water. When ore was first discovered, the mine could not support a town until a 1,000 foot deep well was dug 5 miles from the mine. Before the well was drilled, miners had to drink water carted in by mule team in old whiskey barrels. The town survived thru 1928, even though people began moving away as the mine stopped operations in 1910. It was the richest single mine in the Southwest. This vein produced $465 million from 1896 until 1910. Other claims in the area, such as the nearby Polaris Mine, were also profitable. (Footnote 1)
The King of Arizona Mine was established in 1896 by Charles E. Eichelberger, grubstaked by Epes Randolph of Southern Pacific Railroad. As he looked for gold around Yuma, he enlisted the help of H.B. Gleason, hunting for natural tanks of water in what were then called the S. H. Mountains (s--- house) due to their supposed resemblance to a row of outhouses! Supposedly Eichelberger investigated a soot-blackened Indian cave in a canyon on the southwest edge of the mountains in his search for water to fill his canteen. He found a three foot wide rich vein of gold in an outcropping nearby. He'd seen something shiny about five feet away! The three men raised funds and started the KOFA mine. They built a 5-stamp mill at Mohawk on the Gila River, thirty five miles south of the mine. When the well tapped underground water, a new, larger mill was erected five miles south of the mine. Eichelberger and his partner sold their shares a year later for $250,000.
Miners initially slept in tents or caves, with little protection from heat, cold, or the elements. Then their wives began accompanying the miners to the Kofa area and a story stated that the name of the mountains was revised to "Short Horn" for the sheep in the area. The mountains were then renamed "KOFA" after the mine. A town sprang up with the arrival of the women. It had a boarding house, bunkhouse, saloons, company store, and even a school serving Cornish, Mexican, and Chinese immigrants. The "cousin Jacks" were the miners; the Mexicans chopped and sold wood for running the mills; and the Chinese were the cooks for the company. At its peak, the mine employed over 100 men.
In 1999 the mine was still in operation. (Footnote 2) A diary by William Keiser, a prospector and miner in the 1890s, told this joke: "One miner to another in Kofa mountains: 'What are you doing hiking? Are you broke?'" Keiser had been forced off a train 10 miles out from Blaisdell by a Wells Fargo agent poking a double-barreled sawed-off shotgun into his ribs and saying, "Get off! Get off!" Since he'd been riding the rails, he left and then walked 116 miles from Blaisdell to KOFA mine, looking for work! (Footnote 3)
A few crimes occurred in this small settlement. A man named Joaquin Nogales tried to burn down some buildings at Kofa and was sentenced to six years for attempted arson, probably to the prison in Yuma. A drunken "Negress" called "Pinky Dean" slashed up a miner with a knife in her apartment in back of a saloon. No sentence recorded for her!
The Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, which surrounds the still privately-owned KOFA Mine (no access to the public), was established in 1939 to protect Bighorn Sheep, various other animals and birds, and rare plants and groves of native palm trees. Due to drought, predation from coyotes, and disease, the herd of sheep has shrunk from 800 -1000 sheep to only 410 in the 2009 count. Some mining claims remain active amid the 655,


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According to my understanding, it is a Roman adaptation of the Epitrachelion and Orarion - essentially priestly neck-garments. I wouldn't read too much into the clothing style itself, as it changes infrequently and often erratically and illogically. But the garment itself, functionally, is simply the symbol of the priesthood or diaconate, but styled differently. It's also important to note how simple they can be, so it is likely that they were adapted as priestly garments some time after they were in common use by aristocracy.
The interesting part is that while in the Orthodox tradition the stole is two different garments for the priest and deacon, in the West it is almost the same garment simply worn differently, albeit with the final effect being identical: the priest's is symmetrical and comes down like a beard, and the deacon's is asymmetrical and worn like a sash.
This suggests a common origin to all of the stoles, but does not tell us what the proto-garment was, or if one of the two was the proto-garment. I would be inclined to assume the Orthodox garments, partly because of the Oriental Churches (Non-Chalcedonians):
etc... the naming is Western (stole) but it seems like the garment is mostly unchanged and similar to the Eastern Orthodox one.


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Classification Of Data Center Management Software ToolsSource: APC by Schneider Electric
By Kevin Brown
The total data center universe that most data center professionals are familiar with principally consists of two realms. The first realm, information technology (IT), refers to all systems that address the information processing aspects of the data center (e.g., servers, storage arrays and network switches). The second realm revolves around the physical infrastructure and controls that allow the IT realm to function. This second realm includes the physical infrastructure systems that support both the IT ("white space") realm of the data center as well as the larger data center facility itself. This would include facility power, cooling and security systems. The management classification system described in this paper is limited in scope to the physical infrastructure of the data center facility and IT areas.
Both realms are interrelated but the subsystems within each are procured, managed, and maintained by separate users. Typically, facilities and engineering departments "own" and operate facility and IT infrastructure systems. IT department personnel "own" the IT equipment. In some larger data centers both IT and infrastructure devices share a common communications backbone. As the total data center evolves, these departments will become more intertwined as will the management systems that support them. Table 1 provides definitions of terms utilized in this paper to describe and contrast the data center management software classification system.


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Chapter 1 : Introduces the concept of basic research, concept of construct, postulates, proposition, thesis, hypothesis, all associated laws and principles. It clears the difference between research methods and research methodology. It also covers the need of research in business and social sciences, objectives of research, all the minor issues related with research. It highlights on the different characteristics of research-systematic, valid, verifiable, empirical and critical.
Chapter 2 : Highlights the fundamental types of research like basic research, descriptive research, applied research, analytical research and empirical research. It also clarifies the qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Chapter 3 : Provides information of research design, meaning types and significance. It supports how essential are the good sampling stages in sample design and the knowledge of different sampling methods.
Chapter 4 : Describes meaning of research methodology and stages in scientific research. It guides the reader about identification and selection of research problems, formulation of research problems, hypothesis, research design, and review of literature, sample design, data collection, hypothesis testing and preparation of research reports.
Chapter 5 : Covers formulating research problems, relevance, data availability, interest, choice of data, analysis of data, generalization and interpretation of data analysis.
Chapter 6 : Highlights the outcomes of research including preparation of research report, conclusions, validity testing, ethical issues, suggestions and recommendations.
Key Features :
- Supports practical orientation by providing deep knowledge of research.
- Provides three model question papers for practice for understanding the exam pattern and marking scheme.
- Tightly focused topics as per university syllabus with ease of transparency.
- Accurate and well researched information.
- Clear and concise writing.
|Audience of the Book :|
|This book is Useful for B.E Semester 8 Engineering (B.Tech) Students of all Branches of Engineering As Per new Syllabus of University of Mumbai 2019-2020 (Civil, Mechanical, Computer, Production, Electronics and Telecommunication, Electrical, Chemical and Others)|
|Table of Content:|
|1. Introduction and Basic Research Concept
2. Types of Research
3. Research Design and Sample Design
4. Research Methodology
5. Formulating Research Problems
6. Outcome of Research
|Authors Name||Dr. Vaishali Agme-Ghodke, Prof. Shweta B. Barshe, Rupali Agme-Jadhav, Dr. Pallavi Mahalle|
|Publishing Year||March 2020|
|Buy E-Book (PDF Version)|


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The topology statement consists of information about ''residues" that combine to form a particular macromolecule. The data include descriptions of atoms, assignments of covalent bonds (connectivity), bond angles, and other information. The information provided by the topology statement is used by the segment statement and the patch statement to generate the molecular structure.
X-PLOR, like many other macromolecular mechanics/dynamics packages, can use a classification scheme that employs chemical atom types. This system of atom classification makes force fields transferable between groups that are almost equivalent and thereby allows one definition to work for all or almost all instances of that type of atom. The specific atom classifications can be arbitrarily defined by the user. The parameters of chemical atom types are given in the parameter statement (Section 3.2.1). Electric charges are specified on an individual atom basis, since they are less transferable than stereochemical parameters. For historical reasons, atomic masses may also be specified on an individual atom basis, but there exists the mass statement outside the residue statement that assigns default atomic masses on a basis of chemical atom type. Apart from the type-based parameter retrieval, X-PLOR also provides atom-based parameter statements (Section 3.2), which allow one to specify any parameter on a per-atom basis.


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Vedic Art: Indian Miniature Painting, Part 14
BY: SUN STAFF
Ahmadnagar, c. 1595
Dec 26, 2011 CANADA (SUN) A serial presentation of India's artistic legacy in paintings, sculpture and temple architecture.
THE DECCANI SCHOOLS
16th to 18th Centuries
Like the group of Bikaner paintings featured in yesterday's segment, of Govinda fluting with His cows, there are many beautiful Vaisnava themes to be found among the Deccan Miniatures. Today we take a brief look at paintings from the Ahmednagar School, a sub-category of the Deccan School. In the Ahmednagar Miniatures, Vaisnava themes are overshadowed by the Persian influence, no doubt because the earliest examples of this school are no longer in existence.
Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, situated about 250 km. due east of Mumbai, was an Islamic kingdom during the Sixteenth Century. During the late Iron Age it was part of the territory of the Sattavahanas and during the 1st Millennium A.D. it was ruled by the Yadavas, until it fell to the Muslim intruders.
Ragamala, Ahmednagar, 17th c.
Nearly all the early examples of Ahmednagar painting are in the Persian style, an influence seen not only in themes, but also in the richly brilliant colors, high horizons, golden skies and landscapes, and gilt scripts framing the wide borders of manuscript illustrations. This style is equally evident in Ahmednagar School Ragamala illustrations of the period.
In the Ragamala illustration of Vasanta Raga above, the painting is bordered along with top with the Raga verse in Devanagari script vas (anta). Not shown is an additional caption above that, in Arabic characters, which mislabels the painting as Hindola Raga and Vasant Ragini. The raga depicted is actually the Vasanta, and it was no doubt the introduction of the swing (hindola) that led to the confusion of titles.
The Sanskrit verses for this Raga describe how Vasanta (the male personification of Spring, or Kamadeva) is sprayed with holi colors by young maids in a mango grove, on a Kashmiri mountain. Praised by strings of bees, he disports himself on a swing. Like a blue lotus (dark complexioned) and dressed in a tawny garment, he holds in his fingers the shoots of the fresh mango.
In the painting, the young male Spring wears a four-pointed coat, a fashionable style worn during the reign of Akbar. This aspect of the figure may have been adopted by the artist from a Malwa influence. The distinctive feature of the women's costumes are the projecting transparent veils, a style also found in the Nimat Namah (cookbook) of Malwa. This may tie it to the Chaurapanchasika Group of Miniatures, perhaps developed in its classical form in Malwa or south Rajasthan during the second half of the 16th Century. This detail of costume does point to the northern Deccan origin of this Vasanta Raga illustration.
Ministry of Culture, Government of India
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Fesian, natively Fēstēlus was the primary language of the Republic of Tūsīco. Hailing from the southwest of Sandula, the ancestor of Fesian is little understood (if I'm being honest, it doesn't exist). Fesian had very regular morphological patterns and syntax that was very loose. Fesian's descendants are among the most spoken languages in modern Sandula.
Spoken in: The Republic of Tūsīco
Conworld: Sandula
Total speakers: 16.5 Million
Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: Accusative
Writing system: Statatris sen Fēstēlus
Created by:
Gabriel Wysong 2020
Phonology and Orthography
The phonology of Fesian was relatively small compared to its neighbor Kalersan. It's most distinctive feature are the geminate consonants /pː/ /tː/ /kː/ and /sː/. It also features long vowels in every place.
Bilabial Labiod. Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n
Plosive p pː b t tː d k kː g
Fricative f s sː
Approximants w j
Trill r
Lateral Approximant l
Front Near-front Central Back
High i iː u uː
High-mid e eː o oː
Low a aː
Allophony and Sound Change
Fesian exhibited allophonic nasal vowels at the end of words. This sound change is found in most of the Central Fesian languages, excluding the North and Northwest Central groups. /s/ following long vowels changed to /h/, eventually being dropped. /k(ː)/ shifted to /ʧ(ː)/ before front vowels, as did /g/ to /ʤ/. /n/ before velars shifted to /ŋ/.
Writing System
Fesian was written in the Fesian alphabet, known natively as Statatris sen Fēstēlus. It is derived from the old Kalersan script.
Fesian has been analyzed as a polysynthetic language by some linguists. It features highly complex verbs with noun classifier incorporation, with comparatively simple nouns. Its syntax is very lax, with SOV being a default order.


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Argemone albiflora ssp. texana
Bluestem pricklypoppy, White pricklypoppy
Papaveraceae (Poppy Family)
Marcus, Joseph A.
This is an extremely prickly annual
usually growing 1 1/2-2 ft., but sometimes reaching 5 ft. in height. Subtended by leaf-like, spiny bracts, the white blooms are 4-6 in. across with fragile, crinkled petals and numerous yellow or red stamens. White prickly poppyís blue-green leaves are lobed, spiny, and covered with a whitish bloom.
Image Gallery: 12 photo(s) available
Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Annual Habit: Herb Root Type: Tap Leaf Complexity: Simple Breeding System:
Flowers Bisexual Flower:
Fruit: Size Class:
Bloom InformationBloom Color: White
Bloom Time: Mar, Apr, May, Jun
, TX Native Distribution:
Most of TX
into OK; naturalized elsewhere Native Habitat:
Hills; pastures; disturbed areas
Growing ConditionsWater Use:
Low Light Requirement:
Sun Soil Moisture:
Dry Soil Description:
Sandy or gravelly soils. Conditions Comments:
White prickly poppy is not competitive with perennials. It blooms only in spring and should be pulled out by June. This is an extremely prickly annual
or biennial. White prickly poppys blue-green leaves are lobed, spiny, and covered with a whitish bloom.
BenefitWarning: Seeds and other plant parts can be toxic if ingested. Sensitivity to a toxin varies with a personís age, weight, physical condition, and individual susceptibility. Children are most vulnerable because of their curiosity and small size. Toxicity can vary in a plant according to season, the plantís different parts, and its stage of growth; and plants can absorb toxic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and pollutants from the water, air, and soil.
Conspicuous Flowers: yes


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Carnegie Wave Energy, backed by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), has recently set a world record in renewable energy, completing 14,000 cumulative operating hours with their CETO wave process over the past year.
Named after a Greek sea goddess, CETO is an underwater power generator anchored to the sea floor that uses the motion of waves to produce energy. Installed a year ago, the project consists of three off-shore wave power generators which provide energy and purified water to HMAS Stirling, Australia's largest naval base. As the first collection of wave-powered generators to be connected to an electricity grid, CETO 5 set a benchmark for wave energy. Furthermore, the process is environmentally friendly, has minimal visual impact, and attracts marine life, putting it above other energy producing methods in the field.
CETO contains many components which all work together to ensure that the most power is being produced from each passing wave. A fully submerged buoy is anchored to a hydraulic pump on the sea floor by a tether, which allows the buoy to float around two meters below the surface. Because the buoy is so close to surface, it moves with the motion of the passing waves, which in turn drives the pump. Pressurized water is then forced through a pipeline by the pump, where it travels along the sea floor and onto shore.
Once on land, the high pressure water is pumped into a small off-shore facility where it drives a hydroelectric turbine to generate zero-emissions electricity. This process has the potential to replace fossil fuel pumps in a desalination plant, providing clean water with zero emissions in the process. CETO 5's year long trial proves that this type of efficient and reliable process could revolutionize power and clean water production.
Eclipse feels strongly that the economic growth of a company and conservation of the natural environment are compatible. Our environmental efforts are focused on where we have the most opportunity to make a difference, which includes providing our clients with progressive alternative energy solutions, much like CETO 5.


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Difference Between Olive Oil and Vegetable Oil
Olive Oil vs Vegetable Oil
Fat components in our daily diet are important for a stable diet. According to the FDA, every human being should consume thirty percent of the recommended portion of fat in their daily diet. Oils change character when they are at a high temperature. Vegetable oil can sustain high cooking temperatures, while other oils, like olive oil and almond oil are good for cooking at medium temperatures. Olive oil and vegetable oil contain mono unsaturated fat, which helps to enhance the function of the immune system.
The Wonders of Vegetable Oil
Vegetable oils are extracted from plants using industrial methods and solvent process to extract the oil. Most vegetable oil extracts are healthy for consumption, especially for people who are diabetic, and who have blood pressure problems. Vegetable oil is rich in omega 6 fatty acid, the most essential ingredient for healthy living. Even though vegetables are considered to be healthy, they do have other components, like rancidity. Oil with a rancid property tends to lose their nutritious aspect, and it is less useful for cooking. Vegetable oil can sustain a high temperature, while cooking with oils like grape and canola are best used for pan searing and frying. A few other types of oils are good for preparing foods like popcorn and mayonnaise, just to add flavor. Vegetable oils look lighter and thinner when compared to a few other types of oils, and they do not add flavor like that of olive oil.
Magic Olive Oil
On the other hand, olive oil is an extract from the olive fruit, and it is pressed mechanically. This oil can be classified as natural oil in crude form. This oil is edible, and has a distinctive flavor when used in cooking. Olive oil is one of the natural oils which is rich in anti-oxidants and mono-unsaturated fat, making it one of the most nutritious oils for cooking. Olive oil must reach three hundred and seventy five degree F to start emitting smoke. The smoke emitted will be less, as the fat in olive oil is less, making it the suitable oil for all kinds of cooking at medium temperatures. Similar to vegetable oils, olive oil should be preserved in an air tight and dark place, as it tends to become rancid and oxidized if exposed.
Â· Olive oil is mostly used, and it is the preferred oil, for cooking at moderate temperatures, while vegetable oil is preferred for high temperature cooking.
Â· Vegetable oil is lighter and thinner, and heats fast for quick cooking, while Olive oil takes more time to heat, and its best used at a moderate heat.
Â· Olive oil is the preferred oil for health conscious people.
Â· Only selected vegetable oils are used in cooking, while all varieties of olive oil can be used for cooking.
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Tag Archives: Jamaican American
Review for The Sun Is Also A Star by Nicola Yoon
My Summary: Daniel is a dreamer on his way to a Yale interview that he doesn't actually care about to please his Korean parents. Natasha is a science geek who is about to be deported to a Jamaica she barely remembers. The lives of these two teens who appear to have nothing in common collide, and both are changed in ways they never would have imagined during the course of a single day.
First of all, can I just talk about how groundbreaking this novel is? A YA romance novel with a Black girl and Asian boy as the main characters/pairing? This kind of pairing is as rare in real life as it is in fiction. Studies looking at data from dating sites and marriage records have found Black female/Asian male as the least common match among heterosexual couples, and this has a lot to do with the way normative ideas of sexuality are gendered and racialized in our society.
Historically, Asian men have been portrayed and viewed by white Americans as sexually inferior and even asexual. This stereotype came about as a result of early Chinese immigrant men taking on jobs that were considered women's work. This did not happen naturally or by accident. In order to appease white laborers whose job security was threatened by the cheap labor of Chinese immigrants, the government passed laws restricting the types of work that Chinese men could legally pursue, thus relegating them to "feminized" jobs like laundry, cooking, etc.
For Black women, the stereotype goes the other way: they are hypersexual. This stereotype has its origins in the days of slavery. Under slavery, Black people's status was a function of their "utility" as laborers. Black women were not only agricultural laborers but also responsible for the reproductive labor of producing more slaves, so they were treated as "breeders." In general, the stereotype of Black people as hypersexual was used to dehumanize them and compare them to animals, thus justifying their oppression and exploitation by white people.
So, between these two extremely loaded stereotypes, the Asian male/Black female pairing becomes the ultimate "mismatch."
Thankfully, The Sun Is Also A Star turns racial and gender stereotypes on their heads. Daniel is not the science person, Natasha is. He's the one who's idealistic to the point of being naive, and she's the one who's practical to a fault. Instead of him mansplaining stuff to her, she gets to be the one who educates and impresses him. And she's a tough sell on the ideas he peddles on love. But miraculously, yet also believably, these two starkly different teens start to connect and appreciate each other over the course of the day.
So, I'm usually the type who doesn't buy insta-love type romances (because it's usually just insta-lust), but this book was different. Well, first of all, they didn't go gaga for each other at first sight. Secondly, the circumstances under which they met were unusual. And more importantly, they had reasons to fall over the other person, given their respective personalities and situations.
Here's my take on it: Natasha is usually a practical person, but she's in a very desperate situation in which she needs hope and faith to give her strength to face the future. Daniel, the idealist, provides that, and he makes her laugh, which is therapeutic for her in her time of high stress. On Daniel's end, he's used to keeping his head down and going along with what his parents expect of him while hoping for a way out to pursue what he really enjoys. Along comes Natasha, who is unapologetic about who she is and is willing to do anything possible to get the thing she needs and wants the most. Her example inspires him to be more true to himself. They both learn something from each other.
So what makes this book work for me?
Characterization is a major component. Natasha and Daniel really jump off the page at me. Nicola Yoon really has characterization and narrative voice down to an art. All of the little details: the things they like, their appearance, their speech patterns, their body language, their thoughts, their quirks, their habits, their ways of responding to different situations, etc.–all of these build them into unique and believable and real characters. And they make very real teenagers. They're smart and thoughtful but also young and inexperienced, and it really shows in their narration.
I also enjoyed the structure of the book, which isn't the typical linear, single point-of-view narrative. Aside from the alternation between two first person perspectives, there's also intermittent passages from other characters' point of view and a third person omniscient narration that provides background information on subjects relevant to the story. The snippets from the minor characters' viewpoints function to connect the dots between the lives of the characters and illustrate how much of an impact people can have on one another. Cause and effect aren't just a straight line but rather a complex web of events that are inextricably linked, even for total strangers. The more factual passages are informative but also entertaining. What I really appreciate about these passages is that they render knowledge that seems esoteric more accessible to a general audience because of its relevance to characters that the readers are emotionally invested in.
Another thing I liked about the book was the way race was handled. Natasha and Daniel were not token, throwaway diversity props. Their race and ethnicity informed their identities in important ways but didn't constrain them, so they felt authentic without being stereotypical. The narrative also explicitly addressed the existence of stereotypes, and how it feels to be stereotyped by someone or stereotype someone. There was unflinching recognition of antiblackness in Korean American communities, despite the history of economic interdependence between Korean Americans and Black Americans in cities like Los Angeles and New York City.
In particular, I appreciate the fact that race is historicized and contextualized through the informative factual passages. The sociopolitical history and symbolism of natural hair is explained, and the origins of Korean American domination of a market catering to Black communities is also revealed. These passages show that what is personal to these characters is also political, implicated in systems larger than themselves, with repercussions beyond individual interactions. In an era where race is increasingly viewed and taught through a superficial, decontextualized lens, thus allowing institutional racism to go unchecked, stories like this are an important educational tool for the younger generation.
My other reasons for loving The Sun Is Also A Star are more personal. Daniel is a character I can empathize with well because I'm also a second generation Asian American. That pressure to achieve the American Dream is too real for people like us. Even when your parents don't give you direct pressure, you still feel obligated to make their sacrifices and investment worth it. Although I didn't mention it in my About paragraph because it wasn't really relevant to my blog, I also completed a degree in aerospace engineering and it wasn't until about 3/4 of the way through it that I truly confronted the fact that I didn't feel passionate about it even though I thought I should (just as Daniel feels about being a doctor). It was interesting and challenging, for sure, but it wasn't my One True Calling. And right now, even though I completed a degree in something else that I did enjoy, I'm still struggling to reconcile my practical and idealistic sides. I'm not a poet, but I write fantasy novels, so I'm in the same boat as Daniel.
Natasha, despite having a different racial background and relationship with immigration/generational status, is also someone I can relate to a lot. The reason I decided to major in aerospace engineering was not because my parents wanted me to but because I genuinely loved science as a kid. I was that person who dressed up as an inventor for costume days at school, checked out every book the library's children's section had on astronomy, and devoured biographies of people like Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, and George Washington Carver. I was That Person who would undermine jokes by pointing out the technical inaccuracies in the setup. (And, to an extent, I'm still that person. I still find science fascinating and excel at technical work, I just don't want to do it as my job is all.) On top of that, I have also known the desperation and despair of situation that's out of my control.
The final reason I loved this book was the ending. It wasn't a fairy tale ending, but it was satisfying all the same. It was at once realistic but hopeful, striking a perfect balance between the two. My inner idealist/romantic was crying with joy when I read the last page.
If there is one thing that I didn't like about the book, it's the part where Daniel followed Natasha to the store because that's basically stalking, which shouldn't be excused/romanticized. But barring that, The Sun Is Also A Star was amazing.
Recommendation: Read it, have your heart broken, feel the feels, go!
P.S. The cover is a Work of Art. Dominique Falla is a gift.
P.P.S. Did anyone else notice/find it cute that Natasha and Daniel's names start with the same letters and Nicola and her husband David's names? This can't be a coincidence…


Unrestricted Net Assets
What are 'Unrestricted Net Assets'
Unrestricted net assets are a group of items owned by the government with commercial or exchange value that have no external restrictions regarding their use or function. Unrestricted net assets appear in government accounting and are government-owned assets that can be utilized for any decided-upon purpose. This is in contrast to restricted net assets that are assigned to specific purposes.
BREAKING DOWN 'Unrestricted Net Assets'
Government accounting includes the principles and procedures used by local, state and federal governments for accounting purposes. Rules are established by the National Council on Governmental Accounting. Assets of local, state and federal governments are typically restricted to specific uses and purposes, however, unrestricted net assets fall outside this limitation.