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We use behavioural insights to design nudges leveraging social comparison and assignment of responsibility aimed at reducing electricity consumption in a large provincial government office building with 24 floors. Results from a randomized control trial show that floors participating in a treatment with inter-floor competitions and tips reduced energy consumption by 9%, while those that also included floor-wise 'energy advocates" reduced energy consumption by 14% over a period of 5 months.
Behavioral Economics: Underlying Principles
This paper analyses the impact of income inequality on public good provision in an experimental setting. A sample of secondary school students were recruited to participate in a simple linear public goods game where income heterogeneity was introduced by providing participants with unequal token endowments. The results show that endowment heterogeneity does not have any significant impact on contributions to the public good, and that consistent with models of reciprocity, low and high endowment players contribute the same fraction of their endowment to the public pool.


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How to choose your polishing materials?
Polishing is the action of remove surface for the shortest time, while ensuring a high level of surface finish, fitting the application.
The polished substrate is the material on the surface of the device to be polished. Each substrate has its own intrinsic hardness, often measured on the Mohs scale (0 to 10).
The polishing process always implies a compromise between polishing speed (Removal Rate – RR) and surface finish. This will depend on the nature of the substrate to polish and especially its intrinsic hardness, and the polishing technique used.
We can provide various products design adapted to the polishing process of our customer: powder, slurry, paste, formulation. In the powders, we control the agglomerates to offer the best efficiency (integration of spray-dried products, fine alpha particles blended with gamma, agglomerates of alpha particles, isolated alpha particles…).
Especially for alumina, we can play on the size of the particles and the particle size distribution in order to fit the most closely with the required surface finish. We can also intervene on the alpha alumina rate into a gamma alumina matrix. In the case of formulations, we can play on other important parameters for polishing, such as viscosity, complementary to the abrasive efficiency.
For various substrates, we will play on abrasive properties of particles, choosing the nature of the abrasive (Zirconia, Ceria, Spinel…). Baikowski delivers products to polish substrates such as:
- Ceramic. We can polish various ceramic substrates such as spinel pieces (see transparent ceramics).
- Crystal. For example, the sapphire: we can adapt the products according to the crystallographic face to polish. This substrate can be found in watchmaking (watch tops before and after polishing in the opposite illustration) and semiconductor industries.
- Glass. High performance glass parts can be polished with ceria-based slurries.
- Metal. Fine pieces for watchmaking, low thickness, requiring highly fine surface finish.
- Organic Glass. This category includes intraocular lenses (picture below), which can be polished by an alumina-based formulation.
- Varnish & lacquer. Car polish is a well-known application, which requires pastes-type formulations, or at least high-viscosity products.
Processability of Baikowski® powders
We design our polishing materials to make them implementable in various media (pastes, slurries), and we can optimize the design of our abrasives to adapt to the application requirements (viscosity, pH control…). We also provide ready to use slurries, see BaikoPolish page.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Q From Ginger Johnson: I am curious as to the origin of vamp. The vampire to vamp connection (as in Theda Bara) is straightforward, but how on earth did it come to have something to do with music?
A It has nothing to do with vampires, but its origin is almost equally weird. The word comes from the medieval French avant-pied, literally "before the foot", in reference to the forepart of the foot, in particular the part of hose or stockings below the ankle. It became corrupted in English to vampe, said as two syllables, and then vamp. (In the eighteenth century the old pronunciation was revived through a fashion for short stockings that covered only the foot and ankle, which were called vampeys.) This sense of vamp is preserved in the meaning that denotes the part of a boot or shoe that covers the upper front part of the foot.
It seems that in the middle seventeenth century the word came to be used for anything that had been patched up or refurbished (like darned stockings, we may guess), as in the old phrase to vamp something up for repairing or improving something. This is more commonly now found in the verb to revamp, an American term invented in the 1850s from this existing sense of vamp. Nearer the end of the nineteenth century vamp was adopted by musicians for those short simple phrases, usually improvised, that one plays quietly in the background or as an introduction, presumably because they were patching up a gap or silence.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Michigan State University Libraries Home
News about environmental studies resources or events provided by the MSU Libraries. For more information visit the Environmental Studies Resources web page or contact Jon Harrison at _EMAIL_
|« Economic Valuation/Impact of Green Infrastructure Assets and Conservation Spending In Michigan||Find an Energy-Saving Light Bulb »|
The GreenFile database by EBSCO is the latest addition to the Environmental Studies suite of databases offered by the MSU Libraries.
GreenFILE offers well-researched information covering all aspects of human impact to the environment. Its collection of scholarly, government and general-interest titles includes content on global warming, green building, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling, and more. The database provides indexing and abstracts for approximately 295,000 records, as well as Open Access full text for more than 4,600 records.
GreenFILE is a resource designed to help individuals and organizations interested in reducing the negative impact and increasing the positive impact they have on the environment. The database includes information for individuals, such as installing solar panels and recycling; for corporation needing information on green agriculture, hybrid cars or waste management; as well as, environmental laws, regulations and studies. The goal is for GreenFILE to be a practical tool for everyday information and a resource for academic study and classroom activities.
GreenFILE covers content going back more than 35 years. Journal articles unique to GreenFILE include : Bioscience, Journal of Environmental Planning & Management, Journal of Ecology, and Conservation Biology. The database also contains bibliographic information for key non-scholarly titles such as: E -The Environmental Magazine, Natural Life, and Mother Earth News.
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Early archaic human skeletal remains found in Lapa do Santo in central Brazil has provided archaeologists with new clues about how ancient groups in the Americas dealt with their deceased, 9,500 years ago. Some funerary rituals appeared to have involved the reduction of fresh corpses through mutilation, tooth removal and potentially cannibalism.
Lagoa Santa in Brazil has been identified as a very rich archaeological region since the 19th century following the investigations of Danish naturalist Peter Lund.
A great number of human skeletal remains can be found in the area, extremely well preserved, thus allowing archaeologists to learn a lot about the practices, rituals and lifestyles of the early hunter-gatherer communities in South America.
Andre Strauss, from Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, who led the recent excavations at the site of Lapa do Santo in Lagoa Santa, told IBTimes UK: "Lund had suggested that human bones were mixed up with bones of megafauna and during the decades that followed, research teams went to the region to verify his findings and find out whether there had been a coexistence between humans and megafauna. The rest of the archaeological record was often ignored".
Read more: Gruesome cannibal burials in picture
"We wanted to shift the focus to study the practices of these groups and how they coped with their environment. Funerary rites were up to now thought to be very simple and homogeneous and we were surprised to discover that this was far from being the case".
From entire to reduced corpses
Between 10,300 and 10,600 years ago, Lapa do Santo started being used as an interment ground, where complete skeletons were buried. Focusing on a group of 26 burials from between 9,400 and 9,600 years ago, the team found that at that time, some burial practices changed and involved the reduction of the fresh corpse, soon after death.
The body went through a process of mutilation, defleshing, exposure to fire and even possibly cannibalism. For instance, they found a case where the head and the hands had been cut off and the hands had been placed over the head.
burial skeletal remains
One burial during the exhumation Andre Strauss
When the soft tissues had all decomposed, this was followed by a secondary burial of the remains, with a reorganisation of the bones in bundles, according to strict rules. In some cases, teeth were also removed. In burial 23, the scientists found 84 teeth grouped together, belonging to five different individuals.
While it is clear that the burial process was complex and followed precise rules, the archaeologists are not able to explain the function of the ritual.
"As archaeologists, there are limits to what we can discover. We are not able to entirely explain their elaborate rituals and their motivations for performing them. What we can say is that these are unique rituals that don't resemble others," Strauss says.
There is a real diversity from one burial to another however, and this tells the story of cultural richness in the Americas of the past.
"The variability between burial rites show us this was already a very dynamic region, with important cultural diversity 10,000 years ago", Strauss concludes.


Dominique Dumont > Array-IntSpan-2.002 > Array::IntSpan
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Module Version: 2.002 Source
Array::IntSpan - Handles arrays of scalars or objects using IntSpan techniques
 use Array::IntSpan;
The new version of Array::IntSpan is also able to consolidate the ranges by comparing the adjacent values of the range. If 2 adjacent values are identical, the 2 adjacent ranges are merged.
Ranges of objects ^
Array::IntSpan can also handle objects instead of scalar values.
But for the consolidation to work, the payload class must overload the "", eq and == operators to perform the consolidation comparisons.
When a get_range method is called to a range of objects, it will return a new range of object referencess. These object references points to the objects stored in the original range. In other words the objects contained in the returned range are not copied.
Thus if the user calls a methods on the objects contained in the returned range, the method is actually invoked on the objects stored in the original range.
When a get_range method is called on a range of objects, several things may happen:
Ranges specified with integer fields ^
new (...)
The new method takes an optional list of array elements. The elements should be in the form [start_index, end_index, value]. They should be in sorted order and there should be no overlaps. The internal method _check_structure will be called to verify the data is correct. If you wish to avoid the performance penalties of checking the structure, you can use Data::Dumper to dump an object and use that code to reconstitute it.
Clear the range.
set_range (start, end, value [, code ref] )
This method takes three parameters - the start_index, the end_index, and the value. If you wish to erase a range, specify undef for the value. It properly deals with overlapping ranges and will replace existing data as appropriate. If the new range lies after the last existing range, the method will execute in O(1) time. If the new range lies within the existing ranges, the method executes in O(n) time, where n is the number of ranges. It does not consolidate contiguous ranges that have the same value.
The method returns 0 if there were no overlapping ranges and 1 if there were.
The optional code ref is called back when an existing range is split. For instance if the original range is [0,10,$foo_obj] and set_range is called with [5,7,$bar_obj'], the callback will be called twice:
 $callback->(0, 4,$foo_obj)
It will be the callback responsability to make sure that the range 0-4 and 7-10 holds 2 different objects.
get_range (start, end [, filler | undef, copy_cb [, set_cb]])
This method returns a range (actually an Array::IntSpan object) from start to end.
If start and end span empty slot in the original range, get_range will skip the empty slots. If a filler value is provided, get_range will fill the slots with it.
 original range : [2-4,X],[7-9,Y],[12-14,Z]
 get_range(3,8) : [3-4,X],[7-8,Y]
 get_range(2,10,f) : [3-4,X],[5-6,f],[7-8,Y]
If the filler parameter is a CODE reference, the filler value will be the one returned by the sub ref. The sub ref is invoked with (start,end), i.e. the range of the empty span to fill (get_range(5,6) in the example above). When handling object, the sub ref can invoke an object constructor.
If start or end split an original range in 2, the default behavior is to copy the value or object ref contained in the original range:
 original range : [1-4,X]
 split range : [1-1,X],[2-2,X],[3-4,X]
 get_range(2) : [2-2,X]
If the original range contains object, this may lead to disapointing results. In the example below the 2 ranges contains references (obj_a) that points to the same object:
 original range : [1-4,obj_a]
 split range : [1-1,obj_a],[2-2,obj_a],[3-4,obj_a]
 get_range(2) : [2-2,obj_a]
Which means that invoking a method on the object returned by get_range(2) will also be invoked on the range 1-4 of the original range which may not be what you want.
If get_range is invoked with a copy parameter (actually a code reference), the result of this routine will be stored in the split range outside of the get_range:
 original range : [1-4,X]
 get_range(2) : [2-2,X]
 split range : [1-1,copy_of_X],[2-2,X],[3-4,copy_of_X]
When dealing with object, the sub ref should provide a copy of the object:
 original range : [1-4,obj_a]
 get_range(2) : [2-2,obj_a]
 split range : [1-1,obj_a1],[2-2,obj_a],[3-4,obj_a2]
Note that the obj_a contained in the split range and the obj_a contained in the returned range point to the same object.
The sub ref is invoked with (start,end,obj_a) and is expected to return a copy of obj_a that will be stored in the split ranges. In the example above, 2 different copies are made: obj_a1 and obj_a2.
Last, a 3rd callback may be defined by the user: the set_cb. This callback will be used when the range start or end that holds an object changes. In the example above, the set_cb will be called this way:
 $obj_a->&$set_cb(2,2) ;
As a matter of fact, the 3 callback can be used in the same call. In the example below, get_range is invoked with 3 subs refs: \&f,\&cp,\&set:
 original range : [1-4,obj_a],[7-9,obj_b]
 get_range(3-8,...) : [3-4,obj_a],[5-6,obj_fill],[7-8,obj_b]
 split range : [1-2,obj_a1], [3-4,obj_a],[5-6,obj_fill],
To obtain this, get_range will perform the following calls:
 $obj_fill = &f ;
 $obj_a1 = &cp(5,6,obj_a);
 &set(3,4,$obj_a) ;
 $obj_b = &cp(9,9,obj_b) ;
 &set(7-8,obj_b) ;
lookup( index )
This method takes as a single parameter the index to look up. If there is an appropriate range, the method will return the associated value. Otherwise, it returns undef.
get_element( element_number )
Returns an array containing the Nth range element:
 ( start, end, value )
consolidate( bottom, top, [ set_cb ] )
This function scan the range from the range index bottom to top and compare the values held by the adjacent ranges. If the values are identical, the adjacent ranges are merged.
The comparision is made with the == operator. Objects stored in the range must overload the == operator. If not, the comparison will be made with the standard stringification of an object and the merge will never happen.
If provided, the set_cb will be invoked on the contained object after 2 ranges are merged.
For instance, if the "$obj_a" eq "$obj_b":
 original range : [1-4,obj_a],[5-9,obj_b]
 consolidate(0,1,\&set) : [1-9,obj_a]
And consolidate will perform this call:
 &$set(1,9,obj_a) ;
Copyright (c) 2000 Toby Everett. Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Dominique Dumont. All rights reserved. This program is free software.
This module is distributed under the Artistic License. See or the license that comes with your perl distribution.
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Breaking down the work of art.
Breakerspace01 birthed both the Fabricatorz Foundation, ONG, and hosted a slew of events, including ATMSTL. Here is a recap of Breakerspace 01.
If you want to do your own Breakerspace, read below, and go public by breaking things faster and better than we did :) This is your project too.
- Get a space.
- Let people know the boundaries, resources, and time.
- Open and use the space.
- Document things.
- Bring work to break apart.
- Rinse and Repeat.
- Copy the Template for your own Breakerspace :)
NOTE: There are periods of sleep on these accounts


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Nereid was discovered in 1949 through Earth-based telescopes. Little is known about Nereid, which is slightly smaller than Proteus, having a diameter of 211 mi (340 km). The satellite's surface reflects about 14% of the sunlight that strikes it. Nereid's orbit is the most eccentric in the solar system, ranging from about 841,100 mi (1,353,600 km) to 5,980,200 mi (9,623,700 km).
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
More on Nereid from Infoplease:


text:
Six centuries of history
The tapestry history in the region contributes to the "myth Aubusson": the origin of the tapestry's establishment in Aubusson and Felletin gets lost in the legends.
The origin of the "de la Marche" tapestries (region of Aubusson and Felletin) is obscure. It has been attributed for a long time to the Arabic world, as some are linking it to an old legend evoking a Saracen troop, lost after the 732 battle, where Charles Martel stopped the Arabic expansion towards the North.
Some other writers, amongst them George Sand, spread the hypothesis that in the late 15th Century, the exile of the Ottoman prince Zizim in Bourganeuf (40 km away from Aubusson) went along with the establishment of Turkish textile workers' workshops.
For some others, it is between the alliances between Flemish families and "de la Marche" lords that this origin is to be searched, because they are said to have influenced the setting up of weavers from Arras or Hainaut near Aubusson and Felletin in the 16th or 17th Century.For that matter, the writing mentions from 1457 onwards in Felletin, allows considering an older local activity of wool linens and blankets would have given rise to a specification towards the tapestry.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I don't like the $\xi$ symbol that mathpazo comes with, so I want to go back to Computer Modern for that symbol alone. How can I do this?
share|improve this question
You should follow the instructions listed in Importing a Single Symbol From a Different Font. – Werner Oct 5 '12 at 22:41
I looked at that question, but I'm not sure how to find what number the \xi symbol is in the letters symbols – Zvpunry Oct 5 '12 at 22:43
1 Answer 1
up vote 10 down vote accepted
The code is in fontmath.ltx:
To make the change you want, you can fetch the CM definition of letters and change it into
and then
share|improve this answer
Worked! Thanks for the help – Zvpunry Oct 5 '12 at 22:58
when i use \DeclareSymbolFont{CMlargesymbols}{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n} \DeclareMathSymbol{\sum}{\mathop}{CMlargesymbols}{"50}, it results an error: "Command '\sum' already defined". how can i change the sum symbol? – smh Dec 7 '12 at 10:03
_USER_ I don't get this error; please, open a new question, with a link to this one, adding a minimal example producing the error. – egreg Dec 7 '12 at 12:13
Your Answer


text:
The first work devoted exclusively to Acadians in Nova Scotia, this book presents a thorough study of Acadian history from the earliest days of French settlement to present-day Acadian communities. Authors Sally Ross and Alphonse Deveau draw on original seventeenth-century texts, as well as up-to-date sources. They examine the history of the Expulsion–the Grand Dérangement–that began in 1755, and trace the return of the Acadians and their resettlement in seven areas of the province. The authors highlight the distinct features that have developed within these different regions of Nova Scotia and discuss the choices and challenges faced by Acadians today: the linguistic assimilation and preservation of a distinct culture against pressures from the mainstream culture.
Acadians of Nova Scotia won the 1993 Dartmouth Book Award for non-fiction and the 1993 Evelyn Richardson Memorial Literary Prize for non-fiction.


Frosted Glass VS Scotch Tape
matte reflection
matte refraction
low refraction
Lighting 101 Posts
Lighting 101: HID Lamps
Take a look at this image:
Lighting 101: Luminance VS Illuminance
Do you know the difference between "luminance" and "Illuminance?"
When talking with students, or people who just love light but don't know much about it, there are a few terms that are used sometimes incorrectly – "That table has a high illuminance value," or "you can measure the luminance coming from that light source." Not quite right. Do you know how to use these integral lighting terms?
It's easiest to remember if you think of it in terms of what is exactly happening when a beam of light strikes a surface. Let's look at this small image:
In this example, we are looking at one beam of light hitting a surface. The beam of light is red, and the surface, obviously is green. The red arrow represents the incident light, or the beam(s) of light striking the surface. Another time I'll write about the Law of Reflection and what it means, but also look at this diagram of what happens when a beam of light is reflected:
Figuring out the difference between luminance and IL-luminance is as simple as remembering what has happened to the beam of light; the incident of light hitting a surface – a beam of light that is travelling towards a surface – is what is measured when talking about illuminance. Illuminance is measured as the amount of light striking a surface. The incident light. If we had a light meter and wanted to measure the amount of light that was striking the surface we were measuring, we would hold the little white bubble towards the device shooting the light. These meters are also called "incident meters" for a reason.
On the other side of this, luminance, is what we measure off of the surface that has light hitting it. Luminance is the measurement of the product of the incident light and the surface – anything that is reflected. Luminance is also considered the human perception of brightness, or how bright we perceive the light that is reflected off of the surface.
Make sense? Think of it like this – IL-Luminance, IL, I = Incident Light. Illuminance is measuring the incident light. Luminance is what's leaving the surface – L = leaving. Illuminance is measuring incident, luminance is measuring what's leaving.
I hope that helps!


text:
Injectable nanogel can monitor blood-sugar levels and secrete insulin when needed.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.-In work that recasts archaeologists' thinking aboutpeoples living in the western region of ancient Mexico, MIT researchershave shown that these people had a significant impact on other culturalgroups by producing large numbers of metal artifacts and distributing themto centers as far south as Belize.
Because the majority of these artifacts, such as bells andtweezers, were symbols of sacred and political power, by exporting them theWest Mexican peoples not only affected economic systems but also influencedreligious and ritual behavior.
"They were exporting a religious ideology," said Dorothy Hosler,Associate Professor of Archaeology and Ancient Technology in the Departmentof Materials Science and Engineering. Professor Hosler and Andrew W.Macfarlane, a research affiliate in the department and an associateprofessor at Florida International University, are authors of an article onthe work in the September 27 issue of Science.
West Mexican peoples were one of many cultural groups, includingthe Aztec and Maya, who lived in a region archaeologists call Mesoamerica.This region encompassed central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize,western Honduras, and El Salvador. Until now, archaeologists had thoughtthat the West Mexicans were relatively isolated and had little impact onother Mesoamerican peoples.
The new work, which links copper and bronze artifacts excavated atmany sites in Mesoamerica to West Mexican ore deposits, "is the firstevidence we have that West Mexican peoples were interacting intensivelywith other Mesoamerican groups," Professor Hosler said. "So it alters ourthinking about the economic and social networks in this period [~A.D._PHONE_]."
In the summer of 1995 Professor Hosler spent two months in Mexicocollecting ore samples from 15 deposits in West Mexico, Oaxaca, and EasternMexico (Veracruz). With a permit granted by Mexico's National Institute ofAnthropology and History, she also took samples of 171 copper artifactsfrom a variety of Mesoamerican archaeological sites. "I came back to MITwith boxes and boxes of artifact and ore samples," said Professor Hosler,who is also a member of the MIT Center for Archaeological Materials.
The researchers then determined the ratios of lead isotopes in eachsample (isotopes of an element have different atomic weights). Lead isotopeanalysis, a standard technique, "can be used to identify ore sources forartifacts made from copper and copper alloys by matching the isotopicsignatures of ore lead to those of the artifacts," the researchers write inScience.
Professor Hosler notes that MIT undergraduate Jennifer Pinson, nowa junior in materials science, played a key role in the analysis. "Sheworked all last year on the project; at one point she went to Florida tohand-deliver ore samples to Professor Macfarlane because we were afraid wemight lose them if we shipped them." (The samples were analyzed atProfessor Macfarlane's lab.)
The lead-isotope results showed that most of the Mesoamericanartifacts sampled were indeed made of metal smelted from West Mexican ores.These analytical data combined with historical and archaeological evidencetherefore show that the West Mexicans were exporting artifacts throughoutthe Mesoamerican region.
Among the archaeological evidence that supports this conclusion isthat "as far as we know, other Mesoamerican peoples did not develop thetechnical expertise to make these artifacts," Professor Hosler said. Shenoted that West Mexican bells, for example, are difficult to cast. "Last January, MIT Professors Sam Allen, Linn Hobbs, and I led a class in ancientMexican bell casting. The students spent two weeks trying to cast copies ofthese bells, and we don't have it exactly right yet."
Professor Hosler concluded that although she had suspected that theWest Mexicans played a major role in the production and distribution ofmetal artifacts, "until the lead isotope analysis we had no way ofsubstantiating what we thought might be true."
For more information about MIT research on the history ofmaterials, go to:.
The work reported in Science was supported by a grant from GrupoMexico (Industrial Minera Mexico), American Smelting and Refining Company,and Southern Peru Copper.


text:
John Lawton's 'Patterns in ecology' is a minor Oikos classic (cited 73 times since its publication in 1996). As he recognized, John was writing at a time of transition in ecology. Over the previous 15 or so years ecology (especially community ecology) had become increasingly dominated by small-scale field experiments. Many ecologists increasingly felt that this approach missed the big picture. Ricklefs and Schluter's influential edited volume, Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives, appeared in 1993. Jim Brown's Macroecology, calling for ecologists to refocus on large-scale, universal patterns, appeared in 1995. That same year that the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) was founded, with a mission to 'advance the state of ecological knowledge through the search for general patterns and principles in existing data'. John's article is a nice compact argument in favor of this shift in emphasis from 'microecology' to macroecology. The shift took hold, big time–NCEAS in particular was a stunning success, and spawned numerous imitators in various fields. So now seems like a good time to revisit John's argument, because I think its strengths and weaknesses are both reflected in much of the work which followed it.
The core of John's article is a very creative and compelling analogy–from which I think John draws a conclusion that's only half right. Here it is in John's own words:
'Imagine you are a fairy, a bit larger than an atom, sitting in a world made up of a mixture of gasses. You would see balls (molecules) of different sizes and colours whizzing about, occasionally colliding, and sometimes combining to yield different sized balls. Being a curious fairy, with an experimental bent, you attempt to manipulate the molecules by building fences in a very local part of this imaginary world, to keep out the big red balls which appear to be attacking the smaller blue ones. The grant application to the king of the fairies says that you wish to: 'Understand and predict the role of large red balls in structuring the assemblage of other balls.' Does it sound familiar?'
What's right about this argument is that the fairy, the 'microecologist', absolutely misses a lot. This gaseous world has macroscopic properties–for instance, temperature, density, and pressure–of which the fairy is not even aware. These macroscopic properties emerge from the essentially random behavior of a large number of individual interacting entities. It's a compelling analogy for how large-scale patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms emerge from the essentially random behavior of large numbers of interacting individual organisms.
But what's wrong with this argument is that it suggests that the macroscopic features of the system are the only features of the system worth paying attention to. I want to undermine this, not by rejecting John's gaseous analogy or offering a contrary analogy of my own, but by taking John's analogy more seriously than I think he himself takes it.
In physics, the ideal gas law describes the relationship between the temperature, pressure, and volume of an idealized gas. It's a good approximation to the behavior of real gases under a wide range of conditions, and so can be regarded as a general, macroscopic pattern in the behavior of gases. This is precisely the sort of macroscopic pattern that John wants ecologists to focus on documenting and explaining. But how do physicists explain the ideal gas law? By appeal to the microscopic properties of gases. Specifically, the ideal gas law is derivable from first principles using the kinetic theory of gases (a theory about how individual gas molecules move and collide with one another), under various simplifying assumptions (e.g., gas molecules are point masses with no volume and undergo only elastic collisions). Importantly, kinetic theory has nothing to do with trying to predict the random trajectories of particular gas molecules, as John's fairy futilely proposes to attempt. Kinetic theory is all about scaling up: it's about rigorously deriving the macroscopic consequences of the collective behavior of a large number of microscopic particles. You say you want to focus on the big picture that emerges when one averages away random, microscopic noise? Kinetic theory tells you precisely how to do that, and what the resulting picture looks like.
Further, the approximations used to derive the ideal gas law can be relaxed, allowing derivation of more refined laws which account for subtle microscopic effects omitted from the ideal gas law. For instance, if you incorporate the facts that molecules have a nonzero volume (which matters when the volume occupied by the gas is small), and that they're attracted to one another, you can derive the Van der Waals equation, a more precise version of the ideal gas law for which Johannes Van der Waals received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1910. Which just goes to show that, just because the microscopic is random doesn't mean its details don't matter.
So if explaining (as opposed to merely describing) large scale patterns is our goal, the example of physics suggests, not that we should ignore the microscopic, but that we should focus on the microscopic–specifically, how to scale up from the microscopic to the macroscopic. If we're serious about taking the ideal gas law as our model of how to do ecology, then we need an ecological equivalent of kinetic theory on which to base rigorous derivations.
This point of view isn't original to me (see, e.g., Brian Maurer's Untangling Ecological Complexity: The Macroscopic Perspective and Lotka's classic Elements of Mathematical Biology). And I think it's consistent with the recent history of macroecological research. The macroecological advances that have been most influential, and that have spurred the most productive work, have been advances in microscale theories from which rigorous predictions of macroscale patterns have been derived. Think of the use of detailed metabolic optimization models to predict the 3/4-power scaling of metabolic rate and body size (West et al. 1997). Or think of neutral theory, especially its use to predict the form of the species-abundance distribution. We now know, on the basis of very general arguments, what kinds of microscale assumptions about per-capita birth and death rates can reproduce the commonly-observed forms of the species abundance distribution. It turns out that the class of empirically-viable microscale models is very large–almost any stochastic model in which species are equally fit on average will work. That includes models with and without frequency dependence. This 'many-to-one' mapping from microscale processes to macroscale pattern is itself a satisfying explanation for why species-abundance distributions take the shapes they do–there's no strong reason for them to take on other shapes. Work on John's favorite macroecological pattern, linear local-regional richness relationships, followed a similar path. The hope of John and others that linear local-regional richness relationships could be used to infer something about the strength of local species interactions (i.e. that they're weak) were dashed by microscale models, and empirical work directly linking microscale experiments and macroscale patterns. This work, some of it published in Oikos, showed that linear local-regional richness relationships arise from many different combinations of microscale processes.
John's article concludes with a call for a productive pluralism in our research approaches, because those various approaches complement one another. I heartily agree, and I'm cautiously optimistic that such pluralism is the way of the future. The pendulum swing towards 'pattern-oriented' research that began in the mid-90s seems not, as far as I can tell, to have swung so far as to devalue small-scale experiments (in part because NCEAS has supported syntheses of experimental as well as observational data, and also supported theoretical work). With any luck, in years hence calls for future research in ecology won't need to attack current approaches, and will instead call for 'more of the same'!


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Active Ingredient: 20% ICARIDIN - Deet Free
PiActive Mosquito Shield Insect Repellent:
- PiActive Insect Repellent is Canada's first and longest lasting 12-HOUR insect repellent, a revolutionary game changer in repellents for mosquitoes, ticks and black flies.
- A nice alternative to DEET-based repellents, the formula contains 20% Icaridin, making it a good choice for children from 6 months to 12 years.
- Active ingredient is Icaridin 20%, with 0% DEET.
- Non oily, greasy, or sticky.
- Will not damage fishing lines, plastic or other synthetic materials.
- Non-irritating to the skin
- Provides long lasting protection;
- 12 hrs of protection against mosquitoes and ticks.
- 10 hrs of protection against black flies.
Icaridin: This is a new repellent that entered the U.S. market in 2005
Studies have found Icaridin can work as well as DEET, offering several hours of bug protection. But unlike DEET, Icaridin is odourless and much less likely to cause skin irritation and sudden reactions, such as nausea. It also isn't greasy and does not ruin plastics or synthetic fabrics the way DEET can.
The repellent is so effective, the World Health Organization recommends Icaridin, alongside DEET, as one of the best choices for preventing mosquito bites that can lead to disease.
In Canada, there are still only a few products that contain Icaridin.


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The Pre-Allied Health degree at Lackawanna College is designed to provide the necessary foundation for a future as an Allied Health professional. In this major, students must maintain a 2.5 GPA and must not require developmental or bridge courses. Science courses include biology, chemistry, microbiology, and anatomy and physiology.
Students entering this program should have successfully completed two to three years of mathematics and three years of science in high school. They should also be familiar with computers and their uses.
Primarily a transfer-related program, this curriculum provides intensive hands-on laboratory experience that will prepare students for additional study at four-year institutions.
This major prepares students for transfer into baccalaureate degree programs in allied health fields. These may include, but not limited to: nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, respiratory therapy, or medical technology.
Students successfully completing the A.S. degree program in Pre-Allied Health will:
- Recognize the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry and apply analytical thinking and analysis to explain various scientific phenomena as they develop skill in using the scientific method.
- Demonstrate a working knowledge of biology, basic chemistry, and anatomy and physiology sufficient for entry into higher-level science courses at a transfer institution.
- Develop the qualitative and quantitative skills, through the use of technology, necessary for a career in health sciences.
- Appreciate the diverse and dynamic nature of the human condition through the study of humanities, global studies, and math/science electives.
- Be able to communicate effectively, both orally and through the written word, and be able to work with others in a professional setting.
The Pre-Allied Health degree is offered at the Scranton campus and will come to the Towanda Center in Fall 2016.


Infant mortality by source of payment and race in Delaware
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Why This Indicator Matters
The infant mortality rate is an important indicator of the overall well-being of a society. Infant mortality is related to the underlying health of the mother, public health practices, socioeconomic conditions and availability and use of appropriate health care for infants and pregnant women. The primary causes of infant mortality are birth defects, disorders related to short gestation/low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and issues related to pregnancy and birth, including substance abuse. Since mothers and infants are among the most vulnerable members of society, infant mortality is a measure of a society's concern and investment in supporting community health. In addition, disparities in infant mortality by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status are an important measure of the inequalities that exist within society. Proper prenatal care and well-baby preventive care offer opportunities to identify and lower some risk factors for infant mortality.
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Definitions: Infant mortality = deaths occurring in the first year of life
Rate per 1,000 live births
Data Source: Delaware Health Statistics Center.
Footnotes: *Some Delaware indicators are presented as threeor fiveyear averages because rates based on small numbers of events in this modestly-populated state can vary dramatically from year to year. A threeor fiveyear average is less susceptible to distortion. In these cases, it is helpful to look at trends rather than at actual numbers, rates or percentages due to the small numbers.
Data last updated 03/2020


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How To Be A Better Foreman – Burnaby
November 30, 2018 @ 7:30 am - 4:00 pm
Many great trades people take a foreman position and fail. Not for lack of skills or drive but simply for lack of guidance on how to be a great foreman. This 1-day course gives participants the fundamentals of field leadership, organization, crew morale, efficiency, and productivity.
- Understanding why and how many foremen fail
- How the foreman's role has changed
- Dealing with workplace conflict without being a jerk
- Learning how to anticipate production and jobsite issues
- Understanding general and subcontractor dynamics
- Understanding your role as a leader
- Understand how you play a major role in increasing jobsite productivity
What previous participants said:
"Well structured, informative course."
"Nice to hear different perspectives."
"Valuable: Learning to communicate with other people on the job site."


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Industrial Relations Assignment Help by Experts
Simply speaking, Industrial Relations (IR) is the relation between the workers and management in a company. IR is the most important aspect in any industry that determines the overall efficiency of a company. In this highly competitive international market, the importance of IR has been increasing in leaps and bounds. Students doing post-graduation in HRM, or IR, are often given assignments on IR, which sometimes seem quite tough to crack. In such occasions students, can seek help from BookMyEssay. This professional assignment writing help provides much upgraded Industrial Relation assignment help for the students pursuing higher courses, certificate courses, or post graduate diploma in HRM or IR.
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Writing assignment on any topic of IR is not an easy task. IR or Industrial Relations depicts the complex process of interrelationships among workers, management, and government agencies. The management of an organization develops rules and regulations remaining within the purview of different laws and regulations laid down by the government agencies. Then, the workers and management then need to act and behave staying within their range as mentioned in the rules and regulations. A violation of the system is not entertainable. From time to time, government agencies changed rules and regulations, and the companies need to change their systems accordingly.
Thus, IR is an ongoing process, and the management of a company needs to be very professional in this matter. Among the three players, viz. the workers, the management, and the government, the management has the most important role here. They have to create a friendly environment within the organization for the optimum output, whereas they have to put the "system" in perfect coordination with the government rules and pertinent laws.
The importance of Industrial Relations are as follows:
- Lesser industrial disputes – As IR systematizes the basic industrial activities, their remains lesser scope for industrial disputes. Workers or employees remain much satisfied with their responsibilities, compensations, and working environment.
- Uninterrupted production – The most vital advantage of IR is that it ensures unhindered production. This leads to lesser or no job risk for all, including the manager, the workers and other people in the supply chain. It also ensures optimum use of resources, resulting in the optimum levels production. There also remains a continuous flow of income for all.
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It is obvious that the assignments on IR will always introduce complicated issues related to the relations between the management and the workers in a company. A student needs to understand the laws, their applications, power of government agencies, and many such things. Thus, writing an assignment on IR is never an easy task, which needs professional support from an efficient assignment writing help like BookMyEssay.
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Features Actual Space Flown Relic from Apollo–Soyuz
The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project was the first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, and the last flight of an Apollo spacecraft. The flight launched in July 1975, and was the last manned US space mission until the first Space Shuttle flight in April 1981. The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments and provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–Mir Program and the International Space Station. This photograph shows the Apollo spacecraft being recovered in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1975 after traveling over 3.5 million miles. In total, the spacecraft flew 136 orbits around the earth during its nine day mission.
This photograph is matted to include a piece of flown Kapton relic. This pressure-sensitive Kapton polyimide tape was part of the spacecraft's thermal protection subsystem and was removed from the heat shield after splashdown. Kapton is a polyimide film developed by DuPont which can remain stable in a wide range of temperatures, from −273 to +400 °C (−459 – 752 °F).
Certificate of Authenticity included.


text: Aiko (Fumi Nikaido) is 24-years-old and a new teacher at an elementary school in the city. She comes from a rural area in Ishikawa. While giving her first greeting, she becomes nervous and resorts to using her hometown expression of "Gappa" instead of "Issyou Kenmei" ("I'll do my best"). Since then she is called "Teacher Gappa." Aiko begins work as the homeroom teacher of 2 class 5th grade. With her background from read morethe countryside, Aiko faces her news students, their parents and fellow teachers with brightness.


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|The situation where at a particular area of the body has an inflammation then it is known as septic shock. The major risk related to it is organ failure, in some cases it is multiple organ failure. It simultaneously leads to death. It mainly occurs to kids and old aged people as their immune system is very weak and it cant cope with the infection. There is another type or class of septic shock and it is known as ischemia.
The impact factor of journal provides quantitative assessment tool for grading, evaluating, sorting and comparing journals of similar kind. It reflects the average number of citations to recent articles published in science and social science journals in a particular year or period, and is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field. It is first devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. The impact factor of a journal is evaluated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years.


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COLUMBUS, Ohio – Having the right kind of neighbors can help prevent teens from having sex at an early age, according to new research.
A study in Chicago found that some teens were more likely to delay having sex if they lived in neighborhoods where the adults kept a close eye on area children.
The teens who benefited from living in these close-knit neighborhoods were those who had the least parental supervision, such as might occur when both parents work outside the home.
The results show another reason why neighborhoods are important in the lives of residents, said Christopher Browning, co-author of the study and associate professor of sociology at Ohio State University.
"Teens may benefit when they live in neighborhoods where adults take responsibility for socializing kids, even those they may not know personally," Browning said. "These are the neighborhoods where residents share the same values and norms, and try to pass them along to youth."
While previous research has shown that good neighbor relations help prevent crime, Browning said this is the first study to show how how these strong relationships among neighbors may affect teenage sexual behavior.
"Crime tends to happen in public spaces, but this is different. Sexual behavior happens in private spaces, in people's homes, so it may not be as easy to regulate as crime. But in some neighborhoods, adults are making sure kids aren't unsupervised in empty homes after school."
Browning conducted the study with Jeanne Brooks-Gunn from Columbia University and Tama Leventhal from John Hopkins University. The study appears in the current issue of the American Sociological Review.
The data came from a larger project called the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, which is designed to examine the role of neighborhoods in the lives of children.
The study included residents of 80 neighborhoods. In 1994-95, researchers interviewed people in each of the neighborhoods to calculate what they call "neighborhood collective efficacy." This is a measure of how close-knit each of these communities were. Among other things, residents were asked to rate how much people trusted their neighbors, and whether adults in the neighborhood could be counted on to watch out for children.
In 1995-96, 431 boys and 476 girls aged 11 to 16 and their caregivers, all from these 80 neighborhoods, were interviewed about a wide variety of issues, including early sexual experiences of the youths.
The results showed that the type of neighborhood didn't have any effect on the age of first intercourse for teens whose parents reported they kept a close eye on where their children were at all times.
But for teens who weren't as closely supervised, they were less likely to have intercourse at an early age if they lived in one of the close-knit neighborhoods where adults kept an eye out on local kids.
"When both parents are working, or children are being raised by a single parent, supervision may be more difficult. In these circumstances, it helps to live in a neighborhood where there are other adults who share the same values and who will help supervise teens," Browning said.
The results don't mean it is best if parents are constantly watching over teens, he said. Teens need to learn how to use their independence and it doesn't help them develop if parents are overprotective.
"But you need to know what kind of community you live in," Browning added. "If you live in the right kind of neighborhood and you give your teens some independence, they have the opportunity to see other adults who reinforce your norms and values. That's going to be beneficial in the long run."
Results showed that youth from high-poverty neighborhoods were more likely than those from other areas to have sex earlier. However, the effect of good neighbor relations was nearly as strong as the effect of living in a poor neighborhood, Browning said. "Poverty isn't the whole story."
The results also showed that parental monitoring had more effect on the behavior of girls than it did on boys.
"Boys at this age tend to take part in more risky behavior," he said. "The parents' capacity to control boys' behavior through monitoring is more limited, but strong neighborhoods where parents jointly supervise local teens can have an impact on boys' behavior."
Browning said the findings suggest anything that can be done to promote good neighbor relations will have positive impacts on families. Formal and informal neighborhood groups such as block watches and community organizations may have benefits beyond the specific issues they consider.
"Building strong communities will help in many ways, including preventing risky early sexual behavior among adolescents."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
I always like to know everything about my new friends, and nothing about my old ones.
-- Oscar Wilde


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There's a reason divorce is regarded as such a significant life change. Aside from familial relationships, divorce can affect everything from your home, retirement, and anything in between. Who gets or loses certain property in a divorce is among the most common questions people have about the process.
Unlike states that divide a couple's property 50-50, Connecticut uses what is called equitable distribution. Under equitable distribution, a court can divide the marital estate how they see fit. A judge may still determine that 50-50 is the fair share for each party, but under state law can award any or all of one spouse's estate to the other spouse.
What property will you lose or gain?
The good news is the law lays out specific criteria for courts to use in their decision-making. Your ruling is not random. Some of those criteria include:
- The length of the marriage and the reasons for the divorce
- The earning potential of each spouse, including education and their ability to work
- Each spouse's income and sources of income
- Both spouse's contribution to the estates
What you stand to gain or lose in your really depends on your unique circumstances. There is no all-encompassing answer to this question. Yet, because of how dependent the outcome of your case is, it's important to ensure you receive all the property the law entitles you to. Similarly, it's also important not to lose more property than you should. The facts of your divorce are unique and require a customized legal strategy to ensure the best possible outcome.


King's Table: Legend of Ragnarok Download (1993 Strategy Game)
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A version of an old Norse board game called King's Table. The game has black and white teams, like chess, but each team has different pieces and a different raison d'etre.
The white team has a total of 13 pieces, the most important one being Odin the King, who starts in the centre of the 10x10 board and moves in the same way as a chess King, whereas black has 20 pawns and four other pieces. White wins if Odin can reach one of the corner squares; black wins if it surrounds Odin on all 4 sides. The pawns actually move the same way as chess queens, but pieces are captured by surrounding them on 2 sides (although some special pieces must be surrounded on 3 sides). The specials are chosen from the selection at the start of the game, and have a variety of abilities, some 'borrowed' from chess.
The presentation of this interpretation is similar to Battle Chess, with bold 3D graphics and lots of animation.
Yes, it's a boardgame. And yes, it is one of the most meaningful boardgames you'll ever come across, along with chess, and, well... chess. This is no wonder, however, as it was created by Scandinavians over 1500 years ago.
Basics of Hnefa-tafl (required for playing)
There are two sides in the original game (hnefa-tafl - king's table): attacking and defending. The defending side starts in the center of the board, and the attackers in the middle of each of the four edges of the gameboard. The two sides have different goals.
The units in the game are able to move vertically or horizontally for an unlimited number of spaces on the board, with the exception of the "king" who is able to move only two squares, again, vertically or horizontally, per turn. The "eating" of the units takes place when a player in his/her turn moves his own unit so that it traps an opponent's unit between two units of his/her own. Note that a unit may move to a spot between two of his opponent's units without being eaten.
The goal of the game depends on the side you are playing. The defender's goal is to reach one of the four corners of the board with the "king" (the unit in center of the gameboard). Reaching any of these corners marks the defender victorious and thus ends the game. Correspondingly, the goal of the attacker is to prevent the "king" from reaching any of these corners by surrounding it both vertically and horizontally with his/her own units.
The original game mode is included in King's Table -The Legend of Ragnarok, but there is also a campaign, "Ragnarok", which is the major part of the game.
Firstly, the Ragnarok mode differs from the original in its units. Both sides will have four special units on the battlefield. They are chosen from six characters of the corresponding side in the Mythology of Valhalla. For example, the forces of Darkness could have Loki, Jormungand, Hyrm and Garm, and the forcess of Valhalla could have (in addition to Odin who is the "king" of the game) Thor, Tyr, Freyr and Vidar. These special units differ from the normal units (the Einherjar of Valhalla and the giants of Darkness). For example, Tyr (Valhalla) and Garm (Darkness) must be surrounded by three units in order to be "eaten".
In the campaign, you play as Odin, trying to find a way to cheat your own destined fate. In order to fool it, you find yourself playing this game with mortals. Thus, in this task you will play against many different personalities, while the game will keep getting harder with every victory that you achieve.
The foes all have unique personalities, which can be observed through the comments that they make during the game. This is a nice addition, especially when these comments make you laugh.
Unfortunately, the game is short and can be completed in under three hours due to the lack of difficulty, which cannot be increased or decreased. But luckily there is the multiplayer mode, which can be played in original or Ragnarok mode. The music is perfectly relaxing and fits the game brilliantly. The graphics haven't suffered enough to hinder the playability of the game and are actually quite beautiful.
King's Table - The Legend of Ragnarok is strategy at its best. It is an excellent game that shouldn't be missed by any who are interested in chesslike boardgames or Scandinavian mythology.
King's Table is an excellent computerized version an ancient Scandinavian board game of the same name. The arrangement of the pieces and differing objectives of the two sides set King's Table apart from Chess or Draughts. White player's objective is to move its king to the haven of one of the corners of the board, while black's goal is to prevent that from happening. This computer version also features "Ragnarok" tournament mode, where the player takes the role of Norse God Odin, who has special pieces with unique powers. While the AI is none too bright, the unique gameplay and solid execution makes this a great old game. If you love esoteric board games, it doesn't get much more esoteric than this.
How to run this game on modern Windows PC?
People who downloaded King's Table: Legend of Ragnarok have also downloaded:
Kingdoms of Germany, Kingdom at War, Kingmaker, Kaiser, L'Empereur, King's Bounty, Imperialism 2: The Age of Exploration, High Command: Europe _PHONE_


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CLEAR CREEK, TX (DEWITT COUNTY)
CLEAR CREEK, TEXAS (DeWitt County). Clear Creek was near present Ranch Road 108 ten miles north of Yorktown in western DeWitt County, in an area predominantly settled by Germans. The community center was the Clear Creek school, organized in 1894 and sometimes called Sandgate. The school building also was used as a Methodist church. In 1926 the public school at nearby Nopal was merged with the Clear Creek school, which closed in 1951. By 1961 only Sandgate Cemetery marked the area. An earlier Clear Creek school may have been organized fourteen miles southeast in 1885 and operated until 1898; that building reportedly also doubled as a Methodist church.
Nellie Murphree, A History of DeWitt County (Victoria, Texas, 1962).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Craig H. Roell, "CLEAR CREEK, TX (DEWITT COUNTY)," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 24, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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Leicester Archaeologists find 5000-year-old Human Remains
By Corinne Field 01/04/2004
Bones of a man and woman dating back to 3000BC have been found in a gravel pit in Leicestershire. The extraordinary find, including a skull, vertebrae and long bones, are the earliest human remains ever found in the county... continues...
An earthwork site once interpreted as being a Roman Legionary fortress; though now thought to be a probable Iron Age hillfort. Late Bronze Age and Iron Age pottery and a Roman pottery sherds have been found here. The site was later incorporated into Brough/ Burgh Medieval Deer Park and may have indeed given the park its name.
(SK 498058) Bury Camp (NR) (1)
A rectangular camp of single vallum & fosse, known as "Ratby Burrow" or "Bury" Camp: occupies an area of over nine acres.
Rampart 3ft high on north side with escarpment of 38ft into a ditch with 9ft counterscarp. "At the NE & SW angles the vallum rises to a greater height and at the former is a fragment of a slightly raised circular platform". Four of the gaps "are in each side, are no doubt entrances: so apparently are two other openings near the eastern angles, that at the northern looked down upon by the aforesaid platform, and that on the south defended by a rise in the vallum to 8 ft perpendicular measurement. At point 'C' on plan (2) is a modern opening". Gould suggests that the earthwork is pre-Roman. (2-4)
Possible site of the early legionary camp in the neighbourhood of Leicester. "It may be suggested that the earthworks at Ratby, of which a plan made by Throsby in 1791 is reproduced on p 4, may be the actual site. The position is a commanding one on the hills three miles west of Leicester. The shape of the camp certainly suggests a Roman rather than an earlier or later origin, while a small sherd of Roman mortarium was picked up in a rabbit scrape in 1938. Excavation is obviously necessary to prove this suggestion". (5)
"The Treasure was found in an Iron Age shrine dating from around 50 BC through to the Roman invasion of AD 43. Archaeologists believe that the site is a type of open air shrine that is the first of its kind to have been discovered in the UK. It was located on a hilltop and was probably enclosed by a ditch with a palisade to one side.
No building was discovered inside the enclosure and archaeologists believe that people were worshipping some natural feature – trees, stones or perhaps even wooden idols.
The shrine was witness to a lot of activity from the turn of the 1st century AD until the time of the Roman invasion. Worshippers were burying their riches, feasting and sacrificing.
Watch a slide show to see what was happening over the years of The Hallaton Shrine" at Leicestershire County Council's website.
In CA 233 we reported on the discovery at Hallaton, in Leicestershire, of a rare Roman cavalry parade helmet. It was just one of a number of items of treasure found at a pre-Roman shrine that continues to excite debate. Frank Hargrave, Project Officer at the Harborough Museum describes the other finds."
The treasure includes more than 5,000 silver and gold coins.
Experts estimate that most of the coins date from about 50 BC to slightly beyond the Roman conquest. However, there are over 300 Roman coins which date to later activity at the site, right up to the 4th century AD.
The Treasure also includes the oldest Roman coin ever found in Britain.
"Archaeologists have pieced together the remains of a 2,000-year-old guard dog whose spirit is believed to have protected a hoard of treasure. The skeleton, which is about the same size as that of a retriever or Alsatian, was discovered in a pit at the site of an Iron Age shrine in Hallaton, near Market Harborough.
The hoard was discovered a decade ago and is now housed in a gallery at Harborough Museum.
The dog's skeleton, which was pieced together by experts from the University of Leicester's archaeological services, will go on show at the museum for the first time on Saturday."
Ancient Leicestershire hillfort to reveal ancient secrets
An ancient Leicestershire hillfort will reveal some of its historic secrets over the next month, as archaeologists from the University of Leicester welcome the public to visit the second season of major excavation of the site.
Situated on the Jurassic scarp with commanding views of the surrounding countryside, Burrough Hill near Melton Mowbray is one of the most striking and frequently visited prehistoric monuments in central Britain.
Despite the site's importance, relatively little is known about its ancient past. Last year a team from the University of Leicester began a five-year survey and excavation of the site, with support from landowners the Ernest Cook Trust (a national educational charity), English Heritage and Leicestershire County Council.
Trenches dug within the fort last summer revealed part of its stone defences, along with a cobbled road, a massive timber gateway and a 'guard' chamber built into the entrance rampart. This room remarkably still had surviving Iron Age floors, complete with its hearths an incredibly rare find (_URL_
The most surprising discovery so far is evidence of a further large Iron Age settlement just outside the hillfort that was discovered by geophysical survey, suggesting that the hillfort community may have been even larger than thought.
This year the team is revisiting the massive eastern entrance to expose the remainder of the chamber and reveal clues as to what it was used for. Another area will target several roundhouses in the settlement outside in order to find out when and why so many people lived here.
The excavations will take place between 13th June and 15th July and will aim to add to results from a successful first season of excavation in 2010.
A public open day on Sunday June 26th (11am to 4pm) will include guided tours of the excavations and a display of archaeological finds, as well as a chance to meet an 'Iron Age warrior' and learn about life in a roundhouse. Many of these activities are funded by the Southeast Leicestershire Treasure Project which has made another wonderful Leicestershire Iron Age find, the Hallaton Treasure, available to the public. A guided walk around the hill fort will also be held at the end of the dig on Monday 18th July as part of the national Festival of Archaeology.
The University of Leicester is also organising a summer school for local pupils. Funding from Aimhigher in the East Midlands will enable 16 year 11 pupils from backgrounds under-represented in higher education to benefit from a residential experience, including working on the dig at Burrough Hill and skills development work with the Department of Archaeology.
Funding from the Ernest Cook Trust (_URL_) has enabled the University to employ an outreach worker and create resource packs for schools, making the most of the site's education potential.
Byron Rhodes, Leicestershire County Council's Cabinet Member for Country Parks said:
"Burrough Hill Country Park is one of the most striking and historic features in the landscape of eastern Leicestershire. The well-preserved Iron Age hill fort dramatically crowns a steep-sided promontory of land with superb views. A prominent landmark and ready-made arena, the hill has long been a place for public recreation.
"I am delighted that the County Council is working in partnership with the University to delve deep into the parks history and I'm looking forward to seeing what further discoveries are made. The open day will provide the opportunity to showcase some of the amazing finds for the very first time and I would urge people to come along."
Dr Patrick Clay, Co-director of University of Leicester Archaeological Services added:
'This is a great opportunity to examine the development of this remarkable monument. Our understanding of Iron Age sites has increased enormously in the last 20 years but this has mainly been through examining lowland farmsteads and a few larger settlements. This work will help our understanding of the role of 'hillforts' and their relationship with the smaller surrounding settlements'.
It seems a village schoolmaster got himself lost in the snow on the hill fort in the nineteenth century.He was thought dead when his violin was discovered two days later, but was subsequently found alive. So that's alright then!
I think this a super site. It's in a really pretty part of Leicestershire, there is a little car park for those (like me) who don't always want to drag family members across miles of trackless moor, and it's only a short walk to the fort itself.It has an obvious entrance where a guard house was situated. The ramparts are high all round and the hill at the back of the fort is really steep and high.I know, I walked up it and it took about twenty minutes to get my breath back. The view over rural Leicestershire is very dramatic, but visit early or late if you want atmosphere, there seem to be quite a few visitors and people flying kites or model aeroplanes!


text:
Desiccation in woody plants is common in Colorado, because soils range from sandy to clay and plants rely almost totally on supplemental watering. In addition, nearly all woody plants found in Colorado are imported from different parts of the country and have varying moisture requirements.
Symptoms of desiccation appear when too little or too much water is available. It also occurs in plants that have weak root systems; most often in transplants. Too much water drives oxygen from the soil, which leaves roots unable to absorb water and nutrients. Symptoms of desiccation appear over the course of a day in small, newly transplanted plants. A large conifer may not show symptoms for a couple of years.
In response to desiccation, many plants will try to adapt. Established deciduous woody plants show the most obvious signs of desiccation. To conserve water, these plants often shed some or all their leaves. In the fall, early coloration is a sign of water stress. Cottonwoods, aspens and willows also drop twigs and small branches in a effort to conserve. After several years of inadequate water, the annual growth becomes weak.
Conifers are much less susceptible to desiccation. Their needles are well adapted to xeric conditions. If water stress does occur, it's most likely to happen in spruce and fir. In these plants, you typically won't see symptoms until the following growing season when stunted and off-color needles appear.
Desiccation in broad-leaved evergreens, such as Oregon grape and pyracantha, often appears in leaves, which brown at the margins. To protect broad-leafed evergreens, plant them in a protected area, such as the north side of a structure.
Don't flood plants to correct water deficits. Flooding, even for a short period, can quickly kill a woody plant.
For "Fall & winter watering" refer to message number 1706.
For more information, see the following Colorado State Extension fact sheet(s). _URL_


text:
Impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion on Cancer Admissions and Surgeries
Emanuel Eguia*1, Adrienne N. Cobb*1, Anai N. Kothari*1, Haroon Janjua*1, Ayrin Molefe*1, Paul C. Kuo2
1Loyola, Maywood, IL;2USF, Tampa, FL
OBJECTIVE(S): To evaluate the trends in cancer (CA) admissions and surgeries after ACA Medicaid expansion.
METHODS: This is a retrospective study using HCUP-SID analyzing inpatient CA (pancreas, esophagus, lung, bladder, breast, colon, prostate and stomach) admissions and surgeries pre-(2010-2013) and post-(2014) Medicaid expansion. Surgery was defined as observed resection rate per 100 cancer admissions. Non-Expansion (FL) and Expansion states (IA, MD, and NY) were compared. A generalized linear model with a Poisson distribution and logistic regression was used with incidence rate ratios (IRR) and difference-in-differences (DID).
RESULTS: There were 317, 379 patients with private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid or no insurance. Pancreas, breast, colon, prostate, and stomach CA admissions significantly increased in Expansion, but decreased in Non-Expansion states. (IRR=1.12, 1.14, 1.11, 1.34, 1.23, respectively; p<0.05) Lung and colon CA surgeries (IRR=1.30, 1.25; p<0.05) increased, while breast CA surgeries (IRR=1.25; p<0.05) decreased less in Expansion states. Govt. subsidized or self-pay patients had greater odds of undergoing lung, bladder, and colon CA surgery (OR; 0.45 vs. 0.33; 0.60 vs. 0.48; 0.47 vs. 0.39; p<0.05) in Expansion states after reform compared to Non-Expansion.
CONCLUSIONS: In states that expanded Medicaid coverage under the ACA, the rate of surgeries for breast, colon and lung CA increased significantly. Parenthetically, these cancers are subject to population screening programs. We conclude that expanding insurance coverage results in enhanced access to cancer surgery.
Back to 2018 Program


text:
Working effectively in an IT environment
if you're stuck for a photo, search on flickrCC
From the official document:
- "This unit defines the competency required to work effectively within the IT environment of an organisation by researching and assembling information about the organisation's IT systems, equipment, software, policies and governance arrangements."
Basically, that means... (translate above into plain english)
You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAW2001A.
This unit is a pre-requisite for the following qualifications:
How this unit will help you
After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:
|1. Identify IT in an organisation and related relevant policies and procedures||
|2. Identify IT equipment, software and operating systems used by the organisation||
- translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here...
Ideas for learning the required skills
It is critical that you have some hands on experience. A great start would be a virtual machine. Watching videos pertaining to a specific device or course. Reading on the subject can only help understand it.
Ideas for demonstrating this unit
The best way to demonstrate these skills is...
If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:
Notes and discrepancies


text:
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle (Cicindela parowana) is a metallic green (dorsally and ventrally) beetle with distinct pattern of white markings on its wings. This species reaches 1.2 cm in length, and has bulbous eyes, slender legs and antennae, and a characteristic hop and fly escape movement similar to other tiger beetles.
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle, subspecies wallisi, was assessed as Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and is listed as Endangered in Canada on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). In British Columbia, Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle is ranked S1 (critically imperiled) by the Conservation Data Centre and is on the provincial Red list. The B.C. Conservation Framework ranks Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle as a priority 1 under goal 3 (maintain the diversity of native species and ecosystems). Recovery is considered to be biologically and technically feasible.
The Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle may have always been rare within the ecosystems of the southern Okanagan. Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle was thought to be extirpated from Canada as extensive searches throughout the Okanagan Valley had failed to record the species within its known range. Historical records are from sites with vague site names and unclear habitat associations, and were also collected over 50 years ago. This vague information makes it difficult to describe habitat associations and search historical sites. However, upon going through unidentified specimens, it was noted that a specimen had been collected in 1996 outside of Oliver. Subsequently, the species has also been recorded in 2011 near Oliver. Only two extant sites are currently known.
The two extant records for Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle are within open ponderosa pine forest habitats, and not typical of the salt flat or alkaline habitats where the species was thought to have been collected historically. Thus, the species may still be within unchecked sparsely vegetated open ponderosa pine habitats. Once the habitat parameters for this species are better understood, more targeted surveys within the southern Okanagan can be conducted.
No significant threats are known at the two extant Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle sites; however, there may be threats to this species in unchecked habitat where it could still be found. Although historical threats to the species are unknown, it is likely that the habitat loss of sandy alkaline habitats and the more open habitats in the Okanagan Valley bottom has had an impact on this species.
The recovery (population and distribution) goal is to maintain all extant populations of Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle across the species? range in British Columbia.
The following are the recovery objectives:
1.To secure protection for all known extant sites of Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle.
2.To address knowledge gaps (e.g., range extent within the south Okanagan, habitat requirements for each life stage, species-specific threats).
B.C. Ministry of Environment. 2014. Recovery Plan for Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle (Cicindela parowana) in British Columbia. Province of B.C., B.C. Ministry of Environment. BC Recovery Strategy (Species at Risk)
Scientific Name: Cicindela parowana
English Name: Dark Saltflat Tiger Beetle
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I understand that in the limit that h_bar goes to zero, the Feynman path integral is dominated by the classical path, and then using the stationary phase approximation we can derive an approximation for the propagator which is a function of the classical trajectory (see _URL_ pg 46).
I am under the impression that this further implies that the particle follows the classical trajectory but I don't understand how the above mentioned fact implies this.
The propagator describes the time-evolution of the wavefunction, so I would think that this classical limit form of the propagator should give a time-evolution in which the wavefunction follows the classical trajectory, but I have not been able to find such work. Moreover, even this statement itself is problematic since the wavefunction describes a probability distribution and not a single trajectory.
$\textbf{New Edit:}$ In section 7 of Feynman's paper introducing the path integral (see _URL_ he discusses the classical limit. It appears that the key to understanding why the fact that the classical path dominates the path integral further implies that the particle follows the classical trajectory may be found in Feynman's remark on pg 21: "Now we ask, as $\hbar → 0$ what values of the intermediate coordinates $x_i$ contribute most strongly to the integral? These will be the values most likely to be found by experiment and therefore will determine, in the limit, the classical path." However, I don't understand why "These will be the values most likely to be found by experiment"?
share|improve this question
Related question by OP: physics.stackexchange.com/q/32110/2451 – Qmechanic Jul 17 '12 at 21:18
Feynman simply means that the coordinates $x_i$ that contribute most strongly to the integral will be the ones with highest probability should one inquire about the particle's position at some intermediate time. – Emilio Pisanty Aug 11 '12 at 23:29
Cross-posted from mathoverflow.net/questions/102415 – Qmechanic Oct 26 '12 at 21:26
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The semiclassical limit you're describing says that the amplitude for a particle to get from here to there in a set time is equal to the exponential of the classical action for the corresponding classical trajectory. In symbols this reads $$\langle x_b|U(T)|x_a\rangle=\int \mathcal{D}\varphi e^{iS[\phi]/\hbar} \approx e^{{i}S[\varphi_\textrm{cl}(x_a,x_b,T)]/\hbar}.$$ In a general quantum state, however, particles are not "here" and don't end up "there": they have an initial probability amplitude $\langle x|\psi(0)\rangle$ for being at each position $x$ at time $t=0$ and will have a final probability amplitude $\langle x|\psi(T)\rangle$ for being at position $x$ at time $T$. To apply the approximation, you pull out the propagator and insert a resolution of the identity: $$\langle x|\psi(T)\rangle=\int dy\langle x|U(T)|y\rangle\langle y|\psi(0)\rangle=\int dye^{{i}S[\varphi_\textrm{cl}(y,x,T)]/\hbar}\langle y|\psi(0)\rangle.$$
To get a full semiclassical limit, you also need a semiclassical initial state (since otherwise you've obviously got no hope!). You take, then, a state with (relatively) sharply defined position and momentum (of course, the state will occupy some finite region of phase space but you usually can assume, in these circumstances, that it is small enough), and this will make the amplitudes for points outside the classical trajectory interfere destructively and vanish.
So how does this happen? For one, $y$ must be close to the initial position, $y_0$ in order to contribute to the integral. For small displacements of the endpoints, then, the action along the classical trajectory varies as $$\delta S=p_{\varphi,x}\delta x-p_{\varphi,y}\delta y$$ (cf. Lanczos, The Variational Principles of Mechanics, 4th edition, Dover, eqs 53.3 and 68.1, or simply do the standard integration by parts and set $\int\delta L dx=0$ along the classical trajectory). The main contribution of the initial state to the phase is of the form $e^{ip_\textrm{cl}y}$, which means that the integral has more or less the form, up to a phase, $$\langle x|\psi(T)\rangle\approx \int_{y_0-\Delta x/2}^{y_0+\Delta x/2}e^{i(p_{\varphi,y}-p_\textrm{cl})y/\hbar}dy.$$
Here the momentum $p_{\varphi,y}$ is determined by $x$ and (to leading order) $y_0$, since there is a unique classical path that connects them. This momentum must match (to precision $\Delta p\approx \hbar/\Delta x$, which we assume negligible in this semiclassical limit) the classical momentum of the initial state, $p_\textrm{cl}$, and therefore only those $x$'s on the trajectory determined by the initial state will have nonzero amplitudes.
share|improve this answer
Thank you for your answer. I don't understand why "this will make the amplitudes for points outside the classical trajectory interfere destructively and vanish." Could you please explain this. Also, please see my new edit to the question. Thank you. – dab Aug 10 '12 at 23:18
Thank you very much for your reply. There are a few things which I could use some more details on to better understand your answer. Rather than getting into detailed questions, I was wondering if you know of a textbook or paper which goes through your argument. Thank you. – dab Aug 12 '12 at 22:59
I don't really know any references with this material but I would very much like to see one. I'm also rather grateful to you for forcing me to work this out clearly. – Emilio Pisanty Aug 14 '12 at 2:47
It's NOT true in general that the semiclassical limit is always dominated by stationary solutions of the original bare Lagrangian. Instead, the best quasiclassical limit looks more like the coarse grained consistent histories framework aka decoherent histories along the dynamically determined pointer basis.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


View Full Version : echo function variable
03-30-2007, 04:55 PM
I'm trying to learn more about functions, how they work, etc, and have a quick, hopefully easy question.
How do you possibly echo a specific variable from function? In experimenting, I tried the below simple code, but no luck with it.
function lets_learn(){
$a = 'variable_a';
$b = 'variable_b';
$a = lets_learn($a);
$b = lets_learn($b);
echo $b;
03-30-2007, 05:09 PM
Can only return 1 variable from a function (from what I've experienced anyway). This is what you'll have to do.
function lets_learn($which){
if($which == 'a'){
$var = 'variable_a';
$var = 'variable_b';
return $var;
echo lets_learn('a');
If you want to show variable_b, then change the letter a to b
echo lets_learn('b');
03-30-2007, 05:11 PM
I'm not sure what you are trying to learn but try this one. :)
function lets_learn($b) {
$a = 'variable_a';
echo $a;
return ($b);
$b = lets_learn('variable_b');
echo $b;
03-30-2007, 05:51 PM
You can return as many variables you want. Just put them in an array and return them all :D, then echo the one you want.
function lets_learn(){
$learn = array();
$learn['a'] = 'variable_a';
$learn['b'] = 'variable_b';
return $learn;
$learn = lets_learn();
echo $learn['b'];
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Navy designs special solar cells that work underwater
You know how water is blue, right? The reason water is blue is because it absorbs the red part of the solar spectrum. This, unfortunately, is a big chunk of the energy that solar cells like to suck down, which is why we don't have solar powered submarines, but the Naval Research Lab has designed a new type of cell that does work under da sea.
The key to harvesting energy from light underwater is to focus on the light that doesn't get sucked up by all the H2O in between you and the surface. This means designing a solar cell that works most efficiently with the light in the blue and green parts of the spectrum. Instead of using crystalline silicon, the NRL went with gallium indium phosphide, which is most efficient in wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers, ideal for underwater use. Because of the narrow spectrum, the cells can be very efficient, and even though the overall intensity of light is much lower underwater, the cells can eke out enough juice to power sensors 30 feet down.
The NRL says that this could be a key development of long-duration autonomous underwater systems and sensor platforms, and we wholeheartedly agree: clearly, solar powered submarines are the future.
NRL, via Engadget
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Migrainous neuralgia
migrainous neuralgia
A term used to describe a headache that is typified by constant, unilateral pain around the eye, with onset usually within 2-3 hours of falling asleep. Can be accompanied by a blocked nasal passage, runny nose, and-or tearing. One may also notice facial flushing, ptosis (dropping eyelid), facial swelling and constriction of the pupils.
Retrieved from "_URL_
First | Previous (Migraine without headache) | Next (Migrate) | Last


text:
MINING LANDSCAPE TOUR
More than a Century of active Mining leaves behind its remnants, though many of these are disappearing as the District's environment is cleaned up. But throughout the District, which runs for several miles, are still the remains of one of the greatest Districts of the 19th and early 20th Centuries.
Some of the Mining Landscape is easy to recognize, though often hard to find, because it's tucked in among the many Hills and Valleys that make up the District. Of the dozens of Headframes that once lowered Miners deep into the Earth and brought out tons of rich Ore, only a handful remain.
The Plants that helped remove Copper and other Metals from the Ore still have their remains, as well, including a High-Tech Facility that makes use of Bacteria to assist in the removal process. Many other major artifacts can be seen in part and understood with the assistance of the Lavender Jeep Tour Guides.
The story of Copper Mining has many parts, including the ever-changing Techniques that were used over the Century of Mining, the Economics that made it possible to Mine First Underground and then in large Pit and the stories of the Miners, who often spent their entire Careers in one Mine in Bisbee.
The Lavender Jeep Tour Guides can help Visitors locate the Remote Shack that was used to guide the massive (or so they thought back in the 1960s) Haulage Trucks to the proper Shovel to make them more efficient and the Plant that dumped in old car bodies and tin cans and pulled out similarly shaped items made of Copper a few days later. And so much more than Visitor would miss if they were on their own.
The story of Bisbee's Copper Landscape is Rich with Personal Stories. It is the Story of Industrial America as it evolved with the Age of Electricity and the years of WWI, Great Depression, and WWI, and then Post-WWII Boom.
As the Mines were closing in the 1970s, a new Era dawned on America - the Age of Environmentalism. In the years since, much has been done to take a Copper District that was Pre-Environmentalism and make it conform to what have become commonplace ways of dealing with Air, Water, and Soil.
Bisbee's Mining Landscape also tells the Story of Tomorrow's Copper Mines, and the Tour takes a look at how new Mines might be developed in Bisbee and how they would be different from those of the past, while still providing a Vital Commodity.
|This Page and Its Contents Copyright © 2009 - 2012 Lavender Jeep Tours and Matt's Designs. All Rights Reserved.|


Asia's Covid Surges Should Worry Us All
Health workers collect nasal swab samples at a temporary Covid-19 testing center set up at the Siantan Hall in Batu Caves, Malaysia. (Photographer: Samsul Said/Bloomberg)
Asia's Covid Surges Should Worry Us All
Complacency, populism and poor infrastructure fueled a devastating second wave of Covid-19 in India, a disaster that has infected millions and wrought havoc well beyond its borders thanks to a new, more contagious variant. But none of those failings are unique to the country. So why are we not paying more attention to surges elsewhere in the neighborhood, in places no better equipped to contain a spike or track new mutations?
Alarm bells should be ringing across Southeast Asia. It's bad enough in Thailand, Malaysia and even, to a more modest degree, Vietnam, all hitting record daily cases far worse than in earlier waves. Indonesia is edging toward 6,000 new daily infections, and the Philippines on Saturday announced over 6,800. It's too early to know if that's just a blip in a recent downward trend, or something more serious.
But a bigger concern should be the region's poorer corners that, until now, had escaped the worst. Cambodia saw a surge so severe last month that leader Hun Sen said his country was "on the brink of death." New infections have eased, but overall case numbers are now well over 24,000, from a 10th of that in early April. Laos had a total of less than 50 cases at the start of April, but official figures are now at more than 1,700. In Myanmar, it's hard to even know the extent of the spread, given testing virtually dried up after a military coup in February.
It's all coming at a time when economies and households are weakened by the consequences of more than a year of virus restrictions, and few governments are eager to repeat 2020 lockdowns. Vaccine rollouts are slow and borders porous, with cases already turning up in China. Laos has roughly 5,000 kilometers, some 3,100 miles, of frontiers with five neighbors, and early cases in this wave involved people crossing the Mekong River from Thailand
Then there are wealthier places, like Singapore and Taiwan, that had been seen as havens for their success in controlling the virus and are now grappling with outbreaks and imposing tighter restrictions. Japan is an unmitigated Covid-19 mess, with a fresh wave of cases, one of the lowest vaccination rates among affluent nations, and a looming Olympic Games opposed by more than 80% of the population.
Asia's Covid Surges Should Worry Us All
Asia isn't alone. South American authorities are struggling with new waves and a worrying variant, this time coming out of Brazil, where a president who scoffs at the disease has left hospitals struggling. But it's a striking example — and not the first in this pandemic — of how we keep repeating the same mistakes.
Two clear lessons need to be taken on board. The first, simply, is that there's no way of controlling the coronavirus without vaccines. It's the reason parts of Europe and the United States are now seeing lower numbers and discussing summer holiday plans. Thailand, by contrast, wants to reopen the tourist island of Phuket but has fully vaccinated just over 1% of its population and is seeing prison outbreaks so severe it's contemplating pardons
A low vaccination rate left Taiwan exposed when cases broke through its defenses, and it's a similar story in Singapore, where more citizens are immunized — just not enough of them. Both are now scrambling. The Lion City, forced to cancel high-profile events like the World Economic Forum, is rushing to give all adults a first shot by the end of August and will lengthen time between doses to cover more people.
That should be a warning to places where local cases are currently under control but vaccination rates remain anemic. Less than 12% of Hong Kong's population has had both doses. Australia has moved at such a leisurely pace — "a marathon and not a sprint" — that enough doses have been given to cover just 7% of the population. Both should be doing far more to prepare.
And there's a second, vital lesson from India, and indeed Brazil. That's the cost to the wider world of allowing hotspots to develop unmonitored, with insufficient testing, tracking and genome-sequencing abilities, which allow health authorities to keep up with the evolution of the virus and act accordingly. Their absence leaves everyone flying blind.
Consider Myanmar, already one of the worst-hit and least-prepared countries in Southeast Asia, with threadbare hospitals and just 0.7 intensive care beds and 0.5 ventilators per 100,000 people. India, by comparison, had a little over two beds, and South Korea nearly 11. None of that was helped by the military takeover, and doctors and nurses have been at the forefront of civil disobedience. Testing has fallen to a daily average of fewer than 1,000 samples from a paltry 18,000 before the coup. There is little hope for mass vaccination.
Variants must be caught before they explode, and we can't afford to overlook what's happening now across the region. The double mutant variant seen in India was around in December, but progressed unchecked. More are bound to emerge at this phase of the pandemic. That means urgent outside support and attention.
It isn't, yet, all over.
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text:
The Great Shofar Blast
Abba Ahimeir : A Brief Biography
Abba Ahimeir (Abba Shaul Geisinovich) was one of the early leaders of the Zionist Revisionists. He was an ideologist of the Revisionist movement's most radical wing, a politician and a talented publicist. He was born in 1898 in the village of Dolgoein Soligorsk region of Byelorussia. In 1928, when he lived in the British Mandate, Abba Ahimeir joined Zionists-Revisionists and became a supporter of active resistance to British Mandate authorities. In 1935 he was arrested and imprisoned for organizing the illegal "Rebels Union" (Brit-HaBirionim). Abba Ahimeir's views significantly influenced the shaping of the ideology of the Irgun and the LEHI undergrounds. He died in 1962.