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Why carbonated beverages are harmful?
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denyss | Student, College Freshman | eNoter
Posted January 17, 2010 at 10:34 PM via web
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Why carbonated beverages are harmful?
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giorgiana1976 | College Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted January 17, 2010 at 11:29 PM (Answer #1)
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Countless studies show that carbonated juices are made up of dangerous chemicals, responsible for many digestive diseases (gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome), also for different deficiencies.
Affect tooth enamel
American experts from the University of Rochester in New York warn that acidified juice is very dangerous for tooth enamel, while destroying it at a rate of 84 percent. Also, American studies have shown that acidified juice undo the action of analgesics, and beyond. Even the effect of antibiotics may be annihilated.
Prevent calcium absorption
Carbonated beverages are considered noxious in large part because of the rich content of phosphoric acid, responsible for decreased absorption of calcium and other minerals as important for the proper functioning of the body. Only 500 ml of carbonated juice daily can prevent assimilation of calcium, leading to serious problems of growth and bone development in children. Also, any women over 40 years should not abuse the carbonated soft drinks, because they significantly increase the risk of weakening the bone and even occurrence of osteoporosis.
Increase appetite
Experts have found that fizzy drinks are a risk to the figure due to sugar content, used to substitute pulp. In addition, phosphoric acid and artificial flavorings are guilty for an increased appetite for food.
Benzene, a carcinogenic compound
The amount of benzene in fizzy juicesis is eight times higher than that of water, French researchers stress the Food Standards Agency. Benzene is a combination of vitamin C and sodium benzoate, used as a preservative in soft drinks but also in many alcoholic beverages.The chemical, known as potent carcinogen, is associated in particular with the development of leukemia. If bowel cancer, a refreshing glass of juice a day is more than sufficient to promote cancer cell proliferation.
Energy drinks most dangerous
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany, concluded that energy drinks are dangerous, especially for adolescents, pregnant and nursing women. They are a combination of fructose, taurine and other synthetic chemicals, responsible for the occurrence of digestive problems, but for serious dehydration of the body.
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lit24 | College Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted January 17, 2010 at 11:29 PM (Answer #2)
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Carbonated drinks are harmful for the following reasons:
1. They contain excessive sugar. Consuming carbonated drinks can lead to excessive blood sugar levels which in turn can result in diabetes and obesity.
2. Carbonated drinks are highly acidic and can damage the stomach lining causing ulcers which may become cancerous.
3. Carbonated drinks contain phosphates which result in calcium loss which in turn results in osteoporosis.
But most importantly carbonated drinks have no nutritional value whatsoever.
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krishna-agrawala | College Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted January 18, 2010 at 12:00 AM (Answer #3)
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A carbonated beverage is any beverage, normally non alcoholic, which contains substantial quantity of carbon dioxide in dissolved in it artificially. By this definition, carbonated drink by itself is not harmful. However, many of the carbonated drinks available in the markets may contain some ingredients which may be harmful to health if taken in excess.
There are hundreds different types of popular carbonated beverages manufactured and sold all over the world. It will not be fair to condemn all of them as harmful. If at all some of them are harmful, we need to identify which of the beverages, and what harmful ingredients they contain.
Some of the previous posts identified sugar as a likely candidate for being labeled as harmful ingredients. But if we accept that then sweets that are taken even by toddlers and even younger children should qualify as harmful to health.
Acids are also frequently identified as harmful ingredients of carbonated beverages, and some beverages may contain specific types and concentration of acids that are harmful. But mere presence of acid is not necessarily bad. Our normal food contains many different types of acids. For example, milk contains lactic acid and lime contains citric acid. As a matter of fact our body itself produces hydrochloric acid which is used in the process of digesting the food.
Thus it appears that the claims of harmful effects of carbonated beverages are highly exaggerated. Laws in most of the countries do not permit manufacture and sale of food products that are clearly health hazards. But anything in excessincluding common bread and butter - is harmful. So people who drink carbonated beverages in excess clearly risk their health.
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versatilekamini | College Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted January 18, 2010 at 12:48 AM (Answer #4)
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Carbonated beverages have become so much a part of our modern living. A majority of carbonated beverages contain large amounts of refined sugar content of up to 15 teaspoons each in a 325 ml can. One can a day gives you more sugar than is necessary for your body.
Sugar erodes teeth, increases the risks of diabetes, heart disease, indigestion and skin problems. As sugar enters the bloodstream and increases the sugar level rapidly, it causes a dependency situation whereby the body craves for a constant flow of sugar to maintain its levels. This keeps us craving for more, creating a vicious cycle.
Carbonated drinks are made carbon dioxide which is injected into the water under pressure. The more carbon dioxide injected, the lower the pH, the more acidic it gets, the more fizzy it is. Carbon dioxide is a waste product exhaled by human. We don't need carbon dioxide. Too much carbon dioxide kills healthy cells. Dead cells cause an acidic environment.
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted January 17, 2010 at 10:38 PM (Answer #5)
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There are those who claim that carbonated beverages are harmful because of the carbon dioxide in them. But there is not really any scientific evidence for this. However, since just about all carbonated beverages contain lots of sugar, they are bad for you. It's just that they are bad for you because of the sugar, not because they are carbonated.
Theoretically, carbonated beverages could have bad effects because they are acidic. However, they are not acidic enough to cause any harm if one drinks normal amounts of them.
As I said before, though, the sugar in the beverages really is harmful -- it can decay teeth and it can contribute to such problems as obesity.
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ronablair | Elementary School Teacher | eNotes Newbie
Posted January 17, 2010 at 10:43 PM (Answer #6)
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Carbonated drinks are harmful first due to the sugar they contain. They also make a person feel full due to the carbonation, so a lot of useless calories are consumed leaving little room for healthy foods. Even sugarless carbonated drinks can be harmful as the sweetner fools the body into thinking it is receiving sugar, and then metabolism is affected. People who frequently drink a lot of calorie-free soda actually end up gaining weight.
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mkcapen1 | Middle School Teacher | Valedictorian
Posted January 17, 2010 at 10:45 PM (Answer #7)
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One of the most well known harmful effects of carbonated drinks is their effect on teeth. The acidulation in the beverages breaks down tooth enamel making the tooth vulnerable to tooth decay.
There have not been enough studies to prove the harmful effects of carbonated drinks on the human body but scientists do know the following:
 - Have a high acidic base
 - high intake can result in disruption of digestive process in the stomach
 - increased levels can erode stomach lining
 - it can interfere with the intake of calcium to the body
 - it is often used to replace healthier drinks such as milk or water
 - many of the drinks consumed have a high level of sugar which results in obesity and other health related conditions.
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text:
Marsden Square translator service
The Marsden Square translator service provides the means to calculate the geographical coordinates of the rectangular bounding box enclosing the squares represented by an input list of Marsden Square references. The output is provided as an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 19115 compliant XML fragment. To find out more, follow these links:
- Introduction — a brief introduction to Marsden Squares
- Method — currently deployed Web Service method with links to implementation instructions and the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) schema
- Technical specification — additional information for the Web Service specialist
Marsden Squares provide a mechanism for expressing spatial coordinates based on dividing the Earth's surface into indexed squares. They are mainly used for identifying the geographic position of meteorological and oceanographic data. For example, at BODC we use Marsden Squares in our cruise inventory.
The world is subdivided into 936 Marsden Squares. Each square represents ten degrees of latitude by ten degrees of longitude. These ten degree squares may be further divided into five or one degree squares.
- msqinput — The input is a string containing a list of Marsden Square numbers separated by one or more white space characters.
Full details for implementing this method can be viewed on the Marsden Square translator service method page. General information on how to set up Web Services is available from the BODC Web Services home page.
For generating client software to implement these methods, scripts can be automatically generated using the WSDL.
Style — Document/Literal Wrapped
Service name — MSQTranslator
Implementation — Axis
Related BODC pages
|BODC Web Services||Marsden Square method details|
Related external links
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Machining Modeling to Drive Innovation
Trial-and-error testing and the linear thinking associated with it to improve machining processes has been in place for over 100 years. Test data has even been packaged in modeling software to enable this mindset. These methods appear to work fine, until you:
- Break an extremely expensive tool
- Destroy a machine tool spindle
- Scrap an expensive workpiece due to an incorrect or misinformed decision
- Need to rework a bad NC program (oftentimes with multiple revisions)
- Lose business because of one or more of the above
Sound familiar? You've exceeded the limits of the linear world, the machine is down, and the plant manager is not happy. This approach can be frustrating, time consuming and extremely limiting.
Nonlinear methods are needed for Bold Innovation. Third Wave Systems' products don't ignore the nonlinearity of machining, instead, they tackle it head-on. We've worked hard to make sure our software meets the challenge of today's machining environment on the cutting edge. TWS' products are the only FEM-based, experimentally validated CAE products that analyze the material behavior at the tool cutting edge and at the toolpath level. They are easy to use because they are designed for people who understand machining, by people who understand it themselves. Here's what you'll find "under the hood" of these products:
- Advanced constitutive material models for accurate machining modeling
- Explicit-dynamic FEM solver to model complex mechanics
- FEM-driven toolpath modeling to provide more than just cutting forces
- Advanced algorithms to simplify analysis
- Open architecture to enable end-to-end analysis automation
Advanced Constitutive Material Models
Material behavior under machining conditions is inherently nonlinear. For example, pressure on a cutting edge turning Inconel at 300 SFM or milling at 3000 SFM results from a complex interaction of thermal-softening and strain-hardening as the material is sheared. Cutting test output can be beneficial in certain situations but is severely limited in its predictions over a wide range of cutting conditions.
By comparison, Third Wave Systems' advanced material models are based on fundamental material properties, capturing nonlinearity, which provides better predictions and consistent results. This is the best and only comprehensive way to understand machining processes.
Study tool stress at different sections of the model
Intelligent Adaptive Meshing
Explicit-Dynamic FEM solver
Third Wave Systems' Explicit-Dynamic FEM solver contains the critical algorithms needed for machining modeling. Accurately modeling the machining process requires an understanding of the energy distribution at the workpiece-tool-chip interface that can be effectively analyzed only through a thermo-mechanically coupled system. The separation of the chip and its flow over the rake face requires solving the multi-body contact problem. Advanced adaptive meshing algorithms are needed to intelligently manage the extreme deformation in the cutting zone. In addition, the usage of High-Performance Computing (HPC) technology is critical to managing the various complexities in machining while providing reliable results as quickly as possible.
FEM-Driven Toolpath-Level Modeling
Third Wave Systems provides FEM driven toolpath level modeling technology that integrates physics-based material models, CAD/CAM data, tooling and workpiece geometries to analyze and optimize machining processes. It provides forces, temperature, linear pressure, to name some of the outputs used for machining analysis. Optimizing a machining process is beyond just cycle time savings. Understanding the load on a spindle can help prevent unscheduled downtime. Having a detailed analysis of every degree of rotation can help improve part quality. Workholding design using the toolpath analysis can help shorten the New Product Introduction time.
Toolpath-Level Modeling Technology
Optimization in Production Module
Advanced Toolpath-Level Optimization Algorithms
Third Wave Systems has developed advanced statistical algorithms to help you optimize processes to reduce cycle times while maintaining or improving tool life. These suggested optimization values support faster new user onboarding while providing a standardized methodology across your organization.
Openness for Advanced Users
With around 150 materials in the database, Third Wave Systems' technology simplifies the job of creating new material models, giving you the flexibility to boldly innovate with new modeling approaches. You can also test hypotheses and uncover new machining techniques that work for you.
Our API toolkit provides you the flexibility to automate the end-to-end process of analysis and optimization, and to integrate with your broader Industry 4.0 initiative. The API toolkit is the underlying foundation of the CAM interfaces. Interfaces with Siemens NX, CATIA and Mastercam enable toolpath analysis to be part of the toolpath creation workflow.
Temperature Validation for Advanced Constitutive Material Models


TY - JOUR T1 - Kinetics of receptor occupation and anticonvulsive effects of diazepam in rats. JF - Drug Metabolism and Disposition JO - Drug Metab Dispos SP - 102 LP - 106 VL - 13 IS - 1 AU - Igari, Y AU - Sugiyama, Y AU - Sawada, Y AU - Iga, T AU - Hanano, M Y1 - 1985/01/01 UR - _URL_ N2 - Time courses of anticonvulsive effect nd benzodiazepine receptor occupation in the brain were determined after iv administration of diazepam (DZP) (1.2 mg/kg) to rats. Score for the anticonvulsive effect was assigned to each DZP-treated rat depending on the degree of protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Measurement of in vivo receptor occupation was made by comparing the specific 3H-DZP binding in vitro to the crude synaptosomal fractions between vehicle-treated rats (control) and DZP-injected rats. The receptor occupation declined in parallel with the anticonvulsive effect with approximate half-life of 1 hr. A good linear correlation (r = 0.977) was observed between the receptor occupation and the anticonvulsive effect. The time course of anticonvulsive effect was further compared with that of DZP concentration in the brain which was previously reported [Igari et al., Drug Metab. Dispos. 10, 676 (1982)]. The anticonvulsive effect was nonlinearly related to the DZP concentration in the brain with the half-maximum concentration, Kd in vivo of 793 nM. The half-maximum concentration for the unbound DZP, Kd in vivo was also estimated to be 113 nM, which was still 50 times the values of Kd (2.3 nM) determined at 0 degree C from an in vitro binding study of 3H-DZP to the receptor in the crude synaptosomal fraction. ER -


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veterinarians roles
Population diagnostics challenging for poultry veterinarians
By Philip A. Stayer, DVM, MS, ACPV
Corporate Veterinarian
Sanderson Farms, Inc.
Poultry veterinarians managing commercial flocks are epidemiologists of sorts. We have to come up with a population diagnosis based on sampling of subsets.
In poultry production, the most common sampling would include routine necropsy sessions conducted for mid-flock analysis. Typically five to six broilers are gathered from various farms at strategic ages ranging from young to market age. For a processor marketing 1 million birds per week, each fiveto six-bird sample can represent 2 to 3 harvest days, or from 400,000 to 600,000 individuals! You don't need to be a statistician to see there is no way that routine necropsy sessions can adequately reflect the health status of so many other birds.
I became painfully aware of this shortcoming recently while assessing flock health during a period of worse-than-expected broiler performance. "Normal" birds brought to necropsy sessions all had coccidial lesions but at a level that was seasonally acceptable. None had excessive amounts of parasitism.
As time went on, flocks continued to perform poorly. We conducted mortality surveys to assess dead birds along with normal-bird surveys. Even though mortality rates were low, dead birds had lethal amounts of the coccidial species Eimeria maxima and at much later ages than expected for the coccidiosis-control program in place. It was only after we performed dead-bird surveys that we figured out coccidiosis was driving poor flock performance. The experience with coccidiosis was a glaring reminder that normal-bird samples do not necessarily represent overall flock health.
The bell curve
I remember from statistics classes that populations tend to have a bell-shaped distribution, with most members being in the middle. However, if you want to see what's dragging down a population, it seems like the bottom tail of the bell curve would be more informative. Dead birds are obviously at the bottom of the population and should indicate what's hindering surviving birds.
Further complicating population diagnostics is the fact that not all members of a population respond the same way to the same stimulus. Consider feed toxicity in chickens, which rarely affects an entire flock. Some chickens may die while others have no clinical signs. How about lethal dose 50 — the dose of any substance required to kill half of the the animals tested in challenge studies? Why do half of the animals survive and half die when they've received the same dose?
Don't get me wrong. Epidemiology and population diagnoses that depend on smaller subset sampling is valuable in poultry production. They help us evaluate flock health and can provide tip-offs to emerging problems before they escalate any further.
We can also use larger data sets to improve the health of the flocks under our care. Shared industry-performance statistics may be prone to misrepresentation, but by increasing the size of the population, larger trends may be seen that aren't apparent based on one integrator's own numbers. We can learn from others' experience and choose interventions to keep the flocks under our care as healthy as possible with current technology. Whatever baseline used, differences from average can be meaningful even if results aren't statistically significant.
When it gets down to it, population medicine is mostly what poultry veterinarians do. Unlike our companion-animal counterparts, we aren't limited to one animal and one diagnosis. We get to work with whole groups of animals to help the greater community. We are epidemiologists.
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Population diagnoses that depend on smaller subset sampling are valuable in poultry production – but they don't always catch what's causing poor flock performance, explains Phil Stayer, DVM.
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Posted on January 14, 2021
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During the hotter months, how do layer operations make sure they're prepared to prevent hens from overheating?
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252 Guidelines for Dispatch Personnel
The following guidelines for Postal Service dispatch personnel are general in nature. Specific dispatch procedures for Postal Service operational employees are in the POM and applicable to the class and content of the mailpiece.
 1. Make sure that the hazardous material, restricted matter, or perishable matter is given proper handling to avoid damage or danger.
 2. Tender to the air carrier only those mailpieces that are properly packaged and marked. Before a shipment is tendered to a carrier, make sure that:
 1. A proper and strong packaging method is used.
 2. A secure method of package closure is used, and there is no visual evidence of leakage or damage. (If damage is detected, isolate the damaged mailpiece and notify the appropriate personnel in case of accident or incident and for proper spill response.)
 3. The outer packaging bears all required markings and/or labels.
 4. A properly completed shipping paper is attached to the outside of the mailpiece and to the dispatch document. The shipping paper must include the information detailed in 326 and Exhibit 326.
 5. If the mailpiece contains a material believed to be nonmailable, separate it from the rest of the mail to avoid introduction into the mailstream and treat it in accordance with POM 139.117-118, as appropriate.
See Chapter 7 for more information regarding the air transportation of mailable hazardous materials, restricted matter, or perishable matter.


Specify conditions for ordering
 ORDCOND([FOR ]
 [ALL] [WHILE <;lCondition>]
 [EVAL [EVERY ]]
 [RECORD ] [NEXT ]
 [REST] [DESCENDING])
 FOR specifies the conditional set of records on which
 to create the order. Only those records that meet the condition are
 included in the resulting order. is an expression that may
 be no longer than 250 characters under the DBFNTX and DBFNDX drivers.
 The maximum value for these expressions is determined by the RDD. The
 FOR condition is stored as part of the order bag and used when updating
 or recreating the index using the ORDCREATE() or ORDREBUILD() functions.
 Duplicate key values are not added to the order bag.
 Drivers that do not support the FOR condition produce an "unsupported"
 The FOR clause provides the only scoping that is maintained for all
 database changes. All other scope conditions create orders that do not
 reflect database updates.
 ALL specifies all orders in the current or specified work area. ALL
 is the default scope for ORDCOND().
 WHILE specifies another condition that must be met by
 each record as it is processed. As soon as the record is encountered
 that causes the condition to fail, the ORDCREATE() function terminates.
 If a WHILE clause is specified, the data is processed in the controlling
 order. The WHILE condition is transient (i.e., it is not stored in the
 file, not used for index updates, and not used for index updates and
 ORDREBUILD() purposes). The WHILE clause creates temporary orders, but
 these orders are not updated.
 Drivers that do not support the WHILE condition produce an "unsupported"
 Using the WHILE clause is more efficient and faster than using the FOR
 clause. The WHILE clause only processes data for which is
 true from the current position. The FOR clause, however, processes all
 data in the data source.
 EVAL evaluates a code block every , where
 is a value specified by the EVERY clause. The default value
 is 1. This is useful in producing a status bar or odometer that
 monitors the indexing progress. The return value of must be a
 logical data type. If returns false (.F.), indexing halts.
 EVERY is a clause containing a numeric expression that
 modifies how often is EVALuated. The EVERY option of the EVAL
 clause offers a performance enhancement by evaluating the condition for
 every nth record instead of evaluating every record ordered. The EVERY
 keyword is ignored if you specify no EVAL conditions.
 RECORD specifies the processing of the specified record.
 NEXT specifies the portion of the database to process. If
 you specify NEXT, the database is processed in the controlling order for
 the number of identities. The scope is transient (i.e., it is
 not stored in the order and not used for ORDREBUILDing purposes).
 REST specifies the processing of all records from the current
 position of the record pointer to the end of file (EOF).
 DESCENDING specifies that the keyed pairs be sorted in decreasing
 order of value. If you create a DESCENDING index, you will not need to
 use the DESCEND() function during a SEEK. DESCENDING is an attribute of
 the file, where it is stored and used for ORDREBUILDing purposes.
 ORDCOND() is designed to set up the conditions for creating a new order
 (using the ORDCREATE() function) or rebuilding an existing order (using
 the ORDREBUILD() function). Do not use the ORDCOND() function if you
 wish to create or rebuild an entire index file; it is only used for
 setting particular conditions for the order.
 ORDCREATE() or ORDREBUILD() should be used immediately following the
 ORDCOND() function.
 If the DESCENDING clause is not specified, the order is then assumed to
 be ascending.
 The EVAL clause lets you specify a code block to be evaluated as each
 record is placed in the order. The EVERY clause lets you modify how
 often is called. Instead of evaluating each record as it is
 placed in the order, evaluation only occurs as every records
 are placed in the order. This can be used, for example, to create a
 gauge that displays how far the ORDCREATE() or ORDREBUILD() has
 progressed so far.
 The FOR clause provides the only order scoping that is permanent and
 that can be maintained across the life of the application. The string
 passed as the FOR condition is stored within the order for later use in
 maintaining the order. Though only accessing part of the database,
 orders created using this clause exist as long as the database is
 active. The FOR clause lets you create maintainable scoped orders.
 The WHILE, NEXT, REST, and RECORD clauses process data from the current
 position of the database cursor in the default or specified work area.
 If you specify these clauses, the order list remains open and the active
 order is used to organize the database while it is being created. These
 clauses let you create temporary (non-maintainable) orders. orders
 created using these clauses contain records in which is
 true(.T.) at the location of the record pointer.
 . The following example creates a conditional order based on a
 FOR clause. This index contains only records whose field TransDate
 contains a date greater than or equal to January 1, 1992:
 USE Invoice NEW
 ORDCOND(FOR (Invoice->TransDate >= CTOD
 ORDCREATE("InvDate",, "Invoice->TransDate")
 . The following example creates an order that calls a routine,
 "MyMeter," during its creation:
 USE Invoice NEW
 ORDCREATE("Invoice",, "Invoice->Customer")


text:
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text:
The biologists confirmed the importance of water fluctuation using experimental ponds on UCF's main campus. Willow seedlings and saplings planted on the pond banks grew poorly when the biologists raised the water level and flooded the plants for several months. At the same time, control plants just above the waterline grew over 3 feet tall.
Combined, the two experiments show that the key to controlling willow is allowing water levels to fluctuate in early spring. Seedlings and small saplings cannot survive dry conditions and are easily drowned in wet marshes. Once plants become larger, willows can survive droughts and tolerate floods and are very difficult to eradicate, Fauth said.
Based on the conclusions of the study, the UCF biologists are helping scientists at the water district develop new ways to reduce willow cover and slow down the expansion, Fauth said.
"It's important that these trees be controlled to maintain water quality and availability, conserve wildlife and continue enjoying recreational activities in the river, " Fauth said.
The study may also aid other countries fighting the Carolina willow, including Australia and South Korea where they were introduced for erosion control.
Quintana-Ascencio joined UCF in 2003 after working at El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, in San Cristbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. He has a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from State University of New York at Stony Brook. He has been a guest scholar at institutions around the world including the University of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, and the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos in Madrid, Spain. He also has earned several fellowships and has published more than 60 articles and book chapters.
Fauth also joined UCF in 2003. Previously he had worked at the College of
Charleston and at Denison University. He has a Ph.D. in zoology from Duke Unive
|Contact: Zenaida Gonzalez Kotala|
University of Central Florida

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Date: September 1, 2012
A. Everette James Jr. got his first taste of waterfowl hunting on Maryland's Eastern Shore in the early 1970s, when he was an associate professor and director of the School of Medicine's radiological research laboratories. He was enchanted by the decoys that are used to lure live birds within shooting range.
"They looked like floating folk sculpture to me," recalls James, who went on to become head of radiology at Vanderbilt from 1975 to 1992 and founder of its Center for Medical Imaging Research. "When I found out that they used these beautiful objects to throw in the water and hunt; and people abused them, broke them and burned them; let them float away; stole them. I mean, the attrition rate."
Indeed, it is precisely that attrition in wooden waterfowl decoys—the finest of which were hand-carved and painted between the late 19th century and middle 20th century—that has made them so prized by connoisseurs of American folk art. (To date, the highest auction price for a decoy has been the $856,000 fetched in 2007 for a red-breasted merganser hen, carved by Lothrop Holmes.)
While at Hopkins, James began collecting decoys and foresaw the likelihood that fakes were bound to flood the marketplace. His solution? Use radiography as a noninvasive, sensitive method for documenting a decoy's condition, age, and authenticity. Beginning his X-raying of decoys at Hopkins, he continued the practice at Vanderbilt.
James has used Sherlockian precision to determine the significant things to look for in decoy X-rays: invisible fractures or hairline cracks; the extent and distribution of old paint; the age, condition, and placement technique used for such "internal hardware" as the nails used to affix the decoy's head and neck to the body and the weights for steadying it upright in the water.
The X-rays even can determine if fabricators have used intentionally rusted nails to make bogus decoys look old, he notes, since "the rust will be located at the entry as it will have been sheared from the surface of the nail when it was positioned." A well-known decoy-maker's use of nails also can be as distinctive as a signature, he adds.
Now 74, James doesn't X-ray that many decoys these days but is happy to review and analyze X-rays sent to him by others. His own collection of decoys has dwindled since he and his wife, Nancy Jane Farmer, began donating their extensive collection of folk art—including paintings, quilts, and pottery—to museums, among them the St. James Place Museum that they created by restoring a 1910 Baptist church in his hometown of Robersonville, North Carolina. NAG


text:
It is a captivating species known for its unique characteristics. Native to Ecuador and available through various nurseries like Ecuagenera, this Anthurium features elongated, lance-shaped leaves with prominent vein patterns that resemble delicate brush strokes. Its elegant foliage and compact growth habit make it an attractive choice for indoor plant enthusiasts. To nurture Anthurium lineolatum, provide bright indirect light, well-draining soil, and consistent humidity. This species from Ecuagenera showcases the biodiversity of Ecuador's rainforests, adding a touch of tropical beauty to your home or garden collection.
Climate Intermediate Warm
Air Circulation Medium


text:
, writes in his article Conserving Guru Granth Sahib Manuscripts:
"Since printing or any other mode of making copies of the scripture were not available in those days, making handwritten copies of the bir was considered an act of religious merit. Devotees spent months together in copying the birs neatly for the benefit of the congregations. However, a survey of some of the rare Guru Granth Sahib birs pertaining to seventeenth and eighteenth century shows that in spite of Guru's disapproval of the bir copied by Bhai Bano, some of the devotees also made its copies along with the Kartarpuri Bir.
Since the original Kartarpuri Bir was not given to Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Guru's rivals, Dheermal and his supporters, the tenth Guru, Gobind Singh had to prepare another version of the Guru Granth Sahib, popularly known as the Damdami Bir, which also included a few hymns of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur. It is this version of the Granth that provides the authentic text of the printed Guru Granth Sahib.
The first serious attempt at locating and cataloguing rare Guru Granth Sahib manuscripts was made by Sardar G.B. Singh, a high ranking official of the Indian Post and Telegraph Department. As an outcome of it, he published a book called, Sri Guru Granth Sahib Dian Prachin Biran, popularly known as Prachin Biran (rare manuscripts). In his preface to the book, G.B. Singh writes that he became interested in the study of rare Guru Granth Sahib manuscripts when the Sikh Sangat of Dhaka presented him with some rare Hukamnamas of Guru TeghBahadur during his visit to that place in 1915 A.D.
During his long tenure in the postal service, he tried to locate and study some more rare Guru Granth Sahib Birs while travelling to different parts of India. Since facilities like photocopying, microfilming or digitization were not available then, G.B. Singh took exhaustive notes himself. Whenever he found any writings in these manuscripts in the hand of the Gurus, he tried to make their copies faithfully by using the tracing paper and has reproduced these rare writings in his book referred to above. In the second part of his book, G.B. Singh mentions the rare manuscripts that he was able to go through during his research. These include rare manuscripts such as the Kartarpuri Bir, the Damdami Bir, Bhai Bano Bir, Bura Sandhu Bir, Pindi Lala Bir (destroyed during the army action in the Golden Temple in 1984), Dehradun Bir and other rare manuscripts at Agra, Mirzapur, Lucknow, Ayodhya, Allahabad, Burhanpur and Patna.
Even though the fifth Guru did not approve of Bhai Bano's action of copying the Adi Granth, it is interesting to note that the devotees kept on making its copies since the original Bir, now known as Kartarpuri Bir, had gone into the hands of the descendents of Dheermal who did not allow its access to anyone. Under the circumstances, the devout Sikhs were left with no option but to make copies from the Bano Bir which was easily available. Therefore, we find many manuscripts of the Bano recession. According to popular belief, the original Bhai Bano Bir was kept with a family of Bhai Bano in village Mangat, District Gujarat (now in Pakistan). After the partition of the country, this Bir was temporarily kept in the house of one Bhai Mastan Singh in village Barot, District Meerut (U.P.). It was here that this Bir was examined by Bhai Randhir Singh, a Gurdwara Inspector of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandak Committee. Later on, this Bir was installed in a Gurdwara built in the memory of Bhai Bano in Jawaharpur, Kanpur. Bhai Vir Singh Sahitya Sadan, New Delhi, has six manuscripts of Bhai Bano Bir pertaining to different periods.
Prof. Devinder Singh Chahal, PhD Writes about this section of SGGS:
"After the Sloka (acknowledgments) there is a small script called Raag Maala (Musical modes). There is a lot of controversy about the authenticity of Raag Maala being a part of AGGS. As it is written after Mundanvani and the Sloka, which suggests the end of AGGS, therefore, it cannot be considered a part of AGGS under any circumstances. But according to the "Sikh Rehit Maryada" published by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), Amritsar the "Bhog of Akhand Path" (uninterrupted recitation of the whole AGGS) can be performed after recitation of the AGGS up to Mundanvani including Sloka or recitation of Raag Maala could also be included. The SGPC left it to the choice of the Granthis (who recite the Akhand Path) or the individuals, to recite Raag Maala or not, till further decision is taken by the SGPC. About 60 years have elapsed since the above decision was taken; the controversy has not been resolved yet. Recently Gyani Gurdit Singh has again raised this issue in his book, Mundawani, which has been recently banned by Bhai Iqbal Singh, Jathedar of Takht Patna Sahib. His critical study indicates that it is not the part of the AGGS and Mundawani is seal of the AGGS."
Languages of SGGS
The main language of SGGS is the Punjabi dialect prevalent about 500 years ago in northern India. However there are also some hymns in Persian, medieval Prakrit, Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit as well as Arabic. All of these hymns are written in the standard Punjabi script known as Gurumukhi. However, the grammar used within the SGGS is unique to the scripture and is not found in standard written Punjabi. Prof. Devinder Singh Chahal, PhD Writes:
"The language spoken today in Punjab (India) is quite different from that spoken during the period between the 12th and 17th century when the Bani was composed by Bhagats and Sikh Gurus. Although the Bani was composed and written in the language spoken by the then people, with the time it has become very difficult to understand and interpret it now. Therefore, knowledge of old languages and their grammars is essential to understand the Gurbani in its entirety and originality."
Reverence of SGGS by Sikhs
Guru Arjun directed that during daytime the Holy Book should remain in the Harimandir and by night, after, Sohila was read, it should be taken to the room he had built for himself. As evening advanced, Bhai Buddha recited Sohila and made the concluding ardas or supplication. The Granth Sahib was closed and wrapped in silks. Bhai Buddha held it on his head and marched towards the chamber indicated by Guru Arjun. The Guru led the congregation singing hymns. The Granth Sahib was placed on the appointed seat, and the Guru slept on the ground by its side. Daily, in the morning, the Holy Book is taken out in state to the Harimandir and brought by night to rest in the room marked for it by Guru Arjun. The practice continues to this day. But the volume is not the same. That original copy was taken to Kartarpur when Guru Arjun's successor, Guru Hargobind, left Amritsar in 1634. There it passed into the possession of his grandson, Dhir-Mall. It has since remained in that family.
Some Sikh scholars criticize this practice. Prof. Devinder Singh Chahal, PhD writes about the reverence of SGGS by Sikhs:
"One of the reasons has been explained by Dr Gopal Singh that due to improper understanding of 'Sabd' (Guru's Word) the Granth started to be worshipped more than read, uttered as a magical formula or a Mantram for secular benefits. Now in almost all the Gurdwaras in the world, whether they are under the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), Amritsar or any other organization, the Aad Guru Granth Sahib (AGGS) is treated almost as an idol. However, the idol worship is condemned in Nanakian Philosophy. Moreover, I was surprised to note, when I was casually glancing through "The Cambridge Factfinder", which says under the subheading of 'Beliefs in Sikhism' as: "Worship of the Adi Granth" as one of the beliefs [11 - p 411]. It appears that such is the impression about Sikhism in the printed literature."
He further writes:
"The irony is that the Sikhs are following the historical information in which the 'Sabd Guru' has been successively changed to 'Granth Guru' to 'Visible Body of the Guru' to 'Darshan Guru'. Consequently, the Sikhs started to pay more and more attention to ritualistic aspects to the 'Granth Guru' than on the deliberation on the philosophy given in the 'Sabd Guru'… Guru Nanak's observation that there would be very few Sikhs, who will deliberate on the Bani/Sabd to be called as Gurumukh, is so true today as it was then at the


The Differences Between a Comforter and a Blanket – Our Definitive Guide
Comfortable sleeping is essential for getting a good night's rest. If you frequently wake up in the night feeling too hot or too cold, you may need to switch up your bedding to better suit your needs.
Various factors like climate, age, medical conditions, and snoozing alone versus alongside a partner could affect how comfortable you feel under a comforter versus a blanket.
Generally, comforters will be warmer than blankets because their filling provides additional insulation, as blankets are typically only made with a single layer.
Below we'll detail the variations between a comforter versus a blanket and how to know which is best for your needs.
How Many Layers Do You Need?
If you get chilly easily in the night or wake up cold and uncomfortable, you may need a warmer cover on your bed. Comforters filled with down feathers or alternative down are known for their warmth, as they hold additional loft (fluffiness) between the outer fabrics. While down comforters are thick, they are typically lightweight, allowing you to layer up if necessary without feeling heavily weighed down.
Get More Info: Top Rated Comforters
Waking up hot and sweaty is an awful feeling in the middle of the night; if this is a frequent issue, single-layer blankets might be a better option for you to prevent overheating.
Illustration of a Man Looking at a Different Types of Blankets in His Closet
Differences Between Blankets and Comforters
A comforter is made with insulation between two layers of fabric, and a blanket is made of a single layer. However, the aspects detailed below are worth considering.
Comforters are commonly filled with natural down like goose or duck feathers or alternative-fill including cotton, polyester, wool, or silk. Natural down can be incredibly comfortable and warm, but alternative down could offer just as much warmth and loft for people concerned about animal welfare.
View Our Guide: Best Down Alternative Comforters
A blanket is a single layer of fabric. These are great for warm sleepers who prefer less insulation, but still excellent for layering during colder nights. Further, layering could be a good idea for individuals who experience hot flashes, so you can go to bed warm and toss off layers in the night as needed.
Warmth Level
Natural duck and goose feathers are well known for their insulation capabilities, so if you run cold and enjoy being bundled up warm at night, a down-filled comforter should be an excellent choice.
Blankets are great if you prefer a cover with less warmth, as a single layer of fabric won't hold as much insulation as a down fill. Additionally, blankets work well when you anticipate the temperature changing throughout the night and need to peel off layers as needed.
Illustration of a Woman Sitting on a Bed With a Throw Blanket Over Her Back
Climates with more significant temperature changes between the summer and winter months mean you'll likely need a change in bedding to accommodate the weather, so you'll need to find storage in the off-season.
Storing down comforters could be a challenge as they have significantly more loft than a blanket. If you're concerned about space, you could opt for blankets instead, layering them as needed. Single-layer covers should store nicely as they'll typically easier to fold and fit into smaller spaces.
Looking after your covers with care is wise to ensure longevity. Before washing a comforter or blanket, be sure to read the label for instructions on washing your product. Down-filled comforters may require dry cleaning or gentle cycles to protect the soft fill.
Blankets are often made of more robust fabrics but may still require particular washing depending on the label in order to be carefully laundered.
Illustration of a Man Putting Stuff in the Washing Machine
Resistance to Dust Mites
Unfortunately, the filling in comforters that works so well for retaining warmth could also trap dust, making it an excellent breeding ground for dust mites. Individuals with allergies might experience irritation, such as sneezing, coughing, or a runny nose after dozing under a fluffy comforter.
The woven fabric that blankets are made of can help prevent dust particles from sneaking inside. If you do use a comforter, putting it inside a zippered cover and following proper washing and care instructions could help protect it from dust mites.
Depending on what fabrics are used in a comforter or blanket, the prices vary considerably. Comforters can cost anywhere from $50 to a couple of hundred dollars due to high-end materials and delicate filling.
Blankets are generally more affordable than comforters because the construction is often simple and the fabrics less expensive. When looking for a moderately priced cover, layering a couple of blankets could provide a good option that shouldn't break your budget.
Illustration of Giving Money for Mattress
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a comforter blanket?
A comforter blanket is a fluffier, thicker blanket with an alternative filling for insulation. This middle insulation should work to keep you extra warm without using natural feathers.
When choosing a product, if you're seeking a soft, luxurious feel, microfiber is an excellent material that provides an affordable option. Microfiber has high breathability, meaning you shouldn't overheat, and the material is naturally wrinkle-resistant. Further, the fabric offers a substantial value as it's made with strong fibers that should last a considerable amount of time.
Additionally, some comforter blankets are reversible, making them great for kids if they enjoy changing up their bedding. Though these covers tend to have a higher loft than regular blankets, they definitely lean more toward the blanket category than comforters.
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Sleep Advisor


text:
A study of fine structure of diffuse aurora with ALIS-FAST measurements
AuthorSergienko, T; Gustavsson, Björn Johan; Sandahl, Ingrid; Andersson, Laila; Brändström, B. U. E.; Steen, Å
We present results of an investigation of the fine structure of the night sector diffuse auroral zone, observed simultaneously with optical instruments (ALIS) from the ground and the FAST electron spectrometer from space 16 February 1997. Both the optical and particle data show that the diffuse auroral zone consisted of two regions. The equatorward part of the diffuse aurora was occupied by a pattern of regular, parallel auroral stripes. The auroral stripes were significantly brighter than the background luminosity, had widths of approximately 5 km and moved southward with a velocity of about 100 m/s. The second region, located between the region with auroral stripes and the discrete auroral arcs to the north, was filled with weak and almost homogeneous luminosity, against which short-lived auroral rays and small patches appeared chaotically. From analysis of the electron differential fluxes corresponding to the different regions of the diffuse aurora and based on existing theories of the scattering process we conclude the following: Strong pitch angle diffusion by electron cyclotron harmonic waves (ECH) of plasma sheet electrons in the energy range from a few hundred eV to 3–4 keV was responsible for the electron precipitation, that produced the background luminosity within the whole diffuse zone. The fine structure, represented by the auroral stripes, was created by precipitation of electrons above 3–4 keV as a result of pitch angle diffusion into the loss cone by whistler mode waves. A so called "internal gravity wave" (Safargaleev and Maltsev, 1986) may explain the formation of the regular spatial pattern formed by the auroral stripes in the equatorward part of the diffuse auroral zone.
CitationAnnales Geophysicae 26(2008) s. 3185-3195
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Why Curiosity Is Good For Business
Being successful at business requires many things: courage, creativity, people skills, and so forth. However, there is one character trait whose importance is sometimes neglected: curiosity.
Curiosity helps you in:
 - Building customer relationships. People are drawn to those who show interest in them. Having an abiding fascination in others give you the opportunity to learn new things about them, thereby making a deeper connection.
 - Increasing your business acumen. Being curious about your own industry and the industries of your prospects drives you to learn more. As you satisfy your curiosity, you're augmenting your ability to add value to your customers' business.
 - Solving customer problems. It's a truism that customers are looking for solutions to their problems. It's only possible to create a meaningful solution if you're motivated by true curiosity about what's actually going on and why those problems recur.
 - Negotiating win/win contracts. Your ability to understand the positions of the other party are directly dependent upon your ability to feel true curiosity about them. If you're not curious, you'll end up arguing about issues that aren't important.
 - Correcting sales errors. When a customer buys from somebody else (or doesn't buy from anyone at all), if you're not curious about what that happened, you won't bother to find out why, and therefore can't learn from your failures.
 - Creating great products. Would-be innovators who aren't curious about what makes people tick and why technology works (or doesn't) can't possibly create workable products or services that people want buy.
 - Motivating your employees. Some bosses think of employees as cogs in a corporate machine. However, if you want to get the best out of people, you must be curious about their dreams and desires.
Curiosity is about adopting an attitude of inquisitiveness and being open-minded about learning new things, without any preconceptions clouding your understanding. If you don't have curiosity, you can't expect to be successful in business.


Get Lepidodendron essential facts below. View Videos or join the Lepidodendron discussion. Add Lepidodendron to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Temporal range: Early Carboniferous - Late Triassic
typically Carboniferous
~359.2-205 Ma
Lepidostrobus variabilis 2.jpg
The strobilus of Lepidodendron
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: +Lepidodendrales
Family: +Lepidodendraceae
Genus: +Lepidodendron
 - L. aculeatum Sternberg 1820
 - L. batovii Chachlov 1948
 - L. obovatum Sternberg 1820
 - L. whitehillianum Anderson & Anderson 1986
Lepidodendron is an extinct genus of primitive, vascular, tree-like plants, also known as scale trees, related to the quillworts and lycopsids (club mosses). They were part of the coal forest flora. They sometimes reached heights of 50 metres (160 feet),[1] and the trunks were often over 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter. They thrived during the Carboniferous Period (about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya (million years ago) and were found until the Late Triassic, about 205 Mya) before going extinct.[2] Sometimes erroneously called "giant club mosses", the genus was actually more closely related to modern quillworts than to modern club mosses.
The name Lepidodendron comes from the Greek lepis, scale, and? dendron, tree.
Description and biology
Artist's impression of Lepidodendron
Lepidodendron species were comparable in size to modern trees. The plants had tapering trunks as wide as 2 m (6.6 ft) at their base that rose to about 40 m (130 ft)[3] and even 50 m (160 ft),[1] arising from an underground system of horizontally spreading branches that were covered with many rootlets. Though the height of the trees make the plants similar to modern trees, the constant dichotomy of branches created a habit that contrasts with that of modern trees. At the ends of branches were oval-shaped cones that had a similar shape to modern cones of a spruce or fir.[4]
The stem of the trees had a unifacial vascular cambium, contrasting with the bifacial vascular cambium of modern trees. Though the bifacial cambium of modern trees produces both secondary phloem and xylem, the unifacial cambium of Lepidodendron trees produced only secondary xylem. As the trees aged, the wood produced by the unifacial cambium decreased towards the top of the plant such that terminal twigs resembled young Lepidodendron stems. Compared to modern trees, the stems and branches of the trees contained little wood with the majority of mature stems consisting of a massive cortical meristem. The nearly-uniform growth of this cortical tissue indicates no difference in growth during changing seasons, and the absence of dormant buds further indicates the lack of seasonality in Lepidodendron species.[5] The outermost cortex of oldest stems developed into the bark-like lycopodiopsid periderm.[6] The bark of the trees was somewhat similar to that of Picea species, as leaf scars formed peg-like projections that stretched and tore as the bark stretched. To resist the bending force of wind, Lepidodendron trees depended on their outer bark rather than their vascular tissues, as compared to modern trees that rely mostly on their central mass of wood.[4]
- The leaves of the trees were needle-like and were densely spiraled about young shoots, each possessing only a single vein. The leaves were similar to those of a fir in some species and similar to those of Pinus roxburghii in others, though in general the leaves of Lepidodendron species are indistinguishable from those of Sigillaria species. The decurrent leaves formed a cylindrical shell around branches. The leaves were only present on thin and young branches, indicating that, though the trees were evergreen, they did not retain their needles for as long as modern conifers. The leaf-cushions were fusiform and elongated, growing at most to a length of 8 cm (3.1 in) and a width of 2 cm (0.79 in). The middle of leaf-cushions were smooth, where leaf scars were created when an abscission layer cut a leaf from its base. Each leaf scar was composed of a central circular or triangular scar and two lateral scars that were smaller and oval-shaped. This central scar marks where the main vascular bundle of the leaf connected to the vascular system of the stem. This xylem bundle was composed only of primary trachea. The two outer scars mark the forked branches of a strand of vascular tissue that passed from the cortex of the stem into the leaf. This forked strand is sometimes referred to as the "parichnos". Surrounding this strand were parenchyma cells and occasionally thick-walled elements. Surrounding both conducting tissues was a broad sheath of transfusion tracheids. Below the leaf scar the leaf-cushion tapered to a basal position. In this tapering area, circular impressions with fine pits were present. These impressions were continuous with the parichnos scars near the top of the tapering portion. This is because the impressions are formed by aerenchyma tissue that developed in closely with the parichnos. Above the leaf scar was a deep triangular impression known as the "ligular pit" for its similarities to the ligule of Isoetes. In some leaf-cushions a second depression was present above the ligular pit. Though its purpose is unclear, it has been suggested that the depression may mark the position of a sporangium. As the branch of a Lepidodendron tree grew the leaf-cushion only grew to a certain extent, past which the leaf-cushion stretched. This stretching widened the groove that separated the leaf-cushions, creating a broad, flat channel.[4]
Hyphae are occasionally present in the tissues of Lepidodendron trees, indicating a susceptibility to fungal parasites.[4]
Different fossil genera have been described to name the various levels of decay in Lepidodendron bark fossils. The name Bergeria describes stems that have lost their epidermises, Aspidiariu is used when cushions have been removed by deep decay, and Knorria is used when the leaf cushions and the majority of cortical tissues has decayed, with a shallow "fluted" surface remaining. However, it has been suggested that these are more likely growth forms than preserved bark types, as entire fossilized trunks have been discovered with dissimilar forms; if decay is assumed to be constant throughout the trunk, then different forms indicate growth rather than levels of decay. It is likely that the trunk of Lepidodendron trees were subject to the growth forms Knorria, Aspidiaria, and Bergeria progressing up the trunk, respectively.[7]
Lepidodendron species had a life cycle of 10 to 15 years composed of a growth cycle, in which the trees grew to a predetermined height, and a subsequent reproductive cycle, in which the trees produced reproductive organs, after which the trees died, similar to the life cycle of a Mauna Kea silversword.[6]
Rather than reproduce with seeds, Lepidodendron trees reproduced with spores. The spores were stored in sporangia situated on fertile stems that grew on or near the main trunk. The fertile stems grew together in cone-like structures that clustered at the tips of branches.[8]
The lack of growth rings and of dormant buds indicate no seasonal growth patterns and modern plants with similar characteristics tend to grow in tropical conditions, but Lepidodendron species were distributed throughout subtropical conditions. The trees inhabited an extensive area compared to tropical flora of the same time period, with trees growing as far north as Spitsbergen and as far south as South America, in a latitudinal range of 120°.[5]
Decline and extinction
By the Mesozoic era, the giant lycopsids had died out and were replaced by conifers as well as smaller quillworts.[2] This may have been the result of competition from the emerging woody gymnosperms. Lepidodendron is one of the more common plant fossils found in Pennsylvanian-age (Late Carboniferous) rocks. They are closely related to other extinct lycopsid genera, Sigillaria and Lepidendropsis.
In popular culture
In the 19th century, due to the reptilian look of the diamond-shaped leaf scar pattern, petrified trunks of Lepidodendron were frequently exhibited at fairgrounds by amateurs as giant fossil lizards or snakes.[9] Inversely, the fossil of a temnospondyl amphibian collected in a Triassic formation in Tasmania was described in 1885 as the cone of an ancient plant, with affinities to this genus, as Lepidostrobus muelleri.[10][11]
See also
 1. ^ a b


chunks will start with 1 byte that holds the number of letters in the chunk followed by 5 bytes for each letter. For now we'll consider that a node is taking up 5 bytes (it would be taking a maximum of 6 bytes, and on an average something in between), so we are now using 150 K * 5 bytes = 750 KB of memory!
That is way better than what we originally started with, but we can do even better.
An even better implementation (packed letters and variable length pointers)
Now we use 5 bytes to store a letter in the tree, 1 byte for the letter and the flag, and 4 bytes for the down pointer. But do we really need 4 bytes to store the pointer? If we use a relative pointer to the start of the memory block we would only need 20 bits to represent the distance (20 bits will address 1 MB of memory).
We could use only 3 bytes for the pointers, and gain some more memory. However, depending on the arrangement of the nodes in the memory, we might actually need less addressing bits for the pointer.
Remember we have 2 bits left in the letter+flag byte? We could use them to actually store the size of the down pointer. Let's call them psize bits for now.
For a node that has no down pointer we'll set psize = 0.
 - If the relative position of the next node fits in one byte we'll set psize = 1.
 - If the relative position of the next node fits in two bytes we'll set psize = 2.
 - If the relative position of the next node fits in three bytes we'll set psize = 3.
 - If the relative position of the next node does not fit in three bytes we'll just abort the process (in the case of our wordlist that is impossible).
Now of course the order we lay out the nodes into the memory chunk will affect the relative distances between them. In the general case, we can try to find the optimal arrangement of nodes that will minimize the pointer size, but I am not aware of any fast (practical) algorithm that will do that.
One way would be brute force – generate all possible arrangements and try them all, this way we'll find for sure the optimum. Another way would be using some Monte Carlo methods – try out random permutations until the results seem to approach an optimum. While I did not actually try it, this approach might actually provide some results.
Another more practical way is to lay out the nodes in the memory in a "natural" order. To achieve that, we'll have to keep in mind the data we put in – words. In a ordered wordlist, most words will have a common prefix with the next word, so if we'd be putting all the suffixes close to each other in the tree, the pointers to each other will be relatively short. An easy way of doing that is to traverse the tree from the root downwards, adding a node then visiting its down descendants, from left to right.
In our case, traversing the tree that way leads to the following results:
 - psize == 0 : 56131 elements
 - psize == 1 : 91064 elements
 - psize == 2 : 6696 elements
 - psize == 3 : 28 elements
Now we use 1 byte for elements with psize == 0, 2 bytes for psize == 1 and so on.
Only about 5 % of the elements use 3 or 4 byes of memory, about 58 % use 2 bytes and about 36 % use 1 byte.
Now the memory usage of the wordlist has dropped down to 345 KB, which is almost 10 times smaller than the memory used by the original tree, while we still can do quick word lookups!
We have shown above how we managed to compress the word list size while still providing a relatively fast lookup routine. There are other possible improvements that can speed up the search and still reduce the memory, and we'll present a few of them below:
 1. The root node of the tree and the level 2 nodes will likely contain most of the letters of the alphabet. It might be worth for those nodes to have a special node structure, where we can allocate 4 bytes for each letter of the alphabet, 3 bytes for storing the down pointer and one byte for storing the full word flag and a flag to determine if the letter actually exists. Looking up a letter in that node will be done in constant time (as it's just an index in the array). This will increase a little the size of the wordlist, but it would speed up the search a lot.
 2. Most of the nodes in the tree (more than 50%) only have a letter, and they use 2 bytes + psize to represent it. A special case for that situation would save up a lot of memory. A way to do this can be adding a flag in the down pointer (that would of course increase the down pointer size, but on an average there will still be a significant memory gain).
 3. The size of the wordlist can now be fully addressed with a 19 bit pointer, but we sometimes use 24 bits. Changing the data structures so that they use half-bytes instead of full bytes (and further more bit-packing the nodes) may gain some additional memory. However, that approach will have to overcome some other issues (pointer size will now require 3 bits, and it will not fit into two 2 half-byte "memory cells"; memory address space will double requiring one extra address bit; search would be slowed down by the extra bit-unpacking requirements).
However the reason somebody needs to use a wordlist, organizing it into this kind of structure will save some memory and speed up the search. Even on a modern machine, having a small-memory-usage wordlist would be more cache-friendly, thus the performance of the application will be better.
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Comments and Discussions
GeneralWord prediction Pinmembersarahsmith1-Mar-07 14:39
GeneralRe: Word prediction [modified] Pinmembermtbot1-Mar-07 15:07
GeneralRe: Word prediction Pinmembersarahsmith3-Mar-07 3:43
Generalif u dont have the code then what is is use of the idea Pinmembercoding_paradox26-Jan-07 21:21
QuestionThe 2nd improvement note PinmemberSohailB15-Apr-06 3:18
AnswerRe: The 2nd improvement note PinmemberSilviu Simen16-Apr-06 5:05
GeneralNice article PinmemberJonas Hammarberg24-Aug-05 0:38
GeneralThis is, almost, a lost art! PinmemberPedroMC16-Aug-05 12:11
GeneralRe: This is, almost, a lost art! PinmemberRavi Bhavnani19-Aug-05 11:58
GeneralRe: This is, almost, a lost art! PinmemberTom Watson19-Aug-05 12:06
QuestionCould you fix the horizontal scrolling problem? PinmemberWREY12-Aug-05 19:40
GeneralNice article but.. PinmemberNeville Franks11-Aug-05 2:52
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberSilviu Simen11-Aug-05 5:06
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberWREY12-Aug-05 19:41
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberTom Watson19-Aug-05 12:06
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberSilviu Simen19-Aug-05 12:44
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberWREY19-Aug-05 13:15
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberSilviu Simen19-Aug-05 18:22
GeneralRe: Nice article but.. PinmemberTeashirt220-Aug-05 9:08
GeneralThere is a reason! PinmemberWREY20-Aug-05 11:38
GeneralThanks Pinmemberlallous10-Aug-05 21:08
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Definition of Gene array analysis
Gene array analysis: A way of analyzing the differential expression of thousands of species of mRNA (messenger RNA) at the same time in two different samples (as, for example, in normal vs. tumor tissue, or at different developmental stages). Gene array analysis involves synthesizing labeled cDNA (complementary DNA) from 2 or more sources, and hybridizing them to identical gene arrays. This procedure can be done in standard molecular biology laboratories with basic instrumentation.
Gene array analysis is an extraordinarily powerful tool in molecular biology today and is expected to shape the molecular medicine of tomorrow. Many diseases will be defined in a "customized" fashion according to the array of genes in the particular patient affected. Not only diseases, but also optimal treatments, will be put into discrete categories according to the diagnostic gene array of the person being evaluated. Medicine will not be practiced in the same way in 2050 as it was in 2000, thanks in part to gene array analysis.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
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text: Most chemical neurotransmission occurs through Ca2+-dependent evoked or spontaneous vesicle exocytosis. In both cases, Ca2+ sensing is thought to occur shortly before exocytosis. In this paper, we provide evidence that the Ca2+ dependence of spontaneous vesicle release may partly result from an earlier requirement of Ca2+ for the assembly of soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. We show that the neuronal vacuolar-type H+-adenosine triphosphatase V0 subunit a1 (V100) can regulate the formation of SNARE complexes in a Ca2+–Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent manner. Ca2+–CaM regulation of V100 is not required for vesicle acidification. Specific disruption of the Ca2+-dependent regulation of V100 by CaM led to a >90% loss of spontaneous release but only had a mild effect on evoked release at Drosophila melanogaster embryo neuromuscular junctions. Our data suggest that Ca2+–CaM regulation of V100 may control SNARE complex assembly for a subset of synaptic vesicles that sustain spontaneous release.


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Ancient walnut forests linked to languages, trade routes
WEST LAFAYETTE, IN -- If Persian walnut trees could talk, they might tell of the numerous traders who moved along the Silk Roads' thousands of miles over thousands of years, carrying among their valuable merchandise the seeds that would turn into the mighty walnut forests that are spread across Asia.
Purdue University research shows that ancient languages match up with the genetic codes found in Persian walnut (Juglans regia) forests, suggesting that the stands of trees seen today may be remnants of the first planned afforestation known in the world.
In a paper published in the journal PLoS One, Keith Woeste, a research geneticist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service and a Purdue adjunct assistant professor of forestry, found that the evolution of language and spread of walnut forests overlapped over wide swaths of Asia over thousands of years. He believes as traders traversed the Silk Roads, connecting Eastern Europe and Africa with far-East Asia, they purposely planted walnut forests as a long-term agricultural investment.
"It was always assumed that there were wild forests of walnuts, like you'd find wild oak and maple forests here in the U.S.," said Woeste, who published the research with colleagues from the United Kingdom and Italy. "But what we had previously considered to be these wild walnut trees out in the middle of Asia were probably planted there."
Woeste said that while sampling walnut forests from 39 sites across Asia, his team noticed that the word for "walnut" was similar in many languages. That piqued their interest, so when genetic maps of the samples showed uncharacteristic relationships, they started looking at the link between genetics and languages.
If forests spread naturally, scientists would expect that genetic relatedness would spread in more concentric patterns. But Woeste said walnut genetics are related in long bands that spread east and west. For example, Woeste says walnuts in eastern Iran are closely related to walnuts in the Himalayas.
That suggests to him that traders were carrying walnuts along the Silk Roads. And those traders had likely been keeping walnuts from the best trees, selecting for genes that gave the trees desired characteristics for nuts and wood.
"Humans are always narrowing down genetic diversity to obtain a usable and more valuable crop," Woeste said.
Much like crops evolve, languages also change over time. For instance, Spanish, French and Italian are considered Romance languages, having evolved from Latin. As populations split from each other, their languages changed, making those new languages children of the original.
Having noticed the similarities in the word for "walnut" among several languages, Woeste and his colleagues grouped the languages currently spoken from the places where they sampled walnuts and traced the languages back to their ancestors. They found that the evolution of languages overlapped with the spread of walnut genetics.
Woeste believes this shows that as people moved along the Silk Roads and traded, they specifically selected walnuts and traded them along their routes. Instead of having just a few domestic trees, those who obtained walnuts likely put effort into creating walnut forests that could be used for food and wood.
"The factors that contribute to language being dispersed in Asia are the same as the way walnuts were dispersed," Woeste said. "It was the unique characteristics of walnut being useful for its wood and nuts that encouraged people to transport it, use it and then plant it as a forest as a long-term investment."
The European Community, under the framework of the Seventh Framework Programme under the Marie Curie Actions' Co-funding of Regional, National and International Programmes, called COFUND, supported the research.
The research is available at _URL_


COVID-19 impacts on destitution in the UK
We use microsimulation combined with a model of the COVID-19 impacts on individuals and households to obtain projections of households in destitution in the United Kingdom. The projections are estimated at two levels: aggregate quarterly for the UK, for all quarters of 2020; and annual for 2020 differentiated by region, sector and household demographics. At the aggregate level, destitution is projected to be about three times higher than the non-COVID counterfactual level in 2020Q2, as well as substantially higher than the non-COVID case for the remainder of the year.
Some recent developments in labour economics
This article takes a short personal 'helicopter ride' over the main policy issues in the UK labour market, putting them into the context of the developments which have taken place in applied econometrics. We overview NIESR's role in the study of labour economics in postwar Britain and review some recent advances of importance in the current NIESR research agenda.
Notes and Contributions: The lack of wage growth and the falling NAIRU
In this note, we argue that a considerable part of the explanation for the benign wage growth in the advanced world is the rise in underemployment. In the years after 2008 the unemployment rate understates labour market slack. Underemployment is more important than unemployment in explaining the weakness of wage growth in the UK. The Phillips curve in the UK has now to be rewritten into wage underemployment space. Underemployment now enters wage equations while the unemployment rate does not. There is every reason to believe that the NAIRU has fallen sharply since the Great Recession.
Underemployment and the lack of wage pressure in the UK (Notes and Contributions, National Institute Economic Review February 2018)
In this note, we focus on underemployment as a potential cause of lower wage growth, which itself may have deeper causes, but which has, we would argue, demonstrably changed since the 2008 recession. The gap between our measures of the number of additional hours required by those who want more hours and the number who want less has narrowed recently. Neither have returned to their pre-recession levels. In our view, underemployment remains a major factor in explaining the 2 per cent wage norm that continues to exist in the UK.
How thinking and acting local can help the long-term unemployed
When we think of welfare to work schemes we picture job centres, the Work Programme and providers such as A4E and Ingeus. We think of media representations of jobcentres, through television sitcoms such as The Job Lot or the League of Gentleman's dispiriting job club run by the cruel pen-fetishist Pauline.


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SAVING THE Devils River minnow
In just about 50 years, the Devils River minnow has gone from being one of the most abundant native fishes in southern Texas to one of the rarest fishes in the world. Requiring clean spring waters for survival, populations of this tiny, shiny minnow have declined drastically as stream modifications and pollution have increased. Sadly, the fish has even been eliminated from the upper and lower portions of its namesake — the Devils River. The Devils River minnow is part of a unique fish fauna in the area where the Chihuahuan Desert, Edwards Plateau, and South Brush Texas ecosystems join. Badly hurt by human water use and introduced species, half the native fishes in this region are considered imperiled, and four species have already gone extinct.
Although first proposed for endangered status under the Endangered Species Act in 1978, the Devils River minnow wasn't listed until 1999 — at which point it earned only threatened status and was given no habitat protections. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's final recovery plan for the minnow, approved in 2005, relies exclusively on voluntary measures for the species' protection and is insufficient to prevent the fish's extinction, much less promote its recovery.
Shortly after the minnow's recovery plan was approved, the Center, Forest Guardians, and Save Our Springs Alliance filed a lawsuit against the Service to challenge the minnow's lack of designated critical habitat, as well the fact that it has been granted only threatened — rather than endangered — status. We continue to work for river protection to save the habitat of the Devils River minnow and many other imperiled species.
Contact: Jeff Miller
|Photo © Garold W. Sneegas||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /|


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26 Aug Healthy Brains – the role of nutrition in helping New Zealanders maintain positive mental health
How we eat, what we eat and how our body uses food can all have an impact on our physical and mental health.
Daily stress and uncertainty can play havoc with our mental well-being. But so can other factors, such as our eating habits and general state of health.
"We've long been aware that what we eat and drink can be linked to positive mental health," says Activity and Nutrition Aotearoa (ANA) executive director Alison Pask. "Conversely, not being able to get enough nutrients from our diets can have a negative effect. Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals are associated with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety."
ANA intends for this brief review to be a discussion paper to create awareness about how food and nutrition can support positive mental health.


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INDICATIONS: Unable to find balance between activity and rest; deep exhaustion; unaware of past accomplishments; difficulty understanding and integrating lessons and experiences.
HEALING QUALITIES: For finding a balance between doing and being; helps us integrate previous experiences so we may live more fully in the present.
EMOTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: Balance, Exhaustion, Integration, Motivation, Peace, Perspective, Rest, Stillness, Wisdom
**All descriptions of spiritual and physical healing properties were researched and collected from various sources. This information is offered as a service and is not meant to treat medical conditions. Butterfly Expressions does not guarantee the accuracy of any of these statements.
©Copyright Butterfly Expressions 2020


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Presentation on theme: "BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS (BIOCOMPATIBILITY)"— Presentation transcript:
1BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS (BIOCOMPATIBILITY) ByHead of DepartmentDr Rashid HassanAssistant ProfessorScience Of Dental Materials DepartmentRawal institute of Health SciencesRawal College of DentistryIslamabad
2BIOMATERIAL"When a material is placed within, or in contact with the human body, it is referred to as biomaterial"OR"A non living material designed to interact with the biological system"
3BIOCOMPATIBILITY Defined as, "The ability of a material to elicit an appropriate biological response in a given application in the body."The material is said to be "biocompatible" when it possesses the property of being non destructive in a biological system.
4BIOMECHANICS"Behavior of a material in real structures is known as mechanics""Biomechanics is application of mechanics to biomaterials"Biomechanics involve.Limitation of a material.Restorative design.
5ADVERSE EFFECTS FROM DENTAL MATERIALS Adverse effects may be,Toxic.Inflammatory.Allergic.Mutagenic.These effects are differentiated on the basis of histological and pathological analysis of tissues.
6TOXICITY Earliest response studied. First screening test for every material.Materials may release toxic substances.e.g.lead containing materials.
7INFLAMMATION Second type. Activate immune response of the host. May be due to toxicity or allergy.Inflammation precedes toxicity.e.g.Pulpal and Periodontal diseases.
8ALLERGY Most Familiar to the general public. Body specifically recognizes a material as a foreign body and reacts disproportionately to the amount of material.Involves all the dimensions of the immune system.Can be difficult to differentiate from non-allergic inflammation or low grade toxicity.E.g. Latex.
9MUTAGENIC REACTIONOccurs when the components of the materials alter the base pair sequence of DNA.May be due to direct / indirect interactions.Does not imply carcinogenicity.Metal ions from a dental material (nickel, beryllium and copper)
10LOCAL and SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF MATERIALS LOCAL EFFECTS:Occur in the pulp of the tooth, periodontium, nearby mucosa or root apex.Depends upon the ability of material.E.g. Nickel containing crowns.
11LOCAL and SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF MATERIALS Due to substances that gain access to the body.ingestion and absorption from the gut, inhaled vapor, absorption through oral mucosa or release from the tooth apex.
12LOCAL and SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF MATERIALS May occur by blood or lymphatic transport or simply by diffusion.Systemic effect depends upon,Duration and concentration of exposure.Excretion rate of substance.Site of exposure.
13MEASURING BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF DENTAL MATERIALS Biological response is related to the use of a material.Factors affecting biological response:Location of the material.Duration of the material in the body.Stresses placed on the materials.
14Location of the material Surroundings can be a soft tissue or a hard tissue.May be exposed directly to the blood, tissue fluids or saliva or through a barrier.Might be placed externally or internally to the oral epithelium.
152. Duration of the material in the body May be:1. Short duration-> 4 – 6 minutes.e.g. Impression materials.2. Longer duration-> for ten years.e.g. Fixed prosthesis.Longer duration provides more time to the material and body to react to each other.
163. Stresses placed on the materials Stresses may be physical, chemical or thermal.Properties of the material comes under consideration.E.g. Strength of a material.Fatigue stresses.
18TYPES OF TESTS 3 basic types of tests. The in vitro test. The animal test.The usage test.No single test can measure the biological response accurately.
191. IN VITRO TEST Performed outside the organism. First screening test to evaluate biological response of a new material.Conducted in test tube, cell culture dish, flask or other container.Contact may be direct/indirect.
201. IN VITRO TEST Relatively fast. Inexpensive. Easily standardized. ADVANTAGESRelatively fast.Inexpensive.Easily standardized.Controlled conditions.Large scale testing.DISADVANTAGESLack of relevance to in vivo conditions.Lack of complex systemic co-ordinations.
212. THE ANIMAL TEST Material placed into an intact organism. Commonly used animals are mice, rats, hamsters or guinea pigs.Other animals used are cats, sheep's, dogs, monkeys and baboons.Distinct from usage tests.
222. THE ANIMAL TEST Intact biological system. ADVANTAGESIntact biological system.Act as a bridge between in vitro and usage test.DISADVANTAGESExpansive.Difficult to control.May take months or years.Ethical concerns.
233. USAGE TEST Performed in animals or humans. In case of humans it is called as clinical trial.Choice of animal is limited.Animals used should be large, with anatomy similar to the humans.Human clinical trial is the "gold standard".
243. USAGE TESTDISADVANTAGES:Very costly.In case of humans ethical permission requires.Prolonged time required for results.Legal liabilities.
25TESTS USED TOGETHER No single test can evaluate biocompatibility. Three phases are recognizedPrimary phase.Secondary phase.Usage phase.
26TESTS USED TOGETHERProgress oftestingNumber of materials
27TESTS USED TOGETHER Often in vitro. PRIMARY PHASEPerformed initially for testing a new material.Often in vitro.May also include some animal tests for systemic toxicity.
28TESTS USED TOGETHER Always conducted in animals. SECONDARY PHASEAlways conducted in animals.Used to rule out any dermal irritation, chronic toxicity or response upon implantation.Can also rule out inflammation, allergy and sub lethal biological responses.USAGE PHASE:-Same as discussed previously
29TESTS USED TOGETHERProgress oftestingNumber of materials
30CURRENT BIOCOMPATIBILTY ISSUES IN DENTISTRY Latex:Incidence rate 6% - 7%may cause localized rashes or swelling, dermatitis of hands (eczema)Nickel:Incidence rate 10% - 20%.100% of patients sensitive to palladium will be sensitive to nickel.
31CURRENT BIOCOMPATIBILTY ISSUES IN DENTISTRY Nickel:But only 33% of individuals allergic to nickel will be allergic to palladium.Etiology not known.Beryllium:Only used in 1% – 2% by weight in Ni-Cr alloy.Carcinogenic effects.Can cause "beryllosis".


Tells the physics engine that this object is a bullet.
Returns: Boolean
This variable defines whether or not the instance is extremely fast moving (for example a bullet). The default value is false but if set to true this tells GameMaker: Studio that the instance will be moving at such high speeds that it will require more expensive collision detection to ensure it doesn't pass through other instances undetected.
with (instance_create(x, y, obj_Shoot))
 phy_bullet = true;
 physics_apply_local_impulse(0, 10, 0, 200);
The above code creates a new instance and then defines it as being a "bullet" in the physics world before giving it a massive impulse along the y axis.
Back: Physics Variables
next: phy_speed
© Copyright YoYo Games Ltd. 2018 All Rights Reserved


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Once the testing activity is over we will record all the discrepancies and errors identified during the test run. These observations are documented and sent for corrections or fixes. The errors identified are called as defects or bugs. The testing team will log those errors after completing the test cycle and they will categorise the Priority and Criticality of the defects. After this the defects are monitored till it is being fixed by the development team. This process of checking the defect till it gets closed is called defect management.
The Key aspect of the defect management process is that to keep track on the bugs identified and ensure they are closed before the software is released. The defects logged are allocated with a specific time period to fix it called as Defect Life Time or it can be cut off time for the development team. The defects reported are closely monitored by the testing team and updates on them will be shared to the management team regarding the status. A typical Defect Life cycle in the image.


Strengths and Limitations of Using Questionnaires to Investigate Social Class Inequalities in Health.
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A questionnaire is a method of collecting data by way of basically filling out a form. These are useful for lots of data and can be used by everyone. The national census is a thing where by the whole country fill out this form and so the government can work out statistics of the country. As a positivist I would prefer a questionnaire to interviews for example. The advantages of a questionnaire are: It can be tailored to the researchers queries as he would write it. It can also be useful for getting lots of peoples data as it can be short and so it only needs to be filled out by 1 person each. They are cheap in comparison to interviews. They are easy to do because if they are closed questions then they are ticking boxes. It also provides statistical data if there is a large number of participants. Its easy to process if it is closed questions as the answered can be assigned numbers and used in computers. Data can be found that a person might not want to say in an interview. There is usually a high response rate as it is usually Quick to complete. There is High reliability in questionnaires because they are easy to make etc. there is no interviewer bias and lastly there is no need to use an interviewer.
The disadvantages of a questionnaire are: that it needs a pilot survey and are hard to distribute and there is obviously a need to get people to fill them out and they need closed questions. The researcher is not able to explain if not sure or in the middle and then the researcher would not know the real data. Lastly the researcher cannot build rapport with the subject. In lower class families they might not have time to do the questionnaire because they are too busy at work. Another reason is that they may be illiterate or may not speak English, this is more common in lower classes than the upper classes. People from all classes might not want to do they survey and just reject it thinking that it would ask for private information that they might not want to...
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This phrase results in a significant extension of the scope of 18 U.S.C. § 641 in that it applies to property in which the United States holds neither title nor a custodial interest. See United States v. Anderson, 45 F. Supp. 943, 949 (S.D.Cal. 1942). This extension of jurisdiction is rarely used because in most cases a theft from a government contractor will be a matter of concern primarily to local law enforcement officials. However, situations arise in which the federal interest will predominate and for which prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 641 should be considered; for example, the theft of property being used in a high priority federal program, the theft of property from an ordinary contractor but on such a large scale that completion of the contract is impaired, or the theft of military weapons, explosives or ammunition.
[cited in JM 9-66.200]


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Are you ready to embark on a new adventure? Alberta, a province in the heart of Canada, welcomes you with open arms and boundless opportunities. We shall bestow upon you ten indispensable tips that will not only facilitate your seamless integration but shall also pave the way for your flourishing in the province of Alberta.
1. Understand Alberta's Geography and Climate
Alberta is renowned for its multifaceted topography, ranging from the mighty Mountains to the expansive prairies. It is imperative to acquaint yourself with the assorted locales and their meteorological idiosyncrasies to brace yourself for the changes in weather. From blanketed in snow to the balmy embrace of summer, Alberta is a distinctive encounter with each passing season.
2. Secure Adequate Housing
Finding suitable accommodation is a top priority when you arrive in Alberta. Whether you prefer urban living in Calgary or Edmonton or the quieter lifestyle of smaller towns, start your housing search early to secure a comfortable place to live.
3. Legal and Financial Matters
Navigating the legal and financial aspects of immigration can be daunting. Seek advice from immigration consultants and financial advisors who specialize in assisting newcomers. Understanding the Canadian tax system and opening a bank account are essential steps.
4. Embrace Alberta's Healthcare System
Alberta boasts a world-class healthcare system accessible to all residents. Be sure to enroll in the Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan (AHCIP) to avail yourself and your family of all-encompassing medical coverage.
5. Education Opportunities
For families with children, Alberta offers a high-quality education system. Research schools in your area and explore options for post-secondary education, as Alberta is home to renowned universities and colleges.
6. Employment and Career Prospects
Alberta's economy is robust, with opportunities in various sectors, including energy, technology, healthcare, and education. Customize your employment quest to align with your proficiencies and expertise, and consider establishing connections via nearby job expos and digital forums.
7. Cultural Integration
Immerse yourself in Alberta's rich culture and diverse communities. Attend cultural events, festivals, and join local clubs to build connections and make new friends.
8. Language Skills
Improving your English language skills is crucial for effective communication and career advancement in Alberta. Enroll in language classes and practice regularly to enhance your fluency.
9. Safety and Legal Rights
Learn about your rights and responsibilities as a resident of Alberta. The region is renowned for its commitment to safety and adherence to legal principles, yet it is imperative to gain insight into the local statutes and regulations.
10. Seek Support from Settlement Agencies
Alberta offers a network of settlement agencies dedicated to helping newcomers adjust to life in the province. These organizations provide valuable resources, workshops, and support services.
Your journey as a new immigrant to Alberta is filled with promise and potential. By following these 10 essential tips, you'll not only navigate the initial challenges but also embark on a fulfilling and prosperous life in this beautiful province.


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noun (plural same)
One of a breed of large white beef cattle.
- Other Cattle Breeds on show include Herefords, Simmentals, Charolais, Aberdeen Angus, Blonde D' Aquitaine, and Limousin.
- The Charolais and Simmental cattle on sale on Tuesday were of good quality.
- The Charolais breed of cattle since their introduction to Ireland in 1964 have made a huge impact on the livestock in this country.
Late 19th century: named after the Monts du Charollais, hills in eastern France where the breed originated.
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Increase yield
Agriculture is a water intensive industry requiring a constant, pollutant-free water supply to ensure maximum yields and healthy livestock. South Africa is a dry country and a consistent source of rain water cannot be counted upon. Agricultural wastewater treatment is essential to minimise soil pollution and degradation of farmlands. Ionic Copper enables recapture of the soil's nitrogen rich runoff to be re-used as fertiliser and manure.
Additionally, Ionic Copper is a unique mineral-based foliar spray that offers superior performance at low doses to control and prevent fungal and bacterial plant diseases affecting plantation crops, greenhouses, nurseries, and fields.
IC is specifically formulated to control the diseases affecting plantation crops. Ionic Copper has been proven to successfully combat Black Sigatoka, Finger Rot and Moko fungi on bananas in South East Asia. IC is effective against a wide range of bacterial and fungal plant diseases. It can be used on a wide range of food crops, non-food crops, annuals & perennials, tropical foliage plants, potted flowering plants, shrubs, vines, trees and turf grasses. IC is suitable for commercial greenhouses, nurseries, and field applications.
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