text:
Catalysis and Reaction Engineering
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) enhances the performance of catalysts and formulates new catalysts to improve production processes for the chemical and petro-chemical industries. Scientists also address the needs of manufacturers and users of emissions control catalysts. The SwRI staff performs catalysis research and development using its expertise in molecular-based modeling studies, catalytic reaction chemistry, pilot-scale processing, and process modeling.
SwRI conducts benchand pilot-scale studies in state-of-the-art catalyst laboratories with advanced instrumentation. The Institute also does computational process modeling and molecular simulations of catalytic processes.
Because SwRI neither manufactures nor endorses industrial products, all investigations are impartial. Client confidentiality is also protected. With 10 technical divisions and hundreds of fully equipped laboratories, SwRI uses a multidisciplinary approach to solve problems for major industries and small businesses.
Using its expertise in molecular-based modeling, SwRI studies the sorption, diffusion, selectivity, and energetics of molecules in zeolites and on surfaces. Modeling is a useful screening tool for experimental studies. SwRI capabilities in this field include:
Catalytic Reaction Chemistry
SwRI chemists develop a variety of catalysts and optimize catalytic activity. Bench-scale catalytic reactions are routinely performed under high temperatures and pressures. The staff also detects different chemical species during the catalysis process and studies their interactions with catalyst surfaces. Capabilities in catalytic reaction chemistry include:
SwRI uses a packed-bed pilot plant to accurately simulate industrial conditions for hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and reforming. A supercritical processing pilot plant is also available. SwRI offers:
The results of process modeling for new process proof-of-concept, unit operation selection, debottlenecking, or process improvement can be immediately tested in SwRI pilot plants. The tests use catalysts made at SwRI or use commercial catalysts under conditions prescribed by a process licensor. Process modeling calculations are made in real time to optimize catalyst conditions for particular feeds or conditions of new or existing equipment. The staff:
This brochure was published in December 1995. For more information about catalysis and reaction engineering, contact Dr. Michael A. Miller, Phone _PHONE_, Fax _PHONE_, Mechanical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0510.


values Red and Black and return that instead. However, that would complicate this example.
The above hierarchy is logically similar to the following class structure (although this is not the actual code that runs):
interface Colorful {
 public function color(): string;
final class Suit implements UnitEnum, Colorful {
 public const Hearts = new self('Hearts');
 public const Diamonds = new self('Diamonds');
 public const Clubs = new self('Clubs');
 public const Spades = new self('Spades');
 private function __construct(public string $name) {}
 public function color(): string {
 return match($this) {
 public function shape(): string {
 return "Rectangle";
 public static function cases(): array {
 // See below.
The case instance objects may be assigned to constants because they are created internally in the engine rather than in user-space. Additionally, the differentiating flag for each case is not actually a constructor parameter.
Methods may be public, private, or protected, although in practice private and protected are equivalent as inheritance is not allowed.
Enumeration static methods
Enumerations may also have static methods. The use for static methods on the enumeration itself is primarily for alternative constructors. E.g.:
enum Size {
 case Small;
 case Medium;
 case Large;
 public static function fromLength(int $cm) {
 return match(true) {
 $cm < 50 => static::Small,
 $cm < 100 => static::Medium,
 default => static::Large,
Enumeration constants
Enumerations may include constants, which may be public, private, or protected, although in practice private and protected are equivalent as inheritance is not allowed.
An enum constant may refer to an enum case:
enum Size {
 case Small;
 case Medium;
 case Large;
 public const Huge = self::Large;
Enumerations may leverage traits, which will behave the same as on classes. The caveat is that traits used in an enum must not contain properties. They may only include methods and static methods. A trait with properties will result in a fatal error.
interface Colorful {
 public function color(): string;
trait Rectangle {
 public function shape(): string {
 return "Rectangle";
enum Suit implements Colorful {
 use Rectangle;
 case Hearts;
 case Diamonds;
 case Clubs;
 case Spades;
 public function color(): string {
 return match($this) {
Enum values in constant expressions
Because cases are represented as constants on the enum itself, they may be used as static values in most constant expressions: property defaults, static variable defaults, parameter defaults, global and class constant values. They may not be used in other enum case values due to implementation complexity. (That restriction may be lifted in the future, but since they can be used by constants on an enum it is not a significant limitation.)
However, implicit magic method calls such as ArrayAccess on enums are not allowed in static or constant definitions as we cannot absolutely guarantee that the resulting value is deterministic or that the method invocation is free of side effects. Function calls, method calls, and property access continue to be invalid operations in constant expressions.
In code:
// This is an entirely legal Enum definition.
enum Direction implements ArrayAccess {
 case Up;
 case Down;
 public function offsetGet($val) {... }
 public function offsetExists($val) {... }
 public function offsetSet($val) { throw new Exception(); }
 public functiond offsetUnset($val) { throw new Exception(); }
class Foo {
 // This is allowed.
 const Bar = Direction::Down;
 // This is disallowed, as it may not be deterministic.
 const Bar = Direction::Up['short'];
 // Fatal error: Cannot use [] on enums in constant expression
// This is entirely legal, because it's not a constant expression.
$x = Direction::Up['short'];
Comparison to objects
Although Enums are implemented using classes under the hood and share much of their semantics, some object-style functionality is forbidden. These either do not make sense in the scope of enums, their value is debatable (but could be re-added in the future), or their semantics are unclear.
Specifically, the following features of objects are not allowed on enumerations:
 - Constructors - Not relevant without data/state.
 - Destructors - Not relevant without data/state.
 - Class/Enum inheritance. - Enums are by design a closed list, which inheritance would violate. (Interfaces are allowed, but not parent classes.)
 - Enum/Case properties - Properties are a form of state, and enum cases are stateless singletons. Metadata about an enum or case can always be exposed via methods.
 - Dynamic properties - Avoid state. Plus, they're a bad idea on classes anyway.
 - Magic methods except for those specifically listed below - Most of the excluded ones involve state.
 - Cloning of enum cases. Enum cases must be single instances in order to behave predictably.
If you need any of that functionality, classes as they already exist are the superior option.
The following object functionality is available, and behaves just as it does on any other object:
 - Public, private, and protected methods.
 - Public, private, and protected static methods.
 - Public, private, and protected constants.
 - __call, __callStatic, and __invoke magic methods
 - __CLASS__ and __FUNCTION__ constants behave as normal
The ::class magic constant on an Enum type evaluates to the type name including any namespace, exactly the same as an object. The ::class magic constant on a Case instance also evaluates to the Enum type, as it is an instance of that type.
Additionally, enum cases may not be instantiated directly with new, nor with newInstanceWithoutConstructor in reflection. Both will result in an error.
$clovers = new Suit();
// Error: Cannot instantiate enum Suit
$mace = (new ReflectionClass(Suit::class))->newInstanceWithoutConstructor()
// Error: Cannot instantiate enum Suit
Value listing
Both Pure Enums and Backed Enums implement an internal interface named UnitEnum. UnitEnum includes a static method cases(). cases() returns a packed array of all defined Cases in the order of declaration.
// Produces: [Suit::Hearts, Suit::Diamonds, Suit::Clubs, Suit:Spades]
Manually defining a cases() method on an Enum will result in a fatal error.
Non-iterable Enums are not yet supported, but are expected to be part of the future ADT/Tagged Union RFC. (Those will not have a finite set of possible values.)
Note that UnitEnum does not extend Iterator, as the enum case instances themselves are not iterable; it's the Enum type that is iterable. An Enum could implement Iterator or IteratorAggregate if it so chose, however.
Enumerations are serialized differently from objects. Specifically, they have a new serialization code, "E", that specifies the name of the enum case. The deserialization routine is then able to use that to set a variable to the existing singleton value. That ensures that:
Suit::Hearts === unserialize(serialize(Suit::Hearts));
print serialize(Suit::Hearts);
// E:11:"Suit:Hearts";
On deserialization, if an enum and case cannot be found to match a serialized value a warning will be issued and false returned. (That is standard existing behavior for unserialize().)
If a Pure Enum is serialized to JSON, an error will be thrown. If a Backed Enum is serialized to JSON, it will be represented by its value scalar only, in the appropriate type. The behavior of both may be overridden by implementing JsonSerializable.
For print_r(), the output of an enum case has been modified to not confuse it with objects, although it is still similar to objects.
enum Foo {
 case Bar;
enum Baz: int {
 case Beep = 5;
Foo Enum (
 [name] => Bar
Baz Enum:int {
 [name] => Beep
 [value] => 5
Enums and cases may have attributes attached to them, like any other language construct. The TARGET_CLASS target filter will include Enums themselves. The TARGET_CLASS_CONST target filter will include Enum Cases.
No engine-defined attributes are included. User-defined attributes can do whatever.
Match expressions
match expressions offer a natural and convenient way to branch logic depending on the enum value. Since every instance of an Enum is a singleton, it will always pass an identity check. Therefore:
$val = Suit::Diamonds;
$str = match ($val) {
 Suit::Spades => "The swords of a soldier",
 Suit::Clubs => "Weapons of war",
 Suit::Diamonds => "Money for this art",
 default => "The shape of my heart",
This usage requires no modification of match. It is a natural implication of the current functionality.
SplObjectStorage and WeakMaps
As objects, Enum cases cannot be used as keys in an array. However, they can be used as keys in a SplObjectStorage or WeakMap. Because they are singletons they never get garbage collected, and thus will never be removed from a WeakMap, making these two storage mechanisms effectively equivalent.
This usage requires no modification to SplObjectStorage or WeakMap. It is a natural implication of the current functionality.
Enums are reflectable using a ReflectionEnum class, which extends ReflectionClass. Their cases are reflectable using ReflectionEnumPureCase and ReflectionEnumBackedCase, which extend ReflectionClassConstant. They are defined as follows:
class ReflectionEnum extends ReflectionClass {
 // Returns true if there is a Case defined with that name.
 // For instance, ''$r->hasCase('Hearts')'' returns true.
 public function hasCase


text:
Get Real Answers From Real People For Free
What Is The Jain Culture?
What is the influence of Jain culture.
The Indus valley civilisation of Mohenjodaro and Harappa highlights the relic of Jain culture. Certainly, we cannot refute that there has been a fine deal of communal effects on both the currents of Indian culture. Actually, Indian culture is an amalgamated culture. The two chief currents in the stream of Indian culture are Brahmanism and Shamanism. They have significantly influenced each other, and thus, added to the amalgamated Indian culture. It is true that they have some correspondence and particular common principles, but it is evenly true that they have their own individuality, and marked distinctions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In November 2010, the Science and Technology Select Committee of the House of Commons (the lower chamber of the UK Parliament) announced an inquiry into the importance of strategic metals to the UK. The Chair of the Committee, Andrew Miller MP, said
"This inquiry has the potential to be wide-ranging, from concerns about the availability of rare earth elements to how metals are recycled from discarded technological devices, some unfortunately through the use of exploited child labour in developing countries."
The impetus for the inquiry was the growing speculation in the UK and elsewhere, concerning the future availability of strategically important metals, including rare earths. The Committee sort to answer five key questions:
- Is there a global shortfall in the supply and availability of strategically important metals essential to the production of advanced technology in the UK?
- How vulnerable is the UK to a potential decline or restriction in the supply of strategically important metals? What should the Government be doing to safeguard against this and to ensure supplies are produced ethically?
- How desirable, easy and cost-effective is it to recover and recycle metals from discarded products? How can this be encouraged? Where recycling currently takes place, what arrangements need to be in place to ensure it is done cost-effectively, safely and ethically?
- Are there substitutes for those metals that are in decline in technological products manufactured in the UK? How can these substitutes be more widely applied?
- What opportunities are there to work internationally on the challenge of recovering, recycling and substituting strategically important metals?
Written submissions in response to these questions were received by the Committee and published earlier this month. Evidence was received from a variety of sources, including professional societies, universities, government agencies and companies (including TMR).
Earlier today, the Committee completed a first round of hearings at Portcullis House in London. Witnesses included:
- Louis Brimacombe - Tata Steel
- Tony Hartwell - Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network
- Ian Hetherington - British Metals Recycling Association
- Professor David Manning - Geological Society of London
- Dr Mike Pitts - Royal Society of Chemistry
- Dr Bernie Rickinson - Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
- Sophie Thomas - The Design Council
The hearings lasted for two hours, and were conducted in two parts. You can see complete coverage of the event here (if you have any problems running this video - visit the UK Parliament archive page instead):
A transcript of the hearings will likely be available shortly, and once published we'll add a link to them here.
A few very quick 'takeaways' from the hearings:
- There was general consensus that the European Community Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), which currently requires that consumer goods manufacturers take responsibility for the disposal of devices at the end of their useful lives, should be expanded to cover industrial and commercial goods and appliances too.
- Product designers need to work with materials scientists and engineers to design hi-tech products that can be easily dismantled, to enable rare-metal-rich components to be recovered, re-used or recycled.
- In the few cases were product components are recovered, the processes used to dismantle and to acquire these components from the waste stream, are far less sophisticated than the processes used to create the products in the first place.
- Product designers need incentives to design their products with recovery and reusability in mind.
- Local expertise in materials science and engineering is required wherever manufacturing is going to occur, in order to support the supply chain properly.
- Much of the work in Europe on product end-of-life issues has focused almost entirely on environmental issues; more work needs to be done to expand the discussion to sustainability and economic considerations - and the social value of all such activities.
- When discussing where rare-earth projects were underway outside of the UK, no-one on the panel of witnesses or committee of MPs, appeared to be aware of the advanced rare-earth projects currently underway in Europe - specifically Sweden (and Greenland, if you consider it to be part of Europe). This was despite at least one written submission giving details on such projects (that from TMR!).
- One witness said that in his research prior to coming to the hearings, he had tried to ascertain what the market might be for recycled rare earths such as neodymium, but was unable to find any information on this. He then commented that without such markets, there was no incentive to recycle rare earths, or other materials. I'm not sure that I'd agree with this. If one assumes a reasonable level of purity in any such recycled materials, then the material is surely fungible i.e. is no different from "primary" neodymium-based materials.
- The general consensus was that the answers to the questions originally posed by the Committee, had to be answered in the wider European context at least, since these were issues that went way beyond the UK's borders, and since very few strategic metals are actually mined or produced in the UK.
We'll keep an eye on any further developments on this story, and update you as and when we can.Print

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Army Research Found that Elephants Are Better Bomb Detectors Than Dogs
The problem is that they are elephants.
Elephant, Elephants and Mammoths, Vegetation, Plant, Natural landscape, Plant community, Working animal, Terrestrial animal, Nature reserve, Adaptation,
CC BY-SA 3.0/Yathin S Krishnappa
If there's one thing the Department of Defense loves, it's animals. The Pentagon's experimental agency, DARPA, has a long history of studying geckos, building robotic dogs, and trying to recreate the flying abilities of hummingbirds. And now it's come to light that the U.S. Army has been funding the development of elephants in detecting bombs.
The testing came to light when Sen. John McCain was bashing governmental waste, but the idea is based in solid science. George Wittemyer, an assistant professor at Colorado State University's department of fish, wildlife and conservation biology, told the Associated Pressthat an elephant's world "is primarily olfactory. The sensitivity is recognized as being unparalleled."
The idea for elephant testing came out of practical experience. When the Angolan Civil War came to an end in 2002, mines still dotted the landscape. People started noticing that elephants were avoiding areas known to have land mines. Could the animals detect the mines, were they just avoiding areas where other elephants had died, or some combination of the two? Research was necessary, and the Army stepped in with funding.
Early tests proved promising: elephants were able to determine samples of TNT 73 out of 74 times. In the next round, where scientists placed "distraction odors" near the elephants, including tea and gasoline, the pachyderms did even better, scoring 23 out of 23 TNT samples.
Elephants can detect bombs, that much seems to be settled. But that seems to ignore, pun intended, the elephant in the room: These animals are big. Bigger than dogs, bigger than any other land animal, for that matter. Getting them to a war zone is highly impractical. That leaves the Army with two options, according to Stephen Lee, head scientist at the U.S. Army Research Office: bring the war zone to elephants or try to recreate their abilities. The first option involves unmanned drones which would scoop up scent samples, which the elephant could then test remotely.
The second option involves further technological research: Lee says that researchers are developing a sensor based on an elephant's trunk that could puff out air, stirring up an area, and then suck in air to smell. He says that the sensor research is being done on a "shoestring budget" with volunteers.
Shoestring or not, success or not, the idea sounds so outlandish on the surface that it has gotten tagged with the "waste" tag. It remains to be seen whether elephants will ever, in a official capacity, detect a single bomb.
Source: The Hill via War Is Boring
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8 Weeks to 7th Grade
ADMISSIONS::MAP::_PHONE_
The purpose of the Kehoe-France Northshore Cheerleaders is to:
 1. Support athletics at Kehoe-France Northshore.
 2. Create school spirit, pride, and loyalty.
 3. Develop a sense of responsibility and discipline.
 4. Cooperate and work together as a team.
 5. Learn, enhance, and improve the basics and fundamentals of cheerleading.
Click here to see a video of our Cheerleaders performing at camp
Summer Camp


colour symbolism
 - role in religious symbolism
 TITLE: religious symbolism and iconography: Diagrammatic and emblematic
 SECTION: Diagrammatic and emblematic
 ...Latin cross, Tau (T), ankh, Saint Andrew's cross (X), and forked (Y)—may symbolize human beings and their extremities. Among various peoples and in different religions a number of basic colours have at times different and sometimes even opposite meanings. White, for example, may signify joy and festivity or death and sadness. Red has the most pronounced symbolical value: it refers...
 - views of Kandinsky
 TITLE: Wassily Kandinsky: Bauhaus period
 SECTION: Bauhaus period
 ...und Linie zu Fläche ("Point and Line to Plane"). In his first treatise, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, he had emphasized in particular the supposed expressiveness of colours, comparing yellow, for example, to the aggressive, allegedly earthly sound of a trumpet and comparing blue to the allegedly heavenly sound of the pipe organ. Now, in the same spirit, he...


text:
Key words: retention, pericoronaritis, third molars, inflammatory complications
Abstract. Effectiveness of morphogenetic protein rhBMP-2 use in atypical third mandibular molars extraction. Gudaryan O.O., Іdashkіna N.G., Nekhanevich Zh.M. Objective – improving the effectiveness of treatment of patients with retention and dystopia of the third molars of the lower jaw in their horizontal or inverse position by developing an integrated approach using photodynamic therapy and drugs that enhance osteogenesis (platelet autoplasma enriched with i-PRF fibrin and recombinant morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). 82 patients with difficult eruption of third molars of the lower jaw aged 19 to 37 were included in research: 40 (48.8%) men and 42 (51.2%) women. The standard approach to performing operations of atypical removal of retined third molars causes a significant number of complications (large bone defects, inflammatory contracture, post-traumatic neuritis, etc.). Treatment process was provided in two stages. During the first (preoperative) stage sanitation was done to eliminate or stabilize an acute infection which is inflammatory process in the area of impacted third molar. The second stage provides abscessed tooth extraction, wound sanitation, formed defect filling with osseo-inductive medications under the collagen membrane and complete closure. The developed surgical method for treating retention and dystopia of the lower third molars using biomaterial based on demineralized bone matrix (BCP) saturated with recombinant morphogenetic protein of bone rhBMP-2 can reduce the occurrence of postoperative inflammatory complications by 35.4%, and also reduce the time for their elimination as well.
Loskutov O.E., Biletska E.M., Kalinicheva V.V., Onul N.M., Sinegubov D.A. Clinical and hygienic assessment of bone mineral density in population of ecologically contrasting territories
Key words: bone tissue, osteopenia, pollution of the environment
Abstract. Clinical and hygienic assessment of bone mineral density in population of ecologically contrasting territories. Loskutov O.E., Biletska E.M., Kalinicheva V.V., Onul N.M., Sinegubov D.A. Disorder of the relationship between biotic and abiotic elements against the background of anthropogenic stress on the human body affects the course of bone remodeling. It is bone tissue in the human body that has the greatest cumulative properties with respect to many xenobiotics, lead in particular. The accumulation of lead in the bone leads to the replacement of calcium ions by ions of the abiotic element and causes further changes in the bone structure: inhibition of growth processes, decreased density, the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. In the article, a comparative hygienic analysis of bone mineral density levels (according to T-score) in industrial (n=68) and control (n=70) areas was conducted. The T-score, calculated at the LI-LIV level obtained by the method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used and was evaluated according to the recommendations of the WHO. The formation of a homogeneous sample of persons for the study was conducted according to the place of residence, age, sex, absence of diseases and regular intake of drugs leading to a decrease in bone mass. Summarizing the results, it should be noted that the population of Dniprо city has a more negative and significant decrease in the bone mineral density (according to the T-score) compared to the same values of the control areas – 2.15-4.6 times and Ukraine's – 1.39-4.21 times. According to WHO recommendations, T-score indices for residents of industrial territory indicate to the presence of osteopenia, while among residents of the control area, the norm for this indicator is noted. Consequently, there is an effect of man-made including lead, pollution of the environment on the level of bone mineral density in the industrial city this contributes to the development of osteoporotic changes in the population.
Ryabukha O.I. Weight of the thyroid, adrenal glands and the liver of white rats in the conditions of hyperthyroidism: the possibility of applying indices changes as screening-markers for determining body status effected by organic and inorganic iodine
Key words: оrgan weight, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, liver, hyperthyroidism
Abstract. Weight of the thyroid, adrenal glands, and the liver of white rats in the conditions of hyperthyroidism: the possibility of applying indices changes as screening-markers for determining body status effected by organic and inorganic iodine. Ryabukha O.I. Despite the available information on the interaction between the thyroid gland activity and that of the adrenal glands, and the liver involvement in their hormones metabolism, the study of the connection existing between these organs in hyperthyroidism is still incomplete. Changes in the weight indices values of the thyroid and adrenal glands and the liver of 90 non-linear white male rats were studied. Animals received histologically verified minimally active (21 μg iodine per kg body weight), moderate (50 μg iodine per kg body weight), and significant (100 μg iodine per kg body weight) doses of organic and inorganic iodine during 30 days under the model hyperthyroidism conditions. It was found that consumption of organic and inorganic iodine at a minimal dose approximates the digital values of adrenal gland and those of the liver of the intact animals. Consumption of a moderate organic iodine dose is accompanied by a decrease in the previously achieved values of the thyroid weight index by 17.28%, and the increase in the liver weight index by 19.66%. When consuming a moderate amount of inorganic iodine, the largest change in the values achieved was the liver weight index which increased by 13.76%. Consumption of organic and inorganic iodine compounds in a significant dose is accompanied by further changing in the studied parameters. When consuming organic iodine the thyroid weight index grows by 10.44%, that of the adrenal glands – by 13.33%, the liver – by 34.52%. Сonsuming of inorganic iodine is accompanied by a rapid increase in the thyroid glands weight index by 21.25%, that of the liver – by 34.31%. The established indicates the existence of functional communication between the studied organs; the effect depends on the chemical nature and dose of iodine consumed. The existing functional dependence gives grounds to apply changes in the weight index of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and the liver as screening-markers to determine the body's condition in hyperthyroidism.
Serheta I.V., Mostovaya O.P., Panchuk O.Yu., Stoyan N.V. Features of the processes of formation of indicators of emotional burnout of students in the dynamics of learning in modern institutions of higher medical education
Key words: students, institutions of higher medical education, educational process, emotional burnout, formation processes
Abstract. Features of the processes of formation of indicators of emotional burnout of students in the dynamics of learning in modern institutions of higher medical education. Serheta I. V., Mostovaya O. P., Panchuk O. Yu., Stoyan N. V. The purpose of the work is to establish features of the processes of formation of indicators of emotional burnout of students in the dynamics of learning in modern institutions of higher medical education. Research was conducted on the basis of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, 307 students of the 1st, 3d, and 6th courses were surveyed. To assess the level of development of the characteristics of emotional burnout Boyko's personal questionnaire was used. It was established that a high level of severity of the leading manifestations of emotional burnout among students which determines their pronounced emotional instability and a tendency to develop various disorders in terms of the characteristics of psychophysiological adaptation and of the mental sphere was observed among young women, and, first of all, among third-year and first-year young women. Considering the structural distribution of the studied indicators, it should be noted that in all comparison groups the leading components of emotional burnout were either at the formation stage (young men, of the 1st and 3d courses, and young women of the 1st and 6th courses), or were already formed (young men of the 6th course, and young women of the 3rd course). During the analysis of the features of formation of the main phases of emotional burnout, it should be noted that the highest degree of their development during period of learning was inherent of the resistance phase, followed by indicators of individual manifestations of the exhaustion phase and, lastly, tension phase. In the structure of the characteristics of the phase of tension mostly pronounced both in young men and young women, it is necessary to consider indicators of anxiety, depression and experiences of traumatic circumstances, in the structure of the leading characteristics of the phase of resistance – indicators of inadequate selective emotional response and reduction of professionally-oriented educational duties, in the structure of the leading characteristics of the phase of exhaustion – indicators of the severity of psychosomatic and psychovegetative shifts, personal detachment and emotional deficit.
Shevchenko O.A., Burlakova I.A., Sheviakov O.B., Agarkov O.A., Shramko I.A. Psychological foundations of occupational health of specialists of economic sphere
Key words: health, occupational health care, economic training profile, prevention, formation and preservation of health of specialists of the economic sphere
Abstract. Psychological bases of occupational health of specialists of


6. Remote and Compressed Files
Ediff works with remote, compressed, and encrypted files. Ediff supports 'ange-ftp.el', 'jka-compr.el', 'uncompress.el' and 'crypt++.el', but it may work with other similar packages as well. This means that you can compare files residing on another machine, or you can apply a patch to a file on another machine. Even the patch itself can be a remote file!
When patching compressed or remote files, Ediff does not rename the source file (unlike what the patch utility would usually do). Instead, the source file retains its name and the result of applying the patch is placed in a temporary file that has the suffix '_patched' attached. Generally, this applies to files that are handled using black magic, such as special file handlers (ange-ftp and some compression and encryption packages all use this method).
Regular files are treated by the patch utility in the usual manner, i.e., the original is renamed into 'source-name.orig' and the result of the patch is placed into the file source-name. (Ediff '_orig' on systems like VMS, DOS, etc.)


The 'slow earthquakes' that we cannot feel may help protect against the devastating ones
Earthquakes are sudden and their shaking can be devastating. But about 20 years ago, a new type of earthquake was discovered. We cannot feel them, and geologists still know very little about them, such as how often they occur.
Regular earthquakes occur when rock underground breaks along a fault – a crack in the Earth's crust that commonly forms a boundary between tectonic plates – and slips at a speed of about a metre per second.
Previously, it was thought that unless there's an earthquake, faults move very slowly, at fingernail growth rate. Then, better earthquake-detection instruments revealed that there is a whole range of slip speeds in between. These are known as slow earthquakes and can last days, months or sometimes even years.
'Earth movement accelerates but it doesn't accelerate to the point where it makes an earthquake that can be felt on the surface,' said Dr Ake Fagereng, a geologist at Cardiff University in the UK.
There are still many questions to be answered about slow earthquakes though. How they happen, for example, still isn't clear, as well as what the repercussions might be.
Dr Fagereng and his colleagues are especially interested in slow earthquakes' relationship to regular ones and the conditions that give rise to these events, which they are investigating as part of a project called MICA. 'If we can figure that out, then we can hopefully also get at whether those conditions can change so that an earthquake speeds up,' said Dr Fagereng.
In addition to drilling into an offshore area in New Zealand that experiences slow earthquakes, the team has been visiting regions in Japan, Namibia, Cyprus and the UK that would have experienced them in the past. Since they occur deep below the surface of the Earth, which is hard to study, the researchers have chosen areas that were once at the appropriate depths and conditions but have been brought to the surface over time due to erosion and uplift.
'We are looking for structures that formed (as a result of slow earthquakes) and what they tell us about how the rocks accommodated that slip,' said Dr Fagereng.
Exposed areas of rock on Kyushu Island, southern Japan, are among those being studied by researchers for evidence of past slow earthquakes. Image credit - Ake Fagareng
Their theory is that slow earthquakes occur when creep – tiny, continuous movements in a fault – accelerates throughout the fault zone, which can be several kilometres thick. Their field observations showed that a fault can be made up of different rock types of varying strength, such as solid basalt and granite and weaker clay-rich sediment. They suspected that stronger rocks start to fracture as creep speeds up due to weaker rocks moving around them but couldn't explain exactly why.
Using information from their fieldwork, they've now developed a mathematical model to reproduce their theory and describe some of the physics behind it. A mixture of rocks with different deformation styles – such as breaking or bending – seems to be key. A proportion of creeping weak rock is required, as well as locally high enough pressure to cause some rock to rupture.
'A possibility for these slow earthquakes is that you have a thick creeping zone with embedded stronger (rock) bits,' said Dr Fagereng.
The team is planning to follow up with more field observations to refine their model. They still can't explain why slow earthquakes occur at particular locations, for example, and why they are much more predictable than regular earthquakes, often occurring at set intervals.
Dr Fagereng thinks that findings from the project could help improve earthquake and tsunami forecasting. Last year, researchers found the first evidence of a slow earthquake preceding a regular earthquake in an area west of Fairbanks, Alaska, in the US. But the link between the two types of tremors isn't well understood. In some cases, slow earthquakes could also alleviate stress that would otherwise build up and cause a larger earthquake.
'We're hoping to get somewhere on what the relation is between slow earthquakes and regular earthquakes,' said Dr Fagereng. 'And then that could potentially feed into models for what size earthquake you can get in different regions.'
Lab experiments could also shed light on the physics of slow earthquakes. Dr Nicolas Brantut from University College London in the UK and his colleagues are using bespoke machines that can deform rock samples at high pressures and temperatures to mimic conditions deep below the surface of the Earth.
Brittle-plastic transition
His team is particularly interested in the brittle-plastic transition, a region about 10 to 15 kilometres below the surface where the behaviour of rocks changes. Above this zone they are brittle, whereas beneath it they flow due to the high temperature and pressure which increase with depth. 'The brittle part is where you have earthquakes,' said Dr Brantut.
However, slow earthquakes seem to occur in the brittle-plastic zone, based on seismological observations. In many cases, they also take place at the same temperature and pressure conditions found in this region. But so far, slow slip events have typically been modelled based on the frictional forces at a fault without taking into account the peculiarities of the brittle-plastic transition zone where rocks start to flow.
'The interactions between friction mechanisms and plastic flow mechanisms are not understood well enough to rule them out as mechanisms for slow earthquakes,' said Dr Brantut.
As part of the RockDEaF project, Dr Brantut and his team are investigating the motion of rocks at the brittle-plastic transition. They are replicating the conditions in this region on pieces of rock centimetres long to see whether they fracture or flow. 'We want to understand how these mechanisms compete with each other,' said Dr Brantut.
So far, the team has examined the brittle-plastic transition by simulating a fault in the Earth's crust in a block of marble. They investigated the behaviour of the rock at different pressures and were expecting to find a sharp transition between brittle and plastic behaviour.
However, they were surprised to find that both behaviours occurred simultaneously under a wide range of pressure conditions. 'This is something that I think nobody has realised before,' said Dr Brantut. 'The fact that we can have both friction and deformation in a continuum at the same time.'
Dr Brantut thinks that results from the project could help pin down where slow earthquakes could occur by determining the conditions and properties of rock that are required.
But they could also provide new clues about the depths at which regular earthquakes originate. Temperature below the surface of the Earth increases as a function of depth, which is typically an increase of 10°C to 40°C per kilometre in the crust. An earthquake's lowest point of origin is thought to coincide with depths that reach 600°C, since rocks become supple when they surpass this temperature and therefore can't fracture and generate an earthquake. However better understanding of the transition in rock behaviour should help determine if temperature is the deciding factor.
'We should understand more about what really controls how deep we can expect earthquakes to propagate,' said Dr Brantut.
Originally published on Horizon
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The government and roles it plays in accident prevention in Kenya
The government and roles it plays in accident prevention in Kenya
As a driver, you need to ensure your car is in a safe state when it's on the road. You don't want to have an accident due to a faulty brake system or a defective steering wheel.
Road accidents in Kenya have been warring in the number of victims. It seems impossible to reduce these instances, as the numbers seem to increase.
The government plays a significant role in accident prevention in Kenya. It can impose rules and regulations that every driver can obey and lead to a reduction of road accident cases.
 1. The government fails to arrest corrupt police officers
Sometimes, you as a passenger see a police officer taking a bribe and fail to report that officer because of fear. You fear that you can get into trouble.
It can be because police officers seem to be associated with corruption, and reporting them can land you in trouble.
If the government fails to arrest corrupt police officers, drivers can break many road safety rules and regulations; this can increase the cases of road accidents.
 1. Un-maintained roads
Another major cause of road accidents in Kenya is improper or poorly maintained roads. It causes accidents to occur quickly. If a road has potholes, it's easy for a vehicle to get into them and cause its tires to burst and hence leading to an accident.
The government can help to reduce cases of road accidents by maintaining roads in good shape. It can ensure that roads have less or no potholes.
 1. Fewer road signs
Imagine driving on a path that has less or no road signs? Causing an accident is easy. If you approach a zebra crossing and there is no sign to show that, you can drive all along fast and cause an accident.
The government can try to put enough road signs on most roads to reduce instances of road accidents. If a road is steep, a warning should be placed to inform the driver that the way is steep and help him/her to adjust the speed.
 1. Imposition of rules and regulation
If there are fewer rules regarding road transport, there can be an increase in the instances of road accident. Rules make road transport safe. However, the imposition of those rules makes it more reliable.
The government though members of parliament can come up with rules that can lead to a reduction of accidents. It can impose such rules by using traffic police officers.
Your vehicle needs to be safe. People don't have to experience road accidents in Kenya. When everyone takes the initiative to ensure they follow road safety rules to the latter, road accident cases in Kenya can reduce.
We educate the public on road safety tips and security. Our products and services have earned us international recognition. Contact us today to get our vehicle speed limiters and fleet management devices.
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What are Growth Factors?
Growth factors are proteins that regulate cellular growth, proliferation and differentiation under controlled conditions. They play an essential part in maintaining healthy skin structure and function. Growth factors are secreted by all cell types, the epidermis and dermis including keratinocytes, fibroblasts and melanocytes.
Why do we need Growth Factors in our Skin care?
Growth factors are not growth hormones. They are natural substances made by the skin cells that support the repair of damaged skin, as a result of ageing or environmental factors. They promote the formation of collagen and elastin to provide firmness and elasticity. Unfortunately cells in an ageing skin make fewer growth factors than cells in a young skin. Therefore, to support the levels of skin rejuvenation is to regularly use skin care products with a high concentration of stable growth factors. Daily use of skin care products containing growth factors is known to help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles and improve skin tone and texture.
Do growth factors work?
There has been many debates as to whether topically applied growth factors can penetrate the skin enough to be effective. Growth factors have a large molecular size that prevents them from entering the epidermis. However, several clinical studies have highlighted the benefits of topically applied growth factor products showing improvements in the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, texture, and pigmentation. Combinations of growth factors with antioxidants (eg, vitamin C) and peptides (eg,cytokines) tend to show results sooner, typically within 4–8 weeks. When growth factors are applied to the skin in high concentrations, a small fraction penetrates the superficial epidermis, and initiates a communication chain that leads to stimulation of dermal fibroblasts to produce collagen. I use growth factors in conjunction with needling, dermastamp, chemial peels and light therapy treatments and the results are phenomenal.
Are growth factors used at Smita London
We use AQ Skin Solutions at Smita London. These growth factors are human growth factors and thus the most effective to skin and hair rejuvenation.
We use these growth factors in conjunction with the meso fusion pen, needling, Derma stamp and chemical peels. The results are further enhanced with light therapy – a bespoke treatment that is phenomenal.
Where do growth factors in skin care come from?
There are multiple sources of growth factors. They can be derived from several different human cells grown in a laboratory (skin cells, bone marrow stem cells, fat stem cells), extracted from one's blood or bioengineered from non-human sources such as snails and some plants. However, fat stem cells are likely to produce growth factors that help the functioning of fat cells, bone marrow stem cells are likely to produce growth factors that improve the functioning of the bone marrow. So the ideal growth factors for the skin would be produced by fibroblasts. It is well known that dermal growth factors outperform growth factors derived from other kinds of human stem cells, like fat cells, as well as non-human sources of stem cells, such as snails and plants.
Do plants Growth Factors work on humans?
Plants produce growth factors conducive to their biological functions and are a completely different organism as their biology is obviously far different from humans. More specifically, our cellular biological activities are different, including the way we repair cellular damage. Therefore, any plant Growth Factor does not work on humans.


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Climate change poses the greatest threat to medium sized predators such as foxes as it forces them to spend more time hunting for food, British researchers found.
Medium-sized carnivores which generally weigh between one and ten kilograms, are more vulnerable because they spend the most time foraging.
As the climate affects their prey they must spend more time hunting to survive, scientists said.
And they found failing to diversify their prey could put the species at greater risk of climate change.
Ecologists had previously believed foraging time decreased as animal size increased, but the team discovered that wasn't the case.
Co-author Dr Chris Carbone, from the Zoological Society of London, said: "Medium-sized predators are forced to search for food for longer periods of time on a daily basis because they tend to feed on prey that are small compared to their own size.
"Prey that are much smaller than a predator are hard to find and catch, and therefore do not easily satisfy the predator's energy needs and provide insufficient 'bang for the buck'."
The research, published in the Nature Ecology and Evolution journal, looked at previous studies of 73-species of land-based carnivore.
Activity data was gathered using tracking methods including radio collars and GPS, then a mathematical model was used to predict the risk of climate change on each.
Species ranged from small predators like weasels to some of the largest, such as tigers, and the scientists found the medium-sized spent the greatest part of their day foraging.
Other examples of mid-size predators included the Malay civet and Iriomote cat.
Study co-author Dr Samraat Pawar, from Imperial College London, said: "We propose a simple mathematical model that predicts how foraging time depends on body size.
"This can help predict potential risks to predators facing environmental change.
"Habitat changes can mean that predators have to move more to find the same amount of food, causing them greater stress.
"This impacts the health of the individual, and therefore the health of the population.
"Our approach could be used to better understand the diets of other groups of species as well improving our knowledge of threats of climate change and habitat loss in a wider range of species."
Co-author Matteo Rizzuto, formerly a Master's student in the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial, said each species' vulnerability will also depend on the kind of prey they feed on.
He added: "If they are able to adapt their diet and diversify their prey, they may fare better."


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The Cherry is generally understood to have been brought to Rome, from Armenia, by Lucullus, the conqueror of Mithridates. This was about sixty-eight years before the Christian era; and such was the fondness for the fruit, that Pliny says, "in less than one hundred and twenty years after, other lands had cherries, even as far as Britain beyond the ocean" The cherry is spread over Africa.
Archaeological and ethno-botanical studies also indicate long-term cultivation of grains (wheat, barley, rye, millet, oats), pulses (peas, lentils, chick peas, broad beans), fruit (water-melon, grapes, apricot, quince, plum, cherry, pomegranate, peach, apple), as well as nuts and wild grasses on the Armenian plateau. This extent of cultivation and variety of crops indicates that Armenia is an important site of origin for crop cultivars. Native to Armenia, apricot was taken by Alexander the Great's army back to Greece, where the Romans then spread it throughout Southern Europe.
- ↑ A History of the Vegetable Kingdom - Page 334


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How fast anything spins is partly determined by how its weight is distributed. The closer an object's weight is to its axis of rotation, the faster it spins. To picture this, imagine an ice skater doing a pirouette. When her arms are extended, she spins slowly.
For many scientists, a species' success is measured by sheer numbers. In that case, the most successful species known to man is a type of bacterium known as S-A-R-11, or SAR-11 for short. Scientists estimate that there are two-hundred and forty times a billion billion billion SAR11 cells floating around in the oceans. Now that [...]


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I'm not sure how to go about finding the solution to this question.
Let R be a ring with identity such that $x^2 = 1_R$ for all $0_R \neq x\in R$. How many elements are in $R$?
I've just been playing around with squaring elements, like $$(x+1_R)^2 = x^2+2.x+1_R =2.x+2.1_R = 1_R.$$
But I'm not sure where to go with this. Any help?
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Either $1_R+1_R=0$ or $(1_R+1_R)^2=1_R$ so $3\cdot 1_R=0$. – Davide Giraudo Mar 5 '12 at 20:15
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2 Answers
One possibility, of course, is $R=\{0\}$. Assume $1_R\neq 0$.
$R$ has no zero divisors: if $xy=0$ and $x\neq 0$, then $y = 1_Ry = xxy = x(0)=0$.
$R$ is commutative: if $x$ and $y$ are nonzero, then so is $xy$ by the above; hence $(xy)^2 = x^2y^2$; canceling from $xyxy=xxyy$ we get $yx=xy$.
(Of course, the ring satisfies $x^3=x$ for all $x$, so by a famous theorem of Jacobson, the ring is necessarily commutative; but we don't need to call in that heavy cannon to the fray).
Since every nonzero element is invertible, $R$ is a field. Since $x^2-1_R$ has $|R-\{0\}|$ solutions, we have $|R-\{0\}|\leq 2$, so $|R|\leq 3$.
If $1_R+1_R=0$, then $R$ is of characteristic $2$, so $R\cong \mathbb{F}_2$ and $|R|=2$. And, indeed, in this case the hypothesis holds.
If $1_R+1_R\neq 0$, then we get $4\cdot 1_R = 1_R$, hence $3\cdot 1_R=0$, so $R$ is of characteristic $3$, and therefore $R\cong\mathbb{F}_3$ and $|R|=3$. Again, the hypothesis holds for this ring.
In summary, $R$ has either $1$, $2$, or $3$ elements, and is either the trivial ring, $\mathbb{F}_2$, or $\mathbb{F}_3$.
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Thanks, this is very helpful, but why does $x^3=x$ imply that $R$ is commutative? – 098765 Mar 5 '12 at 20:28
_USER_: It is a common exercise in Ring Theory, and also a consequence of a famous Theorem of Jacobson, which states that a ring for which there exists $n\gt 0$ such that $x^n=x$ for all $x$ is always commutative. But I gave a simpler derivation that does not call upon such heavy artillery in an edit. – Arturo Magidin Mar 5 '12 at 20:33
_USER_ am pleased you revised your answer, because the proof that $x^3 = x$ implies R is commutative isn't trivial, and is probably beyond the stage at which the asker of this question is at. – David Wheeler Mar 5 '12 at 20:53
Does your proof actually depend on commutativity? (mine does not). If not, then you can omit the proof of comutativity, since it's a trivial consequence of the final result. – Bill Dubuque Mar 5 '12 at 22:42
_USER_: I use commutativity only to conclude that I have a field rather than a simply division ring; I believe it is equivalent to your "$x^{-1}=x\Rightarrow R$ field". – Arturo Magidin Mar 6 '12 at 3:54
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$\rm R=0\:$ works. Else $\rm\ x\ne 0$ $\Rightarrow$ $\rm x^2 =1$ $\Rightarrow$ $\rm x^{-1} = x $ $\Rightarrow$ $\rm R$ field, so $\rm\: x\ne 0\!\iff\!\! (x-1)(x+1) = 0$ $\iff$ $\rm x=\pm 1.\:$ But $\rm\: R\backslash0 = \{\pm1\}$ $\!\iff\!$ $\rm R\:\! \cong\:\! \mathbb Z/2\:$ or $\:\mathbb Z/3$.
More generally, the finite fields $\:\rm\mathbb F_p,\: \mathbb F_q,\ p,q\:$ prime, are axiomatized by the ring axioms plus $$\rm x^n =\: x,\quad n\: =\: 1 + lcm(p\!-\!1,q\!-\!1)$$ $$\rm q\:(x^p-x)\: =\: 0\: =\: p\:(x^q-x)$$ $$\rm pq\: =\: 0$$
Thus any identity true in both of these fields has a purely equational proof from the above axioms. This theorem extends similarly to any finite set of finite fields, for example see Stanley Burris and John Lawrence, Term rewrite rules for finite fields (1991). This result is very closely related to Jacobson's model-theoretic proof of commutativity of rings satisfying the identity $\rm\: x^{n_x} =\: x$.
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|Tarter, J - NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV|
Submitted to: Maize Genetics Conference Abstracts
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: January 5, 2005
Publication Date: March 10, 2005
Citation: Tarter, J., Holland, J.B. 2005. Detecting epistasis through the use of double-introgression near-isogenic lines of maize. Maize Genetics Conference Abstracts. Interpretive Summary: Epistasis is the interaction between the effects of genes on a common phenotype. The importance of epistasis compared to the direct effects of genes on important agricultural traits in plants is controversial. We developed a novel approach to test the importance of epistasis in maize. We created lines that were 95% or more identical to inbred B73, except that they had different blocks of genes substituted from inbred Tx303. We combined these blocks to make new lines that had both blocks together and compared the effects of the paired chromosome block substitutions to their individual effects. We found that epistasis was often significant, but less frequently and with lower magnitude than direct genetic effects.
Technical Abstract: Epistasis is an interaction between loci that is observed on some phenotype. Detecting epistatic interactions in typical mapping populations is confounded by segregation of the genetic background. This problem can be reduced through the use of near-isogenic lines (NILs). Objectives of this study were to test for evidence of epistatic interactions, their frequencies, and magnitudes in both inbred and hybrid combinations of maize. Using marker-assisted selection, 127 double introgression near-isogenic lines (dNILs) were developing using B73 as the recurrent parent and two introgressions from the donor parent Tx303. Epistasis was detected by comparing dNILs to their specific parental single-introgression NILs. After the first year of testing, 54 dNIL inbred lines (43%) exhibited epistasis for all six agronomic traits measured. Epistasis for only one trait was detected in 32 lines (25%), and epistasis for two traits simultaneously was detected in 17 lines (14%). In the hybrid trials, 37 dNILs (29%) exhibited epistasis for eight of the ten agronomic traits measured. Twenty-five lines (20%) exhibited epistasis for one trait while 10 lines (8%) exhibited epistasis for two traits simultaneously. Only 5 epistatic genetic combinations were in common between the inbred and hybrid lines.


Where is lettuce best kept?
Lettuce belongs in the crisper drawer in the fridge (lowest compartment).
Lettuce easily goes limp and loses a lot of its valuable constituents fairly quickly.
However, it can be kept fresh for longer if you wash it and put it in an airtight container with a sheet of kitchen paper. Alternatively, you can wrap the lettuce in a cloth moisturised with well-diluted vinegar, to which you can also add a little lemon juice, and put it in the crisper drawer. This will slow down the loss of nutrients for three days. Lettuce that has already been washed should not be stored together with fruit or vegetables which release ethylene (e.g. tomatoes, apples, bananas).
Tip: If salad or vegetables are already a bit old and slightly shrivelled (such as carrots or radish), leave them for an hour in water – this refreshes them.
Useful tips for storing and preserving food.
Tips for handling food more responsibly.
Recipe ideas for using leftovers creatively.


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Did Acidic Stress Resistance in Vertebrates Evolve as Na+/H+ Exchanger-Mediated Ammonia Excretion in Fish?
- Author：Yung-Che Tseng, Jia-Jiun Yan, Fumiya Furukawa, and Pung-Pung Hwang
- Journal： Bioessays, 42, e1900161 _URL_
How vertebrates evolved different traits for acid excretion to maintain body fluid pH homeostasis is largely unknown. We report the evolution of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)-mediated NH4+ excretion in fishes, and the coevolution with increased ammoniagenesis and accompanying gluconeogenesis is speculated to benefit vertebrates in terms of both internal homeostasis and energy metabolism response to acidic stress. The findings provide new insights into our understanding of the possible adaptation of fishes to progressing global environmental acidification. In human kidney, titratable H+ and NH4+ comprise the two main components of net acid excretion. H+-ATPase-mediated H+ excretion may have developed in stenohaline lampreys when they initially invaded freshwater from marine habitats, but this trait was lost in most fishes. Instead, increased reliance on NHE-mediated NH4+ excretion was gradually developed and intensified during fish evolution. Further investigations on more species will be needed to support our hypothesis.


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Before starting the collection of eye tracking and other biometric measures simultaneously, also known as co-registration, it is necessary to ensure that the setup will allow the synchronization of the data streams for later analysis. There are two main types of co-registration setups. The first type uses only one software to record all data steams simultaneously. With this setup, the software ensures the synchronization of data streams and therefore the user does not need to take care of it. The possibility of using this type of setup will be mainly determined by the availability of a co-registration software to be compatible with the biometric and eye tracking systems that are going to be used. In the second type of setup there is one dedicated recording software for eye tracking data and a different one for the other biometric data. Since the recordings are done independently and usually with different computers, we need a method to ensure that the recordings will be accurately synchronized in time. In this article, we are going to focus on this second type of setup and the main method for ensuring a good timing synchronization between biometrics data: shared events.
Shared events are triggers or events that were produced and registered, theoretically, at the same time by your eye tracking system and biometric system. These events will be used as known common points in time between your data streams and will allow their synchronization and analysis after the recording.
Timing accuracy of shared events
What we mean by timing accuracy of the events is the ability of the setup to send and receive a shared event as close in time as possible in the eye tracking and the other biometric data streams. The timing accuracy needed will depend on your intended application and what biometric data you are recording together with eye tracking data. For instance, in the case of EEG, the timing accuracy to timestamp common events should be as high as possible, in the order of one to few milliseconds. This is mainly due to the high temporal resolution of EEG (brain responses are measured with millisecond accuracy). Eye movements, usually categorized as artifacts in the EEG data, are also measured with millisecond temporal resolution. It is important to be able to align the eye tracking data and EEG data with high timing accuracy, so that the eye movements registered in the EEG and eye tracking data are perfectly aligned and the results derived from the synchronized data are correct. On the other hand, if we want to co-register Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) together with eye tracking, the timing accuracy of the shared events is not as crucial as in the case of EEG, mostly because of the high latency of the skin conductance response to an event (1 to 4 seconds).
The timing accuracy of the events highly depends on the capability of your setup to send and timestamp them in both data streams with high timing accuracy. Tobii Pro recommends that you always check the event timing accuracy of the method you choose to send and timestamp your shared events. For example, by making a co-registration recording where you send events to all data streams at known intervals and then check the time distribution of those events. If you are interested in co-registering EEG, you can also use tools like the EYE-EEG plugin (EEGLAB), which will output information about the synchronization quality of your co-registration recording.
Sender is the method you use to send the events to your data streams. The most common options are:
Receiver is the device that receives and timestamps the events in each data stream. There will be one receiver for eye tracking and one for the other biometric measure. The receivers can be:
Event types are the means and signal characteristics of your events. There are two main types of events used when high timing accuracy is needed:
The main information of a shared event is the time when it was timestamped. This is what will allow the synchronization of our data streams. However, usually events can also contain numeric information in the case of TTL and any string information in the case of TCP/IP. It is quite advisable to send your events at specific points of times during your presentation. In this way, your events will contain three types of information:
This approach is quite useful if you want to analyze your data separately (eye tracking data in the eye tracking software and other biometric data in a dedicated software with appropriate biometric analysis tools) as both data streams will contain all the experimental information related with trial onset times.


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You are hereHome ›
CIVICUS World Assembly
PURPOSE AND PROBLEM
The CIVICUS World Assembly is a place for strengthening the rights of people around the world, to "exist, express and engage." It involves the civil society, government, business and media in the processes it takes to make the steps towards this strengthening. These world assemblies provide a strong forum where unconnected groups can engage, in open dialogue for the benefit of civil society. They address a range of problems in the discussions at these once yearly world assemblies hoping to come to a decision through discussion and deliberation about what could be done to fix or improve the problem. In each World Assembly a series of all assembly discussions take place throughout the few days, but they also include activities such as round tables, networking sessions, workshops, formal events and most recently a new activity being added which are interactive group discussions.
The first CIVICUS World Assembly was held in 1995 in Mexico City. The first few assemblies were held every two years, until the decision at the 2006 Assembly held in Glasgow they decided to hold them annually. Another change included location, because of the in-depth and long process of organizing involved in each World Assembly it was decided at the 2006 Assembly to hold Assemblies in the same location for three consecutive years. This change would allow the focus to remain on the content, themes, and sub-themes that are the most important part of each Assembly, and hope to increase and promote participation. With reducing the need to process a new location every year and find the proper funding for the location the point could be returned to strengthening civil society. The World Assemblies are not that old in terms of history, nearing 15 years, although they are still happening with the most recent being held in Montreal, Canada in August of 2010. They have evolved over the years by making changes to increase the productivity, engagement, and deliberation of unconnected groups around the world. It is anticipated from the changes that have been made in past World Assemblies that there will be changes in the future as well.
In every World Assembly they expect about 1000 delegates from around the world, including about 60 media representatives and 60 other people normally CIVICUS staff, on the local host committee, or the board of the assembly. The delegates or participants can register themselves on the website prior to the Assembly, which allows for a varied group of people. The participants can be from businesses, non-governmental organizations, foundations, or any other person that wants to be involved in civil society. Along with participant selection there is a selection process for the host country of each World Assembly. In a similar process to hosting the Olympics but on a smaller scale, the country, more specifically the city, has to apply for the opportunity. They must prove they have or will have the location to comfortably hold the World Assembly activities and all of the people that will be attending. There are specific guidelines requiring ease of transportation, distance of venue to lodging, and many other aspects including catering. After the bids are collected the locations are visited by CIVICUS members resulting in the selection of one city, which now leads to hosting three annual World Assemblies.
DELIBERATION, DECISIONS, and PUBLIC INTERACTION
The CIVICUS World Assemblies offer a variety of ways to make decisions by using deliberation. Because the participants focus on issues regarding civil society and can come to a consensus about what actions need to be taken they can take that back to their society. Involving people from around the world helps this concept, and the Assemblies hope to promote a powerful message that inspires and encourages the participants to become leaders in their own society, and interact with the public. If this could happen all around the world, some changes could be seen.
INFLUENCE, OUTCOME, and EFFECTS
Each World Assembly has its own agenda focusing on the chosen themes and sub-themes. The themes and agenda for the four-day event is chosen by CIVICUS, the founding and supporting organization of World Assemblies, and then implemented into the various activities at the Assembly. CIVICUS, makes these decisions in the organization process however the participants are the ones who have the decision making power at the Assembly ultimately deliberating over issues and making decisions. They normally are focused around how civil society could be improved in some aspect, while focusing on the theme for that assembly.
Some of the effects and outcomes of the World Assemblies in the past have been:
Mexico City, Mexico – 1995 – 1st World Assembly This was the first World Assembly held, so the focus remained on the future and development of them. It did not have a theme or sub-theme because this idea had not been introduced yet. The effect this had was shaping the future of World Assemblies and their processes, which in turn had the effect of a successful continuance of Assemblies.
Budapest, Hungary – 1997 – 2nd World Assembly Being the second Assembly it attracted a near 500 people from 76 countries. The focus at this World Assembly was to review CIVICUS as an organization. In particular the participants looked at the issues of visibility and mobilization throughout the worlds different societies. And its main focus was creating some kind of legal environment for civil society, focusing on places that did not have as many fair or equal rights when it came to legal issues.
Manila, Philippines – 1999 - 3rd World Assembly This was the first World Assembly that took the focus of a specific theme given by CIVICUS. It was "Towards a New Civil Society: The changing of Civil Society Organizations Business and Government." This Assembly hosted about 600 participants from all parts of society and discussed the elements of engagement in civil societies. This year there was also a major addition to World Assemblies introducing youth participation, which would eventually lead to separate Youth World Assemblies.
Vancouver, Canada – 2001 – 4th World Assembly This Assembly attracted significantly more people than the past reaching 730 participants from 87 countries. Its theme was "Putting people at the centre and the role of voluntary action in shaping social and economic change." This Assembly was to date the most engaged and effective by reaching to outside sources and engaging with Canada's varied and dynamic civil society. They included this by using learning exchanges as one of the activities during the Assembly. The major effect of this Assembly was the increased role of youth by introducing a project based on the Internet and daily bulletin. Not only did it focus on developing the youth participation but also addressed the issues of CIVICUS and it's gender policies. CIVICUS took action after receiving these recommendations from the Assembly by creating new and revised policies regarding gender roles especially women's leadership.
Gaborone, Botswana – 2004 – 5th World Assembly The theme for this World Assembly, which eventually became the motto of all World Assemblies, was "Acting Together for a Just World." Over 700 participants from over 105 countries had discussions about economic, social, political, and civic justice in a divided world. Because of the events happening around the world, such as the effects of 9/11/01, the world was in a different state than in prior Assemblies. It also focused on a few of the specific challenges Africa was facing, including HIV/AIDS epidemic. This session created a few new additions to the sessions adding a "dream weave" where participants could state and share dreams they have.
Glasgow, Scotland – 2006 – 6th World Assembly As the assemblies continued the number of participants increased, this one drawing 800 from 100 different countries. Again it focused on the theme of "Acting Together for a Just World," but also included sub-themes surrounding the topics of political, civic, and economic justice in civil societies. This year also marked changes in World Assemblies as a whole, deciding World Assemblies in the future would be held every year, instead of every two years, and would be held in the same location for three years in a row. This session had effects because its themes were focused on the events leading up to the G8 summit. It showed focus on a large global commitment from citizens of all kinds wanting a better and just world and the necessity of continuing to try to achieve it.
Glasgow, Scotland – 2007 – 7th World Assembly In the 7th Assembly 745 participants attended from 119 countries. The theme of accountability was stressed allowing the discussions to develop suggestions on how sectors in local, national, and international governments could improve. They focused on how these different levels of government could do this in holding themselves and others accountable hoping to improve the systems. The 2008 8th World Assembly was also held in Glasgow, allowing people to discuss and learn from experts from around the world on different issues of participatory government and development.
Montreal, Canada – August 2010 – 9th World Assembly Returning back to Canada from the 2001 Assembly the 9th followed the same overall theme of "Acting Together for a Just World" with the focus on the sub-theme "SOS: Seeking Out Solutions – Economic Justice," as well as other themes involving "development effectiveness and climate justice."
CRITICISM AND ANALYSIS
The CIVICUS World Assembly's are a process that does promote deliberation in a participatory government setting. They allow for people from around the world to gather and speak their minds about issues that need attention all around the world. By just holding these gatherings they are allowing a place for open and structured deliberation to occur. The process includes holding informative meetings as a very large group throughout the sessions, as well as smaller groups that focus on asking questions and really tackling the issues proposed


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|Quick Facts: Janitors and Building Cleaners|
|2010 Median Pay||
$22,210 per year
$10.68 per hour
|Entry-Level Education||Less than high school|
|Work Experience in a Related Occupation||None|
|On-the-job Training||Short-term on-the-job training|
|Number of Jobs, 2010||2,310,400|
|Job Outlook, 2010-20||11% (About as fast as average)|
|Employment Change, 2010-20||246,400|
Janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition.
Most janitors and building cleaners work indoors, but some work outdoors part of the time, sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. Because office buildings are usually cleaned while they are empty, many cleaning workers work evening hours. The work can be physically demanding and sometimes dirty and unpleasant.
Most janitors and building cleaning workers learn on the job. They do not need formal education.
The median hourly wage for janitors and building cleaners was $10.68 in May 2010.
Employment of janitors and building cleaners is expected to grow 11 percent from 2010 to 2020, about as fast as the average for all occupations. While overall job prospects are expected to be favorable, those with experience are likely to have the best opportunities.
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of janitors and building cleaners with similar occupations.
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Learn more about janitors and building cleaners by contacting these additional resources.


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About the Course
Digital Pioneers aims to develop the basic digital skills to be able to interact and use more efficiently the Information and Communication technologies while they learn useful content for their job by solving a series of hypothetical MSF dilemmas and situations. Being able to use these kind of technologies will help the users to navigate TEMBO's platform in order to learn and use the resources available for the MSF staff to improve in their job positions and in the humanitarian work in general.
At the end of the course, the student must have acquired skills related to the first three basic digital competences according to the European Framework, which are: Information and data literacy, Communication and collaboration, and Digital content creation.
List of Contents
- Episode 1: Cholera Outbreak
- Episode 2: Behaviour in the Field
- Episode 3: Stress and Wellbeing


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The Breman Jewish Heritage and Holocaust Museum
Location & Contact:
The William Breman Jewish Heritage Museum explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community building through the lens of the Jewish experience. The Breman features: Absence of Humanity: The Holocaust Years, _PHONE_; Creating Community: The Jews of Atlanta from 1845 to the Present in The Blonder Family Heritage Gallery; The Marlene J. and William A. Schwartz Special Exhibition Gallery; The Ida Pearle and Joseph Cuba Community Archives and Genealogy Center; The Lillian and A.J. Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education; a comprehensive resource library for educators, scholars and the media supporting archival, genealogical and Holocuast research, character education and heritage studies; and The Elinor Rosenberg Breman Museum Shop.
Through its signature exhibitions and special exhibitions, The Breman attracts diverse audiences and educates visitors about Jewish values, customs and traditions. Tzedakkah (righteousness) and tikkun olam (repairing the world) are two such concepts. Exhibitions also explore universal themes, such as personal responsibility, community building and cross-cultural understanding.
The Bremans Cuba Archives and Genealogy Center holds memories and documentation of Jewish life in Georgia and Alabama. The archives contribute greatly to the study of Jewish culture and the humanities by illuminating how Jewish people lived, organized and participated in communities throughout the state. Personal stories and historical memorabilia of individuals provide a springboard for discovery and dialogue.
The Breman is a teaching museum committed to serving a broad spectrum of teachers, students, their families and lifelong learners in Georgia and the Southeast. More than 20,000 visitors a year have the opportunity to learn about the Holocaust as well as Jewish history from The Bremans exhibitions, survivor speakers, and archives. They are challenged to consider the relevance and implications of the Holocaust today.
The Education Departmentof The Breman, including the Weinberg Center for Holocaust Education, provides age-appropriate tours, speakers, lesson plans, books, films, courses, a speaker series, online exhibitions, and other resources that are intended to support and enlighten visitors from diverse settings including public, private, and parochial schools. These educational resources may be integrated into mandated areas of study in almost all academic disciplines. They meet Georgia Performance Standards in a variety of curricular areas, including:
Through its public exhibitions and programs, The Breman explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community-building through the lens of the Jewish experience. The museum provides visitors with a strong historical perspectiv,e as well as a positive example of the strength of the human spirit and our interdependence. The Breman, a local and national resource, houses two permanent exhibitions, Absence of Humanity: The Holocaust Years which provides the history of the Holocaust and Creating Community: The Jews of Atlanta from 1845 to the Present, depicting Jewish life in the State of Georgia; one gallery for special exhibitions, a resource library, and extensive archives relating to Jewish history in Georgia with materials (including diaries, documents, scrapbooks, photographs, audio and video recordings, oral histories; and an extensive newspaper collection) that date back to the 1850s.
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Future Lab: Stemness
The concept of "stemness" refers to the capacity within a stem cell to create different kinds of cells. It promises to revolutionize medicine. Isolated in the petri dish, stem cells exhibit interesting behaviors that scientists are just beginning to understand. With thousands of cells to monitor, computer vision technology is helping researchers analyze great numbers of cells move, divide, and die. The system also helps to understand how to control cells, with the goal of making them differentiate. In this online radio edition of Future Lab, we talk with scientists Mei Chen, Phil Campbell, and Takeo Kanade who are studying stem cells with the aid of computer vision technology.


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Journal Title or Book Title
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are the progenitor cells to connective tissue cells, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. These cells are currently being investigated as a cellular source for tissue regeneration and repair. The systemic and local tissue environment may have significant influence on the success of such efforts. We hypothesized that elevated glucose and exposure to stress hormones would influence the proliferation of MSC. MSC from the bone marrow of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were grown under both low glucose (5 mM) and high glucose (20 nM) conditions in the presence and absence of the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). Relative cell density was used to determine the rate of proliferation and was measured using methylene blue staining. Changes in cell density from initial plating were recorded at various stages of culture. Under low-glucose conditions, stress hormones reduced MSC proliferation and these changes were enhanced when cells were exposed to high glucose conditions. These data indicate that stress and elevated glucose can have a significant effect on the ability of MSC to proliferate and may prove to reduce their efficacy during tissue repair.
Evans, Jodi F. Ph.D.; Abrego, Nancy; and Ragolia, Louis, "High Glucose Enhances the Proliferation Effects of Stress Hormones in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultures" (2011). Faculty Works: Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Studies. 15.


Volga river - Planet Cruise
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Alongside the Volga River, there are a number of Russian lakes, rivers and canals that all comprise the sprawling Russian Waterways. The Waterways link the capital, Moscow, with St. Petersburg on the coast of the Baltic Sea. The best parts of Russia are waiting on the Waterways, a refreshing experience of Moscow's colourful Kremlins and the calm countryside churches and monasteries such as Kizhi's Transfiguration Church.
The main section of the Waterways, the Volga River, rises northwest of Moscow and flows 2,193 miles (3,530 km) to the Caspian Sea, making it Europe's longest river. The river splits into two, the main flow heading east past Tver, Dubna, Yaroslavl and other towns, and then south past historic Volgograd (Stalingrad) towards the Caspian Sea, while a short course heads past Uglich towards the Moscow Canal. It holds great symbolic and historical importance to Russia and is home to eleven of Russia's largest cities.
Moscow Canal
At the end of the Volga's southwest course, the Volga flows into the Moscow Canal and connects with the Moskva River on the south side. From the Tushino estuary and the Volga River, the canal stretches 128km through Moscow, and provides access to the White, Baltic, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. The number of reservoirs around the area supply Moscow with half of the water its citizens consume.
Volga-Baltic Waterway
As a means to connect the Volga River with the Baltic Sea, canals and rivers were formed through the north of the Waterways. Previously called the Mariinsk Canal System, the Volga-Baltic Waterway starts from Rybinsk, moving north and including the two smaller rivers, Svir and Neva, and the lakes of Onega and Ladoga. At St Petersburg, the Neva River flows into the Gulf of Finland after travelling 229 miles (368km).
Weather & When to go
The cruising season is May to September. The early summer has average temperatures of around 23°C (73°F), with occasional heat waves. May and September are the cooler cruising periods, with max temperatures of around 18°C (64°F).
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You are here:Home > US > All U.S. Products > U.S. Insignia > Rank Insignia
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About WWII Army Rank Chevrons
The US Army used a series of chevrons sewn on each sleeve to denote the ranks of PFC (private first class) up through all NCOs (Non-commissioned officers = Sergeants). Officers used collar insignia, not chevrons.
There are several types of chevrons used during WWII. As usual, reality and living historian fantasies often clash. Here is the historical reality. The three main styles of chevrons are wool, rayon and khaki.
In principle:
Khaki Chevrons were only for the khaki summer uniforms.
Wool Chevrons were for the Service Coats, Wool Shirts and "Ike" Jackets.
Rayon Chevrons were for Field Jackets.
However, in practice, the wool and rayon stripes can be found, originally sewn, on every style of uniform in the Army inventory. Khaki stripes are occasionally found on field and paratrooper jackets- I haven't seen them on wool shirts of service coats, but I wouldn't rule it out. There were also stencil kits issued allowing stripes to be painted directly onto field uniforms. Our grandfathers knew that rules are meant to be broken and often did so.
There is often some confusion on the background color of the wool and rayon insignia. It is actually a dark navy blue. Some appear to be black, and but in direct sunlight you can see that they are actually blue. The stripes themselves vary widelymany shades of olive or khaki can be found on originals. (Khaki chevrons use olive stripes on khaki background. The shade of olive varies greatly.) They were made by the million, so this is hardly a shock.
Again, being made by the million, there are numerous differences between manufacturers. Some are sewn, some folded, the weave varies, and many were sub-contracted in England. Left over insignia from World War One was also used, adding still more possibilities.
ATF reproductions:
In all cases, we copied originals. I chose those I consider to be among the most typical US produced varieties. All are excellent and very, very close to the original.
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PFC (Khaki)
Price: $9.99
Corporal (Khaki)
Price: $11.99
Sergeant (Khaki)
Price: $11.99
Captain Rank
Price: $4.99
Major Rank
Price: $4.99


What are flower essences?
Flower essences are the least invasive form of subtle body medicine that interact with whatever negative emotions a person is experiencing to gently and safely bring them back into a positive state. They are made by infusing the flower's energetic signature into spring water. Flower essences are based on the energy field of the plant. Each flower has profound wisdom. It imparts that wisdom into the flower essences that we in turn benefit from.
Are they essential oils?
Flower essences are not essential oils. They differ from essential oils in that the flower essences contain no physical part of the plant. As such, they contain no scent, inherent taste, allergens etc. For example, a person who is allergic to oak can safely ingest the oak flower essence without experiencing any allergic reaction.
What do they taste like?
The flower remedies have no taste or smell. However, they are preserved with glycerin which has a naturally sweet flavor. If you add the drops into a beverage, you won't taste anything at all.
How long does it take for them to work?
Flower remedies get to work as soon as the first drop is ingested. Many people report feeling an internal shift occur within the first 3-4 days of taking the drops.However, it can take approximately 3 weeks to notice a more significant and lasting shift.
For problems that are situational and/or temporary, the flowers work more immediately. However, with problems that are more deeply ingrained, it is advisable that the flowers be taken for a longer duration of time. In general, the longer the problem has persisted, the longer one may need to take the flower remedies. Taking them for a longer period of time has longer lasting benefits than taking them for a shorter period of time. It is best to make them part of your routine by incorporating them into your daily rituals. For example, you might add them to your morning coffee or tea, just as you might incorporate cream and sugar.
Can I use flower essences together with other healing modalities?
Are there any side effects?
Flower essences do not produce any physical side effects. However, I refer to them as 'liquid awareness'. That awareness can sometimes temporarily cause emotional discomfort. This is called a healing crisis. Healing crisis' indicate that the energetic body is working quickly to bring itself into a state of equilibrium. In fact, it is working so quickly that it may result in a person feeling fatigued or otherwise uncomfortable.
Think of the first time you work out after not having worked out in ages. Your muscles might hurt the first few days, but that passes. Healing crisis' are not common and usually pass within the first week if they occur at all.
What should I do if I experience a healing crisis?
The choice is yours. You may either persevere through it until it passes. Or you may temporarily reduce the dosage and see if that provides any ease to the discomfort you are experiencing. If you should chose to reduce dosage. I recommend reducing it to 1 drop a day, administered first thing in the morning, before breakfast and before brushing teeth. Then you may increase the number of drops gradually. Crisis Intervention Flower Essence may also be used during a healing crisis.
We find that the more energy sensitive an individual may be, the quicker the flower essence blends work and the more intensely they are felt. As such, for energy sensitive individuals, one dose a day may be enough.
Can I use more than 1 flower essence blend at a time?
Although you can follow your own intuition, my recommendation is to use only 1 flower essence blend at a time until completion of the bottle. Once you've completed the bottle, you use may use a second bottle of the type of flower essence blend until you have completed on an 'as needed basis.' In the 'as needed' phase, you can take a different elixir each different day if you so desire.
If you chose to use more than one flower essence blend a day, it is best to separate them into different parts of the day. So for example, you may take Pure Energy all morning and throughout the day, but take Quiet Mind after dinner and before bed. It is advisable not to combine more than 1 flower essence blend at a time in the same beverage. Crisis Intervention can be used as needed any time in conjunction with any of the flower essence blends. However, it should be noted that it is always best to trust your inner compass, your intuition.
Can children and pets use the essences?
Yes! In fact, children, pets and even plants respond extremely well to flower essence therapy.
How should I care for the bottles?
Flower essences have an extremely long shelf life if stored properly. Bottles should be kept away from extreme cold or extreme heat. It is preferable not to store them next to a computer or cell phone as these devices can also generate heat. When using the essences, please take care not to touch the glass dropper to your mouth. If this should occur, do not worry, but it is best practice to rinse the dropper off with water.
Do The Flower Apothecary Essences contain alcohol?
The Flower Apothecary Essences are approximately 99.5% alcohol free. We do not use alcohol as a preservative. Rather, we use food grade USP organic vegetable glycerin to naturally preserve our essences. Since we use some of the Bach Flower Essences in our blends, each bottle may contain a maximum of half a percent (.5% ) alcohol that is dispersed over 150 doses per bottle. It was a conscious decision to be as alcohol free as possible to accommodate people who are sensitive to alcohol or choose not to ingest alcohol. Additionally, we believe children and pets should benefit from flower essences too. As parents, we want to keep our children and pets alcohol free.
Are flower essences safe for allergy sufferers?
Yes. They are completely safe. They contain the life force energy of the flower that has been stabilized in the essence. They contain no physical part of the plant. it.
How should I choose the right essence for me?
Read through the product descriptions and chose the blend you feel suits you best. Even if you identify with parts of the description and not all, that could be a beneficial blend for you. Additionally, you may "Meet the Flowers" on the homepage and see which flower you are most visually drawn to. In the descriptions of each flower, it states what blend they are used in.


Type: Artigo de periódico
Title: Expression of renin-angiotensin system signalling compounds in maternal protein-restricted rats: effect on renal sodium excretion and blood pressure
Author: Mesquita, FF
Gontijo, JAR
Boer, PA
Abstract: Methods. The pregnancy dams were divided in two groups: with normal protein diet (pups named NP) (17% protein) or low protein diet (pups LP) (6% protein) during all pregnancy. Results. The present data confirm a significant enhancement in arterial pressure in the LP group. Furthermore, the study showed a significantly decreased expression of RAS pathway protein and Ang II receptors in the kidney and an increased expression in the adrenal of LP rats. The detailed immunohistochemical analysis of RAS signalling proteins in the kidney confirm the immunoblotting results for both groups. The present investigation also showed a pronounced decrease in fractional urinary sodium excretion in maternal protein-restricted offspring, compared with the NP age-matched group. This occurred despite unchanged creatinine clearance. Conclusions. The current data led us to hypothesize that foetal undernutrition could be associated with decreased kidney expression of AT(R) resulting in the inability of renal tubules to handle the hydro-electrolyte balance, consequently causing arterial hypertension.
Subject: angiotensin receptors
low protein diet
renal function
renin-angiotensin system
Country: Inglaterra
Editor: Oxford Univ Press
Citation: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. Oxford Univ Press, v. 25, n. 2, n. 380, n. 388, 2010.
Rights: fechado
Identifier DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp505
Date Issue: 2010
Appears in Collections:Unicamp - Artigos e Outros Documentos
Files in This Item:
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WOS000273891600013.pdf718.8 kBAdobe PDFView/Open


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Reporting and responding to bullying
Park House English School aims to create an environment where students feel that they are able to report bullying incidents and where prompt decisive action will be taken. The safety of the student being bullied and the student reporting the bullying is paramount. The student will be informed of how the incident is being dealt with by the appropriate Key Stage Leader/Year Group Leader or their form tutor. Parents and Carers will be informed as appropriate. If a student is subject to any form of bullying behaviour or if they witness any form of bullying, they should report it to their form tutor, teacher, Key Stage Leader or the Head of Secondary.
Action prior to being placed on the Bullying Stages Form Tutor/Class Teacher speaks to the student to warn them that their behaviour could be seen as bullying behaviour and informs them of the consequences of continuing to behave in the same way.
The following stages will be taken in the case of bullying continuing:
- Key Stage Leader/Year Leader takes action.
- Detention set and parents informed in writing.
- This is recorded and placed on the students file
- Parents asked into school for a meeting with the Head of Secondary/Head of Primary and appropriate Key Stage Leader/Year Leader.
- Person bullying given an external exclusion for a fixed period of time.
- This is recorded and placed on the student's file
- Student and parents called to a meeting with the Head of Secondary/Head of Primary and or Headmaster.
- Person bullying given notice to leave the school permanently and with immediate effect.
The Headmaster will consider all issues when deciding on sanctions and in cases of severe bullying this may include alternative approaches to the stages described above.
Evaluation of the Anti-bullying policy
We will review the policy as part of Park House English School's self review process and put into place refinements which improve the effectiveness of the policy and anti-bullying provision.
Signs of Bullying
?Staff need to be alert to the signs of bullying which can take place within the school. These signs may include:
- Sudden changes in the behaviour and demeanour of students nearby.
- Sudden gatherings or flow of students in one or two directions.
- Sudden dispersal of groups when staff approach.
- Untidy clothes following a scuffle.
- Increased evidence of heightened tension, embarrassment, shouts, poor eye contact and wariness of staff.
- Evidence of excluding behaviour in class or around the college designed to isolate a student or group of students
- Students avoiding eye contact or other interaction with an individual student or groups of students around the school or in class
A student may indicate by signs or behaviour that they are being bullied. Parents/ Carers and staff should be aware of these possible signs and that they should investigate if a student:
- Is frightened of walking from car to the school.
- Does not want to go on the school bus or asks to change bus
- Begs to be driven to school
- Changes their usual routine
- Is unwilling to go to school
- Begins truanting
- Becomes withdrawn, anxious or lacking in confidence
- Shows signs of distress
- Cries themselves to sleep at night or has nightmares
- Feels ill in the morning
- School work deteriorates
- Misbehaves unexpectedly
- Comes home with clothes torn or books damaged.
- Has possessions which go 'missing.'
- Asks for money or starts stealing (to pay the bully)
- Loses money
- Has unexplained cuts or bruises
- Comes home very hungry despite taking lunch to school
- Becomes aggressive, disruptive or unreasonable
- Is bullying other children or siblings
- Stops eating
- Is frightened to say what is wrong
- Gives improbable excuses for any of the above