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The Adventures of Solaire, Part VII: An Affair of Apples
The Incredible Yet Accurate Adventures of the Dread Pirate Captain Solaire Ravenheart,
Otherwise known as
The Adventures of Solaire
Part VII
An Affair of Apples
If you ever had a moment where you did something wrong and felt stupid, or insisted on a fact only to be proven absolutely, positively incorrect, you only need to look to the small isle of Broi Shaine to feel better about yourself. Over the course of their existence within the lands of the Zygian Federation, the island has done such embarrassing things as insist that a rooster and a chicken are completely different species of animals, set fire to their crop fields in the belief that their own scarecrows were the scouts of an incoming army, and have fought no less than five separate civil wars over the pronunciation of their own name. Normally at this point, I would pause to give the target of my mockery a compliment and follow it up with a witty metaphor, thereby making my teasing appear to have been made in good-spirited jest and saving myself from insulting a potential reader, but as the literate population of Broi Shaine must be smaller than the number of breadcrumbs left behind by a hungry dog, I feel safe not doing so.
However, the island did manage to produce the strange gem that was the scientist-philosopher Daske Tamm, and while he was the cause of several moments of embarrassment (he was very insistent on the whole "rooster-chicken" thing), he was also the source of one of my favorite fables ever.
One day, the story goes, Daske was walking down the streets of his village when his neighbor, Dul Winslow, came out and asked for his help. A large rock was situated in the middle of the field he was planning to plow. Daske came around and looked at the boulder, told his neighbor that he'd be back, and, after twenty minutes, reappeared carrying large armfuls of small white crystals, foul smelling yellow rocks, and charcoal. He then proceeded to careful grind, measure, and combine the ingredients together before pouring the mixture all around one side of the rock.
Then he lit it with a torch.
A loud BOOM sounded and the area exploded in a shower of dirt, blasting away a good portion of the field as the rock lifted into the air and smashed into Dul's dividing fence. In fact, the force of the blast was so great Daske himself was thrown through the door of Dul's house. But when the air had cleared, sure enough, the rock had rolled off of the field.
"What in the blazes was that about?" Dul asked in a fury. "If I had asked Smitty, he'd have just helped me roll the thing away!"
"Ah, but you didn't ask Smitty," Daske said, face black with soot and sitting in the broken pile of Dul's former furniture, "you asked me."
Perhaps if Weiss had heard the story of Daske's solution, he would have thought twice before asking for Solaire's help with such matters as the affair of apples. I, for one, am glad he did not. If he did, I would be forced to write about far less entertaining things.
"Gentlemen and ladies," Wiess' voice boomed from the series of interconnected tubes that amplified his words and allowed him to speak to the entire ship at once, "I do once again apologize for ze delay. Resht assured zat ve vill set sail once all ze damages from ze boiler explosion hafe been repaired. In ze meantime, please enjoy our games wis ze complimentary chips we hafe handed out as reparation for ze delay."
Solaire looked up from the crew's quarters that was currently serving as his new home: a small hallway lined on each side with cots from floor to ceiling. He shook his head from his bottom bunk and went back to cleaning his guns. "Boiler explosion. A whole day of fighting constructs and a glorious escape, and he explains it away as a boiler explosion."
"Weiss is right to be cautious," Tomo interjected, laying in the bunk across from Solaire, armor removed. "Dinas is an evil kingdom. Its citizens are without honor. Anyone hearing of his efforts would assuredly try to steal his prize if only because it is valuable to him."
"Yeah?" Solaire asked. "Well if you're so anti-Dinas, where the hell are you from?"
"The Kellian Empire," Tomo answered matter-of-factly.
Skyler popped his head out from the bunk above. "The same one we're at war with?"
Tomo nodded.
Skyler's eyebrows furrowed. "How the blazes did you end up here then?"
Tomo's face went just the slightest shade of red. "Like many of Weiss' crew, I found myself owing him more money than I could hope to repay. He offered to forgive the debt in exchange for years of service."
"A Kellian samurai, owing money to Weiss." Skyler turned his head to yell up. "Hey Willaby, you hearing this?"
A loud snore issued from the bunk above.
"Lazy bastard," Solaire muttered. "He's slept for almost twelve hours at this point."
Tomo looked over to Solaire. "Do not judge him for that. A magic user must expend both their spirit and soul, their life force and personality, to cast magics like that. For Willaby to perform the feats he did inside of the Clockwork Temple must have drained him immensely, especially as an untrained practitioner."
Skyler's head turned around again, visibly worried. "Life force? He'll get that back, right?"
"Yes, the same way you or I would. Eating, relaxing…" another loud snore, followed by the sound of shifting and contented sighing, interrupted Tomo's explanation. "...and sleeping, of course."
Solaire finished polishing the barrel of his gun and held it up to the light. "Well, magic or no, if he doesn't stop snoring soon, I'm liable to start contemplating…"
"Yes, exactly." He took out another gun to begin cleaning, then stopped and snapped his head up. "Wait, what?"
One of the white-garbed crew members ran down the hallways, boots clanking on the metal floor and yelling all the way. "Murder! Crew member! Jenkins, dead! A murder! A murderer!"
"You see?" Tomo said. "An evil kingdom."
"About time something finally happened on this ship," Solaire grumbled, getting to his feet and heading in the direction the crewman ran from. "Skyler, wake the sorcerer up! Something entertaining happened!"
Skyler hoisted himself up a bunk, grabbed Willaby's arm, and shook him. "Hey! Wake up!"
Willaby mumbled something and rolled over.
"Someone's been killed!"
He turned back towards the sound of Skyler's voice, eyes open and hopeful. "Was it Solaire?"
He flopped back into his pillow. "Figures."
"C'mon, we're probably going to have to clear our names or something."
"Alright, alright." Willaby hoisted himself out of bed and onto the thin ladder, climbing down and joining Solaire and the small crowd forming at the end of the hall.
There, on the ground, face down in a pool of his own vomit, was a glassy-eyed crewman, face twisted in an expression of shock and disgust. Standing over him was the massive form of Austin, growling at the approaching people. "Stay back! No one gets close to the body until Weiss gets to look at it."
"Lemme just go through his pockets!" someone shouted. "He still owes me fifty gold from cards!"
Austin pointed a massive finger at the voice. "Touch him and that'll be the last thing you do with that hand."
"Excuse me. Out of ze vay. Mofe!" The short red clothed form of Weiss pushed his way through the crowd, accompanied by Winthrop on one side and one of the large clockwork guards that normally stayed on top deck on the other. "Ashtin! Vhat in ze blue blazes happened here?"
"Not sure sir," the large man replied. "Tellany ran down this hall screaming like the ghost of Damned Jeb. I came back to see what he was screaming about and found… this."
"The crewmen report that he was yelling about murder, sir" Winthrop added.
"He's right to." Weiss lifted the man's face out of the vomit pool with the end of his cane. "Poison. A nashty one at zat." He let the face flop back over and turned to the crowd. "Right! Who do I need to punish for zis?"
All eyes in the room turned to Solaire.
"You've got to be kidding me" Solaire said.
"You threatened to kill everyone in the canteen!" an unseen voice shouted out.
"Yes, with bullets! If I wanted him dead, I would have just shot him." He turned to Weiss. "Poison is just too much work."
"And vhat assurance do I hafe zat you did not do zis?" Weiss demanded.
Solaire threw his arms apart. "Do I look like the kind of guy who would use poison?"
"You would if you did not want to be caught," Tomo said, appearing next to Solaire.
Solaire gave an annoyed shake of his head. "You think I care


Cedar Breaks
Deposition at Cedar Breaks started about 60 million years ago. The plateau that Cedar Breaks is currently located on was much lower than it is today. During this time, the area was completely covered by a lake. This lake became known as Lake Claron. The lake was 70 miles wide and 250 miles long. Surrounding highlands began to erode away and these sediments were carried away by wind and water into LakeClaron. These sediments settled at the bottom of this lake. Algae that naturally lived in the lake would eventually die forming a paste that cemented all the sediments together to form the sedimentary rock that is visible at Cedar Breaks today. The sedimentary rock visible at Cedar Breaks is limestone. The colors visible in the rock come from various amounts of oxidized irons (red and orange hues) and manganese (purple hues). This entire formation became known as the Claron formation or Pink Cliffs.
Cedar Breaks is located near a major fault known as the Hurricane fault. This fault is 100 miles long and runs parallel to I-15. It became very active about 10 million years ago, raising the LakeClaron bed to its current elevation of 10,350 feet above sea level. The Hurricane fault is known as a normal fault. The fault is still active today, but because it moves at such a slow rate, it is hard for one to notice the movement.
Ever since the rocks were uplifted, they became exposed to the various erosion elements. There are three types of erosion apparent at Cedar Breaks: chemical, water, and wind erosion.
Cedar Breaks


Determine The Country Of Origin Before You Import
Generally speaking, the country of origin is the country of manufacture, production, or growth where an article or product comes from. Country of origin is not to be confused with where the product was shipped from as this may not be the same as where it was originally produced.
Determining the origin of a product can reduce the amount of duty an importer may have to pay on a product when importing.
There are differing rules of origin under various national laws and international treaties. An incorrectly listed country of origin could cause the importer to face penalties from customs such as delays in clearance, and increased chances of audits and fines. It is no longer easy to determine the country of origin for a product. Manufacturers generally source materials and components from around the world and then manufacture or assemble their products in a particular country.
Rules of origin are necessary to attribute one country of origin for each product. Rules of origin assist importers and customs agencies to define where a product was made so that trade policy can be applied such as a free trade agreement, quotas, anti-dumping measures, countervailing duties and trade preferences.
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency (CBP) use rules of origin to determine which goods are entitled to a particular tariff treatment or trade agreement.
Preferential Vs Non-Preferential Rules Of Origin
There are two basic rules of origin; preferential and non-preferential. While the general rules are the same, the exact rules may vary from country to country. Generally, preferential rules apply to specific trade agreements between countries such as free trade agreements. These rules can vary from one agreement to another and if met the products can benefit from tariff concessions such as lower or zero duty rates.
Non-preferential rules of origin are for general application. They are used to determine a product's country of origin for purposes such as origin marking, statistics, import quotas, anti-dumping and countervailing duties, tariff treatments such as the most favored nation.
Rules of origin also have criteria that must be met with shipping such as direct shipment, transit and transshipment. The shipping provisions identify the requirements that goods must meet before being imported into the U.S.
Refer to the Rules of Origin for US Customs at Rules of Origin – General.
5 Common Mistakes When Importing Into The U.S.
Proof Of Origin
When an importer claims a preferential tariff treatment then it needs to be supported by proof of origin. Depending on the goods and tariff treatment proof of origin may be one of the following:
 - A certificate of origin in a prescribed format
 - An exporter's statement of origin
 - An origin declaration
 - A certification of origin containing minimum data elements in no prescribed format
A good reference for importing into the U.S. can be found in the CBP Rules of Origin where CBP provides information in a table that summarizes the required proof of origin and specifies who may certify the origin of the good for each of U.S.'s Free Trade Agreements and for other countries under their rules of origin.
The burden of proof relating to the origin of any goods lies with the Importer of Record. The implications of the country of origin on the amount of duty the importer will pay is immense. It's best for an Importer to determine origin early or even consider it when designing supply chain routes.
Determining the country of origin early and basing that determination on factual information will help ensure that the product remains compliant with CBP import rules and regulations.
Certificates and statements of Origin are used to support the tariff treatment claimed. The tariff treatment is linked to trade agreements between Canada and the U.S. and other countries. It is not always necessary to present the certificate or statement at the time of release of the shipment but the Importer of Record must be in possession of a valid certificate or statement when the importer accounts for the shipment.
Our Trade Advisors can assist importers in determining country of origin and the requirements or criteria for claiming preferential or non-preferential rules of origin.
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Importing and exporting goods made easier: Receivables Financing in Africa
Posted in Renewables Power Infrastructure Oil and gas Mining Agriculture Northern Africa Southern Africa Central Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa
Obtaining conventional bank loans is still proving to be problematic for both foreign and local companies importing or exporting goods into or out of Africa. To combat these issues, receivables financing has emerged as a formidable alternative financing tool.
Receivables financing involves the sale by companies of receivables at a discount, in exchange for a cash payment. Factoring and invoice discounting are the most common types of receivables financing. Due to an array of market conditions, factoring is not experiencing the same increase in popularity in Africa as invoice discounting.
Invoice discounting can take various forms: (i) receivables can be purchased on an undisclosed basis or a disclosed basis and (ii) receivables can be purchased on a non-recourse or a limited recourse basis. The structure of an invoice discounting transaction depends largely on the negotiating strength of the purchaser and the seller, the perceived credit worthiness of the debtors and the law(s) applicable to the invoice discounting.
Invoice discounting is rising steadily in South Africa where local banks or branches of international banks in South Africa are offering this financing tool to South African companies. Receivables financing as a local financing tool in other African jurisdictions is not as widespread, but some of the bigger African banks (specifically South African, Nigerian and Ghanaian banks) as well as international banks with a strong presence in Africa, are prepared to undertake receivables financing on a pan-African basis where the seller is an international company providing goods to companies located in various African jurisdictions.
The main benefit of invoice discounting for local sellers is that it allows them a steadier control over cash flow. This regular cash flow means that sellers can negotiate more attractive settlement terms and bulk purchase discounts with suppliers. For international sellers, it alleviates some of the non-payment risk which ultimately allows them greater exposure to, and to do more business in, Africa.
Invoice discounting is mainly aimed at sellers with strong financial management systems, so local sellers entering into these transactions tend to be sophisticated and exporting goods out of Africa rather than supplying goods locally. Small to medium sized companies supplying goods locally tend not to have the necessary financial management systems in place and may also be dealing with large local buyers (such as government, para-statals and mining companies) that often place restrictions on the assignment of receivables.
International sellers, in particular, need to take into account the multitude of laws applicable to invoice discounting (law of the discounting agreement/assignment, law of the commercial contract, law of the seller, law of the debtors) as each applicable law will have its various requirements and formalities. They also need to consider tax implications (withholding taxes, stamp and registration duties may be payable). These hidden costs in terms of time and money can greatly affect the viability and/ or profitability of any deal.
Purchasers of receivables undertaking invoice discounting in Africa need to be aware that the majority of countries in Africa do not have a central registry where a transfer of receivables can be registered; there may be restrictions on the transfer of receivables in the underlying commercial contracts; the value of the original receivables can be diluted due to credit notes, trade discounts, warranties and advertising allowances; and fraud can be a risk.
Importantly, none of these issues are confined to Africa only and none of these issues are insurmountable. There are legal, commercial and operational ways to protect against them to make sure receivables financing continues to grow in Africa.
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text:
- Campus code for Geelong Waterfront Campus, used in Callista.
The letter 'F' is used to denote the Geelong Waterfront Campus for the direction of internal mail.
Student Amenities Higher Education Loan Program
- School of Communication and Creative Arts
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Student Equity
- The method of organisation of the teaching year. Deakin moved from a semester system to a trimester system in 2008.
At Deakin there are three trimesters; trimester 1 runs from March to June; trimester 2 runs from July to October; trimester 3 runs from November to February.
- Senior Research Fellow
- Senior Research Fellow
- School Executive Officer
- student evaluation of teaching and units (survey)
- School of History, Heritage and Society (now School of Humanities and Social Sciences)
- School of International and Political Studies (now School of Humanities and Social Sciences)
- sick leave
- Student Learning Entitlement
- student loans survey
- senior leadership team
- subject matter expert
- School of Education
- specified credit transfer
- Credit may be granted for a specific Deakin unit where previous studies involve a substantial overlap of content at a similar standard. When specified credit is awarded for studies deemed to be the equivalent of Deakin units, this equivalence may be determined only by the Board of the faculty that offers the Deakin unit.
- Strategic Teaching and Learning Grant Scheme
- Student Timetable Allocation and Registration
- Statutes and regulations of the University provide for the organisation, management and good governance of the University. University legislation establishes the structure of the University and its staff. It sets out the courses which are offered and related matters such as admission and selection, fees, academic progress, academic awards and student discipline. Statutes and regulations are available in The Guide.
- Student Connect
- A web based administration portal which allows access to student enrolment details.
- student contribution
- Amount Commonwealth supported students contribute for each unit of study.
- Student Services and Amenities Fee
A fee that higher education providers can charge their students for student services and amenities of a non-academic nature, such as sporting and recreational activities, employment and career advice, child care, financial advice and food services.
- A study assistance activity development package that integrates with Vista in Deakin Studies Online (DSO). It allows you to create Flash-based activities and games.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Gunding was a master carpenter and painter by profession. He belonged to the Philippine Independent Church. He married Fredesvinda Francisco Hernandez on 21 March 1935. The young couple lived with Gudning's parents in 104 C.R. Fuentes Street, Iloilo City at first. The home was where their three eldest children were born.
They migrated from Iloilo City to Manila in 1941, at the advise of Fredesvinda's father who, being affiliated with the government, knew that Manila would be the only open city where supplies and rations would be most accessible. In 1942, Fredesvinda's father, Juan Anderson Hernandez, served as superintendent of the Philippine Constabulary Academy, a training school for policemen. Segundino then worked in the Academy as the chief cook. In his efforts to help the Filipino guerillas, he would keep the armory unlocked for the rebels to loot overnight.
Segundino and Fredesvinda made Mandaluyong City their home. This city was where they raised their family. Fredesvinda was a homemaker and worked as a skilled dressmaker. Despite their humble lifestyle, they raised a closely-knit family and were important influences in the lives of their grandchildren.
A smoker since his teens, Lolo Gunding died of complications from lung disease on 21 April 1992 in Manila City.
Family History Research Notes
1. Segundino Sobrepeña Magno's Family Tree can be found on Geni.com.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Then and now
From the beginning, the history of the companies that would become Canadian Industries Limited (C-I-L) have been entangled with that of the nation itself. The Hamilton Powder Company, founded in 1862, manufactured black powder — and later, dynamite — which was used in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1885 the American A. J. 'Gat' Howard introduced the Gatling gun to Canada which deployed it to devastating effect during the Northwest Rebellion and later, the Boer War. His Dominion Cartridge Company was founded in Brownsburg, Quebec in 1886. These and several other explosives companies were united in 1910 as Canada Explosives Limited (CXL) which became the major supplier of munitions for Canada during the First World War.
The name Canadian Industries Limited (C-I-L) was adopted in 1927, and the company began purchasing plants from what was then known as E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company with the intent of expanding into peacetime markets. These included varnish, coated fabrics, and the brand new industry of polymers: in 1942 C-I-L built the world's second-ever nylon plant in Kingston, Ont. However, by this time most of the company's attention had returned to producing munitions, this time for the Second World War. A specially-created subsidiary of C-I-L called Defence Industries Limited operated plants across the country. One of the largest was in Ajax, Ont., home of the famous 'bomb girls' who produced over 25 million shells for the Allied war effort.
In 1954, an anti-trust lawsuit split C-I-L into two separate companies. The first retained the name of C-I-L and still operates as a subsidiary of the Dutch conglomerate AkzoNobel. In its early days, it produced commodity chemicals, such as the hydrogen peroxide being promoted in this 1961 ad. Today the company is best known as a manufacturer of designer paints under its own name, and those of related brands Dulux and Glidden. The other company became Du Pont of Canada Limited which still operates a research and development facility at its Kingston site. Through its acquisition of Pioneer in 1999, DuPont has become a major player in agriculture, producing patented varieties of corn, soybeans, wheat, and canola seed. From powders to paints to plants, C-I-L remains an important part of Canada's social and economic landscape.
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Essential 10
6. Outcome measures
An outcome measure (also known as a dependent variable or a response variable) is any variable recorded during a study (e.g. volume of damaged tissue, number of dead cells, specific molecular marker) to assess the effects of a treatment or experimental intervention. Outcome measures may be important for characterising a sample (e.g. baseline data) or for describing complex responses (e.g. 'haemodynamic' outcome measures including heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure, and cardiac output). Failure to disclose all the outcomes that were measured introduces bias in the literature as positive outcomes (e.g. those statistically significant) are reported more often [1-4].
Explicitly describe what was measured, especially when measures can be operationalised in different ways. For example, activity could be recorded as time spent moving or distance travelled. Where possible, the recording of outcome measures should be made in an unbiased manner (e.g. blinded to the treatment allocation of each experimental group; see item 5 – Blinding). Specify how the outcome measure(s) assessed are relevant to the objectives of the study.
 1. John LK, Loewenstein G and Prelec D (2012). Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling. Psychological Science. doi: 10.1177/0956797611430953
 2. Dwan K, Altman DG, Arnaiz JA, Bloom J, Chan AW, Cronin E, Decullier E, Easterbrook PJ, Von Elm E, Gamble C, Ghersi D, Ioannidis JP, Simes J and Williamson PR (2008). Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias. PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
 3. Tsilidis KK, Panagiotou OA, Sena ES, Aretouli E, Evangelou E, Howells DW, Al-Shahi Salman R, Macleod MR and Ioannidis JP (2013). Evaluation of excess significance bias in animal studies of neurological diseases. PLoS Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio._PHONE_
 4. Sena ES, van der Worp HB, Bath PM, Howells DW and Macleod MR (2010). Publication bias in reports of animal stroke studies leads to major overstatement of efficacy. PLoS Biol. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio._PHONE_
Example 1
"The following parameters were assessed: threshold pressure (TP; intravesical pressure immediately before micturition); post-void pressure (PVP; intravesical pressure immediately after micturition); peak pressure (PP; highest intravesical pressure during micturition); capacity (CP; volume of saline needed to induce the first micturition); compliance (CO; CP to TP ratio); frequency of voiding contractions (VC) and frequency of non-voiding contractions (NVCs)." [1]
 1. Claudino MA, Leiria LOS, da Silva FH, Alexandre EC, Renno A, Mónica FZ, de Nucci G, Fertrin KY, Antunes E, Costa FF and Franco-Penteado CF (2015). Urinary Bladder Dysfunction in Transgenic Sickle Cell Disease Mice. PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
In a hypothesis-testing experiment, the primary outcome measure answers the main biological question. It is the outcome of greatest importance, identified in the planning stages of the experiment and used as the basis for the sample size calculation (see item 2 - Sample size). For exploratory studies it is not necessary to identify a single primary outcome and often multiple outcomes are assessed (see item 13 – Objectives).
In a hypothesis-testing study powered to detect an effect on the primary outcome measure, data on secondary outcomes are used to evaluate additional effects of the intervention but subsequent statistical analysis of secondary outcome measures may be underpowered, making results and interpretation less reliable [1,2]. Studies that claim to test a hypothesis but do not specify a pre-defined primary outcome measure, or those that change the primary outcome measure after data were collected (also known as primary outcome switching) are liable to selectively report only statistically significant results, favouring more positive findings [3].
Registering a protocol in advance protects the researcher against concerns about selective outcome reporting (also known as data dredging or p-hacking) and provides evidence that the primary outcome reported in the manuscript accurately reflects what was planned [4] (see item 19 – Protocol registration).
In studies using inferential statistics to test a hypothesis (e.g. t-test, ANOVA), if more than one outcome was assessed, explicitly identify the primary outcome measure and state whether it was defined as such prior to data collection and whether it was used in the sample size calculation. If there was no primary outcome measure, explicitly state so.
 2. Landis SC, Amara SG, Asadullah K, Austin CP, Blumenstein R, Bradley EW, Crystal RG, Darnell RB, Ferrante RJ, Fillit H, Finkelstein R, Fisher M, Gendelman HE, Golub RM, Goudreau JL, Gross RA, Gubitz AK, Hesterlee SE, Howells DW, Huguenard J, Kelner K, Koroshetz W, Krainc D, Lazic SE, Levine MS, Macleod MR, McCall JM, Moxley RT, 3rd, Narasimhan K, Noble LJ, et al. (2012). A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research. Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature11556
 3. Head ML, Holman L, Lanfear R, Kahn AT and Jennions MD (2015). The Extent and Consequences of P-Hacking in Science. PLOS Biology. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio._PHONE_
 4. Munafò MR, Nosek BA, Bishop DVM, Button KS, Chambers CD, Percie du Sert N, Simonsohn U, Wagenmakers E-J, Ware JJ and Ioannidis JPA (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour. doi: 10.1038/s41562-_PHONE_
Example 1
"The primary outcome of this study will be forelimb function assessed with the staircase test. Secondary outcomes constitute Rotarod performance, stroke volume (quantified on MR imaging or brain sections, respectively), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) connectome mapping, and histological analyses to measure neuronal and microglial densities, and phagocytic activity…The study is designed with 80% power to detect a relative 25% difference in pellet-reaching performance in the Staircase test." [1]
Example 2
"The primary endpoint of this study was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) at the end of follow-up, measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Secondary endpoints were left ventricular end diastolic volume and left ventricular end systolic volume (EDV and ESV) measured by MRI, infarct size measured by ex vivo gross macroscopy after incubation with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI, functional parameters serially measured by pressure volume (PV-)loop and echocardiography, coronary microvascular function by intracoronary pressureand flow measurements and vascular density and fibrosis on histology. Based on a power calculation (estimated effect 7.5% [6], standard deviation of 5%, a power of 0.9 and alpha of 0.05) 8 pigs per group were needed." [2]
 1. Emmrich J, Neher J, Boehm-Sturm P, Endres M, Dirnagl U and Harms C (2018). Stage 1 Registered Report: Effect of deficient phagocytosis on neuronal survival and neurological outcome after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) [version 3; referees: 2 approved]. F1000Research. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12537.3
 2. Jansen of Lorkeers SJ, Gho JMIH, Koudstaal S, van Hout GPJ, Zwetsloot PPM, van Oorschot JWM, van Eeuwijk ECM, Leiner T, Hoefer IE, Goumans M-J, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG and Chamuleau SAJ (2015). Xenotransplantation of Human Cardiomyocyte Progenitor Cells Does Not Improve Cardiac Function in a Porcine Model of Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure. Results from a Randomized, Blinded, Placebo Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone


Lisa Beth Robinson & Kristin Theilking
This series of collaborative works explores the way the surface of the ocean functions as a threshold between the earth and sky, and what occurs beneath that threshold. Our research on shipwrecks and maritime archeology has informed the imagery and text within the glass forms. We are interested in particular in how a shipwreck is emblematic of an epic transformation and a metaphor for the self. By bringing the wreck to the surface it is transformed again while still retaining marks and memories that remain within each new form. Through this work we explore how experiences shape a person and how language is a vessel for those experiences. The work reveals connections by expressing conflict and one's relationship to place, the ongoing effort of seeking balance and orienting ourselves, and asking viewers to consider the language we use to express identity.
Wrecked, 2016
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Electric Charge Quantization Assignment Help
Electrostatics - Electric Charge Quantization
Electric Charge Quantization
QThe quantization of electric charge is the property by virtue of which all free charges are integral multiple of a basic unit of charge represented by thus charge q or body is always given by
q = ne
Where n is any integer, positive or negative. The basic unit of charge is the charge that an electron or proton carries. By convention, charge on an electron is taken to be negative, therefore, charge on an electron is written as (-e) and charge on a proton is (+e).
The value of the basic unit of charge or elementary charge is,
e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb
It is one of the important constants of nature. If a body contains n1 electrons and n2 protons, the total amount of charge on the body is
Q = n2 (e) + n1 (-e) = (n2 – n1e
As n1, n2 are integers their difference must also be an integer. Thus the charge on anybody is always an integral multiple of e and can be increased or decreased also in steps of e.
Thus any charged body or charged particle can possess charge equal to ±1e, ±2e, ±3e, and so on. The possible values of charge are,
Q = ± e = ± 1x 1.6 x 10-19 C
= 1. 6 x 10-19 C
Q = ± 2e = ± 2 x 1.6 x 10-19 C
= ± 3. 2 x 10 – 19 C
Q = ± 3e = ± 3 x 1.6 x 10-19 C
= ± 4. 8 x 10-19 C
And so on. The values of charge lying in between these values are not possible.
The cause of quantization is that only integral number of electrons can be transferred from one body to another on rubbing. For example when one electron is transferred, the charges acquired by the two bodies will be q = ± 1e = ± 1.6 x 10-19 C. similarly when n electrons are transferred the charges acquired by the two bodies will be q = ± ne = ± n x 1.6 x 10-19 C.
The quantization of charge was first suggested by the experimental laws of electrolysis discovered by faraday. It was actually demonstrated experimentally by Millikan in 1912. Thus quantization of charge is an experimentally verified law in all domains of nature. Like charge; energy and angular momentum are also quantized.
Note quantization of charge is meaningful only at the microscopic level, where the charges involved are of the order of a few tens or hundreds of they can be counted. Such charges appear in discrete lumps and quantization of charge cannot be ignored.
However at the macroscopic level we deal with charges of a few micro coulombs, a charge of magnitude 1 u C contains electrons whose number n = q / e = 1 x 10-6 C / 1. 6 x 10-19 C ≈ 1013, which is very large.
At this scale, the fact that charge can increase or decrease only in units of e is not visible. The grain nature of charge is lost and it appears to be continuous. The situation cane compared with the geometrical concepts of points and lines. A dotted line viewed from a distance appears continuous to us but is not continuous in reality. As many points very close to one another normally give an impression of a continuous line many small charges taken together appear as a continuous charge distribution. Hence at macroscopic level, quantization of charge has no practical consequence and it can be ignored.
What is the value of charge on a body which carries 20 excess electrons?
Sol: here n = 20,
E = 1.6 x 10-19 C
As q = ne ∴ q = 20 (-1.6 x 10-19)
= - 3.2 x 10-18 C
2. Is a charge of 5.8 x10-18 C possible?
Sol: from q = ne
N = q/e = 5.8 x 10-18 / 1.6 x 10-19 = 36. 25
As n is not integer, this value of charge is not possible
Additively of charge
This is a property by virtue of which total charge of a system is obtained simply by adding algebraically all the charges present anywhere on the system. It means charges ad up like real numbers 0, or charges are scalars like the mass of a body if a system contains n charges q1, q2, q3 ….qn then the total charge of the system is
Q = q1 + q2 + q3 + … + qn
Charge has magnitude only but no direction, similar to the mass however mass of a body is always positive, but charge can be either positive or negative. Therefore, proper signs have tube used while adding the charges in a system. For example if a system contains charge + q – 2 q + 3 q and + 5 q then the total charge of the system is = +q – 2q +3q +5q = + 7q
While taking sum of the charges, their signs (±) must be taken into account.
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text:
I ran into this recently and thought I would document/pass on the observation:
If you set up a named Layout View, and then try to restore that Layout View when you are in Model Space of a Viewport, the program will automatically switch to Paper Space and restore the requested view, leaving you in Paper Space, without making any change to the drawing extents visible within the Viewport, even if the Viewport is unlocked. That is quite nice and the way it should be. Unfortunately, there is a potential problem.
If the Viewport in which you started had a drawing scale other than 1'-0" = 1'-0" (1:1), which is probably the case for most Viewports, and there is annotative content in that Viewport, the content does not have 1'-0" = 1'-0" (1:1) as an added scale and Annotation Visibility is set to show only the current scale, you may be surprised to find that the annotative content is no longer visible.
You can find the reason for this by unlocking the Viewport (if locked) and clicking on the Annotation Scale Synchronization button (located just to the right of the drawing scale control on the Drawing Window Status Bar when in Model Space of a Layout Viewport - or when in Paper Space and the Viewport is selected). Unfortunately, it is hard to tell the difference between when this button is active or inactive. Even more unfortunate is the fact that using this button to synchronize the viewport annotation scale and the viewport drawing scale means that the viewport drawing scale will be changed to the viewport annotation scale (which is why the Viewport needs to be unlocked for it to work when in Model Space; from Paper Space, the Viewport will rescale even if the Viewport is locked). You will find that the drawing scale changes to 1'-0" = 1'-0" (1:1), so it seems that when you asked ACA to restore the Layout View from Model Space on a Layout, before it switches to Paper Space, it applies the annotation scale of the Layout View (1:1) to the viewport - even if the Viewport is locked! That is why the annotative content disappears (or, should 1'-0" = 1'-0" (1:1) be an assigned scale, changes size).
Rather than selecting the Annotation Scale Synchronization button (unless you want to change the Viewport scale to 1:1), unlock the viewport (if locked) and then use the Viewport Scale control to reselect the same drawing scale. This will reset the annotation scale to match the Viewport scale and your annotative content should leap back into view (or resume the proper size).
An alternate solution (and another way to see that the annotation scale has been changed to 1'-0" = 1'-0" (1:1)) would be to select the Viewport while in Paper Space and on the Design tab of the Properties palette, under the Misc category, reset the Annotation scale property to the same scale as the Viewport scale. You will need to unlock the Viewport to do so, but you can do that with the Display locked property, which is conveniently located just above the Annotation scale property.
Or, you could just remember to switch to Paper Space before restoring the named Layout View, which avoids the problem altogether. That is easier said than done - even after I figured out why the annotation was disappearing, there have been times where I forget to change to Paper Space first. At least now I know why the annotation disappeared and what to do to restore it.


item _USER_{.is_integer()} _USER_ object is a (non-complex) integer _USER_ _USER_{.is_pos_integer()} _USER_ object is an integer and greater than 0 _USER_ _USER_{.is_nonneg_integer()} _USER_ object is an integer and greater equal 0 _USER_ _USER_{.is_even()} _USER_ object is an even integer _USER_ _USER_{.is_odd()} _USER_ object is an odd integer _USER_ _USER_{.is_prime()} _USER_ object is a prime integer (probabilistic primality test) _USER_ _USER_{.is_rational()} _USER_ object is an exact rational number (integers are rational, too, as are complex extensions like _USER_{2/3+7/2*I}) _USER_ _USER_{.is_real()} _USER_ object is a real integer, rational or float (i.e. is not complex) _USER_ multitable _USER_ cartouche _USER_ Constants, Fundamental operations, Numbers, Basic Concepts _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Constants _USER_ constants (class _USER_{constant}) _USER_ _USER_{evalf()} Constants behave pretty much like symbols except that they return some specific number when the method _USER_{.evalf()} is called. The predefined known constants are: _USER_ _USER_ _USER_.14.29.57 _USER_ Name _USER_ Common Name _USER_ Numerical Value (35 digits) _USER_ _USER_{Pi} _USER_ Archimedes' constant _USER_ 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288 _USER_ _USER_{Catalan} _USER_ Catalan's constant _USER_ 0.91596559417721901505460351493238411 _USER_ _USER_{EulerGamma} _USER_ Euler's (or Euler-Mascheroni) constant _USER_ 0.57721566490153286060651209008240243 _USER_ multitable _USER_ cartouche _USER_ Fundamental operations, Built-in functions, Constants, Basic Concepts _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Fundamental operations: the _USER_{power}, _USER_{add} and _USER_{mul} classes _USER_ polynomials _USER_ _USER_{add} _USER_ _USER_{mul} _USER_ _USER_{power} Simple polynomial expressions are written down in GiNaC pretty much like in other CAS or like expressions involving numerical variables in C. The necessary operators _USER_{+}, _USER_{-}, _USER_{*} and _USER_{/} have been overloaded to achieve this goal. When you run the following program, the constructor for an object of type _USER_{mul} is automatically called to hold the product of _USER_{a} and _USER_{b} and then the constructor for an object of type _USER_{add} is called to hold the sum of that _USER_{mul} object and the number one: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol a("a"), b("b"); ex MyTerm = 1+a*b; //... @} _USER_ example For exponentiation, you have already seen the somewhat clumsy (though C-ish) statement _USER_{pow(x,2);} to represent _USER_{x} squared. This direct construction is necessary since we cannot safely overload the constructor _USER_{^} in C++ to construct a _USER_{power} object. If we did, it would have several counterintuitive effects: _USER_ _USER_ _USER_ Due to C's operator precedence, _USER_{2*x^2} would be parsed as _USER_{(2*x)^2}. _USER_ Due to the binding of the operator _USER_{^}, _USER_{x^a^b} would result in _USER_{(x^a)^b}. This would be confusing since most (though not all) other CAS interpret this as _USER_{x^(a^b)}. _USER_ Also, expressions involving integer exponents are very frequently used, which makes it even more dangerous to overload _USER_{^} since it is then hard to distinguish between the semantics as exponentiation and the one for exclusive or. (It would be embarassing to return _USER_{1} where one has requested _USER_{2^3}.) _USER_ itemize _USER_ _USER_{ginsh} All effects are contrary to mathematical notation and differ from the way most other CAS handle exponentiation, therefore overloading _USER_{^} is ruled out for GiNaC's C++ part. The situation is different in _USER_{ginsh}, there the exponentiation-_USER_{^} exists. (Also note that the other frequently used exponentiation operator _USER_{**} does not exist at all in C++). To be somewhat more precise, objects of the three classes described here, are all containers for other expressions. An object of class _USER_{power} is best viewed as a container with two slots, one for the basis, one for the exponent. All valid GiNaC expressions can be inserted. However, basic transformations like simplifying _USER_{pow(pow(x,2),3)} to _USER_{x^6} automatically are only performed when this is mathematically possible. If we replace the outer exponent three in the example by some symbols _USER_{a}, the simplification is not safe and will not be performed, since _USER_{a} might be _USER_{1/2} and _USER_{x} negative. Objects of type _USER_{add} and _USER_{mul} are containers with an arbitrary number of slots for expressions to be inserted. Again, simple and safe simplifications are carried out like transforming _USER_{3*x+4-x} to _USER_{2*x+4}. The general rule is that when you construct such objects, GiNaC automatically creates them in canonical form, which might differ from the form you typed in your program. This allows for rapid comparison of expressions, since after all _USER_{a-a} is simply zero. Note, that the canonical form is not necessarily lexicographical ordering or in any way easily guessable. It is only guaranteed that constructing the same expression twice, either implicitly or explicitly, results in the same canonical form. _USER_ Built-in functions, Important Algorithms, Fundamental operations, Basic Concepts _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Built-in functions There are quite a number of useful functions built into GiNaC. They are all objects of class _USER_{function}. They accept one or more expressions as arguments and return one expression. If the arguments are not numerical, the evaluation of the function may be halted, as it does in the next example: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ symbol x("x"), y("y"); ex foo = x+y/2; cout << "gamma(" << foo << ") -> " << gamma(foo) << endl; ex bar = foo.subs(y==1); cout << "gamma(" << bar << ") -> " << gamma(bar) << endl; ex foobar = bar.subs(x==7); cout << "gamma(" << foobar << ") -> " << gamma(foobar) << endl; //... @} _USER_ example This program shows how the function returns itself twice and finally an expression that may be really useful: _USER_ gamma(x+(1/2)*y) -> gamma(x+(1/2)*y) gamma(x+1/2) -> gamma(x+1/2) gamma(15/2) -> (135135/128)*Pi^(1/2) _USER_ example Most of these functions can be differentiated, series expanded and so on. Read the next chapter in order to learn more about this. _USER_ Important Algorithms, Polynomial Expansion, Built-in functions, Top _USER_ node-name, next, previous, up _USER_ Important Algorithms _USER_ polynomials In this chapter the most important algorithms provided by GiNaC will be described. Some of them are implemented as functions on expressions, others are implemented as methods provided by expression objects. If they are methods, there exists a wrapper function around it, so you can alternatively call it in a functional way as shown in the simple example: _USER_ _TAG_ using namespace GiNaC; int main() @{ ex x = numeric(1.0); cout << "As method: " << sin(x).evalf() << endl; cout << "As function: " << evalf(sin(x)) << endl; //... @} _USER_ example The general rule is that wherever methods accept one or more parameters (_USER_{arg1}, _USER_{arg2}, _USER_{}) the order of arguments the function wrapper accepts is the same but preceded by the object to act on (_USER_{object}, _USER_{arg1}, _USER_{arg2}, _USER_{}). This approach is the most natural one in an OO model but it may lead to confusion for MapleV users because where they would type _USER_{A:=x+1; subs(x=2,A);} GiNaC would require _USER_{A=x+1; subs(A,x==2);} (after proper declaration of _USER_{A} and _USER_{x}). On the other hand, since MapleV returns 3 on _USER_{A:=x^2+3; coeff(A,x,0);} (GiNaC: _USER_{A=pow(x,2)+3; coeff(A,x,0);}) it is clear that MapleV is not trying to be consistent here. Also, users of MuPAD will in most cases feel more comfortable with GiNaC's convention. All function wrappers


Alternatives to waterbirth
There are times that birthing in water may be desired but due to various circumstances, isn't possible. In this article, we discuss the intensity of labour and birth and ways we can cope with and mitigate some of that intensity.
Before we get to the actual methods and practical things you can do, it's worth spending a little bit of time understanding how and why labour and birth is intense and can be painful. [Skip straight to the strategies and tools]
The uterus becomes the strongest muscle (by weight) in the human body during labour. It works hard and like any hard physical activity, feels like intense work. The uterus has several groups of muscle fibres that work in different ways as labour progresses and during birth. The following video is a great visual explanation of how those muscles work.
Now that we have an understanding of how the uterine muscles work (and that they're doing hard work), we need to understand the role hormones play. The short explanation is that for the uterus to do it's work, you need to feel safe and private. If you feel stressed, anxious, or even just watched, it decreases the hormones that help your uterus and, as in the video above, causes the muscles of the uterus to start working against each other. That same stress, anxiety, feeling watched, etc. increases adrenaline which pulls blood away from the uterus towards extremities. Muscles need good blood flow to work efficiently. When they can't do this, they start to hurt! (For more information on hormones in labour and birth, see Dr Sarah Buckley's 'Your Hormones are your Helpers'.)
Grantly Dick-Read (Childbirth Without Fear) called this the Fear-Tension-Pain cycle.
Fear Tension Pain cycle - design by Swell Doula Service
Click/tap on this image for the complete infographic
We feel fearful, stressed, anxious, watched or we anticipate pain. That sets off adrenaline in our bodies and creates tension throughout our bodies. That tension then creates pain as we are now working against the labour and birth process.
So from this, we can understand that one of the best things we can do to avoid pain is to feel safe, secure, private and cared for. This can come in many forms and is as individual as each person. However, there are some definite strategies that you can try. You can choose one or all of them. But don't feel locked into any one strategy – the best strategy of all is to work with your body and do whatever feels right to you in that moment. It's OK if something doesn't work for you. Try something else.
Midwives are also skilled at helping you accept, relax and surrender into the process as well as having a toolkit of different strategies to help you with. If you have a birth partner, they can also learn some of the below tools and strategies to help you feel relaxed and nurtured during labour and birth.
Strategies and tools (for when you don't have a birth pool)
Note: In no particular order.
Take a shower
If your hot water cylinder is small, this might be best left until you feel like you need a break from the intensity. Otherwise you can try going in and out of the shower in cycles to help extend the hot water.
Hop in the bath
People can and do birth in the bath so this can be a realistic alternative to a birth pool. Some people find it just as good and in some instances easier. Others find it too cramped. Either way, it could be worth a try.
Positions for labouring out of bed
'Active' labour
Staying active in your labour by moving in ways that feels right and good to you. You can try out different positions such as in this poster. And you can also wing it and just do whatever feels good. Many people find leaning on something and hip swaying to be particularly helpful.
'Active' also doesn't mean having to do lots of activity or exercise – labour is a marathon, not a race. So while things like stair walking, going for walks, dancing, etc. can feel great, don't exhaust yourself doing them. It's also fine to have a sleep!
Electrolytes and hydration
This may seem like a strange one, but it's similar in principle to the blood deprivation mentioned above in the Fear-Tension-Pain cycle. Our muscles (including the uterus!) need electrolytes and good hydration to function efficiently. When electrolytes are lacking or off balance, muscles are unable to contract and relax properly. Coconut water is an easy way to get electrolytes and fluids during labour. Of course you can use any electrolyte drink, just be wary of ones that are high in sugar.
If you want a detailed explanation of the role electrolytes play, check this article out:
TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. It works on the Pain Gate Control principal whereby you stimulate nerves in your back with low voltage electrical impulses to block pain lower in your body. It is best started in early labour so that it's effects can build over the course of your labour. Bear in mind that if you use a TENS machine, you cannot get water near it which precludes showers, bath, hot towels, etc.
Aaaaaaaaaaaah Ooooooooooooh… Don't underestimate how helpful vocalising can be. Ina May Gaskin's 'Sphincter Law' says that by opening and relaxing our mouth, we can also help relax and open our cervix. (Read more on the 'Sphincter Law ' below.) Making sounds can also give us an added way to auralise working with the intensity. Feel the intensity of each contraction and verbalise it with sound. Start high and as you move through the contraction bring the sound down lower and deeper. Of course, if it feels better to hum or make no sound at all – do what feels most right to you!
Hot towels
This requires towels (regular or hand towels), thick rubber gloves, hot water and either a bucket or a slow cooker. You put hot water in the bucket or slow cooker and then add your towels. If you use a slow cooker, make sure it's set to 'Low'. With the bucket, you will need to regularly replace the hot water. The towels are rung out wearing the gloves (hot!) and then placed on your lower back or abdomen. It may feel most helpful during contractions or in between. As usual – whenever feels best for you.
Wheat packs and hotwater bottles are also an easy alternatives to hot towels.
Acupuncture and acupressure
Some midwives are skilled in acupuncture. Acupressure is a great alternative or used in conjunction. You can download a great booklet on acupressure here:
Loving touch, hugging, caress, kissing, sex, masturbation… orgasm. They all increase oxytocin (aka the hormone of love) and endorphins. Orgasm induces the second highest level of oxytocin in the body (second to birth) so not only does orgasm aid with labour but the endorphins can help with the intensity and give us a feeling of wellness (some call it feeling "high"). Penetrative sex is safe in labour so long as your waters haven't broken. Note: Semen may intensify labour due to the prostaglandins it contains.
Essential oils have a proven reputation for helping with both the physical and mental/emotional sides of labour. Clary sage is a popular essential oil for specifically helping with the intensity. Rose, Jasmine, Rose Geranium, and Lavender are also great. Peppermint is good for nausea and vomiting. You can also purchase labour and birth mixes. It is recommended to use an electric diffuser as candle oil burners can be forgotten about and run dry. Alternately, place a few drops on a tissue or cloth to smell. Sometimes this may be preferred as it's easy remove should you no longer want the scent.
If using essential oils as part of massage, they must be diluted in a carrier oil first. Always check the safety of essential oils first.
It's best that a birth support person learns labour massage beforehand (it's pretty hard to massage yourself!). While it's not terribly complicated, a basic technique is generally more effective. This video has a couple of basic and easy to remember techniques. There are also lots of books and articles if you wish to add to your repertoire.
Sterile water injections
This involves injecting sterile saline water just under the skin of the lower back. It is particularly effective if intensity and pain is felt in the back. It is generally painful whilst being administered and has been likened to an insect sting. Not all midwives are familiar with this technique so talk to your midwife to see if they can do this for you.
Hypnobirthing, Calmbirth, Lamaze and other similar classes/techniques
These are specific courses with specific techniques such as self-hypnosis, meditation, breathing, active relaxation, etc. There are a number of providers in Aotearoa New Zealand and can be found via internet search.
Penny Simpkin's 3 Rs
"Relaxation, Rhythm, Ritual". From Penny Simpkin's website:
The 3 R's approach to childbirth preparation is a simplified approach based on observations of laboring women and how they actually cope with pain and stress in labor. Some cope well; others are overwhelmed in labor. There are three characteristics common to women who cope well:
1. They are able to relax during and/or between contractions. In early labor relaxation during contractions is a realistic and desirable goal; later in labor, however, many women cope much better if they don't try to relax during contractions. They feel better if


Zero emissions hydrogen combustion technology
Image description
Our R&D collaborations have led to an enormous breakthrough in hydrogen production by electrolysis of water.
This disruptive technology produces hydrogen and oxygen for 116 times less energy than conventional electrolysis.
Hoxytronic designed and built the prototype that proof tested this technology.
Hoxytronic is developing applications for this hydrogen technology - in the pipeline is a zero carbon internal combustion engine design with 67% thermal efficiency.
3rd part research and computational modelling has already shown 67% thermal efficiency and the third party live bench test showed a 29% increase in thermal efficiency.
Hoxytronic owns the IP to an alternative design (using elements from the above research) which has promise to reach over 70% thermal efficiency with zero carbon emissions.
The importance of this potential breakthrough is that the capital cost per kiloWatt of a large engine will be reduced.
As an example: A Jenbacher gas engine is 44% thermally efficient. With our technology that could increase to 67%.
67/44 = 52% improvement.
The capital cost plus a relatively small retrofit cost will amount to approximately 50% reduction in capex cost per kiloWatt
What does that mean in real money?
A feasibility study on ultraenergy efficient electrolyser (UEEE) technology running on a standard gas internal combustion engine will have electricity production costs of £14/MWh.
The big six energy companies in the UK average electricity generation costs of £57/MWh.
Hoxytronic IP retrofitted onto that gas internal combustion engine will further reduce the electricity production costs to £9/MWh.


Question: BSCs want to be environmentally conscious. Pre-portioned chemicals can help reduce chemical usage, but can these products also reduce water consumption? How?
With pre-measured systems and the proper education, janitors do not have to guess about the right amount of product or the right amount of water. When cleaning with properly mixed products, especially on floors, residues that attract dirt are virtually eliminated, which can reduce cleaning frequency and save water.
Also, we help teach our customers to use the right solution for the job. When mopping a small area, you don't have to use four gallons of solution when only two gallons will do the job. So not only does the contractor use less product but they save water also.
I have been in the cleaning industry for more than 25 years and I have seen how pre-measured, multi-use products can help customers eliminate unnecessary products and save water. We often find that customers can get rid of several duplicative items and simplify their cleaning program.
— Jerry Goldman, national sales manager, PortionPac Chemical Corp., Chicago
For pre-portioned tablets, the water savings isn't always at the tap on location. The cleaners ship without water, so they are over 90 percent lighter and smaller. That's less bulk and weight to ship. Further, it takes water to refine oil, and our tablets take less fuel to ship therefore we save water by using less gas to ship. For example, one truckload of 12-tablet boxes of glass cleaner equals 79 truckloads of the same liquid cleaners.
— David Baumgarten, vice president, Baumgartens, Atlanta
You always need water to make ready-to-use solutions from concentrate. This is true of premeasured concentrates or blend-centers. It makes more energy-saving environmental sense to use on-site water vs. water hauled from halfway across the country.
— John Everitt, president, Stearns Packaging Corp., Madison, Wis.
Question: How are you addressing waste and sustainability concerns associated with individually packaged doses of chemicals?
Goldman: For us, worker safety comes first. We formulate all of our products to minimize their impact on all aspects of cleaning. This includes our workers who make the product, the janitors who clean with it, and the occupants in the buildings they clean. Our customers also benefit from the safety and environmental benefits of using Green Seal formulated cleaning products. Green Seal is the most stringent standard in our industry and they are the most robust third-party standard available for certifying formulations.
Our system was also built to eliminate waste wherever possible. All of our packaging is recyclable and much of it is made with recycled material. Our re-usable bottles are made with the most recycled content available: 40 percent. Our education programs are intended to help our customers use the right amount of product with as few products as possible. This helps them reach their sustainability, safety and savings goals.
Everitt: Premeasured portion-control chemical management systems have always done more with less. More cleaning performance per dollar with less shipping, less packaging and less over-usage of the chemical. 'Less' adds up to energy savings and lower environmental impact.
Packets of flexible film weigh just a gram or two when empty and water-soluble packets leave nothing behind but a recyclable tub. Empty packets of flexible film are a challenge to recycle, being so small and sometimes laminated from multiple materials, but their material source-reduction value is so great that they are exempt from mandatory recycling programs.
Baumgarten: Single serve packaging does produce a lot of waste. Tablets have a piece of trash smaller than a candy bar. However, think about the liquid dosages. They either ship in single bottles or concentrates in large bottles. A single bottle used once then thrown away is a lot of trash than a single wrapper. Same goes for the large plastic containers with concentrate. No, our product does not eliminate trash altogether, but the impact is far lighter on the environment than liquid concentrates or portions shipping in plastic bottles.
When you add the complexity of manufacturing a huge mixing station and all the plastic and shipping involved, not to mention that a highly trained technical person or plumber is going to have to drive to a location, spend time mounting equipment, take time training others, drive back to headquarters, not to mention the massive retraining there is from employee turnover, the savings from a tablet is obvious.


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In the mid 1800s, philanthropic upper-middle-class ladies were managing the day to day operations of day nurseries. These nurseries provided temporary shelter during the day for the children of mothers who had to find work to support their families. Working fathers boarded their children in cases where the mother had died or was too sick to care for her children. However, illegitimate children were often refused entry.
The nurseries charged modest fees of about ten cents per child per day. Although the fees did not cover costs, they did help with finances. The parents maintained some dignity by paying for the service.
Toronto East End Day Nursery and Settlement
The Nursery was established by members of the Quaker Mission in 1892 and was operated by a board of women directors. For a small fee, the Nursery provided day care and helped mothers find work in domestic and laundry services.


The preparation starts with a thorough washing to remove all dirt and dust. Pressure washing can be a delicate operation. Stucco is a relatively soft masonry coating and can be easily damaged by high-pressure water. Use minimal pressure, _PHONE_ psi and a wide spray tip.
Masonry cleaners and soaps can be used for heavily soiled areas, efflorescence deposits or rust stains. Usually the use of cleaners is not essential.
Begin washing at the top of the wall and work your way down. Keep the spray tip 12-inches or more away from the surface. Pay special attention to windows and doors. Angle the pressurized water away from these areas to prevent leaks or water intrusion behind the stucco.
The pressure washer can remove loose paint, but it can also remove some of the stucco if the pressure is too high or the tip is to close. Use the washer to provide a clean surface. Don't rely on it to remove all the loose paint.
Allow the stucco to thoroughly dry before proceeding with priming and caulking. This can take 24 hours or more depending on temperatures and humidity.


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Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea that is counted as one of the 26 regions of France (called Metropolitan France). Not being located in mainland France, it is designated as a territorial collectivity.
Corsica is separated from Metropolitan France, to which it belongs, by the Ligurian Sea. It was briefly an independent state known as the Corsican Republic, before being incorporated into France in 1769. The island covers 8,680 sq km (3,351 sq mi) and has a population of 302,000 (2011 estimate). Its capital is Ajaccio, the birthplace of Napoléon Bonaparte.
Corsica has 1,000 kilometers of coastline. It measures 183 km in length and 83 km in width. Corsica is a mountainous island. It has more than 20 summits which are more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in height. The highest peak on Corsica is Monte Cinto, at 2,706 m (8,878 ft).


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What We Offer
- A World of Weather – organized into 35km X 35km grids.
- Industry Intelligence – easy access to the weather data that matters to you across hundreds of variables in the atmosphere.
- User-friendly graphs showing historic weather data from the surface of the earth to the top of the atmosphere.
- Analytics and API support to get you the data you need.
- Precise hourly seven-day forecasts.
- Weather Verification Reports built upon proprietary, hyper-local (1×1 sq. km grid) climate data, providing the end-user with the ability to more confidently verify weather conditions at the property address level.


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How to monitor Whatsapp, Viber, and other IM on Android
Easy as pie – we do all the heavy lifting.
Step 1. Install Safe Lagoon on your child's Android smartphone or tablet and send some instant messages.
Step 2. Open your Parental App or Safe Lagoon Webcenter and select the "IM chats" tab.
Step 3. Select the messenger type you would like to see chats from (Whatsapp, Viber, etc) and you will see a both sides of the commication from that particular Instant messenger. Messages are presented in chronological order.
Step 4. You can also select "All chats" and see a time line of all conversations over all instant messengers used


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The presence of a large multi-burner gas range at the heart of the cooking line is about as fundamental as it gets in any restaurant. That iron and stainless steel behemoth uses a lot of energy, throws a lot of heat, and requires a dedicated ventilation system just to keep the cooks from getting overwhelmed.
For decades no proper chef would have it any other way. That's beginning to change, and the catalyst of that change is the induction range. Induction cooking works in a completely different manner than traditional gas or electric ranges. Instead of using a superhot medium like burning gas or an electrically heated element, induction ranges use the energy created by two opposing magnetic fields driven by an electric current to make the metal in the cookware itself become hot.
Sound a little geeky? It is, in a cool science project kind of way. For professional chefs, the most interesting thing about induction cooking are the practical advantages it can bring to the process, including:
Precision temperature control. While there is certainly a steep learning curve in the beginning, once a chef gets an induction range dialed in based upon the numbers on the knob, you can be sure you'll get consistent, perfectly even heat every time. This is especially beneficial for low temperature and simmering applications, because an induction range can maintain a much lower heat than a traditional gas or electric range.
Speed. You've never seen a pot boil faster or oil heat up quicker than on an induction range. Because the metal of the pot or pan sitting on the burner becomes the heating agent instead of the medium, induction is by far the fastest way to heat whatever you're cooking.
Efficiency. An induction range uses a fraction of the energy used by a traditional range. There's also almost zero energy waste since the energy used to heat food is created in the metal of the cookware instead of below it. This energy is also created by a relatively weak electrical current, which can be much more inexpensive than natural gas.
Safety. An induction burner that's turned on to full heat is still cool to the touch. As it heats metal cookware it will become hot, but the burner itself creates no heat. This makes induction much safer than traditional ranges. Some induction ranges even have automatic detectors that shut off the burner when there is no pan present, when the pan is empty, or when foreign objects fall onto the surface of the range.
Ventilation. Because induction ranges don't burn fuel like a gas range, minimal ventilation is needed, and much less heat is created, even if you're running induction all day on a busy line. This can save any restaurant a boatload of money on the ventilation and cooling costs normally associated with a traditional gas range. Make sure you consult the local regulations in your community when deciding how much ventilation you need to install for an induction range. In general, however, the requirements should be a fraction of those for a gas range.
Induction cooking isn't for every restaurant. Some chefs don't like the fact that cookware cools off rapidly when it's not in contact with the burner – a distinct disadvantage for techniques that call for using the pan to flip or sautee ingredients as they cook. Induction also supports only certain types of cookware – usually stainless steel or cast iron – which means your aluminum cookware will be useless on an induction range.
If you are interested in induction cooking, Vollrath has been a pioneer in developing induction ranges, countertop burners, and even chafers for the food service industry. So far another factor slowing the widespread adoption of induction technology in restaurants has been the cost of equipment. As energy prices, especially natural gas, continue to rise and the cost of quality induction equipment comes down, however, induction cooking starts to make more and more sense.
Check out a full inventory of Vollrath induction equipment here.


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A very simple overview of the north and south sky hemisphere map with the Constellation and approximate graphical position of the planets and of The Sun and of The Moon without ZOOMING.
The Moon Info (the menu item) shows the date of phases of The Moon and the action of gravity on the human body. The strong gravity can cause problems to someone when he is sensitive to it.
You need Internet connection, only if You want to get help from the Wikipedia.
Install software and scroll the map as You needed.
To change of map use a MENU North Sky, South Sky.


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Climate Change and Man's Evolution
May 21, 2013 05:31 PM - Andy Soos, ENN
Climate change is bad yet it happens whether we like or not. Then again it may not be so bad. Rapid climate change during the Middle Stone Age, between 80,000 and 40,000 years ago, during the Middle Stone Age, sparked surges in cultural innovation in early modern human populations, according to new research. The research, published this month in Nature Communications, was conducted by a team of scientists from Cardiff University's School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, the Natural History Museum in London and the University of Barcelona.


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for Biological Diversity
After a scientific petition, lawsuit, and six long years of hard work by the Center for Biological Diversity, last week the California Fish and Game Commission voted 3-2 to protect the imperiled California tiger salamander under the state's Endangered Species Act. The sensitive salamander depends on seasonal ponds, or vernal pools, for breeding -- but these pools have proven ephemeral in more ways than one. In recent decades, 95 percent of California's vernal pools has been lost to development -- as has at least 75 percent of the species' habitat across the state.
Due to efforts by the Center and allies, three populations of the California tiger salamander have been protected under the federal Endangered Species Act for years. But California Fish and Game denied the salamander state protection in 2004, falsely claiming that the Center's petition didn't have enough data. A judge overturned that move in 2008, after we sued, giving the salamander a new chance at the additional protections it needs.
From The Associated Press:
State wildlife officials Wednesday ruled that the California tiger salamander deserves protection as a threatened species, subjecting landowners to more scrutiny if they want to build or farm in the amphibian's habitat.
The California Fish and Game Commission made the decision after finding roughly 400,000 acres of the amphibian's habitat is threatened by future development and the expansion of farming, mostly in the Central Valley. The tiger salamander lives in nearly half the state's counties, in a region that stretches from Yolo County to Santa Barbara County.
"We have learned over the years, at our peril, that remoteness is no guarantee of conservation," commissioner Michael Sutton said. "What is remote today may well be suburban sprawl tomorrow."
The 3-2 vote came over the objections of the wine industry, business groups and home builders, which complained scientists were unable to show accurate population counts for the salamander and had exaggerated how much rural land might be developed in the future.
"This recommendation relies principally on anticipated loss of habitat," Tim Schmelzer, who oversees regulatory affairs at the Wine Institute, told the commission. "That projected loss is considerably overstated."
For example, similar federal protections and local city and county plans that guide future development were not consulted, Schmelzer said.
At least one commissioner agreed with the industry, questioning state scientists who predicted at least a third of the salamander habitat would be developed over the next 10 years without any protection.
"It's insanity. It will never happen," said commissioner Daniel Richards, who voted against the listing.
The tiger salamander breeds in seasonal pools and ponds, but spends most of its 10-year life underground primarily in the Central Valley. Those key spawning habitats have severely diminished over the years. In 1997, only 12 percent of the Central Valley's 5 million acres of historical seasonal pools remained, said Sonke Mastrup, chief deputy director at the Department of Fish and Game.
The remaining habitat is also at risk for being broken up and isolating the species, Mastrup said.
The tiger salamander was listed as a federally protected species in 2004 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The state commission, which met in Ontario (San Bernardino County), had twice previously denied listing the salamander and was sued in 2004 by the Center for Biological Diversity. A state appellate court ordered the Department of Fish and Game to reconsider the issue.
State law is typically more protective of vulnerable species than federal law, leading to worries that farmers, developers and vintners might have to do more to protect the salamander if they want to build or move into sensitive habitat.


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Curriculum links: Littlecote House
Key Concepts covered:
- Chronological understanding
- Change and continuity
- Cause and consequence
Key Skills covered:
- Historical Enquiry
- Using Evidence
- Communicating Information about the Past
Range and Content:
This module links to the thematic study of the changing nature of relationships between the Crown and Parliament through an in depth study of one particular man and his house. It also shows a turning point in the thematic study of conflict over time.
- Understanding how the past events of the English Civil Wars have helped to shape our environment today.
- Using a virtual museum to understand how attitudes to the past are constructed.
- Links to a local history study.
- Links to Geography: changes in the local landscape.
- Links to Art: Landscapes, provincial art and critical understanding of others work.


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MIT researchers allow submarines and aircraft to communicate directly
MIT researchers have taken a step toward solving a long-standing challenge with wireless communication: direct data transmission between underwater and airborne devices. Their findings could have applications for the military, search and rescue, and marine research.
Today, underwater sensors cannot share data with those on land, as both use different wireless signals that only work in their respective mediums.
Radio signals that travel through air die very rapidly in water. Acoustic signals, or sonar, sent by underwater devices mostly reflect off the surface without ever breaking through. This causes inefficiencies and other issues for a variety of applications, such as submarine-to-plane communication and ocean exploration.
MIT Media Lab researchers have designed a system that tackles this problem in a novel way. An underwater transmitter directs a sonar signal to the water's surface, causing tiny vibrations that correspond to the 1s and 0s transmitted. Above the surface, a highly sensitive receiver reads these minute disturbances and decodes the sonar signal.
"Trying to cross the air-water boundary with wireless signals has been an obstacle. Our idea is to transform the obstacle itself into a medium through which to communicate," says Fadel Adib, an assistant professor in the Media Lab, who is leading this research. He co-authored the paper with his graduate student Francesco Tonolini.
The system, called "translational acoustic-RF communication" (TARF), is still in its early stages, Adib says. But it represents a "milestone," he says, that could open new capabilities in water-air communications.
Using the system, military submarines, for instance, wouldn't need to surface to communicate with aeroplanes, compromising their location. And underwater drones that monitor marine life wouldn't need to constantly resurface from deep dives to send data to researchers.
Another promising application is aiding searches for planes that go missing underwater. "Acoustic transmitting beacons can be implemented in, say, a plane's black box," Adib says. "If it transmits a signal every once in a while, you'd be able to use the system to pick up that signal."
The researchers hope that their system could eventually enable an airborne drone or plane flying across a water's surface to constantly pick up and decode the sonar signals as it flies over.


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Imagine electric conductor,copper wire for example,that is fully coated with thin teflon coating and this coated wire is surrounded by air.
The classis high voltage air ionisation happens when the electrons start to escape naked non-insulated conductor and go into the air,its called corona discharge.
My question is,is it possible to cause ionisation of air by high voltage conductor that is fully coated by thin layer of strong insulator like teflon?
I think it my work in following way,near the insulated high voltage conductor,close to its surface there exist strong electric field that can accelerate positive ions or electrons,ofcourse,molecules and atoms of air are neutral,but its a fact that cosmic radiation,radon gas and ultraviolet light causes constant ionisation of air in the enviroment where we live,its very small amount but it exist and these small ionisation events,while invisible happen relatively often.
I think that maybe if one ionisation event happens near the insulated conductor where the electric field is strong,the field might be strong enough at that location to accelerate that electron to such degree it will cause ionisation by colliding with neutral air atom thus causing sort of avalanche where more electrons are ejected,they are accelerated and they ionise more atoms and it repeats and grows exponentialy.
Could all this happen like I described it? Could teflon insulated conductor really cause air ionisation without any current flowing from it into air?


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EU aims to clean up European seas by 2021
European scientists and policy makers met at the Baltic Sea and European Marine Strategy conference in Helsinki, Finland, this week to discuss how to achieve good environmental status for European seas in the next 15 years. ESA took part by demonstrating the potential of Earth observation for monitoring and implementing marine policies.
The conference, held 13 to 15 November under the auspices of Finland's European Union (EU) Presidency, addressed the EU's newly proposed marine strategy, which stresses the need to apply an 'ecosystem approach' to improving the state of the Baltic Sea and Europe's other troubled seas.
In his opening speech, Finnish Environment Minister Jan-Erik Enestam said: "This 'ecosystem approach' will require us to have a holistic view and a good understanding of the linkages between marine ecosystems and human activities that have an impact on those ecosystems.
"This kind of management of human activities […] will require swift information exchange and dialogue between policymakers, administrators and scientists. This work has to be based on the best possible knowledge of marine environments."
When asked if new technologies like satellite observations were important, Enestam said they were "crucial for marine safety".
Peter Gammeltoft, Head of the Protection of Water and the Marine Environment Unit at the European Commission's Directorate General for Environment, said: "For the first time, the EU is putting in place a policy framework – including legislation – which specifically addresses the vital issue of protecting Europe's seas and oceans in an integrated manner, looking at all pressures and impacts."
Participants of the conference drafted and approved a declaration, which among other directives includes:
- encouraging relevant actors to develop well designed operational networks and an open data policy relevant to the environment
- asking the national, regional and European authorities to set up and implement more efficient environmental policies and legislation using innovative and economic instruments to provide incentives and technical solutions to protect the basin and catchments of the Baltic Sea.
Gammeltoft said the current state of knowledge about Europe's marine environment needs to be improved and that future management would take into account data collected from improved monitoring systems.
GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) is the response to Europe's need for geo-spatial information services. ESA is the main partner to the EU in GMES, which provides autonomous and independent access to information for policy-makers, particularly in relation to environment and security.
ESA presented the GMES services at a stand showing how current available Earth observation (EO) services can meet many monitoring needs for implementing European and regional marine policies including:
- Sea-ice services for efficient and safe navigation
- Oil-spill monitoring aimed at mitigating illegal discharges from ship traffic
- Snow mapping for monitoring the inflow of nutrients to the Baltic sea during the melting period
- Water quality and algal bloom monitoring for managing eutrophication.
These Baltic Sea regional services are currently being provided by the GMES Service Element projects Polar View and Marcoast, which will be fully implemented as part of the future European GMES network of services.
The proposed marine strategy directive aims to define common principles for the protection of Europe's seas. Enestam said Finland's goal is to have a decision made on the content of the European Marine Strategy Directive at the December meeting of the European Ministers of the Environment.


How To Create an Actor
Actors represent the main unit of logic in the Actor Model. They are transactional, asynchronous and safe. When you work with actors, you have the following guarantees:
 - A single actor will process a single message at a time. For example, if you call a method in an actor two times, you will not process those calls in parallel, but sequentially.
 - A single actor will process messages in order. For example, if you call two different methods in an actor, messages will be processed in the calling order.
 - Actor failures are isolated. If an actor fails because there is a requirement that is not fulfilled (like not having network connection), the exception will not propagate to all actors, but will be managed by the actor supervisor.
 - Slow actors will not block other actors. If an actor is waiting for a response of a server, or from another actor, it will not block other actors, that will be still processing messages.
The process of creating an actor is quite transparent, and a simple task. Actor types are represented with a protocol they understand. A protocol is a set of messages that an actor can actually handle.
For example, if we have the following protocol:
It means that the actor will only understand the message ping without parameters.
With the following protocol:
It means that the actor can handle both messages, sayHi and sayBye with a single parameter.
To define an Actor protocol, we just need to create a ES6 class that extends Actor.
const { Actor } = require('tarant')
class Person extends Actor {
 sayHi(whom) {
 console.log('Hi', whom)
 sayBye(whom) {
 console.log('Bye', whom)
This Actor type Person will handle two messages with the specified logic (just printing something into the console). To instantiate an actor, we need a running actor system. We are going to create an Actor System with the default configuration:
const { ActorSystem } = require('tarant')
const system = ActorSystem.default()
And to instantiate an actor, we need to call the actorOf method with the Actor protocol that we want to use:
const dante = system.actorOf(Person)
And you can call any method of the actor directly, like any other class:
Actors with initial state
It's common that an actor needs some initial state to work, for example, in our case, we need the person name. Actors can receive any initial state on the constructor, and this state can be passed through actorOf. For example, let's extend our Person protocol to allow having a name.
class Person extends Actor {
 constructor(name) {
 super() = name
 sayHi(whom) {
 console.log(, ': Hi', whom)
 sayBye(whom) {
 console.log(, ': Bye', whom)
When defining the constructor of an Actor, there are two things to consider:
 - You need to call the super() constructor. This is a JavaScript rule and it won't work if we don't do it the first thing in your newly created constructor.
 - super() has a parameter id that is the ID of the actor. Actors are uniquely identified by an ID that you can pass through the super constructor (as in super(theIdIWant)). If we don't specify any ID, tarant will create a random UUID for it.
Now that we have our new redefined protocol, we can create a new actor with a name.
const dante = system.actorOf(Person, ['Dante'])
Now, calling the sayHi method like in the previous example, will show:
> Dante : Hi Martin
How calling an Actor works
It's important to note that calling an actor method is not a synchronous operation. It's completely asynchronous and they always return promises. When you call a method on an actor, the actor will add a new message to it's mailbox, and will be processing messages in the mailbox until it's empty.
You can find more information of the architecture in the architecture page.
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It has been a while since I did a video, and I was feeling the itch! This week it's a short and sweet instructional on how to draw bubbles in water using Copic markers.
If you want to practice along, I used:
- Copic markers: BG10, BG34, B00, B02, G12, and later BG70
- Colorless Blender (any brand will work, using Copic Ciao 0 here)
- White Gelly Roll pen
To begin, create a watery background for the bubbles. I used a wash of BG10, with a mix of BG34, B00, B02, and G12 around the edges and faded in (BG34, B00, and B02 are the darkest colors near the bottom edges). I used BG70 instead of the colorless blender to smooth everything out and add just a hint more color.
To start the bubbles, use the colorless blender to draw a circle on the background color. Place the tip of the blender in the center of the circle to begin saturating the paper with the clear ink. This will push the other colors out of the way on the paper, pushing the watery colors to the edges of the circle. This creates an "edge" to the circle that forms the body of the bubble.
Create more bubbles in different sizes. To make very tiny bubbles, place the tip of the colorless blender on the paper without moving it, then lift it away. Allow the spot to dry, then repeat a few more times. This will gradually provide enough blender to create the bubble without it spreading and expanding too much.
Finally, using the white Gelly Roll, begin adding spots of light on the bubbles. Establish a light source; the surface of the bubble closest to the light source will have a crisp shine on it (I use dots, but you can have circular reflections, square reflections, etc. depending on what is creating the light in your image).
The light would then shine through the bubble and diffuse on the opposite interior wall of the bubble, so the next step is to create a diffused light along the bubble opposite of the crisp shine.
You can use your finger when the Gelly Roll marks are fresh to remove a little of the white if your bubbles are more toward the background or are more hidden.
And that's it! Easy bubbles! I love how these turn out, and I hope this method works for you, too!
Thanks for watching!


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What does KID mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand KID in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
Find a translation for KID in other languages:
Select another language:
What does KID mean?
- Informal. a child or young person. (used as a familiar form of address.)
Discuss this KID abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
KID also stands for:
- Kaleidescope Of Investigation And Discovery
- Kernel Independent Drivers
- Kid Intercepts Dns
- Kid Internet Delight
- Kids Impacting Defects
... and 8 more »


Onondaga Cave
Missouri Caverns
Useful Information
Location: 1 hour south of St. Louis. I-44 west to Onondaga 130km, exit 214 (Leasburg). Turn left on ramp (Highway H), 11km to Onondaga Cave State Park.
Open: MAR to OCT daily 9-17, last tour 16.
Tour times change depending on the season and available staffing.
Fee: Adults USD 10, Children (6-12) USD 5, Children (0-5) free, Seniors (65+) USD 8.
Groups (10+): Adults USD 5, Children (6-12) USD 4, Children (6-12) USD 2.50.
Groups must be scheduled two weeks in advance.
Classification: Karst cave river cave, Eminence and Gasconade dolomite (Ordovician, approx 450 million years old).
Light: electric
Dimension: L=2.896m, VR=52m, T=13-15°C, A=213m asl.
Guided tours: L=1,610m, VR=52m, D=90min, V=40,000/a [2005].
Address: Onondaga Cave, Onondaga Cave State Park, 7556 Hwy. H, Leasburg, MO 65535, Tel: _PHONE_.
Last update:$Date: 2014/07/21 08:13:30 $
1798according to local gossip discovered by Daniel Boone.
1886discovered by Charles Christopher.
1897opened to the public.
1940sName changed to Onondaga Cave
1950sacquired by Lester Dill and Lyman Riley.
1982acquired by the State Missouri, became a State Park.
Onondaga Cave has some really beautiful formations. There are helictites, cave pearls, shields, and lily pads. This cave is considered to be the most beautifully decorated cave in Missouri, and that means a lot. Especially the still ponds of dripping water are a source of extraordinary calcite crystals. The water is so still, calcite crystals form on the surface, making calcite rafts locally called calcite ice. They are swimming because of the surface tension of the water, and sink at the slightest stirring of the water. Lily pads resemble water lilys but are actually calcite crystals formed in calcite rich water on stalagmites standing in the water. Shields are, as the name says, shield-like formations and are extremely rare. They are formed by water which is transported along a thin crack by capillary forces.
Onondaga Cave formed along the Leasburg Fault, a tectonic fracture zone which marks a vertical shear. The displacement is only 17m, but the huge amount of fractures allows the water to enter the limestone, and the huge surface of so many cracks speeds up the limestone solution. Onondaga Cave drains water from all along the fault, not just the immediate area. However, the water which is today found in the cave is not responsible for its formation. Since then the surface and with it the drainage changed completely.
The natural entrance to Onondaga Cave is low and water filled, it was never used by natives or early settlers. No remains of any usage of the cave could be found. The cave was discovered by the local Charles Christopher, when he visited the spring in 1886. With two friends, John Eaton and Mitis Horine, and a borrowed boat, he first explored the cave. The expedition took a whole day, and persuaded them to acquire the land around the cave. Some sources tell, the cave was first discovered much earlier. The legendary Daniel Boone is said to have discovered the cave as early as 1798. Actually there is no valid source hinting this may be true, so this is just local gossip.
A rather weird story happened in this cave in the early 1930s. It is a rather common story for caves, and happens all over the world. The cave extended across the boundary to the neighbouring land, and so the neighbour thought some of the income would be his. However, this time the story had some strange twists. Onondaga Cave was run by Bob Bradford. Dr. William Mook and Lee Mook leased the adjacent property. They secretly dug a tunnel into the back of Onondaga from their land, and one day they put up a barbed wire fence inside the cave, at the halfway point in the Big Room, assuming that this was the point below the boundary. Obviously Bob Bradford was not amused and an argument started and became worse until Bob Bradford headed after Lee Mook with a rifle.
A really strange encounter happened in 1934. Missouri senatorial candidate Harry S. Truman, the later president, visited the cave with his Democrat staff. At the same time a Republican party visited the other half of the cave. When they finally met at the barbed wire fence they started to argue across the demarcation line.
See also
Main Index | U.S.A. | Missouri
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