text:
Love this super easy, super pretty idea from The Glitter Guide Collaborating with Hey Look! Simply apply spray glue or double-sided tape to desired object, and sprinkle with glitter. Presto, cute little centrepiece!
Glitter Votive Jars
- glass jars, vases or simple drinking glasses
- paper glue or spray glue
- double-sided tape
- glitter powder in the color(s) of your choice
Instructions for the glitter votive:
-Apply paper glue or spray glue to jar. You can make shapes or simply apply it all over.
-Sprinkle the jar with a good amount of glitter. Make sure you don't leave any glue spots uncovered.
-Tap on the glitter particles carefully, then shake off excess glitter and you're done.
-Place a votive candle in the jar or use it as vase
Instructions for the sparkle-striped votive:
-Stick double sided-tape strip onto jar as shown in the picture. You can use tapes of different widths if you like, and apply several stripes per jar.
-Sprinkle generously with glitter then clean off excess sparkles.
-If you want your stripes to be of different color, place 2nd strip of tape on votive only after cleaning off the glitter from the first stripe. Repeat step 2 and you're done.


text:
- by VM85 Jan 5, '09what does r/t mean?
Print and share with friends and family.
Compliments of allnurses.com.
_URL_ allnurses.com INC. All Rights Reserved.
- 10,423 Views
- Jan 5, '09 by jeninthedesert"related to"
It's part of the nursing diagnosis.
- Jan 5, '09 by Daytonitelet me also add that the "related to" or "r/t" part of the nursing diagnostic statement is the etiology, or cause, of the nursing diagnosis (nursing problem). the construction of nursing diagnostic statements consists of two or three parts linked by these shorthand abbreviations to save space. this is how your nursing instructors will require you to diagnose nursing conditions in your patients. later as a licensed nurse on a job you will see and write care plans using these abbreviations. here is an example:
- acute pain r/t surgical intervention aeb complaint of abdominal pain of 8 on a scale 10 and keeping the legs drawn up to the chest
- acute pain related to surgical intervention as evidenced by complaint of abdominal pain of 8 on a scale 10 and keeping the legs drawn up to the chest
- problem: acute pain - this is the nursing problem that was identified by the nurse and has been stated as a nanda nursing diagnosis
- etiology (cause): surgical intervention - the cause of the problem is being told to us was that the patient was cut into surgically (that is what the words "surgical intervention" mean)
- symptoms: (1)complaint of abdominal pain of 8 on a scale 10, (2) keeping the legs drawn up to the chest - this is the evidence that the nurse collected through their assessment of the patient that proves and supports that pain exists
- Jan 5, '09 by DIVA_NURSE405As my nursing instructor told me R/T is something u as a nurse can fix!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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|— City —|
|Elevation||1,850 m (6,070 ft)|
|Time zone||EAT (UTC+3)|
Nakuru, the former provincial capital of Kenya's Rift Valley province, with roughly 300,000 inhabitants, and the third largest urban centre in the country, lies about 1850 m above sea level. It is also the capital of Nakuru County.
The history of Nakuru can perhaps be traced to the prehistoric period due to the archeological discoveries located about 8 km from the Central Business District at the Hyrax Hill reserve. Nakuru is Kenya's 3rd largest residency, larger even than the smallest of the three cities, Kisumu. However, the modern town, as with many others in Kenya, derives its name from the Maasai speaking people of Kenya. Nakuru was established by the British as part of the White highlands during the colonial era and it has continued growing into a cosmopolitan town. It received township status in 1904 and became a municipality in 1952.
The history of Kenya as a country is closely intertwined with that of Nakuru as a town and a district. The first and second presidents of Kenya maintained their semi-official residents within the town, Jomo Kenyatta, and Daniel arap Moi. The town for a long time has been the hotbed of Kenyan politics and it was home to a variety of colorful politicians including the late Kariuki Chotara, Kihika Kimani and the late Mirugi Kariuki.
In 2006, the then MP, Mirugi Kariuki was killed in a plane crash in Marsabit on his way to a peace meeting. The crash also killed five other members of parliament. The ensuing by-election was contested and won by his son, William Kariuki Mirugi of the Narc-Kenya party. At the age of 27, Hon. William Kariuki Mirugi became one of the youngest members of parliament to represent Nakuru Town Constituency. He was however defeated by Lee Kinyanjui during the 2007 general elections beating his close rival Mike Brawan. The 2007 post-election violence also took a toll on the town, with dozens of buildings burnt to the ground by various factions.
Agriculture, manufacturing and tourism are the backbone of the economy of Nakuru. The area surrounding the town is known for its vast agricultural potential with numerous small farms and also vast agricultural enterprises..The main crops grown around Nakuru and marketed in the town include coffee, wheat, barley, maize, and beans. These crops are stored in massive silos at the outskirts of the town by the National Cereals and Produce Board and Lesiolo Grain Handlers Limited. The crops provide the primary raw material for the manufacturing industries found in Nakuru and Nairobi. These industries include flour milling and grain ginneries. Dairy farming is a key economic activity and provides the inputs for various milk processing plants around the town. According to a UN study released in 2011, Nakuru is Africa's fastest growing town and the fourth in the world.
The town is also a center for various retail businesses that provide goods and services to the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. A large public market lies to the west of the town on the main thoroughfare to the capital, Nairobi.
Nakuru is also an important educational center. It is the home of Egerton University, a large public university, and Kabarak University, a private university associated with former President Moi's business and religious interests. The Rift Valley Institute of Technology is also based here, as is the Kenya Industrial Training Institute (KITI). The Kenya Institute of Management (KIM) has a college branch in Nakuru. Nakuru is now becoming a center of academics with campuses for the University of Nairobi, Kenyatta University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, Mt. Kenya University, The Kenya Methodist University being set up in the town. Other important institutions include The Institute of Advanced Studies, Kenya Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Technology (KIBSAT) and most recent Nakuru Counseling & Training Institute (NCTI), which is a project of Nakuru Christian Professionals Association. The institute, popularly known as Centre of Hope trains youths at moderate fees and offers full sponsorship to the needy in the community. It partners with Nakurun Lapset ry (Finland) among others.Mwangaza College,initially called the Bishop Ndingi Centre for skills formation,is also another known college in Nakuru.
Nakuru is also a home to various private colleges and privately owned secondary schools. Famous private secondary schools include Melvin Jones Lions Academy, Mountain Park Academy, Greensteds School and Shah Lalji Nagpar Academy. Students in these schools follow the British curriculum and education up till A-levels is being offered.
Nakuru is home to Lake Nakuru, one of the Rift Valley soda lakes, which forms part of the Lake Nakuru National Park. The park has large numbers of flamingoes that can be seen foraging in the shallow lake. The park also has many wild animals that can be seen during a safari. Apart from the animals numerous other sites of interest are accessible from Nakuru. These include Menengai Crater, a dormant volcano. Small fumaroles and steam vents can regularly be observed within the forested caldera from above. The second largest surviving volcanic crater in the world, it plunges 483 m down from the rim and the summit is accessible by foot or vehicle 8 km from the main road to Nyahururu. The wood-covered crater ground is a nature reserve.
The Rift Valley Sports Club lies in the centre of the town. A number of sporting activities are hosted at this club and popular among them is cricket. The local Indian community can be found at cricket fixtures throughout the year. The town hosts an annual rugby festival dubbed "The Great Rift 10-a-side" which features teams from across the East Africa region. A motor racing track operated in the Lake View Estate area from 1956 until the mid 1980's.
Nakuru is populated by people from the whole of Kenya and from many regions of the world. The town has a sizable population of Kenyans of Indian origin and a few of the original settler families also remained in the area. Although the town's population is predominantly African, the town has a cosmopolitan feel. People from different regions of the country have added a unique flavor to the town. The people and their politics make Nakuru a vibrant town. As per 1999 Kenya Population Census, Nakuru had the third largest urban population in Kenya.
Surrounding towns include Lanet, which lies approximately 10 km from Nakuru, predominantly a residential town and home to an army base. Njoro lies 20 km from Nakuru and is a small agricultural town with a local university aimed at promoting agricultural development in Kenya, namely Egerton University (est. 1934).
John Kitilit of Orange Democratic Movement was elected the mayor of Nakuru in July 2009, beating the outgoing mayor David Gikaria. Nakuru is now the headquarter of the newly created Nakuru county in the Counties of Kenya.
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nakuru|
- BBC NEWS | World | Africa | Curfew after Kenya town clashes
- Galpin, Darren. "Nakuru". GEL Motorsport Information Page. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- The Standard, July 24, 2009: ODM brawls way to Nakuru mayoral seat
- Nakuru Kenya
- Nakuru County
- Nakuru Kenya
- Nakuru Municipal Council
- Nakuru Town Constituency
- Nakuru online
- Nakuru pictures


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XK-8 Convertible (X100) V8-4.0L (AJ27) (2001)
Engine Control Module: Diagram Information and Instructions
Abbreviations and Acronyms
The following abbreviations are used throughout this Electrical Guide:
Audio Control Protocol Network
Controller Area Network
COUPE Coupe Vehicles
North American Specification
Rest of World
Standard Corporate Protocol Network
Vehicle Identification Number
Vehicle Identification Numbers
Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN)
VIN ranges are presented throughout the diagrams in the following manner:
->VIN 123456 indicates "up to VIN 123456"
VIN 123456 ->indicates "from VIN 123456 on".
Electrical System Architecture
XK Electrical System Architecture
The XK system "architecture" incorporates two data networks: a controller area network (CAN) for the engine, drive train and related systems, and a
standard corporate protocol network (SCP) for the body systems. Any vehicle subsystem depicted on the figures with the CAN or SCP included uses data
derived from the network, or transmits data via the network to achieve control. Messages for both networks are cataloged in Computers and Controls /
Information Bus / Description and Operation.
When appropriate, the user will be referred to these messages by a note on the Data page. In addition to the two networks, the XK uses a serial data bus
(ISO) for diagnostics and for the programming of certain control modules.
The XK uses both power and logic grounds; however, it does not use a common logic ground stud connection as in previous vehicles.
Electrical Diagram Layout

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Biomarkers study in rainbow trout exposed to industrially contaminated groundwater
AbstractThe spill of liquid industrial waste from chemical and petrochemical industries in Mercier lagoons located 20 km south of Montreal, Quebec, caused a major groundwater contamination by industrial contaminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of Mercier groundwater, following 4 and 14 days of exposure to graded concentrations from three wells at increasing distances 1.2, 2.7 and 5.4 km from the source of contamination. Rainbow trout were examined for several biomarkers of defense [ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and gluthatione S-transferase (GST) activities] and those of tissue damage [lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA strand breaks]. The results showed that EROD activity was significantly enhanced in hepatic tissue at 1.2 and 5.4 km, whereas inhibition in activity was observed in group at 2.7 km. Therefore, GST activity was significantly increased at 3.1% concentration for the 2.7 km well. No change in LPO was observed. However, a significant induction of DNA strand breaks in liver was obtained at each distance. In conclusion, the data suggest that the release of these contaminants in groundwater leads to increased biotransformation for coplanar aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage in groundwater.
- Abstract views: 1627
- PDF: 692
Copyright (c) 2014 Nadjet Benchalgo, François Gagné, Michel Fournier
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


William Craig, Ulster Unionist, dies at 86
Former Stormont minister had role in start of Troubles; then as Vanguard leader he led strike against power-sharing
William Craig, a senior Ulster Unionist who broke away to form the Vanguard movement, has died at the age of 86.
While home affairs minister in the Unionist-dominated Stormont government in October 1968, Craig played a pivotal role at the start of the Northern Ireland conflict when he restricted a march by civil rights campaigners in Derry.
Three days of rioting began when marchers were struck with batons by police after walking onto a road which had been declared out of bounds by Craig; the subsequent chain of violence is often regarded as beginning the so-called Troubles.
Craig publicly branded the rights movement a front for Irish Republican activity, and in December 1968 was dismissed from his ministerial post by Northern Ireland prime minister Terence O'Neill. He left the Ulster Unionist party and formed the Vanguard Unionists.
David Burnside, a former Ulster Unioinst MP who was involved with Vanguard earlier in his political career, said of Craig: "As probably the most prominent hardline Unionist at the beginning of the Troubles, he brought together all the groupings of Unionism at the political and paramilitary levels."
After being elected to Stormont in 1960 for Larne, Craig had held several ministerial portfolios.
The Vanguard Unionists had affiliations with a number of loyalist paramilitary groupings and flirted with the concept of Northern Ireland independence. As their leader, Craig played a major role in the loyalist workers' strike in 1974 that led to the fall of a power-sharing government which followed the Sunningdale agreement.
That agreement brought constitutional nationalists into government, but opposition to power-sharing in the form of the strike closed down many workplaces. At one point Vanguard threatened physical resistance to the British government's support for the agreement.
In 1974 Craig won a Westminster seat, for East Belfast, but lost it in 1979 and retreated from the public eye.
He lived near Bangor in Co Down, where earlier this month he had suffered a stroke.


text:
Specific Technical Areas
The Aquarium of the Institute presents various recirculation systems with a total volume of 1500 liters, maintained an average of 500 fishes, of which 200 specimens represent the group of reproducers. Current production is 150,000 embryos/year that serve as raw material for the different research lines.
- Design, construction, installation and consultancy in systems for the cultivation of aquatic species.
- Technical direction and production management in already installed aquarium systems.
- Consultancy and advice.
- Production of fishes and embryos: Zebrafish (Danio rerio).
- Training of Human Resources.
- Sebastián Graziatti
The IBR has two cell culture rooms equipped with its own CO2 incubator, type II biological safety cabinet, centrifuges and refrigerators. The sector has the capacity to maintain parasites and bacterial pathogenesis assays under optimal biosafety conditions.
- Maintenance, preservation and expansion of the cell lines.
- Search for new cell lines.
- Selection, maintenance and expansion of clones.
- Search and development of new techniques.
- Equipment maintenance and cleaning of the area.
- Assist new users through training and help with the search of information.
- Dolores Campos
The institute has a scanning confocal microscope NIKON TE2000-E with a head eclise C1-si. 3 optical microscopes -2, 1 direct and 2 inverted–magnifiers. All instruments–microscopes and magnifiers–can perform work in both bright field and epi–fluorescence.
- Management team during image acquisition.
- Analysis and processing of digital images.
Technical assistance in the use of optical instruments and software for capturing and processing images.
- Maintenance of equipment.
- Training and teaching courses.
- Management of NMS shift system.
- Rodrigo Vena
- Enrique Morales
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The IBR has a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) Bruker Avance III of 600 MHZ and during 2014 a new one of 700 MHZ will be installed.
- General maintenance of the NMR.
- Collaboration in the development of research projects.
- Attendance, participation and of exposure of training seminars.
- Alejandro Gago
- Andrea Coscia
The institute has several plant room chambers that cover 200 m2.
- Growth of tobacco, Arabidopsis, Nicotiana, tomato and citrus.
- Care and handling of transgenic lines.
- Maintenance of seeds, sowing, classification, transplant, etc.
- Diego Aguirre


Knowledge Hub
How will the NHS's Capped Expenditure Process (CEP) affect pharma?
Paul Midgley, Director of NHS Insight at Wilmington Healthcare, explains how pharma should tailor its approach
Trusts and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) are coming under increased pressure to budget meticulously and not exceed their financial control totals, which set targets for the maximum deficit or minimum surplus they are expected to achieve.
However, NHS England and NHS Improvement claim that while some trusts and CCGs have generated savings since the publication of the Five Year Forward View (5YFV) in 2014; others are still overspending and effectively 'living off bailouts from other parts of the country'.
In response to this, NHS Improvement and NHS England have introduced the Capped Expenditure Process (CEP) to ensure that under-performing trusts and CCGs deliver on their control totals and do not exceed their budgets.
In this article, we will look at the circumstances surrounding CEP and the likely impact on services in the areas where it has been introduced. We will also explore what it means for pharma and how the industry should respond.
What does CEP involve?
Previously, every NHS Trust put five percent of its budget into a contingency fund that was used to bail out other struggling trusts. However, since the publication of the 5YFV, the NHS has taken a tough stance on trusts and CCGs that continue to overspend and rely on hand-outs from others elsewhere within the service.
In April this year, NHS England and NHS Improvement made it clear that the newly formed Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (STPs) must live within their means, and they singled out 14 trusts and CCGs that are expected to fall short of their 2017-18 control targets.
The 14 health economies are spread out across the country from Devon and Cornwall to North West and South-East London, the Vale of York and Scarborough and Ryedale, and Northumberland. Several of these health economies include trusts and CCGs that are already subject to regulatory intervention, including both financial special measures and special measures. In those areas, the CEP will be aligned with the measures already being taken.
All of the 14 organisations have been told they must make 'difficult choices' to stay within the combined funding envelope for their area. Overall, the CEP initially aimed to close a financial gap of £470m, which was the difference between the financial plans and targets of providers within the 14 areas. However, proposals drawn up locally suggest they will now be expected to meet potential savings of £250m, although there are significant concerns about the risks involved in delivering them.
What will be the regional impact of CEP?
Trusts and CCGs will have to make drastic cuts in order to comply with the CEP and this is expected to have a huge impact on doctors, patients and the NHS. A variety of measures are being considered as part of the process and they are believed to include closing or downgrading hospitals, wards and services, including maternity and A&E units.
Redundancies and cuts to staff numbers; limiting or blocking outsourcing and patient choice; rationing services and systematically extending waiting times for planned care are among the other potential implications of CEP. It is also anticipated that NHS funding for certain treatments could be restricted or removed. This could include tighter limits on IVF treatments; designating additional treatments as 'low value' and delaying funding for certain treatments newly approved by NICE.
How should pharma respond to the CEP?
Identifying where money is being wasted on sub-optimal healthcare and defining how products and services could be changed in order to improve outcomes and save money is already a key priority for the NHS. Effecting such change will be critical in CEP areas and pharma companies that wish to engage with them must gain a clear understanding of the unique challenges they face and tailor their proposition accordingly.
NHS Rightcare is a good starting point since it recently published regional performance statistics in its Commissioning for Value Insight packs, which are designed to provide planning guidance across the NHS. These packs, which indicate unwarranted variation in outcomes and spend for key clinical areas, show, for example, that there is a 175 percent variation between GP practices in England for diabetes prescribing costs.
To help CEP areas better manage their prescribing costs, pharma could conduct a further analysis of Rightcare statistics. For example, in diabetes, it could define the current level of demand for NHS services in a specific CEP area and predict how it is likely to increase. It could then look at high performing trusts and CCGs across the country to assess how they are successfully managing demand for diabetes care and how this could be translated into a CEP health economy.
Balancing doctors' demands for drugs that demonstrate strong clinical benefit and patient safety against medicines management teams' focus on cost savings will be critical in CEP areas. Selling expensive new drugs will clearly be very challenging and to gain competitive advantage on any drug, pharma needs to think about adding value wherever it can, whether that be through support on adherence, such as telephone help lines for patients and monitoring technology to ensure drugs have been taken; or gathering real world evidence that proves how a drug can really improve quality of life for patients.
Managing the pharma salesforce
In these fast changing and financially challenged times, localised deployment and targeting resources on a regional basis has never been more important. For many pharma brand teams, the CEP may mean they have a new end customer in these areas. For example, some CEP areas may be forced to adopt a 'lockdown' mentality to new drugs, which may result in sales representatives being unable to visit doctors without permission from the Chief Pharmacist.
Rather than struggling to deploy field sales representatives in those areas, pharma may find it more beneficial to have market access experts who can engage directly with the senior budget holders and Transformation Directors who will be making critical decisions on drugs and technologies.
Maintaining a strong relationship with the HCPs who will be prescribing these drugs will still be very important, of course, and, if face-to-face contact is not possible, then pharma needs to ensure that it marries its business proposition in CEP areas with a strong content marketing programme that can be disseminated across a variety of channels.
Examples could include developing or sponsoring online learning modules and providing conference highlights for busy doctors who are often unable to attend such events in person. Pharma could also sponsor or write clinical articles, or newsletters; develop patient case studies, and provide information on new clinical guidelines and advice on how to put them into practice.
In such areas, bringing together multi-disciplinary networks of senior stakeholders across clinical settings, with commissioners, finance, local authority, public health and local third sector partners is an approach that would stimulate a focus on solutions to their shared problems. We have found this really works in Mental Health and other clinical fields.
When it comes to dissemination, multichannel marketing still means 'email marketing', to many pharma companies and digital is often viewed in isolation to the rest of the sales and marketing mix. However, it is essential to engage with HCPs through all the digital channels they use, including professional communities, message boards and blogs, and to integrate this with other sales and marketing activity.
In conclusion, CEP areas could present a golden opportunity for pharma or a major challenge. It really depends on the type of product value proposition i.e. whether they are high end drugs or biosimilars, and how the business proposition can be altered to meet the needs of these struggling healthcare economies and show how they can add value to help them meet their short-term cash constraints.
To succeed, pharma must truly understand and empathise with the diverse needs of individual CEP areas and become adept at locally managing and targeting its resources. This could involve the development of networks and dissemination of innovative and engaging content-led marketing campaigns for HCPs as well as the strategic deployment of market access staff if face to face engagement for field sales representatives is not feasible.
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kmod's blog
Python performance: it's not just the interpreter
I have a particular view of Python performance from my experience on the Pyston project, and since this view is somewhat nonstandard I wanted to take some time to explain it and give a motivating example.
A common explanation for Python's low performance is that it is an interpreted language. In this post I hope to show that while the interpreter adds overhead, it is not the dominant factor for even a small microbenchmark. Instead we'll see that dynamic features -- particularly, features inside the runtime -- are to blame.
People often consider the interpreter and runtime together since they are tightly linked and are included together, but in the context of Python optimization they are somewhat different. There isn't an official delineation between the two, but in my mind the Python interpreter is the code in ceval.c which evaluates and dispatches Python opcodes. (You may also consider the parser and compiler as part of the interpreter, but they are typically ignored.) The runtime is the code that implements Python semantics. It surprises some people that the interpreter knows relatively little about how Python objects behave: it simply knows that a BINARY_ADD opcode corresponds to a call to the runtime PyNumber_Add function. (It does have some fast paths for common cases but those still largely call into the runtime for their implementation.)
There have been many attempts to optimize the Python interpreter, which aim to eliminate the bytecode dispatching and temporary variable management overheads. In contrast, this post is about the potential gains from optimizing the execution of Python semantics.
In this particular microbenchmark, the time goes to:
 - 31% argument passing
 - 31% "real work"
 - 13% int boxing
 - 11% interpreter overhead
 - 8% recursion-limit checking
 - 6% dynamic type checking
[I've excluded some "easily avoidable" overheads from this list.]
I picked a particular microbenchmark that I knew had inefficient argument passing, but it's still interesting to see that that cost is almost 3x the cost of using an interpreter. I was also surprised that recursion-limit checking played such a role since it is not often mentioned.
I'm calling argument passing a "dynamic feature" because in this case it is completely avoidable. Python argument passing can be expensive because it requires packing up arguments into a tuple allocated for this purpose, as well as interpretation of a format string to determine how to parse the arguments on the callee side.
The microbenchmark
I've collected these numbers from a simple microbenchmark which I pulled from a real-world use case (django templating); I'm not claiming that it's particularly representative, just that it's illustrative and an interesting data point.
Typically a program's performance is analyzed by running a profiler to see what parts of the program take the most time. I'm going to take a bit of a different approach: I'm going to iteratively optimize the benchmark and see how much each optimization helps. I believe this gives a much clearer view of the cost of each feature that we optimize away, as well as providing hints as to what it would take to do these optimizations automatically.
The benchmark is converting numbers to strings, which in Python is remarkably expensive for reasons we'll get into. The motivation for this is to imagine that you have a template with many variables in it, all of which need to be converted to strings for rendering.
Here's the code:
def main():
 for j in range(20):
 for i in range(_PHONE_):
(You can find all the versions on my github)
The doubly-nested loops will become handy later.
In terms of methodology, I'm simply running all of these benchmarks on my development machine, doing three runs of each benchmark and reporting the median. The performance differences are pretty stark so we don't need extremely precise or accurate benchmarking, so I kept it simple. Unless mentioned otherwise, I'm running all benchmarks via my Ubuntu-provided python3 binary, which is Python 3.7.3.
On my machine, the benchmark takes 2.33s
We can do a simple optimization: referencing str every iteration of the loop forces the interpreter to do a somewhat-expensive global variable lookup, which is slower than a local variable lookup. We can cache the str object into a local variable, and this brings the benchmark down to 2.07s.
The next goal is to move the for loop out of Python and into C, and in this case we can do that with the map() function. The benchmark is now
for j in range(20):
 list(map(str, range(_PHONE_)))
This version does more work since it is creating a list of all the strings. Perhaps surprisingly, the wins from removing the interpreter almost outweigh this extra work, and this new version comes in at 2.11s
As a point of reference, if we create the same list via a list comprehension, the benchmark takes 2.34s. The optimization from 2.34s to 2.11s by using map lets us calculate the "interpreter overhead" as 10% of the program's execution. 10% is large in many situations, but is not nearly enough to explain Python's reputation for being slow.
To proceed further, we're going to need to move into C extension territory. I ran Cython (a Python->C converter) on the previous benchmark, and it runs in exactly the same amount of time: 2.11s. I wrote a simplified C extension in 36 lines compared to Cython's 3600, and it too runs in 2.11s. [The variance in the benchmark runs is about 0.03s, so getting the same exact median time seems lucky.]
For reference here's the C code.
 PyObject* a = PyTuple_Pack(1, PyLong_FromLong(_PHONE_));
 PyObject* r = PyObject_Call((PyObject*)&PyRange_Type, a, NULL);
 a = PyTuple_Pack(2, (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type, r);
 PyObject* m = PyObject_Call((PyObject*)&PyMap_Type, a, NULL);
 a = PyTuple_Pack(1, m);
 PyObject* l = PyObject_Call((PyObject*)&PyList_Type, a, NULL);
The next thing I did was to eliminate the list again, and simply iterate through the map object. This brings the time down to 1.86s
Then I included and inlined the map iteration function. This didn't affect the runtime, which is now 1.87s.
The next thing to optimize is the feature that map() can take a variable number of arguments, which slows down its processing slightly. Hard-coding that this map has exactly one argument reduces the time slightly to 1.82s.
The next thing I did is to hoist some of the map iteration code out of the loop: map_next() typically has to reread the relevant variables from memory every iteration, so I thought doing that once outside the loop would help. Surprisingly the runtime is the same: 1.82s.
Next I copied and inlined _PyObject_FastCallDict and rangeiter_next. Surprisingly, switching to the copied version of _PyObject_FastCallDict slowed the program down noticeably, to 1.88s. My hypothesis is that this is because my extension module doesn't have PGO enabled, whereas I believe the Ubuntu Python build does have PGO enabled, so the copied code now has fewer optimizations.
Next I optimized _PyObject_FastCallDict for this particular case, removing some checks that are constant once we know the function we are calling. This simulates static typing, or speculative type inference in the case of a JIT. This didn't make much of a difference: 1.87s.
Now we're getting to the heart of the problem. str() is slow because it's not a function: it's a type. And types in Python have complex calling behavior since they execute Python's two-phase construction, allowing overrides at each step. This is rather unfortunate for common type conversions, since they do not do much work but invoke fairly expensive constructor behavior. I inlined type_call as well as unicode_new, and the performance is roughly the same: 1.86s.
Now that we have all the code in one place, we can see both the argument packing and parsing+unpacking. Python has a traditional calling convention, and a faster newer calling convention. Unfortunately calling a type falls back to the slower calling convention, requiring the allocation of an args tuple, and parsing it on the receiving side. I optimized the current benchmark by hard-coding the argument parsing. This had a large impact: the runtime is now 1.46s.
I inlined PyObject_Str, and this again slowed performance down: 1.52s. Again, I think this is due to the lack of PGO.
Next I optimized based on the assumption that str(int) returns a string object. This reduced the runtime to 1.40s
Now that we've removed enough code we can finally make another big optimization: no longer allocating the args tuple This cuts runtime down to 1.15s.
Next I hoisted the recursion-checking code out of the loop: 0.98s
Including and inlining long_to_decimal_string: 0.94s
Converting the range iteration to a C for loop: 0.91s
Removing the unicode conversion (the real work): 0.27s
Not allocating a Python int for each iteration of the loop: 0.0s
So that's everything
For reference: NodeJS takes 1.38s


Not for Its Own Sake: Knowledge as Byproduct of NLP
William Dolan and Stephen Richardson
Recent claims in the literature as well as current research trends suggest that a long-held goal of natural language processing, the ability to map automatically from machine readable dictionaries into structured knowledge bases that can be used for various artificial intelligence tasks may be impossible. This paper argues to the contrary, describing an extremely large and rich lexical knowledge base which has been created almost as a byproduct of ordinary morphological, syntactic and semantic processing within a broad-coverage NLP system. This approach to mapping between text and knowledge representation appears to offer the only viable hope for creating knowledge bases large and rich enough to support complex tasks like machine understanding and domain-independent reasoning.


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Like other states, Arizona permits its municipal subdivisions to engage in zoning, including regulating the various types of structures and uses of land that residents within a given "zone" (generally residential, mixed residential-commercial, industrial, and so forth) are permitted to erect, maintain, and operate within.
Religious organizations can sometimes be negatively affected by zoning regulations. However, there are special protections afforded to religious organizations under both federal and Arizona state law.
- On the federal level, the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA") of 2000 established that the governmentis not permitted to implement any land use regulations "in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government can demonstrate that imposition of the burden on that person, assembly or institution" is (a) "in furtherance of a compelling government interest;" and (b) "is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest." (42 U.S.C. section 2000cc(a)2.). RLUIPA also contains prohibitions against government treating religious organizations "on less than equal terms" with secular ones and discriminating against religious organizations in zoning.
- In Arizona, the Free Exercise of Religion Act (the "FERA"), enacted in 2001, gives the state a great deal of control over a municipality's permissions to regulate the locations of religious institutions and assemblies and to control other land uses affecting religious organizations. Local governments are prohibited by Arizona Revised Statues section 41-1493.03 from imposing or implementing a land use regulation that would (with a few exceptions) have one of the following effects on a church:
- It creates an unreasonable burden on the exercise of religion of those who worship at a church.
- It treats a church as less than equal under law to assemblies or institutions of a nonreligious sort.
- It discriminates against the church on the basis of religion.
- It excludes the church outright from a jurisdiction or places some form of unreasonable limitation on churches or religious structures within a jurisdiction.
When a church, ministry, or other nonprofit organization in Arizona finds its zoning rights in question, we can provide the advice or legal aid they need.Provident Law's church and nonprofit attorneys recognize how essential these organizations are to society, and we provide broad transactional and general counsel services to keep them running smoothly. Contact us to learn more.


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This book insists upon a re-thinking of Western theories of Justice. For 2500 years, philosophers have subordinated the concept of injustice to the concept of justice, as if injustice were only a secondary, derivative notion. This book summons literary classics, notably Shakespeare, to argue that injustice, not justice, should be the focus of our attention. A long line of thinkers, from Plato and Aristotle through to Kant, Hegel, Marx and Rawls, have overlooked the central problems of injustice. The book identifies two elements – unity and measurement – that are constantly assumed to be essential to justice. It shows how, in landmark literary classics, it is precisely those two elements that end up generating injustice. Western justice theory, it is concluded, cannot advance until it takes a new approach to the concept and the realities of injustice.
If you're doing research in this area of legal theory, you'll be delighted with the extensive footnoting throughout, the massive bibliography and the useful index. - Phillip Taylor, Richmon Green Chambers
Introduction; Chapter One: Recognising Injustice - The Failure of Traditional Justice Theory; Chapter Two: Mistaking Injustice - Injustice as Disunity or Wrong Measurement; Chapter Three: Injustice and the Criterion of Unity; Chapter Four: Injustice and the Criterion of Measurement; Chapter Five: Injustice and Modernity; Conclusion: The Theory of Injustice and Theories of Justice.


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Hong Kong is a unique city and there are plenty of interesting facts about Hong Kong. Below you'll find Noel Coward and his noon day gun, as well as sardines and skyscrapers in our selection of facts about Hong Kong.
- Hong Kong's official name is the tongue twisting Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, or Hong Kong SAR. Find out more in What Country is Hong Kong in?
- The city's name, Hong Kong means Fragrant Harbor
- Hong Kong is the most densely populated city in the world. The current sardine squeezing world record holder is the Mongkok district. Take our Tour of the Mongkok Ladies Market.
- The saying 'Only mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the miday sun' originated in Hong Kong. Noel Coward wrote the words referring to the Noon Day Gun in Causeway Bay fired every day at the stroke of midday since colonial times.
- Hong Kong has more Rolls Royce's per person than any other city in the world.
- Hong Kong's official languages are Chinese (Spoken Cantonese) and English. Find out more in our Do Hong Kongers Speak English article.
- Hong Kong has the most skyscrapers in the world. Classified as buildings with more than 14 floors, Hong Kong has around 8000, almost double that of New York its nearest rival. Take a look with our Picture Tour of Hong Kong's Skyscrapers.


text: This book addresses every aspect of learning disabilities, from assessment, definition, and characteristics through specific strategies for individual disorders. Based on a multi-theoretical foundation, the new edition of Students with Learning Disabilities integrates numerous philosophical and practical perspectives into a supportive framework of best practices for diagnosis and intervention. A clear presentation of non-teaching factors and their affect upon teaching success explores such topics as homework, class size, parental involvement, and curriculum design. There have also been coverage expansions in topics such as cultural diversity, learning strategies, social skills training, affective development, phonological awareness development, successful transition factors, effective assessment, and teaching strategies. The coverage of social-emotional problems of LD students includes discussions of the use of socio-metric measures -- such as peer status -- in assessment and planning. An updated reference section also helps familiarize readers with the latest available resources. By providing practical strategies, Students with Learning Disabilities is a valuable book for any parent, teacher, or school administrator who must learn to cope with LD students.Mercer, Cecil D. is the author of 'Students With Learning Disabilities' with ISBN 9780023805400 and ISBN _PHONE_.


How to protect naming conventions when working with microservices or third-party APIs
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Naming things it's a hard task. Once you named something in the system, you want to follow this naming convention. Especially it's important if term comes from domain experts. But it's not that easy to keep naming right when you have to deal with third-party APIs or microservices.
We all care about keeping ubiquitous language nice and clean where:
domain model should form a common language given by domain experts for describing system requirements, that works equally well for the business users or sponsors and for the software developers.
It's important. In a perfect world every API we want to consume would follow the same rules as we do. But unfortunately very often we're dealing with legacy systems or third-party APIs which were built a while ago and they just not aware of our naming convention.
If it's a third-party API we can not change it. But even if we own that legacy system it's not easy to change it. Usually, it has many consumers and scope of renaming service plus all consumers is just too big to satisfy one our requirement for the naming.
To be more practical, your system might have the following set of attributes for Order morel:
:id, :title, :amount, :items
Whereas service that returns order can use these:
"OrderNumber", "OrderTitle", "TotalAmount", "OrderItems"
It's just an example, but I've seen systems where internal implementation of service leaked to API layer, so names of attributes looked really weird.
We want to protect our application and follow naming conventions we defined with domain experts, right?
In "Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software" Eric Evans suggests to create "Anti-Corruption Layer" for such cases (he also mentioned Facade Pattern and Adapter pattern in that book).
New systems almost always have to be integrated with legacy or other systems, which have their own models. Translation layers can be simple, even elegant, when bridging well-designed BOUNDED CONTEXTS with cooperative teams. But when the other side of the boundary starts to leak through, the translation layer may take on a more defensive tone.
In this article, I wanted to share the approach I take to tackle this problem. My solution is not too complex but good enough to keep domain model clean.
I follow Clean Architecture principles, so I have Repositories and Entities. Also, I introduced the idea of data sources. I inject data source (using dry-container) depending on the environment. For the test environment, it's an InMemory data source that returns predefined ready-to-use data, for any other environment it injects API data source.
By convention data source should return either Hash or Array back to Repository. Repository wraps data into entity or array of entities.
Flow looks like this:
Anti-corruption layer
One important part here is "Mapping". I'm not sure if I can call it full-featured Anti-Corruption layer, but it solves the problem of response from the legacy system. It allows data source to return clean data back to the repository.
I was struggling with mapping issues on couple different projects, so I decided to extract that logic into a gem. That's how response_mapper was created.
It's really basic helper:
response = JSON.parse(response_from_api)
# Response from legacy we want to translate:
# { "order_number" => 10, "order_items" => [{ order_item_id: 1, item_title: "Book" }] }
# Define mapping from legacy naming to our:
mapping = {
 order_number: :id,
 order_item_id: :id,
 order_items: :items,
 item_title: :title
} response, mapping: mapping)
# Nice and clean. Ready to be wrapped into Order object:
# { id: 10, items: [{ id: 1, title: "Book" }]
It's easy to define mapping and pass it with response to ResponseMapper and it will do the job.
With nice and clean response you can wrap this result into object.
I use Dry-struct, so one possible example looks like this:
require'response_mapper'
require 'dry-struct'
module Types
 include Dry::Types.module
class Order < Dry::Struct::Value
 attribute :id, Types::Strict::Int
 attribute :amount, Types::Strict::Int
response = { "order_number" => 1, "total_amount" => 200 }
mapping = { order_number: :id, total_amount: :amount }
order_attributes = response, mapping: mapping)
order = # => 1
order.amount # => 200
It's not that hard to implement this logic and keep it in the application, but I don't like to duplicate code across different apps, so this helper works for me.
To send requests to API I have method with the following interface:
send_request(http_method, endpoint, params = {}, mapping = {})
Mapping is the last optional param. There is also a ResponseProcessor class which is responsible for error handling, parsing, and mapping, so it uses ResponseMapper and mapping param when passed.
Also, ResponseMapper symbolizes keys and performs "deep" mapping (even for nested structures).
I'm sure that many developers struggle with keeping naming consistent, especially when working with third-party APIs or microservices.
That is my way of dealing with such problem. I would like to learn from you. How do you deal with it? Do you create a full-featured anti-corruption layer? How you translate from one context to another?
Thanks for reading!
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The Cursing Seal of Winter
"La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid –
Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold"
This black magical seal is inspired by the "Rauhnächte" and baneful winter harvest. The basic shape follows the symmetrical growth pattern of a snowflake. It has been constructed according to the rules of Euclidean geometry, using a ruler and compass. It is then burnt on black alder wood, since black alder is associated with baneful magic and the dark dead, which it governs.
The idea behind the seal is to combine a number of thorns from the blackthorn tree (Prunus spinosa) in curse work and to bundle and multiply baneful currents in ritual. Six or seven thorns or any number of your choice are charged ritually and then used to attack the target. The sigil disc serves as a central focus point or accessory in such baneful ritual work. To charge the thorns, place them on the disc. Around it light three black candles (in candle holders). Feed the thorns with libation. Then pass the thorns on the disc through the smoke of the accompanying incense and feel how they become imbued with the essence of the herbs. Then place the disc with the thorns back and let the candles burn down. When done, your "pins of slumber" are charged. Keep them safe in a black cloth bag or simple black box, which is laid out with silver foil.
Next, light again three black candles and burn more of the incense. Then take your effigy or the object you decide to use as a substitute for the target. This can be a doll with physical links, a photo, an animal's heart or simply a paper with the name… Focus your mind on the target and one by one pierce its effigy with the thorns. Envision how the target is being afflicted with pain and suffering from each stab. If you are returning a curse to its sender, envision how the power of the curse is averted from yourself and multiplied with each blow against the enemy. When done, place the effigy on the sigil disc, burn more of the incense and then close the work, thanking both your dark tutelary and protecting spirits. Turn away, let the candles burn down and don't look at the effigy anymore. The next day, bring the ritual remnants to a cemetery or forest and dispose them. It is recommended to dispose also the effigy. You can leave the thorns in it or remove and keep them and just leave the effigy exposed to the elements, e.g. by hanging it on a tree or burying it. The disc and candle holders can be saved for future baneful work.
A more simple ritual set-up would be to place a single black candle in a candle holder on the activated sigil disc (activate with incense and libation). Engrave the name of the target on the candle with one single charged blackthorn pin and so that in the end the name is crossed out three times. Oil the candle (if you own a special cursing oil), light it and let it burn down. Dispose ashes and wax remnants according to tradition.
Besides, the sigil disc can also be used for protection (white candle) and self-empowerment (red candle).
Warning: Place candles in candle holders and on a fire proof surface (best is stone – glass can break and metals like iron can heat up and burn the ground beneath). Do not inhale baneful incense. If used indoors, make sure the room is well ventilated.
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Youth Engagement: Namibia
ACS celebrated International Youth Day 2020 by chatting with two of our Namibian Voices Inspiring Change about youth engagement and universal health coverage (UHC). Irene Garoës is a community organizer with the Women?s Leadership Center, where she organizes and facilitates trainings related to women?s reproductive health and rights.
Why is youth engagement important in Namibia?
Young people account for more than 40% of the national population. Politically and culturally young people's voices, rights and needs have been suppressed for too long. Young people know what they want, and they cannot wait for tomorrow. We are the leaders of today, not tomorrow. Young people must be leading change in their communities, and in order to do this they need to be part of decision-making bodies in all aspects of their lives. Therefore, leadership of young people, especially women, must be built and encouraged for them to stand up for themselves and hold the government accountable for their rights.
Why should youth care about universal health coverage?
Being young, black, and poor in a country like Namibia often means that one is faced with economic injustices which directly have an impact on whether you can or not afford quality primary health care services.
How are you working to support youth engagement?
I work with the Young Feminist Movement Namibia to build Transformative Feminist Leadership of young women in rural parts of Namibia. We work in sectors of bodily autonomy and sexual and reproductive rights and health (SRHR). We also look at how we can address the economic injustice faced by young women to build their leadership and amplify their voices. Currently we are mapping out all women's rights and feminist organizations in Namibia to see how we can strengthen the movement, mobilize resources and rise to advocate for our rights with relevant stakeholders such as law makers, public health service providers, and law enforcement.


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cotton, but much work remains.
As of 2014, at least one assembled cotton genome had been reported.
Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002).
((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


Migrating from SpamAssassin to Rspamd
This guide provides information for those who wants to migrate an existing system from SpamAssassin to Rspamd. You will find information about major differences between the spam filtering engines and how to deal with the transition process.
Why migrate to Rspamd
Rspamd runs significantly faster than SpamAssassin while providing approximately the same quality of filtering. However, if you don't care about the performance and resource consumption of your spam filtering engine you might still find Rspamd useful because it has a simple but powerful web management system (WebUI).
On the other hand, if you have a lot of custom rules, or you use Pyzor/Razor/DCC, or you have some commercial 3rd party products that depend on SpamAssassin then you may not want to migrate.
In short: Rspamd is for speed!
What about DSPAM/SpamOracle…?
You could also move from these projects to Rspamd. You should bear in mind, however, that Rspamd and SA are multi-factor spam filtering systems that use three main approaches to filter messages:
 - Content filtering - static rules that are designed to find known bad patterns in messages (usually regexp or other custom rules)
 - Dynamic lists - DNS or reputation lists that are used to filter known bad content, such as abused IP addresses or URL domains
 - Statistical filters - which learn to distinguish spam and ham messages
DSPAM, SpamOracle and others usually implement the third approach, only providing statistical filtering. This method is quite powerful but it can cause false-positives and is not very suitable for multi-user environments. Rspamd and SA, in contrast, are designed for systems with many users. Rspamd, in particular, was written for a very large system with more than 40 million users and about 10 million emails per hour.
Before you start
There are a couple of things you need to know before transition:
 1. Rspamd does not support SpamAssassin statistics so you'd need to train your filter from scratch with spam and ham samples (or install the pre-built statistics). Rspamd uses a different statistical engine - called OSB-Bayes - which is intended to be more precise than SA's 'naive' Bayes classifier
 2. Rspamd uses Lua for plugins and rules, so basic knowledge of this language is more than useful for playing with Rspamd; however, Lua is very simple and can be learned very quickly
 3. Rspamd uses the HTTP protocol to communicate with the MTA or milter, so SA native milters might not communicate with Rspamd. There is some limited support of the SpamAssassin protocol, though some commands are not supported, in particular those which require copying of data between scanner and milter. More importantly, Length-less messages are not supported by Rspamd as they completely break HTTP semantics and will never be supported. To achieve the same functionality, a dedicated scanner could use, e.g. HTTP chunked encoding.
 4. Rspamd is NOT intended to work with blocking libraries or services, hence, something like mysql or postgresql will likely not be supported
 5. Rspamd is developing quickly so you should be aware that there might be some incompatible changes between major versions - they are usually listed in the migration section of the site.
 6. Unlike SA where there are only spam and ham results, Rspamd supports five levels of messages called actions:
 - no action - ham message
 - greylist - turn on adaptive greylisting (which is also used on higher levels)
 - add header - adds Spam header (meaning soft-spam action)
 - rewrite subject - rewrite subject to *** SPAM *** original subject
 - reject - ultimately reject message
Each action can have its own score limit which could also be modified by a user's settings. Rspamd assumes the following order of actions: no action <= greylist <= add header <= rewrite subject <= reject.
Actions are NOT performed by Rspamd itself - they are just recommendations for the MTA agent, rmilter for example, that performs the necessary actions such as adding headers or rejecting mail.
SA spam is almost equal to the Rspamd add header action in the default setup. With this action, users will be able to check messages in their Junk folder, which is usually a desired behaviour.
First steps with Rspamd
To install Rspamd, I recommend using one of the official packages that are available for many popular platforms. If you'd like to have more features then you can consider the experimental branch of packages, while if you would like to have more stability then you can select the stable branch. However, normally even the experimental branch is stable enough for production use, and bugs are fixed more quickly in the experimental branch.
General SpamAssassin rules
For those who have a lot of custom rules, there is good news: Rspamd supports a certain set of SpamAssassin rules via a special plugin that allows direct loading of SA rules into Rspamd. You just need to specify your SA configuration files in the plugin configuration:
spamassassin {
 sa_main = "/etc/spamassassin/conf.d/*";
 sa_local = "/etc/spamassassin/local.cf";
On the other hand, if you don't have a lot of custom rules and primarily use the default ruleset then you shouldn't use this plugin: many SA rules are already implemented natively in Rspamd so you won't get any benefit from including such rules from SA.
If you have your SA up and running it is usually possible to switch the system to Rspamd using the existing tools. However, please check the integration document for further details.
Rspamd statistics are not compatible with SA as Rspamd uses a more advanced statistics algorithm, described in the following article, so please bear in mind that you need to relearn your statistics. This can be done, for example, by using the rspamc command: assuming that you have your messages in separate files (e.g. maildir format), placed in directories spam and ham:
rspamc learn_spam spam/
rspamd learn_ham ham/
(You will need Rspamd up and running to use these commands.)
Learning using mail interface
You can also setup rspamc to learn via passing messages to a certain email address. I'd recommend using /etc/aliases for this purpose and a mail-redirect command (e.g. provided by Mail Redirect add-on for Thunderbird MUA). The desired aliases could be the following:
learn-spam123: "| rspamc learn_spam"
learn-ham123: "| rspamc learn_ham"
(You would need to use less predictable aliases to avoid the sending of messages to such addresses by an adversary, or just by mistake, to prevent statistics pollution.)


text:
- Invited speakers
Technische Universität München, DE
The reconstruction of the 3D world from images is among the central challenges in computer vision. Starting in the 2000s, researchers have pioneered algorithms which can reconstruct camera motion and sparse feature-points in real-time. In my talk, I will introduce direct methods for camera tracking and 3D reconstruction which do not require feature point estimation, which exploit all available input data and which recover dense or semi-dense geometry rather than sparse point clouds. Applications include 3D photography, 3D television, and autonomous vehicles.


text:
Mice travelled to almost as many countries as the Nordic Vikings did around one thousand years ago, according to the results from a recent study conducted by scholars from the University of Uppsala, Sweden among other institutions. The results were recently published by the magazine BMC Evolutionary Biology.
The study looked at DNA of modern mice in Iceland and Greenland and compared it to the skeletons of Norwegian mice from the Viking era. "We demonstrate that they made it all the way to Greenland," says Elenor Jones of the University of Uppsala, which is leading the study.
The study shows that the Icelandic mice are still of the same stem as mice from the Viking era. The reason is believed to be the fact that the mouse stock in Iceland has been isolated for the most part for centuries. According to Jones, the DNA in Icelandic mice today is identical to the mice DNA from the 9th century.
On the other hand, it is considered unlikely that Nordic mice made it to Newfoundland since only around 20 Vikings made it there and only stayed for a short period of time. It is however not possible to rule out since DNA from old remains of mice from that area for comparison is insufficient.
In Jones' earlier studies, she demonstrated that Nordic mice settled in various places in the British Isles and Ireland. Most likely they got there by nesting in hay and corn which was transported in Viking ships in exchange for livestock, mbl.is reports.


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The Chaucer Review: An Indexed Bibliography (Vols. 1-30)Return to the Subject List
Ebin, Lois. "Dunbar's Bawdy." 14 (1980): 278-86.
Dunbar uses bawdy puns in "Of the Ladyis Solistaris at Court," "In Secreit Place This Hyndir Nycht," and "The Tretis of the Tua Mariit Wemen and the Wedo" to reexamine traditional forms and courtly tradition.
Ridley, Florence H. "The Treatment of Animals in the Poetry of Henryson and Dunbar." 24 (1990): 356-66.
"The Thrissill and the Rois," like many of Dunbar's other poems, uses animal imagery. In "On the Resurrection of Christ" the animals represent the various figures in the resurrection story. Dunbar's animal images are similar to those used in painting. In "Ane Ballat of the Fen3eit Freir of Tungland" Dunbar's habit of making humans into animals and using animal images drawn from art is clearly visible. In "Tua Mariit Wemen and the Wedo" readers see Dunbar's frequent use of horses as images for people. He also uses such images in "The Petition of the Gray Horse, Auld Dunbar." Dunbar also wrote beast fables such as "The Wowing of the King quhen he wes in Dunfermeling," though Dunbar does not seem especially concerned to present a moral. Henryson's work is more concerned with teaching, thus more concerned with offering a moral for his stories as in moral fables. Henryson also uses animal imagery but draws more from bestiaries and heraldry than from art. Dunbar satirizes particular people in poems like "Of James Dog," "Ane Blak Moir," "The Turnament," and "Epetaphe for Donald Oure." Henryson reverses the pattern of picturing people as animals by depicting animals as humans in protest against oppression and to show compassion as in "The Sheep and the Dog," "The Wolf and the Lamb," and "The Preaching of the Swallow." Though Henryson never explicitly questions Providence, his implicit questioning comes through in his work.


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Reliability based evaluation of wind power systems
Prof. Dr. Serkan Eryilmaz
Department of Industrial Engineering
Date: December 7, Friday, 13:40
Place: EA 409
Wind enery is one of the rapidly growing renewable energies in the world. A typical wind power system consists of wind turbines which convert the kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy, and they are the main components of the wind energy system. The power generated by a wind turbine is dependent on wind speed which is a random variable. Therefore, the power produced by a wind turbine is also a random variable. There are two sources of randomness for a single wind turbine. The one which is external is concerned with the wind speed, and the other one is related to internal structure, i.e. mechanical state (down or up) of the turbine. Obviously, the latter one is related to reliability of the turbine. Manifestly, both sources have impact on the performance of the turbine, i.e. the power produced by the turbine. In this talk, the reliability based analysis of the capacity of the wind power system will be presented. The usefulness of the results will be demonstrated for some wind speed probability distributions and wind turbine models to evaluate the aggregate power that will be produced by the plant.
Joint work with Dr. Yılser Devrim (Atılım University, Department of Energy Systems Engineering)
Bio: Dr. Serkan Eryılmaz is currently vice president for research at Atilim University. He is the present co-chair of the System Reliability Technical Committee of the European Safety and Reliability Association. He served as Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Reliability, and is currently serving as an Area Editor of the IISE Transactions-Quality & Reliability Engineering. Professor Eryılmaz's research interests include reliability, applied probability and stochastic modeling. He is the author of more than 150 publications. He was honored by TUBITAK Science Incentive Award thanks to his highly qualified studies on system reliability in the field of stochastic models/processes in operations research.


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So there does exist a document already on this topic, Getting OCLC numbers into your vendor records using MarcEdit but I found the instructions difficult to refer to. I ended up writing my own version with the added instructions on creating a set of MARC records specifically for this purpose. After doing this sort of thing again today, I finally decided to share them.
Once you do this once or twice, you'll get a hang of it, and it's actually a fairly simple process, but I always need a reference in case I forget things.
Create a Mini MARC set
The example in the document I referred to talks about merging two existing sets of records. The records I work with typically have the control number in a spreadsheet with some of the item's information (title, author, ISBN, etc.), so the first step is to actually create a set of MARC records with the minimal information needed to merge the control numbers into the main set of MARC records.
To create the mini set of MARC with control numbers, you will need a match point. In the vendor records I've been working with, the match point is the ISBN (020). MarcEdit also gives you 010, 022, and 035 as default options, and you can customize it to a certain extent.
- Do your work with data in a spreadsheet and make sure you have at a minimum your control number in a column, and match point in a second column (order does not matter). I suggest title as well simply for reference.
- Save as Tab Delimited Text (.txt)
- In MarcEdit, choose Delimited Text Translator (also under Add-ins).
- Source file is your tab delimited.txt
- Output to a filename of your choice
- Map each field to its appropriate field. For example,
- 020$a for ISBN
- 035$a for control number column
- 245$a for title
- Run it.
You should now have your mini set of MARC records with minimal information for merging purposes. Do take a quick look over to check that everything is there.
Merge into MARC record set
You should now have two sets of records, your mini set and your main set that you want to add control numbers to.
- Choose Tools → Merge Records
- For Source File, select your main MARC records set
- For Merge File, select the mini MARC set you created
- Set your output file to your desired location and filename
- Choose record identifier e.g. 020 to match on ISBN
- Click on Next
- Choose Merge Selected Fields
- Select the field fields you want to import e.g. 035 (control number)
- Click on Next
Review the output to make sure they were merged properly, and that's it.


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Indifference curve - download as word then the point at which an indifference curve is tangent to the budget line line an indifference map with perpendicular. You can show the preference of consumers for differing products though the use of indifference curves in excel the general data in excel is formatted using an xy scatter chart, and then the specific sets of data can be added to show different indifference curves on the same chart -- this is known as an indifference. These are the sources and citations used to research indifference curve this bibliography was generated on cite this for me on wednesday, budget line. Indifference curves/budget lines a hongli's indifference curves for utility levels of 892 and 714 a slope of the demand curve b the slope of the budget line.
Definition of indifference curve: a curve used in economics which shows how consumers would react to different combinations of products on the graph, a. How to derive consumer's equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and budget equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and. Draw an imaginary budget line (bl3) parallel to the new budget line (bl2) and make it tangent to the initial indifference curve (ic1), we get the tangent point c point c. Rank of indifference curve: can be represented as: o a a change in the slope of the budget line b a parallel outward shift in the budget line ° c a.
The consumer's equilibrium in explained by combining the budget line and the indifference map the price line pt is tangent to the indifference curve ic 2 at. Intermediate microeconomic theory, 10/9/2001 by pivoting the budget line, all will put her on a lower indifference curve when the budget line becomes. Price line or budget line: definition and explanation: the understanding of the concept of budget line is essential application of indifference curve analysis. Looking for homework assignment help for topic uses or application of indifference curve study contact us for assignment help. Problem set # 5 unless told where the indifference curve is tangent to the budget line now the budget-line equation is only an equation with one variable.Looking for help with applications of indifference curves for your the indifference curve is a straight line a provided budget line must be digression to. This is "indifference curve analysis: an alternative approach to understanding consumer choice", the indifference curve and budget line have the same slope at. Plot the consumer's budget constraint in exhibit 1 at the optimum, the indifference curve is tangent to the budget constraint so their slopes are equal. In this lesson we will discuss introduction to indifference curve analysis and its assumptions budget line and equation of budget unacademy user leave a. Indifference curve and budget line applications 1 suppose you spend some of your income on compact disks (cd) and the rest of your income (ig) on other goods. Indifference curves are also convex we must therefore bring together the indifference curve and the budget line to find out what quantities of. Microeconomics/indifference curves and budget lines from wikiversity indifference curves is the curve that represents the bundle of. Indifference curve & budget line curve indifference curve adalah kurve yang menunjukan berbagai kombinasi dari 2 macam barang yang memberi kepuasan yang sama kepada seorang konsumen.
An indifference curve is a line that shows combinations of goods among which a consumer is indifference curves on the budget line and 2). Lilly's preferences are shown by the indifference curves lilly's budget constraint, given the prices of books and doughnuts and her income, is shown by the straight line. Constructing an indifference curve indifference curves are plotted on a graph according to a system try your hand at these budget line and indifference curve.
When price falls to rs 10 and thereby the budget line shifts to pl 2, the consumer comes to be in equilibrium at point q 2 the price-consumption curve pcc where the budget line pl 2 is tangent to indifference curve ic 2. What are the properties of the indifference curves updated on how to derive consumer's equilibrium through the technique of indifference curve and budget line. The indifference curve approach an indifference curve is drawn from the indifference tire slope of the indifference curve and of the budget line.
Indifference curve diagrams when let us suppose that in period 2 line 3 becomes the budget between line 3 and the new set of indifference curves at. An indifference curve is a line showing all the combinations of two goods which give a consumer equal utility in other words, the consumer would be indifferent to these different combinations the indifference curve is convex because of diminishing marginal utility when you have a certain number. The point of maximum satisfaction is achieved by studying indifference map and budget line with the constraint of budget line, the highest indifference curve,.Download
2018. Term Papers.


This is the perfect pocket guide for nature and foraging enthusiasts keen to identify the most commonly found mushrooms and toadstools in Britain and northern Europe.
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text: When to use a, an and the? English language learners often ask this question. Fun Card English Articles was designed to show students when to use definite and indefinite articles and when not to articles at all. The set consists of 50 cards with more than 100 examples of use!!!


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A Fundamental Examination of Recognition of Manual Alphabets on Color Image
Yuji Nagashima, Masanori Fujii, Kazuyuki Kanda*,
Mina Terauchi**, Hideyo Nagashima
Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-machi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192 Japan
* Chukyo University, 101, Tokodate, Kaizu-cho, Toyota-shi, 470-03 Japan
** The Polytechnic University, 4-1-1, Hashimoto-dai, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 229 Japan
Recognition of the handshape is the indispensable step to recognize the JSL (Japanese Sign Language) which uses hands as a part of articulators. We start from recognition of Manual Alphabets (MA below) as a basis to understand the handshape of a sign. In our method considering its application to sign recognition at bust shot size image, we succeeded in obtaining a hand region of the bust shot color image (512 x 512 pixels) by transforming RGB system into HVC (Hue, Value and Chroma) system, and by cutting out automatically a region of a hand out of a region in skin color. The finger region was extracted out by the Erosion-Dilation method from the hand region and the features such as finger vector were obtained. We detected a direction of gradient direction and a figure of a contacted extended finger and used them as the features, which constructed a decision tree and made the MA recognized.
This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationa License.


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Feb. 2, 2006 It's a case of evolutionary detective work. Biology researchers at Lewis & Clark College and the University of Arizona have found evidence for an ancient transfer of a toxin between ancestors of two very dissimilar organisms--spiders and a bacterium. But the mystery remains as how the toxin passed between the two organisms. Their research is published this month in the journal Bioinformatics, 22(3): 264-268, in an article titled "Lateral gene transfer of a dermonecrotic toxin between spiders and bacteria."
"We are piecing together an historical puzzle with evidence from living descendants of an ancient ancestor," said Greta Binford, assistant professor of biology at Lewis & Clark. Her coresearcher on the project is Matthew Cordes, assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics at the University of Arizona. The toxin is uniquely found in the venom cocktail of brown or violin spiders, including the brown recluse, and in some Corynebacteria. The toxin from the spider's venom can kill flesh at the bite site; the bacterium causes various illnesses in farm animals.
"Our research was inspired by the fact that we have a group of spiders with a unique toxin, and that toxin also happens to exist outside the animal kingdom in this particular bacterium," she added. "A pattern like this raises the possibility of lateral gene transfer as a explanation." Lateral gene transfer refers to the movement of genes between the genomes of unrelated organisms. This contrasts with vertical transfer of genes from parent to offspring.
Cordes and Binford found a common structural motif at the end of both toxic proteins that is not found in any other proteins. Evidence for common ancestry (homology) of the toxins had previously been noted, but this uniquely shared structural bit is best explained by these toxins being more closely related to each other than they are to any other known protein.
"That one structural detail--which resembles a plug or cork at the end of a barrel-shaped enzyme--is evidence that the spider and bacterium share a relatively recent common ancestor," Cordes said. "Aside from being an example of lateral transfer between very distantly related organisms, this study is an unusual example of using structural motifs in proteins to answer questions about common ancestry when gene sequences are too different to be clear about these relationships."
"We're still left with the question of whether this venom enzyme hopped species from the spider to the bacteria, or the other way around. Either way, the presence of this medically-relevant toxin in one of these groups of organisms is likely the result of transfer from the other lineage," Binford said. "Understanding the importance of this structural motif in the toxic activity may help with developing treatments that minimize the effects of bites of brown recluse and their relatives. If this motif is central to protein function, treatments designed for the spider bites may also work for treating problems caused by the corynebacterial toxin," she added.
Article: Available through Bioinformatics, online at _URL_
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Lewis & Clark College.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Common Shelduck Pairs
The Common Shelduck
is a strikingly beautiful bird with a red bill and white and chestnut mahogany body plumage. The bird is native to temperate climates in both Europe and Asia, and it enjoys spending the winter months in subtropical areas. They are quite common around the coast of Great Britain especially in the colder months, where they frequently spend time in salt marshes and estuaries, feeding on muscles, worms, snails and other vermin.
During breeding months, the Common Shelduck
enjoys lakes and rivers in the open country, and they typically breed in rabbit burrows, tree holes, and haystacks. They will typically lay between 7 and 12 eggs during a breeding season and they young will begin to fly after approximately 40 days. The males will also develop a swollen bill knob during breeding season.
These beautiful birds come as adult pairs and will be mature enough to mate this year. The males and females are similar in color though the females tend to be a bit duller. Breeding and raising such fascinating and exotic birds can be fun for bird enthusiasts and families alike.


Understanding how to Speak Latina For Relationship
Learning Latina for matrimony is a great approach to help bolster the my between you and your partner. It is the perfect complement to English with regards to strengthening the building blocks of your relationship. Latina is one of the most ancient dialects in the world.
As you uncover this vocabulary, you are learning English as well. The 2 main are very tightly related. When ever you study chinese, you will also be learning all of the important ideas, phrases, and sentences which will be helpful to you in the future. You will want to use these types of words in conversation. This is a great way to keep the relationship strong.
There are several different ways that you can use this terminology to help enhance your relationship. You can start using it aware of your family. Try to practice that during a treat. Take the time to declare some terms in The spanish language that your family members and friends might not exactly understand. When they speak The english language, you will be able to translate what they are expressing and know what they are aiming to say.
Another good cause to learn Latin for the purpose of marriage is to have some fun together with your friends. Use the chinese language to learn one or two new comments and tales about existence. This is the best way to have a bit of fun and not feel therefore embarrassed.
If you are planning ongoing out on a date, then you should speak The spanish language when you are with the person you are going out with. This will provide them with a chance to uncover your language as well. Every time they do uncover your language, they may feel more at ease with you.
If you live near somebody who speaks The spanish language, you might want to ask them to help you learn it. You can do this on your own. But, assuming you have someone you may speak to in the phone, might a lot more useful information in a shorter amount of time.
You can even consider classes at a local college or university or secondary school and learn ways to speak The spanish language. These courses can take a few months, but it can be performed in a year.
If you need to learn any other language, you should consider this one because an option. This can be a highly recommended language to use with your other half. It is a great approach to event with your good friends and give one another a bit of thrilling entertainment.
Of course, _URL_ if you cannot speak Spanish, you can learn it by using lessons or through personal lessons that are offered online. You can learn a few basic phrases through the net. However, these lessons will cost you some money.
The ultimate way to learn how to speak Spanish is always to actually start out learning the chinese language as soon as possible. Begin by speaking the language when using the person you are going out with. Make sure that you are able to understand their very own conversation as well.
Once you are able to converse in Spanish, you may start taking lessons or enrolling in classes. The easiest way to learn Latina is to find a web page that offers a course. that teaches chinese for free. This can be a great way to be able to speak a language without paying.
There are many ways that you are able to teach yourself Latin. Several websites provide audio lessons or books that you can buy.
Many people opt for a community college or university to provide their education. They offer various programs which include Latin meant for marriage.
Trả lời


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How much power managers perceive they have plays a role in how fairly they treat those who work for them, according to new research.
The study, recently published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, found that managers who have a heightened sense of their power treat others less fairly compared with bosses who see themselves as less powerful.
"Although power and status are often thought of as two sides of the same coin, they, in fact, have opposite effects on the fairness of people's behavior," said Steven Blader, NYU Stern associate professor of management and organizations. "Unfortunately, there is much less emphasis in organizations on highlighting issues of respect and prestige — factors that drive a person's sense of their own status and would, therefore, encourage fairer treatment towards others."
As part of the study, researchers placed participants in a wide range of roles, providing them with information about the power and status associated with their characters. The research found that participants who had an elevated sense of their power behaved less fairly toward others and made decisions that reflected a weakened concern for fairness, while those who had an elevated sense of their status — and were thus concerned about maintaining their high status — behaved more fairly toward others and made decisions that reflected a far greater concern for fairness.
Blader said the results have important implications for managers, and for businesses in general, since they help make sense of the factors that determine how fairly or unfairly managers treat their subordinates.
The researchers conclude that a push by organizations to exclusively emphasize things that focus managers on power, such as head count, budget control, bonuses and other economic factors, actually leads those supervisors to treat their subordinates less fairly. In contrast, the study's authors expect that if companies emphasized focusing managers on status, and how peers, subordinates and superiors think of them, it would result in a far more positive impact on fairness and workplace relations.
The study, "Differentiating the Effects of Status and Power: A Justice Perspective," was co-authored by Ya-Ru Chen of Cornell University's Johnson School of Management.


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Interfaith Dialogue Hindu Jewish
contactus at equalsouls.org
contactus at equalsouls.org
Mon May 11 03:23:18 UTC 2009
"Equality Based On The Soul"
Historically Christian and Muslim faiths have their roots in
so at their core concepts about the soul, creation and God are all
*I would like to address certain linguistic and philosophical
similarities common to both Jews and Hindus, which may open up a
1. Names of God,
a. The most holy of all names of God for a Jew is KNA or KANA,
Rabbi's have slapped my face when I have said this name out loud.
This is considered to be the most intimate name for God in the Old
Testament. Where it is translated, "I am a jealous God, have no other
gods before you", the literal Hebrew translation is, "My name is EL
KNA (KANA), have no other gods before you."
This name expands to KRE ShTN as Rabbi Aryeh Kapln,in Meditation and
the Kabbalah explains
"On Monday, you must intertwine the associated name "KRE ShTN""
b, From a Vedic (Hindu) view point, Kana is also an affectionate
name of Krishna, The pronunciation used above "KRE ShTN" is very
similar to the way south Indians pronounce Krishna.
2. Abraham and Brahma: Very few know that there are two Abrahams in
a. There is a description of how the universe was in chaos until
Abraham appeared. It is said, "Over the whole, there hovered Tohu
(chaos) and as long as Tohu dominated, the whole world was not in
being or existence. When did that key open the gates and make the
It was when Abraham appeared." [Genesis II 4] As explained in the
introduction to the Zohar The Soncino Press LTD--London New York
There is also this reference one needs to ponder It is said, "Angels
are supposed to have no back and four faces, so always to be able to
[Talmud, cf. Ezek i. 6]
b. In the First Canto of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, there is a long
description of how Brahma created the planets, stars etc. It is well
known that the Brahma of this universe has 4 heads.
3. DEMIGODS AND ANGELS have the same function in both trations.
a. The Midrash teaches, "There is no blade of grass that does not
have a constellation (Mazal) over it, telling it to grow." [Sefer
"As commentaries explain, 'God's providence works through the
angels, but the angels, in turn, work through the stars and planets.
As some authorities put it, the angels are, in a sense, like souls to
the stars. Thus, for example, some sources speak of the stars as
having intelligence, but the commentaries note that this is actually
speaking of the angels that are associated with them.'" [Sefer
b. The Vedic conception is that there are many specially empowered
demigods who help manage the affairs of the universe including the
planets of our solar system.
The controlling demigods, although not eternal them selves, function
within various posts that exist as long as the universe exists. For
example, one of the principle demigods is Lord Indra. Indra is the
name of the post, but the particular demigod who occupies that post
during a given period has his own personal name. Just like President
of the United States is a post, but there have been many presidents
4. Durga in the Bible?
a. "He summoned to issue from the side of Darkness a kind of female
moon, which rules over the night, and is associated with Adonai, the
Lord of all the earth. In his days, the moon was magnified and
reached her fullness. A thousand mountains rose before her, and she
blew them away with a puff. A thousand mighty rivers flowed before
her, and she swallowed them at a draught. Her nails reached out in a
thousand and seventy directions and her hands in twenty-four
thousand, so that nothing could escape her. Thousands of bucklers
clung to her hair. From between her feet went forth a youth who
stretched from one end of the world to the other with sixty clubs of
b. The Vedas describe the ghastly form of Goddess Kali, another name
for the Goddess Durga. There is a reference of Goddess Kali in the
Srimad-Bhagavatam in the history of Jada Bharata, when she manifested
herself to protect him. It is stated, "Intolerant of the offenses
committed, the infuriated goddess Kali flashed her eyes and displayed
her fierce, curved teeth. Her reddish eyes glowed, and she displayed
her fearsome features. She assumed a frightening body, as if she were
prepared to destroy the entire creation. Leaping violently from the
immediately decapitated all the rogues and thieves with the very
sword with which they had intended to kill Jada Bharata. She then
began to drink the hot blood that flowed from the necks of the
beheaded rogues and thieves, as if this blood were liquor.
5. (BRAHMAN) EFFULGENCE
a. "The Most Recondite is beyond cognition, but reveals of Himself a
tenuous and veiled brightness shining only along a narrow path which
extends from Him, and this is the brightness that irradiates all.
This is the starting point of all esoteric mysteries, itself being
unknowable." [Zohar IV 146b]
b. The Absolute Truth is expressed as Brahman, Paramatma, and
Bhagavän." [Srimad Bhagavatam.1.2.11] Brahman refers to the
impersonal all-pervasive spirit.
That is the same as the brahmajyoti, the effulgence of the Lord.
6. METATRON AND MAHA-VISHNU
a. It is said that a personality named Metatron cooperates with God
to teach the young. While God devotes the last three hours of the day
to this work, Metatron is in charge during the remainder of the day.
(A.Z. 3b) [Everyman's Talmud, II, III] Regarding the revolving sword
or flaming sword that revolves, it is said "the manner in which the
sword rotates depends on the readiness of the individual attempting
to enter. If he is worthy, it becomes the mirror through which he
perceives, while if he is not worthy, he is burned out and cut off by
the fire of this sword. The one who oversees the sword, preventing the
unworthy from entering, is the angel Metatron." [Meditation and
Kabbalah p 80 Chapter 4, Teachings of Rabbi Abraham Abulafia]
"Metatron is therefore not a proper name at all but a designation
for the whole category of celestial powers performing a mission."
[Origins of the Kabbalah, III, 6]
b. In the creative process,it is from Maha-Vishnu that all of the
universes emanate, Sudarshan Cakra (flaming sword that revolves)
controlled by Visnu similarly punishes and grants liberation.
"Without illumination,nothing can be seen, especially in this
The illumination in this world emanates from the effulgence of
Sudarshan, the original vision of the Supreme Personality of Godhead.
The illuminating principles of the sun, the moon and fire emanate
Similarly, illumination by knowledge also comes from Sudarshan."
[Srimad Bhag. 9.5.7, Purport]
Also there is a series of Visnu expansions each with a chakra.
7. THE LORD IN THE HEART
a. When the soul is about to descend to this world, it first goes
down to the terrestrial Garden of Eden and sees there the glory of
the souls of the righteous, and then goes down to Gehinnom and sees
the wicked who cry "Woe, woe", and find no compassion. That holy form
(God) stands by him until he emerges into the world, after which it
keeps him company and grows up with him." [The Zohar 43b] [KI TAZRIA
b. In the Bhagavad-gita "Yet in this body there is another, a
transcendental enjoyer, who is the Lord, the supreme proprietor, who
exists as the overseer and permitter, and who is known as the
Supersoul, Paramatma." [Bg. 13.23]
8. GURU AND RABBI
a. In Judaism, knowledge is also passed from the rabbi to his
students, but not everyone is qualified to become a student. "As a
matter of law, the sages state that these mysteries 'cannot even be
taught to a single individual, unless he is wise enough to understand
with his own knowledge.' Even in such a case, the complete tradition
was only given over to the head of the group, and he would then only
instruct