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This unit includes lessons on introduction to computer applications with simple yet vital to success of students with various topics and activities such as computer technology, safety test, and operating system. It is written for the Introduction to Business and Technology course of Georgia. Activities include:
~ Unit Lesson Plan
~ Culminating Project
~ Quiz with Teacher's Key
~ PowerPoint Notes with Student Note Sheet
~ 4 Student Activities


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Noun: tranquility trang'kwi-lu-tee
 1. A disposition free from stress or emotion
 - repose, quiet, placidity, serenity, tranquillity
 2. An untroubled state; free from disturbances
 - tranquillity, quiet
 3. A state of peace and quiet
 - tranquillity, quietness, quietude
Derived forms: tranquilities
Type of: calm, calmness, collectedness, composure, equanimity, order, unflappability
Encyclopedia: Tranquility, New Jersey


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Starting your seeds indoors has a lot of advantages here in the maritime Pacific Northwest. We can get a significant jump on those cool season vegetables that can't quite take the occasional arctic blast of January or February. With our long growing season, sowing in pots can help us make more efficient use of our gardens by allowing us to give a head start to plants that can replace others in the garden whose useful life is ending. Also, since so much of the year is too cool for heat-loving crops to thrive, growing them indoors is the only practical way to grow tomatoes and peppers for a long enough period to bring them to harvest!
This doesn't have to be difficult either. All we have to do is remember the basic principles of growing transplants indoors. This series of articles will explore each of these important factors.
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Looking to Start a Business? Here Are Five Benefits of Business Incorporation
Looking to Start a Business? Here Are Five Benefits of Business Incorporation While looking to start a new business, you need to ensure that you build it on a firm foundation. Business incorporation plays a crucial role in that foundation; it ensures that you remain in good standing with the federal and state government. Business entities As an entrepreneur looking to register their business, there are several entities you can pick from, depending on the type of business you wish to operate. This includes:
 - S Corporation
 - C Corporation
 - DBA (Doing Business As)
 - Non-Profit
 - LLC (Limited Liability Company)
Benefits of incorporation Other than ensuring that your business remains in good books with the government, incorporating your business comes with the following benefits:
 1. Protects your personal assets by separating them from the business' assets and liability. This means creditors can't come after your personal assets in case of a lawsuit.
 2. You gain easier access to capital. This makes it easier for you to grow and develop your business. Corporations generally have access to more alternatives of capital. They can use this to settle debts and so on.
 3. Business incorporation adds credibility to your business. From suppliers to customers and partners, they will all perceive your business as being more stable and reliable, making incorporation a worthy investment.
 4. Perpetual existence. To date, corporations remain the most enduring business structure. This means that your business can continue to exist indefinitely, irrespective of what happens to you or any of the other business partners.
 5. Privacy. Business incorporation offers you much-needed privacy in this age of heightened insecurity. If you want to open a business and remain anonymous, then incorporation is the way to go.


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Chong, Gregory Chow Ye
Trajectory-scheduling control systems and their multi-objective design automation.
PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.
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This thesis encompasses the analysis of TSN systems and their multi-objective design methods. TSN nodes are networked through interpolation and activation, similar to a gain-scheduling or local model/controller network. However, to achieve accuracy and ease of commissioning without requiring a large number of nodes, an algorithm has been developed first to identify optimum transition nodes within the entire operating envelope. Then the TSN approaches a nonlinear plant globally, not just locally, without requiring linearization. If desired or necessary, global optimisation provides an enhancement in the design process for TSNs. Since optimising only one aspect (a single objective) of performance while compromising others is undesirable, multi-objective designs have been developed concurrently to deliver or improve multiple aspects of performance.
Following the development of a TSN, it is applied to nonlinear system modelling, and this TSN is termed a Trajectory-Scheduling Model (TSM). A TSM possesses the same properties and design features as the TSN generic framework. A nonlinear system, a coupled liquid-tank, is used to examine this modelling technique. Results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods developed and validates the TSM.
Further, the TSN technique is applied to nonlinear controller design, by way of a Trajectory-Scheduling Controller (TSC) network. It is illustrated through the design of a networked, easy-to-understand and easy-to-use PID control system for the coupled liquid-tank. Results show that the methods developed offer a high-performance linear control system with nonlinear capabilities to handle practical systems operating in a broad range and to cope with conflict between setpoint following at transient and disturbance rejection at steady state. This method is then applied to the PID network design problems for two nonlinear chemical processes.
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. In most jurisdictions, the Grand Secretary fulfills these duties.
Lodge of Antiquity No.2 and Royal Somerset House and Inverness Lodge No.IV, in England, are rare examples of lodges that appoint a Chancellor as one of their officers. In Antiquity it tends to be the senior active member of the lodge. In No.IV it appears that when the office was created in the nineteenth century it was intended to be similar to the role of Chaplain.[10] However when revived in the early twentieth century, the role was more directed towards external relations. By the late twentieth century it appears that it had become customary for the office to be awarded to the longest serving member of the Lodge.
Grand Registrar[edit]
In some jurisdictions a 'Grand Registrar' is appointed to be the principal legal officer of a Grand Lodge. The role is generally held by a qualified lawyer or judge. In other jurisdictions, there is no official title given to the holders of these duties.
Grand Superintendent of Works[edit]
When this office exists, the 'Grand Superintendent of Works' is a Grand Lodge officer responsible for the Grand Lodge building, and as such, the office is usually awarded to a qualified architect or builder. Responsibility for individual Lodge buildings usually falls to a committee.
Grand Sword Bearer[edit]
Many Grand Masters are preceded in formal processions by a ceremonial sword. In such cases a 'Grand Sword Bearer' is appointed to carry the sword.
Grand Standard Bearer or Grand Banner Bearer[edit]
Many Grand Masters or Grand Lodges have an official standard which is carried behind the Grand Master in formal processions. In such cases a 'Grand Standard Bearer' or 'Grand Banner Bearer' is appointed.
Grand Pursuivant[edit]
It is the Grand Pursuivant's duty to announce all applicants for admission into the Grand Lodge by their names and Masonic titles; to take charge of the jewels and regalia of the Grand Lodge; to attend all communications of the Grand Lodge, and to perform such other duties as may be required by the Grand Master or presiding officer.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Lodge Officer Duties
 2. ^ Freemasonry for dummies
 3. ^
 4. ^ Constitution of the Grand Masonic Orient of Ireland
 5. ^ French Wikipedia Officiers de loge maçonnique
 6. ^ UGLE Book of Constitutions, 2012, p. 177, plate 39
 7. ^ Grand Stewards Lodge – history
 8. ^
 9. ^ UGLE Constitutions, Rule 104(f), 119(b)
 10. ^ A W Oxford, 'An introduction to the history of the Royal Somerset House & Inverness Lodge', published by Bernard Quaritch Ltd, 1928, page 245.
External links[edit]


text: System integration and design of a mobile robotic platform that has the ability to interact with its environment using appropriate sensors has been implemented as a freshman design project at University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES). The project included design alternative analysis, engineering drawing, manufacturing, identification, acquisition and integration of suitable mechanical, electrical, electronic, computing and sensing systems and components as well as appropriate programming of the embedded computer to achieve desired interaction of the mobile robotic platform with its environment The project also provided the platform to introduce various software programs such as EXCEL, POWERPOINT, MS WORD, LOGO Programming language, etc. The tools not only allowed the students to perform engineering analysis but also emphasized communication skills both oral and written associated with successful project implementation and information dissemination. The students could relate to the newly coined term "mechatronics" that represents the synergy in mechanical design, electronics, soft-computing and control in the context of the project. They could readily appreciate the benefits of teamwork and the pitfalls of compartmentalizing the engineering design process according to traditional disciplinary boundaries in the progressive environment of engineering education and practice in the new millennium. In the educational arena reform efforts have been facilitated largely by the new accreditation criteria of the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET). The new criteria have brought about significant changes in engineering education throughout the nation and have enabled a closer alignment of education and practice of engineering profession.


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Direct Mail
The key to the most effective direct mail is perspective. Since perspective is a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view, this is very applicable to direct mail. Why is this so important in direct mail marketing? Knowing your audience and how they will perceive your message can make or break your ROI. Many marketers spend all their time focused on the list and the creative, leaving the messaging as an afterthought. This does not work. All three components work together to get you top results with direct mail. So, how can you create better messaging?
6 ways to create powerful direct mail messaging based on perspective:
1. Focus:
Who is your target audience? What are they interested in? What makes them tick?
2. Benefits:
What is your product or service going to do for your audience?
3. Conversation:
You are creating a conversation about your product or service with your audience. This may mean that it stretches across more than one marketing channel. You may start off the conversation with direct mail and lead them online to more information on your website or social media accounts.
4. Opinions:
Otherwise known as testimonials about your product or service by people like your audience. Real people making real statements are powerful persuasions.
5. Inspire:
If you can create language that inspires people to action you have powerful means to generate response. This is your best call to action. How will you inspire?
6. Review:
Approach current customers who are similar to your target audience to solicit their views on your messaging. Are you getting the right message across? Does the call to action work? What would they say differently? You may be surprised at what you learn.
By taking the time to write your direct mail messaging to the perspective of your prospect/customer, you are first validating their position and then grabbing their attention. Next you are creating an open environment to generate response. Provide multiple ways for them to respond, such as phone, website, in person, mobile, social media and any others that are available to you.
Using direct mail perspective is not about shoving products or services at people who should want them, but showing them how and why they need your products or services. Creating a belief of need in your product or service that they generate for themselves based on information your provided is the most powerful message you have. Take the time to write your direct mail messaging in this way.
Remember that you should create different direct mail messaging for different audiences even within the same campaign. Variable messaging will help you improve your results. You should test your messaging as well. See what works better and build on that. Always track your results. There are many ways to do that, from URL's, phone numbers, special offer codes and more. Find what works best for you and implement it right away. Perspective can provide you with the means to better direct mail ROI. Are you ready to get started? Call us in San Diego at _PHONE_ or email _EMAIL_. We are glad to help!
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Rita Sousa, Jeroen B. J. Smeets, Eli Brenner; The influence of previously seen objects' sizes in distance judgments. Journal of Vision 2013;13(2):2. doi: 10.1167/13.2.2.
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© ARVO (_PHONE_); The Authors (2016-present)
An object's retinal image size is determined by a combination of its physical size and its distance, so judgments of an object's size and distance from its retinal image size are coupled. Since one does not have direct access to information about the object's physical size, people may make assumptions about how large it is likely to be. Here we investigated whether the sizes of similar, previously encountered objects influence the assumptions about the physical size of an object and therefore the interpretation of its retinal image size in terms of its distance. Subjects moved their unseen index finger to the positions of binocular simulations of red cubes. For identical target cubes at the same position, they indicated a nearer position of the cube when the preceding cube was small than when it was big. This is in agreement with a tendency to expect the cube to be the same size as that on the previous trial. However, if the expectation were simply adjusted slightly on each trial, the cube would be judged to be nearer when preceded by two consecutive smaller cubes than when preceded by only one smaller cube. It was not, so there must be a more direct influence of the size in the previous trial on distance judgments.
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Selenite Flower Candle Holder
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A Selenite Flower Candle Holder is fantastic for meditating with on a Full Moon as it not only purifies the space it is within, but it also helps to enhance your intuition in life.
Carved from a solid piece of Selenite, a Selenite Flower Candle Holder is a beautifully carved crystalline piece to adorn your home or sacred space as the tealight that burns within such a piece amplifies the purifying properties of Selenite.
Selenite is known for its purifying properties as its energy washes through a space like a gentle wave which clears out any negative and hindering energies with ease. As it also has a connection to the Moon, using a Selenite Flower Candle Holder during a Full Moon with a specific intention can help what you desire bloom like a beautiful and abundant flower. Meditating on the candle flame that burns within can also enhance the properties of Selenite which helps to enhance intuition and insight.
Each Selenite Candle Holder measures approximately 8cm wide and 4.5cm tall, making it perfect for a mantle or altar space. As each piece is carved from natural crystal, every one is unique and the piece with the highest resonance will be chosen at the time of your order.
Selenite is a form of gypsum that has a milky-white appearance in a crystal that looks much like that of a fibre-optic cable. It forms through gypsum crystals having combined with seawater due to salt flats flooding over millions of years.
In the ways of healing the Body, this crystal helps with flexibility throughout the spine and joints of the body, especially the wrists and ankles.
When it comes to healing the Mind, Selenite helps to illuminate the bigger picture of any situation so that it can be examined without fear and judgement.
As for healing the Soul, it works to purify one's energy field while helping one be open to the Angelic Guidance and Higher forms of communication from the divine.
Selenite is connected to the Lunar Chakra, which is located about three feet above the crown, due to its alignment with the energies of the Moon and the feminine aspects within. Its purifying energy clears out any hindering energies that may try to infiltrate the intuition of the individual as it comes down from the Higher Realms to be made manifest on Earth.
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One of the biggest mistakes people make when it comes to planning for divorce is to oversimplify the process. They might think it will be like getting married: sign some paperwork, make a statement and your legal status is changed. However, there are many reasons why divorce is more complicated, including the process of dividing marital property.
Every couple will have to divide property and debts in a divorce. In order to divide everything, parties will go through discovery. Below, we briefly explain what happens during discovery and why it can become so complicated.
- You exchange information. You and your soon-to-be ex-spouse will exchange information relevant to your divorce. This includes financial document to aid in property division discussions, but it can also include personal information about the other person. Evidence of infidelity, parenting shortfalls and even criminal activity can all come out in discovery as both parties collect and share whatever information they can to help their case.
- You investigate questionable statements. If there are concerns about the validity or accuracy of information presented during discovery, it may be necessary to investigate the claims further. For instance, if you think your ex is withholding financial information, you might have a forensic accountant look into claims of hidden assets.
- You can be deposed. Depositions involve answering questions from attorneys under oath. These statements must be truthful and can be used in court should you be unable to resolve your divorce matters through mediation.
Discovery should help both parties gain a solid understanding of the facts of the case. Then, utilizing this information, you can proceed with negotiations and arguments to resolve the divorce.
Considering everything that can come out in discovery, the process can spark bitter disputes. People can be caught lying; they could give wrong answers in a deposition; they might get upset if the other person accuses them of certain flaws or misconduct. Each of these disputes can turn an otherwise amicable divorce contentious.
In order to prepare for these potential issues and sidestep any behaviors that could come back to haunt you in discovery, you can discuss your case with an attorney.


solved on a sequence of grids of size 9, 17, 33,... until convergence is achieved in the usual Chebfun sense defined by decay of Chebyshev expansion coefficients. Much more than just this is really going on, however, including the decomposition of intervals into subintervals to handle coefficients that are only piecewise smooth.
One matter you might not guess was challenging is the determination of whether or not an operator is linear! In Chebfun the operator is defined by an anonymous function, but if it is linear, special actions should be possible such as application of EIGS and EXPM and solution of differential equations in a single step without iteration. Chebfun includes special devices to determine whether a chebop is linear so that these effects can be realized.
As mentioned, the discretization length of a Chebfun solution is chosen automatically according to the instrinsic resolution requirements. However, the matrices that arise in Chebyshev spectral methods are notoriously ill-conditioned. Thus the final accuracy in solving differential equations in Chebfun is rarely close to machine precision. Typically one loses two or three digits for second-order differential equations and five or six for fourth-order problems.
7.8 Block operators and systems of equations
Some problems involve several variables coupled together. In Chebfun, these are treated with the use of quasimatrices, that is, chebfuns with several columns.
For example, suppose we want to solve the coupled system u'=v, v'=-u with initial data u=1 and v=0 on the interval [0,10*pi]. (This comes from writing the equation u"=-u in first-order form, with v=u'.) We can solve the problem like this:
L = chebop(0,10*pi);
L.op = @(x,u,v) [diff(u)-v, diff(v)+u];
L.lbc = @(u,v) [u-1,v];
rhs = [0, 0];
U = L\rhs;
The solution U is an "infinity-by-2" Chebfun quasimatrix with columns u=U(:,1) and v=U(:,2). Here is a plot:
clf, plot(U)
The overloaded "spy" command helps clarify the structure of this operator we just made use of:
This image shows that L maps a pair of functions [u;v] to a pair of functions [w;y], where the dependences of w on u and y on v are global (because of the derivative) whereas the dependences of w on v and y on u are local (diagonal). Note that for such interpretations we think of [u;v] and [w;y] as 2-vectors oriented columnwise, but the Chebfun syntax actually builds them as [u,v] and [w,y]. This is potentially confusing but was necessary since [u;v] has the quite different meaning in Chebfun of a concatenation of two functions into a single function on a longer interval.
To illustrate the solution of an eigenvalue problem involving a block operator, we can take much the same idea. The eigenvalue problem u"=c^2u with u=0 at the boundaries can be written in first order form as u'=cv, v'=cu. Here are the first 7 eigenvalues:
L = chebop(0,10*pi);
L.op = @(x,u,v) [diff(v), diff(u)];
L.lbc = @(u,v) u;
L.rbc = @(u,v) u;
[U,V,D] = eigs(L,7);
eigenvalues = diag(D)
eigenvalues =
 -0.000000000000000 + 0.100000000000000i
 -0.000000000000000 - 0.100000000000000i
 0.000000000000000 + 0.200000000000000i
 0.000000000000000 - 0.200000000000000i
 -0.000000000000000 + 0.300000000000000i
 -0.000000000000000 - 0.300000000000000i
Notice that two eigenfunction quasimatrices U and V have been specified among the output variables. (If just one had been specified, the output would have been a cell array containing two quasimatrices.) To see the u eigenfunctions, we can plot U. As it happens, the eigenfunctions as computed by eigs are imaginary, so before plotting we divide by 1i to make them real, and take the real part to filter out rounding errors:
eigenfunctions = real(U/1i);
The operator in this eigenvalue problem has a simpler structure than before:
7.9 Nonlinear equations by Newton iteration
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, nonlinear differential equations are discussed in Chapter 10. As an indication of some of the possibilities, however, we now illustrate how a sequence of linear problems may be useful in solving nonlinear problems. For example, the nonlinear BVP
0.001u'' - u^3 = 0, u(-1)=1, u(1)=-1
could be solved by Newton iteration as follows.
L = chebop(-1,1);
L.op = @(x,u) 0.001*diff(u,2);
J = chebop(-1,1);
x = chebfun('x');
u = -x; nrmdu = Inf;
while nrmdu > 1e-10
 r = L*u - u.^3;
 J.op = @(du).001*diff(du,2) - 3*u.^2.*du;
 J.bc = 0;
 du = -(J\r);
 u = u+du; nrmdu = norm(du)
clf, plot(u)
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
nrmdu =
Note the beautifully fast convergence, as one expects with Newton's method. The chebop J defined in the WHILE loop is a Jacobian operator (=Frechet derivative), which we have constructed explicitly by differentiating the nonlinear operator defining the ODE. In Section 10.4 we shall see that this whole Newton iteration can be automated by use of Chebfun's "nonlinear backslash" capability, which utilizes Automatic Differentiation (AD) to construct the Frechet derivative automatically. In fact, all you need to type is
N = chebop(-1,1);
N.op = @(x,u) 0.001*diff(u,2) - u.^3;
N.lbc = 1; N.rbc = -1;
v = N\0;
The result is the same as before to many digits of accuracy:
ans =
Here is how long it took to execute this chapter:
fprintf('Time to execute this chapter: %3.1f seconds',toc)
Time to execute this chapter: 23.5 seconds
7.10 BVP Systems with Unknown Paramters
It is sometimes the case that ODEs or systems of ODEs contain unknown parameter values which must be computed for as part of the solution. An example of this is Matlab's builti-in MAT4BVP example. These parameters can always be included in system as unkowns with zero derivatives, but this can be computationally inefficient. Chebfun allows the option of explicit treatment of the parameters. Often the dependence of the solution on these parameters is nonlinear (such as in the case below), and this discussion might better have been left to Chapter 10, but since, from the user perspective, ther is little difference in this case, we include it here.
Below is an example of such a paramterised problem, which is represents a linear pendulum with a forcing sine-wave term of an unknown frequency T. The task is to compute the solution for which u(-pi)=u(pi)=u'(pi)=1;
N = chebop(@(x,u,T) diff(u,2) - u - sin(T.*x/pi),[-pi pi]);
N.lbc = @(u,T) u-1;
N.rbc = @(u,T) [u-1, diff(u)-1];
uT = N\0;
u = uT(:,1); T = uT(0,2)
T =
As the system is nonlinear in T, we can expect that there will be more than one solution. Indeed, if we choose a different initial guess for T, we can converge to one of these.
N.init = [1,7];
uT = N\0;
T =
Unfortunately, this functionality is not yet available for eigenvalue problem.
7.11 References
[Birkisson & Driscoll 2011] A. Birkisson and T. A. Driscoll, Automatic Frechet differentiation for the numerical solution of boundary-value problems, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, to appear
[Driscoll 2010] T. A. Driscoll, Automatic spectral collocation for integral, integro-differential, and integrally reformulated differential equations, Journal of Computational Physics 229 (2010), 5980-5998.
[Driscoll, Bornemann & Trefethen 2008] T. A. Driscoll, F. Bornemann, and L. N. Trefethen, "The chebop system for automatic solution of differential equations", BIT Numerical Mathematics 46 (2008),701-723


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Thoughtexchange helps you crowdsource answers to important questions in real time. If you share back what you heard from an exchange, how it impacted you, and what actions you are going to take, you'll ensure participants feel heard this time and take part next time.
You can use the Discover Dashboard to share your thoughts in these three places,
Leaders can respond to participants wherever they find a thought in the Discover Dashboard. Click on the purple thought bubble and start typing. Your leader comment will then automatically appear wherever that thought is published. Remember! This includes the Discover screen in the participant app.
Some great ways to use this feature include:
- Acknowledging what you heard;
- Educating participants on initiatives related to their feedback;
- Sharing an action you'll take related to the thought.
Similar to commenting on thoughts, leaders can comment on themes wherever they appear. Click on the theme, and the option appears at the top of the page. The only exception to this is the AI-generated themes. This set of themes needs to be copied and then you can comment on individual themes.
Use theme-level comments to,
- Share leadership reflections or big-picture actions;
- Summarize the content of a theme;
- Highlight organizational values or underlying interests.
Another way to share your leadership perspective is at the exchange level using the in-app summary report. When you create a Summary Report in the Discover Dashboard, there is space at the top of the page to write a leadership overview.
Use this section to:
- Re-state the purpose of the exchange and how it relates to the organization's goals;
- Detail key actions that will be taken based on the exchange results;
- Share what you learned as a leader.
To learn how other leaders are using Thoughtexchange to crowdsource answers to questions in real-time, check out our Customer Stories page.
If you need support with any of our commenting or reporting features, please contact our support team at _EMAIL_ or reach out to your Client Success Manager.


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Sedentary farmer thesis! thesis meaning in greek baby thesis about english Comments Off Thesis statement in research paper thesis statement autism research paper Generate side - thesis farmer sedentary by - year degree programme. What is the Nomadic Warrior thesis? | Yahoo Answers; Sedentary farmer thesis ap human geography Essay Academic; AP Solitaire Geography ch. lanuguages. Warm. Nomadic warrior thesis definition human geography. Advanced Warrior Thesis. good ways to start a narrative essay the exciting time thesis. Sedentary Gig Thesis. AP Murder Probation Chapter 5- Language. Sedentary Farmer Thesis The spread one language to vast regions all over the world through the peaceful mechanisms of farming. This language is known as Proto-Indo-Europeans and is believed to have been first spoken BCE. The sedentary lifestyle causes incredibly bad impacts on your metabolism, which starts to generate about a 30% risk of metabolic conditions, including two types of diabetes, abnormally high levels of triglycerides and lipids, fibromyalgia, chronic fatique syndrome, and other maladies (Wellformative). Start studying APHUG chapter 5: Language. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
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Thermographic Improvements Benefit Automotive Industry
- Sunday, 01 April 2007
Stress and Fatigue Analysis
For most of the past decade, the automotive industry also has used IR imaging systems as part of their stress analysis and metal fatigue evaluation program. Both applications use a lock-in thermography technique to make energy measurements that compliment visible imagebased correlation methods for stress analysis. Often, these two approaches are seen as competitive; however, that ignores the inherent differences in the spatial and energy measurements generated by visible and IR imaging systems. Lock-in thermography measures minute changes in temperature through Fourier analysis produced by the thermoelastic effect in stressed materials.
Improvements in spatial resolution, thermal resolution, size, cost, and energy consumption are widening thermography applications in the automotive industry. At the same time, greater understanding by IR camera makers of automotive applications is leading to new calibration, filtering tools, lock-in analysis, and peripheral I/O, making thermography systems more effective for real-world automotive applications.


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Wild Places and Wild Animals: An Inspiration
Saturday 21 March 2015
1 Hour
{related_entries id="evnt_loca"}Wild Places and Wild Animals: An Inspiration{/related_entries}
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Authors Tom Moorhouse and Gill Lewis talk about wild animals, wild places and the inspiration behind their writing. Moorhouse describes how to transform knowledge about wild animals into believable characters in fast-paced adventure stories, and Lewis discusses the relationship between people and animals within her books. They explain why stories involving animals are special, and what you need to think about when writing your own.
Moorhouse's debut novel, The River Singers, is nominated for the Carnegie Medal and longlisted for the UKLA award, and follows the adventures of a family of water voles as they battle to escape a new and terrible enemy. Its sequel, The Rising, sees the voles facing their most dangerous enemy of all: the Great River herself.
Lewis's books include Scarlet Ibis and Sky Hawk and have been translated into more than 25 languages, winning many nominations and awards, including the Red House Book Award, the Carnegie Medal and the Green Earth Book Award. Her books draw on her own experiences and explore the relationship between people and the natural world.
Age 9+


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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. In the latter part of the sixteenth century, a heavy rapier: so called to distinguish it from the swords used more for cutting and for breaking through steel armor than for thrusting. The term continued in use throughout the seventeenth century for a thrustingsword of any sort.
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Sex Crimes Against Children
Lawyers for Sex Crimes Against Children in Worcester
Massachusetts Criminal Defense Law Office
There are many different actions that could be considered sex crimes against children, and these crimes often carry very harsh penalties as well as felony charges. The Worcester criminal defense attorneys at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP are well versed in the laws regarding sex crimes against children in the state of Massachusetts.
 Call us at _PHONE_ today to learn more about our defense services.
Luring & Enticement of Children
Enticement is one way an adult could commit a sex crime against a child, and this involves luring or attempting to lure a child in order to commit a sexual act with them. This can be done in person or through an electronic means of communication, such as E-mail or a chat room, but the person committing the act must know that the person they are attempting to lure is under the age of legal consent. The Worcester criminal defense attorneys at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP are dedicated to diligent case preparation and can work hard to build a solid defense.
Luring in the state of Massachusetts can be done in various ways. Oftentimes, it involves a meet-up place, such as a car, building, hotel, home, or other location. The crimes related to luring cases may vary, but typically include sexual assault, rape, prostitution, child pornography, or other sexually related illegal activities that the adult wishes to participate in with the child they are attempting to lure.
Child Pornography Charges
In the state of Massachusetts, child pornography involves encouraging, hiring, or allowing a person under the age of 18 to pose nude or commit sexual acts that are being filmed or photographed. A person who films their underage significant other performing an intimate act may be charged the same way as a person who films sexual acts performed by young children. The Worcester criminal defense lawyers at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP have 50 years of combined experience to defend clients in cases of sex crimes against children.
Statutory Rape & Penalties
Statutory rape in Massachusetts is sex with someone who is under 16 years old. While statutory rape is sometimes consensual, the younger person is not legally allowed to give consent to the older individual. This means that a person who engages in sexual activity with a child under the age of 16 may face child rape charges.
Situations that typically carry harsher penalties include:
 - The child is 12 years old or younger, and the adult is at least 5 years their senior
 - The defendant holds a position that obligates them to report child abuse such as a doctor, teacher, or counselor
 - The child is between the ages of 12 and 16 years old and the adult is at least 10 years their senior
The crime of child enticement often comes with a penalty of two to five years in prison and up to a $5,000 fine. Child pornography carries penalties of up to 20 years in prison and a $50,000 fine. In addition, both of these cases require the convicted person to register with the Massachusetts Sex Offender Registry, so it is important to get legal assistance from Worcester criminal defense attorneys as soon as possible.
Contact our office at _PHONE_ today to learn how we can help.
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Elementary school student uses his own allowance to pay off lunch debt for his third-grade class
Nine-year-old Ryan Kirkpatrick had an issue with the fact that some of his fellow classmates couldn't afford to pay for their school lunches, so he decided to do something about it.
Ryan had seen a story in the news about a kindergartner who was shamed for not having money to pay for her lunch and brought it to his mom's attention.
"My son saw that story on the news and came to me while I was getting ready for work and he was in tears and didn't understand why that happened," said Kylie Kirkpatrick, Ryan's mom.
She said they talked about how students are required to pay for lunch and that some people don't have the money to pay for it, "and that didn't agree with him."
They contacted the food service department for their school district and found that the total debt accumulated by every kid at Ryan's school added up to almost $800. The school explained to Kirkpatrick that the students accrue a debt no matter their age, which she found upsetting.
Kirkpatrick asked how much the third graders owed and it was about $75.
Ryan's mom told him about the $75 tab and asked what he wanted to do about it. Ryan simply said, "I'm going to pay the bill."
They went to the business office of the school district and wrote a check. "They were really taken aback at how serious he was about this," said Kirkpatrick.
They presented their school secretary with the receipt and Ryan said, "Please tell my classmates' families that they don't owe any more money."
According to Kirkpatrick, the meals have a sliding scale depending on families' income and can range anywhere from 25 cents to $3, which she says can add up by the end of the school year, causing unnecessary stress to parents already struggling financially.
Kirkpatrick explained how upsetting it was that children were being burdened with the financial guilt of their lunches going unpaid.
"You don't know where your lunch is coming from, you can't afford to pay for lunch that day, all of your other friends have these amazing meals, regardless of the situation, that is not something that a little kid should be worrying about," Kirkpatrick said.
Kirkpatrick hopes that her son's story will bring more awareness to this issue so that there are better plans in place for free meals for all elementary school students.
"What we talked about during this process was about how one person, regardless of age, can start a movement, and that at least in our family we believe community happens over a meal," she said.


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There are various harmful skin conditions that develop in the corner of your mouth due to weak immune system, low body temperature and other such conditions. One such painful skin condition is known as Angular Chelitis which is characterized by splits, cuts, cracks in the corner of your mouth. In this infection your skin becomes extremely dry and the corner of the mouth starts to show cracks and splits that can be extremely agonizing. The corner of the mouth develops a swollen appearance and starts to give out a whitish hue.
If proper care is not taken then you might also suffer from intense bleeding and redness. The infection can last for a long period of time if immediate medical attention is not provided. The outbreaks can worsen with time. Your immune system will eventually get over the condition but if proper medicines are not taken new outbreaks will occur within very short periods.
This condition is basically caused by the bacteria that reside around your mouth area. Old people have folded corners due to the re-alignment of their dentures, this is another cause for the development of fungus in this area. The skin folds, and dark, damp and laden with saliva, this is the most appropriate condition for the bacteria to thrive.
It is known fact that some people are more prone to Angular Chelitis than others because of their weak immune system. Angular Chelitis is often related with the common cold that is why if you really want to get rid of this condition on a permanent basis you must use all the medicines are gels that are prescribed by your physician.
Above stated are some essential points that you must remember if you want to cure the white bumps that develop in the corner of your mouth.
If you would like to look at pictures that can help you verify your own condition, you can download this simple and effective cure from the Angular Chelitis Foundation. _URL_.
Article Source: _URL_


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Animal Science Department Tour!
Animal Science programs at the University of Nebraska began with the establishment of the Department of Animal Husbandry by the Board of Regents in 1898. This came one year after the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station was created. The first reference to experimental work with livestock was in 1891. The Animal Husbandry staff was housed in two rooms of the south wing of Agriculture Hall until they moved into Animal Husbandry Hall in 1917. The Departments of Dairy Husbandry and Poultry Husbandry were established in 1902 and 1922, respectively. The Loeffel meat Laboratory which encompasses approximately 19,500 square feet of space, was completed and dedicated in 1954. In 1964 the Departments were renamed as Animal Science, Dairy Science and Poultry Science, and three years later the Departments of Animal and Dairy Science were merged. The dairy-processing faculty formed the core for a new Department of Food Science and Technology. Marvel Baker Hall, which included approximately 54,000 square feet of new space, was dedicated in 1969, and housed a portion of the expanding program. Poultry Science joined Animal Science in 1977. The construction of the current Animal Science Building and renovation of the Loeffel Meat Laboratory and Marvel Baker Hall were completed in 1988. The new construction of approximately 186,000 square feet added a covered livestock unit with an arena, an intensive animal use unit, laboratory, classroom and office space. The new building incorporates two former animal science buildings and was dedicated on April 22, 1988. Adjacent to the new building are four livestock holding pens and two pole barns for short-term housing of animals used in teaching or extension programs. One poultry building is also located nearby.
Major animal facilities used in teaching, research and extension are located away from the Lincoln campus.
Agricultural Research and Development Center at Mead: is a multi-unit facility including a working dairy with approximately 300 cattle, a 1,000-head capacity beef feedlot, a 325-sow swine farrow-to-finish unit, a 170-head purebred Angus and crossbred beef teaching heard, a 190 cow-beef physiology herd, an individual cattle feeding barn, two feed mills and approximately 3,000 acres of pasture.
Haskell Ag Lab affiliated with the Northeast Research and Extension Center at Concord: contains a 500-head capacity, 42-pen beef feedlot with processing facilities and a feed mill for beef research, four 144-head swine growing-finishing facilities, one 144-head swine nursery and one 256-head growing-finishing unit.
West Central Research and Extension Center at North Platte: has a beef physiology barn with processing facilities, calving barn, feeding barn, open cattle lots, 40 individual feeding crates, and 600 acres of pasture along with a feed mill and pelleting mill.
|Panhandle Research and Extension Center at Scottsbluff: includes a 42-pen beef feedlot, several larger pens, a dry-grain feed mill and bunker silos, and access to 800 acres of pasture.|
High Plains Ag Lab near Sidney: is managed by Panhandle REC. It includes access to 1,600 acres of pasture.
Dalbey-Halleck Research Farm near Virginia: is a 1,140-acre farm with 175 mature beef cows and 80 heifers used for beef cow-calf management research.
Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory near Whitman: is a 12,800-acre range ranch with about 1,200 acres of sub irrigated meadow and 11,600 acres of upland range with 360 March-calving and 200 June-calving beef cows used in nutrition and physiology projects.
Barta Brothers Ranch near Ainsworth: contains range and pasture for grazing research.


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For any number "a" (except zero), a0 = 1.
Now I have a homework problem:
Simplify the expression: mn0
So, I put in for my answer 1, but when it was graded the teacher said that that was the wrong answer. How could it be wrong if any number the the power if zero is 1? Did I misread my book, or did the teacher's answer key make a mistake?


text: The production potential of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), AM-1004 (Glomus intraradices), AM-1209 (mixed indigenous AMF) and AM-1207 (Mycorise, commercial inocula), were examined separately in three fractions/forms (root-based, soil-based and mixture of roots + soil) at 40, 60, 80 and 105 days in raised beds. The beds were amended with organic matter to develop regression equations for predicting optimal AM production vis-à-vis time required for particular inocula using infectious propagules (IP) as the independent variable. The IP production observed in the system was found to vary among the different inocula used. AM-1004 and AM-1207 produced significantly higher propagule counts in root or soil-based samples and a mixture of both at 105 days as compared to AM-1209. Based on two-way ANOVA, irrespective of time, AM-1004 (root/soil-based) produced a significantly larger number of propagules, whereas propagules in the crude inoculum (roots + soil) of all three inocula were not significantly different. On the other hand, irrespective of AMF, significantly more propagules (in all forms) were observed at 105 days. Similarly, irrespective of time, AM-1004 produced significantly higher root colonization (MCP, mycorrhizal colonization percentage) in all three forms (roots: 65.95%; soil: 24.32; soil + roots: 58.03%). The MCP in roots was increased significantly with time of multiplication. However, there was not much improvement in the MCP of soil or in soil + roots fractions beyond 80 days. Further, prediction of the number of IP for the three AM inocula was mathematically derived separately from the Mitscherlish-Bray equation (Y = a – b*exp (–cD). Based on the maximum yield of propagules of the three inocula observed and fitted into equations, root-based AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula were found to be more efficient in producing propagules in 65 days as compared to AM-1207, which produced propagules in 76 days. While comparing the overall combinations, AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula used either as roots, soil or a mixture of both and have greater potential in producing more propagules in the shortest span of time. While taking into account the predicted values of AM-1209 crude inoculum, about 12 IP g−1 substrate can be achieved in 72 days. Therefore, if a farmer uses crude inocula (having zero time IP of about 0.8/g substrate) of AM 1209, a total production of about 12.12 million IP/m3 can be achieved in 72 days. These can be used for on-farm production.


Street Crime in Pakistan. and to Curb It
1375 Words6 Pages
Street crime
Street crime is a loose term for criminal offences taking place in public places. It has moved to occupy the place once held by mugging. According to London's Metropolitan Police Force, street crime is:
Robbery, often called'mugging ', and also includes thefts from victims in the street where property is snatched and the victim is not assaulted. [1]
Crime on the streets of a city may include many other types of offences, for example pickpocketing, the open carrying-on of the illegal drugs trade, prostitution in the form of soliciting outside the law, the creation of graffiti and vandalism of public property, and assaults. As a generic term street crime may include all
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If you've had things stolen during a street crime that's likely to affect you too. As well as the obvious issues such as financial problems because of stolen cash or valuables, you can suffer emotional effects. A stolen handbag or wallet can contain irreplaceable photographs or mementos that can take away your memories. Stolen papers and keys can put you at risk of other problems such as burglary, stalking or identity theft. We've put together a checklist to help you identify what steps you can take to help reduce the risk of more problems after a theft.
We can help
Victim Support is the independent national charity for people affected by crime. Our services are confidential, free and available to everyone. We help thousands of victims of street crime every year. Our volunteers are specially trained to give you information, practical help and emotional support. If you do decide to report a street crime to the police, we can go to the police or to court with you. We can explain how the criminal justice system works help you to apply for compensation.
If you've been injured we can advise you about seeking medical attention. If you can 't work because of the affects of a crime, we can give you advice on dealing with your employer and getting benefits (you can also get information about benefits from your local benefits office or your local Citizens Advice Bureau.
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS ASSOCIATION OF ARIZONA
Powers/Dewalt Masonry Anchors Presentation Highlights
1. Engineers must remember proper detailing and understanding of masonry fastening
2. Standardization of CMU blocks (ASTM C90- Closed end Block – 8x8x16, most common type of CMU in modern construction) allows us to also standardize anchors.
3. As discussed in opening example, interior edges can create an issue because mortar is only applied at the edge of the blocks (air void between blocks, at head joints – even for fully grouted walls).
4. Way to avoid this problem with closed ended blocks and the air voids is by using open ended blocks such as A or H blocks.
a. Problem with open ended block is can't use for partially grouted walls and they are fragile
b. Benefit – blocks can be slid between rebar rather than placed over top
5. CMU: block, mortar, grout
a. Due to variability in strengths of grout, masonry and mortarthere is high variability in published anchor capacity in CMU:
b. Post Install Anchors have a safety factor of 5 in CMU vs. 4 in concrete
6. Reference document for all things masonry - TMS 402/ ACI 530/ ASCE 5 – Joint committee document
a. No Mention of Post-Installed anchors
b. Need to refer to post-installed anchors research report for guidance/ data/ values
7. Design of Post install anchors: allowable load x edge reductions x temperature reductions (only for adhesives) x short term loading conditions: seismic/ wind
8. Unlike concrete, need to distinguish between edge/ end, - not the same thing.
9. Need to distinguish orientation of shear load relative to edge/ end
10. When anchors tested in CMU, weakest link is almost always the wall. Recommend on site testing for anchorage into masonry
11. Solutions into CMU
a. Expansion Anchors: Dewalt/Powers Power-Stud+SD1: ESR 2966: for attachment into face and top of wall. Cells must be grouted.
i. Pros: Conventional anchor, popular in industry. Approved for both concrete and masonry
ii. Cons: longer installation time, can't remove anchor once installed, high compressive forces in hole require greater edge and on-center spacing
b. Screw Anchors: Dewalt Screw-Bolt+ ESR 3889 For attachment info face and top of wall. Cells must be grouted.
i. Pros: Faster installation than expansion anchors. Smaller edge/ on center spacing than expansion anchors. Approved for both concrete and masonry
ii. Cons: contractors might remove and reuse screw anchor – resulting in reduced anchor strength and compromised integrity of published values
c. Adhesive Anchor: Dewalt/Powers AC100+Gold ESR 3200: For attachment into face and top of wall. Cells may be grouted or hollow.
i. Pros: Smaller edge/ on center spacing than expansion anchors. Approved for both concrete and masonry. Approved for hollow or grouted cells
ii. Cons: longer installation time than mechanical anchors (expansion and screw anchors). Capacity reductions for higher temperatures
iii. Remember: Most adhesives approved for installation into masonry are vinylester acrylics (also known as hybrid acrylics). These types of adhesives cure faster than epoxies (for example: at 86 degrees, the Dewalt/Powers AC100+Gold cures in 25 minutes. TheDewalt/Powers Pure110+ epoxy cures in 8 hours). Vinylester acrylics are also more viscous than epoxies. This is important because when installing into non-grouted CMU, the installer uses a screen tube (which is a meshed tube that holds the adhesive. After the installer inserts the threaded rod/ rebar, the adhesive oozes out of the mesh and creates a bulb – this is what keeps the anchor in place in the block. If you use a conventional epoxy (which tend to be less viscous and more watery, the epoxy will just fall right out of the mesh screen.
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Copyright (c) 2015 by SEAoA


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The TB6612FNG Motor Driver can control up to two DC motors at a constant current of 1.2A (3.2A peak). Two input signals (IN1 and IN2) can be used to control the motor in one of four function modes: CW, CCW, short-brake, and stop. The two motor outputs (A and B) can be separately controlled, and the speed of each motor is controlled via a PWM input signal with a frequency up to 100kHz. The STBY pin should be pulled high to take the motor out of standby mode. Due to popular demand, this version of the SparkFun Motor Driver includes pre-soldered male headers for ease of use. With the headers already soldered on, you can jump right in to using this little board without any assembly!
Logic supply voltage (VCC) can be in the range of 2.7–5.5VDC, while the motor supply (VM) is limited to a maximum voltage of 15VDC. The output current is rated up to 1.2A per channel (or up to 3.2A for a short, single pulse).
The board comes with all components installed as shown. Decoupling capacitors are included on both supply lines. All pins of the TB6612FNG are broken out to two 0.1″ pitch headers; the pins are arranged such that input pins are on one side and output pins are on the other.
Note: If you are looking for the SparkFun Motor Driver without headers, it can be found here or in the Recommended Products below.
- Power supply voltage: VM=15V max, VCC=2.7–5.5V
- Output current: Iout=1.2A(average) / 3.2A (peak)
- Standby control to save power
- CW/CCW/short brake/stop motor control modes
- Built-in thermal shutdown circuit and low voltage detecting circuit
- All pins of the TB6612FNG broken out to 0.1″ spaced pins
- Filtering capacitors on both supply lines
- Pre-soldered headers


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The Power Of Words
The Power Of Words
Negative words have a very significant effect on us.
When you make statements or have conversations containing negative words, you are giving your attention to the negative things.
Let me explain this with three of the most common negative words we use, they show up in 80% of conversations.
 1. DON'T
 2. NOT
 3. NO
When I say any of these three words, I am giving my energy, focus and attention to the negative and focusing on what I don't want.
Think about The Creation Process® – The 2nd step in The Creation Process® is E_ _ _ _ _ F _ _ _ _ & A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
So, when I think and speak negatively, I am giving my energy, focus and attention to what I don't want and creating more of the same.
Now we understand how we create or prolong negative experiences in our lives.
It is a universal law. You can't focus on one thing and expect to get the opposite.
Contact us
Questions, issues or concerns? I'd love to help you!
Click ENTER to chat


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The SME Climate Hub has launched the first of its resources, which improve access to financial support for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) working to reduce their carbon emissions. The initiative has been developed by Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) and the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL), as part of the We Mean Business Coalition, a founding partner of the SME Climate Hub.
Small and medium sized businesses are essential to achieving net zero carbon emissions, limiting the worst impacts of climate change, and shifting the global economy towards a sustainable future. SMEs make up over 90% of businesses globally and have the capacity to drive rapid change within the economy. Through their role in supply chains and client portfolios, smaller businesses also form an important part of larger corporations and financial institutions' indirect (Scope 3) emissions. In order to reach collective net zero goals, it is essential for businesses of all sizes to target emissions reductions.
However, SMEs often lack the resources and time to prioritize climate action. There are two main barriers that hinder SMEs' ability to reduce their emissions and reap the business benefits of small business climate action:
- Lack of capacity — Daily pressures take the attention of leadership teams that do not have resources explicitly tasked with the climate challenge and opportunity.
- Financial resources — The cost to take climate action may be very high for certain business changes. For example, if an SME selling parts connected to internal combustion engines wants to diversify their revenue away from the supply of those parts, then the investment in people and equipment will be significant.
The new series of financial support tools from the SME Climate Hub aims to bridge this gap, to help SMEs secure long-term viability, improve their profits, and strengthen their climate impact. The net zero transition isn't just good for the planet – it's good for business. Climate action provides small businesses with benefits including:
- Supply chain resilience – As large corporations work to reduce their carbon outputs, the small business suppliers following their lead will receive preferential treatment.
- Growth opportunities – Reducing emissions often equates to improved efficiencies, reduced costs, and a publicly strengthened brand. There are also significant opportunities for those smaller businesses able to capitalise on low-carbon innovation and protect themselves against climate-related risks.
- Policy regulations – Limiting carbon emissions will become essential in light of changing policy. SMEs that move ahead of the pack now will see partnership and customer growth as larger corporations grapple with needing to take robust, immediate action. Not to mention it's the right thing to do.
Financial institutions and large corporates have an opportunity to accelerate the transition and achieve their own net zero commitments by supporting SMEs, which they finance or from which they purchase goods and services. This means a new day is dawning for the relationship between corporates, financiers and smaller businesses.
It is at this juncture that Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) and the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL) through the Banking Environment Initiative have partnered for a two-year project centered around financial incentives for SMEs. The project is focused on working capital support for SMEs, exploring and detailing how to most effectively engage and financially support SMEs to reduce their emissions footprint. It drives forward the SME Climate Hub's mission to help small businesses halve their emissions by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050 at the latest.
Supporting SMEs towards finance that can drive their decarbonization objectives.
In 2021, the project identified best practices in SME climate finance and key barriers to scaling and innovating progressive solutions. Our research showed that SMEs do not regard their bank as an entity that can support them during their decarbonization journey: only 4.6 percent of surveyed SMEs would approach their bank for support with designing or delivering an emissions reduction plan.
To help spur engagement between financiers and SMEs on this subject, the SME Climate Hub gives access to the online guide for businesses that lays out existing financial support to reduce emissions and how to access this support. The guide details the support available not only from banks and large corporates who buy from SMEs in their supply chains, but public institutions like development banks and a host of others.
The resource is online and interactive, with excerpts of the guide's functions shown below:
The guide goes on to suggest steps a small business might consider in preparing for a financing conversation with their financing partners:
The resource also provides:
- Sources of financial support, and
- Business success stories – Hear from SMEs that utilised financial support to make investments that reduced their emissions and enhanced their business. (This includes green loans, advisory and supply chain finance.)
Although some financial support exists, much more can be done to support SMEs in their decarbonisation journey. Moving into 2022, BSR and the CISL are continuing a dialogue with large multinational corporations and leading international banks to explore and scale the financial solutions needed to better facilitate, catalyse and accelerate the global transition of SMEs to net zero.
Make the SME Climate Commitment today to access the Financial Support Guide.


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The guidance on the third question is not particularly useful, since they give an example of a "yes" situation, but do not indicate what would be a "no". The reason no doubt is that they do not want to be put in the position of saying "that is not", when a court may later decide "yes it is". You have to rely on the wording of the question, specifically the fact that it refers to being obviously about a particular individual. The two key terms here are "particular" and "obviously". The former means "uniquely", so a half-eaten sandwich is "about" some human, but there are billions of people that it could be about. "Obviously" is more a judgment call, but comes down to the question of whether there is a path between the datum and the specific person which a person of average intelligence can see, versus (non-obviously) a hypothetical scenario whereby one might be able to connect a datum to a specific person.
The fourth question relies on relating "an individual", which in context we have to interpret as meaning relating "a specific individual" to the datum, as opposed to relating some set of individuals. Their example of a single person in a post being a "yes" (actually they just say it is "an example", but not what it is an example of) indicates that if the datum could be true of a number of individuals, then it is not established as being personal data (yet).
Q5 oddly implies that what you might do with data defines whether the data is "personal data", which is confusing, but amounts to saying "even if this is in the ordinary sense 'personal data', it is not subject to the protection requirements" – this is not uncommon in law, where rules are stated in terms of a label ('personal data"), and the rules are very simple, but the definition of the label can be complicated.
Q6 distinguishes "incidental" facts from "significant" facts. As they say, the fact that X attended a meeting is personal data; the fact that coffee was served is not, even though it is a fact connected to the meeting which is connected to the person. The fact that X (alone) had black coffee would be PD. Q7 is quite vague, but reduces to asking "what is the purpose of gathering the data": if the purpose is "about" individuals, it is PD, but if it is about processes / machines, move on to the next question. Finally, they ask whether the data "can impact" an individual (similar to Q5 but without the implication of specific intent to do so). Ordinarily, one would think the datum "has red hair" can't have an impact on an individual, but with a bit of creativity, one can construct a reasonable scenario where this could have an effect (such as tending to prejudice people against the individual).
The guidance that you are looking at is an interpretation of what the law requires, and it is helpful to look at multiple interpretations, such as this one.


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Class RiffStreamReader
public class RiffStreamReader
extends RiffChunkReader
Parses RIFF data source.
Details: A RiffStreamReader is a RiffChunkReader that provides access to the outermost chunk of a RIFF file. This the main interface through which a client begins processing a RIFF file.
Fields inherited from class lava.riff.RiffChunkReader
size, tag
Constructor Summary
RiffStreamReader(IRiffInput rais)
 Processes RIFF header.
Method Summary
 void close()
 Closes RIFF data source.
Methods inherited from class lava.riff.RiffChunkReader
free, freeAll, freeHeader, hasMoreData, readByte, readBytes, readChunk, readDword, readDwords, readString, readTag, readWord, readWords, reset, seek, skipBytes
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
Constructor Detail
public RiffStreamReader(IRiffInput rais)
Processes RIFF header.
Details: This constructor initializes a new RiffStreamReader to consume data from the given source. Before returning, this constructor performs an initial check to confirm that the input source appears to be a valid RIFF stream and throws an exception if the check fails. The check is performed as follows:
 1. The first four bytes of the file must be the ASCII characters 'R', 'I', 'F', 'F'.
 2. The next four bytes, taken as a little-endian, unsigned 32-bit integer (DWORD), should describe the length of the RIFF files outer data segment. If the DWORD is even, add 8 to it; if it is odd, add 9 to it. The resulting number should be equal to the length of the entire file.
If either of these two tests fail, a FileFormatException is thrown. If the input source is unable to report the length of the data source, the second test will not be performed.
file - the RIFF file to process
FileFormatException - if the file's header does not conform with the RIFF standard
Method Detail
public void close()
Closes RIFF data source.
Details: This method closes the RIFF data source. All chunk readers created by this instance, including inner chunk readers created by those chunk readers, and so on, become unusable.
Throws: - if an I/O error occurs
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Origin of Rosasco
The Family Facts archive, with its rich historical information, can tell you everything from the lifespan of your ancestors to the very meaning of your last name. Every time you find a fact, we'll tell you what it means.
Rosasco Origin and Immigration
Top Places of Origin for Rosasco
You can find out where the majority of Rosasco families were living before they immigrated to the U.S. You can learn where to focus your search for foreign records.
Ports of Departure for Rosasco
You can pinpoint where the majority of Rosasco families booked passage to the US. You can find out where to start searching for Rosasco records.
Rosasco Immigration to the US by Year
You can find out when most of the Rosasco families immigrated to the United States. You can focus your search to immigration records dating from that era.
Name History and Origin for Rosasco
Naming patterns can help you learn more about your family's cultural and ethnic background. You might find alternate name spellings which are helpful when searching for family records.
Rosasco Surname Distribution
Helpful, as you can decide where to start searching for Rosasco records. You can also find out where the majority of Rosasco families were living during the 19th century.
Total Records: 0
Rosasco Genealogy Search
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Access Free Genealogy
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Free Family Tree Website
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Uncommon Baby Names


Contributions to speech-cue weighting in older adults with impaired hearing
Pamela Souza, Frederick Gallun, Richard Wright
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Scopus citations
Purpose: In a previous paper (Souza, Wright, Blackburn, Tatman, & Gallun, 2015), we explored the extent to which individuals with sensorineural hearing loss used different cues for speech identification when multiple cues were available. Specifically, some listeners placed the greatest weight on spectral cues (spectral shape and/or formant transition), whereas others relied on the temporal envelope. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether listeners who relied on temporal envelope did so because they were unable to discriminate the formant information at a level sufficient to use it for identification and the extent to which a brief discrimination test could predict cue weighting patterns. Method: Participants were 30 older adults with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The first task was to label synthetic speech tokens based on the combined percept of temporal envelope rise time and formant transitions. An individual profile was derived from linear discriminant analysis of the identification responses. The second task was to discriminate differences in either temporal envelope rise time or formant transitions. The third task was to discriminate spectrotemporal modulation in a nonspeech stimulus. Results: All listeners were able to discriminate temporal envelope rise time at levels sufficient for the identification task. There was wide variability in the ability to discriminate formant transitions, and that ability predicted approximately one third of the variance in the identification task. There was no relationship between performance in the identification task and either amount of hearing loss or ability to discriminate nonspeech spectrotemporal modulation. Conclusions: The data suggest that listeners who rely to a greater extent on temporal cues lack the ability to discriminate fine-grained spectral information. The fact that the amount of hearing loss was not associated with the cue profile underscores the need to characterize individual abilities in a more nuanced way than can be captured by the pure-tone audiogram.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)334-344
Number of pages11
JournalJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Issue number1
StatePublished - Jan 2020
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Language and Linguistics
 - Linguistics and Language
 - Speech and Hearing
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text:
Step 2. Let's say you wanted to create a command that first Inverts the color, then adjusts the Hue/Saturation, then Scales the image.
Step 3. Go ahead and perform those steps. Making sure to do exactly those 3 steps in order and not doing anything else.
Step 4. First, Invert the color by going to Xtras>Adjust Color>Invert.
Step 5. Next, go back to Xtras and this time select Adjust Color>Hue/Saturation...
Step 6. Lastly, select the image and then press the "Q" key on your keyboard to select the Scale Tool. Drag one of the handles to scale the image down a bit.
Step 7. The next part is to go over to your History Palette and you'll notice the steps outlined in the order you just performed them.
Step 8. Since you want to save ALL the steps, you'll want to highlight all the steps you want to keep. My first step was to paste the image into a new document. We don't want to save that step. I'll highlight the first step "Filter Image" and holding down the Shift key, select the last step "Transform" to select all steps between the two.
Step 9. Click the Save button in the bottom right corner. It looks like a Floppy Disk. This will bring up the Save Command window. Give your new Command a name.
Step 10. Now, open another image and then go up to your Commands menu and choose the new Command you just created.


Quick Answer: What Does It Mean To Have A Blessed Day?
Is blessed a religious word?
In religious contexts, things are made holy when they're blessed.
Also, people are blessed by good things that happen.
How do you respond to being blessed?
Does blessed mean happy?
In the biblical sense, a blessed person is one whom God makes fully satisfied, not because of favorable circumstances, but because He indwells the believer through Christ. … blessed, happy: – blessed, fortunate, happier, happy.
What is another word for blessed?
In this page you can discover 98 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for blessed, like: glorified, lucky, divine, sanctified, joyous, blissful, religious, graced, fortunate, favored and enthroned among the angels.
What does it mean to be called Blessed?
If you say you've been blessed, you feel lucky to have something: health, love, fame, fortune, talent, etc. I'm very happy for you; the only time I feel blessed is when I sneeze. You can pronounce blessed as one syllable ("blest") or as two ("bless-id").
When a guy says you are a blessing?
What does blessed with the best mean?
to have something that you feel is special or lucky: I was blessed with good health. Want to learn more?
What is an example of a blessing?
How do you write a blessing?
God bless. I ask God to bless you, to guide you, to keep you safe, to give you peace, to give u joy and love all d time. Take Care. As the dawn breaks into a beautiful sunrise, May God shower u his blessings of love and lead u always to d right path.
How do you respond when someone says Have a blessed day?
Just say thank you, or you too or just smile and walk away and try to have a nice rest of the day. I would just look at them funny and not say anything. Someone just wished what they see as a good thing for you.
What is the biblical definition of blessed?
noun. the act or words of a person who blesses. a special favor, mercy, or benefit: the blessings of liberty. a favor or gift bestowed by God, thereby bringing happiness. … praise; devotion; worship, especially grace said before a meal: The children took turns reciting the blessing.
What God blessed is blessed forever?
Revised Standard Version …according to the flesh, is the Christ. God who is over all be blessed forever. Amen.
How do you bless someone?
At ChurchSmile at everyone.Say hello to visitors.Sit with someone who is by them self (or ask them to sit with you)Pray with someone who needs it.Ask for prayer requests.Offer a listening ear.Exort and encourage.Remeber things: names, prayer requests, favorite things.More items…•Jul 5, 2016
What does the Bible say about blessings?
Is it okay to say Have a blessed day?
Someone saying "have a blessed day" is their way of being nice and wishing you luck, good health, and an overall good day. No one should be offended by an act of kindness like that, even if it is forced and out of obligation like that type of greeting is at most businesses.
What does it mean to have someone's blessing?
A blessing is a prayer asking for God's protection, or a little gift from the heavens. … "I give you my blessing" simply means "It's OK with me." People give their blessings to ideas and actions when they agree with them. Giving a blessing is often the same as giving permission.
What is the difference between blessed and happy?
is that blessed is having divine aid, or protection, or other blessing while happy is experiencing the effect of favourable fortune; having the feeling arising from the consciousness of well-being or of enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, as peace, tranquillity, comfort; contented; joyous.


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Grandparents have always been an important part of children's lives. In fact, many schools celebrated grandparents day on Sept 9th this year. In celebration of grandparents and in keeping with the theme of school success for our September podcast and blog (_URL_), here are a few tips on how grandparents can help children this school year.
- Ask. But ask specifically! Rather than ask how school is going, be specific. Ask children what book they are reading, what their favorite part of the school day is, or what they are studying in a particular subject.
- Praise. Not for their accomplishments but for their EFFORT! Praise them for the long hours they put into their studies. For eating that breakfast that helps their brain or simply for sharing their activities with grandpa and grandma!
- Participate. Visit or volunteer for activities or functions. Be a guest speaker. Or even join the class online blogs and discussion boards.
- Read. Share stories both written and verbal with your grandchild. Write them notes, letters or emails.
- Plan. Encourage your grandchildren to think about their future plans and goals. Let your grandkids know you believe in them and the importance of trying their best.
"If you as a grandparent are raising your grandchildren, remember that it is important to know the child's school and teachers. Get involved in your grandchildren's homework, make school work a priority and stay in contact with the school."
How have grandparents impacted your child's school success?
For more information see the link below on Grandparents and School Success: _URL_
Check out the recorded Parenting Webinar on Helping Children Succeed in School!


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We have the following AddUser method which adds a new record to the database using EF:
 public User AddUser(User user)
 using (var context = DataObjectFactory.CreateContext())
 var userEntity = Mapper.Map(user);
 context.AddObject("UserEntities", userEntity);
 return Mapper.Map(userEntity);
Our User type is like this:
public class User
 public string FirstName { get; set; }
 public string LastName { get; set; }
 public Customer Customer { get; set; }
We have a Customer table and a User table and in User table we have customerid as a foreign key.
In the USER table we have Firstname, Lastname and CustomerId fields, we get the firstname, lastname and customerid (dropdown list of customers) details from the user, create the Customer object with customerid we get from the user and pass all of these to the AddUser method, but what happens is that the User gets inserted into the database and also a new Customer is inserted into the Customer's table (with a new customerid), is there any way of stopping this?
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You need to set the EntityState of the Customer to Unchanged.
Something like
 context.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Unchanged;
 context.ObjectStateManager.ChangeObjectState(userEntity.Customer, EntityState.Unchanged);
(depending on what kind of context you are using)
See _URL_
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text:
The nanosatellite called O/OREOS being worked on. Credit: NASA
Here's a video of the launch of O/OREOS:
"With O/OREOS we can analyse the stability of organics in the local space environment in real-time and test flight hardware that can be used for future payloads to address fundamental astrobiology objectives," said Pascale Ehrenfreund, O/OREOS project scientist at the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, in a NASA press release.
Researchers will be able to make contact with the nanosatellite 12.5 hours after it reaches low Earth orbit. It's mission will last 6 months. During that time the satellite will conduct experiments autonomously and will receive commands from a ground station in California to which it will relay data daily.
O/OREOS will be conducting two experiments. One will characterize the growth, activity of health of microorganisms in a space environment, which includes exposure to radiation and weightlessness. A second experiment will monitor the stability and changes in different organic molecules as they are exposed to these space conditions.
The new nanosatellite adds to NASA's collection of loaf-of-bread-sized spacecraft. Last year the agency launched PharmSat to test antifungal drugs in orbit, and in 2006 it sent GeneSat to space to test how E. coli bacteria behave in space. "Secondary payload nanosatellites, like O/OREOS are an innovative way to extend and enhance scientists' opportunities to conduct research in low Earth orbit by providing an alternative to the International Space Station or space shuttle investigations," said Ehrenfreund.


text:
Inheritance diagram for PSmartPointer:
Public Member Functions
|PSmartPointer (PSmartObject *obj=NULL)|
|PSmartPointer (const PSmartPointer &ptr)|
|PSmartPointer &||operator= (const PSmartPointer &ptr)|
Overrides from class PObject
|virtual Comparison||Compare (const PObject &obj) const|
Pointer access functions
|PBoolean||IsNULL () const|
|PSmartObject *||GetObject () const|
|Object the smart pointer points to. |
A PSmartPointer carries the pointer to a PSmartObject# instance which contains a reference count. Assigning or copying instances of smart pointers will automatically increment and decrement the reference count. When the last instance that references a PSmartObject# instance is destroyed or overwritten, the PSmartObject# is deleted.
A NULL value is possible for a smart pointer. It can be detected via the IsNULL()# function.
|PSmartPointer::PSmartPointer||(||PSmartObject *|| obj =
Create a new smart pointer instance and have it point to the specified PSmartObject# instance.
|obj||Smart object to point to.|
|PSmartPointer::PSmartPointer||(||const PSmartPointer &||ptr||)|
Create a new smart pointer and point it at the data pointed to by the ptr# parameter. The reference count for the object being pointed at is incremented.
|ptr||Smart pointer to make a copy of.|
Destroy the smart pointer and decrement the reference count on the object being pointed to. If there are no more references then the object is deleted.
Determine the relative rank of the pointers. This is identical to determining the relative rank of the integer values represented by the memory pointers.
Reimplemented from PObject.
|PSmartObject* PSmartPointer::GetObject||(||)|| const
Get the current value if the internal smart object pointer.
|PBoolean PSmartPointer::IsNULL||(||)|| const
Determine if the smart pointer has been set to point to an actual object instance.
Assign this pointer to the value specified in the ptr# parameter.
The previous object being pointed to has its reference count decremented as this will no longer point to it. If there are no more references then the object is deleted.
The new object being pointed to after the assignment has its reference count incremented.
|ptr||Smart pointer to assign.|


How to Replace a Belt Tensioner on a 1998 Chevy Cavalier
by Grace Mclain
itstillruns article image
Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images
The belt tensioner on the 1998 Chevy Cavalier is a spring loaded component with a pulley attached to one end. The belt tensioner keeps the proper amount of tension on the belt while the engine is running. The tensioner moves up and down with the movement of the belt as the belt travels around each accessory pulley. Replace the tensioner if the spring inside of the tensioner arm becomes weak or if it breaks.
Step 1
Open the hood on the 1998 Chevy Cavalier and locate the spring loaded belt tensioner. It's on the front passenger side of the engine or in the front center of the engine. Use the bolt head in the middle of the tensioner pulley to loosen the tension off of the belt.
Step 2
Rotate the tensioner pulley clockwise with the ratchet and socket. Then, pull the belt out from under the tensioner pulley. Hang the belt to the front of the engine with a bungee strap to keep it from falling out of the other accessory pulleys.
Step 3
Locate the bolt head that in the center of the spring loaded section of the tensioner. Loosen and remove the bolt with the ratchet and a socket by turning the bolt counter-clockwise. Pull the tensioner straight off of the front of the engine and place it to the side. If the tensioner is stuck, slide a flathead screwdriver behind the tensioner and pry outward until the tensioner comes off of the front of the engine.
Step 4
Position the new tensioner to the front of the engine. Screw the bolt back into the center of the spring loaded arm and tighten down tight with the ratchet and socket.
Step 5
Remove the bungee strap from the belt. Then, turn the new tensioner pulley clockwise to make room for the belt. Slide the belt under the new tensioner pulley and release the tensioner. As the new tensioner retracts it will tighten the belt to the proper tension.
Inspect the belt to make sure it's still seated inside all of the pulleys. Then, crank the engine and let it run for 15 seconds. Watch the tensioner as the engine is running to ensure it's working properly. Turn the engine off and close the hood.
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"Femicide is any form of violence exercised on women on the basis of an alleged male superiority, through both physical and psychological enslavement." This is the definition of a new term coined due to the growing number of acts of violence against the female gender.
But is this number really growing? Statistics confirm this: every two days in Italy a woman is killed by her partner, without taking into account all other types of non-domestic violence. From murder to rape, from stalking to verbal insult, the types of violence are numerous, but they all affect the victim both psychologically and physically.
The age range of executioners and victims vary, but generally the former are between 31 and 50 years old, while the latter, much younger, between 18 and 31. However, femicide is also increasing at the expense of older women, between 71 and 80 years old.
Although the phenomenon is so widespread and above all serious, the sentences received are not equivalent to the crime inflicted.
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Toronto, Canada| _PHONE_|
Posted on: April 16th, 2020
Tell our own story through the Tree of Life—- an experiential reflective exercise.
By Jasmine, SSJD Companion.
 Since the last blog post that I wrote about the tree of life, some readers have asked how the tree of life imagery connects with our own storytelling. In this post, I am hoping to present a reflective exercise as part of answering this question. During the pandemic and uncertainties, it is also a good time to reflect and turn our true self to God. I would like to proceed step-by-step as follows.
You will need:
-Colour pencils
-an instrument/music listening devices (optional)
-a heart of openness
 The tree of life is a metaphor of your life in which the different elements on the tree represents your past, present and future. On a piece of paper, you will draw the image step-by-step, with the colours in your own choice, and by the end you will find your own story in your artwork. You might say "I am not an artist, I can't draw." Remember that the visual component is just for yourself to reflect on and express yourself in a creative way. There is no rush in finishing the work.
 Here we are, as we are, and we start from our roots.
1) Roots and Ground
Write down your background. Where are you from? Is there a culture or a community that deeply influenced you in your growth? Do you have a faith background? What are the values that your family of origin brings to you? What are some nutrients that helped you grow when you were a child? What does your ground look like? Is it sandy or hard or fertile? What helps to ground you?
2) Trunk
What are your values? How would you call yourself?
3) Branches
What are your skills and knowledge? What do you know the best?
4) Leaves and canopy
Who are the people you are connected to? How do you know them? How do they shape your canopy? Are there any fallen leaves? Who are the loved ones who have passed away?
5) Fruit, nuts and/or flowers
What are your dreams and hopes for yourself, loved ones, community, and the world? What are some legacies that your loved ones have brought to you?
6) Animals
Are there any animals dwelling or coming close by to your tree of life? Do you like the companions?
7) Storms
What are some events we are surviving or have survived? Are there any damages to your tree? How have you recovered from the storm? What do the animals do when the storm came? What do they do after the storm?
 When you have finished the drawing and reflection, you may find your own soundtrack to your tree of life. Do you think of a song? Or what kind of sound or tune will best describe your tree?
This exercise aims to help us become aware of our connections and meanings in our life. Finding out who we are can be an incredible source of strength when facing uncertainties. If there are any issues raised up during the process, please do not hesitate to reach out for professional help. I pray and wish you well during this season of staying home!
"He is like a tree planted by streams of water,
which yields its fruit in season
and whose leaf does not wither.
Whatever he does prospers." (Psalm 1:3)


Smažený sýr
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Smažený sýr
Smazeny syr smazeni prvni strana.jpg
Smažený sýr being fried in oil
Alternative names Vyprážaný syr
Place of origin Czech Republic and Slovakia
Main ingredients Cheese, flour, eggs, bread crumbs
Cookbook: Smažený sýr Media: Smažený sýr
Smažený sýr (Czech pronunciation: [ˈsmaʒɛniː ˈsiːr], Slovak: Vyprážaný syr [ˈvipraːʒaniː ˈsir]; literally "fried cheese") is a Czech and Slovak cheese-based dish, widely spread in both countries, thanks to the former state of unification (see Czechoslovakia).
Fried Gruyère/Swiss cheese, served with tartar sauce and side salad.
A slice of cheese (which is usually Edam, but can also be Hermelín (in the Czech Republic), Emmental (in Slovakia) or some other cheese) and about 1.5 cm in thickness, is breaded with flour, egg and bread crumbs and fried either in a pan or in a deep fryer. It is often served with a side salad, potatoes (fries or boiled potatoes), and typically with tartar sauce (or mayonnaise). In Czech fast food outlets, it can be also prepared in the form of a sandwich (i.e., between two slices of bread, usually something similar to a hamburger bun). The usual complement is tartar sauce. The dish may also be prepared with a thin slice of ham sandwiched between two slices of cheese.
See also[edit]


_USER_{Manzini2004Vague, abstract = {We propose a novel approach to modelling time preferences, based on a cognitive shortcoming of human decision makers: the perception of future events becomes increasingly?blurred? as the events are pushed further in time. We axiomatise a class of preference representations which can be specialised to rationalise?anomalies? such as preference reversals and cyclical preferences. We also present an application to a form of time inconsistency which we dub?the now or never fallacy?.}, author = {Paola Manzini and Marco Mariotti}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {D90; C70; A12; 330; time preferences; hyperbolic discounting; preference reversal; cycles; intransitive preferences; Zeitpr\"{a}ferenz; Verhaltens\"{o}konomik; Pr\"{a}ferenztheorie; Zeitkonsistenz; Theorie; now or never fallacy}, language = {eng}, number = {1228}, title = {A Vague Theory of Choice over Time}, type = {IZA Discussion paper series}, url = {_URL_ year = {2004} }


text:
Remember dropping your milk teeth? After a lot of wiggling the tooth finally dropped out. But in your hand was only the enamel-covered crown: the entire root of the tooth had somehow disappeared. In a paper published in Nature, a team of researchers from Uppsala University and the ESRF in France apply synchrotron x-ray tomography to a tiny jawbone of a 424 million year old fossil fish in order to illuminate the origin of this strange system of tooth replacement.
Teeth are subject to a lot of wear and tear, so it makes sense to be able to replace them during the lifetime of the animal. Surprisingly, however, the teeth of the earliest jawed vertebrates were fixed to the jaw bones and could not be shed. Tooth shedding eventually evolved independently on two occasions, using two quite different processes. In sharks and rays, the fibres that anchor the tooth to the skin of the jaw dissolve and the whole tooth simply falls out. In bony fish and land vertebrates, the developing tooth becomes attached directly to the jaw bone by a special tissue known as "bone of attachment", and when it is time for the tooth to be shed this attachment must be severed; specialized cells come in and resorb the dentine and bone of attachment until the tooth comes loose. That's why our milk teeth loose their roots before they are shed. But when did this process evolve?
The authors of the new study decided to investigate a jaw bone of the 424 million year old fossil fish Andreolepis from Gotland in Sweden, close to the common ancestor of all living bony fish and land vertebrates. The jaw is a tiny thing, less than a centimetre in length, but it hides a wonderful secret: the internal microstructure of the bone is perfectly preserved and contains a record of its growth history. Until recently it has only been possible to see internal structures by physically cutting thin sections from the fossil and viewing them under the microscope, but this destroys the specimen and provides only a two-dimensional image that is hard to interpret.
However, at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, it is now possible to make tomographic scans that capture the same level of microscopic detail, in three dimensions, without damaging the specimen. Donglei Chen, first author of the study, has spent several years painstakingly 'dissecting' the scan data on the computer screen, building up a three-dimensional map of the entire sequence of tooth addition and loss - the first time an early fossil dentition has been analyzed in such detail.
"Every time a tooth was shed, the resorption process created a hollow where it had been attached. When the succeeding replacement tooth was cemented in place by bone of attachment, the old resorption surface remained as a faint buried scar within the bone tissue. I found up to four of these buried resorption surfaces under each tooth, stacked on top of each other like plates in a cupboard. This shows that the teeth were replaced again and again during the life of the fish," explains Donglei Chen.
This is the earliest known example of tooth shedding by basal resorption, and it seems to be most similar to the process of tooth replacement seen today in primitive bony fish such as gar (Lepisosteus) and bichir (Polypterus). Like in these fish, new replacement teeth developed alongside the old ones, rather than underneath them like in us.
"The amount of biological information we get from the scans is simply astonishing. We can follow the process of growth and resorption right down to cellular level, almost like in a living animal. As we apply this technique to more early vertebrates, we will come to understand their life processes much better - and no doubt we will be in for some major surprises," says Per Ahlberg, one of the leaders of the project.