text:
How do giraffes sit down?
Giraffes sit down by folding their legs underneath their bodies. Usually they fold their front legs, but they can sit with their back legs folded too.
Giraffes do not sit down for long periods because it is difficult to get up again, which puts them in danger of predators.
Giraffes usually sleep lying down. However, they can sleep standing up.
They sleep for only a few minutes at a time, because they must always be alert to dangers.
In zoos and conservancies, giraffes sleep intermittently for an average of 4.6 hours per day, mostly at night.
Photographer: Martina Nicolls
Martina Nicolls: SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM


text:
Automate your workflows and increase productivity with Quick Connects between OneDrive and PDFMonkey through Appy Pie Connect. Easily set up Quick Connects, such as creating new OneDrive conversations, sending emails in PDFMonkey, creating new tasks in OneDrive, and posting messages in PDFMonkey. By automating these tasks, you can save time and focus on more important work. Sign up for Appy Pie Connect and follow the step-by-step instructions to set up your first integration.
Connect your favorite apps and automate your workflows with just a few clicks.
Find Document in PDFMonkey when New Folder is created in OneDrive
Generate Document in PDFMonkey when New Folder is created in OneDrive
Find Document in PDFMonkey when New File is created in OneDrive
Generate Document in PDFMonkey when New File is created in OneDrive
Create Folder from OneDrive from Document Generated to PDFMonkey
Create New Text File from OneDrive from Document Generated to PDFMonkey
Upload File in OneDrive when Document Generated is added to PDFMonkey
Quick connects" refer to the integration of two or more applications to automate and streamline workflows. By connecting different applications, users can share data between them and automate repetitive tasks. This results in improved efficiency and productivity.
For example, integrating OneDrive and PDFMonkey allows users to seamlessly transfer data between the two applications and automate workflows. This saves time and reduces the risk of errors that can occur with manual data entry. Users can set up triggers and actions to automatically perform certain tasks based on changes made in one application or the other.
Quick connects can be beneficial for many different types of applications, including project management tools, CRMs, marketing automation software, accounting software, and more. By connecting these applications, users can achieve greater visibility into their data and streamline their workflows.
Appy Pie Connect is an application that connects your business apps to automate your workflows, improve accuracy, and enhance security. Here are the benefits of connecting apps using Appy Pie Connect:
Here are some examples of how you can use Appy Pie Connect to connect different apps:
To connect OneDrive and PDFMonkey using Appy Pie Connect, you will need to follow these steps:
Here are some additional details about the steps involved in connecting OneDrive and PDFMonkey using Appy Pie Connect:
To create an account, you will need to provide your name, email address, and password. You will also need to select a plan. Appy Pie Connect offers a free plan that allows you to connect up to two apps.
To select the apps, you will need to enter the name of the app in the search bar. Once you have found the app, you will need to click on the "Connect" button.
The instructions will vary depending on the apps that you are connecting. However, in general, you will need to provide the app's API key and secret.
To access the data, you will need to go to the "Apps" tab in Appy Pie Connect. Once you are in the "Apps" tab, you will see a list of all of the apps that you have connected. You can then click on the name of the app to view its data.
Here are Some Examples of how to Use Different Apps Together:
These are just a few examples of how you can use different apps together to improve your business processes and workflows. With the help of Appy Pie Connect, you can easily integrate different apps and automate tasks, saving time and increasing efficiency.
Here are Some Examples of Use Cases for Integrating OneDrive and PDFMonkey:
These are just a few examples of use cases for integrating OneDrive and PDFMonkey. With some creativity, you can find many other ways to use the integration to improve productivity, efficiency, and collaboration.
Integrating different apps can greatly enhance productivity and efficiency. By connecting OneDrive and PDFMonkey, you can create quick connects that help you streamline your workflows and automate tedious tasks. With the help of Appy Pie Connect, you can easily set up these quick connects and start enjoying the benefits of improved accuracy, enhanced security, and increased efficiency. Whether you're a small business owner or a busy professional, integrating OneDrive and PDFMonkey can help you get more done in less time and stay organized. So why wait? Start exploring the possibilities of integrating OneDrive and PDFMonkey today!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The monument that sits atop the hill where West Broad St. forks and becomes South Broad St., and Pequot Trail is a moument that Pawcatuck is really very proud of. Not many people realize it, but the monument has quite an interesting history!
After the first World War had ended, the people of Pawcatuck had been debating back and fourth whether to erect a monument to remember the men of Pawcatuck that served in the war. There was even a book (Pawcatuck in Olden Times written by Elias Hinkley in 1926) promoting the idea of "a monument made of lasting granite". From what the reader gathers, the book really promoted the idea of honoring the men who served in the war and constructing the monument.
Well, on Veteran's Day (Nov. 12th) 1927, roughly nine years after the war had ended, the monument was dedicated. The ceremony drew quite a crowd.
The monument had been constructed entirely of Westerly granite, cost about $15,000 to build and was designed by Louis Whitehouse. The speakers that day included Lieutenant Governer Edwin Brainard, former principal of Bulkeley School in New London Walter Towne, Town (Stonington) Prosecuter George McKenna, Commander Michael McCarthy of the local (Pawcatuck) V.F.W. Students from West Broad St. School took part in the ceremony. The unvailing of the monument that beared all the names of every Pawcatuck man who served in the war was done to Alfred Ozanne Jr., who never got to meet his father, since he died in the conflict.
Unfortunatly, the monument was victim of vandalism on several occasions. The of the first and most significant was the most famous was when someone broke the bayonette off the gun carried by the doughboy. Nobody ever figured out who committed this crime.
The next incident occured in November of 1949 when vandals covered the monument with lipstick, which was eventually removed.
Today, the Pawcatuck World War Memorial property is owned by the Pawcatuck Fire District. Thankfully, a landscaping crew is hired to maintain the grounds surronding the monument. It is clearly evident that they take much pride in keeping up with the grounds.
Well, now you know a little bit more about the monument that honors all the brave men who fought for us from Pawcatuck, hopefully the next time you drive by, you will realize how important this memorial is, and that the little things in Pawcatuck are what make our small town so unique and great!
Thank you to: the Nov. 27th, 1949 edition of the Bridgeport Sunday Herald
the Nov. 12th, 1927 edition of the Providence News

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Brown honeyeater
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Lichmera indistincta)
Jump to: navigation, search
Brown honeyeater
Brown Honeyeater kobble sep05.jpg
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Meliphagidae
Genus: Lichmera
Species: L. indistincta
Binomial name
Lichmera indistincta
Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
 - Meliphaga indistincta Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
 - Gliciphila indistincta Gadow, 1884
The brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta) belongs to the honeyeaters, a group of birds found mainly in Australia and New Guinea which have highly developed brush-tipped tongues adapted for nectar feeding. It is a medium-small brownish bird, with yellow-olive panels in the tail and wing and a yellow tuft behind the eye.
Widespread across western, northern and eastern Australia, the brown honeyeater occupies a range of habitats from mangroves to eucalypt woodlands. It is seasonally nomadic within its local area, following flowering food plants. While it usually forages alone, it also feeds in small groups, or flocks of mixed honeyeater species. Nectar and insects form its diet. It occupies the same breeding territory each year, and lays two or three eggs in a cup-shaped nest woven from grass and soft bark. Both sexes contribute to nest building and feeding the young. It has a loud, clear, musical song, described as the best of all the honeyeaters.
While the brown honeyeater is declining in some areas such as the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, overall its population levels and distribution are sufficient to have it described by the IUCN as being of least concern for conservation.
The brown honeyeater was originally described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827 as Meliphaga indistincta. The species name indistincta is from the Latin word meaning "obscure". Vigors and Horsfield were working from the bird collection of the Linnean Society in London, and they said of the brown honeyeater specimen, "It is however in very bad condition, and scarcely admits of a description."[2] Later included in the "catch-all" genus Gliciphila,[3] the brown honeyeater is now classified as a member of the genus Lichmera, from the Greek word meaning "to lick" or "to dart the tongue",[4] following Schodde (1975), Sibley and Monroe (1990) and Christidis and Boles (1994).[3] As well as the nominate race Lichmera indistincta indistincta, a number of other sub-species are recognised: ocularis (derived from the Medieval Latin word "oculus" meaning eye), melvillensis (named for Melville Island where it is found), limbatus (from the Latin for "fringed") and nupta (from the Latin "nubere" meaning to marry, or be married to).[4] The Indonesian honeyeater Lichmera limbata is treated as a sub-species of L. indistincta by some taxonomic authorities.[4]
A plain grey-brown bird with dull yellow on the wings and tail
Brown honeyeater in a coral tree
The brown honeyeater is a medium-small, plain grey-brown honeyeater with a body length of 12–16 centimetres (4.7–6.3 in), a wingspan of 18–23 centimetres (7.1–9.1 in), and an average weight of 9–11 grams (0.32–0.39 oz).[4] The female is slightly smaller than the male, but the sexes differ only slightly in appearance. The head, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are brown, and the wings a darker brown. The only distinguishing features are a small yellow patch behind the eye, which is indistinct in some birds, and dull yellow-olive panels in the folded wings and tail.[6] The brown honeyeater's sexual dimorphism is slight. The adult male has a dark brownish-grey forehead and crown, contrasting with a brownish nape. The forehead and crown of the adult female is a similar olive-brown to the rest of the upper body. A juvenile bird is similar to the female, but may lack or show only a trace of the yellow tuft behind the eye. The bill is black, and is long, slender and curved slightly downwards, well adapted for probing deep tubular flowers.[7] The gape in the male is black when breeding, and pale yellow at other times. The gape of the female is always pale yellow, and in the juvenile bright yellow and swollen. The iris is brown, and the feet and legs grey-black.[4]
The appearance of the various subspecies is uniform, with other races similar in size and plumage to the nominate race with slight variations in degrees of colouration and small differences in the length of the bill and the tail.[4] Compared with L. i. indistincta, the male L. i. occularis has slightly darker feathers on the top of the head with a greater contrast between crown and nape, and a longer bill. L. i. melvillensis has a moderately darker throat and breast than indistincta, and the female has a shorter tail. In L. i. nupta the differences between the sexes are even slighter than in the nominate race.[4]
The nondescript brown honeyeater has a noteworthy song, usually described in superlatives.[4] "A glorious voice, easily the best songster among Australian honeyeaters," is how one study of West Australian birds noted.[8] "As a singer it has no superior among the honeyeater family, or for that matter, among Australian birds," said another report.[6] It has a clear, rolling, musical call,[9] rendered as sweet-sweet-quarty-quarty,[10] which is very loud for the size of the bird. Both sexes call, usually early in the morning, though the male calls throughout the day during the breeding season.[4] The alarm call is a harsh ke-ke given several times at short intervals.[10]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The brown honeyeater is found in a wide range of wooded habitats, and is widespread across Australia.[9] The nominate race ranges across a broad band from Newcastle on the New South Wales coast north and west to Queensland and the Top End to south-western Western Australia. It is rarely seen in Sydney, where populations have declined since the late 1950s, though it is being recorded in suitable habitats such as Homebush Bay and Kurnell in small numbers, and is a vagrant to the Illawarra region. It is rare in South Australia, and not present in Victoria and Tasmania.[9] Population densities range from 2.3 birds per 1 hectare (2.5 acres) in the Kakadu National Park, to 0.26 birds per hectare in Wellard in Western Australia.[4]
L. i. ocularis is found in New Guinea, the Torres Strait Islands, and Cape York intergrading with the nominate race along the Gulf of Carpentaria river system. L. i. melvillensis inhabits the Tiwi Islands, while L. i. limbata is found in Bali and the Lesser Sundas, and L. i. nupta on the Aru Islands.[4]
The brown honeyeater is seasonally nomadic across its local area in response to flowering food plants.[9] For example, there are marked increases in numbers in Toowoomba in south-east Queensland during winter, and in the Northern Territory the range contracts during the dry season.[4] It is commonly found among mangroves in coastal areas including black mangroves (Rhizophora mucronata). It is often in woodlands that merge into the mangroves, such as those dominated by Banksia, Melaleuca or Callistemon, and widespread in sclerophyll forests and eucalypt woodlands. In the arid and semi-arid inland of Australia it is most often recorded in Acacia, Grevillea and Hakea shrubland along watercourses, and at bores, springs and drainage lines. It visits flowering shrubs in parks and gardens, and occurs in remnant patches of trees on travelling stock routes.[4]
A busy, acrobatic bird, the brown honeyeater is frequently on the wing, hovering over flowers and pursuing insects in flight.[7]
Brown honeyeater catching insects in the air
Insects are caught in flight.
The brown honeyeater feeds mainly in the foliage and flowers in the canopy of trees and shrubs, though it does use all levels of the habitat including the ground. It feeds singly and in pairs, but will gather in small groups or in mixed-species feeding flocks with other honeyeaters, such as banded, yellow-tinted, black-chinned and rufous-throated. Observations of foraging birds record the brown honeyeater feeding primarily on nectar, and taking


text:
Optimizing Sandbox PerformanceWhy Combining Static with Dynamic Analysis Advances Detection and Response
As sophisticated malware continues to evade existing detection tools and processes, security teams must adopt new technologies and use them to deploy new detection, hunt, and response capabilities. Security teams looking to improve threat intelligence, hunting, analysis, and rapid response capabilities should evaluate formalizing a malware lab with static and dynamic analysis combined.
This whitepaper will cover:
- The current state of dynamic analysis sandbox environments
- The next generation of static analysis
- How automated static analysis works
- Optimizing dynamic analysis with static analysis


text:
Religious diversity in European prisons : challenges and implications for rehabilitation
Title: Religious diversity in European prisons : challenges and implications for rehabilitation
Citation: Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015
ISBN: 9783319167770; 9783319167787
This book examines how prisons meet challenges of religious diversity, in an era of increasing multiculturalism and globalization. Social scientists studying corrections have noted the important role that religious or spiritual practice can have on rehabilitation, particularly for inmates with coping with stress, mental health and substance abuse issues. In the past, the historical figure of the prison chaplain operated primarily in a Christian context, following primarily a Christian model. Increasingly, prison populations (inmates as well as employees) display diversity in their ethnic, cultural, religious and geographic backgrounds. As public institutions, prisons are compelled to uphold the human rights of their inmates, including religious freedom. Prisons face challenges in approaching religious plurality and secularism, and maintaining prisoners' legal rights to religious freedom. The contributions to this work present case studies that examine how prisons throughout Europe have approached challenges of religious diversity. Featuring contributions from the UK, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Belgium and Spain, this interdisciplinary volume includes contributions from social and political scientists, religion scholars and philosophers examining the role of religion and religious diversity in prison rehabilitation. It will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Social and Political Science, Human Rights, Public Policy, and Religious Studies.


Equine Skeletal System
As you admire a horse, you take in his physique, his muscle tone, and the sheen of his coat. But underlying these essential outer parts is the structure that forms the scaffold to which all soft tissues attach: the equine skeleton.
The skeletal system is made of many interconnected tissues: bone, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments. The length of the bones and the angles at which they come together dictate a horse's conformation, way of going, stride length, and potential power as an athlete.
This free report provides a detailed overview and illustrations of the skeletal system of the horse.
Free Newsletters
Sign up for the latest in:
From our partners


text:
. Precision is especially important in applications with high pressures or specialized fluid media. Obtaining precise measurements can be accomplished through the use of specialized tools such as calipers, micrometers, and ultrasonic thickness gauges. By taking accurate measurements, distributors can ensure that they protect their customers from potential safety or maintenance issues, satisfy compliance regulations, and meet the required industry standards. Ultimately, accurate measurements are a critical aspect of ensuring that butterfly valves function efficiently and effectively in their intended applications.
Tips for troubleshooting installation issues
If you encounter installation issues with a butterfly valve, several tips can help you troubleshoot the problem. Firstly, review the manufacturer's installation instructions and ensure you've followed each step correctly. Secondly, check that the valve is compatible with the existing pipeline in terms of size, pressure, and fluid properties. Thirdly, inspect the valve's shaft, disc, and seal to ensure there is no damage or deterioration. Fourthly, check for proper alignment and ensure that the valve and flanges are tight according to the manufacturer's recommended torque specifications. Fifthly, ensure that there are proper gaskets and seals installed, and they are correctly positioned. Lastly, verify the valve's position and ensure the flow direction matches the arrow on the valve body. Troubleshooting installation issues can be time-consuming; however, following these tips can help identify and solve the problem promptly, so butterfly valves function as designed, avoiding expensive downtime or maintenance costs.
Other valve considerations
In addition to selecting the correct butterfly valve size, dimensions, and installation procedures, there are other important considerations to the valve's operation. These include the valve's operating temperature range, fluid compatibility, and the valve's intended use. Butterfly valves must operate within a specific temperature range to prevent damage to the valve components or potential safety hazards. Variations in fluid properties and compatibility can lead to corrosion, erosion, or valve damage, affecting valve performance. Knowing the fluid's viscosity, density, and other properties such as flow rate and pressure is crucial in selecting the appropriate butterfly valve. Lastly, understanding the application's needs and the purpose of the valve can help in making the right choice of butterfly valve. By considering all these factors, distributors can offer their customers the best butterfly valve options to meet their specific needs, resulting in optimal performance and preventing potential hazards that may require repairs or replacements.
Differences between butterfly valves and other valve types
Butterfly valves differ from other valve types in several ways. Unlike ball valves, the flow control element in a butterfly valve rotates around a central axis instead of floating or resting on a seat. In contrast, gate valves use a linear motion to open and close, while globe valves use a reciprocating plug or disk. Butterfly valves are generally more compact than globe or gate valves due to their reduced number of parts and simpler design, allowing them to fit into tighter spaces. Another difference is that butterfly valves are usually less expensive and lighter than globe or gate valves, making them a popular choice for large applications with several valves needed. However, gate valves are better suited for applications with high pressure and high-temperature operations, while globe valves offer more precise throttling capabilities. Each of these valve types has its benefits and drawbacks, and selecting the right valve type is crucial for optimal performance and safety in a specific application.
Additional factors for selecting butterfly valves
In addition to the standard dimensions, compatibility, and installation procedures, other factors should also be considered when selecting butterfly valves. One of the most critical factors is the pressure range in which the valve will be operating. It's important to select a valve that can handle the required pressure range for the application without compromising the valve's integrity or posing potential safety hazards. The type of fluid medium must also be taken into account, including the temperature range, corrosiveness, and viscosity, among others. Environmental factors such as vibrations, shocks, and exposure to chemicals, for example, should also be considered when choosing the most suitable butterfly valve for a specific application. Finally, the system's flow rates and expected flow characteristics must also be taken into account to ensure that the valve will be able to handle the required flow rates and perform optimally in the particular application. Considering all these factors will lead to choosing the best butterfly valve for a given application, thus ensuring optimal performance and preventing subsequent problems that may require repairs or replacements.
Conclusion butterfly valve face to face dimensions
In conclusion, the standard butterfly valve face-to-face dimensions are an essential consideration when selecting, installing, and maintaining butterfly valves in pipeline systems. The dimensions ensure compatibility with the existing pipeline system and contribute to efficient fluid flow and optimal performance. It's essential to select the right dimension and size depending on the pipeline diameter to minimize potential safety hazards, avoid inefficiencies in flow regulation, and reduce any maintenance and repair costs that may arise from using incorrect dimensions.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have set standards for the dimensions of butterfly valves, face-to-face dimensions, and flange types. Understanding these standards helps to ensure that the butterfly valves used in a particular application meet the required industry requirements and achieve optimal performance reliability.
When selecting butterfly valves for your pipeline system, consider factors like the fluid medium, operating temperature, pressure range, flow rate, and characterization of the surrounding environment. Selecting the right butterfly valve requires a good understanding of the valve's application needs, and proper installation practices must be followed to ensure optimal performance.
In conclusion, butterfly valves provide an efficient and cost-effective means of regulating fluid flow in pipeline systems. The standard face-to-face dimensions ensure that the valve is compatible with the existing pipeline, allowing for efficient performance and longevity. With the right valve selection, installation procedures, and regular maintenance, distributors can ensure that they offer their customers quality products that meet the required standards for optimal performance and longevity.
Recap of key points butterfly valve face to face dimensions
Recapping the key points regarding standard butterfly valve face-to-face dimensions, selecting the right dimension and size is crucial during installation. Proper sizing and selection ensure compatibility with the existing pipeline and promote efficient fluid flow, preventing operational inefficiencies, maintenance needs, and costly downtime. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have set dimensions for butterfly valves, face-to-face dimensions, and flange types to meet industry requirements. Understanding other considerations such as pressure range, fluid compatibility, and valve's intended use are also essential. Therefore, selecting the right butterfly valve requires a good understanding of the valve's application needs, and following proper installation procedures and regular maintenance practices, ensure optimal performance and longevity of the valve system.
Importance of utilizing standard butterfly valve dimensions
Utilizing standard butterfly valve dimensions is essential when selecting and installing butterfly valves in pipelines. Standards set by organizations such as ANSI and ISO ensure compatibility of the valve with the pipeline system, allowing for optimal performance and efficient fluid flow. By adhering to the standard dimensions, distributors can offer their customers quality products that meet industry requirements and perform reliably in their intended applications. Standard dimensions also ensure that replacement pneumatic valves can be easily sourced and installed in the case of repairs or replacements. Adhering to standard dimensions avoids unnecessary costs that may result from using incorrect dimensions, promotes safety, increases productivity, and extends the lifespan of the valve system.
Final thoughts on proper installation and maintenance.
Proper installation and maintenance play a crucial role in achieving optimal performance and prolonging the lifespan of butterfly valves. Installing butterfly valves correctly not only ensures efficient fluid flow but also reduces the risks of potential hazards, such as leaks or valve failure. Following recommended installation procedures, such as confirming compatibility with existing pipelines, obtaining accurate measurements, and aligning the valve correctly, minimizes the need for subsequent maintenance or repairs. Regular maintenance of butterfly valves also ensures that they are operating efficiently and within the required specifications. Maintenance practices such as inspecting the valve components for damage, proper lubrication, and cleaning can prevent equipment failure, extending the valve's lifespan and minimizing the potential for downtime. In conclusion, proper installation, and regular maintenance practices are necessary to ensure the longevity, efficiency, and reliable operation of butterfly valves in their intended applications.


Home Page
Acts of Kindness Launch Day
We spent the day thinking about how and why we should be kind. We wrote a timetable of our day so that we could spot opportunities to be kind. We heard several stories about kindness and considered their messages.
Before lunchtime, we went out with chalk to write positive messages on the playground for others to read.
In the afternoon, we made pin wheels with inspirational words and pictures. We were also given a kindness mission...


Channels ▼
Open Source
What's New in Rails 2.x
Deepak is a Sun Certified Java 1.4 Programmer and Sun Certified Web Component Developer for J2EE.
Rails is an open-source framework for developing web applications. Release 2.0, a major update to the Rails framework, was made available in December 2007 and includes a load of new features and fixes. More recently this was followed by Rails 2.1 (available for download here). In this article, I examine some of the major new features in Rails 2.x.
To install Rails 2.x, simply run the following command:
gem install rails -y
The output from the command (Figure 1)shows that the most recent version, Rails 2.1, has been installed. The rails 2.1.0, activesupport-2.1.0, activerecord-2.1.0, actionpack-2.1.0, actionmailer-2.1.0, and activeresource-2.1.0 gems get installed.
[Click image to view at full size]
Figure 1: Installing Rails.
Rails Web Services
RESTful web services have additional support, while the ActionWebService gem has been removed from the default package. ActiveResource gem has been added to the default bundle. In Rails 2.0 RESTful routes use a new custom delimiter. For example, a custom action route is defined as follows:
map.resources :catalog, :collection => { :entry => :get }
Before Rails 2.0, the resulting route uses a semicolon (;) to delimit the custom action:
GET /catalog;entry
In Rails 2.1 you use the standard forward slash (/):
GET /catalog/entry
In Rails 2.1, nested REST resources have been replaced with has_one and has_many to define resource associations. For example, associations between resources using the nested resources is defined as follows in config/routes.rb:
map.resources :catalogs do |catalogs|
 posts.resource :journal
 posts.resource :edition
 posts.resources :entries
In the example, the catalogs resource is mapped to journal, edition, and entries resources. Using has_one and has_many, the associations between resources may be defined as follows:
map.resources :catalogs, :has_one => [:author,:edition],:has_many => [:entries]
Named prefixes in nested resources is no longer required in Rails 2.0. Previously you had to specify a named prefix using the name_prefix option as follows:
map.resources :catalogs do |catalogs|
 catalogs.resources :entries, :name_prefix => "catalog_"
In Rails 2.0 named prefix is implicit. For example, the following nested resource provides a helper method catalog_entries_url(catalog_id):
map.resources :catalogs do |catalogs|
 catalogs.resources :entries
If you don't want the named prefix to be implicit set name_prefix to nil explicitly.
map.resources :catalogs do |catalogs|
 catalogs.resources :entries, :name_prefix => nil
In Rails 2.0 the namespace feature (map.namespace) has been added to the routing resources. Using the namespace feature, an admin interface may be defined like this:
map.namespace(:admin) do |admin|
 admin.resources :journals,
 :collection => { :catalog => :get },
 :member => { :duplicate => :post },
 :has_many => [ :articles, :images ]
The admin interface generates the admin_journals_url, which points to "admin/journals" and looks for the Admin::JournalsController. Corresponding to the has_many relationship the admin_journal_articles_url, which points to "admin/journals/#{journal_id}/articles" and looks for Admin::ArticlesController, is also created. The "rake routes" task has been added to list all the named routes. A new feature in ActiveResource is that the ability to invoke custom methods has been added. Consider a REST web service that has the standard CRUD-based actions for a Employee class including a custom element method promoted and a custom collection method sorted. The ActiveResource class Employee is defined as follows:
class Employee < ActiveResource::Base = ""
The custom methods are invoked using one of GET, POST, PUT, or DELETE. For a collection custom method the get/post/put/delete is invoked on the class and for a element custom method the get/post/put/delete is invoked on an instance of the class. You would invoke the collection custom method sorted with the following URI:
GET /employees/sorted.xml?by=first_name
In the ActiveResource, the collection method sorted is invoked this way:
employees = Employee.get(:sorted, :by => 'first_name')
The custom collection method sorted is specified as the first argument to the get method. Similarly the custom element method promoted is invoked with the following URI:
PUT /employees/1/promoted.xml?position=Manager
In the ActiveResource the custom element method promoted is invoked by specifying the method as the first argument to the put method:
steve = Employee.find(1)
steve.put(:promoted, :position => 'Manager')
The ActiveResource find method supports a new option called :from for a custom method or a resource. The first argument to the find method specifies a resource id or the scope (:all, :first, :one). For example, all the recent catalog entries can be found as follows:
Catalog.find(:all, :from => :recent)
ActiveResource also supports custom headers using the headers option. In the following example, every request from Catalog would include the specified header:
class Catalog < ActiveResource::Base
 headers['X-MyHeader'] ='steve'
Related Reading
More Insights
Currently we allow the following HTML tags in comments:
Single tags
 Defines a single line break
 Defines a horizontal line
Matching tags
 Defines an anchor
 Defines bold text
 Defines big text
 Defines a long quotation
 Defines a table caption
 Defines a citation
 Defines computer code text
 Defines emphasized text
 Defines a border around elements in a form
 This is heading 1
 This is heading 2
 This is heading 3
 This is heading 4
 This is heading 5
 This is heading 6
 Defines italic text
 Defines a paragraph
 Defines preformatted text
 Defines a short quotation
 Defines sample computer code text
 Defines small text
 Defines a section in a document
 Defines strikethrough text
 Defines strikethrough text
 Defines strong text
 Defines subscripted text
 Defines superscripted text
 Defines underlined text


text:
D.W.'s Guide to Perfect Manners
No summary available.
Do unto Otters: (A Book about Manners)
Mr. Rabbit wonders if he will be able to get along with his new neighbors, who are otters, until he is reminded of the golden rule.
Will Sheila Share?
Nana helps teach her toddler granddaughter to share.
Emily's Sharing and Caring Book
A picture book for toddlers about the importance of sharing and caring.
Time to Say "Please"!
Narrated by a group of friendly mice, an amusing book provides preschoolers with an introduction to manners through helpful demonstrations of when certain words and phrases, such as "excuse me" and "please," are used in social situations.


Send to printer »
Insight & Intelligence™ : Oct 8, 2009
The Underappreciated Cost-Saving Potential of Personalized Medicine in Health Reform Debate
The current draft includes comparative effectiveness research but does not provide nearly as much funding as is needed for CER.
 - Harry Glorikian
From the headlines over the past few months, it appears that Washington is overlooking the value of personalized medicine in reducing healthcare costs. This is quite unfortunate, as the potential for savings is significant. Here are three examples of cost-saving diagnostics and some thoughts on how personalized medicine relates to health reform legislation under consideration, and what it may mean for stakeholders.
Genomic Health's Oncotype Dx is a test with compelling cost-saving potential. It is used to predict chemotherapy benefit for patients who have node-negative, estrogen receptor positive (node-, ER+) breast cancer. By averting unnecessary chemotherapy, the test has been shown to save about $2,000 per patient. Extending this cost savings to the roughly 100,000 new cases of node-, ER+ breast cancer in the U.S. each year, this test could save the U.S. healthcare system up to approximately $200 million a year or about $2 billion over the 10-year time horizon under legislative consideration.
Another test frequently mentioned for its cost-saving potential is XDx' Allomap. This noninvasive test is used instead of biopsies in the management of heart transplant patients after surgery. The total potential cost savings is estimated at roughly $20 million per year (about $12 million for payors as well as approximately $8 million for hospitals and transplant centers). Over the 10-year time frame being considered by legislators, the test could lead to savings of about $200 million.
These examples of cost-effective diagnostics are but a prelude to an era of cost-effective personalized medicine. The real potential is in better targeting expensive drugs to those who will benefit from them, thereby both cutting wasteful expenditure and decreasing adverse events associated with treating nonresponders.
For example, Genentech/Roche's Avastin costs $50–$100,000 per year of treatment but works in fewer than 50% of patients. Given that Avastin may generate $12 billion in peak sales, this low rate of efficacy translates into billions of dollars in misdirected healthcare spending. A test for Avastin response, such as that in discovery by BG Medicine, could save the system as much as $6 billion per year if all nonresponders could be removed from the treatment pool. Assuming that a test of this sort is introduced at the beginning of 2013 and is 100% adopted, cumulative savings of $40 billion could be realized by 2019.
This scenario, in which a drug with high sales but low efficacy is targeted by diagnostics companies, may become a pattern in the near future, multiplying cost savings.
Healthcare Reform
The federal government has a clear interest in personalized medicine. A recent report entitled "Paving the Way for Personalized Medicine" by Michael Rugnetta and Whitney Kramer, both from the Center for American Progress, nicely summarizes the involvement of various government entities in personalized medicine. The report describes programs in the FDA, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), NIH, CDC, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), American Medical Association (AMA), and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
Further, President Obama is no stranger to personalized medicine; in 2007, then-Senator Obama sponsored the Genomics and Personalized Medicine Acts of 2007 and 2008, which sought, in part, to unify the federal government's personalized medicine efforts.
Scientia, however, has been able to identify only one significant piece of health reform legislation that promotes the role of personalized medicine. The draft released September 22 by the Senate Finance Committee incorporates the Senate comparative effectiveness research (CER) bill, known as the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Act of 2009 (S. 1213), which seeks to establish a private, not-for-profit entity known as the Patient-Centered Outcomes Institute (PCOI). Through the PCOI's activities, the bill promotes personalized medicine in three ways.
First, CER conducted by the PCOI will use methods including "primary research such as randomized clinical trials, molecularly informed trials, and observational studies." Second, CER will "be designed as appropriate to take into account the potential for differences in the effectiveness of healthcare treatments, services, and items as used with various subpopulations, such as…groups of individuals with different co-morbidities, genetic and molecular subtypes, or quality-of-life preferences." Third, "members appointed to the methodology committee shall be experts in their scientific field such as health services research, clinical research, comparative effectiveness research, biostatistics, genomics, and research methodologies."
Taken together these provisions give personalized medicine a home in the context of comparative effectiveness research.
While these provisions hold promise for the future of personalized medicine, a material impact is far from certain. With proposed government funding for the PCOI ranging from a mere $10 million to $150 million each year, the institute may not have the fire power to be a significant driver of personalized medicine.
What is more, the provisions mentioned must survive the Senate Finance Committee, the Senate floor, a compromise with the House of Representatives, as well as the President's veto pen to become law. Finally, for the potential cost savings to materialize, the PCOI must execute on the vision it is charged with realizing.
Too Soon to Tell Whether Reform Will Bolster Personalized Medicine
With personalized medicine, the question has never been "if" but rather "when." Personalized medicine, particularly diagnostics that allow better use of drugs, will decrease costs and improve outcomes in a material fashion in the coming decade, creating a number of opportunities and threats for each stakeholder to carefully assess.
The key question is whether government action, particularly health reform, will accelerate this trend, thus magnifying the urgency of this strategic calculus. Given the uncertainties summarized above, we conclude that it is still too soon to tell. That said, it is clear that forces in both the private and public sectors are aligning around a future in which healthcare markets are segmented by molecular subtypes, and stakeholders should not allow themselves to be caught flat-footed.


text:
And other important commentary
The Reign of Terror
The period from June 1793 to July 1794 in France is known as the Reign of Terror or simply "the Terror". The upheaval following the overthrow of the monarchy, fear of invasion by foreign monarchist powers and fear of counterrevolution from pro-monarchy parties within France all combined to throw the nation into chaos and the government into frenzied paranoia...
The Guillotine Outside of France
Just as there were guillotine-like devices in countries other than France before 1792, likewise some countries, especially in Europe, have continued to use this method of execution into modern times.
A notable example is Germany, where the guillotine is known in German as Fallbeil ("falling axe"). It has been used in various German states since the 17th century, becoming the usual method of execution in Napoleonic times in many parts of Germany...
From its first use, there has been debate as to whether the guillotine always provided as swift a death as Dr Guillotin hoped. With previous methods of execution, there was little concern about the suffering inflicted. But where the guillotine was invented specifically to be "humane", the issue was seriously considered. Furthermore, there is the possibility that the very swiftness of the guillotine only prolonged the victim's suffering..


NPR logo In Washington, Leaking As A Way Of Life
In Washington, Leaking As A Way Of Life
toggle caption
Charles Tasnadi/AP
Charles Tasnadi/AP
Anatoly Liberman, an etymologist at the University of Minnesota, says the word "leak" probably comes from the notion of dryness — not wetness.
"Several things can be said about leak. First, all over Europe we have l-k words designating wetness — lake is only one of them. How these words came about and whether leak belongs to this group is anybody's guess. Second, leak is rather obviously connected with words meaning crack in German, Scandinavian and elsewhere. So perhaps the story began with losing water rather than with having or producing it. If so, leak may be related to lack."
The word is a borrowing from Dutch, Low or northern German, or Scandinavian and surfaced only in 15th century late Middle English.
Linton Weeks
A Brief Look At Leaks
Leakers Among Us
Leaks can come from many sources, including:
Leaks of sensitive information can be inadvertent or on purpose.
Lessons In Leaking
"For better or for worse, Washington journalism would grind to a halt without leaks," Tom Rosenstiel, director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, told NPR's Lynn Neary in a 2003 radio interview. "A leak, however, is a broad spectrum of things, and it's not necessarily someone calling you up out of the blue saying, 'Joe, I am about to leak to you.' Very often, it's Lynn picking up the phone, talking to somebody she talks to all the time, and the person leaks something out even without realizing it. You've put two and two together, and you're onto another story."
How do journalists decide whether or not to trust a leak? Neary asked Rosenstiel. How do they know when it's not being planted?
"Just because you are being used by a source doesn't mean that that story is not in the public interest and it might not be worth telling, even though you are serving the purposes of somebody in the administration," Rosenstiel said. "The journalist has to decide: A, what is the public value of this information; B, what ax does the source have to grind and how direct is their information — how accurate is their information? And then C, we have a responsibility, which we often don't meet, of then sharing as much of that with the reader or the viewer as we can."
Linton Weeks


text:
AAPG Annual Meeting, March 2002, Houston, Texas
3-D Visualization and Fault-Slip Analysis of Physical Models of Normal-Fault Relays above Evaporites
Joël H. Le Calvez, Bruno C. Vendeville, and Michael R. Hudec
We used physical modeling to investigate the 3-D geometry of relay structures linking two parallel but laterally offset grabens detaching above viscous evaporites. In each model, two offset grabens nucleated on two small initial ridges located on top of the source layer. During extension faults could freely propagate along strike and overlap in the relay zone, and fault blocks could freely rotate. In addition to overhead photographs and serial cross sections, we used a quantitative fault-displacement analysis (Allan maps and fault-throw profiles) on most models, and a visualization computer model was generated from one experiment in order for us to better understand the 3-D geometry of strata and fault planes.
We varied the amount of initial offset and underlap between the two trigger ridges. Large offsets led to broad relay zones in which the traces of graben-bounding faults progressively curved toward one another. Smaller initial offsets led to abrupt transitions, where bounding faults from both grabens intersected one another, forming hourglass structures. Even where the trigger ridges initially underlapped, fault propagated along strike and thereby overlapped before they started curving toward one another. Initially overlapping trigger ridges caused relay zones to be longer along strike.
Along strike, fault throw and associated reactive diapiric rise decreased progressively toward the relay zone, whereas strata dipped gently away from the relay zone. Although most fault planes appeared planar in dip sections, the 3-D computer model indicates that fault planes within the relay zone were curved (listric or ramp-flat geometry) in strike sections.


. It shows how current and voltage relate to each other in a typical PV cell. Each of the colored lines describes behavior at one level of incoming radiation. I-V Curve
Note that when voltage is very low, the cell acts like a current source. That is, it delivers a rather constant current, independent of the voltage.
The point at which the I/V curve intersects the vertical axis is called the "short circuit current", or Isc. Isc is directly proportional to the solar radiation striking the cell. If you could short out the cell and measure the current, your reading would be proportional to the incoming radiation.
The point at which the curve intersects the horizontal axis corresponds to what a voltmeter (which takes its reading without drawing hardly any current) will read if connected to a PV cell. It is called the Open Circuit Voltage, or Voc. Voc is NOT proportional to to incoming radiation.
To use a PV cell to measure solar radiation, you want to measure its current output. Ideally, a current meter would have zero resistance. In reality, they all have some resistance. Here we investigate the effect of current meter resistance on our measurement.
In addition to the PV cell I/V curves, the above graph shows I/V curves for three different resistors, 0.0667 ohms, 0.4 ohms, and 1.5 ohms (note how it obeys Ohm's Law). If a resistor is connected across the terminals of a PV cell, the operating point will be described by the intersection of the resistor's line and the PV cell's curve (for the current incoming radiation).
Note how for the smallest resistor, the points of intersection fall along the constant current portion of the PV cell's characteristic. So, the current through the resistor is proportional to the incoming radiation.
For the other resistors, though, we are not operating within the constant current region, so the current through our load will NOT be proportional to the incoming radiation.
My first attempt at measuring PV current was using a digital Volt/Amp/Ohmmeter, set to the current scale. I got totally crazy results, with a mostly shaded cell showing nearly as much output as an unshaded cell. Investigation showed that the resistance of the ammeter was over 2 ohms, which was drastically altering the result.
If you are going to use a silicon PV cell for measuring solar radiation you MUST first consider the resistance of your current measuring circuit, making sure that it is low enough to be mostly in the constant current region of the cell. The method described above limits PV output voltage to about 0.4 volts, which keeps the measurement reasonably linear with radiation variation.
Appendix B: Wire resistance
The following table shows resistance per foot for various wire gauges:
Copper Wire Resistance
Gauge Ohms/ft
24 0.0302
26 0.048
28 0.0764
30 0.121
32 0.193
34 0.307
36 0.488
Deficiencies in this Measurement Device
A pyranometer based on silicon cells is not a laboratory device. A good pyranometer has a very flat spectral response. This means that it responds equally to all wavelengths that strike it. Silicon photocells tend to have an irregular spectral response, responding less well to longer wavelength photons. Below a certain wavelength in the infrared, they cease to respond at all.
In spite of the limitations, the simple device shown here is useful as a learning tool.


text:
Turning on the Enable Short Links for Processes feature allows administrators to share a direct short link to the initial form in a process. When this setting is enabled, follow the steps below to copy the short link for a process:
From the Edit Process Summary dropdown in the process, click the link icon next to the name of the process.
Make sure the toggle switch is green, indicating the link is active. Click the copy icon to copy the link to your clipboard. This can now be pasted into an email or other communication with applicants.
- If a user who has not already created a profile within the site uses this link, they will first be brought to the registration page.
- For a process with Restricted visibility, the applicant will not need to enter an Access Code if they use this short link.
The short link will lead to an "Inactive Link" message in the following instances:
- Process is turned off
- Not within the process start and end date range
- The process is set to Internal visibility
- Link has been deactivated in the process by an administrator


text:
Kuala Lumpur, Nov 10: With November marking Men's Health Awareness Month, Sunway Medical Centre Velocity (SMCV) aims to spotlight a pressing health issue affecting men more than women: Diabetes.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) underscores that men are more frequently diagnosed with diabetes than women, making it a relevant topic as World Diabetes Day approaches on Nov 14.
This article delves into the intricate connection between Type 2 diabetes mellitus and men's health, with a specific emphasis on how diabetes may contribute to Erectile Dysfunction (ED), impacting men's overall well-being.
Men and Diabetes: Unpacking the Dynamics Men's heightened susceptibility to diabetes can be attributed to hormonal differences and body fat distribution. Hormonally, females exhibit a more favorable effect on insulin sensitivity, potentially linked to estrogen.
Dr. Lim Kim Piow, Consultant Endocrinologist and Internal Medicine Physician explains, "Lower testosterone levels in men are associated with a greater risk of Type 2 diabetes." Additionally, central obesity, where men often carry excess weight around their abdomen, contributes to a higher risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.
ED and Diabetes: Addressing a Subtle Challenge While managing blood sugar is a primary concern in diabetes care, the repercussions of diabetes extend beyond physical aspects. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) emerges as a significant consequence, affecting a man's overall well-being. Dr. Goh Cheng Hood, Consultant Urologist, highlights the connection, stating, "With the presence of diabetes in men, the risk of developing ED increases 3.5 times compared to non-diabetic patients."
The intricate process of getting an erection involves disrupted blood flow dynamics due to neuropathy, decreased nitric oxide (NO) levels, and increased prothrombin factor associated with diabetes. ED in diabetes primarily stems from vascular damage and nerve damage, resulting in reduced blood flow and blood vessel clotting in the penis.
The Emotional Impact of ED Beyond physical implications, the emotional consequences of ED are profound and often underestimated. Dr. Goh emphasizes that ED can strain relationships, leading to communication issues and emotional distance between partners. He notes, "For many men, their sense of masculinity and self-esteem is closely tied to their sexual performance, and this is why ED can have a profound impact on self-confidence and self-worth."
Role of Nutrition in Diabetes Management In supporting effective diabetes management through nutrition, Dr. Lim recommends a well-balanced diet that is low in carbohydrates, sugars, and trans fats while being rich in protein, fiber, and essential nutrients.
Encouraging Dialogue and Seeking Help This November, understanding the multifaceted nature of diabetes and its potential impact on men's overall well-being, including the risk of ED, is crucial. Dr. Goh and Dr. Lim encourage men to overcome hesitation and share their concerns with medical professionals. In a society where this topic remains sensitive, open and honest conversations foster better diabetes management, serving as a vital tool for public education and reducing the risk of developing ED.
For interview requests and press releases, please contact us at _EMAIL_. For advertising inquiries, please email _EMAIL_. Thank you.


text:
Friedel oscillations in holographic metals
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2012
In this article we study the conditions under which holographic metallic states display Friedel oscillations. We focus on systems where the bulk charge density is not hidden behind a black hole horizon. Understanding holographic Friedel oscillations gives a clean way to characterize the boundary system, complementary to probe fermion calculations. We find that fermions in a "hard wall" AdS geometry unambiguously display Friedel oscillations. However, similar oscillations are washed out for electron stars, suggesting a smeared continuum of Fermi surfaces.
Holography and condensed matter physics (AdS/CMT)


[contact-form-7 404 "Not Found"]
Pain and suffering reports/Federal Rule 1006 Summaries
Demonstrative Evidence Image 2Pain and suffering reports/Federal Rule 1006 Summaries
Pain and suffering reports (also known as Federal Rule 1006 summaries) developed by an expert witness can help the judge and jury understand the details of treating an injury. Instead of bringing on a parade of witnesses, an option is to retain an expert who can review the medical records and summarize the pain and suffering. The Federal Rule of Evidence Rule 1006 states that contents of voluminous material may be presented by the summary. The comments on that rule state that the use of summaries is often the only practical means of presenting the contents of voluminous evidence to the judge and jury. The person who prepared the summary should be available to testify at the time of trial as to the method of preparation of the document and/or to give an explanation of the summary.
A nurse is an ideal person to prepare such a report. While doctors specialize in diagnosing and treating disease, nurses care for the whole person. The identification of complications, the administration of pain medications and the analysis of medical records falls within the scope of practice of a nurse. Physicians tend to minimize pain and suffering. A great deal of attention has been focused on this issue recently. Efforts are being made to teach physicians how to appropriately manage pain by prescribing sufficiently strong narcotics incorrect dosages. One of the reasons for the development of clinical practice guidelines on the management of pain was due to the prescription of inappropriate medications and dosages. Nurses are frequently involved in assessing and relieving pain. A nurse is able to explain to the jury the medical procedures involved in the patient's care, using the language they can understand so that they can appreciate what the plaintiff went through.
The Federal Rule 1006 Summary which summarizes medical records is a strategic tool that should not be overlooked when the circumstances of the case warrant the preparation of this type of report. The types of cases in which this type of report is helpful to include the following:
 1. The patient has suffered serious physical injuries as a result of personal injury or malpractice.
 2. The medical records detail the pain and suffering experienced by the patient.
 3. The patient is dead, cognitively impaired or otherwise unable to provide a coherent description of the suffering that accompanied the injury.
The typical components of a pain and suffering report include a narrative summary of the patient's medical history, a vivid description of the complications and problems experienced by the patient, quotes from the medical record, and charts of complications and pain medications. Medical records, patient diaries and interviews with the patient can be used to prepare this type of report. The length of the report can vary from 5-12 or more pages, depending on the size of the medical records and the injuries.
Federal Rule 1006 summaries are used to reach a settlement in the case. The following case histories demonstrate that this tool brings results. Med League provided experts in these cases:
1. A woman was admitted to a hospital for treatment of cervical cancer. The oncologist made an arithmetic error and ordered a total dose of chemotherapy that was 4 times larger than it should have been. The pain and suffering report provided vivid descriptions of how the plaintiff's body became swollen, her skin peeled off in strips and blood oozed from her eyes. The case was settled out of court for $1.4 million with a structured settlement payout of $4 million. The family received $500,000 for the woman's 15 days of pain and suffering.
2. An 18 month-old toddler developed severe esophageal burns after he drank acrylic nail primer at a beauty shop. He went through a year of painful dilations of his esophagus before he finally healed. Using the pain and suffering report, the attorney was successful in settling the case for $100,000 and acknowledged that the size of the verdict was quite good considering that there were $10,000 in medical expenses and the child sustained no permanent damage.
3. An elderly man developed complications after a gall bladder surgery and slowly died over a three month period of time. The testimony at the time of the trial focused on the pain and suffering endured by this man during his agonizing death. The jury awarded $560,000.
4. A physician received a head injury when she was rear ended. A pain and suffering report was prepared using her diary which she kept on her computer. The 250 pages of daily entries were summarized in an 8-page report accompanied by a lengthy chart which detailed her symptoms. The attorney was able to settle the case for $700,000 which was the policy limit.
← Return To Articles


text:
The sacrum is a large bone located between the hip bones, at the base of the spine. The bottom part of the bone is located on top of the coccyx, or tailbone, and the top touches the lower part of the spine. The posterior Sacroiliac ligament is located behind the pelvis and connects the sacrum with the ilium, which is the upper part of the pelvis. The ligament consists of connective tissue and the upper part moves across the ilium and back of the sacrum bone. The lower part of the ligament connects the back of the ilium to sacrum. The anterior ligament consists of thin bands of connective tissue that attach to the front of the region. The anterior Sacroiliac ligament connects the front of the ilium to the front of the sacrum and the preauricular sulcus. The preauricular sulcus is a grooved area on the hip bone that exists in both men and women. The ligaments connect the bone, creating joints in the pelvic area.
Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team
In Depth: Sacroiliac ligament


A. D. Hope
From Wikiquote
Jump to: navigation, search
Alec Derwent Hope (July 21 1907July 13 2000) was an Australian poet and essayist known for his satirical slant. He was also a critic, teacher and academic.
 - Adam had learned the jolly deed of kind:
 He took her in his arms and there and then
 Like the clean beasts, embracing from behind,
 Began in joy to found the breed of men.
 - Imperial Adam (l. 25-28).
 - Quaking muscles in the act of birth,
 Between her legs a pigmy face appear,
 And the first murderer lay upon the earth.
 - Imperial Adam (l. 42-44).
External links[edit]
Wikipedia has an article about:


text:
. The 10th Cavalry Regiment was formed at Fort Leavenworth under the command of Col. Benjamin H. Grierson. Today, a monument stands at Fort Leavenworth in tribute to the "Buffalo Soldier" of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments.
The fort's first Catholic church was built in 1871 and was later replaced by St. Ignatius Chapel in 1889. St. Ignatius Chapel was destroyed by fire in December 2001. The first Protestant chapel, Memorial Chapel, was built by prison labor in 1878 of stone quarried on post. The round window behind the chapel's front altar was intentionally installed slightly askew by an inmate who was angry at his work boss. This chapel has brass cannon embedded in the walls at the sides of the church, and photos of many of the officers involved in the early history of the fort, including some of the Custer family.
The Western Branch National Military Home ("old soldiers' home"), now called the Veterans Medical Center, or Dwight D. Eisenhower Medical Center Historic District was established in 1885 as part of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers system. The soldier home is closely associated with the nearby cemetery that became the Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery in 1973.
World War I was the first opportunity to evaluate the impact of Sherman's school. Graduates excelled in planning complex American Expeditionary Forces operations. By the end of the war, they dominated staffs throughout the AEF.
In the years between the world wars, graduates included such officers as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley and George S. Patton. During World War II, some 19,000 officers completed various courses at Fort Leavenworth. By the end of 1943, commanders and staffs of 26 infantry, airborne and cavalry divisions had trained as teams at the school.
General Michael Joe Costello of the army of the newly formed Irish Free State attended Fort Leavenworth from 1926 to 1927, passing with such distinction that he was recommended for the United States Army War College.
In 1946, the school was given its current name. In 1959, the college moved to the newly built J. Franklin Bell Hall on Arsenal Hill. In 1985, the Harold K. Johnson wing was added to house the Combined Arms and Services Staff School (CAS3). Classes for the School of Advanced Military Studies and the School for Command Preparation, as well as the Combined Arms Research Library, are located in Eisenhower Hall which was dedicated in 1994.
Until the early 1970s, a battery of four Nike-Hercules Missiles were deployed at Bell Point on a hill on the west side of the fort.
The base is served by the Sherman Army Airfield which has a 5,905-foot (1,800 m) runway and operates under a joint agreement with the city of Leavenworth, Kansas that permits civilian aircraft to use it all hours. The airfield was inundated by the Missouri River in levee breaches during the Great Flood of 1951, the Great Flood of 1993, and the Great Flood of 2011.
Freedom's Frontier Heritage Area
Fort Leavenworth is considered one of the most significant historic military installations in the Department of the Army, as well as to the nation. The fort's 5,634 ac (2,279 ha) contain a 213 ac (86.1 ha) National Historic Landmark District (NHLD), which was established in 1974.
A number of historic preservation investigations have been conducted over the past few decades at Fort Leavenworth. In 1970, for example, two historic sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): the Main Parade Ground and the Santa Fe Trail Ruts.
During 2006, this historic military site became part of a new Freedom's Frontier National Heritage Area.
- "Fort Leavenworth History". Garrison.leavenworth.army.mil. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- "Combined Arms Center Overview". Usacac.army.mil. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- "Fort Leavenworth, KS • Units/Tenants". Garrison.leavenworth.army.mil. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 2010-03-16.[dead link]
- "College – Command and General Staff College Foundation". Cgscfoundation.org. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- H.R. 1177: 5-Star Generals Commemorative Coin Act. coinnews.net, 23 February 2009.
- "U.S. Army TRADOC Analysis Center(TRAC)". Trac.army.mil. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- "The Battle Command Training Center". Bctc.army.mil. 29 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- "Army/American Council on Education Registry Transcript System (AARTS) Home Page". Aarts.army.mil. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- Fort de Cavagnial: Imperial France in Kansas, 1744–1764 kclibrary.org.
- [The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Vol. 2., G.E. Moulton, ed., Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1986, pp. 323–333.
- A Brief History of Fort Leavenworth – John W. Partin.
- Fort Leavenworth – globalsecurity.org – Retrieved March 6, 2008.
- The Capitals of Kansas – Retrieved March 6, 2008.
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, "Cemeteries – Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery" at _URL_ Retrieved 15 October 2011
- Fort Leavenworth, KS • UNKNOWN.
- "Gen. Edmund Rice biography". Steven Nitch. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- "Fort Leavenworth". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- Jerry L. Rogers and Donald F. Dosch (13 December 1973). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Fort Leavenworth, National Historic Landmark / Fort Leavenworth (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-22 and PDF (2.23 MB)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fort Leavenworth|
- Freedom's Frontier
- Frontier Army Museum
- Fort Leavenworth Home Page
- Guide for visitors to Fort Leavenworth
- The Fort Leavenworth Lamp Online – Fort Leavenworth's Newspaper
- U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
- U.S. Army Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
- TRADOC Schools
- TRADOC Website
- Fort Leavenworth History Collection Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library
- USD 207, local school district


text:
#9 Eyes: (This particular lecture is much longer when I teach. This is just scratching the surface regarding eye animation.)
Basic Notes on animating Eyes:
- Eyes are windows into the soul and the soul is controlled by the mind.
- Eye darts and glances tell more than any other gestures in the body when used in the right place in the scene.
- Desire is always described in the eyes, even when hidden through subtext acting choices.
- Never animate without a reason!
- Force vs. Form
- Look for patterns in the eye darts = Social Triangle – Right Eye, Left Eye and then mouth.
Watch the eye darts as Charlize Theron plays Aileen Wuornos in the movie Monster. They describe her insecurity, her uneasiness and fear that someone might overhear her conversation, not mention the fact she is lying.
- No more than 1-2 frames then hold it to register what char is looking at. If there is any ease, it happens at the end of the dart.
- Linear Curves, I only put eases on slower eye motion. I tend to sculpt motion with tangents. If you prefer to set a lot of keys to create your motion, then I would advise putting eases into your eye darts with your keys.
- Dart then stay -and dart then stay, if you do not stay in one place the eye dart will never read. You can use two eye darts to move the eye a far way, so it still reads as an eye dart. Otherwise it's just a look.
- Triangle Motion: left eye, right eye, mouth. This is the basic motion most eye darts take when conversing. Even when the other person is not speaking we tend to look back and forth in this triangular motion to read the other person's face.
- Be careful with how far you tilt the yes on the social triangle for eye darts or it will move into an intimate gaze zone. When people approach each other from a distance, they look quickly between the other person's face and lower body to first establish what the sex of the person is and then a second time to determine a level of interest in them. This gaze is across the eyes and below the chin to lower parts of the person's body. In close encounters, it's the triangular area between the eyes and the chest and for distant gazing it's from the eyes to the crotch or below.
- Also be careful to not raise the darts higher than the brow line. Then, you are entering the power gaze zone. Provided your gaze doesn't drop below the level of their eyes, the pressure will stay on the person being gazed upon. Never use this in friendly or romantic encounters. It works well for intimidation.
- When to use eye darts? Thought process… shows thinking. Stress, Assessing. Moving holds are when they read best. When your character has stopped moving so much and you can read them.
- Eye Darts and the head and neck. Nothing in the body is ever still. Occasionally the head will make a slight movement after the eye darts one way or another. Very slight though. Have you ever ridden a motorcycle? The bike will go where you are looking naturally, so do not look at the curb! Same thing goes for your head and the eyes.
- On most character designs the upper lid covers most of the eye and the lower lid, barely moves to reach. The blink line is usually ¾ down on the eye, not in the middle. The closed position is actually an overshoot of the upper lid pushing on the lower lid.
- Everything I just said above can be affected / changed by emotional cures, lid shapes and other triggers.
- Lots of blinking shows insecurity, bumbling, nervous and confused. A direct stare is connected to emotions like fight or love. Check out the movie I uploaded to the social group on Michael Caine. Fear = no blinking.
- Length of blinks. Get inside the head of your character… if they are sleepy the closed position would be longer than a "zoinks!" WTF kind of blink. Slow blinks can be triggered by sadness, boredom or sleepiness or drugged. Half Blink and twitches again show uncertainty in what the character is seeing or hearing.
- On average it takes more frames to open the eye than close it due to momentum. Ease out to open, but less to no ease on a closed eye.
- Offset shapes in eyes to create more natural motion and then the actual closed point should be on the same frame and then eases are offset again as they reopen. I think the Pixar blink can feel sleepy.
- Move the eye line on a blink when the eye direction changes, if you don't it will look weird.
- Double take usually involves all of the blinks = full, half and twitchy blinks. Check out the double take example I uploaded to the social group.
- Shape the lid to compliment the brow shapes… angles up and down create added emotion. A blink that arcs down is more elegant looking. A blink that arcs up usually works with a squint and is related to happy blinks.
- Squints tend to happen on "T's", "S's" and "P's
- An antic like a squint before blinking can help slower blinks or create emotional cues of a change in emotion during the blink.
- If you have an extreme close up, you can adjust pupil size too. Dilate = pleasure. If you are excited, your pupils can dilate up to four times. Conversely, if you are experiencing anger or another negative emotion, your pupils shrink in size. Dilating pupils are also signal of courtship. Maybe this is the reason why romantic encounters succeed in dimly lit places, because pupils naturally dilate in such light conditions.
- Don't occlude more than 50% of the pupil. You will look interest and appeal in your poses.
- If the lid covers the eye too much it looks sleepy or drugged. A soft eye solution will have to be countered many times depending on the angle of the head and the camera.
- What is the color of your front door?
- What will you look like in 15 years?
- What does your favorite music sound like?
- What would your voice sound like if you had marbles in your mouth?
- When you talk to yourself, what type of voice do you use?
- What does it feel like to be in a nice warm bath?
Note: The above eye patterns are how your eyes would move if you are right-handed. The following picture describes the eye patterns for a right-handed person as you look at them - please note this distinction. These patterns are fairly consistent across all races, with the possible exception of the Basques, who appear to have a number of exceptions to the rule. For many left-handed people, the chart is reversed i.e. mirror image.


Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Lebesgue-Stieltjes integration)
Jump to: navigation, search
In measure-theoretic analysis and related branches of mathematics, Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration generalizes Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, preserving the many advantages of the former in a more general measure-theoretic framework. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral with respect to a measure known as the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure, which may be associated to any function of bounded variation on the real line. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind.
Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals, named for Henri Leon Lebesgue and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, are also known as Lebesgue–Radon integrals or just Radon integrals, after Johann Radon, to whom much of the theory is due. They find common application in probability and stochastic processes, and in certain branches of analysis including potential theory.
The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)
is defined when f : [a, b] → R is Borel-measurable and bounded and g : [a, b] → R is of bounded variation in [a, b] and right-continuous, or when f is non-negative and g is monotone and right-continuous. To start, assume that f is non-negative and g is monotone non-decreasing and right-continuous. Define w((s, t]) = g(t) − g(s) and w({a}) = 0 (Alternatively, the construction works for g left-continuous, w([s,t)) = g(t) − g(s) and w({b}) = 0).
By Carathéodory's extension theorem, there is a unique Borel measure μg on [a, b] which agrees with w on every interval I. The measure μg arises from an outer measure (in fact, a metric outer measure) given by
\mu_g(E) = \inf\left\{\sum_i \mu_g(I_i) \ : \ E\subset \bigcup_i I_i \right\}
the infimum taken over all coverings of E by countably many semiopen intervals. This measure is sometimes called[1] the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure associated with g.
The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral
is defined as the Lebesgue integral of f with respect to the measure μg in the usual way. If g is non-increasing, then define
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) := -\int_a^b f(x) \,d (-g)(x),
the latter integral being defined by the preceding construction.
If g is of bounded variation and f is bounded, then it is possible to write
where g1(x) = V x
is the total variation of g in the interval [a, x], and g2(x) = g1(x) − g(x). Both g1 and g2 are monotone non-decreasing. Now the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral with respect to g is defined by
\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg_1(x)-\int_a^b f(x)\,dg_2(x),
where the latter two integrals are well-defined by the preceding construction.
Daniell integral[edit]
An alternative approach (Hewitt & Stromberg 1965) is to define the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral as the Daniell integral that extends the usual Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Let g be a non-increasing right-continuous function on [a, b], and define I( f ) to be the Riemann–Stieltjes integral
I(f) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)
for all continuous functions f. The functional I defines a Radon measure on [a, b]. This functional can then be extended to the class of all non-negative functions by setting
\overline{I}(h) &= \sup \left \{I(f) \ : \ f\in C[a,b], 0\le f\le h \right \} \\
\overline{\overline{I}}(h) &= \inf \left \{I(f) \ : \ f \in C[a,b], h\le f \right \}.
For Borel measurable functions, one has
\overline{I}(h) = \overline{\overline{I}}(h),
and either side of the identity then defines the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of h. The outer measure μg is defined via
\mu_g(A) = \overline{\overline{I}}(\chi_A)
where χA is the indicator function of A.
Integrators of bounded variation are handled as above by decomposing into positive and negative variations.
Suppose that γ : [a, b] → R2 is a rectifiable curve in the plane and ρ : R2 → [0, ∞) is Borel measurable. Then we may define the length of γ with respect to the Euclidean metric weighted by ρ to be
\int_a^b \rho(\gamma(t))\,d\ell(t),
where \ell(t) is the length of the restriction of γ to [a, t]. This is sometimes called the ρ-length of γ. This notion is quite useful for various applications: for example, in muddy terrain the speed in which a person can move may depend on how deep the mud is. If ρ(z) denotes the inverse of the walking speed at or near z, then the ρ-length of γ is the time it would take to traverse γ. The concept of extremal length uses this notion of the ρ-length of curves and is useful in the study of conformal mappings.
Integration by parts[edit]
A function f is said to be "regular" at a point a if the right and left hand limits f (a+) and f (a−) exist, and the function takes the average value,
at the limiting point. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, if at each point either U or V is continuous, or if both U and V are regular, then there is an integration by parts formula for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral:
\int_a^b U\,dV+\int_a^b V\,dU=U(b+)V(b+)-U(a-)V(a-), \qquad b > a.
Under a slight generalization of this formula, the extra conditions on U and V can be dropped.[2]
An alternative result, of significant importance in the theory of Stochastic calculus is the following. Given two functions U and V of finite variation, which are both right-continuous and have left-limits (they are cadlag functions) then
U(t)V(t) = U(0)V(0) + \int_{(0,t]} U(s-)\,dV(s)+\int_{(0,t]} V(s-)\,dU(s)+\sum_{u\in (0,t]} \Delta U_u \Delta V_u,
where ΔUt = U(t) − U(t−). This result can be seen as a precursor to Itō's lemma, and is of use in the general theory of Stochastic integration. The final term is ΔU(tV(t) = d[U, V],which arises from the quadratic covariation of U and V. (The earlier result can then be seen as a result pertaining to the Stratonovich integral.)
Related concepts[edit]
Lebesgue integration[edit]
When g(x) = x for all real x, then μg is the Lebesgue measure, and the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of f with respect to g is equivalent to the Lebesgue integral of f.
Riemann–Stieltjes integration and probability theory[edit]
Where f is a continuous real-valued function of a real variable and v is a non-decreasing real function, the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is equivalent to the Riemann–Stieltjes integral, in which case we often write
\int_a^b f(x) \, dv(x)
for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral, letting the measure μv remain implicit. This is particularly common in probability theory when v is the cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable X, in which case
\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \, dv(x) = \mathrm{E}[f(X)].
(See the article on Riemann–Stieltjes integration for more detail on dealing with such cases.)
 1. ^ Halmos (1974), Sec. 15
 2. ^ Hewitt, Edwin (5 1960). "Integration by Parts for Stieltjes Integrals". The American Mathematical Monthly 67 (5): 419–423. doi:10.2307/230


text:
|Spend the time||outdoors|
Pen or Pencil
Most active at dusk and dawn, the "peent" call of the Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) was once a familiar sound in cities and towns throughout New Hampshire, where they nest on flat, peastone gravel roofs and feed on insects attracted to city lights. In recent years, rubber and PVC have largely replaced peastone roofing, and nesting nighthawks have disappeared from many New Hampshire towns; in the few towns where they remain (including Keene!), their numbers have dramatically declined.
In partnership with New Hampshire Audubon and in efforts to conserve this state-threatened species, AVEO coordinates volunteer nighthawk surveys on summer evenings in Keene.


text:
Waste Characterization Physical and Visual Solid Waste Sorting Procedures
The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for performing visual and/or physical sorts of nonhazardous solid waste from selected garbage dumpsters, transfer stations, and sanitary landfills.
2. Table of Contents:
2.0 Table of Contents
3.0 Specific Procedure
- 3.01 Recommended personal safety/protective equipment
- 3.02 Recommended sorting equipment
- 3.03 General sorting protocol
- 3.04 Physical, nonhazardous solid waste characterization
- 3.05 Visual, nonhazardous solid waste characterization
3. Specific Procedure:
The following section lists some of the personal safety/protective equipment recommended for a visual and physical sort of solid waste.
- Tyvek or equivalent, disposable coveralls
- Chemical resistant coveralls, if appropriate
- Hard bottomed, non-slip, steel toe boots
- A supply of outer rubber (cut and puncture resistant) gloves
- Chemical goggles or safety glasses with splash shields
- Dust masks
- A supply of inner (latex) gloves
- Snake guards, if appropriate
- Insect repellent
- Dog repellent
Hearing protection (if site has equipment or activities that generate
Other safety equipment:
- Supportive back belt for heavy lifting
- Industrial first aid kit
- Field blanket
- Eye wash kit
- Moist, disposable towelettes (e.g., baby wipes)
- Six foot pole
- Small fire extinguisher
- Cell phone
- High visibility traffic cones and tapes
- Site-specific safety plan
- Liquids to replenish fluids (water and cups for dehydration)
- Knife with a fixed blade.
- Small bins or buckets (5 gal and/or larger) for weighing sorted materials.
- Sorting table.
- A scale that is accurate to one-tenth of a pound. Depending upon the waste stream, a larger capacity scale may be useful.
- Permanent markers.
- Clipboard and data sheets.
- Large magnets.
- Trash bags.
- Step ladder.
- A long stick, approximately 6' in length.
- Rake with a long handle.
- Rake with a short handle.
- Shovel with a long handle.
- Duct tape
- Plastic sheeting (minimum of 10 mm thick)
- If physical sampling is to be performed at the business site of a generator, try to minimize interference with normal operations.
- Place traffic cones or high visibility warning tape around the active sorting area.
- Make noise when approaching the actual waste site to allow any insects/pest animals to flee. Look for snakes, bees, wasps, and poisonous spiders around and inside a dumpster/bin by probing with a long stick.
- Always wear the following before beginning the sorting procedure: both pairs of gloves (outer rubber and inner latex), chemical goggles or safety glasses with splash shields, a dust mask, and disposable Tyvek overalls.
- There will be absolutely no eating, smoking or drinking during sorting activities in the sorting area. Plenty of fluids (e.g., water, sports drinks, etc.) must be available away from the sorting area. Hands and faces should be washed before eating or drinking. Frequent rest, drink and food breaks should be given during hot days.
- Do not attempt to identify unknown chemical substances present in the waste stream: vials of chemicals, unlabeled pesticide/herbicide containers, and substances (e.g., chemicals, or needles) in unlabeled plastic/glass bottles/jugs.
- The "line of sight buddy system" must always be maintained at the sorting site. The "line of sight buddy system" is as follows: sorters are grouped into pairs and each member is to periodically assess the physical condition of his/her "buddy".
- Set up the sorting table. It is recommended that the labeled buckets be placed around the table so that the buckets that will receive the most material are nearest to the table. To reduce reaching distances, all buckets within a broad material category (i.e. paper) should be positioned close together.
- Place plastic sheeting or tarp over the surface where the solid waste is to be sorted. Tape the edges of the cover down with duct tape or weight it down. The cover will protect the surface from stains.
- When removing only part of the contents of a dumpster/bin, use a shovel (and a ladder, if needed) to remove the sample all the way to the bottom to insure that smaller, more dense elements are included. Remove sub samples of approximately 50 pounds from a preselected dumpster/bin until an appropriate sample weight has been sorted. If there is not enough material in a dumpster/bin, sort the entire contents. It is recommended that sampling occur when the dumpsters/bins are at their fullest, right before pick up.
- Tear open garbage bags (not red bags) with rakes or other equipment and visually inspect for potential hazards. If hazardous or bio-hazardous wastes are detected, the sort will be halted and the Site Safety Officer must be notified.
- Begin the sort by removing and characterizing the largest, bulkiest elements. Sort the remaining items into the categories and material types shown on the sample sheet. If a bucket becomes full, the full bucket is weighed; the data recorded on the data sheet, and the bucket is emptied and reused. Weigh and record the total mass (contents + bucket) on the data sheet. Record the type of bucket used so that later, the mass of the buckets can be subtracted from the total weight.
- When sorting glass, remove and sort the larger pieces that are on top first. Never use your hands to dig down through the waste. Use a rake or small shovel to pull/push the material to the side and continue sorting.
- When a sorter has a question regarding the material category or type into which an element should be placed, the Crew Leader will be consulted. For composites or multi material items, the predominate material type (as measured by weight) determines which material type it belongs to.
- Return all sorted materials to their dumpster/bin. If sorting at a solid waste facility, place sorted materials where they will ultimately be disposed.
- At the end of each shift, remove all disposable clothing into a plastic trash bag, and place the bag into a solid waste receptacle. Reusable equipment should be cleaned and sanitized after use. All sorters must shower at the end of each shift.
- For the following wastes; a visual sort (not a physical sort) is appropriate: wastes that contain large quantities of bulky or heavy items (e.g., concrete demolition material), consist of materials too small to be sorted (e.g., ash), consist of materials that may be too dangerous to sort (e.g., chemical or biohazards), or are of primarily one type of material.
- Photographs can be taken to document waste types or, used when other constraints (such as odor or business hours) sharply limit field-sampling time. Photographs should be taken from as close to a vertical position as possible above the spread-out sample. Mark out a rectangle on the image in which the waste types are to be identified. Some have found that subdividing the rectangle helps with keeping track of the sample areas and in identifying components.
- For "in-bin" visual characterizations, solid waste in dumpsters/bins can be visually inspected by personnel standing outside the dumpster/bin on a stepladder. Do not remove bags/material from the dumpster or bin. Use a rake or other equipment to break open bags and expose materials for visual characterization.
- A recommended minimum of 2 persons shall conduct each sort, one person to characterize the solid waste, the other to record data. Independent observations and estimates of the volumes of the various waste materials should be attempted.
- The average of the volume estimates should be used along with a density conversion table to convert the volume data to weight percentage. The sum of the average volumes should total 100%, so some adjustment in the 100% volume may be necessary. For materials with no published density conversion data, a sample can be weighed and volume measured to develop a conversion factor. Refer to section 3.04 above for physical sort guidelines.
- Unidentifiable materials can be put into the "miscellaneous/unsorted" category. The rules for composites and multimaterial waste characterization should be followed. For composites or multimaterial items, the predominate material type as measured by weight determines which material type it gets classified as. When a sorter has a question regarding the material category or type into which an item should be placed, the Crew Leader should be consulted.
- For visual characterization samples that are removed from the bin, ensure that smaller, denser items are included in the sort by sampling all the way to the bottom of the dumpster/bin. Do not sort only the top layers and consider the sampling procedure completed.
- A load that is to be visually characterized should be spread into a thin layer (approx. 6-8 inches) so that nothing is covered by other objects. Periodically rake through the layer to determine if there are hidden waste types. If the lower layers are significantly different, remix them.
The above procedures are from the California 1999 Statewide Waste Composition Study by the Cascadia Consulting Group, Inc. for the California Integrated Waste Management Board (now CalRecycle).
Comments, suggestions, questions? Contact CalRecycle waste characterization staff at _EMAIL_
Solid Waste Characterization: _URL_


A-to-Z Index
Risk Management-Frequently Asked Questions
What do I do to file a claim if university property has been stolen or damaged?
In order to file a property loss claim with the university, there are a number of things that must be done:
 1. Fill out a Property Loss Notice
 2. You must also submit the following information:
 1. Copies of invoices(and DPO if applicable) for the lost or damaged property.
 2. Copies of invoices (and DPO if applicable) for the replacement items.
 3. The police/incident report for the theft/damage, if one is available.
 4. Once you have this information, forward to:
 Risk Management
 MSC 6703
 8-7812 (phone)
 8-2878 (fax)
What information do I need to submit if damage has occured that involves repair work (building/property)?
 - You will need to submit a completed a Property Loss Notice
 along with:
 1. Invoices showing repair and/or replacement. ( NOTE: Invoices for repair must be as specific as possible in describing what repair work was done and what items were replaced in order to justify the expense.)
 2. For any labor charges the following information is needed for each person involved in the labor charges:
 1. Name
 2. Position
 3. Base pay (not including benefits, overhead, or supervisory/managerial labor)
 4. Hours worked
 3. A police/incident report if applicable.
What is the deductible amount for university insurance claims?
There is a $10,000.00 deductible for each claim.
Do I need to replace/repair the stolen or damaged property before a claim is filed?
Yes. The Division of Risk Management reimburses the university for replacement/repair cost of property losses. No claims can be filed until the lost/damaged items are replaced by the university.
Is it necessary to purchase the exact same item (model) as was stolen or damaged?
If it is at all possible to replace the stolen/damaged item with the same brand and model that was lost, you should do so. The state reimburses the university for replacement with the same model or nearest equivalent. In some cases it isn't possible to replace the item with the exact model due to discontinuation of some items. In those cases, you would need to find the nearest equivalent to the lost or damaged item(s). If you do choose to upgrade the item, instead of purchasing the same item or nearest equivalent, the Division of Risk Management will reimburse JMU for the cost of the item minus any cost for upgrading the item.
A company/institution is requesting a Certificate of Insurance from our department? Where would I get this?
Resource Management provides Certificates of Coverage. Please complete the Certificate of Coverage on-line form.
 1. The JMU department (name, MSC and phone) requesting the certificate
 2. The name and mailing address of the company or institution requesting the certificate
 3. The purpose (ie: Student Practicum, tournament game, etc.)
 4. The time period the certificate is requested for (be as specific as possible)
Once we have this information, a certificate will be drafted and the original will be sent back to your department for you to forward to the requesting company/institution.
I recently had an automobile accident while driving a university vehicle (or rental car). What should I do?
A: If you've had an accident in a JMU vehicle or rental car, while on university business. Please follow this procedure:
 1. First you need a copy of the accident report from the officer at the scene.
 2. Fill out an Automobile Loss Notice
 . This is a form that should be in every JMU vehicle. If one is not in the vehicle, or your were driving a rental vehicle.
 3. Next you need to contact our Automobile Insurance carrier,
 Crawford and Company at _PHONE_ to report the accident. Copies of the police report and the Statement of Accident will need to be forwarded to them. You should keep copies of both for your personal records.
 4. As soon as possible you should also report the accident to either Motor Pool(for JMU vehicles) or our office (for rental vehicles).
Contact Risk Management (8-7812) if you have any questions filing the claim.
Is there any way to get information on what to do if involved in an automobile accident while on university business? Our office frequently uses rental cars for university travel and we'd like to keep this information on hand for our drivers.
Risk Management has packets of information available that detail what to do if you are involved in an auto accident while on University business. Thge packet also contains a claim form, telephone numbers for various State Police divisions, Information Exchange cards, and a card for requesting help from a Passing Motorist. These packets should already be in any JMU vehicle. For those offices who would like to keep a supply of packets on hand for rental vehicles, the individual.pdf files for each of the forms/cards in the packet are available for download below.
NOTE: If you requisition a State Vehicle and find that the packet is missing, please contact Motor Pool to request one before you leave for your trip.