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Introduction to MPLS LDP Graceful Restart
MPLS LDP graceful restart preserves data plane forwarding along LDP LSPs in the presence of temporary LDP control plane disruption. The disruption might be an LDP control plane restart caused by a supervisor switchover or process restart or a TCP or UDP event that disrupts control plane communication between two LDP control planes, even if neither restarts.
The following example describes how MPLS LDP graceful restart operates in the presence of an LDP control plane restart. Note that this interaction has two different roles: the router with the restarting LDP control plane and the neighbor router that detects a loss and recovery of its LDP session to the restarting router. Each carries out MPLS LDP graceful restart procedures appropriate to its role.
The topology shown in Figure 10-1 has the following elements:
All three routers are running MPLS LDP, all with graceful restart enabled.
An LDP session exists between R2 and R1, and another LDP session exists between R2 and R3.
LDP LSPs have been established, including LSPs that connect R1 and R3 and are carrying data traffic. In a network with more routers, multiple LSPs might traverse R1-R2-R3 in both directions.
Figure 10-1 Example of a Network Using LDP Graceful Restart
The following sequence shows how the three routers cooperate to provide NSF and avoid a disruption to data traffic:
1. At session establishment, each router reports to its neighbors that it supports graceful restart. Each session endpoint knows that both ends of the session support graceful restart.
2. R2 begins a supervisor switchover. R2's LDP control plane and all of its LDP TCP connections and LDP UDP hello adjacencies stop operating. R2's data plane marks all of its label entries as stale but continues to use those entries for forwarding MPLS data traffic.
3. R1 notices a loss of communication with R2. (In this sequence, R3 performs the same actions as R1.) R1 marks all of its label bindings from R2 as stale but continues to use those entries for forwarding data traffic.
4. R1 and R2 reestablish an LDP session. On R1, entering the
show mpls ldp neighbor graceful-restart
command displays information about the recovering session.
5. R2 reacquires its local label binding information. R2's data plane typically provides R2's control plane with the same local label for each prefix that was used prior to the restart.
6. Both routers readvertise their label binding information. If R1 relearns a label from R2, R1 marks the binding as no longer stale. If R2 learns a label from R1 and submits that label to its data plane, the data plane marks the entry as no longer stale.
7. After a certain amount of time has passed, R1's LDP control plane cleans up all entries that are still marked as stale. Similarly, R2's data plane removes all entries that are still marked as stale.
Typically, if no other network disruption occurs during this graceful restart operation, all bindings are relearned from the neighbor with the same label values as before the session restart. In this scenario, all saved bindings are marked as not stale during recovery, and no entries need to be cleaned up.
Another scenario of interest is a TCP or UDP communication failure without an LDP control plane restart. In this case, the two LDP control planes at either end of the session detect the communication failure. Each LDP control plane applies the same procedures as R1 used above, and NSF is achieved. R1 carries out the same MPLS LDP graceful restart procedures whether the communication failure with R2 was caused by a restart of R2's control plane or by a networking issue without a restart of R2's control plane.
You can set various timers to limit how long the routers wait for an LDP session to be reestablished before restarting the router.
What Happens if a Router Does Not Have MPLS LDP Graceful Restart Enabled
When a router that does not support MPLS LDP graceful restart undergoes a control plane restart, its data plane MPLS forwarding entries are freed.
A neighbor of such a router, detecting a loss of communication, frees all bindings from the restarting router. This behavior occurs whether the neighbor supports MPLS LDP graceful restart or not. A neighbor that supports MPLS LDP graceful restart learns at session establishment that the restarting router is not supporting MPLS LDP graceful restart. The neighbor does not run graceful restart procedures when detecting a loss of communication to the restarting router.
The cleanup actions of both the restarting router and its neighbor cause any data traffic on the old LSPs to be dropped until recovery activities have addressed the situation. Recovery activities include traffic reroute or the reestablishment of MPLS LDP LSPs or both.
How a Router Advertises that it Supports MPLS LDP Graceful Restart
A router that supports MPLS LDP graceful restart announces its capabilities to its neighbors in the fault tolerant (FT) type-length-value (TLV) in the LDP initialization message. The router sends the LDP initialization message to a neighbor as part of establishing an LDP session.
The FT session TLV includes the following information:
The Learn from Network (L) flag is set to 1, which indicates that the router is configured to perform MPLS LDP graceful restart.
The Reconnect Timeout field shows the time (in milliseconds) that the neighbor should wait for a reconnection if the LDP session is lost. If the timer is set to 0 and the local router fails, its peers do not wait for it to recover.
The Recovery Time field shows the time (in milliseconds) that the neighbor should retain the MPLS forwarding state during a recovery currently in progress. For example, if a neighbor restarted and did not preserve the MPLS forwarding state across the restart, the neighbor should set its recovery time to 0.
Note The reconnect time applies to the next communication loss while the recovery time applies to the recovery from the preceding communication loss.


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How to Create 10,000 Jobs?
How do you create 10,000 jobs?
Train 500 brewers.
Originally, I was going to write:
Train 10,000 teachers.
Without teachers, you can't create jobs.
The US of A need teachers.
Despite the overwhelming need for teachers [1], the profession currently is looked down upon in the United States and people don't understand that if you don't invest in education, you're not investing in the future. (Cynically, I understand the reason the United States doesn't emphasize education more is that an educated populace is harder to control *cough* I mean, govern.)
I was also going to write:
Train 10,000 farmers.
Winslow Homer's painting harkens back to a hallowed time
Winslow Homer's The Veteran in the Field shows something we desperately need – farmers.
It might not sound like a sexy profession, but it is a growth industry and will be for some time. By 2050, we'll need to feed a planet of 9 billion people. And we'll need to do it in the face of severe climate change and water shortages.
The American farmer is on average 58 years old.
This is of concern because no matter how much automation, robotics, and big data impact farming, you still need people to run those farms. Food security is an issue
So, I looked at the question a bit differently:
What would be the minimum number of people we could train to have a massive impact on jobs now and in the future?
[Digression: When we talk about creating jobs, we're talking about creating employees. Others have pointed out, no employers wants to hire employees. Plus, most people hate their jobs. This is a big part of the issue with current job growth models. So, instead of talking about creating jobs, let's talk about creating entrepreneurs and business owners. Luckily, this is something that Americans excel at.]
So in thinking about the answer, I thought about sectors that are currently experiencing high-growth and create value with fewer people.
Right now, biotechnology makes up nearly 3 percent of U.S. Gross Domestic Product. It contributes more to the US GDP than mining and utilities – and almost as much as construction.
Over the past decade, biotech grew on average more than 10 percent per year, much faster than the rest of the economy. Biotech also requires fewer people to create significant value.
If you can imagine a small team developing a valuable medicine, an industrial enzyme, or a modification to a plant – all of those are potentially worth billions of dollars.
For most people, biotech is scary [2] but brewing beer is not.
Brewing is biotechnology…
distilled to its simplest form (and yeah, I did intend that pun). Fermentation is the oldest form of biotechnology and we've been doing it for 9,000 years
Back in the day, brewing was a respectable profession.
Brewing in the Middle Ages
A brewer takes ingredients that have little value separately – water, grain, and hops – and creates something of value. (That sounds a lot like pulling money out of thin air, which is what good entrepreneurs do.)
Over the past few years, microbreweries have exploded. In Brooklyn where I live, I'm surrounded by three – Brooklyn Brewery, Other Half and Sixpoint. New York City counts more than 30 breweries.
Americans live, on average, less than 10 miles from a microbrewery
Image source:
I can't find the stat, but I've read that all Americans now live within ten miles of a microbrewery.
What are the trickle down effects?
A microbrewery employs at least a few people. They have to buy the grain and hops which someone has to grow and process that requires more people, some farmers.
New York State once was the leading producer of hops. Now it's Oregon and Washington.
Hops growing on Long Island
For example, New York state used to be the epicenter of U.S. hop production. The industry, destroyed by mildew-related disease and Prohibition, moved West. But now, the New York hops industry is re-emerging. (It'll take a while to make a dent in the industry, NY grow only 300 acres, while Oregon and Washington State are growing some 400,000 acres of commercial hops). The microbrew boom is driving the farming of hops.
But doesn't that mean the market is saturated?
I don't know much about the specific outlook for breweries but since it involved biotechnology, making the jump from brewing to fermentation would be a small leap. The next leap would be to distributed biological manufacturing.
Back in 2001, Rob Carlson described distributed biological manufacturing as means of producing many of the things we used today. That means people who are trained as brewers can easily learn to brew items that are potentially of much greater value than beer.
Adidas Futurecraft is made of spider silk and is completely bio-degradable.
Adidas is the first shoe company to use completely sustainable, vegan, super-strong spider silk.
For example, Bolt Threads is one of three synthetic biology companies that has genetically engineered yeast to produce spider silk – one of the strongest materials created by nature. That silk can be used to produce jackets, shoes, and bulletproof vests. And those are only a few of its uses.
In 2015, Stanford researcher Christina Smolke made the news for engineering yeast to produce opioids. Today, it takes one year to produce hydrocodone from poppies that are legally grown in Tasmania. At the time there was some debate as to whether such technology would be abused, say by drug cartels. The bigger debate should probably have been how do you give access to people who have no access to painkillers. Smolke and her team started a company, Antheia, whose mission is to make and fairly provide medicines to all who need them.
It's not a stretch to imagine brewers being able to produce very high value products very easily.
So, if you want to have a massive impact on the economy, train 500 brewers.
[1] I am happily married to a public school art teacher and come from a family of educators.
Update: Right after I posted this, Forbes ran an article which projected cannabis industry jobs would surpass traditional manufacturing jobs by 2020. Update 2: A month later, Fortune ran a story claiming the future of food would look a lot like brewing beer.
[Thanks to Johnny Bohimer and John Cumbers for their contributions and advice on this.]
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If the interrogative sentence starts with an interogative pronoun or an interrogative adverb, why, how, when, what, which etc.. the question is about something specific, why asks for a reason, when for a moment in time, how for the way something is done etc.. In this case the answer can't be yes or no. (Who bought the painting? => Yes.)
Depending for what these interrogative words stand for, we can distinguish between pronouns, adverbs and adjectives. If the interrogative word stand for a noun, it is an interrogative pronoun: What do you see? A tree. If the interrogative word stand for an adverb or adverbial, it is an interrogative adverb: How did he do that? Very fast. If the interrogative word aks for the property of a noun it is an interrogative adjective: What kind of car do you like? Cars that are not very thirsty.
Interrogative pronouns can be nominative (subject of the sentence), accusative (direct object of the sentence), indirect object (dative of the sentences and genitive. Basically the same things already discused in the chapter about pronouns are valid. In English cases, the function of an object in the sentence, nominativ, accusativ, dativ, genitive, are determined by prepositions and works the same way as it does in Portuguese.
subject: Who (person) => John loves Mary. => Who loves Mary? => John
subject: What (thing) => The roses are red. => What is red? => the roses
direct object: Whom => John loves Mary. => Whom does John loves? Mary
direct object: What (thing) => John give Mary rosese. => What does John gives Mary? => Roses
indirect object (person): To whom => John gives roses to Mary. => To whom does he gives roses? => to Mary.
indirect object thing): To what => Mary gives the roses water. => To what does she gives water? => to the roses.
genitive: whose => Johns car is in front of Mary's house. => Whose car is in front of Mary's house? John's car.
The author expects that we have cleared all grammar problems that can show up in the love affair between John and Mary. If they marry we will have a closer look on this issue.
Furthermore a distinction is to be made between what and which, see 22.3. Symplifying. What used as an adjective asks for properties, "What kind of flowers do you like?", which asks for an element of a group, "Which of your cars is the fastest?".
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For more than a century, her true identity was lost in American history.
- Listen to the podcast.
That was because she always had written under one of two pen names -- first Ann J. Trask and later, Semper Fidelis (Always Faithful) -- starting in 1867 for a black, weekly San Francisco newspaper called the Elevator.
Gardner, 39, is a professor of English at Saginaw Valley State University and champion of uncovering blacks lost to American history.
So it was he finally, through endless research, found that that this prolific writer of essays, articles and poems published in the Elevator for seven years was a woman named Jennie Carter (_PHONE_).
In his book, Gardner serves mainly as an editor -- publishing Carter's body of work that deals with California and national politics, race and racism, women's rights and suffrage, temperance, morality, education and a host of other issues that remain as vital today as then, as well as everyday life, such as house cleaning, gardening and two-faced eulogies.
"She wrote with insightful intelligence and a fair amount of sass," Gardner says. "And she was deeply committed to the idea and hope of progress, to the nation redefining itself as a place of equality where African-Americans have a shot at professions, education and owning land."
Despite Gardner's intense three years of travel to research and then write, much about Carter remains hidden.
"We still do not have a picture of her, which I'd love to uncover someday. Or a personal letter.
"There are still so many pieces we don't know -- her exact year of birth, where she was born (New York? New Orleans?), details about her first marriage, did she have any children.
"And I feel she was too accomplished of a writer to have written just when she first appeared in 1867. So where did she write or publish before that?"
Asked which actress he sees as possibly portraying her, Gardner says Ruby Dee might serve well. And he hopes his book about what is known will influence students interested in journalism or what he calls community-based writing.
"She still has something to say to today's readers. There is one essay about how you choose a political candidate and then vote that is stunningly close to today."
It is likely Carter used a pen name, Gardner says, because writing for a newspaper was not a proper thing for a woman to do back in that day, "let alone an African-American woman who lived in a small town in California (Nevada City). Life for her and her husband (a musician) would have changed had her identity been known."
Gardner says there was a lively black press after the Civil War, and his book lists other prominent black journalists. "In the 1880s, The Detroit Plain Dealer was a black newspaper in Detroit, and (it) had a correspondent in East Saginaw."
For him, one of Carter's most stunning pieces dealt with a story she told about her husband, a free African-American living in Philadelphia and who toured with an African-American band.
In 1851, he was passing through the famed Harper's Ferry, Va. -- well before the Civil War that freed southern slaves -- and he was measured (6 foot 2) and checked for scars "because the assumption was freed African-Americans were troublemakers who would eventually commit a crime."
She and her husband still bristled at the event years after when she wrote about him releating the story to her after their marriage in 1866. He had moved from Philadelphia to California by 1852. Gardner says evidence indicates that Jennie Carter also was born a free African-American.
Gardner, a native of Illinois, also has written a book about an early black playwright, William Wells Brown, who wrote plays about slavery and race. And his work has appeared in African-American publications.
"There are all these little pockets of history written out of our history textbooks," says Gardner. "I like finding them out."
Janet I. Martineau is the arts/entertainment editor at The Saginaw News. To reach her call _PHONE_ or e-mail her at _EMAIL_.

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Summer 2021 Issue
September 30, 2021
Ebenezer Nyadjro Awarded Gulf Research Program's 2021 Environmental Protection and Stewardship Early-Career Research Fellowship
Mississippi State University
Dr. Ebenezer Nyadjro is an associate research professor in the Northern Gulf Institute and Department of Geosciences at Mississippi State University. He graduated with a BSc in Oceanography & Fisheries from the University of Ghana, an M.S. in Marine Science from the University of North Carolina Wilmington, an M.S. in Organizational Leadership from Cameron University, Oklahoma, and a Ph.D. in Physical & Satellite Oceanography from the University of South Carolina. Subsequently, he was a National Research Council post-doctoral fellow at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL) in Seattle, WA. Dr. Nyadjro's research focuses on microplastics, equatorial ocean dynamics, ocean currents, salinity and air-sea interactions. His prior studies include understanding salt exchange within and across ocean basins, variability of ocean currents and how they affect these salt exchanges, and how all these combine to affect air-sea interactions and ocean-climate dynamics. He is currently combining his prior research experiences towards understanding the sources, pathways and sinks of microplastics into the coastal zone and onwards to the open ocean. These include building a global microplastics database, characterizing and quantifying the types of microplastics, and the different routes taken into the ocean. There is also the attempt to remotely sense and quantify microplastics.
The Gulf Research Program of the National Academies is pleased to announce eight 2021 Environmental Protection and Stewardship Early-Career Research Fellows. During the two-year fellowship, which began on September 1, fellows will pursue research that advances understanding of the changing ecosystem of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and its coastal zones.
Gulf ecosystems, including estuaries, oyster reefs, beaches and dunes, mangroves, and offshore shoals and banks, are instrumental to the socio-economic and cultural life of the region, providing benefits such as food, clean air and water, recreational opportunities and tourism, and raw materials.
However, these ecosystems will continue to shift with climate change, urbanization, and increased demand for food, water, and energy. There exists a key need to predict and anticipate these changes to allocate natural resources in an equitable way, while protecting the environment.
The ECRF Fellows will investigate specific issues related to the Gulf's changing ecosystems, with the goal of producing research that informs decisions that enhance environmental protection and stewardship. Their research might consider how different ecosystems interact with one another; identify critical thresholds that, if met, may reduce or eliminate ecosystem services; and guide stakeholders in weighing tradeoffs among the various ecosystem services to make better-informed decisions.
The ECRF award is not attached to a specific project, which allows fellows to explore bold, untested research ideas that they might not otherwise be able to pursue. All fellows are investigators, faculty members, clinician scientists, or scientific team leads at colleges, universities, and research institutions. Each of them will receive a $76,000 financial award, mentoring support, and a built-in community of current and past cohorts.
The incoming class of fellows is actively working on research projects related to ecosystem changes, including:
Characterizing and quantifying the types of microplastics and understanding how they get into the ocean;
Understanding the interactions between water and coastal ecosystems, as well as the tradeoffs between water infrastructure and environmental health;
Developing ocean modelling tools to visualize risks to coral reef ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico and extreme rainfall along the Texas coast.


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Before you go shopping for a freezer, decide whether a chest freezer or an upright freezer would better meet your needs. Then choose a model based on size, capacity, and energy efficiency.
Placing your model
If you plan to keep the freezer in a living area, consider how noisy it is. Most manufacturers say that their freezers can operate in a room where the temperature is from 32 degree to 110 degrees Fahrenheit, though they also indicate that spaces colder than 32 degrees F will not affect freezer operation. If you plan to house the freezer in an unheated area, such as a garage, adhere to the manufacturer's specified operating range.
Sizing your model
Freezers, whether chest or upright, come in four basic sizes: compact (5 cubic feet), small (6 to 9 cubic feet), medium (12 to 18 cubic feet), and large (more than 18 cubic feet). Your choice should depend on available space and family needs.
Weigh blackout performance
Most manufacturers say that their freezers can keep food adequately frozen for 24 hours with the power off, as long as the freezer remains unopened. But our tests simulating a prolonged power failure revealed significant differences. Some uprights allowed a relatively large increase in temperature after only nine hours.
Keeping food from spoiling
Most of the chests and self-defrosting uprights we tested delivered impressive temperature performance, maintaining 0 degrees F quite evenly throughout their interior. But all of the manual-defrost upright models had trouble keeping their door shelves as cool as the rest of the interior.
Any frozen food that has reached temperatures above 40 degrees for more than two hours should be discarded. For guidelines on frozen-food safety, read the freezing and food safety guidelines from the Department of Agriculture and our advice on freezing foods.
Don't expect your new freezer to be quite as energy efficient as its yellow EnergyGuide label implies. On average, our latest tested models used 17 percent more energy. That's because our tests are tougher-and, we believe, more like real-world conditions-than those specified by the U.S. Department of Energy. We fill the freezers to capacity, whereas they're only 75 percent full in the DOE test. And we test for energy use with the center of the freezer actually at 0 degrees, the optimum temperature for storing frozen food, while manufacturers are allowed to extrapolate energy use at 0 degrees from test results above and below zero. Except for Energy Star products, the information on the labels relies on manufacturers' test data.
Copyright © 2006-2012 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. No reproduction, in whole or in part, without written permission.


closed beta
Subsection of Beta. Further along than alpha testing but before open beta. Generally testing by a select few people outside the coders.
Information about a climb obtained from other climbers. Broadly there are two types of beta,
The first details information about the climb, perhaps there is a hidden hold or a best technique to use a certain point.
The second details information about the protection on a climb, perhaps there is only one type of nut that will fit into the crack that you are climbing. A climber will usually only carry one or two nuts of each size. * If a climb requires many of the same size the safety of the climber depends on this piece of information or "beta"
It is accepted that a description to a climb in a guide book should contain beta of the second type as this is an issue of safety, however often it is frowned upon to include beta of the first type, working out the route should be left to the skill of the climber.
* i know this might sound a bit perverted, it's a Freudian sport, what can I say.
Second letter of the Greek alphabet, and same as our letter B (in capitals), and β in lower case. In modern Greek and going back a long way it's pronounced like V, but in Ancient Greek it was pronounced like Latin/English B. The change to V took place a bit after the New Testament period, I think. As the second letter, it was also used for the number two, written β'
The letter name is pronounced bee-ta in UK and bay-ta in USA, and vee-ta in modern Greece.
In fan fiction, to beta a story is to read it for the author and make suggestions, corrections, etc., before it's publicly posted; presumably derived from the notion of a beta tester in computing: not the first person to proofread, but the second. The person doing the beta is called a beta reader or a beta. In some fanfic posting forums beta'ing is evidently treated as a serious requirement, so I have seen people asking for someone to "pre-beta" a story.
Note: this is a really esoteric bit, but it's the kind of thing I would like to write in the course of my work, if only my editors would allow it. The nice thing about E2 is that I can rock the boat in my mind and suffer no negative professional consequences.
A risk statistic (technically a coefficient) often used in investment analysis, both by professionals (who often use it in conjunction with the captial asset pricing model or CAPM) and individual investors (who think they know what to make of it, but who are usually wrong).
Beta compares two data series--one for an underlying baseline index (to represent "the market") and one for the security (such as a stock or stock mutual fund)--to determine how closely their individual swings are related. Mathematically speaking, it's the covariance divided by the variance. The baseline (for US equities, the index most often used for this purpose is the Standard & Poor's 500 Index) has an assumed beta of 1.00. Customarily, what is compared are monthly returns for the index and the security over a threeor five-year period.
The generalization for beta is that it shows how a security performed relative to the market (i.e., the baseline). A stock with a beta of 1.20, for example, is said to--in general--have risen 20% higher when the market was up and fallen 20% farther when the market was down. So if the market was up 10% for a certain year, you would assume that the stock with the 1.20 beta would have been up by 12%. It is also generally claimed that a 1.20 beta shows that a security was 20% "riskier" than the market, assuming a 1:1 ratio of return to risk.
Unfortunately, the generalization is crap; and as a professional financial writer, I detest it. Beta is specifically designed to show the level of systematic risk displayed by a security: that is, how much of the security's price fluctuations may be attributable to general forces affecting the entire market. Thus, a reasonable way of looking at the stock with the 1.20 beta is to say that it is 20% more sensitive to broad market effects than the market itself. So if a panic hits Wall Street, it's safe to assume that this security would take a price hit 20% greater than that suffered by the Standard & Poor's 500 Index.
Or is it? The implicit assumption here (and one made by legions of investors) is that every security in the marketplace is exposed to the same sort of influences. This assertion does not stand up to serious scrutiny. Small stocks tend to respond in entirely different ways to certain stimuli than the stocks of large companies. And these days, it seems like whatever's good for tech stocks is bad for the rest of the market.
In truth, the past movements of securities may or may not be closely related to those of the broad market. A great indicator to use is R-squared, which examines the correlation between two data series--in this case, between a security and its baseline. If a security has an R-squared near 1.00, it means that the security does have a close relationship to its baseline index. As R-squared figures decline from 1.00, the relationship becomes less clear. In general parlance, it is fair to say that a stock with an R-squared of 0.85 "shares" 85% of its fluctuations with the baseline. This is a reasonably close relationship, but a security with an R-squared of 0.25, for example, actually has little in common with the baseline.
It is possible, and I have tried to find the "ideal," to construct a data series that has a beta of 1.00, but an absolute risk (measured by standard deviation) that is off the charts compared to the baseline; and, moreover, has an R-squared approaching zero. That is to say that it's not difficult to show that beta can be misleading in the extreme if it is examined in a vacuum. Investors who use this figure would be wise not only to familiarize themselves with its statistical underpinnings, but also with those of R-squared.
Remember, profits in the stock market come only by making profitable use of the information at your disposal.
Sockpuppet has quite rightly pointed out that beta is often used at the portfolio level by money managers who use it as a rough benchmark for their performance/risk vs. their peer group. But, in these cases, you'll often find them computing a beta vs. the Standard & Poor's 500 Index as well as against an index that more closely approximates their market--for example, a small cap fund manager may compute his fund's beta using the Russell 2000 Index as a baseline. This is an extremely appropriate use of beta.
In literature:
Beta was a caste in Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World. As the name of the
caste suggests, betas were the second highest in the caste system, possessing physical
and mental abilities inferior only to those of the alphas.
In physics:
In math:
The beta function is a special function related to gamma function.
Berzerkeley = B = BFI
Historical note: More formally, to beta-test is to test a pre-release (potentially unreliable) version of a piece of software by making it available to selected (or self-selected) customers and users. This term derives from early 1960s terminology for product cycle checkpoints, first used at IBM but later standard throughout the industry. 'Alpha Test' was the unit, module, or component test phase; 'Beta Test' was initial system test. These themselves came from earlier A- and B-tests for hardware. The A-test was a feasibility and manufacturability evaluation done before any commitment to design and development. The B-test was a demonstration that the engineering model functioned as specified. The C-test (corresponding to today's beta) was the B-test performed on early samples of the production design, and the D test was the C test repeated after the model had been in production a while.
Introduced in 1975 in the form of the Sony LV-1901, Beta was the first video cassette recorder intended for consumers. (VHS, a JVC creation, came 2 years later, and V2000, made by philips, came after that.)
Eventually overtaken by VHS, due to VHS's cheaper decks; Consumers bought what they could afford, and movies for it, meaning fewer Beta decks, meaning less demand for Beta movies, starting a vicious cycle that eventually killed Beta.
By 1989, Beta was effectively dead in the consumer market, although it is still used in Professional set ups, and by a few "Betaphiles".
Also known by the names "Betamax" and "Betacord".
Beta A story
For most of his life Walter has a recurring dream. It's a boring dream. Hardly worth remembering.
The dream is this: he's in the public library, sitting on the floor in an aisle between two bookshelves. There's a book in his hand. The title of the book is, "The Amazing Inventions of Nikola Tesla." As he's reading someone comes up behind him.
The person behind Walter says, "Greenland conveyor."
For 30 years there is nothing else he remembers of the dream. Until today.
Today Walter remembers it wasn't a dream. He really did go to the library and read the book.
He


How do Chumash Indian children live, and what did they do in the past?
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They do the same things all children do--play with each other, go to school and help around the house. Many Chumash children like to go hunting and fishing with their fathers. In the past, Indian kids had more chores and less time to play in their daily lives, just like colonial children. But they did have dolls, toys, and games to play. One favorite Chumash children's game was a contest to throw a javelin through a rolling hoop. Chumash kids also enjoyed swimming on the beaches. A Chumash mother traditionally carried a young child in a cradleboard on her back--a custom which many American parents have adopted now. What were men and women's roles in the Chumash tribe? Chumash men were fishermen and hunters, and sometimes they went to war to protect their families. Chumash women ground acorn meal, did most of the cooking and child care, and wove baskets. Both genders took part in storytelling, music and artwork, and traditional medicine. A Chumash chief could be either a man or a... more
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Author(s): Wilson BJ
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Abstract This report focuses on how to design media messages about nutrition that will persuade people to adopt healthful behaviors. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) is used as a theoretical framework to explore different information-processing modes that individuals employ in a variety of communication situations. Studies from the fields of communication and psychology are briefly reviewed, with a focus on the source and message strategies that are most likely to persuade different types of audiences to change their nutritional attitudes and behaviors.
This article was published in J Nutr Educ Behav
and referenced in Advances in Recycling & Waste Management


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Malthus to Solow
NBER Working Paper No. 6858
A unified growth theory is developed that accounts for the roughly constant living standards displayed by world economies prior to 1800 as well as the growing living standards exhibited by modern industrial economies. Our theory also explains the industrial revolution, which is the transition from an era when per capita incomes are stagnant to one with sustained growth. This transition is inevitable given positive rates of total factor productivity growth. We use a standard growth model with one good and two available technologies. The first, denoted the capital as inputs. The second, denoted the does not require land. We show that in the early stages of development, only the Malthus technology is used and, due to population growth, living standards are stagnant despite technological progress. Eventually, technological progress causes the Solow technology to become profitable and both technologies are employed. At this point, living standards improve since population growth has less influence on per capita income growth. In the limit, the economy behaves like a standard Solow growth model.
Published: Hansen, Gary D. and Edward C. Prescott. "Malthus To Solow," American Economic Review, 2002, v92(4,Sep), _PHONE_.


"We are working with 'open water' in the northern upland chain LNP – mostly ponds etc, but sometimes larger lakes. Ponds (and water) is a good one, we thought, because it is easy to target new habitat through working with farmers and the stewardship schemes. We are really pleased with Condatis." A. Mansley, Northumberland National Park Authority
Electrical circuit on the left with resistors in blue, and stylised map with existing habitat in brown. Green represents adding a resistor or additional habitat to each to increase the number of pathways available.
Electrical circuit on the left and comparable stylised habitat map on the right. Green represents adding a resistor or additional habitat to each to increase the number of pathways available and therefore improve the flow.
Condatis models a landscape of habitats as if it were an electrical circuit. A circuit board consists of a number of wires joining up resistors in combinations. When a voltage is applied to the board at one end, the current will pass through the board to the other end but the amount of current passing through each wire will vary according to the resistances it meets through each pathway. Condatis considers a landscape as analogous to a circuit board, with a source population of species being considered the voltage, the links between habitat useable by these species being the resistors, and the flow of species colonising the available habitat across those links being considered the current.
The webapp help is now the best place to go if you read this page and want to give Condatis a try.
A full description of the underlying scientific method can be found in the following papers 2016 2012
Imported map showing grassland habitat at 1km resolution, scaled to show proportion of grassland within each 1km square
Using Condatis begins by opening a habitat map on which the conservation scenario will be based. The map can be produced from most GIS software: simply create a raster containing the habitat in the area of interest which is appropriate to the species under consideration. The example shows the proportion of grassland habitat present per 1km square. Condatis can import geotiff or ESRI files.
Next, source and target locations are specified: the source either representing a nominal population of species or an actual population, the target representing an area for eventual colonisation. These can be selected using preset North South East West edges or bespoke sources and targets can be defined by a raster map. The direction of travel is defined by the placement of source and target and will depend on the purpose of study. For instance, if looking at likely species movement due to climate change, a south to north or lowland to upland direction might be required. Condatis looks at how the habitat in between the source and target could contribute to the species progress over multiple generations, so it is not designed to look in detail at individual patch-to-patch movements.
What is flow2Flow
Example of flow screen
Flow of colonisation across the landscape from east to west, scale shows amount of flow through each habitat cell
Flow output showing progress of colonisation from east to west. Broad colour bands represent steady colonisation over that area, narrow bands show slow or discontinuous progress
Each habitat cell is assumed to be linked with every other habitat cell; the strength of each of these links is dependent on the time it would take for the population of one cell to send colonists to populate the other cell. The time taken is considered analogous to resistance in the Condatis model. By selecting a dispersal distance (the average dispersal distance per generation) and the reproductive rate of a species (either known or representative), Condatis will calculate the overall flow from source to target and the portion of this flow travelling through each individual habitat cell. This is plotted on a map, colour coded to highlight the areas of most concentrated flow. Condatis also calculates the overall speed which is a measure of how quickly the target can be reached from the source via any route, and can be used as a directly comparable landscape connectivity metric across different scenarios and habitats.
Bottleneck view showing the links between habitat cells under the highest strain – links where the highest flows of colonists have to jump the furthest distances to progress across the landscape
Condatis measures the amount of flow through each cell and the distance travelled across its links to other habitat cells. It uses this to calculate the power of each cell link, which we like to think of as the strain that each link is under. By ranking these it can produce a map showing these links of highest strain, which are "bottlenecks" in the landscape where a high proportion of the species flow is travelling through relatively few links.
Bottleneck diagramOften, a small number of links carry a disproportionately high amount of power. If habitat could be created around the bottlenecks it would disproportionately increase range-shifting connectivity.
Where to create habitat?
Results of prioritisation overlaid onto ordnance survey map. The cells of potential habitat creation are ranked with those in darker pink offering greater contributions to habitat connectivity. Contains O.S. data @ Crown copyright [and database right] (2016)
Results of dropping overlaid onto ordnance survey map. The cells of potential habitat creation are ranked with those darker shaded offering greater contributions to habitat connectivity. Contains O.S. data @ Crown copyright [and database right] (2016)
Prioritisation, aka Dropping, is a method for ranking patches of habitat for restoration or protection, when the user has a restricted map of feasible areas. The method shows how additional habitat cells can increase the speed of species' movement across a landscape of existing habitat and can also be used to highlight areas of an existing network that cannot afford to be lost due their contribution to connectivity. In a prioritisation analysis, habitat cells are ranked according to their contribution to the speed of species' movement and the lowest-ranking additional cells are 'dropped' from the landscape. This procedure is repeated multiple times until only the most important cells remain, contributing the most to flow.
The webapp help contains more explanation of how to perform and interpret a prioritisation analysis.
cond_vert_fill_pinkIs this the right software for me?
Condatis is a highly flexible and very powerful tool designed for landscape scale studies of connectivity over successive generations of species. It works particularly well for habitats that are well-defined and patchy. However, if the area of interest is likely to be very small (roughly the distance required to colonise habitat within one generation of a target species) then Condatis is unlikely to produce results that will be meaningful. If however you are looking for a quick and easy to use application to look at directional connectivity over a landscape, pick out the most effective sites for habitat creation, test climate change resilience or run a number of directly comparable colonisation scenarios then we would recommend trying Condatis.
A range of the different analyses our current users have undertaken using Condatis are illustrated on our case studies page
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ABACO PARROTS & CHICKS
A 2012 BREEDING SEASON PICTURE GALLERY
Time to write some more about Abaco's most famous bird, the unique ground-nesting Amazon / Cuban parrot sub-species that makes Abaco its home, and breeds in the pine forests of the Abaco National Park in the south of the island. You'll find lots of information and photos on the dedicated page ABACO PARROTS.
This post covers the 2012 breeding season, and highlights the success of scientist Caroline Stahala and her team in helping to secure the future of these rare endangered birds. The population had shrunk to around 2500 (or fewer) some years ago. More recently it had risen to 3000. An intensive conservation program, including anti-predation measures, has proved effective; and a systematic ringing program has enabled the team to keep a close eye on recovering parrot numbers. Caroline says that the population is now in the region of 4000, confirming an encouraging reversal of a dismal decline towards extinction for these beautiful birds.
The parrots breed only in the pine forest, where they nest in quite deep holes in the limestone rock. This makes the nests and the areas round them vulnerable to predation from feral cats and rodents etc; but conversely it offers protection from the forest fires that would destroy tree nests.
The parent parrots share feeding and care duties
The chicks / fledglings stage are ringed so they can be identified – see ABACO PARROT CHICKS
By coincidence, as I was producing the post above, Craig Layman at THE ABACO SCIENTIST was also ruminating on the topic of Abaco parrot breeding. He posted the comments below, which raise the very interesting question whether the Abaco parrots, with their increased population, may be starting to breed outside the National park. Caroline can probably answer this (see COMMENTS), but does anyone have any direct evidence to suggest a wider breeding habitat? I guess there would need to be a suitably pitted rock structure for the nests, and an absence of the usual catand rat-type predators that one might find nearer human populations. Answers welcomed via the comment box…
(Sort of) A Bahama Parrot Study
Posted by laymanc 26 Nov 2012
It isn't really much of a study, but the only "science" I have been able to do over the last week with the continued turbidity of nearshore waters.
The Bahama parrot (more information HERE and HERE) is one of the iconic Bahamas animals, and the main factor behind the establishment of the ABACO NATIONAL PARK in southern Abaco. But my study has been conducted instead from my desk in Little Harbour. My main finding is simple: the range of the parrot has clearly expanded; it has now been a full calendar in which parrots have been in the area. Just a few days ago two dozen were squawking around the harbour. The key will be whether they begin nesting here as well – I havent heard reports of that yet. But if they do, the expanding nesting range will substantially increase long term viability of the parrot on Abaco. That ends my first ever Bahama parrot study (I really need more time in the water when I come back).


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Question: [As] upholding [the name of Āmítuófó is] classified [as the] Practical Practice [in contrast to Wisdom Practice (慧行)], thus is [it a] Supportive Practice, why [is it] named [as the] Main Practice?
[Note: Although asking thus, upholding the name IS the Main Practice, not a Supportive Practice.]
Answer: Relying [upon] wholeheartedness, speaking [of] Faith, Aspiration [and] Practice, [they are] not [with any one of them] before [or] after, [and] definitely not [with the] three [separate].
Because without Aspiration [and] Practice, [this is] not named [as] true Faith; without Practice [and] Faith, [this is] not named [as] true Aspiration; without Faith [and] Aspiration [this is] not named [as] true Practice.
Now, completely due to, [with] Faith [and] Aspiration upholding [the] name [of Āmítuófó], thus [are] Faith, Aspiration [and] Practice three, [yet from] recitation [to] recitation, perfect [and] complete, therefore [is this] named [as having] much good roots [and] blessed virtues [as] cause [and] condition.
[As the] Contemplation Sūtra [says, with] calling [of] Buddha's name thus, [from] thought [to] thought within, 'eradicates eighty koṭis [i.e. 10 million each] [of] kalpas [i.e. world cycles of about 1.3 trillion years each] [of] transgressions of births [and] deaths'. This [is] of [that] said.
If blessed [virtues and] good [roots from mindful recitation of Āmítuófó's name are] not much, how can there be this great eradication of transgressions?
– Pure Land Tradition's 9th Patriarch Great Master Ǒuyì
(Essential Explanation [Of The] Sūtra [In Which The] Buddha Speaks [Of] Amitā[bha] Buddha)
Namo Amituofo : Translation and note by Shen Shi'an
Next Section: How Does Sincere Mindfulness Of Buddha Eradicate Transgressions?
Complete English Translation Of 'The Essential Explanation On The Amitābha Sūtra As Spoken By The Buddha'


LDPE Film 90-10 Scrap
On 2Lians, we accept these payment terms:
 Place of OriginJapan, US, Europe
 MaterialLDPE/HDPE/LLDPE Film
 ColorNatural, White, Mix Color
 TypePost Industrial Waste
 AppearanceFilm and bag
 Supply Ability500 Metric Tons per Month
 Processing Time15 - 20 days
 Price228 USD/MONTH FAS Hamburg
 Quantity3-4 loads/month
LDPE 90-10 plastic scrap
LDPE is a thermoplastic which is obtained from petroleum. It is a semi-rigid and translucent polymer. It has a density of 0.910-0.930g/cm3. The LDPE structure consists of bundled polymer chains which are placed in an irregular shape. It is perfectly flexible, it can be used at the temperature between −50 °C and 80 °C. The melting point of LDPE is about 120 °C.
It is generally used for trays and pots, long life bags and sacks, poly tunnels, protective sheeting, food bags etc. It is also used in wire & cable covering, computer parts such as disk drive, video cards. shrink wrap and container lids. ldpe film scrap
The effect of gamma radiation (doses 5–60 kGy) on the thermal, mechanical and permeation properties, as well as on IR-spectra of experimental five-layer food packaging films were studied. Films contained a middle buried layer of recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) comprising 25–50% by weight of the multilayer structure. Representative films containing 100% virgin LDPE as the buried layer were taken as controls.
Results showed that the percentage of recycled LDPE
Results showed that the percentage of recycled LDPE plastic in the multilayer structure did not significantly () affect the melting temperature, tensile strength, percent elongation at break, Young's modulus, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour transmission rate values and the IR-spectra of the non-irradiated and irradiated multilayer films.
Irradiation (mainly the higher dose of 60 kGy) induced certain small, but statistically significant () differences in the mechanical properties of multilayer films (with or without recycled LDPE layer) while no significant differences were observed in the thermal properties and in the gas and water vapour permeability of multilayer films.
Promotion products


text:
March 22, 2000
UPTON, NY - Painting a bridge can be a costly and time-consuming undertaking, especially if the paint job doesn't last. So scientists have been working on ways to test paint durability before the brushes even get wet. At a March 22 session at the American Physical Society meeting in Minneapolis, scientists from the University of Missouri at Kansas City, who worked in collaboration with physicist Bent Nielsen of the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, will present findings that could lead to the development of an extremely sensitive and quick durability test.
The technique is called positron annihilation. Essentially, the scientists bombard small painted samples of metal with a beam of positrons, or positively charged electrons. When these "antielectrons" interact with the electrons in the molecules of the paint, they annihilate one another and send out gamma rays that give the scientists information about the molecules in the paint. The technique can detect nanometer-scale holes and defects in the paint molecules; free radicals, which indicate the presence of broken chemical bonds; and cross linking, which may make the paint brittle.
"These experiments show that this technique is extremely sensitive to detecting damage early," says Brookhaven's Nielsen - well before the formation of any visible cracks in the paint. "So you can test the paint on a much shorter time scale - a day instead of half a year. That's a big advantage," Nielsen says.
The scientists typically test the paint samples before and after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, one of the components of sunlight known to damage bridge coatings. The more sensitive the paint is to UV damage, the less durable the paint would be on a bridge exposed to sunlight day after day. They've also exposed samples to UV light during the positron annihilation test to see if they could detect the damage as it occurred. In both cases, the damage increased with UV exposure time, and was most severe near the surface of the paint.
In addition to laying the foundation for a quick paint durability test, the detailed observations made possible by positron annihilation may also help scientists learn more about the fundamental mechanisms of paint degradation. That knowledge, in turn, may eventually lead to the development of more durable paints.
Brookhaven was a pioneer in developing positron beams in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, a medical technique used to learn about the function of body organs such as the brain, works on a similar principle, Nielsen says.
This paper will be presented at session L36 on March 22, 2000, at 10 a.m. in the Exhibit Hall of the Minneapolis Convention Center.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory creates and operates major facilities available to university, industrial and government personnel for basic and applied research in the physical, biomedical and environmental sciences and in selected energy technologies. The Laboratory is operated by Brookhaven Science Associates, a not-for-profit research management company, under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Note to local editors: Bent Nielsen lives in Port Jefferson, New York.
Last updated 5/28/99 by Public Affairs


text:
Virtual Fossils: a New Resource for Science Communication in Paleontology
Computer-aided 3-D reconstruction of fossils, or virtual paleontology, is an increasingly common and powerful technique. It is now regularly used for research in paleontology, yet to date has impacted little on public outreach and science communication; however, it is ideally suited for these purposes, being increasingly cheap and available, dynamic and exciting, and applicable to a range of topics. Here, we provide an introduction to the field, and a case study of its use for a public engagement event. The steps involved in creating such an educational resource are outlined, and include computed tomography scanning, digital visualization, and 3-D printing of fossils. We emphasize the value of virtual fossils for science communication; they allow for diverse learning styles in a variety of topics. In the future, we hope that virtual paleontology will become a mainstay of communicating the history of life, thereby promoting accurate understanding of evolution.


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The Stokes-Einstein equation is the equation first derived by Einstein in his Ph.D thesis for the diffusion coefficient of a "Stokes" particle undergoing Brownian Motion in a quiescent fluid at uniform temperature. The result was formerly published in Einstein's (1905) classic paper on the theory of Brownian motion (it was also simultaneously derived by Sutherland (1905) using an identical argument). Einstein's result for the diffusion coefficient D of a spherical particle of radius a in a fluid of dynamic viscosity h at absolute temperature T is:
where is the gas constant and NA is Avogadro's Number. The formula is historically important since it was used to make the first absolute measurement of NA so confirming molecular theory. Although the formula can be derived alternatively using the Langevin equation of motion for a Brownian particle [Chandrasekhar (1943)] the derivation of Einstein is a powerful and ingenious one, correct even when the Langevin equation is only approximate. Einstein assumed that van't Hoff's law for the osmotic pressure exerted by solute molecules in a solvent fluid at equilibrium was equally applicable to the pressure p associated with a suspension of Brownian particles at equilibrium in the same fluid, i.e.,
where nM is the number of gram moles of fluid per unit volume and f the'molar fraction' defined here as the ratio of the number of particles to the number of fluid molecules. Einstein then argued that a suspension of Brownian particles at equilibrium under their own weight could be viewed in two ways both of which were equivalent: a balance between the net weight of the particles and the gradient of the particle pressure in the direction of gravity; or a balance between the diffusion flux and the settling flux due to gravity. Using the Stokes drag formula for the settling velocity (see Stokes Law) and the formula for p above gives the formula for D given above. A similar argument allows one to deduce a form for the particle pressure in a turbulent gas knowing the form for the particle turbulent diffusion coefficient (see Particle Transport in Turbulent Fluids).
Chandrasekhar, S. (1943) Rev. Mod. Phys., 15, 1.
Einstein, A. (1905) Ann. der Physik, 17, 549.
Sutherland, W. (1905) Phil. Mag., 9. 781.


Garmaine Staff asked 1 year ago
I ran clang-tidy (the "modernize" modules) on a project tree that I have been trying to keep reasonably up to date with C++17. Almost everything it corrected was unsurprising to me, except for one thing: It changed all of these types of constructs:
void foo(const std::string& str) {
.. to this:
void foo(std::string str) {
And I don't understand why. To my untrained eye this would mean two things:
 1. It would need to copy the object rather than just pass a reference. (Though I assume there are situations when the compiler can deduce that it can just pass a pointer when it generates the code — but the reference makes it explicit (which is better imho)).
 2. The const is there to tell the function body developer that it shouldn't be changing the input string, and that if it needs to modify the string it needs to store its own copy somewhere.
I do see an upside though — by just passing an object as a const reference it's a mere "remove const" cast away from being changed anyway, so I guess passing by value would solve that.
Why does it recommend removing const references with non-const pass-by-values?


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What is Geocell?
If until now you did not know about the existence of the geogrid, below the article you will definitely be very useful.
Geocell is an organic geosintetik, honeycomb-like form and a wide range of dimensions SOT, which are used, that would keep the fragile soil.
To date, the geogrid is widely used in road construction, industrial construction works, civil engineering and even in the landscape design of the suburban area.
The main advantages of geogrid are considered:
- The durability of the material under all conditions of use. Though the water, even with strong heating of the soil geogrid retains its structure, without emitting harmful toxin in the environment, because. they simply do not.
- Easy Assembly/dismantling. All you need, to lay the geogrid on the compacted soil and fill suitable material (felts sand, felts ground).
- Easily transported. Geocell is sold in rolls and is light in weight, so it can be easily delivered to the construction site.
- Return material. Once having spent money on strengthening the slope with geogrid, you will provide maintenance-free life of the hillside for many years. Besides, to strengthen the slipping slope you will need much more money to build retaining walls and other labor-intensive activities.
- Geogrid copes with his work, the slopes, shores of reservoirs and other structures are protected from erosion and other negative actions of nature.
As you can see the advantages of geogrid quite a lot, therefore, the equipment areas this material is appropriate.
As for the size of the geogrid, they differ in the size of hundreds of cells. These sizes can range from 50/160/160 to 200/320/320, where the indicators are height/length/width.
As mentioned earlier, the geogrid consists of geosintetika, or to be more precise, polymer tape, thick 1,5 mm. Honeycomb geogrid arranged in a checkerboard pattern and fixed by high strength stitches.
The scope of the geogrid
Geogrid is widely used in many construction works. Most often the geogrid used to construct the following objects:
- The construction of roads. Strengthen pavement from the negative effects of wind and water, and also strengthen the road surface on the slopes. Besides the roads, the geogrid used in the construction of viaducts, bridges and even runways.
- In the geoplastics. Or rather in the construction of artificial hills, retaining walls and other materials for landscaping suburban area. As the geogrid is used to protect the lawn from trampling.
- Industrial construction. The geogrid used for reinforcement of ground structures, strengthening of water utilities etc.
- In civil engineering. Here the geogrid serves as a material to strengthen the shoreline of the natural and artificial reservoirs, and as grounds for tennis courts, playgrounds, Parking lots etc.
Above we have listed the most popular areas of use geogrid, and as you can see, for a small time of existence of this material, it is used practically everywhere.
Technology of installation of geogrid with their hands
Technology of installation of geogrid with your hands is simple and it can handle any cottager, loving to do something yourself.
The first thing you need to prepare the area for laying of the geogrid. The soil should be thoroughly compacted manual roller.
Then begin the spreading of the geogrid across the entire surface. For attachment of the geogrid to use l-shaped steel anchor, that can go in the kit.
After, as the geogrid will be carefully placed on the surface and fixed, in the cell fall asleep fertile soil. The height of the falling asleep of the soil must exceed the height of the geogrid on 5 cm.
Well, in the end, the fertile soil on the geogrid carefully rolled hand roller.
This is the technology of installation of geogrid with their hands, as you can see, nothing complicated, but this building work will effectively retain the soil from slipping.
More clearly will show you the process of installation of the geogrid in this video example:
We wish you good luck in setting your country site with modern building materials and technologies!


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i've a problem doing a full text search in lucene.net where the search result contains special lucene characters.
I've a field named "content" in my Lucene documents. This field is created as followed and contains the content of the indexed documents:
document.Add(new Field("content", fulltext, Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.ANALYZED));
For creating the index i'm using the Standardanalyzer.
For querying the index i'm using the following code:
var queryParser = new QueryParser(Lucene.Net.Util.Version.LUCENE_29, "content", analayzer);
Query fullTextQuery = queryParser.Parse(queryString);
The query is then added to a BooleanQuery which is used to get the results from a IndexSearcher. I think the rest of the code is not that important, because the code works like it should for 99% of the queries. I'm also using the StandardAnalyzer for querying the index.
Now here is the problem. Sometimes the "content" field of a document contains text that is separated using "-"
some text some text selector-lever some text some text
Now when i'm doing a full text search (exact phrase) using "selector lever". The query looks like this:
content:"selector lever"
The problem here is that also the document containing the above text is found, although it shouldn't be found because the 2 words are separated using the "-" and not blank.
I think it has something to do with the analyzer and the fact that "-" is a special character in lucene.
Maybe someone can help me solving this problem.
thanks in advance Martin
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
You are right in thinking that the problem is the analyzer that you are using at index time.
From the Lucene javadocs:
A grammar-based tokenizer constructed with JFlex
This should be a good tokenizer for most European-language documents:
 - Splits words at punctuation characters, removing punctuation. However, a dot that's not followed by whitespace is considered part of a token.
 - Splits words at hyphens, unless there's a number in the token, in which case the whole token is interpreted as a product number and is not split.
 - Recognizes email addresses and internet hostnames as one token.
Many applications have specific tokenizer needs. If this tokenizer does not suit your application, please consider copying this source code directory to your project and maintaining your own grammar-based tokenizer.
Therefore, in your case you would need to index your documents with a more strict Analyzer like the WhitespaceAnalyzer which only splits on whitespace.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
The Most Inclusive Party Ideas Resource Site On The Web!
Water Limbo Perfect Party Ideas
Ages: 4 and older
Objective: Players attempt to do a water limbo under a stream of water
Players: 4 or more
Materials: garden hose attached to a water faucet, spray nozzle, broom handle, masking tape, towels
Rules: Hook up the garden hose to the spray nozzle and set it either to full or jet. Turn water tap on and adjust water pressure so that a comfortable stream forms that goes about 6 feet in distance. Take the broom handle and mark with tape every 6 inches or 1 foot. This will be your limbo marker. When all is set, hold the broom handle up vertically and hold the nozzle at the highest mark on your broom and start spraying the water. Use the locking lever on the nozzle to make it easier on your hand. Players then one at a time will attempt to go under to water stream walking forward but bending backwards if necesary in order not to hit the water. If every player made it through the first height successfully lower the stream to the next mark. If a player gets hit by the water, they will be given one more chance. If they get hit by the water again, they are out. Continue playing and lowering the stream each time until only one player remains. That player is the winner. Have that player attempt to go as low as they can. This ways everyone gets wet!


1. The act or practice of recording anything by marks, figures, or characters.
2. Any particular system of characters, symbols, or abbreviated expressions used in art or science, to express briefly technical facts, quantities, etc. Esp, the system of figures, letters, and signs used in arithmetic and algebra to express number, quantity, or operations.
3. Literal or etymological signification. ""Conscience" is a Latin word, and, according to the very notation of it, imports a double or joint knowledge." (South)
Origin: L. Notatio a marking, observing, etymology, fr. Notare to mark, nota a mark: cf. F. Notation. See 5th Note.
(01 Mar 1998)
notanencephalia, Not-a-Number, notate, notatin < Prev | Next > Notch, notched, notched teeth


text:
Q and M are defined by their spatial locations and total areas. The overlap, or intersection, is I, also measured in area. The relevance R is determined by (2 * I) / (Q + M). For example, suppose that the query and map don't overlap at all, so that I is 0, and thus R is 0:
Another example is where the query and map only minimally overlap, and R = 0.05:
And finally, we have the case where Q and M are the exact same region, in which case I = Q = M, and R = 1:
By selecting a normalized score that jibes with our notion of regional relevance, I can then combine this value with other metrics as I did with cost, topic relevance, date, etc. So long as we can define a reasonably intuitive value, we can incorporate it. This isn't much different than a survey answer or course evaluation that asks us to state our opinion from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with its relative importance.
Where I've been using the term linear to denote characteristics such as cost or distance, it would be more accurate to say that those are 1-dimensional, whereas spatial regions are usually 2- or 3-dimensional. Looking at percentages, such as the degree of overlap, naturally yield a linear range from 0 to 1. For distances, however, we often don't consider linearity to be consistent with relevance. For example, we might say that, more or less, 1 mile is walkable, 10 miles is bikeable, 100 miles is drivable, and 1000 miles is flyable. Notions of acceptable distances are often closer to logarithmic than to linear. In the example of looking for an attorney, we used a modified logarithmic scale.
1. The output of the relevance equation is intentionally in the same scale and range as the inputs to the equation. One might consider the impact of continually recalculating the relevance score, where input values may change, but with the output of the function fed back to itself as an input parameter with various weightings (the recursive property). This is the case by default if one assumes a weighting of 0. As the weight of the output-as-input is increased, it becomes harder to modify the value of the output. Do any real-world systems exhibit this behavior? What if we were measuring the ongoing quality of a dynamic entity rather than a one-off measure of a static artifact, and wanted to balance prior and current output? In general, what are the pros and cons of a quality metric graph being a DAG or other graph structure? If there are cycles, but fixed external inputs, would the outputs be stable and/or converge?
2. With unweighted additive scoring, it's pretty straightforward to calculate the equivalent values between two factors. For example, we had set $1/hour equal to 100 miles in Case 1 (and decided that that wasn't a reasonable setting). With unweighted multiplicative scoring, it's harder to determine the equivalences. This is especially true if we're using non-linear mappings to derive a characteristic's normalized value. For example, suppose we use a modified logarithmic scale to get to a distance score (e.g. 1 for 10 miles or less, 0.8 for 11 to 20 miles, 0.6 for 21 to 40 miles, 0.4 for 41 to 80 miles, 0.2 for 81 to 160 miles, and 0 for 161 or more miles). If we use a linear scale for cost, how much money is a mile worth? Is it the same for each distance interval? What if we add weights?
3. Numbers between 0 and 1 get smaller if we raise them to a power greater than 1, and larger for powers less than 1. Do we get the desired effect in weighting using the method described above? How large should the exponent be to get an intuitive boost in relative importance?
4. How would the non-hierarchical relevance formula change if we incorporated sub-components (e.g. separate weightings for precision and recall to derive the quality score) into a single grand weighted formula? Would we be able to do this if we had any cycles (see question #1)?
5. What type of GUI might you imagine that would allow a user to modify the various weights used to calculate a final score? For example, you could use a set of sliders to adjust weights as the ranked list changes in real time. You could display candidates on a map, color coded to their relevance score. You could do a rollover of candidates to see which factors led to their ranking.
Conclusion — Next Steps
This article described an approach to measuring multi-faceted, heterogeneous, hierarchical subjective notions of quality, yielding several beneficial properties. These properties allow for measurements of complex, subjective notions of value or quality that are intuitive and easily tailored to a particular individual and data set.
I'm currently working with both corporate clients and law firms to establish some standardized metrics. My goal is to define a sufficient set, roll them out to clients, and measure the impact of their use on their ROI on legal spend with outside counsel. We're currently planning a conference sometime this Fall (TBD) at Harvard Law's Center on the Legal Profession to discuss the metrics.


text:
Research continues to confirm that students who become involved in experiences outside the classroom receive a deeper, richer, more satisfying, and more holistic learning experience than those students who are less involved.
Examples of such experiences include, but are not limited to, participation in: (a) living-learning communities, (b) student clubs and organizations, (c) volunteer work and service projects, and (d) workshops and training programs. Additionally, the transcript can be used to record formal student recognitions and awards, as well as other achievements.
IUP has created a co-curricular transcript, which allows individuals to track their experiences and accomplishments as a student. By comparison, an academic transcript is a very straightforward tabloid which contains the results of academic coursework. However, the co-curricular transcript is a tabloid of experiences and achievements that complements the academic record and helps capture a student's full IUP experience.
The co-curricular transcript application can be accessed using the following steps:
Once in the application, you have the ability to add a co-curricular activity, update/review/remove an activity, or generate an unofficial Co-Curricular Transcript. To add an item, enter the following:
The types (categories) of experiences and some examples are as follows: (Note that the examples indicated below are not an exhaustive list, but illustrate some of the types of experiences that can be included.)
Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline
© 2007–16 Indiana University of Pennsylvania
1011 South Drive, Indiana, Pa. 15705 | _PHONE_


7 Best Practices For Writing Perfect eLearning Scripts
How To Write Perfect eLearning Scripts
Hollywood screenplays get all the glory, but well-written eLearning scripts have the potential to change the lives of your online learners. When done correctly, they serve as the backbone of your eLearning course design and create an emotional connection with every member of your audience. The trick is to transform all of the subject matter into something engaging, enlightening, and entertaining, which can be a challenging feat when you're working with bland material. Here are the 7 best practices for crafting the perfect eLearning script for your eLearning course.
 1. Turn your eLearning script into a conversation.
 Your eLearning scripts should sound organic. Online learners must feel like they are dealing with an actual person they can relate to, instead of a computer who happens to know a lot about the subject matter. When you're writing your eLearning script imagine that you are just having a casual conversation with your audience. Try to use the words "we", "you", and "us" as much as possible to connect with them on a more personal level. Better yet, read it out loud after you've finished and see if it flows naturally, or if you may need to add a bit more personality and warmth before you start narrating.
 2. Keep it short.
 You should only include the bare necessities in your eLearning scripts. This is due to the fact that online learners are less likely to remember the key takeaways when they are in audio form. For this reason, you should always emphasize the main ideas and concepts with text or images, in addition to your audio narration. Read over your eLearning script when you're done to see what should stay and what you can afford to lose. It's also a good idea to choose the ideal time cap before you start writing your eLearning script. For example, you know that your online learners don't have much time to access the presentation so you are going to keep it under 5 minutes long.
 3. Brainstorm before you type the first letter.
 You should brainstorm every aspect of your eLearning script beforehand to make sure that you flush out of all of the main points. Create mind maps, eLearning storyboards, and outlines to get all of your ideas onto paper, then dive into the eLearning script writing process. One of the most effective tools is a detailed timeline. For instance, you might decide that the first minute of your eLearning narration should stress the benefits of the presentation, while the second should explore the applications of the subject matter. Also, meet with your eLearning team to get their input and get them involved in the eLearning brainstorming session.
 4. Leave out the jargon.
 Nobody wants to take an eLearning course that calls for a dictionary. Your online learners should be able to understand every word in your eLearning script. If not, then the definition should be included. Do some audience research to find out how much your online learners know and their level of experience, which will give you a good indication of which industry-specific jargon you should include. For example, online learners who have been in the field for a long time will probably need more specialized lingo, while those who are less experienced may require more basic terminology. When in doubt, just leave it out and provide links to supplemental resources. Less experienced learners then have the opportunity to explore advanced terms, topics, and tasks on their own time.
 5. Use vivid imagery.
 Online learners will remember the eLearning content more effectively if it paints a vivid picture. Instead of just telling them about an idea or concept, use adjectives and descriptors to make it more meaningful and engaging. This is especially useful when integrating stories and real world examples into your eLearning course design. A story is already emotionally compelling, but you can make it absolutely riveting by using imagery to draw them in. Just make sure that you don't go overboard and start describing every single detail. Also, keep visual metaphors, similes, and other literary devices to a minimum. Unless, of course, they will help your online learners to better understand the subject matter.
 Make your course meaningful with the Most Engaging Branching Scenarios!
 6. Watch your tone!
 Every element of your eLearning script should be respectful, professional, and personable. Online learners must feel like they are listening to someone that is on the same level, rather than a condescending authority figure. The eLearning content should follow the same guidelines: If you are dealing with tech-savvy online learners who already know their way around an eLearning course you don't need to tell them how to navigate. You should also stay active. It's wise to steer clear of passive voice and keep your eLearning script in present tense.
 7. Edit, edit…and then edit again.
 Do a few rounds of proofreading, editing, and revising before you finalize your eLearning script. In fact, you may want to have a fresh pair of eyes read over the eLearning script to make sure that it is error-free and conveys the right tone. Editing is particularly important if you are enlisting the aid of a voice over artist, as grammar and spelling mistakes can cause confusion later on. If necessary, hire an experienced copy editor to polish your eLearning content and make some minor adjustments.
A well-written eLearning script has the power to captivate your audience and provide them with all of the key takeaways in a fun and engaging way. The secret is making them feel like the eLearning course was crafted for them, alone, by getting the tone, pace, and jargon just right.
Now that you know how to pen the perfect eLearning script, read the article Top 8 Tips For Effectively Proofreading Your eLearning Course to learn about useful tips for proofreading every aspect of your eLearning course.
eBook Release: VIVAHR


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Arcane Reach allows you to target a close burst or blast starting 2 squares away from you. Thunderwave pushes each target in a close blast 3.
The wizard chose his origin square and wanted the thunderwave to point back at himself. Is this allowed? Or is the push still determined from the wizard's square?
As to why? Well, he desperately needed to get out of his own Wall of Fire. Kids, be careful around fire!
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 14 down vote accepted
The consensus on the forums seems to be... unclear. I think the best response is this post:
Glossary definitions from PHB (for Arcane Reach) and Essentials (for origin square and push).
Arcane Reach: When using a close arcane attack power, you can choose a square within 2 squares of yours as the origin square. The power still follows the rules for close attacks.
Push (forced movement): Pushing a target means that each square of the forced movement must move the target farther away from the creature or effect that is pushing it.
Origin Square: The square where an effect originates. Every power has an origin square. A power's attack or utility type determines the origin square's location.
By RAW, you would push the target away from the origin square.
So if you used Thunderwave (a close blast 3) and decide that the origin square is 2 squares away from you (from the Arcane Reach feat), then any creature pushed with Thunderwave would be pushed away from the origin square (2 squares away).
Which also supports logic "origin from any square 2 squares away, thus you can attack yourself from the target line: Target: Each creature in blast, as you're a creature.
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Does this mean then that the target is yourself? Are you allowed to self-target with attack powers? – Rob Jun 12 '12 at 14:16
No, the "target" is not yourself, but you count as a creature such that if a power that would not otherwise target you targets you (via arcane reach) you are a valid target for that power. – Brian Ballsun-Stanton Jun 12 '12 at 14:35
Self-targetting with attack powers is an interesting question. I urge you to ask that as a proper question. – Brian Ballsun-Stanton Jun 12 '12 at 14:36
In my opinion? That's a clever solution, it's cool, and I would let it fly. DM fiat is a spectacular solution to unclear problems like this. Is it Rules As Written? Maybe not. But it works for me.
share|improve this answer
I totally let it fly! However, in D&D4 there is usually a "right" answer. As a group, we've decided to abide by the DM's call during game night and then search for the "right" answer after. – Pat Ludwig Oct 13 '10 at 16:07
Ah, that makes sense. – Player's Side Blog Oct 15 '10 at 14:12
Your Answer


The difference between 360 Virtual Tour and Virtual Reality
The difference between 360 Virtual Tour and Virtual Reality
Let's discuss the difference here.
What is virtual tour?
A 360° virtual tour is a digital marketing tool with an actual photography from a number of 360-degree cameras that are stitched together, to appear as a seamless whole. It provides photo or video of given environments such as real estate, hotels, resorts, casinos, education, tourism destinations, restaurant, clubs and more. Viewer can look around within the content created, but doesn't allow to navigate it or control anything beyond the direction you're looking, in 360 you're simply along for the ride. It's mostly about immersive visual experiences.
A 360° virtual tour can be viewed in many ways. You can watch 24/7, 365 days – even when you are closed through any smartphone, tablet, and computer as you scroll through your Facebook feed, using your finger to move around to get the 360 degree perspective.
Let's look at 360° virtual tour:
On the other hand, virtual reality or VR is a lot more immersive than a 360° virtual.
But, what is virtual reality?
In the most basic of explanations, virtual reality is a way to immerse users in an entirely virtual world. You are able to interact with the surroundings and are granted basic freedoms that 360 video simply can't match. Simply put, you can control the experience. It create an alternate world for you and place you inside it.
Let's look at virtual reality, or VR:
To conclude, Virtual Tour and and VR are different technologies and serve their own purposes. Now that you know what are some of their differences and where they stands amongst the current technologies for entertainment and business, go ahead and learn to how to use them.
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text:
DEA efficiency prediction based on IG–SVM
- 84 Downloads
The traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is widely used for efficiency evaluation of decision making unit composed of past or current input–output data in production system. We propose a new efficiency prediction model which for the first time combines information granulation (IG) and support vector machine (SVM) with DEA model, to evaluate the future efficiency of decision making unit in this paper. The model first uses fuzzy information granulation to granulate the input–output data over time series and then describe the characteristics of the data within each time window by the minimum, average and maximum values and establish the IG–SVM model based on the fuzzy information granulation and support vector machine. After training by time series data, the optimal model of regression is built. Based on this model, the minimum, average and maximum values of the next window in the future are predicted, and finally the future efficiency of the decision making unit can be calculated by the DEA model. Case studies show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method.
KeywordsSupport vector machine Information granulation Data envelopment analysis Efficiency prediction
The authors acknowledge the support of the project "the research on supply-side structural reform of manufacture enterprise under Internet + background (16BGL015)" funded by National Social science foundation of China and the project of "Research on Shaanxi Provincial science and technology innovation efficiency, mode and approach (2016D040)" funded by Shaanxi Social science foundation.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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text:
Logo Logo Colors
Transforming the logo with color
Red and gray
Black and gray
We designed the logo to be printed in two colors, but it's also flexible so that it stands out just as effectively in black and white, red and gray, or custom colors. In our design research, however, we discovered that certain color solutions were more successful than others. In fact, we found that a bad choice of color could obscure the identity of the logo altogether.
Quick tips for using color in the logo
Optimize the official look
If you want the MIT identity to resonate, use the Institute colors red and gray. You'll want to stick to the official shades to be authentic. Just as slight variations in a fashion designer's logo betray that the merchandise is a knock-off, variations on the official colors may send the message that you are not genuinely part of the Institute.
Equally important is the position of color. We designed the logo in two tones to emphasize the three distinct letters. The stem of the letter "I" is gray, while the rest of the logo is red. If you are reproducing the logo in a black and white document, the stem of the letter "I" should be gray, with the rest of the logo in black.
Your printer or designer will need these specifications:
MIT red = Pantone 201
MIT gray = Pantone 424
MIT red = Pantone 201
MIT gray = black (at 50% value)
Process colors (CMYK)
MIT red = 0% cyan, 100% magenta, 65% yellow,
34% black (K)
MIT gray = 50% black (K)
Web-safe MIT red = hex # 993333
(RGB equivalent = R 153, G 51, B 51)
Web-safe MIT gray = hex # 666666
(RGB equivalent = R 102, G 102, B 102)
Choose color carefully
School colors will give your logo the most powerful connection to MIT. But if the medium in which you are working requires that you use different colors, opt for two that are distinct but don't contrast too strongly. Use the dominant of the two colors for the "M" and "T" and the top of the "I." Use the secondary color for the stem of the "I."
Make the most of black and white
If because of financial or aesthetic reasons, you decide to produce a black and white publication, download either the two-tone gray or gray and white version of the logo. As with all other two-color combinations, use the lighter color for the stem of the "I."
Avoid the multicolored look
We found that the logo loses both its distinctiveness and its dignity in a multi-colored format. If a logotype is not printed with some uniformity, it looks more like a monogram than a logo. In short, it loses its identity. Use the two-color tips above to guide you. See example.
Choose the right color for the web
Color is a tricky business on the web, and logo legibility potentially challenging. We created Logo Lab to help you integrate a color logo into the design of your web page. You might also want to consult MIT's Web Reference Guide.


text: As dangerous climate change looms, decision-makers are increasingly realising that societies will need to adapt to this threat as well as mitigate against it. Green infrastructure (GI) is increasingly seen as an ideal climate change adaptation policy response. However, with this research the authors identify a number of crucial knowledge gaps within GI and, consequently, call for caution and for a concerted effort to understand the concept and what it can really deliver. GI has risen to prominence in a range of policy areas in large part due to its perceived ability to produce multiple benefits simultaneously, termed 'multifunctionality'. This characteristic strengthens the political appeal of the policy in question at a time when environmental issues have slipped down political agendas. Multifunctionality, however, brings its own set of new challenges that should be evaluated fully before the policy is implemented. This research takes important first steps to developing a critical understanding of what is achievable within GI's capacity. It focuses on one of GI's single objectives, namely climate change adaptation, to focus the analysis of how current obstacles in applying GI's multifunctionality could lead to the ineffective delivery of its objective. By drawing on expert opinion from government officials and representatives from the private, non-government organisation (NGO) and academic sectors, this research questions GI's ability to be effectively 'multifunctional' with an inconsistent definition at its core, deficiencies in its understanding and conflicts within its governance. In light of these observations, the authors then reflect on the judiciousness of applying GI to achieve the other objectives it has also been charged with delivering.


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Do a binary search for a given value within a character string array, accompanied by an order vector. Return the index of the matching array entry, or -1 if the key value is not found.
VARIABLE I/O DESCRIPTION -------- --- -------------------------------------------------- value I Key value to be found in array. ndim I Dimension of array. lenvals I String length. array I Character string array to search. order I Order vector. The function returns the index of the first matching array element or -1 if the value is not found.
value is the key value to be found in the array. Trailing blanks space in this key are not significant: string matches found by this routine do not require trailing blanks in value to match those in the corresponding element of array. ndim is the dimension of the array. lenvals is the declared length of the strings in the input string array, including null terminators. The input array should be declared with dimension [ndim][lenvals] array is the array of character srings to be searched. Trailing blanks in the strings in this array are not significant. order is an order vector which can be used to access the elements of array in order. The contents of order are a permutation of the sequence of integers ranging from zero to ndim-1.
The function returns the index of the specified value in the input array. Indices range from zero to ndim-1. If the input array does not contain the specified value, the function returns -1. If the input array contains more than one occurrence of the specified value, the returned index may point to any of the occurrences.
A binary search is performed on the input array, whose order is given by an associated order vector. If an element of the array is found to match the input value, the index of that element is returned. If no matching element is found, -1 is returned.
Let the input arguments array and order contain the following elements: array order "FEYNMAN" 1 "BOHR" 2 "EINSTEIN" 0 "NEWTON" 4 "GALILEO" 3 Then bschoc_c ( "NEWTON", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 3 bschoc_c ( "EINSTEIN", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 2 bschoc_c ( "GALILEO", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 4 bschoc_c ( "Galileo", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == -1 bschoc_c ( "BETHE", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == -1
1) The input array is assumed to be sorted in increasing order. If this condition is not met, the results of bschoc_c are unpredictable. 2) String comparisons performed by this routine are Fortran-style: trailing blanks in the input array or key value are ignored. This gives consistent behavior with CSPICE code generated by the f2c translator, as well as with the Fortran SPICE Toolkit. Note that this behavior is not identical to that of the ANSI C library functions strcmp and strncmp.
1) If ndim < 1 the function value is -1. This is not considered an error. 2) If input key value pointer is null, the error SPICE(NULLPOINTER) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 3) The input key value may have length zero. This case is not considered an error. 4) If the input array pointer is null, the error SPICE(NULLPOINTER) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 5) If the input array string's length is less than 2, the error SPICE(STRINGTOOSHORT) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 6) If memory cannot be allocated to create a Fortran-style version of the input order vector, the error SPICE(MALLOCFAILED) is signaled. The function returns -1 in this case.
N.J. Bachman (JPL) W.L. Taber (JPL) I.M. Underwood (JPL)
-CSPICE Version 1.0.0, 26-AUG-2002 (NJB) (WLT) (IMU)
search in a character array


text:
Open Access Senior Thesis
Bachelor of Arts
Gender and Women's Studies
© 2013 Mariel Frechette
The primary objective of this work is to understand the importance of the indigenous, female body in early New Spain through the study of visual media from the first two centuries of colonization: specifically looking at illustrations from Book 10 (of 15) in the Florentine Codex and images of indigenous Christian wedding ceremonies such as the painted folding screen Indian Wedding and a Flying Pole (c.1690). I argue through visual, theoretical and historical analysis that regulating indigenous female sexuality was a critical component to in the creation of colonial New Spain and that imagery played an essential role in this regulatory process.
Frechette, Mariel, "Danger in Deviance: Colonial Imagery and the Power of Indigenous Female Sexuality in New Spain" (2013). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 210.