News: The California 4th District Court of Appeal, Division One upheld a trial court's summary judgment ruling in a medical malpractice lawsuit in favor of a dental hygienist who allegedly caused nerve damage to a patient.
The incident occurred during a routine dental appointment, during which patient received three injections of local anesthetic. According to the complaint, the first two injections did not cause any problems; however, the third injection caused severe pain followed by several symptoms, including swelling and difficulty maintaining control over the side of her face in which she received the third shot. The court held that, despite the plaintiff relying on res ipsa loquitur, an expert witness was needed to support her position regarding the breach in the standard of care. Because the plaintiff did not offer any expert opinion, but rather relied on her own declaration, the court affirmed the judgment in favor of defendant.
Background: The patient visited her regular dental clinic for a routine dental appointment. Because her regular dentist was running late, she was seen by another dentist at the office who recommended a deep cleaning procedure. The patient agreed and proceeded with the defendant, a registered dental hygienist who worked at the clinic.
The hygienist administered three injections of local anesthetic before performing the cleaning procedure. While the first two shots were described by the patient as "uneventful," the patient immediately noticed something was wrong when the third shot was administered. In fact, the patient described feeling a "pop" in her mouth, which was followed by severe pain. Although the patient allowed the hygienist to finish the cleaning, she lamented various symptoms, including pain, swelling of her face and head, ear ringing, dripping from her left nostril, tearing from her left eye, and difficulty controlling the facial muscles in her left side.
After the incident, the patient filed a complaint for medical malpractice and general negligence against the dental clinic, the dentists, and the dental hygienist who performed the cleaning. The plaintiff alleged the hygienist negligently administered the third injection, causing damage to her trigeminal nerve. Defendant moved for summary judgment, which was granted, and provided declarations from two doctors who stated the hygienist performed according to the requisite standard of care.
In granting the summary judgment, the trial court noted the plaintiff made the mistake of not providing a competing expert opinion, which had been fatal to her action. On appeal, plaintiff argued that relying on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur ("the thing speaks for itself") had freed her from the burden of providing expert testimony regarding the standard of care. Defendants argued that by introducing expert declarations, the burden of proof to show the defendants' conduct had breached the standard of care had now shifted to plaintiff, who would have had to provide an expert declaration to survive the summary judgment motion.
The court of appeal analyzed defendants' proffered expert declarations, reviews of the patient's treatment records, X-rays, charts, and the declarations of each party. While the court concurred with plaintiff in stating that expert declarations are only as good as the rationale on which the opinions they contain are based, the court found that defendants' experts had provided sufficient background information to provide a valid opinion. Thus, the court found in defendants' favor and upheld the trial court's summary judgment decision.
What this means to you: The appellate court's analysis in this case highlights how the application of res ipsa loquitur to medical malpractice cases still requires expert opinion. In fact, plaintiff was under the mistaken impression that because she relied on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur — a legal theory under which "the thing speaks for itself," meaning that an inference of negligence is supported when an injury would not have occurred if not for negligence on behalf of the person who controlled the object causing the injury — she would not need to present a declaration from an expert in support of her position.
The plaintiff argued the declarations presented by defendants' experts were irrelevant because they did not address her theory causation; therefore, there was no need for her to provide her own declaration. However, the court found plaintiff's position to be "misguided." Specifically, the court noted expert opinions need not rule out certain injuries to find that no negligence occurred. On the contrary, if no negligence emerges from the patient's records, experts can argue no negligence occurred, regardless of the injuries the plaintiff alleges. The court further stated that to require otherwise would equate to requiring experts to "prove a negative." In other words, the fact the patient had suffered nerve damage and was presenting her case under a theory of res ipsa loquitur did not prevent the defendants' experts from arguing that no negligence occurred just because the plaintiff suffered injuries.
In addition, the court stated that to support a motion for summary judgment, an expert's declaration need not negate every element of a claim. In this case, the experts' declarations analyzed the patient's records and focused on the standard of care, only briefly touching on causation. The court opined the declarations provided a sufficiently supported conclusion the defendants had not acted negligently, at which point the burden of proving negligence occurred shifted to the plaintiff. Thus, plaintiff's position that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur excused her from any need to present expert medical testimony was inaccurate.
Primarily, the plaintiff relied on one precedent case involving a patient suffering an injury after receiving a number of cortisone injections. In said case, the court applied res ipsa loquitur to imply negligence had occurred, even though the patient's records did not show anything out of the ordinary. Based on this, plaintiff argued that in cases involving injuries caused by injections, res ipsa loquitur could provide a theory of liability. However, the court noted res ipsa loquitur still required plaintiff to provide an expert's declaration as to the fact that her injuries would not have occurred if it were not for negligence by someone in the defendant's position. Thus, by failing to present any expert declaration, the plaintiff opened the door to the court's granting of defendant's summary judgment motion.
Regardless of what theory of liability the plaintiffs used, this case further demonstrates how the outcome of a medical malpractice case often lies in the strength of an expert's testimony. At the very least, any plaintiff pursuing a medical malpractice claim should be prepared to proffer an expert's declaration to support his or her position at summary judgment (and present testimony from that expert at trial) because doing otherwise could be fatal for the case.
Finally, it is doubtful anyone could guarantee a patient that receiving an injection will be painless and risk-free. It is possible that, for most injections into muscle, the clinician can assure the needle is not entering a blood vessel. But that is about the limit of control available. Hitting a nerve with the needle is painful at best and possibly a long-term problem at worst. It can happen even to the most experienced healthcare professional and to the most vulnerable patient. Nerves cannot be visualized under the skin or within the gums. There is a general location for larger nerves as they branch off the spinal cord, but once their fibers branch further away from their source, they become invisible to the naked eye. No two individuals will have the same nerves located in the exact same location due to the variability of the body from person to person. What is helpful to healthcare providers is to inform patients of the risks and side effects of anesthetic injections and document in the patient's medical records the patient's understanding and agreement or consent to receive the injection.
 - Decided Feb. 18, 2021, Case number D076991, in the California Fourth District Court of Appeal, Division One.


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There are versions of the Drancel accelerometer-driven real-time synthesis system for:
- Synthesis of light from body motion (with no digital imaging except non-corruptive photography and video) using mobile micro-controller systems.
- Synthesis of sound from body motion (using both computer-based and mobile micro-controller based systems).
- Synthesis of computer-generated visuals from body motion (using PureData/GEM and Java™ control software called DranceWare).
While past R&D involved sound and visuals synthesis, the current R&D focus is on: The Drancel light synthesis system
Nearly all development of the Drancel systems leverages model-based systems engineering with Systems Modeling Language (SysML®) and model-driven software engineering with Unified Modeling Language (UML®), and the Drancel systems are used as a source of educational examples for the Webel IT Australia IT Training seminars and workshops.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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On Saturday's post we looked at color constancy illusions, which prove how hard it is to judge a color note accurately. There are various methods to overcome the problem, most of which involve isolating a particular spot of color. One way is to look through the hole in a half-closed fist. Another is to hold up two fingers spread slightly apart and look between them.
Other artists have developed special viewing scopes for isolating colors. You can make one yourself by painting a 3x3.5 inch card half white and half black. Then punch a hole in each corner. Looking through those holes allows you to isolate a given color against white or black. You can also compare two different nearby colors through side-by-side holes. You can test a mixture by putting a daub of paint next to the hole.
The limitation of any such device is that the illumination on the scene may so far exceed the range of your pigments that no single one-to-one match is possible. A related problem is that the tone of the white card changes as the illumination on the card changes, so you have to hold the card exactly at the right angle relative to the light to get a useful comparison.
Previously: Color constancy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Measure your delayed work. Evaluate the accuracy of your predictions. Calculate your on-time delivery ratio.
The Due Date Performance Chart for Azure DevOps enables you to measure your due date performance by comparing the time between the start date and due date of a work item, with the actual time it took to deliver your work. Each dot on the graph represents a completed work item on your Azure board, with its cycle time plotted against the horizontal axis and its predicted time displayed on the vertical axis.
Your due-date performance is a measure of reliability. Furthermore, it determines the quality of your initial forecast. The accuracy of your forecasts strongly depends on the stability of your system - the more stable your system is, the more dependable your forecasts will be.
With the Due Date Performance chart for Azure DevOps, you can filter your completed work by 'On-time work items' and 'Overdue work items' in order to perform a root cause analysis of the reasons behind your delays.
Your predicted time is calculated as the difference between the moment a work item first entered your workflow and the due date of the work item, while your completion time is the difference between the same starting point and the work item's actual completion date.
By clicking on each dot, you can access further details of the work item. This includes its total cycle time, its predicted time, a direct link to the card on your Azure board as well as the cycle times your work has spent in each process state.
Analyze your overdue work items individually and pay special attention to the states with the longest cycle times to locate the bottleneck impeding your system.
The line plotted across the chart is called a regression line. It flows roughly through the middle of all your completed work items. The slope of the regression line exposes the difference between your predicted time and the actual time needed to deliver your work.
The due date regression line helps you evaluate the accuracy of your predictions and gauge the efficiency of the system you are maintaining.
The 'On-Time Delivery' widget displays the percentage of times that you managed to deliver before your due date arrived. It also visualizes how your due date performance trends have moved over time.
The fundamental element of a due date performance analysis is assessing whether your work has been delivered on time. If the percentage is quite low, this denotes that your initial predictions are unrealistic. If that's the case, consider forecasting your work items using your past performance data with the Cycle Time Scatterplot for Azure DevOps.


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Encourage kids to read with this fun, flowery bookmark they create themselves!
This activity is appropriate for:
pre-k - 1st grade / 4 - 6 years
You will need:
- Instruct students to cut out a 6" x 2" rectangle from construction paper.
- Have students arrange the collage flowers on their bookmark. When they like the arrangement, they should glue them down.
- When the glue is dry, encourage students to decorate the bookmark using crayons, markers, colored pencils or glitter (if desired).
- To make the bookmark more durable, have students cover it with contact paper.
- Now, have students punch a hole in the top of the bookmark.
- Finally, have them tie a loop of yarn or ribbon through the hole.


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Henry A. Giroux, "America's Addiction to Terrorism"
ISBN: 158367571X, _PHONE_ | 2015 | EPUB | 192 pages | 1 MB
In the United States today, the term "terrorism" conjures up images of dangerous, outside threats: religious extremists and suicide bombers in particular. Harder to see but all the more pervasive is the terrorism perpetuated by the United States itself, whether through military force overseas or woven into the very fabric of society at home. Henry Giroux, in this passionate and incisive book, turns the conventional wisdom on terrorism upside down, demonstrating how fear and lawlessness have become organizing principles of life in the United States, and violence an acceptable form of social mediation. He addresses the most pressing issues of the moment, from officially sanctioned torture to militarized police forces to austerity politics. Giroux also examines the ongoing degradation of the education system and how young people in particular suffer its more nefarious outcomes. Against this grim picture, Giroux posits a politics of hope and a commitment to accurate-and radical-historical memory. He draws on a long, distinguished career developing the tenets of critical pedagogy to propose a cure for our addiction to terrorism: a kind of "public pedagogy" that challenges the poisoned narratives of "America's dis-imagination machine."


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Tara Rich
Student Instructions
Listening to Stories: "Here Comes the Garbage Barge"
1. 👂Listen to the story "Here Comes the Garbage Barge" by clicking on the link. 2. 🗣 What can you do to make less than 4 pounds of garbage each day. 3. 💡 Think about the garbage in your community. Where does it go after it is thrown in the trash? Do you think your local landfill smells as terrible as the Garbage Barge? 4. What do you think would happen to your community if everyone was careless about their garbage? Draw a picture to represent what it would look like. 5. What would you tell a friend if you saw him/her throw garbage on the ground?
3rd Grade, 4th Grade, Reading
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What is 8th Chakra Reiki?
If you are a current reiki practitioner and have never heard of 8th chakra reiki, then you are in for a treat. This is reiki at an exciting new level … literally!
What is different about 8th Chakra Reiki?
It has a different reiki master symbol than the traditional usui or seichem reiki symbol but even at level 2, you will be able to identify up to 8 different categories of energy blocks including past life and karma blocks, stuck energy carried down or across the ancestoral lines, and carry out the necessary techniques to remove them for good!
Why is it necessary to remove these blocks from our energy?
When this energy is stuck inside of us, it will put out a certain frequency or vibration and that's what attracts certain people and events in our lives to us. So this is why certain people attract the same pattern with a certain type of partner or family issues in their lives whereas others never experience it at all. It does come down to basic quantum physics at the end of the end of the day.
How did it come about?
8th Chakra reiki was passed on to Victoria E Armstrong in a series of meditations. She was given the symbols and instructions as to how it was to be used and to pass it on to anyone wanting to learn emotional awareness and wellbeing. The first session was right before her first workshop as a reiki teacher. She had to carry out a guided initiation so that she could teach it and pass it on! And after that, life became very interesting to say the least!


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Perhaps unsurprisingly, snow is a really important feature of life in the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as in high mountain areas all over the planet. It affects how people and animals can move around, can turn a beautiful hillside into a death trap and can provide a safe haven for animals and plants who spend winter below it's surface. I have just spent a week knee deep in snow digging a bunch of snow pits, so thought to write this plog all about why and how holes in snow are useful, not only for science but also reindeer herding and winter activities like mountaineering and skiing. To learn some snow skills, read on…
Onions have layers, Ogres have layers, and snow has layers
In places that get reasonably deep snow (deeper than just a few cm) and where it stays throughout most of winter, the snow pack starts to build up layers. On top is the soft fresh snow that has recently fallen, whilst on the bottom is more dense snow which has been compacted by the weight above it over time. Throughout this older snow you might get layers of ice and soft, hard or crunchy snow depending on the weather conditions when that snow fell, or any changes in temperatures when it was already lying on the ground. Looking at these layers, where they are compared to each other and how they are structured is the important bit about snow science.
In order to look at these layers then, you basically have to dig a big hole so you can look at the snow side-on, from the shallow fresh stuff on top to the oldest snow lying on the ground. This side-on view is called the snow profile, and looking at this profile can help to forecast where and when avalanches might occur, both on mountains near settlements as well as areas where people might do winter sports like skiing. If you're an outdoorsy person yourself these are tests you can do too when on a mountain in winter.
An avalanche can happen for many reasons. Shaking caused by earthquakes and explosives might move the ground enough to make the snow slide down en masse. Perhaps more common are avalanches cause by people on skis and snowmobiles, animals walking or even just new snow or rain building up on the snow surface. In these situations the snow slides because a slab of snow is sitting on top of a softer weaker layer, and so when enough extra weight is added to it on top, it causes the weak layer to crumble. The slab slides and starts to build up momentum as it goes downhill, picking up and shaking off more snow with it as it goes.
Avalanches are more likely to happen in late winter (December-April) as the snow layers have had time to build up. They also tend to happen more often on slopes that are shaded from direct sunlight (often north facing slopes) as they stay cooler and so the snow layers are less likely to bond. However, later in spring sunnier slopes can have a greater risk because there might be more warming and melting, causing wet snow slides.
So, what can you and a shovel do about this? Well, you can't really stop an avalanche but you can predict where they are more likely to happen and so choose where you go to avoid them. By digging a snow pit you can look at the profile and see if there are softer layers lower down in the snow pack, lying under a harder snow slab on top. You can then put this together with info like which way the slope is facing, how much direct sun does it get, and how steep is the slope (generally steeper slopes are riskier) to get a feel for the safety of the area. Forest rangers might also use this kind of info to purposefully trigger a controlled avalanche when no one is around so people can go there afterwards and use the mountain. Probably best to leave that up to the experts though…
On a little side not, if you ever do get into an avalanche (which I very much hope you don't) try to get off the slab as fast as possible. Otherwise grab for a tree or if this isn't possible try to 'swim' in the avalanche to prevent you being pulled to the bottom when the snow settles.
If you remember back to an earlier plog where I spoke about the research I'm doing on reindeer ecology, it doesn't involve mountains or avalanches, so why would I care about snow structure? Even when it's not sliding around, snow can cause many problems or even solutions for wildlife.
Though it is cold, snow acts as a very good insulator. Many animals and plants benefit by being covered by snow over winter when they are hibernating or dormant, as being under it keeps them warmer than being in the open air. In terms of reindeer, snow and ice coming together can freeze lakes and rivers allowing the animals to walk across them and so saving them from having to make big detours when they are migrating. If it is hard enough, reindeer can walk on the snow surface, but if it is too soft and deep their weight might constantly break through, making movement really slow and tiring. These kinds of conditions might make the reindeer avoid an area even if there is good food around, as reaching that food would just take too much energy.
On the other hand if the snow is too hard, so for example if there is a thick ice layer somewhere in the snow profile, the reindeer might be physically unable to dig through it to reach the plants below to eat. This means that once again food is around but they can't reach it, and so either have to move to a new area to get food or risk starvation. This isn't a hypothetical scenarioice crusts in snow recently caused as many as 61,000 reindeer to starve to death over winter in Siberia, so it's a big problem. For this reason reindeer herders pay a lot of attention to snow conditions and the ice layers. This involved a lot of fine-tuned knowledge about the environment, as the herders need to be able to predict how snow conditions will change over winter so they can bring their reindeer to the right pastures at the right time to reach food. If conditions are really bad they may even have to buy special feed to help the reindeer through difficult weather which can be really expensive. It can also cause some issues when the reindeer's stomach tries to adjust from their natural winter food (largely lichen) to the richer stuff found in commercial feed.
Understanding snow is a key part of being in cold places, whether you are skiing, hiking, a lichen or a reindeer. Being aware of what is going on beneath your feet in these places means you can make the most of the snow whilst appreciating and respecting that it is a strong force of nature that should be prodded or jumped on with care.
For more info:
How to measure snowfall: _URL_
Basic info on digging snow pits to test for avalanche risk: _URL_
Title picture: Author


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The example below shows how to integrate DMX into Taphome via Taphome DMX Gateway.
- STEP: Connect DMX GATEWAY to any Taphome BUS terminal. It can be at the terminal along with other Taphome modules.
- STEP: Set up DMX Gateqay within Taphome application
a) Make sure that terminal is linked to TapHomeBus CCU within the Hardware settings page
b) Start "Find new devices" scan within TapHome Bus settings page
c) After successful scan open DMXG device within TapHome Bus settings page
d) Use "+ Add device" to add new DMX device
e) The result


TitleOn the taxonomic status of Eurylepis poonaensis (Squamata: Scincidae): resolving a long-standing conundrum
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2017
AuthorsDatta-Roy A, Deepak V., Chaitanya R, Murthy C, Bhosale H, Lajmi A, K. Karanth P, Kunte K, Giri V
Date Published08/2017
The scincid genus Eurylepis was split off from the cosmopolitan genus Eumeces sensu lato, with Eurylepis taeniolatus
being the type species, which is taxonomically poorly understood. The other nominate species in this genus is
Eurylepis poonaensis, which was known only from its type locality and original description, and is the only known member
of the subfamily Scincinae from near the Western Ghats. However, earlier studies raised doubts about its specific validity,
often without examining type or other specimens. We collected fresh samples of this species from the type locality
and nearby areas. Based on the examination of the holotype and the new material, we provide a detailed redescription of
E. poonaensis, additional data on its skeletal structure, habitat, and natural history. We also provide a detailed redescription
of E. taeniolatus based on the holotype to avoid further taxonomic ambiguity.


Parlophone Records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Parlophone Records is a record label, which began in Germany in 1896. It is best known as one of the record labels who put out music by The Beatles in the 1960s. Parlophone's L-shaped logo began as the logo of the German Lindstrom label, which became part of Parlophone.
The company became part of EMI in 1931, and was known at the time especially for jazz and comedy records. They also issued records of "regional music", including works by Scottish and Latin recording artists. George Martin, staff producer, sometimes travelled to Scotland to record popular artists there.
The Beatles were signed to Parlophone in 1962, and released most of their records on the label.
Parlophone continues today with artists like Lily Allen and Radiohead.
In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI (the owner of Parlophone), but Universal chose to sell Parlophone to Warner Music Group.


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Volume 50, Issue 1 (January 2005)
Three-dimensional Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification: Latest Progress and New Tendencies in the 21st Century
Three-dimensional (3D) cranio-facial reconstruction can be useful in the identification of an unknown body. The progress in computer science and the improvement of medical imaging technologies during recent years had significant repercussions on this domain. New facial soft tissue depth data for children and adults have been obtained using ultrasound, CT-scans and radiographies. New guidelines for facial feature properties such as nose projection, eye protrusion or mouth width, have been suggested, but also older theories and "rules of thumbs" have been critically evaluated based on digital technology. New fast, flexible and objective 3D reconstruction computer programs are in full development. The research on craniofacial reconstruction since the beginning of the 21st century is presented, highlighting computer-aided 3D facial reconstruction. Employing the newer technologies and permanently evaluating and (re)questioning the obtained results will hopefully lead to more accurate reconstructions.


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Carrying capacity as applied to deer can be defined as the number of animals which a given unit of land area can support without deterioration of the forage resource. A population is limited in size by the factor(s) which exerts the greatest resistance to continued growth. Food, cover, water, human interaction, and dogs are some of the more important factors limiting population growth of deer.
In Missouri forests, the carrying capacity for deer is most often limited by the quantity and quality of food. Preferred foods must not only be present in sufficient quantity, but their nutrient content and digestibility (or quality) must be considered when appraising carrying capacity. Protein is deficient in winter and phosphorus is deficient year round in several preferred foods of Ozark deer.
Summer foods are 1.5 times more digestible than winter foods; cellulose is over 4 times more digestible in summer than in winter. Thus, even when ample amounts of browse are available, deer may be poorly nourished. However, in winter, quantity of forage is a more important limiting factor than quality.
Energy may be the most important limiting factor in the forest. Deer are apparently in a negative energy balance and lose weight during most winter. Feeding studies of penned deer show that deer voluntarily decrease food consumption and lose weight during winter. Deer have apparently adapted through evolutionary time to poor quality and quantity of winter foods and depend on fat reserves deposited in late summer and fall to supply much of their winter energy needs.
Good summer and fall nutrition may be critical to winter survival and successful production of healthy fawns the following spring. Acorns are an important energy source during late summer and fall and this probably explains their heavy consumption rate by deer. A late summer drought followed by an acorn failure could be critical for deer in the Missouri Ozarks.
In some cases, deer populations never reach levels that fully utilize the available food. Here, limiting factors other than food cause low deer numbers. Free-running dogs, poaching, and lack of cover or water are examples of such factors.


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You may need to learn whether water is present in a hydraulic reservoir, contaminating the fluid. This problem normally occurs when the reservoir ingests humid ambient air as the fluid level drops. Later, when the system cools, water can condense on the inside of the reservoir's walls. In other situations, sanitary requirements may dictate an equipment washdown. In either case, a water-contamination check should follow.
Two very simple tools — a spoon and a cigarette lighter — can accomplish this test. Fill the spoon with fluid from the reservoir, then heat it over the lighter. In about 30 seconds if water is present, you'll see bubbles forming at the bottom of the spoon and rising to the fluid surface. If there's no water, no bubbles will appear.
Ronald R. Gould, PE, is Vice President - Engineering at Advance Lifts Inc., St. Charles, Ill.


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This paper was originally published in Ecological Economics.
"Abstract: Natural capital is usually presented as a recent concept, used for the first time in the 1970s, adopted in an important contribution by David Pearce in 1988, and widely used by ecological economists in the early 1990s. First employed to incorporate natural constraints into the economic lexicon, and to oblige economists to take the environment into account, the concept has also been used to include the environment in narrow economic valuations.
To take a global view of these controversial uses, this paper reconsiders the genesis of natural capital as an economic concept, not in its present-day form, but from its almost unknown, ancient origins in the 1900s–1910s, in the writing of Alvin S. Johnson. The article first sheds light on this historical and theoretical moment, and then shows how it can help interpret current controversies about natural capital…"
Read on and access the full paper at: Ecological Economics.


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Moss is Boss: Using Plants to Determine Direction
|Areas of Science||
|Time Required||Short (2-5 days)|
|Material Availability||You must have access to three lone trees that have moss growing on their bases, and that are not shaded by other trees or buildings.|
|Cost||Low ($20 - $50)|
AbstractHave you ever gone camping, looked up at the stars, and found the Big Dipper? Two stars in the dipper part of this constellation point to Polaris, the north star, which people have used for thousands of years to help them find their way. In this plant biology science fair project, you'll investigate whether plants, like moss, can help you find your way, too.
To determine whether the location of moss growth on trees is a good way to determine cardinal direction.
Kristin Strong, Science Buddies
Cite This PageGeneral citation information is provided here. Be sure to check the formatting, including capitalization, for the method you are using and update your citation, as needed.
Last edit date: 2020-01-12
Can plants talk? No, but they can still tell you things, like whether spring or fall is coming, if there's a drought, if there's enough nitrogen in the soil, or if a plant has an infection. That's a lot of communication for something that doesn't have a mouth! People have used the signs and signals of nature for thousands of years to make calendars and to figure out the best time to plant crops, to migrate, or to hunt. Following nature was a matter of survival.
Paying attention to natural signs has also been critical to people as they travel. Before the development of the compass, sailors and land voyagers used stars and plants to figure out their cardinal direction (north, south, east, or west) and their latitude (distance from the equator) as they moved from place to place. Perhaps the best-known star for ancient travelers in the northern hemisphere of Earth was Polaris, the north star, which can be found using a star constellation called the Big Dipper (also known as the Drinking Gourd to people who were trying to escape slavery by fleeing north). Stars are fine to use by night, but during the day, people needed another method to figure out their direction. The Sun, of course, can give a general sense of east and west, since it rises in the east and sets in the west, but it's helpful to have more information, especially on cloudy days! The plant that people have turned to most to help them find their way are the lowly mosses.
Figure 1. This photo shows an example of a type of moss. (A. Lin, Wikipedia, 2006.)
Jewel-green, soft, and carpet-like, mosses love to grow where there is low light and moisture. You'll often find them along the edges of streams in the woods, or poking up through cracks in city sidewalks. Moisture is very important to mosses since they are very thin plants, so have no waxy coating to protect them from drying out, and need water to reproduce.
So how does moss relate to cardinal direction? Earth is a sphere and spins on a tilted axis. The result of this arrangement is that in the northern hemisphere, the southern side of any fixed object gets more sunlight than the northern side. The opposite is true in the southern hemisphere. As you can see in the drawings below, the southern side of the tree in the northern hemisphere gets more sunlight, whether it's summer or winter (the Sun is just higher in the sky and has more direct, or straight-on, rays in the summer).
Figure 2. These drawings show that the southern side of objects, like trees in the northern hemisphere, get more sunlight than the northern side, whether it's summer or winter.
So, if you have a lone tree in the northern hemisphere (that is not shaded by any other trees), on which side of the tree do you think moss would like to grow? In this science fair project, you're going to find three such trees and photograph their trunks to see if you really can tell the cardinal direction from the growth of moss on trees.
Terms and Concepts
- Cardinal direction
- Why do people pay attention to the signs and signals in nature?
- Before the development of compasses, how did people figure out in which direction they were going?
- Why does moss like to grow in low-light areas with lots of moisture?
- Which side of a tree gets the most Sun exposure in the northern hemisphere? What about in the southern hemisphere?
These sources discuss moss and the location of its growth:
- EarthSky Contributors. (2008). Does moss only grow on the north side of tree trunks? Retrieved April 10, 2009, from _URL_
- Indiana University. (2002, December 2). Is it true that moss grows on the north side of a tree? Don and Yael give the answer on this Moment of Science. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from _URL_
- Wikipedia Contributors. (2009, March 23). Moss. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from _URL_
For help creating graphs, try this website:
- National Center for Education Statistics (n.d.). Create a Graph. Retrieved March 19, 2009, from _URL_
This source describes how a compass works:
- Brain, M. (2009). How Compasses Work. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from _URL_
News Feed on This Topic
Materials and Equipment
- Trees (3)
- With easily visible trunks
- With enough moss on their bases to be visible by a picture taken from a few feet away
- Not crowded or shaded by other trees or buildings
- In a similar geographic area (within a mile or so of each other)
- Compass, available from Carolina Biological, item #: 758669
- Sticks, straight (4)
- Tape measure
- Digital camera
- Graph paper
- Colored pencil
- Lab notebook
Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at _EMAIL_.
Note: Before starting this science fair project, read about how a compass works in the Bibliography, and play with the compass to familiarize yourself with how to use it. The needle of the compass has an arrow head or a white tip. This is the part to focus on during the experiment. You will line up the arrow head or white tip with N (for north) on the background of the compass.
Testing Your Trees
- Find three trees that meet the requirements listed above in the Materials and Equipment section.
- Place the compass on flat ground near the base of the first tree. Slowly turn the compass until the compass arrow head or white tip is pointing in the same direction as the "N" on the compass.
- Place the first stick at the base of the tree so that it is parallel to the compass needle and pointing north from the base of the tree. This will be your north stick. If desired, use another stick to scratch out an "N" in the dirt beside the north stick to help you remember its direction.
Figure 3. This photo shows how to make the north stick parallel with the needle of the compass.
- From where you are standing looking at the tree, take your compass to the right of the tree in approximately the area that you think west will be. Set your compass on flat ground near the base of the tree. Slowly turn the compass until the needle is again pointing in the same direction as the "N" on the compass.
- Place the second stick at the base of the tree so that it is perpendicular (at a 90-degree angle) to the compass needle (pointing in the direction of west on the compass). This will be your west stick. If desired, use another stick to scratch out a "W" in the dirt beside your west stick to help you remember its direction.
Figure 4. This photo shows how to make your west stick perpendicular to the needle of the compass.
- From where you are standing looking at the tree, take your compass to the right of the tree in approximately the area that you think south will be. Set your compass on flat ground near the base of the tree. Slowly turn the compass until the needle is again pointing in the same direction as the "N" on the compass.
- Place the third stick at the base of the tree so that it is parallel to the compass needle and pointing south from the base of the tree. This will be your south stick. If desired, use another stick to scratch out an "S" in the dirt beside the south stick to help you remember its direction.
Figure 5. This photo shows how to make your south stick parallel to the needle on the compass.
- From where you are standing looking at the tree, take your compass to the right of the tree in approximately the area that you think east will be. Set your compass on flat ground


text:
- allegator •
Pronunciation: æ-lê-gey-dêr • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: An alleger, someone who alleges, who claims something to be true, especially to make a claim without proof.
Notes: The verb, allege, has received considerable comment in the past. Aside from the frequent misuse of its past participle, alleged (the alleged bank-robber), it's action noun is allegation, with an unexpected -atinserted. This noun comes from a synonym of to allege, namely, to allegate. This verb rarely rises to the surface of conversation but it does exist. It has an interesting agent noun, allegator, that indicates the doer of the action. Even if it is rarer than alleger, it is certainly more amusing for its homophone.
In Play: Hey, I'm telling the truth! Now when you are subjected to false allegations, you have a more emotionally charged word for your accusers: "Ben Downe is nothing but a cold-blooded allegator who will swallow whatever the opposition feeds him, then regurgitate it for the press on command." How's that for an image of your accuser? Around the house? Sure: "Mom, I am not picking on Billy; he is just an irresponsible allegator." Now, doesn't this Good Word cast a much more powerful beam than alleger?
Word History: Today's Good Word is a creation from Latin allegat(us), the past participle of the verb allegare "to send off; to relate, recount". The verb is made up of ad-'(up)to" + legare "to appoint, assign". So, the prefix alis really ad- "(up) to", whose consonant assimilates to any other consonant to which it is attached (that is also it in arrest, attest, adduce). The root is that fascinating Proto-Indo-European root *leg-/logwhich gave us Latin lex, legis "law" and Greek logos "speech, word, idea". (The Greek root also gave us lexicon, lexical, and Lexiteria!) The best guess as to how these two meanings crossed paths is that this root goes back to the day when a king's word was the law.


text:
9. Visitors Can Still Experience Remnants Of The Billings Mansion
Although C.K.G. Billings' mansion burned to the ground in the 1920s, Rockefeller salvaged the remaining structure and incorporated it into the park design. The massive structure which survived the fire is known as the Billings Arcade – a 50-foot arched structure which was the original driveway that meanders up the hill to the estate. It is part of a 1,600 foot long brick driveway that leads to the mansion through the Billings gatehouse – another surviving fragment renamed as the Fort Tryon Cottage.
Learn more about how a cow helped design this $250,000 driveway.


App review by Jenny Bristol, Common Sense Education | Updated February 2019
7 Billion Humans
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7 Billion Humans
Amusing puzzler challenges kids, teaches programming principles
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Creativity, Character & SEL, Critical Thinking
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Pros: Humorous storyline, cute graphics, easy-to-use interface, plenty of solid programming challenges.
Cons: Students new to programming may feel in over their head without first being introduced to some basic concepts.
Bottom Line: This high-quality puzzle game is a fun way for students to learn effective and efficient programming skills.
Teachers can use 7 Billion Humans in any computer science or critical thinking lesson. Since the levels start fairly simply, students can learn how to use the tools one at a time. But those with no programming experience might do better with first receiving instruction on how programming elements work and a primer on some of the syntax. Older students, though, may be able to play around and figure it out. The difficulty of the levels does ramp up fairly quickly, so some students may want to work slowly, or maybe team up with a partner who's more experienced.
The website doesn't appear to have any forums, but there's a fan community available on the game's Steam site if students get stuck or need additional help. 7 Billion Humans is available on Mac, Windows, iOS, and the Nintendo Switch.
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The world within 7 Billion Humans is a utopia where machines were doing all the work until the humans decided they missed the working life. So, the machines -- who are very amusing and quite snarky -- gave them jobs. And it's the player's role to write code to tell those humans how to do their jobs. This is done through drag-and-drop coding using parallel processing. Each of the more than 60 levels of the app presents a new tool or an increasingly more difficult programming challenge.
A machine-based manager on each level gives instructions for what needs to be done on that level. Their banter also contributes to the storyline, to hilarious effect. There's a built-in hint system for some levels -- just tap the manager -- and levels can be skipped if players get stuck; there's no need to solve one puzzle to unlock the next level. Players can run their program at any time, either by executing the whole thing at once or by stepping through their program, line by line. Students can also increase the run speed for long programs, or slow it down if desired.
7 Billion Humans includes many programming concepts such as basic movement and operations, if/then/else conditional statements, memory, comparisons, loops, and more. Some of the levels also include pre-written code that doesn't work, and players need to find the errors and fix them (ideally within the given parameters). The commands that players use don't adhere to one specific programming language, but the concepts can easily be implemented in another language later on.
Once they've come up with a successful solution to a level, students can streamline and improve their code to earn one or both of the optional achievements for each level: using a maximum number of lines of code, and having a maximum average runtime. Each level has three "rooms" that can hold different coding solutions (students can copy/paste code from one room to the next), so students won't lose their original solutions when they try to improve upon them.
Students can occasionally access small hints, but they're mostly on their own to solve the puzzles, figure out where they went wrong, and fix any errors. That makes this app more of a puzzle solver than programming instruction, but savvy students will be able to learn the important concepts as they go.
Overall Rating
A hilarious storyline, fun puzzles, and intriguing gameplay will pull in students who are interested in puzzles and coding.
The game encourages strategic planning, trial and error, and the creation of lean, efficient code. Students get instant feedback as they run or step through their programs.
Early levels start easy. Basic instructions and hints help students get started, but then they're mostly on their own.
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text:
8.6.1 Creating Text Labels
The easiest way to add text labels in your Origin windows is to use Origin's WYSIWYG text creation and editing tools:
- Use the Text tool on the Tools toolbar to create your labels.
- Use the Format and Style toolbars, Mini Toolbars and the text object's Properties dialog to set format and style options, link objects to LabTalk variables and scripts, control object attachment method and object location, etc.
- Use the Symbol Map -- available by right-clicking while in internal-edit mode -- to add special symbols to your labels.
- Use Insert Info. Variables -- available by right-clicking while in internal-edit mode – to add metadata and column labels to your label.
Creating and customizing a label
- Click the Text Tool button.
- Click at the desired text entry point on your Origin window (graph, worksheet, etc.).
- Right-click at the desired location in your Origin window.
- Select Add Text from the shortcut menu.
type your text and customize it using some combination of the following:
- Select your options using buttons on the Format and Style toolbars.
- When a text object is selected, you can use buttons on the object's Mini Toolbar (e.g. Alignment of text).
- To toggle text-wrapping on and off, click the Wrap Text button on the object's Mini Toolbar; or check the Wrap Text, Adjust Height box on the Frame tab in the Properties dialog (see next bullet).
- For acess to all text object properties, right-click on the object and choose the Properties.
Note: When creating text labels, if you click inside the layer frame and create your text label, the label is automatically attached to the layer frame (see this discussion of Object Attachment and Scaling). When text labels are attached to the layer frame, moving or resizing the layer will force the text object to move/resize with respect to the layer frame's size and position. If you click outside of the layer and create your text label, the label is automatically attached to the page, in which case the label does not move or resize with the layer.
Shortcut keyboard combinations for general editing of text labels
If you prefer using shortcut keys over setting style and format options using toolbar buttons and drop-down lists, you can use the following keyboard combinations:
||CNTRL + B, CNTRL + SHIFT + B
||CNTRL + I, CNTRL + SHIFT + I
||CNTRL + U, CNTRL + SHIFT + U
||CNTRL + G, CNTRL + SHIFT + G
||CNTRL + SHIFT + =
||CNTRL + =
||CNTRL + -
|Increase Font Size
||CNTRL + SHIFT + >
|Decrease Font Size
||CNTRL + SHIFT + <
||CNTRL + A, CNTRL + 5 (numpad)
Resizing a text label
To resize a label object:
- Click once on the label.
- Select the desired font size from the Font Size box on the Format toolbar.
2.Click the Increase Font or Decrease Font buttons on the Format toolbar.
Note: For quick adjustments to the size of the text object, select the object and drag a control handle.
Rotating a text label
To rotate a label:
- Click twice (pause long enough between clicks to avoid a double-click). A locus of rotation symbol displays in the middle of the label and round rotation handles display at the corners of the label.
- Grab a rotation handle and rotate the label to the desired angle.
Note: You can specify a precise rotation angle in the Object Properties dialog box (Format: Object Properties).
To disable second-click access to label rotation mode:
- Select Preferences: Options to open the Options dialog box.
- Select the Text Fonts tab and then select the Simple Selection Mode check box.
Turning off in-place (WYSIWYG) editing of text labels
This information is provided primarily for long-time Origin users who prefer the older (prior to version 7) text editing methods.
To turn off in-place text editing:
- Select Preference: Options to open the Options dialog box.
- Select the Text Fonts tab and then select the Disable In-place Editing check box.
- Click OK. When asked to save as a startup Option, say Yes to make this the default behavior (say No to apply it to the current session only).
When the in-place editing mode is disabled, double-clicking the label opens the Object Properties dialog box. This dialog box predates Origin's WYSIWYG methods. Most would consider its functionality to be less intuitive than newer WYSIWYG methods.
Insert Links and Variables
The most basic text label is a simple, static object but Origin labels can be dynamically linked to variable values via the text object's Properties dialog box. There are two ways to link labels to variables:
Object Properties, advanced control of text labels
In addition to label-variable linking, other controls available from a text objects's Properties dialog including controls specific to Legend and Annotation objects:
- The Text tab allows editing and styling of text objects.
- The Symbol tab (Legend objects only) allows customization of legend symbols.
- The Frame tab allows customization of object frame, fill, padding, etc.
- The Position tab provides control of object position, movement, etc.
- The Leader Line tab (Annotation objects only) provides control over annotation leader lines.
- The Programming tab includes controls for linking the object to variables and scripts.
Using LabTalk for custom formatting of text labels
When creating templates, etc. you can incorporate LabTalk script to format a text label using Origin Formats.
The procedure is:
- Create the text label and enable LabTalk substitution, as demonstrated below.
- Right-click on the label and choose Properties, click on the Programming tab and set Link to (%, $), Substitution Level to 1.
Begin by selecting the Text tool and clicking on the graph or worksheet:
- Starting from the number 37.34255, you could format this as $(37.34255, D MS), yielding 37° 20' 33.
- Starting from the (Julian day) number _PHONE_, you could format this as $(_PHONE_, D1), yielding Tuesday, October 30, 2018.
- Starting from the number 203465987, you could format this as $(203465987, S*3), yielding 2.03E + 08.
For more information on custom formatting of text labels, see Origin Formats.
For more information on custom formatting of numeric data in the worksheet, see Custom Numeric Formats.
Using the Symbol Map to add special characters to your labels
To add special characters to your text labels:
- While in in-place text editing mode, right-click and select Symbol Map from the shortcut menu. This opens the Symbol Map dialog box.
- Choose the Font that contains the necessary special character from the drop-down list.
- Highlight the special character in the gallery and either double-click or click Insert to insert the special character into your text label.
The Symbol Map dialog used for inserting characters in text labels supports Unicode characters. You can enter a rich repertoire of mathematical/special symbols and variety of language characters (e.g., Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Korean, Chinese, Japanese, etc.) using Unicode-enabled fonts such as Arial Unicode MS.
To insert a Unicode character, check the Unicode check box next to Font and then select the special character in the symbol gallery. If you know the corresponding Unicode code point, you can type the digits that follow "U+" in the Go To Unicode text box and go to that character directly. For more information, see adding special characters in a text label.
Creating a shortcut key combination to insert special characters
If you frequently use certain characters in your text labels, you can create shortcut keys to insert those characters and bypass the Symbol Map.
The easiest way to do this is to have already inserted the desired character into a text label. Then:
- Double-click on the text object to enter in-place editing mode and select the text that you want to insert when you use your shortcut key combination.
- Right-click on the selected text and select Assign Shortcut. This opens the Assign Shortcut dialog box. The text that you selected is entered into the String box.
- Select a shortcut from the Key list.
- Click the Add button.
Note that you could enter text into the String box manually. However, if you do, any formatting syntax (i.e. \b(text) etc.) must also be entered manually. For instance, to create a shortcut for the Greek character :
- Click the Text tool and then click in your graph window. This starts the in-place editing mode.
- Right-click and select Symbol Map.
- Select and click Insert.
- Click Close.
- Now highlight and right-click on the character.
- Select Assign Shortcut.
- Select a shortcut from the Key drop-down list.
- Click Add.
- Click OK to close the dialog box.
You can now use CTRL+0 (in this example) as a shortcut for when in-place editing.
For more information, see Escape Sequences.
To remove a shortcut:
- Re-open the Assign Shortcut dialog box.
- Select the shortcut you want to remove from the Current list box.
- Press DELETE.


text:
Buckling Up Works
As Missouri eases into another hot and humid summer, more people are hitting the roadsboth for work and for recreation. With additional people on the road, the chances of motor vehicle accidents increase, so the Department would like to take this opportunity to remind drivers that buckling up saves lives.
Transportation incidents, which include highway, non-highway, air, water, and rail fatalities, and also fatalities resulting from being struck by a vehicle, were the leading event or exposure of fatal work injuries in Missouri in 2008 and again in 2009, accounting for 59 of the 142 work-related fatalities in 2009.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports that occupants are 45 percent more likely to survive a crash if they are wearing their safety belts correctly. Three out of four people who are ejected from a vehicle during a crash will die as a result. Seat belt usage saves an estimated 9,500 lives each year. Americans spend more than 100 hours a year commuting to and from work, and nearly 30 percent of all travel is work-related.
"Missourians spend hours on the road, driving to and from work, for work, or running errands. Buckling up increases their chances of making it to their destinations safe and sound, and should be an easy decision. Unfortunately, close to 25 percent of Missourians choose not to buckle up, a number we're hoping to change by raising awareness that buckling up works," says Department Director Larry Rebman.
Missourians should practice safe transportation habits both on and off the job. Wearing a seat belt not only saves lives, it helps save money. The U.S. spends nearly $18 billion a year in medical, insurance, and overhead costs due to injuries caused by collisions involving passengers and drivers without seatbelts. So when you hop in your car to drive from meeting to meeting, or hit the highway for a vacation road trip, remember to buckle up!


Через какое время после подключения я могу гадить (и почему)?
Exact Answer: Usually within an hour
Plugging refers to the insertion of a foreign object in the rectum of an individual. This is usually done to relieve the individual from a persistent condition of constipation. Medically, sometimes drugs are administered to a patient through the anal canal. However, plugging can also be used by addicts as a method of carrying drugs in the rectum.
Similarly, plugging of the anal passage is also used as a stimulating event to elicit pleasure. Thus, plugging is also a part of anal sex routines. However, in all these different types of plugging events, the ejection of fecal matter becomes important, both before and after the act.
How Long After Plugging Can I Poop?
The time frame of какать after being plugged is dependent on a number of factors. The most important factor is the rationale for using the plugging process. Usually, using anal plugs as sex toys does not lead to pooping afterward. There is no known time frame that correlates the two activities.
When anal plugs are used to help reduce constipation, again the data is uncertain because not many people use anal plugging to solve this issue. Enemas, on the other hand, are more common ways of plugging than others. They consist of a tube and a bag containing the solution.
In most medical scenarios, plugging helps in alleviating constipation. In such cases, enemas are inserted into the patient. Thus, the patient's rectum is plugged with an enema. This helps ease the bowel movement of the individual in question.
Usually, after an enema is administered to the individual, the solution starts working within an hour. The patient can expect to begin pooping from 5 minutes to an hour of the dosage being administered. It is also important to cognize that pooping after an enema happens over a period of time. The patient may then need to use the restroom multiple times after the process begins.
It is important to remember that enemas are used to clean the rectum and anus. Their usage might be medically indicated, however, people also use enemas before anal sex. When plugging the anus with addictive substancesan act that is illegalthe patient in question is administer a laxative by the doctor to release the drugs. In such cases, the time frame of pooping is again within an hour.
В итоге:
Plugging MethodTime Taken To Poop Afterwards
Клизма5 minutes to an hour
Anal PlugsUnknown
Why Does It Take So Long To Poop After Plugging?
Medically, plugging the anal canal is not a frequently undertaken activity. Doctors generally refrain from administering enemas to patients unless their usage is absolutely indicated in the medical history, existing conditions, and symptoms of the patient. There are several risks associated with the use of enemas that deters medical professionals from prescribing them to patients with mild to moderate issues of constipation.
Через какое время после сдачи крови я могу заниматься спортом (и почему)?
An enema usually takes from 5 minutes to an hour to begin working in the body of a patient because each bowel canal is different. Moreover, each fecal impaction is also different. The water-based solution of chemicals in the enema fills up the rectum of the patient when the plug of the tube is inserted and the bag is pumped. This causes the rectum to stretch and expand, thus, solving the issue of constipation.
For some patients, this can be a fast process. While for others, it may take a little longer. There are very rarely reported cases of anal enemas not working at all. An enema will work in a similar way when it is used to prepare the canal for anal sex. The solution will clean out the anus and the rectum of the individual. Again, the time frame remains the same, just the purpose changes.
Anal plugs are essentially used to stop anal leakages. They also help will constipation and easing pooping in patients. However, the time taken to initiate pooping in people is unknown. Doctors suggest that the presence of a foreign object in the anal canal usually initiates the desire to expel fecal matter.
Plugging is a term used to indicate a variegated list of actions. In a general sense, it applies to the insertion of foreign material like an enema or anal/butt plug into the rectum of the individual in question. Sometimes these objects are needed to counter and alleviate a medical condition, while at other times, they may simply be used to elicit pleasure.
Nonetheless, in most instances the individual who has been plugged poops within an hour of the insertion of the enema or the plug. Sometimes, this time frame may be altered, but more often than not, it remains hinged around this overall average.
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_


SSA logo: link to Social Security Online home308. How does a divorce affect your marital status?
A divorce decree has one of three possible effects:
 1. In some States, divorce immediately returns your status to that of a single person, without restriction as to remarriage;
 2. In other States, while you are no longer a husband or wife after the judgment of divorce, State law or the divorce decree prohibits you from remarrying for a certain period; e.g., during a stated waiting period; or
 3. In still other States, the dissolution of your marriage is postponed for a stated period following the judgment of divorce. Sometimes, the parties to the divorce or the court must take additional action to make a divorce final and thereby dissolve the marriage.


text:
Sport Education: International Perspectives presents a series of studies of the innovative pedagogical model that has taken the physical education world by storm. Since the emergence of the Sport Education model in the mid-1990s it has been adopted and adapted in physical education programs around the world and a new research literature has followed in its wake. This book offers a review of international Sport Education schemes and projects, and documents what it takes to run a successful Sport Education program.
Exploring Sport Education across all levels of education, from the elementary school to the university, the book provides answers to key question such as:
With contributions from leading international scholars and practitioners from the US, Europe and Asia, this book offers a more thoughtful and critical set of perspectives on Sport Education than any other. It is essential reading for any student, pre-service teacher, classroom teacher or university instructor working in SE, PE, youth sport, sports coaching or related disciplines
About The Author:
Peter Hastie is a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at Auburn University, USA. His research interests focus on examining various aspects of Sport Education in the attempt to find ways in which the model can be most effective in school and sports settings.
Table Of Contents:
1 The nature and purpose of Sport Education as an educational experience - Peter Hastie Part 1 Contexts of adoption of Sport Education 2 Sustainable Sport Education in primary education: An English case study - Toni O'donovan, Ann Mcphail and David Kirk 3 Sport Education in Korean schools - Jinhee Kim 4 The emergence of Sport Education in Scottish primary schools - Mike Jess, Nicola Carse, Paul Mcmillan and Matt Atencio 5 Applying the Sport Education model in university basic instruction courses - Wesley Meeteer, Lynn Housner, Sean Bulger, Andrew Hawkins and Robert Wiegand Part 2 Students and teachers responses to Sport Education 6 Sport Education in the elementary school: A report from Cyprus - Niki Tsangaridou 7 Sport Education through the eyes of a teacher researcher and his students - Ashley Casey 8 A Spanish teacher's experience with Sport Education: A narrative account - Diego Martínez De Ojeda, Antonio Calderón Luquin and Peter Hastie 9 Pursuing social and emotional learning outcomes through Sport Education: An Australian case study - Swee Chong Ang, Dawn Penney and Karen Swabey 10 Explaining the attraction: Understanding the motivational responses of students to Sport Education - Tristan Wallhead Part 3 Professional development for Sport Education 11 Preparing preservice physical education teachers to teach Sport Education - Matthew Curtner-Smith 12 Learning Sport Education through reflective inquiry: Four case studies - Gary Kinchin 13 Professional learning of primary generalist teachers in Ireland: Modelling Sport Education - Ann Macphail and Deborah Tannehill 14 Within school, in-depth professional development for Sport Education: A Russian model - Oleg Sinelnikov
|Book:||Sport Education: International Perspectives|
|Publisher:||Taylor & Francis, Inc.|
|Number of Pages:||248|
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Calculating Market Concentration Indices in R – II
In part I of this series we studied the theory of concentration indices, application of concentration indices especially by U.S. Justice Department to analyze mergers and acquisition, and we also learned to calculate Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). In the present article we will study the usefulness of Horvath and Entropy index, estimation methodology and advantages of using these concentration indices over the HHI index. Finally we will learn how to write our function in R to calculate Horvath and Entropy Index.
Horvath Index:
Horvath (1970) in an article describes the Horvath index also known as Comprehensive Concentration Index verbally as a decimal fraction which is a sum total of proportional share of leading firm plus the summation of the square of proportional sizes of each firm reinforced by a multiplier reflecting the proportional sizes of the rest of the industry. In mathematical terms the index is defined as follows:
CCI = x_{i}+sum_{j=2}^{n}(x_{j})^2*[1+(1-x_{j}])
i = 1
j = 2,3,4,...,n
n = number of firms in an industry
x = decimal fraction of assets belonging to each individual firms
The CCI is between 0 and 1 where the index closer to 1 would indicate higher concentration or monopoly.
CCI Estimation:
In R we can use the above mentioned equation to write a function in R to calculate the CCI. Following function is written in R to estimate the CCI:
cci <- function(x,s){
 m <- x[1,s]
 hi <- m +((m^2)*(1+(1-m))*length(x[,s]))
 m <- max(x[,s])
 d <- x[-match(m,x[,s]),s]
 cc = c()
 for ( i in 1:length(d))
 cc[i] <- (d[i]^2)*(1+(1-d[i]))
 hi <- m+sum(cc)
once we create the function in R we can use this function to calculate the CCI. For performing the calculation we use the examples used by Horvath (1970) under table 1.
p <- data.frame(firm =c("a","b"), mkt = c(80,20))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
q <- data.frame(firm =c("a","b","c"), mkt = c(80,10,10))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
r <- data.frame(firm =c("a","b","c","d"), mkt = c(50,30,15,5))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
s <- data.frame(firm =c("a",paste(rep("b",10),c(1:10), sep=".")), mkt = c(50,rep(5,10)))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
t <- data.frame(firm =c("a",paste(rep("b",50),c(1:50), sep=".")), mkt = c(50, rep(1,50)))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
w <- data.frame(firm =c(paste(rep("b",100),c(1:100), sep=".")), mkt = c(rep(1,100)))%>% mutate(pct = mkt/100)
In the above code we are simply creating a data frame and also calculating the share of each firm in the total. Next, we can use the cci() fucntion created above to calculate the concentration index.
# table 1 in Horvath (1970)
cci_p <- cci(p,"pct") # 0.872
cci_q <- cci(q,"pct") # 0.838
cci_r <- cci(r,"pct") # 0.6995
cci_s <- cci(s,"pct") #0.54875
cci_t <- cci(t,"pct") #0.50995
cci_w <- cci(w,"pct") #0.0299
Change in CCI:
one good way to analyse the market power is to study the change in the CCI over time or between two time frames. For example, Horvath (1970) compares the change in CCI of automobile industry between 1967 and 1937 and concludes that the industry did get concentrated over three decades.
Entropy Index:
The entropy index is defined as follows:
$latex [Entropy Index = sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i} * ln(1/x_{i}) &s=1&bg=ffffff$
Mishra, Mohit and Parimal (2011) state that the entropy index measures the degree of uncertainty faced by a firm in marketplace. Hence, in case of a monopoly there is no uncertainty and the index value is zero on the other hand if there are n firms in the market the level of uncertainty increases and the index takes the value of ln(n)
It is left to the reader to write a function and calculate the entropy index using CCI as a reference.
Whats Next:
Ginevičius & Čirba (2009) provides a comprehensive list of various different concentartion index and their limitation. Readers are encouraged to review the article as the authors construct their index which is better compared to the other concentration indices available.
 1. Horvath, Janos. "Suggestion for a Comprehensive Measure of Concentration." Southern Economic Journal 36, no. 4 (1970): 446-52. doi:10.2307/_PHONE_.
 2. MISHRA, PULAK, DIVESH MOHIT, and PARIMAL. "Market Concentration in Indian Manufacturing Sector: Measurement Issues." Economic and Political Weekly 46, no. 49 (2011): 76-80.
 3. Romualdas Ginevičius & Stasys Čirba (2009) Additive measurement of market
 concentration, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 10:3, 191-198. Freely accessible at :
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> > How can we participate in the preservation of our playgrounds while practising our favourite sports?
This is what the Outdoorvision digital platform (_URL_ offers. Thousands of outdoor sports and nature enthusiasts want to help territories make eco-responsible decisions by sharing their GPS routes on the platform, thus preserving their practice areas.
Why share your tracks?
By sharing your tracks (and only tracks, other data is not processed or recorded), you help territories to ensure that their sites are adapted and maintained (installation of garbage cans, dry toilets at the starting points for example).
The OutdoorVision program is the result of a partnership between spaces, federations and brands, and is anchored in a responsible and innovative approach, with the aim of contributing to the development and planning of territories.
How to participate?
Share your GPS tracks with the Outdoorvision platform by connecting your Garmin Connect or Sunto account, or communicate your GPS tracks directly.
It's up to you! : Let's meet on Outdoorvision _URL_
Votre navigateur n'est pas à jour!


text:
As coronavirus cases continue to surge across the world, including ours, there are some activities which are supremely risky-including touching our face.NASA, joining the league of innovative inventions has now come up with a unique body accessory which will "beep" when it senses a person trying to touch their face.
How does the model work?
1. NASA's new innovation has been named, 'PULSE'. The app works by alerting the wearer of the gadget to stop exposure to the risky activity. When a person, wearing the gadget gets their hand too close to the face (knowingly or unknowingly), PULSE triggers a beeping noise and alerts the wearer of the same.
2. PULSE, which is a 3D printed device has a tiny vibration motor in place, "The haptic feedback from a vibration motor simulates a nudge, reminding the wearer to avoid touching these entryways in order to reduce potential infection", reads a statement released by the makers.
3. The gadget, which has been shaped like a pendant is to be worn around the neck and works the best when placed 6 inches below the chin.
4. Experts also added while the pendant is a one-of-kind invention which could cut down exposure to infectious habits, wearing a mask and washing hands is still important.Some months back, a startup, 'Slightly Robot' developed a wristband that served a similar purpose-the accelerometer in the band senses your hand movement 10 times per second.


1 is the second. The vertical oscillator is tuned to go to 0 after hitting ~1.001 and the horizontal is at.5 – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 20 '18 at 14:18
 - Thus moving the second field from ~1,0 - 2,1 to intermesh with the first. I would love to mark your answer as 'the answer' when it comes to interlacing, but I feel the other one still is more of an answer to the original question (re: 240p v 480'). Thanks! – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 20 '18 at 14:20
On a CRT, the electron beam moves from top to bottom in a smooth continuous motion, then jerks quickly back to the top, about 60 times per second. The beam moves left to right in a smooth continuous motion, then jerks quickly back to the left, about 15,750 times/second. The jerk back to the left will occur if the start of a sync pulse is received roughly 60-70 microseconds after the previous horizontal jerk. The jerk back to the top will occur if a sequence of long sync pulses are detected 16-17 milliseconds after the previous vertical jerk. The electronics driving the CRT don't care about concepts like even and odd frames. They simply performs the vertical and horizontal motions, independently, as requested by the sync pulses. When a horizontal sync pulse is received, the vertical position of the beam will depend upon the amount of time since the last vertical sync pulse.
Because the electronics of a CRT don't care about even and odd frames, it would be possible to output 60 fields (one second) of interlaced video that were 262.5 lines long, then 59 fields (just under one second) of non-interlaced video that was either 262 or 263 lines long, and then 60 more frames that were 262.5 lines long, and a monitor would be perfectly happy. The image would bounce vertically by a fraction of a scan line when switching between interlaced and non-interlaced modes, but would be relatively stable. A device trying to digitize the video as interlaced frames, however, would have a problem since it would expect to interpret pairs of fields as frames, but there would only be 29.5 pairs of non-interlaced fields between the last frame of the first interlaced batch and the first frame of the next. If a device could distinguish between "even field first" and "odd field first" frames, that could resolve the issue, but otherwise it would be impossible to accurately describe the video as a series of 30Hz frames.
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480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.
240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.
That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.
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 - So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i? – BobtheMagicMoose Sep 19 '18 at 20:02
 - 1
 It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might. – snips-n-snails Sep 19 '18 at 20:08
480i is a variation of 240p, in the sense that both write almost 16000 lines per second and almost 60 fields per second. The difference is that 240p writes the same field twice, whereas 480i writes every second field in the space between the lines of the first field. Why repeat the same information twice, right? This gives approximately 1.5 times vertical resolution, not 2 times. You have to balance the benefits against the "line flicker" artefacts. This does not work well with sharp graphics or text, then you may prefer 240p after all.
The display knows that the signal is interlaced from the phase of the vertical sync signal: for one field it coincides with the horizontal sync, for the other field it lies midway between 2 hor sync pulses. Thus both fields are 525/2 lines long. This causes the vertical deflection of the CRT to nicely interleave the 2 fields, without any special effort, even with pre-WW2 technology.
The cost of a CRT display application depends strongly on the (horizontal) line frequency. Thus 480i (interlaced) is somewhat superior to 240p (progressive), for the same cost. Also for the same cost you could have 480p at 30 frames per second, but that is unwatchable because of the flicker. 480p at 60 frames per second is superior to 480i, but it requires a line frequency of almost 32 kHz which runs very hot. This only became feasible somewhere in the 1970's-1980's. In Europe this was used for 100 Hz interlaced display, rather than 50 Hz progressive.
Then came flat matrix displays which are naturally progressive, like 480p. They require an up-conversion, or de-interlacing, and this is where the troubles began. Affordable de-interlacers create visible artefacts, giving 480i a bad reputation. On a CRT it did not look too bad, though. All modern digital video signals are progressive now: 720p, 768p, 900p, 1080p, 1440p, 2160p (UHD).
Source: I've spent more than half my life in a TV lab.
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text:
Grano Monococco, dicocco e grano duro
Grano Monococco, dicocco e grano duro: non hanno la frazione "33mer" considerata la più attiva nell'attivare la risposta avversa del sistema immunitario nei soggetti celiaci. Anche per questo motivo sono i genotipi più adatti per le ricerche che hanno come scopo di "detossificare" le farine o di intervenire con particolari enzimi per idrolizzare i "peptidi tossici" comunque presenti; sono più adatti anche per i soggetti sensibili al glutine NON celiaci.
"Quantitation of the immunodominant 33-mer peptide from α-gliadin in wheat flours by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Coeliac disease (CD) is triggered by the ingestion of gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley. The 33-mer peptide from α2-gliadin has frequently been described as the most important CD-immunogenic sequence within gluten. However, from more than 890 published amino acid sequences of α-gliadins, only 19 sequences contain the 33-mer. In order to make a precise assessment of the importance of the 33-mer, it is necessary to elucidate which wheat species and cultivars contain the peptide and at which concentrations. This paper presents the development of a stable isotope dilution assay followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate the 33-mer in flours of 23 hexaploid modern and 15 old common (bread) wheat as well as two spelt cultivars. All flours contained the 33-mer peptide at levels ranging from 91–603 μg/g flour. In contrast, the 33-mer was absent (


text:
Erratic, extreme day-to-day weather puts climate change in new light
Posted November 15, 2011; 03:00 p.m.
The first climate study to focus on variations in daily weather conditions has found that day-to-day weather has grown increasingly erratic and extreme, with significant fluctuations in sunshine and rainfall affecting more than a third of the planet.
Princeton University researchers recently reported in the Journal of Climate that extremely sunny or cloudy days are more common than in the early 1980s, and that swings from thunderstorms to dry days rose considerably since the late 1990s. These swings could have consequences for ecosystem stability and the control of pests and diseases, as well as for industries such as agriculture and solar-energy production, all of which are vulnerable to inconsistent and extreme weather, the researchers noted.
The day-to-day variations also could affect what scientists can expect to see as the Earth's climate changes, according to the researchers and other scientists familiar with the work. Constant fluctuations in severe conditions could alter how the atmosphere distributes heat and rainfall, as well as inhibit the ability of plants to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, possibly leading to higher levels of the greenhouse gas than currently accounted for.
Existing climate-change models have historically been evaluated against the average weather per month, an approach that hides variability, explained lead author David Medvigy, an assistant professor in the Department of Geosciences at Princeton. To conduct their analysis, he and co-author Claudie Beaulieu, a postdoctoral research fellow in Princeton's Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, used a recently developed computer program that has allowed climatologists to examine weather data on a daily level for the first time, Medvigy said.
"Monthly averages reflect a misty world that is a little rainy and cloudy every day. That is very different from the weather of our actual world, where some days are very sunny and dry," Medvigy said.
"Our work adds to what we know about climate change in the real world and places the whole problem of climate change in a new light," he said. "Nobody has looked for these daily changes on a global scale. We usually think of climate change as an increase in mean global temperature and potentially more extreme conditions -- there's practically no discussion of day-to-day variability."
Princeton researchers found for the first time that day-to-day weather conditions have become more erratic in the past generation. Days have increasingly fluctuated between sunny and dry, and cloudy and rainy with little in-between, which can have negative consequences for ecosystems, plants, solar-energy production and other factors that depend upon consistent weather. Green areas on this map indicate an increase in day-to-day solar radiation (sunshine) variability between 1984 and 2007; pink indicates a decrease. The portion over the Indian Ocean is voided due to a lack of consistent data. (Image courtesy of David Medvigy)
The Princeton findings stress that analysis of erratic daily conditions such as frequent thunderstorms may in fact be crucial to truly understanding the factors shaping the climate and affecting the atmosphere, said William Rossow, a professor of earth system science and environmental engineering at the City College of New York.
"It's important to know what the daily extremes might do because we might care about that sooner," said Rossow, who also has studied weather variability. He had no role in the Princeton research but is familiar with it.
Rossow said existing climate-change models show light rain more frequently than they should and don't show extreme precipitation. "If it rains a little bit every day, the atmosphere may respond differently than if there's a really big rainstorm once every week. One of the things you find about rainstorms is that the really extreme ones are at a scale the atmosphere responds to," he said.
Although climate-change models predict future changes in weather as the planet warms, those calculations are hindered by a lack of representation of day-to-day patterns, Rossow said.
"If you don't know what role variability is playing now, you're not in a very strong position for making remarks about how it might change in the future," he said. "We're at a stage where we had better take a look at what this research is pointing out."
Medvigy and Beaulieu determined sunshine variation by analyzing fluctuations in solar radiation captured by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project from 1984 to 2007. To gauge precipitation, the researchers used daily rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project spanning 1997 to 2007.
Medvigy and Beaulieu found that during those respective periods, extremes in sunshine and rainfall became more common on a day-to-day basis. In hypothetical terms, Medvigy said, these findings would mean that a region that experienced the greatest increase in sunshine variability might have had partly cloudy conditions every day in 1984, but by 2007 the days would have been either sunny or heavily cloudy with no in-between. For rainfall, the uptick in variation he and Beaulieu observed could be thought of as an area experiencing a light mist every day in 1997, but within ten years the days came to increasingly fluctuate between dryness and downpour.
The researchers observed at least some increase in variability for 35 percent of the world during the time periods analyzed. Regions such as equatorial Africa and Asia experienced the greatest increase in the frequency of extreme conditions, with erratic shifts in weather occurring throughout the year. In more temperate regions such as the United States, day-to-day variability increased to a lesser degree and typically only seasonally. In the northeastern United States, for instance, sudden jumps from sunny to bleak days became more common during the winter from 1984 to 2007.
In the 23 years that sunshine variability rose for tropical Africa and Asia, those areas also showed a greater occurrence of towering thunderstorm clouds known as convective clouds, Medvigy said. Tropical areas that experienced more and more unbalanced levels of sunshine and rainfall witnessed an in-kind jump in convective cloud cover. Although the relationship between these clouds and weather variations needs more study, Medvigy said, the findings could indicate that the sunnier days accelerate the rate at which water evaporates then condenses in the atmosphere to form rain, thus producing heavy rain more often.
Storms have lasting effect on daily weather patterns
Although the most extreme weather variations in the study were observed in the tropics, spurts of extreme weather are global in reach, Rossow said. The atmosphere, he said, is a fluid, and when severe weather such as a convective-cloud thunderstorm "punches" it, the disturbance spreads around the world. Weather that increasingly leaps from one extreme condition to another in short periods of time, as the Princeton research suggests, affects the equilibrium of heat and rain worldwide, he said.
"Storms are violent and significant events — while they are individually localized, their disturbance radiates," Rossow said.
"Wherever it's raining heavily, especially, or variably is where the atmosphere is being punched. As soon as it is punched somewhere in the tropics it starts waves that go all the way around the planet," he said. "So we can see waves coming off the west Pacific convection activity and going all the way around the planet in the tropical band. The atmosphere also has the job of moving heat from the equator to the poles, and storms are the source of heat to the atmosphere, so if a storm's location or its timing or its seasonality is altered, that's going to change how the circulation responds."
These sweeping atmospheric changes can interact with local conditions such as temperature and topography to skew regular weather patterns, Rossow said.
"Signals end up going over the whole globe, and whether they're important in a particular place or not depends on what else is happening," he said. "But you can think of storms as being the disturbances in an otherwise smooth flow. That's why this is a climate issue even though we're talking about daily variability in specific locations."
From 1997 to 2007, rainfall became highly erratic for much of the globe, particularly in tropical areas. Green areas indicate that the day-to-day variability increased so that those areas experienced more days at one extreme or another, either dry or a downpour with little weather variation in-between. (Image courtesy of David Medvigy)
The impact of these fluctuations on natural and manmade systems could be as substantial as the fallout predicted from rises in the Earth's average temperature, Medvigy said. Inconsistent sunshine could impair the effectiveness of solar-energy production and — with fluctuating rainfall also included — harm agriculture, he said. Wetter, hotter conditions also breed disease and parasites such as mosquitoes, particularly in tropical areas, he said.
On a larger scale, wild shifts in day-to-day conditions would diminish the ability of trees and plants to remove carbon from the atmosphere, Medvigy said. In 2010, he and Harvard University researchers reported in the journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that erratic rain and sunlight impair photosynthesis. That study concluded that this effect upsets the structure of ecosystems, as certain plants and trees — particularly broad-leafed trees more than conifers — adapt better than others.
In the context of the current study, Medvigy said, the impact of variability on photosynthesis could mean that more carbon will remain in the atmosphere than climate models currently anticipate, considering that the models factor in normal plant-based carbon absorption. Moreover, if the meteorological tumult he and Beaulieu observed is caused by greenhouse gases, these fluctuations could become self-perpetuating by increasingly trapping the gases that agitated weather patterns in the first place.
"We have not yet looked for direct ties between weather variability and increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, but I would not be surprised if they are connected in some