Alectryomancy meanings in Urdu
Alectryomancy meanings in Urdu is الیکٹرویومنسی Alectryomancy in Urdu. More meanings of alectryomancy, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.
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Meanings of the word Alectryomancy in Urdu are. To understand how would you translate the word Alectryomancy in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Alectryomancy or it's Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Alectryomancy synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Alectryomancy. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Alectryomancy in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.
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1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Indonesian
 4. >
 5. "Stop using the internet!"
"Stop using the internet!"
Translation:Berhenti menggunakan internet!
February 26, 2019
But then I can't lern Bahasa Indonesian.
Differences between menggunakan and memakai?
Generally the same, except you can use /memakai/ for wearing clothing also.
As it is an order, would it be wrong to use -kan? For example, 'hentikan'?
That would have a different meaning. Using /hentikan/ would be including the causative/benefactive suffix /-kan/ on the end of the root, so it would sound as though you were telling the hearer to cause someone or something else to stop using the internet. If it's the hearer who is using the internet (whom you would want to stop by saying this), then, no, you wouldn't use /-kan/.
However, you might using /hentilah/ instead for the purpose of more strongly emphasizing the verb as a command.
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Line dance
choreographed dance
American line dancing at a Country Western Dance Hall.
A line dance is a choreographed dance with a repeated sequence of steps in which a group of people dance in one or more lines or rows, all facing either each other[citation needed] or in the same direction, and executing the steps at the same time. Unlike circle dancing, line dancers are not in physical contact with each other.
Line dancing is practiced and learned in country-western dance bars, social clubs, dance clubs and ballrooms. It is sometimes combined on dance programs with other forms of country-western dance, such as two-step, western promenade dances, and as well as western-style variants of the waltz, polka and swing. Line dances have accompanied many popular music styles since the early 1970s including pop, swing, rock and roll, disco, Latin (salsa suelta), rhythm and blues and jazz.[1]
The Madison was a popular line dance in the late 1950s. The 1961 "San Francisco Stomp" meets the definition of a line dance.[2][3] At least five line dances that are strongly associated with country-western music were written in the 1970s, two of which are dated to 1972: "Walkin' Wazi"[4][5] and "Cowboy Boogie",[6][7][8] five years before the disco craze created by the release of Saturday Night Fever in 1977, the same (approximate) year the "Tush Push" was created.[9] The Electric Slide was a Disco-based line dance created and popularized in the mid-1970s. The "L.A. Hustle" began in a small Los Angeles disco in the Summer of 1975, and hit the East Coast (with modified steps) in Spring of '76 as the "Bus Stop".[10][11] Another 70s line dance is the Nutbush.[12]
Over a dozen line dances were created during the 1980s for country songs.[12][13] The 1980 film Urban Cowboy reflected the blurring of lines between country music and pop, and spurred renewed interest in country culture, and western fashion, music, and dance.[1] Many early line dances, though, were adaptations of disco line dances.[14]"Boot Scootin' Boogie" was choreographed by Bill Bader[15] in October 1990 for the original Asleep at the Wheel recording of the song of the same name.[16] The Brooks and Dunn version of the song has resulted in there being at least 16 line dances with "Boot Scootin' Boogie" in the title,[17] including one by Tom Maddox and Skippy Blair under contract to the recording company. The Chicken Dance is an example of a line dance adopted by the Mod revival during the 1980s.[18]
Billy Ray Cyrus' 1992 hit "Achy Breaky Heart" helped catapult western line dancing into the mainstream public consciousness.[1] In 1994 choreographer Max Perry had a worldwide dance hit[citation needed] with "Swamp Thang" for the song "Swamp Thing" by The Grid. This was a techno song that fused banjo sounds in the melody line and helped to start a trend of dancing to forms of music other than country. In this mid 1990s period country western music was influenced by the popularity of line dancing. This influence was so great that Chet Atkins was quoted as saying "The music has gotten pretty bad, I think. It's all that damn line dancing."[19]
Max Perry, along with Jo Thompson, Scott Blevins and several others, began to use ballroom rhythms and technique to take line dancing to the next level. In 1998, the band Steps created further interest outside of the U.S. with the techno dance song "5,6,7,8". In 1999 the Gap retailer debuted the "Khaki Country" ad on the Academy Awards ceremony.[20] Line dancers performed to the 1999 version of "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" by Dwight Yoakam.
The Macarena was a hit based on a line dance in the mid-1990s.
Line dancing reached Europe, nourished by the arrival of Country Music Television,[21][22] and in 2008 gained the attention of the French government.[23]
Line dancing now has very traditional dances to country music, and not so traditional dances to non country music. It now uses more than just the "stereotypical" country music, in fact line dancers dance to most styles of music: country as well as modern pop music, Irish, Latin just to name a few.
Based on per capita ranking of MeetUp Groups in the USA, Durham, N.C. was declared the line dancing capital of America in 2014.[24]
 - In a two-wall dance, repetitions of the sequence end alternately at the back and front walls. In other words, the dancers have effectively turned through 180 degrees during one set. The samba line dance is an example of a two-wall dance.[citation needed] While doing the "volte" step, the dancers turn 180 degrees to face a new wall.
 - In a four-wall dance, the direction faced at the end of the sequence is 90 degrees to the right or left from the direction in which they faced at the beginning. As a result, the dancers face each of the four walls in turn at the end of four consecutive repetitions of the sequence, before returning to the original wall. The hustle line dance is an example of a four-wall dance because in the final figure they turn 90 degrees to the left to face a new wall.[citation needed] In some dances, they turn 270 degrees, a "three-quarter turn," to face the new wall.
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ a b c d Christy Lane's Complete Book of Line Dancing. Christy Lane. 2000, 1995. Human Kinetics. pages 3, 4. ISBN 0-7360-0067-4
 2. ^ Teaching of Popular Dance. Virgil L. Morton. 1965. J Lowell Pratt & Company. pages 50-52. LoC# 66-29892
 3. ^ "retrieved 1.2011". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 4. ^ "step sheet at". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 5. ^ "more on "early history" on Walkin Wazi". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 6. ^
 7. ^ ""Kentucky Ken" resume" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 8. ^ "Doris Volz presents a note from Kentucky Ken". 1999-06-01. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 9. ^ "original step sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 10. ^ The Complete Guide to Disco Dancing. Karen L. Lustgarten. 1978. Warner Books. page 86. ISBN 0-446-87943-6
 11. ^ "The Bus Stop is a new version of a group dance called the Madison" according to Ebony Jr. Nov 1978 page 27
 12. ^ a b Marayong. "History & definition of linedancing". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 13. ^ "Doris Volz line dance step sheets + free video dance clips". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 14. ^ Boot Scootin'. Joel Ruminer with Jimmie Ruth White. Rose Publishing Company. 1981. page 48.
 15. ^ "Bill Bader's Website for Linedancers". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 16. ^ "Boot Scootin' (Vancouver) Boogie - a line dance by Bill Bader". 2004-03-07. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 17. ^ ""Boot Scootin' Boogie" step sheets at Kickit". 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 18. ^ "see Blair statement". 1988-10-01. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 19. ^ The Roots of Country Music Collectors Edition by Life September 1, 1994
 20. ^ "GAP a-Go-Go | Dance Magazine | Find Articles at BNET". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 21. ^ Let's Dance. Paul Bottomer. 1998. Black Dog & Leventhal. page 65. ISBN 1-57912-049-0
 22. ^ "CMT Europe clips". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 23. ^ [1] Oui Ha! France brings line dancing craze under state control
 24. ^ Time. Sept. 8-15, 2014. page 43.
External linksEdit


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How to Use a Photo As a Texture in Paint 3D
Using a photo as a texture in Microsoft's Paint 3D is a lot like using a sticker, only a custom one. You can use any type of texture, so long as it's highly visible in the photo -- brick, water, grass, etc. Once placed, you can maintain the texture by stretching it over your artwork, or you could paint over it and reduce the transparency to keep some elements of the texture while changing the color.
It's a versatile tool, so long as you know how to use it.
 2. Create a doodle, place a 3D object or add an item from the Remix 3D community
 3. In the top menu, click the Stickers icon.
 4. From the sidebar, select the folder icon on the far right.
 5. Click Add sticker from the sidebar.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Uruapan (municipality))
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Uruapan del Progreso
Uruapan Plaza
Uruapan Plaza
Official seal of Uruapan
Nickname(s): Capital mundial del aguacate.
Motto: Salvaguarda del espíritu, la tradición y la mexicanidad.
Uruapan is located in Mexico
Location of Uruapan in Mexico
Coordinates: 19°25′15″N 102°03′46″W / 19.42083°N 102.06278°W / 19.42083; -102.06278Coordinates: 19°25′15″N 102°03′46″W / 19.42083°N 102.06278°W / 19.42083; -102.06278
Country Mexico
State Michoacán
Municipality Uruapan
Founded 1533
Founded by Fray Juan de San Miguel
 - Mayor Aldo Macias Alejandres
Elevation[1] 1,620 m (5,310 ft)
Population (2010)[1]
 - Total 315,350
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
Area code(s) 452
Website Official Website
Uruapan is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is located at the western edge of the Purépecha highlands, just to the east of the Tierra Caliente Region. Since the colonial period, it has been an important city economically due its location. The city was conquered by the Spanish in 1522, when the last Purépecha ruler fled the Pátzcuaro area to here. The modern city was laid out in 1534 by Friar Juan de San Miguel, which played an important role in the War of Independence, and was the capital of Michoacán during the French Intervention. Today it is the center of Mexico's avocado growing region, with most of the crop distributed from here nationally and internationally.
The city[edit]
View of the city from the Cerro de la Charanda.
With a population of over 264,000.[2] The city is the second most populous and the second in economic importance in the state of Michoacán.[3][4] The city is located at the western edge of the Purépecha highlands of the state at 1,620 meters above sea level.[5]
The city's center has colonial architecture which contain Plateresque and Moorish elements.[3] There are six historic neighborhoods of the city: San Miguel, San Pedro, San Francisco, Santa Maria Magdalena, San Juan Bautista and Santo Santiago, all of which have colonial-era chapels in their centers.[6] Each of these neighborhoods have their own festival: San José on March 19, El Vergel on the third Friday in June, San Juan Quemado on June 24, San Pedro on June 29, La Magdalena on July 22, Santo Santiago on July 25, San Miguel on September 29, San Francisco de Asis on October 4.[7] The patron saints' days of these neighborhoods are celebrated with colorful dances such as Los Negritos.[8]
Uruapan Plaza
The center of the city is marked by the very large and very long Plaza de Martires de Uruapan. Facing this plaza are two commercial portals as well as some of the city's most important landmarks. On the north side, there is the La Huatápera Museum, officially called the Museo de los Cuatro Pueblos Indios. Huatápera is a Purépecha word, meaning "meeting place," and according to tradition, it was built over a pre Hispanic platform, obtaining its social importance from this.[6][8] Originally the site was a hospital called Hospital Real de la Purísima Concepción established by Juan de San Miguel in 1533, the first of its kind in Michoacán.[3][6] It functioned not only to heal the sick but also as a center for evangelism and to organize workers by trade.It has a chapel called Santo Entierro, with fine stonework in cantera in Plateresque style. Above the chapel's arch, there is a niche which contains a sculpture of either Francis of Assisi or Juan de San Miguel flanked by the coats of arms of the Franciscans and the Spanish crown. The interior is restored and contains images of angels playing musical instruments and important people from the history of the Catholic Church. The rest of the complex shows Moorish influence and houses a collection of handcrafts from the various indigenous communities of the state.[8] Just to the east of Huatápera is the Immaculate Concepción church, which was built in the late 20th century. It has a cantera portal finished in the 1970s but no cupola nor bell tower.[6]
The Casa de Cultura (Cultural Center) is located on the western side of Huatápera. It was built in 1992 over what was the Franciscan monastery established by Juan de San Miguel. The original church of this monastery is now the parish church for the city. Built in 1533, it maintains its 16th century Plateresque portal, and the interior of the church has a crucifix that dates from the 18th century. The paintings on the triangular spaces just under the cupola represent salvation and the miracle of the Mass, done by Mohamed Socidel.[6]
Behind this line of monuments is a market called the Mercado de Antojitos, whose stalls are dedicated to the sale of prepared traditional foods such as carnitas, barbacoas, quesadillas and the like.[6]
The western side of the city is home to the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park, the second most-visited national park in Mexico.[6] Despite being almost completely surrounded by the city, the park contains trees hundreds of years old, springs, streams, canals and walking paths.[3][6] The park focuses on the conservation of the ravine which forms the headwaters of the Cupatitzio River, which is fed by various springs and streams starting with the "Rodilla del Diablo" (Devil's Knee).[9] According to local myth, Juan de San Miguel forced the Devil to bow before the Cross, with the Devil's knee making an indentation in the rock from which the first spring emerges. The land was private until the 1930s when the federal government bought it to create the park. The ravine has various waterfalls such as La Yerbabuena and El Golgota, bridges and fountains that take advantage of natural water supply. There is also a mural called Erédira by local artist Manuel Pérez Coronado, but it is almost completely deteriorated.[8]
The San Pedro Factory is a still-operational textile factory built in the late 19th century, when the city was at its industrial peak.[8][9] Construction of the mill began in 1886, originally to work with cotton but later expanded to other fibers, such as linen and silk. The factory is still in operation but not to the same capacity as in the past. The current owners maintain the more handcrafted feel of the products making bedspreads, tablecloths, napkins and more. Part of the complex is now used for cultural and other events.[6][8]
The city is home to the narrowest house in the world according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Located at 50-C Carrillo Puerto, it measures 1.40 by 7.70 meters.[6][9]
The Palm Sunday Handcraft Market is held during Holy Week with the most important day being Palm Sunday, after which it is named. It covered the city large main square and attracts over a thousand artisans who sell.[8] In addition to traditional observances for Day of the Dead, the city has sponsored the Festival de Velas on the same days, where candles are arranged and lit to form figures at the Martires de Uruapan and Morelos plazas as well as on adjoining streets. There an Avocado Festival from mid November to mid December which consists of exhibitions and cultural events.[7]
The city's cuisine is influenced not only by the various ethnic groups in the area but also migration from other parts of Michoacan. Typical dishes include corundas, churipo (a beef and vegetable stew), mutton barbacoa, carnitas, quesadillas with squash flowers, flour tamales, various flavors of sweet and spicy atole, hot chocolate, uchepos, sweet potatoes and plantains cooked in various ways and more.[5][10]
The municipality[edit]
The city of the Uruapan is the seat of a municipality and serves as the local government for surrounding communities that extend over 954.17km2. Outside of the Uruapan proper, the main communities are Capacuaro, Angahuan, San, Caltzontzin, Jucutacato, Santa, Corupo and Nuevo, all of which are dedicated to agriculture and/or forestry. The municipality borders those of Charapan, Paracho, Nahuatzen, Tingambato, Ziracuaretiro, Taretan, Gabriel Zamora, Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Peribán and


text:
The notion of healthcare has always been one of the most discussed issues in terms of policy introduction and administration. Moreover, when speaking of the modern context of healthcare perception in circumstances of the ongoing global pandemic outbreak, it is of paramount importance to reconsider the overall approach to the national healthcare policy. Thus, one of the most relevant aspects of today's community state is the peculiarities of healthcare allocation among residents. In terms of this paper, the public policy of healthcare resource allocation will be analyzed and described.
Problem Definition and Analysis
The healthcare paradigm is believed to be highly dependent on the process of physician decision-making. However, according to the research, the vast majority of decisions are the result of combining various external factors such as financial capability, socio-economic environment, and local public administration (Mannelli, 2020). A prime example of such an issue is the allocation of healthcare resources, which stands for the reasonable distribution of available resources among healthcare sectors and individual patients. Considering the problem through the COVID-19 outbreak, it is estimated that the demand for such facilities as lung ventilation devices and hospital beds has increased, initiating the need for ethical reconsideration of resource distribution (Emanuel et al., 2020). Thus, according to the data, the plan for the emergency health care provided in the circumstances of a pandemic does not account for the scenario of infected residents prevailing at 5% of the overall population (Emanuel et al., 2020). Hence, it is of crucial importance to address the problem publicly in terms of both ethical and financial aspects.
Drafting Policy Options
When speaking of the possible options for healthcare resource allocation in times of crisis, it is necessary to outline what are the basic constituents of the rationing process. Hence, the primary resource allocation attributes are the process of financial support and the ethical paradigm of the process, as it is necessary for the physicians to follow the norms established within a community. For this reason, when addressing the potential policy options, the following variants should be considered:
- The introduction of new financial aid resources in order to maximize the area's resource capability;
- The introduction of benefit incidence analysis as a means of ensuring equity for every geographical area considered.
The notion of benefit incidence analysis stands for the process of estimating the benefit extent relevant to each individual in the area provided (Love-Koh et al., 2020). Hence, these options for policy renovations are the ones most likely to result in qualitative change for community health care.
Policy Decision Implications
Regarding the policy discussed, a major group of stakeholders includes local authorities, physicians, hospital administration, the public, and, certainly, individual patients. Hence, the scenario of beneficiary relationship in terms of resource allocation is only possible once the financial support is sufficient to ensure scarce resources access to the vast majority of the local population. However, still, when discussing the idea of reconsidering healthcare allocation, the following positive implications may be introduced:
- Lower mortality risks among the population;
- Ensuring the quality of healthcare provided rather than the quantity of medical procedures provided;
- Higher levels of public health awareness and emergency preparedness among the population.
When speaking of the potential changes, it is necessary to mention the possible shift in the pattern of resource allocation among patients. In terms of benefit incidence analysis, a series of public surveys would be conducted in order to identify the social groups likely to benefit the most from the scarce resource access. In such a way, the healthcare allocation policy would be represented in the form of a renewed social hierarchy.
When addressing the potential implications, it becomes evident that no scenario secures positive outcomes when assessed realistically. Hence, the least that could be done in terms of policy introduction would be the complete recalculation of the resources available compared to the area's population. In such a way, the community would be aware of the real issues facing patients instead of encouraging state financial support with no empirical backup. Another realistic step in such a scenario would be to start the negotiations with community centers willing to either advocate for the scarce resource allocation or provide facilities with financial aid.
The primary focus of the future policy should be placed on the quality of health care provided, meaning that the distribution of scarce resources should cover the cases where such intervention would be efficient. Although such a strategy is beneficial for the overall resource allocation, the matter remains rather inconsistent in terms of ethics. Thus, while abiding by the ethical principle of beneficence, policy advocates inevitably violate nonmaleficence by harming the patients who are believed to receive less benefit from the resources than others.
Analyzing the introduction of healthcare allocation policy reevaluation, it may be outlined that the primary outcome of the intervention should not address the elimination of the issue, emphasizing the reduction of complications instead. Thus, among the desired yet tangible outcomes of the policy, one may consider the increase in the number of resources and the overall improvement in terms of scarce resource efficiency. The benefit incidence analysis would define the individual patient stakeholders obtaining maximum advantage from using the allocated supplies.
Healthcare is a social construct and has always been one of the most challenging in terms of policy administration. Hence, the reconsideration of the healthcare resource allocation policy was chosen due to its relevance in the context of the sphere's current situation. It was estimated during the research that despite the absence of absolute policy benefit, encouraging financial support and refocusing the policy on the quality index would serve as a good start for the reconsideration of healthcare.
Emanuel, E. J., Persad, G., Upshur, R., Thome, B., Parker, M., Glickman, A., Zhang, C., Boyle, C., Smith, M., & Phillips, J. P. (2020). Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 2049-2055. Web.
Love-Koh, J., Griffin, S., Kataika, E., Revill, P., Sibandze, S., & Walker, S. (2020). Methods to promote equity in health resource allocation in low-and middle-income countries: An overview. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 1-12. Web.
Mannelli, C. (2020). Whose life to save? Scarce resources allocation in the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Medical Ethics, 46(6), 364-366. Web.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Hendrick Avercamp (January 27, 1585 (bapt.) - May 15, 1634 (buried)) was a Dutch painter.
Avercamp was born in Amsterdam, where he studied with the Danish-born portrait painter Pieter Isaacks (1569–1625), and perhaps also with David Vinckboons. In 1608 he moved from Amsterdam to Kampen in the province of Overijssel. Avercamp was mute and was known as "de Stomme van Kampen" (the mute of Kampen).
As one of the first landscape painters of the 17th-century Dutch school, he specialized in painting the Netherlands in winter. Avercamp's paintings are colorful and lively, with carefully crafted images of the people in the landscape. Many of Avercamp's paintings feature people ice skating on frozen lakes.
Avercamp's work enjoyed great popularity and he sold his drawings, many of which were tinted with water-color, as finished pictures to be pasted into the albums of collectors. The Royal Collection has an outstanding collection of his works.
Avercamp died in Kampen and was interred there in the Sint Nicolaaskerk.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hendrick Avercamp|
|This article about a Dutch painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
High and diverse demands are placed on paints and coatings – simply because of the different applications and situations for which they are used. This high degree of complexity can also be traced back to the many different particulates and liquids that are processed. In order to develop new formulations, but also to ensure consistent quality during production, it is necessary to have a precise understanding of the materials and their behavior. This can be achieved by testing various paint parameters, such as particle size or flowability. This article presents a number of measuring methods which can be used to investigate paint and coating parameters in order to understand and predict their behavior.
How to analyze paint and coating parameters
Life cycle of paints and coatings
Figure 1 shows the typical life cycle of paints, coatings, and inks, starting from the raw material through the production steps to the finished product, its application, and the applied product. Depending on the step in the life cycle and the material, different properties influence what is happening inside the material. To ensure smooth processing in the subsequent steps and a controlled quality of the final product it is necessary to understand these material properties. The sections below describe a number of methods for measuring these coating parameters. As an additional dimension in these considerations, it is necessary to take into account that the materials can be in a liquid or dry form.
Investigating the behavior of powder/dry materials
Powders (e.g. pigments) are used as raw material and dispersed in solutions for liquid paints, coatings, and inks. There are also powder paints and coatings which are applied in dry form and then cured to form a smooth layer. Powders have multiple properties (like particle size) that influence how the material can be processed or applied and that in turn will also influence the properties of the applied paint or coating.
Particle size and particle size distribution
The particle size and particle size distribution of powders can be measured with laser diffraction(1). This technique is based on the observation and analysis of laser light which is diffracted from particles. The particle size and particle size distribution of paints and coatings are essential parameters for the quality control of incoming raw materials (to check that the powder particles are within specifications), but also during fabrication, e.g. milling and mixing of the paints and coatings. Knowing the particle size and particle size distribution of a powder (Figure 2) is also crucial for the final product, as these parameters will influence how the material can be applied onto a substrate, as well as the curing process and outer appearance of the final coating. For example:
- Fine particles with narrow particle size distribution pack closer together, forming thin films that maintain the aesthetic properties and durability typical for a thicker film.
- Larger particles tend to flow better and are relatively easy to control during application but curing processes require a longer time and higher temperatures.
From the calculated volume-weighted particle size distribution many parameters can be determined, including the principal D-values (D10, D50, D90, D[4,3]), the span, which gives an indication about the broadness of the distribution, as well as the percentage of particles in different size classes, which is important when checking the amount of fine and coarse fraction. In addition to particle size and particle size distribution, these analyzers can perform a pressure series to evaluate the effect of pressure on a powder's fine fraction during manufacturing and the powder coating process.
Powder rheology is the characterization of powder behavior by simulating all processing conditions – from fluidized powder systems to consolidated powders. Ideally, powder rheology takes into account internal influences (e.g. particle size, particle shape) and external influences (e.g. humidity, temperature) to phenomologically characterize powder behavior. It can be used for R&D when creating new formulations e.g. to find the optimal processability or processing conditions, as well as for quality control during manufacturing(2).
- A powder shear cell for investigating the flow behavior of consolidated powders and their time-dependent behavior
- A powder flow cell for characterizing powder behavior under various realistic conditions, i.e. to simulate manufacturing processes
These two cells implemented on a rheometer make it possible to analyze powders in any state they are in during the process – from compacted and consolidated to fully fluidized. In this manner all steps of the process can be simulated. Mixing and storage processes can be analyzed as well as the flowability the powders have during hopper discharge. It is also possible to determine fluidization properties which are useful insights since the powders will typically experience fluidized bed reactors, pneumatic transport, and spraying through a nozzle (Figure 3). Basic fluidization properties are analyzed with pressure drop and deaeration measurements. More complex shear-rate-dependent measurements simulate, for example, kinks during pneumatic transport or spraying through a nozzle.
Learn more about powder rheology, the classification of powder properties, and powder behavior.
The surface area of powder particles has a large impact on how they interact with electrostatic charge and liquids, and therefore their suitability as functional coatings. For powder particles the surface area is not only a function of particle size, but also of shape, surface roughness, and porosity. The extent of the surface of pigments and fillers determines how much dispersant is required in paint, coating, and ink formulations. Determining the surface area and pore size of powder particles requires the gas adsorption technique and use of the BET method. Compounds with a high surface area can be analyzed using gas adsorption with nitrogen gas, either applying the vacuum-volumetric technique or dynamic flow method. Materials with a low surface area often require gas adsorption measurement with krypton gas as this provides increased sensitivity.
True density and tap density
The true density or skeletal density of the components of a coating powder needs to be known in order to calculate the theoretical powder coating density and non-volatile film density. This can be compared to the density of the coating powder blend of resin, pigments, fillers, and additives – as blended, after storage, and after curing. Any differences in density of the blend can indicate subtle differences in formulation, such as resin-to-pigment ratio. Analysis of true density (skeletal density) is performed using a gas pycnometer which measures solid volume by gas displacement.
Tap density is determined by repeatedly tapping a powder column and analyzing the relative volume change. It is carried out to obtain the powder volume filling and packing characteristics. Automatic tapped density tests can be carried out on single components or blends.
Investigating the behavior of dispersions/liquids
Dispersions and suspensions are mixtures of liquids with particulate matter, in the case of paints and coatings these particulates are powder pigments and other additives. With liquid paint and coatings knowledge of the flow behavior is important for controlling and optimizing coating application. Before mixing the coating, it is also an essential step to characterize the raw materials to check their material properties.
Rheology and viscometry
Particle size and zeta potential
The particle size of the particles in the dispersion directly relates to properties such as appearance and uniformity of the coating layer. This coating parameter can be determined using a particle size analyzer based on the laser diffraction technique.
The zeta potential can be measured to analyze formulation stability and to avoid aggregation of dispersed particles. High zeta potential values indicate a stable formulation and prevent agglomeration of particles and inconsistent coating performance. These results, as well as particle size, can be determined on a particle analyzer using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering (DLS and ELS).
A large number of different coating parameters influence the behavior of the material during the manufacturing process and the quality of the paint or coating applied. Particle size and particle size distribution are crucial parameters for quality control, while powder rheology is used to characterize powder behavior during the entire life cycle of manufacturing, storage, and application. The surface area of the particles provides information on how much dispersant is needed in the formulations, and the skeletal density can be used to calculate powder coating and non-volatile film density. Viscometry and rheology are used to determine factors like pumpability and spreadability as well as drying and curing behavior. All these properties need to be determined for quality control in production, and also for the development of new formulations.
1. Xu, R. (2002). Particle Characterization: Light Scattering Methods. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp 111–181.
2. Schütz, D., et al. (2018). "A multi-method approach to quality control illustrated on the industrial powder coating process". Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 139, pp 136–143.
3. Mezger, T.G. (2017). Applied Rheology. 4th edition.


Top Five Historical Events
Top Five most popular Historical events
JFK assasination
Vietnam War
Iraq wars
Moon landing
Fall of Berlin wall
JFK assasination. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. He was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. The date was November 22, 1963 and located in Dallas, TX. This is the most popular historical event.
The Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This was the second most popular historical event.
The Iraq War. The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the most post-invasion Iraqi government. This was the Third most popular historical event.
The Moon Landing. A Moon Landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the moon. This includes both crewed and robotic missions. The first human made object to touch the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2, on 13 September 1959. The United States Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on the moon, on 20 July 1969. This was the fourth most popular historical event.
The Fall of Berlin Wall. The Berlin wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic on 13 August 1961. The wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. This is the fifth most popular historical event.


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A memory leak occurs when a program allocates memory for a data structure and then never releases that memory and does not reuse that memory. The next time the program needs the data structure, it allocates more memory again. Over time, the available memory appears to be shrinking and this is called a "memory leak." Memory leaks are overcome by ensuring the memory allocated for a data structure is deallocated when you are done using that data structure.
It used to be that if you did not close a cursor, that memory stayed allocated and unusable to anything else. This is no longer the case with Oracle. If you open a cursor and forget to close it, Oracle will close the cursor for you when the PL/SQL block ends execution. This assumes your PL/SQL block does reach an end.
While Oracle does automatically close cursors, it is still a very good idea to close them in your code. You should close your cursor when you are done looping through the cursor's contents. This way, you free up some memory for your next cursor. Plus, closing cursors is good programming style.
This was first published in March 2006


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We are a law office located in Lisbon, Portugal
Portuguese Nationality for Individuals Born in the Former Portuguese Colonies
Portuguese Citizenship and the Former Portuguese Colonies
Decree-Law 308-A/75
Specific guidelines exist concerning the procurement of Portuguese citizenship for individuals connected with:
· Angola
· Brazil
· Cape Verde
· Portuguese India
· Guinea Bissau
· East Timor
· Macau
· Mozambique
· São Tomé and Príncipe
Portugal ratified the 24 June 1974 Decree-Law 308-A/75 to address the matter of Portuguese citizenship for those born or living in the overseas Portuguese territories that had gained independence. The assumption was that these persons would take the citizenship of the new state. The Decree-Law thus merely stipulated that Portuguese citizenship would be retained by those persons who had been born in Portugal but lived in one of the colonial territories. This law also applies to those who, though born in the colonial territories, had resided long-term in Portugal. All those not covered by one of these situations lose their Portuguese citizenship ex lege.
We will be gald to consider your case and examine the documents you already have.
Don't hesitate to mail us with your questions. Kindly scan existing documents to facilitate the examination.
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Wind Farm in Galva, IL 2018, Paul Douglas Institute
A 100 Percent Renewable Chicago
An Economic Impact Report Assessing Renewable Energy in the City of Chicago
Zarek Drozda, Ekin Dursun, Vanessa Ma, Devin McNulty
This report assesses the potential impacts of a 100% renewable energy transition for the City of Chicago. We examine Chicago's current electrical demand and supply, project Chicago's electricity demand through 2035, and then test scenarios for a full transition to renewable electricity. We then model aggregate job creation, economic output, and emissions reduction potential. In addition to explaining the methodology behind "A 100% Renewable Chicago: By the Numbers" infographic, this paper provides background and context on the mechanisms through which Chicago sources energy to serve as a resource for local advocates, community stakeholders, and policymakers.


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Expand All Client Behavior When Sending the IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence Request
Informative summary of behavior: The client uses IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence to check the consistency of object existence between its replica of an NC and another replica of the same NC. Checking the consistency of object existence means identifying objects that have replicated to both replicas, and that exist in one replica but not in the other. For the purposes of this method, an object exists within an NC replica if it is either an object or a tombstone.
IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence allows the client to perform this checking in clusters, as defined in the informative summary of the GuidSequence procedure (section
The inputs to this checking process on the client are as follows:
nc: DSName
utdClient, utdServer: UPTODATE_VECTOR_V1_EXT
guidStart: GUID
count: ULONG
nc: The NC containing the cluster that the client will check.
utdClient, utdServer: The up-to-date vectors of the client and server for the NC nc, respectively. The client can obtain utdServer using IDL_DRSGetReplInfo.
guidStart: The lower bound on the smallest objectGUID in the cluster that the client will check.
count: The upper bound on the number of objects in the cluster that the client will check.
Given these inputs, the client creates the request message to IDL_DRSGetObjectExistence as follows:<31>
s: sequence
digest: sequence [0..15] of byte
msgIn.pNC := nc
msgIn.pUpToDateVecCommonV1 := MergeUTD(utdClient, utdServer)
 guidStart, count, nc, msgIn.pUpToDateVecCommonV1^, s, digest)
msgIn.guidStart := s[0]
msgIn.length := s.length
msgIn.Md5Digest := digest
pmsgIn^.V1 := msgIn
© 2014 Microsoft


regions-0.5: Provides the region monad for safely opening and working with scarce resources.
MaintainerBas van Dijk <>
Unsafely opening and closing of scarce resources.
class Resource resource whereSource
Class of scarce resources. A scarce resource is a resource that only one user can use at a time. (like a file, memory pointer or USB device for example).
Because of the scarcity, these resources need to be opened to grant temporary sole access to the resource. When the resource is no longer needed it should be closed a.s.a.p to grant others access to the resource.
Associated Types
data Handle resource :: *Source
open :: resource -> IO (Handle resource)Source
Yield an IO computation that opens the given resource and returns a Handle on it.
Think of a handle as your private session with the resource. As long as you have it, other users can't use the resource. So don't forget to close this session with the resource as soon as you're done with it.
close :: Handle resource -> IO ()Source
Yield an IO computation that closes the resource identified by the given Handle.
Warning: Using the Handle after the resource has been closed will usually throw an exception or result in a program crash!


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Economic Research Report No. (ERR-30) 54 pp
Eliminating Fruit and Vegetable Planting Restrictions: How Would Markets Be Affected?
Participants in U.S. farm programs are restricted from planting and harvesting wild rice, fruit, and most vegetables (nonprogram crops) on acreage historically used for program crops (known as base acreage). However, a recent World Trade Organization challenge to U.S. programs has created pressure to eliminate planting restrictions. Although eliminating restrictions would not lead to substantial market impacts for most fruit or vegetables, the effects on individual producers could be significant. Some producers who are already producing fruit and vegetables could find that it is no longer profitable, while others could profitably move into producing these crops. Producers with base acreage are the most likely to benefit because they would no longer face payment reductions.
Keywords: Farm programs, base acres, direct payments, vegetables, fruit, wild rice, planting restrictions
In this publication...
- Entire Report
- Report Summary
- Abstract, Acknowledgments, Contents, and Summary
- Base Acreage and Planting Restrictions Under the 2002 Farm Act
- Agronomic and Economic Barriers to Expanding Fruit and Vegetable Production
- Competition for Land Between Program and Fruit and Vegetable Crops
- Planting Dry Beans on Base Acreage: Economic Tradeoffs
- Discussion and Implications
- High-resolution entire report


Happy Birthday Carissa Love You!!!!
Seasons Change
Trees and leaves have deep-rooted symbolic meaning in virtually every culture on earth. Forests are the abode of the nature spirits, leprechauns and sasquatches. Forests are a refuge from danger, a source of food and ancient healing roots, home to wild animals and singing birds. Forests provide us with wood and paper and oxygen. Forests are alive, mysterious and constantlyContinue reading "Seasons Change"
Who knew flowers had so many different meanings? Can they not just be pretty and smell sweet? I mean some of them even taste good… BUT THEN AGAIN SOME OF THEM WILL KILL YOU OR YOUR CAT! You better learn about your plants and be Smart! Pay attention in school! And watch your children, whenContinue reading "FLOWER MEANINGS: THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS"


Physics Work unit
1. A football player pushes a tackle dummy forwards at a constant 0.85m/s for 11m using 7150J of energy. The tackling dummy mass is 120kg.
a) find force the player exerts?
b) what is the frictional force the dummy exerts?
c) what work is done by the friction as the dummy is slid along the field for 11m?
d) Is mass necessary for this question? if not, what force question could be asked that would require the mass of the dummy?
2. A person pushes a hockey puck with their stick at an angle so the vertical force is 22N [down] and the horizontal force is 45N [forward]. Assume the ice is frictionless.
a) what is the actual force the hockey plaer transmits to the puck?
b) what is the work done by the person pushing the stick if they push the puck for 3.0s as it moves with a constant velocity of 22m/s [forward]
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 1. A football player pushes a dummy forwards at a constant 0.85m/s for 11m using 7150 J of energy. The dummy has a mass of 120 kg. Find the force the football player exerts, find the frictional force the dummy exerts. - for my
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Thanks to advancements in laser tattoo removal technology, removing unwanted tattoos is more effective than ever before. Technology like the enlighten™laser by Cutera, allows providers to remove tattoos of all colors, more effectively and in fewer treatments than other devices.
To achieve the best possible results and minimize post treatment complications, follow these guidelines before and after your laser tattoo removal treatment.
Before your tattoo removal treatment:
- No sun-tanning or self-tanners 2 weeks prior to treatment. Includes spray tans, tanning lotions, tanning beds, sun exposure, etc.
- Some medications or supplements, such as ibuprofen, may increase the risk of bruising. Your provider will advise you on which medications to avoid prior to treatment.
- Avoid treatments that may irritate the skin for 1-2 weeks prior to treatment (waxing, depilatories, etc.).
- Notify your provider of any changes to your health history or medications since your last appointment.
- History of herpes or cold sores may require an anti-viral prescription prior to treatment. Notify your provider if you have a history of herpes or cold sores.
After your tattoo removal treatment:
- Avoid sun exposure for 2 weeks following treatment and use a broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen.
- Bruising, redness and swelling are common and resolve with time.
- Avoid hot tubs, saunas, chlorine, or submerging in water including baths for 7 days.
- Avoid skin irritants (products containing tretinoin, retinol, benzoyl peroxide, glycolic/salicylic acids, astringents, etc.) until the skin is fully healed and all crusting has resolved.
Tattoo removal wound care instructions:
- Dressing should be changed twice a day, morning and evening or after a shower in the first three days of treatment.
- Prior to removing the dressing, wash hands with soap and water, then carefully remove the dressing, gently cleanse the wound with soap and water and pat dry with a clean towel.
- Apply Neosporin and cover with a large Band-Aid or non-stick gauze dressing and make sure the bandage is not too tight.
- Some patients may require help of another person to reach treatment area on back.
- Try not to bump or stretch treated tattoo.
- Scabbing over the treatment area is expected and may last 7 to 14 days.
- Do not pick scabs and avoid scrubbing the treated area when bathing.
- Do not unroof blisters if they occur. Contact your provider if blisters are uncomfortable.
- Only non-aspirin over-the-counter pain drugs such as acetaminophen should be taken for discomfort after the laser treatment.
- Contact your provider if any of the following occur:
- Bleeding that soaks the dressing or bleeding that happens after the first 24 hours
- Increased redness or swelling
- Uncomfortable blisters
- Yellowish or greenish drainage coming out of the wound
- Persistent pain that last more than 24 hours
Mirabile M.D. of Overland Park offers one of the most effective laser tattoo removal devices available. Learn more about laser tattoo removal treatment.


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Mario Schenberg, Brazil's most important theoretical physicist, who researched the formation of supernova stars, was born in Recife on this date in 1914. In the 1940s, together with Indian physicist and Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chanrasekhar, he discovered the Schenberg-Chandrasekhar limit, which is the maximum mass of the core of a star prior to its gravitational collapse. Schenberg also made significant contributions to mathematics vis-a-vis quantum physics, and was widely respected as a writer and art critic. He was twice elected to be Sao Paolo state legislator on the Communist ticket; following Brazil's 1964 military coup d'etat, he was forced into retirement by presidential decree and was jailed for several months (his second jailing for communist activism). He also received death threats from Brazilian neo-Nazis for his opposition to a joint Brazil-Germany plan to build nuclear power stations in Brazil in 1975. Schenberg died in 1990. To view a video about the "Mario Schenberg Space Ship," an interactive educational program for kids at the University of Sao Paolo, click here.
"The energy disappears in the nucleus of the supernova as quickly as... money disappeared at that roulette table."—Mario Schenberg


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Flag frontage sign
Actif Signal makes lighted signs for stores, but also frontage signs called flags, lighted or not.
Flag sign made by Actif SIgnal
Lighted flag frontage sign (LED lighting in chamber) – ParisMade by Actif Signal
Actif Signal uses the same techniques to design, manufacture and install lighted signs made with neon tubes for stores, shops, and decorations for events such as fashion parades.
Flag Frontage Signs: What you should know
When it comes to marketing, exposure is a crucial matter. In order to attract clientele, a great deal of stores and commercial structures use flag signs. What are they and what is their purpose?
A brief history of signs
Lighted signs appeared for the first time in 1910. It is a Frenchman, by the name of Georges Claude, who invented them, but these products were first seen in the United States. Made with neon tubes, these signs were designed to catch the eye of the customer. Visible from afar and illuminated at night, they indicate the existence of the facility and its functions. Since its first appearance, the lighted sign has taken different shapes. In most cases, they can be found as a banner. Parallel to the front of the building, they can be affixed above a showcase or on a door lintel. Then, come the designs that are installed on rooftops, or affixed on the ground. Of course, the neon lighted signs are not to be forgotten.
Over the years, these so-called commercial signs have been reinvented in order to answer public demands and merchant's needs. This is how the flag signs started to develop. Copying the concept of advertisement signs, a flag sign is in the form of a box, single or double sided. It is affixed perpendicularly to the frontage of the building, high up, and helps promoting a store, a place, or a company.
Purpose of the Flag signs
To ensure a business or company's exposure, advertising elements are necessary. Thus, lots of professionals choose a flag design. Whether it's a simple sign, a lighted one or a flag sign, their purpose remains the same. If your premises are located in a busy street, the installation of a sign will catch the eye of the customer, and lead them towards you. It will also inform bystanders on your activities and the services you offer.
When setting up your flag sign, you have to make sure its design is appealing. While standard shapes like rectangles, squares or ovals have proven their effectiveness, a touch of fantasy and originality can also bring a little extra to you frontage. A tailor-made and colorful sign will help you stand out from the competition.
The different flag sign types.
The flag sign comes in different shapes and sizes depending on the customer's demands. Depending on your facility's layout, you can choose a simple or double sided sign. Some shops, like pharmacies or drugstores, usually elect a neon or LED lighted flag sign. Hotels and restaurants often opt for canvas flag signs, which combine metal chambers and canvas. Object-shaped flag signs also exist; for example, opticians choose flag signs shaped like glasses.
Illuminated signs
Because the first goal of a flag sign is to catch the eye of the public, it is advised to make it as visible as possible. The choice of an illuminated sign is then the best option. It has the advantage of capturing the public's attention while ensuring a strong exposure, night and day. Before putting up your lighted flag sign, you can choose, depending on the result you are expecting, between neon and LED
Neon signs.
If you opt for a neon-illuminated flag sign, you will have to choose between glass neon and flexible neon. Glass neon tubes are fluorescent tube, located under or behind a glass plate, and they light up the chamber. Flexible neon, on the other hand, covers what glass tubes can't.
Neon lighted flag signs have plenty of advantages. Amongst the most noticeable, neon can bend to the wishes of the customer. Indeed, these tubes can come in different diameters and are suitable for every mount and every shape. Neon also covers a 360° angle of lighting, which ensures a great exposure at night. It also comes in different colors and generates a strong and homogenous light. But the greatest advantage of the neon lighting lies in its lifespan. If the flag sign is located indoors, the neon can last up to 7 years, even if it is functioning 24/7. If located outdoors, the lighting will last up to 4 years if lit 24/7.
Although Neon has a great lifespan, its cons are not to be taken lightly: It is important to know that this type of installation is very difficult to put up and is very delicate. It is also very demanding in terms of energy. Lastly, a neon sign can cause electric shock in the case of an improper installation.
Neon gives a "neo-retro" look to your sign. The flag signs using neon lighting are designed and tailor-made on Actif Signal's manufacturing site. A neon lighting sign has to be put up by an installer in possession of the required electrical certifications. Actif Signal's installation teams all have the necessary certifications (H0 B0, H1 B1…).
LED signs
If you are not inspired by a neon-lighted flag sign, you can also chose an LED lighted sign. This type of sign will fit any and all of your needs.
If you need a static image, you can opt for a decoration LED flag sign. Made for indoor display, they regroup both displaying screens and decorative signs. They are preferred for advertising or promotional messages. If you want an animated sign, you can choose programmable LED signs. Durable, they are made for outdoor display. They can be set to flash or to display a message, night and day.
As opposed to neon flag signs, LED signs are more reliable. They are also very cost-efficient, and can be lit for up to 100 000 hours (11.5 years) before needing replacement. LED lights are also appreciated for their energy efficiency: as they do not diffuse any UV nor infrared, they are recyclable. An LED flag sign is also durable and safe. Sturdy, it is impact and vibration resistant, and temperature proof. Moreover, it does not present any electrical shock risk, contrary to neon lighting. With LED lighting, you can also choose from a great variety of colors and have a greater lighting power than that of neon light. The Light Emitting Diodes generate a brighter and more intense light that can be seen from farther away. Lastly, an LED flag sign can be programmed to show images or advertising messages. This type of colored animation is still energy efficient, and does not range down the lifespan of the lighting.
As for neon flag signs, LEDs also have cons. Its cost is the most prominent one; LEDs are significantly more expensive than the other lighting systems. However, it is highly compensated by its longevity and energy efficiency. Another major disadvantage of LED signs is its light field: it is less luminous than neon or than a lighted box, and does not propagate light efficiently around the facility.
Visual aspect of the flag signs
Once the decision to opt for a flag frontage sign has been made, you should always keep in mind that it conveys a message while being a guide to the customer. Because it symbolizes the activities and the offers of your business, it should be original.
The flag signs will be made according to the customer's demands. They usually include basic geometrical shapes (square, rectangle, circle…). Very traditional, this option can still have a strong impact if the sign includes colors, images or creative text. The use of LED or neon to illuminate the sign and make it even more visible can certainly be an asset to a business. In some cases, for specialized businesses like pharmacies or opticians, flag signs can come in particular shapes. We can find, in some streets, lighted crosses indicating a pharmacy, or a huge pair of glasses to signal an optician's shop.
Current regulations regarding Flag Frontage Signs.
There are specific regulations regarding flag signs, which were put in place in order to avoid "visual pollution". These norms vary depending on the type of business, the location of the sign and the objective it tries to achieve.
The rules apply mainly to the installation. While setting up a flag sign, we have to ensure that it does not exceed 25cm horizontally over the wall. It is also important that it does not cover more than 15% of the frontage, unless the frontage is larger than 50m², then it can cover it up to 25%. A flag sign cannot be affixed on a balcony or a glass front. Lastly, it has to be exactly as large as 1/10th of the distance from the public road.
Of course, the visual aspect of a lighted flag sign is entirely up to the customer. It is fairly common to find cake-shaped or baguette-like signs for boulangeries and bakeries, or regularly shaped ones with unique artwork for bars, hotels or even travel agency.
Be visible, opt for a flag sign
You are a merchant, a franchise, a pharmacy, a restaurant… chose a lighted flag sign. This type of sign is the ideal signage element and completes your existing signs. If you still hesitate between a neon or LED flag, a rectangular or an oval shape... Contact us, our engineering consultants


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investigated in each centre by the joinpoint approach in a logistic model. 46,900 women aged 25 to 60 years were included in the analysis.
The HR-HPV age-standardised (on Italian population) prevalence ranged from 5.7% (Trento) to 10.3% (Ravenna). HR-HPV prevalence decreased as a logistic function of increasing age in 6 of 9 centres (Trento, Verona, Florence, Bologna, Imola, and Viterbo). The effect of age on HR-HPV prevalence slopes did not differ significantly among these 6 centres, whereas significant heterogeneity in intercepts (p < 0.001) was found, reflecting different overall HR-HPV prevalence between centres. One significant joinpoint was observed in 2 centres (Padua and Ravenna), indicating that the decrease in HR-HPV prevalence by age was better described using a function composed with two logistic segments. In Padua HR-HPV prevalence decreased only slightly up to 39 years but showed a steep downturn thereafter. In Ravenna HR-HPV prevalence decreased steeply down to 45 years of age and then showed a plateau. Finally, in Turin two significant joinpoints were observed: prevalence decreased only after age 29 and showed a plateau after age 39.
Our results showed substantial differences in overall and age-specific HR-HPV prevalence across Italian areas. These findings may be related to different timing of changes in sexual behaviours across regions. Age-specific HR-HPV prevalence in Italy does not support an influence of age per se.
Full-text · Article · May 2013 · BMC Infectious Diseases


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Odyssey Invictus is founded in the experiences of Kevin Lawrence, Founder and Managing Director of The Odyssey Group and the work they have undertaken developing thousands of people around the world since 2002. It is also from his work since 2014, providing people with fully immersive and defining development experiences in the South African bushveld and experiencing first-hand the incredible benefits a 'wild way of learning' can have on thinking, attitudes, behaviour, ways of working and peoples sense of well-being.
Linking those experiences and reflecting on how sterile and homogenous a lot of development programmes seem to be becoming, it's time for something different; something more immersive, something more meaningful.
Something that more fully integrates personal and professional development with people's well-being:
- Development for the heart, and mind
- Development with 'purpose'
- Development that genuinely allows people to:
Re Think : Re Charge : Re Focus and Re Boot
Welcome to Odyssey Invictus


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On 10 September 2012, orphan designation (EU/3/12/1044) was granted by the European Commission to Endocyte Europe B.V., the Netherlands, for folic acid to be used with N-[4-[[(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-D-gamma-glutamyl-(2S)-2-amino-beta-alanyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-cysteine for the diagnosis of positive folate-receptor status in ovarian cancer.
- What is ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer is cancer of the ovaries (two organs in the female reproductive system that produce eggs). Most ovarian cancers occur in women over the age of 50 years. Due to the absence of symptoms in the early stages of the disease, the majority of patients are diagnosed when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Most ovarian cancers are 'folate-receptor positive'. This means that the surface of the cancer cell contains high amounts of a receptor, which folic acid (a vitamin required for cell division) attaches to. This receptor can be targeted for treatment.
Ovarian cancer is a life-threatening disease that is associated with poor long-term survival.
- What is the estimated number of patients eligible for diagnosis of positive folate receptor status in ovarian cancer?
At the time of designation, the number of patients eligible for diagnosis of positive folate receptor status in ovarian cancer was estimated to be not more than 1.3 in 10,000 people in the European Union (EU)*. This is equivalent to a total of not more than 66,000 people, and is below the ceiling for orphan designation, which is 5 people in 10,000. This is based on the information provided by the sponsor and the knowledge of the Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products (COMP).
*Disclaimer: For the purpose of the designation, the number of patients affected by the condition is estimated and assessed on the basis of data from the European Union (EU 27), Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. This represents a population of 506,300,000 (Eurostat 2011).
- What methods of diagnosis are available?
At the time of designation, there were no satisfactory methods of diagnosing positive folate-receptor status in ovarian cancer in the EU. Existing methods were limited to detecting the presence of ovarian cancer cells. They included vaginal examination to check for any visible abnormalities of the womb or ovaries. In addition, blood tests and ultrasound were used to help identify masses in the abdomen. If a mass was discovered, the patient underwent surgery to determine the nature of the mass.
- How is this medicine expected to work?
Folic-acid injections are used to improve the image on scans for diagnosing positive folate-receptor status in ovarian cancer. It is given before the injection of another medicine that is radioactive and also contains folic acid. The radioactive medicine can enter the cancer cells by attaching to their folate receptors and once inside it emits radiation which can be seen as an image on a scan.
The folic-acid injections are given before the radioactive medicine as this has been shown to improve the quality of the image on the scan. This is because the folic acid attaches to many receptors in non-cancer cells, thereby ensuring that more of the radioactive medicine attaches to the receptors on the cancer cells.
- What is the stage of development of this medicine?
The effects of folic acid have been evaluated in experimental models.
At the time of submission of the application for orphan designation, clinical trials with folic acid in patients with ovarian cancer were ongoing.
At the time of submission, folic acid was not authorised anywhere in the EU for the diagnosis of positive folate-receptor status in ovarian cancer or designated as an orphan medicinal product elsewhere for diagnosing this condition.
In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 of 16 December 1999, the COMP adopted a positive opinion on 23 July 2012 recommending the granting of this designation.
- Opinions on orphan medicinal product designations are based on the following three criteria:
- the seriousness of the condition;
- the existence of alternative methods of diagnosis, prevention or treatment;
- either the rarity of the condition (affecting not more than 5 in 10,000 people in the EU) or insufficient returns on investment.
Designated orphan medicinal products are products that are still under investigation and are considered for orphan designation on the basis of potential activity. An orphan designation is not a marketing authorisation. As a consequence, demonstration of quality, safety and efficacy is necessary before a product can be granted a marketing authorisation.
|Active substance||Folic acid to be used with N-[4-[[(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-D-gamma-glutamyl-(2S)-2-amino-beta-alanyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-cysteine|
|Disease/condition||Diagnosis of positive folate-receptor status in ovarian cancer|
|Date of decision||10/09/2012|
|Orphan decision number||EU/3/12/1044|
Review of designation
The Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products reviews the orphan designation of a product if it is approved for marketing authorisation.
Sponsor's contact details:
Endocyte Europe B.V.
Prins Bernhardplein 200
1097 JB Amsterdam
Telephone: +31 20 _PHONE_
Telefax: +31 20 _PHONE_
For contact details of patients' organisations whose activities are targeted at rare diseases see:
- Orphanet, a database containing information on rare diseases which includes a directory of patients' organisations registered in Europe;
- European Organisation for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS), a non-governmental alliance of patient organisations and individuals active in the field of rare diseases.


text: ELA lab courses are designed with the focus of assisting students in developing ELA skills to support their English class development. Each lab course is aligned with the PA assessment anchors, and utilizes technology and online resources to enhance student learning. Study Island plays an integral part in lab class. Lab class is differentiated and has parts to help students who are deficient in skills catch up and learn the necessary skills for them to succeed. Enrichment opportunities are also available for students in this class. Differentiated instruction plays a large part of instruction.


When you go public with your journey out of Mormonism, be prepared for questions LDS friends will typically ask.
Key Points:
 - Who Offended You?
 - Who Got a Hold of You?
 - Did You Start Reading Anti-Mormon Literature?
 - What Commandment Couldn't You Keep?
Talk About It
 3. What questions did LDS friends and family raise when they found out about your journey?
 4. When you were LDS, did you ever raise similar questions to others? What assumptions were you making behind those questions?
 5. Your journey will be different from others, so what role did a personal offense play in your journey from Mormonism – if any?
 6. What role did "anti-Mormon" literature play in your journey?
 7. What do you think is the best way to answer when people raise questions like this?
 8. Write a personal action step based on this conversation.
This is part of the Relationships After Mormonism series.


text:
Seven early-stage companies have been selected as winners of the H2 Refuel Accelerator, designed to identify new solutions to increase the adoption of hydrogen infrastructure and supply-chain technologies.
The H2 Refuel Accelerator is a collaboration between the Urban Future Lab, Greentown Labs and the Fraunhofer TechBridge Program. It is sponsored by Shell, Toyota, and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA).
The accelerator program received 63 applications from around the globe. Following a multi-stage review process, the partners have announced the following winners:
- Celadyne – Nanocomposite membranes for high-performance electrolyzers and fuel cells with simple heat and water management.
- Ecolectro – Commercializing alkaline exchange materials that make electrolyzers and fuel cells less expensive and longer lasting.
- Electro-Active Technologies – Renewable hydrogen from waste via a coupled bio-electrochemical process at high electrical efficiency.
- HYGEN – Connected to the regular gas grid, HYGEN's supercharger fuels a gas-powered vehicle at home or at the office in just a few minutes.
- pH Matter – Catalyst materials and unique cell design enabling low-cost hydrogen generation for energy storage.
- Protium Innovation – Lightweight liquid hydrogen tanks and fueling solutions for hydrogen-electric vehicles.
- Skyre – A company converting waste H2 and CO2 into economic opportunity.
The awards to the winning start-ups include Greentown Labs' and Urban Future Lab's acceleration programs and technical validation services from the Fraunhofer R&D network. NYSERDA is supporting the H2 Refuel Accelerator through its ACRE incubator at the Urban Future Lab.


text:
|Height of average adult||
Less than 6 feet
|Ministry of Magic Classification||
- "A sickly green creature with sharp little horns had its face pressed against the glass, pulling faces and flexing its long, spindly fingers."
A Grindylow is a small, horned water demon.
Professor Remus Lupin ordered a Grindylow in 1993 for his third year class to study for Defence Against the Dark Arts. After his resignation, he left behind the tank in which the Grindylow was kept.
Two years later, the Grindylows of the Black Lake at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry attacked the students competing in the _PHONE_ Triwizard Tournament. They caused the early retirement from the task of Fleur Delacour, and nearly killed Harry Potter.
Grindylows survive, for the most part, on fish, algae, and small sea creatures; however, occasionally they will eat humans (it is for this reason that they are classified as dark creatures).
The Grindylow is a sickly green colour, with green teeth and small pointy horns on its head. It has long, strong (albeit brittle) fingers which it uses to strangle its prey, and is a rather good swimmer.
The Grindylow has long, brittle fingers which despite their fragility are rather strong. The trick to escaping a Grindylow is to break their grip on a person; it can also be noted that the Revulsion Jinx may help with this task, as underwater it shoots jets of boiling hot water.
Behind the scenesEdit
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the grindylow is a small creature with tentacles and two dangling tentacles on its head. In the book, there is no such description.
- The term "grindylow" was often used interchangeably with the term "hag" in Old English folklore.
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game) (GBA only)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Mentioned in interrogation by Lupin)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (Mentioned in interrogation by Lupin)
- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
Notes and referencesEdit


text:
Gender, craft and canon: elite women's engagements with material culture in Britain, _PHONE_
word thesis.zip (86.46Mb)
Gowrley, Freya Louise
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis investigates elite and genteel women's production and consumption of material objects in Britain during the period _PHONE_. Each of its four chapters identifies a central process that characterised these engagements with material culture, focusing on 'Migration,' 'Description,' 'Translation,' and 'Exchange' in turn. The Introduction examines each of these with regard to the historiography of eighteenth-century material culture and its relationship with gender, social relations, domesticity, and materiality. It argues that by viewing material culture through the lenses of microhistory and the case study, we might gain a sense not only of how individual women acquired, used, and conceived of objects, but also how this related to the broader processes by which material culture functioned during this period. Chapter 1 identifies the importance of needlework in the construction of prescribed feminine identities, and focuses on representations of needlework in portraiture, genre prints, and conduct literature. The chapter argues that such objects created a 'grammar' of respectable domestic femininity that migrated through visual, literary, and material genres, reflecting the permeability of cultural forms during this period. Chapter 2 examines the role of description in the journals and correspondence of the travel writer Caroline Lybbe Powys, concentrating on her 1756 tour of Norfolk. Following the work of the cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz, the chapter argues that the 'thick description' that characterises Lybbe Powys's accounts of domestic visiting and tourism locates both the homes of her hosts and her own epistolary practices within an interpretative framework of hospitality, sociability, and materiality in which description was central. Chapter 3 considers the interior decoration of A la Ronde, the home of the cousins Jane and Mary Parminter, located in Exmouth in Devon. The chapter argues that the processes of translation that characterised the Parminters' acquisition and display of their collection of souvenirs transformed these objects both physically and semantically, allowing the cousins to co-opt them into personal narratives, redolent of travel, the home, and the family. Chapter 4 focuses on Plas Newydd, the home of Lady Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby. It examines how the gift exchange enacted at the house facilitated the creation of 'gift relationships,' which both reflected and constituted the connections between Butler and Ponsonby, their numerous friends and visitors to their home, between Plas Newydd and the surrounding landscape, and between material culture, experience, and sentiment, more broadly. Together, the constituent chapters of the thesis demonstrate that there was no simple connection between gender and material culture. However, by interrogating the key cultural processes in which this relationship operated, the thesis hopes to demonstrate the complexity and fluidity of its manifestations.


text:
Holt County, Missouri
From Ancestry.com Wiki
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Holt is a county in Missouri. It was formed in 1841 (as Nodaway; renamed 1841) from the following county/ies: Platte Purchase. Holt began keeping birth records in 1883–89, marriage records in 1841, and death records in 1883–89. It began keeping land records in 1841, probate records in 1837, and court records in 1841. For more information, contact the county at 102 W. Nodaway Oregon 64473. On the attached map, Holt is located at B1. Courthouse burned 1965; state census of 1876.
For information about the state of Missouri see Missouri Family History Research.


text:
Essentially, port replication is "mirroring" the ports of active fiber optic hardware in a passive component (fiber patch panel). This creates a direct relationship between the active hardware ports and the passive structured cabling environment, thus simplifying the cabling process as all numbers on the hardware directly correspond to the numbers on the patch panel.
- What port replication is
- Why you should use port replication in your data center
- How port replication can simplify cable management and moves, adds and changes
- The challenges of proper port replication
Simply fill out the form to the right to receive your free white paper from CABLExpress.


text:
Change-aware scheduling for effectively updating linked open data caches
Akhtar, U and Razzaq, MA and Ur Rehman, U and Amin, MB and Khan, WA and Huh, E-N and Lee, S, Change-aware scheduling for effectively updating linked open data caches, IEEE Access, 6 pp. 65862-65873. ISSN 2169-3536 (2018) [Refereed Article]
The linked open data (LOD) cloud is a global information space with a wealth of structured facts, which are useful for a wide range of usage scenarios. The LOD cloud handles a large number of requests from applications consuming the data. However, the performance of retrieving data from LOD repositories is one of the major challenge. Overcome with this challenge, we argue that it is advantageous to maintain a local cache for efficient querying and processing. Due to the continuous evolution of the LOD cloud, local copies become outdated. In order to utilize the best resources, improvised scheduling is required to maintain the freshness of the local data cache. In this paper, we have proposed an approach to efficiently capture the changes and update the cache. Our proposed approach, called application-aware change prioritization (AACP), consists of a change metric that quantifies the changes in LOD, and a weight function that assigns importance to recent changes. We have also proposed a mechanism to update policies, called preference-aware source update (PASU), which incorporates the previous estimation of changes and establishes when the local data cache needs to be updated. In the experimental evaluation, several state-of-the-art strategies are compared against the proposed approach. The performance of each policy is measured by computing the precision and recall between the local data cache update using the policy under consideration and the data source, which is the ground truth. Both cases of a single update and iterative update are evaluated in this study. The proposed approach is reported to outperform all the other policies by achieving an F1-score of 88% and effectivity of 93.5%.


text:
Discussion papers, Ibero America Institute for Economic Research 180
This paper proposes a new analytical framework with which to analyze the determinants of global CO2 emissions. It contributes to the existing literature by examining the determinants of CO2 emissions using a flexible functional form (transcendental logarithmic model), taking into account the presence of dynamic effects and allowing for heterogeneity in the sample of countries. The sample covers 121 countries and the period analyzed extends from 1975 through 2003. Two main results emerge. First, a static specification is rejected against a dynamic model. Second, the data also reject a general specification for all countries; hence slopeheterogeneity in the estimated coefficients has to be modeled. Conversely, the STIRPAT model is generally accepted for high-income countries, whereas for developing countries several interaction terms also play a role in explaining CO2 emissions.
CO2 emissions developing countries panel data population growth urbanization


text:
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An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the German Zink family come from? What is the German Zink family crest and coat of arms? When did the Zink family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Zink family history?The name almost surely comes from the Middle High German word "zinke," meaning "a tip," or "point," but the reason that name was given is somewhat uncertain. There are three main possibilities and the most likely of these is that the name was given to someone who lived on a pointed piece of land, either a point of land by a body of water or a small, pointed hill. Another possibility is that is was a nickname for someone with a very pointy nose. The word "zinke" was also used for a cornet; so the name might have been given to someone who played that musical instrument.
Spelling variations of this family name include: Zink, Zinke, Zincke, Zingg, Sink, Sinke, Synk and others.
First found in Bavaria, where the name was closely identified in early medieval times with the feudal society which would become prominent throughout European history. The name would later emerge as a noble family with great influence, having many distinguished branches, and become noted for its involvement in social, economic and political affairs.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Zink research. Another 148 words(11 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Zink History in all our PDF Extended History products.
More information is included under the topic Early Zink Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name were:
Zink Settlers in the United States in the 18th Century
- Rudolf Zink, who arrived in New York in 1709 with his wife and four children
- Rudolf Zink, who arrived in New York in 1709
- Gottlieb Zink, who landed in Pennsylvania in 1752
Zink Settlers in the United States in the 19th Century
- Martin Zink, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1802
- Nikolaus Zink, who arrived in Texas in 1844
- Phillip Zink, who landed in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1845
- Carl Zink, who landed in Texas in 1846
- Heinrich Theodor Zink, who arrived in America in 1854
- Charles Tadao "Charlie" Zink (b. 1979), American Major League Baseball pitcher
- Nicolaus Zink (_PHONE_), German-born, American founder of Sisterdale, Texas
- Charles DeWayne Zink (_PHONE_), American television personality and film actor
- Walter Noble Zink (_PHONE_), American Major League Baseball pitcher
- John Jacob Zink (_PHONE_), American architect of movie houses
- Michel Zink, French scholar of medieval history
- Lubor J. Zink (_PHONE_), Czech-born, Canadian writer and columnist
- The Making of an American Family (including Zinc Family) by Ann Zink Beck.
- Sink Descendants, Jacob Zinck Pioneer: Zinck, Zink, and Sink.
- Steed, Henry Wickham. The Hapsburg Monarchy. London: Constable and Company, 1919. Print.
- Rupp, Daniel L. A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and Other Immigrants to Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 2000. Print. (ISBN 978-_PHONE_).
- Egle, William Henry. Pennsylvania Genealogies Scotch-Irish and German. Harrisburg: L.S. Hart, 1886. Print.
- Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard and David Faris. Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England Between 1623 and 1650 7th Edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1992. Print. (ISBN _PHONE_).
- Jones, George F. The Germans of Colonial Georgia _PHONE_ Revised edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1986. Print. (ISBN _PHONE_).
- Siebmacher, J.J. Siebmachers Wappenbuch. München, Battenberg: 1975. Print.
- Colletta, John P. They Came In Ships. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1993. Print.
- Oswald, G. Lexicon der Heraldik. Leipzig: 1984. Print.
- Rolland, and H.V. Rolland. Illustrations to the Armorial general by J. B. Rietstap 6 volumes in 3. Baltimore: Heraldic Book Company, 1976. Print.
- Tarneller, Josef. Zur Namenkunde Tirolen Familiennamen. Bozen: Buchhandlung, 1923. Print.
The Zink Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Zink Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 27 June 2012 at 16:31.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.
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Peganum harmala - PsychonautWiki
Peganum harmala
Peganum harmala
Peganum harmala.jpg
P. harmala in the nature.
Taxonomical nomenclature
Kingdom Plantae
Unranked Angiosperms
Unranked Eudicots
Unranked Rosids
Order Sapindales
Family Nitrariaceae
Genus Peganum
Species P. harmala
Common nomenclature
Common names Espand, Esfand, Syrian rue
Active constituents Harmala alkaloid
Peganum harmala, commonly called Syrian rue, harmel, espand, esfand, wild rue, African rue, or aspand, is a plant native to the eastern Iranian region west to India. It has also spread invasively throughout Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Texas and Washington.[1] The plant itself produces seeds which contain harmala alkaloids and is easily accessible and legal to purchase online.
Syrian rue seeds
Powdered syrian rue seeds act as a MAOI at doses of 2-5g. Syrian rue seeds contain several different harmala alkaloids at slightly varying percentages. Only some are monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. In one study, total harmala alkaloids were at least 5.9% of dried weight.[2][3][4] Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-A but poor inhibitors of MAO-B.[5]
Toxicity and harm potential
Dangerous interactions
Cholinergic substances combined with Peganum harmala can cause a cholinergic crisis because the plant contains several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs):
Drug use in pregnancy
Peganum harmala can induce miscarriage. It has traditionally been used as an abortifacient agent in Morocco, North Africa, and the Middle East.[18] It is believed that quinazoline alkaloids such as vasicine and vasicinone are responsible for the abortifacient activity of the plant.[19]
See also
External links
 4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hemmateenejad B, Abbaspour A, Maghami H, Miri R, Panjehshahin MR (August 2006). "Partial least squares-based multivariate spectral calibration method for simultaneous determination of beta-carboline derivatives in Peganum harmala seed extracts". Anal. Chim. Acta. 575 (2): 290–9. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.093. PMID _PHONE_.
 5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H (March 2010). "beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO)". Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 (3): 839–45. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019. PMID 20036304.
 10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Pulpati H, Biradar YS, Rajani M (2008). "High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of harmine, harmaline, vasicine, and vasicinone in Peganum harmala". J AOAC Int. 91 (5): 1179–85. PMID _PHONE_.
 11. "African rue or Harmel". Retrieved 2008-02-02.
 12. Massaro, E. J. (2002). Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-89603-796-7.
 14. 14.0 14.1 citation needed
 15. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 43, page 43
 16. 16.0 16.1 16.2


text:
Spying Out Accurate User Preferences for Search Engine Adaptation
Most existing search engines employ static ranking algorithms that do not adapt to the specific needs of users. Recently, some researchers have studied the use of clickthrough data to adapt a search engine's ranking function. Clickthrough data indicate for each query the results that are clicked by users. As a kind of implicit relevance feedback information, clickthrough data can easily be collected by a search engine. However, clickthrough data is sparse and incomplete, thus, it is a challenge to discover accurate user preferences from it. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm called "Spy Naïve Bayes" (SpyNB) to identify user preferences generated from clickthrough data. First, we treat the result items clicked by the users as sure positive examples and those not clicked by the users as unlabelled data. Then, we plant the sure positive examples (the spies) into the unlabelled set of result items and apply a naïve Bayes classification to generate the reliable negative examples. These positive and negative examples allow us to discover more accurate user's preferences. Finally, we employ the SpyNB algorithm with a ranking SVM optimizer to build an adaptive metasearch engine. Our experimental results show that, compared with the original ranking, SpyNB can significantly improve the average ranks of users' click by 20%.
KeywordsSearch Engine User Preference Ranking Function Vote Procedure Preference Pair
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
- 1.Bartell, B., Cottrell, G., Belew, R.: Automatic combination of multiple ranked retrieval systemss. In: Proc. of the 17th ACM SIGIR Conference, pp. 173–181 (1994)Google Scholar
- 3.Boyan, J., Freitag, D., Joachims, T.: A machine learning architecture for optimizing web search engines. In: Proc. of AAAI workshop on Internet-Based Information System (1996)Google Scholar
- 4.Joachims, T.: Optimizing search engines using clickthrough data. In: Proc. of the 8th ACM SIGKDD Conference, pp. 133–142 (2002)Google Scholar
- 5.Tan, Q., Chai, X., Ng, W., Lee, D.: Applying co-training to clickthrough data for search engine adaptation. In: Proc. of the 9th DASFAA conference, pp. 519–532 (2004)Google Scholar
- 6.Li, X., Liu, B.: Learning to classify text using positive and unlabeled data. In: Proc. of 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2003)Google Scholar
- 7.Liu, B., Dai, Y., Li, X., Lee, W.S.: Building text classifiers using positive and unlabeled examples. In: Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Data Mining (2003)Google Scholar
- 8.Liu, B., Lee, W.S., Yu, P., Li, X.: Partially supervised classification of text documents. In: Proc. of the 19th International Conference on Machine Learning (2002)Google Scholar
- 9.Yu, H., Han, J., Chang, K.: PEBL: Positive example based learning for web page classification using svm. In: Proc. of the 8th ACM SIGKDD Conference (2002)Google Scholar
- 11.Baeza-Yates, R., Ribeiro-Neto, B.: Modern Information Retrieval. Addison-wesley-Longman, Harlow (1999)Google Scholar
- 12.McCallum, A., Nigam, K.: A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification. In: Proc. of AAAI/ICML 1998 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization, pp. 41–48 (1998)Google Scholar
- 15.Joachims, T.: Evaluating retrieval performance using clickthrough data. In: Proc. of the SIGIR Workshop on Mathematical/Formal Methods in Information Retrieval (2002)Google Scholar


text:
External company evaluations and scores can help buyers and dealmakers narrow the field when assessing vendors or deal prospects, especially as the pool of available opportunities only grows.
I see 3 approaches being used, and will offer my thoughts on each method below:
- Analyst evaluation
- Crowd evaluation
- Programmatic evaluation
1) Analyst evaluations are the bailiwick of research shops whose analysts look at a sector and use a specific evaluation rubric to classify companies. For example, Gartner uses the magic quadrant methodology, where analysts evaluate companies based on completeness of vision on the X-axis and the ability to execute on the Y-axis. They then group companies into leaders, challengers, niche players, or visionaries (see figure below).
- Pros: Analysts conduct primary research, talk to companies, and dig through operational details to synthesize a large amount of non-public data to form opinions.
- Cons: Analyst evaluations can be subjective and biased based on the relationship a vendor has with the analyst and can also be very limited as analysts do not have the bandwidth to cover all the up and coming entrants in any given sector.
2) Crowd evaluations use the power of the open web to enable the wisdom of the crowds to score individual companies. For example, ProductHunt uses a simple Reddit like model that allows their community to list and up-vote companies. Companies receiving the lion's share of up-votes in any given sector are the presumed leaders in a particular sector.
- Pros: Crowd evaluations democratize scoring and can signal which companies have a high likelihood of pleasing customers.
- Cons: Crowd evaluations are broad in nature and don't determine the fit of a company against specific customer needs, nor do they evaluate a company based on their operations and strategy.
3) Programmatic evaluations use algorithms that take in available data from the web to determine an overall score for a particular company. For example, Mattermark uses week-to-week growth data on a company's web traffic, mobile downloads, inbound links, Twitter followers, Facebook page likes, and LinkedIn followers to arrive at an overall score for the company.
- Pros: Programmatic approaches that leverage available public data can be a good signal for companies that are showing growth and can help buyers and investors find up and coming opportunities.
- Cons: The flip side is that programmatic approaches can favor socially trending companies versus companies that have a stable offering and an existing base of customers. Furthermore, they do not evaluate companies based on any specific customer needs, nor do they take into account a company's overalls strategy and ability to execute.
Ultimately, each of these approaches provides part of the solution, and at Venture Scanner we believe the final answer lies at the intersection of all these approaches. Our approach of "analyst coverage as a service" combines a sector analyst's primary research with aggregated and synthesized data from the web to provide our customers with the necessary insights to make a decision.
Are there other approaches or pros/cons that I'm missing?