Specifications Explained: NI DSA & SC Express DAQ
The specification manuals for NI Dynamic Signal Acquisition (DSA) & NI SC Express Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices and modules provide the technical details necessary to determine or choose which DAQ device or module is best suited for your application, and as a reference to validate device or module performance during system development. This document provides definitions of the terminology used, in a glossary format, to illustrate the importance and relevance of each specification.
This guide is broken up into the same sections as most NI specifications manuals. Terms and definitions below are listed in alphabetical order and may occur in a different order in the specification manuals. This guide exclusively applies to 44xx (DSA) and 43xx (SC Express) DAQ devices and modules. Other NI product families such as Multifunction I/O (MIO) DAQ, cDAQ and cRIO Chassis and Controllers, 91xx, 92xx, 94xx C Series Modules, Multifunction RIO 78xx R Series, Digital Multimeters, Scopes/Digitizers and other instruments may use different terminology or methods to derive specifications and as such, this guide should not be used as a reference for devices and modules other than those in the DSA and SC Express DAQ families.
Understanding Specification Terminology
First, it is important to note the categorical difference between various specifications. NI defines the capabilities and performance of its Test & Measurement instruments as either Specifications, Typical Specifications, and Characteristic or Supplemental Specifications. See your devices' specifications manual for more details on which specifications are warranted or typical.
 - Specifications characterize the warranted performance of the instrument within the recommended calibration interval and under the stated operating conditions.
 - Typical Specifications are specifications met by the majority of the instruments within the recommended calibration interval and under the stated operating conditions. Typical specifications are not warranted.
 - Characteristic or Supplemental Specifications describe basic functions and attributes of the instrument established by design or during development and not evaluated during Verification or Adjustment. They provide information that is relevant for the adequate use of the instrument that is not included in the previous definitions.
Analog Input Specifications
NI DSA and SC Express devices and modules typically only have analog input or analog output systems. There are specifications unique to DSA or SC Express, but also some specifications which apply to both. This section is organized in three sections to cover the common specifications, DSA analog input specific, and SC Express analog input specific.
Common Analog Input Specifications
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Type
Successive Approximation Register (SAR)
An ADC which converts an analog signal into a discrete digital representation by using a binary search to match a created voltage to the provided signal voltage.
An ADC architecture consisting of a 1-bit ADC and filtering circuitry which over-samples the input signal and performs noise-shaping to achieve a high-resolution digital output.
Oversample Rate
This terminology applies only to modules with delta-sigma ADCs. Delta-sigma ADCs use sample rates that are large multiples, such as 128 times the Nyquist rate for a given signal. For example, to sample a 25 kHz signal, a sample rate greater than the Nyquist rate (that is above 50 kHz) would be sufficient. However, a delta-sigma ADC using an oversample rate of 128 times, samples the signal at 6 MHz. This approach has several benefits, such as better anti-aliasing and higher resolution.
The oversampled data is processed by a digital filter within the ADC before the data is made available as an output. Since it takes a non-zero amount of time for the oversampled data to be processed by the digital filter, the output data rate is always lower than the oversample rate. The output data rate equals to the oversample rate divided by the ADC decimation ratio.
ADC Resolution
Resolution is the smallest amount of input signal change that a device or sensor can detect. The number of bits used to represent an analog signal determines the resolution of the ADC.
The NI PXIe-4300 is a 16-bit device, which means that lowest amplitude change that can be detected on the ±5 V range is 0.152 mV. On the ± 0.1 V range, this value is 3.05 µV.
This specification will state what frequencies are available to be used as the timebase frequency.
Specified typically in ppm, this specifies how far from the listed frequency the actual timebase frequency can be. This specification is subject to the device's cal interval spec.
This will state what external routes are available to be used as external timebases.
Reference Clock
Locking Frequencies
Typically shown in a table, this will show based on the reference signal provided what are valid locking frequencies for reference clock synchronization.
This will display what are valid reference clock sources for the device. This will typically consist of the onboard clock and the chassis backplane clock.
Filter Group Delay (ADC Filter Delay)
Analog Delay
This filter delay is the result of the signal passing through an analog filter on the device. The values of this will vary based on the range/gain being used on the device.
Digital Filter Delay
 Uncompensated Group Delay
This filter delay is the result of the following: analog filter delay, buffered mode digital filter, or hardware-timed single point mode filter. This delay is not compensated for when synchronizing and will need to be accounted for to not see a phase shift in the data.
Compensated Group Delay
This filter delay is the result of the anti-aliasing filter working in a bufered mode. When synchronized with other hardware this delay will be automatically compensated for.
Base Filter Group Delay
This delay is of a result of the signal passing through the digital anti-aliasing filter on the device. It is a partial component of the Compensated Group Delay spec, and is determined by the input frequency provided to the module.
Variable Filter Group Delay
This delay is of a result of the signal passing through the digital anti-aliasing filter on the device. It is a partial component of the Compensated Group Delay spec and is determined by the sample rate currently being used on the module.
Bandwidth/ Alias Rejection
Passband/ Alias-Free Bandwidth
The passband/Alias-Free Bandwidth is the defined as the frequency range starting at DC to the point where the anti-aliasing filter reaches its' -0.1 dB point. This range is where the signal being measured should exist to get a proper measurement
The PXIe-4464 lists its Alias-free bandwidth (BW) (passband) as "DC to 0.454 * fs" meaning from DC to 0.45 4 times your sample frequency will be the passband for your current measurement
Stopband/Alias Rejection
The stopband/alias rejection is defined by 2 parts, an attenuation or rejection spec as well as a frequency spec. The attenuation/rejection defines the minimum amount of attenuation that will be applied to the signal, while the frequency determines where the starting point for that attenuation will occur.
The specification for the PXIe-4330 is shown below.
For the PXIe-4330 this means that signals found at a frequency of 0.55 times the sample frequency will see an attenuation of 100 dB from the original signal.
Minimum Frequency for Alias Hole
The delta-sigma ADCs on devices include an oversampled architecture and sharp digital filters with cut-off frequencies that track the sampling rate. Due to how the digital filter is designed inside of the ADC, there becomes a small hole, where in theory aliases could be seen, at larger frequencies.
Rejection at Alias Hole
To combat the alias holes left by the ADC an analog fixed frequency filter is applied to high frequency components along the analog path. This specifies what rejection those high frequency components will see.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
When the same signal is seen on the positive and negative inputs of an amplifier, the CMRR specifies how much of this signal is rejected from the final output (typically measured in dB). An ideal amplifier will remove 100% of the common mode signal, but this is not achievable in implementation.
The NI PXIe-4300 has a CMRR of 100 dB for the 5 V range. This means that it will attenuate common mode voltages by 100,000x. If the signal being measured is a 5 Vpk sine wave, and the offset or common voltage between the positive and negative inputs is 5 VDC, the final output will reject or attenuate the 5 VDC input to 5 µV. CMRR is not included in accuracy derivations and should be accounted for separately if the signal measured contains common mode voltages.
The measure of how much a signal on one channel can couple onto, or affect, an adjacent channel. Crosstalk exists any time an amplitude-varying signal is present on a wire or PCB trace that is physically close to another wire or PCB trace.
The NI PXIe-4464 has a crosstalk specification of -95 dB for adjacent channels and -125 dB for non-adjacent channels when using its' -10 dB Gain range. This means that channel ai2 will have a crosstalk specification of -95 dB between channels ai1 and ai3, and a crosstalk specification of -125 dB to all other ai channels.
Some modules such as the NI 4461 and NI 4464 support both DC and AC coupled modes. When DC coupling mode is selected, any DC offset in the source signal is passed on to the ADC. When AC


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Face authentication allows users to unlock their device simply by looking at the front of their device. Android 10 adds support for a new face authentication stack that can securely process camera frames, preserving security and privacy during face authentication on supported hardware. Android 10 also provides an easy way for security compliant implementations to enable application integration for transactions, such as online banking or other services.
The BiometricPrompt API includes all biometric authentication including, face, finger, and iris. The Face HAL interacts with the following components.
FaceManager is a private interface that maintains a
FaceService. It's used by Keyguard to
access face authentication with a custom UI. Apps don't
have access to FaceManager and must use
This is the framework implementation that manages access to the face authentication hardware. It contains basic enrollment and authentication state machines as well as various other helpers (for example, enumeration). Because of stability and security concerns, no vendor code is permitted to run in this process. All vendor code is accessed through the Face 1.0 HIDL interface.
This is a Linux executable that implements the Face 1.0 HIDL interface used
FaceService. It registers itself as IBiometricsFace@1.0 so that
can find it.
To implement the Face HIDL, you must implement all the methods of
in a vendor-specific library.
Error messages are sent by a callback and return the state machine to the
idle state after they're sent. Most messages have a
corresponding user-facing string to inform the user of the error, but not all
errors have this user-facing string. For more information on error messages, see
All error messages represent a terminal state, meaning the framework assumes that the
HAL returns to an idle state after sending an error message.
Acquisition messages are delivered during enrollment or authentication and
are meant to guide the user toward a successful enrollment or authentication.
Each ordinal has
an associated message from the
file. Vendor-specific messages can be added as long as the corresponding help
strings are provided. Acquisition messages aren't terminal states in and of
themselves; the HAL is expected to send as many of these as necessary to
complete the current enrollment or authentication. If an acquisition message
results in a terminal state where no progress can be made, then the HAL should
follow the acquisition messages with an error message, for example, where the
image is too dark and stays too dark for progress to be made. In this case, it's
reasonable to send
UNABLE_TO_PROCESS after several attempts have been made
but no further progress can be made.
For devices to comply with the strong biometric requirements for Android 10, they must have secure hardware to ensure the integrity of face data and the ultimate authentication comparison. The Android Compatibility Definition Document (CDD) outlines the level of security required and the acceptable spoof acceptance rate (SAR) required. A trusted execution environment (TEE) is required for secure processing and recognition. Additionally, secure camera hardware is required to prevent injection attacks on face authentication. For example, the associated memory pages for image data could be privileged and marked read-only so only the camera hardware can update them. Ideally, no process should have access except TEE and the hardware.
Because face authentication hardware varies considerably, it's necessary to
develop hardware-specific drivers to enable face authentication, depending on
specific device architecture. As such, there is no reference
The following methods are all asynchronous and must immediately return to the framework. Failing to do so results in a slow system and potential Watchdog resets. It's recommended to have a message queue with multiple threads to avoid blocking the caller. All GET requests should cache information where possible so the caller is blocked for a minimal amount of time.
FaceService to plumb all messages back to itself.
|Sets the active user, which all subsequent HAL operations are applied. Authentication is always for this user until this method is called again.
|Finishes the secure transaction by invalidating the challenge generated
|Enrolls a user's face.
|Cancels the current operation (for example, enroll, authenticate,
remove, or enumerate) and returns
faced to the idle state.
|Enumerates all face templates associated with the active user.
|Removes a face template or all face templates associated with the active user.
|Authenticates the active user.
|This method should only be used when the HAL is in the authenticating or
standby state. Using this method when the HAL is not in one of these
this method while the HAL is already authenticating may extend the
amount of time the system looks for a face.
|When too many faces are rejected,
faced is required to enter a lockout
LOCKOUT_PERMANENT). When it
does, it's required to send the remaining time to the framework so it can
display it for the user. As with
setFeature(), this method requires an
active hardware authentication token (HAT) to securely reset the internal state. Resets lockout
only for the current user.
The three remaining methods are all synchronous and should block for the minimal amount of time to avoid stalling the framework.
|Generates a unique and cryptographically secure random token used to indicate the start of a secure transaction.
|Enables or disables a feature for the current user. For security reasons, this requires a HAT from checking the user's pin/pattern/password against the above challenge
|Retrieves the current enablement state of the feature, as dictated by
the default or a call to
setFeature() above. If the face ID is invalid, the
implementation must return
|Returns an identifier associated with the current face set. This identifier must change whenever a face is added
The framework expects
faced to follow the state diagram below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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TASK #1 – Define the Class
Write a class called ServerGroup, which will be a simple custom-made data structure. It will be special-purpose,
so it is NOT a template.
It is used to represent serving people waiting in a line.
The private section will have a pointer to a
dynamic integer array called servers,
an integer variable called spServer, and an integer variable called freeServer.
It will also be useful to have a variable representing the size of the array (number of elements).
The following member functions should be in the class:
-the constructor, which passes an integer into the function
that is used to set the number of elements in the array (representing the number of general-purpose servers).
It also sets the elements in the array to 0 and spServer to 0.
-A function called spServerFree, that will
return true if SpServer is 0 and false otherwise (this represents the number of clock ticks until the special-purpose server is free;
if the integer is 0, the server is already free).
-A function called serverFree, that returns true
if it finds a 0 in the array and a false otherwise (these integers also represent the number of clock ticks
until the corresponding servers are free).
If it finds a 0 in the array, it will set freeServer to the index of that element
(freeServer has the index of one of the servers that are free).
-A function called useServer that passes in an integer parameter,
avTransTime, and set servers[freeServer] to avTransTime (avTransTime is the average transaction time, in clock ticks, to server a person in the line).
A function called usespServer, that will pass in an integer parameter,
avTransTime, and set spServer to avTransTime (this is the same function as d) except that it is for the special-purpose servers where d) is for general purpose servers).
-A function called decServers, that will decrement spServer by 1, unless spServer is already 0.
If it is 0, it stays the same.
The decServers function will also decrement
each element in the array by 1, unless the element is already 0.
For example, if the array is 0 5 6 0 0 10,
then after decServers is called,
the array is 0 4 5 0 0 9 (this is called when a click tick of time elapses).
Place the class files in files with appropriate names (i.e., ServerGroup.h and ServerGroup.cpp)
TASK #2 – Test the Class
You are to implement a program that uses the ServerGroup class.
It should create a ServerGroup object, and then call all of the functions.
The best way to do it is to write a temporary print function in the class to print out the values of the array and the other private values.
When you know it works, just comment out this function (do not delete it!)


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in the early stages of the design. They can provide recommendations specific to the project to achieve the best possible results.
CSE: Taking into account the motor starting capability of a particular generator, how do you make sure you're able to start all the motors connected to the generator? If, for example, you have a 65 kW generator and a 50 hp motor, the motor draws 65 kW, so in theory, the generator should start and run the motor.
Courtemanche: (Note: A typical 50 hp motor draws about 40 kW, not 65 kW. I have assumed 40 kW in my response.) Again, but I don't want to harp on it, the best way to ensure that your selected generator will start and run your motor loads is to model the starting and operation of the loads using the aforementioned generator sizing software.
The software allows you to specify the motor type, starting method, and allowable dips in voltage and frequency that can be tolerated by the load. Also, the ability of a generator to start a motor, or other load with an inrush characteristic, is dependent on the unit's SKVA (starting kVA). The SKVA rating of a generator is somewhat dependent on the type of excitation system that you specify. A unit with PMG excitation will offer more SKVA than the same unit with static excitation. As you can see, there are a number of variables that must be considered to determine that a genset will start and run its motor load. And it is best to utilize software that will take it all into account.
Using "rules of thumb" to estimate if a 65 kW genset can start and run a 50 hp motor, I would say it depends on the starting method. For an across-the-line start, my rule of thumb is the generator kVA rating should be at least 3 times the largest starting motor, so a 120 kW/150 kVA generator would be required. For a VFD (without bypass) start, my rule of thumb is the generator kVA rating should be at least 1.6 times the largest motor starting, so a 65 kW/81 kVA generator should be adequate.
Just to check myself, I ran these two scenarios using sizing software. The units selected were a 90 kW genset with an oversized generator rated 145 kVA for the across the line start, and a 50 kW genset with an oversized generator rated 88 kVA for the VFD start.
As you can see, rules of thumb will get you in the ballpark, but the sizing software will help you hit the home run.
Wagner: Perform a motor starting study with generator unit(s) as the power supply source using a motoring starting analysis program. The purpose of performing a motor starting study is twofold: to investigate whether a motor can be successfully started under the appropriate operating conditions, and to see if starting the motor will seriously impede the normal operation of other loads on the system. During the motor starting period, the starting motor appears to the system as an impedance connected to a bus that changes through time to reflect the starting of the motor-load combination. It draws a large current from the system, typically about six times the motor rated current, which therefore results in voltage drops in the system and imposes disturbances to the normal operation of other system loads. Since the motor acceleration torque is dependent on motor terminal voltage, in some cases the starting motor may not be able to reach its rated speed due to extremely low terminal voltage. A general rule when starting unloaded induction motors from generators is to keep the voltage dip to less than 0.8 per unit rated voltage. However, if the motors are loaded before start up, especially with other motors operating, a smaller allowance may be required. If operating in island mode, isolated from the utility grid, the generator frequency will also dip. If the engine generator frequency drops too much (typically around 25% below the rated frequency), the engine generator may not be able to recover and will drop offline. This makes it necessary to perform a motor starting analysis.
By design, most modern engine-driven generators can provide 300% of rated KVA for 10 seconds. For most induction motor applications (unloaded starting application), this is sufficient time to get the motor to its rated speed. Thus, as a rule of thumb, a generator sized 2.5 to 3 times the KVA rating of the motor should be able to supply the required starting KVA to successfully start the motor.
Artzer: When specifying a generator, both the engine and alternator need to be sized for the intended load or motor in this case. The starting "inrush" current for large motor loads has a major impact on genset sizing. The starting power may drive the appropriate size of the alternator beyond the standard alternator size offered for a particular genset by the manufacturer. The manufacturer will often be able to make adjustments to the alternator size as long as it fits on the standard frame size for the particular genset model. Custom arrangements may not be as economical as standard gensets offered with larger matched engine and alternator.
Across-the-line starters will require high starting power for the genset to overcome. Reducing the starting current may help in reducing the genset size. For example, a solid state starter will reduce starting current but will create voltage distortion due to the SCRs, which is typically compensated with a larger genset. VFDs are current limiting and reduce starting power, but the reduced current is nonlinear, which induces harmonics onto the system. Since VFDs are nonlinear they may also require additional generator capacity to keep voltage distortion to a reasonable level. Use typical generator calculations and manufacturer sizing tools. Then consult the manufacturer for your specific application.
CSE: How would you sequence the loads onto a generator to allow it to operate more emergency load?
Artzer: In some cases, load sequencing may help in reducing the size of the generator. In order to do so, it is necessary to have load steps to minimize the size of the generator. Load steps can be accomplished with multiple transfer switches or with other strategies such as timers on motor starters or BAS integration. The load with the largest starting "inrush" current would need to be sequenced to start first, then adding remaining load steps using the same largest motor first concept. The load steps in the sequence should be long enough for the alternator to recover before adding the next step. This is typically a couple of seconds for larger equipment loads.
This concept works when the large motor loads are started and then run continuously. But when on/off cycling large motor loads exist, the system still needs to be sized as if it were the last load to start with the other loads already energized. However, with cycling motor loads, reducing the starting current (and starting kW) by use of a solid-state starter with bypass contact can also help reduce the overall generator size.
Also, the load priority needs to be considered when sequencing loads. For example, in a hospital, the emergency system loads consisting of the life safety and critical branch loads are typically the highest priority because they must be online within the required 10 sec. Code requirements for load priority can also have an effect on generator system sizing. Depending on the size of system, the largest load first method may still be applied after code required loads are energized to help in overall system sizing.
When large continuous motor loads are present, proper load sequencing and managing the starting KW of the generator can assist in reducing the size of the generator.
Wagner: The control of load pickup and removal becomes an important factor in maintaining emergency power supply system stability and power quality. Starting of certain load feeders may be inhibited when the on-line generators have insufficient capability. When the on-line generators have sufficient capability, load feeders may be automatically re-closed in a controlled manner after load shedding. Avoid the addition and removal of large blocks of emergency loads. If response time and load priority permit, the largest emergency load should be added first, followed by smaller emergency load blocks. Allow sufficient time delay in the sequencing of emergency load pickup and load shedding. Load priority is a decision that the facility operator must make based on impact to the emergency load supporting functions, with consideration given to load characteristics and emergency power system limitations.
Courtemanche: If the application allows loads to be sequenced on, you can usually achieve the smallest generator size for a given total load by sequencing the largest motor on first and then the remaining load in multiple steps. The theory is that the large motor will assist the generator in starting other loads with inrush characteristics in later load steps. The caution here is that the largest motor needs to be a constant, not a cyclic, load. In other words, once started, it stays running. Otherwise, cyclic motor load should be sequenced on last to ensure that the generator is sized correctly to start the cyclic load at any time.
CSE: What do you do to make certain that your generator has adequate load during an exercise during wet stacking or reduction in operating capacity?
Lazebnik: Properly sized and selected generators should have an available load of at least 70% to 80% of the rated output of the generator. So what happens when you are exercising your generator or it is running during off-hours with very little load on the system? Diesel generators that run for extended periods of time with less than 40% load tend to have problems with wet stacking.
Wet stacking is caused when diesel generators are run under light loads and the engine is not able to get up to operating temperature. If the engine does not get up to the proper operating temperature, unburned fuel gets exhausted and accumulates in the exhaust system. Frequent wet stacking can shorten the life of a generator, increase maintenance costs, and increase the

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), 2005
ISBN: 1 7412 2144 7
7 Previous Recovery Actions
- 7.1 Survey
- 7.2 Profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines
- 7.3 Establishment of a recovery team
- 7.4 Community awareness initiatives
- 7.5 In-situ protection
During the preparation of this recovery plan, 18 D. sp. C Illawarra sites were surveyed by the DEC with the assistance of Anders Bofeldt (Wollongong Botanic Gardens) and community volunteers. Habitat details, threats and observations of flowering and fruit production were recorded at each surveyed site.
A species profile and environmental impact assessment guidelines have been prepared for D. sp. C Illawarra (Appendix 4) to assist public authorities, community groups and private landholders in the conservation of the species. These documents also aim to assist consent and determining authorities in the statutory assessment of potential impacts on the species.
The Illawarra Regional Threatened Flora Recovery Team was established in June 2001 to coordinate the recovery planning for six plant species which occur in the Illawarra region and are listed as endangered at a State and National level. These species are D. sp. C Illawarra, Irenepharsus trypherus, Zieria granulata, Pterostylis gibbosa, Cynanchum elegans and Pimelea spicata. Representatives of the public authorities that are involved in the planning and/or management of remnant vegetation in the region are present on the recovery team, as are representatives of various regional organisations and community groups.
- An information brochure has been prepared and distributed to raise awareness of the six "Threatened Plants of the Illawarra" including D. sp. C 'Illawarra'.
- In June 2002, the Australian Network for Plant Conservation and Wollongong Council hosted a workshop to raise awareness of issues relating to the conservation of threatened flora in the Illawarra. D. sp. C 'Illawarra' was one of the subject species of that workshop.
- In November 2002, Landcare Illawarra hosted a workshop to raise awareness of D. sp. C 'Illawarra' and five other endangered flora species in the Illawarra.
- The DEC has initiated a program of meeting landholders with D. sp. C 'Illawarra' on their property to discuss sympathetic management of the species and the opportunities for entering into conservation agreements.
- A Voluntary Conservation Agreement (VCA) under the NP&W Act has been signed to protect habitat for the species at Willow Creek (Dc21). A Plan of Management for the site has been prepared.
- A Property Agreement under the under the Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997 has been signed to protect habitat for the species at Marshall Mount (Dc3). Cattle have also been temporarily removed from this property until the installation of watering points and fencing of native vegetation has been completed (A. Knowlson, pers. comm.).
- Threat abatement works including fencing to exclude livestock and bush regeneration are being implemented by private landholders and the DEC at four sites (Dc17, Dc21, Dc28 and Dc41).


Santa Claus is an Inside Job
Rote Pille
To understand that Santa Claus is alive and well, you must venture inward, into our brain. You will need to understand the anatomy of the brain and perhaps do some of your own researching. Do not worry, I will give you a suggested website to ease your search.
The Claustrum (Santa Claus) is located (where He lives) as part of the Cortex; it is at the very top of our body (the North Pole).
The Claustrum is surrounded by White Matter (snow) in the brain. Directly next to it is the External and the Extreme Capsule, which coincidentally, resembles a sleigh. Santa's Sleigh?
Even stranger, the Claustrum is considered on an island, in the Insular Cortex. Is this Santa's island?
Looking laterally at the Claustrum you can find the Putamen, (the name comes from Latin putare, meaning "to consider or to think") and it looks just like Santa's Cap.
Do you believe in coincidences? Folks, how could I make this up!
There is more.
The Putamen is connected to the Substantia Nigra (Latin "black substance") and as well you know, if we are naughty, we will get a lump a coal. Seems the Substantia Nigra is involved with regulating feel-good chemicals and their opposite.
How do the chemicals get to us? Down through the spine, which is Santa's chimney! He brings toys, (the feel-good chemicals), or to the naughty, a Lump of coal (not so good feeling chemicals).
The cells in the Claustrum have a unique characteristic; all neurons perform the same function. (Are these the elves working for Santa)?
Perhaps no one has ever seen the real Santa Claus(trum) because Santa lives inside of us.
Is it any wonder Claustrum, the good feeling secreting oil, evolved to the Saint Claustrum, Santa Claustrum, to Santa Claus?
Are you beginning to believe in the real Santa?
If you wish to see more and find some visual charts, visit the following website:
Next blog will prove that Christmas is inside of you too.
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Blood and Jazz
A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planetary magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged. The initial magnetic field is generated by dynamo action in which convection of molten iron in the planetary core generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields, but the mechanism of reversal is not well-understood and assumed to be a design feature on Boccob's part, given the clockwork biannual regularity of Ërdin's reversals. Whenever a geomagnetic reversal occurs, compasses and other geomagnetic-dependent devices sympathetically reverse as well. Many of Ërdin's species with natural magnetoception, including many birds and some insects, may depend upon this reversal as a signal to begin migration in the winter and as a navigational aid.
Many geophysicists and astronomers believe that this phenomenon is at least partially responsible for the bizarre corkscrew orbit of the sun-satellite Fürdel.


php implementation code for reading large files
 - 2020-05-27 04:38:17
 - OfStack
In php, the fastest way to read a file is to use some functions such as file, file_get_contents, and so on. A few lines of code can do what we need very nicely. However, when the operating file is a relatively large file, these functions may be inadequate, the following will start with a requirement to explain the common operation method for reading large files.
There is a log file of 800M, which has more than 5 million lines, and php returns the last few lines.
Implementation method
1. Directly use file function to operate
Note: as file function is all content of one sex will read into memory, and php written 1 in order to prevent some poor program takes up too much memory and lead to system memory is insufficient, the server downtime, so by default only maximum 16 M USES memory, this is done through php. ini memory_limit = 16 M to set, in this value if set to 1, the memory usage is not restricted.
The following is a snippet of code using file to fetch the last line of the file.
The entire code takes _PHONE_ (s) to complete.
$fp = fopen($file, "r");
$num = 10;
$chunk = 4096;
$fs = sprintf("%u", filesize($file));
$max = (intval($fs) == PHP_INT_MAX)? PHP_INT_MAX : filesize($file);
for ($len = 0; $len < $max; $len += $chunk) {
$seekSize = ($max - $len > $chunk)? $chunk : $max - $len;
fseek($fp, ($len + $seekSize) * -1, SEEK_END);
$readData = fread($fp, $seekSize). $readData;
if (substr_count($readData, "\n") >= $num + 1) {
preg_match("!(.*?\n){".($num)."}$!", $readData, $match);
$data = $match[0];
echo $data;
My machine is 2 G memory, when press F5 operation, system directly gray, nearly 20 minutes to recover, visible all such a big file read into memory directly, how much is serious, so not all may not, memory_limit this things can't be too high, otherwise just make a phone call to the room, let the reset machine.
2. Directly call linux's tail command to display the last few lines
From the linux command line, you can use tail-n 10 access.log to easily display the last few lines of the log file. You can use php to invoke the tail command.
The entire code execution takes 0.0034 (s)
file = 'access.log';
$file = escapeshellarg($file); // Secure escape of command line arguments
$line = 'tail -n 1 $file';
echo $line;
3. Directly use fseek of php for file operation
This is the most common method, which does not need to read all the contents of the file into the content, but operates directly through the pointer, so the efficiency is quite efficient. There are many different methods to operate the file using fseek, and the efficiency may be slightly different.
Method 1
First, find the last bit of EOF through fseek, then find the starting position of the last row, take the data of this row, find the starting position of this row again, take the position of this row, and so on, until you find the $num row.
The implementation code is as follows
The entire code execution takes 0.0095 (s)
function tail($fp,$n,$base=5)
$pos = $n+1;
$lines = array();
while(count($lines)< =$n){
} catch (Exception $e){
$pos *= $base;
return array_slice($lines,0,$n);
Method 2
The method of fseek is still used to read from the end of the file, but instead of 1 bit and 1 bit, it is 1 block and 1 block. For each block of data read, the read data will be put into 1 buf, and then the number of line feed characters (\n) will be used to judge whether the last $num line data has been read.
The implementation code is as follows
The entire code takes 0.0009(s) to complete.
$line = 10;
$pos = -2;
$t = " ";
$data = "";
while ($line > 0) {
while ($t!= "\n") {
fseek($fp, $pos, SEEK_END);
$t = fgetc($fp);
$pos --;
$t = " ";
$data.= fgets($fp);
$line --;
fclose ($fp);
echo $data
Methods 3
The entire code execution takes 0.0003(s)
$file = 'access.log';
$data = file($file);
$line = $data[count($data)-1];
echo $line;
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text:
Space Technology Mission Directorate
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Background: John Vickers is currently the NASA principal technologist in the area of advanced manufacturing. He also serves as the Associate Director of the Materials and Processes Laboratory at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and as the Manager of the NASA National Center for Advanced Manufacturing.
As principal technologist, he leads the nationwide NASA team to develop advanced manufacturing technology strategies to achieve the goals of NASA's missions. In this role he represents the Agency supporting the President's National Manufacturing Initiative and the Interagency Advanced Manufacturing National Program Office, which includes participation by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, NASA, the National Science Foundation, and other agencies. He also he leads the NASA Technology Roadmap effort for "Materials, Structures, Mechanisms and Manufacturing."


Indian palm squirrel
Funambulus palmarum
The Indian palm squirrel also known as three-striped palm squirrel, is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family that can be easily domesticated and kept as a pet. It is found naturally in India and Sri Lanka. In the late 19th century, the Palm squirrel was accidentally introduced into Western Australia, where it has since become a minor pest that is actively targeted for eradication due to its lack of natural predators.


text:
Content Strategy + Information Architecture = Customer Success
Content strategy and information architecture are two different disciplines that work together to create customer success. Information architect Amber Swope and Content Strategist Chris Hibbard share some methodologies and processes, best practices, and insights on how content strategy and information architecture work together to help make client projects succeed.
Can You Afford to Do It Twice? Know When to Use Experts to Help With Your DITA Implementation.
Moving to a new source format, such as DITA, is a major project and one to not be undertaken lightly. When companies that are fiscally constrained approach a move to XML, their teams should understand when to utilize expert assistance.
Everyday IA: Episode 7
Everyday IA Episode 7 is all about the IA Checklist. Learn why and how to use the IA Checklist as a tool for capturing and easily referencing a high-level decision summary of your information architecture.
Introduction to DITA (Darwin Information Typing Architecture)
DITA is an Architecture. It's an XML framework that provides mechanisms for organizing content. I want to be very clear: DITA is not a tool, nor is it an application – it is an architecture, and that means that there are many different ways to use it and there are many different tools that support it.
Everyday IA: Episode 6
In the sixth episode of our Everyday IA podcast series, Amber Swope explains how you can use the Deliverable Structure Diagram, a component of the Information Architecture Blueprint™ Toolkit, to define the structure of each deliverable type, capture visual analysis, and convey the structure of information.
Everyday IA: Episode 5
In episode 5 of our Everyday IA podcast series, Amber Swope talks about why she created the Deliverable Analysis Worksheet as part of the Information Architecture Blueprint™ Toolkit. Amber explains how you can use it to define the purpose and requirements for each deliverable type.
Everyday IA: Episode 4
Everyday IA Episode 4 focuses on the content deliverable matrix: what it is and how you can use it. Amber explains how to use the content deliverable matrix to analyze where content appears in deliverables, either in multiple deliverables of the same type or in different deliverables that serve the same audience.
Everyday IA: Episode 3
In the third episode of our Everyday IA podcast series, Amber Swope shares how you can use the Information Architecture Blueprint Toolkit™ templates to perform a formatting audit of your content.
Everyday IA: Episode 2
In the second episode of our Everyday IA podcast series, Amber Swope explains how to get started with your content analysis using some of the analysis templates in the Information Architecture Blueprint Toolkit™.
Everyday IA: Episode 1
In the first episode of our Everyday IA podcast series, Amber Swope discusses the Information Architecture Blueprint Toolkit™ and explains why she created it, who can use it, and what makes it a valuable product.
Sharing content across the enterprise
As part of the Stilo DITA Knowledge Series, Amber Swope discusses using content collections to share content across the enterprise. Learn how to identify the requirements for the collection, determine the collection scope, and collaborate with other stakeholders to build and manage the collection.
Information Architecture Resources
There are many resources out there for learning about information architecture (IA) – here are Amber's recommendations.
Episode 2, Part 3: Becoming an Information Architect
In the final episode of our three-part series, Becoming an Information Architect, Amber Swope addresses the overarching question: how can you become an IA, and what does it take to get there?
Episode 2, Part 2: Becoming an Information Architect
In Part 2 of our three-part series, Becoming an Information Architect, Amber Swope discusses how to define the role of IA and what kinds of tasks the role of an IA demands.
Episode 2, Part 1: Becoming an Information Architect
In the first of our three-part series, Becoming an Information Architect, Amber Swope introduces the survey that DITA Strategies sent out on September of 2017: why we made it, what questions the survey asked, and what kinds of responses we gathered from 35 information architects.
Using Structured XML to Power your Learning Content
Dawn Stevens, President of Comtech Services, and Amber Swope, President of DITA Strategies, explain how DITA can provide the structured foundation for your learning initiatives.
Advanced Techniques for Customer-Centric Delivery of Product Information
Join Amber Swope, President, DITA Strategies and Chip Gettinger, VP Global Solutions Consulting, SDL to learn about advanced techniques for managing and sharing structured content.
Automate to Stay Up-to-Date: 5 Ways to Maintain Your Training Content
Amber addresses one of the major challenges to developing and delivering training content today: "How do I keep my training content up to date?"
Optimizing your DITA Content Model for Translation
Are you translating DITA content? If so, are you getting the expected results?
There are many resources out there for learning about the Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) – here are Amber's recommendations.
Episode 1: Meet DITA Strategies
DITA Strategies President and DITA Specialist, Amber Swope, introduces the company and explains how DITA and information architecture can help you.
Four Best Practices for Sharing Content Across Departments using DITA
Your company's teams may produce similar or identical content, but do they share that content?
DITA Maturity Model
Have you ever wondered what investment you need to make in DITA to get specific business value benefits?
DITA XML as Neutral Content Source for Educational Publishers
The information landscape has changed drastically in the past decade, and learners' expectations of how they interact with content have changed along with it.


text:
I attended an engagement party where the couple was toasted, but I don't drink alcohol, so used my water glass with which to toast. My husband thinks that for the toast, I should have had a glass of champagne in hand, and just pretend to drink. What is the protocol for toasting, any other tips?
Dear Faux Pas,
You were fine with toasting with the water glass. When a toast is given, everyone, except the one being toasted, should take part with any glass handy, even an empty one is better than not toasting at all.
Basic tips for toasting are:
1. If you are the guest of honor being toasted, while the toast is being made, do not stand and do not drink to the toast.
2. If you are the guest of honor being toasted, after the toast is made, then you can stand and say thank you to the one who gave you the toast.
3. The first toast should be made by the host.
4. The one offering the toast should stand.
5. The one offering the toast should keep the speech simple and brief, and indicate the end of the toast by raising the glass and saying something such as "Cheers!"
6. Other guests should always take part in a toast using whatever glass is handy.


text:
Before beginning the steps below, confirm that a GL Account Number has been assigned to "Bad Debt Account" on the GL Defaults List. If you have any questions regarding this system parameter setting, please contact your Veracross account manager for assistance.
To write off an unpaid AR Invoice Item, perform the following steps:
- On the Accounts Receivable homepage, locate the invoice by running a report or query with criteria that will cause the invoice to be included in the results.
- Click on the Invoice Number to open the detail display of the invoice.
- Locate the item to be written off and click on the item "detail" icon.
- Once on the invoice item detail, click in its "General Ledger" tab.
- Enter a "Tent. Adj. Date:" (typically around the current date).
- Select the Reason, "Write-off".
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Item" button.
- Close the invoice item detail, and return to the AR Invoice Header.
- Press the "Update AR Invoice Header" button.
- A new unposted line item is created (note that it reflects a zero $ amount).
- Click on this new item's "detail" and view the amount that appears in the "Write Off Amount" box.
- After confirming that all looks good, click on the Action button and select the option "Post Invoice/Items"
- Review the invoice and the JE generated by posting operation to confirm all looks good.
Please watch the video below demonstrating How to Write Off an AR Item by clicking directly on the screen. You can make the video larger by clicking on the Full-screen button.


text:
This paper surveys leading and recent case law on disability with a specific focus on "non-mainstream" disabilities. Such disabilities are categorized according to the difficulty with which they can be medically diagnosed, their transient nature, and their fluctuations in severity. Jurisprudence on the duty to accommodate has been developed through what law professor Judith Mosoff classifies as "mainstream" disabilities. That is, disabilities that are better understood by employers and medical professionals, and to which the duty to accommodate more easily applies. In contrast, "non-mainstream" disabilities challenge the conventional understanding of the duty to accommodate. Standard accommodation practices do not necessarily assist persons with "non-mainstream" disabilities. As a result, "non-mainstream" disabilities are infrequently accommodated. Relevant human rights legislation is rendered ineffective because the threshold for undue hardship is easier for employers to meet in the context of "non-mainstream" disabilities. This leaves persons with these disabilities without recourse to statutory remedy. The lack of accommodation in the workplace further ostracizes vulnerable groups and reinforces inequality instead of addressing it.
This article is helpful for readers seeking to learn more about:
- disability, accommodation, "non-mainstream" disabilities, discrimination, human rights, equality
Topics in this article include:
- employment law, labour law, disability law, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome
Authorities cited in this article include:
- British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v British Columbia Government Services Employees' Union (Meiorin Grievance), 3 SCR 3
- Honda Canada Inc v Keays, 2008 SCC 39
Maia Abbas, "Employing Disability: Deconstructing Insufficient Protections for "Non-Mainstream" Disabilities", (2015) 5:2 online: UWO J Leg Stud 1 .
Administrative Law Commons, Business Organizations Law Commons, Civil Law Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Common Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Contracts Commons, Disability Law Commons, Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Elder Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Insurance Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Labor and Employment Law Commons, Law and Philosophy Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal History Commons, Medical Jurisprudence Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, Social Welfare Law Commons, Workers' Compensation Law Commons


text:
Please join us for a Luncheon Panel Discussion featuring Gillian Tett, US Managing Editor of The Financial Times, along with Laura Tyson, Professor of Economics, Aihwa Ong, Professor of Anthropology, and Clare Talwalker, Vice Chair, Global Poverty and Practice Minor, UC Berkeley.
In an era of growing BRIC economies, alarming rates of poverty persist in much of the developing world. Given this human paradox, actually deepened by globalization, we cannot be soothed by formulaic answers proposed for "The End of Poverty." Beyond abstract statements and statistics, anthropological insights and findings are crucial for grasping how the interactions between market and culture, and beliefs and action, crystallize conditions for creating wealth and poverty on the ground. Our panel will explore how Anthropology is in conversation with Economics, Policy Studies, and Regional Studies on concerns of poverty and development.
Gillian Tett received a PhD in social anthropology from Cambridge University and currently serves as managing editor of the Financial Times. Her writing, which includes Fool's Gold: How Unrestrained Greed Corrupted a Dream, Shattered Global Markets and Unleashed a Catastrophe, reflects the critical role of anthropology in current economic debates and policy development.


text:
A servo is an electro-mechanical device that moves a precise amount based on an electronic signal. The servo will twist under command all the way clockwise or counter-clockwise. The motion is sometimes as much as a full revolution total, but also may be limited to something less like 180 degrees. Servos are widely used in radio controlled (RC) hobbies. For instance you can connect a linkage to it and control the angle of the wheels on a toy RC car for steering. Servos are also used in robotics.
Servos are typically controlled by commercial devices like an RC receiver or a micro controller (computer). Every model servo has different specs. They have different rotation speeds and strengths, and they offer different amounts of rotation. But the control signals can be quite similar. A square wave, which is simply a voltage that swings from zero to battery voltage and back in a repeating chain, drives the signal pin. The time that the signal remains high is the pulse width. The pulses need to repeat about 400 times a second (400hz). A short pulse width of about.0006 seconds (.6ms) corresponds to full rotation one way. A long pulse width of about.0024 seconds (2.4ms) corresponds to maximum rotation the opposite way. Any pulse width in between will proportionally result in a servo position also in between the two extremes.
The control signals are required to be too fast and precise to be controlled manually in any practical manner. So some sort of electronic circuit is needed to drive a servo. But this creates a complication for anyone building something from scratch. If you want to see if a car of your own design will steer properly, it would be useful to have a simple circuit that allows you to control the servo and put it through its paces.
The above picture is a schematic for a circuit that does just that. Every turn in the knob that controls the variable resistor R2, a potentiometer (pot), creates a change in the circuits square wave. And that creates a corresponding movement in the servo. This circuit is a variation on the typical 555 timer astable square wave circuit.
Without the diodes, the on time of the pulse is controlled by (R1 + R2) * C2, and the off time is controlled by R2 * C2. So the on time can never be smaller than half the pulse wavelength (rising edge to rising edge time). And a servo needs a narrow pulse width for the minimum position.
By adding one diode across R2, the on time is now proportional to R1 * C2 and off time is proportional to R2 * C2. Just what is needed for the servo. But the diode makes the two proportions different. So R1 equals R2 does not result in a square wave of equal on and off times.
By adding the second diode above, we create a more elegant design. The R1 and R2 become symmetrical in the circuit. R1 equals R2 then does create balanced on and off times for the square wave.
The pot is made up of a resistor with a third wire that makes contact by friction somewhere in the middle of the resistor. This middle wire then drags from one end to the other as the knob of the pot is turned. As the wiping wire gets closer to one end, the resistance between that end of the resistor and the wipe wire gets smaller. And at the same time the resistance to the farther end gets larger. But always the sum of the two resistors remains the same full amount of the pot. The wipe wire is changing which side any portion of the resistor contributes from one side to the other.
So in the above circuit, R2 is only the portion of the potentiometer from the wipe wire to the bottom terminal. And R1 is the sum of the 12k resistor and the top portion of the potentiometer resistance. And now that the second diode creates symmetrical contribution to high pulse width and low pulse width from R1 and R2, the pulse frequency doesn't change as R1 get bigger and R2 gets smaller, and vice versa.
The diodes improved the circuit, but also made the frequency voltage supply dependent. Diodes block current in one direction, and allow current to flow in the forward direction. But in the forward direction they also create a voltage drop of almost.7 volts. This drop varies only slightly and non-linearly with change in current. This complexity makes it harder to predict pulse width and frequency for different component values.
The solution is to simulate the design on a computer. Analog circuit simulation is best done on a Berkley Spice based program. There are expensive commercial programs like Hspice. But I used the good and free for most uses LTspice IV from Linear Technology.
I used the following parts in my circuit design:
10K Trim Potentiometer
0.027uf +-3% Capacitor
6″ Modular IC Breadboard Socket Experimenters Board
Breadboard pattern PC Board
Toggle Switch with On/Off Label Plate
4 x "AA" Battery Holder
Project Enclosure (7″x5″x3″)
12″ Universal Male Servo Lead
TS-53 Standard Servo
Simulation allows you to design with components you can't purchase. So knowing what parts are available will aid you in your design. Stick with standard values, and allow for variation. The 0.027uf C2 capacitor is the only component I chose that is best to get as high precision. The C2 capacitor affects frequency and thus pulse width. By controlling the variation in C2, we can then compensate for any other component variations with pot R2. In cases where supply voltage might vary, then you may find it useful to have R1 be a 10k ohm resistor in series with a 10k ohm trip pot.
The following are screen captures from my simulations of the above design.
The 100k pot can go all the way to zero, and that leads to no pulse. I simulated with 1k ohm remaining to get the maximum pulse width of 2.44ms which is more than the needed 2.4ms. The servo maximum position will be reached just before R2 drops to 1k.
When the 100k pot is used all for R2 the pulse width is.275ms which is less than the needed.6ms. The servo will thus reach the minimum position before R2 is fully 100k. If you wish, you can add the 10k trim pot, and you can then raise the pulse width at the expense of decreasing the frequency below the 400hz design goal.


text:
AtsinaArticle Free Pass
Atsina, also called Gros Ventres of the Prairie, self-name A'aninin, North American Indian tribe related to the Algonquian-speaking Arapaho, from which they may have separated as early as 1700. The variant name Gros Ventres (French: "Big Bellies") was a misinterpretation by French trappers of Plains Indian sign language. The Blackfoot called the Atsina the "Belly People," and the sign for that name was similar to one referring to the chest tattooing practiced by a neighbouring subgroup of unrelated Hidatsa, also known as the Gros Ventres de la Riviere ("of the River"). The Atsina were thereafter distinguished from the Hidatsa with the addition of "des Plaines" ("of the Prairie") to their misnomer. Their self-name means "White Clay People."
The Atsina were living in what is now northern Montana and adjacent regions of Canada in late prehistoric times and were culturally similar to other Plains Indians. They spoke an Algonquian language unusual in having different pronunciations for men and women. The Atsina were mentioned in the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06). In the late 1800s they were relocated to Fort Belknap Reservation in northern Montana, which they shared with the Assiniboin. Atsina descendants numbered more than 6,000 in the early 21st century.
What made you want to look up "Atsina"? Please share what surprised you most...


text:
longer
valid. All that the interaction can do in this case is multiply the ground state wave functions by a uniform phase
factor (a non-uniform phase would imply non-negligible
amplitudes in transverse excited states), thus allowing
high-fidelity quantum gates. The phase induced by the
interaction is of order ατ, where τ is the duration of the
single photon pulses. If one wants this to be of order
π, one arrives at the condition
in the regime of strong confinement. This can also be
written σ2≪ λl, where λ is the wavelength and l = vτ
is the length of the pulses in the medium. Considering
the dipole-dipole interaction example of Ref., for
realistic interaction strengths, and taking into account
that pulse durations are limited by Rydberg state coherence times, this means that σ should be at the level
of the wavelength. This could be achieved for example
using hollow core photonic crystal fibers or optical
nanofibers. We intend to discuss the prospects for
photon-photon gates based on Rydberg states in more
detail in a future publication.
σ= 24. Compared
ωc)2(and thus negligible). Under these condikσ2 ≫ 1 in order to be
Conclusion. The importance of the multi-mode character of quantum fields for the implementation of photonphoton gates had been recognized in the past, but only
for the longitudinal degree of freedom. Here we showed
that the transverse degrees of freedom also play a significant role, imposing important constraints on the performance of potential quantum gates. For contact interactions the effective phase is essentially always zero, no
matter how strong the interaction. For long-range interactions the situation is more favorable, but there are still
significant trade-offs between the achievable phase and
fidelity. We discussed two potential solutions. One is to
have a significant transverse separation between the two
wave packets, which is possible only for long-range interactions. The price to pay is the need for an even stronger
interaction. The second potential solution is to impose
very strong transverse confinement, which may be possible using hollow fibers or nanofibers. In any case it will
be essential for future implementations of photon-photon
gates to take transverse multi-mode effects into account.
We thank A. Rispe and B. Sanders for useful discussions. This work was supported by NSERC, CFI, AIF,
Quantum Works and CIFAR.
 H.-J. Briegel, W. D¨ ur, J.I. Cirac, and P. Zoller, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 81, 5932 (1998). N. Sangouard, C. Simon, H.
de Riedmatten, and N. Gisin, arXiv:0906.2699.
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and Quantum Information (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 2000).
 E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G.J. Milburn, Nature 409,
 I. L. Chuang and Y. Yamamoto, Phys. Rev. A 52, 3489
 H. Schmidt and A. Imamoglu, Opt. Lett. 21, 1936 (1996).
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H.J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4710 (1995).
 K. Kojima, H.F. Hofmann, S. Takeuchi, and K. Sasaki,
Phys. Rev. A 70, 013810 (2004).
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68, 625 (2004); Phys. Rev. A 71, 023803 (2005).
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 063902 (2005).
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 I. Friedler, D. Petrosyan, M. Fleischhauer, and G. Kurizki, Phys. Rev. A 72, 043803 (2005).
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Sanders, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, A36 (2010).
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5 Download full-text
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How To Peel And Seed Tomatoes
eatyaty's picture
The first step in preparation of tomato sauce is peeling and seeding tomatoes. Here's how you can go about it.
Peeling the tomatoes
Remove stalk from tomatoSeparate small green stalk of the tomato with the help of knife.
Tomatoes immersed in boiling water
Boil a half pot of water (enough for submerging tomatoes). Once water gets boiled, dip tomatoes in water and allow them to remain in this way for almost 20-30 seconds or more. The skin will start splitting. Take care that tomatoes should not be overcooked.
Transfer the tomatoes from boiling water pot to cold water bowl. Immerse it completely in the cold water till the tomatoes are ready for the peeling.
Peeling tomatoes with knifeOnce the tomatoes are completely cooled then remove it from ice water and start gently peeling it with sharp knife end.
Seeding Tomatoes
For seeding cut the tomatoes into half.
Squeezing tomatoSqueeze half of the tomato in one hand and pull out the seeds with other.
Now the tomatoes are ready to be used in your favorite recipes.
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StringPrintf: A Typesafe printf Family for C++
August, 2005: StringPrintf: A Typesafe printf Family for C++
Unnamed Temporary C++ Objects
The main technique that makes StringPrintf possible is the use of unnamed temporary objects. Most C++ programmers use this technique very often, although most of the time, it is not explicit. For example, having a set of std::strings, the set function insert only accepts references to objects of type std::string. Nevertheless, you can correctly write:
std::set stringSet;
This is possible because the compiler, when finding the C-string "ABC", looks for a way to convert the C-string to a const reference to a std::string object. It then finds that basic_string (the template base class of std::string) has a constructor basic_string(const char *s). The compiler uses this constructor to create an unnamed temporary object of std::string out of "ABC", and passes it to std::set.insert(). The line
is expanded to
A unnamed temporary std::string object is created and its reference is passed to the insert function. When the insert function returns, the temporary object is destroyed.
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The Question:
There are two world capitals named for American presidents. One is Washington D.C., but what is the other?
The Answer:
The other capital city named after a U.S. president is Monrovia, the capital city of the African country Liberia.
Monrovia was founded in 1822 during the term of President James Monroe. A port city located at the mouth of the St. Paul River, Monrovia was established by the American Colonization Society as a haven for freed black slaves from America. The ACS thought that the deportation of blacks would be the answer to America's slavery problem.
The country was originally called Monrovia, but switched to the Free and Independent Republic of Liberia in 1847.
Incidentally there are four U.S. capitals named after presidents: Jackson, Miss., Lincoln, Neb., Jefferson City, Mo. and Madison, Wis.
—The Fact Monster


text:
Some of OIHS' 9th and 10th graders are coming to the East Bay Mini Maker Faire with a very cool project–a mini book lab.
With their Art teacher, Brooke Toczylowski, they have created personal Art Journals, and in World History with Teacher Verónica Garcia the students have made geography books about their home countries. They'll show you theirs and they'll teach you how to make some too.
This is an example journal from the students' art class. This is used as a sketchbook and research workbook. This student is from Yemen, and has placed the US flag on one cover and the Yemen flag on the other, to tell a story about her identity and journey.
Come on down and meet some inspiring Young Makers!


BigWind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer
Does BigWind really care about YOUR safety? What about the safety of the farmer or kids on snowmobiles?
Last month, Ohio infuriated wind proponents by passing Senate bill 310, a bill that delays the states renewable electricity standard for two years and eliminates the requirement that half of the renewables mandate be met with in-state resources.
Wind developers and Ohios media cried foul over due process claiming the legislature gave no warning of the setback rule change or opportunity for testimony. They insisted the provision was anti-wind driven by coal and oil interests intent on destroying the economics of large-scale wind and called on the governor to veto the change.
Industry Setback Recommendations
However, according to Iberdrola's Emergency Plan written for Groton Wind employees and released this year, "shedding ice may be thrown a significant distance as a result of the rotor spinning or wind blowing the ice fragments."
GE Wind states that rotating turbine blades may propel ice fragments up to several hundred meters if conditions are right depending on turbine dimensions, rotational speed and many other potential factors….
One operator of a wind installation admitted large turbines will throw a four hundred pound chunk of ice one thousand feet.
In the last 5-6 years, communities have adopted setbacks at or greater than the distance codified under Ohio law. More modern ordinances include two setback protections. The first protects property owners from ice/debris flying off the turbines. This ranges from 1300 feet to 1 mile or more away. The second setback distance is implied based on noise limits that cannot be exceeded either at the property line or the wall of an occupied building. If the noise standards are correctly applied, turbines may be erected 1.25-1.5 (or more) miles from the property line/building.
According to Mr. Palmer, the goal of public safety risk assessment is to ensure that we do not impose risks on unsuspecting members of the public. We agree!
via WindAction | Wind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer.


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Just as the name implies, livebearers are fish that give birth to live, free-swimming young. However, in the aquarium hobby, the term livebearer is commonly used to refer to a specific group of fish belonging to the family Poeciliidae, which is a group of freshwater fish that includes perennial aquarium favorites such as mollies, guppies, and platies.
Caring for Livebearers
Livebearers can thrive in a variety of water conditions and do well in planted aquariums. Although they are generally peaceful, it is a good idea to keep several pairs of the same species in order to eliminate any potential aggression. Livebearers are omnivores and require both algaebased foods as well as meat-based foods. A varied diet including algaebased flake food, freeze-dried bloodworms, and brine shrimp will offer proper nutrition to a range of different livebearer species. Livebearers have an average life expectancy between 5 and 7 years, allowing owners many opportunities to witness the birth of several generations.
Birth of Livebearers
For most people, their first experience with baby fish, referred to as fry, is often through livebearers. Surprisingly, you may discover that the livebearers you brought home have given birth to a small brood. Depending on certain conditions, such as water specifications, temperature, and diet, some livebearers can reproduce as often as every four to eight weeks. You can tell if a female is ready to give birth by her enlarged abdomen or a dark spot located near her anal fin that turns darker as the delivery date nears.
In some cases, certain fish will attempt to make a meal of newly hatched fish. To prevent this from happening, place the pregnant female in a smaller, separate tank until the fish are born. The nursery should also have the same features as any standard aquarium, such as a filtration system, heater and tank decorations. Plants should be left to float because babies will hide at the surface when first born; also, substrate isn't necessary in the nursery tank. After all of the fry have been released, the mother should be removed and returned to the main aquarium.
Raising the Young
The offspring should be fed several times a day using quality food, such as baby brine shrimp, baby fish food or quality flake food that is finely ground. Water quality is important, and changes should occur regularly. After 4 to 6 weeks or when the fry are larger than the mouths of adult fish, they can be moved to the main aquarium. Acclimation can be achieved by using water from the established aquarium.
Livebearers are a great type of fish to keep because they provide depth and dimension to fish keeping, provide a fantastic learning experience for both children and adults, and nurture a life-long appreciation for the aquarium hobby.


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Imagine for a second that you're camping at a scenic spot. Maybe it's at a lake, in the woods, or somewhere else you enjoy. The dark storm clouds start to roll in and the lightning show begins. You are awe inspired at the beauty of the lightening as it lights up the sky. Then you begin to wonder, is my family safe in our RV?
Then you begin to wonder, is my family safe in our RV?
Would the lightning be attracted to an RV because of how its built? Would it travel through the RV and strike us? Are we safe because of the rubber tires?
Some Lightning Facts:
- Over 60% of lightning fatalities happen when people biking, boating, hiking, camping or fishing.
- Most lightning victims are close to safe shelter but don't head towards it.
- Lightening kills more people each year than Tornadoes and Hurricanes combined.
Let's start with a common question even non-RVers have, are you safe in a vehicle when hit by lightning? If you're in a car with a metal roof, you're safe.
It's pretty interesting what makes you safe in a vehicle or RV from lightning. It's something called the Faraday Cage Effect which was observed by Benjamin Franklin back in 1755 and in 1836 Michael Faraday built on this idea which ended up being named after him. In a vehicle (with the exception of a convertible) you are essentially in a big metal box and protected because of the Faraday Cage. This is where the electricity goes around the vehicle rather than inside.
What about an R? Using this same theory it depends on what your RV is built out of. An RV, 5th Wheel, or Travel Trailer that's built with a steel or aluminum frame would be just as safe as a vehicle in a lightning storm. Even if the RV is built out of fiberglass but the frame is aluminum you are safe. If you're RV is made with a wood frame you need to head to a safe zone like a vehicle. Popups and tents are dangerous places and offer no security from a lightning strike. They are also subject to branches falling on the tent with no protection.
Generally it's a good idea to unplug your power at a campground when a big storm is coming. If lightening hits theground, even on the other side of the campground it can cause a surge of power through the line into your RV and cause things to burn out. You are safe to run your built in generator.
Remember, camping is all fun and games until someone gets struck by lightening. If you have a safe RV make sure at the first sound of thunder you head in to safety. If you can hear thunder you ARE in striking distance of lightning and it is unpredictable. Check the weather prior to heading away from safety into the outdoors. Stay safe and happy camping.


The Canon of Judo
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The Canon of Judo
Author Kyuzo Mifune
Translator Francoise White
Language English
Genre Martial Arts
Publisher Kodansha International
Publication date
1st Edition (June 15, 2004)
Media type Print (Hardcover)
Pages 224
ISBN ISBN 4-7700-2979-9 (1st edition, hardcover)
OCLC 56015517
Preceded by Canon of Judo
The Canon of Judo is a book was originally published in 1956, and written by Kodokan 10th dan, Kyuzo Mifune (_PHONE_). The book covers almost all of the Kodokan recognized techniques, adds variations and new techniques, including Do-Jime in passing as well. The book also describes fifteen Kata developed by Mifune to teach adaptation through reversal and counters. The book organizes the techniques differently from the official Kodokan Gokyo.
This book is based on new and revised material by the author made between the original publish date and the authors death.[1] The original book, "Canon of Judo", does not contain this information. Furthermore, the original book was translated by K. Sugai whose translations were poor at best. (For example, "Or this is to throw him down by foot sweeping instant before his advanced-feet are fixed in order to change his position or break your balance.")[2]
Subjects covered[edit]
The book gives a brief history of Jujutsu in Japan, and gives the lineage of Judo, referencing Jujutsu masters prior to Jigoro Kano. To show the early origins and continuous development of the martial arts in Japan, a long list of historical text sources, people, and schools and styles are mentioned.
In the book, Kyuzo Mifune explains his metaphysical view of Judo, its role in Japanese society (and the world), and benefits to the individual player. He notes that Judo initially only included throws, and explains the difference between Judo and Ju-jutsu. He discusses the role of competition in Judo, and the purpose of free practice, randori, and explains that it is an indispensable part of the sport.
Although the book mentions the five kata,[3]
 1. Nage (Throwing Forms)
 2. Kime (Forms of Decision)
 3. Katame (Grappling Forms)
 4. Ju (Forms of Gentleness)
 5. Koshiki (Ancient Forms)
it does not cover them. Furthermore, it does not cover Atemi-waza, but states that Atemi-waza include strikes, kicks, hits, and attacks using the fist, foot, elbow, kneecap, side of the palm, shoulder, or head, to attack the opponents vital points.
Lastly before going into each technique in detail, the book covers some basic concepts of techniques, such as Tai-sabaki (body control) and Hen-nou (adaptability). It can be surmised that throwing techniques have at least three phases:
 1. Kuzushi, balance breaking
 2. Tsukuri, positioning
 3. Kake, execution
Book references[edit]
 - Mifune, Kyuzo (2004). The Canon Of Judo. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 4-7700-2979-9.
 1. ^ K. Mifune. "The Canon of Judo". Kodansha International Ltd. (Tokyo) 2004. ISBN 4-7700-2979-9. p.5
 2. ^ K. Mifune. "Canon of Judo". Seibundo Shinkosha Publishing (Tokyo) 1958. p.48
 3. ^


GNU MP is a library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating point numbers. It has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular interface. GNU MP is designed to be as fast as possible, both for small operands and for huge operands. The speed is achieved by using fullwords as the basic arithmetic type, by using fast algorithms, by carefully optimized assembly code for the most common inner loops for a lots of CPUs, and by a general emphasis on speed (instead of simplicity or elegance). The speed of GNU MP is believed to be faster than any other similar library. The advantage for GNU MP increases with the operand sizes for certain operations, since GNU MP in many cases has asymptotically faster algorithms.


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Types of Research
- (-) Remove 2010 filter 2010
- (-) Remove Smallholder Farmers filter Smallholder Farmers
- (-) Remove South Asia Region and Selected Countries filter South Asia Region and Selected Countries
- (-) Remove Labor & Time Use filter Labor & Time Use
In recent years, product supply chains for agricultural goods have become increasingly globalized. As a result, greater numbers of smallholder farmers in South Asia (SA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) participate in global supply chains, many of them through contract farming (CF). CF is an arrangement between a farmer and a processing or marketing firm for the production and supply of agricultural products, often at predetermined prices. This literature review finds empirical evidence that demonstrates that the economic and social benefits of CF for smallholder farmers are mixed. A number of studies suggest that CF may improve farmer productivity, reduce production risk and transaction costs, and increase farmer incomes. However, critics caution that CF may undermine farmers' relative bargaining power and increase health, environmental, and financial risk through exposure to monopsonistic markets, weak contract environments, and unfamiliar agricultural technologies. There is consensus across the literature that CF has the best outcomes for farmers when farmers have more bargaining power to negotiate the terms of the contract. In reviewing the literature on CF, we find a number of challenges to comparing studies and evaluating outcomes across contracts. This literature review summarizes empirical findings and analyses regarding contract models and best practices to increase farmers' bargaining power and decrease contract default.


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Medical School, Germany
Both PET and MRI only reveal where the labels are. "The cell may die and you may still get the signal," Bengel says. Plus, preloading the cells only works as long as the tracers last—hours or days for PET tracers. Bengel is developing reporter genes that allow living cells to produce their own PET signal at any time.
The technique relies on genes whose products force the cell to grab onto radioactive tracers. For example, the herpes simplex virus enzyme thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) phosphorylates a guanine homolog called FHBG. Unphosphorylated FHBG travels freely in and out of cells. But once phosphorylated—as only happens in cells having the HSV-tk gene—it's negatively charged, and stuck on the inside. By engineering stem cells to express the transgene before transplantation, then treating the animal with radioactive FHBG, researchers can observe the transplants on a PET scan.
- Only live cells show up: "If you don't see a signal, there are no cells," Wu says.
- With promoters specific for different cell types, these reporters could also indicate whether the stem cells go on to differentiate.
- HSV-tk provides a built-in fail-safe: the viral kinase phosphorylates the antiviral drug ganciclovir, turning the drug cytotoxic. Should transplanted cells cause trouble—for example, start to form a tumor—doctors could treat the person with ganciclovir. Upon phosphorylation by HSV-tk, the drug would simply kill the genetically engineered cells.
- PET with reporters is not as sensitive as with directly radiolabeled cells; more cells are necessary to produce a detectable signal.
- The transgene might compromise the cell's normal function, or the cell might silence the transgene.
- As a viral protein, HSV-tk may activate the host immune system.
One needs a PET scanner plus cloning technology.
- Researchers are also working with mitochondrial thymidine kinase, the human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), and the mammalian dopamine type 2 receptor as potential PET reporters.
- MRI reporters are also an option: overexpression of ferritin or of the transferrin receptor, both of which regulate cellular iron levels, makes the iron-rich cells show up.


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In the past we allowed values to be modified on the spot. Methods for doing so include:
We still allow the use of these methods in compatibility mode. However, the result stored in the modified value will be modified to the expected data type.
This data conversion is silent as it uses the v2 data conversion engine.
We force these conversions because in the past the conflicting data types have caused a lot of problems in transformations. Having alternating data types in a field in a row is not a good situation to have.
That is because it causes problems during serialization of rows (Sort Rows, Clustered execution, Serialize to file,...) and during database manipulations (Table Output, Database Lookup, Database Join, Update, etc)
For example, let us take a look at the data conversion excersice:
The data type of field "dateField" is Date. The data is internally being converted to String. As such, the data type conflicts with the expected "Date" type
Because of that, before the value is sent to the next steps, the data type is changed back to Date from String. This uses the default mask ("yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss.SSS") and as such, the conversion will fail.
The net result is that the dateField will contain value null.
That means that the Integer integerField magically switched to a Number data type in version 2. That in itself sometimes caused problems in various areas.
In version 3, the data type will be converted back to Integer. Even so, there can be plenty of situations where you would end up with a data conversion problem.
The solution is always to make sure that you create new values when doing data type conversions. Another piece of advice (as shown below) is to stop using the compatibility mode.
As such, the statements above becomes:
In turn this mean you might see a small performance drop because of all the extra work this step needs to do.
If you want to make as much use as possible of the new architecture, you can turn this mode off and change the code as such:
- intField.getInteger() --> intField
- numberField.getNumber() --> numberField
- dateField.getDate() --> dateField
- bigNumberField.getBigNumber() --> bigNumberField
In stead of using the various Java methods you can use the built-in library. You will also note that the resulting program code is more intuitive to use.
For example :
- checking for null is now: field.isNull() --> field==null
- Converting string to date: field.Clone().str2dat() --> str2date(field)
If you convert your code like this, you might enjoy significant performance benefits.
Please note that it is no longer possible to modify data in-place using the value methods. This was a design decision to make sure that no data with the wrong type ends up in the output rows of the step.
Java code & be.ibridge.kettle packages
There are 2 paths to a solution for this problem.
The best way to stay portable towards the future is obviously to stop using the internal PDI Java packages in your source code.
- Packages.be.ibridge.kettle.core.util.StringUtil.getVariable --> getVariable()
- Packages.be.ibridge.kettle.core.util.StringUtil.setVariable --> setVariable()
Move to org.pentaho.di packages
Obviously it is still possible (though not recommended) to use the internal PDI API. Most of the time the methods have stayed the same but simply moved to the org.pentaho.di naming of packages.
Base64 encoding and decoding of strings
Even though the Apache Commons Base64 encoding and decoding library was available before, the Base64 sample in version 2 used an be.ibridge class to do the work.
In version 3 we suggest you use the excellent Apache Commons library as shown in the updated sample:
Adding rows dynamically
For each of the values in the column "groupsField" we want to generate a new row. Here's how it was in the old version:
As you can see, we added a few methods:
The metadata of the input row, explaining the layout of the row data and the "row" object.
The metadata of the output row, determined by the input metadata and the extra fields specified in this step. (Fields section)
Create a copy of the input row data, but re-size the resulting row to the desired length.
Write a new row to the next steps in the transformation. The data type passed is Object. The data types passed MUST match those specified in the Fields section and as such the specification in getOutputRowMeta(). It is not legal to specify a String for a field and to pass a different data type.
The result of the script is in both versions the following:
A simple filter on the "ignore" field gives the desired result.
We believe that the new API will better stand the test of time because it is written without use of a direct Java code or the Java API.


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Math Mat Challenge Game, Grades PreK+ - STEMfinity
 - SKU: LER-0047
Math Mat Challenge Game, Grades PreK+
Math Mat Challenge Game, Grades PreK+
Get students thinking on their feet! Interactive, talking floormat challenges students to listen to the equation, do the math, then step on the correct answer. The game gets faster as scores get higher! Teaches numbers, counting, addition and subtraction up to the number 20. Get students thinking and moving!
 - Features 3 games with 2 skill levels each‚
 - Mat measures 32-D
 - Batteries: Requires 3 AA batteries (not included)
 - Grade: PreK +
Common Core State Standards Alignment: Operations & Algebraic Thinking
Learning Styles: Auditory, Kinesthetic, Visual
Skill Development:
 - Math - Use the Math Mat Challenge Game as a warm-up to math class or math homework. Using students whole body helps them think, learn, and remember.
 - Gross Motor - Listen to the question from the mat, process, and respond by toe tapping on the correct answer. As students respond, they learn how to shift their weight, balance, and coordinate their movements to tap on the desired answer. Learning the abstract subject of math is helped by getting your body involved. Combines visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning!
 - Basic Concepts - As students play together, they practice following directions, taking turns, and patience. These are basic concepts in social interaction that reach far beyond the parameters of the game.


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Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A sudden statement (also known as an "excited utterance") made by someone who has seen a surprising, startling, or shocking event (such as an accident or a death), or has suffered an injury. For example, "Oh my God, that blue car hit the little girl!" Spontaneous exclamations are often introduced at trial as evidence of the speaker's state of mind or the truth of the matter being spoken about, and will be admitted if the judge decides that the circumstances surrounding the statement make it likely that the speaker was telling the truth. Without this determination, the statement is simply hearsay; that is, a statement made out of court and offered for the truth of the matter it deals with. (See also: hearsay
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:24 pm


Quick Answer: Do Rice Make You Gain Weight?
Is Rice healthier than potatoes?
Nutrients found in white rice: Fibre – much less than potatoes.
B vitamins and vitamin E in very small quantities.
Calcium, manganese, magnesium, selenium, phosphorous, and iron in very small quantities.
Low calorie – 200 calories in a cup of cooked rice..
Is Rice better than bread?
What happens if you eat rice everyday?
Is Rice healthier than pasta?
Does eating rice at night make you fat?
Rice encourage your body to store excess fat that it doesn't need and make it harder to lose weight. Quick Tip: Always opt for brown rice as it is full of fiber, vitamins and nutrients. Eating a bowl of brown rice will make you feel full for a long duration.
What should I eat before bed to lose weight?
Should we eat rice at night?
Why does Rice make me gain weight?
The glycemic index (GI) is a measure of how much and how quickly a food spikes your blood sugar levels. Foods high on the glycemic index cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels and have been linked to overeating and weight gain (30, 31 ).
Is rice bad for you when trying to lose weight?
Not necessarily. Rice is also low in fat, is an easily digestible, gluten-free grain that offers a number of B vitamins as well. So you may want to re-consider banning it completely from your diet. You do need to be careful while consuming rice on a weight loss diet.
Does eating rice cause belly fat?
Is it OK to eat eggs every day?
Which is healthier chicken or turkey?


text: Carrollton, the seat of Carroll county, is located on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kentucky River. The area was settled in the late eighteenth century and the town was established in 1794 as Port William, named probably for William Porter, an early settler. Port William was the seat of Gallatin county (formed in 1798) until 1838 when Carroll county was formed. Port William was made the seat of the new county and renamed Carrollton. The Port William post office opened in 1807 and was renamed Carrollton in 1838. The population in 1990 was 3,715.


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The Yellow-billed magpie is a large and beautiful bird. Its long black tail is iridescent and its wing feathers are shades of blue, green and white. The characteristic that makes them so special is their yellow beak. There is a similar and more wide spread species with a black bill. The yellow billed magpie is found only in California.
They are highly intelligent. Once I was out for a walk and I heard one singing in a pine tree. I thought someone had lost a parrot. They are excellent mimics.
The Yellow-billed magpie nests up high in a tree, usually a valley oak.
The yellow-billed magpie feeds mainly on animal matter, including insects, bird eggs, nestling, and carrion, They will also eat acorns, seeds, grass, and berries. They will also eat poisoned grains left for killing ground California ground squirrels. Large portions of a population get wiped out.
(When my brother and I were little we used to call them maggot pies, because they ate dead things.)
This is a special bird to us, here in California, because it is endemic to this region, that is it is found only here. It inhabits the central valley and coastal valleys of California, preferring open oak woodlands.
The Yellow-billed magpie likes open oak woodlands. They like open areas near roads where ether is plenty of road kill to scavenge.
The Yellow billed magpie likes open oak woodlands near roads with road kill.
The yellow-billed magpie is a resident. They move around some in winter in search of food.
Magpies are not really at home in a garden setting. They need big open spaces with smatterings of trees. Most gardens are to shrubby and dense for their taste. However you might get one stopping by if you have an oak in your yard. They seem to prefer the valley oak, Quercus lobata This may be because this oak like the lower open valleys just like the magpies. These large stately trees are deciduous and they are good near your home. They let in the much needed sun light in the winter and shade your home in the hot summer.
Last edited on 2013-02-16 06:39:12.


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Study reveals science behind why women say more than men
7 Healthcast: Study reveals science behind why women say more than men
UNDATED (WHDH) -- Ladies - the next time the man in your life complains that you talk too much, silence him with science.
A new study from the University of Maryland found that women are naturally chattier because their brains contain 30-percent more of a protein, that stimulates language.
The study goes on to say that on average women say 20,000 words a day - 13,000 more than men do.
The study also provides support for why girls usually learn to speak at an earlier age than boys.


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You probably already know that China has a one child per couple policy, but you might not know how it is enforced or who is granted exceptions to the rule. The answers to these questions can be found over at Mental Floss and they are simply fascinating.
Provincial governments are responsible for enforcing the policy and do so through a mix of rewards and punishments doled out by local officials. In most provinces, having a an extra child gets you a fine, the amount of which varies across provinces. In some places, the fine is a set amount (usually in the thousands of dollars), and in others it's based on a percentage of the violator's annual income. In some provinces, policy violators can also have their property and/or belongings confiscated and lose their jobs.
Who knew they even can fire you from your job for having an extra baby?


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ATR Intelligent Robotics and Communication Laboratories and Vstone teamed up to create a communication robot called Robovie R-2 (vie = life). Combining many areas of ATR's research (artificial intelligence, pathfinding, speech synthesis, and speech recognition) with Vstone's technical experience and manufactured parts was an easy fit for the key individuals involved, such as Higarashi Ishiguro (creator of the famous Geminoid android) because they also teamed up to make the humanoid soccer champions as Team Osaka.
Robovie R-2 has performed as a museum guide robot – assigning it this function allowed the researchers a chance to study human-robot interactions. One of the major problems facing communication robots is the delay between hearing and responding. It became clear that the robot would need to be connected to a network of computers to make for quicker response time to lessen the frustrating gaps in conversation.
Field trials were conducted at the Ohara Museum of Art, where Robovie R-2 Ver 2 would guide visitors through exhibits, stopping to give relevant commentary about the history of an artist or work. The researchers found that the Robovie's body language, such as his head tilting, nodding, and his arms waving, had a major impact on how people interacted with it.
Experiments are also being conducted that would allow Robovie to take on an elder care role. Without needing to be approached or requested by an elderly person, the robot should take the initiative and help out on its own. Part of the solution requires adequate facial recognition, so that the robot can see if a person is looking in its direction. That way, it can focus its attention on someone who may need its assistance.
ATR has developed several different versions of the Robovie, including versions with soft, sensitive skin. This particular version sells for 5,040,000 JPY ($53,000 USD). In March 2010, ATR revealed a small version of the Robovie called robovie-mR2.
- ATR Robotics' Robovie R-2 page (JP)
- ITR Intelligent Robotics & Communications Laboratories (JP)
- ATR (official site JP)
- Vstone (official site JP)
Vstone | Impress Robot Watch