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ow Sucharitkul's Mallworld, an alien ambassador brings a live animal (considered a delicacy on his planet) to a diplomatic dinner with the humans. The animal looks like a vaguely humanoid rhinoceros beetle and is about the size of a howler monkey. The humans are appalled... APPALLED, I tell you... to find out that the "animal" is actually a child-stage member of the ambassador's own species. (Turns out the aliens aren't sentient until adulthood, breed very quickly and in copious numbers, and generally consider their own children vermin; any that manage to survive to adulthood are taught how to be civilized beings, but until they they are hunted and eaten by their own parents.
- In Bruce Coville's My Teacher Is an Alien series, the kids are served something called "Fimflits", which Peter, the viewpoint character notes is extremely delicious. The aliens explain that fimflits are a type of fungus, which isn't so bad. Then they reveal what it is they grow on. The reader isn't told, but fellow character Duncan no longer wants to eat them. (No word on the reactions of Peter or Susan.)
- Myth Adventures:
- In Myth Directions, Skeeve finds himself always hungry while visiting dimensions with food too weird or disgusting for him to eat. Seeing Tananda casually eating said disgusting food doesn't help matters.
- Earlier in Myth Conceptions he visits what is obviously a McDonald's and finds everything to be horribly disgusting, especially the strawberry shake which looks like some kind of pink sludge to him.
- A story by Lawrence Watt-Evans, "One of the Boys", involves at one point a woman tracking down the secret identity of her superhero idol, with amorous intentions. His explanation that being a "strange visitor from another planet" means being genuinely alien culminates in a polite invitation to stay for dinner. When she realizes that he plans to EAT the stinking, unnamed mass festering on the windowsill, she passes out in horror.
- In the Ringworld novels, Louis Wu encounters hominids whose diets are nearly always more specialized than those of Earth's humans: herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, etc. This effectively inverts the trope, as there's bound to be something we eat that would squick out each and every Ringworld native. Even the omnivores call him out for eating cheese ("decayed food!").
- And every hominid finds the ghouls (scavengers who specialize in hominid corpses) and vampires (self-explanatory) diets disturbing. The ghouls are highly intelligent, very respectful, and serve an important purpose (which makes them politically powerful... burial isn't really a viable option on the Ringworld, and would you want to live surrounded by the thousands of rotting corpses that would pile up if the ghouls decided to boycott your species?), so the other hominids at least tolerate them though they really don't like watching them eat or even thinking about it; the vampires are nearly mindless parasites, and most hominids will happily kill vampires whenever they can for self-defense if for no other reason.
- An inversion in the first book, Speaker to Animals can't eat with the humans, because their food "smelled like burnt garbage."
- In Bruce Coville's Rod Albright Alien Adventures series, Rod is briefly disgusted when told that the aliens he's working with raise worms for food. One of the aliens haughtily replies that his species doesn't believe in eating creatures as intelligent as the ones humans raise for food.
- The cafeteria on Sector General (a giant hospital station resembling a misshapen Christmas tree) serves ALL the innumerable oxygen breathing species. One is strongly advised to keep one's eyes on one's own plate.
- Averted in Space Cadet. The protagonists are being fed by their Venusian captives, and the commander refuses to explain what they're eating because it will get in the way of their eating it. It's nutritious and that's what counts.
- This is seen from the aliens' point of view in the second book of the Spaceforce series, when a royal delegation are served typical Earth food at a banquet given in their honour. 'Soup', a drink you eat? Frozen flavoured animal milk? Urgh.
- In The Sparrow the group sent to the alien planet start out by testing each alien food on their own as they're out in the woods; for the most part it's edible. A few of them become ill temporarily, but one of them actually (and suddenly) dies.
- What actually killed that character was never revealed, but it probably wasn't the aliens' food, as several of the other human characters were eating the same diet.
- A second character suffers a lengthy and fatal illness later in the story, and they never find out what this is, either.
- In a darker instance of this trope, later on after a violent suppressed rebellion Emilio and Marc are offered only meat to eat by their (carnivorous) captors. Marc refuses to eat altogether; Emilio partakes, not knowing that they are offering him the flesh of their gentler host-species' offspring. When he finds out, he still eats it, despairing.
- Subverted in Alan Dean Foster's Spellsinger. When Jon-Tom, newly arrived in the Warmlands from our world, goes out to dinner with Mudge the otter, the entrée is a large roast cut from a python. Rather than shy away or even comment, Jon-Tom tucks in immediately, as he's far more hungry than squeamish.
- The Star Trek: Voyager book No Man's Land uses this trope when the human crew dine with the Iudka, enjoying Carmor Soup despite slight misgivings when it's revealed the primary ingredient is Carmor testicles.
- Star Wars Legends:
- In Shadows of the Empire, while en route to Gall, Lando makes Luke and Leia some Giju stew. No one wants it; Luke compares it to old boot plastic and fertilizer drenched in pond scum. Annoyed, Lando takes some to show them what they're missing; "The expression on his face went from irritated to amazed, slid to horror, then right into disgust". He decides that it was overspiced, and they're just going to open a packet of beans for dinner.
- During Galaxy of Fear, a cruise starship is evacuated except for our heroes and Dash Rendar. They find a restaurant where a Mon Calamari had been celebrating something, and Zak decides to snag one of the abandoned pastries.
His smile vanished as dozens of small, wiggly legs squirmed out from behind his teeth and scrambled across his lips. Zak gagged and wiped the wriggling things off his face. Looking down at his hand, he saw six or seven tiny crabs scurrying up his forearm. He sent them flying with a flick of his wrist, then spat out the pastry.
Dash watched the little crabs run under a table. "The Mon Calamari live on a water-covered world. One of their favorite desserts is crab-stuffed creampuffs. With live crabs."
- Later in the series Zak smells the stew being cooked by the Children and really wants some, but is dragged away before he can so much as put a finger in the pot. When he gets back there he's given a bowl, but stops before he can take a bite. There's a ring in the bowl.
- Early in I, Jedi, Corran and Iella meet up and strategize over dinner. She orders the mynock.
- In the Sword of Truth series, Richard is encouraged by the Mud People to eat the flesh of his enemies, despite becoming a vegetarian (because that's the only thing wrong with that). It even gives him psychic visions. Similarly, the people of the Midlands believe all red fruit to be poisonous (a spell was cast which made that so, but Richard's homeland was unaffected), and are shocked when Richard eats an apple.
- Vorkosigan Saga: In A Civil Campaign, Miles samples bug butter, the product of his brother Mark's latest investment, and finds it a bit bland but otherwise edible. Then, Mark shows Miles a Butter Bug, which is described as resembling a cross between a cockroach and a pustule, and Miles abruptly loses interest in eating any more bug butter.
- In Gregory Maguire's Wicked series, characters that eat meat frequently worry that and/or are upset to find that their meat comes from a sentient, talking Animal.
- Subverted in The Yillian Way by Keith Laumer, where a human diplomat negotiating a peace settlement is fully prepared to eat the disgusting slop served up to him, but his aide realises it's a Secret Test of Character. He knocks over the table, marches up to where the big shots are eating and insists on being served good human food. As the alien society is based on alpha male domination, he successfully asserts his authority in their eyes.
- Prince Roger: Zig-zagged. The titular prince and his party, stuck on an alien world, are forced to eat the local wildlife they kill. Thanks to the prince's valet Kostas and his culinary talents, the meals always turn out great both to humans and the locals, but the locals are always grossed out due to said animals nearly always being insanely dangerous and/or predatorial. One character compares Kostas' meals to getting a stew recipe that begins with "Take one T-Rex..."
- George Francisco's interesting meals in Alien Nation. He loves a good squirt of mustard in his coffee in the morning.
- Then winds down after a hard


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a Panel
There is a lot of interest in measuring the scattered fields from a panel. The panel could be a frequency selective surface (FSS), could consist of lossy dielectric material, resistive material, etc. For these measurements, the panel is mounted in a large ground plane (perfectly conducting) that mimics an infinite ground plane and the back scattered/bistatic scattered fields are measured. These measured fields contain the scattering from the panel under test as well as the diffracted fields from the junction between the panel and the ground plane, and it is quite difficult to discern the two field components. Alternatively, one can measure the scattered fields over a frequency band in the near zone using a fixed transmitting antenna while the receiving antenna is displaced to scan a planar surface or a linear scan. Note that the measurements are similar to one-way probing. The total measured scattered fields can be processed to isolate the scattering from the panel of interest. In this paper, we will present various signal processing techniques that can be applied to the measured scattered field data. These techniques include high resolution down range processing (tie domain), time domain near field focusing, etc. We will also show that it is straight forward to obtain the reflection and transmission coefficient of the panel from the near field measured data.
Size Reduction of Patch Antenna Based on Complementary Rose Curve Resonators
In this paper, a patch antenna has been designed based on the complementary split ring resonator (CSRRs), complementary rose curve resonators (CRCRs) and without using these inclusions. Complementary rose curve resonators (CRCRs) are used in design of patch antenna. The Patch antenna based on the complementary rose curve resonators (CRCRs) are achieved by patterning the ground plane under the conductor trace. The perimeter of the Rose curve can be adjusted by tuning the amplitude of the sine function and the radius of the base circle. With the order of CRCRs, the loading effect of the complementary resonators on the patch antenna is controlled. This works demonstrated that higher order CRCRs allows more compactness of the design and higher miniaturization factor. We proposed a compact patch antenna based on the complementary split ring resonator (CSRRs) and the complementary Rose curve resonator (CRCRs). The proposed patch antenna shows good performances which is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz. The results demonstrate the configurability of the design for a specific size. The results show the effectiveness of using metamaterials in microwave circuit can obtain from n to n+1 of the CRCRs order will result in 0.3 % miniaturization. IndexTerms: Patch Antenna, Metamaterial, Size Reduction, split ring Resonators, Rose Curve Resonators
Earth-Facing Antenna Characterization in Complex Ground Plane/Multipath Rich Environment
The Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) Testbed was a Software Defined Radio (SDR)-based payload launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in July of 2012. The purpose of the SCAN Testbed payload was to investigate the applicability of SDRs to NASA space missions in an operational space environment, which means that a proper model for system performance in said operational space environment is a necessary condition. The SCAN Testbed has line-of-sight connections to various ground stations with its S-Band Earth-facing Near-Earth Network Low Gain Antenna (NEN-LGA). Any previous efforts to characterize the NEN-LGA proved difficult, therefore, the NASA Glenn Research Center built its own S-Band ground station, which became operational in 2015, and has been successfully used to characterize the NEN-LGA's in-situ pattern measurements. This methodology allows for a more realistic characterization of the antenna performance, where the pattern oscillation induced by the complex ISS ground plane, as well as shadowing effects due to ISS structural blockage are included into the final performance model. This paper describes the challenges of characterizing an antenna pattern in this environment. It will also discuss the data processing, present the final antenna pattern measurements and derived model, as well as discuss various lessons learned.
Research on Unwanted Reflections in an OATS for Precise Omni Antenna Measurement
Open-area test site (OATS) is a basic range for measuring omni antennas at VHF/HUF band. Reflections from the trees nearby, from the edge of the metal ground plane of an OATS are researched with the aid of ultra-broadband calculable dipole antennas (CDAs). Usually, these reflections are detrimental to precise antenna measurements from 20 MHz to 1 GHz; however they are very difficult to analyze accurately, since no rigorous theory exists on the relationship between the reflections and the configurations of an OATS. For this difficulty, a pair of very accurate and broadband CDAs are manufactured and verified with a slightly modified near-field method, whose site-insertion-loss deviation (?SIL) between measurements and simulation is less than 0.3 dB over 10 MHz to 340 MHz for a single pair of dipole elements resonated at 90 MHz. Based on the optimized CDAs, the effects of ground plane sizes, wire mesh shapes around the edge of the metal ground plane, trees nearby and especially masts are researched. The research shows that the reflections from the edge of an optimized ground plane is less than 0.1 dB at 10 m range. Finally, the performance of an OATS with these optimizations is verified: for 10 m separation,?SIL is within 0.26 dB at horizontal polarization (HP) and within 0.34 dB at vertical polarization (VP) for the typical 24 frequencies from 30 MHz to 1 GHz; at 20 m separation,?SIL is within 0.59 dB (HP) and 0.85 dB (VP) from 20 MHz to 500 MHz. An example for the uncertainty of calibration the free-space antenna factor of tuned dipole antennas are provided, too.
Scaled Model Measurements of HF Antenna for Vehicular Platforms
Electrically small antennas present tremendous design challenges. Plagued with a small radiation resistance and high quality factor (thus narrow bandwidth), these types of antennas are difficult to accurately measure. For use in HF communication applications, the problems associated with the entire development cycle become even more pronounced. This paper focuses on the development of two such electrically small HF antennas for a vehicular platform, specifically the Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV). The primary design objective is to develop antennas that operate over the entire near-vertical incidence (NVIS) band (2 – 10 MHz) with a minimum of 3kHz bandwidth. Additional design objectives are low profile, broadside directive pattern, and high power handling capability. The inverted L antenna and the half loop antenna were selected as probable candidates for this application. At 2 MHz, the antenna – vehicle system fits within the envelope ka < 0.2, where k is the free space wave number and a is the radius of a sphere completely enclosing the radiator. The full scale antenna design and performance were evaluated using method of moments and finite element method codes FEKO and HFSS respectfully. It is observed that the presence of the real ground plane poses a serious challenge for well established modeling techniques and considerable care must be exercised to obtain credible design data. For measurement validation and characterization of the antenna/vehicle interaction, a set of scaled antenna and vehicle prototypes were developed. Rapid prototyping and 3D printing were employed to build a scaled model (1:50 scale) of the complete antenna – vehicle system. The step-by-step process from the computational model to the measurement validation is discussed along with the description of the adopted fabrication techniques. In the concluding section of the paper, the measured results from the scaled model are presented alongside the simulated results. The good agreement between these results paves the way towards the successful use of such scaled model testing for more complicated antenna designs in the future.
Gain and Phase Center Calibration of Log Periodic Dipole Arrays using Complex Fit Algorithm
Abstract – This paper introduces a method for calibrating the gain and the frequency dependent phase center locations of Log Periodic Dipole Arrays (LPDAs). The method builds upon the three antenna method, but is conducted over a PEC ground plane in an Open Area Test Site (OATS). Similar to the traditional three antenna method, three pairings of transmission measurements are taken. In each measurement, one antenna is set at a fixed height above the ground plane, while the other antenna is scanned in height over 1 to 4 m heights. Magnitude and phase responses between the two antennas are taken at multiple heights. Measured results are fit to a theoretical model using a complex fit algorithm. From this process, the gain and frequency dependent phase center locations of each antenna can be solved. Measurement data show that it is effective in reducing systematic uncertainties associated with assuming fixed phase center locations. In addition, unlike other calibration methods over a conducting ground plane, no assumptions are made about the antenna patterns. This method provides an accurate, versatile and fast method for calibrating LPDAs from as low as 100 MHz.
Compact Microstrip Defected Ground Structured Antenna for Reduction of Harmonics and Cross Polarized Radiations
Abstract: A novel Inset fed microstrip patch antenna is designed on defected ground structure (DGS) to reduce the higher order harmonics and cross polarized radiations. Square rings, and square shaped slots are placed on the ground plane of the microstrip patch antenna to get the desired operation. These annular ring and arc DGS appears to be highly efficient in terms of suppressing the cross polarization. Relative suppression of radiated field is observed by placing and without placing the defected ground structures. The stop band property exhibited by the DGS is used to filter out the harmonics

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A one-day symposium on the BBC's local radio audiences is calling for paper proposals. The event will be held in Leicester, UK, on the 8th of November 2017. The symposium is organised by De Montford University and the Media, Communication and Cultural Studies Association.
The event is entitled "Reaching out: the past, present and future of BBC Local Radio Audiences". The organisers have provided the following, non-exhaustive list of topic suggestions:
- BBC Local Radio and its relationship with its audience(s)
- How does BBC Local Radio contribute to achieving a sense of belonging, or responsibility to, a specific region or area?
- Case studies illustrating how the BBC has appealed or is appealing to new audiences
- Local News and the ethics of the Fourth Estate
- The concept of 'local' and how BBC Radio addresses and reaches out to communities within their patch
- The role BBC Local Radio plays in the representation of minority communities in their locality
The deadline for abstract submissions is June 16th.
The full call for papers is available through the ECREA mailing list archive.


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Adult Diapers - A Boon in Disguise for Adults
Adult diapers are designed to offer a good level of protection for the adults and they are worn to safeguard the elderly from the inconvenience caused by urine. They are very popular among the adults as there are lots of medical conditions that would curb their ability to control the urge to pass urine or to pass stools. These diapers are not worn by the elderly people alone but are also worn by other grown up people who are suffering from serious medical conditions such as incontinence which would cause the inability to control bladder movements. These diapers are designed with soft absorbent materials and have a seamless design that makes it to remain without any impression even under the dress and hence cannot be detected.
The unique features of adult diapers:
These diapers are designed keeping the aged people and their delicate skin in mind and hence they are designed with soft and comfortable cloth like feel materials. This absorbent material of the diaper is safe for the skin and prevents inflammation or irritation on the skin's surface. This way, the adults would not be able to feel the pressure or experience the feel of having a diaper on. The absorbent core of these diapers contains a synthetic material that has the ability to retain huge amounts of urine without causing it to expose on the outer layer of the adult diapers. Also the absorbent core of some diapers has the scientific formula with advanced technology that converts the wetness caused by urine in the thick gel form which makes it to hold it intact and prevents seepage. The diamond shaped channels locks the urine intact and prevents it from rising to the surface of the adult diapers. It also has wrap type arrangement around the thighs and wings that prevents spillage of urine. The leak guards present in these adult diapers make it to contain huge amounts of urine.
Adult diapers – The high absorbent core:
The unique absorbing formula of these adult diapers makes it an excellent option as it prevents any incidence of leakage of urine even on the sides. The outer cover of the absorbent core is designed with a cotton cover that has the ability to make the surface dry. This is essential as a wet surface would cause various infections in the urinary tract, trigger the bacterial growth and would neutralize the pH level in urine. When there is constant wetting of urine it might lead to a foul smell which might be very unpleasant. This is ruled out in adult diapers as it has the bacterial controlled core and soft smelling fragrance that keeps out the stink of the urine and offers a fresh feel to the adult using it. Also these adult diapers can be used even while spending long hours in a flight or train as it is capable of holding more than 8 wettings and does not need a change frequently. This way you can stay without any worries even in a crowded place or amidst a gathering.
These adult diapers are available in easy to wear type that they can be worn alone without taking help from another person. There are also pull up type and vests type which you can easily wear like clothing. These are extremely helpful for bedridden adults as their medical condition would have caused immobility. In such cases, the easy to wear diapers area boon as the caretaker can use it very efficiently within very less time. Also since the absorbency capacity is more, the time between the changes of adult diapers is more when compared to the others.
Cheap options of adult diapers:
There are also cheaper diapers that are washable in nature and can be used several times while serving the purpose of adult diapers at the same time. There are also large sized diapers that are specially designed for persons who are obese or over weight and they are designed with leg wraps around the thighs and wings that help in preventing the spillage of urine. These adult diapers also have Velcro fasteners to fasten it at the waist with adhesive to fasten at the waist and to grip the adult diapers tightly.
Adult diapers - Freedom from wetness:
With so superior factors contributing to the adult diapers, you can live a worry free life and indulge in your regular activities such as walking, visiting friends, taking a stroll at the park, play with your grandkids or do your shopping without any hassles or feeling sorry for wetting your dresses. Also these adult diapers would safeguard against the spilling or leakage of urine and soiling the furniture and other items at your home. Improve your lifestyle with these adult diapers and stride with confidence.


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Digest::BubbleBabble takes a message digest (generated by either of the MD5 or
SHA-1 message digest algorithms) and creates a fingerprint of that digest in
"bubble babble" format. Bubble babble is a method of representing a message
digest as a string of "real" words, to make the fingerprint easier to remember.
The "words" are not necessarily real words, but they look more like words than
a string of hex characters.
Bubble babble fingerprinting is used by the SSH2 suite (and, consequently, by
Net::SSH::Perl, the Perl SSH implementation) to display easy-to-remember key
fingerprints. The key (a DSA or RSA key) is converted into a textual form,
digested using Digest::SHA1, and run through bubblebabble to create the key


Thoughts from the criminology team
Home » Consequentialism
Category Archives: Consequentialism
A utilitarian argument for human rights
I am minded to write something about both utilitarianism and human rights as a consequence of watching the news the other night. Two separate but linked news articles struck a chord. The first about police being heavy handed in applying the emergency laws surrounding the restricting of movement and the second about the emergency laws being passed to suspend jury trials in Scotland. Both have an impact in respect of human rights.
Turning to the first, the complaint is that the police across England and Wales have in some cases been disproportionate in their dealing with the public when attempting to manage the restrictions around movement. The example shown was the uploading of videos onto social media depicting people walking around the Peak District. The captions simply asked whether the trip was necessary.
The government guidance is pretty clear regarding staying at home but perhaps is a little less clear about travelling to a location to partake in exercise. I must admit though I am a little perplexed at the accusation of heavy handedness. The Human Rights Act 1998 provides for a right to life and it has been held that the government and its agencies have a positive obligation to facilitate this. There are of course some caveats as it would be almost impossible to ensure this in all circumstances. There is no doubt that people are dying from Covid-19. The approach to enforce social distancing, presently predominantly through information and the reliance on responsibility and good will, seems to be the only current viable approach to combating this killer. The curtailment of some Human Rights is it seems necessary to ensure the greater good and to preserve life. The latter of course is a primary duty that most police officers would recognise. The greater good for the many is it seems compatible with a key principle of human rights.
Turning to the second news article. The right to a fair trial is a fundamental human right. The suspension of a jury may be against longstanding legal principles but, the Human Rights Act does not specify that the trial should be before a jury, merely an independent judge. The argument could be made that trials should be suspended but this might be impinging on rights in respect of defendants being held in custody awaiting trial. The convening of a jury would flout the rationale behind current legislation in place to enforce social distancing and would quite simply be contrary to obligations to protect life.
The notions of utilitarianism are often viewed as in conflict with individual rights and therefore the Human Rights Act. Many see the two as incompatible, one relates to the many and the other the individual. This argument though fails to have vision, it is not truly consequentialist. Human Rights are utilitarian in their very nature. Is it not to the greater good that people have a right to life, a right to freedom of association, a right to a fair trail to name but a few? Should it not be considered that every individual case that is examined under the Human Rights Act has consequences for the many as well as the individual? A breach of the Act if unchallenged opens the way for abuses by governments and their agencies, it is utilitarian in nature, it is there for the greater good, not just the individual circumstances that are being examined. But should we also not consider that there is a need to prioritise rights, particularly in the circumstances the country and world finds itself in? Some parts of the Act are in clearly on occasions, incompatible with others. Curtailment of some freedoms and rights is necessary for the greater good but more importantly, it is necessary to save lives, perhaps even the life of the individual complaining of the curtailment. We can but hope that amidst all of this, good sense prevails.
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Sri Lankan Expatriate Catholic Community is a vibrant cultural group in the Province of Ontario contributing to the prosperity of the province and the Canadian Nation even as it is an important cultural community with its own indigenous heritage, culture and identity in the social fabric of multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious Sri Lanka.
As such, expatriate Sri Lankan Catholics have expressed a genuine desire and a need to form an organization that would represent them and become their voice in the Province of Ontario and in the Canadian Nation to impress their identity as a cultural community that merit the attention of both provincial and federal authorities.


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Uit Kust Wiki
Versie door Daphnisd op 1 jul 2009 om 16:37
Bioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of a certain chemical into the living tissue of an organism from its environment. This accumulation may result from direct absorption from the environment or from ingestion of food particles. Bioaccumulation is one of the factors used to asses the environmental hazard of a chemical. Chemicals with a higher tendancy towards bioaccumulation form a greater hazard.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Economy: capitalism and price mechanism essay
In economics, the market mechanism is a mechanism by which the use of money exchanged by these policies will influence demand by price adjustments through taxes and charges and through adjustments to the essays in positive economics (1953) capitalism and freedom (1962) a monetary history of the united. How price mechanism solves the central economic problems in a capitalist economy (3 ways) article shared by when the demand of particular goods increases, its price will increase other thing related essays: 5 major limitations of. Economy and the future of capitalism in highlighting the importance of trust, this essay adds which relies on the price mechanism, and the hierarchy. Once you get the cost/price integration mechanism in place, then the market should green capitalism's bottom line is that it promises a growing economy that.
A critique of rubin's essays on marx's theory of value not a picture of the historical transition from simple commodity to capitalist economy only then the law of production price will be that mechanism, through which the. A capitalist economy has no central planning authority to decide as to what, how and for demand and supply or the price mechanism to solve its central problems let us write you a custom essay sample on how the central problems are. The price mechanism describes the means by which millions of decisions taken by consumers and businesses interact to determine the allocation of scarce. From volume 8 of essays on liberty, published in 1961 by the foundation for economic it makes every capitalist direct his own small share of the economy the free price mechanism, by preventing waste and by giving swift directions to.
The theories of socialism and capitalism have been competing for more than a century of supply, demand and price is sometimes called the market mechanism john stuart mill's essay on liberty set out to establish that the only valid. Capitalism, communism, economy system, free market, enterprise, government's price mechanism works as follows, prices respond to shortages and. In economics, a price mechanism is the manner in which the prices of goods or services affect the supply and demand of goods and services, principally by the.
Capitalism which dominate the global economy: enterprise, social and collective is a self-regulating mechanism [smith's 'invisible hand']' (heywood: 2002: 180) development, maximum social welfare, innovation and equitable prices. Read this essay on price mechanism islamic perspective it sharply from capitalism or any system, which celebrates individual freedom islamic economics. The capitalists, the enterprisers, and the farmers are instrumental in the conduct of economic affairs they are at the helm and steer the ship but they are not free.
This chapter aims to introduce the political economy of capitalism in order under capitalism, the price mechanism is used as a signaling system which. Free market capitalism is the only economic mechanism compatible with matic fall in the price (in real terms) of items such as televisions, radios this essay was first published by the warwick university conservative association, in 1984. While globalization improved the efficiency of the capitalist economy and brought which places its faith in the "invisible hand" of the price mechanism, is collected in essays on the great depression (princeton: princeton. Blue print of the natural mechanisms of a free economy unfolded in his inquiry into the nature this essay assumes and tries to make the case that capitalism is based upon recognition of the price mechanism as a regulatory force and key.
Capitalism and freedom is the product of a lecture series given by milton cannot because its price has become prohibitive, my personal freedom is curtailed to explore alternative effective mechanisms for the separation of economic and. Marx and his disciples disparagingly called it "the capitalist mode of took on the critics in his essay "economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth for example, by allowing the price mechanism to function in the. Free essay: in a perfect economy the price mechanism can give a perfect allocation of resources: what is demanded is produced, changes in demand lead to.
Marx's capital, like classical political economy from adam smith to john stuart an immense social mechanism for the centralization of capitals (marx, 1894, ch in chapter 15 of his book ("price determination in the capitalist monopoly capital: an essay on the american economic and social order. This episode of the economic lowdown podcast series explains these concepts and doesn't self-interest lead to price gouging, corruption and cheating. Although economic inequality is endemic to capitalism, data what are the mechanisms within capitalism that exacerbate inequalities of income or wealth hugely in their capacities to influence prices and other outcomes. See aglietta, a theory of capitalist regulation, pp corresponded a shift from a market economy, where the price mechanism guided small individual units,.
Capitalism is an economic system characterised by: lack of goods and services distributed according to price mechanism (as opposed to. Definition: price mechanism refers to the system where the forces of demand and supply determine the prices of commodities and the changes therein it is the. Determining and changes in the price through price mechanism can allocate resources resources move towards where they are in the. Political economy, concisely comprises fifty-eight essays that appeared in electronic in vain do many defenders of the capitalist order argue that its prodigious ordinary market mechanisms produce and distribute the national income, but their tariffs (prices) are a prime subject of democratic politics raising them is.Download economy: capitalism and price mechanism essay


text: The use of the wire arc spray process for the production of zinc and aluminum coatings as corrosion protection represents a rapidly growing market. In this paper, the effects of various spray parameters on the performance of the process for these materials are examined. The effects of arc voltage, current, and wire diameter have been studied for their effects on the main factors affecting process performance, spray performance, and application efficiency. The results of this study have led to the development of a spray system or a power supply to maximize the performance of the process for corrosion protection applications. Paper includes a German-language abstract.


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Delta Smelt & Longfin Smelt Physiology
Delta and longfin smelt are two threatened forage fish species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta that used to be among the most abundant fishes in the region. However, over the last decade, their populations have declined to historical lows and an apparent collapse in their populations in 2015 where no Delta smelt and only three longfin smelt were caught in the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's Summer Townet Survey and Fall Midwater Trawl, respectively, has even triggered discussion of their potential for extinction. Our lab aims to understand the physiological responses of these two smelt species to the various environmental conditions to better inform conservation management decisions in the region.
Thermal and Ionoregulatory Physiology of Delta and Longfin Smelt Larvae - PhD Candidate Yuzo Yanagitsuru
Fish larvae commonly experience over 90% mortality in nature. Thus, the larval life stage is considered one of the most sensitive periods in a fish's life. Delta and longfin smelt larvae inhabit the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta where they experience a variable thermal and saline environment that is threatened with warmer and saltier water as climate change progresses. In order to properly manage these species, it is crucial that we understand how these two environmental stressors affect this critical life period of these two smelt species. This project will elucidate how both thermal and saline stressors affect the growth, development, and ability to maintain physiological balance, particularly water/ionic balance, in delta and longfin smelt larvae.
Delta Smelt Caging Study - Collaboration with California Department of Water Resources
Working with the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR), our lab is trying to investigate possible methods of propagating the endangered Delta smelt within their native range, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. With the help of our UC Davis civil engineering team, we have tested different screen materials and cage designs to create a deployable cage for field study. CDWR has deployed these cages containing juvenile Delta smelt from the UC Davis Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory (FCCL) within multiple study sites throughout the Delta. The main goal is to examine survival and growth of Delta Smelt within these cages to determine the effectiveness of this management tool.


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What is BPMN?
Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) is a methodology for business process modelling. It supports the
specification of business processes in a graphical notation (Business Process Diagram) based on the concept of
activity diagrams from the Unified Modelling Language (UML).
The aim of BPMN is to provide a standard notation that can be understood by all business stakeholders in a business, including both technical and business users, yet in a form that is able to represent complex process semantics. Business stakeholders include the business analysts who develop and update the processes, the developers responsible for the technical implementation of the processes, and the business managers who monitor and manage the processes.
BPMN strives to bridge the gap that frequently occurs between business process design and implementation by means of a common language familiar to both but limited to modelling related to business processes only. As such, modelling areas not covered by BPMN include Organisational Structures, Functional Breakdowns and Data Models.
A standard Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) provides businesses with the capability of understanding their internal business procedures in a graphical notation and will give organizations the ability to communicate these procedures in a standard manner. Furthermore, the graphical notation will facilitate the understanding of the performance collaborations and business transactions between the organizations. This will ensure that businesses will understand themselves and participants in their business and will enable organizations to adjust to new internal and B2B business circumstances quickly.
BPMN contains diagrams with graphical elements. The four elements are as follows:
- BPMN Flow Objects
- Events, Activities, Gateways
- BPMN Connecting Objects
- Sequence Flow, Message Flow, Association
- BPMN Swimlanes
- Pool, Lane
- BPMN Artifacts
- Data Object, Group, Annotation
These are combined to produce a business process diagram (BPD) as shown below:
To understand how to implement BPMN and produce Business Process Diagrams using BPMN, book a seat on our Business Process Modelling using BPMN Training Course or the Business Process Modelling using BPMN 2.0 training course.


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Ornithologists "hit jackpot" on sightings of Critically Endangered bird
Damascus, Syria: A small expedition team travelling across Syria today announced the discovery of the largest wintering population of one of Eurasia's most endangered birds, the Sociable Lapwing.
Previous estimates placed the global population of this Critically Endangered species at between 400 and 1500 individuals. However the expedition team reported seeing over 1200 birds in one day and over 1500 in total during the trip, all within a few grassland sites in Northern Syria.
The finding gives tremendous encouragement to conservationists working to save the bird across Central Asia (where it is a summer resident) and the Middle East (where the bird winters).
"It's a finding that every ornithologist dreams of when starting out on an expedition like this." said Remco Hofland, a Dutch ornithologist who led the Syrian Sociable Lapwing Team, made up of Dutch and Syrian birdwatchers. "We had spent the morning looking at a number of areas that were yielding good numbers of the species; almost 400. We were delighted - here we were looking at one of the rarest birds on Earth, and in such good numbers!"
"It was after these that we looked at one more area, which turned out to be the jackpot. Our team split into two and we saw 838 Sociable Lapwings, of which 700 were from a single vantage point." Remco said.
"It's an incredible discovery, which gives real encouragement to global conservation efforts to save this Critically Endangered species," —Dr Stuart Butchart, Global Species Programme Coordinator, BirdLife International
"It's an incredible discovery, which gives real encouragement to global conservation efforts to save this Critically Endangered species," said Dr Stuart Butchart, Global Species Programme Coordinator at BirdLife International. "Site protection is the crucial next step though: species that rely on a few small sites are particularly vulnerable to change – if this site isn't adequately protected then the continued survival of Sociable Lapwing remains uncertain."
The two major causes of biodiversity loss in the Syrian desert are illegal hunting and habitat degradation – both of which are thought to pose a threat to Sociable Lapwing in the region. Conservationists in the Middle East are now working urgently to ensure that the wintering population can be afforded immediate protection from these twin threats.
"In order to safeguard this newly-discovered wintering population of Sociable Lapwing we have had to act quickly, working with local government agencies and the Syrian Society for the Conservation of Wildlife to help secure the site and its vitally important bird populations," said Sharif Jbour of BirdLife Middle East, who are among those coordinating actions in the region.
The expedition by the Syrian Sociable Lapwing Team was partly funded via a number of organisations: the RSPB (through a grant from the UK government's Darwin Initiative), the Ornithological Society of the Middle East and the Dutch Van Tienhoven Foundation.
For further information and photos:
UK & International: Jules Howard, Communications Officer, BirdLife International. Tel: +44 (0)1223 279809; Mobile: +44 (0)7971069098; email: _EMAIL_
 Globally, the Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius has suffered a very rapid population decline – halving between 1960 and 1987. In recent years these declines are thought to have worsened, resulting in its Critically Endangered status.
 Conservationists are also working with the Syrian government to protect a colony of rare northern bald ibis which breed in Palmyra each year. Yesterday, it was announced that two bald ibis, fitted with satellite tags last year, have returned to Palmyra. Scientists will step up their protection using data from the tracking devices.


Tyrone receives the message he can retrieve the message by using Alan's public key, Ka+(Ka-(m)) and retrieves the original message "m".
To summarize:
 - Alan has a message "m" which he encrypts with his private key Kato get encrypted message Ka-(m).
 - Tyrone then uses Alan's public key Ka+ to decrypt the encrypted message Ka+(Ka-(m)) to get the original message "m".
Check out this diagram for a visual representation:
public key cryptography
Verification: If the encrypted message gets decrypted by using Alan's public key then it verifies 100% beyond proof that Alan was the one who sent the message.
Non-Forgeable: If someone, say, Bob, intercepts the message and sends his own message with his private key, Alan's public key won't decrypt it. Alan's public key can only decrypt messages encrypted with his private key.
Non-Repudiable: Similarly, if Alan says something like, "I didn't send the message, Bob did" and Tyrone is able to decrypt the message using Alan's public key, then this shows that Alan is lying. This way he can't take back the message that he sent and put the blame on anyone else.
Applications in cryptocurrency: Now suppose Alan is sending some transaction "m" to Tyrone. He will first hash his transactions using a hash function. And then encrypt it using his private key. Tyrone knows that he is getting a transaction "m", so he can then decrypt the message using Alan's public key and compare the hashes of the of the resulting decryption with the hash of the transaction "m" that he has already. As hash functions are deterministic and will always give the same output to the same input, Tyrone can easily determine that Alan did indeed send that exact same transaction and there was no malpractice involved.
In simpler terms:
 - Alan has a transaction "m" and Tyrone knows that he is getting "m" as well.
 - Alan hashes m to get h(m).
 - Alan encrypts the hash with his private key to get Ka-(h(m)).
 - Alan sends the encrypted data to Tyrone,
 - Tyrone uses Alan's public key to decrypt Ka+(Ka-(h(m))) to get the original hash h(m).
 - Tyrone can then hash the "m" that he originally had to get h(m).
 - If h(m) = h(m), as it should be because hash functions are deterministic, then this means that the transaction was free of malpractice.
Proof Of Work
When miners "mine" to form new blocks to add to the blockchain, the consensus system by which the blocks get approved and added is called "proof-of-work". Miners use heavy duty computational power to solve cryptographical puzzles to satisfy a difficulty level. This is one of the most path-breaking mechanisms in blockchain technology. Earlier decentralized peer-to-peer digital currency systems used to fail because of something called the "Byzantine General's Problem". The proof-of-work consensus system finally provided a solution to this problem.
What is the Byzantine General's Problem?
byzantine general Problem
Ok so imagine that there is a group of Byzantine generals and they want to attack a city. They are facing two very distinct problems:
In order to make successful coordination, the armies on the left of the castle send a messenger to the armies on the right of the castle with a message that says "ATTACK WEDNESDAY." However, suppose the armies on the right are not prepared for the attack and say, "NO. ATTACK FRIDAY" and send back the messenger through the city back to the armies on the left. This is where we face a problem. A number of things can happen to the poor messenger. He could get captured, compromised, killed and replace with another messenger by the city. This would lead to the armies getting tampered information which may result in an uncoordinated attack and defeat.
 - If the hash conditions are satisfied, they will send the messenger with the hash of the message. If not, then they will keep on changing the value of the nonce randomly until they get the desired result. This action is extremely tedious and time-consuming and takes a lot of computation power.
However, there is a possible loophole.
No hash function is 100% collision-free. So what if the city gets the message, tampers with it and then accordingly change the nonce until they get the desired result which has the required number of 0s? This will be extremely time-consuming but it is still possible. To counter this, the generals are going to use strength in numbers.
Suppose, instead of just one general on the left sending messages to one general on the right, there are 3 generals on the left who have to send a message to the ones on the right. In order to do that, they can make their own message and then hash the cumulative message and then append a nonce to the resulting hash and hash it again. This time, they want a message which starts with six 0s.
Obviously, this is going to be extremely time-consuming, but this time, if the messenger does get caught by the city, the amount of time that they will take to tamper the cumulative message and then find the corresponding nonce for the hash will be infinitely more. It may even take years. So, eg. if instead of one messenger, the generals send multiple messengers, by the time the city is even halfway through the computation process they will get attacked and destroyed.
The generals on the right have it pretty easy. All they have to do is to append the message with the correct nonce that will be given to them, hash them, and see whether the hash matches or not. Hashing a string is very easy to do. That, in essence, is the process behind proof-of-work.
 - The process of finding the nonce for the appropriate hash target should be extremely difficult and time-consuming.
 - However, the process of checking the result to see if no malpractice has been committed should be very simple.
Zero Knowledge Proofs.
What is a zero knowledge proof (zkp)? ZKP basically means that a person A can prove to person B that they have knowledge of a certain piece of information without telling them what that knowledge specifically is. In this example, the person A is the prover and the person B is a verifier. In cryptography, this becomes especially useful because this helps in proving an extra layer of privacy for the prover.
For a ZKP to work it needs to satisfy certain parameters:
 - Soundness: If the prover is is dishonest, they can't convince the verifier of the soundness of the statement by lying.
An example of a ZKP is the Alibaba cave, let's see how it works. In this example, the prover (P) is saying to the verifier(V) that they know the password of the secret door at the back of the cave and they want to prove it to the verifier without actually telling them the password. So this is what it looks like:
What is CryptoeconomicsThe Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: Scott Twombly (YouTube channel)
What is the application of ZKP in blockchain?
Many blockchain based technologies are using Zk-Snarks, in fact, even Ethereum in its Metropolis phase is planning to bring in Zk-Snarks and add it to its arsenal. Zk-Snarks stands for "Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge" and it proves a computational fact about the data without revealing the data itself.
They can be used to generate a proof of statement to verify each and every transaction by just taking a simple snapshot of each transaction which is enough to prove to the receiving side that a transaction was done without revealing the transaction itself.
This achieves two things:
 - The integrity and privacy of the transaction is maintained.
 - By not revealing the inner workings of the entire transaction the system maintain abstraction which makes it infinitely easier to use.
So these are some of the important cryptographical functions which are being used by the blockchain. Now let us look at the second pillar, Economics.
Like we mentioned in the beginning, the place where blockchain differs from other decentralized peer-to-peer system is that it gives its users financial and economic incentives to get some work done. Like with any solid economic system, there should be incentives and rewards for people to get work done, similarly, there should be a punishment system for miners who do not act ethically or do not do a good job. We will see how the blockchain incorporates all these basic economic fundamentals.
Must Read: Cryptocurrency Game Theory
There are two sets of incentives that participants in the blockchain have:
Incentive Set #1
 - Tokens: The actors who actively participate and contribute to the blockchain get assigned cryptocurrencies for their efforts.
 - Privileges: Actors get the decision-making rights which gives them the right to charge rent. Eg. Miners who mine a new block become the temporary dictator of the block and decide which transactions go in. They can charge transaction fees to include transactions within the block itself.
Incentive Set #2
 - Rewards: Good participants get a monetary reward or decision-making responsibility for doing well.
 - Punishments: Bad participants have to pay a monetary fine or they have their rights taken away for behaving badly
How do cryptocurrencies have value?
Cryptocurrencies have value because of the same reason that money, in general, has value, trust. When people trust a commodity and give it value, it becomes a currency, that's the same reason why fiat has value and why gold had value in the first place. So when a given commodity is given value, the value changes in accordance with one of the oldest rules in economics, called Supply


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Ring Culture Pots
Traditional Ring Culture is where Bottomless Plant Pots are rested on a bed of porous aggregate (such as gravel). By following the Ring Culture method you avoid root diseases and you allow roots access to a large amount of moist material - this is why Ring Culture Pots are ideal when growing greenhouse crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and aubergines that are susceptible to soil-borne problems.
You can adapt the traditional method of ring culture to get the best crops from your grow bags. Simply position three Bottomless Pots on top of the grow bag - removing the polythene under each pot so the plants roots can grow straight into the bag. Plant into the Bottomless Pots. As your plants grow simply top up the pots with more compost - this encourages the growth of extra roots out of the covered stem - resulting in stronger plants. Growing plants in this way you can also create a two tier root system - by watering into the pot and into the grow bag.


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Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations - Wildfire Management Branch
Fire-Fighting Aircraft FAQ
What types of aircraft are used in wildfire suppression?
The answer is found on the following pages:
What is the material dropped by aircraft at a fire?
The answer is found on the following page:
What is the difference between an air tanker and a water bomber?
Air tankers are land-based aircraft which leave the base with a load of fire retardant and must return to the base for additional loads. Water bombers are amphibious aircraft that skim over large water bodies and scoop up water which is then dropped on the fire. The B.C. Forest Service uses air tankers almost exclusively.
All air tankers have basically the same function on a fire, however, some will have more carrying capacity than others.


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High stakes conversations over virtual platforms, leading in a virtual world
Susan Steinbrecher gives leaders great techniques for navigating constructive feedback over virtual platforms.
Meaningful Alignment refers to any conversation involving two or more people where alignment and deep understanding are vital to a successful outcome. More specifically, we are referring to the high-stakes interactions we have at times where emotions run high, and viewpoints are often not aligned. These types of conversations are challenging in the best of times. Throw in a global pandemic and a remote working environment and the word challenging becomes an understatement. But why?
It is natural for humans to focus on the negative. It's in our DNA. When you add in the chronic stress created by something like a Covid-19, there is an increase of negativity bias. Team members are more prone to hear what you say and take it in a negative light or focus on the negative part of your message.
When you are giving constructive feedback in person, it is easier to adjust your communication style to the seriousness of the message and to the non-verbal cues you are receiving. In-person, you have the opportunity to set the stage. You decide where to deliver this message – like in a conference room or in a private office. These options are off the table in a virtual world. It is increasingly difficult to read non-verbal cues across the screen.
By our basic nature, most people have difficulty handling emotionally charged conversations. Our capacity to manage emotions, resolve conflict, and create meaningful alignment with others is not innate — it must be learned. Few people have been trained to focus on emotional management skills, however, a lack of these coping abilities can lead to damaged relationships and career setbacks.
Here are 5 techniques to overcome these challenges and keep you and your team aligned and on-track.
ASK QUESTIONS: Start out by getting the other person's perspective on how they thought the project or meeting went. This will give you insight into their experience and perspective. They may recognize once they express their thoughts out loud, what they need to improve on making it easier to address.
SAY THANKS BEFORE CRITIQUING: Research shows that recipients receive constructive feedback better when they are told specifically what they did well and before they are told what they could improve on. This isn't news here, but still a good reminder.
SHARE YOUR MOTIVATIONS: Make sure the other person realizes why you are giving them this feedback – to help them and your team move forward. You are interested in their growth. Sharing this information will go a long way regarding how they will receive your message.
CLARIFY AND CONTRAST: Using contrasting statements creates clarity when giving feedback. For example," What I am saying is that I'm concerned with all that is on your plate. What I am NOT saying is that you lack the skills or ability to do the job. Framing the communication this way prevents any negative spins or doubts that the other person might entertain.
RECAP: At the end of your conversation, ask the other person to give you what their takeaways are. This will give you insight on how that person is receiving the information – with negativity bias or not. If they are looking at the information in a negative light, then you have the opportunity to course-correct and invite them to reexamine or reconsider the message that you sent.
How well do you handle emotionally charged, high-stakes conversations? Take the Interpersonal Dialogue Profile™ assessment and find out!
I hope this information is helpful for you! We have spent many years studying the world of conflict and helping people master not only meaningful alignment conversations but specifically applying these skills in a virtual environment. We would like to help you too! Feel free to reach out. We would love to hear your stories.
Feel free to reach out with a question!
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The Victims of Jack the Ripper
It is not known for certain how many victims Jack the Ripper actually had, although there is a general consensus that there were 5 victims.
The problem with regards the exact number is that the generic police file that cover the Jack the Ripper murders, the Whitechapel Murders file, actually has eleven names on it.
Some of these may have been victims of the ripper other most certainly were not.
Emma Elizabeth Smith, who was attacked in early April 1888, and who was the first lady whose name appeared on the Whitechapel Murders file, was almost certainly the victim of a local gang and therefore not a victim of the killer whom we now know as Jack the Ripper.
In early August 1888 Martha Turner was found murdered on a first floor landing of George Yard Buildings. There is still a considerable amount of debate as to whether or not she was a ripper victim.
Those who say that she wasn't argue that her injuries were different to those suffered by the five acknowledged victims. Indeed, the nature of her injuries were more of a frenzied knife attack as opposed to the more calculated mutilations inflicted on the bodies of the five later victims.
Those who believe that Martha may well have been Jack the Ripper's first actual victim argue that her killer most certainly targeted her throat and abdomen, just as the ripper did with his later victims, and that a this may have been a learning curve for the murderer in that, whoever was responsible, would have been left covered in blood. This may have led him to have developed the modus operandi that became his hallmark by which he asphyxiated his victims before commencing the mutilations, a method that would have resulted in minimal blood spattering.
The five definite ripper murders began on 31st August 1888 with the murder of Mary Nichols in Buck's Row, Whitechapel.
This crime was followed a week later by the murder of Annie Chapman on 8th September in Hanbury Street.
On the 30th September 1888, and after an absence of several week, the killer struck twice in less than an hour, killing Elizabeth Stride in Berner Street and Catherine Eddowes in Mitre Square.
The, on 9th November 1888, the body of Mary Kelly was found in her room at 13 Miller's Court off Dorset Street.
There were later murders that may have been the ripper's work, but many of the police at the time, and many experts today, believed and believe that Mary Kelly was the last of Jack the Ripper's victims.


hovers their mouse over an HTML element (like a button)
 - A user scrolls down to read the rest of an article
 - A user clicks a button
 - A user starts typing into an field
There are many more events that can occur, but if I had to pick the most common one based on my experience, it would be a "click" event.
But how do we work with these "events"?
So far, you know how we can identify a single HTML element within the HTML document by using the DOM. Once you have identified that element, you can assign it to a variable.
const myButton = document.querySelector('_TAG_-1');
Hint: within the Codepen editor for this HTML example, you can right-click and "Inspect Element" to get to the console still. I suggest doing so and following along here!
The variable myButton now represents an Element, which has properties, methods, and events attached to it. I suggest you take a look at each for a minute or two:
In other words, we have a really powerful JavaScript object that we can use to make our HTML document come to life!
There are two ways that we can register an "event listener" on this specific HTML element.
Here's the first:
const myButton = document.querySelector('_TAG_-1');// eventObj is automatically passed as an argument to this callback function function respondToClick(eventObj) { const randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); console.log('The random number is:'+ randomNum);}// Pass in a callback function for this click eventmyButton.addEventListener('click', respondToClick);
And here's the second:
Go ahead, paste these code snippets (one at a time of course) in the JavaScript section of this Codepen.
There is nothing remarkable about what we are doing here. We select an element from our HTML document using the DOM (document.querySelector()), write a function that prints a random number to the console, and then instruct our HTML element, myButton to respond to click events by running that function, respondToClick().
You might ask, how did I know to pass in click to the addEventListener() method, or how did I know to use onclick in the second version?
The easiest way to learn about events is by reading through the Events Reference page on MDN. I suggest clicking around (no pun intended) in that documentation for a few minutes to get a sense of what events are available to you in the browser as a developer.
Step 3: Add an element to the HTML Document Programmatically
We're almost there! We now just have to adapt our respondToClick function so that it will add a new p element to the DOM every time the button is clicked. We don't need to get fancy; let's just add a p tag with the same text that we are currently printing to the Console.
In order to do this, we'll need to use some DOM methods that help us modify the existing HTML document and its elements. Let's take a look at the reference for the document object. You can find it here.
Remember, document is the "global" object and represents the "entry point into the web page's content". Since our HTML document is rather small in this case, we can use this global object to insert p tags at the end of the content. Here are the methods we'll need to make this happen:
 - Document.createElement() - Allows us to create a new p HTML element (i.e. it will initialize something like )
 - Document.createTextNode() - Allows us to create the text which we will insert into our new element
 - Node.appendChild() - Allows us to add our new "text node" to our new paragraph element ()
Let's see how it works:
const myButton = document.querySelector('_TAG_-1');// eventObj is automatically passed as an argument to this callback function function respondToClick(eventObj) { // Generate some random text const randomNum = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100); const pContent = 'The random number is:'+ randomNum; // Initialize a 'p' tag - const newElement = document.createElement('p'); // Initialize some text content const newTextNode = document.createTextNode(pContent); // Insert the text content between and from the element we initialized earlier newElement.appendChild(newTextNode); // Insert the new 'p' element at the end of the HTML tag document.body.appendChild(newElement);}// Pass in a callback function for this click eventmyButton.addEventListener('click', respondToClick);
And now, when we click the button, it inserts a new element to the HTML document!
You can see the working Pen here.
Navigating an HTML Document
Let's return to the HTML document we looked at previously.
The example we just walked through was wide, but not deep. While we covered how to select, insert, and respond to events, we did not talk about techniques for parsing through an HTML document. For example, how would we...
 - Select and modify the second item of the list?
 - Add a fourth element to the list?
 - Add another p element after the second p element?
To accomplish this, we need to remember that every HTML document is just a "tree".
dom tree
Furthermore, if we connect the dots a little bit, we can recognize that "sibling" nodes in an HTML document might make sense to store in an Array. Let's see that in action.
Selecting "children" elements
Our first task is to modify the second element of our list. To do this, I'm thinking we do the following:
 1. Find a way to identify the list within the HTML document
 2. Find a way to select an individual element from the list
Based on what we have talked about, I would not expect you to know how to do this yet. The purpose here is to get you into the "DOM mindset" and expose you to some common ways that you might use the DOM API in your projects.
So let's start by identifying that list within our HTML document. There are MANY ways that we can do so, but I'll start with the most logical one.
Since we only have one ul tag in the entire document, we can use a basic query selector.
const list = document.querySelector('ul');
As with any tutorial, my goal is to make you self sufficient, so the first question we should be asking here is, "what type of node is this?". With the DOM, it is often tough to know what type of node you are dealing with whether that be a text node, attribute node, or element node. If at any point you don't know what you're working with, here's how you figure it out.
const list = document.querySelector('ul');console.log(list.nodeType); // 1
You can use the nodeType property that exists on ALL nodes. But what does 1 represent? Here's a table that tells you. In this case, we are working with an Element. From this information, we can visit the Element documentation and take a look at some of the properties and methods available to us.
If you visit the Element docs, you'll see that one of the available properties on an Element node is children. Since the li tags are "children" to the ul "container" tag, this seems like a property that might help us.
element children
As you can see, it's kind of like an Array, but not quite. Go ahead and take a look at the HTMLCollection documentation. While here, you'll notice that there is a method called item(), which we can pass an "array index" to get a certain element from the HTMLCollection "Array".
const list = document.querySelector('ul');// Remember, arrays are "zero-indexed"const secondListItem = list.children.item(1);
Now that we have identified our element, all we have to do is modify it. In this case, secondListItem is an Element type, which has an editable property called textContent. Let's use this to change the value of the second element in our list.
const list = document.querySelector('ul');// Remember, arrays are "zero-indexed"const secondListItem = list.children.item(1);secondListItem.textContent = 'a new value';
Awesome! We have modified the second element of HTML list.
Now here's something important to remember–the change you just made is temporary. If you are rendering static HTML code in the browser, JavaScript cannot directly edit it. Once you refresh the page, your second list item will return to the original value. Knowing this, you might ask, "if the changes are temporary, what's the point?". This is a tough question to answer at our current level of understanding, but a very good question. The answer will reveal itself to you as we get deeper into this series, but here's my short answer–the user needs to see changes in real time. If your user has to wait 2 seconds or even refresh the page every time he/she takes an action, the user experience will be poor.
Creating elements
Our next goal is to add a fourth element to our list. Remember, our ul list is an Element, which has properties and methods that we can use. But if you read through its documentation, you probably won't find anything that helps us here...
And this brings up a very important (but kind of confusing) concept–inheritance. Remember how I talked about how everything in the "DOM Tree" is a "node"? Well, I meant it. It doesn't matter whether we are working with an Element


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Some airlines are much more successful at optimizing efficiency than others. This study is far from the first to rank airlines on sustainability, but few predecessors have accounted for passenger volumes and all five efficiency drivers to provide as accurate a rating on real-world emissions per passenger per mile.
Among the 20 largest airlines by passenger volume, the cleanest, Ryanair, uses barely more than a third the fuel to transport its average passenger one mile compared to the least efficient, American Eagle.
From a business perspective, as from an environmental one, this is nontrivial - higher efficiency is a boon that allows airlines to pass financial and environmental savings on to their customers.
Ryanair succeeds by ranking first or second for efficiency in load factor and seating density, while runner-up Cathay Pacific ranks first on aircraft fuel economy, distance, and freight share.
It should be kept in mind that while enormous efficiency variation exists among airlines, the same is true within each airline. While the airline averages presented here are insightful in understanding air travel dynamics, using them in calculations for any specific flight commits the same error as failing to account for efficiency variation in the first place


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Learning Discriminative Stein Kernel for SPD Matrices and Its Applications
Stein kernel (SK) has recently shown promising performance on classifying images represented by symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices. It evaluates the similarity between two SPD matrices through their eigenvalues. In this paper, we argue that directly using the original eigenvalues may be problematic because: 1) eigenvalue estimation becomes biased when the number of samples is inadequate, which may lead to unreliable kernel evaluation, and 2) more importantly, eigenvalues reflect only the property of an individual SPD matrix. They are not necessarily optimal for computing SK when the goal is to discriminate different classes of SPD matrices. To address the two issues, we propose a discriminative SK (DSK), in which an extra parameter vector is defined to adjust the eigenvalues of input SPD matrices. The optimal parameter values are sought by optimizing a proxy of classification performance. To show the generality of the proposed method, three kernel learning criteria that are commonly used in the literature are employed as a proxy. A comprehensive experimental study is conducted on a variety of image classification tasks to compare the proposed DSK with the original SK and other methods for evaluating the similarity between SPD matrices. The results demonstrate that the DSK can attain greater discrimination and better align with classification tasks by altering the eigenvalues. This makes it produce higher classification performance than the original SK and other commonly used methods.


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An aqueous antifreeze solution is 58.0% ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) by mass. The density of the solution is 1.075 g/cm3. Calculate molality, molarity, and mole fraction of ethylene glycol.
y=x is a particular solution for 2(x^2)y''+xy'+y=0 find the full solution
2 Hailstone Sequences [12 marks] A hailstone sequence is a sequence of integers found by applying the following rule: Hailstone Iteration: For an integer n in a hailstone sequence, the next item in the sequence is 3n + 1 if n is odd, or n / 2 if n is even. For example, the...
which of the following statements describes an aspect of the U.S. Constitution that makes it a conservative document that limited cultural change?
WHY DOES THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A SOLUTION CHANGE OVERNIGHT
The indicator propyl red has Ka = 3.3 10-6. What would be the approximate pH range over which it would change color?


to return "a double value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0" That is, inclusive of 0.0 but exclusive of 1.0
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It's theoretically possible for math.random() to return a zero value, but in the real world, you can count on it virtually never happening.
I once ran my pc for a week straight waiting for one, it generated about ten trillion random numbers, no zeros.
But more directly, it is practically exclusive both ways.
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Not theoretically possible, but completely possible. See the answer provided by _USER_ and the comments. – Amru E. Nov 15 '13 at 17:58
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By World Health Organization
Read Online or Download Injury Surveillance Guidelines PDF
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Opium medicines tradition experiences Drug coverage Poppy
Texas has a wide inhabitants who has lived on either side of the border and created a folkloric combine that makes Texas distinct. each side of the Border will get its identify from its emphasis on lately researched Tex-Mex folklore. yet we realize that Texas has different borders along with the Rio Grande. We use that name with the folklorist's wisdom that each one of this state's songs, stories, and traditions have lived and prospered at the different facets of Texas borders at one time or one other earlier than they crossed the rivers and turned "ours.
- Surly Tim, and other Stories
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Extra info for Injury Surveillance Guidelines
Note that it asks some open-ended questions. These require further work by records clerks, who extract and code information from the forms after others have filled them out. • Appendix J: is an emergency room registration form used in Servicio de Emergencias, Hospital Santiago Jinotepe, Nicaragua. This form gives fixed choices for answers, with codes attached. • Appendix K: is a non-fatal injury surveillance form used in South African emergency rooms. 42 Injury Surveillance Guidelines This form uses most of the ICECI classifications and codes plus some additional ones, appropriate to unique national situations.
However, it is important that you use the classifications and sub-classifications as given in the ICECI. e. information relating to all injuries) are classified and coded according to the ICECI. Please note that variables belonging to the minimum data set are shown in tinted boxes, while those that are optional are in boxes with white backgrounds. 1), it is recommended that your core minimum data set comprise the following eight variables or "classes": identifier, age, sex, intent, place of occurrence, activity, nature of injury and mechanism of injury.
You may find your stakeholders amongst those agencies or individuals best placed to collect and process data and/or they may be those most in need of the data your system generates. To identify all potential stakeholders, ask yourself the following two questions. 1. Who wants to place injuries under surveillance? The answer to this question is likely to produce a list of potential stakeholders that includes health care workers, administrators and policy makers working for public agencies or for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with interests in health or injury issues.


Why the London Government Pays the Queen An Axe, a Knife, 6 Horseshoes and 61 Nails Every Year
Every October at the Royal Courts of Justice in London, a bizarre ritual is carried out. That's when an axe, a knife, six horseshoes and precisely 61 nails are given to the Queen's treasurer as taxes on two pieces of property that came into the crown's possession in 1211 and 1235. The two parcels have been part of the crown's holdings for so long that no one knows exactly where they are. The tax rate on them, however, hasn't changed for centuries. One piece of property, known simply as The Moors, is quite far from London in Shropshire, England. Rent for this is a knife and an axe. The second piece of property is near the Royal Courts of Justice in London. The rent on this property was and still is six horseshoes and 61 nails. The yearly ceremony is rarely reported upon and not heavily attended by the public. Still, it's a centuries-old ceremony that has been in place for English monarchs.


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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baize
|←Baius, Michael||1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 3
|See also Baize on Wikipedia, and our 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer.|
BAIZE (16th century Fr. baies, cf. English "bay"), a material probably named from its original colour, though a derivation is also suggested from the Fr. baie, as the cloth is said to have been originally dyed with Avignon berries. It is generally a coarse, woollen cloth with a long nap and is commonly dyed green or red. It is now also made of cotton. The manufacture is said to have been introduced into England in the 16th century by refugees from France and the Netherlands. It is used chiefly for curtains, linings, &c., and sometimes, in the lighter makes, for clothing. Table baize is a kind of oilcloth used as a cheap and easily-cleaned covering for tables.


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|Part of the myth series on|
|Pre-Islamic Arabian gods|
Abgal (cognate with the sumerian ab.gal, related to the akkadian apkallu, "ferryman") is a pre-Islamic north Arabian god, known from the Palmyrian desert regions as a god of Bedouins and camel drivers.
|This article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
- Jordan, Michael (July 1993). Encyclopedia of Gods: Over 2,500 Deities of the World. Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2909-9.
 Further reading
Javier Teixidor, The pantheon of Palmyra, Leiden: Brill, 1979, pp. 80-82


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The Panavia Tornado originated in the 1960s, when the UK was exploring the use of variable geometry aircraft. Britain got together with West Germany (as it then was), Italy and the Netherlands in 1969 to work jointly on developing an aircraft. The Netherlands soon dropped out when it became apparent that the aircraft being designed was too complex for their needs.
Before its final name was chosen it was known as the Multi Role Combat Aircraft and it was under this name that Airfix issued their first 1/72 kit of it in 1975, the year after the first prototype took to the air. The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and the German air force in 1979.
The current Airfix kit has markings for 111 Squadron
The F3 is the interceptor variant of the Tornado, although it wasn't designed for dogfighting but for dealing with long range Soviet bomber attacks. This was not of interest to the Italian (although the Italian air force did later buy some) and German partners in the project at the time so it was developed for the RAF alone. The first flight of the F2 version was in 1979 with the upgraded F3 version first flying in 1985. By the time of the Gulf War in 1991 the F3s were outdated and were confined to patrols back from the front line. Replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon they were retired from the RAF in March 2011 and all scrapped.
Agent Triple P never built a model of a Tornado as the plane didn't enter service until after we had stopped making model kits, By 1979 we were far more interested in redheads!


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Household Hazardous Waste
Disposal of Home-Generated Sharps (Needles, Syringes and Lancets)
As of September 1, 2008, California State Law prohibits throwing away sharps in the regular trash.
What are Sharps?
- Needles and Syringes
- Lancets (mainly used for diabetes testing)
- Other self-injection devices with sharp ends (such as EpiPens)
Why the New Law?
- Creates a safer home and work environment
- Less likely to spread germs & diseases often found in sharps
- Smaller chance of injury
What Do Resident Do?
- Make sure the sharps are kept in a closed sharps container or other similar plastic or metal puncture-resistant container with tight-fitting lid.
- See if your health care provider, hospital or pharmacy has a take-back program.
- Find out about mail-back programs from your physician or online at the California Department of Public Health (Fees apply).
- Take your sharps to an approved drop-off collection site or a household hazardous waste facility. For City of San Diego residents, when container is ¾ full, tape closed, label "Sharps," and make an appointment to drop containers off at the Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility.
What Do Businesses Do?


Fermilab's Search for Axions
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© Fermilab.
The GammeV experiment at Fermilab, shown here with two project scientists, is designed to detect axions. The experiment is an opportunistic use of a large magnet—the red rectangular object in the photograph—originally designed to be used in the Tevatron. The GammeV team realized that they could use the magnet to create axions, as it is theoretically possible for a photon from a laser beam in a strong magnetic field to turn into an axion. The scientists shine a green laser down the hollow center of the magnet and look for axions appearing at the other end of the experiment. (Unit: 10)


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Our goal is to provide safe, reliable gas service to our customers and ensure the safety of people living and/or working near our gas pipelines. Public awareness is a critical component of our overall safety program. Every employee of Suburban Natural Gas must be committed to fulfilling our public awareness responsibilities.
The objectives of our Public Awareness Program are:
- To educate both our customers and non-customers who live or work near our pipelines how to recognize the odor of natural gas and how to respond if they detect possible gas odors. Early recognition of gas odor and proper response can save lives.
- To raise the awareness of the affected public and key stakeholders of the presence of buried natural gas pipelines in the communities we serve. A more informed public will also understand that they have a significant role in helping to prevent third-party damage accidents.
- To help excavators understand the steps that they can make to prevent thrid-party damage and respond properly if they cause damage to our pipelines.
- To help emergency response agencies that may assist Suburban Natural Gas in an emergency understand the proper actions to take in response to a gas release or emergency.


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at 22 °C just before starting the experiments, and then stopped it to avoid disturbing the air during actual measurements. Further, we used a vinyl greenhouse to maintain a stable air temperature. When the J-Calibration system is prepared with a water tank, the greenhouse was placed on the entire system to cover the entire experimental setup (Fig. 5e). The sheet of greenhouse was subsequently opened for an hour to adjust to room temperature. Here, we put a small table for a workspace inside of the greenhouse, the height of which was 10–30 cm below that of the SBE41 sensors, for our convenience. When the experiment was started, the sheet of the greenhouse was closed.
Based on the above factors which affect water temperature, we carried out four experiments to evaluate methods of maintaining room and water temperature involving (1) turning off the air-conditioner, (2) insulating/cooling the SBE41, SBE3, and 4 standard sensors, and (3) covering with the vinyl greenhouse. These experiments were used to carry out our evaluation of J-Calibration by estimating the differences between the SBE41 and standard sensors (Table 4).
In comparing differences in air temperature when utilizing the air conditioner, we found that smaller differences in amplitudes (1/7 and 1/2) for temperature and salinity, respectively, were achieved ((2) in Table 4). This indicates that the mixing of air in the room by the air conditioner tends to create turbulence, which in turn leads to differences in temperatures that are likely to be large ((1) in Table 4). Because of the large influence of the air conditioner on the stability of the calibration system, the air conditioner must be stopped during the experiments. It also means that the time for each experiment must be shortened as much as possible to avoid gradual temperature drift.
Next, adiabatic materials and cooling packs are attached at temperature and conductivity sensors on SBE41 and to the standard sensors, to avoid increasing water temperature through heating from the sensors themselves and cooling by temperature differences between the air and water temperature ((3) in Table 4). Based on these materials and packs, the differences tended to be stable, decreasing them by 1/3rd to 1/5th as shown by case (2) in Table 4. Further, covering the J-Calibration system makes it possible to minimize water temperature variability within ± 1 °C to avoid the increased turbulence outside of the vinyl greenhouse ((4) in Table 4).
We then carried out several experiments to determine if undertaking the measures described above was effective or not. Figure 6 depicts an example of an experiment introducing contaminating bubbles into artificial seawater, which occurs when the degassing procedure is not used. During a 20-min experiment, a few negative salinity spikes appear caused by passing bubbles through the glass tube containing the electrodes of the conductivity sensor. Figure 7 shows the salinity change of SBE41 and the standard sensor and their difference with adiabatic materials and cooling packs. Under the conditions of stable air conditioning using adiabatic materials and removing the bubbles, the difference of salinity becomes smaller than that without the materials and packs. Figure 8 shows the effect of salinity change by maintaining a room temperature environment and the effectiveness of stopping the air conditioner (middle) and covering a vinyl greenhouse. Under the condition that adiabatic materials and cooling packs are attached, salinity becomes more stable if the air conditioner is turned off. Furthermore, the vinyl greenhouse is quite effective in that the salinity difference between the SBE41 and the standard sensor is nearly 0.
Water temperature setting in J-Calibration: best choice to minimize missing screening
In SBE-Calibration, SBE41 sensors are calibrated using artificial seawater, varying the conductivity with temperature at 7 points. Because conductivity is mainly a function of temperature, changing the temperature is an alternative way to calibrate the salinity sensors. However, since changing the temperature at 7 points is very time consuming, the number of screenings of SBE41 sensors that can be completed is limited. If J-Calibration is conducted by varying temperatures at 7 points, it takes even more time than SBE-Calibration, even though the size of the tank is smaller in J-Calibration, as the water temperature needs to be homogenous.
Therefore, we must find the most appropriate temperature to calibrate SBE41 sensors to minimize missing screening. Here, we evaluate the temperature based on the results of experiments with SBE-Calibration, which were conducted from 2011 to 2016. The number of SBE41 sensor units with faults from SBE-Calibration at JAMSTEC was 20, and these were sent to the manufacturer to check and recalibrate whether the sensors were truly faulty or not. Table 5 summarizes the number and the rate of SBE41 CTDs that were judged as faulty in SBE-Calibration at JAMSTEC but were healthy in the calibration by the SBE manufacturer. Essentially, SBE-Calibration is conducted repeatedly for each SBE41 sensor unit when it is judged as a faulty sensor during its first SBE-Calibration. In total, we completed 65 experiments of SBE-Calibration for 20 SBE41 CTD units. The number of misjudged CTD units is clearly minimal at 5.2 S m−1 (equivalent to 24 °C for 35 PSS-78), which is a rate of less than 1.5%. Based on this result, we used one temperature point (24 °C) to screen faulty SBE41 sensors in J-Calibration with the goal of finding faulty sensors using a short experiment time.
As mentioned in the previous subsection, the important point of this J-Calibration system is not only to precisely control water and air temperature but to also minimize the variability in differences between the calibrated sensor (SBE41) and the standard sensors (SBE3 and 4). Therefore, it is crucial for J-Calibration to keep a uniform temperature during an experiment for approximately 10 min. Here, the target precision of seawater temperature is 24 ± 0.5 °C, which is empirically responsible for a stable J-Calibration result. Figure 9a, b shows the stability of temperature and salinity during every experiment of J-Calibration. The result shows that the seawater temperature and salinity are almost unchanged and uniform within ± 0.001 °C and ± 0.001 PSS-78, respectively, during the first 10 min of the calibration.
Use of artificial seawater for J-Calibration
The artificial seawater for J-Calibration is degassed in advance for 24 h to be stable during calibrations. Before starting screening, pure water is placed into a bucket (40 l) with salt (1.4 kg NaCl) and mixed at 300 rpm by a stirrer. After 20 min, when the water fully dissolves the salt, the rotating speed of the stirrer is changed to 100 rpm, and the standard sensors are put into the bath, conditioning salinity to 35 ± 0.1 PSS-78. To degas the conditioning artificial seawater, the water heats and is kept at 33 °C for some time, then is naturally cooled overnight to stabilize at room temperature. Before screening, the water stirrers are again placed in the bucket to achieve a uniform salt concentration. Then, we expose the water to a vacuum to help remove bubbles (0.04 MPa), and re-stirring of the water is conducted in a smaller water tank (10 l) to degas it completely. The degassed water is kept in the same laboratory room throughout.
Here, we use a NaCl solution seawater as the artificial seawater in both SBEand J-Calibration, because handling and creating the artificial seawater is easier than using real seawater. In the manufacturer SBE, the SBE41 sensor calibration is conducted using artificial seawater, in the same manner as our method. When using real seawater for SBE3 and 4 calibration, the coefficients and slope are different from those found when using the artificial seawater. To avoid this discrepancy, we corrected the salinity measurement of SBE3 and 4 using a salinometer "Autosal" (Guildline Instruments 1981) to modify the coefficients and slope of the equation, which is the same method used by the manufacturer SBE.
Experiments using J-Calibration system
J-Calibration was carried out for Navis and APEX type floats, which were delivered to JAMSTEC from 2017 to 2018. The number of floats in total was 33, and that of the calibration experiments was 88, as listed in Table 6. Measurement values of temperature, conductivity, and salinity calculated from pressure, and conductivity and temperature for SBE41 and SBE3 and 4 standard sensors are described. The differences between the three parameters between the SBE41 and the standard sensors are also shown. The measurement values of temperature and salinity are approximately 22 °C and 35.0 PSS-78, respectively, and the differences are within the order of 10−3. Based on the values in Table 6, all experiments in J-Calibration are clearly stable. Both J-Calibration and SBE-Calibration were conducted 8 times for 3 of the 33 floats to evaluate the accuracy and stability of J-Calibration in comparison with SBE-Calibration (Table 7). The three floats were the only Navis type we were able to obtain permission from the manufacturer to remove the SBE41 sensors from the float body for SBE


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The infamous fugu (blowfish) is a luxury food in Japan, one with a long history and an exciting reputation. Also known as fuku, this delicious fish has been part of the Japanese diet since ancient times, and is as popular today as it's ever been; in fact, the Japanese consume some 10,000 tons of fugu annually. There are different varieties of fugu, but most notable among those approved for human consumption by the Japanese government is the tora, or tiger, fugu.
Tora fugu is renowned for its delicate and distinctive flavor—and for the deadly toxin tetrodotoxincontained in its liver and ovaries. Before being sold or served, the law requires that the poison be removed entirely, a procedure undertaken by specially licensed chefs.
Fugu has long been on the Japanese menu: fugu bones have been unearthed from shell mounds dating back some 2,500 years. During the late sixteenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries, deaths by fugu poisoning were commonplace, and various laws were passed prohibiting its consumption, but it was eaten regardless.
It wasn't until the late nineteenth century that a safe and standardized preparation method was established. In1948, a certification system for fugu preparation was introduced in Osaka; this was later adopted by other prefectures in the country. Nowadays, if prepared by a specialized chef, there is no risk involved in eating fugu.
Fugu is normally served at specialty restaurants—some quite elite—which offer set menus priced from 5,000 yen to 30,000 yen (US$50.00-$300.00). Typical dishes include fugu-sashi, or tessa: thin, nearly transparent slices of raw fugu beautifully arranged on a plate. Fugu-sashi is dipped in ponzu-shoyu, soy sauce mixed with citrus juice, and garnished with momiji-oroshi (grated daikon mixed with red pepper) and green onion. Crunchy yubiki or teppi (boiled skin) is eaten the same way.
Fugu-chiri or tecchiri is a savory nabemono, one-pot dish (see Food Forum Vol.21, No.4) of fugu with tofu and vegetables that is simmered at the table and then eaten. This dish is accompanied by the same ponzu sauce, momiji-oroshi and green onion. Any remaining liquid is simmered with rice to make fugu zosui (rice porridge).
Other characteristic dishes include deep-fried fugu, whose crispy coating is savored together with the umami of succulent fugu meat. And to conclude this bill of fare, hire-zake—sake infused with the umami of roasted dried fugu fin—may be sipped in a final toast to this meal.