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Definition : shedding or exfoliation of deciduous teeth
is a term given to describe the physiologic process that
ultimately leads to replacement of the deciduous teeth
by their corresponding permanent successors.
1) the small deciduous teeth cannot grow in size to
accommodate the growing jaw, thus, another
generation of teeth is needed to fulfill this requisity.
1) Growth of muscle of mastication from infant to
adult leading to increase the masticatory force so
the periodontal ligament of deciduous teeth can not
withstand the masticatory force.
Pattern of shedding :
a. Shedding of deciduous anterior teeth :
the permanent incisors and canines tooth germs
initially develop in apicolingual position to their
deciduous predecessors, so, the permanent anterior
tooth germs move into an incisolabial direction and, in
latter stages, they are frequently located apical to their
deciduous predecessors. Thus, the resorptive process is
initiated on apico-lingual root surface, and then
proceeds in a transverse plane apically. This secures
the replacement of the primary teeth by their permanent
successors in the exact position
b. Shedding of deciduous molars :
the premolars begin their development lingual to
their corresponding primary molars.
In later stage, however, they are frequently found
between the divergent roots of the primary molars
.Therefore resorption of the roots of deciduous
molars first begins on their inner surfaces because
The early developing bicuspids are found between
them, then Come to lie apical to deciduous molars.
At this time, the developing premolars become away
and pressure is relieved from deciduous root so the
areas of early resorption are repaired by
deposition of new-cementum like tissue.
Later when the bicuspids begin to erupt
resorption of the deciduous molars is again
initiated and continuous until the roots are
completely lost and the tooth is shed.
Histology of shedding
exfoliation of the primary teeth takes place by a
continuous resorption of their roots by cells having
identical histology to osteoclasts (osteoclasts are
bone resorbing cells ).
Since these cells are concerned in the resorption of
the dental tissues,so they are referred to as
odontoclasts. These cells are capable to resorb all
dental hard tissues even the enamel.
Odontoclasts resorb hard tissue by separating
mineral from the collagen matrix through the action
of hydrolytic enzymes
Origin of Odontoclast :
It is presume that, they have the same origin of
osteoclasts, that is monocytes. An alternative origin
of odontoclasts is the undifferentiated mesenchymal
The odontoclasts are easily recognized, with light
microscope, in clusters rather than singly and appear
occupying hollowed-out shallow depressions known
Howship's lacunae.
By scanning electron microscope: these lacunae seem
not as small focal bays but rather long shallow troughs
. This indicates that during the resorptive process, the
odontoclasts continuously move inside the resorbing
An odontoclast is a large cell that is characterized by
multiple nuclei and a cytoplasm with a homogeneous,
"foamy" appearance. This appearance is due to a high
concentration of vesicles and vacuoles. At a site of
active dentin resorption, the odontoclast forms a
specialized cell membrane, the "ruffled border" ( brush
border ), which faces the surface of the dentin tissue.
The ruffled border facilitates removal of the dentin
matrix. The ruffled border increases surface area
interface for dentin resorption. The mineral portion of
the matrix (called hydroxyapatite) includes calcium and
phosphate ions. These ions are absorbed into small
vesicles which move across the cell and eventually are
released into the extracellular fluid, thus increasing
levels of the ions in the blood.
By transmission electron microscope :
The portion of cell membrane facing the resorbing
bone is thrown into numerous folds that may invaginate
the cytoplasm up to 2-3 micrometer deep. The regional
cytoplasm adjacent to the brush border appear devoid of
cell organelles but rich in actin and myosin (the
attachment zone ) which are presumed to provide an
attaching system for odontoclast to the dentin surface.
The remainder of the odontoclasts is heavily laden
with mitochondria and vesicles especially concentrated
beside the ruffled border. Also the cytoplasm contains a
large number of nuclei, well developed, tightly packed
Golgi saccules while several small vesicles (presumed
to be primary lysosomes) are located peripheral to these
Distribution : the odontoblasts occupy variable positions
and this depends on the different pattern of resorption
occurring in the different teeth. They are located on
the root surface, to resorb both cementum and dentin
in relation to the site of pressure exerted by the
erupting permanent successor. The odontoclasts have
occasionally found in the root canals or pulp chamber
lying against the predentin surface.
The pattern of resorption of single rooted teeth
ultimately leads to shedding of the primary teeth before
their roots are completely resorbed and the erupting
permanent tooth compresses on the outer root surface
therefore, the odontoclasts are not found in the pulp
chamber but on the root surface. However, in
multirooted teeth, odontoclasts are seen in the pulp
Histological features of teeth undergoing
Root surfaces exhibit resorption lacunae and
odontoclast cells are often associated with these
concavities. It is significant that periodontal fibroblasts
in the area show signs of impaired function. The fact
that programmed cell death is seen during shedding
that occurs at specific ages is consistent with the
concept that shedding is a genetically determined
It should be emphasized that the pulp tissue in teeth
undergoing shedding appears histologically normal
except that neural elements seem to be missing. Thus
the pulp does not contribute to the process of
shedding and plays a passive role in this process.
Mechanism of action during resorption of
odontoclasts act by isolating an area of hard tissue
(bone, cementum, dentin or even enamel) using clear
cytoplasmic areas (no organelles) and through plasma
membrane associated enzymes that act as proton
pumps, the isolated area's pH is lowered making it
acidic. This acidity breaks down the hydroxyapatite
crystals of the inorganic content and also denature the
collagenous organic matrix. Essentially denaturing
makes the tightly assembled collagen fibrils looser. The
proteolytic enzymes both secreted and within
lysosomes in the odontoclasts cells are then able to
break down this collagenous organic matrix.
The histochemical study have evidenced that the
odontoclasts characteristically contain a high level
of acid phosphatase activity.
Mechanism of shedding :
I) Initiation of shedding
Two factors are presumed to initiate shedding of
the primary teeth :
a. pressure factor which leads into the
differentiation of the odontoclasts
* pressure of the erupting permanent tooth.
* augmentation of the masticatory forces
b. genetic factor is probably responsible for the
initiation of root resorption and an ultimate
shedding of primary teeth.
II) Process of shedding :
The scanning and transmission electronmicrographs
demonstrate the presence of mineral crystallites in the
depth of the brush border enfolding.This denotes that,
during resorption, the minerals of the dental hard
tissues are primarily removed.
It is presumed that the intracellular vesicles are thought
to be primary lysosomes, which discharge their content
extracellularly among the brush border, thus creating an
acidic medium. Such medium causes minerals
dissolution. However the removal of the dissolved
minerals could be mechanically facilitated by the
folding of the brush border.
The disintegration of the organic matrix occurs by
secretion of the proteolytic enzymes by odontoclast
into smaller molecular components and then degraded
intracellularly by the vesicle containing-acid
phosphatase enzyme found beside the brush border.
Tissue and cellular changes:
Shedding is an intermittent process with periods of
resorption involving alveolar bone, cementum and root
dentin resorption by clast cells, osteoclasts and
odontoclasts, respectively and recovery periods when
osteoblasts and cementoblasts replace part of the
resorbed tissues. Eventually more resorption takes place
and when the tooth loses its supporting periodontal
tissues, it is shed. During this process the primary teeth
become loose during the periods of resorption and
tighten during the brief periods of apposition.
During root resorption,
periods of resorption
are alternated by
periods of cementum
deposit cementum in
areas of resorption
forming a reversal
become embedded in
the cementum and
are then called
A, Reversal line; B, Cement


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Ask a question about 'Gypsy Breynton'
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is the heroine of an eponymous series of books written by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, born Mary Gray Phelps, was an American author and an early advocate of clothing reform for women, urging them to burn their corsets.- Biography :...
. The books were written in 1866-7 for Sunday school
Sunday school is the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations.-England:The first Sunday school may have been opened in 1751 in St. Mary's Church, Nottingham. Another early start was made by Hannah Ball, a native of High Wycombe in...
s and so are of an improving nature. Gypsy, as the name indicates, is an impetuous tomboy
A tomboy is a girl who exhibits characteristics or behaviors considered typical of the gender role of a boy, including the wearing of typically masculine-oriented clothes and engaging in games and activities that are often physical in nature, and which are considered in many cultures to be the...
who lives a chaotic life lacking a system. Her development and experiences provide the basis for the restrained moralising of the stories.
The four books in the series are
- Gypsy Breynton
- Gypsy's Cousin Joy
- Gypsy's Sowing and Reaping
- Gypsy's Year at the Golden Crescent

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


AkerThis is a featured page
Aker (also known as Akeru) was an ancient Egyptian earth god and the deification of the horizon. He guarded the eastern and western borders of the netherworld and protected the sun god Ra when he first entered the netherworld at sunset and again when he returned to the world of the living at sunrise and bore the sun on his back through the underworld. He also welcomed the dead Pharaoh into the underworld. He defended the sun god from the serpent Apep (Apophis) and was considered to be able to neutralize a snake bite. In his role as a protective deity, twin lion statues representing Aker were placed at the doors of palaces and tombs to protect against evil spirits, a practice adopted by both the Greeks and Romans.
Aker double line king
However, Aker in his plural form (Akeru) was more aggressive and dangerous. The Akeru are very ancient, possibly even older than Geb. The Pyramid Texts express the wish that each person will escape the clutches of the earth gods and specifically state that the Akeru will not attack the king (strongly implying that they could attack others).
The name Aker means "(one) who bends" but he was also known as "Ruti" ("two lions"). During the late period the two lions were given specific names - Tuau (today) and Sef (yesterday). Initially Aker was depicted as a narrow strip of land with a human or lion head at each end, but later the strip of land was replaced by the hieroglyphic sign meaning "horizon". The lions are often covered with leopard-like spots, possibly echoing the now extinct Barbary lion.
Latest page update: made by kirbytycoon, Oct 12 2011, 1:27 PM EDT (about this update About This Update kirbytycoon there is not much about him. if you want more info you might have to dig deep. - kirbytycoon
244 words added
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Keyword tags: aker egyptian mythology god
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Passage Through Nature
In our technical world nature has become more abstract. We pass through nature with less engagement often in a moving vehicle. So our perception of nature changes as we flyover it, zoom past it, or lock our gaze into handheld devices. This series explores different visual aspects of nature on the move, from a distance, or a cross section through its core.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Where Are Cacti Found?
Discover the places around the world where cacti can be found. Explore the origin of Saguaro, Cholla Cactus, Disocactus, Mammilloydia, Queen of the Night, Prickly Pear, and Barrel Cactus.
Cacti have an exotic flair that makes them incredibly attractive to gardening fans. They can be found in almost every store in the world, and have growers in every corner of the map, too. But, did you ever wonder where cacti originally came from?
Where are cacti found? Cacti can be found in almost every major continent, though they are most commonly found in North and South America. Certain cacti can also be found in Africa and Southeast Asia.
If you recently got a baby saguaro or just started to get into the succulent craze, you're probably wondering about the native regions of cacti. The truth is there is no one location where you are bound to find them. Let's talk about the most common regions where you can find cacti, shall we?
Where Are Cacti Found?
Though there are exceptions, cacti are generally found in climates known for hot, dry, sun-filled weather. That is why they are most commonly seen in deserts. While most cacti require desert areas to thrive, it's possible to see certain species of cacti live it up in rainforests, tundra, and temperate climates.
What Makes A Cactus A Cactus?
Most people assume that cacti are just giant succulents, but that is not quite true. Cacti are a category of succulents that are known for growing spines and bumps that help protect it. They are also recognized by their ability to conserve water and for their waxy exterior coating.
The other thing that distinguishes a cactus is a feature called areoles. These are the round bumps that the spines and flowers grow from.
Different types of cacti that are able to keep hydrated and protect themselves by means of spines and bumps
Where Are You Most Likely to See A Cactus?
When people think about cacti, they tend to think about the hot regions of the American Southwest—like Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico. There is a good reason for that. Most cacti that you will see being sold in stores come from this region, or in similarly dry parts of Mexico and Central America.
Most people don't realize that South America has a massive array of cacti that call the continent home. Areas in South America that are known for having cacti include deserts in Chile, Brazil, Peru, and the Amazon Rainforest.
How Far North Do Cacti Naturally Occur?
The furthest you will see cacti growing naturally is around central Canada. These cacti are known for being hardy and tend to be petite in stature, rather than the tall, prickly species you would expect to see near Mexico.
Where Do the Most Popular Cacti Come From?
Prickly Pear, one of the most popular fruit-bearing cacti species native to Arizona
Almost all cacti originate in the Americas, so it's fair to assume that the cacti species you adore come from the United States, Central America, or South America. If you're curious about the specific regions of your favorite prickly plant, look at the information on these popular picks below:
 - Saguaro. The stereotypical "cactus" is native to the Sonora region of Mexico, the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, as well as Southern California. Saguaros take decades to grow to a tall height, so if you see a tall saguaro, it's safe to say it is a native grower.
 - Cholla Cactus. This beautiful (but painful to touch) cactus is native throughout the American Southwest and Northern Mexico.
 - Disocactus. Though these flowering cacti are rare and noted for their "dual split" blossoms, they remain highly sought-after by collectors. Unlike most popular cacti on this list, disocacti are native to South American rainforests and require heavy watering.
 - Mammilloydia. This genus of petite, ball-shaped cactus is found in the Chihuahuan region of Mexico. Mamilloydias are extremely popular among cactus collectors due to their low-maintenance upkeep.
 - Queen of the Night. Famous for its striking white flowers that only show themselves at night, this elegant cactus is native to Texas and Arizona. Some even say that the blooms' sweet scent is what makes the desert air smell so good.
 - Prickly Pear. Approximately 90 different species belong to this genus, making it one of the largest genii in the cactus world. These fruit-bearing plants were native to everywhere from the bottom of Chile to central Canada. The most popular species are native to Arizona.
 - Barrel Cactus. Also known as Ferocactus, these barrel-shaped cacti are native to most of Mexico and the American Southwest. People typically think of these cacti when they assume you can drink the water from a cactus in times of dehydration. (You should not do that, though, since the water can be too alkaline!)
What Cacti Species Can Be Found Outside of The Americas?
Rhipsalis Baccifera, also known as Mistletoe Cactus, which is native to Specifically Americas
Cacti are almost entirely an Americas-only phenomenon. One cactus species has its origins in Africa and Asia. This cactus is called Rhipsalis Baccifera, or "Mistletoe Cactus," due to its striking resemblance to the Christmastime plant.
Rhipsalis typically grows in deserts of Central Africa, as well as on the island of Sri Lanka. Smaller pockets of the cactus have been reported in other pockets of Southeast Asia as well, but these regions are extremely small.
How Can Cacti Exist in Canada?
Though cacti typically prefer hot weather, there is nothing that says cacti can't thrive in colder temperatures. Many cacti species have plant leaves that are thick enough to regulate their temperatures in those areas.
How hardy a cactus is depends on the species. Some can handle the cold, but most cannot.
Don't Prickly Pears Exist Outside of The Americas?
Many people believe that there are prickly pear species that are native to countries outside the Americas. This is not true. Prickly pears all originated in the Americas with other cacti. Their edible fruit made them a popular plant to cultivate.
Since they have an easy time hybridizing, the species you see outside of the Americas are often specialty breeds. Those that aren't and are found outside of the Americas regularly are usually considered pests or invasive species. Knowing that, it's easy to see why there is so much confusion about them.
Where Can You Grow Cacti?
While it's best to have cacti grow in the areas they are native to, it's important to realize that these plants have an amazing range of climates where they can thrive. If you pick the right species, there is no reason to assume that you cannot grow a cactus near you—even if you don't live in the United States.
Agave Palmeri, a cold-resistant cactus, which is native to the Southwestern parts of the US but can be grown even outside the Americas
For example, Agave Palmeri, which is native to the Southwestern corner of the United States, can be grown outside in the Midwest or East due to its cold-hardy nature. Many cactus aficionados in Asia and Australia now grow agave plants of their own indoors and outdoors thanks to its adaptability.
If you are genuinely interested in growing a cactus, there are tons of species that are famous for being able to handle indoor growth with ease. Barrel cacti, in particular, are popular choices for indoor homes—as are agave plants.
If you were hoping to find out about cacti species that are native to Europe or mainland Asia, we're sorry to disappoint. The only places you will find the common cacti people enjoy growing are in North and South America.
Unlike almost any other type of plant, cacti are a "New World" phenomenon, with the center of all cacti cultivation being in the American Southwest and Mexico. The only cacti that are not native to the Americas are Mistletoe Cacti. These are found in Asia and Africa.
While growing cacti in their native regions is ideal, cacti can now be found growing throughout the world. So, while cacti are only traditionally found in the Americas, you can now find them in almost any desert, home office, or succulent collection in the world.
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having a cactus at home would provide you and your family with many health benefits, the truth is quite the contrary. There are a plethora of benefits to having a cactus at home, helping to improve both your physical and mental condition
Each cactus species is well adapted to growing in specific areas that experience a certain climate, Generally, most cacti species grow in hot and dry regions in North and South America but not only, we are here to explain
Drooping is a relatively common problem that affects cacti plants. While there is no specific cause of the issue, a close inspection of your succulent can help you determine why it is falling over


Wisconsin Energy Institute
Sebastian Bednarek
Professor, Biochemistry
_PHONE_
Energy Expertise:
The mechanism of cytokinesis in higher plants is distinct from that of animal and yeast cells. In dividing plant cells, cytosol and organelles are partitioned between the two daughter cells by the formation of a new cross wall known as the cell plate. The focus of Sebastian Bednarek's research is to understand the biochemical mechanisms that direct the formation of this new membrane compartment. Suspension-cultured tobacco and Arabidopsis cells are being used as model systems to study cell plate formation because of their amenability to transgenic, biochemical and morphological studies.


text:
Techniques and Methods 11–C8
National Wildlife Refuges may have impaired water quality resulting from historic and current land uses, upstream sources, and aerial pollutant deposition. National Wildlife Refuge staff have limited time available to identify and evaluate potential water quality issues. As a result, water quality–related issues may not be resolved until a problem has already arisen. The National Wildlife Refuge System Water Quality Information System (WQIS) is a relational database developed for use by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff to identify existing water quality issues on refuges in the United States. The WQIS database relies on a geospatial overlay analysis of data layers for ownership, streams and water quality. The WQIS provides summary statistics of 303(d) impaired waters and total maximum daily loads for the National Wildlife Refuge System at the national, regional, and refuge level. The WQIS allows U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff to be proactive in addressing water quality issues by identifying and understanding the current extent and nature of 303(d) impaired waters and subsequent total maximum daily loads. Water quality data are updated bi-annually, making it necessary to refresh the WQIS to maintain up-to-date information. This manual outlines the steps necessary to update the data and reports in the WQIS.
First posted January 16, 2013
For additional information contact:
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Chojnacki, K.A., Vishy, C.J., Hinck, J.E., Finger, S.E., Higgins, M.J., and Kilbride, Kevin, 2013, User's manual to update the National Wildlife Refuge System Water Quality Information System (WQIS): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 11, chap. C8, 24 p.
Purpose and Scope
Water Quality Information System Database
Required Geospatial Datasets
Data Acquisition and Preparation
Refreshing the WQIS Database
Optimize the Database


WHOI WHOI People
Modeling Hudson Bay Fresh Water Discharge: Today and 8500 Years Ago
OCCI Project Funded: 2001
Proposed Research
Recent evidence suggests that the melting of the last major remnant of glacial maximum ice, an ice dome in Hudson Bay, occurred about 8500 years ago and released a huge volume of proglacial lake water and ice through Hudson Strait into the Labrador Sea. However, evidence for such a meltwater event has not yet been found in the Labrador Sea, although it is present farther south in Cabot Strait and off Nova Scotia. We hypothesize that this distribution occurred because the freshwater outflow stayed entirely over the continental shelf and, therefore, would not show up in Labrador Sea cores. We will test this hypothesis by studying the dynamics of large freshwater outflows onto a continental shelf using a primitive-equation numerical model. Our goal is to determine the most likely fate of the freshwater for a range of parameters appropriate for the outflow event of 8500 years ago. Our goal is to determine the most likely fate of the freshwater for a range of parameters appropriate for the outflow event of 8500 years ago.
Final Report
Some 8500 years ago, much of northern Canada was covered by a huge lake, called Lake Agassiz, which was formed from glacial melt water and had an estimated volume of 2x1014 m3 (nearly 10 times the total volume of the present day Great Lakes). Recent evidence suggests that a glacial ice dam failed (melted) about 8200 years ago, causing Lake Agassiz to drain through Hudson Strait within a year or less (Barber et al. 1999, Clarke et al. 2003). The resulting freshwater discharge rate into the Labrador Sea (5x106 m3/s) would have been enormous (250 times larger than the present discharge rate from the Mississippi River) and is conjectured to be the cause of an abrupt change in the global climate - the strongest cooling event in the last 10,000 years (Alley et al. 1997). The basic premise is that such a large volume of freshwater, if spread over the surface of the North Atlantic, could prevent (or at least severely reduce) the normal formation and sinking of dense water, and subsequently reduce the large-scale overturning circulation in the ocean which plays a critical role in the global climate through its redistribution of heat. Several numerical modeling studies support this scenario by suggesting that a reduction or halting of the overturning circulation may cause abrupt cooling of the global climate (Renssen et al 2002, Manabe and Stouffer 1997, Seidov and Maslin 1999).
However, this entire argument hinges on the assumption noted in italics above; that the freshwater discharge spreads over the North Atlantic. Yet, the large-scale numerical models do not have enough resolution to realistically simulate the discharge of freshwater and its subsequent pathway. Rather, they simply add freshwater to some portion of the North Atlantic. Furthermore, these numerical model studies show that the climate response depends critically on the distribution of the freshwater. Therefore, knowledge of the pathway that a large freshwater discharge is likely to follow is crucial to our understanding of the impact of the drainage of Lake Agassiz on global climate.
With support from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute, we have used both theory and a regional numerical model to investigate the likely pathway of a large freshwater discharge like that from Lake Agassiz. We know from theory and observations that freshwater discharges into the ocean from large rivers and estuaries do not simply spread uniformly away from their source. Instead, Earth's rotation causes the freshwater to turn (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere) and flow along the coast as a narrow, buoyant coastal current. For example, the present-day freshwater discharge through Hudson Strait into the Labrador Sea turns southward and flows along the Labrador Coast, resulting in lower salinities over the continental shelves all the way to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Loder et al. 1998). A recently developed theory (Lentz and Helfrich 2002) provides estimates of the width, thickness and speed of such a buoyant coastal current, all of which are consistent with numerous present-day observations of buoyant coastal currents.
In the case of the drainage of Lake Agassiz, we know little about the details of the outflow; for example, how much ocean water was mixed into the lake water as it first entered the ocean and hence the salinity of the resulting buoyant current. Nevertheless, we have applied the theory for a reasonable range of plausible salinities and transports, and we predict that the resulting buoyant coastal current would have extended offshore only about 50 km and would have been about 100 m deep. Furthermore, the theory predicts that the buoyant current would have propagated along the coast at 2-3 m/s (175 - 260 km/day), suggesting that it would only have taken about 21 days for the freshwater to travel from Hudson Strait to Cape Hatteras (3600 km). Thus, the theory suggests that the freshwater may have been transported a considerable distance to the south before entering the open ocean. It would not have simply spread over the North Atlantic.
Given the tremendous volume of freshwater drained from Lake Agassiz relative to the weaker present-day discharge, it is not obvious that a buoyant coastal current would form in the same way. Perhaps such a huge freshwater discharge would immediately separate from the coast as an unstable jet and break up into eddies that would spread the buoyant water farther offshore. To address this issue, we used a regional numerical model with relatively high resolution to simulate a large freshwater discharge from Hudson Strait. The model included both realistic coastline and bathymetry. In general agreement with the theory, the freshwater discharge in the numerical model turned to the right, filled the continental shelf with less salty water, and flowed as a buoyant coastal current along the Labrador Coast with roughly the same width and thickness predicted by the theory. The primary difference from the theory is that the buoyant coastal current in the numerical model is not smooth, but rather exhibits a "turbulent" character, with velocities and salinities that vary on short spatial scales. Nonetheless, the overall southward flow persists as a buoyant coastal current over the entire extent of the numerical model (about 600 km).
The results of our study are clearly preliminary and not definitive at this point. We have not answered the most important question of whether or not the freshwater discharge from Lake Agassiz could have eventually reduced or halted the large-scale overturning circulation, thereby causing the abrupt cooling of the global climate, as hypothesized. However, we have raised some important questions that we feel must be addressed to understand the linkage between any freshwater discharge and global climate. For example, what are the true pathways of freshwater discharges throughout the world oceans? How long does it take the freshwater to reach climate-sensitive locations? And, more importantly, what is the salinity of the water when it gets there (i.e. how much mixing with ocean water has occurred along the pathway)? Are there other climate implications associated with unusually large buoyant coastal currents? Our plan is to pursue these issues in future studies, using this project as our motivation and starting point.
Alley, R.B. et al., 1997. Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25, 483-486.
Barber, D.C. et al., 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400, 344-348.
Clarke, G., D. Leverington, J. Teller and A. Dyke, 2003. Superlakes, megafloods, and abrupt climate change, Science 301, 922-923.
Lentz, S.J. and K.R. Helfrich, 2002. Buoyant gravity currents along a sloping bottom in a rotating fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 464, 251-278.
Loder, J.W., B. Petrie and G. Gawarkiewicz, 1998. The coastal ocean off northern North America: a large-scale view, in The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean. Regional Studies and Syntheses, K.H. Brink and A.R. Robinson eds., John Wiley and Sons, 11, 105-133.
Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer, 1997. Coupled ocean-atmosphere model response to freshwater input: Comparison to Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography 12, 321-336.
Renssen, H., H. Goosse and T. Fichefet, 2002. Modeling the effect of freshwater pulses on the early Holocene climate: The influence of high-frequency climate variability. Paleoceanography 17, Art. No. 1020.
Seidov, D. and M. Maslin, 1999. North Atlantic deep water circulation collapse during Heinrich events. Geology 27, 23-26.
Originally published: January 1, 2001


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Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh)
In this drawing appears Rabbit, the friend of Winnie the Pooh, which is another character who lives in the Hundred Acre Forest. Rabbit is a bit grumpy and sometimes gets angry when Tigger goes into his garden and spoils the plants. Still, rabbit is very smart and always comes up with good ideas to help their friends. You can color this drawing to Rabbit coloring.Times Painted:
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Coloring page about Rabbit, from Winnie the Pooh. Rabbit is a friend of Pooh, Tigger, Piglet and Igor, but sometimes he do not have enough patience and be angry. Rabbit loves plants and flowers, and loves to take care of his garden plants, as in this page to print of Rabbit, from Winnie the Pooh.
Let's paint Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page Do you like Winnie the Pooh coloring pages? This is a picture of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) to color or paint online from your browser without having to download or install anything, is absolutely secure. From here you can paint free Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page on Winnie the Pooh. All children like crafts and activities at home, such as Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page is in English and is related to Winnie the Pooh. Our drawing of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) is one of the best drawings and pictures to paint of Winnie the Pooh that you are getting and you can share it with your friends and contacts on social networks. You can print the black and white drawing of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) invite you to try and then color it with colored markers or wax paper, learn about it and share it in the comments, show it to your friends. It is a fun and educational activity for children, which helps them develop motor skills and coordination while having fun.


text: The Mystery of Time : We all know that time is the template with which we define our lives. We also know it is on our side, is up, and flies, especially when we're having fun. There are bath time and bedtime, good times and bad, an entire biblical catalogue from the book of Ecclesiastes. But what is it? Where did time come from and where does it go? With more than 200 colorful and instructive illustrations and fact boxes, in language that is lively and accessible, The Mystery of Time traces the story of humanity's struggle to come to terms with the concept of time: to measure it, to use it, to standardize it, to beat it, and finally to understand it.


text: Rationale:Aging represents a major risk factor for coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm formation. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as key regulators of biological processes, but their role in age-associated vascular pathologies is unknown.Objective:We aim to identify miRs in the vasculature that are regulated by age and play a role in age-induced vascular pathologies.Methods and Results:Expression profiling of aortic tissue of young versus old mice identified several age-associated miRs. Among the significantly regulated miRs, the increased expression of miR-29 family members was associated with a profound downregulation of numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) components in aortas of aged mice, suggesting that this miR family contributes to ECM loss, thereby sensitizing the aorta for aneurysm formation. Indeed, miR-29 expression was significantly induced in 2 experimental models for aortic dilation: angiotensin II-treated aged mice and genetically induced aneurysms in Fibulin-4(R/R) mice. More importantly, miR-29b levels were profoundly increased in biopsies of human thoracic aneurysms, obtained from patients with either bicuspid (n=79) or tricuspid aortic valves (n=30). Finally, LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotide-mediated silencing of miR-29 induced ECM expression and inhibited angiotensin II-induced dilation of the aorta in mice.Conclusion:In conclusion, miR-29-mediated downregulation of ECM proteins may sensitize the aorta to the formation of aneurysms in advanced age. Inhibition of miR-29 in vivo abrogates aortic dilation in mice, suggesting that miR-29 may represent a novel molecular target to augment matrix synthesis and maintain vascular wall structural integrity.


text:
Introduction: How to Interface With Active Buzzer Sensor Module
This tutorial is going to teach you some basics on using Active Buzzer Sensor Module.
Step 1: Introduction
An active buzzer sensor module has a built-in oscillation circuit, thus the sound frequency is fixed. It is able to generate the sound itself. So, you can simply turn it on and off with an Arduino pin, just like the way of turning on and off a Led which is connected to Arduino board. Besides, this sensor starts beeping when it is being supplied with DC power supply.
- Operating voltage: 3.3V to 5V
- Active low sensor module
- Driver transistor: S8550
- Size: 3.2cm x 1.3cm
Step 2: Pin Definition
Step 3: Sample Hardware Installation
Step 4: Sample Source Code
To get the result, please download the sample source code attached below and upload it into Arduino.
After uploading, listen to the sound that is produced by Buzzer. Have Fun!


Home > The Law >
Double Tax Agreements
Bilateral agreements to make no-one worse off
In the income tax area, agreements between two countries are known as Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs). They are designed to prevent double taxation for cross border transactions, meaning: nobody who has income from other countries should be worse off than people who earn money and pay taxes in their country of residence. It provides taxpayers with an at least equal, sometimes even better treatment than they would get under a country's domestic law.
Andrew Smith, an international tax expert from Victoria University in Wellington, describes DTAs as a "shield, not a sword". He says: "Double Tax Agreements cannot create a tax liability when there is no underlying provision in the domestic law of one of the states."
Depending on the individual agreement, overseas income or a portion of this income might be taxed in the country where the money is paid; in this case the already taxed income can be deducted from the tax debt in the country of residence. In other cases you can obtain exemptions from paying taxes overseas and have to declare the complete overseas income in your country of residence and pay full tax there.
No Double Taxation Agreement is like the other
Another important factor is in which country you spend most time, meaning: you might have to pay taxes in New Zealand only if you reside there more than 183 days in the tax year. There are scores of variants that cannot be dealt with in detail in this article.
It is only meant to show that you have to study the Double Taxation Agreement New Zealand has with the specific country you earn money in. The rules can be complicated, so speak to Inland Revenue (IRD) and/or a tax consultant, specialising in international taxation.
Those DTAs also include regulations about the taxation of overseas pensions - and they could not be more different and more complicated.
The first problem already arises because of the nature of overseas pensions: Are these pensions universal state pensions? Are they state pensions for civil servants? Are they contributory pensions? And finally, has the respective overseas state a Social Security Agreement (SSA) with New Zealand?
International agreements override domestic law
Whereas most overseas countries have Double Taxation Agreements with New Zealand and they generally work well, only eight states have Social Security Agreements with New Zealand (and we would not count Jersey and Guernsey as independent states) as a reaction to New Zealand's treatment of overseas pensions. SSAs are dreaded because they can make a retiree worse off than if he/she was treated under domestic law.
No DTA has much resemblance to any other, so study the section about pensions carefully. It can mean a lot of money.
At the Overseas Pensions Forum in Auckland in 2010, for example, we found out by coincidence that New Zealand's IRD has been taxing German pensions for years and years, although only certain state pensions for civil servants are taxable in New Zealand. The DTA between these countries clearly states that only the state that pays the pension can tax it, in this case: Germany.
As an excuse for the IRD workers who breached this DTA we would accept that it is impossible to know each DTA by heart. But a serious question must be raised, as to why IRD's software is not designed to automatically exempt German pensions from taxation.
Read "your" DTA and apply for reassessment when laws were breached
As a reaction to this "news" - which is, of course, not a new regulation as the DTA dates back to 1980 - several pensioners with German pensions went to IRD and applied for a reassessment of their tax returns.
We have heard of several cases where applicants got overpaid taxes back. (But also of one case where the chartered accountant hired by an affected pensioner did not understand the DTA...) The relevant information can be found on page 21 of an IRD Tax Information Bulletin from September 1995.
There is no way to apply domestic law - which in New Zealand means that pensions (NZ Super) are taxed -, as international law, in this case the DTA, overrides national law.
Read the DTA New Zealand has signed with Canada, and you will find a lot more text written in far more complicated legalese. Fact is that New Zealand can tax Canadian pensions, and Canada can tax amounts higher than C$ 10,000 a year. Plus more detailed regulations...
The DTA with the USA says that the state of residence (in this case: New Zealand) has the right to tax purely employer-funded pensions. The employer/employee-funded pension (US Social Security), however, is considered a government pension which can only be taxed at source in the USA and not in New Zealand.
We surely are willing to publish the chapters about the taxation of overseas pensions New Zealand has with other countries on this page. So if you have these paragraphs available, please send them to us - including a translation into plain English, so we can have a look and double-check them.
Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs)
With Germany:
With Canada:
Article 17
1. Pensions and annuities arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State shall, subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, be taxable only in that other State.
2. Pensions and annuities arising in a Contracting State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may also be taxed in the State in which they arise, and according to the laws of that State in any taxation year or income year where they exceed the sum of 10,000 Canadian dollars in that year; provided that the tax so charged shall not exceed
a) In the case of pensions, the lesser of
(i) 15 percent of the gross amount of the payment, and
(ii) the rate determined by reference to the amount of tax that the recipient of the payment would otherwise be required to pay for the year on the total amount of the payment received by him in the year, if he were a resident in the Contracting State in which the payment arises.
b) In the case of annuities other than payments of any kind under an income-averaging annuity contract, 15 percent of the amount of the payment or payments that are subject to tax in that State.
3. The competent authorities of the Contracting State may, if necessary, agree to modify the sum mentioned in paragraph 2 as a result of monetary or economic developments.
4. In this Article the term "annuities" means stated sums payable periodically at stated times, during life or during a specified or ascertainable period of time, under an obligation to make the payments in return for adequate and full consideration in money or moneys worth.
Article 18 of the Double Taxation Agreement with the USA
Article 18 - Pensions
1. Paragraph 1(a) gives the State of residence exclusive right to tax pensions where they are paid in consideration of past employment. However, this Article does not cover Government pensions for services rendered which are dealt with in Article 192..
Paragraph 1(b) states that pensions and other payments made under the social security legislation are taxable only in the country paying them, ie, State of source.
A resident of New Zealand receives a pension from a previous employer who is a resident of the United States. He also receives a social security pension from the United States Government. The tax position is as follows:
 - the pension from the United States employer will be subject to tax solely in New Zealand as the country of residence and will be exempt in the United States;
 - the pension from the United States Government will be taxed at source in the United States and will be exempt from tax in New Zealand.
2. Paragraph 2 gives the State of residence exclusive right to tax annuities.
Signposts at Cape Reinga
No NZ tax on pensions from Finland, France, Germany, the Philippines and the USA
According to its guide IR257 on "Overseas pension and annuity schemes" from May 2016 the IRD states on page 27 that:
"In a very small number of cases, New Zealand has no right to tax pension income and the income shouldn't be included in your New Zealand tax return.
This applies, for example:
 - to social security pensions from Finland, France, Germany (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund), the Philippines, and the United States of America, and/or
 - war pensions from France and Germany.
Update 17.06.2019
Hongkong added to list
Just stumbled over the DTA with Hongkong which says that only the country that pays the pension can tax it. This means: New Zealand cannot tax Hongkong pensions - only indirectly steal them...
Apply for a re-assessment of your tax returns
Request a re-assessment of your tax returns if your overseas pension comes from one of the above mentioned countries and if they were taxed in New Zealand. Only lately - winter/spring 2016 - several pensioners whose US Social Security pensions had been taxed in New Zealand - have received impressive refunds for overpaid taxes from IRD.
Quote page 27 in the above mentioned IRD guide IR257 pm "Overseas pension and annuity schemes" from May 2016 when you apply for a re-assessment, as well as the relevant article of the Double Taxation Agreement that applies to you (for Germany and the USA


text:
The Department for Education (DfE) and the Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) have launched the good estate management for schools (GEMS) guidance and tools, a new manual and toolkit to support schools with good estate management. The resource brings together new and existing guidance on school estate management, and it sets out the following:
- The fundamental policies and procedures needed to manage your school's estate effectively
- Guidance on strategic estate management, organisational oversight, understanding your land and buildings, energy and water management, and managing projects
- Updated guidance on health and safety, compliance and maintenance (replacing existing guidance in essential schools maintenance)
- The skills organisations need access to, links to tools and resources that can help.
The manual is broken down into the following sections:
- Strategic estate management
- Overseeing the estate
- Health and safety
- Maintaining the estate
- Understanding the land and buildings
- Energy and water management
- Estate projects.
Depending on your role, you may not need to review every section. Some sections are of particular relevance to leaders, governors and trustees of schools. Some are aimed more at school business professionals and those involved in the day-to-day management of the estate.
The manual also includes a number of tools to help you assess and manage the estate. This includes the following:
- Organisational self-assessment
- Top 10 estate checks for boards
- Required knowledge and skills
- Tips for managing energy and water usage.
First published 26 April 2018


text:
No star dips below the horizon and the Sun never climbs above it
in this remarkable
Lewin's Challenge image of 24 hour long
Showing all the trails as complete circles, such
an image could be achieved only from two places on
This example was recorded during the course of May 1, 2012,
the camera in a heated box on the roof of MAPO, the
A. Pomerantz Observatory at the South Pole.
Directly overhead in the faint
is the projection of
Earth's rotational axis, the South
at the center of all the star trail circles.
Not so well placed
as Polaris and the North Celestial Pole,
the star leaving the small but still relatively bright circle
around the South Celestial Pole is
A shimmering apparition of the
aurora australis also visited on this
24 hour night.
(South Pole Station)


text:
National Water Research Institute
Canada's Leader in Freshwater Research
Environment Canada's National Water Research Institute (NWRI) is the largest freshwater research entity in Canada. NWRI, National Water Quality Monitoring and staff at Centre Saint-Laurent in Montreal make up the Water Science and Technology Directorate, and work together to generate the scientific knowledge needed to sustain Canada's water resources and freshwater ecosystems.
Environment Canada's water scientific and technical knowledge is available here for users of water S&T, including governments, environmental regulators, policyand decision-makers, land-use planners, researchers, and industry.
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Canadian Environment: Research and Policy Directions
It has been known for over 20 years that pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are released into the environment, however only in the last 10 years have analytical methods become sufficiently sensitive to identify and quantify their presence in wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface waters, drinking water, ground water, biosolids, agricultural manures, and biota. The presence of PPCPs in the environment has emerged as a societal issue, but the science with respect to exposure and impacts is still evolving.
The subject of the current report was based on a third National Workshop entitled "Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Canadian Environment: Research and Policy Directions" which took place March 5th to 7th, 2007 in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. This Workshop assessed the current state of Canada's research on PPCPs in the environment in government, academia and industry sectors.
- Date Modified:
- Read the November-December 2010 edition of Water Science News
- Read the Fall 2010 Highlights of EOALRSD
- Aquatic Life Research Facility – Located at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW) in Burlington, Ontario, the Aquatic Life Research Facility is a $4.6M state-of-the-art laboratory...
- Science is Benefiting You - Learn about the interesting freshwater science happening at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters and meet some of the people doing the research. View the video
- Inland Water Remote Sensing Products NWRI's Aquatic Optics and Remote Sensing Group has been responsible for the development of Canadian inland water remote sensing products.
- S&T Leaders: Integrated Water Monitoring. A new National Automated Water Quality Monitoring Network was implemented in 2006 as part of the Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting Program of Environment Canada.
- Science and Technology Into Action to Benefit Canadians: A series of publications showcasing science and technology within Environment Canada, its impact on policy, and its benefit to Canadians.


text:
What is the role of prayer at the Center for Spiritual Living (Designator)?
Center for Spiritual Living (Designator) honors all forms of prayer. In addition, we teach a unique and scientific form of prayer called Affirmative Prayer. This powerful, affirmative method of prayer was developed by Dr. Ernest Holmes -- it involves a five-step process that harnesses the creative process of consciousness. This type of powerful, scientific prayer allows new levels of health, wealth, love, and wholeness to become a reality in our lives.


text:
A patient's pulmonary function results are:
- SVC 61
- FVC 63
- FEV1 83
- FEV1/FVC% 81
- DLCO 26
What is most likely this patient's condition?
- Chronic Bronchitis
- The patient doesn't have a restrictive or obstructive condition
- Pulmonary fibrosis
The correct answer is 4- pulmonary fibrosis
The first thing we want to look at is the FEV1/FVC% and FEV1, both are normal so there is no obstructive disorder. An abnormal FEV1/FVC% is<70, an abnormal FEV1 is below 80.
After we look a the FEV1FVC% and FEV1 look at the SVC and FVC, both are low indicating a restrictive disorder. The only restrictive disorder that is an option is pulmonary fibrosis.


Nativars and Pollinators
By Lois Scott, Master Gardener
The term "nativar", while not a scientific term, is being used to describe native plants that have been cultivated by horticulturalists. So, what exactly is a cultivated plant or cultivar? A cultivar is a plant that has been bred for specific characteristics such as improved growth habit, specific leaf colour, flower colour, or disease resistance to list a few examples. Many cultivars are sterile, meaning they do not produce seeds or if they do produce seed, the seed will likely not produce a plant identical to the parent plant.
The way to identify a cultivar of a native plant or "nativar", is by looking at the plant name. If you check out the photos of plant tags, you will see one for the straight species native plant (not a cultivar) that gives both the common name, False Indigo and the scientific name, Baptisia australis. The other tag is for a Baptisia cultivar named 'Cherries Jubilee'. 'Cherries Jubilee' is the cultivar name. The cultivar name is usually in single quotation marks.
There are a number of very important reasons to plant straight species native plants in our gardens including the support of pollinators. The question is, do native cultivars support pollinators in the same way?
Annie White, a researcher at the University of Vermont has found "that changing flower size, colour or shape changed the availability and/or quality of pollen and nectar offered by the flower which negatively impacted pollinators" and "the more manipulated the cultivars became, the less attractive they became to pollinators". To read more about Annie's research and results check out this link.
If you are looking for pollinator-friendly native plants that are not cultivars check out nurseries that specialize in native plants such as Peterborough's Ecology Park.
When at the garden centre, you will now know how to distinguish a straight species such as Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) from an Echinacea cultivar like Echinacea purpurea 'Razzmatazz'.
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and some of the ugly prototype hacks we had to use to get it working.
Once the deep copy was all well and good, it came right back to bite us! That isn't surprising, to say the least. But it has caused one bug report so far, due to cyclic references and object pooling in #443. (Pooling is a method of reusing objects by resetting their internal state, which we will cover momentarily.)
Deep copy is unfortunately very slow. It's the process of iterating each property and determining the data type, then performing a shallow copy for simple objects like numbers and strings, or another deep copy for complex objects like arrays and dictionaries. Because the complex objects are reference types, they may create circular references, the simplest example being object A references object B, and B has a reference back to A. These object cycles are hard to deep copy, because you need to protect against copying the same object more than once. If that protection is missing, you quickly enter an infinite loop or stack depth overflow with recursion.
Even worse, this deep copy needs to be done at object instantiation time, so it will be dramatically slow to use the new keyword on any of your classes. Mix that with large classes, and your game will be in a lot of trouble!
That's why I decided not to include deep copy in Jay Inheritance. In fact, I took it even one step further and specifically made all properties immutable when added to a class. So if you define integers using the class descriptors, you'll find that you are not allowed to change the values in those properties. This should get the idea across that class descriptors are for methods only. No exceptions. And all in the name of speed.
Object Pooling
Deep copy was added as part of the object pooling revamp in 0.9.11. The idea was to simplify child object creation, by allowing child objects to be defined in the class descriptor. All children would be copied into the new object automatically as part of the Class constructor. And a bit of background on this decision: The pooling mechanism has to call the constructor to reconfigure objects when reusing them. And you don't want the constructor to create new child objects when the children already exist! That would defeat the purpose of pooling.
But now we know that was not the right way to fix child object creation with object pooling. A better approach is to embrace separation of responsibilities, allowing each part of the pooling mechanism to be responsible for one thing and one thing only. In the case of child object creation, that responsibility relies with the constructor, not the class descriptor.
We've supported pooling for quite a long time. But it has been broken, to be honest. The reason I say "broken" is due to the way the object life cycle works in melonJS. There's the init method which is the "user" constructor, and an onResetEvent method which is for resetting internal state of the object, and finally there is also a destroy method which can be used as a destructor.
 - init : Constructor, called when the object is created with new.
 - destroy : Destructor, called when the object is deactivated.
 - onResetEvent : Reset internal state, called when the object is reactivated.
Unfortunately, these methods are poorly defined within the object life cycle. For example, destroy is not called when the object is ready for garbage collection! Instead, it is called when the object is deactivated; when it is placed into the pool for later reuse. This means destroy cannot safely be used as a destructor unless onResetEvent also does constructor work, like creating child objects and event listeners. This is broken by definition; only the constructor should do constructor work.
To complicate matters, only a few classes have an onDestroyEvent callback that is called by the default destroy method. It's treated as a user-defined destructor, of sorts. But again, it is only called during object deactivation, and only very rarely used.
To fix all of these issues, we need to define the object life cycle concretely. A clear separation between construction and activation, and between deactivation and destruction is necessary to make pooling work effectively. To that end, here is my proposal for the life cycle methods, and when they are called:
 - destroy : Destructor, called when the object is ready for garbage collection.
 - onResetEvent : Reset internal state, called when the object is activated/reactivated.
 - onDestroyEvent : Disable object, called when the object is deactivated.
For clarity, "deactivation" means the object is removed from the scene graph, and placed into the pool for later reuse. This is the signal to your object that it should remove any event listeners. Likewise, "activation" means placing the object into the scene graph ("reactivation" is when an object is reused from the pool). This is a signal to the object that it should reset its internal state, the internal state of its child objects, and adding any event listeners.
The constructor still needs to define all of the object's properties, and set values on them. This also means creating new child objects and setting their default internal state.
Finally, the destructor will make sure to remove any kind of "global state" changes that it has made, like event listeners, loaded resources, timers, tweens, etc.
The life cycle of an object without pooling then looks like this:
 1. init
 2. onResetEvent
 3. onDestroyEvent
 4. destroy
And as you might imagine, the life cycle of an object in the pool might look more like this:
 1. init
 2. onResetEvent
 3. onDestroyEvent
 4. onResetEvent
 5. onDestroyEvent
 6....
Without ever calling destroy. It will just continually be deactivated and reactivated as needed.
This API can make object pooling faster by being very strict about where in the object life cycle child objects can be created. For example, a shape object needs a vector for positioning. As long as this vector is only created in init, there will be no garbage collection thrashing when the shape object is pooled. Worst case, the position vector only gets reset (x and y properties updated) each time the object is reactivated with onResetEvent.
One final note here is that I want to establish these method names as the de facto object lifetime methods within the entire game engine. Not just for objects which get added to the scene graph, but for everything; even me.ScreenObject has had an onResetEvent callback implemented forever. It's slightly different though, called just after the registered state has been switched to. And onDestroyEvent is called when the state is switched away. But still very fitting.
Resetting Object Internal State
Now would be a good time to also touch on how I expect the object internal state to be set initially in the constructor. The answer is simply "don't care!" I cannot recommend having init call onResetEvent, due to inheritance rules; It would be a bad idea because both methods must call the overridden method on the super class. You would then have onResetEvent getting called multiple times at constructor-time! That would be slow and dumb. The right way to set initial state is to do so in the constructor only if you have to. Otherwise do all of the configuration when the object is added to the scene (handled by onResetEvent).
Here's some example code to help illustrate the concept:
var x = Math.random() * me.video.getWidth();
var y = Math.random() * me.video.getHeight();
var z = 9;
var particle = me.pool.pull("Particle", x, y, { "image" : "flame" });
me.game.world.addChild(particle, z);
This code will fetch an object from the pool that was registered with the class name "Particle", and pass some constructor/reset parameters. In the case that the "Particle" pool is empty, a new object will be instantiated, and the parameters are passed straight to the constructor. In the case that a "Particle" object is reused from the pool, it's constructor will not be called. Finally, the particle is added to the scene graph, and its z-index is set properly.
And this is where we need to make some big decisions! The pooling mechanism today actually does call the constructor in the latter case, which is very bad because the constructor should never have to worry about whether a child object already exists... In my mind, the child objects will never exist when the constructor is called, so it is only responsible for instantiating the children.
I would like this reuse path to rely on onResetEvent being called by me.game.world.addChild(), which will pass along the "object state" configuration parameters, probably even removing these parameters from the constructor entirely. In other words, the example code needs to be changed to this:
var x = Math.random() * me.video.getWidth();
var y = Math.random() * me.video.getHeight();
var z = 9;
var particle = me.pool.pull("Particle");
me.game.world.addChild(particle, x, y, z, { "image" : "flame" });
You will also notice the z parameter when adding the object to the scene graph. This has always been there! And it feels quite nice to finally put all of the coordinates together in the same place. The point to take away from this is that creating the object is not enough to actually use it, so why configure its internal state at constructor time? Especially if the constructor may not even be called because the object is just getting reused!
Simplified: create an unconfigured object, add it to the scene with configuration. The same pattern works equally well without pooling, just replace the me.pool.pull() call with


History of Japan
This week, we cover the short yet fascinating history of Islam in Japan. What factors led to a connection between the Islamic world and Japan? Who led the efforts to build bridges between the two? And why is the history of this relationship so generally unknown?
Show notes here.
Direct download: History_of_Japan_348_mixdown.mp3
Category:History -- posted at: 4:00am PST


text:
- Atomizer redirects here. For the Big Black album of the same name, see Atomizer (album)
is conversion of bulk liquid into a spray or mist (i.e. collection of drops), often by passing the liquid through a nozzle. Despite the name, it does not imply that the particles are reduced to atomic sizes.
An atomizer is an atomization apparatus; carburetors, airbrushes, misters, and spray bottles are only a few examples of atomizers used ubiquitously. In internal combustion engines, fine-grained fuel atomization is instrumental to efficient combustion.
In some manufacturing process, one may produce a fine powder by spraying molten or dissolved materials through an atomizer and solidifying the droplets.


text:
Aux or Auxiliary heat is the backup heat that turns on to help the compressor for first stage maintain your temperature setting. During this time both your Auxiliary heat and your compressor may be on at the same time. When the thermostat is in Emergency heat the compressor does not run, only the Emergency heat runs. It is common that the Emergency heat and auxiliary or backup heat is the same source of heat (electric heat strips or fossil fuel).
Have more questions? Submit a request


text:
More than 36 million Americans have a disability. Improving the health of this large segment of the population is a central concern for public health. This chartbook presents information about the health of adults with disabilities in Oregon. The information in this book can be used by people with disabilities, their family members, policy makers, health professionals, disability service providers, and others interested in the health and well-being of people with disabilities.
The information in this book came from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS is a telephone survey that asks about health, behaviors that affect health, and access to health care. The survey is random, meaning that any resident might be called. However, some groups of people are not included. Children under age 18 and people who are in an institution, such as a jail or nursing home, are not included in the survey. People who have no telephone or only have a cell phone are not included. Those who do not speak English or Spanish are not included. Some people who have a disability may not be included because they do not understand the questions, cannot get to the phone in time, or use a special telephone that sounds to the caller like a fax machine.
The BRFSS survey is done every year by each state or territory health department.
The information used for this book was collected in Oregon in 2008.
What do we mean by "disability"?
In the BRFSS survey, people are considered to have a disability if they answer "Yes" to one or both of the following questions:
- Are you limited in any way in any activities because of physical, mental, or emotional problems?
- Do you now have any health problem that requires you to use special equipment, such as a cane, a wheelchair, a special bed, or a special telephone?
Disability in Oregon
How many people in Oregon have a disability?
About 746,663 Oregon adults age 18 and older have a disability. This is a little more than one quarter (25.7%) of the adult population of Oregon in 2008.
What age groups are most impacted by disability?
Disability becomes more common as people age. In the 18-39 age range, 15.1% of Oregon adults have a disability. Among 40-59 year olds, 27.1% have a disability and among 60-79 year olds, 36.7% have a disability. Among Oregon adults age 80 or older, 47.1% have a disability.
How much education do people with disabilities have?
Over seven percent (7.6%) of people with disabilities have less than a high school education, 27.2% have a high school education only, 34.7% have attended some college or technical school, and 30.5% of people with disabilities are college graduates.
Of people without disabilities, 9.2% have less than a high school education, 27.0% have a high school education only, 27.8% have attended some college or technical school, and 36.0% are college graduates.
How many people with disabilities are employed?
Among people with disabilities, 31.8% are employed for wages, 7.9% are self-employed, 3.6% have been out of work for more than a year, 4.1% have been out of work for less than a year, 6.7% are homemakers, 4.2% are students, 26.9% are retired, and 14.9% are unable to work.
In contrast, 56.3% of people without disabilities are employed for wages, 10.2% are self-employed, 1.6% have been out of work for more than a year, 3.4% have been out of work for less than a year, 8.3% are homemakers, 4.7% are students, 15.0% are retired, and 0.5% are unable to work.
What is the annual household income of people with disabilities?
Twelve percent (12.2%) of people with disabilities have a household income of less than $15,000 per year, 21.8% have an income between $15,000 and $25,000, 15.7% have an income between $25,000 and $35,000, 15.7% have an income between $35,000 and $50,000, and 34.6% have an annual income of $50,000 or more.
Only four percent of people without disabilities have a household income of less than $15,000 per year, 15.0% have an income between $15,000 and $25,000, 13.0% have an income between $25,000 and $35,000, 16.5% have an income between $35,000 and $50,000, and over half (51.5%) have an annual income of $50,000 or more.
How satisfied are people with their lives?
About 31.6% of people with disabilities are very satisfied with their lives, 55.9% are satisfied, and 11.7% are dissatisfied or very dissatisfied.
Among people without disabilities, 51.8% are very satisfied, 46.8% are satisfied, and 1.8% are dissatisfied or very dissatisfied.
Excerpted from: Oregon Office on Disability and Health. (2010). Disability in Oregon: 2010 Annual Report on the Health of Oregonians with Disabilities. Portland, OR: Center on Community Accessibility, Oregon Institute on Disability & Development, Oregon Health & Science University.
Copyright © 2010—Oregon Institute on Disability & Development—Center on Community Accessibility.


Definitions for komodo dragonkəˈmoʊ doʊ
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word komodo dragon
Princeton's WordNet
 1. Komodo dragon, Komodo lizard, dragon lizard, giant lizard, Varanus komodoensis(noun)
 the largest lizard in the world (10 feet); found on Indonesian islands
 1. Komodo dragon(Noun)
 An endangered species of monitor lizard native to certain Indonesian islands east of Java. It is the world's largest lizard, growing to 10 feet or 3 meters. It is known for its ability to kill prey with its septic saliva; the resulting septicemia can kill so quickly that it was once suspected the lizard was venomous.
 2. Origin: From Komodo (island) + dragon
 1. Komodo dragon
 The Komodo dragon, also known as the Komodo monitor, is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Padar. A member of the monitor lizard family, it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 metres in rare cases and weighing up to around 70 kilograms. Their unusually large size has been attributed to island gigantism, since no other carnivorous animals fill the niche on the islands where they live. However, recent research suggests the large size of Komodo dragons may be better understood as representative of a relict population of very large varanid lizards that once lived across Indonesia and Australia, most of which, along with other megafauna, died out after the Pleistocene. Fossils very similar to V. komodoensis have been found in Australia dating to greater than 3.8 million years ago, and its body size remained stable on Flores, one of the handful of Indonesian islands where it is currently found, over the last 900,000 years, "a time marked by major faunal turnovers, extinction of the island's megafauna, and the arrival of early hominids by 880 ka."
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The Investigation Of Reflective Inquiry Based Activities' Effects On Preservice Teachers' Laboratory Self-Efficiancy Perceptions
Today's science education reforms emphasis on constructivism and inquiry in the education systems. This research investigates the effects of Reflective Inquiry Based activities on preservice teachers' laboratory self-efficiancy perceptions. The study was conducted at a public university's education faculty which is located in Istanbul, with Science Education Program's second grade students in the 2010-2011 Academic Year Spring Semester. The working group was 66 preservice science teachers; 36 of them were control, 30 of them were experimental group. The applications were made by researcher in General Biology Laboratory Course II along 8 weeks, 2 hours each week with traditional approach to control group and with reflective inquiry approach to experimental group. The problem statement of the study was "Is there any statistical difference between control and experimental groups' laboratory self-efficiancy perceptions according to be taught by reflective inquiry based or traditional approaches?" Datas were collected by "Laboratory Self-Efficiancy Perception Scale" and "Reflection Skills Questions". At the end of the study, statistically increase was found in laboratory self efficiancy perceptions and reflection skills in favor of experimental group. It was seen that reflective skills questions were also supported laboratory self-efficiancy perceptions scale findings.
KeywordsReflective Inquiry, 5E Model, Science Teacher Training, General Biology Laboratory.


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SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 39 Emmerling, Michael D. The Recent beach sands of Dog Island, Florida. A sedimentological investigation of the recent open Gulf beach sands of Dog Island, Florida, has revealed the presence of two longshore drift cells, one of which is composed of two sub-cells. Theoretically, each of these cells is a discrete system within which erosion and deposition are dynamically balanced in terms of the amount of sediment affected by these processes. Furthermore, negligible transport of sediment occurs between these cells as determined by regression and correlation analysis of selected sediment parameters. Specifically, sediment is eroded from near the center of the island, and is transported in opposite directions by longshore currents and littoral drift towards both ends of the island. The sense of drift for each cell is in the direction of decreasing mean grain size, increasing skewness, decreasing kurtosis, increasing percentage of heavy minerals, and increasing roundness. All of the above parameters correlate well with each other; however, standard deviation (a measure of sorting) did not significantly change with distance. The increase in roundness in the downdrift direction was interpreted as being due to selective sorting and not due to abrasion. Beach morphology also followed certain trends with distance. The beach slope decreased in the direction of littoral drift. In addition, ridge and runnel systems became progressively more pronounced in the downdrift direction. Trends in the above sediment parameters permitted identification of the littoral or longshore drift cells. Nearshore bathymetry and deep water wave characteristics were used as computer input to predict the location of each longshore drift cell and sub-cell (leaky cell) following the theoretical cell model approach of May and Tanner (1973). The wave characteristics were weighted for 108 combinations to give a composite plot of the effective longshore component of wave power which best reflects the presumed natural potential for sediment transport. Comparison of these two techniques--one real and the other theoretical--revealed that the computer analysis probably does not duplicate the longshore drift cells and sub-cells determined by sediment analysis of the recent beach sands of Dog Island. Emrich, Grover H. Sedimentation studies in the Hawthorn Formation of northwestern Florida. [NOTE] The area covered by this report lies in northern Florida and extreme southwestern Georgia. It extends from the Apalachicola River on the west to the Aucilla River in Florida on the east. The area is bounded on the south by Florida Highway 20 and U.S. Highway 27, and on the north by U.S. Highway 84 in Georgia. It includes parts or all of Liberty, Gadsden, Leon and Jefferson counties in Florida and parts of Decatur, Grady and Thomas counties in Georgia. Throughout the area there are several large and many small towns. The larger towns are Chattahoochee, Quincy, Tallahassee, and Monticello, Florida; and Bainbridge, Cairo and Thomasville, Georgia (see fig. 1). The main railroads are the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, running east to west from Monticello to Chattahoochee, Florida; and the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, running from east to west in Georgia. The area has a warm and humid climate. Its normal average rainfall is approximately 50 inches per year. The average January temperature is 53.60, and the average June temperature is 79.70. This warm temperature and plentiful rainfall support a lush, semi-tropical vegetation. Many of the exposures are partially overgrown in summer. The trees of the area are principally pine and oak. There seems to be no definite relationship between the vegetation and the underlying rock units. The area described in this report has an appreciable relief. The elevations range from 50 to 55 feet along the Apalachicola River and near Lake Talquin, and up to 300 feet at Rock Bluff, Florida, along the Apalachicola River. The maximum relief in the western part of the area is approximately 250 feet. A one-squaremile section east of Bristol, Florida, has a maximum relief of 20 to 30 feet, while an area of the same size north of Tallahassee or east of the Apalachicola River has maximum relief of 150 feet. Part of the area under study has been previously mapped as the Citronelle formation by Cooke, 1945. The writer was unable to distinguish between the Hawthorn formation and Citronelle formation in the field and they were studied as one unit. Four of the sites (5-1, 5-K, 20-A, 20-B) are in the area of Cooke's Citronelle formation. Most of the exposures visited by the writer were along the highways of the area. Each was picked not for its length, but rather for its height, and hence better stratigraphic section. It was found that the best exposures of the area are in cuts along the railroad lines and in the pits of several fuller's earth operations. Other excellent sections are shown along the rivers draining the western part of the area. The exposures ranged in height from a few feet to over 50 feet. They commonly show only one or two different lithologic units, although in certain cases 10 to 15 units are present. Many of the larger outcrops show rapid gradations in lithology, both vertically and horizontally. Many of the sands are wedge-shaped and most pinch out in a distance of 10 to 20 feet. Fuller's earth from the Hawthorn formation is produced commercially in Gadsden County, and in Decatur and Grady Counties in Georgia. The fuller's earth produced in this district contains primarily the clay mineral attapulgite. It is thought that the fuller's earth was formed by the weathering and altering of the crystalline rocks in the northern part of Georgia. The clay-size particles were transported to the area of the present Florida peninsula and deposited in a near-shore environment. The occurrence of marine and terrestrial fossils with the fuller's earth has led to the belief that the clay was formed during a transitional period. Annual production of fuller's earth in the United States for the years 1940 to 1952 has increased steadily, reaching a peak in the year 1951 of 83,000 tons for the Florida-Georgia district. This represents over 60 per cent of the tonnage and 70 per cent of the value of fuller's earth mined in the United States for that year. Today it is used as a filler, a carrier of insecticides and fungicides, an absorbent, in rotary drilling mud, and in filtering and decolorizing vegetable and mineral oil. 137


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A book thought to be the oldest surviving printed book in the world has gone on display at the British Library.
The book bears the date of 868 AD
The Diamond Sutra, which bears the date 868 AD, was found in a walled-up cave in Dunhuang, north-west China, in 1907, along with other printed items.
It consists of a scroll of grey paper printed with Chinese characters, wrapped around a wooden pole.
The scroll forms part of the Library's Silk Road display, which focuses on the art and culture of the region.
It was discovered by the Hungarian born explorer Sir Marc Aurel Stein, and is thought to be part of a library which was walled up in the cave around the year 1000AD.
Although other printed items and manuscripts were discovered in the cave, the Diamond Sutra, which is a Buddhist Holy text, is the earliest printed book to bear a date.
"Sutras were copied to give merit to people and to all sentient beings in the world," said Susan Whitfield from the British Library.
"This was copied by a man called Wong Jei, in May 868 on behalf of his parents, and he notes this at the end."
The scroll was printed hundreds of years before moveable type was discovered separately in Europe.
However, paper making and printing were already well established in China at the time.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
William Bligh (September 9, 1754 - December 7, 1817) was an officer of the British Royal Navy and colonial administrator. He is best known for the famous mutiny that occurred against his command aboard HMAV Bounty. After the Bounty mutiny he became Governor of New South Wales, where his stern administration engendered another insurrection, the Rum Rebellion led by John Macarthur.
Bligh was born in Plymouth, a seaport in south-west England, and went to sea at the age of eight. In 1776, he was selected by Captain James Cook for the crew of the Resolution and, in 1787, selected as commander of the HMAV Bounty. He would eventually rise to the rank of Vice Admiral in the British Navy.
William Bligh's naval career consisted of a variety of appointments and assignments. A summary is as follows:
- July 1, 1762: Ship's Boy and Captain's Servant, HMS Monmouth
- July 27, 1770: Able Seaman, HMS Hunter
- February 5 1771: Midshipman, HMS Hunter
- September 22, 1771: Midshipman, HMS Crescent
- September 2, 1774: Able Seaman, HMS Ranger
- September 30, 1775: Master's Mate, HMS Ranger
- March 20, 1776: Master, HMS Resolution
- February 14, 1781: Master, HMS Belle Poule
- October 5, 1781: Lieutenant, HMS Berwick
- January 1, 1782: Lieutenant, HMS Princess Amelia
- March 20, 1782: Lieutenant, HMS Cambridge
- January 14, 1783: Joined Merchant Service as Lieutenant
- 1785: Commanding Lieutenant, Merchant Vessel Lynx
- 1786: Lieutenant, Merchant Vessel Brittania
- 1787: Returns to Royal Navy active service
- August 16, 1787: Commanding Lieutenant, HMAV Bounty
- November 14, 1790: Captain, HMS Falcon
- December 15, 1790: Captain, HMS Medea
- April 16, 1791: Captain, HMS Providence
- April 30, 1795: Captain, HMS Calcutta
- January 7, 1796: Captain, HMS Director
- March 18, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Glatton
- April 12, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Monarch
- May 8, 1801: Post Captain, HMS Irresistible
- May 2, 1804: Post Captain, HMS Warrior
- May 14, 1805: Governor of New South Wales
- September 27, 1805: Post Captain, HMS Porpoise
- July 31, 1808: Commodore, HMS Porpoise
- April 3, 1810: Commodore, HMS Hindostan
- July 31, 1810: Appointed Rear Admiral of the Blue
- June 4, 1814: Appointed Vice Admiral of the Blue
The voyage of the Bounty
In 1787, Bligh took command of the Bounty. He first sailed to Tahiti to obtain breadfruit trees, then set course for the Caribbean, where the breadfruit were wanted for experiments to see if breadfruit would be a successful food crop there. The Bounty never reached the Caribbean, as mutiny broke out onboard shortly after leaving Tahiti. In later years, Bligh would repeat the same voyage that the Bounty had undertaken and would eventually succeed in delivering the breadfruit to the West Indies. Bligh's mission may have introduced the akee to the Caribbean as well, though this is uncertain. (Akee is now called Blighia sapida in binomial nomenclature after Bligh).
The mutiny, which broke out during the return voyage, was led by Master's Mate Fletcher Christian and supported by a quarter of the crew. The mutineers provided Bligh and the eighteen of his crew who remained loyal with a 23 foot (7 m) launch, provisions sufficient to reach the most accessible ports, a sextant and a pocket watch, but no charts or compass. Bligh disdained the obvious course of action, which would have been sailing for nearer Spanish ports where they would be repatriated to Britain after delays. Bligh was confident in his navigational skills and considering his first responsibility to be getting word of the mutiny as soon as possible to British vessels that could pursue the mutineers, so he embarked instead on a 3618 nautical mile (6701 km) voyage to Timor. In the successful 41 day voyage, the only casualty was one crewman killed by hostile natives.
To this day, the reasons for the mutiny are a subject of considerable debate. Some feel that Bligh was a cruel tyrant whose abuse of the crew led members of the crew to feel that they had no choice but to take the ship from Bligh. Others feel that the crew, after having been exposed to freedom and sexual excess on the island of Tahiti refused to return to the "Jack Tars" existence of a seaman. They hold that the crew took the ship from Bligh so that they could return to a life of comfort and pleasure on Tahiti.
After the Bounty
Bligh was buried in a family plot at Lambeth. This church is now the Museum of Garden History. His gravestone is topped by a breadfruit. Bligh's house is marked by a plaque a block east of the Museum.
- Caroline Alexander, The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty, Viking Penguin, 2003, hardcover, 512 pages, ISBN 067003133X
- A Voyage to the South Sea by William Bligh, 1792, from Project Gutenberg. The full title of Bligh's own account of the famous mutiny is: A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies, in his majesty's ship the Bounty, commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh. Including an account of the Mutiny on board the said ship, and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew, in the ship's boat, from Tofoa, one of the friendly islands, to Timor, a Dutch settlement in the East Indies. The whole illustrated with charts, etc.
- Portraits of Bligh in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
- There is a display devoted to Bligh at the Museum of Garden History.
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