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There are so many benefits that after school program offers.
Below are the benefits of after school care programs:
- It makes the child have a feeling of belongingness
After school programs at _URL_ are not offered by the school, so your children can encounter new classmates. This is would be great for them especially if they are having problems with people in their school. However, there is a big chance that your children will meet familiar faces, and this program gives them a chance to interact with them.
- Improves the child social skills
The goal of after school programs is to encourage support, respect and even cooperation. The After School Care Margate programs ensure that your children will be comfortable in talking to other people and joining group activities. Someone will observe your children and they will also remind them if they are always interrupting the person that they are talking to.
- It offers academic support
There are after school programs that help student with their academics. Homework can actually cause problems between kids and problems. If your children will be able to finish their homework, they will be more relaxed and pleasant once they go home. The supervisor will make sure that your child will finish his or her homework on their own.
- It makes learning much more fun
Your children can also have computer and science class in their after school program. They do not offer tests in after school programs and they even provide activities that children will work in groups. The classes that are offered are stress free and really fun. They also have music classes, art classes and more. You can choose a program that your children will really love to do.
- They offer supervision and safety
Children have a risky behavior if they are having problems with their attention span and learning issues. Studies show that children commit crimes or be victim of a crime between the hours of 3 to 6 pm. This are the hours they drink alcohol or do drugs. These things can be prevented when they enter in after school care programs. They will be safe and have supervision.
- It builds the self confidence of the kids
Most children feel more comfortable with after school programs especially if they have attention and learning issues. They do not feel that pressured. If this is the case then they will be be willing to take risks and do new activities. Your children will have a higher self-esteem.


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South Language Academy of International Languages is a public K-8 magnet school in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School (CMS) District, the second largest school district in the state. SAIL offers students the unique opportunity to become proficient and literate in a second language. Second language immersion instruction is offered in the elementary school in Chinese, French, German, and Japanese.
From their first days in Kindergarten to the day they complete the program in grade 8, students are immersed in their target languages. This produces students who are proficient in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in a second language. In the elementary school, these intensive language programs are taught in the target language for the majority of the instructional day.
As a public school in North Carolina, the immersion instruction at SAIL strictly adheres to the Common Core State Standards and the Essential Standards for Science and Social Studies as the guiding curriculum for planning, instruction, assessments, and data collection. The program complies with educational mandates formulated by State and Federal regulations to the fullest extent.
We understand that language immersion is an evolving concept in an ever-changing educational setting, driven by a dynamic immersion research platform on the one side and accountability mandates on the other side. The advantages of language, cognitive, and social learning aspects in an immersion learning environment over traditional school concepts are consistently evident in the research.
Language immersion in North Carolina has evolved over many years with currently more than 100 schools. SAIL, the second such program in North Carolina has been one of the finest examples and highest models of best practices of immersion teaching for many other immersion programs and universities in North Carolina, the United States, and internationally. The school was honored in 2012 with the Melba D. Woodruff Award as an Exemplary Elementary Foreign Language Program. The award was sponsored by ACTFL (American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages) in collaboration with the Wright Group/McGraw. SAIL has also consistently been recognized as one of the top magnet schools in the state.
The Language Immersion Philosophy at our school follows four immersion-related goals:
- to achieve proficiency in the target language (listening, speaking, reading, and writing),
- to acquire comparable English Language Arts skills as peers in traditional schools,
- to reach cultural competency in surface features and deep features of cultural perspectives, practices, and products,
- to gain mastery in content areas compared to peers instructed in traditional school.
SAIL offers K-5 students the chance to participate in full language immersion programs in one of four languages: Chinese, French, German or Japanese. (Spanish K-8 immersion programs are offered at Collinswood Language Academy and Oaklawn Language Academy.) Students are admitted to the program in Kindergarten and are chosen through the magnet school lottery. Students who possess advanced second language skills have the opportunity to be assessed by our teachers and may enter the immersion program at any grade level, acceptance is contingent upon space availability in the desired program.
At the middle school level, SAIL allows for students to continue to study their second language and provides the opportunity to begin an accelerated course of study in a third language. Seats are available for incoming 6th grade students who are eager to learn a new language but have no prior language immersion experience. In addition to the languages offered in the elementary immersion program, students may elect to take Spanish in middle school. Middle school students can also choose from a wide range of traditional elective courses, as well as electives that emphasize the different languages and cultures. Middle school students also have the opportunity to participate in the same sports and extra-curricular activities available to all CMS students.
For more information about the individual languages, please see these pages:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Discussion: Applying Differential Diagnosis to Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Social work clinicians keep a wide focus on several potential syndromes, analyzing patterns of symptoms, risks, and environmental factors. Narrowing down from that wider focus happens naturally as they match the individual symptoms, behaviors, and risk factors against criteria A–E and other baseline information in the DSM-5. Over time, as you continue your social work education, this process will become more automatic and integrated. In this Discussion, you practice differential diagnosis by examining a case that falls on the neurodevelopmental spectrum.
To prepare: Read "The Case of Bogdan" and identify relevant symptoms and factors. You may want to make a simple list of the symptoms and facts of the case to help you focus on patterns. Read the Morrison (2014) selection. Focus on Figure 1.1, "The Roadmap for Diagnosis," to guide your decision making. Identify four clinical diagnoses relevant to Bogdan that you will consider as part of narrowing down your choices. Be prepared to explain in a concise statement why you ruled three of them out. Confirm whether any codes have changed by checking this website: American Psychiatric Association. (2017, October 1). Changes to ICD-10-CM codes for DSM-5 diagnoses. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from _URL_
Day 3 Post a 300- to 500-word response in which you address the following: Provide a full DSM-5 diagnosis of Bogdan.
Remember, a full diagnosis should include the name of the disorder, ICD-10-CM code, specifiers, severity, and the Z codes (other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention). Keep in mind a diagnosis covers the most recent 12 months. Explain the diagnosis by matching the symptoms identified in the case to the specific criteria for the diagnosis. Identify which four diagnoses you initially considered in the case of Bogdan, using the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria to explain why you selected these four items. In one or two sentences each, explain why three of these diagnoses were excluded. Explain any obvious eliminations that could be made from within the neurodevelopmental spectrum. Describe in detail how Bogdan's symptoms match up with the specific diagnostic criteria for the primary disorder that you finally selected for him. Note two other relevant DSM-5 criteria for that illness from the sections on "diagnostic features" and "development and course" that fit his case.
By Day 6 Respond to at least two colleagues in the following ways: Compare the diagnosis you provided and the process in which you reached the diagnosis with those of your colleague. Explain how the Z codes (other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention) that your colleague identified may influence Bogdan's upcoming treatment.


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Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator
Optical resonators form an integral part of lasers and many other photonic devices. With a new type of resonator cavity, researchers hope to combine high quality optics and mechanical systems into one tightly compact package.
This open cavity Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator (WGMR) allows direct access to its internal optical fields and does not require special optical coatings.
By incorporating a mechanical cantilever inside the open cavity, the coupled optomechanical system can be extremely sensitive to displacement and acceleration, which makes it well suited for miniature accelerometers and gyroscopes. The open cavity WGMR scheme could also lead to innovations in inertial sensors, trace gas detection, and laser sources, that are not possible in conventional closed structured WGMRs.
More About Engineered WGM Resonators
Image Credit: David C. Aveline, Quantum Sciences and Technology Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
A magnified image of an open disc resonator shown with optical couplers.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The engineering plastic twin screw extruder was developed based on a single screw extruder. Due to its good feed performance, mixing and plasticization performance, suction performance, and extrusion stability, it is often used in extruded products.
What are the advantages of engineering plastic twin screw extruders?
What role do pre-heaters play in the use of engineering plastic twin screw extruders?
What is the reason for the "fault" of the exhaust air opening of the engineering plastic twin screw extruder?
By simply opening the engineering plastic twin screw extruder, the wear level of the threaded parts and the inner sockets of the cylinder can be determined at any time, so that we need to carry out effective maintenance or exchange. It is not detected if there is a problem with the extruded product causing unnecessary waste.
2. Reduce production costs
When a engineering plastic twin screw extruder is made of technical plastic Masterbatch, it is often necessary to change the color. It is necessary to change the product.
Simply open the open editing area within a few minutes. In addition, the mixing process can be performed by observing the melting profile on the entire screw. analysis. When changing the color of an ordinary engineering plastic twin screw extruder, a large amount of cleaning material is needed to clean the machine, which is time and energy consuming and wastes raw materials. The split engineering plastic twin screw extruder can solve this problem. When changing color, it takes only a few minutes to quickly open the barrel for manual cleaning, so that no or fewer cleaning agents can be used, which saves costs.
A pre-heating of the cable core is required for the use of an engineering plastic twin screw extruder. The presence of pores shall not be permitted for the insulating layer, in particular the thin insulating layer. The wire core can be completely removed from the water and oil surface by high-temperature preheating before crushing. In the case of coat extrusion, its main function is to dry the cable core to prevent the possibility of pores in the coat due to moisture (or moisture around the cushion layer). By preheating, the residual pressure of the plastic can also be prevented by discouragement during extrusion. During the plastic extrusion of the processor, preheating can eliminate the large temperature difference that occurs when the cold wire enters the high-temperature nozzle and the nozzle is in contact with the plastic, thereby avoiding the fluctuation of the plastic temperature and causing the fluctuation of the extrusion pressure. This stabilizes the extrusion volume and ensures the extrusion quality. The technical plastic engineering plastic twin screw extruder uses an electric radiator preheating device that requires sufficient capacity and guarantees rapid heating so that the core preheating and drying efficiency of the cable core is high. The pre-heat temperature is limited by the deflection speed and generally corresponds to the temperature of the machine part.
The temperature of the machine part is low and the pressure of the machine part is too high.
engineering plastic twin screw extruder The engineering plastic twin screw extruder used for profile extrusion is usually narrow-meshed and rotates in different directions, but a few also use simultaneous engineering plastic twin screw extruders, which usually work with relatively low screw speed. About ten U/min.
The rapidly combining, simultaneous engineering plastic twin screw extruder is used for composting, venting or as a continuous chemical reactor. The maximum snail speed of this extruder type is 300-600 U/min. The non-interactive extruder is used for mixing, venting, and chemical reaction. Its conveyor mechanism is very different from the interlocking extruder, which is closer to the conveyor mechanism of a single screw extruder.
These are related practices for using engineering plastic twin screw extruders. If you want to get more information about the engineering plastic twin screw extruders, please connect Nanjing JlEYA, and they will tell you more about it.
The single screw extruder is a special reduction power device designed for plastic and rubber single screw extruder equipment. The reducer is matched with the motor. The gear parts are made of high-strength alloy steel. The gears are processed by carburizing, quenching, and high-precision gear grinding. The gear accuracy is level 6, and the tooth surface hardness is HRC58-62.
What is the principle of single screw extruder?
What is the current industry development of single screw extruder?
What should I pay attention to when using single screw extruder?
The single screw extruder is generally divided into three sections in effective length. The effective length of the three sections is determined according to the diameter of the screw and the pitch and depth of the screw, which are generally divided into one-third of each; the last thread of the single screw extruder has been called the conveying section. It is required that it cannot be plasticized, but it must be preheated and compressed;
The second section of the single screw extruder is called the compression section. At this time, the volume of the screw groove gradually decreases, and the temperature must reach the degree of plasticization of the material. The compression produced here is from the conveying section three, and here it is compressed to one. Some machines also have Change, the plasticized material enters the third stage;
The third section of the single screw extruder is the metering section, where the material maintains the plasticizing temperature to supply the machine head, which is generally slightly higher than the plasticizing temperature.
In single screw extruder equipment, the plastic extruder is normally referred to as the main machine and the following equipment, the plastic extruder, is referred to as the auxiliary machine. After more than 100 years of development, the plastic extruder has been derived from the original single-screw extruder, a variety of models such as double-screw, multi-screw and even non-screw models have been derived. The plastic extruder (host) can be used with different plastic moulding machines such as tube, foil, holding material, monofilament, flat wire, strapping, extruding network, plate material, profile material, pelleting, cable coating, etc. are used. Suitable for different plastic extrusion production lines for the production of different plastic products. Therefore, plastic extrusion machines are today and in the future one of the most common models in the plastics processing industry.
What should I pay attention to when using single screw extruder?
(1) The material convey way of the single screw extruder mainly relies on friction, which limits its feeding performance. And it is difficult to add the powder, paste, glass fiber and inorganic fillers, so pay attention to the material used.
(2) When the pressure of the single screw extruder head is high, the reverse flow will increase and the productivity will decrease. Therefore, always pay attention to the pressure of the equipment.
(3) The surface renewal effect of the single screw extruder material in the exhaust zone is small, so the exhaust effect is poor.
(4) single screw extruder is not suitable for certain processes, such as polymer coloring, thermosetting powder processing, etc.
The single screw extruder has achieved an irreplaceable position in industrial production. Nanjing JlEYA is committed to providing various bending and rolling machines of high quality for all customers from all over the world.
The engineering plastic twin screw extruder consists of a transmission device, a feed device, a barrel, and a screw. The function of each component is similar to that of a single-screw extruder. The difference to the single screw extruder is that in the engineering plastic twin screw extruder two parallel snails are arranged in the "cross-section" of the material.
What is the working principle of the engineering plastic twin screw extruder?
How do you treat a engineering plastic twin screw extruder?
Why is the cooling device particularly important when using engineering plastic twin screw extruders?
From the point of view of the principle of movement, the engineering plastic twin screw extruder distinguishes between the straight and uneven, and non-foaming types.
1. Double screw extruder of technical plastic
This type of engineering plastic twin screw extruder has a low speed and a high speed. The former is mainly used for profile extraction, while the latter is used for special polymer processing operations.
(1) Tightly machined extruder. The slow-running extruder has a closely combining screw geometry, in which the spiral antenna shape of one snail closely matches the spiral antenna shape of the other snail, i.e. the conjugated snail shape.
(2) Self-cleaning extruder. The simultaneous high-speed extruder has a closely tuned spiral shape. This type of snail can be executed with a relatively small snail split so that the snail has a closed self-cleaning effect. This type of engineering plastic twin screw extruder is called a compact self-cleaning engineering plastic twin screw extruder.
The gap between the two screw edges of the closely combining, opposing engineering plastic twin screw extruder is very small (much smaller than the gap in the evenly rotating engineering plastic twin screw extruder) so those positive conveying properties can be achieved.
2. Non-reciprocating double screw extruder of technical plastic
The axis distance between the two snails of the non-foaming engineering plastic twin screw extruder is greater than the sum of the radii of the two snails.
1. After using the engineering plastic twin screw extruder for 500 hours, iron chips or other impurities from the gears are in the gearbox. Therefore, the gears should be cleaned and the gear lubricant replaced.
2. The engineering plastic twin screw extruder should carry out a comprehensive inspection of the extruder after an operating period to check the density of all snails


Does Neosporin Or Vaseline Heal Faster?
How long should I put Vaseline on a wound?
Continue applying the petroleum jelly until the wound has fully healed.
Open wounds heal more slowly.
A large wound can take 4 weeks or more to heal..
Is Vaseline or Neosporin better for cuts?
Does Neosporin speed up healing?
Does Vaseline help cuts heal faster?
Wounds Heal Faster with Vaseline – Vaseline (petroleum jelly) not only keeps wounds clean and moist but also provides an occlusive layer, thus keeps the wound covered. It keeps germs out decreasing the risk on infection. Apart from that, it hydrates the wound stimulating the healing process.
Why do dermatologists hate Neosporin?
What ointment is good for cuts?
Antibiotic ointments (such as Neosporin) help wounds heal by keeping out infection and by keeping the wound clean and moist. If your child has stitches, your doctor will tell you whether you should use an antibiotic ointment. Most cuts and scrapes heal without antibiotic ointment.
How long should you use Neosporin on a wound?
Is it good to put Vaseline on a scab?
Taking steps to support the body's healing process can help get rid of a scab. A scab protects a wound while it heals. Keeping a wound clean and covering it with a layer of petroleum jelly, such as plain Vaseline, can retain moisture and prevent the wound from scabbing over.
How can I heal my broken skin faster?
Should you keep a wound covered or uncovered?
Leaving a wound uncovered helps it stay dry and helps it heal. If the wound isn't in an area that will get dirty or be rubbed by clothing, you don't have to cover it.
What is the best skin healing ointment?
Vanicream Moisturizing Cream With Pump ($12)Doctor Rogers Restore Healing Balm ($30) … CeraVe Healing Ointment ($12) … Eucerin Eczema Relief Cream (Pack of 3) ($21) … Vanicream Moisturizing Ointment ($8) … Skinfix Remedy+ 911 Ointment ($24) … May Lindstrom The Blue Cocoon ($180)More items…•Oct 16, 2020
Does Neosporin really work?
Truth: Neosporin is marketed for the prevention and fighting of infections and speeding the healing of wounds. However there is little data supporting these claims and in clinical trials, Neosporin is not more effective that simple petroleum jelly3.
What is the strongest antibiotic ointment over the counter?
Can bacteria grow in Vaseline?
Can I shower with an open wound?
What Ointment heals cuts the fastest?
Why is Neosporin bad?
When should you not use Neosporin?
Ask your healthcare provider before using if you have an open wound, a deep or puncture wound, an animal bite, or a serious burn. If you do not see wound healing after one week, contact your healthcare provider. Do not use bacitracin or Neosporin if you are allergic to the ingredient(s).


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VQ SPECT-CT quantification
In some cases of lung surgery, the surgeon will ask for a VQ scan with quantification. This is usually performed when the surgeon is thinking of removing part of the lung (a lobectomy procedure). In this case, the surgeon is interested in finding out how much each part of the lung is contributing to the overall function.
At Trinity Medical Imaging, the VQ scan with quantification is performed in exactly the same way as a VQ scan for pulmonary embolus. However, the technologist can perform the necessary calculations on the computer and provide a report for the surgeon.


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Course Title: Work legally and ethically
Part B: Course Detail
Teaching Period: Term1 2020
Course Code: HWSS6068C
Course Title: Work legally and ethically
This course is co-delivered and co-assessed in a cluster with courses CHCCOM005 Communicate and work in health or community services, CHCDIV001 Work with diverse people, and HLTWHS002 Follow safe work practices for direct client care. This cluster is called, Introduction to the sector.
School: 375T Vocational Design and Social Context
Campus: City Campus
Program: C3402 - Certificate III in Individual Support (Ageing and Disability)
Course Contact: Steve Bruechert
Course Contact Phone: +61 3 9925 4063
Course Contact Email: _EMAIL_
Name and Contact Details of All Other Relevant Staff
Nominal Hours: 55
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
In this course you will acquire the skills and knowledge required to identify and work within the legal and ethical frameworks that apply to an individual job role.
This course applies to community services and health workers who play a proactive role in identifying and meeting their legal and ethical responsibilities.
This course is delivered and assessed in a cluster with:
GEDU6078C - CHCCOM005 Communicate and work in health or community services
GEDU6077C - CHCDIV001 Work with diverse people
OHTH5920C - HLTWHS002 Follow safe work practices for direct client care
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
National Element Code & Title:
CHCLEG001 Work legally and ethically
1. Identify and respond to legal requirements
2. Identify and meet ethical responsibilities
3. Contribute to workplace improvements
On successful completion of this course you will have developed and applied the skills and knowledge required to demonstrate competency in the above elements.
Details of Learning Activities
The program schedule includes:
- Online self-paced learning resources
- Face-to-face classroom-based learning including virtual and augmented reality
- Workplace based learning and assessment
- guest lecutres / presentation
While all course content in this sechdule wil be covered, the weekly order may change depending on class needs and availability of speakers and resources
Excursion day, Course familiarity day, Industry day
Understanding the job role• Understanding role of allied health, etc.• Introduction to NDIS framework
introduction to Greendale community and the online legislative component, Using communication to show respect and understand others
Safety – what is it and why is it important• Using lifting equipment, Managing personal stress and fatigue• Self-care
Dealing with conflict• Ethical dilemmas (linked to ethical care frameworks)• Legal breaches• Problem solving techniques• Understanding where workplaces can improve
Explanation of what behaviours of concern are and what happens in the workplace.
Supported work placement
Workplace practicalassessments• Assessment: Manual handling
Class Debriefing and catch up• Student reassessments
The University Library has extensive resources and provides subject specialist expertise, research advice, help with referencing and support through:
The learning Lab
The Study Support Hub
English for uni workshops
Overview of Assessment
This course is delivered and assessed with courses CHCCOM005 Communicate and work in health or community services, CHCDIV001 Work with diverse people, and HLTWHS002 Follow safe work practices for direct client care.
There will be three forms of assessment and they will include a research task; questions and answers in relation to the units of competency; and practical assessment either in a simulated or workplace environment.
The assessment tasks are as follows:
Task 1: Research questions/online quiz
Task 2: Questions and answers
Task 3: Observation in either a simulated or workplace environment/role plays and scenarios
If you have a long term medical condition and/or disability it may be possible to negotiate to vary aspects of the learning or assessment methods. You can contact the program coordinator or the Disability Liaison Unit if you would like to find out more.
A student charter _URL_ summarises your responsibilities as an RMIT student as well as those of your teacher
Your course assessment conforms to RMIT assessment principles, regulations, policies, procedures and instructions which are available for review online:_URL_
Students enrolled in Vocational Education and Training qualifications are assessed for Competency. To be assessed as Competent means you have consistently demonstrated the required knowledge and skills to a standard expected in the workplace. To be assessed as Competent in this course, you will need to complete each assessment task to a satisfactory standard. You will receive feedback from the teacher at the conclusion of each assessment task.
You should refer to the assessment brief which is available through Canvas for a full assessment criterion. Results that apply to courses that are delivered and assessed in accordance with competency-based assessments are:
CA - Competency Achieved
NYC - Not Yet Competent
DNS - Did not submit for assessment
Your assessment quizzes are broken up into multiple, smaller knowledge and scenario quizzes. You can view and attempt all the required assessment quizzes by selecting from the following table. Unless otherwise stated you will be given two attempts at each quiz; if you need additional attempts, your teacher(s) will discuss this with you.
The quiz assessment tasks allow you to demonstrate your knowledge of the cluster content. When you open the assessments from the links below, they will open in a new window. Close that window to return to this page.
|AT1 - WHS inspection and hazard identification|
|AT2 - Emergency incident role-play and report|
|AT3 - Manual handling|
|AT4 - Knowledge quiz|
|AT6 Ethics of care: Scenario quiz|
|AT7 - Working with diverse people: Scenario quiz|
Other assessment tasks
The following practical tasks are the other assessments required for this cluster. They may include a mixture of workplace documentation tasks, practical demonstrations and simulations of workplace tasks.
|Emergency incident role play and report|
|Ethics of care: Scenario quiz|
The assessment matrix demonstrates alignment of assessment tasks with the relevant unit of competency. These matrices are available through program administration
Course Overview: Access Course Overview


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Titanium Dioxide Coatings on Stainless Steel
Read full article onlineFull Article
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a photosensitive semiconductor and its valence electrons are excited into the conduction band by high-energy radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) range (200–400 nm). TiO2 has been used for diverse applications in various configurations as pellets, beads, powders, and immobilized films. The most frequently cited applications for TiO2 in a film configuration are as self-cleaning materials, agents for heterogeneous photocatalysis, solar cells, gas sensors, and corrosion-control coatings.
Pure TiO2 pellets or beads tend to be brittle and susceptible to attrition or fragmentation under mild stress and shear forces. TiO2 powders are active because they have a high specific surface area, but removing the powder catalyst from the reaction bulk media can be troublesome.
Thus TiO2 film coatings have attracted considerable interest in the last decade. Film coatings make available the catalytic properties of TiO2 while benefiting from the mechanical properties of the substrate. TiO2 films are fabricated onto supporting materials (substrates) by a variety of different methods including the sol–gel method, sputtering technique, electrochemical process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and spray pyrolysis.


text: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the required spatial alignment accuracy for correctly grading 95 \% of peripheral zone (PZ) prostate cancers using a system for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-guided ultrasound (US) biopsies. METHODS: PZ prostate tumours were retrospectively annotated on multiparametric MR series using prostatectomy specimens as reference standard. Tumours were grouped based on homogeneous and heterogeneous apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values using an automated ADC texture analysis method. The proportion of heterogeneous tumours containing a distinct, high Gleason grade tumour focus yielding low ADC values was determined. Both overall tumour and high-grade focal volumes were calculated. All high-grade target volumes were then used in a simulated US biopsy system with adjustable accuracy to determine the hit rate. RESULTS: An ADC-determined high-grade tumour focus was found in 63 \% of the PZ prostate tumours. The focal volumes were significantly smaller than the total tumour volumes (median volume of 0.3 ml and 1.1 ml respectively). To correctly grade 95 \% of the aggressive tumour components the target registration error (TRE) should be smaller than 1.9 mm. CONCLUSIONS: To enable finding the high Gleason grade component in 95 \% of PZ prostate tumours with MR-guided US biopsies, a technical registration accuracy of 1.9 mm is required. KEY POINTS : AC/a,!AC/ MRI can identify foci of prostatic cancer with reduced apparent diffusion coefficients AC/a,!AC/ Sixty-three per cent of prostatic peripheral zone tumours contain high-grade tumour low ADC foci AC/a,!AC/ The median volume of such foci is 0.3 ml AC/a,!AC/ Biopsy targets are significantly smaller than whole tumour volumes AC/a,!AC/ Simulated registration accuracy is 1.9 mm for correctly grading 95 \% of tumours.


Terms and Definitions to Consult When you Develop Your Workplan
What is a Workplan?
A workplan states the goals and timelines for the overall project. It includes breaking the project down into tasks and delegating those tasks to owners with specific timelines. A well-written work plan enables a project manager to see the big picture while managing smaller project components.
Here's a glossary of terms to help you understand what's included in a typical workplan and common features that are often discussed:
Usually, we define scope by describing the outline or parameters of the project. Defining what your project will – and will not – do, is important and can help to prevent what project managers often call "scope creep."
For example, think about the last time you went to the grocery store: Did you go with a shopping list? In this scenario, the list is your "project scope." If you simply went to the store with a general idea but found yourself adding a variety of things to your cart – that's scope creep.
Goals and Objectives
Goals and objectives are related in that they both point to things you hope to accomplish through your workplan. While some people do tend to use these words interchangeably, there are distinct differences between them.
Goals focus on the big picture of your project. People have a lot of goals during the course of their lives: buy a home, graduate from college, have enough money to retire on time. These are all fine goals.
Objectives are SMART. They are specific and measurable. In other words, you should be able to check these off your list when you accomplish them. Objectives are generally written in the active voice and use action verbs with specific meanings (e.g. "plan," "write," "increase," and "measure") instead of verbs with vaguer meanings (e.g. "examine," "understand," "know," etc.).
Using a scenario from above, a goal might be to "buy a house." The objectives for that goal might include "Save X amount of money from each paycheck so that I will have X amount of money for a down payment on a X house."
Tasks (also known as action items or action steps) usually refer to a clearly defined piece of work, sometimes of short or limited duration, assigned to or expected of a person. Again, using our scenario above, tasks might include filling out the paperwork to set up an automatic savings plan to set aside a pre-set amount of money from every paycheck.
A milestone is an action or event marking a significant change or stage in development. Milestones help you to know how to measure your progress in your plan. For example, again, using the example above, let's say you want to save $20,000 to buy a house in a year. It might be safe, then, to assume that you should have $5,000 saved in 3 months and $10,000 saved in 6 months. Those would be your milestones. If, in 3 or 6 months, you've not met those milestones, then you would know to either adjust your savings plan, adjust the value of the home you'd like to buy, or to extend the timeline for saving.
Depending on the project you have proposed, your solution might require others to participate in the project. For example, let's say your project is a newly proposed product for your company. The New Product Development Team for your proposal might include representation from Legal, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Research, and a Product Manager.
Your tasks will lead to deliverables. A deliverable is a thing able to be provided, especially as a product of a development process. For example, using the home purchasing process above, your "deliverables" would be the savings account, the paperwork, and/or the saved amounts of money (ie: tied to the timeline described above in milestones.)
You should have a schedule or timeline when deliverables are delivered. Again – when do you want to buy that house? A year from now? Or 5 years from now? Your expectations will dictate how much money to save each month, how much of a house you can buy or when you'd buy it.
Resources are what you have to work with, including budget, people, facilities, equipment, etc. Do you know what resources you need? Do you have them? If you don't, can you get them temporarily? For example, rather than dedicating full-time headcount to your New Product Development team, can you have staff temporarily assigned for a part of their time to the project? Instead of buying facilities, can you lease, rent or temporarily borrow?
Constraints are the potential obstacles or limitations that could impede your project. What could stand in the way of completing your project?
And don't forget to establish accountability: Who is going to make sure that the tasks are completed or that the goals and objectives are met? While this is often the project manager or project owner, it can also include individuals of the project team who are responsible for the tasks or the executive champion who provides sponsorship of the project.
Remember: Your proposal was only the first phase of this process: Now it's time to make the proposal reality. Workplans are where the "rubber meets the road" and detail the "how" you are going to accomplish your proposal.
Want to learn more about writing more effective documents or plans? Check out our books (Amazon) and courses.
Get Connected We welcome you to contact us for more information
about any of our products or services.
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text:
The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium is a recently formed consortium of 29 groups from 12 European countries. It already comprises 21 population-based studies and 20 other studies (case-control, cases only, randomized trials), providing ophthalmological data on approximately 170,000 European participants. The aim of the consortium is to promote and sustain collaboration and sharing of data and knowledge in the field of ophthalmic epidemiology in Europe, with particular focus on the harmonization of methods for future research, estimation and projection of frequency and impact of visual outcomes in European populations (including temporal trends and European subregions), identification of risk factors and pathways for eye diseases (lifestyle, vascular and metabolic factors, genetics, epigenetics and biomarkers) and development and validation of prediction models for eye diseases. Coordinating these existing data will allow a detailed study of the risk factors and consequences of eye diseases and visual impairment, including study of international geographical variation which is not possible in individual studies. It is expected that collaborative work on these existing data will provide additional knowledge, despite the fact that the risk factors and the methods for collecting them differ somewhat among the participating studies. Most studies also include biobanks of various biological samples, which will enable identification of biomarkers to detect and predict occurrence and progression of eye diseases. This article outlines the rationale of the consortium, its design and presents a summary of the methodology.
Keywords: Epidemiology; Europe; Eye diseases; Ophthalmology; Prevalence; Risk factors.


[Haskell-cafe] Re: What does the Haskell type system do with"show (1+2)"?
Brian Hulley brianh at metamilk.com
Fri Jan 13 10:34:21 EST 2006
Cale Gibbard wrote:
>>
> So long as we're going to have a defaulting mechanism, it seems a bit
> odd to restrict it to Num, and to classes in the Prelude.
Instead of having literals such as 1 that could be Int, Integer, or Float
etc, why not just have one Number type declared as something like:
data Number = NInt Int | NInteger Integer | NFloat Float | NDouble Double |
NRational Integer Integer | NComplex Number Number
etc so that all numeric literals would just be translated by the compiler
into a Number. Arithmetic ops would then not be overloaded but the compiler
could hopefully optimize out the extra indirection caused by using Number
instead of plain Int, Integer, etc.
Regards, Brian.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe mailing list


text:
Dr. Alan Wentz, Ducks Unlimited senior group manager for conservation and communications, issued the following statement regarding the news that two U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service waterfowl biologists, Vernon (Ray) Bentley and David (Dave) Pitkin, were killed when their survey aircraft crashed in western Oregon on Sunday, Jan. 17:
"Ducks Unlimited and the rest of the waterfowl community have lost two great friends of conservation in Ray Bentley and Dave Pitkin. Ray and Dave were lost while contributing to the critical body of science that guides the best and most successful wildlife management model in the world. Aerial waterfowl surveys play a significant role in determining annual waterfowl regulations, and Ray and Dave's work was an important contribution to this overall effort.
"Our thoughts and prayers go out to the families of Ray and Dave, and to the rest of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in this time of sorrow."
Ducks Unlimited is the world's largest non-profit organization dedicated to conserving North America's continually disappearing waterfowl habitats. Established in 1937, Ducks Unlimited has conserved nearly 13 million acres thanks to contributions from more than a million supporters across the continent. Guided by science and dedicated to program efficiency, DU works toward the vision of wetlands sufficient to fill the skies with waterfowl today, tomorrow and forever.


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Unity & Uniformity
We often confuse unity with uniformity. In reality it is the spirit of unity which creates uniformity for the sake of its beauty and the protection it gives. Throughout all ages both have existed: unity as the inner nature of every soul and the only purpose of life, and uniformity to help to fulfill that purpose. Unity is the goal and uniformity the means to reach that goal, but often the means has obscured the purpose. All through the ages the different religions which have been given to man for his spiritual development with the sole idea of unity, have gradually become a kind of community or nationality. Many people who belong to a Church accept its dogmas, claim a certain name for their religion, and consider all other children of God as separate; by doing so they lose the very seed of wisdom for whose development that religion was given. This error has existed from the beginning, so that instead of touching the true spirit, people have lost reality by seeking a false objective.
Religious differences have caused endless wars and disasters for the human race. The reason of this is that the spirit of unity has not been recognized, while undue regard has been paid to uniformity. In the present age, when the spirit of religion is at its lowest ebb and only the uniformity remains, divisions of classes and discords of all kinds spring up; one party, one class against another, the spirit of rivalry, jealousy, and destruction everywhere. The effect of this has been to keep man away from the consciousness of God. Very few indeed recognize Him; all humanity is labouring under a great unrest; and yet man thinks he is progressing while all the time he only progresses towards still greater unrest.
There can never be true progress when nations and kingdoms and peoples are divided; for when the races are divided then subdivisions come, and classes and parties also become divided. The same spirit of destruction is at work all the time, and even families become separated. Unity seems to be rooted out from the hearts of men. Examples are not necessary; those who will notice it can see this state of humanity, this condition of life, all over the world.
When we seek a reason for this we find a right principle wrongly worked out. Uniformity is not a fault, indeed it is a great virtue; there is nothing wrong, for instance, in a uniform desire to help, to give service in time of need; but when the God-ideal is removed then it remains as a body without a soul, a corpse, and in the end it decays and causes foulness. However alive and prosperous the world may seem, life belongs only to the living, and when the living being is forgotten it is like a light under a bushel. Man becomes so absorbed in the pursuit of money that he becomes intoxicated and regardless of the harmony and happiness of others, and even of the harmony of his own being; and then he causes destruction. We have only to think of the wars humanity has gone through, and of this latest horror, to see the truth. It all proves that progress is in the wrong direction, and that everywhere unity is lacking. The scriptures given to the Jews, the Muslims, Parsis, Hindus, Buddhists, all have as their central truth the message of unity, but man has been so interested and absorbed in the poetry of these scriptures that he has forgotten their inner voice.
If only we would recognize the inner voice, we would see that the different scriptures all contain words spoken by one and the same voice. Some hear the voice, others only hear the words, just as in nature some see only the branches and others the roots of the tree; but all these different scriptures and ways of worship and of contemplating God are given for one purpose: the realization of unity. In unity reside the happiness and illumination of man, and his guidance in life. We all know unity by name, but most of us think of it as uniformity. The Vedanta for thousands of years in all its prayers and mantrams voiced this central theme: unity, the oneness of all. The Qur'an with all its warnings expresses in one essential sura the Being of God: that not only in the unseen, but in all that is seen there is one underlying current; and the Bible says that we live and move and have our being in God.
Of all the millions of believers in God perhaps only one makes God a reality, and that is because the picture man makes of God is as limited as himself. The knowledge of God is beyond man's reason. Man only perceives things he is capable of perceiving. He cannot raise his imagination above what he is used to, and he cannot reach beyond his imagination to where the being of God is. The secret of God is hidden in the knowledge of unity. Man thinks, 'what can unity give me? Can it bring me happiness? What is there in it?' He can get the answer by observing and studying life more closely. See what an atmosphere the harmony of ten people can create; the power of love and the influence created by ten people is much greater than that created by one. Think then what would be the blessing for humanity if nations, races and communities were united!
No doubt uniformity can teach the lesson of unity, but its purpose must not be for worldly gain; then it is destructive. The wise in all ages have dived deep into life in order to attain unity in themselves, and in order to spread unity. In the life of the world every man has some complaint to make, he lacks something, he is troubled by something; but this is only the external reason, the real truth is that he is not in unity with his own soul, for when there is disharmony in ourselves how can we spread harmony? When mind and body are at war the soul wants something else, and soul and mind are pulled by the body, or the body and mind by the soul; and so there is disharmony. When a man is in harmony with himself, he is in harmony with all; he produces harmony and gives harmony to all, he gives it out all the time.
This is a question that can be answered by understanding our relationship with God. The innermost being of man is the real being of God; man is always linked with God. If he could only realize it, it is by finding harmony in his own soul that he finds communion with God. All meditation and contemplation are taught with this purpose: to harmonize one's innermost being with God, so that He is seeing, hearing, thinking through us, and our being is a ray of His light; in that way we are even closer to God than the fishes are to the ocean in which they have their being. It is mostly interest in worldly things that unites one man with another in order that they can make more profit. How great would be this power if man would unite in true brotherhood! As long as this teaching is hidden under a bushel the methods of uniformity cannot be beneficial; they have no life. The world, in spite of any success it may seem to have today, is suffering from the wrong application of a right principle.
True life cannot be ours until unity is achieved. It is the work of religion to promote the spirit of unity, in the knowledge and love of God to whom all devotion belongs. Man often seeks for psychic, occult, and magnetic powers. This is not the purpose of religion; these developments come of themselves. Where there is life and love, there is magnetism; love itself is the healing power and the remedy for all pain. All occult powers belong to the divine life, but man should live a natural life and realize the nature of God. The only studies which are worth accomplishing are those which lead to the realization of God, and of unity first with God and then with the self, and so with all. It is not necessary for us to be told that we have progressed; we ourselves will know when our heart goes forward; and by loving, forgiving, and serving, our whole life becomes one single vision of the sublime beauty of God.


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Science in Bighorn Canyon NRA
Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (NRA) manages approximately 68,000 acres between the Pryor and Bighorn mountain ranges on the Montana-Wyoming boundary. The park was established in 1966 to preserve the area's natural and cultural resources and provide for public enjoyment after Yellowtail Dam was constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) on the Bighorn River. The resulting Bighorn Lake extends for approximately 71 miles (114 km) at full pool. The depth of Bighorn Canyon is approximately 1,000 feet deep at Devil Canyon and 2,500 feet deep on Bull Elk Ridge. Researchers have found Upper Jurassic Period fossils and fossil tracks and bones in the park, and discovered the remains of Pleistocene animals in debris piles at cave entrances. Wildlife in Bighorn Canyon NRA includes bighorn sheep, wild horses, coyotes, mule deer, snakes, small mammals, mountain lions, bears, and more than 200 bird species. The 39,000-acre Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, about one-fifth of which lies within Bighorn Canyon NRA, provides habitat for both the sheep and for approximately 160 wild horses managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Vegetation communities in the park include desert shrubland, juniper woodland, mountain mahogany woodland, sagebrush steppe, basin grassland, riparian, and coniferous woodland. The 19,000-acre Yellowtail Wildlife Habitat Management Area, more than half of which lies within Bighorn Canyon NRA, is managed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department through agreements with the NPS, BLM, and BOR. Bighorn Canyon's archeological history includes Bad Pass Trail, which has been used for more than 10,000 years and is marked by 500 rock cairns spread over 13 miles. The primary areas for ongoing research in Bighorn Canyon NRA are paleontology, bighorn sheep, archeology, restoration, revegetation, and seeps and springs water quality. Researchers stay at the Bighorn Canyon Research Center at Ewing-Snell Historic Ranch, a science center with a classroom and camp facilities that has been established at one of four 1890s ranches being restored in the park.


PS4 Aux Hax 1: Intro & Aeolia
In the PS4 Aux Hax series of posts, we'll talk about hacking parts of the PS4 besides the main x86 cores of the APU.
In this first entry, we'll give some background for context and describe how we managed to run arbitrary code persistently on Aeolia, the PS4 southbridge.
Not shown in this post are the many iterations of failure which lead to success. The blog would be much too long :) The subtitle should be "power analysis for noobs".
Intro (Overview of SAA-001)
Most of our experimentation is conducted against the SAA-001 version of the PS4 motherboard. This is the initial hardware revision which was released around the end of 2013. There are a few obvious reasons for this:
 - Older hardware revisions are more likely to be populated with older components, resulting in e.g. chips with legs instead of BGA, slower clocks, functionality in discrete parts, etc.
 - Early designs likely have more signals brought out for debugging
 - Used/defective boards can be acquired cheaply
 - Readily available media from initial teardowns/depopulation by third parties (ifixit, siliconpr0n, etc.)
Using the resources from siliconpr0n and simple tools, as many wires as possible were mapped on the board. The final pin mapping which I've used throughout the work for this blog series can be found here.
Interesting components outside the APU
The areas of interest for this post are shown here: overview
External to the APU, the main attractions are the "southbridge" (generally known as Aeolia) and syscon chips. Each is involved in talking to various peripherals on the board as well as controlling power sequencing for other components. Taking control of Aeolia is useful as it allows getting a foothold on the board in order to easily access busses shared with other chips. For example, control of Aeolia should allow performing attacks similar to our previous PCIe man-in-the-middle DMA attack against the APU - using only devices already present on the board. It also would allow easy access to the icc (aka ChipComm) interfaces of FreeBSD running on x86 (via PCIe), as well as the icc interface implemented on syscon (over SPI). As Aeolia is kind of the southbridge for the APU, it naturally would allow intercepting any storage (sflash, ddr3, hdd, …) or networking accesses as well. Finally, Aeolia is a self-contained SoC with multiple ARM cores which provides a decently beefy environment for experimenting with.
Syscon is also interesting for other reasons, which will be elaborated upon in a future post.
Sizing up the target
Early on, it was easy to discover the following about Aeolia:
 - The cores which are active during "rest mode" (APU S3 state) are called "EAP"
 - EAP runs FreeBSD and some usermode processes which can be dumped from DDR3 for reversing
 - Some other component inside Aeolia is likely named "EMC"
 - A shared-memory based protocol named "icc" can be used to communicate with EMC
 - EMC can proxy icc traffic with syscon to/from APU
 - Firmware updates (encrypted and signed) are available for Aeolia
At first, we just wanted to be able to decrypt firmware updates in order to inspect what Aeolia really does and how it works with the rest of the system. The components in the firmware were relatively easy to identify, because the naming scheme of files stored in the filesystem (2BLS: BootLoaderStorage) is a 32bit number which identifies the processor it's for as well as a number which more or less relates to the order it's used in the boot process. Firmware update packages for Aeolia are essentially just raw filesystem blobs which will be written to sflash, so it's easy to extract individual firmware components from a given firmware update package.
The files in sflash for Aeolia consist of:
File Name Name Dst CPU Notes
C0000001 ipl SRAM EMC first stage fetched from sflash
C0010001 eap_kbl DDR3 EAP EMC loads to boot EAP; contains FreeBSD
So, we want to find a way to decrypt the ipl, preferably "offline" i.e. such that we can just directly decrypt the firmware images from update files. Considering that the ipl must be read and decrypted from sflash each time Aeolia powers up, this sounds like a perfect candidate for key recovery via power analysis!
Setting up shop
Recovering the decryption key via well-known attacks such as Correlation Power Analysis should be possible as long as the input data (ciphertext) is controllable to some extent. Initially, everything about the cryptographic schemes for encryption and validation were unknown. This results in a bit of a chicken/egg problem: determining if it's worthwhile to take power traces for an eventual CPA attack requires doing mostly the same work as the CPA attack itself. As there's no way around setting up a PS4 for trace acquisition, I just got on with it.
emc setup Above, a murderedmodified PS4 for EMC power analysis.
From bottom left:
 - sflash replaced with flash simulator on FPGA
 - main Aeolia clock (100MHz spread-spectrum) replaced with slowed down clock (~8MHz, non-SSC) from FPGA. Clockgen is disabled to minimize noise.
 - aux. crystal replaced with wire
 - Just a floating wire, used to manually input a "clock cycle", which seems needed to unblock power-on-reset sequence (not needed for resets which keep power on)
 - (near top right of Aeolia) power trace, extends to back of board and connects to EMC core power plane. Decoupling caps have been removed.
 - (blue wire) replaced, "clean" power supply for EMC
 - (white wire, top right) FPGA GPIO hooked to SC-RESET
 - (not shown) FPGA exports a copy of base clock for oscilloscope refclk
The setup settled on was based around simulating sflash on an FPGA in order to get as fast iteration times as possible. This choice also allowed easily exploring the bootrom's parsing of sflash and ipl (explained in the next section).
The SC-RESET test point was used as a hammer to cause a full-board reset, implicitly causing EMC to be rebooted by syscon.
As for analysis/software tooling, the advanced numpy and baudline tools were used to analyze traces and eventually run the CPA attack.
Power analysis as debugger
Because the ipl was initially an opaque blob, we first needed to discover how the bootrom would parse sflash to arrive at the ipl, and then how the ipl itself would be parsed before the decryption of the ipl body. Investigating this parsing allowed discovering which parts of the filesystem and ipl blob were used, at which time they were used, and the bounds of any fields involved in the parsing. Simply viewing and diffing power traces proved to be a very effective tool for this. It was possible to check for possible memory corruption/logic bugs in the bootrom by simply modifing filesystem structures or ipl header fields and checking the power trace for irregularities. For example, once we had a good guess which field of the ipl header was the load address, we could try changing it in the hopes of hitting e.g. stack region in SRAM, and then check the trace to see if execution appeared to continue past the normal failure point. Unfortunately a bug was not found in this parsing, but this step helped a lot in understanding the layout of the ipl header and which fields we could change to attempt key recovery.
By using power analysis, we determined the header of the ipl blob looked like:
struct aeolia_ipl_hdr {
 u32 magic; // 0xd48ff9aa
 u8 field_4;
 u8 field_5;
 u8 field_6;
 u8 proc_type; // 0x48: EMC, 0x68: EAP
 u32 hdr_len;
 u32 body_len;
 u32 load_addr_0;
 u32 load_addr_1; // one is probably entrypoint..
 u8 fill_pattern[0x10]; // DE AD BE EF CA FE BE BE DE AF BE EF CA FE BE BE
 u8 key_seed[0x8]; // F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
 // key_seed is used as input to 4 aes operations (2 blocks each)
 // some output of those operations is used as the key to decrypt the
 // following 5 blocks
 u8 wrapped_thing[0x20];
 u8 signature[0x30];
 // offset 0x80
 u8 body[body_len];
See the full notes, including discovered bounds and parsing rules here.
This was my first experience with power analysis, and I was quite encouraged by the capabilities so far :)
To show how this was done (well, at least the parts relating to fields used in crypto operations), observe the following spectrograms from baudline.
Note: the time units are meaningless. crypto1_start Above is the trace of the bootrom beginning to process the ipl.
If you squint a bit, you can tell there are 4 nearly identical sections, then a long section which seems to be an extended version of one of the first four.
Afterwards, longer, more stable periods are visible.
hdr_blocks_subtract Above is the result of


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Here you'll find the most common questions that we receive from our customers about termite fumigation. If you don't find the answer you're looking for, please click on the CONTACT link above and send us an email or give us a call. We'll be happy to answer any questions you may have.
GENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT VIKANE
What is the typical Vikane fumigation process and how long does it take?
The termite fumigation process usually takes 24 to 48 hours. Your professional fumigator seals your home with tarps or other methods and releases a warning agent into the home. Vikane is then introduced into the structure. Your professional fumigator will carefully calculate the amount of Vikane needed, based on a variety of factors including the target pest, temperature, and size of the home.
The typical termite fumigation involves approximately 18-24 hours of exposure. After the fumigation is complete, your fumigator aerates the fumigant from the structure following label instructions, and tests the air with sensitive gas monitoring equipment to confirm that it is safe to re-enter the building.
Does Vikane leave any surface residues?
Unlike some treatment options, Vikane does not remain in the home after a termite fumigation. It completely dissipates, leaving no surface residues behind.
Does Vikane cause corrosion or other damage?
Sulfuryl fluoride in the gaseous state does not react with most materials and thus is highly unlikely to cause damage to structures or their contents when properly applied. If water condenses from the air during Vikane fumigations due to reaching the dew point because of too rapid Vikane introduction, water condensation forms, which may tarnish or stain certain materials. Fumigators are trained to use fans and introduction hoses to control the introduction rate and rapidly disperse Vikane in a structure to avoid fog-outs.
Can the air conditioning be left running during termite fumigation?
Leaving the air conditioning on is desirable when homeowners have temperature sensitive items inside the house, such as wine cellars, computers that must be kept cool, etc. In most residential homes the air conditioning may be left running during the fumigation, provided the compressor unit, which normally sits outside the structure, is NOT covered by the tarps. Window air conditioning units are not suitable to be left on because they would normally be covered by the tarps.
Is there a better time of year for termite fumigation?
In warmer weather, less fumigant is required to eliminate pests, so this is a better time to fumigate. The cooler the temperature, the greater the dosage of fumigant required to eliminate an insect pest, because the pests have lower metabolic rates. Vikane can be used unless the temperature at the site of pest activity (with the exception of rodents) is below 40˚ F. Because temperature is an important factor in determining the dosage of Vikane required, the Vikane Fumiguide calculator includes temperature as part of its calculations.
Once a home is fumigated, how long is the treatment guaranteed against future infestation?
Termite fumigation with Vikane® does not prevent future infestations.
TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE
What precautions are taken to ensure my family's safety?
Your professional licensed fumigator will do three things:
Release a warning agent to deter entry to the home.
Secure doors on your home using barricades or additional locking devices to prevent unauthorized entry.
Use specialized equipment to test the air to ensure that Vikane has dissipated, so that you may re-enter your home. The Vikane level must be below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirement (1 ppm or less) in all breathing zones. Therefore, as soon as the fumigator clears the structure, you may return to your home.
Is the amount of chloropicrin used during a Vikane termite fumigation harmful to people?
Chloropicrin is used at a very low application rate of 1 fluid ounce or less for every 10,000 cubic feet of fumigation space, resulting in a controlled concentration of chloropicrin within your home. After the termite fumigation period, your fumigator will aerate the Vikane and chloropicrin following rigorously tested procedures, so when you return home, you do not need to be concerned with any toxicological effects. What is chloropicrin?
Will Vikane affect my pregnancy?
Your fumigator is required to test the air in your home using specialized equipment to ensure that the Vikane level is below the EPA requirement before allowing you to re-enter your home. The EPA requirement is 1 ppm or less in all breathing zones. At such a level, no fetal effects or long-term health effects would be expected.
I double-bagged my food in Nylofume bags prior to fumigation and was careful to get all the air out, but when I returned home, the bags appeared to have air in them. Is it safe to consume the food?
It is possible that the Nylofume bags expanded yet remained airtight. If the bags were filled on a cool morning and they warmed up during the fumigation, the air would expand inside the bag. However, if there is evidence that Vikane penetrated the bag, such as holes in the bag, do not eat the food.
I consumed food that was left in the house during the fumigation. Will that cause me harm?
No adverse health effects would be expected from consumption of some food items inadvertently fumigated with Vikane. The residue that can form in unprotected food items exposed to Vikane is fluoride, which naturally occurs in food and water. Nonetheless, fumigated food should be discarded and should not be consumed because there are no legal tolerances for Vikane gas fumigant in food. If unprotected food items are consumed, and you have concerns or questions, please call our Human Exposure line at _PHONE_ (option 1) for specific medical information related to the incident.
EFFECTS ON VARIOUS HOUSEHOULD ITEMS
Do we have to drain and remove a waterbed mattress before a termite fumigation?
No, you do not have to do anything with a waterbed.
Does Vikane cause staining or discoloration of fabrics before a termite fumigation?
Vikane in the vapor phase does not cause staining or discoloration of fabric or other materials typically found in a building under fumigation.
Does Vikane react with plasma display televisions during a termite fumigation?
No - Sulfuryl fluoride was tested under laboratory conditions in the presence of various types of electronic equipment, including an assortment of computer devices. Those tests were performed at dosages far exceeding the maximum allowed on the Vikane label. Also the temperature for those tests was approximately 122 degrees F. There was no adverse malfunction to that equipment even when the equipment was left on.
Will Vikane harm my photographs during a termite fumigation?
No. Vikane has been used to fumigate commercial photographic establishments containing films and photographic papers. A brown cast has been seen on color prints developed with exposed solutions. No problems have occurred with photographic paper or plates.
If you have professional photographic materials, we recommend placing developing materials and fixing solutions in sealed bottles or creating new solutions after the fumigation. Do not leave developing materials in open trays.
What are the effects of Vikane on textiles, historical/antique artifacts during a termite fumigation?
Since first marketed as Vikane in 1961, sulfuryl fluoride has been used to fumigate more than two million buildings, including museums, historical landmarks, rare book libraries, government archives, and scientific and medical research laboratories.
Vikane does not react with common household furnishings when properly applied. This is why fumigation with Vikane is an established method used to eradicate pests infesting delicate and rare biological and historical museum artifacts.
What is chloropicrin?
Chloropicrin is a colorless liquid with a very strong odor that causes eye irritation and tearing when used in small quantities.
Why is chloropicrin used during a termite fumigation?
Chloropicrin is used as a warning agent to serve as a deterrent to unauthorized or accidental entry into a structure under termite fumigation. Unlike Vikane, which has no odor and cannot be readily detected without specialized equipment during fumigation, chloropicrin is experienced as an irritant at very low concentrations. Chloropicrin is used at concentrations that provide adequate warning without causing lingering odors or other adverse effects for homeowners or the environment.
Your termite fumigation expert will release chloropicrin into the structure at least 5 to 10 minutes prior to introducing Vikane.


text:
Did Active Labour Market Policies Help Sweden Rebound From The Depression Of The Early 1990s?
Source: Princeton University
In the early 1990s the Swedish labour market was hit by the worst shock it experienced since the 1930s, with the unemployment rate rising to 10 percent. This development stands out in light of Sweden's performance in the post-war period. Between the mid 1940s and the crisis of the 1990s, the Swedish unemployment rate oscillated between one percent and just under four percent (Figure 1). Unemployment even remained low in the 1970s despite oil price shocks that led to persistently high unemployment elsewhere in Europe.


text:
How we can present complex legal information to lay-people in effective, engaging ways?
We're interested in what new styles of communication could be both legally strategic (for complying with regulations and protecting legal interests) — as well as user-friendly (enhancing the lay person's engagement with complex info, their comprehension of it, and their overall experience with the legal system.
Communication Design is the use of color, text, composition, and other elements to get a message across to a user. Visual design and graphic design are subsets of communication design — they focus on how to use visuals to communicate information.
Other types of communication design may go beyond visual elements — bringing in senses beyond sight, using more visceral ways (like sound, motion, vibration, smell…) to get a message across. But here, we will primarily look at how we use visual elements to convey information & emotion to our target audience.
In the legal world, we often use design to communicate complex information. We can see two main types of complex communication design: that to help our user understand complex info better, and that to help our user make better decisions for herself.
If you are embarking upon a communication design process of legal material, it is worth thinking what type of complex communication design camp you're in. There are different design patterns and elements to use for the two different types.
For the second type of communication – Decision for better decision-making, you should aim to instigate the following process for your user. Ideally, your design will help the user when she's entered into the legal system in some way, to understand what the system's rules are & how they apply to her. If you do this effectively, then she will be able to apply the rules to her own life situation and make a decision about how to navigate the system. Good legal communication design will empower your user to be smarter & strategic when making her way through a legal process.
The central principle for a communication designer to abide by, is to be in service. All of your choices during the design process should be in service of two things:
- Following the Content Itself
- Serving the Target User's needs
These should be your primary guides — that you must balance with your own instincts, skills, and taste when designing.
When you are putting together your visual, be creative & inspired. Try to find your own distinct voice, that avoids cliches & popular templates, so that your design will have a stronger power to engage your target users.
There are some universal design principles to know while putting together any visual. Try to internalize these & deploy them when you're assembling an image, composing a document, or designing any other visual communication.
Put in a list form, here are some of these Essential Principles for good visual design:
Essential Principles for Good Visual Design
- More White Space — always more white space — let the eye breathe
- Establish a hierarchy of information — using differences in size, bold/italic, color, or style
- Two font maximum — do not use more than two different fonts in one document — using one can often be preferable
- Use color sparingly, carefully, intentionally — and know the cultural & emotional triggers you're invoking with the color you choose
- Add redundancy to keep reinforcing the key point
- Use a grid to get your composition clean & pleasant — make sure objects & type are aligned as much as possible
- Compose from top left-corner down & over — most important things up there, and then following the user's natural eye-flow
And to go with the Principles, here is a complementary list of Essential Design Prohibitions:
Essential Design Prohibitions
- Never use Comic Sans
- If you are using more than one font, don't have them be from the same style or the same class (both serifs, or both sans serifs) — they should contrast heavily with each other to go well together
- Avoid font size that is tiny — try to stay in the 12pt-16pt range for body copy
- Avoid ALL CAPS for important things — it is unreadable after a few words, people will tune it out
- Avoid too much bold, use it very sparingly for only the most important bits of information
- Don't make your lines too long or too short — ideally 50-70 characters per line, counting the spaces
- Don't type on an image (meme-style) without putting a background fade under the type or a transparent layer over the image, to make the type clearly visible
- Have images & other visuals point towards the content — not facing away
After you have made your design, you can go through a short Visual Design Checklist to ensure it abides by some of the key visual design principles:
Visual Design Checklist
- Have you made a clear hierarchy of what is most important to least?
- Does this design help your target user achieve the goal she's interested in?
- Will this form of the visual fit your user's context & environment?
- Have you highlighted the key relationships — whether they be steps, contrasts, or comparisons– to make them obvious to the user?
- Have you aligned the elements, gotten them lined up along a clear line or grid?
- Have you given your user's eyes a break with white-space?
Once you've created a design, try to place it along these vectors and see if it's in the position you want it to be. These can be used as a checklist to see if you are on the right place for the type of design you're making. Most of the time, you want to be on the right-hand side of the spectra — but sometimes you may need or want to be on the left.
Just be intentional with your design, so you know what is appropriate for your audience & your content — and that your design choices fit their needs.
One of the key decisions to make during your visual design process is what form your content should be visualized in. You have many options, but typically your content will lead you to a specific type of visual as an optimal one. Here are some options for complex communication design forms:


Forgotten Realms Wiki
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Ophidians (pronounced: /ˈfɪdiɑːnzo-FID-ee-anz[5], also pluralized as ophidia and also known as snakemen[2][3]) were a cruel race of serpentfolk[6] that often served as slaves to the yuan-ti[2][1] or spirit nagas.[3] With the pterafolk, they were counted among the "Hidden Folk".[7]
Ophidians had snake-like bodies, except that they were neither long nor thin, with short and stubby[7] humanoid appendages.[2][1][note 1] They stood upright.[7] They had forked tongues like serpents.[2][1] They had the ability to change their scale color to match their environment,[2][1][7] but their natural color was a spotted green or yellow,[2][1][7] with some individuals having some black, brown, or red scales.[1][7] The greens could range from dark-brownish green to pale blue-green and black scales could also be a faded gray-black.[3]
Besides their ability to change color, ophidians had a poisonous bite that was also cursed, similar to the bite of a lycanthrope. Any humanoid bitten by an ophidian was in danger of magically morphing into an ophidian, beginning within one to five days.[2][1] A victim would also lose his or her memories[2][1] and would be filled with an urge to return to wherever the bite occurred.[2] This process usually took fourteen days[2][1] but could range from eight to sixteen days.[3] The spells remove disease or remove curse, could stop the transformation, but they would not reverse the process. That required the power of a heal, regeneration, or stronger spell. If the change was already complete, only a wish or miracle could restore the victim.[2][1]
Ophidian poison became inert and lost its magical curse only a few minutes after leaving the snakeman's body.[2]
Ophidians were capable climbers[1][7] and swimmers,[1] and like true snakes had the ability to unhinge their jaws to allow them to swallow larger prey. By this means, some ophidians would swallow halflings whole.[2]
Ophidians took a natural delight in destruction and torture of others.[7]
Ophidians were not very intelligent creatures.[1] They seemed quite content to follow the orders of their more intelligent masters.[7] Magic was of no interest to the ophidians, nor were they usually skilled enough to master it,[7] though there were some exceptions to this rule.[8]
Ophidians were fond of snakes and sometimes kept giant constrictor snakes as companions.[2]
Two ophidians defending their master.
The yuan-ti used ophidians as front-line troops.[7] Ophidians usually armed themselves with weapons, preferring scimitars,[1] swords, clubs, or maces, but occasionally using battleaxes or scourges. About half carried shields.[2] These weapons were always provided by their masters or scavenged; they did not have the skill to craft their own weapons.[7] They strongly disliked the use of ranged weapons.[1]
They stalked their prey and would set up ambushes, preferring warm-blooded victims, such as small animals,[2] making skillful use of their natural camouflage.[1]
Most ophidians were found in the Serpent Hills,[1][7] but they could be found anywhere snakes could live, preferring hot jungles or underground terrain.[2][1]
Ophidians were generally a subservient race, acting as slaves to yuan-ti,[2][1][7] dark[7] and spirit nagas,[2][1][7][3] or black or green dragons.[2] As such, they had little culture of their own. If an ophidian's master was slain or lost, it was likely to seek another one out.[7]
Ophidians that were not slaves lived in small family groups, led by the oldest female.[2] On occasion, ophidians might ally with lizardfolk, but they would never live with them.[2]
A family of ophidians typically would adopt an ophidian created by one of their own bites.[2]
Life Cycle[]
Mating season for ophidians was year-round. Mating was always initiated by females, with a hypnotizing dance. Females laid between two and seven eggs roughly two months after mating, placing them in a shallow hole and covering them.[2] After depositing the eggs, the mother would abandon them.[7] Eggs took about three months to hatch.[7] Young ophidians would swarm about looking for food unless directed by another creature.[7] A brood surviving adulthood together tended to go on to form its own family group,[2] although ophidians did not form strong bonds with their kin.[7]
Ophidians living as slaves under the yuan-ti had their mates chosen for them by their masters as part of breeding programs.[7]
Ophidians spoke their own language[2] and usually yuan-ti.[1] About half[2] could also speak Common[1] or a language of the region in which they lived.[2] Some learned to speak Draconic.[1]
They did not have their own religion, but sometimes worshiped the powerful beings they served by offering gifts. Some even worshiped giant constrictor snakes.[2][1] Clerics were almost unheard of among the snakemen, although some became adepts.[1] Enslaved ophidians, of course, worshiped whatever gods they were instructed to worship.[7]
Ophidians originally came from the Forest of Wyrms, though most did not live in that area.[1][7]
Yuan-ti legends claimed that ophidians all descended from a single human tribe in the Shining Plains[1] that had followed the snake cult of Varae.[9] These cultist eventually found a powerful artifact from the Netherese House Orogoth within the ruined sarrukh city of Ss'thar'tiss'ssun[9] located in the Forest of Wyrms[1] that transformed them into ophidians and gave them the curse to pass on to their victims.[1][9] This transformation was said to have occurred in 375 DR,[9] yet ophidians were already a part of the kingdom of Najara, which fell in 90 DR,[10][7] so this story could not be entirely true.
In truth, ophidians were created twice. The human ancestors of the first ophidians came from servants of House Orogoth. Around −2300 DR,[11][8] during the Silver Age of Netheril, the wizards of the House accidentally placed the "Serpent Curse" upon their servants.[7][8]
For centuries, these early tribes of ophidians fought amongst themselves and against other races, such as lizardfolk and gnomes.[8] During this time, they worshiped dragons[7][8] and lived primarily in the High Moor and the Serpent Hills.[7]
From there, they migrated to the Forest of Wyrms in −361 DR,[8] where they discovered Ss'thar'tiss'ssun.[7][8] The ophidians found the Naja Fountain[8] and after the fall of Netheril helped establish Najara under the rulership of a ha-naga king named Terpenzi and a group of yuan-ti nobles,[7] the Hss'tafi tribe,[8] which were summoned to Najara by magics taught to the ophidians by Terpenzi.[8]
After the fall of Najara in 90 DR, most ophidians migrated back to the Serpent Hills, but others traveled south to more tropical lands.[7]
A second group of ophidians were then created in 361 DR. A large migration of humans from the Shoon Imperium and Cormyr brought new settlers into the Shining Plains, and Varae-worshipers from among these immigrants indeed rediscovered Ss'thar'tiss'ssun and the artifact of House Orogoth, which turned the entire group into ophidians as had happened so many centuries before.[12]
By 1372 DR, the bulk of the population of the Serpent Hills was ophidians.[4]
The skin of ophidians could be made into a type of leather armor that maintained a small degree of color-changing ability.[13]
 1. Sources and images conflict as to whether an ophidian's appendages include legs or only arms.
 1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1


text:
The height of a hill (in feet) is given by, where is the distance north, is the distance east of South Hadley.
(a) Where is the top of the hill located.
So. Then what? Set it equal to?
(b) How high is this hill?
This is the magnitude of?
(c) How steep is the slope (in feet per mile) at a point mile north and one mile east of South Hadley? In what direction is the slope steepest at that point?
Plug in value in gradient and find magnitude?


text:
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All about brandy
How do they make brandy?
Brandy, or sometimes known as brandewijn, originates from the distillation of wine. Distillers use a wide variety of wines to craft the spirit. So yes, brandy can, and often does, come from grapes. Besides grapes, distillers use other fruits ingredients like apricot, peach, apples, pear, cherry and plum, too. That's how they make fruit brandies (think: beloved favorites, apple brandy and peach brandy) with many different notes like applejack and French eau-de-vie.
After the distilling process, the producers let brandy age in a wooden casket, so the liquor achieves its typical caramel color. At minimum, brandy needs to age for two years. If the producer chooses a casket they already used for other liquors, the spirit will have a more complex flavor. Most fruit brandies are unaged.
Winemakers invented this distilled spirit accidentally centuries ago while trying recipes to make their wines more "compact" to ship them more easily. They wanted to remove some of the water from the wines to transport them more easily, then add the same amount of water once the barrels reached their destinations.
Soon, they realized this distilled spirit had a way more complex flavor than the original wine. They changed their minds: instead of watering it down again, they started to sell it as "brandy."
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COGNAC AND BRANDY?
Brandy is to Cognac sort of what sparkling wine is to Champagne. By that we mean all Cognac is brandy but not all brandy is Cognac. Cognac must be made in the Cognac region of France, while brandy can be made anywhere.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRANDY AND PISCO?
Similar to the Cognac vs brandy situation - pisco is brandy. It's made the same way - by distilling fermented grape juice into the spirit we know. The difference between pisco and brandy is that pisco must be made in Peru or Chile.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRANDY AND ARMAGNAC?
Brandy and armagnac are similar in the sense that they're both made from white wine grapes. The big difference between the two is distillation. Brandy is twice distilled - usually using what's called a pot still. Armagnac on the other hand goes through a different distillation called column distillation.
ARE FRUIT BRANDIES STILL BRANDY?
Yes - though you can sometimes see them called liqueur or schnapps. You'll see this most often with fruit brandys, like apple, cherry and peach.
WHAT DOES VS AND VSOP MEAN?
These are ratings to determine the age of a brandy. VS brandies have aged at least three years, while the VSOP brandies have aged at least four years. VS stands for "very special" and VSOP for "very special old pale." There are also XO (extra old) brandies, which age for at least six and a half years. Lastly, there are Hors d'Age or vintage spirit aged brandies that originated 10 years or more before sale.
Are you ready to choose your own? Search brandy varieties on Driz online or see if we're already in your city. You can click these links to search for Drizly in your city, and look for liquor stores on Drizly near you.


Dr William Harvey 1732?-1803, of Stoke Ferry, Norfolk
What did William look like?
Born: 1732? and died 1803
Parents: Robert Harvey (_PHONE_) and Mary Harvey (nee Wheasenham, 1701?-1777).
Brother of:
2. Mary (?-1784).
3. Elizabeth (?-1798).
4. Ann Helsham (1731?-1793) who married Dr Henry Linhooke Helsham MD (_PHONE_).
5. Susan Forby nee Harvey (_PHONE_) who married Thomas Forby.
He married: Not known.
They had issue: Not known.
The information I have about William Harvey comes from the following sources:
1. The book titled "Stoke Ferry" by Doris E Coates, 1980, page 61. This mentions the doctors in the village including the Harveys and the Helshams living near the church.
2. A mention in his father's will.
3. His memorial inside All Saint's Church, Stoke Ferry.
Page 61 of "Stoke Ferry" reads as follows:
The Doctors - Harvey and Steele
In medicine, as in the law, it was traditional that sons would follow fathers and grandfathers in their professions. This explains why just two families provided local doctors for the whole of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is interesting that one house (The Lodge, which together with Lodge Cottage was one property) was 'The Doctors House' from 1771 until 1954.
All the members of this family are commemerated on stone slabs in the floor of the aisle in All Saints Church, Stoke Ferry.
In 1771, when Peter Smith, grocer and draper, went bankrupt, Dr William Harvey bought his estate at public auction for £378. It included the grocer and drapery shop with house adjoining, the old chemist's shop, and the lodge with its out-buildings and servant's quarters (now 'Lodge Cottage'). Dr Harvey and his family lived at 'The Lodge' and the two shops and houses were let. In his medical practice he was assisted by first his brother-in-law, Henry Linhook Helsham, then by his nephew, Henry Helsham, the younger, both described as'surgeons'.
Later owners of The Lodge found a print of William Harvey (_PHONE_) who discovered the circulation of the blood and the working of the heart. Given that the name William recurs, and the custom of sons following their father's profession, it is reasonable to assume that the doctors at Stoke Ferry were descendents of a famous ancestor.
Dr Harvey died in 1803, and Helsham the younger continued as doctor. The widow sold the Chemist shop to Roger Micklefield and the grocer and drapery shop to Abraham West, keeping the Lodge for her family's use, and still the doctor's surgery. In the 1820s the practice (and the Doctor's house) was brought by Dr Henry Steele, whose family continued there until 1928.
If you have any information to add to what is listed please contact me.
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On February 24th, kids from the Boys and Girls Club, and other families, joined us at the Alma Powell Branch for a Jumping the Broom ceremony.
Jumping the Broom was a marriage practice used by couples during slavery. Many times the slaves' owners would not give permission for couples to wed. Jumping the Broom became a practice that allowed couples to unite without their owners' knowledge. Today, this tradition has become popular as a cultural heritage ceremony.
During our event the kids took turns reading from the book Jumping the Broom written by Courtni Wright. This story is about a young slave girl, Lettie, whose sister, Tillie, is planning a Jumping the Broom ceremony. Courtni Wright tells how slave families worked together to prepare for the ceremony. The women spent their days working on a quilt to keep the young couple warm. They prepared food for the ceremony. The men built furniture and caught fish to salt for the winter. Everyone pitched in.
At our event Erika and Hari dressed the part of a couple in a pretend ceremony; we decorated miniature brooms, ate homemade wedding cake and drank homemade Jamaican-style ginger soda. We talked about other ceremonies and the quilt making custom.
Thanks to the Arts Council of Greater Kalamazoo we had a fantastic quilt display exhibited in the Barnabee Gallery! These quilts were done by a group of African American women of Southwest Michigan. It brought the Barnabee Gallery alive with African American heritage and history.
Harriette Cole's book Jumping the broom: The African-American Wedding Planner is not only historical but is a modern-day guide for couples wanting to tie the knot. Ms. Cole offers anecdotes, traditions and choices for blending today's culture with elements of the past.
Jumping the Broom
Because of my move into a new job at the library, last night was the final Storytime with Mr. Steve & Friends.
We had a great time reading books, singing songs about a man made out of food, and playing with the parachute.
The adrenaline of the evening helped me hold up well last night, but now I am feeling the effects of closing a very happy chapter in my life.
I would like to thank all the families in the community for your wonderful support during my years as a children's librarian and for allowing me to be a part of your children's lives.
Storytime with Mr. Steve and Friends
The 2010 Winter Olympics begin this Friday in Vancouver, British Columbia and I for one can't wait. Although the summer games include my favorite sport by far, there is just something about the winter Olympics that feels somehow more pure and true to the spirit of the Olympics (not too many Skeleton racers are being offered million dollar sponsorship deals).
KPL wishes to help keep the Olympic flame stoked with a display of Olympics related books in the rotunda at the central library, along with links to all things sports (including the Olympics) in our Sports Topic Guide. Citius, Altius, Fortius!
Topic Guide: Sports