On January 30th, 1895, a German steamship called Elbe was in the North Sea, making her way from Bremerhaven to New York carrying 354 passengers.
SS Elbe
In the predawn hours of January 31st, she was accidentally rammed by a British steamship called Crathie. The Elbe went down within 20 minutes, and out of her 354 passengers, only 20 were rescued. Of the 20, all were German or Austrian, except one English pilot.
A few months later, on June 5th, 1895, a man named Walter Turner found a bottle with a note inside on the beach at Whitestone, Long Island–just south across the Long Island Sound from Manhattan. The note read:
Stranded in midocean from steamship Elbe. I have been drifting about in an open boat for forty-two days, with nothing to eat but cake and beer to drink. The finder of this will please advertise in papers. Yours, in hope, Adam White.
"Beer and cake"! I love it!
This note has a "stranger than fiction" quality that just about wins me over! But you know what the problem is?
Well, the Elbe sank in the North Sea. That's here–north of Germany, east of the United Kingdom:
Screen Shot 2017-01-16 at 6.16.02 PM.png
Thus, if the writer of the note is "stranded in midocean" he must mean in the middle of the North Sea.
However, the message in a bottle was found in Long Island Sound:
Here's the difference, including relevant ocean currents:
See how the Norwegian Current (purple line) goes straight northeast past the mouth of the North Sea? If the bottle exited there, it would have traveled north and east, not west.
But what if the bottle snuck out of the north sea to the south, through the English Channel? Well, then it would have headed south for months and eventually west. My friend Curt Ebbesmeyer, an oceanographer who specializes in tracking drifting objects, estimates that it takes 2-3 years for something to circle that north atlantic loop (green line). That means it would take a bottle from the North Sea at least 1 – 1.5 years to reach New York, IF it managed to exit the North Sea–a process that would likely take months in itself. In other words, the bottle was found in New York waaay to early to be authentic.
So, no. This bottle is not genuine. It was not sent by a stranded Elbe survivor.
Even if you reeeeally want to believe this bottled note is genuine, and sent by a lighthearted, drunk, cake-eating castaway, there are other problems with the story.
The note is in English, but most of the Elbe's passengers were German. Only one of the rescued folks was English. Furthermore, eyewitness reports clarify that only one of Elbe's lifeboats made it away safe. One capsized, and others were frozen to the ship–they could not be released. There was no second "open boat" for this guy.
The 20 survivors were picked up about 5 hours after the sinking, and the captain who rescued them said they could not have survived much longer in those freezing, January, North Sea conditions. So, the idea that one guy, alone, survived 42 days? Well, it just didn't happen, folks. It's nice to think it did–I mean, the image of this castaway munching cake and swigging beer while waiting to be picked up is pretty great, I admit.
But there's just no way it happened.
So there you have it: another 19th century message in a bottle hoax. Another prank pulled by someone who wanted to make it into the local paper. And they did.


text:
Identity-Based Online/Offline Key Encapsulation and Encryption
Source: New York University
An Identity-Based Online/Offline Encryption (IBOOE) scheme splits the encryption process into two phases. The first phase performs most of the heavy computations, such as modular exponentiation or pairing over points on elliptic curve. The knowledge of the plaintext or the receiver's identity is not required until the second phase, where the ciphertext is produced by only light computations, such as integer addition/multiplication or hashing. This division of computations makes encryption affordable by devices with limited computation power since the preparation works can be executed "Offine" or possibly by some powerful devices.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Central Bank has published an FAQ document on the bank and investment firm resolution fund levy dealing with the following issues:
- What is the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD)?
- How has the BRRD been implemented in Ireland?
- What is the Single Resolution Mechanism?
- What is the Bank and Investment Firm Resolution Fund?
- Is this the first time that institutions are contributing to a fund?
- Why are banks and investment firms being levied now? and
- Why is this additional levy needed?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


AJOR Vol.10 No.2, March 2020
A Study in Multistage Decision Making for Odisha State Avionic Infrastructure Development
Abstract: Multistage decision making is either under certainty or uncertainty data conditions. Expected monetary values' perfect information and monetary loss or gain at each stage of decision making are the research topics of a constrained decision making under risk. In the multistage decision making process, one stage's decision interferes with the subsequent stage's decision. In this paper, a simple study on decision making for creating Avionic infrastructure within the Odisha region is emphasized by using the mathematical logic tool on a case study problem. In this case study, the first stage D1 has two options, either construct or not construct new airports with utilizing the budgeted allot money. Each option's outcome probability, conditional value and expected outcome value are determined by applying arithmetic and logical calculations to next two stages D2 and D3. The expected value and percentage of returns are mentioned in the decision trees designed in Section 3. The nodes of the decision tree are stages or chance nodes and the arc lines' labels are mentioned from the appropriate expressions written in the decision tree and chance nodes table mentioned in Section 4.
1. Introduction
Multistage decision making within multiple options and action plans is a study in the Operational Research using optimization techniques. The corporal or government administrations also use this type of decision making procedure before investing funds and resources in their ministerial task forces. The Indian state Odisha is rich with technically educated manpower, minerals like Iron, Aluminum, metallurgy industries, electrical power plant coal and water resources and the central and Odisha state governing institutions have recently initiated to expand the avionic industry infrastructure in the uniformly distributed urban regions in Odisha state.
Adequate energy resource full-filled states within the nation India are some ways depending on avionic fleet and crew sources of the central government administration for quick transportation of their state passengers and materials. The transportation ministry, civil aviation ministry and industry ministry are looking and extending the similar aviation facilities for people of Odisha state to utilize their available natural resources and planning to draw requisite mineral resources for fulfilling the need of Odisha state aviation infrastructure establishment. There are some Indian states, having neither Aluminum nor Iron minerals but have a number of airports and infrastructures for oil refineries and developing their state industries with the imported electronics and electrical instruments from abroad. However, the mentioned resource full state Odisha has to develop its state industries utilizing the imported electronics instruments through its two national airports and five domestic airports under construction by the engineering institutions in Odisha for providing facilities to carry on business with low cost and quick airways transportation of materials.
In the research paper [1], the authors published a proposed planning to expand airways transportation facility within Odisha state airports and bring the notice of Odisha administration for constructing necessary infrastructure to maintain the newly built airports for multipurpose use. In the research paper [2], the authors studied the necessary infrastructure establishment modernization at Indian airports for facilitating aircraft component assembly and manufacturing at the existing and to be constructed new airports. The newly built airports in Odisha will not only provide facility to passengers and trainee engineers with low cost quick transportation facilities such as importing materials and support industrial tour to trainee engineers, also support the service aircraft components manufacture engineering workshop facility to assemble and fabricate the aircraft structures within Odisha for the services of the nation. In the research paper [3] the authors studied the linear program problem concerning aircraft, airport and crew schedule for low cost transportation. The background for such a study is the railways, and roadways maintenance materials are costly than the maintenance of aircraft and airports. The present days' administration should realize this truth and make necessary decision to invest a proportional quantity of energy resource for the escaping from acute shortage of locomotive vehicle resource energy.
In the present paper, we emphasize a logical calculation in the form of case study to convince the Odisha Avionic developers (OAD) should invest quantity of money as value of processing Aluminum, alloy metallic engines, Rubber tube tires and polymers for the manufacture and assemble the aircraft parts at the location of existing Odisha airports and the new airports construction site within Odisha.
2. Case Study
Odisha Avionic developer (OAD) considering whether to conduct a sequence of action plans during the maintenance construction of newly built airports in Odisha to enhance Odisha avionic infrastructure development. All the action plans are mentioned in the communicated email to the secretary government of Odisha. In this paper, a few action plans are discussed. If the OAD construct and execute all related action plans, its value would be $600 million with 65% chances of growth. They can construct two new airports one at Dhamara and another at Rasgovindpur for develop exiting Odisha state airports and balance the atmospheric air pressure and air humidity temperature climatic environment. The probability of success in the state infrastructure growth and expected returns are mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Odisha airports initial data.
If the OAD does construct new airports, they can use the $600 million to modernize the existing avionic fleet operation. This would result in a return of either 5% or 8% percent on the sum invested with probabilities 0.45 and 0.55. This action of OAD also provides employment to 10% engineers in the state. Assume that all costs and revenue have been discounted to their present values. The following decision tree (Figure 1) is constructed for solving the problem by analyzing courses of actions. By applying an appropriate decision criterion recommend the OAD should go in for the construct new airports at Dhamara, and Rasgovindpur.
Figure 1. The decision tree.
3. The Decision Tree Description
In the above designed decision tree, the node D1 is a decision stage that has two options either construct or not construct. Not constructed option line is connected to chance node 1. The chance node 2 has two outcomes. The chance node 1, outcome indicates expected value 5% return with probability 0.45% and the other outcome indicates 8% with probability 0.55% return.
The airport construction decision option or the chance node 2 implies two options namely success and failure. The success option arc connects to node stage D2 and failure labeled option arc connects to node stage D3. The D2 stage has two chance nodes 3 and 4. The arc connecting stage D2 to chance node 3, labeled as new airport construction and its success is 0.75% and failure is 0.25%.
The arc connecting node stage D2 to node 4 is labeled as develop existing infrastructure and its success probability is 0.85% and failure probability is 0.15%.
The decision stage D3 connects chance node 5 with the label modernize. It has two outcomes, one outcome is 5% return after investment and probability is 0.45%. The other outcome is 8% and probability is 0.55%.
The decision data is summarized and mentioned in following Table 2.
4. Inference
1) If new airports are to be constructed the expected value is 650 million dolTable 2. Evaluation of OAD Decision tree and chance nodes.
lars and the existing Avionic fleet is to be developed, the expected value is 647.5 million dollars. Total value is 1297.5 million dollars and success probability is 0.65% the updated expected value is 857.340 million dollars. If invested value is 600 million dollar is to be subtracted, the net expected value is 257.34 million dollars.
2) If only existing avionic fleet is to be developed and new airport is to be constructed the invested 600 million dollars will be subtracted from 647.5 million dollars which will yield 47.5 million dollar if the success is 100%.
3) The Existing avionic fleet development is only possible if the aircrafts are manufactured within the state airports with utilizing state engineering manpower and mineral resources. It is possible to build new airports and expand existing airport infrastructure establishment and machine workshops. So new airports with modernizing equipment facility can develop avionic fleet.
5. Conclusion
The quantity of dollars mentioned in the case study is a virtual quantity. But the Odisha state industries transacting minerals and resources concerned to manufacture industry products such as Iron, Aluminum, Cuppers wires, rubber tires, alloy metallic engines and in these mater's manufacturing phase, processed petrochemicals are valued real millions of dollar invested in each year. The mineral query such as Iron ore, Bauxite ore and Coal mine operating robots, ore transporter trucks operating from query site to plant site, product minerals from plant to warehouse site, are consuming 60% of net petroleum, diesel and kerosene quantity imported from abroad seaports to state Odisha. The remaining 40% of imported refined petrochemical to Odisha Indian Oil stores are utilized in other domestic industries and agriculture food process purposes. If two airports one at Dhamara and other at Rasgovindpur in Odisha are to be constructed, it will consume at most 0.01% of imported petrochemicals during the construction phase and completion after aircraft operational phase. The 80% of imported mineral oil to Odisha are utilized in metal extraction and the industry product maters transportation, and 80% of industry products are not used in the service or building infrastructure within Odisha.
Cite this paper: Das, L. and Mallick, C. (2020) A Study in Multistage Decision Making for Odisha State Avionic Infrastructure Development. American Journal of Operations Research, 10, 25-30. doi: 10.4236/ajor.2020.102


Europe Reloaded: Differentiation or Fusion?
DSpace/Manakin Repository
Show simple item record
dc.contributor.editor DIEDRICHS, Udo
dc.contributor.editor FABER, Anne
dc.contributor.editor TEKIN, Funda
dc.contributor.editor UMBACH, Gaby 2011-03-09T09:12:48Z 2011-03-09T09:12:48Z 2011-01-01
dc.identifier.citation Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2011 en
dc.identifier.isbn 978-3-8329-6195-4
dc.description.abstract The European Union (EU) has come under pressure from different sides: First, it is undergoing a period of institutional and political reforms which are, however, progressing only slowly. Secondly, its shape is being influenced decisively by the inclusion of new member states. The guiding question of the volume is: In how far may the development of the EU be described and explained in relation to the two competing terms "differentiation" and "fusion"? The term "fusion", coined by Wolfgang Wessels, describes European integration as the dynamic process of more and more political tasks being exercised by the EC/EU as a result of the insufficiency of national capacities to act independently in a time of interdependent problems and structures. However, this development is accompanied by a process of growing institutional and procedural differentiation and complexity of the EU system. Each chapter of the volume analyses the interrelation between the two central dynamics "fusion" and "differentiation" in the EU system. The key terms "differentiation" and "fusion" are thus applied by high-ranking academics from across Europe with regard to European politics, policies and the evolution of the European polity. en
dc.language.iso en en
dc.publisher Nomos en
dc.title Europe Reloaded: Differentiation or Fusion? en
dc.type Book en
Files in this item
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
Show simple item record


nodetool sethintedhandoffthrottlekb
Sets hinted handoff throttle in kb/sec per delivery thread.
Sets hinted handoff throttle in kb/sec per delivery thread.
nodetool sethintedhandoffthrottlekb
Cassandra tarball installations:
Table 1. Options
Short Long Description
-h --host Hostname or IP address.
-p --port Port number.
-pwf --password-file Password file path.
-pw --password Password.
-u --username Remote JMX agent username.
value_in_kb/sec Throttle time in kilobytes per second.
When a node detects that a node for which it is holding hints has recovered, it begins sending the hints to that node. This setting specifies the maximum sleep interval per delivery thread in kilobytes per second after delivering each hint. The interval shrinks proportionally to the number of nodes in the cluster. For example, if there are two nodes in the cluster, each delivery thread uses the maximum interval; if there are three nodes, each node throttles to half of the maximum interval, because the two nodes are expected to deliver hints simultaneously.
nodetool sethintedhandoffthrottlekb 2048


text:
Custom «The Sociology Research Questions» Essay Paper Sample
The research questions address how parents present their children's problems to their pediatricians. The research shows that there are two ways on how the parents present the problems their kids are suffering from to their pediatricians. The first way is known as "symptom only" presentation. This is when a parent observes and sees that his or her kid is not feeling well, and he observes some signs of an illness, but does not know what illness. He visits a doctor and explains to him the symptoms he has observed from his kid. The other way is known "candidate diagnosis." Here, the parent notices some symptoms with his child, and concludes that his child is suffering from a certain disease. He then visits a pediatrician and informs him about the sigs he has observed from his child and concludes that he has a certain disease.
Want an expert write a paper for you?
Stiver uses conversation analysis method on his research. After using this method, he concludes that parents who recommend symptoms only presentation take their kids to the hospital to seek medical advice while parent who recommend "candidate diagnosis" are aware of where their kids are suffering from, and so they take them to confirm and get treatment.
He says that some parents visit a doctor and try to tell the doctor the signs they are observing from their kids, and then state that they have a certain disease. For instance, in extract 16 when a mother confides in the doctor that she thought her child was suffering from the sinus infection; the doctor did some examination andd confirmed it wrongly.
The relationship between theory and research in this study is on some instances the parents are observing some symptoms with their kids, and they go and tell the doctor about it. Most of the parents have the tendency of making a conclusion of suggesting that their kids are suffering from a certain disease after seeing some symptoms in them.
Hurry up! Limited time offer
Use discount code
The study does not trust the previous research which showed direct communication practice where parents pressured the physician to give antibiotic to their kids, if they detected they suffered from a certain infection is commonly used. The study offer interaction evidence through the conversation analysis method. They respond to the symptom only and candidate diagnoses significantly and differently.
Most popular orders


text:
Salinity causes a major decline in agricultural productivity and hence is a big threat for crop plants. In the last few decades researchers have focused on exploring the molecular mechanisms of salt stress signaling in intact plants or in plant organs. Cell type-specific responses to salt stress, such as guard cells are still limited. Guard cells are the key regulators for gas exchange (CO2 uptake and O2 release) in plants and research has mainly focused on their behavior to various degrees of temperature, humidity and CO2.
This research project focuses on guard cells and their molecular genetic and physiological responses to different salt stress conditions. Salt tolerant and salt sensitive plant species are treated with no salt, once with NaCl and repetitive times with increasing NaCl concentrations. This approach allows us to investigate adaptive mechanisms in guard cells to recurrent salt stress. Furthermore, we want to learn if salt stress induces epigenetic modifications that enable offsprings to memorize previously experienced salt stress and prepare them to better perform under salt stress.
Methods used are:
- Microscopy to visualize guard cell responses
- Flame photometer to determine sodium and potassium contents
- Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis to measure ion content specifically in guard cells
- Gas exchange measurements for analysis of stomatal conductance
- HPLC-MS to quantify metabolites
- Real time PCR to quantify salt-responsive marker gene expression.
- Bisulfite sequencing to determine the DNA-methylation pattern of salt-responsive genes.
- Transcriptome microarray analysis of genome-wide gene expression changes to salt stress
- Mutant plants to confirm the impact of salt stress on a signaling pathway.


Indian Diversity Bundle |0-3yrs|
$40.00 $42.00
What is the Diversity Bundle for 0-3yr olds you ask?
Well, it's a joy ride designed to spark the imagination of your littlest of ones. With India as the backdrop & delightful mini stories this is a great gift!
So, what does it come with?
1. Our bestselling A to Z of India Alphabet Story Book
A wonderful snapshot of India on every page, a story in every letter, this book helps your little ones imagine, explore and grow with India. Watch them go on a magical journey of India as they learn the alphabet.
Why should A be for Apple and B be for ball? Go for a fun drive in an Auto instead or pretend to be Bijli the Buffalo learning Bharatnatyam. Feel the warmth in your heart as your munchkins start to recognise and use words that are so innately Indian.
2. Adorable On-The-Go Flash Cards
These delightful, imaginative flash cards will keep your little one mesmerised on every journey you take. Just hook the ring onto your stroller or diaper bag and off you go! Beautiful, hand painted visuals of Indian images will keep your little one fascinated through those long, car rides. Smile as your little one starts to recognise an auto or a tabla. A wonderful start to ensuring your child grows up with a little bit of India.
How does it work?
The Story Book & Flash Cards are a perfect combination for little ones starting out on their journey of wonder and imagination. Kids learn through imaginative play. From 18-24 months old, they start to "pretend play" naturally. It is important to nurture this, as it forms the foundation for their thinking process. And they're learning about the diversity of India the whole time!
Step 1: Read the Book
As an adult, you read a story book to your little ones. You bring the characters alive for them in the way you read. But, your little ones want more. "Please read again!" We hear that often, right? They want to engage with the story on their own terms. And that's where our On-The-Go Flashcards come into play.
Step 2: Introduce our Flashcards
Leave them with it to explore. They're super sturdy for little hands but oh so fun. By keeping the images the same, we have created a little magical universe for your little ones to deep dive into and form connections for life. They will turn it, bend it, flip it - and absorb what's on it, in their own way.
Step 3: Bring things alive in other ways
Make up stories, pretend to drive an auto or play a tabla, dance like the buffalo or have a conversation about all the places mentioned in the book!
Every time your little ones read the book with you and play with the flashcards by themselves, they will dive a little deeper into their own imaginative, magical, mystical world and if you're lucky, they might just invite you to join them!
Follow us on instagram (_USER_) for more ideas!


text:
Many of us have heard throughout our lives that candy is bad for the teeth, and too much sugar will rot them out of your head. The bacteria in your mouth love to eat sugar, and they then produce acid that erodes the teeth. From cereals to sweets, we associate the bacteria that cause cavities with foods that are bad for us. Unfortunately, they aren't the only culprits.
Sometimes what we eat to support healthy habits – like cycling, swimming and running – can also ruin our teeth. When you're exercising for long periods, you may eat an energy bar, energy gel pack or have a sports drink with electrolytes. Unless you're also stopping to rinse with water or brush your teeth, your mouth is bathing in sugars until you're able to brush. Learn about the effects endurance foods and drinks can have and how to combat them for better oral and overall health.
Studies Show Many Endurance Athletes are Ruining Their Teeth
Some of the foods and drinks that athletes consume during exercise contain a lot of sugar. The most common choices are:
- Powdered mixes
- Sports drinks
- Energy gel packets
- Energy chews
- Granola bars
- Candy bars
The carbohydrates and sugar in these foods and drinks help competitive athletes stay fueled. But, for many weekend warriors and amateur athletes who ride or run far less, it's not necessarily needed. And, studies show higher rates of dental erosion and cavities in endurance athletes compared to the general population.
When was the last time you consumed an electrolyte sports drink or energy gel packet during a ride, run or swim? Did you think about brushing your teeth right after? Most likely, you didn't. When consuming these energy boosters, it's extremely important to remember that they contain as much, or even more, sugar than some sweets.
How Much Sugar is in Athletes' Foods and Drinks?
For context, the American Heart Association recommends no more than 36 grams (or 9 teaspoons) of sugar for men and no more than 25 grams (or 6 teaspoons) of sugar for women per day. These amounts are recommended for food and drinks with added sugars, not for the natural sugars found in fruits and vegetables.
Here are the sugar levels in some popular food and drinks that many endurance athletes consume regularly:
According to Registered Dietitian and Sports Nutritionist Jackie Robertson of eNRG Performance, "most amateur athletes consume too much sugar for what their body and muscles need during normal endurance exercise. If you're only doing 1-2 hours of exercise or less, you will most likely be fine by eating a good meal one and a half to two hours before exercise and carrying along some water. Any workout three hours or more or where you're actually competing, you will want to have some extra carbs and sugar along to stay fueled. But everyone is different. It's always best to consult a nutritionist or dietitian to find out what you and your body actually needs. You will be better fueled, and will probably save some money too."
How Sugar and Exercise Can Be Bad on Athletes' Teeth
It's easy to see how sugar consumption adds up fast if you consume any of these items during endurance activities. If you plan to consume this much sugar during your next run, ride or swim, think ahead and plan how you will care for your teeth after you exercise to keep those sugars from feeding on the bacteria that can cause cavities.
It's not just the sugar we consume during exercise that has negative effects on our teeth and smile. Here are three other reasons why excessive exercise can have a negative impact on our teeth and oral health:
- Saliva depletion – When we exercise, our mouth gets dry. Saliva is a natural barrier against disease in our mouths. It helps prevent cavities and keeps the surface of your mouth clean. Without it, our teeth and gums are more susceptible to oral diseases.
- Dehydration – Because our bodies use more water to produce sweat and we breathe more heavily during exercise, it's harder to produce saliva.
- Time – If you're exercising for an extended period, you probably didn't bring your toothbrush along. It doesn't take long for plaque to begin forming on your teeth after consuming sugar. So, if you fuel with sugar during your workouts, get in the habit of brushing well afterward.
Top 4 Ways to Fight Sugar While Exercising
Awareness will help you combat the amount of sugar you take in during exercise. Here are some other tips to help offset tooth decay and improve the health of your teeth:
- Drink water or rinse your mouth out with water to remove bacteria-causing sugar. This will prevent your mouth from drying out.
- Carry a toothbrush and toothpaste in your athletic bag. If you aren't going to be home for a while, you can always brush your teeth in a nearby bathroom, or even in your car when your athletic activity is over.
- Eat less sugar. While this won't necessarily eliminate the need to brush after, less sugar will aid in better oral health when you're exercising. Try making energy snacks at home that don't require a lot of added sugar. Here are some other recipe ideas.
- Brush twice per day and floss at least once a day. Of course, visit your dentist for regular cleanings and checkups twice a year.
The moral of the story is to realize and recognize when you're eating food, snacks and drinks that are high in sugar. Remember to prioritize your smile along with your overall health because they work together! Start making oral hygiene another aspect of your workout. We care about the whole you, so these tips help not only your oral health but also your overall health, too!
Learn more about our dental plans that will give you the best smile while you practice your exercise of choice.


Gallina Ameraucana
Ameraucana Chicken
Tabla de contenido
The Ameraucana is a breed of hen developed in the United States in the decade of 1970, from the Chilean chicken Arauca, so its name is a combination of "America" and "Araucan". It'S One of the few types of chicken that lays blue eggs.
The main similarity between the Ameraucanas and Araucan hens is that they both lay eggs with blue shells, but they are completely different races.
The Ameraucanas are medium sized, approximately 6 to 7 pounds, and are bred mainly for laying eggs. Its Egg-laying ability is considered fair, with 3 blue eggs per week. However, they are not particularly melancholic.
The Ameraucanas are resistant to cold due to their crest and small or absent barbels. The lobes of the ears are small and round. Unlike their ancestors, they lack a combination of lethal genes. Because of their reddened eyes, they may seem a little fierce, but they are quite tame birds, don't be fooled by their gaze.
The Ameraucana Breeders Club was established to provide members or breeders with information about this breeds. Since 1984 Eight varieties of colors of the Ameraucana breed have been officially recognized by the American Poultry Association and the American Bantam Association. These Eight color patterns are black, blue, wheat blue, brown, silver, white and wheat, and these colors are applicable to both hens and roosters.
Egg Production
Ameraucanas hens lay about 250 eggs a year. They Are light blue and occasionally green, the incubation process begins at 5 or 6 months of age.
The Ameraucana has no significant health problem unlike his father, the Araucan. They will live about 7-8 years on average.
The Myth of the blue eggs
For Many decades, some commercial hatcheries promoted the benefits of Araucan "chicken eggs" as the lowest in cholesterol and claimed that their nutritional value was higher than that of other hens. Even though those claims were proven false more than 27 years ago, many people still believe they are true. Remember that the term Araucan, in the past was used to name any hen with the blue gene in the egg. Hell, those same commercial hatcheries even claimed that "Araucan" meat had a similar flavor to quail. Imagine the contradiction at that time, a hen that doesn't taste like chicken.
Temperament of the Ameraucana
The owners describe their Ameraucanas as sweet, docile, good-natured chickens, indicative of their name and international pedigree. The word "Ameraucana" from the combination of "American" and "Araucan" beautifully captures the history and temperament of the Chilean hen Arauca mixed with an American pedigree to properly commemorate the title of hen Ameraucana.
The Ameraucanas were developed from the breed of Easter Eggers chickens, a mixed race not standardized derived from the breeding of native varieties of Chilean Arauca.
Arrival in the United States
To summarize briefly, the Araucan arrived in the United States from the country of Chile around the year 1930.
In their native land, local Indians kept them close to the production of eggs and meat. These original Araucanas were rumpless (they had no tail), they had tufts in their ears and they put eggs of blue color. However, some of these early populations also produced offspring with beards and tails.
Since before the decade of 1960, breeders regularly produced both variants of the Araucan. This Division of the race caused a lot of tension and disagreement among the breeders of the Araucan populations. Despite this variety of stocks, the Araucan breeders in the UNITED STATES. UU decided to propose to the APA a standard description and organize a classification meeting. However, this first attempt failed because of the poor uniformity between the race. The APA then decided to set its own standard for the breed. Finally, after much tension, the Araucan race was accepted in 1976, which required that all were tufted and disheveled.
Almost immediately, the breeders of the Araucan race with beard and tail formed their own association called Ameraucana, which gained acceptance in the APA as a legitimate breed in 1980.
Special Considerations
Although legitimate Araucanas are rather rare due to difficulties in raising them, the Ameraucanas are more abundant, especially in the United States. However, some bad-reputation breeders pass on some chickens like Ameraucanas when they are actually hybrids that may possess the blue egg gene.
The Blue egg shell trait is dominant and when crossing hens with other races leads to a variety of colors of shells, including shades of green, pink and blue. The pure specimens of any race have the specific traits named in the characteristics; Other chickens that put colored eggs without those specific traits are crosses known as Easter Eggers.
The Ameraucanas are still relatively rare birds, so if you pay between 5 and 10 dollars per bird, it is very likely that it is not purebred. It Is true that the pure Ameraucanas are sold around $20.00 per hen and $18.00 per rooster.
Learn More about race
There Are Photos and much more information about the Ameraucana chickens on the American website Ameraucana Alliance whose mission is to promote the upbringing of the standard Ameraucana and to support those people interested in maintaining the race. The website includes Frequently asked Questions (FAQs), History of the breed and a directory of Breed Breeders.
Leave a Reply
Gallinas Ponedoras en video
Mira más contenido relacionado
Gallina Sussex ligera
 Sussex chicken
por,
Sussex is a very old chicken race, which originated in Sussex County (England), where...
Gallina Selkie
Silkie chicken
por,
The Silkie, sometimes called "Silky" is a breed of ornamental chicken named for its...
Gallina Rhode Island Red
Rhode Island Red
por,
The Rhode Island Red is not only the most well-known race in the United States, but is...


text:
Fact: The makom shechitah (region of the neck in which ritual slaughter is valid) on a giraffe is precisely defined by halachah, just as it is for all animals, and the only impediments to shechting giraffe are cost and practical considerations. (They are among the most difficult animals to restrain.)
Background: This misconception is very widespread and is shared by young and old alike. Children learn it in kindergarten, and senior citizens have told it to me in shul.
Before questioning how to perform the shechitah, it is necessary to ascertain that the giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis) -- the biggest ruminant and the tallest mammal -- is indeed kosher. The physical indicia of a kosher mammal are that it be a ruminant and have split hooves (Leviticus 11:2-8 and Deuteronomy 14:4-8). A visit to your local zoo will reveal this striped giant standing on split hooves and chewing its cud. There is also an historical record of the giraffe being accepted as kosher. The zemer, listed among the ten types of kosher animals in Deuteronomy (14:5), is identified as the giraffe by Rav Saadia Gaon, Rabbenu Yona, Radak, the Septuagint, and many others.
Regarding the makom shechitah, the Talmud (Chullin 27a) probes for the Biblical source that slaughtering must be performed at the neck, and concludes that it is a tradition, a law given to Moses at Sinai. This would indicate that the entire neck is valid for shechitah. In most animals, one does not think about how to define the neck, because it is a relatively small area. In the case of the giraffe, one might contemplate whether the whole neck really is valid and wonder about the exact location of the acceptable zone. But there is no need to equivocate; the specific anatomic boundaries (cited in Chullin 45a; Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah 20:1-2) for the ritual slaughter of all animals apply to the giraffe as well. For a pigeon, the valid region is a few inches long; for a cow, over 12 inches; and for a giraffe, close to six feet. A kashrut expert once quipped that "anyone who does not know where to shecht a giraffe either knows nothing about the laws of shechitah or could not hit the side of a barn with a baseball."
When I asked Rabbi Yosef Kafich, a leading rabbi and scholar in the Israeli Yemenite community, if there are any halachic impediments to shechting giraffe, his tongue-in-cheek response was that the only problem might be that "at $10,000 per kilo, it would be ba'al tashchit (a waste)!"
Reprinted from JEWISH ACTION Magazine, Fall 5761/2000 issue


text:
Theloskrit is a language derived from Latin. It implements many guttural sounds, and is in this manner similar to Hebrew. However, the conjugation of person and of tense is more closely related to that of Swahili than any other language, in that it uses prefixes to differentiate between the tenses. The alphabet, or aleshbene, other than having a few vague similarities to the Greek and Russian alphabets, is unlike any other used. It contains twenty-four letters: seven vowels and seventeen consonants. It is not a holy or sacred language, but it is sometimes used in the reading of Scriptures, and has traces of monotheism woven into the language. For example: there are seven persons for which a verb may be conjugated; the normal six: first, second, and third, singular and plural, but there is also a separate conjugation for God. There are also separate subject and object pronouns to be used for God and God alone.
There is no font available for Theloskrit as of yet. On this page, the letters of the alphabet are transcribed into the Latin alphabet. This also will serve to make pronouncing words the first time easier. Speaking Theloskrit is very simple; the letters and sounds are always consistent. On this site are also some translated texts, a vocabulary, the Theloskrit numeric system, and basic instruction for writing Theloskrit.


text:
Cities Near Cuyahoga Falls, OH
Local city information for Cuyahoga Falls, OH
is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 49,374. It is currently the second largest city in Summit County. It is a suburb of Akron and Cleveland and part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area. Actually older than Akron, the city was founded in 1812 by William Wetmore and was originally named Manchester. Cuyahoga Falls is named after the Cuyahoga River (which flows into Lake Erie) and the series of falls that run through the middle of the city.
Cuyahoga Falls is bordered by Akron to the south and the Cuyahoga Valley National Park to the northwest.
Cuyahoga Falls was formed in 1812 near the junction of what was then Northampton, Stow, Tallmadge, and Portage townships. The focus was the series of Cuyahoga River waterfalls that provided power for manufacturing.
In 1812 Kelsey and Wilcox built a dam on the Cuyahoga River at a place where a railroad bridge crossed it in 1876. They then built a flour mill, an oil mill, and a saw mill. This led to the construction of a number of houses. This area was known as the old village. Development moved downstream, though, when it was discovered that the power was better there. The old village was eventually destroyed in 1826 when a dam built by William Wetmore flooded the dam at the old village and its mills were torn down.
The earliest settler of Cuyahoga Falls included Joshua Stow and William Wetmore. In 1815 a saw-mill was operating near Gaylord's Grove, using power generated by a dam on the Cuyahoga River there.
The town was initially called Manchester but was renamed Cuyahoga Falls at the request of the Post Office since there were already several other Manchesters in Ohio.
The village proper was first laid out in 1826 by Judge Richardson.
The town was incorporated in 1836, occupying 240 rods out of Stow and Tallmadge townships. In 1853, seeing that the village and township of Cuyahoga Falls occupied the same territory, the village council disbanded and the community was only a township until 1868.
In 1841 the Summit County Board of Commissioners named Cuyahoga Falls county seat. The state legislature then intervened and put the location of the county seat up to a popular vote. Akron won and has been the county seat ever since. In spite of being named the county seat Cuyahoga Falls never really functioned as such.
In March 1851 the township of Cuyahoga Falls was created out of the village limits. They covered the same territory so the village council voted to adjourn sine die
, letting the village be run under township jurisdiction until June 3, 1868 when the municipal government returned.
In 1985 Cuyahoga Falls merged with Northampton Township, the first merger of a city and township in Ohio.
Cuyahoga Falls had been founded as an industrial city, taking advantage of the river power. By the 1970s, though, it had become a residential community. This changed, though, when Don Robart became mayor. He had been in favor of the merger with Northampton Township because of the additional land that could be used for development. Parts of that area have since been used for industrial development. Commercial development has also picked up, especially on the Howe Avenue area at the southern border of the city.
The city had one professional sports team, the Cuyahoga Falls Cougars, of the International Basketball League (2005-). They moved to Akron in 2006.
The Cathedral of Tomorrow
, founded by televangelist Rex Humbard in 1958, is located in Cuyahoga Falls. It is now the headquarters of televangelist Ernest Angley and was renamed Grace Cathedral.
List your home on the MLS in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio


text:
About these proceedings
Toward the second half of this decade, several major telescope facilities operating in the infrared, sub-millimeter, and millimeter wave bands will become operational. These missions are expected to throw much light on our understanding of the star formation phenomenon, which is one of the primary science goals in these wave bands. This book contains the proceedings of the "Cores to Clusters" workshop held at Centro de Astrofisica da Universidade do Porto. The mission of the workshop was to discuss current and future issues in star formation physics in the light of these Next Generation Telescopes.
This book is comprised of a mixture of articles that provide a comprehensive coverage of current topics including both low and high mass star formation. It serves as a practical compendium for graduate students and young researchers working in the field of star formation.


text:
At the core of the Museum's scientific work lies taxonomy: the description, classification and naming of species. This science is the foundation for all the biological sciences - if we cannot accurately describe the organism, the biological research that we do will not be reliable. Species are essential concepts in describing diversity and exploring evolution - the Museum's collections and research centre on taxonomy, but integrate it with all sorts of other scientific approaches.
Taxonomy is published in the scientific literature in a number of ways - individual species results are published increasingly in short papers, sometimes online. However, there is great value in ambitious works that cover whole groups of organisms - it allows all members of the group to be compared in a systematic way and new ideas and conclusions on diversity and evolution explored.
The final part of Dr Norman Robson's Hypericum monograph was published in Phytotaxa. This an important monograph of a species-rich flowering plant genus; Hypericum (approximately 480 species) is one of 100 plant genera which together represent 22% of angiosperm (flowering plant) diversity.
A genus is a classification group for a number of individual closely related species. Hypericum is a genus of flowering plant species that is worldwide in distribution and familar as a garden plant in the UK and some species have been used in the past in herbal treatments. (The name St John's Wort is commonly used for these plants.) A New Zealand species, Hypericum gramineum, is shown below.
The entire work comprises 1,247 pages in 11 parts, the culmination of 27 years of work and more than 50 years of research by Dr Robson on this genus. The editorial in Phytotaxa states that "The size of such genera means that complete monographic treatments to account for species diversity are time-consuming, costly and labour-intensive. Consequently, the species-level taxonomy of most such groups is poorly known [and this] presents a substantial barrier both to the goal of completing the global inventory and to understanding the evolution of the diversity they contain. Hypericum is now a notable exception to this problem"


text:
I'm thrilled to announce PERVADE (Pervasive Data Ethics for Computational Research), a collaborative, 4-year research project funded by a $3 million grant from the National Science Foundation to study how diverse stakeholders – big data researchers, platforms, regulators, and user communities – understand their ethical obligations and choices related to computational research that relies on big, pervasive data sets about people.
PERVADE brings together a multi-disciplinary team with expertise in computational science, research ethics, data practices, law and policy, health information, social computing, qualitative and quantitative research methods, and data privacy:
- Dr. Katie Shilton – College of Information Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park
- Dr. Jessica Vitak – College of Information Studies at the University of Maryland, College Park
- Dr. Matthew Bietz – Department of Informatics at the University of California, Irvine
- Dr. Casey Fiesler – Department of Information Science at University of Colorado, Boulder
- Dr. Jacob Metcalf – Data & Society Research Institute
- Dr. Arvind Narayanan – Department of Computer Science at Princeton University
- Dr. Michael Zimmer –
School of Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeDepartment of Computer Science, Marquette University
From the award abstract:
This project promotes the progress of science and technology development by providing the empirical knowledge needed to advance fair, just computational research. Big, pervasive data about people enables fundamentally new computational research, but also raises new ethical challenges, such as accounting for distributed harms at scale, protecting against the risks of unpredictable future uses of data, and ensuring fairness in automated decision-making. National debates have erupted over online experiments, leaked datasets, and the definition of "public" data. Investigators struggle to advise students on engaging vulnerable populations or navigating terms of service. Regulators debate how to translate traditional ethical principles into workable policy guidance. Research addressing these challenges has hit roadblocks caused by a lack of empirical knowledge about emerging norms and expectations. This project discovers how diverse stakeholders – big data researchers, platforms, regulators, and user communities – understand their ethical obligations and choices, and how their decisions impact data system design and use. It also compares stakeholder perspectives against the risks and realities of pervasive data itself, answering fundamental questions about the fairness and ethics of such research. Understanding how computing researchers adapt their practices in the big data era, and highlighting points of convergence or conflict with data realities, user expectations, and regulatory practices, will produce concrete guidance for pervasive data ethics. In addition to improving ethical approaches for studying people in computing contexts, this work empowers researchers with actionable information about emergent norms and risks. Outputs, such as decision-support tools, guidance on measuring risk, public educational material and bibliographies, and reusable empirical data, are designed to support the wide range of stakeholders in data ethics.
To meet these goals, this project enables a collaboratory – a virtual center combining data and analytical resources – to collect empirical data on research ethics at diverse scopes and scales. The research includes including attention to multiple ethical issues (privacy, risk, respect, beneficence, justice) as well as the full network of stakeholders involved in research ethics (user communities, computing research communities, technical platforms, and regulations). The project conducts interviews with, and surveys of, 1) user communities, 2) computing researchers, 3) data ethics regulators, and 4) commercial platform providers. The project also gathers numerous shared document sets, including 1) pervasive data research publications, 2) pervasive computing curricula and degree requirements, 3) news articles and public discourse about pervasive data research, 4) a corpus of existing data ethics training, 5) pervasive data grant summaries and data management plans, and 6) corporate ethics guidelines and regulatory documents. The project uses these resources to: discover metrics for assessing and moderating risks to data subjects; document how user attitudes and media reactions shape subjects' willingness to participate in pervasive data research; model user concerns in ways accessible to computational researchers; discover how existing ethical codes can be adapted and adopted for the real-world working conditions of sociotechnical and cyber-human research; determine how the changing practices of academic and corporate regulators impact users and researchers; and illuminate implementable and sustainable best practices for research ethics.
You can learn more on our project website: _URL_


text:
[IMGCAP(1)]Feedback—it's something we often don't think about, but is important to the development of our business, both in communicating internally with our employees and externally with our clients.
The Johari Window, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is a model that's been around since the 1950s. It focuses identifying how to improve understanding between two individuals. The model aims to increase the awareness of the importance of disclosure of information or feedback.
How it works
The Johari Model has four quadrants. When preparing to use the model, think about an "individual" you interact with. This could be an employee or a client. The model works on a scale of 1 to 100. The vertical line represents how much feedback you solicit from the individual while the horizontal line represents how much feedback you give to the individual. The four quadrants represent the following:
1. Shared universe: This is where you and the individual both share the same information.
2. You are blind: This is the information the 'individual' knows but that you don't—rendering you blind.
3. They are blind: This is the information you know that the individual doesn't.
4. Unknown: This is what you and the individual are both blind too.
The ultimate goal is for quadrants 2, 3 and 4 to become as small as possible.
How to use it
The Johari model can be applied to just about any situation in business. The two most common applications include:
1. Client development
2. Employee development
By applying the Johari model, you can begin to focus on communication with your clients. Giving and receiving feedback will not only help you provide better services, but a more open dialog can also open up other opportunities with your clients.
Start by selecting your top five clients or five of your employees. Apply the model to each of them to see how well you think you are doing. No one needs to see this but you, so be honest with yourself.
Once you have completed the model on your selected individuals, look at each individually and determine how you can widen your shared universe by identifying ways to solicit feedback or give feedback.
This exercise is a simple way to increase your communication, improve your internal efficiencies and build deeper relationships with your clients.
Sarah Johnson is the chief growth strategist with Inovautus Consulting, a firm that works with CPA, law and professional service firms to help them grow more effectively, and author of "Practical Ideas for Growth," a blog dedicated to growing professional firms. Her counsel and strategies have helped move firms to the next level in their marketing and sales efforts. Connect with Sarah at _PHONE_, _EMAIL_, or _URL_


text:
ALLIANCE FOR QUALITY EDUCATION. OR THE DECLINE OF THE SIX-YEAR EDUCATION POLICY. Gabriel Hernandez Santamaria. Since its introduction by the leadership of the National Union of Education Workers (SNTE) so-called Alliance for Quality Education was identified as a product of an imposition on the federal government for the presidency of the union body. The more severe signs of a principle which should be vertical or coercive, that is not the product of dialogue between those involved in education, that even passes over the Education Sector Plan 2007-2012, so its real aim is political and non-educational. Moreover international bodies like the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) held their appearance, ignoring "these international bodies – not a product of public policy but a proposal association more concerned with maintaining his power to help stop the development national education..
This double vision has been maintained over the past two years But what really raises the Alliance and what are the concrete results? The Alliance consists of five axes, so I will give them a tour of both its principles and its results: 1. Modernization of schools. This axis consists of the program to strengthen the infrastructure and equipment in order to improve learning conditions, which shares 14,000 to equip classrooms with computer access New Information Technology and Communication Technologies (ICT). To assist It proposes to manage the creation of Social Participation School Councils to create model schools 50,000.


text:
I'm working to develope a web-based Geographical Information System (GIS)
and one of the big problems I had was to write an easy algorithm to zoom a portion
of a map.
First of all I tried to use Server Side Maps, but I found that they need a
Perl script with too many lines of code. So I came to phpbuilder and found an
article from Rasmus Lerdorf : Creating
Dynamic Images with PHP that shows how useful PHP and the GD library could
be for that purpose. Thanx Rasmus!
I'll explain a method to zoom a portion of an image by using PHP and gif files.
The first step is to generate a map in its big size (in my example a 747x360
pixels gif called caligran.gif), then I resize the map to its small size
(200x96 gif called cali.gif). It's very important to work with gif files
because GD library can manipulate only those image types.
We need three files to work besides the gif images. The first file called map.html
has the small map and its code is:
The principal purpose of this file is to transmit the coordinates where the
user clicks on the small map.
Here, the most important tag is
On a browser that supports this tag, the image is displayed. Clicking
on any part of the image is equivalent to clicking on a Submit button. If
is mapa, the values mapa_x and
mapa_y are transmitted
to ampliacion.php3 through normal form and URL encoding. These two fields
contain the coordinates where the user clicked.


text:
Scalar potential of a point charge
By Glenn Decker
Like a shock wave from a supersonic aircraft, synchrotron radiation is emitted as an expanding wave front radiates outward and away from a charged particle as it suddenly transitions from a curved to a straight trajectory. To an observer near the top of the figure, the arrival of the wave front corresponds to a huge electromagnetic impulse of X-ray radiation, similar to a sonic boom. Using devices called undulators at the Advanced Photon Source, the intensity of these impulses can be further enhanced, resulting in very intense X-ray sources.
Scalar potential of a point charge shortly after exiting a dipole magnet, moving left to right. One can see the synchrotron radiation wave front pull away from the electron (actually positron, since the scalar potential is positive). It's only moving 0.9 times the speed of light though. Otherwise the height of the wavefront diverges towards infinity while its width shrinks to zero. The observer is moving along with the positron, which is why it stays in the middle.


text:
- Discrete Laplace operator
In mathematics, the discrete Laplace operator is an analog of the continuous Laplace operator, defined so that it has meaning on a graph or a discrete grid. For the case of a finite-dimensional graph (having a finite number of edges and vertices), the discrete Laplace operator is more commonly called the Laplacian matrix.
The discrete Laplace operator occurs in physics problems such as the Ising model and loop quantum gravity, as well as in the study of discrete dynamical systems. It is also used in numerical analysis as a stand-in for the continuous Laplace operator. Common applications include image processing, where it is known as the Laplace filter, and in machine learning for clustering and semi-supervised learning on neighborhood graphs.
There are various definitions of the discrete Laplacian for graphs, differing by sign and scale factor (sometimes one averages over the neighboring vertices, other times one just sums; this makes no difference for a regular graph). The traditional definition of the graph Laplacian, given below, corresponds to the negative continuous Laplacian on a domain with a free boundary.
where d(w,v) is the graph distance between vertices w and v. Thus, this sum is over the nearest neighbors of the vertex v. For a graph with a finite number of edges and vertices, this definition is identical to that of the Laplacian matrix. That is, φ can be written as a column vector; and so Δϕ is the product of the column vector and the Laplacian matrix, while (Δϕ)(v) is just the v'th entry of the product vector.
If the graph has weighted edges, that is, a weighting function is given, then the definition can be generalized to
where γwv is the weight value on the edge.
Closely related to the discrete Laplacian is the averaging operator:
Approximations of the continuous Laplacian
Approximations of the Laplacian, obtained by the finite difference method or by the finite element method can also be called Discrete Laplacians. For example, the Laplacian in two dimensions can be approximated using the five-point stencil finite difference method, resulting in
where the grid size is h in both dimensions, so that the five point stencil of a point (x, y) in the grid is
If the grid size h=1, the result is the negative discrete Laplacian on the graph, which is the square lattice grid. There are no constraints here on the values of the function f(x,y) on the boundary of the lattice grid, thus this is the case of the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition, i.e., free boundary. Other types of boundary conditions, e.g., the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition, where f(x,y)=0 on the boundary of the grid, are rarely used for graph Laplacians, but are common in other applications.
Multidimensional discrete Laplacians on rectangular cuboid regular grids have very special properties, e.g., they are Kronecker sums of one-dimensional discrete Laplacians, see Kronecker sum of discrete Laplacians, in which case all its eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be explicitly calculated.
Discrete Laplace operator is often used in image processing e.g. in edge detection and motion estimation applications. The discrete Laplacian is defined as the sum of the second derivatives Laplace operator#Coordinate expressions and calculated as sum of differences over the nearest neighbours of the central pixel.
Implementation in Image Processing
For one, two and three dimensional signals, the discrete laplacian can be given as convolution with the following kernels:
or, including the diagonals:
- 3D-Filter: is given by: first plane = ; second plane = ; third plane =
These kernels are deduced by using discrete differential quotients.
The spectrum of the discrete Laplacian is of key interest; since it is a self-adjoint operator, it has a real spectrum. For the convention Δ = I − M, the spectrum lies within [0,2] (as the averaging operator has spectral values in [ − 1,1]) and contains 0 (for constant functions). The smallest non-zero eigenvalue is denoted λ1 and is called the spectral gap. There is also the notion of the spectral radius, commonly taken as the largest eigenvalue.
The eigenvectors don't depend on the convention above (for regular graphs), and are the same as for the averaging operator (as they differ by adding a multiple of the identity), though the eigenvalues differ according to the convention.
If the graph is an infinite square lattice grid, then this definition of the Laplacian can be shown to correspond to the continuous Laplacian in the limit of an infinitely fine grid. Thus, for example, on a one-dimensional grid we have
This definition of the Laplacian is commonly used in numerical analysis and in image processing. In image processing, it is considered to be a type of digital filter, more specifically an edge filter, called the Laplace filter.
Discrete Schrödinger operator
Let be a potential function defined on the graph. Note that P can be considered to be a multiplicative operator acting diagonally on ϕ
Then H = Δ + P is the discrete Schrödinger operator, an analog of the continuous Schrödinger operator.
If the number of edges meeting at a vertex is uniformly bounded, and the potential is bounded, then H is bounded and self-adjoint.
The spectral properties of this Hamiltonian can be studied with Stone's theorem; this is a consequence of the duality between posets and Boolean algebras.
On regular lattices, the operator typically has both traveling-wave as well as Anderson localization solutions, depending on whether the potential is periodic or random.
Discrete Green's function
where δw is understood to be the Kronecker delta function on the graph: δw(v) = δwv; that is, it equals 1 if v=w and 0 otherwise.
For fixed and λ a complex number, the Green's function considered to be a function of v is the unique solution to
Certain equations involving the discrete Laplacian only have solutions on the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams (all edges multiplicity 1), and are an example of the ADE classification. Specifically, the only positive solutions to the homogeneous equation:
- Δϕ = ϕ,
- "Twice any label is the sum of the labels on adjacent vertices,"
are on the extended (affine) ADE Dynkin diagrams, of which there are 2 infinite families (A and D) and 3 exceptions (E). The resulting numbering is unique up to scale, and if the smallest value is set at 1, the other numbers are integers, ranging up to 6.
The ordinary ADE graphs are the only graphs that admit a positive labeling with the following property:
- Twice any label minus two is the sum of the labels on adjacent vertices.
In terms of the Laplacian, the positive solutions to the inhomogeneous equation:
- Δϕ = ϕ − 2.
The resulting numbering is unique (scale is specified by the "2"), and consists of integers; for E8 they range from 58 to 270, and have been observed as early as (Bourbaki 1968).
- Bourbaki, Nicolas (1968), "Chapters 4–6", Groupes et algebres de Lie, Paris: Hermann
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.


NASA Announces Research Grants In Fundamental Physics
NASA has selected 41 researchers to receive grants totaling more than $15 million over four years to conduct fundamental physics research on Earth and in space. This research will seek new knowledge of the fundamental physical laws governing the behavior of space, time and matter.
Sponsored by NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research, the research offers investigators the advantage of a low-gravity environment to enhance understanding of physical, biological and chemical processes associated with fundamental physics. 36 of the grants are for ground-based research, while the remaining five are for flight-definition projects. 17 of these grants are to continue work currently being funded by NASA, but the majority (24) represent research efforts new to the Fundamental Physics program. NASA received 109 proposals in response to its research announcement in this area. These proposals were each reviewed by scientific peers and by technical experts from academia and government.
A list of awardees (by state), their institutions, and research titles can be found at:


text:
The product would also be the first to use printed nanotube transistors
A version of the RFID tags slated to hit the market later this year would be the first product to use printed transistors based on carbon nanotubes. Printing means the application of different layers of antenna coils, nanotube inks, and capacitors and diodes.
The researchers at Sunchon National University in South Korea successfully printed out the plastic RFID tags using common industrial methods such as roll-to-roll printing, ink-jet printing, and silicone rubber-stamping.
These processes churn out tags for just three cents per piece, but the group ultimately hopes to pass the one-cent milestone by figuring out how to lay down all the nanotube ink layers in one go during the roll-to-roll printing. Many RFID tags today cost anywhere from 7 cents to 15 cents, if not more.
But some hurdles remain before you'll see these newer tags at checkout lines. The current prototypes are three times the size of a typical barcode, and can only store one bit of information -- just enough to either give a yes or no response to an RFID reader. Such tags also only work with readers up to 10 centimeters away, because of their weak power signals.
That should change with the 64-bit tag set to come out next year, and then ultimately a 96-bit tag, a real barcode-killer.
Even the pricier RFID tags today have already found use in EZPass highway tolls and as anti-counterfeiting devices.
[via Technology Review]


Book Review: The 200-Year Untold History of Russo-Japanese Relations (KGB Aleksey Kirichenko)
Updated: Apr 24
For my Russian friends
FILE PHOTO: The 200-Year Untold History of Russo-Japanese Relations (2013) ©Gendaishichoshinsya
PHOTO: The 200-Year Untold History of Russo-Japanese Relations ©Gendaishicho
Author: Aleksey Kirichenko / Кириченко Алексей Алексеевич (ex-KGB colonel, Russian, _PHONE_)
Russian: Неизвестные моменты 200 лет японо-российских отношений.
ISBN: 978-4-329-00486-4 (RU)
Japanese: 知られざる日露の二百年
ISBN:_PHONE_ / 978-_PHONE_ (JP)
Russia and Japan shouldn't be divided.
Aleksey Kirichenko, KGB (_PHONE_) was more like a researcher, analyst than being a case officer of KGB(_PHONE_).
His conclusion was that the most difficult obstacle between Russia and Japan still is ''Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union'' not the Kuril Islands dispute due to emotional involvement, tragic memories and trauma of families of 560,000 to 760,000 war prisoners. Moreover, approximately 60,000 to 347,000 POWs died in Soviet labor camps.
Aleksey Kirichenko wrote:
Historical incidents between the two nations were interpreted differently by each other thus it's necessary to review details of those incidents in order to improve Russo-Japanese relations. (1)
Not only this is the core spirit ''anti-historical revisionism''of the entire book, but also it's the correct strategic direction of diplomacy of both countries even under the new Cold War (2018-) between China and USA of today.
This book is composed by eight chapters, incidents covered from 1600s (seventeenth century) until the end of Soviet Union (1991).
Chapter 1 - Russia Meets The Japanese From 1600s to mid 1800s
Surprisingly some Russian historian tells us that some Kiev Russian aristocrats had certain knowledge about Japanese in 1100s. However real face-to-face contact between Russians and Japanese people was first recorded in 1600s.
''An sich'' phase of the two nations' history begun from Kamchatka Peninsula, Aleutian Islands and Kuril Islands. And its synthesis will be reached in the same region with JP-RU peace treaty and real independence of Japan from the ''Cold War'' narrative.
Indeed, admitting both Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands as Russian territories is must in practice for Japan. In other words, admitting imperial Japan lost WW2 (_PHONE_), embracing its defeat in order to achieve permanent peace with neighbours.
At the era, tempests frequently hit Japanese ships, and many Japanese fishermen were salvaged by Russian pioneers in the Russian Far East region. This was the beginning of contact. For instance, the legendary tale of Pyotr I Alekseevich (_PHONE_) and Japanese castaway Dembei (_PHONE_) is the best example (Dembei was brought to Moscow for establishing the first Japanese language school in 1701).
FILE PHOTO: Maurice Benyovszky (1746-86) ©Wikimedia / Public Domain
Maurice Benyovszky (1746-86) Image: Public Domain
Ex-Russian prisoner, a Hungarian military officer Maurice Benyovszky (1746-86) escaped from Kamchatka prison, then landed in Nagasaki, Japan in 1771. Then he warned Japanese people about ''Russian threat'' by a letter. It's completely unknown for Japanese teachers and students of today. The Hungarian fugitive Maurice Benyovszky's allegation is seen as the first third party attempt to divide Russia and Japan in the world history.
FILE PHOTO: Adam Laxman (_PHONE_) ©Wikimedia / Public Domain
Adam Laxman (_PHONE_) Image: Public Domain
Russian merchants thought Japan as the best market to expand their trade business after they successfully gained Alaska, Aleutian Islands and Russian America (1799 to 1867).
For instance,
Catherine the Great (1729-96) assigned Adam Laxman (_PHONE_) a lieutenant in the imperial Russian military to Nemuro, Hokkaido to establish bilateral relations between Russia and Japan. In fact, Russia followed Dutch to become known by Japanese people. As the result, Edo government (_PHONE_) allowed Russia to dock at Hakodate port for negotiations. However Laxman did not successfully establish any trade relations at the end.
FILE PHOTO: Nikolai Rezanov (_PHONE_) ©Wikimedia / Public Domain
Nikolai Rezanov (_PHONE_) Image: Public Domain
Later foundation of The Russian-American Company, RAC (a.k.a. RAK) which protected by Pavel Petrovich Romanov (_PHONE_) changed the situation dramatically in 1799. The representative of RAC, Nikolai Rezanov (_PHONE_) was a colonial officer who needed Japan as an external base to stably supply food to Russian Colonies like Alaska and Russian America. Thus his main duty was to officially establish the first diplomatic relations with Japan as an ambassador. His effort was failed due to the "closed country" policy by Edo government and Dutch conspiracy. Furthermore, Nikolai Rezanov and his Russian delegates had been jailed in Nagasaki since September 26, 1804 to April 6, 1805.
The failure changed his attitude toward Japan tragically and made him more aggressive against Japan that he thought forcible measures were exclusively necessary to conquer Japanese in 1806. His secret order to frigate Juno and sailing ship Avos was seen as the origin of Japanese suspicion against Russians.
Lieutenant Nikolai Khvostov (_PHONE_) received the order to open Japan to the world militarily. Thus Matthew C. Perry (_PHONE_)'s black ships were not the first attempt of this kind.
For correctly understanding this incident, what we must know about this historical phase is that Russians already recognised and inhabited in both Sakhalin and Kuril Islands as their own territories.
During 1806-7, two Russian pirates took military actions in near border with north Japan which critically worsened Russo-Japan relations as the earliest bilateral interactions.
One was above-mentioned sublieutenant Nikolai Khvostov (Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Хвосто́в; 1776—1809) who robbed and torched Japanese villages in Sakhalin in the name of ''saving Ainu people'' in October 1806; the other one was second sublieutenant Davidov who attacked a Japanese village with Khvostov in Iturup (which is one of Kuril Islands) in May, June 1807.
As the result, the two Russian pirates' assaults on Japanese villages in north instigated Japan's centuries of ''Russophobia'' and prejudice about Russia in general.
Vasily M. Golovnin (_PHONE_) Image: Public Domain
Nevertheless, there was some positive figure like Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin (_PHONE_) who is still mentioned at schools for his Diana's voyage around the world and mapping of Kuril Islands.
Although he was taken prisoner for violating ''Sakoku'' in 1811, he successfully persuaded people of Japan that Tsar did not order Khvostov and Davidov to invade Japan. Their acts of pirates were solely done as individuals.
Fortunately, Golovnin's diary during his captivity in Japan was broadly published in 1816 and 1817. Even Japanese translation is still available (日本幽囚記』; ISBN-13 : 978-_PHONE_).
Chapter 2 - Russia-Japan Relations in the Late 19th Century
FILE PHOTO: Yevfimiy Putyatin (_PHONE_) ©Wikimedia / Public Domain
Yevfimiy Putyatin (_PHONE_) Image: Public Domain
After Matthew C. Perry (_PHONE_)'s black ships militarily forced Japan to abandon its Sakoku policy in 1854, then Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia (Treaty of Shimoda) signed by both countries on February 7, 1855. Since then Japan and Russia has established diplomatic relations formally. People must know that post war Japan's designation of this day as ''North Territory Day'' (1981-) is sheer spiteful obstinacy against Russia in order to appease US master and far rights.
Undoubtedly, Admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin (_PHONE_) made the unequal treaty, for instance the article VIII defines ''mutual extraterritoriality for citizens of Russia and of Japan in each other's country.'' Extraterritoriality itself is an essential element of being an unequal treaty while certain power balance doesn't exist for any of its side. At that time, Russia wanted dominating foreign relations of Japan by suggesting Japan to abandon other foreign treaties.
Whatever it is, later Russia and Japan relations positively developed unexpectedly. The most famous treaty between Russian Empire and Imperial Japan is Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) that exchanged entire Sakhalin (Russia got


text:
Why is the ninth month called September?
Old English cetil (Mercian), from Latin catillus "deep pan or dish for cooking," diminutive of catinus "bowl, dish, pot." A general Germanic borrowing (cf. Old Saxon ketel, Old Frisian zetel, Middle Dutch ketel, Old High German kezzil, German Kessel). Spelling with a -k- (c.1300) probably is from influence of Old Norse cognate ketill. The smaller sense of "tea-kettle" is attested by 1769.
A steep, bowl-shaped hollow in ground once covered by a glacier. Kettles are believed to form when a block of ice left by a glacier becomes covered by sediments and later melts, leaving a hollow. They are usually tens of meters deep and up to tens of kilometers in diameter and often contain surface water.
a large pot for cooking. The same Hebrew word (dud, "boiling") is rendered also "pot" (Ps. 81:6), "caldron" (2 Chr. 35:13), "basket" (Jer. 24:2). It was used for preparing the peace-offerings (1 Sam. 2:13, 14).
in geology, depression in a glacial outwash drift made by the melting of a detached mass of glacial ice that became wholly or partly buried. The occurrence of these stranded ice masses is thought to be the result of gradual accumulation of outwash atop the irregular glacier terminus. Kettles may range in size from 5 m (15 feet) to 13 km (8 miles) in diameter and up to 45 m in depth. When filled with water they are called kettle lakes. Most kettles are circular in shape because melting blocks of ice tend to become rounded; distorted or branching depressions may result from extremely irregular ice masses


text:
Due to extremely mountainous terrain, the Guizhou province of China has lacked an adequate transportation system, which has affected the local economy. To support the region's businesses, the Chinese government contracted Chongqing Traffic Planning, Survey, and Design Institute (CTPSDI) to design a CNY 17.88 billion, 113-kilometer expressway through the area. To connect numerous peaks and valleys while allowing for high-speed travel, nearly 55% of the expressway would have to include bridges and tunnels. Even with the complex design, CTPSDI faced pressure to improve return on investment and effectively manage a diverse range of project contributors.
To overcome the design challenges, CTPSDI incorporated a BIM methodology in all aspects of the expressway's creation. The process started with image capture of the entire project area using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which eliminated blind spots in the surveying process and formed the basis of a reality model. With 3D visualization, the design team easily iterated the expressway route and the design for 13 interchanges, 14 tunnels, and 157 bridges. All contributors worked in an open, connected data environment that kept track of progress and granted managers instant awareness of any part of the project that started to lag.
By incorporating all design elements into a digital twin, the design team was able to detect and resolve over 100 clashes and other problems, including issues that normally would not have been detected until after construction began. Using a digital twin enhanced the project team's ability to visualize the project and clearly communicate design intent to all stakeholders. It also enabled the team to include 61 gigabytes of asset data to support construction, operations, and maintenance. With a BIM methodology, CTPSDI optimized all elements in the expressway, improved design efficiency, and shortened construction time by 89 days. The organization will use this experience working with BIM advancements as a reference for future expressways in China.
ContextCapture was used to create a 3D reality mesh from captured UAV images. The team deployed OpenRoads Designer to model the bridges, tunnels, roads, and traffic equipment, and then iterated to optimize road layout and road intersection designs. ProStructures helped the design team create all support structures necessary for the tunnels. LumenRT was used to fully visualize the federated design, which helped communicate the intent to builders and stakeholders. Navigator was deployed to detect and resolve clashes, as well as to determine what areas of the schedule were behind.
- To navigate through the mountainous terrain, nearly 55% of the 113-kilometer Meitan-Shiqian Expressway is comprised of 14 tunnels and 157 bridges.
- The team used ContextCapture for digital context and OpenRoads to optimize all design elements, improve design efficiency, and shorten the construction schedule by 89 days.
- CTPSDI's connected data environment detected more than 100 clashes and issues, including some that were not visible prior to construction.
- The project and its deployment of a BIM methodology will be referenced for future expressway design in China.
"The research and application of BIM and GIS technologies in this project will accelerate the realization of digitalization and intelligence in the full lifecycle of transportation infrastructure. [It will also] improve the quality and safety of project construction, promote the coordinated development of construction, management and maintenance, and drive the transformation of [our] transportation industry."
Head of BIM Technology Department
Chonquing Traffic Planning, Survey, and Design Institute


text:
During the REBELLIONS OF 1837, the bank annoyed local commercial interests and, partly as a result, the Commercial Bank of the Midland District expanded more rapidly in the 1840s. During the 1850s, the bank held the government account, provided significant short-term capital for railway development and, in the boom years, recklessly speculated in land and railways. The bank never recovered from the 1857 economic collapse, losing the government account in 1864 and entering trusteeship in November 1866. Despite its great contribution to the development of Canadian commerce, it became a casualty of the very process it had helped facilitate: the transition from MERCANTILISM to an industrial economy.
Author PETER A. BASKERVILLE


text:
DC Soil Map
Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey
Locate DC Soils by Address - DC GIS Services
- Go to the DC Geographic Information Systems website.
- After you click on the above link, there is a tab at the top left labeled "Layers."
- Select a Map Category, e.g. "Environment".
- Scroll down and choose "Soil Type".
View DC Soils Descriptions and Tables Online
Interpretation of DC Soil Maps
Print soil tables and download official NRCS soils data.
- Click on Select State.
- Click on DC.
- Click on Select Survey Area.
- Click on Generate Reports.
- A table will appear with definitions of soil map codes.


Two different naphthene.
 1. In this table there are two different naphthene so this confuses me.
 Attached Files:
 2. jcsd
 3. adjacent
 adjacent 1,536
 Gold Member
 They are saturated and non saturated Naphthene.
 4. Why arent there any explanation for aromatic in the table and benzene and unsaturated naphthene are written under aromotic so are benzene and unsaturated naphthene are aromatic but saturated naphthene not?
 5. Borek
 Staff: Mentor
 What does it mean "aromatic"?
 Do you understand the difference between benzene and cyclohexane?
 6. Look at the table in the pic, there is no info for aromatic and there are benzene and the other
 7. Borek
 Staff: Mentor
 I agree table is not especially good, but formulas given explain rather well what is what. Especially when you know the answers to the question I posted earlier.
Have something to add?
Draft saved Draft deleted


Gulf Crossing Pipeline Company LLC
Original Volume No. 1
 Contents / Previous / Next / Main Tariff Index
Original Sheet No. 354 Original Sheet No. 354
Section 2
"Measured Quantities" shall mean the product of the corrected
heating value times the measured Mcf at 14.73 psia. The gross
heating value is the number of BTU's produced by the complete
combustion, at constant pressure, of the quantity of Gas which
would occupy a volume of one (1) cubic foot at a temperature of
sixty degrees Fahrenheit (60EF.), if saturated with water vapor
and at a constant pressure of fourteen and seventy-three
hundredths pounds per square inch absolute (14.73 psia) and under
standard gravitational force (acceleration of 980.665 cm per
second) with air of the same temperature and pressure as the Gas
when the products of combustion are cooled to the initial
temperature of the Gas and air and when the water formed by
combustion is condensed to the liquid state.
The gross heating value so determined shall be corrected from the
conditions of testing to that of the actual condition of the Gas
as delivered (including the conversion from saturated to actual
conditions) expressed in BTU's per cubic foot. If the Gas as
delivered contains seven (7) pounds of water vapor or less per
one million (1,000,000) cubic feet, such Gas shall be assumed to
have zero (0) pounds of water per one million (1,000,000) cubic
feet (dry gas). Standardize the reporting basis for BTU as
14.73, and psia, 60 degrees F (101.325 kPA and 15 degrees C, and
"Month" shall mean a period beginning at 9:00 A.M. Central Clock
Time on the first Day of a calendar month and ending at 9:00 A.M.
Central Clock Time on the first Day of the next succeeding
calendar month.
"Natural Gas" or "Gas" shall mean any mixture of hydrocarbons or
of hydrocarbons and non-combustible gases, in a gaseous state,
consisting essentially of methane.


text:
Grazing sheep can be an effective, low-cost tool for controlling alfalfa weevils, Montana State University research reveals.
In a study on a commercial sheep operation, the researchers found that grazing reduced alfalfa weevil adult populations by 35-100% and weevil larvae numbers by 40-70%, depending on sampling date and study year.
They evaluated the use of sheep as an alternative solution for controlling alfalfa weevils, wheat stem sawflies and other pests in three studies funded by USDA's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program. Their findings and recommendations are outlined in a new SARE fact sheet, Sheep Grazing to Manage Crop Residues, Insects and Weeds in Northern Plains Grain and Alfalfa Systems. It also covers key details of animal selection, stocking rates, timing, economics and other issues.
"Arthropod pests alone cause an estimated $260 million in alfalfa damage each year across the U.S.," SARE officials wrote in announcing the fact sheet. "Traditional control methods come with significant drawbacks: In many areas, stricter environmental regulations have led to bans on burning, and herbicide applications can be costly and management intensive."
In addition to controlling pests, they pointed out that grazing provides an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides, increases soil nutrient cycling from sheep waste deposited across the field, helps control erosion and lowers equipment and fossil-fuel costs through reduced tillage.
Using sheep as a management tool in cropping systems also benefits sheep producers by reducing feed costs and providing new business opportunities, they added.


text:
Most Popular in:
Stop Making Scents?
By: Charles Cronin and Claire Guillemin
Posted: June 20, 2014, from the July 2014 issue of GCI Magazine.
The fragrance industry is commonly known for the production of costly perfumes, but its greatest assets are the intellectual properties behind these tangible creations. The most valuable of these are fragrance formulas, any one of which may cost several hundred thousands of dollars and require more than a year to develop.
The distinctive brand names and elegant packaging of fine fragrances obtain legal protection as trademarks. Innovative manufacturing and delivery methods, as well as "captive" fragrant molecules, are protected by patents that provide an exclusive right to exploit the method or molecule for 20 years. Patents provide strong protection—albeit for a limited time—but are not a viable alternative means of protection for fragrance formulas because only useful and novel inventions may be patented.
Complexities of Protecting Formulas
For centuries, fragrance manufacturers protected their formulas simply by keeping them secret. Copies of formulas were kept under lock and key and shared with a limited number of trusted individuals, often family members. In the 20th century, formulas became highly complex, involving, at times, hundreds of ingredients. Their developers could protect these formulas by carving them into smaller components that were stored separately and only reassembled, like jigsaw puzzles, by the few individuals with access to all of the separated pieces. Today, fragrance formulas are still kept under lock and key, although virtually, in data files stored on secure servers. Hacking and copying these secured files is criminal, much as it was illegal to pick the physical locks on the drawers and safes of fragrance company executives and stealing or copying the formulas.
Security measures and the dissuasion of potential criminal prosecution now provide much less effective protection of fragrance formulas than they did in years past. It is much more difficult to limit access to information—including fragrance formulas—now stored and transmitted digitally among the branch offices of global companies. Moreover, today, even if a creator manages to keep secret the formula to a successful fragrance, his or her competitors can still obtain it—or at least most of it—by analyzing its molecular composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology. And, whereas obtaining a formula through unauthorized breaking and entering of physical barriers and spaces constitutes a crime, obtaining the same formula by analysis (reverse engineering) of the product produced from it is not generally considered illicit activity.
Challenge of Analytic Technologies
Today, one has the capacity to reverse engineer the formula of the pharmaceutical Ambien as readily as that of the perfume Angel. Having done so, a competitor of Clarins can legally manufacture and sell Angel under a different name (at least in the United States) but, until recently, a competitor of the Sanofi-Aventis pharmaceutical company could not do the same with Ambien. This is because Ambien was patented as a useful innovation that helps people sleep, whereas Angel is not.
The capacity to analyze fragrances inexpensively and accurately presents a serious challenge to the fragrance industry. Concerns about potential losses of confidential business information have, moreover, been exacerbated by increasingly stringent product disclosure regulations in Europe and the United States, requiring the partial or full disclosure of fragrance formulas. Where might the industry turn to stem the potential depletion of its most valuable intellectual properties?
Copyright for Fragrance
Given the capacity of analytic technologies to reveal much of the fragrance industry's valuable information, and the inaptness of patent protection for fragrance formulas, some industry players have turned to copyright as a potential means of protecting investment of intellectual effort in the creation of fine fragrances. Whereas patents protect only useful inventions, copyrights protect only non-useful works of original expression such as novels and films. Whereas patents are very expensive, time-consuming to acquire, and expire in 20 years, copyrights cost nothing to obtain and typically provide protection for at least 70 years. At first blush, therefore, copyright appears to offer an ideal form of protection for intellectual property associated with fragrance formulas. Surely there is a catch? There is.
Billions of copyrightable works are created every year; virtually none of them will have any economic value whatever, and even fewer will be profitable along the lines of Harry Potter or Star Wars. While there is no cost to obtain a copyright, it is difficult and expensive to enforce it against a purported infringer. In the first place, a copyright does not provide—as does a patent—an absolute right to prevent others from creating a similar, or even identical, work. It only prohibits others from copying your work in the creation of the later work. Second, all copyrightable expression comprises non-copyrightable material like individual letters and words, or notes and chords. This means that: (1) It is relatively difficult to create an economically valuable work with a significant quotient of original expression; and (2) It is challenging to establish that the work of a purported infringer contains a substantial portion of your protected original expression.
Copyright's Application to Fragrance Tested in the Courts
The first attempt to obtain copyright protection for fragrances was initiated in the 1970s by de Laire, a small French fragrance compounder. De Laire had contracted with Rochas, the Paris couture house, to provide several new fragrance formulas to be marketed by Rochas. When—according to de Laire—Rochas independently produced and marketed several fragrances identical to those created on its behalf by de Laire, de Laire sued, claiming Rochas's unauthorized copying of its fragrances was an infringement of its copyright in these original works.
De Laire's claim against Rochas ultimately failed when the dispute reached the Court of Appeal in Paris. The fragrances in question were deemed ineligible for copyright protection because the court determined they were products of an "industrial nature" manufacturing process. Moreover, the court noted, de Laire's attorney referred to his client's fragrance formulas as "inventions," which suggested that any protection they merited could be provided only by patents, not by copyrights that protect only non-useful works of creative expression.
During the 40 years since the de Laire/Rochas dispute there have been numerous subsequent attempts in France to obtain judicial acceptance of fragrances as copyrightable works. Several of these efforts have been at least partially successful, like those involving the perfumes Angel, Trésor and Le Mâle. When competitors of Thierry Mugler, L'Oréal and Prestige Beauté International (BPI) sold inexpensive "smell-alikes" of their popular perfumes, the creators of the originals claimed that their fragrances were creative works of intellectual effort and protected by copyright. A number of French courts agreed, extending copyright to fragrances because French copyright law protects all works of intellect as long as they are perceptible and original insofar as they reveal the "personal imprint" of the creator.
In 2006, given the previous successes in obtaining copyright protection for fragrances, the plaintiff and fragrance industry observers were confident that the highest French court (Cour de Cassation) would inevitably confirm the copyrightability of fragrance. Accordingly, there was considerable chagrin and surprise when the court reached the opposite conclusion. Ruling against a perfumer who had been dismissed by Haarmann & Reimer (now Symrise), who claimed copyright interest in the fragrance Dune, the court determined that fragrances cannot be classified as "works of intellect" (oeuvres de l'esprit), given that they are, ultimately, merely products of technical know-how and therefore ineligible per se for copyright protection.


text:
Articles tagged with: SAMAD HJ. ABU
GPS infrastructures that have been established in Malaysia are mainly served as a ground control stations for cadastral and mapping purposes. Another element that has not been utilised is the height component due to its low accuracy. Conventional levelling is still the preferred method by the land surveyors to determine the stations orthometric height (H) with a proven accuracy. Therefore, Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) has embarked the Airborne Gravity Survey, with one of the objectives is to compute the local precise geoid for Malaysia within centimeter level of accuracy. With the availability of the precise geoid, the "missing" element of GPS system is solved.


Kabalabarhisha, Kabalabarhiṣa: 1 definition
The Sanskrit term Kabalabarhiṣa can be transliterated into English as Kabalabarhisa or Kabalabarhisha, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
[«previous next»] — Kabalabarhisha in Purana glossary
Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia
Kabalabarhiṣa (कबलबर्हिष).—A King of Vṛṣṇivaṃśa. (See under VṚṢṆIVAṂŚA).
Purana book cover
context information
Discover the meaning of kabalabarhisha or kabalabarhisa in the context of Purana from relevant books on Exotic India
See also (Relevant definitions)
Relevant text
Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:


Learn the Basics
site map
Technical illustration showing a user entry in Oracle Internet Directory
How is information about each entry stored in Oracle Internet Directory?
In an LDAP directory, entry attributes contain specific pieces of information about the entry. Attributes for an employee can include, for example, name, employee ID, phone number and e-mail address.