text:
U bent hier
A plot of one's own
Gender relations and irrigated land allocation policies in Burkina Faso
This report presents the findings of a case study carried out in the Dakiri irrigation system in Burkina Faso in 1995. This study explored the effects of the allocation of plots to both men and women, by comparing the households in which only men are plot-holders with those in which both men and women have access to irrigated plots. The findings of the study in Dakiri show that both the productivity of land and the productivity of labor are higher in irrigation systems where both men and women have plots. Income of women increases sharply, while the proportion of labor contributed by women to men's plots is virtually the same.


Should a Doctor's Apology Be Admissible in Court
It's a question that's being raised in Maryland thanks to a Maryland legislator's bill that would disallow a doctor's testimony in a medical malpractice case. The legislator who's sponsoring the bill happens to be the only practicing physician in the Maryland Legislature.
Dan Morhaim cites "communicaton problems" as the reason for such legislation barring a doctor's apology for a medical error or an unfortunate medical outcome. Under current Maryland law, such an admission or apology is admissible in a court of law. Some states, such as Pennsylvania and New Jersey disallow such apologies in medical malpractice cases.
While a doctor's apology may be interpreted in a variety of ways, it's open to interpretation. Why not let a jury decide whether it's a relevant admission of culpability or a simple expression of compassion following an unfortunate medical result?
This issue is part of a larger trend to take away from the jury an integral part of their function-decision making. The jury system is an indispensable part of our justice system. However, recent trends such as capping medical malpractice damages and this issue hamstrings a jury from their true role. They are supposed to make a determination of culpability in civil trials. That's their role in the justice system. Once legislators start tinkering with that, it weakens the system that has worked for more than two centuries.


Huddled masses at the border put difficult focus on Trudeau's tweet
A senior White House adviser quibbled last week with the words inscribed below the Statue of Liberty. Meanwhile, some of America's huddled masses were crossing a ditch from New York State into Quebec in hopes of finding new freedom in Canada.
While the White House quibbles with the Statue of Liberty, Canada's openness is tested
An RCMP officer directs new arrivals at the Roxham Road border crossing, where thousands have entered Quebec illegally from the United States since January. (CBC)
Last week, a senior adviser to the president of the United States stood before reporters at the White House and quibbled with the famous words inscribed below the Statue of Liberty.
"I don't want to get off into a whole thing about history here, but the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of liberty and lighting the world," Stephen Miller said on Wednesday after a reporter suggested President Donald Trump's plan to reduce and limit immigration was not in keeping with the spirit of Lady Liberty and the famous call to "give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free."
"The poem that you're referring to, that was added later, is not actually a part of the original Statue of Liberty," Miller said.
The New Colussus was indeed added to the site in 1903, 17 years after the statue was officially raised in New York Harbour. But it was penned by Emma Lazarus in 1883 as part of a fundraiser to help cover the costs of building the base upon which the United States put its large gift from the French.
As Miller was attempting to parse the Statue of Liberty's meaning, huddled masses were crossing a ditch from New York State to Saint-Bernard-de-Lacolle, Quebec, in hopes of finding new freedom in Canada.
About 60 kilometres north, Montreal's Olympic stadium — another national monument, bestowed upon Canada by a Frenchman — was being converted into a temporary sanctuary to accommodate the influx of those seeking asylum.
Such scenes come seven months after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau famously tweeted a welcome to those yearning to be free.
So it might be tempting at this moment to suggest it is Canada, not the U.S., that is worthy of Lazarus' words.
But, of course, ideals are easier versed in poetry, or a tweet, than put into practice.
"I think the message is very clear that Canada is a country that understands that immigration, welcoming refugees, is a source of strength for our communities," Trudeau said on Friday, when asked about his message to the world.
But, he added, "protecting Canadians' confidence in the integrity of our system allows us to continue to be open."
Trump's Canadian-style proposal
What the Trump administration actually endorsed this week was a Republican plan to make the American immigration more Canadian. The plan unveiled on Wednesday would have immigrants admitted according to a points-based system, similar to what Canada has used since 1967.
But the White House would also cut the U.S. intake by half over a decade.
By contrast, the Trudeau government raised its target for 2017.
But with each wave of irregular arrivals at the border, the Canadian debate threatens to take a turn toward the American.
Compared to the United States, Canada has had it easy.
A porous border with Mexico has long made illegal immigration a profound issue in American politics, the construction of a wall between the two countries being a defining issue of Trump's candidacy.
There has been, conversely, little to no concern about uncontrolled entry into Canada from the United States.
But the crowds gathering in Quebec this summer are the second significant wave of arrivals, following the stream of asylum seekers who came into Manitoba this spring.
Asylum Assembly Line: A Quebec border crossing is bustling with asylum seekers worried about being kicked out of the U.S.
The National
3 years agoVideo
A Quebec border crossing has turned into an assembly line for asylum seekers leaving the U.S. for Canada 3:23
The Liberal government's options are limited.
Suspending the third-country agreement between the U.S. and Canada would be provocative and perhaps difficult to justify, and could result in even more people turning up at Canada's official ports of entry.
Closing the "loophole" in the agreement that allows asylum seekers to enter Canada outside official crossings depends on the White House's willingness to co-operate. Even then, in making it easier to turn arrivals away, the Liberals could undermine Trudeau's claim to welcome the world.
Ensuring the system works
Trudeau's famous tweet could be inscribed on a plaque facing the Atlantic Ocean (or that ditch on the edge of Saint-Bernard-de-Lacolle), but it wouldn't amount to public policy. At the very least, a few footnotes would have to be added.
"We discourage irregular crossings," Immigration Minister Ahmed Hussen told CBC Radio's The House this week, adding that "it's not a free ride."
Some number — maybe even a significant number — of those turning up at that ditch are going to end up being told they can't stay.
In lieu of fundamentally reshaping the border agreement, the Liberals must at least ensure the rest of the process is in order and under control: that asylum claims are expeditiously heard, that local services and authorities are able to accommodate new arrivals and that those whose claims are rejected are promptly dealt with.
But border facilities are showing signs of strain, and refugee boards are already overwhelmed.
Quebec's Minister of Immigration Kathleen Weil said the daily number of asylum seekers at the border has tripled in the last two weeks
Politics News
3 years agoVideo
MPs - Marc Miller, Michelle Rempel and Jenny Kwan debate what must be done 10:29
When processes fail, Conservative MP Michelle Rempel argued in June, "you start getting politicized rhetoric that's polarized on the right and the left, instead of being compassionate about people. And that's the government's fault."
That's probably fair, even if it doesn't excuse those who would polarize (in the spring, the Conservatives themselves sought to cast border crossings as a public safety issue).
Maybe this latest surge — apparently bolstered by Haitians fearing deportation from the United States — will be the last. But it's not hard to imagine Trump's policies inspiring more people to flee.
At the White House on Wednesday, Miller eventually challenged the reporter to put a number to the words inscribed below the Statue of Liberty.
"In 1970, when we let in 300,000 people a year, was that violating or not violating the Statue of Liberty law of the land?" he asked. "In the 1990s, when it was half a million a year, was it violating or not violating the Statue of Liberty law of the land?"
Underneath such bluster was maybe something of a point: no country can declare itself open to anyone and everyone who arrives at its door.
Though a nation could still be expected to strive to live up to the inscriptions on its statues or even the tweet of its leader.
About the Author
Aaron Wherry
Parliament Hill Bureau


text:
category with duals (list of them)
dualizable object (what they have)
n-category = (n,n)-category
n-groupoid = (n,0)-category
String diagrams are a graphical calculus for expressing operations in a monoidal category. The idea is roughly to think of objects in a monoidal category as "strings" and a morphism from one tensor product to another as a node which the source strings enter and the target strings exit. Further structure on the monoidal category is encoded in geometrical properties on these strings. For instance
putting strings next to each other denotes the monoidal product, and having no string at all denotes the unit;
braiding strings over each other corresponds to – yes, the braiding (if any);
bending strings around corresponds to dualities on dualizable objects (if any).
Many operations in monoidal categories that look rather unenlightening in symbols become very obvious in string diagram calculus, such as the trace: an output wire gets bent around and connects to an input.
There are many additional structures on monoidal categories, or similar structures, which can usually be represented by encode further geometric properties. For instance:
in monoidal categories which are ribbon categories the strings from above behave as if they have a small transversal extension which makes them behave as ribbons. Accordingly, there is a twist operation in the axioms of a ribbon category and graphically it corresponds to twisting the ribbons by 180 degrees.
in a traced monoidal category?, the trace can be represented by bending an output string around to connect to an input, even though if the objects are not dualizable the individual "bends" do not represent anything.
in monoidal categories which are spherical all strings behave as if drawn on a sphere.
there is also a string diagram calculus for bicategories, which extends that for monoidal categories regarded as one-object bicategories. Thus, the strings now represent 1-cells and the nodes 2-cells, leaving the two-dimensional planar regions cut out by the strings to represent the 0-cells. This makes it manifest that in general, string diagram notation is Poincaré dual to the globular notation: where one uses -dimensional symbolds the other uses -dimensional symbols.
A string diagram calculus for monoidal fibrations can be obtained as a generalization of C.S. Peirce's "existential graphs." The ideas are essentially contained in this paper by Brady and Trimble, and was discussed here.
String diagrams for closed monoidal categories are similar to those for autonomous categories, but a bit subtler, involving "boxes" to separate parts of the diagram. They were used informally here, but can also be done in essentially the same way as the proof net?s used in intuitionistic linear logic; see this paper. Proof nets for classical linear logic similarly give string diagrams for *-autonomous categories.
See the article by Selinger below for more examples.
John Baez and Mike Stay, Physics, Topology, Logic and Computation: A Rosetta Stone, arXiv
The Catsters (Simon Willerton), String diagrams (YouTube)
An early amplification of the use of string-diagram notation as an alternative for the traditional index-calculus for tensors is due to Roger Penrose.
Peter Selinger, A survey of graphical languages for monoidal categories (pdf)
Ross Street, Low dimensional topology and higher-order categories – talks about surface diagrams and includes some pictures (PS version only).
Ross Street, "Categorical structures" – discusses string diagrams for bicategories.
This article discusses the generalization of string diagrams to one dimension higher:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In a particle physics context I've heard this phrase used. I guess it means that the mass of a particle is less than you'd naively expect from $E=mc^2$ after computing the momentum uncertainty corresponding to some appropriate length scale. Assuming my interpretation of the phrase is right, how does a symmetry let you get away with a smaller mass?
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Many thanks for the answers everybody... – twistor59 Apr 13 '12 at 8:21
4 Answers 4
up vote 5 down vote accepted
It means protection from radiative corrections. If you integrate loop corrections to the mass, out to some virtual momentum scale $\Lambda$, for a generic Lagrangian you would get contributions of order that scale. So what if you observe $m<<\Lambda$? Well if there is a symmetry in the theory than guarantees that perturbative corrections to the mass will vanish, then you say the mass is protected by the symmetry, problem solved. Otherwise you've got explaining to do why $m<<\Lambda$.
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There are two ways in which this can happen. The trivial one is if the theory has some gauge invariance, in which case a mass term is simply not guage invariant and thus will never appear in any higher-order correction. There are complications if you break that symmetry and then combine it with some other field (e.g. electroweak or BCS transition).
The more complex possibility is via the Goldstone theorem. It states that if you break some continuous (global) symmetry then there will exist massless excitations. The broken symmetry version of that Lagrangian will often look very complex, and it will not be obvious that high-order diagrams will conspire to cancel and yield no radiative correction to the bare mass.
Concretely, consider a crystalline lattice. The lattice breaks translational invariance, and one obtains phonons as the Goldstone boson. In addition, these are guaranteed to have a dispersion relation which passes through zero. Intuitively, the reason is that one can apply a very long wavelength modulation to the atoms, and they will not exert a large potential on each other, so there will be very little restoring force.
A more interesting example is in QCD, where if the quarks were massless, then there would be an exact chiral symmetry. If that were so, then the $\pi$-mesons, which are the Goldstone bosons of breaking that symmetry, would be massless. However, the quarks are not quite massless (the bare quarks are on the order of a few tens of MeV) and thus the masslessness of $\pi$-mesons are not quite protected --- but they are still much less than the "natural" scale of confined QCD, which is on the order of a proton.
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In addition to the cases which genneth has mentioned,
 - Goldstone bosons: whose zero mass is protected by the broken symmetry
 - Gauge invariance: where charged chiral fermions can't have a mass by gauge invariance (charge conservation)
I have to add the following cases, which make the complete list:
 - Supersymmetry: (user1631's answer) This is the statement that a scalar particle is related by supersymmetry to a necessarily massless charged fermion. The fermion must be massless, the scalar (absent supersymmetry) doesn't have to be, but in order to have supersymmetry, the scalar ends up massless.
 - Chiral symmetry enforcement: This is the only new one here.
The last one is a little confusing, because it isn't the same as the chiral symmetry breaking by the QCD quark-condensate that makes the pions light. The chiral symmetry breaking by the QCD quark-condensate is just an ordinary Goldstone thing, and the pions are Goldstone bosons.
The chiral symmetry enforcement is the statement that I require that the Lagrangian of a fermion be invariant under rotations of the left and right chiralities in opposite directions. The mass term of a Dirac equation is not invariant under this, because the mass term produces a left chirality from a right chirality with a definite phase (you fix this phase by making m real and positive).
So in order to make a Dirac equation (with two chiralities) massless, you impose chiral symmetry, which prevents the two chiralities from turning into each other. This symmetry can be a gauged symmetry, in which case this is an example of Gauge invariance--- charge conservation doesn't allow the two to flip into each other--- but it can also be a non-gauged symmetry, and then you are just forcing the mass to zero to impose a symmetry.
This is confusing because there is a tendency in high energy physics to write all fermions in Dirac form, because people often memorize Dirac matrix formulas, not Weyl formulas, and Dirac formulas generalize to higher dimension easier. Then any 2-component chiral fermion is represented as two components of a Dirac spinor, but with an extra chiral symmetry which decouples the other 2 components. The other 2 components are not physical--- they aren't there--- but the form of the Lagrangian makes the massless condition come from the chiral symmetry.
This is the sense in which the term "mass protected by a symmetry" comes up the most--- when mass terms for a (global or gauge) charge carrying Fermion are disallowed because of their 2-component nature. It's not a good way to say it, it is best to only have 2 components in your head, and consider it forbidden just by charge conservation, not by a chiral symmetry, but people unfortunately use the symmetry language in this case all the time anyway.
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Having been interested (as I was several decades ago) more in the relativity side of things, spinors were 'always' two component $SL(2:\mathbb{C})$ objects. It took some adjusting the other way to get used to the Dirac versions! – twistor59 Apr 13 '12 at 8:28
_USER_: I agonized on this--- which is better notation? SL(2,C) is 4d specific, and in higher dimensions, you absolutely need Dirac, so Dirac is the most general. You need Majorana and Weyl conditions clearly separated in your head for 2d, 6d, 10d. But SL(2,C) is so much cleaner in 4d. I still don't have a good answer to the spinor notation problem--- you need both unfortunately. There will be a solution one day. – Ron Maimon Apr 13 '12 at 8:37
Nima gives a better explanation in this video I will be able to in written format here. Relevant portion starts at about 20 min in
along with some other interesting commentary.
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Your Answer


text:
So according to fred99 a large % of people are racist because they assume a white person is boss over an indian if that is the case and most people are racist why even bring it up?
You don't understand there's a difference between conscious and unconscious racism?
Yes - most people are unconsciously racist. That can be proved with psychological tests.
So Trump is unconsciously racist or consciously racist in your opinion?
It doesn't matter. It's racism. One is no better than the other.
But according to what fred is referring to everyone being racist why just point out trump?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Safely Increase the Replication Factor
Topic: What can happen when you increase RF
Audience: Scylla administrators
When a Replication Factor (RF) is increased the data consistency is effectively dropped by the difference of the RF_new value and the RF_old value for all pre-existing data. Consistency will only be restored after running a repair.
When one increases an RF, one should consider that the pre-existing data will not be streamed to new replicas (a common misconception).
As a result, in order to make sure that you can keep on reading the old data with the same level of consistency, increase the read Consistency Level (CL) according to the following formula:
CL_new = CL_old + RF_new - RF_old
After you run a repair, you can decrease the CL. If RF has only been changed in a particular Data Center (DC) only the nodes in that DC have to be repaired.
In this example your five node cluster RF is 3 and your CL is TWO. You want to increase your RF from 3 to 5.
 1. Increase the read CL by a RF_new - RF_old value. Following the example the RF_new is 5 and the RF_old is 3 so, 5-3 =2. You need to increase the CL by 2. As the CL is currently TWO, increasing it more would be QUORUM, but QUORUM would not be high enough. For now, increase it to ALL.
 2. Change the RF to RF_new. In this example, you would increase the RF to 5.
 3. Repair all tables of the corresponding keyspace. If RF has only been changed in a particular Data Center (DC), only the DC nodes have to be repaired.
 4. Restore the reads CL to the originally intended value. For this example, QUORUM.
If you do not follow the procedure above you may start reading stale or null data after increasing the RF.


text:
Maintenance costs will vary greatly depending on the type
of trail, amount of volunteer labor use, available services, and geographic
location of the trail. These costs, however, must be considered during the
trail planning process, to ensure that trail owners can pay for the ongoing
maintenance of the trails they develop.
Maintenance costs are rarely broken down into specific
tasks such as those listed in Table 7-1. Most trails
will be maintained by an existing agency, such as a local or state park,
public works, or maintenance department. Estimated costs, therefore, are
broken down by the type of maintenance performed. There are three basic types
- Routine maintenance includes all the general activities -- such as brush
clearing, trash collection, and sweeping that may take place on a
regular basis throughout a season.
- Minor Repairs refer to activities that can be expected every five years
or so, such as amenity replacement, trail sealcoating, repainting, or restriping.
- Major Reconstruction refers to significant expenditures involving resurfacing
or reconstruction. These activities are the most costly trail maintenance
activities and should be planned for in advance.
Most of the routine maintenance of a trail facility will
be performed by an existing agency or a volunteer group. Local trail owners
should be well equipped to include trail maintenance into their parks or
public works maintenance budgets and activities. Activities that should be
considered as routine maintenance include:
- Yearly facility evaluation to determine the need for minor
- Tree/brush clearing
- Map/signage updates
- Trash removal/litter clean-up
- Repair flood damage: silt clean-up, culvert clean-out, etc.
- Patching, minor regrading, or concrete panel replacement
- Snow grooming and/or plowing for winter-use trails
- Planting, pruning, and general beautification
- Installation and removal of seasonal signage
The yearly cost for routine maintenance depends on the
maintenance capabilities already in place by the trail owner and the amount
of volunteer labor used. In general, yearly routine maintenance costs can
be estimated at $1,500 per mile. This figure assumes a single season trail,
and may increase if a trail is groomed or plowed for winter use. This cost
is estimated in year 2000 dollars, and will be affected by inflation. For
a discussion on inflation, see Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
The need for minor repairs should be determined by a yearly
facility evaluation (see routine maintenance above). Minor repairs may include
the following activities:
- Replacement, repair, or repainting of trail support amenities, such as
restrooms, signage, benches, trash receptacles, or hitching posts
- Replacement of a portion of the trail
- Restriping of trails
- Sealcoating of asphalt trails
The cost for replacement, repair, or repainting of trail
amenities is based on the initial cost of those amenities. Trail operators
should maintain records of the general costs of trail amenities as a means
of estimating future repair and replacement costs. If custom elements, such
as lighting, decorative railings, or benches, are used in trail design, the
trail owner should consider ordering extra elements at the time of construction
and storing them for future use, thereby defraying the cost of single-runs
Replacement of a portion of a trail may be necessary if
severe flooding, continual erosion, or weak soils cause periodic difficulties
with trail maintenance. For estimated costs for new trail construction, see
Chapter 5: Cost Analysis.
Restriping of trails will cost the same (in year 2000 dollars)
as the original striping. The trail owner should keep a record of the original
bid to determine the price of restriping a trail using contracted labor.
In many cases, it is cost effective to perform restriping along with other
trail or highway maintenance. In such instances, the trail owner itself will
be the best source of costing information.
Sealcoating of asphalt trails should take place approximately
every five years. This will increase the longevity of the trail and provide
a quality riding surface. When performed, sealcoating will cost approximately
$3,500 per mile for a 6-foot pedestrian trail and approximately $5,800 per
mile for a 10-foot multi-use trail. A periodic cost such as this should be
included in the trail owners Capital Improvement Program, in order
to ensure that adequate funding is available.
There are essentially two activities that are considered
to be major reconstructions:
- Resurfacing of asphalt trails
- Complete replacement, regrading, and resurfacing of all trails
Asphalt trails will need to be resurfaced approximately
every 10 years, depending on how well they have been maintained. A resurfacing
typically involves placing an asphalt overlay on an existing asphalt surface
in order to erase cracks and bumps. It is not a perfect solution, as weak
underlying soils or tree root penetration will eventually affect this top
layer, but it does offer a lower cost means of extending a trails life.
The cost for resurfacing can be based on unit costs shown in Chapter
5: Cost Analysis. Asphalt surfacing costs approximately $1 per square
foot for a 4-inch depth. Asphalt overlays should have a depth of 1 to 2 inches.
Table 7-2 offers some sample costs for asphalt resurfacing.


text:
Serve up drinks at a Halloween party with these spooky spiderweb coasters!
- Two colors crafts felt (we used green and purple)
- Black and green embroidery floss
- Tissue paper
Assemble the Coaster:
1. Download the coaster pattern below. Lay the tissue paper over your pattern. Use a pen or marker to trace the spiderweb pattern onto the tissue paper. Cut out the tissue paper circle and set aside.
2. Pin the coaster pattern to one piece of your crafts felt. Cut the circle shape out. (See tips for pinning and cutting patterns here.) Repeat with your second piece of crafts felt. You will now have two circles.
3. Pin the tissue paper circle to the felt circle you want on top of your coaster (we used green felt). Pin in place.
4. With black embroidery floss, start sewing the spiderweb through both the felt and tissue paper from the center using a backstitch. See how to backstitch here. Continue until all drawn lines are covered with stitches. Tie a knot on the back when done to hold stitches in place.
5. Tear the tissue paper off. The stitches should perferate the tissue paper so it comes off easily in pieces.
6. Stack the two felt circles on top of each other with the embroidered side facing up. Pin in place.
7. Use coordinating embroidery floss to sew a running stitch around the outside of the two felt circles. See how to do a running stitch here.


text:
This section describes, how to move a column in JTable component. Moving is a very simple method that moves the data from one position to the other. If you want to move a column from one position to another specified position in JTable via using the moveColumn() method, you need the index of column that will count from '0' which denotes the first column of JTable. The moveColumn method takes the index of columns.
Description of program:
This program helps you in moving a column into JTable. This program creates a table through the JTable having '4' rows and '3' columns with the column header and yellow background color in it. This program uses the move method to move a column at specified position with the help of moveColumn() method. In the first table, the previous column is Name, secondary is Course and the third one is Subject. After moving, Course reaches on the first position, Name goes to the second position and Subject does not left it's position So you can see how the first column moves from first position to second position.
Here is the code of program:
Output of program:
After moving a column:
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.


Norway Personal Names
From FamilySearch Wiki
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Norway Wiki Topics
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Beginning Research
Record Types
Norway Background
Local Research Resources
The FamilySearch moderator for Norway is SteuartRC
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Considerable confusion exists among many people with Norwegian ancestry regarding how names are used in Norway and how they should be recorded. This document attempts to give background into the historical practices, legislation, and recommended best practices for recording Norwegian personal and place names.
Things To Know[edit | edit source]
 - During the end of the 19th century people began adopting fixed surnames
 - The first law in Norway regarding names was passed in 1923
 - Most of the population used patronymic surnames which are derived from the father's given name and a suffix to identify the child's gender, -sen, -datter
 - Surnames were frequently abbreviated in records
 - The suffix -datter was frequently abbreviated as d., dr., dtr., etc.
 - Spelling was not standardized in Norway until 1917
Best Practices For Recording Names[edit | edit source]
Legislative Changes[edit | edit source]
Language and Spelling Reforms[edit | edit source]
Reforms to the written form of Norwegian started in 1862. This legislation began the standardization of the language by substituting k for c, q, and ch; the use of double vowels to indicate length was discontinued; ph was replaced in words by f, and silent e's were dropped from words. Even with these reforms in place, people continued to write information in the manner they were accustomed to, so Olaf Christophersen may appear as Olav Kristofersson in a separate document.
In 1917 the first reforms were enacted which affected both of Norway's official languages, riksmål and landsmål. Since 1929 landsmål has been called Nynorsk. The change to the orthography introduced the letter Å from the Swedish writing system with the lowercase version å to replace Aa and aa. These were accompanied by changes to the names and spellings of 188 municipalities, followed the next year by changes to the names of several counties. In the 1920s several cities were renamed; Kristiania became Oslo, Fredrikshald became Halden, Sandviken was changed to Sandvika, and others.
1923 Law on Personal Names[edit | edit source]
The first regulation on personal names in Norway, Lov om personnavn, was enacted on 9 February 1923. Among other points, this stipulated the following regarding surnames:
 - Only surnames legally acquired by ancestry, marriage, or other means could be used
 - Surnames based on the father's given name with an suffix identifying gender (sønn, son, sen for males; datter or dotter for females)
 - The name of the farm or place of residence if the person, his parents, or grandparents were the owners
 - A child should receive the father's surname if the parents were married
 - If the parents were not married, the child would receive the mother's surname
 - Upon marriage a woman receives her husband's surname
Additional legislation has been passed since then. Most notable is the law of 29 May 1964, which allowed women to retain their surname. This act also allowed men to adopt their wife's surname at marriage. The most recent legislation was passed in 2002.
Given Names[edit | edit source]
The number of unique given names in Norway is generally rather small. However, regional variations abound. In some parts of the country people have only one name as their given name, in other parts multiple names are the norm. In the 1900s hyphenated names became more common.
Culturally, a person has only one given name (or forename), but it may consist of multiple names, such as Kathinka Ovidia Isabella. In this case most English speakers would consider this to be three given names, but in Norway it would be viewed as the person's entire, single given name (forename).
Naming Patterns[edit | edit source]
A specific naming pattern was very common in Norway and in other parts of Europe until about 1900. Although not always followed strictly, the following pattern may be helpful in researching family groups and determining the parents of the mother and father:
 - The second boy was named for the mother's father.
 - The first female child was named for the mother's mother.
 - The second girl was named for the father's mother.
 - Additional children were often named for the parents' grandparents.
Sometimes two or more children within a family were given the same name. In some cases it was done because an older child died and the next child of the same gender was given the name. However, two or more children by the same given name could also have lived to adulthood. Do not presume that the first child with that same given name died unless the actual death record is found.
Regional Variation[edit | edit source]
Some caution must be exercised regarding the form of names found in the records. In many cases records were created by a person educated in Denmark or taught to write by a person educated in Denmark. As in many cases we have no record of what a person called themselves, we are forced to rely on the records which tell us what the recorder considered was the correct form of a person's name.
Consider, for example, the following:
 - In 1853 a daughter is born in eastern Norway to Hans Hansen and his wife, Else Hansdatter. The child's name at baptism is recorded as Imbjør.
 - When she is confirmed in a parish in another county on the west coast, her name is recorded as Ingebjør.
 - On the 1875 census, in yet another parish in the north, she is recorded as Ingeborg.
 - In an account of the family published in 1950 in the parish where she was born, her name is given as Ymbjørg.
Surnames[edit | edit source]
Patronymics[edit | edit source]
Illustration of the derivation of Norwegian patronymic surnames
The predominant type of surname in Norway is patronymic. Such names are based on the father's given name. This surname changed with each generation. For example, Jon Arnesen was the son of a man named Arne. If Jon had a son named Arne, the son would be known as Arne Jonsen (Arne son of Jon) and his brothers would be surnamed Jonsen, while his sisters would be known as Jonsdatter (daughter of Jon). In some of the earliest church records a person may be recorded with a matronymic surname, based on the person's mother's given name. Cases like this are very unusual, and always indicate the person was illegitimate.
After about 1850, it became the custom in the cities to take permanent surnames. By 1900 most of Norway began doing so. By 1923, when the first law regarding surnames was passed, most people had already adopted the practice of using a permanent family name to be passed to successive generations. When this happened, many Norwegians chose to use the name of their farm (residence) as their surname.
Abbreviations[edit | edit source]
Abbreviations in the records are not limited to surnames. Some given names are frequently abbreviated as well. Perhaps the most commonly encountered abbreviation is in names containing the word Christ, where it is written as X, it being a modern siglum of the Greek Χρ, representing the first two letters in the Greek spelling of Christ.
Name Frequency[edit | edit source]
A study of the 1865 census of Vågå, Norway identified 430 men (11% of the male population) with the given name of Hans. Of these 430, 22% were surnamed Olsen, 20% Hansen, 6% Johnsen, and 4% Knudsen. Because of the high numbers of people with the same given name and patronymic surname it was necessary to include a person's residence (usually a farm, but it may also be a house) as part of their identification.
Farm Names[edit | edit source]
It is believed the oldest place names in Norway are more than 2,000 years old. The practice of identifying a person in connection with their named residence (for example, Stein på Børve farm from a record in 1563) is easily that old. The earliest records we have from Norway generally identify people by their given name and residence. As these records are for the assessment of taxes, generally only landowners are identified. From other extant records, it is clear most of the population used a patronymic surname.
 - John Folkedal
 - John Aamundsen
 - John Aamundsen Folkedal
All three are the same person.
When farm names are given in a record, they provide residence information and are not part of the person's surname. As such, they should be added as part of the locality information and NOT a part of the person's name. An illustration would be a person named Mary Smith. Her name alone is not that unique, but if you were to refer to her as Mary Smith of Battle Lake, Minnesota, she is identified with much higher precision.
According to Yngve Nedrebø, Director of the Regional Archive in Bergen, "[farm names do


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Educators Tap into Science Education
K-12 science educators across the U.S. and Canada can access numerous resources when they participate in the 2001 National Science Teachers Associations (NSTA) Teacher Award Programs (TAP). The 14 programs, administered by NSTA and funded by various corporations and organizations, award more than half a million dollars to instructors who are committed to making a difference in science teaching and learning. The TAPs recognize science teachers, principals and others who demonstrate their passion for science education in many different ways. Many of the awards recognize teachers for their development and implementation of unique science programs and curricula, while others honor individuals who show outstanding leadership and dedication to the profession. National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA, _PHONE_, _URL_.
This article originally appeared in the 10/01/2000 issue of THE Journal.


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October 25, 2012
A joint news release from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Thomas Jefferson University
Contact: John Ascenzi, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
Contact: Rick Cushman, Thomas Jefferson University, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
Promising new research reveals a potentially highly effective treatment for heterotopic ossification (HO), a painful and often debilitating abnormal buildup of bone tissue. HO comes in two main forms—one that appears in children and is congenital, another that strikes wounded military personnel and surgery patients and is triggered by severe injuries and wounds.
An animal study by developmental biologists shows that a drug that interrupts a signaling-nuclear protein pathway can prevent HO. The study appeared online today in Nature Medicine.
"There are currently no effective treatments for this disease," said study leaders Masahiro Iwamoto, DDS, PhD, and Maurizio Pacifici, PhD, developmental biologists in the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. "Surgeons can remove the abnormal bone masses, but surgery itself may trigger more of those growths."
Calling the work an "elegant study," Frederick Kaplan, MD, said that it "addresses a vast unmet need in clinical medicine." Kaplan, the Isaac & Rose Nassau Professor of Orthopaedic Molecular Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, who wrote a commentary on the research in the same issue of Nature Medicine, added that the study "provides great hope, insight and direction for the development of effective medications to prevent and treat catastrophic extraskeletal bone formation."
Iwamoto and Pacifici recently came to Children's Hospital from Thomas Jefferson University, where they performed the study. Pacifici holds the new Bong Lee Endowed Chair in Pediatric Orthopaedics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, where he is director of Orthopaedic Research.
The exact mechanism by which HO occurs is not fully understood, but trauma, surgery or deep burns cause local inflammation, followed by the arrival of skeletal cells that develop into chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and are then replaced by intrusive bone. Thus, 10 to 13 percent of orthopedic patients may develop HO, mostly without major symptoms, after knee replacement or other invasive surgeries. The incidence of HO is far higher in wounded soldiers—nearly 65 percent—because modern weapons cause extreme, wide and deep tissue damage.
Although HO is not life-threatening, the bone growths can press against nerves and blood vessels, resulting in chronic pain, limited motion, problems fitting prosthetic limbs and other complications.
The congenital form of the disorder is called fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and becomes manifest in children by the age of 5 or 6. While very rare, affecting an estimated 700 U.S. children, it is progressive and often fatal in young adults. Surgery cannot be used in children with FOP because it would trigger explosive HO.
In the current study, Iwamoto and colleagues used retinoid agonists, a class of agents related to vitamin A, in mice that were genetically engineered to model HO. Specifically, they used nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ (RAR-γ) agonists, which selectively target a regulatory pathway during cartilage formation—an essential step in the development of HO.
The RAR-γ agonists prevented HO from occurring in the mice, with minimal side effects. In contrast, control mice developed HO-like bone masses. Even more encouragingly, the protective effect appeared to be permanent, persisting even after drug treatment ended.
Furthermore, the same agent blocked HO from occurring in mice that had been genetically engineered to express a mutant protein analogous to the one found in children with FOP.
"These agents have the biological properties needed to interfere with the specific events that occur in HO," said Pacifici. "If these animal results are borne out in humans, we may have very potent and effective treatments for both forms of this disease—injury-induced HO and the congenital form."
The authors cautioned that more in-depth preclinical studies must be performed before retinoid agonists are tested in humans with HO. They pointed out, however, that one retinoid agonist is already being used in a current clinical trial for another disease, and it might be possible to gain access to this agent from the manufacturer for clinical trials.
The U.S. Department of the Army and the National Institutes of Health supported this study. Co-authors are from The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson University College of Medicine, as well as the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and Io Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, California.
"Potent inhibition of heterotopic ossification by nuclear retinoic acid receptor-γ agonists," Nature Medicine, published online April 3, 2011. doi:10.1038/nm.2334


Windmill Software Ltd. - PRODUCT NEWS
Strain Gauge Logger with internet connection
Windmill Software are pleased to launch the Microlink 851-SG Strain Data
Logger, which logs data from strain gauges over internet or Ethernet. It
can be used as a stand-alone data logger, or for real-time data
acquisition on a PC.
As well as strain, the data logger can monitor pressure transducers,
voltage signals and digital inputs, count; control digital outputs and
count up to 1 million events. With extra hardware it can also measure
temperature, flow, level, and other signals.
Windmill software makes the package very easy-to-use: no programming is
required. Automatic ranging lets the software match the strain signal as
closely as possible. Users can also select the resolution of the A-D
converter from 12- to 18-bits: choose between high resolution and high
Two alarms can be set on each signal input, again through the Windmill
Strain measurements are returned in microstrain, or in the engineering
units of your choice.
Windmill Software offer free technical support for life and money-back
guarantee if not satisfied.
With the 851-SG package you can monitor strain gauge bridges and
balanced bridges such as pressure transducers. You can configure
individual channels to accept any of these inputs:
- voltage
- quarter bridge: single strain gauge
- half bridge: tensile + compressive strain gauge
- half bridge: normal + transverse strain gauge
- full bridge: 2 tensile + 2 compressive gauges
- full bridge: 2 normal + 2 transverse gauges
- full bridge: tensile normal + compressive normal + tensile transverse
+ compressive transverse gauge
Strain gauges need an external excitation voltage to supply sufficient
current to keep all the bridge circuits energised. The 851-SG package
provides four sets of 16 screw terminals giving + and - excitation and
signals for each of 16 bridges. Two 1 kOhm termination resistors are
mounted in half bridge configuration whilst high quality 350 and 120 Ohm
resistors can be provided for the completion of quarter bridges.
When a bridge input is selected the Windmill software monitors
excitation voltage and performs the bridge calculation to produce a
reading in microstrain. This eliminates errors due to changes in
excitation voltage.
The initial unstrained bridge measurement is often much larger than the
change in signal due to strain. If this initial value is not accounted
for, it restricts the resolution you can obtain - i.e. the smallest
signal you can measure. Windmill software can zero or balance the
bridge, nulling the offset of the initial voltage. So instead of
measuring over a wide range, 0 to 0.5 V for example, you can choose a
narrow range such as 0 to 0.01 V.
Each range is divided into a fixed number of steps: the resolution. The
smaller the range and the larger the resolution, the more precise the
reading. The 751-SG offers a choice of resolutions from 12-bit for fast
sampling to 18-bit for greater precision.
The strain measurement package costs £775.
For more information, please contact :-
Windmill Software Ltd
PO Box 58, North District Office, Manchester M8 8QR UK
Tel: +44 (0)161 _PHONE_
Fax: +44 (0)161 _PHONE_
August 2013


Monitoring the Climate System from Space: Progress, Pitfalls and Possibilities
Grantham Institute for Climate Change / by Dr. Helen Brindley and Jacqueline Russell
Passive satellite sensors have provided unique observations of the Earth's climate system since the first space-based weather observations in 1960. Satellite measurements have provided direct observational evidence that recent increases in greenhouse gas concentrations have produced the expected changes to the outgoing energy emitted by the Earth.
This briefing paper provides an overview of the way measurements from space can provide a basis for the understanding and analysis of climate change. It highlights some of the insights to climate change that space observation has provided, as well as proposing initiatives to resolve the difficulties that still exist in constructing climate quality space-based records.
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Meridian Metaphors: Thumbnail of the Psyche by Bruce Dickson
Price: Free! 7510 words.
Language: English. Published on December 3, 2012. Nonfiction » Health, wellbeing, & medicine » Acupressure & acupuncture.
Did you ever wonder how the basic self tracks and manages our mental-emotional activity?
Ever think Chinese Medicine had some good ideas about how psychology and the body connect--but that it was incomplete?
Ever wonder what else has been learned about meridian-muscle-organ-psychology connections in the 40 years since Applied Kin


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Alphabet book of nature's treasures
Grab a box and send your kids out to collect nature's treasures.
Now, for more fun. Make your own nature alphabet books. In my Imagination Soup kid's writing classes, I order my books from Bare Books. You can do this or make your own book by folding 14 pages and bind with staples or yarn.
Help your child by writing down each letter big enough for them to trace over. Add other words like ant, bird, grass and tree. Then, help your child say the word and figure out the beginning letter sound. Draw, glue or tape to that letter's page in the book.
Now, your young writer has written a book — one that can be added to for many days to come.
P.S. Your older kids will love this, too!


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It is important to track your period for a number of different reasons, both medical and personal. You can track your periods using a simple pocket calendar and keeping an elaborate record over a number of years:
Why it is important to track your periods?
- Predictability: Once you start to track your periods you can find out the length of your menstrual cycle and the duration of the actual bleeding. This way you know when your last period was and when your next one will be arriving. Also this will tell you if you are regular or irregular so that if you are irregular you know to carry out appropriate investigations to rule out possible problems.
- To identify health issues: Irregular or infrequent periods or those that are too frequent and heavy could be the sign of a problem. Tracking your period will help give you advanced warning of a problem. Particularly, if changes in regular cycles are noted, they could be the indication of something being amiss, so that one can take swift corrective action if required. If you miss a cycle or two but are not pregnant it is imperative to find out what is the cause of this.
- Marriage, a vacation: When you are planning any event of some importance you may want o be sure you are not menstruating at that time. You can plan around the event so that your period does not coincide. You can confirm or negate dates by looking at your record.
- If you are looking to get pregnant: If you are clear about your dates and cycles, you know when you are going to ovulate and what the best time for conception is. Conversely if you are looking not to get pregnant, then also you need to know your ovulation dates. Also you know about an unplanned pregnancy if your period is late.
- Your doctor needs to know: Even if you don't find it useful to make and keep a detailed chart, your doctor may. There are several assumptions and diagnostic decisions he can make based on a period chart.
How to keep track of your periods?
- If you are a systematic and methodical person, it makes sense to have an excel sheet to track your periods over several years. Details such as date and time that a period started, its duration and the length of the cycles along with the number of days between periods should all be included. You can also keep track of a pregnancy: the day that you missed your period, the length of your post delivery period, and the date that you resumed having your normal periods.
- If you cannot go into all this trouble, just keep in your wallet a pocket calendar, and mark with an X the date that you get your period. File away the old ones so you have a complete record.


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In the realm of sports and fitness, boxing has long been celebrated for its intense training regimen and its ability to sculpt strong, agile athletes. But beyond its reputation as a combat sport, boxing has gained attention for its potential role in recovery. While recovery often conjures images of rest and relaxation, engaging in physical activity can surprisingly aid the healing process. This blog delves into the question: Is boxing good for recovery?
Before we dive into the specifics of boxing's potential role in recovery, it's important to understand what recovery truly means. Recovery is the process by which the body and mind repair and rejuvenate themselves following physical or mental stress. It involves not only rest but also nutrition, hydration, and active techniques that promote healing. Recovery can be especially vital for athletes and individuals engaged in strenuous physical activities.
Boxing and Recovery: The Unlikely Pair
At first glance, boxing might seem like an unlikely candidate for aiding recovery. After all, it's a high-impact sport that involves rigorous training, intense workouts, and physical exertion. However, there are several ways in which boxing can actually contribute positively to the recovery process.
- Cardiovascular Health: Boxing is a cardiovascular workout that gets the heart pumping and the blood flowing. Engaging in regular cardiovascular exercise can improve heart health, increase lung capacity, and enhance overall circulation. This improved circulation can help deliver oxygen and nutrients to muscles, aiding in their repair and recovery.
- Stress Relief: Boxing can serve as a powerful stress reliever. When you're stressed, your body produces cortisol, a hormone that can hinder the recovery process. Engaging in physical activity like boxing triggers the release of endorphins, which are natural mood enhancers that counteract the effects of cortisol. By reducing stress, boxing indirectly supports the body's healing mechanisms.
- Improved Flexibility and Mobility: Boxing training often includes a variety of dynamic movements that promote flexibility and mobility. Stretching and proper movement patterns can alleviate muscle tension, improve joint range of motion, and reduce the risk of injury. When recovering from an injury, maintaining or improving flexibility and mobility can be crucial for rehabilitation.
- Strength Training: Boxing involves a significant amount of strength training. While overtraining can hinder recovery, appropriate strength training can help build and maintain muscle mass. Strong muscles provide better support for joints and bones, reducing the likelihood of injuries and aiding in recovery from existing injuries.
- Mental Focus and Mindfulness: Boxing requires intense mental focus and concentration. Engaging in such focused activities can help divert attention from pain or discomfort, making it an effective tool for managing chronic pain. Additionally, practicing mindfulness during boxing workouts can help individuals connect with their bodies and become more attuned to their physical sensations, aiding the recovery process.
- Social Support: Many boxing training environments are built around a supportive community. Social support is essential for overall well-being, and engaging in activities like boxing can provide a sense of camaraderie and belonging, which can positively impact mental and emotional recovery.
- Adaptive Training: One of the strengths of boxing is its adaptability. Trainers can modify exercises and routines to accommodate various fitness levels and physical conditions. This adaptability makes boxing a potential option for individuals who are recovering from injuries or health conditions.
Precautions and Considerations
While boxing can offer several benefits for recovery, it's important to approach it with caution and consider individual circumstances.
- Consult a Healthcare Professional: Before engaging in any physical activity, especially if you're recovering from an injury or have underlying health conditions, it's crucial to consult a healthcare professional. They can provide personalized guidance based on your specific situation.
- Gradual Progression: If you're new to boxing or recovering from an injury, start slowly and gradually increase the intensity of your workouts. Pushing too hard too soon can lead to setbacks in your recovery journey.
- Proper Technique: Proper boxing technique is essential to avoid unnecessary strain or injury. Enlist the guidance of a qualified boxing coach to ensure you're performing movements correctly.
- Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to your body's signals. If something feels painful or uncomfortable, stop and reassess. Pushing through pain can exacerbate injuries and hinder the recovery process.
- Rest and Nutrition: While boxing can be a valuable tool for recovery, rest and nutrition remain integral components. Adequate sleep, hydration, and proper nutrition are vital for optimal healing.
The question of whether boxing is good for recovery can be answered with a cautious "yes." While boxing might not be suitable for everyone, it offers potential benefits that can support the recovery process when approached mindfully and responsibly. From improved cardiovascular health and stress relief to enhanced flexibility and strength, boxing provides a multifaceted approach to healing.
Ultimately, the effectiveness of boxing for recovery depends on an individual's unique circumstances, including their health status, fitness level, and personal preferences. As with any form of physical activity, it's crucial to prioritize safety, seek professional guidance, and be attuned to your body's needs. When integrated wisely into a comprehensive recovery plan, boxing can contribute positively to the journey of healing and well-being.


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Colorado State Parks offers interpretive and environmental education opportunities for all ages. Nature programs, volunteer trainings, campfire talks and junior ranger programs are just a few of the ways visitors can learn more about the flora, fauna, geology and history of our state parks.
Former Lt. Gov. Barbara O'Brien asked Colorado kids to submit suggestions on what they think should be included in their Outdoor Bill of Rights, which was being created to encourage children to reconnect with the outdoors. The list includes many activities which can be found in Colorado State Parks.
Take a look at our Family and Kids page for nature-inspired family activities.
Colorado has 42 state parks which all offer an array of activities, some which include wildlife viewing, Nature Centers, group picnic areas, and many multiple-use trails. Many Colorado State Parks offer programs and activities for children of all ages, including Junior Ranger programs and special offerings for teens. The following is a sample listing of programs and events. For a complete listing of activities visit the State Parks calendar.
Arkansas Headwaters State Park: Junior Ranger Programs mid-June through mid-August. Programs include: Birds on the Brain; Spider Sniffing; Don't Take Rocks for Granite; Scats, Tracks and Fur; Wildflowers; Snakes; Don't Bug Me--I Ate A Bug Club; Lions, Sheep and Bears--Oh My; and Waters the Matter.
Barr Lake State Park: There is a great Nature Center that is chalk full of great activities. Some upcoming events are Guided Bird Walks, Gorgeous Gourds, and Birds and their Secrets.
Castlewood Canyon State Park: A variety of school programs are offered year round. Fun events taking place this spring and summer include: A Rose is a Rose, Hound Hike, and Fun & Games in the Canyon.
Cherry Creek State Park: A variety of school programs are offered year round. Some exciting summer events include Friday and Saturday night education programs at the campground amphitheater, a junior Ranger program, and Sundays at the Swim Beach.
Eleven Mile State Park: Children's programs are generally offered throughout the summer on Saturday mornings. Junior Ranger activities take place Saturday afternoons.
Golden Gate Canyon State Park: Kids Hour Programs with topics such as fire safety, arts and crafts, and puppet shows. Campfire programs offered for families include: Wildlife of Colorado, Skins and Skulls, Wildflowers, Bats, Fishing Programs, Park and Area History, and search and Rescue. A self-guided Junior Ranger Program is also offered.
Jackson Lake State Park: Junior Ranger Program and Saturday evening interpretive programs are offered throughout the summer. Educational programs are offered on Saturday evenings at the Cove Amphitheatre beginning Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day Weekend.
Mancos State Park: A Junior Ranger Program and youth focused programs are offered June through August. Summer programs range from environmental education programs, workshops, and art exhibits to simple sing-alongs around the campfire.
Roxborough State Park: The Visitor Center has a great, interactive geological exhibit with five educational stations for visitors of all ages. Learn how the rock formations came to be, which wild creatures live in the parks, and much more. Special events are offered year-round at the park. Upcoming events: Story time, Patio Geology, and Roxy Puppet Theatre.
State Forest State Park: Junior Ranger Program and Saturday evening interpretive programs are offered throughout the summer. Educational programs are offered on Saturday evenings at the Cove Amphitheatre beginning Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day Weekend.
Trinidad Lake State Park: Interpretive programs every Saturday night from Memorial Day to Labor Day including Campfire S'mores, roasting hotdogs, cooking in the Horno, wildlife shows, and exploring our hiking trails.


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PCR tubes are used in thermal cyclers (aka PCR machines), which are the key tool in the polymerase chain reaction method. As a high-use consumable in laboratories practicing PCR, cost-conscious labs can benefit greatly by opting for economical tubes that still meet scientific standards.
Choosing the appropriate PCR tube is largely determined by the thermal cycler in which they'll operate. The capacity is the key determiner, with 0.2 mL and 0.6 mL being the most common PCR tube sizes. PCR tube type (either a PCR strip or individual tubes) and color (white/clear, blue, red, and more) are other key options.


Mixing in Ableton Live: A Creative Approach | Karel Psota | Skillshare
Mixing in Ableton Live: A Creative Approach
Karel Psota, Composer, Music Producer, Mixer
Play Speed
 - 0.5x
 - 1x (Normal)
 - 1.25x
 - 1.5x
 - 2x
10 Lessons (50m)
 - 1. Trailer
 - 2. Project
 - 3. Importing Stems in Ableton
 - 4. Volume
 - 5. Panning and Widening
 - 6. EQ
 - 7. Reverb
 - 8. Compression
 - 9. Advanced Ableton Racks
 - 10. Closing
32 students are watching this class
About This Class
This class covers problem-solving and creative methods to raise your mixes to professional standards using only the audio effects included in Ableton Live 9.
You will learn how to analyse, critic, fix, and embellish all parts of your songs using tools like volume automation, reverb, panning, eqing and compression. More than knowing what these tools do, you will know when to apply them, how to combine them, and when NOT to use them.
The project will involve mixing audio stems that I will provide. You also have the choice to mix your own project as long as you show us the material before and after your mix. The project is about the development of your mix rather than the final result.
This class is geared towards Ableton users, but the concept explained are applicable in any other DAW.
- Knowledge of the basic functionality in Ableton Live or any other DAW.
- Familiarity with the terms: spectrum, frequency, transient, fundamental, harmonics, mono and stereo.
1. Trailer: Hi, My name is Kemal, and today I'm going to show you how to make your mixes south. Bigger, wider, deeper, tighter and clear. Using only able to stop plug. It's now you notice. I called my class creative mixing. This is a bit unusual as mixing is referred as a science. It's very rational, scientific. You can imagine a surgeon school thing. Sounds of complex machinery. Well, I believe otherwise. Mixer is also an artist. They contribute to a song by bringing their influence like art. Some decisions might not have any justification. It's a matter of personal taste. It's a gut feeling. Therefore, I will teach this class in a creative way more than explaining to you how audio effects works. Want to use them when not to use them? I'll go beyond that and show you how to combine them to create your own effect. Rex. I will show you waste experiment, Force happy accidents. At the end, you will find your identity as a mixer. A few words about myself. My name is Carl office set up. I'm a music producer, composer, sound designer and mixer. I've worked with Grammy nominated engineer Brad Hagel, composed soundtracks for award winning short films. I've done sound designed on trailers like and Settle, Dress Pixels and Point Break. Also mixed songs for radio. And if you wonder, I got into music by producing as diverse, Um, experience may seem, I chose to teach mixing because it is the common link between everything I've done. As you can imagine, mixing orchestra the theater is very different than mixing up step for a nightclub or apple your butts I saw as prerequisites for this class. I would recommend being familiar with the basics of able to know has your import export audio. You'll have your name and color tracks. Also, we're going to talk about audio effect racks. These concepts are applicable in any other day. W However, these futures are specifically designed for able to. Also, you should be familiar with the following terms. Spectrum frequency, fundamental harmonic, transient motto, stereo and delay 2. Project: for this project, I'll give all my students the same stents. It will be up to you to experiment with the stems, using the techniques I will teach you. Now. I'm not expecting a perfect mix because there's no such thing I want to make that represents you. I hope that by the end of this class, gallery will be full of mixes. That sound difference. Although this will be the same song, you'll be able to see the different approaches from your classmates. In a way, it is this collection of work that will prove the point of this class. Mixing is a matter of individual taste. It's up to you to find your own individual sounds. 3. Importing Stems in Ableton: for this first video, I'm going to show you had to import steps into a Bolton. It's kind of a tricky process, but once you know the shortcut, you could save so much time. First of all, let's download this folder from the skill share Web page, and you will find some stems. So, like the ball, drag them into a Bolton. And here's the trick before you let them go old commands. This will align them vertically. Now the next step is to make sure they are worked to do that. Hit command a then shift tab. You will see this. It'll warp icon here, make sure it is unchecked. This will save some issues with tempo. Next. What you want to do is change the tempo of the session I give you to a temple. In this first filed called Reference, the tempo is 1 10 That's type it. It also. What we want to do is make sure that the volume is low on every track. To do that, click on the track name, then command A to select all tracks, then move the volume fader and type in negative 10. The next step is to mute the reference This is only there to show you how to stand sound like altogether after we could rename the audio tracks because names like 45 audio are not very familiar naming them something like kick will make it much easier for afterwards Snare, stare, and so on. Also, if you're a fancy person like me, you could use colors like yellow for drums, purple for base And I think green for guitars. Anyway, once you've done that, you should end up with a file that looks like this. Cool. Now, another thing that I did here is that I folded all my tracks. I have a clear view of decision to do that. All we need to do is hold option and click all these little arrows. Just one of them will open all of them. It works the other way around, too. So that's it for this first lesson. Now that you know how to organize stems, we can go ahead and talk about volume in the next lesson. 4. Volume: Okay, welcome back to this second lesson. I hope that by now you set up your template. You have the steps loaded into a bilton so we could talk about volume. So what is Volume volume is also called gain level or amplitude. It's measured in decibels, DB for short. You can see volume and able to by looking at the green meters at the end of your tracks like this. You can also see thes leaders between audio effects that this will be very helpful in the future. Now the general rule red volume is to never go over zero decibels on the master. Why is that? Well, let's find out by breaking this rule, where you going to do is lower the volume of this video or of your speakers, and we're going to push the volume of all the tracks together and see what happens. Sounds good. What you are hearing is called distortion. It's a misrepresentation of the sound. It's very harsh, aggressive and tiring to listen to. Now I want you to be familiar with this sound. You should be able to recognize it without looking at your screen like that in the future when you hear this distortion, you know? Oh, this is a problem with volume. I should lower some of my tracks. Ironically, even some professional tracks have this sound effect. Hotline bling, for instance, sounds very distorted on the drums. I think they did that purposely, because I'm sure Drake has excellent mixing engineers. My point is, learn how to identify that distortion. Next, let's talk a bit about the relationship between volume and individual tracks. Now you'll notice that everything sounds a bit better if you make it louder. So why don't you experiment with that concept and pushed the volumes of the tracks you like? Soon enough, you'll notice that your master will go over zero DB because you'll just keep pushing, pushing volumes on every track. You will start hearing distortion, and we will be back to square one. Your brain has fooled you. Making things louder does not make things better. So the real question is, how do you mix with volume? The solution is in one word. Balance would is simple to like volume. You should be able to make each track audible in your mix. A good way to stop is to mix by groups For example, let's stop with the Drum Group. We're going to select symbols, snares and kick drums, and then press command Z to group them gonna name this group drum and cats that I know it's a group. I'm going to color it yellow, and we're going to open these tracks and try to balance them. Now balancing tracks is a bit tricky, because what referential do you use? It's a matter of taste. So in this case, if you don't know where to start, you should listen to


Callorhinus ursinus
Taxonomy [top]
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Scientific Name: Callorhinus ursinus
Species Authority: (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common Name(s):
English Northern Fur Seal
Assessment Information [top]
Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable A2b ver 3.1
Year Published: 2008
Date Assessed: 2008-06-30
Assessor(s): Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group)
The Eastern stock of Northern Fur Seals is predominantly in the Pribilof Islands. This stock has experienced a significant, steep decline in recent years and has failed to recover despite the cessation of commercial harvesting. Although the global population is still over a million animals, the current downward trend in abundance remains a mystery. The most troubling aspect of the situation is that the Pribilof population's pup production currently matches that during a time of very strong growth in the early 1900s (1918) yet the numbers continue to drop. Because this portion of the population represents approximately one half of the world-wide population, it seems that the species should be considered in the threatened category of Vulnerable under IUCN Red List Criterion A2 (due to the fact that the causes of the reduction do not appear to have ceased, are not understood, and may not be reversible based on the unknown cause). Thus, the Northern Fur Seal should remain classified as Vulnerable.
IUCN Evaluation of the Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus
Prepared by the Pinniped Specialist Group
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
Male Northern Fur Seals begin competing for a territory at approximately 7-9 years of age and females begin breeding after the age of four. Generation time is unknown but since females can breed successfully into their early twenties, it is likely in excess of 12-15 years. Northern Fur Seals have shown a significant decline in recent years but the reasons for the reductions are not fully understood, have not ceased despite a ban in commercial hunting and therefore are not clearly reversible.
Although other areas within the range of the species have shown slight increases and the proportion of the population on the Pribilofs has decreased, St. Paul Island remains the largest Northern Fur Seal rookery in the world with over 122,000 pups born in 2004. Accordingly, some rookeries are decreasing in size. The Eastern Pacific stock of Northern Fur Seals (Pribilof Islands and Bogoslof Island) experienced a decline of >50% between the early 1950's and 2005. However, this decline was at least in part due to a steady harvest of fur seals that ended on St. Paul Island in 1984. However, despite the cessation of the commercial harvest, the population in the Pribilofs has continued to decline and pup production on the largest rookery at St. Paul Island declined by over 22% between 2000 and 2004 and experienced an average annual rate of decline of 6% (SE = 0.7%) between _PHONE_. Although the overall world population has not declined as dramatically as that of the Pribilofs, because the Pribilofs represent almost half of the species population, the species should still be considered to be Vulnerable.
A population reduction of northern fur seals is suspected in the future based on current trends at the largest rookeries. The likely amount of population reduction has not been projected, but if the current trend continues on the Pribilof Islands for the next 30 years, the population will move from being Vulnerable to being Endangered.
The EOO of Northern Fur Seals is > 20,000 km².
The AOO of Northern Fur Seals is > 2,000 km².
AND at least 2 of the following:
C. Small population size and decline
The current global abundance of Northern Fur Seals (all age classes) is approximately one million.
AND either C1 or C2:
(b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals.
D. Very small or restricted population
Number of mature individuals: CR < 50; EN < 250; V number of mature individuals < 1,000 AND/OR restricted area of occupancy typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations < 5
The current abundance of Northern Fur Seals is approximately one million. AOO is > 20 km² and the number of locations is > 5.
E. Quantitative analysis
There has been no quantitative analysis of the probability of extinction for Northern Fur Seals.
Listing recommendationThe Eastern stock of Northern Fur Seals is predominantly located in the Pribilof Island; this stock has experienced a significant, steep decline since the 1950's that stabilized and then began dropping again recently. The reasons for the current downward trend remain a mystery. The most troubling aspect of this decline is that the Pribilof population currently has a pup production level similar to that in 1918, a time of strong growth, yet the numbers continue to drop. Because the Pribilof population represents approximately one half of the world-wide population the species should be considered in the threatened category of Vulnerable, based on A2b due to the fact that the causes of the reduction do not appear to have ceased, are not understood, and may not be reversible.
1996 Vulnerable
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description: Northern Fur Seals are a widely-distributed pelagic species in the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and the adjacent Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan. They range from Northern Baja California, Mexico north and offshore across the North Pacific to Northern Honshu, Japan. The southern limit of their distribution at sea is approximately 35° N. Vagrants reach the Yellow Sea in the west and eastern Beaufort Sea in the Arctic. The vast majority of the population breeds on the Pribilof Islands, with substantial numbers on the Commander Islands as well. Still other sites are used, including San Miguel Island in California, Bogoslof Island in the Bering Sea, and Robben Island off Sakhalin Island in Russia. Many animals, especially juveniles, migrate from the Bering Sea south to southern California or the waters off Japan, to spend the winter feeding.
China; Taiwan, Province of China
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Pacific – eastern central; Pacific – northeast; Pacific – northwest
Population [top]
Population: The current global population was estimated to be approximately 1.1 million in 2004-2005. Abundance is declining. The overall decline is not proportional with the regions where the greatest decreases are occurring - in the Pribilof Islands – in fact, the small populations in the Kuril Islands and on Bogoslof Island in the Aleutians have increased. Approximate individual site population sizes are estimated as follows: Pribilof Islands: 688,028: Commander Islands: 225,000-230,000; Robben Island: 88,000; Kuril Islands: 45,000-50,000; San Miguel Island: 7,784 (Reijnders et al 1993). The Pribilof Islands population declined at 6.2% annually on St. Paul Island and 4.5% annually on St. George Island between 1998 – 2004 (Towell et al. 2006). Pup production on St. Paul again dropped, by 10.5% between 2004 and 2006. Once containing approximately 75% of the world population of northern fur seals, the Pribilofs currently have approximately 50%. Estimated pup production on St. Paul Island in 2004 was at a level equal to that observed in 1918, which was a time when the population was growing at a rate of 8% annually following cessation of the pelagic harvests (Towell et al. 2006), so the current declines are quite perplexing.
Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology: Northern Fur Seals exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism, with males being 30-40% longer and more than 4.5 times heavier than adult females. Males can be as large as 2.1 m and 270 kg. Females can be up to 1.5 m and 50 kg or more. Newborns weigh 5.4-6 kg, and are 60-65 cm long. Pups are blackish at birth, with variable oval areas of buff on the sides, in the axillary area and on the chin and sides of the muzzle. After 3-4 months, pups moult to the colour of adult females and subadults. Northern Fur Seals become sexually mature at 3-5 years old, at which time females usually produce one pup a year for most of the rest of their lives. Gestation lasts 51 weeks, which includes a delay of implantation of 3.5 to 4 months. Longevity of this species is 25 years (Reijnders et al 1993). Males do not become physically mature, and large enough to compete for a territory that will be used by females, until they are 8-9 years old. The generation time for females is approximately 12-15 years depending on the determination methods used.
Breeding


Thousands of British gardeners are at risk of becoming unwitting criminals due to a lack of knowledge of basic gardening laws, experts have claimed.
Now experts from have published the top seven little known gardening laws to help Britons understand what they should and shouldn't do in their gardens.
Gardeners could be forgiven for finding the laws confusing, as they can be counter-intuitive and complex.
For example, a person may cut back tree branches that overhang into their garden, as long as they do not go past the boundary line and there is no Tree Preservation Order in place.
But they cannot keep the trimmings nor any fruit or flowers on them – nor can they simply throw the branches back into the tree owner's garden without permission.
Disputes over boundaries may require a hard look at the house deeds, and even then, there may be issues if the boundaries have changed over time.
There can also be confusion over whether it is legal to allow a tree to block sunlight to a window.
A spokesman for said: "Most of us want to be good, law abiding neighbours, but that can be difficult if we don't actually know what the law is.
"There may be times when it would be within your legal rights to do something, but it could cause tensions with your neighbour.
Seven little-known gardening laws
1. Trimming overhanging branches
2. Fruit and flowers
Although you can cut branches that hang into your garden up to the property line, they still belong to the neighbour – as do any flowers or fruit on them. Your neighbour is legally entitled to demand them back.
3. Windfalls
4.Fallen leaves
Tree owners are not responsible for sweeping up fallen leaves.
5.Trees blocking light
Under the Rights of Light Act, if a window has received natural light for 20 years or more, neighbours can't block it with a new tree.
5. Fences and boundaries
These can be tricky to resolve. The house deeds should indicate who owns fences and is responsible for boundaries (although there is no legal responsibility to keep boundaries well maintained, unless the deeds state otherwise). But boundaries can move over time and cause disputes later. You may need to contact HM Land Registry for help with boundary disputes.
6. Hedges


text:
Choose A Key And See What Your Subconscious Reveals About Your Personality
You might think this simple test (which is based on nothing scientific at all) is a little silly. And while you are not wrong to think that, I assure you that you will be surprised with how accurate the results are. This is because your answers are based on your subconscious, and what it is drawn to.
"The subconscious is recognized as the source of creativity, intuition, inspiration, inner knowing, interconnectedness, and spiritual enlightenment. Within this realm reality shifts and expands, creating a matrix that is far more elastic and multi-dimensional than is perceived by the conscious mind."
She goes on to say, "The messages we receive from our dreams and the primordial symbols, or archetypes handed down to us from our ancestors, inform us about what is unique, authentic, and sacred to each of us. When we heed these messages we are following the path of our soul's evolution."
"These symbols and archetypes are essential elements of the collective unconscious, the universal intra-psychic structuring device innate to humans. What is so poignant here is that words are unnecessary to communicate or convey a message. The symbol, the representational picture or image, conveys the complete thought, concept, or ideal without the use of words to describe it; the proverbial, 'a picture is worth a thousand words.'"
Take this test below and see exactly what Dr. Brenner is talking about when you discover how accurate your results are.
Look closely at the image below, and select the key that would open this old chest. It's important that you choose only one of the keys. Then flip the card with the image of the key you've chosen and discover your true self.
By Raven Fon


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Assume you have a fair coin. What's the expected number of coin tosses in order to get a sequence HHTTHH? (H=head,T=tail).
I want to know if there is a general formula for this kinds of problems?
share|improve this question
Do you want HHTHHH to appear as a subsequence anywhere in a long list of tosses, or do you do 6 tosse, and then restart the sequence? – Larry D'Anna Mar 24 '13 at 5:35
You will do a long list of tosses, as long as you get HHTTHH, you will stop, count on average how many times you need to toss in order to get HHTTHH. – nkhuyu Mar 24 '13 at 5:42
This has been asked on the site several times before and several methods to solve every similar problem have been detailed in answers. Did you look for them before asking? – Did Mar 24 '13 at 10:16
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
The answer is $70=2^{\color{red}{6}}+2^{\color{red}{2}}+2^{\color{red}{1}}$. The integers $6$, $2$ and $1$ are the lengthes of the prefixes of the word HHTTHH that are also its suffixes, here HHTTHH, HH and H.
For more details, see some previous posts on the site about this exact model, or the book DNA, Words and Models by Robin, Rodolphe, and Schbath (2005), or the survey Enumeration of strings (1985) by A. Odlyzko (see section 4, citing the paper A combinatorial identity and its application to the problem concerning the first occurrences of a rare event (1966) by A. D. Solov'ev).
share|improve this answer
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Open Source Java Reporting with JasperReports and iReport : Page 5
Using JasperReports from Java
So now you have a working JasperReports report. How do you use it from within your Java application?
The JasperDesign object, in the net.sf.jasperreports.engine package, is the Java representation of the XML report you designed using iReport. You load the XML report and compile it into a JasperReport object, which does the actual report generation:
JasperDesign jasperDesign = JasperManager.loadXmlDesign("MyReport.xml"); JasperReport jasperReport = JasperManager.compileReport(jasperDesign);
In a real application, you shouldn't do this every time you generate a report, as it is time consuming and easily cached.
Once you have a compiled report, you can feed it data and use it to generate reports.
When you generate the report, you can provide runtime parameters via a Map. This is useful for providing information that is unknown at design time, such as a user-customized report title. From within the JasperReport report, you declare the parameter in the "View/Report Parameters" window and then use the parameter variable just like the other fields and variables you saw previously:
// Run-time report parameters Map parameters = new HashMap(); parameters.put("title", "A user-customized title");
Of course, you also need to provide a valid JDBC connection to the target database:
// Fetch your database connection Connection conn = DBConnectionFactory.getConnection();
Finally, you use the JasperFillManager class to combine the compiled report model with the incoming data to generate a print-ready report:
JasperPrint jasperPrint = JasperFillManager.fillReport(jasperReport, parameters, conn);
Now use the JasperPrintManager to generate the report in whatever format you want. JasperReport supports a lot of formats: PDF, Excel, XML, HTML, CVS, etc. But for now, just write the report to a PDF file:
JasperExportManager.exportReportToPdfFile(jasperPrint, "report.pdf");
There are lots of other possibilities. Check out the JasperReports APIs for more details.
Other Reporting Tools
A number of other reporting tools are available, so how does JasperReports/iReport stack up to the others? Here are a couple of the main actors in the field:
 - Eclipse BIRT is a new, up-and-coming charting and reporting tool with a nice Eclipse plugin. Although a relative newcomer, it has some powerful reporting and charting functionalities. On the other hand, it is less mature than JasperReports, and it seems less well integrated with Java It also relies on internal JavaScript scripting for report enhancing. Integration with datasources other than a plain JDBC connection seems to be complicated as well. Nevertheless, it is worth a look.
 - Business Objects/Crystal Reports is a powerful commercial BI/reporting solution with a slick graphical designer. A full-fledged Crystal Reports Server XI Edition license (20 users) costs around $7,500. The Crystal Reports IX Developer Edition, a lighter version more oriented towards Web application development, is available for around $595 per developer. Even in the latest version, Java integration seems to be limited however.
A Dynamic Duo
JasperReports is powerful and flexible reporting tool, which is easy to integrate into a Java environment. iReport takes a lot of the hard work out of designing reports with JasperReports—without comprising its power. Together, they form an impressive pair. Try it out!
Comment and Contribute


Interview with Toufi Saliba, Founder, Toda
Reading Time: 3 minutes
As part of our ongoing coverage of the upcoming Decentralised Energy Forum, we interviewed Toufi Saliba, Founder of the TODA/IP protocol and a well-known blockchain speaker. Toufi's opinions are highly held in the blockchain and protocol world, and he has featured as a speaker at many conferences and forums. While he manages to be very brief, his message and the information that he delivers is well worth a read – it certainly opened my eyes to some things.
Toufi Saliba, Founder, Toda
Could you briefly explain TODA's business model?
TODA/IP is a protocol to enable platforms and higher-level protocols to get the security by design to benefit from unprecedented efficiencies.
Which benefits does it bring to the customers?
The customers who use any of the companies building on Toda can dramatically benefit from the deterministic level of security by design, so efficiencies are maximized and reduction of financial exploitations of economies of scale.
How does TODA contribute to green energy?
Our protocol provides over 99% efficiencies for the internet of value. That's better economically and in every way.
Can you give an overview of how your internet communication protocol helps energy businesses?
Having modular/atomic value at the packet level can enhance secure AI transactions and secure its computations to perform as designed and not outside of that. Similarly, the deterministic, irrefutability for the elements running on it.
What are the TODA use cases? Are there any limitations?
Any Ai Engine securing their computation and distribute their computation in an autonomous decentralized setting.
Virtual assets representations on the network layer such as Blockchains like Bitcoin, Ethereum and others being built on it; TODA is a network communication protocol.
Real assets representations on the network layer for secure cryptographic compliant representations such as Land, commodities, etc.
So who are you targeting as customers in the first instance? Is it consumers, prosumers or businesses?
Some businesses and individuals thought they didn't need the internet. TODA is an Internet Protocol; anyone can benefit from it.
AI will run the world like it or not. Cryptography can ensure it can not be misused against the users and remains at the user's control.
Toufi Saliba
What kind of security implementations do you have – how do you protect consumer privacy?
TODA/IP in itself is used for security by design while maintaining user's privacy and confidentiality. It is fully user-centric and, therefore, up to the user to disclose any aspect. TODA/IP enables businesses and developers to build applications and platforms that change the equation of "they won't invade people's privacy" to "they can't invade people's privacy by design and not by consensus or simple agreements."
How do you see AI and machine learning impacting the decentralized energy world in the foreseeable future?
When do you see DLT energy market saturation happening, particularly in the US? What are the significant steps required to get there?
Not sure what you mean by market saturation, and if by DLT, you mean Distributed Ledger Technology, which was a term coined by Deloitte as synonymous to Blockchain, yet not a single blockchain is actually a Distributed Ledger. Most are currently Replicated Ledgers; in fact, Blockchains aren't even ledgers. They could utilize ledgers but don't have to. Nevertheless, I don't believe saturation is an achievable goal; it's an ongoing evolutionary quest.
Some say protocols of this type seem to come about every few years, claiming to solve various problems – how do you plan the longevity of Toda?
I think the first question folks need to ask when seeing those claims is, "who makes money from the protocol itself?" If it is the creators, then they are suspect. If the creators can make a lot more money but not from the protocol itself, then they are less of a suspect. TODA/IP is built with provable security by design to reduce the friction of value and asset managements by over 99.9% over existing centralized systems, and therefore it is an objective way to measure value added every single time.
What do you see as the most critical need for the Energy Industry in the space that Toda occupies?
TODA/IP reduces the friction tremendously of value management, therefore, increasing the efficacity of work across the globe and thus increasing the value add and subsequently wealth. With more wealth, the demand for energy will increase, and the consumer will be able to pay up while proportionally be less impactful on their budget.
The Energy Bit, and particularly me, wish to thank Toufi for his contribution here, and for sharing some insight from his perspective. Feel free to leave a comment and make sure to check out our other interviews and articles on our homepage, or continue the discussion on our Facebook and Twitter pages.
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text:
This is a very good question. I implemented the same algorithm on c# some time ago. The Algorithm constructs a common contour of two polygons (i.e. Constructs a union without holes). Here it is.
Step 1. Create graph that describes the polygons.
Input: first polygon (n points), second polygon (m points). Output: graph. Vertex - polygon point of intersection point.
We should find intersections. Iterate through all polygon sides in both polygons [O(n*m)] and find any intersections.
If an intersection is not found, simply add vertices and connect them
to the edge.
If any intersections are found, sort them by length to their start point, add all
vertexes (start, end and intersections) and connect them (already in
sorted order) to the edge.
Step 2. Check constructed graph
If we did not find any intersection points when graph was built, we have one of the following conditions:
- Polygon1 contains polygon2 - return polygon1
- Polygon2 contains polygon1 - return polygon2
- Polygon1 and polygon2 do not intersect. Return polygon1 AND polygon2.
Step 3. Find left-bottom vertex.
Find the minimum x and y coordinates (minx, miny). Then find the minimum distance between (minx, miny) and the polygon's points. This point will be the left-bottom point.
Step 4. Construct common contour.
We start to traverse the graph from the left-bottom point and continue until we get back into it. At the beginning we mark all edges as unvisited. On every iteration you should select the next point and mark it as visited.
To choose the next point, choose an edge with a maximum internal angle in counter-clockwise direction.
I calculate two vectors: vector1 for current edge and vector2 for each next unvisited edge (as presented in the picture).
For vectors I calculate:
- Scalar product (dot product). It returns a value related to an angle between vectors.
- Vector product (cross product). It returns a new vector. If z-coordinate of this
vector is positive, scalar product gives me right angle in
counter-clockwise direction. Else (z-coordinate is negative), I
calculate get angle between vectors as 360 - angle from scalar
As a result I get an edge (and a correspond next vertex) with the maximum angle.
I add to result list each passed vertex. Result list is the union polygon.
- This algorithm allows us to merge multiple of polygons - to
apply iteratively with polygon's pairs.
- If you have a path that consists of many bezier curves and lines, you should flatten this path first.


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Gavril Romanovich Derzhavin (14 July 1743 – 20 July 1816 / Kazan)
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin was arguably one of the greatest Russian poets before Alexander Pushkin, as well as a statesman. Although his works are traditionally considered literary classicism, his best verse is rich with antitheses and conflicting sounds in a way reminiscent of John Donne and other metaphysical poets.
Derzhavin was born in Kazan. His distant ancestor Morza Bagrim, who relocated from the Great Horde in the 15th century to Moscow, was baptized and became a vassal of the Russian Grand Prince Vasily II. Nevertheless, by... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
- On A Bird
- On The Death Of Prince Meshchersky
- The Bullfinch
- The Current Of Time's River
- The Swan
- To Rulers and Judges
Comments about Gavril Romanovich Derzhavin
Beautiful Paintings On Books
by Ekaterina Panikanova
You Too Can Learn to Write Surrealist Poetry
Spudnik Press is offering a workshop in surrealist poetry
Distasteful Fashion Shoot Featuring Author Suicides is Pulled
The spread is called 'Last Words.'
Autistic Pride Day