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Public transport can take a while, but it can feel especially long when you have to go! If it gets to the stage where you really need to use the on-board facilities of a bus, train, boat or plane, here are a few steps on how to use the bathroom on public transport.
Part 1 of 3:
Before Going to the RestroomDownload Article
 1. 1
 Evaluate. How long is your ride? How much did you drink? How badly do you need to go? If the result is that you have to go, then follow the steps bellow. If not, hold yourself and wait.
 2. 2
 Identify the nearest restroom. If you are on a bus that stops at gas stations, it is probably wise to go there if you are uncomfortable with the restrooms on board. You also want to be careful that you don't disturb other passengers, especially if it is during the night and they are trying to sleep.
 3. 3
 Organize yourself. It is important that you don't disturb other passengers, so if you are planning to brush your teeth, wash your face or do other things in the bathroom, bring all your materials with you. It is always a good idea to bring hand sanitizer on public transport so you don't have to use the restroom.
Part 2 of 3:
In the RestroomDownload Article
 1. 1
 Check that you've locked the door properly. It can be rather embarrassing to have the door opened on you as the bus or ship is moving along and you are mid-business with a line waiting out there. Push or pull on the door to check it's properly locked.
 - You can touch the door by holding toilet paper if you're worried about germs.
 2. 2
 Look for safety features. If you're moving, there is risk of falling or being tossed if the vehicle hits something, goes over something bumpy, hits turbulence, crashes on a wave, or whatever. It's a good idea to find any form of handle or device meant for hanging onto in the event of such a happening. For the most reassurance, hang onto it anyway.
 3. 3
 Clean. Some people aren't bothered by germs, but it is always a good idea to wipe off the seat on the toilet, or avoid touching too many things in the restroom. Take a piece of paper towel or toilet paper, put a bit of water on it (maybe soap) and wipe off anything you will be touching.
 4. 4
 Do your business. Use the bathroom as intended and be quick about it. There is no point hanging around too long, it subjects you to an uncomfortable situation for a longer time and it can prolong the wait for other people outside.
 - It is probably a good idea to avoid touching too many things. In fact, if you can squat rather than sit on the seat, that's the best option.
 5. 5
 Wash up. Wash your hands completely with soap. If there is none, at least wash them very well, rubbing your hands vigorously.
 - If you made a mess somewhere, be polite and clean it, imagine if you had to clean up after someone else before you used the bathroom. Pass on cleanliness, not germs.
Community Q&A
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 - Question
 What if someone else is in the restroom and you just can't wait anymore?
 Community Answer
 If you're on a bus, either get off ASAP and find the nearest restroom or knock on the door and say, "You've been in there for a while now and I really need to go. Can you please try and hurry up?" Do your best to be polite.
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 - If you find the bathroom filthy, let the driver, captain, attendant or whoever know it really needs a clean. If you're on a flight or ship, it usually isn't too long to wait until they're finished cleaning it. For a bus, you will probably have to live with it.
 - Traveling somewhere new to you? Hygiene standards and rules may differ, so roll with it and focus on staying healthy by doing the best you can to not touch too much and to wash your hands well.
 - Keep your fingers well away from your mouth while using public bathroom facilities. They're not clean until you've thoroughly washed them.
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 Updated: July 4, 2019
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text:
We use for to say how long:
We have been waiting for twenty minutes.
They lived in Manchester for fifteen years.
We use since with the present perfect or the past perfect to say when something started:
I have worked here since December.
They had been watching since seven o'clock in the morning.
We use from …to/until to say when something starts and finishes:
They stayed with us from Monday to Friday.
We will be on holiday from the sixteenth until the twentieth.
- Determiners and quantifiers
- Clause, phrase and sentence
Tags for teachers
A - Z of Content
- 1 de 6

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
By now the tools exist to effectively quantify the influence of weather, wear and chemicals on road surface quality and to model how often those surfaces need maintenance or replacement. Less familiar to highway engineers are the tools used to measure and model the lifetime of the retroreflective elements painted or embedded along roads to help guide drivers at night.
The science of electronically measuring retroreflective pavement markings is still in its early days, but quickly evolving. Visual analysis of retroreflective elements by human observers is giving way to portable and vehicle-mounted measurements that provide reproducible data more compatible with data management tools, such as computer modeling. Despite this, the nature and measurement of retroreflectivity remains an unfamiliar topic to many highway contractors and maintenance authorities. But it will not remain so for long.
Accident data from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), a multistate database, shows that although only 25% of travel occurs during the nighttime, about 55% of fatal accidents occur at night. At least part of this discrepancy stems from inadequate and poorly maintained signs and markings.
Such statistics help explain why the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) specifies that highway markings required to be visible at night should be retroreflective. That is, they should reflect light back toward the general direction of its source. Retroreflectivity is simply a measure of how efficiently a marking achieves this.
Retroreflectance measurement helps ensure new highways are marked according to established standards, which improves safety. It also helps engineers estimate when to replace retroreflective roadside elements. Replacing these elements too soon increases maintenance costs; replacing them too late compromises safety, driving comfort and tort exposure.
Also, many states and municipalities that contract pavement marking have begun to offer bonus payments based on the quality of retroreflective pavement markings immediately after installation and for several years afterwards. Roadway striping contractors, therefore, stand to benefit if they can provide hard data that shows their markings continue to meet specified retroreflectance values.
Typical retroreflectors, such as cube corners or transparent microspheres, have structures that produce multiple reflections. Whatever its mechanism, a perfect retroreflector would reflect all light directly back to its source. Fortunately, such efficiency is not only impossible for highway applications, it's impractical. In order for retroreflection to be useful, the driver would need to see it—putting the ideal location for the head lamp on a driver's forehead between the eyes, which is not only impractical, it would likely meet some market acceptance resistance.
In reality, headlamps are limited to a non-optimum location for drivers to view retroreflected light. So, standard illumination and viewing geometries have been defined to objectively evaluate performance of different materials and installation methods. A key factor in this evaluation is an understanding of the concept of luminous intensity of a light source.
The main goal of replacing and repainting highway signs and delineations is to maintain their visibility at night, but those who fund or perform highway maintenance can appreciate the value of predicting the service life of retroreflective elements.
It is intuitive to measure retroreflection as a ratio of the intensity of retroreflected light against the intensity of its origin. This ratio would provide a scale for retroreflection that consisted of a similitude (dimensionless number) between 0 and 1. This, however, requires a system of units to define light flux, intensity and other optical quantities.
Most important is the geometrical unit of a solid angle, which resembles an ice cream cone. The tip of the cone is the apex, the distance from the apex to the open end is the radius (r) and the open end has some defined surface area (S). Solid angles are measured in steradians (?), units that represent the ratio of the area of the open end of the cone over the radius squared (r2). In strict math terms, the area of the opening is a spherical surface, like the half-sphere of ice cream fitting into a cone's open end.
Widening the apex of this cone until it formed a half-sphere would represent a solid angle measuring 2? steradians. So a complete sphere, such as one surrounding a light source, would have a total of 4? steradians.
In Figure 1, the solid angle subtended by the area "ABCD" is equal to the area of "ABCD" divided by the total area of the concentric sphere multiplied by the total number of steradians in the sphere. The equation looks like:
1m2 x 4? (w)
————— = 1 steradian
Roadway markings and signs are measured using different but related units of measure. Retroreflective measurement of roadway markings most commonly relies on the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL), which is the ratio of the luminance (L) of a surface to the normal illuminance (E) on the surface.
Normal illuminance, in this case, is the illuminance of a car's headlights on the marking measured on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the headlight beams. For the car shown in Figure 2, the observation and illumination angles are fixed and, let's assume, the headlights direct light of a specific intensity along the illumination axis. Let's also assume that point B represents the single point on the marking where RL will be examined. This allows a precise definition of the illumination axis, directed along line AB.
By the time the light reaches point B, it has spread out and has established a specific illuminance. If a plane is placed at point B with an area of one square meter and a normal vector in the same direction as line A, then the value of illuminance at B will equal the amount of light that would fall on this plane if it were illuminated entirely by the same intensity of light as that directed at point B.
The light will be reflected back in a cone shape around the direction of the headlight and it will have a specific luminous intensity in the observation direction along line BC.
These two values enable calculation of the coefficient of luminous intensity. Missing is the luminous intensity's per unit area, which must be calculated to provide an appropriate area to use as a divisor. Up to this point, all the quantities have been directional, dealing with infinitesimal areas. The challenge is to accurately illuminate the sample at the proper angle, 88.76°, and collect the light at the proper angle, 1.05°, from the illumination axis. These angles simulate the illumination of the pavement marker by a car with headlights 0.5 m above the pavement and 30 m in front of the car and the driver's eye 1.5 m above the pavement. Precisely setting this measurement geometry minimizes the largest error-contributing factor because the projected measurement area changes a great deal with a small change in the 88.76° illumination angle.
Commercial retroreflective materials are generally measured in a laboratory and provide material samples that can serve as transfer standards outside the lab. These measurements include the ratio of illumination at a retroreflector's sample position, its retroreflected light and the projected area of the sample. All this provides a direct determination of the coefficient of retroreflection that can then be applied in the field as a calibration standard to accurately set the intensity scale of a portable measurement instrument.
However, the sample area of portable instruments differs from one manufacturer to another, which introduces the possibility of non-uniform retroreflection of samples on the road-pavement stripes, for example. It is not unusual for the center of a 4-in.-wide retroreflective stripe to have a 2-in.-wide section down the middle with a coefficient of retroreflection value higher than those to either side.
The unit used in roadway measurements is millicandelas per lux per square meter (mcd/lx/m2). This is equal to 1/1000 of the basic unit, which was given before as candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lx/m2). Retroreflective measurement of road signs relies on a different standard, the coefficient of retroreflection (RA). A description of RA is available in ASTM Standard E808-91, which defines it as the coefficient of luminous intensity (RI) of a flat retroreflecting surface to its area. The metric unit for RI is candelas per lux per square meter (cd/lx/m2) and it is the ratio of the luminous intensity of the retroreflector in the direction of observation (I) to the illuminance at the retroreflector on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the incident light.
After taking into account all of the units and other considerations, RA is conceptually identical to the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) used to measure roadway markings. Like RL, it is still a ratio of returned intensity to incident illumination divided by the area of the retroreflector.
RA, however, is simpler to apply to measure the retroreflectivity of signs because signs have a fixed area. Also, the measured geometry is arranged so that the plane of the sign is more perpendicular to car headlights, so its area does not change as fast as near horizontal angles. This makes the measurement much simpler and more accurate.
The retroreflectometry ride
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established controlled procedures for measuring retroreflective materials in the laboratory. These procedures require the use of a tungsten lamp operated at a correlated color temperature of 2,855.6°K. The spectral power distribution of a tungsten lamp operated at this color temperature approaches the ideal CIE Illuminant A, an internationally agreed upon standard type of illumination used for comparison and specification of colors. Photoreceptor measuring illuminated retroreflective surfaces must match the CIE 1931 human eye response function—also called


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how to get value from the textblock, which is present in listbox....
here is the code xaml :

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You don't get the value directly from the TextBlock.
Instead what you do is bind the SelectedItem to a property on your viewmodel. To get the value of the TextBlock directly would violate the priciples of MVVM (if you are using that pattern). The viewmodel presents the data, it has no clue how that data is being rendered to the UI. IOW it has no idea there are three TextBlocks.
 ... etc...
This means that every time the selected item is changed, the new value will be populated into the bound property on the viewmodel. All you have to do then is access that object - it's as easy as that. This means you may also possibly be able to get rid of your SelectionChanged event hookup, depending on what it is doing.
However if you insist on getting the instance of the template used to present any particular data item in a list control, then this is the way to do it programmatically:
This will return you the StackPanel and its contents, you can then either use FindName() or just enumerate the child controls to find the one you are interested in.
FrameworkElement element = myListBox.ItemContainerGenerator.ContainerFromItem(myDataItem) as FrameworkElement;
if (element!= null)
 FrameworkElement child = element.FindName("myChildName");
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text:
Spellman's Syllabary is a guide to symbols used to represent syllables.
One of the many books Hermione consulted as she worked on her Ancient Runes homework in the common room (OP26, HBP24). She took it along on the quest to find Horcruxes in case she would need to translate runes (DH6). It came in handy (DH16).
"Spellman" is humorous because "spell" can refer to magic or to spelling out a word.
A syllabary is a set of symbols where each one represents a specific syllable. The title of this books suggests that the words used to cast spells are sometimes represented by sets of symbols other than our usual alphabet. However, since English and Latin are not well suited at all for a syllabary, this book might actually be designed for use with another language or perhaps a separate spellcasting language which is built with sound chunks which have discrete magical meanings. - SVA

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


You are here
Revision of errors from Sat, 11/28/2009 - 20:33
Please add material here as you learn...
General strategies for locating errors
 Use the traceback() function in R after an error occurs.It will print out the sequence of function calls that lead to the error.
Elements of _USER_$status
Each of the output codes should report an appropriate error message at the end of evaluation of the mxRun() statement.
This status element is returned from the optimizer (NPSOL).
A value of 0 means a successful optimization--no error returned.
A value of 1 means that an optimal solution was found, but that the sequence of iterates did not converge. There are several reasons this can happen, including starting at the correct values. It generally does not indicate a problem. These estimates can generally be considered correct solutions, so this code is labeled (Mx status GREEN).
A value of −1 means that the optimizer found itself stuck in a location where the objective function could not be calculated, and could not find a way out. This most often happens if the starting values make the calculation impossible.
A value of 2 or 3 means that the bounds or constraints, respectively, could not be satisfied.
A value of 4 means that the iteration limit was reached, with no solution found. You can use mxOptions() to set a higher iteration limit, or just run mxRun() using the output –it will restart from the most recent set of estimates, and make another run of the same number of iterations.
A value of 6 means that optimality conditions could not be reached, and the optimizer could find no way to improve the estimate. It often implies either a mistake in the model specification or starting values in an intractable range. The estimates resulting from this run are NOT optimal estimates, and should not be treated as solutions, so this code is labeled (Mx status RED).
Any other status codes should be reported.
output$status[[2]] returns the error code from OpenMx, which is usually −1. This indicates that some aspect of the objective calculation could not be completed at the current location.
The third element of status provides detailed information on why the objective function could not be calculated. Examples are:
_USER_[[3]] [CHARSXP: "Covariance matrix is not positive-definite."]
 Solution: Try changing your starting values (say, by making all of the covariances and free regressions.5) and see if it runs.
Error messages and their meaning
Note, while R coders often use the period character inside variable names, this is not legal in OpenMx, which uses this character to specify the container model for variables.
"Argument is missing, with no default"
Variations include:
Error in : argument is missing, with no default
Typical cause: A leading or trailing comma in your code makes R think that you wanted to pass in a parameter, but left it empty (hence "missing, with not default")
 leading comma
 trailing comma
 Cure: remove the errant comma(s).
Error in convertVFN(... NAs introduced by coercion
 - Example:
 _TAG_ say:
 values = "l1", labels = "aa",
 - The error:
 Warning messages:
 NAs introduced by coercion...
Error: The expected means matrix associated with the FIML objective function in model 'univSat4' does not contain dimnames.
Error: The expected covariance matrix associated with the FIML objective in model does not contain dimnames.
 - These errors occur when the mxFIMLObjective has no dimnames for the covariance or means, and cannot find them elsewhere (i.e., in the target algebra).
 - Example
 model <- mxModel("univSat4",
 mxFIMLObjective(covariance="expCov", means="expMean") # triggers error
 fit = mxRun(model)
 - Fixes
 - Add dimnames to the covariance and means matrices:
 mxMatrix("Symm", 1, 1, T, 1, name="expCov", dimnames=list(selVars, selVars),
 mxMatrix("Full", 1,1, T, 0, name="expMean", dimnames=list(selVars, selVars)),
 - Add dimnames to the Objective


text:
Popplet is a free online tool which lets you create a visual mindmap with ease, combining text, images, links and videos. This could be useful as a tool to use collaboratively with a class to outline planning together for a new topic, perhaps using the interactive whiteboard. Or it could be a way to record learning as pupils research about a topic. The simplicity of adding images, text links and videos is coupled with the ease with which any part can be re-ordered or moved to suit the visual presentation style desired.
Popplet can also be used as an alternative to Powerpoint in delivering presentations, well suited to the needs of a primary school.
Watch the video introduction to Popplet below:
Mark Bromley has created a video which serves as an introduction and short tutorial to using Popplet in the primary classroom.
Miss Noor has provided several suggestions for the use of Popplet in various curricular areas in the classroom, along with an example Popplet presentation.
So whether as a visual planning tool, for note-taking, for creating a slideshow of images or delivering presentations combining text, weblinks, videos and images in an animated way then Popplet is an easy to use tool useful for the primary classroom.
For other tools which can be used to create mind-maps or to display information in a visual way then look at the mind-mapping tools at webtools4u2use.
For further tools which can be used to as presentation tools have a look at the presentation tools page of webtools4u2use.


Developing lld Readers
The purpose of a "Reader" is to take an object file in a particular format and create an lld::File (which is a graph of Atoms) representing the object file. A Reader inherits from lld::Reader which lives in include/lld/Core/Reader.h and lib/Core/Reader.cpp.
The Reader infrastructure for an object format Foo requires the following pieces in order to fit into lld:
class ReaderOptionsFoo : public ReaderOptions
This Options class is the only way to configure how the Reader will parse any file into an lld::Reader object. This class should be declared in the lld namespace.
Reader *createReaderFoo(ReaderOptionsFoo &reader)
This factory function configures and create the Reader. This function should be declared in the lld namespace.
class ReaderFoo : public Reader
This is the concrete Reader class which can be called to parse object files. It should be declared in an anonymous namespace or if there is shared code with the lld::WriterFoo you can make a nested namespace (e.g. lld::foo).
You may have noticed that ReaderFoo is not declared in the.h file. An important design aspect of lld is that all Readers are created only through an object-format-specific createReaderFoo() factory function. The creation of the Reader is parametrized through a ReaderOptionsFoo class. This options class is the one-and-only way to control how the Reader operates when parsing an input file into an Atom graph. For instance, you may want the Reader to only accept certain architectures. The options class can be instantiated from command line options or be programmatically configured.
Where to start
The lld project already has a skeleton of source code for Readers for ELF, PECOFF, MachO, and lld's native YAML graph format. If your file format is a variant of one of those, you should modify the existing Reader to support your variant. This is done by customizing the Options class for the Reader and making appropriate changes to the.cpp file to interpret those options and act accordingly.
If your object file format is not a variant of any existing Reader, you'll need to create a new Reader subclass with the organization described above.
Readers are factories
The linker will usually only instantiate your Reader once. That one Reader will have its loadFile() method called many times with different input files. To support multithreaded linking, the Reader may be parsing multiple input files in parallel. Therefore, there should be no parsing state in you Reader object. Any parsing state should be in ivars of your File subclass or in some temporary object.
The key function to implement in a reader is:
virtual error_code loadFile(LinkerInput &input,
 std::vector> &result);
It takes a memory buffer (which contains the contents of the object file being read) and returns an instantiated lld::File object which is a collection of Atoms. The result is a vector of File pointers (instead of simple a File pointer) because some file formats allow multiple object "files" to be encoded in one file system file.
Memory Ownership
Atoms are always owned by their File object. During core linking when Atoms are coalesced or stripped away, core linking does not delete them. Core linking just removes those unused Atoms from its internal list. The destructor of a File object is responsible for deleting all Atoms it owns, and if ownership of the MemoryBuffer was passed to it, the File destructor needs to delete that too.
Making Atoms
The internal model of lld is purely Atom based. But most object files do not have an explicit concept of Atoms, instead most have "sections". The way to think of this is that a section is just a list of Atoms with common attributes.
The first step in parsing section-based object files is to cleave each section into a list of Atoms. The technique may vary by section type. For code sections (e.g..text), there are usually symbols at the start of each function. Those symbol addresses are the points at which the section is cleaved into discrete Atoms. Some file formats (like ELF) also include the length of each symbol in the symbol table. Otherwise, the length of each Atom is calculated to run to the start of the next symbol or the end of the section.
Other sections types can be implicitly cleaved. For instance c-string literals or unwind info (e.g..eh_frame) can be cleaved by having the Reader look at the content of the section. It is important to cleave sections into Atoms to remove false dependencies. For instance the.eh_frame section often has no symbols, but contains "pointers" to the functions for which it has unwind info. If the.eh_frame section was not cleaved (but left as one big Atom), there would always be a reference (from the eh_frame Atom) to each function. So the linker would be unable to coalesce or dead stripped away the function atoms.
The lld Atom model also requires that a reference to an undefined symbol be modeled as a Reference to an UndefinedAtom. So the Reader also needs to create an UndefinedAtom for each undefined symbol in the object file.
Once all Atoms have been created, the second step is to create References (recall that Atoms are "nodes" and References are "edges"). Most References are created by looking at the "relocation records" in the object file. If a function contains a call to "malloc", there is usually a relocation record specifying the address in the section and the symbol table index. Your Reader will need to convert the address to an Atom and offset and the symbol table index into a target Atom. If "malloc" is not defined in the object file, the target Atom of the Reference will be an UndefinedAtom.
Once you have the above working to parse an object file into Atoms and References, you'll want to look at performance. Some techniques that can help performance are:
 - Use llvm::BumpPtrAllocator or pre-allocate one big vector and then just have each atom point to its subrange of References in that vector. This can be faster that allocating each Reference as separate object.
 - Pre-scan the symbol table and determine how many atoms are in each section then allocate space for all the Atom objects at once.
 - Don't copy symbol names or section content to each Atom, instead use StringRef and ArrayRef in each Atom to point to its name and content in the MemoryBuffer.
We are still working on infrastructure to test Readers. The issue is that you don't want to check in binary files to the test suite. And the tools for creating your object file from assembly source may not be available on every OS.
We are investigating a way to use YAML to describe the section, symbols, and content of a file. Then have some code which will write out an object file from that YAML description.
Once that is in place, you can write test cases that contain section/symbols YAML and is run through the linker to produce Atom/References based YAML which is then run through FileCheck to verify the Atoms and References are as expected.


text:
Shots - Health Blog
Seniors In Medicare 'Doughnut Hole' More Likely To Stop Heart Drugs
Medicare patients who reach the annual gap in coverage for prescription drugs known as the "doughnut hole" are 57 percent more likely than those with continuous insurance coverage to stop taking drugs for heart-related conditions such as high blood pressure or heart disease.
That's the result of a study by researchers from the Harvard Medical School, Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital, and CVS Caremark, the drugstore chain. It's in the latest issue of the journal Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, published by the American Heart Association.
The researchers looked at the records of more than 100,000 Medicare patients with heart conditions who had Medicare prescription drug coverage in 2006 and 2007. They compared those who fell into the doughnut hole — when Medicare stops paying for drugs and patients are required to temporarily cover 100 percent of their cost -– with those who had continuing insurance coverage. The coverage limit resets every year.
Stopping what could be critical, life-saving medication was not what people hoped would happen when patients reached the gap. "Some policymakers have argued that sensitizing Part D consumers to drug costs through mechanisms like the coverage gap would encourage beneficiaries to use only essential and lower-priced medications," the researchers wrote. Part D is the name of the optional program that covers prescription drug costs for Medicare beneficiaries.
But using only necessary drugs and finding better deals hasn't been the case, either in this study or others like it. "Researchers have observed increased rates of drug discontinuation and adherence across both essential and potentially unnecessary drugs but have not observed higher rates of switching to generic drugs during the coverage gap," the study said.
One notable finding was that those who stopped taking their drugs didn't seem to experience serious health consequences. But the researchers cautioned that their study looked at only a very short timeline, and the patients who ended up in the study "experienced a relatively small number of adverse events, limiting our power to detect differences."
The researchers also noted that the 2010 Affordable Care Act is gradually closing the doughnut hole, which would alleviate the problem. This year seniors get a 50 percent discount on brand-name drugs once they reach the coverage gap and a 14 percent discount for generic drugs.
But that could disappear if the Supreme Court rules the entire health care law unconstitutional.


text:
What Did Ancient Egyptians Really Eat?
(ISNS) — Did the ancient Egyptians eat like us? If you're a vegetarian, tucking in along the Nile thousands of years ago would have felt just like home.
In fact, eating lots of meat is a recent phenomenon. In ancient cultures vegetarianism was much more common, except in nomadic populations. Most sedentary populations ate fruit and vegetables.
Although previous sources found the ancient Egyptians to be pretty much vegetarians, until this new research it wasn't possible to find out the relative amounts of the different foods they ate. Was their daily bread really daily? Did they binge on eggplants and garlic? Why didn't someone spear a fish?
A French research team figured out that by looking at the carbon atoms in mummies that had lived in Egypt between 3500 B.C. and 600 A.D. you could find out what they ate.
All carbon atoms are…
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text:
What is needed?
Studio teaching requires a couple of changes from traditional classroom layouts and scheduling.
First, studio activities are not really possible when students sit in rows facing the front of a classroom. Instead, students must sit together and look at each other. So, a traditional lecture hall is not an appropriate venue. Round tables are ideal, but standard lab tables can work just as well. Many instructors simply have their studio classes meet in the rooms that normally are only used for labs.
Second, standard class scheduling also hinders studio teaching. At most colleges and universities, class lecture sessions meet for three standard 50 minute periods, or two 80 minute periods per week. Lab sessions are generally 2 hours or longer in the afternoons. While it is possible to teach a studio class in 1 hour blocks, it is much better to have longer class periods. Two sessions per week, of 3 hours each, comes out to about the same number of contact hours as a traditional class, and works much better. The distinction between lab and lecture should, and can, be eliminated. During the longer time blocks, students may work on a number of different projects and may not all be doing the same things.


Good Samaritan Laws and Child Abuse
You're probably familiar with the term "Good Samaritan," but very rarely do you probably think about it beyond it characterizing someone performing a kind act for another.
It's a term stemming from the New Testament wherein someone named "The Good Samaritan" attends to a man, beaten and dying on the side of the road. He does so despite having no affiliation or duty to the injured man.
Did you know there are laws referred to as "Good Samaritan" laws? They are the topic we'll be discussing here. We will review a 2015 unpublished paper by Sara Popovich called "California's Good Samaritan Law: Correcting Ambiguities to Induce Action."
In a more modern context, Good Samaritan laws protect anyone from being subject to negative legal consequences if they try to help someone in physical distress or danger.
Ideally, the law should protect you if, for example, you find someone having a heart attack. And while performing chest compressions and saving their life, you also break their ribs. You don't want the person whose life you saved suing you for freaking his ribs. Ideally, the Good Samaritan laws would protect you from being sued.
It is interesting to note that this law was first brought to the country by California. Though it has since been adopted in varying forms throughout the U.S.
Let's further examine the details of the Good Samaritan Law in California:
Protecting Doctors from Common Law Duty of Care
At first, for context, let's look at basic common law duties of care as a citizen:
Bystanders, generally, have no legal duty to act to help when they see someone needing assistance or protection from danger.
The Good Samaritan law only comes into play once someone starts to help another person. Once you've provided aid, it's expected that you don't further the chances that the victim is harmed. Plus, as a rescuer, causing the victim harm because they're detrimentally relying on your help could leave you open to legal ramifications.
Let's elaborate on that second distinction.
If, by providing assistance, you leave a victim more vulnerable than she was before you started to help, you can't stop helping after the process begins. If you stop providing help (say, by abandoning the assistance effort), you open yourself up to liability due to your failure to provide the proper care.
As a response to the unfair treatment of citizens trying to help, Good Samaritan laws were applied in every state to override the common law duty of care. It's been this way since 1959, with various iterations of the law depending on the state and jurisdiction. In some places, there are even general duty laws that expect you to try rescue people in need and will penalize inaction.
For California, specifically, when the Good Samaritan law was introduced, it was only to protect medical practitioners from malpractice while providing emergency care. Prior to 1959, medical professionals were left vulnerable to legal action due to the perils of common law duty of care.
How Common Law Has Evolved Over the Years
Like most things, Good Samaritan statutes in California have changed over the years.
Any individual providing good-faith care at an emergency scene was provided immunity, as of 1980. While the 1959 introduction only focused on medical professionals, this statue extended to any qualifying person providing aid in an urgent scenario.
This iteration of the law was put to the test in 2008 when Lisa Torti horribly injured Alexandra Van Horn while pulling her from her vehicle after a car accident.
Van Horn's vertebrae were damaged so severely by the rescue attempt that she was left a paraplegic. Torti had feared that the victim's car was going to catch on fire, so she acted as decisively as possible.
Torti was sued by Van Horn due to the actions—and Torti claimed Good Samaritan immunity, as per the specifications of the 1980 version. At first glance, this might seem sound, but the plaintiff convinced the court to adopt a narrow interpretation of the law. Because pulling someone from a vehicle does not qualify as medical care, the Good Samaritan laws did not apply to Torti, and therefore Tori was liable for the harms she caused Van Horn. Lacking immunity, Torti was held responsible for the injured woman's paraplegia.
With the above ruling came plenty of disagreement. The dissent was best explained by Justice Ray Baxter, who thought excluding nonmedical care from the statute made little sense and was unfair. He felt, for instance, if a hitchhiker were hanging from a cliff, and pulled up by a bystander, he/she could now sue that person for injuring their arm.
The California legislature also felt Van Horn's victory in the case was unjust and didn't reasonably interpret the 1980 Good Samaritan law.
In August 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a new bill into law that revised the 1980 iteration. By applying more precise language, the statute clarified that those providing emergency medical or nonmedical care were immune to legal consequences. Primarily, this change was made to encourage civilians to be "Good Samaritans" when emergencies arose.
An additional Good Samaritan statute was passed in September 2012, when Governor Jerry Brown made the "911 Good Samaritan Law" official.
Limited immunity from arrest or prosecution was given for minor drug violations if a person helped during an overdose. This law came into existence after it became clear that drug overdose deaths were the leading subset of accidental deaths across the state.
Are "Good Samaritan" Statutes Still Too Vague?
The language of California's "Good Samaritan" law remains ambiguous. For instance, what constitutes an emergency? It may be partly due to these ambiguities that many people hesitate to help when help is needed.
Good Samaritan Laws and Child Abuse
How does this relate to child abuse allegations? Remember that the Good Samaritan laws are intended to shield do-gooders from liability after they've unintentionally hurt someone. This is similar to a "defense of others" argument: You shouldn't be punished for unintentionally hurting someone when really all you were trying to do was protect the person from getting hurt.
If you were falsely accused of committing child abuse after trying to prevent a child from getting hurt, you might consider if and how the Good Samaritan laws can help you in your defense.


Climate Change Management
Master Autumn 2021
Climate change, with increasing temperature and changing precipitation patterns and increasing risk of natural hazards for communities and nature. This poses a range of new challenges for society and has created a great demand for candidates with up-to-date knowledge on climate change with competence of physical and societal planning.
This master programme will give you a broad understanding of the challenges society faces with climate change, and the competence to generate knowledge across traditional scientific disciplines, using knowledge from both natural and social sciences.
The Sognefjord region is a unique laboratory to study climate change and its effects with short distance to glaciers and range of geohazards close by, communities and infrastructure in demanding terrain and a living nature right outside the lecture room. Staff with international backgrounds will contribute with their knowledge and experiences on the climate challenge.
You will learn about:
 - climate models and climate projections, and how they can be used to analyse and assess possible future scenarios
 - national and international climate policy, and how this policy is applied
 - how climate change affects species, societies and ecosystems, and how ecosystems may have solutions to the climate challenge
 - how the society can transform energy production and use in a more environmentally friendly direction
 - how to include evaluations of landslides, avalanches, flooding and water management in planning processes
 - strategies, actions and tools for adapting to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Student exchange
You can apply for exchange in the second semester.
Where can I travel?


text:
CSS 422 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Functional Requirements and Design Decisions
Instructions: As a team, develop the next two sections of the Architectural Design Document (ADD). The summary of this section should total 150 to 175 words and will include a matrix.
- In the ADD, label this section "Functional Requirements." Identify architecturally significant functional requirements and quality requirements for the system. Prepare an executive summary on each, and explain how you will solve them through architecture. You should specifically compare and contrast architectural patterns and design patterns in your solution. Most important, identify why you chose your solution to the problems identified. These are your design decisions.
- Summarize your design decisions by creating a matrix that shows the problem and how you solved it through software architecture techniques you have learned from this course. For example, if you decided on using a client/server pattern for this system, what problem did this solve? Prepare a draft of this portion of the ADD. Your final submission in Week Five will receive a final grade. Submit your summary using the Assignment Files tab.
Questions & Answers
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Exophoria is defined as an outward deviation of the eyes. The best way to think of exophoria is under convergence - the eyes don't want to perfectly point in the same direction. The result of an outward eye (phoric) posture is that the eyes and brain must constantly coordinate to rotate and move the eyes to a straight-ahead position. If eye teaming and coordination is lost, the eyes move outward and out of alignment and a person sees double. Doubled images are often horizontal if no additional vertical phoria is present. When a patient's ability to fuse and maintain single vision is lost and vision is doubled, the condition is termed a tropia or visible eye turn.
Exotropia vs. Exophoria
Eye positioning is tested using a cover test. A clinician covers one eye at a time, and then alternates between the eyes to disrupt fusion and watch how the eyes react. When fusion is broken (by moving a hand or cover paddle from one eye to the next), the eyes assume a position of rest, called the phoric or tropic posture. This position may be:
 - No movement (ortho)
 - Inward (eso)
 - Outward (exo)
 - Upwards (hyper)
 - Downwards (hypo)
To better define the movement, the ending -phoria or -tropia is added. As stated above, if the deviation only occurs when fusion is broken, the ending is -phoria. If the deviation is visible even without breaking fusion, the ending is -tropia.
Exotropic Eyes Graphic
So exoTROPIA is a visible outward deviation of one or both eyes and exoPHORIA is only visible when testing eye position and breaking fusion.
The lines can get a bit blurred here - a phoria can break down into a tropia. This means that a patient is able to keep both eyes teamed together, but at times one eye deviates. This is a common cause of double vision and is termed an intermittent tropia since it doesn't always occur. During a vision exam and eye specialist may repeat eye position testing at different distances, in different positions of gaze, or with different targets to see if the patient's phoria breaks down and becomes an intermittent tropia. In fact, most exoTROPIA is just that - intermittent. Intermittent exotropia makes up about 50-90% of the cases of exotropia.
Cause of Exophoria
The underlying cause of exophoria isn't clearly known. However, the primary issue of exophoria is a weakness in the eye muscles. This muscle weakness causes difficulty in what is called eye-teaming, or the ability to get the eyes to work together. This generally happens in childhood.
In short, it's not completely clear what the exact cause for exophoria is. The most common thought is that exophoria is due to a combination of anatomical, mechanical, and innervation factors. Anatomical may be eye position, orbit size and shape, eye size, tissue/fat within the orbit, etc. Mechanical refers to action of the extraocular muscles. Innervation refers to the neural impulses that guide eye movement. The end result is an abnormal balance between convergence and divergence.
Symptoms of Exophoria
Exophoria is often associated with convergence insufficiency. The symptoms are quite similar:
Anything that forces the eyes to converge can make the symptoms of exophoria worse, so these symptoms are often noticed when reading or other near work. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, it may be time for an eye examination.
Conditions Associated with Exophoria
Convergence Insufficiency and Divergence Excess Eyes Graphic
 - Convergence insufficiency (exophoria that is worse at near)
 - Intermittent exotropia (an exophoria that becomes a tropia)
 - Divergence excess (exophoria that is worse at distance)
There's an interesting point to be made about exophoria, convergence insufficiency, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Symptoms of exophoria and convergence insufficiency may be similar, specifically avoidance or poor concentration during near work.
Treatment of Exophoria (and Intermittent Exotropia)
The ultimate goal of treatment of exophoria (and convergence insufficiency and other conditions related to exophoria) is to improve the patient's ability to maintain fusion when converging and diverging.
Treatment for exophoria can vary based on the severity of the symptoms. Some of the treatment options for exophoria may include the following:
Corrective lenses. These may or may not include the use of prisms. Eye exercises. One such exercise is the pencil pushup.
Glasses may have some effect on a patient's eye position, especially if there is a high glasses prescription or a significant imbalance between the two eyes. Correction of a significant refractive error (need for glasses) is often the very first step of treatment for any binocular vision disorder, though, in the case of exophoria, it doesn't always solve the problem.
Vision Therapy
Vision therapy is often very effective in improving fusion (or fusional range). The goal of therapy is to help a patient learn to team both eyes together quickly and efficiently. Vision therapy for exophoria has a similar appearance for esophoria, but the key focus is working on convergence. This is done through a series of guided tasks or exercises that work on critical skills such as recognition of poor eye coordination, improving convergence ability, improving divergence ability, and improving the ability to rapidly change between convergence and divergence.
Numerous tools may be used to help train these skills, such as computer or virtual reality games, vectograms, lens/prism flippers, and a Brock string. Active vision therapy done under the supervision of an eye care provider has been shown to produce better results than simple convergence activities at home (called pencil push-ups).
Quite often prisms are not as effective for exophoria, though some patients may benefit from prismatic lenses. Prisms are often oriented in a base-in direction, which decreases the convergence demand placed on a patient's visual system. The problem with prism is that often prism lenses act as a temporary solution to a larger problem - the patient still has poor convergence ability.
Surgery is almost never required for exophoria, since non invasive treatment options are available.
Exophoria - Characteristics
Find a Vivid Vision Provider


Records Managers
National Archives and Records Administration
General Records Schedules
Transmittal No. 22
April 2010
Expenditure Accounting Records
Expenditure accounting records are the ledgers and related documents maintained by all Federal agencies to show in summary fashion how their funds, appropriated and nonappropriated, are spent after allotment by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the sources and nature of any receipts. The key records are the general ledger accounts, which constitute, as a unit, the heart of the agency accounting system. These ledgers summarize the financial status and financial transactions of the agency, showing the current status of funds available for expenditure, the amounts due and collected for the account of the Government, accumulated expenditures and liabilities, and the values of stock, equipment, and other property in agency custody. They are controls that serve not only as central fiscal records, but also as a primary source of data for top management concerned with agency solvency, expenditures, and program costs.
The general ledgers are subdivided into arbitrarily created account titles, which are based on programs, projects, costs, and funds. Supporting them are a group of subsidiary ledgers and documents further detailing the information in the general ledgers or serving as posting media to the ledgers themselves. To the extent that they reflect appropriation expenditures, the general ledgers are supported by allotment ledgers, which at all times show the current unobligated balance of funds allotted for specific agency purposes and thereby provide a safeguard against overexpenditure by operating officials. The allotment ledgers are general controls over expenditures, and they, in turn, summarize and are supported by more detailed controls that normally take the form of project or job orders that authorize exact and specific expenditures.
The sources of data that are posted to the ledger files are somewhat diverse, but they fall into two general groups:
a. Copies of various obligation or expenditure documents, such as vouchers and schedules, that flow through the ledger unit for posting.
b. Journal vouchers and similar internal control documents created to authorize and convey entries to the general ledger.
As the centralized fiscal record, the general ledgers ultimately summarize stores, plant, and cost accounting data, which are treated in a separate schedule, but these are only several aspects of the total ledger accounts. Consequently, the ledgers are the source of the data included in the basic apportionment reports to the OMB and the Department of Treasury, and overall reports of agency fiscal condition which may be required by the General Accounting Office (GAO) (Schedules 6 and 8). The adequacy for audit purposes of the general ledger accounts is normally considered by GAO auditors to be indicative of the agency's entire accounting system and the reliability of its financial data.
This schedule does not apply to such records maintained on a Government-wide basis by the Department of Treasury and the OMB, or to those formerly maintained by the GAO. Any records created prior to January 1, 1921, must be offered to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) before applying these disposition instructions.
When a claim is filed by or against the Government, records relating to the claim should be retained without regard to the otherwise applicable records retention schedules that would have authorized destruction of the records prior to the time when the claim is finally resolved, unless the agency has received written approval from the GAO (44 U.S.C. 3309 and 62 Comp. Gen. 42 (1982)). A claim is finally resolved: (1) when it is disallowed and the time for appealing the denial or instituting suit on the claim has expired; or (2) when it is allowed and paid or the amount offered in compromise is accepted and paid; or (3) when the amount found due and owing proves uncollectible because time limits for collecting the indebtedness through legal proceedings or by way of setoff have expired.
1. Expenditure Accounting General Correspondence and Subject Files.
Correspondence or subject files maintained by operating units responsible for expenditures accounting, pertaining to their internal operations and administration.
Destroy when 2 years old. (GRS 7, 1952, item 1)
2. General Accounting Ledgers.
General accounts ledgers, showing debit and credit entries, and reflecting expenditures in summary.
Destroy 6 years and 3 months after the close of the fiscal year involved. (NC1-GRS-83-5, item 1)
3. Appropriation Allotment Files.
Allotment records showing status of obligations and allotments under each authorized appropriation.
4. Expenditure Accounting Posting and Control Files.
Records used as posting and control media, subsidiary to the general and allotment ledgers, and not covered elsewhere in this schedule.
a. Original records.
Destroy when 3 years old. (NC-64-75-2, item 4a)
b. Copies.
Destroy when 2 years old. (GRS 7, 1952, item 4b)
Records Managers >
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration


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Satellite network to predict earthquakes
china earthquake rescuers
Early warning of earthquakes, such as the one that rocked Sichuan province, could save lives (Source: Joe Chan/Reuters)
The project is based on a controversial theory that may have gained support in light of new findings relating to last month's Sichuan province earthquake.
The researchers hope to create a global network of roughly 20 satellites that would scan for telltale activity that some scientists say precedes large earthquakes.
The goal is to create an early warning system that would give up to two weeks notice before a major earthquake occurs.
Current detection systems can give a maximum of one minute's notice and are prone to false alarms.
"Right now we're in the business of disaster monitoring," says Dr Stuart Eves, a researcher at Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, the company behind the proposed satellite network.
"We hope to be in the business of disaster avoidance," says Eves.
The proposed dishwasher-sized satellites could be deployed in two year's time, and would monitor several distinct phenomena, says NASA researcher Dr Friedemann Freund, a leading proponent of the theory the project is based on.
Charged planet
The theory suggests that much of earth's rock has soaked up water, which has later been exposed to extreme heat and pressure inside the earth. Those conditions break apart the water and create the electrically conductive crystals that exist inside most rocks, as well as byproducts such as oxygen.
As pressure builds before an earthquake, the oxygen molecules inside the rocks undergo chemical reactions, creating a positive electrical charge that radiates out toward the earth's surface.
"It's similar to how an electrical charge radiates through a battery," says Freund.
That light shines into space, the theory goes, where satellites can register the change.
Low-resolution thermal cameras aboard the proposed satellites would scan the earth to detect earthquake precursors, says Eves.
Ionospheric dimples
The positively charged magnet creates a dimple, up to 20 kilometres deep, in the earth's atmosphere by attracting negatively charged ions from as far away as 600 kilometres above the surface of the Earth.
The theory is not without skeptics.
"As far as I know, there is no published research to suggest that this will work," says Dr Mike Blanpied, who is with the United States Geologic Survey's Earthquake Hazards Program.
But this doesn't deter the researchers.
Freund has already put US$1 million of his own money into the satellite project.
Sichuan link
Other proponents expect new research confirming their theory will appear soon, based on a leaked memo written by Dr Dimitar Ouzounov, a NASA-funded researcher at George Mason University.
On 12 May a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck the Chinese province, killing tens of thousands of people.
Ouzounov and his colleagues are currently preparing a paper detailing the Sichuan event. They hope it will be accepted for publication later this year.
Tags: defence-and-aerospace-industries, earthquake, spacecraft, earth-sciences


Re: Adoption of the Typed Array Specification
From: Chris Marrin
Date: Wed, 19 May 2010 10:07:46 -0700
Cc: _EMAIL_
Message-Id:
To: _EMAIL_
On May 18, 2010, at 6:12 PM, Allen Wirfs-Brock wrote:
>> From: Kenneth Russell [_EMAIL_]
>> Out of curiosity what are the implications of the word "buffer"?
> The usage isn't absolute, but the term "buffer" is often used to for areas of memory that hold transient data. Often data that is being moved from one place or representation to another. See, for example, the definitions at _URL_ and _URL_
> In the TypedArray proposal, ArrayBuffers are not necessarily used in such a transient manner. They can be used to implement such buffers, but they may also be used to implement other storage use cases. Such usage decisions are really in the domain of the application design, not the core library design. To me, that raises a flag about the use of the term "Buffer" in that context.
I disagree with this assessment. The "transient" nature of buffers is not universal. One of your own citations define it as:
 A reserved segment of memory used to hold data while it is being processed
That's a very good description of what ArrayBuffer is. I also don't think we need to avoid "Array", especially if we keep the "Typed" prefix. TypedArrays are very much like the Array object, except that the data is typed. Perhaps we could use TypedArrayBuffer as the buffer object. That would match better with the base class of TypedArray, which specializes into Int8Array, etc. It seems like a rational naming for a family of objects.
We will never have the "perfect" name. We need something authors understand after reading the spec. The rest is just bikeshedding.
> The use of "Array" also seems inappropriate. In the TypedArrayProposal, ArrayBuffer isn't even used exclusively as the backing store for view objects that provide Array-like access. It is also used as the backing store for DataView that provides heterogeneous data access. In addition, ArrayBuffer (as currently spec'ed) doesn't directly provide any JavaScript array-like behaviors, so use of "Array" in its name also seems misleading for that reason.
> That's why I would generally prefer an application and access neutral name such as Blob, BinaryData, ByteBlob, etc.
I dislike the term Blob, especially since the File API is using that term to mean a different object type. The name DataView is arguable since it doesn't match the conventions used in any of the other objects in this family, even though it is just a TypedArray that has API for heterogenous types. I have other opinions about DataView and how it is defined, but that is for another conversation.
Received on Wednesday, 19 May 2010 17:08:19 UTC


text:
According to research published on plosone.org, women are heavier now verses 30 years ago for a surprising reason.
Women of today are cooking, cleaning and doing laundry less and watching television more, according to a research article titled "45-Year Trends in Women's Use of Time and Household Management Energy Expenditure."
The study says from 1965 to 2010, women vastly decreased the amount of time devoted to household chores.
Women now spend 25 percent more time on media activities, such as watching TV, or using the computer then engaging in household activities, according to the authors of the study.
They say this re-distribution of time has significant health consequences for the modern day woman.
The results suggest that over the last five decades, a decrease in household chores and an increase in media activity may contribute to obesity in women.
At the same time the study suggest that physical activity once gained from chores has been replaced by jobs outside the home.
The authors says, the average American worker burns 150 fewer calories a day at work, than past decades of workers.
Plosone.org is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication that reports on primary research from scientific disciplines.
To read the entire study click HERE.


text:
Date: Dec 15, 2011 11:53 AM
Author: Milo Gardner
Subject: Egyptian fraction math only used quotient and remainder statements
Franz, and list members:
Franz offers a distraction quoted by:
"I don't know what problem number 31 of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus has to do with Mayan astronomy, but if I must I can also shed light on this problem. In my opinion, the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus offers problems that can be solved on several level. On the first level, beginners learn how to handle unit fraction series. On the advanced level they are asked to solve more demanding problems, and on the highest level they are being told about theoretical insights. RMP 31 on the advanced level is about a geometrical problem, it offers a fine example of Egyptian wit, plus a theoretical insight:
RMP 31 - a granary on a ring
33 divided by 1 "3 '2 '7 equals 14 '4 '56 '194 '388 '679
Since 1879 it has been clear that
RMP 31 offered a simple algebra problem
x + (2/3 + 1/2 + 1/7)x = 33
(1 + (28 + 21 + 6)/42)x = 33
x = 14 + 28/97
It has been clear since 2006 that 20th century scholars, Gillings, Peet, et al, failed to solve the algebra problem by following Ahmes' shorthand conversion hints:
28/97 solved by considering: 2/97 + 28/97
with 2/97 solved in the RMP 2/n table manner that scaled 2/97 by 56/56 and 26/97 by 4/4, scribal steps that Franz totally ignore by jumping from a false granary problem to a correct quotient and remainder answer.
Please transliterate each of Ahmes' problems as scholars have been doing since 1879. Franz's granary ring is silly.
Please, everyone correct scholarly 20th century translation errors that followed false additive patterns... that Franz and others oddly 'advocate' thereby 'throwing out the scribal solutions to 2/97 and 26/97...
Additional proof is provided by RMP 36, an actual hekat (granary) problem that solved a hekat unity
(53/53) hekat solved :
2/53 + 3/53 + 5/15 + 15/53 + 28/53
2/53 scaled by 30/30
3/53 scaled by 20/20
5/53 scaled by 12/12
15/53 scaled by 4/4
28/53 scaled by 2/2
with non-additive red auxiliary numbers required to complete each set of remainders recorded as exact unit fraction series.


text:
If you have not received an invitation link, please drop us an email via _EMAIL_. Before you do, please check your junk mail and make sure the email address is correct. If the email address is incorrect, please let us know so we can update and resend link.
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text:
Particularly suitable for large roof and ground mounted systems, the standard version of Innotech Solar's off-grid solar module has a capacity of 80 Wp and customised solar modules can be commissioned from as little as 5 Wp.
Although the ITS Off-grid solar module from provides another option for users in Europe who would like to install a grid-independent power supply, ITS highlight that their solar module is particularly suitable for the African and South American markets whose power grids are often underdeveloped.
The solar module is Innotech Solar's third product line which involves processing and optimising solar cells achieved through two procedures.
In the first, cell impurities are isolated using lasers. The second procedure entails removing parts of non-functioning solar cells – also using laser technology – in such a way that the remaining parts of the solar cells can operate at full capacity. These half and third cells are used in the ITS Economy half cell and ITS Economy third cell solar modules.


text:
In Preston v. Marathon Oil Co., the Federal Circuit examined the terms of an employment agreement in order to determine the owner of the patents at issue. Although aspects of the agreement were interpreted under state (Wyoming) law, the decision may be relevant to many employment agreements.
Timeline Of Activities
March 2001: Preston was hired as an at-will employee
April 2001: Preston signed the Employment Agreement at issue
Fall 2002: Preston prepared drawings of the "Baffle System"
February 2003: Preston's Baffle System was installed in three Marathon Oil wells
February 2003: Marathon Oil began its patenting process for the Baffle System
April 2003: Preston left Marathon Oil
June 5, 2003: Preston filed his own patent application to the Baffle System (U.S. Patent 6,959,764)
June 14, 2003: Marathon Oil filed its patent application to the Baffle System (U.S. Patent 7,207,385)
The Employment Agreement
The Federal Circuit decision sets forth the following portions of the Employment Agreement:
* * * *
(d) "Intellectual Property" means all inventions, discoveries, developments, writings, computer programs and related documentation, designs, ideas, and any other work product made or conceived by EMPLOYEE during the term of employment with MARATHON which (1) relate to the present or reasonably anticipated business of the MARATHON GROUP, or (2) were made or created with the use of Confidential Information or any equipment, supplies, or facilities of the MARATHON GROUP. Such property made or conceived by EMPLOYEE (or for which EMPLOYEE files a patent or copyright application) within one year after termination of employment with MARATHON will be presumed to have been made or conceived during such employment.
* * * *
3. Disclosure and Assignment of Intellectual Property.
EMPLOYEE agrees to promptly disclose to MARATHON and does hereby assign to MARATHON all Intellectual Property, and EMPLOYEE agrees to execute such other documents as MARATHON may request in order to effectuate such assignment.
4. Previous Inventions and Writings.
Below is a list and brief description of all of EMPLOYEE'S unpatented inventions and unpublished writings. MARATHON agrees that such inventions and writings are NOT Intellectual Property and are NOT the property of MARATHON hereunder. If no listing is made, EMPLOYEE has no such inventions or properties.
[Here, Preston had written:] CH4 Resonating Manifold
Both the district court and the Federal Circuit interpreted the agreement in accordance with state law, but primarily followed the Wyoming state law principal that, "[i]f an agreement is in writing and the language is clear and unambiguous, the intention is to be secured from the words of the agreement."
The Disputed Issues
Preston made the following arguments which were decided against him:
- the Employment Agreement was void for lack of consideration
The Federal Circuit certified this issue to the Wyoming Supreme Court, which explained that continued employment of an at-will employee is sufficient consideration to support an intellectual property assignment agreement.
- the Baffle System did not fall under the Agreement because he had conceived of it before he became employed by Marathon Oil
The Federal Circuit gave deference to the district court's findings that Preston had at most conceived of the invention prior to employment, but had not "made" it until he was working for Marathon Oil.
- the Baffle System was excluded from the Employment Agreement as the "CH4 Resonating Manifold"
The Federal Circuit found that the evidence did not show that Preston was "in possession of an excludable invention" before he was employed by Marathon Oil.
"made or conceived"
The district court determined that, as used in the Employment Agreement, "invention" requires "both conception and reduction to practice." While the Federal Circuit noted that this finding was based in part "on an incorrect interpretation of patent law as requiring both conception and reduction to practice for 'invention,'" it upheld the district court's interpretation of the agreement. The Federal Circuit focused on the "made or conceived" language, and stated:
if Preston's invention was not both made and conceived prior to his employment, it constitutes "Intellectual Property" under Paragraph 1 of the April Employee Agreement.
Because the evidence showed that Preston had not "made" the invention until "after his employment with Marathon began," the Baffle System was Intellectual Property encompassed by the Employment Agreement.
"does hereby assign"
The district court determined that Preston had breached the Employment Agreement by not assigning his patent rights to Marathon Oil. The Federal Circuit vacated that judgment sua sponte, because the Employment Agreement effected an "automatic assignment" of rights.
While much of this decision turned on the specific facts of the case, there are some broader lessons for employment agreements generally. It is a basic principle of U.S. patent law that rights to an invention vest initially in the inventor(s). Thus, it can be very important to have employment agreements in place that address intellectual property rights. In this regard, a number of Federal Circuit decisions indicate that it may be important to use "does hereby assign" (or other present tense language), rather than "agrees to assign" (or other future tense language. (For more on the potential impact of these choices, see this article about the Supreme Court decision in Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.). The Federal Circuit's interpretation of the "made or conceived" language also may impact other agreements. Although the court was applying state law to interpret the Employment Agreement, because it primarily was interpreting the plain language at issue, it is likely that it would reach a similar interpretation of similar language in a similar agreement under a different state's law. Accordingly, employers may want to review their own employment agreements and consider whether the language used is appropriate to protect their interests.


Senin, 07 Maret 2011
What is the difference between strategy, technique, method and approach in terms of teaching
Ø Strategy
Strategy usually requires some sort of planning. You'd probably use strategy when faced with a new situation, ie. the strategy to win a game.
A plan of action designed to achieve an overall aim.
Strategy means a method. Such as when playing a football game, "That was a great strategy! It always works!" or when playing a video "Ok, our strategy is to go around the enemy".
Your example, "Whats your strategy for setting goals?", is ok to say but some people might not know what you mean. Strategy is almost like the word 'tactic'. Example :
A) What tactics do you use?
B) My teams tactics are going around.
Ø Technique
Technique is a procedure or skill for completing a specific task. I'd imagine this would be used for predictable events, ie. solving a long division equation.
Teaching Techniques: These are the little sneaky tricks we all know and use to get the job done in the classroom. Teachers all over have systems of rewards/punishments for students who comply and exceed or defy and lag behind. If a classroom is becoming distracted a teacher may use the technique of silent reading or shared reading to try to rope them in again. Another may choose to use a quick physical activity to distract their distraction and get them all to do the same thing at the same time - then quickly direct them back to work. This is really where someone with loads of experience can help another teacher improve her abilities. These are the tricks that can be taught to another teacher. Sort of "I find this really helps during math class" type of suggestions. Also a lot of the in-services and workshops all teachers attend offer little tidbits of games, activites, and actions that teachers can use to achieve certain goals in the classroom. Everything from sending a note home to mom and a trip to the principal's office to giving out 'points' for good behaviour are examples of techniques teachers can use to keep ahead of the pack.
Ø Method
Method is a way something is done. Perhaps used for routine tasks.
Teaching Method: Refers to how you apply your answers from the questions stated in Teaching Approaches to your day to day instruction in front of your students. Do you follow the textbooks and curricula to the letter with everything? Are you more of a Socratic teacher and prompt discussion by asking questions to lead students to understanding? Do you advocate learning by doing? Are your students expected to simply listen attentively and take notes (not that any student really does that) with the hopes that they can memorize the facts for assessment? This is not really a question of 'what works for you' but what actual practices and procedures of teaching do you prefer and come most naturally to you?
Ø Approach
An approach is treating something in a certain way. Experiments must be approached the same way to repeat.
Teaching Approaches: I would say that this is the your own personal philosophy of teaching. What is the nature of education? What is the role of the teacher, the student, the administration, the parents? To be an effective teacher, does one need to strive to be authoritarian, to be autocratic, or is the best way to engender a sense of trust and familiarity, to be a 'educating/leading friend' to your students. To understand one's personal teaching approaches, one must first look to answer these types of questions. And of course, your opinion will change as time goes on - and it may vary depending on the students you're teaching.
4 komentar:
 1. post ini sangat berguna kepada saya
 2. izin bwat referensi tugasku..thanks
 3. I don't understand why you intent to describe the difference between a strategy and a method, but then say in the beginning "strategy is method"...


text:
Kids Mystery Parties
Easy for you
FUN for kids!
Break Open the Secret of Creating Your Own Crime Scene Mystery Parties
Crime Scene Buster is organized into Nine Steps. Follow the steps and you end up with a CSI mystery event. Some of the steps have three parts: basic, intermediate and advanced. You only need to do the basic steps. If you are interested in more elaborate mystery parties and/or the mechanics of putting it together, then read the intermediate and advanced sections. The intermediate and advanced sections are not necessary to this book but I feel so passionate and excited about mysteries, that once I start on the topic, I have a hard time stopping!
THE CRIME for children's mystery parties is usually about something being stolen. The stolen item is found at the end of the game. A different crime can be used if you wish. We will use a theft for the crime example but you can just as easily pick a murder for parties with older participants. The format remains the same.
This format is based solely on clues found at the crime scene. Figuring out who had the motives, methods, and opportunity to commit the crime is a more complicated structure and not covered in this book. This book is all about the clues.


Multispecies sperm analysis: ISAS V1
Multispecies sperm analysis ISAS V1 for Sperm tests, which are increasingly widespread evidence among the animal and human population. Hence, there is an increasing supply of systems on the market and, by extension, it is increasingly necessary to have systems that offer greater efficiency in the results obtained.
In Proiser we are aware of this, that is why we have developed the ISAS V1 method, a system that gathers tools to be used both in clinics and in research.
Its fields of application are both the field of human sciences and those related to veterinary, scientific research, livestock production or pharmaceutical and reproductive toxicology.
ISAS V1 is currently considered to be the most complete and easy-to-use sperm analysis system of all we can find on the market. This is mainly because it works under different hardware conditions and with different operating systems, so it adapts to the needs of all types of users.
Caption from DNA Fragmentation-. ISAS V1
Multispecies sperm analysis ISAS V1: What it is and what applications it has
ISAS V1 is a sperm analysis system suitable for multiple species, so it can work with different sperm samples. It doesn't matter if it is to analyze the sperm sample of a man, a horse, a bull, a pig, a goat, rabbit, dog, rat, lamb, etc. It's valid for all of them. This does not imply that ISAS V1 always applies the same parameters. On the contrary, each species has its own configuration algorithms and results in independent analysis.
Depending on the sample, ISAS may use negative or positive phase contrast. The motility analysis of a field is performed in real time (less than one second), and can be configured to analyze motility up to 250 frames, at 200 frames per second and with concentrations greater than 1000 sperm/field.
In addition to the concentration, motility and percentage of progressives, with ISAS V1 the following kinetic parameters are also calculated: VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, WOD, ALH, BCF, DNC, MAD, among others.
It should also be noted that it works with cameras up to 200 frames per second, allowing for near-perfect analysis of sperm behavior.
In addition, it is specially designed for quality control programs, allowing the analysis of video files of many different formats (Windows AVI, Windows Media Video, MPEG-4, DV among others). It also allows to obtain images, which makes it easier to have collections of videos and images for offline analysis of mobility, concentration, morphology, vitality or DNA fragmentation.
Another application of ISAS V1 is the morphological and morphometric analysis of sperm from dyed or fresh samples (using phase contrast optics).
This work provides data on 14 morphometric parameters: head size (area, length, width and perimeter), head shape (ellipticality, elongation, roughness, and regularity), percentage of acrosome, head color level, centerpiece size (area and width), and insertion of the middle part (angle and distance).
With ISAS we can also know the data related to the percentage of fragmented sperm. To do this, it uses 20x or 40x real-time (less than 1 second) targets.
Finally, it should be noted that ISAS V1 also provides data on automatic feasibility of sperm cells. This is especially interesting because we need to determine the actual percentage of viable cells in a sample, and to accurately perform this analysis, we use fluorescence techniques with their corresponding use of tying kits.
Caption From Vitality test-. ISAS V1
FEATURES of the ISAS V1 system
The current ISAS V1 equipment is completely modular, so each part of it can operate independently and together.
In addition, we have designed the system to allow most of the components that can be found in each type of laboratory, from the microscope to the computer, as long as they meet the minimum system requirements.
So, if you are looking for a system with which you can do high quality multispecies sperm analysis and be able to obtain a large number of data, do not hesitate and come to Proiser. You'll find everything you need.


-javascript, text/javascript, text/plain, but NOT firing it for application/json nor text/html. As of today, Android <=2.3 is About 50% of the Android market share. – jakub.g Jul 5 '13 at 12:41
If you're in a client-side environment, investigating about the cross-browser support is mandatory for a well supported web application.
The right HTTP Content-Type would be application/json, as others already highlighted too, but some clients do not handle it very well, that's why jQuery recommends the default text/html.
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JSON is a domain-specific language (DSL) and a data format independent of JavaScript, and as such has its own MIME type, application/json. Respect for MIME types is of course client driven, so text/plain may do for transfer of bytes, but then you would be pushing up interpretation to the vendor application domain unnecessarily - application/json. Would you transfer XML via text/plain?
But honestly, your choice of MIME type is advice to the client as to how to interpret the datatext/plain or text/HTML (when it's not HTML) is like type erasureit's as uninformative as making all your objects of type Object in a typed language.
No browser runtime I know of will take a JSON document and automatically make it available to the runtime as a JavaScript accessible object without intervention, but if you are working with a crippled client, that's an entirely different matter. But that's not the whole storyRESTful JSON services often don't have JavaScript runtimes, but it doesn't stop them using JSON as a viable data interchange format. If clients are that crippled... then I would consider perhaps HTML injection via an Ajax templating service instead.
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The correct answer is:
Content-Type: application/json
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In JSP, you can use this in page directive:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="application/json; charset=UTF-8"
The correct MIME media type for JSON is application/json. JSP will use it for sending a response to the client.
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As many others have mentioned, application/json is the correct answer.
But what haven't been explained yet is what the other options you proposed mean.
 - application/x-javascript: Experimental MIME type for JavaScript before application/javascript was made standard.
 - text/javascript: Now obsolete. You should use application/javascript when using javascript.
 - text/x-javascript: Experimental MIME type for the above situation.
 - text/x-json: Experimental MIME type for JSON before application/json got officially registered.
All in all, whenever you have any doubts about content types, you should check this link
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When did text/javascript become obsolete? I'm still filling up HTML documents with ... at least according to HTML5. – TCB13 Jun 27 '13 at 21:41
application/json" is the correct JSON content type.
def ajaxFindSystems = {
 def result = Systems.list()
 render(contentType:'application/json') {
 results {
 system(id:sys.id, name:sys.name)
 resultset (rows:result.size())
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The right MIME type is application/json
I experienced many situations where the browser type or the framework user needed:
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Example of such a situation? – Mark Amery Jun 4 '14 at 19:29
I use the below
contentType: 'application/json',
data: JSON.stringify(SendData),
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In Spring you have a defined type: MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE which is equivalent to application/json.
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That's Java EE too :: javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType – Eddie B Feb 28 '14 at 3:01
The IANA registration for application/json says
You'll notice that IANA.org doesn't list any of these other media types, in fact even application/javascript is now obsolete. So application/json is really the only possible correct answer.
Browser support is another thing.
The most widely supported non-standard media types text/json or text/javascript. But some big names even use text/plain. Even more strange is the Content-Type header sent by Flickr, who returns a JSON string with text/xml. Google example included as well, responding with text/html yet a JSON string.
curl -I _URL_ --------> Content-Type: text/html
curl -I _URL_ --------> Content-Type: text/xml
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The Content-Type header should be set to 'application/json' when posting. Server listening for the request should include "Accept=application/json". In Spring MVC you can do it like this:
_USER_(value="location", method = RequestMethod.POST, headers = "Accept=application/json")
Add headers to the response:
HttpHeaders headers = new HttpHeaders();
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If the JSON is with padding then it will be application/jsonp. If the JSON is without padding then it will be application/json.
To deal with both, it is a good practice to use: 'application/javascript' without bothering whether it is with padding or without padding.
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The first part of your answer is wrong. "application/jsonp" is not a valid MIME type. The response body of a JSONP is just JavaScript, so one of the MIME-types for JavaScript has to be used. – Rob W Aug 30 '13 at 16:14
PHP developers use this:
 // Do something here...
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I am using for JSON:
 Content-Type: application/json
as described in _URL_
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The application/json works great in php to store an array or object data.
I use this code to put my public data in json on Google Cloud Storage (GCS):
$context = stream_context_create([
 'gs' => [
 json_encode((object) $array),
To get back the data is straight away:
$data = json_decode(file_get_contents("gs://BUCKETNAME/FILENAME.json"));
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Extending the accepted responses, when you are using JSON in a REST context...
There is a strong argument about using application/x-resource+json and application/x-collection+json when you are representing REST resources and collections.
It is also sugested the strict use of application/vnd.api+json.
Altough there is not an universal standard, it is clear that the added semantic to the resources being transfered justify a more explicit Content-Type than just application/json.
Following this reasoning, other contexts could justify a more specific Content-Type.
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protected by Elenasys Jun 25 at 23:52
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


text:
KU researchers have invented a high-pressure reactor equipped with an internal ultrasonic mixer that is useful for preparing nanomaterials and for conducting reactions with ozone and other reactive gases. The apparatus facilitates the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a solvent, allowing the advantages of the solvent properties of the supercritical fluid and the agitation achievable using ultrasonic energy.
This is a novel seedless floating growth technique for synthesis of a variety of hybrid nanostructures on graphene, primarily for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
A multifunctional photovoltaic-battery (PVB) which represents a new-concept integrated PVB device as a novel power source for photoelectron conversion and energy storage within one single device.
KU researchers have developed a novel apparatus and associated method for the in situ formation of multi-layer thin film structures using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and ultra-high vacuum (UHV) physical/chemical vapor deposition.


text:
DKIM "i=" vs "d=" and Reputation
This really should be part seven of a twelve part series or some such as it deals with an aspect of DKIM that's really important, but is way down in the details of implementation. (dkim.org is a reasonable place to start for a general overview of DKIM).
There's an apparently endless thread on the DKIM-SSP spec development mailing list at the moment about the differences between two fields in a DKIM signature that could be used to tie a senders reputation to. Several ESP delivery folks asked me to explain what everyone was talking about, and this post is a first cut at that.
"i=" vs "d="
There are two possible fields in a DKIM signature that could be used to identify the sender of a message, and so to tie a sender history and reputation record to. They are the so-called "i=" and "d=" field, from the syntax used to include them in the signature.
d= is the domain of the entity signing the message. It's the unique identifier for that signer.
As DKIM is domain based, it tells you only that the message was authorized by a given domain, it doesn't tell you who within that domain sent it. One obvious way of passing that information is to use subdomains (billing.example.com vs aardvark.example.com). Another would be to use something like a MySender header – say MySender: _EMAIL_ and have the DKIM signature authenticate that header. That way when you look at the email you see that it is signed by or on behalf of example.com, and that the sender (who is either example.com or somebody they have authorized to send mail on their behalf) is asserting that the author of the message is actually "_EMAIL_" rather than just somebody related to example.com.
The email address in that signed MySender header needn't be the same as any other header, so it may be different to the From, the Reply-To and everything else. It may not be visible to the final recipient at all.
The i= field is almost the same as that MySender header. It's an additional bit of data that the signer of the message (the domain in the d= tag) is asserting to be the identity of the sender of that message. There are a few trivial differences, but that's the gist of it.
Those trivial differences are…
- The domain part of the email address in the i= tag must be the same as or a subdomain of the domain in the d= tag.
- The DKIM public key record associated with a particular domain and selector may (and in practice, probably will if the sender uses i= at all) assert that the domain part of the email address in the i= field must exactly match the domain in the d= field. The value of this is unclear, but it might allow a DKIM verifier to avoid a fair bit of DNS work in some cases.
- The DKIM public key record associated with a particular domain and selector may (but in practice likely never will) assert that you should not consider the signature valid unless the local part of the i= field matches the (wildcarded) string in the g= field of the public key record. In practice I expect this to never be used.
So, summarized, if the d= field is d=example.com and the mail was sent by _EMAIL_ you'd expect the i= field to be one of two things "_EMAIL_" or "_EMAIL_".
"_USER_.com" just means that the person who sent the message is at example.com – in other words it says nothing that's not already said by the "d=example.com" field. In fact, if i= is omitted altogether, this is what you assume it's value is.
"_EMAIL_" means that example.com (or someone they've shared one of their private keys with) is asserting that the sender of the message is "_EMAIL_".
What are they for?
The intended use of i= is the corporate or ISP environment where you may want to DKIM sign mail from users, or allow users (or entire divisions or offices) to DKIM sign mail, but also provide some basic level of enforcement that marketing can't sign mails claiming to be from sales and vice-versa in a corporate environment.
In a consumer ISP environment, it would be possible for earthlink.net to create a DKIM private/public key pair and give the private key to _EMAIL_, to allow him to sign his own email with the d=earthlink.net domain, but require him to put "_EMAIL_" in each message, and have DKIM verifiers refuse to verify the message if he omits the i= field, or puts _EMAIL_ there instead.
I don't expect anyone to use i= much at all, and there's no obvious, sensible use case for it in the context of ESPs or other bulk senders at all. That doesn't mean that ESPs may not use it (to stash a unique customer identifier in, say) but there's no clear use case for recipients to pay much attention to it in reputation terms, so not much drives the ESP to make serious use of it.
If the message is signed by the ESP (d=esp.com) then the ESPs reputation is the one that'll be used to judge the message. If the message is signed by (or, more likely, on behalf of) the customer (d=bricknmortar.com) then the reputation of the customer is the one that'll be used. Even if, in the former case, the message is signed with "_EMAIL_ d=esp.com" I'd be amazed if any mechanical reputation system treated that particularly differently to just "d=esp.com". That all may change as DKIM gets more widely deployed and people get more comfortable with the semantics, but I think it can safely be ignored for the next year or two.
I expect most smarter ESP customers to push for using their own domain for signing, probably by delegating a subdomain to the ESP, rather than signing with the ESPs domain. This gives them the advantage of their own reputation, mostly unaffected by the reputations of other customers of the ESP and which can be transferred from one ESP to another.
I'm not sure which approach the ESPs will push their customers to use, as there are conflicting business pressures. A reputation tied to the customer rather than the ESP reduces the impact of customers reputations on each other – similar to the advantages of one IP to a customer, but more so. But it also makes it easier for a customer to take their business elsewhere without sacrificing the reputation they've built.


text:
The site has been dated by collecting charcoal from the remains of two hearths that were uncovered during excavation. The hearths appeared as buried concentrations of burnt animal bone, charcoal, and small stone flakes in dark patches of sediment.
Using radiocarbon techniques, the charcoal turned out to date to at least 12,000 years ago. The artifacts found within and near the hearths can be associated with these dates. They include some of the fluted points and bifaces collected at the site. The bones are highly fragmented but appear to represent caribou or a similar-sized ungulate.
Nearly 5,000 articles have been collected from the site, including thousands of animal bone fragments, charcoal, bifacial stone tools, microblades, bladelets, and pieces of debitage. Most important were six fragments of fluted points, a style of spearpoint commonly produced during the late Ice Age in other areas of North America.
Fluted points are specialized spearpoints that were likely hafted to the tip of spear shafts rather than arrows. They were created through careful shaping of a large piece of stone into a long, symmetrical form with a pointed tip and a concave base. To prepare the artifact for hafting to a shaft, long narrow "channel" flakes were removed from the base to create a "flute" down the midline of each face of the point. Several dozen channel flakes have been found among the Serpentine Hot Springs artifacts.


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How can one determine the position of a symbol on the typeset page? Possible uses:
 - One page contains a fill-in-the-blanks text, and the opposite page contains only the solution words, each starting at the same position on the page where the blank started. The blanks on the first page should all be of equal length in order to not reveal any information. It can be assumed that the solution expressions don't overlap (and if they do, one can still manually adjust).
 - relative anchoring: One has typeset a complex diagram or equation, and one then creates a series of transformations. For example, diagram 2 is like diagram 1, but with the complex middle portion simplified so that one can focus on other parts; the relative positioning of certain outer elements of diagram 1 should be the same in diagram 2 to help the reader understand which diagram elements correspond. For this one would need to be able to obtain the coordinates of certain outer elements so that one can subtract them.
Very much related:
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
The zref package's savepos module uses \pdfsavepos that can save the (x,y) coordinate of a "label" in scaled points (sp). You can then use this to position things on another page, possibly using tikz.
Here's a small example to showcase the savepos module (take from Where is the left-hand margin? and modified slightly):
enter image description here
\usepackage[user,pagelayout,savepos]{zref}% _URL_
During page shipout, \verb|\oddsidemargin| is
\zref[oddsidemargin]{thepage}sp. (You won't be fooled)
FOO begins at (\zposx{leftanchor}sp, \zposy{leftanchor}sp)
and ends at (\zposx{rightanchor}sp, \zposy{rightanchor}sp).
From the zref documentation:
Horizontal positions by \zposx increase from left to right. Vertical positions by zposy from bottom to top.
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