text:
[This post is essentially inside baseball for The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, although it certainly has implications for the Church as a whole, since the Book of Concord is a confession for the sake of the Church.]
It is only one sentence in the English translation of the Latin: "Concerning church order they teach that no one should teach publicly in the church or administer the sacraments unless properly called."1 In the English translation of the German, it reads: "Concerning church government it is taught that no one should publicly teach, preach, or administer the sacraments without a proper [public] call."2
The controverted terms today are "no one" (German: niemand; Latin: nemo); "publicly" (German: öffentlich; Latin: publice); and "proper call" [translated "regularly called" by the Triglotta] (German: ordentlichen Beruf; Latin: rite vocatus) (Concordia Triglotta 38-39).
Current controversies in the LCMS seem to revolve primarily around semantics: what does rite vocatus mean? It is often used as shorthand for AC XIV, but no word means anything apart from its context. That fact led to this question: Why did Melanchthon (affirmed by the Confessors) find it necessary to confess just this statement on the public preaching and teaching of the Gospel and the administration of the Sacraments? None of the notes on the translations of these words clarifies anything for our modern problems and controversies over who should exercise the Office of the Ministry (or, perhaps better: who should be exercised in the Office). For example, with reference to the Kolb/Wengert edition, what does it mean to be called in a "regular manner by a proper public authority"? (See the note on rite vocatus.) Certainly, the Lutheran Church has historically left it an open question what constitutes a "proper public authority,"3 whether secular officials, consistories, bishops, or synods. "Regular" (and rite seems to bear this out) appears to be "simply the way things are done." If "the way things are done" has changed from the time of the Augsburg Confession, the words rite vocatus, in and of themselves, cannot bear the weight that we try to put upon them.
Since neither the Augsburg Confession nor the other Confessions confess every possible teaching of the Scriptures, the first significant question is: "To whom or at what practice is this statement directed?" In other words: what is being confessed here and for what reason? It is clear that in the case of the Augsburg Confession and its Apology, the statements are presented to the Holy Roman Emperor and they are confessions of practice in the face of Roman accusations that the Evangelicals had departed from historic doctrine and practice, i.e., that the Evangelicals had separated themselves from the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Evangelicals' defense is always that they had not departed from the true teaching of the Church (meaning that wherever the Church—including the Roman Church—had correctly explicated the Scriptures and had not contravened or made ecclesiastical law beyond what the Scriptures commanded or forbade, the Evangelicals confessed nothing more or less).


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Building a Successful Second Marriage
second marriage
While the divorce rate for first marriages is under 50%, that risk increases to well over 60% for second marriages and to more than 70% for third marriages. Subsequent marriages also tend to be shorter in duration than first marriages. Yet, despite this rather bleak reality, more than half of divorced people will marry again, often within just a few years of getting divorced.
Knowing this, before taking the plunge again, it makes sense to understand why second marriages fail more often and more quickly than firsts, and to know what you can do to help divorce-proof your next marriage.
Why Second Marriages Are More Likely to Fail
 1. Divorce seems less daunting after you've been through it once. As much as you don't want to go through another divorce, once you've been through one, you know you can handle it and you may be more likely to consider it again when relationship problems arise.
 2. Not wanting to be alone drives many people to marry faster than they should. While having the house to yourself is one of the more appealing aspects of divorce for some, often people have become accustomed to living with someone else and are uneasy about living alone. Feelings of loneliness and abandonment may be compounded when the couple has children who are now living in the other parent's home for a significant amount of time. Also, if your ex entered into a new relationship quickly, the urge to do the same may be stronger.
 3. Unresolved issues from the first marriage carry into the next. Emotional issues and/or financial problems from the first marriage often persist post-divorce. If left unresolved, these matters are likely to cause all of the same problems in your next marriage that you had in your first.
 4. Successfully blending families is hard work. Having children from prior relationships generally puts additional strain on the next marriage, which is one of the primary reasons why the divorce rate is even higher for second marriages involving step-children. Not only is it challenging for children to build healthy relationships with a parent's new spouse, problems with your ex-spouse related to custody, parenting time, child support and discipline may also arise and cause stress and resentment in your second marriage.
How to Fail-Safe Your Next Marriage
It's a no-brainer that you want to avoid mistakes from your first marriage in your next one, and it can't be stressed enough that putting in work before you get married again can save you time, money and heartache later.
 1. Seek counseling--before you get married again and after. Even in amicable divorces, it's short-sighted to assume you're baggage-free as soon as the ink dries on your divorce decree. Even if your ex-spouse was a truly terrible person and deserves the bulk of the blame for your marital problems, at the very least, you need to figure out what drove you to marry that sort of person in the first place. Absent significant personal growth, you're likely to pick the wrong person again. A combination of individual and couples counseling is one of the more important things you can do to ensure that your next marriage lasts forever.
 2. Dip, Don't Dive. Even if you're certain you've met Mr. or Miss Right, you don't have to rush into marriage. Consider living together before you get married. That provides you with a great opportunity to test your compatibility before making a legal commitment. You may find that it doesn't seem necessary to get married after all, especially since most of the legal benefits of marriage can be achieved by unmarried couples simply by executing the right documents. For more information on extending legal rights and benefits to spouses as well as non-marital partners through common estate planning documents, visit TotalLegal.com
 3. Know your limitations. Being older may make you wiser, but it may also make you more set in your ways. Consider what compromises you're willing to make for the relationship and which ones you aren't, and share this information with your partner. Encourage him or her to do the same.
 If you or your spouse has children from a prior relationship, make sure you both understand what's involved in taking on that responsibility. It not only requires you to create a relationship with the children, but also usually your spouse's ex as well. It also requires a willingness on your part to compromise regularly. You'll have to learn how to assist and support your new spouse in raising his or her own children. Being a step-parent requires great patience and cooperation, and like it or not, it isn't for everyone.
See Also


J.M. Ledgard is that rare writer who elevates hard reporting with unexpected language. Of the tallest building in the world, he observes that it is like a "glorious hypodermic needle". About ants, he muses, "As primitives we ate them, they were our crunch, and now they are lodged in our subconscious." As for exploring the depths of the sea, he suggests that unlike space travel, which "offers a sighted journey towards infinity", ocean descent involves "a blind journey towards finitude".
Based in Nairobi as The Economist's East Africa correspondent, he is also a regular contributor to Intelligent Life magazine, with features about Africa's digital revolution (for which he recently won a Diageo Africa business reporting award), ants and E.O. Wilson, and the ocean's eerily remote floor, among others. Given his affection for the unique turn of phrase, It is perhaps unsurprising that he is also a novelist. "Submergence", his second novel, now out from Jonathan Cape, is a story about a British secret agent who is held hostage by jihadist fighters in Somalia; a woman who has become a leading researcher of ocean life; and their brief love affair, memorable and remote. This is a thrilling work, written with a literary, Sebaldian flair.
Here at More Intelligent Life we are fans of Ledgard and excited about his book. For a better sense of what "Submergence" is about, listen to this interview between Ledgard and Fiammetta Rocco, The Economist's books and arts editor:


text:
Workplace resilience programmes, designed to bolster mental health and wellbeing, and encourage employees to seek help when issues arise, might not make any difference, suggests research published online in Occupational & Environmental Medicine.
These programmes are becoming increasingly popular in the belief that they are not only good for employee mental health, but also for employers' overheads, despite relatively little sound evaluation of their effectiveness, say the researchers.
In a bid to address this, they compared the impact of a resilience-based programme, called SPEAR (358 participants), with standard training (349) in 707 new military recruits.
SPEAR has been specifically developed for the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) and focuses on key activities: participating in Social networks; capitalising on Personal strengths and weaknesses; managing Emotions; enhancing Awareness of psychological symptoms; and learning techniques to promote Resilience.
The researchers wanted to know if SPEAR improved recruits' mental health and wellbeing as well as their attitudes to mental illness during the initial stages of their military career. They also wanted to know if SPEAR affected perceptions of leadership, unit cohesion, and willingness to seek help for mental health and alcohol issues.
The recruits didn't know which group they had been assigned to, but all of them were formally assessed for post-traumatic stress disorder, common mental health symptoms, hazardous drinking, homesickness, and mental health stigmatisation before their training began.
These assessments were then repeated after the programmes had completed (9 weeks), and 3 months later.
After they had finished their training, the recruits were asked to rate it, and to give their impressions of their leaders and the cohesiveness of their unit. Their feedback was sought again after 3 months.
Some 44 recruits left the service before the 9 weeks were up. And of the remainder, 655 completed their assessments afterwards, and 481 did so 3 months later.
There was no evidence that SPEAR made any difference to recruits' mental health and wellbeing: their attitudes to mental illness and willingness to seek help for mental health or alcohol problems: or their perceptions of military leaders and their unit's cohesion, when compared with standard training.
Alcohol consumption patterns remained unchanged despite the SPEAR programme including a component focusing specifically on substance and alcohol misuse. The SPEAR recruits also seemed to feel more stigmatised after they had completed their training, the responses indicated.
There were no significant differences in how either group rated the impact of their training: they rated their leaders and unit cohesion highly.
Effective leadership is known to be supportive of mental health, while cohesion is associated with openness and less mental health stigmatisation, so this might explain why SPEAR seemed to have little impact, suggest the researchers.
But they point out: "Many organisations search for a 'silver bullet' intervention that can be used to improve the mental health and wellbeing of their employees when time might be better spent refining leadership and building strong cohesion."
And any new resilience programme should be properly evaluated, they say, emphasising that their findings provide "a cautionary example of why [this] is important."
This is an observational study, and as such, can't establish cause. But the researchers nevertheless conclude: "Although the current study found no benefit for a specific intervention, this is an important finding as a great deal of time and expenditure is spent implementing such interventions without establishing whether they are effective or not.
"Doing no harm is not a reasonable defence of an ineffective intervention as time spent in delivery effectively reduces the time available for engaging in more meaningful activity."
Materials provided by BMJ. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Can I use a fingerprint reader with Windows?
Yes, you can use a fingerprint reader instead of a password to log on to this version of Windows.
A fingerprint reader is a device that uses your fingerprint to identify you. It works by taking an image of your fingerprint, and then saving a copy of it. When you need to identify yourself, such as when logging on to a website or to Windows, the fingerprint reader scans your fingerprint and compares it to the saved version.
You can use a laptop with a built-in fingerprint reader, or you can buy a standalone fingerprint reader and install it on your computer. For more information about installing and using a fingerprint reader, check the information that came with your computer or fingerprint reader.
Illustration of a laptop with a built-in fingerprint reader and a standalone fingerprint reader
Laptop with built-in fingerprint reader (left) and standalone fingerprint reader (right)
To see if your computer has a fingerprint reader
 - Open Biometric Devices by clicking the Start button Picture of the Start button, and then clicking Control Panel. In the search box, type biometrics, and then click Biometric Devices.
If you have a fingerprint reader, but it isn't listed in Biometric Devices, you probably need to install a driver for it that works with this version of Windows. If you upgraded from a previous version of Windows or have an older fingerprint reader, your fingerprint reader might continue to work with Windows, but it won't be listed in Biometric Devices. In that case, you can try updating the driver. If you're using fingerprint management software and you want to uninstall it to update it to a newer version, make sure you know your Windows password. You'll have to restart your computer and log on again after uninstalling the fingerprint management software.
If you have more than one fingerprint reader or you're replacing an existing one with a new one, you might need to scan and save (often referred to as enroll) your fingerprints before you can use the fingerprint reader with Windows. This is because some fingerprint readers save fingerprints in different formats and they can't be shared with other fingerprint readers. To enroll your fingerprints with a fingerprint reader, in Biometric Devices, click Use your fingerprints with Windows.


Your Name
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osCommerce 2.2RC2a. All the prices show 0.
The issue could be caused by the incorrect procedure or adding/removing currencies in osCommerce 2.2RC2a. To resolve it please do the following:
1. Go to administration panel and click 'Localization'->'Currencies'.
2. Then add a new currency with the following settings:
Name: 'US Dollar';
Code: USD;
Symbol Left: $
Symbol Right:
Decimal Point:.
Thousands Point: '
Decimal Places: 2
Value: 1.00000000
3. Make it default and click Update currencies.
4. Then select your new currency and make it default. Update currencies.
5. Now you are free to remove the 'US Dollar' currency.


text:
Students at Altadena's Jackson Elementary School got to go to Antarctica Wednesday—at least remotely.
Linda Keavy's fifth grade class of 37 students was chosen to help control a large drill currently in Antarctica that is testing new technologies for a potential future Mars trip to drill for signs of life.
See video of kids helping move the drill and comments from 11-year-old aspiring scientist and Jackson student Evad Morris in the video attached.
"It's very exciting to be able to be a part of this," said Keavy, who noted one of the student's fathers works for JPL. "I'm proud of our school bringing up our scores. I feel we're getting recognized which is awesome. Most of the kids come from poverty level."
When the big moment came, Paulsen guided several students one by one on a computer and told them what commands to press in order to move the drill, which could be viewed via live Skype video projected in class.
"I like this because they came here and chose our school to tell us about the drill that's going to Mars," said fifth grade student Alyssa Aragon, who was surprised at just how cold it can get in Antarctica.
The class was chosen after NASA employee David Delgado was principal for a day at Jackson Elementary in the fall and was impressed with a lot of the science efforts at the school, Pasadena Unified School District Communications and Community Engagement Director Adam Wolfson told Patch.
Jackson's scores on the California Standardized Test rose from 9% scoring proficient and above in 2008-2009 to 53% scoring proficient and above in 2011-2012.
The drill was built by NASA and Honeybee Robotics, which has an office in Pasadena, and is being tested in Antarctica since the conditions are similar to those of Mars, Honeybee Robotics systems engineer Gale Paulsen told students Wednesday. It can drill one meter into the ground, which is significantly further than other drills that dig five centimeters.
Paulsen told students more about the drill and answered questions, as did a team of scientists from NASA, Honeybee and Canada's McGill University currently in Antarctica who communicated audio and video live via Skype.
"What is the warmest it gets in Antarctica?" and "Why do you want to search for signs of life on Mars?" were among the questions students asked.
Students expressed a collective, "Woah" when told the drill took nine months to build.
"This will hopefully inspire the future generation of scientists," said Wolfson.
Students at Eliot Middle School also got to operate the drill later Wednesday.
See video of kids helping to move the drill and comments from 11-year-old aspiring scientist and Jackson student Evad Morris in the video attached.
What do you think of Jackson students getting to help control the NASA drill? Share your thoughts below.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Say you're given a ordered set of $n$ relatively prime elements, $a_1,\dots,a_n$ in a principal ideal domain $D$. If I relabel these elements $a_{11},\dots,a_{1n}$ in the same order, is it possible to find some remaining $a_{kj}$ in $D$ such that $(a_{kj})$ is an invertible $n\times n$ matrix over $D$?
share|improve this question
In a more general setting, this became known as Serre's problem, and later the Quillen-Suslin Theorem. – Gerry Myerson Oct 28 '11 at 22:23
_USER_: Can you indicate how this is related to Quillen-Suslin? – Soarer Oct 29 '11 at 4:38
_USER_, sorry, it's a bit out of my depth. Some statements of the problem/theorem don't look anything like Aria's qiestion, but if you type Quillen Suslin matrix into a search engine you will probably find some references that bring out the relation. – Gerry Myerson Oct 29 '11 at 8:17
_USER_, Here's a reference: Moshe Roitman, Completing unimodular rows to invertible matrices, J. Algebra 49 (1977), no. 1, 206–211, MR0453779 (56 #12033). From the review: Quillen's solution of Serre's problem implies that if $R$ is a commutative ring, then any unimodular row over $R[x]$ which contains a unitary polynomial is completable to an invertible matrix. The author shows.... Other related results on this completion problem are discussed. – Gerry Myerson Oct 31 '11 at 6:11
2 Answers 2
We can prove this by induction. For $n=1$, the set $\{a_1\}$ is relatively prime if and only if $a_1$ is a unit, and thus $(a_{11})$ is invertible.
So assume that we can extend any set of $n$ relatively prime elements to an invertible matrix, and let $n+1$ relatively prime elements $a_1,\dotsc,a_{n+1}$ be given. Let $g=\gcd(a_1,\dotsc,a_n)$. Then we can write $a_i=gb_i$ for $1\le i\le n$, with the $b_i$ relatively prime, and we can extend the $b_i$ to an invertible $n\times n$ matrix $B$. If we multiply the first row of $B$ by $g$, we can place it into the upper left $n\times n$ block of the matrix $A$ to be constructed, and we'll have $a_i=gb_i$ in the right place for $1\le i\le n$. Now place a multiple of the first row of $B$ into the $n+1$-th row of $A$, with the multiplier $r$ yet to be determined, and fill the $n+1$-th column with zeros except for the first and last elements $a_{n+1}$ and $s$, with $s$ yet to be determined. Now the determinant of the upper left $n\times n$ block is $g\det B$, and the determinant of the lower left $n\times n$ block is $(-1)^{n+1}r\det B$, so by Laplace expansion the determinant of the entire matrix $A$ is
$$\det A=sg\det B+ a_{n+1}r\det B=(sg+ ra_{n+1})\det B\;.$$
Since $a_1,\dotsc,a_{n+1}$ are relatively prime, $g$ and $a_{n+1}$ are relatively prime. Thus we can choose $r$ and $s$ such that the expression in parentheses is $1$ and $\det A = \det B$. But a matrix over a commutative ring is invertible if and only if its determinant is invertible (see Do these matrix rings have non-zero elements that are neither units nor zero divisors? and necessary and sufficient condition for trivial kernel of a matrix over a commutative ring). Thus, since $B$ is invertible, $A$ is invertible.
share|improve this answer
There is much written on this and related problems, e.g. it is the special case $\rm\:k=1\:$ of below.
MR 82k:15013
Gustafson, William H.; Moore, Marion E.; Reiner, Irving
Matrix completions over Dedekind rings.
Linear and Multilinear Algebra 10 (1981), no. 2, 141--144.
Let d be any element of the ideal generated by the k by k minors of a k by n matrix M over a Dedekind domain R. The authors show that M can be "completed" to form the top k rows of some invertible n by n matrix of determinant d.
In fact, their proof works if R is any Prufer domain whose finitely generated ideals can be generated by $\ 1\ 1/2\ $ elements; merely precede their lemma by the proof of the formula $\rm\ A \oplus B \cong R \oplus AB\ $ given in Theorem 4.1 of R. C. Heitmann and the reviewer [Rocky Mountain J. Math. 5 (1975), 361--373; MR 52 #3141].
Reviewed by Lawrence S. Levy 91k:15028
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Your Answer


Group 22 - Tecumseh Engine
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Figure 1: Tecumseh 5hp Small Engine
Project Overview
Project Summary
 The project began with the selection of a mechanical system for each group to dissect and learn about. Group names were posted on the website and the students were given the responsibility of getting the product proposal together. During this stage of the project our group all met in Capen Hall for the first time to discuss the roles of each member and the assignment at hand. Our group was assigned with a small Tecumseh TVS120 5hp internal combustion engine. Our group used the lack of knowledge with engines and little Wikipedia formatting experience as motivation to take this opportunity to learn about something we were all interested in. At this point in the project the group decided splitting up work and collaborating at the due date would be the most efficient way to get our assignments done.
 During the initial assessment and dissection of our product our group learned a lot about the functionality as well as the parts of the engine. The group was able to split the parts into two separate categories (external and internal parts) to create a plan for dissection. Each part was researched for its function and orientation inside the engine as this would make it easier to keep track during the disassembly process. The group also researched the types of energy transfers that occur during the operation of the engine, from the initial human and chemical energy to the final rotational mechanical energy. Throughout this stage of the project the group began to notice the members of the group that are dedicated to each step of the project and the members that might be problematic in the future. Meetings took place and Capen Hall and were on a regular basis as communication was going to be the most important factor for the success of our group.
 After the initial assessment was complete the group was able to move on to the dissection process. During this part of the project the group began taking apart the engine while documenting the whole process. This is where the group began having problems with two of the members as they began to contribute less and less to the group. The majority of the group however was able to complete the dissection of the engine. The dissection of the engine gave the group physical experience to apply their research to. Also the group began to improve their wiki formatting, as only one of the members had previous experience. Proper documentation included pictures and descriptions of each part as it was disassembled in the lab.
 As the semester went on each of the group members began to realize the technical communication issues that were extremely apparent within the group. Both group members were confronted about their lack of effort at the next group meeting and were given another chance to complete future assignments with more focus. With this in mind the group began to analyze each component that was taken from the engine. This was the most part of the project as the group not only needed to understand each component's functionality and individual component interactions but the group also was asked to find ways of improving the system. Improvements included a direct overhead valve system, automotive style piston rings, improved filters and a reduction of weight. The group also learned about the manufacturing of one of the most important parts of the engine; the piston. The group was able to apply both the manufacturing knowledge learned in class about each of the four major processes as well as the influence of the four factors on product design.
 The semester came to a close and as the project began to wind down the group experienced slight hostility to some of the members. The group manager tried extremely hard to gather the whole group for each meeting but was not able to fit everyone's schedule. Two of the members continued to contribute nothing beneficial for submission and the other three began to realize how little time was left and decided to take charge. Each assignment was then distributed to each member based on the effort of previous assignments. This meant that the three members that were still dedicated to the project would get most of the work done in a mannerly fashion. This new style of work distribution was reflected when it came to gate four. The reassembly process was extremely simple as the group's knowledge of each component and the accessibility of necessary tools allowed for a quick and efficient procedure. The documenting process was similar to that of gate two (the disassembly process) as the group used necessary pictures and information to illustrate the proper techniques for reassembly of the engine.
 Overall the group found it extremely hard to work as a team and tried their best to motivate others to complete each assignment as detailed as possible. The most significant factor that led to our group's downfall during assignments was the lack of communication. Poor group meeting attendance led to late submissions and insufficient work. This was resolved by assigning work earlier and enforcing a cross reference of each members work before submission. Although the group faced many disadvantages (lack of knowledge about engines, lack of wiki formatting experience, lack of group availability/cooperation, etc.) they pulled together to complete each assignment and overcome each challenge to submit and complete each assignment received.
Product Specs
The Tecumseh 5hp Engine (See Figure 1)
 - Internal Combustion
 - One Cylinder
 - Four Stroke (Two Valves)
 - Gasoline Powered
Group Members
Ryan Sans:
Project Manager
Matthew Whitman, Darroch Moorhead:
Co-Technical Experts
Kevin Perez:
Communication Liason
Sangjoon Bark:
Research Expert
Gate 1: Project Planning
The purpose of this initial gate was to lay the ground work for the rest of the project. We analyzed our group's initial strengths and weaknesses, developed a tentative meeting schedule, and planned out the dissection of our product. Our preliminary dissection plan was completed by researching the manufacturer of our product and products of a similar size and function.
Gate 2: Product Dissection
As our group began to become a team, we set off to reverse engineer our product. Most of the group members gathered in lab to finally see the inner workings of our product. This gate shows the results of our dissection along with review of the group's cohesiveness.
Figure 2: The Disassembly Process
Gate 3: Product Analysis
With the engine completely dissected, the group set off to gain a better understanding of our product. Through research of engines in general, we were able to see the subsystems and overall flow of the engine. The results of our work are shown in Gate 3.
Gate 4: Product Explanation
The main purpose of Gate 4 was to reassemble the product. The group learned a lot more from assembling the product than from disassembling it as we gained a better understanding of engines. Smaller systems and components were investigated and parts were researched and replaced. Individual group members took charge at this point as will be discussed in the Cause for Corrective Action section.
Figure 4: The Reassembly Process


text:
The Isenheim Altarpiece: God's Medicine and the Painter's Vision
by Andrée Hayum
Princeton University Press, 199 pp., $29.95
The Devil at Isenheim: Reflections of Popular Belief in Grünewald's Altarpiece I/University of California Press
by Ruth Mellinkoff
California Studies in the History of Art, Discovery Series, 109 pp., $39.95
In February 1793 the revolutionary government of France closed down the convent of the order of Saint Anthony at Isenheim in upper Alsatia. The commissioners of the French Republic charged with confiscating the monastery's furniture decided that the paintings and carvings from the high altar in the church should be conserved as outstanding works of art and transferred to nearby Colmar, the capital of the newly founded Department of the "Haut-Rhin." This decision, far from usual in those days of Jacobin iconoclasm, saved one of the greatest, and the most mysterious, works of German art, an altarpiece painted on the eve of the Reformation.
The fame of the Isenheim altarpiece came late, not until the end of the nineteenth century with the vogue for symbolism and expressionism. Even the name of the astonishing artist who painted the eight panels of the altar had by then been forgotten and turned into a kind of legend. Joachim von Sandrart (1606–1688), the German Vasari, called him Grünewald and as such he survives in the pantheon of art history. In contemporary documents he is called Master Mathis. An inventory established after his death identified him as "Meister Mathis Maler Nithart oder Gothart," and "Master Mathis painter Nithart or Gothart." But the mystery surrounding the artist, perhaps the greatest and certainly the most occentric genius of Renaissance Germany, is practically insoluble because of the lack of documentary evidence of his life and career.
We can do no more than conjecture that Mathis was born in Würzburg between 1475 and 1480, some five to ten years later than Dürer. We don't know where and by whom he was trained. A number of documents mention him but we have no letters or other writings from his own hand. Between 1505 and 1525 we know that Grünewald was active as a painter for churches at Aschaffenburg, Tauberbischofsheim, and Halle, and for the Dominicans in Frankfurt, and particularly active for the cathedral at Mainz. From what survives, his work seems to have been exclusively religious. His patrons were ecclesiastics, often canons of Saint Peter and Saint Alexander at Aschaffenburg. The most prominent among them was Albrecht von Brandenburg (1490–1545), Cardinal and Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, a pompous prince of the Church and a lavish patron.
Notwithstanding such achievements, Grünewald appears to have had a curiously erratic character. He seems never to have really settled anywhere or to have had a real workshop. Nobody has discovered traces of a Grünewald school. He is said to have engaged in many activities besides painting, and it may suit our image of the universal Renaissance artist that this visionary religious painter also worked as a hydraulic engineer, made technical drawings, and constructed a chimney in the archbishop's castle at Aschaffenburg. But Master Mathis was not a northern Leonardo. He sold colors and at one point earned his living as a soapboiler. He died in 1528, the same year as Dürer. During the last years of his life …
Beat the Devil September 26, 1991


text:
The Mental Health Association of Portland provides speakers to schools, civic groups, colleges and universities, fraternal organizations, and other groups interested in learning about mental illness, addiction and related issues.
Available presentations include:
- History of Mental Illness in Oregon
- Police Use of Force Against People with Mental Illness
- Helping People with Mental Illness: How to Be an Ally
- Presentation of documentary films about mental illness and addiction
- Mental Health Advocacy 101
- Recovery as Crime Prevention: Turning the Law Upside Down
- The History of Portland's Drunk Tank
Speakers from allied agencies are also available for information on legislation in Oregon affecting the mental illness system and various health and social service topics such as low income housing, services for people with mental illness and addiction, homelessness, inclusion of peer workers in clinics and agencies.
To request a speaker for your school or group, please e-mail: _EMAIL_.


Overhead absorption
Hi all,
I've been pondering over the following question but still haven't
found an acceptable answer.
So, my question is, how do you determine the exact method of overhead
absorption to use? I work in a manufacturing environment and so there
are several approaches that can be used.
In particular, I am trying to establish a mathematically sound
approach to comparing different methods of overhead absorption.
Any advice or comments will be appreciated
Thank you in advance,
Chris Luper
absorption to use?
1. Use an absorption rate.
2. Compare absorbed costs to actual costs.
3. Refine your rate.
4. Constantly repeat
You have two choices.
1. Use the classic approach of using labor hours and/or machine hours to
allocate costs.
2. Use activity based costing principles. Watch and study the processes.
Try to be innovative in determining exactly what activities drive costs.
Think outside the box of just labor and machine hours. Look at things like
the number and amount of time of line setups and breakdowns. Look at and
consider all the activities involved in making the product.
Can you tell us more about the product and the process?
Jan 29, 2018
Reaction score
United Arab Emirates
Well dear you have to calculate your full years approx. fixed expenses and divide them on your capacity level (no. of products produced in last year) or no. of jobs done. even you can make its rate as well. at the end of year you can easily compare your "charged overheads to production" with Actual overheads and from this comparison you make overheads rate for next year.
You can get more better Answers if you provide a bit more details of business process and products.
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Tonsillectomy like circumcision has been subject to much debate. Both have been practiced for more that 2,000 years, the latter often associated with religious practice, while the former was performed because of infection and airway obstruction. Both procedures have become less common today and their use is often questioned.
Tonsillectomy was reported from India in 400 BC. Before anaesthesia it was usually performed with a specially designed guillotine or even by finger enucleation. With the advent of Ethyl Chloride and Ether as anaesthetic agents in the late 19th century its frequency increased remarkably.
The benefit of the procedure became doubtful in the 1950s when it was noted that children who had been on the waiting list for long periods of time lost their symptoms. However in the mid 20th century it was the most common surgical procedure in children.
The anaesthetics used were Ethyl Chloride and Ether. There was a special mouth gag to provide access and the tonsil was freed by blunt and occasionally sharp dissection. Its pedicle was then severed by a snare. Haemorrhage was the most common complication. The anaesthesia was very basic. After mild sedation plus an atropine injection, a gauze mask was placed over the patient's mouth and nose and Ethyl Chloride was squirted onto the mask. Once the second stage of anaesthesia was reached Ether was used for maintenance. The procedure was simple and commonly performed by general practitioners.


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in a Changing Climate Perspective
The five year research programme EcoChange (2010-2014) is all about discovering and predicting what ecological consequences climate changes - e g increased temperature and precipitation – will have on the Baltic Sea, and how the Baltic Sea will respond to these consequences.
For years, the Baltic Sea has been affected by eutrophication and overfishing. Now, climate changes threaten to accentuate these human-induced effects leading to ecosystem changes of hitherto unprecedented magnitudes.
Slideshow photos: Jerker Lokrantz/Azote
EcoChange is a research programme which intends to estimate and predict the climate change responses of the Baltic Sea. The programme is a collaboration of Umeå University (UmU), Linnaeus University in Kalmar (LnU), the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), and the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM). The programme is hosted by Umeå University.
The main goal in EcoChange is to describe and analyse key processes and factors of importance for the future structure and function of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Human-induced change factors are important components in that complex picture.
Photo: Jerker Lokrantz/Azote
The research is divided into five integrated themes targeting different areas of the call.
Theme 1: Effects of changes of environmental drivers on the structure and productivity of the microbial food webTheme 2: Feedback of higher trophic levels and overharvestingTheme 3: Future changes in food web transport of legacy and emerging POPsTheme 4: Support for marine monitoringTheme 5: Integrated synthesis of the research
Some Ecochange results - so far
Will climate change make fish starve?
EcoChange is funded by the Swedish government, via Formas, as part of its Strategic Research Initiative on Marine Environmental Research.
The programme has been granted 35.4 MSEK for 2010 – 2014.
Prof. Dept of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
+46 90 786 98 45
Prof. School of Natural Sciences
+46 480 44 73 09


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poor understanding of tradeoffs make it difficult to set targets for non-financial measures and to change incentive systems, it has been claimed that measuring non-financial parameters is meaningless if rewards are not attributed to them (Eccles, 1991). But in addition to difficulties in determining challenging target levels, it should be acknowledged that non-financial measures are not free from gaming possibilities either1 (Fisher, 1992).
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
This study investigated the role of strategic performance measurement systems in respect of the interplay between different control levers. The 3K Scorecard was used for both diagnostic and interactive control purposes at the case company. Furthermore, the 3K Scorecard had specific implications for both beliefs systems and boundary systems (see Table 2). In the course of the development process, the main objective of the performance measurement system evolved from communicating customer focus (i.e. support to beliefs system) via strict strategic control (i.e. diagnostic control) finally to making sense of strategy and learning about strategic interdependencies (i.e. interactive control). The emphasis on an interactive (rather than diagnostic) use of the 3K Scorecard for strategic learning purposes has several implications. Already in the construction phase, managers frequently praised how enlightening the measurement team meetings were, giving strategy documents a specific content and nurturing intellectual discussion of underlying cause-and-effect relationships. When using the scorecard, it is possible to look at trends and evaluate the validity of anticipated relationships. This in turn accentuates the need to formulate and describe the measures in a way that the assumed cause-and-effect relationships are visible, and hence, it is possible to evaluate or question the validity of those assumptions. Our findings strongly support the use of strategic maps ( Kaplan and Norton, 2000 and Kaplan and Norton, 2001) and the definition of at least tentative cause-and-effect relationships as presented in other recent case studies (e.g. Wenisch, 2004). Two of the most intriguing findings in our case study relate to normative prescriptions that are commonly associated with the use of non-financial measures in such systems as the Balanced Scorecard, namely: (1) ex ante cause-and-effect verification; and (2) tight connections to managerial bonus systems. In our case study neither of these prescriptions held which could be explained by the bottom-up development process and interactive use of the measures. First, the connection between different measurement perspectives and two specific cause-and-effect relationship paths were not tested before the system was implemented. These relationships were based solely on managerial reasoning. But, ambiguity concerning the balance between different non-financial measures and the links between non-financial and financial measures was not considered to be a measurement problem per se. Rather, this was exactly the reason for using a balanced performance measurement system – i.e. to learn about potential cause-and-effect relationships, and the relative importance of different measures. Similarly, target setting was perceived as a challenge, and any meaningful target setting was only expected to follow the use of the system. Having said this, tentative target levels were set initially. Second, at the end of our research period only minimal changes had been made to the managers' remuneration systems. Some non-financial aspects had been added to bonus contracts, but this was not necessarily directly linked to the use of the 3K Scorecard. One important explanation for this stems from the development process and the way in which the system was used. From the perspective of global ABB, managers of FinABB could be considered as middle management. The impetus for adopting a new performance measurement system did not come top-down, but rather it was FinABB's management's own idea to develop a scorecard that would assist them to improve strategic management. Thus, there was consistent belief that the new system would eventually lead to improved financial performance and there was strong commitment towards using the system (perhaps with the exception of the Domestic Sales Manager). In addition, the focus was on discussion and learning – interactive use – and there was no interest in creating a reward or punishment atmosphere. Finally, it was perceived that reward systems should not be tightly linked to the bonus systems when ambiguity about measures and appropriate target levels prevails. But, as suggested above, such a connection might be less important if the managers have themselves developed the system for their own learning purposes. While interactive use of performance measures sheds a little different light on performance management, it can also be problematized. At least two problems remain with performance measurement and possibly even worsen when strategic performance measurement systems are primarily used for interactive controlling. First, the introduction of new non-financial performance measures may initiate rather strong resistance. Non-financial measures improve the visibility of actions. Since interactive control initiates discussions about strategic uncertainties, it is likely that more information about subordinates' and peers' actions is disclosed when compared to diagnostic control. This is likely to intensify resistance to change. The introduction of new non-financial measures is also likely to disrupt the power structures within an organization. An in-depth knowledge of customers, for example, implies an informal power dimension which might result in those who possess such knowledge being reluctant to share it (Vaivio, 2001 and Tuomela, 2001; see also Markus and Pfeffer, 1983). The additional time spent on data-gathering and the actual use of information creates further problems. In relation to the interactive use of strategic performance information, middle managers and functional managers were instructed to collect some of the data required for the 3K Scorecard. While these reporting requirements were perceived as an important means of communication, it added to these managers' workload. In addition, the business controllers at FinABB saw their workloads increase as a result of the 3K Scorecard – partly due to a need to continually remind and instruct middle managers and functional managers about their new reporting responsibilities. An interactive control, with its emphasis on discussion, also increased the number and length of meetings, consuming much managerial time. To conclude, the way in which strategic performance measurement systems are used has several implications for the benefits and problems related to its use. This finding is consistent with earlier results (Langfield-Smith, 1997, Abernethy and Brownell, 1999, Vaivio, 2001 and Bisbe and Otley, 2004) that it is not only the specific control tools (like the Balanced Scorecard) that are used but also the way they are applied that should be taken into account. Moreover, it should be taken into account that performance measurement systems have implications for all levers of controls and that the interactive use of performance management systems has some special benefits and challenges when compared to diagnostic controlling.


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Give children the gift of information
Children are at risk from HIV and AIDS
Over the last 20 years, HIV and AIDS has evolved from a health burden to a serious development crisis with visible social and economic effects on the entire community.
Many people do not understand how it spreads and their lack of knowledge places them at risk of catching the disease. Some believe there is no way to protect themselves from the virus, while others hold cultural beliefs that actually make them more vulnerable.
Children, particularly teenagers, are especially vulnerable as their sexual behaviour can lead to increased rates of infection. There are now over 7,000 new HIV infections per day amongst 15 to 24 years olds in sub-Saharan Africa.
There are effective and practical solutions we can implement to reduce the risk and impact of HIV and AIDS within the communities where we work. By ensuring that children and the wider community have access to information on preventing HIV and AIDS we can help reduce the risk of the disease. We can achieve this through two very simple solutions:
Health clubs in each school provide a forum where pupils can meet to chat about difficult subjects like HIV and AIDS, drugs and teenage pregnancy, using plays, songs and poetry to stimulate discussion. Meetings are led by peer educators who have been selected by the pupils themselves, and who then receive training in communication and leadership. Peer educators are also selected amongst the teachers and parents to spread the message to the wider school community.
Savings and loans groups:
Joining a savings and loans group will enable households to earn interest from their savings as well as take out small, short-term loans to invest in income generating activities. The interest earned on savings, as well as increased investments in these activities, can then be used to pay for medicines such as the anti-retroviral drugs needed to enable HIV positive people live with AIDS.
In addition, all groups put money into a welfare fund which gives members access to loans at 0% rate of interest for medical emergencies. This provides an important safety net for those families who have one or more members who are HIV positive.
Read more about how Margaret, a widow living with HIV in Uganda, has benefited from joining a savings and loans group here.
How you can help
We urgently need people to sponsor health clubs and savings and loans groups, giving the gifts of information and access to medicines to children and their families.
- A £500 donation would pay to train pupil and teacher peer educators and hold meetings to raise awareness amongst the parents to help reduce HIV infection rates
- A £500 donation would also support a savings and loans group for one year, giving families access to safe financial services and helping them pay for the medicines they need to live with AIDS and treat other common diseases.
If you are interested in sponsoring a particular school and community to raise awareness and reduce the damaging effects of HIV and AIDS, please get in touch today.
If you would like to make a donation now, please click the Donate button.


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discrimination
- Ensure that steps taken in response to COVID-19 are based on evidence, and deliberately challenge, reject and dispel stereotypes.
- Anticipate and take into account the potential for certain communities to experience increased racism, ageism and ableism as a result of the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- In collaboration and cooperation with vulnerable groups, take all necessary steps to proactively protect individuals and communities from hate, racism, ageism, ableism and discrimination propagated by private individuals.
- Monitor and report on any trends in hate and discrimination related to the COVID-19 pandemic and pursue appropriate sanctions, including criminal prosecution where appropriate.
Strengthen human rights accountability and oversight
- Consult with human rights institutions and experts, Indigenous leaders and knowledge-keepers, vulnerable groups, as well as persons and communities affected by COVID-19, when making decisions, taking actions and allocating resources.
- Institute formal advisory roles for Indigenous knowledge-keepers and representatives of human rights commissions within governmental COVID-19 task forces, special committees and working groups.
- Take a deliberate and comprehensive approach to independent human rights accountability and oversight, coordinated across jurisdictions, that ensures violations are anticipated, prevented and mitigated from the outset.
- Collect health and other human rights data regarding the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, disaggregated by the grounds of Indigenous ancestry, race, ethnic origin, place of origin, citizenship status, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, social condition, etc.
- Regularly monitor and report publicly on the human rights impacts, outcomes and inequalities related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its management.
SOURCE: Ontario Human Rights Commission


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NARRATOR: This work, called Bachelors 1–6, translates two-dimensional images into bronze sculpture. The images come from a work by Marcel Duchamp called The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even—also called The Large Glass. They depict abstract, mechanical forms that Duchamp identified as symbolizing male sexuality and gave the name "malic molds." Taking Duchamp's language literally, Levine made molds based on these figures and used them to cast bronze sculptures. Weirdly mechanical and beautifully lustrous in their materials, Levine's sculptures have an almost fetishistic quality.
HOWARDSINGERMAN: One of the reasons that Duchamp is such a good foil or partner for Levine in this work and, indeed, throughout the exhibition, is his invention of the "readymade."
NARRATOR: Duchamp's readymades were objects—snow shovels, bottle racks—that the artist chose, titled, signed, and declared to be works of art. Howard Singerman.
HOWARDSINGERMAN: One can think of Levine's practice throughout as a practice of the "readymade," but rather than looking towards the hardware store and the shop window, looking in the gallery—and even more than in the gallery, looking in the catalog and in the art book, where the work itself is already reproduced, so that her own reproduction in the forms that it takes follows on to something that has already begun to happen: a dispersal of the work from itself or from its origins.


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Question: How could you approximately determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
How could you approximately determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between your shoes and a fairly smooth floor?
Answer to relevant QuestionsConsider an air-bubble level that is sitting on a horizontal surface (Fig. 4.27). Initially, the air bubble is in the middle of the horizontal glass tube. (a) If the level is pushed and a force is applied to accelerate it,...Which has more inertia, 20 cm3 of water or 10 cm3 of aluminum, and how many times more? Fig. 4.34 shows a product label. (a) This label is correct (1) on the Earth; (2) on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is only one-sixth of that on the Earth; (3) in deep space, where there is little gravity;...A rocket is far away from all planets and stars, so gravity is not a consideration. It is using its rocket engines to accelerate upward with an acceleration a = 9.80 m/s2. On the floor of the main deck is a crate (object...In an Olympic figure-skating event, a 65-kg male skater pushes a 45-kg female skater, causing her to accelerate at a rate of 2.0 m/s2. At what rate will the male skater accelerate? What is the direction of his acceleration?
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BEWARE: Working Hard While Emotionally Upset Could Trigger Heart Attack
A new study reveals that being angry or emotionally upset during an activity that requires heavy physical exertion could trigger a heart attack.
The study, published in the journal Circulation, showed that people who are angry and emotional upset have twice the risk of heart attack within one hour. Heavy physical activity could have the same risk of triggering heart attack. However, people who are angry and emotional stress, and at the same time engaging in heavy physical exertion have thrice the risk of heart attack.
"Regular physical activity has many health benefits, including the prevention of heart disease, so we want that to continue," said Andrew Smyth, M.D., Ph.D, a researchers at researcher at the Population Health Research Institute at McMaster University in Canada, and lead author of the study, in a press release. "However, we would recommend that a person who is angry or upset who wants to exercise to blow off steam not go beyond their normal routine to extremes of activity."
For the study, the researchers analyzed the data of 12,461 patients participating in INTERHEART, a study consisting of patients with first-ever heart attacks across 52 countries. Each participant was asked to complete a questionnaire about whether they experience anger, emotional stress or heavy physical exertion an hour prior to their attack.
The researchers found being angry, emotional upset and heavy physical exertion could potentially increased the risk of heart attack beyond the risk posed by other factors, including age, obesity, smoking, high blood pressure and other health problems. Furthermore, both emotional and physical triggers appear to have similar effects on the body. Both emotional and physical triggers could raise blood pressure and heart rate, altering the flow of blood through the blood through the blood vessels.
With their findings, researchers are advising people to maintain mental wellness and avoid extreme anger, emotional stress and physical exertion. Furthermore, people who are already at risk of heart attack are advised to avoid any extreme emotional situations and heavy physical activities.


Monday, July 25, 2016
Transmission of Classified Information
This article continues the series covering the Self-Inspection Handbook For NISP Contractors and guidance found in the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) Incorporating Change 2.
The transmission of classified information is an important concern. Classified information should be controlled as it enters and leaves each facility. Each facility that has a CAGE Code should have it's own transmission process meeting NISPOM requirements. How is yours doing? Lets find out.
Are procedures established for proper receipt and inspection of classified transmittals?
Here's what NISPOM says on the subject. Our narrative follows:
5-202. Receiving Classified Material. Procedures shall be established to ensure that classified material, regardless of delivery method, is received directly by authorized personnel. The material shall be examined for evidence of tampering and the classified contents shall be checked against the receipt. Discrepancies in the contents of a package or absence of a receipt for TOP SECRET and SECRET material shall be reported promptly to the sender.
How to apply the NISPOM (some of this article is from the book DoD Security Clearance and Contracts Guidebook)
Receipt by authorized personnel
The FSO should ensure all arriving classified information is inspected and received into accountability by authorized personnel. Many cleared contractors establish a centralized classified information holding where all classified is processed in and out of the facility and is managed like a library. Others have classified information dispersed throughout the facility where needed. Either way works depending on how it is managed. Regardless of where classified information is stored, it must be properly received by the authorized cleared employees.
Classified information should arrive in the same condition it was shipped in and contain the exact information as it left with. Due diligence is necessary to ensure that classified information has not been compromised, is related to a contract, and is properly marked.
Inspecting or examining the received material begins with looking at the outside package and looking for condition. Regardless of transmission methods of physical items (mail, courier, overnight, hand carry and etc.) classified material should be double wrapped. Each layer serves to protect the classified material from inadvertent and unauthorized disclosure and should be properly addressed. Anything ripped or seemingly re-taped should be further investigated.
Detailed Inspection Requirements
Regardless of transmission methods, the recipient should examine the outer wrapping for evidence of tampering or to compromise of classified material. Classified material should be double wrapped with two independent layers of protection. Each layer should consists of opaque material such as an envelope, paper, box or other strong wrapping material.
The receiver should look for evidence of tearing, ripping, re-wrapping or some other means of unauthorized access to the material. Then review the shipping label for a classified mailing address and return address. There should be no classification markings on the outer layer of the item as classification markings on the outside of a package are a security violation.
The inner layer should be inspected the same way as the outer layer for evidence of tampering or unauthorized disclosure (Figure 1). However, the inside wrapping should contain the full address of the recipient as well as classification markings on the top, bottom, front and back, and sides (Figure 2). TOP SECRET and SECRET material should have a packing list or receipt. Receipts are not necessary with the shipment of CONFIDENTIAL material. If a receipt is included, the receiver should sign it and return it to the sender.
Figure 1 Torn outer cover of classified package
The receiver should then check the receipt against the contents to ensure the items are listed correctly and accounted for. The properly filled out receipt should list the sender, the addressee, and correctly identify the contents by an unclassified title and appropriate quantity. Since the receipt may be filed for administrative and compliance purposes, the inspector should ensure it contains no classified information.
Figure 2 Properly marked classified package (inner wrapper)
The receiver should compare the classification marking on the contents with the wrapper and the receipt to once again verify the classification level and prevent unauthorized disclosure.
Any problems resulting from the examination and inspection should be addressed with the sender. Both should determine whether or not a security incident exists or other explanation. Sometimes packages are ripped, poorly wrapped, or damaged during shipment. The parties should make that determination.
If the shipment is in order, the receipt shall be signed and returned to the sender. If a receipt is included with CONFIDENTIAL material, it shall be signed and returned to the sender.
Once all the checks and verifications are complete, the receiver can then sign a copy of the receipt and return to the sender, thus closing the loop on the sender's accounting responsibilities.
Capture names of employees authorized to inspect and transmit classified information.
Record of authorized employee securitytraining.
Keep a pedigree of all transmitted classified information from receipt to final disposition. This is a receipt log that explains the lifecycle of classified information as received, stored, transmitted or destroyed.
Present classified transmission procedures if written.
Jeffrey W. Bennett, ISP is the owner of Red Bike Publishing Red Bike Publishing. He regularly consults, presents security training, and recommends export compliance and intellectual property protection countermeasures. He is an accomplished writer of non-fiction books, novels and periodicals. Jeff is an expert in security and has written many security books including: "Insider's Guide to Security Clearances" and "DoD Security Clearances and Contracts Guidebook", "ISP Certification-The Industrial Security Professional Exam Manual", and NISPOM/FSO Training".
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Interesting Information Regarding Today's Modern Elevator
Posted By : Aubrey Mead, on Oct, 2016
Elevators have been in existence for over 2000 years and have undergone quite the technological transformation. For this reason alone, modern skyscrapers reaching hundreds of feet would not be possible, as getting to the top would be highly inconvenient, not to mention feasible. Early versions of the elevator consisted of a rope and pulley system using a counterweight, typically man or equine-powered, rudimentary but it worked to move goods and people vertically. Elevators provide a means to convey people or goods between floors within a building or other structure. They are essential in practically any multi-floor structure to provide universal access for all patrons including handicapped individuals.
Early versions of the elevator posed a major risk due to lack of safety mechanisms to prevent them from free-falling. A safety device developed by Elisha Otis in the mid-1800's, still in use today, revolutionized the elevator, allowing it to evolve into what it is today. Elevators are classified according to the mechanism used to hoist or lift them, such as traction, climbing, pneumatic, and hydraulic, and within each classification, there are various sub-groups. Hydraulic Elevators in Washington DC are also called "push" elevators because the piston that supports the elevator pushes the unit up the shaft while the motor forces hydraulic fluid into the piston.
The opposite occurs (fluid is released from the piston) in order for the elevator to descend. Hydraulic elevators are primarily used in buildings less than 10 stories due to their slower speeds. Hydraulic elevators travel at maximum speeds of about 200 feet per minute which is slightly more than 2 miles per hour. As a point of reference, the third fastest elevator in the world located in the John Hancock Tower in Chicago, travels 1,801 feet per minute or 20.5 mph. Two types of hydraulic elevators are holed (conventional) and hole-less.
As expected, due to their repeated usage, having routine maintenance performed by professionals like those at, will keep an elevator in top-running condition. At a minimum, twice-annual maintenance performed by a licensed technician includes cleaning and lubricating the moving components. It is critical that the hydraulic fluid in the piston is checked for proper levels and especially for leaks. Electrical components such as wiring and circuits, operating controls, and control units are inspected and findings logged.
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Year 7 - Autumn Term 2015
Pupils will explore:
What do we mean by Signs and Symbols?
How useful are signs and symbols in everyday life
Religious symbols and their meanings
The importance of symbols to religious believers
Food and symbolism
A local church – St Oswalds at Bidston
Visit from the local vicar to talk about his role and the place of the Church in the community
The nativity story and its symbolism
Christmas celebrations around the world
Activities will include food tasting, exploring religious artefacts, making a Christingle, ICT research on Christmas traditions and drama.
Year 8 Religious Education – Autumn Term 2015
Pupils will explore three World Religions this year. In the first term, they will focus on the religion of Judaism. They will find out about:
Jewish beliefs about God
Abraham - the founder of Judaism
The importance of Moses to the Jewish religion
The festival of Passover
The Seder meal and symbolic foods
The ten commandments
The Torah and its importance in everyday life
Objects associated with prayer
The Synagogue and Worship
Activities to include storytelling, acting out a seder celebration, tasting symbolic foods, designing their own Passover plate and making their own Torah scroll.
Year 9 Religious Education – Autumn Term 2015
Students will study Festivals and Celebrations this term. They will explore:
What is a Festival?
Research special days and festivals from around the world
Consider the importance of special days to us as individuals and as a community
Interview someone about their special day, find out how they celebrate and why it is special
Chinese New Year
The Jewish festivals of Purim and Hanukkah
Harvest and Sukkot
Activities will include ICT research, class presentations, conducting interviews, puppet play, craft activities and designing a Jewish Sukkah.


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A remote-controlled plane powered from the ground by a laser beam has been tested by the US space agency (Nasa).
In what is thought to be an aviation first, the development could lead to the creation of aircraft that do not need to carry onboard fuel.
Laser-powered planes could be used for surveillance
The flight of the small, model plane was conducted in a hanger at Nasa's Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama.
"It really is a groundbreaking development for aviation," said Robert Burdine, laser project manager for the test.
The 300-gram (11-ounce) plane, with a 1.5-metre (five foot) wingspan, was launched from a platform.
The laser tracked the aircraft in flight, directing its energy beam at specially designed photovoltaic cells carried on the fuselage to power the plane's propeller.
"The craft could keep flying as long as the energy source, in this case the laser beam, is uninterrupted," said Mr Burdine.
"This is the first time that we know of that a plane has been powered only by the energy of laser light."
As the plane does not need to take on fuel or batteries, it would have more room for scientific instruments or communications equipment.
Scientists think it could eventually be used for surveillance and to provide communication links.
"A telecommunications company could put transponders on an airplane and fly it over a city," said David Bushman, project manager for beamed power at Dryden Flight Research Center in California.
"The aircraft could be used for everything from relaying cell phone calls to cable television or Internet connections."
Nasa reportedly sees great potential in using laser power for developing new planes.
"We think this is a step in the right direction," said Mr Bushman.


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St. Petersburg, Russia, 6 July, 2012 (IUCN) – As the number of natural wonders on the World Heritage List continues to grow, too many sites are left with little resources to manage them properly and conserve the very values they were inscribed for, say IUCN experts. Many face a barrage of threats, not least from mining and oil exploration.
Africa's natural World Heritage Sites are particularly at risk. Over 60% of West and Central African sites are Danger Listed, and one out of four of these iconic areas are threatened by planned mining and oil and gas projects. This includes Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, home to many of the world's last mountain gorillas.
The security situation in these sites is precarious, making their management extremely challenging. Since 1996 more than 130 rangers have been killed in Virunga National Park. Recently, poachers armed with AK47 rifles attacked a neighbouring World Heritage Site, the Okapi Wildlife Reserve, and killed seven people, including two rangers. UNESCO has launched an emergency appeal to raise $120,000 by 20 July to help the families of the victims and support the Reserve (_URL_
"IUCN is deeply saddened by these killings," says Mariam Kenza Ali, World Heritage Conservation Officer. "Unless the Okapi Wildlife Reserve receives urgent help, the poachers who perpetrated the killings will have free reign to decimate the largest remaining population of forest elephants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and to terrorize local communities."
None of the four natural World Heritage sites that IUCN recommended for inclusion on the Danger List have been added, in what is seen by IUCN as a serious set-back for conservation.
IUCN, the official World Heritage advisory body on nature, had recommended that Lake Turkana National Parks in Kenya, Dja Faunal Reserve in Cameroon, Virgin Komi Forests in Russia, and Pitons Management Area in Saint Lucia be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger. The World Heritage Committee rejected all four recommendations.
Six outstanding natural sites were given World Heritage status following the advice of IUCN to the annual meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which ends today in St. t Petersburg.
Sangha Trinational - shared between Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo; Lakes of Ounianga in Chad, Rock Islands Southern Lagoon in Palau, and Chengjiang fossil site in China have been inscribed on the World Heritage List. Lena Pillars Nature Park in Russia and Western Ghats in India were also added to the prestigious list by the World Heritage Committee, a 21-nation panel.
"This move should mobilise international support for the planet's extraordinary places that are facing serious threats to their conservation," says Tim Badman, Director of IUCN's World Heritage Programme. "International efforts are essential to secure the future of our planet's most important natural areas and the life-support services they provide, including clean air, water and livelihoods."
IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges by supporting scientific research; managing field projects all over the world; and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN, international conventions and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the independent advisory body to the World Heritage Committee on natural heritage.www.iucn.org
For more information or to set up interviews, please contact:
- Borjana Pervan, IUCN Media Relations, m +41 79 _PHONE_, e _EMAIL_
- Brian Thomson, IUCN Media Relations, m +41 79 _PHONE_, e


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with the sulfide ions in the groundwater that was heated by an ancient magma chamber located three to five kilometers under the town. The process was a very slow one and took over 50,000 years to complete.
The largest crystal found in the cave to date is 12 meters (39 feet) in length, four meters (13 feet) in diameter, and weighs 55 tons. Because of the heat coming from below, the cave is extremely hot with air temperatures reaching up to 58 °C (136 °F) and humidity between 90 to 99%. So, the cave is relatively unexplored, as, without proper protection, it's hard to stay there for more than 10 minutes. (source)
11. New Delhi's Ghazipur landfill, nicknamed "Mt. Everest."
After being opened in 1984 near the village of Ghazipur, the landfill functioned for years before reaching its full capacity in 2002. As of June 2019, the 13-million-metric-ton, mountainous heap of waste has risen as high as 65 meters (213 feet) and is expected to surpass the Taj Mahal's height (73 meters, 239 feet) by 2020. Now and then, the landfill experiences landslides and fires due to methane. After a particularly nasty landslide in 2017, there was a ban on dumping more waste there. But when the authorities could not find an alternative, the dumping continued after just a few days. (1, 2)
12. This large red sand dune in Namib desert.
Stretching over 2,000 kilometers across the western coast of South Africa, the Namib desert is known for its extremely tall sand dunes, many reaching over 200 meters. The dune featured in the picture above is called the "Big Daddy dune" located beside the Sossusvlei, a dry lake filled with salt and clay.
The dune is 325 meters high and faces another tall dune known as "Big Mamma." Big Daddy, however, is only the second tallest sand dune, the first being Dune 7 which is 388 meters high and is located near the city Walvis Bay. (source)


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Taking a fresh look at water quality management, a University of Delaware College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (CANR) research team is studying how the replacement of urban lawns with more diverse vegetation can help protect the environment and make our landscapes more sustainable.
The researchers have been awarded a $595,000 grant by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and will be working at the Winterthur Gardens on their project.
Shreeram Inamdar, CANR associate professor of plant and soil sciences, is the principal investigator and the research team includes Doug Tallamy, chair of the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology; Susan Barton, associate professor in the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and a Cooperative Extension specialist; Jules Bruck, assistant professor of landscape horticulture and design; and Joshua Duke, professor in the Department of Food and Resource Economics.
One of the main goals of the three-year study, funded through the USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) National Integrated Water Quality program, is to try to curb water pollution at its source — preventing pollution in the first place rather than waiting to treat contaminated water before it enters waterways.
"In the past, standard water quality management has focused on intercepting dirty water before it gets into water systems," explained Tallamy. "We're doing the opposite — we're trying to keep the water clean from the start."
The researchers believe this can be accomplished by shrinking the lawn and replacing it with more diverse vegetation, thus reducing fertilizer and herbicide inputs and enabling water filtration, which will lead to less storm water runoff and cleaner water.
Diverse vegetation also is expected to provide other natural ecosystem services — such as carbon sequestration, preserving biodiversity and natural pest control — that are associated with mixed vegetation landscapes.
Inamdar noted that the ability to look at both of these aspects is a unique opportunity for the researchers. "One of the great things on this proposal is that we get to look at water quality as well as ecosystem services," he said. "Not many projects take that view, so I think that's a very novel approach."
To conduct the study, the group will be comparing watersheds with different vegetation types at Winterthur.
Barton explained that the group will look at runoff from different types of watersheds at Winterthur — one site will be a mown turf field that will be managed in the manner of a residential lawn and the other will be primarily forest and meadow.
By doing this, Barton explained, "We can directly compare these two streams, which are very close to each other, under the same weather conditions. One gets the residential lawn runoff and one gets the diverse landscape runoff."
The team has also secured a local homeowner's landscape for the research. Bruck said the property will be "used as a test garden, and will become a demonstration garden to show these different sustainable principles and practices."
Barton noted that public tours of the sites will eventually be offered.
Planting will begin next spring and as soon as the team gathers enough information and data, it will provide educational courses at Winterthur to disseminate key information to the public.
Tallamy said that making this information readily available is an effort to "change the status symbol. Right now, the status symbol is a big lawn and we're trying to make it more diverse."
This is also one of the main focuses of the Center for Managed Ecosystems, of which Tallamy is the director.
Duke's role will be to determine how much it would cost a homeowner to manage their property in a more diverse manner, as opposed to how much it costs to simply manage a big lawn. Said Duke, "We suspect that it might not be that lawn is actually the cheapest way to manage things. It may be that it's cheaper for an owner to manage in a more sustainable manner; they might just not realize it because it's not the status quo."
Undergraduate and graduate students will be involved in many aspects of the research, from helping the group gather information on water quality, ecosystem services and the economic implications to helping in the design of the more sustainable garden.
Bruck explained that students in her Basic Landscape Design course will "work through the design process to come up with demonstration plans that will be presented to the University of Delaware Botanical Gardens (UDBG) and then we'll post the plans on our website, for educational purposes for other homeowners."
For now, the team is gearing up for the spring and ready to get the study under way, hoping to improve water quality and change the status quo from large lawns to diverse, more sustainable ecosystems.
Article by Adam Thomas
Photo by Danielle Quigley
Graphic courtesy Jules Bruck
This article can also be viewed on UDaily > >


rewriting can be combined in rich and powerful ways to represent a broad range of common patterns. Direct marking and Boolean specifications are perhaps not as elegant as the principles that might emerge from further theoretical efforts in LFG. But they do allow, given the current state of the art, for the precise control of lexical and syntactic behavior that explicit computational tests of large-scale grammars require.
Configuration components
In XLE, the configuration section is selected by the initial create-parser and create-generator commands, which specify an "initial" file containing a CONFIG section (If there are more than one CONFIG sections in the file, the last one is used). A configuration identifies all the linguistic specifications that make up an active analysis environment and specifies other parameters that affect the behavior of the system when that environment is installed. A configuration has a version/language name just like any other linguistic specification. This name is used to identify the configuration for system operations such as create-parser and create-generator. The name appears at the top of the configuration section and is then followed by a sequence of component specifications each of which is a pair consisting of a component-name and a value terminated with a period. The component names are simple strings without punctuation or white space. Values can either be singletons or sequences, depending on the component.
For an example configuration, see the XLE walkthrough and the demo grammar.
The following list describes the components that make up a configuration and the way they affect system behavior when the configuration is installed.
A list of files to be loaded into the grammar. These can include rules, lexicon, and template files, as well as feature declarations and morphconfig files. In the XLE configuration section, the scope of the configuration data base is given by a FILES clause:
 FILES filename_1 filename_2.... filename_n.
defining the scope of the database for the configuration as the list of filenames plus the initial file (that specified by create-parser and create-generator). The specified filenames may be full path names, or simple names, or relative names such as../xxxx, subdir/xxxx. In the latter two cases the names are assumed to be relative to the initial grammar file directory.
Lexicon Indexing and Lexicon Modification
Each file "filename" used in a FILES list is shadowed by an index file containing stored indexes for lexicon sections in the file, to avoid potentially costly reindexing of lexicons (for random access) at each XLE invocation. The index file is named (configfilename).fileindexdir/fileindex(N), where (configfilename) is the make of the file where the config is stored and N is the is the index in the FILES list (0 is used for the config file itself).
In general, users need not be aware of the indexing process, except in one respect. For convenience, lexicon sections may be edited during a session (i.e., intermixed with a series of parse or generate commands), and the modifications take effect immediately. These modifications cause XLE to reindex sections in the affected files, and print a "reindexing" message. So if a change to a LEXICON section is not followed by a "reindexing" message, it may be that the changes have not been saved/written (by the user), or some system problem exists.
Note: Changes may also be made to RULE and TEMPLATE sections, but these changes do not take effect within the session. Instead, you must restart XLE for these changes to take effect.
In more detail, for the curious, each lexicon section is potentially mirrored by two indexes, one for parsing, and a relatively larger one used in generation. The index files are created when the containing files are first referenced in a configuration, and contain parse or gen indexes for sections in that configuration. The index files are modified if
A list of non-grammar files to be included when running make-bug-grammar or make-release-grammar. Non-grammar files are included in the grammar using the following notation:
 OTHERFILES otherfile_1 otherfile_2.... other_n.
The make-bug-grammar and make-release-grammar commands will copy these files along with the grammar files mentioned in the grammar config. This is useful for making sure that documentation files and/or source files get included whenever you make a copy of a grammar.
Contains a user-specified version name for this grammar. If GRAMMARVERSION has a value, then the value is stored as a property of any Prolog files along with the grammar name and the grammar date. It can also be retrieved using the Tcl command "grammar_version $chart". If a grammar config has "GRAMMARVERSION." in it, then make-release-grammar will store the release directory in its place (for example, "GRAMMARVERSION release-2006-09-07.").
Specifies the file name of a base config for the current config. The current config inherits any config fields (e.g. RULES, TEMPLATES, PERFORMANCEVARSFILE) in the base config that do not have values in the current config. Config fields in the current config overwrite fields in the base config unless the current config field has an entry with a + or a - in front of it (e.g. +my-english-lexicon.lfg, -(STANDARD ENGLISH)). Entries with + in front of them are added to the end of the list of the base config field. Entries with a - in front of them are removed from the base config field. Entries with a - in front of them must match an entry in the base config field exactly (e.g. same prefix and same capitalization). Only the following config fields can have entries with a + or - in front of them: FILES, OTHERFILES, ENCRYPTFILES, PERFORMANCEVARSFILE, RULES, LEXENTRIES, TEMPLATES, FEATURES, GOVERNABLERELATIONS, SEMANTICFUNCTIONS, NONDISTRIBUTIVES, and EXTERNALATTRIBUTES. OPTIMALITYORDER cannot have entries with a + or - in front of them. However, it is possible to make OT marks NOGOOD using a performance vars file.
Any config, including ones called by other configs, can have a BASECONFIGFILE entry, to arbitrary depth. make-bug-grammar and make-release-grammar will copy the file structure as given (e.g. they will not attempt to produce a single config file).
Here is a sample config that uses BASECONFIGFILE:
PERFORMANCEVARSFILE my-performance-vars.txt.
FILES -english-lex.lfg
This sample config removes the file english-lex.lfg and adds the file my-english-lex.lfg. Note that the PERFORMANCEVARSFILE overrides any PERFORMANCEVARSFILE in the BASECONFIGFILE english.lfg.
Sets the value of the ACCESS section of the morph config. This is useful for testing a new set of morphology transducers by redirecting the morph config to another directory.
Specifies a list of files to be encrypted when make-release-grammar is run.
A file containing settings for various performance variables.
Section Lists
RULES, LEXENTRIES, and TEMPLATES each list one or more sections of the type, in the form (VERSION LANGUAGE). For example:
The given sections must be found in the data base FILES. If a RULES, TEMPLATES, or LEXENTRIES section is not given, the grammar is assumed to not contain that type of section.
The section lists establish a precedence order for the sections, with the last section listed having highest precedence. For RULES and TEMPLATES, this means that if several sections contain an entry with the same name (e.g., a rule N-->...) the entry in the section with highest precedence (last listed) will be used.
For LEXICON sections, the same basic precedence relationship applies. However, lexicon entries in higher-precedence sections may be used to modify, rather than simply override, entries with matching headwords in lowerprecedence sections. See the discussion of "LEXICON sections" below for a description of this interraction.
Note: Identically named entries in the same section are considered errors.
Duplicate Sections
For purposes of grammar development, a data base may contain more than one section of the same type and name, e.g. TOY ENGLISH RULES (1.0). In this case, all sections of that name will be used, and will be inserted in the precedence order as a group; within the group the occurrence in the highest precedence file will have highest precedence. For example, given:
 FILES file1 file2 file3.
and (TOY ENGLISH) sections in both file1 and file3, the effective section precedence list would be (lowest to highest)
Dynamic Sections
If all the sections of a particular type in the data base are to be used, the section specification clause may be abbreviated as
 section-type (all all).
LEXENTRIES (all all).
In this case, the precedence order of the sections will follow the precedence order of the containing FILES, and, within a FILE, later sections take precedence over earlier ones.
Section Headers
Individual sections are headed by a four-part header:
 version language type xle-version
The "xle-version" refers to the XLE version used to process the grammar, and until further notice must be (1.0).
A list of section names that specifies the grammatical rules that are active in this configuration. For instance:
The rules are installed in the order in which they are specified, so that the last name has priority over the names that precede it.
A list of section names that specifies the lexical entries that are active in this configuration. Like rules, lexical entries are installed in the order that they are specified, so that the last name has priority over all the names


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Mount Annan Botanic Garden is totally unlike any botanic garden I've visited. Sited in a suburban area at least a few kilometers from the nearest public transport, it is spread out across a sprawling 440 hectares (almost 1100 acres) and is designed for people to have a drive through experience. According to Caz McCallum, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden Trust, the garden was intentionally spread out for the original director, as a strategy to discourage the city from reclaiming pieces of the land. As a result, the four main theme gardens alternate with tracts of meadow, bush and arboreta.
I spent the morning meeting with Dan Bishop, Manager of Horticulture, Helen Byfield-Fleming, Coordinator of the MacArthur Center for Sustainable Living and Allen Powell, Community Education Officer and Caz MacCallum. According to Dan, "Mount Annan has never had a permaculture garden. We do sustainable gardening instead. Sustainable is different than organics, but we do use chemicals… sometimes chemicals are part of creating a sustainable environment." As in the case of Chilean needle grass, he explains, without using chemicals, you have no chance of controlling the weed. "We don't have the staff or resources to hand pick."
Before becoming a botanic garden, the land served as a dairy farm, then horse land, and as a result, Mount Annan inherited a huge weed seed bank. "We have finite resources and staff and we're trying to present to the public, which presents a challenge," adds Caz.
Messages of sustainability, however appear throughout Mount Annan. A recently converted bottlebrush garden now focuses on backyard sustainability: the Big Idea Garden. This garden presents accessible cultivars that can be purchased in the local nursery, information about caring for the home garden, sustainable water use, recycling, as well as interpretation about beneficial interactions and microbes.
One display shows Lilly Pilly (Syzygium, a native Australian plant) being used for topiary, demonstrating you don't need buxus to do the job. Numerous examples show recycling and reuse of materials, from benches and walkways to a worm farm made from a repurposed bathtub. Chris Cole, the principle horticulturist for the Big Idea Garden was taking a course at Permaculture Research Institute when I visited Mount Annan. It will be interesting to see what new ideas he brings back to Mount Annan.
Mount Annan Botanic Garden is also home to the Sydney research facilities, including a tissue culture laboratory, seed drying and storage rooms, growth cabinets, climate controlled glasshouses and several shade houses, all focused on the conservation and horticulture of Australian plants, particularly threatened species and species with economic potential.
I also visited Macarthur Centre for Sustainable Living (MCSL) which, while an independent organization, sits on 5 acres of Mount Annan land and partners with Mount Annan on aspects of administration and education. MCSL aspires to showcase sustainable living practices including waste-water management, recycling, green building and green energy techniques to the public, as well as organic gardening. I spoke with Tao Tribels who has been a volunteer tour guide since 2003, and Ruth Bolomey, another volunteer who designs the food gardens and works them two days per week. Ruth hails from Chili where she grew up on a farm.
The gardens are lush, productive and beautiful, chock full of flowers, herbs, and vegetables and showcase companion-planted beds. I asked Ruth what her take on permaculture is. "I'm more flexible than permaculture. If you go in the forest you see there are still water and food requirements, it's not just anything growing anywhere. It doesn't work when it's all mixed. You really need to organize your plantings."
Permaculture has earned a reputation in some circles as planting more or less randomly, while many permaculture sources advocate for thoughtful planting combinations to promote most effective use of resources and promote healthy guilds. Ruth completed an introduction course in permaculture but did not pursue the full permaculture design course because, she said, it seemed to apply more to big farms, which was not relevant to her needs.
Allen Powell, community education officer, explains Mount Annan's school education program which begins at the pre-k level and continues up through technical college. "We need to hit every teacher individually. Every grade has sustainability and Aboriginal Culture in the curriculum, which is new this year. We have the best Aboriginal program in the Sydney area, as well great sustainability programs, but the botanic garden competes with environmental education centers."
"Botanic gardens have been amazingly slow at picking up this whole sustainability thing. Because it's our future, our kids future, if we do the right thing now and lock in these things as habits when they're young……."
Mount Annan is actively encouraging cyclists to visit the garden, for example by offering a significantly reduced admittance fee. The main mission of Mount Annan Botanic Garden is to inspire conservation and appreciation of plants, in particular, Australian plants. "We also have a responsibility to increase participation and visitation, and as part of our state mandate, recreation as well. Cyclists generally consider botanic gardens to be boring places, where they're not made particularly welcome. It's a user group we haven't reached yet," says Dan. Development of a 7 k mountain biking trail – the Enduro Trail – through the botanic garden is another way of meeting these objectives.
Caz McCallum adds: "It's hard to engage with people as a botanic garden because there are so many other distractions. We want to educate, but we also want to focus on recreation. There has been quite a lot of nearby development of big houses on small blocks, leaving very little land left to enjoy. They come here to recreate. It's good for them and good for us, because over time they might get something more out of it."
"Most people come for recreation, and bring their eskies (coolers) and barbecues," continues Dan. "The garden is wallpaper for their experience. While most people visit other botanic gardens for recreation as well, there tends to be an expectation that they will have a 'botanic garden experience' as well during their visit, which is typically not the case here. We have to work a little harder than most botanic gardens in this regard. The siting of the new entrance to the botanic gardens will be through the conservation area first, which will help bring the focus to conservation in more direct way: it will be the first thing people see rather than the last."