Decline in Consumption of Fruit and Veg
In the two year the fruit and vegetable intake has dropped by 900,000 amongst Britons. This is uncovered as research reveals that the poorer in the country are opting for cheaper and more filling a food which often means meals that have higher fat, sugar and saturate content.
It is believed that the increase in eating unhealthy meals is a way of coping with increasing food prices and the fact that household incomes are decreasing. As a result families with the lowest income are the worst affected and therefore have unhealthy diets.
This means that those that are running a restaurant may still be feeling these effects and therefore paying their restaurant insurance among other things may be a struggle.
The amount of people eating fat saturates and sugar and has rapidly increased sine 2012 even though the amount of food being bought is the same says the Guardian. Households that have an income of less than £25,000 are more inclined to buy foods such as meat balls, instant noodles, tinned pies pizza and friend food.
The research revealed that price was the main motive for the decrease in consumption of fruit. 4.4 per cent of Britons year on year are eating more and more saturated foods. On top of this there was a 25 per cent increase in chilled ready meals being consumed.
This reflects the huge 32 per cent increase on food in the last five year which has stretched those budgets that are already full to capacity. Giselle Cory is a senior research and policy analyst at the Resolution Foundation and they have said, "When food prices go up and household incomes go down, people on low to middle incomes buy less healthy food and more unhealthy food."
While we are out of recession it is clear that many are still feeling the effects of the last few years.


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Treatment of intrabony defects with an enamel matrix protein derivative or bioabsorbable membrane: an 8-year follow-up split-mouth study.
SourceJournal of Periodontology, 77, 11, (2006), pp. _PHONE_
Article / Letter to editor
Display more detailsDisplay less details
Periodontology and Biomaterials
Journal of Periodontology
SubjectUMCN 4.3: Tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery
BACKGROUND: Treatments with either an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) have been shown to promote periodontal regeneration. However, until recently, only limited data have been available on the long-term clinical results following these regenerative techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present the 8-year results of a prospective, controlled, split-mouth clinical study evaluating the treatment of intrabony defects with EMD or GTR. METHODS: Ten patients, each of whom displayed one pair of intrabony defects located contralaterally in the same jaw, were randomly treated with EMD or with GTR by means of bioabsorbable membranes. The following clinical parameters were evaluated at baseline and at 1 and 8 years after treatment: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL). The primary outcome variable was CAL. No statistically significant differences between the groups were found at baseline. RESULTS: The sites treated with EMD demonstrated a mean CAL change from 9.5 +/- 1.2 mm to 6.3 +/- 1.3 mm (P <0.001) and 6.7 +/- 1.6 mm (P <0.001) at 1 and 8 years, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between the 1- and 8-year results. Sites treated with GTR showed a mean CAL change from 9.7 +/- 1.3 mm to 6.7 +/- 0.9 mm (P <0.001) at 1 year and 6.8 +/- 1.2 mm (P <0.001) at 8 years. The CAL change between 1 and 8 years did not present statistically significant differences. Between the treatment groups, no statistically significant differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at 1 and at 8 years. However, the study does not have the statistical power to rule out the possibility of a difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Within their limits, the present results indicate the following: 1) the clinical improvements obtained following treatment with EMD or GTR can be maintained over a period of 8 years; and 2) further studies of much higher power need to be performed to support equivalence.
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text:
Voice Technology Effective in Monitoring Diabetes Safety Events
A new study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that providing interactive voice recognition follow-up calls to diabetes patients is effective in identifying safety triggers. "Safety Events during an Automated Telephone Self-Management Support Intervention" appeared in the May issue of the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. The "safety triggers" the study examined were problems such as extremely high or low blood sugar, not having medications or supplies, or experiencing significant side effects. Using an automated voice system, patients with type II diabetes received self-management support through interactive messaging. The automated system was effective in identifying safety triggers and the majority of eligible participants received at least one phone call. The results indicate that interactive health information technology can support self-management tasks for diabetes, but more research is needed to understand program design elements to address safety concerns.
To read the abstract of this article, click here.


Eucalyptus Gunnii (cider gum)
The full Moon ablaze in the night sky
Beams down on the dead and dying Cider Gums
Their ghostly silhouettes, so white and stark
Now just a reminder of the past
The Central Plateau, the High Country of Tasmania
Is or was home to these magnificent trees
Now there bleached skeletons tell the story
That the environment in which they flourished has changed
Grazed extensively by native and domestic animals
Used by the aboriginals, settlers and trappers
The Cider Gum leaf, was used to make cider
And the sweet scent used to freshen homes
Eucalypts Gunnii (Cider Gum) unique to Tasmania
Once so prevalent and used in a variety of ways
Now standing forlorn, dead and slowly dying
Their limbs and branches bleached white by the sun
Many attempts have been made to re-introduce the gums
But the changing environment and pressure from the wildlife
Has meant that the Cider Gum is facing a loosing battle
For the seasons have changed, not enough rainfall and hot summers
And the snow no longer on the ground for weeks on end
Such a unique and magnificent shade tree, stepped in history
Will soon be a distant memory and extinct
Will be left to the old timers to tell about the Cider Gums
For I have doubts that mother nature can revitalize Eucalyptus Gunnii100_1082


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Income-Averaging Annuity for Artists
If you are a person authorized to offer an eligible income-averaging annuity and you pay an amount under such an annuity to a recognized artist, you must withhold income tax equal to 25.75% on the amounts paid and remit the amount to us within 30 days.
If you fail to withhold an amount, or if you withhold less than 25.75% (for example, if you withhold 20% instead of 25.75%), you must pay us the difference yourself. However, you may recover the amount from the beneficiary.
Any amount you pay during the year from an income-averaging annuity must be entered on the artist's RL-2 slip (see courtesy translation RL-2-T) that you file.
Eligible income-averaging annuity
An eligible income-averaging annuity is an income-averaging annuity established by agreement that meets the following requirements:
- The annuity is acquired through a single payment.
- The amounts provided for under the income-averaging annuity are paid in equal annual or more frequent periodic payments of sufficient amounts to ensure full payment of the annuity over no more than seven years from the date of the first payment.
- The first annuity payment is made no later than 10 months after the date of the single payment made to acquire the annuity.
- The artist is entitled to request full or partial commutation of the annuity at any time.
- The annuity can be paid only to the artist or, if that individual dies, to his or her succession or designated beneficiary, as the case may be.
- The artist's interest in the contract cannot be disposed of other than by the surrender or cancellation of the annuity by the authorized person, except in the case of the artist's death.
- The artist's interest in the contract cannot be pledged or transferred as security in any manner whatsoever.
- The contract complies with the standard contract previously approved by us.


IBS Body Spots (Tinea Versicolor)
Are you experiencing visible body spots? Are there white spots? See how IBS contributes to this symptom and learn how to dissolve it!
Body spots (Tinea Versicolor) is a symptom which only shows visible markings on the surface of your skin and no other adverse effects.
Tinea Versicolor
*I have also experienced a series of skin markings on my back, white and circular in nature. Let me explain why this happens and how to dissolve it.*
When IBS Tinea Versicolor is prevalent, your skin shows visible spots which are white and circular; look as though the blood underneath the skin is not evenly spread out. It may appear anywhere on your body however it is more prevalent on the centre core of your body; abdominal and back region. This is because the skin is located closer to your abdominal organs such as your liver and intestines.
The body spots (Tinea Versicolor) can be sparsely distributed on your body or it could be very concentrated depending on each person's severity level.
Now why would you have visible markings on your body?
First of all, it is because your system has become bacterially imbalanced. It has also become very weak. This is largely due to a high sugar content in your diet, continual ingestion of processed foods, use of antibiotics, birth control pills, etc. The yeast in your system which is normally harmless, has now over-produced beyond normal levels causing Candidiasis. This is a condition where the yeast starts to cause harmful damage to your system.
The white spots are yeast colonizing in groups underneath the skin. When the yeast is far too dominate in your system, your organs would not be functioning as optimally as it should be. There may have been some damage done to your liver or it may simply be very weak. The liver is the organ that filters the blood in your body. Your intestines also become more permeable and inflammation may exists.
The body spots (Tinea Versicolor) become very visible when you are drinking alcohol. This is because the blood pressure rises and your skin color turns a cherry red, further showing the differences in color against the white spots (yeast colonies).
Alcohol is a substance that can feed the yeast and it can also harm your liver. It is important to keep your drinking to a minimal or even not at all; which would be best.
How to dissolve the body spots (Tinea Versicolor)?
This requires you to dissolve the yeast colonization that exists underneath your skin. This means that you need to restrengthen your system and re-create a healthy bacterial balance in your body by avoiding the following:
Stress Check
This causes the liver to face further burden, so minimize the amount of stress in your life. Try to make it through each day with little or no stress. If a heavily stressful event occurs, take the next 30 minutes to relax to pace your body down.
Lack of exercise
When you do not exercise, your organs begin to slow down. Slow organs causes fatigue as well as an array of other health issues. It is best to exercise at least 2-3 times per week to keep your organs in check. Exercising helps to regulate your internal organs so that they function at the correct pace.
Lack of Rest
Try to incorporate at least 8 hours of sleep per day. This helps each and every one of your organs to recuperate before beginning the next day. Continuous lack of rest causes your organs to become weak over-time.
Lack of Fluids
Ensure you drink lots of liquid. Avoid coffee or any other liquids that contains caffeine. Caffeine blocks your intestines from fully absorbing the nutrients from your daily diet. When your organs are not provided with sufficient amount of nutrients, they begin to weaken.
Unhealthy Diet
The constant ingestion of unhealthy foods, causes a lack of sufficient nutrients to the body. Long-term results can include many health problems. The liver eventually loses health with these types of foods as well.
Healthy_FoodIt is best to eat a sufficient amount from each of the four food groups (meat & alternatives, fruit & vegetables, dairy products and grain products). Try to avoid deep-fried, over-baked, msg-added, etc. type of foods.
When you eat healthy foods, your body returns the favour by showing a boost in health such as increased stamina, less fatigue, etc. The liver will thank you for ingesting healthy food. Click here to see a recommended list of food recipes.
* Very Importantly, do the following: Treat with Herbal Remedies
1. Take a Candida Stop treatment to help eliminate the yeast overgrowth in your body as noted here.
2. Also important to take a liver stimulant such as Milk Thistle, to help ensure your liver is functioning optimally. Read more here.
3a. Lastly, combine a couple drops of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia) with Calendula Cream (Calendula Officinalis only) and rub the cream in the areas where the Tinea Versicolor is visible. See here for more details on Tea Tree Oil and ensure you select the correct type of Calendula Cream by clicking here.
Calendula can be used simply on dry skin as well, after a month you will notice a considerable difference in the texture of your skin; much more vibrant skin. Most importantly however, both Tea Tree Oil and Calendula contain anti-fungal agents that will help to eliminate the yeast underneath the skin causing the Tinea Versicolor.
3b. Or alternatively, instead of using the combination of drops and cream noted in 3a, you can do the following:
Selsun OrangeUse Selsun Orange that contains 2.5% of selenium sulfide and apply it to all areas where the Tinea Versicolor body spots are visible. It is to be applied immediately after taking a warm shower and your body has been dried off with a towel. This is when the pores on your body are open as a result of the warm shower. Keep the Selsun Orange lathered on your body for at least 10 minutes before re-showering to wash off the shampoo. Repeat this process everyday for at least 7 consecutive days.
This product is typically used for dandruff but it has been known to work well with this particular skin problem occurring on the body. The selenium sulfide needs to be at a 2.5% concentration level in order to benefit from the full effect. Lower concentration levels may be too weak to provide positive results.
This shampoo product, when applied on the skin, helps to create an environment that is not friendly to the yeast. Yeast lives on the skin for those experiencing Tinea Versicolor body spots because the skin has 'adopted' the yeast and provided a friendly environment for it. With Selsun Orange, it will help to create a non-friendly environment and prevent the yeast from living on the skin.
Note that when the yeast overgrowth has been eliminated, it will take at least 3 months for the visible white body spots to slowly disappear.
Always remember that patience and persistence is key when following the guidelines provided here.
Return to Known IBS Symptoms
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[Top of page] - IBS Body Spots (Tinea Versicolor)


Article | Aqualine
Spécialiste en matériels pour l'avitaillement des aéronefs
Shell Water Detector
Shell Water Detector
The pastille or capsule shell water detector, indicate by the change of color of a sensitive paper, the possible presence of free water in suspension in the Jet fuel (JET-A1).
How to use:
After having prepared the bowl to control (1 L of JET A-1 in the jar of transparent glass)
In case of rain make the following operations under cover.
1) Take out the capsule of a tube, and check its date of use.
2) Check that this capsule and the chemical paper are in good condition.
3) Insert the capsule into the tip of the syringe when the piston of the syringe is in low position, (empty syringe)
4) Immerse half of the syringe and the capsule below the surface of the JET-A1
5) Suck up 5 mL with the syringe. Remove the capsule and observe the chemical paper of the pastille
Results interpretation:
- Weak variation of color from the yellow to the light green can be obtained from a water concentration of around 15 ppm, The green becoming darker with the increase of the quantity of present water in the controlled sample
- A significant change towards the green or blue color indicates a presence of free water of about 30 ppm
- Material in unique usage, for its period of validity. (~ 6 months)
- Use each pastille one time only
- Always close tubes after usage
- The sensibility of the pastille can be damaged after expiration of the date of use, written on every tube
How many caps do you need?
2 capsules by airplane filling + 1 by servicer, or bridger each day
If you have 10 trucks for 100 planes per day, you need 210 caps / day = 6510 caps/ month or 81 boxes of 80 capsules each month.


text:
exact solution, the polynomial approximate solution, and the absolute error function at the selected points of the given domains. It should be noted that in the first example we consider a complex differential equation with an exact polynomial solution. Our method obtains such exact polynomial solutions readily by solving the associated linear algebraic system.
Example 12 (see ). As the first example, we consider the first-order complex differential equation with variable coefficients
with the initial condition and the exact solution. We suppose that. Therefore, the collocation points are, and. According to (3), the approximate solution has the following form:
where our aim is to find the unknown Bernoulli coefficients. Since, then
Also the matrix (with the assumption ) has the following structure:where.
According to (29), the matrix coefficients are as follows:Since, the right-hand side vector has the following form: The associated form of the initial condition is Imposing the above initial condition to the matrix and vector yieldsTherefore, the solution of the system is as follows: Thus, we obtain the approximate solution which is the exact solution. We recall that
Example 13 (see ). As the second example, we consider the following second-order complex differential equation
with the initial conditions and the exact solution. In this equation, we have and. Then, for the collocation points are.
According to (29), the fundamental matrix equation is where and are introduced in (18) and (25), respectively. Also The right-hand side vector is The augmented matrix forms of the initial conditions for are By replacing the above augmented vectors to the last two rows of, we reach to. The solution of the matrix-vector equation is We also solve this equation by assumptions and. Since the exact solution of the equation is. Therefore, the real and imaginary parts of the exact solution are and, respectively. The values of the approximate solution in the case of for both parts of real and imaginary together with the exact solution are provided in Tables 1 and 2. Also an interesting comparison between the presented method (PM) and the Taylor method (TM) has been provided in Figure 1 for. From this figure, one can see the efficiency of our methods with respect to the method of.
Example 14 (see ). As the final example, we consider the following second-order complex differential equation with the initial conditions and and also the exact solution. In this equation, we have, and. Similar to the previous two examples, we solve this equation in the case of and 11. In Figure 2, we provide a comparison between our method and the Taylor method (TM). According to this figure, one can see that not only our method is superior in results but also the behaviour of the error of the presented method has a stable manner with respect to the Taylor method during the computational interval. Moreover, since the Bessel method and the presented method can be considered as an preconditioned solution of any linear algebraic system which is originated from the above differential equation, they have the same accuracy. But the condition number of the matrix coefficients of the Bessel method is very larger than the matrix coefficient of our method. This subject is illustrated in Figure 3. It should be noted that this figure is depicted according to the diagonal collocation methods and the square collocation method was not used.
High-order linear complex differential equations are usually difficult to solve analytically. Then, it is required to obtain the approximate solutions. For this reason, a new technique using the Bernoulli polynomials to numerically solve such equations is proposed. This method is based on computing the coefficients in the Bernoulli series expansion of the solution of a linear complex differential equation and is valid when the functions and are defined in the rectangular domain. An interesting feature of this method is to find the analytical solutions if the equation has an exact solution that is a polynomial of degree or less than. Shorter computation time and lower operation count results in reduction of cumulative truncation errors and improvement of overall accuracy are some of the advantages of our method. In addition, the method can also be extended to the system of linear complex equations with variable coefficients, but some modifications are required.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interests in their submitted paper.
The authors thank the Editor and both of the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper.
- L. Cveticanin, "Free vibration of a strong non-linear system described with complex functions," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 277, no. 4-5, pp. 815–824, 2004.
- L. Cveticanin, "Approximate solution of a strongly nonlinear complex differential equation," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 284, no. 1-2, pp. 503–512, 2005.
- G. A. Barsegian, Gamma Lines: On the Geometry of Real and Complex Functions, vol. 5 of Asian Mathematics Series, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
- G. Barsegian and D. T. Lê, "On a topological description of solutions of complex differential equations," Complex Variables, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 307–318, 2005.
- K. Ishizaki and K. Tohge, "On the complex oscillation of some linear differential equations," Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 206, no. 2, pp. 503–517, 1997.
- J. Heittokangas, R. Korhonen, and J. Rättyä, "Growth estimates for solutions of linear complex differential equations," Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 233–246, 2004.
- V. Andrievskii, "Polynomial approximation of analytic functions on a finite number of continua in the complex plane," Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 238–244, 2005.
- V. A. Prokhorov, "On best rational approximation of analytic functions," Journal of Approximation Theory, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 284–296, 2005.
- M. Gülsu and M. Sezer, "Approximate solution to linear complex differential equation by a new approximate approach," Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 185, no. 1, pp. 636–645, 2007.
- M. Gülsu, B. Gürbüz, Y. Öztürk, and M. Sezer, "Laguerre polynomial approach for solving linear delay difference equations," Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 217, no. 15, pp. 6765–6776, 2011.
- Y. Öztürk and M. Gülsu, "Approximate solution of linear generalized pantograph equations with variable coefficients on Chebyshev-Gauss grid," Journal of Advanced Research in Scientific Computing, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–51, 2012.
- M. Sezer and A. Akyuz-Das-cioglu, "A Taylor method for numerical solution of generalized pantograph equations with linear functional argument," Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 200, no. 1, pp. 217–225, 2007.
- M. Sezer, M. Gülsu, and B. Tanay, "A Taylor collocation method for the numerical solution of complex differential equations with mixed conditions in elliptic domains," Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 498–508, 2006.
- M. Sezer and S. Yuzbasi, "A collocation method to solve higher order linear complex differential equations in rectangular domains," Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 596–611, 2010.
- E. Tohidi, "Legendre approximation for solving linear HPDEs and comparison with Taylor and Bernoulli matrix methods," Applied Mathematics, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 410–416, 2012.
- S. Yuzbasi, M. Aynigul, and M. Sezer, "A collocation method using Hermite polynomials for approximate solution of pantograph equations," Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 348, no. 6, pp. 1128–1139, 2011.
- S. Yuzbasi, "A numerical approximation based on the Bessel functions of first kind for solutions of Riccati type differential difference equations," Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1691–1705, 2012.
- S. Yuzbasi, N. Sahin, and M. Sezer, "A collocation approach for solving linear complex differential equations in rectangular domains," Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1126–1139, 2012.
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- A. H. Bh


text:
How to ward off an overcoming or ongoing attack from wolves.
Wolf attacks on humans are rare but do occur. Especially in areas where the wolf population is increasing. This is how you should do.
- To avoid the interest from wolves, keep track of garbage storage and leftovers.
- Do not let dogs run without a couple where there may be wolves. Toddlers should also be kept under supervision.
- When you encounter a wolf, avoid eye contact. Otherwise, it may think that you are challenging it.
- If the wolf attacks: Sweep your arms, scream and act the way you meet an aggressive dog.
- If the wolf only growls at you, try to take it easy. Usually, wolves don't growl before they attack, but if so, you can buy yourself some time. Find an escape route.
- If the wolf growls and approaches, repeat point 4.


Compute the Expected Calibration Error (ECE).
This method implements equation (3) in [1]. In this equation the probability of the decided label being correct is used to estimate the calibration property of the predictor.
[1]: Chuan Guo, Geoff Pleiss, Yu Sun, Kilian Q. Weinberger, On Calibration of Modern Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2017). arXiv:1706.04599
num_bins int, number of probability bins, e.g. 10.
logits Tensor, (n,nlabels), with logits for n instances and nlabels.
labels_true Tensor, (n,), with tf.int32 or tf.int64 elements containing ground truth class labels in the range [0,nlabels].
labels_predicted Tensor, (n,), with tf.int32 or tf.int64 elements containing decisions of the predictive system. If None, we will use the argmax decision using the logits.
name Python str name prefixed to Ops created by this function.
ece Tensor, scalar, tf.float32.


text:
WDC004: Curly Top Virus Biology, Transmission, Ecology, And Management
- October 01, 2005 to September 30, 2006
- Administrative Advisor(s):
C. Colin Kaltenbach (ARZT) - Research
- NIFA Reps:
Statement of Issue(s) and Justification:Curly top virus, the most widespread geminivirus in the US, causes significant losses to a range of crops in many states in the western US. The virus disease is vectored by an insect vector (beet leafhopper) and many common weeds are hosts of both virus and vector. Control of the disease has proven difficult. A cooperative effort is essential for coordinating research on this complex disease to have maximum impact. We propose the development of a regional curly top virus working group. This group will meet to assess and prioritize required research on curly top virus genetics, vector biology and genetics, weed ecology, and disease management. The working group will develop an action plan to determine who will accomplish which aspects of the research, including who will work together to seek funding for the highest priority research. The group will also coordinate research to provide preliminary information needed to secure grant funding.
The objectives of this project are to: 1. Assemble a working group which will include university, government, extension, and commodity-based individuals to assess the current status of curly top and set priorities for research on beet curly top virus. 2. Organize research on beet curly top virus genetics in the western US. 3. Organize research to assess the genetics and biology of populations of the beet leafhopper vector, Circulifer tenellus within the western US. 4. Organize research to study the role of weed hosts in curly top in the western US. 5. Organize research to examine strategies for managing curly top.
1. Over 30 individuals working on different aspects of curly top in the western US have expressed an interest in joining the working group. Several of these have worked (or are working) together on curly top. Those already committed to joining the group include university and government virologists, weed scientists, entomologists, plant breeders, a statistical modeler, and extension scientists, from New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and Washington. Regional stakeholders with a commitment to the working group and its research include the New Mexico Chile Task Force, a group of chile growers and processors, and extension personnel, the California Beet Sugar Association, and the California Curly Top Control Board. We also have enlisted the help of scientific advisors from Nebraska and Oklahoma. The working group will meet yearly to discuss the status of curly top in the western US and present the latest developments in curly top research. In a preliminary meeting funded by the Western Regional IPM Center, the group also discussed where there were gaps in the knowledge of the disease and set priorities for research. The objectives that are presented below were named as prospective research topics by working group members and will likely change somewhat with additional discussions of the working group. The working group will meet during future years to discuss new research findings and present updates on the quest for funding. 2. The ability to manage a virus disease requires an understanding of which virus is causing the disease. Genetic diversity within beet curly top virus (BCTV) has been established in virus isolates infecting sugarbeets throughout the western US. and in chile in New Mexico. Within California, there are efforts underway to study the virus incidence and diversity. These scattered reports suggest that genetic diversity within curly top viruses may be tremendous and will require a concerted effort to identify virus diversity throughout the western US. The working group will attempt to gain funding to study virus genetic diversity throughout the region by sequencing the genome of large numbers of BCTV isolates collected from different crops, weeds, and states.
3. While much research has been done to determine the leafhopper host range, the biology and ecology of the leafhopper in specific locations has changed with alterations in cropping patterns and weed populations. Work is underway to assess how the leafhoppers are overwintering, and whether different populations have different feeding preferences at a statewide level, but this work needs to be expanded to include the entire vector breeding area. Similarly, leafhopper flight patterns have been studied in New Mexico, but need to be expanded to additional areas in the western US. Preliminary information suggests that beet leafhopper populations from different states vary genetically according to analysis of the mitochondrial DNA. The working group will collect leafhoppers from diverse populations and try to obtain funding to assess the vector leafhopper genetic variability. It is not known whether the leafhopper populations from the different breeding areas are geographically isolated or if they are interbreeding populations. If they are reproductively isolated, then there may be important differences in adaptation to local host plants, host range and preferences, and virus strain-vector specificity. If they are interbreeding populations which exhibit a similar phenotype, then it may be possible to devise broadly based disease control strategies.
4. There are many reports on the weeds hosts of BCTV and its leafhopper vector. However many of these reports are historical, and the weed populations have changed significantly in the last 50 to 80 years since the reports were published. Virus incidence in weeds has been reported for California and New Mexico. The working group has begun studying the weed populations in vector breeding areas, although little is known of the distribution of key weed hosts. The group will try to obtain funding for these types of GIS mapping studies. Already characterized for California, research in New Mexico is studying the ability of certain weeds to serve as overwintering hosts of the leafhopper and virus. The overwintering weed hosts need to be determined for each primary vector breeding area.
5. Curly top has proved very difficult to control. Working group members are studying a variety of methods to manage the disease including biocontrol of the leafhopper vector, impact of insecticide sprays, use of anti-transpirants to deter leafhopper feeding, effectiveness of trap crops, identification of plant resistance to virus and leafhoppers, engineered resistance, and predictive modeling to determine the likelihood of curly top in the next growing season and timing of leafhopper flights. The working group will be able to coordinate management tests in more than one location. In addition, we anticipate that information about the genetics of the virus and vector may lead to novel management strategies.
Procedures and Activities
Expected Outcomes and Impacts:
Project Participation:Include a completed Appendix E form
Back to Top

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


New fertilizer SRM can help control heavy metal content
A new reference material developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) can help the agriculture industry and state regulators monitor the concentrations of several potentially hazardous heavy metal contaminants in fertilizers.
Modern multi-nutrient fertilizers produced for home and agricultural use are formulated from multiple sources to provide significant amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the major plant nutrients, and lesser or even trace amounts of other nutrients needed by different crops, such as boron, calcium, iron and zinc.
Until relatively recently, fertilizers were tested and certified for their nutrient content, but little attention was paid to the possibility of heavy metal contaminants introduced by the mineral sources used to prepare the fertilizer. However, in response to incidents of heavy metal contamination of cropland, several states have enacted regulations in the past seven years that limit the amounts of some potentially hazardous non-nutritive elements in fertilizers. Several countries, including Japan, China, and Australia, and the European Union, also limit the amount of selected elements in fertilizers.
While fertilizer manufacturers and state regulatory authorities have needed to develop analytical methods to implement these regulations, until now there have been no certified reference materials available that they could use to validate the accuracy of their measurements. It can be difficult to measure accurately trace levels of some metals in a chemically complex mixture like fertilizer.
NIST's Standard Reference Material, SRM 695, "Trace Elements in Multi-Nutrient Fertilizer," was developed in collaboration with members of the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO) and The Fertilizer Institute (TFI) to help meet this need. SRM 695 is a typical multi-nutrient fertilizer certified for the content of both major elements and trace elements, including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium, zinc, arsenic cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead and vanadium. Additional reference values are provided for aluminum, boron, nitrogen, phosphorous and selenium.
To order SRM 695, Trace Elements in Multi-Nutrient Fertilizer, see:
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Camtasia Studio for Windows: Record your First Screen Capture Tutorial Today! | Jerry Banfield | Skillshare
Jerry Banfield, Teaches 105 Skillshare Classes
Jerry Banfield, Teaches 105 Skillshare Classes
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6 Lessons (42m)
 - 1. Introduction to Camtasia Studio on Windows.
 - 2. How to record in Camtasia Studio 8.
 - 3. How to import videos for editing in Camtasia Studio.
 - 4. Basic editing functions in Camtasia Studio.
 - 5. Having your audio right to begin with is much easier than editing it in Camtasia.
 - 6. Exporting options to render your video in Camtasia Studio.
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About This Class
I hope this course motivates your to create your first screen capture tutorial, today! Camtasia Studio makes video production easy, and it is the most productive software I have ever used as an entrepreneur online. This lesson is a brief introduction to Camtasia on Windows, and I will show you the basics to produce your very first video. Below is a list of topics that will be covered in this class:
 - Getting started with Camtasia Studio.
 - How to record a video.
 - How to import videos to edit.
 - Basic editing features.
 - Audio setup.
 - Exporting options and rendering.
Thank you for taking the time to read this and I hope to see you in the course!
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1. Introduction to Camtasia Studio on Windows.: Welcome to Camp Tasia Studio. This is an introduction to the most productive software I have ever used. Camped Asia Studio helps me quickly make screen capture videos on my Windows computer. Now, technically, I'm recording this with wire cast, which I'll show you later in the course on You know me because it's easier to record this instead of trying to record it while I'm doing it. So this is Camped Asia Studio, and this is what I've used to fill most of my videos on using May I've also used Camped Asia to which is the Mac version of the same thing. You can find out more about camped Asia if you don't know much already, or if you don't have it on the Tech Smith website at tech smith dot com slash kemp. Tasia. This is why I originally bought Camped Asia, and I actually bought it in a bundle with the snag It software also, so you can go do that and you can get 1/2 off coupon also if use the free trial version and email them for it. So thank you very much for being here. These are the basic features of camp Tasia studio that are most helpful to know right here is your clip bin and right here is the timeline, so I can show you that quickly. By recording something very fast, I'll go into more detail on each feature. I'll get you off of the fast start now. So you click record screen and you see this little green bar around here. That's what How I know I'm according I've got the Web cam off in the audio on, and you can select your audio sources here. It's important to recording a good resolution 10 80 p or 7 20 p. I'll go into that more so once you hit record, this is what happens. You get to record and it records the screen. Now it's very easy to make a good course if you just show what you're doing on your screen. Because people all over the world can relate to a screen capture tutorial, you can show things like Here's how you browse the Camp Tasia features. Here's how you go get the free trial for Camp Tasia, etcetera. So this is how you do screen capture tutorials. This is how they work. And then once you're done. You just bring up the record window. And now, if you don't like that clip, you just recorded it all. You can just delete it. If you do like it, you get stop. And then I hit saving exit because that allows you to go in and edit, or you can it produce. If you're sure it's absolutely perfect from the go, which usually it's not. So then you have a place. You save the raw recording file the raw recording file, and that's where you can work with it from now. This is then your clip, Ben. So where the actual videos are that you're working with? So this the Camp Tasia recording file and automatically when you record it puts it down here on the timeline. Now I've recorded the system audio and the screen with the microphone audio together, so there's two tracks here. The track that's on top is the one shown, So if you want to get rid of something, you select it. Hit, delete. And then I deleted the system audio right there. So this is where the work gets done, so to speak. This is your Whatever you've recorded is right here. and blue. And when you zoom in, the easiest way to edit is to go pull out the part before you started talking. Now the microphone I used is a little far away because I'm not technically recording on this computer. So your audio should be higher up here, and usually, once you go down and trim based on the audio, you can shrink here, trim out, say the audio ends there you can tell based on just watching it. So if you get play, then the video that was shown right up here. So when you get playing, you can skip to the end, you can fast forward, or you can grab the little play point here to move around than this allows you to zoom in or zoom out so you can see different parts. For example, I'm zoomed out here. This is 20 minutes of video. I zoom in here. This is now down to 10 seconds of video. In the timeline, you have the different options. You can go to your library to pull other clips. In here, you can make call out so little symbols and arrows and things on the video. You can zoom in on the video itself. I always leave it just the way it is because I don't want things to be pixelated. I figure if I'm screen capturing, it's better to just leave it the way it is to start. You can do your audio here, your transitions here, and I'll go into most of this more in detail. If you want to record the camera that's in the MAWR option, it took me a while of fine, so if you want to record the camera, it's right here. So between all of these, you have a powerful studio set up that you can use, and once you're done, you hit produce and share, and I'll show much more on this. I usually select my screen cast custom that I've set up that way. Make sure it's an editing dimensions. Next, put the title in and finishing it renders it. If your computer render slow, you probably need another computer or to change the video format. These are the basics of Camp Tasia going to much more in detail with you. The main thing you can get out of this is just the motivation to do it and learn it yourself. You can watch these videos. I can show you some things that will help you learn it faster than learning it yourself or trying to figure these things out yourself. Like for me. It took a while to find the record camera option in Camp Tasia because it's not up here so you can learn a little faster. Ultimately, if you really want to be able to do this, it just takes practice. It just takes your own time and energy in the interface itself. I went bought the full version right away. So if you just go commit to it, go by and I think that's easier and messing with the free trial I love Camped Asia. I'm honored to have the chance to teach it here with you, and I appreciate you learning more about camped Asia with me. 2. How to record in Camtasia Studio 8.: Here's how you record in Camp Tasia Studio eight on Windows There's a record screen button up here. You can also record Power point. Or you can even go down here to record camera, so there's three different options you can use to record. The main thing to do is you click that record screen button, and now this comes up next, and what you'll see is this green border around the screen where you're going to record now. You want to make sure you record in 10 80 p or 7 20 p. HD because these are the best


How Exactly Does Hemp Oil Melanoma Treatment Perform?
How Exactly Does Hemp Oil Melanoma Treatment Perform?
Melanoma is a form of cancer of the skin that is due to experience of ultraviolet (UV) sun light. It impacts your skin, eyes, and, in a cases that thc oil vs cbd oil are few internal organs. Whilst the true title shows, this as a type of cancer begins through the melanocyte cells, which produce melanin this is certainly accountable for the skin, Hair and eye color. Melanoma happens to be referred to as the most serious kinds of skin cancer.
Hemp oil melanoma treatment solutions are becoming common. Present studies and testimonials have indicated that hemp oil works more effectively in dealing with our along with other kinds of cancer tumors. It achieves this much more ways than many other remedies.
Hemp Oil Has Some Advantages Over Other Procedures
Probably the most used treatment that is conventional for melanoma cancer is surgery. This action eliminates the skin that is affected and, consequently, prevents further spreading. Nevertheless, it's not effective in dealing with the disorder with regards to has impacted wider body parts. It really works most readily useful in the initial phases of this cancer growth.
Chemotherapy and radiation treatment are also typical kinds of melanoma cancer tumors remedies. The drawback of those remedies could be the relative side-effects that are included with them, such as chills, exhaustion, fever, hassle and muscle mass aches.
Unlike these as well as other common treatments, hemp oil has side that is few results whenever taken fully to treat melanoma cancer tumors or other condition that is medical. It does not have any danger of overdose.
Hemp Oil Melanoma Treatment Works in Three Fronts
Whereas surgery and chemotherapy work just by killing the cancer cells, hemp oil melanoma therapy deals with three fronts. The CBD into the hemp oil:
Presumably Kills the melanoma cells that are cancerous.
Manages pain and inflammations that accompany the cancer tumors.
Improves the system that is immune which allows your body to battle the cancer on its very own.
Does Hemp oil be capable of Prevent Melanoma?
In reality, there is no need to hold back before you start to see some changes on your skin layer or are clinically determined to have melanoma to begin with the oil.
You could add it in your diet that is daily or it on the epidermis by means of A beauty benefit and product from the capability to enhance your immune system. This not merely keeps the cancer tumors from increasing but additionally improves your overall well being.
Most hemp oil services and products have very nearly no THC. Nonetheless, some contain this cannabinoid and they are beneficial to cancer patients for handling discomfort and other signs. The employment of such items, nevertheless, is according to what the law states in a state and through with advice from your own medical practitioner.
While CBD is legal in nearly all US states, hemp oil with THC just isn't, and even yet in almost all of the states for which it really is appropriate a doctor's authorization is required before purchasing.
Also because of the question that is common "is CBD effective when separate of THC?", hemp oil melanoma therapy without THC, generally in most instances, works well sufficient.
Exactly What that suits you most about hemp oil as a remedy for melanoma cancer tumors?
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Third of Kiwis 'need to kick food addiction'
Last updated 05:00 20/09/2012
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Food addiction should be recognised as a medical condition so obese people can get help to quit, the National Addiction Centre director says.
Almost a third of the population could be addicted to food - yet struggling addicts received no support or funding, unlike people at the other end of the spectrum who receive help for eating disorders such as anorexia, Christchurch-based Professor Doug Sellman said.
He will address an Australasian psychiatry conference in Wellington today on research into food addiction.
The symptoms were similar to those in drug and alcohol addicts, he said.
"Like people with methamphetamine, you don't get the shaking, but it's the craving, feeling deprived and really needing it. It's like they need those particular foods as if their lives depended on it. But they don't; they've got their wires crossed.
"The thing with an addiction is whatever self-control you had at the beginning is eroded by the forming of the addiction. It's a neurological thing."
The National Addiction Centre is halfway through a five-year study of 25 people hoping to beat obesity.
Sellman said the participants in the study often failed to control their cravings, and if they tried to ditch one of their fixes they would crack.
"They seem to go into a regressed state and really feel deprived, intensely. It's like a primitive anger."
The need for food "hijacks" the brain's limbic system, which is responsible for the body's survival instincts - in effect, the brain tricks the body into needing more and more food.
Like drug addictions, people addicted to food needed increasingly large "hits" to get their daily fix.
"Even though they know it's bad for them they still just feel this drive to eat."
Health Ministry figures show just 34.1 per cent of Kiwis are classified as normal weight, 37 per cent are overweight and 27.8 per cent obese.
New Zealand is regarded as the second-most-overweight country in the world, behind the United States and narrowly ahead of Australia, Sellman said.
"We are in the midst of an advancing obesity epidemic. It's our whole style of life. We've become inactive... and we are surrounded by treat food and alcohol.
"The only effective way for an individual [to conquer their addiction] now is surgery.
"But that would bankrupt the country - we don't have the money to give everyone a new stomach."
He said the Government needed to do more to combat obesity.
An Overeaters Anonymous spokeswoman said the draw of food was irresistible.
"There's not a lot of understanding out there. People see an overweight person and just think, 'They're weak willed,' or 'They just need to try harder,' but it's not like that.
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"For us, it's exactly the same as drug and alcohol addiction. You just have this urge, even though you know you are not supposed to eat... and once you start you can't stop, you just keep eating and eating. It's not just a physical problem, it's mental."
- The Press
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Risk Factors and Complications Following Arthroscopic Tenotomy of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Raffy Mirzayan, Christopher McCrum, Rebecca K. Butler, Ram Kiran Alluri
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Background: Controversy exits regarding performing a tenotomy versus a tenodesis of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT). Purpose: To evaluate the complications after arthroscopic tenotomy of the LHBT and characterize the incidence of cosmetic deformity, cramping, subjective weakness, and continued anterior shoulder pain (ASP). Additionally, to identify patient-related factors that may predispose a patient to these complications. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Records of patients who underwent an arthroscopic LHBT tenotomy at an integrated health care system under the care of 55 surgeons were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria included LHBT tenodesis, arthroplasty, neoplastic, or fracture surgery; age younger than 18 years; incomplete documentation of physical examination; or incomplete operative reports. Characteristic data, concomitant procedures, LHBT morphology, and postoperative complications were recorded. Patients with and without postoperative complications—including cosmetic deformity, subjective weakness, continued ASP, and cramping—were analyzed by age, sex, dominant arm, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, workers' compensation status, and intraoperative LHBT morphology to identify risk factors for developing these postoperative complications. Results: A total of 192 patients who underwent LHBT tenotomy were included in the final analysis. Tenotomy was performed with concomitant shoulder procedures in all but 1 individual. The mean ± SD patient age was 60.6 ± 9.5 years, and 55% were male. The overall complication rate was 37%. The most common postoperative complications include cosmetic (Popeye) deformity (14.1%), subjective weakness (10.4%), cramping (10.4%), and continued postoperative ASP over the bicipital groove (7.8%). Every 10-year increase in age was associated with 0.52 (95% CI, 0.28-0.94) times the odds of continued ASP and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.36-0.98) times the odds of cramping pain. Male patients had 3.9 (95% CI, 1.4-10.8) times the odds of cosmetic (Popeye) deformity. Patients who had active workers' compensation claims had 12.5 (95% CI, 2.4-63.4) times the odds of having continued postoperative ASP. Tenotomy on the dominant arm, BMI, and active smoking status demonstrated no statistically significant association with postoperative complications. Conclusion: Patients experiencing complications after tenotomy were significantly younger and more likely to be male and to have a workers' compensation injury. LHBT tenotomy may best be indicated for elderly patients, female patients, and those without active workers' compensation claims.
Original languageEnglish (US)
JournalOrthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
Issue number2
StatePublished - 2020
 - biceps release
 - biceps tenotomy
 - long head of the biceps tendon
 - shoulder arthroscopy
 - tenodesis
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
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text:
Google Coding Conventions
Only deviations from the Google style guide will be documented here.
We use JsDoc comments as outlined in the Google style guide with but we name the variable name directly after the _USER_ tag and the type without curly braces.
Generally we encourage inline comments. These help readers of your code to understand the logic without having to understand every line of code. It's also a good practice to write inline comments before you write code so that you first think about the logic and semantics you want to implement and then about the syntax.
We do not generally use the _USER_ and _USER_ markers that Google recommends. We do, however, implement the following nomenclature for class members (properties and methods):
- We group members by visibility and class (static) vs. object (instance) membership:
- private static class variables (start with underscore)
- private instance variabes (start with underscore)
- protected instance variables (discouraged)
- public static class variables or instance variables are not allowed!
- public static methods
- public methods
- protected static methods
- protected methods
- private static methods (start with underscore)
- private methods (start with underscore)
- Sections are divided with a three line // style comment indicating the class member category.
- An underscore at the start of the name marks a class member private. You are not supposed to use such a member outside scope even if the visibility is not enforced by closure.
- Protected class members are named like public methods but they must not be used outside of the inheritance hierarchy of the current class.


Most radiomic features depend on the data acquisition settings, including the scanner brand, the imaging and image reconstruction, and voxel size settings. It is therefore recommended to study radiomic features from images that have been acquired using the exact same scanner and protocol settings. If this is not possible, and if you want to combine radiomic features obtained using different settings in a single analysis, some feature harmonization should be performed.
For PET and CT data, we suggest to harmonize radiomic features using the ComBat approach, that we previously validated (,, and that is freely available as a R routine :
We provide below an example of R script and two sample files (before and after ComBat) involving 3 features, 30 regions of interest for scanner 1 and 30 regions of interest for scanner 2. The code corresponds to using ComBat without any covariate. Before ComBat, the statistical distributions of the 3 features are quite different between scanner 1 (pink) and scanner 2 (cyan) (top row), while after ComBat, the distributions from the two scanners better match for the 3 features.
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Introduction: Sternalis/rectus sternalis is a rare muscle found in the chest wall. Only 3-5% of the cases are found world wide. Case presentation: Here we report the case of Sternalis in the 60-year-old South Indian male cadaver. This report discusses the origin, orientation, relations of this muscle. Conclusion: Importance of the knowledge of the presence of these rare muscles in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic implications is discussed.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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National Immunization Survey-IIS Collaboration
National Immunization Survey-IIS Match Project
The NIS-IIS Match Project has been conducted each year since 2008 as a mechanism for independently and objectively evaluating the completeness of data maintained within state/city-managed Immunization Information System (IIS). The National Immunization Survey (NIS) uses random-digit-dialing to find a sample of households with age-eligible children. With the consent of parents or guardians, the NIS also contacts the children's immunization providers (by mail) to request a complete vaccination history from the child's medical records. During the NIS and NIS-Teen household interviews, NIS interviewers also seek permission from the parents or guardians to contact that state's/city's IIS to obtain immunization information. The NIS-IIS Match Project assesses the completeness of demographic records in the IIS by attempting to identify NIS/NIS-Teen participants who provide consent to contact the IIS, and it assesses the completeness of vaccination records by comparing the vaccination history from the IIS and the vaccination record from the immunization provider collected as part of the NIS/NIS-Teen. The requesting program receives a final report that summarizes the data analysis and includes detailed tables. Immunization programs may choose to participate based on local priorities. Prior to the start of a given data collection year, programs indicate their interest in participating to CDC during the cooperative agreement renewal process.
For more information on NIS and NIS-Teen, see the National Immunization Survey website.


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- This article is about the second episode of the Book One: Water finale. For the first part of the finale, see "The Siege of the North, Part 1". For the battle, see Siege of the North.
|"The Siege of the North, Part 2"|
|Image gallery (54)|
While Zuko successfully captured Aang, he struggles to find shelter in the freezing temperatures of the North Pole. Meanwhile, Sokka, Katara, and Yue search for him and Aang, and the Fire Nation manages to infiltrate the city. They save Aang, but Admiral Zhao slays the Moon Spirit, Tui, and the waterbenders lose their ability to bend. In anger, Aang is possessed by the Ocean Spirit, La, and obliterates the entire Fire Nation armada. As punishment for his actions, Zhao is drowned by La. Princess Yue, who was imbued with some of the energy of the Moon Spirit when she was a sickly newborn, sacrifices her life to revive it, disheartening Sokka as she bids him goodbye for the last time. After saying goodbye to everyone, the group continues on with their adventures, while Zuko decides to call off his pursuit of Aang for the time being. Meanwhile, in the Fire Nation, a mysterious young woman receives an assignment from Fire Lord Ozai.
Sokka, Katara, and Princess Yue set out on Appa in search of Aang, as the Fire Nation continues its attack on the Northern Water Tribe. As Zuko carries Aang across the polar ice cap, Aang's spirit has arrived in a swamp area in the Spirit World. He approaches a baboon spirit and asks for some assistance on finding the Moon and Ocean Spirits. The annoyed spirit tells Aang "Go away." As Aang continues to ask the spirit for help, a glowing speck flies by, and the spirit suggests Aang chase it, because it may be able to help him. Aang chases the glowing speck through the Spirit World, but when he finally manages to grasp it, the branch on which he is standing disappears, and he falls into the water. Avatar Roku's image appears as a reflection in the water and he greets Aang.
Back in the mortal world, the ice begins to give way under Zuko and Aang's weight. Zuko quickly runs while carrying Aang and manages to avoid falling through the ice. Just as he recovers, Zuko spots a shelter in the distance, drags Aang's body into the shelter, and ties him up.
Aang's spirit tells Roku that the Water Tribe is under attack and he needs help locating the Moon and Ocean Spirits. Roku's spirit ascends out of the water to face Aang as he tells him that those spirits crossed over into the mortal world near the beginning of time, and that there is only one spirit old enough to help Aang. The spirit is named Koh, but Roku warns Aang to be careful as Koh is dangerous. Aang must not show any emotion when facing Koh or the spirit will steal his face. To this, Aang nods in understanding.
Sokka, Katara, and Yue, riding on Appa through the blizzard, continue to look for Aang, but to no avail. Zuko talks to Aang's body while the latter is in the Spirit World. He laments how now that he has Aang, the blizzard prevents him from taking Aang back to the Fire Nation. Zuko compares Aang's natural talents to those of his sister and recalls his struggles that have made him strong without any help from luck.
Back at the Northern Water Tribe, Fire Nation troops move further into the city despite the waterbender warriors' efforts. Iroh reminds Zhao that if the Water Tribe is not subdued by the rise of the full moon, the waterbenders will be undefeatable. Zhao says he is planning to remove the moon as a factor, which disturbs Iroh. Zhao and Iroh are briefly interrupted by Hahn, who miserably fails at his attempt to attack Zhao, resulting in being thrown overboard. Continuing, Zhao explains to Iroh how years earlier he had stumbled upon the secret of the Moon Spirit's mortal form in an underground library, while serving as a young officer in the Earth Kingdom. Zhao believed it was his destiny to kill the spirits, but Iroh forcefully informs him that the spirits are not to be trifled with. Zhao condescendingly tells Iroh he has heard of Iroh's journey into the Spirit World, and that the Moon and Ocean Spirits will now pay the consequences for giving up their immortality.
Aang approaches a large leafless tree and notices another spirit in the form of a monkey. As Aang approaches and speaks to the monkey, it turns around and reveals that it has no face, much to Aang's surprise. He takes a deep breath and enters the hollow tree, calling out to Koh. Suddenly, Koh, with a large centipede-like body and a face similar to a Japanese Noh mask, appears in front of Aang. As he switches faces, Koh explains to Aang that this is not their first encounter, as one of Aang's previous incarnations tried to kill Koh over the stealing of a loved one's face. Koh continues to state how he is no longer concerned for what Aang did in his past life. Aang takes a breath in to gather strength and to remain composed as Koh tries to manipulate him.
At the same time, Aang's body in the natural world also takes in a deep breath as Zuko looks on. Zuko comments that it looks as though they will be in the shelter for a while. Elsewhere, Yue tries to comfort Katara by saying Zuko and Aang could not have gotten away. Katara states that her worry is not that Zuko will escape, but that he will not, jeopardizing Aang's life. Sokka assures Katara that Zuko will not give up and both he and Aang are alive and will be found.
Menacingly, Koh asks, "So. How may I help you?" Aang tells Koh of his need to find the Moon and Ocean Spirits. Koh tells Aang the spirits' names – Tui (push) and La (pull). Aang explains that an entire culture may be destroyed if he does not get the spirits' help. Koh informs Aang that it is the spirits who are in need of his help as someone is planning to kill one of them. Aang asks how he can find the spirits to protect them, to which Koh responds by telling Aang that he has already met them. As Aang realizes the spirits' mortal identities upon hearing Koh's analogous reference to yin and yang, he almost reveals his expression to Koh, narrowly avoiding the opportunity for Koh to steal his face. After leaving Koh's tree, Aang explains to Roku's reflection that the spirits are in trouble and he needs to get back to the mortal world. Roku tells Aang that an old friend, Hei Bai, is there to guide him back.
Nightfall has come, and the full moon has risen. The waterbending warriors' power is enhanced as they fiercely battle the Fire Nation soldiers. Zhao and his search party depart his ship in search of the Spirit Oasis. Zhao declares that when they get there, "We're going fishing."
Hei Bai takes Aang back to the gate and breaths out a light toward Aang which sends his spirit to the mortal world. When the baboon spirit comments, "Good riddance", Hei Bai temporarily changes to his monstrous form and blasts him off his rock.
Aang's spirit returns to where it left, the oasis, but to his dismay, he finds his body is not still there. Aang's spirit rushes to his body in the form of a streak of light, which Katara sees and realizes it is Aang's spirit. They turn Appa to follow the light as it reaches the cave in which Zuko and Aang are taking shelter. When his spirit rejoins his body, Aang's tattoos fade to blue, he suddenly sits up, forcefully acknowledges Zuko's presence, and proceeds to blow a large gust of air which throws Zuko against the side of the shelter and him out of the cave and into the snow. Zuko manages to catch the still-bound Aang, but Appa lands next to them and Katara jumps down. Zuko inquires if she is, "Here for a rematch?" to which Katara confidently replies, "Trust me Zuko, it's not going to be much of a match", as she forces Zuko high into the air with a column of snow and knocks him out by smashing him to the ground. Although he is in a hurry to save the spirits, Aang refuses to leave Zuko to die. They tie up the unconscious prince and take him with them.
In the oasis, Zhao grabs the white koi and the sky goes red. The waterbending warriors lose their bending abilities, and Yue says that she feels faint. Aang concurs, saying he feels it as well. Yue explains how the Moon Spirit gave her life as a baby and how she received her name; Yue – for the moon. Zhao begins to arrogantly applaud his efforts to fulfill his destiny when Momo suddenly jumps onto his head, pulls at Zhao's hair, and flies over to Aang, who has just arrived with the others. Aang pleads with Zhao to consider how his actions will hurt everyone, not just the Water Tribe. Suddenly, Iroh appears, confirms Aang's words, and tells Zhao if he harms the spirit, he will unleash ten


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Trees and Shrubs
Although the difference between a "tree" and a "shrub" is qualitative, botanists count 90 or so species in Glacier Park as shrubs and 20 as trees. Some are described below. Check out our "Tree Key" on the Park Fun page for further help in identification.
Dry Forest Species
Spruce and Fir
In the early part of the 1900s, white pine blister rust was accidentally introduced to North America. This disease has killed about half of the whitebark pines in the park and most of the others are infected. Further complicating the plight of whitebark, fire suppression during the past hundred years has allowed shade-tolerant trees to out-compete the whitebarks.
Whitebark pine is a slow-growing and long-lived timberline tree. Some of the oldest specimens in Glacier Park reached about 700 years in age before they recently succumbed to blister rust. A whitebark pine in Idaho's Sawtooth range has been dated at more than 1,200 years old. Geologists and climatologists use their extreme age to advantage in aging prehistoric events. It is an important "keystone" species and the uphill struggle to restore whitebark pine communities through prescribed fire and replanting rust-resistant trees has begun in the park. On the wind-swept ridges of the east side, limber pine plays much the same role as the whitebarks. This species has been infected to a lesser degree by the same disease. Restoration of both species is a management priority in Glacier National Park. Read the resource brief on whitepark status and management.
Last updated: June 16, 2016


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Amazing to learn something this basic and so useful after all these years of using Windows.
When you see a Windows error dialog that you want to preserve, no need to screenshot it (as I have been doing all these years).
To make a copy, just press Ctrl-C! You get an nice text copy:
Error reading from source
Windows error = 3: The system cannot find the path specified.
Abort Retry Ignore


How Much Does a Beheading Hurt and How Long Is a Severed Head Conscious After a Beheading?
Beheading hurts. How much it hurts depends on the executioner's skill, or lack of it.
When Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed at Fotheringay Castle in 1587, a clumsy headsman gave her three strokes without quite managing to sever her head.
The headsman then had to saw though the skin and gristle with his sheath knife before the job could be regarded as complete.
The profound, protracted groan Mary gave when the ax first hit left the horrified witnesses in no doubt that her pain was excruciating.
Reportedly, their heads blinked for up to 30 seconds after decapitation. How much of this was voluntary and how much due to reflex nerve action is speculation.
Antoine Lavoisier, the French chemist who lived between 1743 and 1794, was caught up in the revolution and faced beheading. He asked friends to observe closely as he would continue blinking as long as possible after being killed. He was reported to have blinked for 15 seconds after decapitation.
The story of Antoine Lavoisier's last heroic service for science has been reported many times but unfortunately appears to have no basis in fact.
It is not given in any contemporary account we have been able to find, or in the standard accounts of his life and death. As pointed out above, however, there have been attempts to ascertain if a severed head retains consciousness.
The most reliable account appears to be that given below.
A particularly detailed report comes from Dr. Beaurieux, who, under perfect circumstances, experimented with the head of the murderer Languille, guillotined at 5:30 A.M. on June 28, 1905. From A History of the Guillotine by Alister Kershaw. His source is Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle, 1905.
Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. I waited for several seconds.
If indeed a severed head remains conscious for a short while, then the following procedure might be regarded as humane, assuming the purpose was to convince the dying man he was flying to heaven.
Dr. Livingstone wrote that Africans he encountered were aware that consciousness is not lost immediately. He recounts how they bent a springy sapling and tied cords from it under the ears of a man to be decapitated so that his last few moments of awareness would be of flying through the air.
However quickly consciousness is lost, there is little doubt that the procedure must produce a painful few seconds.
In 1983, Harold Hillman, then reader in physiology at the University of Surrey, wrote an account of the suffering caused by different methods of execution for New Scientist at the time when the World Medical Association had just discussed attitudes of physicians to capital punishment. This is what Hillman said about the guillotine:
The guillotine was named after the French deputy who proposed the use of the device in 1789. It was tested on corpses at the Bicetre Hospital in Paris, and employed by the French Revolution in 1792.
It was introduced as a swift and painless device, as Joseph-Ignace Guillotin believed, to extend to all citizens the advantages of a technique used only on noblemen. Although people believe that Guillotin invented the device, it had been used in Italy, Germany, France, and Scotland in the sixteenth century.
Guillotining was considered more humane because the blade was sharper and execution was more rapid than that accomplished with an ax.
Death occurs due to separation of the brain and spinal cord, after transection of the surrounding tissues. This must cause acute and possibly severe pain. Consciousness is probably lost within 2 to 3 seconds, owing to a rapid fall of intracranial perfusion of blood.
There are accounts of the eyes looking around from the severed head, and animals may do this when they are guillotined for experiments in which their organs are to be excised or their brain biochemistry is to be examined rapidly.
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Series: ASAA Women in Asia Series
The Indonesian massacres of _PHONE_ claimed the lives of an estimated half a million men, women and children. Histories of this period of mass violence in Indonesia's past have focused almost exclusively on top-level political and military actors, their roles in the violence, and their movements...
To Be Published March 30th 2014 by Routledge
Legacies and Prevention
The twentieth century has been labelled the 'century of genocide', and according to estimates, more than 250 million civilians were victims of genocide and mass atrocities during this period. This book provides one of the first regional perspectives on mass atrocities in Asia, by exploring the...
Published May 20th 2013 by Routledge


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There are lots of craters on the moon but there are also 410 named craters on Mercury! Most are named after famous writers, artists and composers. Craters are created when a rock crashes into the surface of the moon/planet.
You will need:
What to do:
Put your flour/ sand etc into a container.
Stand next to it and drop pebbles into the container.
Can you see the crater it creates?
Experiment with different objects and dropping them from different heights.
How could you create the biggest crater?
These photos are for you to look at on the screen. They show pictures of craters on the moon.


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
Alaska from a Kid's Point of View
The objective of this entry is to help kids all over the country and the world who are studying about Alaska in Social Studies. We want to let them know what it is really like to be a kid in Alaska. They can find lots of facts about Alaska in other places, but we couldn't find any other source that could help kids know what it is like to really live here.
We want to inform kids about our lifestyles and hobbies because even though we live very different than most kids, we are the same in a lot of ways. If kids are doing reports, this is a fun place they can look up information they probably can't find anyplace else. It might help kids understand how exciting it is to live in Alaska if they can read about our adventures.
We want to tell kids about things they didn't even know existed so they will want to come to Alaska someday and see for themselves.
19 & under
Geography & Travel > North & Central America > United States > Alaska
Social Sciences & Culture > Cultures


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I've got a fixed solution space defined by a minimum and maximum float which has no divisible slice.
You then have 0..N Gaussian distribution probability sets which I need to combine.
In the end I neeed
 1. Method to define probability set with a numeric range (not sliceable) and 0..N Gaussian functions
 2. A function which can generate a random number in the range as defined by the calculated probabilities.
Also I know it is possible that some combinations will generate a zero solution space.
Now I'm thinking the way to do it is take the normalised probability density functions and multiply them to get a new space then normalising the result. I just can't seem to break it down into algorithmic form.
Any ideas?
share|improve this question
You would probably be better off asking this at math.stackexchange.com? – bummzack Aug 15 '10 at 10:59
I thought about that, but I'm mostly concerned with how to do it algorithmically. A pure maths solution would help but not be the answer. – Kimau Aug 15 '10 at 11:05
Then maybe try stackoverflow.com? It looks like a generic programming problem, I don't see the word "game" in your post anywhere (not that it's a requirement but that's a pretty good sign that you might want to look elsewhere) – Ricket Aug 15 '10 at 15:41
I need help with some terms, like no divible slice, zero solution space, normalized probility density. – Jonathan Fischoff Aug 15 '10 at 16:20
Hmm. the top hit for "divisible slice" on google is this question. Then a number of documents where "divisible" and "slice" occur next to each other, but are part of different sentences. You might want to explain that one, as it's obviously not uniform usage. – drxzcl Aug 16 '10 at 7:45
1 Answer 1
First let's make sure I understood your question correctly:
 - You have a probability function that is expressed as a sum of N parametrized one-dimensional gaussians, each with different mean and standard deviation.
 - You want to generate stochastic variables according to this distribution.
Is this correct?
If this is the case, I reccommend you use a variation of rejection sampling. The recipe is quite straightforward, but you might have to iterate a bit before you get an answer out of it. This is the basic outline.
 1. You generate a uniformly distributed random number in your desired interval, x.
 2. You calculate the value of your probability distribution, p(x)
 3. You generate another uniformly distributed random number between 0 and 1, q
 4. If q < p(x), return x
 5. If not, start from step 1.
No matter how large the temptation, do not re-use q for different iterations.
share|improve this answer
I cannot use this method because as I stated a floating range is non-divisible (not sliceable). So sampling is impossible. I already use this method for enumerations which are possible to sample. Also I've taken advice and moved this question to Math Stack math.stackexchange.com/questions/2584/… – Kimau Aug 21 '10 at 8:13
Ok, let's move there. – drxzcl Aug 21 '10 at 15:53
Your Answer


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Fee: $75 for those in the California library community and Infopeople Partners, $150 for all others.
(An Infopeople Online Learning Course)
June 16, 2009 – July 20, 2009
Are you staying ahead of the game at your library? You may be offering gaming programs for kids and teens but missing opportunities to involve older adults in the fun…and learning.
All over the U.S., libraries are discovering the benefits of intergenerational gaming programs. Connecting young people with older adults, gaming programs actively engage young minds and keep aging minds young and engaged. These programs recognize the popularity of gaming with teens and the demographics of the "baby boomer cohort" and its impact on all parts of society. It's a profoundly social experience where experts and novices come together to learn from each other.
In this course, experienced gamer and library programmer Kelly Czarnecki will help you:
- Understand how gaming is developmentally appropriate for teens and older adults
- Generate ideas for intergenerational gaming programs
- Develop talking points about your programs targeted to potential funders.
- Identify elements that make an intergenerational gaming program successful
When you complete the course you'll have a "game plan" for starting intergenerational gaming at your library, with funding and marketing strategies, evaluation tools, and tips from expert library programmers
Workshop Description: In this online course you will explore ideas for intergenerational gaming programs that bring teens and older adults together. Starting with age-appropriate outcomes, you'll develop a plan for a gaming program at your library, look at spaces and equipment, identify funding sources, create marketing tools, and figure out how to measure success, sustain and expand the program.
During the course, you will be reading background materials and case studies, completing assignments and participating in online discussion forums. The instructor will provide resources, best practices, and useful tips and techniques that can be applied immediately.
Online meetings during the course will provide opportunities to hear:
- Jan Perrier, Roxbury Public Library in New Jersey, talk about her popular class, "Wii for Seniors: Beat Your Grandchildren."
- Maddie Siegel describe the intergenerational gaming programs at the Peters Township Public Library in Pennsylvania.
- Allan Kleiman, former Senior Spaces manager at Old Bridge Public Library, now a library consultant, share his experiences with intergenerational gaming and focus on success and sustainability.
Preliminary Course Outline: Using your web browser and your Internet connection, you will log in to the Infopeople online learning site and complete the following learning modules:
- Week One: Gaming and Libraries
- Historical context
- "Brain fitness" in teens and boomers
- Developmentally appropriate gaming
- Week Two: Bringing the Generations Together
- What makes these programs different
- Characteristics of successful programs
- Planning, promoting and implementing
- Week Three: Internal and External Funding
- Identifying funding sources
- Short term planning
- Longer term funding
- Week Four: Evaluation and Expansion
- Case studies from successful libraries
- Ways to measure success
- Expansion and sustainability
- Use of volunteers
Who Should Take This Course: Anyone from the library community with an interest in intergenerational gaming, connecting teens (ages 12-18) and older adults (ages 55 and up). Those responsible for library programs will find this course especially helpful and interesting.
Course Start: This 4-week-long online learning course starts on June 16, 2009.
If you would like to subscribe via RSS and be notified whenever new Infopeople training events are available, you can use these links:
**For new on-ground or online workshops: _URL_
**For new podcasts: feeds.feedburner.com/InfopeoplePodcasts


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A simple user interface provides access to the processed PanSTARRS images. Stack (combined) images are available for the grizy filters in the 3PI survey; beware that the values in these images are related non-linearly to flux as discussed below. The stack images are also combined to create color images. Images may be extracted using an RA+Dec position or using an object name. The resulting cutout images (postage stamps) are available as JPEG images within the web browser or as FITS images. The interface also provides access to download skycell images covering larger sky regions, along with an interactive display for browsing skycell images. Finally, there are web services that can be used for access to the images via scripts.
The starting point for the PS1 data archive is at Pan-STARRS1 data archive home page.
The web interface
The PS1 images are accessible through _URL_ The interface has a text box to enter a position or object name plus a few other options. Type an object name or position into the box and click Submit:
The search string can be a name that is recognized by NED or SIMBAD (e.g., "ring nebula" as above) or a position in various formats (RA and Dec in degrees, hh mm ss +dd mm ss, h:m:s d:m:s, etc.). A PanSTARRS image identifier (e.g., skycell.2069.026) is also accepted and is translated to the central position of that image.
The labels above each image identify the image type (always "stack" for the current DR1 release), the image identifier (these come from skycell.2069.026), and the filter.
Changing the parameters
The default parameters for the search return 240x240 pixel cutout images (=1x1 arcmin for the PS1 scale of 0.25 arcsec/pixel), including a color image and all five filters, grizy. The filters used for the color image are the reddest (y), the bluest (g), and the middle image (i).
The parameters allow changing the defaults:
|Filters||Select a subset of the filters using check boxes. If the color box is checked and two or more of the filters are checked, a color image is also shown using the selected filters.|
|Auxiliary data||Include ancillary images such as masks, weights, and exposure times. These will show up as separate rows in the results.|
|Cutout image size||Specify the extracted image size in pixels. The conversion to arcsec is shown. This sets the spatial size of the region that is extracted from the PS1 image. If this size is large, the cutout image may reach the edge of the PS1 image; in that case the pixels off the edge are filled with blanks. The skycell images are approximately 6000x6000 pixels, so sizes larger than that will always reach the edges of the images. The size is currently limited to 6000 pixels.|
|JPEG display size||Select the size for the displayed JPEG images. The cutout is scaled to the selected size. This can be used either to shrink the images when the cutout size is large (to fit larger fields on the web page) or to expand the image for small cutouts (to see finer details).|
The Submit button loads a new web page for the requested sky position and other parameters. Note that the URL of the page encodes all the parameters, so it is possible to copy it and save it for future access to the same image cutouts. The Reset button restores all parameters to their values when the current page was submitted. The Clear button restores all parameters to their default values from the original web page.
As an example, here are images for the Ring Nebula with the cutout image size increased to 512 pixels (128 arcsec), the JPEG display size set to 256 pixels (so the JPEG scale is 0.5 arcsec/pixel), and the gri filters selected (which changes the color image as well):
Access to FITS images
In addition to the titles that identify the cutouts, there are links above the images. Here is the result for NGC 7222:
The FITS link downloads the full skycell image for this field. In this example that is a 6240x6243 pixel image (~0.43 degrees across) of the g filter stack for skycell 1405.053. Note that these images are compressed using the FITS tile-compressed image convention. The format can be read by most FITS libraries or can be converted back to a standard uncompressed FITS image using the funpack utility.
The FITS-cutout link downloads a FITS image of only the cutout region. These images are not resampled to the JPEG display size – they have the full resolution of the original images. So e.g. if the cutout image size is 900 pixels, the FITS cutout will be 900x900 pixels. FITS cutout images are not compressed.
The FITS links are not available for color images. Since the various filter images for a skycell are matched pixel-by-pixel, the individual FITS and FITS-cutout filter images can be downloaded separately and assembled into multi-band FITS images if desired.
Important FITS image format, WCS, and flux-scaling notes
The PS1 FITS images have a number of unusual characteristics:
- As mentioned above, the images are compressed using the FITS tile-compressed image convention. Some older FITS software may not be able to read them, although current FITS libraries (including cfitsio, astropy.io.fits, and the IDL astronomy library) can handle them. The format can be converted to a standard uncompressed FITS image using the funpack utility.
- Another quirk of these images is that they use the obsolete WCS keywords PC001001, PC001002, PC002001, PC002002 instead of the FITS standard keywords CD1_1, CD1_2, etc. Many software packages automatically handle the old PC keywords, but some require special processing (e.g., in IDL you should call the fits_cd_fix procedure to modify the header).
The image flux scaling is also non-standard. The images have been non-linearly scaled using an arc hyperbolic sine (asinh) transformation that converts them to a pseudo-magnitude scale related to the asinh magnitudes (aka "luptitudes") that are used in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The scaling is determined by the BSOFTEN/BOFFSET keywords in the FITS header. Here are the relevant lines from the header of the skycell 1725.051 g-band image:
BZERO = 3.283630371094E+00 / Scaling: TRUE = BZERO + BSCALE * DISKThe BZERO and BSCALE keywords are the standard FITS keywords for converting an integer image to a floating point value. If v is the original float pixel value (after applying BZERO/BSCALE to the integer value), these equations convert v to a standard linear flux:
BSCALE = 2.008622776974E-04 / Scaling: TRUE = BZERO + BSCALE * DISK
BSOFTEN = 8.739592975627E+01 / Scaling: LINEAR = 2 * BSOFTEN * sinh(TRUE/a)
BOFFSET = 2.654963016510E+00 / Scaling: UNCOMP = BOFFSET + LINEAR
x = v * 0.4 * ln(10) = v / _PHONE_
flux = boffset + bsoften * 2 * sinh(x)
= boffset + bsoften * (exp(x) - exp(-x))
= boffset + bsoften * (10**(0.4*v) - 10**(-0.4*v))
The 3 equations for the flux are equivalent. The third equation shows the connection of the values to asinh magnitudes.
All three of the above issues apply to the full skycell images. Image cutouts (retrieved using the FITS-cutout link) are not compressed and have already been converted to a standard linear flux scale by applying the BSOFTEN/BOFFSET equation given above. Cutout images do still have the obsolete WCS keywords (although that may change in the future).
Interactive image display
The Display link opens an interactive FITS image viewer that allows browsing the skycell image. The interactive viewer (which was originally developed for the Hubble Legacy Archive) allows panning, zooming and changing the image contrast. It is also possible to overlay external catalogs such as SDSS and 2MASS on the image. There is a Help page that describes the standard functionality of this tool. Here is a screenshot of the display in the vicinity of NGC 7222:
The Display link is also available for color images. Note that the compressed storage format of the FITS image makes the interactive display somewhat sluggish, especially for the color images (which are reading FITS images for all 3 filters being used). Options are being explored to improve the performance (which is currently tolerable if not ideal).
There is one custom catalog available for the PS1 image display: the PS1 checkbox overlays objects from the PanSTARRS catalog.
When catalogs are overlaid on the image, you can click on individual sources to see magnitudes and other properties.
A useful option to speed up catalog loading, especially in crowded regions, is to change the Catalog Overlay Region. The default is to load all the sources that


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global - Define global variable
Ordinarily, each Scilab function, has its own local variables and can "read" all variables created in the base workspace or by the calling functions. The global keyword allow to make variables read/write across functions. Any assignment to that variable, in any function, is available to all the other functions declaring it global.
If the global variable doesn't exist the first time you issue the global statement, it will be initialized to the empty matrix.
//first: calling environnment and a function share a variable global a a=1 deff('y=f1(x)','global a,a=x^2,y=a^2') f1(2) a //second: three functions share variables deff('initdata()','global A C ;A=10,C=30') deff('letsgo()','global A C ;disp(A) ;C=70') deff('letsgo1()','global C ;disp(C)') initdata() letsgo() letsgo1()
who, isglobal, clearglobal, gstacksize, resume,