text:
How Asphalt can be Used for Solar Power
Research has shown that asphalt can be used to harness solar energy. In this scheme, the asphalt works as a solar panel by absorbing heat from the sun. The many miles of asphalt roads that we have can be used as solar panels. To harness electricity from the asphalt, metal pipes are run under the asphalt that carry water. The water absorbs the heat from the asphalt and is used in one of two ways. The heated water can be carried to buildings to supply hot water. The heated water can also produce electricity by being passed through a thermoelectric generator. Asphalt solar energy is in the early stages of development. Two small asphalt solar energy systems have been successfully used in the Netherlands to generate energy.
Harnessing Asphalt Energy
The Worcester Polytechnic Institute is experimenting with new ways to improve upon using asphalt to harness solar energy. Combining additives with the asphalt to increase the amount of heat absorbed by the asphalt could increase solar energy production. Finding optimum materials to use for metal piping that transfers the water could result in the solar energy being used more efficiently.
Cost of Asphalt Solar Energy
The cost of building the asphalt solar energy system would be minimized by building the system in stages. As roads went under construction for normal repairs, as they usually do approximately every ten years, they would be converted to the asphalt solar energy system. Since all of the roads would not be done at the same time, the expense would be spread over a period of time. Spreading the costs over a period of time would make the system more financially feasible to construct.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Apshalt solar Power
Asphalt energy is simply solar energy. Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that does not emit pollution. The benefit of using asphalt over solar panels is that the asphalt is already in place and land does not have to be devoted to solar panel placement.
A potential drawback is the use of water in the system. Water is a valuable resource and if the system were to use fresh water, it could place a strain on the water supply. Potable water would not have to be used to pass the water through a thermoelectric generator. The use of nonpotable water would not cause a strain on the water supply. Potable water would have to be used with the system if it were to be used to create hot water for homes and businesses. Would the system use two different sources of water? Potable water to create hot water and nonpotable water to create electricity? Solutions to water usage need to be considered and explored.


Provided by: slrnface_2.1.1-6_i386 bug
 slrnface - show X-Faces in X11 terminal emulator
 slrnface [ -xOffsetChar x_char_offset ] [ -yOffsetChar y_char_offset ]
 [ -xOffsetPix x_pixel_offset ] [ -yOffsetPix y_pixel_offset ] [
 -XFacePad left_padding ] [ -ink fg_color ] [ -paper bg_color ] [
 -padColor pad_color ]
 The slrnface helper utility can be used from slrn(1), mutt(1) or
 similar programs to show X-Faces in Usenet articles or mail messages
 when those programs are run in an X11 terminal emulator. This utility
 is not intended to be run directly from the command line. Instead, the
 master programs should be configured to invoke slrnface when
 Different terminal emulators have different screen layouts. Some might
 have scroolbars (on either side), a menubar or something else. Terminal
 window which slrnface uses might contain some of these "decorations,"
 but it is impossible to determine if that is the case at run time.
 Therefore it is impossible to determine the exact location at which the
 X11 window with the X-Face image should be placed. Default hardcoded
 values are appropriate for several terminal emulators, but not for all
 of them. The placement can be controlled by command line arguments, but
 it is suggested to use X resources for this task.
 While slrnface is running and showing X-Face, the left mouse button can
 be used to move the window.
 The slrnface helper is controlled by the resources set for the terminal
 emulator in which it runs, not for the slrnface class or instance. That
 is because correct execution entirely depends on the master program and
 the geometry of the terminal emulator in use and has little to do with
 slrnface itself. All resources have a command line parameter
 However, a lot of popular terminal emulators have a certain amount of
 hardcoded brain damage and setting X resources will not have any effect
 with them. This usually happens because of illegal characters in the
 WM_CLASS property. In those cases command line arguments are the only
 remaining option.
 Resource Command line parameter Default value
 slrnface.xOffsetChar -xOffsetChar 0
 slrnface.yOffsetChar -yOffsetChar 1
 slrnface.xOffsetPix -xOffsetPix 0
 slrnface.yOffsetPix -yOffsetPix 2
 slrnface.XFacePad -XFacePad 0
 -ink black
 slrnface.paper -paper white
 slrnface.padColor -padColor black
 The horizontal offset for the X-Face window from the terminal's upper
 right corner expressed in character units.
 The vertical offset for the X-Face window from the terminal's upper
 right corner expressed in character units. The exact value in pixels
 will be calculated at run time, as well as the pixel equivalent for
 xOffestChar. There are some lousily coded terminals which are not very
 helpful with this, so the calculation might not be perfect.
 right corner expressed in pixels.
 right corner expressed in pixels. This value is added to the character
 offset provided by the yOffsetChar resource and the resulting sum is
 substracted from the vertical coordinate of the terminal's upper right
 corner. The equivalent calculation for the horizontal coordinate is
 done with the xOffsetChar and xOffsetPix resources. In both cases,
 pixel value resources are provided for finer control.
 This value tells slrnface how many pixels should be cleared on the left
 side of the X-Face image. In the case of long subject lines the image
 may be displayed over characters and having some spacing between them
 would be beneficial.
 This is the foreground color for the X-Face image. The more common name
 for this resource is foreground. However, that name is not used
 because there is a high probability that it would be inherited from the
 terminal's resources. A lot of users use light foreground and dark
 background for terminals. Since X-Faces should normally be viewed with
 dark foreground on light background, inheriting the colors from the
 terminal setup would present a negative image by default. In order to
 avoid that, slrnface uses different resource name.
 This is the background color for the X-Face image.
 This is the color for the padding region set with XFacePad resource.
 The following example demonstrates how to set resources for xterm.
 Example 1: horizontal offsets for xterm
 Since slrnface looks at the resources defined for the terminal's class
 and name, an example setting is:
 xterm.slrnface.xOffsetChar: 1
 xterm.slrnface.xOffsetPix: 2
 It is better to use the application name, rather than class, because
 some other terminals use XTerm as their class, since they try to be
 feature compatible. However, they might not have the same screen
 layout, so resources set for the terminal class might not yield the
 desired effect in all terminals.
 DISPLAY The name of the display where the terminal runs. This
 environment variable is the only way to pass it to
 WINDOWID Used for determining terminal's X window id. It must be
 set by a terminal emulator.
 These environment variables will be used when
 determining the location of the appropriate resource
 The slrnface helper doesn't print any diagnostic, because it doesn't
 know if that is the appropriate action. In cases when diagnostic output
 is appropriate, it can't guarantee that the output would be visible to
 the user. Therefore it returns distinct error status for every kind of
 problem and relies on the parent process to take the appropriate
 It should be noted that slrnface forks early in its execution. The
 parent process exits immediately, returning success status to its
 parent. The child process continues execution, reading commands from
 the FIFO in the $HOME/.slrnfaces directory and executing them as
 appropriate. In the case where there is a problem with the process'
 startup, the fork doesn't happen and slrnface exits immediately,
 returning the appropriate error status. The following exit values are
 0 Successful completion.
 1 slrnface couldn't connect to the display.
 2 Terminal emulator didn't set the WINDOWID environment variable or
 its value was invalid.
 3 slrnface couldn't find its controlling terminal.
 4 Terminal's width or height are not set.
 5 There was a problem with the FIFO setup.
 6 fork(2) failed.
 $HOME/.slrnfaces/* A named pipe used for communication between
 slrnface and the master proces. An example S-Lang hooks for setting up slrnface
 with slrn(1).
 slrn(1), mutt(1), X11(5), xprop(1), xterm(1), fork(2)
 Multiple X-Faces are not supported.
 Drazen Kacar <>
 Home page:
 28 Feb 2002 slrnface(1)


text:
Dust Plume Across Northern Patagonia
A checkerboard of growing (dull green) and fallow (tan) fields in northern Patagonia appears beneath a rippling plume of beige dust in this natural-color image from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite on September 11, 2009. The image shows parts of Argentina's Río Negro province (left) and the southern tip of Buenos Aires province (right). High temperatures across Argentina in the first weeks of September 2009 depleted soil moisture, according to crop reports from the USDA Foreign Agricultural service. In addition to its impact on crops, the drying also makes it easier for the wind to sweep the soil off the ground.
This image originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. Click here to view the full, original record.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In Texas, teachers are expected to teach about volcanic activity, as a destructive and constructive force for change, as part of a system, as a catastrophic event, and as a source for igneous rocks.
5.12 B The student is expected to describe processes responsible for the formation of coal, oil, gas, and minerals
6.6 C The student is expected to identify forces that shape features of the Earth including uplifting, movement of water, and volcanic activity
7.5 A The student is expected to describe how systems may reach an equilibrium such as when a volcano erupts
7.14 A The student is expected to describe and predict the impact of different catastrophic events on the Earth
8.14 B The student is expected to analyze how natural or human events may have contributed to the extinction of some species
Students need to understand the different states of matter and that rock can exist as a liquid, before they can understand volcanism.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
"Greatest Snow on Earth" Under Threat?
The famously light dry powder snow of Utah is under threat from the growing needs of an expanding population, and higher temperatures die to climate change, scientists say. Utah trademarked the phrase "The greatest snow on earth" in 1975 and fought legal battles with the circus that trademarked "the greatest show on earth" to be able to keep using it. The argument is that the snow is particularly fine and dry thanks to unique geographical and climatical conditions. Unfortunately though climate change and the increasing need for water from the growing population around Salt Lake City looks likely to decrease the snow in the Wasatch Mountains, home to Park City, America's biggest ski area, among others, scientists believe. The Great


text:
Structural analysis of amylin and its analogs by NMR spectroscopy
Amylin is a 37 residue peptide hormone, which is believed to be involved in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. The studies presented in this dissertation were initially carried out on rat and human amylin, and later concentrated on pramlintide, an agonist of human amylin. The conformational preferences of these peptides in various solvent systems were determined mainly from chemical shift deviation (CSD) and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). An alpha-helix from residue 5 → 17 was present under all conditions examined. The Cys 2 - Cys7 disulfide loop appeared to be constrained and underwent slow exchange. The C-terminal portion of the peptide was very flexible. The solution structure of pramlintide in 25--35% of HFIP was also determined by XPLOR dynamics simulated annealing.The helical domain of amylin was further investigated, including the C-capping, disulfide nucleation, and specific site mutation effects. Ten amylin helix related peptides with various mutations were studied by both NMR and CD, and their helical propensity and stability were evaluated. Finally, a comparison study of amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene related peptide fragments is presented, and the similarities and differences among these biologically closely related peptides is discussed.
- Chemistry


text:
The pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of a "perfect storm." The traditional blockbuster approach is yielding diminishing returns while post-genomic research is driving towards personalized medicine. The result is an inflection point, where the emphasis on blockbusters and traditional mass-marketing is being challenged by the new paradigm of personalized medicine.
Targeted therapies, based upon genotype, require a new brand model that addresses smaller segments of the population. This model, according to Francoise Simon, professor of marketing at the Columbia University Graduate School of Business, requires a fundamental reorganization of the biopharma value chain, from discovery to manufacturing and marketing. She was speaking at a recent World Congress on Pharmaceutical Marketing held in Philadelphia, PA.
- At an Inflection Point
- Biologics are Big Business
- Evidence-Based Marketing
- Lamisil: A Case Study
- Absolute Shift to Personalized Medicine Unlikely
- Possible Future Scenarios


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Plant Sciences Research Seminars > Understanding alga-microbe symbiosis
Understanding alga-microbe symbiosis
Algae offer a unique opportunity for producing low cost biofuel while at the same time using less land and water when compared to corn or sugarcane. Nonetheless there are several challenges that need to be overcome before this process becomes commercially viable. One of the challenges of cultivating algae on a large scale is protecting the crop from invasive microorganisms. Kazamia et al. (2012) propose creating a synthetic ecosystem by populating algal ponds or photobioreactors with known symbiotic bacteria that act in concert with the surroundings to promote algal growth and minimise risk of contamination by parasitic organisms. This is achieved by selecting symbiotic microbes to occupy niches that parasitic microbes may have tried to enter. Our lab developed an alga-microbe system to study symbiosis using Lobomonas rostrata (alga) and Mesorhizobium loti (bacteria). The symbiosis is dependent on the bacteria providing the algae with vitamin B12 and in turn the algae providing the bacteria with a fixed carbon source. I am investigating whether genes involved in Vitamin B12 synthesis are expressed at higher levels in the bacteria when the bacteria are grown in co-culture with Lobomonas compared to mono-culture. Additionally I also performed in silico studies identifying putative genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that may be involved in algae-microbe interactions. Collectively this work seeks to improve our understanding of alga-microbe interactions.
This talk is part of the Plant Sciences Research Seminars series.
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text:
Comparison between Chopin and Gilman using The Storm and The Yellow Wallpaper.
By Lee A. Zito
Gilman's perception of her "reality" and Chopin's Calixta in "The Storm," are women who just might have been suffering the same feeling's of depression and routine. The only difference might be how they dealt with this depression. Gilman suffered from depression after the birth of her child, using this depression to write "The Yellow Wall-Paper." Chopin seemed to be just bored in general with same old routines. Both were women who felt suppressed by the male gender. They successfully overcame this suppression through their writing.
"The Storm" and "The Yel…
- Comparison between Chopin and Gilman using The Storm and The Yellow Wallpaper.
- Comparison between Henry David Thoreau and Herman Melville. They Focused their writings on how man was affected by nature. They translated their philosophies though both the portrayal of their protago
- Comparison Between The Metamorphosis, by Kafka, and metamorphosis, by Salvatore Dali
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:


text:
| Quote #4
But every hour is saved
Earlier in the poem (20-21) Ulysses described the ways in which he could forestall death by continually moving; here he again refers to being "saved / From that eternal silence," but he doesn't tell us how it happens. Each "hour" that Ulysses is spared from death brings him "new things," new adventures, etc. He implies that the possibility for exploration is in the nature of life; whenever one doesn't die, "new adventures" or "something more" appear of their own accord.
| Quote #5
And vile it were
In the same way that death and all the places that Ulysses wants to visit are conflated, so here the knowledge Ulysses seeks is combined with his own aspiration. "Like a sinking star" could refer to some fleeting knowledge Ulysses wants, or to himself! The suggestion is that the desire to explore "beyond the utmost bound of human thought" leads to death and makes one a "sinking star."
| Quote #6
Come my friends
"Newer world" is an interesting world; Ulysses might mean a world that is "new" to him, but there's also the suggestion that he's looking for a world that isn't as "old" as his is. Perhaps he means a world that isn't as primitive as Ithaca, where the citizens are no better than beasts; in this reading, Ulysses is attempting to find a more evolved place, one where he might feel more at home.


text:
Updated 22 May, 2013, 11:42 am IST
Playing UT Could Improve Your Eyesight
| by Sharon Khare |
Video games that contain high levels of action, such as Unreal Tournament, can actually improve your vision according to researchers at the University of Rochester.
Their research shows that people who played action video games for a few hours a day over the course of a month improved by about 20 percent in their ability to identify letters presented in clutter — a visual acuity test similar to ones used in regular ophthalmology clinics.
"Action video game play changes the way our brains process visual information," says Daphne Bavelier, professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester. "After just 30 hours, players showed a substantial increase in the spatial resolution of their vision, meaning they could see figures like those on an eye chart more clearly, even when other symbols crowded in."
Bavelier and graduate student Shawn Green tested college students who had played few, if any, video games in the last year. "That alone was pretty tough," says Green. "Nearly everybody on a campus plays video games."
At the outset, the students were given a crowding test, which measured how well they could discern the orientation of a "T" within a crowd of other distracting symbols — a sort of electronic eye chart. Students were then divided into two groups. The experimental group played Unreal Tournament, a first-person shoot-'em-up action game, for roughly an hour a day. The control group played Tetris, a game equally demanding in terms of motor control, but visually less complex.
After about a month of near-daily gaming, the Tetris players showed no improvement on the test, but the Unreal Tournament players could tell which way the "T" was pointing much more easily than they had just a month earlier.
"When people play action games, they're changing the brain's pathway responsible for visual processing," says Bavelier. "These games push the human visual system to the limits and the brain adapts to it. That learning carries over into other activities and possibly everyday life."
The improvement was seen both in the part of the visual field where video game players typically play, but also beyond — the part of your vision beyond the monitor. The students' vision improved in the center and at the periphery where they had not been "trained." That suggests that people with visual deficits, such as amblyopic patients, may also be able to gain an increase in their visual acuity with special rehabilitation software that reproduces an action game's need to identify objects very quickly.
This research appears next week in the journal Psychological Science, and was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
Tags: Unreal Tournament
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21 May, 2013, 01:00 PM IST
We've already established that the Lumia 720 is Nokia's best effort as far as Windows Phone 8 handsets go. This could soon change once the Lumia 925 hits markets, but as it stands now, the Lumia 720 offers the best blend of features and performance, wrapped in a beautiful package that's quite affordable.
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Sai Krishna Vajjala
Wed May 22, 10:56:09


Learning Goals
Students completing the Neuroscience major at Amherst should be able to:
 - Understand basic concepts in the traditional science disciplines that are relevant to neuroscience: biology, chemistry, psychology, mathematics and computer science, and physics.
 - Apply this understanding to practical problems in the field of neuroscience.
 - Integrate knowledge from different science disciplines and different levels of organization ranging from molecules to behavior.
 - Set up and carry out modern laboratory techniques used in behavioral and cellular/molecular neuroscience areas.
 - Plan feasible experiments using principles of experimental design, including developing testable hypotheses and valid use of statistics.
 - Critically evaluate scientific literature, including assessing the importance of the problems addressed, the appropriateness of the methodology used, and the legitimacy of the data analysis.
 - Effectively communicate ideas orally.
 - Write clearly, concisely, and gracefully.


text:
Saving Cost Through Innovation
The goal of our developers was to create an long-term solution for high-quality ground stabilisation with a measurably lower input of resources like time, money and materials. This goal was reached with the development of Underbold®. This is noticeable in the reduction of construction time, minimised effort and savings in material, personnel and machine costs – compared to conventional construction methods.
„Lost time is never recovered"
In every construction project time is an essential factor. With our products of the Underbold® group we attain significant time savings for our clients. Our wax emulsions are quickly applied and bond the treated cubical within a few hours. The treated area is completely loadable within a few days.
- Cost reduction through - up to 5 times - faster construction time for the foundation
- Elimination of layers without bonding agent
- Reduction of cement amounts for the requirements to load baring capacities
- Extended durability of the foundation - permanently no restoration works necessary
- Savings through reduction or prevention of excavated ground materials
- Elimination of disposal costs
- Increase in load bearing capabilities
- Increase of stiffness modulus
- No setting of grooves or relaxing necessary
- Reduction of the setting period outside the application period
- Reduction of micro pores and capillary effect
- Reduction of shrinking tendency and thus practically free of crack formation
- Completely frost-resistant
Advantages for Our Environment
- Saves resources for the production of raw materials and the disposal of dangerous goods
- Reduction or elimination of excavation materials
- Reduction of CO2 emission through minimal transport needs for excavation materials and filling materials
- Durability prevents early restoration works
Construction With Underbold®
For the application of Underbold® products only conventional construction machines are needed. We accompany our clients worldwide and communicate the know-how for the correct application of the biological wax emulsions.
Soil examples are taken in order to determine the weight, humidity and composition of the soil. Based on this data the right wax emulsion is identified and the exact Underbold® mixture ration and proportions are set.
Only with soils covered by organic growth the top layer is stripped of about 5-15 cm in order to eliminate all organic materials like e.g. roots or similar. If roads are modernised or new roads built on dirt roads, no preparation is necessary.
Step 1/5: Mixing-In
The wax emulsion is evenly mixed into the natural soil with the help of a milling machine. Through this professional treatment an even, homogenous mixture of Roadanic® and the natural substances of the soil is created.
Step 2/5: Pre-Compacting
Via a roller compactor the loosened soil is brought back to its original level an slightly pre-compacted so the subsequent construction machine do not sink in and an even treatment in the necessary depth can take place.
Step 3/5: Spreading of the Bonding Agent
The bonding agent (e.g. common Portland cement or lime) is distributed in the right proportions via spreading vehicles.
Step 4/5: Mixing-In of the Bonding Layer
The bonding agent is evenly mixed into the soil via a milling machine.
Step 5/5: Final Compaction
Now all the necessary components for the stabilisation of the ground have been worked into the soil. With a roller compactor the surface is now compacted so an optimal compaction is reached and our Roadanic® products can perfectly take effect.


text:
The banker horse is a breed of feral horse that can be found in the Outer Banks area of North Carolina. This breed is a descendant of the Spanish horse and the foundation stock is thought to have been brought to the America's during the 16th century. It is thought that these horses may have become feral after surviving shipwrecks or after being abandoned during exploration or settlement expeditions. Although these horses roam free, they are not true wild horses because they are descended from domestic horses.
The banker horse is relatively small in stature, reaching a height between 13 to 14.3 hands and a weight between 800 to 1,000 pounds. It comes in a variety of colors including bay, brown, chestnut, and dun. Individuals of this breed have broad foreheads and oval shaped cannon bones, which is indicative of strength. It is known for its docile and friendly temperament and is easy to maintain. Bankers can be adopted and used as mounts for children and pleasure riding.
The population of banker horses, which has been assessed to be about four hundred, resides on a few islands in the Outer Banks of North Carolina, where vegetation and water sources are limited. This is thought to be a factor in the small stature of the breed, although domestic bankers that feed on manufactured horse food tend to be only slightly larger. Because water is not often available, it depends upon its food to retain much of its moisture. It has been seen digging holes in order to hold rain water and reach water under the ground, which are its other main sources of water intake, but in hard times it will resort to drinking sea water.
The National Park Service, which helps manage the banker horse population, has expressed concern about the breed's impact on the health of the islands in inhabits. Studies have shown that it does not damage native plant life by consuming it but rather by trampling certain species and the greatest harm to other animal species comes from their presence near the nesting sites of sea turtles and birds.
Despite the fact that the banker horse is not native to the islands, it is allowed to remain and is managed by several organizations. The herd on Ocracoke Island is managed by confinement in an area that contains 180 acres, which protects them from major roadways and protects the rest of the island from over grazing. The herd on Shackleford is jointly managed by the National Park Service and by various other organizations, like the Foundation for Shackleford Horses. On this island, the population is managed by careful adoptions and by administering a contraceptive vaccine. Management on this island also consists of testing for the deadly disease equine infectious anemia and moving horses into separate herds on different islands.
The herd on Currituck Banks was once endangered by its close proximity to humans, but it has now been placed in a protected area of 1,800 acres. This herd is managed by the adoptions of fillies, yearlings, and geldings. The population residing in the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve in the Rachel Carson area may have been brought there by people using the area for their livestock or they may have traveled there from neighboring islands. These horses are managed by the state, who prevent over population using a birth control program.
Image Caption: Five of the wild Spanish Mustangs in Corolla, North Carolina. Credit: Kevincollins123/Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)


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Objective: To examine the correlation between disease activity of RA and the risk of falling.
Methods: Seventy-eight patients were tested. Disease activity was measured with acute-phase reactants, autoantibodies, swollen and tender joint count (SJC28, TJC28), pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS pain), patient and evaluator global assessment of disease activity (PGA, EGA), HAQ disability index (HAQ-DI), 28-joint DAS (DAS-28) and the clinical and simple disease activity indexes (CDAI, SDAI). The risk of falling was evaluated by a fall assessment consisting of Tinetti test (TIT), timed get up and go test (TUG), chair-rising test (CRT), tandem walk and tandem stand test.
Results: During the last 12 months, 26.9% of the participants reported a fall and 46.2% mentioned the fear of falling. The most evident link [Spearman's correlation (r(s))] with the results of the fall assessment was found in HAQ-DI (CRT: r(s) = 0.523, TUG: r(s) = 0.620, TIT: r(s) = -0.676), CDAI (CRT: r(s) = 0.460, TUG: r(s) = 0.504, TIT: r(s) = -0.472), VAS pain (CRT: r(s) = 0.441, TUG: r(s) = 0.616, TIT: r(s) = -0.548) PGA (CRT: r(s) = 0.473, TUG: r(s) = 0.577, TIT: r(s) = -0.520) and TJC (CRT: r(s) = 0.488, TUG: r(s) = 0.394, TIT: r(s) = -0.385). Patients with higher disease activity achieved poorer results in the fall assessment.
Conclusion: The strongest correlation with falls was evident for patient-reported outcomes. Pain seems to be the common ground of these parameters. At the same time, disease activity influences pain. The results suggest an increased attention towards the risk of falling with patients of higher levels of disease activity or pain, and physioor ergotherapeutical interventions as needed.


cannot be solved by circuits of polynomial size would imply {{\bf P}\neq{\bf NP}}. Indeed, currently, it is an open question to even prove that 3SAT, or any other problem in {{\bf NP}} cannot be solved by circuits of size {6n} on inputs of length {n}.
There has been some success in proving lower bounds against special types of circuits. Unlike the models mentioned in the previous sections, such circuits do not model realistic algorithms, but such lower bounds have interesting applications as well.
Monotone circuits. A boolean function {f(\cdot)} is monotone if changing a zero to a one in the input cannot change the output from a one to a zero. It is easy to see that a monotone boolean function can always be computed by a circuit consisting only of AND gates and of OR gates (without NOT gates), and that every function computed by a circuit of this type is monotone. Hence, circuits made only of AND gates and OR gates are called monotone circuits. Razborov proved in the 1980s that {CLIQUE_{\sqrt n}}, the problem of deciding if a given {n}-vertex graph has a clique of size at least {\sqrt n}, cannot be solved by monotone circuits of polynomial size. Note that, if we represent graphs as adjacency matrices, then, as a boolean function of the input matrix, {CLIQUE_{\sqrt n}} is a monotone function. It was conjectured that every polynomial time computable monotone function can also be computed by a monotone circuit of polynomial size and, if so, it would follow that {CLIQUE_{\sqrt n}} is not solvable in polynomial time and hence {{\bf P} \neq {\bf NP}}. Unfortunately, it was soon proved that checking if a given graph has a perfect matching (a monotone function computable in polynomial time) cannot be done with polynomial size monotone circuits, and so the conjecture is false.
AC0. {AC0} is the class of decision problems solvable by polynomial size circuits that have NOT gates, AND and OR gates of unlimited fan-in, and have only constant depth (independent of the input length). This class captures "constant time on a parallel computer with a polynomial number of processors" and contains a few non-trivial boolean functions. It is known that PARITY, the problem of checking if the number of ones in the given input is odd, cannot be computed in AC0.
Modular gates. To see how robust is the AC0 lower bound, it is natural to "hard-wire" into AC0 circuits the ability to compute parity, and see if it is still possible to prove a lower bound. Indeed, one of the proofs that PARITY is not in AC0 can be adapted to show that MOD3 (checking if the number of ones in the given input is a multiple of 3) cannot be computed by a constant depth, polynomial size, family of circuits with NOT gates, and AND, OR, and PARITY gates of unlimited fan-in. The latter class is called {ACC0[2]}, with the two in square brackets standing for the MOD2 gates which are allowed in the model. Similarly, one can define {ACC0[m]} as the class of problems solvable by polynomial size, constant depth, families of circuits with NOT gates and unlimited-fanin AND, OR and MODm gates. It is possible to show that if {p} and {q} are distinct primes then MODq is not computable in {ACC0[p]}. It is open, however, whether there is a problem in {{\bf NP}} not solvable by linear size {ACC0[6]} circuits. (Or by linear size {ACC0[m]} circuits, where {m} is any composite with two distinct factors.)
2. Some Examples of "Connections" and "Unification" in Complexity Theory
So far, unconditional lower bounds have been proved only against restricted classes of algorithms (or for problems of very high complexity. Most of the work of contemporary complexity theory is on connections about questions. For example:
 - NP-completeness is a prototypical example. We know thousands of {{\bf NP}}-complete problems, and although we do not know their complexity yet, we know that understanding the complexity of any one of them will imply understanding the complexity of all of them. If we consider, for every {{\bf NP}}-complete problem {L}, the question "does {L} have a polynomial time algorithm?" then we don't know the answer to all those thousands of questions, but we know that all the answers are the same.
 - One-way functions. A function {f()} is one way if computing {f(x)} given {x} is easy, but finding an {x'} such that {f(x')=y} is hard given {y=f(x)}. (The difficulty has to hold on average, for a random {x}.) If one-way functions do not exist, then no cryptographic problem is solvable, except those that have simple information-theoretic solutions. For example one can encrypt one message no longer than a shared secret key using one-time pad, but it is not possible to encrypt messages longer than the shared key. If one-way functions exist, however, then all problems in private-key cryptography, as well as the problem of creating digital signatures, have solutions with extremely high security guarantees. This means that even though we don't know whether there provably exist secure signature schemes, secure authentication schemes, secure encryption schemes and so on, we know that the questions of whether such protocols exist are all the same, and are all equivalent to the question of whether one-way functions exist.
 - Probabilistically Checkable Proofs (PCPs) provide a characterization of {{\bf NP}} which is a convenient starting point to prove hardness of approximation of combinatorial optimization problems. Via the PCP theorem and various reductions, we know that for several optimization problems it is as hard to improve the performance of known polynomial time approximation algorithms as it is to solve the problem optimally in polynomial time.
 - Derandomization is the task of reducing the amount of randomness used by randomized algorithms. Ideally, one would like to show that every randomized algorithm can be simulated with no use of randomness whatsoever, in a purely deterministic way. It is known that if there is a problem in solvable in time {2^{O(n)}} and having circuit complexity {2^{\Omega(n)}} then such polynomial time deterministic simulations of randomized algorithms are possible. Note that this a connection of a different nature than the ones described above. Previously, we discussed results showing that if a certain computational problem (solving a problem in {{\bf NP}}, inverting a one-way function, optimally solving an optimization problem) is hard, then other computational problems are also hard (respectively, solving any {{\bf NP}}-complete problem, breaking certain encryption, authentication and signature schemes, approximately solving certain optimization problems). Derandomization results, however, turn a hardness assumption into an algorithm.
 - Worst-case versus average-case. The result on derandomization mentioned above is the combination of two main results: (i) one can simulate deterministically with polynomial slowdown all randomized algorithms, provided that there is a problem solvable in time {2^{O(n)}} that is hard on average for circuits of sub-exponential size; (ii) if there is a problem solvable in time {2^{O(n)}} that is hard in the worst case for circuits of sub-exponential size, then there is also a problem solvable in time {2^{O(n)}} that is hard on average for circuits of sub-exponential size. The second theorem is part of a more general theory showing that for certain problems and complexity classes one can turn worst-case hardness assumptions into seemingly stronger (but in fact equivalent) average-case hardness assumptions.
3. The Plan for this Course
3.1. The Basics
We will start by looking at the basic models in complexity theory, and consider deterministic, non-deterministic, randomized, non-uniform and memory-bounded algorithms, and the known relations between their power.
3.2. Reingold's algorithm
We will then give an overview of Reingold's algorithm, which proves that undirected connectivity is solvable with {O(\log n)} bits of memory deterministically.
3.3. PCP and Inapproximability
We will continue with Probabilistically Checkable Proofs, the model that allows to prove NP-hardness results for approximability, and sketch Dinur's proof of the PCP Theorem, the main result in this theory.
3.4. Parity not in AC0
We will then see the proof that computing the parity of the number of ones in an {n}-bit input cannot be computed by polynomial size, constant-depth, circuits made of AND, OR and NOT gates. The proof that we will see has a relatively easy extension to show that there is no polynomial size constant depth circuit made of AND, OR, NOT, and MOD{p} gates that checks whether the number of ones in the given input is a multiple of {q}, where {p,q} are distinct primes. It remains open to prove lower bounds for the variation of this model in which MOD{m} gates are allowed, where {m} is a composite with distinct prime factors. (E.g. {m=6}.)
3.5. Derandomization, Pseudorandomness, and Average-case Complexity
We define pseudorandom generators, see how one can obtain derandomization results from the existence of strong pseudorandom generators, state the results of Impagliazzo,


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This study evaluates initial construction costs of a four-story building in the Portland area. It compares construction cost estimates of six different structural systems all with brick veneer as the exterior cladding. Click here to view the full study.
Based on the construction cost estimates prepared for this study, the cost associated with using a noncombustible compartmentalized construction method including concrete-based construction materials was very favorable with both conventional wood frame and light gage steel frame construction costs. The load-bearing masonry system was only 3 percent more than the cost of conventional wood frame and 3 percent less than steel frame construction.
The minimal increase in construction cost can help pay for itself over the life of the structure. Materials such as concrete masonry have many other advantages beyond their inherent fire resistance including durability, resistance to mold growth, resistance to damage from vandalism, structural integrity, and minimal damage caused by water and water pressure in the event of building fire. In many cases, with concrete-based construction that will never burn, the damage outside of the fire compartment is minimal. This provides for reduced cleanup costs and quicker reoccupation of the structure.
This study determined that truly resilient buildings can be constructed affordably. We can keep the residents in our communities safe by using the principles of balanced design. We recommend that a similar study be undertaken to evaluate the use of similar construction systems and their associated construction cost impact on other typical building types such as schools, retail establishments, and commercial buildings.


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Fiber Wall Hanging
Created by Ellen Kochansky
It is a permaculture principle that there is more bio-diversity in the margins. Using silk organza, botanicals, snake skin, butterfly wing, puzzle pieces and text from letters written by Kochansky's mother to her father during World War II, this piece captures interactions in transparency and light. Space is created by what is not filled in on a printed page. Silk organza with a tea-stained background, paper, natural materials. Avoid moisture and sunlight.


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At Hellgate Plumbing, we want our customers to take any steps necessary to keep their HVAC system running properly during the cold months. Here is a list of things you can do to help increase your HVAC life expectancy:
1. Purchase a better filter: There are new, high efficiency filters that have the capability of grabbing the smallest particles, including bacteria.
2. Replace the filter frequently (every few months): If the filter looks dark or clogged, you should change it. It is possible it needs to be changed more frequently if you have pets (monthly). Checking the filter every month would be an easy task to ensure a longer life span for your HVAC system.
3. Carbon monoxide detectors: Having these in your home is an extra step you should take to keep your family safe. If you get one of these detectors, make sure you change the batteries once every year.
4. Heat pump maintenance: In order to keep your heat pump well maintained, make sure there is at least 2 feet of clearance around the pump. Additionally, remove any debris (leaves, twigs, etc.) found on or around the heat pump, and make sure the unit is level on the ground.
5. HVAC system strains: To avoid unnecessary strain on your HVAC system, please do not close more than 20% of your home's registers.


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The Natural Bridge of Virginia is one of the oldest tourist destinations in the United States. It's located in the city of Natural Bridge, in Rockbridge County.
Popular with Europeans in the 18th and 19th centuries, Natural Bridge and Niagara Falls were the two wonders of the new world. The Bridge has been included in several "Seven Natural Wonders of the World" lists, mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
It has been designated a National Historic Landmark, a Virginia Historic Landmark, and is listed in the National Register of
History of the Natural Bridge
In 1774, Thomas Jefferson purchased 157 acres of land including the Natural Bridge from King George III of England for 20 shillings. It has remained privately owned since. Jefferson also built a two room log cabin, with one room was reserved for guests.
The Bridge served as a shot tower during the Revolutionary War. Bullets for American firearms were manufactured by dropping molten lead 245 feet from the top of the Bridge into Cedar Creek's cold water below.
In 1833, Jefferson's heirs sold the site and the new owner erected the Forest Inn to accommodate the increasing number of people.
In the 1850s Herman Melville references the Natural Bridge when describing the whale in Moby Dick: "But soon the fore part of him slowly rose from the water; for an instant his whole marbleized body formed a high arch, like Virginia's Natural Bridge..."
From _PHONE_, Civil War soldiers made ammunition in Saltpeter Cave and Lost River locations along the trail, just beyond the Bridge.
In 1927, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge inaugurates the night light presentation, The Drama of Creation.
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Aristocort Ointment (Triamcinolone)
Brand Choice
Generic Choice
What is Aristocort Ointment (Triamcinolone) prescribed for?
Eczema is a skin condition, and it is common problem that causes the skin to become inflamed. It shows itself as itchy, dry, thickened skin, which is usually on the hands, neck, face, and legs. However it can occur anywhere.
Dermatitis can appear to be as some sort of rash, it becomes red and tender after you have touched something. When you have Dermatitis, when you touch something, your immune system mistakenly thinks your body is under attack, therefore it begins to create antibodies to fight off the invader. A chain of events causes a release of chemicals, including histamines. And that is what causes the allergic reaction.
This medication is used for a variety of skin conditions, such as eczema, dermatitis, allergies, and rashes. Triamcinolone, the active ingredient in Aristocort Ointment, works by reducing the swelling, itching and redness that occurs in these types of conditions. This medication is a medium to strong potency corticosteroid. The potency is dependent on the strength and the form in which you use.
This medication is in form of a cream, therefore you are to only use this medication on the skin. Do not use it on the face, groin, or underarms, unless you are directly prompted to do so by your doctor.
Wash and dry your hands. Do note to wash the area where you will be applying the medication. Firstly, apply on a thin film of the medication to the affected are and then gently rub it in. This is usually done 2 to 4 times a day or as directed by your doctor. Do not cover, bandage or wrap the area unless directed to do so by your doctor.
Wash your hands after applying the medication (unless of course the medication is used to treat your hands) When applying this medication near the eyes, avoid getting it in the eyes, or in the nose or mouth. If you do get the medication in the eyes, nose, and mouth, rinse with plenty of water.
Tell your doctor if you are allergic to Triamcinolone or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: poor blood circulation, immune system problems. Do not use if there is an infection or sore present in the area to be treated.
What happens if I suddenly stop taking this medication?
What is the best dosage to take?
What happens if I miss a dose?
What is the best way to store this medication?
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The use of Altered Auditory Feedback in helping people who stutter become more fluent remained essentially a clinical challenge for such a long time due to the large bulky devices that were used to provide the effects. Only with recent technological advances have these effects been captured in a device so small and inconspicuous, allowing them to be used outside of clinical environments.
The impetus for developing SpeechEasy stemmed from research conducted within the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at East Carolina University. Its conception was based on 10 years of peer-reviewed scientific research on the fluency-enhancing effects of altered auditory feedback in people who stutter. East Carolina University has licensed the right to distribute SpeechEasy to Janus Development Group, Inc.
In creating the most advanced fluency devices in the world, we are committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity. We are committed to learning from and collaborating with allied healthcare professionals to create devices that provide real therapeutic value. It is our mission to provide our clients with tools that enable them speak more fluidly and allow them to experience the heightened sense of confidence, freedom, and self reliance that naturally follows from being able to communicate more effectively.


Logging into the Field—Methodological Reflections on Ethnographic Research in a Pluri-Local and Computer-Mediated Field
Heike Mónika Greschke
This article aims to introduce an ethnic group inhabiting a common virtual space in the World Wide Web (WWW), while being physically located in different socio-geographical contexts. Potentially global in its geographical extent, this social formation is constituted by means of interrelating virtual-global dimensions with physically grounded parts of the actors' lifeworlds. In addition, the communities' social life relies on specific communicative practices joining mediated forms of communication with co-presence based encounters. Ethnographic research in a pluri-local and computer-mediated field poses a set of problems which demand thorough reflection as well as a search for creative solutions. How can the boundaries of the field be determined? What does "being there" signify in such a case? Is it possible to enter the field while sitting at my own desk, just by visiting the respective site in the WWW, simply observing the communication going on without even being noticed by the subjects in the field? Or does "being in the field" imply that I ought to turn into a member of the studied community? Am I supposed to effectively live with the others for a while? And then, what can "living together" actually mean in that case? Will I learn enough about the field simply by participating in its virtual activities? Or do I have to account for the physically grounded dimensions of the actors' lifeworlds, as well? Ethnographic research in a pluri-local and computer-mediated field in practice raises a lot of questions regarding the ways of entering the field and being in the field. Some of them will be discussed in this paper by means of reflecting research experiences gained in the context of a recently concluded case study.
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0703321
ethnography; ethnomethodology; transnational migration; Internet
Copyright (c) 2007 Heike Mónika Greschke
Creative Commons License


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In this and next posts we explore kanji whose shapes appear totally unrelated and yet if we look at their ancient writings they did share the same shape, or at least closely related. The shapes shown on the right side were taken from the various kanji. They meant "a vessel; a boat; bowl; cylindrical shape." I find it very interesting to know that the English word "vessel" also means (1) a ship or a large boat, (2) a hollow container especially one used to hold liquid, such as bowl or cask and (3) by extension, a duct or canal holding or conveying blood or other fluid.
In this post we are going to look at kanji that came from these shapes as (a) "a boat" to transport on the water in the kanji 舟船舷舶 and as (b) "a shallow bowl; shallow vessel; tray" to transport by hand in the kanji 般搬盤服. In the next post we explore examples used as (c) "a sail" to transport things on the water in the kanji 凡帆汎 and as (d) "a tube-like shape; cylindrical" in the kanji 同洞胴銅. Let us begin.
(a) as "a boat" to transport on the water
The kanji 舟 "boat"
For the kanji 舟 in (a) and (b) in oracle bone style, in brown, and (c) and (d) in bronze ware style, in green, it was the shape of "a boat." A simple boat such as a canoe was made by hollowing out a log. A boat could also be made with panels of wooden board. (e) in seal style, in red, became the kanji 舟. The kanji 舟 means "boat."
The kun-yomi /hu'ne/ means "boat." /-Bune/ is in 小舟 ("small boat" /kobune/), 丸木舟 ("dugout canoe" /marukibu'ne/) and 渡し舟 ("ferry" /watashibu'ne/). The on-yomi /shuu/ is rarely used other than in a name.
The kanji 船 "ship; vessel"
For the kanji 船the bronze ware style and seal style writings had "a boat" on the left side. The right side 㕣 was used phonetically for /en/ to mean "along." A vessel that travelled along the flow of water meant "ship." The kanji 船 means "ship." [Composition of the kanji 船: 舟 and 㕣]
The kun-yomi /hu'ne/ means "ship; vessel." /Huna-/ is in 船旅 ("voyage; a sea trip" /hunatabi/), 船酔い ("seasickness" /hunayoi/) and 船乗り ("sailor" /huna'nori/). The on-yomi /sen/ is in 乗船する ("to go aboard; embark" /joosen-suru/), 貨物船 ("cargo boat; freight" /kamotsusen/), 客船 ("passenger ship" /kyakusen/), 宇宙船 ("spacecraft" /uchuusen/), 連絡船 ("ferry boat" /renrakusen/) and 船頭 ("boatman" /sendo'o/).
The kanji 舷 "side of a ship; the gunwale"
The Qin-Han era seal sample, in blue, comprised 舟 "boat" and 玄 "thin things like threads" used phonetically for /gen/. Together they meant "the sides of a boat." The kanji 舷 means "side of a boat; the gunwale; the railing of a boad," a very specialized kanji in my view. [Composition of the kanji 舷: 舟 and 玄]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /gen/ is in 右舷 ("starboard" /ugen/) and 左舷 ("port side" /sagen/).
The kanji 舶 "a large ship"
There is no ancient writing for the kanji 舶. The kanji 舶 comprises 舟 "boat" and 白 used phoneticallly for /haku/ to mean "large" (some views that it is from 伯). Together they meant "a large ship that sailed in ocean." The kanji 舶 means "a large ship." [Composition of the kanji 舶: 舟 and 白]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /haku/ is in 船舶 ("ship; marine vessel" /se'npaku/) and 舶来品 ("imported goods; foreign article" /hakuraihin/).
(b) as "a shallow vessel; a tray" to transport by hand
The kanji 般 "general"
The left side of (a) and (b) in oracle bone style and (c) in bronze ware style and (d) in Old style, in purple, and (e) in seal style was "a tray." The right side was "a hand holding a weapon or tool," which eventually becomes 殳, a bushu hokozukuri/rumata. Together they originally meant "a hand carrying somethings in a shallow bowl," but the shape was borrowed to mean "general." A new kanji was created for the original meaning of "to carry" by adding another hand, the kanji 搬, our next kanji. The kanji 般 means "general." [Composition of the kanji 般: 舟 and 殳]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /han/ is in 諸般の ("all sorts of; various"/sho'han-no/) and 般若経 ("the Wisdom Sutras; Prajnaparamita Sutra" /hannyakyoo/). /-Pan/ is in 一般 ("general" /ippan/), 全般的な ("comprehensive; all-embracing" /zenpanteki-na/), 一般化する ("to become universal; generalize" /ippanka-suru/), 一般人 ("people at large; private citizen" /ippa'njin/) and 一般教養課程 ("general culture course" /ippankyo'oyoo/).
The kanji 搬 "to carry; transport"
There is no ancient writing. The kanji 搬 comprises 扌, a bushu tehen, "an act one does using a hand," and 般 used phonetically for /han/. This kanji was created to assume one of the original meaning that the kanji 般had. The kanji 搬 means "to carry; transport." [Composition of the kanji 搬: 扌, 舟 and 殳]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /han/ is in 搬入する ("to carry something in" /hannyuu-suru/). /-Pan/ is in 運搬する ("to transport; carry" /unpan-suru/).
The kanji 盤 "a tray; a raised flat bowl"
For the kanji 盤 (a) in oracle bone style had "a hand holding a tool" (殳) and "a tray" (舟) (together 般, originally meant "to carry") and "a shallow bowl" (皿). In bronze ware style, (b), (c) and (d) had the same three components. Together they meant "a shallow flat bowl one carries something" or "a tray." (e) in Large seal style, (f) in Old style and (g) in seal style all had 般 at the top. The kanji 盤 means "a tray; a raised flat bowl." [Composition of the kanji 盤: 舟, 殳and 皿]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /ban/ is in 大盤振る舞い ("lavish feast" /ooban-bu'rumai/), 円盤 ("disk" /enban/), 基盤 ("basis; foundation" /kiban/),文字盤 ("clock dial" /mojiban/) and 地盤 ("ground; subsoil" /jiban/). A Japanese abacus also uses this kanji as in 算盤 /soroban/.
The next two kanji 朕 and 服, what we have been looking at as the shape 舟 in kanji appear as 月.
The kanji 朕 "I (imperial We)"
For the kanji 朕 (a) and (b) in oracle bone style and (c) and (d) in bronze ware style all comprised "a shallow bowl or a tray" (月 or 舟) for transporting things and "two hands holding up an (important) object." Together they meant "to carry something in a tray and present reverentially with both hands." It was used by an emperor as a first-person pronoun "imperial We." In seal style, (e), what was presented became the shape 火 (with no relevance to "fire"). In kanji 朕 the elements on the right side coalesced and became 关. The kanji 朕 means "I (imperial We)." [Composition


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Dr. Bernice Strauss, director of academic support programs at the Sam Houston State University Mentoring Center, spoke with the Houstonian about ways to study for finals.
Strauss wanted to make it perfectly clear that there is no secret to studying and passing finals.
"I will give you some tips, but there is an expectation that there is a secret and that I am going to tell you something that will help students that have procrastinated all semester to pull out an A or B," Strauss said. "No secret like that exists."
One thing that Strauss recommends is using resources. To do this, students need to talk to their professors, but not just at the end of the semester, the whole time. Strauss said professors appreciate student contact out of the office, and that it shows that they care.
When talking to their professors, students should ask for resources that might help them do better in class. Strauss said professors are here for students and that they want them to succeed.
Another resource students can use is a friend to quiz them on their material.
When it comes to actually studying students need to find a quiet place, with no outside distractions. These distractions include other people who are not studying, iPods and the television. Although Strauss recommends no music while studying she realizes that it works better for some students.
Even though a student's bedroom may seem like a quite place they should not study in their bed because that sets the student up for falling asleep, according to Strauss.
When reading large texts students should read a whole chapter before taking a break, although this does vary for different people. The break should be no longer than 15 minutes. According to Strauss to really comprehend what students are reading they should have note cards out and take notes on them. This way when the student wants to study again they will not have to read the whole chapter again.
"It makes studying more active," Strauss said. "A lot of students highlight and they end up with the whole thing highlighted."
Trying to decide what to put on the note cards can be figured out by asking two questions, according to Strauss. These questions are: Is this information important, if so what does it mean?
According to Strauss if students can explain what the information means in their own words they can better understand it.
Strauss does not recommend energy drinks, or all nighters. Energy drinks will only facilitate bad habits. According to Strauss all nighters do not allow students to sufficiently study.
"This is not a time for all-nighters that your ability to recall and function effectively will depend on good night sleep and good breakfast," Strauss said.
Students get tired of studying, but Strauss said to keep going.
"You're going to get tired of studying no matter what," Strauss said. "Think about a long term goal to stay motivated and use a support group. Breaks could be motivation and so could what you are doing after finals."
Strauss also wanted to let students know that now is not the time to say I wish I had or I should have. This is the time to finish strong.
"After grades come out there is a wealth of information to help you do better next year, and that is the time to say what I could have done differently," Strauss said.
Strauss will be holding a Study Skills series during Summer I and II. The study skills program is six, one hour sessions that address core essentials for academic success. According to the academic support programs website the sessions address, "procrastination, time management, taking class notes, test-taking strategies," and more.
"Success is not about how smart you are it is about about the skills you have to do the work," Strauss said.
Students can find more information about the Study Skills series at _URL_ or by calling _PHONE_.


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Become a part of a statewide learning community of peers who are committed to preventing falls. Objectives for this six-month sprint are to assist participating KHC HIIN hospitals in:
- Identifying opportunities for PDSA improvement cycles through use of the HRET HIIN Falls Process Discovery Tool.
- Applying targeted strategies for involving patients and families in fall prevention, such as validating patient/family understanding and adopting or improving the post-fall huddle process.
- Engaging in the HRET HIIN Up Campaign by designing "Get Up" strategies for engaging front line staff in preventing injuries from falls and immobility.


Top 10 cult groups in Nigerian Universities, their Motto and Symbols – #1 and #2 are are the deadliest
Top 10 cult groups in Nigerian Universities: Why are cults so popular among the youths nowadays? What are the main types of cultism in Nigeria and what symbols do they have? Let's look through the essence of each of them! It is possible that lot of people don't even know that there is a list of cults in Nigeria, which usually thrive at universities and even outside of campus. The main reasons of why some people become members of such movements are the lust for the power, riches, and prestigious status in the society.
What is cultism?
According to the Oxford Dictionary, cultism can be described as a religious or social group whose beliefs are secret, individualistic, and esoteric. Actually, cultism involves carrying out some ritualistic practices. Usually, cultists share some common objectives and ideas. So, they are unknown to the society and also, some cult leaders' true intentions are unknown even to the members of the particular cult. So, let's summarize the main characteristics of cultism:
1) it is a spiritual or religious practice;
2) it is a secret practice;
3) it is practiced by a group of individuals;
4) its policies are unknown to the general public;
5) it has an impact on the lives of the individuals;
6) it's people have a common value.
The first cultism movement in Nigeria was called "Pyrates". It was founded in 1952 by Nobel Prize winning author Wole Soyinka and his friends. Later they were called "Sea Dogs". After some time, another kind of community was created. These are what we known today as "secret cults".
Types of cultism in Nigeria and their symbols
So, let's look through the main types of cultism in Nigeria and their symbols. Some Nigerian confraternities do not hide their symbols, while others keep them in secret and only members of that cult know what they are.
1) Pyrate Confraternity "The National Associations of Sea Dogs"
As we have already mentioned, it is controversially the first "secret cult" in the Nigerian University System. Its two main symbols are a skull, two cross-bones and an anchor. The cult's purposes are: "against expiring convention, tribalism, for humanistic ideas and partnership and knighthood."But their hay days soon ended when the Buccaneers branched out from them.
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Arguing Essay Worksheet 2
Editor's Name and Phone Number:
Ask the writer what questions or concerns he or she has about the paper. Read the paper carefully and respond to those points before you complete the rest of this worksheet. The purpose of these questions is to examine the writer's awareness of audience and choice of focus and evidence for that audience.
- Note here the audience for the paper you're reviewing. Be as specific as possible. If the writer has not targeted a specific audience, brainstorm together for ways to specify the audience.
- What is the focus of this paper and why is that focus appropriate for the target audience? Look both at the focus and purpose as you consider ways to improve the match between writer, reader, and argument.
- Is the claim adequately focused—narrow within manageable/defensible limits? Why or why not?
- Do you feel the writer needs to add any qualifiers or exceptions to avoid over-generalizing the claim? If yes, explain.
- Are the writer's reasons sound in logic, and do they follow logically from the claim? Why or why not?
- Can you think of any additional refutations the writer could add?
- Where has the writer used effective evidence or detail? Where might the writer include more evidence? (Also, take a moment to jot questions on the paper that would help the writer see where and what detail to add.)
- Is the paper interesting to read? Why? (If you see gaps in the information provided, be sure to point out those gaps to the writer.)
- Has the writer cited appropriate and unbiased sources of information? Are quotations integrated into the text? Are the citations clear? Do you see any places where the writer needs to cite source but now doesn't? Point those out to the writer.
View Arguing Essay Worksheet 3


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The "discovery" and conquest of the Americas by Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, and later explorers provided great wealth for Spain and other European nations who plundered natural resources including precious metals. But the indigenous peoples had used gold for centuries in their economic, political, and spiritual affairs.
On this guided tour, explore galleries housing remarkable gold art objects collected and donated to the MFAH by Houston philanthropist Alfred C. Glassell, Jr., and learn more about the objects' diverse uses by ancient civilizations that predated the arrival of the Europeans.
► Admission is free when you purchase lunch from that day's on-site food truck or from the MFAH location of Cafe Express, so make Lunch + Look part of your routine! General admission is always free for MFAH Members.


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Tian'anmen Square Beijing / Peking
The Square of Heavenly Peace is the symbolic center and political heart of Beijing. On this square, Tian'anmen Square, located apart from the gate of the Forbidden City, is the immense mausoleum of former leader Mao Zedong.
The square measuring 880 by 500 meters and has a total area of 440,000 sqm oppervakte ware a million people can come together. In the middle of the square stands the Monument to the People's Heroes.
The square is flanked by tall buildings from the fifties, the Great Hall of the People and the National Museum of China.


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In the midst of the nation's worst drought in 50 years, two of the world's largest agricultural companies are testing corn that is bred and genetically engineered to withstand low rainfall levels.
Monsanto's DroughtGard hybrid corn -- the first-ever hybrid genetically engineered for drought tolerance -- was planted this spring in initial field trials. Sowed amid sufficient rain and optimism for a record-breaking crop yield, the company has encountered a close to worst-case scenario to test its product.
In addition, DuPont Pioneer's hybrid AQUAmax corn -- developed using advanced breeding techniques rather than biotechnology -- debuted last year with five different versions. This year, the company is launching six more with drought tolerance traits combined with pest resistance and other high-yielding attributes.
But the drought ripping through the Midwest is persistent and widespread. Despite positive feedback from farmers, the companies admit that cutting-edge technology can only go so far.
"We know there's a limit; we know you cannot grow corn without water," said Jeff Schussler, senior research manager in maize stress product development for Dupont Pioneer. "There's nothing magical about these hybrids."
The western Plains states typically experience drought conditions nearly every year, but this year's arid weather is more widespread and is hitting the heart of corn country.
"I don't think there will ever be a solution for this severe of a drought," said Mark Edge, DroughtGard marketing lead at Monsanto. Instead, the company seeks to reduce losses.
"It's really about managing risk," he said. "It's still corn, and it still needs water."
Nevertheless, both companies are pleased with early anecdotal results of their work. About 250 farmers on close to 100,000 acres across the western Great Plains planted DroughtGard in the spring.
Among those is Clay Scott, a corn grower in western Kansas who volunteered to grow the engineered corn as part of Monsanto's field trials.
"We're starting to see some real winners in the plots," said Scott, whose land is located in a region in extreme to exceptional drought, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. "I'm excited about it."
Last year, yields of AQUAmax corn were observed 8,000 times, with 680 of those considered to be in a stressed environment. AQUAmax yields were 7 percent higher in the stressed environments compared to conventional hybrids.
Questionable gains to society
Drought resistance comes through the plant's ability not lose its hydration through respiration. The hybrids are bred or engineered to reduce the size of the plant's stomata, pores on the surface that regulate the flow of water inside and outside the plant. In addition, genes to improve and increase kernel development or combat pests increase yield despite the lack of available water.
In turn, the agriculture companies expect to produce corn plants with less leaf rolling, indicating that the crop is managing water stress better. AQUAmax corn growers have reported full and uniform corn silk, said Schussler, which facilitates successful pollination and forms an ear full of kernels.
Scott, the Kansas grower who draws his groundwater from the strained Ogallala Aquifer, expects to yield 200 bushels per acre for his irrigated corn and 100 bushels for dryland corn. If conditions continue, the National Corn Growers Association anticipates a 131-bushel national average, far below the 167 bushels per acre anticipated in the spring.
The Union of Concerned Scientists, a group advocating for the environment and scientific integrity, has been particularly critical of agricultural companies' claims, targeting the largest of them all: Monsanto.


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The average velocity gained by the free electrons of a conductor in the opposite direction of the externally applied electric field is called Drift Velocity. The parameter is called drift velocity of electrons.
The relation between Electric current and Drift velocity:
Derivation of OHM'S Law:
Current in terms of drift velocity (vd) is I = enAvd
Number of electrons in length l of the conductor = n × volume of the conductor = n Al
Total charge contained in length l of the conductor is q = en Al
All the electrons which enter the conductor at the right end will pass through the conductor at the left end in time,
This equation relates the current I with the drift velocity vd
Current density 'j' is given by
In vector form,
The above equation is valid for both positive and negative values of q.
Deduction of Ohm's Law:
when a potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length l, the drift velocity in terms of V is given by
If the area of cross section of the conductor is A and the number of electrons per unit volume of the electron density of the conductor is n, then the current through the conductor will be
At a fixed temperature, the quantities m, l, n, e, τ and A, all have constant values for a given conductor.
This prove Ohm's law for a conductor and here
is the resistance of the conductor.
Resistivity in terms of electron density and relaxation time:
The resistance R of a conductor of length l, the area of cross-section A and resistivity ρ is given by
where τ is the relaxation time. Comparing the above two equations, we get
Constant value e = 1.6 × 10-19C.
Obviously, ρ is independent of the dimension of the conductor but depends on its two parameters:
- The number of free electrons per unit volume or electron density of the conductor.
- The relaxation time τ, the average time between two successive collisions of an electron.
Drift velocity vd is in ms-1, free-electron density in m3, cross-sectional area A in m2, current density j in Am-2. All resistance in Ω.
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SpeechDiscardType (SAPI 5.4)
Microsoft Speech API 5.4
The SpeechDiscardType enumeration lists flags indicating portions of a recognition result to be removed or eliminated once they are no longer needed.
Enum SpeechDiscardType SDTProperty = 1 SDTReplacement = 2 SDTRule = 4 SDTDisplayText = 8 SDTLexicalForm = 16 SDTPronunciation = 32 SDTAudio = 64 SDTAlternates = 128 SDTAll = 255 End Enum
Removes the property tree.
Removes the phrase replacement text for inverse text normalization.
Removes the non-top level rule tree information for a phrase.
Removes the display text.
Removes the lexicon from text.
Removes the pronunciation text.
Removes the audio data that is attached to a phrase. However, the audio has to have been both set and retained.
Removes the alternate data that is attached to a phrase. Discarding alternates loses the words permanently and they cannot be retrieved.
Remove all the features above.


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Sony has said dogs can learn social skills from its new Aibo robot dog.
A Sony mammalogist, Tadaki Imaizumi, conducted an experiment in which 13 dogs were introduced to the robot. Imaizumi said the dogs recognised the robot as a "living creature" and showed a sense of friendship and concern to them.
Nine dogs were said to have approached the robot and attempted to sniff its scent during the first stage of the experiment, while six sniffed its rear in an attempt to make communication. Some dogs were too scared to approach the Aibo, observing from a distance and refusing to get closer.
As the experiment continued, Aibos were introduced to the homes of the dogs, where dogs were reported to have learned the robot's name, performed tricks in unison with it and licking the robot when they were told Aibo was leaving indicating they wanted it to stay.
Having a companion can provide lonely dogs with psychological stability according to Imaizumi. He said: "I glimpsed that living with Aibo may help dogs to develop something similar to compassion, and help them grow."


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With the price of admission into newer vehicles steadily climbing, 4x4s are being asked to be more and more versatile, doing everything from handling your daily commuter chores to primary trail rig duty. So what do we consider the most important element of your vehicle if you want to experience a serene ride over glass-smooth blacktop, controlled bounding over a fast sandy wash, or steady clambering up a boulder-strewn route? The answer is easy: your shocks. While shocks are fairly simple in principle and design, we'll walk you through the basics and answer some common questions to better help you understand what makes shocks an important aspect of your trail rig, and hopefully arm you with enough knowledge to take the edge off of your next shock-buying experience.
If we are going to discuss the basics of how shocks work, then we will start by defining what a shock is. A shock is simply a hydraulic device that converts kinetic energy (movement) into heat energy, which is dissipated through the shock body.
Basically, a shock controls the up and down movement of a vehicle. Now you might say, "Hey, what about springs?" Well, a spring supports the vehicle's weight and only allows up and down movement of the suspension, but doesn't control it. Without shocks on your four-by, you will bounce and bob down the highway, and crash and bang on the bumpstops over each and every surface imperfection. A shock's primary function is to dampen the spring movement and keep your tire in contact with ground at all times, providing the driver with comfort and control, through handling and braking. In fact, worn shocks actually contribute to longer braking distances, something our heavy rigs with giant meats tend to be sensitive to. Spring rates only control the movement of your chassis, but shocks control the length of time it takes for each of these movements to occur.
Think of shocks as timing devices. Without shocks, consistent tire contact patches would not exist, and controlling the vehicle would be nearly impossible.
To understand how a shock works, we must understand the different parts that make up a shock. The first thing you notice when looking at a shock is the shock body. This is what mounts to the vehicle and houses the air and hydraulic shock fluid. The next thing you'll see is a chrome rod, sticking out of the body. This is the shaft, which also mounts to the vehicle, and moves up and down with the suspension movement, also called a stroke. Inside the shock body, a piston sits on the shaft, and has a series of shims connected to it with various-sized holes that allow the shock oil to pass through them as the shock compresses and extends. Unlike air, hydraulic fluid cannot be compressed, so as the piston travels up and down within the shock body, fluid is forced through the shims, resisting vehicle movement. With more or bigger holes, there is less resistance, and the shock piston travels through the oil faster, creating a softer shock action. The opposite is true with less, or smaller holes.
Premium shocks have the added benefit over standard shocks because they replace the air with a pressurized gas, such as nitrogen. Nitrogen resists cavitation, or the forming of air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid. You have probably encountered cavitation if you have ever taken a stock vehicle down a fast sandy wash and experienced the vehicle becoming uncontrollable after a fairly short distance, only to find the symptoms disappearing after a short time of the vehicle sitting and the shock oil settling and cooling down. A shock which has cavitated can no longer provide the resistance necessary for the shock to do its job.
Shocks usually wear out gradually, but some things can happen, especially off-pavement, to hasten their wear. One of the first things to look for is either a nicked or bent shaft, which can easily be caused by flying gravel or debris. Once damaged, the shaft can allow contaminants to enter the oil and destroy the piston seal, which will eventually lead to a leak of the shock fluid.
If not replaced, the shock will eventually lose its ability to function properly. Other signs of worn shocks are excessive bouncing after crossing a dip or bump, rocking back and forth after a stop, excessive body roll around corners, tire cupping, and straight-line braking that isn't so straight.


There are many cities around the world that seem to be floating on water, such as Venice and Italy, because of all the canals that run through them. The streets are replaced by waterways and there are more boats than cars.
These are some of the best water-based cities on the planet.
1. Venice, Italy
Venice, Italy
Venice is filled with water fountains, canals, bridges, gondolas, museums, filigreed churches, palazzos, public squares, and some wonderful architecture. It's probably the most famous and popular of all the floating cities and for good reason. However, the city is being threatened by the rising tide levels so you may want to visit it sooner rather than later.
2. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Brunei's largest city features a neighborhood that's basically held together by about 20 miles of wooden foot bridges. These bridges connect to a total of 42 smaller villages which contain thousands of stilt structures such as homes, hospitals, firehouses, mosques, gas stations, police stations, schools, and shops. All of the buildings come with modern conveniences including air conditioning, internet access, and indoor plumbing. People in this region have been living just above the water for about 1,300 years now.
3. Hong Kong, China
If you head to Hong Kong's Aberdeen Harbour, you'll find thousands of boats known as junks. Back in the 1960s it was estimated that about 100,000 people lived on these boats, but these days only about 6,000 remain. Many of the boats are still used, but just for fishing instead of living on. They provide an awesome colourful sight and there are numerous restaurant boats in the harbour where you can enjoy some excellent fresh seafood.
4. Amsterdam, Holland
Back in the late 1500s Amsterdam was pretty crowded and there wasn't much room to house the population and expand local businesses. They solved the problem by draining the area's swamps to create a series of canals that went around in circles. It was an amazing and complex engineering feat that changed the face of the city forever. Houses, and other structures were erected in the dry areas and Amsterdam is one of the most beautiful locations in the world today. It's estimated that there are just over 60 miles of canals flowing through the Dutch city.
5. Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok is known for its floating markets which travel on the water on small, flat-bottomed boats. Each boat tries to attract customers and it's quite a sight to see. Some of the boats sell fresh produce and/or clothes while others are actually floating restaurants. You'll also find some homes in the area that are built on stilts over the river. Bangkok used to have many more canals, but a lot of them were paved over during the past 100 years because of health reasons.
6. St. Petersburg, Russia
The roots of St. Petersburg can be traced back to 1703 when a czar came upon the Neva River anddeclared it was so beautiful that a city should be built there. Today the city features numerous canals and some beautiful architecture and huge stone palaces.
7. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
Fort Lauderdale is home to about 300 miles of canals which reach from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Everglades. They can be explored by sightseeing cruises and water taxis. You can also check them out on your own by kayak or canoe or try out one of the many gondolas.
8. Gold Coast City, Australia
Gold Coast is filled with artificial islands and canals that were created from Queensland swamps. The area is about eight times bigger than Venice. The newest canals opened up in 2007 with more still being dug out today. The Gold Coast is popular kayaking, dinner cruises, and high-speed jet boats. The area is also famous for its beaches and surfing.
9. Suzhou, China
This city's canals flow past pagoda-roofed homes and weeping willows. The town itself dates back about 2,500 years and is very rich historically. There are two major canal streets that run through the city center. Pingjiang Road is 800 years old and Shantang Road is 1,200 years old. Suzhou is known for silk production, classical gardens, and a leaning tower erected in 961 called the Yunyan Pagoda.
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Opo. Sensing face to face interactions.
Face to face interactions and the distances they occur at are thought to be important in a number of fields, such as epidemiology, psychology, and robot usability. However, past smartphone and smart badge technologies are unable to provide the right combination of high resolution data and usability.
Smart badges have offered the highest quality data so far. However, the difficulty in synchronizing unpredictable mobile node has resulted in either bulky, high powered nodes or infrastructure heavy systems. To overcome this challenge, Opo uses a novel ultra low power ultrasonic wake up circuit to synchronize nodes, bypassing the time synchronization / scheduling challenges faced by traditional RF synchronization.
Opo is able to provide 2 s time resolution and 5 cm spatial resolution, while running for 4 days on a battery the size of a dime. Opo tags are around 3 cm in diameter and weigh 8 grams, making them easily wearable using a lanyard, lapel pin, or magnetic clips.
The cornerstone of Opo is an ultrasonic wakeup circuit that draws 19 μA when no neighbors are present, enabling us to solve the mobile node coordination problem via broadcast synchronization. Broadcast synchronization allows nodes to remain asleep most of the time and be asynchronously awoken when a neighbor appears. This allows Opo to run without any infrastructure nodes or high powered RF neighbor discovery protocols.


Turners Falls, Massachusetts
On the banks of the Connecticut River sits the charming old mill town that is home to Australis. The town has a long industrial history and is blossoming into a hub for artistic inspiration, recreational adventure and natural beauty.
Close-containment Farming
Australis pioneered the use of close-containment (land-based) farming which is considered 'the gold standard' for sustainable aquaculture. Our revolutionary Turners Falls, MA farm is one of the largest water re-use facilities in the world. We recycle and purify 99% of our precious water and donate our fish waste as fertilizer to local farmers.
Fish in the Turners Falls plant move through a series of progressively larger tanks which give them more space to swim as they grow. Each time they are moved they can be graded and counted using infrared fish counters to ensure they are never overcrowded. A staff of 50 carefully monitor the fish on a daily basis, checking the water chemistry to ensure environmental conditions are optimal. Our patented biological filters dramatically reduce the need for freshwater. Australis' Massachusetts farm produces up to two million pounds of fish per year and discharges less than 15 lbs of solids per day - about the same as three average US households!
Take a Virtual Tour of our Farm in Turners Falls, Massachusetts


Mathematics course : 6th grade
How to split a cube into 3 identical pyramids
Vers le même cours en français
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We shall build with cardboard and glue a pyramid fitting into a cube.
The base of the pyramid will be the bottom side of the cube, and the top of the pyramid will be one of the top corners of the cube.
We shall see that the volume of this pyramid is exactly 1/3 of the volume of the cube. Moreover, we shall reconstruct the cube with three identical pyramids like this one.
To build the pyramid, we begin with a model (see video for details).
Click on image to enlarge
We cut the sheet according to the model.
And we fold and paste to get a pyramid.
We build 3 pyramids on the same model. And we can see that they fit exactly into a cube.
Do the three pyramids fill in the cube entirely? Or could there be a void inside? Reasoning on the angles of the various planes, on sees that there can be no void inside. The cube is fully filled.
Therefore the volume of the initial pyramid is a third of the volume of the cube. Hence it is the product of the surface area of its base times its height divided by 3.
We can write : V = S x h x 1/3
(where V is the volume of the pyramid, S is the surface area of its base, that is one of the sides of the cube, and h the height, that is an edge of the cube).
We shall use this result to extend it to any kind of pyramid, and even to any cone.
This result is the generalisation to 3 dimensions of the following well known fact in the plane concerning the surface area of triangles: the surface area of a triangle is the product of the length of any side by the opposite height divided by 2.
Digression: Here is another elementary calculation of the volume of the pyramid. (By "elementary" we mean "without using integral calculus".) We only sketch it. Think of the pyramid as made of a large number of small cubes arranged in stories of decreasing square size. The bottom story would be made of n2 small cubes, the next story of (n-1)2 cubes, the next one of (n-2)2, etc. up to the top story of only one small cube. Such a pyramid contains 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 +... + n2 small cubes. Calculations show that 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 +... + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6. (If we call this number V(n), it is easy to check that V(n) - V(n-1) = n2.) So the ratio of the volume of the pyramid to the whole large cube is n(n+1)(2n+1)/(6n3). When n becomes larger and larger, and the pyramid made of small cubes is smoother and smoother, this ratio tends to 1/3.
Now a bit of fun to finish the lesson: let's place ourselves in a 4D space. Consider a 3D cube in this space, and a point P outside the 3D space in which the cube lies (OK, it's a bit difficult to visualise :-). Let's draw the lines from P to all the points in the 3D cube. We obtain a 4 dimensional figure. The 4D-volume measurement of this 4D figure is the product of the 3D-volume of the 3D cube by the opposite height divided by 4. And four such identical hyper-pyramids can be assembled into a hyper-cube.
Here is some help to visualise and work in 4 dimensions.
At the end of high school, when we study integral calculus, the fact that the hyper-pyramid has (hyper-)volume 1/4 of the hyper-cube will become an easy result, stemming from the fact that integral from 0 to z of x3 is z4/4. With z=1 this yields 1/4. To establish that four hyper-pyramids can be fitted into a hyper-cube will still require a bit of reasoning.
 1. Try to draw on a sheet of paper the cube with its three fitting pyramids inside.
The screens of the video
screen 1
screen 2
screen 3
screen 4
screen 5
screen 6
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screen 8
screen 9
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screen 11
Answer: we discover that the drawing looks terribly messy. That's why we built the pyramids with cardboard and glue.


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Second Order Thinking - The Smart Way To Make Decisions
Did you know that the decision-making process is as much an art as a science? As a cognitive process, decision making is the selection of a course of action from several possibilities. While many people strive to make the perfect decisions, it's much better to start making average decisions and progress to make better ones.
To gain insight into the decision-making process and make fewer mistakes, it is wise to use second-order thinking. Second order thinkers think differently and as a result, they usually end up getting unexpected or extraordinary results.
"Experience is what you got when you didn't get what you wanted."
The ability to think through problems to the second, third, and nth order—or what we will call second-order thinking for short—is a powerful tool that great thinkers use to their advantage all the time. To achieve extraordinary results, one must incorporate extraordinary actions.
What Is Second Order Thinking?
Howard Marks, the author of "The Most Important Thing" and founder of Oaktree Capital, describes second order thinking as "deep, complex and convoluted." In the book, the author describes first thinking as "simplistic and superficial, and just about everyone can do it (a bad sign for anything involving an attempt at superiority."
"It's not supposed to be easy. Anyone who finds it easy is stupid."
— Charlie Munger
Differences Between First Order And Second Order Thinkers
First order thinkers are described by Howard Marks as people who make simple and superficial decisions. For instance, in cryptocurrency trading, a first order thinker will hope for favorable results. That means the crypto-trader will hope for an increase in prices in order to make profits. When it comes to second order thinkers, they are deep and complex. Simply put, they take into account a lot of variables before making a decision. For instance, in cryptocurrency trading, instead of the trader hoping for the prices to increase in order to make short-term profits, he or she will take in different variables to determine if cryptocurrencies are viable as long-term investments.First order thinkers choose to make their decisions based on simple and easy things. Basically, they fear taking more time to research and take into account complex factors. For them, the first answer that pops into their minds is what they go with. Second order thinkers think in terms of interactions and they are not afraid to research and even spend more time before making the final decision.
According to the author of "The Most Important Thing", first order thinkers think alike. To quote his book "The difference in workload between the first level and second level thinking is clearly massive and the number of people capable of the latter is tiny compared to the number of the former... First level thinkers think the same way other first level thinkers do about the same things, and they generally reach the same conclusions..."Simply put, they use the same approach finally coming to the same conclusion. For second order thinkers, they think differently. If presented with the same problem, each individual will come up with a different conclusion. Imagine this, if first-order thinking was the norm, things like bulls and bear would never be a thing.
How To Use Second Order Thinking
Always think in terms of relatives and never absolutes. This is very important especially when it comes to the stock market. The stock market is all about expectations such as the rise and fall of a stock price. On the stock market, it's not always about less good or less bad. It's about studying the charts and indicators before making the final decision – to buy or sell.
Take the time to consider the difference between value and price. All assets can make a good investment. One asset can fetch a higher price while another can get a poor one. By taking into account the value and price of the asset, you will be able to make a smarter decision.
Always consider both sides of an investment decision or argument. As a second-order thinker, you have to seek out opinions different from your own. What you ought to know is that no one is right at all times. By thinking about where you could go wrong, it demonstrates a high level of intelligence and self-awareness.Lastly, never judge your decisions based on the outcomes but rather on the process taken to realize them.
Taking the easiest way when it comes to decision making is not the best way to go through life but when you take into account different outcomes and variables, you will be in a better position to come up with smarter decisions. Never fear to be wrong, unlike first-order thinkers who think they might look foolish. Taking risks is the best way to come up with smart decisions.