text:
Implementation Register Interlocks in Parallel-Pipeline, Multiple Instruction Queue, Superscalar Processors
2013 IEEE 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) (1995)
Raleigh, North Carolina
Jan. 22, 1995 to Jan. 25, 1995
A dependence for data, control, or resources might cause one instruction to become stalled in a pipeline stage waiting for a preceding instruction to produce a result or release a resource. The pipeline control hardware checks for dependences, and prevents the instruction from going to the next pipeline stage if a dependence occurs. We refer to this hardware as inter-lock logic. The amount and complexity of the interlock logic required to support a ten+ instruction issue bandwidth is a major concern in the design of the pipeline control hardware. We look specifically at register interlocks in the context of a parallel pipeline with separate dispatch and issue phases - a generalization of the pipeline organization implemented by a number of prominent recent superscalar processors. We describe four implementations of the register interlock logic and a comparison baaed on the number of logic levels. We al-so present a high-bandwidth implementation of table-based register renaming.
S. Weiss, "Implementation Register Interlocks in Parallel-Pipeline, Multiple Instruction Queue, Superscalar Processors", 2013 IEEE 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), vol. 00, no., pp. 14, 1995, doi:10.1109/HPCA.1995.386559


A ray of light impinges from air onto a block of ice (n =1.309) at a 60.0° angle of incidence. Assuming that this angleremains the same, find the difference 2,ice - 2,water in the angles of refraction when the ice turns to water(n = 1.333).
2, ice - 2,water =
wrong check mark°
Detailed answers to tough
homework problems


text:
Synonyms: Collisella pelta
|Left: Top view of Lottia pelta with barnacle.
Right: Interior of Lottia pelta shell.
|Photo by: Ryan Lunsford 2002
Collected at Rosario
How to Distinguish from Similar Species: Lottia pelta can be easily confused with Tectura scutum. The distinguishing difference is the relative height of L. pelta as compared to the flat shell of T. scutum. Molecular evidence being prepared in 2008 (Brian Simison's dissertation, Berkeley, and Eernisse et al in prep.) suggests that from Monterey Bay southward the limpets identified as Lottia pelta are actually a sibling species.
Geographical Range: Alaska to Baja California (current work by Brian Simpson and Eernisse et al. at Hopkins Marine Station suggests that south of Monterey Bay the species is not L. pelta but an as-yet undescribed species).
Depth Range: Low to middle intertidal zones
Habitat: L. pelta is generally found in more protected locations on the rocks.
Biology/Natural History: The Lottia pelta diet consists of a large variety of both red and brown algae including Endocladia, Iridaea, Egregia, and Postelsia. However, it is most often associated with brown algae (Pelvetia and Laminaria in addition to those mentioned). These animals feed mainly at high tide, but do not feed at every high tide. Studies have shown that there is little competition for food between species of limpets. Perhaps this is due to slightly different enzymes and diets. Actually, even the diets of two individuals of the same species may vary according to the algae most available. It is in part this variability that accounts for the large variety of shell patterns and coloration. L. pelta has a definite and largely successful defense response to three species of predatory sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus, Leptasterias hexactis, and Evasterias troschelii). The limpet "runs" away by lifting its shell off the substrate and crawling at top speed.
This species is highly variable both in color and in genetics (Begovic,
2003). It may actually be a group of related species. Individuals
on rocks tend to be brown to brownish-green and often have ribs; those
on kelp are usually smooth and may be uniformly dark or variegated in color
(see photos below). Individuals on Mytilus mussels tend to
be uniformly dark. If individuals move between these substrates the
pattern in the new growth of their shell changes to match that typical
of the species on their new substrate. Evidence suggests that individuals
not colored typically for the substrate they are on may be subject to higher
predation by black oystercatchers (Sorensen
and Lindberg, 1991)
|Main Page||Alphabetic Index||Systematic Index||Glossary|
Kozloff, 1987, 1996. Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press
Morris et al. 1992. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford Univ. Press.
Niesen, 1997. Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX.
Begovic, E., 2004. Population structuring mechanisms and diversification patterns in the Patellogastropoda of the North Pacific. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley. 291 pp.
Sorensen, Fred E. and David R. Lindberg, 1991. Preferential predation by American black oystercatchers on transitional ecophenotypes of the limpet Lottia pelta (Rathke). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 154: 123-136
A student study at Rosario by Brittany Pick and Bethany Reiswig (2007) found that the black oystercatchers Haematopus bachmani nesting on Northwest Island are being selective in the limpets they capture. Although Lottia digitalis was the most common limpet found in intertidal transects on Northwest Island and were the species found at the highest tide levels so they should have been more available than any other species, they were not the most abundant in shell middens found near the oystercatcher nesting and feeding site. The oystercatchers selected Lottia digitalis less often than expected, and those they did select were near the maximum size range found in the intertidal. The oystercatchers seemed to prefer other, larger limpet species such as Tectura persona, Tectura scutum, and Lottia pelta, all of which were found by chi-squared analysis to be in significantly higher numbers in the midden than expected from the intertidal abundance. Whether this selection by the oystercatchers is due to a specific selection of species or simply a selection of the largest individuals present in the intertidal is not known.
The photos above and below show limpets keying to Lottia pelta, found on Egregia kelp on the beach at San Simeon, CA August 2010. Photos by Dave Cowles
Note the mottled color on this individual, while the smaller, partly obscured individual to the left and another in the photo above are nearly black on the outside of the shell. Outside coloration in this species is highly variable, reflecting the genetic variability within the species.
The foot and viscera of the species are white. Photo by Dave Cowles, San Simeon Beach, CA, August 2010
My thanks to Ryan P. Kelly for updated information on this page.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Posted 1 year ago
Known as the most important Artifact ever to have arrived on New Zealand shores...the "Pompallier Madonna" was brought out here in the mid 1800's by a French Missionary.
Rumours persist that their was secret Vatican involvement after the original Byzantine Parchment was stolen from a local High School in Wellington NZ in the 1960's. There are also rumours that the next day it turned up in a secondhand shop window but as the original has never been found it is a true Unsolved Mystery!!
Given to the Pope Pius IX in 1846 as a Coronation Gift by The Sisters of the Campus Martius. He later gave it to Bishop Jean Baptiste Francois Pompallier in Rome in 1847 - to bring the ancient small painting to New Zealand to establish the Catholic Church in New Zealand. Pope Pius IX (_PHONE_) he proclaimed the dogmas of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin in 1854 his pontificate was the longest in history. Henceforth the Virgin Icon representing his vision of the Catholicism. Interesting it wasn't Christ at the centre of the faith.
In 750AD, The Sisters of the Immaculate Conception took it from Byzantine to Rome during a time of iconoclastic persecution in the East.
Mine is a Lithograph Reproduction of the Original and the same size. It has golden gilt? on it. The original was in an oval frame as shown in the reproduction.
I hope one day to stumble upon the original if it is still in NZ.
I am unsure as to HOW MANY LITHOGRAPHS EXIST??? Would anybody know???
An interesting article on this Icon in NZ Newspaper - (i stole bits :-)
A REAL LIFE DA VINCI CODE - who can crack this?


text:
Access to the third ventricle is a veritable challenge to neurosurgeons. In this context, anatomical and morphometric studies are useful for establishing the limitations and advantages of a particular surgical approach. The transchoroidal approach is versatile and provides adequate exposure of the middle and posterior regions of the third ventricle. However, the fornix column limits the exposure of the anterior region of the third ventricle. There is evidence that the unilateral section of the fornix column has little effect on cognitive function. This study compared the anatomical exposure afforded by the transforniceal-transchoroidal approach with that of the transchoroidal approach. In addition, a morphometric evaluation of structures that are relevant to and common in the 2 approaches was performed.
The anatomical exposure provided by the transcallosal-transchoroidal and transcallosal-transforniceal-transchoroidal approaches was compared in 8 fresh cadavers, using a neuronavigation system. The working area, microsurgical exposure area, and angular exposure on the longitudinal and transversal planes of 2 anatomical targets (tuber cinereum and cerebral aqueduct) were compared. Additionally, the thickness of the right frontal lobe parenchyma, thickness of the corpus callosum trunk, and longitudinal diameter of the interventricular foramen were measured. The values obtained were submitted to statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test.
In the quantitative evaluation, compared with the transchoroidal approach, the transforniceal-transchoroidal approach provided a greater mean working area (transforniceal-transchoroidal 150 ± 11 mm2; transchoroidal 121 ± 8 mm2; p < 0.05), larger mean microsurgical exposure area (transforniceal-transchoroidal 101 ± 9 mm2; transchoroidal 80 ± 5 mm2; p < 0.05), larger mean angular exposure area on the longitudinal plane for the tuber cinereum (transforniceal-transchoroidal 71° ± 7°; transchoroidal 64° ± 6°; p < 0.05), and larger mean angular exposure area on the longitudinal plane for the cerebral aqueduct (transforniceal-transchoroidal 62° ± 6°; transchoroidal 55° ± 5°; p < 0.05). No differences were observed in angular exposure along the transverse axis for either anatomical target (tuber cinereum and cerebral aqueduct; p > 0.05). The mean thickness of the right frontal lobe parenchyma was 35 ± 3 mm, the mean thickness of the corpus callosum trunk was 10 ± 1 mm, and the mean longitudinal diameter of the interventricular foramen was 4.6 ± 0.4 mm. In the qualitative assessment, it was noted that the transforniceal-transchoroidal approach led to greater exposure of the third ventricle anterior region structures. There was no difference between approaches in the exposure of the structures of the middle and posterior region.
The transforniceal-transchoroidal approach provides greater surgical exposure of the third ventricle anterior region than that offered by the transchoroidal approach. In the population studied, morphometric analysis established mean values for anatomical structures common to both approaches.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Properly Pop a Pimple
We've all been there: you wake up the morning of a big event, look in the mirror and see it - an unsightly blemish on a most obvious area of your face. While the urge to start picking at your skin is great, here is where willpower must kick in.
Trying to pop a pimple can make the issue worse; far worse. If done improperly or on the wrong kind of blemish, you can cause the pimple to become increasingly red, swollen and inflamed. Plus, you stand the risk of introducing bacteria to the skin that could result in an infection that takes far longer to heal and could ultimately leave behind discoloration and/or scarring.
That's not to say that you should never pop a pimple. Instead, follow the guidelines below to know if you should even attempt to pop yours and, if you do, how to properly pop a pimple.
Know Thy Blemish Type
To determine if the pimple can be popped you must first know what type it is:
Does it have a white or yellow head? If so, this is a "closed comedone," also known as a whitehead. This type of pimple can be popped at home.
Whiteheads are blockages deep below the skin pore that have only a microscopic opening at the skin's surface, which air cannot penetrate. Due to the lack of oxygen, dead skin cells and sebum present in the follicle do not oxidize and remain colorless or white in appearance.
Does it have a dark hue on the surface? If so, this is an "open comedone," also known as a blackhead. This type of pimple should NOT be popped.
Blackheads are blockages close to the skin's surface. Because of their location, the pore is enlarged and oxygen can enter, leading to oxidization. The combination of oxidation and the way light reflects off the blockage lends it the dark color.
Is it raised and red? If so, this is likely a papule and should NOT be popped.
Papules have no visible pore and are often hard and painful to the touch. This type of blockage may eventually turn into a whitehead or blackhead but will likely heal before it reaches that point.
Proper Popping Technique
If you've evaluated the blemish and determined that it is, indeed, a whitehead, follow the guidelines below to attempt to eliminate it:
 - 1. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water to minimize the potential of spreading bacteria.
 - 2. Wash your face with warm water and a cleanser appropriate for your skin, such as Lexli Acne Cleanser.
 - 3. Apply a warm washcloth to the blemish for a few minutes. Do not push on the blemish. This step is intended only to ease the excavation.
 - 4. Wrap a clean tissue around each of your index fingers. Place fingers on either side of the pimple and gently squeeze, applying consistent pressure from both sides. DO NOT OVERSQUEEZE, as this can damage the skin. If the pimple does not pop on the first try, reposition fingers around blemish and gently try again. If the blemish still doesn't pop, discontinue to avoid damaging the skin.
 - 5. If the pimple pops, continue gently squeezing until all of the white contents of the hair follicle are emptied.
 - 6. Follow-up with the application of an acne treatment product, like Lexli Clarifying Lotion, which aids in healing, kills bacteria and keeps the pore clear.
If you frequently experience acne breakouts, it is necessary to begin using skin care products that are formulated specifically for acneic skin, such as the Lexli Acne Kit. The products in the kit work in concert to address all four of the main causes of acne, including follicular keratinization (abnormally "sticky" skin cells), excess sebum production, prevalence of P. acnes bacteria and inflammation.


text:
Use the adverb imperiously to describe a manner that is domineering and authoritative. Shouting, "Sit! Stay!" imperiously might work well on the dog, but it won't necessarily work on your friends.
Imperiously comes from the Latin word imperare, which means "to command." Other words from this same root include empire, emperor, imperial, and imperative. Like imperiously, all of these words retain some sense of command in their definitions. When you were three, you might have imperiously announced to your toys that they must come to life immediately, or you would banish them to the dark wasteland known as the closet.


text:
answers instead of open-ended uncertainty.
¶ 37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 This opening rewind is not the pilot's only example of temporal complexity, as the episode contains eight flashbacks that run approximately nine minutes in total, accounting for more than 20% of its running time. While flashbacks remain an important part of the narrative toolbox for the series as a whole, the pilot uses them far more extensively than almost any other episode. In large part, the use of flashbacks in the pilot are expository, providing backstory on the characters and situations that precede the present day timeline. These flashbacks are quite important to set-up the show's major plot arcs, as they posit the three key questions that will motivate the serialized narrative plotlines for the season: Who killed Lilly Kane? Who raped Veronica? And why did Veronica's mother leave the family? All of these major narrative events occurred long before the pilot begins, so flashbacks help build mystery about the storyworld's past events, a storytelling strategy that creates the narrative universe's depth and richness. The pilot's extensive use of flashbacks helps set-up an intrinsic norm for the series as a whole, but also underscores how a pilot is often atypical in its storytelling strategies in order to sufficiently educate viewers on the scenario and key backstory elements.
¶ 38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 Just as the opening rewind is explained clearly with redundancy, the flashbacks are all highly cued and demarcated as narratively distinct. The first flashback comes at the episode's five minute mark, with Veronica sitting outside in her high school courtyard, introducing her classmates via voiceover. In recounting her previous status as part of the "in crowd," she admits, "The only reason I was allowed beyond the velvet ropes was Duncan Kane, son of software billionaire Jake Kane. He used to be my boyfriend." The camera alternates between a shot of Veronica sitting alone staring wistfully at Duncan, and her visual perspective of him mingling with his friends. The camera slowly tracks in toward Veronica at the end of her line, as the image blurs via quick dissolve into another shot with an accompanying "swoosh" sound effect. The new shot of kids in the high school hallway is tinted blue, with soft focus and streaky images to clearly distinguish it from the bright colors and sun drenched lighting of the courtyard. The music shifts as well, to a breathy atmospheric vocal track from the previous subtle guitar rhythmic background in the courtyard scene. We soon see Duncan and a longer-haired Veronica in the center of the frame, with a jump-cut forward to a close-up of them kissing, before the image oversaturates with white light, and shifts into slow-motion. All of these stylistic techniques, from film stock to soundtrack, color scheme to hairstyling, serve to demarcate the flashback sequence from the norms established in the present-tense scenes. There is no ambiguity about this temporal shift, as the sequence is clearly framed as a subjective memory presented to us by Veronica, our focalizing narrator.
¶ 39 Leave a comment on paragraph 39 0 The next flashback is similarly demarcated, but differs in terms of perspective. Veronica is sitting at lunch with Wallace, as she asks him two related questions: "So what did you do?… Why are you a dead man walking?" These questions trigger the similar blur and sound effect to signal a flashback of Wallace reporting a robbery while working at a convenience store, with Wallace narrating events to Veronica. This flashback, briefly interrupted by a line from Veronica, is the only scene where Veronica does not appear throughout the entire episode and thus the only story material portrayed without Veronica's first-hand experience―future episodes certainly focus primarily on the titular character, but feature scenes and plotlines with Veronica absent, another example of a pilot's exceptional status. Although Wallace's flashback uses comparable stylistic markers as Veronica's, its narrative status is different: Wallace is clearly retelling the story to Veronica within the storyworld, while Veronica's voiceovers and flashbacks are internal monologues, shared only with the non-specified "you" of the television audience. These distinctions reinforce the important centrality of Veronica as our main character, narrative guide, and focalizing figure, a status that remains consistent throughout the series.
¶ 40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 Veronica's second flashback, immediately following the scene with Wallace, appears more subjective, motivated by a triggered memory rather than expository narration. In the courtyard to her apartment, she hears the song "Just Another" by Pete Zorn playing on a radio as she is walking by the swimming pool. She looks up at the radio, and then we hear a splash from the pool. Veronica looks down as we "swoosh" into a flashback image of Duncan emerging from the water, saying, "Hey babe, it's our song." The scene shifts abruptly to Veronica's friends circling a large birthday cake being held out by a previously unseen woman, who says, "Happy birthday, Veronica! Are you surprised?" Veronica says, "Mom" twice―first within the flashback, and then in a quick switch back to the present day narrative, as she spins her head mistakenly thinking that another woman in the courtyard was her mother. While this flashback is stylistically cued as a memory, its narrative function is more opaque, not answering questions explicitly posed by Veronica's narration, but rather raising a question still to be addressed: where is Veronica's mother? All of Veronica's flashbacks offer a balance of narrative information and emotional depth, with this example furthest toward the emotional end of the spectrum.
¶ 41 Leave a comment on paragraph 41 0 The next flashback comes more than five minutes later, and includes the most narratively significant revelations. While Veronica is surveilling Jake Kane for her father's private investigation firm, she narrates the details of Kane's prominent business and civic roles in Neptune. As she begins to talk about her relationship with the Kane family, we flashback to a scene between Veronica and Lilly Kane which introduces Lilly, revealing her murder and how Veronica learned of her friend's demise. Most notably, the sequence presents an important but understated uncertainty, with Lilly telling Veronica "I've got a secret—a good one," in a conversation that Veronica identifies as "the last words Lilly and I ever shared." Lilly's secret is not highlighted as a key narrative enigma, but it returns in prominence later in the season as Veronica begins to unravel the case—looking back from the end of the season, this referenced secret is the cause of Lilly's death, and thus its subdued placement within the pilot helps provide unity to the arc of her murder. Although the events being portrayed are clearly emotionally fraught for Veronica, with her best friend's murder and the subsequent scapegoating of her father for a botched investigation, the tone of the narration is detached and factually-driven, with Veronica presenting the story more as an investigator than someone who is emotionally involved in the case.
¶ 42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 0 This flashback thus helps situate the narrative status of Veronica's voiceover narration. After revealing Lilly's death, she says, "But everyone knows this story, the murder of Lilly Kane…. And, of course, everyone remembers reading about the bungling local sheriff, the one who went after the wrong man. That bungling sheriff was my dad." This narration suggests that Veronica is explicitly speaking to an audience within the storyworld, assuming our familiarity with the tabloid-covered events. While the narration is never overtly identified as fitting a particular frame of reference, like a diary or therapy session as found in other programs with first-person voiceover, this mode of direct address distinguishes it from a more objective narrational tone like in Dragnet. Whereas in Dragnet there is no implied audience hearing Friday's narration that functions like an orated police report, Veronica is clearly talking to somebody, explaining her perspectives and asking us to go along for a ride. This style of narration firmly embeds the viewer within the storyworld, making us an unspecified but important part of the diegesis that functions as a sounding board for Veronica's inner thoughts and plans, providing access both to details of her investigative procedures and emotional life.
¶ 43 Leave a comment on paragraph 43 0 Subsequent flashbacks follow these established parameters, presenting crucial backstory plot, relationships, and lingering mysteries. Questions remain central to the use of flashbacks, as with the sixth flashback introduced with the voiceover, "You want to know how I lost my virginity? So do I," before showing the scene of Veronica's drug-induced date rape. The seventh flashback is cued by another character's questions―Logan is taunting Veronica about her absent mother, asking, "Do you know where she is? Any clue?" Veronica stares him down as he drives away, but then answers his question via voiceover: "It's been eight months since I've seen my mother." A flashback shows the morning after Lianne left, setting up the season-long arc about her status and Veronica's relationship with her mother. Throughout the pilot, questions are articulated either to immediately answer them to orient and educate viewers, or to establish enigmas inspiring viewers to continue watching in hopes of discovering the answers.
¶ 44 Leave a comment on paragraph 44 1 The flashbacks also cue some important parallels and repetitions that draw characters together, deepen the storyworld, and cue narrative pleasure. For instance, in Wallace's flashback, Sheriff Lamb mocks Wallace by saying, "You need to go see the wizard, ask him for some guts." Veronica interrupts in the present tense, "'Go see the wizard,' he said that?" a comment that seems unremarkable at the time. 22 minutes later, the comment


text:
Drink-walking: An examination of the related behaviour and attitudes of young people in Queensland
O'Connor, Erin L., Tay, Richard S., Watson, Barry C., Edmonston, Colin J., & Lang, Cathryne P. (2004) Drink-walking: An examination of the related behaviour and attitudes of young people in Queensland. In The NSW Local Government Road Safety Conference, September 2004.
This is the latest version of this eprint.
While huge inroads have been made into the drink driving problem in Queensland over the last decade, the prevalence of alcohol-related pedestrian crashes has been steadily increasing. Young people (17-29 years) are over-represented in this type of pedestrian crash. A study of 534 people, including 328 participants aged 17-24 years old, was conducted to examine the issue of drink-walking as part of a larger program of research examining youth and risk-taking behaviour. The study involved breath testing and surveying patrons as they left selected licensed premises. Survey items addressed past experiences of drink-walking behaviour, knowledge and perceptions of the dangers and legal consequences associated with both drinkwalking and drink driving, trip planning, and factors influencing the modal choice. Results revealed that young people are more likely to drink-walk and rated the likelihood of being hurt whilst drink-walking on or near roads as lower than participants over 24 years of age. However, 53% of under 25 years old recalled situations in which they or another person had been hurt whilst drink-walking. The implications of the findings for the design of educational campaigns and other interventions are discussed.
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|Item Type:||Conference Paper|
|Keywords:||Drink walking, alcohol, pedestrian, exit surveys, Blood Alcohol Content|
|Subjects:||Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES (110000) > PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES (111700)|
|Divisions:||Current > Research Centres > Centre for Accident Research & Road Safety - Qld (CARRS-Q)|
Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Faculty of Health
Current > Institutes > Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright 2004 (The Authors)|
|Deposited On:||02 Sep 2008|
|Last Modified:||09 Jun 2010 22:47|
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the results of folding up all of the original subtries along each key; it's the "results so far". The values in the map become the very things we swore to create.
Then, we use cata to "fold" our value along the algebra:
cata myAlg :: Trie k v -> A
cata starts from the bottom-most layer, runs myAlg on that, then goes up a layer, running myAlg on the results, then goes up another layer, running myAlg on those results, etc., until it reaches the top layer and runs myAlg again to produce the final result.
For example, we'll write a catamorphism that counts how many values/leaves we have in our trie as an Int. Since our result is an Int, we know we want an algebra returning an Int:
countAlg :: TrieF k v Int -> Int
This is the basic structure of an algebra: our final result type (Int) becomes the parameter of TrieF k v (as TrieF k v Int), and also the result of our algebra.
Remember that a Trie k v contains a Maybe v and a Map k (Trie k v), and a TrieF k v Int contains a Maybe v and a Map k Int. In a Trie k v, the Map contains all of the subtries under each branch. For countAlg, in our TrieF k v Int we are given, the Map contains the counts of each of those original subtries under each branch.
Basically, our task is "Given a map of sub-counts, how do we find the total count?"
With this in mind, we can write countAlg:
-- source:
countAlg :: TrieF k v Int -> Int
countAlg (MkTF v subtrieCounts)
 | isJust v = 1 + subtrieTotal
 | otherwise = subtrieTotal
 subtrieTotal = sum subtrieCounts
If v is indeed a leaf (it's Just), then it's one plus the total counts of all of the subtries (remember, the Map k Int contains the counts of all of the original subtries, under each key). Otherwise, it's just the total counts of all of the original subtries.
Our final count is, then:
-- source:
count :: Trie k v -> Int
count = cata countAlg
ghci> count testTrie
We can do something similar by writing a summer, as well, to sum up all values inside a trie:
-- source:
trieSumAlg :: Num a => TrieF k a a -> a
trieSumAlg (MkTF v subtrieSums) = fromMaybe 0 v + sum subtrieSums
trieSum :: Num a => Trie k a -> a
trieSum = cata trieSumAlg
ghci> trieSum testTrie
In the algebra, the subtrieSums :: Map k a contains the sums of all of the subtries. Under key k, we have the sum of the subtrie that was originally at kie k. The algebra, therefore, just adds up all of the subtrie sums with the value at that layer. "Given a map of sub-sums, how do we find a total sum?"
Down from the High Ground
Catamorphisms are naturally "inside-out", or "bottom-up". However, some operations are more naturally "outside-in", or "top-down". One immediate example is lookup :: [k] -> Trie k v -> Maybe v, which is quintessentially "top-down": it first descends down the first item in the [k], then the second, then the third, etc. until you reach the end, and return the Maybe v at that layer.
Is that…legal?
In this case, we can make it legal by inverting control: instead of folding into a Maybe v directly, fold into a "looker upper", a [k] -> Maybe v. We generate a "lookup function" from the bottom-up, and then run that all in the end on the key we want to look up.
Our algebra will therefore have type:
 :: Ord k
 => TrieF k v ([k] -> Maybe v)
 -> ([k] -> Maybe v)
A TrieF k v ([k] -> Maybe v) contains a Maybe v and a Map k ([k] -> Maybe v), or a map of "lookuppers". Indexed at each key is function of how to look up a given key in the original subtrie.
So, we are tasked with "how to implement a lookupper, given a map of sub-lookuppers".
To do this, we can pattern match on the key we are looking up. If it's [], then we just return the current leaf (if it exists). Otherwise, if it's k:ks, we can run the lookupper of the subtrie at key k.
-- source:
 :: Ord k
 -> ([k] -> Maybe v)
lookupperAlg (MkTF v lookuppers) = \case
 [] -> v
 k:ks -> case M.lookup k lookuppers of
 Nothing -> Nothing
 Just lookupper -> lookupper ks
 :: Ord k
 => [k]
 -> Trie k v
 -> Maybe v
lookup ks t = cata lookupperAlg t ks
(written using the -XLambdaCase extension, allowing for \case syntax)
ghci> lookup "to" testTrie
Just 9
ghci> lookup "ton" testTrie
Just 3
ghci> lookup "tone" testTrie
Note that because Maps have lazy values by default, we only ever actually generate "lookuppers" for subtries under keys that we eventually descend on; any other subtries will be ignored (and no lookuppers are ever generated for them).
In the end, this version has all of the same performance characteristics as the explicitly recursive one; we're assembling a "lookupper" that stops as soon as it sees either a failed lookup (so it doesn't cause any more evaluation later on), or stops when it reaches the end of its list.
I Think the System Works
We've now written a couple of non-recursive functions to "query" Trie. But what was the point, again? What do we gain over writing explicit versions to query Trie? Why couldn't we just write:
-- source:
trieSumExplicit :: Num a => Trie k a -> a
trieSumExplicit (MkT v subtries) =
 fromMaybe 0 v + sum (fmap trieSumExplicit subtries)
instead of
-- source:
trieSumCata :: Num a => Trie k a -> a
trieSumCata = cata $ \(MkTF v subtrieSums) ->
 fromMaybe 0 v + sum subtrieSums
One major reason, like I mentioned before, is to avoid using explicit recursion. It's extremely easy when using explicit recursion to accidentally write an infinite loop, or to mess up your control flow somehow. It's basically like using GOTO instead of while or for loops in imperative languages. while and for loops are meant to abstract over a common type of looping control flow, and provide a disciplined structure for them. They also are often much easier to read, because as soon as you see "while" or "for", it gives you a hint at programmer intent in ways that an explicit GOTO might not.
Another major reason is to allow you to separate concerns. Writing trieSumExplicit forces you to think "how to fold this entire trie". Writing trieSumAlg allows us to just focus on "how to fold this immediate layer". You only need to ever focus on the immediate layer you are trying to sum — and never the entire trie. cata takes your "how to fold this immediate layer" function and turns it into a function that folds an entire trie, taking care of the recursive descent for you.
Before we move on, I just wanted to mention that cata is not a magic function. From the clues above, you might actually be able to implement it yourself. For our Trie, it's:
-- source:
cata' :: (TrieF k v a -> a) -> Trie k v -> a
cata' alg = alg. fmap (cata' alg). project
First we project :: Trie k v -> TrieF k v (Trie k v), to "de-recursive" our type. Then we fmap our entire cata alg :: Trie k v -> a. Then we run the alg :: TrieF k v a -> a on the result. Basically, it's fmap-collapse-then-collapse.
It might be interesting to note that the implementation of cata' here requires explicit recursion. One of the purposes of using recursion schemes like cata is to avoid directly using recursion explicitly, and "off-loading" the recursion to one reusable function. So in a sense, it's ironic: cata can save other functions from explicit recursion, but not itself.
Or, can it? The reason cata' is necessarily recursive here is that our Trie data type is recursive. However, we can actually encode Trie using an alternative representation (in terms of TrieF), and it's possible to write cata' in a non-recursive way:
-- source:
newtype MuTrie k v = MkMT (forall a. (TrieF k v a -> a) -> a)
cataMuTrie :: (TrieF k v a -> a) -> MuTrie k v -> a
cataMuTrie alg (MkMT f) = f alg
Trie' is actually isomorphic to Trie, so they're the same type (it


text:
Definition of medullar
a. - See Medullary. 2
The word "medullar" uses 8 letters: A D E L L M R U.
No direct anagrams for medullar found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after medullar (in bold), or to adellmru in any order:
y - medullary
All words formed from medullar by changing one letter
Browse words starting with medullar by next letter


How to interpret your dog's barking
Last updated 05:00 13/01/2013
Supplied Elsa Flint
Types of Barks
Barking Dogs Interview
Elsa Flint and River
WOOF JUSTICE: Devonport vet and barking expert Elsa Flint with 13-year-old River.
Relevant offers
How much barking is too much barking?
In an effort to determine what is normal woofing, an Auckland animal behaviourist has bugged the houses of 60 dogs and recorded how much they barked when their owners were out.
Maggie, Brodie, Rastus and Jezebel (breeds unknown) were the kind of dogs anyone would like to have next door, barking infrequently and not for very long.
Emily, Jasper, Scarr and Jock were not so good neighbours though: Emily barked more than 20 times in a week for about three minutes each time; on one occasion Jasper barked for about 15 minutes straight.
The study's author, Dr Elsa Flint, said the average amount of barking for a home-alone dog over an eight-hour period was 4.3 times, with an average of about 30 seconds per bout.
The study participants came from two Auckland vet practices, on the North Shore and in Howick.
All were aged one to 14 and were ordinary, well-cared-for dogs, exercised off-property for at least 30 minutes per day, and living in suburban houses with gardens.
Sixty dogs began the study but only 40 returned data as tape recorders were lost or damaged or owners withdrew from the study.
The noisiest dogs were female and younger.
The question, though, is why do this research?
Flint, in her work as a behaviourist, has seen complaints about barking dogs increase over the years as population density increased. Auckland Council alone fielded 8876 complaints in the 2011-2012 financial year.
But it wasn't always the dog that was at fault, Flint said. "In a lot of cases there was some bad feeling between neighbours and they were using the dog to get back at each other."
Councils were in a difficult position because they didn't have a benchmark for inordinate barking.
The other worrying factor was that concerned owners often turned to electric collars that shocked the dog when it barked, Flint said. "That really upsets me. The dog doesn't know what's happening. I've seen results where the dogs are terrified to move. They just go into shut-down mode."
Flint said in one extreme case owners came home to find their dog hiding under a bed in a pool of its own excrement, fearful of moving because it wasn't sure what was causing the shocks.
Flint said she could hear whether barking was territorial guarding or separation anxiety and most of the dogs she recorded were territorial guarding.
Problem barking required an evaluation of the many factors that could be creating the behaviour, she said.
In one case, she filmed two dogs in a backyard and the problem was that the older dog was going into their joint kennel and preventing the younger one from getting in. A second kennel solved the problem.
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text:
|Disclaimer: The information on this page has not been checked by an independent person. Use this information at your own risk.|
Table showing generic pump types |
Note: Links to more detailed information are included in the rows below..
Single Pump Systems
The system head generally consists of two parts:-
The difference between the suction and final discharge static levels in an open system. This is usually independent of flow.
Energy Loss in the Pipework.
This is essentially the friction head loss in the piping and is related to the flow. Under turbulent flow
operating conditions the friction loss may be assumed to be related to the flow velocity 2. Therefore
a friction loss plot is a parabola passing through the origin.
It is often the case that the static head is small compared to the friction loss e.g. in
Centrifugal pump curve.
A typical pump operating with a set impeller diameter and at a set rotational speed
delivers a head related to the liquid flow rate. The head is normally
highest when no flow is delivered (dead headed) and lowest when there is no restriction to
the flow and it is consequently at its maximum flow. Both these extreme conditions are
very undesirable. A dead headed pump will result in all of the energy supplied
at the pump shaft being dissipated in the small closed volume of liquid. -The fluid will rapidly
heat up An open discharge pump is operating with very
poor efficiency with a risk of overloading the drive motor.
A pump is generally selected for a duty such that when the pump curve is superimposed on the system characteristic curve the curves cross over at the pump best efficiency point (BEP) at the desired flow rate.
It is impractical to obtain a perfect match of the best efficiency point of the pump with the system characteristic curve and generally the flow will be higher or lower than desired. This may result in the pump not providing the desired performance and may sometimes result in pump instability. Methods of achieving a match include:
There is a modern trend to provide electrical variable speed drives to pump to enable the performance of the pump to be adjusted - on the run. The modern AC inverter controlled motor is a very efficient low cost method of varying the motor speed.
Centrifugal pumps in parallel provide additive flow conditions and when mounted in series provide additive head conditions. Therefore three matched pumps mounted in series will provide the same flow at three times the head (aprox.) compared to one pump. Three matched pumps in parallel will provide the same head at three times the flow compared to one pump. A very popular variation on this theme is to provide multi-stage pumps with up to twenty stages mounted on a common shaft to provide a high head from a single pump.
The energy imparted to a fluid by a pump is measured as the head (in metres)per unit weight of fluid.
dH = (Z2 - Z1) + ( P2 -P1 )/ (ρ g ) - (v22 -v12)/ (2 g )
Normally the velocity head and the height head is ignored for initial selection of the
p (N/m2 ) = dH * ρ g
As liquid flows from the pump inlet flange into the energy conversion
region e.g.impellor or piston chamber, the head initially falls as the velocity of
the fluid is increased.
If the liquid is near its vapour pressure the drop in head may be sufficient to
cause the liquid to boil. This results in "cavitation". Cavitation is detectable as a rattling noise and
results in low efficiency, and high risk of damage to the pump.
Useful relevant links
Send Comments to Roy Beardmore
Last Updated 25/01/2013


text:
STORM, FLOOD, AND HURRICANE RESPONSE
Guidelines for Fire Service Operations in a Hurricane Response
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provides the following guidelines for preventing injury, illness, and death among fire fighters during responses to hurricanes, floods, and other large scale natural disasters. In addition to hazards described below, potential problems include lapses in command and operating procedures and shortages of equipment [communication equipment, fire fighting equipment, and personal protective equipment (PPE)].
Environmental hazards encountered by fire fighters mobilized to fight structural fires in the aftermath of hurricanes include structural collapse, electrical hazards, carbon monoxide from generators, helicopter operations, heat stress, and explosion hazards from unsecured liquid propane tanks. NIOSH offers the following safety precautions to protect fire fighters.
- Follow standard operating procedures (SOP) while setting up an organized command center at the site. These SOP should help ensure that fire fighters follow proper precautions, and identify potential hazards.
- Formulate a strategic plan of operations to identify potential risks (e.g. structural instabilities).
- Provide proper personal protective equipment to minimize risks of injury. If the fire involves an industrial site, potential risks from exposures to chemicals or the combustion products of chemicals will require personal protective equipment and other precautions appropriate for those risks.
- Ensure communications between fire fighters and the Incident Commander are available and working.
- Electrical hazards from downed power lines or other sources should be identified and addressed. Assume that all lines are energized, call the utility company to cut power to the lines or verify that the lines are not energized, and control the scene. Ensure protective shields, barriers, or alerting techniques are used to protect fire fighters from contacting energized electrical conductors.
- Carbon monoxide from generators may pose an additional hazard to firefighters.
- In areas where helicopters are flying or hovering near the ground, fire fighters should be aware of potential hazards associated with the effects of air turbulence from the helicopter's spinning blades. The turbulence could raise debris and could cause flames from a fire to behave erratically.
- Precautions should be followed to reduce risks of emotional and physical stress, fatigue, or physical demands from extreme environmental conditions. In particular, heat stress is a common problem. To prevent heat stress, educate fire fighters to recognize the early signs of heat stress, have proper medical evaluation, provide proper fluids and nourishment, and provide rest areas (rehabilitation units) to recover from the heat. Consider proper use of the station uniforms versus the use of turnout gear.
- Unsecured liquid propane tanks may pose an additional explosion hazard to firefighters.
- As needed, provide and use NIOSH-certified respirators and other personal protective equipment that meets Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards.
These guidelines will be reviewed on a regular basis and updated as needed.
Additional information can be found at the following websites:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TTY: _PHONE_
- New Hours of Operation
- Contact CDC-INFO


text: **Please note that Combined Honours degrees at Liverpool Hope University are split 50/50. This means both subjects will be studied equally.** **Art & Design History** Art and Design History is an exciting discipline that encompasses the study of visual artefacts, museum and gallery practices and the production and circulation of meaning around art and design. The Art and Design History combined honours degree **provides a systematic understanding of art and design practices** and theories with a strong emphasis on critical thinking. Exclusive partnerships with National Museums Liverpool and Tate Liverpool, plus close collaborations with FACT and Bluecoat Gallery and Display Centre, offer you **privileged access to important collections in Liverpool** and experts working in the field. There is also the possibility to participate in overseas study tours – in recent years the department has visited Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bilbao, Milan, Paris, Florence, Venice, Berlin and New York. Another distinctive element of this degree is the curriculum, which covers key developments in art and design history. Furthermore, students in the second and third year will take **'Professional Practice for Art and Design History'.** These courses look at theoretical approaches to museology, as well as more practical considerations such as conservation, exhibition planning and design, curatorial practices and educational activities. **Film & Visual Culture** Film and Visual Culture is an intellectually stretching, stimulating and challenging degree that probes social issues and confronts inequalities and prejudices such as race, class, and gender through their representation in national and international films throughout history. Critical practice on the degree enables you to **study the history, theory and contemporary subject of film**, whilst having the opportunity to apply this understanding to creative practice in the fields of **screenwriting, filmmaking (drama and documentary), photography and animation.** You will graduate with a degree underpinned by academic rigour, but with the transferable skills needed if you intend to work in the creative industries. The degree is **taught by leading international scholars and practitioners** and are supported by outstanding library resources and practical equipment. Extra curricula activities support the curriculum whilst widening critical and creative horizons. These include fieldtrips to the national Museum of the Moving image, and a London fieldtrip, which in recent years included a visit to the Media Department at the Ministry of Defence, and photographic exhibitions at Tate Britain.


text:
Data: Δx (deformation of the taken spring) = 3 cm = 0.03 m; m (mass of the weight placed on the spring) = 450 g = 0.45 kg.
Constants: g (acceleration due to gravity) ≈ 10 m / s2.
To determine the required spring stiffness, we will use the equality: Fcont = Ft and k * Δx = m * g, whence k = m * g / Δx.
Calculation: k = 0.45 * 10 / 0.03 = 150 N / m.
Answer: The spring rate is 150 N / m.
One of the components of a person's success in our time is receiving modern high-quality education, mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. A person today needs to study almost all his life, mastering everything new and new, acquiring the necessary professional qualities.


text:
Food Safety After A Fire
Discard food that has been near a fire. Three factors can affect food that has been exposed to fire: the heat of the fire, smoke fumes, and chemicals used to put out the fire.
One of the most dangerous elements of a fire is the release of toxic fumes from burning materials. These fumes can contaminate food, tableware, and cookware, as can toxic components from the chemicals used to put out the fire. Below are some guidelines to follow to ensure safety of food:
- Discard food in permeable packaging such as cardboard, plastic wrap, screwed topped jars and bottles stored outside the refrigerator
- Discard raw foods such as fruits and vegetables that were stored outside the refrigerator.
- Check the refrigerator and freezer for off odors. Doors on the units' do not seal airtight and fumes can contaminate within. Discard any foods that have off odors in the unit
- Decontaminate canned goods, tableware and cookware by washing in soap and hot water, and then submerge for 15 minutes in a solution of 1 teaspoon of bleach per quart of water.
- Discard any canned foods that smell or look spoiled, as heat damage may have occurred.
For more information, please contact the Fairfax County Health Department _PHONE_; TTY: 711.


– Hans Blix
Former IAEA Director-General
December 2018 Books of Note
Latest ACA Resources
Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons
Andrew Futter, Georgetown University Press,
2018, 212 pages
Andrew Futter, an associate professor at the University of Leicester's School of History, Politics, and International Relations, provides a new perspective on the challenges raised by the cyber-nuclear nexus and aims to address the implications that result from emerging cyberthreats as they relate to nuclear weapons. Futter makes two main points. First, the emerging cyber age and advancing capabilities requires a shift in thinking about, managing, and controlling nuclear weapons. Second, he maintains that if parties begin to establish a norm of hacking nuclear weapons, the consequences would be fraught with danger. Futter spends much of the book supplementing these two arguments with further context, and he works methodically to showcase the unique nature of the cyber-nuclear challenge, what those challenges and attacks could be, and how this affects current strategy. His conclusion briefly touches on recommendations that include possibly working with other nations to increase cybersecurity. Most importantly, Futter closes by focusing on three main principles to prepare for the cyber-nuclear future: systems must be simple, secure, and separate.—SHERVIN TAHERAN
Red Cross Interventions in Weapons Control
Ritu Mathur, Lexington Books, October 2017, 190 pages
Ritu Mathur, an assistant professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio, details the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in the control and elimination of weapons. The ICRC has contributed substantially to this field, in part due to its privileged access to diplomatic negotiations, Mathur contends. Recent ICRC interventions into debates about weapons disarmament, including its outspoken support for weapons prohibition treaties, has been criticized by some who contend that the organization should remain nonpolitical. Yet, Mathur's account shows the ICRC has acted consistently and wielded its influence in three primary modes: "testimonialization," medicalization, and legalization. Testimonialization refers to the ICRC practice of representing itself as bearing witness to victim testimony with the express purpose of motivating states to ban and eliminate a particular weapon. In examining medicalization, Mathur details the ICRC's shift to using evidence of the medical impact of certain weapons to advocate for disarmament. Finally, Mathur outlines legalization, using relevant law to pursue disarmament. The ICRC, Mathur contends, has played a fundamental role in the shaping of the legal architecture of arms control and disarmament, most recently in the negotiations leading to the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.—ALICIA SANDERS-ZAKRE


maintenance that emphasize safety, environmental preservation, infrastructure protection, cost-effectiveness and performance."
 - Can chlorides cause corrosion on vehicles?
 Solutions containing chlorides (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride) are hygroscopic in nature, meaning that they attract water molecules that can promote corrosion.
 Calcium chloride and magnesium chloride attract more water than sodium chloride, making them more corrosive in their natural state. Corrosion inhibitors can be added to chloride brines to limit their corrosive effects. Road Guard Plus™ is an inhibited calcium chloride, containing a highly effective organic corrosion inhibitor. Lab tests have shown that inhibited calcium chloride is up to 84% less corrosive than traditional rock salt (sodium chloride).
 Another factor to consider is that increasing freeze-thaw cycles can result in increased corrosion risk unrelated to what chloride is used. Driving outside in -10°C temperatures and parking in a heated garage overnight allows snow and ice to melt, exposing vehicles to moisture and corrosion opportunities. In cases such as this, a corrosion inhibitor is particularly important.
 - Is calcium chloride safe for roads, bridges and infrastructure?
 Calcium chloride itself does not "attack" concrete and asphalt. If the product does what it is supposed to do—melt snow and ice sooner than would happen if untreated—it will create melt water. Because concrete and asphalt are porous, the melt water cannot help but penetrate beneath the surface and potentially cause chips, cracks and potholes as it becomes solid and expands.
 This is a physical process caused by the freeze-thaw cycle, not a chemical process.
 However, freeze-thaw damage can be prevented by using high quality materials and sound construction practices. If concrete is properly cured and sealed to prevent water absorption, it won't experience the same damage as uncured concrete.
 When chloride, oxygen and moisture come together on the surface of unprotected steel reinforcement (rebar) embedded in concrete, corrosion can result. However, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) found calcium chloride to be significantly less corrosive to steel than two types of salt and magnesium chloride. As an inhibited calcium chloride, Road Guard Plus™ is safer for roads and bridges than all uninhibited chloride alternatives.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for people?
 The small amounts of brine spread thinly and used as recommended on roads for anti-icing and de-icing has not been shown to cause any health concerns.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for pets and wildlife?
 When it is applied for anti-icing and de-icing following the recommended application rates, this product presents a very low hazard to animals (and humans).
 Brief contact with inhibited calcium chloride should not cause irritation. After extended exposure to the product, such as after a winter walk, wiping or rinsing your pet's feet should avoid any risk of possible irritation. Pet owners should also be vigilant and stop their pets from drinking puddled winter water which can contain wide-ranging contaminants including dirt, animal waste, road maintenance materials and other pollutants. In any case, inhibited calcium chloride should cause fewer concerns than other traditional chloride solutions used by municipalities.
 Of course, if an animal (or person) ingests a highly concentrated chloride solution or has direct contact or prolonged exposure to it, this can be dangerous and should be treated by a veterinary professional.
 Road Guard Plus™ has a bitter taste that does not attract big game and other wildlife to the road. Fewer animals will be attracted to the roads compared to using rock salt, thus reducing driving hazards.
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for the environment?
 Tiger Calcium's products are known industry-wide to be environmentally responsible and are not considered to be hazardous substances. In fact, calcium chloride is commonly used in agribusiness as an additive in animal feed and as a fertilizer for specific soil conditions.
 Road Guard Plus™ is:
 - fully biodegradable
 - less toxic to aquatic life than oil, lignosulfonate and dish soap
 - does not bio-accumulate or have the potential to contaminate the food chain (according to Environment Canada)
 - not a restricted material in transport
 - has minimal impact on water, air, plants and wildlife
 - requires less sand and traditional salt to be used, which benefits the environment and reduces cleanup costs
 - Is Road Guard Plus™ safe for grass and vegetation?
 As long as it is applied correctly, using proper application methods and rates, inhibited calcium chloride should have little to no impact on grass and vegetation near a surface being treated. Tiger Calcium trains users on the appropriate application techniques and quantities for our products.
 However, it is possible for grass and vegetation to be damaged if calcium chloride is over-applied or if it's directly applied in large quantities to grass and vegetation. The same damage would occur with over-application of any chlorides or fertilizers.
 - Do you still have to use salt and sand with this product?
 No, you do not have to use salt and sand with Road Guard Plus™. However, it is safe to do so, and depending on the conditions, it is often recommended. Road Guard Plus™ can also be used to wet the sand before the sand is applied to roads, making it more effective. Ideally, these ingredients should all be used, in proper combination, to support optimal winter roads management.
 - Why would you recommend using this product with salt and sand?
 As explained above, anti-icing is a proactive measure best taken ahead of a snow event. Depending on the duration and intensity of a snow event, snow buildup may still occur. In those cases, plowing—another element of a complete winter road management plan—may still be required, and is much easier to do on treated roads. In instances of unexpected precipitation, or other situations where pre-treatment is impractical, pre-wet sand and salt are good alternatives. Given the wide range of winter weather conditions in most Canadian cities, no single road management solution is ideal at all times.
 When it comes to highway safety, studies show that calcium chloride/salt mixtures achieve bare pavement faster than salt alone at temperatures near -1°C (30°F) in 85% of applications, easing traffic and reducing accidents. Calcium chloride increases the effectiveness of salt, therefore reducing the number of applications necessary during storms and the cost of labour, equipment and materials. Calcium chloride also freeze-proofs abrasives to help them embed in ice and snow, which means that less material is lost to spreader bounce and scattering by vehicle traffic.
 - Why not just use sand for winter road management?
 While sand provides some traction, it does not melt snow or ice and can bounce or scatter off the roads. This results in greater costs for snow removal and road cleanup.
 - Why not just use rock salt?
 Rock salt is selected as an alternative to remove snow and ice from surfaces because it is inexpensive and widely available. However, it has significant downsides.
 Rock salt (sodium chloride) is ineffective as a melting agent when the temperature drops below -10°C—which happens often over the winter season in many North American cities. Furthermore, research shows that, among de-icing products, salt causes the greatest corrosion to steel.
 Grass and other vegetation can be harmed if rock salt de-icer is over-applied on a nearby road surface or if large quantities are directly applied to grass or vegetation.
 - What about this beet mixture I've heard about?
 Beet juice itself does not help melt snow and ice. It can be added to rock salt brines as an inhibitor to reduce corrosion, but it protects against corrosion less effectively than the proprietary inhibition formula of Road Guard Plus™.
 If beet juice finds its way into streams, it can be harmful to aquatic ecosystems, attracting unwanted bacteria. Road Guard Plus™ has been proven to be less toxic than beet by-product mixtures.


Edmund Fleming Akers
???? - 16th Feb 1821
Edmund Fleming Akers, born in St Kitts in 1757, the son of plantation-owner Aretas Akers I (_PHONE_) and Jean Douglas (?-1768), the niece of the Governor-General of the Leeward Islands). After his death, his estate was the subject of protracted legal wrangling in the Chancery cases of Aldridge versus Forbes and Richardson versus Akers.
 1. Born in St Kitts to Aretas Akers I, himself the son of a St. Kitts-born planter. Aretas Akers brought his family to England in 1782 when St Kitts was captured by the French. Aretas Akers II and his brother Edmund Fleming Akers were trustees of their father Aretas Akers I and spent more than 20 years untangling their father's financial affairs so that his will could be executed. Edmund Fleming Akers gave a mortgage to his brother Aretas Akers II for 203 enslaved persons and 165 acres of land on Monkton's Land, St Vincent, 02/11/1790. In their claim for compensation for ownership of enslaved persons in Jambon Vale in 1835, the widow and son of Aretas Akers II claimed compensation under the will of Aretas Akers II as mortgagees and residuary legatees of Edmund Fleming Akers.
 2. Bought Monkton's Land, a 165 acre estate in St Vincent, and 179 enslaved persons, from James Muir of Glasgow, 18/12/1804.
 3. Bought Berrymead Priory in Acton, Middlesex, in 1803.
 4. Married Frances Rawlins, the daughter of James Rawlins, a planter in St Kitts. They had at least one child, Elizabeth. Frances died 31/12/1814. Remarried, to Catherine Dewhurst, at Marylebone, London, 24/02/1816, when she was still a minor. They had at least one child, Aretas Seaton, born 09/10/1818 and baptised in Marylebone, 09/11/1818.
 5. Edmund Fleming Akers died in Brussels, 16/02/1821.
 6. Pursuant to the Chancery case of Aldridge versus Forbes, two estates previously owned by Edmund Fleming Akers were sold at auction in London, 30/05/1823. The estates were Olivees in St Kitts, with 165 acres and 123 enslaved persons, and Monkton's Land in St Kitts, with 184 acres and 62 enslaved persons.
T71/892 St Vincent claim nos. 463 (Jambon Vale) and 494 (Marriaqua); St Kitts claim no. 753 (Mt Pleasant, White Gate).
 1. Akers Family Papers held at the Senate House Library, University of London, summary available at _URL_ [accessed 29/06/2012]. Bonhams auction of a list of 203 enslaved persons appended to a mortgage, available at _URL_ [accessed 29/06/2012].
 2. _URL_ [accessed 29/06/2012].
 3. _URL_ [accessed 29/06/2012].
 4. Vere Langford Oliver, Caribbeana being miscellaneous papers relating to the history, genealogy, topography, and antiquities of the British West Indies (6 vols., London, Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, _PHONE_), Vol. 4, pp. 97-102. _URL_ batch no. C03524-6.
 5. Oliver, op. cit., p. 101.
 6. London Gazette, Issue 17886, 11/01/1823, p. 51.
Further Information
(1) Frances Rawlins (2) Catherine Dewhurst
With (1) Elizabeth, With (2) Aretas Seaton (1818-)
Merchant and planter
Associated Claims (3)
£4,337 19S 4D
Beneficiary unsuccessful
£2,221 17S 0D
Other association
£3,814 0S 9D
Beneficiary unsuccessful
Legacies Summary
Physical (1)
Country house
Berrymead Priory
Relationships (3)
Uncle → Nephew
Brother-in-law → Sister-in-law
Addresses (2)
Brussels, Belgium
Berrymead Priory, Acton, London, Middlesex, London, England


text:
Office of Safety and Security
Welcome to the Department of Defense Education Activity Safety and Security. This site area consists of safety and security regulatory and personal awareness guidance and of links to other sites that provide useful information about school safety and security.
Our mission is to provide students and staff with a safe and secure learning and working environment.
"Spice", also known as K2, is used to describe a family of herbal mixtures made of dried, shredded plant material and presumably, chemical additives that are responsible for their psychoactive (mind-altering) effects. While Spice products are labeled "not for human consumption" they are marketed to people who are interested in herbal alternatives to marijuana.
Emergency Preparedness Resources
SIR/AIR Reporting System


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In $\mathbb{C}^2$, I want to show that $\langle x,y \rangle =xAy^*$ is an inner product space. I almost done with other properties of inner product but left only one property: $\langle x,x \rangle >0$ if $x \neq 0$.
To prove this,
$$\begin{align*} \langle x,x \rangle&=(x_1, x_2)A(x_1, x_2)^*\\ &=\|x_1 \|^2-ix_2\overline{x_1}+ix_1\overline{x_2}+\|x_2 \|^2\\ &=\|x_1 \|^2 +2\operatorname{Re}(ix_1\overline{x_2})+\|x_2 \|^2 \end{align*}$$ where $\operatorname{Re}(z)$ is the real part of the complex number $z$.
I can't follow the last equality. Why does $\operatorname{Re}(z)$ appear here?
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You can see here how I have edited your question. – Zev Chonoles Jun 2 '13 at 11:27
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1 Answer
up vote 0 down vote accepted
For any complex number $w$, we know that $w + \bar w = 2 \Re(w)$.
Apply this with $w = ix_1\bar x_2$.
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text:
The cost of ketosis are associated with a lower milk yield and an increased risk of a wide range of diseases. The direct costs include the veterinarian's and the herdsman time, drugs, discarded milk, reduced yield and other costs. The indirect costs include increased risk of other diseases, extended calving intervals, higher culling rates, extra services per conception and the increased risk of fatality.
For each affected cow the total costs of subclinical ketosis have been calculated to be $955 (€735). On a farm with a prevalence of subclinical ketosis between 20-30% this represents a cost between $190-286 per average cow in the herd. For a farm with 100 dairy cows the total costs can add up to $29,000 per year.
Choline is considered a non-essential nutrient for ruminants, meaning that the dairy cow can produce it by herself. However there are indications that the quantity is limited and consequently adding extra choline to the ration is a good strategy to optimise health.
Supplemented choline needs to be available on an intestinal level. Unprotected choline will be broken down in the rumen and will lose its effects. To overcome degradation in the rumen, several rumen protected products are available.
Rumen protection or rumen bypass means that the choline is covered by a protective layer. This is mostly a layer of a fatty acid matrix, which restrain the rumen microbes from utilising the choline. The protective layer must be broken down later on in the digestive tract at the site of the small intestine. Here, the digestive enzymes break down the fatty layer and the choline is free for absorption.
Rumen bypass as such does not necessarily mean the product is effective. Some products are over protected. The protection can be so strong that the choline is not released in the intestine at all. Other products are under protected, which means that the protection layer is not able to provide sufficient rumen survival. This leads to the choline being partially or even completely degraded in the rumen before it even reaches the intestine.
Combined in vitro/in vivo trial work demonstrates this 'overprotection' and 'under protection' of some products. In this test the rumen protection is measured with a so called 'In Sacco method' and a Daisy incubator. Samples of the product are introduced into the incubator and after 12 hours how much choline remains is measured (means rumen stable).
Next the products are entered into the small intestine of a duodenum-cannulated dairy cow and collected in the faeces. This so called 'mobile nylon bag method' is a well accepted method to determine the intestinal digestibility of products. The amount of choline that is eventually available for the animal is the result of the rumen stability times the intestinal digestibility. The results for rumen stability as well as for the intestinal available choline are shown in Fig. 2.


Monday, 24 August 2009
Theoretical framework
This research is of clients' relationships with consultants in public sector information technology (IT) projects. It will seek to identify and explain how the client engages with consultants and other suppliers in order to add value to a project.
The research question is:
How do public sector organisations engage with consultants in order to contribute to an effective IT project?
Sub questions include:
 1. How does engagement contribute to an effective project?
 2. How does engagement influence relationships?
 3. How does the quality of relationships contribute to an effective project?
 4. How does engagement vary over the life cycle of a project?
 5. How does engagement help in adding value to a project?
Empirical answers to these questions could fill the gap on understanding engagement between clients and consultants. Insights could also contribute to public sector practical management of external consultants to reap value from their contribution to a project.
A review of the literature on consultancy has shown that client entities and relationships are complex. This and the literature on project management show that clients must engage with consultants for good project outcomes. A review of the literature on engagement focused on conceptualisations of engagement but also explored its various articulations. However, the literature has little to say on what client-consultant engagement might be. It is not clear how engagement manifests itself, what its factors might be or what sort of engagement leads to effective consultancy projects.
The literature on social capital allows a conceptualisation of the issue of engagement between consultants and clients on IT projects. The following sections will explain how social capital might be used as a framework for this exploration.
1 What is the problem?
Public sector IT projects often use external consultants, but are also notoriously expensive and often fail. A common cause of project failure is lack of effective engagement with stakeholders (OGC, 2002). In the public sector, engagement is "a critical element of a consulting project" (NAO, 2006a). The National Audit Office (NAO) exhorts clients and consultants to engage to ensure commitment, thus implying that engagement will improve performance and add value to a project. Public servants are advised to engage with consultants and consultants with their clients, but it is not clear how engagement happens or what a good quality of engagement is.
Czerniawska (Czerniawska, 2006) implies two meanings to the term 'engagement': the contractual engagement and the relationship. A contract of engagement may mean only initial seeking and selection but this research concerns the longer term relationship regardless of contractual arrangements. Unfortunately Czerniawska has little to say on the value of engagement as a longer term developed relationship, although she recognises that engagement as a relationship determines the success of consulting projects.
The NAO exhortation for engagement seems to be aiming at continued shared understanding; engagement must be mutual. The NAO considers from the findings of case studies that senior level engagement is crucial for successful delivery of IT enabled change (NAO, 2006c) because such engagement demonstrates senior management is committed to the change. This NAO report(NAO, 2006c) requires demonstration of commitment through engagement whilst the other NAO report (NAO, 2006a) requires ensuring commitment through engagement. There might be some confusion or inconsistency of understanding of what engagement means and does for an organisation.
So confusion and inconsistency suggest that it is a problem to understand engagement. Whether engagement is a knowable phenomenon is a moot point. Definitions of engagement are woolly and soft. Hence engagement is "a paradigm for change" (Axelrod, 2001), "the art of bringing people together" (Block, 2000), "a journey of sensing and learning" (Buckingham, 2005). It is also a two way relationship between employee and employer (Robinson D, 2004), a management philosophy (Smythe, 2007) and "a process of communication" (McMaster, 1996). Mutual engagement is a dimension of a community of practice that involves processes of community building (Wenger, 1998). In summary, engagement is a paradigm, a journey, a relationship, a philosophy, a process, an art and to the NAO "an element of a consulting project". This variety of metaphors suggests engagement is a constructed phenomenon.
Since different constructions seem to conflate engagement with other phenomena like involvement, participation, commitment, collaboration or even motivation, I explored them in the hope of clarifying some concepts of engagement. Previous research on engagement seems to have focused on outcomes and products, being mainly surveys or quasi-experimental (Gable, 1996, Saks, 2006, Schaufeli et al., 2006) but the research question requires looking at the process of engagement and how connecting people builds trust and the commitment that the NAO wants to ensure. That process includes an ongoing negotiation of meaning (Wenger, 1998). Exploration of how meaning is negotiated might be possible using the concept of social capital. Adler and Kwon { 2002 } identify social capital as "as the good will that is engendered by the fabric of social relations and that can be mobilized to facilitate action". It may be possible to relate "the fabric of social relations" to the client-consultant relationship and the "mobilisation of goodwill to engagement". Hence, the concept of social capital could help in exploring client-consultant engagement.
2 Why is this framework feasible?
Social capital theory can provide a way to explore engagement in relationships between clients and consultants. Its literature provides a framework for performing the specific investigation that is being proposed.
Social capital can be conceptualised as a stock of networks, norms and trust. People develop social capital in organisations. Organisations nurture social capital, which supports the development of intellectual capital because it comes though interaction of people sharing knowledge (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). Sharing knowledge, norms, and establishing social capital through people coming together on a project, provides the organisation with an advantage.
Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) suggest three dimensions for creating intellectual capital through social capital:
 - the structural dimension of network ties, configuration and appropriable organisation,
 - the cognitive dimension of shared codes, language and narratives, and
 - the relationship dimension of trust, established norms and obligations of how people behave.
Each dimension contributes in different combinations to create new intellectual capital. Combinations of the dimensions of social capital allow exchange of intellectual capital, and anticipation of value through that exchange. Value anticipated in an IT project may be other than an exchange of intellectual capital. Value may be gained from a project that delivers on time, to budget, and meets all or most of the objectives set for it. These project attributes are valuable to the parties involved. Delivery of such IT projects may be facilitated through a combination of the dimensions of social capital.
The social capital framework guides the interview questions, the three dimensions providing headings for asking questions of interviewees about relationships, concepts used and understanding.
The interview schedule relates the research question and sub questions through the social capital framework.
Questions are based round four headings:
 1. background (of project and participant),
 2. relationships,
 3. knowledge (or learning), and
 4. value.
Background is important because it provides the context. The questions may elicit structural dimensions of social capital.
Relationships matter. How do the relationships create value? The interview questions here concern social capital in the relationship and structural dimensions. Questions are to identify networks of relationships and the strength of ties between people. One question asks for a specific anecdote or story in an attempt to get more precise descriptions rather than general opinion. See {Kvale, 1996 }. These questions also aim to elicit lack of engagement in relationships, in order to reveal if the consultant and client have little in common, or need no more than a passing connection.
Knowledge: rather than directly asking about knowledge the questions are about learning and what people have learned from each other. How do they use that knowledge? This gives some idea of what value has developed from relationships.
Value: Building shared meanings is part of the cognitive dimension of social capital. There may be value gained through learning and sharing meaning. Sharing meaning may provide valuable non-financial, un-measurable qualitative gain.
Some interview questions elicit information in more than one dimension.
In summary, social capital theory offers enough complexity to provide a conceptual framework for the examination of issues of engagement between clients and consultants.
Is that completely clear? Will it be clear to my supervisors?
ADLER, P. S. & KWON, S.-W. (2002) SOCIAL CAPITAL: PROSPECTS FOR A NEW CONCEPT. Academy of Management Review, 27, 17-40.
AXELROD, R. H. (2001) Terms of engagement: changing the way we change organizations, San Francisco, Berrett-Koehler.
BLOCK, P. (2000) Flawless Consulting: a guide to getting your expertise used, Jossey-Bass/Fpeiffer.
BUCKINGHAM, M. (2005) Chapter FOUR: 'Buy-in', not by-pass: the rules of engagement. Leadership for Leaders. Thorogood Publishing Ltd.
CZERNIAWSKA, F. (2006) Ensuring sustainable value from consultants. MCA. Management Consultancy Association.
GABLE, G. G. (1996) A multidimensional model of client success when engaging external consultants. Management Science, 42, _PHONE_.
KVALE, S. (1996) InterViews : an introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Thousand Oaks, CA ; London,


text:
Oracle on VMS FAQ
Oracle on VMS FAQ:
- 1 How do I access SQL/Plus and other Oracle utilities on a VMS system?
- 2 Where are all the Oracle files?
- 3 How do I start up and shut down a database?
- 4 How do I create a new database instance on VMS?
- 5 How do I delete a database instance on VMS?
- 6 How do I set up SQL/NET on VMS?
- 7 How does one allocate more OS memory to the SGA?
How do I access SQL/Plus and other Oracle utilities on a VMS system?
The Oracle environment for a VMS user is set up by running the appropriate ORAUSER_dbname.COM file. This sets up the necessary command symbols and logical names to access the various ORACLE utilities. Each database created on a VMS system will have an ORAUSER file in it's home directory and will be named ORAUSER_dbname.COM, e.g. for a database SALES the file specification could be:
To have the environment set up automatically on login, run this command file in your login.com file.
To access SQLPLUS use the following command with a valid username and password:
$ SQLPLUS username/password
SQLDBA is also available on VMS and can be invoked similarly:
$ SQLDBA username/password
CTRL/K can be used to show the various key mappings required to drive the menu system of SQLDBA.
Where are all the Oracle files?
When Oracle is installed on VMS a root directory is chosen which is pointed to by the logical name ORA_ROOT. This directory can be placed anywhere on the VMS system. The majority of code, configuration files and command procedures are found below this root directory.
When a new database is created a new directory is created in the root directory to store database specific configuration files. This directory is called [[.DB_dbname]]. This directory will normally hold the system tablespace data file as well as the database specific startup, shutdown and orauser files.
How do I start up and shut down a database?
There are several methods available for database startup and shutdown. ORACLEINS (the Oracle install program) and SQLDBA both have menu driven methods to start or stop a database.
Alternatively use command files. The following commands will start a database called SALES (the command INSORACLE will install various shared images which improve Oracle performance):
$ _USER_:[DB_SALES]ORAUSER_SALES $ INSORACLE $ _USER_:[DB_SALES]STARTUP_EXCLUSIVE_SALES
To start this database automatically when the VMS system is rebooted place these commands in a command procedure, e.g. DUA0:[[ORACLE7]]START_SALES.COM. Then edit the system startup file SYS$MANAGER:SYSTARTUP_VMS.COM and add the following command at the end of the file:
$ SUBMIT/USER=ORACLE7 DUA0:[ORACLE7]START_SALES
This will start a batch job running under the Oracle7 user account which will start up the database instance SALES.
A database can be shut down by running the command procedure SHUTDOWN_dbname.COM which is found in the database's home directory.
How do I create a new database instance on VMS?
The easiest method is to use ORACLEINS and follow the menu driven commands to create a new database instance. The utility will ask for the database root directory, an instance name and a database name. ORACLEINS will present a set of default parameters for the database. These can be individually modified, in particular the database control files should be placed on different disks.
How do I delete a database instance on VMS?
There is no utility to delete a database however Oracle recommends the following procedure:
- Shut down the database.
- Edit the file ORA_RDBMS:ORA_RDBMS_SIDS.DAT and remove the reference to the database instance.
- Do the same again to the file ORA_UTIL:DATABASE.TXT
- All the database files can now be deleted without confusing Oracle.
How do I set up SQL/NET on VMS?
First, set up the LISTENER.ORA configuration file which defines the databases for which the listener will serve. The format of this file is well documented elsewhere and will look something like:
_TAG_.ORA LISTENER= (ADDRESS_LIST= (ADDRESS= (PROTOCOL=TCP) (HOST=LIVE) (PORT=1526) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER= (SID_LIST= (SID_DESC= (SID_NAME=SALES) PROGRAM='DUA0:[ORACLE7.NETWORK.ADMIN]SRV_SALES.COM') ) )
When a server connection is initiated, the commands specified in the program file pointed at by the PROGRAM qualifier are executed. This file must set up the Oracle environment and start the server process. It is important to keep this file as small as possible to reduce initial connection time when connecting from clients.
An example program file is shown below:
$ PID=F$GETJPI("","PID") $ TAB="TNS_"+PID $ ON ERROR GOTO FINISH $! $ DEFINE ORA_SID SALES! The database name $! $ DEFINE ORA_SYSTEM DUA0:[ORACLE7.RDBMS] $ DEFINE ORA_RDBMS DUA0:[ORACLE7.RDBMS] $ DEFINE ORA_COMMON DUA0:[ORACLE7.RDBMS] $ DEFINE ORA_DUMP DUA0:[ORACLE7.TRACE] $ DEFINE TNS_ADMIN DUA0:[ORACLE7.NETWORK.ADMIN] $! $ ORASRV := $ORA_SYSTEM:SRV.EXE $ ORASRV "(LOCAL=NO)" $! $FINISH: $ STAT = $STATUS $ ON ERROR THEN CONTINUE $ DEASSIGN/USER/TABLE=LNM$SYSTEM_DIRECTORY 'TAB' $ EXIT STAT
There are three commands to control the listener process:
$ LSNRCTL START - start the listener $ LSNRCTL STATUS - return listener status $ LSNRCTL STOP - close the listener
The LSNRCTL START command should be included in the system startup file if you require SQL/NET to be started automatically on VMS startup.
How does one allocate more OS memory to the SGA?
Login as Oracle, and then:
- $ORACLEINS - choose option RECONFIGURE EXISTING PRODUCTS
- Prompt for default directory - accept or specify new directory
- Prompt for the location of the SAVE SET - accept or specify new directory
- Display "Doing some setup" will appear - when finished press ENTER
- Choose Software Installation and Upgrade Menu
- Choose Build Configuration Options
- Choose RDBMS Option
- Modify the value for SGA PAD
- When back at prompt choose REBUILD
- Exit (E option)
- Choose option Build Selected Products
- When relinking is finished exit out of the menu
This FAQ was contributed by: Jaroslav Cerny


spellingframe - practise and test spellings from KS1 and KS2 spelling curriculum
Rounding - Crystal Crash
Related Worksheets
Throw your pickaxe at the correct crystal. This game has the following levels (taken from the new maths curricululum):
1. Round numbers up to 100 to the nearest 10 (Y2)
2. Round numbers up to 1000 to the nearest 10 (Y3)
3. Round numbers up to 10,000 to the nearest 10, 100 or 1000 (Y4)
4. Round decimals with one decimal place to the nearest whole number (Y4)
5. Round decimals with two decimal places to the nearest whole number and to one decimal place (Y5)
6.Round decimals with up to three decimal places to the nearest whole, one decimal place or two decimal places (Y6)
This game, together with all the other crystal crash games, is available as a single iPad or Android app.


text:
Requirements for auto insurance will vary from state to state, but they all have one thing in common: they all have requirements.
Colorado is not a "no-fault" state and does not have any laws mandating that you have this kind of coverage. Typically, the driver at fault is responsible for paying the damages they inflict on others when they cause an accident. Most prominently this includes medical expenses, though it can also include lost wages, pain and suffering, as well as other damages.
They do, however, require liability insurance with limits of 25/50/15. This means that each person will be covered up to $25,000 with a maximum of $50,000 per accident. It also has a $15,000 allotment for property damages. However, this insurance covers others, not you. Compare Colorado Car Insurance Rates – Save 40% or More!
Personal Injury Protection
Personal Injury Protection, as its name suggests, is a form of liability insurance that protects you, the policyholder. It insures you regardless of who is at fault in an accident, so states that require this form of coverage are called "no-fault states". This type of coverage can help accident victims pay for medical expenses, lost wages, and other potential damages as well.What Affects Your Auto Insurance Rates in Colorado?
Colorado Teen Auto Insurance – Driving Rules, Requirements & Drivers License
Colorado has implemented a GDL System, which stands for Graduated Driver Licensing. What this means is that they start new drivers off with certain privileges, and they get more as time passes. This is meant to reduce the amount of accidents caused by inexperienced teens. The GDL is for drivers at least 15 years old.
In order to get an instruction permit teens need to:
- Be at least 15 years old
- Finish 6 hours worth of driving training
- Enroll in a state-approved driver's ed. Course
- 15 year olds need to complete a 4-hour course in driver awareness
- 16 year olds can forego the above driver's ed program
- Teens under 18 years of age need written parental consent before they can get an instruction permit
In order for teenagers to get a driver's license with Colorado:
- Teens need to have and maintain a clean driving history
- Have an instruction permit for a minimum of one year
- Have a minimum of 50 hours supervised driving practice (10 hours of which need to be during nighttime)
In order for anyone else to get a driver's license in Colorado, they may need to provide the following documentation:
- Social Security Card
- Birth Certificate
- Proof of Citizen Ship
- VA Photo ID
- Military ID
- Colorado Dept. of Corrections or Federal Bureau of Prisons ID
The following are restrictions for drivers under 18:
- Limited to one passenger in the front seat.
- Must have had their license for 1 year before they can carry more than 1 passenger under age 21
- Cannot have any passengers under 21 with less than 6 months experience
- Curfew (Driving is prohibited between the hours of 12 AM and 5 AM unless they have maintained their license for at least one year)
If the driver is an emancipated adult: They can drive within the above time frame if going to:
– To and from school
Violations of these rules may result in: community service, fines, license suspension, points, and potential loss of ability to insure a car. Find cheapest auto insurance rates, simply enter your zip code in the search box above.Colorado State Facts
The official Colorado website
Colorado DORA Dept of Insurance


e3e44ab1374a5.pdf} } _USER_ { author = {Akbari, Ghaidafeh and Mard, Seyyed Ali and Khoshnam, Seyed Esmaeil and Ahmadi, Iraj}, title = {Sodium hydrosulfide upregulates mRNA and protein expression of TGF-α in gastric mucosa in experimental model of stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {_PHONE_}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2017.9597}, abstract = {Objective(s): Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) has been shown to modulate the gastric acid secretion. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on TGF-α expression in gastric mucosa in rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (6 per group). To determine the effect of NaHS on gene and protein expression of TGF-α in gastric mucosa in response to gastric acid, the acid output induced by gastric distension. At the end of experiment, rats were euthanized by anesthetics, and gastric effluents, in addition to mucosa were collected to measure the pH of gastric effluents and to quantify protein and gene expression of TGF-α. Results: The stimulated gastric acid upregulated expression levels of TGF-α in gastric mucosa. These levels were higher in animals pretreated with NaHS. Conclusion: TGF-α upregulatory effect of sodium hydrosulfate implied that TGF-α is involved in the acid inhibitory effect of NaHS.}, keywords = {Gastric acid secretion,NaHS,Rat,TGF-α,Western blot}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ } _USER_ { author = {Karuppiah Vijayamuthuramalingam, Uma Dharshini and Rajaram, Rajeswari and Kuppusamy, Kalaivani Madhavaram and Jonnalagadda, Bhavana and Arokiasamy, Sumathy}, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of Croton bonplandianus. Bail fractions in correlation with polyphenol content}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {_PHONE_}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2017.9623}, abstract = {Objective(s):Diabetes mellitus, a carbohydrate metabolic disorder, occurs due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Current treatment strategies involve either preventing or delaying the intestinal absorption of glucose to lower the levels of postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Herbal remedies have been since ancient times for treating diabetes mellitus. Therefore, identifying novel phytocompounds with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity that would reduce the glucose absorption as well as the rise in postprandial blood glucose level is vital. Consequently, the present study was aimed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Croton bonplandianusagainst these pancreatic enzymes. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of C. bonplandianusleaf was prepared and further fractionation was performed with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The antioxidant activity and anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extracts and its fractions were determined. Further, GC-MS analysis was performed for the leaf extract. Results:The chloroform fraction (ChF) was found to contain highest quantity of polyphenols (114.28 µg/ml of GAE), flavonoids (95.68 µg/ml of quercetin) and tannins (63.80 µg/ml of GAE) and also possessed effective inhibitory activity against α amylase (IC5095.78 µg/ml) and α glucosidase (IC50 126.81 µg/ml). The antioxidant activity of ChFwas also higher when compared to other fractions. Further, GC-MS analysis of ChF showed the presence of various components that may be responsible for the above mentioned activities. Conclusion:The study findings suggest that the components present in the leaves of C. bonplandianus, may provide a potential therapeutic source in developing treatment forhyperglycemia. Further bioassay guided fractionation procedure is required to identify the active constituents.}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemia,α-Amylase,α-Glucosidase,Polyphenols,Postprandial hyperglycemia}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ } _USER_ { author = {}, title = {Contributors (Peer Reviewers)}, journal = {Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences}, volume = {20}, number = {12}, pages = {_PHONE_}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2008-3866}, eissn = {2008-3874}, doi = {10.22038/ijbms.2017.9624}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ }


text:
Open-ocean environments provide few obvious barriers to the dispersal of marine organisms.
Major currents and/or environmental gradients potentially impede gene flow. One
system hypothesized to form an open-ocean dispersal barrier is the Antarctic Polar Front,
an area characterized by marked temperature change, deep water, and the high-flow Antarctic
Circumpolar current. Despite these potential isolating factors, several invertebrate
species occur in both regions, including the broadcast-spawning nemertean worm Parborlasia
corrugatus. To empirically test for the presence of an open-ocean dispersal barrier, we
sampled P. corrugatus and other nemerteans from southern South America, Antarctica, and
the sub-Antarctic islands. Diversity was assessed by analyzing mitochondrial 16S rRNA
and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data with Bayesian inference and TCS haplotype
network analysis. Appropriate neutrality tests were also employed. Although our
results indicate a single well-mixed lineage in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic, no evidence
for recent gene flow was detected between this population and South American P. corrugatus.
Thus, even though P. corrugatus can disperse over large geographical distances, physical
oceanographic barriers (i.e. Antarctic Polar Front and Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
between continents have likely restricted dispersal over evolutionary time. Genetic
distances and haplotype network analysis between South American and Antarctic/
sub-Antarctic P. corrugatus suggest that these two populations are possibly two cryptic species.