text:
Most commonly encountered backgrounds in re-skimming jobs will need no pre-treatment before using our Thistle UniFinish. However there are a few that will need some preparation first and a very small number where Thistle UniFinish is not suitable even with pre-treatment.
Backgrounds requiring no pre-treatment:
All backgrounds need checking to see that they are clean, sound and free from dust. After checking this, no pre-treatment is needed for:
- Most paints, including matt, silk, vinyl, eggshell emulsions, kitchen/bathroom paint
- Walls stripped of wallpaper (with minimal wallpaper adhesive remaining)
- Painted texture compounds
- Undercoat plaster, except if very high suction (see below)
- Skim finish plaster
- Tile adhesive
Some preparation or pre-treatment is needed for:
- Very dirty backgrounds
- Loose or friable surfaces – these need to be stripped back to a sound surface. Loose layers can be identified by a hollow sound when tapped, and friable surfaces are problematic if it is possible to keep rubbing dust off them by hand. After stripping them back, the sound surface can then be assessed – in many cases the required plaster thickness will necessitate dubbing out, patching or complete re-plastering with a new undercoat before refinishing.
- Extremely high suction backgrounds – e.g. some lime-based or sand/cement backgrounds – these need suction control, which can be done with one application of Thistle GypPrime (diluted as required – it is intended to soak in and block pores within the background, not to remain at the surface). PVA may also be suitable. If this suction control is not done and the first application of Thistle UniFinish crazes severely, the suction should be controlled before continuing. For tips on dealing with more mild suction however see below.
Unsuitable backgrounds include:
- Unpainted texture compounds – these can soften significantly when wetted, leading to adhesion failure within the compound or of the whole compound layer from the original substrate
- Self-cleaning or anti-graffiti paints – these are often designed to not fully harden, or to have a deliberately water-repellent or weak surface layer so that materials that stick to them are removed easily, so they are not suitable for plastering
- Surfaces where there is flaking or delamination between layers, and poorly bonded, friable or dusty surfaces – clearly there is a high risk of failure unless such materials are removed
- Unpainted Artex and other texture compounds
What about backgrounds not listed here?
Our recommendations and advice come from controlled testing and "real-world" trials across many sites and situations. In re-skimming work, other backgrounds will inevitably occur but we have not experienced them often enough to have sufficient data to support a clear recommendation. All we can suggest is that customers apply common sense and caution – e.g. it may be appropriate to test a small area in some cases, and to remember that it is not enough that Thistle UniFinish adheres to the surface itself – the whole system of previous layers needs to be stable and to hold together during and after refinishing. If there is doubt about whether it will, then removal or overboarding with a system like GypLyner UNIVERSAL should be considered.
What about painted Artex and other texture compounds?
If painted they are probably suitable, but note the following:
- They still need to be checked for cleanliness and soundness
- Deep texture patterns will be more difficult to cover than shallow patterns
- Scraping the peaks off a deep texture before plastering is not recommended for two reasons: 1) if the compound is old enough it may contain asbestos and 2) scraping removes all paint from small areas, exposing unpainted compound
- While Thistle UniFinish will adhere to the painted surface, no-one can guarantee that failure within or between earlier layers won't occur, e.g. between texture compound and the original substrate, when more weight of plaster is applied.
Please refer to WHITE BOOK Chapter 07 Section 02 Page 04 and Page 07 for further details.


How Often To Clean Billiard Balls (Here's Answer)
If you have ever played pool in some dingy place, you may understand how uncomfortable and frustrating it is, especially if the equipment too were unkempt. Although most people may overlook the importance of keeping the pool accessories clean, it is actually an important practice. Consider the daily dust and oil residue from regular handling of the balls for instance, which may eventually make the balls lose their color and shine. Thus, you must clean the billiard balls.
This begs the question, how often should you clean the balls? If you are a keen pool owner, you may want to clean the cue ball right after every frame or practice session. This doesn't end there; at least every week, give the entire set a thorough cleaning. This is not only the balls but also the cue, the pocket bumpers, as well as the triangle.
In this article, we will discuss why billiard balls need cleaning, how to clean them and other related questions. Keep reading for deeper insight.
Why Do You Need To Clean Your Billiard Balls?
We have already mentioned how dust, oil from touching and even chalk can make the balls splotchy, lose color as well as their shine if not cleaned off regularly.
Additionally, the dirt and grime on the balls can be transferred to the felt of the table, making it dirty. This will call for regular cleaning of the felt, of course accelerating its wear and tear.
Dirty balls do affect playability due to imbalance in weight. The ball will not flow properly in the intended direction. Even contact with the cue ball itself will be inconsistent if the surface of the ball is dirty.
Thus, to minimize the wear and tear on the table, and have consistent playability, while at the same time maintaining the balls to their shiny look, cleaning is the solution.
How to Clean Billiard Balls
It is important that you clean your billiard balls the right way, otherwise you may ending up doing them more harm than good. Phenolic resin billiard ball will need special cleaning products such as Aramith Ball Cleaner. The best thing is that phenolic resin is slick and durable, and a simple wipe-down would be enough to keep it clean.
Below is the general procedure for cleaning other billiard ball materials such as polyester and plastic.
 - First, clean the sink or bucket that you intend to use.
 - Fill it with lukewarm water and add a mild detergent
 - Soak in the billiard balls in for five minutes. If your sink or bucket is small, put in a few billiard balls at a time to avoid the balls knocking each other while in the water.
 - After 5 minutes, scrub the balls one after another using a microfiber cloth or soft rag.
 - Proceed to drying them properly using a dry clean towel.
See Also: How to Clean a Pool Table Brush?
The Don'ts of Washing Billiard Balls
Never attempt washing billiard balls in a dishwasher. Disregard any advice about using a dishwasher for billiard ball cleaning because this will cause irreversible damage to your balls. The material used for the manufacture of billiard balls, usually phenolic resin, or a blend of polyester resin does not go hand in hand with the heat in the dishwashing cycle.
The surface appearance as well as the shine will be affected and the warrant will be voided once the manufacturer establishes that the balls were put in a dishwasher, which by the way is very easy to tell.
Ensure that you are using mild detergent or gentle soap with warm water not too hot. Hot water again will damage the surface while strong detergent will be too abrasive on the balls.
Do not leave the balls to air dry, as this will leave spots. Use a towel to dry and ensure that you have dried them thoroughly leaving no marks.
Never use bleach, as it may leave behind a residue of pink dots that may be difficult to remove.
Dealing with Billiard Ball Discoloration/Yellowing
With time, you may notice your billiard balls lose color on the white parts and yellowing in a way. The yellowing is due to exposure to elements such as heat, UV light, and air, making the resin to break down forming the off-white yellowish appearance.
The yellowing does not affect the game in any way, thus it is nothing to be worried about. The only cause for concern for most people is the look/aesthetics.
While the balls may be converted to the original white, you can do something about it to try to restore it a little. You can use a pool ball cleaner or polisher.
Overall, always keep your billiards ball clean so that they play better, last longer, protect the felt, and save you money.
Related Questions
Can you use a glass cleaner to make your billiard balls shine?
Absolutely not. Glass cleaner will act as abrasives on the material of the balls, tampering with the aesthetics and eventually, the effects can be seen through poor playability of the balls.
Will billiard balls eventually wear out?
Billiard balls are usually smooth. However, with continued use, there is some friction between the balls and the table, and with time, they will not be of the standard size because of the wear.
See Also:
Are Old Pool Balls Worth Anything?
How Often Should You Chalk Your Cue
Can You Use Car Wax on Pool Balls? (Here's The Answer)
Recent Posts


Tuesday, July 22, 2008
Project Euler with Scala
I came across this interesting post about solving some Project Euler questions using Scala. Being a fan of Project Euler myself, I though I'll outline some of the solutions that I came up using Scala. Of course, I have taken trivial examples and the objective is more to learn Scala than to have an efficient solution. So here are some examples:
Warning: Spoilers ahead.
Problem 13.
"Work out the first ten digits of the sum of the following one-hundred 50-digit numbers". And hundred 50-digit numbers are given. (Not listing the numbers here to avoid clutter).
One possible solution:
object P13 extends Application {
val s = "..." //The numbers as a string separated by space.
val numbers = for (number <- s.split(" ")) yield new BigInt(new java.math.BigInteger(number))
val zero:BigInt = 0
println ((zero /: numbers)(_+_).toString.substring(0, 10))
Hmm, pretty simple program. We define an object which extends Application, so that we don't have to write main method. Then we initialize the variable. Next line simply parses the string and creates a List of BigInts. We have a constant 'zero' which is BigInt 0. Finally we add the numbers using fold and take first 10 characters. If you don't like /:, you can also use (numbers.foldLeft(zero)(_+_).
Problem 22.
One possible solution:
import java.io._
import scala.collection.jcl._
object P22 extends Application {
val res = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("c:\\names.txt")).readLine
val actualNames = res.split(",") map (_.filter(_.isLetter).mkString)
val sorted = new TreeSet[String]
sorted ++= actualNames
val nums = sorted map (_.foldLeft(0)(_+_-64))
var sum: BigInt = 0
var t = 0
for (j <- nums) {
t += 1
sum += (t * j)
First, we read the lines of the file (so easy with scala). Then split based on ',' and strip off the '"'. Create a sorted set (we are using the same TreeSet from Java) and add the names. Calculate the value using fold left (Since they are upcase chars, subtract 64 to get int values). Ok, now we need to multiply each number by its position. Easy thing to do in imperative fashion. So lets do a traditional for each loop and that's it.
Update: Seth Tisue pointed out that zipWithIndex can be used to do the final calculation. The problem considers index starting with 1, so we cannot directly use zipWithIndex. However zip can be used as below:
val l = nums toList
val indices = 1 to l.size toList
l.zip(indices).foldLeft(sum)((a,b) => a + b._1 * b._2)
Problem 42
import java.io._
import scala.collection.jcl._
object P42 extends Application {
val triangular = new TreeSet[Int]
for (i <- 0 until 40) triangular += i*(i+1)/2
val lines = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("c:\\words.txt")).readLine
val nums = lines.split(",") map (_.filter(_.isLetter).mkString) map (_.foldLeft(0)(_+_-64))
println((0 /: nums)( (result, num) => if (triangular contains num) result+1 else result ))
By now this should be obvious. This example is similar to the one above. First we cache first 40 triangular numbers in an Array. Then read the file. Split lines by ',', ignore special characters (by filtering) and find the required sum (using map). I've done it in one line as it appears natural. Finally, count the triangular numbers. I used a fold, but it can be done imperatively as well.
Hope you enjoyed it. Do let me know if you think there are better ways of doing this (Not in terms of performance, but in terms of elegance or functional style).
Seth Tisue said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Seth Tisue said...
Problem 13, BigInt has a constructor that takes a String, so you don't need to go through java.math.BigInteger.
Problem 22 has a pretty compact functional solution. To "multiply this value by its alphabetical position in the list" it's helpful to use zipWithIndex. You can use scala.io.Source to do the same task the java.io stuff does.
The last part of Problem 42 seems more elegant and readable to me if you use filter followed by size, rather than doing the count using a fold. (The fold might run faster since you avoid constructing an intermediate data structure? Not sure.)
bodhi said...
Thanks for the suggestions, Seth.
P13: I couldn't find such a constructor in 2.7.1. Maybe its added later.
P22. I updated the post with your suggestion
P23. I agree, but both forms looks fine to me.
Seth Tisue said...
You're welcome.
The BigInt constructor that takes a string is in 2.7.1:
~> scala
Welcome to Scala version 2.7.1.final (Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM, Java 1.5.0_13).
Type in expressions to have them evaluated.
Type :help for more information.
scala> BigInt("123") + BigInt("456")
res0: BigInt = 579
bodhi said...
I see. I didn't check the companion object for BigInt. I just checked the constructors.
Seth Tisue said...
Oh, my mistake for using the word "constructor".
GrokCode said...
I just started learning Scala, and am also using the Project Euler problems to do it. Its a nice coincidence that I ran across this post. You might want to see my impressions of Scala and Project Euler here.
Víctor Martínez said...
I realize this post its a bit old. Since then the new Scala API lets you solve this problem 22 in even an easier way:
val in = scala.io.Source.fromFile("names.txt").getLines.toList
val x = in(0).split(',').toList.sortWith(_.compareTo(_)<0).map(t => t.toList.map(_.toInt - 64).foldLeft(0.0)(_+_))
val r = x.zipWithIndex.foldLeft((a,b) => a + b._1 * (b._2+1))
As you can see, we can now read the whole file in a single line without the use of java Buffers.
Thanks for this post for giving me some insight into the problem.


text:
I tell you it's tasty soup (Cabbage and Barley Soup from More with Less), but I made the mistake of using purple cabbage. At first the soup was a light lavender, but then it turned an odd shade of grey.
The former cabbage, barley, and carrots became unidentifiable things floating in sludge. Isn't that what storybook orphans were fed?
Lesson learned: we eat with our eyes.
Second lesson learned: use purple cabbage in raw preparations only.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A member of the Chrysanthemum family, feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium) is sometimes called Wild Chamomile, as the two plants are very similar. Feverfew is a perennial plant and hardy in zones 3 to 9. It is sometimes grown for its leaves, which are used in teas to reduce fevers and anxiety. This plant grows up to 2 feet tall and has small, daisy-like flowers.
Planting and Care of Feverfew
Choose a site with full sun (afternoon shade in southern areas) and well-drained, fertile soil.
If planting from seeds, plant directly into the ground in the spring. With your trowel, smooth out the soil and disperse the seeds evenly. Cover with a thin layer of soil and water. Water the seedlings regularly until well-established.
In the spring, after the last frost, you can plant container-grown feverfew. Dig a hole roughly twice the size of the plant's base and place it in the hole. Fill back with soil, making sure there aren't any air pockets. Water generously. Plants should be spaced 1 to 2 feet apart.
During the summer months, deadhead any spent flowers by pinching them off the stem with your fingers. Feverfew will self-sow, so leaving a few flowers behind in the fall will allow them to go seed and you'll have new plants come spring.
To protect your feverfew over the winter months, place mulch over and around the plant in the fall. This can be wood chips, grass clippings or even pine branches.


text:
Moravian Church, Renewed Church of the Brethren, or Unitas Fratrum (yōnēˈtäs fräˈtrŏm) [key], an evangelical Christian communion whose adherents are sometimes called United Brethren or Herrnhuters. It originated (1457) near Kunwald, Bohemia, among some of the followers of John Huss and was originally known as the Church of the Brotherhood. A break between the new brotherhood and the Roman Church occurred in 1467, and persecution drove many of the Brethren out of Bohemia and Moravia into Poland, Austria, and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. The Moravians established excellent schools and printing presses, but by the end of the Thirty Years War (1648), only a remnant of the original movement remained.
In 1722 a company of those still faithful to the teachings of the Brethren took refuge in Saxony, where they built a town, Herrnhut, reviving the elements of the original church and founding the Renewed Moravian Church (1727). The church's missionary endeavors soon extended to the West Indies, North and South America, Africa, and Asia, chiefly under the direction of August Gottlieb Spangenberg, who later became (1735) the founder of the Moravian Church in America. Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Lititz, Pa., were founded (c.1740) as Moravian settlements, and missionary work among Native Americans and white settlers was actively carried on.
In 1999 the U.S. church joined with several others in establishing full communion with the country's largest Lutheran denomination. During the late 20th cent. the church experienced increasing growth outside of its well-established communities. By 2000 church membership was about 50,000 in the United States and 700,000 worldwide, with about half of the worldwide total in Tanzania.
The Moravians emphasize conduct rather than doctrine, and their church is governed by provincial synods, the bishops having only spiritual and administrative authority. The music in Moravian churches is famous, especially the part-singing of the congregations.
See historical studies by E. Langton (1956) and J. T. Hamilton (1989); E. A. Sawyer, All about the Moravians (1990).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Moravian Church from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Protestant Denominations

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Archive for July, 2006
Tabbed Python editing with PythonCard
July 31st, 2006 by Sjan Evardsson
While I have been partial to IDLE for developing Python I recently came across on SourceForge while looking for some help building a Python GUI. While PythonCard has plenty of tools and examples to help with GUI construction, it was the Tabbed Code Editor that really got my attention.
One thing that I look for in any development environment is the ability to open mutiple files in tabs. While IDLE is extremely useable, it lacks this feature. And yes, there are other tabbed IDE's that can parse Python syntax, but none of them seem to do as good of a job as IDLE.
While I can't claim that the PythonCard tabbed editor is as good IDLE in terms of hinting and code completion, (at least as far as Python builtins) it does a rather decent job of that for objects/scripts that are imported.
While I may or may not end up actually building Python GUIs with it, PythonCard has definitely found a permanent place in my toolbox.
Music from chaos
July 15th, 2006 by Sjan Evardsson
A conversation with a coworker the other day got me thinking about ways to make our "noodling" a reality. We were trying to come up with a way to generate random music (defined by octave, step, and duration), while maintaining harmonic relevance. (In other words, we want to create music, not noise.)
We decided we should start with the following propositions:
 - limiting the tones to a pentatonic scale
 - limiting the octave range to that audible to humans
 - limiting the duration of tones to a maximum of one or two whole notes
Beyond that, the discussion turned to how to generate the random values. Since I have been reading about the history of Nonlinear Dynamics (chaos) lately, my first thought was, of course, to generate the values for octave, step and duration by using a set of non-linear equations. So, of course, the first choice would have to be the Lorenz "butterfly" equations.
So, the plan is to calculate the values, convert them to MIDI values and write them out to a file using Python. Since the outcome of the equations relies on the starting conditions (Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions – also called the "Butterfly Effect" ) we thought that we could use starting values such as the current Temperature, Barometric Pressure and Humidity, or perhaps Date, Time and processs number, or counting Buicks, Chevys and Fords in the parking lot. Pretty much any 3 starting numbers.
China's Firewall Breached
July 5th, 2006 by Sjan Evardsson
Researchers from the University of Cambridge computer laboratory have announced that they were able to successfully bypass the restrictions of China's firewall, and found a DOS vector at the same time.
Richard Clayton, (UC computer lab) explained that when a keyword is found in a packet. the routers let the traffic through, but send resets to both sides of the connection. Ignoring those injected reset packets at both ends is trivial and renders the firewall completely ineffective.
On the other side of the coin, since the firewall uses stateless packet inspection to search for keywords, a forged packet containing one of these keywords, with a source and destination IP belonging to say, a Chinese goevernment website and a Chinese embassy somewhere, would effectively cut off all communication between those two endpoints for up to an hour. Unless, of course, they are also bypassing the firewall and (by doing so) the restrictions placed by the government they represent.


text:
Part of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS 2018)
Yuanzhi Li, Yingyu Liang
Neural networks have many successful applications, while much less theoretical understanding has been gained. Towards bridging this gap, we study the problem of learning a two-layer overparameterized ReLU neural network for multi-class classification via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) from random initialization. In the overparameterized setting, when the data comes from mixtures of well-separated distributions, we prove that SGD learns a network with a small generalization error, albeit the network has enough capacity to fit arbitrary labels. Furthermore, the analysis provides interesting insights into several aspects of learning neural networks and can be verified based on empirical studies on synthetic data and on the MNIST dataset.


2 Rates
Time-dependent behavior with gel formation or curing
Figure 1: Time-dependent viscosity function of a sample with gel formation or curing: The viscosity value increases significantly after reaching time-point tS because of the gel formation or curing reaction. A previously defined viscosity value is reached at time-point tv.
This test is performed under constant shear conditions either at a constant shear rate or at a constant shear stress. In most cases, tests with controlled shear rate are preferred. One disadvantage of controlled-shear-stress tests is that, with the increase in viscosity, the resulting rotational speed will continuously decrease. This would result in the deformation velocity no longer being constant.
However, the latter is a decisive parameter for comparing the effects of shearing on the behavior of a sample. The measuring temperature is kept constant, thus providing for isothermal conditions. It is recommended that disposable measuring systems consisting of a disposable plate and a disposable dish for single use are selected. In most cases, after curing, the two parts of the PP measuring system will stick together firmly, unable to be separated or cleaned without substantial effort. The result is usually evaluated as a time-dependent viscosity function (Figure 1).
Two time-points are of relevance here: the starting time tS at the beginning of the curve slope indicating the start of gel formation or a chemical curing reaction, and the time tV when a previously defined high-viscosity value has been reached.
However, with rotational tests, it is not possible to reliably provide an answer to the questions as to when a sample becomes solid and when the sample has been cured completely. This means that the entire curing process cannot be evaluated because at one point the cured mass is no longer able to flow and becomes solid. If the maximum torque of the rheometer has been exceeded, the rheometer can no longer control the preset rotational speed or shear rate. As a consequence, the speed will continuously decrease and the viscosity will approach infinity.
This is because the viscosity value is defined by the law of viscosity, stating viscosity as the shear stress divided by the shear rate. In the case of curing, the shear rate would finally reach zero. This also means that the law of viscosity would not be applicable here.
Our recommendation: Oscillatory tests are preferred over rotational tests for evaluating gel formation and curing processes because, with oscillatory tests, materials can be examined in their solid state as well.


75% developed
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 5. English-Hanzi/Depending on the degree of bone loss
 6. English-Hanzi/Avoid weight bearing on hands and wrists
 7. English-Hanzi/Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or vertebral body opening
 8. English-Hanzi/Yoga exercises that carefully fold forward and bend sideways
 9. English-Hanzi/If you suffer from stenosis and osteoporosis
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text:
Botanical Name: Swainsona formosa
Another iconic Australian wildflower, originating from the deserts of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Its distinctive elongated red flowers and piercing black eye make it a most sought after flower. Plant them in a frost-free position with excellent drainage, either in a container or sandy garden bed.
We recommend the use of Wildflower Seed Starter Granules for improved germination rates and speed. These granules provide chemicals normally found in bushfire smoke that stimulate native seed germination.
Plant Height: 1-1.2m
We hope you enjoy these Wildflower seeds, just another great example of seeds from Mr Fothergill's!


text:
Uses and benefits of electric fencing
Animal control is perhaps the most widely recognized reason for power fencing. Not only does power fencing keep domestic animals and livestock contained, it has various other important uses, including:
- Keeping wild animals out
- Separating different groups of animals
- Allowing rationing of crops and pasture
- Fencing animals off from eroding areas, trees, rivers and roads
Power fencing has revolutionized pasture management techniques and better pasture management means better profitability for farmers. Permanent or portable power fences are used to subdivide pasture to ensure even distribution of manure over grazing areas. In this way, pastures are kept fresh, short and palatable which ultimately leads to increased milk and meat production. If you are interested in finding out more about pasture management techniques.
Other key benefits of power fencing:
- Easily constructed and maintained
- Durable, because of low physical contact
- Light weight and easily transported
- Easily modified
- Less animal hide and pelt damage
- Deterrent to trespassers and predators
For convenient, economical animal control, improved pasture management and more profitable farming, a Gallagher Power Fence System is the trusted solution.


text:
Major Boundary Currents and Inter-basin Flows
How will the key science questions be addressed?
East Australian Current system -
- Will the EAC strengthen with climate change as predicted?
- Will the North Queensland Current weaken with climate change as predicted?
- Will the bifurcation point and/or dynamics alter in a warmer ocean?
The same data streams required to detect interannual variability in the EAC and bifurcation dynamics of the South Equatorial Current in the Coral Sea will inform models forecasting future changes in basin flows over multi-decadal time scales. Without additional observations in the Gulf of Papua, the hydrodynamic model being developed for Queensland will be the richest source of information contributing to global understanding of heat transport from the South Equatorial Current to the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent via the Hiri Current. In the future, it is reasonable to expect even more effort from the international community to gate the north-eastern boundary of the Coral Sea with permanent observing infrastructure (e.g. the Southwest Pacific Climate Experiment (SPICE program).
- What is the full-depth transport of the EAC leaving Queensland?
- What are the short and long-term changes in the heat content of the EAC leaving Queensland?
The above questions will mainly be answered by the Bluewater and Climate Node, but the three moorings across the South East Queensland shelf and slope at 28°S will make an important contribution to measuring the inner part of the EAC. The management of complementary infrastructure in deep water extending a 'Brisbane Line' across the full width of the poleward flow will be done by the Australian Bluewater Observing System. These measurements on velocity will be supported by the Brisbane-Fiji high density XBT line, synoptic maps of sea surface temperature from remote sensing, and a well resolved model nested inside Bluelink.
- Do changes in the EAC drive coastal currents in South East Queensland with impacts on sediment transport or beach erosion?
The Stradbroke National Reference Station and two slope moorings will provide key data sets to understand coastal currents in South East Queensland, particularly when teamed with observations from the wave ride buoy network. A key target will be monitoring erosion and beach replenishment, which is a focus of active coastal engineering groups at University of Queensland and Griffith University. Again these observations are likely to feed hydrodynamic models with coupled models for waves, bottom stress, and sediment transport.


_PHONE_
Seiko, one of the most popular global watch brands, was founded by Japanese watchmaker Kintaro Hattori in 1881. Hattori began manufacturing clocks under the name Seikosha, which translates into "House of Exquisite Workmanship", later shortened to Seiko meaning "exquisite", "minute", or "success". Since that time the Seiko Company has celebrated a number of important milestones in technology history, including the first pocket watch, the first multi-function digital watch, the first alarm chronograph, the first sound-recording watch, the first computerized watch, and most recently, the first watch ever designed for a space walk.
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text:
The Ulam Spiral revealed non-random patterns, but they didn't quite match up. Both Shaun and I had long felt there was a better way to wrap the primes that would reveal a deeper structure.
Shaun explained that he had developed a new algorithm (he calls it "Parallax Compression" or, "Daena," named after his wife) for wrapping the primes on a plane, and visualizing their distribution, inspired by the Ulam Spiral. Shaun's algorithm revealed an interesting glyph-like, fractal pattern in the distribution of primes, that to our knowledge, had not been seen before.
Here is an easy to use interactive HTML version, for a quick hands-on demo of this pattern.
Here is a more robust Github version of the code in a Mathematica notebook if you want to explore it yourself (note: Thanks to Stephen Wolfram for taking a look at the Mathematica code and advising us in January, when we were wondering whether this might break crypto and needed advice; the answer is no, it doesn't break crypto, but Mathematica is pretty great!).
And here is the code for prime-draw – a version in Perl by Simon Hardy-Francis.
We have set up a Telegram group for sharing images and insights about this. Lots of good things in there.
After his initial discovery of the Daena pattern, Shaun searched the Web for anyone else who was thinking this way and that led him to my blog post, and to me.
When one looks at a visualization of this pattern, it appears reminiscent of runes, Mayan glyphs, Amazonian tribal imagery, tapestries, and hieroglyphics. If you look at it for a moment or two you will see there are several levels of nested geometric shapes within it that appear to have a kind of fractal symmetry. And interestingly, these patterns recur in a self-similar way at different levels of scale – it's a fractal.
A cell is colored black if there is at least 1 prime number within it, and red if there are no primes within it.
Here, the width of a cell, n, is 100, so each cell represents 100 integers in the sequence, and the pattern holds for 100 rows.
Initially we found that for even values of n this pattern converges on a known numerical sequence,OEIS A054521 — known as the GCD sequence.
For example, If n = 50, then each cell represents 50 integers, and the pattern holds for 50 rows. If n = 200 then each cell represents 200 integers, and pattern holds for 200 rows.
Here is an animation (Thanks to Ian Rust) that shows the pattern approaching the GCD sequence pattern, as the values of n increase.
However, some readers noted today in the thread on Hacker News that GCD doesn't hold for all values of n.
For example, for odd values of n we see a different pattern that is also rather interesting. Here is n = 99:
Like the GCD pattern we see for even values of n, the odd valued n pattern also recurs for different sized odd values of n. This means that this pattern is not simply the GCD sequence — there are variances that we don't understand yet.
The Daena visualization also reveals sequences (that we call "runs") of primes and non-primes along various axes that might be useful for predicting prime and non-prime regions.
Since this article was published, many people have contributed visualizations and observations about Daena to the Telegram group discussion. We, and others, have also found a few patterns within this pattern that can be used to find specific classes of numbers. But for the most part, as far as we can tell, the characteristics of this pattern are well-understood in number theory already, and so it probably is not a major advance in understanding. However, the way we are laying out the pattern is novel (in the pyramid) and yields new insights about the relationships within it, and these insights, which are not necessarily noticeable until you see it visually (even for a mathematician), may inform further research and understandings.
Here are some highlights of findings from the Telegram discussion.
Here is a rendering that colors the cells by the number of primes they contain, by Simon Hardy-Francis:
2048*1024 row renderings (click to zoom in) (credit: Simon Hardy-Francis):
This is zoomed in at the bottom of the 2048×_PHONE_ row render…
And some "sightseeing" from various places in this image….
We were also alerted by a reader to a video from many years ago, for creating the exact same pattern, but using a different geometric approach…
Here the algorithmic rendering (left) is compared to the geometric rendering (right) — they appear to be exactly the same.
We also heard from an artist, Henry King, who years ago, made a sculpture with striking similarities, using a different algorithm, below:
"the square rendering is actually from the prime zeta function for z=2, using the inverse of the square of the primes only. If I had used the zeta function itself using the composites as well as the primes the pattern would have been exactly the same but with more height" (comment by Henry King)
To construct the square rendering you first make a triangular rendering (instead of the pyramid rendering of Daena), and then you put two triangles together to get the square:
And, a reader noted that Stephen Wolfram also found the square version of this in his book, A New Kind of Science.
Here are two 3D models showing some interesting higher level patterns – when you visualize the number of primes per cell. We still haven't fully analyzed these. These models were made by Allan Costa and illustrate the same pattern, found using a faster algorithm that was found separately by Stephen Wolfram and Henry King (however this algorithm has certain limitations; see Telegram discussion for more):
And here it is in 240 lines
So now we know of 4 entirely different algorithms that arrive at the same pattern.
It is also interesting to experiment with other ways of wrapping this pattern — for example, to a rectangular spiral instead of a triangle, (we haven't yet tried other polygons, but that's coming). (Image: by Simon Hardy-Francis):
In the Telegram group there have been some interesting findings about properties of the pattern, where we heard from several researchers, including Andrew Fuchs, who explained that what we are doing is related to his core area of mathematics research on the differences in the reduced residue system modulo primorials (product of first N primes), explained here.
We're not exactly sure what this all means yet — it might not mean much — it might just be a pretty visualization — but it's interesting enough (to us at least) that we decided eventually to make this public so that others could help us explore it further, in case there is something more to this.
At the very least we think this is a way to visualize the Riemann Zeta function. As for more than that, let's see what emerges. Are there connections between this and other research findings, such as this recent article we found on aperiodic order in the primes?
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this is that many different approaches arrive at this pattern — because it's a fundamental pattern of the number system. In fact, I would venture to suggest that any mathematically advanced civilization, anywhere in the universe, would find this pattern and be able to recognize it as well. If that is correct, then this might be a good pattern to look for in the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, and perhaps a good pattern to send out as well — a kind of Cosmic Dial-Tone that says, "we're here and we're intelligent.
We hope you enjoy this, and if you make further progress on this, or find anything that may be connected, please let us know. (You can discuss it with us, and others who are interested, on this Telegram group).
Social tagging: algorithms > chaos theory > cybernetics > fractals > mathematics > number theory > Philosophy > prime numbers > Ulam spiral


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Magnetostriction was investigated for layered A-type antiferromagnetic SmMnO 3 showing large magnetocapacitive effects around a temperature (T TP) where ferrimagnetically coupled Mn 3d and Sm 4f moments were reversed simultaneously. Upon sweeping temperature or a magnetic field, a significant lattice distortion was observed at T TP or the coercive field, respectively. This indicates that the lattice is strongly coupled with the magnetic configuration. We discuss the lattice distortion accompanied by the magnetization reversal in terms of a partial change in the orbital state of Mn e g electrons.
|Journal||Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics|
|Publication status||Published - 2012 May 11|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials


text:
Post-accident radiological consequences analysis relies on the use of computational tools to provide quantitative understanding of off-site radiological consequences. This intervention reviewed NNB Generation Company (HPC) Limited's (NNB GenCo) arrangements for providing radiological consequences analysis for design basis accidents in the Hinkley Point C (HPC) safety case. The key aims of this intervention were to assess the adequacy of the arrangements for validation of computer codes used for radiological consequences, and the arrangements for applying radiological decoupling criteria in Design Basis scenarios.
This intervention was carried out at a time when revised site-specific calculations are being produced in this topic area for inclusion in the PCmSR.
This intervention was performed in two parts, and assessed the following arrangements against License Condition (LC) 14:
Intervention 1: the implementation of "radiological decoupling criteria" within NNB's arrangements for producing the radiological consequences analysis for design basis faults
Intervention 2: NNB's processes for validating computer codes used for radiological consequences analysis in the Design Basis Analysis (DBA)
LC14 requires licensees to make and implement adequate arrangements for the production and assessment of safety cases consisting of documentation to justify safety during the design, construction, manufacture, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning phases of the installation.
The following guidance was used in this intervention:
Not relevant to this intervention.
The interventions highlighted that NNB GenCo is developing its Intelligent Customer role in the radiological consequences topic area, with several examples of good practice. Nevertheless, they identified a number of minor areas for improvement.
With regard to use of radiological decoupling criteria, the bulk of faults listed in the Fault and Protection Schedule (F&PS) appear to be bounded by a fault in the list of bounding faults. The process for identifying bounding faults appears to be an effective means of assigning bounding faults. Nonetheless, the intervention noted the following:
With regard to NNB GenCo's processes for validating computer codes, the intervention found that NNB GenCo is expected to provide technical leadership on methods and computational tools to ensure consideration of the UK context. At present NNB GenCo's code validation procedures and requirements rely heavily on the processes of its suppliers.
In order to improve its control and visibility of code validation, NNB GenCo should give consideration to strengthening its acceptance process for code validation.
The intervention noted the recent development of guidance on code validation for the main supplier in France, Direction Technical, and that there is now a legal requirement to provide validation for codes used in relation to the first barrier. It is unclear, however, what material impact this will have in the radiological consequences area.
While a number of findings have arisen from this intervention, these are not significant and can be addressed through the regular radiological consequences technical interactions. It is therefore considered overall that inspection ratings of Green are appropriate for LC14.


text:
SEMA will offer following three services according to your R&D and marketing strategies.
1. Conformity Assessment and certification to standards.
(1) Functional safety assessment and certification Functional safety assessment and certification based on "Functional safety guideline" of Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan (MHLW) IEC 61508 as Accredited body by Japanese Government
(2) Risk assessment and evaluation of machineries based on ISO 12100 and "Guidelines for the Comprehensive Safety Standards of Machinery" Japan issued by MHLW
(3) Validation for your Technical Construction File
(4) Supporting your certification activity in order to get each country certification.
2. Safety assessment, evaluation, and standard development of your front-line products.
3.Consulting for explosion protection of equipment (electricity, non-electricity)
- Explosion-proof workshop in house
- ATEX and/or IECEx audit
- Assessment and certification for Functional Safety.
- Risk assessment for explosion of plant, then explain result to the local authority and the fire station.
- Supporting IECEx, ATEX certification
- Seminar lecture hosted by Japan Industrial Publishing Co., Ltd. and posting to other technical specialized papers.
- Light curtain technical consultation.
- Requested testing (High voltage, intrinsic safety, Explosion, IP)
- Explosion proof consultation (Flame proof "d", Pressurized enclosure "p", intrinsic safety "i" )


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What property of the control can determine whether it can recieve a user focus?
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What is a user control?
Difference Between User Control and Custom Control In Asp.Net?
User Controls: We need to implement with Predefined Functionality with Available Properties
Web User Controls:Web User Controls Implements Customized Properties and Customized Methods,we can develop any control with User defined Properties
How to use a user control in a Web Forms page
Declare the @ Register directive.
For example, use the following code.
<%@ Register TagPrefix="UC" TagName="TestControl" Src="test.ascx" %>
How to create an instance of a user control programmatically in the code behind file of a Web Forms page
Create a new Web Forms page in Visual Studio.
Navigate to the code behind file generated for this Web Forms page.
In the Page_Load event of the Page class, write the following code.
// Load the control by calling LoadControl on the page class.
Control c1 = LoadControl("test.ascx");
// Add the loaded control in the page controls collection.
How a user control is processed
When a page with a user control is requested, the following occurs:
1)The page parser parses the.ascx file specified in the Src attribute in the @ Register directive and generates a class that derives from the System.Web.UI.UserControl class.
2)The parser then dynamically compiles the class into an assembly.
If you are using Visual Studio, then at design time only, Visual Studio creates a code behind file for the user control, and the file is precompiled by the designer itself.
3)Finally, the class for the user control, which is generated through the process of dynamic code generation and compilation, includes the code for the code behind file (.ascx.cs) as well as the code written inside the.ascx file.
What are Events fired for User Control in ASP.NET?
The Sequence of User controls Execution as follows.
OnInit of the user control
OnInit of the containing page
OnLoad of the containing page
OnLoad of the user control (More...)
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text:
The EXISTS predicate evaluates to TRUE providing the subquery contains any rows, otherwise it evaluates to FALSE. NOT EXISTS works the same as EXISTS being satisfied if no rows are returnable by the subquery. This predicate does not evaluate to UNKNOWN.
As in our case, the EXISTS predicate is generally used with correlated subqueries. That subquery type has an outer reference to the value in the main query. The subquery result may be dependent on this value and must be separately evaluated for each row of the query that includes the subquery. Because of this, the EXISTS predicate may have different values for each row of the main query.
Find those laptop makers who also produce printers:
The printer makers are retrieved by the subquery and compared with the maker returned from the main query. The main query returns the laptop makers. So, for each laptop maker it is checked that the subquery returns any rows (i.e. this maker also produces printers). Because the two queries in the WHERE clause must simultaneously be satisfied (AND), the result set includes only wanted rows. The DISTINCT keyword is used to make sure each maker is in the returned data only once. As a result, we get:
Find those laptop makers who do not produce printers:
Here, it is sufficient to replace EXISTS in the previous example with NOT EXISTS. So, the returned data includes only those main query rows, for which the subquery return no rows. As a result we get:


text:
The overall aim of the IC3 Programme is to improve Punjab Police's operational efficiency by deploying new hardware using up-to-date technology that will enable the Police to adopt more efficient working practices and new operating concepts. The role of the Police will not fundamentally change by the introduction of the IC3; the efficiencies relate to how that role is carried out from both process and performance perspectives. In progressing towards greater efficiencies, one of the IC3 aims is to bring together various elements of Punjab Police operation to work as a more unified team.
The IC3 operations will integrate the Command, Control, and Communication functions through 5 Services areas:
- Emergency Call Centre (ECC) – ECC will be handling all incoming and outgoing public trunk calls in wake of emergency.
- Dispatching Centre (DC) – DC will dispatch, monitor and support operational resources efficiently and timely manner.
- Strategic Operations & Monitoring Suite (SOMS) – SOMS will proactively and intelligently monitor the public spaces and will include:
- Video Management System is responsible for displaying video streams Video-Based Incident Detection system based on intelligent analysis of the video streams of the CCTV Cameras
- Video Wall Management System (and video wall) to display video streams on the video wall
- Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Control System to control all ANPR equipment and archiving/retrieving recognized license plates
- CCTV Control – CCTV Control will operate as a receiving and recording point for CCTV images that are available to the CCTV matrix for IC3 Centre. Images can be displayed and, where appropriate, passed into the SOMS and CMC at that Centre for viewing at work-stations and/or for display on the video-wall.
- Crisis Management Centre (CMC) – CMC will plan and manage all the pre-planned and spontaneous major events through a defined escalation process to contain and manage a situation or an event through a clearly defined command structure. It will contain integrated tools that merge information in an environment that provides leadership quick and accurate data to evaluate situations.
These services will generate a level of required support that in some cases will be new work but in others will call upon existing support organizations and processes. In particular these existing organizations will include database management, human resources, finance and facilities management. When completed, the new build IC3 Centre will become integral part of the technology infrastructure, allowing seamless access between the IC3 Centre and the wider Punjab Police (PP) and other agencies. The diagram below outlines the operational scope for the IC3 Programme.
- Command and Control System – including Command and Control Incident Management,
- Geographic Information System (GIS), Resource Management System, Integrated Automatic
- Resource Location System (ARLS), and Mobile Data Terminals
- Integrated Video Management System (IVMS) – including System Control and Management, Digital Recording and Archiving, Specific Analysis Tools, Video Walls and Control Systems, and In-Vehicle Video Systems
- Field Equipment – including Strategic Surveillance Locations, Surveillance of Public Places, Surveillance of Intersections, Surveillance of roads, Surveillance of Iconic Buildings Locations, Camera installation and Security and power and connectivity.
- Implementation and Fit-out – including Data Centre fit-out, structured cabling, furniture and desktop as well as system integration and testing.
Brief Scope of Work
The scope of work is limited to area under the jurisdiction of Lahore City. The key components of the scope for the System Integrator (SI) are provided below. The components may be added or deleted based on the design proposed by various bidders.
- Video surveillance
- Video analytics
- Installation of cameras
- Set up of Command and Control Centre and live feed of:
- Ariel Surveillance – Quad Copters
- Specialized Vehicles equipped with wireless video feed mechanism to IC3
- Integrated Communication Platform to Voice Communication System to provide User Interface for telephone and radio communications.
- Traffic management
- E-Ticketing against traffic violations
- Handheld devices
- Demand Management
- Telephony demand via the ECC
- Social Media
- CCTV surveillance
- Response management
- GPS enabled vehicles/ Automatic Vehicle Location System
- Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)
- Resource Management
- Operational planning for pre-planned and spontaneous events
- Dispatching mechanism to relevant agencies
- Data Centre (DC) and Disaster Recovery Centre
- Design and setup of primary DC and requisite hardware (computing) for Disaster Recovery Centre.
- Deployment and Installation of hardware including servers, storage, racks etc.
- Detailed solution architecture
- Applicants are required to determine the computing requirements as per proposed solution
- Providing redundant connectivity through reliable media from cameras to Command and Control Centre; Command and Control Centre to DC; DC to DR; from handheld devices/ mobile vehicles to Command and Control Centre.
- Detail network diagram with network architecture
- Provide all network components including all active and passive equipment.
- Command & Control Centre hardware
- Video Wall with allied accessories, Data center, LAN, PC, printers, scanners, switch/router, building security equipment etc.
- Provisioning and Integration of the Security and Surveillance system with existing databases as per industry standards.
- Command and Control, GIS, Resource Management System, Computer Telephony Integration Applications, Integrated desktop, crime and intelligence Systems
- GIS and location services
- Key element and is critical components for the success of IC3 Centre
- Comprehensive training program for management, operational, maintenance, and support personnel


Copyright © 1992 by. All rights reserved
Next Contents Previous
The literature contains two attempts to elevate the halo from the role of a passive byestander or a glum damping force to an active excitor of bending waves. Binney (1978, 1981) showed that orbits in a principal plane of a triaxial halo are in certain circumstances unstable to vertical excitations. This is interesting from the point of view of warps, since the principal axes of the halo that lie in the disk plane provide directions along which the warp's line of nodes may naturally align, thus holding it straight in the face of differential precession.
If the halo has negligible pattern speed, closed orbits are vertically unstable only if the disk's spin axis coincides with the halo's middle axis, and then orbits of every radius are unstable. If the halo has non-zero pattern speed, there is an annulus in which orbits circulating around the halo's shortest axis are vertically unstable. This annulus only lies inside the corotation circle for counter-rotating orbits.
In view of the general instability of orbits around the middle axis of a triaxial halo, it seems unlikely that disks ever form around such axes. As regards the possibilities of unstable annuli, one that lies beyond corotation is not very interesting from the point of view of halos, since their corotation resonances must lie hundreds of kiloparsecs from their centers. So vertical instabilities can be important for warps only if disks generally conter-rotate with respect to the patterns of their embedding halos.
Sparke (1984b) has studied the propagation of bending waves away from disk/halo resonances and concludes that a weakly barred halo of constant shape, flat rotation curve and resonable mass can amplify a small disturbance to an observable warp over a Hubble time provided it is strongly flattened towards the disk and its figure rotates in the opposite sense to that of disk rotation. Warps generated in this way are not unlike observed warps in that the lines of nodes is straight over the first few scale lengths, and then becomes a leading spiral.
Bertin & Mark (1980) have argued that halos can excite bending waves through a more subtle mechanism than Binney's vertical resonance. They reason that forward-running bending waves generate a shadow in the more slowly rotating halo, and that the gravitational field of this shadow drags the waves backwards. Consequently, the bending waves surrender angular momentum to the halo, and, being themselves negative-angular momentum perturbations of the disk, their amplitude grows in response to this loss. Thus Bertin & Mark argued that the torque associated with frictional drag between bending waves and a responsive halo acts in the sense required to further tip over already inclined rings.
Bertin & Mark (1980) analyze this process in the context of tightly-wound WKB bending waves and suggest that warps might be made up of bending waves trapped between corrotation and inner Lindblad resonances, much as spiral structure can be decomposed into similarly trapped spiral waves (Toomre 1981). In this analogy, amplification of bending waves by the Bertin & Mark process takes the place of swing amplification in making good losses suffered by the waves as a result of their excitation of resonant particles, and the leakage of wave energy into the outermost disk, where it is thermalized. Unfortunately this elegant analogy is flawed because bending waves have no corotation resonance; Bertin and Mark were led to believe that they did because they approximated the true dispersion relation Omegap (k) of tightly-wound bending waves (Hunter 1969)
Equation 12a (12a)
Equation 12b (12b)
and later supposed that the right-hand side can become small compared with Omega 2 (Toomre 1983). Since kappa2 appeq 2Omega 2 for the systems of interest, this supposition is clearly false.
Next Contents Previous


text:
Frame grabbers taken to edge of atmosphere to image exoplanets
Two Active Silicon frame grabbers are being launched on a scientific balloon high into the Earth's atmosphere as part of a project to explore Earth-like exoplanets. The high-altitude balloon will contain an imaging payload to examine debris disks and exozodiacal dust around neighbouring stars.
NASA regularly launches high-altitude scientific balloons from sites such as Antarctica to aid space exploration research. (Image: Active Silicon)
The project, known as PICTURE-C (Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment – Coronagraph), is being undertaken by The University of Massachusetts' Lowell Center for Space Science and Technology, and will entail two flights scheduled for September 2018 and September 2019. This is the latest experiment in the ongoing PICTURE series of missions, with previous research rockets having been successfully launched in 2015 and 2011.
The planned mission will comprise a 60cm off-axis unobscured telescope and a high-contrast coronagraph being launched in a high-altitude balloon, which will rise to approximately 40km above the Earth's surface. Nasa's Wallops Arc Second Pointer (WASP) gondola will then be used to point the scientific instruments at observation targets with arc-second accuracy and stability. Results from the experiment are due to be presented by the researchers in January 2019.
The two Phoenix PC/104-plus frame grabbers from Active Silicon are to be used in the acquisition system of a low-order wavefront sensor, a wavefront corrector that will modify time-varying aberrations such as pointing jitter to improve the accuracy of readings. High-speed, low‑latency acquisition is essential to the success of the experiment, as the researchers are aiming for a frame rate of 200Hz with a mean acquisition latency of less than 180μs.
Nasa regularly launches scientific balloons high up into the Earth's atmosphere to aid research on fundamentals such as the origins of the universe, cosmic rays, black holes and other planetary and space investigations. Launched from a variety of sites from Antarctica to Sweden and Hawaii to Australia, flights generally last from a few hours to a few days; earlier this year saw the launch of a mission designed to run for more than 100 days using a super-pressure balloon, which always maintains a positive internal pressure in relationship to its the environment. The balloons are generally over a million cubic metres in volume and can carry payloads up to the equivalent to three small cars.


text:
Adaptive molecular decompositions are useful for analyzing nonstationary signals or images. They can be built up from maximally redundant, uniform partitions of unity, the latter being generated by translations of a single atom to each coordinate sample. These decompositions are adaptive in the sense that they respect a given measure of stationarity in an optimal way. The result is a collection of molecules that generate a one-parameter family of analysis and synthesis frames for the Gabor transform. Each such pair of frames ensures an overall amplitude and energy preserving transformation to the Gabor domain and back. Moreover, for a given atom and stationarity criterion, the redundancy of these frames is minimized, and so the computation time for the Gabor transform is optimized.
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text:
|Map Shewing The Discoveries made by British Officers in the Arctic Regions from the Year 1818 to 1826 (1828). Copperplate map, 36 x 44.4 cm., mounted on thick paper. From Sir John Franklin's Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea... (London, 1828).|
The nineteenth century belonged to the British in respect to exploration of today's Canadian Arctic. After the Napoleonic Wars (_PHONE_), the British Navy dominated the seas, and until the Crimean War (_PHONE_) its ships were often available for nonmilitary objectives. As second secretary of the Admiralty from 1804 to 1845, Sir John Barrow was the government leader in sponsoring expeditions to solve the puzzle of the Northwest Passage. The discoveries of this summary map were the results of an expedition commanded by Sir James Ross, and two each by Sir John Franklin and Sir William Edward Parry. These men formed part of the group of English explorers later called Barrows Boys. The map illustrates the increased precision and scale of these expedition maps.


text:
Heating and cooling loads in Factories
Industrial facilities often release heat energy as a by-product of the processes they employ.
The excess heat can cause the need for cooling – or wasting of that heat – in order to maintain the efficiency of that process.
There may be an opportunity to capture the heat generated – and make the cooling process more efficient – in order to use that heat elsewhere (for space heating of offices or for washing facilities) or to use the heat at another time (for space heating in winter).
Interseasonal Heat Transfer can address these needs efficiently and economically by balancing the needs for heating and cooling within the building, and between the seasons.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer™ for Factories...
- provides reliable, low-cost on site Renewable Heat for space heating by re-cycling solar energy or waste heat
- saves over 50% of carbon emissions compared to using a gas boiler for heating
- provides reliable, low-cost, on site Renewable Cooling by re-cycling winter cold
- saves over 80% of carbon emissions compared to using standard air conditioning for cooling
- provides low-cost heat source for factories by using ThermalBanks as thermal stores
- reduces emissions by re-cycling heat energy instead of burning fossil fuels
- can attract Renewable Heat Incentive cashback for use of ground source heat pumps
- can attract Renewable Heat Incentive cashback for use of solar thermal collectors
Interseasonal Heat Transfer™ provides green energy to factories...
The combined benefits make IHT an attractive renewable energy choice for factories aiming for low energy use or aiming to meet Carbon Reduction Commitments.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer is the key to sustainable building by providing solar space heating and natural cooling through one integrated design.
See Ground Source Energy | Clean Energy Cashback
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text:
Australian Bureau of Statistics
1362.7 - Regional Statistics, Northern Territory, 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/08/2004
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NT ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
1.1 NORTHERN TERRITORY BY REGIONS, SUMMARY
(a) Average annual growth rate.
(b) See Glossary.
(c) Components may not add to totals due to rounding.
ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION
The estimated resident population in the Northern Territory at June 2003 was 198,351 with an average annual growth rate of 0.9% for the five years to June 2003. Population growth over the five years to June 2003 was unevenly spread across the NT, with a decrease in the populations of the Katherine and Barkly regions offsetting the increase in the populations of the other four regions. At 30 June 2003 more than half of the NT population lived in Darwin SD and Environs (55.4%) with 34.5% of the total NT population residing in Darwin City SSD. Darwin SD and Environs had an average annual growth rate of 1.3% for the five years to June 2003, with Palmerston-East Arm SSD contributing significantly with an average annual growth rate of 6.4% over this period. The major regional centres of Alice Springs, Katherine and Tennant Creek accounted for 19.1% of the NT population at June 2003.
ESTIMATED RESIDENT INDIGENOUS POPULATION
The experimental estimated resident Indigenous population in the NT at June 2001 was 56,875, representing around 29% of the NT population, compared with around 2% nationally. Darwin Region Balance was estimated to have the highest proportion of Indigenous persons at 30 June 2001 (77.8%), while Darwin SD and Environs had the lowest (10.5%). More than nine out of every 10 people were estimated to be Indigenous in the SLAs of Bathurst-Melville, West Arnhem, East Arnhem - Bal and Tennant Creek - Bal. In contrast, more than nine out of every 10 people in Litchfield Shire SSD and Nhulunbuy SLA were estimated to be non-Indigenous.
AGE AND SEX STRUCTURE
Males continued to significantly outnumber females in the NT, with 111 males for every 100 females at 30 June 2003, compared to 99 males for every 100 females nationally. At 30 June 2002 males outnumbered females in every region, ranging from 112 males per 100 females in Darwin SD and Environs to 105 males per 100 females in Central Region. Females outnumbered males only in the 5-14 year age group in Barkly Region (50.8% female) and in the 65 years and over age group in Darwin Region Balance (55.5% female), East Arnhem Region (54.0% female) and Central Region (52.3% female).
The Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme, which until 2004 was administered by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Services (ATSIS), provides much of the Indigenous employment in the Territory. Under the scheme, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people voluntarily forego their individual entitlement to unemployment benefits and take part in community development initiatives in return for wages equivalent to their foregone benefit. Participants are considered to be employed and so the program has a significant influence on NT labour force estimates. At December 2003 there were 7,859 CDEP participants in the NT, a similar number to that at the same time a year before (7,801). Katherine Region and Darwin Region Balance had the highest numbers of participants employed under the CDEP scheme at December 2003 (1,962 and 1,897 respectively) while Darwin SD and Environs had the smallest number of participants (314).
CDEP Participants—December 2003
PRICES, INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
Between March quarter 2003 and March quarter 2004 the Consumer Price Index for Darwin rose 1.1% compared to a rise of 2.0% for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. The greatest increases for Darwin were recorded for health (up 7.2%), alcohol and tobacco (up 4.2%) and education (up 3.5%). The indexes for transportation and recreation decreased over the same period by 3.2% and 4.1% respectively.
In 2000-01 the average net tax paid by individual taxpayers in the NT was $8,254. East Arnhem Region recorded both the highest average taxable income ($47,081) and average net tax paid by individual taxpayers ($11,438). Barkly Region had both the lowest average taxable income ($36,437) and the lowest average net tax paid by individual taxpayers ($7,247). The SLA of Groote Eylandt had the highest average taxable income at $54,815 (44.7% higher than the average for the NT as a whole), largely as a result of mining activities in this area.
Selected Centrelink income support benefits
In 2002-03 Central Region had the highest rate of persons receiving an Age Pension at 32.2 per 1,000 population, followed by Darwin SD and Environs (30.3). Darwin Region Balance recorded the highest rate of persons receiving Newstart Allowance (171.0 per 1,000 population), followed by the Katherine and East Arnhem regions with rates of 106.8 and 105.6 per 1,000 population respectively. Darwin Region Balance recorded the highest rate of persons receiving Parenting Payment Single (39.2 per 1,000 population), followed by the Katherine and Central Regions (32.6 and 31.2 per 1,000 population respectively). Darwin Region Balance also had the highest rate of persons receiving Youth Allowance (38.0 per 1,000 population), followed by Central Region and East Arnhem Region with 25.7 and 20.2 per 1,000 population respectively.
Selected Veterans' pensions
At June 2003 there were 1,254 pensioners in the NT receiving one or more of Disability, Veteran or Partner Service or War Widow(er) Pensions from the Department of Veterans' Affairs. Over three quarters of these pensioners resided in Darwin SD and Environs (78.9%), with Central Region (11.9%) and Katherine Region (5.3%) having the next highest proportions. Disability Pension was the most common form of payment (received by 789 pensioners in the NT) followed by Veteran Service Pension (312).
LAW AND PUBLIC SAFETY
In 2003 there were 40,085 traffic infringement notices issued by police in the NT, down 18.1% from 2002. Exceeding the speed limit remained the most common type of traffic infringement notice in the NT, accounting for 81.8% of all traffic infringement notices in 2003. This figure includes speed camera infringements which fall predominantly in Darwin SD and Environs and Central Region. By region, Darwin SD and Environs had the highest proportion of notices for exceeding the speed limit (85.9%) while Central Region had the highest proportion of notices for failing to comply with seatbelt laws (19.2%).
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE APPLICATIONS
Domestic violence applications are the initiating document in a domestic violence matter. They can be lodged by individuals or by police. In 2003 there were 1,601 domestic violence applications lodged in the Magistrates Court, up 3.6% from 2002. Between 2002 and 2003 the number of applications lodged by individuals declined by 14.2% while the number of applications lodged by police increased by 45.5%. Domestic violence applications lodged by police outnumbered applications by individuals in three of the NT's six regions - Darwin Region Balance (75.0% of all applications), East Arnhem Region (66.1%) and Barkly Region (51.5%). In 2003 Barkly Region recorded the highest rate of domestic violence applications lodged per 10,000 population (228.9), which was nearly three times more than the NT total application rate (80.7). In contrast, East Arnhem Region and Darwin SD and Environs recorded the lowest application rates (44.4 and 64.8 respectively).
CAUSES OF DEATH
In 2002 the most prevalent causes of death in all regions of the NT were diseases of the circulatory system (including heart disease) and malignant neoplasms (cancer). Darwin SD and Environs had the highest prevalence of malignant neoplasms comprising 25.9% of the total deaths for that region while the East Arnhem Region had the lowest with 13.2%. Barkly Region had the highest prevalence of deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system at 32.7% while the East Arnhem Region and Darwin Region Balance had the lowest at 17.0% and 19.3% respectively. Diabetes mellitus accounted for about 8% of all deaths in the East Arnhem, Katherine, Barkly and Central Regions, more than double the proportion of deaths due to diabetes mellitus in Darwin SD and Environs (2.9%) and Darwin Region Balance (3.4%).
During the three years to


A Vermont gold rush memoir
Associated Press
In this 1946 family photo provided by Gary Shaw via publisher Tordis Ilg Isselhardt, George G. Shaw, who spent years in the Canadian Yukon during the gold rush of the 1890s, poses with horses his home in Bridport.
MONTPELIER – The stories of a Vermont farmer who spent years moiling for gold in the Canadian Yukon might have remained in the hand-typed and bound edition that was passed around by his family for decades until a grandson heard a talk about the gold rush of the 1890s.
The tale of how George G. Shaw set out to seek his fortune was family lore: the stories he told were taken down by hand over the years, then hand-typed by his granddaughter and bound as gifts for his descendants.
Now, Shaw's exploits are the subject of a new book, "To the Klondike and Back, _PHONE_," the story of the Bridport farm boy who ended up in the Yukon after hearing of the gold strike then returned after amassing a fortune that would approach a half-million dollars today.
"I never thought of having it published. It was just a family history, something to keep within the family," said Ann G. Shaw, 83, now living in Florida, the widow of George B. Shaw, the son of the prospector who hand-wrote his father's stories over the years. "Then when this came, I had no idea it would be of interest this many years later."
One of Shaw's grandsons, Gary Payne, happened to attend a talk about the gold rush at a library in Vergennes. The speaker put him in touch with a publisher who saw the value of Shaw's story.
The Yukon gold rush was a time immortalized by Jack London's book "The Call of the Wild," the story of the sled dog Buck that escapes humanity and goes wild, or the Cremation of Sam McGee, the Robert Service poem about the efforts of a man from Tennessee to escape the Arctic cold, even after death.
Middlebury College history Professor Kathryn Morse, who wrote a book about the gold rush called "The Nature of Gold," said that by the 1890s the railroads had made cross-country travel relatively easy and many easterners made the trek west, intending to return home after their years in the gold fields. At the same time, there was a deep economic depression that made it hard for young men to get a start on their own.
In this spring 1929 family photo provided by Ann Shaw via publisher Tordis Ilg Isselhardt, George G. Shaw, right, who spent years in the Canadian Yukon during the gold rush of the 1890s, is seen with his son George B. Shaw at an unknown location.
"This was one avenue in which they imagined they could have an adventure, escape from the constraints of their either industrial boring lives or their provincial, rural boring lives, avoid marriage and maybe gain some capital in order to perhaps come home and get some land or get a better job," said Morse.
George G. Shaw fit the profile. He was born in Long Lake, New York in 1872. His family moved to a farm in Bridport in 1890. In 1894, he headed west to Seattle and lived with an uncle while working as a lumberjack and putting away some savings that he ended up using to fund his journey to the gold fields and Canada and Alaska.
Gold was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, fueling the rush that began the next year and lasted until around the turn of the century when the easy-to-find gold had disappeared, Morse said.
During his years outside of Vermont, George G. Shaw wrote one letter home. It was dated June 23, 1898, from Dawson, Northwest Territories.
He wrote of "winter drifting on Bonanza creek" and clearing $2,000, which didn't cover much because of the high cost of "grub and everything else," including a bag of flour for $100. He hauled sleds through the wilderness because dogs were too expensive.
He wrote: "There is money in it all right and I am in here to get all I can."
He stayed three more years. Before leaving he sold his claims in the Yukon for $12,000 in $100 U.S. bills. He added to that another $3,000 he'd accumulated from his mining efforts. It would be valued at roughly $420,000 in 2014 dollars.
George G. Shaw returned to Vermont in 1901, bought a farm in Bridport and stayed there until his death in 1958, all the while telling his stories to his son, George B. Shaw, who died in 1995 after he'd written up the stories by hand.
George B. Shaw's daughter, Erin Shaw Pastuszenski, 57, of New York who typed the stories in 1980, which were bound into volumes intended for the family, said her father worked on the farm most of his life. He didn't get his GED until he was an adult and the family was living in Arizona.
"He remembered things so well," she said. "I feel a lot of pride that my dad did that."


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Shorter school year
In Tennessee, Education Commissioner Kevin Huffman approved all of the requests from 42 of the state's 136 school districts this year to shorten their school calendars because of natural disasters. The waivers varied from one to seven days and in Southeast Tennessee included:
- Bradley County, seven days
- Cleveland City Schools, two days
- Hamilton County, two days
- Sequatchie County, two days
- Rhea County, two days
- Bledsoe County, two days
- Grundy County, one day
In Georgia, the Department of Education allows school districts to use four emergency days for school closings below the 180-day state minimum for the year. Additionally, six school districts were granted waivers to operate fewer than 176 days, including:
- Catoosa County, four days
- Walker County, three days
- Dade County, four days
Sources: Tennessee Department of Education, Georgia Department of Education
Meeting the standard
In Hamilton County, the school system met the state's overall requirement for 180 days of annual instruction with fewer days by extending the school day, counting partial days and getting a state waiver from minimum standards:
- Thirteen days were credited below the 180-day minimum by adding 30 minutes to the school day, expanding the typical school day to seven hours from the state minimum of 6.5 hours.
- Two additional days lost because of bad weather were waived from the state standard by the Tennessee Department of Education after the school board requested the waiver because of tornado damage in April.
- Two days were counted as instructional days when students registered for classes on Aug. 4, 2010, and when students picked up report cards on May 24. There was no actual classroom instruction on either day.
- Four days were scheduled half-days for parent-teacher conferences and for professional development days.
- Four or more days were shortened by delayed openings or early dismissals because of bad weather, tornado cleanup, school building problems or special events at individual schools. The state allows school districts to count any day as an instructional day when the school is open at least 3.5 hours.
Sources: Hamilton County School System calendar for 2010-11, Tennessee Department of Education
Tennessee public schools may need to lengthen their school year in the future to help students from the Volunteer State compete in a global market where most students study longer each year, Gov. Bill Haslam said.
But meanwhile, Haslam said more than a third of the state's school systems hard hit by snowstorms, flooding or tornadoes were granted waivers from minimum calendar requirements in the past year.
"Due to the storms this year and due to the budget, I think it was going to be hard to go back and force the folks there [to meet the state standard]," Haslam said in a recent interview as the school year ended across Tennessee. "I think you're looking at a unique situation this year with all of the storms and the flooding."
Many districts in Southeast Tennessee and Northwest Georgia had at least a week less of school in the past year than they did a year ago.
In Hamilton County, for instance, most schools operated complete seven-hour instructional days only 155 days in the school year that ended May 24 — nine days less than the previous year.
Schools in Hamilton County were open 165 days in the past year, but that included two weeks of days cut short for teacher-parent conferences, professional development, registration and report card pickups and weather-related delays or early dismissals.
Haslam said schools need to be going in the other direction to keep pace with some foreign countries that require as many as 50 more days of classroom instruction a year.
"If you look at the success of education in other countries or in charter school environments, a lot of it is tied to just going to school longer," Haslam said. "I know a lot of kids and some parents may not want to hear that, but if we're going to compete we can't be playing half a schedule."
Shorter calendar in U.S.
According to the National Center on Time & Learning, a Boston research group that advocates a longer school year, China, Japan, Korea and a half-dozen other countries have minimum school years longer than 200 days a year. The United States average school year ranked 39th among the world's 49 biggest countries and in the past year many Tennessee and Georgia schools had shorter school calendars than the U.S. average of just under 180 days.
Haslam said he hopes to look at Tennessee's education system over the summer, though he said changing the calendar and the way teachers are paid is "changing the very fabric of education, and we won't do any such changes lightly."
In a recent meeting with editors at The Tennessean newspaper in Nashville, state Education Commissioner Kevin Huffman said the state should consider adding more time to the school calendar, although his department has no specific recommendations as yet.
"We have a calendar in Tennessee not based on the modern world," he said.
States OK shorter schedule
Nonetheless, Huffman's office granted 42 waivers to school districts this year to allow the school systems to complete their school year without meeting the state standard for 180 days of instruction averaging 6.5 hours a day.
In Georgia, the state allows individual school districts to decide to drop four days below the state's 180-day school calendar for emergency reasons. A half-dozen school districts, including Catoosa, Walker and Dade, still had to get additional waivers to cut their school years even shorter after storms damaged schools in their districts.
In Hamilton County, the school system met state standards by operating most days for an extra 30 minutes beyond the state minimum school day of 6.5 hours. That allowed the school system to make up 13 days lost for bad weather this year. When repeated snowstorms and tornadoes ripped through the region in the past year, the state granted a waiver to allow the school system to give up another two days from its calendar rather than make up the lost school days.
"It would be very difficult and create a lot of confusion to add more time on at the end of the school year after many students have already graduated," said Danielle Clark, director of communications for Hamilton County Schools.
Hamilton County school administrators say they complied with the state guidelines and only asked for a waiver after students missed two days because of the April 27 tornadoes.
"The power was out and conditions just weren't good enough to report to class," said Kirk Kelly, Hamilton County Schools' director of accountability and testing.
The school board view
Hamilton County school board Chairman Jeffrey Wilson said the lost days from this year's storms couldn't be avoided. But over time, Wilson said Tennessee schools need to look at longer school calendars to stay competitive with foreign schools.
"I think we need to find a way to make the school year longer, but there are a lot of challenges and I don't know how we as a community will get there in the near future," he said.
Citing China's 12-hour, year-round school days, Hamilton County school board member Linda Mosley said U.S. schools must look at their schedules as a means to stay competitive.
"We know that the more time [students] spend away from school, the more they forget," Mosley said. "A longer schedule is something that would take a lot of planning and debate and community buy-in, but it would benefit our students."
Starting in 2004, Hamilton County attempted a year-round schedule at Hardy Elementary School. The seven-year experiment ended this year after school officials said parents and teachers lost enthusiasm.
Mosley said that if Hamilton County tries such a plan again, it needs to be a widespread effort.
"I think if we were to do it, we should spread it over a whole district," said Mosley, adding that such an effort would take years of planning and gradual implementation.
But with the typical American student in class less than half the year, Jennifer Davis, president of the National Center on Time & Learning, said U.S. schools need to lengthen their school year.
"Our current school schedule is based on the 19th-century agrarian calendar of 180, six-hour days, which does not offer the time necessary to prepare children for today's competitive world," she said.
As the state looks to reshape education, all options should be on the table, Haslam said.
"I think what we have to do with education is to take a whole, fresh new look at everything, from how long students go to school to how do we compensate teachers to make sure that we are rewarding them," he said.
"We spent a lot of time in this session talking about teacher tenure and collective bargaining. But the next piece that we need to discuss if we are really going to have a great education system is how do we attract and keep the very best people in education."
Adam Crisp covers education issues for the Times Free Press. He joined the paper's staff in 2007 and initially covered crime, public safety, courts and general assignment topics. Prior to Chattanooga, Crisp was a crime reporter at the Savannah Morning News and has been a reporter and editor at community newspapers in southeast Georgia. In college, he led his student paper to a first-place general excellence award from the Georgia College Press Association. He earned...


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By Sarah Plummer
Raleigh County Schools will join West Virginia and other states across the nation in promoting Wednesday's National Digital Learning Day campaign to improve technology-based teaching and learning.
"The use of technology in our classrooms is happening all the time, but Digital Learning Day gives us a reason to stop and recognize how technology influences our learning and how it helps to improve academic achievement," said West Virginia Superintendent of Schools Jim Phares.
Digital Learning Day, coordinated by The Alliance for Excellent Education and led by former Gov. Bob Wise, encourages the innovative use of technology and digital media, and highlights teaching practices that engage students and provide them with a rich, personalized educational experience.
Nearly 2 million students and 20,000 teachers participated in the inaugural event in 2012, including many in West Virginia, and at least that many are expected to join Wise via webcast this year.
Raleigh has been getting students involved across the county to create a video, which will be unveiled at the 4:30 p.m. board of education meeting Wednesday.
Members of the community are invited to get involved by attending the national Digital Town Hall webcast free online at 1 p.m. Wednesday or by attending the Raleigh County meeting later in the day.
The national webcast will profile teachers, students and schools that are successful in implementing digital learning in innovative ways.
Additionally, the West Virginia Department of Education has created a web page at http:// _URL_ that provides multiple resources educators can use to incorporate digital learning into their schools. Teachers and others have been asked to share their successes on Twitter using the following hashtags, _TAG_ and _TAG_.
"Digital learning represents a launch pad for enormous educational innovation that will offer all children an excellent education with 21st century skills," said Wise, president of the Alliance for Excellent Education.
"All school districts, no matter what size or shape, stand to benefit from this teaching and learning technology revolution. That's why we're bringing together students, teachers, school leaders and many others to show the best practices in the use of classroom technology and move forward with a national digital learning agenda."
For more information on National Digital Learning Day or to register to view the free webcast at 1 p.m. Wednesday, visit www. _URL_.
— E-mail: _EMAIL_


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Feb. 24, 2011 Why, and when, do we learn to speak the way that we do? Research from North Carolina State University on African-American children presents an unexpected finding: language use can go on a roller-coaster ride during childhood as kids adopt and abandon vernacular language patterns.
"We found that there is a 'roller-coaster effect,' featuring an ebb and flow in a child's use of vernacular English over the course of his or her language development," says Dr. Walt Wolfram, William C. Friday Distinguished University Professor of English Linguistics at NC State and co-author of several recent papers describing the research. "This was totally unanticipated." Vernacular English is defined here as culturally specific speech patterns that are distinct from standard English; in this case, the vernacular is African-American English (AAE).
One implication of the finding involves education, since teachers often advocate teaching standard English early in a childhood education. "This approach does seem to work at first," Wolfram says, "but it doesn't last." In other words, if a school system wants its students to graduate high school with a strong foundation in standard English, it may have to revisit standard English later in the education curriculum.
Specifically, the researchers found that children come to school speaking English with a relatively high number of vernacular features. Then, through the first four grades of elementary school, those features are reduced, as children adopt more standard English language patterns. As the children move toward middle school, the level of vernacular rises -- though many children often reduce their use of vernacular again as they enter high school.
"This finding reveals a cyclic pattern in the use of African-American vernacular English that no one expected to see during children's language development," says Janneke Van Hofwegen, a research associate at NC State and co-author of the study. "This wasn't even a hypothesis when we began the study."
The researchers note that, while their data looked solely at African-American children, the findings may be applicable more broadly to other groups.
The research stems from the longest, and largest, study ever to examine the longitudinal development of language in African-American children. The study began in 1990, following 88 African-American children from central North Carolina in order to track their language development. The study is ongoing, with 68 of the original participants still being tracked. The data is collected by the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute in Chapel Hill, N. C.
The retention rate of the participants is remarkably high, particularly given that approximately 71 percent of the children were living below the poverty line in 1990. "It's incredible, and gives us a rare opportunity to study language development in children," Wolfram says.
The study also gives researchers an impressive array of data, providing them with access to school and test data, as well as the data collected through the study's own interviews and surveys.
Researchers are currently assessing how and whether dialect use is related to literacy skills, as well as the role that mothers play in their children's use of vernacular.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Wolfram, Walt, Janneke Van Hofwegen, Mary Kohn, Jennifer Renn. Trajectories of Development in AAE: The First 17 Years. Proceedings of the Conference on African American Language in Popular Culture, (in press)
- Janneke Van Hofwegen, Walt Wolfram. Coming of age in African American English: A longitudinal study. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2010; 14 (4): 427 DOI: 10.1111/j._PHONE_.2010.00452.x
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


For the purposes of executive pay ratio reporting, how do companies calculate employees' pay?
The Companies (Miscellaneous Reporting) Regulations 2018 (SI 2018/860) introduce a requirement for quoted companies with more than 250 employees to publish the ratio between their CEO's total remuneration and the pay and benefits of employees on the 25th, 50th (median) and 75th percentile of pay and benefits of the company's UK employees for the relevant financial year.
Employees' "pay and benefits" for this purpose means the full-time equivalent pay and benefits, which are calculated using the components listed in para.7 of sch.8 to the Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/410). The components are:
 - wages and salary;
 - all taxable benefits (gross value);
 - performance-related pay or other assets, depending on when they were awarded and how final vesting is determined; and
 - pension-related benefits.
These components largely reflect those that employers must use to calculate the CEO's total remuneration for the purpose of calculating the ratio.


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Showing all 6 results
View of a crab underwater in the ocean
Image showing a picture of the moon close to the earth. Elements of this image furnished by NASA
Image of the earth from a rocky ground that could be the moon. parts of image furnished by NASA
Low view of a shark under the water.
seagull up in the sky looking around


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Given a Binary Tree, the task is to print all the Exponential Levels in the given Binary Tree.
An Exponential Level is a level whose all nodes of that levels equals to xy, & where x is a minimum possible positive constant & y is a variable positive integer.
Input: 20 / \ 9 81 / \ / \ 3 10 70 243 / \ 81 909 Output: 20 9 81 Explanation: There are 2 exponential levels: 20: 201 = 20. 9, 81: 32 = 9, 34 = 81. Input: 8 / \ 4 81 / \ / \ 5 125 625 5 / \ 81 909 Output: 8 5 125 625 5
Approach: To solve the problem mentioned above the main idea is to use Level Order Tree Traversal.
- Perform level order traversal of the given Binary tree and store each level in a vector.
- Then, in each level, if every node can be expressed in the form of xy, for y ≥ 0.
- If any value of the node of this level is not equal to xy, then skip to the next level.
- Print all such levels in which the above condition is true.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
20 9 81 3 9 81 243
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