text:
Timeline of Ohio History
==Prehistoric Period: 13000 BC-1650 AD== *13000 BC-7000 BC: Paleoindian Period - Ohio's first human inhabitants *8000 BC-500 BC: Ohio's Archaic Period - Most native people lived as hunters and gatherers. *800 BC-1200 AD: Ohio's Woodland Period - The region's native populace increasingly relied on agriculture to sustain themselves. *800 BC-100 AD: The Adena Culture thrived in Ohio. *100 BC-400 AD: The Hopewell Culture built large mound complexes in Ohio, including the Newark Earthworks. *1000 AD-1650 AD: Ohio's Fort Ancient Culture flourished. *1000 AD-1650 AD: Ohio's Late Prehistoric Period. ==Exploration to Statehood: _PHONE_== *1492: Christopher Columbus rediscovered the Americas for Europeans, beginning the Colonial Period in the New World. *1607: The Virginia Company established Jamestown, the first British community to survive in North America. *1670: Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, a French explorer and the first European in the Ohio Country, discovered the Ohio River. *1748: The Ohio Company formed in Virginia to settle the Ohio River Valley. *_PHONE_: French and Indian War **France ceded all rights to the Treaty of Paris of 1763. *1768: Treaty of Fort Stanwix - Iroquois ceded all lands south and east of the Ohio River to the British. *1774: Lord Dunmore's War *_PHONE_: The American Revolution **1775: Hostilities began with battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachussetts. **1776: Declaration of Independence. American colonies declared their independence from England. **1781: Final major battle fought at Yorktown, Virginia *1782: Gnadenhutten Massacre. Pennsylvania militia killed Christian Indians near Tuscarawas River. *1782: Colonel William Crawford burned at the stake in retaliation for the Gnadenhutten Massacre. *1783: Treaty of Paris officially ended the American Revolution. England recognized American independence and ceded all lands in the Ohio Country. *1785: Land Ordinance of 1785 established methods for surveying and dividing land in the Ohio Country. *1786: Ohio Company of Associates formed in Massachusetts to sell land in what is now southeast Ohio. *1787: Confederation Congress appointed Arthur St. Clair as first governor of the Northwest Territory. *1787: United States Constitution drafted. *1787: Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance, establishing the Northwest Territory, which included modern-day Ohio. *1788: Marietta, the Northwest Territory's and Ohio's first permanent white settlement, founded. *_PHONE_: Ohio Indian Wars **1790 - Harmar's Defeat **1791 - St. Clair's Defeat **1794 - Battle of Fallen Timbers *1795: Treaty of Greeneville signed, essentially ending the Ohio Indian Wars. *1800: Chillicothe became the capitol of the Northwest Territory. *1802: Enabling Act set the stage for Congress to admit Ohio to the Union. *1802: Constitutional Convention met at Chillicothe to draft Ohio's first constitution. *1802: Thomas Worthington presented Ohio constitution to Congress for approval. ==Early Statehood: _PHONE_== *1803: President Jefferson signed legislation making Ohio the seventeenth state of the Union. *1804: Ohio General Assembly chartered Ohio University. *1812: City of Columbus founded and named as new state capitol. *_PHONE_: The War of 1812 **1813: British failure at both Sieges of Fort Meigs prevented them from driving their forces deeper into Ohio. *1813: Under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry, the American fleet defeated the British fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie, cutting off British supply lines and forcing them to abandon Fort Detroit. *1815: Ohio University held first commencement. *1816: State government relocated to Columbus. *1825: Work on the National Road and the canal system in Ohio began. *1833: Oberlin College, the first coeducational college in the United States founded. *1833: The Ohio and Erie Canal completed. *1835: Boundary dispute between Michigan and Ohio led to the Toledo War. *1840: Ohioan William Henry Harrison elected the 9th President of the United States. *1842: Treaty with the Wyandots (1842). The Wyandots, Ohio's last Indian tribe, agreed to relinquish all claims to land within the state. *1845: The Miami and Erie Canal completed. *_PHONE_: Mexican War *1850: The first Ohio State Fair held in Cincinnati. *1850: Ohio's second Constitutional Convention held in Chillicothe. *1851: The Ohio Constitution of 1851 adopted. *1852: Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, written by in Ohio by Harriet Beecher Stowe, increased tensions between the North and the South.==American Civil War: _PHONE_== *1860: Abraham Lincoln elected president. *1861: The Ohio Statehouse completed. *1862: President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. *1863: Following a six-week siege, Confederate forces surrendered Vicksburg to Federal troops led by Ohioan Ulysses S. Grant. *1863: Morgan's Raid. Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan led troops on a daring raid across southern Ohio. *1863: Battle of Buffington Island,the only Civil War battle fought on Ohio soil. *1864: President Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to supreme commander of all Union forces. *1864: Union forces under the leadership of Ohioan William T. Sherman captured Atlanta. *1864: Sherman led his troops on his "March to the Sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. *_PHONE_: Ulysses S. Grant led the Army of the Potomac in pursuit of Robert E. Lee's forces during the Wilderness Campaign. *1865: Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. *1865: John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. ==Industrialization and Urbanization: _PHONE_==*1868: Ohioan Ulysses S. Grant elected to his first of two terms as the 18th President of the United States. *1869: The Cincinnati Redstockings, the first professional baseball team, founded. *1870: Originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, The Ohio State University chartered by the Ohio General Assembly. *1876: Ohioan Rutherford B. Hayes elected the 19th President of the United States. *1876: The Ashtabula Train Disaster resulted in 83 deaths. *1879: Ohioan Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb. *1880: Ohioan James A. Garfield elected the 20th President of the United States. *1881: Charles Guiteau shot President Garfield, who died three months later, in Washington, D.C. *1884: Cincinnati Courthouse Riot brought destruction and death to Cincinnati. *1888: Ohioan Benjamin Harrison elected the 23rd President of the United States. *1894: The first gasoline-powered automobile in the U.S. invented. *1896: Ohioan William McKinley elected to his first of two terms as the 25th President of the United States. ==The Progressive Era: _PHONE_==*1901: Leon Czolgosz assassinated President McKinley in Buffalo, New York. *1902: The Ohio General Assembly officially adopted Ohio's state flag. *1903: Ohioans Orville and Wilbur Wright complete the first successful flight of a powered airplane.*1908: Ohioan William H. Taft elected the 27th President of the United States.*1908: The Collinwood School Fire, near Cleveland, killed 173 pupils, two teachers, and one firefighter.*1913: The Flood of 1913 caused the death of at least 428 Ohioans and brought destruction across the state.*_PHONE_: World War I **1917: Camp Sherman, near Chillicothe, contructed to train World War I army troops. **1918: Aproximately 1,200 troops died at Camp Sherman during the Influenza Epidemic of 1918. *1920: Ohioan Warren G. Harding elected the 29th President of the United States.*1925: The dirigible Shenandoah crashed near Ava, Ohio, killing 14 people. ==The Great Depression and World War II: _PHONE_==*_PHONE_: The Great Depression*1930: The Ohio Penitentiary Fire killed 322 inmates.*1935: Ohio's first sales tax instituted.*1937: The Ohio River Flood of 1937 brought devastation to southern Ohio.*1944: The East Ohio Gas Company Explosion in Cleveland killed 131 people.*_PHONE_: The World War II entangled the United States and Ohio.*1949: The General Assembly created the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. ==The Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement: _PHONE_


text:
My last article described the Shadow Model data modelling technique and how you can use it to help resolve a specific performance challenge caused by tables forced to direct query mode in particular scenarios. The approach detailed in that article used the GROUP BY method of mapping "alternate of" columns which can result in unwanted behaviour.
In this article, I wanted to share an alternative approach, which in some ways does a better job at mixed grain aggregations.
Mixed grain aggregations are tables summarised by a grain other than the key of existing dimension tables in your model, eg. A table summarised by Month, when your Calendar table is keyed by day.
When Aggregation Awareness gets enabled in a Power BI composite model, the engine will attempt to rewrite DAX queries to use smaller, faster aggregate tables. For aggregate awareness mapping to succeed, aggregate tables need to either have a strong relationship to the tables with columns used as a slicer or in a visual or use the GROUP BY method.
Each method has pros and cons so are suited to different scenarios which I have listed in the table below.
|Strong Relationship||Can slice by any column from a related table (on one side)||The aggregate tables must be summarised by the same grain as related table|
|GROUP BY||Can slice using a column at a higher grain than the key of the related table||Can only slice by column specified in the GROUP BY directive|
The Strong Relationship method is the easiest to set up. It provides the most flexibility, but this approach forces aggregation tables to get summarised to the same grain as the key in the dimension table. When this method gest used, a visual or slicer can use any column listed in the aggregate table. This approach is especially useful when you have a high number of columns in the dimension table, and the model is going to get used for ad-hoc workloads, so you cannot predict ahead of time which columns will get included in reports. Ideally, you want users to have the ability to use any column from a dimension table and still reap the benefits of aggregate awareness. This benefit includes new columns added to the model in the future.
The GROUP BY method requires more configuration by the model author but allows an aggregation table to get connected to another table at a higher grain. When using the GROUP BY method, the only columns from the dimension table that can be used and still have aggregate awareness successfully rewrite the query are the columns with specific GROUP BY directives configured in the Manage Aggregation dialog. Multiple columns can get configured, but this forces the aggregate table also to carry these columns – which starts to eat into the advantages provided by using smaller summary tables.
The example demonstrated in this article (and the previous article) focuses on how to enable Aggregate Awareness to successfully rewrite queries when using Calendar Month as the grain.
The previous article showed how this could be solved using the Shadow Model technique. This article describes an alternative version that only uses Strong Relationships.
The following image shows how you can configure a model to allow an end-user to slice by MonthID and take advantage of the sales table aggregated by month, but still, have the flexibility to use any column from the Calendar table.
- Table 1. Fact table (Direct Query).
- Table 2. Aggregate table summarised by Date (import)
- Table 3. Aggregate table summarised by Month (import)
- Table 4. Standard Dimension table (Dual) with a strong relationship to Table 1, 2 & 3
- Table 5. Calendar Table at day level (Dual)
- Table 6. Calendar Table at month level (Dual) with a strong relationship to Table 5
Once the model gets configured, the following queries can run.
EVALUATE SUMMARIZECOLUMNS( 'Dimension Date_Month'[Calendar Year],'Dimension City'[State Province],"Sum of Quantity", sum('Fact Sale'[Quantity]) )
The first query is grouped by the [Calendar Year] column from table 6 along with a column from table 4. In this case, aggregate awareness successfully rewrites the query to make use of the monthly aggregate table. The query can use more than just the MonthID column from the dimension table. Any column from table 6 can get used, and aggregation awareness will still work.
EVALUATE SUMMARIZECOLUMNS( 'Dimension Date_Month'[Calendar Year],'Dimension Date'[date],'Dimension Date'[ISO Week Number],'Dimension City'[State Province],"Sum of Quantity", sum('Fact Sale'[Quantity]) )
The second query is extended to now include some additional columns from table 5. Aggregate awareness successfully rewrites this query to use the daily aggregate table.
The main drawback to this approach is columns that naturally reside together in the same table, are now split across multiple tables. This separation of columns can potentially confuse users not used to seeing columns split this way. If most of the reports using a model configured this way are canned reports, this shouldn't be too much of an issue. Whereas, if the model will get used for self-service or ad-hoc workloads, then some
As you can see in the image above. The visual carries [Calendar Year] and [Date] columns that a user might normally expect to find in the same table.
A good naming convention for the tables will help keep them together in the field panels.
I mostly wanted to follow up my last article with an alternative approach you may want to consider. The techniques are not restricted to working with time dimensions and would work equally well with other dimensions – so long as you ensure data integrity.
The files used for this model are:
As always, please feel free to reach out if you have questions or feedback.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The First Lady of Parachuting
by Elizabeth Whitley Roberson
Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Fall 2003.
Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC Museum of History
Her birth name was Georgia Ann Thompson. She was born in 1893 on a farm in Granville County, the youngest of the seven daughters of George and Emma Ross Thompson. Because she weighed only three pounds at birth, her family called her Tiny, a name she carried the rest of her life, because even when fully grown, she stood just a few inches over four feet tall and weighed a mere eighty pounds!
Tiny's family had a difficult time making a living on the farm, and when Tiny was about six years old, her father moved the family to Henderson, where he found work in a local cotton mill. At the time it was not uncommon for women to marry young. Tiny married in 1905, and the next year she gave birth to a daughter. Because of the added expense of caring for a baby, Tiny had to stop going to school and find a job to help support herself and her child. Her husband had abandoned them.
The only job available for her at the time was in the mill where her father worked. Her job involved working twelveand fourteen-hour shifts, earning forty cents a day. After working those long hours, she had to go home to care for her infant daughter. Gradually, the strain of work and worry about providing for her family took its toll on the frail girl, and she could only hope for some relief and dream of a better life. Unknown to her, that relief would soon come, the day the Jones Carnival arrived in nearby Raleigh.
Tiny had heard her coworkers talking about the State Fair coming to Raleigh and about all the exciting things to see there. She found someone to take her to Raleigh when the fair arrived in 1907, and there she saw the act "The Broadwicks and Their Famous French Aeronauts," which was part of the Jones Carnival. The act was used to draw crowds into the midway and involved the ascent of a hot-air balloon. The performers went up in the balloon's basket, then climbed over the side and floated back down to earth. Tiny said about her first reaction to seeing this act, "When I saw that balloon go up, I knew that's all I ever wanted to do!" After the show was over, she talked to Charles Broadwick, the owner, and asked if she could travel with the group and become a part of the act. Broadwick could see that Tiny, with her beauty and her diminutive size, would be a great drawing card for his show, and he agreed to hire her.
Tiny joined the carinval and left her daughter with Tiny's mother, agreeing to send part of her salary home to support the child. This began a career that led her all over the United States, making her the sweetheart of carnival crowds.
Tiny first jumped in 1908 at the North Carolina State Fair. When asked what her feelings were when she parachuted off the balloon, she said, "I tell you, honey, it was the most wonderful sensation in the world!" She said that from up in the air she could appreciate the beauty of the earth from a new perspective and felt that she was in the presence of God.
Broadwick capitalized on Tiny's diminutive size, her long brown curls, and her youth by dressing her like a doll and billing her as the Doll Girl. She was outfitted in ruffled bloomers, with pink bows on her arms, ribbons in her long curls, and a little bonnet on her head, all of which made her look like a small child. In later years, Tiny confessed that she was really a tomboy and hated having to dress up like that.
After Tiny joined the group, Broadwick got permission from her father to adopt her legally as his daughter, giving her the name Tiny Broadwick. According to family members, Tiny's father did not object to the adoption, since the social practices of the time dictated that it was improper for a young girl to travel around the country alone with an older man.
Broadwick began teaching Tiny the craft of parachuting. Her performances drew large crowds, and she became the star attraction of the show. Newspaper accounts described her as the most daring female aeronaut (balloonist) ever seen and marveled at the dangerous maneuvers she performed with apparently little or no fear.
The Broadwicks traveled all over the country with their balloon act, but by 1912 that type of performance had become outdated. By chance a new challenge confronted them. They went to Los Angeles, California, to participate in an air meet, and there Tiny met a famous pilot named Glenn L. Martin. He had seen her jump from a balloon but wanted her to parachute from his airplane instead. He could see her potential for attracting crowds to watch his airplane act. When he asked Tiny if she would parachute from his plane, without hesitation she said yes. This event marked a whole new chapter in Tiny's career and ultimately gave her a place in history.
She used a parachute developed by Charles Broadwick. It was made of silk and, when packed, looked like a knapsack attached to a snug-fitting canvas jacket with harness straps. A string was fastened to the fuselage (body) of the plane and woven through the parachute's canvas covering, so that when the wearer jumped from the plane, the cover would be ripped off, leaving the parachute free to fill with air. Tiny was suspended from a trap seat just behind the wing and outside the cockpit, with the parachute on a shelf above her. Martin took the plane up to two thousand feet, and then Tiny released a lever alongside the seat, allowing it to drop out from under her.
After her first jump from Martin's plane, Tiny was in great demand all over the country. In 1914 she was called upon to demonstrate to government officials the effectiveness of parachutes as an avenue of escape for pilots. Many pilots had perished because they had no way to get out of a falling plane. Tiny made four jumps that day, three of which were successful.
On the fourth jump her parachute's line became entangled in the tail assembly of the plane. The force of the wind flipped her small body back and forth, and she could not get back into the plane. She didn't panic, however. Instead, she cut off all but a short length of the line and then pulled it by hand, freeing the lines that opened the parachute. This development was later called a rip cord. By her quick thinking, Tiny became the first person ever to make a planned free-fall descent. Her accident meant that a person leaving a plane would no longer need a line attached to the aircraft to open his or her chute. Tiny demonstrated that day that a pilot could safely bail out of an airplane. The parachute became known as the life preserver of the air.
After more than one thousand jumps, Tiny made her last one in 1922. Her ankles had begun to bother her when she landed. She was very reluctant to give up parachuting because, she said, "I breathe so much better up there, and it's so peaceful being that near to God." She spent her last years in California but was buried in Henderson, North Carolina, after she died in 1978 at the age of eighty-five.
In her way, Tiny Broadwick helped give confidence to the thousands of flyers who came after her; they knew that there was a way to escape a failing aircraft. She contributed to the flight history that helped make America the nation that gave wings to the world. Tiny was truly a pioneer and will always be remembered as the First Lady of Parachuting.
At the time of this article's publication, Elizabeth Whitley Roberson taught at Williamston Middle School in Williamston. She is a former Tar Heel Junior Historian Association adviser and has written the books Weep Not for Me, Dear Mother; In Care of Yellow River, a companion book to Weep Not; and Tiny Broadwick: The First Lady of Parachuting.
"Tiny Broadwick with parachute." Photo courtesy of the NC State Archives. Call no. N.69.8.42. Online at: _URL_
"Tiny Broadwick with Glenn Martin." Photo courtesy of the NC State Archives. Call no. N.61.2.36. Online at: _URL_
References and additional resources:
NC Digital Collections resources.
Resources in libraries [via WorldCat]
"Tiny Broadwick." 2003. Aviation Pioneers. NC State Archives. _URL_
1 January 2003 | Roberson, Elizabeth Whitley

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
"Structured data markup" is a standard way to annotate your content so machines can understand it. When your web pages include structured data markup, Google (and other search engines) can use that data to index your content better, present it more prominently in search results, and surface it in new experiences like voice answers, maps, and Google Now.
Structured data markup makes your content eligible for two kinds of Google features:
- Enhanced Presentation in Search Results: By including basic structured data appropriate to your content, your site can enhance its search results with Rich Snippets, Breadcrumbs, or a Sitelinks Search Box.
- Answers from the Knowledge Graph: If you're the authority for certain content, Google can treat the structured data on your site as factual and import it into the Knowledge Graph, where it can power prominent answers in Search and across Google properties. Features are available for authoritative data about organizations, events, movie reviews, and music/video play actions.
Read on to learn how to write the structured data markup that powers these features!


text:
Identify, Retain and Preserve
Identifying, retaining, and preserving architectural
metal features such as columns, capitals, window hoods,
or stairways that are important in defining the overall
historic character of the building; and their finishes
and colors. Identification is also critical to differentiate
between metals prior to work. Each metal has unique
properties and thus requires different treatments.
The ongoing maintenance and repair of historic architectural metals is emphasized in the treatment, Preservation. This shows a detail of a well-maintained polychromed cast-iron
facade in Petaluma, California, 1886 (O'Connell
and Lewis, Architectural Iron Works, San Francisco).
Photo: Don Meacham.
Altering architectural metal features which are important
in defining the overall historic character of the building
so that, as a result, the character is diminished.
Replacing historic metal features instead of repairing
or replacing only the deteriorated metal.
Changing the type of finish or its historic color or
Stabilizing deteriorated or damaged architectural
metals as a preliminary measure, when necessary, prior
to undertaking appropriate preservation work.
Failing to stabilize deteriorated or damaged architectural
metals until additional work is undertaken, thus allowing
further damage to occur to the historic building.
Protect and Maintain
Protecting and maintaining architectural metals from
corrosion by providing proper drainage so that water
does not stand on flat, horizontal surfaces or accumulate
in curved, decorative features.
Cleaning architectural metals, when appropriate,
to remove corrosion prior to repainting or applying
other appropriate protective coatings.
Where chemical paint stripping is involved,
careful planning of the sequence of work and inspection
by an architect or conservator to ensure strict
compliance with the contract documents is important
to minimize the risk of problems. Photo: Raymond
M. Pepi, Building Conservation Associates.
Identifying the particular type of metal prior to
any cleaning procedure and then testing to assure that
the gentlest cleaning method possible is selected or
determining that cleaning is inappropriate for the particular
Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper,
terneplate, and zinc with appropriate chemical methods
because their finishes can be easily abraded by blasting
Using the gentlest cleaning methods for cast iron,
wrought iron, and steel--hard metals--in order to remove
paint buildup and corrosion. If handscraping and wire
brushing have proven ineffective, low pressure grit
blasting may be used as long as it does not abrade or
damage the surface.
Applying appropriate paint or other coating systems
after cleaning in order to decrease the corrosion rate
of metals or alloys.
Repainting with colors that are appropriate to the
historic building or district.
Applying an appropriate protective coating such
as lacquer to an architectural metal feature such as
a bronze door which is subject to heavy pedestrian use.
Evaluating the existing condition of the architectural
metals to determine whether more than protection and
maintenance are required, that is, if repairs to features
will be necessary.
Failing to identify, evaluate, and treat the causes
of corrosion, such as moisture from leaking roofs or
Placing incompatible metals together without providing
a reliable separation material. Such incompatibility
can result in galvanic corrosion of the less noble metal,
e.g., copper will corrode cast iron, steel, tin, and
Exposing metals which were intended to be protected
from the environment.Applying paint or other coatings
to metals such as copper, bronze, or stainless steel
that were meant to be exposed.
Using cleaning methods which alter or damage the historic
color, texture, and finish of the metal; or cleaning
when it is inappropriate for the metal.
Removing the patina of historic metal. The patina may
be a protective coating on some metals, such as bronze
or copper, as well as a significant historic finish.
Cleaning soft metals such as lead, tin, copper, terneplate,
and zinc with grit blasting which will abrade the surface
of the metal.
Failing to employ gentler methods prior to abrasively
cleaning cast iron, wrought iron or steel; or using
high pressure grit blasting.
Failing to re-apply protective coating systems to metals
or alloys that require them after cleaning so that accelerated
Using new colors that are inappropriate to the historic
building or district.
Failing to assess pedestrian use or new access patterns
so that architectural metal features are subject to
damage by use or inappropriate maintenance such as salting
Failing to undertake adequate measures to assure the
protection of architectural metal features.
Repairing, stabilizing, and conserving fragile architectural
metals using well-tested consolidants, when appropriate.
Repairs should be physically and visually compatible
and identifiable upon close inspection for future research.
This detail of a repaired historic cornice shows the zinc modillion and the leaf and egg and dart moldings after Preservation work, including repainting of the elements, has been completed. Photo: Michael Devonshire.
Repairing architectural metal features by patching,
piecing-in, or otherwise reinforcing the metal using
recognized preservation methods. The new work should
be unobtrusively dated to guide future research and
Removing architectural metals that could be stabilized
and conserved; or using untested consolidants and untrained
personnel, thus causing further damage to fragile historic
Removing architectural metals that could be repaired,
using improper repair techniques, or failing to document
the new work.
The following work
is highlighted to indicate that it represents
the greatest degree of intervention generally
recommended within the treatment Preservation,
and should only be considered after protection,
stabilization, and repair concerns have been addressed.
Limited Replacement in Kind
Replacing in kind extensively deteriorated
or missing parts of architectural metal features
when there are surviving prototypes such as porch
balusters, column capitals or bases, or porch
cresting. The new work should match the old in
material, design, and texture; and be unobtrusively
dated to guide future research and treatment.
Another example shows one metal modillion (left side of cornice) that has sustained damage from a faulty gutter. The damaged modillion will be replaced in kind during the Preservation work, while the intact elements of the historic cornice will be maintained and preserved.
Replacing an entire architectural metal feature
such as a column or balustrade when limited replacement
of deteriorated and missing parts is appropriate.
Using replacement material that does not match
the historic metal feature; or failing to properly
document the new work.


Are you a Philadelphia-based artist? We want to hear from you on the following questions!
 - What is the future of place-based public art?
 - How can art help our communities heal, inspire, build trust and understanding?
 - How can it empower and lift up the voices of minority communities?
 - How can it tell stories that need to be told?
 - How can art connect us and create critical conversations about the meaning of our neighborhoods, cities, and our country?
PHDC and The Knight Foundation are working together to turn these questions into an opportunity for local artists.
ART IS ESSENTIAL: Philly Artists Connecting Communities is an initiative intended to put artists at the forefront of the conversation about the role of public art in communities. ART IS ESSENTIAL was conceived as an opportunity for artists to respond, react to and reclaim how communities work together to address the problems we face today.
100 selected artists will receive $1000 each for sharing their ideas. The deadline to apply is October 7 by 5 p.m. To support artists considering an application, below are some frequently asked questions:
Do I have to have a project ready to be implemented?
No. To start we just want ideas. Describe your idea in less than 500 words. Include the medium, how community members can interact with the art, and how it will amplify under-represented voices. Also submit a 500-word biography, and that's it.
Who can apply?
Everyone and anyone with an idea can apply, as long as you live in the City of Philadelphia! We are hoping to hear from residents of all experience levels, regardless of formal background or age. We encourage applications from artists who may not consider themselves to be public artists. The opportunity is also open to current students. Groups or collectives are welcome too. Collaborators on one idea should submit one application.
Is there an ideal application or applicant?
We do not have any preconceived notions about what these ideas should be. The ideal applicant is someone who creatively expresses their idea about engagement.
What is needed to apply?
Two short statements are required to apply. First is a brief written description of the idea. The second is a short narrative biography describing the life experience that draws you to this work. If it is helpful to include more visual materials to further describe your idea, that is welcome. Sketches, images, audio, or video files to describe the idea or to highlight past work that speaks to the idea may be included.
The funding for this phase is meant to support idea sharing, not implementation. Later phases will provide additional funding to support the development of these ideas.


text:
Over the past 25 years, private sector productivity in America has risen by more than 50 percent according the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Government, unfortunately, cannot make the same claim. While the BLS stopped tracking general public sector productivity in 1995, comparing private sector productivity to even the most commercially-oriented government enterprises reveals a large and growing gap in productivity as depicted in the table below.
So what explains this disparity? Technology.
The private sector generally absorbs technological improvements and captures and capitalizes on the associated productivity benefits more effectively than government. Mobile technology presents government with an opportunity to hit the reset button and seize the productivity benefits that have eluded it in the past. Mobile devices enable employees to work from any location at any time and remain productive.
Although the public sector is often a late adopter of new technologies, its entry into the mobile world is picking up speed. Many public agencies have started using tablets, smart phones and other mobile devices to help improve employee performance, provide more useful services to citizens, and engage citizens as partners in transforming service delivery. The productivity benefits of these kinds of mobile-enabled improvements are huge. For instance, if mobile-generated productivity reduced new federal government hires by even 10,000 over a decade, the corresponding lifetime salary and pension savings could exceed $25 billion. Here are a few ways technology can help produce such savings.
The Mobile Government worker
Mobile technologies enable work at any time, from any location. Armed with a notebook or tablet computer for example, health and human services caseworkers no longer need to scribble handwritten notes in the field and then return to the office to enter them into the database -- a cumbersome and potentially error prone process. Instead, workers can input observations directly into mobile devices, even adding photos, and upload it immediately to the agency's system. This leaves them more time and energy to focus on what really matters -- their clients. Greater mobile adoption by caseworkers could free up 57 million additional hours of services to the community annually.
Police, firefighters and other public safety workers use mobile tools to gain speed, flexibility and situational awareness while responding to incidents. With critical information available at their fingertips, they can make faster, more informed decisions and better protect citizens. Studies show that mobile data access can help police officers save 30 minutes every day. Assuming that half of the 636,410 officers in America lack access to this technology, adopting it could save them more than 50 million hours, or $1.3 billion.
Citizen Services 2.0
The proliferation of mobile technology makes it a popular and effective means for government to deliver services to citizens. Not only is it convenient for citizens, it can help them save time and money.
Take San Francisco's SFpark program. Using sensors installed at 7,000 metered parking spaces and 12,250 spaces in city-owned garages, this system maintains a real-time database of available parking spots. Drivers view the inventory on color-coded maps on their phones or tablets, saving time and gas. Given that Americans collectively spend 18.7 billion hours looking for parking spots every year, mobile parking apps could help save heaps of drivers' time -- worth about $391 billion to the economy.
With the tap of a screen or click of a button, citizens now can access vital information, from tax-filing instructions to location-based public safety announcements. They can report civic problems like graffiti and potholes. They can even report monthly wages to claim Social Security benefits. Mobile technology holds great potential to improve citizens' experiences and boost collaboration with the public.
Co-creation and Co-production
Because they're ubiquitous and easy to use, mobile devices make ideal platforms for engaging citizens as partners in service delivery. Whether by collaborating with government to design new public services, or providing the resources or data that make those services possible, citizens are helping agencies deliver greater value.
The City of New York, for instance, held a competition to solicit ideas for mobile apps to improve transportation in the city. One of the winners, Roadify, combined data from the city's transit agency with comments from Twitter and other sources to build a holistic picture of commuting conditions in real time. Mobile apps enable citizens to tackle problems that were once considered solely the government's concern. In San Jose California, the Pulse Point mobile app, through sophisticated location-based services, alerts CPR-trained citizens of nearby emergencies who can respond until paramedics arrive. With the help of technology and citizen rescuers, governments can deliver effective emergency response without devoting significant new resources.
Mobile technology is a game-changer for governments. It allows them not just to redesign how they function internally, but also to redesign how they relate to citizens and the world around them.
Figure 1: US productivity output: Private sector vs. public sector enterprises
Source: Deloitte Research Analysis
William D. Eggers leads Deloitte's public sector research. He is the author of seven books including the Washington Post bestseller "If We Can Put a Man on the Moon: Getting Big Things Done in Government," (Harvard Business School Press, 2009) "Government 2.0" (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,2007) and "Governing by Network" (Brookings Institution Press). This article is adapted from his new Deloitte Research study with Joshua Jaffe, "Gov on the Go: Boosting Public Sector Productivity by Going Mobile."


Publications Open
3 min read
Carolyn Chief of Special Projects @ Buffer
Anne Isabelle Ritchie coined a concept in the 1880s that we still use today.
Modernized, it is:
The conventional wisdom is that it's always preferable to teach someone how to fish. However, the Buffer support team has been thinking about this concept a lot lately. We're learning that often there is a huge market for skipping the lesson completely.
This can be a stretch for tech support folks. After all, we gravitate toward support positions because we love to teach. We feel pain when people don't love the technology we love. That makes us great at our jobs.
However, we also tend to be the people who like to push every button in order to find out what it does. We would always rather learn the how, and the why, of every process. That's why people start asking us for help at an early age. That's how we learn that we love helping. That's how we end up in these roles.
But I've had to try to break this habit a bit in order to take my own customer service skills up a notch. There have been many times when I've tried to teach when I should have been serving up a fully prepared meal instead.
Buffer is known for detailed, personal emails, but I'm learning that I can create some of the happiest customers by sending an email that just says, "All set!"
Here are a few scenarios to consider. In my experience, this is when customer service team could learn to teach less:
1. When the action only needs to be completed once
I often find myself teaching people how to do things that they'll only need to do once. For example, in Buffer, there are a few steps to combining accounts that have accidentally been set up separately. This can usually be done by the customer, rather laboriously. Or I can take care of it.
I find myself sending them through steps, because I want them to *understand* the way the app works and why this happened. Of course, this should be an easy decision, but it doesn't come to me naturally.
2. When it's a lot faster if I do it, and I've got a lot of people waiting for help
This one may be controversial, but here's why I feel this way. If I can do something a lot faster than I can lay out the steps, then I should do it. In my experience, this actually isn't a disservice to the people who use Buffer. Occasionally people reply and say, "How did you do that, and can I do it myself next time?" But it's rare. Usually they say, "Thanks!"
This scenario is key because it's a big product signal. These are the scenarios you can really learn from. Product managers, ask your customer service team this question. If your support team is resorting to serving fish over and over instead of teaching a process, then you've struck product improvement gold. Ask your customer support folks what the areas of confusion are, and make the steps more obvious. Or better yet, improve the process and simplify the steps themselves.
3. When the customer has been fishing all damn day
This one is obvious, but the list would be incomplete without it. Sometimes this person really should know how to do this task, but it isn't working for whatever reason. In this case, serve up your best fish, thank them for their time, and extend an invitation to go over it another time.
The exception to the rule
The only time I don't go this path are in cases of security. Even when I have to send someone through several (sometimes frustrating) steps to reset his password, take over a departed employee's account, or make a change to billing, I do it.
I believe this falls under the "If they'll do it for you, they'll do it to you" mentality. In my experience, customers usually understand. Further, they willingly jump through these hoops because they want you to set up the same obstacle course for strangers asking for access to their accounts, too.
Have you had any of these experiences? How did you handle them? I would love to hear any feedback, examples, challenges, or questions in the comments! :)
P.S. If you liked this post, you might also like Warm Fuzzies: The Best Kept Secret of Customer Service and The Power of Every Word: Why I Stopped Using "Actually" and "But" In My Customer Service Emails.
Brought to you by
Join for free
Sign up for free
 - No credit card required
 - Cancel anytime


generated is like any Matlab script: you can edit it, rename the variables, add tests and loops, etc. The first important thing to understand is how to edit the options or change the inputs/outputs of a process. The script generator uses only one variable for all the file lists ('''sFiles''') and the output process is always the input of the following process. This is usually too restrictive to write a full analysis script: we commonly need to have multiple lists of files or to run two different operations on the same file. Let's consider the first process call, which selects the averages for the Deviant condition in both runs. {{{ sFiles = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_select_files_data', sFiles, [],...'subjectname', SubjectNames{1},... 'condition', '',... 'tag', 'Avg: deviant',... 'includebad', 0,... 'includeintra', 0,... 'includecommon', 0); }}} There is no need to set the parameter sFiles, because there is no input, you can replace it with an empty matrix []. You can therefore remove the line "sFiles = [];". We can also rename the output variable "sAvgData", to be a bit more specific. {{{ sAvgData = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_select_files_data', [], [],... }}} You can omit all the options that are not defined, not used, or kept to their default values: {{{ sAvgData = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_select_files_data', [], [],...'subjectname', SubjectNames{1},... 'tag', 'Avg: deviant'); }}} Edit low-pass filter call: Change the input to sAvgData and the output to sAvgDataLow, this way you will be able to keep track of the two files if you need to use them independently later in the script. {{{ sAvgDataLow = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_bandpass', sAvgData, [],... 'highpass', 0,... 'lowpass', 30,...'sensortypes', 'MEG'); }}} Edit the call to the snapshot process: Change the input to sAvgDataLow, and remove the output parameter (we are not expecting output from it). {{{ bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_snapshot', sAvgDataLow, [],... 'target', 5,... % Recordings time series'modality', 1); % MEG (All) }}} Replace the last lines with the following, to export the report instead of opening in the report viewer (edit the file path to point at your own user folder instead). {{{ ReportFile = bst_report('Save'); bst_report('Export', ReportFile, 'C:\Users\franc\Documents\report_test.html'); }}} == Evaluate in Matlab == Select the code for the first process in the Matlab editor, right-click > Evaluate selection (or press F9). {{attachment:edit1.gif}} If you haven't executed your script yet, you will get the following error in the Matlab command window: {{{ Undefined variable "SubjectNames" or class "SubjectNames". }}} The variable SubjectNames is not defined yet: Execute the first two lines "SubjectNames = {'Subject01'}", then try again. You should now have a new variable in your Matlab workspace, which points at the two average files. Type "sAvgData(1)" in your command window to display the first element: {{{ >> sAvgData(1) ans = iStudy: 6 iItem: 1 FileName: 'Subject01/S01_AEF_20131218_01_600Hz_notch/data_deviant_average_160513_1329.mat' FileType: 'data' Comment: 'Avg: deviant (39 files)' Condition: 'S01_AEF_20131218_01_600Hz_notch' SubjectFile: 'Subject01/brainstormsubject.mat' SubjectName: 'Subject01' DataFile: '' ChannelFile: 'Subject01/S01_AEF_20131218_01_600Hz_notch/channel_ctf_acc1.mat' ChannelTypes: {'ADC A' 'ADC V' 'DAC' 'ECG' 'EOG' 'FitErr' 'HLU' 'MEG' 'MEG REF'...} }}} The field "sAvgData(1).FileName" contains the relative path to the to the Deviant average in the first run. This structure sAvgData contains also a lot of information that can be helpful in your script: * '''iStudy / iItem''': Reference of the file in the database (described later in this tutorial). * '''FileType''': 'raw' (continuous files), 'data' (recordings),'results' (sources), 'timefreq' (time-frequency, spectrum and connectivity), or'matrix' (any time series extracted from other files). * '''Comment''': Comment field of the file (what is displayed in the database explorer) * '''Condition''': Name of the condition/folder in which the file is located * '''SubjectFile''': Relative path to the subject file (brainstormsubject.mat) * '''SubjectName''': Name of the subject * '''DataFile''': For types'results' or 'timefreq', path of the parent file in the database explorer * '''ChannelFile''': Relative path to the channel file * '''ChannelTypes''': Cell array of channel types available for the input file == Naming conventions == To help you navigate in the Brainstorm code, here are some naming conventions: * '''Structures''': Name starting with a "s" followed by a capital letter (eg. sFiles, sStudy, sSubject). * '''Indices''': Either loop variables or array indices, name starting with a "i" (eg. iSubject, iStudy, iTime). * '''Counts''': Number of elements in a group, name starting with a "n" (eg. nAvg, nTrials, nSubjects). * '''File names''': Scripts and functions, only lower case, separation with "_" (eg. process_fft, bst_get). * '''Sub-functions''': Inside a.m file, name starting with a capital, CamelCase (eg. CallProcess, Start). * '''Graphic handles''': Matlab graphic objects, name starting with a "h" (eg. hFig, hAxes, hLine, hText). == Running the script == The simplified script looks like this: {{{ % Input files SubjectNames = {'Subject01'}; % Start a new report bst_report('Start'); % Process: Select data files in: Subject01/*/Avg: deviant sAvgData = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_select_files_data', [], [],...'subjectname', SubjectNames{1},... 'tag', 'Avg: deviant'); % Process: Low-pass:30Hz sAvgDataLow = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_bandpass', sAvgData, [],... 'highpass', 0,... 'lowpass', 30,...'sensortypes', 'MEG'); % Process: Snapshot: Recordings time series bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_snapshot', sAvgDataLow, [],... 'target', 5,... % Recordings time series'modality', 1); % MEG (All) % Save and display report ReportFile = bst_report('Save'); bst_report('Export', ReportFile, 'C:\Users\franc\Documents\report_test.html'); }}} You have three ways to execute it: * Select all the lines (Ctrl+A) and evaluate it in Matlab (F9). * In the Editor toolbar of the Matlab environment, click on the button [Run]. * Save the file, go to this folder with Matlab (or add it to your path) and type the name of the script in the command window (without the ".m" at the end). At the end of the execution, nothing happens, because we indicated we wanted to just export the report instead of opening it. To check out the report of execution: use the menu '''File > Report viewer''' from the Brainstorm window, or open the '''report_test.html''' that was saved somewhere on your computer. On this page, you can get review everything that happened in the script: when it was executed, how long it took, what are the processes that were executed, some produced messages (two files were selected with the first process), and at the end you have the screen captures taken by process_snapshot.. {{attachment:report1.gif||height="455",width="593"}} == Running the script again == If you execute the script again, it will not behave as expected anymore. The selection process we used assumes that there is only one file per folder with a comment that includes "Avg: deviant". This is not the case anymore after the execution, because the low-pass filtered files also contain the same tags. The execution of the first process of the script now '''returns 4 files'''. {{{ >> sAvgData = bst_process('CallProcess', 'process_select_files_data', [], [],...'subjectname', SubjectNames{1},... 'tag', 'Avg: deviant') sAvgData = 1x4 struct array with fields: iStudy iItem... }}} In order to exclude the low-pass filtered files from this selection, you can add another process that will '''refine the selection'''. Use the script generator again to create a template call for another process, then copy-paste it in your script. * In Process1: Select any recordings file (we will not run anything, just generate a script). * Select process '''File


Wednesday, January 06, 2010
Did Ancient Britons Use Ley Lines or Are People Seeing Something in Nothing?
The Daily Mail has a piece describing the claim by an "independent historian," Tom Brooks, which states that ancient Britons used interlocking sets of stones forming triangles to create a giant geomap for navigation. The theory is backed up with the claim that there is no way these nearly perfect triangles could be formed without a giant plan and purpose.
When reading this story I am reminded of Henry Lincoln's second theory of the mystery of Rennes-le-Chateau (the first being Jesus had babies and a store load of treasure in southern France). The second theory stated that various local mountain tops formed geometric patterns and thus had something to do with a store load of treasure in southern France.
Lincoln's and Brooks's theories might seem to lead to something at first glance but a quick examination and a moment to think can spell away these dubious ideas.
1. There is more than what the researchers are mapping. Yeah, the several points together make a symbol but when one maps out all the ancient pre-druid mounds or all the French hills/mountains the nice, orderly locations melt away into a natural chaos of locations.
2. Modern-day surveyors make mistakes with modern equipment. Think, just 100 years ago of all the surveying errors that lead to odd American state borders. Now imagine the surveying skills of 5,000 years ago. Long distancing surveying factoring the curvature of the Earth is hard enough when making simple rope is a major time consuming feat for your local tribe.
The ancient British GPS of stone markings is another example of ley lines and rest up there in pseudogeography land with other places like the supposed Bosnian pyramids.
James D said...
On your U.S. boundaries tangent, I wonder how many states haven't experienced some sort of surveying "error". One could even argue that the majority of the boundaries of Maryland and Delaware are either surveying errors or fudges to resolve surveying errors. But does one count things like the Ohio/Michigan border as an "error"?
Catholicgauze said...
James D,
I was not referring to things like the border of Ohio and Michigan as an error because that was planned. I was referring to errors like South Dakota's western border not aligning where it, Wyoming, and Montana meet up because of a surveying error.


text:
Pasteurization of products with low water activity
Destruction of micro-organisms in dry products with low water activities is a lot harder than in liquid media. Several reasons are postulated by scientists. The most relevant are:
- When only a small amount of water is available (low water activity), vibration of water molecules is limited. Therefore only a small amount of proteins are destroyed (denaturated) when heated.
- Micro-organisms in dry products have adapted themselves to stresses such as thermal, hydric and ionic, applied during the pasteurization treatment. This means they are more resistent and harder to destroy.
For the pasteurization of dry products this means that pasteurizing with dry air (or oil) requires a longer time rate than for wet products.
An example of the increased heat resistance of Salmonella in low water activity environments is shown in research from Chiewchan et al. from 2007:
Influence of water activity of tryptic soy broth on inactivation of S. krefeld at 60°C.
How to pasteurize dry products
One of the more conventional approaches is to wet products with a direct application of steam, pasteurize, and then dry it. This approach, adequate for a number of products doesn't work for processors who require a fresh, raw, original product.
This is why Log5 developed a system that lets you fully control the atmosphere, moisture and temperature of the pasteurizing environment. By regulating the atmosphere, the amount of water absorbed by the product is controlled, ensuring the quality of your end product and pasteurizing treatment are optimized.
Basics of Aw controlled pasteurization
The most important factors in keeping the quality of your treated product at its highest level:
Keeping the moisture content during processing at a defined level, prevents overheating and condensation of moisture on a cold surface. By preheating the product with a dryer air we are able to treat products which are sensitive to quality changes due to moisture uptake, and still achieve 5 Log kill rates.


text:
- a pen, usually with a broad felt tip, for marking passages, as in a textbook
- a cosmetic preparation for adding bright color to the eyes or cheeks
See highlighter in American Heritage Dictionary 4
- A usually fluorescent marker used to mark important passages of text.
- A cosmetic for emphasizing areas of the face, such as the eyes or cheekbones.
Learn more about highlighter


text:
Organise a talk show about the so called 'internet dangers' in class. Divide the students into young internet users, parents, cyberscholars and host(s). Part of the class can constitute an audience. In that case the show will be repeated so that all the students get a chance to impersonate a guest or a host.
Here are the first lines of the Wikipedia entry for the term 'digital native': "A digital native is a person who was born during or after the general introduction of digital technologia and through interacting with digital technology from an early age, has a greater understanding of its concepts."
Modify and develop that definition to explain that digital natives do not always understand the concepts underlying the internet although they know how to use it.


Thursday, March 1, 2012
Egyptian Chariot Archer
-James H. Breasted
This third blog will center on a warrior from the past, who is instantly recognizable the world over, even though their armaments and tactics were taken from the very cultures that beset Egypt in ancient times.
When one thinks of the ancient Egyptians, they immediately call to mind the Pyramids at Giza, the Sphinx, the temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel, and usually, this image…
Which is interesting, because the Egyptians did not invent the chariot, they observed, defeated, and recreated it from their conflicts with the Hyksos invaders in the 16th century BC. The chariot comes from 3000 BC in Mesopotamia, as an adaptation of the eariliest form of wheeled vehicle. The four best specimens of Egyptian chariots are those recovered from the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Other cultures and civilizations made use of the chariot in ancient times, but due to the rocky terrain in Europe and Asia, it was used more as a vehicle of royalty or sport instead of warfare. The fact that it was also an prone to structural failures probably further limited its military use outside of the fertile crescent.
We can infer that the ancient chariots were also somewhat unstable due to their single axel, and considering this, along with the vast number of images depicting chariot archers, that their tactical use was simple, but effective. If a large enough number of chariots armed with archers were able to ride towards a target enemy formation of foot-soldiers or cavalry, the archers would simultaneously fire toward the enemy formation in an arching pattern, thereby increasing the likelyhood of an arrow stiking home.
If the archers were unable to halt the advance of opposing foot-soldiers, the horses could simply trample them, and if the opponents were riding horses, the charioteers would likely have been able to outrun enemy cavalry briefly, allowing the archer a closer shot. The Battle of Kadesh has been theorized to have been the largest chariot battle in history, with some 5000 or 6000 chariots participating.
The Egyptian longbow, also known as the angular bow, was the primary reason behind the success of the chariot in Egypt. After all, you cannot have an archer, without a bow. The following is a video on the construction and power of the angular bow.
Egyptian arrows, which have been recovered in large numbers, and often in a very good condition, are very intriguing. They were usually about 0.35-0.5 ounces, between 30 and 33 inches long, and made of a slender reed giving a large deflection. The ability of the arrows to make deep and lethal wounds is vouched for in several tests, and is believed since they remained the standard equipment of the Egyptian army for several centuries. Although some suggest that since the arrows were so light, and the bows not quite as powerful as those found today, that the reason behind the chariot archers' destructive force, was the skill of the archer in shot placement. Considering the strain of the bow, the instability of the moving chariot, and the unpredictable movement of the enemy, I would consider the Egyptian chariot archer quite skillful indeed.
1 comment:
 1. Very informative post about the development of the chariot as a tool of warfare. Far too often does the modern world neglect to understand how such objects originated in the great civilizations of the past, believing them to, like you have described, to have originated from that particular civilization first. There are those today though that seek to correct that mistake, and as a military historian I encourage this activity heavily.
 Regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the chariot archers, I believe that there is an element of physics that has been left out of discussion. The momentum of the chariot as it advance, combined with the skill of the archer to produce enough force with his bow, certainly played a hand in the effectiveness of the chariot archers. I believe the show "Weapon Masters" once detailed this reasoning. Like their brethren who would swing at the enemy with swords, axes, or spears, chariot archers surely must have used momentum to their advantage. I do ponder if they used the same chariot designs as the regular chariot infantry, or if theirs were designed to be lighter in construction. To add to this thought, were their chariots ever given blades on the sides to cut through enemy ranks?
 What astounds me to this day however is the resourcefulness of past Armorers. Using reeds as a material for arrows, is something most individuals do now picture when they hear the word arrows. Why we cannot find such low cost ways to produce effective weaponry today is a question that should be asked worldwide. I wonder as to how the reeds were selected for arrow use. Did certain regions of Egypt produce more favorable reeds, or was it just a universal concept? Furthermore, was it an art form or more of a lowly task for slaves to assemble? These are the kind of questions that I would ask the researchers who have looked into these practices.


text:
Ryan Mahoney, curator of the Schenectady County Historical Society, discusses a panel featured in the traveling exhibit "Light on New Netherlands," which is hosted at the new education center at Mabee Farm.
Photo by John Purcell.
ROTTERDAM JUNCTION What many people believe to be the Dutch's role in forming the America of today might fall short of the full story.
A bigger part of that tale is now on display, as the Schenectady County Historical Society is hosting the "Light on New Netherlands" traveling exhibit at the George E. Franchere Education Center at Mabee Farm in Rotterdam Junction from now through Feb. 28.
The exhibit is produced by the New Netherland Institute and consists of 26 panels aimed at introducing important but little known aspects of what role the Dutch played in the settlement and development of colonial America, most specifically the development of New Netherland, the Dutch colony that stretched from Albany to Delaware in the 17th century.
Some of the subjects presented include exploration, the fur trade, establishing government and the interaction between Dutch settlers and Native Americans.
"It really touches on a lot of topics of Dutch culture and life here that's often glossed over," said Ryan Mahoney, curator of the Historical Society. "You learn about Dutch history and the new colony … as just a brief blip. It is like, 'All right, the Dutch showed up and then the American Revolution happened.' Really, there was so much more going on."
The New Netherland Institute works to enhance awareness of Dutch history in colonial America and it supports the translation of early Dutch documents through the New Netherland Project.
"This is a part of history that a lot of people are not aware of, even people living right in this area," Mahoney said. "All of the information here is actually taken from the original documents that are on file at the New York State Archives and are being translated even today."
There is also a 17-minute video included in the exhibit, "Illuminating New York's Dutch Past." In the video, researchers Charles Gehring and Janny Venmea provide background information about New Netherland and explain the importance of using document-based evidence. It also tells the journey of the Dutch documents and how they survived through the years.


text: Figure 1. Sequences containing Affinity Plus show identical annealing properties to locked nucleic acid sequences from another manufacturer. The percentages of duplex melted base pairs are plotted as a function of temperature. The 15-mer sequence, GGTCCT+T+A+CTTGGTG, was synthesized with either Affinity Plus or other locked nucleic acid modifications incorporated at the +T, +A, and +C sites. These oligos were mixed with the complementary DNA strand (1 µM each strand) in 1 M Na+ buffer (pH 7). Melting curve analyses were performed as described in Owczarzy, et al. The plots of duplex melted base pairs were averaged from at least 7 heating and cooling melting curves. Melting temperature was measured to be 67.7 ± 0.3°C for the Affinity Plus oligo and 67.9 ± 0.3°C for the other locked nucleic acid oligo. Free energy of duplex hybridization at 37°C was determined to be -18.1 ± 0.9 kcal/mol for the Affinity Plus oligo and -18.7 ± 0.9 kcal/moI for the other locked nucleic acid oligo. These results demonstrate the identical annealing properties of both sources of locked nucleic acid sequences.


text:
Space scientists at the University of Leicester have released satellite images of vast plumes of smoke emanating from the peat bog fires which are currently sweeping across central and western Russia.
Using equipment on the European satellite MetOp-A researchers from the University's Earth Observation Science group have analysed and released still images taken on 4, 8 and 9 August.
Each satellite image is available as both a true colour image and as a false colour version in which the smoke shows up as yellow. Using this technique, the extent of the smoke plumes and their encirclement of Moscow becomes obvious.
As well as demonstrating the massive extent of the smoke clouds across Western Russia, the satellite images indicate another interesting phenomenon: pyrocumulonimbus clouds. These are water clouds, caused by hot air rising directly from a fire, which can trap airborne pollution and transport it for thousands of kilometres. The image from 8 August clearly shows these clouds moving towards Finland in the extreme top left of the picture.
Dr David Moore from the Earth Observation Science Group said,: "Using measurements from spaceborne instruments, we have been able to observe the vast extent of the smoke released from numerous wildfires in Western Russia. The pollutants contained within these smoke plumes can have a profound effect on both the local and regional air quality and atmospheric chemistry. A key aspect of our ongoing investigations will be to quantify the impact the fires have had on indirect greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon monoxide."
The Earth Observation Science (EOS) group is based in the University of Leicester's Space Research Centre and includes staff from the Department of Physics and Astronomy, the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Geography. Earlier this year the EOS group released satellite images of the volcanic ice clouds which enveloped Europe after an eruption in Iceland.
Explore further: NASA's Landsat satellite looks for a cloud-free view


text:
Dolly Sods Wilderness Description
Dolly Sods Wilderness is part of the Monongahela National Forest system. Much of the land in the higher elevations consists of eco-systems that are more commonly seen much further north in Canada.
The 17,000 acre wilderness has 47 miles of hiking trails, many of which follow old logging roads and railroad grades. The area is very popular with hikers, backpackers, cross-country skiiers, and campers.
Note: During World War II, the military used this wilderness area as a training ground. Many of the mortar and artillery shells used still exist, some of which could still be live.
The trails and campsites were surveyed in 1997, at which time 15 shells were discovered, some of which were live.
These were exploded on site. Please do not wander off of the designated trails as there could be live ordnances.
Note: For a printed map of the trails in the Canaan Valley, we highly recommend the 'Explorer Trail Map' by Voila Interactive Concepts.
This map was meticulously compiled by a local resident and is an excellent guide of the vast trail network in the Canaan Valley. You can find
it at local outdoor shops such as Blackwater Bikes in Davis and at the Timberline Resort store.


text:
Inflection - teaching idea
In this step we consider how to use film to explore inflection in an active way. We've posted an audio clip from the opening to another one of our shorts for you to listen to.
From the sound of the voices, what can you tell about who the character/s might be, what kind of situation they are in, and what kind of exchange this is? What kinds of mood are being created? What range of emotions can you pick up on, just from the sounds of voices? If you don't speak French, is it possible to pick up from intonation and inflection whether the character is asking or answering a question, or making an exclamation? NB, if you speak French already, it might not necessarily help!
Add your comments and ideas to the comments section.
Ask your learners to write a 'story opener' - a one sentence beginning to a story - that sets out what you think is going on. This is a task that can be carried out in a target language and you could specify a given tense or grammatical form. Beyond this, think about how you might scaffold or support your learners' engagement with intonation and inflection, using a sequence of film dialogue such as this one. How could you develop or adapt this idea/activity for use with your learners?
© Annick Teninge - La Poudriere


text:
power-generating modules, of requiring compliance with this Regulation;
(b) the socioeconomic benefit resulting from applying the requirements set out in this Regulation; and
(c) the potential of alternative measures to achieve the required performance.
4. Before carrying out the quantitative cost-benefit analysis referred to in paragraph 3, the relevant TSO shall:
(a) carry out a preliminary qualitative comparison of costs and benefits;
(b) obtain approval from the relevant regulatory authority or, where applicable, the Member State.
5. The relevant regulatory authority or, where applicable, the Member State shall decide on the extension of the applicability of this Regulation to existing power-generating modules within six months of receipt of the report and the recommendation of the relevant TSO in accordance with Article 38(4). The decision of the regulatory authority or, where applicable, the Member State shall be published.
6. The relevant TSO shall take account of the legitimate expectations of power-generating facility owners as part of the assessment of the application of this Regulation to existing power-generating modules.
7. The relevant TSO may assess the application of some or all of the provisions of this Regulation to existing power-generating modules every three years in accordance with the criteria and process set out in paragraphs 3 to 5.
In respect of the network codes, such former derogations are invalid.
Derogations will have to be sought specifically from the requirements of the network code by applying for them according to the procedure for derogation defined in Article 60 of the NC RfG.
However, Existing Power Generating Modules, which are not covered by the network code, shall continue to be bound by such technical requirements that apply to them pursuant to legislation in force in the respective Member States or contractual arrangements in force.
Consequently, existing national/local derogations may remain in force as well, provided that they refer to a requirement not covered by the EU network code.
Although existing derogations are not suitable evidence of derogation from the network code in case of application to Existing Power Generating Modules, such documentation can however provide useful background information when preparing the derogation application regarding the network code.
Given the importance of the above circumstances the generators mustn't neglect them. Why? The problem is linked to financial burden. ENTSO-E answer to the FAQ 13 (Why does the network code not specify who pays for improvements of Existing Power Generating Modules to become compliant with the requirements? Who bears the costs for demonstrating compliance?) clears same ambiguities in that regard.
ENTSO-E observes firstly that cost allocation of improvements is not covered specifically by the framework guidelines on electricity grid connection issued by ACER.
The ACER Framework Guidelines state that "[t]he network code(s) shall always require the system operators to optimise between the highest overall efficiency and lowest total cost for all involved stakeholders. In that respect, NRAs shall ensure, that, whatever the cost-sharing scheme is, the cost split follows the principles of non-discrimination, maximum transparency and assignment to the real originator of the costs."
Improvements of existing Power Generating Facilities and equipment to achieve compliance with the network code based on TSO proposal can only be mandated after a cost-benefit analysis which is performed on a socio-economic level (see FAQ 11) in line with the framework guidelines.
Nevertheless, in case of replacement/improvements/modernisation of existing Power Generating Facilities, it is required that the replaced/improved/modernised installations are compliant with the requirements of the network code, unless the Power Generating Facility owner applies for a derogation from this obligation and this derogation is granted by the relevant network operator.
The responsibility on demonstrating compliance with the requirements established in the network code relies on the Power Generating Facility owners. Consequently they shall bear their costs related to compliance tests and simulations. This should be done in alignment with the compliance principle set out in this network code and detailed further at a national level.
Further reading: Do not miss the NC RfG notification deadlines!
Among other fundamental issues impacting nearly all remaining provisions of the NC RfG is the question whether the technology-neutral approach should be adopted in the code.
ACER's opinion of 13 October 2012 on NC RfG acknowledges the principle of uniform application of the requirements regardless of the generation technology, however, it can be anticipated that there may arise further controversies in that regard.
Pursuant to the ENTSO-E assumptions adopted at present major differences in the capability requirements of Power Generating Facilities do not result from the primary energy source used (wind, solar, gas, coal, nuclear, hydro, etc.) for conversion into electricity, but from the type of generator connected to the network, in particular whether the generator is synchronously connected to the grid (like for the vast majority of conventional thermal Power Generating Modules) or via a power converter installation (like for wind farms or PV installations).
Therefore three categories of requirements are distinguished in the NC RfG:
- general requirements, which apply to all PGMs, regardless of the type of connection, because they are not influenced by it;
- specific requirements for synchronously connected Power Generating Modules (Synchronous Power Generating Modules);
- specific requirements for non-synchronously connected Power Generating Modules (so-called Power Park Modules);
- requirements applicable to AC connected offshore generation.
Exhaustive/non-exhaustive and mandatory/non-mandatory requirements of the NC RfG
Non-exhaustive requirements are those for which the European level network codes do not contain all the information or parameters necessary to apply the requirements immediately and need further national specifications for its entire application in general on national level or as a site-specific choice.
Exhaustive/non-exhaustive requirements of the NC RfG can have either mandatory or non-mandatory character (delineations and interdependencies between these categories are explained in greater detail in Internal Energy Market Network Codes - basic information).
Non-exhaustive requirements of the NC RfG are listed in the ENTSO-E Guidance document for national implementation for network codes on grid connection, Parameters of Non-exhaustive requirements, Draft for consultation 1 July -15 August 2016, 22 June 2016, p. 5 - 12.
The ENTSO-E document of 22 June 2016 (Making non-mandatory requirements at European level mandatory at national level, ENTSO-E Guidance document for national implementation for network codes on grid connection, Draft for consultation 1 July -15 August 2016) refers in that regard to the following examples of provisions having different character in the NC RfG:
- mandatory, non-exhaustive requirement: Article 14(3)(a) - fault-ride-through capability,
- non-mandatory, non-exhaustive requirement: Article 13(1)(a)(ii) - wider frequency ranges,
- mandatory, exhaustive requirement: Article 16(2)(a)(i) - voltage ranges,
- non-mandatory, exhaustive requirement: Article 16(2)(a)(iii) - voltage ranges in Spain.
ENTSO-E non-binding guidance on NC RfG
Under Article 58 of the NC RfG ENTSO-E has the power to issue non-binding guidance on NC RfG (Implementation Guidance Document - IGD).
NC RfG Article 58
Non-binding guidance on implementation
1. No later than six months after the entry into force of this Regulation, the ENTSO for Electricity shall prepare and thereafter every two years provide non-binding written guidance to its members and other system operators concerning the elements of this Regulation requiring national decisions. The ENTSO for Electricity shall publish this guidance on its website.
2. ENTSO for Electricity shall consult stakeholders when providing non-binding guidance.
3. The non-binding guidance shall explain the technical issues, conditions and interdependencies which need to be considered when complying with the requirements of this Regulation at national level.
The main objective of the implementation guidance is to support system operators in the process of determination on national level of non-exhaustive requirements during the national implementation.
Further objectives of the IGDs are:
- to facilitate a common understanding of technical issues specified in the connection network codes, in context of new technologies and new requirements (e.g. synthetic inertia),
- to deliver broader explanations and background information and to illustrate interactions between requirements,
- to recommend coordination/collaboration between network operators (TSO) where either explicitly required by the connection codes or reasonably exercised from a system engineering perspective,
- to give guidance to national specifications for non-exhaustive requirements, and
- to express the need of further harmonisation beyond what is requested by the connection network codes when reasonable from a system engineering perspective.
On 17 November 2016, ENTSO-E published 18 NC RfG related Implementation Guidance Documents (IGDs), see implementation guidance documents for the connection network codes.
Differentiation by type of Power Generating Modules
Differentiation by type of Power Generating Modules implemented by the NC RfG has a broader context and influences on terminology used by other network codes, and, equally, on other classifications of generation sources used in legal documentation.
Recitals 9 and 10 of the NC RfG
(9) The significance of power-generating modules should be based on their size and their effect on the overall system. Synchronous machines should be classed on the machine size and include all the components of a generating facility that normally run indivisibly, such as separate alternators driven by the separate gas and steam turbines of a single combined-cycle gas turbine installation. For a facility including several such combined-cycle gas turbine installations, each should be assessed on its size, and not on the whole capacity of the facility. Non-synchronously connected power-generating units, where they are collected together to form an economic unit and where they have a single connection point should be assessed on their aggregated capacity.
(10) In


Contact: to feature here
Thread Rating:
 - 0 Vote(s) - 0 Average
 - 1
 - 2
 - 3
 - 4
 - 5
Difference between Adaptor and Scaffold protein
What is the difference between and scaffold protein??
Like Post Reply
Difference between Adaptor and Scaffold proteins
Both of these types of proteins are involved in the signaling pathway.
Signaling pathway itself is the mechanism, or the process (name it however you like) in which a signal comes to the cell and triggers some ordered series of events (signaling pathway) which results in some changes in the cell. These changes are usually related to the gene expression or solute concentration (solute uptake, e.g.) which allows the cell to respond to the signal and adjust its metabolism to the current conditions in the environment.
Signaling pathway usually starts with the signal itself which binds to the receptor on the cell membrane which then transmits the signal inside through a number of different proteins. Basically, both adaptor and scaffold proteins are "located" in this group of proteins responsible for transmitting the signal from the receptor further down into the cell.
The main difference between them is in their function. They also differ in the structure, of course, but then again this is the case for any two different proteins so it is not worth mentioning. The role of scaffold proteins is to coordinate the signal transduction by "attracting" a number of different proteins needed in the signaling pathway. They basically form a complex of proteins by tethering other actors in the pathway, thus localizing them to a specific place, making the signal transduction more effective. Having this role, they can also regulate the signaling pathway (through positive and negative feedback signals) and they can isolate specific proteins (the right ones needed in the current active pathway) from other competitive proteins that are not wanted during that time.
Adaptor proteins, on the other hand, are smaller and they too help in the formation of protein complexes, but they do so by usually binding only two proteins. They accomplish this through specific domains (usually SH2 and SH3) which recognize specific amino acid sequences in the target protein.
One of the best examples for scaffold protein is MEKK1, which is present in the MAPK pathway (mitogen-activated protein kinase). This pathway is responsible for sending the signal further into the nucleus, regulating specific transcription factors responsible for the expression of proteins which affect the cell-cycle and cell differentiation.
Good example of adaptor protein is GRB2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2). It sends the signal further down by binding to the EGF receptor (epidermal growth factor receptor) with SH2 domain, and it attracts the next protein in the pathway (Sos protein in this case) with SH3 domains.
Hope this answers your question. Sorry if I have made the answer too long, but I like to start from the beginning, just in case if somebody else is searching for this, but lacks the basic knowledge needed to understand the subject.
Like Post Reply
Possibly Related Threads…
Last Post
Replies: 0
Views: 14,377
03-04-2019, 08:30 AM
Last PostLevi4than
Replies: 0
Views: 4,370
11-18-2015, 02:32 AM
Last Postwarmbaby
Replies: 2
Views: 8,028
11-10-2015, 02:51 AM
Last Postwalkingfish
Replies: 0
Views: 4,819
08-27-2015, 02:22 AM
Last Postashraf
Replies: 4
Views: 12,603
06-19-2015, 09:03 PM
Last PostKanny
Users browsing this thread:
1 Guest(s)
Difference between Adaptor and Scaffold protein00


text:
AMREF's Flying Doctors
Photographs by Marco Di Lauro
5th Anniversary Slideshow
Back To Features
Text by Paola Ferrara/AMREF
Run-down health care facilities, the poor transportation network, insufficient staff levels, and lack of supplies and equipment all contribute to inadequate access to and utilization of quality health care for rural communities. These factors drive the great demand for outreach services. Rural health care facilities face a high turnover of doctors and other qualified health workers due to difficult conditions that make long-term commitment and involvement unattractive to health care specialists.
The African Medical Research Foundation's (AMREF) Outreach Programme serves more than 150 rural hospitals in Eastern Africa. Rural hospitals are visited by the Outreach Programme two to six times a year in order to provide specialized health care services to under-served communities. The Outreach programme uses AMREF's light aircraft on planned, regular flights. Hospitals located in outlying areas are placed on "circuits" which are grouped according to five tertiary hospitals. Specialists are drawn from AMREF and from the university teaching hospitals in Eastern Africa. The twenty three types of specialists are selected based on the requests from the rural hospitals. Thanks to AMREF's Outreach Programme, more than 20,000 patients are seen and more than 3,000 operations are carried out each year.
Flying for health in Africa.
There is already plenty of activity by nine a.m. at AMREF's hangar at Wilson Airport. An engineer who has been with AMREF for 33 years and his assistants are working to get a plane back in the air, while others prepare the planes that will be involved in the Outreach Programme tomorrow. OUTREACH: this is the heart of AMREF's work. It is the flagship programme in the long history of this organization, born in Africa to provide health in Africa. The Flying Doctors' mission has been on-going, uninterrupted for 54 years now, ever since Michael Wood, a British doctor on a mission in Kenya in 1957 noted that "In Africa, if we wait for the patient to come to a hospital, the patient dies. Instead, we must bring the doctor to the patient." Since then little has changed. Eighty percent of the doctors in the country serve the twenty percent of the population that is in or close to urban areas. This means that the roads, or the skies more precisely, that have yet to be travelled by the Flying Doctors are truly endless.
The Flying Doctors consist of over 300 professionals who offer their services to AMREF's cause: to bring health care to those who do not have it and who cannot reach it. The Flying Doctors carry out short missions - one week, two or three times a year - in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, to remote areas that lack health care facilities and which can often only be reached by air due to roads that are either impassable or missing altogether. In this way, these medical specialists are able to provide health care by getting as close as possible to remote East African populations.
Preparations are under way at AMREF's operational offices at Wilson Airport. The bags are packed with drugs and other medical supplies needed in the coming days. Each bag has its own destination - Wajir, Mandera, Moyale, Marsabit - and contains drugs and other materials for operating rooms.
MORE TEXT AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
All contents © copyright _PHONE_ Getty Images, Inc. All rights reserved.
back to main view


text:
About | Giuliano Sacchi
Giuliano Sacchi has had an acupuncture practice in London since 1990 and completed his initial training at the College of Traditional Acupuncture in Leamington Spa, one of the first schools to bring acupuncture to the UK in the 1970's. The style of acupuncture taught had its roots firmly based in the Japanese five phase tradition (see Meridian therapy). After some years in practice, he undertook further training in specifically Japanese styles of acupuncture, impressed by its gentle, systematic and effective approach to treatment. In addition, as a practitioner, he places great importance on the establishment of strong rapport with the patient as a key aspect of the treatment process
In 2007 he embarked on a Master's degree in Chinese Herbal Medicine at the University of Westminster, receiving a postgraduate certification in Chinese Herbal Medicine in 2008.
Further information regarding Acupuncture
In the last ten years, Giuliano has treated increasing numbers of children, using a Japanese treatment protocol known as Shonishin. This method is extremely gentle and can be applied without the use of any needles, making it possible to treat even the youngest of patients.
For several years Giuliano ran the therapeutic programme at the Core Trust, a day centre based in central London that specialises in the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction.
Giuliano makes extensive use of classical formulas individually prescribed in the form of herbal powders. These formulas are effective and safe, having been in use for hundreds of years.


text:
Dissimilarity-driven behavior and cooperation in the spatial public goods game
In this paper, we explore the impact of four different types of dissimilarity-driven behavior on the evolution of cooperation in the spatial public goods game. While it is commonly assumed that individuals adapt their strategy by imitating one of their more successful neighbors, in reality only very few will be awarded the highest payoffs. Many have equity or equality preferences, and they have to make do with an average or even with a low payoff. To account for this, we divide the population into two categories. One consists of payoff-driven players, while the other consists of dissimilarity-driven players.
The later imitate the minority strategy in their group based on four different dissimilarity-driven behaviors. The rule that most effectively promotes cooperation, and this regardless of the multiplication factor of the public goods game, is when individuals adopt the minority strategy only when their payoff is better than that of their neighbors. If the dissimilarity-driven players adopt the minority strategy regardless of the payoffs of others, or if their payoff is the same, the population typically evolves towards a neutral state where cooperators and defectors are equally common.
This may be beneficial when the multiplication factor is low, when defectors would otherwise dominate. However, if the dissimilarity-driven players adopt the minority strategy only when their payoff is worse than that of their neighbors, then cooperation is not promoted at all in comparison to the baseline case in the absence of dissimilarity-driven behavior. We explore the pattern formation behind these results, and we discuss their wider implications for the better understanding of cooperative behavior in social groups.
Y. Fang, T.P. Benko, M. Perc, H. Xu, Dissimilarity-driven behavior and cooperation in the spatial public goods game, Sci Rep. 9 7655 (2019)


text:
data independence - Computer Definition
Techniques that allow data to be changed without affecting the applications that process it. There are two kinds of data independence. The first type is data independence for data, which is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It allows the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS by field and are concerned with only the data fields they use, not the format of the complete record. Thus, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs that must be changed are those that use those new fields. Data Independence for Processing The second type of data independence relates to processing and refers to miscellaneous data used in programs that might change in the future, such as discount rates, product descriptions and error messages. Such data should be stored in a database and not "hard wired" into the code of the program. When values change, only the database item is altered, a much simpler task than recompiling numerous programs.