Dr. Hank Liers, PhD liposomes liposomal nutrientsHealth Products Distributors, Inc. carries Quicksilver Colorado Hemp Oil, Glutathione, Vitamin C, Milk Thistle, Melatonin, and NanoMojo. Among the benefits of using liposomes are that significantly higher levels of glutathione and vitamin C can be delivered directly to the cells where they are needed. In this article, I will provide some of the basic information required to understand the benefits of these products.
Figure 1 shows the basic design of a liposome with the nutrient to be delivered in the center.
liposomes liposomal nutrients
Figure 1 – Liposome Diagram
liposome is a spherical vesicle having a lipid bilayer (see Figure 2). The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonification). Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine derived from soy or sunflower lecithin.
liposomes liposomal nutrients
Figure 2 – Cross-Section of Liposome
Liposomes were first described by British haematologist Alec D. Bangham in 1961, at the Babraham Institute, in Cambridge. They were discovered during testing of the institute's new electron microscope by adding negative stain to dry phospholipids. The microscope pictures served as the first evidence for the cell membrane being a bilayer lipid structure. Their integrity as a closed, bilayer structure, that could release its contents after detergent treatment was established during the next year. Bangham and colleagues Jeff Watkins and Malcolm Standish subsequently wrote a paper in 1965 that effectively launched the liposome industry.
A liposome has an aqueous solution core surrounded by a hydrophobic (water hating) membrane, in the form of a lipid bilayer. Hydrophilic (water-loving) solutes dissolved in the core cannot readily pass through the bilayer. Hydrophobic chemicals associate with the bilayer. A liposome can be loaded with hydrophobic and/or and hydrophilic molecules. To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents directly to the cell.
A small number of dietary and nutritional supplement companies are currently pioneering the benefits of this unique science towards this new application. This new direction and employment of liposome science is in part due to the low absorption and bioavailability rates of some oral dietary supplement ingredients such as glutathione. Therefore the natural encapsulation of lypophilic and hydrophilic nutrients within liposomes (see Figure 3) has made for a very effective method of bypassing certain elements of the gastric system and aiding the encapsulated nutrient to be delivered directly to the cells and tissues through the lymphatic system.
liposomes liposomal nutrients
Figure 3 – Liposome Cutaway
It is important to note that certain influential factors have far reaching effects on the percentage of liposome that are yielded in manufacturing. These influences also have an effect on the actual amount of realized liposome entrapment and the actual quality of the liposomes themselves. These are very crucial elements which lead to the long-term stability of the liposomes. These complex yet significant factors are the following: 1) The actual manufacturing method and preparation of the liposomes themselves; 2) The constitution, quality, and type of raw phospholipid used in the formulation and manufacturing of the liposomes; 3) The ability to create homogeneous liposome particle sizes that are stable and hold their encapsulated payload. These primary and key elements comprise the foundation of an effective liposome carrier for use in increasing the bioavailability of oral dosages of dietary and nutritional supplements.
Our supplier, Quicksilver Scientific, has spent years researching the best formulation techniques and manufacturing processes for liposome encapsulated supplements. As part of this research, they analyzed a broad range liposomal supplements. This is what was learned:
Liposomal Supplements Must Use Phospholipids Suitable for Making Liposomes. In order to make strong, stable liposomes that can encapsulate nutrients and not "break apart" too easily, it is important to use Phospholipids from highly refined sources that have a natural mix of phospholipids, including a high percentage of Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
Some products are made with low-quality soy lecithin, which does not have the proper percentage of PC or PE to make liposomes. This type of lecithin is typically used as a food additive, and should not be used in liposomal supplements.
They have found that Phospholipids extracted from non-GMO soy lecithin work the best for high-quality, affordable liposomal supplements. While a very high intake of unrefined soy ingested as food may contain tiny amounts of undesirable substances, the intake of highly refined and purified phospholipids derived from soy lecithin does not pose much risk. In fact, they have not found any evidence of anyone being harmed by the regular intake of phospholipids extracted from non-GMO soy lecithin. (Some manufacturers use a high-quality non-GMO sunflower lecithin.)
Liposomal Supplements Must Have at Least an Equal Ratio of Phospholipids to Key Nutrients. By analyzing many commercial and homemade products, it was found that most of them are of poor quality. Some are merely emulsions. This means the nutrients are simply mixed with a small amount of low-quality phospholipids or lecithin, and there are very few liposomes, if any at all.
One indicator of an emulsion is the amount of phospholipids or lecithin in the product. For proper liposome encapsulation, you must have at least an equal amount of phospholipids and nutrients. If the phospholipids or lecithin are listed as "Other Ingredients," it is very likely there is not enough material to create any liposomes, even if the production process is otherwise appropriate.
Some companies choose to make emulsions and call them "Liposomal Supplements" because they are easy and inexpensive to produce.
If you take an emulsion that contains lecithin and a nutrient like vitamin C, you may see overall good results since both components are excellent supplements individually. You will not, however, be able to experience the potentially exceptional results offered by products using real Liposome Encapsulation Technology.
Liposomal Supplements Must Be Protected from Oxygen. Liposomes are a natural fit for water-soluble nutrients that are not otherwise bioavailable. But the process of making stable, quality liposomes is tricky. Liposomes are sensitive to factors such as heat and oxygen. The inherent stability (and in some cases instability), of the phospholipids and each nutrient also play an important role in the overall stability of liposomal products. Getting all of these things exactly right, then assuring the liposomes and nutrients remain stable throughout the product's shelf life is key.
One way to enhance the stability of a liposomal product is through uni-dose packaging. Many of the liposomal products that have been analyzed are stored in jars, plastic bottles, or even capsules within bottles. Opening the bottle to remove the product exposes the remaining product to heat, light and oxygen. This can be detrimental to the liposomes, and can cause rapid degradation of the nutrients.
Uni-dose packaging protects the product from oxygen until moments before it's consumed, keeping it safe and effective throughout the shelf-life of the product.
Three Additional Signs of a Low-Quality Liposomal Supplement:
1) Consistency. If the product is very watery, it is most likely due to an insufficient amount of phospholipids or the use of low quality phospholipids.
3) Size. If the volume of the dosage is too small, there are not enough phospholipids and water to make proper liposomes. For example, 1,000 mg of vitamin C and 1,000 mg of phospholipids, along with the necessary amount of water for proper liposome formation, will fill a teaspoon (5 ml). It is not likely this amount of material could fit into one or even two large-sized capsules.
Liposomal supplements effects are significantly increased as far as mental and physical potency, due to increased absorption into the system. The effects of specific supplements are increased to extreme degrees, because higher doses can be taken of vitamins and minerals with minimal side effects endured and because they are delivered directly to the cellular structures where they are needed.
As an example of the power of these liposomal supplements, Dr. Thomas Levy (who has extensive experience with liposomal supplements) states "My clinical opinion is that one gram of properly-produced and orally-ingested liposome-encapsulated vitamin C is as or more effective than 5 to 10 grams of vitamin C given intravenously, for an acute viral syndrome".
Over the long-term, the added benefits of liposomal products include, increased vitality and immune support, lowered tolerance to the substances (even at high dosages and when taken over long periods of time) administered, and supplements lasting much longer due to the increased strength. Liposomals are now attached to some of the strongest, most popular and most well known anti-oxidants in the world (e


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Tall Tales Reading Comprehension | Pecos Bill passages and questions
American folktales are a fun component of Common Core State Standards. Incorporate these wacky, student-friendly tidbits about Pecos Bill into your tall tale reading, writing and language lessons (or speech/language therapy sessions!)
These passages are just the right size to keep readers of all skill levels engaged and to keep struggling readers from becoming frustrated. For nonreaders, this can be used as a great listening comprehension activity!
* Includes 20 short passages discussing all kinds of fun facts and background about the Pecos Bill Tall Tale with 2-4 corresponding critical thinking questions per passage.
- Students can read passages independently (silently or aloud) or passages can be read aloud by teacher or therapist. For non readers, an adult should read the cards and the students can respond.
- Questions require students to use skills ranging from simple recall, making personal connections to deciphering vocabulary in context, drawing conclusions, making inferences, giving opinions, identifying figurative language and justifying responses. A whole range of critical thinking skills can be applied! Although the passages can be used in any order, they are numbered in the recommended sequence.
- Literature circle forms for the "jobs" of "connector, summarizer, and predictor."
- Character trait writing activity
- Teaching tool/reference tool that explains how tall tales came about as well as characteristics that tall tales have in common
Just print, cut and use! No wasted paper!
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Guide to Compass Surveying | Open and Closed Traverse
Compass Survey | Guide to Surveying and Levelling
Compass Survey is also known as Angular Surveying.
The branch of surveying in which the position of the object is located by angular measurements taken by the compass is known as "Compass Surveying".
Purpose of Compass Surveying
When the area to be surveyed is relatively large, then the area cannot be divided into triangles.
For example:
Towns, colonies etc.
When the survey work is to be completed quickly
When the area is full of obstacles which prevent chaining.
Compass Surveying is unsuitable in areas having magnetic rock, iron core, power lines etc which attracts a magnet.
A traverse is formed by joining the points on the ground by means of series of connected straight line.
There are two types:
 1. Open traverse
 2. Closed traverse
Read more
Classification of Surveys and Surveying Methods in Engineering
Classification of Survey
Surveys are classified as following:
 1. According to the instruments used for the survey
 2. According to the purpose of the survey
 3. According to the method employed for the survey
 4. According to the field of work
According to the instruments used
Chain Survey
Compass Survey
Plane table Survey
Plane table is used for the purpose.
Theodolite Survey
Theodolite is an instrument that is useful for conducting accurate surveys.
Read more


Springfield, Illinois
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The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois, built 1868–1888.
Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2000 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.
The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.
Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.
Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.


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- Read the trust instrument carefully and, if in doubt, obtain legal advice. If the settlor requests changes, check the effect of these with legal advisors.
- Take particular care if the settlor wants the trust to hold risky a business. What is the level of risk? Who is going to manage the business? The trustee is unlikely to have the expertise to do so. Think carefully about the trustee's duties to monitor the investment by obtaining information so as to be in a position to intervene where necessary to protect the trust.
- Draw the settlor's attention to any provision in the trust instrument that confers benefits on the trustees such as remuneration and exoneration provisions.
- Ensure that the settlor is independently advised when the trust is created and assets are transferred into it. Costs or other practical difficulties should not be allowed to prevail and you should ask for details of the individual who gave the advice. As a minimum, the settlor should have obtained advice confirming that he or she has capacity to create a trust and understand the fiscal consequences of doing so.
- Understand the settlor's reasons and purpose for creating the trust. Clearly, this will be relevant to the exercise of the trustee's discretions and powers, but it might also flush out risks or potential disputes that would not otherwise be brought to your attention. If there are 'good' reasons for creating the trust and transferring assets into it, such as tax or estate planning, then the risk of a trust dispute will be lessened. Record these reasons for posterity.
- Ensure that the settlor is given a proper explanation of the trust concept so he or she is under no misapprehension as to what he or she is doing and that the trustees become the owners of the trust property, become accountable to the beneficiaries and not the settlor and gain control over this property.
- Be aware of dealing with the settlor's representatives. Check they have the settlor's authority – is there a Power of Attorney? Ensure you deal directly with the settlor over the letter of wishes.
- Appoint a reputable trustee.
Administering the Trust
- Make and keep clear records of decision making.
- Settlors should never attempt or risk appearing to instruct trustees. They should merely ask them to consider a request. It is often a matter of the way in which notes are prepared and the language that is used in them. This also applies to any parties such as the beneficiaries who wish to make a request of trustees. Ensuring that a settlor behaves in the correct manner may not be as difficult as it can first appear, provided the boundaries and proper procedures are established at an early stage. Before acceding to a request, trustees should always ensure they have sufficient power, that they have complied with any mandatory preconditions such as consent or consultation with parties and that the proposal amounts to a fiduciary exercise of their power.
- There should be regular meetings of trustees and detailed consideration should be given to all relevant matters. Minutes should be prepared of these meetings and decisions that are taken. Resolutions should be prepared.
- The trustees should ensure that they have all the relevant information needed to enable them to make a decision and should obtain further advice and information where necessary.
- Trustees should maintain proper accounts.
- Where the trustee, in his or her capacity as a trustee, is a party to a transaction, he or she must be involved in the negotiating process, directly instruct advisers and agents, and advisers and agents should always seek instructions from the trustee rather than from the settlor or beneficiaries.
- Where the trustee has a substantial interest in a trading or holding company, then the trustee should have board representation and ensure that proper oversight is maintained, if necessary intervening in order to prevent trust assets being placed at risk.
- Trustees should ensure that all delegated activities are reviewed and that proper contractual arrangements are entered with delegates.
- Trustees must consider the rights of any beneficiaries when making decisions regarding the trust fund and obtain the consent of those from whom they are obliged to do so.
DR MERVIN MESSIAS
JD (Juris Doctor) / BA, LLB (Wits) / TEP (Trust & Estate Practitioner) / MTP (Master Tax Practitioner – S.A)


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After several days of heavy rain throughout the nation and floods in many areas, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) said there was an urgent need to differentiate between types of garbage during clean-up operations, while the Centers for Disease Control said living environments should be cleaned to prevent the spread of disease.
The EPA's Department of Waste Management said that during post-flood clean-ups, waste that can easily rot or emit bad odors should be sorted out and separated from bulky items.
Bulky waste such as discarded furniture or large appliances should be left at designated temporary disposal areas by the roadside for the environmental protection agencies' crews to pick up, the department said.
The department also encouraged people to use commercially available bleach — at concentration levels of between 3 percent and 6 percent — to sanitize indoor areas affected by flooding, and ask for assistance from local cleaning squads in cleaning up outdoor areas.
The slop and mud left by floodwaters could cause leptospirosis and melioidosis (also known as Whitmore's disease), so people should wear raincoats, face masks, waterproof long boots and gloves when cleaning up areas that were flooded, the centers said, adding that they should also wash their hands with soap after removing the protective gear.
In addition, elderly people and people who are physically weaker, have compromised immune systems, chronic diseases or skin trauma should try to avoid contact with post-flood debris and mud, the centers said, adding that if symptoms of illness occur, they should report coming into contact with slop or mud when seeking medical treatment.
The EPA and the Centers for Disease Control also urged the public to remove standing water from containers to diminish the breeding places for mosquitoes that can transmit dengue fever.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Chekhov experienced no conflict between art and science or art and medicine. He believed that knowledge of one complemented the other. Chekhov brought medical knowledge and sensitivity to his creative writing--he had an intimate knowledge of the world of medicine and the skills of doctoring, and he utilized this information in his approach to his characters. His sensibility as a medical insider gave special poignancy to his physician characters. The doctors in his engaging tales demonstrate a wide spectrum of behavior, personality, and character. At their best, they demonstrate courage, altruism, and tenderness, qualities that lie at the heart of good medical practice. At their worst, they display insensitivity and incompetency.
The stories in Chekhov's Doctors are powerful portraits of doctors in their everyday lives, struggling with their own personal problems as well as trying to serve their patients. The fifth volume in the acclaimed Literature and Medicine Series, Chekhov's Doctors will serve as a rich text for professional health care educators as well as for general readers.


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Who Can Apply:
- Richard "88 Fingers" Turner, Jr. is a beloved husband and talented pianist.
- Known for his dexterity and musical talent, Richard has inspired the next generation of aspiring African American musicians. In order to truly thrive in the industry, it's critical for musicians to have a strong educational foundation, which can often be inaccessible due to the high cost of college.
- This scholarship seeks to honor Richard Turner, Jr. by supporting African American musicians in their pursuit of education.
- Any African American two or four-year undergraduate student who is pursuing a music degree and career may apply for this scholarship.
Submission: To apply, submit a 2-3 minute video of yourself performing.
Deadline: August 1, 2023
Learn More: _URL_


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Free Online Dictionary
|Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia||Download this dictionary|
The Whiskered Auklet, Aethia pygmaea, is a small seabird of the auk family. It has a more restricted range than other members of its genus, Aethia, living only around the Aleutian Islands and on some islands off Siberia (like Commander Islands), and breeding on these islands. It is one of the smallest alcids, only the closely related Least Auklet being smaller. Its name is derived from the long white feathers on its face that are part of its breeding plumage.
|See more at Wikipedia.org...|
The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "Aethia pygmaea", to help you become a better English speaker.
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FAUZIAH, CATUR KHUROTUL (2007) HUBUNGAN ANTARA RELIGIUSITAS DENGAN KEPUASAN HIDUP PADA LANJUT USIA. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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Religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. Terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. Where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. This study uses a quantitative approach. The subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school Nurul Ulum. The sampling technique used is total sampling. With number of study subjects 50 people. Data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. Data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program SPSS for Windows version 10. Results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age (r = 0.419 p = 0.002). This means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person's life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. The effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17.6%, while 82,4% influenced by other variables had not been examined.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Psychology > Department of Psychology|
|Depositing User:||Zainul Afandi|
|Date Deposited:||29 May 2012 09:29|
|Last Modified:||29 May 2012 09:29|
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During weathering, elements enriched in black shale are dispersed in the environment by aqueous and mechanical transport. Here a unique evaluation of the differential release, transport, and fate of Fe and 15 trace elements during progressive weathering of the Devonian New Albany Shale in Kentucky is presented. Results of chemical analyses along a weathering profile (unweathered through progressively weathered shale to soil) describe the chemically distinct pathways of the trace elements and the rate that elements are transferred into the broader, local environment. Trace elements enriched in the unweathered shale are in massive or framboidal pyrite, minor sphalerite, CuS and NiS phases, organic matter and clay minerals. These phases are subject to varying degrees and rates of alteration along the profile. Cadmium, Co, Mn, Ni, and Zn are removed from weathered shale during sulfide-mineral oxidation and transported primarily in aqueous solution. The aqueous fluxes for these trace elements range from 0.1 g/ha/a (Cd) to 44 g/ha/a (Mn). When hydrologic and climatic conditions are favorable, solutions seep to surface exposures, evaporate, and form Fe-sulfate efflorescent salts rich in these elements. Elements that remain dissolved in the low pH (<4) streams and groundwater draining New Albany Shale watersheds become fixed by reactions that increase pH. Neutralization of the weathering solution in local streams results in elements being adsorbed and precipitated onto sediment surfaces, resulting in trace element anomalies. Other elements are strongly adsorbed or structurally bound to solid phases during weathering. Copper and U initially are concentrated in weathering solutions, but become fixed to modern plant litter in soil formed on New Albany Shale. Molybdenum, Pb, Sb, and Se are released from sulfide minerals and organic matter by oxidation and accumulate in Fe-oxyhydroxide clay coatings that concentrate in surface soil during illuviation. Chromium, Ti, and V are strongly correlated with clay abundance and considered to be in the structure of illitic clay. Illite undergoes minimal alteration during weathering and is concentrated during illuvial processes. Arsenic concentration increases across the weathering profile and is associated with the succession of secondary Fe(III) minerals that form with progressive weathering. Detrital fluxes of particle-bound trace elements range from 0.1 g/ha/a (Sb) to 8 g/ha/a (Mo). Although many of the elements are concentrated in the stream sediments, changes in pH and redox conditions along the sediment transport path could facilitate their release for aqueous transport.
Additional publication details
Weathering of the New Albany Shale, Kentucky: II. Redistribution of minor and trace elements


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The Moon is a Harsh Mistress is an interesting book—very different and oddly intriguing. Set on the moon circa 2075, Robert Heinlein's science fiction story is steeped heavily in historical precedents of revolutions and societal reformation. Heinlein's libertarianism is apparent and recognizable in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, but it's not caricatured. What the book lacks, however, are characters the reader can connect with and care about.
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress is a fairly sophisticated look at the difficulties of revolutions. Interestingly, so much of what the book showcases is on display in global politics today. It's tough building a new nation, and the book was obviously inspired by historical events such as the American Revolution. (The Declaration of Independence is directly referenced and quoted in the book by the "Loonies" to justify their own rebellion). I love the subject matter and was vey interested throughout the entire book; however, I can see how other readers who care less about such matters or lack historical knowledge of past revolutions, especially the American Revolution, may find the book obtuse and miss key insights.
The greatest weakness of Heinlein's story is its lack of relatable characters. Characters are there and they play key and important roles, but that's about as far their involvement goes in the story. There are few human moments, but there is not enough to endear any of the characters to the reader. I wouldn't blame someone for starting but not finishing the book because it can feel very detached most of the time. Furthermore, the writing itself in the book is hard to get used to. My wife, who has a Bachelor's degree in English from Brigham Young University, took a single glance at one page and said: "That's a sentence fragment." In the context of the book and its style, the grammatical mistakes are not incorrect but it was still jarring to read.
I enjoyed The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. It was interesting, intriguing, and thought-provoking. It was also not terribly fun to read. It won the Hugo Award in 1967 and deserves acclaim for the creativity and insight it provides within the science fiction genre, but it's not a book I'll recommend to a lot of people. I liked it, but I'm not everybody.
Other Topics of Interest:
Reflections: The Road to Serfdom
What Every American Should Read


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THE EUROPEANIZATION OF THE WESTERN BALKANS, STRENGTENING THE RULE OF LAW AND FIGHTING THE CORRUPTION
The aim of this paper is to give an overview on how did Europeanization affect the field of the rule of law in the countries of WBs. However, the rule of law is a very broad area, made out of many subareas in the EU's eyes (as it is in general), and tackling all of them would be too broad and for some periods even too complicated. Their analyzing would definitely exceed the maximum allowed number of pages for this paper. This paper, alongside a very brief overview of the field of the rule of law in WBs countries, will also focus more closely on the fight against the corruption, and in order to make it even more narrow, the emphasis will be on the two current EU candidate WBs countries, Serbia and Montenegro. The results presented in the concluding remarks are somewhat expected given the history and the current state of the two case countries, as well as the WBs overall. The still much needed reform in the field of the rule of law, and specifically in fighting the corruption is a must for these countries.


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Methods of the Clothes Visual Presentation.
Galun D., Ph.D.
Complete and assortment methods of the clothes presentation are considered to be basic in various systems of visual merchandising. The complete method also called capsule, by color themes, is a presentation of the kit of mutually compatible and mutually substitute items ready for consumption. The main task of this method is to increase the complexity of the purchase. The assortment method (also matrix, category method) contains placing one or more models of all colors, one after the other in a limited area of commercial equipment. The main objective of this method is to simplify the process of choosing the models in a store. Let us consider advantages and flaws of each of them.
The main advantage of the complete method is in illusion of creating a full-fledged image in the eyes of a potential buyer (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Wall display designed by the complete method.
For example, the coat model, the jacket model, blouses or jersey models which can be combined with the jacket are hanging in sequence on the same bar. Then there is a model of trousers or skirt recommended by a stylist to provide the full kit displayed on the bar. In that case products are coordinated by color and style, as by main criteria of the visual aesthetics. Everything is demonstrated obviously to the consumer. Besides the complete method performed on a wall equipment makes the clothes presentation more attractive, more various, more dynamic by lengths, colors, textures and materials. Unfortunately, the process of creating and maintaining such a visual presentation is time-consuming and it requires special staff training in most cases, especially for the store of mass-consumer goods. The advantage of the assortment method is the simplicity of its creation and application. A store is usually divided into zones of shoulder and waist clothes, or into more specific categories within in case of using the method widely in stores with a full assortment (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Display of a single assortment group.
In this case, the consumer moves around easily in space. He can find any model and size in need for purchasing an item belonging to a concrete assortment in one place. The flaw of application of this widely used method is in the impression of the store where base assortment is not combinative. Consequently, the indicators of complex purchase are supposed to be low.
Compilation of these methods allows us to use the advantages of each of them in many of the systems of practical visual merchandising. Products are displayed as a composition of sets on wall equipment to create some feeling of the store with a wide line of goods, while the items shown on freestanding equipment are ranged by groups of assortment that simplifies the process of choice for moving around the room (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Simultaneous use of the complete and the assortment methods.
- Last name, first name in full. Galun Dmitry
- Degree (if any). Ph.D.
- Name of educational institution. Moscow State University for Design and Technology
- E-mail address. _EMAIL_
- Mailing address (be sure to index). 107 113, Moscow, Russia, 3d Rybinskaya 1/40-41


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PROJECT TITLE :
Nerve Growth Factor-Immobilized Electrically Conducting Fibrous Scaffolds for Potential Use in Neural Engineering Applications
Engineered scaffolds simultaneously exhibiting multiple cues are highly desirable for neural tissue regeneration. To this end, we developed a neural tissue engineering scaffold that displays submicrometer-scale features, electrical conductivity, and neurotrophic activity. Specifically, electrospun poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers were layered with a nanometer thick coating of electrically conducting polypyrrole (PPy) presenting carboxylic groups. Then, nerve growth factor (NGF) was chemically immobilized onto the surface of the fibers. These NGF-immobilized PPy-coated PLGA (NGF-PPyPLGA) fibers supported PC12 neurite formation (28.0±3.0% of the cells) and neurite outgrowth (14.2 μm median length), which were comparable to that observed with NGF (50 ng/mL) in culture medium (29.Oil.3%, 14.4 μm). Electrical stimulation of PC12 cells on NGF-immobilized PPyPLGA fiber scaffolds was found to further improve neurite development and neurite length by 18% and 17%, respectively, compared to unstimulated cells on the NGF-immobilized fibers. Hence, submicrometer-scale fibrous scaffolds that incorporate neurotrophic and electroconducting activities may serve as promising neural tissue engineering scaffolds such as nerve guidance conduits.
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5. Tips To Help You Choose an LED Power Supply
On the off chance that you are on this page, odds are that you are searching for a force supply to change over AC voltage into DC voltage. Remember that you need to consider a ton of variables when searching for the correct LED power supply to address your issues. Given beneath are the tips to assist you with selecting.
1. Wattage
Above all else, you ought to figure the wattage your LED lights will require. Preferably, you ought to have in any event 20% more force for good measure. All you need to do is duplicate the complete wattage by the figure 1.2. The subsequent figure is the appraised power your gadget should uphold.
Commonly, this rating is composed on the rear of the gadget. You can investigate the specs of the unit to discover how much wattage it can uphold.
2. Voltage/Current
On the off chance that you need to supplant a broken force supply or assemble a smt led strip power supply framework, ensure you realize that the voltage produced by the inventory is viable with the framework that you need to run. For example, if the framework requires 12 volts, ensure the force doesn't produce higher voltage or the framework will be singed.
Aside from this, ensure that the force supply unit can endure the info voltage. In the event that it doesn't have adaptability with regards to taking care of the varieties in the info voltage, you will be at the danger of consuming the unit.
3. Temperature and Weather
Most force supplies are intended to work effectively just on the off chance that they are worked in a specific temperature range. Thus, you might need to ensure that the unit can be run in your piece of the existence where the temperature is excessively low or excessively high. Additionally, the unit should have an implicit ventilation framework to manage the warmth.
4. Proficiency
The force supply proficiency alludes to the force that is utilized to illuminate the LEDs. You can save a ton of force if the unit has a high effectiveness rating. All things considered, you might need to go for a force source that accompanies in any event 80% effectiveness.
5. Size
In the event that you are searching for a force supply for your LED framework, ensure you get a unit that can without much of a stretch fit in the space you have. You can look over provisions of changed sizes. In light of your requirements, you can go for the correct size and shape.
On the off chance that the unit is too large, it will require a great deal of room in your room. Along these lines, it can make issues for you. In this way, we propose that you check the gadget size prior to submitting your request. This is significantly more significant in the event that you are purchasing on the web.


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URLs can contain a wide variety of characters; however, there are only certain characters that you can put directly into a URL. For example, you cannot put a space into a URL. If you wanted to pass the value "John Smith" to the variable "name", do not construct a URL such as:
The above URL is invalid because spaces are not allowed in a URL. To put a space into a URL, write the URL as:
The above URL contains the characters "%20" instead of a space. This is because a space is ASCII code 32. The decimal number "32" is "20" in hexadecimal. Any ASCII code, from 0 (hexadecimal 0) to 255 (hexadecimal FF) can be represented this way.
However, the space character is special. There is a second way that it can be represented. Spaces can be represented with the plus (+) character. Therefore, it is valid to represent the above URL as:
This means the only way to represent a "+" symbol in a URL is to use the hexadecimal ASCII code "%2B". Now that you understand how to construct a URL, it is time to see how to use them. This will be covered in the next section.


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(Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc.) was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide, although it could also be demanded in other cases of serious crime. The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early northern European societies, such as those of the Vikings
, and Anglo-Saxons
; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge. The payment was typically made to the family or to the clan. The word means, literally, "man price".
The size of the weregild in cases of murder was largely conditional upon the social rank of the victim. Thralls and slaves technically commanded no weregild, however it was commonplace to make a nominal payment in the case of a thrall and the value of the slave in such a case.
Weregild was also known to the Celts, who called it ericfine. Other cultures had similar customs e.g. the Slavonic glowczyzna.


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Congratulations to our parent organization, the Roanoke Valley Alleghany Regional Commission!
WASHINGTON – The U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) today jointly announced the Roanoke Valley-Alleghany Regional Commission (RVARC) as one of this year's eight Transportation Planning Excellence Award (TPEA) recipients.
"Building a world-class transportation system doesn't happen overnight, and never by accident," said U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx. "These important awards recognize the critical role planning plays in meeting America's future transportation challenges."
The RVARC's "Bus Stop Accessibility Study" was recognized as a national example of addressing the link between pedestrian and transit, and developing new ways to determine, evaluate and compare bus stop activity. It used survey data to identify the most active bus stops and those with the greatest number of mobility impaired riders. The study's results led to more accessible bus stops with better overall system efficiency.
"Given the limited funds available for infrastructure improvements, data-driven tools like this one help to prioritize local transportation investments," said Acting Federal Highway Administrator Gregory Nadeau. "Thanks to pioneering work like theirs, the transportation community is now able to specifically pinpoint the areas needing improvements, and why they are needed."
Selected by an independent panel, the awards are a biennial recognition by the FHWA and FTA of outstanding transportation planning practices performed by planners and decision makers in communities across the country.
This year, eight winners were selected of 35 TPEA submissions from around the nation. Criteria for selection included: community, public involvement and partnerships; context sensitive solutions; innovation and effectiveness; equity; implementation and strategy; multi-modalism; and potential for long-term benefits.
"It's important to recognize the creative efforts of the nation's transportation planners," said Acting Federal Transit Administrator Therese W. McMillan. "The future of our infrastructure system begins with their vision."
"It's important to recognize the creative efforts of the nation's transportation planners," said Acting Federal Transit Administrator Therese W. McMillan. "RVARC's innovative evaluation process led to a major bus route adjustment and pedestrian enhancements to bus stops along a high-activity, low-income corridor."


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[CNI News thanks Stig Agermose for forwarding this story from the BBC's online news service.]
(April 16, 1998) -- Researchers at Glasgow University say a huge rock formation on the planet's surface is probably a giant fossil created billions of year ago by microbes. The Glasgow team believes that photographs of the fossil on the white rock -- a 17 km-wide feature in a giant crater -- are the strongest proof to date of life on the Red Planet.
Professor Mike Russell says he believes the formation was caused by bacteria whose growth was fueled by the sun and nutrients in the water in a crater lake.
However, he believes that the lifeforms probably retreated below ground billions of years ago when conditions became harder and water disappeared from the surface.
"There probably is still life on Mars, but not actually on the surface. Wherever there is water on a planet there is likely to have been life. But Mars now has a dry desert surface so there probably is not any life near the surface," he said.
Dr. Russell also believes it possible that the formation on the white rock could be similar to magnesium-rich deposits found on Earth, which were created by micro-bacteria feeding on magnesium, carbon dioxide and iron and light.
Back to document index
Original file name: CNI - Mars.Fossil
This file was converted with TextToHTML - (c) Logic n.v.


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What is statute law simple definition?
We often speak of two broad sources of law: statute law (the law made by the Commonwealth, State and Territory Parliaments) and common law (for present purposes, the law made by judges in the exercise of both common law and equitable jurisdiction1).
What is a statute law example?
A police officer pulls you over, and you are given a citation for violating the speed limit. You have broken a vehicle and traffic law. This law is established by legislature as a statute, or a law that is formally written and enacted. As a result, the law you broke was a statutory law.
What is Australian statute law?
Statutory Law is law made by parliament. This may be the Federal parliament or the parliament of a State or Territory. These laws start as bills and are passed by two houses of parliament (except in Queensland where there is only one house). If the bills are approved in these houses, they become Acts.
What is the difference between a law and a statute?
Statute law is written laws originating from municipalities, states, or national legislatures; laws are written or unwritten guidelines or rules that are followed by communities. 2. Statutes are not cumulative; each legislative session has a separate volume.
Why is statute law the most important?
Some, like Works of Authority, are of lesser importance. However, Statute Law stands out as the most important source of the constitution. The reason for this is that Parliament is sovereign. Therefore, any law passed by Parliament (a Statute Law) takes precedence over all other sources of the constitution.
How do you write a statute?
There are generally four elements in a citation to a statute in the United States Code:
- The title number.
- The abbreviation of the code used (here, U.S.C.)
- The section symbol (§) followed by a space and the section number containing the statute.
- The year of the code. (optional if citing to the current code – Bluebook R.
What is an example of a case law?
Example of Case Law Application
Martin argues that the new law applies only to landlords of large multi-tenant properties. … When they sue their landlord, the court must use the previous court's decision in applying the law. This example of case law refers to two cases heard in the state court, at the same level.
Does statutory mean Legal?
Both are adjectives and both are concerned with the law. If something is legal, it is allowed by the law, whereas if it is statutory, it is regulated by law.
What are the statutes of God?
According to verse 1, God's commandments are his rules and statutes – so pretty much anything God says in the Bible. Commandments, rules, and statutes seem to be interchangeable according to this verse.
What are the 2 types of laws in Australia?
There are two main sources of law in Australia, case law or common law, based on the decisions of judges in the superior courts, and legislation, the law made by Parliament.
What is an example of statute law in Australia?
statute law: the body of law enacted by the nine parliaments (one Commonwealth, six state and two territory), for example: – state legislation such as the Goods Act 1958 (Vic); Crimes Act 1958 (Vic); – Commonwealth legislation such as the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) and the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).
What is an example of common law in Australia?
In a common law system, decisions of superior courts are binding on inferior courts. So, for example, precedents set by the High Court of Australia must be followed by the Supreme Court of New South Wales, the District Court of New South Wales, and the Local Court of New South Wales.


Japanese-born artist Michiyo Ihara uses only paper and pencil to create artwork that expresses the complexity of the universe. Beginning at the center of the white paper, she makes her first mark. Building outward with amazing skill and intricacy, she rotates the paper to continue the drawing. Each tiny symbol, sometimes animal, plant or planet, exists within a cell-like membrane. One little universe begets another as they grow outward in a beautiful, imperfect near symmetry. Ihara begins each drawing title with the word snowflake to reference the infinite and unique possibilities of creation.
The artist lives and works in Brooklyn, NY.


What is Unit Labor Cost in HRM? PDF Book
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During implementation, NGDBuild reports the following errors:
"ERROR:NgdBuild:412 - Invalid UCF/NCF file entry value detected while reading UCF file addtest.ucf, line number is 0..."
"ERROR:NgdBuild:31 - Errors found while parsing.ucf file "addtest.ucf". Please check for syntax errors in the UCF file. For more information on legal UCF constraints, please see the "Attributes, Constraints, and Carry Logic" section of the Libraries Guide."
These messages indicate that a parsing error occurred when the UCF file was being read. Check the syntax of the constraint at the line number specified in the error message. The value specified in the error message indicates the place in the line where the syntax error occurs.
This error will sometimes occur if a "=" is missing in the middle of the constraint or if a semicolon is missing from the end of a line. It can also occur if a keyword is misspelled, or if there is no object to which the constraint is attached.
If the line number specified is "0," check the last entry in the UCF file for valid syntax.


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SAP Change Control Tool Selection and ROI Justification – Part II: Arriving at Your True Change Control Requirements
Implementing an SAP Change Control Solution would be simple if every enterprise had the same objectives – but they don't. They may have similar concerns but the tooling decision to address their concerns will have a very large impact on whether objectives are met. This is why it's so important to start with the big picture and then drill down to specifics.
Some considerations at the change-control level may seem obvious but it's essential not to ignore them:
- Flexibility: As changes move from development through testing to production, how do established policies or procedures affect progress? Do you use different tiers of authorizations for changes or do they all funnel through a single manager or office? How important is it to be able to modify or change these on the fly? Can you put a value on being able to manage changes quicker, easier or more specifically?
- Current automation: SAP sets its "factory" goal as no more than two full-time employees per shift for shepherding changes through the landscape, but it's just a rule of thumb. No two companies are the same. Still, automated change control needs fewer staff to shepherd changes, allowing others to work on higher-value activities. If achieving this goal is a requirement – what would be your ROI?
- Required or future automation: Having identified manual steps, you can look at where manual errors have contributed to issues and can define points where automation could help prevent problems. Work out your automation requirements accordingly and the potential value by way of cost savings, error detection improvements or manual task removal.
- Documentation: Incomplete documentation causes more than audit exceptions. It can impede development if, for example, a staff change leaves a new developer scrambling to figure out why something was done. In all but the most straightforward, simple systems, poor documentation can become a very sharp thorn in your side. What is the value of a fast and clean audit or an effective and speedy development handover?
- Compliance: If your industry is highly regulated or publicly traded, poor change and policy enforcement can lead to cascading problems and even legal difficulties for the business side. If you could guarantee compliance to all your regulated processes this would bring peace of mind and reduced risk. To what degree would this be part of your requirements and, once again, what value would be placed on it?
- Visibility: You and your teams need fast, reliable information on process flows, scheduling, and change transport handling, just to pick out three examples. How much digging does it take to identify who requested a change, why and when, and to locate a transport in the process (DEV, QAS, PRD)?
- Process Management: Most organizations with large, complex infrastructures have settled on a 'multi-lane' or 'multi-track' approach that reflects different priorities for different types of change. Can a change solution allow IT to follow different development, QA, review and approval policies with different types of change?
These questions can help you avoid selecting, or even evaluating a solution that may leave your team unable to respond when unanticipated demands (or opportunities) arise – even though a less capable (or seemingly less expensive) approach might correct a few current pain points. I cannot stress enough the value of getting this right before inviting solution providers to present their solutions. More than once have we been part of an abandoned evaluation due to the evaluation team having not been thorough during the requirements establishment phase.
If you get this part right, you will save evaluation time and will may even eliminate some solution providers early – which will save time and money. And you will be half way towards your ROI justification as well.
Next month, I'll discuss how to view business-side requirements in the assessment process and how best to do battle with the status quo to meet your goals.


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Sablefish is a moderately growing, long-lived species that is found in deep waters of the Pacific Ocean, from northern Alaska to Baja California.
Sablefish abundance is currently at a moderate level. Abundance depends heavily on annual recruitment, which may be affected by environmental conditions like water temperature, currents and food availability.
In Alaska, Sablefish are caught primarily by longlines, while bottom trawls are used more on the West Coast. Trawls are significantly more damaging to seafloor ecosystems and result in greater bycatch of immature and non-target fish.
Management of Sablefish is good overall, with implementation of a quota share system in which fishers own a share of the total allowed catch and are allowed to fish at anytime within the season. This allows fishermen the time to target areas with lower bycatch. Sablefish are one of the most valuable fisheries in Alaska and the West Coast.


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In addition to the.pyx source files, Cython uses.pxd files which work like C header files – they contain Cython declarations (and sometimes code sections) which are only meant for inclusion by Cython modules. A pxd file is imported into a pyx module by using the cimport keyword.
pxd files have many use-cases:
They can be used for sharing external C declarations.
They can contain functions which are well suited for inlining by the C compiler. Such functions should be marked inline, example:cdef inline int int_min(int a, int b): return b if b < a else a
When accompanying an equally named pyx file, they provide a Cython interface to the Cython module so that other Cython modules can communicate with it using a more efficient protocol than the Python one.
In our integration example, we might break it up into pxd files like this:
Add a cmath.pxd function which defines the C functions available from the C math.h header file, like sin. Then one would simply do from cmath cimport sin in integrate.pyx.
Add a integrate.pxd so that other modules written in Cython can define fast custom functions to integrate.cdef class Function: cpdef evaluate(self, double x) cpdef integrate(Function f, double a, double b, int N)
Note that if you have a cdef class with attributes, the attributes must be declared in the class declaration pxd file (if you use one), not the pyx file. The compiler will tell you about this.


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Critiques are one of the most effective ways Pincher SAR has to improve the manner in which it works. The purpose of a critique is not to be critical but to share an understanding of what worked well and what could be improved. By building on this shared understanding, Pincher SAR can continuously improve its responses.
Pincher SAR performs a critique after all but minor incidents.
Neutral knowledgeable facilitator
Invite all stakeholders
Respect confidentiality
Facts first
Focus on learnings
A critique is not about criticism. It should not become a forum for blame or guilt.
Ideas, not decisions
Discuss around functional areas
After an incident of any size there is a lot to discuss. If every person brings up every point they can think of, the meeting will be so long that everyone would be exhausted.
Round table
Leading up to the critique
 - Prepare for the meeting
 - Announce by e-mail or call-out.
 - Decide whether snacks are needed and arrange them.
 - Collect suggestions from those members that can't attend.
Your effort: 1 hr
At the critique
 - Chair the meeting.
 - Your function is to focus and facilitate the discussion. Let the participants do most of the talking. If you get involved in bringing out your own suggestions or teaching, it's very easy to get distracted from your facilitation role. Perhaps you can add any suggestions you have to the report in the same way as you'll add any suggestions emailed to you by those who could not attend.
 - Ask someone to take detailed notes. This shouldn't be someone who will be doing a lot of talking during the critique (e.g. central person in the incident).
 - introductions
 - sign in (to the critique)
 - confidentiality
 - what a critique is
 - understanding
 - learning, improvement
 - suggestions, ideas
 - how suggestions will be distributed
 - committees that will make decisions on suggestions
 - incident summary (from draft 1-page report)
 The leading questions are just to help the participants think about the subject matter of the functional area. The chair can read them if the participants are stumped about what to say about a functional area. They don't have to be answered.
 - mandate
 leading questions: Does our team have a mandate to respond to these types of situations? Should it? Are there other organizations that have a mandate to be involved?
 - first notification / tasking
 leading questions: Was the emergency detected promptly? How was it deteced? Who called who? Was the magnitude of the emergency assessed correctly at the start? What means were used for this assessment? Are any guides or aids needed to assist emergency evaluation? Was our information adequate?
 - call-out
 leading questions: When was Callout notified? Was it appropriate to mobilize PCSAR resources and was this promptly initiated? How could the response time improve? Was a search manager notified promptly? Were search personnel notified promptly? Were the appropriate type of personnel requested? Were there people that met the criteria that were not called? Was their an appropriate response? Were contact numbers up to date?
 - investigation
 leading questions: What investigations were happening beyond the search effort? What information was key to shaping the search? What could be done to obtain trustworthy information in a timely manner?
 - communications
 leading questions: Were communications adequate? What technology was or could have been used? Did messages get passed when they were needed? Was communications clear and accurate?
 - (de)briefing
 leading questions: How were teams briefed? Were they provided sufficient background information? Did they understand their assignment and operating procedures? Were teams efficiently debriefed? Did all the information that was needed get recorded?
 - searching
 leading questions: What was the initial strategy for response to this emergency? What techniques proved effective How did the stategy evolve and change during the emergency and how were thes changes implemented? What problems did seachers encounter? What improvements could be made in searching?
 - access/return from segment
 leading questions: How was access to/from the search segments?
 - extrication
 leading questions: How was the subject extricated? What would have made it more complicated? Was the team prepared for the possible situations?
 - stand down
 leading questions: When was the decision made to stand down? Were there problems demobolizing?
 - CISM
 leading questions: What were/could have been the critical stresses on this incident? What support was available/used?
 - prevention, public education
 leading questions: How could this incident have been prevented? Was this incident used to educated the public?
 - travel
 leading questions: How did responders get to and from the site? Were convoy's used? Was there a need for people to check in when they returned? Was travel safety evaluated?
 - Plans Section
 leading questions: What preplans were in place to help with this incident? Were maps, situation reports, weather and hazard forecasts provided to all who needed them? Was the selection of team assignments guided by analysis of the situation? Was the plan for the next op period ready before it started? Were clues, PODs, map updates and recommendations from the field being used to focus search efforts and provide updated information to teams going to the field?
 - Logistics Section
 leading questions: What teams/personnel/equipment/materiel was mobilized? How were they mobilized? How did utilization change with time? Were resources used effectively? Were they easy to obtain? Do we have adequate knowledge of resource availability? Are there other resources in our team that we didn't know we had?
 - media
 leading questions: How was the media handled? What problems were encountered?
 - family
 leading questions: What support did the family need? What critical information came from the family? Was the family kept informed? Did we use other teams to link with family in other communities?
 - post ops
 leading questions: What were the major post op activities? When was the team fully ready to be deployed again? Was this work left to only a few volunteers?
 - learning
 leading questions: How has/could the critique support learning? For exercises, how did/could the goals/techniques promote learning?
 - miscellaneous
 leading questions: Are there any subject areas we haven't touched on?
Your effort: 1.5 hrs
After the critique
 - Report
 - Forward your report to each group.
Your effort: 2.5 hrs.
Critique notes
See also
Personal tools


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Two world class astronomers from the McDonald Observatory, near Fort Davis, Texas, will be on the Hardin-Simmons University campus on Friday to speak about the Davis Mountains' observatory and some of the incredible findings made using the world's third largest telescope, the Hobby-Eberly Telescope.
"This is a rare opportunity for HSU students and faculty," says HSU professor of mathematics and founder of the International Asteroid Search Collaboration, Dr. Patrick Miller.
Dr. David Lambert, director of the McDonald Observatory, and Dr. Karl Gebhardt, esteemed Joan Suit Professor of Astrophysics, both professors at University of Texas, Austin, will speak in HSU's Holland Science Building, Friday, January 25, 2013, 1-2 p.m., room 220.
They will give a general talk on astronomy plus present the recent findings made at the McDonald Observatory. One of these findings, from November 2012, is the largest black hole ever discovered in the universe. "This object weighs as much as 17 billion Suns, and is located in the distant galaxy NGC 1277, found 220 million light years from Earth," says Miller.
Miller says, "This is an opportunity for the community, HSU students, and HSU faculty and staff to meet these world-famous astronomers, and hear them describe the most recent discoveries made at the McDonald Observatory."
Artist's concept of what a future telescope might see in looking at a black hole at the heart of a galaxy. Clumpy gas swirls around the black hole in an accretion disk, feeding the central beast. The black area at center is the black hole itself, defined by the event horizon, beyond which nothing can escape. The bright blue jet shooting from the region of the black hole is created by gas that never made it into the hole itself but was instead funneled into a very energetic jet. Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA illustration by Lynette Cook
Photo: Dr. Karl Gebhardt, Herman and Joan Suit Professor of Astrophysics at The University of Texas at Austin. Credit: McDonald Observatory/UT-Austin


Quick Answer: What Does Heaped Spoonful Mean?
What size is a tablespoon?
A metric tablespoon is exactly equal to 15 mL (0.51 US fl oz)..
How much does a tablespoon of flour weigh in ounces?
How many spoons is an ounce?
2 tablespoons1 US fluid ounce (oz) is equal to 2 tablespoons (tbsp).
What does crouched mean?
Meaning of crouched in English to bend your knees and lower yourself so that you are close to the ground and leaning forward slightly: She saw him coming and crouched (down) behind a bush.
Is a heaped tablespoon an ounce?
A rounded tablespoon means there is as much of the product you are measuring above the top edge of the spoon as there is in the "bowl" of the spoon. A heaped tablespoon means as much as you can get on the spoon without it falling off. … A stick of butter is equal to half a cup, 4 ounces, 8 tablespoons or 113 grams.
What is a heaped teaspoon?
Dry ingredients A rounded teaspoon is a larger but less precise measure, produced by heaping the ingredient as high as possible without leveling the ingredient off. A heaping or heaped teaspoon is an even larger inexact measure consisting of the amount obtained by scooping the dry ingredient up without leveling it off.
Which spoon is a table spoon?
A plastic tablespoon and teaspoon. A tablespoon is a unit of measure equal to 1/16 cup, 3 teaspoons, or 1/2 fluid ounce in the USA. It is either approximately or (in some countries) exactly equal to 15 mL. "Tablespoon" may be abbreviated as T (note: uppercase letter), tbl, tbs or tbsp.
How much does a tablespoon of sugar weigh in ounces?
0.44 ozOne tablespoon of granulated sugar converted to ounce equals to 0.44 oz. How many ounces of granulated sugar are in 1 tablespoon? The answer is: The change of 1 tbsp ( tablespoon ) unit in a granulated sugar measure equals = into 0.44 oz ( ounce ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same granulated sugar type.
What does Wise mean?
adjective, wis·er, wis·est. having the power of discerning and judging properly as to what is true or right; possessing discernment, judgment, or discretion. characterized by or showing such power; judicious or prudent: a wise decision.
Should a teaspoon be heaped?
It is inherently less precise than a level teaspoon. 1 heaping tsp means you pretty much try to get as big a pile of sugar onto the spoon as you can, without spilling it. It's a little over a smidgen more than a rounded teaspoon. Helpful hint: Don't try to measure a heaping teaspoon when dealing with liquids.
What does heaped mean?
1 : a collection of things thrown one on another : pile. 2 : a great number or large quantity : lot. heap. verb. heaped; heaping; heaps.
How many tablespoons are in a scoop?
1.5 tablespoons(about 1.5 tablespoons per scoop).
How many teaspoons are in a heaping teaspoon?
1 1/3 tspThe exact answer will depend on the teaspoon you are using, but with mine, 1 heaped teaspoon is around 1 1/3 tsp, or just under 7ml.
What does heaping cup mean?
A heaping cup is 1 cup plus 1-2 tablespoons (for liquid measures it is called a generous cup) and a scant cup is 1 cup minus 1-2 tablespoons. We have already posted some basic conversions from cups to weight for common items like flour and sugar.


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Asteroid Trails - Machine Learning Group
ESA's Hubble Space Telescope Archive contains more than a hundred Tb of data. All these images were used in the past to conduct major breakthroughs in Astrophysics, but we still can find hidden treasures laying within them. We are using Machine Learning techniques to analyse images from ACS/WFC and WFC3/UVIS instruments looking for serendipitous asteroid trails passing between the telescope and its target. Starting from citizen science project Asteroid Hunter, we used data classified by volunteers to train Google's AutoML Object Detection model to identify asteroid streaks.
Our goal: get relevant scientific information to characterise these objects and check whether they are already known by humankind.


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The body of one of the Sasanian attackers lay in the mine, still clad in his iron mail shirt, his helmet and sword near his feet. (Image credit: Yale University Art Gallery, Dura-Europos Excavation Archive).
University of Leicester archaeologist uncovers evidence of ancient chemical warfare
CSI-style arguments suggest Persians routed Romans with poison gas
Issued on 14 January 2009
A researcher from the University of Leicester has identified what looks to be the oldest archaeological evidence for chemical warfare--from Roman times.
At the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, University of Leicester archaeologist Simon James presented CSI-style arguments that about twenty Roman soldiers, found in a siege-mine at the city of Dura-Europos, Syria, met their deaths not as a result of sword or spear, but through asphyxiation.
Dura-Europos on the Euphrates was conquered by the Romans who installed a large garrison. Around AD 256, the city was subjected to a ferocious siege by an army from the powerful new Sasanian Persian empire. The dramatic story is told entirely from archaeological remains; no ancient text describes it. Excavations during the 1920s-30s, renewed in recent years, have resulted in spectacular and gruesome discoveries.
The Sasanians used the full range of ancient siege techniques to break into the city, including mining operations to breach the walls. Roman defenders responded with 'counter-mines' to thwart the attackers. In one of these narrow, low galleries, a pile of bodies, representing about twenty Roman soldiers still with their arms, was found in the 1930s. While also conducting new fieldwork at the site, James has recently reappraised this coldest of cold-case 'crime scenes', in an attempt to understand exactly how these Romans died, and came to be lying where they were found.
Dr James, Reader in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Leicester, said: "It is evident that, when mine and countermine met, the Romans lost the ensuing struggle. Careful analysis of the disposition of the corpses shows they had been stacked at the mouth of the countermine by the Persians, using their victims to create a wall of bodies and shields, keeping Roman counterattack at bay while they set fire to the countermine, collapsing it, allowing the Persians to resume sapping the walls. This explains why the bodies were where they were found. But how did they die? For the Persians to kill twenty men in a space less than 2m high or wide, and about 11m long, required superhuman combat powers—or something more insidious."
Finds from the Roman tunnel revealed that the Persians used bitumen and sulphur crystals to get it burning. These provided the vital clue. When ignited, such materials give off dense clouds of choking gases. "The Persians will have heard the Romans tunnelling," says James, "and prepared a nasty surprise for them. I think the Sasanians placed braziers and bellows in their gallery, and when the Romans broke through, added the chemicals and pumped choking clouds into the Roman tunnel. The Roman assault party were unconscious in seconds, dead in minutes. Use of such smoke generators in siege-mines is actually mentioned in classical texts, and it is clear from the archaeological evidence at Dura that the Sasanian Persians were as knowledgeable in siege warfare as the Romans; they surely knew of this grim tactic."
Ironically, this Persian mine failed to bring the walls down, but it is clear that the Sasanians somehow broke into the city. James recently excavated a 'machine-gun belt', a row of catapult bolts, ready to use by the wall of the Roman camp inside the city, representing the last stand of the garrison during the final street fighting. The defenders and inhabitants were slaughtered or deported to Persia, the city abandoned forever, leaving its gruesome secrets undisturbed until modern archaeological research began to reveal them.
You can read more about Dr James' work at:
Above: Diagram showing the Sasanian Persian mine designed to collapse Dura's city wall and adjacent tower, the Roman countermine intended to stop them, and the probable location of the inferred Persian smoke-generator thought to have filled the Roman gallery with deadly fumes. The Persians may have used bellows, but a natural chimney effect may also have helped generate the poisonous cloud. (Image copyright Simon James)
Above: The results of the Persian mine, seen from inside the town. At the time the stone city walls had been encased in earth and mudbrick by the Roman defenders, to strengthen them against assaults like this. These countermeasures worked here: instead of falling over and letting the Persians in, when the Persians burned the pit-props beneath it, the wall sank into the ground, but stayed upright. This attack failed, but elsewhere the Sasanians breached the walls. (Image copyright Simon James)
Above: A new composite plan of the Roman countermine, showing the stack of Roman bodies near its entrance, the area of intense burning marking the gallery's destruction by the Persians, and the skeleton of one of the attackers—probably the man who set fire to the tunnel, but lingered too long to ensure it was alight, and was himself overcome by fumes from the bitumen and sulphur he used to start the blaze. (Image copyright Simon James)
NOTE TO NEWSDESK:
You can contact Dr James via: 0116 _PHONE_ email _EMAIL_


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Dental health begins in the womb. Researchers have found that babies born to women who consume cheese and other dairy products during pregnancy are likely to have better dental health than babies born to non-dairy-consumers.
A new study published in the Nutrition Journal went beyond previous studies examining the importance of calcium in the development of a fetus. Researchers at the Fukuoka University, University of Tokyo and Osaka City University took their study one step further; they wanted to find the long-term effects of prenatal cheese and dairy consumption on an infant's tooth development.
Researchers tracked 315 Japanese mother-and-child pairs, recording prenatal diets and dental examinations of children between 41 and 50 months of age.
The study, believed to be the first of its kind, found a strong connection between both cheese and total dairy consumption during pregnancy and decreased risk of childhood dental caries, such as tooth decay and cavities. The children of women who consumed more cheese during pregnancy had fewer dental problems than women who didn't. Similar findings were uncovered for prenatal dairy consumption.
Researchers believed that the link between prenatal dairy consumption and dental health in children was related to calcium, which might influence tooth mineralization during fetal development, increasing acid-resistance in tooth enamel.
While cheese proved to be the best option for improved pediatric dental health, researchers had no immediate explanation for their finding.
"In the current study, the risk reduction associated with maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy did not appear to be confounded by calcium intake," researchers said in the report. "Thus, components of cheese other than calcium might be responsible for the protective effects of maternal cheese intake against dental caries in children."


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- How does the amount of air in a soccer
ball affect how far it travels when struck by the same force? The
amount of air or air pressure in a soccer ball effects how far
the ball will travel when struck by the same force. The
higher air pressure that is put into a soccer ball improves the ball's
rebound off the foot of a player. More energy is transferred to
a "stiff" ball in an elastic collision. In other words, the ball deforms
less during the impact, so there's less energy lost to deformation.
- Does the atmospheric air pressure effect
how far a soccer ball travels when struck by the same force?
The atmospheric air pressure (the air surrounding the ball) also plays a role in how far a ball travels.
At lower pressure, there's less air friction. You can compare
it to kicking the ball in a tank of water to kicking the ball
on the moon. Balls go farther at high altitude because of the reduced drag from the air, which is thinner
as you go higher up. So there's a case where "reduced" air pressure makes
the ball go farther.
Also, the materials that the soccer ball is made out of effects how far the ball will
travel...but that is another question and experiment.
- How much air pressure should I put into a
Use Proper Air Pressure
Do not over or under pressurize a ball. Use
the manufactures recommended air pressure that is printed on
most balls. Most soccer balls have a pressure rating of 6 to 8
lbs. or 0.6 or 0.8 BAR. It is recommended that you use a
pressure gauge to measure the exact amount of pressure in a
ball after inflating and before use.
BAR or PSI or LBS?
Some soccer balls have recommended pressure
values indicated in BAR while others have the values indicated
in PSI or LBS. To convert the pressure values, use the
To convert BAR (KGS) to PSI (Lbs.):
Answer = 14.5037 X The amount of BAR(KGS)
For example: A soccer ball has a recommended
pressure of 0.6 BAR labeled on it. To convert BAR in
Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI), multiply 0.6 times 14.5037. The
answer is 8.7 PSI or Lbs.
To convert PSI (Lbs.) to BAR(KGS):
Answer =.068948 X The amount of PSI(Lbs.)
For example: A soccer ball has a recommended
pressure of 7.9 Lbs. (PSI) labeled on it. To convert
Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) into BAR, multiply 7.9 times
.068948. The answer is 0.545 BAR.
How Do I inflate my soccer balls? Soccer balls lose air pressure over time.
Sometimes over a few days (soccer balls that use butyl bladders keep
air pressure longer than balls that use latex bladders). Be sure to
check the pressure frequently to make sure the ball is properly
inflated. Therefore, invest in a good ball pump, have a supply
of inflation needles and use a low pressure gauge to measure for
Before you first inflate a soccer ball, place a couple drops of silicone
silicone lubricant spray or glycerin oil into the valve. You can purchase
the oils or spray at
your local hardware store. Using one of the lubricants will improve the
life of the valve and lubricate the valve for easy insertion of the
Always moisten the inflation
needle before you insert it into the valve. Preferably, use some
silicon oil, silicon spray or glycerin oil to moisten the needle. However; most people use
spit...yuk, but that is not recommended.
Manufacturers recommend that you reduce the
air pressure in your match balls after a game to reduce
the amount of stress on the ball seams or stitching. Be
sure to inflate the ball back to proper pressure before the
Why do I always have to pump up even
expensive balls? Many balls use bladders made out of latex.
Natural Latex Rubber
bladders offer the softest feel and response, but do not provide the best air
retention. Micro pores slowly let air escape. Balls with natural rubber bladders need to be re-inflated
more often than balls with butyl bladders. Even after one or two
days, the latex bladder will leak enough air so that you will have
to inflate the ball back to recommended pressure. Some balls use carbon-latex
bladders in which the carbon powder helps to close the micro pores.
Soccer balls with carbon latex bladders usually increase air
retention to approximately one week. Of course, check the ball
for punctures that may cause the air to leak out.
Soccer Balls with Butyl bladders or PU
bladders offer an excellent
combination of feel and air retention and can be found in most
middle to upper priced balls. Air retention is significantly
increased to weeks and months instead of days compared to balls
with latex bladders.
Why do some soccer balls get bigger over
time? Many soccer balls do
tend to get larger over time. This
is due to the pressure of the air in the bladder against the linings and
cover. Over time the material and stitching may stretch out
causing the ball to become larger. Also, soccer ball abuse may
cause the stitching to loosen and the ball to expand.
I'm still working on this part...check back soon.


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Presefy is a new service that you can use to share your presentations to your students' mobile devices. Through Presefy you can control your slides from your computer or from the browser in your iPad, iPhone, Android phone, or any other mobile device that has a web browser. When you advance the slides in your presentation the slides also advance on your students' mobile devices. Your students can take notes as they follow along with your slides.
To share your presentations just create a Presefy account and upload a PPTX or PDF file. Your account is given a channel name and URL. Share that URL with your students, have them enter it into their browsers, and they can follow along as you advance your slides. Learn more about Presefy in the video below.
Presefy - Go Mobile with your Presentations from Presefy on Vimeo.
The free version of Presefy allows you to store two presentations at a time. You can delete and re-upload presentations as many times as you want in the free account.


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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Training Analysis (sometimes called Training Needs Analysis (TNA)) is the formal process of identifying the training gap and its related training need.
Training can be described as "the acquisition of skills, concepts or attitudes that result in improved performance within the job environment". Training analysis looks at each aspect of an operational domain so that the initial skills, concepts and attitudes of the human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified.
Training analysis as a process often covers:
- Training Analysis is most often used as part of the system development process. Due to the close tie between the design of the system and the training required, in most cases it runs alongside the development to capture the training requirements.
Design Integrated Training AnalysisEdit
K. Tara Smith proposed and developed tools and methods for an integrated approach Design Integrated Training Analysis, where the trade-offs between design and training are both assessed in the light of the understanding of the operational tasks.
This approach also used information regarding recorded critical incidents to review proposed training and to provide traceability between hazards and training.
This single integrated approach to human factors and training analysis has been successfully used on a number of defence projects.
Training Analysis ProcessEdit
Over the last 20 years the critical nature of the man-in-the-loop has changed from simply manual dexterity and procedural operation to a state in which their decision making, cognitive abilities, data assimilation, communication skills, and attitude are all crucial. In addition the job structure of the personnel operationally involved with modern systems has diversified in direct proportion to the complexity of the technology. This has fuelled the need for a formal approach.
The task of training can be broken down into a number of discrete components, each addressing a different part of the overall learning process. This breakdown is as follows:-
- Psycho-motor Skills
- Procedural Skills
- Knowledge Transfer
- Communication Skills
- Colossal Thinking
- Attitude Learning
- Performance Training.
The role of training analysis is to build a formal bridge between the available design data and the training media and training objectives, in order to facilitate the transfer of training elements into the operational environment.
For complex multi-user system a user-to-task map is often constructed to present the relationship between the tasks and the identified team structure and also to identify new groups of users that would need to have an understanding of the system. The training gap is assessed by a comparison between the goals and tasks undertaken by the individuals and the existing training.
There is a wide variety of training media that can be used, ranging from traditional lecture-based teaching to sophisticated simulators. Different media will be more or less appropriate for different activities. It is necessary to determine the most suitable and cost-effective training media for the different areas.
There have been many different approaches defined, however, the system approach to training has been the most successful.
Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is defined as the "Identification of training requirements and the most cost effective means of meeting those requirements".
A TNA should always be performed where a major new development in policy, equipment acquisition or procedures is deemed to have potential impact upon the current training regime.
TST has considerable experience of successfully employing the accepted techniques applied to the development of training systems, including the Systems Approach to Training (SAT) in both the defence and civilian domains using customer specific standards such as JSP 822 where required.
Carrying out all TNA activates in accordance with SAT principles ensures rigorous visibility in each design stage with clear audit trails from the initial Scoping Study through to the recommended solution.
See also Edit
- ROI In Training: The good, the bad, and... the real A Focalworks article
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


Co-Mediation: When Two Heads Are Better Than One
Co-Mediation: When Two Heads Are Better Than One
Co-Mediation: When Two Heads Are Better Than One
Mediators differ in their preferences between mediating alone or with other mediators. While a strong mediator can effectively resolve most disputes, having multiple mediators working together can be advantageous in many circumstances. Co-mediation provides parties with the combination of knowledge, experience, and skills that an effective team offers while minimizing the effects of biases and blindspots. And it helps ensure that parties are being heard and gaining a greater understanding of each other.
By Ehsan Ali and Alnoor Maherali
Some organizations operate with the presumption of a single mediator working on the dispute. Others operate by a co-mediation model. Both approaches have demonstrated success and each can be well suited to most situations. But there can also be times when one may be better than the other. What differentiates one set of circumstances from the other is the nature of the conversation and the mediators themselves.
As with any team activity, when the individuals are working well together, their combined output is greater than the sum of their parts. However, when the team is at odds internally, challenges can arise. As such, many co-mediation teams take years to build up a solid rapport and a synergistic relationship to best serve their clients. But In other situations, particularly in community dispute resolution centers, mediators can meet each other for the first time right before a session and effectively co-mediate a dispute. There are two reasons for this.
The first is that the main principle of mediation is that it is not about the mediator. Whatever the makeup of the mediation team, the most important people in the room are the parties. That means that when mediators work alone or together, their priority is making sure the parties are welcomed, comfortable and able to actively participate in the process. So even if two mediators find themselves with different ideas on how to resolve the dispute, they can still work together for the best interests of the parties.
The second part of the answer is a shared set of values, grounded in decades of mediation theory and practice. When each mediator operates in accordance with the same principles and a common language of service and quality, differences in personality or communication styles within the mediation team can be effectively managed. So long as the values are being followed, mediators who might not otherwise relate well together can cooperate effectively to make sure parties are being heard and gaining a greater understanding of each other.
As such, quality can even be enhanced when mediators work together. In particular, co-mediation can provide the following benefits:
 1. Overcoming Biases and Blindspots: Mediators are human beings and are therefore affected by things they see and hear from their clients. However, when there is more than one mediator, they can help each other to recognize any biases that emerge and to maintain their neutrality. They will also pick up on different things in the mediation and thus are more likely to catch important details that could lead to resolutions.
 2. Establishing rapport with parties: An important step early in a mediation is for the mediator to establish a positive working relationship with the parties. As they start to trust the mediator and the process they feel more comfortable sharing information that could unlock the dispute. With two or more mediators in the room, there is a greater chance for achieving resonance with the parties, even as the mediators maintain their neutrality.
 3. Pedagogy: One of the greatest benefits of mediators working together is that different mediators learn techniques or best practices from each other that can serve the parties. Co-mediators will also consult each other and strategize together and these conversations can improve the outcomes for parties.
 4. Quality Control and Emotional Support: Most mediators will review cases once they're complete and provide feedback to each other on what worked well and what may not have. After especially emotional sessions, mediators can also benefit from discussing the dynamics and how it impacted them. This leaves them in a positive mindframe the next time they have to mediate.
These principles work even among people who might not get along otherwise. But when a team works well together outside the session, and has built on that natural advantage by training and working together in mediation sessions, the resulting co-mediation team becomes extremely effective and razor sharp at managing conflict and enabling difficult discussions. At Venn Mediation, we have that kind of collaborative dynamic. Our team works well together inside and outside the session. And that kind of effective communication results in a mediation team that – despite each mediators' well-established credentials – surpasses either of them working separately. When mediators collaborate rather than working alone, the parties benefit from their diverse knowledge, backgrounds, and skill sets.
A lone mediator can be preferable to teams of mediators operating (1) without a common understanding as to the purpose and underlying values of mediation, and (2) with a negative dynamic between the mediators. And many solo mediators have operated successfully for years to the benefit of their clients. But when a team of mediators has a shared set of values and an effective collaboration – the benefits can be exponential.
At Venn Mediation, we strive to leverage our effective collaboration to improve our client's outcomes and working relationships. From situations that are in their initial stages to those already in the legal process, Venn assists our clients to find settlement terms and deals that work for them. If you or someone you know is stuck in conflict, consider reaching out to Venn Mediation. We are based in New York but are experienced in online mediation and can work with people anywhere. Disputes can be difficult, but dispute resolution doesn't have to be. We would love to help.
Contact Us To Get Started
Contact Us
Questions? Comments? Call today at _PHONE_ or fill out the form below:
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I wanted to write something about sural nerve harvest because it is something I discuss with patients nearly every time we are talking about treatment of nerve injuries. We will often use the sural nerve as an autograft during nerve reconstruction cases. After we remove the scarred/injured part of the nerve, there is usually a gap that we cannot repair directly. We will suture the sural nerve graft to bridge the gap between the nerve ends, often laying down multiple segments of the graft ("cabling" the graft) to replicate the thickness of the nerve we are replacing.
How is the sural nerve harvested? The nerve is identified through either one long incision or a series of small incisions along the back of the calf (just behind the smaller bone in the shin - the fibula). The nerve is identified near the ankle level and traced up to the knee level. After the sural nerve is cleared from the surrounding tissue, the nerve is cut, removed from the body, and prepared for grafting.
What are the downsides of harvesting the sural nerve? Like they say, there's no free lunch.
- Numbness: The sural nerve's normal function is to provide sensation to the back of the calf and the outer border of the foot (area seen in purple). Removing the sural nerve will lead to numbness in this area, which is most noticed when walking barefoot or in sandals, or when playing sports like soccer/football that require contact with the outside of the foot. All patients will almost certainly experience this.
- Pain: Anytime a nerve is cut (including for a harvest), the nerve ends are very sensitive since they are trying to regenerate. Most of the time, the near-end of the nerve retracts into the calf muscles and doesn't see much irritation since it is buried so deeply. But in some patients (about 5%), the nerve can be very sensitive (painful neuroma). Most of the time, this will get better over time (about 3-6 months). Medications for nerve pain may be helpful. Very rarely, another surgery is needed to re-cut the nerve ends and bury them deep in muscle or bone.
- Infection, hematoma, wound healing problems, and blood clots (deep venous thrombosis) - these can happen in any leg surgery and certainly need to be mentioned.
Are there any other options? Nerve grafts can be harvested from other sources (such as the saphenous nerve in the thigh, the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve around the elbow, and the posterior interosseous nerve in the wrist) instead of (or in addition to) the sural nerve. The sural nerve tends to be many surgeons' preferred choice (including mine) because it has the highest percentage of nerve fibers (fascicles), a lot of graft can be harvested (up to 35-40cm), and the downsides seem to be tolerated well. Cadaver nerve graft (allograft) is another option, but the studies are still being done to show if it is "good enough" when compared to using the patient's own nerve (autograft). One of the biggest issues with the allograft is that the process to make the allograft non-reactive and non-infectious removes some of the cells that promote nerve regeneration (Schwann cells).
Christopher J. Dy, MD MPH


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1984 – Puerto Rican – San Francisco, CA
Nearly 2,000 murres among bird victims in 1984 Puerto Rican spill
Just after dawn on October 31, 1984, the oil tanker T/V Puerto Rican exploded offshore of San Francisco and released nearly 1.5 million gallons of oil near the Farallon Islands.
At least 1,856 Common Murres, 548 Cassin's Auklets, and 176 Arctic Loons died during the spill. The oil spill came during the non-breeding season when Common Murres float in the sea making them more susceptible in a oil spill. The oil continued to leak from the vessel over a two-week period. The stern area of the ship later sunk with 365,500 gallons of bunker fuel that reportedly leaked for several years following the incident.
An IBRRC response team helped care for the oiled birds. During this spill net-bottom caging for seabirds was conceived by IBRRC Director, Jay Holcomb. This caging allowed birds to be treated without developing major keel sores that was so evident in early oil spill responses.
According to a U.S. Coast Guard report:
The ship exploded 20 miles offshore releasing approximately 1,470,000 million gallons of oil (lube oil, lube oil additives, and bunker oil).
- The spill reached Farallon Islands and vicinity of Bodega Bay and south past San Francisco. • An estimated 2,874 seabirds died. Also unknown damage to water quality, fishery resources, marine mammals, and human uses.
- In 1985, the USCG had recovered a little more than 61,000 gallons during cleanup operations • The stern section sunk 17 km south of Farallon Islands at 37° 30.6′ N 123° 2'W
- Birds treated – 624
- Died/Euthanized – 309
- Released – 315
- Release rate – 50%
Common Murres have a penguin-like appearance. They use wings to dive under water for cod and herring. Murres are extremely sensitive to oil spills as these birds spend most of the non-breedding season at sea. Major oil spills along central California coast have had a significant impact on their populations.
Also see Farallones Marine Sanctuary Fact Sheet on spill: _URL_