A new breed of operators
By Agnes Shanley, Managing Editor
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With all the downsizing going on today, there's one group of people whose jobs promise to be secure: skilled process operators and control technicians for chemical processing plants. These paraprofessionals are in short supply today, and the need for them will be greater than ever as more baby boomers retire over the next ten years.
There are just a few problems. First and foremost, as Eastman Chemical CEO Brian Ferguson points out in his exclusive Chemical Processing op-ed in "In the News" (November 2003), most U.S. high schools aren't preparing their graduates to step directly into skilled jobs. Allowing upperclassmen to designate core courses as "electives" has watered down curricula and led to serious deficiencies in math, science, computer and communications skills.
In fact, according to the National Association of Manufacturers and Labor Department statistics, if the situation doesn't change, 40% of the entry-level labor force will not have the skills they need to get a job in the "new economy." And this includes college graduates, particularly that minority of liberal arts students who avoid math, science and computer courses like the plague.
Secondly, the term "manufacturing" has become an anathema to most young people, conjuring up visions of rust belt decay and dead-end assembly-line jobs. However, manufacturing, at least that portion of it that remains onshore, is changing, particularly in the process industries, which are using more-advanced control platforms and communications tools requiring more complex skill sets and decisionmaking ability.
Where, in the past, there was a sharp distinction between the white collar and the blue collar world, today, at the manufacturing plant level, those boundaries have started to blur as blue-collar jobs evolve into "gold collar" positions requiring strong basic skills, excellent communications, comfort with computers and basic scientific principles, and the ability to work effectively as part of a team.
Not a Junior Role
The training grounds for this new paraprofessional are not four-year colleges, but community colleges offering two-year Associates Degrees in process operations and instrumentation.
Recognizing the need to reach out to the young people in their own back yards, and the importance of helping to shape programs that will prepare them to work, more chemical and petrochemical companies, including Dow, DuPont and BP, have been partnering with local schools, and working with groups such as the Center for the Advancement of Process Technology (CAPT) in Texas, which met last month to discuss future trends and best practices.
The results of these partnerships have been encouraging. More students are enrolling in programs, and more chemical processing companies are requiring that entry-level operator hires either have, or get, two-year degrees. Dow Chemical, for example, insists that all new hires in its site logistics department receive their AAS degrees within five years of hire. A number of online computer courses have been developed to facilitate this.
The new programs offer return on investment, both for employers and students. BP training director John Payne says the programs have saved his company a tremendous amount of training time and streamlined the hiring process. Hiring two-year-degree holders saved $3,375 per person in training costs at BP's Texas City facility, and allowed the new hires to complete qualification requirements 40% faster than those without the degrees, saving $13,000 in overtime. The degreed individuals also had a 37% better safety performance record he says. In general, throughout BP, assuming 638 new hires, Payne says, the savings from hiring certified two-year-degree holders would exceed $5 million.
The skills of those with two-year degrees were noticeably better than those of the high-school graduates. At its Citgo facility in Lake Charles, BP saw a 28% improvement in learning ability and arithmetic reasoning, an 81% improvement in knowledge of chemistry, and 63% improvement in mechanical skills.
Graduates of the programs, many of them in their late 20s, also see positive returns, including starting salaries that rival those of starting engineers. Instead of being "locked in" to a subsidiary position, today's operators can increase skills through training and move into managerial positions.
Developing these programs has been a win-win for companies and for people who need challenging, well-paying work. If you haven't connected with local community colleges, or even high schools in your area, maybe you should. The future of the chemical processing labor force is in your hands.
As the paraprofessional career track becomes better defined,vocational training may lose whatever stigma it may have had in the past. As the labor market becomes more competitive, it's becoming clearer that there may not be any room for B- or C-average chemical engineering graduates, just as there hasn't been too much room for A-average graduates in anthropology. Vocational training will become more attractive to those who've only thought about "academic" training. Strong programs and close involvement of industry will ensure that the paraprofessional track develops a prestige and following of its own, and lead to a more diverse and interesting workforce in the future.
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Community Blog Reduce Service Use by 80% by Migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
Reduce Service Use by 80% by Migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
This article discusses the why's and how's of migrating from MongoDB to Elasticsearch.
Released by ELK Geek
MongoDB and Elasticsearch are two popular databases and have been subject to many debates between supporters of the two technologies. However, this article only represents the author's individual experience rather than opinions of any group. This article covers the following two topics:
 - Why you should migrate from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
 - How to migrate from MongoDB to Elasticsearch
MongoDB is positioned to compete with relational databases. However, in almost all projects, the data of core business systems is still stored in traditional relational databases rather than MongoDB.
1. Project Background
As a player in the logistics and express delivery industry, the company has an extensive and complex business system. Massive business data is produced every day by a large number of users. The business data undergoes a variety of status changes during its lifecycle. To facilitate log tracking and analysis, the system operation logging project was established, and based on the original average daily data volume, MongoDB was selected to store operation log data.
The operation logging system records the following two types of data:
1) Primary change data that describes who performs operations, what operations are performed, which system modules are operated on, when the operations are performed, what data numbers are involved, and what operation tracking numbers are assigned.
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operateTime": "2019-11-11 12:12:12",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients"
2) Secondary change data that describes the actual values before and after a change. Changes to multiple fields in one row of data result in multiple data entries. Therefore, a large number of such data entries are recorded.
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients",
 "beforeValue": "20",
 "afterValue": "30",
 "columnName": "customerType"
 "dataId": 1,
 "traceId": "abc",
 "moduleCode": "crm_01",
 "operationId": 100,
 "operationName": "Zhang San",
 "departmentId": 1000,
 "departmentName": "Account Department",
 "operationContent": "Visit clients",
 "beforeValue": "2019-11-02",
 "afterValue": "2019-11-10",
 "columnName": "lastVisitDate"
2. Project Architecture
The project architecture is as follows:
 1. When you add or edit data in the business system, an operation log record is generated and sent to a Kafka cluster, using the dataId field as the key.
 2. The data you add or edit is stored in a MySQL database.
 3. A Canal cluster subscribes to the MySQL cluster and configures the databases and tables monitored according to the modules of the business system.
 4. The Canal cluster sends the modified business data to the Kafka cluster, using the dataId field as the key.
 5. The operation log system obtains primary and secondary record data from the Kafka cluster.
 6. The operation log system writes the data to MongoDB and requires reverse query capabilities.
Figure: Workflow of the operation logging system
MongoDB Architecture
Cluster architecture:
1) Servers are configured with 8-core 32 GB memory and 500 GB solid state drives (SSDs).
2) Three router servers are deployed.
3) Three configuration servers are deployed.
4) Nine shard servers are deployed.
5) Three shards are designed for primary operation records.
6) Three shards are designed for secondary operation records.
Fans of MongoDB may suspect that we were not using MongoDB properly, our O&M capabilities were insufficient, or we were under the influence of an Elasticsearch expert. In fact, we shifted from MongoDB to Elasticsearch based on actual scenario requirements rather than any technical bias. The reasons are described in the following sections.
1. Search and Query
1) MongoDB uses B-Tree as its index structure. This index gives the highest priority to the leftmost alternative and is effective only when the query order is consistent with the order of the index fields. This is beneficial for some applications, but can also be fatal in the complex business scenarios we are faced with today.
2) Queries for operation log records in the business system involve many filter criteria that can be arbitrarily combined. This is not supported by MongoDB, or by any relational database. To support this, you have to create a lot of B+Tree index combinations, which is not practical.
3) In addition, primary and secondary records contain a lot of character-type data. Therefore, both exact query and full-text search are required to query this kind of data. In these respects, MongoDB provides inadequate functions and poor performance, leading to frequent timeouts in business system queries. By contrast, Elasticsearch is a very suitable solution.
2. Technology Stack Maturity
1) In terms of sharding and replica implementation, you have to bind collection data in MongoDB to specific instances during design. This means you have to finalize the allocation of nodes for shards and replica sets during cluster configuration. This is essentially the same as sharding traditional relational databases. In fact, this mode is widely used by the clusters of many data products, such as Redis-cluster and ClickHouse. By contrast, Elasticsearch clusters are not bound to shards or replica sets and can be adjusted as needed. In addition, Elasticsearch makes it easy to adopt different performance configurations for different nodes.
2) Operation logs accumulate rapidly, with over 10 million new entries every day. As a result, you have to scale out your servers at short time intervals, and this process is much more complicated than Elasticsearch.
3) Each MongoDB collection contains more than 1 billion data records. As a result, the performance of a simple quest in MongoDB is inferior to a query by inverted indexes in Elasticsearch.
4) The company has different levels of experience with the Elasticsearch and MongoDB technology stacks. Elasticsearch is widely used in many projects including core projects, so the company is accustomed to the technologies and O&M of Elasticsearch. By contrast, MongoDB is suitable for nothing apart from core business scenarios. However, no one wants to risk using MongoDB in core projects, leaving MongoDB in a very embarrassing situation.
3. Same Document Formats
MongoDB and Elasticsearch are both document-oriented databases. Binary Serialized Document Format (BSON) is similar to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and the _objectid field works in the same way as the _id field. Therefore, the data model essentially remains unchanged when primary and secondary data is migrated to the Elasticsearch platform.
Migration Solution
Migration between heterogeneous data systems consists involves two parts:
1) Migrate the application system at the upper layer. This involves shifting from MongoDB-oriented syntax rules to Elasticsearch-oriented ones.
2) Migrate data at the lower layer from MongoDB to Elasticsearch.
1. Evaluate Elastic Capacity
The original MongoDB cluster consisted of 15 servers, of which nine were data servers. How many servers are needed after migration to the Elasticsearch cluster? Use the following simple calculation. Assume that a MongoDB collection in the production environment contains 1 billion data entries. First, synchronize 1 million data entries from MongoDB to Elasticsearch in the test environment. If the 1 million data entries occupy 10 GB of disk space, 1 TB of disk space is required in the production environment. Then, add some redundancy based on expected business growth. According to this preliminary evaluation, the Elasticsearch cluster needs three servers configured with 8-core 16 GB memory and 2 TB hard disk drives (HDDs). Consequently, the number of servers is reduced from 15 to 3, significantly reducing configuration costs.
2. Set Elastic Index Rules
System operation logs are time-series data that requires no modification once fully written. Operation log records are queried most frequently in the month when they are generated and are seldom queried as historical data afterward. According to evaluation results, core data indexes are created and generated on a monthly basis. You must specify an operation time period when you make a service query so that the backend can identify query indexes based on the specified time period. Elasticsearch APIs support multi-index matching queries, making full use of Elasticsearch's features to merge queries that span multiple months. It is enough to create and generate non-core data indexes on a yearly basis.
3. Design Core Implementation Logic
Elasticsearch is not a relational database and does not have a transaction mechanism. All the data of the operation log system is sourced from the Kafka cluster. Data is consumed in sequence according to a mechanism. Therefore, pay special attention to the following two scenarios:
 - When primary data is synchronized to the operation log system before secondary data, the primary data records and Binlog field data are pieced together first when the secondary data is written.
 - When secondary data is synchronized to the operation log system before primary data, relevant index fields in secondary indexes are updated based on the primary data.
In Elasticsearch, index data is updated according to a near-real-time refresh mechanism. Therefore, data cannot be queried through search APIs immediately after it is submitted. In this case, how can we


text:
|One way to summarize the astounding improvements in survival at older ages is to look at the numbers of centenarians and super-centenarianspeople who live to age 110 and beyond. How many centenarians will there be in the world on Jan. 1, 2000? James Vaupel asked at a seminar earlier this month. Many wont be celebrating vigorously, of course, but there will be about 100,000 of them, said Vaupel, whose work is at the intersection of the biological and social sciences.|
The talk by Vaupel, described as a true Renaissance person whose work is at the intersection of the biological and social sciences, was co-sponsored by the Population Studies Center, part of the Institute for Social Research, and the recently formed Geriatrics and Aging Research Consortium, an interdisciplinary group convened by Jeffrey Halter, director of the Geriatrics Center.
Before 1950, there was rapid progress in reducing mortality at younger ages, said Vaupel, who is executive director of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Berlin, and heads the Institutes Laboratory of Survival and Longevity. After 1950, there has been no progress in reducing mortality at younger ages and rapid progress at older ages.
One way to summarize the astounding improvements in survival at older ages is to look at the numbers of centenarians and super-centenarianspeople who live to age 110 and beyond. How many centenarians will there be in the world on Jan. 1, 2000? asked Vaupel. Many wont be celebrating vigorously, of course, but there will be about 100,000 of them. These are people who have lived for three centuries, having been born in the 19th, living in the 20th, and living to see the start of the 21st century.
On Jan. 1, 1990, there were about 50,000 centenarians in the world, and their numbers have been doubling every decade since 1950. So, we guess that on Jan. 1, 1900, there were about 1,000 centenarians celebrating, and on Jan. 1, 1700, there were only about 20 to 30.
Then there are the super-centenarians, Vaupel noted. So far as scientists know, there were none until 1930, when a Northern Ireland woman celebrated her 110th birthday. In the 1970s there were four, in the 80s, 10, and in the 90s, there have been 24.
Citing a series of studies of twins from Denmark and other countries, Vaupel said that about 25 percent of the variability in longevity is probably related to genetic factors, with another 25 percent of the variability due to fixed, non-genetic factors before birth and during the early years of life. Fully one-half of the variability is a result of changing environmental factors and behaviors after the first years of life, including nutrition, environmental exposure to toxins, exercise and lifestyle choices.
Vaupel also discussed the age trajectory of mortality, presenting data based on hundreds of millions of observations from societies around the world. Surprisingly, the graphs show that human mortality rates may reach a peak between the ages of 100 and 110, then fall. Maybe Madame Jean Calment, who died recently in France at the age of 122 1/2, single-handedly pulled the curve down, Vaupel quipped. But in any case, the data run counter to one of the basic predictions of the biological sciencesthat there is a black hole, or stone wall of very high mortality after the reproductive ages, where death rates should rise swiftly.
Vaupel and colleagues also looked at the age trajectory of mortality in other species, from Mediterranean fruit flies to nematode worms and yeasts. The final species we examined was automobiles, he said. Toyotas and Chevrolets. That was important because it addresses the issue of the extent to which the pattern is characteristic of biological systems or of complex systems in general. And in all cases, we found some leveling off, if not a decline, at the highest ages. Its a real puzzle.
Vaupel noted that there are many interesting and important approaches to research on aging and longevity, including geriatrics, gerontology and public policy, as well as genetics, statistics and demography. The demographic approach may provide insights and methods to illuminate such questions as why there was very little progress in reducing mortality at older ages before 1950, and why such progress is accelerating so rapidly today.
About the Consortium
The goal of the U-M Geriatrics and Aging Research Consortium is to bring together the leaders of major U-M centers, institutes, and programs from across the campus with a focus on aging and geriatrics issues, explains Jeffrey Halter, to strengthen research collaborations, with a particular emphasis on genetic and societal interactions in aging. Halter directs the Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center in addition to the Geriatrics Center.
Participants in the group include Sid Gilman, professor and chair, Department of Neurology, and director, U-M Alzheimers Disease Research Center; Norman Foster, professor of neurology and clinical director, Alzheimers Disease Research Center; Richard Miller, professor of pathology and associate director for research, Geriatrics Center;
John A. Faulkner, professor of physiology and director, Nathan Shock Center for the Biology of Aging, Institute of Gerontology; Ari Gafni, professor of biological chemistry and director, Institute of Gerontology; Mark Supiano, associate professor of internal medicine and director, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center; and George Kaplan, professor and chair, Department of Epidemiology.
Participants from the Institute for Social Research (ISR) include David L. Featherman, professor of sociology and of psychology and ISR director; Albert I. Hermalin, profesor emeritus of sociology; Denise Park, professor of psychology and director, Center for Applied Cognitive Research on Aging; David Lam, professor of economics and director, Exploratory Center on the Demography of Aging; Robert J. Willis, professor of economics and director, Health and Retirement Study; Lee Lillard, professor of economics and director, Michigan Retirement Research Center; and James Jackson, professor of psychology and director, African-American Mental Health Research Center.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
, hoists, and hand trucks are used to move heavy loads. weight is reduced to the lowest feasible level.
For more information on how to implement an ergonomics program, call: 1-800-35-NIOSH
To obtain a copy of the NIOSH Lifting Equation, a useful tool for redesigning lifting tasks, call the National Technical Information Service at _PHONE_. Please reference order number PB94176930LJM.
What if I Still Decide to Use Back Belts?
NIOSH believes that the decision to use back belts should be a voluntary decision by both employers and employees. Back belt use should not be a mandatory job requirement. If your workforce continues to wear back belts, you should remember the following points:
- There is a lack of scientific evidence that back belts work.
- Workers wearing back belts may attempt to lift more weight than they would have without a belt. A false sense of security may subject workers to greater risk of injury.
- Workers and employers should redesign the work environment and work tasks to reduce lifting hazards, rather than rely solely on back belts to prevent injury.
- The research needed to adequately assess back belt effectiveness will take several years to complete. In the interim, workers should not assume that back belts are protective.
Have Other Groups Questioned the Effectiveness of Back Belts?
NIOSH is not alone in questioning the effectiveness of back belts. Other institutions issuing similar statements include the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the Bureau of Mines, the Army Office of the Surgeon General, the State of Washington Department of Labor and Industries, the Alberta Ministry of Occupational Health and Safety (Canada), the United Brotherhood of Carpenters, and the Construction Safety Association of Ontario.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TTY: _PHONE_
- New Hours of Operation
- Contact CDC-INFO


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Data Diode Products
Comprehensive, hardware-enforced data diode cybersecurity products for commercial and industrial use, built from the ground up for seamless data availability and unhackable security.
What is Owl Data Diode
An Owl data diode goes way beyond a disabled cable; it is a hardware-based electronic device designed with two separate circuits – one send-only, and one receive-only – which physically constrain the transfer of data to one direction only and form an "air gap" between the source and destination networks. As described below, Owl provides a multi-layered, patented approach to the design of our data diodes.
Data Diode Purpose
Data diodes are used to defend networks from cyber-attacks and transfer information generated within the protected network in a one-way fashion to end-users outside the network. In this way, data can be sent to the cloud, a remote monitoring facility, support engineers, regulatory bodies or any other end-user that needs access, without creating a vulnerability or threat vector into the network. Data diodes separate and create boundaries between trusted and untrusted networks and straddle the demarcation line between them. This separation between networks is more commonly known as network segmentation. This is a basic and vital part of any comprehensive cybersecurity strategy. It is perhaps simplest to think of data diodes as digital one-way valves for data, allowing data to flow out, without a way back in. Data diodes can be used to protect very small network segments, such as an individual industrial controller, a car, or a database, or they can be used to protect a very large segment, such as an entire nuclear power plant.
Data Diode Products by Form Factor
OPDS - 100
Multi-purpose, Medium Throughput
OPDS - 1000
Multi-purpose, High Throughput
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Raw Ethernet Packets, Very High Trougput
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Multi-purpose, Bidirectional, Filtering
OPDS - 100D
Multi-purpose, Industrial Form Factor
Single Protocol, Lower Througpu
Bidirectional, Secure Command & Control
The Owl Perimeter Defense Solution (OPDS) product line is designed to support the Critical Infrastructure markets. These cybersecurity products are oriented around protecting the data networks and digital assets (SCADA, PLCs, DCS, databases, historians, etc.) located at various critical infrastructure facilities including plants, mines, power plants, banks, substations, credit unions, pump stations, oil rigs, etc.
The concept is to protect the control systems within the facility by creating a secure cyber perimeter around the plant so that plant operations are not interrupted, sabotaged or otherwise impacted by some kind of cyberattack. The concern is not only for threats against single facilities (i.e. a nuclear power plants, refineries) but also a coordinated, simultaneous attack that shuts down multiple power substations, freshwater delivery systems or bank branches for example; leading to significant stress, disorder, and in the minds of the attackers, chaos.


Definitions of Manufacturing
– Manufacturing is the production of goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines:
– Manufacturing is the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale:
– Manufacturing is the business of making things in factories.
 Dangote Cement Industry in Tanzania
Significance / Importance of Manufacturing Industry
 1. It provides employment
 2. Diversification of the economy; Industries reduce the reliance on one type of product
 3. Earning of foreign currency example Germany earns foreign currency because of exporting the manufactured products
 4. It leads to self-sufficiency. The country reduces its reliance on imported goods hence its economy becomes stable
 5. Development of transport and communication like roads railway lines, ports etc
 6. It encourages improvement of social services
 1. It reduces expenses on imports
Types of Manufacturing Industries
Manufacturing industries are divided into processing and fabrication industries.
 1. Processing industriesare the ones which deal with preparing the raw materials for fabrication. For example coffee pulping, decorator and cashew nuts hullers
 1. Fabricating industriesare the ones that deal with making new products from the processed materials for example textile industry.
Manufacturing industries can also be classified as heavy industries or light industries:
 1. Heavy industriesare industries which involve the production of bulky and heavy products like iron and steel industry, car assembling and shipping etc
 2. Light industriesare those which involve the production of light and complex products for example the manufacture of plastics, textiles, cosmetics and paper
Factors Influencing the Location of Industries
These are several factors which combine to influence the location of industries these include:
 1. Availability of raw material. Some industries are located near to the source of raw materials, for example most of the processing industries and food manufacturing industries
 1. Fuel and power availability. For example location of iron and steel industries in United Kingdom and china
 1. Human resources. This helps to the labour supply both skilled and unskilled
 1. Availability of capital. This is needed for the investment in the machinery and importation of raw materials
 1. Market availability.
 1. Industrial inertia and historical factors Industrial inertia is the tendency of old industries to remain in the same area without shifting to the new area. Despite of unfavourable conditions these industries continue being in the same area because of the well-established transport system and assured supply of labor as well as social services supply.
 1. Availability of transport and communication systems.
 1. Government policies. This helps on balancing the economic development of a certain area and provision of jobs
 1. Government stability. Is the ability of government in maintenance of peace of a particular place.
Effects of the Manufacturing Industries on the Environment
 1. Mining leads to environment pollution, that is water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and noise pollution.
 2. a) Air pollutionwhich caused by the introduction of greenhouses gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide.
 3. b) Water pollutioncaused by introduction of hot water and chemicals from the industries,
 4. c) Soil pollutiondue to dumping radioctive materials on the soil
 5. d) Noise pollutiondue to loud voice from the industries which can disturb the people.
 1. Mining causes land dereliction (exhaustion), this destroys the nature of the landscape and leads to mineral resources exhaustion.
 1. It accelerates deforestation as a result of clearing of vegetation so as to eastablish the mining centers and settlement.
 1. The size of the land is reduced and the soil structure and texture are destroyed because of the mixture with fragments of rock and hence plant growth can not take place easily.
 1. Mining leads to the disappearance of valuable plant species
 1. Greenhouse effect and global warming can occur as a result of energy generating minerals like coal, uranium etc.
 1. The pits which are flooded with water act as mosquito breeding places and hence accerate the spread of malaria.
 1. Positive effects involve the use of virgin land which was once useless
Types of Pollutants
 1. a) Gaseous pollutants; Are the pollutants which occur in gaseous form. These include greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide etc which pollute the air. These pollutants on polluting the air lead to the formation of acidic rainfall and global warming. Acid rainfall leads to the addition of acid in the soil which in turn causes the death of plants and microorganisms as well as destruction of buildings by removing the paint on the walls.
 1. b) Particulate dust matter and other solid matter Are the pollutants which occur in particle or solid which emirates from the industries get into the air or water bodies or soil and cause contamination. These can lead to the increase in acid or toxicity in places where they can be dumped
 1. c) Liquid matters; this includes all forms of molten or semi molten materials (liquid). These involve hot water and chemicals from industries. Hot water leads to thermal pollution of water bodies which can kill the aquatic animals/organisms because of the sharp rise in temperature
 Air Pollution
General Effects of Industrial Pollutants on the Health of an Individual Employee and Communities living around
 1. Water pollutants cause disease like Cancer, Typhoid, and diarrhea.
 2. Air pollution can lead to respiratory diseases like bronchitis to employees and people around.
 3. Soil pollution can cause decline in agricultural production and hence lead to starvation to take place
 4. People are also affected by noise and sometimes can lead to problems in the blood circulation. For example Blood pressure and heart attack.
Ways of Reducing Pollutants
 1. The combustion system in the engines should be filled with efficient facilities so that the amount of greenhouse can be reduced if not solved totally.
 1. The industries should be located far away from the residential areas.
 1. Recycling the wastes for example the metal materials should be recycled so as to reduce wastes
 1. There should be other activities developed so as to avoid over dependency on manufacturing industries only especially in Japan etc. other materials.
 1. To avoid noise pollution the parts of the engine should be lubricated and materials used should be like bronze which does not make noise.
 1. There should be concerted efforts by the government and non-governmental organizations and some committed individuals in certain environmental pollution.
 1. There should be strong policies governing the industrial operations and ensuring that people who invest in industrial operations /development are given proper education on how to handle the waste products properly i.e. recycling
 1. The industrial wastes should be treated to render them harmless to the health of people.
 1. Alternative energy sources which are environmentally friendly like solar energy, natural gas, wind power etc.
 Water Pollution
Ship building in Japan expanded fast after the Second World War.
The Main Reasons for that Expansion have been outlined below;
 1. Japan's enormous increase in external trade which led to the increase in demand of merchant ships
 1. Japan's large engineering industry has stimulated the development of ship building.
 1. Absence of old established ship building industry made it easy to introduce modernization. Normally old industries tend to create problems in introducing new technology.
 1. A large skilled labour force Technology is well advanced and efficient hence has stimulated the fast development of the industry.
 1. Strong determination to become successful in industrial and trade activities in Japan Introduction of prefabricated ship building
 1. The development of fishing industry in Japan and worldwide has stimulated the development of the ship building industry.
 1. Forestry industry in Japan has also contributed a lot since the forest materials are used as one of the components in ship building.
 1. Ready market worldwide especially in rich countries
 1. The government policy has supported the industrial development of the shipping industry in Japan.
 1. Reliable supply of power like HEP power and nuclear energy
 1. The need to import raw materials has stimulated the development of the Ship building industry. This is because the country lacks raw materials so it imports most of its raw materials and the ship building industry could help in cutting down some coasts of transport.
 Ship Building
Problems of the Ship Building Industry
 1. Frequent earth quakes threaten the industry because the country lies within the weak zone of the earth's crust
 1. Stiff challenge from the other countries like China and South Korea which are also developing their own shipping industries. This reduces the market
 1. The industry also faces opposition from the environmentalists and is believed to be one of their sources of pollution in the world. Coastal areas have been polluted and this affects people and animals. Location of the shipping industries Most of Japanese ship yards are located along the coast these include: Kobe Osaka, Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Tokyo and Hiroshima
The motor cars and Lorries are now produced in the USA on assembly line. Assembly needs considerable engineering Skills. USA is the largest producer of road vehicles and the industry is located along the shores of the great lakes in regions such as Detroit, Cleveland and buffalo. Another important center is Los Angeles in California. Early modern car manufacturing in the USA begun in the early 1900 and half of the world cars are produced


Girls Go to Boarding Schools More Than Other Students
30 Mar
A boarding school is an establishment in which children attend full time while receiving formal educational instruction from a teacher or professional instructor. The word "boarding" is used here in the context of "boarding room", i.e., the boarding school itself and rooms that are located within it. As they've been around for a number of years and continue to thrive today, their primary ethos and function changes greatly from one age group to another. It's a fact that childhood often resembles adolescence in terms of emotions, and boarding schools have accommodated this by providing environments that enable children to experience real maturity. While many of them are residential boarding schools, others are day schools or bootcamps that provide their students with more individualized attention and discipline. There are several schools that fall under this general umbrella, and they each offer a different level of support and encouragement to their pupils. Get more details about this school here:
Day schools generally operate in much the same way as their residential counterparts. Students live at the boarding school premises during the day and go home at sundown. They spend the rest of the day learning at the school, undergoing training and receiving academic guidance from the faculty. They also live in hostels or communal living areas where there is a sense of camaraderie and comfort that cannot be replicated in a classroom environment. Some day schools also have a canteen or student cafeteria, providing the students with a quick and nutritious meal prior to going back to their homes.
For college prep students, therapeutic boarding schools are a great choice. Here students are given the opportunity to gain academic knowledge, while preparing themselves for college life on their own terms. Many therapeutic boarding schools operate in the same way as a normal community college, offering a limited number of credit hours and requiring a certain amount of participation in clinical study units. This gives students a chance to learn more about themselves, as well as build up academic and athletic strength.
There are also mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing camps available to students who wish to participate. In MMA fights, rules may vary from those found in traditional public schools. However, most MMA competitions involve competitors from both sexes, and both sexes will wear appropriate fighting gear. In boxing, judges may order punches to the head and neck area of competitors who appear to be out of shape.
The benefits of attending a boarding school for high school children and adults are varied. For children, it offers a chance to gain new friends while experiencing new activities and socialize with other students. For teens, it provides the chance to explore their entrepreneurial and leadership skills. Adults can gain the skills necessary to succeed in life by gaining work experience and hands-on training in a work setting. It also gives military boarding schools and other organizations an opportunity to provide valuable training and development to members of their staff and volunteers. This benefit is especially important for military children who may not have access to paid internships or other benefits typical of college programs. Start now to search for the best boarding school.
Public high schools are still largely considered to be "girl" things, even though more boys are enrolling in them every year. This attitude may eventually change, as more boys learn to respect and accept women and open up to them. This change could benefit both male and female students, both in and out of school. There is much need for more girls in power, leadership, and creative fields, and many programs exist that are currently in place to help those who wish to enter these fields and industries. Explore more about a boarding school here:
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Konstantin Alekseyevich Korovin
Born in Moscow in 1861. Died in Paris in 1939. It is strange that Korovin, a born painter, should begin his studies in the architectural department of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. However, only several months later, he became a student of A.K. Savrasov, and later V.D. Polenov. Continuing the line of Savrasov and Polenov's lyrical landscape, he arrived at the Impressionist vision of nature—a conveyance of light and air and creation directly from life—even before he saw the works of the French Impressionists in 1893. Korovin's trip to the Russian North in 1894 had a great influence on him. Korovin was highly productive as an artist of the theater. He worked for S.I. Mamontov's private opera from 1885, and in Imperial theaters later on. In 1923, he moved to Paris where he continued to work as a theatrical decorator and paint landscapes, particularly nocturnal scenes of Paris boulevards. Korovin was one of the most brilliant representatives of Impressionism in Russian art and he remained loyal to this trend in painting up to the end of the 1930s.
Valetin Aleksandrovich Serov
Portrait of the artist Konstantin Alekseyevich Korovin
oil on canvas
111.2 x 89 cm
State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Works by this artist


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Sun-Young Park, Ideals of the Body: Architecture, Urbanism, and Hygiene in Postrevolutionary Paris – University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018
Modern hygienic urbanism originated in the airy boulevards, public parks, and sewer system that transformed the Parisian cityscape in the mid-nineteenth century. Yet these well-known developments in public health built on a previous moment of anxiety about the hygiene of modern city dwellers. Amid fears of national decline that accompanied the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire, efforts to modernize Paris between 1800 and 1850 focused not on grand and comprehensive structural reforms, but rather on improving the bodily and mental fitness of the individual citizen. These forgotten efforts to renew and reform the physical and moral health of the urban subject found expression in the built environment of the city—in the gymnasiums, swimming pools, and green spaces of private and public institutions, from the pedagogical to the recreational. Sun-Young Park reveals how these anxieties about health and social order, which manifested in emerging ideals of the body, created a uniquely spatial and urban experience of modernity in the postrevolutionary capital, one profoundly impacted by hygiene, mobility, productivity, leisure, spectacle, and technology.
We know quite a bit about the physical signatures of urban "modernity" foisted upon Paris by Baron Haussmann in the late nineteenth century — the broad boulevards, networked infrastructures, connected apartment houses, and assorted monuments — but little scholarship has seized on its precursors in the half-century prior. In Ideals of the Body: Architecture, Urbanism, and Hygiene in Postrevolutionary Paris(University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018), Sun-Young Park turns to another modernity, recovering a daunting array of Romantic and especially post-Napoleonic interventions — less spectacular but arguably more complex — on mobile Parisian bodies and the everyday spaces that host them. Park considers military gymnasia, schools, barracks, leisure gardens, and other spaces purpose-built to inculcate vigor in both individuated physical bodies and, their proponents hoped amid specters of national decline, in the French body politic. Each of these spaces, Park shows, a "threshold" between fully private and fully public realms, helped install — albeit imperfectly — its own "ideal" of the sanitized and gendered human subject. Ideals of the Body is a detailed, visually rich, theoretically motivated study in urban and architectural history, one that just might realign how we periodize and make sense of urban modernity writ large.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Abstract: Engineered quartz is a high-end and stylish building decoration material. Under vacuum conditions, quartz crystals, resins, and trace pigments are made into large-sized plates through heterogeneous polymerization technology. Up to 94% of quartz crystals are the main structure It makes the texture more rigid and compact, and has the wear resistance, pressure resistance, high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and other properties that are unmatched by other decorative materials. It is widely used in the building materials market and has broad prospects. This article mainly describes the performance characteristics, application fields, raw materials, and production process of artificial quartz stone. At the same time, suggestions for improvement on the hot issues of artificial quartz stone production process.
Keywords: artificial quartz stone; engineered quartz stone; application; raw materials; production technology
1 Introduction
Engineered stone made of natural quartz stone (sand, powder), silica sand, tailings slag, and other inorganic materials (the main component of which is silica) and a certain amount of binding material, referred to as quartz stone or artificial quartz stone. It is a kind of composite building material that is vibrated and pressed under vacuum conditions, the plate structure is dense and non-porous, the surface is uniform, the hardness and other performance indicators are superior to natural granite and marble. Artificial quartz stone has become an emerging countertop material in the world. With its natural texture, super high hardness, and super wear resistance, it has gradually become one of the green and environmentally friendly building materials decorative products loved by the majority of consumers. In Europe and the United States, more and more consumers enter the family. Especially at the International Cabinet Show in Milan in 2006, this trend can be clearly felt in new products launched by famous cabinets from all over the world, especially the cabinet board industry has begun to be fully used, and the demand has increased greatly, providing production and development of quartz stone plates. A lot of space.
2 Characteristics and application fields of Engineered quartz stone
The quality of the quartz stone is gorgeous, the color is gorgeous and there is no lack of simplicity. Because its decorative effect is different from natural stone and ceramic tiles, it is favored by public engineering and home decoration designers abroad. Quartz stone is the Jiaozi in the countertop material, and it is also a rookie in the wall and floor decoration materials. The upsurge of quartz stone decoration has arrived.
Compared with natural stone, the characteristics of artificial quartz stone have the following advantages.
(1) Toughness is better than natural stone;
(2) The porosity is lower than that of natural stone, and the plate is resistant to contamination;
(3) No radiation;
(4) The strength is more than double that of natural marble, and the strength of pure quartz slab is even higher than that of granite;
(5) The raw materials of artificial quartz stone are selected and pre-mixed, which can be paved on a large area without color difference, which is suitable for large-scale engineering use.
Compared with ceramics, artificial quartz stone has the following advantages.
(1) Compared with ceramics, artificial quartz stone slabs have large specifications. The maximum size is currently 1.6 m × 3.2 m, and the thickness is 8-40 mm, which is suitable for processing and decoration on various occasions;
(2) Artificial quartz stone slabs are formed under vacuum, high pressure and high vibration, with low water absorption rate and stronger stain resistance than ceramics;
(3) The Engineered quartz stone slab has better toughness than ceramics and is easier to process. The surface hardness is close to that of polished tiles;
(4) Engineered quartz stone is green and environmentally friendly, without radiation;
(5) The artificial quartz stone has a good decorative effect and rich colors, which is inferior to any ceramic wall and floor tiles;
(6) The surface effect of the artificial quartz stone plate is soft and shiny, suitable for use in various high-end places;
(7) Raw materials with special effects can be added to the raw materials of artificial quartz stone, which can achieve the simple or luxurious effect required by customers.
Quartz stone has a special decorative effect. Its texture is natural, noble, bright, and comfortable, with no deformation, no fading, no radiation, no micropores, high density, high hardness, anti-aging, and so on. So its application field has expanded from home improvement to large-scale engineering. Artificial quartz slate has a wide range of fields, such as:
1) Walls, floors, elevator door covers, bathroom countertops, etc. in large shopping malls;
2) Walls, floors, toilets, exterior walls, etc. of high-end office buildings (Beijing Olympic Village, International Trade Building, etc.);
3) Hospital interior walls, exterior walls, floors, bathroom floors, washbasin countertops, etc.;
4) Walls, floors, exterior walls, etc. of stations, subway stations, airports, etc. (eg: Shenzhen Subway Station, Hong Kong Airport, Mumbai Airport, India, airports in many European countries, etc.)
5) Wall and floor laying, kitchen countertops, etc. for high-end residential home improvement;
6) Walls and floors of star hotels, bar countertops, etc.
3 The production process of engineered quartz stone
The production process of artificial quartz stone is shown in Figure 1.
(1) Selection of production materials
The quality of raw materials directly affects the quality of quartz stone, so it is very important to choose the raw materials from the source.
Selection of quartz powder: 1) Fineness requirement: 325 mesh or 400 mesh; 2) Whiteness requirement: 95 or above; 3) SiO2 content: above 98%.
Selection of quartz sand: Generally, as long as the hardness is sufficient, any color, appearance, and particle size can be used (the particle size does not exceed 1/2 of the thickness of the plate). High-purity quartz can produce pure color plates, such as pure blackboard, pure whiteboard, etc. Ordinary quartz sand: fewer white weathered particles, a few black and brown particles as possible. Selected quartz sand: spread the sand on a flat surface, black or other colored particles ≤1 (this requirement can be achieved by manual selection).
Resin: unsaturated polyester resin, polymer solid content: about 65%, appearance: colorless, light green, light yellow and transparent, preferable resin for artificial stone, this type of resin shrinks little, and the flatness of the board is good, Will not be deformed or cracked; In addition, try to choose a resin with low viscosity, the amount of this resin is relatively low.
Color: In the selection process of artificial quartz stone raw materials, in order to ensure the weather resistance of the material, try to use inorganic color. However, organic materials such as carbon black and red with stable weather resistance can also be used. The commonly used colors in the production of quartz stone include R902 white, 4920 yellow, phthalocyanine green, phthalocyanine blue, permanent solid purple, scarlet powder, permanent solid red, 4330 black, carbon black, BK03 special black, etc. In the production of artificial quartz stone, there are two ways to add colorants: one is to add resin to prepare a color paste and then use it; the other is to directly add it to the sand powder material and use it after mixing. The latter kind of addition method should ensure the uniformity of the pigment, and the equipment requirements are relatively high.
Figure 1 Production process of artificial quartz stone
Curing agent: an indispensable auxiliary agent for the production of quartz stone. Generally, artificial quartz stone is formed by high-temperature curing. The curing agent is a substance or mixture that promotes or controls the curing reaction of the resin. Resin curing is through condensation, ring closure, addition or catalysis, and other chemical reactions so that the thermosetting resin undergoes an irreversible change process. Curing is accomplished by adding curing (crosslinking) agent. Generally, diethylhexanoic acid tert-butyl ester curing agent is used, and the curing agent generally uses 0.8% to 1.2% of the resin content.
Coupling agent: It can improve the dispersion and adhesion of the filler in the resin, improve the process performance, and improve the mechanical, electrical, and weather resistance properties. The commonly used silane coupling agent is KH-570, and KH560 is recommended for plates with high-quality requirements.
(2) Color paste coloring
The mixing time of the color paste, the ratio of resin and color material will directly affect the color of the plate.
(3) Mixing and stirring
In the production process of artificial quartz stone plates, a single raw material is pre-mixed according to the production order or batch before use to reduce color difference; when stirring, a planetary high-speed mixer is used to ensure that the raw materials are fully mixed.
(4) Fabric
Carry out the cloth in the cloth device to meet the production requirements.
(5) Press suppression
The artificial quartz stone plate is formed under the action of high pressure and strong vibration force under vacuum, and the produced artificial quartz stone plate has high density and low water absorption rate. The pressurization time varies according to the formula and the thickness of the board, generally 2 to 4 minutes. After the artificial quartz stone board is pressed, the paper must be uncovered to ensure that the adhesion of each part to the paper/film is consistent, and no partial When the drum is touched by fingers, the entire board surface must be of the same softness.
(6) Curing
The pressed quartz stone


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Saturday, January 14, 2012
Knowing Liferay's URL Parameters
The sole reason for the evolution of DNS was making easy to remember URL, and it served its purpose very well. But sometimes we see a lot of things appended with that URL which is called Parameters. The URL and Parameters are separated by '?', multiple parameters are separated by '&' and parameters exists in key value pair distinguished by '='.
The point that drags my attention is - if we can use Hidden parameters in request object and it serves purpose very well, then why it is needed to use Visible parameters? The answer is - when request is not directly coming back to page.
Following is the very general URL form of Liferay, lets understand it.
I hope no need to explain the part before '?'
This is the portlet ID of the portlet. This portlet ID is unique and that identifies portlet. It sometimes contains _INSTANCE_ that tells that portlet instance can be made.
This parameter identifies the action of the portlet, means it identifies which method will be invoked - render() or processAction. 0 depicts render whereas 1 depicts processAction. Previously It was known as p_p_action in LR 5 and before. We have also seen struts_action parameter that tells the struts action path which was just served.
This parameter explains the window state of the portlet, which can be maximixed, minimized and exclusive.
Tells id of the page layout on which that instance of portlet is added.
Tells the column number in which the portlet is added.
Tells the total number of portlets in the current layout (page).
These values are handled by FriendlyURLMapper class which includes only those parameters which have some values, others are removed form the URL.


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More ways to keep up with the latest news from Polk County Public Schools:
The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services recently awarded Roosevelt Academy the Community/School Garden grant. The grant is part of the Specialty Crop Block Grant awarded by the United States Department of Agriculture. The funding will be used to purchase soil and nutrient testing equipment, soilless media for the schools' hydroponic farm, seeds and fertilizer.
Students are responsible for planting, pruning and maintaining the crops grown at Roosevelt Farms, a schoolbased enterprise. The vegetables and herbs are sold the 2nd and 4th Saturday of each month at the Lake Wales Farmers Market and at the Lake Wales Care Center.
But beyond traditional gardens, students maintain vegetation grown using hydroponic growing methods.
The literal interpretation of the word "hydroponics" is working water. In Greek, the word "hydro" means water and "pronos" means labor. Simply, hydroponic gardening is the art of gardening without soil. Water and nutrients like nitrogen, calcium, potassium and phosphate are applied directly to the roots in precise amounts in soilless mixes that retain both resources.


Create workflow templates, deploy against any entity and manage tasks associated with that entity.
Advvy's Workflow Engine and Task Management solution supercharges new and existing D365 and PowerApps apps with task management capabilities. A major limitation of D365 is that an entity generally can only have 1 business process header, and that business process is generally linear.
Advvy's Workflow Engine enables users to define their own business process - that is a series of Stages, Tasks and Subtasks, and have this workflow template deployed against an entity upon create. Each task can be predefined to be for a User, a role, role speciality and tasks can block tasks and be blocked by tasks. The entity will then have a new Tab called Workflow, and this entity will allow the users of the application to manage the stages and tasks. Tasks can have conditions and dependencies, and can be a trigger for Flow in PowerAutomate. Business processes can be competed either linear or non-linear.


Living Culture Movement
Cultural norms in America include:
 - Asking a woman if you can buy her a drink in a bar
 - Greeting someone with a handshake
 - Having conversations over lunch or dinner
 - Whistling when something is surprising (like an attractive woman or a large bill in the mail)
 - Chewing on one's lip when uncertain
 - Speaking in euphemisms and hyperbole rather than literally (i.e. "It went a hundred miles over her head")
For every "norm" you'll find hundreds of exceptions, but that's not the point. America, like all other countries in the world, has its own culture. It varies from city to city, state to state. Some of our norms are also the norm in other countries. Most cultures today include talking over food. Very few places have a custom of silent eating, or eating alone. These cultural norms define what we expect when we socialize. They give us an idea of what is considered "okay" and "good" and what is considered "not acceptable" and "bad." When we follow the cultural rules well, we are rewarded with acceptance by the majority of people we encounter. You're relying on them and they're relying on you – to follow society norms so that both of you can rest assured that your behavior is "good."
But what happens when social norms aren't serving you? What about norms that are explicitly hurting or excluding people?
Many books illustrate how today's norms are not as beneficial as they could be. Ishmael and The Continuum Concept are two such books which I highly recommend. Here is an illustration of my own: In today's culture it is normal to offer to share treats with anyone in the room. This tradition goes back to a time before refined sugars were so widely available. It goes back to a time when a "treat" might have been an orange, a sweet potato or a banana. A treat might have been honey-covered nuts at worst. (While nuts and honey both offer health benefits, eating them together is rough on the digestive system.) A treat today can be a lump of chemicals with no food anywhere to found within it. And while you wouldn't offer someone suffering from an addiction to alcohol a shot of vodka, it is perfectly normal to offer sugar addicts a dough-nut. This is one example of how a cultural norm hurts people rather than helping them.
Another example: Sage smudging. This is a practice taken up by many alternative spiritual communities that are springing up to honor and worship in ancient ways. But with so many people developing fume and chemical sensitivities, there are a growing body of people who can't tolerate smoke (myself included). This practice of sage smudging has beautiful origins. However, it comes from a time when the air was pristine, and chemicals were not a part of our lives. In that environment breathing in some smoke wasn't a big deal. In today's crowded cities and chemical-laden environments, adding smoke doesn't increase the spirituality of an experience. This practice (and the practice of burning incense) excludes people who would otherwise love to participate in these spirit-based events.
And, a third example: Silences are considered awkward. Whenever we're in a group, we're expected to all compulsively talk to one another – or all silently tap at our phones. This constant stream of social input – vocal or digital – leaves no room for group introspection. Once upon a time, people could go for a long walk in nature or spend the day fishing and have long silences that were about introspection and absorption of experience. Today these comfortable, introspective silences are much rarer and harder to find. Because of this, our communication is more cluttered up with idle thoughts, logistical questions, and data-based exchanges. We're spending more time talking about unexamined opinions and less time actually having experiences worth talking about. I'm not saying this is everybody, or even you, but it is a growing trend, and an unfortunate one.
Cultural norms fade in and out of dominance or existence altogether over time. In the chart below I've outlined features of the Dying Culture – the existing culture's ways of hurting us, and it's opposing force, the Living Culture – the cultural facets we can normalize to increase our harmony with one another and the earth.
Cultures Dying Culture Living Culture
Yards: Lawns, non-fruiting shrubs and trees Food-bearing gardens of rambling beauty
Love Languages: Largely unrecognized Used as a simple basis for how to give more effectively to one another
Food: 40% corn, wheat, soy, other grains;
40% animal products;
15% sugar, caffeine;
5% vegetables, fruits, nuts
40% vegetables;
40% fruits;
20% nuts, seeds;
5% other;
70%+ raw foods
Attitude: Assuming
Knowing that you're right
Curiosity toward others
Partying: Drinking, bars, smoking, rough-housing, late nights Board games, fresh juices, kombucha, starting early, starting uninhibited and authentic from the outset
Needs: Feeling ashamed for having needs Expressing needs and having them taken seriously
Group conversation: Competing for your turn to speak Subtly directing others to bring out what you're curious about, and what makes them most excited
Emotional expression: Compulsively smiling, regardless of mood Authentic expression of emotions, including sadness and anger
Minorities: Majority rules over the minority Space is made for the minority to have their needs met
Radical ideas: Shamed Heard, considered
Creativity: Tolerated, sometimes accepted Nurtured, encouraged
Inspired feelings/actions: Approached with skepticism, criticism Met with encouragement and enthusiasm
Efficiency: Achieved through specialization, hurrying, pinching pennies Achieved through diversity, inspired enthusiasm, consciousness
Intuition: Largely ignored, dismissed Used as a basis for making sound decisions
Spirituality: Religious dogma or atheism Life-affirming awareness of self and synchronicities
Conversations: Centered around movies, politics, weather, famous people, personal gripes Centered around personal transformation, inspiring stories, healing/sustaining practices, current feelings
Experimentation: Feared Embraced
Therapy: Endless sessions with little progress, anti-depressants and other drugs Consciousness Alchemy


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Building a Vacuum Form Table
This page will show you how to construct your own vacuum forming table. A Vacuum Forming Table is used to form sheets of polystyrene into desired shapes determined by the molds used with the table. This table will be comprised of two main parts, The Holding Frame, and the Forming Surface. Some designs for Vacuum Forming Tables also include an oven. For this forming table we will use an ordinary kitchen oven to heat our plastic.
|Material Required to build a Vacuform Table and holding frame.|
|Vacuum Form Holding Frame|
|Vacuum Forming Surface|


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12 Mar A Quick Guide to a Successful Post-Merger Integration
The merger process can be overwhelming, tense, and there are a number of factors to consider. Some of the biggest questions that arise from a merger is: How will the new organization operate? What changes will be implemented? What does this mean for employees?
However, by implementing a solid post-merger strategy, the new organization can address these questions and many more. One of the ways to ensure a successful implementation is to begin the planning phases early on in the process. In fact, it's never too early in the deal process to begin thinking about and planning for post-merger implementation.
Read on for the five best practices for post-merger implementation.
- Planning – As soon as the letter of intent (LOI) is signed, this should mark as a starting point to begin internal planning and preparation to roll out the merger. Crafting a plan at this stage allows a sufficient amount of time to ensure that financial and strategic objectives are properly aligned with organizational and merger goals.
For example, one way to kick off the post-merger implementation process is to create a resource or a content library where key documents are stored and can be accessed by team members for reference and information.
Companies that scramble to put a detailed plan in place at the last second typically end up shooting themselves in the proverbial foot, and also put themselves at an extreme disadvantage in terms of initiating a smooth transition.
- People – In order to ensure the success of a post-merger implementation, selecting key leaders and employees to assist with the process is crucial. The first step should be to formulate an implementation team to spearhead the process. This team should be comprised of employees who are experienced leaders in these types of projects.
This team will set the direction for the organization's post-merger implementation, track project milestones, ensure accountability, and even implement best communication practices to ensure the organization as a whole understands what the merger means, how it will impact jobs, and how employees will be valued in the new organization.
- Prioritization – There are a number of activities, tasks, and moving parts associated with post-merger implementation. This is why it's important for the leading team to prioritize.For example, having a database or records pertaining to action items, projected costs, revenue, performance metrics and schedules and time-based milestones are tools and resources available to help post-merger implementation teams to track action items, tasks, and activities.
It's also important for teams to remember that conquering everything in one day is not only unachievable and unrealistic, it is also inefficient. Approaching milestones and action items and identifying them as long and short term goals can help teams prioritize more efficiently.
- Communication – Any type of merger can create a wave of uncertainty and panic among team members as well as how the two entities will operate as a whole. This is why communication is a key factor in a successful post-merger implementation. The post-merger implementation team will share and understand employees' trepidation, hesitancy, and uncertainty surrounding the merger. Therefore, it's important to create an organizational culture that practices open communication, access to information, and answer questions. Companies that don't practice good communication will likely suffer from a decrease in productivity and high employee turnover rates.
- Culture – A merger ultimately means cultivating a new organization, with unique values, differences, and a culture stemming from each individual organization. This type of high-impact change can create friction between the two entities. Therefore, taking the time to define a new organizational culture can help mitigate that friction and associated risks during post-merger implementation.In order to ensure long-term success and productivity, each organization has its own set of values, culture, and hierarchy. Recognizing each organization's differences is key, and should be represented in defining the new company culture. In order to do this, it is best for the post-merger implementation team to draft a hierarchy or organizational map or workflow charts and patterns in order to best understand cultural differences. Once an understanding has been reached, this data should be shared with the organization as a whole as well as its stakeholders.
Finally, in order to ensure long-term success and productivity, each entity has its own set of values, culture, and hierarchy to bring into the new organization. However, proper planning, clear-cut communication, and defining a new culture are key to a successful post-merger implementation.


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data I'm trying to solve a boundary layer equation but i dont really know how. The same problem can be found in Kundu's book 'Fluid Mechanics' there the answer is just written out, but he mentions that it is solved by closed form. 2. Relevant equations The equation looks like this: f'''+(1-f'^2)=0 3. The attempt at a solution This is how far i have got: Multiplicate with f'' f''f'''+f''-f''f'^2=0 d/ds(f''^2/2)+d/ds(f')-d/ds(f'^3/3)=0 Integrate f''^2/2+f'-f'^3/3=C Let g=f' g'=f'' g'^2+2g-2g^3/3=D g'=sqrt(2g^3/3-2g+D) dg/ds=sqrt(2g^3/3-2g+D) Separable 1/sqrt(2g^3/3-2g+D)*dg=ds Putting this in to maple gives a really complex expression, there i have no idea how to solve for g. Does someone have any idea how to do this?


Guide On Running A Generator Continuously
When it comes to owning a generator, there are a few key details to understand including how long it can run. Each generator is unique and will have its own metrics that need to be accounted for.
However, by understanding how long a generator can run continuously, you will have a better understanding of what works for your situation. Here is a look at what it means to buy a new generator and how it can change the dynamics of your setup.
Using a Generator 24/7
Let's assume it's time to set up the generator and run it around the clock even when you're sleeping. Is it possible to do this or are you going to end up dealing with unwanted issues along the way?
In general, most generators are going to settle somewhere between 8-12 hours of performance before the fuel tank empties.
As a result, you have to account for this or the generator will simply stutter to a stop in the middle of the day.
It's also important to think about other details such as whether or not it is producing too much CO, noise, or becoming prone to external access leading to a robbery.
Can You Run a Generator Continuously?
Yes, you can run it continuously and each generator is going to have a separate time limit on how long it lasts. In some cases, you can end up going with a high-value generator that is designed to run for 3000+ hours. Of course, this is assuming you are taking care of the generator and not overextending it during its lifespan.
There are also other details to account for such as how the generator is running. Some are going to run using natural gas while others may involve the use of propane or diesel.
With natural gas, you can end up running it for a long time because the gas line will continue to provide enough fuel for the generator to run. It is not going to die out on you. However, the same cannot be said for something like propane as it may run out. In this case, you would only have the generator run for a few hours.
How Long Can a Generator Last?
Most generators are built to last for years but it's still important to understand how to maintain them correctly.
This means taking the time to understand when the oil needs to be changed, how to replace air filters, and look through the electric plugs. You may also have to toggle the valve to see whether or not it's clear. On the other hand, a portable generator isn't going to be as efficient and may not long for a while.
With a good generator, you are going to want to see what type of power source is being used. When it comes to diesel engines, it is going to last much longer and isn't going to break down easily. This means you will only have to make oil changes here and there rather than having to check it all the time.
Remember, maintenance is essential and has to be done the right way to see good results. By doing this, you are going to end up making sure the generator doesn't fall apart on you.
How Long Can One Gallon of Gas Last with Modern Generators?
Gas is often used as a way to power contemporary generators. While they are not as safe as other options, they do provide benefits for those who want to gain access to a functioning generator.
When you are running a portable generator, it is going to end up giving you a reduced amount of time. For example, with one gallon of gas, you could end up running a traditional 5,000-watt portable generator for at least 1.33 hours. On the other hand, a regular generator is going to give you almost 8-10 hours on the same amount of gas.
It's this benefit that leads people to stick to traditional generators since they work well.
People enjoy being able to go with something that is economically efficient, which is why more and more venture towards a solution such as this in the first place.
How Many Hours Does a 500-Gallon Propane Tank Offer?
If you are going to be utilizing a propane generator at home then it is time to take a look at how long it will last. In most situations, you are going to have to understand how much it is going to cost as well.
With propane generators, you are getting something that is not as efficient as its counterparts. This means you are going to end up investing quite a bit to get the same amount of energy per gallon. However, you are going to get a good amount of hours from this type of fuel source. It will come out to being about 1.84 hours per gallon.
Can Generators Run On Gas?
The first thing people will ask is whether or not they can go with a gas-based generator for their home.
In general, there are multiple types of generators available on the open market, which can include the use of hydrogen, propane, diesel, biodiesel, natural gas, and more.
A lot of people like going with natural gas generators because they are eco-friendly and offer good performance metrics at the same time.
Natural Gas Generators
With natural gas generators, you are getting an efficient source of energy that isn't going to make a tremendous amount of noise. You can also set up the natural gas line to have it running in the background without a delay in performance. While it does have a higher upfront cost, you are going to retain real value over the long-term due to how it functions.
One thing to worry about has to do with longevity. It is not going to last as long and you are going to have to make sure the natural gas doesn't leak once turned on.
For the average person, a natural gas generator is going to come out to being approximately $1,000-$5,000.
How Long Can a Natural Gas Generator Run Continuously?
When you take the time to buy a natural gas generator, it is time to learn how it works. The generator is going to function as air and fuel comes in and pushes the motor to work as intended. This means the power production continues to perform as needed and allows you to power the house as required.
Since it is directly connected to the natural gas line, it is able to last for a long time.
This is often a solution that is used by people that want to make sure their home is powered in all situations. However, you are going to have to make sure they are well-maintained throughout the year and the gas supply is consistent.
How Many Hours Does a Diesel Generator Last?
With a diesel generator, you are going to have something that is budget-friendly and efficient at the same time. You can end up having it run for a long time and make sure it is pushing through for at least 24 hours before you have to check up on the setup.
The routine maintenance can be time-consuming since you have to check it all the time. This includes taking a look at all of the underlying parts such as the pistons.
In most cases, you are going to have a small shutdown period of 15 minutes when the generator has to be checked. However, you can make sure this is limited by going with the best diesel generator on the market right now.
How Many Hours Can a Backup Generator Run?
With a backup generator, you are going to have something that is able to run for a while without shutting down or breaking. Of course, this means you are taking care of it and ensuring it is being serviced as you want it to be. Look into this as you make sure to see serious results with what you are doing at home.
With this type of machine, you are going to get at least 11-18 hours per day. This is also going to depend on the fuel source that is being used and how well-maintained it is from day one.
When you start using a propane generator, you are also able to get it to run longer with some going up a week without breaking down.
How Many Hours Can a Standby Generator Run?
With a standby generator, you can have it running for as long as you want when the fuel source is consistent. These generators tend to run using a natural gas line, which is why they can run for days without breaking down or slowing up.
You will want to make sure the natural gas line is working as intended and you are going to be good to go. This is why a lot of people lean towards these solutions when they are hoping to invest in the right type of standby generator. It is simply going to give you more value in comparison to alternatives that are seen on the open market. On the other hand, a diesel generator is only going to last for 24 hours at a time. They also tend to shut down, which is something you are not going to want at home.
How Many Hours Can An RV Generator Run?
When you are trying to power an RV, it's important to think about the fuel source.
If you are going to be using a diesel source, you have to make sure it is in sync with the rest of the RV. It is also going to generate more power in comparison to something that is powered with propane.
In most cases, you are going to have a generator that is able to last 24 hours per 18 gallons of fuel. This means you are going to get a good amount of power if the fuel source is at 100%.
How Many Hours Can A Generator Run On 5 Gallons of Gas?
If you are taking the time to go with a quality generator, you want to understand how much power is being generated. These metrics are key in pinpoint how long the generator is going to run per gallon of gas.
In general, a generator can run for almost 8 hours on 5 gallons of gas, while some of the more efficient ones can even last up to a day.
How Many Hours Does a


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Can 'Hot or Not' Help Us Design Better Cities?
Place Pulse is an online tool developed by MIT researchers that gauges people's emotional responses to their surroundings.
Within seconds of walking through an unfamiliar neighborhood, you can already tell whether or not you feel comfortable. Little visual cues help you out: Things like graffiti, cracked pavement and empty streets might speed up your heartbeat, while bright lights, clean buildings and bustling sidewalks probably make you feel safe. These gut feelings are just that—feelings, but they help you decide if you're going to wander around and discover a new restaurant or get back on the subway as fast as possible, which ultimately has an impact on a neighborhood's health.
Social scientists have long suspected that a neighborhood's aesthetic value might be a good gauge of its safety and vitality, but the proof was slippery. After all, it's not easy to quantify an emotional response to a graffiti tag. But two years ago, that's exactly what a group of researchers from MIT's media lab did.
It was dubbed Hot or Not for Cities, but its scope goes far deeper.
The team built Place Pulse, an online tool that enabled them to gather empirical data on how a city's architecture, design and general aesthetic affect its social and economic outcomes. Place Pulse is basically a website that encourages visitors to rank two side-by-side images of cities on the basis of their appearance. Using randomly chosen Google Street View images from Boston, New York City, and Linz and Salzburg in Austria, the site asked questions like: Which place looks safer or which place looks more upper-class?
Visitors clicked accordingly and that bit of data was fed to algorithms that helped determine overarching trends. When it first launched in 2011, the tool was cleverly dubbed Hot or Not for Cities, but its scope goes far deeper than just the superficial. "People's built surroundings have an impact on how they view and feel about a place," explains Cesar Hidalgo, an MIT professor who is leading the research. "By identifying the features that are associated with each response, it allows people to incorporate that knowledge into the process of design."
The findings, which were published recently in the journal PLoS ONE, are fascinating, but they mostly just reinforce what we already know—cities like New York are plagued with inequality. Generally, Hidalgo found that notoriously wealthy neighborhoods ranked high on safety, while more needy neighborhoods were deemed unsafe by voters. The triggers? Graffiti, cracked pavement and empty parking lots.
Hidalgo says the outcomes of the first experiment were important for establishing the project's research methodology, but he believes there are other associations that can be explored to connect behavior and the aesthetics of urban environments. "They haven't been explored yet because we haven't had good data on the way places look," he explains. Which is why he and his team expanded their research to 56 cities and switched up the questions to bess less pointed. Drawing on more than 100,000 Google images from cities around the world, the MIT team is looking to measure people's reactions to inquiries such as, Which place is more beautiful? Or more lively, boring, depressing or wealthier?
The current rankings based on Place Pulse responses. Gaborone, Botswana ranks low on liveliness, while Washington, D.C. and Taipei are generally believed to be less boring.
Hidalgo believes Place Pulse can put help keep the government in check.
Hidalgo purposefully stayed away from questions of mechanical objectivity like if a place is clean or dirty. "Asking if a place is clean or not is almost computational," he explains. "But asking if a place is depressing is very human." He hopes tapping into human emotions, they'll be able to quantify the idea of what makes a city desirable. "There is a zeitgeist of people thinking about cities and the idea of a city being a lively place," he explains. "So how do you design a place to be lively?" Considering the recently launched second phase of Place Pulse research only has only accumulated 360,000 clicks so far (they need more than 2 million to get a statistically sound sample), the answer is inconclusive. But eventually he hope they'll have enough quantifiable data to really inform the future planning and design of cities.
Ultimately, Hidalgo believes the most powerful application of Place Pulse's data is to use it to keep the government in check. If you're able to pinpoint a city's healthy and wounded neighborhoods, it will be easier to hold governments accountable for where they're funneling their resources. "Are they making efforts in a way that will enhance this contrast or in a way that will ameliorate or reduce this contrast?" Hidalgo asks. "Hopefully this will be a balancing force."


text:
Rafael Cepeda was born July 10, 1910, in Santurce, Puerto Rico. Following the examples of his ancestors, Cepeda learned about Afro-Puerto Rican musical traditions at an early age. "My great-grandfather was an expert in bomba and plena," he said. "He was from Dulces Labios, in Mayagüez. With the bomba and the plena, he arrived to Ponce and fell in love. Then my grandfather followed in the same path. And afterwards, my father. Shortly thereafter, my mother appeared in a bomba dance."
The bomba grew out of the colonial African slave experience. In its style of drumming, singing, and improvisational dancing, it resembles several other West African-derived forms of music and dance in the New World. The plena emerged as a local popular music during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Bomba and plena have become potent symbols of Puerto Rican identity. Since the 1930s, they have spread from their birthplace on the island's sugarcane plantations and coastal villages to urban centers in Puerto Rico and abroad.
For more than 50 years, Cepeda was one of the foremost performers of the bomba and plena. He created more than 600 original compositions, many of which appear on commercial recordings and have attained widespread international popularity. With his wife, Doña Caridad Brenes de Cepeda, herself a great traditional dancer, their three daughters, and eight sons, Cepeda formed the performing ensemble La Familia Cepeda, initiating a revival of bomba and plena. They toured extensively in the United States and Europe, and for many years dedicated themselves to promoting the unique musical traditions of their homeland. There is probably no town in Puerto Rico in which they have not performed their music and dance.
National Endowment for the Arts · an independent federal agency


Service Stub
 1. Motivation
 1. Removes dependence upon problematic services during testing
 2. Summary
 1. It actually mock original third party or remote services and generally used for testing and development purposes.
 2. It is also know as Mock Object.
 3. When to Use
 1. When you are using third party web services that are beyond yo control.
 4. Overview Tutorials
 5. Implementation
 1. Service stub is generally implemented with the help of Gateway.
 2. The Gateway is a Separated Interface rather than a class so you can have one implementation that calls the real service and at least one that's only a Service Stub.
 3. The desired implementation of the Gateway should be loaded using a Plugin.
 4. The key to writing a Service Stub is that you keep it as simple as possible—complexity will defeat your purpose.
 6. Example
 1. Mock Objects in Unit testing are good example of service stub pattern.
 7. Related Patterns
 1. Gateway
 2. Separated Interface
 3. Plugin
 8. Related Technologies
 1. Unit Testing Frameworks
 2. Moles
 9. References
 1. None


Reverse prayer position
The Reverse prayer position, a technique used in BDSM play, involves restraint of a person's arms by binding them behind the person's back, with the hands placed between the shoulders, palm to palm, and the wrists bound together. It is thus similar to the traditional prayer position, but with the arms behind, rather than in front of, the bound person, thus preventing use of the arms. Many people find this position painful after a time, and cramps may set in. Thus, someone bound in this position may need careful monitoring.
To immobilise the arms further, ropes or a strap are often placed round the arms and torso, pressing the arms against the back. On a woman, this can conveniently be linked to ropes for breast bondage. Another technique is to fix ropes from the elbows to a belt or other ropes round the body.
In bondage fiction, people in this position are sometimes forced to have their elbows touching, turning this into a form of elbow bondage. Very few people can adopt this position without dislocation of the shoulders. However, with many people, it is possible to press the elbows together slightly and tie them in that position.
The reverse prayer position (without any bondage) is also used in some yoga exercises.
See also
This article is based on "Reverse prayer position" from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia ( It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licencse. In the Wikipedia you can find a list of the authors by visiting the following address:


We are given a transfer function of a causal LTI system and must determine if it is an all-pass filter:
$$ H(z) = \frac{1 + 4z^{-2}}{4 - z^{-2}} $$
To the best of my recollection to determine if a system is an all-pass filter, we must first find the poles and zeros and see if they are conjugate reciprocal pairs. So working on that and finding the poles and zeros, we find that...
the poles are at $z = \tfrac{1}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2}$
the zeros are at $z = 2j, -2j$
With that being said the poles and zeros are no conjugate reciprocal pairs. That being said, are there any exceptions or other criteria that would make a system an all-pass filter?
In an all-pass filter we should have $$H(z)H^*(1/z^*)=c^2$$ which means that the poles and zeros of the system $H^*(1/z^*)$ cancel the zeros and poles of $H(z)$. As a result, an all-pass filter has conjugate-reciprocal pole-zero pairs. For this system:
enter image description here
$$H^*(1/z^*)=\frac{4z^2+1}{-z^2+4}$$ So $$H(z)H^*(1/z^*)\neq c^2$$ You can also see that the poles and zeros are not conjugate and reciprocal: $\frac{1}{\left(\pm2j\right)^*}\neq\pm\frac{1}{2}$
 - $\begingroup$ equality in the last line? $\endgroup$ – Fat32 Apr 29 '17 at 21:42
 - $\begingroup$ $\frac{1}{(2j)^*} = \frac{1}{2}$ is it right? :-) $\endgroup$ – Fat32 Apr 29 '17 at 22:14
 - $\begingroup$ Thank you very much for the in-depth analysis. It makes sense how the conjugate and reciprocal aren't equivalent after looking at your plot. $\endgroup$ – Andre Yonadam Apr 29 '17 at 23:20
 - $\begingroup$ You're welcome _USER_ $\endgroup$ – msm Apr 29 '17 at 23:42
Your Answer


text: Substituent Effects on Dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) evaluated by NMR Spectroscopy Alejandro M. Trujillo, Jerome Burke, Debbie C. Crans* Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, CO. 80523-1872, USA email: [email protected] 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate: Hammett smeta vs. log(KX/KH) ABSTRACT: 1 -0.5 Hammett equation: log(KX/KH) = rs OH r = -0.5317x - 0.3974 r² = 0.04307 log (kX/kH) The effect of substituents on a vanadium-containing coordination complex was evaluated using linear free energy relationships and NMR spectroscopy. Substituents (H, OH, Cl, NH2 and NO2) on the tridentate ligand, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid in the 4-position allowed the generation of a Hammett plot.1 The data for the deprotonation reaction of the ligand resulted in a non-linear plot of log(KX/KH) as a function of the Hammett constant. When the 1H NMR chemical shift data (dX-dH) was plotted as function of the Hammett constant a similar non-linear plot was generated for both ligand and vanadium(V) complex. However, by using 51V NMR chemical shift data (dX - dH) and plotting against the Hammett constant, a linear correlation plot was obtained for dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) with an r2 of 88%. This data demonstrate the effectiveness of NMR chemical shifts for examining linear free energy relationships in metallo-organic compounds. 0.5 0 -0.3 -0.1 -0.5 NH H 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 NO2 2 -1 Dipicolinatooxovanadium(V): Hammett spara vs. -1.5 INTRODUCTION: -2 Cl smeta • Using the same experimental methodolgy as in figure 3, figure 4 illustrates the linear relationship of VO2[dipic-X]-. • The 1H NMR for the complex illustrates an increase in linear fit with an r2 = 38 % when plotted against the s values indicating an increase in the stability of the system. • The + c (c = 0.48) may indicate that there is stabilization of a negative charge centered around the oxovanadium group and stabilization of the complex by e- withdrawing substituents. NH2 Figure 2: A plot of the Hammett smeta constant plotted against the –logKa (logKX/KH) converted from pKa data from Smee et al forming 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate. 9 7 51V NMR c = -6.6469x + 1.3761 r² = 0.88194 2 Dd = dX - dH Dd = dX - dH 5 • The slope r = -0.5 observed in figure 2 indicates an increase in the reaction rate and pulling e- away from the ring by the e- donating groups.11 3 OH 2 • The poor linear fit r = 4 % indicates the potential for a differing mechanism 1 H or the presence of resonance structures. -1 0 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 Cl NO 2 • The addition of a terms did not significantly improve the fit to the data (r = -3 4 % for x2). Figure 1: Chemical structure of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate and dipicolinatoxovanadium(V). The substituents used for -5 Hammett plots are of varying electronegativity (H, OH, Cl, NH2 and NO2) at the 4-position of the pyridine ring. • The red lines represent a possible alternative fit, where two competing spara • The use of 2,6-pyridinedicaroxylate (dipic) as a ligand for metal Figure 5: Plot of the Hammett spara constant plotted against the 51V NMR chemical shifts of mechanisms are present in the system. To support this interpretation, - in D O at pH ~3. The dipicolinatoxovanadium(V). Samples contained 20 mM dipicolinatoxovanadium(V) VO [dipic-X] 2,3,4,5 2 2 coordination complexes is widespread. additional substituents would need to be evaluated. samples were referenced to internal DSS on a 400 MHz NMR. • The resulting metal containing complexes have been used as anti-diabetic 51V NMR chemical shifts as shown in 1 • The creation of a Hammett plot using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid: Hammet s vs. H NMR 4,5 ortho agents when chelated to V(V) and Zn(II). figure 5, has not been previously attempted to the best of our knowledge. 0.5 c = -0.1218x - 0.3903 NMR adaptation tof the Hammett equation: • Here we analyze the substituent effects on the ligand, 2,651V chemical shift of the • The y-axis was produced by subtracting the r² = 0.0608 Δd = dX – dH = cs pyridinedicaroxylate and the V(V)-containing coordination complex, Cl H substituent d from the chemical shift of the parent complex d. X H 0 dipicolinatooxovanadium(V). -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 • The slope of c = -6.6 indicates the effect of stabilization with e- donation. • Specifically we used a variety of Hammett plots and to evaluate the • This is a significantly different result from the 1H NMR study of figure 4. -0.5 substituent effects and the linear free energy relationships (LFERs) of the • The 51V NMR establishes a significant increase in the linear fit r2 = 88 %. ligand and metal complex. OH NH • By using a curved line (x2) the fit can be increased further to r2 = 99 %. • The 4-position of the pyridine ring of dipic has been referred to as the NO -1 CONCLUSIONS: sortho most significant position to study the substituent effects in dipic.6 Figure 3: A scatter plot where the Hammett sortho constants are plotted against the 1H NMR chemical shifts of • The deprotonation of 2,6-pyridinedicaroxylate does not produce a linear solutions containing 20 mM of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (dipic-X) in D2O at ~pH 7. The samples were referenced to internal DSS. Will the ligand and complex have similar LFERs? relationship to the Hammett s values deviating from that of benzoic acid • Hammett plots have been generated previously using 1H and 13C NMR 1 and other systems. EXPERIMENTAL: chemical shifts.12 • The scatted data creates a system where differing reaction mechanisms Table 1: Information used for this poster. The Hammett s constants are provided for the ortho, meta and para • However this methodology is not probing a reaction as in figure 2, but the 1 51 may be present. positions. The –logKa, H and V chemical shifts are tabulated. effect of substituents on the resulting chemical shifts. (a) • The fit to two lines suggests the substituents exhibit differing degrees of Hammett s constant 2,6-dipic-X VO2[dipic-X] • The y-axis of figure 3 was generated by subtracting the substituent 51V (c) 1H aq (b) X s(ortho) s(meta) s(para) log(Kx/Ko) 1H (Ha) (b) resonance stabilization and differing LFERs. chemical shift dX from that of the parent dH (Δd = dX – dH). NH2 -0.33 -0.16 -0.66 -0.86 7.13 -524.71 7.24 • Metal chelation of the dipic ligand significantly increased the linear fit to • The slope c = -0.12 is consistent between figure 2 and 3 (-r), however the OH 0.89 0.12 -0.37 -0.46 7.10 -529.40 7.57 the Hammett s values using NMR spectroscopy. H 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 8.00 -532.13 8.34 fit r2 = 6 % is also poor. 51V NMR characterize the nature of the chelating • The findings using Cl 1.26 0.37 0.23 -1.76 8.05 -532