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BOOKR Kids' applications help accomplish this goal in new and fun ways. BOOKR apps encourage young users to read, learn, and connect with stories. They also contribute to contemporary children's literature and illustration trends.
In 2019, BOOKR Kids launched its flagship product, BOOKR Class, an easy to use gamified library app to teach and improve the English language skills of its users. BOOKR Class is an app designed to teach English as a second language. It includes more than 1000 books, educational games, and flashcards. It also provides a Teacher's Dashboard with real-time reading statistics and book assignments. BOOKR Class offers titles from the classics of world literature to original stories, songs, and more. It enhances standard English lessons with a more engaging approach.
A recent study shows that children raised in a literacy-rich environment hear 1 million more words than children who are never read to (Ohio State University). Obviously, those children who hear 1 million fewer words than their fellows start at a huge disadvantage at school, and it makes it more difficult to pick up reading skills.Dorka Horvath, new media expert.
2020 is the year of educational technology. Educators and students have become more reliant on technology than ever before. With the transition to this online learning environment, there has been a surge in the number of edtech solutions. BOOKR Kids focuses on interactive education, and the BOOKR Class app is designed for learning English as a second language, unlike its competitors.
What makes BOOKR different from its competitors?
- BOOKR's methodology has been validated by European Universities (ELTE, SZTE, BCE).
- Animated e-books for students.
- Interactive learning methods.
- Native-speaker narrations.
- Text highlighting.
- Educational games.
- Teacher's Dashboard with a virtual classroom.
- Live statistics and supplementary materials for teachers.
- Lessons plans, activity tips, and reading plans for teachers.
Founders, new media expert Dorka Horvath, and her entrepreneur husband, Dani Karanyi, believe that literacy is one of the most crucial development areas in K-12 education. It is essential for reading comprehension, critical thinking, creativity and cognitive and social-emotional skills. They founded the award-winning edtech startup BOOKR Kids in 2015 with the vision of creating a bridge between storybooks and screens.
BOOKR Kids' different narratives and interactive methods have proved to be efficient, and hence they decided to launch BOOKR Class. Today, teachers require high-quality digital materials. BOOKR Class came to life using the proven methodology and unique features and format in order to improve English language skills, vocabulary, grammar, creativity, reading comprehension, and social-emotional skills.
If a child has a low level of ability to interpret text, both in terms of decoding and understanding the text, he or she usually compensates by using other cognitive processes while reading. Thus, if you are unable to use automatic text recognition, you can activate an additional "knowledge base," such as calling additional illustrations to help interpret the context. If these illustrations are also moving, they can stimulate additional receptors and be even more effective at supporting the extra resource. Researchers also argue that interactive books enhance reading comprehension because the range of functions can be so rich that the child can benefit from the most appropriate and least energy-consuming compensation process. So personalization and differentiated education can also be achieved.Dorka Horvath, new media expert
Growing up with publisher parents and being a young mother-to-be, Dorka wanted the love of reading to inspire her child, just like other children. But the world is changing, and young generations need smart and interactive solutions to read and learn. With BOOKR, she launched an innovative solution to connect beautiful literature and engaging digital books to foster the love for reading among children.
BOOKR Kids is in partnership with Oxford University Press. After a year of negotiations, they signed a contract with Oxford University Press, one of the world's best-known textbook publishers, allowing BOOKR to digitize and redraw a selection of classic stories specially adapted for English learning, such as the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
BOOKR Class is recognized as an official textbook in Hungary, BOOKR Class is recognized as an official textbook in Hungary, and more than 100,000 Hungarian students are using the app. BOOKR Kids also has educational partners in Turkey, Greece, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, and the US. BOOKR's revenue in 2019 was $500,000, and it is expected to increase to around $1 million in 2020.
BOOKR Kids recently disclosed €2 million in new funding and a further €2 million in convertible notes. The round is led by Bonitas, a Private VC owned by Sándor Csányi (the only Hungarian member of the Forbes World's Billionaires list).


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What is engineering?
Check out this interactive site that explains what engineering is and the different fields you can specialize in: _URL_
At UH Manoa the primary kinds of engineering are:
What can you do to start your engineering education at Windward CC?
1. Enroll for the Associate of Science in Natural Science (ASNS) Degree. The ASNS degree with concentrations in either Biological or Physical Science is designed to prepare STEM students to transfer to four-year institutions. Students interested in engineering should enroll in the Physical Science Track of the ASNS Degree. For more information visit: _URL_
To enroll in the ASNS degree program contact Letty Colmenares _EMAIL_
Pre-Engineering Courses Available at WCC
- Chemistry 161 – General Chemistry 1*
- Chemistry 161L – General Chemistry 1 Lab*
- Chemistry 162 – General Chemistry 2*
- Physics 170 – General Physics 1*
- Physics 170 L – General Physics 1 Lab*
- Physics 272 – General Physics 2*
- Physics 272L – General Physics 2 Lab*
- Math 135 - PreCalculus: Elementary Functions
- Math 140 - PreCalculus: Trig & Analytical Geometry
- Math 205 – Calculus 1*
- Math 206 – Calculus 2*
- Math 231 – Calculus 3
- Math 232 – Calculus 4
*Courses required for ASNS Degree Physical Science Track
2. Join the 'IKE Program, a community of pre-engineering students from across the UH System. The Indigenous Knowledge in Engineering ('IKE) Program is devoted to encouraging and supporting Native Hawaiian students at community colleges to enter the engineering field.
More information on Windward CC's 'IKE Program
Need help with your pre-engineering courses?
Some resources at WCC to help you succeed in your pre-engineering courses:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Streams of Revenue: The Restoration Economy and the Ecosystems It Creates
An analysis of stream mitigation banking and the challenges of implementing market-based approaches to environmental conservation.
Market-based approaches to environmental conservation have been increasingly prevalent since the early 1990s. The goal of these markets is to reduce environmental harm not by preventing it, but by pricing it. A housing development on land threaded with streams, for example, can divert them into underground pipes if the developer pays to restore streams elsewhere. But does this increasingly common approach actually improve environmental well-being? In Streams of Revenue, Rebecca Lave and Martin Doyle answer this question by analyzing the history, implementation, and environmental outcomes of one of these markets: stream mitigation banking.
In stream mitigation banking, an entrepreneur speculatively restores a stream, generating "stream credits" that can be purchased by a developer to fulfill regulatory requirements of the Clean Water Act. Tracing mitigation banking from conceptual beginnings to implementation, the authors find that in practice it is very difficult to establish equivalence between the ecosystems harmed and those that are restored, and to cope with the many sources of uncertainty that make positive restoration outcomes unlikely. Lave and Doyle argue that market-based approaches have failed to deliver on conservation goals and call for a radical reconfiguration of the process.
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- Open Access
- No Access


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Learn more physics!
how can you make tower the strongest by using trusses and the other things? (only with woods, and glues, and tapes?)
Georgia Okeeffe elementary school, Albuqurque,nm, Uni
Trusses are very frequently used for building things
like towers and bridges. This is because they are constructed out of
triangle shapes. Triangles are a great shape to use for this because a
triangle cannot change shape without changing the length of at least
one side. The sticks used usually are rigid enough to prevent their
lengths from changing. In contrast, a square can flop into a skinnier
shape without changing any side lengths, so its strength depends on
making the joints between the sides strong and rigid, which is not so
There are a number of different kinds of trusses
because there are many different ways to arrange triangles. Which kind
is best depends on the situation - the shape of the tower, what sort of
stresses it's likely to be under, etc. If you are building a tower for
a project, you can try experimenting with different arrangements of
triangles to see what works best.
(published on 10/22/2007)
Follow-up on this answer.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Like all vascular plants, trees use two
for transportation of and nutrients: the (also known as the ) and the (the innermost layer of the ). Girdling results in the removal of the, and death occurs from the inability of the to transport (primarily ) to the. In this process, the is left untouched, and the tree can usually still temporarily transport and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Trees normally sprout shoots below the wound; if not, the roots die. Death occurs when the roots can no longer produce and transport nutrients upwards through the. (The formation of new shoots below the wound can be prevented by painting the wound with herbicide.
Ring barking techniques have been developed to disrupt or impede sugar transport in phloem, stimulating early flower production and increasing fruiting, and for controlling plant size, reducing the need for pruning. Girdling is a slow process compared to and is often used only when necessary, such as in the removal of an individual tree from an ecologically protected area without damaging surrounding growth. Accidental girdling is also possible and some activities must be performed with care. Saplings which are tied to a supporting stake may be girdled as they grow, due to friction caused by contact with the tie.
If ropes are tied frequently to a tree (e. g. to tether an animal or moor a boat), the friction of the rope can also lead to the removal of bark. The practice of girdling has been known in Europe for some time. Another example is the girdling of selective trees in some Northern, such as, in order to prevent that fir from massive invasion of the mixed oak woodland. Girdling can be used to create standing dead wood, or. This can provide a valuable habitat for a variety of wildlife, including insects and nesting birds. The tree\'s roots gather water and nutrients from soil.
The water and nutrients are carried up the tree through a series of tiny, tubelike structures called xylem. The xylem transports the water and nutrients to the tree\'s canopy, where they are used by leaves during photosynthesis to manufacture sugars that are food for the tree. The sugars are in the form of sap. The phloem, a layer of cells next to the outer bark, transports the nutrient-rich sap downward to all parts of the tree. The tree uses the sap to grow new limbs, produce flowers and set fruit or seeds. In a pine tree, the sap feeds the tree as it develops pine cones and grows taller and stronger.


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Grinding lathe tool cutter bits involves setting the tool on a grinder and carefully shaping it using specific angles and techniques. To do this, you will need the appropriate grinding wheel for your lathe, as well as knowledge of the angles and shapes required for different types of cuts.
Lathe tool cutter bits are essential tools for creating precise cuts on a variety of materials. Grinding your own cutter bits provides greater control over the cutting edge's geometry, resulting in better accuracy and surface finish. However, it requires both knowledge and proper technique to achieve optimal results.
In this article, we will cover the steps for grinding lathe tool cutter bits, including the equipment needed, tips for selecting the right grinding wheel, and techniques for achieving specific angles and shapes. By the end of this article, you will have the knowledge necessary to confidently grind your own lathe tool cutter bits.
Introduction To Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Definition And Function Of Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Lathe tool cutter bits are an essential tool for metalworkers and amateurs alike. These are machining tools that are used to remove material from a workpiece by rotating it on an axis, creating a symmetrical object. They are a core component of any lathe machine, as they help in cutting and shaping the material with precision.
Here's what you need to keep in mind about the definition of lathe tool cutter bits:
- They are made up of high-speed steel or carbide, offering excellent resistance to heat, friction, and other stresses.
- Lathe tool cutter bits work by cutting the workpiece material through shear deformation, which means applying a lateral force on the metal piece until it deforms and breaks off in the desired shapes.
- Lathe tool cutter bits come in various sizes and angles to perform different cutting tasks.
The function of lathe tool cutter bits is to provide precision cuts to the workpiece material. These tips rotate at high speeds to remove excess material and shape the workpiece to a specific design. The operator adjusts the lathe tool cutter bit's position and rotation speed, based on the required cut and the material they are working with, to ensure the desired shape and quality of cut.
Types Of Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Lathe tool cutter bits come in different types, each designed for specific applications and materials.
Let's dive into the details of different types of lathe tool cutter bits:
- Turning tool bit: This is the most common and versatile tool bit, designed for roughing, finishing, and shaping materials like wood, metal, and plastic. It has a flat base with either a left-hand or right-hand cutting edge.
- Parting tool bit: Parting tool bits are designed to separate a workpiece from the main stock by cutting it off. It has a shorter blade with a square or rounded edge, used for cuts perpendicular to the workpiece.
- Threading tool bit: Used to cut internal or external threads on the workpiece, threading tool bits have a sharp-angled tip that matches the pitch and size of the threads they create.
- Boring tool bit: Boring tool bits are designed to cut holes that are concentric with the lathe machine's axis. They come in various shapes and sizes, suitable for different materials and hole-diameter.
- Grooving tool bit: Designed to form grooves and slots with precision, grooving tool bits typically have a straight and narrow blade that allows for precision cutting in tight spaces.
Lathe tool cutter bits are versatile, precision tools used to shape and cut workpiece materials in a lathe machine. They come in different sizes and shapes for specific cutting tasks and applications. Understanding their functions and types can help you pick the best tool for your project, leading to efficient and high-quality results.
Understanding The Fundamentals Of Grinding Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits is an essential process that every machinist must learn. The process involves carefully sharpening blunt tool bits, effectively enhancing their efficiency and precision. To master this skill, machinists must first comprehend the fundamentals of grinding lathe tool cutter bits.
Importance Of Proper Grinding In Enhancing Efficiency And Precision
Proper grinding of lathe tool cutter bits is essential since it directly impacts the efficiency and precision of the machined parts. When the cutter is sharp, cutting efforts are reduced, and power consumption lowered. A blunt cutter, on the other hand, consumes more power and produces inaccurate results, ultimately decreasing the efficiency of the process.
Here are a few key points to note on the importance of proper tool grinding:
- Regular maintenance and proper grinding help maintain consistent accuracy, quality, and tool life.
- Dull tools not only increase processing time, but they also create unusually sized parts and cause wastage of the workpiece material.
- Keeping the tool sharp decreases the cutting forces applied to the workpiece, reducing the tool's wear and extending its tool life.
It is therefore of utmost importance to maintain and sharpen lathe tool cutter bits regularly, particularly before starting a new project. By doing this, you can guarantee high-quality and accurate output, while simultaneously reducing wastage of resources.
Evaluation Of The Geometry Of The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Before grinding your lathe tool cutter bits, it's essential to evaluate the geometry of the tool carefully.
- The relief angles: These angles ensure that the rake face is not in contact with the finished part but acts as a cutting edge instead.
- The nose radius: When the radius is small, the tool will cut more freely, while a large radius will give the tool more strength and longer tool life.
- The rake angle: This is the angle measured between the top face of the tool bit and the surface of the workpiece. Grinding the rake angle correctly is crucial for maintaining efficient cutting performance.
- The clearance angle: The clearance angle ensures that the tool doesn't contact the workpiece material unnecessarily.
By understanding these parameters and evaluating the tool's geometry, you can achieve a longer tool life, reduce waste, and improve your machining results.
To grind your lathe tool cutter bits effectively, it's crucial to understand their fundamentals, evaluate their geometry carefully, and sharpen them correctly. These practices will positively impact the efficiency and precision of your machining operation, resulting in high-quality and accurate output while reducing wastage.
Step-By-Step Guide On How To Grind Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits is an essential skill that every machinist or metalworker needs to master. A properly ground lathe tool cutter bit can help you achieve better precision, accuracy, and surface finish. We will go through a step-by-step guide on how to grind lathe tool cutter bits.
We will also discuss safety measures and other essential details. Let's dive in!
Preparation For Grinding The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Before grinding a lathe tool cutter bit, you need to prepare for the process.
- It would be best to have a clear and clean workspace to prevent accidents and to help you focus.
- Ensure that you have the appropriate lathe machine and grinding equipment necessary for the task at hand.
- Check the lathe tool cutter bit's integrity before and after grinding. If it is damaged or faulted, it needs to be replaced immediately.
- Make sure to wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory masks while grinding.
Selection Of The Appropriate Grinding Wheel
Choosing the appropriate grinding wheel is crucial to achieve optimum results in grinding a lathe tool cutter bit.
- The grinding wheel's grit depends on the material you are working with. A coarse grit size is suitable for grinding hard materials such as tungsten carbide, while a finer grit size is ideal for softer materials like aluminum.
- The hardness of the grinding wheel should match or exceed the material hardness you are working with.
- Before use, ensure that the grinding wheel is thoroughly inspected for any damage or faults that may cause accidents or harm while in operation.
Grinding Of The Side, Face, And Top Of The Lathe Tool Cutter Bit
Grinding a lathe tool cutter bit involves three major operations: grinding the tool's side, face, and top.
For grinding the side:
- Position the tool's side to the grinding wheel at an angle of 10-15 degrees.
- Move the tool back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired angle and shape.
For grinding the face:
- Position the tool's face to the grinding wheel and move it back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired shape and angle.
For grinding the top:
- Position the tool's top to the grinding wheel and move it back and forth across the grinding wheel until you achieve the desired shape and angle.
Honing The Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
Honing is the final step in the grinding process, and it is crucial in achieving a smooth and sharp edge.
- Use a honing stone to sharpen and smoothen the lathe tool cutter bit's edges.
- Move the honing stone in a circular motion until you achieve the desired results.
Inspection Of The Ground Lathe Tool Cutter Bits
After grinding and honing the lathe tool cutter bits, you need to inspect them for any visible damage or faults.
- Check the tool's edges for any chips or cracks that may affect its performance.
- Ensure that the tool's shape and angles are within the limits of the design specifications.
- If any damages are found, replace the tool immediately before using it.
Safety Measures During Grinding
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits can be dangerous if not done correctly.
- Wear protective gear such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory masks.
- Keep your workspace clean and organized to prevent accidents or harm.
- Inspect all the equipment before use to ensure that no damage or fault is present.
- Follow the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines when using all grinding equipment and tools.
Grinding lathe tool cutter bits


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Aporte original por: jayeff,
If you can't get dial tone to make an outgoing call and incoming calls are going straight to messagebank (voicemail?) try disconnecting the base station from the telephone socket and then call the phone number from another phone, e.g. a mobile phone
''If the call still goes to messagebank'' there may be a ''fault on the line or in the telephone exchange'' that will prevent you getting dial tone for outgoing calls and indicates that the line is busy and incoming calls are being redirected to messagebank.
Contact your phone service provider regarding the problem.
''If the calling phone receives the ring tone signal'' then there may be a fault in the base station or the handset.
If you have a corded phone try plugging it into the telephone socket and see if the service works normally.
If you haven't got a corded phone, with the base station disconnected from the telephone socket try calling the number again and when you're getting the ring tone signal in the calling phone, use a pair of scissors or pliers to short out the two wires in the phone socket to check that the ring tone signal in the calling phone stops. This proves that the line is OK all the way to the premises and that the correct number is there as well.
What is the model number of the phone?


The matrimony of qualitative and quantitative analytics "Product people - Product managers, product designers, UX designers, UX researchers, Business analysts, developers, makers & entrepreneurs June 06 2017 True Mobile Analytics, Product Design, Product Focus, Qualitative Analytics, Mind the Product Mind the Product Ltd 1029 Product Management 4.116
The matrimony of qualitative and quantitative analytics
As mobile app technology evolves, it seems logical that our mobile analytics capabilities should evolve proportionally. Yet for the most part, any evolution in the mobile analytics realm is happening at a much more glacial pace. Now that's not to discount improvements in areas such as data visualisation, product integrations, and real-time capabilities, which have helped product managers gather and dissect their data better than ever before. These advancements are valuable, but do not supersede the underlying disproportion between mobile app technology and our capability to analyse mobile app usage that exists today.
Interestingly, this disparity is due to the data itself – you've all heard the quote "the devil is in the data". But what if I was to tell you that the quantitative data you have been gathering is actually functioning more like a prologue to an important story than the story itself – in this case, your users' story. This quantitative data gives you a powerful introduction into what users are doing in your mobile app, but it doesn't allow you to explore their specific experiences. Mobile product managers need data that provides them with the ability to actually see and understand specific user behaviour instead of having to define it by aggregate, numerical data.
However, a few mobile analytics companies, including Appsee, have recognised this need and brought a new type of analytics to market – qualitative analytics.
And as you probably guessed, once you combine qualitative analytics with your quantitative data, you are able to obtain that epic, complete story on your mobile users. But how exactly?
The shortcomings of quantitative analytics
In order to understand the potency of this union, we first need to understand why relying solely on analytics that provides quantitative data (traditional analytics) simply does not cut it.
Let's just review the definition of quantitative for a moment. Merriam Webster notes the definition as follows:
3: based on quantity; specifically of classical verse: based on temporal quantity or duration of sounds
Numbers, numbers, numbers – that is the core of the definition. So when it comes to quantitative analytics, basically all of the data and information it collects can be measured with numbers.
This is no bad thing, in fact it's extremely important. Quantitative data can help you gather insights on overall user actions and usage trends, such as the length of the average user session or how many users completed a certain conversion funnel. But these numbers don't answer the pivotal question of "why?". Quantitative analytics can only answer your number based inquiries. Numbers have an extremely important story to tell, but how do you figure out and communicate that story?
Enter qualitative analytics.
What is qualitative analytics and why is it needed?
While quantitative analytics focuses on aspects of your app that can be measured by numbers, qualitative analytics zones in on the one essential element of your mobile app that cannot be delineated by numbers. That element is the user experience; your user's unique story within your app.
At the moment, how do you know whether your users are frustrated with a certain unresponsive button or confused by a particular feature? To put it simply, no number on a dashboard can effectively describe those specific in-app experiences. In order to fully understand and assess your users' stories, you need data that enables you to see what your users are experiencing and how they behave. This is the essence of qualitative analytics.
With features such as user session recordings and touch heatmaps, qualitative analytics allows you to actually step into the shoes of your real users (not beta testers) and examine how they truly interact with your app. This is the best way to analyse a KPI as subjective and nuanced as user experience.
Yet the value of qualitative analytics is not limited to inspecting user experience. It also serves as an extremely powerful compliment to your quantitative data.
How quantitative and qualitative make the perfect couple
Quantitative analytics allows you to identify on a numerical basis important trends, issues, and actions within your mobile app. Then, qualitative analytics (such as unique user session recordings) augments this data by supplying the crucial "whys" behind those numbers.
Let's look at some compelling use cases of this power couple in action.
In-app crashes
Your quantitative analytics tells you that your daily app crash rate has increased by 50%. This is very important, but now you need to understand why this is happening. To obtain valuable visual context behind your crashes, you turn to your qualitative analytics and watch session recordings of crashed sessions from that specific day. This allows you to accurately reproduce a crash and discern the sequence of user actions that led to a crash.
Conversion funnels
You have an ecommerce app with a conversion funnel in place for purchase completion. Your quantitative data tells you that over a seven-day period, 74.4% of your users that visited the "My Cart" screen, dropped out of the funnel and did not trigger the event "Purchase Complete". These stats alert you to the fact that your users might be encountering a potential issue or multiple issues within the "My Cart" screen. What are the issues exactly? By drilling down to specific session recordings of users that dropped out of the funnel, you can see exactly what might have caused friction within their experience.
In a nutshell, this combination of quantitative data and qualitative information allows you to streamline the process of turning data into information, and information into insights – actionable insights. No more scenarios of drowning in copious amounts of quantitative data and guesswork.
To top it off, by using qualitative analytics to distill quantitative data, you can save valuable time and resources – which product managers often are low on. At the end of the day, this quantitative and qualitative union should empower you to separate the "wheat from the chaff" within your data and make key decisions regarding your product with more confidence. We can't wait to hear what insights you obtain.


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The wild relatives of tomatoes are all native to the deserts of western South America (the Atacama Desert), but Solanum lycopersicum itself is not really known from the wild.
Tomatoes are cultivated on all continents except Antarctica, from sea level to 3000 metres elevation, and in temperate climates they are grown as an annual. Tomatoes can become weedy and escape from gardens, when they do, they can be a problem for rarer wild relatives that they can hybridise with.
Tomatoes are grown in gardens and rich soil where they escape from gardens they often grow near rubbish dumps or sewage works where soil is high in nutrients.
They can grow in quite dry areas, but grow bigger and produce more fruit when they are well-watered.


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In 1017 Henry II gave large areas of land to Paderborn cathedral and in that way imposed on the Lords of Lembeck an oath of allegiance to the cathedral.
In 1190 the Lords of Lembeck built a defensive tower (called "Motte"), on marshy terrain approximately in the area of today's north wing of the main castle. These foundations can still be traced within the fabric of the castle. Over the following 450 years the tower was gradually extended into a fortified medieval castle. The site of this castle is roughly where the Schlaun'sche hall is now situated.
In 1526, Bertha of Lembeck, daughter of John of Lembeck, married Bernhard von Westerholt from neighbouring Vest Recklinghausen.
During the 16th and 17th centuries the region suffered greatly from the ravages of the Spanish-Dutch war (which lasted 80 years). This war (in Germany the 30 years during war) left the Westerholt family with such large debts that in 1631 they had to sell their possessions to the Dutch branch of the Westerholt-Hackfurt family. The Thirty Years War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia signed in Munster.
The Lord of the castle in the late 17th century, Conrad Dietrich von Westholt-Hackfurt, died in 1702. He assumed that the horrors of this war would be a lesson to humanity and that they would never be repeated. Inspired by this hope of lasting peace, in the second half of the 17th century he built the baroque moated castle in its present open form, while at the same time extending it considerably. Instead of fortified walls the visitor now has the benefit of wide views into the surrounding landscape.
This moated castle, located on two islands, is typical of the style of castle building in Westphalia. The buildings on the first island (Vorburg) were used for administrative and agricultural purposes until 1887. On the second island the main castle (Hauptburg) is situated, occupied by the Lords of the time. A southern wing of the main castle was planned but not built. The natural stone cantilevered from the masonry are still visible and are pointers to this building plan. Over the past three centuries, the moat waters and the open views of the beautiful park and


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Playing mother hen to a flamingo chick
Thursday 5 August 2004
A Caribbean flamingo chick, hatched on the 6 July, is being hand reared by keepers at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
Standing at 10 inches (25 cm) tall the leggy young bird will eventually grow as tall as 4 feet (1.2 m) and its creamy off white plumage will change to the familiar flamingo pink when it is a year old.
Flamingos lay their eggs in nests made of piles of mud which they carefully mould into a chimney shape, however the keepers noticed that the parents had abandoned one of the nests and so they collected the egg to see if it could be incubated. After 28 days the egg hatched, producing a long, pink-legged and very noisy chick! It has been a major achievement to hatch and rear the youngster as they are notoriously specialised feeders.
The chick is fed 3 times a day on a special mixture of sprats, peeled prawns, two egg yokes, baby food cereals, vitamins, probiotic and calcium, which is liquidised in a food mixer and fed via a syringe.
The keepers will continue to look after the chick for about 10 weeks after which it will be slowly integrated into the flock at Whipsnade.
For further information contact:
Debbie Curtis _PHONE_ 6363 or _EMAIL_
Notes to Editors
- The Caribbean or rosy flamingo is found in central and south America and is the tallest flamingos
- They have a unique way of feeding using their specialised beak as an upside down sieve to filter out invertebrates in the water
— ENDS —


Singular Optics: Light chasing its own tail
May 04 2010 Published by under Optics
(Title stolen shamelessly from my postdoctoral advisor, who I assume will forgive me.)
As I've noted numerous times in previous posts, one of the fundamental properties that characterizes wave behavior (i.e. that makes a wave a wave) is wave interference. When two or more waves combine, they produce local regions of higher brightness (constructive interference) and lower brightness (destructive interference), the latter involving a partial or complete "cancellation" of the wave amplitude.
Researchers have long noted that the regions of complete destructive interference of wavefields, where the brightness goes exactly to zero, have a somewhat regular geometric structure, and that the wavefield itself has unusual behavior in the neighborhood of these zeros. In the 1970s this structure and behavior was rigorously described mathematically, and further research on this and related phenomena has become its own subfield of optics known as singular optics. Singular optics has introduced a minor "paradigm shift" of sorts to theoretical optics, in which researchers have learned that the most interesting parts of a light wave are often those places where there is the least amount of light!
In this post we'll discuss the basic ideas of singular optics; to begin, however, we must point out that most people have the wrong idea of what a "typical" interference pattern looks like!
The canonical demonstration of interference is Young's double slit experiment, in which a spatially coherent light beam is incident upon a pair of holes (slits or small "pinholes") in an opaque screen. The light emanating from the two holes interferes as it propagates beyond, and the interference pattern can be observed on a second screen:
As can be seen from the second image above, the interference pattern observed on the screen is a set of bright vertical bands (constructive interference) separated by dark vertical bands (destructive interference). It can be shown that there are vertical lines in the center of the dark vertical bands on which the light intensity is exactly zero: these lines are regions of complete destructive interference. They are highlighted in red in the following figure:
If we move the measurement screen, we find that the interference pattern remains essentially unchanged: in three-dimensional space, therefore, the regions of complete destructive interference are vertically-oriented surfaces.
This experiment is is so familiar that we tend to think of "bright and dark bands" whenever the word "interference" is used; but does every interference experiment produce a similar result?
Let us make the simplest possible change to Young's interferometer that we can imagine: we add a single extra hole, making it a "Young's three-pinhole interferometer"! The system and a typical interference pattern is illustrated below:
The intensity on the screen is a hexagonal pattern of bright spots interlaced with a hexagonal pattern of dark spots! It can be shown that the centers of the darkest spots in the pattern are points of complete destructive interference; these zeros are illustrated as red dots for clarity below:
If we move the measurement screen, we find that the basic form of the interference pattern doesn't change: in three-dimensional space, therefore, the regions of complete destructive interference are horizontally-oriented lines, and the pattern is fundamentally different than that of Young's two pinhole interferometer.
What happens if we add even more pinholes? The overall structure of the interference pattern will change, but the regions of complete destructive interference are still lines. It seems that a "typical" interference pattern is one in which lines of zero intensity are present. In technical terms, it is said that zero lines are a generic feature of wavefields; the zero surfaces of Young's interference experiment are non-generic.
Under what circumstances does one see a "generic" interference pattern? A very familiar example is the speckle pattern produced when a laser beam reflects off of a rough surface (picture from Wikipedia, brightness adjusted):
The countless dark spots are points of complete destructive interference, which are lines of zeros in three-dimensions. The rough surface scatters light in all directions with different phases, acting in essence as a Young interferometer with a large number of randomly-placed "holes". Natural light does not produce such a speckle pattern because of its low spatial and temporal coherence.
The really intriguing aspect of the lines of complete destructive interference, however, is the behavior of the phase of the light wave in the neighborhood of these lines. To describe this, we first briefly review what we mean by the phase of a wave, restricting ourselves to single-frequency (monochromatic) waves.
Let us start by considering monochromatic waves on a string, as might be generated by waving the end of the string up and down in a regular manner. A snapshot of the string at an instant of time would look something like this, where the arrow indicates the overall direction of motion:
Because the "waving" of the string repeats itself regularly, we can characterize its state by an angle between 0 and 360°, with 0 representing the situation when the wave is at its peak:
This angle is what we refer to as the phase $latex phi$ of the wave. At \( phi=0^circ\) the wave is at its highest; at \(phi=180^circ\) the wave is at its lowest. At \(phi = 90^circ\) the wave has no height but is moving upward; at \(phi=270^circ\) the wave also has no height but is moving downward. For future reference, we refer to those regions for which \(phi=0^circ\) as the wavefronts of the wave.
We can also define a phase for an optical wave in three-dimensional space. The simplest is a wave where the wavefronts are equally spaced planes in 3-D space; such a wave is known as a plane wave (here shown moving to the left):
A more complicated wave, such as light that has been distorted by passing through a piece of curved glass, will in general have curved wavefronts. For instance, a top-down view of the behavior of the wavefronts on passing through a lens is illustrated crudely below:
Light is slowed down inside the glass of the lens, and the part of the wave that travels the farthest in the glass is delayed the longest, resulting in a net curvature of the wavefronts.
So what do the wavefronts look like around a generic zero line? There are loosely two possibilities, depending on the orientation of the zero line with respect to the overall direction of the wave.
Let us first consider the case where the zero line lies in the same direction the wave is traveling. If one looks at the wavefronts near the zero line, they actually form a helix around the central line:
If we were to make a movie of the motion of the wavefronts, we would find that they twist upwards in a right-handed sense, like a drill bit or the tip of a screw as it is screwed in. This structure is referred to as a screw dislocation.
We can also consider the case where the zero line is horizontal to the direction of motion. The wavefronts near the zero line have the following (rough) appearance:
If we look at a cross-section of this wave, we find that the zero line marks the beginning of a new wavefront which is wedged between two other wavefronts:
The blue dot indicates the location of the zero line. This sort of structure is referred to as an edge dislocation.
There also can exist mixed dislocations, which are partly like a screw dislocation and partly like an edge dislocation; such structures occur when the zero line is intermediate between parallel and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
The term dislocation is taken from the physics of crystal structures; the edge and screw dislocations of light are analogous to the types of defects that can occur in crystals. An edge dislocation in a crystal is the case when an extra row of atoms is "wedged" into an otherwise regular crystal structure (source):
A screw dislocation in a crystal appears when the crystal is "torn" and the rows are shifted along the line of the tear. The picture below shows an edge dislocation in the top row and a screw dislocation in the bottom row (source):
This analogy between dislocations in crystals and the structure of the phase near zero lines of light intensity was first noticed by Nye and Berry in their seminal 1974 paper1 on the subject, "Dislocations in wave trains."
In addition to studying the structure of the wavefronts, we may look at the behavior of the phase of the field near the zero lines. Let us plot the phase in a plane perpendicular to the zero line; it turns out the image is the same for an edge or a screw dislocation:
The phase increases continuously as one traces a counterclockwise path around the zero point in the center. All possible values of the phase come together at that central point, however, implying that there is no unique value of the phase along the zero line. For this reason, the zero line is referred to as a phase singularity, and the general study of such objects is referred to as singular optics.
So the zero line can be referred to as a dislocation line, or a phase singularity: let's give it one more name! Referring again to the screw dislocation, we noted that, as time progresses, the wavefronts circulate or swirl around the zero line: in a very real sense, the light wave is "going in circles" around that central axis, very much like water swirling around a drain.


HARD-UP Huddersfield students are forking out high rents for their new homes - yet still getting potential death trap accommodation.
That was the warning today from British Gas officials, anxious to hammer home the safety message.
Research from British Gas and the National Union of Students has shown that, despite landlords demanding rents on a par with those paid by better-off tenants, many students get a raw deal in houses where basic gas safety and other life-saving measures are overlooked.
With students arriving at Huddersfield University this week and many others moving all over the country, safety experts are warning partygoers in privately-rented accommodation to make sure their hangover is from the night before and not the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
British Gas is urging all students and their families to follow a simple five-point checklist as soon as they move in.
The latest figures show that student rents have now risen to an average of £206 per month for rooms in shared houses - but higher rents have not led to higher standards of safety or quality.
Chris Bielby, British Gas's head of quality and standards, said: "Despite in many cases paying top-level prices, too many students are still getting bottom-end houses for their money.
"The law on safety checks is there to help save lives. It's unacceptable that they still aren't getting the standard of homes everyone else takes for granted."
Accommodation offices at most universities, including Huddersfield, already carry out checks on the properties they include on their housing lists. But British Gas and the NUS are urging all students to carry out simple checks of their own just to be sure.
1. Check with your landlord that the gas appliances in the property were professionally installed by a CORGI registered installer.
2. Check the property has functional smoke detectors and carbon monoxide detectors.
3. Check with your landlord that the furniture is fire resistant.
4. Check that all electrical appliances have been properly wired and check electrical sockets and switches for signs of burning or scorching.
5. Check that the property seems secure - do the ground floor windows have safety catches? Do the external doors seem solid, for instance?


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Table of Contents
Mehantak Vati is an Ayurvedic medicine. It is useful in the management of Meha Roga. Meha Roga includes obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes. Mehantak Vati checks the urinary tract infections, controls micro and macrovascular complications of the kidney and checks the blood loss that occurs through the urinary tract.
Prameha (chronic urinary disorders; 'Pra' means excess and 'Meha' means to pass urine so 'Prameha' means disease in which excess urine is passed). In Ayurveda, twenty different types of Prameha are described and they have put under Vataj, Pittaj and Kaphaj category according to Dosha. Madhumeha ('Madhu' means sweet and 'Meha' means pass urine) is a subtype of Prameha. It is classified under the Vata dosh category.
Here is given more about this medicine, such as benefits, indication/therapeutic uses, composition, and dosage.
- Manufacturer: Unjha
- Availability: Online and at medical stores
- Type of medicine: Ayurvedic Medicine
- Main Indication: Urinary Problems
Ingredients of Mehantak Vati
UNJHA AYURVEDIC PHARMACY Mehantak Vati Composition
Each Pills Contains
- Vanslochan (Bambusa Araudinacea) 10%
- Purified Shilajit 10%
- Gum mastagi roomi (Pistacia lentiscus) 10%
- Isas (Boswellia Serrata) 10%
- Ral (Shorea Robusta) 10%
- Chanakdab (Piper cubeba) 10%
- Elaychi (Elettaria Cardamomum) 10%
- Haldar (Curcuma Longa) 10%
- Sughandhio varo (Vetiveria Zizanoides) 10%
- Excipients Q.S
Know the Ingredients of Mehantak Vati
Vamsalochana / Vanshlochan/ Bamboo Manna is an Ayurvedic name of medicinal tree Bambusa arundinacea.
The siliceous concretion found in the joints of the female bamboo is called Vamsalochana/ Bansa rochana in Sanskrit. It occurs as a bluish-white translucent mass. It has sweet, cooling, Tonic, expectorant, hemostatic, aphrodisiac, diuretic and anti-cough properties.
It is useful in cough, consumption, asthma, bronchitis, fever, etc. It is added in the composition of numerous compound prescriptions used for affections of the lungs.
- Rasa (taste on the tongue): Kashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet),
- Guna (Pharmacological Action): Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry)
- Virya (Action): Shita (Cooling)
- Vipaka (transformed state after digestion): Madhura (Sweet)
- Dosha effect: Reduces Vata-Pitta-Kapha, but increases Kapha when taken in excess
- Dhatu (tissue): Plasma, blood, nerve
- Srotas (channel): Respiratory, nervous
The gum resin of Pistacia lentiscus or Mastic Tree is known as Mastagi, Roomi Mastagi, Mastaki or Gum mastagi roomi. The chief components of resin are the triterpenes mastic acid, isomastic acid, oleanolic acid, and tirucallol. It is ulcer protective, carminative, stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic. The amaroids and essential oil are astringent and aromatic. It is mainly used in Unani medicine and entered into Ayurvedic medicine after the 16th century, for cough, asthma, dysuria, dysmenorrhoea.
The resin of Boswellia serrata is known as Salai/Salai guggul and has been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies and in medicines since time immemorial. Salai Guggul possesses monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetracyclic triterpenic acids and four major pentacyclic triterpenic acids i.e. βboswellic acid, acetylβboswellic acid, 11-ketoβboswellic acid, and acetyl11ketoβboswellic acid. Gum resin extracts have been traditionally used in folk medicine for centuries to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases.
Shorea Robusta is known as Sakher, Sakhu, Sal, and Salwa. The tree yields an oleoresin called Sal Dammar or Bengal Dammar (Dhup, Guggal, Laldhuna Ral). The resin exuded from the tree is used for dysentery, weak digestion, gonorrhea and as an aphrodisiac.
Cubeb (Piper cubeba) is indigenous to Indonesia and is cultivated in Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia. Cubebs are the fruit of Piper cubeba. The fruit is harvested when still green and dried in the sun. The chief constituents alphaand betacubebenes (11%), copaene (10%), cubebol (10%), delta-cadinene (9%), humulenes. Cubeb is used in the treatment of the urinary tract diseases, flatulence and stomach complaints, headaches (dizziness), chronic bronchitis, to increase libido and for poor memory. Piper cubeba is used for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract.
Ela / Elaichi (Elettaria cardamomum), is known as lesser cardamom in English. It is cool in potency. Elettaria cardamomum seeds are aromatic and used for appetizing property in various food preparations. Medicinally, it has anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, cooling, stimulant, carminative, digestive, stomachic, Tridoshahara, nutritive, laxative, expectorant, and appetizing properties. The seeds are useful in asthma, bronchitis, throat disorders, piles, gas, vomiting, digestive disorders, and cough.
Chewing of cardamom seeds helps in many common ailments of the digestive system. Cardamom seeds Powder is used alone in the treatment of symptoms resulting from excess heat or acidity in the body system. When mixed with other ingredients it shows enhanced effects in treating vomiting, loss of appetite, indigestion, gastric irritation, nausea, burning sensation, thirst, giddiness, burning urination, bad smell from the mouth, etc.
Haridra (also known as Rajni, Nisha, Nishi, Haldi, Haladhi, Turmeric) consists of the dried and cured rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn. It mainly contains essential oil and curcumin. Haldi has significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, the liver protecting and chemopreventive effects (inhibition of tumor formation, promotion, progression and dissemination in many animal models). It works effectively in degenerative diseases with an inflammatory or oxidative basis like type 2 diabetes, arthritis, heart diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Vetiveria zizanioides /Ushira is densely tufted perennial grass. The root is of the plant are a cooling, bitter, alexiteric, stomachic, astringent and used in the burning sensations, bilious fevers, sweats, foul breath, thirst, strangury, ulcers, diseases of the blood. The root is cooling to the brain, bitter, soporific and useful in spermatorrhoea, headache, diseases of the blood. It is regarded as stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic and refrigerant. The infusion of the roots is used as a tonic and emmenagogue.
Ayurvedic Action of Mehantak Vati
- Dahashamak: Gives relief in the burning sensation
- Pramehnashak: Treats Prameha
- Vrishya: Increases the quantity of semen
Benefits of Mehantak Vati
- It works on urinary and reproductive organs.
- It balances Kapha and Vata Dosha.
- It helps in urinary disorders.
- It is a cooling and gives relief in the burning sensation.
- It pacifies Vata and Kapha.
Important Therapeutic Uses of Mehantak Vati
- Recurrent Urinary tract infection
- Macro and microhematuria (Presence of blood in the urine).
- Different types of Nephropathy (disease or damage of the kidney)
- Urgency and frequency of urine
- General disability
The Dosage of Mehantak Vati
- The recommended dosage of medicine is 1 to 2 tablets.
- It should be taken twice a day, in the morning and evening.
- It is to be taken with water.
- Or take as directed by a doctor.
Suggestions, Contraindications, Interactions, Side-effects, and Warnings
- This medicine is to be taken under medical supervision.
- It is completely safe to take this medicine in recommended doses.
- Effectivity of herbal medicine depends on many factors. A medicine suitable for one person may not essentially give the same result in another person.
- The exact dose depends on the age, strength, digestive power of the patient, the nature of the illness, the state of the viscera and


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Curtin University's spatial sciences teams are using big data, advanced processing power and community engagement to solve social and environmental problems.
Advanced facilities and expertise at Perth's Pawsey Supercomputing Centre support the Square Kilometre Array – a multi-array telescope due to launch in 2024 – and undertake high-end science using big data.
Individual computers at the $80 million facility have processing power in excess of a petaflop (one quadrillion floating point operations per second) – that's 100,000 times the flops handled by your average Mac or PC.
Curtin University is a key participant in iVEC, which runs the Pawsey Centre, and a partner in the CRC for Spatial Information. As such, it is at the forefront of research efforts to use big data to solve global issues.
For instance, says the head of Curtin's Department of Spatial Sciences Professor Bert Veenendaal, the university's researchers are using Pawsey supercomputers to manage, compile and integrate growing volumes of data on water resources, land use, climate change and infrastructure.
"There is a rich repository of information and knowledge among the vast amounts of data captured by satellites, ground and mobile sensors, as well as the everyday usage information related to people carrying mobile devices," he says.
"Increasing amounts of data are under-utilised because of a lack of knowhow and resources to integrate and extract useful knowledge," he explains.
"Big data infrastructures coupled with increasing research in modelling and knowledge extraction will achieve this."
Curtin's projects include mapping sea-level rise and subsidence along the Western Australian coastline near Perth, generating high-resolution maps of the Earth's gravity field and modelling climate over regional areas, such as Bhutan in South-East Asia, across multiple time scales.
Some research projects have the potential to expand and make use of big data in the future, particularly in the area of community development.
In one such project, the team worked with members of a rural community in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, to collect information and map data using geographic information science.
This helped the local community to determine the extent of vegetation cover in their local area, water access points for animals and how far the animals travelled from the water points to food sources.
Using this data, one local woman was able to create a goat breeding business plan to develop a herd of stronger animals.
According to Veenendaal, there is potential for big data to be used for many regional and national issues.
"Projects like this have the potential to provide data acquisition, analysis and knowledge that will inform intelligent decision-making about land use and community development on local, regional and national scales," he says.
While procuring more funding for the Botswana project, Curtin's researchers are planning future big data projects, such as applying global climate change models to regional areas across multiple time scales, and bringing together signals from multiple global navigation satellite systems, such as the USA's GPS, China's BeiDou and the EU's Galileo. – Laura Boness


July 19, 2018
What We Do
The Man Who Crossed the Border to Save His Son's Life
What happens when we meet strangers face-to-face? Blanca, a Phoenix-based child therapist and a mother of three children, meets a man and his 13-year-old son from Guatemala who just escaped violence by crossing the border near Yuma, Arizona. He is seeking asylum. The human connection is so powerful if we choose not to look away.Sign up for our email list at facinghumanity.org for updates on our RV trip across America bringing the stories of the migrants to the voters.
Posted by Facing Humanity on Wednesday, August 8, 2018
Our mission is to use video-calling technology to bring refugees, migrants, and other marginalized people from around the world into face-to-face conversation with U.S. voters.
We believe that many of our most difficult policy and cultural challenges such as immigration reform or refugee policies cannot be resolved humanely if the most affected and vulnerable people are seen as the "other" or referred to in demeaning terms. In short, dehumanization is a core problem.
The video calls would be preceded by a short informational video that introduces the context for the conversation, e.g. families separated at the borders. The calls would be followed by resources for taking action towards creating humane policies and an invitation to participate in future actions.
Five Components
 1. Document the facts of a political situation that is often riddled with myth and misinformation.
 2. Use video conferencing to engage the public, media, and lawmakers with face-to-face conversations with the people most impacted and often faceless and voiceless.
 3. Create portals — digital (an app and website) and analog (popups using a camper) — that would invite people to intimate, humanizing, and informative conversations.
 4. Film our initial fact-finding and the face-to-face conversations to create branded media content edited for social media distribution.
 5. Offer an educational resource that would aid reporters, educators, lawmakers, and the general public.
We believe that if we are successful in connecting voters with migrants and refugees at a new level of humanity, the impact would be quite profound for the future. These are our current goals:
 1. Humanize the people regarded as strangers, foreigners, and "aliens."
 2. Educate the public about how and why people become refugees and migrants.
 3. Appeal to voters to contact elected representatives to advance humane policies.
 4. Record the conversations and create media content to be distributed through social media platforms.
 5. Engage the participants and invite them to become advocates for refugees and migrants.
 6. Present experiences that increase empathy and understanding.
We are working with the Social Good Fund as our fiscal sponsor for 501 (c)(3) grants and tax-deductible donations to support Facing Humanity.
Our goal is to raise $250,000 for the project focused on the immigration crisis.
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12 Year Nigerian Boy – Chika Ofili Discovers New Maths Formula in UK4 min read
Nigeria Chika Ofili Discovers Maths Formula.
A 12-year-old Nigerian boy, Chika Ofili, has been recognised by the Westminster Under School, London in the United Kingdom for discovering a new mathematical formula in solving number divisibility especially of 7.
He has since been honoured and presented with the TruLittle Hero Award for his academic record in Maths.
The Westminster Under School is an independent preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13, in the heart of London.
In a test assessed by Miss Mary Ellis, his Mathematics teacher, who is also the author of 'The Aliens Have Landed and 174 Other Problems,' Chika was able to solve a divisibility problem associated with number 7 in mathematics.
MEET TANITOLUWA ADEWUNMI, NIGERIAN BOY WHO WON NEW YORK CHESS COMPETITION
According to her, "Something very exciting happened last Friday when one of my pupils, Chika Ofili, popped into the classroom and asked if he could tell me something he had thought of over the summer holidays. I was intrigued.
"I had given him a book called First Steps for Problem Solvers (published by the UKMT) to look at over the holidays and inside the book was a list of the divisibility tests, which are used to quickly work out whether a number is exactly divisible by either 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 before you actually start dividing. Except that there was no test listed for checking divisibility by 7.
"The reason why it was missing is because there is no easy or memorable test for dividing by 7, or so I thought!
"In a bored moment, Chika had turned his mind to the problem and this is what he came up with. He realised that if you take the last digit of any whole number, multiply it by 5 and then add this to the remaining part of the number, you will get a new number. And it turns out that if this new number is divisible by 7, then the original number is divisible by 7. What an easy test!"
Ellis added that Chika demonstrated his test in class, saying "no one could find a counter-example to disprove it."
For example, take the number 532 53 + 2 x 5 = 63 63 is a multiple of 7, so 532 is a multiple of 7 (and therefore divisible by 7) or take the number 987 98 + 7 x 5 = 133 13 + 3 x 5 = 28 28 is a multiple of 7, so both 133 and 987 are multiples of 7.
In fact, if you actually keep going, you will always end up with either 7 or 49, if the original number is divisible by 7. For example, take the number 2996 299 + 6 x 5 = 329 32 + 9 x 5 = 77 7 + 7 x 5 = 42 4 + 2 x 5 = 14 1 + 4 x 5 = 21 2 + 1 x 5 = 7 7 is a multiple of 7 and so is 21, 14, 42, 77, 329 and the original number 2996.
The opposite is also true in that if you don't end up with a multiple of 7, then the original number is not divisible by 7. For example, take the number 114 11 + 4 x 5 = 31 3 + 1 x 5 = 8 And since 8 is clearly not divisible by 7, neither is 31 nor our original number 114.
"But mathematically, we needed to find a proof. Once a theorem is proved mathematically it will always be true. Pythagoras proved his famous theorem over 2,500 years and when he died, he knew it would never be disproved. It is important to realise that a result cannot be proved by finding thousands or even millions of results which support it.
"I woke up early on Saturday morning still thinking about Chika's test and rang my younger brother, Simon Ellis, who also happens to teach Maths, and asked him if he had ever come across the test. He hadn't and immediately set about trying to write a proof.
"An hour later, he sent me a watertight algebraic proof! He also discovered that the test works if you start by multiplying the last digit by 12, 19, 26, 33 … and then add it to the remaining part of the number. And furthermore, it works if you double the last digit and then subtract it from the remaining part of the number, of if you multiply the last digit by 9, 16, 23, 30…and subtract. And actually the doubling and subtracting test can be easily found on the internet.
"But we both agreed multiplying the last digit by 5 and adding it to the remaining part of the number is much more appealing!
"Mr O'Donnell urged me to tell the school about Chika's discovery, so an impromptu demonstration followed in Monday's assembly. We are now trying to figure out how to make this test more widely known, as it is so simple that it really should be taught alongside the other divisibility tests," Ellis said.
(See the link to the school's website: _URL_
Professional freelancer and webmaster.


Thought of the day - strong will power
Where there is a will there is a way
A man of strong will power is sure to succeed in life. To a man of will power nothing is impossible. Life is not a bed of roses. It is full of difficulties. At every step, we have to face dangers. If we have no strong determination, we may lose hope in life. Failure in life is largely because of a lack of strong mental make-up. Weak-minded persons lose all spirit when they fail. A strong-minded man never broods on defeat. He throws himself heart and soul into further efforts and achieves almost the impossible.
Usain Bolt motivational quote
Strong will power and determination
Strong will power and determination is the key of success. The history of Thomas Alva Edison (Thomas Edison's teachers said he was "too stupid to learn anything." He was fired from his first two jobs for being "non-productive." As an inventor, Edison made 1,000 unsuccessful attempts at inventing the light bulb) is an example. He tried and tried. At last, he succeeded. So, we can surely do something in life if we have a sincere desire and firm will to act.
This short motivational speech can change your life.
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For parts with up to 25% combustibles
Maximum 800°F (427°C)
RateControlled models allow you to strip parts with greater loads of combustibles, even oil-soaked transformers. RateControlled models combine all of the features of Controlled Pyrolysis® models with a more advanced system of detecting overheating.
The rate controlled ovens are an excellent choice for varying load sizes or highly combustible amounts. They have faster overheat response times than the controlled pyrolysis ovens and are built to FM standards with high fire afterburner.
The RateControlled model's advanced temperature control system detects overheating when it begins, allowing processing of materials that are difficult if not impossible to control, such as volatile combustibles like oil-soaked transformers, partially-cured paint films on grates, and other hard-to-process materials. Some combustibles start to decompose at lower temperatures than others and, therefore, more difficult to keep from igniting. The RateControlled System monitors the rates of furnace temperature increase, the afterburner temperature and the rate of smoke emission. Should any of these accelerate too fast, the rate controllers turn on the water spray to restore safe operation. The rate controllers are factory-set and require no operator input.
- Automatic time cycles ensure that the furnace runs for only as long as it takes the process to load.
- Automatic Cool-down
- Larger loads can be processed more quickly
- The Rapid heat afterburner helps to increase the processing rate of the smoke being generated during operation.
- Safety requirements set by insurance companies and EPA are met through the use of door switches, purge times, extra gas valve and high/low gas pressure switches.
Standard Features of RateControlled™ Ovens
- Automatic Time Cycle runs the furnace only as long as it takes to process the load.
- Fully Automatic. No cycle time or ramp recipe to select.
- Automatic Cool-Down if the secondary burner fails. Back-Up Water Spray.
- Processes larger loads in shorter times.
- Processes more volatile loads with digital controllers.
- Rapid Heat Afterburner raises standard afterburner temperature from 1500°F to 1650°F, increasing the processing rate of the smoke generated.
- Rapid Heat Afterburner required by EPA in some states.
- Diagnostic Panel indicator lights reflect the operational status of the oven and its controls and pin-points the problem.
- Door Switch, Purge Time, Extra Gas Valve and High/Low Gas Pressure Switches enhance burner safety required by some insurance companies.
- Water Pressure Switch stops primary burner if water supply fails.
- View all Details and Specs on our RateControlled™ Ovens


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- INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMS
- VISITOR CENTER
- WILDLIFE VIEWING
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, LA
Fish and Wildlife Service
Sabine NWR,about 8 miles south of Hackberry, on State Highway 27, was established in 1937 to provide habitat for migratory waterfowl and other birds. The refuge consists of a basin of wetlands located between the Gulf's beach cheniers (oak ridges)and the coastal prairie, which is one of the most productive and fertile areas of North America. It encompasses 124,511 acres of fresh,intermediate and brackish marshes and is one of the largest estuarine-dependent marine species nurseries in southwest Louisiana. It has also been designated as an "Internationally Important Bird Area" due to the numerous wading, water and marsh birds that utilize it throughout the year. Over 280,000 people visit the refuge annually. The exhibits in the refuge visitor center and the Wetland Walkway are considered two of the principal tourist attractions in southwest Louisiana. The refuge is an integral part of the Creole Nature Trail All American Road
Address:3000 Holly Beach Highway
Directions:Sabine NWR is located about 22 miles south of Sulphur, Louisiana. Take Exit 20 off of Interstate 10 in Sulphur. Turn south on Highway 27 and proceed south through Hackberry. The Refuge Headquarters/Visitor Center is located approximately 8 miles south of Hackberry on the East side of Highway 27.


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Indian Coin Recognition and Sum Counting System of Image Data Mining Using Artificial Neural Networks
This paper is to classify recently released Indian coins of different denomination. The is to recognize the coins and count the total value of the coin in terms of Indian National Rupees (INR). The system designs coin recognition which uses by combining Robert's edge detection method, Laplacian of Gaussion edge detection method, Canny edge detection method and Multi-Level Counter Propagation Neural Network (ML-CPNN) based on the coin. In this paper, it is proposed to introduce ML-CPNN approach. The features of old coins and new coins of different denominations are considered for classification.


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Definition of Yaya
On the internet, there are a lot of meanings for the word Yaya, although it is not really clear what it means, there are 3 concise concepts about its definition.
Concept number 1:
In some Latin American countries such as Chile and Colombia, Yaya refers to a skin lesion. The lesions are superficial or small wounds, and can also mean a healed wound, that is, a scar.
For example:
 - Yayas in your body.
 - A little yaya.
Concept number 2:
In Spain, grandparents are known as Yaya. On the other hand, in other parts of the world, this word refers to a babysitter or person who takes care of child care.
But, in addition to caring for children from home, it is also related to medical care, that is, a home nurse in particular care for the little ones.
Concept number 3:
In the tropical areas of Cuba, there is the "Common Yaya" or "Yaya prieta", its scientific name is "Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baill" and it has countless medicinal properties.
Among its benefits, it can be mentioned that it controls and / or helps with:
 - Hemorrhoids.
 - Diabetes.
 - Brain affections.
 - Psoriasis
Etymology of Yaya
Of Catalan origin, "iaio" and "iaia" gradually moved to Spanish as "Yaya", since in children's pronunciation, that is the sound that is emitted.
The singer 6ix9ine, American rapper, released a music video called "Yaya", last month causing so much fury that he came to position himself in the top # 2 of the most viewed.
The most relevant comments indicate that his single in Spanish has a very good vibe, color and everyone is noticing it.
The video has approximately 112,000,000 visits in less than a month and reflects that the number will continue to increase.
The word that gives rise to this article also expresses that an individual has an outgoing personality, with a lot of attitude and who is charismatic. Needless to say, the video is a "Yaya".


Mental health conditions cost an estimated $201 billion in 2013, significantly outpacing heart disease, cancer and diabetes. At the same time, every $1 investment in mental health promotion has a $3 to $5 return on investment. There are significant economic implications of America's currently high levels of absenteeism, presenteeism and lost productivity resulting from mental disorders. Additionally, having a mental health condition such as depression significantly increases the likelihood of developing other physical conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease, resulting in even greater healthcare costs.
data-driven decision-making
We know that corporate leaders depend on accurate, reliable information targeted to their specific concerns. Such information must be properly vetted, objective and motivate decision-making.
All health issues affect work performance and productivity. While close attention is paid to physical issues, my research shows that many mental health issues remain undiagnosed and untreated, and often when treated, that treatment is not optimal. While the human and family impact cannot be calculated, the financial costs incurred in the workplace through avoidable absenteeism, presenteeism and disability can be estimated, and they are large."
"People living with mental illness face many obstacles when it comes to accessing care in today's society. We hope that One Mind at Work will affect real change in areas that are most challenging to navigate for individuals and families affected by mental illness, as well as help a neglected group of the world's population gain better access to effective treatments, enabling them to reclaim their health and dignity and live their life's journey."
Debra Lerner, MS, PhD and Director, Program on Health, Work and Productivity at Tufts Medical Center
The High Cost of Mental Disorders: Facts for Employers
Nearly one-in-three working-age adults experience a mental health challenge, regardless of gender, age, race/ethnicity, occupation, or industry.
$2.5 trillion in annual costs globally
That's roughly equivalent to the combined cost of cardiovascular disease and diabetes – doubled.
Mental Illness will contribute to $16 trillion in lost output by 2030.
* Drains Productivity
* Increase Absenteeism
* Raises Health/Benefits spending
* Increase Risk & Costs for Physical Conditions
* Potential Liability and Discrimination Concerns
Click the links below for more information


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In addition to an unprecedented 600 Mb/s physical data rate in upcoming standards with greater than 1 Gb/s being considered for future systems, 802.11 has evolved from its earlier incarnations to become a ubiquitous, high-throughput wireless access technology utilized in heterogeneous networks. Although capable of advanced QoS provisioning, commercial 802.11 implementations often support only a subset of QoS specifications, utilize manufacturer-specific QoS enhancements, or use sub-optimal MAC reference specifications with limited capability in achieving optimal system throughput and QoS provisioning. Although more efficient ARQ modes have been defined in the 802.11e and imminent 802.11n amendment standards, opportunities exist within this framework for further optimization through dynamic adaptation of key ARQ-related parameters, which is out of scope of current 802.11 standard specifications. Considering such opportunities, this article presents a novel adaptive ARQ scheme designed to improve the quality and reliability of multimedia transmission through the real-time adaptation of the maximum packet burst size and actual ARQ mode employed. Comprehensive simulation studies show that this scheme can potentially improve the QoS and throughput performance of multimedia traffic in both existing and future 802.11 wireless LANs.
Computer Communications Vol. 32, Issue 11, p. _PHONE_


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Ever heard of an oil that can reduce acne and its inflammation instead of aggregating the condition? Well, castor oil can actually do it. It can cleanse the skin amazingly by taking all dirt, dust, extra sebum, dead cells, bacteria, etc. out from it, which puts a stop to the clogging of pores as well the formation of acne.
How to Use Castor Oil for Treating Acne?
Your acne will vanish completely as fast as within 6 weeks, if treated with castor oil the right way. But how should it actually be used for this purpose? Let us tell you the proper way of using castor oil for reducing the production of acne-causing sebum, curing inflammation related to it and keeping the acne-prone skin sufficiently moisturized.
Also Read – How You Can Use Turmeric for Acne Here
Steam Method / Regular Method:
Steam method is the most common as well as highly popular method of using castor oil for the treatment of acne. The procedure is extremely easy and as the name suggests, it involves treating the acne-affected areas of the skin with steaming water. Here are the steps:
- Take enough water in a large saucepan and place it over heat. Bring it to a boil as you are going to treat your face with steaming hot water in the subsequent stages.
- Meanwhile, get a large clean towel. Also, keep two unsoiled washcloths handy.
- Once the water starts boiling, remove the saucepan from the heat and let it sit for a couple of minutes.
- Now, lean over the steaming hot water of the saucepan and cover your entire head with the towel. This technique will actually create a 'makeshift tent' for concentrating the steam on the facial skin, which is essential for opening the pores up and allowing the castor oil to penetrate the surface of the skin.
- Once your skin is ready for the castor oil treatment, dampen one washcloth with tepid water and pour a little oil onto it. Remember, only a dime-sized amount will do.
- Now, start rubbing the oil into your facial skin focusing on the acne-sensitive areas. Follow small circular motion for the massage and be as gentle as possible. Otherwise, your skin might get damaged.
- Let the oil sit so that your skin can make the most of it. It is recommended that you keep it on your skin overnight. But if it is not possible, simply wait for 1-2 hours.
- In the morning, moisten another washcloth with some tepid water and wipe the excess oil away from your skin with it. Again, be very gentle as you are working on your acne-prone, sensitive skin.
- Wash off your face with fresh cold water so that the open pores get closed and your skin returns to the normal state.
- Pat your face dry with a clean dry towel.
- Finally, moisturize your clean face with a few drops of castor oil.
Follow this castor oil acne treatment at least twice every week to get the best possible result.
Also Read – The Great Garlic Debate: Can It Cure Your Acne? Here
Deep Cleansing Method:
Deep cleansing has immense positive effects on our skin and it doing it with castor oil is known to be highly effective for acne treatment. It basically helps the oil go deep into the skin and moisturize it to the optimum level, which eventually result into an acne-free skin. Check out the steps below:
- Being quite thick in nature, castor oil should be diluted with another oil of relatively thinner consistency for carrying out the deep cleansing method. So, start with preparing the perfect oil blend that will suit your skin type and give you the best outcomes. Both extra virgin coconut oil and sunflower seed oil will serve the purpose of facilitating the skin penetration of castor oil. However, sunflower seed oil is used in most of the cases. The right ratio of castor oil to sunflower seed oil should be 3:7 for oily skin, 1:9 for dry skin and 2:8 for normal or combination skin.
- Prepare a source of running hot water and also keep a clean washcloth handy.
- Pour a generous amount of oil blend onto your palm. Rub it in between your palms for a few minutes so that the mixture gets warmed up.
- Now, massage the warm oil blend into your skin by moving your palms across your facial skin. Make sure that you do not rub your skin vigorously. Rather, be slow and firm while focusing on the acne-affected parts.
- Continue the massage for 5 to 7 minutes until all your skin pores get saturated with the oil blend.
- Now, hold the washcloth under running hot water and moisten it properly.
- Spread the wet washcloth over your face, press it slightly against your skin with your fingers and then, let it sit for there until the warmth goes away.
- Once the washcloth cools down completely, wipe your face with it to remove excess oil.
- Again, rinse the washcloth in running hot water and follow previous two steps.
- Repeat steps 6 to 9 for at least thrice and finally, wipe your face thoroughly with the washcloth.
Apart from these two methods, soap bars containing castor oil can also be used for treating acne.


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This freebie features information pages about these penguin species: Emperor, King, Gentoo, Adelie, Macaroni and Little. The pages are written in an easy-to-read format making it easier for young students to study these birds and write reports. They can read the information page, record key facts on the graphic organizer and then use this information to write a research paper. This product supports the common core standards for reading informational texts and non-fiction writing.
Penguin Informative Writing and Craft - This popular penguin research unit is suitable for first and second graders. Research cards, printables, and display patterns/ suggestions are all included in this unit. It is easy to use and fun for both students and teachers!. A GIVEAWAY promotion for Penguins - Research & Informational Writing from Forde's Firsties on TeachersNotebook.com (ends on 12-8-2013)


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In Part One I made the observation:
If the atmosphere has an invariant optical thickness then surely all molecules should be included?
Meaning all 'radiatively-active' gases. Then I cited some results from Collins (2006) on the 'radiative forcing' for other gases, and added:
..So if total optical thickness from CO2 and water vapor has stayed constant over 60 years then surely total optical thickness must have increased?
In response, Miskolczi supporter Miklos Zagoni said:
Optical thickness was calculated over 60 years for CO2 and water vapor and other 9 IR-active molecular species (O3, N2O, CH4, NO, SO2, NO2, CCl4, F11 and F12), and turned out to be strictly fluctuating around a theoretically predicted equilibrium value
I asked for more details (concentrations of each of these gases over time which were used for the calculations) which weren't forthcoming.
Later Miskolczi supporter Ken Gregory said:
Only the H2O and CO2 gases were changed. Other minor GHG were held constant.
So, working with this data I thought it would be interesting to see what changes had taken place in optical thickness due to these minor "greenhouse" gases.
I should point out that there are substantial problems identified with Miskolczi's theory and experimental work and this is a very minor issue – it is more of an interesting aside.
A little while ago I managed to recreate the CO2 transmittance in the atmosphere – as shown in Understanding Atmospheric Radiation and the "Greenhouse" Effect – Part Nine. This was done using the HITRAN database in a MATLAB model I created.
The question about changes in optical thickness over time from other gases was a good motivator to update my MATLAB model to bring in other molecules. It was something I wanted to do anyway.
Note that radiative forcing or (surface emission – OLR) is a much more useful value than total optical thickness (as explained in Part One).
Extracting the HITRAN data proved to be the most tedious and challenging part of the project. It turns out that the "minor gases" like CFC-11 and CFC-12 are stored in a totally different format from gases like CO2, N2O, CH4 etc. These minor gases have a dataset for each temperature and pressure, with different sizes of dataset at various temperature/pressures. Nothing mathematically or conceptually challenging, just very tedious.
Another challenge was working out what concentrations to use for 1948 – the start date that Miskolczi uses. From Collins (2006) it seemed that the main "greenhouse" gases to evaluate were N2O (nitrous oxide), CH4 (methane) plus CFC11 (CCl3F) and CFC12 (CCl2F2). There are other halocarbons to include but time is limited.
Here are the values used:
CO2 311 ppmv 386 ppmv
N2O 289 ppbv 319 ppbv
CH4 1250 ppbv 1775 ppbv
CFC11 0 267 pptv
CFC12 0 535 pptv
The later CO2 value is from 2008 from Miskolczi's spreadsheet while the other values are from 2005.
ppmv = parts per million by volume, ppbv = parts per billion (109) by volume, pptv = parts per trillion (1012) by volume.
Earlier values of N2O and CH4 are taken from various papers, I can provide citations if anyone is interested – but pre-1980 values are thin on the ground.
In any case, my calculations of total optical thickness are rudimentary and provided as a starting point.
I used a 5 layer model up to 200mbar, with a surface temperature of 289K. The diffusivity approximation was used to estimate total hemispherical transmittance (see Understanding Atmospheric Radiation and the "Greenhouse" Effect – Part Six – The Equations). The wavenumber step, Δν = 1 cm-1. The calculations were done from 100 cm to 2500 cm (4μm – 100 μm) and the "Planck weighted" transmittance (at 289K) was calculated. This transmittance was converted back to an optical thickness, which is the same approach that Miskolczi uses (see comment).
Water vapor was assumed to be 10g/kg at the surface with a straight line reduction (vs pressure) to zero at 200mbar. Previously I carried out calculations where water vapor was varied from 5g/kg to 15g/kg and the effect on the transmittance change due to other gases was quite small.
Water vapor absorption lines are included from the HITRAN database but the water vapor continuum is not. This is next in my wishlist to include.
Changes in Water Vapor
The model deliberately did not try to follow Miskolczi's water vapor values. The point of this article is to demonstrate that if (and only if) CO2 optical thickness is canceled out by water vapor changes, then significant increases in optical thickness from other gases impact negatively on his hypothesis.
If his calculations show:
optical thickness (CO2 + water vapor) = constant
then this article demonstrates that:
optical thickness (CO2 + other gases + water vapor) = increasing
Many people might not realize that there are a number of water vapor datasets. The one Miskolczi uses is not the only one. Others show different trends.
Note that water vapor is included, but at unchanged concentration.
- The change in optical thickness, Δτ, for CO2 only changing = 0.0167
- The change in optical thickness, Δτ, for CO2+N2O+CH4+CFC11+CFC12 = 0.0238
The % increase (over CO2) due to the nominated "minor gases" = is 43%.
The total optical thickness is not so important in this analysis. If the number of layers is changed, the total optical thickness changes, but percent changes due to "greenhouse" gas increases are roughly similar.
If (and only if) water vapor has canceled out CO2 increases, then the increase in optical thickness due to these other gases (methane, nitrous oxide plus halocarbons) has destroyed the idea that optical thickness can be considered to be constant.
Of course, my calculations are rudimentary. My model is much less exact than the HARTCODE model used by Miskoczi and it would be interesting to see his results reproduced in full with the correct concentrations of all of the GHGs from 1948 – 2008.
As I commented earlier – this is one of the least important of the criticisms of Ferenc Miskolczi's papers.
Now I have updated the model I can produce results like these:
Other articles in the series
The Mystery of Tau – Miskolczi - introduction to some of the issues around the calculation of optical thickness of the atmosphere, by Miskolczi, from his 2010 paper in E&E
Part Two – Kirchhoff - why Kirchhoff's law is wrongly invoked, as the author himself later acknowledged, from his 2007 paper
Part Three – Kinetic Energy - why kinetic energy cannot be equated with flux (radiation in W/m²), and how equation 7 is invented out of thin air (with interesting author comment)
Part Four - a minor digression into another error that seems to have crept into the Aa=Ed relationship
Part Five – Equation Soufflé - explaining why the "theory" in the 2007 paper is a complete dog's breakfast
The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database, by L.S. Rothman et al, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer (2009)
Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from climate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Collins et al, JGR (2006)


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Accounting Information Gathering System for Grid Environment
Grid computing represents the fundamental computing shift from a localized resource computing model to a fully-distributed virtual organization with shared resources. Accounting is one of the main obstacles to widespread adoption of the grid. Accounting has until recently, been a sparsely-addressed problem, particularly in practice. In this paper, we design and implement the accounting information gathering system. Implemented system is based on OGSA, following GSAX framework of RUS-WG in GGF. And the schema of gathered and serviced accounting information is following Usage Record Fields of UR-WG in GGF. Also, the accounting information integrating and monitoring tool for system management in the grid environment are implemented.


NTIA drafts app code of conduct, aims to give users more data collection transparency
The White House's main telecom adviser, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), has issued a first draft of a mobile apps code of contact, with the goal of giving consumers more control of their privacy. It facilitated its creation over several years by stakeholders like privacy advocates, app developers and gatekeepers like Apple, Google and Blackberry. If adopted, publishers will be required to provide "short form notices" telling consumers whether or not their data is being collected and how it's being used. Such data would include biometrics, browser history, phone or SMS logs, contact info, financial data, health, medical or therapy info, user files and location data.
The document was backed by the American Civil Liberties Union, though it wasn't crazy about the amount of time the process took, saying that "comprehensive privacy legislation" was also needed. It's worth noting that major app store operators already agreed recently to put new privacy policy standards in place that conform with California's Online Privacy Protection Act. There's also the irony of the US government pushing for more consumer privacy, while perhaps being the largest abuser via PRISM. Dig into the source for the full read.


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Date: Friday, November 12, 2010
Time: 11:30 am – 13:00 pm
Venue: The Great Room, 19 University Place
Topic: Geomedia, Mapping the World – On the Changing Status of Collective Image Production and the Emergence of Social Navigation Systems
Speaker: Francesco Lapenta, Associate Professor, Roskilde University, Denmark
Geomedia, Mapping the World – On the Changing Status of Collective Image Production, location based media and the Emergence of Social Navigation Systems
The increased computational power of portable devices such as smart phones and laptops, and their integration with widely available global positioning systems are opening the way for a new range of location based applications that integrate and coordinate users' mediated interactions and data exchanges with other users' live geographical positions. I call these technologies Geomedia (Lapenta 2008, 2010). Geomedia are not new media per se, but platforms that simply merge existing electronic media + the Internet + location based technologies in a new mode of digital composite imaging, data association and socially maintained data exchange and communication.
This information', shared on navigable live virtual maps such as Google Maps or Google Latitude, Foursquare or Gowalla, describes the increasing user's interest in using the Web to create, assemble, and disseminate personal information (in the form of imagessounds-and text) to create shared experiences of individually and socially relevant spaces and events. This form of geography, and the new virtual maps in which this information is visually blurred and digitally merged, represent the emergence of a new paradigm in the visualization of space. They also create a new economy for the virtual spaces they create and the information that are exchanged in these new spaces. In this lecture I will engage in an elaboration of the fundamental social, economic and perceptual shifts that are being operated today by these new location based technologies and software applications and develop a theoretical analysis of the ontological and epistemological shifts that characterize their contemporary evolution, patterns of production and exchange, and the unique form of geolocational digital re-aggregation of which digital images are now part of.


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An epigonion was an ancient stringed instrument mentioned in Athenaeus (183 AD), probably a psaltery.
The epigonion was invented, or at least introduced into Greece, by Epigonus of Ambracia, a Greek musician of Ambracia in Epirus, who was admitted to citizenship at Sicyon as a recognition of his great musical ability and of his having been the first to pluck the strings with his fingers, instead of using the plectrum.[1] The instrument, which Epigonus named after himself, had forty strings.[2]
It was undoubtedly a kind of harp or psaltery, since in an instrument of so many strings some must have been of different lengths, for tension and thickness only could hardly have produced forty different sounds, or even twenty, supposing that they were arranged in pairs of unisons. Strings of varying lengths require a frame like that of the harp, or of the Egyptian cithara which had one of the arms supporting the cross bar or zugon shorter than the other,[3] or else strings stretched over harp-shaped bridges on a sound-board in the case of a psaltery.[4]
Juba II, king of Mauretania, who reigned from 30 BC, said that Epigonus brought the instrument from Alexandria and played upon it with the fingers of both hands, not only using it as an accompaniment to the voice, but introducing chromatic passages,[5] and a chorus of other stringed instruments, probably citharas, to accompany the voice. Epigonus was also a skilled citharist and played with his bare hands without plectrum.[6] Unfortunately we have no record of when Epigonus lived. Vincenzo Galilei[7] has given us a description of the epigonion accompanied by an illustration, representing his conception of the ancient instrument, an upright psaltery with the outline of the clavicytherium (but no keyboard).[8]
Virtual epigonion[edit]
In 2008, members of the Ancient Instruments Sound/Timbre Reconstruction Application ((ASTRA) project used physical modeling synthesis to simulate the epigonion. The instrument was simulated using historical records and its audio output (music) was rendered digitally. The first digital audio rendering of the Epigonion,[9] released by ASTRA, has a duration of thirty seconds which took about four hours to render. Due to the complexity of this process the ASTRA project uses grid computing,[10] to model sounds on hundreds of computers simultaneously.
The epigonion is part of the Lost Sounds Orchestra,[11] alongside other ancient instruments which ASTRA has recreated the sounds for, including the salpinx, the aulos, the barbiton and the syrinx.
 1. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689 cites Michael Praetorius, Syntagma musicum, tom. I, c. 13, p. 380; Salomon van Til, Sing-Dicht und Spiel-Kunst, p. 95.
 2. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689 cites Pollux, Onomasticon, lib. iv. cap. 9, 59.
 3. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 notes for an illustration, see Kathleen Schlesinger, Orchestral Instruments, part ii. "Precursors of the Violin Family", fig. 165, p. 219.
 4. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 689.
 5. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Ap. Athen. l.c.
 6. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Athenaeus, iv. p. 183 d. and xiv. p. 638 a.
 7. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690 cites Dialogo della musica antica e moderna, ed. 1602, p. 40.
 8. ^ Schlesinger 1911, p. 690.
 9. ^ first digital audio rendering of the Epigonion
 10. ^ grid computing
 11. ^ Lost Sounds Orchestra


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Access Docket Searches At Oklahoma Supreme Court Network's
Oklahoma has usually one of the largest and leading initiatives in nation that provides court docket detail and information on internet. It is striving or determined to complete the tracking system of statewide case and then make the detail within the system that is available on real time source through internet. The cost of the service is basically borne or bear by judicial system, however there is no amount to user for getting the court information or detail from Oklahoma.
Step By Step:
- First of all, it is important to visit the website by using the accessibility of internet.
- Open the browser and enter the address of website _URL_.
- Click on the link "search dockets" that is placed at the right side of the web page.
- The next page will be displayed.
- Select the database from drop down list and then enter the case number.
- Click on the button "Go".
- In the next section, enter your first and last name.
- Enter the required number in the field "identifying number".
- Fill out the requirement in the fields "born on or after date" and then "born before date".
- After that choose the type of party and then case type.
- In the next section, enter the case filed date and then case close date.
- Click on the button "GO".
- You can search docket by lower court case number also.
- In this way, you will select the type of case, year and number and then click on the button "GO".
- You can also search it by giving the traffic citation number and then click on the button "GO" to view the results.
Oklahoma Supreme Court provides an opportunity to view the information of your case online by using its official website. Here, you can retrieve the information and detail through the system. In this way, you should know the number of your case that you would like to view. The number of your case should be inserted in the specific format that is used by the Supreme Court in which your case is pending. Each court number and docket is listed in the website with the appropriate case type and sample of case number from each court.