What Does a Purchase Order Contains and How Does It Work?
purchase order blog
Purchase Order
Every business has two primary parties, a buyer and a seller, regardless of the industry. A company keeps track of its inventory and sales through the usage of a purchase order and invoice. As these documents are similar in many aspects, there is often confusion.
It is a legal document between a buyer and the seller initiated by the buyer. Whereas, an invoice is a sales document requesting payment for the goods sold.
What does a purchase order contain?
What Purchase Order Contains
The purchase order is from the buyer to the seller requesting materials at a price fixed by the seller. It contains the following points:
 - Issuing date
 - Purchase Order Number
 - Details of materials
 - Shipping Details
 - Buyer's name and Address
 - Seller's name and Address
 - Terms and Conditions
A purchase order is created before the sales invoice is sent as it defines the requirements for sale. Having a proper purchase order system will help the management in keeping track of ordered, shipped, and received but not invoiced stock. With modern technologies in place, purchase orders have now become computerized and allow for better payment and inventory tracking.
How does a purchase order work?
purchase order works
The working of the order takes place in three steps:
1. Submission
The buyer pre[ares the order electronically through their purchasing department. It usually includes all the details regarding the order. All the buyer needs to do is to fill the fields for each piece of data in the computer and mail it to the seller.
2. Processing
Once the buyer submits the purchase order, the seller process the order. The orders' status on the seller's side remains in-progress until the delivery of the product. Once the shipment physically reaches the buyer's warehouse, the purchase order is compared with the inventory, and the actual inventory arrives. Then the purchase order is marked as processes and awaiting payment.
3. Completion
Suppliers use these orders for order fulfillment and the payment process. Upon the receipt of the payment and shipping, the seller uses the order to tally their inventory. Often, along with electronic input, the seller also takes a paper copy for a manual check of the shipment. If the order is unpaid, payment reminder dates and deadline along with return date is set.
The buyer uses a purchase order when they wish to buy supplies or inventory on credit. PO also serves as risk protection in case of any dispute. It also has a significant part in inventory and payment tracking. It helps the suppliers to compare the shipped and ordered inventory for the exact status. The suppliers can track the payments that they have received for specific orders. Buyers also hold hard copies of the purchase order to monitor the timely receipt of the goods.
Multi-Channel Inventory, Purchase & Sales Software
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Definition of hysteria
n. - A nervous affection, occurring almost exclusively in women, in which the emotional and reflex excitability is exaggerated, and the will power correspondingly diminished, so that the patient loses control over the emotions, becomes the victim of imaginary sensations, and often falls into paroxism or fits. 2
The word "hysteria" uses 8 letters: A E H I R S T Y.
No direct anagrams for hysteria found in this word list.
All words formed from hysteria by changing one letter
Browse words starting with hysteria by next letter

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sun Java System Directory Server Enterprise Edition 6.1 Reference
Small, Medium, and Large Data Sets
A working set refers to the data actually pulled into memory so the server can respond to client applications. The data set here is then the entries in the directory that you see are in fact getting used due to client traffic. The data set may include every entry in the directory, or may be composed most of the time of the some smaller number of entries, such as entries corresponding to people in a time zone where users are active.
We define three data set sizes, based on how much of the directory data set fits into available physical memory:
The data set fits entirely into physical memory with fully-loaded database and entry caches.
The data set fits in physical memory, and extra physical memory can be dedicated to entry cache.
The data set is too small to fit completely in available physical memory.
The ideal case is of course the small data set. If your data set is small, set database cache size and entry cache size such that all entries fit in both the database cache and the entry cache.
The following sections provide recommendations for medium and large data sets where the server performs either all searches or all modify operations.


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To construct a figure similar to the figure P, and equivalent to the figure Q.
Find M, the side of a square equivalent to the figure P, and N, the side of a square equivalent to the figure Q. Let X be a fourth proportional to the three given lines, M, N, AB; upon the side X, homologous to AB,
describe a figure similar to the figure P ; it will also be equivalent to the figure Q.
For, calling Y the figure described upon the side X, we have P : Y :: AB2 : X2; but by construction, AB : X :: M: N, or AB2 : X2 :: M2: N2; hence P Y :: M2: N2. But by construction also, M2=P and N2=Q; therefore P : Y :: P : Q; consequently Y=Q; hence the figure Y is similar to the figure P, and equivalent to the figure Q.
To construct a rectangle equivalent to a given square, and having the sum of its adjacent sides equal to a given line.
Let C be the square, and AB equal to the sum of the sides of the required rectangle.
Upon AB as a diameter, describe a semicircle; draw the line DE parallel to the diameter, at a distance AD from it, equal to the side of the given square C; from the point E, where the parallel cuts the circumference, draw EF perpendicular to the diameter; AF and FB will be the sides of the rectangle required.
For their sum is equal to AB; and their rectangle AF.FB is equivalent to the square of EF, or to the square of AD; hence that rectangle is equivalent to the given square C.
Scholium. To render the problem possible, the distance AD must not exceed the radius; that is, the side of the square C must not exceed the half of the line AB.
To construct a rectangle that shall be equivalent to a given square, and the difference of whose adjacent sides shall be equal to a given line.
Suppose C equal to the given square, and AB the difference of the sides.
Upon the given line AB as a diameter, describe a semicircle: at the extremity of the diameter draw the tangent AD, equal to the side of the square C; through the point D and the centre O draw the secant DF; then will DE and DF be the adjacent sides of the rectangle required.
For, first, the difference of these sides is equal to the diameter EF or AB; secondly, the rectangle DE, DF, is equal to AD2 (Prop. XXX.): hence that rectangle is equivalent to the given square C.
To find the common measure, if there is one, between the diagonal and the side of a square.
Let ABCG be any square whatever, and AC its diagonal.
We must first apply CB upon CA, as often as it may be contained there. For this purpose, let the semicircle DBE be described, from the centre C, with the radius CB. It is evident that CB is contained once in AC, with the remainder AD; the result of the first operation is therefore the quotient 1, with the remainder AD, which latter must now be compared with BC, or its equal AB.
We might here take AF-AD, and actually apply it upon AB ; we should find it to be contained twice with a remainder: but as that remainder, and those which succeed it, con
tinue diminishing, and would soon elude our comparisons by their minuteness, this would be but an imperfect mechanical method, from which G no conclusion could be obtained to determine whether the lines AC, CB, have or have not a common measure. There is a very simple way, however, of avoiding these decreasing lines, A F and obtaining the result, by operating only upon lines which remain always of the same magnitude.
The angle ABC being a right angle, AB is a tangent, and AE a secant drawn from the same point; so that AD: AB :: AB AE (Prop. XXX.). Hence in the second operation, when AD is compared with AB, the ratio of AB to AE may be taken instead of that of AD to AB; now AB, or its equal CD, is contained twice in AE, with the remainder AD; the result of the second operation is therefore the quotient 2 with the remainder AD, which must be compared with AB.
Thus the third operation again consists in comparing AD with AB, and may be reduced in the same manner to the comparison of AB or its equal CD with AE; from which there will again be obtained 2 for the quotient, and AD for the remainder.
Hence, it is evident that the process will never terminate ; and therefore there is no common measure between the diagonal and the side of a square: a truth which was already known by arithmetic, since these two lines are to each other :: √2:1 (Prop. XI. Cor. 4.), but which acquires a greater degree of clearness by the geometrical investigation.
REGULAR POLYGONS, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
A POLYGON, which is at once equilateral and equiangular, is called a regular polygon.
Regular polygons may have any number of sides: the equilateral triangle is one of three sides; the square is one of four.
PROPOSITION I. THEOREM.
Two regular polygons of the same number of sides are similar figures.
Suppose, for example, that ABCDEF, abcdef, are two regular hexagons. The sum of all the angles is the same in both figures,being in each equal to eight right angles (Book I. Prop. XXVI. Cor. 3.). The angle A is the sixth part of that sum; so is the angle a: hence the angles A and a are equal; and for the same reason, the angles B and b, the angles C and c, &c. are equal.
Again, since the polygons are regular, the sides AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal, and likewise the sides ab, bc, cd, &c. (Def.); it is plain that AB ab: BC: bc:: CD: cd, &c.; hence the two figures in question have their angles equal, and their homologous sides proportional; consequently they are similar (Book IV. Def. 1.).
Cor. The perimeters of two regular polygons of the same number of sides, are to each other as their homologous sides, and their surfaces are to each other as the squares of those sides (Book IV. Prop. XXVII.).
Scholium. The angle of a regular polygon, like the angle of an equiangular polygon, is determined by the number of its sides (Book I. Prop. XXVI.).
PROPOSITION II. THEOREM.
Any regular polygon may be inscribed in a circle, and circumscribed about one.
Let ABCDE &c. be a regular polygon describe a circle through the three points A, B, C, the centre being O, and OP the perpendicular let fall from it, to the middle point of BC: draw AO and H OD.
If the quadrilateral OPCD be placed upon the quadrilateral OPBA, they will coincide; for the side OP is common; the angle OPC=OPB, each being a right angle; hence the side PC will apply to its equal PB, and the point C will fall on B: besides, from the nature of the polygon, the angle PCD= PBA; hence CD will take the direction BA; and since CD= BA, the point D will fall on A, and the two quadrilaterals will entirely coincide. The distance OD is therefore equal to AO; and consequently the circle which passes through the three points A, B, C, will also pass through the point D. By the same mode of reasoning, it might be shown, that the circle which passes through the three points B, C, D, will also pass through the point E; and so of all the rest: hence the circle which passes through the points A, B, C, passes also through the vertices of all the angles in the polygon, which is therefore inscribed in this circle,
Again, in reference to this circle, all the sides AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal chords; they are therefore equally distant from the centre (Book III. Prop. VIII.): hence, if from the point O with the distance OP, a circle be described, it will touch the side BC, and all the other sides of the polygon, each in its middle point, and the circle will be inscribed in the polygon, or the polygon described about the circle.
Scholium 1. The point Othe common centre of the inscribed and circumscribed circles, may also be regarded as the centre of the polygon; and upon this principle the angle AOB is called the angle at the centre, being formed by two radii drawn to the extremities of the same side AB.
Since all the chords AB, BC, CD, &c. are equal, all the angles at the centre must evidently be equal likewise; and therefore the value of each will be found by dividing four right angles by the number of sides of the polygon.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


number of requests", "execution duration", "error rate" and many more. These metrics can be used to create custom alarms.
CloudWatch only shows details for Lambda functions, but what if we need to know how the downstream AWS services (e.g. DynamoDB, S3) are doing for each lambda invocation? X-Ray can be useful for viewing a function's execution with downstream services. This helps to track and debug Lambda function issues with other services.
Note: Adding X-Ray in your Node.js code package adds almost 6MB and will also add to the compute time of your function execution. It is recommended to use it only when it is needed to debug an issue, then remove it.
In this article, we've explored various aspects of Lambda function performance. Serverless computing offers numerous advantages to development teams ready to embrace the shift in mindset that it requires, but to get the most out of it we need to ensure the right balance between performance and cost. Following the best practices laid out here will go a long way to achieving that balance, but monitoring is critical to understanding the behavior of your serverless application in order to fine-tune performance.


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ENGL/PCUL 2P59 Valuing Contemporary Fiction
The 2008 syllabus is now available in.pdf format -- click here
Contesting concepts of literary value; the grounds and methods of evaluation; differing interpretive communities; social locations and uses of fiction. Novels and short stories.
More Detailed Description:
This will be a course in which we study literature much as folks in other courses do - examining the way in which the text creates complex and compelling meanings within particular literary conventions and within a historical, social and cultural context. We will however be doing such study with a particular focus and set of questions, and the basis of the selection of texts follows from that focus and those questions. The focus of the course is the value of current fiction to individuals and to society, the social processes of valuing, the nature and function of intrinsic or aesthetic value, and the ways in which we can speak and write of the grounds of values and valuing
Ultimately the goal of the course is to provide students with support and understanding as they take their place in the culture as literate citizens, as teachers or in any other capacity, ultimately as public intellectuals, people taking responsibility for the ideas, representations, dreams, anxieties, and moral and social values that ground the culture.
In the course we will be looking at such things as:
- Concepts of the valuing of fiction, for instance:
- aesthetic value and the value of aesthetic value (the use value, the exchange value, the cognitive value, the social value, the moral value)
- contingent value - value as for particular people for particular purposes in particular contexts
- use value (see 2 below)
- symbolic value & cultural capital
- heuristic value - what fiction "tells" one, on purpose or inadvertently, about society and its values, standards, assumptions and concerns, about the ideology of society and what it may mask
- formative value - the work that fiction does on or for readers (reconciling public and private selves, forming ideals, providing consolation, increasing perception, providing language through which to articulate experience, and so forth)
-- And we will be looking at what is at stake in contending concepts of value and what the problems with various grounds of value may be.
- The uses of fiction, including the appropriation of works of works of fiction by interest and identity groups; the use of literature in sociality, social learning; concepts of the psychoanalytic and therapeutic uses of contemporary fiction.
- The moral or ethical value and valuing of fiction
- The ideological functions of fiction and of the assignment of value to fiction
- The place of modern or current fiction in social discourse
- Various processes of social and cultural (and consequently economic and symbolic) valuing, including the book review, the book prize, the book club (and 30% off at Chapters!)
- The concept of "genre" fiction and how it is (de)valued.
- The cultural authority of (some)'recognized' authors
- The concept of ethnographic study, or how one finds out what something "means" to various readers - means interpretively, but also emotionally, symbolically, in terms of self-identity and social relations.
In support of these investigations we will be looking as well at how fiction works as a formal, aesthetic construct (hence how we analyze it, how we discuss the ways it makes its meaning).
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Half of a Yellow Sun – The Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction [Vintage]
Junot Diaz, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao – National Book Critic's Award [Riverhead Press (Penguin Group)] This book has also won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
Anne Enright, The Gathering – Man Booker Prize [Black Cat (Grove/Atlantic)]
Cormac McCarthy, The Road – Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, James Tait Black Prize [Vintage]
Michael Ondaatje, Divisadero – Governor General's Award for Fiction [Vintage]
Per Petterson, Out Stealing Horses – Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award translated from the Norwegian by Anne Born [Vintage]
These books are available at Chapters, etc.


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We have explored the changes in the
graph ofwhen a, b, and c vary individually.
What happens when two or more of a, b, or c affect the sine graph
at the same time?
Use your knowledge of changes in a,
b, and c to predict the sine curves of the following equations.
Click on the equation to reveal its graph and an explanation of
how the graph changes. Try to graph the equations yourself before
checking the solutions.
Examples changing two values of a, b,
on an equation to see its graph!
Examples where the values of all three
of a, b, and c have been changed:
Can you write the equation for
the sine graph below? What are the values of a, b, and c? Solution


A sexy bra is compared to as best friend to women because it is the first layer of clothing to skin. If you are a woman who focuses on your appearance, you shouldn't ignore the appeal of your breasts. And wearing a sexy bra is really a fundamental step of the usb ports. Why should women wear bras? What are the benefits that people can get from putting them on? Many women may have thought of this kind of question before. It is not an arduous question to respond to actually. And all women can realize how helpful the bra is from the daily wearing experience.
1. Wearing a bra enables women to relocate more comfortably freely. Wearing a bra can help to eliminate the along shocks that bodies of females suffer from walking, doing sports and also other fierce movements by holding of the breast tissue. All sides' force might be balanced around of the breast tissue when a woman placed on a fitting bra. If one side of breasts is dispersed beneath a force, a bra will give you a good protection on their behalf closely, then women can take proper different occasions comfortably. Moreover, your skin layer around breasts of ladies is very sensitive, particularly the skin round the nipples. Wearing a bra is additionally effective to prevent the intense friction to your skin of ladies from the clothing they may be wearing directly.
2. Wearing a bra keeps a nice shape for women to draw in the men. When a woman wears a bra, her feminine elegance could be shown completely. Curvaceous beauty from women can attract men's attention and praise on their behalf naturally. Can you visualize that there is nothing to pushup the beautiful chests just like a sexy bra? What will be the biggest difference between a man and the female then?
3. Wearing a bra make women stay healthy and also be away from breast illness. When women support their breasts with bras, the circulation of the chest gets smooth. It also helps in order to avoid the blocking of breast the circulation of blood. In this way, the growth and resistance of of the breast tissue can be strengthened. So wearing a bra is really important for the fitness of breasts.
4. Wearing a bra can stay away from the sagging of breasts too. Wearing a bra is likely to accumulate fat deposits and raise the elasticity to your skin of ladies so that breasts of which can take care of the shape and grow gathered and firm. It is recognized to all that gravity will bring about breasts droop. As time goes by, the drooping is are often more and more serious. Want to improve this example? Sexy bras might have their great contribution to women.


credit, mortgage insurance, and private guarantors, each have their place in the municipal bond market. Although bond insurance is the most common type of credit enhancement, the other types may be more appropriate depending on the circumstances.
Know What Insurers Consider in Evaluating Applicants
By knowing the insurers' underwriting criteria, issuers can determine whether a given transaction is viable. For instance, specialty firms target low investment grade and high non-investment grade issues. If an issue is in this range, it might be beneficial to talk to one or more specialty firms. In evaluating insurance applications, insurers consider the economic, financial, socio-political, and structural factors of the issue itself, as well as the demographics, revenue and financial history, and overall financial condition of the issuer.
Approach the Bond Insurers
Issuers should research specific insurers to determine which company best meets their needs. To this end, issuers need to compare the characteristics of the transaction with the specialties of the various insurers. By approaching insurers that specialize in certain types of transactions or that are seeking to enter a particular market, issuers may be able to obtain discounted premiums. When the transaction meets the underwriting criteria of the major monoline insurers, issuers should obtain approval and premium quotes from all four of these companies in order to secure the best possible deal. An "exclusive" approach may be beneficial in some cases, especially when time is of the essence or when an insurer is offering attractive incentives.
Perform a Cost-Benefit Analysis
Ultimately, the decision to purchase bond insurance comes down to cost effectiveness. As such, issuers must accurately determine whether it makes economic sense to enhance an obligation by performing a cost-benefit analysis. If the present value of the interest savings and increased marketability is greater than the present value of the premium costs and insurer requirements, then purchasing bond insurance makes sense. (3) This analysis should be performed for both the issue as a whole and for specific maturities. On occasion, it may make sense to insure only specific maturities of an issue.
Determine the Most Appropriate Method of Obtaining Bond Insurance
Depending on the circumstances, issuers may need to decide on a method of purchase. For a competitive sale in which the potential benefits of insurance are uncertain, issuers can rely on a bidder's option or multiple bid approach with appropriate bid parameters to meet its needs. In a negotiated sale, issuers should consult with their underwriters near the time of pricing to determine whether to insure the issue (or portions thereof). Alternatively, the purchase of bond insurance can be left up to the individual investors in the secondary market.
According to Standard and Poor's, the domestic municipal bond insurance market is likely to continue cyclical growth swings in the future. Overall, though, the industry is expected to remain strong as solid capital adequacy measures provide a good buffer should claims increase during the current economic downturn. In addition, the premium pricing discipline exhibited over the last two years is not expected to be abandoned.
Before purchasing bond insurance, government issuers need to determine whether or not it is in their best interests to do so. This article is intended to assist issuers in making this determination by familiarizing them with the basics of bond insurance, including the various types of credit enhancement, the costs and benefits of insuring bonds, and the process of obtaining bond insurance. The step-by-step process outlined in the last section can serve as a useful framework for governments as they analyze the appropriateness of insuring their obligations.
Exhibit 2
(As of December 31, 2000)
$ Millions AMBAC FGIC
Net par exposure $276,252.0 $150,624.0
Net par written $65,303.0 $22,661.8
Total assets $4,473.4 $2,651.8
Statutory capital $2,735.9 $1,913.4
Net income $338.3 $168.6
Losses and loss-adjusted expense $8.6 ($0.3)
Average premium rate 63b.p. 20b.p.
Margin of safety 1.3-1.4 1.5-1.6
Capital remaining at end of $1,700-1,750 $1,150-1,200
 depression test
$ Millions FSA MBIA
Net par exposure $154,019.8 $418,443.0
Net par written $47,794.8 $85,260.0
Total assets $2,228.8 $7,629.3
Statutory capital $1,436.7 $4,505.0
Net income $113.8 $543.9
Losses and loss-adjusted expense ($0.8) $24.6
Average premium rate 36b.p. 53b.p.
Margin of safety 1.5-1.6 1.3-1.4
Capital remaining at end of $1,050-1,200 $1,950-2,000
 depression test
(1.) James C. Joseph, "Credit Enhancements" in Debt Issuance and Management: A Guide for Smaller Governments (GFOA: Chicago, 1994), 97.
(2.) For an explanation of methods of sale, see California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission Issue Brief Number 1, Competitive vs. Negotiated Sale of Debt,
(3.) For more information on performing a cost-benefit analysis, see R. Gregory Michel, Decision Tools for Budgetary Analysis (GFOA: Chicago, 2001) 55-66.
Credit risk is the potential loss from an investment as a consequence of an issuer's failure to make principal and interest payments to investors in full or on time. Investors of insured bonds are insulated from credit risk because they can depend on the insurer to make timely payments of scheduled principal and interest.
Liquidity risk is the risk that an investor may not be able to sell a security in the secondary market quickly and at competitive prices. For example, if an issuer encounters financial problems and the rating on its security is downgraded, the market value of the bonds likely will decline. Such a decline in market value could cause secondary market liquidity problems because other investors may not want to assume the risk of purchasing the securities for fear of further declines in value. Investors of insured bonds are insulated from liquidity risk because the value of the bonds relies on the rating and financial condition of the insurer.
Exhibit 3
Decide which type of credit enhancement
best suits the situation
 Bond insurance *
 Letter of credit *
 Line of credit *
 Mortgage insurance *
 Private guarantee *
Know what the insurers consider in
 evaluating applicants
 Underlying rating *
 Underwriting criteria *
 Limits on single and aggregate risk *
 Sector and geographical
 diversification *
Approach the bond insurers
 Compare characteristics of transaction
 with specialties of insurers *
 Consider approaching all of the
 insurers if the transaction fits
 their criteria *
 Consider an "exclusive" approach if
 time is of the essence or the insurer
 is offering attractive incentives *
Perform a cost-benefit analysis
 Costs *
 Premium costs *
 Insurer requirements *
 Benefits *
 Interest savings *
 Increased marketability *
Determine the most appropriate method of
 obtaining insurance
 Negotiated sale *
 Insured *
 Non-insured *
 Competitive sale *
 Buy bond insurance prior to sale *
 Qualify and allow bidders to
 purchase insurance *
 Request bids for both insured and
 non-insured bonds the insurer *
FRANK MOORE is a research program specialist for the California Debt and Investment Advisory Commission in Sacramento. His current research focuses on public debt issuance, specifically, credit enhancement and disclosure. Prior to joining CDIAC two years ago, Moore worked for California's educational and health facilities financing authorities, providing analysis and interpretation of financing applications from public and non-profit health and educational facilities. He holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of California-Berkeley and an MBA from California State Polytechnic University in Pomona.
COPYRIGHT 2002 Government Finance Officers Association
Copyright 2002 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Author:Moore, Frank
Publication:Government Finance Review
Geographic Code:1USA
Date:Aug 1, 2002
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Oct. 14, 2011 Shoppers don't usually give a second thought as they reach into a cooler to grab milk, cheese or prepackaged lunches. Open-front refrigerated display cases, which make up roughly 60 percent of the refrigerated cases in grocery stores and supermarkets, provide quick access to chilled products such as dairy, meat, fish and produce. While they are popular with shoppers and grocery stores, they're less popular with electric utilities and others concerned with energy efficiency.
Engineers at the University of Washington and Kettering University are working to cut the amount of energy used by these coolers, while enhancing product safety and quality. Results published this month in the journal Applied Thermal Engineering show that tweaking the physics can reduce the energy used for refrigeration by as much as 15 percent. Lead author of the article is Mazyar Amin, a former UW doctoral student now doing postdoctoral research at Missouri's Saint Louis University.
Designing grocery display cases is not rocket science, but it has a lot in common with aeronautical engineering. Refrigerated display cases shoot jets of air across their front openings, creating an invisible shield that aims to keep cold air in and warm air out.
Current technology does this with limited success.
"Most of the energy these cases use goes into cooling infiltrated air," explains Dana Dabiri, a UW associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics. "Some energy goes to extract the heat from lighting and fan motors, some goes to remove the heat gain from radiation and conduction, but 75 percent of the cooling load is attributed to infiltration of warm and moist air from the surrounding environment."
Open-air coolers are increasingly popular compared to other options. Refrigerated cases with doors are good at keeping cold air in, but they fog up when opened and can frustrate shoppers who want to look at more than one product while making a choice. Another design is to hang sheets of clear plastic in front of the opening, but some see this as tacky. Refrigerated bins that are open on top waste less energy because the cold air is heavier, and tends to stay inside the case. The big energy hog, and the focus of the UW research, are open-air vertical shelves.
The team includes principal investigator Homayun Navaz, a professor of mechanical engineering at Kettering who specializes in computational fluid dynamics and fluid flow simulations. Dabiri specializes in experimental work to measure and visualize fluid flows. Together they have directed five years of research in a cavernous lab on the Kettering campus in Flint, Mich.
There, researchers built a modular mock display case and an air curtain simulator to test various designs. They measured how much air was infiltrated for various air curtain speeds, angles, and other factors to minimize the amount of warm, moist air entering the chilled compartment of the case.
"One approach is to ask, 'What are the optimal parameters so I can get the most efficient air curtain?' and then start building those," Dabiri said. "But instead of implementing costly redesigns for existing display cases, the question became, 'What minimal changes can I do to improve the energy efficiency of the existing units?'"
The new paper establishes key variables that strongly affect the amount of warm air penetrating the air curtain. Results show that the most important factors are the angle between the case's discharge and return air grilles, and the jet's exit Reynolds number, a figure that depends on the air speed and density, and the jet's turbulence intensity.
Combining experimental results and mathematical models, the team developed a tool that lets manufacturers optimize their particular design. Researchers collaborated with a leading display-case manufacturer to retrofit a proof-of-concept case. Tests showed the retrofit was a cost-effective way to get a 10 percent reduction in infiltration of warm air. (Calculations for other display designs show potential savings of up to 15 percent.)
Navaz's team has now established a company in Flint, Michigan, that provides technical tools and training to help display-case manufacturers improve their products' energy efficiency. "There's definitely room for improvement in these display cases," Dabiri said. "We've shown that we can get 10 to 15 percent improvement, which is definitely a tangible impact. In this whole push for energy efficiency, anything you can do is a help."
An industry-wide implementation of the findings across the U.S. would save roughly $100 million in electricity costs each year.
Southern California Edison Co. funded the initial tests. Further research funding was from the U.S. Department of Energy, and the California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research program.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Mazyar Amin, Dana Dabiri, Homayun K. Navaz. Comprehensive study on the effects of fluid dynamics of air curtain and geometry, on infiltration rate of open refrigerated cavities. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011; 31 (14-15): 3055 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.05.039
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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System for acquiring and processing data pertaining to a shot of an object, such as a puck or a ball, on a goal ona playing field.
2012 (English)Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
According to the present inventive concept there is provided a system for acquiring and processing data pertaining to a shot of an object, such as a puck or a ball, on a goal on a playing field, the goal being guarded by a goalkeeper, the system comprising: an acquisition device configured to acquire position data of the object during a time interval ΔTP preceding the shot on goal, and a processing device configured to process the acquired position data of the object to estimate if an unobstructed path between the goalkeeper and the object is maintained throughout said time interval ΔTP, and configured to register the shot on goal as a first type of shot at least on a condition that an unobstructed path between the goalkeeper and the object not was maintained throughout said time interval ΔTP.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110140OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-110140DiVA: diva2:743124
CA2774004 (A1) (2012-10-19)


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Faculty Resources for the CompTIA A+ Exam (220-901/220-902)
The A+ certification is an entry-level industry credential for people who want or need to demonstrate their competency as computer repair technicians. The A+ credential requires that you pass two separate computer-based tests:
220-901, also known as "The hardware exam"
220-902, also known as "The software exam"
With your knowledge of best practices, continual guidance and encouragement to the student's goal, ECPI University students can conquer the A+ Certification goal and be better equipped for entering a new career.


Tickets released for LWS Web Education
by nicksmith. 0 Comments
This evening we will give you the lowdown on the state of web education, what the main problems are, what solutions we're moving towards, and how you can help. Why are graduates not coming to the web industry with the real world skills they need to get a job? Why are a lot of young geeks turning their back on education and going it alone? How can the community help to turn this state of affairs around? This evening we will answer these questions and more.
Brighton's rising star Anna Debenham (_USER_) will start the evening off by telling a tale of what life was like growing up in the web education trenches, with examples of GCSE exam papers, course material and sob stories, examples of how herself and other young people have had successes in the freelance web world and why it has ended up like this. As if that wasn't exciting enough, she will also present you with an exam paper made up of real exam questions, to test your knowledge of web development new and old (mainly old!)
To close, Opera's Chris Mills (_USER_) will present "A web sized education problem", talking about what the real issues are, why web education has ended up like, the solutions the web industry is working on to counteract this, and how everyone can get involved and help.
Hop over to to grab a ticket.
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text: DeeDee's Cry believes that suicide prevention should be proactive. Our Self-Harm Initiative equips students with the tools and strategies to de-escalate a mental health crisis. We aim to meet young people ages 14-18 where they're at, in the classroom. We want to give them the tools and strategies they need to protect themselves from themselves. Reach out to have DeeDee's Cry visit your child's classroom.


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The default Internet Explorer options are very restrictive and do not allow web browsing or downloading of files for security purposes. To easiest method is to download another browser, such as Google Chrome, and use that browser to pull content from the internet.
To download Google Chrome, please follow these instructions:
- Launch Internet Explorer
- Click into the Tools > Internet Options menu.
- Select the Security tab.
- Click Trusted Sites, then the Sites button.
- Add the following entry: *.google.com
- Browse to _URL_
- Follow the instructions to download and install Google Chrome
Once Google Chrome has been installed, you can use this browser to access content without restrictions.


 _EMAIL_  +86-_PHONE_
You are here: Home / News / Industry Encyclopedia / How to Solve the Fault of 10kV Distribution Line?
How to Solve the Fault of 10kV Distribution Line?
Views:254 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-09-04 Origin:Site
The distribution line is the terminal of the power transmission and distribution system, which is also an important part of the power system. Some practical situations, such as the impact of the external environment and climate, will directly affect the power supply and production of the outside world and the safety of the livelihood. Although many factors are causing 10kV line fault, they can be detected by advanced electric wire fault indicator monitoring system and accurate cable fault indicator. It can be divided into three types of faults from nature: single-phase grounding fault, grounding phase to phase short-circuit fault, and phase to phase short-circuit fault.
accurate cable fault indicator
Lightning Fault
As lightning is an uncontrollable natural phenomenon and its instantaneous overvoltage has a strong destructive power to the entire 10kV line, so the fault caused by lightning in summer accounts for a large proportion of 10kV line fault. Also, it is easy to threaten safety in the leakage accident when a lightning fault occurs because it will damage the relevant facilities and equipment. Therefore, it is worth taking measures to install the reliable cable fault indicator monitoring system. Although all kinds of buildings in the city are generally equipped with lightning rods and some lightning protection measures, cable faults still occur frequently, which require maintenance workers to use advanced cable fault passage indicators as soon as possible in recent years.
External Force
Since 10kV lines are directly oriented to end-users and the line network is relatively complex, it is very easy to cause faults caused by external force damage, mainly including faults caused by foreign matters.
The fault caused by bird damage mainly refers to the phase to phase short circuit fault caused by birds nesting and stopping on 10kV lines.
Equipment damage fault is mainly about the whole line fault due to the incorrect use of electrical appliances or automated overhead line fault indicator damage.
Due to the acceleration of urban-rural integration, the depth, and scope of infrastructure construction in the urban-rural fringe are becoming more and more extensive. Therefore, the underground cable laying, digital AC DC voltmeter indicator, and other power facilities are often damaged during construction.
Equipment Failure
Due to the wide coverage, complex operation line, too many branches, aging reliable electric wire fault passage indicator, long line diameter, long-term reconstruction, incomplete corridor clearance, alternation of seasons, and serious aging of related equipment, the equipment fault itself will also cause 10kV line operation obstacles. Besides, some of the old equipment in the electricity room has potential safety hazard, so the backward automated cable fault indicator and the lack of daily management of special personnel are easy to cause the 10kV power line trip.
 reliable electric wire fault passage indicator
Management and Maintenance Failure
Poor daily management and maintenance will also cause a 10kV line fault. For example, the inspection is not strict, the quality is not up to standard, or the installation level is insufficient in the purchase of advanced cable fault passage indicators. Besides, it is very easy to cause a fault trip in a long drought or light rain because the chemical and mining dust is easy to accumulate on the digital cable fault passage indicator and other electrical equipment.
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Fair Trade - National
For the third year in a row, together, we have exceeded our goals for the National Valentine's Day of Action.
This year's goal: Educate 3,500 children and youth about Fair Trade by Valentine's Day, using Global Exchange's Fair Trade curriculum, providing students with a deep learning experience about Fair Trade, starting many families on a lifetime of interest and involvement in the Fair Trade movement.
And now…the numbers are in!
The results: Educators taught the curriculum to 3,870 students in the US; participants were spread over 22 states, from Kentucky to Washington State and Nebraska to Maine. Some educators from outside the US also reported in that they taught an additional 207 students about Fair Trade in the UK, Australia, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Moreover, social justice clubs at one high school used Global Exchange's curriculum and pooled their resources to create a brochure that they distributed to 1,800 students at their school with Fair Trade chocolate minis.
Grand total: 5,877 youth educated about Fair Trade as part of the National Valentine's Day of Action
(Because not all classrooms report their participation, the actual numbers are probably higher.)
THANK YOU to all of you who helped make the National Valentine's Day of Action a huge success by referring teachers to the curriculum and teaching about Fair Trade in your classrooms!
Please be part of educating even more students next year, by telling educators about the curriculum today! The curriculum can be downloaded at _URL_
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Amazon Web Services
During this unprecedented time, many businesses and organizations are facing disruption to their operations, budgets, and revenue. AWS has a set of solutions to help you with cost management and optimization. This includes services, tools, and resources to organize and track cost and usage data, enhance control through consolidated billing and access permission, enable better planning through budgeting and forecasts, and further lower cost with resources and pricing optimizations.
Organize and Report Cost and Usage based on User-Defined Methods
Billing with Built-in Control
Business and organization leaders need a simple and easy way to access AWS billing information, including a spend summary, a breakdown of all service costs incurred by accounts across the organization, along with discounts and credits. Customer can choose to consolidate your bills and take advantage of higher volume discounts based on aggregated usage across your bills. Leaders also need to set appropriate guardrails in place so you can maintain control over cost, governance, and security. AWS helps organizations balance freedom and control by enabling the governance of granular user permission.
Improved Planning with Flexible Forecasting and Budgeting
Businesses and organizations need to plan and set expectations around cloud costs for your projects, applications, and more. The emergence of the cloud allowed teams to acquire and deprecate resources on an ongoing basis, without relying on teams to approve, procure and install infrastructure. However, this flexibility requires organizations to adapt to the new, dynamic forecasting and budgeting process. AWS provides forecasts based on your cost and usage history and allows you to set budget threshold and alerts, so you can stay informed whenever cost and usage is forecasted to, or exceeds the threshold limit. You can also set reservation utilization and/or coverage targets for your Reserved Instances and Savings Plans and monitor how they are progressing towards your target.
Optimize Costs with Resource and Pricing Recommendations
With AWS, customers can take control of your cost and continuously optimize your spend. There are a variety of AWS pricing models and resources you can choose from to meet requirements for both performance and cost efficiency, and adjust as needed. When evaluating AWS services for your architectural and business needs, you will have the flexibility to choose from a variety of elements, such as operating systems, instance types, availability zones, and purchase options. AWS offers resources optimization recommendations to simplify the evaluation process so you can efficiently select the cost-optimized resources. We also provide recommendations around pricing models (up to 72% with Reserved Instances and Savings Plans and up to 90% with Spot Instances) based on your utilization patterns, so you can further drive down your cost without compromising workload performance.


Anti-Racism Statement
Events of the last year have highlighted the systemic racism that exists in Canadian society and around the world. Working within the sport and recreation sectors, we recognize that systemic racism exists here, too. The Sport for Life Society (S4L) and Physical Literacy for Life (PL4L) charity believe that equity, diversity, inclusion and accessibility are foundational to a successful and healthy sport and physical activity ecosystem.
We stand against racism and will be intentional when working towards creating an inclusive and positive environment for everyone to enjoy the benefits of sport and physical activity. Inaction perpetuates systemic racism, but by actively supporting anti-racist policies, programs and services, Sport for Life will work to disrupt, dismantle and abolish racism in the programs, services and resources we deliver, both alone and in partnership with others.
Sport for Life will be purposeful in adding our voice to the powerful messages of anti-racism around the world and ensure our programming, services and resources are inclusive to everyone regardless of race, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression or national origin.


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SLANESVILLE, W.Va. -- Ice Mountain, the Hampshire County peak that earned its name and a recent National Natural Landmark designation for the refrigeration effect that takes place inside a sloping mass of boulders along its base, shows signs of thawing.
Since 1983, researchers from West Virginia University have been using temperature loggers to track the temperature of air flowing from some of nearly 150 natural vents found at the base of a 60-foot-thick boulder field that extends nearly to the top of the 1,500-foot peak.
The boulder field, or talus slope in geological terms, "is a very good cold-air trap," said Dr. J. Steven Kite, the geology professor at WVU who leads the Ice Mountain monitoring program. "The talus slope provides a lot of intake area, and the R-value of having 60 feet of rock for insulation must be in the thousands."
In winter, dense, cold air sinks deep into the Oriskany sandstone talus, and ice masses form in the spaces between the rocks. "By late winter," Kite said, "everything freezes and the vents close."
As the weather warms in spring and summer, air much cooler than outside temperatures is released through the ice vents at the base of the talus slope. The ice vent section at the bottom of the slope is about 250 yards long and 30 yards wide. "It takes months for the cold air to come out," Kite said.
For the past three years, though, air blowing from the vents at the base of Ice Mountain has reached above-freezing temperatures slightly earlier than usual. And this year, a 1 degree Celsius reading was attained on April 25, more than three weeks earlier than in any other year in which Kite and his graduate students have been logging temperatures.
Having the ice gone from Ice Mountain so early "is significant," said Rodney Bartgis, state director of The Nature Conservancy in West Virginia, which has protected a 159-acre section of Ice Mountain, including the ice vent area, since 1989. "There's reason to be concerned that a warming event may be going on."
A unique community of plants normally found at much higher latitudes and elevation has thrived in rocky soil near the ice vents probably since the end of the last Ice Age, according to Bartgis.
"It's one of the most remarkable features about this site," he said.
Dwarf dogwood, a plant that ranges from Eastern Canada to Alaska and also can be found at scattered sites above 4,000 feet in West Virginia, is found at an elevation of about 750 feet at the base of Ice Mountain. The bristly rose, also known as Arctic rose and the official provincial flower of Alberta, is another Canadian and Alaskan species that can be found at Ice Mountain, along with the twinflower, another plant normally found hundreds of miles to the north. At least six boreal, or Northern, plant species can be found near the base of Ice Mountain.
"Although this place and the plants that live here have likely persisted since the end of the Pleistocene [about 11,700 years ago], there is no promise that it will remain as it is through the coming decades," Bartgis said.
Kite said a lack of historic scientific data on Ice Mountain's natural refrigeration system makes it difficult to determine just how significant the current warming trend might be.


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Literacy and Life Skills for Pasifika Adults: Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALL) Survey
The 2006 ALL survey was designed to measure the distribution of literacy and numeracy skills among the adult population of New Zealand. The ALL survey included an oversample of Pasifika adults. This design feature has allowed meaningful insights into the distribution of literacy and numeracy skills among the adult Pasifika population of New Zealand.
Author(s): Elliot Lawes, Research Division, Ministry of Education.
Date Published: August 2009
This report is available as a download (please refer to the 'Downloads' inset box). To view the individual chapters please refer to the 'Sections' inset box. Links to related publications/ information can be found in the 'Where to Find Out More' inset box and on the webpage (below).
Section 13: Publications
Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL) Releases
Links to Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey publications are listed below:
Other Publications using Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALL) Data
The publication 'Profile and Trends: New Zealand's Tertiary Education Sector' uses Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey data in their 2007 Research Summaries and Short Analyses. You can download these articles listed below:
- The Educational Inheritance of New Zealanders
[MS Word 87KB]
This short article contained in Profile & Trends 2007 covers a range of questions on education inheritance including: 'How much does parents' education level influence that of their children?'
- Higher-level Education is Strongly Associated with Greater Skills
[MS Word 72KB]
This short article contained in Profile & Trends 2007 explores higher level education and how strongly it is associated with greater skills.
- Healthy and Wise: Does Education Improve Wellbeing?
[MS Word 128KB]
This short article contained in Profile & Trends 2007 used the results of the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey to analyse the relationship between New Zealanders' education level and their assessment of their own wellbeing.
- Literacy & Numeracy in NZ: ALL Survey Findings
[MS Word 79KB]
This short article contained in Profile & Trends 2007 summarises the first findings from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey.
- Section 1: Executive Summary
- Section 2: Introduction
- Section 3: Age
- Section 4: Gender
- Section 5: Labour Force
- Section 6: Attainment
- Section 7: Language
- Section 8: First Language
- Section 9: Place of Birth
- Section 10: Income
- Section 11: Ethnic Populations
- Section 12: Discussion
- Section 13: Publications
Where to find out more
For more information about this publication please email the: Research Mailbox


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3D model (JSmol)
|Molar mass||436.145 g/mol|
|C2/m, No. 12|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|what is?)(|
Tantalum telluride (TaTe2) is a chemical compound of tantalum and tellurium. It is unusual in that it forms dodecagonal chalcogenide quasicrystals, a formation that cannot occur in a normal crystal because it does not result in a periodic crystal lattice.
|This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text: In this article, Henry Thomson argues that institutions and socio-economic structures interact to generate agricultural policy outcomes. Because authoritarian governments are less responsive to electoral incentives and thus to the interests of the rural population, they implement urban-biased policies that decrease returns to farmers compared to democracies, on average. However, higher levels of agricultural support occur under autocracy when landholding inequality creates a small, powerful landed elite. Income inequality generates redistributive pressure under democracy and hampers food consumers' ability to mobilize against authoritarian regimes, also leading to relatively high levels of support for agriculture among autocracies. When urban interests are powerful, autocracies provide lower levels of agricultural support than do democracies, which also implies lower food prices. I estimate cross-national panel regressions for fifty-six countries between 1960 and 2010, finding significant variation in policy outcomes across democracies and dictatorships which confirms these theoretical predictions.


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Date of Award:
Master of Science (MS)
Philip J. Urness
This study evaluated the early establishment phase of various monocultures and mixed species plantings of Agropyron desertorum (AGDE), Medicago sativa (MESA), and Atriplex canescens (ATCA). The study was conducted under both greenhouse and field conditions. In the green-house, the experimental design was a split-plot, randomized-block design in time, using transplanted seedlings. The treatments were exposed to three water levels to determine species response to varying moisture availability. Plastic pots of 15.4 cm (diameter) by 17.9 cm (depth) were filled with 2,800 g of sandy-loam soil and brought to field capacity. The pots were weighted twice weekly and the water lost to evapotranspiration was replaced. The plants were measured for plant height on six occasions at two week intervals. On the last measurement date, plants were harvested for above-and-below ground biomass.
The field used the species treatment as in the greenhouse study and these were hand sown in 1 m2 plots. Using a line-source sprinkler system, species responses at four water levels were examined. Soil water content in the various field plots was determined at various depths via access tubes and a neutron soil moisture probe. The experimental design was a split-plot design in time. Seedling emergence was recorded daily for the first 35 days after seeding. Plant height was measured six times during the growing season. All the species were clipped, oven-dried, and weighed at the end of the experimental period in 1982.
In the greenhouse, AGDE was the dominant species, yet produced more in the MESA combination. MESA exhibited a marked decrease in production when grown with AGDE. ATCA showed a remarkable ability to survive under high water stress.
Variable soil water content created in the field resulted in significant differences in germination, emergence, and establishment among planting treatments. MESA germinated and emerged faster than AGDE and ATCA, allowing it to utilize water and nutrient resources earlier than the competing species. The greatest shoot production occurred when MESA grew alone. In the AGDE-MESA combination, shading apparently reduced AGDE growth and shoot production at the two most favorable water levels. ATCA exhibited poor germination and emergence in treatments with low soil water availability.
Escobar, Oscar Luis Prado, "Evaluation of the Early Establishment Phase of Agropyron desertorum, Medicago sativa and Atriplex canescens in Monocultures and Mixtures" (1983). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3771.
Copyright for this work is retained by the student. If you have any questions regarding the inclusion of this work in the Digital Commons, please email us at.


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What would it take for Grey Bruce to become tobacco free …by 2016?
That is the target of efforts by the Grey Bruce Health Unit. In a presentation to Grey County Council, Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Hazel Lynn outlined a three-point approach of prevention, protection and cessation to cut the number of people who use tobacco and reduce health effects of tobacco. Tobacco-free outdoor spaces encompass all of these components.
Schools address prevention programs to reduce the numbers of new smokers.
Cessation efforts are underway in partnership with the hospitals in Grey Bruce to identify tobacco users and offer treatment while in hospital and follow-up upon discharge. The Health Unit works closely with the Smokers' Helpline who provide cessation counselling and information on tobacco use.
Traditionally, protection has been about ensuring people are not exposed to second-hand smoke. Creating tobacco-free environments is a priority. More recently, efforts have shifted to changing the norms around tobacco use.
The tobacco-free outdoor spaces initiative has a child and youth focus. It will:
- Assist to prevent youth from starting to use tobacco products; children and youth model behaviour after the people they look up to.
- Give everyone a chance to perform at their best as tobacco use counters the positive health benefits gained by participating in sport and recreational activities.
- Protect the environment as cigarette butts are a main source of litter in communities and on beaches. It takes 15 years for a cigarette butt to degrade.
- Protect children from second-hand smoke. There is no safe level of exposure to second-hand smoke, even outdoors.
- Support a tobacco free culture. It is important for youth to receive the same tobacco-free messages everywhere.
- Help people trying to quit. The temptation to use tobacco is reduced when people around you are not smoking.
A 2009 survey in Grey Bruce shows local residents support tobacco-free outdoor spaces: 86 % percent of adults support tobacco-free playgrounds; 83% support tobacco-free sports fields and spectator areas; 73% support tobacco-free beaches; and over 90% support tobacco-free patios and doorways to workplaces.


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Great tips on writing a diploma work with geography and nation study
The diploma research on geography is just a necessary phase in the analysis of specialists in geography, country study, governmental science, economics and a number of other disciplines. It is necessary to analyze this issue and write the job relative to what's needed and guidelines.
The future graduate should show the depth of his at the time of writing knowledge into the topic, the relevant skills to formulate a subject, goals, subject and object of research, select and procedure sources, expound the idea, formulate conclusions.
The main demands for work:
Popular features of work with country and geography research:
1. How to choose a theme?
Pay attention to the present dilemmas, but have a adequate level of lighting into the sources. Try not to just take controversial subjects that can cause questions that are unnecessary the payment. Also, usually do not simply take too basic a topic _URL_ that will never be covered in a single thesis.
2. Where may I find sources and literary works?
The absolute most simple and modern option is on the net. It is a source of unlimited information, papers, illustrative material. Library: aided by the help of this catalog there is literary works from the key words associated with the topic. Archives. As sources, student may use monographs, collections of papers, pictures, audiovisual records, material monuments, publications in papers and magazines, as well as others.
3. What is the structure of paper?
Each work must add:
4. Title page;
5. Feedback, explanatory note;
7. Theoretical part;
9. variety of used literary works;
The absolute most steps that are important writing an introduction and conclusions. Introduction includes:
Conclusions – the chapter that is second which attracts the eye of this examination committee. The primary guideline: the conclusions must match the tasks.
Comments are closed.


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PHOTO COURTESY OF GARRY KESSLER
At this time of year, fragrant water-lily blossoms still float on shallow ponds such as Mill Pond. They open in the morning and close in the afternoon. The blossoms of this native plant are white or sometimes pink.
September 12, 2008, Page 9
By Annie Reid
Westborough Community Land Trust
Fragrant water-lilies linger on local ponds
Summer flowers fade and the pace of life in Westborough picks up in September, but a vision of summertime lingers on shallow ponds where native white water-lilies bloom.
Known as fragrant water-lily (Nymphaea odorata) for the sweet scent of its blossoms, this water plant starts to bloom in early summer but can put on its best show in September. A leisurely trip past the lily pads by canoe or kayak is one of the best ways to enjoy this end-of-summer treat.
Fragrant water-lily thrives in slow or still shallow water 6-15 feet deep, so Mill Pond with its maximum depth of 15 feet is a perfect place for it. The flowers and leaves – the lily pads – grow from a root-like underground stem, or rhizome, in the muddy bottom.
In the fall, the flowers and leaves die back but the rhizome survives the winter. Before lush plant growth covers the pond in the spring, you might see tangled balls of rhizome under the surface, looking like root balls.
Ancestors of today's water-lilies were among the earliest flowering plants, with a long history going back 125 million years to the time of the dinosaurs. Scientists think that water-lilies descended from early land plants and returned to fresh water. Water-lilies are not actually lilies, which are a more recent group of flowering plants.
Why don't water-lily flowers sink? How do the flowers and lily pads float on a pond? The surface tension of water has something to do with it. Water molecules are attracted to each other and tend to stick together, making a surface where the round, flat lily pads and flowers can float.
Beyond that, the leaves, flowers, and stems of water-lilies are filled with air spaces that help them float. In a similar way, our air-filled lungs help us float in water, especially if we lie flat on our backs or stomachs and spread our weight over more of the surface.
The air spaces also help to keep water-lily plants alive by bringing oxygen down to the rhizome buried in the muddy depths of the pond. They also bring up carbon dioxide and methane (which we know as smelly sewer gas, which forms as plant and animal matter decomposes in the mud).
Thanks to the air spaces, the rhizomes of water-lilies don't "drown" the way roots of many familiar trees do when they're flooded, as happens in new beaver ponds. We think of most land plants as having tubes for bringing water up from roots to leaves and for carrying sugary sap from leaves to roots, but water-lilies also have tubes for moving air through the plant.
Water-lily stems have four air channels, which work somewhat like straws (and have actually been used as straws by people). Air enters and exits the water-lily plant through tiny pores on the tops of the leaves. Newer leaves tend to draw fresh air into the plant, and older leaves tend to let out air that comes up from the depths.
As a native plant of eastern North America, fragrant water-lily has lived in our area long enough to develop many relationships with local wildlife. When you look closely at other native plants such as goldenrod and milkweed, you usually find them alive with insects – from visiting bees, flies, ants and butterflies to resident spiders, beetles and caterpillars – and the same goes for fragrant water-lily. It's as busy as the town square of a bustling community.
The large, 3-5 inch blossoms of fragrant water-lily open in the morning and close in the afternoon. A flower typically lasts 3 days. Its female parts are ready to receive pollen on the first day, and its scent lures many kinds of bees and flies. These visitors usually fall into a pool of sweet fluid at the center of the flower, where pollen from other flowers is washed off the insects. Most visitors escape the pool.
On the second and third days, the pool is gone but the male flower parts produce their own pollen, which sticks to visiting insects. Finally, after the third day, the flower stem coils, pulling the pollinated blossom under water, where the seeds ripen.
The floating lily pads are a haven and food for insects and other creatures. They are round, with a notch where the stem joins the leaf, and can grow to a foot wide. Look closely and you may see – yes, a frog on a lily pad! You might notice a small painted turtle or a dragonfly or damselfly resting there, or a bird hopping from one lily pad to another as it pursues insects.
Holes in lily pads are clues that beetles have been munching them. Some beetles spend their whole lives on water-lily plants. Certain moth caterpillars feed on the lily pads, and lady beetles may eat aphids that suck the plant's juices. Certain beetles, dragonflies and damselflies lay eggs in the stems.
Lily pads create shade in a sunlit pond, and fish hide under them. Minnows lay eggs there. Snails feast on the underside of lily pads.
Muskrats and beaver eat and store water-lily rhizomes. Porcupines and our white-tailed deer graze on the plants. Wood ducks and ring-necked ducks eat the seeds.
What about humans? We, too, have turned water-lilies into food. People have boiled young leaves and lily buds and served them with butter. They've pickled lily buds and roasted the seeds like popcorn or ground them into flour.
Henry Thoreau, famed naturalist, author of Walden and Concord resident in the mid-1800s, even smoked leaves of fragrant water-lily.
The rhizomes had a role in medicine of old. Native Americans made tea from it to treat lung ailments and intestinal problems such as diarrhea. They mashed it and applied it to swellings and used it to stop bleeding. Later folk medicine mixed the rhizome with lemon juice to remove freckles and pimples.
Fragrant water-lily has been widely cultivated for its beauty and was exported to England as long ago as 1786. It has spread through the western U.S. and Canada.
Yet not everyone is crazy about the plant. In Washington state, it is an invasive plant, choking ponds and interfering with swimming and other recreation. It is listed there as a noxious weed.
More locally, fragrant water-lily on a pond can be a sign that the water has become overly enriched with nitrates and phosphates. These pollutants can come from runoff from heavily fertilized lawns and golf courses or faulty septic systems.


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Document Details :
Title: Interpretations of Christian-Muslim Violence in the Mollucas
Author(s): STEENBRINK, Karel
Journal: Studies in Interreligious Dialogue
Volume: 11 Issue: 1 Date: 2001
On 19 january 1999 violent riots started in Ambon, the capital of the Indonesian province of the Moluccas. At least until the end of October 2000 (when this contribution was closed) there were four periods of increasing violence in the Ambon area. During this period related fighting and burning happened in most other parts of the province and in other parts of Indonesia. This article gives a chronology of teh major events and an analysis of economic, political and social aspects of the turmoil. It pays especially attention to the question why Ambon for centuries could be considered as a good example of peaceful Christian-Muslim relations but has recently become a 'killing field'.


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A couple of years ago, some researchers at Keele University in England published a study purporting to show that swearing relieved pain. It was a small study (just 67 participants) and the explanation—that swearing perhaps triggers a fight-or-flight response from the amygdala that suppresses awareness of pain—is completely speculative.
But even if that study is right, some new research may have uncovered a flaw in the "Swear and Feel Better" plan. Swearing may deaden physical pain, but it could also deter other people from offering you emotional support. At the very least, swearing in front of other people is associated with feeling like they aren't offering you as much emotional support.
Megan Robbins and her team recorded snippets of speech from middle-aged women with rheumatoid arthritis, and others with breast cancer, and found those who swore more in the company of other people also experienced increased depression and a perceived loss of social support.
The sample sizes were small (13 women with rheumatoid arthritis and 21 women with breast cancer), but the technology was neat. The women wore "an electronically activated recorder" that periodically sampled ambient sounds, including speech. A lapel microphone recorded 50s every 18 minutes over two weekends for the arthritis sample and 50s every 9 minutes over one weekend for the breast cancer patients. Two months or four months after baseline the women repeated measures of their depression and perceived social support - the latter measured by agreement with statements like "I get sympathy and understanding from someone". The key finding is that higher rates of swearing in someone else's company, but not solitary swearing, were associated with an increase in depression symptoms and a drop in perceived social support. Moreover, statistical analysis suggested the effect of swearing on depression was mediated by the lost social support.
Of course, there could also be some socio/cultural factors at work here, too. All the participants in this study were middle-aged women. Would middle-aged men—or, for that matter, women of a younger, more-swearing-prone generation—feel the same way? There's a possibility that this study could have more to say about what middle-aged women expect from themselves, or who other people expect them to be.
Maggie Koerth-Baker is the science editor at BoingBoing.net. She writes a monthly column for The New York Times Magazine and is the author of Before the Lights Go Out, a book about electricity, infrastructure, and the future of energy. You can find Maggie on Twitter and Facebook.


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Evaluation of Wear in an Automotive Transmission using PM Gears
In 2008, Höganäs together with KBE+ redesigned the transmission for the smart fortwo car. The ambition was to create a PM friendly, reduced weight transmission that could be built into the original transmission housing whilst maintaining reliability. The reverse engineering analysis showed that this could be done without sacrificing service life, and with an accumulated weight reduction on the gears of 1 kg. In 2010, this transmission was built into a smart fortwo, driven to the PM World Congress in Florence and exhibited there. Since the congress, the smart car has been used as an everyday driver for eight years and accumulated 200 000 km.
In this paper, an evaluation of the PM gears will be presented. The gears are visually inspected after 200 000 km of real driving. The wear, as well as any other damage to gears and synchronizers will be investigated and discussed. Topography measurements before and after 200 000 km will be shown for quantification of wear, and pictures of the gear flanks will be shown to establish the general condition of the gears. From the design work the stress conditions are known, and from the logging system in the car, information on cycles and load can be estimated to further understand the load history of the gears.


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Florida is often said to be a place of high strangeness with sightings of the Skunk Ape etc. There is also a story a bout a river monster.
Between 1955 and 1961 there were reports in Florida newspapers of a creature in the St. Johns River. The reports came from a variety of people: from fishermen who made their living there and from visitors and new residents. They all reported seeing a large creature but some said it was like a dinosaur; some, like a giant manatee. Most sightings occurred between Astor Park and Lake Monroe, the majority at Blue Spring (this is important to note; you will see why at the end of the posting).
One Lake County man claimed to have seen the monster on land, grazing on plants. He reported that the monster left a beaten-down path through the bushes. The animal's skin was described as elephant-like and grey-coloured. Two bass fisherman claimed that the monster had almost tipped over their boat.
In 1975 five people in a fishing boat were frightened on the morning of May 10 on St. Johns River near Jacksonville. They claimed to have seen a dragon-like creature that reared its head from the river then disappeared into the deep water. It was described as having a head like a giant snail, with two horns. This is the testimony of two of them:
"We saw it had a neck about 3 feet long," Mrs. Dorothy Abram reported. "It had two little horns on top of the head like a snail." She described the head as about the size of a human head. Mrs. Brenda Langley had a better view of the creature than Mrs. Abram had. "It was about three or four feet out of the water and about the color - a pinkish color - like boiled shrimp," she said. "It had a real ugly looking face on it. It had snail like horns, and it had this little jagged thing going down its back....The head turned on it. It just turned and looked around at us."
It is not the first story about strange marine creatures in that area. In 1885 a ship's anchor brought up the carcass of a long-necked creature that resembled an extinct plesiosaur, from the New River Inlet. It may have been the corpse of a basking shark or it may have been an unknown creature. There was no DNA testing in those days. There is apparently an 1891 newspaper report of a sea serpent chasing bathers from the ocean on Jacksonville beach (I couldn't trace it, unfortunately). The creature was reported to have had a dog-like head and a long thin neck. There is also another story, but it may be an urban myth, said to be reported by some scuba divers in 1962, off the Gulf coast near Pensacola. A monster apparently attacked the divers and overturned their boat, and supposedly killed all but one of the men. The surviving victim claimed that the creature had a long, ten-foot neck (3.3 metres) like a telephone pole. The head had small eyes, but a very wide mouth and whipped about like a large snake.
Before we get over-excited I should point out that the largest spring on the St. Johns River, Blue Spring, is a Manatee Refuge and the winter home to a population of West Indian Manatees. So some sightings could be manatees as often people don't realise how big they can be or what they really look like. What is interesting is that the 1975 description said it had horns. There have been lots of other sightings, including in Loch Ness, where people mention horns or eyes on stalks. The colour is also intriguing - bright red/pink - and I am sure someone can come up with a list of marine creatures that colour that could be responsible for a misidentification. Something to spend your Sunday afternoon researching if you are bored!


, it is useful to classify decisions as:
1. Strategic and tactical
2. Short-run and long-run
Strategic and Tactical Decisions
In management accounting, the objective is not necessarily to make the best decision but to make a good decision. Because of complex interacting relationships, it is very difficult, even if possible, to determine the best decision. Management decision -making is highly subjective.
Whether a decision is good or acceptable depends on the goals and objectives of management. Consequently, a prerequisite to decision-making is that management have set the organization's goals and objectives. For example, management must decide strategic objectives such as the company's product line, pricing strategy, quality of product, willingness to assume risk, and profit objective. In setting goals and objectives, it is useful to distinguish between strategic and tactical decisions. Strategic decisions are non quantitative in nature. Strategic decisions are based on the subjective thinking of management concerning goals and objectives. Tactical decisions are quantitative executable decisions which result directly from the strategic decisions. The distinction between strategic and tactical is important in management accounting because the techniques of management accounting pertain primarily to tactical decisions. Management accounting does not typically provide techniques for assisting in making strategic decisions.
The company should replace the old machine. The cost savings are far greater than the cost to purchase the new machine.
Activity-based costing systems can help companies make better decisions about pricing and product mix, and assist in decisions about product design, by providing more accurate information about how different products and services use resources. Activity-based costing systems identify activities as the cost objects. Inaccurate costing systems can provide misleading cost information and may result in product under costing and over costing. Three guidelines for refining a costing system are direct-cost tracing, indirect-cost pools, and cost-allocation bases.
A cost hierarchy segregates costs into different cost pools. ABC systems typically use a cost hierarchy with four levels — output unit-level costs, batch-level costs, product-sustaining costs, and facility-sustaining costs.
Benefits of ABC:
Activity Based Costing helps to induce following benefits in Corporate Strategy:
It helps to encourage the management to redesign the product.
ABC system reports on the Corporate Spending.
Performance based accurate feedback can be provided to cost centre managers.
Accurate information on product costs enables better decisions to be made on pricing, marketing, product design, and product mix.
It helps the management to compare the profits of various customers, product lines and to decide on the price strategy, etc.
Problems of ABC
Several problems, arise when companies attempt to scale up this seemingly straightforward approach to enterprise-wide models, and to maintain the model so that it reflects changes in activities, processes, products, and customers. First, the process to interview and survey employees to get their time allocations to multiple activities is time consuming and costly. The high time and cost to estimate an ABC model and to maintain it – through re-interviews and re-surveys − has been a major barrier to widespread ABC adoption. And, because of the high cost of continually updating the ABC model, many ABC systems are updated only infrequently, leading to out-of-date activity cost driver rates, and inaccurate estimates of process, product, and customer costs.
The problem of traditional ABC models is that - difficult to scale. Adding new activities to the model, such as to introduce heterogeneity within an activity requires re-estimating the amount of cost that should be assigned to the new activity.
As the activity dictionary expands – either to reflect more granularity and detail about activities performed or to expand the scope of the model to the entire enterprise − the demands on the computer model used to store and process the data escalate dramatically. To reduce the computational and storage burden of operating an enterprise-wide ABC model, companies often build separate ABC models for each of their sites. But then the models do not easily handle products that move between facilities for processing.
These implementation problems have become obvious to most ABC implementers. But a subtle and more serious problem arises from the interview and survey process itself. When people estimate how much time they spend on a list of activities handed to them, invariably they report percentages that add up to 100%. Few individuals report that a significant percentage of their time is idle or unused. Therefore, cost driver rates are calculated assuming that resources are working at full capacity. But, of course, operations at practical capacity are more the exception than the rule.
At the overall organizational level there remains the danger that the management accountant is (in part at least) responsible for measuring the indicators rather than managing the business. This would again point towards multidisciplinary teams within which the management accountant would make a significant contribution.
The main reason for refining a costing system is to develop the management decision-making process by providing enhanced product cost information. Department-costing systems improve on the early single-cost-allocation-base costing systems by developing separate cost-allocation bases for departments with different cost drivers. Activity-based costing systems can refine the costing system even further by segregating department costs with different cost drivers (activities) into a separate cost pool for each significant department activity. Refining a costing system only makes sense if the benefits of a refined costing system exceed the costs on implementing a refined costing system. Implementing an ABC system may provide "net" benefits if significant amounts of indirect costs are allocated using one or two cost pools, if most indirect costs are unit-level costs, if products use different resources because of product differences, if financial reports display questionable results, and if there is considerable disagreement between operations and accounting departments about product costs.
Strategic management will result in planning for the upcoming changes in the market, the operation, or climate which will make the company's "speed bump" to make it easier and more attainable.
Thus, an emerging image of relatively high levels of Strategic Management activity is being depicted. Furthermore, it would appear that a relatively high proportion of organizations are indeed looking beyond their immediate organizational boundaries for attaining organizational goals. However, most are adopting a relatively conservative approach with a focus on readily quantifiable activities and similar comparator organizations. Our work to date seems to suggest the existence of some form of maturity curve. Organizations that persist with Strategic Management would appear to move from simple comparisons of easily-measured discrete activities using internal workforce, to comparing more complex processes with external and/or dissimilar workforce.
Further there are several interesting areas under Strategic management which helps in effective decision making. In addition, it is envisaged that this work will begin to address the relationship between successful management accounting and other approaches to performance improvement, the degree to which the identified success factors are necessary but not sufficient for Strategic management success, and the extent to which Strategic management is proving to be a cost-effective model.
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Edited By Margaret Atack, Alison S. Fell, Diana Holmes and Imogen Long
This volume explores contemporary French women's writing through the prism of one of the defining moments of modern feminism: the writings of the 1970s that came to be known as «French feminism». With their exhilarating renewal of the rules of fiction, and a sophisticated theoretical approach to gender, representation and textuality, Hélène Cixous and others became internationally recognised for their work, at a time when the women's movement was also a driving force for social change. Taking its cue from Les Femmes s'entêtent, a multi-authored analysis of the situation of women and a celebration of women's creativity, this collection offers new readings of Monique Wittig, Emma Santos and Hélène Cixous, followed by essays on Nina Bouraoui, Michèle Perrein and Ying Chen, Marguerite Duras and Mireille Best, and Valentine Goby. A contextualising introduction establishes the theoretical and cultural framework of the volume with a critical re-evaluation of this key moment in the history of feminist thought and women's writing, pursuing its various legacies and examining the ways theoretical and empirical developments in queer studies, postcolonial studies and postmodernist philosophies have extended, inflected and challenged feminist work.


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Brainchild of the Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, '1001 Inventions' is a unique experiment, raising awareness and encouraging debate on the contribution Muslims have made to civilisation through science and technology. The exhibition is the tip of an iceberg – a sign post to teaching and learning resources, and a blog where the debate continues. Elizabeth Woodcock describes the project and its very special contribution to science and society.
Click here to access the full article in Ecsite Newsletter.
by: FSTC Limited
Related Articles: In Appreciation of FSTC by: FSTC Limitied Emeritus Professor Durward J Cruickshank, Fellow of Royal Society and world renowned distinguished scientist has presented FSTC with a valuable gift in its work in the History of Science.
First Anniversary of the "1001 Inventions" Initiative by: Professor Salim T S Al-Hassani, Chairman, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, UK With 1,000 years of "missing history", the exhibition is divided into seven zones: home, school, market, hospital, town, world and universe, to make it accessible for all Title to be "First Anniversary of the "1001 Inventions" Initiative - Global Expansion Plans"


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- Release date:16 February 2011 (USA)
- Summary:Elephants can live for 70 years. But what happens when one of these magnificent beasts dies in the wild? This stunning film turns normal wildlife documentaries on their head to find out what happens after death, as a five-tonne adult elephant is transformed into six million calories worth of fat, meat and guts, feeding a whole new cycle of life. The documentary gives scientists the chance to watch close up, day and night, as animals from leopards, hyenas and vultures to flies and beetles take just days to reduce the largest land animal on earth to bare bones. Biologist Simon Watt leads a team of experts watching the events unfold in Tsavo West National Park in Kenya. They follow the action as never before, using remote cameras and night vision equipment under the supervision of animal behaviour expert Warren Samuels. The elephant, a young adult male, had to be put down by a vet after being mortally wounded by ivory poachers. But his remains will provide a feast for the local ecosystem and a new source of research. Raptor expert Simon Thomsett is keen to study the behaviour of local vultures, whose increasing timidity could mark a shift in the food chain. Meanwhile big cat expert Alayne Cotterill is treated to the incredibly rare sight of leopards feeding on the elephant and insect expert Dino Martins marvels as flies and maggots swarm across the body and attract other predators in their turn. The eye-opening documentary is a unique insight into a natural spectacle that reveals how life has adapted to reap the bounty of death. [+]more
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Best answer: How do you grill vegetables on a Weber gas grill?
Choose any and all of your favorite vegetables, slice them up, coat with a little extra-virgin olive oil, kosher salt and pepper and throw them on the grill at 400 degrees on indirect heat. Let your grill do the work and within 15-20 minutes you have some hot, delicious and fresh vegetables to enjoy!
What temperature should I grill vegetables?
Vegetables are best grilled on medium or medium-high temperatures. Follow the grilling instructions for each particular vegetable to determine exact cooking temperature. For gas and charcoal grills, medium temperature is about 350 degrees and medium-high is 400 to 425 degrees.
How do you grill vegetables without burning them?
To prevent burning, sear vegetables over high heat, then move them to a cooler part of the grill to finish cooking. You can also precook them and just give them a few minutes on the grill to get some color on the outside.
Do you grill meat or vegetables first?
5. Grill Meat First on a Charcoal Grill: When grilling vegetables to accompany steak, chicken, or pork, we cook the meat first, while the fire is at its hottest. By the time the meat is done, the heat has subsided a bit and the vegetables can cook at more moderate temperatures while the meat rests.
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How do you use a vegetable basket on the grill?
Preheat your grill and the grill basket with the cover closed for about 10 minutes. This will help to keep the vegetables from sticking to the basket. Grill the vegetables in the basket over the heat. Toss the vegetables every three or four minutes or turn them over after five minutes.
Which oil is best for roasting vegetables?
For Fat and Flavor When Roasting, Choose Olive Oil or Ghee
For vegetables, chicken, and just about everything else, olive oil and ghee are our first choices for roasting at temperatures over 400°F.
How long does it take to grill veggies?
How Long Do Vegetables Take to Cook on the Grill?
 1. Bell peppers and onions: Eight to 10 minutes.
 2. Yellow squash, zucchini, eggplant, and mushrooms: Seven to eight minutes.
 3. Asparagus, green onions, and tomatoes on the vine: Four to six minutes.
Should I cover vegetables when roasting?
Do you cover vegetables when roasting in the oven? Generally, you don't cover vegetables when roasting them in the oven. Covering vegetables will steam them instead of browning them. However, covering with foil is a tried-and-true method for roasting garlic.
Why are my grilled veggies soggy?
While a grill basket or cheap wire grill topper can definitely change the game and keep your green beans safe from peril, there's another reason to slice them thicker and larger: It's easy to accidentally overcook small pieces of vegetables, which makes them soggy.
Should vegetables be room temperature before grilling?
Luckily, grilled vegetables are delicious at room temperature; they don't need to be served hot off the grill. And they keep well, too. Grill a few hours—or a day or two—ahead.
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Do you need oil to grill vegetables?
Don't put any oil on the vegetables before you grill them. The vegetables don't need oil to keep from sticking to the grill; they don't stick without it. Any oil that drips off ignites and the resulting flames send little particles of burnt oil back up to your food. Oiling vegetables doesn't do them any good.
How long should I grill meat?
Top 10 foods for grilling
 - Bratwurst We acknowledge that hot dogs can be boring at times. …
 - Shish-ka-bobs Shish-ka-bobs have the most options. …
 - Corn on the cob No, its not all about meat.
How long does it take to grill food?
Steaks (1- to 1 ½-inch thick): Grill over direct heat for 4-5 minutes per side. Then cover and cook over indirect heat for 4-10 minutes (think strip steak, ribeyes, or a London Broil). Burgers (¾- to 1-inch thick): Grill over direct heat for 5-6 minutes.
Gastronomy secrets


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The Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling
Authors:Justin Arcade, Sara Lafia
Mentor:Do Kim, Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, California State Polytechnic University Pomona
Active transportation modes, including walking and bicycling, have recently attracted attention due to their potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Active transportation modes can replace most short trips such as shopping, dining, and getting to a transit station, which have traditionally warranted the use of an automobile. Active transportation modes also have decisive social and public health benefits.
The built environment is one of the most important decision factors for active transportation modes' route choices and trip decisions. Built environments generally influence travel behavior by affecting the distances traveled between destinations and the relative efficiency of different modes. The built environment has a direct impact on the safety, comfort and convenience of active transportation mode choices for pedestrians and bicyclists.
The purpose of this study is to examine how attributes of the built environment – urban density, demographics, land use, and infrastructure – are associated with active transportation modes. This study uses state-of-the art geographic information systems (GIS) technology to quantify the built environment of two cities: West Covina and Pomona. Furthermore, it seeks statistical evidence of spatial correlation between the environment and bicycle/pedestrian counts. This study reveals that effective infrastructure design is associated with the number of bicycle/pedestrian trips. This study determines some factors that make a successful bicycle facility in terms of connectivity with relevant destinations.


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Welcome, lovely person! You might be here because somebody wants you to learn about lamâsching. Don't be afraid, even if you already know that it has to do with physical contact between human beings, you are currently reading an internet page (probably even being alone - although having trustful people around you would allow you trying this out afterwards) and have nothing to fear.
So what is lamâsching?
Lamâsching involves at least two people, preferably more. It is all about feeling great and sharing great feelings on a physical level. That may involve giving and receiving hugs, soft stroking, touching different parts of other peoples' bodies. Everybody will respect your privacy and expect the same from you, that is why lamâsching is considered safe (see Lamâsching Protocol (Elina's School) for details).
What is lamâsching not?
Lamâsching is not a gathering of crazy people that want to grope you. Although every body may react differently on warm-hearted touch - especially when not being used to - it should not be considered as a sexual act.
- Immediately speak out, stop or leave the activity if you feel uncomfortable.
- Speak out if you are unsure about what you are doing or get the feeling a person may feel uncomfortable.
- Use your hands to touch the people around you.
- You may stroke with soft pressure, so it feels nice.
- Bring your body close to other bodies to give and get a warm feeling.
- You may focus on an invidivual person for some time to create a more intense experience if you feel like it.
- Try out using other parts of your body to reach people as well (feet, arms, maybe head, nose, mouth).
- This is not a sexual activity, so don't act like it.
- No touching of private/intimate body parts except this is agreed (also be careful/ask before touching head when new people are around you).
- Respect any limits people communicate.
- No kissing (except in an agreed area - the founders of the lamâsching culture did not see such a school yet).
A very good read is the warmly expressed experience from Tilmann (Lamâsching Culture). Afterwards, read about different lamâsching schools, try it out and create your own!