Introduction to How Torque Converters Work
The torque converter is situated between the engine and the transmission.
The Basics
The parts of a torque converter (left to right): turbine, stator, pump
Inside a Torque Converter
As shown in the figure below, there are four components inside the very strong housing of the torque converter:
 - Pump
 - Turbine
 - Stator
 - Transmission fluid
The housing of the torque converter is bolted to the flywheel of the engine, so it turns at whatever speed the engine is running at. The fins that make up the pump of the torque converter are attached to the housing, so they also turn at the same speed as the engine. The cutaway below shows how everything is connected inside the torque converter.
How the parts of the torque converter connect to the transmission and engine
The pump inside a torque converter is a type of centrifugal pump. As it spins, fluid is flung to the outside, much as the spin cycle of a washing machine flings water and clothes to the outside of the wash tub. As fluid is flung to the outside, a vacuum is created that draws more fluid in at the center.
The pump section of the torque converter is attached to the housing.
The fluid then enters the blades of the turbine, which is connected to the transmission. The turbine causes the transmission to spin, which basically moves your car. You can see in the graphic below that the blades of the turbine are curved. This means that the fluid, which enters the turbine from the outside, has to change direction before it exits the center of the turbine. It is this directional change that causes the turbine to spin.
The torque converter turbine: Note the spline in the middle. This is where it connects to the transmission.
In order to change the direction of a moving object, you must apply a force to that object -- it doesn't matter if the object is a car or a drop of fluid. And whatever applies the force that causes the object to turn must also feel that force, but in the opposite direction. So as the turbine causes the fluid to change direction, the fluid causes the turbine to spin.
The fluid exits the turbine at the center, moving in a different direction than when it entered. If you look at the arrows in the figure above, you can see that the fluid exits the turbine moving opposite the direction that the pump (and engine) are turning. If the fluid were allowed to hit the pump, it would slow the engine down, wasting power. This is why a torque converter has a stator.
We'll take a closer look at the stator in the next section.
The stator sends the fluid returning from the turbine to the pump. This improves the efficiency of the torque converter. Note the spline, which is connected to a one-way clutch inside the stator.
The Stator
The stator resides in the very center of the torque converter. Its job is to redirect the fluid returning from the turbine before it hits the pump again. This dramatically increases the efficiency of the torque converter.
The stator has a very aggressive blade design that almost completely reverses the direction of the fluid. A one-way clutch (inside the stator) connects the stator to a fixed shaft in the transmission (the direction that the clutch allows the stator to spin is noted in the figure above). Because of this arrangement, the stator cannot spin with the fluid -- it can spin only in the opposite direction, forcing the fluid to change direction as it hits the stator blades.
Something a little bit tricky happens when the car gets moving. There is a point, around 40 mph (64 kph), at which both the pump and the turbine are spinning at almost the same speed (the pump always spins slightly faster). At this point, the fluid returns from the turbine, entering the pump already moving in the same direction as the pump, so the stator is not needed.
Even though the turbine changes the direction of the fluid and flings it out the back, the fluid still ends up moving in the direction that the turbine is spinning because the turbine is spinning faster in one direction than the fluid is being pumped in the other direction. If you were standing in the back of a pickup moving at 60 mph, and you threw a ball out the back of that pickup at 40 mph, the ball would still be going forward at 20 mph. This is similar to what happens in the turbine: The fluid is being flung out the back in one direction, but not as fast as it was going to start with in the other direction.
At these speeds, the fluid actually strikes the back sides of the stator blades, causing the stator to freewheel on its one-way clutch so it doesn't hinder the fluid moving through it.
Benefits and Weak Points
In addition to the very important job of allowing your car come to a complete stop without stalling the engine, the torque converter actually gives your car more torque when you accelerate out of a stop. Modern torque converters can multiply the torque of the engine by two to three times. This effect only happens when the engine is turning much faster than the transmission.
At higher speeds, the transmission catches up to the engine, eventually moving at almost the same speed. Ideally, though, the transmission would move at exactly the same speed as the engine, because this difference in speed wastes power. This is part of the reason why cars with automatic transmissions get worse gas mileage than cars with manual transmissions.
To counter this effect, some cars have a torque converter with a lockup clutch. When the two halves of the torque converter get up to speed, this clutch locks them together, eliminating the slippage and improving efficiency.
For more information on torque converters and related topics, check out the links on the next page.


08.18.2018 - 09.15.2018
Beatriz Esguerra Art
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Artists that thrive in a variety of themes and mediums come together under a lively and organic aesthetic for this show. Carlos Alarcón, Pablo Arrázola, Armando Castro, Carolina Convers, Teresa Currea, Carlos Nariño, Alejandro de Narváez, Pablo Posada, Juan Carlos Rivero-Cintra, Pedro Ruiz, Santiago Uribe-Holguín, and Elsa Zambrano are the ones who make up this group show where nature, color, sensitivity and zest come together. Each artist evokes a series of elements that relate to the intensity and versatility of the concept of landscape, for a landscape is not just a view of the natural environment, but also a situation, a scene, a setting.
Teresa Currea's delicate, subtle figures contrast with Carolina Convers' potent color schemes and bold forms, while Elsa Zambrano's particular way of approaching collage brings together a series of iconic elements from history and pop culture, resulting in the staging of eclectic scenes. Alejandro de Narváez, Pablo Posada, and Santiago Uribe-Holguín tackle nature using material and color, exploring their behavior and taking advantage of it until bending these elements to their will. Armando Castro, Juan Carlos Rivero-Cintra and Pedro Ruiz explore the relationship between human beings and their natural surroundings, while Carlos Nariño depicts the shocking delicacy of the celestial scenery. Pablo Arrázola and Carlos Alarcón work on portraying nature and the human figure through meticulous and sensitive strokes, and in some way, the works featured in this show present a similar concept: an imagery of nature that develops within the broad spectrum that is its relationship with human existence.
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Creating a cloud-like bare metal experience in the data centre
Watch the webinar
For organisations looking to turn the management of bare-metal server resources into a cloud-like environment, hardware testing is a must-do. Not only does it lead to optimal hardware utilisation, it also reduces the cost of operations and increases developer productivity.
Optimised testing also eases the hardware validation process by providing a framework that allows large-scale, automated testing of hardware with minimum effort to ensure that the physical infrastructure is ready to serve production workloads. Welcome to metal-as-a-service (MAAS).
In this whitepaper, you will learn how MAAS provides a flexible and straightforward framework for administrators to test their hardware:
 - What MAAS frameworks allow users to do
 - How MAAS installs dependencies, and tracks progress and results
 - The types of tests MAAS provides in relation to storage, CPU, memory and others
 - How MAAS tests servers at scale
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Admixture analysis of stocked brown trout populations using mapped microsatellite DNA markers: indigenous trout persist in introgressed populations
Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2009
Admixture between wild and captive populations is an increasing concern in conservation biology. Understanding the extent of admixture and the processes involved requires identification of admixed and non-admixed individuals. This can be achieved by statistical methods employing Bayesian clustering, but resolution is low if genetic differentiation is weak. Here, we analyse stocked brown trout populations represented by historical (_PHONE_) and contemporary (2000s) samples, where genetic differentiation between wild populations and stocked trout is weak (pair-wise F-ST of 0.047 and 0.053). By analysing a high number of microsatellite DNA markers (50) and making use of linkage map information, we achieve clear identification of admixed and non-admixed trout. Moreover, despite strong population-level admixture by hatchery strain trout in one of the populations (70.8%), non-admixed individuals nevertheless persist (7 out of 53 individuals). These remnants of the indigenous population are characterized by later spawning time than the majority of the admixed individuals. We hypothesize that isolation by time mediated by spawning time differences between wild and hatchery strain trout is a major factor rescuing a part of the indigenous population from introgression.
|Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: No match on DOI|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Roman salad, or English salad?
The next recipe is from the desserts section of the book:
Makaroni-porgandivorm (Carrot and Macaroni Bake)
150g macaroni, cooked in salted water
400g carrots, parboiled and puréed
2-3 tbs sugar
A pinch of grated nutmeg or orange peel
With this recipe the instructions ask that you mix all of the ingredients with the carrots and then toss with the pasta. The pan is then greased and floured. The dish is baked for 30 minutes (temperature not specified). It is suggested that you serve this dish with a red juice sauce. The recipe for this sauce was not included in the book.
Pasta in an Estonian context certainly takes on a different form but as with any new food, you have to find a way to make it yours.
May 23, 2011 § 2 Comments
Salme Masso, widow, homemaker, mother, teacher and home economist published over 30 books throughout her career. Most Estonians either in Estonia or abroad own at least one of her cookbooks. Masso's first book entitled Kodu korrashoid (Home Maintenance) was published in 1935. Her writing career was then put on hold with the start of the Second World War and the sudden death of her husband in 1948. She moved to Tallinn to continue her education in home economics and began a career as a teacher.
The late 1950s, referred to as the Khrushchev Thaw renewed interest in home economics, which had since the start of the war been repressed. Women's magazines began publishing articles on home management and cooking, many of which Masso was commissioned to write. Her writing career had been revived. She went on to publish over 30 cookbooks and household management guides, many of which were used in schools.
For a home economist whose writing career fell into a period of great repression, censorship and scarcity, it is interesting to look at what she was allowed to publish. The post-war Estonian diet was relatively uneventful. Private restaurants had been banned and all cafeterias and eateries were nationally owed. All recipes and cookbook content had to be approved in Moscow. Often these recipes would either leave out significant ingredients or include ingredients that were difficult to come by, rendering a cookbook more a work of fiction than a practical guide.
Salme Masso's 1975 cookbook Rahvaste toite (People's Food) explores recipes from around the world, covering international cuisine from countries such as Japan, Canada and Australia. The author states in the foreward that the recipes have been "revised to suit Estonia's palate."
For example, the recipe for Röstitud kala või liha or teriyaki as Masso translates, asks the following ingredients for the marinade:
4 tbs. unspecified flavouring, soy sauce perhaps
4 tbs. dessert wine
4 tbs. dry white wine
optional 1 clove of garlic
The wide selection of recipes in the American and Canadian chapters are an interesting look into a certain period of North American culinary history. In the American food chapter, while the introduction discusses the popularity of hamburgers, a recipe is not included. Instead the chapter contains recipes for:
Cheese sandwiches with oranges or Hawaiian sandwiches
Summertime Melon Bowl
California Slaw (cabbage, orange, mayonnaise, walnuts)
Cabbage Salad with boiled dressing
Marinated Fish ( white vinegar, pepper, chili pepper, onion)
"Fat Fish Soup" or Cioppino
Tomato Sauce (to be served with meat, fish and eggs)
White Sauce (Béchamel)
Aztec Baked Beans
Deep-fried Cheese Balls
Eggs on Noodle Casserole
Porcupine (Baked Apples)
Banana Steaks (Fried Bananas)
Pennsylvania Cracker Pudding
Milk and Honey Baked Custard
Poppy Seed Cake
Masso refers to a bibliography for further reading and perhaps the sources for the some or all of the recipes in the book. The American bibliography includes:
America's Cook Book. New York, 1937.
Consumers All. the Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington. 1965.
Food. The Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington, 1959.
Herman, B. and Z. Taylor. A Time for Cooking. USA. 1963
Hughes, O. Introductory Foods. New York, 1962.
Krause, M.V. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. Philadelphia, 1963.
Proft, S. The Master Chef's Outdoor Grill Cookbook. Chicago, 1960.
Stevenson, G. and C. Miller. Foods and Nutrition. New York, 1960.
Vail, G.E. Foods. Boston, 1967.
The American bibliography is probably the most extensive of the sources with Canadian cookbooks, mostly French Canadian following closely behind.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: To dissociate the influence of host age from length of exposure on acquisition of filarial infection, we examined the development of microfilaraemia and anti-filarial IgG4 in all ages of a naive population that became suddenly exposed to Brugia malayi as a result of transmigration. Responses in 247 transmigrants, who had settled for periods of several months up to 6 years in their new homesteads, were compared with those of 133 life-long residents. As shown in earlier studies, anti-filarial IgG4 increased with age in the indigenous population, whose age is equivalent to length of exposure. However, by examining transmigrants, it became clear that development of specific IgG4 was influenced by age, since levels of this antibody were consistently higher in transmigrant adults than in transmigrant children, despite an equal length of exposure to filarial infection. Examining microfilaraemia, it was confirmed that infection establishes more rapidly in adults than in children.


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Proportion of CD21
cells in cultures of PHA-P stimulated bovine PBMC after incubation with recombinant Shiga toxins and toxoids. Results are shown relative to data obtained from cultures incubated in the presence of the vector control (control cultures; defined as 1.0, indicated by the dashed line). Data is depicted as means ± standard deviations of 3 to 6 repetitive experiments as indicated. ANOVA was performed (1) comparing non-normalized data with the values from control cultures (asterisks above bars) and (2) comparing values of normalized data obtained after incubation with rStx1WT versus rStx1mut, rStx2WT versus rStx2mut, rStx1WT versus rStx2WT, and rStx1mut versus rStx2mut (asterisks above brackets). Significance levels were defined as p ≤ 0.001 [***], p ≤ 0.01 [**], and p ≤ 0.05 [*].


A top Department of Homeland Security (DHS) official has admitted that software and hardware components imported to the U.S. are being deliberately preloaded with spyware and malware. The revelation was made in a testimony before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, where acting deputy undersecretary of the DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate Greg Schaffer told Rep. Jason Chaffetz that he's aware of instances when this has happened.
Schaffer was discussing an Obama-backed proposal to tighten monitoring on computer equipment imported for critical government and communications infrastructure. He didn't elaborate on where these components are coming from, or if consumer electronics like smartphones and laptops have been affected, but clearly supply chain risk management is an issue that the government is focused on amid a rise in cyber threats.
It's unclear how widespread the issue really is. There have been cases in the past where software and hardware components ship out of factories infected with malware, but they are generally considered unintentional, originated by an infected machine from within the company. What Schaffer suggests is an intentional and possibly targeted attack sponsored by foreign governments to get a hold of classified information.
While the threat of a contaminated supply chain may be real, poor security measures have also played a role in the recent wave of cyber attacks on large U.S. companies and government agencies.


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If you want to move or copy the entire table, be sure to select the entire table first. Note that the entire table is selected only if the table end-of-row marks are included in the selection, as shown above. (You can be assured that the end-of-row marks are included in your selection when you select the table by using the option on the Table menu described earlier in this lesson.)
A table can be copied or moved just like text.
First, you select the table (or part of the table) that you want to copy or move. Then, on the Edit menu, you click Copy (to copy) or Cut (to move), and then Paste, just as you would for document text (or press CTRL+C, CTRL+X, and CTRL+V, respectively).
Caution When resting the pointer over a table, you may see the Table Move Handle at the upper-left corner of the table. When you click and drag this icon to move a table, it enables text to wrap around your table. While this is a fun feature, it turns your table into a floating graphic object — which can make the table and the document more complex to manage. Instead, keep your table easy to manage by using the Cut and Paste method above for moving your table.


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Term: Colonel (Civil War)
Definition: A field officer in a regiment, first in command. Each regiment had one colonel. Regiments had a minimum of 830 men and a maximum of 1,010 men, and they were made of 10 companies.
[Source: _URL_ North Carolina Museum of History. Stories from the Civil War: Civil War Army Organization and Rank;
Estabrook, Charles. Records and Sketches of Military Organizations (Madison, 1914)]


Medical Term:
fields of Forel
Pronunciation: fō-rel′
Definition: three circumscript, myelin-rich regions of the subthalamus known as H fields (from Haubenfelder): 1) field H1, corresponding to the thalamic fasciculus, a fiber stratum at the junction of the zona incerta and the overlying thalamus, is composed of pallidothalamic and cerebellothalamic fibers (brachium conjunctivum) and is separated by the zona incerta from the more ventrally placed field H2; 2) field H2, formed by the lenticular fasciculus and arching over the superior border of the subthalamic nucleus, is composed largely of pallidothalamic fibers; 3) field H3, or prerubral field, is a large field of intermingling gray and white matter immediately rostral to the red nucleus, uniting fields H1 and H2 around the medial margin of the zona incerta; its gray matter forms the prerubral nucleus.
Synonym(s): campi foreli, tegmental fields of Forel
See Also: lenticular loop


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It is quite common for pipes to expand and contract due to temperature changes. However, they can also be a major problem for your business's piping system. You can help yourself by being aware of the issues they can cause. Read below to learn about five problems thermal expansion can cause in a pipe system.
One problem that thermal expansion can cause is bending in a straight pipe. In addition, if the pipe is bound at both ends in the axial direction, it may eventually burst if the stress becomes too much to handle.
Another problem thermal expansion can cause in a pipe system is leakage. If you have a badly designed pipe system, it can result in thermal expansion that hurts the flanges and causes them to leak, leading to many problems for you and your business.
Broken Pipe Supports
Thermal expansion can also hurt the supports that carry a pipe's weight. For example, this pressure can cause pipe shoes, guides, supporting steel, and line stop lugs to break, bend, or experience other harm. You may also discover that the pipe shoe has lifted itself off a support structure, which can also result from expansion or stress.
A fourth way that thermal expansion can hurt your pipe system is that it can cause damage to the nozzles on your equipment by bending or cracking them. It is common to see these on pressure vessels and tanks with thin walls or as a warp in the shell around your nozzle.
Finally, a fifth problem that can result from thermal expansion is a bent piping elbow. You may find that the elbow has extended or compressed too far.
There are several ways to prevent thermal expansion from damaging your pipes, including using pressure-balanced expansion joints. One reason you need these joints is that they will help lower the pressure transferred to connected equipment and absorb axial and lateral moments. You can avoid future piping issues and enable your business to run more smoothly.


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Have you noticed your ferret trying to chew on the buttons on your remote control or maybe on a flip-flop? If so, don't be surprised - chewing is a completely normal behavior for ferrets. However, ferrets can easily get blockages from ingesting materials that they cannot digest, such as soft rubber. Because it is a natural instinct for ferrets to chew, it is important that you provide safe, ferret specific products for your ferret to chew on. But which items are safe and which aren't?
Unsafe Chew Toys
Never allow your ferret to chew on the following items. They can cause blockages or other damage to your ferret's stomach or intestines. Blockages are a life threatening condition, and they are fatal if not caught and treated by a veterinarian in time.
Rubber is incredibly dangerous for ferrets, which is unfortunate because it is one of their favorite items to chew on. Soft rubber, like the kind that remote control buttons are made from, is especially dangerous because your ferret can easily bite small pieces of it off and swallow them. These pieces can get lodged in the stomach or intestines, and the ferret may or may not be able to pass them. If a full blockage forms in the intestines and is not treated immediately, that section of the intestine will start to die, making your ferret very ill.
While ferrets naturally like to chew on things, they do not chew for the same reason that small pets do. Small pets need wood to chew on to control the constant growth of their teeth throughout their lives. Ferrets are carnivores, and their teeth and jaws were made to chew on meat and bones. If you give a ferret wood to chew on, she could ingest wooden splinters that could damage her stomach and intestines. It is acceptable to give ferrets cage accessories that are made from wood if supervised, but if you see any signs at all that your ferret has been chewing on them, remove them from the cage immediately.
Ferrets only take about four hours to completely digest their food from the time they eat it to the time it leaves their body. This isn't enough time for the rawhide to re-hydrate, and the pieces she eats can form severe blockages in her stomach and intestines. If you have dogs and you give them rawhide, be sure to pick up any pieces lying around before you let your ferrets out to play.
If your ferret accidentally swallows one of the items listed above or any other non-edible item, give her a ferret laxative or hairball remedy immediately. Watch her stool for the next few days, and if she does not pass the unsafe object, schedule a veterinary appointment immediately.
Safe Chew Toys for Ferrets
There are a variety of safe chew toys available for ferrets. They will satisfy your ferret's need to chew, but are completely edible and easy for your ferret to digest.
The chew toys and treats listed below are all completely safe for your ferret to chew on and ingest.
Ferret N-Bones Chew Treats
Ferret N-Bones are all-natural ferret chew treats that are high in protein and fat. Completely edible and digestible, these chew treats are a favorite of ferrets everywhere. They have a delicious chicken flavor, and they meet the specific dietary requirements of ferrets.


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Definition of elbowing
p. pr. & vb. n. - of Elbow
The word "elbowing" uses 8 letters: B E G I L N O W.
Direct anagrams of elbowing:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after elbowing (in bold), or to begilnow in any order:
h - behowling l - bellowing bowelling
Words within elbowing
not shown as it has more than seven letters.
List all words starting with elbowing, words containing elbowing or words ending with elbowing
All words formed from elbowing by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: el lb bo ow wi in ng
Browse words starting with elbowing by next letter
Previous word in list: elbowed
Next word in list: elbowroom
Some random words: dhak


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🚀Accounting Industry Leaps Forward: AI and Data Analytics Shape Its Future📊
TL;DR; The President of the Fiji Institute of Chartered Accountants (FICA) encourages members to explore emerging technologies, including AI and data analytics, to drive a new era in the accounting industry. The FICA Congress will discuss these technologies and their potential to revolutionize the field. 🌐💡
As the world propels forward on the digital highway, industry leaders are urging their peers to explore new horizons. One such advocate is Tarlochan Singh, President of the Fiji Institute of Chartered Accountants (FICA). Singh is nudging the accounting industry towards a digital transformation, encouraging the exploration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics. 🚀💻
As Singh underlines, "There's a lot of talk about digitalization over the last decade but it hasn't kicked off to the magnitude it can." How ready is the accounting industry to embrace this digital transformation? Are professionals prepared to adopt new tools and upskill, embracing a mindset of continuous learning?
AI and data analytics, Singh believes, will require accountants and related industries to adapt, upskill, and adopt a mindset of continuous learning. This perspective aligns with the wider global trend of digital transformation across various sectors. But the question remains: Can the traditionally conservative accounting industry readily adapt to these changes? 🤔💼
The FICA Congress, scheduled for June 23rd and 24th at the Shangri-La Fijian Resort and Spa in Yanuca Island, Sigatoka, will address these questions. The forum will focus on the practicality and potential of AI, robotics, and other innovative technologies in the accounting field. How these technologies can bridge gaps in the industry will be a key topic of discussion.
Singh's stance reflects a broader shift in the business world, with industries across the globe undergoing significant digital transformations. As more and more sectors leverage the power of AI and data analytics, they're also facing the challenges of adaptation and upskilling. But is the accounting industry lagging behind in this digital race? Can the FICA Congress propel it forward? 🌐🏁
While Singh's call to action is clear, it also underlines a larger narrative: the role of AI and data analytics in transforming industries. As we continue to explore the potential of these technologies, we must also ponder the implications for the workforce and society at large. Are we ready to embrace this change, and what will it mean for the future of work? 🌍🔮
First seen at FBC News.
Ending Question: As AI and data analytics reshape the accounting landscape, how can professionals equip themselves to navigate this digital shift? What will be the broader social implications of such a transformation? 🧩🗺


What Does Umi Mean?
The name Umi means sea in Japanese and it is a word with a huge influence in the Asian community. However, it is a logotype of a hotel in London (Umi London) which acts as a synapse-joining staff, guests and nationalities allowing a constant flow of communication through everyone who comes into contact with the Umi brand.
Q&A Related to "What Does Umi Mean?"
1. Start with your feet placed together and bend your knees just a little. Stand tall through your torso and roll your shoulders back. Lengthen your neck and keep your arms at your
Umi is the name of an Etsy seller's cat which she picked up from the shelter a little while back.
Alpha Ursae Minoris, or Polaris, has a magnitude of 1.97. It is also a Population I (high metal content, like our sun) Cepheid variable star, which means its magnitude changes over
University Museums in Scotland (preservation organization; various locations)
Explore this Topic
Umi means umi, u-m-i as the alphabet is, it means thank you, when someone says umi in vietnamese it means thank you.So umi is said after welcome That is what umi...
Umi is a boy's name of African origin meaning 'life'. Its variant form is Umee and it sounds similar to Am, Em and Jimi. It is not a popular first name for men...


13 Things to Check if Land Title is Authentic or Fake
It is everybody's knowledge that documents can easily be faked in the Philippines. From birth certificates to college diplomas, such materials can quickly be passed off as exact copies.
It has been well-known not just in the country, but also overseas. Workers from the Philippines lead in the number of submitted bogus documents in Saudi Arabia that POEA has been reminding job applicants to use genuine materials.
In the property sector, there are regulations in place to deter scammers who prey on legitimate property owners; there are still cases reported where property buyers are lured into buying lots but receive a fake certificate of land titles. Part of the problem is that buyers are unaware of the tell-tale signs of a phony document being presented to them. As an example, a news release by Inquirer told early 2015 about the arrest of members of a syndicate engaged in sale and mortgage of fake titles.
Before you could get trapped by similar bogus sellers, Ms. Ruby Valdez, a land registration examiner from the Land Registration Authority of the Philippines, advises on the following quick-check items to verify if a document is fake or genuine.
Physical appearance of land title
 1. The paper used for an authentic certificate of land titles is of a special kind and supplied by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Hence, its texture is different from those commercially available papers.
 2. The texture of the genuine title is similar to that of a bank check.
 3. It has a watermark that says, "LRA."
 4. The color of an old version of the title is light yellow, while that of an e-title is pale straw.
 5. When subjected to UV light, tiny fibers in the paper emit a small fluorescent effect.
Text characteristics
 1. "Judicial Form No. 108-D" appears on top of an Original Certificate of Title.
 2. "Judicial Form No. 109-D" appears on top of a Transfer Certificate of Title.
 3. Serial numbers are printed in red color while the owner's duplicate should display black digits.
 4. The last two digits of the page number in the upper right-hand side should correspond to the last two digits of the TCT number.
 6. For e-Titles, all entries should be computer encoded and printed, unlike the old versions which were manually type-written
 7. The seal on the lower left-hand side should be dark red and does not blot when a little water check is done.
 8. Signatures:
 - for Judicial OCT, it should have two names present – the Administrator and the Registrar, while for TCT, only the name of the Registrar is current.
 - For Administrative Titles: one signature from a PENRO or CENRO officer and another from the registrar.
Having these preliminary tests should give you an idea of the type of document you are receiving: original or fake. If you have verified from the above list that the text appears genuine, it does not mean it is 100% authentic. You need to confirm with relevant agencies such as the Land Registration Authority, the Registry of Deeds, or the nearest local and municipal offices to the property location.
Although the step is straightforward and the amount of time to invest in verifying this document's authenticity is barely a minute, it is not a guarantee the certificate of land title is genuine. A modern and convenient way to secure your ownership is through e-titles.
Why you should consider converting your paper titles to e-titles
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_USER_ {Tinbergen4358, author = {Tinbergen, Jan and Wilts, Bodo D. and Stavenga, Doekele G.}, title = {Spectral tuning of Amazon parrot feather coloration by psittacofulvin pigments and spongy structures}, volume = {216}, number = {23}, pages = {4358--4364}, year = {2013}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.091561}, publisher = {The Company of Biologists Ltd}, abstract = {The feathers of Amazon parrots are brightly coloured. They contain a unique class of pigments, the psittacofulvins, deposited in both barbs and barbules, causing yellow or red coloured feathers. In specific feather areas, spongy nanostructured barb cells exist, reflecting either in the blue or blue-green wavelength range. The blue-green spongy structures are partly enveloped by a blue-absorbing, yellow-colouring pigment acting as a spectral filter, thus yielding a green coloured barb. Applying reflection and transmission spectroscopy, we characterized the Amazons{\textquoteright} pigments and spongy structures, and investigated how they contribute to the feather coloration. The reflectance spectra of Amazon feathers are presumably tuned to the sensitivity spectra of the visual photoreceptors.}, issn = {0022-0949}, URL = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology} }


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Wawona, Pacific Lumber and Codfishing Schooner
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The schooner Wawona, launched at Fairhaven, California in 1897, was the largest three-masted sailing schooner ever built in North America. For 17 years, Wawona hauled lumber up and down the Pacific Coast. In 1914, she was sold to the Robinson Fisheries Company of Anacortes, Washington, and for the next 30 years was employed in the Bering Sea codfishing trade. In 1964, a group of concerned citizens from King County, Washington, purchased her in an effort to preserve her as a maritime museum. Wawona became a National Historic Site in 1970, the first ship in the nation to be listed on the National Register. Stricken with water intrusion and a beetle infestation, the Wawona was reluctantly deemed too expensive to restore and was demolished in 2009.
The Age of Wood
Wawona was launched on September 12, 1897, at the H. D. Bendixen Shipyard in Fairhaven, California. Wawona was built to haul lumber for the Dolbeer & Carson Lumber Company of Eureka, California, and originally cost $29,075.
For 17 years, she carried sawn lumber, harvested from the primeval forests of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, up and down the Pacific Coast. Wawona is a Yosemite Indian name for the Northern Spotted Owl, believed to be the guardian of the forest.
At 165 feet in length and with a beam of 36 feet, she was the largest three-masted sailing schooner ever built in North America. She was built as a baldheaded schooner (no topmasts), gaff-rigged (the sail lies in the direction of the ship's length) for easy handling by her crew. Her builder, Hans Bendixen, was a Danish shipwright who arrived in San Francisco in 1863. His shipyard, established in 1879, eventually built more than 75 schooners (a schooner is a fore-and-aft rigged sailing vessel) and four square-rigged ships.
From Lumber to Fish
In 1914, Wawona was sold to the Robinson Fisheries Company of Anacortes, Washington, for employment in the Bering Sea codfishing trade. Each spring for the next 30 years, Wawona was loaded with salt for preserving fish, coal for cooking and heat, and a six-month supply of provisions and fresh water.
She then sailed west by northwest, some 2,000 miles, through Unimak Pass and into the Bering Sea. She was crewed by 36 men. Commercial cod fishing was then done from small dories with handlines. From dawn until dusk, the fishermen brought in codfish by the dory-full, sometimes as many as 10,000 fish a day. They counted, cleaned, and salted the catch down in the hold. The work was backbreaking and dangerous.
Wawona would stay on the fishing grounds until the beginning of winter storms before returning to homeport. By 1940, Wawona is said to have set the all-time total catch record by a single vessel at 6,830,400 codfish.
The United States government conscripted Wawona during World War II. Her masts were removed and she was put to work as a barge to haul supplies from Puget Sound to Alaska. In Alaska she was reloaded with yellow cedar for the aircraft industry. She was re-rigged in 1946, and had two last seasons of codfishing. Her sister ship, C. A. Thayer, now located at the National Maritime Museum in San Francisco, was the last sailing schooner to make the trip to the grounds in 1950.
Wawona sat unused in port for nine years. In 1953, a partnership headed by cattle rancher William Studdart purchased her to carry cattle to the Soviet Union, but this venture quickly failed when the Soviets declined to give the company permission to trade.
Wawona Is Saved -- And Lost
In 1964, "Save Our Ships," a group of concerned citizens from King County, purchased Wawona in an effort to preserve her as a maritime museum. They moored the ship in Kirkland, Washington, from 1964 until 1981. It was then moved to the south end of Lake Union in Seattle. Save our Ships later changed its name to Northwest Seaport.
Wawona became a National Historic Site in 1970, the first ship in the nation to be listed on the National Register and a reminder of an industry that shaped the growth and history of the Northwest. In 1977 the Wawona was designated a Seattle landmark. After her listing on the National Register, the Wawona spent nearly three decades educating visitors and serving as a very visual example of the region's history. But even as the schooner's role in the historical community grew increasingly prominent, time and the water were taking their inevitable toll.
In 2005, water intrusion followed by a beetle infestation highlighted the vessel's deteriorating condition.
Faced with an estimated $15 million bill to repair her severe decay, Northwest Seaport made the difficult decision to demolish the Wawona. Portions of the ship, including the captain's cabin, were salvaged for planned display at the Museum of History & Industry when that organization relocates to the Naval Reserve Building (Armory).
Harriet Tracey DeLong, Pacific Schooner Wawona (Bellevue: Documentary Book Publishers Corp., 1985); Eric Lacitis, "Lake Union Voyage Last For Wawona," The Seattle Times, March 5, 2009, p. B-1.
Note: This essay was updated on March 5, 2009
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What does NRTC mean in Military?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand NRTC in the Governmental field in general and in the Military terminology in particular.
Find a translation for NRTC in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this NRTC abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
NRTC also stands for:
- National Radio Telecommunication Corporation
- National Research and Training Center
- National Research Training Center
- National Resource and Training Center
- National Rural
... and 6 more »


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Definition Virtual Circuit
Virtual Circuit is a connection oriented mean of transporting the data packets virtually by giving an impact of a physical link between the sources and destinations over the packed switched computer networks.
In Virtual Circuits, first of all a pathway is defined and a link is established between the source and required destinations before initializing the transportation call. After establishing the connection, call for sending data is being generated and all data packets are routed and dropped on their destination points on the basis of short addresses stored in those packets along with their data. Virtual Circuits also eliminate the need for storing full unique addresses in those packets as it is a connection oriented approach and it pre-locates all the destinations before initializing the call for data transfer. All the packets are delivered in proper order as path is generated on the basis of data packets placed in a queue.


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The question is "Are the majority more or less moral than the ruling elite?"
In 1887 Lord Acton, in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton, wrote "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men." But why should this be so? Is it that leaders have to make tough choices that can always be perceived by some to be immoral? Tough choices lead to hardened hearts! Or is it that our leaders are sustained by large egos that blind them of empathy for the "little man"?
We could assume that the majority of common folk are averagely moral. Interactive Democracy gives them power. Could it be the case that they could countermand the immoral tendencies of despots yet be enriched by the teachings of greater folk, thus improving the moral sentiment of the nation? History suggests otherwise (Hitler's Germany, Israel's democracy).
I think the best we can say is that the majority are neither more nor less moral than rulers.
For more on how situations lead to brutal behaviour, please see "The Lucifer Effect".


flying bird
Also found in: Thesaurus.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.flying bird - birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight musclesflying bird - birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles
keel - the median ridge on the breastbone of birds that fly
References in classic literature?
Levin looked about him to right and to left, and there, just facing him against the dusky blue sky above the confused mass of tender shoots of the aspens, he saw the flying bird. It was flying straight towards him; the guttural cry, like the even tearing of some strong stuff, sounded close to his ear; the long beak and neck of the bird could be seen, and at the very instant when Levin was taking aim, behind the bush where Oblonsky stood, there was a flash of red lightning: the bird dropped like an arrow, and darted upwards again.
A mysterious fleck on what appears to be a flying bird was said to have been captured in one of the photos taken by the NASA rover Curiosity.
NNA - Beirut Airport Head, Engineer Fadi al-Hassan, denied in an interview with the National News Agency recent news that a German "Lufthansa" airliner suffered cracks in the pilot's glass due to collision with a flying bird while landing at Beirut Airport, which led to its inability to head back in a new flight 1307LH bound for Frankfurt in Germany.
ISLAMABAD -- A fossil found three decades ago in the US may have been the world's largest ever flying bird, say researchers.
WHEN Parliament had its little get-together last week to swear in new MPs, one-man LibDem awkward squad Bob Russell sported a loud waistcoat emblazoned with a large flying bird.
The camera screws onto a two-way-tilting head that allows 180[degrees] movement, ideal for panning a fleeing fox or flying bird.
That's almost 6 times longer than the wingspan of a wandering albatross--the largest flying bird alive today.
The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet tough enough to snare a flying bird without snapping.
The kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is the largest flying bird native to Africa.


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I wish to simplify a sum by doing "simplify sum_{a=0}^L f(a)" where $f(a)$ is just some arbitrary expression, but I want to only do the sum when some condition is met.
Using the Iverson brackets, I am trying to do "simplify sum_{a=0}^L [some condition] f(a)" if that makes sense.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You might be able use boole, which returns $0$ or $1$ depending on whether it's argument is True or False. Thus, for $n=10$, Euler's phi function $\varphi(n)$ (which counts the number of positive integers less than and relatively prime to $n$) can be expressed as
sum boole(gcd(i,10)=1), i=1..10
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Of course, it's hard to say for sure, since you don't mention your specific application. This method of computing $\varphi(n)$, however, happens to be Wikipedia's first example application of Iverson brackets.
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The Quantitative Reasoning Program was established at Bowdoin in 1996 (as the Quantitative Skills Program - later changed to QR) to support all students in strengthening their understanding and application of mathematical, logical, and statistical skills.
Services provided by the QR Program include:
- Assessing first-year students' quantitative literacy
- Advising students, in coordination with academic advisors, regarding appropriate quantitative courses
- Establishing study groups for quantitative courses
- Providing individual tutoring, in coordination with the course department, for students in quantitative courses
- Offering supplemental support to quantitative courses, as requested by faculty
The Quantitative Reasoning Program is located in The Center for Learning and Teaching, Kanbar Hall, Room 102. Please contact Eric Gaze, Director (_EMAIL_) or _PHONE_.


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Located within the Muang Municipality of Pattani, was constructed
during the administration of Field Marshal Sarit Dhanarath and
inaugurated on May 3, 1963. Built in the lslamic architectural
style, it is the venue for praying ceremony during major Islamic
days. A visit to the Central Mosque is a "must" for every visitor
who should not miss the opportunity to see the great beauty of the
Located in Tambon Krue Se, Muang District, on Highway no. 42 (Pattani-Narathiwat)
about 7 kms. From the provincial town. The mosque is of the
round-pillar, brick-and-mortar style of the Middle East. The most
significant aspect of the mosque is the unfinished domed roof.
Legend has it that it could never be completed because of the curse
placed on it by Chao Mae Lim Kor Niew. Nearby is the tomb of the
Chao Mae (goddess). It is believed that the Mosque was built during
the reign of King Naresuan the Great (circa _PHONE_ A.D.)
Is located within the Muang municipality of Pattani. Adherents of
the Lim Koh Niew Goddess in the province fashion ner image in cashew
nut tree (the same type of wood on which the Goddess hung herself)
and place them in the shrine which is revered by both the
townspeople and neighboring townships. Ceremonies to pay respect the
Goddess and a procession in her honor are held every year during
February-March (3 rd month of the lunar calendar)
Is located at Tambon Wat, Yarang District, about 15 kms. From the
provincial town of Pattani on Highway no. 410 and further along
Highway no. 4061 for another 2 kms. A major archaeological site of
the South, two groups of ancient communities have been discovered
there. The Ban Wat ancient town was laid out in an ovate shape with
the widest distance at 3 kms. Its age estimated of being during the
11 th-16th Centuries Buddhist Era. The Ban Prawae ancient
town, on the other hand, is a small square-shaped community, each
side measuring 500 m. dating from the 22nd-23rd
Centuries B.E. Numerous antiquities and relics of various eras have
At Tambon Talohkapor, Yaring District can be reached from Pattani
town by taking Highway no. 42 for about 16 kms., then turning into
and asphalt road for 3 kms. to the beach. It is a scenic lined with
shade-proving pine trees, eminently suitable for rest and
recreation. A flect of the local Korlae boats line up along the
(Tachee Cape) is
also located at Tambon Talohkapor. It can be reached by land from
Pattani, which is about 30 kms. away but the distance by sea is only 5
kms. The scenery is quite striking, with the sun rising out of the sea
in the morning and dipping behind Pattani town in the evening.
Situated along side the Hat Yai-Sungai-kolok railway tracks at
Tambon Pa Rai, Khok Pho District, is connected to Pattani town by
Highway no. 409, a distance of some 30 kms. and a further 1 km. On
and asphalt access road to reach the temple. More than three nundred
years old, it was where the highly revered monk Luang Poh Tuad used
to reside, who gave instructions before he died in Saiburi that he
be crematedat this temple. A stupa was subsequently built at Wat
Chang Hai to enshrine his remains. As a major religious site of
Pattani and the South as a whole, it is the venue where ceremonial
pouring of lustral water rituals are performed on the Luang Poh
Tuad's remains, attracting also large number of visitors.
The Wat Chang Hai Vocational
Training Center brainchild of a former governor of Pattani (Mr. Parakorn
Suwannarath) was set up in response to suggestions by Her Majesty
the Queen and to mark the 50th
anniversary of His Majesty the King's Ascension to the throne in
1996. The Queen herself personally presided over the official opening of
the center on October 28, 1995. The facility also doubles as the
provincial center for local handicrafts and products.
Initially, the training concentrates on the arts, culture and
traditions of the south, including silk-weaving, making of the
traditional Kris and engraving of the Kris'hilt, replica of the
Phraya Tani cannon, manufacturing of the Korlae boat and its
There is also training in other vocations which can be profitable to
the trainees serving at the same time to preserve the Southern arts
and culture. Included are the making of fishing boats and replicas
of Chinese junks, production of oil paintings, fashioning of flowers
from rubber tree leaves and textile and glutinous rice flour, making
of products from coconut shells, cloth-making, hand-embroidered
cloth, embroidered wall murals and shawls for Thai Muslim women, and
other basketry art. Such products are also on sale.
At Tambon Khok Pho, Khok Pho District, is about 30 kms. From the
provincial town of Pattani along Highway no. 409. The national park
is part of the Sankalakhiri mountain range. Fertile and verdant, it
is home to countless plant life worth studying. It boasts no less
than three scenic waterfalls, the Saikhao which is the most
beautiful, the Phong Phong and the Aranvarin.
Located at the Tambon Ban Nam Bor, Panareh District, is about 30 kms.
From the provincial town. It is located along a small bay of the Ta
Phra Cape, a low hillock. Here beach is of yellow fine sand, with
rock formations standing at places. It is a public beach popular
with both the local people and visitors who enjoy its natural scenic
Located at Tambon Panareh of the district of the same name, can be
reached by taking Highway no. 42 from Pattani town for a distance of
some 30 kms. And turning to Highway no. 4075 for a further 13 kms.
The Panareh and Chalalai are connecting beaches covering a length of
about 4 kms. Along the shore of Panareh is a large fishing community
with groups of native and fishing boats anchored off-shore,
affording a rustic and scenic view. To the South is the Chalalai
beach, about 2 kms. away, wide and sandy. On the shore are lines of
pine trees providing cool shade for rest and relaxation.
Formerly called Wat Tuyong. Wat Mujalin-thavapi Viharn is about 10 kms.
from Pattani town on Highway no. 42. His Majesty King Chulalongkorn,
during his visit to the Malay Peninsula in 1890, made a stop at Muang
Nongjik and visited Wat Tuyong. He donated his own money to build and
Ubosot (convocation hall) and erect the letters Joh. Poh. Roh., his
initials over th gable, the name being changed at the same time to Wat
The Wasukri Beach (Patatimoh) at Tambon Taluban, Saiburi District,
is about 80 kms. from Pattani town on Highway no. 42. It is a long
stretch of white, clean beach shaded by rows of pine trees,
eminently suitable for relaxation and swimming.
Located at Tambon Paseyawor is about 50 kms. away from the
provincial town or some 2 kms. from Saiburi District. It is noted
for production of the indigenous Korlae boats, a type of coastal
fishing vessels elaborately decorated with fascinating designs.
Racing of Korlae boats are held annually. The village also makes the
Budu sauce, a highly popular condiment among the Southern people.


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It's official: Pets have feelings too
The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) has confirmed something that most pet owners already know. Animals have the ability to feel, perceive and have subjective experiences.
The association recently released a position statement on this matter and is one of the first animal health organizations in the U.S. to officially take a stance on animal sentiency.
"Veterinarians have always known that domestic pets have emotions and can experience pain and fear," said Dr. Rod Jouppi, chair of AAHA's Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee. "Sentience refers to these characteristics and AAHA wants to ensure that our profession clearly states that pets have a special place in our homes and in our hearts, and certainly deserve to be included within the sphere of sentience."
While the designation by the AAHA may change the thinking of some non-pet owners, it is not a surprise to anyone who's ever had a cat, dog or other pet. After all, the pure joy and exuberance a dog exhibits when his owner comes home from work, or the way a cat purrs when snuggling with his owner is reason enough for anyone to believe that our pets have feelings, too!


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Returns a function that can be used to apply L2 regularization to weights.
Small values of L2 can help prevent overfitting the training data.
scale A scalar multiplier Tensor. 0.0 disables the regularizer.
scope An optional scope name.
A function with signature l2(weights) that applies L2 regularization.
ValueError If scale is negative or if scale is not a float.


Precautionary principle
From Appropedia
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The Precautionary Principle is made up of 4 parts:
 3. Before using a new technology, process, or chemical, or starting a new activity, people have an obligation to examine "a full range of alternatives" including the alternative of doing nothing.
 4. Decisions applying the precautionary principle must be "open, informed, and democratic" and "must include affected parties."
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Book Review – Rich Dad Poor Dad – Robert T. Kiyosaki
Finance is an important part in life. Everyone wants to be financially independent. What should be done to be financially independent? What are the skills needed to be financially independent? Why there are so many poor people in world? Why middle-class remain middle-class? Such kind of questions must have arrived to many at various point in life. Finding answers to such questions is can be difficult. But there is a book on personal finance which discusses such questions and provide answers. The Book titled, Rich Dad Poor Dad, written by Robert T. Kyosaki is a worth read which provides answers to such questions and at the same time gives the other way of thinking. This post provides review of that book.
About the Author
Robert T. Kiyosaki is best known as the author of Rich Dad Poor Dad (1997). He was born on 8th April 1947 and is an American businessman and author. He is an entrepreneur, educator and investor who believes the world needs more entrepreneurs who will create jobs. With perspectives on money and investing that often contradict conventional wisdom, Robert Kiyosaki has earned an international reputation for straight talk, irreverence, and courage and has become a passionate and outspoken advocate for financial education.
Robert T. Kiyosaki
His point of view is that "old" advicego to college, get a good job, save money, get out of debt, invest for the long term, and diversify – has become obsolete advice in today's fast-paced information age. His Rich Dad philosophies and messages challenge the status quo. His teachings encourage people to become financially educated and to take an active role in investing for their future.
He has authored several books. Some of his notable books includes:
 - Cashflow Quadrant (2000)
 - Rich Dad's Before You Quit Your Job (2005)
 - An unfair advantage (2011)
 - FAKE: Fake Money, Fake Teachers, Fake Assets: How Lies Are Making the Poor and Middle Class Poorer (2019) etc.
About the Book
This book is considered one of the best books on personal finance. The book boldly advocates the need to have financial literacy. According to the author, people should be financially literate which in turn make them financially intelligent. Lack of financial intelligence is the main cause of poor or middle class to remain poor or middle class.
The book is written in the form of stories which Robert Kiyosaki learnt from his rich dad and poor dad. He considers his friend, Mike's father, rich dad and his own dad, poor dad. The book is a summary of teachings which he learnt from his rich dad and why his own dad having good academic background was a teacher and never become rich. The book revolves around these two ways of thinking, rich dad and poor dad.
The book starts with an introduction with mention of the classic poem of Robert Frost, "The Road Not Taken" and the below excerpt need a worth mention.
I took the one less travelled by,
And that has made all the differences.
The author had brilliantly explained the path which has made all the difference and the reason how and why people are rich and poor. The introduction itself creates the eager to read the entire book. The book is against the "old school" thinking of going to school/college, earn degrees, do job, pay the debt/bills and make entire life a burden. Instead, he firmly believes that school and college education is important to have basic knowledge to understand the concepts etc. but it is not sufficient to become rich. For that, what is more important is to have financial education over and above school/college education. The book tries to make readers think above having a job and become financially independent. One can become financially independent if he possesses financial intelligence which in turn can be achieved through financial literacy. Kiyosaki is a strong advocate of financial intelligence which can be felt while reading the book.
There are many people who are intelligent and have attained good academic qualification, but do they possess financial intelligence? Everyone should ask this question. The difference between intelligence and financial intelligence should be identified by the person through his financial decisions which one takes during his lifetime. The book has such kind of discussion which makes it an interesting read. A small excerpt from the book is worth mention here:
Money is one form of power. But what is more powerful is financial education. Money comes and goes, but if you have the education about how money works, you gain power over it and can began building wealth. The reason positive thinking alone does not work is because most went to school and never learned how money works, so they spend their lives working for money.
One of the most important aspect the book figures it out is that one should learn how money should work for him rather than yourself working for money. This is quite interesting. Learning how to have money work for you is a lifetime subject. This is the main difference between the poor and middle-class. "The poor and middle-class work for money. The rich have money work for them." One has to learn how money work for them to become rich. This is the bottom line.
PC: Google
The book provides a fruitful discussion on assets and liabilities, income and expenses of rich and poor. Need to mention that there are least financial jargons used in the book. The discussion revolves around how rich maintains their assets/liabilities and how poor does so. In general, rich people acquire assets whereas poor and middle class don't turn their income into assets rather than they convert their income into liabilities which they think are assets. There is a cycle in which poor and middle class are trapped and in turn they remain poor/middle class lifelong. If a young couple would put more money into their assets early on, their later years would be easier.
Most people struggle financially because they do not know the difference between an asset and a liability. Rich people acquire assets. The poor and middle-class acquire liabilities that they think are assets.
The book provides a good insight on the mentality or way of managing expenses of rich and poor people. Rich poor buy luxuries at last, while the poor and middle-class tend to buy luxuries first.
As mentioned earlier, the book advocates a lot on financial intelligence (Financial IQ). Financial IQ is made of four broad areas of expertise:
 - Accounting
 - Investing
 - Understanding markets
 - The Law
Financial IQ is the synergy of many skills and talents. In the words of Robert Kiyosaki, financial IQ is the combination of four skills mentioned above that make up the basic financial intelligence.
Robert Kiyosaki has strongly suggested to focus on building assets through financial intelligence. One should be flexible enough to adjust in the changing environment rather than sticking to the past. One should keep the options open and avoiding limiting the options. Financial intelligence is simply having more options.
The author stresses on overcoming some obstacles after being financially literate. These obstacles are arrogance, cynicism, bad habits, laziness and fear. Fear and ignorance are essential cause of poverty or financial struggle.
The main cause of poverty or financial struggle is fear and ignorance, not the economy or the government. It's self-inflicted fear and ignorance that keeps people trapped.
The author had beautifully advocated on being financially independent through financial intelligence in this book. The book provides the lessons the author learnt from his rich dad. One should read the book to know the lessons. He does not recommend falling in the trap or rat race which in his words, is a short-term solution to a long-term problem.
A job is only a short-term solution to a long-term problem.
The book is an interesting read as it as it offers the other way of thinking. It is written in simple and easily understandable language and provides some fruitful insights which is worth indeed. While reading the book, one will find many interesting sentences. Some of the interesting lines I have picked and shared below:
 - Intelligence solves problems and produces money. Money without financial intelligence is money soon gone.
 - Most people fail to realize that in life, it's not how much money you make. It's how much money you keep.
 - Today, wealth is in information. And the person who has the most-timely information owns the wealth.
 - People struggle simply because they cling to old ideas. Old ideas are their biggest liability. It is a liability simply because they fail to realize that while that idea or way of doing something was an asset yesterday, yesterday is gone.
 - Great opportunities are not seen with your eyes. They are seen with your mind.
 - Workers work hard enough to not to be fired, and owners pay just enough so that workers won't quit.
 - Most workers focus on working for pay and benefits that reward them in short-term, but are disastrous in the long run. Instead, I recommend to young people to seek for what they will learn, more than what they will earn.
 - The world is full of talented poor people. All too often, they are poor or struggle financially or earn less than they are capable of, not because of what they know, but because of what they do not know.
Do read the book for such interesting discussions and share your thoughts. 🙂
-Ashish Kumar


Aircraft Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) | Aircraft Systems
Aircraft Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
An emergency locator transmitter (ELT) is an independent battery powered transmitter activated by the excessive G-forces experienced during a crash. It transmits a digital signal every 50 seconds on a frequency of 406.025 MHz at 5 watts for at least 24 hours. The signal is received anywhere in the world by satellites in the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system. Two types of satellites, low earth orbiting (LEOSATs) and geostationary satellites (GEOSATs) are used with different, complimentary capability. The signal is partially processed and stored in the satellites and then relayed to ground stations known as local user terminals (LUTs). Further deciphering of a signal takes place at the LUTs, and appropriate search and rescue operations are notified through mission control centers (MCCs) set up for this purpose.
NOTE: Maritime vessel emergency locating beacons (EPIRBs) and personal locator beacons (PLBs) use the exact same system. The United States portion of the COSPAS-SARSAT system is maintained and operated by NOAA. Figure 1 illustrates the basic components in the COSPAS-SARSAT system.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Figure 1. The basic operating components of the satellite-based COSPAS-SARSAT rescue system
of which aircraft ELTs are a part
ELTs are required to be installed in aircraft according to FAR 91.207. This encompasses most general aviation aircraft not operating under Parts 135 or 121. ELTs must be inspected within 12 months of previous inspection for proper installation, battery corrosion, operation of the controls and crash sensor, and the presence of a sufficient signal at the antenna. Built-in test equipment facilitates testing without transmission of an emergency signal. The remainder of the inspection is visual. Technicians are cautioned to not activate the ELT and transmit an emergency distress signal. Inspection must be recorded in maintenance records including the new expiration date of the battery. This must also be recorded on the outside of the ELT.
ELTs are typically installed as far aft in the fuselage of an aircraft as is practicable just forward of the empennage. The built-in G-force sensor is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Helicopter ELTs may be located elsewhere on the airframe. They are equipped with multidirectional activation devices. Follow ELT and airframe manufacturer's instructions for proper installation, inspection, and maintenance of all ELTs. Figure 2 illustrates ELTs mounted locations.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Figure 2. An emergency locator transmitter (ELT) mounting location is generally far aft in a fixed-wing aircraft fuselage in line with the longitudinal axis. Helicopter mounting location and orientation varies
Use of Doppler technology enables the origin of the 406 MHz ELT signal to be calculated within 2 to 5 kilometers. Second generation 406 MHz ELT digital signals are loaded with GPS location coordinates from a receiver inside the ELT unit or integrated from an outside unit. This reduces the location accuracy of the crash site to within 100 meters. The digital signal is also loaded with unique registration information. It identifies the aircraft, the owner, and contact information, etc. When a signal is received, this is used to immediately research the validity of the alert to ensure it is a true emergency transmission so that rescue resources are not deployed needlessly.
ELTs with automatic G-force activation mounted in aircraft are easily removable. They often contain a portable antenna so that crash victims may leave the site and carry the operating ELT with them. A flight deck mounted panel is required to alert the pilot if the ELT is activated. It also allows the ELT to be armed, tested, and manually activated if needed. [Figure 3]
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Figure 3. An ELT and its components including a cockpitmounted panel, the ELT, a permanent mount antenna, and a portable antenna
Modern ELTs may also transmit a signal on 121.5 MHz. This is an analog transmission that can be used for homing. Prior to 2009, 121.5 MHz was a worldwide emergency frequency monitored by the CORPAS-SARSAT satellites. However, it has been replaced by the 406 MHz standard. Transmission on 121.5 MHz are no longer received and relayed via satellite.
The use of a 406 MHz ELT has not been mandated by the FAA. An older 121.5 MHz ELT satisfies the requirements of FAR Part 91.207 in all except new aircraft. Thousands of aircraft registered in the United States remain equipped with ELTs that transmit a.75 watt analog 121.5 MHz emergency signal when activated. The 121.5 MHz frequency is still an active emergency frequency and is monitored by over-flying aircraft and control towers.
Technicians are required to perform an inspection/test of 121.5 MHz ELTs within 12 months of the previous one and inspect for the same integrity as required for the 406MHz ELTs mentioned above. However, older ELTs often lack the built-in test circuitry of modern ELTs certified to TSO C-126. Therefore, a true operational test may include activating the signal. This can be done by removing the antenna and installing a dummy load. Any activation of an ELT signal is required to only be done between the top of each hour and 5 minutes after the hour. The duration of activation must be no longer than three audible sweeps. Contact of the local control tower or flight service station before testing is recommended.
It must be noted that older 121.5 MHz analog signal ELTs often also transmit an emergency signal on a frequency of 243.0 MHz. This has long been the military emergency frequency. Its use is being phased out in favor of digital ELT signals and satellite monitoring. Improvements in coverage, location accuracy, identification of false alerts, and shortened response times are so significant with 406 MHz ELTs, they are currently the service standard worldwide.
Radar Beacon Transponder
Collision Avoidance Systems
Weather Radar
Long Range Aid to Navigation System (LORAN)
Global Positioning System (GPS)


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Common flame retardant linked to social, behavioral and learning deficits
Study highlights the interaction between epigenetics and genetics and exposure to a flame retardant in mice
Click here to view this release en español.
Mice genetically engineered to be susceptible to autism-like behaviors that were exposed to a common flame retardant were less fertile and their offspring were smaller, less sociable and demonstrated marked deficits in learning and long-term memory when compared with the offspring of normal unexposed mice, a study by researchers at UC Davis has found. The researchers said the study is the first to link genetics and epigenetics with exposure to a flame retardant chemical.
The research was published online today in the journal Human Molecular Genetics. It will be presented during a symposium on Saturday, Feb. 18, at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) by Janine LaSalle, a professor in the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology in the UC Davis School of Medicine and the UC Davis Genome Center. (LaSalle will discuss her research during a news briefing with her colleagues at 9 a.m. on Feb. 19 in Room 221 on the second Level of the Vancouver Convention Center).
"This study highlights the interaction between epigenetics and the effects of early exposure to flame retardants," said Janine LaSalle, the study's senior author and a researcher affiliated with the UC Davis MIND Institute. "Our experiments with wild-type and mutant mice indicate that exposure to flame retardants presents an independent risk of neurodevelopmental deficits associated with reduced sociability and learning."
Epigenetics describes the heritable changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than those in the DNA sequence. One such mechanism is DNA methylation, in which genes are silenced when their activation no longer is required. DNA methylation is essential for normal development. The researchers chose a mouse that was genetically and epigenetically susceptible to social behavioral deficits in order to understand the potential effect of this environmental pollutant on genetically susceptible humans.
LaSalle and her colleagues examined the effects of the chemical BDE-47 (Tetrabromodiphenl ether), a member of the class of flame retardants called polybrominated diphenylethers, or PBDEs. PBDEs have been used in a wide range of products, including electronics, bedding, carpeting and furniture. They have been shown to persist in the environment and accumulate in living organisms, and toxicological testing has found that they may cause liver toxicity, thyroid toxicity and neurodevelopmental toxicity, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. BDE-47 is the PBDE found at highest concentrations in human blood and breast milk, raising concerns about its potential neurotoxic effects during pregnancy and neonatal development.
The research was conducted in the offspring of mice genetically engineered for the autism phenotype found in Rett syndrome, a disorder that occurs primarily in females and causes regression in expressive language, motor skills and social reciprocity in late infancy. The condition affects about 1 in 10,000 children.
Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral deficits. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that an average of 1 in 110 children born in the United States today will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.
Rett syndrome is causally linked to defects in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene MECP2 situated on the X chromosome. Mutations in MECP2 result in a nonfunctional MeCP2 protein, which is required for normal brain development. The researchers evaluated the effects of exposure to BDE-47 on mice genetically engineered to have mutations in MECP2 and their offspring, or pups. The genetically engineered Mecp2 mother mice, or dams, were bred with non-mutant wild-type males. The dams were monitored for 10 weeks -- for four weeks prior to conception, three weeks during gestation and three weeks of lactation. They were then compared with a control group of normal, unexposed dams and pups over several generations and hundreds of mice.
The study found that that the weights of the pups of the lactating BDE-47-exposed dams were diminished when compared with the controls, as were their survival rates. To assess the effects of the flame retardant exposure on the pups and their genotypes, the researchers placed them through more than 10 cognitive, social and physical tests.
Female offspring of dams exposed with BDE-47 spent half as much time interacting with another mouse in a 10-minute sociability test compared to controls. The reduced sociability in BDE-47 exposed females corresponded to reduced DNA methylation in females regardless of genotype. In addition, genetic and environmental interaction effects in this study were specifically observed in females.
In a short-term memory test of social novelty, although all mice showed the expected preference for interacting with a novel over a familiar mouse, BDE-47-exposed mutant female mice spent about half as much time interacting with the familiar mouse than their non-mutant littermates. In a long-term memory test of swimming to reach a hidden platform in a cloudy pool, female mice who were both mutant and BDE-47 exposed did not learn to reach the platform faster after fourdays of training. These behavioral changes in social and cognitive learning specifically in the interaction group corresponded to changes in a known epigenetic regulator of DNA methylation in brain, DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a).
LaSalle said that the study results are important because better understanding of the epigenetic pathways implicated in social behavior and cognition may lead to improved treatments for autism spectrum disorders.
"While the obvious preventative step is to limit the use and accumulation of PBDEs in our environment, this would likely be a long-term solution," LaSalle said. "These pollutants are going to be hard to get rid of tomorrow. However, one important preventative that all women could do tomorrow is to start taking prenatal vitamins before becoming pregnant, as these may counteract the toxins in our environment through DNA methylation," she said.
A study by researchers at UC Davis conducted in 2011 found that women who reported not taking a daily prenatal vitamin immediately before and during the first month of pregnancy were nearly twice as likely to have a child with an autism spectrum disorder as women who did take the supplements -- and the associated risk rose to seven times as great when combined with a high-risk genetic make-up.
Other authors of the research are Rima Woods, Roxanne O. Vallero, Mari Golub, Joanne K. Suarez, Tram Anh Ta, Dag H. Yasui, Lai-Har Chi, Isaac N. Pessah and Robert F. Berman, all of UC Davis, and Paul J. Kostyniak of the Toxicology Research Center, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York.
The research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences/Environmental Protection Agency Center for Children's Environmental Health, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program.


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New 3D design software called Sketchup has been released by Google and is helping people with Autism to express themselves using 3D drawing tools. Project Spectrum is focusing on bringing this freely downloadable software to the Autistic community. I think that this is another good example of how people with high-functioning Autism and Asperger's Disorder can utilise their capacity for visual representation in a creative and therapeutic way.
Second Life allows the same type of interaction with 3D objects but goes one step further in allowing high levels of social (virtual) interactivity in the same space without the associated disabling (real world) anxiety this necessarily involves for people on the Autistic Spectrum. Combining the consistency and fixed nature of virtual 3D structures that people with ASD crave alongside the changing social relations and interactivity of Second Life, we may be able to provide stimulating social learning spaces for people with Autism. Please see this video for more information on Project Spectrum.


text: Pens replaced hand-cut quills as writing instruments in 1780, when the first steel pen point was made in England. But it was 100 years before the commercial pen was a common item. The fountain pen was invented in the 1830s but was not made in quantity until the 1880s. All types of old pens are collected. Float pens that feature small objects floating in a liquid as part of the handle are popular with collectors. Pencils were supposedly invented in 1565, the eraser added in 1858, and the automatic pencil invented in 1863. Advertising pens are listed in the Advertising section.


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The print subsystem requires access information for the printer. The subsystem uses the destination name when making the network connection to the printer. You supply this name to the print subsystem by using the lpadmin command. This name then becomes part of the printer configuration database. The printer access name is the name of the printer node, sometimes qualified by a port name. Port designation varies across printer vendors. You can find information about port designation in the printer documentation.
Here is the format of printer access name:
Destination names can be specified in one of three forms:
(destination) - Is resolved by locating a printer-uri-supported key/value pair for the named destination in the printers.conf or the printers configuration database. If no printer-uri-supported key is found for an entry, it's bsdaddr value is converted to printer URI form and used.
(scheme://endpoint) - Is completely resolved and specifies the protocol and communication endpoint to contact for print services. This form of destination name is useful for accessing print services outside of your system's current management domain. Since the name includes the protocol to use when contacting the print service, you can select a richer protocol than the RFC-1179 protocol.
(server:queue[:extensions]) - Is complete and resolves to an equivalent printer URI form of lpd://server/printers/queue[_TAG_] This form is being maintained for backward compatibility only. The printer URI form is the preferred replacement.
A common port designation with TCP is 9100. If the printer node name is pn1, and the printer vendor defines the port as 9100, then the printer access name is pn1:9100. To configure a printer in this case, use the following command:
lpadmin -p printer_name -o dest=pn1:9100
When you use the BSD protocol, the port designation might not be a number, but some name defined by the printer vendor, for example: xxx_parallel_1. If the printer node name is cardboard, then the printer access name is cardboard:xxx_parallel_1. To configure a printer in this case, use the following command:
lpadmin -p printer-name -o dest=cardboard:xxx_parallel_1
If there is no port designation, and the printer node name is newspaper, the printer access name is the printer node name: newspaper. To configure a printer in this case, use the following command:
lpadmin -p printer-name -o dest=newspaper


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Parse text into parts of speech, or simply recognise their language or script. Analyse the frequency of words in a text, with an option to do this by word roots (lemmas).
How Apple and third-party developers can update the apps you use without your being aware, even if you have automatic updates disabled.
Identifies, parses and analyses text in any of 8 languages supported by Mojave and later. Ideal for learners, word frequency analysis, and much more.
Utility to convert text files between different code pages and formats now runs native on Intel and Apple Silicon Macs.
How to analyse text in any combination of 8 major languages into parts of speech, and make word frequency counts, all for free.
This linguistic analysis tool uses macOS to identify languages, parse them into grammatical types, even analyse word frequencies.
It can parse text in any combination of 8 different languages, showing parts of speech and even word roots.
What's coming at WWDC, and how will Apple profit handsomely from Marzipan even if it doesn't help many developers?
Finishing off some of the details in this unique app which analyses text in many different languages. And a decidedly naughty Rich Text editor which lets you set appearance for each of its windows.
Type, press Cmd-Enter and Nalaprop parses your text to show word classes. Two clicks and it gives you word frequencies by lemma ('root') too.


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CELEBRATING BLACK HISTORY MONTH
Part 2 of 2: North Texas activists talk about the issues facing the black LGBT community and how to be unified in diversity
Integration into the larger LGBT community
- Kianna Moore, who grew up in Chapel Hill, N.C. and came out in New York, believes, "People are as open or will mingle with the kind of people that they want to mingle with. I am open to all cultures and into making new friends. Not everyone is like that."
- Derrick Spillman, vice president of DFW Pride Movement and an original founding member of the Dallas Black Pride, said he believes that some organizations have been too self-centered. He left an organization for that very reason.
- Harold Steward with the city of Dallas' Office of Cultural Affairs, and artistic director of Fahari Arts Institute, notes that being invited into a group or event is not the same as feeling welcome there. That's why, he says, "integration doesn't always solve the issues, but can serve to mask them."
- James Nowlin, president and founder of Excel Global Legal Search Consultants, sits on the boards for a number of organizations. He says that members of any subculture have to make a conscious effort to be part of a larger community. "It's human nature to flock to those who are like us," he says. "It's important to be aware of our consciousness; we must wear a psychology of liberty wherever we go."
Black gay Pride and identification
- Q Ragsdale says the level of pride in the black LGBT community varies, depending, in part, on what age group a person is in and in which part of the country they live. While words like "gay" and "queer" were considered derogatory in the past, many younger LGBT people, including people of color, have reclaimed them and turned them into positive and proud labels for self-identification. LGBT people of color have also laid claim to terms such as "same-gender-loving," "butch," "femme" and "stud."
- Felecia Miller laments the trend within the black LGBT community to segregate internally, based on age lines. She says younger members of the community often shy away from the older generation. But, she says, if they could bridge the generation gap, it's possible that positive role models and mentorships among them could flourish.
- Harold Steward notes that within communities of color, societal expectations and pressures often cause LGBT people of color to resist acknowledging or admitting their sexuality. It is important for those communities — and society as a whole — to move toward acceptance and embrace the contributions of LGBT people, which would in turn cut down on self-destructive behaviors in the LGBT community. "Everyone who seeks to heal should seek counseling," Steward says.
- James Nowlin says he is very proud to be part of the LGBT community in general, and the black LGBT community in particular. He says many positive changes are taking place, organizations are growing in size and number, laws are changing and the communities' visibility is increasing. But there is still a long path to travel, and, Nowlin says, "Nothing will liberate you like your own psychology. We already have the toolbox to be better — the toolbox of our minds, our psychology. We need to look into our own subconscious minds to know the root of the issues. We must work together, to come together; and we must wear a psychology of liberty at all times."
This article appeared in the Dallas Voice print edition February 12, 2010.
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values--all of these can change from shot to shot in order to maintain a consistent and eye-pleasing effect.
For close-up shots with lightsabers, there are a number of considerations:
- All parts of the glow should be wider, and sometimes brighter. Nearly any time you apply Gaussian Blur, use a higher value.
- You may want to slightly reduce the Saturation values to make the colors less cartoonish.
- It's often a good idea to repeat Step 7 once or twice, using different values for Gaussian Blur and/or various opacities for Fade.
EDIT: Well, I've fallen for the Color Balance method now. Instead of using Hue and Saturation, I recommend using Image>Adjustment>Color Balance. This is a more flexible tool because it allows you to make color adjustments for highlights, midtones, and shadows independently. I won't give you any exact numbers, because they'll vary from shot to shot. But keep these tips in mind:
Blue lightsabers: Generally, these should fade from a bright cyan to a deep, slightly violet-ish blue.
Green lightsabers: A little cyan in the highlights is nice, but don't overdo it. A little more yellow in the midtones and shadows will go a long way.
Red lightsabers: These are tricky. You'll need A LOT of red in the highlights and midtones, and bits of the other colors in all three categories.Matting
It's inevitable that in a video, the lightsabers will pass behind the fighter's bodies. In other words, part of the lightsaber will be missing. When this happens, we're forced to erase part of the blade.
There are several complications arising from this. The biggest one is the decision of what to do with the glow. Many people apply the glow effects after the matting, which lets the glow bleed through over the foreground object. Others say this is unrealistic and try to erase the glow that bleeds over the object.
Ideally, you should find a balance here. Create the blades as usual, as if there were no one standing in front of them Before creating the glow, paint black over the parts of the blades that are covered. Now apply the glow effects and, if you have time, partially
erase the unwanted glow.
Good luck with your own lightsabers. I apologize for the length of this tutorial, but a well-done lightsaber effect is more complex than most people think. If you have a better technique for making lightsabers, please post it! (Also, check out this thread
on photoshopforums.com to see examples of this effect in action.)
---Brad#2--- - July 19, 2005 05:40 PM (GMT)
That picture really does look realistic! Well, I guess its not realistic, but it looks like the ones in the movies! :lol:
Joe - July 19, 2005 05:53 PM (GMT)
Thanks! I don't know how "realistic" it is, since I've never seen a real lightsaber, but I'm guessing they'd look a lot like this. In any case, this technique is good for creating a realistic light source, and pretty close to the original effect.
Man, my early attempts were terrible... :rolleyes:
Akira san - July 19, 2005 05:59 PM (GMT)
So this is only for pictures right? I was hoping I'd be able to put a lightsaber blade in a movie clip. :(
And where is Gaussian Blur?
Still, this is great! I looked at that link and saw your pictures! They look like they belong in the movies! :o
Joe - July 19, 2005 06:04 PM (GMT)
No, this is easily applied to videos as well. I've done it before. I can't really describe how to do it, but it requires Adobe After Effects. Do a Google search for "lightsaber rotoscoping tutorial" and you should find tutorials that describe the creation of filmstrip (.flm) files. Use their tutorials, but substitute the actual lightsabers for my technique. Good luck! It takes a loooooong time to rotoscope, since you have to trace every frame... <_<
Gaussian Blur is under the Filters>Blur submenu.
Akira san - July 19, 2005 08:15 PM (GMT)
Ok thanks. Yay! Now I can make Star Wars movies.
Joe - July 19, 2005 08:33 PM (GMT)
That's the great thing about home computers!
---Brad#2--- - July 20, 2005 02:25 PM (GMT)
I'm working on following this tutorial at the moment...I'll let you know when I finish. Hopefully they will look as good as yours!
---Brad#2--- - July 20, 2005 03:06 PM (GMT)
Ok here's my result...I made the core a bit thick, but I don't think it looks too bad. It was a lot of work just to go back and redo it because of that. If I was actually going to use it for something, I'd fix it. Also I think I should've probably added a blue tint to the core rather than making it completely white.
Joe - July 20, 2005 03:23 PM (GMT)
Very nice! I agree that the core is a bit thick, but the effect is pretty good. If you look at some shots in ESB, the lightsabers are so thin...they're almost too thin. Especially Luke's. I guess it's better to have them too thin than too thick.
One thing to take into consideration: the more pixel width the blade has, the higher values you'll have to use for Gaussian Blur. It looks to me like your glow is a little dim as a result of the Blur values being too low.
---Brad#2--- - July 20, 2005 03:50 PM (GMT)
Yes the blur is a bit low also, I suppose, but I wasn't especting perfection :P
Akira san - July 21, 2005 08:47 PM (GMT)
I've got another problem. When I apply the cloud filter, the whole screen turns white.
Joe - July 21, 2005 10:49 PM (GMT)
If you're just seeing a white screen when you press Clouds, your background and foreground colors are both set to white. On your keyboard, press D and then X. At the bottom of the toolbox, there should be two large colored boxes, one overlapping the other. One should now be black; the other should still be white. Try applying Clouds again, and it should work.
Akira san - July 22, 2005 12:09 AM (GMT)
Ok now it works. Thanks once again.
Joe - July 28, 2005 06:22 AM (GMT)
I submitted this tutorial to good-tutorials.com and pixel2life.com. :) Hopefully, this'll gain us a few more members.
madguitaristltd - July 29, 2005 08:07 AM (GMT)
Hey I am working on your tut (which looks like it would turn out fantastic), and I am stuck at where you say "level dialog box." I am relatively new to Photoshop and I do not know where to find that. Thanks.
---Brad#2--- - July 29, 2005 12:41 PM (GMT)
Its under "image--->adjustments--->levels" I think... or you can just hit ctrl+L.
Beastmonkey - July 30, 2005 05:32 AM (GMT)
Nice tutorial Joe, but I seem to be having a problem. I'm average on photoshop, and I followed your tutorial step by step, but this is what I came up with, My Result
. So I think I'm just missing one little thing I have to do in order for it to show up. Any ideas?
Beastmonkey - July 30, 2005 08:11 PM (GMT)
---Brad#2--- - July 31, 2005 01:19 AM (GMT)
Try playing with the blending mode options for the layers...I think that might be your problem.
Joe - July 31, 2005 04:50 AM (GMT)
You're using a white background. Think about a light source in front of a pure white background. How can you see the light source? You can't if it's pure white. Try a black background, as this will show off the effect in the most visible way. Then progress to darkish backgrounds. Avoid light backgrounds whenever you use lightsabers, because as a rule it looks terrible. Hope this helps! :)
A.Spencer - July 31, 2005 11:35 AM (GMT)
Yea I did a photo in front of a white door once, and it turned out like S***.
EDIT: Please refrain from using vulgarities, even censored ones, on these forums. Thanks. :)
Eamon - August 2, 2005 11:33 PM (GMT)
For the Lightsaber Effect this is what I do... (hi)
After your picture is open
1. Create a white sold on your background the size and shape of the blade. Name this layer "core".
2. Duplicate that layer, change the color of the sold to "red,green,blue,orange", and name it "glow".
3. Duplicate the glow layer 3 times (this gives you


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Some examples of additional fees include paying into a "Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Fund" for sexual-based crimes. There are also additional penalties for certain types of computer crimes, drug crimes, etc.
The legislature has carved out a lot of different things and decided they want to give additional money to a specific areas. Those additional monetary penalties are only charged to people who have been convicted of that type of crime.
What Would Be Considered A High Fine In Municipal Court?
Anything approaching the maximum fine is high. There is no minimum fine for disorderly persons or petty disorderly person's offenses because the law doesn't require that people get fined for convictions, it just authorizes a maximum amount if the judge does impose a fine. For a petty disorderly person's offense, the maximum fine is $500, and for a disorderly person's offense the maximum fine is $1,000.
Somebody with a first time conviction often receives a lower fine than someone with a more extensive criminal record.
Can The Fines Increase If You're Convicted of the Same Offense More Than Once?
Yes, the fines can increase for each subsequent conviction. Therefore, someone who was convicted of possessing marijuana once might receive a fine of $250 on their first offense. However, the next time the fine might be $500. The more times a person has been convicted of something, or the longer their overall criminal record is, the stiffer the punishment is going to be, and that includes higher fines.
The fine cannot go above the maximum statutory amount. However, they would be more likely to see a higher fine each time they were convicted of the same thing.
Do People Ever Opt For Jail Time As Opposed To Paying The Fine?
Sometimes people do ask for jail time instead of fines, but that's not actually an option. People have this notion that they can pay more to avoid certain penalties like jail or license suspension, or go to jail or serve a longer license suspension instead of paying a fine, but that's really mostly fantasy. The judge chooses the sentence, not the defendant. It's a punishment. Allowing a defendant to choose the least onerous of a range of penalties would defeat the purpose of sentencing.
Will Jail Always Be A $50 A Day?
Yes. The legislature has set the amount at $50 per day as the rate at which fines are paid off for jail time. They could choose to amend that in the future to increase or decrease the daily rate.
For more information on Additional Costs Associated With Fines, a free initial consultation is your next best step. Get the information and legal answers you're seeking by calling _PHONE_ today.