Social Media Marketing YouTube Views
How Are YouTube Views Counted
YouTube wants this to make sure that actual humans are watching its videos and not the bots. YouTube has the specific criteria that it uses to count views on the videos and it is as follows:
– The user must click the play button to start the video
– A video played for less than 30 seconds wouldn't be counted as a view.
These two ways let YouTube know that a person is intentionally watching the video and there is no fake count.
Watching the Same YouTube video twice, Does It Count It as One or Two Views?
In marketing, these view matters. The high number of views over a video shows that the content of the video was worth engaging and this helps YouTubers in affiliate marketing too. The views on videos also help YouTubers to make improvements in their content by seeing which type of content actually gets more viewers.
Abiding by specified YouTube standards is important for YouTube videos to obtain more videos.
YouTube's calculation of the views is based on the following procedure:
301 YouTube Views
This is called the turning point. Once your video has 301 views, YouTube changes its way of counting the views. At this point, your video gets on the homepage as well. So, until YouTube verifies your views are real, the views are temporarily frozen to 301. If YouTube somehow finds that the views aren't real or they are coming from only a specific number of servers, it may delete the video. Once YouTube verifies the views, you will get the views unfrozen.
Does Looping YouTube Videos Increase Views?
– Above 301 Views
This is the next stage in which YouTube changes its algorithms and rules when your video passes 301 views. At this stage, refreshing the page won't count views for you. Due to security issues and to avoid exploitation, the exact details are kept hidden but refreshing the video general fake views from malware and different viruses.
How Much Money can 1 million Views on YouTube Pay?
– Buying YouTube Views
Buy YouTube Views
It is, however, possible to buy YouTube views from different third-parties especially for beginners and for promotion, but YouTube explicitly forbids buying views, and videos with fake views if caught are immediately deleted by YouTube. Buying views can seem beneficial to the YouTuber, but as soon as YouTube identifies it, it becomes harmful.
How much is 1 Million Views Worth on YouTube?
– Fake Views and the Harm in it
YouTube never allows fake views and as soon as it identifies them, it takes the video off. The reason behind this is that fake views interfere with their ad revenue. As YouTube gets paid by advertisements through clicks and impressions and it gets complicated when videos have fake views. Fake views on YouTube devalue the advertisements and are harmful to YouTube and content creators. The number of subscribers' likes and dislikes also matter in knowing if the views are real or not.
How Often Does YouTube Update Views?
Repeated Views on YouTube
Repeated views on one video on YouTube can be counted in total views but not all the views are counted. YouTube knows and understands that the users might like one video, watch it again and again and show it to their social circle as well. So, multiple YouTube views from the same account can sometimes be added to the views in total and sometimes not.
Does YouTube Count Repeat Views?
Social Media Marketing YouTube Views
Why Tweetnfollow Is Best To Buy High Retention Youtube Views?
YouTube is a highly competitive site where innumerable users are creating new and unique content daily. With the ever-increasing competition, it is becoming harder to get your content recognized. Getting more YouTube views has become problematic for new creators as the established producers attract all the attention. In such a highly competitive environment, buying YouTube views is perhaps the easiest and most effective, high-retention solution. There are numerous sites offering customers to buy YouTube views, but the most reliable of these is Tweetnfollow.
How Does the Purchase of YouTube Views Work?
Sites selling YouTube views use digital dealers that work in social media marketing jobs. The company brings your video to the attention of these dealers and they divert social traffic to your video in order to increase engagement with your content at a very reasonable price.
Benefits of Buying YouTube Views From Tweetnfollow
Many beginners on YouTube find it very difficult to get the boost that is necessary to get their content recognized. On YouTube, there are many established accounts that attract all the attention, making it hard for new creators to get recognition. Buying YouTube views from Tweetnfollow helps overcome this hurdle and get recognition quickly.
More YouTube views act as social proof
Research has proven that it is human nature to choose items and services that are frequently used by others. Also referred to as the "bandwagon effect", it means that YouTube users are attracted more to content that has social recognition; which has more Youtube likes, subscribers, and views. Since view count is one of the indicators of the worth and appeal of a certain video, the more of these you have, the more viewers you will attract.
The more the views, the better the Search Engine ranking
Algorithm suggestions on search engines play a significant role in user choice of content to watch on YouTube. This means that the better the SERP (Search Engine Results Page) ranking, the more recognition, and traffic you get. User engagement is one of the major factors taken into consideration when Search Engines rank content, thus, more YouTube views means better SERP ranking and enhanced promotion.
Ultimately monetize your content
Big businesses usually rely on social media sites like YouTube for their marketing campaigns, and for that, they contract with influencers. If you have more YouTube views, you are likely to get contracts with advertisers. By including their advertisements on your content, you can monetize your videos.
Why is Tweetnfollow the Best Site for the Purchase of YouTube Views?
While there are numerous sites you can approach for buying YouTube views, Tweetnfollow is the best option out there because:
 1. It guarantees fast and timely delivery of views to the video of your choice.
 2. The views delivered are high-quality and high-retention
 3. The views that Tweetnfollow delivers are real and effective even for paid marketing and monetization of content.
 4. Excellent quality is guaranteed
 5. With every order, you get extra views as well.
Buying YouTube views is a clever solution for making your content recognized on the highly competitive platform, and Tweetnfollow is the best place for you to purchase these views.
Social Media Marketing YouTube Views
How To Sort YouTube Videos By Views
In alignment with the new look post of Google and Google+, Google has recently updated its layout for YouTube. The interface is much cleaner and better than the previous one. This is the second time YouTube has changed the layout after it was initially launched. It seems as if Google didn't like the previous design. The recent change in the interface was sudden for the people and there have been some issues arising. Some of the issues that are non-issues include the left-aligned layout, video title appearing below, and much more.
These bit changes can be irritating for the users who have spent their hours using the previous interface for marketing and promotion of content on YouTube. Another important thing about this updated interface of YouTube is that it has some of its previous filters dropped. The filters include upload date, average and relevance rating, and view count.
This seems to be a valid concern out of other concerns of most YouTube users. Previously YouTube let the users search for the videos with the relevance of the filters but now this feature is no longer available in the new layout.
YouTube Videos View Count
YouTube views at first may seem simple but actually, they are not one. Figuring out who has viewed your videos or how many views you've got can be a bit tough. Normally people measure their YouTube content success by the number of viewers and subscribers they have on their videos and for this purpose, video views matter.
Views also help you to know how far you are from becoming famous or your channel is monetized. But at the same time, YouTube video views also mattered for the viewers to know which video is more popular rather than the others.
View count and likes particularly was considered to be the most important filter that people used while watching videos on YouTube. View count helps people in watching popular videos on a specific topic by seeing the number of viewers on a video.
YouTube's Algorithm
Clickbait titles used to be the trend on YouTube that many people used and took advantage of the simple views on YouTube. But now, YouTube has made more improvements to make sure that people are engaging in popular videos.
The new Algorithm feature of YouTube gives its users exactly what they want by looking at some of the basic information:
– What videos you watch and what not
– Comments, likes, and dislikes on the video
– Average watching time of a video
– Time spent on YouTube
Though there can be other measurements too these are the general ones.
Sort YouTube Videos by Views
Since YouTube hasn't added the views feature in its latest update, this might cause the problem to the YouTube users to find videos on YouTube by sorting them through views. However, if you are finding any problem regarding the search of videos with relevance to their view count, you need to mention the following given URL along with the specified topic in the search bar of YouTube:
Social Media Marketing YouTube Views
How Much Money Do You Get For 100k Views On YouTube?
YouTube is no more just a site allowing users to create and share content but has become a source of income for many. On this highly competitive platform content video creation, sharing, and recognition can be a source of income. On YouTube, a video that gets recognition is well-paid and payment differs between niches. YouTube pays in CPM (


I'm in Austin, Texas (zone 8B) and potted my first plumeria in a ceramic container with a cactus mix on my balcony about a month ago. "Bird's Nest Fern" (Asplenium nidus) is commonly grown as a landscaping plant in Florida, Texas, Arizona and California. I pruned as much as i felt it needed. Instead of yellow, a cactus can also turn brown. Lower leaves getting black edges and eventually turning yellow. It grows up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in height and produces pale white flowers that give off a pleasant fragrance and last a long time. Even with the best care, brown leaves are fairly common on many houseplants. I have been using tap water that I let sit for a day or two. Bird's nest fern. The non-pupping species gets it water by spreading the top of it shield to collect water. I've had this plant for about 1 month and have noticed the slow progression over the past 2 weeks. The Boston fern, or the Nephrolepis exaltata plant, is among the most commonly-grown of landscape and potted plants. But wait, don't panic! The most common question I get asked about Majesty Palm is why their fronds are turning brown or yellow. By Christmas around a third of it started to turn brown and crunchy. Now, it's strands seems to be dropping and I see some leaves turning yellow and some turning brown. This palm is an outstanding indoor plant adding a bit of tropical flair to any living space. 6.) I know that it's solid needs to be kept moist but still not sure how often to water. If more than a third of the plant is turning brown though, it likely needs water. They look like tiny flies buzzing around your topsoil. I planted a doz 3' tall podocarpuses on 3' centers as a windbreak hedge 4 mos ago and they were doing well. It started doing a bit better. Question: Why are the leaves on the bottom of my tomato plant turning yellow and dying? It was very healthy when I got it. I looked online and learned how to prune it. Indirect light from a south facing window I really don't want to have to cut them off as they're pretty much all of my big leaves! Whatever the case, trees wear their heart on their sleeveâor should we say their leaves. This site says a little more: First it says: "Over the course of the growing season, foxtail fern stalks dry up and turn brown as they age. If the yellowing starts at the ends of the fronds this is probably normal aging. There are a few potential causes behind the browning needles, read over them so you can discover the cause, and hopefully the cure, as to why your conifers are turning brown. Why palm tree leaves are turning brown on outdoor palm trees. Why is my cactus turning brown? Browning on arborvitae leaves can occur at various times of the year. It's a natural part of the growing process and there's no need to pull out the plants. Over time, the plant will form a bare stem. Too much âsaltâ will do the same (hard water, over fritilization). If you ever experience a big infestation, bugs and pests can cause a surprising number of symptoms including burnt leaf tips or edges. I applied maybe an ounce of granular slow release lawn fertilizer around the base of them and I noticed that the leaves on about 1/2 the bushes are turning brown, but there is still some new green growth on the effected plants. It's best to leave these dead fronds until the spring, because they provide winter protection to the roots of the plant. Orchidâs Stem Turning Red, Yellow, or Brown. Ponytail plants that are overwatered to the point where the leaves turn yellow and brown do not have enough chlorophyll to produce the energy needed to bloom. Most plants die from overwatering, root rot. When the new fronds first emerge they resemble little bird eggs which is why we call it a Birdâs Nest fern. Any time your Birdâs Nest Fern doesnât seem to be doing well, examine it carefully for signs of insects. "WATER: Increased need when root-bound; turns yellow (and dead) when thirsty, brown when over-watered." The wide rippled leaves of a Birdâs Nest fern emerge from a central rosette or crown that looks like a fuzzy brown funnel. You know you have a problem if your fern fronds start looking funky sooner than that. It's the plant's way of making room for new foliage. All of the pup-forming species can store large amounts of water in the cork tissue of old shield fronds and eventually all of these turn brown. Why Do Peace Lily Leaves Turn Yellow or Brown? It is hardy between U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 to 11, and is grown as a houseplant elsewhere. A few yellow or brown fronds here and there is normal and not necessarily indicative of a problem; you can just prune those away. Sometimes roots donât have enough room to spread out or didnât get enough water right after being planted. There are many different reasons why your Majesty palm may be experiencing yellowing or browning leaves. The leaves further up are also turning yellow. If your Boston ferns are turning brown, investigate the probable causes and understand the possible cures. They just do it on a slightly different schedule. Source: Starr. Scale isnât obvious, but can stunt the plant. It occurs from the base of the plant where it touches the soil and can move up slowly or can stay in one spot. Yellow, brown or droopy leaves could mean: The tree isnât getting enough water; I got a fern as a gift in august of last year. Bugs or Pests. Watering it often enough so the soil remains damn to the touch. Winter Drying This is the most common reason that conifers turn brown, especially if it occurs during the winter. Here are the common reasons why your plants leaves may be turning yellow, and some easy steps to get them healthy again. The Reason Why Arborvitae Foliage Turns Brown. When a previously lush, leafy green houseplant starts turning yellow, you might think it's a sign of impending botanical doom. When it happens in summer, the color change could be happening because of drought.But if your arborvitae shrub turns brown in winter or early spring, the likely reason is winter burn. Corking happens naturally when a cactus matures. Java fern leaves turning yellow and brown, then dying? Corking gives the plant a woody appearance. Is my newly planted tree dying? What Causes Brown Leaves. It grew and stayed green for about a month again. I've had this new fluval spec v set up for a bit over two months now, and in just the last couple of weeks, my java fern seems to be dying on me. Boston Fern Turning Brown Written by Doityourself Staff. Thereâs just no way around this one, and itâs the number 1 reason lawns lose their colour and become sickly â a lack of nutrients. _USER_, Hi Raffaele, I have the brown spots surrounded by a yellow halo on 3 of my monstera leaves. Even if the watering problem is corrected, it can take a year or more for the plant to recover enough to grow a healthy bloom. The most common causes of lawns turning yellow or brown are lack of nutrients, such as nitrogen, or lack of water. Cottony masses are mealy bugs, while foliar nematodes cause translucent spots on the leaf tops that turn black. Many species of Platycerium shield fronds turn brown after they mature. Lucky Bamboo The lucky bamboo or Feng Shui bamboo is a plant of African origin that helps to provide positive energy to the whole house and that usually attracts fortune and good luck. Q: Why are the stems of my foxtail fern turning brown? Underwatering has the same symptoms for the same reason, the roots can supply the growth with water. A: Itâs normal for old stems to turn brown as they die. The browning I noticed in late July on my Eastern red cedar in the front yard (Juniperus virginiana) is suddenly showing up as gold or rusty-brown or a progression from one to the other on many other conifer species.The Eastern white pines (Pinus strobus), above, with their long needles, are always the most dramatic, turning what looks like mostly gold at first. But a lot of yellowing or browning can mean that there is a major problem in one of the aforementioned areas. Fungus Gnats are one of the most common. My 3 weeks old maidenhair fern seems to have lost its lush. The most common reason for this is age and is called corking. Transplant shock usually starts at the treeâs roots. Though some plants are termed âevergreenâ, that doesnât mean they never lose their needles. Fern Leaves Are Turning Brown And Crispy. About a month in it started to turn brown. Close up, the individual leaf clusters of the asparagus fern are visible. Get back to enjoying your dreamy palm trees with this advice on restoring a droopy, brown tree. In this article, we will understand why the lucky bamboo plant turning yellow. This happens to many kinds of tropical plants as they grow. It


text:
Nanoporous semiconductors are used in a range of applications from sensing and gas separation, to photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, energetic materials and micro electro mechanical systems. In most cases porosity occurs in conjunction with the competing process of amorphisation, creating a complicated material that responds differently to strain and density changes, depending on the composition. Special cases such as the archetypes can be used to guide experimentation and provide a target for synthesis. However, the transition from crystalline to amorphous is not immediate and involves a variety of changes in the chemical bonding and lattice structure. While some work has been done using archetypal analysis to study the pure types of other types of disordered systems, the archetypes of nanoporous semiconductors have never been reported. In this project you will identify archetypal crystalline or non-crystalline (defective, porous or amorphous) semiconductor materials composed of silicon, carbon and silicon carbide. The data sets will be provided.
Use archetypal analysis to find the pure crystalline and non-crystalline (defective, porous or amorphous) semiconductor materials.
Python programming and an interest in machine leaning is essential. Familiarity with platforms such as scikit-learn, Pytorch, Tensorflow and Keras is desirable.
This is a 1 semester 6pc project.
machine learning, materials informatics, archetypes

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


/dev/pf.
 -q Only print errors and warnings.
 -R Load only the filter rules present in the rule file. Other rules
 and options are ignored.
 -r Perform reverse DNS lookups on states when displaying them.
 -s modifier
 Show the filter parameters specified by modifier (may be abbrevi-
 -s nat Show the currently loaded NAT rules.
 -s queue Show the currently loaded queue rules. When used
 together with -v, per-queue statistics are also
 shown. When used together with -v -v, pfctl will
 loop and show updated queue statistics every five
 seconds, including measured bandwidth and packets
 per second.
 -s rules Show the currently loaded filter rules. When used
 together with -v, the per-rule statistics (number
 of evaluations, packets and bytes) are also shown.
 Note that the ''skip step'' optimization done
 automatically by the kernel will skip evaluation
 of rules where possible. Packets passed statefully are counted in the rule that created the
 state (even though the rule isn't evaluated more
 than once for the entire connection).
 -s Anchors Show the currently loaded anchors directly
 attached to the main ruleset. If -a anchor is
 specified as well, the anchors loaded directly
 below the given anchor are shown instead. If -v
 is specified, all anchors attached under the target anchor will be displayed recursively.
 -s states Show the contents of the state table.
 -s Sources Show the contents of the source tracking table.
 -s info Show filter information (statistics and counters).
 When used together with -v, source tracking statistics are also shown.
 -s labels Show per-rule statistics (label, evaluations,
 packets total, bytes total, packets in, bytes in,
 packets out, bytes out, state creations) of filter
 rules with labels, useful for accounting.
 -s timeouts Show the current global timeouts.
 -s memory Show the current pool memory hard limits.
 -s Tables Show the list of tables.
 -s osfp Show the list of operating system fingerprints.
 -s Interfaces Show the list of interfaces and interface drivers
 available to PF. When used together with -v, it
 additionally lists which interfaces have skip
 rules activated. When used together with -vv,
 interface statistics are also shown. -i can be
 used to select an interface or a group of inter-
 -s all Show all of the above, except for the lists of
 interfaces and operating system fingerprints.
 -T command [address...]
 Specify the command (may be abbreviated) to apply to the table.
 Commands include:
 -T kill Kill a table.
 -T flush Flush all addresses of a table.
 -T add Add one or more addresses in a table. Automatically create a nonexisting table.
 -T delete Delete one or more addresses from a table.
 -T expire number
 Delete addresses which had their statistics cleared
 more than number seconds ago. For entries which
 have never had their statistics cleared, number
 refers to the time they were added to the table.
 -T replace Replace the addresses of the table. Automatically
 create a nonexisting table.
 -T show Show the content (addresses) of a table.
 -T test Test if the given addresses match a table.
 -T zero Clear all the statistics of a table.
 -T load Load only the table definitions from pf.conf(5).
 This is used in conjunction with the -f flag, as
 # pfctl -Tl -f pf.conf
 For the add, delete, replace, and test commands, the list of
 addresses can be specified either directly on the command line
 and/or in an unformatted text file, using the -f flag. Comments
 starting with a '#' are allowed in the text file. With these
 commands, the -v flag can also be used once or twice, in which
 case pfctl will print the detailed result of the operation for
 each individual address, prefixed by one of the following let-
 A The address/network has been added.
 C The address/network has been changed (negated).
 D The address/network has been deleted.
 M The address matches (test operation only).
 X The address/network is duplicated and therefore ignored.
 Y The address/network cannot be added/deleted due to conflicting '!' attributes.
 Z The address/network has been cleared (statistics).
 Each table can maintain a set of counters that can be retrieved
 using the -v flag of pfctl. For example, the following commands
 define a wide open firewall which will keep track of packets
 going to or coming from the OpenBSD FTP server. The following
 commands configure the firewall and send 10 pings to the FTP
 # printf "table counters { }\n \
 pass out to \n" | pfctl -f-
 # ping -qc10
 We can now use the table show command to output, for each address
 and packet direction, the number of packets and bytes that are
 being passed or blocked by rules referencing the table. The time
 at which the current accounting started is also shown with the
 ''Cleared'' line.
 # pfctl -t test -vTshow
 Cleared: Thu Feb 13 18:55:18 2003
 In/Block: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 In/Pass: [ Packets: 10 Bytes: 840 ]
 Out/Block: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 Out/Pass: [ Packets: 10 Bytes: 840 ]
 Similarly, it is possible to view global information about the
 tables by using the -v modifier twice and the -s Tables command.
 This will display the number of addresses on each table, the number of rules which reference the table, and the global packet
 statistics for the whole table:
 # pfctl -vvsTables
 --a-r-C test
 Addresses: 1
 Cleared: Thu Feb 13 18:55:18 2003
 References: [ Anchors: 0 Rules: 1 ]
 Evaluations: [ NoMatch: 3496 Match: 1 ]
 In/Block: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 In/Pass: [ Packets: 10 Bytes: 840 ]
 In/XPass: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 Out/Block: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 Out/Pass: [ Packets: 10 Bytes: 840 ]
 Out/XPass: [ Packets: 0 Bytes: 0 ]
 As we can see here, only one packet - the initial ping request -
 matched the table, but all packets passing as the result of the
 state are correctly accounted for. Reloading the table(s) or
 ruleset will not affect packet accounting in any way. The two
 ''XPass'' counters are incremented instead of the ''Pass'' counters when a ''stateful'' packet is passed but doesn't match the
 table anymore. This will happen in our example if someone
 flushes the table while the ping(8) command is running.
 When used with a single -v, pfctl will only display the first
 line containing the table flags and name. The flags are defined
 as follows:
 c For constant tables, which cannot be altered outside
 p For persistent tables, which don't get automatically killed
 when no rules refer to them.
 a For tables which are part of the active tableset. Tables
 without this flag do not really exist, cannot contain
 addresses, and are only listed if the -g flag is given.
 i For tables which are part of the inactive tableset. This
 flag can only be witnessed briefly during the loading of
 r For tables which are referenced (used) by rules.
 h This flag is set when a table in the main ruleset is hidden
 by one or more tables of the same name from anchors attached
 below it.
 C This flag is set when per-address counters are enabled on
 the table.
 -t table
 Specify the name of the table.
 -v


Probability function names
For a random variable X and a particular value x, one often needs to compute the probabilities Pr(Xx) and Pr(X > x). It's surprising how many different approaches software packages take to naming these two functions. I'll give a few examples here.
It may seem unnecessary to provide software for computing both probabilities since they must sum to 1. However, sometimes you have to compute Pr(X > x) directly because computing Pr(Xx) first and subtracting the result from 1 will not be accurate. See the discussion of erf(x) and erfc(x) here as an example.
I'm accustomed to calling Pr(Xx) the CDF (cumulative distribution function) and Pr(X > x) the CCDF (complementary cumulative distribution function). In numerical libraries I've written, I use the function names CDF and CCDF. This seems natural to me, but hardly any software does this.
In Python (SciPy), distribution classes have a method cdf to compute the CDF, and a method sf for the CCDF. (The rationale is that "sf" stands for "survival function.") Mathematica takes a similar approach with CDF and SurvivalFunction.
R takes a different approach. Instead of distribution objects with standard methods, each function has a name formed by concatenating a prefix for the function type and an abbreviation for the distribution family. For example, pnorm is the CDF of a normal distribution, dnorm is the PDF of a normal distribution, etc. (I find R's prefixes hard to remember.) Also, R uses the same function for both the CDF and CCDF. By default, pfoo computes the CDF of a distribution abbreviated foo, but if the function has the optional argument lower.tail = FALSE it computes the CCDF.
The Emacs calc module takes an interesting approach, similar to R but more memorable in my opinion. CDF function names begin with ltp ("lower tail probability") and CCDF function names begin with utp ("upper tail probability"). The final letter of the function name specifies the distribution family: b for binomial, c for chi-square, n for normal, etc. So, for example, the CDF and CCDF of a normal distribution are computed by ltpn and utpn respectively.
I generally prefer APIs with long, self-evident names, but I like the Emacs calculator scheme. Brevity is more important in a calculator than in production code, and the prefixes ltp and utp are easy to remember if you know what they stand for. They're more symmetric than, for example, Python's cdf and sf.
Related links:
4 thoughts on "Probability function names
 1. Matlab uses a scheme similar to R, where probability functions go {family}{function type}. So, one has normcdf for the CDF of the normal function, and tcdf for that of the Student t distribution, and so on. Surprisingly, a quick look through the documentation of the probability toolbox could not unearth any obvious equivalent for the CCDF, which seems like an unfortunate omission. It does have, however, inverse-CDF functions, such as norminv and tinv: useful for statistical estimation and hypothesis testing, but confusing when looking for CCDFs. :-)
 2. In SAS the names are CDF and SDF. Therea re also separate LOGCDF and LOGSDF functions, which are sometimes more efficient or accurate than computing the distribution and than taking the logarithm. The other esential functions for dealing with distributions are PDF, QUANTILE, and RAND. For details and a discussion that compares these naming scheme with other languages, see "Four essential functions for statistical programmers"
 3. Dr. Cook,
 How would you name probability function if you were writing such a library from scratch? I ask b/c I'm doing something similar for Perl, built upon GSL's randist functions. GSL names their sampler, pdf, cdf, ccdf and quantile functions gsl_ran_gaussian, gsl_ran_gaussian_pdf and gsl_ran_gaussian_cdf_P, gsl_ran_gaussian_cdf_Q, gsl_ran_gaussian_cdf_Pinv, and gsl_ran_gaussian_cdf_Qinv, which is quite verbose though consistent.
 Right now, I'm thinking of including a straight GSL-binding, but also provide alternative interfaces mimicking other langauges (like R and octave/matlab, by wrapping gsl_ran_gaussian into rnorm for R and normrnd for octave).
 4. Tom: I've written a class library in C++ and one in C#. Both use distribution objects with member functions for CDF etc. For example, the NormalDistribution class has methods PDF, LogPDF, CDF, CDFInverse, CCDF, CCDFInverse, Mean, Variance, RandomValue, etc.
 One advantage to this approach is that you can write generic code that takes a distribution class. For example, a unit test might integrate the PDF function and compare the result to the CDF function. If all the distribution classes have a common base class or implement a common abstract interface, you could write this test once and pass it objects representing several different distribution families.
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text:
Kokinshu Commentary 6
Book One – Spring 1
6. Monk Sosei. On fallen snow clinging to a tree
Now that spring has come,
Does he mistake them for flowers –
The warbler singing
Among branches deep-laden
With mounds of snowy white flakes?
Comment: This is the first example in the Kokinshu of a technique that the reader will encounter frequently. The technique is called "elegant confusion". The technique allows the poet to draw a comparison, using the pretense that the observer is confused. In this Tanka the elegant confusion is the mis-identification of snowflakes for plum blossoms, or spring blossoms. Here, I think, the translator may be off somewhat. The previous Tanka, Number 5, specifically mentions plum blossoms, while this Tanka, Number 6, uses the generic "flowers". However, the deliberate linking here is, I think, supposed to guide the reader to inferring that the flowers in question are plum blossoms, and not just any kind of blossom. It is rather like flowers/"hana" functions as a kind of pronoun, or place holder, for the plum blossoms of Tanka 5. This kind of usage was later encoded in Renga where the word "blossom"/"hana" was understood to mean cherry blossoms unless otherwise specified. This is still the rule in traditional Japanese Haiku. However that may be, the linkage to Tanka 5 would lead the reader to infer plum blossoms if the two Tanka are read together as a single, longer, poem.
But back to elegant confusion; this is a technique that was inherited from Chinese poetry. Elegant confusion was, at one time, widely used. It has fallen into disfavor in modern times because it seems to us to be too affected. Who ever really confuses snowflakes and blossoms?, our realistic approach to the world asks.
I think this misunderstands the technique. My sense is that elegant confusion was a form of structured metaphor. In East Asian poetry in general, and Japanese poetry in particular, explicit metaphor is not a widely used, or admired, technique. One does not often come across the deliberate comparison through a linguistic structure of "X is like Y", or "X is Y". Elegant confusion, however, provided poets a means for stating a metaphor which would be accepted by the canons of their poetic culture. If we look at elegant confusion as "elegant metaphor" I think we can be more accepting of what the poet is offering. We do not blanche when the poet says, "My love is like a red, red, rose." We accept this because it is part of the structure of western poetic culture. Similarly, we can be accepting of "X looks so much like Y that I got confused between the two when I saw them..."; such an approach is similarly a means for making a metaphorical statement within the acceptable range of Japanese poetic culture. In other words, the elegant confusion between the plum blossoms and snowflakes draws our attention both to how they are alike and how they differ; this is exactly the beauty and function of metaphor.
The author of this Tanka was the Monk Sosei, a famous Tanka poet who lived from 816-910. His work appears in many Tanka/Waka anthologies. He has been elevated to one of the Thirty-Six Poetry Immortals in Japan; in other words he has been deified in the same way that many living figures have become deified following Japanese Shinto custom. An earlier example would be Sugawara no Michizane, who became the deity Tenjin. A recent example would be the great Renga and Haiku poet, Basho.
I find it instructive that the editors of the Kokinshu placed this famous Tanka poet between two anonymous Tanka; both Tanka 5 and Tanka 7 are Anonymous. I think this achieves several purposes. First, it allows Sosei's Tanka to stand apart somewhat. Second, I think it is a signal to the reader that the editors may have particularly liked this Tanka and may also reflect their admiration for Sosei.
The links to the previous Tanka are: the warbler, the setting of spring flowers/plum blossoms that are blooming in the snow. The shift is one of perspective. Tanka 5 is a simple landscape. Tanka 6 is more introspective and takes us into the mind of the poet, in this case Sosei. Here the poet is explicitly speculating, wondering, thinking about, the scene. It is this speculation that gives rise to elegant confusion.
In closing I'd like to say a few words about "topic". After the author attribution the Kokinshu has a brief phrase. Sometimes it is "topic unknown", and sometimes there is a statement of topic, and at other times there is a brief description of the circumstances under which the Tanka was written. When there is a specific topic that indicate to the reader at the time that the Tanka was likely written during a poetry meeting in which the gathered poets were given an assigned topic upon which to write their Tanka. This was a widespread custom in Japan for many centuries; perhaps it is still done, I'm not sure. The idea is that someone, the host, would gather the poets together and then at the gathering the topic would be announced. All the assembled poets would then compose a Tanka on that theme. The poems would then be judged and the winner receive accolades. If the gathering was put on by a high aristocrat there might be considerable material rewards. Teachers would use such gatherings for their advanced students to hone their students' abilities. Topics were not spontaneous; there were lists of appropriate topics. Certain subjects were off-limits among which were explicitly erotic or pornographic subjects, political commentary, or subjects that might endanger the participants in the highly volatile world of Japanese politics. Acceptable topics were the seasons, love, travel, parting, impermanence in all its manifestations, religion (which meant Buddhism and Shinto), occasional Tanka that were usually laudatory of the sponsor or the sponsor's family and/or clan affiliation, etc. Though there were numerous examples of acceptable topics, they all fell under a few headings. For example, there were many topics that fell under the category of Spring, or under the category of Love. Poets practiced writing Tanka on these specified topics so that they would be prepared for poetry gatherings.
So when we read that the Tanka was written on a specific topic it is likely that this particular Tanka won at whatever gathering it was written at. When the editors say "topic unknown" the inference is that they think that the Tanka was written at such a gathering, but they are not sure; perhaps it has folk origins outside of this kind of refined poetic culture. "Topic unknown" is a signal to the reader of the time that the source of the Tanka may lie in the wider public sphere, beyond the refined aristocratic pursuit of poetic excellence in accord with specific canons. When the situation under which the Tanka was written is explicitly described, this is done because the circumstances are meant to show the reader the talent and ability of the poet and give us a context under which it was written.
In this particular instance the topic was "On fallen snow clinging to a tree". We do not know how many others were gathered at this poetry gathering, or when exactly it took place. But we do know that Sosei's Tanka carried the day, eventually ending up in this anthology.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A thunderstorm with winds clocking over 100 km/hr rolled through Kitchener, Ont. on July 27, knocking down trees, lifting up sheds, breaking windows and even ripping two air-conditioning units off the roof of a local business.
The storm also knocked out power for around 6,800 customers. Environment Canada says the damage came from a downburst, or a powerful downward movement of air that can occur during a storm.
To find out more about the phenomenon, we reached Frank Seglenieks, the University of Waterloo's weather centre co-ordinator, for some answers. The following Q-and-A has been condensed from an interview on The Morning Edition on Monday with Craig Norris.
1. What is a downburst?
Seglenieks: "A thunderstorm is a big mass of unstable air. So within that unstable air, you have hot air that wants to rise and cold air that wants to drop. So when we think of a thunderstorm, we think of the big tall clouds and that is the warm air going up, but again, what goes up must come down. When that air cools, it wants to go as low as possible, and when it comes down we get downdraft.
Now typically when we feel a thunderstorm, we associate that with some wind, and these are downdrafts coming down from the thunderstorm. Every once in a while we get a downburst, and that's just a particularly strong downdraft coming from this thunderstorm."
2. What makes a downburst so powerful?
"[It] might be coming because the warm air got particularly high and it got really cold and managed to come down. It's also possible that maybe over Kitchener on Saturday, there was a little area of, let's say, drier air, and when that cold air hits that drier air it's got a bit of moisture in it, that moisture evaporates, makes it even colder and that air comes down even faster.
When it comes down faster it's of course going to hit the surface of the earth, and once it hits the surface of the earth it's got to spread out. And that's where you can get these winds that, as opposed to a typical thunderstorm [with] maybe winds of 40-50 km/hr, now you're getting these winds of over 100 km/hr."
3. Why do downbursts cause so much damage in such a small area?
"You just get these very small pockets where this air just gets supercooled and that supercooled air comes down really quickly over a very small geographic area, as happened on Saturday. Some streets got their trees totally ripped apart and even a couple of blocks away there was no damage. So it's just the way the wind works, and you've just got these small little pockets of really intense, really cold air that really want to go fast.
4. Are downbursts happening more frequently now than in the past?
"People don't like to hear it but generally in the meteorological terms we like to have about 30 years of data before we start to really make some conclusions about the trends. But people have been looking at stable weather stations that haven't changed over the past 50 or 70 years and if you over the last few decades there is some evidence that, not only in Southern Ontario but in all of North America, the incidences of more extreme weather seem to be rising over the past decade compared to the decade before. But it's going to take us a little while longer to get more data like that before we can really start to make some conclusions about overall trends.
5. What's the difference between a tornado and a downburst?
In a tornado, the wind is whirling in a vertical vortex, sucking air and debris into the funnel. In a downburst, the air is pushed outwards and away. Downbursts themselves can be further divided into microbursts and macrobursts, depending on the size of the area damaged by wind and the length of time the wind blows. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) downbursts are much more frequent than tornadoes, with about 10 downburst damage reports for every single reported tornado. A sure sign of a downburst is a straight line of damage, or trees downed in the same direction the wind was blowing.


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Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient's home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.
26 Related JoVE Articles!
Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity
Institutions: University of New South Wales, University of New South Wales, University of New South Wales.
Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is a serious consequence of cancer treatment, which occurs with some of the most commonly used chemotherapies1,2
. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy produces symptoms of numbness and paraesthesia in the limbs and may progress to difficulties with fine motor skills and walking, leading to functional impairment. In addition to producing troubling symptoms, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy may limit treatment success leading to dose reduction or early cessation of treatment. Neuropathic symptoms may persist long-term, leaving permanent nerve damage in patients with an otherwise good prognosis3
. As chemotherapy is utilised more often as a preventative measure, and survival rates increase, the importance of long-lasting and significant neurotoxicity will increase.
There are no established neuroprotective or treatment options and a lack of sensitive assessment methods. Appropriate assessment of neurotoxicity will be critical as a prognostic factor and as suitable endpoints for future trials of neuroprotective agents. Current methods to assess the severity of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy utilise clinician-based grading scales which have been demonstrated to lack sensitivity to change and inter-observer objectivity4
. Conventional nerve conduction studies provide information about compound action potential amplitude and conduction velocity, which are relatively non-specific measures and do not provide insight into ion channel function or resting membrane potential. Accordingly, prior studies have demonstrated that conventional nerve conduction studies are not sensitive to early change in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity4-6
. In comparison, nerve excitability studies utilize threshold tracking techniques which have been developed to enable assessment of ion channels, pumps and exchangers in vivo
in large myelinated human axons7-9
Nerve excitability techniques have been established as a tool to examine the development and severity of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity10-13
. Comprising a number of excitability parameters, nerve excitability studies can be used to assess acute neurotoxicity arising immediately following infusion and the development of chronic, cumulative neurotoxicity. Nerve excitability techniques are feasible in the clinical setting, with each test requiring only 5 -10 minutes to complete. Nerve excitability equipment is readily commercially available, and a portable system has been devised so that patients can be tested in situ
in the infusion centre setting. In addition, these techniques can be adapted for use in multiple chemotherapies.
In patients treated with the chemotherapy oxaliplatin, primarily utilised for colorectal cancer, nerve excitability techniques provide a method to identify patients at-risk for neurotoxicity prior to the onset of chronic neuropathy. Nerve excitability studies have revealed the development of an acute Na+
channelopathy in motor and sensory axons10-13
. Importantly, patients who demonstrated changes in excitability in early treatment were subsequently more likely to develop moderate to severe neurotoxicity11
. However, across treatment, striking longitudinal changes were identified only in sensory axons which were able to predict clinical neurological outcome in 80% of patients10
. These changes demonstrated a different pattern to those seen acutely following oxaliplatin infusion, and most likely reflect the development of significant axonal damage and membrane potential change in sensory nerves which develops longitudinally during oxaliplatin treatment10
. Significant abnormalities developed during early treatment, prior to any reduction in conventional measures of nerve function, suggesting that excitability parameters may provide a sensitive biomarker.
Neuroscience, Issue 62, Chemotherapy, Neurotoxicity, Neuropathy, Nerve excitability, Ion channel function, Oxaliplatin, oncology, medicine
Bronchial Thermoplasty: A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Severe Asthma
Institutions: Virginia Hospital Center, Virginia Hospital Center.
Bronchial thermoplasty is a non-drug procedure for severe persistent asthma that delivers thermal energy to the airway wall in a precisely controlled manner to reduce excessive airway smooth muscle. Reducing airway smooth muscle decreases the ability of the airways to constrict, thereby reducing the frequency of asthma attacks. Bronchial thermoplasty is delivered by the Alair System and is performed in three outpatient procedure visits, each scheduled approximately three weeks apart. The first procedure treats the airways of the right lower lobe, the second treats the airways of the left lower lobe and the third and final procedure treats the airways in both upper lobes. After all three procedures are performed the bronchial thermoplasty treatment is complete.
Bronchial thermoplasty is performed during bronchoscopy with the patient under moderate sedation. All accessible airways distal to the mainstem bronchi between 3 and 10 mm in diameter, with the exception of the right middle lobe, are treated under bronchoscopic visualization. Contiguous and non-overlapping activations of the device are used, moving from distal to proximal along the length of the airway, and systematically from airway to airway as described previously. Although conceptually straightforward, the actual execution of bronchial thermoplasty is quite intricate and procedural duration for the treatment of a single lobe is often substantially longer than encountered during routine bronchoscopy. As such, bronchial thermoplasty should be considered a complex interventional bronchoscopy and is intended for the experienced bronchoscopist. Optimal patient management is critical in any such complex and longer duration bronchoscopic procedure. This article discusses the importance of careful patient selection, patient preparation, patient management, procedure duration, postoperative care and follow-up to ensure that bronchial thermoplasty is performed safely.
Bronchial thermoplasty is expected to complement asthma maintenance medications by providing long-lasting asthma control and improving asthma-related quality of life of patients with severe asthma. In addition, bronchial thermoplasty has been demonstrated to reduce severe exacerbations (asthma attacks) emergency rooms visits for respiratory symptoms, and time lost from work, school and other daily activities due to asthma.
Medicine, Issue 45, bronchial thermoplasty, severe asthma, airway smooth muscle, bronchoscopy, radiofrequency energy, patient management, moderate sedation
Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood
Institutions: Yale University School of Medicine.
Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2
. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3
. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4
and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5
. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with


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Bones are held together at joints with a kind of connective tissue called ligament.
The basic building blocks of a ligament are collagen fibers. These fibers are very strong, flexible, and resistant to damage from pulling or compressing stresses. Collagen fibers are usually arranged in parallel bundles, which help multiply the strength of the individual fibers. The bundles of collagen are attached to the outer covering that surrounds all bones.


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Using jQuery to Implement Animations in ASP.NET [con't]
Implementing Animations Using jQuery
You can use jQuery to animate a
 element easily by using the
.animate() method and passing the necessary parameters to it. In this example, we'll use the
.animate() method in jQuery to demonstrate text animation. To implement a demo application for this example, follow these steps:
- Create a new ASP.NET project in Visual Studio 2008 or Visual Studio 2010.
- Save it with a name.
- Open the
- Drag and drop the jQuery library file onto your WebForm.
This will create the following reference:
- Take two Button controls: one for starting animation and the other for resetting it. Here is what the markup code for the Button controls would look like:
- Create a
and place some text inside it as shown below:
- In the
document.ready()function, write code as shown below to animate the text inside the
you just created:
And, you are done! When you execute the application, you'll see two button controls and the text "Welcome to jQuery!" displayed in the browser. When you click on the Animate button, the text is enlarged and animated. On click of the Reset button, the same text is reset to its original size and style.
The Complete Source Code
Here is the complete source (markup code) of the
In this article, I discussed animations using jQuery. In the future articles, I will take a look at the other powerful features of the jQuery library.
Original: June 30, 2010


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ROME.- Roman churches, funerary monuments and museums where artistic treasures are housed have been damaged in the Italian region affected by the earthquake. Even though the extent of the damage has not been calculated, David Rijser, an expert in Classic and Renaissance antiquities has tried to calculate the losses.
"It has been a true drama, there is a lot that has been lost, said David Rijser to Radio Nederland. In 1985 I visited the Abruzzo region for the first time. At that time there were no tourists, he told reporter Philip Smet by telephone. These days there are few art lovers in the region even though there are a lot of places that deserved to be visited. In L' Aguila and its surroundings there are many Roman and Gothic churches and other buildings from the XIII, XIV and XV centuries.
Italy today lives the tragedy caused by the earthquake that hit a region that is the birthplace of art and civilization. No other catastrophe can ever erase the memory of those who, throughout the centuries, marked the identity of their cities.
Among the masterpieces destroyed were the gothic church of Maria di Collemaggio, built in the 13th century in the mountainous region of Abruzzo that was the epicentre of the quake.
Sources from the Italian Superintendency of Cultural Heritage have stated that the Caracalla Thermal Baths, in Rome, have suffered damages due to the earthquake. Other Roman monuments in Rome have not suffered damages.


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A Kansas State University research team has resolved a 40-year-old debate on the role of iron acquisition in bacterial invasion of animal tissues.
The collaborative research—led by Phillip Klebba, professor and head of the department of biochemistry—clarifies how microorganisms colonize animal hosts and how scientists may block them from doing so. The findings suggest new approaches against bacterial disease and new strategies for antibiotic development. The study—in collaboration with Tyrrell Conway, director of the Microarray and Bioinformatics Core Facilities at the University of Oklahoma, and Salete M. Newton, Kansas State University research professor of biochemistry—recently appeared in PLOS ONE. It shows how iron acquisition affects the ability of bacteria to colonize animals, which is the first stage of microbial disease.
Click "source" to read more.


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Prizes and Productivity
...there is a negative relationship between productivity and winning the Fields Medal...
The production of knowledge is central to long-term economic growth. Yet little is known about how knowledge is produced, making it difficult to design incentives to elicit effort from knowledge producers. Prizes are a common incentive for knowledge production; hundreds of scientific prizes are awarded throughout the world and across all scientific disciplines. Although these prizes are frequently awarded with the explicit goal of inspiring more and better scientific work, whether they are effective remains an open question.
In Prizes and Productivity: How Winning the Fields Medal Affects Scientific Output (NBER Working Paper No. 19445), authors George Borjas and Kirk Doran examine the impact of winning the Fields Medal on the post-medal productivity and research choices of mathematicians. The Fields Medal is the most prestigious award in mathematics, awarded every four years to a mathematician under the age of 40. Established by the Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields, the medal is often thought of as the "Nobel Prize of Mathematics."
The authors use archival data from the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematics Genealogy Project to estimate the age-productivity profile of these exceptional mathematicians along a number of different dimensions, including the number of papers published, citations received, and students mentored.
The authors find that the age-productivity profiles of the Fields Medal winners and the losing contenders in their cohort are similar until the year in which the medal is awarded. After the award, the rate of output of the Fields medalists, regardless of how it is measured, declines noticeably.
The authors also find that the medalists exhibit far greater cognitive mobility, shifting across sub-fields within mathematics, in the post-medal period. The winners are more likely to pursue topics that are not related to their pre-medal work. Because cognitive mobility is costly and additional time is required to prepare a paper in an unfamiliar field, the increased rate of cognitive mobility reduces the medalists' rate of output in the post-medal period. The data suggest that about half of the decreased productivity in the post-medal period can be attributed to the increased propensity for experimentation.
Although there is a negative relationship between productivity and winning the Fields Medal, the authors caution that other types of prizes may have different post-prize productivity effects. The Fields Medal is awarded at a relatively young age and the timing of the prize could have a significant impact on post-prize incentives. Similarly, mathematics is an unusual field in that researchers typically do not need expensive infrastructure to produce theorems. Prizes in the physical sciences, and even in economics, may open up funding opportunities that could significantly increase post-prize productivity for the winners.
The findings suggest that the post-prize productivity impact of winning a prestigious award can be substantial, affecting both the quantity and type of research the winners produce. The authors argue that the increased opportunities provided by the Fields Medal discouraged the recipients from continuing to produce the pure mathematics for which the medal was awarded, and encouraged time-consuming investments in ever more distant locations in the space of ideas.
--Les PickerThe Digest is not copyrighted and may be reproduced freely with appropriate attribution of source.


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The Basics of Color Genetics in Rabbits
By Glenna M. Huffman
There are only four basic colors in rabbits black, chocolate, blue and lilac. All of the other colors are simply a variation of these four basic colors. Black is the dominant color, with chocolate being the recessive of the black. Blue is the dilute of the black, and lilac is the dilute of the chocolate.
|Example||Black Colors||Chocolate||Blue (dilute)||Lilac(dilute)|
Sandy (FG only)
Lt. Gray (FG only)
Smk Prl Agouti
|Shaded||Siamese Sable||Smoke Pearl|
|Tan Pattern||Black Tan
Black Silver Marten
Choc. Silver Marten
Blue Silver Marten
Smoke Pearl Marten
Lilac Silver Marten
|AOV||Black Himi||Chocolate Himi||Blue Himi||Lilac Himi|
|Non-extension colors - the black is removed, leaving only the yellow to show on the coat.|
The Ruby-eyed White (albino) is pure white with the ruby eye, but carries a full set of the color genes hidden. Breeding a Ruby-eyed White to another Ruby-eyed White will ALWAYS result in 100% Ruby-eyed White babies. Breeding a REW to a colored rabbit will let the breeder know what genes the REW carries hidden.
The Blue-eyed White (Vienna White) is also pure white, but with bright blue eyes. They also carry a full set of the color genes hidden. These two white colors are, however, genetically very different and can make some strangely mis-marked babies when bred together. The BEW can also make mis-marked babies when bred to a colored rabbit. Ideally, the BEW should only breed with BEW.
The other white rabbits are the Dwarf Hotot (white with color only around the eyes) and the Ermine or Frosted Pearl colors. The Dwarf Hotots color is from combining the broken genes and the Dutch genes. The frosted can come with either a tint of black, chocolate, blue or lilac to the coat. They are not actually white in color, but ideally should be almost white or off-white in basic color.
Rabbits have three coat patterns. First is the dominant pattern for the agouti colors. These will show the banded hair shaft, white belly, white on the underside of the tail and all of the normal agouti markings. The agouti colors include the chestnut/castor, opal, lynx, chinchilla, and squirrel.
The second coat pattern is called Tan pattern. It is recessive to the agouti but is dominant to the self. The Tan pattern group includes the tans, otters, silver martens, sable martens and the smoke pearl martens. Here the body is solid colors, but there are the agouti/tan pattern markings. The belly and underside of the tail is white (except in the tans), and the markings can be orange/gold, fawn or silver white.
The third coat pattern is self. These are one color over the entire body with no markings. These are the black, blue, chocolate, and lilacs.
There are also the colors where all or almost all of the black color has been removed from the coat. These colors are called non-extension (for non-extension of black) and include the torts, sable points, fawns, oranges, and reds. These colors are recessive to the colors that are normal extension of black. Breeding any of these colors together will always result in babies of these colors.
Color questions, contact Glenna Huffman _EMAIL_
The Hollander/Spring Issue - April 2000


How to optimize AWS Lambda performance
A performance-tuned engine representing the under-the-hood optimizations to get the most out of AWS Lambda function performance.
AWS Lambda has become the most widely used deployment pattern for serverless applications. It allows developers to set aside worrying about server provisioning, maintenance, idle capacity management and scaling, and instead to focus solely on writing business logic.
But that's not entirely true. Because while Lambda is a self-managed AWS service, it still requires careful design to get the best performance out of the computation capabilities it provides.
In this article, we are going to talk about various parameters to be considered for AWS Lambda performance tuning.
E-Book - The Defintive Guide to Serverless cost
Lambda computing Resources – Memory & CPU
AWS Lambda provides memory ranges from 128 MB to 3,008 MB in 64 MB increments. Although we only specify the RAM, a linearly proportional amount of CPU power gets allocated to the Lambda Function by AWS. When the allocated memory crosses the limit of 1,792 MB, it adds the equivalent of one full vCPU (one vCPU-second of credits per second).
If you have a single threaded app, you shouldn't select more than 1.8 GB RAM, as it cannot make use of the additional CPU and the cost will increase. Conversely, if you have selected less than 1.8 GB RAM and have multi-threading code which is CPU bound, it won't help in reducing execution time.
Lambda billing is accurate to 100-ms increments. For that reason, when allocating memory to a function, you need to consider that putting the smallest RAM may reduce the memory cost but increase latency. And, it may outweigh the cost savings due to the longer execution time of the function.
Balancing Memory and Execution Time
As we know, Lambda costing depends on both memory allocation and execution time. If we need to reduce the Lambda execution time, we can try increasing memory (and by extension, CPU) to process it faster. However, when we try to increase the memory for a function past a certain limit, it won't improve the execution time as AWS currently offers a maximum of 2 cores CPU.
If your application leans more towards computation logic (i.e. it's CPU-centric), increasing the memory makes sense as it will reduce the execution time drastically and save on cost per execution.
Also, it's worth paying attention to the fact that AWS charges for Lambda execution in increments of 100ms. So, if average execution time for your function is 110ms, it will charge you for 200ms. So increasing memory and bringing execution time down to below 100ms can deliver a worthwhile cost saving.
Cost per invocation is charged at 100-ms increments
There are a few open source tools available that claim to help you find the best power configuration. However, monitoring memory usage and execution time – through CloudWatch Logs, X-Ray or a commercial tool like Lumigo – is a better option. You can then adjust configurations accordingly. Increasing or decreasing even a small number of your functions makes a big difference in overall AWS cost.
E-Book: Learn best practices for monitoring serverless applications
Setting Reserve Concurrency Limits
AWS Lambda handles scalability for you. It creates a new execution environment to handle concurrent requests. So why should you be concerned? The truth is that nothing comes with infinite resources. Similarly, when optimizing Lambda performance you need to consider concurrency execution limits:
Account level – By default, it is 1,000 per region across all functions.
Function level – By default, the "Unreserved Account Concurrency limit" option will be selected when we create a new function. That means, it can potentially use all of the available concurrency at account level (1,000 – concurrency used by other functions). However, this is not best practice, as if a function takes up the entire limit of the account, other functions may be impacted by throttling errors. That's why it is recommended to always configure "reserve concurrency", supporting a bulkhead pattern
Setting AWS reserved concurrency
Source: AWS
Note – AWS will always keep an unreserved concurrency pool with a minimum of 100 concurrent executions to process the requests of functions that don't have any specific limit set up. So, in practice you will only be able to allocate up to 900 for reserve concurrency.
When designing concurrency in lambda, you should always consider the limitation of other integrated services like DynamoDB or RDS. We need to adjust the concurrency limit for a function based on the maximum connection these services can handle.
Concurrency is a good option to handle the large volume of requests, however, if there is a sharp spike, it will hit the performance of the application, because creating new execution environments entails cold start time and that may cause higher latency in response to requests during that time.
AWS launched Provisioned Concurrency for Lambda at re:Invent 2019 to handle these types of use cases. It provides options to provision the execution environment in advance when creating a function. It can also be auto-scaled based on CloudWatch metrics or scheduled for a particular time or day depending on requirements.
Cold Start Considerations
When we invoke a Lambda function for the first time, it downloads the code from S3, downloads all the dependencies, creates a container and starts the application before it executes the code. This whole duration (except the execution of code) is the cold start time
Cold start time as a proportion of total execution time
A cold start accounts for a significant amount of total execution time, so AWS have been working to address that issue. AWS came up with provisioned concurrency (see above), that can warm up the Lambda execution environments while creating function. Environments will be available for applications to do immediate code execution without expending time for the cold start.
Snow flakes representing cold starts in AWS Lambda
12 Quick Tips for AWS Lambda Optimization
1. Choose interpreted languages like Node.js or Python over languages like Java and C# if cold start time is affecting user experience.
2. Keep in mind that Java and other compiled languages perform better than interpreted ones for subsequent requests.
3. If you have to go with Java, you can use Provisioned Concurrency to address the cold start time issue.
4. Go for Spring Cloud Functions rather than Spring Boot web framework.
5. Use the default network environment unless you need a VPC resource with private IP. This is because setting up ENIs takes significant time and adds to the cold start time. It's worth noting, though, that a September 2019 release saw AWS significantly improve the way ENIs are assigned to connect Lambda execution environments with customer VPCs using the Hyperplane platform.
6. Remove all unnecessary dependencies that are not required to run the function. Keep only the ones that are required at runtime.
7. Use Global/Static variables and singleton objects as these remain alive until the container goes down. So any subsequent call does not need to reinitialize these variables/objects.
8. Define your DB connections at the Global level so that it can be reused for subsequent invocations. AWS has recently released RDS Proxy in preview, which should make applications more scalable and resilient to database failures.
9. If your Lambda in a VPC is calling an AWS resource, avoid DNS resolution as it takes significant time. For example, if your Lambda function accesses an Amazon RDS DB instance in your VPC, launch the instance with the non-publicly accessible option.
10. If you are using Java, it is preferable to use simpler IoC dependency injections like Dagger rather than Spring-Framework.
11. If you are using Java, it is recommended to put your dependency.jar files in separate /lib directory rather than putting them along with function code. It speeds up the package unpacking process.
12. If you are using Node.js, you can use minification and/or uglification of the code to reduce the size of the package. This will reduce the time it takes to download the package significantly. In some cases, package size may reduce from 10MB to 1MB as well.
Minification removes all the spaces/newline characters and comments.
Uglification takes all the variables and obfuscates/simplifies them.
var organizationname = "xyz"
var bigArray = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
//write some code
for(var index = 0; index < 6; index++){
After minification:
var organizationname = "xyz", bigArray = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
for(var index = 0; index < 6; index++) console.log(bigArray[index]);
After uglification:
for(var o="myname",a=[1,2,3,4,5,6],e=0;e<6;e++)console.log(a[e])
13. You will notice that most blog posts and documentation mention that the Lambda execution environment already has AWS SDK for Node.js and Python, and that you shouldn't add them in your dependency. It will improve performance, but there's a catch. This SDK library will be upgraded with the latest patches regularly and may impact your Lambda behavior so it's preferable to have your own dependency management.
Monitor your entire AWS serverless environment from a single view. Learn more
By now, it should be clear that Lambda function performance depends on a variety of criteria. So, Lambda performance monitoring is of utmost importance, in order to measure and understand the behavior of functions during invocation. These metrics will help to fine-tune configuration and get the best performance out of these functions.
CloudWatch, by default, logs details of each Lambda execution in LogGroup/LogStream. Using the log details, CloudWatch displays the dashboards for various metrics like "


Mapping the moon
Two NASA probes that spent last year orbiting the moon have returned stunning new geological maps that could help explain how it, Earth, and other planets in our solar system formed. The probes, named Ebb and Flow, flew identical orbits just miles above the moon's surface to measure its gravity field. Slight disruptions in their paths—caused by the push and […]
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Overview: After playing the Middle Ages Time Machine Adventure at activehistory.co.uk, Sidney wrote a complaint letter to the Time Travel Holiday Agent about her experiences. One half of the class wrote similar complaint letters focusing on the negative dimension; the other half wrote travel brochures focusing on the positive experiences!
Examples: This approach can work for any period or topic that has positive and negative sides to it.
Taking it further: Students could be paired together to produce a dramatised dialogue – the holidaymaker could storm into the travel agent demanding a refund by explaining the things which had gone wrong, whilst the travel agent would stress all the positive experiences which are either being omitted in the account or which provide a more rounded view of the situation / period in question.


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Mean stability of switched linear systems
MetadataShow full item record
A switched linear system is a dynamical system that consists of multiple linear time-invariant systems, called subsystems, and a piecewise constant function, called a switching signal, that orchestrates the switching between the subsystems. For the last two decades switched linear systems have attracted a significant amount of attention due to their wide range of applications. Stability, which is the first property that every controlled system must have, has been one of the central topics in the study of switched linear systems. In particular mean stability, that roughly speaking requires stability in average, is known to be a rather practical and easy to check stability notion. There are now many conditions available to check the mean stability of linear switched systems with various different stochastic structures. However, there are still some important classes of switched linear systems whose mean stability cannot be checked by available methods. This thesis gives the characterization of the mean stability of discrete-time switched linear systems with identically and independently distributed system parameters and continuous-time (semi )Markov jump positive linear systems. These conditions can be checked by the eigenvalues of a matrix and also extend the stability conditions obtained in the systems and control theory literature. We also study the mean escape time and the asymptotic behavior of switched Riccati differential equations naturally induced by switched linear systems.


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Money touches every aspect of our lives and occupies our daily thoughts.
When our thoughts about money turn negative, I call them "money shadows." Psychologist Carl Jung popularized the term "shadow," which means a belief about yourself that you hide, repress or deny. Very often these beliefs are negative judgments.
So our negative thoughts about money aren't really about money at all: They are reflections of the negative beliefs we have about ourselves.
The sources of these shadows are emotional wounds we experienced as children. Yes, each of us has experienced events that caused us to create negative beliefs about ourselves.
Some common shadows are: "I'm not worthy of love or attention," "I don't matter," "I don't deserve success" and, one of my personal shadows, "I'm stupid."
Money is a powerful trigger for shadows because of the power it has in our culture. For most people, money has come to mean more than its dictionary definition of something generally accepted as a medium of exchange, a measure of value or a means of payment.
In our culture, money and the things money can buy have become equated with security, power, beauty, social acceptance, sex appeal and success. It's easy for our financial challenges and missteps to trigger shadows.
For example, if someone has the shadow of not being worthy of love or attention and equates money with social acceptance, any negative financial change may cause that person to feel excluded or unworthy.
Or, a person who doubts his ability to succeed and equates money with power may be paralyzed by fear when it comes to seeking a promotion or advocating for a raise.
Shadow beliefs can create a cycle of stress and unhappiness: When they block you from getting what you value because you feel inherently unworthy, you are unlikely to attain what you want, and you will feel even more unworthy.
But there is a way out of the cycle, and these steps can help:
Listen to those gremlins of negative self-talk. Don't believe them, but become familiar with what they say. They will begin to reveal your shadows.
Make time to talk with your partner or a close friend, and share your shadows. They seem to have less of a hold on us when we shine some light them.
Make a list of what money – and the things it can buy – means to you. Be honest with yourself, you don't have to show the list to anyone.
Make a list of what's most important to you in your life.
Think about your financial behavior, and see if your actions are being driven by your shadows or what's most important in your life.
Take action to bring your behavior into alignment with what's most important to you.
Becoming conscious of your underlying beliefs about yourself and money, and it will make you a better consumer and a better manager of your money. And, more importantly, consciousness will decrease your stress and increase your happiness.


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Hybrid Metaheuristics and Linear Programming for Finite Capacity MRP in Multi-Stage Flexible Flow Shop with Permutation and Non-permutation Scheduling Options
This paper presents a new algorithm for Finite Capacity MRP (FCMRP) in a multi-stage flexible flow shop. The proposed algorithm consists of four conventional metaheuristics namely, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Tabu Search (TS), Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS), and Simulated Annealing (SA) hybridized with Linear Programming (LP). The objective is to minimize the total cost, which is the sum of tardiness, earliness, and flow-time costs. There are two main steps of the proposed algorithm. Firstly, an efficient sequence of orders is generated by the proposed metaheuristics in a way that reduce the total cost. In this step, the required operations of the orders are scheduled based on two scheduling options called permutation and non-permutation. Secondly, the total cost is minimized by the LP model. The required parameters of the metaheuristics are tuned by using real data from automotive companies. The result shows that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the existing algorithm, and GA obtains the best total cost.
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produced wine that comes from a single variety. For example, in wine the plant variety would be Merlot, then once produced and bottled, assuming it's not blended, it becomes the varietal Merlot. Albeit overly simplistic for tea relative to calling out the cultivar, would that same terminology work for tea?
 14. Jat (जात) basically means Caste. I thought it was used to classify humans and not plants.
 15. An earlier poster asked:
 masala chai = tea/chai (that has been flavoured with masala)
 chai masala = masala powder (that is used to flavour tea/chai)
 16. Very interesting read, thank you.
 But it doesn't answer the question I hoped it would which is: why, as I keep reading, do clones of the older Darjeeling tea plants not reproduce the same flavour profile as the original bushes? If they're clones, surely they must be identical copies?
 Is it another case of the people making the claim failing to understand the science?
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FAMILY: Recorders are in the wind family
HISTORY: The recorder is 400 years old. The flute came from the recorders. Recorders were used during the late Renaissance and Baroque time. The Recorder is played baroque orchestras and ensembles.
TYPES OF RECORDERS: The different types of Recorder are: soprano, sopranino, alto,tenor, bass great bass, and contra bass.
An Interview with Trina McPeake
1. How old were you when I started playing the recorder?
I started playing the recorder when I was in second grade, so about 8 or 9. I'm 40 now, so I've been playing over 30 years!
2. How big can the recorder get?
There is a whole family of recorders. The smallest is the size of a piccolo (sopranino) and the largest is about the size of a bass clarinet (bass recorder)
3. What type of music do you like to play?)
The recorder can play any music the flute can. I like to play music that goes fast and has lots of notes!
4. what is your favorite recorder and why.
I like the tenor recorder the best because the sound is very gentle, and not many people can play it.
5. Do you play in any groups or bands?)
I don't play in any recorder groups, that would be fun though!
6.how do you play the other recorder.
Most of the recorders are played the same way, so it is pretty easy to switch between the whole family of recorders.


Configuring UrbanCode Deploy integrations#
Use UrbanCode Deploy applications in your deployments and pipelines.
Obtain a token from your UrbanCode Deploy server. When you create the UrbanCode Deploy token, specify admin as the user.
This task requires that you are an HCL™ Accelerate administrator.
After you configure an integration, create tasks to run UrbanCode Deploy applications during your deployments. You can also add applications to your pipeline stages and run them that way.
 1. Click Settings > Integrations > Plugins.
 A list of defined integrations with current information about each integration is displayed in a table.
 2. Click Add Integration for UrbanCode Deploy.
 3. In the Add UrbanCode Deploy Integration window, enter a name for the integration, and in the UrbanCode Deploy server URL field, specify the URL.
 The format is HTTPS://hostname:port. For example, HTTPS://sampleUCD:8443.
 Note: If you are running UrbanCode Deploy locally, you can substitute _URL_:port in place of localhost. The following graphic illustrates how to use the property:
 4. In the UrbanCode Deploy access token field, paste the token from UrbanCode Deploy.
 5. Click Save.
 The initial synchronization includes four months of data. Depending on the amount of data, this process can take some time.
Synchronization occurs every fifteen minutes but you can synchronize any time by clicking actions Actions > Resync on the Integrations page. To prevent synchronization, click the Disable/Enable field on the Integrations page.
Parent topic: Managing native integrations


Mill to the conical or cylindrical shape, that the burden of the insult, the inside of the steel or ceramic balls. In some applications due to low natural rubble rather than bullets from the rubble used to be mills, which is the famous stone crushed prices to Asia.
Ball-mills input time usually has a size of about 5 to 25 mm, but some types of it are able to khordkardan pieces to ابعاد50 and even 75 mm. Chopped product usually has smaller dimensions of 0.2 or 0.3 mm. According to this data, the ratio of crushing mill in this type can reach 300.
Generally, the same conditions, the amount of material that fits over the crushing mill and the mill is greater than whatever the length of the seed plot smaller product. The ratio of the length to the diameter of the bullet in the mill for highly variable and is of less than one to more than 21.
This type of mill is for dry and wet form is used. That in each case the type of output mechanism will be different in other articles to it, we'll pay.
Source: the first season of the Bachelor thesis with loved ones as mechanical engineer Hamid joined ball-mill analysis (top thesis Faculty of mechanical engineering, Isfahan University of technology in the year 1387)
Ball Mill
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Query stub information in Docker images and containers
After you build a Docker image, you can query that image to see stub information such as the stub name, its ID, and its exposed port. In addition, after the image is running as a container, you can query the container to retrieve information as to what stubs are running within it.
Docker images
The Docker images that are built from a Dockerfile and build context files that are published from HCL OneTest™ API contain a file that is named stubs.info with basic information for the stubs that are included. To view the file contents within the image, use this Docker command:
docker run --entrypoint cat stubimage /stubs.info
where stubimage is the name(tag) for the stub image. An example of the output follows:
NAME ID EXPOSED_PORT
myStub 1f8b3e1a:150a97ea022:-7cdb 8081
Docker containers
To query stub information when the image is running as a container, from the docker host, you can use the curl command:
curl http://:7820
where is the IP address of the container, not the host. To get the IP address of the container, use this Docker command:
docker inspect -- format '{{.NetworkSettings.IPAddress}}'
The port 7820 is used by default. If you want to, you can override this port assignment when you run the container by specifying an environment variable named STUB_INFO_PORT. For example, add the -e option with this environment variable to the docker run command:
The output of the query is text in JSON format. An example of output follows:
 "stubs": [
 "id": "1f8b3e1a:150a97ea022:-7cdb",
 "name": "myStub",
 "activities": [
 "exposedPort": "8081",
 "rule": "Path: /test AND Port: 80 AND Method: POST AND (Host: _URL_ OR Host: OR (source host= AND (Host: localhost OR Host: OR Host: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1)))"
 "started": "true"


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Causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: A dynamic panel data approach
Dritsaki C., Dritsaki M.
Energy plays an important role in economic development worldwide. The increase of energy consumption showed that CO2 emissions in the atmosphere have increased dramatically, and these lead many scientists to push governments of the developing countries to take action for the formulation of environmental policies. Many studies have attempted to look for the direction of causality between energy consumption (EC), economic growth (GDP) and CO2 emissions mainly on developing countries. This paper, therefore, applies the panel unit root tests, panel cointegration methods and panel causality test to investigate the relationship between energy consumption (EC), economic growth (GDP) and CO2 emissions for three countries of Southern Europe (Greece, Spain, and Portugal) covering the annual period _PHONE_. The FMOLS and DOLS are then used to estimate the long run relationship between the variables. The findings of this study reveal that there is a short-run bilateral causal link between the examined variables. However, in the long run, there is a unidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions to energy consumption (EC), and economic growth (GDP) and a bilateral causality between energy consumption and economic growth. This indicates that energy is a force for economic growth both in short and long run as it is driven from economic growth. Moreover, to face the heterogeneity on the three countries of Southern Europe we use the FMOLS and DOLS estimation methods.


Essay on Close Analysis; Girl in the Mirror
Words: 1480
Pages: 6
Samantha Barreau
College of Mount Saint Vincent
English 110: Writing in Context I
Professor Rogers
Close Analysis; "Girl before the Mirror"
For this essay I chose a painting by Pablo Picasso called "Girl before a Mirror", according to the research I had done, this painting is in connection to his mistress MarieTherese Walter. It displays several view, depending on who's interpreting the painting. Pablo Picasso became one of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century and the creator (with someone named Georges Braque) of Cubism. A painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and stage designer, Picasso was considered radical within his work. The poem that is showed in connection to this painting is called "Before
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I see a beautiful pregnant woman with certain sexual aspects to herself, who is looking at her reflection in the mirror but not seeing a current view, it's like she's seeing into her future reflection. From her reflection in the mirror, she sees her body and it is aged and she seems to not be very happy about it. I really appreciate that you can't understand this painting at first glance, you really can't get the meaning of the painting right away; instead its left to us to have a look into a deeper inside the painting, even deeper into ourselves, to get the real meaning and understanding. This is what John Updike said many times during his interesting life: "Everything you can imagine is real." I think that adds to what makes Pablo Picasso more cryptic than most people realize. It adds to his art, he's something that you have to think about, just like his art.
John Updike's poem "Before the Mirror" reflects onto both the past and the present of his author concerning Pablo Picasso's "Girl before the Mirror". This poem is a based on a journey where the past and the present are both held up to a mirror in contrast, it's shone through the woman in Picasso's painting. Leaving it to the readers, to interpret the growth of time or how it may change and heighten the view of something that one may view as very dear to them. Therefore, both the poem and the painting take part in going and