text:
Cebu City told: Get ready for bus transit project-A A +A
Tuesday, July 17, 2012
CEBU CITY – Vehicular traffic will be disturbed. There may be pollution, loss of vegetation and trees. Power, water, telecommunications and other utilities may be disrupted.
These are among the environmental impacts of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Cebu City once its implementation and construction will start.
But project proponents assured these environmental impacts will be temporary and will last only during the construction period.
Representatives from the World Bank, Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), and Woodfields Consultancy Inc. presented on Monday to the different stakeholders the potential environmental impacts of the project. Woodfields is the consultancy firm that conducted the environmental impact assessment.
Dr. David Green, the environmental specialist from Woodfields, listed on Monday in his presentation 14 environmental impacts in the construction phase of the BRT and six others during the project's operation phase.
To address all these concerns, Green said there is a need to establish an environmental management plan (EMP), which will outline specific strategies to offset any harm done on the environment.
During the construction, among the environmental impacts are the disturbance of pedestrians and the flow of traffic in the city. Construction materials will have to be stockpiled inside and around the project site.
The supply of power, water, telecommunications and other utility systems and services may also be interrupted, particularly along the BRT corridor.
The BRT route in the city will be from Bulacao, passing through N. Bacalso Ave., then to Osmeña Blvd., Escario St. and straight to Barangay Talamban.
Green added that the BRT will cause pollution due to solid and liquid wastes, hazardous wastes, and excavation spoils. There will also be noise pollution, which could be an issue for schools and hospitals.
Aside from these, Green said there will be "localized" ponding and flooding within the project site, construction camps and other areas adjacent to the project. The project may also cause siltation of nearby drainage channels and waterways.
There will be loss of vegetation and trees along the BRT corridor once the project will be implemented. Roadways in the city will have to be widened to give way to the buses that will be used for the mass transport system.
For the operation phase, Green said the environmental impacts of the BRT project will include noise pollution, air pollution, pollution due to solid and wastewater generation, conflict on power and energy sources, and traffic congestion and vehicular mobility.
Green said there is a need to make sure that the BRT project will comply with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' (DENR) noise standards and vehicle emission standards, among others.
There is also a need to formulate a solid waste management plan that will be in line with Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.
Green also sees the need to use solar panels to minimize reliance on the city's local power provider.
As to the disturbance to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, Green said a holistic traffic management plan is recommended.
There is a need for a utility re-provisioning plan, to deal with interruptions in power, water, telecommunications and other utilities.
Other recommendations include the provision of a construction material management plan, drainage management plan, excavation protection and runoff control plan, and provision of vegetation and tree replacement and landscaping plan, among others.
Green said all these plans, which will be contained in the EMP, will be formulated by them with the help of the agencies and the City Government.
"The EMP is a working document. If there are unexpected impacts that will arise during the construction period of the project, then we have to include them in it," he said.
Delfin San Pedro, environmental impact team leader, assured that the environmental impacts of the BRT project will only be temporary.
"Majority of these will only be experienced during the construction period of the project," he said. San Pedro said the construction of the BRT system in the city will take one to two years.
Proponents of the BRT had said they are aiming for an October 2013 start and for the system to be operational by 2015.
San Pedro said they are already working with the EMP and its final draft will be submitted to the World Bank and DOTC by August for feedback. (Sun.Star Cebu)
Published in the Sun.Star Cebu newspaper on July 17, 2012.


text:
More than 150 students at U-E's George F Johnson Elementary School took part in a Festival of Learning.
The kids picked something that they are interested in and then researched it. Projects included the history of Lego's, how maple syrup is made and paper airplanes. The goal of the festival, which is sponsored by the school's PTA, is to encourage kids to learn outside of the classroom.
5th grader Haley Bowman explains her project. "I did the Tunkhannock Viaduct. It's a bridge. Viaduct stands for a bridge that has arches."
Haley chose the viaduct because her grandparents lived close to it. She says it took three years to build with 500 men working on it.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


16 Fascinating Facts About Sharks in Hawaii Every Local Should Know
In honor of Shark Week, here are 16 facts you may not know about sharks in Hawaii.
Photo: Wikipedia
(page 1 of 4)
It's shark week! Even if you're aren't watching the Discovery Channel every night this week from 7-8 p.m., sharks probably cross your mind now and then. Between the 8-foot aggressive Galapagos shark spotted at Kaimana Beach this March and the stormy weather that's known to attract them, even the bravest among us are shark-leery. That's why we came up with this handy list of 16 facts you may not know about sharks in Hawaii.
1. 40 Species in Hawaii
We have 40 species of sharks in the ocean surrounding our islands (there are 350 known species of sharks in the world). Most of them are harmless.
2. 4 of the Most Common Species
There are four species of sharks common in the ocean near our shores--these are the sharks you're most likely to see at places like Kaimana Beach. The most frequently spotted include the white-tip reef shark, the sandbar shark, the scalloped hammerhead and occasionally the terrifying tiger shark.
From left to right, clockwise: white-tip reef shark, sandbar shark, tiger shark, hammerhead shark.
Photo: DLNR
3. The Most Dangerous...
Tiger sharks are the most dangerous sharks in Hawaii. Great white sharks are also very dangerous, but are rarely seen in Hawaii. They might be more common than you think.
PHOTO: Wikipedia
4. The Most Aggressive...
The most aggressive reef sharks in Hawaii are the tiger shark and the Galapagos shark.
a galapagos shark in Hawaii.
Photo: Wikipedia
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ive if the off-path constraints are attached to a cycle and the attribute occurs in the cycle. For instance, the A attribute would be non-constructive in the example given above, and the constraint would be interpreted as (^ A*: (-> {A} B)=+)=!.
local names
A local name can be used as a variable whose scope is limited to the schemata associated with a particular category or lexical item. This makes it convenient and possible to make repeated references to a single entity. For example, suppose that the PERSON, NUMBER, and GENDER features of a noun are grouped together in the value of an AGR attribute. A given lexical entry might assert that
but these feature equations can be shortened by means of a local name %A that captures the value of the AGR feature:
(^ AGR)=%A
In this example the local name helps to abbreviate constraints whose effect could also be achieved in the usual more cumbersome way. When a functional uncertainty is involved, however, a local name can make it possible to express conditions that would otherwise be unstatable. Suppose that the three agreement requirements are to be asserted on the value at the end of a functional uncertainty, not on the value of ^. The schemata
would not have the desired effect. Each of the uncertainties is treated separately and can be instantiated by different strings drawn from the regular sets. Thus, the first schema might assert the PERSON of a complement's object while the second asserts the NUMBER of a different structure, the second complement's subject. A local name can be used not only to shorten the specification but also to ensure that all three requirements are imposed on the same structure:
The uncertainty may still be resolved by the choice of different strings, and this may result in a disjunction of different assignments for %A. However, as desired, all three requirements will be imposed simultaneously on each such assignment.
reference to stem
%stem is a local name with a special, built-in meaning. When it appears in a lexical entry or in a template invoked by a lexical entry, it is taken to denote a symbol whose name is the headword of the entry. Thus, %stem denotes the symbol walk when it appears in the definition of walk or in a template that walk invokes. If the template INTRANS is defined as
then the particular predicate must be specified in each invocation, as in @(INTRANS walk). An alternative is to define INTRANS with no arguments, as in
INTRANS = (^ PRED)='%stem<(^ SUBJ)>'
With this definition, the simpler invocation _USER_ in the entry for walk will produce (^ PRED)='walk<(^ SUBJ)>' but (^ PRED)='fall<(^ SUBJ)>' in the entry for fall. A %stem reference can thus be used to eliminate redundant specifications in many lexical entries. However, as this example illustrates, the spelling of the %stem reference will be exactly identical to the spelling of the headword, including the same pattern of upper and lower casing.
%stem can also be used as the argument to a complex category in a lexical entry. For instance:
-token!CAT[%stem] *; ONLY.
This is useful if you have brackets labeled with c-structure categories, and you don't want to add lexical entries for all of the categories. All that you need is the lexical entry above, plus a line in the METARULEMACRO like the following:
LeftSquareBracket CAT[_CAT] _CAT RightSquareBracket
projection-value designators
p d
The correspondence phi between c-structure and f-structure was the only projection discussed by Kaplan and Bresnan (1982). Subsequent work, especially Kaplan (1987, 1989), Halvorsen and Kaplan (1988), and Kaplan et al. (1989), presents a more general view of abstract structures representing different aspects of lingusitic organization and of piecewise correspondences relating the elements of those structures. These piecewise correspondences permit abstract structures to be described in terms of the elements and relations of more concrete ones. XLE provides a simple notation for specifying the projection functions that map between different kinds of structures. The notation allows projections to be composed with each other, thus enabling the statement of codescriptive constraints.
In XLE a projection designator p is simply an upper or lower case letter followed by two colons. Thus s::, S::, t::, etc. might all be used to denote different projection correspondences.
If d is a designator of an element in one structure, then p d designates the element corresponding to d through the p projection. For example, if s:: denotes the semantic projection, then s::^ is the semantic structure corresponding to the ^ f-structure, and s::(^ SUBJ) is the semantic structure corresponding to ^'s subject. If r:: denotes the correspondence between, say, units of semantic structure and a structure that represents their referents, then r::s::(^ SUBJ) stands for the referent of the semantic structure corresponding to the SUBJ of ^. Composition of projections is thus indicated by simple concatenation of projection designators, with a leftward projection applying to the element denoted by the designator to its right.
It is worth noting the difference between the conceptual principles embodied in LFG's projection architecture and the use of the distinctive attributes in other grammatical formalisms to represent different kinds of linguistic information in a single structure. Projections are aimed at separating and modularizing different aspects of linguistic organization, so that systems with relatively little interaction can be treated as different kinds of entities. Thus, apart from the explicit difference in notation, XLE displays different projections as separate structures in different windows. Also, for certain operations, projections have behavior that is formally different from the values of ordinary attributes. Projection (but not attribute) inverses are used to define functional precedence and other predicates (see Zaenen & Kaplan, 1995), and generalization takes place over set-valued attributes but not projections, as described by Kaplan and Maxwell (1988b) and implemented in XLE.
c-structure metavariables
These designators can appear in schemata to denote, respectively, the node matching the associated category and the mother of that node. The f-structure metavariables! and ^ are thus exactly equivalent to the specifications f::* and f::M*, where f:: is the f-structure-to-c-structure correspondence. These node designators make it possible to put information structures other than f-structures into correspondence with c-structure nodes. These alternative projections may be kept separate when corresponding f-structures are identified, and they may be equated when the nodes' f-structures are distinct. For example, defining a m:: projection to represent the morphosyntactic features of particular nodes can permit various morphological agreement requirements to be enforced without constraining the functional dependencies encoded in the f-structure (Butt, Nino, and Segond 1996). If English past-participles carry the schema (m::M* PARTICIPLE)=PAST, the perfect auxiliary have can ensure that its morphological complement is of the right type by the schema (m::M* MCOMP PARTICIPLE)=PAST. In m::-structure the features of the embedded verb would be grouped hierarchically under the MCOMP attribute even though the f-structure is arguably flat (by means of the schemata (m::M* MCOMP)=m::* and ^=! associated with the lower VP category).
The c-structure designators * and M* are typically used in the context of c-structure projections (e.g. x::* and y::M*). In addition, XLE allows a limited number of c-structure designators to test for the presence or absence of nearby c-structure nodes. The additional c-structure designators that XLE allows are: (* LEFT_SISTER), (* RIGHT_SISTER), and (* MOTHER) (equivalent to M*). You can also have one or more MOTHER relations between * and the tree relations LEFT_SISTER, RIGHT_SISTER, and MOTHER (e.g. (* MOTHER LEFT_SISTER), (* MOTHER MOTHER LEFT_SISTER), etc.). C-structure designators other than * and M* in the context of c-structure projections can only be used in positive or negative existential constraints (e.g. (* LEFT_SISTER) or ~(* LEFT_SISTER)). Since these constraints apply to c-structures they will not appear anywhere in the f-structure output. This means that if a solution is invalid because it violates one of these c-structure constraints, then the solution will be displayed with the message "BAD TREE CONSTRAINT" but the conflicting constraints will not appear in the display. LS* is a shorthand for (* LEFT_SISTER), and RS* is a shorthand for (* RIGHT_SISTER).
The c-structure designators (* WEIGHT) and (* MOTHER WEIGHT) can be used to designate the weight of a c-structure node. For instance, (* WEIGHT) = 5 indicates that the node designated by * must have a weight of 5. Similarly, (* MOTHER WEIGHT) < 3 indicates that the mother of the node designated by * must have a weight less than 3. These constraints can be used for heavy NP shift and other linguistic phenomena that are sensitive to the weight of a constituent. For instance, the following sample rule could be used for heavy NP shift:
VP --> V
(NP: (^ OBJ)=!)
(NP: (^ OBJ2)=!)
PP*:! $ (^ ADJUNCT);
( PP+:! $ (^ ADJUNCT);
NP: (^ OBJ) =! (* WEIGHT) > 10 ).
This rule says that an object NP can follow one or more PPs if its


Figure 1.
This double plotted actogram shows activity for a representative bird over the course of approximately 30 months, including 2005 when the sleep data for this paper were collected. Vertical yellow lines indicate seasonal changes in daylight. Seasons from which birds were selected for sleep analyses are highlighted (winter (blue) n = 4, spring (green) n = 5, summer (red) n = 4, fall (brown) n = 3). Photoperiods for the winter, spring, summer, and fall seasons were, respectively, 9.5:14.5 LD, 14.75:9.25 LD, 21.5:2.5 LD, and 13.75:10.25 to 16.0:8.0 LD.
Jones et al. BMC Neuroscience 2010 11:87 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-87
Download authors' original image


text:
- When steel is reheated and then cooled in order to make it harder, this is an example of when the steel is tempered.
- When you yell at someone and criticize them but then provide some positive feedback, this is an example of when you tempered your criticism.
Tempered is defined as made harder by adding heat or some substance, or adjusting your temperament.
- having been given the desired temper, consistency, hardness, etc.: tempered steel
- modified by addition of or mixture with other qualities, ingredients, etc.: the mercy in a tempered justice
- having a (specified kind of) temper: bad-tempered
- Music adjusted to a temperament, esp. equal temperament
- Having a specified temper or disposition. Often used in combination: sweet-tempered; ill-tempered.
- Adjusted or attuned by the addition of a counterbalancing element; moderated or measured: "prepare the country to expect hard choices and to appreciate tempered values and moderation in private and public life" (Haynes Johnson).
- Made appropriately hard or flexible by tempering: a sword of tempered steel.
- Having the requisite degree of hardness or elasticity. Used of glass or a metal.
- Music Tuned to temperament. Used of a scale, an interval, a semitone, or intonation.
- Of one's disposition.
- The Pyncheon Elm, throughout its great circumference, was all alive, and full of the morning sun and a sweet-tempered little breeze, which lingered within this verdant sphere, and set a thousand leafy tongues a-whispering all at once. This aged tree appeared to have suffered nothing from the gale. "" Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables, Chapter 19.
- Pertaining to the metallurgical process for finishing metals.
- 1851 "Not forged!" and snatching Perth's levelled iron from the crotch, Ahab held it out, exclaiming -- "Look ye, Nantucketer; here in this hand I hold his death! Tempered in blood, and tempered by lightning are these barbs; and I swear to temper them triply in that hot place behind the fin, where the white whale most feels his accursed life!" "" Herman Melville, Moby Dick.
- Of something moderated or balanced by other considerations.
- 1792 The downcast eye, the rosy blush, the retiring grace, are all proper in their season; but modesty, being the child of reason, cannot long exist with the sensibility that is not tempered by reflection "" Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
- (music) Pertaining to the well-tempered scale, where the twelve notes per octave of the standard keyboard are tuned in such a way that it is possible to play music in any major or minor key and it will not sound perceptibly out of tune.
- Simple past tense and past participle of temper.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Katherine Siva SaubelArticle Free Pass
Katherine Siva Saubel, née Katherine Siva (born March 7, 1920, Los Coyotes Reservation [on the border of Riverside and San Diego counties], Calif., U.S.), Native American scholar and educator committed to preserving her Cahuilla culture and language and to promoting their fuller understanding by the larger public.
Reared on the Palm Springs Reservation in California, Katherine Siva was taught by her parents from an early age to honour the traditions of her people, the Cahuilla. After graduating from Palm Springs High School, she worked as a teacher's assistant at the University of California, Los Angeles (1959–60), and as a consultant to linguist Hansjakob Seiler at the University of Cologne, Germany (1964–74). In the process Saubel became a scholar of the history, literature, and culture of the Cahuilla. Together with her husband, historian Mariano Saubel, and others, she cofounded the Malki Museum on the Morongo Indian Reservation in Banning, California, which not only displays artifacts dating from prehistoric to recent times but also sponsors the publication of scholarly works on Native Americans from the region.
Saubel's own scholarship had two very different focuses: ethnobotany and the Cahuilla language. In the late 1970s Seiler and Saubel collaborated on both a grammar and a dictionary for Cahuilla, a language which had never before been preserved in writing. She also published a dictionary, I'Isniyatam (Designs): A Cahuilla Word Book (1977). An authority also on the unique Cahuilla uses of plants, Saubel was the coauthor, with anthropologist John Lowell Bean, of Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants (1972) and of two books of ethnobotanical notes. In addition to teaching Cahuilla history, literature, and culture on various campuses in California and at the University of Cologne, Saubel also served on the California Native American Heritage Commission, where her intervention helped preserve locations sacred to Native Americans throughout the state. She was named 1987 Elder of the Year by the California State Indian Museum and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
What made you want to look up "Katherine Siva Saubel"? Please share what surprised you most...


Outdoor 2021
Outdoor 2021
One of the most distinctive symbols of the Biennale is the Outdoor section, the beating heart of the event with monumental cardboard sculptures. The works are made during a residence in which the chosen artists are hosted for a month in Lucca, to realize his monumental sculpture. The artists hosted, meet daily in a workshop where they have at their disposal the material, equipment and all the support they need in order to realize their artistic vision. This opportunity allows to compare the different cultures and technical knowledge of each artist.
At the beginning of the event the works are located in the beautiful squares of Lucca, becoming a real wonderful attraction for all visitors to the city.
The call for the 10th Edition of Lucca Biennale includes as its theme "Fear and Desire", a dualism studied and developed by artists to give life to unique works. For 2021 there are 6 artists selected from all over the world. Curious to know them? Find out who they are!
 - Claudio Acuña
 Claudio Acuña
 First of all, movement
 Claudio Acuña Jiménez is a Designer, Artist and University professor. His works stand out for using paper and its derivatives as a support, studying and perfecting the technique of origami and sculpture, He has developed his own techniques highlighting paper and its possibilities, becoming recognizable. In 2010, he created the "Paper Factory" Project as a way of creating large-scale projects in public spaces, with the theme of representing the human being and his life in society.
 ARTWORK: The work to be done at the Lucca Biennale is a large-format installation, which will invite reflection on social behavior; that forces us to take a side when making decisions and how those decisions when multiplied are those that generate movements, which define the ways of life today.
 Claudio Acuña
 - TOMA!
 The Amazon
 María Dolores del Sol Ontalba & Antonio Nardozzi collaborate on both research in the field of architecture and in the analysis of complex geometries and technics through TOMA!, a building workshop where most of their work is based on the application of experimental concepts to design and architecture at any scale. Backed by their distinct paths and various experiences, in a continuous exchange and confrontation, they try to enrich each other by encouraging further common thinking. Over the years, TOMA! [team of manufacturers architects] allowed them to share ideas and points of view on architecture and the most urgent social issues related to it.
 ARTWORK: The work presented for Lucca Biennale 2021, shows a large forest where we find that trees are made from the remains of cardboard boxes. Fear and desire coexist together in a small artificial forest. Those boxes that populate our homes and we can't wait to open, often contain objects of desire induced by consumerism and advertisements, superfluous objects protected by a precious material such as paper. In the current scenario of deforestation and strong climatic changes, the amazon wants to make people think about the thin thread that binds desire and fear, consumption and pollution, useful and useless.
 - Papier Atelier
 Papier Atelier
 The Paper Atelier is an artistic duo composed by Türker Akman, who studied architecture and Deniz Yılmaz Akman who instead studied sociology. Together, they are creating paper sculptures and installations.
 ARTWORK: While thinking about the theme "Fear&Desire", the story of "1001 Nights" appeared in their minds. And focused on Shahryar's dilemma about the fear of being cheated on and the desire to hear the end of the never-ending tales of Scheherazade. They decided to reflect this in-between situation with a wire walker scene. The fear of falling down and desire to hear the end of the tales push Shahryar to walk across the wire. The artists want to reflect on two different fear factors with this piece. Firstly, the character's hardly balancing posture will reflect the fear of falling. Secondly, the viewer's fear of passing under the massive looking sculpture.
 Papier Atelier
 - Sebastian Blomqvist
 Sebastian Blomqvist
 Crossing borders
 The artist have been experimenting with cardboard and papier mâché as a sculpting medium for about eight years. He has evolved a strong interest in exploring architecture and the anatomy of the human body using only cardboard these days.
 ARTWORK: For Lucca Biennale 2021 he will build a bull, using architectural elements existing in the city of Lucca to emphasize the story that has inspired him: the greek myth of Europa. Europa was a princess, in what is now Syria and Lebanon. In the myth, Zeus, disguised as a bull, takes the princess across the Mediterranean sea, hence creating the cultural seed that has become the western civilisation. Europa was in a way a refugee, escaping the rage of the goddess Hera, and the bull as the vessel that made her journey possible. The artist find interesting, the way that the myth reminds us today about the refugees making the same journey to the ports of Europe.
 Sebastian Blomqvist
 - Ankon Mitra
 Ankon Mitra
 Clouds of illusion
 Ankon Mitra is an architect and artist of international repute. Recipient of the All-India Gold Medal for Sculpture in 2018 and the Lexus Design Award for Craft Design in 2020, his work has been exhibited in India, Italy, France, UK, USA, Japan and most recently the Shanghai International Paper Art Biennale in 2019. He is a finalist at the Arte Laguna in Venice, a TEDx speaker and a warrior for'making connections across disciplines', with 'Oritecture = Origami + Architecture', Mitra shares a unique vision of a universe forming and dissolving from acts of folding. He is also a recipient of the Outdoor Award of Lucca Biennale in the previous edition of 2018.
 ARTWORK: The work that will be presented at the Biennale 2021 represents a cloud made of money that floats over our entire living existence. We never got rid of it; almost nothing we do is spared from the power and influence of these clouds. It is the oil that moves human civilization. Viewers walk through a dense forest of clouds made of money, immersed and lost in illusion, not realizing that money has taken their imagination completely, and has become the most important element that feeds reality.
 Ankon Mitra
 - Amber Dohrenwend
 Amber Dohrendwend
 Sleep Walker
 Amber Dohrenwend is an American artist based in Tokyo, Japan. She constructs post-consumer cardboard sculptures, costuming and installations with soft, organic curves and textures. Her technique transmits a feeling of transparency and levity through the cardboard and the material is unexpectedly transformed from something flat and lifeless into something much warmer and more alive. She sees cardboard as the perfect medium for creating objects that can exist in a moment, meet people where they are, and then be reduced to material again.
 ARTWORK: For the Biennale she has created a work titled, "Sleep walker," which imagines form and movement in the space that exist between the extremes of fear and desire.
 Amber Dohrenwend
The 10th Edition of Lucca Biennale will be held for the first time in an odd year from August 1 to September 26, 2021.
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text: Let's focus in on the strings. Uhm, you have six strings on a guitar. Uh, this highest one here the thinnest string you have is the first string. Uh, this one is called E. Uh, the second string is called B. The third string is called G. The fourth string is called D. Uhm the fifth string is called A and the sixth string is called E. So that's important to know for lots of reasons. Uh, one is for tuning, you know. We're gonna need to know which string to tune and in most tuners will have uh, the letter corresponding to it. And then also later on when we talk about notes on a guitar, the starting point for each string is gonna be important.


text:
For a child, little is more important than health. Young children are at special risk of injury and illness, and their health often sets the stage for their adult life. By providing your child with the proper health care, you can address immediate health problems and thus prevent any negative impact on their growth and development.
Dr. Pamela Mancini, head pediatrician at PL Pediatrics, has been serving children in the Fredericksburg area since 1989. She and her associates at PL Pediatrics care for children from infancy to 18 years old, providing diagnostics, health tips, immunizations and more. They take pride in their friendly service, team of professionals and years of experience serving Fredericksburg families.
PL Pediatrics offers a variety of services, including:
- Preventative care, such as annual physical exams, vaccinations and immunizations and wellness exams,
- Treatment of acute symptoms, such as ear infections, strep throat, flu, and colds and
- Management of chronic issues, such as hypertension, diabetes and elevated cholesterol.
Whatever your child's health condition, the pediatricians at PL Pediatrics are equipped with years of experience and service to meet your needs. If your child needs a specialist, PL Pediatrics offers recommended providers to ensure your child's health needs are met.
If you're looking for health care for your child, call PL Pediatrics at _PHONE_ or visit plpediatrics.com.


text:
An assessor is a person assigned by an accreditation body to
perform an assessment at an agency or laboratory based on a variety
of standards. There are three categories of assessors:
- Lead AssessorThe assessor with overall responsibility for the
assessment, including preparation with the laboratory, leadership
of the assessment team, writing the assessment report, and
coordinating a corrective action response.
- Technical AssessorThe person who conducts the assessment of
the technical competency of the laboratory for specific areas and
may aid in the assessment of the management system as
- Technical ExpertThe person assigned to provide specific
knowledge or expertise with respect to a specific discipline being
FQS assessors are initially qualified on the basis of their
education, training, and experience. Various performance measures,
such as written exams and observations during assessments, are used
to ensure ongoing competence.
FQS prides itself on the quality and expertise of our assessors.
They range from a variety of disciplines and their backgrounds are
among the top scientists in their fields. FQS's Manager of
Accreditation evaluates all applicants and categorizes them based
on their level of expertise. Assessors and assessment teams are
evaluated during assessments to monitor their continued
performance. All FQS assessors are compensated for the time spent
If you're interested in becoming an assessor for FQS, send e-mail or call _PHONE_ to
request an assessor application package.
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text:
Process is defined as a series of actions to achieve a particular end. The process for the above map began in a different context. Originally, it depicted just the United States. However, that did not show the complexity of how tourism affects the use of water in Los Angeles. Even though it began along the correct lines, the end of that process was not the desired effect despite having all the data that was needed to achieve it. And thus the process began anew.
The City of Angels is a popular tourist destination, attracting 41.4 million visitors, second to New Yorks annual average of 48 million tourist. But then again that is New York city, the Big Apple, the City that Never Sleeps. The City of Angels, on the other hand likes its beauty sleep as much as it likes its water. But the question lies on how does tourism effect water consumption in Los Angeles? The answer was a bit surprising. It is estimated that domestic US tourists use 3% more water than they do when they are home and international tourist visiting the US use about 3.5% more water. In long run, what does this mean. The DWP reported that in 2012, Los Angeles water demand was about 200 billion gallons of water. Tourist, on average will use about 6.5% of that water demand, or 70 million gallons of water per year.


text:
Vermiculation is decoration of a surface by means of random channels resembling worm-tracks or honeycomb. In masonry this is typically a process of carving or finishing of building stones with irregular grooves.
In Australian terrace houses, it is often done using the same process with stucco render. Vermiculation is typically found on projecting sections of party walls, where the roof and floors meet with the party walls. It is sometimes also found as a frieze below the cornice or above it on the parapet. Rarely it is found on the facade itself or other stuccoed architectural elements made to resemble stone such as gates.


text:
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In reply to your question as to whether or not E coli 0157:H7 and the
other verotoxin toxin strains acquired the toxin gene by laboratory
genetic engineering. There has been serious discussion in the literature
debating that point. There is evidence that the verotoxin genes can be
transmitted born on a transducing bacteriaphage (meaning that the toxin
genes may be transmitted between bacteria on a virus). It seems most
likely that the transfer of the toxin genes is a natural phenomenon and
one amplified by growing problem of the proximity of farm animals and
people, feedlot fattening of range cattle in the corn county has created
a lot of poop near fruit and vegetable farms and near main municipal wells.
The people made ill have bloody diarrhea but most of those killed or
crippled suffer kidney and later other organ damage from the verotoxin.
It has been claimed that the pasture or feedlot run off of the bacteria
can be greatly reduced by adding the plastic, polyacrylamide, to the
Hope this discussion helps, Cheers, Joe
Roberto Verzola wrote:
My thanks to Joe Cummins and Frank Teuton for the E.coli
So far, this is what I've learned:
- most of hundreds of E.coli strains are harmless (in fact, we need
the E.coli inside our gut because they produce some vitamins for
- a few strains are harmful, and the one which has received the
most coverage recently is the O157:H7 strain, which causes a form
of diarrhea which can be fatal.
- the presence of E.coli in water is used as *indicator*. While the
E.coli itself may not be harmful, its presence implies possible fecal
contamination of the water. Such fecal contamination means other
contaminants -- this time pathogenic -- may also be present.
- E.coli is both aerobic and anaerobic (ie, it can survive in either
environment); this seems to contradict recent exchanges on Sanet
re compost teas which implied that aeration kills E.coli. Apparently
not. Can Elaine Ingram clarify this?
- E.coli has been the most common target of bacterial genetic
engineering. ie, all kinds of genes and plasmids have been inserted
into E.coli. Another question for Joe Cummins: is it possible that
these genetic manipulations created the pathogenic strains of
Regards to all,


text:
Simple, Robust and Optimal Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons
Nihar B. Shah, Martin J. Wainwright; 18(199):1−38, 2018.
We consider data in the form of pairwise comparisons of $n$ items, with the goal of identifying the top $k$ items for some value of $k < n$, or alternatively, recovering a ranking of all the items. We analyze the Borda counting algorithm that ranks the items in order of the number of pairwise comparisons won, and show it has three attractive features: (a) it is an optimal method achieving the information-theoretic limits up to constant factors; (b) it is robust in that its optimality holds without imposing conditions on the underlying matrix of pairwise-comparison probabilities, in contrast to some prior work that applies only to the BTL parametric model; and (c) its computational efficiency leads to speed-ups of several orders of magnitude. We address the problem of exact recovery, and for the top-$k$ recovery problem we also extend our results to obtain sharp guarantees for approximate recovery under the Hamming distortion metric, and more generally, to any arbitrary error requirement that satisfies a simple and natural monotonicity condition. In doing so, we introduce a general framework that allows us to treat a variety of problems in the literature in an unified manner.
|© JMLR 2018.|


text:
For many households, pets are not just animals but beloved family members. Just as you'd want the best healthcare coverage for yourself and your human family, it's crucial to consider pet insurance to protect your furry or feathered friends. With a plethora of pet insurance providers available, it can be overwhelming to make the right choice. To help you make an informed decision, we've compiled the top questions you should ask before selecting a pet insurance provider for your family.
1. What Types of Coverage Do You Offer?
When it comes to pet insurance, not all providers are created equal. The first question you should ask is about the types of coverage they offer. Generally, pet insurance plans can include:
Accident-only coverage: Covers injuries resulting from accidents.
Illness coverage: Covers various illnesses, diseases, and non-pre-existing conditions.
Wellness or routine care coverage: Includes preventive services like vaccinations and check-ups.
Hereditary and congenital conditions coverage: Your pet may be predisposed to conditions due to their breed.
Dental coverage: Includes dental treatments and procedures.
Prescription medication coverage: Covers the cost of prescription drugs.
Understanding what each plan includes will help you choose the one that best suits your pet's needs.
2. What Are Your Policy Exclusions?
It's essential to clarify what a pet insurance policy does not cover. Standard exclusions may include:
Pre-existing conditions: Health issues your pet had before getting insurance.
Certain breed-specific conditions: Some insurers may exclude conditions common in specific breeds.
Cosmetic procedures: Procedures that aren't medically necessary.
Experimental treatments: Treatments that aren't widely accepted in veterinary medicine.
Preventable conditions: Health issues that could have been appropriately avoided.
Knowing the exclusions can prevent surprises and help you manage your expectations.
3. What Is Your Claim Process Like?
Understanding the claims process is crucial for a hassle-free experience when your pet needs medical attention. Ask about the following aspects:
How to submit a claim: Inquire about the submission methods, such as online, mobile app, or traditional mail.
Claim approval times: Understand how long it takes for claims to be processed and approved.
Reimbursement methods: Learn how you'll receive reimbursements, whether it's through direct deposits or checks.
Claim limits: Check for any annual or lifetime limits on claims.
4. Can I Choose My Veterinarian?
Some pet insurance providers have a network of preferred veterinarians, while others allow you to visit any licensed veterinarian. If you have a trusted vet, ensure your insurance plan will enable you to continue using their services without restrictions.
5. How Are Premiums Calculated?
Pet insurance premiums can vary widely based on your pet's age, breed, location, and the coverage you select. Ask the provider how they calculate premiums and if they offer any discounts, such as multi-pet or annual payment discounts.
6. Is There a Waiting Period?
Most pet insurance plans have a waiting period before coverage kicks in. This waiting period can range from a few days to a few weeks. Ensure you know your chosen plan's waiting period to avoid unexpected expenses.
7. Do You Cover Chronic and Long-Term Conditions?
Pets, like humans, can develop chronic and long-term conditions that require ongoing care. Ask the insurer if they provide coverage for these conditions and if there are any limitations.
8. How Does the Deductible Work?
The deductible is the amount you're responsible for paying before your insurance coverage begins. Understanding how deductibles work and whether they are per-incident or annual can help you budget for your pet's healthcare expenses.
Choosing the right pet insurance provider is significant for any pet owner. By asking these essential questions, you can make an informed choice that ensures your furry family members receive the best possible healthcare without breaking the bank. Remember that the right pet insurance policy provides peace of mind, knowing you can provide the best care for your beloved companions without worrying about the cost.


The darker the night, the brighter the stars?
S = % of life spent in suffering
(1-S) = % of life spent in pleasure
f(S) = some function of S
 - f(S) is linear.**
f(S) = aS + 1
a – Sa – aS – 1 – 1 = 0
a – 2aS = 2
-2aS = 2 – a
2aS = a -2
S = (a – 2) / 2a
* You'll also notice I'm making two unrealistic assumptions here:
18 Responses to The darker the night, the brighter the stars?
 1. I was thinking there should be a constant added which represents the amount of time you are neither happy or suffering …
 I really loved your process here. Brought a smile to my face
 2. alex says:
 Here is something of a shorcut to see that the ideal S is at most 1/2. You are optimizing a function which is a quadratic with a negative leading coefficient, so its largest value occurs at the midpoint of the roots. Now one root is in [0,1] (because your function is positive at S=0 and negative at S=1) and the other root is negative (if it were positive, your function would be negative at S=0). So their midpoint lies on the left of 1/2.
 3. alex says:
 I should also mention that the conclusion that at least half of life should be spent
 without suffering holds if f(s) is an arbitrary concave function, as you indeed suggest. It is actually not very hard to show the following:
 Theorem: If
 U(s) = (1-s) f(s) – s,
 where f(s) is a continuous, concave, and increasing function on [0,1] which satisfies f(0)=1, then the maximum of U(s) over the interval [0,1] is achieved by some s<1/2.
 If that statement sounds interesting to you, I would be happy to sketch out the proof.
 4. Max says:
 Neat. Reminds me of a model I came up with for distributing limited resources, like a loaf of bread among a thousand people. The optimal solution is not to give everyone a crumb which they'll barely notice, but to give out decent slices until it runs out.
 5. Max says:
 Why is it more realistic for f(S) to be concave rather than convex? Increasing suffering from 1% to 2% doesn't have as much impact on pleasure as increasing suffering from 98% to 99%.
 So let's set f(S) equal to the ratio of suffering to pleasure: f(S) = S/(1-S)
 Then, Total Happiness = [(1-S) * f(S)] – S = 0, so it's not affected by the amount of suffering.
 - Max says:
 To make f(0)=1, we can set f(S) = (S+1)/(1-S), in which case Total Happiness = 1, so it's still not affected by suffering.
 Or we could set f(S) = 1/(1-S), in which case Total Happiness = 1-S, so zero suffering is best.
 This shows how subjective choices affect the outcome, which is why such models have to be validated.
 6. Vesuvium says:
 For an empirical perspective, a recent article in J.Pers.Soc.Psych by Seery, Holman, and Silver finds: "In a multiyear longitudinal study of a national sample, people with a history of some lifetime adversity reported better mental health and well-being outcomes than not only people with a high history of adversity but also than people with no history of adversity.",%20Holman,%20&%20Silver%202010%20JPSP.pdf
 7. In other words you took a simple truism {concept} and made it complicated. So much for today's so called educated mind.
 - It seems that you're saying that overcomplication is a poor use of a good mind, and I would certainly agree. However, I think Julia's post was meant to convey the point that truisms, while simple, are neither very accurate nor very useful, and then she tried to use a rational, mathematical approach to gain an understanding of how it is we really assess the value and happiness in our lives. Does that seem like a better use of time and intelligence?
 - Max says:
 Ignorance is bliss.
 8. Ric says:
 Aw, geez… Did I pet the cat yesterday? Did I enjoy that cookie? Did I get laid recently? Did I enjoy that sunset last night? Did I exercise? Was I nice to people? Did I annoy a miserable crazymaker grump? Now we're talking happy utility and hell with the math. 🙂
 9. Cocorastuti Von Semberg says:
 You are a graceful web monster of futile unnecessary complications….! Congratulations from Argentinien.
 Cocorastuti Von Semberg
 10. noah says:
 Your function is affine, not linear.
 Also, for any concave function the optimal S is bounded by 1/2 (oops already pointed out by alex!). In fact for any lipschitz function you can bound it in the same way you already do using the lipschitz constant (for any differentiable nondecreasing concave function this will just be the derivative at 0 in your case).
 Finally, I think what you want is F(2*S) = F(S) + 2 — at least that's usually why one does a log transform to gdp or utility — giving us F(S) = log(S)
 11. Kaleberg says:
 I thought the stars were always the same brightness, but the moon, city lights, clouds and what not made the sky brighter and darker. That's so disappointing.
 12. Phil Goetz says:
 Brilliant. I mean, once you ask the question, "How can I mathematically analyze the contribution suffering makes to my happiness?", the rest follows. But asking the question is brilliant.
 I would like to see an analysis done assuming that f is concave, and that Pleasure + Pain + Indifference = 1 (requires another equation to solve). Also, an analysis of happiness and sadness, with the assumption that happiness = d(Pleasure-Pain)/dt = -sadness.
 Nitpick: S is a fraction, not a percentage.
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text:
The Bluest Eye, the poetry of
Charles Waddell Chesnutt
's The Conjure Woman, the folktales collected by Zora Neale Hurston, the Bible, Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, Shakespeare's The Tempest and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Dante's Inferno.
Her first novel, The Women of Brewster Place, is made up of seven stories concerning seven different African American women, all of whom live on the same dead‐end street in an unnamed Northern city. Naylor begins her novel with an excerpt from Langston Hughes's poem "Harlem" and frames the novel as the answer to his question "What happens to a dream deferred?" ("Harlem" is part of Hughes's longer work, Montage of a Dream Deferred ). The stories told are of dreams long deferred, of lives marked by poverty, struggle, and violence. The women who make up Brewster Place are Mattie Michael, Cora Lee, Ceil, Etta Mae Johnson, Kiswana Browne, Lorraine, and Theresa. The arrest and flight of Mattie's only son, an illegitimate child, forces her to sell her house and move to Brewster Place. Cora Lee has too many children, all of whom run wild. Ceil's young child dies tragically. Etta Mae is a former "kept woman," grown too old to be kept. Kiswana is a privileged girl attempting to give back to the community. Lorraine and Theresa are a lesbian couple who have been harassed from place to place, finally ending up at Brewster Place. Brewster Place is the end of the line for these characters and all the other residents. The novel culminates in the rape of Lorraine and in the literal and symbolic destruction of the brick wall that has shut off Brewster Place from the city and has separated the residents from success and fulfillment in life. The Women of Brewster Place was made into a television movie in 1989 and starred
The structure of Naylor's second novel, Linden Hills, to some degree mirrors the structure of Dante's Inferno. Luther Nedeed, the founder of Linden Hills, a wealthy Black subdivision in an unnamed city, established Linden Hills in 1820 on a hillside unwanted by Whites. The physical layout of Linden Hills corresponds to the circles of Dante's hell, and those who live there are understood to have made a deal with the devil.
The novel is linked to The Women of Brewster Place by the characters Kiswana Brown and Theresa (Lorraine's partner), who escaped from Linden Hills to Brewster Place. The wife of the fifth and current Luther Nedeed is Willa Prescott. Willa is the grandniece of Miranda Day, Mama Day of Naylor's later novel of the same name. Luther Nedeed has her locked in the basement because he deems their newborn son an abomination for having skin
color that is too light. Their son dies during her imprisonment, and the action switches between Willa's grieving and the experiences of Willie and Lester, two young men who travel the "circles" of Linden Hills doing odd jobs. The novel argues that the residents of Linden Hills are damned because they have accepted the racist and materialist doctrine of the United States—one that claims Whiteness is superior to Blackness and money is everything.
Naylor's third novel, Mama Day, is set in the fictional Sea Island of Willow Springs, an island situated between but unclaimed by either South Carolina or Georgia. It is magical place. This magic is felt by all the residents and is traced to Sapphira Wade, the powerful and mysterious ancestress of the island, of whom Miranda Day, the Mama Day of the title, is a direct descendant and thus has inherited her power. The narrative structure of Mama Day is one of Naylor's most complicated. The novel opens with three pages of documents that include a hand‐drawn map of the island, a genealogy chart of the Day family naming Sapphira Wade as the sole origin of the family, and the bill of sale for Sapphira Wade to Bascombe Wade. Bascombe Wade was the original owner of Willow Springs, but it was deeded to the residents of the island so long ago that no one can remember exactly when. All three of these documents provide the reader with information that the characters of the novel lack. Indeed, the name and identity of Sapphira Wade is unknown to the residents of Willow Springs, at least to the parts of their minds that use words. The legends of the island tell of Sapphira's power to wrest freedom for herself and all the slaves of Bascombe Wade. The novel then opens in the second person ("you") and exhorts the reader to listen. The story is told in flashback and is framed as a conversation between Ophelia, Mama Day's grandniece, and Ophelia's husband, George. It is a dramatic story with grand themes of enduring love, unshakable faith, and worthy sacrifice, and is arguably Naylor's most optimistic novel.
The action of Naylor's fourth novel, Bailey's Café, is centered on the café and its surrounding neighborhood. "Bailey" and his wife Nadine run the café, and the novel itself is made up of stories concerning the inhabitants of and visitors to the neighborhood. In addition to the café, there is a boardinghouse (or bordello) run by Eve and a pawnshop run by Gabriel. There are seven stories of abuse and oppression experienced by women who visit the café or live at Eve's. One of the women is Sadie, who is turned into a prostitute and sterilized at age thirteen by her mother. Esther, another character, is twelve when she is sold (or "married" off) by her brother to his employer, who sexually abuses and punishes her in the basement. The adult Esther lives in Eve's basement, where she has sex with men. The character Mary is traumatized by her father's overzealous protection of her beauty and chastity and, having internalized shame and guilt, she gouges her face. She, too, works at Eve's. The character Jesse Bell is a heroin addict, harassed because she is a lesbian. Eve takes Mariam in because she is fourteen and pregnant, apparently by an immaculate conception. Mariam's child is George of Mama Day. In this novel Naylor emphasizes music, with
songs as a recurrent motif
informing, for instance, the titles of chapters. Bailey's Café was adapted into a stage play and performed in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1994.
Naylor's next novel, The Men of Brewster Place, can be understood as an answer to criticism leveled at her and other contemporary African American women writers that positive Black male characters are missing from their work. Naylor revisits Brewster Place, this time telling the stories of seven men, most of whom are characters from her previous novel: Ben the janitor; Mattie's son, Basil; Etta Mae's seducer, Moreland T. Woods; the gang leader C. C. Baker; Ciel's husband, Eugene; the silent Brother Jerome; and Kiswana's boyfriend, Abshu. Their stories also tell of the loneliness, the despair, and the oppression these men endure. Abshu emerges from the ruins of these stories as the only one with hope for a better future.
Like many other contemporary novelists, Naylor not only writes but also teaches and lectures. Among the universities where she has taught are New York University, Princeton, the University of Pennsylvania, Boston University, Brandeis, Cornell, and the University of Kent in Canterbury, England. She received an American Book Award in 1983, a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1985, and a Guggenheim fellowship in 1988. Naylor established One Way Productions in 1990, a multimedia production company. She is currently at work on a novel that is reportedly a further exploration of Sapphira Wade of Mama Day. (See
Gloria Naylor: Bailey's Café (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992); Linden Hills (1985; repr. New York: Penguin, 1995); Mama Day (1988; repr. New York: Vintage, 1989); The Men of Brewster Place (New York: Hyperion, 1998); The Women of Brewster Place (1982; repr. New York: Penguin, 1983).
Sharon Felton and Michelle C. Loris, eds., The Critical Response to Gloria Naylor (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997); Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah eds., Gloria Naylor: Critical Perspectives Past and Present (New York: Amistad, 1993); Margot Anne Kelly, ed., Gloria Naylor's Early Novels (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1999); Shirley A. Stave ed., Gloria Naylor: Strategy and Technique, Magic and Myth (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001); Margaret Earley Whitt, Understanding Gloria Naylor (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997).
Neal, Larry (1937–1981)
Playwright, poet, essayist, editor, folklorist, and filmmaker. Larry Neal was a major figure in the development of the
Black Arts Movement
(BAM). According to the writers of The African‐American Odyssey, "the formal beginning of the movement was the founding in 1965, of the Black Arts Repertory Theater" (547). The founders of the
Black Arts Repertory Theatre


Quick Answer: What Is The Role Of Mannitol And Phenol Red In MSA?
What does a red color symbolize in a MSA plate?
Bacteria growing on mannitol salt agar are positive for mannitol fermentation if the culture medium under their colonies is changed from its normal red color to yellow, indicating acidic growth products.
Bacteria unable to use mannitol usually change the medium to a magenta color in the vicinity of growth..
What Bacteria grows on MSA?
Does E coli grow on MSA?
(A) Staphylococcus aureus, (B) Staphylococcus epidermidis, and (C) Escherichia coli streaked on a mannitol salt agar plate. … The growth of E. coli was inhibited by the high salt concentration.
What is the application of MSA?
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is used as a selective and differential medium for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and non-clinical specimens. It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others.
What does an MSA plate test for?
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is used to determine if the bacteria is halophilic (salt loving) and if the bacteria can ferment mannitol. If the bacteria is able to grow then it is a halophilic bacteria, due to it's ability to grow in a high salt environment.
Can gram negative bacteria grow on MSA?
The MSA agar will retain its initial red color and will not change to yellow. Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli and P. aeriginosa are not tolerant to salt (not halophilic) and will not grow colonies on MSA (see quadrants II and IV).
What is the role of phenol red in MSA?
If an organism can ferment mannitol, an acidic byproduct is formed that causes the phenol red in the agar to turn yellow. It is used for the selective isolation of presumptive pathogenic (pp) Staphylococcus species.
What ingredient makes MSA selective?
Mannitol salt agar is selective due to the presence of 7.5% sodium chloride (NaCl).
Would removal of sodium chloride from MSA?
Answer and Explanation: Yes, the removal of sodium chloride from MSA will alter the medium's sensitivity or specificity to a great extent.
How does the NaCl IN MSA kill organisms?
Provides the substrate for fermentation and makes the medium differential. What does the NaCl contained in MSA do? Makes the medium selective because its concentration is high enough to dehydrate and kill most bacteria. … Indicates whether fermentation has taken place by changing color as the pH changes.
What will turn MSA yellow?
What is the role of sodium chloride in MSA and how does it work?
Answer and Explanation: Sodium chloride is used in MSA to provide the essential fermentation substrate. It limits the growth of most organisms apart from bacteria in mixed…


text:
This paper investigates whether people are equally irrational in finance and everyday decisions by examining the responses of a 20-question survey conducted at Pace University. Results from our data indicated that we could not conclude that people are more irrational in one area more than the other. People appear to be equally overconfident in both. Testing for frame versus substance, the second set of data; the t-test signifies that people are more irrational in their finance decisions than they are in their everyday decisions with more than 99% certainty. The third and final category of responses were tested for problem solving: in other words are people more rational in solving problems, such as "Montay Hall" questions, in finance or everyday. From the t-test results we were not able to conclude that people are more irrational in their finance decisions than they are in their everyday decisions. The test did however confirm previous research that people, given a second opportunity, usually do not choose to change their first response even if by calculating the probability it is the more rational decision. It seems reasonable to obtain different results for different decisions making traits. On the basis of these results we conclude that although people are irrational in general they may be more irrational in finance or everyday depending on the irrational behavior being examined.
Kats, Milena, "Are We Equally Irrational in Financial and Everyday Decisions?" (2006). Honors College Theses. Paper 44.


text:
eXtensible Business Reporting Language
XBRL stands for Extensible Business Reporting Language. It is a new global standard of Financial and Business Reporting with an Open Technology. It is used for electronic sharing and communication of business and financial data. It facilitates preparation, analysis and communication of business information. It offers significant cost savings, greater efficiency, accuracy and reliability in use of financial data.
XBRL and XML
The concept of XBRL is developed and derived from XML (eXtensible Markup Language) by international non-profit consortium of companies, organizations and government agencies. XBRL is a flexible version of XML. It provides a standard set of XML tags for exchanging accounting information and financial statements between companies and analysts. It is free of license fees.
XBRL consists of core language of XML elements and attributes. It allows and helps software vendors and programmers to adopt this language for preparation and distribution process. It also helps to enhance, exchange and comparison of business reporting information. The scope of XBRL extends to financial statements, financial information, non financial information, general ledger transaction and regulatory findings, such as annual and quarterly reports.
XBRL with Computers
The computes recognize the data in XBRL document, select it, analyze it, store it, exchange it with other computers and present it automatically in a variety of ways for users. XBRL greatly increases the speed of handling of financial data, reduces the chance of error and permits automatic checking of information.
XBRL in Organizations
All types of organizations can use XBRL. As XBRL is extensible and flexible, it can be adapted to fulfill different requirements. By using XBRL, company and other producers of financial data and business reports can automate the processes of data collection.
Companies can use XBRL to save costs and simplifies their processes for collecting and reporting financial information. XBRL can handle data in different languages and accounting standards. It can flexibly be adapted to meet different requirements and uses. Data can be transformed into XBRL by suitable mapping tools or it can be generated in XBRL by appropriate software.
In XBRL information is broken down into unique items of data. These data items are then assigned mark-up tags that make them computer-readable. For example, the tag 100 enables a computer to understand that the item is liabilities, and it has a value of 100.
As XBRL tags are formed in a universally-accepted way, they can be read and processed by any computer that has XBRL software. XBRL tags are defined and organized using categorization schemes called taxonomies.XBRL doesnot treat financial information as a block of text or numeric items, instead it attaches a unique electronically readable tag for each individual financial term.
Different countries use different accounting standards. Reporting under each standard reflects differing definitions. The XBRL language uses different dictionaries, known as 'taxonomies', to define the specific tags used for each standard. Taxonomies are the computer-readable 'dictionaries' of XBRL. The taxonomies provide definitions for XBRL tags, they provide information about the tags, and they organize the tags so that they have a meaningful structure.
Taxonomy is made up schema and linkbases. Schema is the set of all the concepts with their XBRL attributes and documentation. All the attributes that required for the XBRL software to understand the meaning of a concept have to be defined. The linkbases provide the relationship amongst the various concepts. While building the taxonomy three broad reporting categories have been considered, taking into account the different reporting requirements. These are:-
1. Commercial and Industrial
2. Banking Companies
3. Non-Banking Finance companies
Ways to create Financial Statements In XBRL
- XBRL-aware accounting software products are becoming available which will support the export of data in XBRL form. These tools allow users to map charts of accounts and other structures to XBRL tags.
- Statements can be mapped into XBRL using XBRL software tools designed for this purpose
- Data from accounting databases can be extracted in XBRL format. It is not strictly necessary for an accounting software vendor to use XBRL; third party products can achieve the transformation of the data to XBRL.
- Applications can transform data in particular formats into XBRL. The route which an individual company may take will depend on its requirements and the accounting software and systems it currently uses, among other factors.
Banks Submitting Returns to RBI in XBRL
A set of returns for monitoring capital adequacy and other statutory returns have been implemented using XBRL under RBI Act 1934. Rationalises the number of returns to be submitted by banks, thus reduces reporting burden on banks.With the introduction of XBRL, RBI could bring down number of returns from 291 to 225(vide RBI Press Release dated 14 August 2008 and 17 December 2008.)
Benefit to a company
- Increases the utility of financial statement information.
- The need to re-key financial data for analytical and other purposes can be eliminated.
- Companies can automate data collection.
- Reports can be produced with minimum efforts.
- Removes time-consumption, error-prone processes as well as performs accuracy checks on software.
XBRL in MCA
Circular No. 09/2011.It has been decided by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to mandate certain class of companies to file balance sheets and profit and loss account for the year 2010-11 onwards by using XBRL taxonomy. The Financial Statements required to be filed in XBRL format would be based upon the Taxonomy on XBRL developed for the existing Schedule VI, as per the existing, (non converged) Accounting Standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006.
Income tax Department accepts Income Tax Returns in xml format. The data submitted in pdf formats is capable of getting exported to xml.
According to General Circular No. 37/2011 dt. 7-6-2011 XBRL filing is mandatory in a phased manner based on existing Schedule VI. For the companies having balance sheet date on or after 31/03/2011 the last date of filing will be 30th November or 60 days from the date whichever is later.
Coverage in Phase I
The following class of companies has to file the Financial Statements in XBRL Form only from the year 2010-2011:-
(i)All companies listed in India and their subsidiaries, including overseas subsidiaries;
(ii)All companies having a paid up capital of Rs. 5 Crore and above or a Turnover of Rs. 100 crore or above.
- Unlisted Companies
- Overseas Subsidiaries of Listed Companies
- Power Companies
- Insurance Companies
XBRL is set to become the standard way of recording, storing and transmitting business financial information. It is capable of use throughout the world, whatever the language of the country concerned, for a wide variety of business purposes. It will deliver major cost savings and gains in efficiency, improving processes in companies, governments and other organizations.
With this XBRL Mandate, analysis of the use of the taxonomies and ability to easily modify them will become critical in evolving the reporting regulations. Companies and finance professionals would need to submit financial data on XBRL format to MCA and MCA would need to verify the data to ensure compliance with structural and reporting guidelines and analyze them quickly and reliably to ensure quality, accuracy and consistency.
Author: Sweta Agarwal
Contact: +91 _PHONE_, +91 _PHONE_
Date: 06 July 2011


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Taxonomic name: Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz 1865)
Synonyms: Mnemiopsis gardeni L.Agassiz 1860, Mnemiopsis mccradyi, Mayer, 1990
Common names: American comb jelly, comb jelly, comb jellyfish (English), Rippenqualle (German), sea gooseberry, sea walnut (English), Venus' girdle, warty comb jelly
Organism type: comb jelly
The ctenophore, Mnemiopsis ledyi, is a major carnivorous predator of edible zooplankton (including meroplankton), pelagic fish eggs and larvae and is associated with fishery crashes. Commonly called the comb jelly or sea walnut, it is indigenous to temperate, subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America. In the early 1980s, it was accidentally introduced via the ballast water of ships to the Black Sea, where it had a catastrophic effect on the entire ecosystem. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, it has invaded the Azov, Marmara, Aegean Seas and recently it was introduced into the Caspian Sea via the ballast water of oil tankers.
Mnemiopsis ledyi is a comb jelly with a length up to 100mm. The body is laterally compressed, with large lobes arising near the stomodeum, generating 4 deep, noticeable furrows that characterize the genus. It has four rows of small, but numerous, cilated combs which are irridescent by day and may glow green by night (NIMPIS, 2002). The colour is usually transparent or slightly milky, translucent (Shiganova 2003).
estuarine habitats, marine habitats
The native habitat of the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, is in temperate to subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America (Mayer,1912). M. leidyi is tolerant of a wide range of salinity, temperature and water quality conditions over a broad range of inshore habitats. Since its unintentional introduction to the Black Sea, Mnemiopsis has spread to adjacent bodies of water, inhabiting waters of salinities ranging from 3% in the Sea of Azov to 39‰ in the eastern Mediterranean, and temperatures ranging from 4oC in winter to 31oC in summer (Dumont and Shiganova).
Mnemiopsis ledyi is a major zooplankton predator and is associated with fishery crashes (Costello, 2001). A carnivorous predator on edible zooplankton (including meroplankton), pelagic fish eggs and larvae, M. leidyi causes negative impacts right through the foodchain of the areas it has invaded. In the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, the zooplankton, ichthyoplankton and zooplanktivorous fish stocks all underwent profound changes.
The pelagic ecosystem of the Black Sea was degraded, manifesting as sharply decreased biodiversity, abundance, and biomass of the main components of the pelagic ecosystem-zooplankton (Dumont and Shiganova). Fish stocks in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov have suffered due to predation on eggs and larval stages of food supplies (Shiganova 2003). Effects on the ecosystem in the Caspian Sea were faster and stronger than in the Black Sea. In 2001, repercussions were felt at all trophic levels, including that of the top predator, the Caspian seal (Dumont and Shiganova).
A cascading effect occurred at the higher trophic levels, from a decrease in zooplankton stock and collapsing planktivorous fish, to vanishing predatory fish and dolphins. Similar effects occured at lower trophic levels: from a decrease in zooplankton stock to an increase in phytoplankton, which was released from zooplankton grazing pressure. The majority of these effects were top-down, but a few were also bottom-up. Similar effects, but less pronounced, were recorded in the Sea of Marmara. Effects on Mediterranean food webs have, so far, remained insignificant. Salinity is probably supraoptimal there, and several predators prevent M.leidyi from reaching outbreak levels.
Mnemiopsis is probably the most-studied ctenophore genus in the world because of its great abundance in estuaries in heavily populated areas of the United States, and because of its explosive population growth after accidental introduction into the Black Sea in the early 1980s. But after the invasion of a new ctenophore of the genus Mnemiopsis into the Black Sea, a question regarding which species was invasive arose. L.N. Seravin (1994) made a revision of the genus Mnemiopsis with the conclusion that it includes only one polymorphic species of lobate ctenophore-Mnemiopsis leidyi, which this new ctenophore belongs to. Richard Harbison also supports this point of view (personal communication in Dumont and Shiganova).
Native range: The native habitat of the ctenophore, Mnemiopsis, is in temperate to subtropical estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North and South America between 40 degrees north to 46 degrees south (Mayer, 1912, Costello, 2001).
Known introduced range: The unintentional introduction of M. leidyi to the Black Sea in the early 1980s allowed it to secondarily expand its range to the adjacent seas of Azov, Marmara, the Aegean and perhaps the eastern Mediterranean (Studenikina et al, 1991, Shiganova et al, 2001). However, nowhere were conditions as optimal and perennial as in the Black Sea and the surface waters of the Sea of Marmara. It has to re-invade the Sea of Azov each year. Low numbers take advantage of the Black Sea current to reach the northern Aegean Sea where they disperse, according to the dominant circulation patterns. However, its presence in Saronikos Gulf and Elefsis Bay could be also due to ballast water release as elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Shiganova et al., 2001).
Introduction pathways to new locations
Ship ballast water: In the early 1980s, Mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced via the ballast water of ships to the Black Sea where it had a catastrophic effect on the entire ecosystem. It was also introduced into the Caspian Sea via the ballast water of oil tankers.
Biological: Eradication may be impossible in practice. A variety of predators (including medusae and fish) consume M. leidyi in its native regions. Reduction of M. leidyi populations in the Black Sea occurred after one of its predators, the ctenophore Beroe ovata, was introduced to the region (Costello, 2001).
One of the factors that provoked high level of population development of M. leidyi in the Black Sea but was not observed within its natural range-estuarial waters of North America was the absence of a predator feeding on M. leidyi and controlling its population size (Purcell et al., 2001). In 1997, another invader, the ctenophore Beroe ovata Mayer 1912, was found in the northeastern Black Sea. It is a predator feeding on planktivorous comb jellies - especially M. leidyi (Konsulov and Kamburskaya, 1998). As with its predecessor, B. ovata arrived with ballast waters from the same coastal waters of North America (Seravin et al., 2002). Development of B. ovata considerably decreased the population of M. leidyi that had deformed the Black Sea ecosystem for over a decade. The reduction of the M. leidyi population limited its influence on the ecosystem and consequently we observed a recovery of the main components of the Black Sea pelagic ecosystem – zooplankton (including meroplankton), phytoplankton, dolphins and fish as well as their eggs and larvae (Shiganova et al.,2000a,b; 2001 c).
Conscious of this, and bearing in mind the devastating impact of M. leidyi on the fisheries in the Black and Azov Seas in the 1990s, we began a number of initiatives in 2001 with a view to take stock of the situation, review and assess remedial measures and take concrete actions. After deliberation, we proposed the introduction of a potential predator of M. leidyi as the only truly viable option. As shown by the example of the Black Sea, the best – and so far only - candidate for this is another ctenophore species, Beroe ovata. After the accidental introduction of Beroe ovata to the Black Sea, the abundance of M. leidyi here immediately dropped to levels so low that no further damage was inflicted. In fact, the ecosystem almost immediately began to recover. It is anticipated that the results of a Beroe ovata introduction in the Caspian will be similar. Summer 2003 is now the target date for the implementation of this plan (Dumont and Shiganova, unpublished).
A wide range of zooplanktonic prey; varies with ctenophore development. Early cydippid stages utilize protozoa and microzooplankton, lobate forms feed primarily on crustaceans (often cope


From Both Sides, Now: Librarians team up with computer scientist to deliver virtual Computer-Information Literacy instruction
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Two members of the library faculty at Seton Hall University teamed up with a respected full professor of mathematics and computer science, in order to create an online course that introduces information literacy both from the perspectives of the computer scientist and from the instruction librarian. This collaboration is unique in that it addresses the issues of information literacy both from the internal and external design and workings of computer processes; how logic is programmed into the computer and how information is retrieved. Students ultimately become both designers and users—the quintessential computer literate life-long learner.


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I couldn't resist reviewing another amazing book written by Kathryn Otoshi. Just like many kids, Zero feels like she lacks value. All Zero sees is an empty hole…right in her center. She desperately wants to count like the other numbers. Zero attempts to be more like the other numbers by pushing and pulling, stretching and straightening, pinching and puckering, but no matter what she does she cannot change. Maybe she can gain value by impressing the other numbers with her fast rolling. She rolls faster…and faster…and FASTER! She rolls so fast that she soars into the air and knocks over the numbers. Just as she is about to give up, Seven points out, "It's what's inside that counts most." Zero decides she is not empty inside. Instead she is open! With the help of her new perspective, Zero discovers a clever way for both her and the numbers to have even more value by working together. The numbers and Zero explore and have fun, bringing more value to everyone.
1. What does it mean to have value?
2. Do you have value? What is your value?
3. Why do you think Zero only saw an empty hole inside?
4. Do you ever feel like a Zero?
5. Do you ever try to be more like other kids?
6. Why did Zero try to be like the other numbers?
7. Why wasn't she able to change her shape?
8. How did Seven help Zero find her value?
9. How did Zero bring more value to everyone?
10. How do you bring more value to other people?
What Is Your Value Activity
The following activity is perfect for group counseling or classroom guidance.
We all have value and add additional value to each other. Each student will get a coin handout. Write something valuable about the person on their coin. What is something great this student adds to our classroom, school, or community? Example: smart, funny, nice, helpful, understanding, responsible, etc.
Gold Coin Template


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Development and Control of Repetitive Leg Movements During Embryonic Development
Professor Nina Bradley is Principal Investigator of this NICHD funded research project, which seeks to determine whether fetal movements and the environment in which they are generated contribute to adaptive postnatal motor behavior. New imaging technologies are revealing ever-greater details of motor behavior in the fetus for clinical diagnosis and treatment, and understanding the form, mechanisms, and significance of fetal behavior will be important for maximizing clinical application of imaging tools. This project investigates an array of repetitive leg movements, such as kicking and stepping, that emerge in the final days of development in the chick embryo, previous to hatching and bipedal locomotion. Chick embryos are ideal for this research because chick embryos, like human fetuses, begin generating complex movements such as kicking and stepping early in development, and are amenable to experimental manipulation throughout embryonic development. This study will provide fundamental information concerning environmental impact in the neural control of prenatal limb movements during normal development in utero, and when environmental forces are altered by premature birth.
More information concerning this research is available here


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A circle has a unit circle (radius, r = 1) removed from its centre to produce an annulus.
If the area remaining is the same as the unit circle removed, find the width of the annulus.
Let the radius of the original circle be, r.
If the area remaining is equal to the area removed (a unit circle), the area of the original circle will be twice a unit circle.
πr2 = 2π r2 = 2.
Hence, the radius of the original circle, r = 2 and so the width of the annulus is 2 1.


Follow-up: almost nobody understands mirrors
A study on pigeons (3) found that, while pigeons likely did not process the image in the mirror as an image of themselves, they could use the mirror to determine the location of objects in the real world. That is, they understood that the mirror provided information about the space around them, rather than being its own separate space.
The gold standard of understanding mirrors is self-recognition, which is tested by putting a mark on the body of the animal somewhere where it cannot see it, then giving it a mirror. If the animal uses the mirror to figure out where the mark is, it's thought to understand that the mirror image is of itself. Evidence for this has been reported in several species of primates, elephants, dolphins, and the European Magpie (4). Only one bird! (So far. Many species haven't yet been tested.)
So, was the junco I saw "dumb" for not understanding the mirror? Of course not. Juncos have had no reason to learn about mirrors, and have lots of company in their confusion. However, was the junco maybe a little bit foolish to continue to attack the mirror after crashing into glass three, four, five times? I think so.
1. Pepperberg, IM et al. 1995. Mirror use by African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109(2):182-195.
2. Andrews E. 1966. Slate-colored Junco response to mirror. Bird-Banding 37(3):206.
3. Epstein R, Lanza RP, Skinner BF. 1981. "Self-awareness" in the pigeon. Science 212(4495):695-696.
4. Prior H, Schwarz A, Güntürkün O. 2008. Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition. PLoS Biology 6(8):e202. doi:10.1371/journal. pbio._PHONE_
6 thoughts on "Follow-up: almost nobody understands mirrors
 1. Thanks for the research! I knew that pigs understand mirrors, because I read somewhere that they used them to locate food (and looked behind themselves, and not behind the mirror). I was not aware that so many other species, including pigeons have some sort of understanding of how mirrors work.
 2. Pingback: Birds and mirrors, revisited | Tough Little Birds
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Article ID: 294901
This article was previously published under Q294901
When you print a TEXTAREA element that is larger than a single page, Internet Explorer only prints the first page of the TEXTAREA.
To work around this problem, hide the TEXTAREA element, and copy the contents of each TEXTAREA in a newly created DIV element during the onBeforePrint event. After you print the page, remove the DIV element during the onAfterPrint event, and the TEXTAREA becomes visible again. See the "More Information" section for a code sample that demonstrates this workaround.
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a bug in the Microsoft products that are listed at the beginning of this article.
The following code illustrates how to reproduce this problem:
In the actual results, only one page appears in preview, and only one page is printed. In the expected results, several pages should appear in preview, and all of the pages should print.
WorkaroundThe following code illustrates how to hide the TEXTAREA elements and replace them with DIV elements that contain the contents of the initial TEXTAREA elements:
For more information, see the following Microsoft Web site:
Introduction to Regular ExpressionsFor more information about developing Web-based solutions for Microsoft Internet Explorer, visit the following Microsoft Web sites:
Article ID: 294901 - Last Review: September 29, 2012 - Revision: 4.0
Retired KB Content Disclaimer
This article was written about products for which Microsoft no longer offers support. Therefore, this article is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.


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Byzantine Cross Information
Byzantine cross. Three Bar Cross. St. Andrew's Cross
. Greek cross. Eastern Cross. What do these names mean? What is the difference? With so many names for the Eastern crosses – many of them similar in style – it is easy to get confused about these different crosses. Here is a guide to help you understand the crosses found in the Eastern Christian (both Catholic and Orthodox) tradition:
This cross is defined by Webster's Dictionary as "a cross, the shaft of which is intersected by two transverse beams, the upper one being the smaller." In this form, the cross is the same shape as a Latin cross, except rather than an attached scroll, the extra beam at the top would be the plaque where the inscription "INRI
" which stands for "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" was placed. The word is sometimes used synonymously with 'Byzantine Cross' or 'Three Bar Cross,' though these terms are not completely accurate; a true patriarchal cross does not have a third cross bar. The Patriarchal Cross was also used as a political symbol in the 9th
century in the Byzantine Empire, likely leading to the confusion between it and the three bar cross.
Three Bar Cross
This term describes a cross, similar to the Patriarchal Cross but with, as the name suggests, a third bar. It is also sometimes called a 'Tri-Bar Cross' or simply 'Byzantine Cross' or 'Eastern Cross.' The term may accurately describe other Eastern crosses that have other distinguishing features but still use the three bar design. Typically the third bar is lower, where the feet of the crucified would be. Crucifixion had been used as a form of execution prior to the incarnation and continued for some time after the crucifixion of Christ; different methods and styles of crosses had been used in different places. It is believed that the Three Bar Cross may have been the type of cross that Jesus was crucified on. This is largely based on a point in time during the Passion when the soldiers go to break Jesus's legs and find that He has already died.
Three-bar Crosses have a third small board the crucified would rest their feet on to support their body weight. This served two purposes. First of all, it prolonged the suffering of the person being killed. Execution by crucifixion was intended to be humiliating as well as painful. It also may have served a somewhat practical purpose, from the point of view of the executioners. Since the body weight was supported, the chances of the body pulling free and slipping from the ropes, or nails from tearing through the hands completely were much less likely. Later, when the crucified were near death, the soldiers would break their legs; the positioning of the person being unable to support their body caused a pressure that would result in eventual asphyxiation, and death. The fact that soldiers went back to break the legs of Jesus indicates to many that Jesus would have been crucified on a three bar cross where he initially would have had a foot rest.
Of course, when they reach Jesus, they find that He is already dead. This detail is the foundation for the depiction of the Three Bar Cross with the bottom bar slanted. Tradition holds that at some point the bar slipped from its original positioning, which is what caused Jesus to die before the soldiers came to break His legs. Further, it is believed that the direction the bar slanted in holds significance; the side of the repentant criminal angles upward to indicate his salvation, the side of the bitter thief who mocked Jesus, angles downward and indicates that he was not saved. In art, the Three Bar Cross may be depicted with all three bars straight, as it would have been built, or with the bottom bar angled.
St. Andrew's Cross and St. Olga's Cross
The Cross of St. Andrew the Apostle is sometimes used to describe a Three Bar Cross. This stems from his work spreading the teachings of Christ; many believed he would have used a replica of the cross in his ministry. However, the term more accurately refers to the cross upon which he himself was executed. Tradition holds that St. Andrew was not martyred on the Three Bar Cross, but on a crux decussate
, which is an X-shaped cross.
St. Olga, the first Christian queen of Ukraine/Rus is commonly depicted holding a Three Bar Cross. Since it is believed that St. Andrew traveled to Ukraine/Rus in his work spreading the gospel, and Olga later had a habit of carrying a Three Bar Cross as she attempted to convert her people, this connection may be part of the reason St. Andrew is associated with the particular cross. St. Olga's Cross however is often more ornate; the cross connected to St. Olga is usually the Three Bar Cross affixed to or engraved on a more ornate Latin cross. The Latin cross has the letters IC (the first and last letters of 'Jesus') and XC (the first and last letters of 'Christ'), and the word Nika, which means to conquer or be Victorious.
The Greek cross is shaped like a plus sign, with each bar of the same length. It can be plain or richly decorated, as in the various styles similar to Latin cross. Many Greek crosses are also illuminated or iconographic in style.
Eastern or Byzantine Cross
The term Eastern Cross seems to be less definite. It is used to denote any cross from Eastern Christianity, regardless of further distinctions. The term Byzantine Cross typically refers to the Three Bar Cross but is also used to describe crosses with only one crossbar (resembling a plus sign as in the Greek cross or a Latin cross) that are engraved or painted with specifically Byzantine symbols.


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Tall Tree, Nest of the Wind
The Javanese Shadow-play Dewa Ruci Performed by Ki Anom Soeroto - A Study in Performance Philology
Distributed for National University of Singapore Press
The book presents Dewa Ruci as rendered by the distinguished master puppeteer Ki Anom Soeroto in Amsterdam in 1987. The book's unusual design presents the performance texts together with descriptions of the sounds and images that would remain obscure in conventional formats of presentation. Copious annotations probe beneath the surface and provide an understanding of the performance's cultural complexity. These annotations explain the meanings of puppet action, music, and shifts in language; how the puppeteer wove together into the drama the circumstances of the performance in Amsterdam, Islamic and other religious ideas, and references to contemporary Indonesian political ideology. Also revealed is the performance's historical multilayering and the picture it paints of the Javanese past.
Tall Tree, Nest of the Wind not only presents an unrivalled insight into the artistic depth of wayang kulit, it exemplifies a new field of study, the philology of performance.


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Parlement of Toulouse
The Parlement of Toulouse was one of the parlements of ancien regime France, modeled on the Parlement of Paris. It was first created in 1420, but definitely established by edicts in 1437 and 1443 by Charles VII as an appellate court of justice on civil, criminal and ecclesiastic affairs for the Languedoc region, including Quercy, the County of Foix and Armagnac. It was the first parlement in the south of France, and it gained in prestige both by its distance from Paris and from the differences between southern France's legal system (based on Roman law) and northern France's.
After the Parlement of Paris, the Parlement of Toulouse had the largest jurisdiction in France. Its purview extended from the Rhône to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Pyrénées to the Massif Central, but the creation of the Parlement of Bordeaux in 1462 removed from its jurisdiction Guyenne, Gascony, Landes, Agenais, Béarn and Périgord.
On 4 June 1444, the new parlement of Toulouse moved into a chamber of Toulouse's château narbonnais; its official opening occurred on 11 November of that year.
- This page is a translation of its French equivalent Parlement de Toulouse.