text:
One-Shot Tasks Reduce RAM Usage
by Ralph Moore
Many of the newer processors and SoCs have a significant amount of on-chip SRAM. Using on-chip SRAM is much faster than external SDRAM and, for some systems, may avoid the cost of external SDRAM and even having an external processor bus. Since SRAM uses much more chip space than NOR flash, optimizing on-chip SRAM usage is very important for both cost and performance.
In multitasking systems, each active task needs its own stack. Therefore, task stacks can require a major amount of RAM. To mitigate this problem, smx supports what are known as one-shot tasks. One-shot tasks run once from start to finish, then stop. When stopped, no information is carried forward to the next run. Thus, a one-shot task does not need a stack when it stops, and its stack is released back to the stack pool for use by another task. When a one-shot task is dispatched, the smx scheduler gives it a stack from the stack pool. Thus, a system with many one-shot tasks can operate with only a few stacks as long as only a few one-shot tasks need to run simultaneously.
Stopped smx tasks can wait at semaphores, mutexes, exchanges, etc. — just like normal suspended tasks, so there is no loss of flexibility. Starting a task takes the same length of time as resuming a task, so there is no loss of performance.
Normally, it is necessary to have one stack per active task. There are two exceptions to this rule. One is the OSEK BCC1 one-shot execution model, which shares one stack between all tasks. It has serious limitations — see the discussion at the end of this paper. The other exception is link service routines (LSRs). LSRs are another feature of smx that can be used to reduce RAM usage. They act like tasks, but run in the context of the current task and use its stack. For more information, see Link Service Routines.
In the general case, if one tries to share one stack among many tasks, a problem develops, because in a normal system, tasks will resume in a different order than they were suspended. Soon, most tasks will have fixed-size stack spaces that do not permit deeper nesting of functions nor handling of interrupts. Although various complex stratagems might be employed, the most practical solution is to allocate a stack per active task.
This being the case, how large must task stacks be? Unfortunately, even a lean kernel is likely to impose the need for about 200 bytes of stack. Added to this are the requirements of the tasks, themselves, including maximum function nesting and space for autovariables, which can easily add another 200-400 bytes. Some standard C library functions (e.g. sprintf( )) can add much more than this, just by themselves. This number does not even include saving a coprocessor state or making room for floating point emulation.
smx uses the System Stack for ISRs, LSRs, the scheduler, and the error manager. This saves on the order of 200 bytes per task.
Hence, we end up with 500 bytes per stack. Stacks can easily go to 1000 bytes or more when a file system or networking is added. Thus, an embedded system with 20 tasks may require about 20 KB of RAM for task stacks, alone.
Fine-Grained vs. Coarse-Grained Task Structure
Because of the significant memory required per stack, the tendency on the part of many programmers is to minimize the number of tasks. This has the unfortunate consequence of making each task more complex than is necessary. Large tasks defeat the purpose of a multitasking kernel, which is to simplify the programming job by dividing the application into simple tasks. Simple tasks achieve complex results via their interactions. Indeed, creating a few large, complex tasks is akin to creating processes in big multi-user systems, such as UNIX. This is not the correct way to use a high-performance, multitasking kernel.
An example will clarify this. Suppose we are developing a communication system. Usually it works well to have at least two tasks — a receive task and a send task. Suppose there are 10 identical channels. How many tasks should there be? I suggest 20, but many designers would struggle with only two. Why are 20 better? Because:
- The code is simpler — it only has to deal with one channel. Exactly the same receive code is used by all 10 receive tasks. Similarly for the send code. Thus to have 20 tasks does not add any more code than having two. In fact, the amount of code required may be much less, because it is simpler.
- More of what needs to be done is being done by proven kernel code. For example, proven kernel objects, such as semaphores and messages, are likely to be used more and untested application mechanisms, such as flags and buffers, are likely to be used less. Kernel code is orders of magnitude more reliable than brand-new application code.
- It is scalable — channels can be added or removed merely by creating or deleting tasks. Code need not be changed at all.
- It is dynamic — tasks can be created and deleted on the fly.
- The final design is easier to understand and to maintain by different programmers than the originators.
- Interfaces between sections of code are defined by the kernel API. Hence, they are more robust and better documented.
- The kernel adds extensive error checking and error reporting. These seldom get put into application code, yet they speed debugging.
So, in this simple example, there are many reasons to support a fine-grained task structure. When dealing with the needs of high-performance, high-reliability embedded systems, some rethinking of basic concepts is appropriate. First, we need a kernel (not an OS) that is lean and mean. Then we need to learn how to best utilize that kernel to achieve the project goals. One-shot tasks are a step in that direction.
One-Shot Task Operation
So, let's get back to the subject of stacks. Wouldn't it be nice if at least some tasks could share stacks? Then there would not be so many stacks. This is where we introduce the concept of the unbound stack. What is an unbound stack? An unbound stack is a stack, which is not permanently bound to any particular task — i.e. it can be shared. How is this possible? It works as follows: Unbound stacks are all the same size and belong to a single stack pool. When a one-shot task is first dispatched (i.e. started running), it is loaned a stack from the stack pool. As long as the task is active (i.e. either running or suspended), it keeps the stack. Hence, the task and stack function normally when the task is active. However, when the one-shot task completes its function and is ready to wait for more work, it gives up the stack. We call this stopping the task as opposed to suspending it. In the latter case, the task would keep the stack, but in the former case, the task has no need for the stack so the task gives it up. (In this regard, it is important to know that a one-shot task is later restarted from the beginning rather than being resumed from where it left off.)
The stack goes back to the stack pool where it is available to be used by another task. Now the task is in what we call the unbound mode:
Figure 1: Task Modes
In this mode the task has no state variables (e.g. register contents) and no auto variables worth remembering. This state is appropriate only if the task has completed all of its work and is ready to start over again, or to restart, as we call it. This necessitates a different code structure as shown in Figure 2. (This code is simplified to convey the basic concepts being discussed.)
|a. Normal Task:
||b. One-shot Task:
void atask_main (void)
/* initialize atask */
while (msg = smx_MsgReceive(xchg, INF))
/* process msg */
void otask_main_init (void)
/* initialize atask */
task.fun = otask_main;
void otask_main (MCB_PTR msg)
/* process msg */
Figure 2: Code for Normal and One-shot Tasks
The normal task is created with atask_main() as its main function.
atask = smx_TaskCreate(atask_main, PRI_NORM, 1000, NO_FLAGS, "atask");
atask has normal priority and a permanently bound
stack of 1000 bytes. When this atask first starts,
it initializes, unlocks itself (so it can be preempted by
higher priority tasks), then goes into an infinite while
loop. At the start of this loop, the task waits at xchg
for a message. When a message is received, it is processed,
then the task waits at xchg for another message.
This process repeats for every new message received. In
this particular example, atask never exits the while
loop unless it is extremely stopped or deleted. The one-shot
task has a different structure. It is created with otask_main_int()
as its intial main function:
otask = smx_TaskCreate(otask_main_int, PRI_NORM, 0, NO_FLAGS, "otask");
otask has normal priority and no permanently bound
stack. When otask first runs, otask_main_init( )
does the initialization, then otask's main function
is changed to otask_main(), and otask stops on xchg.
When a message is received, otask restarts, except
this time with


text:
XAMPP is a package of several programs like a webserver (Apache), a database server (MySQL) and others. With many of these programs, you can only run one instance at the same time. So if you for example have a webserver running, you cannot start another webserver until you stopped the first one. The same goes for the MySQL server, the FTP server and others. (Technically, you can start several webservers etc. if each of them uses a different port, but I assume you'd want to stick with the standard ports for the beginning).
The error messages you provided indicate that when you try to start XAMPP, there already is a webserver, a MySQL server and a FTP server running. So XAMPP can't start an additional webserver, MySQL server or FTP server. So you need to figure out if those servers are actually there, where they came from and if you want to use them or the XAMPP versions.
The first test is to point a webbrowser (Firefox, Chrome, Opera,...) to your local computer without trying to start XAMPP and to check if anything answers. So point your webbrowser to
http://localhost. If a website appears, maybe the default "It works!" page from Apache, there is already a webserver running and XAMPP can't start an additional one. You can do similar tests with MySQL, the FTP server and the other components of XAMPP.
If there is actually a webserver running before you try to start XAMPP, you need to find out where it came from. I see two possibilites: XAMPP is already running, maybe it's tarted automatically at boot time, or the "standard" packages of Apache, MySQL etc. are installed and running. There are several ways to check that, one is to temporarely change a detail in the HTML files that one webserver is supposed to deliver. If you for example add a word, say "TEST", to the HTML that XAMPPs Apache is supposed to deliver, you can see whether that change appears in the browser or not. You can go on from there.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This Schedule will support the designation or establishment of National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) Body/ies in the Australian Capital Territory (the ACT), in accordance with Part 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT).
Article 17 under Part 4 of the OPCAT provides that 'Each State Party shall maintain, designate, or establish, at the latest one year after the entry into force of the present Protocol or of its ratification or accession, one or several independent national preventive mechanisms for the prevention of torture at the domestic level.'
In the context of Article 17, 'designate' means to assign the role of NPM to an existing institution or institutions, and 'establish' means to set up a new body or bodies to carry out the functions of an NPM on an ongoing basis.
FFA - Affordable Housing, Community Services and Other
10 March 2022
30 June 2023

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Memory and Anxiety related cognitive issues, psychotherapy approach
Memory is often effected by stress, anxiety and other mental health conditions. It can be assisted with the use of appropriate mental health support, including CBT based psychological therapies, psychoanalysis and counselling. It can also be helped in a more specific way using hypnotherapy, NLP and coaching.
Anxiety effects memory, psychotherapy can help
While in a state of anxiety memory is effected. Therefore mindfulness, therapy and coaching training to reduce anxiety all help memory in the long term.
Coping mechanisms like drinking or drugs that reduce anxiety in the short term often reduce long term memory.
Self hypnosis methods can assist in memorizing information. Psychotherapy, psychoanalysis and counselling can also be vital.
Laying down of memory, retrieval of memory, quality of memory and ability to concentrate are all effected by anxiety and psychological interference.
Anxiety is created by long term conditions, problems and patterns
Psychoanalysis can assist in addressing the long term issues, the real reasons why memory is effected.
Psychotherapy and other therapies are available in Edinburgh, Falkirk, Dublin and Glasgow.
Contact via the contact us page HERE
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text:
The earliest lamps were used by Greek and Roman civilizations, where light primarily served the purpose of security, both to protect the wanderer from tripping over something on the path as well as keeping the potential robbers at bay. At that time oil lamps were used predominantly as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. The Romans had a word 'laternarius', which was a term for a slave responsible for lighting up the oil lamps in front of their villas. This task continued to be kept for a special person as far as up to Middle Ages where the so-called 'link boys' escorted people from one place to another through the murky winding streets of medieval towns.
Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps, but later designs employed ignition devices that would automatically strike the flame when the gas supply was activated. The earliest of such street lamps wer


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Much like Noah, provisioning the ark for a fresh start in a world wiped clean, European explorers of the 18th and 19th centuries included livestock on their journeys. The Arapawa goat, a small, shaggy line valued for its milk, meat, and skins, originated in this manner. The breed is descended from Old English milk goats that Captain James Cook, while exploring the South Pacific in 1773, left behind on Arapawa Island as a gift from King George III
For 200 years, the curly-horned ruminants browsed Arapawa Island—a craggy, 29-square-mile outpost off the coast of New Zealand—with minimal human intervention and free of predators. Back in Europe, their forebear, the Old English milk goat, was interbred with other goat breeds; in 1954, the pure breed went extinct. But on Arapawa, natural selection worked in the goats' favor. The feral does bore twins, sometimes triplets, and their population exploded. "They haven't been purpose-bred," says Will Ober, vice president of Arapawa Goat Breeders USA. "They've been wild for 200 years—we can assume the less-hardy animals just didn't survive."
Three pairs of Arapawa goats were imported to the United States in 1994. They were brought to Plimouth Plantation, a living history museum of 17th-century Pilgrim society in Plymouth, Massachusetts, to populate its rare-breeds barnyard. The 32 Arapawa goats that Ober keeps on pasture in upstate New York trace their lineage to that original group of six.
While their comparatively low yields of milk and meat make Arapawa vanishingly rare, the thrifty breed is an excellent addition to a homestead. Does typically produce just half a gallon of milk daily and thrive on pasture and browse without the supplemental feed required by such large, specialized breeds as Boers (for meat) or Saanens (for milk). Does weigh in at less than 80 pounds, while bucks rarely exceed 125 pounds.
In the decade since he got his first Arapawa doe, Ober, who kept Saanens—a Swiss breed—as a youth, has never attended a birth. "It seems like they avoid kidding while I'm around," he says, recalling nights when he slept in the barn to midwife his Saanen does, who sometimes had complications. "I've never had one die because I wasn't there to help."
Since the early 1970s, New Zealand's Department of Conservation has culled the feral goats on Arapawa to protect the island's native ecosystem. Fewer than 500 of their descendants remain worldwide. In his latest census, Ober confirmed a breeding stock of just 145 mature does and bucks in the United States. "I'm keeping these animals," he says, "because I believe in the value of genetic heritage."


sandstone:74959 Min. : 1066
 limestone:61355 1st Qu.: 1200
 shale :46423 Median : 1316
 sand :36561 Mean : 1354
 igneous :36534 3rd Qu.: 1488
 (Other) :37636 Max. : 1840
 NA's : 8950 NA's :10101
Summarizing data
We can create a table of cell counts:
> table(spear$geology)
metamorphic transition igneous sandstone limestone shale sandy shale claysand sand
11693 142 36534 74959 61355 46423 11266 14535 36561
And compare with the equivalent GRASS module:
> execGRASS("r.stats", flags=c("c", "l"), parameters=list(input="geology"), ignore.stderr=TRUE)
1 metamorphic 11693
2 transition 142
3 igneous 36534
4 sandstone 74959
5 limestone 61355
6 shale 46423
7 sandy shale 11266
8 claysand 14535
9 sand 36561
* no data 8950
Create a box plot of geologic types at different elevations:
> boxplot(spear$elevation.dem ~ spear$geology, medlwd = 1)
R stats boxplot geo.png
Exporting data back to GRASS
Finally, a SpatialGridDataFrame object is written back to a GRASS raster map:
First prepare some data: (square root of elevation)
> spear$sqdem <- sqrt(spear$elevation.dem)
Export data from R back into a GRASS raster map:
> writeRAST6(spear, "sqdemSP", zcol="sqdem", ignore.stderr=TRUE)
Check that it imported into GRASS ok:
> execGRASS("r.info", parameters=list(map="sqdemSP"))
 | Layer: sqdemSP Date: Sun May 14 21:59:26 2006 |
 | Mapset: rsb Login of Creator: rsb |
 | Location: spearfish57 |
 | DataBase: /home/rsb/topics/grassdata |
 | Title: ( sqdemSP ) |
 | |
 | Type of Map: raster Number of Categories: 255 |
 | Data Type: FCELL |
 | Rows: 477 |
 | Columns: 634 |
 | Total Cells: 302418 |
 | Projection: UTM (zone 13) |
 | N: _PHONE_ S: _PHONE_ Res: 30 |
 | E: 609000 W: 589980 Res: 30 |
 | Range of data: min = 32.649654 max = 42.895222 |
 | |
 | Data Source: |
 | |
 | |
 | |
 | Data Description: |
 | generated by r.in.gdal |
 | |
 | |
Getting Support
 - Primary support for R + GRASS and the spgrass6 package is through the grass-stats mailing list.
GRASS Modules
 - v.krige: Perform kriging operations in the GRASS environment, using R software functions in background.
Special requirements: python-rpy2 (not python-rpy!)
(merge info from man page here)
See also
 - Using R and GRASS with cygwin: It is possible to use Rterm inside the GRASS shell in cygwin, just as in Unix/Linux or OSX. You should not, however, start Rterm from a cygwin xterm, because Rterm is not expecting to be run in an xterm under Windows, and loses its input. If you use the regular cygwin bash shell, but need to start display windows, start X from within GRASS with startx &, and then start Rterm in the same cygwin shell, not in the xterm.
 - Spatial data in R (sp) is a R library that provides classes and methods for spatial data (points, lines, polygons, grids), and to new or existing spatial statistics R packages that use sp, depend on sp, or will become dependent on sp, such as maptools, rgdal, splancs, spgrass6, gstat, spgwr and many others.
 - RPy - Python interface to the R Programming Language
 - GRASS News vol.3, June 2005 (R. Bivand. Interfacing GRASS 6 and R. GRASS Newsletter, 3:11-16, June 2005. ISSN _PHONE_).
 - OSGeo Journal vol. 1 May 2007 (R. Bivand. Using the R— GRASS interface. OSGeo Journal, 1:31-33, May 2007. ISSN _PHONE_).
 - GRASS Book, last chapter


text:
London - Dinosaurs suffered painful arthritis, scientists have revealed.
A degenerative condition similar to human arthritis was found in the jaw of a pliosaur – a sea reptile that lived 150 million years ago.
The discovery marks the first time such diseases have been found in fossilised Jurassic reptiles.
A team from Bristol University studied an eight-metre long creature found in Westbury, Wiltshire.
With a crocodile-like head and a whale-like body it hunted fish and was vulnerable only to its own kind.
But it developed an arthritis-like disease which caused its left jaw joint to erode and distort until it broke.
Dr Judyth Sassoon told Tuesday's Palaeontology journal: "That final accident probably led to her demise." - Daily Mail


Welcome to Jinotega.com.
Welcome to Jinotega.com. Your Portal to Jinotega Nicaragua. Our new website are currently under development and in the interim you can read some basic information about Jinotega here but fear not, we will soon be back bigger and better than ever.
Jinotega is both a city and a department in Nicaragua. The city is the capital of the department.
Jinotega Department
The department is located in the northern part of the country and borders to honduras. It is one of the largest departments in nicaragua and the biggest producer of coffey in the country. It is souronded by Matagalpa to the south, RAAN to the east, and Estelí, Madriz, and Nueva Segovia. It covers an area of 9,755 km² and has a population of 297,300
Jinotega contains the following municipalities:
 1. El Cuá
 2. Jinotega
 3. La Concordia
 4. San José de Bocay
 5. San Rafael del Norte
 6. San Sebastián de Yalí
 7. Santa María de Pantasma
 8. Wiwilí
Jinotega City
The city of about 50 000 people are also known as "La Ciudad de las Brumas" ("City of Mists"). It is unclear when the city was claimed by the Spanish but it is known to be before 1731. Before the Spanish settled the down it was an Indian Settlement. The local tails claim that the area was settled by five spanish families around year 1700.
The meaning of the mane Jinotega is hotly debated. The word is derived from the Nahuatl word "Xinotencatl" but some claim the meaning of that word to be "Neighbors of the Jiñocuabos" while others claim it to mean "City of the Old Men" and that it was a referens to the old age the Indian who lived here achieved,
Tourist that want to visit Jinotega will find plenty to see ranging from historical buildings and the Sandino Museum to coffey plantations, (0% of the nations coffey is grown here after all) and stunning nature. Some parts of Jinotega can not be recommended to tourist as they are to be considered dangourous. This include Wiwili, a wild west type gold digger city located in the mountains and home to seven casinos and countless brothels. Large part of Jinotega is however completely safe for tourists.
Tourist will find cheap food, cheap hotels and modern conviniences ranging from phone and internet to atms.


text:
Quest for Team Excellence
Through challenging activities participants use team skills to achieve goals. The result - participants have identified skills necessary for enhancing their actual team performance. Past attendees have uniformly agreed that the Quest for Team Excellence seminar has made a dramatic difference in their workplace. They have turned discovered knowledge into applicable team skills.
For example, participants have noted:
Quest for Team Excellence is a one or two-day seminar designed to allow individuals the opportunity to learn how to actively build working relationships, effectively manage conflict and use personal leadership to support and assist others in a mutual effort to achieve the organization's mission. Teamwork is the ability to work together to accomplish a common goal. Each team is unique. Quest for Team Excellence assists in identifying this uniqueness and how it may be used to breakthrough to excellence. The result – guaranteed enhanced performance.
Awareness - Through experiential learning activities, participants will discover knowledge that can be turned into skills immediately
Feedback - Feedback from seminar participants and the facilitator will identify priorities for improvement
Practice - Using feedback and models to verify the benefits of applied skills
Planning - Fifteen percent of Quest for Team Excellence is devoted to developing action plans


text:
The International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights
OHCHR and UNAIDS published the International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights in 1998 as a tool for States in designing, co-ordinating and implementing effective national HIV/AIDS policies and strategies. The Guidelines were drafted by experts at an international consultation in 1996 and provide the framework for a rights-based response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic by outlining how human rights standards apply in the context of HIV/AIDS and translating them into practical measures that should be undertaken at the national level, based on three broad approaches:
- improvement of government capacity for multi-sectoral coordination and accountability;
- reform of laws and legal support services, with a focus on antidiscrimination, protection of public health, and improvement of the status of women, children and marginalised groups; and
- support and increased private sector and community participation to respond ethically and effectively to HIV/AIDS.
OHCHR encourages governments, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organisations and people living with HIV and AIDS to use the Guidelines for training, policy formulation, advocacy, and the development of legislation on HIV/AIDS-related human rights.
In light of developments in adressing the epidemic, a Third International Consultation in 2002 revised Guideline 6 on access to prevention, treatment, care and support.
A consolidated version of the International Guidelines on HIV-AIDS and Human Rights was launched in August 2006 to coincide with the XVIth International AIDS Conference and the tenth anniversary of the Guidelines themselves.


text:
Elementary and Secondary
In Ontario, you have the option of sending your child to a public or a private school, each offering elementary and secondary education. There is no cost to attend public schools in Ontario, which receive government funding. If you choose to send your child to a private school, you will have to pay their tuition fees.
Every child aged 6-18 can attend school, regardless of their immigration status or the immigration status of their families. To register your child in school, you will need to the following:
- Proof of your child's age – a birth certificate or passport.
- Proof of address – a copy of a bank statement, telephone or electrical bill or apartment lease with your name and address.
- Proof of guardianship – required if your child is under 18 years of age and is not living with a parent.
- Proof of immigration status.
- Immunization record – proof that your child has been immunized.
Children and adolescents attending school in Ontario must have proof of immunization against a number of diseases. The Eastern Ontario Health Unit (EOHU) offers weekly immunization clinics in all its offices. This service is free for all children.
Many children begin elementary school in a Kindergarten program at age 4 or 5. Kindergarten is also called the Early Years program in Ontario. Junior Kindergarten is available to children who are 4 years of age and Senior Kindergarten is available to children who are 5 years old. Junior and Senior Kindergarten are optional programs, and there is not cost to these programs.
Elementary schools offer instructions from grades 1 to 8. Students must begin elementary school, or grade 1, when they are 6 years of age. Students complete elementary school when they are 13 years old and have completed grade 8.
Secondary schools are also called high schools. They provide instruction from grades 9 to 12. Students begin high school at 14 years of age and graduate when they are 18 years old. Once graduate, students will receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD).
Although students tend to complete high school in four years, students also have the option of taking a fifth year or an additional semester. This can allow them to take fewer course each year or retake certain classes if needed.
Generally, students attend school Monday to Friday, and the school day lasts about 6 hours.
Junior and Senior Kindergarten students usually attend for only half a day but there are options to attend a full day program.
Most children bring lunch with them to school. Some children go home for lunch if they live close by and if a parent is at home. There are also usually short breaks in the day known as "recess," when children are free to play in the schoolyard.
Fore more information on what your child will be learning (known as their "curriculum"), please visit the website listed below:
Cornwall has four school boards that receive government funding. Together, these school boards operate a total of 32 schools.
- The Upper Canada District School Board is an English public school board.
- The Catholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario is an English Catholic school board.
- The Conseil scolaire du district catholique de l'Est ontarien is a French Catholic school board.
- The Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario is a French public school board.


Now allow multiple plugins to handle (add links for) a single attachment MIME type
[squirrelmail.git] / doc / translating_help.txt
36c24f4f 1Translating the help files.
36c24f4f 3
4I have tried to write the help files in plain english with good grammer.
390372b4 5Since English is not my strong point you probably can't tell, but I hope it
36c24f4f 7
1e63b430 8The help files, at this point, are divided into functional areas. Each.hlp
efb05555 9file represents a different functional block of how the program looks to the
36c24f4f 11
1e63b430 12Hopefully as SquirrelMail gets more widely used, non-english translations will
efb05555 13be used to make other non-english translations. You might want to keep this
14in mind when writing yours. Remember that these will be used all over the
15world and in many different environments so local language dialects might
16confuse someone else.
36c24f4f 17
390372b4 18File Structure
efb05555 21All translated files should be placed under the help directory. Under the
1e63b430 22help directory create another directory. This directory MUST be named in the
efb05555 23two letter standard abbreviation for the language. English is "en" and Polish
24would be "pl" for example.
390372b4 25
26The help files are written in a basic xml format. Don't worry, XML isn't hard
28For these help files, the tags must be on their own line like this:
29
30 Value for this tag
31
1e63b430 35Inside each of these tags, there can be any combination of any of the following
390372b4 36tags: , , . Here is an example:
38 |
39 The title can only |
40 be one line long | My first chapter
41 |
42 Summary may be many |
43 lines, but is short | Just a brief summary
44 |
45 |
46 Description can be | This is a more detailed description that
47 very long. It is | can span many lines. Usually this is the
48 the main part of | bulk of the help section or chapter description.
49 the help section. |
50 |
1e63b430 56To translate, just copy all the.hlp files from help/en into the new directory
390372b4 57that you created for this language (i.e. help/pl). You only need to translate
1e63b430 58what is between the tags. Do not translate the actual tags such as
390372b4 59or . The tag names need to remain in English. You should only translate
f4991a86 60the text between tags.
390372b4 61
63a link. If you see any of these tags, just leave them and don't translate
64them either. Only what is contained inside them if needed.
66That should be all!!


text:
Definition of craniometry in English:
The scientific measurement of skulls, especially in relation to craniology.
- The SAP physicians were far more rigorously quantitative in their craniometry.
- Some of the examples he discusses may remind us of the metaphorical appropriation of biology by racist craniometry in the nineteenth century.
- The nineteenth-century interest in craniometry had assumed that intelligence was both biological and inheritable.
- Example sentences
- Thus, this anatomical region is favorable for sex determination due to its craniometric characteristics.
- The results of the present craniometric analysis are compared with other lines of evidence.
- This article examines the potential contribution of archaeological human skeletal material, in particular craniometric data.
Words that rhyme with craniometrygeometry, micrometry, optometry, psychometry, pyrometry, sociometry, trigonometry
Definition of craniometry in:
- British & World English dictionary
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FAQ What is the difference between perspectives and activities? - Revision history _URL_ Revision history for this page on the wiki en MediaWiki 1.23.2 Thu, 25 Dec 2014 04:10:41 GMT Claffra at 20:27, 14 March 2006 _URL_ _URL_ New page'' At first glance, perspectives and activities are very similar. Both modify the appearance of the workbench, adding and removing menus and toolbar buttons, depending on a course-grained user task. When trying to figure out how to carve up a large product into usable pieces, it is sometimes difficult to figure out when to use activities, perspectives, or both. Apart from the prosaic difference that perspectives were an Eclipse 1.0 invention and activities are new in Eclipse 3.0, a number of other subtle differences exist. The most obvious difference between activities and perspectives is that activities are not intended to alter the layout of views and editors that are currently open. Activities change the menus and toolbars but don’t make real estate changes that can cause the user to lose context. Perspectives have a dual role of dictating screen layout and altering the menus and toolbars. This connection is often not obvious to users, and they are often confused about why a certain menu or keyboard shortcut appears in one place but not another. Second, activities are intended to be largely implicit. Whereas perspectives are explicitly visible and controlled entirely by the user, activities are not directly user controlled. Essentially, activities try to have some smarts about when they are needed and activate and deactivate accordingly, depending on what the user is doing. Although perspectives do this to a certain extent, such as switching to the Debug perspective automatically when an application is launched in debug mode, automatically changing the user interface layout is a general user interface no-no. Because activities are not tied to a particular screen layout, they can change automatically without causing the user to lose context. Finally, perspectives are partially defined programmatically, whereas activities are defined entirely declaratively. The importance of this difference is that activities are not intended to be defined by programmers who are working on individual plug-ins. Because the designer of a single plug-in cannot envision the emergent behavior of a system built of hundreds of plug-ins—or at least not without violating the modular principles of the plug-in architecture—he or she has no way of knowing what set of activities might be appropriate. Activities are a form of meta-glue that regulate how plug-ins interact and so must be defined at a higher level. Typically, activities will be created by a system configurer or human-computer interaction (HCI) expert who has a better picture of the total functionality of the product.
This FAQ was originally published in [_URL_ Official Eclipse 3.0 FAQs]. Copyright 2004, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This text is made available here under the terms of the [_URL_ Eclipse Public License v1.0]. Tue, 14 Mar 2006 20:27:59 GMT Claffra _URL_


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Hold up, buddy.
Johnson Hall was built in 1763 by the servants of William Johnson who at the time was the largest slaveholder in the north. It was made with a sawmill and a grist mill and had several tenant farmers working in the area.
It was made to look like it was made of stone but actually it was just painted to give that illusion; however houses on the other side were made of stone. It was believed that William Johnson was paranoid, since around this time was the end of the French and Indian War, so it was assumed it was his way of defending himself from an attack. The specific reason was unknown.
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How would I find the zeros of this function?
And would the end behavior be Rise Left, Falls Right? Would the degree be all the degrees added or the highest degree in this function?
For end behavior, we add all of the exponents which would give us nine, so an odd function has opposite end behavior, and since it is negative it will come in on the left from the top and leave on the right in the bottom.
Hope that helps.
The graph is correct - since it's a 9th degree polynomial with a negative sign out front, it will come in at the top of the graph on the left and "leave" on the right at the bottom.
The idea is that a graph's end behavior can be determined by putting the function into one of four categories, based on its degree and whether its leading term is positive or negative.
1) Even degree, positive leading term - behaves like y = x^2, i.e., the y-values go to positive infinity in both directions.
2) Even degree, negative leading term - behaves like y = -(x^2), i.e., the y-values go to negative infinity in both directions.
3) Odd degree, positive leading term - behaves like y = x, i.e., the y-values go to negative infinity as x goes to negative infinity, and the y-values go to positive infinity as x goes to positive infinity.
4) Odd degree, negative leading term - behaves like y = -x, i.e., the y-values go to positive infinity as x goes to negative infinity, and the y-values go to negative infinity as x goes to positive infinity.
New-ish textbooks seems to use this "Rise Left, Fall Right" (and the other three combinations therein) instead of defining it in any sort of mathematical terms (as I did above). Personally, I find the "Rise Left" notion confusing - does that mean it's rising as we GO to the left, or that we should "Rise" as we read the graph from left to right? (These different interpretations result in two completely different graphs.)
So I prefer the mathematical precision of talking about, basically, limits.


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Wallace & Gromit teach kids about invention and intellectual property
17 May 2012
Wallace and Gromit, the world-famous characters developed by British studio Aardman Animation, are the stars of an interactive exhibition on innovation and intellectual property (IP) which opened at Scienceworks in Melbourne on 19 May.
Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention showcases innovation and creativity in everyday life, highlighting the important link between invention and IP protection.
Visitors walk through different rooms in Wallace and Gromit's "house", where they can view both real and imaginary innovations, learn about important Australian inventors and discover how IP rights work in practice. Visitors are also encouraged to get creative themselves with activities such as devising a smoothie recipe and logo, inventing household tools and singing their hearts out in the Karaoke Disco Shower.
We are the principal sponsor of the exhibition in Australia and have worked with Scienceworks to ensure that the exhibition contains strong and accurate IP messages that are relevant to an Australian audience.
We hope that the exhibition inspires a new generation of Australian inventors who understand IP rights and how to use them to protect their inventions.
The exhibition will be in Melbourne until 11 November 2012 and then move to the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney from 12 December 2012 until 26 May 2013. Tickets are $19 for adults, $7.50 for concession holders and $6 for children.
We will be organising a number of events, competitions and activities associated with the exhibition so keep an eye on out for details. You can visit the ScienceWorks' website for more information.
Last Updated: 29/11/2012


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Table Of Contents
Configuring MAC Limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router
This document describes how to configure MAC limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router.
Restrictions and Usage Guidelines
MAC limiting is supported on the following interface types:
-You can apply MAC limiting only to bridge-domains.
-MAC limiting is supported for dynamic MAC addresses.
Configuring MAC Limiting
Mac address limiting per bridge-domain restricts the number of MAC addresses that the router learns in bridge-domain on an EFP, pseudowire or switchport.
When the total number of addresses in a bridge-domain exceeds the maximum number, the router takes a violation action. You can enable the following actions:
-Warning—The router sends a syslog message and takes no further action. The router continues learning new MAC addresses and forwarding traffic.
-Limit—The router sends a syslog message and generates a trap; MAC learning is disabled on the bridge-domain until the recovery mechanism activates. Flooding of frames with new MAC addresses continues; to disable flooding, use the flood keyword. Flooding continues once the total number of MAC entries drops below the threshold value. This option applies only when you configure the limit keyword.
Note The threshold value must be 80% of the maximum value configured for the recovery mechanism.
-Shutdown—If the number of addresses exceeds the maximum (MAX) value, the router sends a syslog message and moves the bridge-domain (bdomain) to a disabled state. To restore the bridge-domain, disable and re-enable the mac-limiting feature.
Follow these steps to configure MAC limiting on the Cisco ASR 903 Router:
This example shows how to enable per-bridge-domain MAC limiting. The first instance of the mac-address-table limit command enables MAC limiting. The second instance of the command sets the limit and any optional actions to be imposed at the bridge-domain level.Router# enableRouter# configure terminalRouter(config)# mac-address-table limitRouter(config)# mac-address-table limit bridge-domain 10 maximum 100 action limit floodRouter(config)# endRouter#show mac-address-table limit bdomain 10bdomain action flood maximum Total entries Current state-------------+----------+------------+------------+---------------+---------------10 limit Disable 100 0 Within Limit


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The Boer goat was developed in
Boer goats commonly have white bodies and distinctive brown heads. Like the Nubian goat, they possess long, pendulous ears. They are noted for being docile, fast growth, and having high fertility rates. Does are reported to have superior mothering skills as compared to other goats. Mature Boer bucks weigh between 110-135 kg (240-300 lb), and mature does between 90-100 kg(200-220 lb).


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Ton Duc Thang University (TDTU) is recruiting new faculty members with Doctoral degree in all fields. Especially, we are looking for candidates in the following fields: Informetrics (scientometrics, bibliometrics, information science, science of science policy), Geographic information system, Environment, Information technology, Mathematics & Statistics, Economics, Management (Sport, Marketing, Hospitality, International Business), Social Sciences, Law and Pharmacy, Civil Engineering, Industrial Fine Arts, Electronics, Finance and Banking, Accounting, Labor Relations and Trade Unions, Foreign Language,…
Candidates can either be foreigners or Overseas Vietnamese ones. The positions are available on a long-term (at least 12 months) basis with the following conditions:
1.1. Teaching: Scholars and experts are expected to teach at least 02 school subjects with required teaching hours as follows: Lecturer: 12 hours/week; Assistant/Associate Professor: 09 hours/week; Professor: 06 hours/week. One hour is equivalent to 60 minutes.
1.2. Research: Lecturer: at least one paper/year in peer-reviewed journals (English only) published by prestigious publishers and/or institutions; Assistant Professor: one main-author paper/year in journals indexed by Scopus; Associate Professor/Professor: one main-author paper/year in high-impact journals indexed by ISI (Clarivate). Monetary award will be given to papers beyond the minimal required one.
1.3. Service: Services with compensation (extra pay or reduction of teaching load) include first level administration position, Head of the department or Dean of the faculty (if needed). Services without compensation include: curriculum plan/design/revision, slides and teaching materials preparation; internship arrangement, student employment support, recruitment of international students for the department/faculty; industrial connection to seek projects and fund; student affairs, international affairs, organizing or supporting conferences; searching for scholarships for lecturers and students, establishing research group, finding and introducing scholars and experts to work for the faculty, etc.
Every year, foreign scholars and experts receive performance evaluation from students, departments and the university. Based on the evaluation results of teaching, research and service, an extension of contract or salary increase will be determined.
2.1. For scholars and experts working under long-term contract (at least 12 months):
2.2. For scholars and experts working under short-term contracts or visiting scholars:
The positions are available for all candidates regardless their nationalities and on a long-term (at least 12 months) basis with the following conditions:
1. Cover letter;
2. Resumé with up-to-date education background, work experience and academic activities. It is noted that only applications with good research-track records are considered; the following references should be taken into account:
3. Diploma(s) and certificate(s);
4. Two recommendation letters; one from previous employer or professional colleagues, and the other from personal friends;
5. Academic Promotion letter (if any).
Standards and procedure for professorial appointment and promotion can be found at TDTU Procedure and Standards (_URL_
To apply or to seek further information, please contact:
Office of Research Affairs, Ton Duc Thang University
Address: A303, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Phone number: +84 8 37755037; Fax: +84 8 37755055
Email: _EMAIL_ (Dr. Ut V. Le, Director)


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Sep. 20, 2008 Researchers at the University of Minnesota have published a study showing that the degree of internalized homonegativity (negative attitude towards homosexuality) among homosexual men is what predicts poor mental and sexual health – not the act of being homosexual.
As part of attending an HIV prevention seminar, 422 Midwestern gay and bisexual men completed surveys assessing their degree of homosexuality, their degree of positive or negative attitudes towards homosexuality, and a range of mental and sexual health variables.
In all cases, internalized homonegativity, not being homosexual, predicted poorer mental health (particularly increased depression) and worse sexual health. The study appears in the September issue of the Journal of Homosexuality.
The study helps inform the debate of whether or not being homosexual is healthy, said Simon Rosser, Ph.D., a researcher in the School of Public Health and principal investigator of the study.
"This study is a missing link in our understanding of the relationship between sexuality and health," he said. "It provides new evidence that negative attitudes towards homosexuality, not homosexuality itself, are associated with both poorer mental and sexual health outcomes seen in sexual minorities. Conversely, positive attitudes towards homosexuality are associated with better mental and sexual health."
For more than 150 years, scholars and educators have debated whether homosexuality is an objective disorder or whether societal prejudice, not homosexuality, leads to the elevated rates of depression, drug use, and HIV/STD epidemics seen in studies of gay men, Rosser said. This study tested both theories.
"Given the debates in many religious denominations about homosexuality, and in society about homosexuals and civil rights, it's also timely," Rosser said. "In particular, the old advice to gay men to fight, deny, or minimize their homosexuality likely only increases depression, greater isolation, and poorer sexual health. In short, viewing homosexuality as a disorder is not only inaccurate, it may be harmful as well."
This research, which is part of the HIV prevention program – funded by the Minnesota Department of Health – has also been shown to be effective in reducing unsafe sex.
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Tag Archives: Changanasserry
Pages from History: 8 March 1835, Freedom for slaves. (Munro IslandTravancore)
Slavery was a social evil which prevailed all over the world including what is now the state of Kerala in India. According to the 1836 census there were 164,864 slaves in Travancore vis-à-vis a total civilian population of 12,80,668.
Slaves were treated like animals and the cost of one slave was that of an ox, cost of an ox was 5 (big para) measures of Paddy or Rs. 10/- only. Slaves were chained and sold like animals in markets.
Kottayam, Changanasserry, Thirunakkara, Alleppey, Kayamkulam, Kollam, Attingal, Chirayinkizh, Kaniyapuram, Pettah and Kovalam were the notorious slave trade markets of the time. Churches in Cochin were used as godowns for the slaves except for Sundays. Slaves were exported out of the kingdom. There was no one to speak on behalf of these unfortunate people.
With the arrival and the teachings of the CMS (Church Missionary Society) missionaries, people became aware of this social evil. In 1819, Munro Island was given to the missionaries, by the then Travancore Government along with the slaves residing there on the Island. Munro Island is located at the confluence of Ashtamudi Lake and the Kallada River, in Kollam district, Kerala, India.
In 1833, England passed the Slavery Abolition Law. CMS missionaries, Benjamin Bailey and Joseph Peet made a historic declaration on 8th March 1835, giving freedom to the slaves in Munro Island.
The declaration read as follows:
"We the undersigned, acting as trustees of Munro Island, do hereby declare that… who has hitherto been a slave of the soil, is from this time liberated by us and made a free man and that his wife and offspring are wholly and forever free and are regarded by us only as hired servants and that no one has any right to bring them into servitude again. At the same time we declare that we do not consider ourselves as released from any claim which he or his wife or offspring may have upon us according to custom, privilege or law in consequence of their having been slaves."
8 March 5. Sd/- Benj Bailey Sd/- Josh Peet,
In 1847, Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma became the King of Travancore. The same year CMS missionaries submitted a memorandum to the King requesting him to stop the slavery in Travancore. In 1853, by royal declaration slavery was abolished in Travancore forever. In 1864, the Kingdom of Cochin also made a similar declaration abolishing slavery.


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Intro: Poor Man's Door Trip Alarm
You will need:
LCD Screen Buzzer
6 LED's (you could use less)
A bunch of wires and 20-32 M/F connectors
1 100 ohm resister
6 220 ohm resisters
Optional: Amazon box as a housing
Step 1: What You Need and What to Do First
What to do first
1. Link your hot and ground rails with some M/M wires.
2. Next ground your LED's to the ground rail. To do my exact same build you will need 12 M/F wires to connect the LED's so you can show the led's on the outside of the amazon box.
3. Insert the 6 220 ohm resisters and then connect the hot line on the LED to those resisters so the LED's don't burn out and aren't so bright.
LED"s where connected from left to right in ports 13 -> 8 (So there is a movement looking motion to the lights
Step 2: Receiver and Sensor
Receiver (Using M/F wires)
1. Connect the left most pin on the IR receiver (when the component is facing you) to the ground rail.
2. Connect the middle pin to the hot rail so it gets power
3. Connect the right most pin to port 4 to control when the buzzer should sound
Distance Sensor (Using M/F wires)
1. Connect the GND pin to the ground rail
2. Connect the echo pin to port 6 and connect the trig pin to port 7
3. Now connect the remaining pin to the hot rail
Step 3: Buzzer
1. Connect the left pin on the buzzer to the ground rail
2. Connect the hot wire to a 100 ohm resister and then connect the resister to port 5
**The resister is important as not using one can cause to much power to reach the buzzer and quickly silence it for good
Step 4: LCD and Potentiometer
1. Connect the left pin on the potentiometer to the ground rail using a M/M wire
2. Connect the right pin to the hot rail like the above
3. The connect the middle pin to the Vo pin on the LCD screen using a M/F wire
GND - Connects the the ground rail
VSS/VCC - Connects to the hot rail
Vo already connected to the potentiometer
RS - A0 port
RW - GND port on the breadboard.
E - A1 port.
D4 - A2 port.
D5 - A3 port
D6 - A4 port
D7 - A5 port
A (anode) - Will go to the hot rail on the breadboard
K (cathode) - Will go to the ground rail on the breadboard
Step 5: Getting the Code Together
Click the code there. You will have to alter something, you will need to download the TimerFreeTone library and edit the NewPing library. Open the NewPing library (say in notepad++) and search for "__vector_7". This should eventually bring up this line of code "_TAG_ TIMER_ENABLED true"
You will need to change this to "_TAG_ TIMER_ENABLED false" this way the IR and the new ping library timers don't get a confliction.


Maggie's Journey
Home is where children take their first steps in life, where they discover love. It's the magical place where they learn to explore their world feeling safe, secure, and accepted. But five-year-old Maggie's journey started with an alarming realization: she was fifteen months, and still didn't respond to her name, hold eye contact, or play with toys. "As first-time parents, we were very scared," says Hannah, Maggie's mother. "We had a lot of overwhelming 'What if?' questions." For years, Maggie's family searched, anxiously waiting for answers after multiple doctor visits, testing, and therapy sessions. Eventually, a diagnosis hit home: Autism Spectrum Disorder.This scary journey led Maggie to Heartspring, where her life quickly took a hopeful, positive turn. After two years of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy, Maggie progressed to CARE Clubs. Through our Community of Autism Resources and Education (CARE) Club program, Maggie found a safe and inviting place where, through structured activities and conversations with peers, she learned social and communication skills. And with each smile, new friendship, and interaction, she began to grow in confidence as she learned to enjoy being her authentic self. "CARE Clubs is her place," says Hannah. "It's her place to go. It's become her second home, because she feels so happy and comfortable there." Now Maggie fully expresses who she is: a sweet, loving child with a zeal for life and the exciting adventures that await her. Maggie's journey started with uncertainty and fear, but it led her to find her place in the world where she discovered a home away from home: Heartspring.
Charity Name
Children with Autism and Special Needs: Growing, Learning & Succeeding
Photo Caption
Photo Credit
Submitted from Christy Calvert


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Last Updated on Wednesday, 13 June 2012 09:33 Posted by Clash Wednesday, 13 June 2012 08:45
Professor Ian Juby explains science/origins better than anyone I have seen. He has produced a 12-hour exhaustive look at the Creation/Evolution debate that can be watched in 30-minute segments on his website, Creation Week.
The video series features tons of props, exhibits, photographs, artifacts, and experiments that explain science and origins and the age of the earth in an extremely compelling manner. The segment on dinosaur tracks with human tracks is jaw-dropping!
He also has The traveling Creation Museum, Creation Exhibition, where you can see the scientific evidence and judge for yourself whether the evidence supports the Biblical account of Creation, or evolution. Showing scientific evidence from the dinosaurs, biology, geology, and fossils, as well as a model of Noah's ark and one of the largest collections on display in the world of fossil human and dinosaur footprints found together, and dinosaurs in ancient art. The footprints show that humans lived right alongside (and according to the evolutionary timescale, even before) the dinosaurs.
You can watch his videos here: Creation Week


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How to Adopt an Adult Stepchild
First, when learning about how to adopt an adult stepchild, you may want to read California Family Code section 9300-9340. These code sections outline the requirements to adopt an adult stepchild. With this in mind, we highly recommend you review the sections before you begin the filing process.
Secondly, aside from a few courts who have set up local court forms, there are no standard judicial forms for the adult adoption process. This means that all of the documents for adult stepchild adoption must be prepared in pleading form. With this in mind, the moving party must draft a petition, the agreement, consents, the order and other documents from scratch. Furthermore, you must type all documents on 28-line pleading paper. As you can see, the Petition must comply with many court requirements. In general, however, the petition must detail the nature of the parent-stepchild relationship and the reason the moving party is requesting the adoption.
Upon filing the adult adoption case, you will receive a case number and hearing date. Lastly, keep in mind that the moving party and stepchild must attend the hearing in person. The judge will typically sign the Order at the adoption hearing.
Documents Required to Adopt an Adult Stepchild
The following documents must be drafted to petition the court to grant a petition for an adult stepchild adoption:
- Adoption Agreement. First, both parties must execute an adoption agreement. The adoption agreement states that both parties agree to enter into a parent-child relationship and recognize all rights, duties, and obligations of such a relationship.
- Petition for the Approval of an Adoption Agreement. Next, the moving party must prepare the adoption Petition. This document asks the court to grant the adoption. In brief, the petition typically includes various items of personal information about each party such as:
- The age of the parties;
- The nature and length of the stepchild-parent relationship;
- The marital status of each party, and
- The reason the parties are seeking to enter into this type of relationship.
- Spousal Consent. Another key point, if the moving party is married, his/her spouse must also provide consent in writing to the adult stepchild adoption. By the same token, if a party is single, confirmation of their single status is also usually required.
- Court Report of Adoption. In essence, this document allows the birth certificate and/or name to be legally changed.
- Order of Adoption. The Order of Adoption confirms the adoption if the adoption petition is granted. The Order is also drafted on pleading paper. You should take the order to the adoption hearing so the judge can sign the document at that time.
Low-Cost Adoption Help
Contact A People's Choice for help preparing the necessary documents to adopt your adult stepchild. A People's Choice has helped thousands of stepparents adopt their adult stepchild. Call us today at _PHONE_ for help.
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The magpie lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) is a passerine that lives in Australia, New Guinea and Timor.
It is also sometimes called the mudlark, the Murray magpie, the piping shrike or the peewee.
Magpie larks build unusual bowl-shaped mud nests that are very sturdy.
A magpie lark is usually between about 10 and about 12 inches long.
Magpie lark
It has black and white feathers and a white bill. Its black and white coloring causes it to resemble a magpie superficially.
The male magpie lark's face is black, with a white stripe over the eye, while the female's face is completely white.
Magpie lark's are at home in almost all habitats, except for rainforests and extremely dry deserts.
They can be found in urban areas.
Magpie larks are carnivorous. They spend most of their time on the ground, where they hunt for invertebrates, including insects and worms.
They also eat freshwater snails, which carry a parasitic liver fluke that infects sheep and cattle. Because of this, farmers hold the magpie lark in high regard.
Magpie larks that live in forests prefer to live in areas where there is open space in which they can forage.
In the winter, large flocks of magpie larks congregate together.
During the spring, pairs stake out nesting territories.
Magpie larks will defend their territories aggressively. A pair will defend their territory together. They will attack birds much larger than themselves.
Mud Nests
Both the male and female magpie lark build the nest, which is a deep open bowl of mud that is strengthened with hair, feathers and grease. It is placed high on a horizontal branch.
Magpie larks prefer to build their nests near water, where they can find mud.
The magpie lark's nest is one of the most solidly constructed of all bird nests. Only torrential rains can wash it away.
A clutch contains 3 to 5 eggs.
Both parents incubate the eggs.
The pair will often sit next to each other on the nest and sing a duet together.
One member of the pair will sing a note, and then the other will respond about half a second later. Each bird produces about one note per second, so the two voices overlap. This singing is used to keep other nesting pairs away.


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In Panama's lowland tropical forest, tree species growing on low phosphorus soils grew faster, on average, than species growing on high phosphorus soils.
Photo courtesy Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Archives
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Accepted ecological theory says that poor soils limit the productivity of tropical forests, but adding nutrients as fertilizer rarely increases tree growth, suggesting that productivity is not limited by nutrients after all. Researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) resolved this apparent contradiction, showing that phosphorus limits the growth of individual tree species but not entire forest communities. Their results, published online in Nature, March 8, have sweeping implications for understanding forest growth and change.
Vast areas of the tropics occur on old landscapes where rock-derived nutrients have been leached away by years of heavy rainfall. Phosphorus is particularly scarce, because the iron oxides that give tropical soils their characteristic red color bind to the phosphorus, making it unavailable to plants. However, the addition of fertilizer to diverse forests in Africa, Southeast Asia and the Americas has not increased tree growth. The only place where fertilization resulted in increased tree growth was in Hawaii, where the forest is dominated by a single tree species.
An alternative way to study nutrient limitation is by comparing the growth rates of trees in forests that naturally differ in soil nutrient availability: the tiny but highly biodiverse tropical country of Panama provides a perfect setting for this. The complex geology of central Panama means that natural levels of plant-available phosphorus in the soil vary more than 300-fold—similar to the range of phosphate availability in tropical soils around the world. And because the soils in Panama also vary in moisture and other nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium and potassium, researchers can study the effects of these variables on growth at the same time.
To examine the effect of phosphorus on tree growth, researchers measured 19,000 individual trees in 541 different tree species in a series of long-term forest monitoring plots that are part of the Forest Global Earth Observatory (Smithsonian ForestGEO) network managed by the Center for Tropical Forest Science at STRI. On average, growth rates of individual tree species increased in soils with higher levels of plant-available phosphorus, consistent with ecological theory. Surprisingly, however, tree species that occurred on low phosphorus soils grew faster, on average, than species growing on high phosphorus soils. And in a final twist, variation in the tree species present across plots meant that community-wide growth rates did not change according to the level of soil phosphorus.
"Finding that species adapted to low phosphorus soils are growing so fast was a real surprise," said Ben Turner, STRI staff scientist, who led the study. "We still don't understand why this occurs, nor why high phosphorus species are not growing faster than they are. Perhaps trees invest extra phosphorus in reproduction rather than growth, for example, because seeds, fruits and pollen are rich in phosphorus. For now, these results help us to understand how soil fertility influences tree growth in tropical forests, and demonstrate once again the power of tropical diversity to surprise us."
"This study highlights our limited understanding of how plants cope with phosphorus-poor soils, a significant challenge to farmers through much of the tropics," said Jim Dalling, STRI research associate and professor and head of the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. "Comparing how plants adapted to high versus low phosphorus availability acquire and use this critical nutrient could suggest new approaches for increasing food production without relying on costly fertilizers."
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, headquartered in Panama City, Panama, is a unit of the Smithsonian Institution. The Institute furthers the understanding of tropical biodiversity and its importance to human welfare, trains students to conduct research in the tropics and promotes conservation by increasing public awareness of the beauty and importance of tropical ecosystems. Website. Promo video.
# # #
Turner, B.L., Brenes-Arguedas, T., Condit, R. 2018. Pervasive phosphorus limitation of tree species but not communities in tropical forests. Nature. Doi:10.1038/nature25789
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ActingJUST THE FACTS
Before taking an acting class in Los Angeles, actors must be fully aware of the fact that the acting field is not a safe bet. As a matter of fact actors endure long periods of unemployment, there is intense competition for parts, and much rejection throughout. Because there is such little financial security in the field and earnings are so erratic, many actors supplement their incomes by taking jobs in other fields; the flip side of which is that the most successful actors make a great deal of money. Here is an overview of the economic reality of acting.
Actors work on stage, radio, television, video, or on film sets. Actors also work in cabarets, nightclubs, and theme parks. Most actors struggle to find steady work and only few achieve recognition as stars. Even well-known, experienced actors may be cast in smaller parts or make brief, cameo appearances, speaking only a couple of lines, while some actors do voiceover and narration work for commercials, animated features, books on tape, and other electronic media.
When employed, actors usually work long, irregular hours. For example, stage actors might be doing one show at night while rehearsing another during the day - they also might travel with a show when it goes on tour. Film actors may work on location, sometimes in terrible weather conditions, as they spend considerable time waiting for their scenes to be shot. Actors who work on television often appear on camera with little preparation time, because scripts tend to be changed quite frequently or even re-written moments before taping.
Evening and weekend work is a regular part of a stage actor's life. On weekends, more than one performance may be held per day. Actors and directors working on movies or television programs, especially those who shoot on location, may work in the early morning or late evening hours to film night scenes or tape scenes inside public facilities outside of normal business hours.
Actors should be in good physical shape as many parts require the ability to move quickly and specifically under a lot of pressure, often enduring heat from stage or studio lights and the weight of heavy costumes.
Some sort of training generally is necessary to land any acting work. Actors looking at training programs should consider the following criteria:
- Length of program.
- Practical aspect of program
- Business Skills Covered
- Industry Reputation of The School
While some actors consider four year B.A. or three year M.F.A programs, many actors attend smaller conservatories and achieve the same, if not better results in a much shorter amount of time.
FINDING WORK AND GETTING PAID
Most professional actors rely on agents or managers to find them auditions, negotiate contracts, and actually manage their careers. Agents usually receive a percentage of the pay stated in an actor's contract. Newer actors submit themselves for parts online, as well as through trade publications that list the times, dates, and types of auditions.
Minimum scale salaries, work hours, and other employment conditions are covered in collective bargaining agreements between producers and performers' unions. The Actors' Equity Association (AEA) represents theater or stage actors; the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) covers film actors, which includes television, commercial, and film actors; and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) represents radio and TV performers. Actors who regularly work in several media usually join all the unions.
Under a joint SAG and AFTRA contract covering all their actor members (as of July 1,2007) film and television actors with speaking parts earned a minimum daily rate of $759 - or $2,634 for a 5-day work. Additionally, studios and producers contributed to actors' health and pension plans as well as paying actors for reruns and international telecasts of the productions in which actors appeared.
According to AEA, the minimum salary for actors in Broadway productions as of June 2007 was $1,509/week. Off-Broadway theater actors received minimums from $516 to $976 a week - as of October 29, 2007. Regional theaters that observe and operate under Equity agreements pay actors at the rate of $544 to $840 per week. For productions that go on tour, actors receive an additional $113 per-dium, or daily living expenses.
Some well-known actors earn well above the minimum; their salaries are many times the figures cited, creating the false impression that all actors are highly paid. For example, of the nearly 120,000 SAG members, only about 50 might be considered stars, with another few thousand who are well known and successful in their own right but not quite household names.
EMPLOYMENT AND JOB OUTLOOK
In May 2006, actors held about 70,000 jobs. Because many others were between jobs, the total number of actors who were willing and available for work was higher. Most motion pictures and television acting jobs were to be found in Los Angeles with a few small studios throughout the country. Many films were shot locally and employed some local actors for the smaller parts. In television, most opportunities existed where the networks are located, in New York and Los Angeles, but cable television services and local TV stations around the country also employed a good deal of actors.
Employment of actors is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. Although there are a growing number of new actors entering the field, many will leave acting early because the work is hard, the hours are long, and the chance of significant success is somewhat low. Having said that, employment for actors is expected to expand to twelve percent (12%) between 2006 to 2016. Growing cable and satellite television operations, increasing production and distribution and demand of big budget, major studio and independent films, as well as quickly rising demand for films in other countries should create more employment opportunities for actors. Another factor supporting job growth is the continuing development of interactive media, direct-for-internet films, and mobile content produced for cellular telephones or other portable electronic devices. Competition for jobs, however, will be stiff. Jobs will for the most part go to the most prepared and determined actors.
The Acting Corps Home Page


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Vector C has a magnitude 21.0 m and is in the direction of the negative y axis. Vectors A and B are at angles? = 45.4° and? = 28.7° up from the x axis respectively. If the vector sum A B C = 0, what are the magnitudes of A and B?
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The Spinning Particle Model
The Classic Model
of the Electron
The Spinning Particle Model of the Electron
Some Predictions
of this model are:
Explaining the Questions raised by the Classical Model
Negative charges
Attracting each other
Graphical Particle Collision Solver
Particle & Wave Behavior
Tunnel Effect
Spin Polarized Tunnelling (Giant Magnetoresistance)
Theory of Radiation
Gyromagnetic Ratio g=2
Measuring the Size
of the Electron
The Hydrogen Atom Model
Relativity: Time and Spedd
A brief summary
of the ideas exposed
Discussion Forum
Annex 1:
Calculating the Spin
 The Spinning Particle Model
 Theory of Radiation
The classical theory of radiation tells us that a particle emits radiation whenever it is accelerated. But in our model the CC is constantly moving in a circular motion and thus it is always accelerated. This means that it is the acceleration of the CM the one that matters regarding radiation.
The theory of radiation has to be rewritten.
Our free particle conserves its kinetic energy but its CC is accelerated, so that no radiation has to be associated to an accelerated CC moving at the speed of light whenever the CM is moving at constant velocity.
The electron cannot decrease its CM velocity spontaneously. Just consider the analysis by the CM observer. A free electron cannot emit radiation.
Radiation has to arise whenever the CM is accelerated and its velocity decreases, so that we need both, an external accelerating force or impulse and a decrease of the CM velocity.
M. Rivas


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Selecting the right online tutor is a crucial decision that can greatly impact a student's learning journey. With numerous options available, it's important to carefully evaluate various factors to ensure the best possible educational experience. In this article, we will discuss five key considerations to keep in mind when choosing an online tutor in Australia. By paying attention to these factors, students can make an informed decision and find a tutor who meets their specific learning needs and goals.
- Qualifications and ExpertiseOne of the primary factors to consider is the tutor's qualifications and expertise. Look for tutors who possess relevant academic qualifications, certifications, or teaching credentials in the subject area you need assistance with. Additionally, consider their experience in online teaching and their familiarity with the Australian curriculum. A qualified tutor will have the necessary knowledge and skills to provide effective instruction.
- Personalized Approach and Teaching StyleEvery student has unique learning requirements, so it's important to find a tutor who can tailor their teaching approach to suit individual needs. Look for tutors who offer personalized lesson plans, adapt their teaching style to match your learning preferences, and provide individualized attention and feedback. A tutor who understands your strengths, weaknesses, and learning style can significantly enhance your learning experience.
- Track Record and Reviews :Before selecting an online tutor, research their track record and reviews from previous students. Look for testimonials or feedback that highlight the tutor's effectiveness, reliability, and professionalism. Platforms that provide verified reviews and ratings can help you gauge the quality of a tutor's teaching and their ability to deliver results.
- Availability and Scheduling Flexibility:Consider the tutor's availability and scheduling flexibility to ensure they can accommodate your preferred study times. It's important to find a tutor who can align with your schedule and provide consistent support. Discuss and confirm the tutor's availability before committing to their services.
- Technology and Learning ToolsEvaluate the technology and learning tools used by the tutor or tutoring platform. Ensure that they have a reliable online learning platform, video conferencing capabilities, and tools for sharing documents, assignments, or resources. A user-friendly interface and interactive features can enhance your online learning experience.
Conclusion: Choosing the right online tutor in Australia requires careful consideration of several important factors. By evaluating a tutor's qualifications, personalized approach, track record, availability, and technology tools, students can make an informed decision. Taking the time to select the best online tutor will maximize the potential for academic success and an enriching learning journey.


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In that post, I showed some feeding behavior that I had not seen before, in which the bug removed some of its mouthparts from the rostrum while probing for food. At the time, I thought those mouthparts were the feeding tube. But on further investigation, I learned otherwise.
Starting at the end, here is a detail of the tip of the feeding tube.
Quoting here from R.F.Chapman, "The Insects / Structure and Function" (pages 15-16),
Image #1 at top of post shows a prepared specimen, in which the maxillary and mandibular stylets were pulled away from the labium and separated slightly as they dried. The barbed ends of the mandibular stylets can be seen clearly as the curled structures, while the interlocked maxillae remain straight at the center of the assembly.In Hemiptera, mandibles, maxillae and labium are all elongate structures, while the labrum is relatively short. The food canal is formed by the opposed maxillae which are held together by a system of tongues and grooves. These allow the stylets to slide freely on each other, while maintaining the integrity of the food canal. The maxillae also contain the salivary canal. On either side of the maxillae are the mandibular stylets. These are the principal piercing structures and they are often barbed at the tip. When the insect is not feeding, the slender maxillary and mandibular stylets are held within a groove down the anterior side of the labium. The hemipteran labium is known as the rostrum. It is usually segmented, allowing it to fold as the stylets penetrate the host.
Here are two more images showing a wider view for context.
Image #2 is the prepared specimen again. The labium (rigid part of the rostrum) is held out of the way with an insect pin, while the labrum and stylets are in more or less their normal position except for the curling of the mandibular stylets.
Image #3 is a different specimen, this one live, using an insect pin to manipulate the mouthparts so as to show the labrum and the stylets in relation to the rigid segmented labium that forms the rostrum.
You can see another view of these structures in operation in THIS POST by Mike Gordon at flickr.
I hope you find this interesting!
Image #1: Nikon M Plan 20X NA 0.40 ELWD objective, 55 frames in Zerene Stacker, PMax + DMap combined. Illuminated by Canon 580EX II Speedlite plus two Yongnuo 460 II flashes through paper diffusers.
Image #2: Olympus 38 mm f/2.8 bellows macro lens at f/5.6, same illumination.
Image #3: Canon MP-E 65 at ~2X, f/11, single 580EX II Speedlite with Opteka diffuser.


Faking a Graphical Link
Having text links is extremely important for your internal site navigation since internal links do count for link popularity purposes and the context of your incoming links is very important. Graphical links simply do not provide the same amount of context as a text link does. So basically you can choose to have a graphical menu and get almost no context benefit from it, or you can have a text based menu with your keywords in the links and get a significant context benefit from it.
But what if you could have your cake and eat it too? There is a way. You can fake graphical links.
Now before I get into the meat of this article let me say that you don't always need to have text links in your menu. Changing a graphical link to your "Contact" page to a text link isn't going to give you any real benefit. However, using this site as an example, by using "Search Engine Optimization" as the text we use to link to our SEO category on the menu to the left we are giving that category page a substantial benefit.
So if you're not going to use keywords in your menu you might as well not worry about if it is text based or not.
Now lets talk about faking graphical links. There are two main ways you can get the appearance of a graphical menu while keeping keyword rich text. I will describe each below.
Method 1: Giving Links a Background
We'll start with the best method first so you can skip the remaining pages of this article. Using CSS you can specify a background image for just about anything, including a text link. You can also change this background image using the hover pseudo-class. The end result is a javascript-less image rollover on a text link. Simple huh? Well yes, but not quite that simple. There are a few quirks you should be aware of.
First of all, like any other image rollover, you'll want to preload your images using the javascript below:


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The death's-head hawkmoth has one of the direst reputations of any insect.
The skull on the thorax, the yellow ribs on the abdomen and the cloak-like wings of the moth combine to produce an ominous image. Should the moth be disturbed, it hops about, shrugging its wings up and down, all the while making a high-pitched squeaking noise. No wonder the moth was believed to be an evil omen.
"It is regarded not as the creation of a benevolent being, but the device of evil spirits - spirits enemies to man - conceived and fabricated in the dark, and the very shining of its eyes is thought to represent the fiery element whence it is supposed to have proceeded. Flying into their apartments in the evening at times it extinguishes the light; foretelling war, pestilence, hunger, death to man and beast." (Harris, 1840)
Throughout Europe, the common names of this moth all refer to its appearance:
Nor could entomologists resist the lure of the moth's appearance when giving names, drawing from Greek mythology:
Three other forms of the species include:
The morbid theme continues in the names of the other 2 species of Acherontia:
Forms and other names applied to these species include:
Death's-head hawkmoths have also entered modern mythology. Count Dracula sent these moths as food for his thrall, Renfield. In the film version of The Silence of the Lambs, the killer placed a pupa of Acherontia styx in the mouths of his victims.
All in all, these poor moths have had a hard time - just because of how people view the coincidental arrangement of colours and patterns on their bodies.


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The family name at the time was Wesley, not Wellesley. Arthur's eldest brother (there were two elder — Richard, William (later Wellesley-Pole) and and an elder sister, Anne, followed by Henry and Gerald Valerian. The grand father was Richard Colley (or Cowley or Cooley — which would be most applicable in eighteenth-century Ireland? Despite this the family preferred the Anglicized version Colley). The name Wellesley was adopted by Richard (Arthur's eldest brother) when in search of Marquessate. Afetr service as Governor General of India, he became Marquis Wellesley ignoring the Mornington, because he thought it reflected a genealogy back to Norman, which the Cooleys didn't have.
James, L. The Iron Duke: a military biography of Wellington. London, 1992.
Longford, E. The Years of the Sword. London, 1969.
The late Lady Longford (who married Frank, later Lord, Longford and had access to family archives and those of HM the Queen and the Dutch royal family - Kitty Wellington, wife of 1st Duke, m 1807, was a daughter of Lord Longford) can be regarded as the definitive author on the subject.
Longford, E. Wellington: Pillar of State. London, 1972.
Last modified 19 March 2008


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Scholastic Substitute Teacher Essential Folder
PreK-6, 16 Pages, Laminated
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- Great ideas and patterns for both regular and substitute teachers!
- Folder helps keep things organized while booklet has a variety of forms, pages, tips and suggestions.
- A great way to organize and plan for days a teacher is out of the classroom.
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Reproducible Pages, Supplementary Material
Grades Pre K-6
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Double Identity is a neat project by photographer Caroline Briggs in which she photographs portraits of identical twins wearing the same clothing and striking the same poses, and then overlays one on top of the other to show their similarities and differences. She writes:
My series aims to avoid direct physical comparisons between twins while allowing the viewer to acknowledge and accept the twins? similarities and differences. For the twin, it gives them a different perspective on their double identities and poses questions about their relationship and their desire – or lack of desire – to live completely separate lives.
Double Identity by Caroline Briggs (via BBC)
Image credits: Photographs by Caroline Briggs and used with permission


What Is Shaft Torque?
Torque is the simply the amount a shaft (shown in blue) twists when subjected to a known amount of force (usually one foot-pound of force is applied) and the torque value is always expressed in degrees. It is a term commonly associated with composite or graphite shafts, but steel shafts have a certain degree of torque too. However the amount cannot be independently changed from the frequency (or stiffness) of the shaft like a composite design, thus torque of steel shafts is generally not listed by the manufacturer. A lower torque value (i.e. 3.5° versus 4.5°) resists the shaft from twisting on the downswing with all else equal.
Is there a standard?
The answer to that is no, just like most parameters in the golf industry. I like to say "the only standard in the golf industry is there are no standards." Each manufacturer has an internal method for measuring torque that will vary from one to the next. However, each shaft by the manufacturer will be measured using the exact same clamping dimensions and force for all their shafts. To explain this, let's look at the following diagram.
The top shaft shows how Hireko measures torque for our Dynamic Shaft Fitting Index. We clamp 1" of the tip where the tip weight or force is applied. Of course for this to occur, the butt end is clamped (in our case 2") to secure the shaft. The difference between the clamps is called the beam length. At Hireko, we measure a longer beam length than any manufacturer which is important to know when looking at out listed values versus those by the actual manufacturer.
For the sake of example, this 46" raw shaft (with a 43" beam length) happens to measure a torque of 6.0º using 1 foot-pound of force. By most standards, this torque rating may seem high.
Now let's take the same exact shaft and change the clamping dimensions. Some manufacturers may elect to clamp 3" up from the tip and use a 32" beam length on their woods. This means the butt end of the shaft is clamped 11". While this may sound like a lot of shaft is not being included for the torque measurement, there may be a valid reason. Some manufacturers have been measuring torque on their shafts since the days when wooden woods were common. In those days the shaft would exit the head 3" from the tip. Plus the shaft would be cut to length and not used at its full length. The clamping dimension further down the butt end would be closely associated with the position of the lower hand or portion of the grip.
By changing the beam length, the torque value of this shaft goes from 6.0º down to 4.3º, which is no longer considered high, but more average for a wood shaft. None of the manufacturers that I am aware of show how their torque is measured. So comparing torque values from manufacturer to manufacturer is not an exact science like it is by looking at the values from shaft-to-shaft with one particular company's product line. This is one of the reasons why Hireko continues to test all parameters using the same testing methods and publish those results in our annual Shaft Fitting Addendum.
Is lower torque better?
The one thing about torque is that it is perhaps the most misunderstood shaft parameter and to the bewilderment of many, may not make complete sense. There is a myth out there that the lower the torque the better and will result into a straighter shot. While that may had started in the early days of graphite production, this is not entirely true today.
One of the reasons shafts with higher torque values are considered less accurate can be attributed to the cost. Often times the higher torque wood shafts (above 6°) will be less than $9 retail and may not be 100% graphite, but have a certain percentage of fiberglass mixed in. One clue is to look at the shaft weight. A heavier weight will be a sure sign that is contains a high percentage of fiberglass. Some shafts that are found in boxed sets or very inexpensive composite shafts contain fiberglass.
Low cost graphite shaft are constructed with low modulus (lower strength) materials. Often times these shafts will exhibit both high torque and a softer tip section. In the hands of a stronger player, this combination would be less accurate than a lower torque model.
But not all higher torque shaft use low modulus material. Contrary, some of the world's most expensive shafts have higher torque values and here are a couple reasons why. With the advent of 4-axis winding, manufacturers might elect to wrap high modulus graphite plies at 0º angles on the mandrel to increase the hoop strength and control shaft ovalization allowing for better shot consistency. These fibers have no contribution to the torque of the shaft.
Secondly, shaft weight plays an important factor. If you do not believe me, look at any shaft line that is produced in different weight options. It should come as no surprise that the lighter the shaft; the higher the torque value. When you think about it, this makes complete sense. If less material is used (due to the lighter weight), there is less material available to control torque or resist twisting.
This year will there will be a focus or at least a trend toward lighter and lighter weight drivers. These drivers will be using shafts in the 50 gram and even lighter range. All of these super-lightweight shafts will require better quality materials to achieve the target weight and limit breakage. As a result of the thinner walls these shafts may have torque value by the manufacturer close to 6º (or 8º using Hireko's longer beam length method), yet will produce highly playable clubs.
If you have control problems with these lighter weight / higher torque designs – don't blame the torque. Blame the longer assembly length or the potential that the club is just too light for you to handle. Additional torque could actually be your friend, especially if you tend to fade, push or slice the ball as this could help to close the club face and not resist it.
 1. Eric Swanson says:
 great article! thanks for posting Jeff!
 2. dave ellison says:
 excellent presentation on torque. very clear and understandable. congratulations.
 3. wally says:
 Thanks for a great article…explains some of the smoke and mirrors
 4. Richard Berger says:
 Are we correct to understand that higher torques will tend to close the face at impact and that a shaft with too much resistance (lower torque) will tend to leave the face open at impact and lead to the ball slicing or being pushed? Is there a relationship between swing speed and correct torque?
 This was a great piece. I wish you could have gone just a little further…
 5. Jeff Summitt says:
 I have to be careful how I answer your question because often time you change one parameter (such as torque), it might influence another like tip stiffness or frequency (stiffness). If you look at your question at face value, then the higher torque can help close the club face with all else being equal. However, heads with different CG locations can also play a role as the club works as a system.
 A person with reduce swing speed will often produce less torques or forces on the club than someone with higher swing speeds. So selecting torque might go hand in hand with flex. For example if you are using a more flexible shaft (like A or L), then chances are you may not require as low of a torque value shaft. But then again there are many other factors to consider as torque and flex can be designed separately of one another.
 6. Richard Berger says:
 Thanks, I'm starting to get it, I think…I can be more specific: I'm planning on building a new driver with the Leggera head. I want a lightweight shaft…my swing speed is about 85 mph. If I miss, it's usually to the right except for a pull hook once in a while (not often). Any shaft recommendations? I'm a senior (63).
 7. Don says:
 Your statement that graphite plies at 0 degrees does nothing to control torque, is not what I have read in the past. I have read information from a few high end shaft companies that state that plies at 0 degrees do reduce torque, plies at 90 degrees control stiffness, and plies at 45 degrees control both, but to a lesser extent. Plies at 30 degrees do the same thing as plies at 45 degrees, but in a different amount.
 8. Jeff Summitt says:
 It will depend upon what you are using to a certain degree. You could be missing right because of the face angle, shaft weight, flex, length, etc. Shaft flex will have little if any to do with age, sex or handicap – only your speed and your tempo.
 9. Jeff Summitt says:
 The 0 degree plies (some manufacturers might call this 90º and longitudinal 0) are used primarily in the butt section. The majority of the shaft torque occurs in the smaller diameter tip section. A way to check is to clamp different amounts from both ends and measure the differences. You might be able to clamp 10″ of the butt and see he same change as clamping 1″ more from the tip.
 10. David Lord says:
 I have some disagreements with your explanations. 1. Almost all the torque occurs at the tip where the shaft diameter is least. The resistance to torque is a 4th power function of the shaft diameter


Pamplona 2006
Experts from 16 countries are working during this week in Pamplona to enhance the
promotion and learning of languages supported by the Government of Navarre. The first
project will try to reduce the number of drops-out in language courses since half of the
students enrolled don't finish their courses. The second and third projects will work on
the learning methodological improvements and the fourth one aims at promoting the
knowledge of languages among primary schools with the project called "Chain stories".
Through these projects the European Union intends that its citizens master two languages
as well as their mother tongue. The new methodologies are aiming for the development of
skills which allow citizens to get by in several languages even though they are not known
in depth.
Anca: It's important to understand that if you learn some specific structures and
resources, certain skills partially, in some languages it is as good as knowing it
completely. This is an new approach to the success of language learning.