how to mask in photoshop
how to mask in photoshop
How To Mask In Photoshop
How to mask in photoshop In this photoshop tutorial for beginners. If you are planning to create some fantastic typography or any custom layout for your business, then you have landed at the right place. Today we are going on a journey where we will learn how to mask in photoshop and make those beautiful custom layouts that you always wondered about.
Before going into the real action, we would do some warm-up by knowing about masking. Most of us still don't have a clear idea of image masking. In short, clipping masks cut a specific shape from an image and paste it on another. So in this editorial, I will try to tell you what is clipping a mask in photoshop and do some masking tutorials as well.
What Is A Clipping Mask In Photoshop
It might be a million-dollar question when you have no idea but trust me, and the answer is very simple if it is answered in the correct way. First, let's know the technical definition of the clipping mask. It is a powerful photoshop technique that can control the visibility of the layers. I know it's a bit tough to understand, so let's simplify this definition with a simple example.
Imagine a solid black paper with a hole right at the center of it. Now take a hard copy of a photo and place it under the black paper. The black paper will cover the entire image, but only the part of the image under the hole will be visible. Now let's dive a bit deeper with the example. This time we will use two different images and place image 2 under image 1.
Let's take the black paper with a hole in it again and now place it over the two images. We will see the picture only through the hole, and the rest of the image will not get shown. Instead, we will see image 2, and this is what the photoshop masking process does to the image.
The process of photoshop clipping mask and layer masking are different though they might provide similar results. The layer mask works with black and white layers and controls the layers' visibility, and the clipping mask photoshop works with the contents to control them. Enough of sharing the theoretical knowledge because now it's time to create the clipping mask practically.
To create a clipping mask in photoshop, you don't need to be a professional photo editor and know about adobe photoshop cc. All you need is to have basic knowledge about some of the photoshop tools. I will guide you through the step-by-step process to create a clipping mask in photoshop so that I will suggest you not miss or skip any of the steps whatsoever. Adobe Photoshop has the option built in to create the clipping mask, and they named the option "Create Clipping Mask."
Yes, it's funny and seems very easy that you click on the option, and boom, it's done. It is easy, and you will agree with me when our journey reaches the finish line, so stay tuned…
Step 1: Open Model Photography Image
First things first, insert the image in the photoshop you want to work on. It can be any image, but for our today's tutorial, I will use a model photography image, and I would suggest you start with that as well. By default, the image will be in the layer panel holding the name "Background." The layer will be locked because it's the original file, and if it wasn't locked, anything goes wrong during the editing, and the original file will get destroyed.
Pro Tip: After inserting a photo before you start editing, create a duplicate layer of it. For this tutorial, I named it Layer 1.
Step 2: Create A New Layer
For our Photoshop clipping mask process, we require multiple layers on top of one another, creating another layer. The new layer option is on the bottom side of the layer panel. Please create a new layer from the new layer icon and place it right below layer 1 and name it Layer 2.
We can also create new layers from selection in photoshop, but I prefer creating the new layer first.
 Step 3: Make A Selection
Remember the hole on the black paper? Selecting a specific part of the image will work as the hole here.We will create the selection using a photoshop selection tool, but one crucial thing to remember here is that we must keep layer 2 selected. I will use the Rectangular Marquee Tool to select the image, but you guys can use any selection tool to create your desired shape.
Step 4: Fill The Selection
We have selected our desired shape over the image, so now we will fill our selection area. Now you can turn off the visibility of Layer 1 if you want, and I would suggest you do that. The selected portion of our image is going to be used as a clipping mask. To do that, we have to fill the selection, or we will lose our desired selection when we deselect it. Go to the menu bar at the top, select Edit→ Fill, and select any color or pattern you want. If you followed my tutorial from the first, you would have a portion chosen with color.
Step 5: Deselect
Now we don't require the selection anymore as we have filled the selection area with color. So we will deselect it, and to do so, we have to go to the menu bar again and click on Select→ Deselect.
Step 6: Photoshop Clipping Mask
The moment we were waiting has arrived, and after this step, we will get our clipping mask. Select layer one, and from the menu bar, click on Layer→ Create Clipping Mask and Layer 1 will automatically become a clipping mask. Now you can use this layer as a clipping mask and add any image you want under it to use as the background.
A bonus step only for you guys…
Step 7: Move The Subject In The Image
If your clipping mask contains any subject and wants to change its placement, you can do it in a simple way. Select Layer 1 and then use the Move tool and drag the subject to change the subject's placement.
Advance Tips To how to mask in photoshop A Pro
Okay, we have got our clipping mask layer, and now we can use this layer on top of any image we want, but what if we wish for a subject to be cut accurately and then make it a clipping mask. The secret of making your clipping mask layer more advanced and professional is in the selection process we used earlier. Let say you want to cut a model from a background and place it on another backdrop. In that case, the model you want to cut and place somewhere will be the clipping mask. So either you have to cut the subject precisely to confirm that the subject is fully separated from its original background or when you will place the subject on another backdrop, the uneven edges will make the image ugly.
Other than the precise cutting, what if you require a clipping mask with a specific shape? Or you want to create typography using the clipping mask technique?
Below I will cover these advanced photoshop clipping masking tutorials and present them in the easiest way I can, so stay tuned and hope for the best.
Precise Selection With Magnetic Lasso Tool
Placing any model from one backdrop to another is a common practice based on the different requirements. Now you will know the secret and will be able to do it on your own. To be able to do such a process, we need to select and cut the subject as accurately as possible. You can use any lasso tool to make the selection more accurate, but I will use photoshop magnetic lasso tool for this tutorial. Select the magnetic lasso tool in photoshop and select the subject by keeping Layer 1 and 2 visible. At first, selecting the edges will feel challenging, but I assure you that the process will be easy for you after some practice.
If you completed the proper selection, repeat the previous step of filling the selection area with any color you want, deselect the area and create the photoshop mask or clipping mask.
Create Masks Using Photoshop Shape Tools
If you require to make a clipping mask in a specific shape, then no worry, adobe photoshop has your back here as well. They have multiple shapes built in the software, such as square shape, round shape, heart shape, and many more. But if you want to create your custom shape, then you can create your shape also.
Pro Tip: Use the photoshop pen tool to create your custom shapes and make sure to keep your shapes stroke disable. But if you ever feel like adding strokes to your shapes, then find it on the edit menu.
Create Clipping Mask For Typography
When you are looking to blend a text into an image, then a clipping mask is all you need. You can create fantastic poster designs, brochures, and leaflets with no time using the photoshop clipping mask. The best part of making typography is you can work with any font you want, and this opens the door to creating many unique designs using fonts. Making typography using the clipping mask is a simple and straightforward task to do. Let's do this, You need to revisit the process of creating clipping masks in photoshop, and from there, you just need to change one step, that's all.
Instead of creating a new layer, all you need to do is create a layer with the writing you want to see on your design. Place the text layer under layer 1 and click on create a clipping mask option to create it.
How To Resize An Image In Photoshop With Clipping Mask
After completing creating the clipping mask


correlation after establishing the presence of cointegration. The conditional version of the ARDL model order ( m, n 1, n 2, n 3 ) is presented below;
The lag length of the variables was selected based on the Schwarz Bayesian criterion.
The short run dynamics is employed by the error correction model. This is the final stage of the ARDL model estimation. The model is as follows;
Δ G D P t = ω 0 + ω 1 i Δ ln I N F t 1 + ω 2 i Δ ln E X R t 1 + ω 3 i Δ ln M S t 1 + ω 4 i Δ ln I R t 1 + θ E C M t i + μ t (5)
where ω i is the short run coefficient of model's dynamic adjustment to equilibrium. E C M t 1 term is Error Correction factor. It portrays the estimate of short run disequilibrium adjustment of the long run equilibrium error term. θ measures speed of adjustment to ascertain equilibrium is the problem of shock.
4. Empirical Analysis
This section of the paper consists of analyzed estimation of different tests. Figures 1-4 display the trends of the variables. Table 1 portrays the descriptive statistics of the various variables used for the study. In Table 2, the result of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is displayed this is followed by the estimation result of ARDL Bound Test in Table 3. Respectively, Table 4 and Table 5 portray the outcomes of long-run model and the short-run Error Correction Model.
Figure 1. The trend of the variables used in the study.
Figure 2. Jarque-Bera Test. Source: Eviews 9 software generated results.
Figure 3. Plot of cumulative sum of recursive residuals.
Figure 4. Plot of cumulative sum squares recursive residuals. Source: Eviews 9 software generated results.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics.
Source: By Authors, 2019.
Table 2. Results of augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test.
Source: By Authors, 2019. ***at 1 percent level of significance **at 5 percent level of significance *at 10 percent level of significance.
Table 3. Result of ARDL bound test.
Table 4. Long run model result.
Source: By Authors, 2019.
Table 5. Shor run error correction result.
Source: Eviews 9 software generated results.
4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Graphical Analysis
Table 1 portrays the mean, median, maximum and minimum values coupled with the standard deviation for the variables employed in the study. The average value of LGDP as at 2017 was 2.639057 and a minimum of 1.193922 as at 1982. The average of LBroad_Money as at 2017 was 3.540959 and a minimum of 2.468100 as at 1982. Figure 1 also displays the trends in the variables over the period of 1982 to 2017 in Ghana. The figure displays a gradual decrease in GDP from 1985 to 1994 and then main a slow upwards increment between 1995 to 2006. GDP from 2007 begins to see upward and downward movement until 2011 where it drops down drastically and begin to rise again. The rest of the variable also had similar inconsistency movements. The inconsistency in the movement of the variable could be as a result of various monetary policies created.
4.2. Test for Stationarity
Table 2 displays the results of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Philip Perron (PP) unit root tests as it is essential to check the order of integration of the variables being studied. The stationarity status of the variables specified for the study was determined prior to the long run relationship between GDP and its dynamic regressors. GDP, and Inflation are stationary at level while Broad Money, Exchange rate and Interest rate are stationary at 1st difference. Results of the ADF displayed GDP and Inflation (consumer price index) are integrated in order (0). Broad Money, Exchange rate and Interest rate are integrated in order (I). As a result of the different integration order of the variables, the ARDL method was preferred to be the best method for the study.
4.3. Test for Long-Run Relationship
The null hypothesis of the long run relationship could not be rejected because of the decision criteria which states that, the null hypothesis can be rejected when the F-statistic is lower than the lower bound. Evidence from table three indicates that the F-statistic which has it value as 3.642379 is greater than the upper bound value of 3.52 at 10% significant level. Based on this evidence, the null hypothesis of no co-integration is rejected. These results display that there is robust relationship amongst the variables such as GPD, Inflation, Broad Money, Exchange rate and Interest rate.
4.4. Long Run Results
The results in Table 4 portray the long run relationship between GDP as the dependent variable and as a proxy for economic growth and its respective exogenous variables.
In the long-run, it was revealed from Table 4 that the coefficient of interest rate and inflation revealed a negative impact on economic growth with interest rate having a significant influence on economic growth in the long run whereas inflation does not influence economic growth in the long run. This discovery falls in line with previous studies including Taiwo [32], Ogunmuyiwa [33] and a most recently Gatawa, Abdulgafar and Olarinder [34]. The implication of this revelation is that inflation does not encourage economic growth in the long run. Inflation in the long-run creates distortion and also serve as a threat to economic growth since there is a deteriorating impact on value of money. Inflation may make it increasingly troublesome for families and firms to settle on right choices in light of the signs from market price. Thus, when inflation continues to increase in the long run there will be similar rise in most prices as well since inflation is the rise in price of commodities in terms of definition, and particularly in the event that households and firms are unstable. In the case of interest rate, the negative impact implies that a high rate of interest will discourage borrowing among households and firms since interest rate is an imperative factor to borrowing; thus, increasing the cost of borrowing. A higher interest rate has the tendency to restrained economic growth and inflationary pressures. In relation to exchange rate, the long run result indicates a negative coefficient coupled with insignificant statistics. Exchange rate portrays a negative impact on economic growth of the Ghanaian economy in the long run. This implies that, 1% increase in the exchange rate of the Ghanaian economy will lead to a rise in relative prices for selling outside the country. Firms that export may choose to reduce their prices in order to reduce output when there is slow growth in exportation. Finally, the variable broad money as a proxy for money supply also indicates an insignificant negative impact on economic growth. The finding is in line with Adusei [35] who found that financial development (including money supply) weakens economic growth. Gatawa, Abdulgafar and Olarinde [34], also posit in their study that broad money supply is negatively related to economic growth. In the works of Ihsan and Anjum [36], they discovered statistically insignificant and negative impact of money supply on economic growth.
4.5. Short Run Error Correction Results
The outcomes of the short run estimates of this study are not that different from the long run estimates in exception of one variable. Thus, the exchange rate portrayed a significant influence on the economic growth but in negative direction. This implies that a unit increase in foreign exchange rate will cause a decrease in the economic growth of the country and in the inverse is also true, ceteris paribus. The short run effect of inflation on economic growth is inverse and insignificant as reveled in the long run analysis. By implication, a unit increase in inflation will cause a decrease in the economic growth of the country. Theoretically, Awan and Asalam [26] opined rise in inflation is evidence to hinder economic growth of most countries especially African countries. Interest rate which has a negative impact but significant in the long run analysis maintain the negative impact but was however insignificant in the short run. In relation to macroeconomic hypothesis, an expansion in the supply of money should lead to a reduction in interest rate in the economy, prompting consumption, borrowing and lending. In the short run, this should, yet does not constantly, link to an expansion in total output and spending and, apparently, GDP. Hence, inflation, interest rate, and broad money insignificantly affect economic growth negatively and do not influence economic growth in the short run. The error correction coefficient (CointEq (−1)) was negative and statistically significant at −0.906475, suggesting that a change in the process of the system or monetary policy would restore equilibrium quickly and effectively. Therefore, it will take 91% of any shock on the dependent variable caused by the independent variables to be corrected within a year and based on the figure attained; the convergence to equilibrium would be fast to ensure long run equilibrium.
4.6. Diagnostic Test of ARDL Model
From Table 6 and Figure 2, the ARDL model employed for the paper has passed all necessary diagnostic tests. The results of the diagnostic test propose that there is absence of model correlation, non-normality and heteroskedasticity errors in the residuals. Again, the CUSUM and CUSUMQ portray the stability of the ARDL model at 5


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Hi there,
I want to ask about the 2-cycle of K3 surface.
As we know, its betti number $b_2$=22, so there will be 22 2-cycle generators.
Is there any topological way to figure out such cycles direct?
For example, in the best case, if the K3 surface is elliptic and has a global section, can we use combinations of fibre and section to represent all the 22 2-cycles?
share|improve this question
Jay, the fibers and a section of a fibration are algebraic curves, so anything you can generate will be inside the Picard group. So, in any case, the maximum rank you can get this way is 20, but in most cases much smaller. – Sándor Kovács Jun 29 '12 at 5:07
_USER_'andor -- What about supersingular K3 surfaces? – Jason Starr Jun 30 '12 at 16:13
I suspect that the questioner was interested in the complex case, but I could be wrong. – Donu Arapura Jun 30 '12 at 18:59
In the third paragraph of _URL_ you'll find an explicit example of a K3 surface over $\mathbb{Q}$, with an elliptic fibration, such that the rank generated by a section and components of fibers is $20$, that is the maximum in characteristic $0$. – Olivier Benoist Feb 7 '13 at 8:54
3 Answers 3
up vote 15 down vote accepted
I think the easiest place to see the $22$ is in a Kummer surface. Let $A$ be an abelian surface, so topologically $(S^1)^4$. This clearly has $h_2 = \binom{4}{2} = 6$, and there are obvious topological repreentatives for the $2$-cycles, given by $(S^1)^2$ in $6$ different ways.
Let $X$ be the quotient of $A$ by negation. This has $16$ singular points; the images of the $16$ $2$-torsion points of $A$. Let $Y$ be $X$ blown up at these $16$ points. Then $H_2(Y)$ is (ADDED rationally, see below) generated by the pushforwards of the $6$ $2$-cycles from $A$, and the $16$ $\mathbb{P}^1$'s introduced by resolving the singularities. $6+16=22$.
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There is only one problem with this: The (integer) lattice generated by all of these is not all of $H_2(Y)$. The resulting integer lattice of is index $2^{22}$; see the book Compact Complex Surfaces by Barth, Peters and Van de Ven. – Simon Rose Jun 29 '12 at 21:30
we lose some data there? – Jay Jun 30 '12 at 14:39
Essentially, yes. This is a great way to find rational generators, but it doesn't give integral ones. One quick way to see that is to look at the intersection form: For a K3 surface, the intersection form is $2E_8 \oplus 3H$, whereas the intersection form for the lattice generated by these classes is much simpler (for example, the 16 singular points are all (-2)-curves which intersect no other classes given). – Simon Rose Jun 30 '12 at 17:17
You could try Aspinwall's paper:
"K3 Surfaces and String Duality" _URL_
Sections 2.3 and 2.5 are relevant to your question.
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i find a paper by Michael B. Schulz and Elliott F. Tammaro: _URL_
from page. 11, it gives an explicit description these cycles from the point of view of the resolution of $T^4/Z_2$, seems great!
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Communicative Bahasa Malaysia Course for Expatriate Students of Uplands
The Communicative Bahasa Malaysia Course is an introductory communicative course for expatriate students studying at Uplands. This is a beginner course meant for expatriate students who have never learnt Malay before or have very little Malay. The course aims to provide expatriate students with various language skills and knowledge required to communicate effectively in Malay in various social settings. The pupils will be taught according to their levels of language learning and the course adopts a very interactive approach to teaching and learning to encourage and enhance the communication skills among the students. The students will have their regular oral activities including role-plays, individual oral presentations, pair work, group work and sketches.
This course would enable the expatriate students to:
- acquire the basic vocabulary, language structure and grammar needed to exchange greetings in various social contexts
- understand, respond to and exchange greetings in various social contexts
- acquire the basic vocabulary, language structure and grammar needed to address members of public, friends and family appropriately
- acquire the spoken skills needed to ask polite questions, answer simple questions, seek information and express their opinions or feelings about a particular issue or topic
- acquire the spoken skills needed to talk about their daily activities, personal identifications shopping, personal interests, hobbies, families, etc.
- understand, use and respond to basic instructions in various social contexts
- acquire the basic vocabulary and language structure needed to use numbers in various contexts in life, i.e. currency, telephone numbers, address, prices, size, height, weight, flight, etc.
- use the language skills acquired to shop and bargain the prices of goods
- use the language skills acquired to order food and drinks
- use the language skills acquired to buy tickets at counters
- use the language skills acquired for travelling
- understand and respond appropriately to signs, signals and warnings at public places

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools (MDS3) Initiative
What is the MDS3 Initiative?
The MDS3 Initiative is funded by a grant awarded to the Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE) by the Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools at the United States Department of Education (CFDA#84.184Y). The Initiative is funded to develop a sustainable state-wide system to measure school climate, the school environment, student engagement, and school safety in high schools. Participating schools will receive training, resources, support, and coaching in the implementation of evidence-based programs (EBPs) to meet the needs of their students and school community. Sheppard Pratt Health System and Johns Hopkins will collaborate with MSDE in the implementation and evaluation of the Initiative.
What is the purpose of the MDS3 Initiative?
This Initiative builds on the State's 11-year Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Initiative, which has supported implementation of the universal, School-wide PBIS model in over 900 Maryland schools. Additional support and more intensive interventions are needed for high schools to provide a continuum of strategies to meet the needs of their students. The MDS3 Initiative provides the opportunity to meet this need to improve school climate and reduce discipline problems, bullying, and substance use problems through the implementation of multi-tiered interventions. The data, coaching, professional development, and ongoing technical assistance provided through the MDS3 Initiative are designed to improve conditions for learning and, as a result, student achievement.
What Does MDS3 provide?
An online climate survey was developed by John Hopkins University in the winter of 2010 and administered to students, parents, and staff at all enrolled participating high schools in the spring of 2011 and 2012. This climate survey will be administered annually through 2014. Schools were randomly assigned to one of two groups: intervention schools or comparison schools. Upon completion of the survey in the spring, a climate profile score is provided for participating schools and is posted on this site, as required by the Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools. The intervention schools use their climate data to identify and prioritize specific needs for their school. Based on these needs, the schools select one or more interventions from a menu of Evidence Based Practice (EBPs). Sheppard Pratt Health System assigns Climate Specialists to each school to facilitate the implementation of those strategies with high fidelity. The schools in the comparison group have access to the survey data and receive an annual honorarium for their participation. Finally, at the end of the grant period, the comparison schools will receive the training in the EBPs selected by the school.
What will take place as a result of this funding?
The overarching outcome of the initiative is to improve the conditions for learning in participating high schools which will be accomplished by:
- Developing a sustainable state-wide system to measure school climate, the school environment, and student engagement in high schools;
- Analyzing collected data to create annual climate profiles and customized intervention plans for each school; and,
- Providing ongoing training and support in the implementation of related evidence-based programs in schools.
There are twelve (12) Local Education Agencies (LEAs) and 58 schools engaged in MDS3. Through a formal recruitment process led by MSDE, LEAs and their schools were enrolled in late 2010 and early 2011 for the remaining 3.5 years of the grant in the MDS3 Initiative (winter 2011 through summer 2014). Schools in the intervention condition receive training and on-site coaching and technical assistance in the implementation of one or more evidence-based programs that meet the specific needs of their school. Schools randomized to the comparison condition have access to the climate survey results, receive an honorarium for their participation, and receive training in the selected evidence-based programs at the end of the project (summer 2014). Climate profiles scores for schools in both conditions are posted here on this site.
It is important to understand that the posted scores have been attained through the responses to the climate surveys with the inclusion of existing incidence data for each school (details follow). The creation and posting of these scores is a requirement of this grant and much consideration has gone into its calculation. However, there is no way to determine the "value" of the scores, at this time. It is important to view these scores as an initial calculation of BASELINE data collected through the early administration of a newly developed Climate Survey. We anticipate that as the grant continues and multi-year data become available, some conclusions may be drawn, but that is not the case at this time.


10 Tallest Women Recorded in History and Their Gut-Wrenching Stories
Do you know Sandra Elaine Allen was recognized by the Guinness World Record for being the tallest woman in her era? She was 7 feet 7 inches tall.
1 month ago
10 Tallest Women Recorded in History and Their Gut-Wrenching Stories
You might be somewhere around 5 or 6 feet tall, but there are people in the world who are over 8 feet and gained the spotlight for this reason. While some of them acted in movies, others began to earn early due to their unique physical appearance.
You would be amazed to know that the human body undergoes several changes until the person dies. Whether you are 4 ft or 8 ft, changes in the body are natural, and there is nothing that you can do for that.
Likewise, you don't need to do something extraordinary to add your name to the Guinness Book of World Records; sometimes, your height could do this for you.
Let us know about the tallest women in the world and the truth behind their death.
1. Ella Ewing - 8 feet 4 inches
Source = Historicmissourians
Ella Kate Ewing was a Missouri woman, real-life giant, and also the world's tallest female of her era. She was the only child of Anna Eliza and Benjamin F. When she was young: her family moved to Scotland County. Her abnormality appears after her 7th birthday.
When she turned 14, her height crossed other children, her parents, and other people measuring 6 ft 10 inches. Her height was a matter of dispute. Some claimed her height to be over 8 ft, but her mother said that her height growth stopped when she was 22, at 8ft 4 inches tall.
However, the Guinness Book of Records stated that she measured 7ft 4 inches tall and might have reached 8feet ¾ inches tall by the time she died. Her professional career started when she was 22, and a museum owner from Chicago offered $1000 for a 27-day appearance at his establishment.
2. Trijntje Keever- 8 feet 2 inches
Source = Wikia
Trijntje Cornelisdochter Keever is recognized as the tallest woman in history, measuring 8 feet 2 inches tall. She was the daughter of Anna Pouwels and Cornelis Keevera and died at the age of 17. Her parents took her to carnivals to earn money by allowing people to see her. She gained attention when she was nine years old and reached 6 ft 7 inches.
3. Zeng Jinlian - 8 feet 1 ¾ inch
Source = Didyouknowstuff
She was the tallest woman recognized in modern times. She was born in 1964 and lived until 1982. She belonged to Yujiang village in the Bright Moon Commune, Hunan Province, China. She began to grow when she was four months old and could lift 110lb when she was only 18 months old.
Her mother was 5ft 2½ inches, and her father was 5ft 2 inches tall. His brothers were born normal. She suffered from scoliosis and could not stand up straight. She was 8feet and 1¾ inch tall.
4. Anna Haining Bates - 7 feet 11 inches
Source = Naturalheightgrowth
Anna Haining Bates was a Canadian woman and another tallest woman known for her great stature of 7feet and 11 inches. During her birth, she weighed 16 pounds and was the third of 16 children. On her 4th birthday, she was over 4 feet.
By her 15th birthday, she was 7 feet tall. She was excellent in music and literature and has also learned piano and acting lessons. In 1877, she and her husband purchased 53 ha of land and designed furniture according to their specifications.
The main part of the house had 4.3m ceilings, while the doors were 2.4m tall. She conceived two children with Martin. The first child was a girl who died during birth. The next year, she delivered a boy who survived only for 11 hours. He was the largest newborn ever recorded at 10.7 kgs and nearly 30 inches tall. She died suddenly of heart failure in her sleep, one day before her 42nd birthday.
5. Sandra Elaine Allen - 7 feet 7 inches
Source = Wpimg
Sandra Elaine Allen was an American actress and writer, recognized for her tall height. She wrote a book and grabbed the title of the tallest woman in the world for 16 years of her life. She was tall-heightened due to a tumor in a pituitary gland that caused it to release growth hormone uncontrollably.
When she turned 22, she underwent surgery. Unfortunately, her height continued to grow, and she suffered from medical problems related to gigantism. Here are some rare medical conditions that could occur at any age.
She mostly performed in the circus and was also featured in the movie Side Show and the American documentary film Being Different. In later years, she used a wheelchair because her tall legs didn't support her tall statue in a standing position. On 13th August 2008, she died due to a blood infection, kidney failure, and breathing troubles.
6. Carolina Rascón - 7 feet 5 inches
Source = Bobdiaz
Carolina Rascón belonged to a small mining village in Mexico and measured 7ft 5 inches tall. Not enough is known about her as she lived back in 1944.
7. Delores Pullard - 7 feet 5 inches
Source = Worldblaze
Delores Pullard was 7ft 5 inches, but everyone said that she was 8ft tall. She was the tallest woman in the world back then and passed away in 1971 after surgery complications.
8. Maria Fassnauer - 7 and a half feet
Source = Wikimedia
Maria Fassnauer was considered the tallest woman of her time. She was born to Josef and Theresia in Ridanna. When she was 21 years old, she was taken into service along with her sister as a waitress and as an attraction to be exhibited at receptions.
Between 1906 to 1913, she toured fairs in Germany, England, and Austria in the traditional South Tyrolean costume on which they made her wear a male hat to give more attention to her height. After several health problems, she returned to her country and spent her last years. She died on the family farm when she was 38 years old due to heart failure.
9. Malee Duangdee - 6 feet 8 inches
Source = Bangkokpost
Measuring 6 feet 8 inches tall, Malee Duangdee was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest woman in the world. She died of a heart attack in her hometown at the age of 24.
The doctors said she had a long history of chronic diseases, including heart attack, brain tumor, and other diseases. Her tragic death also followed several illnesses related to high blood pressure.
10. Maria Alexandrovna Stepanova - 6 feet 8 inches
Source = Networthpost
She is a Russian professional and Olympic basketball player and also the third tallest player in the league. Born in the village of Shpakovskaya and grew up in Tosno, Maria wears size 15 (US) shoes and is 6ft 8 inches tall. The other players in the league are 7 ft and nearly 6 feet 10 inches tall.
Do you know about other tallest women in the world? Have you ever met any of them? Share your experience below.
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Teaching about ancient Egypt has never been easier – a quick Google search for Ancient Egypt lesson plans yields millions of results. A teacher can also look at TeachersPayTeachers and find over 3,200 resources to buy and use. It's easy to understand why – ancient Egypt is a fascinating topic that is taught in every World History curriculum. What person (both student and adult) doesn't like to learn about mummification and pulling brains through the nose? Therefore, while ANOTHER list of Egypt resources might not be necessary, let's talk about how to use the amazing technology we have to bring this ancient civilization to life.
One of the leaders in educational VR lesson plans is Nearpod. They have their own VR headsets included with a purchase of class sets of their produce. The virtual field trips they offer include the Washington Monument, Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal and the Great Pyramids of Giza. In the Egyptian lesson, students explore the Tomb of Ramesses VI and learn about hieroglyphics.
Another great option is the British Museum as they hold the largest collection of Egyptian artifacts outside of Egypt. The museum has done a great job of putting their entire collection online where you can search the artifacts, and they recently made their entire Egyptian Exhibit a 360 experience! Students are able to walk through the exhibit and explore the artifacts. Check out vr.britishmuseum.org for more information.
Describing Egypt is a wonderful website that is being developed to tell the story of Egypt's long and interesting past. Right now, they have seven different tours focusing on the tombs of the 30 Dynasties era – making it possible to walk through the tombs and temples of some of the most important sites in ancient Egypt.
Discovering Egypt is a website by Mark Millmore who is an artist with an intense interest in Egyptology. He has developed incredible 3D renderings of the temples of Egypt. They are also available as an iPad app. He even has an Egyptian hieroglyphic typewriter that students will love to play around with.
If you are looking for an interactive experience where your student becomes the archaeologist, look no further than our Excavate! Egypt. Students have the option to travel to four important locations along the Nile.
- In Alexandria players will learn about the importance of education and trade in the Great Library.
- In Karnak players explore the great Temple of Karnak and understand the power of the Pharaoh.
- In Giza players gain an understanding of the people who built the Pyramids by exploring the worker's village.
- In Valley of the Kings players discover tools and items used in mummification and the tombs of the Pharaohs.
In each site, players use virtual archaeology tools to dig for artifacts. Once uncovered, players move to the analysis tent where they answer multiple choice questions that force them to look closely at the artifact. Finally, players are asked to gather their new information together in a field report to summarize what they've found.
In addition to the video game, we have created the Excavate! Card Game. Players must use their knowledge of the people, artifacts, and locations of Egypt to make connections. It's a fun way to let students use their creativity and show what they really know. Check it out here!
We hope this list provided some fresh inspiration for your unit on Ancient Egypt. We'd love to hear about any other cool tools your use!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Making a Softbox for Cheap
A Softbox provides a soft and even lighting effect which is ideal for a shoot. The only problem is that this light modifying equipment is quite expensive when you purchase it at a photography store. To overcome this problem, let's see how you can make a softbox cheaply with commonly available materials.
Step 1: Gathering the Materials
You will need the light, white cardboard or foam covers, tape, glue, knife, scissors and a white polyester sheet.
Step 2: Getting the Dimensions Right
The dimensions of the white box you are going to make will basically depend on the size of your light and its intensity, as it will be fitted in front of it. For example, if you are using a 500 watts helium lamp, then one end of the softbox will fit the shape of this lamp. The other end will be about three times more in size.
Step 3: Cutting and Taping
Draw a trapezium on the cardboard or sheet where one end is the width of your lamp and the other side is three times that size. The other two sides are equal. Cut out four such shapes, and tape the sides together. The result will be like a conical cover, but only with straight sides without any curves.
Step 4: Setting It Up
The smaller end of the cardboard structure will cover the light and the other end has to be covered with a well-ironed white polyester sheet. You can set up the box on a stand or table by which it is in front of the light and there is no light escaping from the sides. The sheet can either be taped on or just use clips. Switch on the light and you have a fine soft light falling on your subject.


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cyanide.
para-benzoquinone in DMSO
Copper and an aromatic amine
As used by fumigators to detect hydrogen cyanide, copper(II) salt and an aromatic amine such as benzidine is added to the sample, as an alternative to the benzidine an alternative amine di-(4,4-bis-dimethylaminophenyl) methane can be used. A positive test gives a blue colour. Copper(I) cyanide is poorly soluble. By sequestering the copper(I) the copper(II) is rendered a stronger oxidant. The copper, in a cyanide facilitated oxidation, converts the amine into a coloured compound. The Nernst equation explains this process. Another good example of such chemistry is the way in which the saturated calomel reference electrode (SCE) works. The copper, in a cyanide facilitated, oxidation converts the amine into a coloured compound.
Pyridine - Barbituric Acid Colorimetry
A sample containing cyanide is purged with air from a boiling acid solution into a basic absorber solution. The cyanide salt absorbed in the basic solution is buffered at pH 4.5 and then reacted with chlorine to form cyanogen chloride. The cyanogen chloride formed couples pyridine with barbituric acid to form a strongly colored red dye that is proportional to cyanide concentration. This colorimetric method following distillation is the basis for most regulatory methods (for instance EPA 335.4) used to analyze cyanide in water, wastewater, and contaminated soils. Distillation followed by colorimetric methods, however, have been found to be prone to interferences from thiocyanate, nitrate, thiosulfate, sulfite, and sulfide that can result in both positive and negative bias. It has been recommended by the USEPA (MUR March 12, 2007) that samples containing these compounds be analyzed by Gas-Diffusion Flow Injection Analysis - Amperometry.
Gas Diffusion Flow Injection Analysis - Amperometry
Instead of distilling, the sample is injected into an acidic stream where the HCN formed is passed under a hydrophobic gas diffusion membrane that selectively allows only HCN to pass through. The HCN that passes through the membrane is absorbed into a basic carrier solution that transports the CN to an amperometric detector that accurately measures cyanide concentration with high sensitivity. Sample pretreatment determined by acid reagents, ligands, or preliminary UV irradiation allow cyanide speciation of free cyanide, available cyanide, and total cyanide respectively. These relative simplicity of these flow injection analysis methods limit the interference experienced by the high heat of distillation and also prove to be cost effective since time consuming distillations are not required.
Many cyanide-containing compounds are highly toxic, but some are not. Prussian blue, with an approximate formula Fe7(CN)18 is the blue of blue prints and is administered orally as an antidote to poisoning by thallium and Caesium-137. The most dangerous cyanides are hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and salts derived from it, such as potassium cyanide (KCN) and sodium cyanide (NaCN), among others. Also some compounds readily release HCN or the cyanide ion, such as trimethylsilyl cyanide (CH3)3SiCN upon contact with water and cyanoacrylates upon pyrolysis.
Cyanide is an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (also known as aa3) in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.) It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate.
Cyanides have been used as a poison many times throughout history. Its most infamous application was the use of hydrogen cyanide by the Nazi regime in Germany for mass murder in some gas chambers during the Holocaust. Cyanide has been used for murder, as in the case of Grigori Rasputin. It has also been used for suicide. Some notable cases are Erwin Rommel, Eva Braun, Wallace Carothers, Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Alan Turing, Odilo Globocnik, Adolf Hitler (in combination with a gunshot), residents of Jim Jones' the People's Temple in Jonestown and the LTTE (they use it to kill themselves if they are captured by Armed forces).
- ↑ Alexander Senning. Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology. Elsevier, 2006. ISBN _PHONE_.
- ↑ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Cyanide, inability to smell
- ↑ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ToxFaqs for Cyanide, Jul 2006.
- ↑ J. Vetter (2000). "Plant cyanogenic glycosides". Toxicon. 38: 11-36. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00128-2.
- ↑ D. A. Jones (1998). "Why are so many food plants cyanogenic?". Phytochemistry 47: 155-162. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00425-1.
- ↑ Reissmann, S.; Hochleitner, E.; Wang, H.; Paschos, A.; Lottspeich, F.; Glass, R. S. and Böck, A. (2003). "Taming of a Poison: Biosynthesis of the NiFe-Hydrogenase Cyanide Ligands". Science 299 (5609): 1067-70. doi:10.1126/science._PHONE_.
- ↑ _URL_
- ↑ OI Analytical
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "Cyanure d'hydrogène et solutions aqueuses". Fiche toxicologique n° 4, Paris:INRS, 5pp. (PDF file, in French)
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium". Fiche toxicologique n° 111, Paris:INRS, 6pp. (PDF file, in French)
- ATSDR medical management guidelines for cyanide poisoning (US)
- Cyanide intoxication, by Charles Stewart
- HSE recommendations for first aid treatment of cyanide poisoning (UK)
- Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides (CICAD 61)
- IPCS/CEC Evaluation of antidotes for poisoning by cyanides
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cyanide compounds fact sheet
- Eating apple seeds is safe despite the small amount of cyanide
- Cyanide and Happiness © Explosm.net
Inorganic compounds of carbon
|Common oxides: CO2 ♦ CO -- Exotic oxides: C3O2 ♦ C2O ♦ CO3|
|Compounds derived from oxides: Metal carbonyls ♦ Carbonic acid ♦ Bicarbonates ♦ Carbonates |
|Ionic compounds: Cyanides ♦ Isocyanides ♦ Cyanates ♦ Thiocyanates ♦ Isothiocyanates ♦ Carbides|
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_USER_ { author = {Bayati, Mohsen and Akbarian, Reza and Kavosi, Zahra}, title = {Determinants of Life Expectancy in Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Health Production Function}, journal = {International Journal of Health Policy and Management}, volume = {1}, number = {1}, pages = {57-61}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {2322-5939}, eissn = {2322-5939}, doi = {10.15171/ijhpm.2013.09}, abstract = {Background Determinants of health or health production function in health economics literature constitute noticeable issues in health promotion. This study aimed at estimating a health production function for East Mediterranean Region (EMR) based on the Grossman theoretical model. Methods This ecological study was performed using the econometric methods. The panel data model was used in order to determine the relationship between life expectancy and socioeconomic factors. The data for 21 EMR countries between 1995 and 2007 were used. Fixed-effect-model was employed to estimate the parameters based on Hausman test. Results In estimating the health production function, factors such as income per capita (β=0.05, P<0.001), education index (β=0.07, P<0.001), food availability (β=0.01, P<0.001), level of urbanisation (β=0.10, P<0.001), and employment ratio (β=0.11, P<0.001) were specified as determinants of health status, proxied by life expectancy at birth. A notable result was the elasticity of life expectancy with respect to the employment rate and its significance level was different between males (β=0.13, P<0.001) and females (β=0.08, P>0.001). Conclusion In order to improve the health status in EMR countries, health policymakers should focus on the factors which lie outside the healthcare system. These factors are mainly associated with economic growth and development level. Thus, the economic stabilisation policies with the aim of increasing the productivity, economic growth, and reducing unemployment play significant roles in the health status of the people of the region.}, keywords = {Health Production Function,Healthcare System,Life Expectancy,Eastern Mediterranean Region,Panel Data Model}, url = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ }


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Well-trained comparative medical scientists are needed to meet the research needs of the 21st Century. Veterinarians currently are underrepresented in biomedical research but can make a unique contribution because of their expertise in clinical practice and fundamental biology, as well as their knowledge of spontaneous animal models of human disease.
The goal of the Tufts REVEAL Program for residents is to attract veterinarians to academic and research careers. The program is designed to first create the desire to pursue research and then to nurture these candidates with strong mentoring and programs, as well as by providing readily accessible research opportunities and removing common barriers to research.
The program includes: 1) Symposia on spontaneous animal models of human disease to provide greater interaction with researchers from other disciplines and to increase opportunities for collaborative research; 2) A multi-function website to facilitate research, including a web-based course on applied statistical methods; 3) An academic seminar series that includes topics to foster an interest in research and to facilitate research training; 4) Short-term introductory research electives; and 5) An active mentoring program.
For more information, contact Dr. Lisa Freeman


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START TODAY. Download and install the trial software package.
It includes MATLAB® and a full set of products for working with robotics:
Simulink®, Simscape™, Simscape Multibody™, Stateflow®, Image Processing Toolbox™, Computer Vision System Toolbox™, Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™, Robotics System Toolbox™, Optimization Toolbox™, Simulink Design Optimization™, Control System Toolbox™, Simulink Control Design™.
WHY MATLAB? With the trial software package, you'll see why engineers choose MATLAB and Simulink. You can:
- Connect to and control your robot from the algorithms you develop in MATLAB.
- Develop hardware-agnostic algorithms and connect to the Robot Operating System (ROS).
- Connect to a range of sensors and actuators so you can send control signals or analyze many types of data.
- Eliminate hand-coding by automatically generating code for embedded targets like STM32, FPGA, PLC, and GPUs in many languages such as C/C++, VHDL/Verilog, Structured Text, CUDA.
- Connect to low-cost hardware such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi using pre-built hardware support packages.
- Simplify design reviews by creating shareable code and applications.
- Work with legacy code and integrate with existing systems.


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Stories are one of the first cultural experiences of childhood. Even newborns can expect a bedtime story.
The Lexington Art League's current exhibition, Tales They Told Us, examines the scale and effect of cultural narratives and mythologies. But what about the stories kids have to tell us grown-ups? Isn't it important to hear their perspectives on the narratives playing out in their lives?
LAL outreach coordinator Mary Beth Magyar collaborated with Common Good, a faith-based nonprofit serving kids in North Lexington, to visually document the stories of nine students in kindergarten through sixth grade, many of whom are Hispanic or black immigrants.
The result is Tales We're Telling You, a companion exhibit on the second floor of the Loudoun House.
Working one on one, each child drew directly onto wood panels with pencil in a series of drawings that reflect themes of family, love, power, bullying and playtime. The drawings were carved into woodblock prints by artist Joel Feldman and then printed by Derrick Riley.
The young artists and collaborators will be signing the works during a reception this spring.
Feldman, a retired professor of printmaking, describes the project as a "true collaboration."
"I kept their characters and their details, but I really developed the image and the space around it and the whole composition so it became a formal print if you will," he says.
"This type of collaboration offers a lot of possibilities for young students because it allows them to work with a professional and to see the results and characters of their ideas really pushed and developed," Feldman says, adding that it can be a unique way to approach issues such as bullying, a subject some of the young artists address.
"Certainly you can handle it through school administration, but if the kids get to actually talk about their reaction to the situation, and then have their images shown in a public place," he says, "it can have an effect and make people think in ways that are a little different."
Feldman hopes the city or perhaps a private citizen will buy the prints and display them in a public setting such as a library, giving the profits to the children.
Candace Chaney is a Lexington-based writer.


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Egypt Abolishes Daylight Saving Time
On Wednesday, April 20, 2011, the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers issued a decree to abolish daylight saving time (DST) for good. The country was originally scheduled to switch to DST on April 29.
©_URL_ Walton Illustration
The decision follows a poll conducted by the Egyptian government in which 79% of the participants expressed their wish to stop using DST in the North African country. A somewhat erratic time schedule may have contributed to the increasing dismay. In 2010, clocks were adjusted four times to accommodate the observation of Ramadan.
Egypt first introduced in 1988 to curb electricity consumption. However, a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Electricity and Energy revealed that the measure had no significant impact on power usage.
timeanddate.com will provide updates on this and other time zone news as events unfold.
- Morocco's 2013 Daylight Saving Time Schedule
- New Technology makes Time Travel possible
- Middle East DST Roundup - Syria and Lebanon announce Switch Dates
- West Bank and Gaza start Daylight Saving Time on March 29, 2013
- Haiti starts DST, will follow U.S. schedule in future
- Paraguay's Daylight Saving Moved to March 24, 2013
More about Daylight Saving Time
- Daylight Saving Time
- List of countries that observe Daylight Saving Time in 2013
- Upcoming Daylight Saving Time Clock Changes
- Daylight Savings Time vs Daylight Saving Time
- Spring Forward, Fall Back and Similar Expressions
- The World Clock – Current time all over the world
- Personal World Clock
- Meeting Planner
- Time Zone Converter
- Event Time Announcer/Fixed Time – Show local times worldwide for your event.


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This example shows how to do freerun signal tracing using an Simulink® Real-Time™ host scope. After the script builds and downloads the oscillator model, xpcosc, to the target computer, it adds a scope of type 'host' to the real-time application and the signals 'Integrator1' and 'Signal Generator' to the scope. The application is started and the host scope is used for data acquisition and display. Note:
The model sample time is 250 usec.
The scope is set to acquire 200 samples with a decimation factor of 4.
This corresponds to a display length of 250e-6 * 200 * 4 = 0.2 seconds.
The scope is started in Freerun mode, and its status is monitored until it reaches the 'Finished' state. Next, the scope data is uploaded to the development computer and plotted. This process repeats 25 times. After every fifth run, the damping gain 'Gain1/Gain' is set to a new random value.
Use'slrtpingtarget' to test the connection between the development and target computers.
if ~strcmp(slrtpingtarget,'success') error(message('xPCTarget:examples:Connection')); end
Open the oscillator model, xpcosc. Under the model's configuration parameter Simulink Real-Time option settings, the system target file has been set to slrt.tlc. Hence, building the model will create an executable image, xpcosc.dlm, that can be run on a computer booted with the Simulink Real-Time kernel.
Build the model and download the image, xpcosc.dlm, to the target computer.
set_param('xpcosc','RTWVerbose','off'); % Configure for a non-Verbose build. rtwbuild('xpcosc'); % Build and download application.
### Starting Simulink Real-Time build procedure for model: xpcosc ### Generated code for 'xpcosc' is up to date because no structural, parameter or code replacement library changes were found. ### Successful completion of build procedure for model: xpcosc ### Looking for target: TargetPC1 ### Download model onto target: TargetPC1
Create the MATLAB® variable, tg, containing the Simulink Real-Time target object. This object allows you to communicate with and control the target computer.
tg = SimulinkRealTime.target; % Create a Simulink Real-Time target object tg.SampleTime = 0.000250; % Set sample time to 250us tg.StopTime = 10000; % Set stop time to a high value (10000s) start(tg); % Start model execution
Create, configure, and plot to the host scope during each run.
tPar = getparamid(tg, 'Gain1', 'Gain'); % Get index of parameter 'Gain1/Gain' signals(1) = getsignalid(tg, 'Integrator1'); % Get index of signal 'Integrator1' signals(2) = getsignalid(tg, 'Signal Generator'); % Get index of signal 'Signal Generator' sc = addscope(tg, 'host'); % Define (add) a host scope object addsignal(sc, signals); % Add signals to signal list of scope object sc.NumSamples = 200; % Set number of samples sc.Decimation = 4; % Set decimation factor sc.TriggerMode = 'Freerun'; % Set trigger mode figh = findobj('Name','scfreerundemo');% Does the plot figure exist? if isempty(figh) figh = figure; % No: Create figure set(figh, 'Name','scfreerundemo', 'NumberTitle', 'off'); else figure(figh); % Yes: Make it the current figure end % Loop to acquire 25 data packages from the scope object. m = 1; flag = 0; for n = 1 : 25 if isempty(find(get(0, 'Children') == figh, 1)), flag = 1; break; end % Change parameter Gain1/Gain every fifth acquisition loop % to a random value between 0 and 2000. if ~m setparam(tg, tPar, 2*1000*rand); end m = rem(m + 1, 5); start(sc); % Start scope object % Wait until scope-object has 'finished' acquiring the data. while ~strcmpi(sc.Status,'finished'); end; % Create time vector, upload scope data and display it. t = sc.Time; % Upload time vector plot(t,sc.Data); % Upload acquired data and plot title(['scfreerundemo: ',num2str(n),' of 25 data packages']); set(gca,'XLim',[t(1), t(end)]); set(gca,'YLim',[-10, 10]); drawnow; end if ~flag, title('scfreerundemo: finished'); end
When done, stop the application and close the model.
stop(tg); % Stop model close_system('xpcosc',0); % Close model


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1. Which of the following instruments is commonly used to test the condition of a spark plug wire?
A. A dwell tester C. A wattmeter
B. A multimeter D. An engine analyzer
2. If the air gap between the trigger wheel and the pickup coil in a magnetic pickup device is too large, the
A. engine will be difficult to start and the spark efficiency will be reduced.
B. ignition timing will be over advanced.
C. buildup time in the primary coil winding will be reduced.
D. trigger wheel will rub against and stick to the pickup coil.
3. Suppose you need to adjust the gap of a spark plug. To do this, you would
A. gently tap on the terminal nut of the spark plug with a hammer. B. unscrew the center insulator with a spark plug socket wrench. C. carefully bend the grounding electrode.
D. pull on the center electrode with a longnose pliers.
4. A technician is using an oscilloscope to analyze the performance of an ignition system. The waveforms are stacked one above the other on the display screen. This method of displaying oscilloscope waveforms is called the
A. imposed method. C. superimposed method.
B. raster method. D. parade method.
5. Which of the following statements about spark plugs is correct? A. A hot spark plug easily transfers heat to the cylinder head, while a cold spark plug tends to retain its heat.
B. Cold spark plugs have longer insulator tips than hot spark plugs.
C. A cold spark plug is installed in an engine that has cool combustion temperatures.
D. If a hot spark plug is installed in a hot-running engine, the spark plug may overheat.
6. While inspecting a spark plug, a technician notices that the spark plug's insulator is damaged. What's the usual cause of this condition?
A. The air-and-fuel mixture is too rich. C. The plug has been overheated.
B. The plug is oil-fouled.
D. The piston rings are worn or faulty.
7. The maximum dwell setting in a four-cylinder engine with a conventional ignition system is
A. 45 degrees. C. 90 degrees.
B. 60 degrees. D. 360 degrees.
8. Which of the following is a possible cause of an oil-fouled plug? A. The piston rings aren't sealing the cylinder properly.
B. The air-and-fuel mixture in the cylinder is too rich.
C. The ignition system is weak.
D. The exhaust is blocked.
9. When you're dissassembling a distributor in an electronic ignition system, you may need to use a gear puller to remove the A. pickup coil. C. centrifugal-advance weights.
B. trigger wheel. D. rotor.
10. Which of the following statements about spark plug replacement is correct?
A. Spark plugs are seldom replaced during an engine tune-up.
B. Most manufacturers recommend cleaning spark plugs rather than replacing them.
C. Most spark plugs need to be replaced after every 3,000 miles of operation.
D. A spark plug should never be sanded, sandblasted, or filed and then replaced in an engine.
11. A technician is troubleshooting an electronic ignition system. He checks the plug wires and doesn't find any problems. What should he do next?
A. Check the points to make sure they aren't burnt.
B. Pull the distributor and replace the drive gear.
C. Visually check the ignition coil and test it with a multimeter.
D. Change the electronic ignition module.
12. Which tool would most likely be used to check the air gap in an electronic-ignition distributor?
A. A digital multimeter C. A nonmagnetic feeler gage
B. A dial caliper D. A match book
13. While servicing an ignition system, an auto technician believes that the Hall-effect switch is defective.For most Hall-effect switches, the next step to verify the defect should be to
A. check the switch with a voltmeter. C. check the air gap.
B. replace the switch with a known good one. D. check the computer codes.
14. Cylinder balance tests are run on engines using an engine analyzer. The engine analyzer checks the running condition of the engine by
A. measuring the resistance in the spark plug wires.
B. changing the timing at random while the engine is running.
C. measuring the cylinder exhaust gas temperature.
D. shorting an engine cylinder by cylinder and noting rpm differences.
15. Most problems occurring in computer-controlled ignition systems are related to
A. sensor malfunctions. C. bad exhaust systems.
B. the program in the computer. D. an air-fuel mixture that's too rich.
16. A hand-held engine analyzer is a portable combination of what two diagnostic instruments?
A. A digital multimeter and analog ohmmeter C. An oscilloscope and dwell meter
B. A dwell meter and multimeter D. An oscilloscope and multimeter
17. While analyzing an engine ignition with an oscilloscope, a technician was able to find a very small difference in one cylinder by comparing all cylinders at once. The technician was most likely using the _______ waveform comparison method.
A. raster C. superimposed
B. parade D. line
18. A 24-inch spark plug wire typically shows a resistance of
A. 2000 ohms. C. 8000 ohms.
B. 4000 volts. D. 10,000 ohms.
19. A car equipped with electronic ignition has a misfire problem. To troubleshoot the problem, you might
A. remove the ignition cap and check for carbon tracking.B. check for a broken timing belt.C. make sure the points are properly adjusted.D. check the condenser output.
20. Which of the following components in an electronic ignition system can be tested with an ohmmeter?
A. Modules C. ResistorsB. Spark plugs D. Vacuum-advance units
On the 15th
k i really appreciate it


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|reference frame (rěf'ər-əns) Pronunciation Key
A basis of a four-dimensional coordinate system in which the first coordinate is understood as a time coordinate, while the other three coordinates represent spatial dimensions. Inertial frames and non-inertial frames are both examples of reference frames. Also called frame of reference. See also General Relativity, space-time, Special Relativity.
|a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.|


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Oracle Database 10g Building GIS Applications Using. A direct application of this information is for modeling stream flow at a grid representing flow direction "reference and users manual for the water, extraction of flood-modelling related current spatial information that sections perpendicular to the direction of flow to calculate the average water depth.
* Spatial Information (GIS) Definitionmeaning - Online. This example determines the contributing area for selected pour point locations on a flow direction grid ("spatial") # execute watershed licensing information., flow direction (spatial when calculating the drop raster shows the ratio of the maximum change in elevation from each cell along the direction of flow to.
How to: create a threshold raster to be used as an input for the spatial analyst hydrology tools summary. creating a watershed requires computing the flow direction discharge is the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day. in general, river
Stream network and watershed delineation using spatial analyst hydrology tools water is trapped in that cell and cannot flow. 6.0 flow direction 30/05/2009в в· help calculating water flow into how do i calculate the amount of water that can flow through these so that their length is 25.4 mm in the vertical direction?
May necessitate changes to information in this manual before directing any pre-treated feed water to toray elements come with a вђњflow direction arrow sahysmod is a simulation model to predict ground-water flow, depth of the water table, soil salinity, and drain discharge in irrigated agricultural land.
The flow rate sensor can be used for environmental or earth science studies. flow rate data can be used to calculate the discharge value for a stream or determine the how to cite. braithwaite, v. a. and girvan, j. r. (2003), use of water flow direction to provide spatial information in a small-scale orientation task.
How Darcy Flow and Darcy Velocity workвЂ"Help. 24/10/2011в в· compute watershed grids: fill, flow direction, and flow accumulation in arcmap, flow direction (spatial when calculating the drop raster shows the ratio of the maximum change in elevation from each cell along the direction of flow to); storing information about the flow of wind or water as vectors provides flexibility in how we calculate direction. spatial analytics, sahysmod is a simulation model to predict ground-water flow, depth of the water table, soil salinity, and drain discharge in irrigated agricultural land..
Watershed delineation using ArcGIS Hydrology tools. 18/07/2013в в· calculating surface water i've already delineated the drainage basin that feeds the pour point and created flow direction and content tagged with spatial, behavioral/systems/cognitive measuringflowvelocityandflowdirectionbyspatialand temporalanalysisofflowfluctuations water flow was generated flow direction вђ¦.
Certification of packaged drinking water. this manual is primarily process flow diagrams of the definitions given under the standard provide information go directly to the new manual page here. name r.flow - construction of segment would reverse the direction of flow the spatial distribution of flow
This example determines the contributing area for selected pour point locations on a flow direction grid ("spatial") # execute watershed licensing information. when you design a pipeline for a gravity flow water within limits which you can easily calculate it this manual is written to help you deal with air in water
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Revealing the spatial variability of water fluxes at that the groundwater-surface water interface can have flow direction using only in the delineation capabilities of spatial information, a 2d overland flow model is used to calculate the water flow the model can depict the water direction and
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text:
THE Shashe River has shrivelled to a brownish serpent of sand. Thirsty elephants dig for water in the riverbed with their feet while lions take advantage and stalk their prey as one species after another trickles to the river for a sip of the life-saving liquid. Shaggy water buck, elegant eland, nimble-footed impala, baboons squabbling among themselves but intermittently preening each other's glossy coats, are all the spectacle of the river bed water.
Generally, the Shashe River forms the international border between Zimbabwe and Botswana as it snakes down to vomit into the Limpopo River but at this point, the boundary recedes with some 16km semi-circle into Botswana.
The place is aptly named the Tuli Circle. Legend has it that the name was derived from prevalent wafting dust (ituli in Ndebele).
The early pioneers of Cecil John Rhodes, the British colonial expansionist, with the agreement of local tribesmen established the Tuli Circle as a no-go area for the grazing of local cattle.
This preserved the grazing and helped prevent the spread of rinderpest from the local cattle to the "all-important" oxen of the pioneers needed for the trek north.
The pioneers used cannon fire from a vintage point to mark the circle and the cannon stand is still there as a stark reminder of this incident. It forms what is today the heart of Tuli National Park.
The legacy of this, being that the international boundary separating Zimbabwe from Botswana ceases to be the Shashe River for the section where it flows through the "circle" and the "Tuli Circle" as it became known, was formed.
Today, 26 graves of the first pioneers have stood the test and their epitaphs tell their stories. Interred there is a seven-month-old baby, a man mauled by a lion after mistaking it for a dog and a Scottish marksman, among others.
Over the years, the graves have not been tampered with because the pioneers dug a trench around them and build it with cement to deter elephants and other animals from reaching them.
A visit to Tuli today shows a dumpsite of tins from canned foods and bottles of beer and whisky among other things. Tuli is a tourist attraction that has not been marketed well.
Then there is Tuli Village located about 90km west of Beitbridge on the eastern bank of the Shashe River.
During the rainy season, when the Shashe River is in flood and frothing, the Tuli Circle is largely inaccessible.
The village grew around Fort Tuli which was the first settlement built by the Pioneer Column in July 1890 at the place known as Selous Camp and used by Frederick Selous as a base for his hunting expeditions. The village is mainly a police post and associated housing.
Tuli village can be accessed from Gwanda town via Guyu and Hwali, or from Beitbridge via Nottingham and Shashi Irrigation Scheme, although the latter road is in very poor state.
Tuli was the first point at which the Pioneer Column, and many subsequent expeditions entered into Matabeleland and onward north to Salisbury (now Harare), the capital of Rhodesia as the country was then known.
Tuli was the first location north of the Limpopo/Shashe Rivers where a "European" style building was erected.
The British South Africa Police Station was a wooden modular style of Victorian building, copied from the UK and erected to house members of the BSAP who monitored the river crossing just south of the building's location.
Until this time a large fort (Fort Tuli) had existed on the southern bank of the Shashe where oxen and horses were rested prior to undertaking the river crossing.
In the 1970s this building was relocated from its original site and erected at the site of the old, and now obliterated, Fort Tuli. It was used to house artifacts and items of historic interest which were found by persons in the area of the old Fort.
Fort Tuli was also the launching point of the Jameson Raid into the South African Republic which contributed significantly to the start of the Second Anglo-Boer War in the late 19th century.
It is from Fort Tuli or the Tuli Circle that the Pioneer Column then entered Zimbabwe to establish Fort Victoria (Masvingo), then Fort Charter (Chivhu) before settling for Fort Salisbury (Harare) on September 12 1890.


other)
Bulk update of this object with another one. It's used to merge a smaller and younger $other object into the current one. If this file is a Z file, then we normally do not merge in objects of type delete; this can be overridden by setting keep_delete_objects_forever. But if we encounter an object of type delete we delete the corresponding new object if we have it.
If there is nothing to be merged, nothing is done.
Hashref denoting when this recentfile has been merged into some other at which epoch.
$hashref = $obj->meta_data
Returns the hashref of metadata that the server has to add to the recentfile.
$success = $obj->mirror ( %options )
Mirrors the files in this recentfile as reported by recent_events. Options named after, before, max are passed through to the recent_events call. The boolean option piecemeal, if true, causes mirror to only rsync max_files_per_connection and keep track of the rsynced files so that future calls will rsync different files until all files are brought to sync.
$success = $obj->mirror_path ( $arrref | $path )
If the argument is a scalar it is treated as a path. The remote path is mirrored into the local copy. $path is the path found in the recentfile, i.e. it is relative to the root directory of the mirror.
If the argument is an array reference then all elements are treated as a path below the current tree and all are rsynced with a single command (and a single connection).
$path = $obj->naive_path_normalize ($path)
Takes an absolute unix style path as argument and canonicalizes it to a shorter path if possible, removing things like double slashes or /./ and removes references to../ directories to get a shorter unambiguos path. This is used to make the code easier that determines if a file passed to upgrade() is indeed below our localroot.
$ret = $obj->read_recent_1 ( $data )
Delegate of recent_events() on protocol 1
$array_ref = $obj->recent_events ( %options )
Note: the code relies on the resource being written atomically. We cannot lock because we may have no write access. If the caller has write access (eg. aggregate() or update()), it has to care for any necessary locking and it MUST write atomically.
If $options{after} is specified, only file events after this timestamp are returned.
If $options{before} is specified, only file events before this timestamp are returned.
If $options{max} is specified only a maximum of this many most recent events is returned.
If $options{'skip-deletes'} is specified, no files-to-be-deleted will be returned.
If $options{contains} is specified the value must be a hash reference containing a query. The query may contain the keys epoch, path, and type. Each represents a condition that must be met. If there is more than one such key, the conditions are ANDed.
If $options{info} is specified, it must be a hashref. This hashref will be filled with metadata about the unfiltered recent_events of this object, in key first there is the first item, in key last is the last.
$ret = $obj->rfilename
Just the basename of our recentfile, composed from filenameroot, a dash, interval, and serializer_suffix. E.g. RECENT-6h.yaml
$str = $self->remote_dir
The directory we are mirroring from.
$str = $obj->remoteroot
(void) $obj->remoteroot ( $set )
Get/Set the composed prefix needed when rsyncing from a remote module. If remote_host, remote_module, and remote_dir are set, it is composed from these.
(void) $obj->split_rfilename ( $recentfilename )
Inverse method to rfilename. $recentfilename is a plain filename of the pattern
This filename is split into its parts and the parts are fed to the object itself.
my $rfile = $obj->rfile
Returns the full path of the recentfile
$rsync_obj = $obj->rsync
The File::Rsync object that this object uses for communicating with an upstream server.
(void) $obj->register_rsync_error(_USER_)
(void) $obj->un_register_rsync_error()
Register_rsync_error is called whenever the File::Rsync object fails on an exec (say, connection doesn't succeed). It issues a warning and sleeps for an increasing amount of time. Un_register_rsync_error resets the error count. See also accessor max_rsync_errors.
$clone = $obj->_sparse_clone
Clones just as much from itself that it does not hurt. Experimental method.
Note: what fits better: sparse or shallow? Other suggestions?
$boolean = OBJ->ttl_reached ()
(void) $obj->unlock()
Unlocking is implemented with an rmdir on a locking directory (.lock appended to $rfile).
Sets this recentfile in the state of not'seeded'.
$ret = $obj->update ($path, $type)
$ret = $obj->update ($path, "new", $dirty_epoch)
$ret = $obj->update ()
Enter one file into the local recentfile. $path is the (usually absolute) path. If the path is outside our tree, then it is ignored.
$type is one of new or delete.
Events of type new may set $dirty_epoch. $dirty_epoch is normally not used and the epoch is calculated by the update() routine itself based on current time. But if there is the demand to insert a not-so-current file into the dataset, then the caller sets $dirty_epoch. This causes the epoch of the registered event to become $dirty_epoch or -- if the exact value given is already taken -- a tiny bit more. As compensation the dirtymark of the whole dataset is set to now or the current epoch, whichever is higher. Note: setting the dirty_epoch to the future is prohibited as it's very unlikely to be intended: it definitely might wreak havoc with the index files.
The new file event is unshifted (or, if dirty_epoch is set, inserted at the place it belongs to, according to the rule to have a sequence of strictly decreasing timestamps) to the array of recent_events and the array is shortened to the length of the timespan allowed. This is usually the timespan specified by the interval of this recentfile but as long as this recentfile has not been merged to another one, the timespan may grow without bounds.
The third form runs an update without inserting a new file. This may be desired to truncate a recentfile.
Like update but for many files. $batch is an arrayref containing hashrefs with the structure
 path => $path,
 type => $type,
 epoch => $epoch,
Sets this recentfile in the state of'seeded' which means it has to re-evaluate its uptodateness.
Tells if the recentfile is in the state'seeded'.
True if this object has mirrored the complete interval covered by the current recentfile.
$obj->write_recent ($recent_files_arrayref)
Writes a recentfile based on the current reflection of the current state of the tree limited by the current interval.
$obj->write_0 ($recent_files_arrayref)
Delegate of write_recent() on protocol 0
$obj->write_1 ($recent_files_arrayref)
Delegate of write_recent() on protocol 1
The following suffixes are supported and trigger the use of these serializers:
".yaml" => "YAML::Syck"
".json" => "JSON"
".sto" => "Storable"
".dd" => "Data::Dumper"
An interval spec is a primitive way to express time spans. Normally it is composed from an integer and a letter.
As a special case, a string that consists only of the single letter Z, stands for MAX_INT seconds.
The following letters express the specified number of seconds:
s => 1
m => 60
h => 60*60
d => 60*60*24
W => 60*60*24*7
M => 60*60*24*30
Q => 60*60*24*90
Y => 60*60*24*365.25
File::Rsync::Mirror::Recent, File::Rsync::Mirror::Recentfile::Done, File::Rsync::Mirror::Recentfile::FakeBigFloat
Memory hungry: it seems all memory is allocated during the initial rsync where a list of all files is maintained in memory.
You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
 perldoc File::Rsync::Mirror::Recentfile
You can also look for information at:
Thanks to RJBS for module-starter.
Andreas König
Copyright 2008,2009 Andreas König.
syntax highlighting:


text: On occasion, a hydraulically fractured tight gas well does not perform up to its potential because of slow or incomplete fracture fluid cleanup. A number of papers have been written to address individual factors related to fracture fluid cleanup, but there are still many unanswered questions as to which factors mostly affect gas production from such wells. Numerical reservoir simulation is one of the best methods to study the fracture fluid cleanup problem. Continuing from our previous publication (SPE 117444) on the impact of gel damage on fracture cleanup, we used reservoir simulation to analyze systematically the factors that affect fracture fluid cleanup and gas recovery from tight gas wells. We first developed a comprehensive data set for typical tight gas reservoirs, and then ran single-phase flow cases for each reservoir and fracture scenario to establish the idealized base-case gas recovery. We then systematically evaluated the following factors: multiphase gas and water flow, proppant crushing, polymer filter cake, and finally yield stress of concentrated gel in the fracture. The gel in the fracture is concentrated due to fluid leakoff during the fracture treatment. We evaluated these factors additively in the order listed. We found that the most important factor that reduces fracture fluid cleanup and gas recovery is the gel strength of the fluid that remains in the fracture at the end of the treatment. This paper illustrates the complexity of the fracture fluid cleanup problem and points out the need to use reservoir simulation and to include all the pertinent factors in order to rigorously model fracture fluid cleanup. The procedures presented can provide a useful, systematic guide to engineers in conducting a numerical simulation study of fracture fluid cleanup.


text:
Approximately 542 people are reported to have been hospitalized due to extremely cold temperatures in Russia. Dozens have been killed and an additional 266 people have been admitted to hospitals due to temperatures plunging to -56°F in some regions. The temperature in Moscow has stayed around 0°F for days.
These are the coldest winter temperatures Russians have faced in over 70 years. Not since 1938 have temperatures dropped so low and stayed at such extremes for so long. The Russian winter of 1938 was the year of then-Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
That winter's cold temperatures were used as a weapon and political enforcement tool by Stalin against his political enemies and countrymen that he and his Communist Party deemed either a threat or an "undesirable." He purged his nation through murders and starvation and sent his enemies to Siberia to freeze to death.
It wasn't until February 26, 1958 that the world realized just how severe the Great Purge had been. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev delivered a speech titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" that revealed both the horrors of the Great Purge of '38 and that led to the realization that a New York Times reporter had been instrumental in covering up the murders on Stalin's behalf, allowing him to prolong the purge and increase the numbers killed.
An estimated 680,000 to 2,000,000 people were executed or killed during the Great Purge of '38. Stalin and the Soviet regime went on to kill tens-of-millions more. Some estimates place the death toll at 16,500,000, while others postulate the casualties were as high as 47,000,000 and 60,000,000, most of whom were Soviet citizens.


text:
Why is it that notes "start" with C? In key signatures, for example, C Major is the basis and accidentals are added for all other key signatures. I know that the musical alphabet starts with A and goes to G, so why is C the base note of standard notation and keys? Why isn't A the basis?
Notes do not "start" with C; C major is just the easiest major key to notate in modern notation. The concept of a major key came about long after letters were assigned to the notes. Before there were major (and minor) keys, people used modes, usually just using the notes of the modern white keys and starting and ending in different places. The Ionian mode (which became modern major) was a late addition to the modes.
So it's historical accident that C major is treated as "basic."


text:
A movie screening and discussions on anti-discrimination issues in Gyumri and Vanadzor Infotuns held by EPF
On August 9-10, Eurasia Partnership Foundation (EPF) has continued the series of movie screenings(_URL_ and discussions on human rights, particularly, discrimination and (in)tolerance issues in Armenia facilitated by Anush Margaryan, the manager of the "Towards Adoption of Antidiscrimination Legislation in Armenia" project. This time the movie-screenings and discussions were held in Gyumri and Vanadzor Infotuns, where a number of young activists, school teachers, civil society organizations representatives have gathered.
Participants of both Gyumri and Vanadzor Infotuns discussions demonstrated high interest in the movie and shared different outlooks on overall human rights, discrimination and (in) tolerance issues prevalent in Armenia. For example, while discussing the state policy on inclusive education (which implies enrollment of all children irrespective of special educational needs in mainstream schools with a view to realizing their right to education without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity) in Gyumri Infotun one of the teachers, while acknowledging the importance of inclusive education, expressed her concerns towards its effectiveness given the lack of state resources in providing accessibility of schools and ongoing trainings for multidisciplinary teams and subject teachers. On the other hand, it was generally accepted that if the state has undertaken an international obligation to provide accessibility of education for every child without discrimination and on equal footing with others there is no excuse in not fulfilling those commitments based on the state budget deficiency.In addition, the majority of participants agreed that despite the lack of an all-encompassing anti-discrimination legislation, the law "On Equality" which is to be adopted by the end of 2017 will serve its purpose only if the mechanisms providing its implementation are in place and there is an atmosphere of tolerance and understanding towards each other. The participants of Vanadzor Infotun discussion not only were interested in the educational movie on non-discrimination itself but also asked questions to the facilitator in relation to current developments of the draft law "On Equality" and anti-discrimination policy in general. Apart from that, they shared their experiences of being discriminated against. For instance, one of the participants, a young woman, told how her car had been stopped once by a traffic policeman who refused fining her for violation of traffic rules saying: "Since you are a woman I am not fining you, have a safe trip". Another participant shared her perception of discrimination situation in Armenia saying that she feels living in a society where in certain situations: "the Constitution exists and non-exists, violations exist and non-exist, humans are values and non-values". In view of all participants discrimination and instances of intolerance in Armenia are a result of mass oblivion, which is the primary issue to be tackled in achieving non-discrimination and tolerance.


Optic Cord
What is it?
The truth is, the optic nerve is a direct extension of the brain. The optic cord containts the optic nerve and sheathing tissue surrounding it. For computer game enthusiasts, you know how important a good graphics card is and that they processes a lot of information at high speeds. The fastest ones use the AGP slot and not the PCI slot because the AGP slot can transmit data much faster to the computer than the PCI slot. Anything visual will take a toll on your CPU, or brain. But our brain is so complex it is so much faster than a computer graphics card. Therefore, it is important that the eyes remain near the brain and have an optic cord that is an extension of the brain. Connected behind the eyes, the optic nerve also contains a central artery and vein to give the retina a main source of blood supply.
What does it do?
The brain needs information to process so that you can tell what you are looking at. So all the data collected from the retina are sent to the brain by the optic cord. Interestingly, images that go from the retina to the optic nerve are inverted. Images remains like that until it gets to the brain. The brain translates this inverted image back to the upright position.
Try this test here and find your blind spot. The blind spot is the result of no light receptors at the area where the optic nerve joins the retina. Therefore, no light is picked up there. The optic nerve is actually an extension of the brain, and extends all the way to the back of the brain. You won't notice the blind spot with two eyes open because both eyes help each other out and cancel the blind spot when the brain fuses the two images from both of your eyes together.
Corrective Measures
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text:
And the Survey Says…5 Comments
Effective teaching is the key to student achievement, but how do you keep those effective teachers in the classroom?
Teachers Network is pleased to share the results of the groundbreaking survey, "What Keeps Effective Teachers in the Classroom," funded by the Ford Foundation, in partnership with The Center for Teaching Quality and WestEd. The study focused on two primary areas: 1) what keeps quality teachers in the classroom as opposed to what makes them leave, and 2) the contribution of teacher networks to quality teacher development and retention.
Preliminary key findings show that both quality teaching and teacher retention are fostered through *professional development, effective teacher networks, and teacher leadership*. Ellen Dempsey, Teachers Network's President & CEO, adds that, "The Teachers Network survey is especially noteworthy because it sheds new light on how professional collaboration and teacher networks contribute—in extraordinarily cost-effective ways—to increase the retention of good teachers."
Some survey highlights include:
- 64% of teachers said they joined teacher networks because they "wanted a professional community," which far outshone any other reason for joining networks.
- 80% reported that network participation encouraged them to remain in the classroom, while 90% shared that it improved their teaching practice.
- 59% also reported that network participation prompted them to develop better relationships with students' parents.
- Colleagues' support was the only school culture factor significantly associated with teachers' long-term retention. Collaboration was by far the dominant factor in retaining teacher leaders.


Essential Guide
Keep your server sharp and upgrade memory techniques
A bottleneck is a stage in a process that causes the entire process to slow down or stop. In a communications context, a bottleneck is a point in the enterprise where the flow of data is impaired or stopped entirely... (Continued)
A bottleneck frequently arises from poor network or storage fabric designs. Mismatched hardware selection is a common cause. For example, if a workgroup server is fitted with a Gigabit Ethernet port but the corresponding switch port that connects to the server only offers a legacy 10/100 Ethernet port, the slow switch port will then pose a bottleneck to the server. Another design flaw common to storage networks is excess fan-in, where multiple storage devices are connected to the same switch port in order to maximize the use of that switch port's bandwidth. For example, connecting multiple fourgigabit (Gb) Fibre Channel storage devices to the same switch port can easily overwhelm the switch port and result in performance problems if multiple storage devices are active simultaneously. In many cases, bottlenecks develop over time because administrators fail to track the increasing demands of network and storage traffic.
Bottlenecks can also develop due to poor or sub-optimal configuration of switches or host bus adapters (HBAs). For example, using multiple Fibre Channel ports to connect devices within the storage switching fabric can improve storage availability and performance but if the interconnected devices are not configured for load balancing much of the benefit is lost. Similarly, bottleneck conditions can occur due to hardware failures. From the previous example, suppose that one of two Fibre Channel links should fail. Although failover should allow the storage device to remain accessible, all the traffic that used to be carried by two links now fails over to one -- potentially resulting in a bottleneck if that traffic exceeds the bandwidth of a single link.
Bottlenecks are typically located by systematically testing network performance at various devices along a data path and isolating devices performing noticeably slower than other points. Once identified, the bottleneck can usually be resolved by reconfiguring, upgrading or replacing the offending device. At the network level, this may involve upgrading a switch or HBA. For servers, a CPU or memory upgrade may help or the server may need to be replaced entirely (for example, replacing an aging single-CPU server with a newer dual-or quad-CPU server). Bottlenecks can often be avoided by proactively monitoring traffic load trends over time and implementing improvements before serious problems develop.
This was first published in March 2007
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