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The lava flow in Sciara del Fuoco enters the sea
On 28. December 2002, Stromboli started its first effusive eruption in 17 years. Two days later, two landslides up to 5 million cubic meters in volume descended from Sciara del Fuoco into the sea, triggering a tsunami which damaged buildings close to the beaches of Stromboli village. Afterwards the island was strictly closed to tourists. Nevertheless SOL-team member Marco Fulle spent the last night of 2002 on the island. This page shows the lava flow entering the sea as seen from ground and from the sea, and both in daylight and at night. All times are local (GMT +1hr). Lens focal lengths help to understand scales.
1. Jan. 2003, 18h. f=50mm from Filo del Fuoco. The lava flow exits from the canyon excavated by the landslide of 30. Dec 2002.
1. Jan. 17h. f=300mm from Filo del Fuoco. The dense steam from vaporized sea water is illuminated by incandescent lava.
1. Jan. 17h. f=300mm from Filo del Fuoco. Already cooled lava "teeth" appear on the right of the steam column which partially hides the new lava delta.
1. Jan. 18h, f=28mm. As the wind decreases, the steam column moves in such a way as to allow us to see the canyon wall which is illuminated by the red lava.
31. Dec. 2002, 13h. f=135mm from a boat of the Capitaneria di Porto bringing us to Stromboli. White steam from the active delta is on the left and yellow ash from huge landslides in Sciara del Fuoco on the right.
31. Dec. 13h. f=50mm from the sea below Sciara del Fuoco. The summit craters are strongly degassing without any explosive activity. The red lava flow in the middle of Sciara del Fuoco, is hidden by ash from landslides.
3. Jan. 2003, 6h. f=50mm from Filo del Fuoco. A strong "Libeccio" wind pushes all steam down onto the sea, giving us a perfect view of the canyon walls reddened by lava. Salina (left) and Filicudi (right) are in the background.
3. Jan. 6h, f=135mm from Filo del Fuoco. A clear view of the lava flow leaving the canyon and entering the sea. The active delta vaporizes sea water causing a dense steam column.
4. Jan. 2003, 16h. f=300mm from Punta Labronzo. Hundreds of sea gulls are attracted by the heat of the active delta.
4. Jan. 16h. f=135mm from Punta Labronzo. The sea water boils on the far right of the active delta below the sea gulls.
4. Jan. 17h. f=28mm from Punta Labronzo. Wet weather makes the billowing red steam column appear very dramatic.
4. Jan. 17h. f=28mm. The whole path leading up along Filo del Fuoco (left) towards the summit is covered by steam.
6. Jan. 11h. f=135mm from the sea below Sciara del Fuoco. The active vent feeds a lava flow. Despite daylight it appears red. It enters the sea (right) together with small landslides.
6. Jan. 11h. f=50mm from the sea below Sciara. Overview of the lava flow from its vent at 500m.a.s.l. down to the sea. Small rockfalls (left) trigger bigger landslides (right).
6. Jan. 11h. f=135mm from the sea below Sciara. Zoom on an active landslide, showing meter-sized boulders tumbling down Sciara del Fuoco before crashing into the water.
6. Jan. 11h. f=50mm from the sea below Sciara. Car-size boulders splash into the sea producing spectacular fountains. One is just on contact with the water surface (right).
|Copyright: M. Fulle.|


Ibiki morino by alakazum-d4e4wsw.png
Ibiki Morino is the supporting character of the Naruto franchise. He is a tokubetsu jōnin of Konohagakure and the commanding officer of the Konoha Torture and Interrogation Force, Konoha Gomon/Jinmon Butai).
He was voiced by Taiten Kusunoki in the Japanese version, and by Kim Strauss in part 1, Daniel Woren in Twelve Guardian Ninja Arc, David Rasner in Akatsuki Suppression Mission, and Christopher Corey Smith in Pain's Assault Arc in the English version.
Ibiki is a very strict person, and has even been described as being a sadist by Kakashi Hatake. Compounded with this is his belief that pain is an effective form of communication, which he employed whenever he carries out his duties of torture and interrogation. Nonetheless, he did confess to his subordinates during the Konoha Crush that he was scared of Orochimaru as a child, noting him to be somewhat "inhuman, but in human form". He was also visibly shocked when Kisame massacred his own comrades to protect information. Nevertheless Ibiki has shown a more relaxed side, which shocked Temari during the Chūnin Exams due to the drastic change in personality. He also laughed after finding out that he had passed someone who didn't answer a single question in the exam. Despite his harsh interrogation methods, Ibiki is shown to also be quite reasonable. One example was when Karin agreed to forfeit all information regarding Kabuto, Sasuke, and the Akatsuki in exchange if she was fed a fried pork cutlet bowl, which Ibiki agreed to, even though it would take two days for a delivery and did not press the interrogation any further. He was noted to be fond of Naruto due to the child's energy and ability to inspire confidence, as well as his signature antics and sense of humour.
Ibiki is a master of interrogation both physically and psychologically, and plays an important part in the extracting of information, as he interrogates suspects and prisoners of war. He has the ability to subject people to great suffering without ever using physical torture. He has complete knowledge of human psychology; by attacking a person's mind, he can gain control over their spirit. His interrogation skills are so reputed that, once he discovered that Ibiki was the one going to interrogate them, Kisame Hoshigaki immediately decided to kill all his comrades of the Cypher Division to prevent them from revealing any information. He is also a sharp individual, able to easily tell if someone is lying, quickly seeing through Karin's elaborate story. In addition to being a master manipulator, Ibiki also has a strong resolution. In the anime, even after being horribly tortured by Aoi Rokushō, Ibiki never revealed any information to the latter, who years later openly acknowledged Ibiki's fortitude.
In the anime, during his fight against Pain's Animal Path, he is shown skilfully using the Summoning Technique, which he uses to summon a variety of torture devices, including an Iron Maiden and a Torture Chamber. Ironically, these summons are modelled after engimono statues — lucky charms that are commonly used to bless shrines and businesses with good fortune. Also some of these summoning were a double edge sword, where the summoner will receive the same amount of pain as the opponent. He claims this has something to do with becoming equals through pain (ironically being Pain's philosophy). He also carries a great deal of hidden weaponry and tools on his person, such as a piece of flint hidden in his molars, which he can use to ignite flammable substances, as well as a small dagger hidden in the heel of his boot. He has also shown some skill in taijutsu, capable of tripping and then injuring Aoi Rokushō even though he was battered and still tied to a chair.
 Naruto Logo.png Heroes
Hidden Leaf Village
New Generation
Naruto Uzumaki | Sasuke Uchiha | Sakura Haruno | Sai | Shikamaru Nara | Chōji Akimichi | Ino Yamanaka | Hinata Hyūga | Kiba Inuzuka | Shino Aburame | Rock Lee | Neji Hyūga | Tenten
Kakashi Hatake | Iruka Umino | Ebisu | Jiraiya | Yamato | Might Guy | Asuma Sarutobi | Kurenai Yūhi | Konohamaru Sarutobi | Shino Aburame | Hanabi Hyūga | Moegi Kazamatsuri | Udon Ise
Hashirama Senju | Tobirama Senju | Hiruzen Sarutobi | Minato Namikaze | Tsunade | Kakashi Hatake | Naruto Uzumaki
Akamaru | Chōza Akimichi | Shikaku Nara | Inoichi Yamanaka | Ibiki Morino | Anko Mitarashi | Shizune | Katsuyu | Gamabunta | Orochimaru | Kushina Uzumaki | Mito Uzumaki | Itachi Uchiha | Shisui Uchiha | Obito Uchiha | Rin Nohara | Yugao Uzuki
Leaders of Allied Shinobi Forces
A | Ao | Darui | Gaara | Inoichi Yamanaka | Kakashi Hatake | Kankurō | Kitsuchi | Mifune | Shikaku Nara | Shizune
Hidden Sand Village
Gaara | Temari | Kankurō | Chiyo | Kaura
Hidden Cloud Village
A | Killer B | Cee | Darui | Mabui | Karui | Samui | Omoi | Motoi
Hidden Mist Village
Mei Terumī | Chōjūrō | Ao | Kagura Karatachi
Hidden Stone Village
Onoki | Kurotsuchi | Akatsuchi | Kitsuchi
Tailed Beasts
Shukaku | Gyūki | Kurama
Ashura Ōtsutsuki | | Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki | Haku | Hamura Ōtsutsuki | Jūgo | Kabuto Yakushi | Karin | Konan | Nagato | Suigetsu Hōzuki | Utakata | Yahiko | Zabuza Momochi
New Generations
Video Game Heroes
Komachi | Towa | Yugao Uzuki


Are there any libraries for computing semantic similarity scores for a pair of sentences?
I'm aware of WordNet's semantic database, and how I can generate the score for 2 words, but I'm looking for libraries that do all pre-processing tasks like port-stemming, stop word removal, etc, on whole sentences and outputs a score for how related the two sentences are.
I found a work in progress that's written using the.NET framework that computes the score using an array of pre-processing steps. Is there any project that does this in python?
I'm not looking for the sequence of operations that would help me find the score (as is asked for here)
I'd love to implement each stage on my own, or glue functions from different libraries so that it works for sentence pairs, but I need this mostly as a tool to test inferences on data.
EDIT: I was considering using NLTK and computing the score for every pair of words iterated over the two sentences, and then draw inferences from the standard deviation of the results, but I don't know if that's a legitimate estimate of similarity. Plus, that'll take a LOT of time for long strings.
Again, I'm looking for projects/libraries that already implement this intelligently. Something that lets me do this:
import amazing_semsim_package
str1='Birthday party ruined as cake explodes'
str2='Grandma mistakenly bakes cake using gunpowder'
 - Consider vector-base semantic models or matrix-decomposition models to compare sentence similarity. If not you can fall back on lesk-like cosine, that first vectorize a sentence the calculate the cosine between the 2 vectors – alvas Jun 13 '13 at 13:17
 - if you are looking to weight something as a cutoff or desperately need the score, consider NLTK's wup similarity. You would need to use something like CLIPS pattern to get the type (verb,noun,adj;etc.). you can use that to actually find the perfect number of categories for LSA/LDA as found in gensim or a fuzzy/cosine implementation of Kmeans. – Andrew Scott Evans Jul 9 '15 at 4:50
The best package I've seen for this is Gensim, found at the Gensim Homepage. I've used it many times, and overall been very happy with it's ease of use; it is written in Python, and has an easy to follow tutorial to get you started, which compares 9 strings. It can be installed via pip, so you won't have a lot of hassle getting it installed I hope.
Which scoring algorithm you use depends heavily on the context of your problem, but I'd suggest starting of with the LSI functionality if you want something basic. (That's what the tutorial walks you through.)
If you go through the tutorial for gensim, it will walk you through comparing two strings, using the Similarities function. This will allow you to see how your stings compare to each other, or to some other sting, on the basis of the text they contain.
If you're interested in the science behind how it works, check out this paper.
| improve this answer | |
 - This looks very promising. Thank you for pointing this out Justin. – user8472 Jun 25 '13 at 10:21
Unfortunately, I cannot help you with PY but you may take a look at my old project that uses dictionaries to accomplish the Semantic comparisons between the sentences (which can later be coded in PY implementing the vector-space analysis). It should be just a few hrs of coding to translate from JAVA to PY. _URL_
| improve this answer | |
AFAIK the most powerfull NLP-Lib for Python is _URL_
| improve this answer | |
 - 3
 NLTK has some 6 scores for semantic similarity between a pair of word concepts, but I'm looking to compare two strings (of several, maybe hundreds of, words) – user8472 Jun 11 '13 at 5:40


Colour selection for your garden
Designing your garden is an art. Like any good painting, you must plan it out, with a view to balance, colour and lines. Today, we are going to learn about colour selection for gardeners, using a garden of frangipanis as a case study.
Before you start purchasing plants and dumping them in your garden, you need to settle on a colour scheme. There are a handful of ways to pick a colour scheme that is pleasing to the eye, yet there are easily hundreds of ways to make a colour scheme that is an awful mess.
First, think about how many colours you want. We are going to consider the colours of frangipanis as an example. Frangipanis come in pink, red, orange, yellow and white (as well as combinations of the abovebut this is a topic we will reserve for a future, more advanced lesson). Notice how we have arranged red, orange, yellow and white in order. Pink is an odd case; it is not a colour of the rainbow, rather it is a light, undersaturated red. You may notice white is also not a colour of the rainbow, but it is the colour you get when you combine an entire rainbow together.
Now, you can either pick colours which are next to each other, or you can skip entire sections of the colour wheel. There are many places online where you can actually make a perfect designer colour scheme, but you can also do it on your own.
If you are planting frangipanis, consider how many different colours you want. One colour is boring, so go with two, three or four. Five is too many.
Then, choose colours which are next to each other, such as red and orange; or skip alternative colours, such as by choosing red and yellow.
Translating this in terms of frangipanis, you could plant a pink frangipani, lulus blood for instance, with a white frangipani. Remember, colour selection for gardeners is about rules, not unfettered creativity.


The 9 best ways to mockup a website
What is the best way to mockup a website? It is the one that will not cause misunderstandings between web designers and web developers.
We offer nine best practices to design a website mockup that can significantly help you to develop and implement it with ease.
1. Separate every page/view when design a website mockup
Every page/view should be prepared as a separate PSD file with a corresponding intuitive name.
2. Observe the grid layout when mockup a website
All structural elements of the design should be arranged as an appropriate layered structure with clear titles, so a programmer can easily find all the parts, e.g.:
- slider
- sign-up button
- navigating arrows
- close cross
- about us block
- text
- who we are block
- text
- button find out more
The structure above is intuitively clear and possible to arrange correctly. It makes it possible to quickly assemble the page frame and position elements on the page.
3. Consider the screen resolution to improve design of a website mockup
All sizes and fonts should be integer values set in pixels and correspond to the size of the screen resolution that your design is prepared for (so a developer will not need to work on manual scaling or guessing how it should be changed for the different solutions).
4. Think over the structure for different devices when mockup a website
If there should be a specific (different) structure for mobile compared to the web, a designer must provide exact representations for those screens to keep all sizes, paddings, and elements accordingly.
5. Feel free to create additional folders for your website mockup
A designer must provide all used icons and all high-resolution images (if they exist for any kind of sliders, banners etc.) in a separate folder.
6. Describe graphic elements when design a website mockup
For all the elements with alternative visual states (like active, inactive, blocked, mouse-over, etc.), a designer must include a graphic representation of how these elements should look like for each particular state (it is related to buttons, navigation elements, etc.).
7. Specify colours to improve mockup design
Sometimes there are specific colours that can hardly be seen on different screen types (as you know, Macs have other displaying options, and sometimes in-between tints are missing for the human eye).
Specify these colours with a HEX number.
8. Describe the animation when design a website mockup
For all animations that a front-end developer needs to create (like flashes, pop-ups, etc.), a designer should describe them in an additional readme file.
9. Don't forget about typography elements to mockup a website
When you design a website mockup it is necessary to have a different layout with the standard typography design elements:
 - headings
 - paragraphs
 - tables
 - lists
 - blocks of quotation
Final words about mockup a website
Use these proven tips to design a website mockup any front-end developer will be happy to work with.
Remember, that thr right website mockup can save plenty of communication and management time (from 10% to 30% of overall work time) when working with a particular view/web page/mobile screen.
Just like any idea needs Proof of Concept, any design needs a well-thought-out mockup. It can simplify the customer's life, the designer, the programmer, and the whole team indeed.
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Effectively Enhancing Spaces
To enhance the living space of your home, we incorporate feng shui principles and integrate these taking an aesthetic approach into the built environment. This is done through choice of materials and use of colour palettes. Space planning and visual perspective techniques can then be balanced to create something that suits your lifestyle.
Visual Alignments
In this scenario, the general furniture layout is arranged so the visual attention is drawn away from the main door and directed towards the garden outside. This encourages energy to accumulate within the main living area before flowing into the rest of the home. This kind of arrangement suggests good feng shui.
The entrance foyer sits in the middle of the overall elevation, flanked by a set of paintings and corner windows to enforce the prominent nature of the main door. On each wall adjacent to the main door, paintings of protective symbols are introduced to create protective Chi for the home.
In the living area, the furniture is placed such that it diverts the view to the exterior garden. This room alignment is reinforced through the use of a central background painting and a feature carpet.
So when you have two functions (foyer and living room) set within a single space, the visual alignments can be set perpendicular to each other thus allowing both spaces to synergize without being in conflict with one another.
Integrating the 5 Elements into a Design Feature
In another living room scenario, the entire layout is focused on a central perspective theme. The settee set is placed in the center with a carpet border surrounding a central marble floor platform. This creates a break between the hard floor and wall surfaces which softens the expression of the space. There is also created a yin and yang effect on the floor which results in better balancing of chi energy.
You can use design to achieve to integrate the 5 elements into your living space. How? The fire element comes form the light energy coming through a skylight which acts as a feature opening above.. The exterior walkway surrounding the living area is flanked by a landscape stone pathway, surrounded by a reflection pool to add elements of earth and water respectively. Plants (wood energy) are used as a feature wall in the background to soften the overall perspective view. The final element of metal (signified by the color grey) is highlighted by a feature wall within the enclosed space itself. So any space can integrate the 5 elements of feng shui.
Framing Views or Portals
The use of portals is a highly efficient technique of creating viewports around the home. This allows the architecture to define the function of a space as well as to separate private and public spaces through finishes and detailing.
In this pool scenario, the double framing effect allows the pool and backdrop to hide behind as if to set a picturesque appeal to the space. Remember that such 'framing' portals need to be of a sufficient width and height as to not be seen as doorways.
As a backdrop, a double feature effect is used whereby a solid feature wall creates a sense of privacy while trees soften the hard effect of the materials play used.. The importance of understanding material play is essential here as like all concepts, design always incorporates balance. You can harmonize a space through colour or through the material weight of your design palette.
In this case, the trees and pool offer a soft or yin texture to the frame, while the feature wall acts as a solid yang surface. So in this manner, the view of the reflection pool follows a yang-yin-yang-yin balance of material textures.
The use of colours also plays a vital role in defining the function of spaces. In this corridor design, the first thing to note is the width of the space. When designing corridors within the home, you need to give walkways ample space for movement. This not only allows the energies to flow smoothly around the home but also the ability to access spaces with ease.
Here the central red carpet breaks up the monotony of the hard marble floor. This colour is duplicated on the portal frame which sets the tone for the main destination. Again, a feature wall is highlighted in the background to reaffirm the overall design theme. Here you can see how colours can be used in a subtle format to define spaces. While the space yonder seems accessible to the public, the choice of colours gives a gentle reminder that the room is a private room.
When you integrate concepts of feng shui, you have to look at the aesthetic nature and visual perception of space. Look at how the rooms are orientated.
When you have two spaces designed as one, redefine the orientation such that they are perpendicular to each other.
Understand the use of your material palette. Always balance soft (yin) with hard (yang). Over-use of any material can bring visual unbalance to overall house concept.
Be sure to use portals sensibly, and remind yourself that these architectural features offer a tool to frame the unique features around your home. The idea is to create a gallery of views.


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(ARA) - Making community service a required part of school curriculum is a growing trend sweeping through schools across North America, as is the teaching of core values, such as fairness, respect and collaboration.
Educators agree that embracing service learning and character education, in addition to bringing benefits to the community, is also improving academic outcomes and student behavior.
"We wanted to get to a place where all of our young people understand their place in the world and how they can make an impact," says Guilford County, N.C., Schools Superintendent Maurice Green, in a recent interview in The Generator, a publication of the National Youth Leadership Council. As teachers work to incorporate these elements into the classroom they are welcoming innovative ideas from diverse sources.
Recognizing the need, The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, the world's largest voluntary health agency dedicated to blood cancer research and patient services, has designed 14 lesson plans for teachers to use in the classroom. The lesson plans integrate the themes of LLS's Pennies for Patients and Olive Garden's Pasta for Pennies programs into all academic areas.
Both programs encourage students to collect spare change to help fund lifesaving cancer research and patient services. Nearly 90 percent of children diagnosed with leukemia now survive thanks to remarkable research advances, but many are still dying. The programs hit home with the students because they are a way to directly benefit children who are diagnosed with cancer.
School teachers and staff across North America, such as Kim Stetzel, a fourth grade teacher in St. Louis, have long recognized the value of LLS's School & Youth programs, which operate in more than 25,000 schools.
Stetzel says a lesson plan she will teach this year fits perfectly with her history class. "Marching Through Time" has students creating a series of timelines - one of significant events in their own lives, one of noteworthy events in Missouri and one on the progress in research, discoveries, treatment options and cure rates of childhood leukemia.
"This lesson plan personalizes the concept of timelines for the children and teaches them about important events in history and in the advancement of treatments for a disease that impacts their peers," says Stetzel.
While Stetzel's students are participating in the lessons in class, they are also engaging in real life lessons as they raise funds to help support the research that has given so many of their peers the hope of living longer, better lives. Stetzel's students participate in Pennies for Patients to honor a schoolmate, fifth-grader Adam Bristoe, who is a leukemia survivor.
Stetzel has used other lessons as well. A few months ago, as part of her math lessons, she used the "Lucky Penny" lesson plan and last year her students wrote and performed a play on leukemia awareness and friendship.
"These lesson plans to help to enrich the learning experience of my students," says Stetzel. "They are learning important concepts in a variety of subjects while doing a service that improves the community."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Namak Surma in English
Namak Surma meaning in Urdu to English is Stibnite Namak Surma. Namak Surma synonym words are included. Similar words of Namak Surma are also commonly used in daily talks like Namak halali, Namak hilali, Azaala namak karna, and Hello jain jaissa.
Similar Words with English Meaning
Similar Words with Urdu Meaning
Stibnite Definition & Meaning in English
- (n.) A mineral of a lead-gray color and brilliant metallic luster, occurring in prismatic crystals; sulphide of antimony; -- called also antimony glance, and gray antimony.
Namak Surma Meaning in English
Urdu Word namak surma is commonly used in verbal communication or written narratives. namak surma meaning in English is Stibnite نمک سُرمہ. This Roman to Urdu Dictionary is helping those who want to learn the meaning of words from a reliable source. namak surma word meaning along with namak surma definition is given here for a better understanding of the meaning of that word. We have provided here the detailed definition of namak surma, it's meaning in English, and the correct pronunciation of the word.
Dictionary always plays a vital role in learning a new language as knowing the exact use of the word is important. Find the correct meaning of namak surma in English with all the key details that include Pronunciation, Similar words, and more than 1 definition for better understanding. Namak halali, Namak hilali, Azaala namak karna, and Hello jain jaissa are similar words of namak surma. This Roman to English dictionary is more helpful to search the English meaning without any hassle.
Top Search Words Meaning In Urdu
Browse English Words by Alphabets
Multi Language Dictionary

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Do you feed corals?
 - I sure that you have to feed them, but is it like with any specific? Like special foods, or ways you add it to the water or give it to them directly?
 Or do they just make due with the lighting in the water and the waste that the fish produce (like how plants work in a freshwater tank)?
 - Best Answer
 It really depends on your lighting and the corals you have. A vast majority do fine without any extra feeding, although some do better when fed if they aren't getting enough nutrients from the light or waste that is being created in your tank. Some even do good as they are normally indirectly fed by fish who swim between them and get trapped.
 As a basic answer, is it required? No - but feeding them CAN provide them with more nutrients which will allow for them to grow and be more vibrant under a light.


text:
There are two fairly natural problems that arise for every intersection model. Let H be any hypergraph class, and let G(H) denote the class of intersection graphs of members of H.
- Recognition: Given a graph G, decide whether G G(H).
- Reconstruction: Given a graph G G(H), find some or all H H such that G=(H).
The second problem occurs quite naturally in situation where we only get the intersection information, but are interested in the original information. For instance, in a variant of the cafeteria example, where nobody comes twice, one might be interested in who came first. Another natural example is the following:
There are even some cases where we are interested in the model only since optimization of some parameter is doable in the model, but not in the graph alone.
Let me say a few words about the reverse problem, where a class G of graphs is given, and we ask for which hypergraphs H of H the intersection graph lies in G. In general, if the hypergraph is given explicitely, we can compute its intersection graph in polynomial time. Then problems of this kind are algorithmically trivial (if we are only interested in polynomial-time algorithms, not in quickest ones). However, sometimes the hypergraphs are only given implicitely, for instance when the clique hypergraph of a graph is given by the graph itself, or if we represent disks or boxes in d-dimensional space. Then computing the intersection graph may be hard, as it is really the case for clique graphs.
For several classes of intersection graphs, recognition algorithms are available. Examples are interval graphs, chordal graphs, cocomparability graphs, line graphs. The maybe most natural approach for characterizing and recognizing graphs of some class of intersection graphs uses duality. Since it has already been used by Krausz, such characterizations are usually called 'Krausz-type'. The key idea is to divide the recognition problem into two separate problems which should be solved separately, but the second after the first.
(1) The first subproblem is to find out all star graphs. Obviously, we cannot check all covers of the edge set by complete subgraphs, since their number may be exponential.
(2) If we have all star graphs, then we have H*, and therefore also H. At first sight you may think that we are done, at least for Scheinerman classes, since all we have to check is whether the hyperedges obey property P. But the hypergraph is only given in an abstract form, without labeling of its points. The question remains whether or not it is possible to label the points in such a way that all hyperedges obey our property P.
If subproblems (1) and (2) can be solved efficiently, then we can recognize the corresponding intersection graphs. We shall see that subproblem (1), the problem of identifying the star graphs, is solvable in cases where the hypergraph obeys the so-called Helly-property, or at least does not fail too much. The second subproblem, the layout problem, is often easy in discrete models, but rather difficult in geometric models.
Krausz-type characterizations present characterizations of hypergraphs isomorphic to hypergraphs where all hyperedges obey property P. Or, in the more general case of intersection graphs of hypergraphs from a class H, they present characterizations of the class H. Krausz-type characterizations skip subproblem 1 and only deal with subproblem 2, and even for that, the characterizations given are in some cases not polynomial-time checkable.
|[K43]: A graph G is a line graph if and only if there is some family of complete subgraphs such that every edge of G lies in exactly one and every vertex of G lies in exactly two of these subgraphs.|
Subproblem (1) becomes in most cases trivial if G is triangle-free, since then we have to take essentially all the edges as star graphs. But even for K4-free graphs, the number of possible edge covers by complete graphs may be exponential.
There are two quite natural ways of covering all edges of a graph by complete subgraphs: One is by taking all edges, the other by taking all cliques
That all nontrivial star graphs are edges occurs only if all intersections are 'private'--- no three hyperedges have nonempty intersection. This property is rare, but can be achieved, for instance, for intersection of straight lines, or intersections of chords of the cicle. Thus, in the duality approach for recognizing members of G(straight lines) or circle graphs, the first step is easy.
What about cliques? There are few models where all star graphs are cliques, but what about the converse? When are all cliques star graphs? Exactly if,
(H) for every set of pairwise intersecting hyperedges, the total intersection is nonempty.
This is the Helly-property for hypergraphs. It turns out that models where this Helly-property is automatically fulfilled are easier to handle.
Nevertheless, recognition is hard for most models. Examples are intersection graphs of k-uniform hypergraphs for k > 2, linear k-uniform hypergraphs for k>2, or (k-1)-intersection graphs of k-uniform hypergraphs where k > 2. However, all these graphs can be recognized almost surely.
Recall that Scheinerman intersection classes are closed under induced subgraphs. Therefore there is always a characterization by forbidden induced subgraphs. There are only two difficulties with this approach: First, the complete list of these graphs may not be easy to get. Secondly, the list may be infinite. This could be fine, as for chordal graphs, for instance, but it may even be that the list lacks a finite description.
The nicest result in this direction is Beineke's famous characterization of line graphs by a list of nine small forbidden induced subgraphs.
For intersection graphs of 3-linear uniform hypergraphs of high enough minimum degree, there are also characterizations by forbidden induced subgraphs [NRSS82], [MT97].
But in most cases, all one could hope for is a list of some forbidden induced subgraphs. Although these lists do not lead to recognition, some of these forbidden induced subgraphs are rather important, like octahedrons, or graphs Kn -e, for instance, and should be routinely checked when dealing with classes of intersection graphs.
What about minors? By Robertson and Seymour's proof of the Wagner conjecture, every class of graphs closed under minors can be described by a finite list of forbidden minors. Unfortunately, few intersection classes are closed under minors---deleting an edge is not allowed, we cannot make two sets disjoint without affecting the intersections with the other sets. On the other hand, many models behave quite well under contractions. Let G = (A,(Sx/xV)), and let G/yz be the graph obtained by contracting an edge yz. We get a representation of G/yz by letting all sets Sv, with distinct y and z, unchanged and taking Sy Sz for the new vertex. Therefore a Scheinerman class G(P) is closed under edge contraction if Sy Sz has again property P whenever Sx, Sy have property P and have nonempty intersection. Examples of such properties are being intervals of the real line, being subtree of a given tree, or being a connected subset of Rd.
Such classes are closed under induced minors, where we only allow edge contraction and vertex deletion---edge deletion is forbidden. Unfortunately, the induced minor behave much worse than minors. There are classes closed under induced minors which cannot be described by a finite list of forbidden induced minors. Even the problem to test whether a given graph H is an induced minor could be NP-complete, for some fixed H [FKMP95]. Thus being closed under induced minors does not seem to help much.
Back to the start page for intersection graphs.


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|CHP Home||GenChem Analytical Instrumentation Index|
A channeltron is a horn-shaped continuous dynode structure that is coated on the inside with a electron emissive material. An ion striking the channeltron creates secondary electrons that have an avalanche effect to create more secondary electrons and finally a current pulse.
A Daly detector consists of a metal knob that emits secondary electrons when struck by an ion. The secondary electrons are accelerated onto a scintillator that produces light that is then detected by a photomultiplier tube.
Electron multiplier tubes are similar in design to photomultiplier tubes. They consist of a series of biased dynodes that eject secondary electrons when they are struck by an ion. They therefore multiply the ion current and can be used in analog or digital mode.
A Faraday cup is a metal cup that is placed in the path of the ion beam. It is attached to an electrometer, which measures the ion-beam current. Since a Faraday cup can only be used in an analog mode it is less sensitive than other detectors that are capable of operating in pulse-counting mode.
A microchannel plate (MCP) consists of an array of glass capillaries (10-25 Ám inner diameter) that are coated on the inside with a electron-emissive material. The capillaries are biased at a high voltage and like the channeltron, an ion that strikes the inside wall one of the capillaries creates an avalanche of secondary electrons. This cascading effect creates a gain of 103 to 104 and produces a current pulse at the output.
Schematic of a microchannel plate
Microchannel plates (MCP) are also used as an intensifier for low-intensity light detection with array detectors.
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I need assistance reading all the resources from a resource file. I am working with visual studio 2010 c#.net 4.0.
I have a user control eg ~/MyFolder/MyControl.ascx. which has local resource files associated with it
I pass the above value ie. path the control, to another of my classes where I want to load the applicable resource file based on the current language.
Is this possible and if so how might i achieve this?
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One way is it to use embedded resources:
Assembly _assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
This blog post might give you more insight: _URL_
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Queen Tarzi's legacy
We have all seen them: black and white pictures of 'liberated' Afghan women in miniskirts walking through the streets of Kabul. They challenge stereotypical depictions of women's oppression, and elicit a warm and nostalgic mirage of the old, 'free' Afghanistan. The western media might be familiar with these pictures, but for feminists in Afghanistan, one woman championed the battle for gender equality. Queen Soraya Tarzi is regarded by many Afghan women as the quintessential embodiment of Afghanistan's progressive golden age. She features upon the most important pages in Afghan history as the most prominent symbol of feminism, inspiring thousands of girls sixty years after her death.
Soraya Tarzi was born on November 24 of 1899 in Damascus, Syria. She was the daughter of the exiled Afghan intellectual Sardar Mahmud Tarzi. Habibullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan, issued a general pardon, and many exiled families returned to Kabul. The Tarzi family was one of them. Soraya Tarzi met Habibullah Khan's son Amanullah Khan and married him in 1913. Habibullah succeeded his father as King of Afghanistan in 1926. Soraya had studied in Syria and had received an honorary degree from Oxford University. She had liberal values; gender equality was a priority within her reform agenda, and so she accompanied the king in official visits and cabinet meetings, even travelling to conflict zones with him. During her official visits to Europe, she stunned many politicians with her intelligence and skills in marksmanship.
Queen Soraya shone like a star. In an era in which the Mullahs had banned photography – claiming that if a person took a picture for their passport, then a death would follow – Soraya was often photographed in black and white, wearing western cocktail gowns, luxurious fur coats and oversized, flattering hats. Her fashion taste was characterised by an eclectic mixture of western and traditional styles which even inspires women three generations later. One is Manizha Nabizada, founder of the lashes empire QueenTarzi®, a brand used by many beauty bloggers, vloggers and make-up artists. 'Queen Tarzi lashes represent royal, powerful and compassionate women with a mission. Just like Soraya,' she explains.
'Queen with a mission' describes Soraya well. Her life wasn't limited to the glamour and glitter of the Royal Palace. Progressive for her time, she spearheaded a turbulent feminist revolution. Described as a warrior princess, Soraya's courage was featured in the illustrated cartoon book Rejected Princesses by Jason Porath. Alongside her role as Queen of Afghanistan, she was also Minister of Education in a period when women couldn't vote in most parts of Europe. She worked to obtain women's rights to vote, run for office and to participate in nation building. Due to her efforts, women were granted voting rights when Afghanistan implemented universal suffrage. Queen Soraya also founded the first women's hospital and girl's school, and arranged for women to access higher education abroad.
Not everyone appreciated the reforms she introduced. The religious right had serious concerns about the rapidity of Westernisation, and the catalysing role of the Queen in this process. Their main concerns were co-education and suffrage. When the Queen whipped off her veil, and many socialites followed her example, the opposition grew. Her bold attempts towards social reforms were considered radical and anti-Islamic by many religious clerics. She was accused of blasphemy. The kingdom was toppled by a coup. Short thereafter Soraya and her husband left the country for Italy.
Feminism in Afghanistan stalled until the early '60s when a wave of feminists revisited her 1920s values. 'No doubt Queen Soraya had a huge impact on the education and emancipation of Afghan women. We continued her legacy years after her exile,' says Amilia Spartak, a prominent and outspoken pioneering feminist. who has spent more than 40 years in this field. 'The foundations of the second generation of feminism in Afghanistan were built in 1965 by Dr. Anahita Ratebzad. Anahita was Afghanistan's first medical doctor, first female MP and Ambassador, and later on she made history by becoming the first female Prime Minister of Afghanistan. She was the founder of the Democratic Association of Women of Afghanistan, and also a Tarzi by descent. Our generation fought against forced hijab and gendered inequalities, yet the golden era of our triumph is often ignored due to political marginalisation.'
Even though the progress of women's rights was halted during the civil war of the 1990s once again, Soraya's struggle was continued by the following generations. Other women were inspired by Soraya. Tahmina Arian is one. She wrote a book called 'Veil is not my Culture' and faced the same accusations that our queen did in the early 1920s. Despite the threats upon her life, Tahmina is determined to continue her fight against forced hijab. She told me: 'As a child, I attended many family parties where I discovered that women in Afghanistan live in a very restricted world. Gatherings, and conversations between Afghan women always raised strange questions in me. I had read about the tradition of slavery. Sometimes I imagine this is the actual life of Afghan women. Forced hijab is important part of this.'
A hard journey is ahead, but a new generation of Sorayas have blossomed. They represent our hope to protect her legacy – and lead Afghanistan to a more prosperous future.


Simplest Blockchain in C#
amir_ashy profile image amirreza sharifi Updated on ・5 min read
I'm pretty sure that almost every developer in the world has heard of Blockchain, some wrongly consider it as Bitcoin and some may not know how it exactly works. So this post aims to explain what exactly Blockchain is and how to create a simple blockchain in ".Net Core" using C#, and to figure out how Blockchain really works at the end.
GitHub logo amir-ashy / Blockchain
Simplest Blockchain in C#
What will be covered
 - Defining models (Transaction + Block)
 - Using TransactionPool for storing raw Transactions
 - Using hash algorithm in order to create immutability
 - Creating a block mining unit which mine blocks after a period of time
 - Using embedio in order to view our blockchain in a web browser
What is Blockchain
Literally, Blockchain is a chain of blocks which could be simply assumed as an immutable data structure. Immutability is one of the most prominent features of a blockchain, which leads us to build trust in completely unreliable environments.
This kind of immutability is achieved by using Cryptographic hashing algorithms, (in our case we use Double SHA256). which prevents data from being changed or deleted after data is added to the Blockchain.
As it's obvious in the following image; Two different hashes are stored in every block, one hash is calculated for the current block and the other, is for the previous one. so any change in a block invalidates every block after it.
Blocks in Blockchain
Let's Start Coding!
First of all, as we are to use ".Net Core", it's necessary to install ".NET Core" 3.1 Framework (or any other preferred version).
You could find more about installation here.
After installation completes, we should create our project using dotnet CLI
dotnet new console Blockchain.
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As we are going to use embedio and Newtonsoft.Json, we add their corresponding packages to our project, again with dotnet CLI
dotnet add package Newtonsoft.Json
dotnet add package EmbedIO
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Now that our project is ready, let's define our data models. Our first step is to define a model for transaction.
The From property identifies the sender of the money, the To property identifies the receiver of the money and the Amount represents the amount of money sent.
Let's create our next model, which is a Block's model. As we know, Each block contains data that will be written to the blockchain. Block data model has a list of transactions which are processed in the current block and two strings for storing hashes of the current Block(Hash) and the previous one(PrevHash). There are two other properties in every Block, Nounce is used for the mining algorithm and TimeStamp goes for DateTime of Creation of Block.
It's time to define our Transaction Pool class, which is used for storing unprocessed transactions during the time that a transaction is received and added to our blockchain. there are two methods in Transaction pool; one for adding raw Transactions (AddRaw), and the other one for getting all unprocessed transactions(TakeAll).
This is the time to define our main class which is BlockMiner class. First, we model out the blockchain itself which is simply a list of Blocks.
We should now define a function which is responsible for calculating hash of raw string data and returning the result as hashed string. As it's obvious we are using SHA256 algorithm since it has been used in other famous blockchains like Bitcoin.
So as we create our hashing function, now we have to find a way to calculate hash of our block. The primary problem we're facing here is to find a way to calculate a hash for the list of transactions existing in the ongoing block. As you may know already Merkle Tree is what comes into use here. You can learn more about it here
Merkle Tree
Notice that by using Merkle tree any little change in a transaction will lead to change in Block's hash and will effect every other Block after corresponding block.
We simply use discussed algorithm to calculate hash of all transactions in a block.
Now we need to write our mining function that tries to find appropriate Hash for our ongoing block (starts with specific amount of '0' at the start of hash). The way that we extract the appropriate hash is by incrementing nounce property defined in block and calculating the hash again and again until we reach our goal. Originally this kind of mining algorithms are called Proof of work which are very useful these days.
After our mining process is done we can simply add our mined block to the blockchain.
At this point, we need one extra function in BlockMiner class which is responsible for continuously mining Blocks and we need two final functions to start and stop the mining process.
Let's create our HTTP server using embedio which is a tiny, cross-platform, module based web server.
Our controller has four methods, three of them will be used for exposing blockchain data and the other one will be used for adding new transactions to blockchain.
We're done!
Let's try it out now.
Fire up your application from terminal using command below
dotnet run
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you will see something like this in your terminal
app run
Now, let's send some POST requests to add blocks.
Now if you navigate to http://localhost:5449/api/blocks/latest or http://localhost:5449/api/blocks you will see mined blocks directly in your browser.
mined block
Editor guide
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its beautiful,well done!!


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Something old is new again: Ancient Chinese once used springy bamboo shoulder poles to transport heavy loads. Now, a researcher has designed a springy backpack that generates electrical energy through walking, eliminating the need to carry heavy batteries. Such a portable, efficient power source could be especially helpful to soldiers, scientists, or relief workers operating in remote areas.
Walking involves a lot of mechanical energy. From one step to the next, each hip, for example, rises and falls about 4 to 7 centimeters. Strap on a heavy pack, and even more energy is involved--a lot of it wasted. With a rigid pack, there's no way to access it, says muscle physiologist Lawrence Rome of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. So Rome created a suspended-load backpack that taps into this vertical movement.
Rome's pack uses springs to suspend the load from a fixed frame, allowing it to ride up and down freely during walking. As the pack bounces, it periodically runs a toothed rack across a gear attached to small generator on the fixed frame (see picture), thus converting the mechanical energy of walking into electrical energy.
A 38-kilogram pack can generate a maximum of about 7 watts, if the walker hustles, Rome says. At the more moderate pace of 5.5 kilometers per hour, a 29-kilogram load can generate about 4 watts, more than enough to operate a number of small portable devices at once, such as a cell phone, handheld GPS, PDA, and even night vision goggles, Rome and colleagues report 9 September in Science.
"It's a clever way to have power on the fly," says integrative physiologist Rodger Kram of the University of Colorado at Boulder. An added feature of the suspended-load backpack is that it doesn't just generate power--it also appears to more than double the metabolic efficiency of carrying any load, Kram notes. "So it may just be a better backpack."


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Pfr reverses to Pr.
Image source: nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13045-0
Cryptochromes are pigments that are sensitive to blue light and UV-A.
They play a predominant function during de-etiolation (the transition to the greening stage after plant germination) (Cryptochrome-1 CRY1), in the photoperiodic control of flowering (Cryptochrome-2 CRY2), in the inhibition of the hypocotyl growth or in shade avoidance (CRY1 and CRY2).
Cryptochromes sense light with their chromophore which is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Following light activation, they photodimerize (CRY1-CRY1) or oligomerize (CRY1-CRY2) and then bind to effectors (Cry-binding proteins) that will promote de-etiolation, transition to flowering (for CRY1) or senescence (for CRY2). It is important to note that CRY activation can lead to different plant responses depending on the plant species (CRY1 promotes flowering in soybean while CRY2 is responsible for flowering initiation in tomato and peas).
During the shade avoidance process in plants it has been established that under low blue light conditions, the interaction between CRY and PIFs is weakened, allowing PIFs (Phytochrome-Interacting Factors) to promote stem elongation.
Recently it has been demonstrated that cryptochromes are involved in different stress acclimation responses to events such as drought or hyperosmotic stress (where the plant's surrounding liquid has a higher solute concentration) through modulation of CRY activity by a hormone-dependent signaling pathway. CRY activity could promote a protective effect during the above-mentioned abiotic stresses. Another protective effect CRY can promote is to induce hypocotyl growth through activation of the transcription factor PIF4 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTOR FACTOR 4) under warm conditions, which would allow a better heat dissipation. Transcription factors are molecules which interact directly with genes to promote or inhibit their transcription. PIF4 here will directly interact with DNA coding for proteins involved in plant growth, and activate their production.
In other words, a plant's light response is also modulated by its ''stress'' state, emphasizing the importance of the environment on plant photobiology (see Phytochrome and temperature effects).
The LOV-domain photoreceptor family
The light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) family of blue-light photoreceptors is a family of proteins present across all kingdoms of life (fungi, plants and bacteria) in which blue light photoexcitation of their LOV-domain lead to a biological signal (structural and dynamical changes and binding to other proteins).
Phototropins are the first type of LOV-domain photoreceptors we'll discuss. They are blue-light receptors controlling a range of responses to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. These responses include phototropism, light-induced stomatal opening, and chloroplast movement in response to changes in light intensity. Stomatal opening is when stomata (pores located in the plant epidermis), open to allow gas exchange: the absorption of CO2 and the release of O2.
This gas exchange is extremely important for energy production, as it allows CO2 uptake and its transformation into glucose following photosynthesis.
One of the most impressive phenomena associated with phototropin photoreceptors is their role in phototropism. Phototropism occurs when plants bend toward or away from light. This response is possible because part of the plant stem in the shaded side has increased growth.
This growth is due to a gradient of activation of a specific phototropin, PHOT1. The blue light crossing the stem section is refracted and the shaded side receives less light. The PHOT1 phototropin is not active in the dark, and since it plays a role in the degradation of the auxin hormone, there is a corresponding gradient in the auxin hormone. The accumulation of auxin in the shaded parts of the stem directs growth that bends a plant toward light.
Zeitlupe (ZTL) Photoreceptors
The second type of LOV-domain photoreceptors are the Zeitlupe photoreceptors. ZEITLUPE, FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1, and LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2 (ZTL/FKF1/LKP2) group proteins are blue receptors involved in light-mediated protein degradation by ubiquitination (the attachment of a ubiquitin protein) during the circadian rhythm.
They are often described in terms of their domains, where domains are specific sequences of amino acids or DNA bases that have functional roles. All the Zeitlupe photoreceptors contain a light, oxygen, or voltage domain (LOV-domain) along with domains involved in protein stability (F-box and Kelch repeat domains). As a function of the time of the day, the Zeitlupe photoreceptors promote degradation or maintenance of circadian transcription factors and induce transitions in the day to dark cycle.
These photoreceptors act directly in response to light activation to regulate gene expression. Under blue light the Zeitlupe photoreceptors bind to transcription factors to stabilize them. In the dark this interaction is weakened, so the transcription factors are not protected and are therefore sent for degradation by the cell.
For example, ZTL late at night triggers the degradation of major components of the circadian rhythm (TOC1 and PRR5 proteins) that normally maintain the plant in an optimum physiological state in which to pass the night. With the late-night decrease of the concentration of these factors as a result of ZTL, the plant can then shift to day functions.
During each transition from day to night or night to day, the detection of light triggers or inhibits genes that control day (phototropism) or night events (cell wall biosynthesis, for example). All three LOV-containing F-box proteins (ZTL, FKF1, and LKP2) are involved in circadian clock events such as day/night transitions or day-length-dependent flowering.
There is still a huge gap in understanding how these proteins act at the level of the whole plant, and further research is needed to determine whether variations in blue light or other wavelengths influence the expression of these proteins.
Recently, more attention has been given to a receptor in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region, UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8). UVR8 is a photoreceptor sensing UV-B radiation (with an absorption peak at 285 nm).
It is the most recent photoreceptor characterized. This is an interesting discovery because for a long-time plants were thought to only have receptors in the visible spectrum.
Around 7% of all solar radiation reaching earth is UV, and UV-B (280 nm to 315 nm) is the most harmful to plants, being capable of breaking a molecule's chemical bonds resulting in the production of highly reactive molecules or ROS.
When UV-B reaches plant cells, UVR8 is activated and is involved in photomorphogenic response and defense mechanisms.
UVR8 is responsible for mitigating the effect of UV-B on plants. Upon activation, UVR8 triggers the production of compounds involved in oxidative stress protection such as phenols, terpenes or anthocyanins and can even enhance a plant's defense against herbivores.
Image Data Source: _URL_.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.007
Light Effect of Phytochemical Production
So far we've given an overview of the many different responses and pathways triggered and managed by plants interacting with light. While there is still much research that remains to be done, there are very practical outcomes that have already been gleaned through these insights into what's happening inside each individual plant cell under illumination.
Researchers are now using these discoveries to better control and regulate the spectra under which they grow their plants, and looking at the specific effect it has on chemicals related to metabolic pathways (metabolites).
Studies have reported many interesting results regarding the increased production of secondary metabolites in response to the regulation of the light spectrum.
In Cannabis, for example, it was found that LED use could increase THC up to 38% compared to cannabis plants grown under high pressure sodium lamps (HPS). CBD was also increased by up to 35% under LED compared to HPS.
THC and CBD are phyto-compounds that have therapeutic values including anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and can also be used to suppress vomiting, nausea and appetite. An increase from 15 to 32% in the THC content of Cannabis leaf and flowers was recorded after their exposure to UV-B radiation.
In basil, a properly matched light spectrum increased antioxidant capacity, phenolics and flavonoids by up to 16.3%, 28.8% and 41%, respectively, while reducing concentration of harmful compounds like nitrate by up to 41.6% showing that volatile compounds can also be manipulated by light.
Plant Disease Prevention
One of the interesting findings from testing specific light recipes is the effect of light on protection against disease.
Promising results have been shown on strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers, all of which are especially affected by fungi in greenhouses.
Pathogens such as fungus (grey mold, powdery mildew) can cause great losses in crop production (10-15% yield loss in North America, according to the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture).
It has been reported that UV-B light suppresses powdery mildew infection in strawberries by stimulating genes associated with disease resistance. Grey mold development on tomato leaves was suppressed


Meeting Banner
Abstract #3748
SPIRiTmc - Autocalibrating Parallel Imaging with Non-Rigid Motion Correction
Claudio Santelli1, 2, Johannes F.M. Schmidt2, Tobias Schaeffter1, Sebastian Kozerke, 12
1Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; 2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Scan acceleration and motion compensating techniques are invaluable to reduce acquisition times and breathing artifacts in cardiac imaging. Respiratory motion compensation with navigator based gating or breathholding is widely used, but may be limited in non-compliant patients. In this work, the SPIRiT reconstruction framework is extended by incorporating linear motion operators into the signal model allowing for scanning during the entire breathing cycle in cardiac imaging. Simulation and in-vivo phase-contrast data demonstrate the benefits of the technique: Results show reduction in blurring artifacts for magnitude and velocity induced phase.


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Tata Group is a multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company includes 30 publicly listed Tata enterprises including Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan, Tata Communications and Taj Group. These businesses collectively employ over 660,000 people and each operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders.
Tata decided to perform a natural capital assessment for a number of reasons which it saw as directly beneficial to its business:
In total, five Tata companies undertook a natural capital assessment:
In all cases the Value Chain focus was 'direct operations', and the Value Perspective adopted was 'societal value'.
A number of different impacts and dependencies were assessed, with both qualitative and quantitative/monetary valuation methods being used to describe the final results. These are summarized in the following table:
Tata's first attempt at a natural capital assessment was particularly helpful in making clear a number of challenges within the framework. The learnings will help make future assessments more robust.
In terms of data availability, Tata found that data – especially around biodiversity and land use, and land use change – is difficult to obtain. The company needed to rely heavily on proxy data, and contextual data around socio-economic performance was either found to be out of date or unavailable.
Tata also found that in terms of technical knowledge, the field of environmental and social impact assessment is still evolving. Some gaps still exist, for example the economic valuation of the benefits provided by particular landscape types. These include semi-arid and dessert ecosystems, impact assessment of ocean pollution, and the change in the course of river flow due to construction of hydroelectric dam infrastructure.
Finally, mainstreaming the outcome of a natural capital assessment continues to present challenges. Particularly, gaining internal buy-in to the process from influencers within the business such as COOs, CFOs and strategists. Taking informed business decisions based on natural capital valuation is still challenging since assumptions must be made around the applicability of valuation methods (such as value transfer) to each specific business context.
The next steps for Tata in their natural capital assessments are likely to involve driving internal buy-in further, and using some of the findings from the assessment process to good effect elsewhere within wider group operations.
One example of the former is in socializing Natural Capital concepts with Tata Board Members, C-suite and other influencers, and the creation of critical mass of Natural Capital 'Champions' among the Tata group companies. In terms of the latter, Tata are now trialing the use of an internal carbon price for the screening of CAPEX items, and in key operational decision making.
This case study was originally posted by the Natural Capital Coalition. For more information on the Protocol and to view more case studies, please visit their website.
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"One generation passeth away, and one generation cometh."
- Ecclesiastes 1:4
History Header
Who were the Ferree's?
The Huguenots were French Protestants who followed the teachings of John Calvin and because of religious persecution were forced to flee France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Ferrees were Huguenots from France.
France was unofficially ruled by the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation begun by Martin Luther about 1517 spread rapidly in France. The new "reformed religion" was practiced by many of the French nobility to which the Ferree family belonged. Followers of this new Protestantism were soon accused of heresy against the Catholic government and in 1536 a General Edict was issued urging extermination of the Huguenots. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 allowed the Huguenots limited religious freedom. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 rekindled persecution of the Huguenots and thousands fled France.
The family Ferre des Ferris enjoyed in the 13th century the titles and privileges reserved for the nobility "of knightly origin" and can be considered one of the oldest families of lower Normandy. The earliest known member of the family was Robert Ferre des Ferris, son of Raoul (or Rodolphe) Ferre. Confirmation of the presentation of several estates at Forchamps to Robert by his father can be found in the Archives of St. Lo. We have no direct line until Jean (Fuehre) LaVerre, a French Protestant of Picardy, who moved to Flanders at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Jean LaVerre had a son named Daniel. Our ancestry, as known today, begins with him.
What about the life of Daniel & Marie Warenbuer Ferree?
Daniel LaVerre (Ferree) is thought to have been born about 1646 in Picardy, France and thought to have been a wealthy silk manufacturer. His family was listed in the Patrician ranks of French nobility. Daniel married Marie Warenbuer. Their home and business were located in Landau, Bavaria, which was then a part of France. They became parents of six children: Daniel, Catherine, Mary, John, Jane, and Philip. Daniel and Marie were Calvinist Protestants which posed a threat to their lives and property. They were forced to flee France. There are conflicting versions of the dates and destinations of the Ferree family's journey to safety. One tradition is they escaped from Landau, in the darkness of night, and fled to Strasbourg where they remained for a time. It was here they met Isaac LeFevre who also fled when his family was martyred. The Ferree's "adopted" him. He later married their daughter, Catherine. From Strasbourg, it is thought, they went to Lindau on the border of Switzerland and then to Steinweiler, Billingheim, in the Palatinate. Their youngest son, Philip, was born in Steinweiler about 1686. It is believed Daniel may have died there about 1707. The following is written in a book titled "The French Blood in America" by Fosdick.
"The Ferree family was from an old and noble family of Normandy, and at the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Daniel, one of the best representatives of the family, was a silk manufacturer of wealth and influential position. Owing to his prominence and the staunchness he displayed in clinging to his faith, he was marked by the dragoons for the bitterest persecution. To save his wife, Mary, and his six children from the abuse and insults of the troopers, he managed to convey them secretly to Strasbourg, where they were in comparative safety. Remaining here for some time, the Ferree's moved to Billingheim in the Palatinate. Here Daniel died. The leadership now devolved upon Mary Ferree, and the difficulties of her position cannot be well overestimated; an exile from her native land and, living amongst strange people, and with but scant means with which to provide for her family..."
How did they begin their journey to America?
While still in the Palatinate in early 1708, Madame Ferree and her family began to make plans to leave and obtained a passport which was dated March 10, 1708. They were still there on May 10th, the date on the church letter her son, Daniel, and his family had obtained. When they actually departed from there for Holland, where refuge was offered to oppressed French Huguenots, is not known. Once at the Hague they were given free passes to England by the English envoy. Queen Anne of England in 1708 had issued an invitation to the Protestants of the Palatine to come to England for colonization in America. On August 25, 1708, Daniel, his wife, Anna Marie, and their sons, Andrew and John, along with Isaac LeFevre and his wife, Catherine (daughter of Madame Ferree) and their son, Abraham, renounced their citizenship and swore allegiance to England. Daniel and Isaac obtained space for their families on the sailing ship "Globe". They set sail on October 15, 1708, and after an eleven week voyage arrived in New York on December 31st (some accounts say January 1st, 1709). Madame Ferree remained in Holland for a time with her four other unmarried children. How long she stayed is not certain but records at St. Katherine's Reformed Church in London show they were registered there in May 1709.
What happened in London?
Tradition has it that upon her arrival in London, having heard of the Pennsylvania province and William Penn, who was living in London at that time, she set out to meet him. As the story goes she was on her way to his residence when his carriage passed and she called out to him. He immediately stopped and since he spoke fluent French they were able to converse. It is said Penn was very sympathetic to Madame Ferree's misfortunes and became interested in her and her children and arranged to have her introduced to Queen Anne. It can not be said with any certainty what actually transpired, when or how. Did she really meet William Penn and was she really introduced to the Queen? We do not know. We do know, however, that Madame, as part of a group of Huguenots, was granted approval to receive land in Pennsylvania and as part of the terms in agreeing to colonize in Pennsylvania would have been issued clothing, farming implements, tools, and other necessities. Passage was also paid and lodging was provided while a vessel was made ready. Another term to which they had to agree was to renounce French citizenship and become "free denizens of the kingdom". Ship records are not available so it's not certain when they sailed or aboard what vessel but it is thought they may have arrived in New York sometime during the summer of 1710.
How did Madame secure her land grant?
After their voyage from England and arrival in New York, they traveled up the Hudson River to New Paltz, NY, an already established community founded by French Huguenots. There Madame Ferree and her children were reunited with her son, Daniel, and son-in-law, Isaac, and their families. While in New Paltz they stayed with the DuBois family where her youngest son, Philip, met Leah DuBois who he would later marry. After receiving word the land survey had been completed, the entire family left in the spring of 1712 for Pennsylvania to claim their land. They appeared in Philadelphia on September 10, 1712, for the purpose of securing the two thousand acres promised to them. Having done that they proceeded on to the Pequea Valley.
What did they find in Paradise?
From the book "Memorials of the Huguenots in America" by Stapleton, an unknown writer gives this account of the Ferree's arrival.
"It was on the evening of a summer day when the Huguenots reached the verge of a hill commanding a view of the Valley of the Pequea. It was a woodland scene, a forest inhabited by wild beasts, for no indication of civilized life was very near. Scattered along the Pequea among the dark green hazel, could be discovered the Indian wigwams - the smoke issuing therefrom in it's spiral form. No sound was heard but the songs of the birds. In silence they contemplated the beautiful prospect which nature presented to their view. Suddenly a number of Indians darted from the woods. The females shrieked when an Indian advanced and in broken English said to Madame Ferree: 'Indian no harm White; White good to Indian; go to our Chief; come to Beaver.' Few were the words of the Indian. They went with him to Beaver's cabin, and Beaver, with the humanity that distinguished the Indian of that period, gave to the emigrants his wigwam. The next day he introduced them to Tawana who lived on the great flats of Pequea and was


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Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory, in partnership with three other science and engineering powerhouses, reached a major domestic milestone relating to nuclear fuel performance on March 8.
David Petti, Sc.D., and technical director for the INL research, says the team used reverse engineering methods to help turn the fuel test failures from the early 1990s into successes in 2008. "We wanted to close this loop for the high-temperature gas reactor fuels community," he said. "We wanted to put more science into the tests and take the process and demonstrate its success."
This work is important in Idaho because the Idaho National Laboratory is the U.S. Department of Energy's lead nuclear research and development laboratory.
The research is also key in supporting reactor licensing and operation for high-temperature reactors such as the Next Generation Nuclear Plant and similar reactors envisioned for subsequent commercial energy production.
"Hats off to the R&D fuels team on this major milestone," said Greg Gibbs, Next Generation Nuclear Plant Project director. "This is a major accomplishment in demonstrating TRISO fuel safety. This brings us one step closer to licensing a commercially-capable, high-temperature gas reactor that will be essentially emission free, help curb the rising cost of energy and help to achieve energy security for our country."
The work is a team effort of more than 40 people from INL, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, General Atomics and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
"I salute the team effort that made the research the success it is today," said David Hill, INL deputy laboratory director for Science and Technology. "I saw the research start while I was part of the ORNL team, and to see it succeed today is hugely satisfying and a tribute to everyone involved."
The team has now set its sights on reaching its next major milestone – achievement of a 12-14 percent burnup expected later this calendar year.
The research to improve the performance of coated-particle nuclear fuel met an important milestone by reaching a burnup of 9 percent without any fuel failure. Raising the burnup level of fuel in a nuclear reactor reduces the amount of fuel required to produce a given amount of energy while reducing the volume of the used fuel generated, and improves the overall economics of the reactor system.
After U.S. coated-particle fuel performance difficulties in the 1990s and a shift in national priorities, research on this type of fuel was curtailed for a time. Funding for the research resumed in 2003 as part of the DOE Advanced Gas Reactor fuel development and qualification program.
The team studied the very successful technology developed by the Germans for this fuel in the 1980s and decided to make the carbon and silicon carbide layers of the U.S. particle coatings more closely resemble the German model. The changes resulted in success that has matched the historical German level.
INL's Advanced Test Reactor was a key enabler of the successful research. The ATR was used to provide the heating of the fuel to watch the fuel's response. The fuel kernel is coated with layers of carbon and silicon compounds. These microspheres are then placed in compacts one-half-inch wide by two inches long and then placed in graphite inside the reactor for testing. The fuel element is closely monitored while inside the test reactor to track its behavior.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Building a bridge back to the Bible
By Jessica Elgot, July 5, 2012
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Ariel and Professor Yona Sabar in Zakho: among the last in a dwindling line of 'Aramaic Kurdish' Jews
Ariel and Professor Yona Sabar in Zakho: among the last in a dwindling line of 'Aramaic Kurdish' Jews
Professor Yona Sabar is one of the last Jews on the planet who could have a conversation with Jesus, in his mother tongue.
When Professor Sabar arrived in Israel from northern Iraq in 1951, he imagined the language he grew up speaking was Kurdish - until a Hebrew University academic identified it as Aramaic.
Now an LA-based academic who has devoted his life to the study of the language, Professor Sabar believes he is now one of the last speakers of the language, and has embarked on a project to find other speakers of Aramaic, which has more than 100 dialects, before the language is lost forever.
The professor and his son Ariel spoke last week at the Royal Geographical Society in London about his experiences growing up in Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan, documented in his son's book, My Father's Paradise.
Kurdish, Aramaic-speaking Jews are believed to have been the world's oldest Jewish diaspora, and have possibly the most compelling claim to be one of the "lost tribes".
Ariel Sabar has compared biblical descriptions of towns and rivers to the places where his father grew up. Jews were exiled in the eighth century BCE to Assyria, now Kurdish Iraq. The biblical Habor river is believed to be the modern-day Habur river. "My father swam in that river," said Mr Sabar. "But no one knew Jews were still there. They are written off in the Bible as 'lost'.
"They were in the mountains, not accessible to Western scholars. No one knew they were there. So they got on and lived their own life, until the founding of the state of Israel. That flushed them out of the mountains. They had been missing for nearly 3,000 years, but they were not lost. They'd just gone off the radar."
Yona Sabar was the last boy to be barmitzvah in Zakho. Although they had lived in harmony with their Muslim neighbours, life changed very quickly after 1947. He now recalls that "the situation in Iraq was getting worse and worse. We were identified as an extension of the state of Israel, and they transferred that hatred of Zionists to us. Nobody wants to get up and leave a place where you were born, where you have a business, but people saw they had to abandon the sentimentality they had about the place.
"The whole community left together, only very few stayed. We lived there as a group, you can't stay without a kosher butcher, without a synagogue, without a minyan. When I went back there for the first time in 1992, one person said to me that they were descendents of Jews, whose grandparents had converted to Islam."
Once in Israel as a teenager, Yona Sabar became terrified of losing the ability to speak his own language, even before he knew its significance, writing words down on scraps of paper.
Now, he said: "It's difficult to know how many people are left who still speak Aramaic. The older generation who spoke it in their childhood have often stopped speaking it, forgotten it, they have grown up speaking a different language. Very few are speaking it every day."
His son said he speaks just "three or four words" of Aramaic. "And if anyone should know it, it should be me right? But I don't. The importance of what my father is doing is not about keeping it alive; it's not realistic. The idea is to record as many of this last generation as possible."
Since moving to the US to study, Professor Sabar has contributed lines of Aramaic to many Hollywood films and shows, including George Burns' Oh God!, The X-Files and Curb Your Enthusiasm, although not The Passion of the Christ:
"Mel Gibson wanted a Christian to do it," Professor Sabar revealed.
Last updated: 11:58am, July 5 2012


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St Patrick's Trian
Kids love this place, which in three separate and highly interactive exhibitions tells the history of Armagh, the story of St Patrick and recounts the tale of Gulliver's Travels.
The name Trian [say: Tree-an] is taken from the three old divisions of Armagh – into Irish Town, English Town and Scots Town, but the stories it tells have much wider interest and they are very well told.
The Armagh Story
You will have driven through Armagh by the time you see this, and will see how the city grew, from it's earliest pre-Christian origins though the arrival of St Patrick, raids by the Vikings and the development of a fine Georgian city right to the modern day.
It is not a dull presentation – kids are engaged with drawings and via interactive screens and get to join in with activities along the way.
St Patrick's Story
Much of what was know about St Patrick is contained in The Book of Armagh, a treasure of early Christian Ireland which is on display here in facsimile (you can see the original in Trinity College, Dublin).
In this part of the Trian we learn not just about St Patrick, but about how these manuscripts were created. Visitors can trace some of the images from the book – after they have learned to make their own ink and quill pen! Interactive displays allow you to converse with and question some of those involved in creating the book.
Here the world expands and you become a tiny lilliputians, donning costumes and sitting in huge chairs, as you enter the home of the giant Gulliver to hear his amazing story.
It's really fun and you even get to tie up the giant!
Visiting St Patrick's Trian
The exhibitions are open year round, all day Monday-Saturday, afternoons only on Sunday. More detailed info at the website.
There is an auditorium at the site where events of various kinds, including musical events, are held. There is no information about these on the website, so you will need to contact them to find out if there is anything on when you are in the area.
The is a nice bright and airy cafe at the centre, serving good snacks and light meals, with a terrace to eat on if the weather allows.


text:
How to: Navigate in the Object Browser
The Object Browser displays hierarchical structures within the current browsing scope in the Objects pane. You can expand structures in the Objects pane to reveal ordered lists of their members. Expanding an object also displays additional information about it, such as base classes, implemented interfaces, and available overrides.
Properties, methods, events, variables, constants, and other contained items are listed in the Members pane. Details on the item selected in the Members pane appear in the Description pane. As you select objects and members, they are added to the Object Browser's history list. For more information on the elements of the Object Browser and how they work, see.
To move from a symbol to a related symbol
Select the symbol in the Objects or Members pane.
This updates the Description pane to display related symbols, such as the parent object, parameter and return types, and default constant values.
In the Description pane, click the link to the desired symbol.
The Object Browser displays the related symbol, and this symbol is added to the history list.
To move through the history list
Click the Back (left arrow) button to go back to the previously selected symbol. You can do this repeatedly to navigate through previously selected symbols until you reach the first browsed symbol.
If you go back using the Back button and then select another symbol, all entries in the Forward part of the history list are cleared.
Click the Forward (right arrow) button to return to the selected symbol. You can do this repeatedly until you reach the currently selected symbol.
Use the Keyboard pane in the Options dialog box to assign shortcut keys to the commands View.Forward and View.Backward. You can then use these commands to navigate quickly to the next or previous item. For more information, see.
To display the definition or declaration of a symbol
Right-click on the symbol node or on the Description pane.
Choose Go To Definition or Go To Declaration from the shortcut menu.
If the symbol is defined or declared in your code, the source file opens in the Code Editor and scrolls to the definition or declaration.
If the symbol is a.NET Framework class or COM component, Go To Definition selects its node in the Objects pane, lists its members in the Members pane, and displays details on the symbol in the Description pane.


text: To make mosquito netting, using a plastic bag, you will need the following: a butane torch or a campfire, a lathe, thumbtacks, and a plastic bags. The holes need to be 2 mm or less. Heat up the lathe. Lay the plastic bag on a flat and protected surface. Run the heated lathe over the plastic bag. Try to get the rows really close, without getting too close or overlapping. Overlapping will cause the holes to be larger. Also, be careful not to let it slide along, which would cause bigger holes. Check the size of the holes. If there are holes that are too big, then you can patch them, with plastic, waxed paper, and an iron, in order to make an iron on patch. Do this process to all of the bags. Then, using the patch method to fuse the bags together.


Answering Your ELD FAQs
Electronic logging devices, or ELDs, are designed to replace paper records for hours of service (HOS) and records of duty status (RODS) reports. The devices are more convenient for drivers, and they are also more reliable, which in turn helps prevent situations in which drivers are pressured to drive for more hours than the DOT considers to be safe. Most truck drivers are required to use ELDs, except for those in vehicles manufactured before 2000 and those who use short-haul, timecard exceptions. Many drivers and transportation companies have questions about ELDs and compliance issues. These answers may help you better understand the rules.
What is the difference between ELDs and AOBRDs?
Automatic onboard recording devices, or AOBRDs, were introduced in 1988, and they represented a huge leap forward for the DOT in tracking hours of operation for drivers and in monitoring vehicle location. However, technology has become outdated, which is why the transition to ELDs is required. ELDs have several features that AOBRDs do not. Some of the things that become standard with ELD use are recording location information every 60 minutes and notifications when drivers hit HOS limits.
How many ELD accounts can a driver have with his or her motor carrier company?
Motor carrier companies can only assign one ELD account to each driver. The ELD accounts should be linked to a driver's license number, and the device should prevent one number from being used for multiple accounts. Motor carriers are also required to have a password-protected security process for logging in for their drivers.
What happens if drivers or carriers violate ELD rules?
Violations can be costly for drivers and carriers alike. Fines can be significant, and in some cases, the vehicle will be placed out of service and may be required to be towed. Vehicles can be placed out of service for 10 hours per violation, resulting in a significant loss of driving hours.
Has your ELD transition been bumpy, or do you need assistance in making sure you are in compliance? HDS Safety Solutions is here to help. Talk to a DOT compliance expert and learn more about ELD auditing in Tucson today by calling _PHONE_.


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Are you seeing a "No Signal" error or a blank screen when you try to play PlayStation 4? Don't worry, there's usually an easy fix. This wikiHow teaches you how to properly troubleshoot the "No Signal" error on your PlayStation 4.
Part 1 of 2:
General HDMI Troubleshooting
 1. 1
 Make sure the PS4 is connected to the correct HDMI port. Is your PS4 plugged into the same HDMI input that's selected on your TV? Use our TV remote to cycle through all of the HDMI inputs to make sure you haven't chosen the wrong one.
 - Try unplugging and re-plugging the HDMI cable in again to make sure you have a secure connection.
 - If it's connected to the correct port, you could switch it to another available port and try again.
 2. 2
 Bypass the receiver if you have one. If your PS4 is not plugged directly into the TV and is instead plugged into an audio/video receiver, try plugging it directly into the TV instead. The receiver may not be accurately passing the signal to your TV.
 3. 3
 Check the HDMI cable and ports physically. Remove the HDMI cable from the PS4 and the TV and look inside both ports with a flashlight—do you see any bent pins inside the HDMI ports? If there's a bent pin in the PS4 or the TV, you'd see a "No Signal" area or a blank screen.[1] If there's a bent pin, unplug the TV or PS4 from the wall and gently push it back into place using a flat screwdriver.
 4. 4
 Try a different HDMI cable. HDMI cables can be faulty, so try swapping out your current cable with another one, if you have one.
Part 2 of 2:
Changing the Resolution in Safe Mode
 1. 1
 Press and hold the power button on your PS4 for seven seconds. This ensures that the PS4 really turns off, which is necessary for starting it in Safe Mode.[2] You will hear one beep when you begin to press and hold the button, and a second after about seven seconds. You can remove your finger from the button after you hear the second beep.
 - If you're seeing "No Signal," "Weak Signal," or a blank screen, it could be because the resolution is incorrect in your PS4 settings. This sometimes happens when you move the PS4 between different TVs, switch between game systems on the same TV, or make a change to your TV's display settings.
 2. 2
 Press and hold the Power button again until the PS4 restarts. Again, you'll hear a beep when you first start pressing the button—when you hear the second beep, lift your finger. This boots the PS4 into Safe Mode.
 3. 3
 Use a USB cable to connect your controller to the PS4. If you're using a wireless controller, you'll see a message on the screen telling you to connect with a USB cable—this is required for using the controller in Safe Mode.
 4. 4
 Press the PS4 button on the controller. It's the one at the bottom-center. You should see a menu on the screen.
 5. 5
 Select Change Resolution. This is the second option on the menu. To select the option, press X. You'll see a message that says "The PS4 will restart."
 6. 6
 Press X. This restarts your PS4. When it comes back up, it'll ask you to choose a resolution.
 7. 7
 Select a resolution. Leaving the default option of Automatic will nearly always work, but you can also select a different resolution if you know it works with your TV. Keep in mind that if you select a resolution that doesn't work with the TV, you'll continue getting no signal when trying to play your PS4.
 - For example, if you have a 720p TV, select 720p. Don't try selecting something higher than that, or else it won't work!
 8. 8
 Press the X key. As long as you selected a resolution that's compatible with your TV, you should now be able to play your PS4.
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 Nicole Levine, MFA
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 Updated: March 11, 2021
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 Categories: PlayStation 4
 Article SummaryX
 1. Press and hold the power button for 7 seconds to turn the PS4 off.
 2. Press and hold the power button until you hear a second beep to turn it back on.
 3. Connect the controller with a USB cable.
 4. Press the PS4 button.
 5. Select Change Resolution.
 6. Press X.
 7. Select the correct resolution.
 8. Press X.
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Inland shipping, and by extension multimodal goods transport, have been characterised by a series of problem areas and mismatches with the market. These challenges and problem areas manifest themselves mainly around the use of small waterways for transport purposes:
Young barge-skippers aspire to large vessels. They generate more cash flow and higher operating margins and attract financing by suppliers of credit more easily.
Increasing lack of small canal barges. Since the 70s of the last century no small vessels have been added to the fleet.
Living and working on a vessel. Today traditional inland navigation is done by a fleet of inland ships provided with living accommodation. The barge-skipper lives and works on the barge. This results in a rather closed environment that often accords to only a limited extent with the expectations of what is currently available on the job market.
Too low intake of labour. Supply does not meet demand.
Vital role of small waterways and small vessels. They act as satellites for the larger waterways. Numerous industrial shippers are located on smaller waterways and can only be supplied by vessels of up to 600 tonnes or 1350 tonnes. Small vessels are also necessary on larger waterways to serve industrial shippers with limited storage capacity.
Road congestion in and around cities. Truck traffic in the heart of big cities is becoming more and more of a problem.
Striving for the proposed modal split. Virtually all seaports in the so-called Hamburg-Le Havre range have set modal split objectives. Only increasing the potential of inland waterways and improved harmonisation between sea and inland transport can result in achievement of the modal split targets and better integrated logistics chains.