Happy national tequila dayHappy National Tequila Day! As you sip a margarita or a tequila sunrise today, pause for a moment to reflect on the contribution made to the tequila industry by some long unacknowledged friends: long-nosed bats. These bats (Genus Leptonycteris) are the main pollinators of century plants (Agave sp.). from which tequila is obtained through the distillation of their juices. The relationship between bats and tequila may seem obscure at first, but the bat-plant association is so strong that the disappearance of one would threaten the survival of the other.
Agaves, known in Mexico as magueyes, are a group of succulent plants with thick leaves that grow in parts of the southwest United States, Central America, and tropical South America. While the plants can be found across the region, tequila and mezcal (another Mexican specialty drink) are regulated by the Mexican government, and can only be made in Mexico. Tequila is made from the blue agave plant, Agave tequilana, and is primarily grown in the state of Jalisco. Mezcal, however, is made from Agave americana, a different but closely related species of plant.
To make tequila and mezcal, the leaves of their respective agave plants are carefully cut off to leave behind the succulent core, called the piña. The piñas are then slowly roasted and shredded or mashed up, to extract the juice, which is then poured into vats to ferment. After this round of fermenting, the liquids are then distilled as needed to make their respective liquors.
Bats are important pollinators of desert plants such as agaveBut what in the world does this have to do with bats?
The ancestral Mexicans who discovered tequila did not realize that the reproduction of the indispensable agaves depended on pollination by secretive, nocturnal allies. Both the Mexican long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris nivalis, and the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, pollinate wild agave plants as they feed on the nectar of the agave flowers. Today, most of the agaves employed in the production of mezcal and tequila are cultivated and vegetatively propagated, without the help of bats. This human propagation generates very little genetic diversity in these cultivated plant populations, leaving them vulnerable to disease or blight that could wipe out entire industries.
However wild populations of these plants still exist and rely on bats. The Mexican long-nosed bat and the lesser long-nosed bat are critical to both to their desert ecosystems and our tequila industry as they maintain genetic biodiversity within wild agave populations. They not only ensure that these plants can survive for generations to come but also supply us humans with a source of new plant varieties should our cultivated ones succumb to disease. So a world without bats could truly be a world without tequila. And who wants a world like that?
Two bats pollinating an agave plant


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FACTS ABOUT DENMARK
:black_small_square: Danes have a special word "hygge" for that cozy feeling of togetherness. It means relaxing in great company.
:black_small_square: Lego was invented in Denmark
:black_small_square: Denmark is one of the oldest monarchies in Europe
:black_small_square: No matter where you are in Denmark, you'll never be more than 50km from the sea. And with over 7,000km of coastline, it's hardly surprising that beach holidays are a popular part of Danish culture
:black_small_square: First acknowledged in 1219, the Danish flag remains the oldest state flag in the world still in use by an independent nation
:black_small_square: Bluetooth was named after the Danish Viking King Harald "blåtand" Gormsson. Gormsson was also known for his dead tooth. Therefore his nickname was Blåtand, which literally translates from Danish to "Bluetooth."
:small_orange_diamond: Skagen - Grenen (means the branch, which is the top of Denmark where to oceans meet)
:small_orange_diamond: Copenhagen - Nyhavn (New Harbour)
:small_orange_diamond: Copenhagen - Runde taarn
:small_orange_diamond: Vesterhavet (the West coast)
:small_orange_diamond: Bridgewalking Lillebælt
None of these pictures are mine - credit to the rightful owners

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Employers must keep adequate records showing
the amount of super paid for all eligible employees.
Super records should include:
- how you calculate any reportable employer super
- how you calculate each of your employee's salary
or wages and ordinary time earnings
- copies of relevant salary sacrifice agreements
you entered into with your employees
- copies of relevant industrial agreements with
- evidence that you offered your eligible
employees a choice of super fund.
You must keep super records:
- for five years
- in English, or in a form that can be easily
accessed and converted into English.
or call him directly on 0419 671 602.


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New tool from the University of Nottingham may help screen patients at risk for VTE
Heart health is a major concern for many Americans, which is why individuals who are hoping to reduce their risk of experiencing a stroke choose to buy Plavix.
Heart health is a major concern for many Americans, which is why individuals who are hoping to reduce their risk of experiencing a stroke choose to buy Plavix. The condition arises due to the presence of serious blood clots. According to a paper published in the British Medical Journal, a new tool created at the University of Nottingham could be an effective way of identifying people who need preventive treatment for this ailment.
Funded by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, the tool is based on simple variables that are accessible to patients and can easily be integrated into computer systems. This could help assess people's risk of having serious blood clots and consequently developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) before they are admitted to the hospital. Additionally, the screening technique could help doctors decide whether to prescribe medications that carry an increased clotting risk.
Lead authors Julia Hippisley-Cox and Carol Coupland studied data from 3.5 million men and women between the ages of 25 and 84. The rate of VTE was about 15 cases per 10,000 people, according to their analysis.
"Further research is needed to assess how best to use the algorithm and whether, upon implementation, it has any impact on health outcomes," the scientists concluded.
See also...
|IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE: All medical content and news articles on this website is supplied by an independent third party company. While the information can be useful, this website relies on others for its creation and cannot guarantee the accuracy, medical efficacy, or reliability of the information provided. In all circumstances, you should always seek the advice of your physician and/or other qualified health professional(s) for drug, medical condition, or treatment advice. This website does not provide any medical advice. The content provided on this website is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The BPM Way of Implementation and Governance
Most process initiatives today include some sort of business process automation, whereas implementation and governing of complex processes in this complex setting can be a daunting thing.
The reality is that 72% of process automation (IT) projects fail to deliver on time, on budget, or on value. Most IT projects fail during the implementation/deployment phase. Research indicates that only 25% of failed process automation (IT) projects occur because of unsolvable technical issues, whereas 75% of all failures are due to a complex mixture of problems including missing process leadership, missing employee process skills, bad communication and so on. This clearly suggests at least part of the gap is between the "as-is" process landscape, the "to-be" process design, and the actual business transformation sought in and through the process implementation.
We will outline the "Way of Implementing" or the approach, you, the practitioner, follow to apply the way of working and modeling into the physical and thereby the process execution and concrete relevant aspects. In the "Way of Governing," we outline the approach the practitioner follows to steer and govern what exists. It consists both of a holistic BPM Governance approach as well as a separate governance process that spans across the BPM Life Cycle, for example, process analysis, process design, process implementation, and run, monitor, and optimize the existing process.


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FLA Theory of Change
FLA seeks to develop youth resiliency and leadership to create long-lasting systemic change by empowering and mobilizing youth leaders to advocate for policies that improve their lives and the lives of their peers in the Central Coast.
Build Youth Resiliency and Leadereship
Mobilize Youth Leaders to Build Resilient Communities
Through year-round programming, FLA youth are supported in dissecting community issues affecting their lives. Youth are also given advocacy skills to mobilize and address the social ills affecting the Central Coast. Through these grassroots campaigns, youth become agents of social change.
Leverage Youth Leadership
FLA's unique programming creates a culture of resiliency, accountability, and investment, which is leveraged for a growing effort in long-term organizational sustainability and broader social impact through continued community engagement, mobilization, and advocacy.


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Christian A. Rosales holds a Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of the Philippines Diliman where he produced a dissertation on the Iraya Mangyan Justice System based on long term fieldwork among the Iraya Mangyan of Occidental Mindoro. He is currently a project assistant at D'Aboville Foundation, a French-Filipino NGO, focusing on the "Mangyan-Tamaraw Driven Landscape" project at Mts. Iglit-Baco National Park in partnership with the Tamaraw Conservation Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. He is also currently engaged in fieldwork among the upland Tau-Buhid. He is learning the language, customs, traditions, cosmology and the present migration dichotomy of these people residing in politically challenging restricted areas of Mindoro. Dr. Rosales was also active in the academe before he assumed a fulltime anthropology work in a Non-Government Organization.
Tigian: Consensual Power in Customary Dispute Settlement of the Iraya Mangyan
The study examines elements of consensual power in customary dispute settlement of the Iraya Mangyan. It elaborates the intricacies of "use-interplay" found in the Tigian as mode of determining the person's guilt or innocence in case of denial. For the Iraya, "guilt" constitutes an idea of "criminality" that is penalized according to an agreed form of punishment. On the other hand, the declaration of "innocence" challenges one's personal ideals, which are affirmed by the community as compassion, forgiveness, and unity.
Based on long-term fieldwork in Occidental Mindoro, this study highlights how patterns, themes, and dynamics of the Iraya Mangyan "world," how power-interplay in Iraya Mangyan justice system shapes day-to-day community life, and how ordinary life engagement shapes the idea of justice. It critically locates consensual power and its elements using action theory in political anthropology. As ethnography, it captures the interplay of the three elements of consensual power: the 'alam', age, and speech that are firmly rooted in and arise from the community that forms a "Tigian". It concludes that consensual power is significant in the Iraya Mangyan customary dispute settlement in determining criminality and reinforcing the concept of a "good" person in the community.
It argues for the need to acknowledge the various indigenous models of conflict resolution such as that of the Iraya Mangyan, one that is focused on consensual power and distinct from the prevailing Western or concept of "criminality" where power structure is built on a coercive-power use in the mainstream justice system.


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Memory for Odors
Edited by Frank R. Schab, Robert G. Crowder
Published July 1st 1995 by Psychology Press – 200 pages
The power of odors to unlock human memory is celebrated in literature and anecdote, but poorly documented by science. Odors -- perhaps more than other stimuli -- are widely believed to evoke vivid and complex past experiences easily. Yet in contrast to the frequency with which odors are thought to evoke memories of the past, scientific evidence is thus far scant.
For years, voluminous data have been collected on odor sensitivity, whereas relatively few studies exist on memory for odors per se. Moreover, the memory data that do exist are thus far only poorly integrated with the most modern attitudes on human memory. The major goal of this volume is to point the way toward a better state of affairs, one in which the study of odor memory is legitimatized as a proper specialization and is informed by the most promising ideas in the mainstream study of memory. This volume explores three tendencies in modern memory theory that have not yet sufficiently penetrated the odor-memory work: memory coding, memory and knowledge, and implicit and explicit memory.
"This collection of essays, although small in size, seems big in potential import. New horizons have benn proposed and old problems have been classified. A book well worth nosing around in by any cognitive scientist."
Schab and Crowder successfully convince the reader of the importance of studying odor memory. The book is filled with stimulating questions for future research, and it would be an ideal book for graduate students looking for ideas for research projects.
Contents: R.G. Crowder, F.R. Schab, Introduction. F.R. Schab, R.G. Crowder, Odor Recognition Memory. R.A. de Wijk, F.R. Schab, W.S. Cain, Odor Identification. R.G. Mair, L.M. Harrison, D.L. Flint, The Neuropsychology of Odor Memory. F.R. Schab, W.S. Cain, Implicit Measures of Odor Memory. R.G. Crowder, F.R. Schab, Imagery for Odors. C. Murphy, Age-Associated Differences in Memory for Odors. S.F. Davis, H.W. Ludvigson, Odor Memory in Nonhumans. R.S. Herz, E. Eich, Commentary and Envoi.


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As a fast-developing country, China has become one of the world's major emitters of climate warming greenhouse gases. This has sparked major concern among agriculture experts, claiming raising temperatures could worsen normal farming problems.
"Warm winters create an environment in which plant diseases and pests thrive, and these pose a serious threat to crops," Xiong Wei, an expert on the correlation between climate change and agriculture with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, told China Daily.
Drought is also a concern. Lack of rainfall, some associate with climate change, has forced officials to deliver clean water to regions of Southwest China, areas dependent on local farming. As of 2007, severe drought in Sichuan province has cost farmers nearly $38 million.
Via ENN.Read More:High Temps Threaten China's Crops, Water


Wednesday, February 19, 2014
Teachable Cynics
"If you're regularly willing to give a critique, but not willing to take one, you're not a leader, you're a cynic." - _USER_
Cynicism is the ugly side of discernment. According to Merriam-Webster, a cynic is someone who is "contemptuously distrustful of human nature and motives." Compare that to something we all desire, discernment. This good trait is "the ability to see and understand people, things, or situations clearly and intelligently." Do you see the fine line between the two definitions? Our greatest strengths tend to be our greatest weakness. Discernment and cynicism are two sides of the same coin, and any of us who consider ourselves discerning need to be on guard against the other.
How do we foster the good character trait of discernment while protecting ourselves from its ugly counterpart, cynicism? I think the key is found in the quote from Ed Stetzer. The discerning person must be willing to seriously consider criticism of themselves. Back in the day at my Christian college, they called this being teachable.
There is a simple, age old problem that faces a discerning person when they are faced with critique or correction. It is pride. A discerning person likely struggles with personal pride more than anyone else. That's a strong statement, but remember that the central thing about being a discerning person is that you accurately evaluate situations and people. You're good at seeing through others' true motives or the unintended consequences of poorly thought out choices. Discerning people are good at evaluating others, but that can trick them into thinking they are best at evaluating themselves. When someone comes to them with concerns or encouragement, the discerning person assigns the worst motives to them instead of the best, picks apart the person bringing the critique, and then moves from the good side of discernment to the bad side of cynicism. They trust in their discernment more than they trust the one speaking to them. That is the heart of pride.
Humility is a hard trait to foster in ourselves if we feel we are a discerning person. But the ability to receive criticism of ourselves may be the most important character trait of all, especially for a person gifted in discernment. The discerning person has a choice to make in a moment of criticism. Does our discernment define us? If we find our identity in that noble character trait, we actually set ourselves up for failure. But if Christ defines us rather than our ability to discern, then Christ will still define us when we are critiqued. Our identity can stand up to the fact that our discernment of ourselves failed and that we needed someone else to speak into our lives.
As it does at many points of life, a robust understanding of the gospel and our subsequent identity in Christ is the thing that equips us to live as humble, discerning people rather than proud cynics.
 1. thank you...sobering…everyone who is proud in heart is an abomination to the Lord;. he who trusts in his own heart is a fool Prov 16:5a; 28:26a
 concerning spiritual gifts, brethren, I do not want you to be unaware… the same God who works all things in all persons but to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the common good; the one and the same Spirit works all these things, distributing to each one individually just as He wills.
 …but I show you a still more excellent waypursue love, seek to abound for the edification of the church.1 Cor 12,14;1 Tim 4:14
 may the Lord ever help us each,together!
 2. Thank you for this. This is so me. In fact, it wasn't even until doing your Ephesians study a few years ago that I was convicted over my cynicism. I honestly just saw it as part of who I was but now I'm asking God to help me in this area of my life.
 I love this quote from Ann Voskamp: "Cynicism isn't strength and ranting doesn't rejuvenate and frustration can never accomplish what Faith can."
 Thanks for this challenge and reminder.
 3. Thanks Wendy.
 I appreciate your thoughtful posts.
 Have you noticed, however, that those who face legitimate criticism because of their actions or words, are often quick to brand their critics (no matter how humble or soft-spoken) as "cynics" or worse, "bitter" (especially if the subject of the criticism happens to be a popular pastor or religious leader)? How that serves to deflect legitimate critique, squelches the conversation, and simultaneously shames the person who bothered to raise a legitimate issue?
 1. It's reverse cynicism. I think any of us who receive criticism ought to put aside self preservation and seriously consider the other's concerns.
 4. This post brought to mind another quote that I found equally true and helpful (though I don't know who to attribute it to): "Accountability has to be invited to be received." Another insight into the importance of a "teachable spirit." If the discerning person has no relationships with other mature believers in which he/she invites somebody else's discerning eye to speak into his/her life, it won't matter if they do, it likely won't be believed or received.
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- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - _URL_ -
Highview's CryoEnergy System Efficiently Stores Energy With Liquified Air
Posted By Daniel C Jones On March 28, 2011 @ 2:00 pm In clean tech,green technology,Renewable Energy | 2 Comments
One of the major issues with renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power is that energy generation tends to be intermittent — i.e. the sun doesn't always shine and the wind doesn't always blow. Therefore, in order for such technologies to be capable of meeting our needs without the support of fossil fuels, we need to find effective and commercially viable ways to store energy. That's why the guys at Highview Power Storage are getting particularly excited about their most recent technology – the CryoEnergy System (CES). CES takes excess energy generated and uses it to run refrigeration units which cool air down to a temperature of -196C (-320.8F), at which point it liquefies. The liquid air, also known as cryogen, can be stored in an insulated tank, and at times of peak-demand, when the direst output of existing energy sources cannot meet the demands of a power grid, this liquid air is released to generate energy.
Solving the energy storage problem would be a huge step towards emission-free power generation on a global scale. Once Highveiw's CryoEnergy Storage system stores and releases air, the liquid boils, regasifies and expands by up to 700% when heated above -196C (so even room temperature can superheat it). This mega-high-pressured gas is then used to spin turbines which then power a generator.
The only by-product of the CES process is cold air, but what about its efficiency? When exposed to ambient air temperatures, the cryogen gas returns about 50% of the energy used in creating it. But as the amount of stored air increases so does the intensity of the regasification process, resulting in an efficiency of up to 70%. The process is perfect for facilities that generate large volumes of waste heat, as this could boost the efficiency of CES. Furthermore, the cold air produced by the process could even be used for air conditioning, refrigeration or even to create more liquid air. All of this increases the efficiency of the entire process.
When all the criteria for energy storage is taken into consideration, the use of batteries is inferior to CES. While high-efficiency batteries can yield 1 kW of power, they cost about US $4,000 which is 4 times the cost required by CES to produce the same power
A pilot project, fully integrated into the UK's national grid, is currently in operation and is being supported by the Department of Energy & Climate Change and UK-based utility SSE (Scottish & Southern Energy). Highview plans to have a 3.5 megawatt (MW) commercial-scale plant operational by 2012, with the aim of increasing capacity to 10MW by 2014.
In the race to find the innovative energy storage solution that can take our renewable energy ambitions to the next level, CES provides the most efficient, economic and environmentally-friendly answer. So far.
Pictures courtesy of Brightview Power Storage
Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: _URL_
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A Combined finite Element-state Space Modeling Environment for Induction Motors in the ABC Frame of Reference: The Blocked-rotor and Sinusoidally Energized Load Conditions
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
The combined finite element-state space (CFE-SS) modeling environment was used to predict the performance of a 1.2 hp, three-phase case-study squirrel cage induction motor under blocked rotor and typical load operating conditions. The nature of this CFE-SS environment allows one to rigorously account for the impact of space harmonics generated by the magnetic circuit, winding, and cage geometric, as well as layout peculiarities and magnetic saturation, on the current and torque profiles, and ohmic losses in the stator armature and cage. This includes the ability to predict the profiles of connector and bar currents. The results of the CFE-SS simulations compare favorably with blocked rotor and load experimental test data. Potential capabilities of this CFE-SS modeling environment, and its use in impacting motor design decisions, are discussed in the light of reported findings.
Baldassari, P. and Demerdash, Nabeel, "A Combined finite Element-state Space Modeling Environment for Induction Motors in the ABC Frame of Reference: The Blocked-rotor and Sinusoidally Energized Load Conditions" (1992). Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research and Publications. 478.
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1992): 710-720. DOI.
N.A. Demerdash was affiliated with Clarkson University at the time of publication.


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By Chris Roberts
By Joe Eskenazi
By Albert Samaha
By Mike Billings
By Rachel Swan
By Erin Sherbert
By Joe Eskenazi
By Albert Samaha
Does distant healing actually work? If it works, can scientists really study it? The jury is still out on both questions. Critics of distant healing research question whether a clinical trial should study spirituality, and whether it can measure something so ephemeral and unexplainable. But scientists like Targ say it is possible to use accepted methodologies and "rigorous science" to determine the answers.
"Rigorous science" means subjecting a hypothesis to the Western "gold standard" of clinical trials -- a randomized, controlled, and double-blinded trial, commonly known as an "RCT."
As an example, a simple RCT might be used to test a new medicine. Participants would be split randomly into two groups so external factors wouldn't skew the data. One would be given the medicine and the other "control group" would be given a "placebo" pill (something that looks, smells, and tastes identical to the active medicine), so that true comparisons between these groups could be made. The placebo is also used so that the participants in the study don't know which group they are in -- and their expectations won't interfere too much with the data. None of the participants or researchers knows who is in which group, a safeguard known as "double-blinding," to limit bias or cheating. Both groups would then take the pills, and the researchers would look for objective differences between the two groups to see if the medicine had been effective.
But even if an experiment is designed and executed perfectly, there are many ways in which a trial can be complicated. One is the trial size. An experiment needs to use enough participants to make sure that the study is "statistically significant" -- meaning that the findings didn't happen just by chance.
Dr. Charles Vincent, who co-wrote a book on alternative medicine research methodology, says distant healing research is a viable area of study, though it has its limits. It will never be 'gold standard' in the sense that a drug trial can be, but then neither can many forms of hands-on treatment such as surgery," says Vincent, a professor at University College London.
Though Targ's experiment follows the "gold standard," skeptics raise questions about her methodology. They say researchers will never be able to create a "pure" control group. Even if someone is assigned to a group that does not receive healing, how do the researchers prevent someone's grandmother in Texas from praying for her granddaughter and diluting the control group?
Targ says she expects that most people in the study will have a "baseline" of prayer from friends and family. She says her study is looking at whether an extreme amount of distant healing (20 weeks' worth) has any effect above the prayer the participants may already receive.
There are also questions about consistency of "dosage." With pills, the dosage in an experiment is clear. But with distant healing, how do researchers know that all the healers in the study are as effective as each other? Targ says she anticipated that question by designing her experiment so each patient receives healing from 10 different healers.
Dubious endpoints is another criticism. Are the differences being looked at between the two groups objective? Targ's brain tumor study will be more clear-cut -- comparing whether patients have died or not. But the AIDS study is looking at factors such as hospitalization in a very diverse population, some of whom are IV drug users, homeless, and smokers.
Questions like these are the major stumbling blocks for distant healing research. To explore these issues, an alternative medicine research group has been developed at the Cochrane Collaborative, an international nonprofit organization that provides scientifically sound information about health care.
"There are some challenges and flaws related to clinical trial design for alternative medicine," says Dr. Brian Berman, who heads the Cochrane Collaborative's alternative medicine group. "But you certainly can look into these things scientifically."
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Human Evolution timeline
Human Evolution timeline
Human Evolution Timeline
The origin of human has occurred in Tertiary epoch, but for the first time in India, the earliest evidence of humans is about 5 lakhs years ago from the Pleistocene period, although the origin of life occurred 35 million years ago. The remains of the oldest human is about 2 crore years old, whose height was 3-4 feet, used to live in the thick forests of Africa. We know this by the name of Ramapithekus.
Stages of Human Evolution
 - Australopithecus
This Ramapithekus which went ahead and settled in the plains, known as the Australopithecus. Hence, the Primitive of Homosapiens are called Australopithecus. At the place called Tong in South Africa, Raymond Dart discovered the remenants of the ancient Aboriginal Australopithecus of humans. The Primitive of Homosapiens believed to be known as Australopithecus, because there is continuity in human development from there. The earliest remenants was discovered by Raymond Dart in 1924 in Transvaal province of South Africa, he found human skull of Australopithecus in a lime mine in Tong. At that time, the human used their both hands and legs to walk on the ground.
 - Homohabilus
For the first time the hand was used freely and the tools for the first time were also used. The fossils of Homohabilus is about 2.5 million years ago and the earliest evidence of tool making comes from this age. Their brain capacity was about 600 cc as compared to Australopithecus of 500cc, they had a new trick to survival, they fashioned rocks and sharpened in such a way so that they can easily butchered the carcass of animals easily.
 - Heidelberg
An extinct species in the Genus Homo from around 700,000 to 300,000 years ago in the middle Pleistocene age found in the regions of southern Africa, East Africa and from Europe. Its fossils (ancient human jaw) was found in 1907 near a village Heidelberg Germany' The average height of male was about 5 ft 9inch and average weight was around 62 kg.
 - Homoerectus
Human stood for the first time upright and walked, Homoerectus can be further classified as Java man and peking man. Around 1891-92 an early human fossils was discovered on the island of java in Indonesia on the bank of solo river in trinil village known as Java man.Also called as pithcanthropus. Fire was first discovered by Java man
Peking man is another example of Homoerectus discovered at Zhoukoudian in Beijing around 1923- 27. this fossil roughly dated 750,000 years ago. Also called as Cinanthropus.
ALSO READ : Important International Days and their Theme
 - Neanderthal
They used to live into the Caves of Neander river valley's canyon in Germany. Different classes and labour disribution started among them. They started burying the dead people with some useful things for their use. They started using fire in large scale. They also had the knowledge of letters. It shows that there might be starting of cultural developed society. The fossils of Neanderthal roughly dated between 300,0000 to 200,000 years ago.
Stages of Human Evolution
 - CroMagnon
A large number of early human skeletons were found in the Dordogne region of southwestern France near the town of Les Eyzies De Tayac in 1868 into the cave at Cromagnan. French Geologist Edouard Lartet investigated that cave and found CroMagnon skeletons were roughly dated between 10,000 to 40,000 years ago. The brain capacity of CroMagnon was somewhat larger than modern humans. The brain capacity was about 1600 cc ( 100 inches). Their body were solid and
 - Homosapiens
Its origin started in Upper – Paleolithic age around ( 40,000 – 10,000 B.C).The name Homo Sapiens was given by Carolus Linnaeus, also known as the father of Taxonomy. Only Homosapiens can be assumed to be fully man but even the definition of Homosapiens is in itself,a active debate.
 : Solstice and equinox
 : Solar System
 : Soil and Soil Conservation
 : Civil Rights Movement
Stone Age
It is also known as Pre-historic age. Based on the evidence History can be devided into three parts.
Pre-historic Age
The time period in which, there were no written evidence available is known as Prehistoric Age. To study it we have to rely on archaelogical evidence only.
Protohistoric Age
The time period in which both written and archaelogical evidence available but the written evidence couldn't deciphered yet known as Protohistoric Age.
Historic Age
The period in which both written and archaelogical evidence available and both are in use, that is we are getting benefitted from it.
In the next article we will discuss about Stone Age and its different classifications in detail. So friends stay connected with us and get benefitted from these valuable notes.
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DELTA, a pneumatic-electronic linear fire detector, analyzes the rate of temperature rise within monitored regions to confirm the presence of a fire or overheating. It senses the fire via stainless steel tubing routed within the protected zone, providing optimal detection coverage.
The DELTA measures and analyzes the Rate Of temperature Rise (RoR) as well as, measuring the absolute temperature change above ambient conditions, while enhancing fire detection reliability.
The DELTA is compatible for both commercial and military applications:
Commercial: Public transportation, Off-road vehicles, Agriculture, Machineries, Generators rooms, CNC, Tunnels and Single-zone protection for buildings.
Military: Single-zone protection for a wide variety of land vehicles and marine vessels.
A flame or overheat detector responds when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a predetermined value. The Rate-of-Rise heat detector operates on a rapid rise in element temperature over time, irrespective of the starting temperature.
A temperature change of 10 degrees per second has a different interpretation than the same change over 3 hours.
A highly accurate and sensitive mechanism detects direct and indirect fire exposure, while sensor sensitivity can be calibrated according to zone environmental conditions. Fire events, faults and signal peaks are stored in the detector's Non-Volatile Memory, and can be downloaded at any time through a USB interface.
Internal thresholds can be configured for those values and the detector can drive a "Pre Alarm" and "Fire Alarm" Relays accordingly.
The lightweight, compact, and user-friendly Delta combines the DELTA detector as well as audiovisual indications, providing a complete detection, alarm and activation solution in one unit. The built-in visual and audio alerts include: Fire Indication / Fault Indication / Power Indication.
Certified Military Standards:


text:
Determine if the Lyndon Fire District (District) Board of Fire Commissioners (Board) provided adequate oversight to ensure disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes.
Aside from minor exceptions, disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes. However, the Board could improve oversight of and internal controls over disbursements. The Board:
- Did not properly segregate the disbursement duties or implement adequate mitigating controls, and it did not properly review disbursement activity.
- Could not explain what specific procedures its reviews of financial reports included.
Because the Board did not properly review disbursement activities, there is an increased risk for unauthorized and inappropriate transactions.
- Segregate incompatible duties or establish adequate mitigating controls.
- Become familiar with the resources listed in Appendix C of this report for training opportunities. District officials agreed with our findings and indicated they would initiate corrective action.


text: a facet to a complex to a full-blown subpersonality, each layered with more complexity. This is similar to Grof's notion of COEX systems (systems of condensed experience). Any subpersonality includes one or more complexes, which themselves can be layered, going back from the present level (say, F-5 or rational) back to earlier levels (mythic, magic, archaic), even back to perinatal matrices (F-0) -- and further yet, some would claim, to past life experiences (however you wish to conceive that, from literally to phylogenetic residues; see A Sociable God for a further description of this layering of complexes). Likewise, some subpersonalities contain emergent qualities attempting to "come down" (from psychic, subtle, causal, or nondual domains).


text:
Taneční Papírna // Pokoje
It moves, crinkles, rips, shapes itself. Paper acts within dance. To bring paper onto stage invites a connection between two fragile worlds of existence. This video marks a moment in time where paper and dance come into their own through movement, separate from each other, and yet never losing the absolute connection of coming together to create.
A part of the sixth Pokoje Exhibition, Taneční Papírna explores the elasticity of paper through an installation.


SAT Sneak Attack
Two students take the SAT. One uses a brain, a pencil and scratch paper. The other
uses all of these, plus a dictionary, math assistant, concierge and advisor. Who wins?
Today's high school students feel the pressure to succeed on standardized tests like
no other generation. In this short ebook journalist Peter Wayner uncovers how a group
of elite students use tools that are allowed by the College Board, and by repurposing
them, get close to that elusive perfect score.
Playing completely by the rules, you'll be surprised at how easily students beat the SAT
at its own game, making the playing field unlevel. Many wonder how relevant the SATs
are in the age of super-cramming and endless tutoring sessions, and this book will add
fuel to that argument. SAT Sneak Attack reveals the exam's open secret and is a mustread for those who want to know how clever computer hacks beat the test.
The official website is here.
To Buy:
List price: $7.00
Price: $4.00
Weight: 3 oz
Dimensions: 9 in × 5 in × 0.25 in
11 + 1 =
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text:
|Tooltip text||Cl (17)|
Chlorine (Cl) is an item and element added by MineChem. It has the atomic number 17 and the attributes Stable, Halogen and Gaseous. It is used to synthesis some chemical compounds.
Recipe[edit | edit source]
Since it is an element, it cannot be synthesized. However, it can be extracted from a few materials, such as Cobblestone as well as some chemical compounds. In addition, there are further sources from other mods for example Salt (Pam's Harvestcraft) from Pam's Harvestcraft or Apatite from Forestry. It can also be produced with the Chemical Fusion and Fission chambers.
Chemical Bucket[edit | edit source]
Chlorine (Cl) can be stored in space-saving chemical buckets.
Chlorine in the real world[edit | edit source]


text:
(NaturalNews) Winter is the season of the kidney according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is especially important to tend to these organs during this time. With a measure of proper care and attention, kidney health is strengthened while painful stones and infections are avoided. Through straightforward dietary and lifestyle choices, the kidneys can be kept clear, untroubled and vigorous.As observed in traditional Chinese medicine, when the kidneys are unbalanced, the emotion of fear arises. The reverse is equally true. When we are in a state of chronic fear or anxiety, the kidneys become depleted. The cold, winter months can aggravate the kidneys further — it is vital to pay particular attention to these organs during this time. Staying warm (especially the feet) while protecting against chills and cold wind encourages harmony within the kidneys. Enjoying soups, stews and seasonal, grounding vegetables like winter squash maintain kidney equilibrium too. Additionally, a brief meditation from The Organ-Emotion Link helps to balance these tiny bean shaped organs as well:
"Sit in qigong posture for a few minutes, with the eyes lightly closed. Make sure you are relaxed and breathing naturally…Now focus on the kidneys. Let the inhalation fill the kidneys with wisdom, with the confidence of inner knowing – Exhale all fears. Repeat several [times]."
Traditional Chinese medicine states that winter is a season of warmth, replenishment and rest — this is not the time to be cold, stressed or overworked. Robust kidneys are linked with slowing down, nurturing ourselves with seasonal whole foods and bundling up. Modern medicine also addresses kidney health, but in a more diet-focused manner.
We usually don't think about the kidneys as long as both are functioning properly. The kidneys are one of our most important organs, filtering an incredible 200 quarts of blood per day. When disease sets in, whether with kidney stones or an infection, severe pain follows. And kidney stones can lead to serious complications if they become lodged in the urinary tract. This is reason enough to keep these organs zipping along. Luckily, diet is extremely effective in preventing a painful kidney wake-up call. As seen in How to keep your kidneys healthy, happy and stone-free, some of the best foods for the kidneys include:
Apple cider vinegar
Moreover, freshly made lemonade has been shown to significantly reduce kidney stones. In order to keep these painful crystals at bay, drink four ounces of lemon juice in two liters of purified water each day. According to TCM, green tea, asparagus, garlic, parsley, celery and fish are also beneficial. Drinking plenty of water, reducing both refined salt and excessive protein supports strong kidneys too.
Maintaining healthy and happy kidneys not only minimizes distressing and painful maladies, but also fosters fearlessness — infusing emotional stability into our day-to-day lives. By utilizing the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine along with modern science, the kidneys can be hardy and thriving throughout the winter season and beyond.
Sources for this article include:
"The Kidney in Chinese Medicine" Acupuncture Services of Central NY. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
"Winter is the season of the kidneys" The Good Earth Chinese Medic. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
"How to keep your kidneys healthy, happy and stone-free" Jonathan Benson, Natural News, April 7, 2012. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
"6 Ways to Prevent Kidney Problems" David Blyweiss, M.D., ANM Health Newsletter. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
"Drink to your kidney health with lemonade to avoid kidney stones" S.L. Baker, Natural News, May 7, 2010. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
"The Kidney Network and Mingmen: Views from the Past" Itmonline. Retrieved on November 27, 2012 from: _URL_
About the author:
Carolanne enthusiastically believes if we want to see change in the world, we need to be the change. As a nutritionist, natural foods chef and wellness coach, Carolanne has encouraged others to embrace a healthy lifestyle of organic living, gratefulness and joyful orientation for over 13 years. Through her website _URL_ she looks forward to connecting with other like-minded people from around the world who share a similar vision.
Follow on Twitter at: _URL_
Read her other articles on Natural News here:
Â people have commented on this article.


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Faculty from the University of Notre Dame have completed more than a year of research funded through the Health and Well-being Initiative's Catalyst Seed Grant Program. The award program asked researchers in all disciplines to explore creative and diverse research opportunities in the science of wellness that have strong and near-term potential to develop into larger, externally funded research programs.
Five research teams were awarded funding that tackled various topics. The progress of those programs are as follows:
Corey Angst, professor in the Department of IT, Analytics, and Operations, is leading a research team to identify the blind spots involved in the collection and use of healthcare data. The team is working to understand how both situational and individual factors may impact the ethicality of informed consent, with the goal of providing an understanding of how, why, and when people might disagree so that policy disagreements can be better understood, addressed, and reconciled. The researchers recently found that people's ratings of the ethicality of data-use statements depend on situational factors, such as the frame of reference from which they view the information, including demographics and ideological orientation.
- Matthew Champion, associate professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and his research group are working to isolate specific microbiome components that are essential for drug-derived obesity and microbiome improvement. The researchers have gathered preliminary data important for improving the density of data needed for a deep-genome analysis, developed a process for separating bacteriophage samples from wastewater, and are now working on real-time genome sequencing tools. The research has led to two papers while the data has supported two new applications for funding. The project is in collaboration with the Kirby Lab at the Medical College of Wisconsin, and the research groups of Norm Dovichi, Grace-Rupley Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Kyle Bibby, associate professor in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, at Notre Dame.
- Ana Lidia Flores-Mireles, Hawk Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences, and her research team are developing urinary catheters that reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The researchers aimed to develop novel silicone catheters with a special coating that has minimal inflammatory responses and evaluate the ability of the new catheter to reduce the potential infections. Initial results demonstrated potential to reduce catheter-associated infections, but there is a need to further develop the technique used to coat the catheter with the silicone-based material. With the preliminary data gathered from the research, the team plans to apply for additional funding for the project.
- Donny Hanjaya-Putra, assistant professor in the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, is leading an interdisciplinary team that is analyzing umbilical cord blood and its progenitor cells with the goal of predicting future health risk of children. Using the stem and progenitor cells isolated from cord blood, the researchers discovered that children born from mothers with gestational diabetes were more likely to develop metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and type-2 diabetes. Working with collaborators at the Indiana School of Medicine, they are also testing a microfluidic chip to detect biomarkers in progenitor cells and plasma samples, and then comparing the results with ongoing clinical trials. This research has led to the development of two papers and new grant proposals.
- Professors Cindy Bergeman, Nathan Rose, and Joshua Koen in the Department of Psychology are examining the link between longitudinal stress exposure, stress resilience, and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. The researchers have been collecting genetic and cognitive data from research participants enrolled in Bergeman's lab for the Notre Dame Study of Health and Well-Being. The team is also collecting candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease from structural MRI brain images and from noninvasive recordings of electrical brain activity combined with novel brain stimulation techniques. Since the project was funded, the research team is pursuing collaborations to incorporate novel blood-based measures of Amyloid-Beta as another biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. The goal of including these blood-based measures is to provide further validation of the candidate brain-based biomarkers the research team is investigating.
Additionally, Kyle Bibby, Wanzek Collegiate Chair and associate professor in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, and Kim Rollings, assistant professor in the School of Architecture, received funding from the Catalyst Seed Grant Program to host a workshop titled, "Microbiology of the Built Environment." The fall 2019 workshop convened more than 20 internal and external faculty and graduate students for presentations and discussion. Bibby and Rollings are applying remaining funds to an educational and seed data generation project with Bibby's students, swabbing and sequencing microbiomes in Hesburgh Library spaces that vary by design and occupancy.
The Health and Well-being Initiative is supported by the Office of Clinical Partnerships (OCP). To learn more about the OCP, please visit _URL_
Brandi Wampler / Research Communications Specialist
Notre Dame Research / University of Notre Dame
_EMAIL_ / _PHONE_
About Notre Dame Research:
The University of Notre Dame is a private research and teaching university inspired by its Catholic mission. Located in South Bend, Indiana, its researchers are advancing human understanding through research, scholarship, education, and creative endeavor in order to be a repository for knowledge and a powerful means for doing good in the world. For more information, please see research.nd.edu or _USER_.
Originally published by hwi.nd.edu on April 27, 2020.at


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Looking for some party food for toddlers? These delicious strawberry mice are a great healthy choice and cute to boot!
- 1 punnet strawberries
- black writing icing
- 1/4 cup mini chocolate chips
- 1/4 cup almond flakes
- 2 straps raspberry licorice
- 100g Swiss cheese
- 1. Remove the green stems from each strawberry. Slice a small slice from one side of each strawberry so it will sit flat on the plate.
- 2. Use the black writing icing to stick a choc chip on the pointy end as a nose.
- 3. Use the writing icing to create eyes. Poke 2 slots with a sharp knife and slide in 2 almond flakes as ears per mouse.
- 4. Use a skewer to poke a hole into the berry and slide in the licorice as a tail. Cut the cheese into wedges and serve with the strawberry mice.
- Toddlers will love these cute strawberry mice and they're perfect for a Cinderella-themed party.
- You can use any cheese wedges you prefer for this dish. Just make it the type of cheese that your kids like.
- This recipe was created by Jennifer Cheung for Kidspot, Australia's best recipe finder.


The 4 trace minerals that may be lacking in your dog's diet
Updated: Apr 7, 2020
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_
Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential to the metabolic functions of the body. They are absolutely critical to the health of your dog. Microminerals or trace minerals, are relatively rare in the soil and oceans and therefore in our food. They are needed in small quantities for optimum health but if they are lacking in your dog's diet, they can create a variety of health issues.
The 4 most common microminerals that you need to ensure are in your dog's diet, whether you feed raw or a conventional diet (kibble/wet food) are:
- Iodine
- Manganese
- Selenium
- Zinc
Impact on raw fed dogs
If you feed your dog a raw diet, you may think that because it is natural and fresh, your dog is getting all the nutrients she needs. However, this is not always true for the following reasons:
1. Whether you feed a commercial raw diet or you prepare meals yourself, it is crucial to rotate the proteins (and veggies/fruit if you feed them to your dog) regularly. Each animal protein contains different nutritional value and a different ratio in protein vs fat. Feeding always the same protein will lead to many deficiencies including in essential fatty acids. Organ meats are the main source of vitamins and macro/micro minerals in your dog's diet. They should represent 10 to 13% of your dog's meal. Bones provide essential macrominerals such as calcium and phosphorus and should represent about 10% of your dog's meal. Not enough diversity in your dog's diet will create deficiencies not only in minerals but in vitamins, essential fatty acids and more. I remember chatting with the guardian of a young dog and he was telling me his dog was on a chicken commercial raw diet because chicken is the cheapest protein you can find. This is not a proper balanced diet and in the long run can lead to serious health issues.
2. Modern agriculture practices have greatly depleted the soils over the past 70 years. Several studies indicate that the average calcium levels dropped 27%, zinc levels 59% and iron levels 37% between the 1970s and mid 1990s. Crops become more and more mineral poor and the animals that are fed those foods, become mineral poor as well. This lack of nutrients is passed on throughout the food chain all the way to the food your dog eats.
Additionally, conventionally grown foods (and farmed animals eating them) contain herbicides, the most common one being Round Up. The active compound in Round Up is glyphosate which binds to macro and microminerals.
Plants exposed to glyphosate can't absorb minerals properly and as a result, become mineral poor.
Besides, glyphosate has been linked to cancer, kidney disease, hormone disruption and bone deformities in humans, so we can suspect it affects our dogs in a similar way.
The crops to avoid for their highest concentration of glyphosate are wheat and legumes such as soy, chickpeas, lentils and beans.
Even organic crops contain trace amounts of glyphosates due to the general pollution of our soils.
As much as possible, favour organic foods and grass-fed, pastured-raised animals from local farmers.
According to a study from 2001, there is a clear difference in the nutritional value of organic and conventional crops. Organic crops contain more vitamins and minerals and less heavy metals.
Impact on kibble fed dogs
If you feed kibble, you may have noticed the nutritional content list of all vitamins and minerals at the back of the packaging. They're not from the original ingredients as the heating process (High Pressure Pasteurization or HPP) involved in the manufacturing of kibble destroys them. So manufacturers add synthetic vitamins and minerals to meet the minimum requirements established by AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials). It is important to know that those requirements were never set for optimum health but rather from the perspective of what is strictly necessary so that your dog doesn't become sick or malnourished.
The problem is that synthetic vitamins and minerals have a smaller scope of action as natural ones and they are also less bioavailable to the body (your dog can't absorb and use them because of their chemical structure) than natural minerals.
For these reasons, your kibble fed dog may be lacking some microminerals. You can easily remedy this by regularly adding some of the fruits and vegetables listed below to your dog's regular kibble.
Do not mix raw and kibble unless you are transitioning your dog's diet to a full raw diet. Feeding a mixture of raw and kibble on a regular basis may make your dog more sensitive to pathogens.
Critical role in the growth process.
Regulates the metabolism (rate the body uses energy).
Mineral excesses increase the need for iodine: (calcium, potassium, fluoride, manganese and arsenic can increase the need for iodine in the diet)
Long term deficiency can cause weight gain, dry skin, poor coat, sensitivities to temperature and noises and behaviour issues.
Deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, immune deficiency and reproductive issues.
Which foods to feed? Fish, eggs, and marine plants such as kelp. The quantity contains in those sources depends of the availability of iodine in the soil where they grow.
Feeding the thyroid glands from animals is also a great way to provide iodine to your dog. Chicken necks are great for this reason.
Manganses plays a key role in the urea cycle by removing excess nitrogen and ammonia.
Helps the body detoxify from oxydative stress.
Plays key function in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fat metabolism.
Activates enzymes
Signs of deficiency: impaired growth and reproductive functions, abnormal blood clotting, and general metabolic issues.
Weak tendons and ligaments because manganese activates the production of collagen in the joints. Many dogs with cruciate ligament issues may be manganese deficient.
Which foods to feed? Whole grains, nuts, leafy green veggies, beef liver and tripe, hemp seeds, pumpkin seeds, dried coconut, mussels and almonds.
Food rich in anti-nutrients such as phytic acid and oxalate acids (spinach, sweet potatoes, cabbage) may inhibit manganese absorption as well as other more common minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and calcium.
Protects the body from oxydative damage caused from anti-radicals. Anti-radicals can damage the DNA and accelerate the aging process, and can lead to cancer. Anti-oxidants can reverse the process and help the body repair.
Selenium, combined with vitamin E, works in synergy to create a potent anti-oxidant. Selenium is also important in the thyroid and immune functions.
Deficiency in selenium may lead to auto immune diseases. Research has shown that selenium also protects against mercury toxicity. Deficiency can cause hair loss and weight loss and muscular distrophy.
Which foods to feed? Fish, mushrooms, beef and pork kidney, lamb liver, oyster, turkey liver, beef spleen.
Selenium is affected by modern farming and pesticide use so it is always a good idea to supplement the diet with it.
An important co-factor for 200 enzymes in protein, carbohydrates and fat metabolism. Antioxidant properties
Important role in the release of vitamin A from the liver. So zinc deficiency is often related to vitamin A deficiency.
Northern breeds (Huskies and Malamutes) can have a genetic defect that limits zinc absorption.
Helps with wound healing, plays important role in the immune and reproductive function, growth, vision, blood clotting, skin function and proper blood sugar balance. Zinc also is a powerful anti-oxidant that can help reverse the damage caused by free radicals.
Zinc deficiency can be related to skin lesions, poor brittle coat, loss of hair pigment, poor wound healing.
Large amounts of phytates can interfere with the absorption of Zn (by linking with zn, making it less available to the body to use). Phytates can be found in wheat and rice bran, soy and peanuts)
Which foods to feed? lamb liver, 90% ground beef, oyster, mackerel and kale.
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Low Stress Training or LST for short involves bending a cannabis plant to grow in a way that will improve yields. You perform LST by gently bending plants, using low levels of stress to encourage the plant to grow laterally and form a bushy canopy. This improves canopy control and promotes the development of large, thick independant shoots with uniform buds. LST can increase harvests by up to 200%, and who doesn't like free cannabis?
LST works by redistributing auxin, the hormone that is responsible for so called "apical dominance", which is a scientific term to describe the "dominant" or "main" cola. By taking away the dominance of the main cola, a cannabis plant will develop side branches more rapidly. In practical terms this means the plant will focus its energy on growing a wide, bushy plant. Once the tied down primary branch becomes the highest point of the plant again, this hormone will start accumulating in the top and restart vertical growth.
This might sound complicated, but in reality LST is one of the easiest techniques you can use to massively increase your yield! In the following infographic we explain how to LST in 6 easy steps.
step 1 low stress training
STEP 1 – Practice bending the part you will tie down with your hands to test how flexible the stem is and how safely you can work with it.
step 2 low stress training
STEP 2 – Tie or pin down the tallest shoot so it is lower in height than the lower branches. Check if the stem is comfortably bending and is flexible to touch.
step 3 low stress training
STEP 3 – Hand train the canopy and allow the smaller new shoots to grow upwards as small independent branches.
step 4 low stress training
STEP 4 – The tied down shoot will start growing upwards as normal, but remains below the other branches.
step 5 low stress training
STEP 5 – Wait for the canopy to grow back as a uniform bush structure and continue to grow.
step 6 low stress training
STEP 6 – As the plant flowers, there will be many equally large bud sites.
The well trained cannabis plant in this overview has 10+ good tops, rather than the 1-4 good tops an untrained plant would have. LST is profitable, easy, cheap and fun to do, give it a shot yourself!
F.A.Q.'s Regarding LST
Because every LST grow is different we get a wide range of questions on this subject. The questions below are by far the most common ones to ask, so we took the liberty of answering them in advance!
Q: What Material Do I Use?
A: The goal of LST is to maximally manipulate a cannabis plant without stressing it. This usually means you'll end up using some kind of rubber-coated metal wire that is specifically made for tying down plants without damaging them. You can use anything that's not too sharp, things like clothing hangers and pipe cleaners are very popular alternatives for example. Thinner materials like string and chicken wire are usually too sharp and can cut right through your cannabis plant.
Scrog netten
Trellis nets also work wonders for LST, but are not your best option if you want to start training straight away.
Q: What Do I Attach My LST Strings/Wires To?
A: Whatever you use to perform LST, you need to attach these materials to the pot as well. Many bendable metal wires will do their job if they are simply stuck in the soil, but you can also drill holes in the side of your pot or tie a band around it.
2 Plants in scrogger
Or you can buy specialized products like this patented "SCROGGER" if you don't feel like getting creative.
Q: When Can I LST?
A: LST is so low stress that it can essentially be performed throughout the lifecycle of a cannabis plant. By starting in the seedling stage, you have maximum control over your plant from the get go. LST is "done" when a cannabis plant starts stretching, about half way through flowering. While you can still bend and manipulate the plant all you want for light penetration, LST during flowering will not cause any other growth.
lst during flowering
LST works throughout the grow, but once you're this far into flowering it won't do nearly as much as during vegetative growth.le time.
Q: Can I Combine LST With Other Techniques?
A: Yes! LST works very well with practically other technique you can use to bush out a cannabis plant. Topping early will give you two branches to work with instead of one, you can repeat this multiple times. The use of screens or nets is also very practical as LST'd cannabis plants will often require support towards the end of flowering.
topped and lst cannabis plants
Topping and LST are a great combination. This cannabis plant was topped 4 times before flowering and one time at the beginning of flowering, LST was performed the whole time.
Q: Which Strains Are Best For LST?
A: LST works for every strain, there are only very minor differences. You might use LST for different reasons with different strains, but the workflow remains the same. LST helps to greatly improve the quality of the side buds in indica strains, whereas sativa strains mostly benefit from the reduced height and much more even canopy. LST does tend to work best with naturally bushy strains, as a shorter internode space will keep new colas closer together.
Lst With Tomatoes
LST works for most plants, let alone strains. Tomatoes, beans and grapes are usually grown using some form of LST to boost yields.
Q: Does LST work on autoflowering strains?
A: Yes. Autoflowering strains are generally bred to produce one main cola and a few small, nearly negligible side buds, but this is not necessarily the most optimal way to grow. LST can be used to give these side buds more light and really beef them up. Autoflowering strains still have a short vegetative period during which training will not bother them at all, so LST is fine as long as you start really early.
LST on Autoflowering
Even with autoflowering and fast-flowering strains like this Sweet 'N Sour Outdoor, you will have at least a few weeks to perform LST.
In this article you have seen many different styles of LST used in cannabis cultivation, which we hope has made it clear that no two grows are the same when it comes to this technique. Because of the "low stress" this technique lends itself perfectly to experimentation without risking a whole crop. Give it a shot, we wish you and your cannabis plant all the best!


text: Denis Hayes (1947-), an American lawyer noted for his founding role in the first Earth Day (1970), an event often credited with launching the modern American environmental movement. He was the first director of the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) under President Jimmy Carter, which was later transformed into the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). In 1990, he chaired the first International Earth Day, which enlisted 200 million participants in 141 countries. He led a similar event in 2000, when Earth Day became the first national environmental campaign ever carried out in China. Hayes went on to become President and CEO of the Bullitt Foundation, a US$100 million environmental foundation located in Seattle, Washington (USA).


text:
My question is about game loop design in opengl.
I believe that game loop can be spited in 3 main steps
- accept input - it may come from users click on the screen or system alert, or anything else.
- do logic
- update view
To make it simple let's just focus on step 2 and 3.
I think that it will be wrong to run them in parallel order or to mix them in to one step. I give you an example.
Lats say you are creating a war game, and you need to draw 100 soldiers fighting on the screen, the logic will be to update their position, to update the background area, and then you need to draw the result. You can't start drawing one soldier before updated the position of another soldier.
So according this simple steps, it is clear that step 2 and 3 need to be synchronized some how, and step 2 must be done before step 3.
Now tell me how it is possible to run game loop on more then one thread, and more then one process? Does opnegl use multiCore? How?
Edit: one way to use multithreading is to precalculate the game logic, or in another words using Vectors. But there are two big disadvantages in vectors that make them almost unrecommend to use.
- Some times you wan't to change your vector, so there were lots of calculation that you did and you are not going to use them
- in most of the cases you are trying to reach 60+ FPS witch mean 16 milliseconds for game-loop, switching threads requires some kind of synchronization, any synchronization is bad for performance, from what I saw, even a simple Handler.post() in android(just adding task to queue to run it on other thread) may take up to 3 milliseconds(18% from your frame rate time), so unless your calculation take longer then that, don't do it! For now I did not found anything taking so much time.


text:
Analyzing the features of exponential graphs through the example of y=5ˣ. Created by Sal Khan and Monterey Institute for Technology and Education.
Want to join the conversation?
- Can anyone explain to me why a negative power is always a fraction?(15 votes)
- Technically, an exponent expresses multiplication, and is shown with a positive number. The opposite of a positive number is (obviously) a negative number, so in keeping with the rules of exponents, this must somehow be the "opposite" of multiplication, which happens to be division. Therefore, a negative exponent is always a division (written as a fraction).
That's the reason.(25 votes)
- whats a slope?(0 votes)
- these answer above are all right.but there's another idea about slope.slope of a line can be expressed as a trigonometric function.it's the tangent of the angle formed between the x-axis and the line itself.(8 votes)
- Why Sal drew curved lines between the points. Why not straight lines?(2 votes)
- Exponential functions do not change in a constant manner. Linear equations have a constant slope. With exponential equations, the change accelerates as the exponent increases. See this video: _URL_ votes)
- So no matter what, the graph can't go below the "X-Axis"?(2 votes)
- If a is a positive number, then a^x is greater than 0 for all x. So, the graph of a^x will never intersect, nor go below the x-axis.(2 votes)
- how do you do negative exponents?(1 vote)
- The first step is to flip them for example
5^-2 would flip the -2 and because all numbers are technically fractions (5=5/ 12=12/1 this applies to any number) you would just flip it so instead of having -2 (or -2/1) you would have 1/2. so when rewritten it would be 5^1/2 then you can plug into your cauclour(1 vote)
- Don't Positive Exponential Functions always rise upward from the x-axis while the Negative Exponential Function slides downward to the the x-axis. In the Positive function, both x and y values increase I presume, and in the negative the x value increases, while the y value decreases?(0 votes)
- What is the difference between exponents and indices?(2 votes)
- T Ross,
Exponents are notations that indicate a base number is raised to a power or multiplied by itself a given number of times. In writing or word processing programs that allow it, exponents are written as superscript(above the base number). In a plain text editor (like this one), exponents are noted using the *^* symbol.
2^3 means 2 multiplied together 3 times: 2*2*2 = 8
x^3 means x multiplied together 4 times: x*x*x*x
Indices are a notation that indicates the position of an element in a sequence, array, or matrix. In a word processing program that allows it, indices are shown in subscript (below the name or variable assigned to the sequence). In a plain text editor, indices are indicated using the _. In the example in the video, Sal uses the sequence of numbers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 for the x values. If you were to call this sequence X, then
X_1 = -2
X_2 = -1
X_3 = 0
X_4 = 1
X_4 = 2(2 votes)
- sorry this question stupid but i really suck at math so where does the two in the equation come from?(2 votes)
If you are talking about the 2 in the column labeled x, that is a value that Sal selected. He selected all of the x values and used them to calculate the y values.(2 votes)
- why does any number to the 0 power always become a 1? why not 0?(2 votes)
- As the saying goes, "Do the Math!"
At this stage you may not know all you need to with regard to the properties of exponents.
Here is one explanation that requires knowing that (x^a)/(x^b)= x^(a-b)
You know that, for example, 5/5=1, correct? It is because the numerator and denominator are equal.
Suppose you had (5^6)/(5^6). Since the numerator and denominator are equal, this is also equal to 1.
Now, using the exponential property that (x^a)/(x^b)= x^(a-b), we have
(5^6)/(5^6) = 5^(6-6) = 5^0.
And since (5^6)/(5^6) = 1 and (5^6)/(5^6) = 5^(6-6) that means 5^0 = 1 as well.
You will know lots more about exponential function when you finish this course!(2 votes)
- At4:06, the video said that the smaller the negative exponent we put, the more closely we will get to zero, but not quite to zero.
So, will we ever able to reach zero on the number line?(2 votes)
- Not with a "normal" exponential function because 0 is a horizontal asymptote. We can shift the exponential function down by subtracting a number at the end such as y = a(b)^x - 3, and this shifts the asymptote down 3 which gives us a x intercept, but then it will get really close to -3 without ever reaching it.
There is an old conundrum that if you are 10 feet from a wall and you go 1/2 the way there every minute, will you ever reach the wall? The theoretical answer is no because you just keep dividing a number by 2, but practically you quickly cannot measure what 1/2 of the way is.(1 vote)
We're asked to graph y is equal to 5 to the x-th power. And we'll just do this the most basic way. We'll just try out some values for x and see what we get for y. And then we'll plot those coordinates. So let's try some negative and some positive values. And I'll try to center them around 0. So this will be my x values. This will be my y values. Let's start first with something reasonably negative but not too negative. So let's say we start with x is equal to negative 2. Then y is equal to 5 to the x power, or 5 to the negative 2 power, which we know is the same thing as 1 over 5 to the positive 2 power, which is just 1/25. Now let's try another value. What happens when x is equal to negative 1? Then y is 5 to the negative 1 power, which is the same thing as 1 over 5 to the first power, or just 1/5. Now let's think about when x is equal to 0. Then y is going to be equal to 5 to the 0-th power, which we know anything to the 0-th power is going to be equal to 1. So this is going to be equal to 1. And then finally, we have-- well, actually, let's try a couple of more points here. Let me extend this table a little bit further. Let's try out x is equal to 1. Then y is 5 to the first power, which is just equal to 5. And let's do one last value over here. Let's see what happens when x is equal to 2. Then y is 5 squared, 5 to the second power, which is just equal to 25. And now we can plot it to see how this actually looks. So let me get some graph paper going here. My x's go as low as negative 2, as high as positive 2. And then my y's go all the way from 1/25 all the way to 25. So I have positive values over here. So let me draw it like this. So this could be my x-axis. That could be my x-axis. And then let's make this my y-axis. I'll draw it as neatly as I can. So let's make that my y-axis. And my x values, this could be negative 2. Actually, make my y-axis keep going. So that's y. This is x. That's a negative 2. That's negative 1. That's 0. That is 1. And that is positive 2. And let's plot the points. x is negative 2. y is 1/25. Actually, let me make the scale on the y-axis. So let's make this. So we're going to go all the way to 25. So let's say that this is 5. Actually, I have to do it a little bit smaller than that, too. So this is going to be 5, 10, 15, 20. And then 25 would be right where I wrote the y, give or take. So now let's plot them. Negative 2, 1/25. 1 is going to be like there. So 1/25 is going to be really, really close to the x


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Diabetes Report Card 2012: National and State Profile of Diabetes and Its Complications
Diabetes data presented in this report card are from the U.S. Census Bureau and various CDC surveys and data collection systems, including the National Health Interview Survey, the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), and the National Vital Statistics System. CDC staff members used data from these original sources to calculate the estimates presented in this report. Many of these data appear in greater detail on CDC's National Diabetes Surveillance System Web site at _URL_
To make meaningful comparisons between states and over time, we used the 2000 U.S. standard population to age adjust our estimated rates. Age adjustment is a statistical process applied to rates of diseases, injuries, and health outcomes. It allows comparisons between communities with different age structures because it proportions rates to a standard age structure. Three-year moving averages are sometimes used to improve the precision of estimates. State estimates in this report card are based on BRFSS data. Because of the limitations of self-reported data in surveys, these estimates may underreport the rates of diagnosed diabetes and prediabetes in the U.S. population.
For more information about the methods used to produce the estimates in this report, see CDC's National Diabetes Surveillance System Web site at _URL_
Return to Table of Contents


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Monetary Realism (MR) is a set of understandings that help to describe how the monetary system functions (see here for our full primer). This sytem is deep, complex and often misunderstood. We hope to bring balance and objective insights to the discussion in order to clarify many of the misconceptions about money, economics and the monetary system. Our goal with MR is to focus on the core operational realities of the economy while any policy ideas are entirely peripheral to MR.
To obtain a better understanding of Monetary Realism we recommend the following reading:
* Some of these documents use the term MMR to refer to Monetary Realism. These were published when some people were referring to MR as an offshoot of MMT under the name MMR.


izational Capability and Administrative Capability". For improving military capability, speeding up skillful fighting power, completing conceptual component, physical component, moral component and advanced training sessions must be carried out. Training policy of the Tatmadaw is that each and every member of the Armed Forces must be "Be Fit, Be Competent, Be Brave". Practising precisely this training policy, every individual needs to develop military capability.
For the betterment of administrative capability, the procedures of gen-eral staff, adjutant and quartermaster are required to learn thoroughly. It is necessary to lead fairly and avoid harmful immorality that can spoil the internal unity of the Armed Forces. It is also essential to pay great attention on welfare support. Only effective welfare support can improve moral discipline. It can be vividly seen in world war history that well-disciplined and high morale troops accomplished in respective missions.
While building up to be fulfilled with the organizational capabilities, it is necessary to perform internal and external organizational activities in balance. In order to build up internal unity, all military servicemen and their families from the respective units where you are assigned must be organized into unity as organizing is strengthening. When organizational capability is decreased, both administrative capability and military capability will also be decreased, therefore, it is necessary to focus on achieving stronger internal unity.
Moreover, we must behave in accordance with military moral code for external organizational activities and it is necessary to be reliable and efficient armed forces for the citizens by supporting constant efforts such as participating in the activities for the development of respective regions, giving immediate relief after natural disasters and assisting to promote socio-economic development related to education, health and social affairs of the people.
You all must constantly learn technology that is developing and evolving combined with an international perspective to build our Tatmadaw as Standard Army since the role of engineering force is vital, keep on trying for international accreditation of our Tatmadaw's engineering education system and quality assurance since only quality engineering education system can produce qualified engineers; try hard to develop Tatmadaw's combat power and combat capability by taking regular training activities to perform the training objectives of Tatmadaw: "Be Fit, Be Competent, Be Brave", try hard to be a role model in discipline and reliable engineer officers for the Tatmadaw and the nation according to the motto: "Honour, Creative, Capable". The Senior General took the salute of the cadet companies and left the parade ground.
After the parade, the Senior General delivered an honorary speech to the three outstanding cadets at the parlour of Defence Services Technological Academy.
In his speech, the Senior General said he took pride of them for their outstanding performances in the course, urging them to continue to work hard throughout their lives. It is a brilliant feat of theirs to have completed the course in an outstanding manner through six years of hard work from the first year to the final year, self-control and perseverance, and it is necessary to maintain this, the Senior General said. As they worked hard with their ultimate ambition, they need to continue and maintain such good practices. Persuasions coming from a society can decide one's fate, good or bad. So it is necessary to have self-control with consideration and wisdom. Their patience to learn their course subjects and military skills within the school compound in the whole final year without going outside due to the Covid-19 outbreak is indicative of their strong will and self-control. The parents of the outstanding cadets are ordinary families and civil servants. So, they need to repay debt of gratitude to their parents for nurturing them to reach the current status. Being good persons and being able to realize their ambitions are also tantamount to repaying their parents debt of gratitude. As a token of showing gratitude, they can also provide verbal and psychological support and part of their salaries to their parents. Likewise, they must be loyal to the Tatmadaw. When duties are assigned in their respective units, they must work hard, follow the orders coming from superiors and perform their duties conscientiously. They must have a spirit of shouldering military duties as well as any other duty they are assigned. The Senior General urged them to work hard and try to realize their ambitions with self-control by showing their loyal to the State and the Tatmadaw.
Recent News


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(from the Arabic
" meaning "reunion"
) is a branch of mathematics
which may be defined as a generalization and extension of arithmetic
. The field may be roughly divided in
The word algebra
is also used for various algebraic structures:


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8 ACS reported 150,000 married same-sex couples.
In part because of the mismatch between government records and survey data, the Census Bureau has begun looking into whether changing the wording of the questions people are asked about their relationship type and marital status could produce more accurate responses. Census Bureau researchers have co-authored two papers on this topic presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR). They did not turn up evidence that current question wording led to a massive accuracy gap, but did unearth intriguing differences in how people perceive the response categories they are offered.
In a 2010 paper presented at the AAPOR conference, researchers described the findings of 14 focus groups of people in same-sex relationships and four groups with unmarried opposite-sex couples at seven locations around the country earlier that year. This year, bureau researchers reported on the results of a series of one-on-one interviews in which they tested alternative question wording.
In answering the relationship question (pictured right), researchers found that the same-sex couples they talked with (who may or may not be a representative sample) generally would say they were married if they had been legally married anywhere, even if their current state of residence did not allow legal same-sex marriage. In states where same-sex marriage is legal, and couples are not married, they tended to choose "unmarried partner" as an accurate reflection of their status.
However, the marital-status question (pictured below) "did not work well" for unmarried same-sex couples who are not registered partners and live in states that do not allow same-sex marriage, according to the research presented this year at AAPOR. They did not see their experience reflected in the options such as "never married," or "divorced." (Some opposite-sex unmarried couples said the same thing.) A small number of participants marked "now married" or left the question blank.
After testing a number of alternatives, Census Bureau researchers endorsed large-scale tests of a new relationship question that includes categories of opposite sex husband/wife/spouse, opposite-sex unmarried partner, same-sex husband/wife/spouse and same-sex unmarried partner. Providing those choices, they said, "would help reduce classification errors by providing a check against mismarks in the sex question." However, they acknowledge that this change could "open the door for more same-sex couples without legal status to select 'same-sex husband/wife.'"
The Census Bureau paper raises the issue that this new question wording could offend some social conservatives who disapprove of same-sex relationships and do not wish the government to acknowledge them. Researchers tested the wording in interviews in North Carolina, which was chosen because it does not recognize same-sex marriage or unmarried partnerships. Some respondents said they disapproved of adding same-sex categories, although the paper noted they were not so offended that they would have refused to fill out the survey.
Despite the criticism by people in unmarried partnerships that the marital-status categories did not reflect their experience, the Census Bureau researchers did not recommend adding a category in the marital-status question about whether people are in a "registered domestic partnership or civil union." They said most people do not understand what this concept really means, and that including it could inflate the number of people who report incorrectly. It "may be safer to collect this information in a separate question," they said.
They also recommended testing a question for each person that says: "Is this person currently living with a boyfriend/girlfriend or partner in this household?" The question would serve two purposes—it would let cohabiting couples acknowledge their relationship whether or not it had legal status, and it would give analysts a more complete count of unmarried couples by incorporating those that do not include the householder (so-called "subfamilies.").
The research is being done for the Office of Management and Budget's Interagency Working Group on Measuring Relationships in Federal Household Surveys, which is studying new ways to define and measure relationships in federal household surveys, especially for same-sex couples who report being married.
"It is clear that the Census Bureau and other statistical agencies must begin to rethink how these constructs are measured to keep up with legal and societal changes," wrote the authors of a paper presented at the 2010 AAPOR conference. "With same-sex marriage laws in flux but looking to expand, we must closely examine the evolving definition of marriage to accurately reflect and include the living situations of same-sex partners."


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Radeon HD 7870 Overclock Guide
Posted by Hilbert Hagedoorn on: 03/05/2012 02:00 PM [ 0 comment(s) ]
Graphics card Noise Levels
When graphics cards produce a lot of heat, usually that heat needs to be transported away from the hot core as fast as possible. Often you'll see massive active fan solutions that can indeed get rid of the heat, yet all the fans these days make the PC a noisy son of a gun. Do remember that the test we do is extremely subjective. We bought a certified dBA meter and will start measuring how many dBA originate from the PC. Why is this subjective you ask? Well, there is always noise in the background, from the streets, from the HD, PSU fan etc etc, so this is by a mile or two an imprecise measurement. You could only achieve objective measurement in a sound test chamber.
The human hearing system has different sensitivities at different frequencies. This means that the perception of noise is not at all equal at every frequency. Noise with significant measured levels (in dB) at high or low frequencies will not be as annoying as it would be when its energy is concentrated in the middle frequencies. In other words, the measured noise levels in dB will not reflect the actual human perception of the loudness of the noise. That's why we measure the dBA level. A specific circuit is added to the sound level meter to correct its reading in regard to this concept. This reading is the noise level in dBA. The letter A is added to indicate the correction that was made in the measurement. Frequencies below 1kHz and above 6kHz are attenuated, whereas frequencies between 1kHz and 6kHz are amplified by the A weighting.
|TYPICAL SOUND LEVELS|
|Jet takeoff (200 feet)||120 dBA|
|Construction Site||110 dBA||Intolerable|
|Shout (5 feet)||100 dBA|
|Heavy truck (50 feet)||90 dBA||Very noisy|
|Urban street||80 dBA|
|Automobile interior||70 dBA||Noisy|
|Normal conversation (3 feet)||60 dBA|
|Office, classroom||50 dBA||Moderate|
|Living room||40 dBA|
|Bedroom at night||30 dBA||Quiet|
|Broadcast sstudio||20 dBA|
|Rustling leaves||10 dBA||Barely audible|
There's a lot of differences in measurements amongst websites. Some even place the dBA meter 10cm away from the card. Considering that's not where your ear is located, we do it our way.
For each dBA test we close the PC/chassis and move the dBA gun 75 cm away from the PC. Roughly the same proximity you'll have from a PC in a real-world situation. Above, the IDLE (desktop mode) results where the GPU hardly has to do anything.
Now the HIGH IDLE results with the voltage tweaked card is due to the fact that we forced fan RPM at 65% continuously. That value can be anything you wish of course. But we wanted optimal cooling.
For the card in a fully stressed status (in-game) with the overclock applied we measure 43 DBA almost touching 44 DBa, now that is quite audible. The reason for this is that we increased and forced fan RPM towards 40%. The plus is that temps are great, the downside.. added noise.
So my advise is, try to find an RPM level that is acceptable for you, and then see how far you can overclock based on that noise level.
We test and review the MSI Radeon HD 7790 OC edition, also known under SKU code R7790-1GD5-OC incl FCAT Frametimes. The new graphics card is intended to boost a little more performance into entry-level gaming.
Gigabyte Radeon HD 7790 2GB OC review
We test and review the Gigabyte Radeon HD 7790 2GB OC edition, also known under SKU code GV-R7790OC-2GD. We benchmark the product incl FCAT Frametimes. The new graphics card is intended to boost a little more performance into entry-level gaming. The Gigabyte HD7790 OC 2GB clocks in at 1075 MHz on the boost engine, packed with totally silent custom cooling.
Radeon HD 7990 review
We review the new AMD Radeon HD 7990 including FCAT frametime measurements. The dual GPU product that you guys learned to know under codename Malta finally is released. AMD it doing it in style, two fully equipped Tahiti XT2 GPUs versus good yet silent cooling. In this review we'll look at the product, the architecture, the benchmarks, including frametime based FCAT measurements. Head on over towards our AMD Radeon HD 7990.
Club3D Radeon HD 7870 Joker review
We test and review the Club3D Radeon HD 7870 Joker, this is the much discussed 7870 card that in fact has a 7900 series GPU, the Tahiti LE. For a fair amount of money this series 7800 product now offers 7900 series performance. Armed with 2GB of graphics memory it hits a sweet spot gaming performance wise and to date it one of the more popular products in the mainstream segment. Let's check out the Club3D Radeon HD 7870 Joker.


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The ACMA is the government body responsible for the regulation of broadcasting, the internet, radiocommunications and telecommunications. Use the links below to find information about the ACMA's role in each area.
- About communications & media regulation - A summary of the ACMA's responsibilities the regulation of broadcasting, the internet, telecommunications, and radiofrequency spectrum management.
- Compliance bulletins - The ACMA's current compliance and enforcement bulletins for telecommunications and the Do Not Call Register.
Regulating in the public interest – a speech made by the ACMA's former Principal Economist, Rebecca Burdon, outlining how the ACMA proposes to assess whether regulatory proposals that are likely to have a significant economic effect on stakeholders are in the public interest.
(Download PDF | Download Word)
- Broadcasting regulation - The ACMA's broadcast regulation responsibilities cover channel planning, licensing, regulation of content, and regulation of ownership.
- Online regulation - The ACMA administers a co-regulatory scheme for online content through codes of practice.
- Telecommunications regulation - The Australian telecommunications industry is regulated through the application of industry codes, industry standards, and technical standards.
- Carriers & service providers - A description of service providers and their responsibilities.
- Infrastructure - An entry point for information relating to telecommunications infrastructure.
- Submarine telecommunications cables - Information about the underwater telecommunications cables that link Australia with other countries.
- Spectrum management regulation - The ACMA's role in relation to radiofrequency spectrum management involves licensing, planning and the coordination of standards.
- Why is there a need for planning of the spectrum? - To ensure equitable access, interference between spectrum users must be managed.
- How does Australia manage the spectrum? - A summary of the Australian radiofrequency spectrum management environment.
- Facilitating change in use - About the ACMA's forward planning of spectrum use.
- Accessing radiofrequency spectrum - Choosing the correct method of spectrum access for communication services.


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PDF Studio 9 and above is capable of creating Signature Fields. Signature Fields allow you to create fields that your users can use to digitally sign the PDF document.
Creating Signature Fields
- Open the document that you wish to add Signature Fields to
- On the menu bar select Forms->Create/Edit Form
- Click on the Signature Field button located on the tool bar
- Once you click on the button you can place the Signature Field wherever you need it on the PDF document
- Use the black dots on the corners and edges to resize the shape of the box so that it fits the area that you need
- Once you have completed placing the Signature Field you can edit the Signature Fields's specific settings to customize the field even further. To open the Signature FIeld's settings menu either double click on the form or right click and select properties.
- Repeat steps 1-10 to create as many Signature Fields as you need.
- Once complete click on the Stop Form Editing button on the toolbar to close the form editor and save the document
- The Signature Fields will now be ready for you to use


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Cocoa is a typical product of the tropics: it only grows in a narrow band around the equator. About two-thirds of the more than 3.5 million metric tons of cocoa harvested every year comes from West Africa, mainly Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana.
In West Africa, 90% of cocoa is grown on about two million small family farms. Most of these farms are about 2 hectares or less in size. It is estimated that at least 16 million people in West Africa depend on cocoa as a source of income.
With a share of about 35% to the world cocoa harvest, cocoa is a significant economic factor in Côte d'Ivoire. Between 700,000 and one million farmers grow cocoa, most of whom are smallholder farmers working their own land.


Adopted daughter needs a new passport but how do I go about applying for it?
Passport Frequently Asked Questions and AnswersQuestion: My wife and I were both born in the U.S. and are natural born citizens. We adopted our daughter from Canada in 2004 and she is now 8 years old. Her U.S. Passport expired on July 20, 2009. We do not have her Certificate of Citizenship but we do have her birth certificate from Canada that shows us as her parents. Also, we have the Canadian adoption certificate that also identifies her as being our adopted daughter. Will this be adequate documentation to renew her passport?
Answer: Being that she obtains a previously-issued passport, she can use that as evidence to prove her U.S. citizenship. Also, you will have to present a document stating your relationship with your adopted daughter. In this case, an adoption decree with the names of the adopting parents is acceptable. As long as a translation is present. A foreign document is acceptable with the passport application. Other necessary documents will be a copy of the parent's identification documentations and a current or recent passport photo.
Here is a list of passport application acceptance facilities.
Here are some facts about minor's passports:
 - To qualify for a minor's passport the child must be under the age of 16.
 - The passport will have a validity term of 5 years.
 - It usually requires consent of both parents. In some cases this is not the case.
 - Can be renew by appearing in person.
 - Use Form DS-11 application.