text:
Q. What's wrong with hot dogs?
A. Nitrite additives in hotdogs form carcinogens.
Petition to ban
Three different studies have come out in the past year, finding that the consumption
of hot dogs can be a risk factor for childhood cancer.
Peters et al. studied the relationship between the intake of
certain foods and the risk of leukemia in children from birth to
age 10 in Los Angeles County
1980 and 1987. The study found that children eating more than 12 hot dogs
per month have nine times the normal risk of developing childhood
leukemia. A strong
risk for childhood leukemia also existed for those children whose fathers'
intake of hot dogs was 12 or more per month.
Researchers Sarusua and Savitz studied childhood cancer cases
in Denver and found that children born to mothers who consumed
hot dogs one or more times
during pregnancy has approximately double the risk of developing brain
tumors. Children who ate hot dogs one or more times per week were
also at higher
risk of brain cancer.
Bunin et al, also found that maternal consumption of hot dogs
during pregnancy was associated with an excess risk of childhood
Q. How could hot dogs cause cancer?
A. Hot dogs contain nitrites which are used as preservatives, primarily
to combat botulism. During the cooking process, nitrites combine with
amines naturally present in meat to form carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds.
that nitrites can combine with amines in the human stomach to form N-nitroso
compounds. These compounds are known carcinogens and have been associated
with cancer of the oral cavity, urinary bladder, esophagus, stomach and
Q. Some vegetables contain nitrites, do they cause cancer too?
A. It is true that nitrites are commonly found in many green vegetables,
especially spinach, celery and green lettuce. However, the consumption
of vegetables appears
to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer. How is this possible?
The explanation lies in the formation of N-nitroso compounds from nitrites
and amines. Nitrite
containing vegetables also have Vitamin C and D, which serve to inhibit
the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Consequently, vegetables are quite
and serve to reduce your cancer risk.
Q. Do other food products contain nitrites?
A. Yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. These include bacon and fish.
Q. Are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer?
A. No. Not all hot dogs on the market contain nitrites. Because of modern
refrigeration methods, nitrites are now used more for the red color they
produce (which is
associated with freshness) than for preservation. Nitrite-free hot dogs,
while they taste the same as nitrite hot dogs, have a brownish color
that has limited
their popularity among consumers. When cooked, nitrite-free hot dogs
are perfectly safe and healthy.
HERE ARE FOUR THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO:
- Do not buy
hot dogs containing nitrite. It is especially important that
children and potential parents do not consume 12 or more of these
- Request that your supermarket have nitrite-free hot
- Contact your local school board and find out
whether children are being served nitrite hot dogs in the cafeteria,
- Write the FDA and express your concern that nitrite-hot
dogs are not labeled for their cancer risk to children. You can
dogs, docket #: 95P 0112/CP1.
Cancer Prevention Coalition
of Public Health, M/C 922
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 West Taylor Street
Chicago, IL 60612
Tel: _PHONE_, Fax: _PHONE_
1, Peters J, et al " Processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia (California,
USA)" Cancer Causes & Control 5: 195-202, 1994.
2 Sarasua S, Savitz D. " Cured and broiled meat consumption
in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States)," Cancer
Causes & Control 5:141-8, 1994.
3 Bunin GR, et al. "Maternal diet and risk of astrocytic
glioma in children: a report from the children's cancer group
(United States and Canada)," Cancer
Causes & Control 5:177-87, 1994.
4. Lijinsky W, Epstein, S. "Nitrosamines as environmental
carcinogens," Nature 225 (5227): 2112, 1970.


text: These are one time action methods as defined by the Resource Management API specifications. The sample implementation included with the DSDL does not illustrate the use of these methods. However, all the facilities in the DSDL are available to these methods as well, should a resource type developer have a need for these methods. Typically, the Init and the Boot methods would be exactly the same for a resource type implementation to implement a one time action. The Fini method typically would perform an action which undoes the action of the Init or Boot methods.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Life Zone concept was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar plant and animal communities. Merriam observed that the changes in these communities with an increase in latitude at a constant elevation are similar to the changes seen with an increase in elevation at a constant latitude.
The life zones Merriam identified are most applicable to western North America, being developed on the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona and Cascade Range of the northwestern USA. He tried to develop a system that is applicable across the North American continent, but that system is rarely referred to.
The life zones that Merriam identified, along with characteristic plants, are as follows:
- Lower Sonoran (low, hot desert): Creosotebush, Joshua Tree
- Upper Sonoran (desert steppe or chaparral): Sagebrush, Scrub Oak, Colorado Pinyon, Utah Juniper
- Transition (open woodlands): Ponderosa Pine
- Canadian (fir forest): Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Quaking Aspen
- Hudsonian (spruce forest): Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountains Bristlecone Pine
- Arctic-Alpine (alpine meadows or tundra): Lichen, Grass
The Canadian and Hudsonian life zones are commonly combined into a Boreal life zone.
This system has been criticized as being too imprecise. For example, the scrub oak chaparral in Arizona shares relatively few plant and animal species with the Great Basin sagebrush desert, yet both are classified as Upper Sonoran. However it is still sometimes referred to by biologists (and anthropologists) working in the western United States. Much more detailed and empirically based classifications of vegetation and life zones now exist for most areas of the world.
In 1947, Leslie Holdridge published a life zone classification using indicators of:
- mean annual biotemperature (logarithmic)
- annual precipitation (logarithmic)
- ratio of annual potential evapotranspiration to mean total annual precipitation.
Biotemperature refers to all temperatures above freezing, with all temperatures below freezing adjusted to 0°C, as plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily use elevation. The system is considered more appropriate to the complexities of tropical vegetation than Merriam's system.
See also
- Holdridge's Life Zones, Radford University, Geology class notes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Ancient Egyptians began to produce fairly large statues even before the beginning of Dynasty 1. Most of these statues represent animals. They may be the early forms of some later animal-headed gods, but their exact identities are not certain. This lion, for example, may have depicted a specific god or symbolized the royal might of a king. Only the animal's essential characteristics, including a small ruff, have been indicated in the very hard stone.
- Medium: Pegmatite
- Geographical Locations:
- Dates: ca. 3300-3100 B.C.E.
- Dynasty: early I Dynasty
- Period: Predynastic Period, Naqada III Period
- Dimensions: 9 3/4 x 7 7/8 x 12 13/16 in. (24.8 x 20 x 32.5 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Pre-Dynastic, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor
- Accession Number: 73.26
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Lion, ca. 3300-3100 B.C.E. Pegmatite, 9 3/4 x 7 7/8 x 12 13/16 in. (24.8 x 20 x 32.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 73.26. Creative Commons-BY
- Catalogue Description: One head of a lion cub in black and white granite broken from the body at the neck. Most of left side of neck remains. Break appears ancient. Top of muzzle worn smooth. Both ears chipped. Nose on right side chipped. Several areas around muzzle chipped.
- Record Completeness: Best (88%)


text:
Québec has various national symbols and emblems. They reflect Québec's history, its wintery climate and its collective identity.
The Québec flag was officially adopted in 1948. The cross on the flag evokes the faith of the province's founders, and the fleur-de-lis and blue background recall its French origins.
The coat of arms, in its present form, was adopted in 1939 to symbolize the historical realities of Québec. The shield bears three gold fleur-de-lis on a blue background symbolizing the French regime, a gold lion on a red background symbolizing the British regime, and a branch with three maple leaves reflecting the period before the founding of the Canadian federation.
This motto, created by the architect of Québec's parliament building, Eugène-Étienne Taché, symbolizes the importance of remembering Québec's history.
Québec chose the yellow birch as its emblematic tree to emphasize the importance Quebecers place on their forests.
As the floral emblem of Québec, the iris highlights the importance of water and wetlands in the balance of nature.
The snowy owl symbolizes the whiteness of Québec's winters, its roots in a semi-Nordic climate and its vast territory.


text:
Definition of cateress
n. - A woman who caters. 2
The word "cateress" uses 8 letters: A C E E R S S T.
Direct anagrams of cateress:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after cateress (in bold), or to aceersst in any order:
i - creasiest sectaries l - traceless n - reascents sarcenets s - actresses t - tesseract u - secateurs
All words formed from cateress by changing one letter
Browse words starting with cateress by next letter


text:
By Lucy Bull
The discovery of the aftermath of a meteorite crashing into earth around three million years ago has been reported below one of Earths continental ice sheets.
Researchers predicted that the giant crater was the result of the impact of a meteorite falling to Earth, that has been revealed a great distance below the ice sheets in northwest Greenland. This is an exciting revelation in science, as a crater from the crash of a meteorite on Earth has never been found before in this location.
Members from the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen were responsible for the finding of the enormous crater over two years ago, while analysing an unfound 'circular depression' at the base of the Hiawatha Glacier. The uncovering of the collision between the meteorite and earth was then disclosed when examining an advanced map of the topography underneath the ice sheets of Greenland.
With the use of new state of the art technology, a plane was flown over the glacier to document the measurements of the crater, revealing the extraordinary size of the crater from the events of the kilometre–wide iron meteorite colliding into Earth.
Dr Iain McDonald, Reader at the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University, played an imperative role as co-author of the research into the exploration of the colossal crater left behind.
A comprehensive chemical analysis was accomplished at Cardiff University, enabling researchers to understand how the crater and resulting obliteration underneath the ice sheets came about. Signs of various metals within the analysis indicated it was in fact the consequence of a meteorite. This was the evidence the scientists needed to confirm their predictions.
A large meteorite had been previously discovered in Cape York, that is in close location to the Hiawatha site in northern Greenland. This suggested it was an impact in this region that could explain the finding below the Hiawatha Glacier.
However, Dr McDonald stated how the signature found at the Hiawatha site was not the same as that found in Cape York and played a vital role in further research to explain the findings of the crater revealed beneath Greenland's ice sheets.


text:
Rare Maud Island Frogs Hatched In New Zealand [ScienceDaily 2008-03-05]
[Photo] Adult Maud Island frog. The thimble-sized frogs are nationally threatened in New Zealand. (Credit: Copyright Karori Sanctuary)
ScienceDaily (Mar. 5, 2008) — What looks at first to be a slimy mess in a Petri dish represents a highly-significant advance in conservation and restoration ecology.
Ecologists from both the Sanctuary and Victoria are celebrating the arrival of the first Maud Island frogs (Leiopelma pakeka) to hatch on mainland New Zealand for many years.
Clustered together to conserve moisture, the 13 fingernail-sized baby froglets were recently transferred from the Karori Sanctuary to Victoria University where they will be incubated and later released as young frogs.
No larger than a human adult's little fingernail, the Maud Island froglets differ from most frog species in that they hatch from the egg as fully-formed froglets without going through the usual tadpole stage.
13 froglets in total were found during a recent audit of a specially-constructed frog research enclosure at Karori Sanctuary.
"Sixty frogs were released into the special mouse-proof enclosure in 2006 in an effort to re-establish this highly-endangered species on the mainland," Victoria Master's student Kerri Lukis says. Ms Lukis is studying the Sanctuary population for her Master's thesis under the supervision of Associate Professor Ben Bell, Director of the University's Centre for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration.
She says that thirty of frogs released in 2006 were later released outside of the enclosure so that the captive and wild populations could be compared. When it came time to find the frogs again to see how many frogs had survived and whether they had bred she was delighted to find the 13 froglets attached to adult males.
"This is extra special because Maud Island frogs have never been found breeding in their natural habitat before, and certainly not on the mainland.
"It's wonderful timing for 2008 - international Year of the Frog – and a Leap Year. It's rare to get a 'good news' story about frogs – every year around 35 species of frog become extinct and two of New Zealand's remaining native frog species are on the critical list."
While not the rarest species, the thimble-sized Maud Island frogs are nationally threatened. Like all of New Zealand's native frog species, they are endemic (found only here) and belong to the endemic genus Leiopelma.
They have evolved very little over the last 70 million years, resulting in some very distinctive features and behaviours. For example, they don't croak, live in water, have webbed feet, or go through a tadpole stage.
Associate Professor Ben Bell says the University and the Sanctuary have worked closely together on this project.
"It is good to know that the Karori Sanctuary frogs are able to breed in an enclosure there. Whether those frogs released into the wild in Karori survived and bred is less certain at present."
Adapted from materials provided by Victoria University Of Wellington.


IUCN threat status:
Not evaluated
Read full entry
Bombus hortorum
Bombus hortorum is a species of bumblebee. It bears the common name garden bumblebee or small garden bumblebee, and can be found in most of Europe up to 70ºN, as well as parts of Asia and New Zealand.[2]
This bumblebee has an oblong head and a very long glossa (tongue), up to 15 millimetres (0.59 in), in some cases even 20 millimetres (0.79 in). In fact the tongue is so long that the bee often fly with it extended when collecting nectar.[3] The queen is of a very variable size, body length between 19 millimetres (0.75 in) and 22 millimetres (0.87 in), wing span 35 millimetres (1.4 in) to 38 millimetres (1.5 in). The workers are almost as big, the larger ones overlapping the smaller queens. The colour is black with a yellow collar, a narrow yellow band on the scutellum, and a third yellow band on terga (abdominal segments) 1 and 2. The tail is white. Darker forms, with little yellow in their fur, are common.[4]
The nest, normally containing 50 to 120 workers, can be built both over and below ground. Due to its long tongue this bumblebee mainly visits flowers with deep corollae, as deadnettles, ground ivy, vetches, clovers, comfrey, foxglove, and thistles.[4]
As most bumblebee males the males of this bumblebee patrol a fixed circuit marking objects along the route, about a metre above ground, with a pheromone to attract daughter queens. This behaviour was noted already by Darwin 1886 in his own garden.[5]
This species is found in Europe up to 70ºN (in Scandinavia, south of the tundra). In the west its distribution reaches Iceland, where it probably has been introduced. In the south it extends to the middle of the Iberian Peninsula, to southern Italy (Calabria), northern Turkey and to the Mediterranean islands except Corsica, Sicily and (probably) Sardinia. It continues in northern and central Asia through Siberia to the Altai Mountains, and, in the south-east, to northern Iran.[2] In 1885 it was introduced in New Zealand, where it still exists, however without being particularly common.[6] It is also found in America, namely Florida.
In Britain it is widespread through the entire region, including Orkney and Shetland.[4]
 1. ^ ITIS Report
 2. ^ a b Pierre Rasmont. "Bombus (Megabombus) hortorum (Linnaeus, 1761)". Université de Mons. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
 3. ^ "Bombus hortorum the Garden bumblebee". Bumblebee.org. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
 4. ^ a b c Benton, Ted (2006). "Chapter 9: The British Species". Bumblebees. London, UK: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 351–355. ISBN _PHONE_.
 5. ^ Goulson, Dave Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation p. 47
 6. ^ Goulson, Dave Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation pp. 219-220
 - Goulson, Dave (2010). Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199553075.
Source: Wikipedia
Belongs to 1 community


text:
Humans explode in space
Space exposure definitely will kill you, yet not immediately and not within such a visceral way. Humans may survive exposed to space for around half a minute without any permanent damage. It will not be pleasant; however, it isn't immediate death. You probably would die of asphyxiation because of a lack of oxygen. There's one film which got this one right – "2001: A Space Odyssey".
Earth and Venus are identical
Oftentimes Venus is called our twin, yet this should not offer the impression that it is just like our planet. This concept came about mostly when we had no idea exactly what the planet's surface is really like. Because of its amazingly thick atmosphere, it was not until we sent a craft to Venus that we found how unwelcoming and deadly the planet's surface actually is.
Sun is a fire ball
The Sun actually is glowing, but not burning. It may seem as if it's an insignificant distinction to the average individual, yet the heat delivered by the sun actually is the consequence of a nuclear reaction, and not a chemical reaction — which is what burning is.
The Moon has a dark side
The concept that the Moon possesses a side that constantly is bathed in darkness isn't true. The Moon tidally is locked with the Earth, which means that the exact same side always is facing us, and not the Sun. All of the sides of the Moon get sunlight at different points.


text:
Beyond the Basics in Educational Research Methodology: Research ethics in educational research
The virtual, interactive Summer School 2021, hosted by the University of Jyväskylä, provides PhD/Doctoral students with an opportunity to present and receive feedback on their research, participate in online workshops related to their topic and methodology of research, and engage with research issues in their small tutorial groups, which offer safe and constructive spaces for debate and discussion. The aim of the EERA Summer School 2021 is to support the students in their endeavour in producing methodologically excellent research with sensitivity to ethical issues.
High quality student-centered constructivist pedagogy will be applied, and students' learning will be enhanced by inspiring, international keynote lectures. The summer school offers a possibility to discuss one's own research and ideas in a friendly, relaxed, and encouraging atmosphere. During the summer school, the students will have a possibility to work in online groups, which are organised based on research themes and methodological choices of their study. Interactive, innovative group work will used, and various types of discussions and participatory activities


how to write an essay
Examples of Topic Sentences
Follow the short essay below to see how the writer uses topic sentences to begin each paragraph. The topic sentences are in bold. The first time you read this excerpt, read only the topic sentences. Then go back and read the entire paragraphs.
The Historical Roots of Logic
People have always reasoned. Even early civilizations made technical and intellectual advances that presupposed logical inferences. For example, the Babylonians discovered and used a theorem (now called the Pythagorean theorem) that expresses the relation between the sides and the hypotenuse of right triangles, and the Egyptians used the formula for calculating the volume of a rectangular pyramid 'h(a^2 +ab + b^2)/3'. Such results cannot be obtained without reasoning. However, neither civilization sought formal proofs for mathematical insights; formulas were regarded only as recipes or rules of thumb that could be followed to calculate desired numerical values. In these early cultures, there was no interest in proofs or arguments and so there was no interest in general criteria for the correctness of arguments.
Pythagoras (ca. 532 B.C.), a Greek, was the first historical figure known to have been interested in the construction of mathematical proofs. As a young man, Pythagoras traveled widely; he studied firsthand the mathematical results of the Egyptians and Babylonians. Later, he established a semireligious brotherhood whose members were concerned primarily with discovering and proving mathematical theorems. Members of the brotherhood probably were the first to prove the Pythagorean theorem, and they also may have discovered the first proof that the square root of two is irrational.
The Pythagoreans were not the only Greeks who were passionately interested in arguments and proofs. The early Greek philosophers are generally distinguished from the sages, prophets, and oracles of other early Middle Eastern civilizations precisely in that they sought to support their opinions with reasons. An outstanding early example was Zeno of Elea (ca. 490-430 B.C.), who constructed numerous brilliant arguments against the philosophical doctrines of his opponents. Some of Zeno's most interesting arguments were directed against philosophical beliefs connected with the mathematical theories of the Pythagoreans. In spite of their interest in mathematics, the Pythagoreans lacked an efficient system of numerals--they represented numbers by groups of dots similar to those found today on dominoes and dice. Use of this notation was probably connected with their failure to distinguish sharply between units of arithmetic, geometic points, and physical atoms....
Another of Zeno's arguments, one that continues to receive attention even in our own time, is intended to prove that motion is impossible. As background to this argument, suppose a runner were to advance from a starting point S to some goal G. In order to attain G, he must reach the mid point between S and G, which we can call M. Then, in order to get from M to the goal G, he must reach the midpoint between M and G, which we can call N. But to get from N to G he must reach the midpoint of this segment, which can call O. This can be repeated endlessly. Therefore, we have an infinite sequence of intervals, each of which must be traversed for the runner to reach his goal....
In this second argument, Zeno employs a strategy similar to that found in the first. He supposes the runner reaches the goal and shows that this leads to impossible consequences. From this he concludes that the runner could not reach the goal. But, since the runner can be taken to represent any object moving from one point to another, it follows that no motion is possible.
These arguments are similar in structure: each begins with a supposition from which we deduce an impossible consequence (in the first case a contradiction), we then conclude that the original premise is false. This is a common and powerful form of reasoning that is important in the writings of Zeno's successors; Plato used it occasionally in his dialogues. Here is an argument with essentially the same form as (3:1) that Origen attributed to the Stoics: "If you know you are daed, you are dead (since if you know something, it must be true). If you know you are dead, you are not dead (since to know something you must be alive). Therefore, you do not know that you are dead (Benson Mates, Elementary Logic).
From the time of Zeno to the present day, countless mathematical proofs have been constructed with this form. Aristotle credited Zeno with the discovery of what he called "dialectic." Aristotle may have meant that Zeno was the first to recognize the general form common to a whole class of arguments. In fact, Zeno is known to have constructed approximately fifty different arguments, most of which employ strategies similar to those of (3:1) and (3:2). Other persons before Zeno probably constructed analogous arguments, but he may have been the first to become aware of the general form. Since logic deals with criteria for the correctness of arguments, and since the correctness of arguments is largely a function of their form, Zeno's work as a major contribution in preparing the way for the study of logic.
Another group of persons who helped initiate the study of logic was the Sophists. These men sustained themselves throughout ancient Greece by teaching for pay. They were individualistic, skeptical, and critical of traditional values. To attract students, many engaged in public debates; some resorted to theatrical tricks and to exaggerated claims. Plato and Aristotle disliked their commercialism and deception, but many Greeks regarded them favorably. Their opinions were sought in ethics, law, and politics.
(Carter, Codell K. Excerpts from The Hottest Logic Book on Earth. Pages 113-118)
Tom Johnson. Last updated May 2004.


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Correcting Business Information Where a Nominee Was Used
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Many taxpayers have applied for Employer Identification Numbers (EINs) listing on the application an individual or entity other than the entity's true responsible party as the principal officer, general partner, grantor, owner, or trustor. The use of such an individual or entity, a "nominee", has resulted in IRS records containing incorrect information. Entities that used nominees on their applications should consider updating the information shown on the original application.
Who Should Update the Information?
Any entity that applied for an EIN listing a nominee as the "principal officer", etc., and listing the nominee's Taxpayer Identification Number as that of the principal officer, should send the IRS a letter providing the name and Taxpayer Identification Number (Social Security Number, Employer Identification Number, or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) of the true responsible party. Entities that submitted applications that showed, as the principal officer, an individual or entity who is no longer the true responsible party also should update the entity's information.
What the Terms "Nominee" and "Responsible Party" Mean
A "nominee" is someone who is given limited authority to act on behalf of an entity, usually for a limited period of time, and usually during the formation of the entity. The "principal officer, general partner," etc., as defined by the IRS, is the true "responsible party" for the entity, instead of a nominee. See the Responsible Parties and Nominees page for more details.
Why the Information should be corrected
In the event that the IRS has a need to contact an entity about a tax matter relating to the business, we must be certain we are contacting the correct party. Otherwise, information regarding an entity could be disclosed to someone who is not authorized to receive such information. The IRS is considering several ways to identify the responsible parties of entities. However, by updating the information itself, an entity can establish that it is a reliable partner of the IRS in complying with the Federal tax laws.
How to Update the Information
There is no form available to update the information, and the IRS asks entities updating their information NOT to submit a second EIN application. Instead, the IRS asks that the entity send a letter, on company letterhead, if available, providing the name and Taxpayer Identification Number of the current principal officer, general partner, grantor, owner, or trustor. Be sure to include the entity's complete name, EIN, and mailing address so we can correctly identify your IRS account. Depending upon the entity's principal business address, the entity should send the letter to the following IRS campus:
If the entity's principal business, office or agency is located in:
Send Letter to:
Internal Revenue Service
Stop 343G
Cincinnati, OH 45999
Internal Revenue Service
M/S 6273
Ogden, UT 84201
The IRS will send a letter confirming our receipt of the updated information. If the entity has not received the confirmation letter within 60 days, it should mail a copy of the original letter, annotated "Second Request", to the campus that services the entity's state.
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Page Last Reviewed or Updated: 09-Nov-2015


text:
History notes borrowed from Parachuting, The Skydiver's Handbook, by Dan Poynter and Mike Turoff
Parachuting competition dates to at least 1930 in Russia, where jumpers demonstrated who could land closest to a target. In 1948, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale named American Joseph Crane to chair the newly established Commission Internationale de Parachutisme (CIP), now known in this country as the International Parachuting Commission (IPC). The first FAI sanctioned World Parachuting Championships took place in Yugoslavia in 1951, with five European teams competing. The U.S. fielded its first team to world competition in 1956.
In modern competition, the first 4-way sequential event was introduced at the 1970 U.S. National Skydiving Championships. Canopy formation was added in 1983. Canopy piloting became a medal event at the 2005 Nationals in Perris, California, and the most recent event, vertical formation skydiving, became official in 2007 when USPA included it in the national skydiving championships at Skydive Chicago in Illinois. Meanwhile, the original freefall style and accuracy landing events, often called the "classics," remain a part of each U.S. Nationals and World Championships.


text:
The availability of suitable building material was of great importance to Nebraska's pioneer settlers. Here in Jefferson County, native limestone was used for building and the stone was burned in kilns to produce lime for mortar and whitewash. The U.S. Army reportedly operated the first kiln in this area during the 1848 construction of Fort Kearny on the Platte. During the 1870's and 1880's, the limestone industry flourished in Jefferson County and numerous kilns and quarries were located near here.
The limekiln which survives on this site was built in 1874 by Woral C. Smith who had settled in the county the previous year. Much of the limestone from Smith's quarries was used locally, but after the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad built a siding to the kiln, limestone products were shipped throughout the region. In 1876, Smith constructed the nearby house with limestone from his quarters.
Today, commercial limestone production continues in several areas of Nebraska. Although the old limekilns have largely disappeared, the Smith kiln and limestone house remain as examples of this important pioneer industry.
Jefferson County Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
US 136 west of Fairbury


Securing a shared future for wildlife and people Watch the Video
16 July 2007
Photo: Clare Chenoweth
The blessing for the Snow Leopards' fertility was followed by the birth of twin cubs in 2005.
The young Gyalsay Rinpoche's face lit up as he watched the elephants roll over onto their sides to be washed and scrubbed with warm water by their keepers.
He is believed to be the current incarnation of the original monk who gave the blessing at Taronga zoo and is currently in Australia with his tutor Lama Karma Dorjee for a few weeks.
The 14th Dungyud Tulku Rinpoche and Lama Ngawang Tenzin were especially delighted as they observed the playful six year old Asian elephant, Gung, cavorting and trumpeting his way around the exhibit after his bath.
The two monks had previously blessed the elephants and were pleased to see them being so well cared for and obviously enjoying their new exhibit.
Khenpo Ngawang Damchoe, the monk who blessed the Snow Leopards before they became pregnant and had twin cubs, shared an intimate reunion with the now grown-up cubs when he was specially introduced to them by their keepers.
He affectionately calls them his 'children' and was keen to see how they were progressing.
The group was then given a comprehensive tour of the Zoo by Zoo Friends Volunteer Guides to meet Australian animals including koalas, emus, Little Penguins, kangaroos and a very sleepy Tasmanian Devil curled up under its heat lamp. Despite the chilly weather, many of the animals were active and feeding. One particularly sprightly koala treated the monks to a rare display of activity as he scampered across the ground and shot up a tree in his exhibit.
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Tales 'N Tunes LLC is a new, early childhood literacy, music, and movement program for young children and their parents and caregivers. This early childhood program was conceived by Tonya Lemmons, an experienced, early childhood music educator.
At Tales 'N Tunes LLC, we believe that parents and caregivers are the most powerful models for children learning natural language and the language of music. Also, we believe that with a developmentally appropriate, rich language and musical environment that all children can develop a disposition toward becoming life-long readers and music-makers! Why story? Quite simply, reading to and with young children helps them to learn to love reading. What makes Tales 'n Tunes unique is that we interact with and respond to the best in children's literature through musical play. In class we will use our voices, bodies, puppets, scarves, and child-friendly instruments to engage in musical play: chanting nursery rhymes, exploring rhythm, rhyme, and repetition through children's poetry, and singing songs inspired by the themes in well-written, children's stories. Through engaged, adult participation, our goal is to immerse children in a rich environment filled with the joy of story, music and movement.
Benefits of Tales 'N Tunes
A strong bond between parent /caregiver and child
Language development: building phonological awareness, print awareness and vocabulary
Rich musical environment: musical play with tonality and rhythm
Body awareness: coordination and motor skills
Social interaction in a multi-age setting
Exposure to the musical heritage of many cultures and eras
Parent information on selecting quality, age-appropriate literature
Parent information on how to recognize and shape your child's musical responses.


Acoustical Properties
Wood has some unique properties that allow it to contribute to noise reduction in buildings and in industrial applications. Industrial noise control has gained considerable importance due to the requirements established by OSHA.
Audible sound is a propagation of energy which is commonly measured in terms of decibels (dB). The lower threshold of human hearing is 1 dB, and 130 dB is considered the threshold of pain. Examples of typical sound levels are: Rustle of leaves, 10 dB; ordinary conversation, 40 dB; and heavy traffic, 90–95 dB.
Since sound in air is energy in motion, sound waves may be absorbed by a surface or reflected. Plywood, like other materials, will absorb some of the sound energy and reflect the remainder. Relative coefficients of sound absorption are given in the table below. A material that exhibits perfect absorptivity is rated as 1.0; a perfect reflector of sound would have a coefficient of sound absorption of 0.0.
Sound Absorption Coefficients of Various Building Materials
Material Coefficient
Open window 1.0
Special acoustic materials 0.2 - 0.8
Brick 0.03
Window glass 0.03
Plywood 0.04
Varnished wood 0.03


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An iPad app that teaches French vocabulary to young children has a human voice reads a word or phrase, like 'voiture de police', and the user attempts to select a photo that matches what was read.
When the user answers correctly, the human voice says something affirmative, like:
- Bravo!
- Vous êtes remarquable!
- Vous êtes spectaculaire!
When the user answers incorrectly, the human voice says something negative, like:
- Oups!
- Tu peux le faire!
- Essaie encore!
I can't help but notice she uses the 'vous' form for correct answers, and the 'tu' form for incorrect answers.
My reflex is to find this amusing, but is this actually exposing some rare, but standard, differentiation of the 'tu' and 'vous' forms for children that I have never encountered?


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Session Time: 3:15pm-4:00pm
Presentation Time: 3:30pm-4:00pm
*Purpose: The field of upper rxtremity (UE) Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) continues to advance with more patients undergoing the informed consent process each year. However, the informed consent process for UE VCA has not yet been standardized, and has not been empirically examined for its adequacy. Consequently, the amount, type, and personalization of information provided to patients about UE VCA likely varies. Such variation may potentially contribute to UE amputees being inadequately informed, under-prepared, and feeling undue pressure when considering this option.
*Methods: This paper examines the little known topic of UE amputees' and VCA candidates', participants', and recipients' perceptions of the informed consent and decision-making processes about UE VCA, as part of a broader Department of Defense-funded study. Patients' narratives have been an underutilized resource in shaping the informed consent process.
*Results: We will have conducted in-depth interviews among UE amputees, UE VCA candidates, participants, and UE transplant recipients (n=5-20) at three geographically distinct transplant and/or rehabilitation centers. Interviews will focus on participants' information needs, comprehension of information disclosed, perceptions of undue influence, and psychosocial factors affecting decision making for UE VCA. This paper will highlight informed consent elements distinct to UE VCA, as compared to other VCA organs and to solid organs.
*Conclusions: UE amputees' insights can enable the informed consent process for UE VCA to become more patient-centered, and thereby help VCA candidates and participants become better prepared to undergo UE VCA. Our findings will be used to develop educational resources (e.g., a website, videos), which will provide comprehensive, standardized information to help potential recipients, their families, and the general public learn about UE VCA. Future research should assess differences in the informed consent and decision making processes across VCA organs.
To cite this abstract in AMA style:Kuramitsu B, Berumen C, Ferzola A, Sung H, Kim C, Scarton D, McHugh T, Schultheis A, Riggleman T, Taylor J, Henderson M, Brandacher G, Tintle S, Gordon E. Informed Consent and Decision Making for Upper Extremity VCA [abstract]. Am J Transplant. 2020; 20 (suppl 3). _URL_ Accessed September 27, 2021.
« Back to 2020 American Transplant Congress


Tips for Choosing a Professional Negligence Insurance Policy
Most law practices today know that it's worth having a professional liability insurance, even if they operate in states which don't require them to. A much harder analysis, though, can be to determine what type of coverage to purchase and for what amounts. Brokers and insurers can help with answering those questions, but let's look at some factors a practice might want to consider.
Choosing the Right Insurer
When you can't make up your mind, a good idea might be to consult a good broker. Brokers, especially those who specialize in law firms, practice groups or areas of law, can prove to be great assets in these situations. They may also be quite knowledgeable when it comes to the insurance market and the scope and size of claims that are usually brought against similar firms.
Firms would also do good to verify insurers' reputations before purchasing any insurance policy. As with any other company, an insurance company's ability to satisfy its clients depends on their strength in the marketplace and the likelihood of them still being part of the market in the future. Many lawyers also find it helpful to ask other firms about recommendations, as they may have relevant experiences that could be of use.
Law practices that have had a long relationship with an insurer may find it worthwhile to maintain that relationship for the long term. Although it's always a good idea to periodically review the marketplace, few firms ever consider switching insurers unless they can get savings of at least 10% on premiums.
Choosing the Right Limits
Sometimes choosing the amount of coverage can be a real challenge. Most of the time, the most relevant analysis is the type of legal work actually performed by the practice, instead of the amount of fees collected in a year. It is helpful for firms to consider what a claim against them would actually look like.
Brokers and insurers may also have more information regarding what practice groups are typically considered higher risk than others. For example, data suggests that plaintiffs personal injury work and real estate representations are among the highest in claim severity and receive more claims than other practice areas. As such, firms with significant practices in high-risk areas may choose higher aggregate limits that reflect the likelihood of repeat litigation or multiple claims.
Law practices may also choose additional layers of excess insurance to obtain the right limits and insurance portfolio, layers which are often referred to collectively as a "tower." It's fairly common for midsize or large firms to be insured through multiple insurers, each of them owning a different part of the "tower."
Choosing Policies with Other Benefits
In addition to indemnity coverage, different policies can provide other benefits for those insured as well. Some firms choose to negotiate for the right to select a counsel if the firm is sued for malpractice. That way, if a firm is ever sued, they can use counsel with whom they have an ongoing relationship instead of having to work with assigned defense counsel.
However, should a firm choose its own counsel, it may result in them paying a higher self-insured retention before the coverage kicks in. That means that the insurer may require the firm to pay more defense fees to their counsel of choice out of the firm's pocket before the insurer starts paying fees.
Firms can provide some thought on how defense fees for legal malpractice claims should be addressed within the policy's terms. For example, it is generally accepted that malpractice claims are among the most expensive types of litigation, largely because of the need to review the "case within a case." That's why some law firms will negotiate to make sure that defense costs are outside the limits, meaning that the defense costs incurred do not reduce the limits available for settlement or indemnity. There's a possibility that this may result in higher premiums. If the incurred defense costs also erode the limits available for settlement or indemnity, though, the firm may need to think about higher limits that will account for legal spend, as well as remaining limits for resolution of claims.
Premiums and Self-Insured Retentions
A higher self-insured retention typically means that a policy has lower premiums associated with it and vice versa. Generally, the amount of a self-insured retention relates to which party has direct control over the defense, either the firm or the insurer, and when exactly that right arises.
If a firm has a higher self-insured retention or deductible to pay before the insurance company's obligation to defend is triggered, then that firm may end up allocating money for that specific purpose. In the event of a claim, the firm will then have enough funds to satisfy its self-insured retention.
Law firms can take other steps as well to try and reduce their premiums. For example, there are many insurance companies which reduce premiums or issue credits to law firms that employ risk management prevention within the firm. Then there are insurers that charge a higher premium and provide targeted, concierge-style service to firms, even providing risk management advice.
Every firm's needs are unique but ensuring sufficient coverage can go a long way to helping attorneys sleep better at night knowing they are protected.


Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing a property with an elderly relative may seem to be the perfect answer to rising property prices, and concerns over care for the elderly, but people contemplating such an arrangement should be aware of the legal and practical problems which may arise. There are a number of different ways to share property, but an equal number of pitfalls, whether legal, financial or relating to tax.
Some preliminary considerations
Whatever arrangement is under consideration it is important for there to be frank discussions beforehand about how the relationship will work. Issues which need to be covered include:
 - How will bills be paid - by whom and in what proportions?
 - What facilities will be provided - are there any "rules" about use of rooms?
 - What level of support will be provided to the elderly person - for example, companionship; preparation of meals; laundry; shopping
 - When will the relationship come to an end, for example, due to the increasing needs of elderly person or a breakdown in the personal relationship?
 - If there are to be financial consequences, either during the elderly person's lifetime, or on death, then these need to be discussed with other family members, particularly those who may be expecting to inherit
Options for sharing property
Some of the more common options for sharing property are:
1. The Elderly Person Moving in with Relatives
In many ways, this is the simplest solution. Although no legal documentation is necessary, it may be helpful to draw up a licence recording some of the issues referred to above, particularly covering the circumstances in which the elderly person is to move out. The position may be complicated if the elderly person originally owned the house and gifted it to the relatives now living there, or if a capital contribution is made e.g. to pay off the mortgage. Professional advice should be sought in such circumstances.
2. Building a "Granny flat"
Extending an existing property to build a "granny flat" is more complicated both in terms of the planning and building regulation consent which is likely to be required, and the financing of the extension. If the elderly person contributes towards the cost, then is this a loan, or gift, or is the elderly person to have ownership of part of the property?
If the older person gains an interest in the property, then what will happen if the property has to be sold, e.g. in the event of financial problems or divorce? There may also be an issue if the elderly person needs to move into a care home, and the local authority carries out a financial assessment. For all these reasons it is important that appropriate legal documentation is drawn up to reflect the nature of the financing.
Different inheritance tax (IHT) consequences flow depending on the nature of the financial contribution. If the elderly person has a share in the property then it will form part of their estate on death; and this may also be the case if the money is a gift (if the gift with reservation of benefit rules are deemed to apply).
3. Moving into the Elderly Person's house
Younger people may decide to move into an elderly relative's house on the understanding that they will provide certain care services, in return for a share in the property, either immediately or on death. Whatever arrangement is reached should be documented properly, in order to ensure that it is enforceable and to avoid adverse tax consequences. It is advisable that other family members are involved in discussions and are happy with what is proposed. Some of the potential problems are:
 - A gift by the older person will still be subject to IHT until they have survived 7 years since the date of the gift
 - If an older person moves into a care home shortly after making the gift, then the local authority may seek to claw it back to form part of the estate
 - A "promise" to leave property to someone after death which is not reflected in a will may be enforceable - but it gives rise to complicated legal and factual arguments
4. Joint Purchase of Property
Sometimes both parties may decide to sell their properties and buy a new home in which they can all live, thus saving the costs of running two households and enabling some element of care and support to be provided to the older party. In these cases, it is important to identify who will own the property i.e. whether the older person is making a gift or loan of the money, or whether all contributing parties will be co-owners.
As mentioned previously if the money is intended as a gift it will be exempt from inheritance tax provided the donor lives for 7 years. If the money is a loan, then it remains part of the older person's estate for IHT purposes. If the parties are to be co-owners, then a declaration of trust needs to be drawn up recording their percentage interests in the property.
It is particularly important in these circumstances to document what will happen if any of the family relationships involved break down.
How we can help
We can advise on the drafting of loan documents, licences or declarations of trust necessary to record the parties' intentions, and on the tax consequences of what is involved, as well as the impact on any assessments which the local authority may carry out.


text: The Southern Atlantic Coast has white sandy beaches speckled with lighthouses and coastal forests. Warm ocean water is home to dolphins, sharks, and tuna. It's a prime vacation spot for those seeking out the sun and family destinations like Disney World. Kick off your sandals and get ready to feel the hot sand on your feet as you explore this region of the United States. This book will allow students to know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.


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World pork production is back on track to set new records for its annual volume after a period of pauses in growth. On figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the quantity of pork produced globally reached around 106.5 million metric tons in 2009 and seems likely to total between 108.5-109 million tons this year.
See in our accompanying Figure 1 how these estimates and forecasts fit with the pattern seen since 1990. The peak output in any year had been 103.5 million tons in 2005, before the new high recorded in 2009.
But see also Figure 2, extracted from a bulletin by the foreign agricultural service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It confirms the contrasting trends that are being observed between annual production in China, as the world's largest single pork-producing country, and all other producers globally.
Our data analysis last year had blamed the turmoil then occurring in world economies as complicating any attempt to forecast the outlook for meat. To prove the point since then, even the estimates of recent production have needed to be revised. We already knew that global output in 2006 and 2007 had been over-estimated. It now seems that a total of 280 million metric tons of all meats was produced worldwide in 2008 and that this increased slightly in 2009, to about 281.5 million tons.
This would mean pork accounted for 37.8% of last year's all-meats total (up from almost 37.3% the year before), compared with 32.6% for poultry meat (down marginally from 32.8%) and 22.8% for beef/ruminant (down from a previous 23.2%). In 2007, on FAO data, approximately 36% of world meat output had been in the form of pork, compared with nearly 33% for poultry and nearly 24% for beef.
The pattern of production country by country for the 20 largest national producers of pork is shown in Table 1, taken from our database. As usual, it compares the position of each country on the lists for 2009 and 2000. Worth noting, however, are the positional changes that have occurred since the 2008 list. Russia moves up because of its expanded output, for example, while Denmark and Italy swap places and Korea has moved to a lower position.
After the cost difficulties presented to producers everywhere by the record-high feed grain prices of 2007, the question for pork since 2008 has been whether the demand for the meat from consumers would be affected severely by the widespread economic crisis and by the mis-naming of a variant H1N1 influenza virus, suggesting that it was transmitted by pigs. In particular, any significant alteration in sales would be reflected in the trade between countries.
Table 1 --- recently updated on the strength of new FAO figures --- could give part of the answer, where it suggests that imports/exports of pork did indeed slow last year. However, it also spotlights swings in output for the various world regions.
Table 2: Changes in regional production and trade
The Asia-Pacific area is shown to have produced 6% more pork in 2009 than in 2008. Europe recorded virtually a standstill year by producing only 0.7% less than previously. In North America there was also a reduction, but of 1.4% --- the same rate of cutback recorded for Africa. But Latin America's production was down by almost 9.1%.
Although exports of pork apparently fell back in 2009, a graph compiled by the Food and Agriculture Research Institute (FAPRI) in the US (Figure 3) makes clear that this was a correction in line with longer-term trends. FAPRI's graph also advises that a more normal pattern of world trade will return this year while the volume of pork produced globally continues to rise.
Figure 4 has been extracted from the same source as a reminder of who are the major exporters of the meat. On this analysis, therefore, the European Union has exported more pork in the past five years than any other country or trading bloc.
A view from within the European Union has been given by a European Commission document in which recent changes to the size of the EU-27 pig sector were described as a continuation of structural adjustments at an accelerated pace. Producers had relatively low feed costs last year, it added, but the average price at €1.41 (US$1.74) per kilogram carcase weight was 1.2 Euros less than in 2008.
Prices struggled to be stronger because of an upset in trade flows in and out of the union, it said. Exporting pork became more difficult not only due to a removal of export refunds that had helped sales rise by 34% in 2008, but also because of currency devaluations in several countries including Russia, and enhanced competition from North America in trying to sell to Japan.
The overall result was a 19% reduction for EU exports to non-member countries in 2009. This contraction especially concerned shipments to Japan (lower by 21%), to Korea (down by 18%) and to Hong Kong (reduced by 11%). According to FAPRI, the outlook is for the European Union to lose market share in the pork export business in the coming years. The institute said a period of decline is in prospect for Europe's export sales, commenting that "the long-term competitiveness of the EU is not very promising, given its strict animal welfare and environmental regulations".
The suggested winners in terms of export market share are named as Brazil and the USA. It projects, by the year 2019, a gain of 13.2 percentage points for the US share and of 4.4 points for percentage held by Brazil. However, Canada's share is seen as decreasing by 6.4 percentage points.
New employee will develop, manage marketing of foodservice equipment, products
Willardsen to be replaced by president of Cargill Salt
Growth can be achieved during times of weak consumer demand
The study analyzes the costs and benefits of surgical castration alternatives through the whole EU pig meat chain.
The industry and the food supply chain need to educate consumers on the welfare standards already in place.
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Introduction to Windows Operators
5 9 43 1 true false. These random numbers and text don't make any sense, do they? No, they don't. That's because they lack operators.
Any meaningful expression is a combination of variables and operators. An operator determines how the variables are connected through each other and how they would contribute to the end result.
5 + 9 – 43 < 1? true: false. Now it makes some sense. So let's snorkel through the world of operators in Windows.
Classification of Windows Operators
These Windows Operators are broadly classified into three types. This classification is done based on the number of variables or operands an operator requires. The three types are:
- Unary Operators
- Binary Operators
- Ternary Operators
1. Unary Operators: They require a single operand.
E.g. Prefix and Postfix operators, Shorthand operators, Negation Operator etc
2. Binary Operators: They require two operands to calculate the result.
E.g. Arithmetic operators, logical operators etc.
3. Ternary Operators: They require three operands.
E.g. Ternary Conditional operator
Types of Windows Operators
The various types of windows operators, based on their functionality are:
1. Basic Arithmetic Operators
These windows operators perform mathematical calculations.
Plus operator (+): Adds or concatenates the two operands.
- Sum of two integers: 1+3 results in 4
- Sum of two floating point numbers: 9.8+0.4 results in 10.2
- Concatenation of two strings: "Hello"+"World" results in "Hello World"
Minus Operator (-): Subtracts the second operand from first. Doesn't work on strings.
- Subtraction of two integers: 5-4 results in 1
- Subtraction of two floating point numbers: 4.1 – 4.6 results in -0.5
Multiplication Operator (*): Multiplies the two operands.
- Multiplication of two integers: 9*5 results in 45
- Multiplication of two floating point numbers: 1.1*2.3 results in 2.53
Division Operator (/): Divides the first operand by the second and returns the quotient as the result. The remainder is discarded. Some advanced languages, however, do not discard the remainder and keep dividing until a pre-set number of precision points is reached.
- Division of two integers: 45/11 results in 4
- In advanced languages: 45/11 results in 4.090909
Modulus Operator (%): Divides the first operand by the second and returns the remainder as the result. The quotient is discarded. Doesn't work on floating point numbers.
- Modulus of two integers: 45/11 results in 1
2. Assignment Operator (=)
Assigns the result calculated in the right-hand side of the operator (RHS) to the left-hand variable (LHS). The left of the operator should always be a variable and not a constant/expression.
- x = 5, assigns value 5 to x.
- 5 = x is invalid as left-hand side is a constant.
- y = x*4 calculates x*4 and assigns to y. Thus, y now holds the value 20
- x*4 = y is invalid as the left-hand side is an expression.
3. Comparison Operators
They compare the value of the first operand with that of the second operand and returns either true or false. These are less than (<), greater than (>), less than or equal (<=), greater than or equal (>=), equal (==), not equal (!=).
- 61>45, returns true.
- 3==3, returns true.
4. Prefix and Postfix Operators
These windows operators increment or decrement the value of an operand by 1. They work only on integers.
x++, x is now 6
–x, x is now 5 again
Seems simple, right? There is a very significant difference in the functioning of the two operators. Prefix operators change the value of the operand before evaluating the expression, whereas the postfix operator changes the value after the expression has been evaluated.
- x = 5
print(x++), this will print 5 and then change the value of x to 6
print(++x), this will increment the value from 6 to 7 and then print 7.
5. Shorthand Operators
These windows operators are a combination of two operators. The result is calculated using the existing value of the operand and assigned back to itself. They help minimize the lines of code written. The most common shorthand operators are:
- +=: This is equivalent to addition and assignment.
- -=: This is equivalent to subtraction and assignment.
- *=: This is equivalent to multiplication and assignment.
- /=: This is equivalent to division and assignment.
E.g. – x+=5, is equivalent to x=x+5.
6. Logical Operators
Logical operators are mainly used to control the program flow. Usually, they help the compiler on which path to follow based on the outcome of a decision. They always result in boolean values
Logical AND (&&): Returns true if the conditions on both left and right side of the operator are true, otherwise returns false.
- (2>3) && (4<5) returns false. Reason, 2 is not greater than 3
- Boolean b1 = true
Boolean b2 = true
b1 && b2 returns true.
Logical OR (||): Returns true if any of the operands is true, otherwise returns false.
- (2>3) || (4<5) returns true
- Boolean b1 = false
Boolean b2 = false
b1 || b2 returns false.
Logical NOT / Negation (!): Inverses the result of the operand i.e. true becomes false and false becomes true.
-! (2>3) returns true
-! (2>3) && (4<5) returns true. Reason -! (2>3) results in true.
7. Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are a special category of operators as they do not operate in a conventional way. While all other operators operate on bytes, bitwise operators operate on bits. Don't panic. They may sound tough but are easy to understand through examples.
Let us assume we have two numbers 2 and 4. Their respective binary conversions would be 0010 and 0100. Since 1 byte contains 8 bits, we convert them to 0000 0010 and 0000 0010.
- Bitwise AND (&): 2 & 4 results in 0000 0000 which is simply 0
- Bitwise OR (|): 2 | 4 results in 0000 0110 which is 6
- Bitwise NOT (~): ~2 results in _PHONE_ which is -125 most significant bit are the sign bit
Note: Bitwise operators are a vast topic in themselves and they play a key role in the communication industry. It is recommended to deep dive in bitwise operators for a better understanding.
8. Ternary Operator
The ternary operator is a shorthand operator for a logical if and else program flow. It evaluates the expression on the left of the question mark (?) and based on the result (true/false) the operations on the left and right of the colon (:) are performed.
E.g. – (condition)? (operation if true): (operation if false)
- (5>9)? (print true): (print false) false is printed.
9. Operator Precedence
The precedence of operators is as follows (highest to lowest priority):
- Prefix and Postfix operators
- Multiplication, Division, Modulus
- Addition, Subtraction
- Bitwise Operators
- Logical Operators (some logical operators take higher precedence than bitwise operators. Learn more when you deep dive in bitwise operator section.)
- Ternary Operator
- Assignment, Shorthand operators
This has been a guide to Windows Operator. Here we have discussed the different type of windows operators with examples. You can also go through our other suggested articles to learn more –


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Organizing Your Computer Files
Basic knowledge of Windows, menus, the keyboard and mouse.
Tuesday morning August 9, 2011, from 9:30 to 11:30 (2 hours)
$25 for one seminar
This is a more leisurely paced hands-on tour of organizing files and folders on your personal computer. Being able to quickly find and maintain your important data files is critical to using your computer efficiently and effectively. It also makes it easier to back up this data.
This class is offered on the Windows 7 operating systems in the lab, but the class handouts will explain how to do everything on Vista or some earlier versions you may have at home.
This is NOT a beginner's class on the basics of the computer.
- Use the Documents window
- Make and remove folders in Documents
- Create or copy folders to the Desktop
- Use a Desktop folder
- Multi-select and move files into folders
- Search for duplicate files
- Back up your data
- Remove and restore Desktop folders


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Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Aims/hypothesis To describe the associations between age, sex and BMI at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and test the hypothesis that men are diagnosed with diabetes at lower average BMI than women of similar age.
Methods Linear regression was used to estimate and compare the relationship between age and BMI at diagnosis among 51,920 men and 43,137 women included in a population-based diabetes register in Scotland for whom an index BMI measurement was taken within 1 year of diabetes diagnosis. We also examined HbA(1c) values by sex within the same timescale.
Results Mean BMI closest to date of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 31.83 kg/m(2) (SD 5.13) in men and 33.69 kg/m(2) (SD 6.43) in women. The inverse relationship between age and BMI at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was significantly steeper in women than in men (slope estimate in men -0.12 kg/m(2) per year [95% CI -0.13, -0.12] women -0.18 kg/m(2) per year [95% CI -0.18, -0.17], p<0.0001 for formal test of interaction). Mean BMI difference was most marked at younger ages and narrowed with advancing age. However, HbA(1c) levels within 1 year of diagnoses were broadly similar in men and women.
Conclusions/interpretation Men are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at lower BMI than women across the age range. This observation may help explain why type 2 diabetes is more common among middle-aged men in populations of European extraction. Whether the same pattern is also observed in other ethnic groups requires confirmation.


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Last week, BEACON and Natural England got together to host a Farm Workshop at Egerton Hall, Rostherne. This workshop aimed to provide farmers with more information on the control of invasive non-native species, as well as water friendly farming and agri-environment schemes. There were elements of indoor presentations and outdoor practical field visits and demonstrations held adjacent to Rostherne Mere.
In the morning, the attendees went out to Rostherne Mere to look at practical demonstrations of how to control invasive species. The group discussed how each control method works, and also non-chemical ways to control invasive non-native species. Rupert, the Ranger at Rostherne Mere demonstrated their quad mounted spraying equipment, and Sally from BEACON showed the group how the stem injector works.
Following lunch a short presentation was given to farmers on the effects of pollution on rivers and the different sources it can come from. Everyone was very surprised about the polluting effects of milk! There was lots of discussion and advice given on how to make sure your farm is working in a water friendly way.
There was another outdoor session in the afternoon to visit the areas of Rostherne Mere that aren't publically accessible. It was great to be able to go to places that are ordinarily closed, and Rupert gave a fantastic talk on what the issues are with managing the Mere and how he addresses these. Himalayan balsam in the reed beds was a great cause for discussion.
In the feedback we got from the farmers they all enjoyed the day. They found it useful to have different organisations there and see practical demonstrations given. Everyone felt they had learned something they could apply to their work at home, which is a hugely positive outcome for BEACON, Natural England and most importantly the natural environment.


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The robotic gripper was developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as part of a robotic satellite servicing mission. The gripping device can be used to autonomously or remotely grasp and control an out-of-fuel or otherwise disabled satellite. Specifically, the gripper interfaces to the separation ring (marman ring) of the client spacecraft and when closed, is sufficient to constrain all six degrees of freedom of motion between the servicing spacecraft and the client. The jaws are designed with a conformable geometry that allows the same gripper to interface to all spacecraft separation rings commonly used with Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles.
The gripper is located at the end of a robotic system consisting of a robotic arm equipped with a tool drive or end effector comprising the input actuator to the gripper as well as the structural, power, and data link between the gripper and the robotic arm. In a notional concept of operations, a servicer would approach the client in an autonomous rendezvous and capture (AR&C) maneuver. When the servicer's sensor suite confirms that the distance, orientation, and relative translational and angular rates with respect to the client are within an acceptable range, the servicer enables the grasping sequence, where the robotic arm, equipped with gripper, extends forward to the client. When the gripper/servicer sensors indicate that the client marman ring is sufficiently within the capture range of the gripper, a trigger signal is sent to the robot control system that commands the end effector to drive the mechanism of the gripper and affect closure around the marman ring.
The gripper consists of a pair of jaws that is driven by an internal transmission. The transmission receives input torque from the end effector and converts the torque to appropriate motion of the jaws.


See the whole table
Select some columns
Filtering rows
Text patterns
14. Use text
To be or NULL to be
A little bit of mathematics
Let's practice
Until now, we only worked with numbers in our WHERE clauses. Is it possible to use letters instead? Of course it is! Just remember to put your text in single quotes like this: 'example'.
If you wanted to know the age of all Smiths in your table, you could use the following code:
FROM user
WHERE name = 'Smith';
Note that the case of the letters matters, i.e. 'Smith' is different than 'SMITH'.
Select all columns of all Ford cars from the table.
Stuck? Here's a hint!
 * FROM car
WHERE brand = 'Ford';


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Guaranteed green technology for bacteria destruction and destruction of algae and biofilm.
Guaranteed green technology for hard water scale prevention.
Scaling caused by hard water can be a major problem but it can be prevented without needing to use chemicals or water softeners that can be hazardous and cause pollution.
Scaling can block nozzles, coat pipework, clog up boilers and heat exchangers and cause substantially increased energy use.
Scaling can give rise to the need to use chemicals or expensive water softening equipment to prevent it forming (often they are only partially successful) and cause pollution.
Or, if no treatment is used then dangerous and expensive acids or even physical removal with hammers and chisels will be necessary.
As well as environmentally friendly scale prevention Fluid Dynamics also manufacture environmentally friendly water purification systems. Bacteria can be deadly.. typically potentially dangerous chemicals are the solution used to kill them but Fluid Dynamics BIOKLEEN system can be used to kill bacteria and biological growth.. safely and using no chemicals
Our products Colloid-A-Tron, Scaletron, Magstream, Clearscale, MagCAT, BioKleen and Pooltron can be found in factories, breweries, chemical plants, offices, institutions such as hospitals and universities, supermarkets, restaurants on oil rigs and ships, in homes and protecting swimming pools. In addition water supplies for whole towns in Scotland, Ireland, Brazil and Argentina are protected by Fluid Dynamics scale prevention products. Over 200,000 of our products have been installed world wide. Users include Kelloggs, Ford Motor Company, Coca Cola, Unilever, Cambridge University.
Scale in pipeline reduced from 9mm to 3mm inside pipework system in 6 months - Cotto TilesThailand
For eight years the only water treatment system we have had on our brewery's steam boiler is a Colloid-A-Tron and the boiler passes its inspections every year…scale free - Freeminer Brewery England
After only 10 days scale started falling off the outside of the spray cooled furnaces....giving rise to increased heat transfer and efficiency - Graftech Mexico
Using your equipment prevents sticking of our solenoid valves in the ship's fresh water circuit - Chief Engineer M/T Bropromotion, Sweden
We export anywhere - 35 years experience in export to more than 30 countries
Fluid Dynamics new Fueltron when installed before a boiler, furnace or other energy consuming equipment can improve the efficiency of the combustion of Fossil fuels giving rise to more complete combustion as well as a reduction in damaging exhaust gasses. Typically 3-5% fuel savings can be expected.


William Lucy | Nelson Edwards | Cleveland Robinson | Charles A. Hayes | William H. Simons | Original CBTU Leaders
Charles A. Hayes (deceased)
International Vice President
United Food & Commercial Workers
Charlie Hayes was the first trade unionist ever elected to Congress. He served five terms, from 1983 to 1993. He represented one of the poorest districts in the nation, the southside of Chicago. His predecessor, Harold Washington, became Chicago's first elected black mayor in a bitter 1983 campaign, a close race where Hayes lobbied, cajoled and raised a lot of union money, mobilized thousands of labor volunteers and rallied scores of union voters for Washington's landmark victory. Often Congressman Hayes was the "voice of conscience." He passionately urged his colleagues in Congress to spare federal job training and anti-poverty programs, while warning CBTU members not to get complacent. Congressman Hayes was a prolific union man for 45 years. In the 1950s, he raised funds that fueled Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s voter registration drive in the South. Later, he was one of major labor leaders arrested during the 1980s anti-apartheid protests that eventually won the freedom of Nelson Mandela. Congressman Hayes was CBTU's first executive vice president, serving until 1986. He died in April,1997. The Charles A. Hayes Labor, Cultural and Community Center in Chicago, Illinois, is named in honor of this distinguished "statesman for the people."
Listen to Charles A. Hayes -


Trimming Buds: Wet Trimming vs Dry Trimming
There is a long and drawn-out process before you will be able to smoke your weed. Trimming is just a single part of it and also one of the most boring things to do with marijuana.
You will be stuck for hours staring at wee, but the trimming is rather important as leaving some of the unwanted leaves and buds on the plant can and will hinder the quality of THC.
Trimming also affects the look, reduces mold formation, and grants smoother smoking.
Trimming is the action you do next after growing the plant. Although it might appear boring, it is rather important and worth your time and effort, due to the ultimate result.
Wet Trimming
Wet trimming is the faster one as it is all done in just one sitting. It can be done as soon as you harvest your flowers. Ultra sticky because of the water that is still in the flower, cut the branch near the node with a pair of curved trimming scissors. Each branch has several buds so try not to detach them until the trimming is near the end. Prepare scissors and a tray and put the gloves on your hands so you will prevent getting resin on your hands.
Now it is the trimming time. Cut away all the sugar leaves on each bud of each branch. Carefully use your curved scissor so you don't damage the flower. Some sugar leaves will prevail but that is normal, as some can be concealed by the body of the bud.
Pros and Cons of Wet Trimming
Wet trimming has several ups and downs.
By doing the wet trim it is much easier to remove sugar and fan leaves since during dry trim they get shriveled and dried up.
Drying is also a lot quicker as less moisture-filled foliage is attached to the flowers.
Wet trimming gives you a more pleasing final look at the plant and buds.
According to sources, wet trim also affects less the quality of the buds as trichomes remain intact, preserving terpenes and flavors of the final product.
Wet trimming is a rather sticky method and you can get trichomes all over your body, fingers, scissors, and everything else.
When starting wet trimming, there is no pause and you will need to cut all your plants down and separate branches and trim them right away.
Drying and Curing
Once you have completed trimming, before smoking it you need to dry and cure your beautiful buds. Put them on a drying rack in a room with ventilation and lightly heated. When they are dry, remove the buds from the individual buds from the branches and leave them in jars for curing.
Dry Trimming
Dry trimming is performed between drying and curing. Harvest your plants and cut them at the base. After this hang them upside down and leave them in a warm room with ventilation. After the drying period, cut off an individual branch and prepare them for trimming. Before trimming, wash your hands and put on a pair of gloves. Take the scissors in your hands and start cutting away all the sugar leaves from each bud. Cut the buds one at a time as this will make it easier for you to cure and store them. Once the trimming is completed load the buds into the curing jars.
Pros and Cons of Dry Trimming
Just like wet trimming, dry trim also has its benefits and drawbacks.
A lot less messy than the wet trimmings since the trichomes are hardened.
As you keep plants hung to dry it slows the express loss of terpenes.
Unfortunately, the less messy trichomes become rather brittle as they dry out and are very prone to breakage. Handle them with care as you don't want the loss of trichomes and THC levels.
Space might be the problem since the entirely hanged plants take much more space than the chopped plants. You should make sure that you have an adequate drying space before you start the dry trimming.
Which is Better: Wet or Dry Trimming?
The most important question is of course whether you should trim the plant wet after it was freshly harvested or after leaving it for a few days to dry.
Several pros and cons are there to weigh on the right choice, and the quality of the weed depends on many factors.
Harvesters have argued on both methods with pros and cons for each one, but have agreed that trimming is one of the most important processes in weed growing. It takes a lot of time, but at the final stage, you are awarded a delicate smell, taste, and feel.
Dry trimming gives you a better aroma but also it takes longer than wet trimming, while the wet trimming is faster, mold formation is dramatically lower in percentage, but the flowers and their extracts are of lower quality, and loss of resin and terpenes is unavoidable.
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Free GIFT Free GIFT!


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When Facebook recently made a significant change to the EdgeRank algorithm that increased the importance of Negative Feedback, we spent time to better understand how it's impacting Pages.
With the launch of our Negative Feedback Analysis feature, we revealed a new metric: Severity Score. There are a variety of different types of Negative Feedback, each type differs in severity. The score weights these types of Negative Feedback to give perspective into how bad the feedback really was.
We believe that the severity of Negative Feedback is as follows:
xbutton > hide > hide all > spam > unlike
We have weighted the Negative Feedback and divided against Total Unique Impressions to give relativity for the number of people who saw it.
Facebook recently made a significant change to the EdgeRank algorithm that increased the importance of Negative Feedback. As a result, understanding Negative Feedback is now an integral component for optimizing EdgeRank, and keeping at bay any negative impact on your content is more important than ever.
Negative Feedback Analyzer enables marketers to quickly understand how Negative Feedback impacts their content, and offers insight on how to avoid future Negative Feedback.
We built Negative Feedback Analyzer to answer a few
- How much Negative Feedback does my content typically receive?
- What is the normal amount of Negative Feedback that Pages in my industry receive?
- How many fans are now unreachable because of prior Negative Feedback?
- How is Paid Media influencing Negative Feedback for my content?
- Which topics are creating Negative Feedback?
- What specific content is receiving Negative Feedback?
- Of the different types of Negative Feedback, what is the severity of my Negative Feedback?
How To Use Negative Feedback Analyzer
On September 20th, it was reported that Facebook made a significant change to EdgeRank. This change resulted in a loss of Organic Reach for a vast majority of Pages. The fallout of this change is still being analyzed and many pages are reporting changes in their optimal content types. EdgeRank Checker decided to look at the data to see if these changes made any impact on the dominance of photos on the news feed.
We're excited to announce our newest tool: Real-Time Monitor for Facebook Analytics! Facebook now updates post level analytics approximately every 5 minutes. We've built a dashboard to monitor the most important metrics, as they happen. This new tool is currently in Beta, which requires you to remain within the tool in order for us to collect the metrics every 5 minutes. We'll be expanding this functionality in the future.
- Monitor all active* posts for the Pages you Admin
- Filter by a variety of metrics: Total Impressions, Unique Impressions, Viral Impressions, Organic Impressions, Paid Impressions, Total Engagement, Clicks, Shares, Likes, Comments, & Virality
All filter options are able to be viewed as Change In Values or Total Values. Change In Values offers a unique perspective to see how your content is currently trending.
Keep an eye on all of your posts' Negative Feedback rating. If an individual post is receiving above average negative feedback, it's imperative to consider deleting the post to reduce potential damage to your average EdgeRank. Removing a Post before it receives substantial Negative Feedback helps your Page maintain the highest possible opportunity for high EdgeRank.
Social Media is renowned for having the potential for "Virality". We are now providing a never before seen real-time analysis of Viral Lift for your content. Examine how Organic, Viral, and Paid Impressions interact with your content to get a better understanding of Viral Lift.
Monitor recent posts' individual performance by examining Engagement, Impressions, Clicks, and Negative Feedback in real-time. This allows the brand manager to quickly identify how each individual post is performing as it happens.


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SUBLIST 1, Card 7
The word 'involve' dates back to the 14th century. It originally meant 'to roll into' or to 'mix together.' Today the meaning is similar ; it means to include something or be a result of something.
Example of today's usage:
- My new job involves a lot of travel.
- She is involved in a long and nasty court case.
Collocations: When you learn new vocab, make sure that you note collocations too. For this group of words some collocations are:
indication of, indicative of
interpretation of, misinterpretation of
involvement of, involvement with
issue of, issue with
Check the meanings of the words if you don't already know them. Check the meanings of the different forms if they seem to be different. You can check them at Time4english by clicking the words (_URL_
Complete the sentences below with the correct word and the correct form of the word.
1.These days glasses are _______________ checked for hidden cameras as part of the test security. (indicate, individual)
2.Have you had any ______________ yet of whether you were accepted into the program? (indicate, issue)
3.It is believed that the company managers were _______________ in fraudulent activities. (interpret, involve)
4.New driver licences are ______________ for 10 years. (issue, individual)
5.I must have _______________ that because I don't understand. (interpret, involve)
Answers (in the wrong order)
4. issued 2. indication 1. individually 3. involved 5. misinterpreted


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How To Pay Back Student Loans Faster
Take Advantage of Borrower Benefits and Rewards
Student lenders often offer incentives to make their loan products stand out from the crowd. The industry calls these borrower benefits but they may also be called borrower rewards or incentives. While they can often save you lots of money over the life of a loan, you should consider them carefully to see if they will really benefit you.
Examples of benefits:
- Interest Rate Reduction. This is usually a percentage by which the interest rate on your loan will decrease after a certain number of on-time payments or enrolling in automatic payments.
- Principal Reduction. This is usually a percentage of the original principal balance of the loan that is deducted from the amount owed. It is earned after a certain number of on-time payments or sometimes upon your graduation.
- Waiver of Fees. This is when the fees related to your student loan, such as the origination fee, are not charged, lowering your total cost.
- Cash Rebate. This is when the borrower gets a fixed amount of money back (or it is applied to a payment) after a certain period of time or when certain conditions are met.
- Waiver of Final Payments. Under certain conditions, your final are last few payments may be waived.
These benefits are either automatic or they are earned:
- Automatic—you automatically receive the incentive or benefit without having to qualify.
- Earned—you must qualify for the reward. A common earned reward is an interest rate reduction for setting up automatic payments; another is an interest rate reduction for a pre-determined number of on-time payments. Note that "earned" benefits can sometimes be "un-earned" if you stop meeting the requirements. Ask your selected lender for details about borrower benefits, including requirements to qualify.
But remember to shop around! Not all benefits are included with all loans. Know what you're entitled to before you borrow, and calculate your savings ahead of time.
Eligibility for Borrower Rewards
To qualify for borrower rewards, you may have to meet criteria specified by the lender. Some examples of these requirements are:
- A certain number of consecutive, on-time payments
- Automatic direct debit of your monthly payment from a checking or savings account
Check with each lender to see how and if you qualify for borrower rewards offered.
Other Important Notes:
- Interest rate reductions are often more valuable than principal reductions. The reason: you usually get the benefit of the rate reduction each year, rather than just once. However, if you plan to repay the loan very soon, a principal reduction could be better, since its value is immediate.
- Read the fine print very carefully. Borrower rewards can sometimes have restrictions and limits. Talk to the lender for all the details. Ask specifically if there are any circumstances a lender is able to revoke your rewards.
- Hold up your end of the bargain. This is your money and it is your responsibility to make sure you comply with the requirements of earning the rewards. The most common requirements are automatic debit of your monthly payment and a certain number of on-time payments.
- Set up auto debit for your monthly payment. This is one of the most common requirements, and it's an easy benefit to earn. Auto-debit saves you the hassle of having to remember to make payments, and it can also save you money.
- Make monthly payments on time. Understand how a lender defines "on time." With some lenders, a payment that is even one day late may disqualify you from receiving any benefit that requires on-time payment.
Student Loan Interest Deduction
When filing your income taxes with the federal government each year, be sure to check for qualifying educational deductions. If you took out a loan specifically to pay for college or other educational expenses, then you may have what is called a qualified student loan, which can entitle you to a student loan interest deduction of up to $2,500, or the amount of interest paid if less.
These deductions do not need to be itemized on the Form 1040 Schedule A since they are considered an adjustment
to your income. You may be eligible to claim this deduction if:
- You are considered legally obligated to pay interest on a student loan that qualifies.
- You paid interest on a qualified student loan in that tax year.
- Your modified adjusted gross income is less than the annual specified amount.
- You are not filing as married separately, and someone else is not claiming you, and/or your spouse if filing jointly, as dependents.
If during the year, you paid $600 or more in interest on a qualified student loan, whomever you paid the interest to will send you a 1090-E form detailing the amount paid.
To learn more about this and more possible educational deductions through the IRS, see Tax Benefits for Education, Publication 970, or the Form 1040 Instructions to determine your eligibility.
Here are some potential pitfalls:
- Failure to continuously pay on time
- Discontinuing the use of automatic payments from a checking or savings account for the monthly payment
- Not understanding the definition of "on-time" payment
- Cancellation of borrower benefits by the lender or the sale of the loan to another lender
- Failure to continue to meet the requirements for the borrower benefits means you may owe the lender the amount saved from using the benefits
- Student Loans FAQ
- Anna Maria College
- Bank Loans
- Choosing the Best
- Consolidate Defaulted
- Consolidating Federal
- Debt Relief
- Dept. of Education
- Federal vs. Private Options
- Federal vs. Private
- Forgiveness for Nurses
- Forgiveness for Teachers
- Get a Student Loan
- How to Pay for College
- Interest Rates
- National Database
- New Mexico
- Obama Reconciliation Bill
- South Carolina
- Title IV
- US Department of Education Loan Payment
- US Department of Education Loan Servicing
- US Department of Education Online Payment
- Wage Garnishment


Pope: Church Has Contribution to Make in Africa
Sends Letter to German President
| 2289 hits
VATICAN CITY, JUNE 22, 2009 (Zenit.org).- The Church has a decisive contribution to offer Africa in terms of a type of education that works from the inside out, says Benedict XVI.
This type of education would propel Africans to be the protagonists of their own development, the Pope wrote in a letter to the president of Germany, Horst Köhler.
Köhler had written first to the Pontiff in March to share his "ideas on the development of Africa" and his "perspectives on the future of the continent." The Holy Father responded upon returning from his trip to Angola and Cameroon. L'Osservatore Romano published the letter Saturday.
"I took your reflections with me on my journey," The Pontiff said. "Today, upon my return, I am able to confirm your experiences with full conviction."
"Africa is a young continent, full of the joy of life and confidence, with great creative potential," he continued. "Of course, foreign interests and the tensions of its own history still weigh on the present and threaten the future.
"But the living faith, young moral strength and growing intellectual competency create a climate of hope that withstands difficulties, and overcomes them."
In his letter, the Pope assured that the Church "can offer a decisive contribution and the necessary human formation."
"The Church seeks to form consciences and work from the inside out," he explained, "so that Africans, as the protagonists of the development of their countries, can use their numerous gifts in favor of the cultivation of society and peace."
Benedict XVI also underlined that "conduct that is honest and marked by solidarity, and that does not give in to the law of the strongest or in seeking one's own interests, is hope in action, and a seed that carries within itself a better future."
"Upon this foundation," the Pope said, "I have been able to encourage the Church in Africa to continue helping the victims of violence and illnesses such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, and fighting efficiently against these terrible difficulties."
He concluded: "I have been able to say that the Church -- stirring up in hearts love for those who suffer, and the willingness to help -- does much more against these illnesses than many other institutions."


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© 2013 TutorialsPoint.COM
SOAP Fault Element
When an error occurs during processing, the response to a SOAP message is a SOAP fault element in the body of the message, and the fault is returned to the sender of the SOAP message.
The SOAP fault mechanism returns specific information about the error, including a predefined code, a description, the address of the SOAP processor that generated
A SOAP Message can carry only one fault block
Fault element is an optional part of SOAP Message
For the HTTP binding, a successful response is linked to the 200 to 299 range of status codes;
SOAP fault is linked to the 500 to 599 range of status codes.
The SOAP Fault element has the following sub elements:
||A text code used to indicate a class of errors. See the next Table for a listing of predefined fault codes.
||A text message explaning the error
||A text string indicating who caused the fault. This is useful if the SOAP
message travels through several nodes in the SOAP message path, and the
client needs to know which node caused the error. A node that does not act
as the ultimate destination must include a faultActor element.
An element used to carry application-specific error messages. The detail element can contain child elements, called detail entries.
SOAP Fault Codes
The faultCode values defined below must be used in the faultcode element when describing faults
||Found an invalid namespace for the SOAP Envelope element
||An immediate child element of the Header element, with the mustUnderstand attribute set to "1", was
||The message was incorrectly formed or contained incorrect information
||There was a problem with the server so the message could not proceed
SOAP Fault Example
The following code is a sample Fault. The client has requested a method named ValidateCreditCard, but the service does not support such a method. This represents a client request error, and the server returns the following SOAP response:
Failed to locate method (ValidateCreditCard) in class
(examplesCreditCard) at /usr/local/ActivePerl-5.6/lib/
site_perl/5.6.0/SOAP/Lite.pm line 1555.