12 Rates
Particle size distribution
The particle size is one of the most important characteristics of particulate materials. It directly affects several properties, from the accessibility of minerals during processing to the mouthfeel of many foods. In industry, the aim of particle size measurement is to first find a correlation between the particle size and the property of interest (e.g. mouthfeel, reactivity, sintering behavior).This information can then be used to modify the properties of the substances via the particle size and also use the particle size as a parameter for quality insurance purposes.
Today, measuring the particle size distribution of a substance is an easy and straightforward task thanks to the modern instrumentation available which often enables measurement in less than one minute. To determine particle size there is a large variety of techniques available, which deliver a similarly large selection of results in the form of means, averages, modes, and other parameters. The key to understanding the results is to first know the meaning of these parameters. In this article we will introduce the basic terms and their use in particle size analysis and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using single parameters vs. multiple parameters to characterize the particle size distribution.
Describing the particle size distribution by a single parameter
Figure 1: Theoretical particle size distribution of a simple mixture in different weightings
Obtaining a meaningful description of a particulate system with many different particle sizes and shapes using just one or two parameters is challenging. To deliver useful information, the chosen parameter should be easy to calculate, should be specific enough, and should have a direct connection to the physical property of interest.
Different measurement techniques "see" the particles in a different way, which translates to a different weighting as the result. The different weightings are:
 - Number-weighted distribution (% number)
 - Intensity-weighted distribution (% in surface)
 - Volume-weighted distribution (% in volume)
As an example, as a microscope sees the diameter of each particle, using this technique will deliver a number-weighted result. In contrast, the diffraction of light is proportional to the volume of the particle, therefore techniques such as laser diffraction or X-ray diffraction deliver volume-weighted results.
Figure 1 shows an example of how the particle size distribution (PSD) of a mixture containing 1 µm, 2 µm and 3 µm particles would look like in different weightings.
Table 1: Particle size distributions delivered by different measurement techniques
Weighting Measurement technique
Number-weighted distribution (% number) Microscopy, dynamic image analysis
Intensity-weighted distribution (% in surface) Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
Volume-weighted distribution (% in volume) Sedimentation, laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction
As Figure 1 illustrates, the main difference between these weightings is the representation of the fine fraction compared to the coarse fraction. Number weighting gives equal representation to the fine and the coarse fraction. In contrast, in the volume-weighted results a few large particles might outweigh numerous smaller particles. Both representations have their merits, depending on what is required from a measurement: For someone working in the mining industry, it is important to know the size of the particles in a given volume, while in microbiology, where individual cells are counted, the number-based distribution is preferred.
The remaining sections of this article will look at the selection of options to visualize, analyze and compare particle size distributions, as illustrated by an example of a measurement using the laser diffraction technique.
Using laser diffraction to obtain a single parameter for quality control
Figure 2: Typical results of a particle size analysis by laser diffraction. CC BY license
When using laser diffraction, the two most common visual representations are the density or frequency distribution (q3), see Figure 2, and the cumulative curve (Q3), shown in Figure 3. The former displays the probability of finding a particle with diameter d in the population, while the latter shows the percentage of particles which are smaller (undersize) or bigger (oversize) than diameter d. The two are in strong mathematical correlation, as the cumulative curve is a simple integral of the frequency curve:
$$Q_3(r)=\int_{0}^{r} q_3(r) dr$$
Graphical depiction is practical, as it gives lots of information at a glance. A few examples are the modality, the relative ratios of the particle populations, the broadness, and the general shape of the distribution. Although a visual input is fast and convenient, for documentation and comparison purposes numerical values are indispensable. The three most important options for describing a particle size distribution by a single parameter are:
 - the mode
 - the median
 - the mean
The mode
The mode is defined as the most commonly occurring size. It is the peak position on the frequency distribution curve. This frequency distribution curve is a straightforward figure for strictly monomodal (having only one peak) and narrow samples, such as latex beads, or monodisperse (containing only particles of very similar sizes) nanoparticle populations. However, its limitations become clear once more than one particle population is present in the sample (bimodal or polymodal substances) or when characterizing polydisperse samples. Figure 2 shows an example with three samples, all of which have a very similar mode although the particle distribution of the three samples is clearly different.
Figure 3: Three different samples with the same mode, but clearly different particle size distributions
The median
The median is the value separating the higher half of the data from the lower half. It is the determined particle size from which half of the particles are smaller and half are larger. This is also called D50 (see Figure 1). The median is easy to determine from the cumulative distribution curve (s. Figure 4). However, it has the same problem as the mode: Several distributions may have the same median; therefore it is not reliable as a single figure.
Figure 4: Determination of the median from the cumulative curve
The mean
The mean is the single most valuable measure of a sample. There are many different mean diameters defined, based on the weighting of the mean. The three most important means are:
 1. Number-weighted mean diameter
 2. Surface-weighted mean diameter
 3. Volume-weighted mean diameter
The calculation of these means follows the general formula:
$$D[p,q]=\frac{\sum n*d^p}{\sum n*d^q} $$
These means are equally important because – as already mentioned earlier – depending on the application people are interested in different properties of the sample. Table 2 summarizes the means and gives a few applicative examples.
Table 2: Weighted mean diameters and their applications
Mean diameter Importance
Number-weighted mean D[1,0] Biological applications, viruses, blood cell counting
Surface-weighted (Sauter) mean D[3,2] Fluid dynamics, catalysis [Catalyst AR], fuel combustion
Volume-weighted (De Brouckere) mean D[4,3] Mining, comminution, mineral processing [Building Mat AR]
Other methods
Additionally, several methods were developed in the 20th century in order to provide a single measure for the quality check of products in the mining, milling, and grinding industries. The two most prominent examples are the Rosin-Rammler (RR) model and the Gates-Gaudin-Schuchmann (GGS) model. Both of these provide a linearization of the distribution through a logarithmic calculation and provide a more sensitive median (D63.5).
Describing the particle size distribution by multiple parameters
A single number is a valuable piece of information for quality control purposes, e.g. when checking for differences in production batches. However, it does not deliver information about the source of the deviation, such as the shape, broadness, modality, etc. A deeper investigation into, and understanding of, the source of differences call for a multiparameter description of the particle size distribution. The following parameters are used in particle sizing techniques.
The most common values used in several particle sizing techniques are the D-values. These are related to the cumulative distribution and are only meaningful followed by a number, e.g. Dx. Both undersize and oversize D-values can be defined (just like the cumulative curve can be undersize or oversize). If not stated otherwise, the standard is the undersize D-value which means that in general Dx gives the diameter of which x percentage of the particles are smaller. The three most often used D-values are D10, D50, and D90 (see Figure 2), but custom D-values can be found for particular applications (e.g. IV Insulin).
Even though D-values are the most often used results due to their convenience and easy to understand definition, they are typically meant for quality control purposes as an alternative to the single parameter but more calculation-heavy RR (Rosin-Rammler) or GGS (Gates-Gaudin-Schuchmann) method.
In most cases a useful description of a particle size distribution also calls for a way to describe the shape of the distribution. An important measure of any statistical distribution is the width or broadness. In laser diffraction an often-used measure is the span. It is calculated in general by the following formula:
$$ Span = \frac{D_{90} - D_{10}}{D_{50}} $$
However, some custom-defined spans exist for specific applications.
Folk & Ward parameters
Some samples, such as soil and geological samples, have a large variety of grain sizes and are classified accordingly. Their particle size distribution is often complex with very broad polymodal distribution. For the analysis of such samples Folk


sound decision definition, sound decision meaning | English dictionary
a a periodic disturbance in the pressure or density of a fluid or in the elastic strain of a solid, produced by a vibrating object. It has a velocity in air at sea level at 0°C of 332 metres per second (743 miles per hour) and travels as longitudinal waves
b (as modifier)
a sound wave
2 modifier of or relating to radio as distinguished from television
sound broadcasting, sound radio
3 the sensation produced by such a periodic disturbance in the organs of hearing
4 anything that can be heard
5 a particular instance, quality, or type of sound
the sound of running water
6 volume or quality of sound
a radio with poor sound
7 the area or distance over which something can be heard
to be born within the sound of Big Ben
8 the impression or implication of something
I don't like the sound of that
9 (Phonetics) the auditory effect produced by a specific articulation or set of related articulations
10 often pl
Slang music, esp. rock, jazz, or pop
11 to cause (something, such as an instrument) to make a sound or (of an instrument, etc.) to emit a sound
12 to announce or be announced by a sound
to sound the alarm
13 intr (of a sound) to be heard
14 intr to resonate with a certain quality or intensity
to sound loud
15 copula to give the impression of being as specified when read, heard, etc.
to sound reasonable
16 tr to pronounce distinctly or audibly
to sound one's consonants
17 intr; usually foll by: in (Law) to have the essential quality or nature (of)
an action sounding in damages (See also) sound off
 (C13: from Old French soner to make a sound, from Latin sonare, from sonus a sound)
 soundable adj
English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus
See also:
sound, sound, sound, Sound
Collaborative Dictionary English Definition
the decision is yours
to say, pronounce, speak
ex.: The child sounded out each word out loud as she read her book.
(of sound) hollow and deep-sounding
Bookish knowledge; knowledge obtained through hearsay, has no sound basis
word used to describe the sound made by the wheels of a train
by extension, it can be applied to other rhythmic similar sounds (for example, the sound of a clock or of a typing machine)
cela te dirait de?
it sounds interesting or attractive
avec de l'imagination on prend le son pour de la farine
ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
I showed my initiative when I became a group leader in class.
cela est évident, irréfutable
cela est évident, irréfutable
Or sign up in the traditional way
 - Create your own vocabulary list
 - Contribute to the Collaborative Dictionary
 - Improve and share your linguistic knowledge


a Standard English phrase there would be a statistically higher occurrence of certain (e,r,s,t) letters than others. [18] A passphrase would have to be 85 characters long to have 110 bits of entropy, and you simply couldn't use 110 bits without first distilling it to match the encryption key requirements. To produce enough entropy for a hash function such as MD5 to consider random you would need a passphrase at least 99 characters long.
(8 bits to a byte / 1.3 entropy bits to a byte)
 * (128 bits in MD5 / 8 bits to a byte) = 98.5 bytes
If each letter had a statistically equal occurrence in a password (any letter occurs as often as any other letter) the amount of entropy per letter would be 4.7 bits per byte. The increased entropy would require a little as 27 random letters to hash by MD5 to produce a good random key.
log (26) / log (2) = 4.7 bit of entropy with random letter occurrences
(8 bits to a byte / 4.7 entropy bits to a byte) *
 (128 bits in MD5 / 8 bits to a byte) = 27 bytes
One of the problems with hashing a password or passphrase as a key is that we have to assume that whoever attacking your software also has a copy of the source code and knows the hashing algorithm used to generate the key. With this knowledge an attacker can easily download a very large dictionary with common English phrases and hash each entry to try to recover your key.
The selection of a hashing function to use for distilling entropy for encryption will depend on the encryption algorithm's key space requirement. For RC2 which has a default key space of 128 bits you would use MD5 to create the message digest of the entropy pool for the key. Your option of encryption algorithms becomes limited to ones that have a key space of 128, 160, 256, 384, and 512 bits. These key spaces are the available key spaces of the hashing functions that are available with the.NET Framework. The preferable way for generating keys would be to use a true random number generator.
Greater the effective key space makes a brute force attack less feasible. The effective key space also depends largely on the encryption algorithm being used and the amount of entropy found in your keys. For private key encryption, an effective key size of 56 bits is considered to be weak; similarly 512 bit keys are weak for public key encryption systems. For each bit that the key increases by there is a doubling of work effort required to brute force the key.
User authentication routines
It is preferable to rely on the.NET Framework role based authentication model to supply user authentication and authorization. The.NET Framework BCL contains a number of classes that support role based security.
.NET cryptographic hashing algorithms
Hashing algorithms are generally used to assure data integrity by producing a unique numerical message digest or fingerprint that represents the data being hashed. Hashing takes an arbitrary amount of data and produces a message digest that is fixed length. Hashing works one way because you can't reproduce the data given the message digest and it is computational impossible to produce two documents that produce the same digest. This type of hashing is known as Message Detection Code (MDC).
There are different hashing algorithms that produce varying lengths of the message digest. Greater the length, the less likely there would be any collisions with two documents producing a similar message digest. Although MDC primitives can be used to detect changes to data, if the message digest is sent along with the data, both pieces of information could be intercepted and altered before being sent along. A solution to this is to use a keyed hash primitive.
The.NET Framework Cryptographic Namespace contains a number of MDC primitives with varying hash sizes.
 1. MD5
 2. SHA1
 3. SHA256
 4. SHA384
 5. SHA512
The MD5 algorithm was developed by Rivest to succeed his previous version MD4. MD5 is a little slower than the previous version but more secure. The MD5 algorithm produces a hash of 128 bits and the SHA1 produces hashes of 160 bits. So it is less likely that there would be a collision with SHA1 than with MD5. There are also variations of SHA1 which create message digests of the following bit sizes 256, 384, and 512.
Here is a code sample written in Visual C++. NET that shows an example of creating a message digest of a Unicode message using SHA1 outputting the digest to console.
// This is the main project file for VC++ application project
// generated using an Application Wizard.
_TAG_
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Text ;
using namespace System::Diagnostics ;
using namespace System::Security::Cryptography ;
// This is the entry point for this application
int _tmain(void)
 String * myMessage ;
 myMessage = S"Bill Ferreira";
 SHA1Managed * mySHA1 = new SHA1Managed();
 UnicodeEncoding * myUE = new UnicodeEncoding();
 Byte myMessageBytes[] = myUE->GetBytes(myMessage);
 // Generate a 160 bit hash
 Byte myHash[] = mySHA1->ComputeHash
 String * myHashResult = BitConverter::ToString (myHash);
 // Remove the "-" from the hash
 Trace::WriteLine (myHashResult->Replace
 catch (Exception * e) {
 Trace::WriteLine (e->ToString());
 return 0;
To hash a file, we open a filestream on the file and pass the handle of the stream to the ComputeHash() method. Here is an example of creating a message digest of a file.
// generated using an Application Wizard.
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Text ;
using namespace System::Diagnostics ;
using namespace System::Security::Cryptography ;
// This is the entry point for this application
int _tmain(void)
 FileStream * sw;
 Byte calculatedhash[];
 SHA1Managed * mySHA1 = new SHA1Managed();
 calculatedhash = new Byte[mySHA1->HashSize / 8];
 sw = new FileStream ("c:\\myfile.exe",
 FileMode::Open, FileAccess::Read,
 calculatedhash = mySHA1->ComputeHash (sw);
 catch (Exception * e) {
 __finally {
 sw->Close ();
 return 0;
Keyed hash primitives are hashes that produce a message digest based on the data and a secret key. Keyed hash algorithms are known as Message Authentication Codes (MAC). MAC serves two purposes: assure data integrity and authentication. There are two types of MAC, ones based on hash algorithms such as SHA1 and ones based on encryption algorithms such as TripleDES. The.NET Framework BCL includes both types of MAC algorithms and both are derive from the abstract KeyedHashAlgorithm class, the HMACSHA1 is based on the SHA1 hash algorithm; and the MACTripleDES class is based on the TripleDES algorithm.
The main difference between both key hash algorithms is the restriction on the key and the size of the message digest. The HMACSH1 takes any size key and produces a 20 byte message digest. The MACTripleDES is restricted to key sizes of 8, 16, or 24 bytes and produces an 8 byte message digest.
The code below is an example of creating a message digest using the key hashed algorithm HMACSHA1. The key that I used for the code comes from the cryptographic random number generator. To reproduce the same message digest value on the data you would need to use the same key.
// generated using an Application Wizard.
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Text ;
using namespace System::Diagnostics ;
using namespace System::Security::Cryptography ;
// This is the entry point for this application
int _tmain(void)
 String * myMessage ;
 myMessage = S"Bill Ferreira";
 HMACSHA1 * myhmac = new HMACSHA1 ();
 RNGCryptoServiceProvider * rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider;
 Byte rndhashkey[] = new Byte[10]; // allocate a 10 byte array.
 // Array gets filled with random numbers.
 rng->GetNonZeroBytes (rndhashkey);
 myhmac->Key = rndhashkey; // sets the hash key
 UnicodeEncoding * myUE = new UnicodeEncoding();
 try {
 // Generate a 160 bit hash
 Byte myHash[] = myhmac->ComputeHash (myMessageBytes);
 String * myHashResult = BitConverter::ToString (myHash);
 // Remove the "-" from the hash
 Trace::WriteLine (myHashResult->;Replace ("-",""));
 catch (Exception * e)
 Trace::WriteLine (e->;ToString());
 return 0;
At this point we covered enough to begin encrypting and decrypting secrets. Let's take a look at the following source code that encrypts and decrypts a secret in memory. The example uses the 128 bit RC2 encryption algorithm, and the 128 bit MD5 hash to convert the pass phrase into a usable encryption key for RC2. Since we are encrypting and decrypting within the same module there is no need to store the IV. If we were to transmit the encrypted message we would also need to transmit the IV with the message.
// generated using an


text:
Botanical writer Potter (The Rose, 2011) examines the rich history of "the flowers of healing; of delirium and death; of purity and passion; of greed, envy and virtue; of hope and consolation; of the beauty that drives men wild."
Going back to evidence of roses more than 35 million years ago, the author traces the beginnings and great influences of that iconic flower, as well as the lotus, lily, opium poppy, sunflower, tulip and orchid. While English gardeners will benefit more from the author's deep discussion of various species, most other readers will enjoy the luscious botanical descriptions. The earliest descriptions of plants predate Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus' 18th-century binomial nomenclature and were often misnamed. For example, the fleur-de-lis is not a lily but rather a flag iris, and water lilies aren't really lotuses. In addition to the power of flowers to speak metaphorically, Potter explores their influence on art, literature and especially the medicinal arts. The opium poppy has 40 alkaloids, including codeine and morphine, while the lovely tulip has no use as either nourishment or medicine. Even so, tulip fever led to the financial ruin of thousands in 17th-century Holland. Globalization of different species of flowers began with Alexander the Great, whose army carried plants to their new conquests, and the Romans continued the spread. The trade routes, especially the Silk Road, transferred even more specimens, as did the plant hunters of the British Empire. The spread of the opium poppy can be laid at the feet of the British, as they fought the opium wars to be allowed to export the opium they grew in India to China.
Though Potter is occasionally too thorough in her information, anyone who has ever planted a seed or loved a flower can appreciate the author's knowledge and devotion.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
WATER STORES PATTERNS - MENSTRUUM
©2014 Dorian Taddei
[Excerpted from the website: Water Structure and Science]
"Ethanol forms solutions in water that are far from ideal and very slow to equilibrate. Although usually considered a single phase, such solutions may contain several distinct phases and more generally consist of a complex mixture dominated by water-water and ethanol-ethanol clusters, where hydrogen bonding is longer-lived than in water alone. They also favor nanobubble (that is, nanocavity) formation. Thus, the peculiar behavior of aqueous solutions... is accentuated by the presence of ethanol."
MORE COPY COMING SOON!
- • • • • • •


what does strtok return?
This is a discussion on what does strtok return? within the C++ Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; What does strtok return when it finds "nothing" between two delimiters? (It seams that it is not NULL). I need...
 1. #1
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Sep 2002
 what does strtok return?
 I need to insert a character between two deliniters, but cannot find any if-condition for this case.
 Thank you.
 2. #2
 Skunkmeister Stoned_Coder's Avatar
 Join Date
 Aug 2001
 if strtok() finds nothing that generally means that the 2 delim chars occupy consecutive memory locations. Read up to first delim and place in an array or something. Then strcat() what you want onto the end. Then finally strcat() again onto that the end of the original string. Always make sure your destination array is big enough to cope with the 2 strcat operations without overflowing.
 Simple to do with the funcs in string.h and/or pointers.
 3. #3
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Nov 2001
 strtok() should return NULL if it does not find the key in a string.
 4. #4
 Registered User
 Join Date
 Sep 2002
 This is what I already know :
 strtok() returns a pointer to a string that includes the delimiter AND replaces the delimiter by NULL.
 That means: in case there are two delimiters in a row (like ;;) strtok() should return NULL. In fact it only does so at the input-string's end!
 /* strtok example */
 _TAG_
 _TAG_
 int main ()
 char str[] ="S1;;;;0;;1;;;";
 char * pch;
 cout << "Splitting string in tokens:" << endl;
 pch = strtok (str,";");
 while (pch!= NULL)
 cout << pch << " ";
 pch = strtok (NULL, ";");
 return 0;
 The Output looks like this: S1 0 1
 If strtok() had returned NULL when it found two ';' in a row, "0 1" would be missing.
 I need to fill in 0 between each ';'.
 The output has to look like: S1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
 @ Stoned_Coder:
 Surely I can append any string at EACH token I get with strcat(). But how do I append only at the tokens with "nothing" in it? I only see that my output will look like this which is not what I want:
 S10 0 0 0 00 0 10 0 0
 Did I get it wrong?
 Thank You.
 Last edited by Zwen; 09-29-2002 at 01:40 PM.
 5. #5
 Banned master5001's Avatar
 Join Date
 Aug 2001
 Visalia, CA, USA
 This is just one of the many reasons I have strtok(). However, as much as I hate strtok() you can work with it. You should always do some sort of preprocessing of text that you are tokenizing. You should count the number of delimeters and get take care of crap like two consecutive delimeters.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Â, â (a-circumflex) is a letter of the French, Friulian, Frisian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Walloon, and Welsh alphabets.
Usage in various languages[edit]
Berber languages[edit]
Croatian and Serbian[edit]
"â" is not a letter in the Croatian and Serbian, but simply an "a" with the circumflex. It is used only occasionally, in order to disambiguate homographs which differ only by length of the vowel. Such situation is most common in (but not exclusive to) the plural genitive case, thus the name "genitive sign" for the circumflex and is pronounced as a long vowel. For example, "Ja sam sâm." (English: I am alone.)
Schrøter 1817 Modern Faroese
Brinhlid situr uj gjiltan Stouli,
Teâ hit veâna Vujv,
Drevur hoon Sjúra eâv Nordlondun
Uj Hildarhaj tiil sujn.
Brynhild situr í gyltum stóli,
tað hitt væna vív,
dregur hon Sjúrða av Norðlondum
í Hildarheið til sín.
Â is not used in modern Faroese, however.
Â in the French language is used as the letter "a" with a circumflex accent. It is a remnant of old French, where a vowel was followed, with some exceptions, by the consonant "s". For example, the modern form bâton (English: stick) comes from the ancient French baston. Phonetically, "â" is pronounced as /ɑ/, but only in dialects that distinguish it from /a/.
Â is used to represent the /ɑː/ sound.
Â is the 3rd letter of the Romanian alphabet and represents /ɨ/. This sound is also represented in Romanian as letter î. The difference between the two is that â is used in the middle of the word, as in "România", while î is used at the ends: "înțelegere" (understanding), "a urî" (to hate). A compound word starting or ending with the letter î will retain it, even if it goes in the middle of the word: "neînțelegere" (miss-understanding)
Â is the 3rd letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents /ɜ/. In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form the following five forms to represent five tones of â.
 - Ầ ầ
 - Ẩ ẩ
 - Ẫ ẫ
 - Ấ ấ
 - Ậ ậ
Â is used to indicate the consonant before "a" is palatalised, as in "kâğıt" (paper). It is also used to indicate /aː/ in words where the long vowel changes the meaning, as in "adet" (pieces) and "âdet" (tradition).
In Welsh, â is used to represent long stressed a [aː] when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short [a], e.g., âr [aːr] "arable", as opposed to ar [ar] "on", or gwâr [ɡwaːr] "civilised, humane", rather than gwar [ɡwar] "nape of the neck". It is often found in final syllables when two occurrences of the letter a combine to produce one long stressed vowel. This commonly happens when a verb stem ending in stressed a combines with the nominalising suffix -ad, as in cantiata- + -ad giving caniatâd [kanjaˈtaːd] "permission" and also when a singular noun ending in a receives the plural suffix -au, e.g., drama + -au becoming dramâu [draˈmaɨ, draˈmai] "dramas, plays". It is also useful in writing borrowed words with final stress, e.g. brigâd [brɪˈɡaːd] "brigade".
A circumflex is also used in the word â, which is both a preposition meaning "with, by means of, as", and also the third person non-past singular of the verbal noun mynd "go". This distinguishes it in writing from similarly pronounced a "and; whether; who, which, that".
Character mappings[edit]
Charset Unicode ISO 8859-1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16
Majuscule Â U+00C2 Â latin capital letter a with circumflex (HTML: Â Â) C2
Minuscule â U+00E2 â latin small letter a with circumflex (HTML: â â) E2
TeX and LaTeX[edit]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
Letter A with diacritics
Áá Àà Ăă Ắắ Ằằ Ẵẵ Ẳẳ Ââ Ấấ Ầầ Ẫẫ Ẩẩ Ǎǎ Åå Ǻǻ Ää Ǟǟ Ãã Ȧȧ Ǡǡ Ąą Āā Ảả Ȁȁ Ȃȃ Ạạ
Ặặ Ậậ Ḁḁ Ⱥⱥ Ɐɐ Ɑɑ
Letters using circumflex accent ( ◌̂ )
Ââ Ĉĉ Êê Ĝĝ Ĥĥ Î î Ĵĵ Ôô Ŝŝ Ûû Ŵŵ Ŷŷ Ẑẑ


Do hybrids differ that much in starch type?
crops and forages
Do hybrids differ that much in starch type?
by Bill Mahanna and Ev Thomas
There has been an explosion of interest among seed corn buyers about the differences in the type of starch found in hybrids. What these discussions are referring to is the amount of floury (also called soft or dent) endosperm versus vitreous (also called hard or flinty) endosperm.
structure of a corn kernal
Floury endosperm contains the white-colored starch granules found in the center of the kernel as shown in Figure 1. They are more loosely bound in a starch:zein protein (prolamin) matrix. Dent corn derives its name because this softer starch "dents in" at the top of the kernel as it matures.
Vitreous starch is the higher-density, yellowish-colored starch granules found on the outer edges of a mature kernel which are more tightly bound in a starch:protein matrix. Vitreous starch becomes more prominent as the kernel approaches dry grain harvest maturity (postblack layer). Popcorn would be considered nearly 100 percent vitreous starch.
Hybrids with more floury starch generally have lower test weight due to kernel reduced density (more air space between starch granules). However, only about 40 percent of the variation in grain density can be attributed to test weight. The remainder is due to the influences of kernel size, shape, maturity, germ content, and pericarp slickness.
The relationship between kernel density and vitreous starch levels at dry grain maturity, when the kernel has the highest level of hard starch, is illustrated in Figure 2. Note the shaded area indicating the typical range of vitreous starch in commercial hybrids. Research comparing the starch digestibility of floury genetics against flinty hybrids has certainly furthered the understanding of the mechanisms of starch digestion. However, caution is needed when extrapolating these "bookend" comparisons to what dairymen will observe from high-yielding, commercially available hybrids.
corn density and starch vitreousness compared
Research comparing starch digestibility of hybrids with less than 50 percent
vitreousness can aid in the understanding of digestion mechanisms
but have little appli-cability to high-yielding commercially available corn hybrids.
According to Ohio State researchers, the level of kernel vitreousness has little, if any, impact on the digestibility of starch in fermented forms of corn such as silage or high-moisture grain. Consequently, total tract starch digestibility typically exceeds 96 percent for adequately fermented silage or high-moisture corn.
Microbial activity during fermentation and the chemical action of various fermentation end-products (acids, yeast-generated alcohol) alter kernel storage proteins, removing most of the negative effects of zeins (prolamins) on starch digestibility. There is a strong positive relationship between the level of soluble protein (or ammonia nitrogen) in corn grain and the improved ruminal starch digestibility of corn grain over time in fermented storage.
If corn kernels are fed fully mature and not fermented, as in the case of dry corn grain, research from France indicates that fine-grinding can remove the negative impact of vitreous endosperm on starch digestibility. This is something nutritionists have learned simply by watching cows (and manure) and is the reason for feeding fine-ground dry corn (600 to 1,000 microns) rather than rolled or cracked corn to high-producing cows. Steers can successfully be fed coarser grain because they have less fiber in their diet and a much slower ruminal starch passage rate than lactating cows.
For corn fed as dry, ground, or rolled grain, starch from finely ground, more floury, endosperm hybrids will generally be more extensively degraded in the rumen compared to starch from more vitreous hybrids. However, with acidosis as a common nutritional malady, is boosting ruminal starch digestibility always the goal?
High ruminally available starch may or may not be of benefit depending upon other starchy ingredients like corn silage, the relative need for ruminal microbial protein production, and the possible desire to shift starch digestion to the intestines to reduce the potential for acidosis.
For corn fed as fermented corn silage or high-moisture corn, more vitreous hybrids with large kernels (reduced pericarp:endosperm ratio) appear preferable. This is because they typically have higher grain yields, and the process of fermentation (protein matrix solubilization and acid hydrolysis) will minimize most of the adverse effects of vitreousness.
Not a benefit
It appears counterproductive to recommend hybrid selection for low test weight or kernel vitreousness given these facts:
1. Seed companies do not have data on the level of vitreousness at silage or high-moisture grain harvest maturity.
2. Vitreousness of grain harvested at silage maturity is considerably lower than for dry grain.
3. Adverse effects of vitreousness for dry grain can be largely alleviated by fine grinding.
4. Fermentation significantly re-duces the impact of vitreousness.
5. Selecting hybrids for reduced vitreousness likely depresses grain yields and possibly causes more ear molds.
Rather, it seems prudent to select corn hybrids for traits for which there are significant genetic differences such as silage tonnage, grain yield, and trait packages necessary to protect yield against specific pest and weed challenges. Growers can then fine-tune the selection process with attention to resistance to drought, foliar disease, and ear molds.


text:
Fixed Deposit Is Not Fixed?
So It is 'Halal'?
Nowadays are tackling the fatwa of the Islamic Research Academy in which respectful scholars legalize interest on money deposited in banks. They say that determining the percentage of interest is subject to special economic studies. That is to say, it is not fixed but fluctuates according to prices and so on. The percentage of interest, they claim, is also subject to the principle of public interests. But really, I'm not fully satisfied with this fatwa. So what is your opinion on this issue?
Wa 'alaykum As-Salamu wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh.
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
All praise and thanks are due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon His Messenger.
Dear questioner, we would like to thank you for the great confidence you place in us, and we implore Allah Almighty to help us serve His cause and render our work for His Sake.
Actually, banks consider people's money as loans and not as money for investment in shared profitable projects. But loans which incur interest are definitely riba. It has nothing to do with any economic studies or fluctuation of prices. Moreover, riba is made unlawful by textual evidence and it is not subject to public interests.
In his response to the question, Dr. Hussain Hamed, Professor of Shari'ah at the Faculty of Law, Cairo University, states the following:
"The fatwa issued by the Islamic Research Academy is supported by some arguments that prove that predetermining the percentage of interest on money deposited in banks is lawful and there is nothing wrong with it at all. Hence, I will mention these arguments and the reply to them.
The first argument: Predetermining the percentage of interest is based on a thorough study of the conditions of the market.
In this concern the fatwa reads: "It is well known that banks' pre-estimation of a certain percentage of interest on dealers' deposits is based on well established study of the stock market and its conditions, and of the economic conditions of the society. Fixing interest thus differs according to the circumstances, the nature of each deal, and the average of gains."
This justification is not a point of controversy in itself, because what matters is not the way of fixing the interest. Rather, controversy is on the ruling of interest given to depositors, disregarding its amount and the way of fixing.
Bank deposits are considered loans by law and by the consensus of jurists, and "any increment in a loan is riba," as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) states in his hadith. In reality, banks deal freely in people's deposits; they unilaterally dispose of them by using them in lending to other people for interest. At the same time, banks are committed to pay that money back with interest. These are the characteristics of loans as stated in law, with no regard to how such interest is estimated, what its percentage is, or what the name given to it is. It is no matter whether such extra money given on the capital is called benefit, gain, earning, interest, reward, gift or whatsoever. What matters is the actual results effected by the contract between the bank and the dealers, because contacts are governed by the results they entail. Rulings are generally given to real matters not to hypotheses. Moreover, the claim that banks are just investors by proxy that invest money deposited therein in legal projects has already been refuted by law, Shari'ah, and by experience.
The second argument: The percentage of interest fluctuates.
The fatwa of the Islamic Research Academy states: "It is well known that the percentage of interest paid to depositors is not fixed, such as the case with investment certificates. The interest for investment certificates was given a specific estimation, then it was increased to 15%. Afterwards it was decreased to about 10%."
This justification has nothing to do with the issue under discussion, as the discussion now is about the Shari'ah position on banks' interest. It has been stated previously that banks' interest is riba because it is an increment in a loan, usually a percentage of the amount loaned beyond what is due, granted by the debtor to the creditor in lieu of the delay in payment. This is definitely riba according to the previously mentioned hadith of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Also, there is a consensus that any increase given for delaying the payment of a debt is riba whether its percentage is fixed beforehand, as stated in the fatwa, or is estimated according to the rate of interest at all banks.
Money deposits are no more than loans that banks take and utilize, and banks have to pay them back in full. These are the characteristics of a loan as stated in Shari'ah and Law. So any excess beyond that which is due is riba, no matter what its percentage is, how it is estimated it, the name given to it, or its fluctuation.
Some may argue that a bank deals in people's deposits as an investment proxy who utilizes them for his own benefit in legal projects, like buying and selling and other legal channels of investment. But this claim is untrue as observed in reality, and it is also banned by law.
The third argument: Fixing the percentage of interest falls within the category of public interests.
The fatwa goes: "In conclusion, prior fixing of the percentage of interest for money deposited in banks or any other investment proxy is lawful and there is nothing wrong in it at all. This is because such deals fall within the category of public interests and do not fall within the acts of worship or articles of 'aqidah (Islamic belief), which are not subject to change or replacement."
This argument can be refuted by the following:
Firstly, when a Shari'ah ruling is supported by evidence and its scope is well defined, then it can never be changed or altered. This applies to 'aqidah issues, acts of worship, as well as dealings and transactions. However, in regard to transactions, the scholars may interpret any textual evidence in order to define the scope of application, considering the interest and wisdom it aims to achieve. As regards acts of worship scholars may apply their personal reasoning within the limits of the textual evidence, without going so far in interpreting it. This is the opinion of Imam Ash-Shatibi and others. However, in all cases once scholars reach a legal ruling through this methodology by working out their personal reasoning, then this ruling can't be changed.
Hereby we notice that this is totally different from the wording of the fatwa. Saying that rulings of Shari'ah can be changed or altered bears the serious connotation that they are not obligatory or binding. This saying was attributed to At-Tufi Al-Hanbali, though he is innocent thereof. In fact, none of the Muslim scholars has adopted this opinion in the history of Islamic personal reasoning (ijtihad). (See: Dr. Hussain Hamed, Nazariyyat al-Maslahah (The Interest Theory), p. 533)
Secondly, such dealing has nothing to do with public interests because such deals depend on investment by proxy, as stated in the fatwa. In this concern, Islamic Shari'ah clarifies the conditions of proxy and all its rulings. Meaning, everything about proxy is stated in the Shari'ah texts. The rulings of proxy as agreed upon among jurists are:
1. The wage fee of the authorized proxy or business manager must be stated in the proxy contract, whether it is a specific sum of money or a percentage of the invested money.
2. All the profits of the invested money should be given to the authorizer (i.e., the owner of the money) and losses are his, as he is the owner of the money, not the proxy.
3. The authorized proxy must document the accounts of the investment operations in files, so that he can record the gains as well as the expenses of projects. Then he is to give the net profits to the owner of the money after deducing the payment of the proxy himself. So the proxy that is claimed in the fatwa does not accord with reality. It is nonsense, as it does not fulfill the legal conditions for proxy and authorization and does not meet the rulings that are stated in Islamic Shari'ah.
In conclusion, I would like to say that the fatwa in question is not applicable in respect to the functioning of banks working in Egypt and other Arab countries, because the conditions and scope of application of the fatwa are not materialized in these banks. Arab and Egyptian banks do not do investment by proxy; they do not have any authority to directly invest or trade in money deposited in them. They only lend such deposits with interest, which is intrinsically unlawful in Shari'ah. Even if we suppose that there exists a banking system that does invest by proxy, then it should fulfill the legal conditions of proxy and work within the Islamic rulings that govern it."
Dear scholar, I put money in an Egyptian bank. I am living abroad. According to the fatwa of sheikh 'Ali Jum'ah, that bank interests are halal. This was last year in summer. Few months ago I heard several times it is haram. I am going for vacation this month and I planned to give the profit as sadaqah (charity). It is around 12000 pounds a big amount. We planned to put money this summer in an Islamic bank but my husband says it is halal because Al-Azhar is a trusted source of fatwa. Please tell me what to do with profit.
Answer By Prof. Dr Monzer Kahf
Dear sister ghada, unfortunately, these


aint a variable is to ensure that only valid characters are in the variable. The variable in question, in this example, is $siteinfo[1]. Unfortunately, it's very, very difficult to find an appropriate regex that can perfectly secure user-supplied data that is passed to the shell. What I would probably do in this case is creates a hash that has the user data as the key and the hash value as the actual file to be opened. I say "probably" because if you have hundreds of files that the user could open, you would want to take a different solution.
 my %files = ( colors => 'colors.dat', tests => 'test.txt', names => 'names.dat', bribes => 'politicians.txt' ); open IN, "<$filepath/$files{$siteinfo[1]}" or someErrorRoutine( "Can't open $filepath/$siteinfo[1] for reading: +$!" );
 In the above example, the user data is used to pull a value from a hash. Since you have created those hash values, you know they are safe. If the hash value doesn't exist, then someErrorRoutine() is called. Depending upon how your site is set up, you might want someErrorRoutine to log the details of the failure. The key point to remember here is that user data never gets close to the shell (and that you should always check to see if your open statement failed).
 Also, taint checking should still be used here. The following regex is interesting to me:
 $siteinfo[1] =~ /^[^.]+/(\w+\.\w+)$/ or someErrorRoutine( "Regex failed" ); my $fileToOpen = $1; # $fileToOpen untainted
 In this case, we are making sure that there are NO periods prior to the final slash and only one period in the actual filename. Note that the error subroutine is called on failure. If it's not and that fails, $1 might contain an undesireable value that gets assigned to $fileToOpen.
 The Moral: When untainting data, make sure you check for failure of your regex to match.
 For a little more information about exploits like this, read this article (thanks to tilly for that link).
 Yes, check for failure. But regular expressions to perfectly secure data passed to the shell are actually pretty easily come by. You just need to remember the cardinal rule, deny everything that is not explicitly allowed. Trying to trap everything that can go wrong is hard. Allowing very limited input, is not. Try the following:
 /^( (?:\w+\/)* # Directory components? \w+ # Start of filename (?:\.\w+)? # Extension? )$/x
 This will work for most filenames you have a reason to allow, and I guarantee you that on a standard Unix system with a standard directory structure (unless someone has placed poor symlinks, etc), there is no way to name anything that passes this which has shell problems.
 You could test length($1) if you are afraid of buffer overflows. :-)
 What you will find though is that at some point some developer wants to break the rule. That is fine, just become more lenient (eg allow an optional period in a directory) but step by step keep the philosophy the same. Only that which you have guaranteed safe shall pass.
 The line:
 in Ovid's example has me confused. The extra slash (/) in the middle is throwing me off. At first glance, it looks like he meant to use the s/// operator. At second glance, it becomes apparent that it's meant as a directory separator (to exclude things like "../../". However, doesn't placing a '/' in a regexp delimited by '/' characters require an escape character (\)?
 (I must be getting a mild case of LTS)
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What is a monkey dish?
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Monkey dish is a small shallow kind of dish which can be used to serve cole slaw or applesauce. The main aim of this dish is to separate the cold or watery dishes from the main course. The dish is quite big and is around 4 1/8 inches in diameter and has the capacity to hold 3.5ounces.
- what kind of dish is a monkey dish?
- what is monkey dish used for?


text:
Development History Of The Tiwi Geothermal Field, Philippines
Journal Article: Development History Of The Tiwi Geothermal Field, Philippines
AbstractCommercial production of electricity from the Tiwi geothermal system began in 1979. In 1982, Tiwi became the world's first water-dominated system to produce more than 160 MWe. Today the field supplies about 11% of Luzon's electricity. Initially, the reservoir was single-phase liquid with a small, shallow steam zone on the east side. Temperature reversals in the first wells showed the east to be an outflow zone. As production began, reservoir pressure declined, two-phase conditions developed, and groundwater entered the reservoir from the east. As many production wells cooled, brine production increased and generation decreased from about 280 MWe in 1983 to about 190 MWe in 1986. Improvements to surface facilities and new wells drilled farther west raised generation to about 280 MWe by mid-1993. Separated brine was first injected into the reservoir, but this lowered steam production; injection is now outside the field.
- David T. Gambill and Domeng B. Beraquit
- Published Journal
- Geothermics, Date Not Provided
- Not Provided
Check for DOI availability: _URL_
David T. Gambill,Domeng B. Beraquit.. Development History Of The Tiwi Geothermal Field, Philippines. Geothermics. (!).


text:
Spring 2013 Class Hours:
Tue/Fri 2:35 pm – 3:50 pm
Wednesdays 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm
Lata Parwani is a PhD candidate in History at Tufts University. Lata's dissertation, Sindhis between Region, Religion, and Nation, is a social history of the Sindhi Hindu minority community from Sindh, a Muslim majority province that became a part of Pakistan. Her study investigates questions of identity, citizenship and belonging faced by the Sindhi Hindus following the 1947 partition of the Indian subcontinent. Engaging with literature on nationalism, decolonization, post-colonial studies, and diaspora theory, this project examines the ways in which Sindhi Hindus have negotiated their regional, religious, and national identities in the aftermath of decolonization.
"The Legends of Jhuley Lal: Deconstructing a Sindhi Cultural Icon," in Michel Boivin and Matthew A. Cook eds., Interpreting the Sindhi World: Essays on Society and History. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010
Modern South Asian history; colonialism; nationalism; decolonization; diasporas


text:
Coffer. A coffer is a recessed panel. Ceilings covered with coffers were known in ancient Greek architecture. They had considerable importance in Roman houses (Vitruvius 7.2) and temples and were occasionally used in Egyptian buildings in the Roman, Byzantine, and early medieval periods. Coffers were made in flat wooden ceilings by subdividing the space between the large ceiling beams with short transverse beams. The areas thus formed, usually rectangular, were closed off on top by boards, which served as the substructure for the floor above. The beams could either be adorned with carved work or covered with wood, metal, or terra-cotta. In Roman vaulting, which usually consisted of a concrete shell made of small chips of stone or broken bricks and mortar, coffers were used as decorative forms on the undersurface of the vault, since the recesses could be very easily accommodated by the requisite thickness of the vault. Such coffers could take on triangular or polygonal forms. Famous examples are the vaults of the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma in Rome.
How far coffers were employed in Christian basilicas has not yet been determined with any certainty. Despite some basilicas in the city of Rome that certainly had a ceiling, several indications suggest that most basilicas probably had an open-frame roof (Deichmann, 1957, pp. 249ff.). Nevertheless there is evidence that individual parts of churches had a ceiling.
That there were coffered ceilings in Egypt in the Roman and early Byzantine periods is shown by a number of wooden boards preserved in the Coptic Museum, Cairo. Some have a richly bordered painted surface but at the edges generally show no painting at all (Deichmann, 1972, pp. 83ff.). There is hardly any doubt that these are panels from ceilings. Terra-cotta slabs with pictorial motifs to cover coffers were found in Alexandria (Wace, 1948, pp. 50f., pl. 3). In several tombs in Alexandria, coffers were simply painted on the ceiling (Adriani, _PHONE_, pp. 36-40, ills. 43 and 53, pl. A and B). In the same way, the former presence of a coffered ceiling may be deduced in some structures from an unusually close positioning
of the beams. One example is the annexed southeast corner room of the church built into the front of the Temple of Isis at Philae under Bishop Theodorus in the eighth century. Another is the later baptistery in the newly discovered central church of Makhurah alQibli on the Mediterranean coast (Grossmann, 1980, pp. 225ff., pl. 50b). Both instances, moreover, involve false ceilings closing off an area above. Finally, over the central area of the khurus in the old church of Dayr Anba Antuniyus, there is an interesting coffered ceiling curved as a barrel vault in an imitation of gypsum, where wide boards with a series of octagonal openings sawn in them have been inserted into the spaces between the beams (Grossmann, 1982, p. 50, pl. 59a).
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- Abegglen Counseling
6 Pre-Traumatic Conditions | A Summary of Dr. van der Kolk's "The Body Keeps Score"
By Jennifer Worley, LPC
This week's blog summarizes a free and open webinar by Dr Bessel van der Kolk (author of The Body Keeps the Score) on practices to steer ourselves through new and developing traumas related to social distancing and Covid 19. Dr. van der Kolk discussed protective actions that can be taken now to help people deal directly with COVID-related stressors. The webinar was structured by six pre-traumatic conditions that are setting up in the shadows of personal safety and economic concerns. I focus on the first three pre-trauma conditions below and the final three will follow in next week's blog entry. (if you want to watch it - CLICK HERE - its free, but you do need to enter an email)
#1 Lack of Predictability (loss of a schedule, a routine or order to the day or week)
When activities moved to home, the topic of creating and keeping a schedule was discussed. Color coded schedules organizing work, school, fitness and more were created and shared. As the days turned into weeks, the tenor changed and some found schedules were difficult to maintain or simply didn't match the new rhythm of life. Now, with the announcement of safer at home continuing until the end of May, it's reasonable to revisit the impact of predictability or routine while incorporating those lessons learned. If a detailed schedule works for you, keep it! If it hasn't been a useful tool, consider a modification.
Predictability can simply encompass a flow to the day that is known or expected with a few points in time that are standard for a few activities or types of activities (setting a MonFri wake time or bedtime, a yoga practice in the morning etc).
Additionally, setting up a routine in the week can help establish predictability as well. There is latitude to decide what that means to you, but as an example it could include: scheduling a call every Tuesday with a family member or having take out every Friday. Scheduled weekly activities such as these, in addition to constructing some predictability to the day and week, offers us something to look forward to, which is the fun part of predictability.
#2 Immobility (loss of physical sense of agency, not taking action to resolve something)
If we consider that the stress hormones in our bodies are meant to act, protect, and take action, it follows that it is healthy to do so in some capacity. At the same time, it's important to release ourselves from guilt and the shoulds around physical activity. Instead, the tackling of immobility can be reframed with an awareness that incorporating some sense of agency into one's routine or weekly activity for children and adults has value. It could be a daily life task you are completing (laundry, grooming, making the bed) or something that is more time consuming or physically demanding. Further, when you consider physical exercise in the literal sense of mobility, there are lessons to be learned from elementary classrooms across the nation. It's common to see teachers utilizing "brain breaks" (movement breaks) after a certain amount of sitting still has occurred. The options here to incorporate agency and mobility are extensive especially by exercising plenty of self compassion as we explore new norms to fit the new conditions.
#3 Loss of Connection (not being able to gather, to get and give emotional feedback)
Ensuring that there is some connection between people has taken on various methods during social distancing with virtual or tele platforms taking center stage.
The power of seeing others via a screen as a bridge until people can see one another in person has been an important tool to fight against the isolation that could be present without it. Although it may not be to the same extent or as fulfilling, connecting with groups that you did previously in a modified manner, is an important thread to maintain where possible.
Further, If you are in the home with family members, having intentional connections such as family meals, games, music, or even tasks to be completed collectively have value in fostering connections.
Next week's entry will explore the remaining three preconditions from the webinar (click here to watch it now!). Until then, Bessel van der Kolk's statement that there are no experts in the field currently is a valuable reminder. We are all using what we know to inform the response to the possible mental health outcomes of Social Distancing which is unknown.
Communicating and sharing of ideas and information from a place of compassion of self and others is foundational... yesterday, today and tomorrow.
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Editorial Style Guide
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The following guidelines are intended to enhance consistency and accuracy in the written communications of Hampshire College, with particular attention to local peculiarities and frequently asked questions.
For additional guidelines on the mechanics of written communication, see The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. For matters of usage and principles of composition, we recommend The Elements of Style by William Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White.
If you have a question about the style guide, please contact the Hampshire College Office of Communications; send an email to the director of communications at, call _PHONE_, or fax _PHONE_.
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M.F.A., M.A., M.B.A., M.S.W., Ph.D., B.S., J.D., etc. When spelled out, degrees should be lower-cased, as in "master's degree in history" or "doctorate in philosophy."
Academic Terms
fall term, January term, spring term
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Hampshire uses different forms of "alumni" and "alumnae" to describe Hampshire's graduates and other former students:
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Lower case when used informally (the Johnson scholars, the Johnson scholarship, the Noyes scholarships).
School Names
Individual schools that comprise Hampshire College should be capitalized, as in "School of Cognitive Science" or "he is the dean of Cognitive Science."
Write out full official names of universities and colleges, e.g., "University of Washington, Seattle" and "Albany Medical College," not "Albany."
PLEASE NOTE: It is "University of Massachusetts Amherst" on all references. Not "UMass Amherst," "University of Massachusetts in Amherst," "University of Massachusetts at Amherst," or "University of Massachusetts, Amherst."
In all published matter or computer-generated correspondence, place one space only between sentences.
Telephone numbers
In college publications and on the website, telephone numbers are written with dots rather than dashes: _PHONE_.
Hampshire does not use social titles, "Lash said..." not "Mr. Lash said..."
Always address people by their last name, "Ballantine said..." not "Clay said..."
titles of jobs: When formal title precedes proper name, capitalize (Chief Advancement Officer Clay Ballantine, President Jonathan Lash). When title follows proper name, use lower case (Clay Ballantine, chief advancement officer, Jonathan Lash, president). When title alone is used, use lower case (the director of development, the director of student affairs) with the exception of "the President," which should always be capitalized when used as a stand-in for President Lash. (The President gave a speech at commencement.)
program titles: Capitalize all words in a title except conjunctions and prepositions of less than seven letters (Peace and World Security Studies, Civil Liberties and Public Policy Program).
title of works: Generally, the titles of sizeable works are italicized, and shorter ones are put in quotes. Italicize names of books, magazines, movies, long musical compositions, albums/CDs, and titles of works of art. Plays, poems, articles, short stories, songs, essays, radio, and television shows appear in quotes. Do not underline.
Miscellaneous Usage
Avoid possessive "college's." Use "Hampshire's" or "of the College."
Avoid use of "his/her" and "he/she." Use plural form (e.g., "their, "they").
Avoid beginning a sentence with "However" (except meaning " in whatever way").
Avoid using "thus" or "therefore."
Do not use "presently" in the sense of "now," only in the sense of "soon."
Use "that" instead of "which" for non-clausal phrases (those that cannot be set off by


Installing Puppy Linux to a Live CD is easy. You will need:
- a CD/DVD (+R, -R, +RW or -RW)
- a CD/DVD burner (a CD burner can only burn CD's, but a DVD burner can burn both)
- a Puppy Linux ISO
If you are running Puppy Linux, you can use Pburn to burn an ISO to disk.
1. First, make sure you have a burnable CD/DVD in your disk drive, and that your disk drive is NOT mounted.
2. Run Pburn from the menu. (Menu -> Multimedia -> Pburn)
3. If this is the first time you have used Pburn, it will ask for your disk drive that you wish to use. Select it and click OK.
4. Select "Burn ISO-image" in the top left, and browse to where you downloaded the ISO.
5. Unless, for some reason, you have to have a closed disk, select "Multisession".
6. Click the burn icon in the bottom right.
If you are running Windows, you can use ImgBurn to burn an ISO to disk.
 1. Run ImgBurn from the start menu.
 2. Click "Write image file to disk".
 3. Beside "Please select a file", click the "Browse for a file..." icon (a folder with a magnifying glass) and browse to the ISO you downloaded.
 4. Select your CD/DVD burner in the drop down menu, and make sure "Verify" is checked.
 5. Make sure the "Write Speed" is 1x, and "Copies" is 1. (unless you want more then 1 copy)
 6. Insert a CD or DVD into your drive
 7. Click "Write" (the big button).
 1. Make sure the CD/DVD is in the drive, and that the computer is off.
 2. Turn on your computer, and see if Puppy Linux boots.
 3. If Puppy Linux doesn't run, read This.
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text:
2.3 Create Route Controllers
Now that you have a route in place, you need to be able to handle web requests that are sent to that route. To do this, you will need to create a PHP class and method, and then map this method to your route.
1.Introduction2 lessons, 05:24
2 lessons, 05:24
2.Drupal Module Basics6 lessons, 48:45
6 lessons, 48:45
3.Create the Calculator Module4 lessons, 28:15
4 lessons, 28:15
4.Conclusion1 lesson, 02:31
1 lesson, 02:31
Derek Jensen is a lifetime nerd that calls the Chicagoland area home. He is your typical family man that loves activities with his wonderful wife and three amazing children. He is huge sports buff (both playing and coaching) and loves football, baseball and basketball. He loves just about any technology he can get his hands on but spends most of him time on the server side of the world. His day job consists of writing highly transactional backend web services, data access layers, and n-tier applications using the.NET Framework in C#. At night, when he's not spending time with his family, he enjoys authoring Tuts+ Courses and creating ASP.NET MVC web sites and mobile apps for clients.


Why Jose Rizal Considered A Naturalist?
Information about Dr. Jose Rizal and Ancestors? Jose Rizal is a 100 % pure Chinese his mom is a real Chinese language even. Meaning of poem kundiman by Dr. Jose Rizal? The heroes of the movie Rizal by Cesar montano? The movie Jose Rizal was released in July 1999 and starred Cesar montane. The characters included Jose Rizal, Simoun, Andres Bifacio, and Maria Clara. The meaning of the poem they asked you for verses by Jose Rizal?
Is the Father of Doctor Jose Rizal is a pure Chinese? Doctor Jose Rizal is a real Chinese, his mother is a pure Chinese and his dad is a pure Chinese also, they got surname from godmother and godfather there. DNA shall recover the original roots of his ancestor. What is the meaning of GAT Jose Rizal? This is of GAT as utilized by Jose Rizal was the secret name he used for God.
Rizal is one of the famous heroes in the history of the Philippines. Why Jose Rizal considered a naturalist? Who are the ancestors of Jose Rizal? The Rizal family's paternal ascendant was Domingo Lam-co, a full-bloodied Chinese from Amoy, China. In the Philippines he wedded Ines de la Rosa, who was half-Chinese. Aside from Chinese, the Mercado-Rizal family got traces of Japanese, Spanish, Negrito and Malay blood. That which was Jose Rizal's other nationality?
Jose Rizal was a Filipino, blessed of Filipino parents. However, the Rizal family's paternal ascendant, Domingo Lam-co, was a full-bloodied Chinese who wedded a Chinese mestiza. The Mercado-Rizal family also experienced traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and Negrito bloodstream from Chinese aside. Where did Jose Rizal get his surname Rizal? Jose Rizal and his family got the surname 'Rizal' from his Chinese ancestor Domingo Lame.
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 - Brief use case overview
 - 7 years back from Central USA of America
 - Shared Starter plan: Starts at $2.59/month
Rizal means "Racial or grains", and they started utilizing it 1731. His true surname is Mercado but to keep his family safe he used the surname Rizal. Reaction in the poem Song of the Wanderer by Rizal? What's this is of protectio in Jose Rizal? Each name of Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonzo has its meaning. Will be the characters of Noli Me Tangere related to him?
What is the Meaning of poem hymn to labor of Jose Rizal? Hymn to Labor is a poem by Jose Rizal. The meaning of the poem is that people all have different roles in society and that we should stick to them. What's signifying of the poem To the virgin Mary of Jose Rizal?
The meaning of the poem "To the Virgin Mary" by Jose Rizal is love. Its meaning is that love can overcome fear, even though it comes to death and that the tough times can lead to the ultimate freedom. What is this, is of the novel of Rizal Noli Me Tangere?
Who will be the great great grandfather and grandmother of Jose rizal? Was Jose Rizal Filipino? Jose Rizal was Filipino, even though Rizal-Mercado family had traces of Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and Negrito bloodstream. Jose Rizal was created on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. He passed away on December 30, 1896 in Bagumbayan, Manila, Philippines.
What is the meaning of the poem your mother tongue by Jose Rizal? What's this, is of the poem Towards the Philippines by Jose Rizal? The poem To The Philippines by Jose Rizal was filled up with patriotic meaning. The poet distributed unselfish love for his country in this poem, which was designed to awaken patriotism in his fellow countrymen for the Philippines.
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A workflow is what you use to define what should happen when a form on your website is submitted. This could be sending an email with the information from the form or it could be setting up a notification in a tool like Slack.
 The most common workflow is to present a "Thank you" message when a form is submitted, and then also send the email to a designated mail inbox.
 In your Umbraco Uno website a workflow has already been set up for you, and you only need to choose which email you want to notify, when a form has been submitted.
 In this article you will learn how to start using the default workflow, and you will also find information on how to set up your own custom workflows.
 Please be aware that you will need to fill out the Contact form email field, in the General settings page found under Settings in the Content section.
 This requires you to have set up a form. If you don't have a form set-up yet, you can learn how to do that in the Setting up a form section.
 Finding the workflows
 In this part, we will learn how to enter the configuration menu for workflows. We will be working with a form that contains the following:
 - A Name field using a short answer
 - An Email field using a short answer
 - A Question using a long answer
 This is how you get into the configuration of your workflow:
 1. Navigate to the Forms section of the backoffice.
 2. Here, select the form you want to add a workflow to.
 3. At the bottom of the page, you will find a section containing a checkmark saying on submit.
 4. Click Configure workflow.
 5. The pop op window will contain the workflow that currently exists.
 Editing the existing workflow
 If you choose an empty form when setting up a new form, it will come with a working workflow. You will have to make a slight update to it before it functions optimally. This can be done in the configuration menu for workflows.
 1. Click the box Send template email to.
 2. In the field called Sender email, you should add something like [email protected]
 3. It is recommended to choose Igloo template.
 4. Hit submit and then hit submit in the next menu as well.
 Now the workflow will be working optimally if you followed the steps to point.
 Creating a custom workflow
 In this section, you will learn how to make a custom workflow that sends an email to your inbox of choice.
 1. First, give the workflow the name you want it to have in the Workflow Name field.
 2. Put a checkmark in the Active* so that the workflow is active.
 3. The Include Sensitive Data will be left unchecked unless your form contains sensitive data.
 4. Ensure that the Email is set to the email which should receive replies from forms.
 5. Next up is the Sender Email. Here you can add something like [email protected]
 6. If you want to reply directly to the customer from the forms reply, you can add {email} to the ReplyToEmail this will fetch the email from the field called email in the form.
 7. Next, you have the option to choose the subject of the email.
 8. In the next field, you can pick a template. It is recommended to use Igloo-template.cshtml.
 9. Finally, leave Attachments unchecked, unless you have an upload-field in the form, and want to receive the uploaded files through the workflow.
 this is the workflow settings
 The above is for setting up a workflow from scratch. This will be needed if you choose any of the two forms templates coming with the basic install of Umbraco Uno.


Conference Main
Course 17
Advanced Graphics Programming Techniques Using OpenGL
Practical solutions to domain-specific graphics application problems, emphasizing techniques for interactive graphics running on mainstream graphics hardware. Topics were drawn from the major graphics application areas, including CAD, visual simulation/gaming, image processing, scientific visualization, and special effects. Attendees strengthened their understanding of the theory of core computer graphics concepts and the techniques that increase image realism, create special effects, and solve domain-specific rendering problems. They also learned how to identify and evaluate multiple approaches to solving rendering problems, analyzed code examples that generate high-quality graphics images, and gained greater insight into the capabilities of OpenGL.
Some OpenGL programming experience and good working knowledge of computer graphics concepts, particularly lighting and texture mapping. Background in graphics applications that use advanced rendering techniques, image processing, or volume rendering desirable.
Topics Covered
How to apply theoretical knowledge and programming skills to solve domain-specific computer graphics problems.
Tom McReynolds
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
David Blythe
Brad Grantham
Tom McReynolds
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Scott Nelson
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Main Comments and questions


text:
i.e. Verbs in which the Preterite and Participle Passive are formed by changing the Root Vowel.|
|1st Class||2nd Class||3rd Class||4th Class||5th and 6th Class||7th Class|
|Ablaut patterns||i (e) : a : u||í : ei : i||jó : au : u.||a : ó : a||e : a : á : e / o|| á (a): é (e) : á (a)|
au : jó : au
|THE VERB SUBSTANTIVE|
|INDIC.||Pres.||Sing.||1.||em||Pret.||var (vas)||IMPERAT.||SUBJ.||Pres.||sjá,||sé||Pret.||vær-a||INFIN.||ver-a||PAST PART.||ver-it|
|3.||er (es)||var (vas)||sé||vær-i|
|TEN VERBS WITH PRESENT IN PRETERITE FORM.|
|as regular weak verbs|
|as regular weak verbs|
|as regular weak verbs|
|EIGHT VERBS WITH THE PRETERITE IN -ra.|
|D. VERBS WITH THE REFLEXIVE OR RECIPROCAL SUFFIX -sk, -z, -st (-mk).|
|PART.||Pass.||Neut.||kalla-zt, láti-zt, (glað-zt, gefi-zt, bori-zt,) etc.|
|E. VERBS WITH THE NEGATIVE SUFFIX.|
|3.||er-at (es-at)||var-at (vas-at)||skal-at||skyldi-t||mon-at||mundi-t||hyggr-at||átti-t|
|IMPERAT.||ver-at-tu (be not thou!), lát-at-tu (let not thou!), grát-at-tu (weep not thou!), etc.|
In a simple sentence like "They are both weak" the extent of the Old Norse loanwords becomes quite clear (Old East Norse with archaic pronunciation: "ÞæiR eRu báðiR wæikiR" while Old English "híe syndon bégen (þá) wáce"). The words "they" and "weak" are both borrowed from Old Norse, and the word "both" might also be a borrowing, though this is still disputed by some. While the number of loanwords adopted from the Scandinavians wasn't as numerous as that of Norman French or Latin, their depth and every day nature make them a substantial and very important part of every day English speech as they are part of the very core of the modern English vocabulary.
Words like "bull" and "Thursday" are more difficult when it comes to their origins. "Bull" may be from either Old English "bula" or Old Norse "buli" while "Thursday" may be a borrowing, or it could simply be from the Old English "Þunresdæg" which could've been influenced by the Old Norse cognate. The word "are" is from Old English "earun"/"aron" as well as the Old Norse cognates.
A second difference was that Old West Norse lost certain combinations of consonants. The combinations -mp-, -nt-, and -nkwere assimilated into -pp-, -ttand -kkin Old West Norse, but this phenomenon was limited in Old East Norse.
|English||Old West Norse||Old East Norse|
However, these differences were an exception. The dialects were very similar and considered to be the same language, a language that they sometimes called the Danish tongue (dǫnsk tunga), sometimes Norse language (norrœnt mál), as evidenced in the following two quotes from Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson:
Móðir Dyggva var Drótt, dóttir Danps konungs, sonar Rígs er fyrstr var konungr kallaðr á danska tungu. Dyggve's mother was Drott, the daughter of king Danp, Ríg's son, who was the first to be called king in the Danish tongue.
Here is a comparison between the two dialects as well as Old Gutnish. It is a transcription from one of the Funbo Runestones (U990) meaning : Veðr and Thane and Gunnar raised this stone after Haursi, their father. God help his spirit:
The OEN original text above is transliterated according to traditional scholar methods meaning u-umlaut is not regarded in runic Old East Norse even though more recent studies have shown that the positions where it applies are the same as for runic Old West Norse. An alternative and probably more accurate transliteration would therefore render the text in OEN as such:
The earliest body of text appears in runic inscriptions and in poems composed ca 900 by Tjodolf of Hvin. The earliest manuscripts are from the period _PHONE_ and concern both legal, religious and historical matters. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Trøndelag and Vestlandet were the most important areas of the Norwegian kingdom and they shaped Old West Norse as an archaic language with a rich set of declensions. In the body of text that has come down to us from until ca 1300, Old West Norse had little dialect variation, and Old Icelandic does not diverge much more than the Old Norwegian dialects do from each other.
Old Norwegian differentiated early from Old Icelandic by the loss of the consonant h in initial position before l, n and r, thus whereas Old Icelandic manuscripts might use the form hnefi (fist), Old Norwegian manuscripts might use nefi.
From the late 13th century, old Icelandic and old Norwegian started to diverge more. After c. 1350, the Black Death and following social upheavals seem to have accelerated language changes in Norway. From the late 14th century, the language used in Norway is generally referred to as Middle Norwegian.
|The manuscript text, letter for letter||The same text in normalized, Old Norse spelling||The same text in Modern Icelandic|
|ÞgeiR blundr systor s egils v þar aþingino & hafði gengit hart at liþueizlo við þst. h bað egil & þa þstein coma ser t staðfesto ut þangat a myrar h bio aðr fyr suNan huit a fyr neþan blundz vatn Egill toc uel aþui. oc fysti þst at þr leti h þangat fa ra. Egill setti þorgeir blund niðr at ana brecko En stein fǫrði bustað siN ut yf lang á. & settiz niðr at leiro lǫk. En egill reið hei suðr anes ept þingit m flocc siN. & skilðoz þr feðgar m kęrleic||Þorgeirr blundr, systursonr Egils, var þar á þinginu ok hafði gengit hart at liðveizlu við Þorstein. Hann bað Egil ok þá Þorstein koma sér til staðfestu út þangat á Mýrar; hann bjó áðr fyrir sunnan Hvítá, fyrir neðan Blundsvatn. Egill tók vel á því ok fýsti Þorstein, at þeir léti hann þangat fara. Egill setti Þorgeir blund niðr at Ánabrekku, en Steinarr fœrði bústað sinn út yfir Langá ok settisk niðr at Leirulæk. En Egill reið heim suðr á Nes eptir þingit með flokk sinn, ok skildusk þeir feðgar með kærleik.||Þorgeir blundur, systursonur Egils, var þar á þinginu og hafði gengið hart að liðveislu við Þorstein. Hann bað Egil og þá Þorstein að koma sér til staðfestu út þangað á Mýrar; hann bjó áður fyrir sunnan Hvítá, fyrir neðan Blundsvatn. Egill tók vel á því og fýsti Þorstein, að þeir létu hann þangað fara. Egill setti Þorgeir blund niður að Ánabrekku, en Steinar færði bústað sinn út yfir Langá og settist niður að Leirulæk. En Egill reið heim suður á Nes eftir þingið með flokk sinn, og skildust þeir feðgar með kærleik.|
Old East Norse, between 800 and 1100, is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in


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Deaf people face many dangers in their daily lives. One of the dangers is that they cannot hear in time because they cannot hear the sound of car horns. The function of this product is to remind the deaf people to come behind the car, attract the user's attention and reduce the harm to their users. This will help reduce the difference between people with disabilities and normal people, reduce the sense of inferiority of people with disabilities, and give people with disabilities some hope. The more hope, the stronger the sense of happiness in society.
Zhengzhou institute of light indust
Zhengzhou institute of light indust
Zhengzhou, China
Shun Yuan,
Zhengzhou institute of light indust
Chenglong Pu,
Zhengzhou institute of light indust


text:
Curious Ed Goes From "Gearhead" to Scientist
|Who are NASA's Space Science Explorers?
Who are NASA's Space Science Explorers? The scientist studying black holes in space. The teacher talking about the secrets of the cosmos. And the student asking if there is life away from Earth. All of these people are Space Science Explorers. They are all curious about our solar system and space. This is a story about a NASA Space Science Explorer.
Growing up, Ed Prather dreamed of racing cars and motorcycles. Now, as an adult, he's a scientist and a teacher. One thing has stayed the same the whole time. Ed has always been curious.
"I was always curious about machines," said Ed. In high school, he was more interested in learning about cars than in science or math. Ed calls himself a "gearhead" because he's so interested in the gears that make cars go.
After high school, Ed worked at places where cars and cranes were put together. He was really curious about cranes and decided to learn more about how they work. Then he was able to teach others at work what he had learned. He liked finding simple ways to explain something so hard.
"The idea of helping someone understand was fascinating and fun," he said.
Before long, Ed was becoming an expert in the science of how things work. For a time, he used his knowledge to study how the universe works. But what he really wanted to do was teach science.
Ed now teaches NASA science to students at the University of Arizona. He's always thinking up ways to help them understand tough subjects.
Working with students is the best part of his job, Ed said. He's glad he stayed curious about the world around him. He tells his students to do the same.
And he still finds time to something else he likes: racing cars and motorcycles.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Astronomy Education →
Prachi Patel, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Adapted for grades K-4 audience by Dan Stillman, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies


text:
JPMorgan Chase, one of the largest financial services institutions in the United States, announced in February that it will issue the encrypted digital currency JPM Coin, which is considered by the outside world to be the official entry of JPMorgan Chase into the blockchain. The author combines JPMorgan Chase to issue the "Morgancoin" hot event, analyzes the encrypted digital currency from the perspective of monetary economics, and what does it mean to interpret JP Morgan Chase's release of Morgan? What is the purpose of digital currency trading? Is the so-called "stabilized currency" really stable?
1. Why did JP Morgan Chase issue "Morgancoin"?
Before you understand JPMorgan's currency, you first need to understand what is liquidation. Foreign countries are divided into three types: payment, liquidation, and settlement, but they are collectively referred to as clearing or clearing in China. The transaction process before liquidation and settlement refers to an initiation, authorization, and transmission phase of the payment instruction of the information. If you do not involve the transfer of money funds across the account department, then you do not need to liquidate, directly transfer money from one account to another. But if this kind of currency transfer involves a cross-account organization, then it needs to be liquidated. Clearing is divided into real-time and delayed modes.
In China, liquidation is carried out by the central bank. The supervision system used by the central bank is called the real-time full settlement system (RTGS). The supervision system used in the United States is called FEDWIRE. It was established in the 1970s and has been used. to date. The FEDWIRE system has not been extensively renewed or updated, so FEDWIRE can only be said to be a near real-time or near real-time system compared to RTGS in other regions.
- Opinion | Why is ConsenSys the best target for a JPMorgan acquisition?
- Is Morgan Chase sour? Jamie Dimon commented on Libra: a brilliant idea that will never be realized
- Is the Morgan coin finally coming? JPMorgan Chase announced that it will start trial operation as early as this year
- Pan Chao: The clearing system and blockchain network behind JP Morgan Chase
- Opinions | Is the financial era coming from a giant company to develop a stable currency?
However, there are some differences between FEDWIRE and real-time systems. For example, if I pay a cheque in the United States, it usually takes five working days to withdraw cash. If there is a holiday in the middle, it will have to be postponed and traced back to the source. This delay is not due to the lack of money of the American people, but because of the US Payment systems, especially retail payment systems, cannot be delivered in real time. For this reason, in November last year, the Federal Reserve sought advice from the whole society (mainly those related to these payment markets): how should the United States improve its payment system and improve its payment efficiency.
In this context, JPMorgan came out to make a "token", which is not just JPMorgan, but other banks also need such tokens. In the case that the Fed does not support it, the people first use tokens as an alternative to experiment. Earlier in 2017, Japan's Mitsubishi UFJ Bank issued a similar token J-Coin to several major banks. However, this thing is not based on blockchain technology, but the purpose is consistent with JPMorgan.
Whether in the United States or Japan, the issuance of tokens by financial institutions is a phenomenon of "must be done", which is fundamentally inefficient in its payment system. However, as for the issue of tokens issued by JP Morgan Chase, the Fed's officials are not optimistic because there is no Fed's endorsement and commitment behind it. If there is liquidity risk, who will bear this responsibility? Without the endorsement of the Federal Reserve and the US Treasury, JPMorgan's payment system is doing more and the risk is greater.
Of course, JPMorgan itself can't bear the risks arising from the system's enlargement. This system may eventually become the "common land" in economics. The tragedy of the commons stems from the difficulty of defining the legal obligations and responsibilities of all parties. On this basis, JPMorgan expects to maintain the entire token system under a controlled volume.
Second, what is the purpose of digital currency trading?
The digital currency is a currency substitute for cross-border use. The US dollar is the target. In addition to the Indian rupee, the Mexican peso and the Australian dollar, the other 16 legal currencies are in compliance with the one-price law on 23 platforms. Explaining the one-price law in digital currency is the platform renminbi quote of Bitcoin, which is converted into US dollars according to the RMB exchange rate, and is consistent with the platform dollar quoted price of Bitcoin. For example, if you buy a burger in China, the price of the renminbi purchased for burgers is the same as the price at which you buy hamburgers in the US. Explain that in these 23 platforms, the quoted price of Bitcoin can fully reflect the fluctuation of the foreign exchange market, further indicating that the main purpose of people trading Bitcoin is to cross-border and exchange bitcoin from local currency to US dollar.
Buying bitcoin and trading in the country will not reflect the domestic bitcoin quotes. He reflects the changes in the exchange rate of the national currency against the US dollar. The main purpose of this phenomenon is "cross-border money laundering." A series of mainstream cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS, are used for cross-border purposes because their daily quotes fully reflect exchange rate information.
In addition to speculative currency, another purpose of people involved in cryptocurrency transactions is to transfer assets, which creates a problem of currency substitution. In the 1970s, the Bretton Woods system collapsed soon. Some countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia were relatively backward. Therefore, government agencies have produced corruption and issued a large amount of legal currency, so that the final legal currency is not as good as paper. At this time, residents of these countries are more willing to use the dollar to conduct daily payment transactions. These countries that used the US dollar as a currency substitution became dollarized, and the peak period of dollarization occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Encrypted assets emerged first in the United States, and it was priced in dollars. It did not say that it was priced in Swiss francs in euros, all of which were priced in dollars. So Americans think that this kind of thing is a kind of dollarization, or a digital embodiment of dollarization. The US government does not need to manage it, at least the US Treasury is this view. The US government has never said that he wants to take the initiative to push the dollar, nor does he say that I want to oppose it. This is the result of the market. Well, it is the long-term attitude of the United States to such a dollarization. Therefore, the US Treasury Department believes that this is a normal dollarization of crypto assets, which are priced in dollars.
In July last year, the Turkish lira collapsed because of problems in the Turkish government's finances, when Turkey's bitcoin offer suddenly rose. Because some people already know or expect the Lira to have problems, they need to change the lira to US dollars. At this time, the demand for Bitcoin has soared, and the price of Bitcoin has risen sharply.
In contrast, the Brexit in 2016, the British pound against the US dollar was in a relatively stable state some time before the Brexit referendum came out. The results of the Brexit release, the pound against the US dollar also fell, but the bitcoin against the pound The offer fell and the decline was very serious. Because the people do not need to use the pound for the bitcoin, then use the bitcoin for the dollar, and the pound to the dollar directly. There is still a 2% fee for using the pound for the bitcoin and then for the dollar. The UK is not a foreign exchange-controlled international. The pound is fully convertible, so you don't need to use this kind of encrypted assets to use bitcoin or stable currency to make an intermediary for foreign exchange transactions. At this time, you should sell the bitcoin held in pounds sterling and sell it for US dollars. Putting the pound-denominated position down, the dollar-denominated position went up, so the sale of bitcoin to the dollar, the bitcoin price also fell.
For developing countries, the government is wary of bitcoin and is wary of various stable currencies because it is priced in dollars, it serves the United States, and it has a non-linear characteristic in financial markets, that is, risks are not Expected. When the risk comes, everyone may be caught off guard.
Therefore, the central bank, the foreign exchange administration and other supervisory agencies strictly supervise the transaction of encrypted assets, both to protect national security and to defend the people's property.
3. Is the stable currency really stable?
Before explaining whether the stable currency is stable, it needs to be clear that there is a large amount of fraud in the virtual currency transaction. For example, USDT (Tekrainian currency, a virtual currency) may have the possibility of fraudulent issuance because the coefficient of change in USDT price is 0.94, close to one. This shows that the price is not formed by the equilibrium of the market. In other words, it is not the price reflected by the real market supply and demand, but the typical price after artificial manipulation.
So, what exactly is "stabilized currency"? From the perspective of monetary theory, the stability of currency values or the stability of currency values does not mean the stability of currency denomination, but the