RefLaw Primer: Alienage
March 18, 2021
Elisabeth Brennen
Third-year student at the University of Michigan Law School
What is the element?
The alienage element of the refugee definition requires that a refugee be outside of their own country in order to qualify as a Convention refugee.[1]
Where in the Convention is this element found?
The alienage requirement is found in the 1951 Refugee Convention's Article 1(A)(2), which defines the term "refugee." The relevant portion of the definition is that a "refugee" is someone who:
The portion of the definition requiring a refugee's alienage is reflected in the bolded text above; that is, a refugee must be "outside the country of his nationality."
What does it mean, practically speaking?
The requirement means that a refugee must leave their country of nationality or habitual residence in order to meet the Convention's definition. This requirement is a threshold question – one could have a well-founded fear of persecution for Convention reasons, but so long as they are still within their country of nationality, they do not qualify as refugees.
In order for a person to qualify as a Convention refugee, and thus access the rights therein, they must leave their country of nationality. Someone who is displaced within their own country is called an "internally displaced person" (IDP), and they do not have access to the rights conferred by the Refugee Convention (though they are of humanitarian concern, addressed by other treaties).[3]
Why does this element exist? What were the legal and policy rationales at the time of drafting?
When the Refugee Convention was drafted, the treaty had a specific goal: to assist people who were outside of their own country and thus were suffering because they lacked governmental protections.[4] There were several justifications for taking this limited approach.
From a pragmatic perspective, the drafters were focused on those outside their own country because IDPs required a more sustained commitment than was available to the international community at the time.[5] States were also concerned that, if IDPs were brought into the sphere of the Refugee Convention's protections, states with many IDPs might shift the responsibility of caring for their own population onto the international community, rather than caring for their own citizenry themselves.[6]
Furthermore, the ability of the international community to intervene on behalf of IDPs raised questions of sovereignty – the principle in international law that states have supreme authority within their own territory.[7] That is, although it was becoming increasingly accepted that the global community had a "legitimate right to set standards and scrutinize human rights records, it was unthinkable that refugee law would authorize intrusion into the territory of a state to protect citizens from their own government."[8]
Finally, many of the rights conferred to refugees by the Refugee Convention are only relevant to those outside their own country. One of the most important protections, for example, is protection against refoulement – the right of refugees to not be sent back to their country of origin if to do so would be dangerous.[9] Of course, someone who has never left their country in the first place cannot be returned to it; they are already there. Many of the other rights conferred are also of specific utility only to those who are outside their own country.[10] The alienage requirement thus "ensures a match between the beneficiary class and the remedy provided by the Convention."[11]
What are the continued legal rationales?
The legal rationales behind the alienage requirement at the time of drafting remain salient today. It is still the case that the Refugee Convention is an instrument designed to address a particular subset of people. Though the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees expanded the geographical and temporal scope of the Convention's application,[12] it did not amend or rescind the alienage requirement.
Concerns about sovereignty are still relevant, though perhaps less so. States have adopted many commitments to aid IDPs and several international organizations, including the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), have mandates inclusive of internally displaced persons.[13] However, the consensus on the part of states remains that the Refugee Convention's alienage requirement remains proper and that new and different legal regimes are better suited for handling the humanitarian problem of IDPs.
What are the primary legal debates surrounding the element, if they exist?
The alienage requirement is not widely debated as such. There is some scholarly debate around the prospect of expanding the definition of "refugee" to be more inclusive of IDPs,[14] but these scholars appear to be in the minority. The broad consensus among policymakers and scholars is that the alienage requirement is still a useful and necessary requirement for refugee status.
Many of the more practical debates about alienage – those that play out in courtrooms on behalf of refugees – have to do with "in between" locations, ascertaining the relevant country of reference, and other factual and legal questions. For instance, would seeking asylum in another country's embassy in the refugee's home country count as meeting the alienage requirement? What about airport immigration zones? On an airplane over international waters? What about those who are "stateless" and lack a formal nationality; how do we address the alienage requirement in their case? Each of these questions has been litigated extensively.
Emily Harris' piece "Replacing a Good Faith Approach with a Well-Founded Fear Approach," addresses one of these debates. Her piece focuses on claims from refugees sur place – those who meet the alienage requirement but left their country of origin before their fear of persecution arose. Examples of refugees sur place include people outside of their country studying or working abroad, even tourists, whose countries become dangerous for them to return to while they're gone.
These claims can arise organically, for example if civil war breaks out while they happen to be abroad. But they can also happen because of deliberate actions taken by the refugees themselves, for instance if a person leaves their country of origin and publishes an op-ed critiquing their country's government and subsequently faces persecution if they return. The category of refugees sur place has been controversial. Some commentators and courts believe that the category invites manipulation. Others argue that, so long as the refugee has reason to fear persecution in their home country, the reason that fear arises is irrelevant to the legitimacy of their claim.
[1] James C. Hathaway & Michelle Foster, The Law of Refugee Status17 (2d ed. 2014).
[2] Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted Jul. 28, 1951, entered into force Apr. 22, 1954, 189 UNTS 137 ("Refugee Convention" or "Convention", at Art. 1(A)(2).
[3] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[4] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[5] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 17.
[6] See Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[7] Samantha Besson, Sovereignty, P1 (2011), Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law.
[8] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[9] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 21.
[10] For instance, Refugee Convention Article 34 requires that the host-state provide a pathway to naturalization for the refugee. Were the refugee to remain in their state of origin, this right would be redundant.
[11] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 21-22.
[12] Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted Jan. 31, 1967, entered into force Oct. 4, 1967, 606 UNTS 267 ("Refugee Protocol"), at Art. 1(2)-(3).
[13] Hathaway & Foster, supra note 1, at 18.
[14] See, e.g. Eilidh Beaton, Against the Alienage Condition for Refugeehood, 39 Law and Philosophy 147-176 (2020).
Suggested citation: Elisabeth Brennen, RefLaw Primer: Alienage, RefLaw (March 18, 2021),
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At exam or in collections, the IRS may not be willing to agree to an acceptable resolution for the taxpayer. Have no fear, because the IRS Office of Appeals is here!
When the IRS issues a notice that proposes certain actions — such as changes to a tax return or collection activity — the taxpayer may be entitled to request an Appeals conference. Although the taxpayer alternatively may seek a remedy in court, Appeals is a less formal and typically far less costly forum to resolve disputes between the taxpayer and the IRS. Moreover, a taxpayer does not relinquish the right to pursue a remedy in court by taking a case to Appeals.
Here is the Office of Appeals' mission statement:
To resolve tax controversies, without litigation, on a basis which is fair and impartial to both the Government and the taxpayer in a manner that will enhance voluntary compliance and public confidence in the integrity and efficiency of the Service.
IRS Appeals proudly boasts independence as a core value. Appeals offers a fresh, objective and impartial perspective and provides taxpayers a fair hearing that would otherwise often inefficiently clog up a court's and taxpayer's time and resources.
To take a case to Appeals, the taxpayer must protest in writing the IRS's proposed action. An effectively drafted protest sets the stage for obtaining a fair and desired result.
Over the last few years, the Appeals Judicial Approach and Culture (AJAC) project has implemented policy changes for IRS Appeals to more effectively bifurcate IRS compliance functions and the role of Appeals. The policies aim for IRS compliance functions to serve as finders of fact and for Appeals to not take investigative actions but instead resolve cases.
When drafting a protest, a taxpayer must be specific in his appeal of the tax items in dispute. The introduction of new information in Appeals may result in Appeals releasing jurisdiction on the case and returning the file to compliance.
The IRS website states to include all of the following in a written protest:
- Your name, address and a daytime telephone number
- A statement that you want to appeal the IRS findings to the Office of Appeals
- A copy of the letter you received that shows the proposed change(s)
- The tax period(s) or year(s) involved
- A list of each proposed item with which you disagree
- The reason(s) you disagree with each item
- The facts that support your position on each item
- The law or authority, if any, that supports your position on each item
- The penalties of perjury statement as follows: "Under the penalties of perjury, I declare that the facts stated in this protest and any accompanying documents are true, correct and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief"
- Your signature under the penalties of perjury statement
Practice tip: In general, the protest letter should reflect the writing style of the IRS. The goal is for the reader to have the impression the writer is seasoned and has command of the content. A few style tips: Capitalize "T" for Taxpayer when referring to the client, cite authority according to the Bluebook and use lowercase "s" for section unless it starts a sentence.
A protest letter should contain headings to address each of the items required, as listed above. The example below focuses on some of the more important items.
Example situation: An IRS examiner proposes to disallow a deduction for mortgage interest claimed on Schedule A.
A list of each proposed item with which you disagree
An effective protest should have a separate sentence for each item in dispute. Each sentence should state that the taxpayer protests the proposed action. For example:
The Taxpayer disagrees with the IRS proposal to disallow the paid mortgage interest claimed on the Taxpayer's 2014 Form 1040, Schedule A.
This item represents the taxpayer's opportunity to highlight favorable facts and downplay unfavorable facts, if any. This section should read like a story. The story should leave the reader with not only an understanding of the facts but also an initial impression that the taxpayer's position is correct. For example:
The Taxpayer purchased property on [DD/MM/YYYY]. The Taxpayer financed the purchase with a mortgage in the amount of $x, with payments of $y/month, beginning on [DD/MM/YYYY]. The Taxpayer timely made the mortgage payments every month in 2014. The total mortgage interest paid during 2014 was $z.
Discuss the law
The protest should highlight favorable law. If there is unfavorable law, the protest may mention components of the law that are distinguishable from the issue under protest. Depending on the issues involved, the discussion of law could include a combination of statutes, regulations, case law or secondary material. For example:
In general, section 163(a) of the Internal Revenue Code allows a taxpayer to deduct all interest paid or accrued within the taxable year of indebtedness.
Apply the law to the facts
After authority is discussed, the protest should analogize favorable authority to the taxpayer's items in dispute. This section is the primary opportunity for the taxpayer to explain why the law, as applied to the taxpayer's facts, clearly demonstrates the taxpayer's position is correct and the IRS's position is not. For example:
Here, the Taxpayer is clearly entitled to deduct mortgage interest paid in 2014. During 2014, the Taxpayer made total mortgage payments of $x, with total interest paid of $z. Section 163(a) clearly allows the Taxpayer to deduct $z on Schedule A.
Practice tip: When there are several items in dispute, it may be helpful to address the meatier sections of the protest letter first with an outline of the issues and arguments to generate an initial structure, followed by developing paragraphs for each issue. Save editing and proofreading for last.
Failure to exhaust administrative remedies
If a taxpayer bypasses Appeals and seeks to litigate in US Tax Court, the court may nevertheless first reroute the case to Appeals in an effort to have the taxpayer and IRS resolve the case before going to trial. The court is most grateful when docketed cases reach a resolution in Appeals. The court may not look favorably upon a taxpayer's refusal to at least attempt to utilize Appeals. Additionally, taxpayers that bypass Appeals cannot recover costs of litigation.
Draft a strong conclusion in a short paragraph that states the relief sought and why the taxpayer is entitled to the relief.
IRS Appeals is a great forum for a taxpayer to resolve disputes. Drafting a persuasive protest letter is a critical step toward achieving the desired result.
For more information on this topic, or to learn how Baker Tilly tax specialists can help, contact our team.
The information provided here is of a general nature and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any individual or entity. In specific circumstances, the services of a professional should be sought. Tax information, if any, contained in this communication was not intended or written to be used by any person for the purpose of avoiding penalties, nor should such information be construed as an opinion upon which any person may rely. The intended recipients of this communication and any attachments are not subject to any limitation on the disclosure of the tax treatment or tax structure of any transaction or matter that is the subject of this communication and any attachments.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This object lesson teaches about our new, resurrection bodies by using a simple science experiment. You will demonstrate how ultraviolet rays change the color of UV-sensitive beads and how medicine bottles block UV rays. The beads will represent our spirit, and the bottles will represent our earthly bodies (which keep our spirit from showing its full potential).
- Color Changing UV Beads (available from _URL_ for about $7 per 250 beads) – you will want enough so that each child can have at least 8-10 beads.
- Prescription medicine bottles (the translucent, brown type) – enough so that each child can have one. It's best if the bottles have lids that aren't child-proof, since the kids will be opening and closing them on their own. However, if you can only get bottles with child-proof lids, you can still use them if you help the kids open their bottles when it comes time.
· Order Color Changing UV Beads
· Obtain prescription medicine bottles. (If you are using bottles that have previously contained medicine, be sure to sterilize them to get rid of all medicine residue. Some pharmacies will be willing to give you unused bottles if you tell them what you are using them for.)
· Put at least 8-10 beads in each of the bottles, and then close the lids.
· Keep one bottle for demonstration, and put the rest to the side. You'll probably want to wait until the end of the lesson to pass them out, because they can become a noisy distraction if you pass them out too soon.
· Practice the script.
Use the following script (or modify to suit your needs):
· "How many of you know that you will get a new body in heaven?" (Demonstrate that you are looking for a show of hands.)
· "Well, you will! Let's look at the Scripture that tells us about it." (Have volunteer read 1 Corinthians 15:42-44.)
· "This Scripture is a little hard to understand, so let me help with it."
· "The Apostle Paul is talking about our bodies by comparing them to seeds."
· "He says earlier that the bodies we have now will die one day, but they will be replaced with new bodies."
· "Someone will bury our old bodies, but our new bodies will rise to be with Jesus in heaven."
· "This is like when you plant a seed in the ground. The seed is dead, but when you bury it, it comes back to life and grows into a plant of some sort."
· "And Paul is saying that what grows out of the seed is very different from the seed itself, just like your new, heavenly bodies will be very different from your current earthly bodies."
· "Your earthly body is 'perishable,' which means that it can die. But your new body will be 'imperishable,' which means that it cannot die."
· "Your earthly body is 'sown in dishonor,' which means that it was sinful up to the time it will be buried in the ground. But your new body will be 'raised in glory,' which means that it will have no sin in it at all."
· "Your earthly body is 'sown in weakness,' which means that even when you try to do good things, you sometimes do bad things. You aren't strong enough to always do good things. But your new body will be 'raised in power,' which means that your spirit and your body will both be free of sin so that you are able to always do good things."
· "Finally, Paul says that your earthly body is 'sown a natural body,' which means that it has to obey the physical laws of the natural world. But your heavenly body will be 'raised a spiritual body,' which means that it will be free of the limitations of the natural world. I think it means that we will be able to walk through walls and fly and stuff like that, because Jesus was able to do those things when He came back from the dead."
· "Still, it's hard to understand exactly what your new body will be like in heaven."
· "We have a hard time imagining a body free from sickness, that never gets old and that can do incredible things, but let me give you this word picture – maybe it will help." (Show a prescription medicine bottle with UV color-changing beads inside.)
· "This medicine bottle represents your body."
· "Inside the medicine bottle are some white beads, and those represent your spirit." (Open the bottle, and pour out a few beads to show the class. Then return them to the bottle, and close the top.)
· "Your spirit is different from your earthly body, but it has to stay inside it for now."
· "Unfortunately, your earthly body is sick with sin. It has been since before you were born, because that's how all people since Adam and Eve have been."
· "Your spirit doesn't like being trapped inside your body, because the Bible says that your body and your spirit are in constant conflict with each other." (Have volunteer read Galatians 5:17.)
· "Your body wants things that your spirit doesn't want, and your spirit wants things that your body doesn't want."
· "Now, these beads that I have in this bottle are not normal beads. They are color-changing beads that turn different colors when the ultraviolet rays (UV rays) of the sun shine on them."
· "What's sad is that they can't change colors while they are trapped inside these bottles, because medicine bottles are made of a special material that blocks the UV rays of the sun from getting into the bottle."
· "The beads inside the medicine bottle are like your spirit inside your earthly body."
· "They want to get free so that they can be beautiful, but they are trapped inside the medicine bottle."
· "Your spirit wants to get free, but it's trapped inside your earthly body."
· "But here's the good news. If you have asked Jesus to come into your heart, there will come a day when your spirit will be free of your body."
· "It might be on the day that you die and go to be with Jesus in heaven, or it might be the day that Jesus comes back to rule over the earth, but one day, your spirit will be free."
· "Jesus is going to give your spirit a new body that isn't sick with sin."
· "In your new, sinless body, your spirit will be exposed to the unfiltered Son-light of Jesus Christ, and something incredible will happen."
· "Your new spirit-body won't fight against itself anymore, and it will show its true potential." (Go to a window or outside, and take the beads out of demonstration bottle to show the kids how they change colors in the sun. It will take just a few seconds for them to react – even on a cloudy day.)
· "I can't tell you exactly how incredible your new body will be, because some of it is still a mystery that God wants to surprise us with later."
· "But your new spirit-body is going to be something special, just like these beads."
· "And believe me, the change will be even more dramatic than what you see here!" (Pass out bottles with beads in them to each child, and let them play with them to see the difference between being in the bottle and being out of the bottle.)


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Web application development for emissions and consumption vehicle tests data storage, automatically uploaded nightly from regional business units, displaying the data for audit consumption
ABOUT THE CLIENT
The Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) is a global standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of traditional and hybrid cars, as well as the range of fully electric vehicles.
The WLTP was adopted by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
- Built a web application that extracts data into the central database, whose interface gives transparent, access to an audit history of emissions & consumptions, with the ability to filter data sets for each model and its variants.
- The project deployed in client factories Europe-wide.
Regulations for Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure compliance require a transparent, accessible, and comprehensive system which had own challenges:
- Address the regulatory requirement for car manufacturers to record and present real-driving measurements of car outputs that takes into account consumption for every vehicle spec (model variation) across different speeds.
- Import data from ASCII files and merge to audit history
- Create web interface to enable data sets for vehicle model and corresponding end items to be filtered in drill-down views
- Make complex data easy and transparent to access
- Provide administration tools for manual interventions; creation and regulation of users
Built a web application that extracts data into the central database, whose interface gives transparent, access to an audit history of emissions & consumptions, with the ability to filter data sets for each model and its variants. The data is also exposed as an API for regulated external consumption.
- Automate data imports to PostgreSQL database, checking data integrity, and merging to audit history
- Using PSQL logic to deliver data sets for specific queries, create a front-end for viewing data & API for regulated consumption
- AngularJS, HTML5, CSS3
- Java REST services (Spring) + Java Controller
- PostgreSQL database, with PSQL programming
- Scheduled nightly data extract Stonebranch automation)
- 1 Project Manager
- 1 Front-end developer
- 1 Java developer
- 1 Database developer
The WLTP Central Database stores data auto-uploaded in flat files (ASCII) direct from Auto Manufacturer Emissions tests, output in a web application and regulated API developed by Infotel, for Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure compliance. The application manages storage, consumption and access rights to emissions & consumption tests data for each and every current, past and new vehicle variant.
- Nightly scheduled extract of test data from ASCII files (per regional business unit) to relational database, merged to audit history
- Enable viewers to filter and drill down to test datasets, with unit conversion calculations applied
- Enable admins to make modifications (file upload) and access version history, as well as assign user permissions & API access rights
Project delivered in Agile development process, 2-weekly sprints and deployed in client factories Europe-wide.


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The Revel & Riot website has many resource documents for community education and community building for LGBTQ organizing, education, and advocacy.
We provide a collection of resources on our website – everything from information about anti-oppression, transgender health, internalized homophobia, and LGBTQ art history. Every resource we have comes with references for further reading and links to other organizations where additional support can be found. We believe that the LGBTQ fight for equality is bound to all other struggles for social, economic and environmental justice and we try to reinforce that vision through our resources.
You can find the resource documents here : _URL_
Some of the topics they cover are:
- LGBTTIQQS2AA+ Definitions
- LGBT Art History
- Internalized Homophobia
- Coming Out
- Transgender 101
- Marriage Equality
- Suicide Prevention
- Transgender Health & Transitioning
- Role Models
- Hate Crimes


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Since English is not my native language I can not decide which one of the following two sentences is better.
- We help companies sell more and consumers pay less.
- Helping companies sell more and consumers paying less.
The first is a sentence and is fine.
The second is a phrase but would be better written as either of
depending on who you are helping.
There is no require for a corporate slogan to be a sentence.
At the least, sentence 2 should read Helping companies sell more and consumers pay less.
And it depends on how you are planning to use it. If this is a slogan for something I would use option 2. But then the logo/name of who is helping needs to be very visible for it to have an effect.
As an explanatory/informational sentence, you can use option 1.


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Watch the 6ths online guitar lesson by Jeff McErlain from Blues Survival Guide: Rhythm Edition
Sliding 6ths always sounds good in a blues and is essential to blues survival! We can hear it on almost every blues tune and it always sounds sweet. The reason it always sounds great is that a 6th can be seen as an inverted 3rd and chords are made up of thirds. In this example I am playing the diatonic 6ths of G mixolydian (C major). We can see that some of these sound better than others this is because best sounding ones are the 6ths that contain the chord tones of the G7 chord. For example G to B is the 3rd and 7th of G7, but if we invert that interval so we get B to G we can see those two notes become a major 6th.


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How Do Sails Work: Sailing into the wind
Dinghies can't sail directly into the wind. Instead, they have to zig-zag into it if they want to travel in that direction.
This all makes Olympic Sailing on the TV very confusing for the none-sailor types!
But it also makes our sport far more strategical than it would be if we could just sail in a straight line everywhere.
So how do we sail into the wind?
The science-y part (sort-of)
What is fascinating is that we can sail into the wind at all. If you're walking round your local pond and happen to throw a dry & shrivelled leaf into the water the wind will catch it and blow it in the direction of the wind.
How that same wind could be harnessed to allow something to be blown towards it is, on the face of it, a bit mind-boggling!
How boats sail into the wind is hotly debated and the science is often simplified to help us lay-people comprehend it.
But if you had to sum it up in one word that word would be LIFT.
What is lift?
Lift is an invisible force created by air (or water) flowing around the surface of an object (such as an aeroplane wing).
Sails work similarly to aeroplane wings. Both use lift to get where they want to go.
As the pilots among you will know, planes like to take off into the wind. This creates more lift helping them "lift" off.
You can think of a dinghy just like an aeroplane turned on its side. The forces are the same.
The wings on a plane are shaped so one side is more curved than the other. The air particles hit the leading edge of the wing and are split, with some travelling over the longer, curved side and some travelling along the straighter side. This forces the particles travelling on the curved side to travel faster than their counterparts travelling on the straight side.
Then the famous Bernoulli's law comes into play. In the 1700s Monsieur Bernoulli theorised that this higher speed creates lower pressure on that side of the wing/ sail.
And as higher pressure likes to move towards low pressure it applies a force to the sail. This force is lift.
But why does lift allow you to sail into the wind?
Lift creates a force that sucks the boat towards the curve of the sail. On its own, that force would mostly suck the boat to the side rather than forward.
But dinghies have wings above and below the water. That's right, your centreboards have a purpose other than to give you something to stand on while righting after a capsize.
As the centreboard travels through the water it also creates lift. Like with the sail, that force is also mostly a sideways force with very little pushing the boat forward.
But here's where the magic happens… it's called the "squeezed pip effect'".
What is the squeezed pip effect?
Imagine holding a slippery lemon pip between your thumb and ring finger. Your fingers are applying equal pressure on both sides of the pip. But as you squeeze, the pip will shoot out in a different direction to the forces applied by your fingers.
In the same way the opposing side-ways forces of the sail and centreboard mean the boat is squeezed forwards.
This is because the sail and board's side-ways forces cancel each other out leaving a resulting forwards force.
The less science-y part
Ok, science lesson over. Here are the answers to some queries you might have about sailing into the wind.
What happens if you sail too close to the wind?
If a boat sails too close to the wind the sails lose their lift as they start to flap. This disrupts the airflow vital for lift. This angle and any angle closer to the wind is appropriately termed the "No Go Zone".
What is close-hauled sailing?
Sailing close-hauled is the term used to describe the point of sailing that is the closest angle to the wind that you can sail which still generating maximum lift.
What angle can you sail the wind?
The angle that you can sail towards the wind varies from boat to boat. The range is between about 30 and 50 degrees off the eye of the wind. If you set your sails well or are a multi-sailed keelboat then you'll be able to point near the 30-degree angle. But if you're a novice sailing a single sail dinghy you'll be pointing a lot lower. These differing angles make for interesting handicap racing!
How does tacking help us sail into the wind?
Tacking is simply the term for turning the boat across the no-go-zone. Going from close-hauled on one tack to close-hauled on the other allows us to reach any point into the wind.
Hopefully this helps explain how those expensive pieces of cloth work.
For more dinghy racing tips click here.


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Inside a church are people. Outside of a church are dark cliffs. The church is maintained by the government, because it is on this distinction, this between space, however narrow, that it draws its legitimacy, in a long history of living under colonization. Gunnar Gunnarsson turned it on its head, in his book Svartfugl, or "The Black Birds," meaning dark-souled people (including but not limited to priests) stealing the light from others, under the influence of a bleak landscape. The English translation is The Black Cliffs — the human oppression, and its intimate relationship with the land, has been wiped clean for an American audience. That relationship, though, is vital, as it represents exactly what one sees in the church above: a portal into the self. The result was a complex book, perhaps the best book of 1932:
So, a self and a book, and a whole lot more.


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Children affected by cerebral palsy often have difficult eating and maintaining a healthy weight. These problems may indicate the need to see a nutritionist.
Typically, people with cerebral palsy struggle with chewing because their upper and lower jaw do not fit together correctly, difficulty controlling their mouth muscles in order to chew properly, and pain or other unusual feelings throughout the mouth while eating.
Nutritionists can help you identify a healthy child for your diet that makes it easier for him or her to swallow. He or she may also identify special vitamins or supplements your child needs.


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The current set of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is due to expire in 2015 and the process is underway to shape a new agreement. GADN's new report 'Achieving Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in the Post-2015 Framework' argues that to achieve real and sustainable change, the next framework must tackle the underlying causes of gender inequality and promote women's empowerment.
"The post-2015 framework represents a vital opportunity to build on current momentum and ensure gender equality remains an international priority. A strong and well-resourced standalone goal on women's empowerment and gender equality, together with the mainstreaming of transformative gender targets across the framework, is the approach most likely to address the structural inequalities which persist for women and girls. It also the best way to foster the necessary political will, resources and national ownership to create sustainable and effective action on gender equality and women's rights" says Jessica Woodroffe, co-author of the report and Director of GADN.
GADN, a network of 70 of the UKs leading development NGOs and gender experts, has drawn on evidence from academic research and our members' own experience, together with lessons learnt from the current MDG framework to produce the report. Conclusions include:
- The most effective way to achieve gender equality is through a 'twin track' approach, combining a standalone goal with mainstreaming throughout the framework.
- In the context of the current political debate, a standalone goal on gender equality is vital because of the political commitment and dedicated resources that a specific focus brings.
- Targets across the framework must be transformative so that they reflect a lasting change in the power and choices women have over their own lives and tackle the root causes of inequality.
In defining goals and targets, consultation with organisations in the Global South working to promote the rights of women and girls will be crucial. The report supports such efforts by proposing specific criteria which could be used to develop targets, and draws on previous consultations to suggest possible thematic areas.


I'm very glad to announce you that MyXplain is released today.
Stay curious, passionate and take your time on MyXplain!
One more thing, stay tuned, follow us on twitter :
Covering or not covering, that is the question
And in particular when type=index in this explain output.
This description seems to be the definition of a covering index.
Consider the t1 table, just two columns and a primary key on the id column :
(The table contain 5 lines)
Now, let see the explain output of this query :
sql > explain SELECT text1 FROM t1 ORDER BY id;
The join type is equal to index (type=index), the primary key is used (key=PRIMARY) but there isn't any indication in the extra column.
The primary key is only used to sort the result-set of the query, five rows are return here (rows=5), this is the entire content of the table.
So, in this case, the index is used to sort the rows but the table is acceded to retrieve the values of the text1 column.
It's not possible to say that only the index tree is scanned because the text1 column is not a part of the primary key, MySQL needs to access to the table.
Consider this other query :
sql > explain SELECT id FROM t1;
In this case, the type column indicates "index" and the extra column indicates "Using index".
That means MySQL uses a covering index to retrieve data, the entire content of the index is read, only the index tree is read. MySQL doesn't need to read the table because all the needed data are stored in the index.
The official documentation appears vague for this particular join type. When type=index, the table can be accessed yet for retrieve data.
Only the specification of "Using index" in the extra column means that only the index is accessed.
The real definition for this particular join type could be that the table is scanned in the index order (This is the definition given in the book High Performance MySQL)
Keep in mind that a full index scan is just a bit better than a full table scan but remains a bad way to access your data.


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What Type of Sit-Up Best Isolates Ab Muscles?
Study finds hip flexors kick in when feet are restrained.
If you want to better strengthen your abs when doing sit-ups, do them with your feet unrestrained, according to a study published in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
British researchers had members of the British Army do sit-ups and curl-ups in a variety of ways, including with feet restrained (i.e., someone holding them or hooking them under a stationary object) and feet unrestrained. The subjects did each exercise for two minutes while the researchers measured muscle activity in abdominal muscles as well as the rectus femoris, a quadriceps muscle that acts as a hip flexor.
The researchers found that muscle activity in the rectus femoris was greatest when the Army members did sit-ups with their feet restrained; that is, the hip flexor muscle did more of the work in this type of exercise than when the subjects did sit-ups with their feet unrestrained. As the researchers point out, the feet-restrained method has also been shown to increase forces in the lower back, potentially leading to injury there. Sit-ups with feet unrestrained, the researchers concluded, are therefore better for strengthening abdominal muscles.
The video below shows a challenging version of feet-unrestrained sit-ups performed on an exercise ball.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Attending a Greater Vancouver Board of Trade luncheon yesterday, the Minister of Transport Marc Garneau praised the partnership with Green Marine that has led to a better understanding of underwater noise generated by commercial shipping and port activities, along with its impacts and possible mitigations measures.
"My officials have been working closely with Green Marine on a study to improve understanding of the impacts of both natural and human-caused underwater noise on marine animals," he explained. "The study is available on the Transport Canada website so that all can benefit from its insights."
Garneau was delighted to see Green Marine launch two new performance indicators for underwater noise in its North American environmental certification program. The indicators deal with underwater noise emanating from ships and port activities respectively, with the goal of reducing the impact on marine mammals.
"These indicators were developed with the collaboration of experts from the marine research and science community, environmental non-government organizations, and the federal government," he added. "This leadership initiative is the first of its kind in the world – one in which companies will be formally evaluated on their efforts to reduce underwater noise from their operations."
The new underwater noise performance indicators will be optional during the first year of assessment (in 2017), as is always the case when new indicators are added to the program. They will subsequently be mandatory to obtain Green Marine certification.Back to news


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The People of Cumbria
Cumbria's famous people are of a diverse nature. The county has a strong literary heritage: William Wordsworth, Beatrix Potter, Arthur Ransome, Alfred Wainwright, and others. Well-known historic figures range from Adam Sedgwick, the father of modern geology, to Catherine Parr, wife of Henry VIII. Entertainers such as Stan Laurel of Laurel and Hardy fame have made their mark. Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, founder of the National Trust, was a Cumbrian.
|Alfred Wainwright||Arthur Ransome|
|Beatrix Potter||John Cunliffe|
|John Ruskin||John Wilkinson|
|Reverend William Spooner||Thomas Henry Ismay|
|Thomas Skelton||William Henry Bragg|


Cultural in Chamonix
Chamonix isn't just about being extreme on the slopes, there is a whole world of history, art and culture to discover too. Even if you're not a culture vulture, there are exhibitions, museums and artisans which will have you enthralled.
Chamonix has a mountaineering heritage and sense of adventure which has been at the root of the resort for hundreds of years. The mythical setting at the foot of Mont Blanc inspires artists and craftsmen, many of whom hold exhibitions or open up their workshops to visitors and the museums tell the often surprising history of the town.


What is the World of Darkness and Vampire: the Requiem?
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Vampire: the Requiem is a game written by White Wolf in the "World of Darkness" game-line. The World of Darkness is a world not completely unlike our own, but darker; crime is more prevalent, corruption runs deep, homelessness and poverty are enhanced. In this world, monsters are real - monsters like vampires. In a Vampire: the Requiem game, players take the role of these creatures, monsters who are almost, but not quite, human. Players explore what it is like for their character to deal with their condition, whether they embrace it or fight to keep what is left of their humanity. In addition to the personal horror of night-to-night existence, the vampires of the World of Darkness organize in neo-feudal courts. The drama and political infighting that arises from that interaction - fighting over feeding rights, or in defense of the city's vampire laws - makes up a great portion of the appeal of a Vampire game. What is a LARP? A LARP or "Live Action Roleplaying" game is like any other... more
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Have you ever thought of why you sign an agreement of purchase and sale when buying or selling property?
Well, once upon a time, 1066 A.D. to be more precise, William the Conqueror paid a visit to "Merry Old England" with about 1500 Barons and their supporting armies. Following the English defeat at the Battle of Hastings, William declared himself King of England and claimed ownership of all the lands. He then granted large areas of land or estates to his Barons as a reward for their loyalty. Absolute ownership, however, still remained with the King while the "feudal lords" had the right to manage and tax the people who lived on their estates. The Lord of the Manor even had the say in who could marry whom.
During the next several hundred years, the feudal system eroded to the extent that many commoners were favored by the Crown and allowed to possess property. Eventually the power of the Lords was reduced and the Crown allowed title to be inherited and transferred by the general public. Even today the buying and selling of land is an everyday occurrence but ultimate title is still vested with the Crown, thus the ability to expropriate. Illiteracy was very common during the Middle Ages and, more often than not, property would be sold by a verbal agreement with only witnesses and no written record. With a high mortality rate and the lack of documentation, the climate for title problems was ideal.
In 1677 A.D., the Statute of Frauds was passed by the English Government. The new Law stated that all transactions dealing with land must be in writing. Now, at least, a purchaser had a dated document to support his land claim and hopefully the person selling the property was the legal owner.
Nova Scotia was a British colony and was bound to adopt the historical laws of England. Even the laws of the United States of America are rooted in British history. Today the Nova Scotia Statute of Frauds states that in order for an agreement to buy or sell property to be recognized by the courts, it must be in writing. You can still make a verbal agreement if you wish, but if either party changes their mind your contract is not binding. The transfer of land, under section 3 of the Act, must be in writing just as in 1677.
Now you have a deed! Do you hide it away in a closet so your neighbors and the "taxman" don't know what you own, or do you record it in the registry office? The Registry Act of Nova Scotia does not compel you to record your deed. The Act, however, does state that the first person to record the deed of a particular parcel of land is the legal owner.
In other words, if I sell Tom a piece of land and then fraudulently sell Bill the same piece of land the next day, who owns the land? Why, Tom of course! But wait a minute, Bill didn't know that his deed was invalid and assumed he owned the property. He then proceeded to the Registrar of Deeds and recorded his document. Under the Registry Act and in the "eyes of the court", Bill is now the legal owner of the land. Tom will probably commence legal action against me for damages claiming breach of contract and fraud.
So the next time you are involved in a land transfer or are thinking of buying your first home, realize that an agreement of purchase and sale is standard practice, supported by the courts and usually involving a deposit. Filing your deed in the Registry of Deeds office is for your own protection and allows any future owner to check the quality of your title.


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Nature & Science
Though relatively small (113 acres), the park contains a variety of habitat types including temperate rainforest, open meadow, estuary, anadromous river, and semi-protected marine intertidal shoreline. The park's vegetation is dominated by the coastal temperate rainforest typical of southeastern Alaska and is characterized by the Sitka spruce/western hemlock closed-canopy forest type. The northeastern corner of the park exhibits old-growth characteristics such as multiple canopy layers, trees of varying diameters, snags, and woody debris. Non-forested areas in the park include the Indian River estuary and associated wetlands, the beach fringe, and the historic Tlingit fort site, which is a maintained grassy opening enclosed by the surrounding forest. The marine intertidal area is unusually diverse and productive.
Pink and chum salmon enter the intertidal and lower floodplain channel segments of the Indian River to spawn from mid-July through September. Coho and chinook salmon, Dolly Varden char, and steelhead trout migrate through the park.
The park's marine shoreline areas support a variety of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds during spring and fall. Bald eagles, gulls, crows, and ravens scavenge along the tidal flats and the river, especially during the spring herring spawn and fall salmon runs.
Shrews, mice, voles, red squirrels, mink, and river otters also inhabit the park. Sitka blacktail deer and brown bears occupy the upper Indian River drainage and occasionally enter the park.
Did You Know?
Alaska's Governor John Brady asked leaders from several southeast Alaska villages to donate totem poles for public exhibitions outside of Alaska, and eventually, for display at Sitka's popular public park. More than a dozen Tlingit and Haida poles were placed along the park's trail in 1906. More...


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A system and associated methods for acquiring and analyzing LEIS data from a buried structure, such as a pipeline. A special probe having adjustable electrodes is placed in the soil above the structure. A voltage is applied to the structure, causing more current to emanate from a coating defect than from intact coating. The probe electrodes acquire a response signal, which is analyzed to detect the defect.
Pavan K. Shukla; Todd S. Mintz; Biswajit Dasgupta; Jay L. Fisher; Osvaldo Pensado-Rodriguez


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Structure made of keratin that grows on the back of the end of each finger and toe. Nails consist of a root, under the skin; a translucent plate, attached to a nail bed beneath; and a free edge. Nail plate (and probably bed) cells are produced at the root and pushed forward as new cells form behind them. They die and turn white as they reach the free edge and lose contact with the richly vascularized nail bed, which supplies them with nutrients. Fingernails grow continuously at about 0.5 mm per week; toenails grow more slowly. They protect the tips of fingers and toes and help the fingers pry, pick up small objects, and scratch.
Learn more about nail with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Nail may refer to:


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Paper Title: Full-Scale Measurements of Welding-Induced Initial Deflections and Residual Stresses in Steel-Stiffened Plate Structures
M S Yi, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at Pusan National University; and Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea
C M Hyun, Samsung Heavy Industry, South Korea
J K Paik, The International Centre for Advanced Safety Studies (The Lloyd's Register Foundation Research Centre of Excellence), South Korea; and University College London, UK
Plated structures such as ships and offshore structures are constructed using welding techniques that attach support members (or stiffeners) to the plating. During this process, initial imperfections develop in the form of initial deformations (deflections or distortions) and residual stresses. These initial imperfections significantly affect the buckling and ultimate strength of these structures. Therefore, to assess the strength of welded plate structures, it is very important to predict the magnitude and pattern of welding-induced initial imperfections and their effects on buckling and ultimate strength. To determine the reliability of the prediction methods, it is desirable to validate the theoretical or numerical predictions of welding-induced initial imperfections through comparison with full-scale actual measurements.
However, full-scale measurement databases are lacking, as they are costly to obtain. This study contributes to the development of a full-scale measurement database of welding-induced initial imperfections in steel-stiffened plate structures. The target structures are parts of real (full-scale) deckhouses in very large crude oil carrier class floating, production, storage and offloading unit structures. For parametric study purposes, four test structures by varying plate thickness are measured while the stiffener types and weld bead length are fixed. Modern technologies for measuring initial deformations and residual stresses are applied. The details of the measurement methods are documented for the use of other researchers and practicing engineers who want to validate their computational models for predicting welding-induced initial imperfections.
Transactions RINA, Vol 160, Part A4, International Journal Maritime Engineering, Oct - Dec 2018
DOI No: 10.3940/rina.ijme.2018.a4.504
Search and Order IJME papers
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Selecting and Designing Polymers Suitable for Nanoparticle Manufacturing
Abstract : Man has always tried to use the materials around him to construct more and more complex objects for its everyday use, with a particular attention to materials which can be used to treat diseases and/or injuries. With the technological progress and the apparition of macromolecular materials, the objects available to treat the human body improved. Polymers, considered to be powerful building blocks, attracted and continue to attract a lot of attention from researchers, especially from those working in the biomedical and therapeutic domains. Moreover, the advances in medical knowledge about diseases, such as the different types of cancer, lead to the development of very specific and complex materials, elaborated specifically for the biomedical and therapeutic fields. Therefore, the macromolecular chemist plays a crucial role in the design of such complex polymer structures obtained by polymerization and/or copolymerization of functional monomers, as well as by chemical modification of natural or synthetic polymers. To illustrate the complexity in the design of polymers suitable for manufacturing nanoparticles, several examples of degradable or fragmentable (co)polymers, specifically designed for application as degradable nanocarriers, are given. These macromolecular materials are synthesized, either by chemical modification of natural or synthetic polymers using classical chemical reactions known in organic chemistry, or by (co)polymerization of functional monomers using the (co)polymerization techniques known for classical polymer synthesis (radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, etc.). The polymers' composition are explained in correlation with the factors influencing the degradation rate of the corresponding nanovectors, such as the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the macromolecular materials and the degradation mechanisms (when known).
Document type :
Book sections
Complete list of metadatas
Contributor : Laurent Jonchère <>
Submitted on : Tuesday, May 7, 2019 - 2:48:42 PM
Last modification on : Wednesday, January 13, 2021 - 9:40:57 AM
Sandrine Cammas-Marion. Selecting and Designing Polymers Suitable for Nanoparticle Manufacturing. Christine Vauthier and Gilles Ponchel (eds). Polymer Nanoparticles for Nanomedicines: A Guide for their Design, Preparation and Development, Springer International Publishing, pp.343-379, 2016, 978-3-319-41421-8. ⟨10.1007/978-3-319-41421-8₁2⟩. ⟨hal-02122679⟩
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Purpose: This study aimed to describe the periodontal condition of children, adolescents and young Saudi adults and to investigate its relationship with salivary variables and oral hygiene status. Materials and Methods: A sample of 114 children, 99 adolescents and 99 young adults were randomly selected from patients attending dental clinics at the school of dentistry. Clinical examination of oral health status included using WHO Community Periodontal Index and Green and Vermillion oral hygiene index. In addition, salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and microbial flora were measured. Results: A healthy periodontal condition was found in 6.7% of the sample. Calculus was the most frequently encountered periodontal disease. Children had better periodontal condition than adolescents and adults. Males had higher plaque and gingival scores than females. The salivary flow rate and pH were significantly higher in individuals with good periodontal condition. The salivary level of fluoride and buffering capacity was not related to the periodontal condition. Yeast was the only microorganism related to periodontal condition. The relationship between poor periodontal condition and high plaque score was highly significant. Conclusions: Periodontal disease increased with age and was strongly related to salivary flow rate, pH value and yeast level, as well as plaque accumulation. Preventive efforts must be increased in order to achieve the WHO goal for the year 2010 of no more than one sextant showing bleeding or calculus at the age of 15.
Keywords: community periodontal index, microbial flora, oral hygiene, saliva


RNG: The Science Behind Bitcoin Dice Results
RNG: The Science Behind Bitcoin Dice Results
When people play at a Bitcoin dice casino, the basic gameplay is to make a guess on whether the result will be high or low. This refers to whether a roll will be higher or lower than a target number. The earliest Bitcoin dice sites had a set number, giving players only a choice of higher or lower. Further refinements in other sites have players being able to manipulate the target number. However, the core of the game stays the same, which is the generation of a random number. These results are provided by a random number generator.
How do dice gambling sites get their results?
What is a random number generator or RNG for short? These are mathematical algorithms that allow games to generate a random number in a fair manner. It is not just gambling sites that use them. They are also used in encryption software, videos games, and other programs that require a random result.
An RNG uses algorithms that create a set of numbers, limited to a particular range of numbers. Depending on the type of algorithm used, these RNGS can come up with millions of different outcomes within a fraction of a second. Some of them even take into account the time variable to ensure that the results are constantly changing.
These random number generators are not completely random, though. There are sequences and patterns that an observant player can use to figure out future results. This is why a lot of RNGs are extremely complicated and heavily encrypted to make it difficult to figure out a pattern.
Additionally, RNGs constantly come up with numbers even when they are not being used. With 24/7 number generation, it makes it virtually impossible for players to spot patterns in the gameplay. Additional precautions include using the time and date as part of the variables used for increased randomness.
Beyond Bitcoin dice
Bitcoin dice casinos are one of the most popular users of RNGs; however, other gambling games use the random number generators, too. Remember that the essence of gambling is about random results and they all need that to function properly. Besides being used in dice sites, they also happen to be popular in slot machine games.
Random number generators also did a lot of work with card games. The algorithm used with card games is a bit different since it gives each card a number value equating the different values of the cards along with the amount of decks been used. The numbers generated are then stored in a data set, simulating a shuffled deck. Once all the cards are drawn, a new set is created. Other games have their own protocols.
Random number generators are the heart of online gambling—especially of Bitcoin casinos with dice games—and appreciating their use is what every gambler should do.


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The Western Connection began in 2003 as collaboration between Western Connecticut State University and the Danbury area school districts to provide students with disabilities opportunities in a college setting. This regional program, for students ages 18-21, provides academic opportunities, work experiences, and life skills instruction to assist students in developing the vocational, study and social skills necessary for future post secondary study, competitive employment and community living. Generally a two year program, students audit one class per semester (for a total of four class experiences), and have one different work experience per semester (for a total of four different vocational experiences). Graduates of this program have opted for a variety of settings after graduating from the program. They include: 4 year colleges, community colleges, or the work force.
Current on campus worksites include:
A significant emphasis is on developing social skills appropriate to college age students. Students participate in a social skills group for one hour weekly. Western Connection students are encouraged to join clubs and attend special college presentations. They take advantage of the fitness facilities and the game rooms.
There are at least two social or cultural events held per monthshared by both Western Connection and WCSC education, and social work students.
Activities at the college have included:
- Coffee Houses
- Football Games/Tailgating Parties
- Theater Productions
- Hikes, Bowling, Miniature Golf


Master Implementation with Picmonic for Nursing RN
The nursing process, known by the acronym ADPIE (assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation), is a five-step systematic approach to patient care using the fundamental principles of critical thinking, individualized patient approaches to treatment, goal-oriented tasks, and evidence-based practice recommendations. Implementation is the fourth step of the nursing process. It involves carrying out the nursing interventions outlined in the plan of care. There are three nursing intervention classifications; direct care, indirect care, and community interventions. When implementing the care plan, it is necessary to act in partnership with the patient and family, and reassess the interventions to ensure they are consistent with the standard of practice and research findings, and are still relevant to the patient. It is also important to be organized before performing the nursing action, and to carefully document every nursing intervention. Nurses should familiarize themselves with the nursing interventions that require professional nurses and which can be safely delegated.
Direct Care Interventions
Direct care interventions involve direct interactions with the patient. They include physiological and psychosocial nursing actions. Some examples are medication administration, health education, emotional support.
Indirect Care Interventions
Indirect care interventions involve supporting a patient's health with methods developed away from the patient. They include strengthening the patient's care settings and increasing the effectiveness of direct care. Examples would be collaborating patient care with other healthcare team members, documenting care, making referrals, and managing the patient's environment to ensure safety.
A Community (Public Health) Intervention
A community health intervention aims at improving and protecting the health of the population. Examples include health promotion strategies, disease prevention, community supports.
Partnership with the Patient/Family
Patient and Family
When implementing the care plan, it is essential to include the patient/family. They are your most valuable resource in improving the outcomes of the treatment. They support the nurse in determining new or continuing need for nursing assistance, and any revisions needed in the care plan. Patients are more willing to participate in the care if they have input in the plan.
Performing the Nursing Action
Nurse Performing Nursing Action
Successful implementation of the care plan requires an extraordinary level of planning and efficiency. Some key facts to support the best outcomes include knowing how to perform the nursing action, understanding why the action is being performed and potential adverse responses. The nurse should have all the equipment and supplies ready and should pay special attention to the environment to ensure privacy and safety. And lastly, the nurse should be aware of interventions that can be completed independently or assistance is needed.
Documenting Nursing Care
All nursing interventions must be thoroughly and accurately charted. Documentation allows for proceeding nurses implementing the care plan to identify modifications made in the nursing interventions, the patient's progress towards the goal/outcome, and to have legal evidence of all nursing efforts to implement the plan.
Delegating Nursing Care
Delegating Tasks
Delegation is the transfer of responsibility of a task to another person while the primary nurse retains accountability for the outcome. It is vital for registered nurses to critically distinguish nursing interventions that require registered nurses and ones that can safely be delegated. Interventions should never be attempted beyond an individual's capacity without supervision.
Entering-between Patient and Disease-guy
When identifying parts of the nursing process during an exam, certain keywords or phrases can help determine which part of the nursing process they are asking about. In an implementation question, the word "intervene" is one of these keywords.
Priority Action
List of Priorities and Action-clapper
When identifying parts of the nursing process during an exam, certain keywords or phrases can help determine which part of the nursing process they are asking about. In an implementation question, the phrase "priority action" is one of these keywords.
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This WP examines the impact of the pandemic on Antarctic researchers and decision-makers, drawing on results from a survey as well as relevant impacts-related literature.
- What are the impacts of COVID-19 on Antarctic researchers and anyone contributing to Antarctic research?
- How do the impacts vary according to demographic?
- What do researchers need? What strategies have been, or could be adopted, to meet those needs?
Ilan Kelman (Co-Lead)
Cristian Lorenzo (Co-Lead)
Jennifer Pickett (Co-Lead)
Yelena Yermakova (Co-Lead)
Won Sang Lee
Pedro Marques Quinteiro
Kelman, I. (2021). "Profiles of Norwegian Science: COVID-19 affecting Antarctic research". The Norwegian American, 18 June 2021.
Lorenzo, C., D. Liggett, B. Frame, A. Herbert, I. Kelman, J. Pickett, & Y. Yermakova (2020). "Antarctica and the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking a Social Sciences and Humanities perspective." Environment Coastal & Offshore (ECO).
Liggett, D. et al. "Antarctic research at a time of crisis: The impact of COVID-19 on the Antarctic research community." Abstract submitted to the 2021 New Zealand Antarctic Science Conference.
The results from the 2020 community survey can be accessed in the pdf Final Report (1.57 MB).


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Forearm vascular responses to arginine vasopressin (AVP) infused into a brachial artery in a wide range of infusion rates (0.05-2.0 ng/kg per min) were examined in 20 young healthy volunteers. Intraarterial AVP at lower doses (0.05 and 0.1 ng/kg per min) caused forearm vasoconstriction, whereas AVP at a dose of 0.2 ng/kg per min or higher caused forearm vasodilatation. The maximal forearm vasoconstriction was induced at the venous plasma AVP level of 76.3 ± 8.8 pg/ml. Forearm vasodilatation was associated with the venous plasma VP level of 369 ± 43 pg/ml or higher. Forearm vasodilatation was the result of the direct effect of AVP since forearm blood flow and vascular resistance in the contralateral arm did not change. We attempted to explore the mechanisms involved in AVP-induced direct vasodilatation. The treatment with indomethacin, 75 mg/d for 3 d, did not alter AVP-induced forearm vasodilatation. In contrast, intraarterial infusion of isoosmolar CaCl2 totally prevented AVP-induced forearm vasodilatation. Intraarterial CaCl2 also markedly attenuated forearm vasodilatation induced by intraarterial sodium nitroprusside, but did not alter forearm vasodilatation induced by intraarterial isoproterenol. These results indicate that the direct vascular effects of intraarterial AVP on the forearm vessels are biphasic, causing vasoconstriction at lower doses and vasodilatation at higher doses. The direct vasodilatation induced by intraarterial AVP at higher doses is not mediated by prostaglandins but may involve cGMP-related mechanisms.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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Our Vision & Mission
We believe that young people with SEND should have equal life chances as they move into adulthood.
This should include paid employment and higher education, housing options and independent living, good health, friends, relationships, community inclusion and choice and control over their lives and support.
If we were successful we would see the following:
- Preparing for adulthood would start from the earliest years
- Services that have a statutory responsibility would focus on how they can support people to progress towards PfA outcomes
- Mainstream agencies would be more inclusive and engaged
- Young people and their families would be involved in strategic planning and service design and would support commissioners in design and development of future services
- Local authorities would be able to evidence positive outcomes for young people
- The Local Offer would provide children, young people and their families with up-to-date and clear information on what is available locally through the Local Offer. The Local Offer will also have a feedback and review mechanism for commissioners to capture information on where the gaps are for families
- Young people and families would be involved in the ongoing development and review of the Local Offer


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KAHOOT!: Kahoot has implemented a new security / safety feature for 16 and under users that disables their ability to share their work; thank you UPHS Foreign Language teachers for finding the error. The result is simply that students cannot email you the link to play with the class or to grade their work.
*Here is your workaround:
QUIZZIZZ: Quizzizz is an extremely similar gaming / formative assessment tool. Students can create and share their work; just like they used to with Kahoot.
Supports Single Sign On with Google
Choose from the library (you can edit to suit your needs) or create from scratch
You can even import questions from a CSV file
Kids navigate to join.quizzizz.com and enter the game PIN to join OR share out through Google Classroom just by clicking the Classroom Icon.
You will still get the same great formative assessment tool with the individual student data you need for modification and remediation.
Check out Quizzizz Educators' Resource Page to learn more or contact Will Herring at _EMAIL_.


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When organizations think of "fit for duty", they often think of drug and alcohol impairment. But what about fatigue impairment? Physical impairment? Psychological impairment? And what about the flip side… fit for worker? The purpose of this paper is to introduce how technology and metrics, combined with human factors, is redefining the Fit for Duty landscape.
Perhaps the most important question to ask is this; why do we need to test for fitness at all? Looking back at the industrial revolution, it used to be that someone would create a job and hire someone else to do it. It was pretty cut and dry. You show up at a given time, leave at a given time, and in between, do whatever was asked of you. Occasionally workers would get hurt. Occasionally workers would get fired with no explanation. If you showed up with alcohol on your breath, it was at the discretion of the company to let you work that day. Or ever again.
Today, we have an obligation to determine if a worker is fit for duty. We have to consider the impact on the health and safety of the worker themselves and those of their co-workers. We may even have to consider the health and safety of society at large. Now, work is much more structured and regulated. Employees are required to perform to work standards and they have an obligation to present themselves in a fit state at the start of their shift and throughout the work period. Basically, we design a job and then screen people to fit that job.
Part of the challenge is that different industries and even different disciplines are using the term "fit for duty" with different meanings and in different contexts. In most cases, fit has been subjectively defined, making it a challenge for HR departments and OHS professionals to manage. How do we find common medical and legal ground?


Employee Satisfaction
Employee retention is essential to maintaining an efficient, productive business. Particularly, if skilled professionals are frequently leaving their jobs, the high turnover can be both a financial and operational risk to the business due to lost skills and knowledge. Io Data Corporation's innovative employee satisfaction research can help your company pinpoint the most realistic and affordable ways to optimize your employee satisfaction and retention. Employee satisfaction research will help you create more than just "happy workers":
Io Data's unique database management system allows us to generate reports including facts, trends, graphs, etc. much more easily than most companies. We create customized databases and tracking programs for businesses who want to follow sales and performance in reliable, consistent, comparable ways.
What can we create together?
Our projects are customized and priced by the size and complexity of the reports. A simple program may include a monthly report that plots Company A's weekly sales trends. Then, what if Company A wants to add a weekly program to track daily sales? What if Company A then decides it wants to track daily and weekly trends in the sales of particular products? Imagine some of the other things Company A could request in a tracking program:
 - Retention - Work satisfaction decreases employee turnover.
 - Loyalty - Satisfaction creates a desire to contribute to company success.
 - Efficiency - Low turnover yields high work efficiency.
 - Reputation - Satisfied employees are more likely to refer others to work for the company. Satisfaction also contributes to the company's image on the outside.
 - Profits - Satisfied employees are more likely to refer others to company products/services. As a company's reputation builds, so do its earnings.
Increase Employee Satisfaction → Decrease Turnover → Increase Productivity → Build Industry Reputation → Build Customer Reputation → Increase Sales
Let your employees know of your concern for their concerns. Let Io Data help.


Friday, March 25, 2011
Being a Potter, the term "potter's field," as used in "they buried him in the potter's field," always intrigued me. What was, what is, a potter's field? Are there still some today?
Found the term in Matthew 27:7. After betraying Jesus, Judas gave the 30 pieces of silver back to the priests to buy a "potters field to bury strangers in." is that the first use of the term? And why there? Did the potters toss their broken pottery pieces onto this "worthless" field and so it was available for a burying ground?
Webster's says: "a burial ground for paupers or unknown persons."
Anybody have any answers or ideas to share?
1 comment:


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What Happens If You Have A Criminal Conviction?
March 17, 2023
A criminal conviction can have severe and long-lasting consequences. It can affect your personal and professional life and limit your opportunities in many ways. If you are facing criminal charges or have been convicted of a crime, it is important to understand the implications and your options.
In the state of New Jersey, a criminal conviction can result in fines, imprisonment, probation, and other penalties. The severity of the punishment depends on the type and severity of the crime, as well as the defendant's criminal history and other factors.
Some of the consequences of a criminal conviction include:
- Employment Restrictions: A criminal conviction can make it difficult to find a job or advance in your career. Many employers conduct background checks, and a criminal record can disqualify you from certain jobs.
- Housing Restrictions: A criminal conviction can also affect your ability to find suitable housing. Landlords may deny your rental application if you have a criminal record, and you may have to live in a less desirable neighborhood or pay higher rent.
- Professional Licenses: Certain professions require a license or certification from the state, and a criminal conviction can result in the loss or suspension of these licenses. This can affect your ability to work in your chosen field and earn a living.
- Immigration Consequences: If you are not a U.S. citizen, a criminal conviction can affect your immigration status and potentially lead to deportation.
- Voting Rights: In New Jersey, individuals convicted of a felony lose their right to vote while they are serving their sentence, including any probation or parole.
Contact The Law Office of John B. Brennan Today For a Free Consultation About Your Criminal Defense Case in New Jersey
If you are facing criminal charges or have been convicted of a crime, it is important to speak with an experienced criminal defense attorney. Whether you're facing charges for a DUI, a drug crime, or another type of offense, we're here to help. At the Law Office of John B. Brennan, we believe that everyone deserves a strong defense. We know how complicated the criminal justice system in New Jersey is and have a history of successfully defending our clients' rights. We understand the challenges you may be facing and will work tirelessly to protect your rights and achieve the best possible outcome for your case. Contact us today to schedule a free consultation and learn how we can help you.


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Hand-held M2000 Air Quality Detector
M2000 combines ease of use and performance.
A simple but powerful air quality detector. The Temtop M2000 Air Quality Detector provides exactly what you need to stay on top of your home air quality levels - no more, no less.
Temtop, the brand under Elitech Technology, Inc. (Innovation preceding all), is a technology company specialized in environmental detection. TEMTOP will continuously make an effort to push society to give attention to air quality.
- Multifunctional Air Quality Monitor device with high precise electrochemical formaldehyde sensor, laser particle sensor and carbon dioxide sensor based on NDIR
- This detector can detect PM2.5 PM10 Particles CO2 HCHO Temperature and Humidity
- Audio alarm, colorful TFT display, ergonomic design, built-in rechargeable large capacity battery
- Easy understanding user interface
- Name: Hand-Held Air Quality Detector
- Model: M2000
- Display: TFT color LCD Screen
- Battery Voltage: 3.7VDC
- Overall Dimension: 73.5*139*37.5mm
- Power Adapter: Output Voltage: 5VDC; Output Current: 1A
- Operating Environment: Temperature range: 0~50℃; Humidity range: 0~90%RH
- Atmospheric pressure: 1atm
- PM2.5 Measurement range: 0~999ug/m³; Resolution: 0.1ug/m³
- PM10 Measurement range: 0~999ug/m³; Resolution: 0.1ug/m³
- CO2 Measurement range: 0~5000PPM; Resolution: 1PPM
- Formaldehyde Measurement range: 0~5mg/m³; Resolution: 0.001mg/m³
Main Pollutants In Air
What is PM2.5?
PM2.5 are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, and can only be seen with an electron microscope. Fine particles are produced from all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.
What is HCHO?
Colorless, poisonous, highly water-soluble gas with an obnoxious odor. Used in the manufacture of disinfectants, preservatives, and hundreds of industrial and consumer products such as adhesives, carpeting, decorative paneling, foam insulation, drapery, fiber and particle boards, and permanent press fabrics.
What is TVOC?
TVOC is a grouping of a wide range of organic chemical compounds to simplify reporting when these are present in ambient air or emissions. Many substances, such as natural gas, could be classified as volatile organic compounds
- Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
- Coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath
- Reduced lung function
- Irregular heartbeat
- Asthma attacks
- Heart attacks
- Premature death in people with heart or lung disease
FREE SHIPPING TO USA:
Generally it takes about 24 hours to proceed with the order and 2-5 working days in shipping. We offer you FREE SHIPPING if you chose normal shipment. FYI, we offer expedited or overnight shipping. You can choose it when you are about to check out.
Generally, the products will be shipped by DHL express shipping if you are from another countries. It is safer and faster. It takes about 3~5 working days for you to receive the products you ordered.
Returns & Exchanges
We're bummed if you're not 100% satisfied with the items you received, and we gladly accept returns within 3 month days of receipt for most items in new condition.


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Optical gas imaging of methane and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
The FLIR GF320 is an IR camera for optical gas imaging (OGI) that visualizes and pinpoints leaks of VOCs, without the need to shut down the operation. The portable camera also greatly improves operator safety, by detecting emissions at a safe distance, and helps to protect the environment by tracing leaks of environmentally harmful gases.
The GF320 is used in industrial settings such as oil refineries, natural gas processing plants, offshore platforms, chemical/petrochemical industries, and biogas and power generation plants.
The FLIR GF320 contains a cooled Indium Antimonide (InSb) detector. This highly sensitive detector visualizes gases in the 3.2 - 3.4 micrometer waveband. It will not only make gases, but also the smallest of temperature differences, clearly visible.
The FLIR GF320 visualizes temperatures from -40°C to +350°C.
The FLIR GF320 can be used both for finding gas leaks and maintenance inspections.
The FLIR GF320 comes either with a fixed 14.5° lens or with a fixed 24° lens. A version with interchangeable lenses is also available but requires a US Department of State license.
The FLIR GF320 detects the following gases:


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8 Methods for Three by One
Fix Me or Crush Me
Doug writes:
For the first part, I took a general matrix $\begin{bmatrix} a&b&c\\ d&e&f\\ g&h&i\\ \end{bmatrix}$, and multiplied this with $\mathbf{F}$ to get $\begin{pmatrix} a+b\\ d+e\\ g+h\\ \end{pmatrix} \therefore$ a+b=1, d+e=1, g+h=0, and c,f,i are irrelevant. There are an infinite number of solutions to this.
Check the identity matrix is one, yes it is. The simplest non-identity is probably $\begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&0\\ \end{bmatrix}$
And a complicated one is $\begin{bmatrix} m&1-m&j\\ n&1-n&k\\ p&-p&l\\ \end{bmatrix}$.
To crush $\mathbf{Z}$, I followed the same process. The simplest non-zero matrix is probably $\begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ \end{bmatrix}$
And a complicated one is $\begin{bmatrix} j&m&-m\\ k&n&-n\\ l&p&-p\\ \end{bmatrix}$.
To find a matrix that achieves both, I just combined the equations found previously to the simultaneous set: a+b=1,d+e=1,g+h=0,b+c=0,e+f=0,h+i=0 $\therefore$ b=-c,e=-f,h=-i
$\therefore$ a-c=1,d-f=1,g-i=0
9 variables, 6 equations, but there is probably not just one unique solution.
In fact looking at these, we can quickly jump to $\begin{bmatrix} 1-j&j&-j\\ 1-k&k&-k\\ -l&l&-l\\ \end{bmatrix}$ which satisfies both sets, thus any matrix of this form will fix $\mathbf{F}$ and crush $\mathbf{Z}$.
The above matrix must be, and is, singular, i.e. the eigenvectors do not form an independent set. If the eigenvectors formed an independent set then there would be no vector that would be crushed by being transformed by the matrix.
For the next part, it seems that $\mathbf{F}$ and $\mathbf{Z}$ have been carefully chosen to have 1s and 0s to make simultaneous fixing & crushing possible.
I tried to prove this with the general matrix $\begin{bmatrix} a&b&c\\ d&e&f\\ g&h&i\\ \end{bmatrix}$ multiplied with a fixable general vector $\begin{pmatrix} j\\ k\\ l\\ \end{pmatrix}$ and a crushable general vector $\begin{pmatrix} m\\ n\\ p\\ \end{pmatrix}$
so we have 6 simultaneous equations:
I proceeded to attempt to solve the simultaneous equations, but did not find a general argument to prove it either way.
Steve notes:
The first matrix fixes all vectors and crushes no vectors. So, clearly not all matrices crush vectors. I wonder if others fail to crush vectors?
Anyway, to determine more generally if a matrix $M$ crushes a vector $\mathbf{Z}$ we need to solve $M\mathbf{Z}= \mathbf{0}$. By putting this into components we get three simultaneous equations in $x, y, z$. For the second matrix, the equations I get are
$$x+2y+3z=0, 2x+3y+4z = 0, 3x+4y+5z=0$$
I can solve these by elimination to get the solution as
This is a line of solutions - each vector can be written as $(a, -2a, a)$ for any number $a$.
To check, we can see that
\begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3\\ 2&3&4\\ 3&4&5\\ \end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix} a\\ -2a\\ a\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \end{pmatrix}
To determine if the same matrix fixes a vector, I need to solve
$$ \begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3\\ 2&3&4\\ 3&4&5\\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x\\ y\\ z\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x\\ y\\ z\\ \end{pmatrix} $$
This gives me equations
2y+3z=0, 2x+2y+4z = 0, 3x+4y+4z=0
I tried to solve these, but they proved to be inconsistent with no solution. So the second matrix does not fix any vector. So, there are clearly matrices which don't leave any vector fixed.
For the third matrix I saved some time by noticing that the second row is $(1, 1, 0)$. So, if this matrix is to crush any vector then that vector must be of the form $(a, -a, z)$.
Multiplying this vector by the matrix gives $(3a+z, 0, -3a-2z)$. This can't be set equal to zero for any choice of $a\neq 0$ and $z$, so the last matrix does not crush any vector.
What does it fix? The second row is again key. It implies that $x+y=y$ which implies that $x=0$. The other rows give equations $-2y+z=0$ and $y-2z=z$, which are inconsistent unless $y=z=0$. So, this matrix doesn't fix a vector either! I wasn't expecting that.
For the last part, note that if the vector $\mathbf{F}$ has all non-zero components $x, y$ and $z$ then it is always possible to construct a matrix such that $\mathbf{F}$ is fixed
$\begin{bmatrix} 1&a& -(x+ay)/z+x/z\\ 1&b& -(x+by)/z+y/z\\ 1&c&-(x+cy)/z+1\\ \end{bmatrix}$
It looks like variable choices $a, b, c$ will be sufficient to make it possible to crush any choice of vector $\mathbf{Z}$ which is not parallel to $\mathbf{F}$, but I'd better make sure.
Acting with this matrix on any other vector $(X, Y, Z)$ gives me
X+aY+\left(\frac{x-(x+ay)}{z}\right)Z = X+bY+\left(\frac{y-(x+by)}{z}\right)Z =X+cY+\left(\frac{z-( x+cy)}{z}\right)Z=0
I can rewrite this to make the factors of $a, b, c$ more clear as
X+\left(\frac{x-x}{z}\right) Z+a\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)=X+\left(\frac{y-x}{z}\right) Z+b\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)=X+\left(\frac{z-x}{z}\right) Z+c\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)
Each choice $a, b, c$ premultiplies the same factor. So, if this factor is not zero I can choose $a, b, c$ so that $(X, Y, Z)$ is annihilated.
This leaves the case when the factor is zero, which occurs if and only if
\frac{Y}{Z} = \frac{y}{z}
Geometrically, this occurs when and only when the projections of the two vectors onto the $x=0$ plane are parallel.


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Reader: "Crissy, why does my eyeshadow crease? Whenever I do it, I get these lines in my eyeshadow."
There is nothing more annoying than spending a ridiculous amount of time on your eyeshadow only to find that it begins to crease within a few minutes of you completing it. Has this ever happened to you? Well, if you want to know how to prevent this from happening, keep reading.
What does it mean when your eyeshadow creases? Creasing of the eyeshadows occurs when the oils on the eyelid begin to seep through the shadow causing the eyeshadow to build up in the creases or folds of the eyelids. This buildup is known as creasing. If you're still confused, have you ever looked at your eyeshadow and noticed there are horizontal lines in the shape of your eyes? Well that's creasing sis.
I've seen several tips and tricks along the way to prevent creasing. While no one method is right or wrong, they all have the same goal in common. That goal is creating a solid base for the eyeshadow to stick to. For me, I choose to use a cream base concealer or eyeshadow primer. Not only does this help the eyeshadow stay in place, but it also helps it to appear more pigmented. After I apply the cream concealer or eyeshadow primer, I did not open my eyes anymore. Once you open your eyes, whatever cream or liquid base you choose to use settles into the fold or creases of your eyes. Knowing this, I keep my eyes closed and I dip an eyeshadow brush into a setting powder. Next I apply that setting powder all over the lid. Finally, I allow it to dry prior to opening my eyes.
This process may seem lengthy but it doesn't take any time at all. It should not take more than a minute or two (the entire process). These few short steps Will prevent your eyeshadow from creasing LOL your colors to shine bright.
How do you stop your eyeshadow from creasing? Share your tips in the comment section below!


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Handcrafted Knowledge Base
 You use basically the same ingredients for all of your products. Why are the prices so different from soap bar to soap bar or lotion to lotion?
Pricing is based on the quantity and type of ingredients used in the product.
We pride ourselves in obtaining the highest quality ingredients, at the best prices, to produce a product that we are pleased with – before it is offered to our customers.
What this means is that all of our oils, FOs, EOs, additives and colorants used to produce our products are purchased from reputable suppliers. The costs of the ingredients varies from supplier to supplier and these prices are based on what volumes they can purchase in to pass savings on to their customers (us). Prices are based on quality, purity, and volume purchased. Some fragrances and essential oils are more expensive than others because of their composition and rarity.
Time is another factor in handcrafting products. Some are just more labor intensive than others. For example: A batch of soap containing multiple colors and designs will take longer to make than a batch with no designs.
Fragrance (FO) and Essential Oils (EO)
Essential oils are natural oils extracted from the fruit, stem, leaf, flower and/or root of a plant. They may be extracted by steam distillation, cold pressing, or by using solvents.
Fragrance Oils can be a mixture or combination of mixtures of natural and synthetic materials. Synthetic ingredients are manufactured through chemical process. They are "man-made".
We will use a straight essential oil (such as Tea Tree Oil), or a blend of essential oils (like Lemongrass and Sage) in our products. We may also use fragrance oils or a combination of fragrance oils and essential oils to produce our products.
What kind of soap do you make?
We make cold process (CP) and sometimes hot process (HP) soap. Both processes are handmade and produced through the saponification process.
What is the difference between cold process and hot process soap?
Cold process (CP) soap is made using water, lye, oils, and fragrances or other additives. It is called cold processing because the lye water and oils are mixed or blended together at approximately the same temperature, usually around 100 degrees and are allowed to process through the saponification process naturally. The other ingredients are added when the mixture reaches trace. Trace is about the consistency of a medium thick gravy. All of the ingredients are mixed thoroughly and poured into a mold. The mixture is allowed to naturally proceed through the saponification process to produce soap. As this happens, the soap mixture will harden allowing it to be removed from the mold to be cut into bars, usually within 24 hours. The bars will then be allowed to cure for 4 to 6 weeks before use.
Hot process (HP) soap is soap that is made in the exact same fashion as CP soap but is introduced to heat, either by placing in a crock-pot or on a double boiler. The additional heat speeds up the saponification process. The fragrances and essential oils are added after it has cooked for a while. Then it is placed in a mold and allowed to finish hardening. The appeal for HP soap is that it is ready to use much sooner that a CP soap.
What is Saponification?
Saponification is the name given to the chemical reaction by which an alkali (usually sodium hydroxide - also called caustic soda or lye) reacts with fats and oils to make soap.
Your soap is made with lye. Will it hurt me?
Soap is a result of a chemical reaction between lye, fat and water. In 24hrs, you no longer have lye, fat and water - you have soap.
Isn't lye hazardous to use?
As with all hazardous items, it can be very dangerous. We take every precaution when working with lye while making soap.
What kind of oils and butters do you use?
We use a combination of butters and oils in our products. Our oils are Coconut, Olive, Castor, Soybean, Sunflower, Safflower, Grapeseed, and Canola. Our butters are Shea, Cocoa, Sal, and Mango.
When we develop a product, each oil, butter, fragrance or essential oil is carefully chosen based on its own qualities and how well it will interact with the other ingredients to produce the desired result in the final product.


text: Minimally invasive surgery for total mesorectal excision (TME) remains technically challenging due to poor maneuverability within the pelvis, which makes extremely difficult to introduce a laparoscopic stapler (LS) for the rectal transection. We aim to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on robotic TME after the use of robotic stapler (RS) or LS after robotic TME. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Database. Participants who underwent robotic anterior resection were considered following these criteria: (1) studies comparing RS and LS; (2) studies reporting the rate of anastomotic leakage (AL). The primary outcome was the risk of AL. Secondary outcomes included the number of firings of stapler needed. A meta-analysis based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement was performed. A total of 4 studies including 391 patients (LS = 251, RS = 140) were included for analysis. Regarding the number of firings, overall results suggest that the rectal stapling was achieved with less firings in the RS group, but the difference is not significant [risk difference, (95% CI) 0.42 (− 0.13, 0.97)]. There was a 56% increased odds of AL for LS compared with RS; however, this was not statistically significant (OR: 1.56; 95% CI 0.59, 4.14). With the current literature evidence, the present study could not demonstrate a clear benefit of the RS over the LS. Although the development of an AL is multifactorial and unpredictable, our data may suggest that the use of the RS could help reducing the risk of AL. There is a need of future randomized clinical trial to assess the possible benefits of the RS.


What causes most myocardial infarction-related deaths, and what can prehospital care providers do to improve outcomes?
Updated: May 07, 2019
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Most deaths caused by MI occur early and are attributable to primary ventricular fibrillation (VF). Therefore, initial objectives are immediate ECG monitoring; electric cardioversion in cases of VF; and rapid transfer of the patient to facilitate prompt coronary assessment.
Prehospital integration of ECG interpretation has been shown to decrease "door-to-balloon time," allow paramedics to bypass non–percutaneous coronary intervation (PCI)–capable hospitals in favor of PCI-capable facilities, and to expedite care by allowing an emergency department physician to activate the catheterization laboratory before the patient's arrival.
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Orangutan rehabilitation and reintroduction
Successes, failures, and role in conservation
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan's modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.


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You need to start by having a csv file with your calendar events. If you were migrated from Office-Logic Interchange and requested your Webscheduler to be moved, the Information Technology department would have sent you a csv file as an attachment. Save that file in a location known to you, then follow the steps below to import those calendar items into Google calendar.
To import events from iCalendar or CSV files, just follow these steps:
- Click the Add down-arrow button at the bottom of the calendar list on the left side of the page, and select Import Calendar.
- Click Browse and choose the file that contains your events, then click Open.
- Select the Google Calendar where you'd like to import events, then click Import.
Please note that recurring events may not be recognized when importing events from CSV files. In this case, individual items will be created for recurring events that fall between the dates you've selected.