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The Chemistry of Coppers
- At least five copper coins with about the same amount of tarnish
- Three or four household liquids - such as vinegar, coke, apple juice, water
- A glass for each liquid
- A few pieces of kitchen towel
- Put a couple of centimetres of each liquid into a separate glass.
- Put a copper coin into each glass. If you can balance them half in the liquid and half out that will make any changes really easy to see.
- After a couple of minutes, take the coins out and dry them on the kitchen towel. Don't forget which coin went in which liquid!
- Compare the coins. Which liquid made the colour of the coins change the most?
Some liquids such as vinegar, lemon juice, orange juice Cola etc. all cause the coins to become cleaner, if you leave the coins half in the liquid they will become stripey. The half in the liquid will be clean and a pink colour, but the half that was out of the liquid will have stayed the same.
|Copper with an oxide layer on the right.|
All the liquids which had an effect on the coins are what's called acids. Acids tend to be very sour tasting things. When coins are left in your pocket for a long time, the copper in them reacts with the oxygen in the air and turns into copper oxide. That's the black gunky stuff on the outside of the coin. When you put that in an acid it will dissolve the copper oxide leaving behind just the shiny metal coin. Basically, if you ever want to clean any metals, acid is a good thing to do it with!
The acid has some hydrogen in it which will react with the oxygen in the oxide and turn into water. The more hydrogen atoms in the acid, the stronger the acid, the lower its pH, and the more shiny the coins will appear after being soaked. Vinegar is the strongest acid in our sample.
Once some of the hydrogens have dissolved the oxide and turned into water, this leaves the other half of the acid, which in vinegar is called the acetic group. So some of the copper is dissolved in that and sits around in solution. If you take lots and lots of coins and leave them in very strong vinegar for about an hour and you can see a slight green tinge. That's the copper in the copper acetate which looks slightly green. You definitely don't want to drink that!
This does also mean that cola drinks are corrosive and can dissolve your teeth in just the same way it dissolves the copper oxide. Cola drinks contain vast quantities of phosphoric acid. In fact, a certain global cola company is one of the world's largest consumers of phosphoric acid. It means that cola has a pH of about 3 or 3.5, just slightly different from dilute hydrochloric acid that you may use in labs at school.
Why do the coins go pink?
The coins go pink which is actually the colour of clean copper, what we call 'copper coloured' is the pink copper covered with a thin layer of black copper oxide.


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Poster title The influences of biological carriers on the performance of anammox process：comparison of GAC and PVA-gel beads
Poster code P 3.02
 1. Xinying Zhang Fuzhou University Presenter
 2. Zongren Li Fuzhou University
 3. Jian Zhang Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science
Form of presentation Poster
 - 3. Solving water reuse bottlenecks
 - 3.01 Extending the limits of traditional treatments
Abstract text Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is considered to be an efficient, cost-effective and environment friendly ammonium removal process. However, the extremely slow growth rates of anammox bacteria, long doubling time and harsh requirements for environmental factors, resulted in a great hindrance in the widespread application of the anammox process. In recent years, researchers have paid more attention to promoting the start-up of anammox reactor by adding biological carriers. In this study, Granular activated carbon (GAC) and PVA-gel beads as these two types biological carriers were used in anammox reactors. There are three main research aspects as follows: (1) the effects of these two types of biological carriers on the nitrogen removal performance and start-up of anammox were compared; (2) comparison on the effects of adding two types of biological carriers on microbial immobilization and microbial activity in anammox system; (3) comparison of microbial population succession in anammox systems with two types of biological carriers added. Therefore, this study can provide a theoretical basis for the selection of anammox biological carriers.


text: An important risk that children face today is online grooming, where a so-called sexual predator establishes an emotional connection with a minor online with the objective of sexual abuse. Prior work has sought to automatically identify grooming chats, but only after an incidence has already happened in the context of legal prosecution. In this work, we instead investigate this problem from the point of view of prevention. We define and study the task of early sexual predator detection (eSPD) in chats, where the goal is to analyze a running chat from its beginning and predict grooming attempts as early and as accurately as possible. We survey existing datasets and their limitations regarding eSPD, and create a new dataset called PANC for more realistic evaluations. We present strong baselines built on BERT that also reach state-of-the-art results for conventional SPD. Finally, we consider coping with limited computational resources, as real-life applications require eSPD on mobile devices.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Education Department at the New-York Historical Society offers a wealth of resources and learning opportunities designed to make history come alive!
Education programs are made possible through endowments established by the National Endowment for the Humanities and The Hearst Foundations. Programs are supported, in part, by the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services, by public funds from the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, in partnership with the City Council and by a grant from the New York State Council on the Arts, a State Agency. Additional support is provided by The Barker Welfare Foundation, The Hyde and Watson Foundation, the May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation and Verizon.
Support the New-York Historical Society
Help us present groundbreaking exhibitions and develop educational programs about our nation's history for more than 200,000 schoolchildren annually.
American Musicals Project >
The New-York Historical Society is proud to introduce
A NEW HOME FOR HOMESCHOOLERS
Make history come alive! This fall the New-York Historical Society launches a new program for homeschooled students, designed to enrich and support the study of American History through its unique program, the American Musicals Project.
By coupling the power and emotional energy of American musical theater masterworks with evocative and thought-provoking exhibitions and primary sources from the collections of the New-York Historical Society, students explore four significant themes in American History: Independence, Slavery, Suffrage, and the Great Depression. Over the course of the classes, students will explore the museum's vast treasures, participate in hands-on history, and engage in group work.
Each theme is taught in four hands-on sessions and is designed to:
- Develop critical thinking skills as the student engages with primary source materials and experiences the wonder of making historical discoveries.
- Develop media literacy as the student forms observations and interpretations of scenes from American musicals that shape his/her understanding of history.
- Engage the student with in-class projects that promote inter-disciplinary learning.
Appropriate for students ages 11–14
Fridays, 1:30–3 pm
Independence: November 18, December 2, 9, and 16, 2011
Slavery: January 6, 13, 20, and 27, 2012
Suffrage: March 2, 9, 16, and 23, 2012
Great Depression: May 4, 11, 18, and 25, 2012
Register for all four themes for $200, or $65 per theme, per student.
To register, please contact us at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
We extend our sincere gratitude to all those who attended the 2012 American Musicals Project Benefit, "Making History with American Music."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Power Tool
 - Working out your own salvation diligently
By turning attention to the voices that takeover our lives, we can see the causes of suffering, and by bringing that suffering into the light of our inherent kindness and wisdom, we are freed from it. That is the process of using awareness practice to wake up and end suffering. We accomplish this in part through conscious mentoring.
The Mentor is the centered awareness that allows us to observe and acknowledge conditioning without indulging in a self-hating reaction to it.
We become our own Mentor when we practice loving acceptance of whatever we discover in ourselves.
The Buddha taught that we each have one person to save: ourselves. We are told his final words were "You must work out your own salvation diligently." That can sound daunting until we understand what's involved in the process. What we are being guided to do is cease to identify with the ego-self, thereby recognizing our Authentic Nature, an expression of the Intelligence That Animates.
From that place of conscious, compassionate awareness, we embrace into unconditional love the incarnation that has believed itself to be a separate ego self.
The movement from being mentored to being the Mentor is "how" a person can "work out your own salvation diligently."
--Excerpted from What You Practice Is What You Have by Cheri Huber
The movement from being mentored to being the Mentor can be practiced through The Two-Handed Recording and Listening Exercise.
 - Here's how Two-Handed Recording works:
 1. Hold the recorder in your right hand and talk as you would to a close friend or a therapist. Without censoring, express what you are feeling. Say everything you ever wanted about what you are going through.
 2. Stop the recorder. Breathe. Sit with the experience. Then, holding the recorder in your left hand, listen to the recording, giving it your full attention. Really listen.
 3. Keeping the recorder in the left hand, record whatever comes up that could assist and comfort the person you just listened to.
 4. Listen to the recording you just made.
 - Audio
The Guide describes the exercise here.
 - Exploration
A practice view of this exercise: Musings article
 - It Works


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By definition, carnivorous plants or insectivorous plants are plants that kill and trap other animals in efforts to derive some or most of their bodily nutrients by using their very own enzymes or bacteria in order to digest them. While brambles or blackberry bushes have some of these characteristics, the question is do brambles have all of the necessary characteristics to be labeled as a carnivorous plant?
Brambles or blackberry bushes cannot be considered a carnivorous plant as they do not have all of the necessary characteristics of a carnivorous plant, or rather don't have the ability to exude enzymes or bacteria in order to derive nutrients from their prey.
Meaning, brambles do not have all of the necessary characteristics of a carnivorous plant but there is something in their character which makes them a curious case. Although they are not exactly carnivorous plants we can call them protocarnivorous plants. Keep on reading to find out what a protocarnivorous plant is and what makes brambles or blackberry bushes a protocarnivorous plant.
Are brambles and blackberries the same thing?
Brambles and blackberries come from the same genus Rubus, the bramble is Rubus Vulgaris while the blackberry is Rubus Fruiticosus meaning that brambles and blackberries are the very same thing.
While they are one and the same, what is the difference between the two?
Blackberries are an edible fruit which is produced by the genus Rubus, mentioned beforehand, from the family of Rosaceae.
Brambles are described as a rough, tangled, and prickly shrub that grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries, so basically, brambles describe the plant out of which the fruit of blackberries grows.
This means that whether you decide to call them brambles or blackberries, you cannot really go wrong but if you can, stick to the right terminology.
To repeat once more, when referring to the bush which produces the fruit, brambles is the right terminology. When you are referring to the aggregate fruit which is composed out of small drupelets, blackberry is the right terminology.
Also keep in mind that, although called berries, in a botanical sense, blackberries are not considered berries.
Are brambles (blackberry bushes) carnivorous?
By that definition, a carnivorous plant is any plant that has evolved its carnivory and adapted to capturing and digesting small animals or insects in efforts to derive nutrients from them. The emphasis is, however, on their very own ability to exude enzymes or bacteria in order to decompose the prey for the purpose of easier digestion.
To be classified as a true carnivorous the plant has to have all of the following characteristics.
1. Be able to attract prey
Being able to attract prey is the very first vital characteristic that sets everything else in motion. Although plants could wait for their prey to come, that leaves them with no guarantee of constant nutrition so true carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms to attract prey.
For example, Pitfall plants attract plants in an effort to lure them into the pit from which they can no longer successfully escape. Their way of attracting prey is with nectar secreted at their openings or they can attract prey with their bright flowers and flower-like patterning.
The openings where the plants attract the prey are typically covered in a wax-like coating which causes the insects to slip into the pit. Once they are trapped within the pit, the plant starts exuding digestive enzymes which help dissolve the prey into a form that is easily absorbable for the plant. This is only one of the ways carnivorous plants attract and kill prey for digestion.
2. Have a trapping mechanism
Trapping mechanisms are divided into five basic mechanisms within the carnivorous plants.
Pitfall Traps or pitcher plants trap prey by luring them into a pit from which they cannot escape and are then digested with the help of plant's digestive enzymes and bacteria.
Flypaper traps trap prey with the help of sticky mucilage or a glue-like texture they exude. They utilize it through secreting glands – which can be either short, long, and mobile, and trap their prey by making it stick to the surface of the secretion after which the prey is digested with the help of the plant's digestive enzymes and bacteria.
Snap traps trap prey by the mouse and bear-like trap which with its rapid movement traps the prey within the two traps. The rapid movement is triggered by the sensitive hair on the leaf lobes. Currently, there are two species of flytraps – the Venus flytrap and the waterwheel plant. The digestion of the prey occurs over a period of one to two weeks.
Lobster-pot traps trap prey by forcing it to move towards the plant's digestive system by using its inward-pointing hairs. The inward-pointing hairs make the chamber easy to enter but difficult to get out and so the prey is forced to move in a particular direction and eventually trapped within the digestive system.
Bladder traps trap prey by generating a partial vacuum inside the bladder of the plant which basically sucks in the prey, makes it impossible for it to escape and as with other carnivorous plants, it gets digested with the help of enzymes and bacteria.
3. Be able to kill prey and derive nutrients by itself
The main characteristic of carnivorous plants is their ability to kill their prey and derive nutrients from its carcass through a process of chemical breakdown. The nutrients are then absorbed by the plant in an effort to enable their survival.
Carnivorous plants have evolved nine times in five different orders of flowering plants. There are close to 600 species classified with the characteristics of attracting, trapping, and killing prey all in an effort to absorb any available nutrients from the prey.
As brambles or blackberry bushes do not have the ability to impact the decomposition of the prey on their very own, they cannot be considered carnivorous plants.
Although they cannot be considered fully carnivorous plants, brambles share few of the characteristics of carnivorous plants which makes them protocarnivorous plants.
There are over 300 protocarnivorous plant species that are showing some of the characteristics of carnivorous plants.
Protocarnivorous plants, or also commonly referred to as paracarnivorous, subcarnivorous, or borderline carnivores, have some of the carnivorous characteristics attributed. Some are able to trap and kill the prey but lack the ability to derive and digest nutrients from their prey by themselves, as a carnivorous plant always can.
To be a fully carnivorous plant, the plant must exhibit all of the characteristics mentioned beforehand, whereas to be a protocarnivorous plant, the plant can exhibit only one of the characteristics – attraction, trapping, or absorbing of the prey.
What brambles or blackberry bushes have are thorns that help capture animals such as sheep. However, those thorns are not considered to be a trapping mechanism for the purpose of killing or incapacitating prey for the purpose of utilizing their nutrients but they are rather considered a defense mechanism in order to encourage herbivores to avoid it.
It gets a little bit more complicated when you take a look at the thorns of blackberry bushes. Unlike other plants with the same defensive mechanism of thorns, blackberry pushes do not have upright or straight thorns but rather have thorns that look like backward-facing hooks.
Backward-facing thorns draw the prey towards the middle of the bush where they can only get more tangled up and as they struggle they can only get more caught up within the thorns. As the prey struggles and gets to the point of absolute exhaustion it eventually dies and the brambles or blackberry bush does get its nutrients.
Despite this, brambles lack digestive enzymes for breaking down the nutrients and rather rely on symbiotic relationships with bacteria or insects for the part of absorbing the prey. It is a very important characteristic that the blackberry bushes are not responsible for the decomposition of the prey.
To conclude, let's review the characteristics of bramble and a carnivorous plant.
Characteristics of bramble and a carnivorous plant:
1. Being able to attract prey
Brambles or blackberry bushes produce the fruit of blackberries which can be used to attract prey but the question remains whether brambles evolved in a way that the blackberries were produced with the purpose of attracting prey.
2. Have a trapping mechanism
As we said before, it is debatable whether blackberry bushes evolved their thorns to backward-facing hooks in order to trap prey after attracting it or if it's just a defense mechanism in order to warn off herbivores. Also, brambles would have a hard time trapping any animal which does not have thick wool or fur in which the animal can get tangled up – which leads to a conclusion that its thorns are rather a defensive mechanism.
3. Being able to kill prey
As they use the help from their surroundings in order to derive nutrients, brambles are not necessarily responsible for killing the prey and they surely are not responsible for decomposing it.
By lacking this characteristic of absorbing the prey, brambles cannot be considered a carnivorous plant.


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Those of us with responsibility for the health of canine athletes need to continually read and evaluate new scientific studies to ensure that we are taking the most appropriate care of our performance dogs. This article provides evidence through a number of recent studies to suggest that veterinarians and owners working with canine athletes should revisit the standard protocol in which all dogs that are not intended for breeding are spayed and neutered at or before 6 months of age.
A study by Salmeri et al in 1991 found that bitches spayed at 7 weeks grew significantly taller than those spayed at 7 months, who were taller than those not spayed (or presumably spayed after the growth plates had closed).(1) A study of 1444 Golden Retrievers performed in 1998 and 1999 also found bitches and dogs spayed and neutered at less than a year of age were significantly taller than those spayed or neutered at more than a year of age.(2) The sex hormones, by communicating with a number of other growth-related hormones, promote the closure of the growth plates at puberty (3), so the bones of dogs or bitches neutered or spayed before puberty continue to grow. Dogs that have been spayed or neutered well before puberty can frequently be identified by their longer limbs, lighter bone structure, narrow chests and narrow skulls. This abnormal growth frequently results in significant alterations in body proportions and particularly the lengths (and therefore weights) of certain bones relative to others. For example, if the femur has achieved its genetically determined normal length at 8 months when a dog gets spayed or neutered, but the tibia, which normally stops growing at 12 to 14 months of age continues to grow, then an abnormal angle may develop at the stifle. In addition, with the extra growth, the lower leg below the stifle likely becomes heavier (because it is longer), and may cause increased stresses on the cranial cruciate ligament. In addition, sex hormones are critical for achieving peak bone density.(4) These structural and physiological alterations may be the reason why at least one recent study showed that spayed and neutered dogs had a higher incidence of CCL rupture.(5) Another recent study showed that dogs spayed or neutered before 5 1/2 months had a significantly higher incidence of hip dysplasia than those spayed or neutered after 5 1/2 months of age, although it should be noted that in this study there were no standard criteria for the diagnosis of hip dysplasia.(6) Nonetheless, breeders of purebred dogs should be cognizant of these studies and should consider whether or not pups they bred were spayed or neutered when considering breeding decisions.
A retrospective study of cardiac tumors in dogs showed that there was a 5 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma, one of the three most common cancers in dogs, in spayed bitches than intact bitches and a 2.4 times greater risk of hemangiosarcoma in neutered dogs as compared to intact males.(7) A study of 3218 dogs demonstrated that dogs that were neutered before a year of age had a significantly increased chance of developing bone cancer.(8) A separate study showed that neutered dogs had a two-fold higher risk of developing bone cancer.(9) Despite the common belief that neutering dogs helps prevent prostate cancer, at least one study suggests that neutering provides no benefit.(10) There certainly is evidence of a slightly increased risk of mammary cancer in female dogs after one heat cycle, and for increased risk with each subsequent heat. While about 30 % of mammary cancers are malignant, as in humans, when caught and surgically removed early the prognosis is very good.(12) Luckily, canine athletes are handled frequently and generally receive prompt veterinary care.
The study that identified a higher incidence of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in spayed or neutered dogs also identified an increased incidence of sexual behaviors in males and females that were neutered early.(5) Further, the study that identified a higher incidence of hip dysplasia in dogs neutered or spayed before 5 1/2 months also showed that early age gonadectomy was associated with an increased incidence of noise phobias and undesirable sexual behaviors.(6) A recent report of the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation reported significantly more behavioral problems in spayed and neutered bitches and dogs. The most commonly observed behavioral problem in spayed females was fearful behavior and the most common problem in males was aggression. (12)
Other Health Considerations
A number of studies have shown that there is an increase in the incidence of female urinary incontinence in dogs spayed early (13), although this finding has not been universal. Certainly there is evidence that ovarian hormones are critical for maintenance of genital tissue structure and contractility.(14, 15) Neutering also has been associated with an increased likelihood of urethral sphincter incontinence in males.(16) This problem is an inconvenience, and not usually life-threatening, but nonetheless one that requires the dog to be medicated for life. A health survey of several thousand Golden Retrievers showed that spayed or neutered dogs were more likely to develop hypothyroidism.(2) This study is consistent with the results of another study in which neutering and spaying was determined to be the most significant gender-associated risk factor for development of hypothyroidism.(17) Infectious diseases were more common in dogs that were spayed or neutered at 24 weeks or less as opposed to those undergoing gonadectomy at more than 24 weeks.(18) Finally, the AKC-CHF report demonstrated a higher incidence of adverse reactions to vaccines in neutered dogs as compared to intact.(12 )I have gathered these studies to show that our practice of routinely spaying or neutering every dog at or before the age of 6 months is not a black-and-white issue. Clearly more studies need to be done to evaluate the effects of prepubertal spaying and neutering, particularly in canine athletes. Currently, I have significant concerns with spaying or neutering canine athletes before puberty. But of course, there is the pet overpopulation problem. How can we prevent the production of unwanted dogs while still leaving the gonads to produce the hormones that are so important to canine growth and development? One answer would be to perform vasectomies in males and tubal ligation in females, to be followed after maturity by ovario hysterectomy in females to prevent mammary cancer and pyometra. One possible disadvantage is that vasectomy does not prevent some unwanted behaviors associated with males such as marking and humping. On the other hand, females and neutered males frequently participate in these behaviors too. Really, training is the best solution for these issues. Another possible disadvantage is finding a veterinarian who is experienced in performing these procedures. Nonetheless, some do, and if the procedures were in greater demand, more veterinarians would learn them. I believe it is important that we assess each situation individually. For canine athletes, I currently recommend that dogs and bitches be spayed or neutered after 14 months of age.
1. Salmeri KR, Bloomberg MS, Scruggs SL, Shille V.. Gonadectomy in immature dogs: effects on skeletal,physical, and behavioral development. JAVMA 1991;198:_PHONE_
3. Grumbach MM. Estrogen, bone, growth and sex: a sea change in conventional wisdom. J Pediatr EndocrinolMetab. 2000;13 Suppl 6:1439-55.
4. Gilsanz V, Roe TF, Gibbens DT, Schulz EE, Carlson ME, Gonzalez O, Boechat MI. Effect of sex steroids onpeak bone density of growing rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1988 Oct;255(4 Pt 1):E416-21.
5. Slauterbeck JR, Pankratz K, Xu KT, Bozeman SC, Hardy DM. Canine ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomyincreases the prevalence of ACL injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Dec;(429):301-5.
6. Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA. Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. JAVMA2004;224:380-387.
7. Ware WA, Hopper DL. Cardiac tumors in dogs: _PHONE_. J Vet Intern Med 1999 Mar-Apr;13(2):95-103
8. Cooley DM, Beranek BC, Schlittler DL, Glickman NW, Glickman LT, Waters D, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Nov;11(11):1434-40
9. Ru G, Terracini B, Glickman LT. Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma. Vet J. 1998 Jul;156(1):31
10. Obradovich J, Walshaw R, Goullaud E. The influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinomain the dog. 43 cases (_PHONE_). J Vet Intern Med 1987 Oct-Dec;1(4):183-7
12. Meuten DJ. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 4th Edn. Iowa State Press, Blackwell Publishing Company, Ames,Iowa, p. 575
13. Stocklin-Gautschi NM, Hassig M, Reichler IM, Hubler M, Arnold S. The relationship of urinary incontinence toearly spaying in


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- What is nature example?
- What are the types of nature?
- Is Salt renewable or nonrenewable?
- What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources give at least three examples of each?
- What is a scenic landscape?
- What makes a landscape beautiful?
- What is another name for nature?
- What is the prettiest place on earth?
- What type of resource is sunlight?
- How does landscape affect culture?
- Is scenery a natural resource?
- What is the most beautiful natural scenery?
- What is nature in simple words?
- What type of resource is scenery?
- Who is the most beautiful woman in the world ever?
- What is the meaning of scenery in English?
- Who is the prettiest girl on earth?
What is nature example?
Nature is defined as the natural Earth and the things on it, or the essence of a person or thing.
The trees, forests, birds and animals are all an example of nature.
If someone is inherently evil, this is an example of a person who has an evil nature..
What are the types of nature?
Various Types of Natural EcosystemTropical Rainforest Ecosystems.Taiga Ecosystem.Temperate Forest Ecosystem.Tundra Ecosystem.Shrubland Ecosystem.Lentic Ecosystems.Desert Ecosystem.Grassland Ecosystem.More items…
Is Salt renewable or nonrenewable?
Answer and Explanation: Salt is considered a non-renewable natural resource because the time it takes natural processes to create more salt is longer than the time it takes…
What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources give at least three examples of each?
Comparison Chart Sunlight, water, wind, woods, forest, are the renewable resources. Petrol, coal, nuclear energy, natural gas are typical examples of non-renewable resources. Renewable resources can be used again and again. Non-Renewable resources have a limited supply and once used cannot be regained.
What is a scenic landscape?
1 of or relating to natural scenery. 2 having beautiful natural scenery. a scenic drive. 3 of or relating to the stage or stage scenery.
What makes a landscape beautiful?
Design elements include color, texture, scale, line and more. Using design elements in your plan is what makes a natural garden attractive. This natural landscape in the San Gabriel Mountains shows how color, texture, and line interact to form an attractive scene.
What is another name for nature?
In this page you can discover 114 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for nature, like: macrocosm, essence, outside-world, God's hand, cosmos, the nature of the beast, scenery, the sun, rural setting, character and recreational facilities.
What is the prettiest place on earth?
Visit the most beautiful places in the worldHa Long Bay – Vietnam. The extraordinary Ha Long Bay is located in the far north of Vietnam, near the border to China. … The Colosseum – Italy. … The Amazon rainforest – South America. … The pyramids of Giza – Egypt. … Taj Mahal – India. … Angkor Wat – Cambodia. … Grand Canyon – USA.
What type of resource is sunlight?
Sunlight is an example of a renewable resource. Solar panels can convert sunlight into electrical energy.
How does landscape affect culture?
Landforms might include physical features like mountains or oceans. If you live in the mountains, you're likely to develop a particular culture that adapts to life at a high altitude. For example, you might wear heavier clothing and tend to be physically stronger as a result of climbing often.
Is scenery a natural resource?
Scenery is a natural resource. Scenery that charms, thrills or inspires is a potential asset to the land in which it is found. But like other natural resources it is a potential asset that becomes actual only when valued and exploited by a society that has reached a particular cultural and economic level.
What is the most beautiful natural scenery?
The Most Beautiful Scenery in the WorldYellowstone National Park, Wyoming.Machu Picchu, Peru.Cappadocia, Turkey.Uyuni Salt Flats, Bolivia.Halong Bay, Vietnam.Na Pali Coast, Hawaii.Great Wall of China, China.Okavango Delta, Botswana.
What is nature in simple words?
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, material world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general.
What type of resource is scenery?
Landscape resources are an environmental resource of immense community value. Soil, land, water, biodiversity, wilderness, and heritage features are regarded as environmental resources that the community treasures.
Who is the most beautiful woman in the world ever?
Bella HadidSupermodel Bella Hadid has been declared the most beautiful woman in the world after she passed a science test that determines what constitutes the 'perfect face'.
What is the meaning of scenery in English?
1 : the painted scenes or hangings and accessories used on a theater stage. 2 : a picturesque view or landscape. 3 : one's usual surroundings needed a change of scenery.
Who is the prettiest girl on earth?
Here is the list of the Top 10 Most Beautiful Women in the World:Bella Hadid – 94.35 per cent.Beyoncé – 92.44 per cent.Amber Heard – 91.85 per cent.Ariana Grande – 91.81 per cent.Taylor Swift – 91.64 per cent.Kate Moss – 91.05 per cent.Scarlett Johansson – 90.91 per cent.Natalie Portman – 90.51 per cent.More items…•


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Mar. 17, 2009 A new Queen's University study shows that detergents used to clean up spills of diesel oil actually increase its toxicity to fish, making it more harmful.
"The detergents may be the best way to treat spills in the long term because the dispersed oil is diluted and degraded," says Biology professor Peter Hodson. "But in the short term, they increase the bioavailability and toxicity of the fuel to rainbow trout by 100-fold."
The detergents are oil dispersants that decrease the surface tension between oil and water, allowing floating oil to mix with water as tiny droplets. Dr. Hodson and his team found that dispersion reduces the potential impacts of oil on surface-dwelling animals, While this should enhance biodegradation, it also creates a larger reservoir of oil in the water column.
This increases the transfer of hydrocarbons from oil to water, Dr. Hodson explains. The hydrocarbons pass easily from water into tissues and are deadly to fish in the early stages of life. "This could seriously impair the health of fish populations, resulting in long-term reductions in economic returns to fisheries," he says.
The study is published in the journal, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
The researchers also determined that even though chemical dispersants are not typically used in freshwater, turbulent rivers can disperse spilled diesel and create similar negative effects.
"It doesn't matter if the oil is being dispersed by chemicals or by the current," says Dr. Hodson. "Now that we know how deadly dispersed oil is, it is important to assess the risks of diesel spills to fish and fisheries in terms of the spill location, and the timing relative to fish spawning and development."
Funding for the study was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and by Petroleum Research Atlantic Canada. Also on the research team are Allison Schein and Jason Scott from Queen's School of Environmental Studies and environmental consultant Lizzy Mos.
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Let's call it $\mathbb{C}(\rho, n).$ By definition, $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of provided there exists a nonzero vector $\mathbf{x}_\lambda$ such that
$$\mathbb{C}(\rho,n) \mathbf{x}_\lambda = \lambda \mathbf{x}_\lambda.$$
These eigenvalues are easy to find in the present case, because
 1. Letting $\mathbf{1} = (1, 1, \ldots, 1)'$, compute that
 $$\mathbb{C}(\rho,n)\mathbf{1} = (1+(n-1)\rho)\mathbf{1}.$$
 2. Letting $\mathbf{y}_j = (-1, 0, \ldots, 0, 1, 0, \ldots, 0)$ with a $1$ only in the $j^\text{th}$ place (for $j = 2, 3, \ldots, n$), compute that
 $$\mathbb{C}(\rho,n)\mathbf{y}_j = (1-\rho)\mathbf{y}_j.$$
Because the $n$ eigenvectors found so far span the full $n$ dimensional space (proof: an easy row reduction shows the absolute value of their determinant equals $n$, which is nonzero), they constitute a basis of all the eigenvectors. We have therefore found all the eigenvalues and determined they are either $1+(n-1)\rho$ or $1-\rho$ (the latter with multiplicity $n-1$). In addition to the well-known inequality $-1 \le \rho \le 1$ satisfied by all correlations, non-negativity of the first eigenvalue further implies
$$\rho \ge -\frac{1}{n-1}$$
while the non-negativity of the second eigenvalue imposes no new conditions.
Proof of sufficiency of the conditions
The implications work in both directions: provided $-1/(n-1)\le \rho \le 1,$ the matrix $\mathbb{C}(\rho, n)$ is nonnegative-definite and therefore is a valid correlation matrix. It is, for instance, the correlation matrix for a multinormal distribution. Specifically, write
$$\Sigma(\rho, n) = (1 + (n-1)\rho)\mathbb{I}_n - \frac{\rho}{(1-\rho)(1+(n-1)\rho)}\mathbf{1}\mathbf{1}'$$
for the inverse of $\mathbb{C}(\rho, n)$ when $-1/(n-1) \lt \rho \lt 1.$ For example, when $n=3$
$$\color{gray}{\Sigma(\rho, 3) = \frac{1}{(1-\rho)(1+2\rho)} \left( \begin{array}{ccc} \rho +1 & -\rho & -\rho \\ -\rho & \rho +1 & -\rho \\ -\rho & -\rho & \rho +1 \\ \end{array} \right)}.$$
Let the vector of random variables $(X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_n)$ have distribution function
$$f_{\rho, n}(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{\exp\left(-\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{x}\Sigma(\rho, n)\mathbf{x}'\right)}{(2\pi)^{n/2}\left((1-\rho)^{n-1}(1+(n-1)\rho)\right)^{1/2}}$$
where $\mathbf{x} = (x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n)$. For example, when $n=3$ this equals
$$\color{gray}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{(2\pi)^{3}(1-\rho)^2(1+2\rho)}} \exp\left(-\frac{(1+\rho)(x^2+y^2+z^2) - 2\rho(xy+yz+zx)}{2(1-\rho)(1+2\rho)}\right)}.$$
The correlation matrix for these $n$ random variables is $\mathbb{C}(\rho, n).$
Contours of the density functions $f_{\rho,3}.$ From left to right, $\rho=-4/10, 0, 4/10, 8/10$. Note how the density shifts from being concentrated near the plane $x+y+z=0$ to being concentrated near the line $x=y=z$.
The special cases $\rho = -1/(n-1)$ and $\rho = 1$ can also be realized by degenerate distributions; I won't go into the details except to point out that in the former case the distribution can be considered supported on the hyperplane $\mathbf{x}.\mathbf{1}=0$, where it is a sum of identically distributed mean-$0$ Normal distribution, while in the latter case (perfect positive correlation) it is supported on the line generated by $\mathbf{1}'$, where it has a mean-$0$ Normal distribution.
More about non-degeneracy
A review of this analysis makes it clear that the correlation matrix $\mathbb{C}(-1/(n-1), n)$ has a rank of $n-1$ and $\mathbb{C}(1, n)$ has a rank of $1$ (because only one eigenvector has a nonzero eigenvalue). For $n\ge 2$, this makes the correlation matrix degenerate in either case. Otherwise, the existence of its inverse $\Sigma(\rho, n)$ proves it is nondegenerate.
Your correlation matrix is
$$ \begin{pmatrix} 1&\rho&\rho\\ \rho&1&\rho\\ \rho&\rho&1 \end{pmatrix}$$
The matrix is positive semidefinite if the leading principal minors are all non-negative. The principal minors are the determinants of the "north-west" blocks of the matrix, i.e. 1, the determinant of
$$ \begin{pmatrix} 1&\rho\\ \rho&1\end{pmatrix}$$
and the determinant of the correlation matrix itself.
1 is obviously positive, the second principal minor is $1-\rho^2$, which is nonnegative for any admissible correlation $\rho\in[-1,1]$. The determinant of the entire correlation matrix is
$$ 2\rho^3-3\rho^2+1.$$
The plot shows the determinant of the function over the range of admissible correlations $[-1,1]$. enter image description here
You see the function is nonnegative over the range given by _USER_ (which you could also check by finding the roots of the determinantal equation).
 - $\begingroup$ Aren't we assuming in your answer that $Var( )=1$? Why can we? $\endgroup$ – An old man in the sea. Mar 1 '15 at 16:04
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_ You seem to be reading "covariance" where "correlation" is written. $\endgroup$ – whuber Mar 1 '15 at 17:10
There exist random variables $X$, $Y$ and $Z$ with pairwise correlations $\rho_{XY} = \rho_{YZ} = \rho_{XZ} = \rho$ if and only if the correlation matrix is positive semidefinite. This happens only for $\rho \in [-\frac{1}{2},1]$.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ can you explain this in very simple terms. $\endgroup$ – Elizabeth Susan Joseph Mar 1 '15 at 7:46
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I don't think there exists an explanation that does not require the knowledge of matrix algebra. I suggest you to look at the Wikipedia page (_URL_. $\endgroup$ – stochazesthai Mar 1 '15 at 10:37
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ I found an explanation that requires only basic (high school level) algebra and have included that in my answer. $\endgroup$ – whuber Mar 1 '15 at 19:01


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Ages 4+, Grades PreK+
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts.
Not for children under 3 yrs.
View all our Magnet Activity Kits! Magnetic Activity Kits
Our Math Manipulatives Activity Kit includes 150 magnetic pieces and 24 reproducible activities. Use the 108 magnetic pattern block pieces to teach spatial relationships and simple geometry. The 42 tangram pieces (six tangram puzzles) are a great, hands-on resource for teaching mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills. Because these math manipulatives are magnetic, your student's elaborate patterns and puzzles will stay in place! The kit also includes a companion activity book for both sets of math magnets and two of our top-selling magnetic-receptive Kidboards™. This is a fabulous kit for classroom, home and travel! Additional Kidboards may be purchased separately.


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Robert BanksBorn: 1921
Birthplace: Piedmont, Mo.
Polypropylene and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)—While working for the Phillips Petroleum Company, Banks and Hogan developed two of the world's most commonly used plastics, polypropylene and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The plastics are used separately and in compounds to create everything from garbage bags and grocery sacks to wire insulation and automotive parts. (2001)Died: 1989
Fact Monster/Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Still life is one of the great traditional art forms. The first still-life photograph was created around 1827, more than a decade before the news of photography's invention was announced in Paris and London in 1839. This volume surveys some of the innovative ways photographers have explored the traditional genre of still life from photography's earliest years to the present day.
The introductory essay is followed by an illuminating sequence and juxtaposition of plates selected from the J. Paul Getty Museum's collection. Still life has served as both a conventional and an experimental form during periods of significant aesthetic and technological change. Illustrating that here are nineteenth-century masterpieces by practitioners such as Hippolyte Bayard and Roger Fenton, twentieth-century examples that include the diverse styles of Baron Adolph de Meyer, Irving Penn, and Edward Weston, and a sampling of contemporary artists, some recalling styles from the past. The current revival of interest in the genre comes as the digital age is transforming the medium.
Paul Martineau is assistant curator in the Department of Photographs at the J. Paul Getty Museum.
Available October 2010
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KCMMB Concrete and Bridge Decks
Research performed by the University of Kansas in conjunction with many state DOTs indicates bridge decks should be treated differently than other outdoor concrete applications. Because of the importance of bridges to transportation and the difficulty caused by repair or replacement of bridges the KCMMB recommends that all mix designs for bridge decks be prepared by the consultant responsible for design of the structure. It should also be noted that the life of the bridge deck is not only influenced by the concrete mix design but also the construction of the deck.
As an example of a procedure for bridge deck design and construction the following links have been provided. These links are for a series of Kansas Department of Transportation Special Provisions for the design and construction of bridge decks. These Special Provisions are the result of joint research done by the University of Kansas and KDOT.


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Model Administrative Rules (MARS) and Search LogicUCC, Online UCC System, Revised Article 9
Following up on our post from earlier this week, What are "Standard Search Logic" and the Model Administrative Rules?, here's a behind-the-scenes look at how we created an online UCC search system that follows MARS guidelines.
An FCS online search report is intended to satisfy the requirements under the UCC Revised Article 9 Model Administrative Rules (MARS), which provide state filing offices with a set of guidelines for producing a legally compliant UCC lien search report. The FCS Online Search System was designed to satisfy the requirements under MARS while providing the searcher with increased flexibility.
Flexible search logic generates a more inclusive search report and addresses the inconsistencies in searches performed within states that did not effectively adopt the MARS guidelines. Further, these specially designed broad-based searching features aid in locating involuntary liens such as Federal and State Tax Liens, Judgment Liens and liens that may not be located in state databases limited to the MARS guidelines for the reporting of UCCs.
We recommend that users structure their search strings so possible variations of the name including abbreviations, alternate spellings and initials may be located. A successful search begins before the name is ever keyed into the system by considering what possible variations may exist and then using the proper search string to locate those name variations.
From the International Association of Commercial Administrators
T503 Search methodology – Search results are produced by the application of search logic to the name presented to the filing officer. Human judgment does not play a role in determining the results of the search.
503.1 Standard search logic – The following rules describe the filing office's standard search logic and apply to all searches except for those where the search request specifies that a non-standard search logic be used:
- 503.1.1 There is no limit to the number of matches that may be returned in response to the search criteria.
- 503.1.2 No distinction is made between upper and lower case letters.
- 503.1.3 The character "&" (the ampersand) is deleted and replaced with the characters "and" each place it appears in the name.
- 503.1.4 Punctuation marks and accents are disregarded. For the purposes of this rule, punctuation and accents include all characters other than the numerals 0 through 9 and the letters A through Z (in any case) of the English alphabet.
- 503.1.5 The following words and abbreviations at the end of an organization name that indicate the existence or nature of the organization are "disregarded" to the extent practicable as determined by the filing office's programming of its UCC information management system:
- 503.1.6 The word "the" at the beginning of an organization debtor name is disregarded.
- 503.1.7 All spaces are disregarded.
- 503.1.8 For first and middle names of individual debtor names, initials are treated as the logical equivalent of all names that begin with such initials, and first name and no middle name or initial is equated with all middle names and initials. For example, a search request for "John A. Smith" would cause the search to retrieve all filings against all individual debtors with "John" or the initial "J" as the first name, "Smith" as the last name, and with the initial "A" or any name beginning with "A" in the middle name field. If the search request were for "John Smith" (first and last names with no designation in the middle name field), the search would retrieve all filings against individual debtors with "John" or the initial J as the first name, "Smith" as the last name and with any name or initial or no name or initial in the middle name field.
- 503.1.9 If the name being searched is the last name of an individual debtor name without any first or middle name provided, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all financing statements with individual debtor names that consist of only the last name.
- 503.1.10 After using the preceding rules to modify the name being searched, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all Unlapsed Records, or, if requested by the searcher, all Active Records, that pertain to financing statements with debtor names that, after being as provided in this rule 503, exactly match the modified name being searched.
Want to see our online UCC system in action? Sign up here for a free demo. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us here or by calling _PHONE_. As always, if you are unsure of any definitions or procedures, consult your legal counsel immediately.


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Arrange two cameras in close proximity to a subject. Then press record. Close-Up is both a formal exercise and a video series taking a literal close look at Pittsburgh artists in performance. See more in this series here.
It took conductor and violinist Alejandro Pinzón four months to teach himself the bandoneón, a bellows instrument, like the accordion and the concertina, that is essential to both Argentinian tango and Lithuanian folk music. Originally used for chord-based sacred music, the German instrument—it's named for its creator, Heinrich Band—migrated to Argentina in the late 1800s where, Pinzón explains, tango musicians adopted it, appreciating the sadness of its tone, as opposed to the brighter sound of the accordion, and because of its portability.
Unlike the accordion, which has a keyboard, the bandoneón sports buttons. These buttons are typically bisonoric, meaning that each one is capable of producing a different sound on opening and closing. Hold down a key and pull the bellows apart, and one note fills the room. Hold down the same key and push, a different note is emitted. With two distinct button arrays on each side of the squeezebox, the musician must therefore navigate four different sets of notes, making the bandoneón particularly challenging.
In the first of a two-part edition of Close-Up, Pinzón plays the tango "A La Gran Muñeca," a song first performed in Buenos Aires in 1919 as part of a musical revue about a toy store where the dolls have come to life.
Pinzon is preparing for upcoming tours in Mexico and Nevada and will be performing in the Pittsburgh area this fall.


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Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
versión impresa ISSN _PHONE_
FIGUEROA, Fernanda; SANCHEZ-CORDERO, Víctor; ILLOLDI-RANGEL, Patricia y LINAJE, Miguel. Evaluation of protected area effectiveness for preventing land use and land cover changes in Mexico. Is an index good enough?. Rev. Mex. Biodiv. [online]. 2011, vol.82, n.3, pp. 951-963. ISSN _PHONE_.
Effectiveness of 44 federal protected areas (PA) for preventing land use and land cover changes (LULC) in Mexico is examined, comparing results and methodological approaches used in previous studies. We quantified the percentage of transformed area (TS) in 2002 and its rate of change between 1993 and 2002. We compared observed TS rate of change in PA, adjacent areas, and their ecoregions of location. An effectiveness index was build to produce a characterization of LULC processes developed for each PA. In 2002, 77% PA showed less than 20% covered by TS; nearly 30% of PA showed a reduction of TS. Additionally, in 30% of PA, TS increase exceeded the mean rate for all PA. More than 70% of PA showed lower LULC rates than their surrounding areas, and in 80% of PA, these rates were lower than those observed in their corresponding ecoregions. Overall, PA were effective to prevent LULC processes as previously suggested. However, trends derived from this type of analyses depend on methodological specifications. Effectiveness indexes should be complemented with a detailed characterization of LULC processes and their interpretation should correspond to the specific methodological approach used.
Palabras llave : protected areas; conservation; deforestation; forest degradation; effectiveness.


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Catalog of the Fine Arts Collection
Please note that the St. Johnsbury Athenaeum prohibits the use of images from its collection in public exhibition, broadcast, electronic reproduction or publication in any form without prior written permission from the institution. If you would like to reproduce any of the Art Gallery images in any form, contact us at _PHONE_.
Venus (called Aphrodite by the Greeks), goddess of love and beauty, was a celebrated cult figure in the ancient world. The original Venus de Milo, of which this is a greatly reduced reproduction, is housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris and is among the most recognized works of art in the world. Believed to have been sculpted during the second century B.C.E., she likely originally held the golden apple presented to her by the mortal Paris, who was asked to give it to the "fairest" among the goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. The Venus, de Milo was discovered by a peasant on the Greek island of Melos (which means "apple") in 1820 and was quickly acquired by French diplomats who presented it to their king, Louis XVIII. The sculpture soon became a symbol of French cultural aspiration during the nineteenth century, as the nation struggled to recapture the intellectual preeminence that it enjoyed before the end of Napoleon's reign in 1815.


NYC Resources311Office of the Mayor
Official Website of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
King Fisher Park
Freshwater Wetlands in New York City - Kingfisher Park
Kingfisher Park is a 23-acre green space that features a small pond and associated wetland, with abundant bird life. The park is a wildlife oasis, home to a large variety of ecosystems. A successional meadow, once a farmer's field or a shallow pond, has been slowly changing over the last two centuries into a climax forest, which contains oak, hickory, and beech trees, as well as an under-story of red maple (Acer rubrum), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and black cherry trees (Prunus serotina). The term "climax forest" refers to a forest that has reached the final stage in its evolution. The individual trees may grow, change, or die, but the species make-up of the forest remains the same. A forest that is still in succession may undergo more material changes as one species crowds out or overshadows another.
Kingfisher Park's wetlands support diverse wildlife. In 1999, during a bird watch, wildlife enthusiasts counted 35 distinct species of birds. In addition to the belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon), the park is also home to glossy ibises (Plegadis falcinellus), herons, spring peepers, great egrets (Ardea alba), and snowy egrets (Egretta thula). The pond is home to frogs, turtles, catfish, sonnies, and carp. The trees and undergrowth provide a backdrop for wildflowers such as the swamp rose mallow (Hibiscus palustris) along the water's edge and the unusual pink lady's slipper (Cypripedium acaule), a large, cucumber-root plant. In addition to housing these native species, freshwater wetlands also provide resting, breeding, and feeding grounds for hundreds of thousands of migrating birds. Many of these birds arrive in New York City only twice a year as they travel along the Atlantic flyway, a major migratory route.
Park Information
Directions to King Fisher Park
 - King Fisher Park
King Fisher Park Weather
 7-day forecast
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NAME Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 - Test RFC3339 timestamps are within a certain tolerance SYNOPSIS use Test::Deep; use Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339; my $now = DateTime->now; my $record = create_record(...); cmp_deeply $record, { created => datetime_rfc3339($now, '5s') }, 'Created is within 5 seconds of current time'; DESCRIPTION Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 provides a single function, "datetime_rfc3339", which is used with Test::Deep to check that the string value gotten is an RFC3339-compliant timestamp. It can also check if the timestamp is equal to, or within optional tolerances of, an expected timestamp. RFC3339 was chosen because it is a sane subset of ISO8601's kitchen-sink. FUNCTIONS datetime_rfc3339 Without arguments, the value is only checked to be a parseable RFC3339 timestamp. Otherwise, this function takes a DateTime object or an RFC3339 timestamp string parseable by DateTime::Format::RFC3339 as the required first argument and a DateTime::Duration object or a DateTime::Format::Duration::DurationString-style string (e.g. "5s", "1h 5m", "2d") representing a duration as an optional second argument. The second argument is used as a ± tolerance centered on the expected datetime. If a tolerance is provided, the timestamp being tested must fall within the closed interval for the test to pass. Otherwise, the timestamp being tested must match the expected datetime. All comparisons and date math are done in UTC, as advised by "How-DateTime-Math-Works" in DateTime. If this causes problems for you, please tell me about it via bug-Test-Deep-DateTime-RFC3339 *at* Returns a Test::Deep::DateTime::RFC3339 object, which is a Test::Deep::Cmp, but you shouldn't need to care about those internals. You can, however, reuse the returned object if desired. Exported by default. BUGS Please report bugs via email to "" or via the web on. AUTHOR Thomas Sibley COPYRIGHT This software is copyright (c) 2014- by the Mullins Lab, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington. LICENSE This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. SEE ALSO Test::Deep DateTime DateTime::Duration DateTime::Format::RFC3339 RFC3339


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Why do many foreigners living in the Netherlands and Belgium shy away from learning Dutch? Is it because they think it is too difficult? Ruud Hisgen suggests that there are seven myths which may have something to do with the reason why so many expats are disheartened.
1. Dutch is difficult! As complex as German and as obscure as Old English
Dutch and German (Deutsch) may have similarly sounding names but they are two completely different languages. In the Middle Ages the languages of the Netherlanders and the Germans were called diets because diet meant "people". Diets was used to distinguish the lowly language of the common folk from the highfalutin Latin of the Church.
Over time, Diets became Nederlands and in Germany, Deutsch, but the English have stubbornly retained the confusing word "Dutch" to this day. Old English has shed its grammatical intricacies and so has Diets. German still has cases and more intricacies. So forget about Dutch as a difficult obstacle and think of Nederlands as the sister of English, a language that you can easily acquire.
2. Nederlands is an insignificant language in the greater scheme of things
There are 23 million native speakers of the language in the Netherlands, the Flemish region of Belgium, Surinam, and several islands in the Caribbean. And some 15 to 23 million people in South Africa and Namibia speak its daughter language: Afrikaans.
You may think you can safely converse with your neighbours or relations in English, but never forget that the Netherlanders have the advantage because they can speak their own language among themselves. And you will have no idea what sneaky things they may be saying!
3. Dutch vocabulary does not compare to other world languages
Many Netherlanders are convinced that they can express themselves so much better in English, because they think it is a richer language. Is this a sign of modesty or ignorance?
Fact is that the largest dictionary in the world is the 45.000-page Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (Dictionary of the Dutch Language). It has some 400.000 main entries and it took scholars 147 years from the first initiative in 1851 to 1998 to finish it. It is freely accessible online. By comparison the Oxford English Dictionary has approximately 300.000 main entries.
4. Mastering Dutch spelling takes years of practice
Again, if you were to believe your Dutch neighbours, they will tell you how miserably they fail in the yearly national dictation "Het Groot Dictee". It is true that the average Dutchman makes 23 mistakes in 10 sentences and the winner wins with a "mere" seven mistakes. But don't forget that some linguistic freak sadistically crammed them with tricky words. Don't be misled by this national act of masochism.
Spelling is quite easy, especially compared to English. In principle this rule is valid: what you hear is what you write. In English you'll write "knee" without pronouncing "k". In Dutch you write every letter that you hear, so k-n-ie.
5. Dutch is an ugly unmusical language due to deafening harsh sounds
There are some 30 dialects in the relatively small area of the Netherlands and Belgium. And it is only in some of them that guttural and uvular sounds are prominent. If you don't like these sounds, then you can easily avoid them by making a softer sound. The Dutch don't mind and understand you just as well.
6. Dutch grammar will drive you insane
At first sight this proposition may look like a true obstacle. Indeed Dutch word order looks very complex.
Verbs seem to jump to the end of a sentence for no obvious reason, and the subject changes place with the verb.
"Though this may look like madness, yet there is method in 't." Any decent beginners course should teach you these simple grammatical tricks in a short time.
7. Dutch is not culturally interesting, with insipid literature, bland theatre and silly films
In the BBC programme The Forum (22 May 2010) Dutch-born author Ian Buruma suggested that it would be a good idea for English speakers to learn Dutch as their first second language: "There are various advantages to Dutch. It has a rich literature. So there is a lot to read."
It is true that there is a wealth of novels, stories, plays and poems to be discovered. Take, for instance, this little poem, which happens to be the very first poem written in Dutch. It is from the 11th century and you can see how closely related our languages were and still are. The only word that got lost in modern Dutch is hinase (except).
Here it is:
Hebban olla vogala
hinase hic enda thu
wat unbidan we nu?
In modern Dutch:
Hebben alle vogels
behalve ik en jij
wat verbeiden we nu?
(= waar wachten we nu op?)
Have all birds
except I and thou
what are we waiting for now?
So leave these seven myths behind and learn Dutch! What are you waiting for!


the object reference and gives us a little less code to write.
Let's now look at the logic. We use an if statement to limit our logic only to targets that have as their first word "album." We need to do this since every object on the page will generate the mouseEnter event. Next, we populate our tarNum variable with word 2 of the name (1, 2, etc.). We build our fieldId reference to the display field and then start on the cooler stuff. We set the richText property of the display field to the richText of the corresponding (hidden) field that holds the album information. We use richText instead of text since the former keeps all the formatting such as font size, bold, and italics. After that we set the normalGraphic property of our "albumImage" button to the corresponding bitmap resource. The "normal" comes from the different button states (invert, checked, etc.) that can each have a graphic associated with it. Notice how we use "dynamic object referencing" to move from the name of the object to the field or bitmap object itself. The next line sets the strokeColor (the color of the text) to blue. We then set the sysCursor property to one of its defined values, which corresponds to a graphic that looks like a pen. I like to change the cursor for a mouseEnter interaction as another visual clue to the user that something is happening.
We now use our lastFieldId global variable discussed above. We check to see if it is null (because it won't be defined yet the first time). If not, we set its strokeColor to a dark green. Either way, we set this global variable to the target (e.g., the current field the user is in). That way, we'll set this field to green during the next interaction.
Our last task is to check for completion. We previously defined the completedInteractionList global variable and explained our plan to use it as a comma-delimited list of the interactions the user has completed. One reason to choose this format is that OpenScript has excellent support for "stacks" like this. We first use the built-in
ASYM_ItemInList() method to check if the current tarNum is in our global variable. If not, we push it on the variable, which has the effect of adding both the value and the comma (once there are two or more entries). We then use another built-in method, itemCount, to see if the number of items in the list is greater than or equal to our numInteractions global variable. If so, we update our display field to show "COMPLETED: " at the front. In a real e-Learning application, I would typically change the look of the "Next Page" button or show an animation, but we already have enough complexity in this example! We end by forwarding the mouseEnter message so that higher-level scripts can handle the message if desired.
That script had most of the heavy lifting. The listing below has the "initialization" and "cleanup" scripts.
to handle enterPage
 system lastFieldId
 system dword numInteractions
 system stack completedInteractionList
 numInteractions = 5
 step num from 1 to numInteractions
 strokeColor of field ("album " & num) = 20,30,100 -- dark orange
 end step
 text of field "display field" = ""
 clear normalGraphic of button "albumImage"
 lastFieldId = null
 completedInteractionList = ""
end enterPage
to handle mouseLeave
 local string tarName
 tarName = name of target
 if word 1 of tarName = "album"
 sysCursor = default
 end if
end mouseLeave
The way to look at the enterPage handler is that we want to initialize the page to our desired state. We need to set our global variables so they are defined at the top of the script. We initialize numInteractions and then use our first step loop (a For loop in other programming languages) to set the strokeColor of each of our fields to a dark orange. In a step loop, the variable (num) goes from the initial condition (1) to the final value (numInteractions). The code within the loop runs each time. Notice how many lines of code we save plus get more flexibility to change the number of interactions without adding code by building the name of the field ("album " & num), letting OpenScript build a reference, and setting the color. From there, we clear our display field and "albumImage" button. Finally, we clear our lastFieldId and completedInteractionList variables. It is very important that we forward the enterPage message – lots of other things happen in ToolBook at higher levels in response to this message.
The mouseLeave handler is quite simple. We use the same logic as above to make sure we are only handling the event for our album name fields. If so, we set the sysCursor back to default.
We will cover this example for the ToolBook Actions Editor, Flash, JavaScript, and Silverlight/XAML in future blog posts.


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Architectural currents and designs define themselves according to their authors, ideas and inspirations. Such currents may vary from time to time, and also in regards to clients needs and expectations. In this video Meejin Yoon and Eric Höweler portrait their view of this magnificent art by demonstrating several of their most emblematic and important projects around the world, based on the integration of both prototypes and protocols. The two talented architects explain their motivations and views, which consequently lead them to create and achieve such innovative and multidisciplinary results. They also explain how design plays its part in the creation process, and focus on its importance, in order to create a real work of art.
Nuestra misión es la enseñanza y difusión de los principios éticos, jurídicos y económicos de una sociedad de personas libres y responsables.
Universidad Francisco Marroquín


The Planned Refit for HMS Hood
Showing how HMS Hood might have looked depending on what modernisation programme was used. Top picture is if she had been given the best possible upgrades, the bottom is more similar to the refit HMS Renown received
As a ship ages, its machinery and structure experience "wear and tear." The degree of wear and tear depends of course, upon the conditions under which the ship was operated, as well as the quantity and quality of maintenance received. Often, regardless of how well-maintained a ship may be, deficiencies in its design and/or equipment come to light and must be addressed. As a result of any of these factors, modifications in the form of refits or repairs are periodically necessary.
Hood herself was certainly no exception: she received some form of refit for nearly every single year from the time of her launching until the time of her loss. Of the approximately 20 more notable refits, most involved modifications to secondary guns, fire control and range finding equipment. The scope of the refits varied in size. Only one (_PHONE_) was actually a major refit/overhaul.
By the late 1930s, Hood, due to the poor condition of key internal components (i.e., engines) was once again in need of a major refit. It was also apparent that she was not up to the standards of the current generation of modern battleships. Thus, in late 1938, preliminary plans were discussed with Captain Walker and crew. Hood's key deficiencies and shortcomings were outlined and a rough plan was formulated. This plan was officially referred to as the "Large Repair."
Unfortunately, detailed final plans were not created – only preliminary planning sketches were drawn-up. According to sources, the sketches were simply overlaid or drawn-over drawings of Hood in her then present configuration. Logically, the sketches showed an arrangement extremely similar to that of Renownfollowing her _PHONE_ refit/overhaul. The whereabouts of these sketches is unknown and are they are believed to have been lost. Therefore, any attempt to draw a reconstructed Hood is hypothetical at best.
The work (based on pre-war considerations) would have taken between two and three years to complete at a cost of as much as £4.5 million. Sadly, due to budgetary constraints and the fact that there were other ships in need of more immediate attention, Hood's refit was not scheduled to commence until at least Spring 1942.
Proposed Modifications
What follows is a list of the proposed work:
 New internal machinery and improved subdivision. It was desirable to upgrade and relocate engines and boilers. Alternatively, at a minimum the boilers would be replaced.
 Rearranged/remodelled torpedo bulges and side armour. Most likely the side bulges would have been extended to the top of the 7″ armour belt rather than to the top of the 12″ belt.
 Improved deck armour/protection over vital areas.
 Removal of armoured conning tower and the 5″ side armour.
 New superstructure and masts fore and aft. Most notably, the forward superstructure would have been a "block" type similar to that of Renown, the Queen Elizabeths or the King George Vs (KGV).
 New funnels. These would have been something similar to those on Renown as KGV funnels would have been too small.
 Addition of a catapult, dual hangars and Walrus seaplanes. (See "Some Considerations" below)
 Improved antiaircraft (AAA) protection. This would include the removal of all existing weaponry and replacement with a total of 6 Mark M eight-barreled pom poms and lastly, the addition of either 12-16 x 5.25″ guns (same type as KGV) or 16 x 4.5″ (same type as Renown). Of course, the ship would likely have also received updated 0.5″ machine guns and multiple 40mm mounts. (See "Some Considerations" below)
 Upgraded fire control. She would have received updated radar, fire control tables, comms, directors, etc.
 Extended forecastle deck. Hood's stern was notoriously wet due to her overweight condition. An extension was considered for the simple fact that it might help keep the quarterdeck a bit drier. The extension would retain the rough "V" shape but would instead, extend to "X" turret. (See "Some Considerations" below).
Some Considerations
We feel that due to certain circumstances, of the above list, a few items would likely have been changed or possibly not implemented:
 Catapult/aircraft gear– By 1944/1945, the Royal Navy had reexamined the need for aircraft aboard battleships and battle cruisers. Due to key considerations, not the least of which was the improvement in aerial surveillance radar, it was decided to remove such equipment. Therefore, Hood, under construction during this period. would likely have had changes made. It is possible that if aircraft were not used, the space they would have occupied would have gone to boats and/or possibly increased 0.5″ and 40mm antiaircraft batteries.
 5.25″ or 4.5″ Secondary Battery– Though the 5.25″ were preferred, there were availability issues with the guns. Instead, the widely available 4.5″ guns seem a more likely choice for Hood. It was also a more standard round (Queen Elizabeth class, Renown, carriers, etc.). Although a typical arrangement for large ships of that time was 20 guns (ten twin barreled turrets situated on the starboard and port sides in clusters of three forward and two aft), this would not have been the case for Hood. Due to her internal arrangements, she would likely have been outfitted with just 16 guns in four turrets. The exact location of these guns would depend on the extent of modifications being carried out and available space for gun machinery and magazine stowage.
 In the case of Hood, we feel that it was unlikely for guns to have been installed in typical fore and aft clusters. This is because they would have obstructed the senior officer's cabins and baths if installed in standard fashion. If installed aft, they would either have to be individually situated and staggered (like Hood's actual final 4″ guns were) or located somewhere else on the ship. If this were the case, the most likely place would be in banks of four per side on the forward Shelter Deck abreast the funnels and bridge.
 Extended Forecastle deck– This would only have been done if other modifications did not result in a significant reduction in displacement/increase in freeboard. If Hood sat higher in the water, there really would have been no need for the extension.
 Location of shell rooms and magazines– This, Hood's "Achilles heel," would not have been fixed. The powder magazines would still have been situated dangerously over the shell rooms. Even with the addition of protection its likely she would have remained vulnerable to similarly armed warships.
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Design forecasting: a method for performing DFX analyses in complex product design
Design Forecasting is modeling methodology for performing DFX analyses such as Life Cycle Assessment and the Modified Westinghouse Method earlier in the design of automobiles and other complex products. Specifically, Design Forecasting uses probabilistic design methods to supplement DFX analyses in a systematic, yet flexible, manner that reduces data collection ambiguity and effort for the design team. In addition, the methodology uses scenario analyses to evaluate potential design decisions or alternatives. Finally, the methodology allows for rigorous review, improvement, and customization of individual, underlying models. In this dissertation, Design Forecasting is developed, illustrated, and validated using two automotive case studies. The first is a material substitution case study used to evaluate Design for Environment metrics for a Ford C-class sedan. The second case study evaluates Design for Assembly metrics for the washer and wiper systems on the same C-class sedan. The research presented in this dissertation is significant because it defines a previously informal or even nonexistent process within design decision-making, and provides a sound framework for future, scholarly research.
- Mechanical engineering


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Deliquescence Behavior of Sodium Borohydride and Steam
- Type: Conference Presentation
- Conference Type:
AIChE Annual Meeting
- Presentation Date:
October 16, 2011
- Skill Level:
Sodium borohydride as an effective, cheap and stable material for hydrogen storage has been studied widely. Despite prior studies [1-5]on the steam hydrolysis of NaBH4, the mechanism for the release of hydrogen by water vapor/ NaBH4 contact has not been well understood. Recently, Beaird et al. established that the initial step in the pathway is deliquescence of water onto NaBH4, and she reported the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) based on visual observation of the change in appearance of NaBH4 crystals during reaction. A basic study of the phase behavior during the water vapor hydrolysis reaction is necessary should the reaction pathway be exploited in for future engineering designs. Therefore, in this presentation we build on prior DRH measurements by developing a theoretical model and utilizing this, with experiments and simulation, to accurately predict the deliquescence behavior of steam on sodium borohydride. Macroscopically, we describe deliquescence in the bulk limit where the theory is well established. Microscopically, we have also used first principles density functional theory to examine the initial stages of deliquescence at the atomic level. We have performed ab initio molecular dynamics at 300 K and 350 K using a slab model of the NaBH4(001) surface covered by water. The simulations indicate that the initial stages of deliquescence happen very rapidly, with water penetrating the (001) surface on the picosecond time-scale. Deliquescence is known to initiate clearly with increasing relative humidity on reaching free energy equality between the initial (salt particle plus vapor) and final (fully dissolved solution drop plus vapor) states until deliquescence. Additional experiments utilize in situ visualization, as described by Beaird et al..
 R. Aiello, et al., "Production of hydrogen from chemical hydrides via hydrolysis with steam," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 24, pp. _PHONE_, 1999.
 A. M. Beaird, et al., "Deliquescence in the Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride by Water Vapor," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 49, pp. 9596-9599, 2010.
 H. Liu, et al., "Vapor phase batch hydrolysis of NaBH4 at elevated temperature and pressure," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. In Press, Corrected Proof.
 E. Y. Marrero-Alfonso, et al., "Hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with steam," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32, pp. 4717-4722, 2007.
 E. Y. Marrero-Alfonso, et al., "Minimizing water utilization in hydrolysis of sodium borohydride: The role of sodium metaborate hydrates," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32, pp. 4723-4730, 2007.


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Significance and Use
5.1 The thermal conductivity of both intact and reconstituted soil specimens as well as soft rock specimens is used to analyze and design systems used, for example, in underground transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, radioactive waste disposal, geothermal applications, and solar thermal storage facilities.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
1.1 This test method presents a procedure for determining the thermal conductivity (λ) of soil and soft rock using a transient heat method. This test method is applicable for both intact and reconstituted soil specimens and soft rock specimens. This test method is suitable only for homogeneous materials.
1.2 This test method is applicable to dry or unsaturated materials over temperatures ranging from <0 to >100°C, depending on the suitability of the thermal needle probe construction to temperature extremes. However, care must be taken to prevent significant error from: (1) redistribution of water due to thermal gradients resulting from heating of the needle probe; (2) redistribution of water due to hydraulic gradients (gravity drainage for high degrees of saturation or surface evaporation); (3) phase change of water in specimens with temperatures <0°C or >100°C. These errors can be minimized by adding less total heat to the specimen through either minimizing power applied to the needle probe and/or minimizing the heating duration of the measurement.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice.
1.4.1 The procedure used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
ICS Number Code 13.080.20 (Physical properties of soil)
UNSPSC Code _PHONE_(Soil)


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Monday, January 24, 2011
Read It, Stamp It, Write It
Read It, Write It, Stamp It is an activity that provides students with an opportunity to practice words that
follow basic phonic codes.
Here is the routine to use with the activity sheet you can find by following the link below.
1. Write simple CVC, CVCC, or CCVC words (depending on the ability of your students) in the left hand column of the activity sheet.
2. Provide students with letter stamps. Children can stamp the word and then write it in the remaining columns.
3. Extend this activity by asking students to use the words they have worked on in sentences, alphabetize the words they have stamped or have students write the words on index cards and sort by similar attributes.
This is a great activity for classroom centers.


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In the linguistically diverse landscapes that today's European societies are becoming, grasping the linguistic repertoires of pupils can be quite a challenge. In light of this, a language passport is a useful tool to increase language awareness and to support the development of linguistically sensitive teaching (LST). The MARS language passport is an example made in Flanders.
Unravelling the language repertoires of the pupils in classroom is important, not only to enhance pupils' and their teachers' consciousness of the complexities of language use but also for schools to work on their multilingual policies. Dr Fauve De Backer, a member of our research centre in Flanders (Belgium), has developed – together with colleagues – a language passport within a larger study called Multilingualism As Reality at School (MARS).
Construction of language passports can be an exciting classroom activity. This is like language portraits, where pupils paint their languages in different colours on a body silhouette. The MARS language passport is a written report structured as a mind map. This allows persons to present a clear overview of the languages in their repertoire: what languages they know, when and how they use them, how they feel about them, what the classroom community as a whole looks like. The MARS team collected data in 12 schools from 100 pupils in primary and secondary education who participated in focus groups. The aim of the focus groups was to gain insight into the linguistic repertoires and the dynamic and multileveled behaviours regarding pupils' language use.
A first result of the study was that language passports showed the unconscious processes and practices underlying the use of linguistic repertoires. They demonstrated the individual variability and complexity of pupils' linguistic repertoires. The passports captured multiple 'types' of languages used by pupils, including home languages, foreign languages learned in school and dialects, but also practices such as translanguaging. Multilingual pupils did not only use Dutch, the language of schooling, with people from school. Nor did they use only their home languages with people outside school (friends, parents, sisters/brothers). Dutch was used most often for calculating and thinking. This is not surprising, since it is the language of schooling. Home languages were more often used for "emotional" functions such as dreaming or telling secrets.
Pupils switched automatically and mostly unconsciously between languages. Not only when moving between different persons but also when communicating with one person. Despite such switching being a normal thing among multilingual speakers, the fear that this would be an impediment of their learning of the language of schooling was very apparent within the group discussions. Another interesting finding was that native Flemish pupils were multilingual as well, despite them often being regarded as "monolingual".
All in all, language passports are an interesting activity for the entire class. They can be used for multiple purposes.
First, they can be helpful as a didactic tool, which includes the development of additional classroom activities. The passports depict the diversity and complexity in pupils' language repertoires, they are one means by which pupils can be made aware of the unconscious processes underlying their choice of languages, they provide both teachers and pupils with new insights into their (own) language use, they are an accessible and easily adaptable way to discuss linguistic/cultural diversities in classroom, and they are a way to invite/accept home languages at school. Second, the passports can also be used to inform a whole-school multilingual policy. They give schools a greater understanding of their population while enabling them to adjust their policy and support for multilingual students. Third, the language passports can be used as a research tool as in school-based action research.
The MARS language passport was originally developed in Dutch. An English translation is in the making so not yet available online.


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A SORC is…
A SORC: stands for After School Online Resource Center.
A SORC: is a virtual library available on the utah4h.org website that was designed specifically to meet the needs of persons working in after school programs.
A SORC: is a searchable database of activity ideas and lesson plans. Many of these lesson plans are in a unique "Grab-n-Go" format. Activities in this format require little preparation time and few, easy to obtain, materials.
A SORC: is also a hub where after school personnel can submit, review, and publish ideas and activity plans. The submission process includes access to people who can assist with formatting documents to place on the website. Lesson plans on A SORC are in a PDF format so as to maintain the integrity and authorship of the document.
A SORC: also contains other resources such as a list of kits available to check out from the state 4-H office, links, and access to useful information, forms, and surveys for after school programs.
A SORC: is a place that will expand and change with the needs and feedback from people working in after school programs.
A SORC: is YOUR online resource center.
4-H Afterschool on the Web - This page is the equivalent to the "Afterschool on CD 2007," available at the Utah State 4-H Office with links to many resources applicable to 4-H Afterschool programs.
Afterschool Program Surveys - Afterschool surveys are designed to find out more about the impact of afterschool programs in Utah. Download documents needed to conduct surveys with your afterschool program from here.
Potentially Helpful References for Afterschool Programs - Document with useful references on the benefits of After School Programs
Free lesson plans for integrating character education - Center for Youth Ethics with "Character Counts". Great Character Lesson Plan Bank covering Six Pillars of Character: Trustworthiness, Fairness, Respect, Caring, Responsibility and Citizenship.
Useful Afterschool Program Links
Find useful links to websites dealing with everything from lesson plans to grants. Click on the button below.
Got an idea for a great activity? Send it in for publication right here on utah4h.org A SORC. We can even help with reviewing, editing, and formating. All files are published as secure PDF files and sources are throughly documented to protect authorship. To send ideas and lesson plans via email click here.
To download a blank activity plan template click here.
We understand your busy life that's why utah4h.org has developed a virtual library with activity plan downloads that require little preparation time and few, easy to find, materials.
Look for activities with this symbol so you can Grab it and Go!
Browse by 4-H Curriculum
utah4h.org has an extensive curriculm library for 4-H clubs. Many of these lesson plans are easily adaptable for use in after school settings. To enter the 4-H Resource Library click here.
Browse by 4-H After School Online Resource Center Library


Bringing advanced TDS TV+ programming to your home is easy—simply connect a TDS TV+ receiver to your TV.
The receiver should be located near your TV and a power source, but away from anything that generates too much heat. Since your receiver doesn't require a direct line of sight with your remote control, you can put it in a hidden location (e.g. entertainment center cabinet).
Installation will take up to 20 minutes per receiver.
 1. Connect one end of the HDMI cable that's provided into the receiver's HDMI input. Connect the other end into your TV's HDMI input. (When HDMI is used, no other video/audio connections are needed.).
 2. Using the power supply provided, plug the one end into the 12V DC input on your receiver. Plug the other end into a standard power (wall) outlet.
 3. Make sure your TV is switched to the correct input (HDMI). You can change your input using the source/input button on your TV or your TV's remote control.
 4. While the system is booting up, insert the batteries (provided) into the TDS TV+ remote control.
 5. Watch your TV and follow the on-screen instructions for how to pair (program) your remote control, set your system language, and sign-in to your Wi-Fi network. Once connected to your network, a software update will begin.
 1. If your update is taking longer than 15 minutes, please give us a call at _PHONE_
 6. You'll be prompted to sign-in to your Google account. Doing so gives you access to more apps that can be used on your TV, voice-control abilities on your remote control, and robust searching capabilities. If you sign in, follow on-screen directions that appear. If you don't want to sign-in, choose Skip.
 7. Next you will be walked through the certain features of your TDS TV+ system. Press the right side of your remote control's navigation circle to learn more about the Google Play store, Google Assistant, and how to cast from a mobile device to your TV.
 8. A screen will appear on your TV indicating your home screen is being prepared:
 1. You'll be prompted to select programming for OnePass. OnePass will gather all episodes of a series, or sporting events for a team, and add them to your My Shows list for convenient watching.
 2. You'll be prompted to select Apps to include when you're searching for content or creating a OnePass in the future.
 9. When setup is complete, the TDS TV+ Home Screen will appear. Select Watch TV to begin watching TV.
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- Mon. Jan 18th, 2021
During pregnancy, a woman's hormones are usually thrown off balance. Nausea, vomiting, mood swings, headaches, dizziness and other frustrating feelings tend to kick in, all together and sometimes one or two. However, a mystery that revolves around eating inedible substances such as soil, fabrics, polythene papers et cetera is still very evident. Many people simply do not understand why one would enjoy eating non-food substances.
Pica is a psychological disorder characterized by an appetite for substances that are largely non-nutritive, such as ice (pagophagia) hair (tricophagia),paper (xylophagia), drywall or paint; sharp objects (acuphagia); metal (metallophagia); stones (lithophagia) or soil (geophagia) glass (hyalophagia); feces (coprophagia) and chalk, for a period longer than one month.
According to the DSM 5, mineral deficiencies are occasionally associated with pica, but biological abnormalities are rarely found. Most times, people with pica are more likely anemic or have low hemoglobin concentration in their blood.
Although pica is sometimes harmless, risks and complications are present depending on the substance consumed. For example, lead poisoning may result from the ingestion of paint or paint-soaked plaster and hairballs may cause intestinal obstruction.Toxoplasma or Toxocara infections may follow ingestion of feces or soil. Depending on the severity of pica, treatment can range from withdrawal therapy to mineral supplementation. Dietary modification has also been found to be a successful remedy.
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Amorphophallus is a genus of approximately 170 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants belonging
to the Arum family (Araceae). The name 'Amorphophallus' is derived from the Greek words 'amorphos' and 'phallos', meaning'shapeless penis', in reference to the prominent spadix appendix of the inflorescence. The inflorescence of this species emits a scent of decaying meat or fish in order to attract insects such as flies that pollinate the flowers. The flowering period of this species in cultivation at NTBG was observed to last about one week.


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A Note On Applications of Cycles and Trees
Graph theory ia a branch of mathematics which deals with networks of points connected by lines called edges. The subject of graph theory had its beginnings in recreational math problems, but it has grown into a significant area of mathematical research with applications in chemistry, operations research, social sciences, and computer science. In this paper, we studied applications of path and circuits to the real world, so that author can understand the usefulness and importance of these things. Purpose of this paper is to provide an brief overview of applications area of cycles and trees.
Path, Eulerian circuit, Hamiltonian cycle, network topology
Chandrajeet Singh Yadav