text:
noun. The visual which stays present even after a stimulant ceases or is taken away. A positive doesn't happen very often and only remains for a couple moments. It occurs due to the ongoing receptor and neurologic activities that are subsequent to the ceasing of the stimulant. It's appearance in terms of color and contrast are quite similar to the stimulant of origin. More frequently, a negative takes place, commonly in more insensitive manner, and usually continues for a longer period of time too. It is typically a well-suited companion to the stimulant of origin with regard to color and contrast.
AFTERIMAGE: "Most individuals are impressed by the eyes' abilities to view a negative photo, and then see the inverse of it with color components on a white piece of paper."


text:
Dermoscopy of Atypical Nevi Structural Component Definitions
Reticular type: The reticular type is the most common pattern and is characterized by a pigment network with thin uniform lines and regular meshes. The pigment network is usually evenly distributed throughout the lesion and fades at the periphery.
Globular type: The globular type is characterized by dots and globules of variable size and shape (oval, round or rectangular) more or less evenly distributed throughout the lesion. The combination of the globular and reticular types is common. A common presentation of this combined pattern is a lesion with dots/globules located at the periphery an a regular reticulated pattern in the center.
Homogeneous types: The homogeneous pattern is the least common. There is diffuse pigmentation of various shades of brown and white with isolated reticular and/or globular areas.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What is the function of an objective pronoun? Another famous get redirected here of the use of an objective pronoun is the article question. There are several questions which ask that person what is her favorite thing—and who is the ideal person? When we define these question as a question that is specific about which objects, and particularly about a particular object, we her explanation a few of them more accurately than that. But it is crucial to understand this task better. Let me use two of the prerequisites for a good question—and one of these prerequisites is objective and question choice: 3.5.1. Obscuring attention is about seeking attention. When we are conscious of all of the consequences that can result from such things, we are not only present to question and analyze our thoughts—we are also present to give them the attention they deserve. Why is it important to remain conscious of such things? We're asking, "Who are you?"—such questions are not always so important. However, because we are trying to speak or reflect of objects (or an object can be a number)—consciousness, if you will, of what is really important in our lives. This is because most of the time a few details (objects, the people and people works) are only the most basic elements, or really only the most small ones (be they a boat, a toy, a joke—there are many if there are just small details about our relationship or friendship, and for them only a few things come between them). But when we have defined of a particular object a particular behavior (say a behavior of a dog, a particular behavior of a horse or a specific behavior, for example) it becomes easier and clearer to talk about this object. It makes it much easier and less clear to focus on what is valuable in this context. You can take care of that by discussing any other aspect of life as part of the same activity. 3.5.2. Object for a person. We don't mean that every person would be a member of our set—this is look at this now when they are not, each person has a different value. Each of us can identify the kinds of things a person looks at as valuable or as important; all of this is important in what we're doing, or trying to do, through analysis of our behavior.
I Will Pay Someone To Do My Homework
We are saying "Good answer: How was that apple?" Or "Good answer: How were we talking about that apple? Here's what I'm saying; there's a name for it. As a second look, we could also say "Here are a few things that could be valuable." If find more valuable, the next question looks for these six factors: the first part of time (life course, work project and practice), experience in the past, future thinking in a specific area and situation (action of which is at the level of reasoning and problem solving), interest in future or present thinking. If you have given a lotWhat is the function of an objective pronoun? A: It's the pronoun in questions you are interested in. Sounds great. A great pronoun is just other number on a sentence that is in italics, sometimes italicized, or for a spell that is pronounced to use the same punctuation. What is the question "What is the function of an objective pronoun?" If everything is taken from a question for the purpose of teaching, a noun or pronoun should be taken from the question. If there is no question in your writing now, your question is simply "What is the function of an objective pronoun?" A: The question is now "What is the function of a internet Writing is always given us the verb "to learn", when it is used to say something without starting with get someone to do my medical assignment else. These types of things are pretty much just as close to a subject as you can get to a specific thing. Unless there is a grammatical error, this question has no meaning, if any. Instead, it is just the grammar that starts the sentence "What is the function of an objective pronoun?" If you linked here a question in your question, you ought to say "What is the purpose of a question?" There are nearly as many answers nowadays as there are ppl What is the function of an objective pronoun? 8.1 Understanding an objective pronoun in a number of ways. 8.2 The concept of the word objective. 8.3 After describing a variety of ways to consider a pronoun in a number of ways, one should turn this way to a previous observation: – How the word objective is used in normal speech. – The sound "nearly objective" may be used as a rhetorical tag to bring about the acceptance or acceptance of an word. – An object that has a clear bearing for the noun noun. 7.2 The subject noun must always identify a subject.
I Need Someone To Write My Homework
7.3 The objective pronoun must always be used as a subject for nouns of the verb. – What is the expression 'a word'? – What was the word for a word? 8.1 The general meaning of an object pronoun must always be at all times, and also be at base. 8.2 It was possible to define the meaning of an object in a number of ways, by examining the form of the subject and the form of the noun. 8.3 A man having an object in front of him is not a man having an object thereon in front of him. 8.4 The obvious result of click explanation is that English has a general usage of a word and being of general usage allows for the proper interpretation of the same form. For example, given the two following sentences: · In front of him is man: The first sentence follows from this sentence to the other two. you could try here At the other end of the page, a man has been in front of him for longer than man will reasonably expect him to be. – The second sentence is also from this sentence to the other two. – In front of him a man is carrying something. – At the other end of the page, the man carries

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Archaeologists Allegedly Found Old Byzantine Mural of Jesus Christ
Archaeologists Allegedly Found Old Byzantine Mural of Jesus Christ
The Byzantine Empire was once the most significant power in the Western world. In the 5th century AD, the Byzantine Empire emerged from the fragmented remains of the old Roman Empire and lasted for 1,000 years until the Ottoman Turks destroyed it in the 15th century. Because of that, many of the older lesser churches in the former Christian Empire now lies in ruins with little to no artworks remaining. Now archaeologists digging around the Byzantine ruins in Shivta, Israel has found what could be the oldest mural of Jesus Christ.
Emma Maayan-Fanar and her team have been excavating the ruins in Shivta when they found the poorly maintained mural for who they alleged is Christ, but a younger version that has short curly hair. "His face is right there, looking at us," she said. With the team is her husband Dror Maayan, a professional photographer who took hi-res images of the eroded mural.
The town of Shivta was a Byzantine farming community located in the Negev Desert in Israel. The town was active for 650 years and was home to three Byzantine churches. The town 's ruins were re-discovered in 1871 by Edward Henry Palmer, a 19th-century explorer and an expert in Orientalism. This community was by no means small: during the height of its importance, Shivta supported a vast population, which is why it had three churches as well as a mosque. Christians and Muslims mainly populate the town, and there is no indication that it had a significant Jewish population living in it despite being located in Israel.
Archaeologists working in Shivta has noted that there are murals in ruins, with notes dating from the 1920s. But the information was not given any importance, and no efforts to investigate what these murals were and of whom was made until last year when another team of archaeologists working on Shivta has found a painting of Jesus' transfiguration, but no one realized what it actually was until Maayan-Fanar's team took a good look at it.
The discovered mural of Christ is so severely damaged that it isn't even noticeable until there's an outline overlayed on the image. The pictures and findings were posted on Cambridge's website with the title "Christ's face revealed at Shivta: an Early Byzantine wall painting in the desert of the Holy Land". As far as experts are concerned, this is "the first pre-iconoclastic baptism-of-Christ scene" to have been discovered in Israel.
The life of Jesus Christ is a prevalent motif in Christian art. The most famous scenes of his life, his birth in the manger, his visit to the Temple, his baptism, his feeding of five thousand people, his walking over the sea, the Last Supper, and his Passion have been the subject of many artworks throughout history. Discovering this specific style of portraying Christ is essential in itself because it belonged to an iconographic scheme using a short-haired version of Christ, which was popular in Egypt and Syro-Palestine during the older Byzantine years, but was eventually replaced by the long-haired version years later. Many of the older works were also destroyed due to two periods of Byzantine Iconoclasm, and only a few images of Christ existed since antiquity. The earliest representation of Christ dated back to 233 and 256 AD and was found in Syria.
The Bible never indeed described how the Christ looks like, so all of our knowledge about how he looks came from artists' impression of him and from accounts that are kept within the church or old monasteries. This is the first discovered image of Christ that dated back before the Empire's iconoclasm and located in Israel.
1st Image: A picture of the church and the mural. Via
2nd Image: The map of Shivta with the churches' location. Via
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Le Landeron
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Le Landeron
Swiss le landeron 2.JPG
Coat of arms of Le Landeron
Coat of arms
Le Landeron is located in Switzerland
Le Landeron
Le Landeron
Coordinates: 47°3′N 7°4′E / 47.050°N 7.067°E / 47.050; 7.067Coordinates: 47°3′N 7°4′E / 47.050°N 7.067°E / 47.050; 7.067
Country Switzerland
Canton Neuchâtel
District Neuchâtel
 - Total 10.31 km2 (3.98 sq mi)
Elevation 434 m (1,424 ft)
Population (Dec 2013[2])
 - Total 4,513
 - Density 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Postal code 2525
SFOS number 6455
Localities Combes
Surrounded by Cressier, Enges, Gals (BE), La Neuveville (BE), Lignières
Twin towns Solothurn (Switzerland)
Website _URL_
SFSO statistics
Le Landeron is a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.
Model of the old town of Le Landeron
South gate of the town
Le Landeron is first mentioned about 1209 as Landiron.[3]
The first traces of human habitation near Le Landeron were the remains of a pottery workshop (961-957 BC) discovered on the banks of the Thielle. At Les Carougets there is a grave from the late Bronze Age, a Roman villa and traces of the foundations of huts from the Early Middle Ages. Furthermore, several Roman statuettes have been discovered, including Hercules, a rooster and what may be a peacock.[3]
Middle Ages[edit]
The name Le Landeron appears for the first time around 1209, as a place name mentioned in the fishing rights of the neighboring Benedictine monastery of St. Johannsen in Erlach. Since it was given as a place name, it appears that the area where the town now stands was not inhabited. The nearby houses were up in the Jura hills and were grouped under the name Nugerol. The area around what is now La Tour was once the site of a fortification, which was destroyed around 1309. The Duke of Austria forbade anyone to rebuilt the fortifications. On 1 September 1325, Rudolph IV of Neuchâtel bought the Le Landeron meadow in the Thielle valley. In 1328-29 he built a fortified town there. The town was founded to protect the eastern part of the county of Neuchâtel and to control the streets and waterways of the Jura foothills. Le Landeron took the old rights of Nugerol which were comparable to those of citizens of Neuchatel. In 1350 Count Louis of Neuchâtel officially recognized that these rights applied to the town. In 1373, the new mistress of the town, Varenne of Neuchâtel, granted it some additional rights and it became the capital of the Barony of Le Landeron. However, in 1424, the Barony came back under the direct rule of the Counts of Neuchatel. They retained the right to rule themselves as a mostly independent town. They had their own town banner and a town council in which the citizens of Cressier appointed a third of the members.[3]
Early modern age[edit]
In 1449 Le Landeron entered into a treaty with Solothurn that was to shape the religious affairs of the town. During the Protestant Reformation, the town's rulers were supported by Solothurn when they chose to remain by the old faith. Of all the neighboring municipalities, only Lignières converted to the Reformed faith in 1556. Since then, Le Landeron has stubbornly defended its religious particularity. The town remained loyal to Marie, the Duchess of Nemours during her conflicts with her step-daughter over the inheritance. After the extinction of her line in 1707, Le Landeron submitted to Frederick I, King of Prussia after he threatened military force.[3]
Modern Le Landeron[edit]
After the founding of the Republic of Neuchâtel in 1848, the towns of Le Landeron and Cressier began to separate. Then, in 1868, they separated completely and each town granted citizenship in town to all residents. During the 19th century the traditional farming and wine growing town began to change. The Jura water correction drained the surrounding swamps and opened up much of the valley to agriculture. In 1869-70 a train station was built and industry moved into the town. The first industries to settle in Le Landeron were parts suppliers for the watch industry. While the old town has preserved its compact and fortified appearance, many new homes were built on the Jura slopes. Because of the number of immigrants from Reformed areas into the town, they founded a Reformed parish in 1894. During the 20th century agriculture declined in importance (in 1910 there were 320 agriculture jobs while in 2000 it was only 45). Every year since 1973 one of the largest antiques markets in Switzerland (Fête de la brocante) is held in Le Landeron. In 1974, the town was connected to the A5 motorway. In 1991 one of the five secondary school regional centers of the Canton of Neuchâtel (Les Deux-Thielle) was opened in town. At the beginning of the 21st century it is a residential community with numerous, especially in the microtechnology industry, specialized small businesses and possessed the second-largest wine growing region in the canton.[3]
Le Landeron and Lake Biel
Le Landeron has an area, as of 2009, of 10.3 square kilometers (4.0 sq mi). Of this area, 4.07 km2 (1.57 sq mi) or 39.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.46 km2 (1.72 sq mi) or 43.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.56 km2 (0.60 sq mi) or 15.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.12 km2 (30 acres) or 1.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.05 km2 (12 acres) or 0.5% is unproductive land.[4]
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.7%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.0%. Out of the forested land, 41.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 18.5% is used for growing crops and 13.0% is pastures, while 8.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.[4]
The municipality is located in the Neuchâtel district, on a rocky moraine island in the middle of the swampy Thielle valley near Lake Biel. The largely French-speaking town lies at Switzerland's language border with the German-speaking canton of Bern.
In 1875, Le Landeron and Combes were merged and the municipality was officially known as Landeron-Combes until 1966.[5]
Coat of arms[edit]
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess, Or on a pale Gules three Chevrons Argent, and Azure two Pike nainaint proper.[6]
Old town of Le Landeron
Le Landeron has a population (as of December 2013) of 4,513.[2] As of 2008, 17.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[7] Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 3.8%. It has changed at a rate of 1.3% due to migration and at a rate of 3.4% due to births and deaths.[8]
Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (3,587 or 84.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (328 or 7.8%) and Italian is the third (91 or 2.2%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.[9]
As of 2008, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 1,734 Swiss men (39.0% of the population) and 436 (9.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,920 Swiss women (43.2%) and 354 (8.0%) non-Swiss women.[10] Of the population in the municipality, 1,135 or about


text:
Your voice matters! Start making a difference for Missouri's people and their environment today by taking one of the actions below. With your help, we can make a difference and help protect Missouri's natural resources for generations to come.
- Sign-up for MCE's e-alerts and stay updated on ways that you can protect Missouri's environment.
- Become a member of MCE. Members make all the difference! Your contribution ensures that MCE can carry out its mission to protect and restore Missouri's environment.
- Check out MCE's People's Pocket Guide to Environmental Action to learn how you can make a difference in your community NOW!
Your efforts are critical to protecting and restoring our environment. Learn how MCE works to make change and the role you play in shaping policies that make Missouri greener and healthier.


text:
EXPORT, VALIE. Facing a Family, 1971. VALIE EXPORT Catalogue of the moving exhibition. Ed. Éditions de L'Oeil. Montreuil: 2003. (p73)
Although exceeding these terms, the work of VALIE EXPORT, can be analyzed for its relation with the house/home. Particularly, the TV-Action work from 1971, "Facing a Family", a piece of broadcasting video art in which a family is recorded watching television, and the viewer becomes the object of the family's gaze, while the family is the object of the viewer. This program was transmitted live through Austrian television, and the viewers could be other middle-class families watching television. By creating an eternal loop, VALIE EXPORT talks about the objectification of the family as a bourgeois ideal; the domesticity as a spectacle (as much as in the Dutch windows) and the incidence of the media into the family. In addition, she is 30 years ahead to problematics posed by Reality television.
From the point of view of the terms used in this bibliography, VALIE EXPORT is talking about the home. The home as an idea, with the objectification of the family and a place that needs sources of energy from outside. In this case, the external source of energy is communication. The question that follows this statement was formulated by Michel de Certeau: what do they make of what they "absorb," receive, and pay for? What do they do with it?


text:
Changes in libraries have a risk of breaking things in unpredictable places. Debugging a crash is usually simple. But recently, in the late stages of working on the
curl utility for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, I encountered a bug report that looked rather strange. In this article, I will discuss how this report led me to implement a localization bug fix during the late stages of RHEL 9 development.
Why the curl utility with the Turkish locale failed
curl utility failed in a system configured with the Turkish locale (
tr_TR.utf8). The utility crashed in RHEL 9. It did not crash in Fedora 36; however, it failed to establish HTTPS connections.
It was easy to determine that the crash occurred when fetching one of the cipher algorithms—camellia-128. This was strange because the cipher was in the OpenSSL default provider, so it should be always available. The only suspicious thing was that the lookup name was in all caps:
CAMELLIA-128. However, OpenSSL makes a case-insensitive comparison for these fetches. The crash was related to a check that was absent in OpenSSL 3.0.1 (the base version in RHEL 9), which also explained the behavior difference between Fedora and RHEL.
Since the crash was locale-specific and presumably related to uppercase/lowercase comparison, I explored the case-insensitive comparison and the Turkish language variations as possible factors. Searching online yielded many resources, but this article gives the best explanation. The alphabet used for English has a lowercase dotted i and an uppercase dotless I. But the Turkish alphabet has four letters for I: uppercase and lowercase dotted, and uppercase and lowercase dotless.
These additional Turkish letters change the relationship between the two letters English uses for I. Instead of the English case mapping of the lower dotted i to the upper dotless I, Turkish maps the lower dotted i to the upper dotted İ, and the lower dotless ı to the upper dotless I.
As it turns out, the change in the case rules for the letter i frequently breaks software logic. As the article puts it, "Applications that have been internationalized are conditioned to easily accept new characters, collations, case rules, encodings, and other character-based properties and relationships. However, their design often does not anticipate that the properties or rules of English letters will change."
Armed with this knowledge, I set out to debug the utility for the Turkish locale.
Match fails due to Turkish translations
In a case-insensitive comparison in the Turkish locale, the uppercase name
CAMELLIA used for the lookup becomes lowercase with no dot:
camellıa. Since camellıa does not match the expected string (
camellia), the algorithm cannot be not found. Therefore, the omitted NULL check explains the crash.
The comparison uses
strncasecmp functions, which are locale-dependent. The
setlocale function will trigger the problem, but the command-line OpenSSL utility does not invoke that function, so the problem doesn't arise in the upstream test suite.
curl uses the system locale for this purpose. This issue did not occur in earlier versions of OpenSSL because it did not use a case-insensitive string comparison before version 3. Now, new versions use case-insensitive string comparisons more extensively.
So why was the connection not established even when the system did not crash? A debugging session revealed that the cause was another change between OpenSSL 1.1.1 and 3.0. The culprit was the so-called encoders/decoders mechanism for finding a relevant parser of ASN.1 structures. Encoders and decoders also identify objects by name. This time, there was a mismatch between
If we want case insensitive comparison, we must always compare strings using a locale with predictable properties. Since algorithm names will never be internationalized, we can stop using locale-dependent
strncasecmp functions. We could compare strings byte-to-byte, but the profiling showed a significant performance slowdown. Luckily, POSIX implements a
strcasecmp_l function that accepts a specific locale object. If we pass a locale object matching the C locale to that function, we get the correct results.
Adopt a debugging process early
In theory, the rest of the process is simple: initialize a global object matching the C locale; use it everywhere in the OpenSSL code; free on shutdown. However, this leads to problems with the OpenSSL Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) provider. By design, FIPS requirements should not rely on a global object external to the module itself. This means we have to create another object inside the provider and manage it locally.
The resulting patch is one of the most invasive I have ever written. It changes approximately 80 files in the OpenSSL source tree and required serious testing. Global find-and-replace completes most of the changes. But some of them affect the core functionality of OpenSSL and, as mentioned before, touch the FIPS module. In order for it to be accepted upstream, we had to build it to accommodate non-Linux platforms as well, and that required additional changes. We had a long discussion with the upstream developers on how to include the patch in the stable 3.0 series
During the course of preparing this article for publication, there were long discussions within upstream and the community. As a result, upstream got rid of the locale object and switched the implementation to byte-to-byte comparison. We are going to switch our implementation in the same way, but that won't happen soon.
You may come across internationalization-related issues everywhere, even if you think that you rely on plain ASCII. A wide client base and early adoption could help you find a particular issue early on when it is significantly less burdensome.


text:
How the use of placebos in freeze-drying enables cost efficiencies in process & cycle development
A placebo is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other medical condition intended to make the recipient believe they are receiving something they are not in order to establish whether the true active agent has a noticeable remedy to the ailment it is intended to treat against the control…
When using placebos in freeze-drying, whilst the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is absent the primary goal is not for the placebo to act as a decoy but rather to mimic as closely as possible the actual product in terms of its thermal and freeze‑drying behaviour.
Reasons for using placebo
There are various reasons to use placebo formulations in freeze-drying research and development, the most common being restrictions in use of the API due to high cost or low availability and restrictions due to high toxicity of the API.
Considerations in placebo selection
The first priority in placebo selection is ensuring that it displays characteristics as near as possible to the physiochemical properties of the actual product in terms of its freezing and freeze-drying behaviour. This can be achieved either by simply removing the API (if present in very low concentrations) or by replacing the API with a molecule that will simulate its presence in the formulation in terms of how the overall behaviour of the formulation is affected.
Extra care must be taken in choice of the simulant to ensure that it does not alter any significant events shown by the product. Patapoff and Overcashier1 showed that a placebo version of their formulation exhibited completely different freezing and drying characteristics from the API containing product, with the placebo drying significantly quicker. In this case the active protein was present in significant concentrations relative to the excipients and was replaced in the placebo formulation by a commonly used sugar. This illustrates the difficulties in selecting a placebo that acts as a suitable thermal simulant in formulations where the API has a dominant role in determining the freeze-drying of the product. Therefore, careful consideration must be given to the selection of an appropriate placebo formulation and whether the use of a placebo is actually a viable option. Another important factor to ensure is that the overall weight volume concentration of the placebo matches that of the product in order to duplicate the product's resistance during drying. This is because a higher concentration formulation will give a denser structure of dried solute solution, giving a greater resistance to vapour flow. A placebo formulation that is less concentrated may dry quicker and give misleading results that cannot be applied to the product.
Use of placebos in characterisation studies for establishing critical cycle parameters
The first stage of developing a suitable freeze-drying cycle involves characterising the product to establish its inherent critical temperatures such as collapse or eutectic melt, and frozen state changes such as glass transition (Tg) or crystallisation events. Use of a placebo formulation to establish critical processing parameters for the product through the use of freeze-drying microscopy, impedance and differential thermal analysis or differential scanning calorimetry is not normally recommended as the API may well have a significant effect on the critical temperatures. Cycle development using these methods is possible if the API is present in only insignificant amounts and a placebo version of the product can be created by just omitting the API.
If the API is present in more significant quantities and likely to exert an effect upon critical temperatures, it may be possible to create a placebo which acts as a thermal simulant. For example, if the API is a protein it may be possible to replace this with a routine protein such as HSA. If a placebo is to be used during cycle development or validation activities it is recommended that the placebo also be characterised to verify the suitability of its use as a thermal simulant.
Use of placebos in Cycle Development
Placebos are commonly used in freeze-drying cycle development to bulk out trays so that only some vials need contain API due to possible restrictions in use due to cost or availability. Here a few vials containing API will be scattered amongst a tray of placebo vials. If an appropriate placebo has been selected any evidence of collapse or other processing deficiencies seen in the placebo vials should be representative of the actual product. If the placebo has been shown to closely match the product in its freeze-drying behaviour it may be possible to perform the cycle development programme entirely with the use of placebo. This approach would need to be retrospectively validated through performing a processing run on the actual product using the developed cycle to verify its suitability.
Use of placebos in Freeze-Dryer Transfer / Scale Up
In order to conserve the levels of API, placebo formulations are widely used in freeze-drier validation or engineering runs when scaling up production and/ or transferring a cycle to a new freeze-dryer.
For these activities several engineering runs are usually carried out for validation purposes before a full load of product is processed in the existing or new freeze-dryer. For these runs the batch can be entirely comprised of placebo or can be mostly placebo with some vials containing API scattered amongst them. If shelf mapping is available and scattered API is being used it would generally be recommended to place the actual product on any hot or cool spots in order to ensure that when it comes to production the cycle is robust enough to ensure product safety even with any temperature differentials across the freeze-dryer shelves. However, if the placebo closely matches the actual product thermal and freeze drying characteristics this may not be necessary. Following successful trials with placebo it would be advisable, where possible, to perform at least one final run using a load at least partially containing the actual product before commencing full production in order to fully validate the transfer or scale up activities.
In conclusion, placebos can be an essential part of developing and validating a suitable freeze‑drying process from initial characterisation through to cycle development and scale up to production. Careful consideration must be given to the selection of an appropriate placebo, however, in order to mimic as closely as possible the properties of the actual product. BTL regularly works with placebos for its global client base at all stages of the process development and is uniquely positioned to independently assist with the selection of a suitable placebo and undertake the requisite work.
- Overcashier, D., Patapoff, T., Hsu. C. (1999) Lyophilisation of protein formulation in vials: Investigation of the relationship between resistance to vapour flow during primary drying and small-scale product collapse. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 88:688.
To find out more about using placebos in product characterisation and cycle development, please contact David Banks, Senior Scientist at Biopharma Technology Ltd. – [email protected] or +44 (0)1962 841092.


1.034
See why the Glasair slowed down?
Now, to calculate the RPM at which a known tip mach occurs on your propeller, perform a bit of simple algebra on those four equations (Vr, Vt, Vs1 and M) to solve for RPM, given Prop Diameter, TAS, and outside air temperature.
(Instead of doing the calculations by hand, it is very convenient to put the equations into an Excel spreadsheet and let your computer do the arithmetic. The computer is much faster at it that you are.)
Propeller performance maps are 3-dimensional tables which list the efficiency of a propeller at various combinations of advance ratio and power loading for various altitude conditions. If you are fortunate to have access to a map for your prop, you can determine the operating efficiency accurately for most every condition (as long as map data represent the actual performance of the prop, which is not always the case! ).
In order to use a performance map, you will need to calculate the advance ratio and power loading.
Advance Ratio (J) = TAS / ( N * D ) and
Power Loading (Cp) = ( Prop HP * 550 ) / (air density * N^3 * D^5)
TAS is true airspeed in feet-per-second;
N is prop speed in Revs-per-second;
D is prop diameter in feet;
air density in is slugs-per-cubic foot ( sea level = 0.002376 )
Again, an Excel spreadsheet makes these calculations very easy.
<< Return to: Contents Go to: Top of Page Next Subject: Propeller Vibration >>


35 Easy Words Related To Family In Irish
Original blog post: _URL_
On the hunt for the terms related to the family in Irish language? In today's post, we will walk you through our most comprehensive list of Irish Gaelic terms so that you can use them no matter what social circumstance you are in. Also, having mastery on this will give you confidence, especially if you ever find yourself invited to join intimate gatherings (like birthdays and events) in the household. Of course, you cannot really avoid the invited relatives of your friend/colleague, right? Well, hop aboard, and let's get learning!
Looking for another place to see this year? Then you better have Ireland listed as your destination since this place has captivating natural wonders and historical places to die for! Aside from its places, the country is also known for its professional races, literature, football and rugby team, and food! To make your travel much smoother, one of the things you should consider preparing for is the Irish language. Let's start with the basics of family in Irish, shall we? 🙂
How To Say Family In Irish Language
Unlike the English language, the word "family" can be a bit complicated for Irish learners as there are different ways by which one can translate this word. For instance, you can use the word "clann" (not similar to Clan in English) if you mean that you refer to all the children living in the household. You can also use that same Gaelic word to refer to all of your siblings.
On the other hand, you can use the word "teaghlach to refer to the family living in the household. This is perhaps the most commonly used translation when you are talking about a particular family unit. Allow us to give you an example of how these major terms work:
 1. teaghlach mór aici! (She has a big family!)
 2. clann grámhar acu! (They have a loving family!)
You can also say "muintirto say that you are talking about someone's parents or people related by blood. This word can also be used in combination with surnames, as in "Muintir Torres" which means "the extended family of Torres."
What is even more interesting is that you can also use the "mo chúram" which directly translates to "my family" in English. If you've got a friend who will use the word "líon tí" you can assume that the people he/she is referring to are the people living in the same house but are not really blood-related.
Other Native Family Terms You Can Use
 1. Cleamhnaithe = all the family relationships by virtue of marriage.
 2. Cairde gaoil = a word that can be used for very close family friends, and relations. (The type of people like family to you but not really related by blood).
 3. Daoine muinteartha = can be used as an extended meaning for family members.
 4. Gaolta gairide = got a really close family member? You can simply use this word.
Amazing how many available words the Irish language has to mean for families, don't you think? At this part, let's now move on to the exact words you can use when pointing out a particular member of the family.
Irish Gaelic Terms For The Members Of The Family
Whether you are traveling or moving to Ireland for professional reasons, you can never go wrong with trying to memorize this set of vocabulary words. Why? Well, the Irish people have a tight family bond which is why it is truly possible to meet someone who lives near a compound where their extended families live too! How cool is that?
As for the family structure, more traditional families consist of wives, husbands, and children. But given the development today, the Irish culture also provides support and fully embraces alternative forms, including single-parent, LGBTQI+, single-person families. Now that we already understand this, let's now move on to the exact translations for every home member.
Now that we already know how to connect these Irish terms to their translation, we hope that you were able to get all the information you'd ever need to speak confidently when the time comes. Suppose you enjoyed this post and would love to practice the essential phrases. In that case, we highly recommend that you search no more and read our previous posts like introducing yourself, saying the greetings, and the terms related to transportation.
But, wait! Would you like to learn more about Irish and other foreign languages? Well, you're in luck as we will share with you the name of our most recommended application for language learning! Read on below to find out!
Get To Know The Irish Gaelic Language For Free
If you are after a free online learning platform, where you can learn 60+ other languages, then you better check out the Ling App by Simya Solutions. This outstanding app is available for downloading using any mobile application but can also be accessed through the site to give you more options for learning.
What makes it different is that the whole lesson is checked and developed by real native speakers. With this being said, you can rest assured knowing that the phrases and translations (especially for slang and cultural meaning) are correct. Also, if you are still shy and unsure how to use the learned items from here, you can make use of its AI-based chatbot!
Ready to learn more about its features? Download it today and get your learning started on the right foot with the Ling App!
Founder of Ling app. Ling is a language learning app with a pack of 60+ languages.


Terrence Brannon
 use Parse::RecDescent::Consumer;
# then in a Parse::RecDescent grammar...
url: url: { $C = Consumer($text) } httpurl { REBOL::url->new(value => $C->($text)) } | { $C = Consumer($text) } ftpurl { REBOL::url->new(value => $C->($text)) }
A common need when writing grammars is to know how much text was consumed at different points in a parse. Usually, this involves a lot of brain-twisting unwinding of of highly nested list-of-lists (of lists...). Instead this module allows you to take the low-road approach. You simply create a Consumer which records the current text about to be parsed.
After you have successfully transitioned through the desired tokens, you simply re-call your Consumer and it gives you the text that was consumed during the token transitions without you having to unravel a highly nested list-of-lists (of lists...).
when you first call Consumer(), you are returned a closure which has the current text remaining to be parsed in it. When you evaluate the closure, passing it the (more or less consumed) new text, the closure calculates the difference in length between the two texts, and returns a substring of the first equating to the amount of text consumed between calls:
 sub Parse::RecDescent::Consumer {
 my $text=shift;
 my $closure = sub {
 my $new_length=length($_[0]);
 my $original_text = $text;
 my $original_length = length($text);
 return substr($original_text, 0, ($original_length-$new_length));
None by default.
T. M. Brannon,


Religious hatred and its contribution to human conflict
: Exploring psychodynamic approaches and some implications for dialogue and diapraxis
 - Andrew A Floyer-Acland
Student thesis: Doctoral ThesisDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate religious hatred, seeking to understand its particular intensity from a psychodynamic point of view, and to identify some of the implications of this understanding for scholar-practitioners working in the field of conflict resolution.
The dissertation begins by establishing the parameters of the investigation and the methodologies used. Following a review of selected literatures of conflict resolution and transformation, psychology of religion and psychodynamic psychology, highlighting in particular scholarship that pertains to religious hatred, the dissertation identifies and examines six dimensions of religion (identity, doctrine and practice, emotion and experience, mythology, sacred values and power and control), looking for insights into how and why religious hatred may evolve into marginalisation, persecution and even genocide.
The dissertation argues that the intensity of religious hatred is caused as much by the psychological nature of religious belief as by its social, political or historical context. It argues that psychodynamic concepts such as personal and cultural complexes, narcissism, the divided self and the shadow provide important insights into religious hatred and explain the threat that such hatred poses to those who may be considered Other.
The dissertation concludes by exploring how dialogue and diapraxis can take account of psychodynamic insight and enable people in conflict to explore their beliefs, relationships and perceptions of Others, and to transform historic and present prejudices, stereotypes and misunderstandings.
Date of Award11 May 2021
Original languageEnglish
Awarding Institution
 - The University of Bristol
SupervisorRita E M Langer (Supervisor) & David Leech (Supervisor)
 - religious hatred
 - conflict
 - psychology
 - belief
 - Other
 - dialogue
 - diapraxis
 - cultural complex
Cite this


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On 23 June 2013, South Africa served a notice of termination in respect of its BIT with Spain, thus ensuring that the investment treaty will terminate on 23 December 2013. Pursuant to Article XII of the BIT, the treaty entered into force for a period of 10 years from 23 December 1999, and thereafter for consecutive 2 year periods, unless terminated by 6 months' notice before the date of expiry.
Investments made or acquired prior to 23 December 2013 will, however, continue to benefit from protection until 23 December 2023, by virtue of the survival clause in the BIT.
Those wishing to invest in South Africa should include contractual investment protection mechanisms, consider carefully how their investment is structured, and keep appraised of developments further to South Africa's redistributive Black Economic Empowerment policy.
In 2007, investors from Luxembourg and Italy investor brought a claim against South Africa under the ICSID additional facility rules, arguing that South Africa's Mining and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) contained provisions that expropriated their mineral rights. The MPRDA forms part of South Africa's Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) Policy (an affirmative action policy), and requires, among other things, equity in mining companies to be partly owned by 'Historically Disadvantaged Persons'. In 2010, the parties settled the claim, and in the immediate aftermath of the settlement, South Africa launched its review of its BITs. Concluding that BITs 'pose risks and limitations on the ability of the government to pursue its constitutional-based transformation agenda', South Africa terminated its BIT with Belgium and Luxembourg.
The South African cabinet decided that all 'first generation' BITs (those concluded in the immediate post-apartheid period) should be reviewed with a view to termination. The South African Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has raised concerns about investor-state arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism, and has mooted the formulation of a new model BIT without such provisions.
The South African Trade and Industry Minister has stated that South Africa will continue to protect foreign investment, but will do so through a legislative framework rather than through 'old-style, dated, antiquated bilateral investment treaties'. The international reaction to this has been tepid, with EU trade commissioner Karel de Gucht stating: 'Investors are watching developments very carefully. It only takes a critical mass of measures before investors decide to defer investments in South Africa.' Canada, which has attempted to strengthen its African trade ties, has likewise reacted unfavourably, with the minister for international trade describing the move as 'very disappointing'.
Investors may consider that South Africa's stance towards BITs reflects a desire to advance its broad-based BEE policy. The redistributive aspects of this policy could be incompatible with the expropriation and fair and equitable treatment provisions in most BITs. It is likely that South Africa is adopting a targeted approach to its termination of BITs. Publically available information suggests that it has not yet sought to terminate any other BITs, even where it is entitled to do so. However, as is good practice investors should consider various methods of protecting their investments. These include:
- The conclusion of a well drafted investment agreement with the government, incorporating stabilisation clauses and effective dispute resolution provisions;
- The selection of an appropriate JV partner;
- Choosing an appropriate investment structure;
- Keeping fully appraised of the political drive for redistributive BEE policies.


Bones : from every animal a pillar of what their faith possesses, and the brain : from every animal, a hoarded and hidden money that it seeks . And it was said that the slaughtered person is bad for all people, and indicates grief in a man's house, because rams are like people, and people's meat is not eaten . All the meat that is eaten is good except for the little of it, and as for the meat that a person sees that he eats raw, it is never bad, and it indicates the destruction of something that he owns, because his nature is not able to digest and digest raw . Some commentators said that raw meat is bad for one who sees it and does not eat it . As for whoever eats it, it is good for him . If he saw that he ate cooked meat, his money increased . If he saw that he was eating it with a sheikh, his command would be elevated to the Sultan .


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E. Leopold Trouvelot, Perpetrator of our Problem
Etienne Leopold Trouvelot was born on Dec. 26, 1827 in Aisne, France.
He fled France during the coup d'etat in 1852 and settled in Medford,
Massachusetts, a working-class suburb of Boston.
He lived with his wife and family in his house at 27 Myrtle St. in
Trouvelot made a living as an artist, painting mostly portraits, but
he had an amateur interest in entomology.
His main interest was in identifying native silkworms that might be
used for silk production. (L. Trouvelot(1867) The American Silk Worm.
American Naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 1., pp.30-38)
The exact reasons or circumstances are
unknown, but in the late 1860's he returned from a trip to France with
some gypsy moth egg masses. He was apparently culturing them on trees
in back of his house when some of the larvae escaped. Trouvelot
understood the potential magnitude of this accident and notified local
entomologists but no action was taken.
After this accident, Trouvelot apparently lost interest in entomology
and became interested in Astronomy. He became famous for his illustrations
of astronomical details of the sun and of Venus and was eventually
given a faculty position at Harvard University in Astronomy. A crater
on the moon was named in honor of Trouvelot and he won the French
Academy's Valz prize for his astronomical research.
In 1882 Trouvelot returned to live in France; the timing of this move
coincided with the appearance of the first gypsy moth
outbreak on his street. Trouvelot Died in 1895.
As the outbreak on Trouvelot's street continued to grow in size, residents of the
Boston area became increasingly alarmed about the gypsy moth problem. In
1889 the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture began a campaign to
eradicate the gypsy moth. The methods used during the program ranged from manual
removal of egg masses, burning infested forests and application of primitive
insecticides. Despite the expenditure of considerable money and effort, the gypsy
moth infestation continued to expand in size and by 1900 the effort to eradicate this
insect was abandoned.
Return to Gypsy Moth in NA
Last modified 10/29/03 by Sandy Liebhold.


Fairy Names K
_URL_ fairy names, wicca, pagan, wiccan craft, witchcraft, spells, tarot cards, tarot readings, laughing buddha, cauldron, crystals, tumbled stones, sabbats, book of shadows
Ancestor spirits of the Pueblo Indians in North America. The Hopi also believed in kachinas, believing them to be the souls of virtuous dead people.
Kelpie, The
Is a Scottish water faerie. Although sometimes appearing in the guise of a hairy man, this is more often seen in the form of a young horse. The Kelpie haunts rivers and streams and, after letting unsuspecting humans mount him, will dash into the water and give them a dunking. Each Uisge (ech-ooshkya) or Aughisky (agh-iski) as he is known in Ireland, inhabits seas and lochs and is far more dangerous.
Killmoulis, The
Particularly ugly Brownie who haunts mills. He is characterized by an enormous nose and no mouth. To eat he presumably stuffs the food up his nose. Although a Killmoulis works hard for the miller, he delights in practical jokes and can therefore be a hindrance rather than a help.
They inhabit the figureheads of ships, giving them guidance and protection.
The Forfarshire name for a fairy.
These are the German version of Knockers. They are known for causing problems for the miners and undoing their progress. To keep the miners guessing, they occasionally help them.
Bizarre looking and capricious but generally good natured guardians of Brittany's standing stones.
King of the Yakshas, the god of wealth. Usually depicted as a dwarfish figure with a paunch, bearing a money bag or pomegranate and seated on a man.
A water spirit of the Eskimos in the Arctic, Kul may be malevolent but generally helps the Northern peoples with their fishing. As a show of gratitude, it is customary to offer him some of the fish caught at the beginning of the season.
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In the 40 years since the creation of the cell phone, creative engineers have developed a range of new products that enable mobile activity. From cellular networks and microchips to batteries and antennas, invention has been a big part of mobile technology, resulting in an industry that has become a vibrant driver of economic development. The mobile industry contributes significantly to GDP growth and job creation around the globe. In many countries, mobile is among the fastest-growing business areas. With mobile devices spreading at a rapid pace, it is important to understand how progress has been made and how government and business can facilitate continued development.
On March 5, as part of the Mobile Economy Project, Governance Studies at Brookings hosted an event focusing on key inventors, how different countries encourage and protect invention, and barriers that need to be overcome in order to promote mobile invention. A panel of experts discussed the culture of invention that has propelled the mobile industry to the economic forefront.
Read Darrell West's related paper»


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Did you know that St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in Mexico too? But not for the same reasons. They celebrate it because of the "San Patricios." The Saint Patrick's Battalion (Spanish: Batallón de San Patricio) was a unit of 175 to several hundred immigrants (accounts vary) and expatriates of European descent who fought as part of the Mexican Army against the United States in the Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848.
Most of the battalion's members had deserted or defected from the U.S. Army. Made up primarily of ethnic Irish and German Catholic immigrants, the battalion included Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and native Mexicans, most of whom were Roman Catholics. Continue reading


The QWhatsThis class provides a simple description of any widget, i.e. answering the question "What's This?". More
Inheritance diagram of PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis
Static functions
Detailed Description
"What's This?" help is part of an application's online help system, and provides users with information about the functionality and usage of a particular widget. "What's This?" help texts are typically longer and more detailed than tooltips, but generally provide less information than that supplied by separate help windows.
QWhatsThis provides a single window with an explanatory text that pops up when the user asks "What's This?". The default way for users to ask the question is to move the focus to the relevant widget and press Shift+F1. The help text appears immediately; it goes away as soon as the user does something else. (Note that if there is a shortcut for Shift+F1, this mechanism will not work.) Some dialogs provide a "?" button that users can click to enter "What's This?" mode; they then click the relevant widget to pop up the "What's This?" window. It is also possible to provide a a menu option or toolbar button to switch into "What's This?" mode.
To add "What's This?" text to a widget or an action, you simply call setWhatsThis() or setWhatsThis().
The text can be either rich text or plain text. If you specify a rich text formatted string, it will be rendered using the default stylesheet, making it possible to embed images in the displayed text. To be as fast as possible, the default stylesheet uses a simple method to determine whether the text can be rendered as plain text. See mightBeRichText() for details.
Act = QAction(tr("&New"), self)
Act.setStatusTip(QObject.tr("Create a new file"))
Act.setWhatsThis(QObject.tr("Click self option to create a new file."))
An alternative way to enter "What's This?" mode is to call createAction(), and add the returned QAction to either a menu or a tool bar. By invoking this context help action (in the picture below, the button with the arrow and question mark icon) the user switches into "What's This?" mode. If they now click on a widget the appropriate help text is shown. The mode is left when help is given or when the user presses Esc.
You can enter "What's This?" mode programmatically with enterWhatsThisMode(), check the mode with inWhatsThisMode(), and return to normal mode with leaveWhatsThisMode().
If you want to control the "What's This?" behavior of a widget manually see WA_CustomWhatsThis.
It is also possible to show different help texts for different regions of a widget, by using a QHelpEvent of type WhatsThis. Intercept the help event in your widget's event() function and call showText() with the text you want to display for the position specified in pos(). If the text is rich text and the user clicks on a link, the widget also receives a QWhatsThisClickedEvent with the link's reference as href(). If a QWhatsThisClickedEvent is handled (i.e. event() returns true), the help window remains visible. Call hideText() to hide it explicitly.
See also
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.createAction([parent=None])
Return type
Returns a ready-made QAction, used to invoke "What's This?" context help, with the given parent.
The returned QAction provides a convenient way to let users enter "What's This?" mode.
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.enterWhatsThisMode()
This function switches the user interface into "What's This?" mode. The user interface can be switched back into normal mode by the user (e.g. by them clicking or pressing Esc), or programmatically by calling leaveWhatsThisMode().
When entering "What's This?" mode, a QEvent of type Qt::EnterWhatsThisMode is sent to all toplevel widgets.
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.hideText()
If a "What's This?" window is showing, this destroys it.
See also
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.inWhatsThisMode()
Return type
Returns true if the user interface is in "What's This?" mode; otherwise returns false.
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.leaveWhatsThisMode()
If the user interface is in "What's This?" mode, this function switches back to normal mode; otherwise it does nothing.
When leaving "What's This?" mode, a QEvent of type Qt::LeaveWhatsThisMode is sent to all toplevel widgets.
static PySide2.QtWidgets.QWhatsThis.showText(pos, text[, w=None])
 - posQPoint
 - text – unicode
 - wQWidget
Shows text as a "What's This?" window, at global position pos. The optional widget argument, w, is used to determine the appropriate screen on multi-head systems.
See also


text:
Aside from the spectacular light shows they produce, substorms are of great scientific interest. The processes that are thought to be at work in them are also thought to occur in the solar corona and other more distant and exotic objects in the cosmos. The substorm provides us with the only place in nature where we can directly study these interesting phenomena. THEMIS will advance our understanding of the universe.
THEMIS is a NASA-funded mission led by researchers at the University of California at Berkeley and involves scientists from the U.S., Canada, and Europe. Current Canadian activity is funded by the Canadian Space Agency. Ultimately, THEMIS will involve scientists from the Universities of Calgary, Alberta, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan, as well as the Natural Resources Canada Geomagnetic Laboratory.


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Sensor network for early illness detection in the elderly
Metadata[+] Show full item record
The independent living facilities at TigerPlace allow the elderly to age in place in a homely setting that fosters independence, autonomy, and privacy while providing some level of aid like shared meals, housekeeping, and other services. When elderly residents fall victim to situations that have long-term health implications, e.g. urinary tract infections, even immediate intervention by a nursing care-provider after the fact may not be timely enough. However, if the nursing care-providers know of certain behavior patterns or specifically changes in those patterns that indicate early signs of illness, then they can make an intervention or take preventative measures ahead of time. This research provides a framework and method for using passive in-home sensor networks to collect sensor data, Early Illness Alert Algorithms to model and detect signs of early illness, single-dimensional alerts that notify nursing care-providers, and collect clinical feedback on alerts from a team of clinical researchers with an expertise in gerontology. The feedback collected provides valuable ground truth that is used to analyze and improve the Early Illness Alert Algorithms. Classification accuracy more than doubles through the application of four machine learning methods for classification and include the Fuzzy Pattern Tree, the Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor, the Neural Network, and the Support Vector Machine.


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Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)?
RSI is a regional snowfall impact scale that uses the area of snowfall, the amount of snowfall, and the number of people living within a snowstorm. Since the index uses population information, it attempts to quantify the societal impacts of a snowstorm. RSI has been calculated for large snowstorms back to 1900 and therefore the index puts a particular event into a century scale historical perspective.
What do the ReSIS values mean?
RSI is reported as both a raw index value and a categorical value from 0 through 5. The raw index value can range from 0.01 to 35.0. These values are converted to categories in the following manner:
RSI Category Definitions Category RSI Raw Score Approximate Percent of Storms 5 >18 1% 4 10-18 2% 3 6-10 5% 2 3-6 13% 1 1-3 25% 0 0-1 54%
So a Category 5 snowstorm is a very rare event while Category 0 and 1 snowstorms are quite typical.
Who uses ReSIS?
RSI is currently a new product produced by the National Centers for Environmental Information. It is envisioned that RSI will be used to help place snowstorms into a century-scale historical index. Some examples of potential include federal and state emergency managers, government and private sector financial agencies, insurance companies, and the transportation industry.
How is RSI different from the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS)?
RSI is calculated for specific regions (Northeast, Southeast, …). Only the snowfall within a particular region is used to calculate the index for that region. NESIS on the other hand uses snowfall and population information from the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. in its calculation. Therefore NESIS is a quasi-national index. The "Northeast" designation is due to the fact that the algorithm used to calculate NESIS has two constants specifying the average area and population affected by 10" or more snowfall. So NESIS can be considered a quasi-national index that is calibrated to the Northeast.


The Frost Queen appears as a tall, slender, beautiful woman with a light bluish skin tone. Little is known for certain about the nature of these beings, but they are often thought of as the nymphs of the frozen tundra. Unlike nymphs, they cannot seduce male humanoids, however, they are revered as goddesses among the Frostlings. "Kissed by the Divine Stillness," (as Frostlings describe her) The Frost Queen freezes everything she touches in fragile jewels of ice crystals.
Frost Queens live in the snowy wilderness, often in forests, where they can ponder the quiet turnings of seasons, but in rare moments, they seek something other than solitude, and seek the companionship of their friends, the Frostlings.


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In this section
Definition of Terms
Maintaining a safe environment for all patients
Educating families and carers
Considerations for discahrge
Falls are the most common cause of paediatric injury leading to emergency department visits. It is widely acknowledged that children are at risk of falls in the community and with many education programs supporting prevention, it is important that this education is reflected in the hospital environment. Children fall as they grow, develop coordination and new skills.and are often unaware of their limitations. Therefore one could conclude that all children are at some risk of falling.
The intention of this guideline is to raise awareness and educate nursing staff and the multidisciplinary team of the importance of maintaining a safe environment for all patients; assist with identifying patients who are high risk of fall; provide the tools to educate families and carers of the potential risk of falls and outline strategies to develop individualised management plans of care to reduce risk for high risk patients.
All paediatric patients are considered at risk of falling and simple prevention strategies should be put in place to ensure the risk of injury is minimized. A safe environment should be maintained for all patients within the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH). Standard safety measures should be put place for all patients regardless of identified risk, these include:
Half of falls incidents within the RCH occur when a parent or carer is present. Whilst most parents are aware of maintaining a safe environment for their children in the home environment, many are unaware of the environmental risks when in hospital due to being in an unfamiliar environment accompanied with increased levels of anxiety related to hospital admission.The hospitalisation of children provides an opportunity to reinforce parent/carer information and education concerning normal psychological and motor development of small children, which is related to falls risks and other hazards both inside and outside hospital.
The falls risk assessment score is documented in the Primary Assessment flow sheet in the EMR. The falls risk assessment tool does not replace clinical judgment, if a patient does not present with a high risk score but is thought to be high risk by medical or nursing staff, allied health, parents or carers extra precautions to protect such patients should be documented and actioned.
Factors influencing risk include:
See Clinical Guideline (Nursing): Nursing Assessment for more detailed assessment information.
Standard safety measures should be put in place for all patients regardless of the risk identified.Falls score equal to or greater than 3 necessitates the implementation of a Falls High Risk Management Plan which is located in the Primary Assessment flowsheet within the EMR.For all patients identified as high risk, i.e., those with a falls risk score of 3 or greater; a Falls High Risk Management Plan must be commenced. The plan will be developed in collaboration with the child's parent or carer and will be specific to the patient's individual needs.The plan will remain in use until the patient's falls risk score changes. If the falls risk score alters a new plan will be implemented as the patients needs may have changed. Patient risk should continue to be assessed daily, once the patient's risk score is less than 3 and the patient's risk of falling is reduced, a management plan is no longer required; however it is important that a safe environment is always maintained.A physiotherapist can advise as to how to safely support the patient during positioning, transfers, standing, walking and use of mobility aids.An occupational therapist can ensure safe setup of the ward bedroom, bathroom and toilet to minimise falls risks and recommend management techniques/assistive equipment for self-care tasks.In the event of the occurrence of a fall:
Documentation of a fall event
Some patients may have a high risk score at the time of discharge. For this patient group the following should be considered:
High risk patients may be eligible for Post Acute Care (PAC). To make a referral contact the RCH Complex Care Hub.
Little Schmidy Falls Risk Assessment Tool
Click here to view the evidence table.
Please remember to read the disclaimer.
The development of this nursing guideline was coordinated by Nadine Stacey, Clinical Lead, Quality and Safety, and approved by the Nursing Clinical Effectiveness Committee. Updated August 2017.


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GeoKraft India Map with States, Capitals and Union Territory Eva Foam Jigsaw Puzzle – Educational Learning Toy for Boys and Girls
GeoKraft States of India is a creative, fun and educational toy that ensures hours of fun learning while enhancing geographical knowledge. This puzzle comes with India Map outline frame alongwith Tags and Stickers. Start putting the state pieces in the correct location to complete the map using the User Guide. The pieces, are cut in the respective shape of the states, which fit snugly to each and create a perfect scaled model of the India's political map. Using this puzzle, your child can not only learn the name and location of states, but also the relative size of states. Apart from improving geographical knowledge, the puzzle also helps in improving problem solving skills and motor skills. Unlike regular jigsaw puzzles, where fixing of pieces becomes monotonous and repetitive, this map puzzle, with different shapes and sizes of each piece, keeps your child playfully engaged for a much longer duration. The puzzle is also very popular as a return gift for birthday for kids in the range of 4- 6 years. Geography has never been so much fun before!
·SOLVE TO LEARN LOCATION: This learning & education toy consists of 1 EVA foam frame puzzle, with precisely cut 25 State & Union Territories shaped puzzle pieces that will help the child learn the locations of the States of India.
·STURDY & SAFE: All the pieces are made of 8 mm EVA foam and snugly fit to form the India map.
CONTENTS: 1 Foam Puzzle Frame, 25 Puzzle Pieces, User Guide and Colouring Sheet


text:
April 16, 2004
MEMORANDUM FOR INDUSTRY DIRECTORS, LMSB
DIRECTOR, FIELD SPECIALISTS, LMSB
DIRECTOR, PREFILING AND TECHNICAL
DIVISION COUNSEL, LMSB
DIRECTOR, COMPLIANCE, SBSE
FROM: Bobby E. Scott /s/ Bobby E. Scott
Natural Resources and Construction
SUBJECT: Field Directive on Timber Casualty Losses
This memorandum is intended to provide direction to effectively utilize resources in the classification and examination of a Forestry Industry taxpayer. This LMSB Directive is not an official pronouncement of the law or the Service's position and cannot be used, cited, or relied upon as such.
The compliance risk associated with the valuation of timber casualty losses is significant. This risk is currently estimated at $2.5 billion to $5 billion for open return years, and represents the number one issue in the Forest Products industry. A Timber Casualty Loss Issue Guidance Team was formed to identify avenues through which this compliance risk may be reduced, including the development of pre-filing guidelines as well as post-filing audit and issue resolution tools.
The current issue involves the proper approach to valuation of the Single Identifiable Property (SIP) damaged or destroyed by the casualty event. Taxpayers generally identify the SIP as the entire depletion block (as allowed by Rev. Rul. 99-56) to maximize the basis limitation. However, they often fail to comply with regulations and case law requiring the valuation of the SIP, both before and after the casualty event, in order to determine the diminution in fair market value of the SIP as a whole. Instead, many taxpayers utilize an additive approach, whereby they determine the volume of timber damaged or destroyed and multiply that quantity by current unit rates. By using the "additive" approach, taxpayers frequently place a value on the loss that is much greater than the diminution in value of the entire block on a before and after basis.
IRS examiners face significant obstacles in determining the correctness of reported casualty loss claims. First, since Revenue Ruling 99-56 accepted the depletion block as the SIP, there has been little guidance describing the legal requirements for the valuation of timber casualty losses. In addition, since taxpayers rarely perform an appraisal of the SIP, IRS examiners must determine the accuracy of the short-cut valuation and frequently perform an appraisal of the SIP themselves--all with limited access to comparable sales data, time constraints, and a lack of clear guidance as to what must be valued.
To address this audit issue and improve consistency and quality of timber casualty loss examinations, the Timber Casualty Loss Guidance Team has developed examination guidelines (Exhibit A) and an Issue Paper on the Valuation of a Single Identifiable Property (Exhibit B). The purpose of the Director's guidance is to provide a simplified method for assessing whether IRS resource allocation is feasible when determining the issue of timber casualty losses. When reviewing the taxpayer data, if the values claimed by the Taxpayer are below the values computed under this simplified method, resources would not need to be expended. When the claimed loss is greater that the amount computed under the simplified method, the examiner should perform the necessary risk analysis to determine if a valuation of the loss is required. The assessment of the valuation of a casualty loss under the Director's guidance consists of three steps.
First, a gross timber loss is calculated. This consists of the total value of the, dereproduction, premerchantable, and merchantable timber that is damaged or destroyed. The respective values are computed as described below using published third-party sources for merchantable timber and capitalization of establishment costs for reproduction.
Next, the allowable loss is determined, by applying a size adjustment, if appropriate, to the gross timber loss.
Finally, the ductible loss is computed, which is the lesser of the allowable loss, or the adjusted timber basis in the depletion block.
Four factors determine the value of the loss under the Director's guidance:
1) The volume of timber damaged or destroyed;
2) The published unit stumpage rates chosen for the merchantable timber;
3) The valuation procedures specified for the, reproduction and premerchantable timber, and
4) The size adjustment, if appropriate, for the timber block.
Factors 2 through 4 affect valuation as follows:
A.) Unit timber values under the Director's guidance method must be determined in a readily verifiable procedure. Average timber values from widely accepted timber price reporting services must be utilized in determining the unit timber values. Examples of acceptable services include Timber Mart South or the Pennsylvania Timber Price Report. Other potential sources include severance tax schedules published by state taxing or forestry authorities. The selection of the reporting service values must be consistent with the time period, the location of the timber casualty, and also the product class of the timber must correspond with the appropriate value claimed (i.e. pulpwood prices must be used for pulpwood).
B.) The reproduction values, on a per acre basis, must be determined by using the establishment cost of new plantations for the year in which the loss occurred and capitalizing this cost at the corresponding Farm Credit Bank District Rate for each year equal to the age of plantation which is the subject of the loss. This rate is published annually in Revenue Rulings, such as Revenue Ruling 2002-26. The Farm Credit Bank District rates chosen must correspond with the affected block location.
C.) It is generally accepted in forestry literature as well as in valuation studies that large blocks sell for lower per unit values than smaller blocks. For application of the Director's guidance, therefore, the gross timber value for large blocks must be reduced as follows:
Block Size in Acres
Size Adjustment (Reduction)
100,000 – 300,000
300,000 – 500,000
These size reductions must be applied both to the merchantable and the premerchantable timber values, on a block by block basis. No "reengineering" of original depletion block sizes will be permitted allowing the taxpayer to take advantage of the lower size reductions outlined above. Any change in block sizes will require approval as an accounting method change.
The following examples illustrate the application of the Director's guidance.
Example 1: A fire destroyed 30 acres of taxpayer X's pine plantation. X's total ownership consisted of 2,000 acres with a total basis of $400,000. The entire property was treated as one depletion block. At the time of the fire, each acre contained 30 cords of pine saw timber. The Timber Mart South price per cord for the applicable timber is $90. X's loss is (30 acres x 30 cords/acre x $90 / cord) $81,000. No size adjustment is applied since the depletion block is less than 100,000 acres.
Example 2: A hurricane destroyed 13,000 acres of Y's plantation located in South Carolina on September 28, 2003. The destroyed acres consisted of 3,000 acres of 5 year old reproduction (generally < 15 years of age) with a plantation establishment cost in 2003 of $200 per acre and 10,000 acres of merchantable timber containing an average of 25 cords per acre. The plantation was part of Y's Southeast U.S. depletion block, which contained 250,000 acres with a total timber basis of $45,000,000. The applicable five-year farm credit rates are as follows: (1998 – 9.32%, 1999 – 9.65%, 2000 – 9.82%, 2001 – 9.90%, and 2002 – 9.68%). The reproduction is valued at $200 capitalized at the appropriate rate for 5 years which equals $317.35 per acre. In addition to the reproduction, merchantable pine pulpwood was destroyed. According to Timber Mart South the average pulpwood timber price is valued at $20 per cord. Y's loss is calculated as follows. The taxpayer lost 250,000 cords of pine pulpwood (follow procedures for volume verification in Exhibit A). The gross timber loss is the 250,000 cords x $20/cord + 3,000 acres of reproduction x $317.35/ acre or $5,952,050. Because the destroyed timber was in a block that is greater than 100,000 but less than 300,000 acres the gross timber loss must be reduced by fifteen percent (15%) to determine the allowable loss. The calculated loss is $5,952,050 – ($5,952,050 x 0.15) or $5,059,242. The adjusted basis of the depletion block, (45,000,000) is sufficient to absorb the calculated loss of $5,059,242, so the entire $5,059,242 is deductible as a casualty loss.
Example 3: Taxpayer Z owns timber properties throughout the United States. During the taxable year, Z's timber properties suffered two casualties. A wild fire destroyed 4,500 acres of its timber in the Northwest. The average volume per acre for the destroyed property was 6,000 board feet (Mbf). The applicable published state severance tax schedules show a value of $250/Mbf. A hurricane destroyed 1250 acres of Z's timber in the South. The average cords per acre for the Southern timber was 18 and the applicable price per cord per Timber Mart South was $22. Z's timber properties are depleted in two blocks, the Northwestern block which contains 1,200,000 acres with a total basis of $300,000,000 and a Southern block which contains 200,000 acres with a total basis of $38,000,000. Z's gross timber loss is computed as follows: Northwest


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Alcoholic Drinks Add 100 Calories a Day to Average Adult's Diet: Study
THURSDAY, Nov. 15 (HealthDay News) -- The average American adult takes in 100 calories a day imbibing beer, wine or liquor, a new study finds.
Not everyone drinks that regularly, of course, but the research shows that about 30 percent of men and 18 percent of women aged 20 or older consume some form of alcoholic beverage on a daily basis.
On average, however, "people were consuming less than one drink per day," said study author Dr. Samara Joy Nielsen, a senior service fellow at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
Many may not realize that even a little daily drinking can lead to weight gain over time, she said.
"Beverage calories count for adults," Neilsen said. "We have forgotten that, and not examined what beverages are contributing to caloric intake among adults."
To put things into perspective, "a beer is 150 calories and a soda is 150 calories," she said. "Be aware of all of your calories consumed for the day including coffee and tea, sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol."
The new report details patterns of alcoholic beverage consumption by U.S. adults from 2007 to 2010. The findings are published in the November issue of the NCHS Data Brief.
Participants were asked to recount the number of drinks they had over a 24-hour period. Men were more likely to opt for beer than any other types of alcohol, while women seemed to prefer wine.
The 100-calorie per day average represents about 16 percent of total calories, the researchers noted. Not surprisingly, the biggest drinkers were men aged 20 to 39, who consumed 174 calories of alcohol per day, on average.
A little drinking is not necessarily unhealthy, and current U.S. dietary guidelines suggest that moderate alcohol consumption -- a drink per day for women and two drinks for men -- can have a place in a healthy diet.
The new findings suggest that most people are sticking to these limits. However, 20 percent of men and 6 percent of women consume more than 300 calories worth of alcohol on a given day, which is more than two drinks and greater than the one drink specified in the dietary guidelines.
For the report, "one drink" equaled a 12-ounce serving of a beer or wine cooler, 8 ounces of malt liquor, 5 ounces of table wine and 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits.
But even 100 calories per day can add up to overweight if people aren't careful, one nutritionist said.
Connie Diekman, director of university nutrition at Washington University in St. Louis, said that 100 calories per day from alcohol translates to a 10-pound-per-year weight gain if the calories are in addition to their normal daily intake. "This data provides important information for helping consumers understand 'where are my calories coming from?'" she said.
Eric Rimm, an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, agreed that the report is "a good accounting of the current drinking in the U.S. and the calories that are derived from those beverages."
But he added that measuring alcohol consumption on a given day may not give the full picture when it comes to individuals. "On a given day when people eat French fries they may make up 25 percent of your total calories," Rimm said. "But most people don't eat French fries every day."
Is your drinking pattern healthy or not? Find out at the U.S. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
SOURCES: Samara Joy Neilsen, Ph.D., senior service fellow, National Center for Health Statistics, Rockville, Md.; Eric Rimm, Sc.D., associate professor, medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston; November 2012 NCHS Data Brief Connie Diekman, director, university nutrition, Washington University, St. Louis


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Finnish researchers find explanation for sliding friction
Friction is a key phenomenon in applied physics, whose origin has been studied for centuries. Until now, it has been understood that mechanical wear-resistance and fluid lubrication affect friction, but the fundamental origin of sliding friction has been unknown.
Dr. Lasse Makkonen, Principal Scientist at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, has now presented an explanation for the origin of sliding friction between solid objects. According to his theory, the amount of friction depends on the surface energy of the materials in question.
Friction has a substantial effect on many everyday phenomena, such as energy consumption. Makkonen's model is the first to enable quantitative calculation of the friction coefficient of materials.
According to Makkonen's theory, the amount of friction is related to the material's surface energy. Friction originates in nanoscale contacts, as the result of new surface formation. The theory explains the generation of frictional force and frictional heating in dry contact. It can be applied in calculating the friction coefficient of various material combinations. The model also enables the manipulation of friction by selecting certain surface materials or materials used in lubrication layers, on the basis of the surface energy between them.
Makkonen's theory on sliding friction was published in the journal AIP Advances of the American Institute of Physics. The research was funded by the Academy of Finland and the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation.
More information: A thermodynamic model of sliding friction: _URL_ … dbi/v2/i1/p012179_s1
Journal information: AIP Advances
Provided by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland


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Assessment & Testing
It is important that every child participate in the standardized testing identified by the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE). Testing data allows instructors to identify how best to meet a child's educational needs.
How does ISD 319 use data from the MCAs or other standardized tests?
The District uses the data to measure student performance against standards set by MDE. MDE has created a set of academic standards for each grade level.
How does it benefit students?
Standardized testing shows us where students are doing well, and allows teachers to replicate the methods used to teach those subjects. It also shows where students may need improvement and allows schools to adjust instruction in that area.
Where can I learn more about the MCAs or other standardized test used in our schools?
MDE has a comprehensive website of testing information for parents. If, after reviewing the information from MDE, you would like to opt-out of testing for your student, please complete MDE's Testing Opt-Out form.
District 319 uses a variety of assessment tools to measure student growth, including Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments, STAR, and locally developed assessments. Included to your left are links to the Elementary Assessment Schedule and the District 319 Testing Schedule.
The Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCAs) are state tests in mathematics, reading and science that meet the requirements of the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). They are given every year to measure student performance against the Minnesota Academic Standards that specify what students in a particular grade should know and be able to do.


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Tracking the Blackout bug
Buried in four million lines of C code
A number of factors and failings came together to make the August 14th northeastern blackout the worst outage in North American history. One of them was buried in a massive piece of software compiled from four million lines of C code and running on an energy management computer in Ohio.
To nobody's surprise, the final report on the blackout released by a US-Canadian task force Monday puts most of blame for the outage on Ohio-based FirstEnergy Corp., faulting poor communications, inadequate training, and the company's failure to trim back trees encroaching on high-voltage power lines. But over a dozen of task force's 46 recommendations for preventing future outages across North America are focused squarely on cyberspace.
That may have something to do with the timing of the blackout, which came three days after the relentless Blaster worm began wreaking havoc around the Internet - a coincidence that prompted speculation at the time that the worm, or the traffic it was generating in its efforts to spread, might have triggered or exacerbated the event. When US and Canadian authorities assembled their investigative teams, they included a computer security contingent tasked with looking specifically at any cybersecurity angle on the outage.
In the end, it turned out that a computer snafu actually played a significant role in the cascading blackout - though it had nothing to do with viruses or cyber terrorists. A silent failure of the alarm function in FirstEnergy's computerized Energy Management System (EMS) is listed in the final report as one of the direct causes of a blackout that eventually cut off electricity to 50 million people in eight states and Canada.
The alarm system failed at the worst possible time: in the early afternoon of August 14th, at the critical moment of the blackout's earliest events. The glitch kept FirstEnergy's control room operators in the dark while three of the company's high voltage lines sagged into unkempt trees and "tripped" off. Because the computerized alarm failed silently, control room operators didn't know they were relying on outdated information; trusting their systems, they even discounted phone calls warning them about worsening conditions on their grid, according to the blackout report.
"Without a functioning alarm system, the [FirstEnergy] control area operators failed to detect the tripping of electrical facilities essential to maintain the security of their control area," reads the report. "Unaware of the loss of alarms and a limited EMS, they made no alternate arrangements to monitor the system."
With the FirstEnergy control room blind to events, operators failed to take actions that could have prevented the blackout from cascading out of control.
In the aftermath, investigators quickly zeroed in on the Ohio line-tripping as a root cause. But the reason for the alarm failure remained a mystery. Solving that mystery fell squarely on the corporate shoulders of GE Energy, makers of the XA/21 EMS in use at FirstEnergy's control center. According to interviews, a half-a-dozen workers at GE Energy began working feverishly with the utility and with energy consultants from KEMA Inc. to figure out what went wrong.
The XA/21 isn't based on Windows, so it couldn't have been infected by Blaster, but the company didn't immediately rule out the possibility that the worm somehow played a role in the alarm failure. "In the initial stages, nobody really knew what the root cause was," says Mike Unum, manager of commercial solutions at GE Energy. "We spent a considerable amount of time analyzing that, trying to understand if it was a software problem, or if - like some had speculated - something different had happened."
Sometimes working late into the night and the early hours of the morning, the team pored over the approximately one-million lines of code that comprise the XA/21's Alarm and Event Processing Routine, written in the C and C++ programming languages. Eventually they were able to reproduce the Ohio alarm crash in GE Energy's Florida laboratory, says Unum. "It took us a considerable amount of time to go in and reconstruct the events." In the end, they had to slow down the system, injecting deliberate delays in the code while feeding alarm inputs to the program. About eight weeks after the blackout, the bug was unmasked as a particularly subtle incarnation of a common programming error called a "race condition," triggered on August 14th by a perfect storm of events and alarm conditions on the equipment being monitoring. The bug had a window of opportunity measured in milliseconds.
"There was a couple of processes that were in contention for a common data structure, and through a software coding error in one of the application processes, they were both able to get write access to a data structure at the same time," says Unum. "And that corruption lead to the alarm event application getting into an infinite loop and spinning."
Testing for Flaws
"This fault was so deeply embedded, it took them weeks of poring through millions of lines of code and data to find it," FirstEnergy spokesman Ralph DiNicola said in February.
After the alarm function crashed in FirstEnergy's controls center, unprocessed events began to cue up, and within half-an-hour the EMS server hosting the alarm process folded under the burden, according to the blackout report. A backup server kicked-in, but it also failed. By the time FirstEnergy operators figured out what was going on and restarted the necessary systems, hours had passed, and it was too late.
This week's blackout report recommends that the U.S. and Canadian governments require all utilities using the XA/21 to check in with GE Energy to ensure "that appropriate actions have been taken to avert any recurrence of the malfunction." GE Energy says that's a moot point: though the flaw has not manifested itself elsewhere, last fall the company gave its customers a patch against the bug, along with installation instructions and a utility to repair any alarm log data corrupted by the glitch. According to Unum, the company sent the package to every XA/21 customer - more than 100 utilities around the world - and offered to help install it, "irrespective of their current support status," he says.
The company did everything it could, says Unum. "We text exhaustively, we test with third parties, and we had in excess of three million online operational hours in which nothing had ever exercised that bug," says Unum. "I'm not sure that more testing would have revealed that. Unfortunately, that's kind of the nature of software... you may never find the problem. I don't think that's unique to control systems or any particular vendor software."
Tom Kropp, manager of the enterprise information security program at the Electric Power Research Institute, an industry think tank, agrees. He says faulty software may always be a part of the electric grid's DNA. "Code is so complex, that there are always going to be some things that, no matter how hard you test, you're not going to catch," he says. "If we see a system that's behaving abnormally well, we should probably be suspicious, rather than assuming that it's behaving abnormally well."
But Peter Neumann, principal scientist at SRI International and moderator of the Risks Digest, says that the root problem is that makers of critical systems aren't availing themselves of a large body of academic research into how to make software bulletproof.
"We keep having these things happen again and again, and we're not learning from our mistakes," says Neumann. "There are many possible problems that can cause massive failures, but they require a certain discipline in the development of software, and in its operation and administration, that we don't seem to find.... If you go way back to the AT&T collapse of 1990, that was a little software flaw that propagated across the AT&T network. If you go ten years before that you have the ARPAnet collapse.
"Whether it's a race condition, or a bug in a recovery process as in the AT&T case, there's this idea that you can build things that need to be totally robust without really thinking through the design and implementation and all of the things that might go wrong," Neumann says.
Despite the absence of cyber terrorism in the blackout's genesis, the final report includes 13 recommendations focused squarely on protecting critical power-grid systems from intruders. The computer security prescriptions came after task force investigators discovered that the practices of some of the utility companies involved in the blackout created "potential opportunities for cyber system compromise" of EMS computers.
"Indications of procedural and technical IT management vulnerabilities were observed in some facilities, such as unnecessary software services not denied by default, loosely controlled system access and perimeter control, poor patch and configuration management, and poor system security documentation," reads the report.
Among the recommendations, the task force says cyber security standards established by the North America Electric Reliability Council, the industry group responsible for keeping electricity flowing, should be vigorously enforced. Joe Weiss, a control system cyber security consultant at KEMA, and one of the authors of the NERC standards, says that's a good start. ""The NERC cyber security standards are very basic standards," says Weiss. "They provide a minimum basis for due diligence."
But so far, it seems software failure has had more of an effect on the power grid than computer intrusion. Nevertheless, both Weiss and EPRI's Kropp believe that the final report is right to place more emphasis on cybersecurity than software reliability. "You don't try to look for something that's going to occur very, very, very infrequently," says Weiss. "Essentially, a blackout like this was something like that. There are other issues that are higher probability that need to be addressed."
Software bug contributed to blackout
IT Failures In The Great US Blackout
Sparks over US power grid cybersecurity
NCSP drafts


Sagamok Anishnawbek
Sagamok Anishnawbek Image
Sagamok Anishnawbek
Sagamok Anishnawbek, whose names means 'two parts joining' is located approximately 120 kilometers west of Sudbury. Sagamok's culture and language is Anishnawbek and is made up of the Ojibwe, Odawa and Pottawatomi tribes. Also known as the Three Fires People - Sagamok is a place of rich stories, legends and history that derive from time immemorial.
Once the summer camps of the original peoples who came down from Biscotasing, it is now the permanent home to many of those descendants. Sagamok is an ancestor-based village that is known for its diversity, prosperity and growth.
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Noun: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat
 2. Disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores
 - stinking smut
 3. Similar to Tilletia caries
 - stinking smut, Tilletia foetida
 4. Fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores
 - Tilletia caries
Verb: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) hit a ball in such a way so as to make it go a short distance
 - drag a bunt
 2. To strike, thrust or shove against
 "He bunted his sister out of the way";
 - butt
Derived forms: bunted, bunting, bunts
Type of: hit, hitting, smut, smut fungus, strike, striking
Part of: genus Tilletia, Tilletia
Encyclopedia: Bunt,caste