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Which People with Specific Language Impairment have Auditory Processing Deficits?
McArthur GM., Bishop DVM.
An influential theory attributes developmental disorders of language and literacy to low-level auditory perceptual difficulties. However, evidence to date has been inconsistent and contradictory. We investigated whether this mixed picture could be explained in terms of heterogeneity in the language-impaired population. In Experiment 1, the behavioural responses of 16 people with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 control listeners (aged 10 to 19 years) to auditory backward recognition masking (ABRM) stimuli and unmasked tones indicated that a subgroup of people with SLI are less able to discriminate between the frequencies of sounds regardless of their rate of presentation. Further, these people tended to be the younger participants, and were characterised by relatively poor nonword reading. In Experiment 2, the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) of the same groups to unmasked tones were measured. Listeners with SLI tended to have age-inappropriate waveforms in the N1-P2-N2 region, regardless of their auditory discrimination scores in Experiment 1. Together, these results suggest that SLI may be characterised by immature development of auditory cortex, such that adult-level frequency discrimination performance is attained several years later than normal.


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There are several ways you can get your eTrex 30 to function more as a weather barometer than an altimeter:
You should then calibrate the altimeter based on known altitudes. This will improve the barometric reading.
- Setup > Altimeter > Plot Type = Barometric Pressure
- Elevation Plot > (menu key) > Change Data Fields > (select one of the fields) > Barometer
There is also Setup > Units > Pressure, in case you want to switch between Millibars, Inches of mercury, or Mm of mercury.
More info on using your barometer / altimeter to predict backcountry weather:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Given the continuous demands of modern life, burnout has become extremely common and you can hear about it frequently. We take on more work and responsibilities, we work longer hours, we sacrifice free time and no matter how much we've achieved, there is always room for more. For the vast majority of people, this continuous striving is clearly unsustainable and eventually leads to burnout.
This illustration is a personal exploration around the concept of burnout at its earliest stages and around the feelings and expressions that one might experience: trying to stay afloat, running on empty, feeling depleted of energy, drowning, apathy and feeling tired all the time.
From people holding onto batteries to not drown while others are just casually waiting to be mechanically recharged, to people embracing canisters of fuel while pumps are being held by a giant hand, everything is designed to illustrate a surreal embodiment of a serious condition using an overwhelming composition of elements.
Back to Top


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|The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (Hung-Ta Lin) (1997-12-07)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (David L Moore) (1997-12-10)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (Chris Clark USG) (1997-12-10)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (1997-12-12)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (1997-12-12)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (Matt Timmermans) (1997-12-12)|
|Re: The signs of literals _EMAIL_ (David L Moore) (1997-12-13)|
|From:||_EMAIL_ (Henry Baker)|
|Date:||12 Dec 1997 14:45:04 -0500|
David L Moore wrote:
> Second, it would be incorrect to treat a negative number as a positive
> number with a unary minus preceding it because, if your machine is
> two's compliment, you can now not represent the largest negative
> integer (eg -32768 in 16 bit) as a constant.
The solution to this problem is well-known and trivial. You _always_
build up integers using _negative_ arithmetic, as in 'n:=10*n-d'.
You then convert to positive at the last moment _unless_ you see a
There was an article about this issue in Sigplan Notices around 1980
Return to the
Search the comp.compilers archives again.


Quick Answer: Which Science Is The Best?
Which science is the hardest?
What is the purest science?
Physics is the purest science. … Pure Science can also known as natural Science, basic science or fundamental science. Pure sciences deals with the study of natural phenomena through observation, experimentation and use of scientific methods.
What are the 20 branches of science?
Why is science so important?
Which is the most toughest subject in the world?
Which science is the most important?
Which is the best science: biology, chemistry or physics? The best science is without doubt, physics since, thanks to quantum mechanics and Newtonian physics it explains all chemistry. Biological process on the other hand are basically explained as chemical reactions.
Which subject is the king of science?
What are the 3 sciences?
Triple science is the route allowing students to study biology, chemistry and physics as separate subjects. This leads to three distinct GCSE awards. Triple science has been championed by the government and industry for the way it prepares students for the world of STEM employment.
Is taking all 3 Sciences hard?
Taking all 3 sciences is hard and stressful if: 1. you aren't hardworking and committed to put in enough effort to study them.
Is Earth Science easy?
Earth science (at least the entry level class) is easy. You'll still have to study but the concepts aren't as difficult as bio, chem, or physics.
Why is physics so boring?
What is the best science to take?
What are the High School Science Courses?Biology. Biology is typically the first science class that high school students take. … Chemistry. Chemistry is typically taken next and involves slightly more math than a biology class. … Physical/Earth Science. … Physics. … Elective Science Coursework… … Environmental Science. … Forensic Science. … Astronomy.


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About this Webinar
This seminar addresses the nexus between cities and resilience in dealing with disruptive pandemics, like the ongoing COVID-19. As it is evident in these months, there is no doubt that pandemics have significant impacts on peace and sustainability progression(s) of cities and communities around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted some major flaws or shortfalls of our day-to-day city operations, urban management, services, and infrastructures. Hence, resilience has become an important topic of research, especially in facing pandemics. To ensure cities are better prepared for the future, we have to invest more in enhancing and sustaining the resilience of our cities.
By highlighting some of the key points from his latest book, titled "The City in Need", Prof. Ali Cheshmehzangi first introduces the timely topic of resilient thinking and then delves into discussions about sustaining the city's continuity and resilience enhancement. The main points here address two poles of 'preparedness' and 'responsiveness' in dealing with disruptive disease outbreaks. The findings help to respond to matters of peace and sustainability, in achieving and maintaining sustainable-resilient cities.
About the NERPS Webinar Series
The Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability (NERPS) at Hiroshima University in Japan is hosting a series of webinars on the relationship between peace and sustainability in the context of environmental, socio-political, economic, and technological transformations. This series is situated within the urgent need to deal with the implications of global change, including the COVID-19 pandemic, for peace and sustainability. The webinar sessions serve as a platform for rethinking and updating the current discourse on peace and sustainability amidst these global challenges and transformations.


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Power of Ideas
How Foundations Can Generate Knowledge to Spark Change
In October, New York City Deputy Mayor Dennis Walcott did something out of the ordinary at a press briefing: He built his remarks around a new RAND study, Hours of Opportunity, to help demonstrate the value of the investments that the city, in partnership with The Wallace Foundation, has made in finding new ways to coordinate and support after-school programs. This prominent attention from City Hall for a research study was unusual. What was not unusual was that a research study figured prominently in a Wallace Foundation initiative.
Photo courtesy of the Wallace Foundation
M. Christine DeVita is president of The Wallace Foundation, whose mission is to improve learning and enrichment opportunities for children.
At Wallace, we believe that credible, independent research is an indispensable part of developing solutions to important, unsolved social problems. We came to this conclusion as a result of an assessment we undertook about a decade ago. As we reviewed the results of our work, we were not satisfied that we were reaping the maximum social return we could achieve from the dollars we were investing. More often than we liked, we saw programs created with our grants wither when our funding ended. Despite some important successes, we did not believe our work had contributed enough to improvements in the major public systems in which we were working.
Our dissatisfaction led us to something better, built on an awareness of what foundations can accomplish. Although foundations have no direct authority to compel change, and very limited funds relative to the problems they seek to solve, they can nonetheless take advantage of the fact that in a democracy, there is a robust market for new ideas. We restructured the foundation around the concept of creating change by developing and sharing effective ideas and practices.
Under the new approach, which some scholars call "creative philanthropy," we develop and test useful ideas "on the ground," gather solid evidence on the results of significant innovations, and then share that knowledge with the individuals and institutions that have the authority or influence to bring those effective ideas to life.
How does it work in practice? Here's a glimpse.
Out-of-School-Time. When we began to investigate this area, which encompasses summer and after-school programs, we commissioned RAND to investigate if what many people suspected was true. The resulting 2005 report, Making Out-of-School-Time Matter, challenged us and others in the field with its conclusion that simply adding more "slots" in existing programs for children was insufficient. Instead, programs needed to meet local needs and to be of sufficiently high quality to ensure that children kept participating long enough to benefit. Therefore, we worked with five cities to better coordinate and support their after-school programs. In 2009, we created an online cost calculator, based on a study by Public/Private Ventures, which is used hundreds of times every month by city leaders to figure out what it will cost to build quality programs. RAND's recent study, Hours of Opportunity, paves the way for us to encourage broader adoption of the lessons learned by cities trying out innovations in building out-of-school-time programs.
Simply adding more "slots" in existing programs for children was insufficient.
School Leadership. In 2000, we entered what was then a neglected area of school reform. It was widely believed that in the face of pending retirements, the main problem was a shortage of certified principals to lead our schools. Wallace commissioned labor market studies, including one from RAND, that helped us conclude there was no shortage. There were plenty of certified principals — but most were neither interested in holding jobs as principals nor well prepared to improve low-performing schools. Research helped leaders understand that the real problem was ensuring the right kind of preparation and the right kind of incentives to attract good principals to low-performing schools. As a result, Wallace focused its efforts where they could do much more good. Based on research done at Stanford University, we built awareness of what made preparation effective, and we helped create new models, including the New York City Leadership Academy, of what good training looked like.
Arts. Wallace has spent many years funding arts organizations to help build new audiences. But two RAND studies, Gifts of the Muse and Cultivating Demand for the Arts, helped us and those in the arts field understand that focusing on the "supply side" was not sufficient. To reach our long-term goal of having more people participate in the arts, we would also have to improve arts education to reach prospective audiences when they were young.
Across these three areas, we've learned that for research to be the most valuable for leaders looking for solutions, it should
- be objective and credible. This means selecting qualified research partners well matched to the task.
- address real questions that field leaders have, which means asking them what they need to know to make progress. To promote action, research should also assess the costs and relative effectiveness of the approaches under study.
- be accompanied by observable examples of innovation, making findings more convincing to policy-makers and practitioners.
- be communicated to those in a position of authority to make change. This sometimes-forgotten step ensures that our public leaders have the best available information (regardless of whether the results are positive or negative) upon which to act.
Private philanthropy exists to serve the public good, and foundations have many ways to fulfill that mandate. The approach Wallace has chosen — identifying nascent problems or issues not yet widely recognized, working to understand problems in new ways that illuminate potential solutions, and supporting and assessing the work of innovators — requires that we use all the assets at our disposal. That's why objective, credible, and useful research is a critical component of our approach.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


IPrefetchPathElementCore Properties
Click or drag to resize
IPrefetchPathElementCore Properties
The IPrefetchPathElementCore type exposes the following members.
Public propertyDestinationEntityType
The EntityType enum value for the entity the entities to fetch are to be stored in.
Public propertyExcludedIncludedFields
Gets / sets the list of IEntityFieldCore objects which have to be excluded or included for the fetch. If null or empty, all fields are fetched (default). If an instance of ExcludeIncludeFieldsList is passed in and its ExcludeContainedFields property is set to false, the fields contained in excludedIncludedFields are kept in the query, the rest of the fields in the query are excluded.
Public propertyFilter
The filter predicate expression to fetch the ToFetch entities. Initially this is set in the constructor. Add additional predicates to this predicate expression.
Public propertyFilterRelations
The relations to use in the filters. Initially this is an empty collection, as the fetches use subqueries. Add additional relations to this relation collection to have multi-entity filters.
Public propertyGraphLevel
Gets or sets the graph level.
Public propertyMaxAmountOfItemsToReturn
The maximum amount of entities to set per destination instance.
Public propertyNoCaching
Gets or sets a value indicating whether the query should use its parent's caching directive (false, default) or should bypass the parent's caching directive and always fetch the query from the database (true).
Public propertyPropertyName
The name of the property which is the destination for the entities fetched by the definition of this path element.
Public propertyRelation
The relation between the destination (parent) entity and the entity to fetch with this path element
Public propertyRetrievalCollection
The entity collection to fill (and to use to retrieve the entities to fetch). After the fetch, this collection contains the entities to merge with the instances of the parent entity.
Public propertySorter
The sort expression to sort the entities per destination instance.
Public propertySubPath
The subpath containing path elements to retrieve in the ToFetch entity of this PrefetchPathElement. Can be empty.
Public propertyToFetchEntityType
The EntityType enum value for the entity to fetch defined by this path element.
Public propertyTypeOfRelation
The type of relation between the entity to fetch and the entity which will hold the entity to fetch
Public propertyUseRootMaxLimitAndSorterInPrefetchPathSubQueries
The flag to switch on (true) or off (false, default) the usage of the max limit and sorter used to fetch the root of the path in subqueries. If true, the root limit and sorter is added to the subquery filtering on the root entities, which can lead to more optimal queries. Some queries/databases can suffer from this, so only set this to true if required. Default is false, use with care.
See Also


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[Product Name] Evodia Extract, Evodia P.E.
[ About Evodiamine Extract ]
[Active ingredient] evodiamine, dehydroevodiamine limonin, berberine.
1. Evodia P. E. is used to treat symptoms of abdominal distress. These include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is said to be especially effective in treating morning diarrhea. Evodia is used to stimulate the appetite and to treat abdominal symptoms associated with lack of interest in food.
2. Evodia is also used as a painkiller. It is a remedy for headaches, especially headaches associated with nausea and vomiting. Traditional Chinese herbalists also use it to treat pain in the upper abdomen and pain associated with abdominal hernias. According to Chinese herbalism, the warm nature of the evodia fruit counteracts cold conditions in the stomach.
3.Evodia P. E. also has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral,
astringent, and diuretic properties. Studies shows taht extracts of evodia
fruit strongly inhibit the growth of one specific bacteria (Helicobacter
pylori, a bacteria usually treated in mainstream medicine with
antibiotics). Unlike conventional antibiotics, the extract did not alter
the growth patterns of any other intestinal bacteria. This finding
supports the traditional use of evodia fruit in digestive disorders.


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1:41 PM||Ian Goldstein||_URL_
- Describe the differences between seasonal, avian, and pandemic H1N1 influenza
- Identify steps of how to prepare a household for pandemic influenza.
- Describe the function of CERTs and potential roles during an influenza pandemic.
- Learn how to use personal protective equipment (PPE) for CERTs.
Avoid congestion, crowding, and confusion by quickly creating an accurate model that will provide assistance with planning for a public health vaccination or dispensing clinic.
This tool can be used either in the advance planning stages or for immediate support during an actual event. The computer model is designed to assist in planning a clinic with improved efficiency and performance while enlightening the planners on what to expect in the event of an outbreak.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Mass Medical Countermeasures||Website||Reference / Guides||English||3/21/2012 5:04 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
- Create mathematical and simulation models of mass dispensing and vaccination clinics (also known as points of dispensing or PODs).
- Develop decision support tools to help emergency preparedness planners plan clinics that have enough capacity to serve residents quickly while avoiding unnecessary congestion.
The Closed POD Partnerships: Train the Trainer website is designed for businesses, faith-based and community-based organizations, higher education institutions (colleges and universities) and federal agencies that are interested in partnering with their local health department as closed Points of Dispensing (PODs) for mass dispensing of antibiotics to employees, family members and/or clients in the event of a large scale infectious disease emergency.
This resource includes self-guided online training modules, forms, templates, fact sheets, planning resources, checklists, and information useful for staff setting up and working a closed POD.
|San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||Website||Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 1:20 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
- Learn how a closed point of dispensing (POD) works.
- Set up and activate a closed POD.
- Conduct just-in-time training for closed POD staff.
Tabletop exercises are one of the strategies that the public health workforce can use to convene and engage their community partners. This resource provides state and local public health entities with information and guidance on the key ingredients to consider when developing and facilitating a bioterrorism tabletop exercise.
|Dekalb County Board of Health Advanced Practice Center, revised by the San Francisco Bay Area Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||PDF||Training; Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 1:34 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
- Set goals.
- Select a coordinator, a facilitator, and participants.
- Develop the scenario and questions.
- Address logistical issues.
Provide child care providers with the knowledge and skills to develop a continuity of operations plan (COOP) for emergency events, specifically an H1N1 influenza pandemic.
This tool includes a trainer outline, notes, handouts, and PowerPoint presentations. The training can be used by local health departments or other community service agencies to help prepare the child care community for emergency events.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||PDF||Training||English||3/22/2012 1:57 PM||Susan Wherley||Emergency Response Planning for Child Care Providers||_URL_
- Describe the purpose and components of a continuity of operations plan (COOP).
- Recall the response sequence for children or staff with pandemic flu symptoms.
- Identify local, state, and national resources for keeping up-to-date on pandemic flu and other emergency information.
 This training program guides Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) volunteer candidates through various topics that conform to the MRC Core Competencies Matrix. The tool covers various topics, including disaster preparedness, universal precautions, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and other topics essential for the proper training of volunteers.
The CD-ROM includes resource links, videos, a course map, and exercises for self-assessment.
|Tarrant County Advanced Practice Center||Workforce||HostedVideo; PowerPoint||Training; Other; Reference / Guides||English||3/22/2012 4:44 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
- Domain 1: Health, Safety, and Preparedness
- Domain 2: Roles and Responsibilities of Volunteers
- Domain 3: Introduction to Public Health
- Domains 2 & 3: Shared Content
This toolkit is intended to serve as a resource to help you develop a plan for family assistance services that can be applied to all hazards. It contains four sections related to developing a Family Assistance Center (FAC) plan: Prepare to Plan, Components of Plan, Role of Federal Partners, and Training Resources.
|Seattle & King County Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||Website||3/23/2012 1:58 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
- Understand the context and rationale for operating Family Assistance Centers (FACs) during mass-casualty or mass-fatality incidents.
- Identify the principles that should guide the operations of a FAC.
- Develop a plan for a FAC, including strategies for addressing the behavioral health needs of families.
This Crisis Communications Guide and Checklist, created by the Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center, is to assist public health planners in the preparation for a public health emergency by equipping them with the knowledge and understanding of basic crisis communications components.
The 2001 anthrax crisis is used to illustrate key components of the ideas discussed.
Approximately 30 pages long and available in PDF format, this guide is divided into three sections:
a literature review;
a quick guide that summarizes key points from the relevant literature; and,
a checklist for message development/evaluation.
|Montgomery County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||PDF||Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:05 AM||Ian Goldstein|
The Crisis, Emergency, and Risk (CERC) Toolkit evolved from Santa Clara County's increased understanding and recognition of the need to build a strong operational framework for emergency public communication activities. Toolkit materials are predicated on "lessons learned" from actual events and best practices from the numerous trainings, drills, tabletops and exercises in which we have been participants and/or facilitators. The goal of the CERC Toolkit is to provide information and materials to other public health departments and assist in the development and organization of public information activities. The ultimate goal is for all public health departments to be better prepared in order to communicate efficiently and effectively in a public health emergency.
|Santa Clara County Advanced Practice Center||Risk Communication||Website||Reference / Guides||English||5/20/2011 11:05 AM||Ian Goldstein|
The Guide to Multi-jurisdictional Collaborations is a resource for leaders in Public Health Emergency Preparedness who seek answers about their community's capacity to respond to disasters. This Guide provides examples of laws, inter-jurisdictional cooperation agreements, collaborations, policies, practices, and procedures. Additionally, the Guide addresses various formal and informal means to develop agreements, potential legal issues these agreements may generate, and the benefits and liabilities governments and their agents may reasonably expect when entering into such agreements.
|Western New York Public Health Alliance Advanced Practice Center||Partnerships and Collaborations||PDF||Reference / Guides||English||1/10/2011 9:47 AM||Ian Goldstein||_URL_
 This module provides an engaging educational experience that simulates field-based decisions related to environmental health issues for two scenarios: a major flood and a chemical spill caused by a train derailment.
|Twin Cities Metro Advanced Practice Center, revised by the Mesa County Advanced Practice Center||Environmental Health Emergency Preparedness||CD; Podcast||Training; Reference / Guides||English||3/23/2012 4:41 PM||Susan Wherley||_URL_
After reading the background information, choose which scenario you want to complete. Playing the role of an environmental health professional, answer questions about how you would address a variety of issues that you encounter during the disaster. After answering each question, you earn points based on the relative correctness of your decision, given the three choices available in each situation. You also receive feedback explaining the merits or drawbacks of the possible answer answers. At the end of each scenario, you obtain your final score and can review the questions and feedback.
Design and conduct a full-scale disaster exercise using a DVD-based interactive training course designed to assist public health and emergency management professionals.
The DVD includes video footage that details Tarrant County's full-scale dirty bomb disaster drill. The tool also includes an interactive training manual as well as a chapter-based lecture series focused on the design and evaluation components of a public health exercise.
|Tarrant County Advanced Practice Center||Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive Preparedness||DVD; HostedVideo; PDF||


rayleigh distribution derivation
Given a translation to point \((\mu_h, \mu_v)\) then let: \(h_* = h - \mu_h\) and \(v_* = v - \mu_v\), Since the derivative of \(h_*\) with respect to \((h - \mu_h)\) is 1, (and similarity for \(v_*\)) then no change results to the integration constant of the function. \frac{1}{2 \pi \sigma_h \sigma_v \sqrt{1-\rho^2}} 35... equation being interpreted as a probability distribution of discrete particles. There are also concerns that even if annual mean wind speeds do not significantly change, there is still the possibility that the seasonal variation could change, perhaps becoming more extreme. \). n2Â =Â [email protected][âChoose the size of frequential intervalsâ]; Print[âSize of frequential intervalsÂ =Â â, n2], nlmÂ =Â NonlinearModelFit[d6, CDF[RayleighDistribution[k], x], {k}, x], RayleighCDFÂ =Â CDF[RayleighDistribution[k], x] /. Each sinusoid has a frequency and amplitude that can be derived from the energy density given by the wave spectrum. The wave crests follow the, Geographical Space as a Mixture of Basic Spatial Structures,. Derivation of (7.60): Writing X=ÏU1and Y=ÏU2, where U1and U2 are from N(0, 1), we see By setting n=2 in (7.2) we find The mean wind speed UÂ¯ depends on the values of k and C: where Î is the gamma function, defined to be: The challenge for the developer is to estimate the values of k and C and thus UÂ¯ at the site being assessed. It is more advisable to calculate the cross variograms and correlograms whose programs are described in Chapter 2. Â Joined -Â >Â True, PlotRange -Â >Â All, PlotStyle -Â >Â {Black}, Â PlotLabel -Â >Â âRayleigh lawâ]], Print[âAkaike criterion = â, akaikeÂ =Â nlm[âAICâ]], Print[âBayes citerion = â, BayesÂ =Â nlm[âBICâ]], Print[âCoefficient of determination = â, R2Â =Â nlm[âRSquaredâ]]. It has been found that at most sites this can be well represented by the two parameter Weibull probability density function. For example, if one were to average 10 resolution cells in a 4-look image, the speckle noise will be reduced to about 0.5 dB. \exp\left( We now present a simple derivation of a generalization of Lord Rayleighâs result, which will be Steven J. Fletcher, in Data Assimilation for the Geosciences, 2017, The Rayleigh distribution was originally derived by Lord Rayleigh, who is also referred to by J. W. Strutt in connection with a problem in acoustics. The number of pixels averaged is called the number of looks N. It can be shown that the signal standard deviation SN is related to the mean signal power PÂ¯ by. Analysis of the distribution of places over a space with a distance technique. The following spreadsheet formula gives a more direct calculation: \(c_{G}(n)\) =1/EXP(LN(SQRT(2/(N-1))) + GAMMALN(N/2) - GAMMALN((N-1)/2)). Therefore, the coefficient of kurtosis can be shown to be. \right) Moreover, it is found that regarding wind speed distributions, k normally takes values above 1 (kÂ >Â 1) [13â16], while if k becomes equal to 1 (kÂ =Â 1) or equal to 2 (kÂ =Â 2), the results of Weibull coincide with the corresponding ones obtained by application of the exponential and the Rayleigh distributions, respectively. Use of Weibull distribution to describe wind speed probability density. Rayleigh distillation systematics have been widely and successfully applied to understanding the microbiological sulfate-reduction process (see section 5.1) since the cell may be regarded as a partially closed system. The wave field is assumed to be Gaussian, which gives a reasonably good approximation of reality in most cases. The interaction between light and matter is extremely complex, and there is no easy way to fully describe it. This is also explicitly shown here.) Note that this trend of increasing Î'34S-S(-II) is not related to any change in the reduction process or the sulfur sourceâit is purely a result of sulfate reduction in a closed or partially closed system. Geographers can deduce from that a strong correlation, occasionally even a causality, between the two sets in terms of position and, in any case, an attraction between the two groups of places. S. Rabbani Expected Value of the Rayleigh Random Variable The second term of the limit can be evaluated by simple substitution: lim râ0 âreâ r 2 2Ï2 = âreâ 2 2Ï2 r=0 = 0 Thus, Î± = 0â0 = 0 Our problem reduces to, E{R} = Z â 0 eâ r 2 2Ï2 dr = Î² This integral is known and can be easily calculated. Rayleigh distribution is a continuous probability distribution for positive-valued random variables. It displays these results in a visual and digital way. If the answer is âTrueâ, the graph g is isomorphic to the theoretical graph considered. The identification of Rayleigh distribution processes in sedimentary rocks is important since this may be used to demonstrate whether the system is open or partially closed, a marine or basinal environment for example. In order to narrow the width of these distributions (i.e., reduce the brightness fluctuations), successive signals or neighboring pixels can be averaged incoherently (i.e., their power values are added). A close examination of an SAR image shows that the brightness variation is not smooth, but has a granular texture which is called speckle. Based on the Gaussian assumption, the stationary sea (represented by the wave elevation at a point in space) can be modeled by a wave spectrum. distancesÂ =Â Table[ImageDistance[ima[[i]], ima[[j]], DistanceFunction -> âMutualInformationVariationâ], {i, 1, [email protected]}, {j, iÂ +Â 1, [email protected]}]; mtimeÂ =Â PadLeft[#, Length[ima]] & /@ distances; distmatrixÂ =Â mtimeÂ +Â Transpose[mtemp]; ArrayPlot[distmatrix, FrameTicks -Â >Â {ticks, ticks}]. Furthermore, based on the cumulative probability function of the Weibull distribution (eqn [9]), one may also determine the cumulative probability F(VÂ â¤Â Vo) of wind speeds being lower than a given upper limit Vo. The starting point is the definition for the moment-generating function: Completing the square for the exponentials results in, The next step is to introduce the change of variable, Substituting all the information from (3.191) into (3.190) results in, Taking each term in order in (3.192), then evaluating the integral in (1), results in. -\frac{1}{2(1-\rho^2)}\left[ Thus the final expression for the moment-generating function for the Rayleigh distribution is, In the previous subsection, we derived the moment-generating function for the Rayleigh distribution, which is a function of the error function. with the respective probability P(V) of a certain wind speed to be between two given wind speed values, V1 and V2, given as. The Rayleigh distribution is related to the Gaussian distribution through the property that we have two independent normally distributed random variables Xâ¼N0,Ï2 and Yâ¼N0,Ï2, then the random variable R=X2+Y2 is a Rayleigh-distributed random variable with parameter Ï. For most practical offshore engineering purposes, this assumption works very well and gives good agreement with full-scale measurements. The phase angle is assigned randomly to each sinusoid. Before looking for minimum distances, it replaces values of zero (the distance of each city from itself) with the maximum distance and divides this distance, calculated in meters, to convert it into kilometers. The wave crests follow the Rayleigh distribution if the wave elevation is assumed to be Gaussian and narrow-banded. For a fully developed wind sea, the PM spectrum can be used, and for a growing wind sea, the JONSWAP [28] spectrum can be used. (10 points) Explain the role of the central limit theorem in the derivation of Rayleigh fading. In this case the exact interference patterns lead to independent signals but


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Vision Statement: To cultivate a collaborative effort to improve the quality and breadth of community-based obesity prevention.
What is a Community-based Obesity Prevention Initiative?
CO-OPS defines community-based obesity prevention initiatives as initiatives that seek to promote healthy eating and physical activity, in a way that would be expected to influence energy balance thus contributing to the prevention of obesity at the population level. The type of initiatives or programs that the CO-OPS Collaboration focuses on are those that consider the socio-cultural and environmental determinants of obesity within a setting or population group, rather than those with a focus solely on individual behaviour change or weight loss (treatment).
CO-OPS includes practitioners, funders and evaluators of programs which have obesity prevention as part of their objectives as well as healthy eating and physical activity programs which contribute to obesity prevention.
The CO-OPS Collaboration acknowledges that there are a range of different interventions throughout Australia of varying size and scope, each with an important role in community-based obesity prevention. The CO-OPS Collaboration aims to develop resources and support systems that account for these differences.
Knowledge translation and exchange
The CO-OPS Collaboration has employed a Knowledge Broker who is available to CO-OPS sites to assist with advice and support and facilitate the knowledge translation process.
CO-OPS aims to harness the use of research and evidence to improve the planning, implementation and evaluation of community-based obesity prevention initiatives.
CO-OPS endeavours to create a support system that will accelerate the use of knowledge, evidence and evaluation by those involved in community-based obesity prevention.
We aim to effectively share information and evidence with participating sites through a wide variety of communications including:
- Publish and communicate widely (including through scientific conferences, journals and the media) on best practices approaches to community-based obesity prevention;
- Provision of on-going support and advice services for new community-based projects;
- Maintenance of an up to date evidence-based website, training tools and resources;
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- Review of previous best practices to ensure currency and validity;
- Development of evidence-based summaries of community-based projects; and
- Maintenance of continuous knowledge sharing capabilities.


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Liberia - Flora and fauna
Liberia, together with adjoining Sierra Leone and Côte d'Ivoire, includes the greatest of Africa's evergreen forests. There are about 235 species of trees; 90 varieties are present in potentially marketable quantities, including mahogany and ironwood. The bombex (cotton tree), the oil palm, and the kola tree are common. The wild rubber tree ( Funtumia elastica ) is indigenous, but the cultivated Hevea brasiliensis is the source of Liberia's commercial rubber. A variety of coffee peculiar to Liberia, Coffea liberica, was formerly common but has given way to the preferred Coffea robusta. Fruit trees include citrus varieties, the alligator apple, papaya, mango, and avocado. Pineapples grow wild. Among the cultivated plants are cassava, cotton, cacao, indigo, and upland rice.
Elephant and buffalo, once common in Liberia, have largely disappeared, but several species of antelope are found in the interior; two of these, the white-shouldered duiker and the zebra antelope, are peculiar to Liberia. A lemur called Bosman's potto and several species of monkey, including the long-haired and the Diana, are found in the forests. Wild pigs and porcupines exist in sparsely settled areas, and several members of the leopard group are also found. Most of the 15 species of snakes are venomous. Termites build lofty nests throughout the country. In some areas the tsetse fly is found, and driver ants and mosquitoes are common. Several varieties of snail act as hosts in the propagation of certain enteric diseases. Among the birds are the hornbill, wild guinea fowl, cattle egret (cowbird), flamingo, woodpecker, and weaver.


In baseball, a pitchout is a ball that is intentionally thrown high and outside of the strike zone with the purpose of preventing a stolen base or thwarting a hit and run. The pitcher delivers the ball in such a manner for it to be unhittable and in a position where the catcher can quickly leap to his feet to catch it. A well-thrown pitchout will allow the catcher to receive the ball standing up as opposed to his usual squat, giving him a better line to throw to a base without the pitcher or the batter obstructing his vision or aim. Moreover, it is easier to throw a ball with more force from a standing position than it is from a squat, which is why most catchers leap to their feet when attempting to throw out a base stealer.
The pitchout is often called for when the battery believes that an existing baserunner is likely to attempt a steal, and forms one of the two (with the pickoff) main countermeasures a pitcher can take against a potential stealer. A runner attempting to steal on a pitchout will have an extremely difficult time beating the throw to second base and almost no chance of stealing third barring a mistake by the catcher or the third baseman.
The pitchout is also used against the hit and run. As the pitch is unhittable, the runner will have to attempt a straight steal, and for the reasons described above will usually fail.
A pitchout is thrown in around the same location as an intentional ball, but differs in that a pitchout is thrown harder to give the catcher the most time to throw out the baserunner. Of course, a pitchout is technically an intentional ball, but the term is not used to describe the pitchout in conversation.
See also: List of baseball pitches
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Check Out 5 Strange Creatures That Lived on Earth 500 Million Years Ago
Scientists discovered more than 100 Cambroraster fossils in Canada's Burgess Shale, a fossil site that is over 500 million years old.
Various creatures walked planet earth back in the olden days; some of those creatures are now extinct and can only be observed through fossils.
Following are five bizarre yet fascinating creatures that lived approximately 500 million years ago:
Cambroraster falcatus
Reconstruction of Cambroraster falcatus. Source: Lars Fields
Cambroraster Falcatus:
Scientists and explorers have discovered fossils of Cambroraster falcatus; an ancient predator that lived during the Paleozoic era. Cambroraster was a relative of modern-day insects and was over 30 centimetres long. Scientists discovered more than 100 Cambroraster fossils in Canada's Burgess Shale, a fossil site that is over 500 million years old. The site has an extensive range of fossiled creatures from the Cambrian period.
Agnostus pisiformis
Sculpture of a pea-sized Cambrian sea creature, Agnostus pisiformis. Source: Esben Horn
Agnostus Pisiformis:
This clam-like creature is known as Agnostus pisiformis, and it lived underwater approximately 500 million years ago. The said creature is just four-tenths of an inch. Scientists and explorers found them perfectly preserved in shale and limestones. According to experts, pisiformis started life as a larva and gradually developed into a shell-like-creature by frequently shedding and regrowing its exoskeleton. Its body was protected by two shields that resembled clamshells.
Reconstruction of Opabinia. Source:
Cambrian seas sheltered multiple bizarre and deadly creatures back in the olden days. Some of the critters living in these ancient seas included Opabinia, which had five eyes and an elephant trunk-like attachment. Opabinia prospered from 505 million years ago to 487 million years ago during the Paleozoic era. It was approximately 2-3 inches in length and is presumed to have been a carnivore.
Reconstruction of Yawunik. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Yawunik is a billion-year-old ancestor of today's bugs and spiders. However, it did not resemble them in any way or form. It had a head-mounted set of sensory tentacles that doubled as claw-like tools for grabbing and slicing its prey. Yawunik was approximately fifteen-centimetre long. However, it is known for its long tentacles; each appendage ended with the growth of three different claws. Moreover, from the ends of these claws, long wisp-like antennae grew.
Helcocystis moroccoensis
Reconstruction of Helcocystis Moroccoensis. Source:
Helcocystis moroccoensis:
A cigar-shaped creature called Helcocystis moroccoensis has been discovered in Morocco. The fossil of the said creature is approximately 520 million years old. According to various experts, Helcocystis lived during the Cambrian age. It is believed that the said creature could change its body shape from thin to stumpy. Researchers say that it was a transitional animal; it was initially discovered in another form in California.
Most of the earth submerged during the Cambrian age. Multiple species evolved; animals had no choice but to become predators as new species came forth every single day. Researchers have yet to unearth various fossils that are buried in different parts of the world.
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favolyogando scatola chiusa.jpg
kit: 23,5 cm x 23,5 cm box, 24 cards with the positions of yoga, a soft-bound book.
book: soft-bound, 32 pages, 23 cm × 23 cm.
cards: 26 cardboard cards, with an illustration on one side and a description of the position on the other.
by Sofia Gallo, Camilla Guillaume & Elena Baboni
A gift-set made up of a book of four original stories that use common names taken from yoga positions to develop the story (the boat, the bridge, the frog, the mountain...) and of 24 cards of positions with drawings and descriptions of the movements to follow in order to play, invent and feel good thanks to yoga, starting from childhood.
Yogaventures is more than a gallery of the numerous existing yoga positions. It is rather a veritable tool designed to help do yoga correctly, while having fun. The positions are presented in a logical order, whether it be throughout the book or within each of the four stories.
Why a book about yoga for children? Because yoga, which means unity, balance of the body and the spirit, is a very ancient art of living: the earlier we familiarise ourselves with its practice, the greater the benefits are. What's more, practising yoga is easy and devoid of any form of competition and excessive physical effort. The cards are an excellent way of inventing news modes of playing, between story and yoga.
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A Voodooist in The Context of Voodoo Spells?
What makes a good Voodooist in the context of voodoo spells?
To start, some light needs to be shed on two or three things. While we do regularly utilize the word voodooist to depict people of this craft, and they do accept and take several jobs using magic, this term is not totally precise for some situations. The term voodooist allows people to include a considerable amount of their interests under that umbrella and makes it easier for them to describe what they do to others at healing centers, specialist's, etc., less demanding, however at their core level they are still a Witch or a Wizard. They do spell work and work with the Dark Mother and of course her Light Aspects, however it is done sparingly and with a lot of pondering and thought for every single potential result.
They ensure that they are set up to acknowledge the full outcomes of those activities because there IS a karmic come back to each activity and deed. We've all heard that each activity has an equivalent and inverse response. This is a straightforward law of material science, nature and the universe that can't be alienated and it remains valid in magical workings.
The distinction between being voodooist and a Witch is that a voodooist thinks everything can be changed or improved by encompassing it with energy, white or dark light and a strong energy. While much of the time, positive change can happen, this may not be true. A voodooist comprehends that the fundamental way of a thing will stay consistent with itself. One can't make s silk purse out of a saw's ear.
We should not kid ourselves; there are very evil individuals on the planet. These individuals - the kid abusers and molesters, the attackers, killers, the individuals who go after the pure and clueless — they don't change, and all the white light on the planet is not going to change them. Now and then it IS suitable to rush karma on the off chance that somebody is genuinely a danger to another.
The thoughts and ideas of karma are well and great; however sometimes, one should likewise have the mettle to be an instrument of karma if it is genuinely legitimized. Similarly, as there are cops and penitentiaries in the physical world, they believe that we likewise require some of this in the otherworldly world. Another voodooist has coined the adage "Karmic Facilitator," where a voodooist will, as it were, focus their spiritual energy towards somebody holding them up to the dark side of magic for their karmic equity. They will know whether the individual is liable and if karmic or otherworldly justice should be rushed.
There is an exceptionally inconspicuous yet important point in what was just said. It wasn't stated that they set energies under way against that individual by wishing them ill. What was said is that they focus energy, through rituals and spell work, so that this person gets the attention ok the karmic forces and then I trust these forces to bring justice and fitting karmic retaliation.
To summarize, a voodooist, capable of casting voodoo love spells and other spells related to voodoo should reliably utilize sound judgment, morals, and must be extremely ethical in their workings. Similarly as one would ideally not stand by and watch, or run away from a robbing, murder or assault in the physical world, one ought not to do likewise in the Magical domains. One's soul must guide them in the otherworldly and magical universes too. Being a voodooist carries with it extraordinary responsibility, and one should always be the personification of foresight and empathy in their workings and however, the means utilized they must guarantee attentiveness and care to ensure that they are not turning into an abuser of their celestial endowments.
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Deviations from Perfect Memory in Spin Glass Temperature Cycling Experiments
We study the deviations from perfect memory in negative temperature cycle spin glass experiments. It is known that the a.c. susceptibility after the temperature is raised back to its initial value is superimposed to the reference isothermal curve for large enough temperature jumps (perfect memory). For smaller, the deviation from this perfect memory has a striking non monotonous behavior: the 'memory anomaly' is negative for small 's, becomes positive for intermediate 's, before vanishing for still larger 's. We show that this interesting behavior can be reproduced by simple Random Energy trap models. We discuss an alternative interpretation in terms of droplets and temperature chaos.
pacs:75.50.LkSpin glasses and other random magnets and 05.70.FhPhase transitions: general studies and 64.70.PfGlass transitions
It is well known that in glassy systems, dynamical effects strongly depend on the history of the system after quenching from above the glass transition temperature. These phenomena are called aging and have been studied using various experimental protocolsSitges ; books2 ; books3. The measurement of the ac-susceptibility during negative -cycles is one of them. This experiment consists of the following three stages. In the first stage, the system is quenched from above its critical temperature and it is kept at a temperature () during a time. In the second stage the temperature is temporally reduced to during a time, and then it is set back to in the third stage. The ac-susceptibility (magnetic, dielectric, mechanical,..) is measured during all the three stages. The effect of the perturbation of the temperature is examined by comparing the perturbed and unperturbed (i.e. ) data in the third stage. From this comparison, it is revealed that the perturbed data quickly approaches the unperturbed one as if the system remembers how far the relaxation at the temperature had proceeded before the perturbation, even though the system is strongly rejuvenated at temperature (see Fig. 1). This phenomenon is called the memory effect, and has been observed in many glassy systems like spin glassesSGactc1 ; SGactc2 ; SGactc3 ; SGactc4, orientational glassesOGactc1 ; OGactc2 ; OGactc3, polymer glassesPGactc, etc.
In the present paper, we focus on the deviations from perfect memory that are observed immediately after heating back the system to. Surprisingly, systematic experiments (that we report in section 2) show that the transient behavior is non monotonous as a function of. The initial extra contribution, that we will call the memory anomaly, is found to be negative for small, then positive for intermediate, before vanishing completely for large enough (perfect memory).
We then measure the ac-susceptibility for a -cycle in the Random Energy Model (REM)Derrida1 or the Generalized REM (GREM)Derrida2. These models have been shownGREM1 ; GREM2 ; GREM3 ; GREM4 ; GREM5 ; GREM6 to reproduce many of the experimental features of aging, including rejuvenation and memory. We find that the non monotonous transients mentioned above can also be obtained in such models.
Technically, we first establish a relation between the ac-susceptibility and the distribution of relaxation times. Although this relation could not be derived analytically, numerical tests suggest that this relation holds with high accuracy. This enables us to measure the ac-susceptibility for any desired time scale in the REM (but not in the GREM), allowing us to measure the ac-susceptibility in the REM up to time scales comparable to experiments. This would not be possible using Monte Carlo simulations. As for the GREM, the ac-susceptibility is obtained using Monte Carlo simulation, and therefore corresponds to rather small time scales. Our numerical measurements are made for various sets of parameters, i.e., the waiting times and, the temperatures and the period of the applied ac-field. We find that the non monotonous effect described above depends quite sensitively on some of these parameters.
The organization of this manuscript is as follows: In section 2 results of new complete set of -cycle experiments in spin glasses are shown. In section 3 we explain the REM, the GREM and the dynamics employed for these models. In section 4 a relation between ac-susceptibility and distribution of relaxation times is proposed and its validity is tested numerically. In section 5 and 6 results on the REM and on the GREM are shown. Finally, in section 7, we give a physical discussion of our results and a comparison with the scenario of temperature chaos, where the existence of an overlap length is assumed.
2 Results of Experiments
The effect of temperature changes on aging has already been largely investigated experimentally in spin glasses Sitges. Here we focus on the details of the experimental results in the well characterized thiospinel () Heisenberg spin glass sample. Fig. 1 presents the results on the out-of-phase component of of the a.c. susceptibility during the temperature cycle described in the introduction, with =14K, for four values in the range (-), and a frequency Hz. Note that the period of the a.c. field ( sec) is typically much larger than any microscopic time scale ( sec). 111The relevant 'microscopic' time scale may however be strongly renormalized by critical fluctuations, as recently discussed in refs. SGactc4 ; PRB ; Yoshino:Suedes, and can be much larger than sec. for close to.
Just after the initial quench, is slowly relaxing downward with time due to aging. When is decreased to, we observe a jump and a strong relaxation in : this is the rejuvenation effect. Despite this strong reinitialization of aging at, it is possible, when the temperature is raised back to and for large enough () SGactc1, to find a perfect memory of the past relaxation at. For large 's, the relaxations at before and after the temperature cycle are in exact continuity and there is no contribution of aging at on aging at. In contrast, in the regime of small 's of Fig. 1, we do not find a perfect memory of aging after the temperature cycle. The relaxations after the negative cycle can still be superposed, apart from a transient contribution to be analyzed below, onto a reference isothermal relaxation at but we now need to shift the data by an effective time which accounts for aging during the stay at (see Fig. 2). This effective time has been recently studied in detail both experimentallySGactc4 ; Yoshino:Suedes and numericallyYoshino:Takayama ; BerthierJPB.
Coming back to the transient contribution, we see that for the smallest and used, reaches a maximum as a function of time, and merges back with the reference curve from below, while for and the maximum disappears and this return occurs from above. This is a systematic effect which is also observed at other temperatures. We have further characterized this feature by gathering the results of several negative temperature cycling experiments done on the thiospinel sample at two temperatures and and for various 's. In Fig. 3, we have plotted the (relative) memory 'anomaly', where is the difference between the -value just after the cycle and the one corresponding to an isothermal aging at during, as a function of for the whole set of available experimental results. The characteristic time scales are given in Tables 1 and 2.
For small 's, is negative and approaches the reference curve from below. As increases, this ratio becomes positive meaning that the approach takes place now from above the reference curve (Fig. 2). For larger 's, shows a maximum and decreases back towards zero. Beyond that point, rejuvenation and full memory effects are observed MemChaos and aging at has no influence on the aging at. This characteristic oscillation of as a function of is the central result of this paper, that we discuss below in the context of Random Energy Models. It is worth noticing that in the measurement of d.c. magnetization with -cycle, the relaxation rate at a short fixed time show a similar non monotonous behavior on Nordblad. This is quite reasonable if we notice the rough relation (we thank to Nordblad for telling us this point).
The time at which the maximum of occurs rapidly decreases as increases, whereas the recovery time at which the signal merges with the shifted reference curve has a non monotonous behavior with (see Tables 1 and 2). For still larger 's, this time decays back to zero. In addition, quite surprisingly, is very long for intermediate 's – much longer than expected from activated thermal slowing down. This second non monotonous behavior of and the unexpected long will be reconsidered in section 7.
This section is devoted to introducing the REM, the GREM and their dynamical extensions. A magnetization-like variable is introduced in order to define and measure an ac-susceptibility.
3.1 The REM
The REM is schematically shown in Fig. 4. The bottom points are the accessible states of the system. We will consider the case where, the total number of states, is very large. Each branch represents the barrier energy, over which the system goes from one state to another. The values of are assigned randomly and independently according to the distribution :
where is the transition temperature of the model. Hereafter is used as the unit of temperature and is set to.
From the Arrhenius law, the escape time is related to as


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The Lights in Lighthouses
In this article we are going to look at what forms of lighting have been used and the different ways this light is then modified. We have two other articles looking at the working of a lighthouse that goes with this, Lighthouse Structure looks at what the parts of a lighthouse or light station are and some main features involved in planning or placing them, while The Development of Lighthouses looks at how lighthouses developed.
This article is in three sections, we look at the means of illumination, then the character of the light, what message or identification it gives, before looking at the optics that make this possible,
Even though it is a reasonable length article, it is still only an overview of this topic, the objective being to give an explanation of what happens and why.
I have bolded new terms when I first use them, so having read this if you want to get back to the position you can easily.
Point Lynas Lighthouse Photo from Geograph
The Illumination
The first lights were beacon fires, lit on hillsides and later in towers or church towers, these burnt wood. The light was not constant and they produced a lot of smoke. In many cases the smoke rather than the fire was visible. Some wreckers built their own fires to drive boats onto rocks so they could be plundered.
Early lighthouses also used wood, and some wood fires continued in use until around 1800, but gradually they switched to coal, starting from around 1550 and developing faster in Northern Europe than elsewhere, which produced less smoke and gave a more consistent light. At that time a single lighthouse could consume 300 tons or more of coal a year. Given that many are not in easily accessible places just getting it to them presented a challenge.
In many cases this was on open top of the towers but sometimes with some shelter over. Some had pairs of towers such as the Lizard Lighthouse in Cornwall or in the case of the Mumbles Lighthouse in Glamorgan they had one fire above another, in both cases to differentiate one lighthouse from another.
Once in lantern rooms, the problem of sooting up of the glass and getting rid of fumes was a problem, but mariners preferred the light from coal to that of oil lamps or candles, and at that time a fully blazing coal fire was the best light available.
Others used whole collections of candles or small oil lamps together. A sort of candelabra approach.
A revolutionary development of the age in 1782, was the Argand lamp, invented by Swiss scientist, Aime Argand. This was an oil lamp that had a steady smokeless flame. This worked by having a circular wick and air going up the centre and outside, inside a glass chimney, allowing better combustion. Argand lamps with up to 10 concentric wicks, one inside another was developed that revolutionised lighthouse lighting. Initially these ran on fish oil, but vegetable oil and by 1860 mineral oil was in use. For over 100 years Argand lamps were the main source of lighthouse lighting, some lasting much longer.
In 1901 the vaporised oil burner was invented by Arthur Kitson, and later improved by David Hood and others. The light produced was 6 times the brightness of previous lights. This burner worked by burning vaporizing kerosene under pressure mixed with air through an incandescent mantle, similar to gas camping lights you an get now.
Gas produced from coal was used in a few lighthouses, most were too far from gas supplies so had their own gas production works. This was only practical in some locations.
Acetylene gas was easier to produce, being able to be produced onsite by mixing calcium carbide and water. A later process was developed that made it safe to make and store, leading to its wider use. Burnt with air through a mantle this produced a light as good as the argand lamp. Its main advantage that it was easier to control.
A range of developments occurred, mostly from the inventor of the system, Gustaf Dalen from Sweden, including a device to bring in a new mantle when one burnt out. Many of these devises worked from the pressure of the gas. He also invented the Aga Cooker.
Another device was the sun valve, this allowed the sun to turn on and off the gas. This had one black and one highly polished metal strip, that worked like a valve. This brought about the scope to automate some lighthouses, and they then only required an occasional visit to restock mantles and refill Acetylene supplies. It also opened up the scope for large numbers of small unmanned lighthouses to be deployed.
This, propane and other stored gas systems were in use up until recently.
From when oil lamps were in use, early electric lights were run, these were before light bulbs and involved a carbon arc lamp. The first place to use electricity was the South Foreland Lighthouses in Kent and the first lighthouse built for electricity was Souter Point Lighthouse in County Durham, which had its own generator, and this lighthouse although not is use, can be visited and the generator still runs toady. This did not generally catch on at this point, Acetylene was cheaper, more reliable and was easier to automate.
Electric light bulbs, or filament lamps came into general use in about the 1920's and many lighthouses eventually switched to this means, although when you read the details you often had a prime system as a fall back and still an Acetylene system as the final fall back if all else failed.
Sealed beam lamps and reflector systems are also used. With some smaller lighthouses and buoys the light is switched on and off by an electronic flasher and shines through a fixed drum-shaped lens.
More recently solar panels and wind driven generators, have been installed, and in some if not most cases light output reduced, using more efficient electric lighting from recharged batteries.
Character of the Light
Initially it was just a single light, or two of them, from whatever source, the largest problem and often the need for more than one came about through an attempt to identify one light from another. At this point lights were fully on.
One solution was the occulting light, this involves bringing up a shade to cut the light for a short period, by using a clockwork mechanism and cams you could set up a pattern that was constantly repeated, giving the patterns of characters of lights.
Occulting has only short breaks in the light when longer breaks it was called eclipsing, and when the dark and light periods are equal its called isophase. You can have multiple signals then a constant period of light and this is called group occulting, flashing or eclipsing.
Rotating lights using optics had two advantages, the light in a beam could go further and the speed of the beam could be used to identify the light, plus with clever optics you could get the character of the light rather than a single beam. We look at this again under optics below.
Sector lights showing green and red angles allowed the replacements of a high and low light, with a single light to indicate a safe path. Later some also had lights set up so the rate of the flash increased or decreased as you moved away from the safe path.
To avoid confusion, by international agreement, there is a limited number of defined flashing, group or other signals or characters of light in use.
When this all started there were not a lot of lights showing, while today we have a mass of lights. A flashing light however can easily be picked out from the rest.
Hartland Point Lighthouse Photo by Steve Thoroughgood
When they had a fire light it went in all directions, except downwards. Initially lantern rooms did not help much, a lot of the light was spread or lost up into the cap.
So as well as needing better light, as we have seen above, they also needed to make better use of the light they had.
Lighthouse optics really started with the argand lamp, which was the first reliable and predictable light form, with the first practical lighthouse system in 1777 developed by William Hutchinson from Liverpool. Known as the catoptric system, it comprised a parabolic reflector concentrating light into a beam. This was achieved by a large number of small pieces of silvered glass (mirrors), set in a plaster cast moulded to a parabolic shape. This lasted well. Next came polished metal versions that were brighter and cheaper to produce but deteriorated quickly. By 1820 the best reflectors were silver plated onto copper, but with 12 times as much silver as used on tableware of the time. These parabolic mirrors increased the power of the lamp light by 400 times. They had to be regularly cleaned and the cleaning cloths were kept and processed to recover the silver they contained.
To get this to work, as you only had a beam, you needed to rotate the light, the first rotating light was in 1781. Initially seafarers did not like the change, saying they needed a steady light to take a bearing, but the increased brightness won them over, and changing the speed it rotated at gave the first light characters, as we saw above, for the first time allowing them to be sure which lighthouse it was.
The Fresnel catodioptic system was a step forward, The fresnal lens developed first in 1828 by Augustin Fresnel, from France, and was the first Dioptric system, is based on the refraction available through glass. This is effectively a series of prism rings around a bull's-eye, with


text: This paper assumes that an arrival order lot may contain some defective items, and the number of defective items is a random variable. We derive a modified mixture inventory model with backorders and lost sales, in which the order quantity, the reorder point and the lead time are decision variables. In our studies, we first assume that the lead time demand follows a normal distribution, and then relax the assumption about the form of the distribution function of the lead time demand and apply the minimax distribution-free procedure to solve the problem. We develop an algorithm procedure to obtain the optimal ordering strategy. Furthermore, the effects of parameters are also included.


text:
Fixed tenon and single mortise: A tenon was shaped from the end on one timber and inserted into the mortise of the other. When the tenon of a large vertical timber was left unlocked, as in masts, and sternposts, it was said to be stepped.
Free tenon and two mortises: The most common method of edge-joining planking in ancient and early medieval vessels in the Mediterranean area, it also was used to secure adjoining surfaces of parallel timbers, such as stems and floor timber chocks. Corresponding mortises were cut into each planking edge; a single hardwood tenon was inserted into the lower plank and the adjacent plank fitted over the protruding tenon. In many instances, the joint was locked by driving tapered hardwood pegs into holes drilled near each strake or timber edge.
Free tenon and three or more mortises: Used in superstructure fabrications or places where hull planking was too narrow to provide sufficient seating for the desired tenon length. Al through small planking joints whose tenons are unpegged and contribute no structural strength are essentially coak joints, the term mortise-and-tenon joint has become universally accepted for all such forms of edge joinery.


%A Karl Branting %A Bruce Porter %T Rules and Precedents as Complementary Warrants %J AAAI-91 %P 3-9 %D 1991 %I AAAI/MIT Press %X This paper describes a model of the complementarity of rules and precedents in the classification task. Under this model, precedents assist rule-based reasoning by operationalizing abstract rule antecedents. Conversely, rules assist case-based reasoning through case elaboration, the process of inferring case facts in order to increase the similarity between cases, and term reformulation, the process of relacing a term whose precedents only weakly match a case with terms whose precedents strongly match the case. Fully exploiting this complementarity requires a control strategy characterized by impartiality, the absence of arbitrary ordering restrictions on the use of rules and precedents. An impartial control startegy was implemented in GREBE in the domain of Texas worker's compensation law. In a preliminary evaluation, GREBE's performance was found to be as good or slightly better than the performance of law students on the same task. %X _URL_


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The Maker, also known The One Who Creates, was a being often referred to in deity-like terms by droids. Droids claimed that the Maker was the being that created the first droid. He changed them from simple machines into intelligent creations. Another belief was that The Maker was actually the first droid.
It seemed curious that new droids would possess knowledge of the Maker, which led to two conclusions: new droids were told by old droids, creating a chain, or droid manufacturers included knowledge of the Maker in droid programming to make them easier to control.
The Maker was also central to the religion of the Sunesi people, who also called him the Giver. They viewed him as the giver of life and a master being "with a fine and glorious creativity and affection," often adding a sense of humor to his qualities.
Behind the scenesEdit
- A Guide to the Star Wars Universe, First Edition
- Star Wars Encyclopedia
- Droids, Technology and the Force: A Clash of Phenomena
- "Price of Business" (Mentioned only)
- (Mentioned only)
- The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia
- Scavenger's Guide to Droids


text:
You can sort a range of cells according to rules set for one or more columns. To sort your data, follow these steps:
- Highlight the group of cells you'd like to sort. To sort the entire sheet, click the top left corner of the sheet to select all cells.
- From the Data menu, select Sort range...
- Check Data has header row if your columns have titles.
- Select the column you'd like to be sorted first and whether you would like that column sorted in ascending or descending order.
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Abbe Sauniere's Mysterious Pagan Talisman – The "Crista" of Constantine"
Abbe Berenger Sauniere was said to have had in his possession a precious gold ornament obtained from the Gallic Druids by Constantine in the 4th c. A.D. Was this sacred artifact the source of the priest's fabulous wealth? It was rumored to have the power to raise the dead and possession of it confirmed kingship on the beholder. Where is it now, and what is the original meaning of its symbolism?
Obtained by Constantine from the Celtic Druids of the Lendit Plain in ancient Gaul, the bejeweled and golden "Crista" has been passed down through the centuries within the church until it was hidden away by the Franciscans in the secret storehouses at Limoux, France during the French Revolution. Abbe Sauniere was directed to its location and was its protector during his lifetime.
Some question whether Sauniere had ever even seen the object, but it is obvious from his repeated use of the Crista-derived "Servants of Mary" insignia in the elaborate décor of his mountain top parish, that he was aware of it. There is a Marian Servites (Servants of Mary) Crista fresco and also a painted drapery mural on the wall embellished with many smaller Crista-inspired roundels. This same sigil is used on the booklet cover of the esoteric "Le Serpent Rouge" possibly penned by Jean Cocteau who was purported to be a modern Grand Master of the Priory of Sion. Other versions of this design are to be seen throughout Roman Catholic art history. It was used as a model for religious monograms and cathedral ceiling mosaics. One variant of cast and painted bronze forms the symbol of Mary Magdalene in her sacred cave near Bruges, France.
Originally protected by the Gallic Druids within their version of the Delphic Oracle near what is now the modern city of Paris, it was said to have been kept underground in a "sacred vacuum" pre 312 A.D. before being surrendered to Constantine. The saying "In Hoc Signo Vinces" ("In this sign you shall conquer") is said to refer to this object and Sauniere used this famous saying on the sculpture which greets the visitors to his church. This artifact bestowed the power of sacred kingship upon its owner for which purpose it was used by Constantine and the Merovingian and Carolingian kings after him. Constantine took it to Rome but it eventually returned to France with the fortunes of war. When Rome was conquered by the Visigoths, they took the Crista to their capital in Toledo, Spain. The Arian Visigoth theologians compared the serpentine design to the staff of Moses that transformed into a red serpent during Moses' confrontation with the court magicians of the Pharoah.
The Frankish king Chidebert returned the Crista to its home in France. Later, St. Denis Cathedral was built to house the talisman which was mentioned in the inventory of church treasures by Abbe Suger in the 12th c. A.D. He compared it to the jeweled foundations of the New Jerusalem in the "Book of Revelations". The Crista was said to measure three feet across, it was made of solid gold, and was set with many precious gems. The reason that it was so large was because it was used as a battle standard. It was held high on a staff and a banner hung down below it, it was called the "Labarum". Abbe Suger was the one to give the Crista its name. Its worth is beyond estimation and its power is legendary.
The priesthood wanted to include the Crista in its collection of sacred relics, but objections arose concerning its ancient pagan origin. In order to christianze the object, its elements were copied and combined with the Latin cross. The capital "M" which forms the basis of the design was said to be a lower-case inverted Greek Omega, as in the symbols of the Christian Alpha and Omega. This was added to the cross in hopes of the Crista being seen as a church, rather than cultic relic. The Crista's M design was compared to the Christian lily, the fleur-de-lys, and the Crista's tau cross element was interpreted as a Christian symbol as well. The tau seems to rise out of the M in the Crista as the yellow pistil rises out of the lily flower.
The Rennes-le-Chateau "Servites of Mary" Crista-inspired monogram is composed of two capital uncial Latin letters, the capital "M" and the capital "S". The rounded looping M is intertwined by the S.
The beautiful Golden Cross of Toledo is a closely guarded treasure which few have seen, even the drawing of it is a closely held secret. It's main component is also the large rounded M which is winged with small flames and surmounted by a small cross upon which hangs the a capital S. This gives the effect of the Nehushtan (caduceus) of Moses in the "Book of Exodus". The Nehushtan was the serpent on the crossed staff which was lifted up for the healing of the Israelites who had been bitten by the fiery flying serpents in the wilderness. The small wings or flames on the Crista's M were regarded as symbols for these flying creatures.
The base of the M in both the Rennes-le-Chateau and Toledo versions is crossed by a curved bar which resembles the downward-curving scabbard of a sword. All of the tips of the elements of the Toledo Cross are foliated, ending in the fleur-de-lys lily flower pattern. It is an exquisite and balanced design.
On the later book let cover of "Le Serpent Rouge" – "The Red Serpent", the cross bar is replaced by a human femur – the thigh bone symbol of the Templars. "The Red Serpent" is said to refer to the royal bloodline flowing down through the ages through the Merovingians and beyond. Possession of the Crista determined that the king was recognized as such and it was utilized to confirm power upon Constantine, Dagobert, and Charlemagne when they ascended to the throne. The Crista's importance is evident archaeologically when studying the coins minted during these early realms.
Crista-inspired "Servants of Mary" insignia fresco in Rennes-le-Chateau Church
Power and Design
When this pagan solar symbol was originally designed, the M and the S which compose it were not yet interpreted as letters of the alphabet, they represented the powers of nature. The voluptuous M looks like a maternal feminine form while the sinuous S seems to embody the male energy. Perhaps these powers combined to portray the fertility of the kingdom which in ancient times was linked to the underworld as in the Greek myth of Demeter and her daughter Persephone who was kidnapped by Hades and taken to his realm under the earth. The seasonal fertility of the land is the origin of the myth of Persephone. The underworld is also the world of those all-important oraclar messages which directed ancient societies. (This is my own theory).
The Crista was originally stored underground by the Druids of Gaul which would have insured the power of the ruler as the source of the fertility of the earth under his rule as well as maintaining a link to the realm of the spirits.
The Crista is a totally unique object, a one of a kind. It is real and not mythological. Some say it came from Troy, or from above - "from before our history." If one regards the Trojans and the Celts to be of ancient Israelite origin, the Trojans as blonde descendants of Benjamin, and the Celts as members of the Lost 10 Tribes of Israel, then the "S" entwined on the tau cross-staff symbol is no coincidence. (This is my own theory).
Cover of the booklet "Le Serpent Rouge"
Where is ithe Crista now?
Abbe Sauniere was thrilled to find this treasure and valued it highly, keeping it with him during his lifetime. Upon his death it was secreted away by church authorities who sought to keep its power from their rivals, they did not want its sacred power to bestow the right to rule used by their enemies. This ornament is the subject of intense curiosity to scholars of the Rennes-le-Chateau mystery. How they long to lay their eyes upon its dazzling splendor.
Thank you to IBJ Research Group and Andrew Gough's Arcadia Forum for the Crista research.


Tuesday August 30, 2011
Potential energy is stored energy. Nothing happens no matter how strong the level of potential energy.
Kinetic energy is energy in motion. In fact kinetic means motion.
Even a small amount of kinetic energy gets more work done than a world full of potential energy.
So don't let fear of making a mistake keep you from using every ounce of your potential.
Put all that potential into motion and get the ball rolling.
Once it starts, it will be hard to quit.
In Health,
Dr. Bryan Schuetz
Life Extension Specialist
Please share this with those you care about.


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Mottainai (もったいない, [mottainai]) is a Japanese term conveying a sense of regret concerning waste. The expression "Mottainai!" can be uttered alone as an exclamation when something useful, such as food or time, is wasted, meaning roughly "what a waste!" In addition to its primary sense of "wasteful", the word is also used to mean "impious; irreverent" or "more than one deserves".
Usage in Japanese
Mottainai in Japanese refers to more than just physical waste (resources). It is even used to refer to thought patterns that give rise to wasteful action. Grammatically, it can be used in Japanese as an exclamation ("mottainai!") or as an adjective phrase ("it feels mottainai"). There is no plural form. The collection of mottainai things could be called mottainai koto (もったいない事?).
In ancient Japanese, mottainai had various meanings, including a sense of gratitude mixed with shame for receiving greater favor from a superior than is properly merited by one's station in life.
Mottainai is a compound word, mottai+nai. Mottai (勿体?) refers to the intrinsic dignity or sacredness of a material entity, while nai (無い?) indicates an absence or lack (Mottai further consists of mochi (勿?), meaning "inevitable; unnecessary to discuss", and tai (体?), meaning "entity; body").
Mottai was originally used in the construction mottai-ga-aru (勿体が有る?, literally "having mottai"), which referred to a dignified entity. Today, mottai is also used in the construction mottai-buru (勿体振る?), meaning "pretentious" or "giving oneself airs" by assuming more dignity than one truly possesses.
Buddhists traditionally used the term mottainai to indicate regret at the waste or misuse of something sacred or highly respected, such as religious objects or teaching. Today, the word is widely used in everyday life to indicate the waste of any material object, time, or other resource. Compare also the concept of tsukumogami "artifact spirit", which are said to live in old objects that have gained self-awareness and are angered if the object is thrown away wastefully.
Use by Wangari Maathai
Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai visited Japan in 2005 for a government and media-sponsored event related to the Kyoto Protocol. She was given a tee-shirt with the word "mottainai" on it, which she later wore on appearances on Japanese TV.
- Conspicuous consumption
- Itadakimasu, the Buddhist attitude concerning resources
- Simple living
- Daijirin Japanese dictionary 2nd ed. (Japanese)
- Masuda, K: Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, page 1139. Kenkyusha Ltd., 1974
- This early use of the word appears in a story about Yoshitsune in the Battle of Yashima. On horseback, Yoshitsune dropped his bow into the sea. A vassal cried out, "Don't pick up the bow, let it be!" but he picked it up while being pursued by the enemy Taira clan. After the battle was over, the vassal used the word mottainai in admonishing Yoshitsune that he should have considered his own life more valuable than even a worthy bow. Yoshitsune retorted that if the enemy saw that inferior bow, it would have disgraced the Genji clan. Referencing site in Japanese: 1; "26 Historical place of Yoshitsune dropped the bow"(26弓流しの跡), 2; 義経の弓流しの跡
- PDF Perspectives of language: cultural differences and universality in Japanese M Sasaki - Cultural Diversity and TransversalValues: East–West Dialogue


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Date of Degree
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)
Speech and Hearing Science
Karla K. McGregor
Word learning implies learning of both a phonological form and its referent. For nouns, the referent is typically a category of objects, with variability between objects within the category but an overlying similarity that allows them to be categorized together, to function similarly, and to be called by the same label. We hypothesized that by strengthening knowledge of the category of referents a word refers to, we could strengthen learning and use of the word.
Three-year old children were provided with elaborated referent category information in the form of multiple exemplars of the referent category. In the first manipulation, children were trained on identical exemplars or variable exemplars. A second manipulation provided children with variable exemplars that had been distributed to support a prototype. Children in the third condition, who were provided with a prototype plus variants, learned words best in expressive and receptive tasks, when tested on trained and untrained items, and at two time points. In a second manipulation, we asked if simultaneous presentation of multiple exemplars leads to better learning of the object label than sequential presentation. Results indicated little difference. We conclude that 3-year-olds learn words best in the presence of variability distributed to highlight both invariant elements of the referent category and those elements that are allowed to vary.
Copyright 2011 Gwyneth Campbell Rost
Rost, Gwyneth Campbell. "Object categories provide semantic representation for 3-year-olds' word learning." dissertation, University of Iowa, 2011.


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Silvia's goal is to help busy individuals incorporate exercise into their lives so they can be fit, move well, feel good in their bodies, and excel at what they do. She won't just tell you how to exercise or what to eat, but will give you strategies–both practical and mental–on how to do what you do need to do to reach your goals while staying sane in your unique context.
As an occupational rehab kinesiologist, Silvia has been to a variety of workplaces and collaborated with WorkSafeBC and employers to help hundreds of injured workers return to work safely. She is passionate about using education, exercise, and nutrition to help people avoid work-related injuries, rehabilitate, and optimize health and function. As a competitive weightlifter, she understands the importance of proactively maintaining a healthy body to keep the body resilient to heavy physical demands.
In her spare time, Silvia likes to train for competitive Olympic weightlifting, eat, nerd out about exercise science and nutrition, and learn about behaviour change.
Education and Certifications:
- Master of Science (Kinesiology) and Bachelor of Human Kinetics
- Practicing Kinesiologist (British Columbia Association of Kinesiologists)
- Certified Functional Movement Screen (FMS) Professional, Levels 1 & 2
- Precision Nutrition Level 1, Certificate in Exercise Nutrition
- Certified Online Trainer (Online Trainer Academy)
Certifications in Progress:
- ACSM Certified Exercise Physiologist
- Precision Nutrition Level 2
- PROnatal Certified Trainer (preand post-natal training)
See her LinkedIn profile here: _URL_


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High living standards and the life style connected to them seem to promote the development of autoimmune diseases and allergic symptoms. This has lead to the assumption that the immune system begins to overreact to the organism's own structures or to exogenous non-infectious proteins, i.e. allergens, when it does not have to work hard enough to protect the individual from infections.
The European Union with its Seventh Framework Program has allocated 6 million euros to the University of Helsinki coordinated DIABIMMUNE research project for the years 2008-2013 to establish whether the decrease in the infection load is connected to type 1 diabetes and the emergence of allergies.
The project comprises 12 partners from five countries. The study will include 7 000 children from Finland, Estonia and Russian Karelia in northwestern Russia. In each country the study will follow more than 300 children from birth to their 3rd birthday. In addition, the research will focus on 2 000 children from their third to fifth birthdays.
"Earlier we have studied autoimmune phenomena and allergic responses in Finnish and Russian Karelian school children. Now we are to study infants and toddlers in order to yield new information on the maturation of the immune system and the interaction between the immune system and the environment", says Professor Mikael Knip from the University of Helsinki.
Based on earlier studies it is known that the incidence of type 1 diabetes is six times higher and the prevalence of celiac disease five times higher among Finnish children than among Russian Karelian children. The HLA gene variants that predispose people to autoimmune diseases are however approximately equally common in both populations. The studies have also revealed that Russian Karelian school children have helicobacter antibodies as signs of earlier infections 15 times more often, Toxoplasma antibodies five times more often, and hepatitis A antibodies 12 times more often than Finnish children. Karelian children also have considerably more often antibodies against the Coxsackie B4 virus, belonging to the enterovirus group, than Finnish children have.
"The differences in the frequency of autoimmune phenomena and allergic responses between Finland and Russian Karelia cannot be due to genetic causes. High living standards and the associated life style appear to promote the development of autoimmune diseases and allergic responses", Knip says.
The DIABIMMUNE project focuses for example on the development of the intestinal bacterial flora after birth and the effect the living environment has on the composition of the bacterial flora. The research also studies the effect infections have on the maturation of the human immune system and the operation of the white blood cells that regulate immune responses. In addition, the researchers study whether the protection conferred by infections against autoimmune and allergic responses is associated with the overall infection load or due to specific microbes. The project also examines the effect of the child's nutrition on the maturation of the immune system, the intestinal bacterial flora and the occurrence of infections.
"The diseases we are studying are the most common chronic diseases in children and their impact, both societal and medical, is vast. We are searching for ways to stop these diseases from becoming more frequent and to prevent their development", Knip says.
DIABIMMUNE Partners include:
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Sitting With It: Everyday Activities
Ashley Metz, MS, Mountain Valley Program Director shares with us how every activity in residential treatment has a therapeutic impact. All activities in a residential setting work towards the clinical health of our residents.
Many applicants will ask what you "do" all day at a residential treatment center (RTC). Most RTCs offer individual therapy a few times a week and traditional group therapy once a day, yet this is not the totality of the therapeutic work at these programs. Group Activities, Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), Independent Academics, and Personal Time are all opportunities do clinical work. And, in fact, it's often where the residents have to put into practice all of the things that learn in traditional therapy.
At Mountain Valley, where we treat anxiety and OCD, it's important to allow residents to be exposed to the activities and experiences that cause them distress. Through these exposures, they are able to collect data on how they react and function in real life activities. They can then take that information into their therapy sessions to develop new skills and strategies to overcome their stressors.


Microsoft Windows Store needs to be online error
However, there are cases in which you will receive the error message even when your Internet connection is working just fine.
In this article, we will see how to fix the Microsoft Windows Store app when you experience 'the store needs to be online' issue.
Of course, apply the troubleshooting solutions from below only after setting up a proper internet connection – just make sure that your device is currently connected to Internet and your modem is working properly.
How can I fix the MS Store needs to be online error?
 1. Run a system file check
 2. Run the Windows Store Apps troubleshooter
 3. Reset the Microsoft Store app
 4. Reinstall Microsoft Store
 5. Create a new Microsoft account
1. Run a system file check
 1. Type cmd in the search box and click on Run as administrator under the Command Prompt app.
 2. Type sfc /scannow and press Enter.
 3. Wait while the scan runs – it might take a while depending on how many files are stored on your hard drive.
 4. Type and run the following commands (press Enter after each command line): Dism/Online/Cleanup-Image/CheckHealth Dism /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealth and DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth
If you received the Microsoft Store error after applying a new Windows 10 update or after installing certain software, you should run a system scan. In this way, you can search for system errors and address everything automatically.
Use a third-party system restoration app
The system scans are not always the best answer to problematic files, because they won't find all possible problems and glitches, especially when we'e talking about newly emerget issues.
A better way to scan your system for faulty files and software is to actually use a third-party app that was designed for this purpose.
Get Restoro
2. Run the Windows Store Apps troubleshooter
 1. Press the Windows Key + S and type Troubleshoot settings.
 2. Open it, then go to Additional troubleshooters.
 3. Scroll down the list until you find Windows Store Apps.
 4. Run the troubleshooter.
If the system scan wasn't helpful, you should also initiate another scan that is dedicated to fixing apps and associated files. This is a Windows default troubleshooter that can also fix any related problems.
In the end, restart your device and try Microsoft Store in order to see if you still get the already discussed 'the store needs to be online' malfunction.
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A Bill Gates-backed concentrated solar energy company called Heliogen has reached temperatures greater than 1,000°C.
The start-up claims is the first time this has been achieved commercially and says the feat was accomplished at its commercial facility in Lancaster, California – it used advanced computer vision software to accurately align a large array of mirrors and efficiently reflect sunlight onto a target.
Heliogen says previous commercial concentrated solar thermal systems have been designed to reach temperatures of up to only 565°C, which it notes are useful for power generation but "insufficient for many industrial processes", such as the production of cement, steel and chemicals.
It suggests many of these processes require much higher temperatures, which have traditionally been generated by burning fossil fuels.
In the future, the company aims to reach temperatures up to 1,500°C, at which point it would be able to perform carbon dioxide-splitting and water-splitting to make 100% fossil-free fuels such as hydrogen or syngas.
Bill Gates has invested in the business – he said: "Today, industrial processes like those used to make cement, steel, and other materials are responsible for more than a fifth of all emissions. These materials are everywhere in our lives but we don't have any proven breakthroughs that will give us affordable, zero-carbon versions of them.
"If we're going to get to zero carbon emissions overall, we have a lot of inventing to do. I'm pleased to have been an early backer of Bill Gross's novel solar concentration technology. Its capacity to achieve the high temperatures required for these processes is a promising development in the quest to one day replace fossil fuel."