text:
Overview of the Collection
Arrangement of Materials:
Scope and Contents
Overview of the Collection
Collection Title: Barbara Abele Bookplate Collection
Bulk Dates: _PHONE_
Physical Description: 6.50 linear ft
Language of Materials:
Special Collections & University Archives
5500 Campanile Dr. MC 8050
San Diego, CA, 92182-8050
Bookplates, labels indicating ownership pasted inside the front cover of a book, probably originated in Germany in the mid-15th
century. The earliest dated bookplate still in existence was created in 1516, and is also German. In North America the earliest
known bookplate, dated 1674, was found in colonial New England, while the earliest example created by an American engraver
dates from 1749.
Many themes and motifs can be identified in bookplate creation throughout history. Pictorial bookplates include portraits,
images of books, views of libraries, and various landscapes. Early armorial bookplates in 16th-century England consisted of
a simple unornamented shield, symmetrically mantled helmet, crest, and scroll where the owner's name was usually inscribed.
Allegorical bookplates were popular in France during the reign of Louis XV and in England by the mid-18th century. Personifications
of the Christian cardinal virtues and other abstract ideas, such as truth, justice, wisdom, hope, and faith usually appeared
on bookplates from this period, as well as symbols of the interests and occupations of the book's owner, such as the scales
of justice, and naval and military trophies. Toward the end of the 19th century, German designers began to use nude figures
as a major motif in bookplate design. This fashion was followed in the rest of Europe and the United States, where figures
were treated naturalistically, sometimes with erotic intent.
A variety of methods can be used to make bookplates. As in the past, the majority of bookplates created today are printed.
The plates used for making printed labels may be prepared by any photomechanical processes, such as zinc etching. For finer
plates the design may be engraved by hand on steel or etched into copper.
Barbara Abele was a long-time collector and researcher of bookplates. She was the niece of Fridolf Johnson, author of the
A Treasury of Bookplates from the Renaissance to the Present, still considered the best modern introduction to the study of bookplates, and spent her life in Redlands and La Jolla, California.
She died on April 8, 1998 in La Jolla. She was a member of the American Society of Bookplates Collectors and Designers (ASBCD),
and her collection is comprised of thousands of bookplates, sometimes considered miniature pieces of graphic art.
Bookplates are sought by collectors and studied by scholars for the insights they provide into past cultures and societies.
Abele's bookplate collection illustrates the wide scope of past cultures and societies, the communication networks created
between individuals who shared an interest in collecting and preserving them, and Abele's own personal love of nature.
Also contained in the collection are some records of the ASBCD, formed in June of 1922, of which Abele was a member. Charter
members included artists Sara B. Hill, Frederick C. Blank,
Elisha Brown Bird, Arthur H. Noll and collectors Rachael M. Hunt and Carlyle S. Baer. The organization's goal is to further
the study and collecting of bookplates. It also serves as a communication network for the entire community of people interested
in the history, collection, and preservation of bookplates.
This collection is indexed under the following controlled access subject terms.
American Society of Bookplate Collectors and Designers -- Archives
Genre/Form of Material:
Abele, Barbara, d. 1998 -- Archives
Bookplates -- Collectors and collecting
Bookplates -- History
Bookplates -- Specimens
Conditions Governing Use:
The copyright interests in these materials have not been transferred to San Diego State University. Copyright resides with
the creators of materials contained in the collection or their heirs. The nature of historical archival and manuscript collections
is such that copyright status may be difficult or even impossible to determine. Requests for permission to publish must be
submitted to the Head of Special Collections, San Diego State University, Library and Information Access. When granted, permission
is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical item and is not intended to include or imply permission
of the copyright holder(s), which must also be obtained in order to publish. Materials from our collections are made available
for use in research, teaching, and private study. The user must assume full responsibility for any use of the materials, including
but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.
Conditions Governing Access:
This collection is open for research.
Identification of item, folder title, box number, Barbara Abele Bookplate Collection, Special Collections and University Archives,
Library and Information Access, San Diego State University.
Arrangement of Materials:
I. Bookplates by Subject, A-Z
II. Bookplates by Designer, A-Z
III. Collector Files, A-Z
V. Subject Files
VI. American Society of Bookplate Collectors and Designers (ASBCD)
VII. Published Materials
1.) Bookplates in the News
2.) Other Publications
Scope and Contents
Barbara Abele Bookplate Collection documents the historical development of bookplates, bookplate designers, and collectors, as well as the communication networks
they used when interacting with each other. The collection dates from 1915 to 1998 with the bulk of documents created or collected
between 1970 and 1998. It consists of six main series:
Bookplates by Subject,
Bookplates by Designer,
the American Society of Bookplate Collectors and Designers (ASBCD), and
Published Materials. The
Published Materials series includes two subseries: an incomplete run of the newsletter Bookplates in the News, and other miscellaneous published
works, all relating to bookplate collecting and designing.
Bookplates by Subject and
Bookplates by Designer series consists of files of bookplates arranged alphabetically by subject, and designer's last name, filed from A-Z.
Collector Files are composed of information about different bookplate collectors, and include some correspondence press releases, and news
Correspondence series consists of correspondence both with individuals and institutions written by Barbara Abele from the 1970s-1990s primarily
about sharing and building her collection of bookplates. It is arranged alphabetically by correspondent or general subject.
Subject Files consist of a few photographs and files generated during research for public presentations made by Abele, and about bookplate
collecting. They are filed alphabetically by subject.
American Society of Bookplate Collectors and Designers (ASBCD) consists of membership directories dating from 1966, 1977-83, and 1992, and yearbooks dating throughout the 20th century,
filed chronologically by year of publication.
Published Materials series is comprised of two subseries:
Bookplates in the News and
Other Publications. The collection does not contain a complete run of Bookplates in the News, but does include issues from July 1970 to April
1998. They are filed chronologically. The second subseries, Other Publications, includes a collection of published works drawn
upon by Barbara Abele when performing research about bookplates and when networking with other collectors and designers. They
are filed alphabetically by author, and inventoried in the Container List below.


text:
Lets define edge-cycle in a graph $G$ as a path where the first and the last node are adjacent. (in contrast with the definition of cycle where first and last node are the same).
An edge-tree $T$ is a tree with the additional property that doesn't have an edge-cycle.
In a graph we can compute the number of spanning trees by using the Matrix-Tree theorem.
Is there any similar theorem for the computation of the number of edge-trees of a graph?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Trichobezoar is a rare and potentially dangerous surgical condition in which patients swallow their own hair, often as a result of trichotillomania or trichophagia. This case report focuses on a 12-year female who experienced abdominal pain, anaemia, and gastric perforation due to her mental health conditions. Further examination revealed the presence of hairs, fibers, and bile in her stomach wall - indicative of trichobezoar - which had to be surgically removed. It is important for paediatric surgeons to remain aware and informed about this condition so that prompt treatment can be provided when necessary. The patient in this case was also treated with therapy for underlying mental health issues. With careful diagnosis and treatment plans tailored to each individual's needs, patients suffering from trichobezoar can receive the help they need for successful recovery.
Key Words: Bezoars, Gastric rupture, Trichotillomania, Emotional disturbance.
Trichobezoar is a rare medical condition where hairs that have been swallowed accumulate in the stomach or intestines, potentially leading to serious complications such as obstruction, ulcers, bleeding, and even perforation in the digestive tract.1 Trichotillomania is a mental disorder in which people feel compelled to pull out and eat their own hair, even though they may deny the behaviour when asked. It is an impulse control disorder that affects around 2% of the population. People often have tension before pulling out their hair, but experience satisfaction afterwards.2
This case reports a 12-year female with a rare condition called Trichobezoar with gastric perforation. This can be linked to psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety, which may increase the risk of intestinal perforation and pneumoperitoneum. This is an extraordinary situation and clinicians should be aware of the possible causes, complications, and treatments.
A 12-year female presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, constipation, and distension. On examination, the patient had abdominal tenderness, an elevated temperature of 101˚F, a rapid heart rate of 120 beats per minute, and low blood pressure measuring 90/60 mmHg.
The X-ray revealed the presence of gas throughout the patient's abdomen, which was also seen overlapping the liver (Figure 1). Resuscitative measures were taken upon arrival at the hospital. A review of the family history revealed that the patient was an adopted child, raised by a single mother, who noticed that at the age of two, patches of her hair began to be missing due to her sucking on her head hairs. The results of the laboratory tests indicated that the patient was only suffering from iron deficiency anaemia, i.e., microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells with a haemoglobin of 9.5 g/dl.
Figure 1: Free air in the abdomen secondary to gastric perforation.
Exploration revealed a 2 × 2 cm perforation in the anterior wall of the stomach. Upon further inspection, this opening revealed a large mass composed of hair, fibrous materials, and bile debris extending from the fundus to the pylorus. This accumulation of material caused significant distension within the stomach and ultimately led to its perforation (Figure 2). To remove the mass, the perforation size was increased and the opening of the stomach that resulted from this procedure was repaired with absorbable sutures in a single layer. After the procedure was completed, the patient made a successful recovery and underwent psychological therapy to confront the underlying issue of trichotillomania with trichophagia which had yet to be identified before gastric perforation. Further evidence for this diagnosis included a scarred area of alopecia (Figure 3).
Figure 2: Surgical removal of trichobezoar mass (inset) through a single perforation on the anterior surface of the stomach.
Figure 3: A scarred area of alopecia on the patient's head.
Bezoar is a term used to describe an accumulation of foreign material which can be found in both the stomach and small intestine. These masses, known as bezoars, are categorized in three types; trichobezoars are composed of hair, phytobezoars consist of indigestible plant fiber matter, and trichophytobezoars combine these two components – hair and vegetable/fruit fibers.3 Trichobezoars can cause several complications, including gastric ulcers (10% of cases), intestinal obstruction (up to 11%), and the perforation of the digestive tract. In some instances, a piece of the hairball may detach from the stomach leading to perforation of the ileum.4 This patient presented with peritonitis, and initially a psychological disorder or trichobezoar was not considered as the primary diagnosis. However, upon surgery, it was confirmed that the patient had been eating her own hair. This is an incredibly rare complication, with only a few cases reported in the literature. Mechanical irritation of the gastric mucosa and obstruction of the pyloric ring by a trichobezoar could lead to increased acid secretion, gastric ulceration, and potentially life-threatening complications such as gastric perforation.5-7
In conclusion, Trichobezoars can be extremely dangerous due to their potential to cause gastric ulcers, intestinal obstruction, and perforation. It is important for medical professionals to remain aware of this rare complication as it can have serious consequences if not treated promptly.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient's family to publish this case.
The authors declared no competing interest.
IAQ, MAQ: Conception of study, manuscript writing, and critical review.
AHZ, IA, MH: Facilitation and material provision.
All the authors have approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
LONDON (Reuters) - Scientists have shown how and why the "sunshine" vitamin D can speed recovery in tuberculosis (TB) patients, helping explain why the so-called heliotherapy of a bygone, pre-antibiotic era may have done some good.
From the late 1800s - well before the development of antibiotics in 1930s - TB patients were often sent to retreats where they were encouraged to soak up the sun's rays in what was known as heliotherapy or phototherapy.
A study led by British researchers has found that high doses of vitamin D - which is made in the body when exposed to sunlight - given alongside antibiotic treatment, appears to help patients recover more quickly from the infectious lung disease.
The findings suggest high doses of the vitamin dampen down the body's inflammatory response to infection, reducing damage to the lungs, said Adrian Martineau, a senior lecturer in respiratory infection and immunity at Queen Mary University of London, who led the study.
"Sometimes these inflammatory responses can cause tissue damage leading to... cavities in the lung," he said.
"If we can help these cavities to heal more quickly, then patients should be infectious for a shorter period of time, and they may also suffer less lung damage."
The researchers also said they think vitamin D's ability to dampen inflammatory responses without interfering with the action of antibiotics suggests supplements might be useful for patients taking antibiotics for diseases like pneumonia, sepsis and other lung infections.
TB, which people in wealthier parts of the world often mistakenly believe to be a thing of the past, is proving a tough disease to beat. In 2010, it infected 8.8 million people worldwide and killed 1.4 million.
The infection destroys lung tissue, causing patients to cough up the bacteria which then spreads through the air and can be inhaled by others.
In recent years, rates of drug-resistant TB have been spreading fast across the world, causing alarm among public health officials and prompting calls for more research into new and more effective treatments.
The researchers, whose study was published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Monday, split 95 TB patients who were on standard antibiotic treatment into two groups. For the first eight weeks of their treatment, 44 of them were also given high dose vitamin D, while the remaining 51 got placebos.
Anna Coussens from Britain's National Institute for Medical Research measured signs of inflammation in blood samples to see what effect the vitamin D had on immune responses.
"We found that a large number of these inflammatory markers fell further and faster in patients receiving vitamin D," she said.
The researchers also found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause TB, cleared from the phlegm coughed up from deep in the lungs faster in patients on vitamin D, taking an average of 23 days to become undetectable under the microscope compared to 36 days in those on placebo.
Martineau said it was too early to recommend all TB patients take high-dose vitamin D alongside antibiotics, as more research with a larger group of patients was needed first.
(Editing by Robin Pomeroy)


text:
Chironomids are widely and abundantly distributed in the vicinity of standing waters. Larvae of Chironomus and some other genera are known to contain hemoglobins, which have been described as a major allergen, and the adults that have no hemoglobins also have been reported to contain allergens. In this study, we tried to establish the role of chironomid allergy and characterize the allergen of Chironomus kiiensis adults. Skin tests using C. kiiensis adult extracts were performed on patients with allergic symptoms. A cDNA library of C. kiiensis adults was screened with C. kiiensis immune mouse sera to identify allergens, and results were confirmed using skin test-positive human sera. Recombinant allergen was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose to investigate its allergenic properties. Out of 275 allergic patients 14.2% showed a positive reaction to C. kiiensis adult crude extracts in the skin test. The tropomyosin was cloned by immunoscreening and expressed in Escherichia coli. C. kiiensis tropomyosin has a high homology at the amino acid level with tropomyosins which were previously known to be allergens in various arthropods (Periplaneta americana, 86.3%; Panulirus stimpson, 78.9%; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 76.5%). Specific immunoglobulin E antibodies reacting to recombinant tropomyosin were detected in 17 (81%) of 21 patients whose skin test results were positive. Cross-reactivity against house dust mites and other insects was noticed with mouse anti-recombinant tropomyosin immune serum. C. kiiensis adults were shown to be an important source of inhalant allergens in Korea. Molecular cloning of C. kiiensis tropomyosin was performed and IgE reactivity was demonstrated using skin test-positive human sera. Recombinant tropomyosin will be useful for further studies or clinical applications.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Immunology and Allergy
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Microbiology (medical)


text:
SOURCES VERSUS CALLERS: A fundamental distinction is drawn between the sources of robocalls (the organizations or agents that initiate robocalls, e.g. charity organizations) versus the robocallers themselves (sets of phone lines called calling groups from which robocalls originate, including those of professional robocalling services). Requiring via federal legislation that both types of entities register themselves independently enables regulated robocalling, wherein legal robocalls are scheduled. Each of the entities has legal liability for its own function: a source must provide legal messages and a calling group is restrained to sending scheduled messages.
FACILITATOR: The executer of this solution (called the facilitator), could be the phone company, the government, or an outside group. The facilitator oversees registration and scheduling, and handles scheduled and unscheduled calls differently, as explained below.
SCHEDULED CALLS: A scheduled robocall must be dialed with a standard robocalling prefix, followed by an authorization code and the destination number. The facilitator selects a random sample of outgoing calls and compares them to the initial message provided by the source, to ensure that the proper initial outgoing message is being sent. A calling group caught substituting messages is frozen, meaning every number that participated in making the calls loses outgoing calling privileges. If customer complaints are received about the message, then the source is audited and possibly frozen.
UNSCHEDULED CALLS: Any phone line caught making illegal robocalls is immediately frozen. Registration of customer complaints about illegal robocalls is automated. The facilitator uses formulas to determine whether the number of complaints about a phone number merit investigation. We propose that these formulas take advantage of identifiable robocalling profiles based upon calling history. The next call from a phone number designated for testing is forwarded to a testing line to determine whether a live agent is calling. We suggest using a live agent, at least in the first phase. An automated alternative is a recorded question which would be answered easily by a human but not by a machine, using voice recognition to detect the response.


Is Being A Chemist Dangerous?
Is being a chemist dangerous?
Although chemists are trained in proper precautions, the chemicals they handle can still be hazardous to their health.
"Nature" magazine reported in 2006 that explosions and accidental poisonings in chemistry labs have resulted in serious injuries such as blindness and even in death..
Is being a chemist worth it?
You can make a reasonably good living being a chemist. I found, as do many professionals, that a degree proves to management that you are intelligent enough to train. … If you have the intelligence to get a degree in chemistry, then you have the basis, the foundation, for an interesting career.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being endothermic?
Being endothermic allows us to live in cooler areas and regulate our body temperatures to fight off infection (think of the fever you get fighting off the flu). The downside, though, is that regulating body temperature is energetically costly, and warm-blooded animals need more food than cold-blooded ones.
What are the top 5 Chemistry careers?
What is chemistry in your own words?
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact with energy. … Chemistry is one of the physical sciences that help us to describe and explain our world.
Do chemists make good money?
What are the disadvantages of chemistry?
List of Disadvantages of Chemical EnergyIt can be harmful to the environment. … It comes with a high cost. … It can produce radioactive waste. … It is non-renewable. … It is not good for human health.
What are the benefits of being a chemist?
Chemists usually receive benefits that include paid holidays and vacations, health insurance, and retirement plans.
Is there a demand for chemists?
Prospects. The number of people working as Chemists (in their main job) fell over 5 years: … Industries: Most work in Manufacturing; Professional, Scientific and Technical Services; and Retail Trade. Full-time: Most work full-time (83%, much higher than the average of 66%).


text:
Taronga Zoo and NSW Office of Environment and Heritage staff will bring 500 zoo-bred Southern Corroboree Frog eggs back to the wild in the Kosciuszko National Park this month, NSW Environment Minister Robyn Parker said today.
Ms Parker said there had been a rapid decline of the tiny but colourful alpine frog and with experts describing the loss of frogs globally as the largest mass extinction since the dinosaur, it was vital zoos and nature organisations rally.
"I am pleased to say that this is happening and with wild numbers so low, the frogs' future rests with NSW OEH and breeding programs at Taronga and Melbourne Zoo, the Healesville Sanctuary and the Amphibian Research Centre," Ms Parker said on a visit toTaronga Zoo today.
Ms Parker said the joint Kosciuszko re-introduction project with Melbourne Zoo and Healesville Sanctuary follows a recent survey by OEH's Dave Hunter which found only nine male Corroboree frogs calling throughout their historic breeding area. There was just a single nest containing eggs there.
"The Corroboree Frog's decline had been largely due to the introduced chytrid fungus which cut a swathe through Australian frog populations over three decades ago," Ms Parker said.
"But the zoos, Healesville and the Amphibian Research Centre are fighting back. We're hoping to start seeing some improvement in wild numbers from the eggs already released, with 47 zoo-bred eggs going to the wild in 2010, followed by 244 in 2011 and this year, 500 eggs from Taronga and 319 from Melbourne and Healesville."
Ms Parker said that since the frogs take four years to reach maturity, keepers and parks staff are hoping to see some positive results from the first releases soon.
"The 819 eggs will be placed in several re-introduction sites, which have included chytrid-affected and chytrid-free sites. We're trying lots of different approaches to overcome the impact of chytrid fungus," the Minister said.
Taronga and NSW OEH conservation officers now have successful breeding and re-introduction programs for the Southern Corroboree and Northern Corroboree Frogs, the Booroolong Frog and the Green and Gold Bell Frog.
This is as well as a breeding program for the Yellow-spotted Bell Frog, which was previously thought to be extinct.
"Frogs are accurate indicators of environmental health in our waterways," Ms Parker said.
"The drainage of swamplands which are the lungs of river systems and the impact of chytrid fungus means the removal of a vitally important group of species from the ecosystem.
"Many frogs eat insect pests and in their turn are food for other animals and re-establishing frogs in their former habitats is one of the most important things we can do.
"Local communities can also help by making sure rubbish and other pollutants don't get into streams and rivers."
Taronga Zoo, Media Relations
(02) 9978 4606
Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Media Relations
(02) 6881 1400
Note: For all other enquiries please see the Contact Us page.


text:
Roots to Revival
There are approximately thirteen million Hungarians in Central Europe—some ten million of them living in Hungary, a thousand-year-old country that is slightly smaller than Indiana. Calling themselves Magyars, these people speak a unique language and maintain highly distinctive traditions in music, dance, costume, crafts, gastronomy, and more.
The Hungarian Heritage: Roots to Revival program at the 2013 Smithsonian Folklife Festival will highlight the vitality of Hungary's cultural heritage in these areas. It will bring to the National Mall in Washington highly skilled masters and apprentices from rural Central Europe who maintain the traditional knowledge acquired in their native environments. The Festival program will also bring musicians, dancers, and artisans from more urban settings who have revived many of these older traditions to make them part of their daily lives.
For instance, the dance-hall (or táncház) movement, which has emerged since the early 1970s, has helped to reinvent the institution of the village dance-hall in urban areas and to disseminate the practice of authentic folk dancing with live musical accompaniment not only in Hungary and neighboring countries (such as Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia), but also in the United States and Canada where large numbers of Hungarians reside. Similarly, the preservation of traditional handicrafts has helped boost a flourishing crafts movement.
The Hungarian Heritage program will provide a one-of-a-kind opportunity to experience the rich and authentic traditions of Magyars, to better understand the significance of the Hungarian folk revival movement, and to serve as a meeting place for folk aficionados from around the world.
The Hungarian Heritage program is produced by the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage in partnership with the Balassi Institute, Budapest.
Watch this video about the ornamental painting and embroidery of Kalocsa, which are emblematic symbols of Hungarian folk art. Produced by the European Folklore Institute, Budapest, Hungary, 2004.
Click to enlarge and view captions


Programme overview - Doctoral programme in metabolism and endocrinology
The MetEndo doctoral program at KI is comprised of ~15 research groups from different departments with related research areas. The program was constituted by the Board of Doctoral Education, which also is the main financier. MetEndo program activities include doctoral courses, workshops, seminars, open lectures, annual symposia and poster exhibitions.
The program is designed to prepare doctoral students to develop and execute creative research by providing the foundational knowledge for solving complex problems within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism.
The program combines rigorous interdisciplinary coursework and laboratory training that utilizes cutting-edge technology to answer biologically important questions. The programme curriculum is designed to develop independent thinking, skills in oral and written presentation, proficiency of data analysis, and dissemination of scientific research through participation at institutional symposia and attendance at international congresses.
Within the MetEndo doctoral program, students have the opportunity to engage in a stimulating and interactive environment of world-class research, optimized for scientific collaboration and learning.
Target group
The MetEndo doctoral program targets doctoral students at the Karolinska Institutet who possess an interest in the fields of metabolism and endocrinology.
Programme Coordinator
Jurga Laurencikiene
Telefon:08-524 834 65
Head of Programme
Marie Björnholm
Telefon:0790 73 82 85
Programme Coordinator
Ulrika Widegren
Telefon:08-524 867 47


text:
Simple Batik Instructions
Batik Instructions for Soy Wax
By: Colorado Wholesale Dye
These are simple instructions with soy wax and pipettes. This method won't work with other waxes as they have higher melting points and require other methods of removal. The proper way to batik is with a batik pen (a Tjanting Tool) but this works just as well if you don't have one available.
What you need:
-Soy Wax -Dye
-Pipettes -Dye Fixer (Soda Ash)
- Melt the wax. Soy wax has a low melting point so it can be melted in the microwave or in a double boiler with some hot water.
2. Apply the wax to your fabric using a pipette. Use caution and gloves as Pipette will get hot from the wax and you don't want to get burned!
(Tip: Make sure to put cardboard or something between the fabric otherwise the wax will soak through and create a resist on the other side of the fabric as well)
3. Wait for the wax to dry completely.
4.Soak the fabric in dye fixer. Use warm water, but not too hot. If the water is to hot it could re-melt the wax and mess up your design.
5. Ring the fabric out and tie it up in the design you wish to achieve.
6. Dye the fabric and then let it sit for anywhere from 3 hours to 24 hours. The length of time you let it sit affects how easy the fabric is to wash out. The longer it is left alone the less loose dye will flow out and the shorter it will be to wash out.
7. Rinse the fabric under COLD running water. Keep rinsing until the water is flowing clear and all the loose dye is washed out.
8. When all the loose dye is rinsed out run the fabric under HOT running water. This will melt the wax and wash it away from the fabric. Do NOT rub the wax to help get it off, this will just spread the wax around and muddy up the design. Just let the hot water run over it and it will all wash away.
9. When the wax is all washed away, wash and dry the fabric as normal.


Ad Libitum
Puebla, Pue Mexico
Ad Libitum
Genres:New Age, Ambient Soundscapes, Electronic - Experimental, Specialty - Soundtrack Alternatives, Specialty - Horror/Suspense, World - Other
Bio: Ad Libitum is the result of the musical and artistic collaboration of Carmen Fernandez and Pablo Amante. With the research, the experience and the studies, has become a scientific-artistic-musical research complex machine, and a musical, literary and philosophic creation project which tries to face the fast, complex and technologic world of today. Ad Libitum perceives the world in a fractal way (scale symmetry) where the micro and the macro are linked to the angle from where they are been observed, and where, in a non lineal way, every part of the whole can be in touch with another part of itself. Our music reflects our internal diversity, from the occidental and oriental culture, the folklore and the ancient music, our rock roots, the academic studies, the profound interest and the research with the music color and the sound manipulation through the technology and the electronics, to the purpose of having an impact on the audience. Strong believers of the complex relationship that can exist among the arts and the senses which creates the well known phenomenon called synesthesia (to feel the sound of a perfume, to smell a vision or a color, or to see a sound). The integration and harmonious interaction of everything we are, receive and filtrate, becomes Ad Libitum.
Updating results
Add track to playlist
Share track


Wednesday, December 2, 2015
Entertaining games for family game night
With all the chaos that occurs around the holidays, families need to take a moment or two to reconnect over an amusing game. The hour, or two, around the gaming table can wipe away the to-do lists, worry and other anxieties that the holiday season can bring.
Here are a few family games that can bring the laughter and fun to your next family game night.
Name 5
Name 5 is a quick wit, vast knowledge party game with simple rules. Players are asked to name five items to a random question. For example, name five stringed instruments, five breakfast cereals or five purple foods. The key is to provide five answers in 30 seconds. If the person (or team) answers correctly, she continues to play. The goal is to correctly answer the questions and reach the end of the game board. Name 5 retails for approximately $18.99 at various retailers.
Oddly Obvious
Oddly Obvious by Endless Game is a fun party game for three or more players. The answers are placed right in front of the players on a single card. One player give clues to the other players. The first player to shout out the correct answer (which is listed on the card) gets the point. The player with the most points wins. Oddly Obvious is published by Endless Games. It retails for approximately $15 at various retailers.
Quiz-a-Majig by Goliath Games is more than just a trivia game; it is the crazy quiz contraption. The "contraption" determines the category and first letter of the correct answers. With a fast reaction, players vie to throw their ball into the funnel. But, luck plays a factor in who wins.
Quiz-a-Majig is recommended for players ages 13 and older. It requires a minimum of two players. The game can be played individually or in teams. Quiz-a-Majig is distributed by Goliath Games. It retails for approximately $29.99 online or at most mass merchants.
Crazy Phrazes
Crazy Phrazes is an interactive, engaging party game that all about mixed up meanings. Teams try to guess a crazy phrase by acting, drawing, spelling or describing it. The game includes 1,200 expressions that people use in daily conversation. When taken literally these phrases are confusing, but the expressions have commonplace uses.
Crazy Phrazes by Goliath Games retails for approximately $19.99. It can be purchased online, toy stores or mass merchants.
No comments:
Post a Comment


All Articles for
Security Token
A security token (or sometimes a hardware token, authentication token, usb token, cryptographic token, software token, virtual token, or key fob) may be a physical device that an authorized user of computer services is given to ease authentication. the term may also refer to software tokens. security tokens are used to prove one's identity electronically (as in the case of a customer trying to access their bank account).


text:
The Opening Minds curriculum features five categories of competences: learning, citizenship, relating to people, managing situations and managing information. Focusing on competences means that Opening Minds teaching emphasises the ability to understand and to do, rather than just the transmission of knowledge.
These competences are broad areas of capability, developed in classrooms through a mixture of instruction and practical experience: children plan their work, organise their own time and explore their own ways of learning.
Subject boundaries are less defined than in traditional curriculum teaching, with schools often integrating the teaching of several subjects together into modules or topics, where competences can be developed through the exploration of common themes. Crucially, the input of teachers and the individual needs of schools are central to the planning of each Opening Minds project.
Five key competences
Each competence category contains a number of individual competences, which are expressed in terms of what a school student could achieve having progressed through the curriculum:
Competences for Citizenship
- Morals and ethics – students develop an understanding of ethics and values, how personal behaviour should be informed by these and how to contribute to society.
- Making a difference – students understand how society, government and business work, and the importance of active citizenship.
- Diversity – students understand and value social, cultural and community diversity, in both national and global contexts.
- Technological impact – students understand the social implications of technology.
- Self-reliance – students develop an understanding of how to manage aspects of their own lives and the techniques they might use to do so, including managing their financial affairs.
Competences for Learning
- Learning styles – students understand different ways of learning and how to develop and assess their effectiveness as learners.
- Reasoning – students learn to think originally and systematically and how to apply this knowledge.
- Creativity – students explore and understand their own abilities and creative talents, and how best to make use of them.
- Positive motivation – students learn to enjoy and love learning for its own sake and as part of understanding themselves.
- Key skills – students achieve high standards in literacy, numeracy, and spatial understanding.
- ICT skills – students achieve high standards of competence in handling information and communications technology and understand the underlying processes.
Competences for Managing Information
- Research – students develop a range of techniques for accessing, evaluating and differentiating information and have learned how to analyse, synthesise and apply it.
- Reflection – students understand the importance of reflecting and applying critical judgement and learn how to do so.
Competences for Relating to People
- Leadership – students understand how to relate to other people in varying contexts in which they might find themselves, including those where they manage, or are managed by, others; and how to get things done.
- Teamwork – students understand how to operate in teams and their own capacities for filling different team roles.
- Coaching – students understand how to develop other people, whether as peer or teacher.
- Communication – students develop a range of techniques for communicating by different means, and understand how and when to use them.
- Emotional intelligence – students develop competence in managing personal and emotional relationships.
- Stress management – students understand and are able to use varying means of managing stress and conflict.
Competences for Managing Situations
- Time management – students understand the importance of managing their own time, and develop preferred techniques for doing so.
- Coping with change – students understand what is meant by managing change, and develop a range of techniques for use in varying situations.
- Feelings and reactions – students understand the importance both of celebrating success and managing disappointment, and ways of handling these.
- Creative thinking – students understand what is meant by being entrepreneurial and initiative-taking, and how to develop their capacities in these areas.
- Risk taking – students understand how to manage risk and uncertainty, including the wide range of contexts in which these will be encountered and techniques for managing them.


text:
Inversant College Savings Program
Our Recipe for Success
Inversant Education's model is rooted in family engagement. Unlike most college access programs that center on the student or the school, we focus on helping the entire family prepare to enter higher education. Our groundbreaking curriculum, incentivized savings, and connection to community agencies require families to put skin in the game, ultimately propelling more underserved youth toward higher education and a firmer place in the American social and economic mainstream.
- Savings Circles: Workshops where we deliver our college access curriculum.
- Savings Accounts: Accounts that families open in order to save for college. Families make monthly deposits and funds are withdrawn when their students reach higher education.
- Financial incentives: Savings bonuses and other incentives that encourage families to save and to stay involved.
How Does Inversant Work?
The Key Ingredients
- Inversant Education works through community partners in Chelsea, Lynn, and Boston. These partners have strong connections with their members and keep in close contact with parents while they are learning how to move their children toward higher education.
- Several studies have shown that students who are supported by their parents – not just financially, but in decision making, research, and enthusiasm – are more successful in high school and more likely to enter and complete college than their peers whose families are not engaged.
- "Sustained family engagement in children's learning is linked with higher grades and test scores, motivation to achieve, social competence, and aspiration for new enrollment in college." 1
- Youth who have an [educational savings] account are approximately seven times more likely to attend a four-year college than youth with no account. 2
- "Assets build positive expectations about higher education and increase college readiness. Assets may help youth develop college-bound identities and shape behaviors that reinforce this view." 3
- Scholarship Packages
- Inversant Education now has more than 40 Compact Scholarships available through affiliation with Boston University, Bunker Hill Community College, Salem State University, UMass Boston, and UMass Lowell.


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
In general, mine faces are separated from the mine ventilation network. In mine face workers are exposed to contaminants such as dust and gas. Mine faces are ventilated by auxiliary ventilation optimal design of this system is very complicated. Accumulation of methane gas in mine faces have high potential of disaster. In order to solve this problem, we must have Comprehensive view of methane behavior and distribution in mine faces.In this paper, in order to reach this goal,three-dimensional model of auxiliary ventilation system of Mike mine was constructed by CFD code fluent.model geometry was meshed by hybrid cell : Quadrilateral cell with 5 cm in model face, fan and out let and Hexagonal cell with 20 cm in model ceiling, floor. Fluid turbulence flow and methane concentration are modeled with and methane air mixture. According to simulation result there is direct relation between high concentration of methane and return flow so high concentration of gases occurs under ventilation ducts and face corners. Finally,there is a good agreement between numerical result and mike mine Measurements.


text:
This 2012 IEA review of Swiss energy policies finds that Switzerland has taken bold decisions to gradually phase out nuclear power and to reduce by a fifth its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 with domestic measures only. These are challenging objectives, and the country now needs to identify the most viable ways to meet them at least cost and minimum risk to energy security.
In the absence of nuclear power, maintaining sufficient electricity capacity will require strong policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such measures have already been outlined, but they will likely not be enough. For baseload generation, gas-fired power plants would be the simplest option. Treating their CO2 emissions the same way as in the neighbouring countries would be a strong positive incentive for investors.
Because Switzerland's energy-related CO2 emissions come mostly from oil use in transport and space heating, action is most needed in these areas. Commendably, the country is making polluters pay by using a CO2 tax for financing decarbonisation efforts in space heating. Stronger efforts will be needed to reduce emissions from private car use, however. Since the 2007 IEA energy policy review, Switzerland has made clear progress in electricity market reform. Moving to a fully open market by 2015 would be a further positive step. The system of regulated end-user prices, however, is subsidising electricity consumption at a time when low-carbon power supply is becoming more constrained and expensive. It should be reconsidered. Switzerland should also continue to take an increasingly European approach to developing its electricity infrastructure, to its own benefit and to that of its neighbours.


text:
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually deployed in hostile environments, which having a wide variety of malicious attacks. As various applications of WSN have been proposed, security has become one of the big research challenges dan is receiving increasing attention. In order to insure the security of communication in wireless sensor networks, the authors proposed a new ID-based signcryption scheme using bilinear pairing. Under the computational Diffie-Hellman assumption, the security of the scheme is proved under the random oracle model.


text:
Ukrainian Plane Crash – level 2
A Ukrainian plane with 167 people on board crashed in Tehran on Wednesday morning. The plane disappeared from radar shortly after it took off.
Experts from Iran and Ukraine met in Tehran to investigate why the plane crashed. They consider many reasons, such as engine problems, collision with a flying object, a rocket strike, or a terrorist attack.
The first report said that the plane tried to return to the airport when it fell. The investigators also said that there was fire on the plane when it crashed. They found the black boxes; however, it is not clear if they managed to analyze them.
Difficult words: disappear from radar (to no longer be visible on radar which is a special system that can see things that move far away), collision (an accident when two vehicles of objects hit each other), strike (an attack).
You can watch the original video in the Level 3 section.
What do you think about this news?
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
News in Levels is designed to teach you 3000 words in English. Please follow the instructions
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Do the test at Test Languages.
- Go to your level. Go to Level 1 if you know 1-1000 words. Go to Level 2 if you know _PHONE_ words. Go to Level 3 if you know 2000-3000 words.
- Read two news articles every day.
- Read the news articles from the day before and check if you remember all new words.
- Listen to the news from today and read the text at the same time.
- Listen to the news from today without reading the text.
- Answer the question under today's news and write the answer in the comments.
- Choose one person from the Skype section.
- Talk with this person. You can answer questions from Speak in Levels.
Stock images by Depositphotos


Two people decide to find the height of a tree. They position themselves 25 feet apart in line with, and on the same side of the tree. If they find that the angles of elevation from the ground where they are standing to the top of the tree are 65 degrees and 44 degrees respectively then how tall is the tree?
Get this answer with Chegg Study


text:
SubL is a programming language intended to be very similar to a simplified version of Common Lisp where those features that are either complex, rarely-used, or difficult to implement in a prodecural language have been excised.
Unlike Common Lisp, SubL is not a purely functional language. Several SubL constructs can only be used procedurally. In order to emphasize this difference, the following naming convention for SubL constructs is used:
A SubL function will have the same name as the analogous Common Lisp function if it is intended to have the exact same basic functionality. The argument list may be simplified, but the intent and use are likely to be the same.
If there is a substantial behavioral difference between a SubL function and its Common Lisp counterpart, its name will be the Common Lisp name prepended with a single character — either "c", "p" or "f".
"c" indicates a construct that is either only procedural or functional.
"p" indicates the procedural version of a Common Lisp construct.
"f" indicates the functional version of a Common Lisp construct.
A procedural construct in SubL is one which is suitable for evaluation as either one form in an explicit PROGN or as one form in an implicit progn, which occur in the &body sections of many of the procedural forms such as CLET, PWHEN, CDOLIST etc.
Here is a table of all the procedural constructs in SubL and the Common Lisp analog:
SubL Procedural Construct Common Lisp Equivalent
PROGN progn PIF if PWHEN when PUNLESS unless PCOND cond PCASE case CSETQ setq CSETF setf CINC incf CDEC decf CPUSH push CPUSHNEW pushnew CPOP pop CLET let* CMULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND multiple-value-bind CDO do* CDOLIST dolist CSOME CDOTIMES dotimes CDOHASH CCATCH catch CUNWIND-PROTECT unwind-protect RET return-from
A functional construct in SubL is one which returns a value. Here is a table of all the functional constructs in SubL and the Common Lisp analog:
SubL Functional Construct Common Lisp Equvalent
CAND and COR or CNOT not FIF if FWHEN when FUNLESS unless
The body of a function or macro definition is considered an implicit progn, and so all forms in the body should be procedural. A function call can be used as a procedural construct. In this case, the returned value is simply ignored.
|SubL-Specific Features||Home||Data Types|


Sie sind auf Seite 1von 17
Criminal Law Midterm Attack Outline Actus Reus 1) Acts: An act is voluntary UNLESS it is: A) Reflex B) Unconscious C) Done
under hypnosis D) Otherwise not a product of effort or determination 2) Omissions: You may have a duty to act under the following: A) Statute a) hit and run statutes require assistance B) Status relationship a) children generally have no duty to care for parents C) Contractual obligation a) cops have contractual obligation to public D) Voluntary assumption of care a) if you start to rescue someone, thats voluntary assumption b) secluding/imprisoning someone is voluntary asumption E) Failure to act + clear mens rea a) intentionally letting a fire burn house down to collect insurance money F) You created unfavorable circumstances Mens Rea 1) MPC: Rule: The MPC suggests the following mental states for criminal liability: A) Intent/purposeyou want it to happen B) Knowledgeyou know it will happen, but do it anyway C) Recklessnessyou disregard an unjustifiable risk D) Negligenceyou should know, but dont 2) CL: Rule: CL has its own mental states: A) General intent B) Specific intent 3) Strict liability (no mens rea required) Rule: If the statute provides no mens rea requirement A) MPC: The standard is recklessness. B) CL: The court weighs the circumstances (public safety, punishment, etc.) before imposing strict liability (Staples).
Causation 1) MPC: Rule: Under MPC, you have caused a result if the result: A) Would not have happened but for your conduct AND B) It was within the relevant zone of risk and intention of your conduct AND C) It was not too accidental or remote. a) applies to attempts 2) CL: Rule: Under CL, you have caused a result if the result: A) Was a foreseeable consequence of your conduct AND a) applies to attempts B) It was a normal response to your conduct. 3) MRVWCC: >Explanation: Harm must be a manifestation of the risk in virtue of which the conduct is culpable. A) Manifestation refers to the harm/result. B) Risk refers to the specific circumstances. C) Conduct refers to the s actions. D) Culpable refers to the criminality of the s actions. >Examples: however, because Os death by falling piano (manifestation) is not a foreseeable result of s shooting at O (risk and conduct), is likely not liable for causing Os death (culpable). > When to use: A) MPC: Use when causation is a question of the risk/intention or accidental/remote. B) CL: Use when causation is a question of foreseeable or normal.
Complicity 1) MPC: Rule: You are an accomplice to a crime if you A) Purposefully promote or facilitate anothers commission of a crime a) includes acting through innocent instrumentality b) attempting to aid is sufficient i) not dependent on whether substantive crime is successful (see attempt rules) c) aid by omission possible B) With requisite mental state for the crime Defenses: A) Withdrawal if a) voluntary and complete AND b) neutralizes prior assistance OR c) warns law enforcement in timely manner AND d) makes effort to prevent commission of offense 2) CL: Rule: You are an accomplice to a crime if you A) Intent for principals crime AND a) implies same mens rea as principal b) > MAJORITY RULE: You can aid any type of crime. > MINORITY RULE: You cant aid reckless or negligence crimes. B) Intentionally aid, counsel, or encourage the principal a) > MAJORITY: only purpose; may not knowingly, recklessly, or negligently aid > MINORITY: knowledge and purpose; may not recklessly or negligently aid b) must have impact on principal (actual assistance) c) being present in itself is not enough d) aid by omission possible e) crime must be foreseeable and natural consequence of aid C) Before or during the crime a) accessory after the fact is a separate crime Defenses: A) Withdrawal if a) voluntary and complete AND b) neutralizes prior assistance i) render any actual assistance ineffective ii) repudiate any encouragement c) notifies principal of renunciation AND d) before crime is unstoppable
Conspiracy 1) MPC: Rule: One or more people (unilateral) A) Intentionally a) intent to agree b) intent to commit crime B) Agree C) To a) commit a crime b) attempt a crime c) solicit a crime d) aid/abet a crime Defenses: A) Renunciation/withdrawal: a) Must be complete and voluntary. b) Must notify ALL members before object crime is committed. c) Must thwart success of conspiracy. B) Pure legal impossibility 2) CL: > MODERN RULE: One or more people (unilateral) > TRADITIONAL RULE: Two or more people (bilateral) A) Intentionally a) intent/purpose to agree b) intent/purpose to commit crime c) agreements may be implied and inferred from circumstances B) Agree a) co-conspirator must a cop under the modern unilateral approach C) To commit a crime AND a) purpose crimes only (cant conspire to be reckless) D) Overtly act toward commission of the crime a) almost any act counts (need not be SSSCCP or dangerously close) b) act can be done by any conspirator c) > TRADITIONAL RULE: Agreement suffices; overt act unnecessary. E) > MAJORITY and FEDERAL LAW: Each conspirator is responsible for the crimes of any of the conspirators (Pinkerton) if a) they are done in furtherance of the objective crime AND b) they are natural and foreseeable consequences of conspiracy c) > TRADITIONAL RULE: No Pinkerton Defenses: A) Withdrawal is no defense to conspiracy charge BUT may limit liability for substantive crime. B) > SOME COURTS: Conspiracy merges with completed substantive crime if the crime inherently involves 2 people (Whartons Rule). C) Pure legal impossibility
Attempt 1) MPC: Rule: An attempt is A) An intentional, a) requires specific intent (BUT not necessarily for the substantive crime). b) by definition may not be reckless or negligent B) Substantial step strongly corroborative of criminal purpose (SSSCCP). b) must be beyond mere preparation. c) attempt charge for attempting to aid unsuccessful substantive crime Defenses: A) Pure legal impossibility B) Abandonment a) only if complete and voluntary 2) CL: Rule: An attempt is: A) An intentional a) requires specific intent (not necessarily for substantive crime) > FL and CO: you may attempt reckless crimes (other places its reckless endangerment). B) Act toward commission of the crime. a) split of authority > MAJORITY RULE: follows MPC (SSSCCP). > TRADITIONAL RULE: must come dangerously close to completion OR > OUTDATED RULE: committed his last act toward commission. b) no attempt charge for attempting to aid unsuccessful substantive crime Defenses: A) Mistake of fact a) must negate specific mens rea B) Pure legal impossibility C) Abandonment a) > MPC-LIKE RULE: only if complete and voluntary b) > TRADITIONAL RULE: no abandonment
Solicitation 1) MPC: Not appreciably different from CL. Green focuses on CL in the slides. A) With intent to commit crime B) Encourage or request a) Uncommunicated solicitation enough. b) Renunciation if complete and voluntary before crime committed C) Another person D) To commit that crime 2) CL: Green focuses on this in his slides. A) Asking someone to commit a crime a) Recipient doesnt need to accept >MAJORITY: Message doesnt need to reach recipient >MINORITY: Message must reach recipient B) With intent to promote it. a) Suggestion not enough b) Circumstantial evidence enough
Vicarious Liability 1) Liability for individual executives/managers of underlings MPC: A) Must have minimum mens rea of recklessness (similar to Park dissent). B) Pennsylvania has a statute that adopts this rule. CL: A) Strict liability if employee has responsible relationship to the misbehavior, i.e. the power to stop the violation (Park case majority). B) Park dissent says there must be mens rea of negligence (5-4 dissent). 2) Corporate liability CL/Federal Rule: A) Any agents misbehavior within the scope of employment is culpable, even if its contrary to company policy (Hy-Vee case). This could be any employee. MPC/Caseys Rule: B) Only high managerial agents are liable. > SOME STATES: policy makers > SOME STATES: supervisors > SOME STATES: good faith defense if policy makers pay due diligence to preventing lower-level employee misbehavior.
Homicide 1) MPC: A) Murder: Doesnt distinguish degrees. Not concerned with deliberation. Goes by mens rea elements. a) Intent/purpose (to kill) b) Knowledge (substantial certainty death will occur) c) Recklessness (extreme indifference to substantial unjustifiable risk i.e. depraved heart murder) i) No felony murder, but felonies presumptively reckless (see above ^). B) Manslaughter: a) experiences extreme mental and emotional disturbance (EMED) i) EMED can last for


text:
Alum was first produced at Slapewath, Guisborough in 1604. In 1640 Sir Bryan Cooke discovered alum in the rocks at Peak, now more commonly known as Ravenscar. The Peak fault, a shift in the rock strata that occured 350 million years ago, left accessible Lias shales above sea level to the north of Ravenscar, an obvious advantage if you wanted to mine it without drowning.
Alum was used as a mordant for fixing dyes and in the leather industry to render hide supple and manageable. During the 19th century synthetic alum was produced and aniline dyes were invented that didn't require a mordant to fix them. The last alum works to close were those in Kettleness and Boulby in 1871. The industry had lasted for around 250 years.
|The Old Alum Works, Ravenscar|
|One of the stone drainage channels|
The next stage of the process was to introduce potassium and ammonia. Potassium was obtained by burning kelp seaweed in huge quantities and adding the resulting lees to the mixture. As for ammonia, stale human urine was shipped into the works in huge barrels. It was said that poor people's urine was better as it was not the product of such strong drink.
|The Winding House|
When the potash and ammonia was added to the brew it was left to cool and alum crystals gradually formed. The liquor could be reboiled time and time again to maximize the yield.
The industry has left indelible scars on the local landscape. A burning floor on the cliff above Sandsend has left a large, desolate area of bare shale reminiscent of the lunar surface. Remains of stone breakwaters and berthing points can be seen at Saltwick Bay and in many places the entire profile of the cliffs has been changed by alum mining.


problem with optical sensing methods is that the signal is usually read by an external device. "We can only really look at things basically in the upper layers of the skin. It doesn't work well if we wanted to look specifically in the liver or in the kidney," explains Cash.
Opto-acoustic sensors
One alternative method that might get round this is opto-acoustic sensors. Opto-acoustics can provide similar imaging capabilities to ultrasound, but rather than sound-in and sound-out, a light signal is used to create very small but detectable sound waves. Because the sound is not absorbed as readily as light, information from deeper tissue can be retrieved.
Haemoglobin produces a different opto-acoustic response when oxygenated, revealing areas of the body that are hypoxic
Jesse Jokerst, a nanoengineer at the University of California San Diego, has been creating sensors based on opto-acoustics. "The mechanism is essentially thermal expansion," he explains. "When light propagates through the body and is absorbed by the target tissue, there is a very short and fast heating event, and that heating event causes swelling. The pressure wave that is created when the target tissue expands can then be detected as sound." The short, 5ns pulses can be detected by the same kind of transducer used in regular ultrasound, but the contrast in how different tissues respond is much greater, making it possible to gain chemical information at a frame rate of about five images per second. The classic example is haemoglobin, which produces a different opto-acoustic response when oxygenated, revealing areas of the body that are hypoxic.
Source: Courtesy of Jesse Jokerst
Jokerst has devised a smart catheter to monitor levels of the anticoagulant heparin in patients (see Figure 1)[4]
. About 500 million doses of heparin are administered globally each year, but it is notoriously difficult to manage because the concentration window is narrow, particularly for children. Incorrect dosages lead to haemorrhages or clotting. Jokerst has coated a catheter with the small, clinically approved molecule methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride), which binds to heparin and dramatically increases its photo-acoustic signal. The idea is to place this catheter into a patient's vein. "The patient would wear a flexible ultrasound transducer over there arm where the [intravenous catheter] is placed, and use that for continuous monitoring of heparin as opposed to just doing point measurement every 12 to 24 hours," says Jokerst. He has tested the device in principle using samples from 28 patients, which showed good correlation with the 'gold standard' blood test.
Figure 1: Opto-acoustic sensor
Source: Courtesy of Jesse Jokerst
A catheter is coated with the small, clinically approved molecule methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride), which binds to heparin and dramatically increases its photo-acoustic signal, allowing levels to be monitored continuously via a flexible ultrasound transducer over the arm.
Ultimately, Jokerst is aiming for a complete system. "What would be really fantastic is if we could have the signal from the catheter feed back into an infusion pump, so it would start to become a closed system." He is confident that wearable photo-acoustic in vivo sensors will become a reality, although the current need for a laser to produce the light pulses that create the signal makes the equipment large and expensive. "One thing we have recently reported is that we can use LEDs, rather than a laser, to produce the photo-acoustic signal and so that starts to not only reduce the size of the device but it also reduces the price," says Jokerst.
Aptamer sensors
For most of the systems, there is a long development process for each sensor, but the 'holy grail' would be a 'plug and play' system that can be modified to sense different drugs or biomolecules with no additional reagents needed.
Kevin Plaxco, a chemist from University of California Santa Barbara, thinks he may have such a system, based on aptamers — single strands of DNA or RNA, usually 30–80 nucleotides in length with a variable 40-nucleotide region — designed to bind a specific target. Arroyo-CurrÃ¡s, who used to work with Plaxco, explains: "[These sensors] look like wires and are made of gold, which we modify with a single strand of DNA with a redox reporter [such as methelyne blue attached at its other end]. On binding [to the analyte], the aptamer reorganises itself to wrap around the analyte of interest" (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Aptamer sensor
Source: Courtesy of Netz Arroyo
A single strand of DNA on a gold wire can detect a large variety of analytes with no additional chemical reagents. On binding an analyte, the DNA molecule changes its conformation, which in turn changes the efficiency of electron transfer between the gold wire and methylene blue 'redox reporter' molecule attached to the DNA molecule.
The redox reporter molecule allows electrons to efficiently transfer to the gold wire electrode, but the large conformational change in the aptamer molecule affects the distance between the reporter and electrode, and therefore the size of this signal can be used to calculate the analyte concentration, with no other chemical reactions involved.
Aptamers offer the ability to record full pharmacokinetic profiles over hours, sampling once every two seconds
Arroyo-CurrÃ¡s explains that the new system could prove more versatile: "The limitation of the approach that we currently use in glucose sensors is that you need an enzyme that can metabolise the target that you want to measure," he says. "We want to move away from that." The aptamer sensor and accompanying electrodes make a device comparable in size to a human hair and this is implantable, but is also small enough to be injected in a catheter within a vein. This gives the ability to record full pharmacokinetic profiles over hours, sampling once every two seconds.
One area Plaxco's group has investigated is in vivo levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics. In animal experiments, Arroyo-CurrÃ¡s and Plaxco coupled a sensor for tombramycin to a drug delivery system and were able to regulate the drug's concentration in the animal's plasma, dosing eight times per minute[5]
. They were also able to show that the speed of distribution and clearance of the drug varied within and between animals. The drug distribution was largely dependent on the blood and body volumes, but differed much less as a function of time between animals. However, the clearance rate was more variable, being dependent on kidney function, which tended to slow over time due to differences in blood pressure and hydration levels.
So far the sensors have only been tested in mice. "If you give us another 10 years, it is likely that we will find at least a few applications in humans," says Arroyo-CurrÃ¡s. Other systems may make it quicker and many biosensor researchers see it as only a matter of time before this sort of monitoring becomes an everyday reality in medicine. "I envision for diseases like diabetes, 100% of patients should be wearing these sorts of things," says Cash. There are also likely to be applications in tracking chemotherapy progress and providing bespoke dosing for individual cancer patients.
Given the array of different technologies on offer for in vivo sensing, it seems certain that we will soon be seeing these devices in clinical use — both in diagnostics (see Panel) and as part of therapeutic protocols. Having small wearable devices that can provide real-time data and automatic dosing will represent a real advance for many patients. Whether one technology eventually dominates remains to be seen. "I think getting the price-point down is going to be the key to translation," says Jokerst, "but I am optimistic there will continue to be slow but steady progress."
Panel: How biosensors could improve diagnosis
In vivo sensing also has potential for diagnostics and these types of devices could become the first port of call in emergency or intensive care units, providing much more information than current diagnostics, and at speed. "Instead of just measuring 1 or 2 things, you are measuring 15 things that are all important for the clinician to know," says Kevin Cash, a chemical engineer at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. "We now have this ability to collect this valuable data on a continuous time horizon and put that to use to make better and faster decisions."
In vivo diagnostic biosensors of a different type are also on their way and could limit the need for invasive biopsies. Gabriel Kwong, at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, set up the company Glympse Inc in 2016 to develop diagnostics based on what he calls "synthetic biomarkers"[6]
"The challenge with a naturally shed biomarker is that it's not very sensitive at all," says Kwong. "As they are shed into the blood they are diluted by a tremendous amount."
The system Kwong is developing uses nanoparticles containing peptides that can be cleaved by specific disease-associated proteases. The nanoparticles are injected into a patient and, when they arrive at the diseased microenvironment, the local disease-associated protease will release small peptide fragments of a specific mass that act as the reporter. These can be collected in urine for detection by mass spectrometry. "Our advantage is we can do diagnosis at a much, much earlier point," says Kwong. Any response is amplified as a single protease can cleave hundreds of peptides in these nanoparticles per hour.
Studies in mice have shown that it is possible to


text:
The ReadyGo authoring tool is one of those that seem to always be just under the radar of most eLearning developers. Let's end that now.
The big picture
The ReadyGo Web Course Builder is a rather intuitive tool, simple enough to learn, but with thoughtful instructional design concepts underlying it all. The end result is HTML.
Courses that you create can have up to four levels:
You can choose to have fewer levels, of course; you can have as few as one, in fact. When you create a new course, you enter some basic information (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: The Course Properties dialog
From the same dialog, you can also make decisions regarding the appearance of everything (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: The Course Properties Appearance options
Getting down to details
These seemingly innocent options lead to a huge variety of customization choices. For instance, when you choose the Labels and Text option from the Appearance dropdown, the number of choices becomes quite large (see Figure 3, which only shows one-fifth of them).
Figure 3: The Labels and Text options
The Services dropdown gives you the chance to set up frequently asked questions, a glossary, and contacts. See Figure 4.
Figure 4: The Course Properties Services options
This sets the course up with one chapter. Double-clicking a chapter lets you set a number of options for that chapter, including its title. One nice advantage of this approach is that you can preplan your course structure in advance, much as you would create an outline before writing a book. Figure 5 shows a new course with three chapters.
Figure 5: A new course with three chapters
Within each chapter, you next create pages. A page comprises a series of items, which you can order any way you like. The items can be a mix of text, images, audio, and video elements. The items, called bullets, each have a dialog that lets you define what you would like to include for that bullet; Figure 6 shows you the possibilities. You can have up to 30 bullets on each page. I believe the term bullet is a bit misleading, because a bullet is nothing like a bullet in a Word outline or in PowerPoint. Bullets are really containers that can hold anything you see listed in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Media choices to include in a bullet
You can add one or more of the icons you see in Figure 7 to any page.
Figure 7: Add one or more of these icons to any page
Explanation of the icons:
- A Tell Me More page links to an in-depth article that you provide on the course subject.
- Try This leads to interactive features about the subject matter.
- Quiz links to quiz questions that you create. I'll discuss quizzes in a bit.
- Step-by-step offers learners a visual guide to how to use the tools. You can have up to 20 steps in each Step-by-step guide.
- Net Links gives the learner links to related websites.
- Test/Survey leads learners to tests on the material.
In addition, you can also have:
- A Tip, which is a note that you may want to give learners.
- It's True, a separate text item that focuses on an important fact.
- Sub-pages, letting the learner dig deeper in the page.
As you have a wide variety of elements that you can add to a page, as seen above, you can create truly media-rich and interesting courses with instructionally sound choices you can give learners all along the way.
What about interactivity?
Quizzing and testing
ReadyGo offers a lot of diversity in the area of assessments.
- Exercises, which are not saved or graded
- Quizzes, which saves a learner's answers
- Tests, in which both answers and scores are saved
The software supports many different question types. See the list in Figure 8.
Figure 8: ReadyGo question types
ReadyGo does not force you to separate each question by putting them on separate pages. In fact, you can have up to 100 questions on a page, which makes quizzes and tests like those you had in school. This usually makes more sense pedagogically, as it lets learners answer questions in the order that they prefer rather than forcing them into a certain order. There is no limit to the number of test pages you can create. As they are HTML-based, they will work on mobile devices as well as in all browsers.
You can create question pools in ReadyGo so that you can choose to deliver a number of questions from different pools. In addition, you can base branching on the score the learner received, and, if you wish, you can require the learner to pass the test in order to proceed.
There are even more features regarding tests and surveys. You can:
- Weight each question, providing it a different number of points.
- Set tests to be optional or mandatory.
- Provide a certificate based on the percentage or grade the learner received.
- Provide feedback at the question level and also for each separate answer.
- Limit the amount of time a learner can spend on a test page.
- Add SCORM test questions not created in ReadyGo.
Tracking learner progress
One of ReadyGo's greatest strengths is its ability to talk to almost any progress-tracking system.
- You can decide not to store the results but to show the learner his or her test results during the browser session.
- In addition, ReadyGo has over 60 proven and unique LMS implementations, more than any other tool I've seen. We all know how SCORM and AICC can vary somewhat from one LMS to another. ReadyGo solves the problem by ensuring that all of the most common implementations work right out of the box, including straight-up SCORM and AICC connections.
- If you have a progress-tracking system that isn't supported out of the box, ReadyGo is committed to making sure they provide you a working solution. That is how they have built all of the current LMS implementations.
More features I like
- ReadyGo automatically saves your work every 20 minutes.
- One of the publishing options lets you print your course to a printer or PDF to distribute to learners.
- When publishing, you can automatically upload files to an FTP site so you can test your course online right away.
- ReadyGo gives you access to a number of ready-made templates if you wish to make use of them, including templates for smartphones. For a price, you can also have them create new templates for you.
Limitations of ReadyGo
As with every tool, it's important to keep in mind the limitations inherent in ReadyGo.
- ReadyGo runs in Windows only. There is no Mac version of the tool. Of course, any courses you create can run on every computer and on most mobile devices.
- ReadyGo contains a lot of good interactive questions you can include in your course, but it isn't a free-form environment in which you can, for instance, place items on a stage and assemble them in a fixed form. This is both good and bad, depending on how you look at it.
The bottom line
ReadyGo costs $499 per developer and allows you to create an unlimited number of courses. There are no per-learner license fees.Learn more and see demo courses at _URL_.


text:
So far this week students have been starting to use the classroom set of iPads and have been working hard to set up Edmodo accounts. We will finish up Edmodo account set-up on Wednesday, and will begin the first unit of study in Social Studies during Wednesday and Thursday classes. Students in 7th Grade Social Studies will learn about U.S. Geography, and will learn key geography concepts and terms. Students in 8th Grade Social Studies will look at the time period leading up to the Civil War. Both groups will be using various forms of technology to discover and apply knowledge.
As you know, students in all of my classes are required to have a social studies binder, with 5 separate binder dividers. The dividers should be labeled as follows:
Divider 1: Workbook
Divider 2: Graphic Organizers
Divider 3: Lined Paper
Divider 4: Edmodo
Divider 5: Other Handouts
Students in 7th Grade will have a homework assignment on Thursday night whereby they are required to give two examples of human-environment interaction on page 2 of their Geography workbook.


text:
stel €99,000 (then US$122,000).11
The fact that human trafficking is a priority area for the Belgian government played a key role in enabling the prosecution of cases such as the Carestel/Kronos case. Since 1999, the Ministry of Justice (MOJ) and the Board of Prosecutors General have issued a directive to law enforcement agencies outlining national policy on the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking, which is reviewed by the MOJ's Criminal Policy Department on a yearly basis.12 The Directive provides standardised guidance on investigating and prosecuting human trafficking cases, including recommendations on investigative methods in more complex cases. It sets out criteria for which cases to prioritise, including the young age of the victims, the extent of the infringement on human dignity, the degree of violence used or threatened, elements pointing to the repeated occurrence of the offence, and elements revealing the major social impact of the offence. The Directive also promotes a multi-disciplinary approach to trafficking, providing for collaboration and regular information and data sharing between judicial officials and law enforcement, as well as between local and national authorities.↥ Back to top
The partnership between the UN International Commission to Combat Impunity in Guatemala (known by the Spanish acronym CICIG), the Guatemalan Prosecutor General's office and the "high-risk" courts demonstrates how international cooperation can help to overcome the political hurdles inherent in the investigation and prosecution of high-profile human rights cases.
CICIG was created at the request of the Guatemalan government to deal with the extremely high levels of impunity for violent crime, parallel criminal structures and a lack of progress on human rights cases from the internal armed conflict in Guatemala that resulted in the deaths of nearly 200,000 people, mostly indigenous persons.13
CICIG is mandated to support the Guatemalan judicial system and operates under Guatemalan law. CICIG may act as a prosecutor, with the authority to initiate investigations into "illegal security groups" and "clandestine security structures", defined as groups that "commit illegal acts that affect the Guatemalan people's enjoyment and exercise of their fundamental human rights, and have direct or indirect links to State agents or the ability to block judicial actions related to their illegal activities".14 CICIG can also file administrative complaints against public officials, and particularly those that seek to impede the functions of CICIG.
While CICIG is unusual in that it has independent investigative authority, it nonetheless depends upon Guatemalan authorities to investigate and adjudicate cases.15 It was therefore essential for CICIG and the international governments who support CICIG, including the United States and other western donors, to encourage the appointment of independent prosecutors and judges to process these cases. CICIG and its supporters therefore publicly monitored and reported on the proceedings to select these judicial personnel and CICIG also investigated sitting judges for failing to properly adjudicate high-profile cases.16
A key component of CICIG's success has been its focus on the security of Guatemalan judicial personnel, who are the subject of violent threats and extortion by powerful criminal networks. CICIG and its supporters contributed to the creation of "high-risk" courts that adjudicate cases concerning human rights and organised crime.17 While these courts continue to face significant political barriers, they have been successful in overcoming many such barriers to prosecute high-level military personnel involved in mass atrocities committed during the armed conflict.18
CICIG's efforts to promote the independence of the Prosecutor General's office also contributed to the nomination of the first female Prosecutor General of Guatemala who played a significant role in reducing rates of impunity in Guatemala for atrocities committed during the armed conflict. All of these efforts contributed to a wave of high profile arrests, including the arrest of the then-President of Guatemala, Otto Perez Molina, on major corruption charges.19↥ Back to top


You are Here > Home > My Retirement > GEPF: Who receives your pension benefits?
GEPF: Who receives your pension benefits?
Feb 1, 2021
GEPF beneficiary nomination formOne of the questions I receive from most retirement fund members is about who has a claim to their retirement funds if they die in service.
As a member of the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) one of the most important documents you need to keep up to date is your beneficiary nomination form. This will inform the trustees as to who your legal and financial dependants are, as well as their contact details. It will make it easier for the fund to make the relevant payments, ensuring your family receives the urgent financial support they need.
It is important to note that while your nomination form can assist the trustees in identifying and contacting beneficiaries, the trustees are still obliged to identify all legal or financial dependants and ensure that the death benefit is distributed equitably amongst the dependants.
The trustees will do an investigation into the dependence of any surviving legal dependants. Legal dependants include a spouse, parents, children, etc. However, anyone who can prove that they were financially dependent on the deceased has a rightful claim on some of the proceeds. This could include a child from another relationship, a parent, or even another partner who was financially supported by the member.
Once the trustees have identified all the dependants, they distribute the benefits according to the level of dependence. For example, if a member of the fund was married and had one adult child who was employed, then the spouse would receive the full benefit.
However, if the child was still living at home, or studying, and therefore dependent on the deceased, then they could have a claim. This does assume that there were no other dependants. Minor children from other marriages or relationships would also be considered in the dependency assessment.
Benefits are based on how long the member was in service at the time of death. If a member dies with less than ten years' service, the lump sum which will be distributed is based on either the member's final salary (average of last two years per definition) or the value of the member's pension in the fund at that time, whichever is greater.
If a member passes away with more than ten years' service, a lump sum (death-in-service gratuity) is paid to beneficiaries and a monthly pension is paid to the spouse. If the member was a single parent, the minor children receive a child's pension.
What does a beneficiary nomination form do?
A nomination form is completed while you are still alive and can only be changed by the member of the fund. It is used to identify potential legal/financial dependants, or other beneficiaries if you do not have any dependants.
If you are not married and do not have children or any other dependants, your gratuity will still be paid out to anyone you choose – including your parents or siblings.
The nomination form does not, however, supersede the responsibly of the trustees to provide for financial dependants.
If, for example, the nominated beneficiaries are not financially dependent on the deceased and there are other financial dependants not included on the form, the nominated beneficiaries may receive no money. Only in cases where there are no legal or financial dependants do the trustees distribute death benefits in line with the beneficiary nomination.
Make sure that the total percentage provided for each beneficiary adds up to 100%. You cannot, for example, nominate three beneficiaries giving them each 50%.
How does one prove financial dependence?
In the case of a spouse and minor children, financial dependency is assumed ‒ no further proof is needed.
Financial dependence can also be proved by a divorce order or by supplying bank statements proving that the deceased paid for certain expenses.
Tuition fees, bond repayments, medical aid and any other expenses that were paid by the deceased can be used to prove financial dependence.
It is important to understand who does not qualify as a financial dependant as this can become a contested issue, especially if there were relationships outside the marriage.
A financial/legal dependant includes:
 - A spouse. In the case of customary marriage, if there are two valid spouses, both of them will get an equal share of both gratuity and annuity.
 - A child under the age of 18, or a child who is still receiving financial support such as tuition.
 - A parent who is receiving financial support.
A financial dependant does not include:
 - An adult child who is not receiving financial support from the member.
 - A former spouse or partner who has not received any financial support and financial support is not stipulated in the divorce agreement.
If there are no financial dependants and the member has specified the beneficiary on the nomination form, then payment would be made.
Scenario 1: A member has adult children from a previous relationship who are not receiving financial support. The member is married and has young children with the current partner.
Likely outcome: The trustees will only consider the spouse and minor children as beneficiaries for distribution.
Scenario 2: A member has adult children from a previous relationship and is paying their tuition. The member is married and has young children with the current partner.
Likely outcome: The trustees will distribute the retirement fund among the spouse, young children and adult children in relation to level of dependency. As each case is treated individually, it depends on how many adult children there are. Adult children are usually given a percentage not exceeding 20% if still studying. The age of children is taken into consideration when percentages are determined. The gratuity will be shared amongst all dependants and the spouse will also receive a monthly pension.
Scenario 3: The member has adult children from a previous relationship who are not receiving financial support. The member is not legally married but living with a long-term partner.
Likely outcome: The long-term partner needs to apply to be recognised as the life partner of the deceased in order to be recognised. If the life partner's application is approved, he/she will receive a share of the gratuity and the monthly pension. In a case where the life partner is not approved but the partner can prove financial dependency on the deceased, the gratuity will be shared among all qualifying dependants, however the partner will not receive the spousal pension.
Where can members get the nomination form?
The nomination form can be obtained from GPAA regional offices, your HR department, or the GEPF website.
Forms can be submitted at the various regional offices, to your HR department, or can be emailed to
Register your spouse or life partner
As your spouse or life partner is entitled to an annuity when you die, it is important that you register him/her by providing your human resources department with either a certified copy of your marriage certificate, customary union certificate, lobola agreement, civil union certificate, or a certificate confirming your marriage in any other religion.
This article was sponsored by the GEPF.
 1. Good day,
 My dad worked for the city of Cape Town for over 22 years and as such, passed away a few days ago.
 I am 20 years old (turning 21 this year) and was his eldest child from his first (and only) marriage until my mom and him divorced and he also had a partner whom he has 2 children with of which are also younger than 18.
 My question is that my dad's family were never in his life and now that he has passed, they're showing up claiming that I am not due anything even though by word of mouth, it was said that I was nominated to get 50% of whatevers my dad was to be paid out but I am not sure how to go about verifying this?
 Ps. In the same sentence, I was advised that because I hurriedly got married about 6 month ago (customary marriage, not legally) I am not entitled to be paid out anything. Can you advise on this or whom it is I would need to query this info with?
 Any help would be much appreciated.
 - Firstly my condolences on the loss your father. The City of Cape Town fund does not fall under GEPF but the pension fund act rules would apply. This means the trustees of the fund will determine who receives the benefits based on financial and legal dependency. Children under the age of 18 would definitely fall under financial and legal dependency. It would depend on the rules of the fund whether you would qualify (some include children under 21 especially if still studying). The mother of the younger children would possibly have a claim either for the support of the children or if she was a financial dependent in her own right. The best thing to do is to submit your details and provide any evidence if he ever supported you or your mother financially (there may be a provision in the divorce agreement). I do not think whether or not you are married would make a big difference unless it is used to prove that you had no financial dependency on him. I would recommend you just deal directly with the fund and ignore the other relatives – they can can submit their own claims.
 2. I am divorced. I have a minor child [age 17]. I am in a long term relationship currently. I have made my fiancé one of the beneficiaries but was told that he will not be guaranteed his share of my pension because my child has to be looked after first, but yet we are financially dependent of each other and he assist financially to support my child because his biological father does not contribute enough. If I die he will not be able to financially support himself or continue to look after my son, although he is not the biological father. We also were told that the biological father will have all the right to my pension which will go into a trust. So how will my fiancé be able


text:
Home Learning Center Articles Milwaukee Tools
It all started in 1918. World War I was coming to a close, and automotive tycoon Henry Ford was looking for a fabricator who was willing to produce a compact, lighter-weight, portable version of the 1/4" capacity power drill. A young Wisconsin manufacturer by the name of A.H. Petersen accepted Ford's commission, and developed what came to be known as the Hole-Shooter. Weighing in at only 5 pounds, this revolutionary power tool was driven by a series-type Westinghouse motor, and was the first industrial drill that was light enough to be operated with just one hand, but powerful enough to handle heavy-duty workloads.
Four years later, in 1922, Petersen was joined by business partner Albert F. Siebert, and together, the two of them founded the A.H. Petersen Company. Tragically, a fire destroyed their manufacturing facility the following year, and the financial setback forced the company to close their doors. In 1924, Siebert was able to purchase the company's remaining assets at auction, and reopened the company as the Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation, with the goal of fully realizing the sales potential of the Petersen Hole-Shooter. But it didn't end there. Here you'll find some of the most significant moments in Milwaukee's tool-innovating company history.
- Surprisingly, during its early days in the second half of the 1920s, the Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation relied more on tool repair than tool manufacturing to stay in business. Because they kept constant tabs on their customers' needs and the shortcomings of the tools that were brought to their company for repair, Milwaukee employees were able to ascertain exactly which niches needed to be filled in the marketplace. This information, combined with the hundreds of hours of research and analysis done by staff engineers, led to a stronger and more durable Hole-Shooter, which became a must-have tool for workers throughout the automotive and metalworking industries.
- In 1930, Milwaukee Tools set their standards even higher by obtaining an equipment specification rating from the U.S. government for its newly-redesigned electric drill. Soon afterward, the company began applying Navy standards to the manufacture of all their portable tools, including a portable hand grinder and electric hammers, sanders and polishers.
- By 1935, Milwaukee had developed a lightweight 3/4" electric hammer-drill, which was designed to both drill and sink anchors into concrete. Thanks to the fact that it could be converted into a standard 3/4" drill, the tool met with great market success, and sparked the subsequent design of a shorter, lighter precision drill.
- As a result of the strong reputation they had earned among welders by the late 1930s, Milwaukee was asked to apply their expertise and improve on existing lines of metalworking tools, with a concentration on heavily used sander/grinders. The company rose to the challenge, and Milwaukee designers soon developed an easy to handle, single-horsepower sander/grinder that weighed only 15 pounds, but could stand up to any abuse it received in the field.
- In response to the armed forces' increased demand for power tools during World War II, the Milwaukee Electric Tools Corporation began working even harder to develop tools that were more powerful than ever. Milwaukee Hole-Shooters became vital to the manufacture of military aircraft, and, pleased with the fact that tools were being built to their standards, the United States Navy placed a significant number of orders with the company.
- In 1949, Milwaukee Tools took their line of sander/grinders to the next level by adding a spring clutch to them. This design update created a smoother-running tool with very little recoil, and was so successful that it was also added to the company's circular saws.
- 1949 also saw Milwaukee's invention and introduction of the first 1/2" right-angle drill, which allowed plumbers and electricians to drill holes in wood and steel, even in very tight quarters.
- Milwaukee yet again revolutionized the power tool industry in 1951, when they unveiled the Sawzall® Reciprocating Saw. The Sawzall®, still a defining Milwaukee tool to this day, was the first portable hacksaw to have a reciprocating mechanism. To meet their customers' demands for versatility, Milwaukee followed the Sawzall® up with a full line of blades for cutting all types of materials.
- Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Milwaukee Electric Tools Corporation grew steadily, and in addition to expanding their product lines, they transitioned into larger facilities as well. In 1965, the company moved out of their headquarters on State Street in the City of Milwaukee, and set up shop in a 212,000 square foot facility in nearby Brookfield, Wisconsin.
- In response to a new and significant market that had developed for their products in the Southeast, Milwaukee made their first move outside the state of Wisconsin in 1974. While headquarters remained in Brookfield, the company opened an additional 60,000 square foot manufacturing plant in Jackson, Mississippi.
- During the 1970's, Milwaukee had another prolific burst of product development, and introduced the Hole Hawg®, the first drill ever created for large hole drilling of the studs and joists in new home constructions. Not long after, the company debuted the Magnum Hole-Shooter, their first 1/2" professional pistol drill, and became the first American manufacturer to produce a 4-1/2" angle grinder.
- In 1991, after two full years of testing, Milwaukee's Super Sawzall reciprocating saw was put on the market. With a built-in counterbalance, a gear-protecting clutch and 5 different patents, the Super Sawzall set a new worldwide standard for fast, vibration-free reciprocal saws.
- Throughout the 1990s, Milwaukee developed a new line of miter saws, and further expanded their offerings by manufacturing an extensive lineup of 18-volt Contractor Cordless tools, all of which could be powered using the same battery and charger system.
- In 2008, Milwaukee developed Ice Hardened™ strengthening technology, a cryogenic hardening process that enables a variety of Milwaukee's accessories to last up to 50% longer than those of their competitors.