_USER_ {1665, title = {Socioeconomic impact assessment of China{\textquoteright}s CO2 emissions peak prior to 2030}, year = {2017}, abstract = {
China is the largest emitter of carbon emissions in the world. In this paper, we present an Integrated Model of Economy and Climate (IMEC), an optimization model based on the input-output model. The model is designed to assess the tradeoff between emission deceleration and economic growth. Given that China{\textquoteright}s projected average growth rate will exceed 5\% over the next two decades, we find that China may reach its peak CO2 emissions levels by 2026. According to this scenario, China{\textquoteright}s carbon emissions will peak at 11.20 Gt in 2026 and will then decline to 10.84 Gt in 2030. Accordingly, approximately 22 Gt of CO2 will be removed from 2015 to 2035 relative to the scenario wherein China{\textquoteright}s CO2 emissions peak in 2030. While this earlier peaking of carbon emissions will result in a decline in China{\textquoteright}s GDP, several sectors, such as Machinery and Education, will benefit. In order to reach peak CO2 emissions by 2026, China needs to reduce its annual GDP growth rate to less than 4.5\% by 2030 and decrease energy and carbon intensity levels by 43\% and 45\%, respectively, from 2015 to 2030. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.055 }, author = {Mi, Zhifu and Wei, Yi-Ming and B Wang and Meng, Jing and Liu, Zhu and Shan, Yuli and Liu, Jingru and Guan, Dabo} }


text:
Refusal to Treat
"Refusal to Treat" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Refusal of the health professional to initiate or continue treatment of a patient or group of patients. The refusal can be based on any reason. The concept is differentiated from PATIENT REFUSAL OF TREATMENT see TREATMENT REFUSAL which originates with the patient and not the health professional.
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Refusal to Treat".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Refusal to Treat".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Refusal to Treat" by people in the URMC Research Network by year, and whether "Refusal to Treat" was a major or minor topic of these publication.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. An annual plant (Platystemon californicus) native to the southwest United States and Mexico and cultivated for its showy cream-colored to yellowish flowers.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A name given in California to Platystemon Californicus, a pretty poppy-like plant with small, cream-colored flowers.
- n. Platystemon californicus, an ornamental flowering plant in the Papaveraceae family, found growing wild throughout the American southwest and especially on the Pacific Coast.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. a California plant (Platystemon californicus) with small pale yellow flowers.
- n. California plant with small pale yellow flowers
Sorry, no example sentences found.
'creamcups' hasn't been added to any lists yet.
Looking for tweets for creamcups.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Baker Institute Blog
Family planning is a public health issue that shouldn't be politicized
James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy
11 Responses
 1. Ovbiously says:
 The purpose of taxpayer supported "public health" is to prevent the spread of diseases that can be communicated without contact with the infected individual. The author and apparently the entire 'public health' special interest group is trying to convert 'public health' into whatever activity it thinks is a 'good idea' and it can bring within the scope of its bureaucracy. It is notable the 'public health' bureaucrats are identifying such non diseases as motor vehicle safety. This is another example of jurisdiction creep.
 2. DDD says:
 Very eloquently stated. Should meet the approval of your liberal following.
 3. bigmoney says:
 I agree 100%. Family planning is good public policy that has the added bonus of saving taxpayers' money and giving people a choice and resources to plan their families. It's a shame that it has become a political issue.
 4. Mark says:
 too bad you are located in Texas, where women's health doesn't count at public health.
 5. Nancy Ford says:
 I had forgotten that Title X which provided women with access to low cost contraceptives was signed into law by Richard Nixon. Clearly, family planning is something that makes sense to the majority of Americans and as such bridges political party divides–unless of course it is being used by the fringe elements as a weapon. I also appreciated the author's "reality check"–contraception, family planning, is something we had debated and accepted decades ago. The fact that current research deals with emerging nations and not our own advanced society is a wake up call. Why is anyone doubting the benefits of family planning in 2012?
 6. Emily says:
 Eloquent and on the mark. Bravo, Elena Marks.
 7. Kimberly says:
 I couldn't agree more. We spend so much time on international development and not enough time on the issues in our own backyard. Family planning is an important public policy. Contraceptives should be available and provided at a low cost to anyone who so chooses to use them. Every woman should have the right to choose how and when to plan for a family.
 8. Patricia Snyder says:
 Why is it these days that when people disagree, they label one another, closing the door to honest debate to help find the common ground? I personally believe that America dealt with this issue decades ago, but still have a lot to do to continue to keep our common public, healthy. And for me that means making contraceptives and education about contraceptives available for as many people as possible…
 9. Karen1961 says:
 The health benefits of family planning and widely available contraceptives are unquestioned in the scientific and health policy literature, as are the health benefits of many other public health tools cited by the author. We need to use the best tools available to us to achieve healthy babies, women and families.
 10. Brian says:
 I agree that it is good for a married couple to plan their family. However, if someone doesn't want to pay for abortion or contraception for moral reasons, they shouldn't be forced to.
 Contraceptives have lead to higher divorce rate, higher rate of STD's, and unplanned pregnancies are still an alarming high number.
 Why don't the statistics support your statements to show that we are reaping the benefits of contraceptives? Oh right, because they aren't true.
 It's a much more complicated problem that just giving everyone a pill.
 11. georgex says:
 The directive from the Bible to populate the "four corners" of the earth has been fulfilled. Advocating that birth control should not be used puts the sustainability of the planet in jeopardy, families with more children than they can afford and spread of diseases that cause much misery and death. That is an immoral position.


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In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to some official and signed by numerous individuals. A petition may be oral rather than written, and in this era may be transmitted via the Internet. The term also has a specific meaning in the legal profession as a request, directed to a court or administrative tribunal, seeking some sort of relief such as a court order.
Petitions were a common form of protest and request to the British House of Commons in the 18th and 19th centuries, the largest being the Great People's Charter, or petition of the Chartists. They are still presented in small numbers.
The Petition Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of the people "to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The right to petition has been held to include the right to file lawsuits against the government.
Petitions are commonly used in the U.S. to qualify candidates for public office to appear on a ballot; while anyone can be a write-in candidate, a candidate desiring that his or her name appear on printed ballots and other official election materials must gather a certain number of valid signatures from registered voters. In jurisdictions whose laws allow for ballot initiatives, the gathering of a sufficient number of voter signatures qualifies a proposed initiative to be placed on the ballot. The 2003 California recall election, which culminated in the recall of Governor Gray Davis and the election of Arnold Schwarzenegger, began when U.S. Representative Darrell Issa employed paid signature gatherers who obtained millions of signatures at a cost to Issa of millions of dollars. Once the requisite number of signatures was obtained on the recall petition, other petitions were circulated by would-be candidates who wanted to appear on the ballot as possible replacements for Davis. After that step, a vote on the recall was scheduled.


ONE of Wales' most prominent buildings was bathed in blue light last night in support of an anti-bullying campaign.
The National Museum Wales in Cardiff, above, was floodlit to mark the Welsh Assembly Government's Respecting Others Week.
As part of the campaign, many children throughout Wales wore blue T-shirts to school, so the Assembly decided to light one of the nation's iconic buildings in the same colour.
The National Museum was chosen as it's one of the country's most recognisable buildings and is in a busy area.
"The Assembly Government wants to get the message across that when others stand by and do nothing, it actually encourages bullying tactics," said Minister for Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, Jane Davidson.
"We want to get straight to the point to change behaviour, so that from now on, people will step forward, have a mutual respect for each other and help tackle bullying together."


The science behind your everlasting tattoo
We kind of know the reason they last forever … because the ink goes so deep into your skin that it can never wash off … or something?
It's not that simple. As this fascinating video from TED explains, tattoos are actually a complicated inflammatory process—a delicate balancing act between your body and the dye that's invading it.
It turns out your ethereal watercolored bird is kind of like an infection—and the reason it's permanent is because your body keeps on fighting it forever.
Tattoo needles punch through the epidermis, the outer layer of skin, and drive the ink into the dermis, the deeper layer that's mottled with nerves and blood vessels.
"Every time the needle penetrates, it causes a wound that alerts the body to begin the inflammatory process," the video explains. That signal sends immune system cells racing to the site of the wound (or multiple wounds, in the case of the five-inch dragon breathing fire across your chest).
Special cells called macrophages come to the rescue, eating up the dye in an attempt to "clean up" the inflammation it's causing. The rest of the dye gets soaked up by skin cells called fibroblasts. The fibroblasts, along with many of the macrophages, stay suspended in the dermis in perpetuity.
The dye in the bellies of the trapped macrophages and fibroblasts shows through the skin, projecting your Chinese word for "love" or constellation of tiny blue stars to the outside world.
And in case you accidentally got "Only God can fudge me" written on the nape of your neck, the video also explains how you can, um, get that fixed. No fudgment.
Banks of blood and sperm
Who wins in the name game?
A rule for conservative anti-poverty plans: keep it simple
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text:
environment and provide economic benefits.
According to the California Energy Action Plan, energy efficiency is the state's highest-priority resource. "Given the clear relationship between energy use and climate change, it is imperative for California's policymakers, academics, and business leaders to make energy efficiency a top priority," says Arthur Rosenfeld, a member of the California Energy Commission who sits on the CalCEF Board.
Easy Energy Evaluation Tool Available
The Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Project Analysis Model has recently been released. It provides an easy way to evaluate the energy production, life cycle costs, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for CHP projects, and may be downloaded free of charge from the RETScreen Web site. It is available in 21 languages and is applicable worldwide. The model also accounts for emerging rules under the Kyoto Protocol.
The CHP model can be used to evaluate many different applications, including power, heating, cooling, single or multiple buildings, industrial processes, communities, district heating, and district cooling.Analysis is compatible with a wide range of renewable and nonrenewable fuels that can be used in parallel, including landfill gas, biomass, bagasse, biodiesel, hydrogen, natural gas, oil/diesel, coal, and municipal waste.These fuels can be evaluated using various types of power, heating equipment, and/or cooling equipment, all working under various operating conditions, including baseload, intermediate load, and/or peak load.
The product database integrated into the CHP model includes data for 5,880 combinations of power, heating, and cooling systems manufactured worldwide. The weather database integrated into the model provides access to meteorological data covering the entire surface of the planet, including 4,720 groundmonitoring stations and NASA satellite data. The model also includes an online manual, a metric unit switch, more than 12 computational tools (such as a landfill gas calculator), and a new sensitivity risk analysis worksheet.
Over 60,000 users in 207 countries have discovered the CHP model through the RETScreen Web site, with usership growing at a rate of 375 new users every week.
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(Please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting.)


text:
U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
Today in Energy
Note: Normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as blue. Green and red colors indicate higher than normal frequency.
A large region of electric systems, called the Western Interconnection, responded to the San Diego blackout on September 8 in less than a minute. A YouTube video vividly illustrates how changes in frequency across interconnected alternating current (AC) electric systems ripple across such a large area in a very short time.
The video shows the variation of frequency (the number of times per second that the electric charge reverses direction) in the Western Interconnection associated with the San Diego blackout on September 8. An event, which has still not been fully characterized, drove system frequency below 60 cycles per second for about 25 seconds. Interconnected electric systems in North America are designed to operate within a very narrow frequency band around 60 cycles per second (hertz). A frequency below 60 cycles per second indicates that instantaneous demand exceeds supply of electricity. After an extended period of insufficient supply (25 seconds), the system automatically shed load in San Diego. The blackout suddenly reduced system demand and frequency shot up well above 60 cycles per second.
The video uses data from a network of small, low-cost devices that plug into wall outlets. They reveal—for the first time—electric system dynamics during disturbances. Frequency, phase angle, and voltage of the power system are measured every few seconds and transmitted via the internet to computers at the University of Tennessee and Virginia Tech. The resulting GPS-synchronized wide-area network makes possible the geographic presentation of the data and system disturbance animations.
Frequency is shown as the vertical scale on the graph on the left and the color-coded map legend on the right. The red dots on the map are the locations of the monitors. Each line on the graph represents the frequency recorded over time by a monitor.
There are monitors in the Eastern Interconnection as well. The video below shows changes in electric system frequency in the 12 seconds after the loss of the two large North Anna nuclear units near Richmond Virginia due to the east coast earthquake on August 23.
Note: Normal system frequency of 60 cycles per second appear as red. Green and blue colors indicate lower than normal frequency.


text:
On 20 July 1976 a spacecraft touched down on the planet Mars. It had the very fitting name "Viking I".
The envelope with the first-day cover illustrating that mankind had taken a new, long step into the unknown shows a recognizable Oseberg ship.
The name chosen for the pioneer project was no coincidence. The Vikings' reputation as explorers is widely known across the globe. And the fact that they discovered America 500 years before Columbus has long since been confirmed.
The Oseberg ship is both past and future. Her elegant lines and advanced boatbuilding skills are combined with our humanistic ideals. The ship will be sailing to create bonds between people and generate meaningful experiences. The new ship is attracting interested people from many nations; some contribute their hard labour, others financial support. Tønsberg has never had a project that to such an extent has encouraged its citizens to join forces.
Oseberg on planet Mars: The envelope with the first-day cover to commemorate the first landing on Mars. We can make out the Oseberg ship.


text:
Various forms of meditation have been practiced for thousands of years throughout the world. In general, it appears that regular practice of meditation may promote relaxation and reduce blood pressure. More research is needed before recommendations can be made. However, meditation can be recommended, in addition to healthy diet and exercise, for the prevention (versus treatment) of hypertension.
- Use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. People with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professionals before starting a program of meditation and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plans. Avoid with risk of seizures. The practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnose or treat the condition with more proven techniques or therapies. Meditation should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses.
- Qi gong: Qi gong is a type of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that is thought to be at least 4,000 years old. There are two main types of Qi gong practice: internal and external. Internal Qi gong is a self-directed technique that involves the use of sounds, movements, and meditation. Internal Qi gong actively engages people in their own health and well-being, and can be performed with or without the presence of a Master instructor. It may be practiced daily to promote health maintenance and disease prevention. Several human trials suggest benefits of Qi gong in the treatment of high blood pressure, particularly when added to conventional treatments such as prescription drugs. There is early evidence that there may be lower death rates in people with high blood pressure who practice Qi gong. Some studies report that high blood pressure associated with pregnancy may be partially controlled through internal Qi gong relaxation exercises. Although this research is promising, a major problem is that the way Qi gong is practiced is not always clear in these studies, and may not be similar to the way Qi gong is practiced in the community.
- Qi gong is generally considered to be safe in most people when learned from a qualified instructor. Use cautiously with psychiatric disorders.
- Stevia: Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) standardized extracts are used as natural sweeteners and dietary supplements. Stevioside is a natural plant component isolated from stevia that has demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects. Despite evidence of benefits in some human studies and support from laboratory and animal studies, more research is warranted to compare stevia's effectiveness for hypertension with the current standard of care.
- Caution is advised when taking stevia, as numerous adverse effects including blood sugar lowering have been observed. Stevia should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor.
- Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence:
- Acupressure, Shiatsu: The practice of applying finger pressure to specific acupoints throughout the body has been used in China since 2000 BC, prior to the use of acupuncture. Acupressure techniques are widely practiced internationally for relaxation, wellness promotion, and the treatment of various health conditions. Small studies in men and women report that acupressure may reduce blood pressure. Study results on the effect of acupressure on heart rate have yielded mixed results. Large, well-designed studies are needed to better understand the role of acupressure in treatment of hypertension.
- With proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self-administered or administered by an experienced therapist. No serious long-term complications have been reported, according to scientific data. Hand nerve injury and herpes zoster ("shingles") cases have been reported after shiatsu massage. Forceful acupressure may cause bruising.
- Acupuncture: The practice of acupuncture originated in China 5,000 years ago. Today it is widely used throughout the world and is one of the main pillars of Chinese medicine. It involves the insertion of needles in various point of the body to help move the "chi" or energy. Although used for centuries to lower blood pressure, human trials are lacking. More studies are needed to determine what can be expected in the use of acupuncture for hypertension.
- Needles must be sterile in order to avoid disease transmission. Avoid with valvular heart disease, infections, bleeding disorders, medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. Avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding (e.g. anticoagulants). Avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. Use cautiously with pulmonary disease (e.g. asthma or emphysema). Use cautiously in elderly or medically compromised patients, diabetics, or with history of seizures. Avoid electroacupuncture with arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) or in patients with pacemakers because therapy may interfere with the device.
- Acustimulation: Acustimulation is the mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. A low intensity electrical current is used to penetrate just slightly below the surface of the skin. It may be delivered by acupuncture needles attached to electrodes or, more commonly, by battery-powered appliances that can be worn on the body (touching the surface of the skin). Acustimulation has been examined in the treatment of high blood pressure in one small study of patients diagnosed with diastolic hypertension. A set of four different acupuncture points were used, with results showing an immediate reduction of diastolic blood pressure. At this time, the evidence is insufficient for use of acustimulation in high blood pressure.
- A known side effect of acustimulation devices is slight skin irritation under the electrodes when the wristband is used. Switch wrists to prevent this from happening. Acustimulation devices should only be used on the designated area. Use cautiously with pacemakers. Avoid if the cause of medical symptoms is unknown. Keep acustimulation devices out of the reach of children.
- American hellebore: American hellebore is a plant native to the swampy areas and moist meadows of the eastern and western United States. Compounds found in American hellebore have been used to treat hypertension and pre-eclampsia, however other herbs and prescription drugs that can treat this condition have fewer toxic side effects. Additional study is needed in this area.
- Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to American hellebore, plants in the lily family (Liliaceae), or any related species of Veratrum. Use cautiously with cardiovascular disease, cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, or compromised kidney function. Use cautiously if taking drugs that are excreted by the kidneys, diuretics, asthma medications, or blood pressure medications. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- L-arginine: L-arginine, or arginine, is considered a semi-essential amino acid, because although it is normally synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body, supplementation is sometimes required. A small study suggests that arginine taken by mouth may dilate the arteries and temporarily reduce high blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Larger, high-quality studies are needed. Early study suggests that long-term supplementation with L-arginine may decrease blood pressure that is too high in pregnant women. Arginine may also improve fetal health and growth during pre-eclampsia. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
- L-arginine is generally safe in recommended dosages. Avoid with known allergy or hypersensitivity to arginine. Use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, high blood pressure, alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, or diabetes. Use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
- Ayurveda: Ayurveda is a form of natural medicine that originated in ancient India more than 5,000 years ago. Ayurveda is an integrated system of techniques that uses diet, herbs, exercise, meditation, yoga, and massage or bodywork to achieve optimal health on all levels. In India, Ayurveda involves the eight principal branches of medicine: pediatrics, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, geriatrics, otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat), general medicine, and surgery. Evidence indicates that Ayurveda's comprehensive purification and detoxification regime, known as panchakarma, in heart disease patients may lead to increased VIP (a vasodilator), acute reduction in total cholesterol, reduction in lipid peroxide (a measure of free radical damage), and a significant reduction in anxiety. Abana is a combination herbal and mineral formulation that has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for heart health. Early studies show that abana may be of benefit for high blood pressure. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
- Ayurvedic herbs can interact with other herbs, foods, and drugs. A qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before taking. Ayurvedic herbs should be used cautiously because they are potent and some constituents can be potentially toxic if taken in large amounts or for a long time. Some herbs imported from India have been reported to contain high levels of toxic metals. Avoid Ayurveda with traumatic injuries, acute pain, advanced disease stages, and medical conditions that require surgery.
- Beta glucan: Beta-glucan is a soluble fiber derived from the cell walls of algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants. It is commonly used for its cholesterol-lowering effects. A study found that the addition of oat cereals to the normal diet of patients with hypertension significantly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Soluble fiber-rich whole oats may be an effective dietary therapy in the prevention and adjunct treatment of hypertension.
- Beta-glucan has a Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status in the United States. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to beta-glucan. When taken by


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Etching Simulator ANETCH
Accurate modeling of pattern transfer by lithography followed by dry etching becomes increasingly important for microelectronic fabrication as feature sizes shrink and the geometry of active and passive devices significantly influences performance and reliability. Predictive simulation of etching profile evolution requires coupling of reactor-scale simulation with feature-scale simulation.
Our simulator ANETCH supports arbitrary 3D mask shapes as they can be obtained e.g. by 3D lithography simulation. ANETCH allows the simulation of reactive ion etching with different chemistries as well as of pure physical sputter etching.
In the following, our approach is demonstrated for sputter etching of silicon dioxide in an Ar plasma.
For sputter etching the etch rate is determined by the local flux of ions and the socalled sputter yield which is defined as the number of atoms sputtered per incident ion.The surface update is carried out in a sequence of steps in order to allow re-calculation of the local etch rates which vary with the changing geometry.
We consider an L-shaped trench which requires 3D treatment both in terms of particle transport modeling and surface representation. The initial geometry (Figure 1) has been obtained by lithography simulation. We used ion angular distributions (IAD) of Ar that have been obtained by equipment simulation for varying process conditions.
Figure 2 shows the simulation results for etching at 3 mTorr and 300 mTorr. In both cases, an etched depth of 0.4 µm for unshadowed positions has been specified. The underetching is more pronounced for the higher pressure which is due to the relatively higher number of ions with larger incident angles. Also the bottom shapes of the etched trenches differ due to the different IADs. For the IAD at 300 mTorr shadowing caused by the trench mask has a stronger effect than for the narrower distribution at 3 mTorr, thus leading to a reduced etch depth for the higher pressure.


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Processes the specified data mining object. For more information about processing mining models and mining structures, see Processing Requirements and Considerations (Data Mining).
If a mining structure is specified, the statement processes the mining structure and all its associated mining models. If a mining model is specified, the statement processes just the mining model.
INSERT INTO [MINING MODEL]|[MINING STRUCTURE] | ()
INSERT INTO [MINING MODEL]|[MINING STRUCTURE] |.COLUMN_VALUES ()
A model identifier.
A structure identifier.
mapped model columns
A comma-separated list of column identifiers and nested identifiers.
source data query
The source query in the provider-defined format.
If you do not specify MINING MODEL or MINING STRUCTURE, Analysis Services searches for the object type based on the name, and processes the correct object. If the server contains a mining structure and a mining model that have the same name, an error is returned.
By using the second syntax form, INSERT INTO .COLUMN_VALUES, you can insert data directly into the model columns without training the model. This method provides column data to the model in a concise, ordered manner that is useful when you work with datasets that contain hierarchies or ordered columns.
If you use INSERT INTO with a mining model or a mining structure, and leave off the and arguments, the statement behaves like ProcessDefault, using bindings that already exist. If bindings do not exist, the statement returns an error. For more information about ProcessDefault, see Processing Options and Settings (Analysis Services). The following example shows the syntax:
If you specify MINING MODEL and provide mapped columns and a source data query, the model and associated structure is processed.
The following table provides a description of the result of different forms of the statement, depending on the state of the objects.
State of objects
Mining structure is processed.
Mining model is processed.
Mining structure is unprocessed.
Mining model and mining structure are processed.
Mining structure contains additional mining models.
Process fails. You must reprocess the structure, and the associated mining models.
Mining structure is processed or unprocessed.
Mining structure and associated mining models are processed.
INSERT INTO MINING MODEL that contains a source query
INSERT INTO MINING STRUCTURE that contains a source query
Either the structure or the model already contains content.
Process fails. You must clear the objects before you perform this operation, by using DELETE (DMX).
Mapped Model Columns
By using the element, you can map the columns from the data source to the columns in your mining model. The element has the following form:
 | SKIP | ( | SKIP),...
By using SKIP, you can exclude certain columns that must exist in the source query, but that do not exist in the mining model. SKIP is useful when you do not have control over the columns that are included in the input rowset. If you are writing your own OPENQUERY, the better practice is to omit the column from the SELECT column list instead of using SKIP.
SKIP is also useful when a column from the input rowset is needed to perform a join, but the column is not used by the mining structure. A typical example of this is a mining structure and mining model that contain a nested table. The input rowset for this structure will have a foreign key column that is used to create a hierarchical rowset using the SHAPE clause, but the foreign key column is almost never used in the model.
The syntax for SKIP requires that you insert SKIP at the position of the individual column in the input rowset that has no corresponding mining structure column. For example, in the nested table example below, OrderNumber must be selected in the APPEND clause so that it can be used in the RELATE clause to specify the join; however, you do not want to insert the OrderNumber data into the nested table in the mining structure. Therefore, the example uses the SKIP keyword instead of OrderNumber in the INSERT INTO argument.
Source Data Query
The element can include the following data source types:
 - Any Analysis Services query that returns a rowset
For more information about data source types, see .
The following example uses OPENQUERY to train a Naive Bayes model based on the targeted mailing data in the AdventureWorksDW2012 database.
INSERT INTO NBSample (CustomerKey, Gender, [Number Cars Owned],
 [Bike Buyer])
OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'Select CustomerKey, Gender, [NumberCarsOwned], [BikeBuyer]
FROM [vTargetMail]')
The following example uses SHAPE to train an association mining model that contains a nested table. Note that the fist line contains SKIP instead OrderNumber, which is required in the SHAPE_APPEND statement but is not used in the mining model.
INSERT INTO MyAssociationModel
 ([OrderNumber],[Models] (SKIP, [Model])
 OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'SELECT OrderNumber
 FROM vAssocSeqOrders ORDER BY OrderNumber')
 {OPENQUERY([AdventureWorksDW2012],'SELECT OrderNumber, model FROM
 dbo.vAssocSeqLineItems ORDER BY OrderNumber, Model')}
 RELATE OrderNumber to OrderNumber)
AS [Models]
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Is the VAT increase regressive?
 - 4 January 2011
 - From the section Business
Shoppers pass a sign urging them to hurry and beat the VAT increase
Some may rush to save money, while others may feel they can afford to avoid the crowds
Labour maintains that the VAT rise to 20% hits the poorest families hardest.
Yet the Chancellor, George Osborne, told the BBC on Tuesday that he thinks targeting VAT is more "progressive" than increasing income tax or National Insurance.
A progressive tax is one that places the biggest burden on those most able to pay. A regressive tax does the opposite.
So who is right?
Mixed messages
Treasury data shows that the UK households that spend the most also tend to have their incomes harder hit by the VAT rise than the lowest-spending households.
This would appear to support the Chancellor's claim.
However, when economists consider how "progressive" or "regressive" a tax is, they typically look at the distribution of the tax burden based on household income, not household spending.
This is exactly what the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) did last year to coincide with Mr Osborne's emergency budget.
And the data here tells exactly the opposite story: those at the bottom of the income scale - particularly the bottom 10% - would be hurt much more by the VAT rise than those at the top.
How can this be?
Borrowing and saving
An important reason is that low earners have to spend a much bigger share of their income than high earners in order to meet their basic needs.
To put it another way, top earners typically have much more of their annual income left over after they have bought everything they need or want.
In contrast, many poorer families ran down their savings - or even borrowed money - in order to maintain their spending levels during the recession.
Indeed, in a recent survey of household finances, the Bank of England expressed concerns about the growing burden of unsecured debt for many households.
So presumably this means the tax is regressive - low earners spend more of their income and so end up paying disproportionately more VAT, right?
Defining the poor
Not necessarily.
The IFS questions whether this traditional incomes-based approach is accurate.
They point out that a lot of low income households do not meet most people's definition of "poor".
The bottom 10% of earners includes pensioners living off their savings, wealthy individuals without a job, or those with volatile incomes who had a fallow year.
For this reason, the Chancellor may be right that we should look at how much people spend - rather than what they earn - as a more accurate measure of their financial position.
So why do higher spenders pay proportionately more VAT?
Bare necessities
Partly it is to do with what they spend their money on.
Many basic items, such as food and children's clothing, are not subject to VAT, while household energy bills are taxed at a lower 5% rate - and that lower rate is not being raised.
Lower-spending - and lower-income - families are likely to spend a bigger share of their money on these basic items, so VAT tends to be a smaller percentage of their household bills.
Moreover, households facing tighter finances might be expected to spend less on high-VAT items such as a new car or new furniture, cushioning the blow.
Nonetheless, some items that households may deem essential are taxed at the standard rate, which has just risen - notably petrol, which was also hit by a New Year rise in fuel duty.
Hey big spender
All this sounds reasonably progressive.
But there could also be something else going on in the data, because a lot of spending can be quite lumpy.
A "big spender" in one year may be someone who has just moved into a new home and bought a lot of furniture and other big ticket items.
Or it could be someone who has just bought a new car on credit to last the next 10 years.
This person would show up towards the higher end of the spending scale, even though they may not earn much, and in other years they would not spend so much.
And all of those big one-off purchases would have been subject to VAT, meaning this person would be hard-hit by the VAT rise.
Some may say these arguments are a bit academic and ignore Mr Osborne's point that VAT is more progressive compared with other possible revenue-raising options.
Labour's claim of unfairness is questioned by Adrian Houstoun, from the chartered accountancy firm Kingston Smith.
"If we weren't to raise this amount of money from the VAT rise, it would have to be from something like National Insurance," he says.
He notes that - unlike with National Insurance, which is levied on people's incomes - households can reduce their VAT bill, because they have a small degree of flexibility over what they spend their money on.
Moreover, the way in which National Insurance is levied may be considered more regressive than VAT.
Employees' National Insurance Contributions drop from 11% of earnings to only 1% above a threshold of just under £44,000 - meaning top earners pay a lower all-in rate.
Contrast that with VAT, where everyone pays the same tax rate for the same items.
Yet the government already plans to increase National Insurance from this April, and is doing it in a way that makes it less regressive - by raising the rates to 12% and 2%.
Moreover, the government did have another more unambiguously progressive option, which was to raise more money through income tax.
Income tax bands and allowances are specifically designed to ensure the poorest pay least.
More on this story
Related Internet links
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text:
is a functional group
consisting of oxygen
It has a charge (oxidation number) of -1 unit.
The term hydroxyl group is used when the functional group -OH is counted as a substituent of an organic compound. Organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are known as alcohols.
Hydroxide is one of the simplest of the polyatomic ions.
a general term for any salt containing stoichiometric amounts of this polyatomic ion.


text:
What is Vacuole and its Function
Vacuole and its Function
In plant cell a big vacuole is present in the center of the cell. And in animal cell many small vacuoles are present in cytoplasm.
Plant vacuole is in the shape of large structure while animal vacuoles are oval in shape.
- i) Main function of vacuole is excretion of waste materials from cell.
- ii) In lower organisms food vacuole serves the process of digestion.
Note: At the same time, the specialties of the economic profile are very diverse and radically different from each other: Chartered economists are engaged in analyzing the current state of the system and predict changes in it. In addition, people who are seriously engaged in this science should be able to investigate the behavior of a person and understand the motives for such behavior – assuming that a person wants, they will find out what will be actual in the near future, what will be in demand, and what areas are expected to decline. Recently, business information technology has become increasingly popular and in demand – it is the science of designing, developing and applying information and communication systems in business. In today's world, where knowledge of computer systems and the experience with programs are solving much, a specialty is very useful, which presupposes not only training in economics and management, but also information technologies.


text:
Recently, I felt I needed to improve my knowledge about perspective projection matrix and depth buffer, so I think a good idea is to write some posts explaining the doubts I had and the sources I read to evacuate them. This could be useful for others and a good reference for me.
I am a DirectX user, so all I will describe here is related to that API. OpenGL/Vulkan is similar, but I am not going to mention/explain them.
The main motivation to revisit my perspective projection matrix and depth buffer knowledge were because I could not accomplish SSAO in my little DirectX12 rendering engine. I tried and tried, and I got some ideas from some great tutorials from Frank Luna and John Chapman, but unluckily my implementation did not work properly. My friend Pablo Zurita suggested me to think about the problem without taking into account any tutorials or something related to it. Instead, he motivated me to try to solve the problem with my own solution no matter if it is optimal or not. I decided to follow his advice, and that is why I wanted to improve/fix my knowledge about perspective projection matrix and depth buffer, before continuing with SSAO.
"How can I find the pixel space coordinates of a 3D point"?
First of all, we have a point Po = (Xo, Yo, Zo, 1.0f) in Object / Local / Model space coordinates. We transform the point from its original space to World Space using a matrix called World Space matrix (W, for short). This is a transformation from (R, R, R, 1.0) to (R, R, R, 1.0) where R is the real number space.
Pw = Po * W = (Xw, Yw, Zw, 1.0)
Second, we need to transform the point Pw to the coordinate system of the camera. Again, we need to use a matrix called Eye / View / Camera Space matrix (V). This is a transformation from (R, R, R, 1.0) to (R, R, R, 1.0).
Pv = Pw * V = (Xv, Yv, Zv, 1.0)
We use a left-handed coordinate system, so the View Space Coordinate System has the following properties:
- Camera is at (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
- Forward vector is +z = (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
- Up vector is +y = (0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
- Side vector is +x = (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Next, we need to transform the point Pv to Homogeneous Clip Space coordinates. This is accomplished by multiplying the point by the Perspective Projection matrix (P). This is a transformation from (R, R, R, 1.0) to (R, R, R, R).
Ph = Pv * P = (Xh, Yh, Zh, Wh)
After this transformation, the viewport clipping and culling is performed (we need to check if the point is inside the viewing frustum). As described in a Fabian Giesen's post, the point Ph will not be clipped if the following conditions are accomplished
- -Wh <= Xh <= Wh
- -Wh <= Yh <= Wh
- 0.0 <= Zh <= Wh
- 0.0 < Wh
Next, we need to transform the point Ph to the Normalized Device Coordinates space or NDC for short. This is accomplished by dividing each Ph coordinate by Wh. This is frequently called the perspective division. This is a transformation from (R, R, R, R) to [-1.0, 1.0] x [-1.0 x 1.0] x [0.0, 1.0] x 1.0.
Pndc = Ph / Wh = (Xh / Wh, Yh / Wh, Zh / Wh, Wh / Wh)
No matter what dimensions our view window has, the persective projection and subsequent perspective division, always transform from (R, R, R, R) to [-1.0, 1.0] x [-1.0 x 1.0] x [0.0, 1.0] x 1.0. This "magic" is encapsulated in the perspective projection matrix generation that will be explained in another post.
Why do we need to perform View Space transformation before Perspective Projection transformation? Why cannot we use World Space transformation directly?
You can answer this question by reading Model Space, World Space, View Space section of CodingLabs article or Of the Importance of Converting Points to Camera Space of ScratchAPixel article. In summary, the math simplifies a lot if we have the camera centered at the origin and watching down one of the three axes.
Why is Wndc always 1.o?
Wh / Wh is 1.0 if Wh!= 0.0. We will not have Wh = 0.0 at this time because it is discarded by the viewport clipping and culling step.
Why clipping is not performed here, and it is done with the previous transformation (Ph)?
After some research, I found the next GameDev.StackExchange post that answers this question:
Why does DirectX's Zndc go from 0.0 to 1.0 instead of going from -1.0 to 1.0 as OpenGL?
That was another question I had, I thought OpenGL approach was more intuitive, more "symmetric," but after some research, I found an excellent Outerra article that explains why it is better the DirectX approach in its "DirectX vs OpenGL" section. I am not going to quote its explanation here because it is long and you need to read part of the article first, so please go and read that article.
How do clip space and NDC space look like? Are they cubic?
It depends on the API you are using. In DirectX the Z coordinate in NDC space ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, while it ranges from -1.0 to 1.0 in OpenGL. So NDC space is cubic in OpenGL, but it is not in DirectX.
You can see in the following picture, the transformation from View Space to NDC Space (perspective projection transformation + NDC transformation) in DirectX.
Finally, we need to transform the point Pndc to Pixel / Viewport Coordinates space. You can see this new space and its relationship with NDC space in the following picture extracted from MSDN documentation
Xp = (Xndc + 1.0) * ScreenWidth * 0.5 + ScreenTopLeftX
Yp = (1.0 – Yndc) * ScreenHeight * 0.5 + ScreenTopLeftY
Zp = MinDepth + Zndc * (MaxDepth – MinDepth)
Typically, if you use all the screen, top left x and y will be zero. This is a transformation from (R, R, R, 1.0) to (Z+, Z+, R) where Z+ are the non-negative integers space. Note we can discard w coordinate because it is not used anymore here, and note we use non-negative integers for x and y coordinates because they are pixel integer locations. Pixel centers are offset by (0.5,0.5) from integer locations.
Ok, I understood the big picture of all this, but why is a 3D point represented as (x, y, z, 1.0)?
A point in 3D can be represented by (x, y,z). If we have a point representation in n-dimensional space, then we can represent the same point in a (n+1)-dimensional space by scaling the original coordinates by a single value and then adding the scalar to the end as our final coordinate:
(X0, …, Xn-1) —> (kX0, …, kXn-1, k)
This new space is called real projective space or homogeneous space.
A 2D point is represented by (x, y). Let's examine the point (x, y, 1) = (1.0, 0.8, 1.0)
For all points that are not in the plane w = 1, we can compute the corresponding 2D point by projecting the point onto the plane w = 1, by dividing by w. So the homogeneous coordinate (x, y, w) is mapped to the point (x / w, y / w).There are an infinite number of corresponding points in homogeneous space (kx, ky, k) with k!= 0.0. In particular, k = 2.5 gives (x, y, w) = (2.5, 2.0, 2.5), as you can see in the previous image.
When w is 0.0, there is no corresponding point in 2D space (the division is undefined). We can interpret this situation as a "point at infinity." This is considered a direction (vector) rather than a location (point). The difference between two points A and B having a w coordinate of 1.0 results in a direction vector B – A having a w coordinate of 0.0. This makes sense because B – A represents the direction pointing from A to B (not affected by translation).
The same concept applies to 3


Thursday, 3 July 2014
England, the World Cup, and lesson learning
Another World Cup, another disappointing early exit for England, another set of pundits talking about lessons and learning, and another nagging feeling that lessons won't get learned.
 Jordan Henderson commenting that "I'm sure the young lads will learn from that (experience) and it will make them stronger and better.
Chris Waddle saying "England don't learn lessons.... we were very naive in how we performed"
A more sober view of lesson learning comes from the South African paper "The Province" that points out that after the defeat in the previous world cup, the paper suggested 10 things England Football must do in order to improve, of which only three were adopted. In other words, lessons were identified, but few changes made, so the lessons were never learned.
Lesson learning does not just require the individual players to gain experience and become less naive, it requires the whole system to change as a result of the lessons - the tactics, the strategies, the football organisations the way the sport is taught in schools, the way coaches and managers are developed, the way players are allowed to rest, and so on.
Learning is not just for individuals, it is for the whole system, and this is something England may be failing to so.
Learning trumps skill
As this blog has already pointed out, there is a tendency in England to see football as an issue of individual skills and instincts, rather than something that needs to be thought about. This could well be a big issue.
As The Province says
"Some footballers need to appreciate that football is a cerebral activity as much as a physical one.... England's usual routine after tournament defeat is for manager and players to return home chastened, some of them chased by photographers, enduring a few days' discomfort before they disappear on holiday, are pictured smiling on sunloungers, the intense domestic season bounds into view and the World Cup disaster is largely forgotten. Life goes on. Yet they need to reflect on their failings here. This applies to the manager..... Even such an experienced manager (as Hodgson) can still learn, particularly with tactics changing".
There is no doubt that England has skilled players, but in a changing world, skill is not enough. Skill can be trumped by Learning, and the ideal is a combination of the two - a learning organisation comprised of skilled individuals.
What does this have to do with the world of work?
Working with clients, we often hear people say things like "Selling is a matter of instincts. You can't teach selling - you have to be born with it.....We just put our most experienced people on the team - we don't need lesson learning".
That is the equivalent of saying "football is about instinct, not learning". If your goal is to win - to win the contract or to win the world cup - they you need skills AND learning. And if you lose the contract, then instead of "enduring a few days' discomfort before they disappear on holiday", the failed team need to sit down together, conduct their Retrospect, analyse the reasons for the failure (both personal and systemic reasons) and put in place the actions that will fix those reasons.
Only then will you be in a better position to win the next big match, whether it is a World Cup pool match, or a million dollar contract.
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text:
public interface ApertureProcessor
Abstract aperture matrix processor: an algorithm, processing a group of
n-dimensional matrices and returning a group of resulting matrices,
where the value of every element of every resulting matrix depends only on
the elements of the source matrices in some aperture "around" the same position.
This aperture should be a subset of some rectangular area (
this area (possibly different for different source matrices) is called a dependence aperture
of the aperture processor. All matrices must have same dimensions.
This interface is used, for example, together with
Below is more precise formal definition of the aperture matrix processors. All classes, implementing this interface, should comply this definition.
The main method of this interface,
works with some group of
AlgART matrices Mi, i∈Q,
called the arguments or source matrices,
and a group of another AlgART matrices M'j, j∈R,
called the results or resulting matrices.
Here the indexes i and j (elements of the index sets Q and R)
can be objects of any nature and should be represented by Java objects of the generic type K —
the generic argument of this interface (for example, Integer or String).
The indexes of arguments and results are also called their keys.
The group of the source arguments and the group of results are represented by java.util.Map,
more precisely, by a generic type
The group destof resulting matrices M'j can be passed to
process method, or can be formed by this method dynamically
(an empty map dest can be passed in this case),
or it is possible that a part of resulting matrices is passed in dest while calling the method
and other resulting matrices are added to dest map by the method itself.
In all comments, the designations M'j
and R means the group (dest) and the index set (dest.keySet()) of resulting matrices
after the call of
Some of the resulting matrices M'j (but not the source arguments),
process method, may be null —
it means that
process method must create them itself.
(And it also may create some additional matrices M'j, not contained
in dest while calling this method.)
All non-null resulting matrices M'j, passed to the method in dest
argument, must be updatable, i.e. their
The dimensions of all source and non-null resulting matrices must be the same:
Matrix.dimEquals(Matrix) method must return true for any pair of them.
The sets of indexes of arguments Q and results R, as well as the dimensions of matrices,
may vary for different calls of
(Even the number of dimensions n may vary, but it is a rarer situation.)
Degenerated cases Q=∅ (no arguments) and R=∅ (no results) are allowed.
If Q=∅ (no matrices are passed in src map) and
the dest map, passed to
either is empty or contains only null matrices,
process method usually does nothing.
comments to that method for additional details.
For each source argument Mi this aperture processor defines
the corresponding dependence aperture Ai: a rectangular set of
integer points, represented by
IRectangularArea class and returned by
dependenceAperture method for the same processor.
The goal of the main
process method is
to fill elements of the resulting matrices M'j
(usually all elements of all M'j, j∈R) on the base
of the elements of the source matrices Mi.
There should be a guarantee, that every element of any resulting n-dimensional matrix
M'j with coordinates
x+a = x0+a0, x1+a1,..., xn−1+an−1,
In many cases, it is convenient to use
DependenceApertureBuilder class to create
dependence apertures for an aperture processor.
If this rule is violated, for example, if the aperture, returned by
dependenceAperture method, is too little (the results depend on elements
outside this aperture), then
process method still works,
but the results of processing can be incorrect.
If the aperture, returned by
dependenceAperture method, is too large
(the results do not depend on most of elements in the aperture),
process method still works and the results are correct,
but excessively large aperture sizes can slow down the calculations.
process method fills all resulting matrices.
But if some of the resulting matrices M'j, passed via dest map
while calling this method, is null, then it must be automatically created.
Moreover, if some of the resulting matrices M'j was not null
while calling this method, the method still may create new matrix for this key (index) j
and store it in dest map instead of the original matrix.
In addition, this method may create (and store in dest map) some new resulting matrices
with new keys (indexes), which were not contained in dest while calling the method.
But here must be the following guarantee: the set of indexes j of the resulting matrix
M'j, created and stored in dest map by this method in addition to
existing key/value pairs in dest map,
cannot vary for different calls of
method of the same instance of the processor.
process method allocates some resulting matrix,
then all these matrices must be created with the same dimensions as all the source and non-null resulting
matrices, passed to the method.
The type of elements of the newly created matrix is selected by some rules, depending on the implementation.
Typical example — it is selected to be equal to the element type of some source matrices.
But here must be the following guarantee: the element type of the resulting matrix M'j
with the given index j cannot vary for different calls of
method of the same processor, if the element types of all source matrices Mi
do not vary while these calls. In other words, a concrete instance of the processor may
select the element type of newly created matrices only on the base of the element types of the arguments,
but not, for example, on the base of the matrix dimensions.
AlgART Laboratory 2007–2014
|Modifier and Type||Method and Description|
Returns the dependence aperture Ai for the source matrix Mi with the given index i=srcMatrixKey.
Main method of the aperture processor, that performs processing the source matrices src with saving results in the resulting matrices dest.
comments to ApertureProcessorfor more details.
Note 1: some of the source matrices may be references to the same object (src.get(i)==src.get(j)) — such situations must be processed correctly by this method.
Note 2: this method must not modify src map and the source matrices, contained in this map.
Note 3: this method must not remove key/value pairs from dest map (but may add new resulting matrices).
Note 4: if some resulting matrix M'j, passed in dest map as dest.get(j), is null while calling this method, it must be automatically created and stored back in dest map for the same key (index) j. (Besides this, this method may create and store in dest another additional resulting matrices with another indexes.)
Note 5: if this method creates some resulting matrices itself, then dest map should be mutable. The created resulting matrices are saved in this map by dest.put(K,...) call.
Note 6: if this method stores some resulting matrices it dest map, they must have the same dimensions as all matrices, passed in src and dest maps while calling the method. This method must not store null values in dest map.
Note 7: resulting matrices, created by this method instead of null values in dest map
or in addition to the existing matrices in dest map,
may be not updatable, i.e. it is possible that their
built-in arrays will not
The simplest example: the algorithm may return, as a result (saved in dest),
some lazy view of one of the source matrices src.get(i)
or even just a reference to a source matrix src.get(i).
(But if this object is a tiled processors, returned by
TiledApertureProcessorFactory.tile(ApertureProcessor) method, then it is impossible:
in this case, all resulting matrices, created by this method and stored in
dest map, are always updatable, and their
Note 8: unlike this, all non-null values, present in dest map while calling this method, must be updatable — because this method may need to store results in them. It is true even if this method does not use the old non-null values M'j and replace them with newly created matrices — even in this case the method may check, that they are not updatable, and throw an exception if so.
Note 9: the sets of indexes of arguments Q and results R,
as well as the dimensions of matrices, may vary for different calls of this method.
(Even the number of dimensions may vary in some implementations, but it is a rarer situation.
The tiled processors, returned by
work only with a fixed number of dimensions, equal to
Note 10: degenerated cases Q=∅ (src.isEmpty(): no arguments) and
R=∅ (dest.isEmpty(): no results) are allowed.
If Q=R=∅, as well as if Q=∅ and
the dest map, passed to this method,
either is empty or contains only null matrices,
then this method usually does nothing —
it is really true for the tiled processors, returned by
but it is not a strict requirement for other implementations.
destthe resulting matrices: the result M'j will be the value dest.get(j) of this map after calling this method.
srcthe source arguments: the argument Mi is the value src.get(i) of this map.
java.lang.NullPointerExceptionif dest or src


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Examples of disparagement[edit]
In 1999, the TTAB issued a decision in which the trademark of the Washington Redskins football team was canceled under this provision, based on the claim that the name Redskins was disparaging to Native Americans.[2] On appeal to the federal district court and then to circuit court, the TTAB's decision was reversed in 2005 in Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo[3] as the laches defense as applied to the particular plaintiffs who brought the complaint was not considered. However, this case was ultimately dismissed when remanded to the District Court.
The PTO uses a two-step test to determine whether a mark is disparaging to a group of people:[2]
Whether a mark involves an identifiable group involves consideration of:[2]
 1. The dictionary definition of the term;
 4. How the mark will appear in the marketplace.
Registration of terms that are historically considered disparaging has been allowed in some circumstances. Self-disparaging trademarks have been allowed where the applicant has shown that the mark as-used is not considered by the relevant group to be disparaging.[4] One example of a registered mark with a self-disparaging term is Dykes on Bikes.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ 15 U.S.C. § 1052.
 2. ^ a b c d Harjo v. Pro-Football, Inc., 50 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1705 (TTAB 1999).
 4. ^ a b Anten, Todd (2006), "Self-Disparaging Trademarks and Social Change: Factoring the Reappropriation of Slurs into Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act" (PDF), Columbia Law Review 106: 338, retrieved 2007-07-12
External links[edit]


text:
An Open-Source Collection of 200+ Algorithmic Flash Cards to Help you Preparing your Algorithm & Data Structure Interview 💯
Algo Deck is an open-source collection of 200+ algorithmic flash cards.
It helps you preparing and succeeding in your algorithm & data structure interview. The code examples are in Java.
The topics covered are the following:
- Array: reversing an array, finding a pivot, handling a dynamic array, etc.
- Bit: operators, bit manipulation, etc. - Complexity: algorithm & data structures complexity - Dynamic Programming: dynamic programming concept - Encoding: encoding theory - General: general knowledge including how to approach a problem or testing a first solution - Graph: A*, Dijkstra, BFS vs DFS, cycles detection, topological sort, etc. - Greedy: greedy algorithms concepts - Hash Table: hashtable data structure - Heap: heap data structure including min-heap/max heap, binary heap use cases, etc. - Linked List: linked list data structure, how to get the middle element, iterate over two lists, doubly linked list, etc. - Math: discrete math - Queue: queue data structure - Recursion: recursion concepts - Sort: sort algorithms including concepts, complexity, use cases, etc. - Stack: stack data structure - String: string permutation, rotation, rabin-karp substring search, etc. - Technique: most important techniques to master to solve algorithmic problems including greedy techniques, runner, sliding window, etc. - Tree: binary tree use cases, binary search tree, 2-3 tree, red-black tree, use cases, etc.
Anki is a free software (Windows/Mac/Linux/iPhone/Android) which makes remembering things easy. It utilizes spaced repetition which is a proven technique to increase the rate of memorization:
Spaced Repetition: The most powerful study technique on YouTube
The single biggest change that Anki brings about is that it means memory is no longer a haphazard event, to be left to chance. Rather, it guarantees I will remember something, with minimal effort. That is, Anki makes memory a choice.
Michael A. Nielsen, "Augmenting Long-term Memory"
Using Anki is a great way to prepare your algorithm & data structure interview. Here is a flashcard example:
The Anki version (a clone of the +200 flashcards from this repo) is available for $14.99:


text:
Justice – Advancing access to justice, human rights and the rule of law
The Justice Student Human Rights Network is an isl eum feugiat molestie eum at illum odio, enim laoreet. Delenit iusto, luptatum te duis molestie, veniam blandit et, duis eum, ut dolore innit est.
The parole system of England and Wales
What is parole?
'Parole', a word originally meaning 'word of honour', is used in modern-day England and Wales to describe the release of a prisoner on licence by the Parole Board while his or her sentence is still ongoing. 'Conditional' release occurs in circumstances where the sentence is still ongoing and the prisoner can be recalled to prison if licence conditions are broken or if he or she commits a further offence. The decision to release 'lifers' (prisoners serving life sentences) and indeterminate sentence prisoners (those serving sentences of imprisonment for public protection or detention for public protection under ss225-226 Criminal Justice Act 2003) is always taken by the Parole Board. 'Determinate' or fixed-term prisoners sentenced today will be released automatically halfway through their sentence under the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act (CJIA) 2008 (ie those given an eight-year sentence will automatically be released after four years). The Parole Board takes decisions as to the release of certain prisoners sentenced to fixed-term sentences before the 2008 Act came into force.
What is the Parole Board?
The Parole Board was set up in 1967 to advise the Home Secretary, who was then responsible for the release of prisoners on licence and their recall to prison. Offender management is now the responsibility of the Ministry of Justice. Since 1967 the Parole Board has been transformed from an advisory body, which usually made decisions 'on the papers' about a prisoner, and which did not have the final say as to release, to a judicial body determining the length of time that a large number of prisoners will spend in custody. It holds a large number of oral hearings at which prisoners are present and legally represented, although some decisions are still made 'on the papers', sometimes by a single member of the Board. The vast majority of Board members are part-time. They include judges; psychiatrists; psychologists; probation officers; and independent lay members. The Board has the status of an executive non-departmental public body (NDPB). This means that although it receives its funding from central government (the Ministry of Justice) its day-to-day operations are independent from the Ministry. However, importantly, the Secretary of State for Justice appoints members of the Parole Board and is able to issue guidance to the Board about how it should make its decisions.
Why is parole a human rights issue?
As can be seen from the description above, the parole system of England and Wales is now determining the length of time spent in custody by a large number of prisoners. As well as those serving life sentences and older determinate sentences, there is a growing number of 'indeterminate sentence' prisoners sentenced under the 'dangerous offenders' provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The sentence of imprisonment for public protection (IPP) under s226 of this Act has been enthusiastically taken up by sentencers - so much so that the government had to limit its application in the CJIA 2008. Under this sentence the length of time spent in prison is indefinite; after the minimum custodial term or 'tariff' set by the judge expires, the prisoner can only be released if the Parole Board determines that the risk they pose to the public has been sufficiently reduced to do so. They are therefore entitled to regular reviews by the Parole Board of their case.
The Parole Board's decisions therefore determine the liberty or continued incarceration of the individual and therefore directly engage the right to liberty under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights. Article 5 includes certain procedural rights in Article 5(4), which states that:
Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.
The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and more recently, of domestic courts under the Human Rights Act 1998, has resulted in major changes to the parole system in England and Wales. These are focused in three areas: the need for the Board to be independent; the need for prisoners to be afforded procedural rights, including oral hearings; and the need to avoid excessive delay in considering cases.
Why is parole topical at the moment?
The Ministry of Justice is currently consulting on the future of the Parole Board. Options include, amongst others, making it officially a court - part of HM Courts Service - and making it a Tribunal, part of the Tribunals Service. Either option would render the Parole Board a wholly independent, judicial body. There are advantages and disadvantages as to both - one key advantage of the Tribunals Service is that while courts are comprised of judges and/or lay people, tribunals - for example in areas such as mental health - are often multi-disciplinary (judges/lawyers sit with other experts). This would mirror current Parole Board practice and is most suitable for making decisions as to the risk presented by an offender.
What does JUSTICE think?
JUSTICE believes that the current status of the Parole Board is incompatible with the idea of an independent judicial body making independent decisions about the release of prisoners without government influence. We believe that the Parole Board should become a Parole Tribunal - part of the Tribunals Service. The Secretary of State should not issue guidance to the new tribunal and should not appoint its members - they should be appointed by an independent body such as the Judicial Appointments Commission. We also believe that the Tribunal should have the powers and resources that it needs to make timely and informed decisions as to release, and to afford full procedural rights to prisoners, avoiding the use of 'on the papers' decisions.
However, in addition to reform of the parole system we believe that the category of indeterminate sentences for public protection (IPP) and detention for public protection (which, shockingly, applies to children and young people under 18) should be abolished. These sentences have created undue pressure on the parole system and the prisons service, and have serious psychological impact upon offenders. Life sentences should be reserved for sexual and violent offenders who have committed very serious crimes. Where a life sentence cannot be justified, indeterminate sentences are not justified either.
In October 2009 JUSTICE published A New Parole System for England and Wales. This report is the culmination of a research project led by Tia Sedley. JUSTICE is grateful to the Nuffield Foundation for funding the research project and report.


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Expressions are a vital piece of information that can tell you how a person is feeling, what they want to emphasize, and how they want you to react to them in return. A great deal of information and experience can be gleaned from observing people. Your best examples will be people who are relaxed and comfortable sharing expressions with you. Translating these details to paper takes a matter of perspective and a few tips. Once you know the basics, the rest of the drawing is just practice.
Have these tools handy:
Practice pad of paper (this can be anything from printer paper to professional sketching paper)
Music, ambient noise, scented candles, or silence—whatever helps you stay relaxed and focused.
Set yourself up at a place where you will be comfortable and that has a hard, flat surface, such as a table or a desk. Also make sure to give yourself adequate lighting. Once you're comfortable, you're ready to begin.


Home»How hunting calls work
How hunting calls work
Elk Calls
How do hunting calls work?
Our knowledge comes from years of hunting with every conceivable kind of call. We were always searching for something better. From sticky reeds to hard to use calls we tried em all. For Elk, Deer, Turkeys and more we have always preferred to call them. There is just something about using a game call to lure your quarry. An in-depth and broad reaching subject. Understanding how hunting calls work could fill a book.
We set out to make something that solved all problems in our Reel design. Once we came up with what we thought was an original design that does exactly that. We had to prove it and that brought us to a long patent process. We have read many patents from the last 200 years. On everything from toy noise makers to game calls that are currently popular.
With having read so many patents for game calls. We understand the inner works of what generates the sound and makes your hunting calls work. While we were writing and going through the patent process. As well as years of spending every free second calling game. We have an intimate knowledge of how these devices work.
How do hunting calls work? It is a broad question but it is surprisingly a narrow subject.
Many hunting calls for different species are similar. The mechanisms for generating sound are adaptable. They can be adjusted to imitate multiple species. What makes hunting calls work for one species can make them work for another.
From duck calls to deer calls, turkey calls to elk calls, and so on. How do calls work? We will run through how some of the more popular designs function. We will go into depth on what makes hunting calls work.
Turkey call photo
Turkey call
How do mouth reeds work?
The current mouth reed design uses a small aluminum frame that is shaped like an oval. It is bent into a semi circle around a flat flexible membrane. Leaving the edge of the latex between the bottom of the arch that is formed exposed. The exposed taught edge vibrates when air is blown off the plane of the membrane and over its free edge.
Currently latex is the most popular membrane material. There can be one or multiple membranes stacked so one slightly overhangs. Or sometimes just stacked vertically. There are many different ways to install the membranes or reeds.
Tape is then used to make the call block the airflow. A piece of tape in the original shape of the aluminum is folded around the frame. The call looks roughly the same shape as the bite of your mouth. Think a sharkbite out of a surfboard, with tape covering everything but the reed. The structure that makes these hunting calls work is simple.
How to use mouth reeds
The reed call is placed in the roof of the mouth with the reed facing the teeth. The user uses their tongue to direct the airflow under the reed. A combination of airflow control and tongue pressure controls the volume and pitch.
Due to the stretch of the reed they are easier to use with a higher volume of air. The start up velocity of the reed makes low volume sounds more difficult.
They can be cut in a myriad of geometrical fashions on the exposed edge of the upper reed. This allows the vibration pitch to lower as the reed vibrates slower. Combining this with a uncut reed or several allows multiple pitches to be played.
The uncut reed vibrates at the high rate underneath the overhanging upper one. A dampening reed can be added to make the sound more realistic.
These cut multiple reed calls were popularized for Turkey hunting originally. They make the high to low yelps of a hen turkey. With their multiple reeds providing excellent high front end and raspy back end notes.
An uncut single or double stacked reed produces a higher pitch. It is easier to use than a cut reed and many people learn with uncut reeds. They are excellent for hunting falls turkeys. They can also be used for other animals… mainly Elk
elk call
Elk Reel Call
How do mouth calls work for Elk calling?
At some point someone realized that they could be adapted to Elk Calls. We researched the subject and the history is vague. Some of what we could find mentions Wayne Carlton of Montrose Colorado popularizing their use.
We will publish a follow up article on this page someday perhaps on an in depth history of elk Calling. We are excited to do some real fact finding on the subject.
However what was once a latex turkey call can be taken by a skilled user and made to make Elk vocalizations. In the early 80s this became increasingly popular to use and many hunting call companies quickly caught on.
Rocky Jacobson popularized a palate plate configuration in the early 90's that adds some control to the call. He sold his patent application to Will Primos back then. The two have been making them ever since with their respective companies.
The palate plate is a structure that sits up above the reed. Whether a metal tab that bends up from the aluminum frame. Or a dome structure that spans above the aluminum frame.
The palate plate or dome over the reed keeps it from stretching too far. It limits the user to only reaching a high note of a certain pitch. The reed stretches with the tongue being placed up on it and the pressure being increased. The vibrational rate increases as more pressure is applied so the pitch elevates.
A single reed or double reed configuration with the upper reed extended beyond the lower are popular. They can be used with a grunt tube to change the pitch and amplify the sound effects the user is making. Especially when Bugling. All shapes and sizes of tubes have been tried over the years.
Bugling with a mouth call
A bull Elk is a massive animal, weighing up to 1000 pounds. They have a deep guttural sound they make due to the size of their lungs and the long windpipe and mouth. The bugle or grunt tube helps mimic this.
Though when a herd bull elk shakes the forest around you with a thunderous challenge bugle. He leaves little doubt that it is not a sound made by a man. We are sure there are some world champion elk callers that will not agree. So be it, not everyone will agree on anything.
This fact alone is why we choose to be more lovers than fighters when elk calling. In our part of hard hunted OTC territory here in colorado at least. Our reel calls allow you to sound so spot on like a cow or calf elk and that also influences our approach.
We do bugle sometimes to get a long distance response. Or if we are close enough to see the bull in heavy timber for example. We do this when we want him to think another bull is in between him and the low volume chirps we've made. Our calls allow you to call super quietly to make him think his cows are further away.
The only other time we bugle is to pretend we are a couple of juvenile bulls. As in just a herd hanging out in a happy herd scenario. However if they will respond to you just making cow and calf vocalizations probably don't bugle.
Opinions on how good we bugle vary
Why? Give the elk the most realistic sounds we think and humans just do a better female elk. Some people may argue and some people love to bugle, and if it works for you then keep dropping em! We know plenty of guys that bugle in bulls so it is just a matter of personal preference.
It is just the fact we don't weigh 800 pounds coupled with our personal experience. We have spent an awful lot of time on OTC public land and hear more fake bugles every year than you can imagine.
The user of an Elk mouth reed uses a lot more tongue pressure to control the call than a turkey mouth call user. Long airflow notes with sliding pressure changes and voice inflection are more common.
A user takes a deep breath and starts with a grr sound then works the call adding pressure from below an increase in air and cuts the voice inflection. The note soars as pressure is applied and it and increased airflow increases the vibrational rate of the reed. The pitch drops as the user reduces pressure. To end the note you can add a growling grunt.
It takes skill to bugle with a mouth reed. Trying to sound like the king of the forest with a mouth call takes real skill and years of practice.
The abrupt air flow cut offs of a Turkey hen cutting for example don't come into play with elk talk. The practice of calling turkeys helps one to adapt to Elk calling. And vice versa though it is not as common as going from turkeys to elk.
Hard to use and fragile design
All mouth reed calls we have come across take skill by the user. They are not very durable, the metal gets easily bent, the reed wears out quickly. Putting a tape wrapped metal frame with organic latex rubber in your mouth speeds their demise.
The saliva in your mouth contains pre-digestive juices. Washing your mouth calls with clean water and carefully storing them helps. If there are multiple reeds drying them with toothpicks in between the reeds is a good plan.
Plan on going through and replacing your mouth reed calls. They are relatively cheap but you'll buy a few a few times every spring and fall every year. They seem to stretch and get out of tune relatively fast. We quickly recognized they are not as economical as they seem. It was one of the issues we took into account when designing our current and future calls.
Our current Reel calls have non organic reeds that have been proven to last for


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Both Sides Now
Complementarity & Generative Trance
Gilligan on Generative Trance
The great quantum physicist, Neils Bohr, used to say that there are two types of truth. In the shallow type, the opposite of a true statement is false; in the deeper type, the opposite of a true statement is equally true. In generative trance work, these two levels correspond to the conscious mind and the creative unconscious. We see the conscious mind as being tied to a specific position in a systemic field (of many positions), while the creative unconscious rests in the field (of all positions). We further see the conscious mind as being helpful when we want to repeat previous patterns, while the creative unconscious is better when new patterns or understandings are needed.
Of course, it is easy to get stuck in the rigid positions of the conscious mind, and keep repeating the past. A main focus of generative trance work is thus how to free consciousness from fixed positions, so that new learnings may occur. A central method in this regard is the process of complementarity, wherein attention is simultaneously attuned to multiple (often contradictory) positions—for example, I am wounded AND I am whole and unwounded, or I am connected with others AND I am separate. When held in a centered, open way, these "both/and" patterns break the "tyranny of the single truth" and open the gateways into the "infinite possibilities" of the creative self. However, these same patterns, when held in a disintegrated context (such as stress), can throw us into an abyss of symptoms and sufferings.
S. Gilligan cont.
1. Duality is the basic psychological unit underlying experiential realities
At its core, the cognitive mind is organized around dualities. Everything contains its opposite, and reality is constructed through a dynamic relationship between these opposites: Breathing in and breathing out, self and other, stillness and movement, etc. One of the basic differences between the conscious mind and the creative unconscious lies in this relationship between opposites: The conscious mind organizes around "either/or" relationships and gives preferential focus to one side of the complementarity over the other, while the creative unconscious holds a "both/and" relationship in which both sides are simultaneously engaged.
2. When opposites are held in rhythmic balance, life goes well
In that the conscious mind can be seen as the managerial facilitator of the vision of the creative unconscious, a balanced shifting between positions makes sense. For to create anything in the world, one value must be chosen over another at any given point. To walk, for example, we need to put one foot forward, then the other, then back to the first, etc. As long as there is a rhythmic balance, there is no problem. We work hard, then we rest, then we work again; we connect with others until we need solitude, which then brings us back into connection with others; we have a stable map that eventually becomes untenable and unstable, which leads to a new stability. In this way, the conscious mind realizes the vision of the creative unconscious.
3. When opposites are held in rigid opposition, problems develop
While each side of a complementarity can be used in either positive or negative ways, and can be experienced and expressed in a virtually infinite number of possible forms, it is easy to get locked into fixed values and judgments. This blocks the rhythmic shifting between opposites that is crucial to creative unfolding, and thereby creates symptoms. A major focus of generative trance is how to hold both sides of a relationship in positive ways, and then see how they can "make love, not war." One is invited in trance to allow one's creative unconscious to develop new ways to experience and express integrated forms of this complementarity, e.g. to BOTH do good work AND stay connected and relaxed. Finding a balance between the two sides becomes an integral part of the healing process.
4. When both sides of a complementarity are activated simultaneously, deep splits and negative symptoms occur
In general, we can see most symptoms in terms of a violent clash between opposites. A simple representation of a problem is: I want X but Y happens instead. In such cases, X and Y can be seen as complements that, when activated in a mutually inhibitory relationship, overwhelm the single position of the conscious mind and create a disturbed (unintegrated) experience of the "both/and" unconscious, i.e. a negative trance or symptom. Generative trance work provides a safe and resilient context in which the conflicting parts can be untangled, and then integrated into a complementary unity.
5. When both sides of a complementarity are held positively & activated simultaneously, creative integration produces new consciousness
Imagine the creativity of "both sides now"—for example, having the maturity of an adult and the innocence of a child; or feeling a part of something yet also apart from it; or holding feelings of both wanting something and not needing it. The capacity to enjoyably experience opposites has been found to be a central characteristic of creative genius. In his landmark study of multiple creative geniuses, Csikszentmihalyi (1996) found that these extraordinary individuals shared 10 characteristics, all having to do with "both/and" qualities. For example, they were intensely active and energetic, but spent considerable time in restful reverie and trance-like states; they were playful but also quite disciplined; and they were both introverted and extroverted.
(6) Generative trance facilitates creative work with the core complementaries underlying a reality or identity
Generative Trance allows each part of a systemic identity to experience acceptance, respect, and support. Its deconstructive nature allows the different surface forms attached to a part to be dissolved, and new possible forms to be explored. Its fluidity allows many new possible connections to be explored. Generative trance is a creative field that carries virtually unlimited potential for new consciousness. A person shifts from identification with one position (against another) to a field that holds the interplay of all the perspectives in the field. Thus, conflicting relationships can be untangled and put back into play, allowing new connections to slowly move towards an integrative crescendo that gives birth to new dimensions. Happiness, health, healing, and creative performance are all expressions of an aesthetic intelligence that integrates the parts and the whole of a systemic identity. Examples of such aesthetic intelligence include a musical symphony, a good meal, an excellent book, a well-functioning family or business, or a creative person.
This is an edited summary. You can read the complete article here.
Steve's new book is Generative Trance: The Experience of Creative Flow.


The Need to Value Yourself
You value yourself as a person. You also need to value yourself by investing in yourself regarding your career advancement. Things change in life and in the working world., which is why you will need to make an effort to take charge of your career advancement by investing in yourself. To help you, we mention some reasons why this is important, along with valuable assets to help you invest in yourself along the path of career advancement.
Why This Is Important
1. Great Return on Investment
When you invest in yourself to advance in your career, you will be getting something valuable. You will then be able to achieve your goals more clearly. You will see positive results when you take the right steps and implement the best elements to advance your career. That could be developing a new skill or even switching to a different type of career altogether.
2. Sense of Empowerment
When you invest in yourself to advance in your career, this gives you a sense of empowerment. You will feel good about driving the direction of your next steps in your career. You will be able to nurture your growth and development because no one else will do this for you.
3. Motivation to Achieve Your Best
When you invest in yourself in terms of career advancement, this will provide you with a boost regarding your motivation. You will be motivated to achieve your best. Then you can see the kind of results you want, and you will be motivated to continue doing your best by developing yourself at various times regarding your career choices, objectives, and experiences as changes occur.
Assets To Help You Advance in Your Career
1. Elevator Pitch
You have only a short time sometimes to grab someone's attention. That is why you need a quick elevator pitch that you can master that you can present to someone to promote yourself when you want to advance in your career. You need to be prepared as unexpected opportunities may arise for you to use your elevator pitch. That is why you need to know what you will say and how you will say it.
2. Personal Branding
It is vital to use personal branding when you want to achieve success in your career. That is why you should view marketing yourself as a brand that goes beyond the usage of fancy business cards with impressive fonts. Personal branding entails how you present your abilities to companies that you would like to work for, possible clients, possible customers, leaders of the current business you work for who may give you a promotion, and anyone else who could be significant in the evolving of your career advancement.
3. LinkedIn
Many people are on LinkedIn. That's why using LinkedIn to promote yourself is a valuable asset. You can mention the past jobs that you have held. You can mention the training and education that you have had. You can post about any achievements or awards you have received related to your training or career. Also, you can mention any training that you're currently enrolled in. Providing this type of information will make you more attractive to other people looking for someone with your abilities. Thus, LinkedIn is a powerful tool to help regarding your career advancement.
4. Resume
Your resume summarizes what you have achieved concerning your education and the jobs that you have held. It will identify your strengths and your skills. Therefore, you must have a resume. Also, you should look over your resume and see if you need to update it. Your resume can be used to apply for jobs at any time. Thus, a resume is convenient. Also, it is wise to have a resume that you post online in case someone is searching for someone with skills and experience like yours.
5. Portfolio
It is truly wise to have a career portfolio. It can include several things mentioned in your resume, but it expands in more detail on those elements. It also provides samples of your work. For instance, if you are a photographer, you can show samples of your photography. If you are a manager, your portfolio can have testimonials of your accomplishments as a manager. Your work portfolio will provide the kind of information that serious employers like to see. More than ever, employers are requesting portfolios these days.


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Tire and Car Contribution and Interaction to Low Frequency Interior Noise
A joint study was conducted between BMW and Goodyear with the objective of analysing the cause and identifying methods to reduce the structure-borne interior noise in a vehicle driving on rough road surfaces. A vibro-acoustic characterization of the car was performed by measuring the car vibro-acoustic transfer functions and by using a transfer path analysis technique to identify the main suspension parts affecting the interior noise at target frequencies. The vibration transmissibility characteristics of the tire were measured and also simulated by Finite Element in [1-200Hz] frequency range. The vibro-acoustic interaction between the tire and car sub-systems was examined. A Finite Element sensitivity analysis was used to define and build new prototype tires. A 3dB(A) interior noise improvement was obtained with these new tires at target frequencies.


Adding Push Notification
The Thing-IF SDK uses the push notification for receiving the response from the things. For iOS, Kii Cloud provides the push notification via Apple Push Notification service (APNs). You need to make some APNs-related configuration and prepare your build environment besides configuring Kii Cloud.
See Overview of the Push Technology for iOS for the technical overview of APNs.
Initialization of push notification is not required if your mobile app does not manage end nodes but only the gateway which interacts with Thing Interaction Framework.
By following the description in this page, you will be ready to receive push notifications from Kii Cloud.
Setting up
You need to complete various configurations in order to enable push notification with APNs. Kii recommends you to follow the instructions in the tutorial because such configurations and implementations of push notification are complicated.
First, in order to make push notification functional, follow the steps described in iOS Push Notification Tutorial to set up, implement, and test push notification. Skip the steps that you have already done such as integration of the Kii Cloud SDK into your development project. Choose Swift 2.3 in the tutorial because the Thing-IF SDK supports Swift 2.3 only.
After completing the above steps, go to Modification for Thing-IF.
The tutorial explains how to enable the feature in the development environment. You need to enable it in the production environment in a similar way before you release your mobile app. Also, note that the tutorial does not cover the instruction for integrating the Thing-IF SDK. You need to integrate the Thing-IF SDK to your project for the Thing-IF SDK features.
Modification for Thing-IF
Once you are done with the tutorial, we will remove lines that are unnecessary for mobile apps with the Thing-IF SDK. Replace the lines for device installation that use the Kii Cloud SDK API with those that use the Thing-IF SDK API. This is because the method for device installation is different between the two SDKs.
Remove the call of the KiiPushInstallation.installWithDeviceToken method from the application:didRegisterForRemoteNotificationsWithDeviceToken: method in the AppDelegate class. The code below reflects the removal.
 let username = "user1"
 let password = "123ABC"
 KiiUser.authenticate(username, withPassword: password) { (user: KiiUser?, error: NSError?) -> Void in
 if (error!= nil) {
 print("Failed to authenticate: \(error!.userInfo["description"])")
Leave the sample code as the above for now. We will insert the API call for Thing-IF later. See Installing a device in the Initializing and Onboarding topic for more information.
Also, according to the specification of your mobile app, rewrite the login processing that uses user1 for testing. The sample code in the Initializing and Onboarding topic uses a pseudo user as a thing owner. If you implement a login screen where an explicit owner user logs in, move the above login processing to the processing class of the login screen. Also, update the program structure so that you can use deviceToken that contains the device token from APNs after the owner logs in.
Customizing a push notification
Some of the APIs used in the initialization of push notification are iOS APIs. They do not depend on Kii Cloud.
You can also customize the way that push notification works by using the APNs features such as categories. For implementation, see Initializing APNs in the push notification topic for the Kii Cloud SDK.