text:
Acids and bases are commonly found across many industrial applications, but it's important to remember that they are considered hazardous waste and should be handled with care. Both classified as Class 8 Corrosive Substances, they can eat away at other materials, causing damage to stone, metal and even human skin when coming into contact. Though they are in the same class, a commonly asked question is: "Are acids more dangerous than bases?"
Keep reading as we dive deeper into that question below!
How Are Acids and Bases Different?
As mentioned, both acids and bases are Class 8 hazardous waste substances, but they do differ slightly. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with a pH of 7 considered neutral. Acids, which neutralize bases, have a pH level of less than 7. Bases, which neutralize acids, have a pH level higher than 7. The strength of each is based on this scale.
Are Acids or Bases More Dangerous?
The simple answer is that both acids and bases can be dangerous depending on their pH level, or how strong they are. For example, a strong acid would be more dangerous than a weak base, and the other way around.
What is most important to consider is the scale on which each material falls and how cautious you should be when handling, disposing of or transporting this type of waste. Always measure the pH of your materials, and never touch or smell without knowing for sure what you're working with.
Best Practices for Handling Acids and Bases
Keep Acids and Bases Separate – There should always be sufficient distance between bases and acids, because if they mix the results can be toxic or even deadly. Storing them in separate cabinets or units is best practice to ensure safety.
Segregate From Non-Compatible Substances – The same rule above applies to any incompatible hazardous waste materials. Several of the nine classifications of hazardous waste are considered incompatible with corrosive substances. These can include flammable liquids, oxidizing materials, peroxides, or spontaneous combustibles.
Store Corrosive Materials Properly – All in all, storing your acids and bases in a safe and compliant space is essential. Ensuring the storage unit is corrosive-resistant will help you stay within compliance.
Contact the Professionals at MLi Environmental
Both acids and bases are hazardous waste and can be corrosive, even dangerous, if mishandled. It's essential to ensure you are managing, disposing of or transporting this waste properly to stay within local and federal regulations.
MLi Environmental is proud to be a leader in certified dangerous goods shipping and hazardous waste services. To learn more about our services, please contact us today!


no more than D/6; for the depth of cut D/3 the maximal width of cut should be D/4 etc.
 It is not difficult to see that 2×6=3×4=12.
 - In face milling, a recommended width of cut is often given as a ratio to a tool diameter. When using a mill with round inserts, which tool diameter should I consider?
 The correct way to decide is by calculating the width of cut with the effective diameter of the mill with round inserts – the largest of the tool diameters that's involved in cutting.
 This diameter is a function of the depth of cut, or by using the cutting diameter of a face mill for such a calculation. In accordance with standard ISO 6462, the cutting diameter is defined by the point that is produced by the intersection of the major cutting edge and the machined plane. This is the smallest tool diameter involved in cutting, while the cutting diameter is one of the main milling dimensions. This is also specified in the ISCAR catalog.
 Here are some rules for quick estimating the cutting diameter:
 If a face mill carries an even number of round inserts, the cutting diameter may be considered accurate enough as the distance between the centers of two opposite inserts. In other words, it is the mill's maximum diameter minus the insert diameter.
 If the cutter has an uneven number of inserts, the cutting diameter is approximately equal to the doubled distance from the mill axis to an insert center.
 Using the maximum mill diameter as a base for calculating the width of cut is acceptable only when the depth of cut is close to the insert radius. In any other case, this calculation may cause intensive insert wear.
 Solid Endmills
 - What are the advantages of the trochoidal milling method?
 - What is a "trochoid"?
 - What is the secret of CHATTERFREE geometry?
 - What is a variable helix?
 2) Helix angle varies along the flute.
 - Does ISCAR provide instructions for regrinding solid carbide endmills?
 - What is a length series?
 - What is a slot drill?
 - Does the ISCAR solid carbide endmill line include miniature endmills?
 - What are the applications for ISCAR's lensand oval-shape solid carbide endmills and MULTI-MASTER exchangeable heads? (Related to MULTI-MASTER - 466)
 The lensand oval-shape solid carbide endmills and MULTI-MASTER exchangeable heads are designed for 5-axis semi-finish and finish milling complex surfaces, especially in aerospace, medical and die & mold industries.
 - Is it possible to regrind ISCAR's lensand oval-shape solid carbide endmills?
 The lensand oval-shape solid carbide endmills features a complicated cutting shape and therefore they are not intended for regrinding.
 - How is a head mounted into a shank?
 - What are the advantages of the face contact?
 - What does "the initial gap" mean?
 - What types of MULTI-MASTER heads does ISCAR offer?
 - Heads for high-feed milling
 - Thread milling heads
 - Center and spot drilling heads
 - Engraving heads
 - What is an economy-type end milling head?
 There are two types of MULTI-MASTER end milling heads.
 - Why do the MULTI-MASTER keys have two openings?
 - Does the MULTI-MASTER family include hole making tools?
 - What is the accuracy of the heads?
 - What is the repeatability tolerance of MULTI-MASTER heads?
 The carbide or heavy metal shanks are suitable for toolholding by the heat shrink method. As for the steel shanks, clamping them into heat shrink chucks and collets is not recommended.
 - Does ISCAR provide a key with adjustable tightening torque for MULTI-MASTER heads?
 Yes. The MULTI-MASTER product range includes an assembled key, comprising an adjustable torque handle with a set of interchangeable wrenches and TORX-tipped bits, designed for secure and accurate tightening of MULTI-MASTER heads. This key is an optional product and should be ordered separately.
 - What is the maximum rotational velocity for a MULTI-MASTER milling tool?
 A MULTI-MASTER tool is an assembly comprising of a shank and an exchangeable milling head. The maximum rotational velocity values (in rpm) for each shank can be found in ISCAR's catalogs and guides. To estimate the maximum rotational velocity for an assembly when a specific milling head is attached to a shank, the maximum rpm value (taken from the catalog) should be divided by the number of flutes of the milling head.
 Apart from keeping the maximum rotational velocity restriction, the entire tool assembly (milling head, shank, and adapter/tool holder) must be properly balanced.
 - Which of the MULTI-MASTER milling heads are considered long-flute?
 Usually, these are the heads where the length of a cutting edge is at least half as much as the head diameter.
 - There is a variety of Multi-Master heads MM HCD for chamfering, countersinking, and spot drilling that have different point angles. What is the reason for this variety?
 In the Multi-Master standard product line, heads MM HCD have a point angle of 60°, 80°, 90°, 100° and 120°. Such a variety relates mainly to the requirements of different standards for chamfers and countersinks for fasteners. For example, metric countersunk screws require a 90° countersink, but American National countersunk screws require 80° and aerospace rivets 100°. A typical chamfer features a 45° chamfer angle, although, 30° and 60° chamfers are also common. This multiformity of required generated profiles defines the functional capabilities of the heads and explains their variety.
 Fast Feed Milling
 - What are MF milling tools?
 - What is a radius for programming in fast feed milling cutters?
 In CNC programming, a fast feed cutter is often specified as a 90°mill with a corner radius. This imaginary radius, which is called as "radius for programming", is an important data because it defines the maximal thickness of a cusp (scallop) and deviations from the theoretical profile of a surface that is generated by such a specification.
 - ISCAR has a wide range of high feed (fast feed) milling cutters. How can I select an optimal milling cutter for my application?
 Basic information about ISCAR's high feed (fast feed) milling cutters, and recommendations for their selection, can be found in the Fast Feed Milling Quick Tool Selector Guide; available in both electronic (ISCAR website) and printed versions. If the question refers to a specific application with known details, an optimal solution can be found in the ITA (Iscar Tool Advisor) online software application.
 High Speed Machining (HSM)
 - What does the term "high speed machining" mean?
 - High cutting speed machining
 - High spindle speed machining
 - High feed speed machining
 - Is the cutting speed extremely high in high speed machining?
 - Can high speed machining be applied to machining hard steel?
 - How does trochoidal milling relate to high speed machining?
 Milling Slots and Grooves
 - Which tools are used for milling slots?
 - What are the main types of slot milling cutters?
 - What is ISCAR's program for slot milling cutters?
 ISCAR is engaged in developing slot milling cutters in various fields:
 - Cutters carrying indexable inserts
 - Assembled MULTI-MASTER slot milling tools with replaceable heads
 - Which slot is defined as narrow?
 - What is the difference between indexable slotting cutters and slitting cutters?
 Originally, slotting cutters were intended for milling slots and grooves while slitting cutters were used for slitting or cutting-off. Each type of cutters featured different accuracy requirements, and slitting cutters were less precise. However, technological progress has significantly leveled out differences between slotting and slitting cutters in indexable milling.
 - Why are the terms "axial depth of cut" and "radial depth of cut" very common in milling slots and grooves?
 In milling, a depth of cut is usually measured along the axis of a cutter, axially, while a width of cut – radially, in the direction perpendicular to the axis. Hence the depth of cut and the width of cut also can refer to as "axial depth of cut" and "radial depth of cut" accordingly.
 However, this generally accepted approach may sometimes lead to confusion in the case of disc slot milling cutters. The axial depth of cut here is equal to the width of cutter teeth, and it defines the width of a milled slot. The radial depth of cut in the such a case reflects the slot depth.
 Therefore, in machining disc milling cutters, using the terms "axial depth of cut" and "radial depth of cut" helps in preventing possible misunderstandings.
 Extended Flute Cutters
 - Why "extended flute" cutters?
 - What are the other technical terms for extended flute cutters?
 - What are the main applications for extended flute cutters?
 - What are the design configurations of ISCAR's extended flute cutters?
 The ISCAR standard line of extended flute cutters comprises various designs:
 - Shell mills
 - Mills with tapered shanks (7:24,


genealogy on-line and the documents in the genealogy pretty much agree with my original post. The author of the genealogy, Ermina Newton Leonard, (published in 1915) does us a favor by quoting Moses Newton's will - in it, Moses first gives his son-in-law John Bellows 5 shillings. This ties John Bellows in with this family as other web sites had speculated. This does not, however, cinch the matter. Two paragraphs later in the will, however, Moses Newton gives to the children of his daughters Hannah Bellows and Mercy Leonard one shilling. This links Hannah Newton, daughter of Moses and Joanna (Larkin) Newton as wife of John Bellows.
Ms. Newton later says that even though there is no record of the marriage (I wonder if the Vital Records transcription is muddled) that the will provides surety that the marriage did take place. And further says that many had thought she married William Orcutt, Jr.
Moses' brother Joseph had a daughter Hannah, but she married Simon Maynard and they both died in 1747/48, eliminating her as a possibility. Daniel and Isaac Newton, last two brothers of Moses, had no known daughter Hannah,
While I haven't checked the third generation, Given the birth years of the children in the second generation, I think too much would have passed to make a marriage between William Orcutt and a third generation daughter (probably born 30 years after William) probably.
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'Sensing the Shining' explores new ways of visualizing the emotional reaction to movies, exemplified with Stanley Kubrick's classic 'The Shining'.
Current advances in sensor technology, biofeedback and algorithms enable an increasingly deep analysis of our emotional responses to content.
Movies are traditionally constructed to evoke emotional responses using surprise, delight or shock.
Movie posters are designed to convey these moments in a single image.
Measuring the emotional response of the viewer using Galvanic Skin Response technology, 'Sensing the Shining' creates a movie poster that takes the stills from the movie itself to visualize the emotional reactions of the viewer while watching it.
As an experiment, 'Sensing the Shining' creates a new kind of responsive feedback interface for visual content that highlights the more emotionally impactful parts of the movie.
Project Details
'Sensing the Shining' utilizes GSR (Galvanic Skin Response ) that measures the speed of an electromagnetic pulse between two sensors attached to two different fingers.
The GSR sensor
An emotional response increases the sweat level on the human skin which also increases the speed of the impulse travelling between the contacts.
Throughout the movie the sensor measures the emotional reaction of the viewer in 0.2 second intervals.
The raw data as measured by the GSR sensor throughout 'The Shining'
The movie is exported with the same intervals as the sensor measurements to have a matching frame for each value of the data.
Each frame's width is then cropped according to it's corresponding data value as measured by the sensor.
Cropped area - quiet times
Cropped area - tension mounts
Cropped area - a sudden moment
During the uneventful parts of the movie, this cropping leads to each frame being shown as just a small slice. The higher the measurement of the data, the more becomes visible of each frame.
Sudden peaks in measurements create "moments" that enable an almost entire view of the frame.
The cropped images are then stitched together in sequence to create the movie poster collage.
By cropping the movie frames according to the measured data time becomes visually condensed or stretched
Emotionally meaningful moments become emphasized while the less exiting parts of the movie become almost visual noise.
Meeting the twins
In its entirety it gives a visual impression of the movie, its exciting parts, patterns and rhythms.
The final image plot
'Sensing the Shining' creates a new kind of feedback interface for visual content that highlights the emotionally relevant parts of the movie as sensed by its viewer.


Lagos Travel Guide
Third Mainland Bridge, Lagos ©
It is hard to believe that Lagos, Nigeria's biggest, busiest city (with a population of roughly eight million and counting) had its origins as a small Yoruba settlement. Spread over the mainland near the Gulf of Guinea and several large islands on the vast lagoon that gives it its name, Lagos is Nigeria's principal port and its commercial and cultural centre.
The former capital grew to prominence when it was 'discovered' by the Portuguese in the late 1400s and became a central trading post for the area, also serving as a major hub of the international slave trade. When the British annexed the city in 1861, they effectively put a stop to the slave trade, but took control of the trade and industry of the area. Once Nigeria gained independence in 1960, Lagos experienced a boom which swelled the city's population considerably and today, Lagos is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, with a full and complex tapestry of religious and ethnic groups. The sprawling city is chaotic, crowded and lacks any major tourism infrastructure, though the government is investing millions in upgrades to security and public transport.
Most visitors travel to Lagos for business and there are few sights in the tourist sense, however those willing to put in some effort will have a unique and memorable experience. Streets are congested, drivers are maniacal and blackouts are common. However, the convoluted history of the city, and Nigeria as a whole, contributes to its exotic flavour. Lagos has an interesting National Museum, National Theatre, several markets and some decent beaches to explore.
Our Travel Expert
>Read Folasade's tips on Lagos
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text:
A seasonal decomposition of the estimated size of a penguin population at Phillip Island, Australia
Modern non-parametric methods allow the estimation of a population size under weaker conditions than the classical methods if there are frequent capture occasions. Here a non-parametric estimate of the number of penguins occupying Summerland Beach, Phillip Island, Australia, was computed. This estimator did not assume equal catchability of individuals, did not assume a parametric form for the population size as a function of time and allowed individuals to leave and re-enter the population. The...[Show more]
|Collections||ANU Research Publications|
|Source:||Australian Journal of Zoology|
Items in Open Research are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Australia Literature and Language
Break Dancing
What is the gliding position called for the whip kick?
Top Answer
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Wiki User
Answered 2007-09-06 19:58:27
its called stream line
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Related Questions
How do you do a whip kick?
breaststroke kick
How does bacillus move?
Bacillus used a whip-like structure called a flagellum to move about. Some bacilli that don't have a flagella move by twitching or gliding.
Is whip kick better than wedge kick?
yes Dr. Jinx
What is a jockey's whip called?
A jockey's whip is called a crop.
What is an Australian cowboy's whip called?
There are no cowboys in Australia. The men who work with cattle are called "stockmen". A stockman's whip is called... a whip.
What is the musical instrument called the whip?
Whip is a percussion instrument. It is also called a slapstick.
How do you whip the person in smackdown vs raw 2008 for psp?
You can't whip them but there is a triple kick reversal move of the ropes and reverse back and slam down
In congress the position whip was named after what sport?
Fox hunting
What was the whip called that they whipped Jesus with?
Jesus was whipped as part of the punishment for our sins. The whip was called the cat of nine tails.
How do iguana defend themselfs?
Hiss......Scratch.....head bob....TAIL WHIP....and bite....oh and kick
What is a riding whip called?
a 'crop'
What is the sound of whip called?
What is the best thing to do if your pony you are riding bucks?
sit back kick them or if you have a whip use that and pull their head up
Does Willow Smith sing you whip my hair back and fourth?
- yes she does but the song is called whip my hair
What is the jockey's whip called?
A riding crop.
The whip used by a horseback rider?
the whip used by a horse back rider is generally called a crop when it is short, the term whip is also used for longer lengths.
What are two roles of the majority whip?
Two roles of the majority whip are to assist the floor leader and ensure member attendance. They also count votes and communicate the majority position.
Is there item called whip?
I seem to remember that there is a microbe (name unremembered) which is part animal and part plant. It photosynthesized light like a plant, but it also feeds itself with a whip-like appendage called a flagellum, the Latin word for whip.
Leader of the minority party is called the whip?
What is whip cream and fruit mixed called?
Is the leader of the minority party is called the whip.?
Which instrumrnt is called a licorice whip instrument?
A clarinet.
The leader of the minority party is called the whip?
Assisting the majority and minority party leaders in both houses are members called what?
Majority whip and Minority whip (PLATO)
In runescape there is a weapon that looks like a whip but you dont need any combat levels to wield it what is it called i think is like a mouse whip or something?
It called a mouse toy.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am trying to draw an ellipse in Qt and the border on the edges goes thin in some places.
enter image description here
Here is the code:
QPainter painter(this);
painter.setRenderHint(QPainter::Antialiasing, true);
painter.setPen(QPen(Qt::black, 3));
Any ideas? Thanks in advance.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
When painting a shape with an outline, you have to factor in the width of the pen. So in your case, change to this:
// Adjusted by 2 pixels because half your pen width is 1.5, but QRect is
// for integer types, so rounded up.
painter.drawEllipse(event->rect().adjusted( -2, -2, 2, 2 ) );
share|improve this answer
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The programming languages C and C++ do not need dedicated GLPK language bindings. GLPK is programmed natively in C. And C++ can normally link without problem to C code. Moreover, there is no need to use the following C linkage construct extern "C" when calling GLPK from C++:
extern "C" { // NOT REQUIRED
_TAG_ // C header
Instead simply use:
_TAG_ // C header


text:
State law addresses safety and injury.
Chapter 1 NEW DIMENSIONS OF SCHOOL HEALTH
This is a gigantic manual for all things school health, and includes components on health education in the state "The Massachusetts Comprehensive Health Curriculum Framework discusses recommended health education content in terms of 4 separate, but interrelated, strands: physical health, social and emotional health, safety and prevention, and personal and community health."
General Laws of Massachusetts 71.1 Maintenance; double sessions; subjects; twelve-month school year
Instruction in health education shall include, but shall not be limited to: consumer health, ecology, community health, body structure and function, safety, nutrition, fitness and body dynamics, dental health, emotional development safe and healthy relationships with a focus on preventing sexual and domestic violence, and training in the administration of first aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Massachusetts Comprehensive Health Curriculum Framework
Safety and Prevention includes those aspects of health most often related to risky and dangerous behaviors and conduct that can have negative life-long consequences on health. The topics are of particular importance for young people who are at the age when many of these behaviors are being contemplated. The knowledge and skills presented in the Personal Safety Strand provide a means for young people to avoid risky behavior, now and in the future, so that they can lead healthier lives.
The Strand of Safety and Prevention includes:
Disease Prevention and Control
Safety and Injury Prevention
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substance Use/Abuse Prevention
Disease Prevention and Control focuses on factors contributing to chronic, degenerative, and communicable diseases, genetic factors, methods for detection, and strategies for prevention. Attention to these factors is present in many of the other areas in the Framework as well.
Safety and Injury Prevention includes information to promote knowledge and skills for personal safety and prevention and treatment of intentional or unintentional injury.
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substance Use/Abuse Prevention addresses safe and unsafe substances, how these substances can affect the body and health, and the significance of drug dependence.
Violence Prevention addresses verbal and physical actions that bring harm to a person's body, feelings, or possessions and the aspects of sound character and conflict resolution that can reduce the incidence and influence of violence on individuals, families, and communities.
The Safety and Prevention Strand is designed to help students examine how they make decisions and weigh the probable consequences of their actions. Students consider risk in their personal lives, including the need to take risks such as standing up for one's opinion and the need to avoid other risks associated with dangerous situations or actions. The purpose of this Strand is to inform students so they may apply and defend health-enhancing decisions


text:
Choose your level of performance
The cutting-edge fiberglass framing systems of Alpen HPP offer superior performance to conventional fenestration materials in a number of ways: durability, stability and efficiency, making it the optimum material for super-insulating windows and preserving overall performance for the life of a window.
- Extreme corrosion resistance: fiberglass is the only framing material that particularly resists environmental damage caused by corrosive salt air or high temperatures.
- Superior insulator even in extreme environments: dimensional stability even in extreme thermal cycling (heat, cold humidity), Alpen Windows fiberglass frames offer the aesthetic of classic wood clad windows but with better insulation.
- High condensation resistance: the insulating nature of fiberglass prevents condensation and helps keep humidity within a proper range, this limits the growth of molds and mildew and helps keep your home's interior air quality healthy.
- Superior strength to weight ratios: Alpen Window's fiberglass series are ideal for large window openings – they are 86% of the yield strength of aluminum and are pound-for-pound, stronger than aluminum.
- Practically maintenance free: the inherent strength and nature to distribute impact loads even in sub-zero temperatures, fiberglass frames will not suffer the pockmarked surface damage that is common to wood and aluminum windows, and because fiberglass takes paint easily with excellent adhesion, you can change the color of your windows any time you like.
- Very low coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction: stresses on seals, caulks and joints are minimized, contributing to higher efficiency windows and tight seals that are resistant to air leakage and water penetration.
- High glass to frame ratio: the strength of our fiberglass frames means more of a viewing area because of the higher glass to frame ratio, compared to wood windows.


text:
The Boulder Valley Unified School District partnered with SolarCity to meet their sustainability goals. They recently developed a Sustainability Management System and have launched several "greenBVSD" initiatives.
This 1.4-megawatt project will generate significant energy cost savings over the next 20 years and brings their total number of solar-powered schools to 30, which is more than half of the District's buildings.
The system also delivers key environmental benefits in addition to the financial rewards. The District will eliminate over 110 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions annually. That's the equivalent of taking roughly 300 cars off Colorado roads each year.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


is true. Here's another source that basically says the same thing but cites more than just two sources. [21] I wonder why she didn't discuss care of the circumcised penis.
Where did circumcision come from?
Ancient origins
That was 5,000 years ago. Actually, we have cave wall paintings in Spain and France dating to 20,000 years ago that depict circumcised penises, so we know it goes back at least 20,000 years ago. Circumcision has been practiced by ancient groups on every continent, suggesting that it originated before humanity spread across the planet. The Australian Aborigines, who are circumcised, arrived in Australia 35,000 years ago; and humanity is thought to have arisen out of Africa 70,000 years ago. So some researchers suggested that circumcision started 70,000-100,000 years ago. But again, the earliest proof we have is cave wall drawings from 20,000 years ago.[16] [22]
 - To punish prisoners of war
The pharaohs and upper classes were almost universally circumcised, and there's obviously a huge difference between circumcision and amputation of the entire penis. So why would Egyptian circumcision, which was a "godly" practice of the pharaohs, be a punishment for prisoners or slaves? That stretches credulity.
 - A blood sacrifice
Her citations [23] [24] typically refer to Jewish circumcision, which was not a blood sacrifice. The Jewish practice is based on the Book of Genesis, which states that circumcision is a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham. [25] Those theories are all basically just conjecture anyway, so if anything, at least it shows that we don't really know why people started circumcising. Ancient Greek writings stated that ancient Egyptian circumcision was a hygiene decision. (But as I mentioned, circumcision goes back much further than that.)
Observant Jewish parents have carried out the ritual for more than 3,000 years in a ceremony called Brit milah... Most male circumcisions around the world are performed in Muslim communities (roughly two-thirds of all circumcisions)... Some Christians also practice circumcision; however, the New Testament specifically states that non-Jewish Christians do not need to be circumcised
She avoids the false intactivist claim that Jewish circumcision was different in ancient times than it is today. [26] Her statements about Muslim circumcision are also true. I appreciate that she did not claim that Christians are forbidden from circumcising - another common falsehood.
Modern non-religious circumcision
She claims that circumcision's first modern medical advocates were people who believed an 1870s theory. The truth is it started in 1855 with Hutchinson's observation (since verified with modern research) that circumcised men were less susceptible to syphilis. Research from the late 1800s and early 1900s showed reduced syphilis and penile cancer in circumcised men and reduced cervical cancer in their wives.
She almost exclusively cites anti-circumcision activists, who themselves selectively cite the oddest claims.
There were also overtly racist proposals to forcibly circumcise Black males.
There was one proposal to forcibly circumcise and castrate black males after the Civil War. It was not taken seriously.
Few sources that promoted circumcision mentioned masturbation, and few sources that demonized masturbation mentioned circumcision. No medical textbooks from the era promoted the theory that circumcision prevents masturbation. Evidence suggests that very few medical professionals actually believed the claim. [16] [27]
The argument that every medical procedure was carefully studied to ensure a wise use of resources was not the case with circumcision and also not necessarily the case with everything other than circumcision. The NHS was created by politicians - specifically Aneurin Bevan, the Minister of Health, who had no medical background and was not educated past the age of 13. Others who helped create the NHS - such as the previous Health Minister, Henry Willink - also had no medical background. Medical services were to be provided based on need; since boys don't need to be circumcised, circumcision naturally would not have been included.
At any rate, it was not the case that circumcision was excluded in response to careful study as the first widely-promoted anti-circumcision article was published in 1949, [16] while the NHS was first created in 1948. And the NHS did not decide "to stop covering" newborn circumcision, as she claims, when it never covered circumcision to begin with. So it was not a decision to end coverage based on careful study of the science. It was quite literally the unilateral decision of a non-medical bureaucrat with no formal secondary education. Basically, she cites every intactivist theory of the history of circumcision without bothering to even mention responses or theories by circumcision advocates. Again, so much for "evidence-based."
Why do parents choose non-religious circumcision today?
After expending a lot of energy earlier to argue that it's primarily a cultural or religious decision, here she cites several studies showing that the primary reasons were medical.
For example, the first Canadian study cites medical reasons as first (70% total: 51% hygiene, 15% prevention of infection or cancer, 4% doctor advises it) and only a minority were potentially cultural (21% total: 8% father is circumcised, 8% personal preference, 2% it just seems right, 1% to look like other boys, 2% other) or religious (6%). Oddly, she mentions that the primary driver of the circumcision decision was whether the father was circumcised, stating that 82% of circumcised fathers wanted to circumcise. But she doesn't mention that in the same study 85% of uncircumcised fathers did not want to circumcise - so it goes both ways. It's almost as if she's trying to imply that only circumcised fathers are biased by failing to mention the data that shows uncircumcised fathers may be equally biased.
perceived health benefits were closely tied to cultural beliefs supporting circumcision. This means that parents' beliefs about potential health benefits from circumcision are greatly influenced by their cultural beliefs about the practice.
She implies that this is only true for circumcised fathers, but the first study she cited proved that it is equally true for uncircumcised fathers. (She does later say, "or vice versa if newborn circumcision is perceived as socially abnormal.")
It's super odd that an "evidence-based" article [28] would cite podcasts and blogs! I don't recall her ever deviating from "evidence-based" on any of her other medical articles. Call this another red flag showing her bias. Since one can cherry-pick any podcasts or radio shows or blogs to support an opinion, I'll skip this section.
Worries about teasing or bullying
She suggests that teasing depends on where you live. I've read a couple case studies and news articles about an American boy who circumcised himself because of teasing, an African boy who circumcised himself because of teasing, and a British boy who was depressed because of teasing over his circumcised penis. I personally feel that we should make the decision based on what is medically best, not based on whether a boy may get teased. I wouldn't turn down a necessary or beneficial surgery because it might leave an unsightly scar, so I don't see why circumcision is different. [29]
How common is circumcision around the world?
Dekker implies that a mother's belief that circumcising her son will make him look like the majority of the American males is incorrect. However, her implication is itself incorrect. She discusses circumcision rates in other countries, but the rate of circumcision in Taiwan is irrelevant to someone who wants her son to align with an American norm. In other words, she used an intactivist talking point ("most men worldwide aren't circumcised") in an irrelevant way. A more recent review by Morris et al. (2016) estimated the global prevalence of circumcision to be slightly higher, about 38%. However, this may be an overestimate as he assumes that the circumcision rate in China, the most populated country in the world, is 14% (a high estimate).
While Morris's estimates [30] are based on research, she fails to cite any references to demonstrate him wrong. If she wanted to disagree with him in an evidence-based way, she should have provided some evidence to contradict him. In fact, his estimate may actually be an underestimate. For example, he states that the circumcision incidence in Canada is likely 50% because it was higher in prior decades than it is today. But the only research in Canada is on the newborn rate (30%), so he put it at 30%. He also assumed that the medically-necessary circumcision rate is only 0.1%, which is lower than the rate even in vehemently anti-circumcision Denmark. In countries where the circumcision incidence is not reported, he based it on the Jewish and Muslim rates plus an assumption of 0.1% medical necessity for uncircumcised males and an assumption that no non-Jewish and non-Muslim males are circumcised - which is obviously false. Since the circumcision rate is rising around the world - especially in Africa, China, and India for preventative reasons - that also means his estimate is an underestimate. In the U.S., an estimated 71% of adult men are circumcised
According to CDC data, it's 80.5%. [31] She doesn't cite her source for the 71% figure. (Again, so much for "evidence-based"). I do find it interesting that she mentions


Opportunities for Kids to Explore Spiritual Gifts
In a previous post we talked about how helping kids learn about spiritual gifts is rooted in them understanding the gospel. It is not so much about pinpointing a specific gift as it us understanding who they are in Christ and exploring how God has made them.
Kids need opportunities to experiment and discover what God has gifted them to do. What are some ways we can provide those opportunities?
 1. Create rich service opportunities. If all our kids do is sit and passively listen, play games, go home… where will they discover the joy of serving or what God has gifted them to do? How can you put kids to work trying out different aspects of ministry? For a season we changed children's choir so that it gave kids a more hands-on experience. They were able to try out the tech side of worship ministry. Some learned instruments. Some learned how to sing in a small praise team or how to do drama. We changed the dynamic of children's choir by letting them explore gifts used in the church.
2. Provide ministry ownership for kids. If kids' whole experience at your church is to come and sit and be entertained, when will they transition to learning how they fit in that experience? Typically adults plan and implement everything the kids do. Instead of adults doing everything, how can kids be involved in natural ways? Look for ways to move away from the default of entertaining them while they are there. Instead, train them to own ministry and utilize the gifts and talents God has given them.
3. Look for special events, but also including it in the norm. The goal is not to overwhelm your already busy calendar. Don't add a million special events. Adapt what you are already doing to include opportunities for kids to serve.
4. Varied, unique experiences help kids try different things. One summer we utilized our Wednesday nights to do a different ministry project each week. One night we cleaned nursery toys and another night we delivered gifts to neighbors. We made bags for the homeless and we wrote encouraging notes to people within the church. By varying the experiences, kids were able to see what connected with them.
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Reopening Plan
2. Social Distancing
People will maintain (6) feet social distancing from one another, whenever possible, while at Shore.
- Tables and chairs will be spaced so that all individuals are at least 6 feet apart. The maximum capacities of our program rooms are based on 113 square feet per person.
- Classrooms, program rooms, therapy rooms, kitchens, break rooms will have defined and marked capacity based on the number of people that can be accommodated while maintaining social distancing.
- Additional chairs cannot be brought into break areas or program spaces to accommodate additional people.
- Staff will accompany individuals to bathrooms and any other areas to which they need access so that social distancing measures to the extent possible are maintained.
- Transitioning within buildings and transportation times where lines could form or multiple groups of people may coincide with one another will be scheduled, staggered, and will take more time and patience than in the past.
- Social distancing is particularly critical when masks are not work


"People Buy with Their Eyes"
How long will my asphalt last? What can I do to make it last longer? How can I get the most out of my investment in an asphalt pavement?
Those questions and others like them are asked regularly of pavement maintenance contractors throughout the country, and how you answer them can have an impact on your relationship with your client and your reputation in the market.
One of the first things property managers need to understand is that asphalt pavement — like just about everything else — has a finite life. It begins deteriorating almost as soon as it's constructed and while there are steps that can and should be taken to maintain the pavement and extend its life, eventually the asphalt will deteriorate to the point where it will need to be replaced.
But that can be a long-term proposition. Properly constructed and maintained asphalt pavements can easily be expected to last upwards of 15 or 20 years. Poorly constructed or improperly maintained pavements can last as little as half that time.
"There's a lot of controversy over how long asphalt will last," says Charles Bushell, executive director of STAR Inc. "The answer is it depends on a variety of factors, including the traffic, the location, the climate, and a host of other variables. So how long asphalt will last depends on the conditions it's exposed to. While I can't tell you your asphalt pavement will last X amount of years, I can tell you it will last longer if you maintain it properly and use a sealcoat."
But it's not simply the fact of maintenance that affects the life of the pavement, it is the timing of the maintenance as well. Maintenance done at the appropriate time brings the pavement back to its near-new condition, extending its usable life. Maintenance performed after a pavement has deteriorated beyond certain levels cannot bring the pavement back to the optimum performance level.
So timing is everything when performing maintenance, and sealcoating is the first maintenance option that should be done and the maintenance option that should be done most regularly to help extend pavement life.
Take a look at Charts A and B, which show two similar views of what happens to pavement and the costs to maintain it. As Chart A shows, pavement condition deteriorates 40% over 75% of the pavement life. But by 80% of pavement life the pavement experiences another 40% drop in pavement quality. At the same time, maintenance and reconstruction costs are low early in pavement life but rise substantially as the pavement deteriorates. Chart A puts a dollar value on the cost, indicating that $1 spent before the pavement deteriorates significantly will cost $5 after the pavement deteriorates.
Chart B builds on Chart A, showing that maintenance (green lines) done at early and regular intervals actually can bring the pavement back to better condition, thereby extending its useful life, which reduces life cycle costs. But while sealcoating is an integral element of any pavement maintenance effort, it is not enough by itself.
"Ideally, a pavement maintenance program should consist of periodic patching, cracksealing, and sealcoating," says Rich Kish, SealMaster regional manager.
Lee Lowis, vice president, Surface Coatings Co., agrees.
"When done in conjunction with crack repair and pothole repair, sealcoating can be an effective way to protect the pavement and repairs from sun and other damage and can extend the life of the pavement," Lowis says.
STAR Inc.'s "Economics of Sealcoating" chart (page 14) takes the analysis several steps further, comparing suggested maintenance and costs over the life a pavement with costs of a neglected pavement. It becomes clear that property owners who spend maintenance dollars early and regularly in the life of a pavement spend less money overall while extending the life of the pavement — and the life of their investment.
Improves "curb appeal"
Research has shown that the first line of defense is sealcoating, because it protects the asphalt by coating the surface.
"Just as you paint a house to keep the sun and water from ruining the wood, you need to sealcoat a pavement to prevent the sun and water from ruining the pavement," Lowis says.
But when property managers think of sealcoating it is often for the most obvious of reasons: To improve the look of their property. And with good reason.
A spokesperson for the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM) says the concept of "curb appeal," or how a property looks to the public, is covered in all of IREM's classes, textbooks, and lectures.
"You only get one chance to make a first impression and that first impression is how the property appears from the outside," the spokesperson says. "There's no question that appearance is an important consideration. On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the highest, appearance ranks a 7 or an 8. And the parking lot is a big part of that."
Lowis says that's true particularly for commercial properties, "who are competing with other properties just down the road," and also true for residential homeowners who are proud of the home and want their property to look as good as it can.
"One of the simplest things to do to improve the look of your property is to sealcoat and stripe it," Lowis says. "It simply makes it look a lot better."
Bushell says curb appeal of hotels, for example, helps attract or deter customers.
"People aren't going to stay at a hotel where you have weeds growing up out of the parking lot," Bushell says. "Sealcoating provides the image that the property is well kept, that it's a well-kept hotel."
Edward Kelley, author of Practical Apartment Management, says he thinks the greatest value of sealcoating is in improving curb appeal. He says property aesthetics, and sealcoating in particular, have an impact on occupancy rates and rent.
"People buy with their eyes," Kelley says. "Property managers understand that so it is curb appeal in the manager's mind when considering sealcoating. It's a whole picture and the pavement is only one section, but in any mental photograph of a property the pavement plays an enormous part."
Kelley says he generally recommends sealcoating to property managers. "Not necessarily every year but on an every-other-year basis," he says. "Sealcoating, especially when followed by new bright stripes, gives the property a new look. It shows customers the property managers are caring for the customer and putting money back into the property."
Sealcoating helps pavement
But in addition to making the property look better, sealcoating makes other tangible improvements in pavement.
Seals hairline cracks. Deterioration of asphalt mats often begins with small hairline cracks. These cracks admit water, which weakens the asphalt and eventually creates larger cracks. Sealer fills these hairline cracks and prevents water from making them larger.
Resists oxidation. Exposure to air and the sun's ultra-violet (UV) rays causes the pavement to oxidize. As it dries it becomes brittle, resulting in cracks and other deterioration.
"Sealer prevents the sun from oxidizing the asphalt and drying out the oils that are in the pavement," Lowis says. "UV rays will destroy just about anything over time, and asphalt pavement is no different. Binder, the 'glue' that holds the sand and stone in place, loses strength from sun's rays. UV rays will eventually oxidize the asphalt pavement and will make the mat brittle, eventually allowing the stone and sand to roll out. The mat actually cracks, allowing water to get in, which leads to alligatored areas, potholes, and other defects."
Sealer protects the asphalt mat from the air and slows the oxidation process.
Protects against oil and gas leaks. Oil, gasoline, and other fluid leaking from cars onto parking lot pavement can severely damage the asphalt. Refined coal tar sealer is naturally resistant to these types of materials and asphalt emulsion-based sealer incorporates additives to enhance its resistance.
Regular application of sealer protects parking lots from this damage, which otherwise would result in costly remove-and-replace pavement repairs.
Note: Before sealing over existing oil spots or similar damage those areas must be cleaned and treated with an oil spot primer. Without proper treatment sealer will simply peel off oil spots.
Helps retain flexibility. Asphalt pavement is considered a flexible pavement because of the binder that holds the aggregate together. The oils in the asphalt help keep the pavement flexible, and as the oils dry out the pavement becomes more brittle and loses its flexibility. "Sealer locks in the oils in asphalt and helps retain the properties of the asphalt itself over a period of time," Bushell says.
Replaces eroded surface. As pavement ages, fines on the surface are worn away by rain, traffic, wind, and other factors. The Asphalt Sealcoat Manufacturers Association (ASMA) says application of asphalt emulsion sealer replaces these fine particles.
Eases pavement cleaning. ASMA says that application of a sealcoat results in a smoother surface, which makes it easier to keep the pavement clean by sweeping.
Extends pavement life. Generally, sealer prevents the pavement from breaking down. "Sealcoating increases the longevity of the asphalt when compared to not maintaining it," Bushell says. "Costs are more prohibitive in terms of asphalt maintenance vs. replacement. It protects more cost effectively in the long run."
Saves client money. As the "Economics of Sealcoating" chart shows, use of sealcoating and other pavement maintenance techniques helps extend the life of the existing pavement, making use of sealer a cost-effective approach to pavement maintenance.
"Sealcoat functions as a Saran Wrap over the pavement," Lowis says. "Property managers often have a misconception about that and it's important for contractors to make sure they understand what


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Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the raw parental variables contributing to this article. Both cohort and age effects are visible in both studies, as well as differences between them. Parents of younger and more recently born twins were younger on average, and German parents tended to be older than Minnesotan parents, matched for twin ages. This likely reflected trends toward later parenting (OECD 2017), as the German parents tended to have been born about a generation later. Parents of younger and more recently born twins were also taller on average, reflecting world-wide general height trends over the past century (Clark 2008). German parents tended to be taller than Minnesota parents, likely also reflecting their more recent birth. Parents of younger twins tended to weigh less on average, consistent with generally observed age trends in weight in adulthood, and German parents tended to weigh noticeably less than Minnesotan parents, matched for twin ages, despite Minnesota parents being assessed on average about 20 years previously. This was reflected in the BMIs as well. German parents varied more in height, but Minnesotan parents varied more in weight and BMI. In both countries, fathers' heights varied more than mothers', but mothers' weights, and especially BMIs, varied more than fathers'.
The raw twin descriptive statistics contributing to BMI are shown in Table 3. At age 11, Minnesota twins were taller, but this had reversed by age 17, suggesting earlier puberty-related growth spurts in Minnesota, especially for girls. Minnesota twins weighed on average as much as 1 standard deviation more at all ages; this was consequently reflected in higher BMIs. At age 11, Minnesota girls were slightly taller and weighed more than boys (consistent with girls' earlier puberty), but they were evenly matched in Germany, and boys were taller and weighed considerably more in both countries by age 17 (slightly taller and heavier at age 5 too). Variances in height were greatest at age 11, reflecting variance in timing of the pubertal growth spurt, but variances in weight and BMI increased with age in both sexes and countries. Like their parents, German twins varied more in height than did Minnesota twins, but Minnesota twins varied more in weight and BMI. Except at age 11, boys resembled their fathers in varying more in height than did girls. Minnesota girls resembled their mothers in varying more in weight and BMI than boys at all ages, but German girls only showed greater variance in BMI in Cohort 4 (ages 23–24). Figure 2 summarizes these comparisons in graphical form. The means were consistent with data from other, larger sources, but these sources do not usually address variances. Differences in variance may indicate factors relevant to mean level trends, however, such as society-level disparities in economic and community resources.
Rates of overweight and obesity
Table 4 shows rates of overweight and obesity in parents and twins, based on the standard BMI cut-offs of 25 and 30 for adults and both CDC and WHO standards for those under age 18. Parental rates were generally consistent with WHO and CDC statistics in magnitude, with Minnesotan rates considerably higher than German rates, especially among mothers. In contrast to WHO (2017) data, however, overweight rates were lower in mothers than in fathers in both countries, and obesity rates in Germany were lower too, though not in Minnesota. This could reflect the slightly elevated overall levels of education in both samples, especially if associated with greater attention to maintenance of muscle mass (physical fitness) in adulthood. MTFS age-24 and TwinLife Cohort 4 (ages 23–24) rates ran well behind their parents', but were considerably higher than those of the younger twins (including, in MTFS, themselves at younger ages). The rates in younger twins showed likely impact of greater weight of muscle than fat mass in young males, which distorts BMI as a measure of adiposity. Overall, however, the rates were very consistent with concerns about indications that childhood overweight and obesity are emerging at younger ages and to increasing degrees over time, more so in the United States than in Germany.
Tables 5 and 6 show the phenotypic correlations among study variables, Table 5 for TwinLife and Table 6 for MTFS. Reflecting accumulation of overweight with age, correlations between height and weight were generally larger in younger groups and small in adulthood. Parental assortment for height was generally moderate, but that for weight and BMI small. There was enough parental assortment on BMI, however, to indicate that, on average, DZ twins would share 55% of their segregating genes rather than 50% when parental assortment is random (parental correlations 0.23 in TwinLife, 0.22 in MTFS). We adapted our modelling assumptions to reflect this. SES was generally associated positively with height and negatively with weight and BMI to small degrees, in both parents and twins in all age groups. One exception to this was TwinLife Cohort 3 (age 17) boys, for whom the SES–BMI correlation was positive. Because the phenotypic SES–BMI correlations were fundamental to our SES-moderation hypotheses, we highlight them in Fig. 3. Parent–offspring correlations reflected both genetic and family lifestyle transmission. Height correlations were moderate, and tended to be somewhat higher at older than younger ages and perhaps higher with the parent of the same sex than the opposite sex. Parent–offspring weight and BMI correlations were generally small to moderate and showed the same age pattern, but no particular pattern regarding sameand opposite-sex. Mid-parent–offspring correlations (not shown) were higher, but still ran about 0.10 lower than DZ correlations. These patterns were rather consistent in the two samples. They likely reflect combinations of gene-environment correlation for tendency to weight gain and lifestyle, generation-specific lifestyle effects, and development processes.
In MTFS, cross–time correlations of height were 0.60–0.80 before age 17, and well above 0.90 after that. Weight and BMI cross–time correlations were similar at the younger ages, but not as high after age 17. Girls tended to be slightly more consistent across time than boys.
Univariate variance decompositions
The twin correlations are shown in Table 7. Presence of genetic influence on height, weight, and BMI was clear throughout. Except at age 11 in MTFS girls and in TwinLife Cohort 4 (ages 23–24) men, all indicated important shared environmental influences on height as well. At the younger ages, weight and BMI also showed important shared environmental influences, but these eroded in the older ages. We fit standard univariate twin models to these data to produce the estimates of proportions of variance in BMI attributable to genetic and shared and non-shared environmental influences shown in Fig. 4. At all ages in both sexes in both countries, the majority of the variance could be attributed to genetic influence.
We next fit the SES moderation models in each TwinLife cohort and at each assessment age in MTFS, separately in females and males. The second column of Table 8 indicates the best-fitting model in each (fit statistics leading to selection of best-fitting models and confidence intervals for their moderating parameters are provided in online supplementary information). With the exception of men in TwinLife Cohort 4 (ages 23–24), there were significant negative main effects of SES on BMI in all groups in both sexes and both countries, so that BMIs tended to be lower in youth of higher SES-of-origin. The effect was significantly positive in this one older male German group, however. [But it was TwinLife male Cohort 3 (age 17) that showed the lone positive phenotypic correlation.] In most groups, SES moderated the genetic influences on BMI, so that there was less genetic variance and heritability in BMI at higher levels of SES, consistent with the adult studies based on attained SES reviewed above. TwinLife Cohort 1 (age 5) girls and boys and TwinLife Cohort 3 boys (age 17) were exceptions to this. In these groups, there was less variance in BMI at higher levels of SES too, but instead of moderating genetic influences, SES moderated shared environmental influences. SES also moderated non-shared environmental influences in many groups. Usually this also meant less non-shared environmental variance at higher levels of SES, but it meant more non-shared environmental variance in MTFS males at ages 17 and 23, and TwinLife males in Cohorts 2 (age 11) and 4 (ages 23–24).
We compared results in analogous age groups across countries in two ways. Our strictest test of differences was to fit each age–sex group's data to the parameters generated in the analogous model of the other country's data [e.g., by fixing the moderating and main-effect parameters to those generated by the girls' age-11 MTFS data to TwinLife Cohort 2 (age 11) girls' data]. In doing this, we allowed the A, C, and E parameters that reflect the magnitudes of the total variances to remain free, as it was plain that total variance in BMI was greater in MTFS than in TwinLife at all ages and in their parents as well. The extent to which we were able to do this depended not just on how different the parameters were, but on the relative sizes of the samples. In most groups, the power advantage went to MTFS, so there were several German groups in which we were able to do this without loss of model fit, but could not do it in the analogous Minnesotan groups.
To address which specific differences were most important, we also tested whether each significant moderating parameter could be constrained equal across countries in each group.


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Design and ASIC Implementation of Root Raised Cosine Filter
Raised cosine filter is a FIR filter that can be used to counter many problems of communication such as the Inter symbol interference. The rectangular pulse occupies a large bandwidth so an alternative to rectangular pulse is a sinc pulse, which reduces the bandwidth and inter symbol interference. The rectangular pulse is passed through the root cosine filter a set of FIR filters to pulse shape the pulses to sinc. The specification of the root raised cosine FIR filter considered in this design is sampling frequency of 15.36 MHz and the cutoff frequency of 1.92 MHz, which is suitable to 3G-WCDMA.


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By Audrey Fraizer
The number of Line of Duty Deaths (LODD) both stagger and humble the public service professional and, according to Lisa Kalmbach, should provide plenty of reason to raise an alarm for discussing the topic no one wants to approach.
"How would you handle a situation that affects all your people?" asked Lisa Kalmbach, Operations Supervisor, Manatee County, Emergency Communications Center (ECC), Bradenton, Fla., during the "LODD—Is Your Center Prepared?" session that she and Brian Kalmbach, Lt. Firefighter, East Manatee Fire Rescue, Fla., gave at NAVIGATOR 2011. "Do you have any plans in place? The unthinkable does happen, and the role of dispatch can reduce the risk if prepared."
While there is the question of how to support staff following an LODD while maintaining operations, the Kalmbachs emphasized learning from the experience of others: how something happened and how a situation resulting in fatalities could have been avoided and, from there, developing a plan of corrective action.
"Start the conversation," Lisa Kalmbach said. "This is what we did well, and this is what we learned."
First, look at the major causes of LODD, which does differ between police, fire, and EMS. Poor health/fitness/wellness and lack of personal protective equipment are primary factors contributing to on-duty firefighter deaths1, while roadway deaths are often cited as the leading cause of on-duty deaths of EMS and law enforcement.
Despite situations unique to each service, there is one factor carrying a high LODD potential common to all three, Lisa Kalmbach said.
"Human error happens in professions responsible for saving lives," she said. "It usually involves poor communication or not understanding the situation."
Poor communication can occur in any stage of the incident, including when dispatch is gathering caller information and relaying it to the field units quickly and logically, as shown in the example of a flashover at a residential fire that resulted in the death of one firefighter and injured two others (March 21, 2003, Cincinnati, Ohio).
While several factors contributed to the accident, a subsequent investigation cited a lack of information needed to formulate a different suppression strategy and recommended: "Emergency dispatchers should always try to obtain all information available from the caller. This would include any information regarding the type of structure, occupancy, injuries, the fire or emergency condition, the possible location of the fire, address of the incident, and callback numbers."2
"If we have it and they don't know about it, the information is useless to both of us," Lisa Kalmbach said.
In a second incident the Kalmbachs cited, on Dec. 3, 1999, six firefighters died after getting disoriented in a maze-like six-floor warehouse while searching for two people believed to be trapped in the building. Again, while there were several factors to blame for the fatalities, communication was found ineffective at times "because of congested radio traffic and inadequate radio equipment on the ground."
Subsequent recommendations included implementing standard operating procedures (SOPs) and providing communication equipment in a quantity and quality sufficient to support the volume of communications encountered at the fire scene.3
Preparation takes learning to communicate properly, with the proper SOPs and equipment in place, Lisa Kalmbach said.
"Dispatch can help reduce human error," she said. "We can learn from past mistakes as long as it leads to correcting the problem before it happens again."
1Moore-Merrell L, McDonald S, et al. "Contributing Factors to Firefighter Line-of-Duty Death in the United States." 2006; Sept. 30. _URL_ (accessed Jan. 15, 2016).
2"Career Fire Fighter Dies and Two Career Fire Fighters Injured in a Flashover During a House Fire–Ohio." National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2005; Jan. 7. _URL_ (accessed Jan. 15, 2016).
3"Six Career Fire Fighters Killed in Cold Storage and Warehouse Building Fire–Massachusetts." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000; Sept. 27. _URL_ (accessed Jan. 15, 2016).


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JEC Group have brought together the international community of composites leaders and executives in our Composites Circle as an unique networking opportunity to meet with both peers and future partners.
Professor and Architect Mark Goulthorpe, of the MIT Department of Architecture, confirmed as guest keynote speaker for the Future of Composites in Construction.
Evonik has developed endless fiber-reinforced UD tapes with thermoplastic matrices to the marketable stage and is now distributing them under the Vestape brand.
For some years now, tape manufacturers have been using thermoplastic matrices from Evonik. Now the company itself is manufacturing both glass and carbon fiber tapes using polyamide 12 and specialty high-temperature polyamides. On request, tapes can also be produced using other thermoplastic matrices such as polyamide 6 or PEEK (VESTAKEEP®). The tapes are supplied in rolls 80mm and 150mm wide.In a unidirectional tape, glass or carbon fibers, which are embedded in a thermoplastic matrix, optimally combine their properties so that innovative construction materials result which enable new component design. Multiple layers of UD tape in a laminate make up organosheets, which significantly exceed the mechanical properties of metal sheets of similar thickness. Organosheets can be thermoformed and can thus assume various component geometries. They also offer the opportunity to integrate additional functions or components, as the parts can be coated with plastic in an injection molding machine. The matrix is made from specially developed high-performance polymers with a high glass transition temperature and therefore features good heat resistance. The polymers are customized to high-strength endless fibers, which allows production of parts that can be used even in areas exposed to extreme temperatures.


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the terminal point of one path should be the same geometrically, and physically equivalent, to the initial point of the other.
Smallest monotonic physical trajectory is called an elemental path. A monotonic physical trajectory is a continuing union of the elementals; trajectories of macroscopic dimensions are concentrated about the classical trajectories regardless of the assigned gauge; and the trajectories of microscopic dimensions possess wave-like coherence, which arises out of the fact that a physical trajectory constitutes of randomly selected elementals. This covers the monotonic trajectories. Non-monotonic trajectories will be considered below as encountered.
In addition to altering the conceptual structure of quantum mechanics, this formulation adjusts its formalism also in a significant way by introducing the assigned gauge altering the meaning of wavefunction. As its consequence, a wavefunction represents a class in that it is the same for all values of the assigned gauge; i.e., it is gauge neutral. In fact the assigned gauge is absorbed in the wavefunction and thus, the representative wavefunction is the same as for unit gauge.
Double Slit Phenomenon
Consider the double slit arrangement of Figure 3 below, which is the same as Figure 1 of :
Figure 3. Double slit system with equivalent A and B
In Figure 3, S is the source, A and B are the slits in the screen S0, C is an arbitrary observation point on the observation screen O and X marks the central point. The trajectories shown are the straight lines although all trajectories joining the respective points are possible for a particle to take.
Assignment of gauges can be somewhat intricate at times, which is described here for this case that explains the concept for other cases as well. Particles reaching about C along AC and BC experience the same interaction with the detector at C implying that the assigned gauge is the same about C as the terminal point of AC and of BC. The system of AC and BC is geometrically equivalent to the continuing union of trajectories from A to C and from C to B, constituting a single non-monotonic trajectory with the action increasing from A to C and decreasing from C to B. If a particle incident along AC was reflected about C along CB, the assigned gauge at C as the terminal point of AC and as the initial point of CB would still be the same but the trajectory ACB would be monotonic. In both cases, C is common to the corresponding constituent trajectories and thus, the gauge at C is rendered ineffective.
Radiation process is a classically stochastic bulk activity as is the interaction with a detector, both represented by the assigned gauge. By the above argument, the gauge at S is ineffective. Let S be centrally located and the slits be identical. The beams SA and SB are reflected about A and B respectively. As above, the gauges about A and B would also be ineffective. Now, let an inequivalence between the slits be introduced on the right side. In case of the electrons, this can be done, e.g., by scattering the photons from the beam behind but close to slit A. In this case, the gauge about A as the terminal point of SA would be different from that about A as the initial point of AC. However, the gauges about A and B as terminal points of SA and SB, respectively, are identical, which are the end points of the non-monotonic trajectory ASB, rendering them ineffective. Also, the action along ASB is zero. This renders the configuration left of the slits inconsequential, which will be ignored for convenience. With this, the gauges at A and B differ from one. A system can be considered with or without such decomposition for convenience without affecting the result of analysis including the cases that parallel this system with A and B equivalent.
If a net assigned gauge is introduced about a point A' away from a slit, A, along AC, the configuration left of A' and the corresponding point along BC can be ignore by the above argument. In cases of confusion whether a point of intrusion is common to the corresponding constituents, one can compare the effect of the complete gauge transformation. For example, in the present example with intrusion about A', one can calculate the complete gauge transformation with or without intrusion. If they are different, a net assigned gauge has been introduced at A; otherwise not. With this clarification, we return to the consideration of the double slit phenomenon for A and B being equivalent to each other and not equivalent.
First consider the case when the slits A and B are physically equivalent and thus the assigned gauges there are equal. Since A and B in this configuration are the end points of a single, non-monotonic, trajectory ASB with equal assigned gauges, the assigned gauges there become ineffective and thus, can be set equal to one as everywhere else.
Let the constituent trajectories AC and BC be straight lines, i.e., the classical particle trajectories. The action along the trajectory from A to C to B is the action along the trajectory from A to C minus the action along the trajectory from B to C. If this action is an integral multiple of the action along an elemental, the length at B of a vector transported from A to C to B is equal to that at A. For non-zero integral multiplier, this can be seen from the definition of an elemental: A vector transported along an elemental has the same length at its end points. For the multiplier being equal to zero, i.e., if C is located at X; the action along the configuration is equal to zero; thus the corresponding gauge transformation being the exponential of a constant multiple of the action, is equal to one, implying the same. In fact, the configuration from A to X to B is equivalent to a point, which is the trivial monotonic "trajectory;" nevertheless it is allowed; and while it is of no significance for the monotonic physical trajectories, it is significant in case of non-monotonic trajectories as discussed here. For C at locations other than X, this configuration is effectively equivalent to a monotonic trajectory constituted of the continuing union of elementals. Thus, this configuration constitutes a physical trajectory for all locations satisfying the stated condition and hence, allowed for a particle. This is an example where two macroscopic trajectories combine to yield an effective microscopic trajectory.
Since the trajectories from A to C and from C to B are classical, the action along the trajectories in their neighborhoods differs by a small amount implying the existence of an abundance of physical trajectories in a close neighborhood of the piecewise classical physical trajectory from A to C to B, yielding a high density of particles after many have landed on O; and in between the high density regions, there are low density regions by similar argument. This is the same argument as used for the monotonic physical trajectories in. Since there is a random selection of elementals at each step, a particle can land anywhere on the screen. However, this location is not completely random as the wave-like coherence is built into the microscopic steps, which becomes significant in case of microscopic trajectories; and this configuration is effectively a microscopic trajectory.
Now consider the case when the slits at A and B are not physically equivalent, which can be for various reasons. The case of the inequivalence caused by an intrusive observation discussed above is considered further here for clarity; essential argument is the same in all cases causing such inequivalence. This requires some intricate mathematical estimates; results are stated avoiding the technicalities. As indicated above, an intrusive observation can be made in an experiment conducted with electrons by scattering photons behind S0 close to A as shown in Figure 4, to see if there is an electron coming out of A. Figure 4 is the form of Figure 3 resulting from the intrusion except that scattering of photons is indicated by the arrows, which would shift the beams AC to AC' for all locations of C including X, by transferring some momentum from the scattered photon to an electron in the scattering region. If an intrusion is made away from A, it would be equivalent to assigning a gauge in the region of intrusion, which can be analyzed in a similar manner.
Figure 4. Double slit system with ineqivalent A and B
For low energy, i.e., low frequency photons, the transferred momentum is small causing a small shift of C, for which there are still many correlated trajectories constituting composite non-monotonic physical trajectories AC"B, where C" represents the terminal point of the trajectory in a small neighborhood of AC, AC' on O. This applies to the configuration for all locations of C including X. This causes the density pattern to shift and blur. As the frequency of photons is increased, the transferred momentum increases increasing the shift and blur of the density pattern. When the shifted point reaches about the nearest minimum, there are hardly any correlated trajectories causing the interference-like pattern to about disappear. At this point, the trajectories AC" and BC" are uncorrelated and must be considered independent monotonic trajectories.
Monotonic physical trajectories of macroscopic dimension are concentrated about the classical particle trajectories, i.e., the ones yielded by the action principle, which in this case are AX" and BX; and the assigned gauges at A, X", X and B are all different from one, which is inconsequential for the macroscopic almost classical trajectories. Thus, a classically expected behavior of particles would be observed, which also implies almost zero density away from X, X".
The precision of the location of a particle, including photon, is the corresponding elemental. For photons of frequency low enough that the interference-like density pattern is discernible, the elemental is at least equal to the distance between the slits and thus, it cannot be determined which slit the electron passed through. For high frequency photon, when the slit which the electron passed through can be determined, the interference pattern disappears due to a large shift.
Now consider the observation


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Modular Knights
Try to move the knight to visit each square once and return to the starting point on this unusual chessboard.
Stage: 5
Article by Toni Beardon
Things are not always what they seem. Common sense and intuition can let us down as we shall see in these examples. What seems obvious is not always true and results always need to be proved in mathematics, that is what pure mathematics is all about. Suppose in some contest A always beats B and B always beats C, then would you expect A to beat C?
Compare this idea to the relation 'greater than' for numbers. For example if a, b and c are real numbers and we know that a > b and b > c then it must follow that a > c. This property of the relation is called 'transitivity' in mathematics and we come to expect it, so when a relation arises that is not transitive, it may come as a surprise. Relations are not always transitive however, if Ann likes Ben and Ben likes Cath it does not necessarily follow that Ann likes Cath.
In the first example Voting Paradox there are 3 candidates for election. The voters have to rank them in order of preference. Consider the case where 3 voters cast the following votes: ABC, BCA and CAB:
A beats B by 2 choices to 1
B beats C by 2 choices to 1
but A cannot be the preferred candidate because A loses to C, again by 2 choices to 1.
This is an example of intransitivity. You can imagine it happening on an interview panel with three interviewers and three candidates. Can you find the probability of an outcome like this with no outright winner where there are 3 candidates A, B and C, and 3 voters, who place the candidates in order of preference? This was a problem from August 1998 and its solution is here.
The second example 'Winning Team'; involves nine runners belonging to three clubs. Runners A, F and H belong to the Cyber Club, runners B, D and I belong to the Champs Club and runners C, E and G belong to the Kings Club. Whenever they run in the same race A always beats B, and B always beats C, and C always beats D etc. so that they always finish in the order A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I.
The tournament consists of three races with 6 runners in each race and the winner scores 6 points, the second 5 points, the third 4 points, the fourth 3 points, the fifth 2 points and the last one 1 point, a total of 21 points between the two teams so there is always a winning team. You can easily calculate the points when the Cybers run against the Champs, the Cybers win with 11 points to the Champs 10 points. Now find the results when the Champs run against the Kings. Which is the best team? What happens when the Cybers run against the Kings? This problem, called Winning Team, appeared in October 1998 with subsequent discussion of the solutions.
The third example 'Dicey' involves probabilities rather than events which always happen. Dicey is a game for two players, each throws their own die and the highest score wins. Four fair dice (Efron's dice) are marked on their six faces, using the mathematical constants $\pi$, $e$ and $\phi$ (where $\phi$ is the divine proportion or golden ratio) as follows:
A: 4 4 4 4 0 0
B: $\pi \;$ $\pi \;$ $\pi \;$ $\pi$ $\pi$ $\pi$ where $\pi$ is approximately 3.142
C: $e$ $e$ $e$ $e$ 7 7 where $e$ is approximately 2.718
D: 5 5 5 $\phi \;$ $\phi \;$ $\phi \;$ where $\phi$ is approximately 1.618
You play the game with your friend Jo and you invite Jo to choose first, and to choose ANY one of the dice. Then you can always choose another die so that you will have a better chance of winning than Jo. Now Jo may think this is unfair and want to play with the die you chose thinking it is the best one. In that case you can always chose another die so that you still have a better chance of winning than Jo. Consider all the cases and decide what choice you will make in each case. Is one of the dice the best one?
Does it make any difference if the dice are marked with 3 instead of $\pi$, 2 instead of $e$ and 1 instead of $\phi$?
Dicey features in one of the January 1999 problems.
For more on this subject you might like to read the chapter 'Nontransitive dice and other probability paradoxes' in Martin Gardner's book 'Wheels, Life and other Mathematical Amusements' published by W.H.Freeman in 1983.


Why become a dormant company?
Although many businesses in the UK are constantly trading, some people choose to form or become a dormant company.
A dormant company is a business that has seen no significant economic activity during an accounting period, thus it stops trading; you can read more about dormant associations in our Transmit Start Ups guide. Here are some reasons why you might want to become a dormant company:
Future proofing
Preparation is key if you want your start-up or small business to succeed, thus if you have an idea for a trading company or are working toward starting a business you may want to open a dormant company. This way, whenever you are ready to begin trading you can jump right in, and begin growing your brand, but, in the meantime, you won't have to worry about filing detailed accounts for your dormant company. Furthermore, you may want to form a dormant company to pit your competitors at the post. Everyone knows the value of a good business idea and even a strong company name. So, why not prevent people from stealing your thunder and incorporate your stellar business today?
A trading break
Many businesses don't start their lives as dormant companies. Sometimes, an actively trading company may decide they want to take a break, and become dormant. Becoming a dormant company is helpful if you intend to continue trading in future. It simplifies the entire administration process, as you should submit abridged accounting forms to Companies House each year, which is less detailed, and so time-saving. Furthermore, it will also reduce the cost compared to if you remained a limited company, as dormant companies are not tax liable. Becoming dormant is also not as much hassle as dissolving your business – especially if there is a chance that you are likely to incorporate a similar business in future.
Some businesses may look to become dormant, for a period, if they hit any significant hurdles during their lifetime. For example, if the owner or director of the company falls ill or dies, a business may become temporarily dormant in order to assess the situation, and appoint new company officers. A company may also undergo a restructuring, and – as a result – no trading will be taking place, thus becoming dormant is a cheaper and more sensible solution. Furthermore, if a business is winding up then it may also choose to become dormant until its end to tie up any loose ends.
Holding assets
Finally, some people choose to register a dormant company so that they can hold a particular asset. For example, in the housing industry, one company – a dormant company – may hold several flats, while a larger, umbrella company handles the leasing. Thus, the holding company remains dormant, as it does not partake in any significant economic activity.
For further information on start-up loans, or support to set up your business, refer to our start up advice section.


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By Zeke Barlow
The black abalone that were once thick in the waters off the California coast earned a dubious distinction today when biologists took the final steps in putting the mollusk on the Endangered Species List....
The wording in the listing of the abalone brings up how global warming may affect the endangered species if ocean temperatures were to rise....
The abalone, which were once found in great numbers off the Channel Islands, suffered a one-two punch that led to their rapid decline and population crash in the 1990s, said Melissa Neuman, a fisheries biologist with the National Marine Fisheries Service, which published the listing in the Federal Register today. After 30 days, the listing becomes official.
Years of fishing greatly reduced the population numbers, but it was the "whithering syndrome" that was first found on Santa Cruz Island that dealt the devastating blow to the species, she said.
The disease, which spread rapidly among the population, prevents it from digesting food and the abalone in turn starts to absorb its own body mass, including its foot which attaches it to rocks and reefs.
They are now found in only a few places off the islands and off the mainland to the north. Recent surveys off Anacapa and Santa Cruz islands found about 320 in three places, said Kate Faulkner, chief of resources management of the Channel Islands National Park.


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Q: Some of my Gardenia bushes have yellow leaves. Is this an iron deficiency? What do you recommend?
A: It is common in spring to see yellow leaves on gardenia, holly and Southern magnolia. The phenomenon is caused by the plant moving food resources out to new growth on the branch tips, leaving interior leaves to survive as best they can.
The weakened yellow leaves may get spots from fungi taking advantage of them but the disease rarely moves to other parts of the plant.
If the yellow leaves are several inches back from the branch tips, and if the tip leaves are green, your plant is reacting normally. It will look fine in a few weeks. Spraying with fungicide or fertilizing will not help the situation, it's just a part of the lifecycle of the plant.


Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
Can You Fly A Drone Without WIFI?
We rely on wireless internet connections so much these days, but when it comes to our new favorite hobby of flying drones, is it really necessary to have Wi-Fi to make them work?
Drones use many different types of technology to operate and with thousands of different manufacturers and thousands of models out there, no two are the same.
So, can you fly a drone without Wi-Fi or is it an absolute necessity to be connected?
The short answer is yes, you can absolutely fly a drone without Wi-Fi, but it does offer some benefits that might make it a more attractive option. Drones and their controllers communicate using radio waves, so a wireless connection doesn't need to be present, but some drones transmit these waves using Wi-Fi.
How you connect the controller to the drone will be especially important in the grand scheme of things, so it's essential to know the options and what's actually required to get them off the ground.
Your controller will help you take off, land, and guide your copter through the air, so this communication is key to a successful flight.
Does Drone Work Without Wifi?
Drone Flying
Modern drones come in all shapes and sizes with different specifications and capabilities, so you have plenty of options when shopping around.
There are many drones that operate without Wi-Fi, so it's not always necessary to have a connection present, but it does offer some other benefits.
Most drones will come with a dedicated app that lets you set them up and sometimes offers a way to view the camera or alternative to using the controller.
When you purchase a drone, it will tell you exactly what's required to get it flying, and you may need an internet connection just for the initial setup stage.
However, when it comes to flying the drone out in the field, this is done with radio waves and therefore no internet connection is needed.
Smartphone apps that are used with drones don't connect to the drone themselves during a flight, but instead to the controller.
If you have a camera connected to the drone and are using your phone as the FPV viewer, you might need a wireless connection to make this happen.
Otherwise, you can be completely offline and away from the internet to fly a drone, so it's not required.
Do Drones Need An Internet Connection To Fly?
Drone Connected With Smartphone
Drones don't need an internet connection to fly but they must be able to send a signal from the controller to the copter in order to operate.
These signals are sent wireless using radio waves and the capacity to do so will be built into the system controller that comes with your drone, as well as the drone itself.
The transmitter or controller must be able to send messages to the drone, and this allows you to control steering, altitude, and all other features that the copter is capable of.
Radio waves can't be seen but are sent through an electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are measured in hertz (Hz) and you'll probably notice when you purchase a drone what frequency it works on.
The two most common frequency is 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz, and the transmitter and drone both need to be tuned to the same frequency.
To prevent your drone being controlled by someone else, these copters usually come with their own identification code that is unique to just that device and what transmission they'll receive.
This means you'll only ever be in control of your drone and the signals from two drones that are flying close to each other won't be mixed up.
Working on lower frequencies usually gives you a further range and they work better in dense areas where they might be trees or other obstacles.
For this reason, most drones operate on a lower frequency when being operated by radio waves. When looking at Wi-Fi controlled devices, they tend to work better on higher frequencies, but the range will be limited when compared to the radio.
Can You Fly A Drone Without A Smartphone?
Using Drone With Bluetooth Game Controller
When you open up your brand new drone and take a look at all the gear that comes with it, you might notice one thing missing.
A smartphone can be a valuable tool when it comes to piloting a drone and acting as a display center, but it can absolutely be done without it.
Your smartphone should only be seen as an additional accessory to use with a drone, and it's by no means a necessity.
You'll get everything you need to fly with the drone but could be given the option to download an app to your tablet or smartphone that can make the experience a lot more enjoyable.
A smartphone is usually used as a viewing platform for the drone which means if there's a camera attached to your copter, you'll get a first-person view by looking at the dedicated smartphone app that it was synced with.
Some drones also allow for remote control through the app itself, so there's no need to use the controller if you don't wish.
Do All Drones Work Have GPS?
Flying a drone isn't always as predictable as we'd like, and things can occur that send your copter off course.
GPS was introduced as a feature on some modern drones as a way to keep a track of your craft in the air, and to help you locate it if it flies off course, crashes, or needs to be remotely controlled without your assistance.
Cheaper models won't usually have GPS but will rely on the pilot to keep a visual check on the drone and navigate using that method.
The more expensive models that have GPS receivers included come with additional features that some people might find worth spending the extra money on.
 - Return to Home: With the push of a button, your drone can return back to the home base where you're standing and does so automatically without your help.
 - Position Hold: This button will cause your drone to stop and hover in its exact position, maintaining location and altitude.
 - Autonomous Flight: Just like autopilot, a drone with this feature will be able to go to a specific location set on a map without you having to direct it.
Related Questions
Drone Remote Controller With Cellphone
The technical aspects of drones can make them seem overwhelming, but getting a basic understanding of how they're controlled and how messages are sent and received will make you a better pilot.
Here are some frequently asked questions about drones and how they operate, to give you some basic knowledge of their design:
Can Drones Be Hacked?
Some models of drone have been found to have issues where control can be taken over by a third party or hacker, usually in the case of a Wi-Fi controlled device.
This isn't a security concern that most hobby pilots have to be concerned about though, but it is something that manufacturers are working to prevent in the future.
How Do I Attach A Camera To My Drone?
If you want to see what the drone is seeing, you can either purchase a drone with a camera attached or the capabilities to attach one.
These can be view with FPV (first person view) goggles made specifically for drones, or with the help of a smartphone app.
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Hill descent control
What is hill descent control and how does it work?
Hill descent control is a driver-assistance system that enables a car – usually an SUV – to go down a hill off-road without the driver having to use the brakes. The vehicle descends using the anti-lock braking system (ABS) to control each wheel's speed. If the car speeds up – which happens naturally, thanks to gravity – the system automatically applies the brakes to slow the car down.
Related Jargon
How does anti-lock braking system work?
Anti-lock braking systems (known as ABS) automatically kick in when a car's wheels start to slip while braking.


text:
Rigidity of Graph Symmetries in the 3-Sphere
Embedded graphs, symmetries of graphs, chirality
In this paper we show that, for any 3-connected graph G, if an automorphism of G is realizable by a homeomorphism of (S3, G) then there is an embedding of G such that that automorphism is induced by a finite order homeomorphism of (S3, G). We then use this result to characterize which automorphisms of an arbitrary complete graph can be induced by a homeomorphism of S3 for some embedding of the graph.
© 1995 World Scientific Publishing Co.
E. Flapan, Rigidity of Graph Symmetries in the 3-Sphere, Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, 4 (1995) 373-388. doi: 10.1142/S0218216595000181


text:
tension(redirected from arterial tension)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal.
Related to arterial tension: arterial oxygen tension
1. Physics a force that tends to produce an elongation of a body or structure
2. Physics voltage, electromotive force, or potential difference
3. a device for regulating the tension in a part, string, thread, etc., as in a sewing machine
A pulling or stretching force in line with the axis of the body; the opposite of compression, which is a pushing, crushing stress.
The condition of a string, wire, or rod that is stretched between two points.
The force exerted by the stretched object on a support.
A device on a textile manufacturing machine or a sewing machine that regulates the tautness and the movement of the thread or the fabric. Also known as tension device.
The state or condition of being pulled or stretched.


text:
Overweight women may be less likely to develop glaucoma
According to new study findings from Dutch researchers, overweight older women may be less likely than their thinner peers to develop glaucoma, a potentially blinding eye disease.
To investigate, researchers followed nearly 4000 glaucoma-free adults aged 55 or older. Over an average of 10 years, just under three percent developed glaucoma.
Researchers found that among women, each unit increase in body mass index (roughly six pounds for a women of average height and weight), was connected to a seven percent reduction in the risk of developing glaucoma.
There was no evidence that other lifestyle factors, including smoking and drinking habits, were important in participants' glaucoma risk. Nor did education or income appear to play a role.
The findings do not prove that extra pounds, themselves, are protective in women. But researchers say that one possibility is that there is some benefit from the higher estrogen levels that may be found in women with more body fat.
While there appears to be a protective effect from extra body weight, researchers are not suggesting women pack on extra pounds as a way to ward off glaucoma. According to researchers, the best way to prevent vision loss from the disorder is to have regular eye exams and, if glaucoma is found, start early treatment.
The findings, published in the Archives of Ophthalmology, back up a U.S. study published last August - the first of its kind to show a link between higher BMI and lower glaucoma risk in women.
All research on this web site is the property of Leslie Beck and is protected by copyright. Keep in mind that research on these matters continues daily and is subject to change. The information presented is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. It is intended to provide ongoing support of your healthy lifestyle practices.


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Mokpo City, located on the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula, has been built on one of the largest areas of reclaimed coastal land in Korea. This reclaimed land is currently experiencing significant ground subsidence due to soil consolidation. We have estimated the subsidence rate of Mokpo City (8 × 8 km) using the synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and InSAR permanent scatterer (PSInSAR) techniques to analyze 26 JERS-1 SAR images acquired between 1992 and 1998 and six ENVISAT ASAR images acquired in 2004-2005. Mean subsidence velocity, which was clearly related to reclaimed land, was computed from the JERS-1 PSInSAR analysis. The results indicate a continuous and significant subsidence at three sites (Dongmyung, Hadang and Wonsan), where the subsidence velocity has reached more than 5-7 cm/yr in the area of maximum subsidence. The subsidence rate was found to have decreased in Wonsan and Hadang between 1992 and 1998, while it remained steady or increased in Dongmyung during the same period. The subsidence extended to the period of 2004-2005, and the subsidence rate predicted by the JERS-1 PSInSAR analysis using a linear model was confirmed by the ENVISAT ASAR InSAR results. Our results show that InSAR/PSInSAR-based subsidence maps are useful for the long-term monitoring of soil consolidation and for defining risk zones in coastal reclaimed regions.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
Acknowledgments. We thank NASA and ONR for support. The research was supported by the National Research Lab. Project (M1-0302-00-0063) of the Korea Ministry of Science and Technology. CSTARS publications # 8.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Space and Planetary Science