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How To Migrate a WordPress Site - Import / Export WordPress Database
This article will explain how to migrate your WordPress site without using Marketplace.
Transfer your Files
 1. Connect to your current hosting account using FTP
 Note: If you are unsure how to connect using FTP please see our article Filezilla which explains how to setup Filezilla, a popular FTP program.
 2. Locate the directory that contains your WordPress site Files. This could be your public_html or a subfolder inside of the public_html
 Note: Typically you will need all of the files and folders beginning with "wp-".
 3. Using your FTP client, download these files to your computer
 4. Now you need to upload those files to your new hosting account. You can use FTP to upload these files.
 5. Navigate to your public_html folder or the subfolder where you want WordPress installed
 6. Upload the files from your computer to this new location
Export the WordPress Database
 1. On your current hosting account, open the wp-config.php file. Located in this file is the name of the database that you need to export
 2. Most cPanel based hosting accounts should provide a copy of PHPMyAdmin to access your database. You can use this to export the database as a.sql file.
 Export the Database
 Note: If you don't have access to PHPMyAdmin, you can use a plugin to export a backup of your database
Create a New Database
You are now going to create a new database for the WordPress install.
 1. In your cPanel: Navigate to the Database category and click MySQL Databases
 2. Create a new database by typing in a name for it. This will be something like username_wp1, with 'wp1' being the name given to the database.
 Create a Database
 3. Now create a user for the database. You will provide a password for the user, which is important to remember for a later step in configuring WordPress
 Create Database User
 4. Once you have created the user, you will need to assign it to the database. When you do this, give the user All Privileges
 Database Privileges
Import into New Database
Now that you have a database created, you are going to Import the.sql file you downloaded into it
 1. In your cPanel: Navigate to the database category and click PHPMyAdmin
 2. Choose your newly created database, from the left hand side of the page.
 Database Import
 3. Along the top of the screen, click the Import tab
 Database Import Button
 4. Click the Browse button, and locate the file on your computer.
 5. Once you select the file, click Go to start the import.
Update your WordPress Configuration File
Now you need to make sure that your WordPress install is connected to the correct database. To do this,
 1. Open your File Manager and edit the wp-config.php file
 WP Config File
 2. You will need to type in the new database information: database name, database user, and the password.
 Configuration Settings
 3. Once you have updated those, click Save Changes
 1. Log into your WordPress Dashboard, using the username and password from the copy of WordPress you brought over
 2. Under Settings, click Permalinks
 Permalinks Settings
 3. You don't have to make any actual changes, just click the Save Changes button.
Doing this will update all the page and post URLs. If you have custom themes or plugins/widgets with old URLs, you will have to update those manually since there are not any plugins that are able to modify those as well.
View your Site
Once you have completed these steps, view your site in your browser to make sure everything looks correct and is functioning properly.
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text:
|"Children are one third of our population and all of our future."|
|–Select Panel for the Promotion of Child Health, 1981|
The value of a good mentor is immeasurable when it comes to being able to inspire and promote social norm change – particularly among men. By sharing their insight and knowledge, a mentor can increase the awareness to the magnitude of violence against women. A good mentor can advise, support and help mentees avoid feelings of incompetence and isolation. A good mentor introduces others to the collaborative efforts of men and women in reducing gender violence.
What you can do:
- Become familiar with the Mentors in Violence Prevention Program and the Bystander Model
- Volunteer to coach or supervise a youth sport or activity – check local resources for requests and openings
- Encourage the place you volunteer at to talk about violence prevention with coaches and mentors
- Join and/or Support the Iowa Men's Action Network

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Bees learn while they sleep, and that means they might dream.
Photo via MYN Pierre Escoubas/naturepl.com
A new study suggests that bees can store information in long-term memory while they sleep, just like humans do when we dream
For all our obvious differences, humans and honeybees share some common threads within the fabric of life.
We are both social species. While humans speak and write to communicate, honeybees dance to one another; waggling their bodies for specific durations at angles that indicate where the best pockets of nectar or pollen are to be found outside the hustle and bustle of the nest.
But only forager bees – the eldest of several types of honeybee castes – do this. Just like in human populations, the honeybee colony is divided into different sectors of work. There are cleaners, nurses, security guards, not to mention collection bees whose sole job is to cache nectar in comb.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


of the new transaction. Later on, when we talk about "outputs", especially in the ring signature section, we mean the outputs of the old transaction which become the inputs of the new transaction.
So, suppose Alice needs to pull bitcoins from the following transactions which we shall name TX(0), TX(1) and TX(2). These three transactions will be added together and that will give you the input transaction which we shall call TX(Input).
Diagrammatically, it will look like this:
So, that is it from the input side, let's check out what the output side will look like.
Transaction Output
The output basically will have a number of bitcoins that Bob will possess post transaction and any remaining change that is left over, which is then sent back to Alice. This change then becomes her input value for all future transactions.
A pictorial representation of the output side looks like this:
What is Monero? The Ultimate Beginners Guide
Now, this is a very simple transaction that has just one output (apart from the CHANGE), there are transactions that are possible with multiple outputs.
Image courtesy: FluffyPony presentation.
What is Monero? The Ultimate Beginners Guide
bitcoin transactions happen because of public key cryptography. To have a very basic understanding of how that works, check out this flowchart:
A bitcoin user first chooses their private key. The public key is then mathematically derived from the private key. The public key is then hashed to create a public address which is open to the world. So, if Alice were to send Bob some BTC, she simply has to send them to his public address.
Now, there is a problem with this system. The public address is well…public! Anyone on
the blockchain can know who that address belongs to and as a result checkout their entire transaction history and also a number of bitcoins that they own! While Bitcoin does a stellar job of being a decentralized cryptocurrency, it doesn't really do a great job of being a private currency system.
This is the "Electronic cash triangle" as the Monero team puts it:
What is Monero? The Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: FluffyPony presentation.
As they put it, an ideal Electronic cash should fulfill three requirements:
 - It should be electronic.
 - It should be decentralized.
 - It should be private.
With Monero, they are attempting to fulfill all these 3 criteria.
The underlying philosophy behind Monero is complete privacy and opaqueness.
 - The privacy of the sender is maintained by Ring Signatures.
 - The privacy of the recipient is maintained by Stealth Addresses.
 - The privacy of the transaction is maintained by Ring CT aka Ring Confidential Transactions.
Monero Cryptography #1: Ring Signatures
In order to understand what ring signatures are and how they help maintain the sender's privacy let's take a hypothetical real-life example. When you are sending someone a check, you need to sign it off with your signature right? However, because of that, anyone who sees your check (and knows what your signature looks like) can tell that you are the person who has sent it.
Now think about this.
Suppose, you pick up 4 random people from the streets. And you merge your signatures with these 4 people to create a unique signature. Nobody will be able to find out whether it really is your signature or not.
That, in essence, is how ring signature works. Let's see its mechanism in the context of Monero.
Suppose, Alice has to send 1000 XMR (XMR = Monero) to Bob, how will the system utilize ring signatures to hide her identity? (For simplicity's sake, we are taking a preringct implementation case..more on that later).
Firstly, she will determine her "ring size". The ring size are random outputs taken from the monero network, which is of the same value as her output aka 1000 XMR. The bigger the ring size, the bigger the transaction and hence higher the transaction fees. She then signs these outputs with her private spend key and sends it to the blockchain. Another thing to note, Alice doesn't need to ask the owners of these previous transactions their permission to use the outputs.
So, suppose Alice chooses a ring size of 5 i.e. 4 decoy outputs and her own transaction, for an outsider, this is what it will look like:
What is Monero? The Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: Monero Youtube channel.
In a ring signature transaction, any of the decoys taken from the monero network is as likely of being an output as the actual output because of which any unintended third party (including the miners) won't be able to know who the sender is.
Now, this brings us to a problem.
One of the many important roles that miners have is the prevention of "double spending". Double spending basically means spending the exact same coin on more than one transactions at the same time. This problem is circumnavigated because of miners. In a blockchain, transactions happen only when miners put the transactions in the blocks that they have mined.
So suppose, A were to send 1 bitcoin to B and then he sends the same coin to C, the miners would put in one transaction inside the block and, in the process, overwrite the other one, preventing double-spending in the process. But this is possible only when the miners can actually see what the inputs of the transaction actually is and who the sender is. In Monero, this is all hidden and cloaked thanks to the ring signatures. So how do they prevent double spends?
The answer lies in more ingenious cryptography.
Every transaction in Monero comes with its own unique key image. (we will see the mathematics behind key image later on). Since the key image is unique for every transaction, the miners can simply check it out and know whether a Monero coin is being double-spent or not.
So, this is how Monero maintains the privacy of the sender by using ring transactions. Up next, we will see how Monero protects its receiver's identity by the use of stealth addresses.
Monero Cryptography #2: Stealth Addresses
One of the biggest USP of Monero is transaction unlinkability. Basically, if someone sends you 200 XMR then, nobody should know that that money is coming to your addresses. Basically, if Alice were to send money to Bob, only Alice should know that Bob is the recipient of her money and no one else.
So, how does Monero ensure Bob's privacy?
Remember, Bob has 2 public keys, the public view key, and the public send key. For the transaction to go through, Alice's wallet will use Bob's public view key and the public spend key to generate a unique one-time public key.
This is the computation of the one-time public key (P).
 - P = H(rA)G + B
In this equation:
 - r = Random scalar chosen by Alice.
 - A = Bob's public view key.
 - G = Cryptographic constant.
 - B = Bob's public spend key.
 - H() = The Keccak hashing algorithm used by Monero.
The computation of this one-time public key generates a one-time public address called "stealth address" in the block chain where Alice sends her Monero intended for Bob. Now, how is Bob going to unlock his Monero from the random distribution of data?
Remember that Bob also has a private spend key?
This is where it comes into play. The private spend key basically helps Bob scan the blockchain for his transaction. When Bob comes across the transaction, he can calculate a private key which corresponds to the one-time public key and retrieves his Monero. So Alice paid Bob in Monero without anyone getting to know.
The Calculation of Key Images (a slight detour)
Before we continue, let's go back to key images. So how is a key Image (I) calculated?
Now we know how the one-time public key (P) was calculated. And we have private spend key of the sender which we will call "x".
 - I = xH(P).
Things to note from this equation.
 - It is infeasible to derive the one time public address P from the key image "I"(it is a property of the cryptographic hash function) and hence Alice's identity will never be exposed.
 - P will always give the same value when it's hashed, meaning H(P) will always be the same. What this means is, since the value of "x" is constant for Alice, she will never be able to generate multiple values of "I". Which makes the key image unique for every transaction.
Monero Cryptography #3: Ring Confidential Transactions
So, now we have seen how the spender can be kept anonymous and we have seen how the receiver is kept anonymous. But what about the transaction itself? Is there a way to make sure that the transaction amount itself is hidden?
Before the implementation of Ring CT, the transactions used to happen like this:
If Alice had to send 12.5 XMR to bob, then the output will be broken down into 3 transactions of 10,2 and.5. Each of those transactions will get their own ring signatures and then added to the blockchain:
Image courtesy: Monero Youtube
While this did safeguard the sender's privacy, what it did was that it made the transactions visible to everyone.
To address this issue, Ring CT was implemented which was based on the research done by Gregory Maxwell. What RingCT does is simple, it hides the transaction amounts in the blockchain. What this also means is that any transaction inputs don't need to be broken down into known denominations, a wallet can now pick up


text:
According to a new report from the Oregon Health Authority, some manufacturing and construction jobs still have an increased risk for high blood-lead levels – especially jobs involving battery manufacturing, painting, and wall covering.
The report, Adult Blood Lead Reporting in Oregon, 2006-2010, summarizes the results of 33,400 adult blood-lead tests from Oregon's Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance program (ABLES).
Adult exposure to lead typically occurs when dust and fumes are inhaled or the dust ends up on hands, food, or cigarettes, for example, then swallowed.
Work-related exposures accounted for the majority of elevated blood-lead levels reported, especially at levels of 25 micrograms/deciliter or higher. According the report, there were 548 work-related cases involving workers who had elevated blood-lead levels. ABLES defines an elevated blood level as "greater than or equal to 10 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood." The majority of cases were in the storage battery manufacturing category (42.4 percent). Painting and wall covering contractors had the next highest percentage (8.0 percent), followed by iron and steel mills (7.3 percent). There were 33,400 tests for blood lead in Oregon from 2006 to 2010.
Often, individuals with elevated blood lead levels do not appear sick. However, recent evidence suggests that lead exposure at levels previously believed to be of little concern can result in chronic health effects if the exposure continues for many years.
The Oregon ABLES program also provides Oregon OSHA with information on firms whose employees have tested blood lead levels that are 25 micrograms per deciliter or higher. This allows Oregon OSHA to target workplaces where workers are at the highest risk for lead exposure.


text:
Alternate names: Ramygala [Lith], Remigole and רעמיגאָלע [Yid], Remigola and Ремигола [Rus], Remigoła [Pol], Ramygalos, Remygala, Ramīgala. 55°31' N, 24°18' E, 15 miles S of Panevėžys (Ponevezh) on the banks of the Upytė River, a tributary to the Nevėžis River. Center of an eldership, the smallest administrative division in Lithuania with a small hospital and a library. 1900 Jewish population: 650. 2005 population: less than 1,700 with no Jews.
On July 7, 1941, the Jews of Panevezys were forced into a ghetto confied to several of the town's streets along with Jews from Naujamiestis, Krekenava, Raguva and Ramygala. The entire population of the ghetto was murdered in August 1941.
|Last Updated on Tuesday, 27 September 2011 11:50|


Recording format
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A cylinder, head, and sector of a hard drive. The sectors are a recording container format. The digital data on the disks may be both secondary container file formats and raw digital data content formats such as digital audio or ASCII encoded text.
A map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically). The lines are a grid, a method for dividing and containing recorded cartographical data. The land masses and oceans are cartographical data in a raw content (pictorial graphical) format. The text is in an alphanumerical symbolic raw content format.
A recording format is a format for encoding data for storage on a storage medium. The format can be container information such as sectors on a disk, or user/audience information (content) such as analog stereo audio. Multiple levels of encoding may be achieved in one format. For example, a text encoded page may contain HTML and XML encoding, combined in a plain text file format, using either EBCDIC or ASCII character encoding, on a UDF digitally formatted disk.
In electronic media, the primary format is the encoding that requires hardware to interpret (decode) data; while secondary encoding is interpreted by secondary signal processing methods, usually computer software.
Recording container formats[edit]
A container format is a system for dividing physical storage space or virtual space for data. Data space can be divided evenly by a system of measurement, or divided unevenly with meta data. A grid may divide physical or virtual space with physical or virtual (dividers) borders, evenly or unevenly. Just as a physical container (such as a file cabinet) is divided by physical borders (such as drawers and file folders), data space is divided by virtual borders. Meta data such as a unit of measurement, address, or meta tags act as virtual borders in a container format. A template may be considered an abstract format for containing a solution as well as the content itself.
Raw content formats[edit]
Main article: content format
A raw content format is a system of converting data to displayable information. Raw content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format (e.g. digital audio, digital video) or recorded in the primary format. A primary raw content format may be directly observable (e.g. image, sound, motion, smell, sensation) or physical data which only requires hardware to display it, such as a phonographic needle and diaphragm or a projector lamp and magnifying glass.


When Do You Change Your Oil?
Service Life Can Be Determined In Various Ways.
Signature Series new 700 hour limit provides clarity for those operating vehicles that idle excessively. The following article by Dan Peterson, AMSOIL Vice President of Technical Development is from the February 2015 issue of the AMSOIL Dealer Magazine.
Oftentimes we talk about how long motor oil can be used – the expected service life – before it needs to be changed. Service life is most frequently described in miles and can be greatly affected by a vehicle's operating conditions, which is why AMSOIL has provided definitions for normal and severe service.
For our Signature Series products, AMSOIL defines severe service as primarily short trips (less than 10 miles [16 km]); turbo/supercharged engines; commercial or fleet vehicles; excessive idling; first-time use of AMSOIL motor oil in a vehicle with more than 100,000 miles; frequent towing, hauling, plowing, or driving in dusty conditions. Most of those conditions are straightforward. "Excessive idling," however, can be difficult to define. To add clarity, AMSOIL is now adding a 700-hour interval under both normal and severe service conditions.
Matt Erickson, our Technical Product Manager, Passenger Car, created the graph below to help illustrate the importance of the hours interval by highlighting some examples. The graph shows the hours of engine operation, or idle time, versus the miles driven for a drain interval. The colored lines represent average speeds of a vehicle in four different scenarios. The blue line represents an average speed for a New York City taxi, which according to the EPA is only 7.1 mph. Even though the taxis there don't move very fast, their engines are operating nearly
continuously, which means that the oil is being stressed for a large amount of time. If you follow the blue line in the graph, you can see that after 700 hours they have only traveled 5,000 miles. And according to the updated AMSOIL recommendation, these cabs should change their oil unless oil analysis says they can go longer.
During testing, we found that taxis running in Las Vegas average a consistent 14.6 mph. Even though the vehicles are not always moving, the engines stay on just to keep the air conditioners running. Following the orange line in the graph shows that these vehicles can accumulate a little more than 10,000 miles in 700 hours. That's the same amount of time as the NYC taxi, but they can go twice as long in terms of miles. This is a clear example of how the hours interval can significantly impact the amount of miles achieved in a drain interval.
The EPA city driving cycle is used to estimate the city fuel economy numbers we are familiar with seeing advertised on vehicles. It has an average speed of 21.2 mph, and it is a good representation of short-trip or stop-and-go driving seen in cities without major congestion. Vehicles primarily used in this capacity fall into severe service, so the mileage cutoff would be at 15,000 before the next oil change, which happens to correspond nicely with the 700-hour mark. Now if speeds are slightly above 21.2 mph, but the driving conditions fall into severe service (turbocharged, dusty, towing, plowing, etc.), then the drain interval will be limited by 15,000 miles before it reaches 700 hours.
Finally, the EPA highway cycle is shown in green, averaging 48.3 mph. This is mostly highway driving, and even after 25,000 miles the engine operating time is only slightly over 500 hours. Therefore, drain intervals will be set by 25,000 miles, and the hours don't even come into play.
AMSOIL Signature Series Motor Oil represents the pinnacle of oil formulation, but all motor oils eventually break down. For many applications, especially personal-use vehicles, the average speed is high enough that the hours of engine operation are not a concern. However, for high idle-time applications, such as those common to fleets, logging the amount of time the engine operates is important. •
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Press Releases
With Budget Talks Underway, Klobuchar Outlines Economic Priorities in JEC Hearing with Jason Furman, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors
Klobuchar calls for renewed commitment to bipartisanship in promoting responsible budget solutions, deficit reduction; urges critical investments in workforce training, export promotion and infrastructure
Nov 13 2013
WASHINGTON, D.C. - U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), Vice Chair of the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee (JEC), outlined her economic priorities going into the Senate's budget discussions during a hearing today with Jason Furman, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA). Klobuchar called for an end to the political brinksmanship that led to the government shutdown in October, stressing the need for bipartisan solutions to boost the economy and promote job creation while laying the groundwork for sustainable growth and deficit reduction.
"Today's hearing was a good opportunity to discuss some of the immediate actions we can take to boost our economy in the short term while laying a stronger foundation for growth in the long term," Klobuchar said. "We need to pass commonsense legislation like the Farm Bill and immigration reform, and also focus on boosting exports, improving workforce training, and strengthening our infrastructure."
Throughout the hearing, Klobuchar highlighted several immediate actions Congress could take to strengthen the economy and spur job creation, such as passing a five-year Farm Bill and the Senate-passed comprehensive immigration reform legislation, which would reduce the deficit by $160 billion in the first ten years. She also emphasized the need for a responsible plan to reduce the deficit while upholding critical investments in areas like workforce training, export promotion and infrastructure improvements.
Klobuchar also used today's hearing to stress the importance of bipartisanship in crafting a long-term budget plan. In September, she released a report showing that political brinksmanship surrounding the debt ceiling dealt a heavy blow to the U.S. economy.
In her role as JEC Vice Chair, Klobuchar has worked to find bipartisan solutions that strengthen the economy by promoting innovation, entrepreneurship and exports while responsibly reducing the deficit. During the government shutdown, Klobuchar was part of the bipartisan group of 14 Senators that worked together to craft the bipartisan framework to reopen the government and ensure our country paid its bills.
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It is common sense to keep business logic out of controllers. It is also common sense that database access logic should be on a repository, using a repository pattern, as described here: Repository Pattern
However, the repository pattern specifies only very simple low level database operations: Insert, Delete, Update, Select. People advise to keep validation logic out of it too. That is not a problem, since most of the validation can be put inside the model object itself. The problem comes when we need to make some kind of cross-validation, that is, a validation that needs to look on more than one instance of the same model object (for example, ensuring that a name is unique accross all instances of same object) or, even worse, when the validation logic needs to check two or more objects of different types. In this case, we have a real big hole: the business logic cannot be in controller, cannot be in the repository, cannot be in the object model itself (since the logic is not bound only to the object's properties). Where should this logic be? What is the best design pattern for this kind of requirement?
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2 Answers
The problem here is that your design requires the UI to do validation based on business concerns.
The way to accomplish this is to abstract the validation into the business layer. Your business layer may have methods like ValidateUserIsUnique() and then your ui calls into this layer and receives a result, which is then used for validation.
In particular, for client-side validation MVC provides the RemoteValidationAttribute, but this will only do client-side validation. You will also need to do a server-side validation that calls the same (or a similar) function on the server.
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Public Release: Football displays fractal dynamics
Physicists reveal that the real-time dynamics in a football game are subject to self-similarity characteristics in keeping with the laws of physics
Football fascinates millions of fans, almost all of them unaware that the game is subject to the laws of physics. Despite their seemingly arbitrary decisions, players obey certain rules, as they constantly adjust their positions in relation to their teammates, opponents, the ball and the goal. A team of Japanese scientists has now analysed the time-dependent fluctuation of both the ball and all players' positions throughout an entire match. They discovered that a simple rule governs the complex dynamics of the ball and the team's front-line. These findings, published in EPJ B, could have implications for other ball games, providing a new perspective on sports science.
A. Kijima, K. Yokoyama, H.Shima, and Y. Yamamoto (2014), Emergence of self-similarity in football dynamics, European Physical Journal B, DOI 10.1140/epjb/e2014-40987-5
For more information visit:
The full-text article is available to journalists on request.


text:
The first step in effective review is to build awareness, and the key to this step is to grasp the big and let go of the small. With so many things happening, it is impossible for everything to be important. These important processes need to be restored to form cognition.
The second step of effective review is correct attribution. Correct understanding and absolutely correct attribution does not exist. We are pursuing attributions with a higher recurrence rate. An attribution that is repeated 100 times can get 90 times. It is more correct than an attribution that can only get the expected result 40 times repeated 100 times.
The third step of an effective review is the second decision. The second decision is what you would do if you were asked to do it all over again. The second decision is a major watershed, which is the core that leads people to experience similar things, but the final achievements are very different.
When successful, people are often willing to attribute success to themselves, when failure, people are often willing to attribute failure to others and objective conditions. Real masters often think that when they succeed, they think that it is mainly due to external factors such as the right time and place, but when they fail, they often find reasons from themselves.
有效复盘 有效复盘的第一步是构建认知，这一步的要诀是抓大放小。 发生了那么多事情，不可能每一件都重要，需要把这些重要的过程还原出来，形成认知。 有效复盘的第二步是正确归因，正确理解，绝对正确的归因是不存在的，我们追求的是更高复现率的归因，一个重复100次的能获得90次的归因要比一个重复100次只能得到40次预期结果的归因更正确。 效复盘的第三步是二次决策，二次决策就是如果让你重新来一遍你会怎么做. 二次决策就是一个重大分水岭，是导致人们经历了类似的事情，最终成就却千差万别的核心环节。 当成功时，人们往往愿意把成功归因在自己身上，当失败时，人们往往愿意吧失败归因在他人和客观条件上。 真正的高手往往成功时认为主要是天时地利任何等外部因素，反而他们在失败的时候，多从自己身上找原因。


LVM, TLC NAND and the power of 2 problem
Now when you just create a few partitions and ensure they are aligned, this is not going to be an issue. However, if you use LVM and intend to create and delete a lot of logical volumes over time, you'd want them to be aligned on the erase block. With current versions of LVM, you can't do that for TLC NAND drives. LVM requires a physical extent size that is a power of 2 – and there is no number that is both a power of 2 and dividable by 1.5.
There are two workarounds that I have found:
 - Create a VG with 512kb physical extents and always make sure that you use lvcreate with an extent count that is a multiple of 3
 - Create a VG with 1MB physical extents and always make sure that your newly created volumes are multiples of 3MB
However, neither of these workarounds allow for the "set it and forget it" benefits of LVM, because they cannot be enforced – if you forget to keep this in mind or make a math error, your alignment will be off. You also can't rely on other tools to create volumes for you because they may not allow for such granularity in choosing sizes.
This is ultimately a limitation of LVM that it should overcome, but I have not found any evidence that it can work without its power-of-2 requirement. I need to take this up to the mailinglist, but until that time, here's a quick script that will verify the alignment of logical volumes in a volume group:
The output will look something like this:
In the example above, there are a number of extents that were deliberately misaligned as they were not divisible by 3.
To find out which logical volume the misaligned extents belong to, you can use lvdisplay -m and search the output for the extent number.
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text:
At the core of the C2C model is the combination of intensive youth wraparound services and advocacy along with a trauma-informed group therapy called SPARCS (Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress).
Around-the-clock Support and Crisis Intervention
YAP advocates are available 24/7 to provide immediate support when crises arise and to help youth learn new ways of responding to challenges.
Advocacy and Self Reliance (space space)
Advocates balance advocating on young people's behalf with teaching C2C participants how to advocate for themselves in moments of conflict and how to achieve their goals.
Strength-based Engagement (space )
C2C recognizes and nurtures a young person's potential with relentless engagement and support throughout the program.
YAP advocates formally identify young people's strengths, needs, preferences and goals across a spectrum of life domains to develop individualized service plans that become the basis of support.
Creating a Sense of Security
The program helps youth and their family meet basic needs, as it includes consistent contact, care, wraparound services and engagement with families to create a social safety net that youth can rely on even after their program participation ends.
Similarity of background between youth, advocates and coaches – including coming from the same community and sharing similar experiences – is key to building strong and trusting relationships.
New Experiences & Group Activities
New opportunities with peers can help youth process trauma by experiencing safety and relaxation in new environments. It also allows youth the opportunity to practice new ways of coping and choosing instead of reacting with peers that are working to make the same changes. C2C also exposes young people to new career opportunities inside and outside their communities.
Trauma-informed group therapy provided by Children's Home & Aid offers youth a safe space to feel heard and help them understand how past experiences can impact their thoughts and emotions. Young people develop new tools and skills that seek to increase self-awareness, enhance self-efficacy, and create meaning.
Applied Learning (SPACE)
Because advocates attend group therapy sessions with youth and the therapists and have a deep understanding of the value of these sessions, they are able to reinforce learned skills in daily interactions with youth. This understanding helps young people build new habits and respond in healthier ways to their personal challenges. Therapists are called coaches which highlights the tool-building approach of the behavioral health services.


Understanding basic differences between lumber and related materials can make a trip to the lumberyard far less bewildering.
Understanding basic differences between lumber and related materials can make a trip to the lumberyard far less bewildering. ©Don Vandervort, HomeTips
A detailed guide for buying lumber, including information about basic terminology and sizes
Of all the materials that go into building a typical house, the most prevalent is lumber.
In one form or another, lumber is normally used for the entire skeleton, plus wall, floor, and roof sheathings, finish floors, cabinets and shelves, and doors.
Wood that has been manufactured into cabinets, flooring, and other household materials is discussed under those subject headings throughout HomeTips. Here, you'll find information on lumber and the various wood-based raw materials sold at lumberyards and home improvement centers.
It pays to brush up on basics before buying lumber. With the growing scarcity of wood, you can easily spend $2 to $3 per foot for what appears to be a plain board.
Understanding Lumber Terms
Knowing basic terminology will help you select the right materials and can save you a bundle.
Wood is classified as either softwood or hardwood, depending on whether it is from a deciduous tree (hardwood) or a conifer (softwood). Although most hardwoods do tend to be denser and harder than softwoods—oak and maple are much harder than pine, for example—these terms do not refer to the wood's hardness. (Balsa, one of the softest woods, is a hardwood.)
The nature of wood differs by the part of a log from which it is cut. Heartwood, the older wood at the center of a log, is tighter grained and resists decay more readily. Sapwood, close to the bark, is more porous.
Species is the type of tree the wood is from: oak, Douglas fir, spruce, and so on. Different woods have different qualities. Redwood, cedar, and cypress heartwood, for example, are naturally resistant to decay. That's why these woods are often preferred for outdoor use such as decking.
When wood is freshly cut, it is called green, or unseasoned. This terminology does not refer to the color. The term means that the wood has a high moisture content (20 percent or higher) because it hasn't been dried yet. Although green wood is fine for some outdoor projects, it will warp, cup, and split as it dries. Kiln-dried (KD) lumber has been stacked and dried in a kiln.
Lumber is stamped with a moisture rating. S-GRN means it's green. S-DRY indicates that it has less than 19 percent moisture. MC-15 means its moisture content is 15 percent or less.
Before lumber leaves a mill, it may be dressed so that it is trimmed smooth, or surfaced, on two or more sides. Most lumber is surfaced on all four sides (S4S). Unsurfaced lumber is usually referred to as rough.
Lumber is sorted and graded at the mill according to quality. Various grading agencies oversee this process, and the lumber is stamped with their identifiers. The factors that determine a board's grade include knots and other imperfections. The more numerous the defects, the lower the grade. Because there are several different grading parameters, depending on the species, it's a good idea to discuss lumber grades with the dealer. You should inspect each board for defects before making a purchase.
What Is a Board Foot?
No, a board foot does not appear at the base of a wooden leg. When you buy lumber in quantity, the price of a particular species and grade of wood is often quoted by the board foot, a measurement equivalent to one square-foot piece of wood that's 1 inch thick. So, a 1-foot-long 1 by 12 is 1 board foot. Similarly, a 1-foot-long 2 by 6, which is twice as thick but only half as wide as a 1 by 12, is also 1 board foot.
Like the more familiar lineal foot pricing (where you pay according to the length of a piece) board-foot measurement does not account for the drying and surfacing of lumber.
Board-foot pricing allows a lumberyard to group several different dimensions—say, 2 by 4s, 2 by 6s, and 2 by 8s—under one price.
Understanding Lumber Sizes
Surfaced lumber actually isn't the same as its nominal size. In other words, a 2 by 6 is not 2 inches thick and 6 inches wide. After it has been dried and surfaced, it is actually 1 1?2 inches by 5 1?2 inches. The equivalents to nominal sizes are given in the chart below. Lumber is stocked by most dealers in lengths that range from 6 to 20 feet, normally in even increments.
Standard Lumber Sizes ©HomeTips
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About Don Vandervort


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Looking back on any significant event always gives us greater awareness and appreciation for the past experience. The same is true with your child's celebration of Eucharist. Through reflection on the experience and the rituals in the liturgy, we are able to clarify and extend the meaning of the celebration of the sacrament. Therefore, following the celebration of first communion, take some time together to discuss your recollections.
- What do you remember about the celebration of the sacrament?
- When you picture the celebration in your mind, what was most special to you?
- How did you feel?
- What does this experience tell you about God?
- What does this experience tell you about Jesus?
- What does this experience tell you about the Holy Spirit?
- Now that you have celebrated first communion, how will you act differently?
- Parents: How was your faith affirmed as you prepared for and celebrated this sacrament with your child?


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Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into the Project Cycle
After completion of the project analysis and design, project teams can start the implementation phase. This is the phase when project resources are deployed, planned activities are undertaken, stakeholders and partners are actively engaged, the capacity of project stakeholders is built, and the project is monitored and adapted to new conditions that may arise.
Assuming that the process of integrating adaptation into the design of the project has been effective, the implementation stage should follow the implementation strategy as planned. However, we highlight three key issues for implementation that may not be "typical" for a development project. First, there is the importance of partnerships, especially cross-sectoral ones, in the context of adaptation. Second, projects must be flexible enough to accommodate regular and systematic monitoring of changes to the context, particularly the climate context, and consequent updates to the implementation strategy. Third, the project implementation strategy should incorporate emergency preparedness measures to manage increasing risks of climate events to project activities and stakeholders.
Recommended Tools for Implementation
Climate Context Monitoring Tool
The Climate Context Monitoring Tool is a simple set of questions which can be used to track changes in the climate context over the life of the project, and to plan adjustments to the project in light of these changes. It can be used as part of regular progress reviews, and the resulting information can be integrated into project progress reports. Please note that this is CARE's first version in developing such a monitoring tool. CARE will continue to strengthen the tool during 2010 and 2011.
Download the tool
Recommended Resources for Implementation
The Basics of Project Implementation: A Guide for Project Managers
This manual by CARE International provides guidelines to project managers on managing relationships and risks, as well as ensuring flexibility.


Crafting an Item
A character who has the time, the money, and the needed tools can use downtime to craft armor, weapons, clothing, or other kinds of nonmagical gear.
Resources and Resolution. In addition to the appropriate tools for the item to be crafted, a character needs raw materials worth half of the item's selling cost. To determine how many workweeks it takes to create an item, divide its gold piece cost by 1000. A character can complete multiple items in a workweek if the item's combined cost is 1000 gp or lower. Items that cost more than 1000 gp can be completed over longer periods of time, as long as the work in progress is stored in a safe location.
Multiple characters can combine their efforts. Divide the time needed to create an item by the number of characters working on it. Use your judgment when determining how many characters can collaborate on an item. A particularly tiny item, like a ring, might allow only one or two workers, whereas a large, complex item might allow four or more workers.
A character needs to be proficient with the tools needed to craft an item and have access to the appropriate equipment. Everyone who collaborates needs to have the appropriate tool proficiency. You need to make any judgment calls regarding whether a character has the correct equipment. The following table provides some examples.
Alchemy KitAntitoxin, Potion of Healing
Leatherworker's ToolLeather Armor, Boots
Smith's ToolsArmor, Weapons
Weaver's ToolsCloaks, Robes
If all the above requirements are met, the result of the process is an item of the desired sort. A character can sell an item crafted in this way at its listed price.
Crafting Magic Items.
Creating a magic item requires more than just time, effort, and materials. It also requires you track down rare materials and the lore needed to create the item.
Potions of healing and spell scrolls are exceptions to the following rules.
FIRST, a character needs a formula for a magic item in order to create it. The formula is like a recipe. It lists the materials needed and steps required to make the item.
SECONDLY, a item invariably requires an exotic material to complete it. This material can range from the skin of a yeti to a vial of water taken from a whirlpool on the Elemental Plane of Water. Finding that material should take as part of an adventure.
The Magic Item Ingredients table gives an indication of what CR monster you may have to face to collected the required materials. Note that facing a creature does not necessarily mean that the characters must collect items from its corpse. Rather, the creature might guard a location or a resource that the characters need to access to.
Magic Item Ingredients
Item RarityCR Range
Very Rare13-18
FINALLY, In addition to collecting this resource, creating an item comes with a gold piece cost covering other materials, tools, and so on, based on the item's rarity. Those values, as well as the time a character needs to work in order to complete the item, are shown on the Magic Item Crafting Time and Cost table. Halve the listed price and creation time for any consumable items.
Magic Item Crafting Time and Cost
Item RarityWork Weeks*Cost*
Common150 gp
Uncommon2200 gp
Rare102,000 gp
Very Rare2520,000 gp
Legendary50100,000 gp
* Halved for Consumable Items, like potions.
*Halved for a consumable item like a potion or scroll
To complete a magic item, a character also needs whatever tool proficiency is appropriate, as for crafting a nonmagical object, or proficiency in the Arcana skill.
If all the above requirements are met, the result of the process is a magic item of the desired sort.
Complications. Most of the complications involved in creating something, especially a magic item, are linked to the difficulty in finding rare ingredients or components needed to complete the work. The complications a character might face as byproducts of the creation process are most interesting when the characters are working on a magic item: there's a 10 percent chance for every five workweeks spent on crafting an item that a complication occurs. The Crafting Complications table provides examples of what might happen.
Crafting Complications
1Rumors swirl that what you're working on is unstable and a threat to the community
2Your tools are stolen, forcing you to buy new ones.*
3A local wizard shows keen interest in your work and insists on observing you.
4A powerful noble offeres a hefty price for your work and is not interested in taking no for an answer.
5A dwarf clan accuses you of stealing its secret lore to fuel your work.*
6A competitor spreads rumors that your work is shoddy and prone to failure*
*Might involve a rival.
Brewing Potions of Healing.
Potions of healing fall into a special category for item crafting, separate from other magic items. A character who has proficiency with the herbalism kit can create these potions. The times and costs for doing so are summarized on the Potion of Healing Creation table. If you own the correct amount of Spineflower Berries, you may craft these potions without paying the gold cost.
Potion of Healing Creation
Healing1 day25 gp1
Greater Healing1 week100 gp5
Superior Healing3 weeks1,000 gp25
Supreme Healing4 weeks10,000 gp100
Potion of Mana Reference
Greater ManaRare1d4+2
Superior ManaVery Rare2d4+4
Scribing a Spell Scroll
With time and patience, a spellcaster can transfer a spell to a scroll, creating a spell scroll.
Resources. Scribing a spell scroll takes an amount of time and money related to the level of the spell the character wants to scribe, as shown in the Spell Scroll Costs table. In addition, the character must have proficiency in the Arcana skill and must provide any material components required for the casting of the spell. Moreover, the character must have the spell prepared, or it must be among the character's known spells, in order to scribe a scroll of that spell.
If the scribed spell is a cantrip, the version of the scroll works as if the caster were 1st level.
Spell Scroll Costs
Spell level TimeCost
Cantrip 1 day15 gp
1st 1 day25 gp
2nd 3 days250 gp
3rd 1 workweek500 gp
4th 2 workweeks2,500 gp
5th 4 workweeks5,000 gp
6th 8 workweeks15,000 gp
7th 16 workweeks25,000 gp
8th 32 workweeks50,000 gp
9th 48 workweeks250,000 gp
Complications. Crafting a spell scroll is a solitary task, unlikely to attract much attention. The complications that arise are more likely to involve the preparation needed for the activity. Every workweek spent scribing brings a 10 percent chance of a complication, examples of which are on the Scribe a Scroll Complications table.
Scribe a Scroll Complications
1You bought up the last of the rare ink used to craft scrolls, angering a wizard in town.
2The priest of a temple of good accuses you of trafficking in dark magic.*
3A wizard eager to collect one of your spells in a book presses you to sell the scroll.
4Due to a strange error in creating the scroll, it is instead a random spell of the same level.
5The rare parchement you bought for your scrolls has a barely visible map on it.
6A thief attempts to break into your workroom.*
*Might involve a rival
Collecting Materials
When adventuring, its possible to find common and exotic materials which are used to craft new objects and gear. In this section you will find new rules for collecting materials, which can be used for crafting new weapons, armor, clothing, and other kind of gear.
Material Sources
When the characters are camping in a forest, exploring an abandoned mine, diving in the ocean, or surviving in a dungeon, they can also search and gather raw materials for crafting.
Every day, characters can collect materials while traveling through the wild or exploring a dungeon or a cave. These materials can be found by mining a mineral vein, gathering plants and herbs for potions and other concoctions, and harvesting or collecting creature parts for later use.
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Water conservation through rainwater harvesting
RV College of Engineering, Bangalore, has over the past year collected and used close to 17 lakh litres of rainwater. This is the result of a project undertaken alongwith Bangalore based Biome Environmental, which is engaged in ecological architecture and responsible water practices, to store the rooftop rainwater and use it in day to day activities including drinking.
The only source of water for RV College of Engineering (RVCE) was borewells. This was not found sustainable. In general, groundwater has many quality issues – it is a little too hard which means there are excess minerals especially in the form of carbonates. In order to make the groundwater suitable for drinking, the water from the borewells had to be passed through a six stage purification process which included "softening" as well as reverse osmosis. Since both the issues of quantity and quality had to be addressed, the college decided to go for rainwater harvesting taking help from Biome Environmental. The project involved tapping rainwater from three large rooftops and directing it to an underground tank.
The project was funded by the KPMG Foundation. Biome had previously implemented another project funded by them at the Accept Society – a HIV centre located in Bangalore.
In the Accept project, there was a total roof area of 760sqm which included sloping roofs, from where rainwater was collected and stored.
Being a college campus, RVCE has plenty of large rooftop areas from where rainwater could be harvested. After studying the overall site plan and the lay out of the campus, Biome zeroed in on three buildings. The main challenge was in terms of the storage structure. This was going to be a big underground tank and as such we needed a fairly large area to locate it. The buildings chosen have a combined roof area of 3000sqm and in Bangalore context this means that during a single shower the campus can collect upto 80,000 litres of rainwater, going upto 1.6 lakh in the event of a heavy downpour. Seen in an annual context, the college will potentially collect 20 lakh litres of rain during the year. The annual rainfall we have assumed in case of RVCE is 724mm which is lesser than the 970mm one would assume for Bangalore city. The reason for this is that the college itself is not really located within the city but on the ourskirts in an area called Kengeri. As has been observed round the world, the city centre actually gets more rain than the outlying areas. One reason for this is the "heat island effect" or the excess build up of heat due to the roads and dense buildings in the city.
From the college side, this project was supported by Professor Shivkumar, Head of the Civil Engineering Department. Since 2004, he has been attending conferences and trying to learn more about rainwater harvesting. The college had earlier done a borewell recharge project on the campus.
Having large rooftops brought its own challenge in terms of filtration. During peak rainfall, there would be enormous volumes of water flowing through the pipes necessiating filters which could do the job quickly and efficiently and send the water into the sump tank without any inordinate delay. For this Biome designed "above ground" filters with the largest of these being 2,000 litres capacity with 1000 litres volume for First Rain Separation and 1000 litres for filtration. Basically, with any rainfall, it is the first 1mm of rain to be precise, which contains the maximum impurities and the First Rain Separator is meant to take care of this.
There are three separate filters for each of the rooftops leading directly to the sump tank which is of 1.28 lakh litres capacity. Essentially, a single rain of 50mm can fill the tank and just a few days after the completion of the project, this is what happened. On the day that the system was to be inaugurated, the sump tank was almost full of rainwater.
In addition to the storage tank we also made a "recharge well" with the intention of seeping the rainwater into the aquifer or sub surface storage. In the event of a heavy downpour there is every possibility that the sump will overflow and rather than just allowing the extra water to flow into the nearest drains, we felt it would be better to direct it to the ground.
The project was completed in March 2010 and in the first 8-9 months since its inception, the college estimated that it had collected 17 lakh litres. A sizable quantity of about two to three lakhs litres of water has gone in for groundwater recharge. What is important is that the water is pure and doesn't require as much treatment to make it fit for consumption. The "softening" process, for instance, is being bypassed in the case of rainwater.
Collecting rainwater has resulted in conservation of groundwater and also savings in terms of electricity. The college is in the process of conducting a study to estimate the real benefits from rainwater harvesting.


Erwin Nazarenus, 83, and his 16-year-old grandson, Jakob, began a journey from Germany to Sleepy Eye that brought an end to a nearly 30-year investigation.
Erwin's grand-uncle, Asmus Friedrich Nazarenus, emigrated from Angeln Germany to America around 1880 and founded a new family branch. Erwin was finally able to meet that branch of family.
Donald Nazarenus' father, Albert (_PHONE_) owned and ran the Progressive newspaper in Sleepy Eye. In retirement, Asmus lived above the Progressive newspaper with his daughter, Anna, who is Donald's aunt.
Since the 1970s, Erwin began researching his family lineage. His research had him examining archives and talking to historians, as well as finding information with church and civil offices. His research resulted in finding nearly 1,300 relatives from 479 families and 820 locations that Erwin keeps track of on special computer software.
Erwin said his interest in researching his family began when his father, Willy (Friedrich Wilhelm) gave family records to him.
He continues to research his family line, Erwin said, because it is important to him that his family knows where they came from.
What he knows about his grand-uncle Asmus is that he married and settled down with a large family. He came to America in search of owning land and became a farmer. Erwin said he still remembers when his grand-uncle visited his family in Angeln in 1936. His daughter, Anna, supplied her German relatives with clothes and other useful things. Unfortunately, after that they lost touch.
In recent years, it was Erwin's goal to reestablish connections and that's what brought him to Sleepy Eye.
"I'm never really through researching family," Erwin said in German with Jakob translating. He has registered his family eight generations back to the marriage of Johann Friedrich Nazarenus in 1762.
In Sleepy Eye, Erwin and Jakob stayed with the Chris Nelson family. When arriving by plane in Minneapolis, Candy Sobocinski (Chris' sister) was at the airport to greet them, excited to share her own genealogical records she's been keeping with Erwin. Candy, a teacher, also took Erwin and Jakob to her school where Jakob spoke to several classes about his life as a student in Germany.
Other highlights of their stay included a trip to visit Asmus' gravesite in Worthington and visiting New Ulm.
"When we got off the plane in Minneapolis, the first thing I saw was a sign written in German welcoming us to Minnesota," Erwin said. "When I heard that New Ulm was close to Sleepy Eye I knew we wouldn't be bored."
Erwin explained that if Donald were to visit Germany in search of his great-grandfather's grave, he would never find it.
"After 30 years the grave stone is removed and the spot can be used for another person," Erwin noted.
The German visitors were impressed with the beauty of Sleepy Eye and how vastly different it is from their own country that it butts the Baltic sea and cities are scattered among the hills and forests.
Jakob and Erwin spent around nine days in the area gathering as much family information as they could. Erwin said he had about 500 family pictures he has found through his research and after leaving Sleepy Eye his total was sure to be closer to 600 photographs.
Jakob is a high school student in Germany. Both of his parents are medical doctors. Erwin is a retired engineer.


Cheque cashing businesses cash third party cheques immediately, so long as adequate personal identification is provided. They usually charge a flat fee plus a percentage of the face value of the cheque. For example, the charge for cashing a $500 cheque may range between $15 and $20. By contrast, all of the major banks provide low-cost bank accounts with monthly fees of under $4.00.
A 2006 survey indicated that seven per cent of Canadians had used a cheque cashing service over the past year. In Ontario, this would amount to over 800,000 users of these services. Low-income Canadians are disproportionately likely to use cheque cashing services, despite the fact that the fees may have a significant impact on take home pay, reducing the amount of money available for basic necessities. This is of particular concern for persons who are on fixed income, such as those receiving government benefits.
Consumers may use cheque cashing businesses, despite the relatively high fees, for a number of reasons. Some Canadians do not have bank accounts. Some may need the cash immediately, and so have concerns about the holds that banks may place on cheques. Lack of convenient bank locations may also be a factor, particularly in remote or low-income areas. Consumers may also use cheque cashing businesses because of convenience, or the quality of the service.
Several Canadian jurisdictions have taken steps to ensure that consumers are able to receive government payments without the high fees associated with cheque cashing businesses. The federal government has entered into indemnity agreements with the banks so that financial institutions that cash federal government cheques can be assured of payment, and at the same time has required the banks to cash federal government cheques for amounts under $1500 without charge. The province of Alberta has moved towards mandatory direct deposit for government benefits, thus obviating the need for cheque cashing. The provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia have passed legislation that enables them to set maximum fees for cashing government cheques.
The Law Commission of Ontario has initiated a project on fees for cashing government cheques. The purpose of the project is to:
1) examine whether cheque cashing fees are an issue of concern in Ontario, and
2) consider approaches for addressing any concerns regarding cheque cashing fees.
The LCO has developed a Consultation Paper to identify issues and options, and to provide a focal point for discussion and consultation. All interested parties are invited to provide submissions, by Friday, June 13, 2008. Submissions may be sent by mail, fax, or e-mail.
Based on the LCO's independent research, including the responses to the Consultation Paper, the LCO will issue a Final Report with findings and recommendations in the fall of 2008.


The RenderTarget must be updated to reflect the new window size. Since this sample application is derived from the CppAppBase that I presented in a previous post there exist a resize method that can be overridden to to update the render target. ID2D1RenderTarget::Resize accepts a D2D1_SIZE_U struct and updates the render target size accordingly.
void D2D1AppWindow::OnResize(UINT width, UINT height)
 this->_size = D2D1_SIZE_U{ width, height };
 if (_pRenderTarget)
There is still an annoying behaviour. While the window is being resize the screen is blank. Part of the reason for this is that the rendering only occurs when there are no messages to process and resizing generates messages. One of the messages generated while resizing is a WM_PAINT message; this is telling the application to redraw itself. If we call OnRender() in response to a WM_PAINT message this will handle the screen updates while resizing. The AppWindow base class has an OnPaint() method that is called when a WM_PAINT message comes through. Overriding this method and adding a call to OnRender() results in a window that doesn't go blank when resizing.
void D2D1AppWindow::OnPaint()
Rendering a Shape List
One could write code to individually render each one of the primitives needed to make up a more complex scene. For applications with complex scenes doing this is especially undesirable. Instead a better solution is have the primitives that must be called encoded within a file. If a change needs to be made to a scene the change would be made with the file instead of in code.
For the next sample I"m going to move halfway to such a solution. I'm making a list of primitives to be rendered and am populating the list from code. With a bit more work the data could be externalized. I'm using the list to start rebuilding an interface. I was playing a video game on my Nintendo Switch. The game had a screen that displayed between levels that shows how well someone did. I thought the interface was both simple and æsthetically pleasing.
Creating something similar to this is my goal. It is composed of several rectangles, a few concentric circles, and text. Were the interface all the same type of geometry elements this could be defined with a simple list of attributes about the rectangles. Since there is more than one type of geometry the list elements must identify a geometry type. I've made a struct that has a field that identifies the shape type (Rectangle or Ellipse for now), identifies which of the colors in my 3 color palette that the item should be, and has the information for the shape itself. The rectangle data and ellipse data are in a union to minimize the amount of memory used for each item.
enum PaletteIndex {
 Primary = 0,
 Secondary = 1,
 Background = 2
enum ShapeType {
 ShapeType_Rectangle = 0,
 ShapeType_Ellipse = 1
struct ColoredShape
 static ColoredShape MakeEllipse(D2D1_ELLIPSE e, PaletteIndex p)
 ColoredShape c{ 0 };
 c.shapeType = ShapeType::ShapeType_Ellipse;
 c.ellipse = e;
 c.paletteIndex = p;
 return c;
 static ColoredShape MakeRectangle(D2D1_RECT_F r, PaletteIndex p)
 ColoredShape c{ 0 };
 c.shapeType = ShapeType::ShapeType_Rectangle;
 c.rect = r;
 c.paletteIndex = p;
 return c;
 union {
 D2D1_ELLIPSE ellipse;
 D2D1_RECT_F rect;
 ShapeType shapeType;
 PaletteIndex paletteIndex;
The factory methods make it easier to initialize instances of the value. I've got a vector that holds these structs. It is populated with the data for each rectangle and ellipse to be rendered. The items will be rendered in the same order that they show in the list. If two items overlap the latter of the items to be rendered will be on top.
void D2D1AppWindow::InitDeviceIndependentResources()
 _primaryColor = D2D1::ColorF(0.7843F, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 _secondaryColor = D2D1::ColorF(0.09411, 0.09411, 0.08593, 1.0);
 _backgroundColor = D2D1::ColorF(0.91014, 0.847655, 0.75f, 1.0);
 _mySquare = { 20, 20, 30, 30 };
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({0,0,456,104 }, Primary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 0,128,456,550 }, Primary ));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 488,0,508,110 }, Secondary ));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 488,40,900,115 }, Secondary ));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 530,130,850,180 }, Secondary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 690,130,850,180 }, Primary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 530,190,850,240 }, Secondary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 690,190,850,240 }, Primary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 530,250,850,300 }, Secondary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 690,250,850,300 }, Primary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 0,350,600,450 }, Secondary ));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeEllipse({ 570,400,60, 60 }, Secondary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeEllipse({ 570,400,57, 57 }, Background));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeEllipse({ 570,400,55, 55 }, Secondary));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeEllipse({ 570,400,52, 52 }, Background));
 _shapeList.push_back(ColoredShape::MakeRectangle({ 476,470,870, 550 }, Secondary));
In the OnRender() method this list is iterated and each element is drawn.
void D2D1AppWindow::OnRender()
 if (!_pRenderTarget)
 _pRenderTarget->FillRectangle(&_mySquare, _pPrimaryBrush.Get());
 _pRenderTarget->DrawRectangle(&_mySquare, _pSecondaryBrush.Get());
 for (auto current = _shapeList.begin(); current!= _shapeList.end(); ++current)
 ComPtr brush;
 switch (current->paletteIndex)
 case Primary: brush = _pPrimaryBrush; break;
 case Secondary: brush = _pSecondaryBrush; break;
 case Background: brush = _pBackgroundBrush; break;
 default: brush = _pPrimaryBrush;
 switch (current->shapeType)
 case ShapeType::ShapeType_Rectangle:_pRenderTarget->FillRectangle(¤t->rect, brush.Get()); break;
 case ShapeType::ShapeType_Ellipse:_pRenderTarget->FillEllipse(¤t->ellipse, brush.Get()); break;
 hr = _pRenderTarget->EndDraw();
 // The surface has been lost. We need to recreate our
 // device dependent resources.
Running the program gives me something that looks like it was inspired by the video game interface.
There are similarities, but there are also plenty of differences. Aside from the missing text in the video game interface the text is rotated slightly. With the way rectangles are defined now there's no apparent way to render a rectangle that isn't aligned with the X or Y axis. To move forward we need to know how we can apply transformations to the rendering and how to render text. I'll continue there in the next part of this series.
The complete source code for the program can be found on github.
Win32/C++ Application Base
Win32 is necessary for development in many current technologies. Some of my current projects utilize Win32/C++ applications. Many of them use a similar pattern for starting the application. Initializing the window that hosts these applications is not particularly interesting, but it is a foundation block for some of my applications that I will share in the future.
In Win32 UI programs there will be at least one function defined that is known as being of type WNDPROC. A WNDPROC is a callback function. It is the primary function through which Windows will communicate to an application various events. When a user moves their mouse over an application WNDPROC is called. When the user presses a key WNDPROC is called. When an application is being notified to render its UI again WNDPROC is called. The call signature for WNDPROC is shown below.
 _In_ HWND hwnd,
 _In_ UINT uMsg,
 _In_ WPARAM wParam,
 _In_ LPARAM lParam
The first argument in this function is a handle to the window that is the intended recipient of the message. An application could have more than one window. But an application with only one window will have the same value. The second argument is a numerical value that identifies the event or


text: Our fire investigators are certified by the International Association of Arson Investigators as Fire Investigator Technicians (IAAI FIT (V)) for vehicle and marine evaluations and certified by the North American Fire Investigators as Fire and Explosion Investigators (NAFI-CFEI). They determine the origin and cause of structural, automotive, and heavy equipment fires. These engineers interview, evaluate, investigate, and collect evidence pertaining to the structures, products, component failures, materials, and people involved to complete a comprehensive investigation. Our fire investigators will also inspect a vehicle post fire to determine if it was forcibly entered for a theft recovery evaluation. After a fire has occurred, our engineers can also inspect the fire protection system within a building to evaluate the operation of the system.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Parvatiyar denotes a sub-caste belonging to Ambashtha caste of Bihar, India. Ambashtha is, in turn, a sub-caste of Kayastha community. The system of sub-caste in the Ambashtha caste is known as "Khaas Ghar" system.
Ancient Geographical Origins[edit]
Parvatiyar Ambashtha Kayastha, normally, trace their origins to Magadha region of Bihar.Perhaps, originally, their forefathers were from "Parvatti" or "Parvati" village of "Magadha", hence, they were known and designated as "Parvatiyar". However, in absence of any documentary or historical proof, it would be difficult to prove the true origins of the word "Parvatiyar". It may be noted that Ambashtha sub-caste or tribe were inhabitants, in ancient times, of North Western India in the lower Chenab region. They migrated eastwards, in course of time, to finally settle in Magadha region of Bihar. This fact is evident from description of their country in Mahabharata(II,48,14) and in Bhagavata Purana(X, 83,23).They are also mentioned in Brahmanda Purana(III,74,22), Matsya Purana(48,21), Vayu_Purana and Vishnu Purana(II,3,18). Panini also refers to it in one of his sutras(VIII, 3,97). Mahabharata mentions(II,52,14-15) Ambashtha as one of the north-western tribes.During the first quarter of the 2nd century A.D., the Ambashtha are referred to by the geographer Ptolemy as settled in the east of the country.(Ref: McCrindle authored 'Ancient India as described by Ptolemy', pp 311–312)
Recent Origins[edit]
At present, two prominent Parvatiyar families trace their roots in Rohini village(near Jasidih) and Cheria Bariarpur Village(Begusarai) of Bihar.
Social practices[edit]
Parvatiyars follow a system of exogamous marriage, called "Ghar-Varjini" i.e. (i) not marrying within "Parvatiyar" sub-clan and (ii) also not marrying with persons belonging to "Khaas Ghar" of their father, mother, grandmother (both maternal and paternal) and so on, tracing upwards for three generations upwards the genealogical line (both maternal and paternal). This system is peculiar to Ambashtha caste. However, other castes, too, follow variants of this system.
Prominent Parvatiyars[edit]
Most of the members of Parvatiyar sub-clan serve in Government Service in Bihar and New Delhi. Though, of late, they have spread all over the world and serve in many divergent professions. Atul Parvatiyar, Deepak Parvatiyar, Anu Parvatiyar,Pankhuri Parvatiyar,Divya Parvatiyar, Kislay Parvatiyar,Swati parvatiyar,Tanya Parvatiyar, Abe Parvatiyar,Soumya Parvatiyar, Michelle Parvatiyar, Survi Parvatiyar are few of the Parvatiyars who can be dubbed as "googlable" Parvatiyars. There are many other 'Parvatiyars' but they do not use the surname 'Parvatiyar', hence, making it difficult to identify them. The Parvatiyars, generally, use the surnames such as "Ambastha", "Ambasta", "Sinha", "Sahay","Kumar","Praasd" etc. i.e. popular surnames beloging to Kayastha Caste. One such Parvatiyar family, using the surname "Kumar", is based in New Delhi now.Patriarch of this family is Sh. Ashok Kumar- a retired IAS of Bihar cadre, who has served as District Magistrate of Muzaffarpur in mid 1990s. His son, Amit Kumar, for example, though a Parvatiyar, does not use the surname Parvatiyar despite belonging to Parvatiyar family. He is an Advocate - on - Record of the Supreme Court of India. Similarly, Anant Kumar, CEO of Lifespring Hospitals, is also a Parvatiyar. It is notable that Anant Kumar is also a Ted fellow.


How can I determine the current shell I am working on?
Would the output of the ps command alone be sufficient?
How can this be done in different flavors of Unix?
 - 9
 - 1
 _USER_: Seems like a good comment except it leaves me wondering "how?". – Brent Bradburn Oct 24 '12 at 17:41
 - It appears that there is no simple answer to this question. If we can't query the shell, maybe the better approach is to always specify the shell. I'm not sure that this is always possible, but maybe it is more easily accomplished than people generally assume. – Brent Bradburn Oct 24 '12 at 17:49
 - This might help --> _URL_ – Aniket Thakur Feb 21 '14 at 6:14
 - _USER_, not so much help as you might think - that's only interested in interactive shell processes. – Toby Speight Feb 17 '20 at 15:50
27 Answers 27
 - There are three approaches to finding the name of the current shell's executable:
 Please note that all three approaches can be fooled if the executable of the shell is /bin/sh, but it's really a renamed bash, for example (which frequently happens).
 1. echo $0 - will print the program name... which in the case of the shell is the actual shell.
 2. ps -ef | grep $$ | grep -v grep - this will look for the current process ID in the list of running processes. Since the current process is the shell, it will be included.
 This is not 100% reliable, as you might have other processes whose ps listing includes the same number as shell's process ID, especially if that ID is a small number (for example, if the shell's PID is "5", you may find processes called "java5" or "perl5" in the same grep output!). This is the second problem with the "ps" approach, on top of not being able to rely on the shell name.
 3. echo $SHELL - The path to the current shell is stored as the SHELL variable for any shell. The caveat for this one is that if you launch a shell explicitly as a subprocess (for example, it's not your login shell), you will get your login shell's value instead. If that's a possibility, use the ps or $0 approach.
 - If, however, the executable doesn't match your actual shell (e.g. /bin/sh is actually bash or ksh), you need heuristics. Here are some environmental variables specific to various shells:
 - $version is set on tcsh
 - $BASH is set on bash
 - $ZSH_NAME is set on zsh
 - ksh has $PS3 and $PS4 set, whereas the normal Bourne shell (sh) only has $PS1 and $PS2 set. This generally seems like the hardest to distinguish - the only difference in the entire set of environment variables between sh and ksh we have installed on Solaris boxen is $ERRNO, $FCEDIT, $LINENO, $PPID, $PS3, $PS4, $RANDOM, $SECONDS, and $TMOUT.
 - ${.sh.version} is set on ksh93 – fpmurphy Jul 24 '10 at 22:20
 - 17
 - 3
 ps -ef | grep … … This is not 100% reliable as …" Using a simple regular expression via egrep or grep -e can easily bring the reliability up to for-all-intents-and-purposes 100%: ps -ef | egrep "^\s*\d+\s+$$\s+". The ^ makes sure we're starting from the beginning of the line, the \d+ eats up the UID, the $$ matches the PID, and the \s* and \s+ account for & ensure whitespace between the other parts. – Slipp D. Thompson Mar 5 '16 at 2:57
 - 2
 _USER_.Thompson didn't work in GNU/Linux. But this seem to work: ps -ef | awk '$2==pid' pid=$$ – jarno Jan 14 '17 at 14:18
ps -p $$
 - 14
 - 13
 - 3
 - 1
 In some minimal systems like a debian-slim docker container, ps might not be there. In that case this approachs still works: readlink /proc/$$/exe – mxmlnkn Feb 28 '19 at 14:16
 - if your sh is emulated by bash, ps -p give you /usr/bin/bash even you run it as sh – Ding-Yi Chen Jun 26 '19 at 0:00
ps -p $$ -oargs=
ps -p $$ -ocomm=
 - 4
 - 2
 I've found that if you do this from within a subshell then it can lead to spurious extra lines by matching the parent's PID as well as the actual shell process. For this, I use -q instead of -p: SHELL=$(ps -ocomm= -q $$) – Steve Dec 28 '17 at 23:09
If you just want to ensure the user is invoking a script with Bash:
 - 1
 This should be the one closer to the top. Thanks a lot. – Alex Skrypnyk Sep 17 '14 at 4:15
 - 6
 It shouldn't be closer to top, because it doesn't answer the question at all. If the question would be "How to check if script is running under bash", I vote for it. – David Ferenczy Rogožan Oct 14 '14 at 11:24
 - 2
 _USER_ - This question is the top result when you search for that phrase though. In the long run, I think it's much more important that answers answer what people are looking for rather than answer what the original question was about. – ArtOfWarfare Jun 5 '17 at 21:11
 - 4
 In addition, the variable $BASH is defined under tcsh if the tcsh is invoked from bash – 18446744073709551615 Apr 16 '18 at 11:03
 - This is very useful, thank you. Just adapted it a bit, putting this as the second line after #!/bin/bash: if [! -n "$BASH" ] ;then exec bash $0; fi. With this line the script is run using bash even if started using ksh or sh. My use case doesn't need command line arguments, but they could be added after $0 if necessary. – joanis Jun 5 '19 at 15:04
You can try:
echo $SHELL
 - 6
 - # in zshell alias shell='echo ${SHELL:t}' – SergioAraujo Jan 13 '14 at 18:09
 - 8
 $SHELL environment variable contains a shell, which is configured as default for a current user. It doesn't reflect a shell, which is currently running. Also it's better to use ps -p $$ than grepping $$ because of false positives. – David Ferenczy Rogožan Oct 14 '14 at 11:16
 - The $SHELL env. variable points to the 'parent' shell, as specified in the POSIX spec: SHELL This variable shall represent a pathname of the user's preferred command language interpreter. Therefore the value of $SHELL may not be the current shell. – Theo Sep 4 '15 at 21:42
 - all within awk, ps | awk '$1=='$$' { n=split($4,a,"/"); print a[n] }' – go2null Sep 21 '17 at 5:12
To get the name of the current shell, Use cat /proc/$$/cmdline. And the path to the shell executable by readlink /proc/$$/exe.
ps is the most reliable method. The SHELL environment variable is not guaranteed to be set and even if it is, it can be easily spoofed.
 - 12
I have a simple trick to find the current shell. Just type a random string (which is not a command). It will fail and return a "not found" error, but at start of the line it will say which shell it is:
ksh: aaaaa: not found [No such file or directory]
bash: aaaaa: command not found
 - 5
 No good in a script. echo 'aaaa' > script; chmod +x script;./script gives./script.sh: 1: aaaa: not found – slim Sep 19 '16 at 14:39
There are many ways to find out the shell and its corresponding version. Here are few which worked for me.
 1. $> echo $0 (Gives you the program name. In my case the output was -bash.)
 2. $> $SHELL (This takes you into the shell and in the prompt


text:
Lecithin is a natural emulsifier found in many foods. It is often found in foods such as mayonnaise (mixture of fat and water-soluble substance) where eggs which contain lecithin act as an emulsifying agent to keep them mixed together rather than separated such as what happens in a mixture of oil and vinegar due to a lack of an emulsifier like lecithin. Our lecithin is derived from soybeans. Lecithin from soy is an excellent source of phospholipids. These compounds play important structural and functional roles in the cell, particularly the cell membrane. About 60% of the dry weight of the brain is composed of phospholipids, hence their importance in brain structure and function. As part of the structure of brain cell membranes, phospholipids help support neurotransmitter and hormone function, as they provide the environment that cells need for cell to cell communication and overall cell function. Phosphatidylcholine is a good source of choline, which is needed to support neurotransmitter production, essential for the normal, healthy functioning of the nervous system. Lecithin has also been studied for its role in helping to support healthy cholesterol metabolism, fat digestion and metabolism, thereby providing support for healthy cholesterol levels.*
- Excellent source of phospholipids and fatty acids.
- Rich in phospholipids particularly phosphatidylcholine.
- Softgel provides 1200 mg of soy lecithin and 300 mg of phosphatidylcholine per softgel
- Granules provide about 7 grams of lecithin with about 2 grams of phosphatidylcholine per serving.
- Also available in Non-GMO granules.
- Excellent source of phosphatidylcholine (PC), an important phospholipid that is a significant component of the cell membrane particularly that of nerve cells including the brain.
- PC is also a source of choline which is used by the body to make the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
- Lecithin is also a source of other phospholipids including phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Both of these compounds are critical to normal, healthy cell function.*
- Phosphatidylcholine provides a source of choline which the body uses to manufacture acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in numerous neurological mechanisms including cell to cell communication, particularly as it relates to learning and short term memory.*
- PC levels have been shown to decline with age, therefore supplementation becomes even more important as we age.*
- PC has also been shown to help support normal, healthy liver and gall bladder function.*


Is Paying for Blood a Good Idea After All?
(Photo: Howard Lake)
An article in Science by Nicola Lacetera, Mario Macis, and Robert Slonim summarizes their research on economic incentives and blood donation (abstract; PDF). Contrary to previous studies, the researchers found that various incentives, from gift cards to a day off, increased blood donation:
Overall, 18 of the 19 distinct incentive items offered in observational and field experimental studies increased blood donations, and the effects were larger for items of higher monetary value; only one reward offer, a free cholesterol test, had no effect. When data were available (for 15 of the items), no effect on blood safety was detected. Finally, although temporary rewards might affect long-term motivations, no post intervention effects on donations were found, including any negative effects deriving from potential motivation loss.
In Freakonomics, we mentioned Richard Titmuss's landmark 1970 study on blood donations, which found that offering money for blood actually hurt donations. The new research urges a policy overhaul:
The position and guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and several national blood collection agencies for nearly 40 years have been based on the view that offering economic incentives to blood donors is detrimental to the quantity and safety of the blood supply. The guidelines suggest that blood should be obtained from unpaid volunteers only.
However, whether economic incentives positively or negatively affect blood donations (and other prosocial activities) has remained the subject of debate since the positions were established.
Evidence consistent with the WHO position came originally from uncontrolled studies using nonrandom samples and, subsequently, from surveys and laboratory studies indicating that economic incentives can "crowd out" (decrease) intrinsic motivations to donate and can attract "worse" donors.
Tom Petrik
I would gladly give blood for pay.
The one time I offered o volunteer they wouldn't let me, though. Meds for three different things, they just shook their ears and said "no, sorry".
Enter your name...
The problem (which is much bigger with cash payments than with thank-you gifts) is that there are a significant number of people who are willing to tell lies for money. So you might be honest and say that you're on meds for three different things, and it's too bad that your health keeps you from getting the money, but the next guy might go in and tell a bunch of lies about how he's never injected drugs and never visited prostitutes and doesn't have any health risks or diseases at all, just to get the money.
I lie simply to be able to donate blood, particularly because I have blood that can be given to newborns. If I answer honestly that I'm a woman who had sex with a man who's had sex with men, I'm barred from donating. However, I've never had a positive STI test of any sort, so I lied and donated and everyone was happy. I don't donate now, simply because the nearest blood donation center is an hour away.
Derek Yuen
The catch is: the rewards are material items (coupons, vouchers) rather than cash. As argued by J Heyman and D Ariely (2004) in "Effort for Payment", when payments were given in the form of gifts, effort seemed to stem from altruistic motives and was largely insensitive to the magnitude of the payment. The study by Lacetera et al. will be more conclusive if cash is used for payment instead of material items.
Eric M. Jones
It always amazes me that, e.g. the Red Cross begs for voluntary blood donations but only pays people who live in back alleys for it (Let's hope this is an exaggeration). I know lots of people in great health who would be happy to sell you a pint of blood for $50.
The Red Cross doesn't do anything for free. Neither do hospitals. And the doctor needs another Mercedes.
So why are they such tightwads? Because they CAN be.
steve cebalt
My daughter (college) did a paper in the style of Jonathan Swift's "Modest Proposal" satire for a class on "Dangerous Ideas." A person could auction off his heart, eyes, skin, kidneys, liver, etc., for delivery with 7 days, during which time the donor would be euthanized.
Remember, the premise of the class is to expand students' power of thinking by urging them to go (hypothetically) beyond all normal boundaries.
The Prof glanced at her thesis and said it was "too radical," and my daughter was very upset and thought she needed to do it over. I told her not to change a word; that the Prof's comment was made in haste. She didn't change it, and she got an A on the paper and in the class. Her paper is here if anyone is interested:
I personally would CERTAINLY auction my organs for, let's say, $2 million total. I'd be able to leave that money as a financial legacy for the people I love, and I would save any number of lives of rich sick people. Their money is no good if they're dead; but I'd be happier with the money for my family. Saving lives and leaving a financial legacy for my loved ones is more than anything else I can hope to achieve in this lifetime.
I don't see the point. Once you're dead, it doesn't matter to you what happens to your family, or anyone else for that matter.
Blood donors in Las Vegas can get free show tickets to Penn & Teller ($150 value)
Prior to this annual promotion, their were blood shortages in Las Vegas, now they send blood to other states.
Jeff Kaufman
I already give blood at work for a few pennies.
Caleb B
There is no plasma shortage....bc they pay people for it. I think it has been pretty well established people respond more to "straight cash homie."
What constitutes "worse blood" in an era where it is cheap and easy to screen the blood for pathogens before administering it?
Where I live blood donation for money is not done.
There is shortage of volunteers and shortage of blood.
If someone is expected to need blood transfusion they need to find people to donate blood for them (not the specific blood they will be given, just same quantity).
So, if you cannot find relatives or friends to donate blood there are people lurking around the blood center that would donate blood for you if you pay them.
The whole process would be much easier on the sick and their families if blood donation could be officially done for money.
Hanna Williams
Today "blood donation" for money is a popular trend, because blood or plasma donation providing some very easy way to earn money, there are many donation centers, which are providing paid donation services such as: They have certain terms and conditions of the donation process, such as donor weight, age, photo, id and address.


Video Library
This is the main page for the video library.
The purpose of the video library is to provide a valuable resource for members of the Write Group. There are three sub-pages, each containing links to videos on a specific topic. The sub-pages are writing, publishing and book marketing. Each topic will have video links for the topic, discussions and interviews.
Videos made by the Montclair Write Group will have an intro slide similar to the above graphic. If the video doesn't have this graphic, it's a publicly displayed video from another site.
Over time, the number of videos in the library will grow.


text:
Identifier: 62734
- "Stachys". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 178. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- "Stachys sylvatica". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 179. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Mean = 150.230 meters (492.881 feet), Standard Deviation = 230.140 based on 20,000 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]


Have your say
PUBLISHED : Tuesday, 16 August, 2005, 12:00am
UPDATED : Tuesday, 16 August, 2005, 12:00am
Let's fight crime
My wallet was snatched by a thief while I was walking along a street in Mong Kok recently.
I tried to catch him, but he was too fast for me. I cried for help, but no one responded. I felt really angry. The crime rate in Hong Kong seems to be rising these days.
More and more people are appealing to the authorities to take effective action to curb crime.
Faced with criminals, people react differently. Some become so frightened that they tend to give up and turn a blind eye to crime.
Others, however, are brave enough to fight the criminals, risking even their own lives.
Criminals must be punished severely.
It's also urgent that we set up a fund to reward those who fight against criminals or report crimes to the police.
Henry Ng Cheuk-hei
SKH Lam Kau Mow Secondary School
Surviving lightning
Lightning is an electrical discharge in the atmosphere.
It is very similar to a spark and is usually the product of a thunderstorm. An airplane is protected from lightning by the craft's aluminium skin which conducts electricity. Therefore, a plane is usually safe from lightning strikes.
If you are a passenger on an airplane and you fly into a thunderstorm, you need not worry.
Walton Wong
SKH Lam Kau Mow Secondary School
Teaching methods effect attitudes
Many teachers have their own teaching methods.
A conservative teacher may require that pupils first read over an article, and then he asks questions and the students answer him. That is a boring lesson.
My Chinese and English teachers have different ways of teaching. My English teacher's policy made my class very unhappy.
But our Chinese teacher allows us to ask questions.
If we have no questions, he will talk about some interesting topics in Chinese history.
That is fun!
The teaching methods effect students' attitudes towards their lessons. Frankie Wong Wai-leung
SKH Lam Kau Mow Secondary School
Say 'no' to drugs
Drug abuse is a serious problem. Most of the abusers are curious teenagers. Peer pressure also has a lot to do with drug abuse as teenagers want to be trendy.
Parents also don't have time to look after their children. Some film stars smoke and abuse drugs in movies and teenagers copy them. The government and schools must educate children about drug abuse. And all must say 'no' to drugs. So Siu-Ling
Our Lady of the Rosary College
Value time
Time is a gift. It is much more precious than sapphires or diamonds.
It is invaluable. You can't control it whether you are rich or poor, young or old. If you have regrets, don't dwell on them. We must enjoy every day, every hour, every minute and every second.
Carol Chan
Shun Lee Catholic Secondary School
There's more to life than exams
I read an article recently which compared the stress faced by Taiwan youth with that of Hong Kong teenagers.
I felt quite relieved after reading the piece.
The Taiwanese face two major exams in three years and about four mock exams every six months. Taiwan has a very strong exam culture. We only face two public examinations.
Apart from learning from books, Taiwanese youth can do other things, such as voluntary work and travelling to enhance their knowledge. Voluntary activities and travelling can enrich your life.
There is no doubt that acquiring academic knowledge is important, but developing positive life values is also crucial.
If you convert life's stress to positive energy, you will be a lot more happier. Zenia
Ju Ching Chu Secondary School (Kwai Chung)
Knowledge not only needed for tests
When we study in school, we work hard and listen to the teacher carefully.
When we go home, we revise and do extra exercises.
This is because we want to get better results in the examinations or tests.
But does anyone think that learning is not only for exams or tests?
How can a boss employ a person who does not know anything?
For example, if we learn English well, we can communicate with others easily.
Exams or tests only provide a summary of a subject.
Otto Ho Ho-Ting
Shun Lee Catholic Secondary School
Eat right, stay slim
Many students are very nervous and study all night during exams.
A lot of students drink coffee to have a clear mind and avoid being sleepy. But the caffeine in coffee may effect their health in the long run. It also destroys our healthy skin. It is difficult not to eat any food when we stay up late but it is easy to gain weight that way. Many people like to eat instant noodles as a late-night snack. Then they can gain weight easily. Eating fruit is much healthier as it provides more nutrition.
A good breakfast is also very important. If we don't have breakfast, we are indeed starving ourselves and thisaffects our concentration in class.
Shirley Li Swi-fong
SKH Lam Kau Mow Secondary School
Unfashionably late
People say that ladies have a right to be late because they need more time to dress up nicely, to put on the makeup or to pack up their belongings.
I study at a girls' school and the situation is very bad.
Time management is a tough thing to learn, especially for girls.
You may think that a timetable is troublesome. However, I suggest you plan ahead. Come on, girls!
Don't be late anymore!
Crystal Yiu Sin-yan
Pooi To Middle School
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Home Page
LO: To create a weather forecast.
I can recognise symbols of weather.
I can discuss the current weather and what that means for my day-to-day life.
Vocab: weather, forecast, sunny, cloudy, windy, foggy, hail, snow, rain, storm, thunder, lightning
Today's task:
1. Today we would like you to go through the powerpoint below and familiarize yourself with the symbols of weather forecasts. Can you remember which kind of weather each symbol represents?
2. Then, we would like you to watch the weather forecast for the UK from this morning. You might need an adults help to find it. Try following the link below: - click on me to follow to the Weather page!
3. Finally, we would like you to create your own weather map of the UK. Consider the BBC's weather forecast from this morning then plot your own weather symbols onto a map of the UK.