ArtContracts: On-Chain Art via Tezos Smart Contracts
ArtContracts is a project facilitating storage of art directly on the Tezos blockchain.
A prototype was built (OBJKT#112092) which displays on-chain static image data within an "HTML NFT" frame on HicEtNunc.
Any arbitrary data can be stored on-chain, specifically in hexadecimal form (as a bytestring). The type of art stored is limited only by the ability for that data to be translated back and forth between its original form and the hexadecimal form.
In the future, it's likely that this project will support not only static images but also animations, videos, text, audio, and even generative & interactive artworks.
Beyond simply supporting a variety of media types, the primary goal of this project is to explore the applications of on-chain art technology, and to build utilities that other developers and artists can implement into their own projects. This includes compression tools to lower the storage costs for deployment.
Some exciting possible utilities include collaborative art (multiple people editing on-chain data) and art that evolves over time without human intervention (changes in on-chain data facilitated purely by smart contract interactions). There are also many applications in the world of "collectibles", due to the permanence lent by blockchain storage.
This decentralized application seeks to create tools, standards, and interfaces enabling users to:
0. (Optionally) compress artwork in order to save on storage costs
 1. Encode artwork in a format which can be readily stored on-chain
 2. Deploy that data to the Tezos blockchain, stored within one or more smart contracts
 3. View these artworks with "interpreter" software, which queries the relevant on-chain data and decodes it into the original artwork form
 4. (Optionally) monetize their on-chain data through token creation, whether on an established NFT platform like HicEtNunc or through custom minter and marketplace contracts.
Much of this post (and surrounding documentation) uses words like "art" and "artwork". Notably, this same approach could also be used for storage of data unrelated to artwork. One survey respondent suggested the option of a "blockchain notarization tool". I am certainly interested in exploring these non-artistic applications as well.
So far, I am writing all contracts in SmartPy. The interpreter code (which can be seen as the NFT prototype on HicEtNunc) is written in JavaScript and can be embedded into HEN's "HTML NFT" template.
Currently, the steps of compressing data and encoding it in hexadecimal form are done with Python. The speed of execution for these steps could be greatly improved using a compiled language like C++.
The first prototype on-chain artwork was originally deployed on 3 June 2021, but has since received an update. This update modified the pixel data of parts of the image in order to add text asking the viewer to vote in my platform survey.
This "upgradable" aspect of on-chain storage has many interesting implications in the world of interactive art, and is one of the project attributes which I am most excited about in the long-term.
I have released a survey allowing the public to express interest in the project and vote about which features they find to be most important.
You can take that survey here.
The results of this survey will be used to prioritize user preferences when determining which project features should be developed first.
The "survey governance" model is as follows:
 - Users who do not own any copies of OBJKT#112092 will have a weight of 1 applied to their response (each vote counts as 1)
 - Users who own one copy of OBJKT#112092 will have a weight of 5 applied to their response (each vote counts as 5)
 - Users who own multiple copies of OBJKT#112092 will have a weight of 5 multiplied by the square root of the number of copies owned. This mechanism is called Quadratic Weighting. It provides some marginal benefit to project supporters who purchase multiple copies of the prototype NFT, but simultaneously ensures that no single individual holds too much power in the vote.
NOTE: The use of OBJKT#112092 to weight votes is not planned as an indefinite feature, and will likely only apply to the first survey. Future surveys will use an actual governance token, distributed to community members who participate and demonstrate interest in the project. The first copies of this governance token will be distributed to users who fill out the above survey.
All users who provide a valid survey response will receive the same number of governance tokens, whether they hold OBJKT#112092 or not. Ownership of the prototype NFT will determine weight of votes when assessing public opinion in this first survey, but such ownership will not lead to any outsized share of future voting power.
Along with this survey, I have written some introductory documentation, which can be viewed as a PDF here. Among other things this includes an FAQ, diagrams, an outline of potential future features of the project, and discussion of topics like governance, royalties, and open-sourcing.
If you would like to stay up-to-date about this project, the best way to do so is to follow the _USER_ account on Twitter.
You can also find me on twitter at _USER_. This pinned Tweet links to a variety of information about the project, both on and off Twitter.
This project is still very much in its infancy. This is my first attempt at creating a DApp. I began this project primarily for learning purposes, and I still have a significant amount of learning to do.
At this stage, there are many directions that development could go. It will likely be a long time before any full public release with user-friendly interface.
My main goal in creating this post is to solicit feedback from the community, both through survey responses and external replies.
Any feedback, including criticism, is highly appreciated.
I am happy to answer any questions you may have in the replies as well. Thank you for taking the time to read about my project!
Here's something you may be able to pick up, since you are interested in on-chain storage. I was doing some experiments a couple months ago with optimizing on-chain storage from the contract side and stumbled upon a process to make the storage alot cheaper. I call it paramdata abuse.
The idea is to use the parameter data (or calldata on ethereum) to store the actual payload/bytes of the file or art. It's still stored on-chain, but you will need to rely on an archive node or indexer to fetch the data because it's not actually in storage. That's the biggest drawback, but the biggest plus is much cheaper storage data.
That's my experiment. If you scroll down to where I'm using the "abyss" endpoint you'll see me send some base64 strings in parameter data but I don't actually store anything in the contract. I was able to get some ~9.5kB taco gifs in for around 0.01 fees each time, far cheaper than 0.25/kB.
Just something to explore if you are interested. I was able to integrate these NFTs into a dApp for sending/auctioning/etc as they are backed by FA2 standard. You just have to index the data a little differently.
But I do think you have something here with on-chain data. I stopped my experiments because I couldn't figure out the "why?" of what I was using it for, and I think you have that "why". Combining your compression expertise with on-chain storage is a great selling point, since you can get more data on-chain.
Otherwise, I think you should figure out whether this is a compression software project, or on-chain NFT marketplace project. Imo you could get the compression to a workable state then build the NFT, DAO, and community to fund further enhancements to the compression software, further benefiting the community.
On the other hand, the compression software on its own with all the planned enhancements could probably be used across marketplaces and even chains. Everyone needs compression on blockchain, and creating an all-in-one service for on-chain storage could lead to integrations in multiple places.
:+1: hope to see more!
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Wow! This is fascinating. Thanks so much for sharing your knowledge. I will absolutely take a deeper look into this.
And thanks for your feedback on the project as well.
This is a very insightful point. I do think the compression-related aspects are the most interesting and innovative, versus more generic marketplace stuff that has been done before.
Especially given that this is my first smart contract project, I'd rather explore novel concepts versus building a mediocre version of something that's already been done better by others (art marketplaces).
Greatly appreciate all your input, it has given me a lot of things to think about. Cheers!
If I understand correctly, you want to build a new art NFT platform that features interactive artworks (that change over time either automatically or based on collaborative edition). If so I strongly encourage you to contribute to existing platforms such as HicEtNunc instead of building everything from scratch. It is likely that HicEtNunc developers have already thought about developing something similar and they are very open to contributions.
Storing large amounts of data in the storage of smart contracts is generally a bad idea because on-chain storage is super expensive (0.25 tez / KB) because it is duplicated on all the nodes of the network. That's why NFT platform usually don't store artworks onchain but rely on other decentralized storage solutions like IPFS instead and only store the hash of the artwork onchain. Storing a hash however only makes sense for totally immutable data; if you want to store mutable data that can be mutated by a well-


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You might recall that before my immensely long series on ways we could make C# a probabilistic programming language, I did a short series on how we can automatically computed the exact derivative in any direction of a real-valued function of any number of variables for a small cost, by using dual numbers. All we need is for the function we are computing to be computed by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation of functions whose derivatives are known, which is quite a lot of possible functions.
There is a reason why I did that topic before "Fixing Random", but sadly I never got to the connection between differential calculus and sampling from an arbitrary distribution. I thought I might spend a couple of episodes sketching out how it is useful to use automatic differentiation when trying to sample from a distribution. I'm not going to write the code; I'll just give some of the "flavour" of the algorithms.
Before I get into it, a quick refresher on the Metropolis algorithm. The algorithm is:
- We have a probability distribution function that takes a point and returns a double that is the "probability weight" of that point. The PDF need not be "normalized"; that is, the area under the curve need not add up to 1.0. We wish to generate a series of samples that conforms to this distribution.
- We choose a random "initial point" as the current sample.
- We randomly choose a candidate sample from some distribution based solely on the current sample.
- If the candidate is higher weight than current, it becomes the new current and we yield the value as the sample.
- If it is lower weight, then we take the ratio of candidate weight to current weight, which will be between 0.0 and 1.0. We flip an unfair coin with that probability of getting heads. Heads, we accept the candidate, tails we reject it and try again.
- Repeat; choose a new candidate based on the new current.
The Metropolis algorithm is straightforward and works, but it has a few problems.
- How do we choose the initial point?
Since Metropolis is typically used to compute a posterior distribution after an observation, and we typically have the prior distribution in hand, we can use the prior distribution as our source of the initial point.
- What if the initial point is accidentally in a low-probability region? We might produce a series of unlikely samples before we eventually get to a high-probability current point.
We can solve this by "burning" — discarding — some number of initial samples; we waste computation cycles so we would like the number of samples it takes to get to
"convergence" to the true distribution to be small. As we'll see, there are ways we can use automatic differentiation to help solve this problem.
- What distribution should we use to choose the next candidate given the current sample?
This is a tricky problem. The examples I gave in this series were basically "choose a new point by sampling from a normal distribution where the mean is the current point", which seems reasonable, but then you realize that the question has been begged. A normal distribution has two parameters: the mean and the standard deviation. The standard deviation corresponds to "how big a step should we typically try?" If the deviation is too large then we will step from high-probability regions to low-probability regions frequently, which means that we discard a lot of candidates, which wastes time. If it is too small then we get "stuck" in a high-probability region and produce a lot of samples close to each other, which is also bad.
Basically, we have a "tuning parameter" in the standard deviation and it is not obvious how to choose it to get the right combination of good performance and uncorrelated samples.
These last two problems lead us to ask an important question: is there information we can obtain from the weight function that helps us choose a consistently better candidate? That would lower the time to convergence and might also result in fewer rejections when we've gotten to a high-probability region.
I'm going to sketch out one such technique in this episode, and another in the next.
As I noted above, Metropolis is frequently used to sample points from a high-dimensional distribution; to make it easier to understand, I'll stick to one-dimensional cases here, but imagine that instead of a simple curve for our PDF, we have a complex multidimensional surface.
Let's use as our motivating example the mixture model from many episodes ago:
Of course we can sample from this distribution directly if we know that it is the sum of two normal distributions, but let's suppose that we don't know that. We just have a function which produces this weight. Let me annotate this function to say where we want to go next if the current sample is in a particular region.
I said that we could use the derivative to help us, but it is very unclear from this diagram how the derivative helps:
- The derivative is small and positive in the region marked "go hard right" and in the immediate vicinity of the two peaks and one valley.
- The derivative is large and positive in the "slight right" region and to the left of the tall peak.
- The derivative is large and negative in the "slight left" region and on the right of the small peak.
- The derivative is small and negative in the "hard left" region and in the immediate vicinity of the peaks and valley.
No particular value for the derivative clearly identifies a region of interest. It seems like we cannot use the derivative to help us out here; what we really want is to move away from small-area regions and towards large-area regions.
Here's the trick.
I'm going to graph the log of the weight function below the weight function:
Now look at the slope of the log-weight. It is very positive in the "move hard right" region, and becomes more and more positive the farther left we go! Similarly in the "move hard left" region; the slope of the log-weight is very negative, and becomes more negative to the right.
In the "slight right" and "slight left" regions, the slope becomes more moderate, and when we are in the "stay around here" region, the slope of the log-weight is close to zero. This is what we want.
(ASIDE: Moreover, this is even more what we want because in realistic applications we often already have the log-weight function in hand, not the weight function. Log weights are convenient because you can represent arbitrarily small probabilities with "normal sized" numbers.)
We can then use this to modify our candidate proposal distribution as follows: rather than using a normal distribution centered on the current point to propose a candidate, we compute the derivative of the log of the weight function using dual numbers, and we use the size and sign of the slope to tweak the center of the proposal distribution.
That is, if our current point is far to the left, we see that the slope of the log-weight is very positive, so we move our proposal distribution some amount to the right, and then we are more likely to get a candidate value that is in a higher-probability region. But if our current point is in the middle, the slope of the log-weight is close to zero so we make only a small adjustment to the proposal distribution.
(And again, I want to emphasize: realistically we would be doing this in a high-dimensional space, not a one-dimensional space. We would compute the gradient — the direction in which the slope increases the most — and head that direction.)
If you work out the math, which I will not do here, the difference is as follows. Suppose our non-normalized weight function is p.
- In the plain-vanilla proposal algorithm we would use as our candidate distribution a normal centered on current with standard deviation s.
- In our modified version we would use as our candidate distribution a normal centered on current + (s / 2) * ∇log(p(current)), and standard deviation s.
Even without the math to justify it, this should seem reasonable. The typical step in the vanilla algorithm is on the order of the standard deviation; we're making an adjustment towards the higher-probability region of about half a step if the slope is moderate, and a small number of steps if the slope is severe; the areas where the slope is severe are the most unlikely areas so we need to get out of them quickly.
If we do this, we end up doing more math on each step (to compute the log if we do not have it already, and the gradient) but we converge to the high-probability region much faster.
If you've been following along closely you might have noticed two issues that I seem to be ignoring.
First, we have not eliminated the need for the user to choose the tuning parameter s. Indeed, this only addresses one of the problems I identified earlier.
Second, the Metropolis algorithm requires for its correctness that the proposal distribution not ever be biased in one particular direction! But the whole point of this improvement is to bias the proposal towards the high-probability regions. Have I pulled a fast one here?
I have, but we can fix it. I mentioned in the original series that I would be discussing the Metropolis algorithm, which is the oldest and simplest version of this algorithm. In practice we use a variation on it called Metropolis-Hastings which adds a correction factor to allow non-symmetric proposal distributions.
The mechanism I've sketched out today is called the Metropolis Adjusted Langevin Algorithm and it is quite interesting. It turns out that this technique of "walk in the direction of the gradient plus a random offset" is also how physicists model movements of particles in a viscous fluid where the particle is being jostled by random

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Food System Assessments and Food Policy
As communities around the country begin to observe and acknowledge the far reaching impacts of our current food system, interest in connecting the dots by way of comprehensive local food system assessments has increased. Through food system assessments, communities can examine the connections between production, distribution, consumption and waste disposal and measure their impacts on the environment, human health and livelihoods through a set of indicators over time. Understanding the trends and relationships between elements within the food system ultimately assists community members and policy makers in pinpointing areas of concern and working for appropriate and equitable reforms.
SAREP has conducted several food system assessments with the goal of examining the overall viability of a county's food system and in so doing, identifying key steps necessary to strengthen the foundation for a thriving local food system.
County-level food system assessments

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Strategic Planning, Execution, and Measurement (SPEM): A Powerful Tool for CEOs (BOK)
Sendes vanligvis innen 5-15 dager
Although there are countless books available on strategic management, there are few, if any, that supply practical coverage of strategic planning, execution, and measurement-until now. Considering the entire value chain, this book covers the complete process of strategic planning, execution, and measurement. Based on three decades of field-tested experience, Strategic Planning, Execution, and Measurement (SPEM): A Powerful Tool for CEOs provides both a consultant's view and an entrepreneurial approach to strategic planning, execution, and measurement. Walking you through the process, it begins by defining world-class status, visions, missions, business models, and value chains. Next, it discusses the two most important prerequisites of strategic planning and includes a questionnaire to help you evaluate operations, systems, and structure in your organization. The book provides a matrix of 25 parameters for assessing the status of your organization that can help to pinpoint the perceptional gaps between top executives and owners. It includes a strategy bank with 150 generic strategies in the five performance areas of business and identifies methods for monitoring strategy execution that provide early warning signals. It also introduces the Entrepreneurial Score Card, a tool for improving the impact of strategic planning and execution in your organization. Detailing the structure and preparation process for the strategic plan, the book illustrates the financial impact of strategy execution and explains the various financial monitoring parameters used in the performance cards of individual employees. It concludes by describing an entrepreneurial approach to strategic planning and with a comprehensive case study that illustrates the entire strategy formulation process and its conversion into an annual budget. This book is ideal for CEOs, CFOs, COOs, business owners, heads of business verticals, heads of corporate planning or strategy, functional heads, teachers, students, and practicing consultants in the area of strategic planning.


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 By: Capt. Don Larimore
 The legal definition of a Gang is a group of individuals who share a common identity and,
 in current usage, engage in illegal activities.
 Normally a "gang" will have a common name, signs, symbols or colors.
 How you can help is to get involved, get involved in your community and get your neighbors involved. Take a stand, show the gang members that you and your neighbors will not stand for their activities. Start a community watch program, and let the gang members see that you and your neighbors will not stand by and let them run your neighborhood.
 Get your local police involved, organize a meeting and invite the police. Ask for assistance in setting up a Community Watch Program. Once you have a community watch program in place, display the signs proudly. Show them off, let the gang members know that they are in a neighborhood that will not tolerate their activities.
 Help one another, if you are going on vacation, inform your watch program. That way they can watch your home, pick up your mail and papers. If the gang members see that each of the neighbors are watching each other and are organized, they will move on.
 Don't be afraid to report any activities to the local police. If you see gang members breaking the law, report it. Gang members thrive on fear. They grow stronger knowing that the citizens are afraid of them. If you show them that you are not afraid, they will find a new place to hang out.
 Talk to each other, keep in contact with each other and get to know your neighbors. The best way to do that is organize meetings. Weekly, bi-weekly, monthly. Which ever is best for you and your neighbors. Don't keep the meetings a secret. If you have a local paper, post the meeting in the paper and invite others, put it on the local bulletin board, put up flyers. Show the meeting to the gang members, let them know that your neighbor is organized against their activities. Invite the police to the meetings, ask for advise or tips. Show the police that you and your neighbors are taking an active stand to help them.
 But the biggest thing is safety.
 DO NOT CONFRONT GANG MEMBERS. If you see them breaking the law, call the police. Do not get involved in altercation with them. You have set up a community watch program, NOT a community vigilante program. Let the police get into a confrontation, your role is to WATCH and REPORT any crimes in your neighborhood to the local police.
 Report any criminal activities from a safe distance, do not put yourself in a dangerous situation that may cause you to get hurt or killed.
 When reporting a crime to the police, give the following information, (if possible)
 Number of violators
 Descriptions: Height, weight, color, clothing, sex, age.
 Make/Model/Color/License of vehicle, (if one is used)
 Location of the crime
 What is the crime
 If the violators run, the direction they ran to.
 These are just some basic tips, contact your local police for more information. Most police departments have a community watch program in place and just need people to get involved. So get involved, and become active in your neighborhood.
 - #2
 Good post!
 When doing mall security, had to deal with gangs every day, our local police department worked close with us. They talked about the exact things you write about, very helpful with us on dealing with these people daily.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
A charter airline is one that operates charter flights, that is flights that take place outside normal schedules, by a hiring arrangement with a particular customer.
In the context of mass tourism, charter flights have acquired the more specific meaning of a flight whose sole function is to transport holidaymakers to tourist destinations. Such charter flights are contrasted with scheduled flights, but they do in fact operate to regular, published schedules. However tickets are not sold directly by the charter airline, but by holiday companies who have chartered the flight (sometimes in a consortium with other companies).
Although charter airlines typically carry passengers who have booked individually or as small groups to beach resorts, historic towns, or cities where a cruise ship is awaiting them, sometimes an aircraft will be chartered by a single group such as members of a company, a sports teams, or the military.
Many charter flights are sold as part of a package holiday in which the price paid includes flights, accommodation and other services. At one time this was a legal requirement (or one enforced by the airlines' cartel), but this is no longer the case, and so-called "flight-only packages" can be bought by those who merely want to travel to the destination. Such packages are frequently cheaper than regular schedule airline fares. Furthermore charter airlines frequently operate on routes, or to airports, where there is no scheduled service. Much of the traffic through small and medium sized airports in the United Kingdom consists of charter flights, and the survival of these airports often depends on the airline landing fees they get from the charter companies.
Many airlines operating regular scheduled services have set up charter divisions, though these have not always proved competitive with the specialist charter companies. In addition, some cargo airlines occasinally carry a few charter passengers on their jets. Conversely, some charter airlines have branched out into scheduled services when their charter operations have uncovered a need or a market niche.
The economics of charter flights demand that the flights should operate on the basis of near 100% seat occupancy, and the standard of seating and service may be lower than on scheduled airlines (though this is by no means always the case).
The airlines operating charter flights, and the holiday companies who are the initial purchasers of seats on them, have acquired an unhealthy reputation for financial instability. There have been a number of high-profile cases where holiday-makers have had their arrangements cancelled at short notice (and sometimes lost the substantial sums they have paid for package holidays), or have been left stranded at their destinations, by the collapse of airline or holiday company. A number of compulsory insurance and bond arrangements have been put in place to minimise at least the financial risk to the public from such events.
Among airlines who offer or have offered charter services are:
- Air Anatolia
- Air Atlanta Icelandic
- Air Srpska
- Air Tindi
- Air Transat
- AOM French Airlines
- Arrow Air
- British Caledonian
- Britannia Airways
- Capitol Air
- Carnival Airlines (Owned by Carnival Cruise Lines)
- European Airlines
- First Choice Airways (formerly air2000)
- Frontier Flying Service
- Japan Airlines
- Lion Air
- Miami Air
- Monarch Airlines
- My Travel/Premiair
- North American Airlines
- Sterling European Airlines
- Tango (a division of Air Canada)
- TransMeridian Airlines
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Each activity is awarded a given number of credits, as defined by the graduate school you are attending. Most graduate schools require PhD students to maintain a "logbook" detailing all the different activities and courses undertaken. Each graduate school sets the number of credits awarded for each activity. For information purposes only, please see the indicative list in the ULB PhD regulations.
The purpose of doctoral training is to consolidate your specialist skills within your discipline, and to enable you to develop transferable skills that are attractive to both the academic and private sectors.
The programme (60 credits) is developed flexibly by the supervisory committee. Its content varies according to the needs of each PhD student, and it is built around three complementary disciplines:
The 60 credits from the doctoral training entitle you to a Research training certificate that must be provided when submitting your thesis.


Making Constants Configurable
There are several constants that a user is likely going to want to change, like the size of the buffers for recording, or the minimum and maximum length of the delays during execution with random delays.
These constants are typically found in classes like SyncPointBuffer and other classes that first get put in the cunitrt.jar file. This file contains all the classes that make up the least dependency fixpoint of the classes required for the Concutest runtime. After it has been created, it gets merged with the rt.jar file during instrumentation and then put on the boot classpath so it's available right from the beginning during VM initialization.
The problem is that instrumentation is a rather lengthy process (it takes a few minutes), so I want to avoid running a full instrumentation just because a number, like the delay in milliseconds, has changed. That means I have to store these constants externally somehow, outside the rt.jar file (or update the rt.jar file).
The normal way to do this would probably to use a file, maybe a text file. My XML configuration library could easily deal with this. However, since this is happening very often and — more importantly — very early during VM initialization, I want the process to be especially light-weight, especially easy for the VM executing the program.
What's the easiest way for the VM to get a value? The easiest way is to simply read a value out of a public static final field, or more technically, to load a value out of the constant pool. That's exactly what's going on right now, when all these values are hard-coded.
In fact, it cannot be done more easily. Any retrieval from a file, for example, would require the VM to load the name of the file out of the constant pool, and that is already the work necessary to retrieve a constant, so reading the value from a file has to be more work.
But how do I make these constants tweakable? I have decided to create a separate class (an interface, to be precise), edu.rice.cs.cunit.ConcutestConstants, that contains all tweakable constants. It is also included in the cunitrt.jar file and therefore in the rt.jar file during instrumentation. Nothing has really changed right now.
What I can do now, though, is create a copy of that class that lives outside of the rt.jar file and that has different values than the one inside the rt.jar file. If I put this class at the beginning of the boot classpath, then the class outside with the different values will be found first. Creating that modified class file is a little bit more work for the launcher program than writing to a text file or using Java attributes and System.getProperty, but this approach is as light-weight as it can be for the executing program.
The battery on my MacBook (now with 2 GB RAM, thank you, Corky!) is about to run out, so I'll get back to implementing this on my workstation at home.
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入植農家からみた干拓地農業の変容過程-名古屋市近郊鍋田干拓地の事例The Changing Process of Farming on Reclaimed Land from the Settlers Point of View--A Case Study of Nabeta Reclaimed Land in the Suburbs of Nagoya City
This research examines the changing process of farming on reclaimed land, as seen from the changing farming conditions of each settler, in the context of national land reclamation, which took place after the Second World War when agricultural production was increasing.As a case study, I researched the background of 136 settlers who started farming in 1962 on Nabeta Reclaimed Land, Aichi Prefecture, situated at the mouth of Kiso River. I examined the following 3 points : (1) settlement conditions of Nabeta Reclaimed Land, (2) the influence of Typhoon hazards from Ise Bay on the farming behavior of settlers and (3) the influence of urbanization from the metropolitan area Nagoya. The results are as follows : 1) There occurred some differences in farming among settlers, depending upon the time of settlement, their native places, the land condition of their farm and their successors. The difference in farming was most greatly influenced by land conditions based on the time of settlement.2) The changing process of farming in Nabeta Reclaimed Land can be divided into 3 periods : 1 st period (commencement of farming), 2nd period (change in farming) and 3 rd period (settlement of farming).3) The farming conditions of settlers diversified gradually over 3 periods : 1 st period→2 nd period→ 3 rd period (Fig. 11). In the 1 st period, conditions were classified into thetype, mainly composed of field husbandry and animal husbandry. In the 3rd period, conditions could be classified into 4 patterns : field husbandry, animal husbandry, part-time farming and abandonment of farming. These were farming patterns that had been already started during the 2 nd period.4) In comparison with other reclaimed lands in Japan, the following can be considered as regional characteristics of Nabeta Reclaimed Land.First, about 20 percent of all settlers were close relatives of those people who were killed by Typhoon Ise Bay. They were less interested in farming, compared to normal settlers, and quite a few of them gave up farming when farming became diversified.Second, about 10 percent of cultivated land (an area of 302 ha) in Nabeta Reclaimed Land turned out to be owned by residents in Nagoya City. Further, settlers have been unable to make the most of accessibility to big markets, because of the lack of community integration in reclaimed land villages and because of the poor performance of specializing in one farm product.
地學雜誌 107(1), 25-48, 1998


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Brazil Immigration Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Immigration Cards, _PHONE_.
Title in the Language of the Records
Registros de Imigração no Brasil
This collection of immigration cards from Brazil dates from 1900 to 1965.
This collection of immigration records contains cards issued by Brazilian consulates around the world granting permission for a person to enter Brazil. The qualification consular cards needed to be presented at the port of entry by each foreigner visiting or immigrating to Brazil. Cards include a picture of the immigrant. The years are not in chronological nor alphabetical order. The text is in Portuguese.
The immigration process in Brazil was of great importance for the formation of the Brazilian culture. Portuguese colonists exploited the vast land, and the country became quite wealthy, which was reason enough for the great immigration of other nationalities, which began in 1818. In 1819, the first group of immigrants came from Switzerland and were assigned to settled in the area known now as Rio de Janeiro, which they named then Nova Friburgo. The Germans arrived later in 1824 and were settled in Rio Grande do Sul, colonizing the cities they called Novo Hamburgo, São Leopoldo, Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Joinville, and Brusque. People from Ukraine and Poland settled the area of Paraná. The Turks and Arabs settled in Amazonia. The majority of the Italians settled in São Paulo, as also did the Japanese and Spaniards.
After the abolition of slavery in 1888, the Brazilian government encouraged European immigration, because the skills brought by immigrants were needed for the progress of the country. Since then, the largest groups of immigrants to Brazil came from Italy and Germany.
As immigrants arrived at the port of Rio de Janeiro, they were registered by the Central Agency for Immigration (Agencia Central de Imigração). After disembarking, the immigrants were taken to the Isle of Flores (Ilha das Flores) and processed at the House of Emigrants (Casa dos Imigrantes). If the immigrants' destination was São Paulo, they usually continued on to Santos, which is the port city for São Paulo (many ships went directly to Santos). The port authorities who registered and handled immigrants in Brazil were known as the Hostelry of Immigrants (Hospedaria de Imigrantes).
According to the census demographic statistics, Brazil reached a population of about 17,438,434 in 1900. In 1920, the population had almost doubled in number. By 1940, the population had increased to 41,236,315, and in 1960, Brazil reached a population of 70,191,370.
About 171,157 German immigrants arrived between the years _PHONE_. About 1,243,633 Italian immigrants arrived between _PHONE_. The largest group of Italian immigrants came from the areas of Vêneto, Campânia, Calabria, and Lombárdia. The smallest group came from Ligúria and Sardenha. The major Japanese immigration occurred between 1940 and 1950 with the majority of about 132,000 Japanese settling in São Paulo. The next largest group of Japanese settled in Paraná, and some 1,000 Japanese settled in Rio de Janeiro. Smaller groups of less than 1,000 were distributed in other nearby areas.
Once you are able to locate your ancestor, the card information will help you determine where he or she came from, the date and place of birth, and the parents' names. This information will let you prepare a family group record for the family. You can then start searching in the records from the place of birth and residence for other members of the family.
The immigration registration was necessary to keep a record of all immigrants settling in the country. These records were used to track the movement and settlement of two groups: immigrants who came from countries other than Brazil, and migrants who moved from places within Brazil.
The information came directly from the immigrant or a traveling companion, usually a family member. Realize that incorrect information was sometimes given, and mistakes were occasionally made in recording the information.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
- "Brazil, Immigration Cards, _PHONE_." Index and Images. FamilySearch. _URL_ : accessed 2013. Citing Consulado Brasileiro. Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Key genealogical facts found in this collection may include:
- Complete name of immigrant
- Date of immigration
- Date and place of birth
- Permanent of temporary stay
- Civil or marital status
- Parents' names
- Profession or occupation
- Place of residence in country of origin
- Names, ages and gender of children traveling under 14 years of age
- Passport number with its date and place of issuance
- Signature of the immigrant
How to Use the Record
To search this collection using the index:
Fill in the requested information in the initial search page. This search will return a list of possible matches. Compare the information about the ancestors in the list to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct family or person. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to find your ancestor.
Search the Collection:
To search the collection image by image you will need to follow this series of links:
⇒ Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒ Select the "Digital GS Number" category which takes you to the images
Look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor. You may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination.
Be sure and click on the View Image to bring up the actual image. There is often additional information that might be valuable in your researching.
Known Issues with This Collection
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached Wiki article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to _EMAIL_. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
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Contributions to This Article
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Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
|This citation example isn't from this collection. You can help by replacing this example with a citation for a record found in this collection.|
"Argentina, Buenos Aires, Catholic Church Records, _PHONE_," images, FamilySearch (_URL_: accessed 28 February, 2012), La Plata > San Ponciano > Matrimonios _PHONE_ > image 71 of 389 images, Artemio Avendano and Clementina Peralta, 1884; citing Parroquia de San Ponciano en la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Matrimonios. San Ponciano, La Plata, Buenos Aires
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Backyard and Gardening
Many people find gardening and spending time in the backyard to be a leisurely activity. For those who live with epilepsy, particularly if it's uncontrolled epilepsy or their AEDs impair awareness, it is important to take some safety precautions when in this outside environment.
Some tips which might assist in increasing safety while in the backyard or gardening:
 - Be cautious when mowing the lawn, and ensure that the mower has a safety guard that stops the blades if you were to fall.
 - If using a mower or power tools it is a good idea to use battery operated ones, rather than those using electrical mains power. This will reduce the risk of electrocution because there is no cord to accidentally cut.
 - Consider avoiding rough concrete or gravel surfaces outside, and use safer options such as grass, mulch or wooden decking.
 - Ensure that appropriate safety railings are used around swimming pools, verandas, decks and patios.
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In kinship terminology, a cousin is a relative with whom one shares a common ancestor. In modern usage, the term is rarely used when referring to a relative in one's own line of descent, or where there is a more specific term to describe the relationship: e.g., brother, sister, aunt, uncle. The term blood relative can be used synonymously, and underlines the existence of a genetic link.
A system of degrees and removes is used to describe the relationship between the two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. The degree (first, second, third cousin, etc.) indicates one less than the minimum number ofgenerations between either cousin and the nearest common ancestor; the remove (once removed, twice removed,etc.) indicates the number of generations, if any, separating the two cousins from each other.
For example, a person with whom you share a grandparent (but not a parent) is a first cousin; someone with whom you share a great-grandparent (but not a grandparent) is a second cousin; and someone with whom you share a great-great-grandparent (but not a great-grandparent) is a third cousin; and so on. The child of your first cousin is yourfirst cousin once removed because the one generation separating you and the child (the cousin) represents oneremove. You and the child are still considered first cousins, as your own grandparent (this child's great-grandparent), as the most recent common ancestor, represents one degree.
Non-genealogical usage often eliminates the degrees and removes, and refers to people with common ancestors merely as cousins or distant cousins. Alternatively, the terms'second cousin' and 'first cousin once removed' are often incorrectly used interchangeably.The system can handle kinships going back any number of generations (subject to the genealogical information being available).


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Western Kentucky University
Chinese Flagship Program 中文领航
Photograph: Allie Surina
Student Profile--Allie Surina
1. What is your degree and major?
Bachelor of Arts: Mathematics/Economics double major
2. Why did you choose to study Chinese?
I chose to learn Chinese so that I can work directly with Chinese researchers to study economic development in China's urban centers.
3. What specifically led you to choose the Flagship Program?
I chose the Flagship Program because the instruction pace and content are suited for people who need to use the language in the working world, rather than for people who want to learn about the culture as an end goal. Additionally, the program coordinators are embedding my language learning within my personal career framework so that every Flagship-related opportunity moves me closer to my larger goals.
4. What are the most rewarding things about flagship?
The most rewarding things about Flagship are marking progress through each language level, and building a core group of friendships through the intensive classroom atmosphere.
5. How has your Flagship Program set you apart from other students? What advantages has the program given you?
When professors and other students hear about the goals and details of the Flagship Program, they usually are surprised that such a forward-thinking program exists, and that there are students willing to sign up for the challenge. I have earned a lot of respect from professors who think that Chinese is mostly "unlearnable" for Americans. Through the Flagship Program I have traveled to China twice and am able to network with Chinese people in my own community at home. Between some cultures there are old walls that are difficult to cross. With China and the United States, the culture, history and language of China is that wall. Learning Chinese has given me an opportunity to understand and learn from a culture that was previously a mystery to myself, and my community.
6. How has The Language Flagship helped you to discover your role in the world?
Representing the Language Flagship has given me an opportunity to serve as a culture-translator between the United States and China. I find that people at my school and in my community often ask me questions about the future of China and how things are on the ground there. I enjoy helping people to understand the Chinese point of view in the context of American culture, and I now hope to serve the United States government in some capacity with my research.
7. What are your career goals?
I plan to go to graduate school to study development, governance and public choice. I hope to be a professor in a research university with strong ties to Asian economic development, and would like to work in conjunction with agencies such as the World Bank or the Brookings Institution.
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I have two objects, A and B, and I need help to solve the following problem about the collision resolution order:
A and B are moving with the same speed, and they don't move both at the same time
- A tries to move to where it should be, and I do the collision test
- A collision is detected, and A is moved outside of collision
- Then B moves after this, and a gap appears between then
I tried resolving the collision of A by discouting the velocity of B, but this fails if B collides on it's path, and A moves inside of it.
Are there any algorithm that can solve this problem? And also when working with multiple objects moving in a row just like A and B.
Also, my objects don't have any mass or elasticity, they are supposed to just move and get out of collision using simple AABB.


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Definitionssexual intercourse, as between a spouse and an unmarried person or between two married persons who are not married to each other.
3. To engage in indiscrimitate and/or promiscuous sex.
Etymology: First recorded in Middle English about 1300. From the Latin fornax, meaning oven, kiln or fumace, and from fornix, meaning arch, vault or vaulted room, from the shape of Roman ovens, later the arched underground vaults of Rome, and finally a brothel, because the Roman vaults were used by poor, unskilled prostitutes.
Add or improve a definition
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Solid tumour radionuclide microdosimetry can be affected by the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical off the capillaries of the pathologic vascularization. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the combined effects of radiopharmaceutical diffusion and range of the emitted radiation in a model of tumour microvasculature.
We developed a computational model of solid tumour microenvironment around a blood capillary vessel, and we simulated the transport of radiation emitted by by 223Ra, 111In, 131I and 177Lu nuclides using two different Monte Carlo codes: Geant4 and MCNPX.
In particular, we simulated a cylindrical vessel having 10 um of inner radius and 10 um of thickness filled by blood and surrounded by cylindrical layers of soft tissue, 10 um thick each.
For each nuclide, several models of radiopharmaceutical diffusion throughout the capillary vessel were considered: in blood only, representative of radio-embolization procedures, in capillary cells, representative of an anti-angiogenic radiopharmaceutical accumulating in them, and several models of extra-vascular diffusion.
Radial dose profiles around the capillary vessel were obtained and compared between codes and between the physics models available. The results for beta and Auger emitters demonstrate that the photon dose is at least four orders of magnitude lower with respect to the one deposited by electrons. For which concerns 223Ra, the beta emissions of the daughters give a contribution three orders of magnitude lower with respect to the alpha particles, even if with a much longer range.
For each nuclide and for every diffusion model, the Endothelial Cell Mean Dose (ECMD) and the Tumour Edge Mean Dose (TEMD) per unit cumulated activity were computed and represented in tabular form, together with the initial radioactivity (IR) necessary to deposit 100 Gy of dose at the edge of the viable tumour.
Such results may help to characterize the dose inhomogeneities in solid tumour therapies with radiopharmaceuticals, taking into accunt the interplay between drug diffusion from vasculature and range of ionizing radiations.


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Scenes of the Everglades
Businessman and adventurer Homer Augustus Brinkley produced this film in 1928 after living for several months among the Seminole Indians in the Everglades. He later used the film in a traveling show that featured a live, caged bear and himself dressed as a Seminole. Photographed by William B. Feeland, the film contains some of the earliest moving footage of the Seminole. Beginning with panoramic shots of vegetation, waterways, and abandoned structures, the film includes footage of wildlife, such as an owl, raccoons, water moccasins, alligators, deer, a wild turkey, and...


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Mission Farm of Nambikay
'Nambikay' is Tamil for hope. Through Farm of Nambikay we wish to contribute to a hopeful future of people in the war-torn area of Sri Lanka.
The mission of Farm of Nambikay is
to contribute to the restoration and wholeness of the war affected and poor people and society in Sri Lanka and to share Gods love
Objectives Farm of Nambikay
In the period 2014 – 2017 Farm of Nambikay aims the following operational objectives:
- Establish and manage a professional and innovative small-scale farm
- Creating workand learning experience places on the farm
- Inclusion of people with disability and/or impairment on the farm
- Bring 50% of the farm profit in a project fund.
- Use this fund to initiate and/or support small-scale projects in the area
- Investigate whether this can be done in collaboration with the Grace Community Churches
These operational objectives shape the strategic objectives of Farm of Nambikay:
- To contribute to social and economic development in Mannar province
- To be an example and inspiration for farmers and non-farmers in the area
- To practise Christian service in the communities
- To strengthen Grace Community Churches in their mission
Farm of Nambikay has a Christian identity, and is based on biblical values like hope, grace, love, faith, justice, compassion, positive well-being, uniqueness of each individual and serving others.


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Biophilic office design enhances wellbeing
At the most basic level biophilic office layouts are designed to incorporate as much of the natural world into the workplace as possible and blur the boundary between the outside world and interiors. More employers are learning about the very real benefits of natural light and bringing the outdoors into the workplace.
This could include incorporating wood, stone, slate and other natural materials into the office layout, and even adding water features. Studies have shown that employees in office layouts which have a more natural design are more productive, healthier, and also happier. Indeed, research from the University of Exeter shows that adding plants to offices can increase worker productivity by 38% and creativity by 45%.
Wellness benefits of biophilic office layouts
Some of the benefits of biophilia contributing to greater employee wellbeing include:
– Better air quality, plants and trees oxygenate the surrounding air, creating purer office environments which can be particularly beneficial for workers in polluted city environments. Adding plants or small indoor or tropical trees to the office means excess carbon dioxide is absorbed along with minute particles in the air, while oxygen is created via photosynthesis. Incorporating water features into any biophilic layout gives the added benefit of increasing positive ions in the atmosphere.
– Alleviation of stress and assistance with mental health are common benefits of natural, outdoor environments and bring the outdoors into the workplace helps induce a calmer, more restorative office. It's not just green plants or living walls that can add natural looks to offices, using wood and other natural materials, such as stone or slate, for bespoke office furniture, reception desks, or for the creation of internal workplace features, all tend to bring the outdoors inside.
– Plants are the natural way to balance acoustics in noisy offices as they decrease and absorb sound reverberations.
And, finally, numerous studies have shown that plants and the colour green is linked strongly to levels of creativity, so bringing plants into your office can help spark innovation and boost creativity and levels of productivity.


-A A +A
From: Jeremy M. Kronick and Mark Zelmer
To: Incoming Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem
Date: May 6, 2020
Re: Can the Bank of Canada keep inflation on target when the economy recovers?
Congratulations on being appointed the next Governor of the Bank of Canada. The job is as important as ever.
The Bank of Canada's balance sheet more than tripled in size between March 11 and April 29, and is likely to continue growing.
While necessary, given the jump in financial system liquidity requirements, this massive expansion raises two questions. First, does it affect the ability of the Bank to conduct monetary policy to achieve its inflation target? The answer is probably not. And, second, when the time comes time to shrink the Bank's balance sheet again, what constraint will Canada's public and private debt overhang pose? The answer to that is less clear.
First, the expansion. On March 11, the Bank's balance sheet was a little over $120 billion. By April 29, it was a little over $384 billion. In normal times, the bulk of the Bank's assets are Government of Canada securities. Lately, however, the Bank has not only increased the size of its typical purchases, it has extended the term of its loans to financial institutions, broadened the type of assets it accepts as collateral, and expanded the types of assets it purchases outright. It has done this to meet the needs of the financial system's demand for liquidity to ensure markets and the banking system function as normal, and to provide easier monetary conditions when interest rates are at or near their lower bound.
Of the almost $265 billion of assets acquired so far, around $165 billion have been resale agreements (repos) where financial institutions agree to buy back the assets sold to the Bank after an agreed upon period of time. Of the counterpart increase in liabilities, around $210 billion of the $265 billion increase is excess reserves (settlement balances) held by financial institutions at the Bank of Canada. This high-power money, currency in circulation plus reserves of financial institutions at the central bank, has the potential to support credit and spending – but with so much of the economy locked down, it so far has not. For now, then, we need have no worries about inflation.
As the economy opens up, the Bank can simply let the repos run down and exchange the purchased debt for settlement balances as it matures. If timed right, its balance sheet will shrink before the additional liquidity creates inflationary pressure.
Where it might be more complicated is with respect to the other assets the Bank has begun purchasing, specifically longer-term provincial bonds and private sector debt. While the purchase amounts so far remain low, their maturities could be more difficult to time with the economic recovery. Those investments are also fraught with credit and political risk.
One way forward would be for the Bank to exchange these assets, once purchased, with Government of Canada debt more consistent with its normal operations. The government could create a new account in the Public Accounts of Canada to hold these provincial government and private-sector securities. The federal government can hold those securities until they mature if necessary and manage the risks in the interim through its own operations, making it easier for the Bank to manage its own balance sheet, and achieve its inflation target.
The good news about shrinking the balance sheet is that when it happens, the economy will be in a recovery phase. As this occurs, however, if inflation requires tightening the stance of monetary policy beyond a shrinking of the balance sheet, how easy will it be for the Bank to increase the overnight rate? Both the private (households and businesses) and public sectors (governments) will be highly levered in the wake of the pandemic. A more heavily indebted country makes any monetary policy action more potent. Calibrating monetary policy actions will be more challenging in the future.
This puts even more pressure on the Bank of Canada to ensure it gets the timing of the shrinking of its balance sheet right, and to communicate the reasoning transparently with the public, so expectations are in place before the need arises to raise the overnight rate. A not so easy challenge for you as the incoming Governor.
Jeremy M. Kronick is Associate Director, Research at the C.D. Howe Institute and Mark Zelmer is former Deputy Superintendent at the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions and a Senior Fellow at the C.D. Howe Institute.
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induction proof of fundamental theorem of arithmetic
We present an inductionMathworldPlanetmath proof by Zermelo for the fundamental theorem of arithmeticMathworldPlanetmath (
Part 1. Every positive integer n is a productPlanetmathPlanetmath of prime numbersMathworldPlanetmath.
Proof. If n=1, it is the empty product of primes, and if n=2, it is a prime number.
Let then n>2. Make the induction hypothesis that all positive integers m with 12 and suppose that the assertion is true for all positive integers less than n.
If now n is a prime, we are ready. Therefore let it be a composite numberMathworldPlanetmath. There is a least nontrivial factor p of n. This p must be a prime. Put n=pb where b is a positive integer. By the induction hypothesis, b has a unique prime factor decomposition. Thus n has a unique prime decomposition containing the prime factor p.
Now we will show that n cannot have other prime decompositions. Make the antithesis that n has a different prime decomposition; let q be the least prime factor in it. Now we have p


IHSS Provider Wait and Travel Times
IHSS Provider Wait and Travel Times
IHSS gives services to help you stay at home if you cannot take care of yourself because of your disability. This pub tells you about getting IHSS hours for help getting to the doctor. It also tells you if you can get IHSS hours for doctor trips for a child.
1. Can I receive IHSS hours for my provider to take me to doctors' appointments?
Yes, this is called "accompaniment to medical appointments." Medical accompaniment to "health care appointments" (e.g. medical appointment at a doctor's office, dentist and to other health practitioners) is an IHSS service certain IHSS recipients can receive. Medical accompaniment can be authorized when a recipient needs another IHSS service in order to get to and from a medical appointment or alternative resource, and/or at their destination.1 For example, if a recipient has been authorized for accompaniment to medical appointments, the provider can also be paid to help the IHSS recipient travel to and from medical appointments.
Examples of help with travel includes things like helping a recipient get in and out of a vehicle, getting properly seated, and using seat belts. To get authorized for medical accompaniment, you should tell your IHSS social worker that you have a medical appointment and that you need your IHSS provider's assistance to get to the medical appointment. The IHSS social worker will then assess your need for assistance in getting to and from medical appointments.2 IHSS care providers are not required to use their own vehicle to transport recipients to and from a medical appointment. However, an IHSS recipient can pay their care provider for the use of their vehicle to transport the recipient to and from the recipient's medical appointments.
2. Can an IHSS provider get paid for time spent waiting at an IHSS recipient's doctor's appointment?
Yes. As of February 1, 2016, providers can receive payment for time spent waiting at medical appointments. In order to be paid for waiting at a medical appointment, the provider has to show that while they are at a recipient's medical appointment, they cannot leave because they cannot predict how long the recipient's appointment will take. An example would be when a provider takes a recipient to a medical appointment and the provider has to wait at the medical office because, at any moment, they may have to take the recipient home. This means the provider is "engaged to wait" or "Wait Time —On Duty."
When a recipient is authorized for medical accompaniment, if all the following conditions are met, then the provider will be considered "Wait Time —Off Duty" (which means they will not be paid for any time spent waiting for the recipient):
 1. The amount of time the appointment will take is known in advance which would allow the provider plenty of notice that they will not be needed to provide services during that time and which can then be used for their own purposes;
 2. The appointment is scheduled to last enough time for the provider to conduct personal business; and
 3. The provider is not required to perform any other authorized service, e.g., food shopping, other shopping/errands, during the appointment time.
If all the above conditions are met, then the recipient must tell the provider that they do not have to work until a specified time when they must return to accompany the recipient home. The provider will not be paid for this time. If all the above conditions are NOT met, the provider is considered to have "Wait Time —On Duty," and they must be paid for the time they spend waiting for the recipient.
You can find more information on wait times in All County Letter No. 16-01. 3
3. What if I need my provider to take me to an alternative resource? Can they still get paid to wait for me?
Individuals can receive transportation to a site where alternative resources provide in-home supportive services to the recipient in lieu of IHSS. 4 In general, for individuals who receive time for medical accompaniment to an alternative resource, the time an IHSS provider is waiting would not to be compensable because recipients are usually dropped off and picked up at a certain time. Normally, a provider cannot be paid for the wait time associated with accompaniment to alternative resource sites because the provider can effectively use that time for their own purposes and it is considered Wait Time Off-Duty. 5 However, in order to determine whether wait time is paid, the social worker must determine whether or not a provider is using "Wait Time-On Duty" or if the provider is using "Wait Time-Off Duty." 6
4. Can a minor receive IHSS hours for accompaniment to doctors' appointments?
There are special requirements to get medical accompaniment authorized for minor recipients. Medical accompaniment for minors can only be authorized if the minor recipient has an "assessed extraordinary need," the appointment is for a specialist, and the minor recipient has a need for an authorized IHSS task to be performed during travel to or from the appointment.
To get medical accompaniment and associated wait times authorized for a minor recipient, each of the three following conditions must be met:
 1. The minor recipient must have an assessed extraordinary need. An extraordinary need is a need that is based on the functional impairment due to the minor's disability and the need is beyond what would normally be expected for a minor of the same age without the functional impairment.
 2. The appointment(s) must be with a physician or other licensed health care professional in a specialty care discipline and the appointment must be related to the minor's disability or functional impairment. Medical Accompaniment may not be authorized for routine appointments with the minor recipient's pediatrician or primary care physician, such as well-baby/child visits, annual check-ups, immunizations, visits related to common childhood illnesses/injuries, etc.
 3. The minor recipient must have a need for an authorized IHSS task(s) during travel to and/or from the appointment, or at the appointment.
The guidelines for authorizing wait time for adult recipients are not applied in minor recipient cases. This is because a parent is typically expected to be present during a child's medical appointment so that they can participate in a discussion with the medical professional about the child's health and make decisions about treatment and care. The social worker should include the wait time in the authorization of hours. You can find more information and examples in All County Letter No. 17-42.
5. Can an IHSS provider get paid for travel time between recipients?
Yes. IHSS providers can be paid for travel time. Travel time is the time it takes a provider to travel directly from the location where they care for a recipient to another location to provide services for a different recipient on the same day. However, a provider cannot get paid for the travel time to and from his or her home to any IHSS recipient's location. In addition, providers can only be reimbursed for 7 hours of travel time per week. 7
Providers who have multiple recipients should contact the county in order to complete form SOC 2255 and submit it to the IHSS office. This form must be completed in order for the provider to be compensated for their travel time.
1 See Welfare and Institutions Code § 12300(b), and Manual of Policies and Procedures (MPP) Section 30-780.1(b)(5)(A)-(B)).- (Return to Main Document)
2 See MPP Section 30-757.15.- (Return to Main Document)
3 All County Letter No. 16-01, dated January 7, 2016, is available online at this link for the PDF.- (Return to Main Document)
4 MPP Section 30-757.154.- (Return to Main Document)
5 See All County Letter No. 17-42, dated June 23, 2017, available online at this link; see also All County Letter No. 14-82, dated November 25, 2017, available online at this link for the PDF.- (Return to Main Document)
6 For more information, see ACL No. 17-42, available online at this link, and ACL No. 14-82, available online at this link for the PDF. - (Return to Main Document)
7 Information on travel time is here: link to the PDF on Travel Time for In-Home Supportive Services providers from the CA Department of Social Services website. - (Return to Main Document)
Click links below for a downloadable version.


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[en] Jet vetoes play an important role in many analyses at the LHC. Traditionally, jet vetoes have been imposed using a restriction on the transverse momentum p_T_j of jets. Alternatively, one can also consider jet observables for which p_T_j is weighted by a smooth function of the jet rapidity y_j that vanishes as vertical stroke y_j vertical stroke →∞. Such observables are useful as they provide a natural way to impose a tight veto on central jets but a looser one at forward rapidities. We consider two such rapidity-dependent jet veto observables, Τ_B_j and Τ_C_j, and compute the required beam and dijet soft functions for the jet-vetoed colorsinglet production cross section at two loops. At this order, clustering effects from the jet algorithm become important. The dominant contributions are computed fully analytically while corrections that are subleading in the limit of small jet radii are expressed in terms of finite numerical integrals. Our results enable the full NNLL' resummation and are an important step towards N"3LL resummation for cross sections with a Τ_B_j or Τ_C_j jet veto.


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Culture - Day 2 grades K-3 learning activities
These activities will help youth build awareness and learn to identify city resources. They can be done alone, but work best with friends over a video chat such as Skype, Zoom, Facetime, etc.
Trivia question: In what year did Calgary become a city?
A) 2000 B) 1899 C) 1950 D) 1894
- Take a deep breath in and squeeze your fists as tight as you can.
- Hold it for 5 seconds.
- Blow all the air out through your mouth and shake your hands and arms as fast as you can.
- Pencil Crayons
- Give your child a piece of paper and pencil
- Have your child divide the sheet into four sections (they can fold the paper or draw lines).
- Help them write 4 of their favourite places in Calgary (one in each section).
- Have them draw each place.
- Share the drawings with family members and see if anyone else has the same favourite places.
Using household items, have your child build their very own skyscraper at home! See how tall they can make it and imagine what it would look like in downtown Calgary.
If they want to and have enough supplies, build more skyscrapers to make their own downtown.
- Pencil crayons
- Markers and/or crayons
For this activity, have your child draw a map of their dream city.
They can draw buildings, stores and houses like they see in Calgary. They can also make up amazing new attractions, like a chocolate fountain or a sledding race course.
Have them name their new city. How many people live there? What do people do for fun? Are there any special events or festivals?
Ask your child:
- What's your favourite thing about Calgary?
- What makes Calgary special?
- How can you make Calgary an even better place?
Mindfulness Activity: 1894. Calgary is 126 years old!


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SRK Custom Water Systems VS Alternatives
Both consumers and fellow professionals often ask me what's so special about the SRK HydroZone 3 treatment system? It's a valid question. After all, the market is flush with chemistry solutions that claim they are the best way to treat pool and spa water. What differentiates HydroZone 3 water from other solutions?
For starters, HydroZone 3 is a composite of systems that impact the entire operation of the pool. Chemistry is a big part of it, but it is only part. Proper filtration, balanced hydraulic design, distribution throughout the entire pool, and other factors all play a role in creating HydroZone 3 water.
For the sake of comparison, however, let's look at just the chemical side of HydroZone 3, which is an outgrowth of our treatment philosophy at SRK Pool Services. It combines ozone, ultraviolet (UV), and small amounts of chlorine. The main reason we combine these methods is that we've found when used together, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. All three measures hold hands and make the others stronger.
That treatment synergy is hard to explain but is arguably the main reason HydroZone 3 is so effective; it covers all the major aspects of water treatment in a highly efficient and effective treatment program.
Together & Alone
The first set of comparisons is how HydroZone 3 stacks up against systems that rely solely on ozone, UV, or chlorine.
More well-known as a crucial gas layer in Earth's atmosphere, ozone is the most powerful disinfectant and oxidizer available for swimming pool and spa water treatment. It is extremely effective in killing algae and pathogens, including the infamous Cryptosporidium, which is notoriously resistant to chlorination. Ozone also readily oxidizes organic compounds that feed bacteria and algae.
By itself, however, ozone does not provide a lasting residual chemical concentration. It only stays dissolved in water for about 18 minutes before dissipating. Systems using only ozone basically have to run 24/7 to provide constant disinfect and oxidation. That means someone swimming in the water when the system is not operating could be exposed to some form of infection. If ozone is run all the time, it has the opposite problem of building up to levels where it off-gases from the water, which is both toxic and prohibited by law.
UV Sterilization
Once used primarily in ponds and aquariums, UV systems have become popular in pools and spas because they are very effective at controlling bacteria. Rather than disintegrating unwanted organisms the way ozone and chlorine do, UV scrambles their DNA so they can't reproduce. That relieves the sanitizing burden from both the ozone and chlorine in HydroZone 3 water, making all three more efficient. In addition, ozone helps clarify water, which in turn enables UV to better penetrate the water and work more effectively.
Also, when combined with ozone, UV generates hydroxyl radicals by a process known as the advanced oxidation process (AOP). Hydroxyl radicals are incredibly powerful oxidizers, but only last for a fraction of a second. They add an amazing quality to the water when the systems are running.
However, in pools and spas, UV should never be used as a stand-alone treatment method. It adds no chemicals to the water, therefore providing no chemical residual, and it does not oxidize organic compounds.
The tried and true method of pool and spa water treatment, chlorine plays only a bit role in generating HydroZone 3 water. We use a chlorine feeder to add a tiny 0.3 parts per million (ppm) residual that is there strictly to protect bathers from bacteria from other bathers when the system is not running. Because of the sanitizing action of ozone and UV systems, the chlorine does not do most of the work and is there mostly as a secondary layer of treatment.
On its own, chlorine is a very effective disinfectant and oxidizer. It also has the ability to stay in solution providing a lasting chemical residual. That is why it's been such an enduring treatment method.
The problem with chlorine is that as it does its work, it produces disinfection by-products, chiefly chloramines, but others as well. When these disinfection by-products (DBPs) accumulate, water quality deteriorates. DBPs cause the familiar chlorine smell, eye and skin irritation, and can lead to respiratory issues in more extreme situations. The DBPs make the water cloudy and unappealing.
This is why so many consumers have been turned off to chlorine. It's also the reason we use it only sparingly in HydroZone 3 water. At our low residuals, chlorine is able to disinfect and oxidize without forming by-products in concentrations that impact water quality.
Other Comparisons
A handful of other popular treatment methods offer advantages and disadvantages compared to HydroZone 3.
Saltwater Chlorine Generation (SWGs)
So-called "saltwater pools" have become extremely popular over the past 20 years and for some good reasons. Mainly, these systems use salt dissolved in the water to generate chlorine by way of an electrolytic process, similar to how it's done in a chlorine factory but only on a much smaller scale. This means you don't have to buy, transport, or store chlorine. Because SWGs generate free available chlorine, they offer the disinfection and oxidizing power of other chlorinated pools.
However, SWGs are notorious for driving up pH and alkalinity, creating significant problems maintaining water balance. HydroZone 3 water is always balanced because the treatment method has almost zero effect on pH or alkalinity. Also, saltwater is extremely corrosive and will damage metal pool fixtures, such as rails, ladders, and light rings as well as stainless steel components in some filters. HydroZone 3 water is not corrosive.
Metal Ionizers
Far less popular than most other treatment methods, ionizers release copper and silver ions into water to kill bacteria and algae. It's not a new idea as the Romans first used silver plates in their bathes to help purify the water. In fact, ionizers can kill most common pathogens and inhibit algae.
Ionizers do not oxidize organic compounds and, therefore, cannot be used as a stand-alone system. Most are typically used in conjunction with some form of chlorine. They also can lead to staining when the silver and copper compounds precipitate out of solution.
AOP Generators
Earlier, I mentioned how ozone combined with UV generates AOP, and I do believe there are significant benefits as a result, including an elusive water quality that feels somehow vibrant and soothing at the same time. There are now dedicated AOP systems that generate hydroxyl radicals, which do kill bacteria and oxidize organics.
One problem with AOP is that hydroxyl radicals are so short-lived they can't even be measured, meaning their very existence is mostly theoretical. And, there is very little existing science about how well they work in recreational or public water. We hopefully will know more at a later date, but as it stands today, AOP is a largely unknown entity.
A blog about all things water, written by SRK's founder Steve Kenny.


text:
Business of Agriculture
Quoting Donald M. Fedie, in his book How to Farm for Profit, "It is not an exaggeration to say that the survival of production agriculture as we know it depends entirely on individual producers knowing their exact break-even cost of production on each and every product."
Farm Managers spend their time controlling, organizing, and evaluating, but first they must make a decision. Consistently making good decisions requires time. Experience, information, and knowledge can improve both the speed and soundness of their decisions. Management errors and bad decisions can be a function of time.
This page is designed to help managers consider different options and gather the necessary information to make decisions. In corporating spreadsheet templates and market information at the same location should make this a useful work site.
Fact Sheets and Publications
- The Farm Lease: An informative publication that covers all areas of farm and land leasing.
- Decision Making Templates
- HeroChic Quattro
HeroChic Excel "HeroChic" is an adaptation that compares soil test results, manure or litter test results, and current fertilizer prices against prices for litter purchase, hauling, and spreading. With HeroChic, the user can decide how far he or she can economically haul litter by comparing the price and chemical analysis with commercial fertilizer. The user must research the current prices and get analysis results for an accurate determination. Variations of this program include using nitrogen or phosphorus as the limiting plant nutrient application.
Beefbreak Excel "Beefbreak" is a beef breakeven spreadsheet that includes many feed variables. By using "days on feed" and "per head fed" calculations, the user may enter per ton costs of ingredients to determine his or her breakeven costs. This adaptation has the potential to be entered directly on a sample Schedule F with other enterprises in your operation.
Beefbreak Plus - Quattro
WVQuickView Excel Knowing your cost of production per pound of lamb or calf is the first step toward really managing it. Enterprise analysis can take many forms and at first can be intimidating. WVQuickView is a useful beginners tool. Your cost per pound of lamb or calf for a particular year can be compared to that of a peer group or against other years. Once you arrive at a figure you have the opportunity to compare each management component of the operation to measure the variance.
WVQuickView Plus - Quattro
WVQuickView Plus - Excel
Short Hay Formulas - Quattro
Related On-line Resources
Agricultural Research Services - Press Releases & Features
Farm Service Agency


text:
Sodium hypochlorite solution (15% w/v)
Potassium iodide solution (10% w/v)
2 Conical flasks (250 cm3)
Graduated cylinder (250 cm3)
2 Graduated cylinders (50 cm3)
2 Beakers (250 cm3)
2 Beakers (50 cm3)
2 Boiling tubes
2 Syringes (5 cm3)
2 Rubber bungs
2 Fermentation locks
Incubator (25 °C 30 °C)
Water bath (50 °C 60 °C)
- Familiarise yourself with all procedures before starting.
To produce alcohol using yeast
- Prepare 500 cm3of a 10% w/v glucose solution.
- Into each of the two conical flasks, add 250 cm3 of the 10% w/v glucose solution.
- To one, add 5 g of yeast and swirl. Label this 'yeast + glucose solution'.
- The second flask acts as the control (has no yeast). Label as 'control'.
- Attach a fermentation lock (half-filled with water) to each flask.
- Place both flasks in the incubator at 30 °C overnight.
To show the presence of alcohol: Iodoform test for alcohol
- Remove both flasks from the incubator and filter the contents of each into separate beakers and label as before.
- Transfer 3 cm3of the yeast and glucose filtrate into a test tube and label.
- Transfer 3 cm3of the control filtrate into another test tube and label.
- To each test tube, add 3 cm3of the potassium iodide solution and 5 cm3of the sodium hypocholorite solution.
- Warm gently for 4 5 minutes in the water bath.
- Allow to cool and observe any change(s).
- Record and compare results.
- Replicate the investigation or cross reference your results with other groups.
|Yeast and glucose solution|| || || |
|Control (no yeast)|| || || |
Familiarise yourself with all procedures before starting
Follow instructions step by step
Listen to the teacher's instructions
Correct manipulation of apparatus
Use the graduated cylinder to measure the volumes of glucose solution
Use the syringe for measurement of small volumes
Use the electronic balance
Attach the fermentation locks to the conical flasks
Filter the suspension
Set the incubator
Set and maintain the water bath
Use the timer
Observe bubbles of carbon dioxide being liberated
Observe the effect of filtering
Observe colour changes during the iodoform test
Observe the presence/absence of yellow crystals
Write up the procedure
Record any colour changes during the iodoform test
Record the presence/absence of yellow crystals
Draw reasonable conclusions from your observations and results
Become aware of any other application(s) of what you learned in this activity
Exercise caution for your personal safety and for the safety of others
Work in an organised and efficient manner
Label as appropriate
Work as part of a group or team
Clean up after the practical activity
Alcohol production by fermentation is a well established technology which has long been practised throughout the world. Continuous alcohol production with the use of immobilised yeasts, gives rise to more efficient fermentation.
Alcohol is produced by yeast fermentation of the sugars of various plants. Yeasts ferment simple sugars (monosaccharides) into carbon dioxide and ethanol under anaerobic conditions. Yeasts are single-celled fungi. The genus Saccharomyces is the one most commonly used due to its efficient alcohol production and tolerance of high alcohol levels. Some yeasts can live until the alcohol concentration reaches 18%.
Alcohol groups when treated with potassium iodide (KI) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) readily yield iodoform (CHI3).
There are three stages in this reaction: a)Oxidation: aqueous sodium hypochlorite oxidises the potassium iodide to potassium hypoiodite, this then oxidises the alcohol to an aldehyde. C2H5OH CH3CHO
b) Substitution: potassium hypoiodite then iodinates the aldehyde to tri-iodoethanal (iodal). CH3CHO CI3CHO
c) Hydrolysis: aqueous sodium hypochlorite always contains sodium hydroxide, which converts the iodal to triiodomethane (iodoform) and sodium methanoate CI3CHO + NaOH CHI3 + HCOONa
iodal + sodium hydroxide iodoform + sodium methanoate
Formation of solid iodoform (yellow crystals) is a positive result. Iodoform is a disinfectant and can be used as an external antiseptic.
- Set the incubator.
- Set the water bath.
- Check the temperatures of the incubator and water bath with a thermometer.
- Prepare the following solutions: glucose solution (10% w/v), sodium hypochlorite solution (15% w/v), potassium iodide solution (10% w/v).
- Immobilised yeast may be used instead of dried yeast - this eliminates the need to filter.
- In the iodoform test the sodium hypochlorite used must contain some sodium hydroxide. Use commercial bleach and add sodium hydroxide if necessary.
- Use pure ethanol to observe positive result in the iodoform test.
- Use a cork borer when inserting tubing into bungs.
- Using long necked conical flasks and setting the incubator at 25 °C would help to prevent overflow during fermentation.
- A Bunsen valve can be used instead of a fermentation lock during fermentation.
To construct a Bunsen valve
a) Insert a short piece of glass tubing into a single holed bung.
b) Attach approximately 4 cm of rubber tubing to the glass tubing.
c) Using a scalpel blade, carefully cut a small vertical slit in the rubber tubing. This allows the gas to escape but will prevent air from entering the flask.
d) Use a Hoffman clip to seal the end of the rubber tubing (above the slit).


They say a picture is worth a thousand words.
But, what if you don't have a picture of your customers? I certainly didn't see a big mural on the walls of HubSpot depicting all of our loyal HubSpotters. Looks like you do need those thousand words after all.
However, obtaining that information is the tricky part. It involves asking questions about your customers' personal lives and how they became the people they are today. Not every customer is lining up to share their life story, so you need a way to extract this information quickly, painlessly, and in bulk.
This is where demographic survey questions come in handy. These questions are usually placed at the top of the survey and ask participants about their background. When analyzing survey results, this information helps your team visualize the people who are filling out your forms.
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When creating your own survey, you may have noticed the variety of demographic questions to choose from. But, how do you know which one is right for you? After all, your customers value their time and may not finish the form if you overload them with questions.
In this post, we'll discuss why demographic questions are important as well the ones you should use in your customer surveys.
Benefits of Demographic Questions in Surveys
Demographic questions help your business develop accurate buyer personas. Buyer personas influence your marketing campaigns, sales tactics, and how you provide customer service. The more accurate your personas are, the better you'll understand your customers' needs and values.
When it comes to customer service, agents use buyer personas to assist with customer interactions. Frontline reps may not know each individual customer, but with buyer personas, they'll have a basic understanding of the type of people they're interacting with. This helps them create positive customer experiences because they're familiar with the user's shortand long-term goals.
Now that we understand the importance of demographic survey questions, let's dive into a few examples you can use with your feedback collection tools. First, we'll start with the most standard questions you should include in any customer survey.
1. Gender
One of the most fundamental questions you should ask is about gender. However, even though this is a standard demographic question, how you approach it is extremely important. Gender is a complicated and sensitive topic and how you phrase this question can impact your participants in different ways. While this information is valuable, it shouldn't come at the expense of your customers' comfort.
When phrasing this question, be sure to use the word, "gender" in place of the word, "sex." Gender is based more in perspective, giving the participant more flexibility when answering. Additionally, you should always include an option to "prefer not to answer." This will ensure participants don't feel forced to concede sensitive information.
Example: "What gender do you identify as?"
A. Male
B. Female
C. ________ (Short Answer Space)
D. Prefer not to answer.
2. Age
Age is a standard demographic question that should be included in every survey. You'll want to know how old the participant is and whether they fit your target audience or not. The best way to ask this question is with a multiple-choice format that uses age ranges for each answer. Some customers may not feel comfortable revealing their exact age, so this structure allows them to participate while still protecting their personal information.
Example: "What is your age?"
A. 0 - 15 years old
B. 15 - 30 years old
C. 30 - 45 years old
D. 45+
E. Prefer not to answer
3. Ethnicity
Ethnicity questions paint a clearer picture of your survey participants. They reveal cultural backgrounds made up of a variety of different practices and traditions that influence your customers. By having this information available, you'll have a better understanding of why some customers may answer questions differently than others.
Example: "Please specify your ethnicity."
A. Caucasian
B. African-American
C. Latino or Hispanic
D. Asian
E. Native American
F. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
G. Two or More
H. Other/Unknown
I. Prefer not to say
4. Location
Another standard question you should ask is about the location of the participant. You want to know where your customers are from because they may live in places you wouldn't expect. For example, you may find that your business has a strong international audience and there's an opportunity to market in different countries. Or, you might learn that your customers are travelers who are using your product or service on the go.
Example: "Where is your home located?"
A. North America/Central America
B. South America
C. Europe
D. Africa
E. Asia
F. Australia
G. Caribbean Islands
H. Pacific Islands
I. Other: ______
J. Prefer not to say
5. Education
Education is a core demographic question because it provides insight into the type of work a participant may be doing. If your respondents all say they have a Ph.D., you know that their jobs involve critical thinking. Therefore, you can make a logical pitch -- rather than an emotional one -- to these leads about why your business is right for them.
When asking education questions, be sure to include options for trades and apprenticeships. Some of your customers may have chosen a different career path and the answers on your survey should reflect that.
Example: "What is the highest degree or level of education you have completed?"
A. Some High School
B. High School
C. Bachelor's Degree
D. Master's Degree
E. Ph.D. or higher
F. Trade School
G. Prefer not to say
6. Marital Status
Marital status lets you know who your participants are interacting with during their everyday lives. If they're married, their buying decisions may be influenced by different factors compared to someone who isn't.
Example: "Are you married?"
A. Yes
B. No
C. Prefer not to say
These are the demographic questions that should be included in almost every survey you create. Now that we know they're on your list, let's move on to some other questions you can add.
1. Household Income
Household income refers to the total amount of money made by people living in the same home. This sum includes the participant's income, their spouse's, and any other people living in their house. Collecting this information helps you understand the amount of buying power your customers control. As with any sensitive information, be sure to use range answers and include an option to skip the question.
Example: "What is your annual household income?"
A. Less than $25,000
B. $25,000 - $50,000
C. $50,000 - $100,000
D. $100,000 - $200,000
E. More than $200,000
F. Prefer not to say
2. Employment
It's useful to know the participant's employment status as this contributes to their buying power. However, just like with household income, be sure to give the participant an option to omit the question if needed. For example, if the survey is for a job application, the applicant may not want it on record that they currently have a job. They could get in trouble with their current employer and potentially face repercussions.
Example: "What is your current employment status?"
A. Employed Full-Time
B. Employed Part-Time
C. Seeking opportunities
D. Retired
E. Prefer not to say
3. Family and Dependents
If your participants are adults, it may make sense to ask them if they have children. Kids play a major role in buying decisions and influence your customer's personal values. This means that customers with children are going to have different needs than people who don't. It's important to identify these differences so that you can create campaigns that appeal to both audiences.
Example: "How many children do you have?"
A. None
B. 1
C. 2-4
D. More than 4
E. Prefer not to say
4. Voting Status
Voting status identifies whether or not the participant is registered to vote within a given region. This is useful because it shows how active the person is with local or national politics. Since this topic is very polarizing, you'll want to know how much your customers value your political system.
Example: "Are you registered to vote in ____?"
A. Yes
B. No
C. Prefer not to say
5. Language
Businesses care about language for two major reasons. First, speaking the same language as your customers builds a much stronger relationship with them.
Second, knowing the languages that they speak also reveals some important cultural details about the person. Just because two people are from the same place, doesn't mean they speak the same language. And, that difference in language can lend to significant differences in customer needs, values, and goals.
Example: "Which languages are you capable of speaking fluently? (Check all that apply)"
A. English
B. Spanish
C. Portuguese
D. French
E. Mandarin
F. Arabic
G. Other
H. Prefer not to say
6. Place of Birth
Knowing where and when a person was born can reveal significant details about their life. For example, if they were born in one country then moved around the world, there may have been a family, professional, political, or social factor that influenced their move. Experiencing this type of major life event will affect their wants and needs as a customer.
Example: "Where were you born?"
A. North America
B. Central America
C. South America