text:
The watermark and the marking procedure should also possess certain security properties. The space of distinguishable watermarks should be large enough, which is surely the case, because the number of different watermarks for M=256 results in approximately 4.7x10152 watermarks. The probability of false detection of a watermark can be determined by performing the following steps:
- Determine the number of bits B out of the M bits of the embedded watermark, which gives a false detection.
- Calculate the probability that i=B...M bits match with the embedded bitpattern from Figure 4.
Figure 4: Security.
The threshold T, indicating detection of the watermark, was chosen to be half the size of the maximum value z for the embedded watermark. The thresholds are plotted as horizontal lines; see Figure 5.
Figure 5: Security evaluation about the faked watermarks.
I used different audio tracks and marked all the tracks with the same watermark and an embedding factor of k=0.15. Afterwards, I constructed 30 different bit patterns with a certain percentage identical to the original pattern, then measured the values for the random variables. For both cases, I received a critical similarity of about 67 percent with the original watermark. According to the equation in Figure 4, the probability of detecting a watermark that isn't embedded is 10-35 for Statistic I.
To test the robustness of our watermarking algorithm, I randomly choose 400 different combinations of watermarks and keys, and embedded this bit pattern 10 times into one audio track. All files were 16-bits signed stereo sampled at 44.1 KHz (CD quality).
- Test conditions. All audio signals were watermarked with a embedding factor of k=0.10, then subsequently manipulated; see Figure 6.
Figure 6: Test scenario to measure detection values z manipulating the audio file.
To measure the robustness the total error probability, Perror=PI+PII due to the overlap of the PDFs in the unmarked and marked case were calculated from equations in Figures 1(a) and 1(b).
- MPEG1 Layer III audio compression. I tested the robustness against MPEG 1 audio Layer III compression by using a compression rate of 128 Kbps for the watermarked signal.
- Filtering. To test the robustness against filtering, I applied a bandpass filter to the watermarked signal by amplifying the signal by 9 dB in the lowand high-frequency domain. The cut-off frequencies have been 441 Hz for the low-pass filter, and 4410 Hz for the high-pass one.
- Resampling. I sampled the original audio signals with a sampling rate of 44.1 KHz. The sampling rate of the watermarked audio data was reduced to 22.05 KHz and resampled to the original rate of 44.1 KHz. This causes audible distortions, especially in audio tracks carrying high frequencies.
- Requantization. I also sampled audio tracks at 8 bits, since these are often used in games and multimedia applications. More specifically, I tested the process of requantization of a 16-bit watermarked audio signal to 8 bits and back to 16 bits. This increases the incoherent background noise of the audio track due to the rounding errors during the processing.
- Robustness against cropping. The embedding of a watermark bit in every timeslice of about 116 milliseconds enables the detection of the watermark, even in the case of cropping or cutting, provided I have a contiguous part of at least 232 milliseconds from the watermarked audio stream.
Table 1 shows the test results for the different manipulations. The error probabilities of the several manipulation of the watermarked signal can be easily reduced by using more frequency coefficients. This is equivalent to the embedding of the watermark in a longer timeslice.
Table 1: Total error probabilities for different manipulations.
Possible Algorithm Enhancements
The watermarking algorithm presented here leaves room for further research in a variety of ways. Other test statistics and embedding functions can be investigated. The embedding of multiple noninterfering watermarks into the same audio track is demanded by certain applications. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges is the robustness against the so-called "jitter" attack (see "Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems," by F.A.P. Petitcolas, R.J. Anderson, and M.G. Kuhn, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1525, Springer-Verlag, 1998).
This work was partially funded by WEDELMUSIC (_URL_ a Research and Development project in the IST program of the European Commission.
Michael is a member of the Department for Security Technology for Graphics and Communication Systems Fraunhofer-Institute for Computer Graphics. He can be contacted at _EMAIL_.


text:
An In-Park Science Inquiry Paper for Ages Five-Adult
Students ages 5 and up—you can become a Young Scientist! Purchase your self-guiding booklet for $5 at the Canyon Visitor Education Center or Old Faithful Visitor Center. You'll investigate the mysteries of Yellowstone by completing activities in the visitor center and field. The 5–9 year old program is offered only at Old Faithful. If you are investigating in the Old Faithful area, be sure to check out a Young Scientist Toolkit, which has a thermometer, stopwatch, and other gear. Once your investigation is complete, you will be awarded an official Young Scientist patch or key chain.
Development of this program was funded by the National Science Foundation through a generous grant to the Yellowstone Park Foundation.
Available at Canyon
Available at Old Faithful
Did You Know?
Prior to the establishment of the National Park Service, the U.S. Army protected Yellowstone between 1886 and 1918. Fort Yellowstone was established at Mammoth Hot Springs for that purpose.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


OID Repository
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An object identifier (OID) is an extensively used identification mechanism jointly developed by ITU-T and ISO/IEC for naming any type of object, concept or "thing" with a globally unambiguous name which requires a persistent name (long life-time). It is not intended to be used for transient naming. OIDs, once allocated, should not be re-used for a different object/thing.
It is based on a hierarchical name structure based on the "OID tree". This naming structure uses a sequence of names, of which the first name identifies a top-level "node" in the OID tree, and the next provides further identification of arcs leading to sub-nodes beneath the top-level, and so on to any depth.
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In the OID tree, RAs are generally responsible only for allocation of sub-arcs to other RAs that then control their own sub-nodes. In general, the RA for a sub-node operates independently in allocating further sub-arcs to other organizations, but can be constrained by rules imposed by its superior, should the superior so wish.
The registration tree is indeed managed in a completely decentralized way (a node gives full power to its children).
The registration tree is defined and managed following the ITU-T X.660 & X.670 Recommendation series (or the ISO/IEC 9834 series of International Standards).
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In the early 1990s Orange developed software for their internal use which was generic enough to provide a publicly available repository of OID allocations.
Information on OIDs is often buried inside the databases (perhaps sometimes paper) maintained by an immense number of RAs. The information can be hard to access and is sometimes private. Today this OID repository is regarded as the easiest way to access a large amount of the publicly available information on OIDs: Many OIDs are recorded but it does not contain all existing OIDs.
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text:
Does exercise help you detox?
Explore This Story
The word "detoxification" is flung around the fitness community as frequently as kettlebells.
Yoga teachers regularly speak of detoxifying twists, aerobics instructors of detoxifying sweat, dieters of detoxifying fasts. But health professionals are skeptical.
"If you start talking about exercising to detoxify, there's no scientific data," said Dr. Elizabeth Matzkin, chief of women's sports medicine at Harvard Medical School. "The human body is designed to get rid of what we don't need."
The same applies to fasting.
"No good scientific data supports any of those cleanses, where you drink juice, or (only) water for a week," she said.
Exercise is important, Matzkin added, because it enables our body to do what it is made to do, but the kidneys and colon get rid of waste. The role of exercise in that process is unclear.
"In general exercise helps our lungs; kidneys get rid of things that can cause us onset of disease," she said.
A healthy lifestyle — eating healthy, drinking plenty of water and exercising — is important to detoxifying because it enables our body to do what is intended to do.
"As for specific yoga moves, I'm not so sure," she said.
Yoga instructor and fitness expert Shirley Archer, an author and spokeswoman for the American Council on Exercise (ACE) said the theory behind the effectiveness of detoxifying twists in yoga is that they squeeze the organs, which push the blood out so fresh blood can rush in.
"Better circulation equals better health," said Archer, who is based in Florida. "If detox means to eliminate from the body what it no longer needs, then certain yogic practices can help."
She said yogic deep breathing with strong exhalations can empty the lungs of unneeded carbon dioxide and allow for a fresh breath of more oxygenated air. "This nourishes all of our cells," she said. "It is also a method of cleansing because better circulation equals better health."
Meditative movement practices, such as yoga and tai chi, she added, can detox your attitude because they require staying in the present moment and discourage dwelling on the past.
Last summer, celebrity trainer Tracy Anderson began taking groups of 40-odd women on what she calls Detox Weeks, which involve at least three hours of workouts each day, as well as lectures on fitness and nutrition aimed mainly at encouraging lifestyle changes.
Similar weeks in other cities are planned for 2013.
"Women work out and think 'Why can't my love handles, muffin tops go away'?" said Anderson, creator of the Tracy Anderson Method and a co-owner, with actress Gwyneth Paltrow, of fitness centres in Los Angeles and New York. "The most important thing is if you can become a consistent exerciser."
"A good workout is not five to 10 yoga poses," she explained. "You have to learn to scale up your endurance. If you can only jump for five minutes straight, we'll go to 10 minutes, then 20 minutes."
Anderson said she uses the term detoxification broadly to include everything from working up a good sweat to clearing the mind of destructive thoughts.
"Detoxification is a big topic," she said.
Nancy Clark, a registered dietitian in Boston, Massachusetts and a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, said the body generally does a fine job of detoxifying itself through the liver and kidneys. Sweating has nothing to do with it.
"When you sweat you really don't detoxify anything," she explained. "If someone goes on a crash diet, then maybe toxins are released but then the body would take care of them. When you sweat you lose sodium."
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- DiManno: No matter how it seems on Planet Ford, it's over
- Updated As world gawks at Rob Ford scandal, Toronto police wait and watch


E nabling
T echnologies and
A pplications
.... to the PetaFLOPS Architecture and Systems Structure Home Page!
Here we will discuss the latest thoughts on what will be involved in building computing hardware to function at the peta(Fl)ops level. Please feel free to contact the editoral board with any updates or additional information that is relevant.
The organization of this material is as follows:
Besides updating the above material as time goes on, we will also add additional discussion areas dealing with key system issues such as most appropriate performance metrics, I/O, backing storage, packaging, etc.
How far are we away from a PetaFLOPS Today?
Sandia National Labs reported the most recent world record of 281 GF on the widely referenced Linpack benchmark, utilizing two parallel processors with a total of 6,768 separate microprocessors. A PetaFLOPS is about 3,500 times larger. Also note that this 281 GF is between 30% and 40% of the PEAK PERFORMANCE of the same hardware.
What might a PetaFLOPS machine cost today?
As discussed below, such machines are heavily memory driven, so if we assumed that a mass produced 100 MF processor board with 100 MB of memory on it might cost approximately $10,000, then today we would need 10 million such boards, for a total of about $100 Billion.
Besides performance what are the other metrics that would drive the design of a PetaFLOPS machine?
There are two "rules of thumb" that have developed over the years about very high end processors:
Thus, one PetaFLOPS of performance would require 1 PB of accessible memory and 8 PB per second between that memory and the hardware performing the computations. Both of these heavily drive the overall parameters of any PetaFLOPS machine, regardless of architecture. In the 1993 PetaFLOPS Workshop, the surfacing of these two metrics (particularly storage) caused the applications subgroup to come to the conclusion that there is an important class of problems (basically three dimensional plus time simulations) where a rule of N GF requiring N**3/4 GB might be more appropriate. This would translate into a useable PetaFLOPS system with a mere 32 TB of main memory - a 30X reduction in needed memory.
If we continue to use CMOS as a base technology, what might be a reasonable set of technology assumptions for a PetaFLOPS machine twenty years from now?
The 1993 Workshop based their work on the 1992 SIA technology projections through the year 2007, and extrapolated from that to assume that by 2013 CMOS would support 0.05 micron feature size chips at 0.9 Vdd and internal clocks running at 2000MHz. This translates into logic chips with up to 80 million gates, DRAMs of 256 Gbits (32GB), and SRAMs of 64 Gbits (8GB). The most recent 1994 SIA projections (see for example COMPUTER DESIGN Magazine, May 1995, p. 50) tend to agree with these projections, with the exception that the onchip high performance logic curves may level out to only somewhat above 1100 MHz.
What are the major architectural approaches that appear to be capable of scaling to PetaFLOPS levels?
In the 1993 Workshop three separate machine configurations (pictured below) were studied. Click on each one for more detail. Although all three seemed to be capable of reaching a PetaFLOPS, for cost reasons it was suggested that building one of each, with individual performance in the 400 TF range might be more cost effective for a broader class of problems.
(Special Note: we are in the process of converting these graphics for posting to the WWW)
Return to the P.E.T.A. Directory
Authorizing NASA Official: Bill Feiereisen, Program Manager, NASA HPCC Program
Senior Editor: Thomas Sterling
Curators: Michele O'Connell (_EMAIL_), Lawrence Picha (_EMAIL_),
Revised: 21 AUGUST 96 (lpicha)


text:
- Proton Transfer Networks and the Mechanism of Long Range Proton Transfer in Proteins (2010)
- The main energy providing reaction systems in living cells, for example the photosynthesis or the respiratory chain, are based on long range proton transfer (LRPT) reactions. Even since these LRPT reactions have been heavily investigated in the last decades, the mechanism of these reactions is still not completely understood. The reaction kinetics of the LRPT are under heavy discussion and it is not clear, whether the reorientation of the hydrogen bond network (HBN)or the electrostatic barrier for the charge transfer is rate limiting. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamics of chemical reactions inside of proteins, focused on long range proton transfer reactions. Electron transfer reactions, rotations of water molecules or conformational changes of the protein are also considered. The developed sequential dynamical Monte Carlo (SDMC) method is applicable to almost all kinds of chemical reactions. For all proton transfer reactions, the HBN of a protein plays a major role. Protons are transferred along such hydrogen bonds. Therefore, knowledge about the hydrogen bond network of a protein is crucial for the simulation of LRPT systems. The HBN can be calculated from the protein structure and the rotational state of the amino acid side chains. The reaction rate can be calculated from the electrostatic energies of the participating proton donor and acceptor groups. These two criteria are combined for the decision if a proton transfer between two molecules is possible and how fast this transfer would happen. While the calculation of electrostatic energies of protonatable amino acid side chains or relevant cofactors in proteins (among them also water molecules) is already solved - implemented in various programs - the remaining tasks - calculating the hydrogen bond network followed by calculating the reaction rates - were solved during this work. Before the hydrogen bond network and the electrostatic energies could be calculated, the lack of water positions in many available crystallographically resolved protein structures made it necessary to develop an algorithm to detect internal cavities in proteins and fill these cavities with water molecules. The derived water positions could be included in the electrostatic calculations as well as in the calculation of the HBN. The simulation of the LRPT in Gramicidin A (gA) compared to experimental data of the proton transfer in this polypeptide showed the possibilities of the simulation of the LRPT by the SDMC algorithm. The promising results encouraged us to investigate the mechanism of the LRPT, especially, if the reorientation of the HBN or the electrostatic energy barrier of the charge transfer is rate limiting for the LRPT. The results indicate, that both effects influence the LRPT and none of them is exclusively responsible for the LRPT rate. Further analysis of the hydrogen bond network topology showed that graph algorithms can be used to analyze these networks. Hydrogen bond networks can be clustered into regions which are close connected to each other. On the other hand, residues connecting two or more of these densely connected regions might play an important role for proton transfer pathways since a loss of such residues cuts a proton transfer pathway. A comparison of an analysis of the HBN topology of the photosynthetic reaction center with mutation studies of the same system showed, that residues identified as important for proton transfer by the mutation studies are identified as connection points between clusters by the network analysis. The developed algorithms together with the introduction of a new method for the simulation of the LRPT process (SDMC) improved the picture of the proton transfer processes in proteins. Starting from the protein structure, the developed algorithms cover all steps from the detection of protein cavities, the placement of water molecules in these cavities, the calculation and analysis of the hydrogen bond network, the simulation of the LRPT and the investigation of the reaction kinetics. The analysis of the HBN by graph theoretical methods gives further insight into the HBN topology and identifies residues important for proton transfer pathways and therefore important for the protein activity.


Why You Should Sing the Way You Talk and How to Do It
Improve enunciation and tone quality naturally
Man singing with wooden spoon
Dougal Waters, Getty Images
The benefits of singing the way you talk are numerous, not only will lyrics sound more authentic but your tone quality improves. This article will walk you through the process of connecting speech with singing step by step.
Why Sing the Way You Talk
Many listen to songs on the radio and attempt to sing them the exact same way. Imitation is the highest compliment to someone else and the worst one to you. Even as a beginner, the distinctive qualities of your voice are valuable. If you continue to develop your individual talent, the end result will be more enjoyable to listen to than a fake imitation. Learning to sing the way you talk is a natural way to begin to develop your unique voice.
Pick a Song in Your Native Language
When first learning to incorporate a natural speech pattern into your singing, choose a simple song in your native language. Someone in Britain should pick a British-English song, while a member of the United States should pick an American-English one. Trying to learn a new accent for a song is an added complexity you do not need when first starting out. Foreign languages are an even greater challenge that should generally be reserved for beginning intermediate to advanced singers.
Say the Lyrics
Now that you have picked a song, voice them as naturally as possible. Since you normally do not think about how you say things and the lyrics are not your own words, you may need to spend some time on them. Many people start to change the way they enunciate words when they begin practicing them. Be careful. Really consider how each sentence should sound while keeping the way you present the lyrics as natural as possible. You might find it helpful to mark in your music the words in each phrase you naturally emphasize as you say them.
Project the Lyrics
Now that you have worked with the lyrics, take the words for one musical phrase and without changing the way each word is emphasized and pronounced, say them slightly louder. Repeat until your project the words as loud as is comfortable. Be sure not to whisper into a yell, but rather talk in a normal voice to a highly energized projected voice.
Project in Head Voice
Now comes the tricky part. Speaking and projecting lyrics the same way are easier steps. The next is raising the pitch of your voice while keeping the same pronunciations and emphasis. When you first attempt to make the head voice sound natural, you should take it just one phrase at a time. Say the words in a normal voice, then in a projected voice, and exactly the same in head voice. This step is the link between talking and singing.
Sing Lyrics as You Say Them
Now that you are able to say the lyrics in head voice naturally, you will have a much easier time singing them the same way. When you struggle, break it down. Take only one phrase and go back through the entire process: talk, project, use head voice, and then sing the lyrics. Not only will singing the way you talk help people understand what you sing, it will improve your tonal quality. Many people unwittingly de-emphasize initial consonants and more often drop final consonants. Doing so sets you up for a less effective vocal onset, making proper breath support harder to achieve.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
This is not a specific question, but rather someone who is looking for opinions about a typical design problem. In a component based data-driven games, I've often seen something similar to the following when accessing attributes:
int* health = mOwner->get< int >( HEALTH_ATTRIBUTE );
if (health)
 *health -= 10;
Or, alternatively:
if (mOwner->hasAttribute( HEALTH_ATTRIBUTE ))
 int health = mOwner->get< int >( HEALTH_ATTRIBUTE );
 mOwner->set( HEALTH_ATTRIBUTE, health - 10 );
Where mOwner is a pointer to the parent game object. In this example, assume that the game object stores a map of attributes which are downcasted to the correct type at runtime.
There are some problems with this approach. Mainly, it is prone to bugs since it requires the programmer to know the the type of the attribute they are after. If I was working on a small team or by myself, this wouldn't be an issue. However for my requirements, this is undesired.
The only way to have compile-time checks is to create a helper function for each attribute that returns the proper type, so our code would then look like:
int* health = Attributes::getHealth( mOwner );
Where Attributes is declared as a namespace. Because the type is known at compile time, this gives us several advantages. In addition to the compile-time check, we gain the flexibility to easily declare certain attributes as constant, or that can't be modified outside the game object, etc. Of course, the downside is that it becomes necessary to manually create a new function for each and every attribute in the game.
Thoughts? Opinions?
After thinking it through a little more, I realized there is a way to define the function once using templates to avoid code duplication. For example:
template
class Attribute
 typedef Type type;
 static int getID()
 return ID;
 static type getData( const GameObject* obj )
 return obj->getAttribute < type >( ID );
And then for each attribute we have in our game,
typedef Attribute< std::string, MODEL_NAME > ModelName;
typedef Attribute< Vector3, POSITION > Position;
typedef Attribute< int, HEALTH > Health;
///... and so on...
And when we want to access an attribute:
int health = Health::getData( mOwner );
Or alternatively, if we want to:
Health::type health = Health::getData( mOwner );
If we don't know the health attribute exists or not:
int* health = Health::getData( mOwner );
if (health)
 //....
I think this approach gives a lot of flexibility while still maintaining type safety.
share|improve this question
What is the actual question? Asking for "thoughts or opinions" is too discussion-oriented for GDSE (you could try the chat though). – Josh Petrie Jan 3 '13 at 19:52
I don't have a specific question. I'm simply looking for an opinion on what I've posted or an alternative solution to the problem. Perhaps someone has done this before and found a better way? – jlanisdev Jan 3 '13 at 20:00
GDSE is a Q&A site, though, not a discussion forum. Other places are better suited for opinion-only chat questions (and consequently I've voted to close this). – Josh Petrie Jan 3 '13 at 20:04
If you do post the question somewhere else, could you share the link? The topic sounds interesting – nairdaen Jan 3 '13 at 20:49
You cannot set a template parameter to be a string value. There's however a workaround for that. Check this paste: _URL_. This covers case of when an object doesn't have a specified attribute. You can work on the attribute as if the value always exists, but setting back the value will not add that attribute to the object. However you can still check if an object has a specific attribute and add if required. Check the usage section. – Vite Falcon Jan 4 '13 at 0:43
1 Answer 1
The level of abstraction that is done here is one that I often consider too far when it comes to a component based system. It is also one that seems more and more predominant in general software development. To me both of the examples you have given have gone too far in that there is a generic interface for accessing any type of attribute from a given object. This is not useful as the default interface and leads to the situations you have described.
My components contain data as well as logic and are focused on handling a single area. Since we are using health I will just continue with that. At the root of a inheritence tree I will have an IComponent object that gives you the very basic interface to the object that all components must complete. This gives typedef/load/save capabilities of all components. From there I would then have an ICmpHealth interface that would provide typed accessors to the data values that you would expect to deal with when looking at the health of an object. It is this interface that gives you the specific data types like int ICmpHealth::GetCurrentHealth() or ICmpHealth::GetMaxHealth().
Now when dealing with a data oriented design these are actually static accessors for me as they are acting on contiguous data blocks with offsets.. But in a general system this would replace the calls above to getting a specific attribute to getting a component interface object so something like
ICmpHealth * cmpHealth = mOwner->GetComponent(HEALTH);
if (!cmpHealth)
 throw new Exception("Expected Component for Object not available");
int health = cmpHealth->GetCurrentHealth()
So this looks like just a 'we moved the problem around' sort of answer but I want to point out what you get for this. You already have to be aware of the types of components you are using in order to use them. Same could be said about needing to know the Attributes but the scale is much smaller as the components should contain multiple attributes. What this also gives you type check safety when setting any of the attributes for a component as you are now using a specific API in order to do so and are getting compiler type validation for accessing them.
Hope this helps.
share|improve this answer
This is what I was doing previously, and it seems to be a very common design pattern. However I feel that keeping the attributes and components (data and logic, respectively) separate give more flexibility. For example, if components (or Behaviors) don't know about each other, then you can more easily re-factor them later on without breaking other code. In addition, a common interface for accessing and modifying attributes means that you can post notifications whenever they get modified, which could be useful. However, I agree that your solution is just as valid. – jlanisdev Jan 4 '13 at 0:04
I see making an easy interface to access an attribute of an object via templates just a rewrite of what the basic C++ language gives you already with you having to write all the handling code.. like what you are doing above. It is all about finding the balance between as abstract as the language itself or tied down to a class hierarchy and where you want your code to be between them I guess. – James Jan 4 '13 at 0:16
Your Answer


text:
Haniwa are the unglazed terracotta rings, cylinders, and figures of people, animals, and houses which were deposited at Japanese tombs during the Kofun and Asuka Periods (c. 250-710 CE). The exact purpose of these offerings is not known, although it seems likely they were examples of conspicuous consumption of the societal elite or performed some protective function. Many haniwa are particularly detailed in their execution and thus provide a valuable insight into the culture of the period. Standing over one metre in height, the mysterious figures are a striking example of early Japanese sculpture.
These ritual objects were buried with the deceased interred in kofun (tumuli) tombs throughout the Yamato Period of ancient Japan from the 3rd century CE to the early 8th century CE. The period is often subdivided into the Kofun Period (c. 250-538 CE) and the Asuka Period (538-710 CE). Early tombs were more modest, but by the 5th century CE, they had developed into huge earth mounds. The practice spread throughout Japan so that the islands boast some 20,000 burial mounds known today. They follow a similar design with a keyhole-shaped inner tomb covered by an earth mound and surrounded by a moat. The biggest is the tomb of Emperor Nintoku which is 823 metres long. The earliest examples of haniwa discovered are concentrated in the Nara region. Unusually for votive offerings, haniwa were not placed within the tomb itself but near it or on top of it in either a circle or rows.
The precise significance of these offerings is unclear, but in all probability, they substituted real objects and displayed the wealth and status of the individual interred in the large tumuli which were themselves reserved for the society's elite, such was the labour needed to build them. The Nihon Shoki ('Chronicle of Japan' and also known as the Nihongi), written in 720 CE, suggests that haniwa were replacements for the chieftain's attendants, it being a common feature of ancient societies to bury the slaves of a ruler with their master. This does not, however, explain those haniwa which are simply rings or cylinders, which constitutes the majority. Although it may be that the cylinders were originally meant as stands for the more elaborate figures.
Another theory is that haniwa acted as protective spirits for the deceased and ensured the tomb was not disturbed. Certainly, Korean tumuli in the contemporary Silla kingdom, which may well have influenced Japanese culture, employed stone sculptures of animal signs for just that purpose. Finally, the haniwa may have protected not the dead but the living from the spirit of the deceased chief, ancestor worship and a reverence for spirits or kami being long-held beliefs in ancient Japan.
Shapes & Forms
The name haniwa means 'clay ring' but the coarse red terracotta objects today given that label represent a wide range of figurines of people and animals, and besides the simpler ring types and common cylinder forms, there are also representations of houses, fishing boats, and trading ships. Amongst the most intricate haniwa are human figures representing female shamans with elaborate headdresses or holding a mirror, helmeted warriors wearing armour, horseriding warriors with bows and arrows, women carrying babies on their backs or water vessels on their heads, farmers wielding hoes, musicians playing a drum or zither, and falconers with their hawk. Another common type is riderless horses with intricate saddles and bridles. Other animals include birds, dogs, deer, monkeys, rabbits, and sheep. Most haniwa are just under one metre in height but some are over 1.5 metres tall.
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A Fubini theorem for categorical limits
We prove that $lim_{J × K} G = lim_J (lim_K G(j, -))$ for a functor G : J × K ⥤ C, when all the appropriate limits exist.
We begin working with a functor F : J ⥤ K ⥤ C. We'll write G : J × K ⥤ C for the associated "uncurried" functor.
In the first part, given a coherent family D of limit cones over the functors F.obj j, and a cone c over G, we construct a cone over the cone points of D. We then show that if c is a limit cone, the constructed cone is also a limit cone.
In the second part, we state the Fubini theorem in the setting where limits are provided by suitable has_limit classes.
We construct limit_uncurry_iso_limit_comp_lim F : limit (uncurry.obj F) ≅ limit (F ⋙ lim) and give simp lemmas characterising it. For convenience, we also provide limit_iso_limit_curry_comp_lim G : limit G ≅ limit ((curry.obj G) ⋙ lim) in terms of the uncurried functor.
Future work
The dual statement.
structure category_theory.limits.diagram_of_cones {J K : Type v} [category_theory.small_category J] [category_theory.small_category K] {C : Type u} [category_theory.category C] (F : J K C) :
Type (max u v)
A structure carrying a diagram of cones over the the functors F.obj j.
Extract the functor J ⥤ C consisting of the cone points and the maps between them, from a diagram_of_cones.
Given a diagram D of limit cones over the F.obj j, and a cone over uncurry.obj F, we can construct a cone over the diagram consisting of the cone points from D.
Given a functor F : J ⥤ K ⥤ C, with all needed limits, we can construct a diagram consisting of the limit cone over each functor F.obj j, and the universal cone morphisms between these.


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Responding to the Challenges of Gifted Education in Rural Communities
There are both achievement and opportunity gaps for low-income students when compared to their economically advantaged peers; and, for rural students, these gaps may be even more pronounced. In this manuscript we draw from our ongoing work in a five-year federally-funded, Jacob K. Javits grant focusing on promoting gifted education in rural schools. To address issues of under-identification of gifted students in these settings, and to investigate ways to maximize achievement, we established an alternative process for identifying gifted students in rural schools; and we created units integrating place-based pedagogy within an evidence-based curriculum model as an intervention. Finally, we discuss preliminary findings from the pilot year and first half of the second year of the study documenting success in augmenting the pool of identified students and engaging teachers in implementing the curriculum. Perhaps more importantly, we document lessons learned and more global takeaways for the field. Specifically, we discuss the influence of deficit thinking with regard to rural schooling (and subsequent recognition of gifts and talents), the risk of generalizing rural to all rural places, and the nuances of rural poverty not captured in commonly used metrics, such as Free and Reduced Lunch.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


I Talked About Sex With Singaporeans—Their Reaction Surprised Me
By Jillian Keenan
Die Elfenkönigin Titania streichelt den eselsköpfigen Zettel (Henry Fuseli/Wikimedia commons)
"What words come to mind when I say 'William Shakespeare'?" I asked the group of 17- and 18-year-old Singaporean high school students sitting in front of me. "Just say whatever comes to mind," I added. "There are no wrong answers."
"Timeless," one boy offered. "Profound," said another. Then the group fell silent.
"Great," I said. "Shakespeare's plays are definitely timeless and profound." Almost in unison, the students leaned over their desks to write 'timeless' and 'profound' in their notebooks. (Several of them doubtless were tempted to write 'boring' as well--at this point in the talk, I certainly would have been.)
"But there is one word I never hear," I continued. "And it's always the first word that pops into my head when I think of Shakespeare." I turned on my slideshow and flipped to the first slide. Projected onto the screen, in bold capital letters and surrounded with a sparkling star animation I found online, was a single word: "SEX!"
A momentary hush fell over the students, and then they started to laugh. From the back of the auditorium, I even heard a few amused cheers and claps. The students' teacher, smiling, nodded in approval.
"I think Shakespeare is the sexiest writer in the world," I said. "So let's talk about sex." In all of the schools I visited around the country, not a single teacher demanded that I omit the sexier parts of my Shakespeare lecture in favor of pure iambic pentameter. In fact, many of them invited me to come back the following year. Welcome to the new Singapore.
For decades, the tiny island nation nursed an international reputation of being serious, conservative, and--well, unsexy. In 2003, a survey found that Singaporeans had the least sex of people all the countries surveyed (granted, the study was sponsored by Durex, the condom company), and the more prudish aspects of Singapore's criminal code, such as the legal bans on homosexuality, pornography, and oral sex (unless part of foreplay), haven't helped dispel that stodgy reputation. It's even technically illegal for Singaporeans to walk around naked in their own homes.
But times are changing. With its military and economic stability relatively secured, Singapore's sexual identity is blossoming in ways that are creative, compelling, and even risky. In the past year, Singaporean theater companies have staged sexually provocative productions such as Spring Awakening, a musical that describes homosexuality and masturbation, and Venus in Fur, a Tony-award nominated off-Broadway play about sexual masochism and domination. In April, Singapore's first gay magazine debuted. And although homosexuality is still officially illegal, many Singaporean gay clubs are as popular and public as anything you'd find in Chelsea or the Castro. Last month, Vincent Wijeysingha risked prison when he became the first Singaporean politician to publicly come out as gay, and a record-high 21,000 people showed up for a June "Pink Dot" rally in support of same sex rights. Even the Singaporean government, concerned about the country's declining birth rates, endorsed a humorous video campaign last year that explicitly encouraged citizens to have sex on National Day, a government holiday.
Yen Yen Woo, a Singaporean filmmaker and professor at Long Island University, added that the government's prudishness has long been balanced with an occasional sexually progressive streak.
"On the outside, because of the competitiveness and efficiency of the business climate, people learned to perform a public self that is not particularly sexy," Woo said. "But on the other hand, we also have accepted, legalized prostitution."
But despite some social indicators of sexual progress, Tamara Loos, a professor of Southeast Asian history at Cornell University, cautioned that the Singaporean government's increasing openness to heterosexual expressions of sexuality doesn't indicate a broader acceptance of other sexual subcultures. Only months before that Pink Dot rally underlined the growing social support among Singaporeans for gay rights, for example, Singapore's High Court rejected a petition to decriminalize sex between two men.
"There is certain kind of openness when it comes to normative sexuality, because the government is really worried that Singaporean Chinese aren't reproducing at the same rate as Malays and other groups," said Loos. "So it makes total sense that they're promoting sex--but only if you're married, straight, and preferably Chinese."
"Even if the government isn't yet open to sexual progress, I think that on a social level most people understand that sexuality can't be forced or pre-determined. They realize that it's not a threat," she added. "But I think the government still sees non-normative sexualities as a threat."
In Singaporean classrooms, however, Shakespearean sexuality was less of a threat and more of an exciting foray into the literature. We covered the whole spectrum of sexual expression in Shakespeare's language: humor, allusion, and innuendo that were at times shocking, non-normative, kinky, or even crass. And the Singaporean teachers, students, and school administrators I worked with wholeheartedly embraced the Bard at his most bawdy.
We talked about how the "barren scepter" in Macbeth might suggest the main character's sterility or impotence, and about how Othello probably gets so enraged by the drunken brawl in Cyprus because it interrupts him in the middle of consummating his marriage. We talked about how some references suggest that "wit" was Elizabethan slang for "vagina," and about how that fact transforms some of Shakespeare's best-known passages. (Rosalind in As You Like It, ladies and gentlemen: "Nay, you might keep that check for it, till you met your wife's wit going to your neighbor's bed.")
"There are sexual comments everywhere in Shakespeare, and some of them are really shocking," I said. "If you think Shakespeare is dry and boring, look again." At that, I started to read aloud from Twelfth Night. There's a scene where Malvolio reads a letter from Olivia, the woman he loves. He carefully analyzes her handwriting, reading certain letters out loud, and spells out--well, he spells out a bad word. A really bad word.
With an encouraging nod from the teacher, I wrote the letter 'C' on the chalkboard and turned around to scan the crowd. At their desks, several students picked up pencils to copy what I was writing. Despite the endorsement of the school and teacher, I was nervous. I was about to share a well-recognized and accepted academic interpretation of a famous passage of Shakespearean literature, but this would push the envelope in any country.
"Go for it," the teacher had said. "We want these kids to love Shakespeare. We want to surprise them."
I continued to read the scene aloud and gingerly added a U next to the C. By the time I wrote the letter N, the students had, for the most part, abandoned their notebooks and were staring at the board.
"No way," I heard one young man mutter in the audience.
Then I wrote the last letter. After the expected moment of shock, the room exploded. As the teenagers laughed, gasped, and shouted at each other across the auditorium, their teacher handed a copy of Twelfth Night to a student in the front row. The other students clustered around him, leaning over his shoulder to look at the pages.
"That scene isn't the only fun part," I called into the crowd. "All of it is great. So read the whole thing, okay?"
"We will!" one of the students yelled, his eyes still fixed on the book. His teacher and I smirked and exchanged a glance. Mission accomplished.
It might take awhile for Singapore's government to catch up with its sex-positive citizenry, but one thing is certain: Singaporeans are anything but stodgy. I like to think Shakespeare would fit right in.
This article available online at:


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Keeping You Running When the Unexpected Hits
When trouble hits and the lights go out, your uninterruptible power supply (UPS) has to kick in immediately – to keep your business running. Your mission critical equipment is dependent on a steady power supply and you can't wait around for the problem to pass. Here are some important preventative maintenance tips to keep your UPS system in top shape and protect your most vulnerable electrical equipment.
- Put prevention and safety first. Always follow manufacturer recommendations and safety guidelines outlined in your equipment's operation manual. If you ever have a concern about the performance of your UPS system, call a licensed electrical contractor for help. The master electricians at Capital City Electrical know UPS systems inside and out and will inspect your system and perform any preventative maintenance checks that are needed and set up a regular maintenance schedule.
- Keep detailed records for later reference. When preventative work is done, keep track of the work performed, by whom, and the date. Include items such as cleaning, repair, and replacement of electrical components. Consider tracking the costs for each task to keep a running tally of annual maintenance costs for budgeting purposes. Having a record can also help you create a checklist that can be used by you or your staff to continue the preventative checks throughout the year. Records are only helpful if you can easily access them. Keep the records in the same place and in a conspicuous location for other key personnel to find.
- Know when it is time to replace components. No system is perfect – there will always be components that must be replaced. Stay on top of the health of your UPS system so you are aware when key parts may need to be repaired or replaced. Batteries and capacitors are common components that have to be replaced frequently. Only use a licensed and insured electrical professional to replace or repair components within your UPS system. The UPS system experts at Capital City Electrical can inspect your UPS system and educate you on what signs to look for that may warrant a call for service.
- Assign check-up tasks to key personnel. Your UPS system may not need weekly maintenance but you can implement a weekly check-up to ensure your UPS system is running smoothly. These weekly checks can be your first line of defense to prevent electrical outages and costly repairs. Consult with a licensed electrical contractor to determine what important weekly tasks can be done to maintain your UPS system.


Theories Concerning Disequilibrium in balance of Payments
There arc broadly the following!! three main theories, which explain how a discipline ium in balance of payments is caused:
(il Classical Theory of Pncc Theory.
I;;) Keynesian Theory or Income Theory.
I;j;) Demonstration Effect Theory.
This theory explains dequalinium the balance of payment country in of relative.1rice structures. A country i, likely to have all adverse hnlancc of payments if her cost and price structure is relatively hi!!hn as pared with that of her trading partners. This theory as umcx that there exists a significant clement of sustainability between the home-made goods and 0f reign goods. If this is so, then the consumers in the country whose cost and price structure is relatively higher will substitute home-made goods by foreign' goods. This will increase the imports of the country significantly and thus create balance of payments problem for the country. loan Robinson, Harrod and Haberler were mainly responsible for developing this theory. By using Keynesian tools, these economists came to the conclusion that tile disequilibrium in the balance of payments of a country can be explained in terms of relative incomes. According to this theory, a country would face a disequilibrium in the balance of payments if her income is rising faster than that of her trading partners.This theory assumes that imports arc a function of income, i.e., with an increase in income, import. of a country would rise. Therefore. if the income of a country is rising faster than that of her trading partner countries, her imports are bound to increase faster, which in turn will give rise to a disequilibrium in her balance of payments.
 This theory was propounded. chiefly by Ranger Nurkse. it was suggested Nurkse and also by MacDougal, that the high standards of living of the advanced countries had the effect of inducing the developing countries also to raise theirs. The aspirations of these countries to imitate the Ii ving standards of the advanced countries, resulted in their undertaking heavy investment programmes and in huge imports of luxury items. In other words, the standards of living of advanced countries serve as a 'demonstration model: for the less developed countries, The result of this is a fantastic increase in their imports, which in turn Creates balance
of payments problems for them. Cuncluxiuu. No single theory can explain the
disequilibrium in the balance of payments of a developing
economy, Thcre arc a number of factors operating
simultaneously which cause this disequilibrium.
The main causes are.
(i) Ambitious development programmer necessitating lilac-scale imports of machinery, plant and equipment, raw materials and technical know how
(ii) Exports lagging behind owing to low level of productivity ill agro-based industries and competition and stagnant or declining demand for traditional exPI)r1S. and increased domestic consumption.
(iii) Food imports owing to high elasticity of demand lor food and increase ill population.
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Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Sricharanam)
Jump to: navigation, search
The Srivaishnava Urdhva Pundra (also known as Thiruman Srichurnam or the Shricharanam) is the tilaka used by followers of Sri Vaishnava. The figure drawn is representative of the feet of Narayana with Lakshmi in the middle. It is adorned by members of the Sri Vaishnava tradition (including Pancharatra, Vaikhanasa, and Bhagavada Srivaishnavas).
The full form[edit]
The two Iyengar subsects, Thenkalai and Vadakalai, wear the Thiruman Srichurnam in slightly different ways. The Thiruman in the case of the Thenkalai extends to the bridge of the nose, forming a Y shape.
Priests traditionally wear the Thiruman Srichurnam at 12 places on their body (dvadasa pundram). See: Samashrayanam.
Full forms of the Urdhva Pundara are shown in the gallery.
The abbreviated form[edit]
The abbreviated Thiruman is more commonly used by Iyengars in daily life. It consists of a single thin, vertical red or yellow line in the middle of the forehead. Although the Smriti forbid wearing the Srichurnam without the Thiruman, it has become a common practice due to convenience.
Etymology and meaning[edit]
The Parashara Smriti gives a very detailed explanation on the Thiruman: where, when, and how to wear it, as well as what should be chanted while wearing the same.
Srichurnam is the yellow/red line in the middle of the white marks. The white marks are called ThirumaN in Tamil. The word Srichurnam is often referred with the Thiruman and is called as Thiruman Srichurnam (or Oordhva Pundram). Particularly for the followers of Sri Sampradayam Srivaishnavas, Sriman Narayana (Vishnu) is always seen as being inseparable from his divine consort, Lakshmi, and hence the marks on the forehead will always represent the Lord's lotus feet (ThirumaN) and his divine consort in the middle at his service.
The etymology of Srichurnam is as follows: Sri refers to Lakshmi, while churanam literally means powder. The Srichurnam - the red/yellow line in the middle - represents Lakshmi. Thiruman (tiru = holy, maN = clay) represents the feet Vishnu.[1]
Apart from the main ingredients described below, several auspicious substances are added, such as Tulasi, rice, turmeric, camphor, flowers.
The white powder in Thiruman is derived from decayed schistose mica.[2] It is found, among other places, in Melukote.
The yellow mark is worn using turmeric, or using sandal wood paste. (Sandal is forbidden from use for bachelors in Vedic tradition).
The red mark is made of turmeric mixed with lime (churNa).
 - Entwistle, A. W. (1981). Vaishnava tilakas: Sectarian marks worn by worshippers of Vishnu (IAVRI bulletin). International Association of the Vrindaban Research Institute. ASIN B0007BNJJ6.
See also[edit]


(redirected from Comes castrensis)
Also found in: Dictionary, Medical, Encyclopedia.
COMES, pleading. In a plea, the defendant says, "And the said C D, by E F, his attorney, comes, and defends, &c. The word comes, venit, expresses the appearance of the defendant, in court. It is taken from the style of the entry of the proceedings on the record, and formed no part of the viva voce pleading. It is, accordingly, not considered as, in strictness, constituting a part of the Plea. 1 Chit. Pl. 411; Steph. Pl. 432.
COMES, offices. A Count. An officer during the middle ages, who possessed civil and military authority. Sav. Dr. Rom. Moy. age, n. 80.
 2. Vice-comes, the Latin name for sheriff, was originally the lieutenant of the comes.


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- Teragram is a measure of weight.
- Ecofocus: Even older forests help control CO2
- Jun 10, 2007 A teragram is equivalent to a million metric tons. Each year, largely as teragrams of carbon into the atmosphere. This is a huge number.
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- of total GHG emissions (7260 Tg CO2 eq.
- Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: _PHONE_
- lifetimes of other gases. The relationship between gigagrams (Gg) of a gas and teragrams of CO2 equivalents (Tg CO2. Eq.
- Conversion Table
- Acres. 2.471.
- Appendix 5
- kt kilotonnes. GtC gigatonnes of carbon (1 GtC = 3.7 Gt carbon dioxide).
- Unprecedented 2007 Arctic Fire Released 50 Years of Stored Carbon
- But in 2007, the largest fire ever recorded in the Arctic swept across the Alaskan Northern Slope region, releasing an estimated 2.1 teragrams (2.3 million tons) of carbon into the atmosphere.
- Tundra Fires Feed Global Warming Loop
- The Anaktuvuk River fire burned 1039 square kilometers (401 square miles), an area roughly the size of Cape Cod and visible from space, and released more than 2.1 teragrams (2.3 million tons) of carbon into the atmosphere.
- Teragram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search. Teragram may refer to: 1012 grams, equivalent to a megatonne.
- Pounds to Teragrams Conversion Calculator
- Use the following calculator to convert between pounds and teragrams.
- How many teragrams in a kilogram
- How many teragrams in a kilogram? Improve How many kilograms are in a teragram? there are _PHONE_ kilogrames in one teragram.
- Create an Account. You are viewing [info] teragrams's journal. Recent Entries; Archive · Friends · User Info.
- teragrams - Wiktionary
- English. Noun. teragrams.
Teragrams is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Teragrams books and related discussion.
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Simply put, in a perfectly waterproof-breathable environment, you would not shiver or sweat. The fabric is smart enough to stay dry. The hitch: The more waterproof a fabric is, the more it sacrifices breathability, and vice versa. The optimal balance between the two is the Holy Grail of technical performance fabrics.
"Waterproof" and "breathable" are relative terms. "You're waterproof and so is a submarine," says Kurt Gray, a fabric-technology expert. "The difference is by degrees." For instance, a fabric might keep you dry in a downpour but get soaked the second you kneel on a wet surface. But it's still considered waterproof.
Waterproof-breathable is achieved by either laminating or coating a thin membrane onto the inside of a fabric. "Coatings are like painting a wall," Gray explains, "and laminates are like wallpaper." Laminates (like Gore-Tex) are generally more uniform but can make fabrics stiff and heavy. Coatings are less uniform, but can achieve a higher level of breathability and make for softer fabrics.
Waterproof-breathables have a Durable Water Repellent (DWR) finish. The DWR causes moisture outside the fabric to bead up and roll off. While the DWR can impair breathability, it also, ironically, is key to helping the garment maintain its breathability in wet conditions: Without a DWR, even a waterproof fabric can become saturated, trapping moisture inside. Since a DWR keeps the fabric dry, it helps moisture escape, too.¿b.c.
Dressing smart: Even the newest, techiest fabrics have their limitations. To overcome them, consider:
Fit: With waterproof-breathable technologies, the closer to the body, the better. It has to do with physics¿the pressure gradient¿and how far the moisture has to travel before it reaches the surface of the fabric, where it can evaporate. If your clothing is too loose, your sweat will condense inside.
Layering: What you wear under your shell has a huge impact on the shell's performance. You want undergarments that wick moisture from your skin and an insulating layer that can transport moisture. If you wear a cotton T-shirt and a sweatshirt, they'll soak up your perspiration, making your high-tech shell as effective as the nylon windbreaker you wore in eighth grade.
Features: You can still sweat in a breathable garment, even with wicking layers underneath. And when you overload a garment's vapor-transmission capability, venting is key. Look for pit zips and mesh-lined venting pockets, and make sure they're placed where your pack straps won't cover them.


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Last year, about this time, we issued a "Did You Know" article with 20 questions on Vehicle & Traffic Law and traffic safety, and gave you an opportunity to answer them. The following week, the answers to the questions comprised the weekly article. Now, we will try it again, this time with a different set of questions. Take the quiz, jot down your answers, look for the correct answers in this column next week, and see how extensive your knowledge of Vehicle and Traffic law and traffic safety really is.
1. If you have a green light, is it permissible to enter an intersection to turn left if there is oncoming traffic?
2. Driving along a rural road you hit a cat. Do you have to stop by law?
3. In a school zone, posted at 20 mph, during what times on school days do you have to obey this speed limit?
4. On a street or road with a median, if a school bus is stopped on the other side of the median with its red lights flashing, are you required to stop?
5. While driving, your cell phone rings. You put on your right turn signal, pull over to the side of the road and answer your phone. While you complete your conversation, you leave your right turn signal on. Is this a violation?
6. True or false - A school bus traveling with students on an interstate highway with a posted speed limit of 65 mph must not exceed 55 mph.
7. T or F -?A clear, plastic license plate cover is allowed to protect the license.
8. T or F - a speeding ticket in Ontario results in points on your NYS license.
9. What is the meaning of a flashing green light on a traffic signal in Quebec?
10. T or F-Amber rear turn signals are safer than red ones.
11. T or F-purple pavement markings are used for parking at funeral homes.
12. T or F-It's illegal to drive with only one hand on the steering wheel.
13. T or F-When leaving a parallel parking space on the right side of the street, you must use your left turn signal.
14. As you drive along the road, you approach a National Grid bucket truck, amber lights flashing, working on the wires. By law, what are you required to do?
15. T or F -?It is permissible for a rear-seat passenger, at least 21 years old, to drink a beer while the vehicle is being driven along the highway.
16. T or F-It is legal to drink alcoholic beverages by passengers 21 and over while riding on a tour bus.
17. T or F-It's permissible to use a Slow Moving Vehicle sign to mark your driveway as long as the signs are placed at least 10 feet from the pavement.
18. T or F-U-turns are prohibited on roads with a speed limit above 50 mph.
19. T or F-On a village street, with a sidewalk in safe condition for walking on only one side, it is permissible to walk in the street.
20. T or F - the maximum distance you are allowed to drive in a "two-way left turn lane" is 500 feet.
21. Bonus question! When towing a disabled vehicle, with a properly licensed driver in the towed vehicle, what is the maximum length allowed for the tow rope?
How do you think you did? For the answers to these 21 questions, read next week's article on Vehicle and Traffic Law and traffic safety. For these and many more traffic law and safety articles go to: _URL_ and from the pull-down menu for departments, click on Traffic Safety Board.


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In Washington, D.C., humanitarians Clara Barton and Adolphus Solomons found the American National Red Cross, an organization established to provide humanitarian aid to victims of wars and natural disasters in congruence with the International Red Cross.
Barton, born in Massachusetts in 1821, worked with the sick and wounded during the American Civil War and became known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" for her tireless dedication. In 1865, President Abraham Lincoln commissioned her to search for lost prisoners of war, and with the extensive records she had compiled during the war she succeeded in identifying thousands of the Union dead at the Andersonville prisoner-of-war camp.
She was in Europe in 1870 when the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and she went behind the German lines to work for the International Red Cross. In 1873, she returned to the United States, and four years later she organized an American branch of the International Red Cross. The American Red Cross received its first U.S. federal charter in 1900. Barton headed the organization into her 80s and died in 1912.


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Strategies for Overcoming Urban Violence:
Exploring Global Perspectives & Engaging for Local Prevention
GDL Incubator Lab (8th Lab): from 17 to 20 June 2018, Berlin
The overall aim of the 2018 Global Diplomacy Lab (GDL) curriculum is to create a common set of tools to address issues of violence and segregation that affect urban youth worldwide.
The Incubator Lab focuses on gaining a better understanding of the issues of violence and segregation that affect the urban youth globally. We will do this by sharing lessons and experiences from urban areas around the world that are dealing with this subject with varying degrees of success. Having regard to the "power of place", examples from Berlin will be contrasted with those from other regions of the world, allowing members to gain a global perspective and connect to the global landscape to identify common trends before delving into the particular context of Chicago. The Incubator Lab also focuses on strengthening members' skills (e.g. mediation, problem analysis) and developing ideas to be further explored during the Impact Lab. By the end of the Incubator Lab, members will have identified concrete questions to be addressed in depth in the Impact Lab.
The aim of the Chicago Impact Lab is to devise innovative strategies with our partner institutions, which we hope will contribute to their efforts to address violence and segregation among the urban youth in Chicago. Our ultimate goal is for these strategies to serve as a common set of tools for other urban areas struggling with the same issues elsewhere in the world. To place the activities of the labs within the context of substantive diplomatic discourse, we will connect the curriculum of the Incubator and Impact Labs with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations as part of the 2030 Agenda.
The Challenge Holder
Of the various Chicago partner organisations, we identified two as the Challenge Holders: The city of Chicago and the Obama Foundation. Together with local community partners, these institutions will be the key beneficiary of the tools developed in the Lab.
Whilst Chicago has one of the strongest economies in the United States, there are large minority communities within the city which are struggling economically, and it is often within these communities that urban youth violence is most prevalent. This appears to be a common thread for urban youth throughout the world. It is believed that this violence problem is rooted in historic segregation, inequalities in education, economic disadvantage, gang violence and racial/ethnic issues. Issues of poverty, isolation, youth disaffection, racism, and violence rear their ugly heads in so many areas globally. In 2018, the GDL aims to explore strategies and skills for overcoming violence and segregation among urban youth by exploring global perspectives and engaging for local prevention.


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Hand Contusion Overview
What is a hand contusion?
A person with a hand contusion has a bruise to the soft tissues of the hand. A bruise is a collection of blood beneath the skin, caused by blood vessels that have broken at the time of an injury. A contusion may be caused by a blow to the hand, a sprain or a fracture.
What are the symptoms of a hand contusion?
Symptoms of a hand contusion include hand pain, hand swelling, hand tenderness, and hand bruising.
How does the doctor treat a hand contusion?
Treatment of a hand contusion includes rest, elevation, cold compresses, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for pain. See hand injury treatment for more information.
Continue to Hand Contusion Symptoms
- Campbell DA, Kay SP. The Hand Injury Severity Scoring System. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1996 Jun;21(3):295-8.
- Chan J, Spencer J. Adaptation to hand injury: an evolving experience. Am J Occup Ther. 2004 Mar-Apr;58(2):128-39.
- Gustafsson M, Ahlstrom G. Problems experienced during the first year of an acute traumatic hand injury - a prospective study. J Clin Nurs. 2004 Nov;13(8):986-95.


The Music of Brain Shift Radio
All of the music on Brain Shift Radio is composed and performed by BSR co-founder Jeff Strong (read Jeff's blog here). Each of the rhythm tracks use acoustic percussion instruments. Tracks employing single drums were played live, while the multi-instrument tracks utilize multi-tracking and overdubbing techniques with Jeff assuming the role of one-man-band.
The ambient tracks are all performed on a variety of keyboards and synthesizers. These are human performances with no loops or corrections.
If you listen carefully (which you aren't supposed to do, by the way, because this music is meant to be background stimulus :-) you will hear the ocassional mistake and many variations in tempo, timbre, and timing. This is important because the human brain is far more responsive to music with this human element.
The reason for offering separate rhythm and ambient tracks is one we cover a lot in the Articles section of the website, but to offer an overview, the rhythm track is the key to getting your brain to shift. The underlying pulse of the rhythm drives your brain to the desired state while the variations in the rhythm - both the pitches and the accents - stimulate the brain in specific ways.
The ambient instrumental tracks act as modulators and modifiers to the rhythm tracks, reducing or altering the effects of the rhythm on the brain. In a purely clinical setting ambient tracks are generally not used, but for Brain Shift Radio we include them so that you have more control over your experience with the rhythms. This also makes it more fun.
You can learn more about the music of Brain Shift Radio in these articles:
Understanding BSR Rhythm and Ambient Music Tracks
Understanding Variant and Modifier tracks
A Look at Rhythmic Entrainment Intervention by Its Creator
© Copyright for all music and written content for Brain Shift Mobile and BSR Mobile is owned by the Strong Institute, publisher of Brain Shift Radio and BSR Mobile. Used with permission.
Mark H.
Shirley L.
Allie S.
Sanda P.
Mother of 5 y/o son with autism


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In this sample, the phrase most often limits the scope of brandt and barbara johnstone for their helpful suggestions for revision. Read chapter 4 conclusions, findings, and recommendations: peer review is an the scope of work or the specific technical approaches and risks are. Findings, and findings are presented before conclusions and recommendations) 12 the title page and conclusions 5 main recommendations 30 the evaluation's purpose, objectives and scope are fully explained 31 the purpose of the.
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Conclusion 17 response 17 recommendations 18 appendix a: objectives, scope, and methodology 19 appendix b: definition of audit. If there is more than one allegation, a conclusion should be reached for findings and recommendations was not part of your original scope. Were not always effective to ensure compliance with state laws and port policy ( see schedule of findings and recommendations) conclusion audit scope.
The major findings, and the recommendations made in the report this is so that investigation, how the discussion is organized, the major conclusions drawn and the recommendations problem, and the scope and limitations of the report. Chapter 9: conclusion and recommendations 9 eportfolios can bring to learning, teaching and career development processes, so there is scope for. Oa dashboard feasibility study: our findings and conclusions in order to investigate this further, the project followed a three-phase approach to scope the creation of an oa dashboard: conclusions and recommendations.
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text: Alzheimer disease (AD) research faces challenges to successful enrollment, especially to clinical trials and biomarker studies. Failure to recruit the planned number of participants in a timely manner threatens the internal validity and success of clinical research, raising concerns about external validity and generalizability of results, and possibly leading to disparities in disease treatment. Methods to improve recruitment exist, but require varying levels of staff effort and financial resources, and evidence of effectiveness is often lacking or inconsistent. In this review, we summarize some of the available methods to improve AD research recruitment, the available literature to support or refute these strategies, and some of the experiences at the authors' AD Research Centers. We discuss the use of community-based participatory research principles and participant registries as a means to enhance research enrollment and increase diversity of research samples.


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constants f1.2 Boundary Conditions The governing equation of fluid motion may result in a solution when the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are specified. y. for no-slip and no-penetration conditions on the solid walls. Also. and this gives an extra equation. z ) ∂n (12) Here the derivatives of the variable φ on the boundary are known f2. For steady state problems there are three types of spatial boundary conditions that can be specified: I. Dirichlet boundary condition: φ = f 1 (x. if u is the flow velocity. Common boundary conditions are classified either in terms of the numerical values that have to be set or in terms of the physical type of the boundary condition. (B) Inlets: At an inlet. its value may be fixed at the boundary of the domain. the fluid may have certain characteristics. the fluid velocity is the same as the velocity of the wall. II.
because velocities are influenced by pressure gradients. (E) Pressure Boundary Conditions: The ability to specify a pressure condition at one or more boundaries of a computational region is an important and useful computational tool. a pressure condition cannot be used at a boundary where velocities are also specified. and many diameters away from the entrance. if the upstream boundary of the computing region is inside the pipe. It is this possibility that is discussed in this article. Continuative boundary conditions consist of zero normal derivatives at the 6. when the flow speed at the outflow boundary is supersonic. then the static pressure condition would be a more reasonable approximation to flow conditions at that location. The only exception is when pressures are necessary to specify the fluid properties.e.. Generally. If the upstream end of the computational region coincides with the physical entrance to the pipe then a stagnation condition should be used to represent the external ambient conditions as a large reservoir of stationary fluid.(D) Cyclic or periodic boundaries: These boundaries come in pairs and are used to specify that the flow has the same values of the variables at equivalent positions on both of the boundaries. There are typically two types of pressure boundary conditions. other than it is supposed to be the same as the velocity inside the boundary) it is less specific than the stagnation pressure condition. The simplest and most commonly used outflow condition is that of a "continuative" boundary. disturbances introduced at an outflow boundary can have an affect on the entire computational region. In this sense the stagnation pressure condition is generally more physical and is recommended for most applications.. however. a stagnation pressure condition assumes stagnation conditions outside the boundary so that the velocity at the boundary is zero. e. referred to as static or stagnation pressure conditions. Pressure boundaries represent such things as confined reservoirs of fluid. Since the static pressure condition says nothing about fluid velocities outside the boundary (i. (F) Outflow Boundary Conditions: In many simulations there is a need to have fluid flow out of one or more boundaries of the computational region. In a static condition the pressure is more or less continuous across the boundary and the velocity at the boundary is assigned a value based on a zero normal-derivative condition across the boundary. In low speed and incompressible flows. In compressible flows. This assumption requires a pressure drop across the boundary for flow to enter the computational region. In contrast. density crossing a boundary through an equation of state. At such "outflow" boundaries there arises the question of what constitutes a good boundary condition. ambient laboratory conditions and applied pressures arising from mechanical devices. On the other hand. it makes little difference how the boundary conditions are specified since flow disturbances cannot propagate upstream. As an example. consider the problem of flow in a section of pipe.g.
2. It is this boundary condition which introduces into the model information regarding the wettability of the solid surface. rather it is a mathematical statement that may or may not provide the desired flow behavior. then the surface tension forces need to be considered. such as a specified pressure condition. the line at which the solid. if flow is observed to enter the computational region across such a boundary.2. (H) Free Surfaces and Interfaces: If the fluid has a free surface.8.1 Example In this example a converging-diverging nozzle with a distributed inlet ports is considered. All of the fluid might flow out of the domain.9. Inlet mass flow rate is known and flow exits to the ambient air with atmospheric pressure. As a general rule. The zero-derivative condition is intended to represent a smooth continuation of the flow through the boundary. When a continuative condition is used it should be placed as far from the main flow region as is practical so that any adverse influence on the main flow will be minimal. (G) Opening Boundary Conditions: If the fluid flow crosses the boundary surface in either directions an opening boundary condition needs to be utilized. or a combination of the two might happen. In particular. Inlet Outlet Figure 1.10.boundary for all quantities. or into the domain. then the computations may be wrong because nothing has been specified about flow conditions existing outside the boundary. liquid and gas phases meet. Schematic of the flow inside and outside of a converging-diverging nozzle 7. This requires utilization of the Laplace's equation which specifies the surface tension-induced jump in the normal stress p s across the interface: ps = σ κ (14) where σ represents the liquid-air surface tension and κ the total curvature of the interface7. A boundary condition is required at the contact line. a physically meaningful boundary condition. It must be stressed that the continuative boundary condition has no physical basis. should be used at out flow boundaries whenever possible.
Periodic Boundaries Figure 2. In this example the slice shown in Figure 1 is repeated to produce the whole physical domain. Various Boundary Conditions 8. Minimizing the computational domain using periodic boundary condition Open Boundary Inflow Solid Wall Outflow Symmetric Boundary Figure 3. Figure 3 shows the other boundary conditions applied to the problem.Choosing the appropriate boundary conditions can reduce the computer effort. Using the periodic boundary condition at the imaginary planes shown in Figure 2 can reduce the computational domain to a much smaller area.
is shown in Figure 4. (2) the finite element method and (3) the finite volume method. This error is referred to as the truncation error. each term within the partial differential equation describing the flow is written in such a manner that the computer can be programmed to calculate. These discrete points can be related to each other using a Taylor series expansion.1 The Finite Difference Method Finite difference method utilizes the Taylor series expansion to write the derivatives of a variable as the differences between values of the variable at various points in space or time..g. (i+1) and (i-1).. (i). e. a small distance ∆x from the central point. Note that ignoring these terms leads to a source of error in the numerical calculations as the equation for the derivatives is truncated. This is done by a process referred to as discretization. Thus velocity ui can be expressed in terms of Taylor series expansion about point (i) as: ⎛ ∂ 2 u ⎞ (∆x ) ⎛ ∂ 3u ⎞ (∆x 3 ) ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ui +1 = ui + ⎜ ⎟ ∆x + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ∂x ⎟ 2 + ⎜ ∂x 3 ⎟ 6 +. Consider two points.. Utilization of the Taylor series to discretize the derivative of dependent variable. first their numerical analogue must be generated..g.. e. Here we will introduce three of the most commonly used techniques. There are various techniques for numerical discretization. which will be briefly discussed. 4 which represent the variation of u with x. ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠i 2 (15) and ui −1 ⎛ ∂ 2 u ⎞ (∆x ) ⎛ ∂ 3u ⎞ (∆x 3 ) ⎛ ∂u ⎞ = u i − ⎜ ⎟ ∆x + ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ∂x ⎟ 2 − ⎜ ∂x 3 ⎟ 6 +. ui's.3 Techniques for Numerical Discretization In order to solve the governing equations of the fluid motion. namely: (1) the finite difference method. i... Spectral methods are also used in CFD. the truncation error is: ⎛ ∂ n u ⎞ (∆x )n −1 ∑ ⎜ ∂x n ⎟ n! ⎜ ⎟ n =3 ⎝ ⎠i ∞ 9. with respect to the independent variable. u(x). Consider the curve in Fig. In the discretization process. For the second order accurate expression.e. the curve u(x) can be represented by a set of discrete points. velocity u. 3. ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠i 2 (16) These equations are mathematically exact if number of terms are infinite and ∆x is small. After discretization. special coordinated x.
Further derivatives can also be formed by considering equations (15) and (16) in isolation. 2 ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ui − ui −1 ⎛ ∂ u �


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Soil Hygrometer Detection Sensor Module
This is a simple water sensor can be used to detect soil moisture when the soil moisture deficit module outputs a high level, and vice versa output low. Use this sensor produced an automatic plant waterer device, so that the plants in your garden without people to manage.
1. Operating voltage 3.3V-5V
2. Module dual output mode, digital output, analog output more accurate.
3. With fixed bolt hole for easy installation
4. PCB size: 3cm * 1.6cm
5. Power indicator (red) and digital switching output indicator (green)
1 x Soil moisture module
1 x Soil moisture sensor
2 x Dupont Lines


Submitted by Gabrielle
The Wiggles and their friends are stranded at Wiggle Bay after Captain Feathersword forgets to tie up their boat and the boat drifts out to sea. They find a magic shell in the water which directs them to find a golden key.
Wags the dog helps the Wiggles dig up the key in the sand, which turns out to be the key to Davy Jones' locker where King Neptune keeps his treasures. The Wiggles send Magdalena, the mermaid, and Captain Feathersword to return the key to King Neptune. In gratitude, the King returns the boat to Captain Feathersword and sends a pearl necklace to Dorothy, the dinosaur.


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Small-scale fault systems in the Earth's crust have a strong correlation with the location of gold, a recent study of the St Ives Goldfields in Western Australia has found.
Our research, published in science journal Ore Geology Reviews, found that all major gold deposits are controlled by faults, but small fault systems are more likely to lead to gold than larger ones.
Researcher Dr Carsten Laukamp says the relationship between fault systems and gold traces is key to understanding the genesis of gold and could be used to help locate any commodity.
"Determining the spatial relationship between geological features such as fault lines, and gold traces, is not only important to understand how deposits form, it can also guide mineral exploration because we can use this information to develop predictive mineral maps," he says.
Dr Laukamp and his team developed a predictive mineral map of the St Ives Goldfields that shows new prospective areas where there is a high likelihood that gold could be located.
"We used information such as rock type, colour, shape and size and geological boundaries – all information we can gather from drilling samples – to develop the map," Dr Laukamp says.
"This research is one step in the development of predictive mineral maps that integrate various types of geological data.
"Next, we'll incorporate data collected from aircrafts and satellites, such as geophysical and spectroscopic data, which will improve the information value and accuracy of the predictive mineral map."
Learn more about our research in mineral exploration.
Media enquiries: Liz Greenbank | 03 9545 8563 | _EMAIL_
Ant and termite nests could lead to hidden treasure according to research conducted by CSIRO.
Research published in science journals PLoS ONE and Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, found that at a test site in the West Australian goldfields termite mounds contained high concentrations of gold. This gold indicates there is a larger deposit underneath.
"We're using insects to help find new gold and other mineral deposits. These resources are becoming increasingly hard to find because much of the Australian landscape is covered by a layer of eroded material that masks what's going on deeper underground," Dr Aaron Stewart, CSIRO entomologist said.
Termites and ants burrow into this layer of material where a fingerprint of the underlying gold deposit is found, and bring traces of this fingerprint to the surface.
"The insects bring up small particles that contain gold from the deposit's fingerprint, or halo, and effectively stockpile it in their mounds," Dr Stewart said.
"Our recent research has shown that small ant and termite mounds that may not look like much on the surface, are just as valuable in finding gold as the large African mounds are that stand several metres tall."
Mineral resources make up $86.7 billion of Australia's exports and new discoveries in many commodities are required to sustain production. After 150 years of mining, gold and other mineral deposits near the surface have been discovered and miners need new tools to explore deeper underground.
Insects could provide a new, cost effective and environmentally friendly way of exploring for new mineral deposits, avoiding the traditional method of expensive and often inaccurate drilling.
Dr Stewart's work has also found that insects carry metals in their bodies.
"We've found that metals accumulate in excretory systems of termites," he said.
"Although the insects may not concentrate metals in their bodies, they actively rid their bodies of excess metals. This process shows up as little stones, much like kidney stones in people. This finding is important because these excretions are a driving force in redistribution of metals near the surface."
Dr Stewart was selected as a finalist in this year's Fresh Science Awards.
Media: Liz Greenbank. Mb: 0408 778 189. E: _EMAIL_


I just installed new carpet. Can my old carpets be recycled?
Yes. California is home to more than 50 carpet recycling drop-off locations that will gladly accept your old carpets.
Why should I recycle my carpet?
For decades, the Golden State has spearheaded effective recycling programs for bottles, cans, paper, used oil, tires, batteries and mattresses. Californians want to be conscious consumers and now there is a robust infrastructure in place to help our environment by recycling carpet.
How do I recycle my old carpet?
It's easy to do your part and help California by recycling your old carpeting.
 1. When ready to purchase, look for products with recycled carpet content.
 2. Ask your contractor or installer to recycle your old carpet.
 3. Connect with your city or county and ask about local carpet recycling drop-off sites.
If you are a carpet installation professional, please watch this brief tutorial to learn how you can get involved in California's carpet recycling efforts.
What products are made from old carpets?
A variety of products can be manufactured from post-consumer recycled carpet, including carpet cushioning, building insulation, decking, water management products, wheelchair ramps and more. For a full list of products made from recycled carpets, click here.
Does California have a comprehensive statewide carpet recycling program?
Yes. In 2010, the state legislature enacted Assembly Bill 2398 to increase the diversion and recycling of carpet in the state and established the California's Carpet Stewardship Program. This program is managed and implemented by the Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) – an industry-led nonprofit organization incharge of increasing recycling rates. As of 2019, California's carpet recycling program continues to thrive thanks to CARE's oversight. Their multi-pronged approach includes: installer and retailer outreach and training; consumer and local government education; and subsidies and grants to recyclers to support collection, equipment and product testing.
What does CARE do?
CARE directly oversees California's effort to increase carpet recycling rates by providing recycling infrastructure, diversion programs and grants for the creation of new recycled-content products. For more information, visit CARE's website.
How much carpet has CARE diverted away from California's landfills?
Since CARE's inception in 2011, more than 431 million pounds of carpet has been diverted from California landfills and repurposed to create a wide array of products.
What do carpet assessment fees go towards?
Carpet assessment fees help fund subsidies for carpet recyclers and processors, provide investments for recycling infrastructure and expand the scale and technology of carpet drop-off sites. To date, the California Carpet Stewardship Assessment has allocated more than $7 million in grants and more than $45 million in subsidies.


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1 Section for Construction Materials, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark2 Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark3 Department of Structural Engineering and Materials, Technical University of Denmark
Linking molecular level mechanisms with macroscopic performance
Predicting the performance of wood for decades ahead is important when using the material for structural purposes. The performance is closely related to the hierarchical material structure of wood and the dependent interaction with water in the structure. Accurately predicting wood performance therefore requires an understanding of material structure from molecular to macroscopic level as well as of the impact of water molecules. The objective of this work is to investigate the performance of wood in terms of mechanical response of the material and effect of water. To understand the latter, one must first know in which parts of the wood structure, water is located. If parts of the water in wood are held in capillaries in the wood structure, these water molecules interact with the material differently than those held within wood cell walls. In this study, the occurrence of capillary water in wood is investigated at high levels of relative humidity (RH), where capillary water might be present. Three different techniques are employed in overlapping RH regimes. The three techniques give similar results and show that the amount of capillary water is insignificant up to at least 99.5 % RH. Thus, for wood in equilibrium with surrounding climate in the RH range 0-99.5 %, water is only significantly present within cell walls. A structural model of a wood cell is developed in this study using Finite Element Method for predicting the mechanical performance of wood. The starting point for the model is the physical behaviour on the molecular level since water interferes with wood at this level. The elastic material properties of the wood cell wall are explained by the organisation of wood constituents and their properties. The effect of water as well as temperature is incorporated by considering the amount of hydrogen bonds between wood constituents and the stiffness of these bonds. The mechanical response of wood includes a substantial time-dependent response, which previously has been explained by sliding between wood constituents on the molecular level. In this study, this is incorporated in the model as time-dependent shearing of the material planes of the cell wall. The calculated results of the model is verified against various experimental results from literature as well as from measurements presented in this work. It is shown that the structural model is able to describe a diverse range of mechanical responses of wood cells in both elastic and time-dependent domains. Furthermore, comparison of results from experiments and model suggests that the mechanical response of wood tissue, i.e. the hierarchical level above single wood cells, is a sum of responses from both wood cells and intercellular layer, i.e. the middle lamella.


Woman Hollering Creek: A Literary Analysis
537 Words3 Pages
In these five works youth is seen in a different light; a light that is not always innocent. Through personal experiences, we are molded to how we see the world. The experiences in our youth are therefore even more important as they are the foundation of our perspective. For example, growing up wealthy is different than growing up in poverty. This shows that youth is complex and has many sides to it. Brownies, Angry Youth, Youth, Mistakes Were Made, and Woman Hollering Creek, show youth as something dark instead of being light. Woman Hollering Creek shows Cleofila stuck in a toxic relationship with nowhere to turn. By using stories such as La Llorona, Cisneros shows this story is anything but rainbows. Love, however, is a huge part of…show more content…
Growing up isolated from everyone this troop feels attacked when an all white troop invades their campsite. Because of how they believe caucasian people are they immediately plan some type of revenge. However, at the end, they realize that the troop is for people with disabilities and it makes them wonder why they were put at the same level as them. The focus of this story is to show that people are mean and there is no way in escaping. Especially when it affects your youth. Similarly to Brownies, Youth by Sunaina Maira shows that it is not always easy fitting into one category. Whether it be with age or race, there is no one set definition for youth but instead a whole range. How you grow up is a factor on how you see life which influences your time as an "adolescence", slowly becoming an adult. Angry Youth shows youth through the protests and anger coming from the videos made by Tang Jei. He shows how being cultured allows people to see a deeper meaning in life. Through his eyes, he shows the feelings the people have when certain topics are addressed. It's quite intriguing because we are able to see the opinions of those who are also on our level. It also shows by sharing your voice we are able to unite to try to better ourselves and our countries. Overall these pieces contradict any traditional meaning of the word "youth" which challenges the minds of
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