text: The Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (notified 30 September 2013) 3 Historic heritage Background Much of Auckland's historic heritage has not been identified or evaluated to determine its significance. Some places or areas have been identified as being significant but have not been included in the historic heritage schedule. Other scheduled historic heritage places are covered by designations or notices of requirement which enable or potentially enable modification. A precautionary approach is essential to prevent the loss of significant historic heritage places and areas occurring before they can be identified through area surveys, thematic research or public nominations, or included in the historic heritage schedule of the plan. A precautionary approach is particularly important in relation to archaeological sites. As of 2013, archaeological surveys have only been undertaken over 35 per cent of land within the Auckland region. Many sites are not easily identifiable or evaluated from surface evidence. Around 11,000 sites are recorded in the Auckland region, and it is likely that at least this many remain unidentified. Many archaeological sites are of Māori origin and are of interest or significance to mana whenua. The New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT) has a statutory role under the provisions of the Historic Places Act 1993 (HPA) in regulating the modification or destruction of archaeological sites meeting certain criteria. This role potentially overlaps with the broader RMA historic heritage management responsibilities of councils. Adoption of a coordinated and streamlined approach in relation to activities that may adversely affect archaeological sites can assist in avoiding inadvertent site damage, duplication of roles, and delays for applicants. Identifying potential adverse effects on archaeological sites as part of the resource consent process provides an opportunity for effects on significant sites to be avoided, allows places of Māori interest or significance and the interested party status of the NZHPT to be identified at an early stage, and for RMA and HPA consent processes, requirements and timeframes to be aligned. Historic heritage in the coastal environment The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010 (NZCPS) provides direction in relation to management of historic heritage in the coastal environment, which must be implemented in the Unitary Plan. The NZCPS applies to the land-based coastal environment as well as the CMA. Objective 1. Significant historic heritage places that are not scheduled in the Unitary Plan are protected from the adverse effects of use and development. Policies 1. Require an assessment of effects on historic heritage for activities for which a resource consent is required where: a. the activity involves land disturbance or disturbance of the foreshore or seabed and has the potential to adversely affect archaeological sites b. the activity has the potential to adversely affect historic heritage in the coastal environment c. subdivision is proposed and has the potential to create or exacerbate adverse effects on historic heritage. 2. Take a precautionary approach to the demolition of buildings in areas of early settlement. 3. Manage effects on historic heritage places by: Page 1 of 2 The Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan (notified 30 September 2013) 4. a. assessing the significance of the historic heritage place in relation to the values in the RPS Historic Heritage section b. undertaking appropriate measures to avoid adverse effects on significant historic heritage. Where adverse effects cannot be avoided, they are remedied or mitigated c. requiring a protocol for the accidental discovery of archaeological sites to be followed. Encourage protection and stewardship of significant historic heritage places that meet the criteria for scheduling by enabling appropriate use, subdivision or development that would not otherwise be provided for in the plan, where: a. the long term future of the place, and where applicable, its continued use for a sympathetic purpose, is secured, and this would not otherwise necessarily be achieved b. the benefits to the wider community of enabling use, subdivision or development to secure the future conservation of a historic heritage place outweigh any adverse effects of not conforming to other sections of the plan c. the significant heritage values of the place or its setting are not on balance adversely affected d. detrimental fragmentation of management of the place is avoided e. it is necessary to resolve problems arising from the inherent needs of the place, rather than the circumstances of the owner, or the monetary value of the site f. g. Page 2 of 2 sufficient incentive mechanisms are not available from any other source it is demonstrated that the effects associated with enabling development have been minimised.


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Question: Is it safe to refreeze a partially thawed turkey? I started to defrost a frozen turkey for a holiday dinner, but now I've had a change in plans. Can I refreeze the turkey?
Answer: It's fine to refreeze a thawed turkey — as long as you thawed it in the refrigerator. If that was the case, you can put it right back into the freezer according to the United States Department of Agriculture. If your turkey is fully thawed, you can safely keep it refrigerated for an additional one or two days before refreezing it. When you eventually thaw the turkey a second time, you may notice a decrease in quality, but it'll certainly be safe to eat.
If, on the other hand, you thawed the turkey in cold water or the microwave, the USDA advises that you should cook it immediately. That's because with either method, the turkey could have at least temporarily warmed up to a temperature higher than 40°F. At that point, harmful bacteria can begin to multiply and only further cooking will destroy it; simply refreezing the turkey won't do the trick.
Finally, if you thawed the turkey on the counter or in hot water, you shouldn't eat it at all. The USDA cautions that it's dangerous to eat any meat or poultry that's been thawed under those two methods, as the outer layer of the food would have been allowed to sit between the bacteria-breeding temperatures of 40° F and 140° F for far too long to be safe.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Pet owners who are keen on buying mice are quite rightly to be confused whether to put more than one mouse in a cage or not. Some experts say that mice are social creatures so definitely need company, while some say that putting two mice or more into the same cage will lead to fighting and therefore sometimes injury or worse.
In this guide, we look at how to introduce two pet mice into the same cage safely as we believe that mice do prefer to have some sort of company in their cage. We look at the logistics and practicalities of putting mice of the same sex and mice of a different gender into the same cage as well as ways ultimately for the introduction to be as safe and trouble free as possible.
1. Introduce Them When They Are Very Young
One of the key ways of introducing mice into the same cage, not to mention the easiest, is to introduce them when they are as young as possible. It makes sense as they grow up used to each other, much like human children do with full knowledge of each other. It means they have a dynamic of their own set up before any other behavioral problems are learnt which can lead to fighting by mice when they are older and introduced to a cage with other inhabitants. If you introduce them in this way, it does not matter what genders you introduce – whether two males or two females.
2. Use A New Cage
This may sound like another obvious idea, but it is so easy to forget too. If you introduce two mice to each other, it will help your end goal so much if you do so in a new cage. That cage will act like neutral territory so that neither of them feel that their home is being invaded and that they have to protect where they live. If you do not want to buy a new cage, try introducing them in a high sided box first that is free from any smells that have come from a mouse marking his or her territory. In the interim, clean out the old cage as best you can to remove any smells that have been implanted there by the then resident mouse. This is particularly the case with male mice.
3. Use The Power Of Scent
Some mouse experts recommend using the smell of vanilla to help with introducing new mice to each other. The scientific reasoning is that this incredibly strong smell results in all mice smelling the same. From there, a mouse's instinct is that it is far easier to accept the other mouse as a friend. This is not a proven fool proof way of introducing mice to each other, but it has been recommended by enough people that it has worked enough times for it at least to be worth a shot at trying.
4. Choose Your Time Carefully
Like humans, there is a time of day where a person is more pliable than at others. With mice, this time is usually just before they go to sleep. Try introducing your two new pets at that point. You may have to watch them carefully first to ensure that you are confident of their sleep patterns. The idea behind this school of thought is that mice will naturally be calmer when tired as well as happier to snuggle up to each other for warmth before falling asleep. This is a bonding act that will bring them closer together so that they do not fight in future.
5. Introduce Them Little And Often
As with so many things in life, one of the best ways forward when introducing mice to each other, doing it little and often can reap rewards. This is a softly softly approach that may take longer but hopefully the short term pain will be the long term gain as your mice are more likely to grow used to each other over a period of time as opposed to being thrown in at the deep end. To make this approach as efficient as possible, set aside a time every day or every other day to introduce your mice to each other. Make that time longer and longer each time so that it then becomes possible to leave them living in the same cage together.
6. Let Them Have A Small Scrap
This may sound counterintuitive, but sometimes it can be a good idea to let your mice fight each other. In the animal kingdom, it is a way of letting them assert what the common hierarchy will be going forward which is necessary to almost every species out there. Just because they are mice does not mean that there will not be an alpha mouse in the cage that tends to rule the roost. To get to the stage where all inhabitants of a cage are happy with the hierarchy, they may well have to have a fight in the first instance. Just keep a close eye on them so that you can break it up if it gets too violent.
All these tips can be used in conjunction with one another to further aid the introduction of your pet mice to each other. In doing so, you should hopefully be far more successful than simply putting your two mice together in the same cage from the outset and hoping for the best. It is particularly important to watch your mice in the first 24 hours of introduction, if not the first week. Hopefully, by the end of that time, they should have at least reached an accord so that you can be happy in the knowledge that they won't harm each other.


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The difference is so small that people don't give too much care about which should be used. Also the use of each word is defined by been formal or informal (in some places)
- Acordar -> Agreement between two or more parts.
- Acordar -> Used instead of recordar / "no me puedo acordar donde puse
There is also a new variant to these two used in some places
- Re-acordar -> Start to remember something again.
If used on the sense of "remembering" like in ¿oye, te acuerdas de esa película?, The question implies that both persons where together watching the movie, while ¿oye, recuerdas esa película? the person could had seen the movie at a different time (not with the person that ask the question). Although This is not a rule, and may not be correct in all countries.
Without been an expert I will say that personally, I will use one instead on the other depending on the case (formal or informal).
To answer your question correctly I will say that the use depends quite a lot on the region/country and unfortunately there in no rule that can be successfully applied to all countries (since the use of the word or meaning given in some countries may differ from the sense or meaning of the word given by others in other countries).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm interested if there are studies dealing with text understanding and POS (part of speech) coloring, or coloring syntactic/semantic information. The studies should solve the questions like:
 - Which combination of colors improve/deteriorate understanding and reading of texts?
 - How many colors should be in the scheme for positive/negative effects on reading and understanding of text? Which POSs should be preferably colored?
 - Are there types of people who are more efficient with/without coloring?
I believe that a few colors with good combination could be beneficial. Has somebody conducted research to test the effect of highlighting on reading comprehension?
An example:
sytactically colored text
On this text you can see that many colors that don't go together can make the reading process even worse and distracting. Can this be changed to improve the reading process, instead?
A few events inspired me in the following order:
 1. I started learning Chinese and their characters seem to have positive effect on my comprehension.
 2. I've read a NL (natural language) article in English in a programming editor. I was used to colors for various programming languages.
 3. I searched the Internet and found the article A case against syntax highlighting but don't agree with all the author's arguments or opinions. When you have only a few carefully chosen colors it's beneficial for programming so maybe could be for NL comprehension as well. A few colors could underline the basic thought and help to draw attention of the reader. When I read a scientific text for which I have not passion I'm often bored because don't know where it directs and colors and images help me a lot to concentrate and skimming over the basic thoughts could help with decision if it has sense to read it at all. This does not hold for fiction and poetry where we read for pleasure rather than getting information.
share|improve this question
Just curious, can you give me a little background about this question? What makes you ask it? I've never heard of any research addressing the topic. – Andy DeSoto Apr 3 '12 at 21:37
I'd like to know as well. I've heard of some syntax highlighting in educational context but nothing nearly as significant as in this example – Ben Brocka Apr 3 '12 at 23:32
I've heard of syntax highlighting for IDEs, that seems to help a lot for programmers (at least for me), I would not be surprised if similar things would help for general reading. – Artem Kaznatcheev Apr 4 '12 at 0:03
The way I set up Visual Studio, every color has an associated semantic. E.g. yellowish for const and value types,... I feel it helps me a lot to understand the code quicker at a glance. _USER_, thank you for the link on which you based your question. Please include that from the start next time. You have to reference that image you added either way. I for one don't agree with the article and don't see it backs itself up in any way. – Steven Jeuris Apr 4 '12 at 9:24
Could be of interest: it is possible to acquire pseudo-synesthesia by reading text with colored letters – Artem Kaznatcheev Jul 8 '12 at 1:35
2 Answers 2
up vote 13 down vote accepted
I can speak to this question somewhat from a cognitive psychology standpoint. We memory researchers would think of text highlighting like this in terms of distinctiveness. (An article by McDaniel and Bugg (2008) may shed some light.) Simply put, highlighting a word in a different color than the rest of the text draws what we call item-specific processing towards that word. You'll have a better memory for it, for sure -- and maybe this ties into goals more relevant when writing code.
Increasing item-specific processing, however, comes with a cost: It detracts from organizational processing, which is involved with interrelating sentence (or code) elements, memory for order, and so forth.
Also note that the more items that are made distinctive, the less of a benefit making an additional item distinctive provides (e.g., if words are multicolored already, making a new word red or green doesn't really do anything to the distinctiveness of that word).
So when you use a lot of different highlighting colors, like in the example image, two things are happening: (1) too much distinctiveness is being used, washing out benefits from distinctiveness; and (2) increasing item-specific processing for individual items damages memory and processing for the structure. In essence, the example given is the worst of both worlds.
To answer your question, it might make sense to only use highlighting (or colors, fonts, etc.) to highlight key points, etc.; much like what we already do in writing for the web. Like anyone who highlights a textbook knows, it doesn't do any good to highlight an entire chapter.
share|improve this answer
Thank you. I was thinking about highlighting only noun and verb in each sentence which could be according to your scientific view yet OK. btw. the article from 2008 is this one? – xralf Apr 4 '12 at 17:23
Yes, that's the article! – Andy DeSoto Apr 4 '12 at 17:25
According to this study, layout and color can be used to improve text readability. You can take a look online at text formatted in this manner here.
share|improve this answer
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In this example you will learn how to check if a number is prime or composite in R Programming. You will also print a list of prime numbers from 2 to a given number.
A prime number is defined as any positive number which is only divisible by 1 and itself. Any number which is not prime is called composite. 1 is considered as neither prime nor composite. Example of prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,.....
If you are an absolute beginner in R and want to learn R for data analysis or data science from R experts I will strongly suggest you to see this R for Absolute Beginners Course
If you want to check if a number is prime or not, simply see its factors. If it has only two factors, i.e 1 and the number itself then it is a prime number.
Check if 10 is a prime number. The factors of 10 are 1,2,5,10. Hence it is not a prime number
Check if 17 is a prime number. The factors of 17 are 1,17. Hence it is a prime number.
To find if a number is prime or not, we define a function isprime.
In this example the function isprime() checks if a number is prime. First a variable lim is created which is half of the original number. It is to cut iteration of for loop in to half as there are no more factors possible after half of a number. The variable prime contains T or TRUE initially, and if the number is not prime, it will be changed into F.


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Solar wind pulses help blow away martian atmosphere
Scientists found that Mars' atmosphere does not drift away at a steady pace; instead, atmospheric escape occurs in bursts.
Provided by the American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
March 11, 2010
Mars is constantly losing parts of its atmosphere to space. The processes driving that loss of atmosphere are not understood completely. A new study shows that pressure from solar wind pulses is a significant contributor to Mars' atmospheric escape.
N. J. T. Edberg, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, and Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden, and other scientists analyzed solar wind data and satellite observations that track the flux of heavy ions leaving Mars' atmosphere. The scientists found that Mars' atmosphere does not drift away at a steady pace; instead, atmospheric escape occurs in bursts.
The researchers relate those bursts of atmospheric loss to solar events known as corotating interaction regions (CIRs). CIRs form when regions of fast solar wind encounter slower solar wind, creating a high-pressure pulse. When these CIR pulses pass by Mars, they can drive away particles from Mars' atmosphere. The scientists found that during times when these CIRs occurred, the outflow of atmospheric particles from Mars was about 2.5 times the outflow when these events were not occurring. Furthermore, about one third of the material lost from Mars into space is lost during CIRs. The study should help scientists better understand the evolution of Mars' atmosphere.


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Creating simple Art Brushes in Illustrator
2008 at 02.12 pm posted by Veerle Pieters
Ever wondered how to create those popular, but elegant tapered lines? Or just simple lines that go from very thin to tick and back to thin? If you create an Art Brush for this, you've really done half the job already. So the good news is, it's easy and it's fast.
Create an Art Brush
- Select the the Circle Tool in the Toolbox
- Draw a circle
- Select the Direct Selection Tool (white arrow)
- Click the bottom point of the circle and drag it vertically down holding down the shift key (see screenshot)
- Select the object using the Selection Tool (black arrow)
- Drag the object in the Brushes palette (go to Windows > Brushes in case you don't see the palette on your screen)
- Select Art Brush in the window
Draw the arc/bow
- Double click the Arc tool in the Toolbox (under the Line Tool) if the Pen tool isn't your favorite tool
- Use Y-axis
- Click drag to draw a bow
- Select the new brush in the Brushes palette
- Adjust the Stroke width if needed
- Expand the object : Object > Expand Appearance
- It's now a fill, but there is still a stroke inside the shape
- Go to Outline mode (command/control + y)
- Delete the stroke using the Direct Selection tool (white arrow)
- Now you can fill the line with a gradient if you wish to
- You can duplicate, flip, scale this line etc. to have a combination of lines
My set of simple brushes
Here is my set of 3 simple brushes:
In case you're interested, you can download VeerlesArtBrushes.ai.zip
This article was inspired by Simeon Griggs from Rimfya.
Want to learn more?
A good and not expensive source to learn more about Illustrator, Photoshop, or web design is by joining the Tuts+ sites. You get access to the source files for just $9 a month. So your ONE membership gives you access to members-only content for ALL the Plus sites. I've written a tutorial for the Vector Tuts section.


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Tuesday 21 May
Banggai crow (Corvus unicolor)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Banggai crow fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Banggai crow description
This medium-sized crow is entirely black with a light iris and relatively short tail. The slender-billed crow (Corvus enca) is very similar to the Banggai crow, but can be distinguished by its larger overall size, bigger bill and proportionately longer tail (2).
- Length: 39 cm (2)
Banggai crow biology
No information exists on the social, reproductive or feeding behaviour of the Banggai crow (4).Top
Banggai crow range
Visits to the Banggai islands in 1981, 1991 and 1996 yielded no definite records of this species, but observations of black crows on Banggai Island in 1981, and a small crow seen at the western end of Peleng Island (within Banggai archipelago) in 1991 gave hope that the species still occurred (4). This hope was fulfilled when, in 2007, further surveys of Peleng Island successfully located two specimens of Banggai crow (5).Top
Banggai crow habitat
The Banggai crow occupies montane forest (5).Top
Banggai crow status
The Banggai crow is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Banggai crow threats
Based on the small number of records for this species, and the rapid rates of habitat loss within its range, the Banggai crow is likely to have only a very small population (2). Unfortunately, it remains hunted by local residents of Peleng Island (5).
In addition, extensive deforestation threatens to claim the last remaining areas of this species' habitat (2) (3) (4). The Banggai crow may also be affected by competition with the slender-billed crow (C. enca) (3).Top
Banggai crow conservation
Following its rediscovery, conservation efforts are being undertaken to protect the Banggai crow and its forest habitat, promoting sustainable agriculture, and possibly eco-tourism, as well as educating local people about the bird's plight (2) (5).
Along with these efforts, further surveys and the establishment of a protected area are necessary to ensure that the Banggai crow is not lost again (2).Top
Find out more
For further information on the Banggai crow see:
- BirdLife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
IUCN Red List (October, 2009)
BirdLife International (October, 2009)
Oriental Bird Club (October, 2009)
- BirdLife International. (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
Wildlife Extra (October, 2009)
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Unlocking Growth: Exploring the Dynamics and Benefits of Venture Debt Financing for Innovative Startups and Emerging Businesses
Venture debt financing is the best solution for startups looking to get funding in today's competitive economic environment.
While equity financing and traditional business loans have been the fundamental sources of startup funding, this solution offers an alternative financing mechanism that doesn't require a steady flow of income or a good credit score.
Based on the data, an average startup's venture debt is:
Venture debt is a specially designed financial tool for high-growth startups and fintech software development companies that consider their unique situation and needs. Traditional loans focus on a company's financial health, but venture debt is all about a startup's growth and the support from venture capitalists (VCs).
Ever wondered why? It's because venture debt depends on the trajectory of your startup and the backing it gets from VCs. So, it's not just about the numbers; it's about the journey and the investors cheering you on.
Read on to learn about venture debt financing and decide whether it's right for your startup.
Venture debt is a kind of debt funding for startups with venture capital backing and high-growth potential. It is used by startups between equity rounds or to supplement equity financing.
Did you know that the structure of venture debt financing can vary across different models? It's interesting to note that, generally, it takes the form of a term loan involving interest payments and warrants. Let's explore these unique features and understand how they contribute to the dynamics of venture debt financing models.
Venture debt is secured against equity warrants, future revenues, or the startup's intellectual property. As a result, it's a more accessible choice for startups and small businesses that might not have a proven track record of generating revenue or valuable assets.
Notably, the lenders consider venture capital a source of validation and the primary criteria for venture debt financing.
With the immense costs of starting a company, startups are always concerned with financing their venture's growth. While traditional financing is an option, they often find it difficult to meet its rigid terms and conditions – turning towards equity investors instead.
However, founders aren't always able to give up more ownership of their company, which is where venture debt financing comes to the scene. The various features of venture debt financing that benefit new-age businesses include:
Like venture capital, venture debt financing offers a revenue boost to a startup to accelerate its growth and expand operating runaway. However, there are also some important differences between both.
Understanding them is a must to develop a proper capital structure for your company. Let's explore the three key differences between venture capital and venture debt.
A point to note, however, is that venture debt often includes a nominal warrant position, which can impact ownership of a company if exercised.
Venture debt is a powerful financial instrument for early-stage businesses, but it's not a one-size-fits-all solution. The decision to choose venture debt should be taken after carefully evaluating the startup's unique situation, financial position, and growth goals alongside the venture debt lender.
To be on the safe side, make sure to keep these points in mind when opting for venture debt financing:
Before looking for venture lenders, examine your startup's cash flow vs profit, existing liabilities, and burn rate. A healthy financial position means your company can manage additional debt and related interest. But if your startup is already facing liabilities or has a high burn rate, taking venture debt might be the wrong choice.
Furthermore, understand the pros and cons of venture debt before making any decision.
Once you've decided to opt for venture debt, identify reputable venture debt lenders that cater to companies in your industry or during your growth stage. Venture lenders can comprise venture debt firms, specialized banks, or other financial institutions. You can also explore some of the best finance apps to secure venture debt for your business.
While they may not have a stay in your business, venture lenders are still a valuable asset to your company. Good lenders can provide valuable support to startups. This includes specialized financial advice, insights into your industry, investment and payment solutions. Additionally, they offer networking assistance, complementing the support provided by your investors. So, choose the right venture debt lender for your startup success.
Once you've shortlisted some potential venture lenders, contact them to understand their terms, interest rates, and other conditions. Familiarize yourself with their approval process to determine how they get their deals done.
Also, after your initial assessment is done and you have made a choice by selecting a lender, try to negotiate the loan terms. This will include the interest rate, the principal amount, loan repayment tenure, and any equity warrants or other conditions.
When the terms are agreed upon, both parties sign a formal agreement, after which the loan amount is sanctioned.
When meeting a potential lender and agreeing to its terms, an important point to consider is involving an experienced legal firm in venture debt. Venture debt comes with tricky terms and conditions. Lenders have a robust set of legal remedies they can use to assess their rights and recover every penny they invested.
For instance, certain differences in the types of defaults might trigger the loan to be immediately due. Here, an experienced counsel will help protect the startup and ensure it is safely positioned when things go wrong. They can also guide them through the terms and conditions of venture debt, helping them make an informed choice.
Sometimes, venture debt lenders have complained that startups didn't openly share their business situations. They did not provide essential information such as their cash burn or the loss of a significant contract. It's important to note that hiding from your lender will not help your startup.
In fact, withholding information can hamper your reputation and push lenders to apply assertive actions to recover the loan amount.
Because there are ways to restructure debt, it is essential for a company's benefit to treat its lenders fairly. Also, since most venture debt lenders act as strategic partners offering the right advice to boost growth and capital, it's best to be on their good side for startups.
Venture debt lenders perform a critical assessment of the company before deciding whether to provide financing or not. They consider certain
important parameters related to the startup and its industry to arrive at a decision. These include:
Some business-related parameters venture lenders check for include:
In addition to business, the lenders also give equal importance to operation parameters such as:
Most lenders also check the recent equity raise of the startup. As such, the company must have an existing cash runway, which should be more than 12 months before reaching out to a venture debt lender. The ideal time to opt for venture debt is after the venture capital equity is raised.
Venture debt is a powerful tool for a startup to accelerate performance and improve business revenue. It has many benefits and offers a less dilutive way to acquire capital and achieve milestones. Additionally, venture debt allows the company to use the amount for various business needs, including purchasing equipment, working capital, or hiring new employees.
However, accessing venture debt is not without risks. As a result, companies must be realistic and carefully consider their options and potential risks and rewards of venture debt before making any decision.


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Today's Video of the Day from Queensland University of Technology describes how pumice helped solve the mystery of what killed millions of shearwater birds in 2013.
The team found evidence that migrating seabirds are eating materials that are not even food, including pumice stones, because they are starving.
Study lead author Dr. Lauren Roman is a researcher at Australia's national science agency CSIRO. She said there was much discussion in the scientific community about the causes of mass mortality of seabirds which are often found with plastic and other non-food items in their stomach.
"We found that in the instance of the shearwater bird deaths in 2013, these birds were starving, and in their starved state had reduced prey discrimination," said Dr. Roman.
"Our study investigates the chicken-and-egg dilemma – do animals starve from eating non-food or do animals eat non-food because they are starving?""
Seabirds are indicator species that can be used to monitor the health of marine ecosystems. Mass mortalities are often indicative of changing food webs and ecological conditions.
The study was focused on short-tailed shearwaters, which migrate from Australia to the North Pacific in April and return late in the year. Among 172 deceased seabirds that were recovered from the New South Wales and Queensland, 96.7 percent had ingested pumice or plastic.
The researchers used satellite systems to track the 2013 shearwater migration and compared the data to locations of a large pumice raft produced by a large volcanic eruption north of New Zealand in 2012.
"We proposed that a short time period between non-food ingestion and death would indicate that birds were already starving at the time of non-food ingestion, and a starving state would be reflected by poor body condition and reduced muscle mass," explained study co-author Professor Scott Bryan, who has been studying pumice rafts for over 20 years.
"Death after a longer period would indicate that birds starved following ingestion of non-food."
Professor Bryan said detailed information about the route of the pumice raft was an integral part to determining the answer of where the birds had consumed the pumice.
"We combined the tracking information data of the short-tailed shearwaters, using location tags on migrating birds, and the geological signature of the ingested pumice."
"By October 2013 when the shearwaters were returning to Australia on their annual migration from the North Pacific, the floating pumice was now located along their flight path as they approached Australia."
Once the experts had established when the birds ate the pumice, and their physical condition at the time, they were able to conclude that the birds were already starving when they ate the pumice. Furthermore, the study revealed that the seabirds had ingested the pumice about 12 to 41 hours before death.
"With a projected increase in challenging times for wildlife because of threats such as climate change, marine pollution and over exploitation of resources, this study has implications for mass mortalities and exacerbation of existing threats to marine species," said Dr. Roman.
Video Credit: Queensland University of Technology


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In Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451, Captain Beatty quotes history, scripture, poetry, and philosophy. He is obviously a well-read man. Why hasn't he been punished and why does he view the book he read with such contempt?
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In Ray Bradbury's 1953 classic Fahrenheit 451, Captain Beatty is indeed a literate and well-educated man. He has clearly read, and read widely. Yet, he is completely committed to his mission of ferreting out and burning every book his department can find. The seminal passages in Fahrenheit 451 occur in the scene in which Captain Beatty visits Montag at the latter's home. It is a routine managerial practice – that of checking up on firemen who call in sick, usually a sign of increasing mental exhaustion and confusion regarding the nature of the mission – but provides an opportunity for a heart-to-heart discussion of that mission and how it evolved.
Insights into Captain Beatty's personality and history come with surprising lucidity, as in this surprising statement:
"'We shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out,"' said Beatty. Stoneman glanced over at the Captain, as did Montag, startled. Beatty rubbed his chin. "A man named Latimer said that to a man named Nicholas Ridley, as they were being burnt alive at Oxford, for heresy, on October 16, 1555." Montag and Stoneman went back to looking at the street as it moved under the engine wheels. "I'm full of bits and pieces," said Beatty. "Most fire captains have to be."
Note the final comment: "Most fire captains have to be." Beatty is enlightening Montag as to the requirements of the job of supervision in a task with an apparent history of creating the occasional doubter regarding the appropriateness of book-burning. The captains understand that, at some point, a fireman will begin to question the mission, and his supervisor must be prepared to explain the history behind the government-sanctioned burning of libraries.
The question of why books are burned is more abstract, and a great deal more of an indictment of civilization on the part of Bradbury. During his lecture to Montag on why book-burning became official government policy, he emphasizes what one could today refer to as the "dumbing-down" of society – brevity has replaced prose and context; readers are demanding instant gratification and lack the discipline and tenacity needed to actually read an entire book. Ideas are boiled down and diversity is weeded out. Beatty describes the evolution:
"You always dread the unfamiliar. Surely you remember the boy in your own school class who was exceptionally 'bright,' did most of the reciting and answering while the others sat like so many leaden idols, hating him. And wasn't it this bright boy you selected for beatings and tortures after hours? Of course it was. We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the Constitution says, but everyone made equal. Each man the image of every other... So! A book is a loaded gun in the house next door. Burn it... when houses were finally fireproofed completely, all over the world... there was no longer need of firemen for the old purposes. They were given the new job, as custodians of our peace of mind, the focus of our understandable and rightful dread of being inferior; official censors, judges, and executors."
Books are burned because they contain information the accumulated knowledge from which creates diversity, which, to the government, creates adversity.
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Monday, April 23, 2012
FRAY JUAN DE PADILLA IS RECOGNIZED AS THE FIRST CATHOLIC MARTYR IN UNITED STATES' HISTORY
PADILLA, JUAN DE (?–1544).
Fray Juan de Padilla came to the New World from his native Andalucia in Spain, where he had been a soldier before joining the Franciscan order. The exact date of his arrival is not known, but his signature did appear on a letter from the New World dated October 19, 1529. He was among the friars selected to sail from Tehuantepec to the Orient as part of an expedition organized by Hernando Cortés, but the ships proved unseaworthy.
Subsequently, Padilla labored among the Indians at Ponzitlán and Tuchpán. Some sources record him as being at Matatlan and Hueytlapa missions at Tulancingo and at Zapotlán in Jalisco in 1531–32. Padilla was one of the two ordained priests chosen to accompany Fray Marcos de Niza on the Coronado expedition in 1540. After Coronado's capture of Cíbola (or Háwikuh), the westernmost Zuñi pueblo, in July, Padilla, in the company of Pedro de Tovar, visited the Moqui (Hopi) villages in Arizona.
In August he accompanied the advance guard under Capt. Hernando de Alvarado to the Cicuye (Pecos) and Taos pueblos and the buffalo plains beyond. Padilla was among the select party that journeyed in 1541 with Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to Quivira, the Wichita village in present Kansas.
Among other things, he reportedly conducted a service of thanksgiving in Palo Duro Canyon. When the disillusioned Coronado declared his intention to return to New Spain in the spring of 1542, Padilla chose to remain in New Mexico and return to Quivira to continue missionary efforts among the plains tribes.
With him were two lay brothers, Luis de Escalona and Juan de la Cruz, who worked in the New Mexico pueblos and reportedly were martyred. Three blacks, one of whom was accompanied by his family; a Portuguese soldier named Andrés do Campo; and several Indian converts from the monastery of Zapotlán likewise volunteered to remain with Padilla. Leaving Escalona at Cicuye, Padilla and his companions set out for the buffalo plains.
Some accounts claim that they followed the Canadian River as far as the area of present Hutchinson and Roberts counties before turning north to Quivira, where they were warmly received by the natives. After working in the area about two years, Padilla, do Campo, and two Tarascan mission Indians named Lucas and Sebastián sought to expand their ministry to neighboring tribes in unexplored territory.
About November 30, 1544, at a little more than a day's journey from their home base, they were suddenly set upon by a war party of enemy tribesmen. Urging his companions to flee, the account goes, the friar knelt and deliberately sacrificed himself to "the arrows of those barbarous Indians, who threw him into a pit, covering his body with innumerable stones."
Campo and the two Tarascans were allegedly held captive by the Indians, but later escaped. Afterwards they made their way south to Pánuco, Mexico, and reported the incident. The actual location of Padilla's death is disputed, as are certain details surrounding the episode, such as who was really with him.
However, he had been revered by Texans as the first Christian martyr of Texas, and possibly of the United States. In 1936 a monument commemorating the martyrdom of Juan de Padilla was erected jointly by the state of Texas and the Knights of Columbus in Amarillo's Ellwood Park.
Herbert Eugene Bolton, Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York:Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1949). Carlos E. Castañeda, Our Catholic Heritage in Texas (7 vols., Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1936–58; rpt., New York: Arno, 1976). Angelico Chávez, Coronado's Friars (s: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1968). Dianna Everett, ed., Coronado and the Myth of Quivira (Canyon, Texas: Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, 1985). Charles W. Hackett, ed., Pichardo's Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas (4 vols., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1931–46). George P. Hammond and Agapito Rey, eds. and trans., Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940). Frederick Webb Hodge and Theodore H. Lewis, eds., Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, 1528–1543 (New York: Scribner, 1907; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1984). Harold Schoen, comp., Monuments Erected by the State of Texas to Commemorate the Centenary of Texas Independence (Austin: Commission of Control for Texas Centennial Celebrations, 1938).
Posted by Eileen at 11:29 PM


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Background: The objective of this study was to establish a prospective population-based cohort to investigate the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.
Methods: The Olmsted County, Minn., population, aged 70-89 years on October 1, 2004, was enumerated using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Eligible subjects were randomly selected and invited to participate. Participants underwent a comprehensive in-person evaluation including the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, a neurological evaluation and neuropsychological testing. A consensus diagnosis of normal cognition, MCI or dementia was made by a panel using previously published criteria. A subsample of subjects was studied via telephone interview.
Results: Four hundred and two subjects with dementia were identified from a detailed review of their medical records but were not contacted. At baseline, we successfully evaluated 703 women aged 70-79 years, 769 women aged 80-89 years, 730 men aged 70-79 years and 517 men aged 80-89 years (total n = 2,719). Among the participants, 2,050 subjects were evaluated in person and 669 via telephone.
Conclusions: Strengths of the study are that the subjects were randomly selected from a defined population, the majority of the subjects were examined in person, and MCI was defined using published criteria. Here, we report the design and sampling, participation, baseline measures and sample characteristics.
(c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.


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I need to isolate a word that starts with a hashtag (#) from a string of user input. For example if the user enters "Hi how _TAG_ you today" i need the program to print out "_TAG_".
My thought process was to try to isolate the substring from the index of the # to the next space, but I do not know how to get it to recognize the index of the next space instead of just the first space in the string. So my code for this action looks a little like this right now:
tweet = keyboard.nextLine();
int pos = tweet.indexOf("#");
String hashtag = tweet.substring(pos, " ");
System.out.println("Hashtag: " + hashtag);
ANY advice would be helpful. Also I have not learned about loops or arrays yet so if there is anyway to do this without them that would be great!


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Trans World
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The Sundered
The Sundar family name was one spoken with honor and reverence. None were ever spoke ill of, and should a question arise of their honor and integrity it was quickly set right by those who knew them. Now they are a fallen noble family of disgraced knights who are fearless, emotionless, and uncaring for anything other than own survival and vengence.
Name of Guild: The Sundered
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The Sundar family name was one spoken with honor and reverence. None were ever spoke ill of, and should a question arise of their honor and integrity it was quickly set right by those who knew them. The family never stepped in on incidents such as this, never fearing for their family name or honor as it was a pure as fresh snow. The family Sundar was well known throughout the kingdoms of old, having the finest Lord Knights who were respected by even their commoners as they took their account into their duties. When the call to arms was raised, the Knights of Sundar raised their banners and rode with all haste to the defense of their lands and king long before others. All in all, there were five hundred knights anointed by the Sundar family, and each one wore their family crest with honor. They were skilled in horsemanship and war craft, but only in the defense of their peoples. Lords from around the kingdoms sent their squires and young knights to attend them in their homes and in their lands for tutelage in the ways of lordship, knight ship, and etiquette. It was a great honor indeed when the king sent his own sons to the lands of Sundar to train with the best of his honor knights.
Many enemies were made by the knights of Sundar, which they apologized greatly for this. They knew that certain outlying countries did not like them or their family, both for their skill on the battlefield and for their name as it was thrust into their faces when possible about how the Sundar family were non-corruptible. This changed eventually, and it was not a subtle event but one that crashed down on the heads of those who held them in such high regard.
When the kings' sons came to the lands of Sundar they were instructed to listen and obey the lords and masters there, regardless of the fact that they were princes to the kingdom, they must still show respect for their teachers. But they had other plans, as did the enemies of the Sundar family. It is not really clear as to the entire events of what transpired when the princes arrived as history has laid blame on the once honored family for responsibility of what transpired.
The clear thing known is that the princes were murdered while under the care of the Knights of Sundar. The little bit that has been uncovered is that the princes had an affair with Duke Sundar's wife and that they were both summarily executed for their actions. Pleas from their father the king fell on deaf ears as his two sons were slaughtered in the way of adulterers in the land of the King. Slit from foot to face and hip to hip and forced to watch each other as their insides fell out from their own brother while theirs did the same. Because of their actions, all of the Sundar family was summarily hunted down for their rash acts against the flesh of the king. Murdering his sons and not consulting their king for options was beyond him. He sought retribution and demanded the price be the entire Sundar family line. They were hunted down by friends and foes alike; everyone took up the king's call to arms against the fallen family.
No one was spared that was found. No age was safe and no lineage was protected. Babe or grandmother, squire or duke; all were hunted down to near extinction. According to the historical records they were hunted down till their name was just a whisper on the wind of time. The Sundar family lands were seized by the king and given to those who sought the vengeance of the king personally. Many new families were raised when the smoke cleared and the Sundar family was no more.
The truth is only known to those accused, and of course no one is listening to them. The boys were not murdered by the Sundar family; they were not murdered at all. The eldest, wishing to break free from his fathers' heavy fisted rule over the family sought alternatives. He contacted outside help and had his brother taken, with the intent of holding them for a fortune in ransom and taking the money and having their own life. But when those they contacted knew who and what they had, plans changed. The youngest brother was killed and dropped off on the steps of the kings very own palace; while a note led him to believe that the Sundar had murdered both his sons and that his eldest was sent as a sign of respect.
The king did just what they expected him to do, he sought vengeance. He sent every knight he had under his command and called to all his vassals to hunt down the Sundar family. When no more profit was in for the other son, he was also murdered and dropped at the feet of the king by one of his closest vassals with tales of horror at what they had found at the hands of the Sundar family. What history failed to dictate is that the Sundar family was not destroyed to the last but survived by at least half. They fled to the outlying mountains and took stock of their new world.
The women and children were sent throughout the kingdoms to live new lives, and help their men in times of need. Their sons were sent to them at their training age so that they might join the ranks of their fathers. The women were later married to rich merchants and nobles alike to infiltrate the lost Sundar family into the bloodlines of those who brought about steel and ash into their lives. The sons of these marriages were sent to their mothers families for half the year to be close to their family, but they were sent to train with their fallen kin to wait in the shadows and rise up when the time deserved to unseat their unjust rulers. And indeed they did.
Multiple generations passed and the heads of the forgotten family of Sundar began working their trade. They began hiring out their skills in the dark of night to those who wished certain individuals were taken care of. When their skill and talents at removing nobles in line of succession to the crown was no longer a secret they began hunting in earnest, but for a cost. While they took the coin of those that hired them to kill the nobles and the rich, they did so out of pleasure than profit. The coins supplied their vast family with continued funds.
Over three kingdoms they waged this silent war against the rich and powerful, anyone who hired them to remove a successor was given the satisfaction that they would be one step closer with the death of a rival. But this came at a price as well. While these deaths were common place they were widespread and not isolated so a pattern was never found. But anyone who was responsible for the family of Sundar to come under the sword was a mark. One could hire their services today to kill a cousin, only to be killed themselves a month or two later by an uncle or brother. No one was safe from their wrath, and they were paid for doing it by the very people they killed and loathed.
They continue this practice to this day, nearly two centuries later. They have not made it into a mass spree of genocide and murder off entire families as theirs was done but they take each family apart a member at a time, for a hearty price. They will never take a job that will murder a member of their own blood; instead they will kidnap them and bring them into their service. If they will not join the darkened light as they call it, they are claimed to not be of enough of a bloodline of the Sundar and are put to death with no remorse. They will also never accept a mark that is too young; children are never taken as a mark regardless of cost. However, they will sometimes accept a charge only to wait three or four years to have them removed when they are of acceptable age.
The once honorable Sundar family has gone into hiding after their denouncement of title and honor. They have gone into the shadows and have infiltrated many noble families in the past two centuries of their supposed annihilation. They have put down the bright sword of honor and taken up the dark blade of revenge and vengeance. Their skill in warfare has led them to great success in murdering all the families involved in their downfall. While they were once paid homage for their honor, integrity, and skill; they are now paid coins and a feared respect for their brutal services.
They were founded by the surviving members of the Sundar family, sent into hiding or fall to the relentless blades of their enemies. Ever vassal of the king took up his call to lay waste to the family of Sundar and their once ethical and code of honor was shattered in this murderous venture of the same king they once protected with their lives without question. This is what turned them more so than their enemies attacking them, that they could respect on a military front, however, their beloved king raising his war banner and marching on their lands with the intent of murdering every last one. That was the eclipse that darkened their sky.
They had bid their time and had their men hide in the mountains and endless plains while their women set


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Evaluating long term outcomes for students with learning disabilities : does age of first services matter?
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Within the last few decades there has been a push in the field of learning disabilities to identify students who have or who are at risk for learning disabilities as early as possible. Little to no research has been conducted on the long-term effects of age of first service provision for students with learning disabilities, however. Using multiple regression, this study will analyze data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS-2) to investigate the potential effects of age of first service provision on high school educational achievement and educational attainment in order to better understand the longer-term effects of the age of identification and age of intervention for students with learning disabilities.


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A Discourse Analysis of Chinese Disagreement Management Strategies in Business Negotiation Settings [electronic resource]
Abstract (Summary)This dissertation investigates strategies of native Mandarin Chinese speakers in disagreement management at business negotiation settings by examining linguistic and non-linguistic resources recurrently utilized by the participants in this study. A principal concern is how cultural and contextual factors contribute to the formation and interpretation of the strategies.The present study is intended to provide Western audiences with practical information about Chinese tactics in their disagreement management particularly at business settings. The ultimate goal of this study is to enhance intercultural communication and understanding. Under the guidance of the theoretical and methodological principles of interactional sociolinguistic approaches, I observed and filmed seven live Chinese business negotiation meetings and conducted three post-interviews with key participants at three Chinese cities. The treatment of the data includes transcribing the set of the data, identifying the instances containing the strategies, and analyzing patterned strategies with the qualitative method. In this study, I argue that the preference for agreement is situational specific. The findings indicate Chinese people are conscious of their opponent's face, but business interest outweighs face politeness. The study shows that business interest and power/personal relationships are major factors in the participant's choice of disagreement management strategies.
School:The University of Arizona
School Location:USA - Arizona
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:


Banff grizzly spotted eating another grizzly
The discovery of a grizzly bear eating another bruin of its kind in Banff National Park could signal tough times for the animals, said a federal official.
On Oct. 29, Parks Canada staff were checking on a GPS collar that had fallen off Grizzly No. 136, rubbed off on a small tree.
What they found at the site at Mystic Pass was the nearly fully eaten carcass of another grizzly -- apparently a meal for bear 136, said Steve Michel, a human-wildlife conflict specialist.
It's not clear if the smaller bear was killed by the 225-kg. No. 136, said Michel.
"Its remains were fully consumed, all we know is another grizzly bear fed on him," he said.
It's possible a poor buffalo berry crop in the park this summer led to the cannibalistic behaviour.
"That's particularly so if it was a predatory event," said Michel.
A graver consequence of that small crop might not be felt until the spring, added Michel.
"The bigger impact would be on cub production," he said.
"It underscores how difficult it is to make a living as a bear and how vulnerable a population it is."
Bears eating other bruins is not unheard of, he noted.
In August 2013, notorious grizzly bear No. 122 was found eating a black bear in Banff National Park.
Research using the GPS collars conducted by Parks Canada and the University of Alberta to gauge human impact on grizzly populations is now winding down.
One of its findings was that major forest fires had revitalized pockets of Banff and Kootenay National Parks, resulting in bumper crops of buffalo berries far from human threats of trains and roads.
"Grizzly bears congregated there, it's a good thing," he said.
The grizzly population in and around Banff National Park has likely decreased slightly in recent years, to about 65, said Michel.
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This Week in Flyers


To know what there is, when you are not', is a video installation consisting of an abstract science-fiction art work that is based on the philosophical direction 'speculative materialism'. The exhibition title is inspired by a presentation by the French philosopher Quentin Meillassoux. It was first presented at a conference in 2007 at Goldsmith College, London. Meillassoux tries in his presentation to explain a new philosophical direction, which he calls 'speculative materialism'. It goes against the so far autonomous philosophical direction 'correlationism' that claims that humans can not exist without the world, and the world can not exist without humans. In Meillassoux' view, this is a dishonest maneuver that allows philosophy to sidestep the problem of how to describe the world as it really is prior to all human existence.
The goal is to visualize the collision between the two philosophical directions, by imitating a portal in which the collision takes place. In science fiction film and literature a portal usually works as an opening to another time or another world. Most often visually portrayed as a circular 'gateway', with an undulating surface, you have to break to enter another world.
The collision between the two philosophies, 'correlationism' and 'speculative materialism', is metaphorically shown in the exhibition, by making use of a concept from the world of physics, called thin-film interference. It is the interference that occurs when light strikes a soap film and breaking the surface. In this meeting, creating a ripple effect, much like the aforementioned surface of a portal.


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Practicing Revolutionary Medicine in Cuba and Venezuela
Steve Brouwer. Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World's Conceptualization of Health Care. New York, Monthly Review Press, 2011. 245 pp. $18.95.
Revolutionary Doctors: How Venezuela and Cuba Are Changing the World's Conceptualization of Health Care
As Venezuela becomes the first country to reproduce the Cuban medical model on a massive scale, it is doing so in ways that are unique in both form and process. Steve Brouwer's Revolutionary Doctors is essential reading for anyone interested in the transformation of medical systems at a cost vastly less than in the US and other overdeveloped countries. Readers knowledgeable of developments in Cuba and Venezuela as well as those first learning about them can learn from Brouwer's insights into how medicine intertwines with national and international politics.
Revolutionary Doctors builds upon the growing body of information about medicine in Cuba. Some of the best recent writings include Linda Whiteford and Laurence Branch's Primary Health Care in Cuba (2008) and John Kirk and Michael Erisman's Cuban Medical Internationalism (2009). Together, the three works show how the Cuban model grew by responding to a series of contradictions.
The first was the enormous disparity in the quality of medical care between rich and poor, urban and rural, and light-skinned vs. dark-skinned Cubans that characterized the island in the 1950s. The revolutionary government immediately devoted itself to increasing the number of hospitals throughout the island.
Expansion of the access to medical care during the 1960s presented a new contradiction. The best medical care would be preventive rather than hospital-based reaction to disease. So the 1970s saw the introduction of polyclinics, which provided preventive care in the form of inoculations and education for 20,000-40,000 residents. (Brouwer points out that they now serve 40,000-60,000, p. 69.)
Cuba was probably the first country in the world to recognize that clinics, though invaluable, do not create the close contact between health professionals and patients that are essential for genuine preventive care. In the 1980s the Family Doctor Program began Basic Health Teams (BHTs), which are a doctor and nurse pair living at the small medical office, or consultorio, in the community they serve. The most revolutionary concept of Cuban medicine is family doctors being responsible for everyone in a defined geographical area.
Unlike the first three contradictions, that of the 1990s was 100% external in origin. The fall of the Soviet Union, the crash of the Cuban economy, and embargo bills that passed the US Congress left the island with much less energy, food, and medicine. Hardships were extreme: young men lost 25% of their caloric intake and nutritional deficits lead to 50,000 cases of optic neuropathy. But Cuba trained four times more doctors during this decade than it did during the 1970s. Amazingly, rates of infant mortality continued to fall (pp. 63-65). Polyclinics and consultorios had become so much a part of Cuban life that the island was able to weather the economic storm.
The fifth contradiction was Cuba's understanding that socialized medicine could not be realized in one country alone. Though international medical humanitarianism spanned 50 years of revolutionary change, it was the first decade of the 21st century when it grew by leaps and bounds, with international medical brigades responding to crises throughout the world and over 20,000 students from 100 countries coming to Cuba for free education to become doctors.
The Cuban concept of medicina general integral (MGI, comprehensive general medicine) defines the Family Doctor Program put into effect in the 1980s. Building close doctor-patient relationships means seeing patients in the morning at the consultorio and making home visits in the afternoon.
The Venezuelan Barrio Adentro (inside the neighborhood) program is likewise based on this concept of medical professionals living in the same communities as their patients. Its foundation was laid with the October 2000 agreement signed by Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez which included Venezuela's pledging oil and other goods and Cuba's providing human resources: teachers, agronomists, and medical professionals (p. 81). Though 17 of 24 million Venezuelans had no regular access to medical care when Chavez took office in 1998, in 2003 the first wave of 2000 Cuban doctors arrived to help extend care to every corner of the country. By 2009, 14,000 Cuban doctors had participated (p. 89).
Like the Cuban MGI model, the Venezuelan MIC program (medicina integral comunitaria, comprehensive community medicine) begins by recruiting thousands of students who go to medical school for six years. They observe doctor/patient interactions beginning with their first year. In addition to treating people in their communities, the MIC program trains doctors in village settings. Some Venezuelan students are mothers and Brouwer describes one who began medical school at 71 years of age (p. 131).
Barrio Adentro I began in 2003 with a massive expansion of neighborhood consultorios populares. In 2004, the Chavez government initiated Barrio Adentro II, which supported the mushrooming consultorios populares with a system of Clinicas Diagnosticas Integrales (CDIs, Comprehensive Diagnostic Clinics). CDIs have a variety of specialists, analytic equipment, and treatment alternatives not available at neighborhood settings (p. 87). The following year saw the introduction of Barrio Adentro III, which attempted to overhaul Venezuela's complex maze of hospital systems. In 2007, Barrio Adentro IV began the construction of specialty hospitals (p. 91).
One of the most striking differences between health care metamorphoses in Cuba and Venezuela is their time frames. Each major shift in Cuban medicine marked a decade. A year was devoted to corresponding modifications in Venezuela: 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2007 for initiating Barrio Adentro I-IV. Brouwer notes the inevitable conflicts and problems which accompanied such rapid transformation.
It is not surprising that a course which took decades to chart can be recreated much more rapidly. But it is not obvious that its stages may be reversed in the process of recreation. It took three decades for Cuban medicine to evolve from focusing on hospital care and polyclinics before hitting upon the MGI concept of the Basic Health Team. Once the Cubans realized that a doctor-nurse pair living in the community should be the cornerstone of community health, the Venezuelans used it as the beginning point of the Barrio Adentro program. After massive expansion of consultorios populares as their first step, the Venezuelans built more clinics to strengthen neighborhood health and then overhauled their hospital system — they modified their medical systems in an order opposite to what Cubans had done.
Of course, many other differences affected conversions of health systems in the two countries. With 11 million residents, Cuba has a much smaller population on an island which the US yearns to isolate. When the vast majority of naysayers departed from Cuba, it was able to develop a cohesive approach to health care. Venezuela, by contrast, has the continued presence of large anti-revolutionary forces using the media they control to issue shrill denunciations of any progressive change.
Despite these differences, there are many parallels between revolutionary medicine in Cuba and Venezuela, beginning with doctor-nurse teams living in areas served. As in countries throughout Latin America, established physicians were highly reluctant to practice medicine in poor barrios or rural areas. The revolutionary government needed to train thousands of doctors who would themselves go to areas most in need, as Che Guevara said, "immediately and with unreserved enthusiasm to help their brothers." The beginning point of revolutionary medicine is a new generation of doctors motivated by revolutionary consciousness. These doctors work, not to become wealthy, but because they find their efforts rewarding and meaningful for their patients' lives. This concept is empty rhetoric at corporate medical schools that churn out doctors who glare in hostility at physicians willing to live in impoverished communities.
Governments in both countries quickly increased spending on medicine in the poorest areas, resulting in rapid reductions in infant mortality and infectious diseases and increases in life expectancy. These improvements could only occur because Cuba and Venezuela realized that improving medical care presupposes simultaneous improvements in literacy, education, and housing.
US doctors not seeing patients until they are sick is symptomatic of "sickness-based" medicine. When Brouwer described statistical charts on the walls of a consultorio popular in Venezuela, I remembered the same types of charts I saw in a Havana consultorio. Charting behaviors that need to change reflects the "wellness-based" medicine of doctors who are familiar with their patients because they interact with them informally throughout the year (p. 97).
The US is now moving toward destruction of Medicare and programs which are essential for healthy living (such as Social Security), as international financial Scrooges continue to demand "austerity" approaches that sacrifice the health of entire nations on the alter of bank security. Brouwer describes an alternative in Venezuela which is truly revolutionary because patients are anything but passive recipients of a benevolent government:
Each neighborhood of 1,500 to 2,000 people that wanted a Cuban doctor to serve them was expected to organize a committee of 10 to 20 volunteers from the


vessel, a similar task in Bangladesh ports takes 2 or 3 days. Engman [13] cited a study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) [46] that Bangladesh's garment exports could earn 30% more if port inefficiencies such as poor management, corruptions and restricted port capacity were removed. As Wilson and Ostuki [35] discussed, these delays of documentation preparation are due to a lack of standard documentation system. They cited a study Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS) [47] to demonstrate that India‐Bangladesh border compliance needs at least 22 documents, more than 55 signatures and a minimum of 116 copies for final approval. This contributes to the South Asian trend to trade with developed countries, due to the low documentary requirements and transaction times, compared with neighbouring countries.
Regional integration depends on connectivity, efficiency and speed with which goods and services move from production centres to consumer markets [48]. Thus, transportation time and costs play a vital role. In addition to the inefficient and drawn out customs practices and poor facilitation at borders, inadequate road and transport infrastructure increase TTCs in South Asia. According to Figure 15, domestic transport involved in exports and imports in India is very expensive compared to other countries in the region. Further, landlocked countries show more expensive domestic trade transport. This may be a result of an overabundance rules and regulations imposed by neighbouring countries during the transhipment. Wilson and Ostuki [35] discussed the fact that the lack of current integrated transport networks poses a critical problem for landlocked countries, as improvements will increase cargo shipping costs.
Figure 15.
Domestic transport costs for exports and imports in South Asia. Source: Doing Business Report [42].
South Asia demonstrates a low level of port infrastructure efficiency. Wilson and Ostuki [35] have stated that the region can expect significant gains from improving ports infrastructure and reducing TTCs. Further, a lack of human resources, government standing practices and poor applications of information technology generate inefficiencies that lead to unnecessary transaction delays. These may also become more costly than tariff barriers. Figure 16 explains the LPI which compares South Asia with other developing countries, in terms of customs efficiency, infrastructure, ease of arranging shipments, quality of logistic service, tracking and tracing capabilities and timeliness. Better logistics performance is strongly correlated with trade of goods and services. Countries with a stronger logistics performance tend to be more accessible to trade and experience faster economic growth [49]. According to this index, South Asia recorded the lowest values after Sub‐Saharan Africa. The poor logistic performance in South Asia is due to poor infrastructure, high customs surcharges, congestions and excessive security checking due to political unrest (especially in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan border crossing).
Figure 16.
Logistic performance index in selected regions. Source: Trade Cost Database [43].
3.4.2. The relationship between Trade Facilitation and economic growth in South Asia
There is a strong relationship between TF and trade in South Asia. Trade is directly linked with economic growth. Economic growth is one of the key factors which can reduce poverty in the long run. A number of studies have found that TF has now become a crucial factor impeding trade, as most other trade barriers (tariff and non‐tariff) have been substantially removed.
There is an interrelationship between TF and trade volume and economic growth. Improved TF leads to increased trade volume and a larger trade volume motivates countries to introduce more efficient TF measures. The cost of TF implementation measures is very high and their real benefits are dependent on the volume of trade. Developed countries have more facilitated trade to cope with high volume of trade compared to developing countries. Table 5 shows that upper middle‐income countries perform more facilitated trade compared with low‐income countries, such as those of South Asia. This shows that higher‐income countries generally exhibit better TF, whereas low‐income countries experience poor facilitation.
No of documents
No of documents
Time to Exports (days)Time to Imports (days)Logistics Performance Index
Low income8._PHONE_.2446.782.32
Lower middle income7._PHONE_.4731.422.5
Upper middle income6._PHONE_.8123.612.76
South Asia8._PHONE_.0534.732.46
Table 5.
Trade Facilitation by income levels and South Asia.
Source: Based on UN ESCAP [51]
Empirical estimates revealed that the impact on economic development of improved TF in developing countries exceeds those of developed countries, as TF is positively correlated with per capita income. Further, higher income countries perform better than lower income countries, since they have better infrastructure, logistics and timeliness than developing countries [6, 9, 35, 50]. UN ESCAP [51] also found that improved TF is positively correlated with exports and per capita GDP.
Complicated trade procedures and strong regulatory requirements increase documentation processes required for trade transactions. However, in South Asia, insufficient customs and port‐handling procedures, poor use of information technology and transit barriers feature as major aspects of TF, causing additional TTCs. Border transaction costs in South Asia can be as much as 50% higher than the developing countries of East Asia and the Pacific. This worsens in landlocked countries, which recorded the greatest time taken for trade transactions due to border transit restrictions. Landlocked countries thus exhibit less regional and global trade connectivity, due to limited physical connectivity. This encourages informal trade which takes place via routes of greater distance such as Dubai and Singapore. This incurs higher TTCs both directly and indirectly.
Export‐oriented industries in South Asia thus must overcome inherent limitations, in order to compete in international markets. Resources are not always used efficiently in trade transactions. Due to a lack of transparency and reliability in regional trading systems, export products in South Asia are limited to a few commodities. More time‐sensitive product exports are not directed to long‐distance markets and/or not traded at all on international markets. Further, intra‐regional trade in South Asia itself is very limited and as a result the region tends to do more trading with developed countries. This has two negative consequences. Firstly, trade outside the region increases transportation costs, and secondly, the region has greater vulnerability to global economic recessions.
Consequently, poor TF impacts negatively on trade volumes of both exports and imports. Reducing international trade would increase unemployment, by restricting the development of a complete supply chain. Further, poor TF systems reduce government revenue received from trade taxes. Consumers face higher prices and producers suffer from a reduced comparative advantage. Overall, the economy would experience a slower or negative growth, maintaining and even increasing the persistence of poverty. Improved TF would lessen these problems and produce higher returns through faster deliveries and lower costs. It is clearly evident that there exists a positive relationship between TF and economic growth in South Asia. Thus, TF must emerge as the dominant force for enhancing economic growth.
It is further evident that trade restrictiveness is mainly due to poor TF and this has become a major concern of the second‐generation trade policy agenda. Recent trade research has shown the importance of eliminating TTCs through better TF, in that TF contributes effectively to overall economic development.
4. An overview of Trade Facilitation programmes in South Asia
Greater attention has been paid to TF policies in developing countries, which have mostly been unable to meet their trade expansion targets, despite trade liberalisation. Various TF initiatives have been implemented in South Asia under the umbrella of several institutions. Recently, WTO became the only multilateral institution to have implemented the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA). SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is South Asia's major body for regional cooperation and focuses on the promotion of TF measures within the region. Apart from these two major global and regional initiatives, there are several sub‐regional bodies which have implemented several TF programmes to promote regional trade.
4.1. WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
The World Bank is the leading multilateral organisation actively involved in promoting TF in developing countries. WTO TFA has been implemented in member countries with effect from February 2017. There are three main objectives to the agreement:
 1. Provisions for expediting the movement, release and clearance of goods
 2. Measures for effective cooperation between customs and other authorities
 3. Provisions for technical assistance and capacity building
TFA has three sections. Section I contains the provisions to clarify and improve the three articles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), that is, Articles V, VIII and X. Article V provides for the freedom of transit of members through fellow member territories. WTO members are permitted to use the most convenient routes through the territory of other members for transit. This shall not be subjected to traffic in transit and commitments, including no customs and transit duties or other charges imposed at the transit to ensure the elimination of unnecessary delays or restrictions. This provision also ensures that all essential charges are reasonable and Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment should be the governing principle for all charges imposed on traffic in transit. The provisions of Article VIII contain the fees and formalities applicable to importation and exportation. The implication here is to restrict members to levy fees and charges that represent solely the approximate costs of the service delivered. Fees and charges for importation and exportation should not incorporate indirect protections or fiscal benefits such as import taxation. Article VIII further ensures the imposing of reasonable penalties for breaching customs regulations or procedural requirements and a commitment to minimise import/export documentation. The major provisions of Article X relate to the publication and communication of trade regulations and demand the prompt publication of laws, regulations, judicial decisions and administrative rulings affecting imports and exports. This provision thus enables partner governments and traders to immediately access such rules and regulations. Members


text:
Trying to make mom and pop proud
- Rep Power
please grade my SAT essay
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
"For a variety of reasons, people often make choices that have negative results. Later, they regret these choices, finding out late the bad choices can be costly. On the other hand, decisions that seem completely reasonable when they are made may also be the cause of later disappointment and suffering. What looks like a wonderful idea at one time can later seem like the worst decision that could have been made. Good choice, too, can be costly."
Assignment: are bad choice and good choice equally likely to have negative consequences? Plan and write an essay in which your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.
Admittedly, under the circumstance that at a specific time your choice may approach your goal, good choice does have a positive aspect. On the other hand, whether the positive or negative aspect and result of a choice depends on time and people, I rationalize the sentiment the bad choice and good choice equally likely to have negative consequences as what a saying contents "a great work must stand the test of time and different people". My judgments will be convincing through the reasons and examples as addressed blow.
The great history of human reveals some decisions that we made is wrong, even though our ancestors may think those decisions are benefit. The pollution of water may be the best example that can aggrandize the exhortation of my point of view. Nowadays, scientists have found DDT in a great number of species in the pole of the earth. How does the polluted water do with the species? Because of the water recycling of the earth and the chain of the ecosystem make those fauna get poison. Although the DDT is a kind of pesticide which benefit the farmer a lot, such " good choice" result in more serious environment problem. We can acknowledge from the examples that good choice does not always do good to us.
The profit of the good choice depends on different people that can be observed from the common example. It is a common sense that suppose a group of man want to rob a bank (that may be a great choice for them to get a large sum of money), and they successfully get one billion dollar. Do you think the choice benefit you a lot (suppose you are the manger of the robbed bank)? Of course not. The example and assumption may be not appropriate but the simple example do indicates that the result of a choice depends on different people.
Demonstrating the personal experience, I allege that the consequence of the choice not only depends on people but also depends on time. When I was a child, I always played the video games days and nights although that choice made me very happy. After years, my scores in the whole period of the secondary school were low. When I came across the problem that I need have a high score to get access to the noted high school, I regret the choice I have made that made me waste a lot of time on such useless thing. Although the choice may seems benefit, the result of the choice is negative as the time lapses.
As the old saying goes "every coin has two sides" the good choice may cause a negative consequence as the bad choice does. Emphasis certainly, the choice must stands the test of time and different people as I have demonstrated above.
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Ricerche di Matematica
, Volume 61, Issue 2, pp 231–244
The effective conductivity equation for a highly heterogeneous periodic medium
DOI: 10.1007/s11587-_PHONE_-9
Cite this article as:
Charef, H. & Sili, A. Ricerche mat. (2012) 61: 231. doi:10.1007/s11587-_PHONE_-9
We consider the homogenization of a conductivity equation for a medium made up of a set \({F_\varepsilon}\) (\({\varepsilon}\) being the size of the period of the medium) of highly conductive vertical fibers surrounded by another material (the matrix) assumed to be a poor conductor. The conductivity coefficients in the fibers behave as \({\frac{1}{\varepsilon^2}}\) while whose of the matrix behave as \({\varepsilon^2}\). We show that the homogenized problem consists of an equality of the kind u(x) = m(x) f (x) where u denotes the macroscopic temperature, f the source term and m(x) a coefficient given by solving some cell equation.
Homogenization Anisotropy Conductivity Fibers
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010)
35B27 74QXX 76M50
Copyright information
© Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" 2011
Authors and Affiliations
 1. 1.Département de mathématiquesUniversité du Sud Toulon-VarLa Garde cedexFrance
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RDFWeb: Co-Depiction in SVG
In RDFWeb, we are experimenting with a distributed database of descriptions of people, images, movies, sound clips etc. The initial demos have a way of saying that a person has a foaf:depiction that is some media resource such as a JPEG image. We then began experimenting withe notion of "co-depiction", a made up phrase for circumstances where two people are both depicted in the same representation (photos etc). This document reports on some initial experiments with SVG, using SVG alongside more traditional photos so we can be clearer about the regions within an image that depict different things. In future work, we hope to extend this exploration to the use of SMIL with video content.
The example photo includes both Charles and DanBri. We wanted to represent this in SVG. Using W3C's Amaya browser, we can use graphical tools to create and edit an SVG file that provides the basis for this.
Notes: the fill="green" used here is purely for illustration.
Next: hooking this up to RDF descriptions of the image(s) and people
Quick SVG editing Amaya HOWTO
How to create an SVG overlay for an existing online JPEG, PNG etc., using Amaya SVG's SVG tool. Charles showed me how to do this, so I thought I'd write it down for others to try.
 1. File > New > New SVG Document (ctrl-x, ctrl-g)
 2. Type or paste full URI for where the new SVG document will live (eg. _URL_
 3. Select your new SVG document, and then select the 'Insert Image' (picture) Image icon from the menu bar
 4. Paste the URI of your original image (photo etc) into the 'Insert Image' field in the dialog box, with a short description for 'Alt text'
 (bug workaround for Amaya 5.1 and earlier:
 1. Save your document (File Save / ctrl-x, ctrl-s / save button /...), entering username/password if prompted
 2. Reload the SVG image (remember to make sure the Web server settings give you access to the file);
 3. The SVG should now display properly, including any referenced external image resources)
 5. Select the image, and, then activate the Amaya graphical toolbar by selecting the 'Graphics' icon from the menu bar
 6. Choose one of the graphical tools (screenshot) the smooth or jaggy curved shape, and click on a start point in the image
 7. Use the mouse to create new points in your outline path (eg. tracing a shape in a photo); esc, right-click or switch windows to finish shape
 8. Select id from tthe attributes menu, and give the outline a unique identifier (must start with a letter, and not have spaces in it, and be letters/numbers/dash/underscore). This is so you can make RDF statements about this particular piece - it has a URI now.
 9. Save the SVG document to record these changes in the Web
 10. Use Amaya's Views > Show Structure facility to see the how SVG is written in the XML infoset tree (Example screenshot)
Things to Explore
These are on the some-day pile. If you're a student or if you run a class with students who might be interested in a project based on this stuff, send me a note.
 1. How does this relate to the RDF Annotations tool in Amaya? (Annotea)
 2. How can we use the SVG structures with RDF to describe in RDF which things an image represents? ("this bit of the image represents the person whose home page is..."; this bit of the image represents a thing of rdf:type _URL_ etc)
 3. Improving the image cataloguing process, so people will do this for their own image archives: We could use Amaya to link a part of an image to the relevant codepiction page, and then run the resulting piece through a transformation. I don't know the Amaya Transformation language enough to do this, so we would have to make it an external XSLT for now, but I will investigate this more. (this would also help solve some of the previous things)
 4. Find or write a howto on making an HTTP-PUT friendly server for use with Amaya
 5. Amaya wishlist ideas: drag-and-drop editing of paths, polygon shapes etc. once created would be nice; as would a UI widget for adding elements that RDF-describe parts of the image - Annotea sort of provides some of this.
chaals, _EMAIL_
Last updated: $Id: svg-foaf.html,v 1.31 2002/02/08 14:59:21 ivatton Exp $


text:
The King Palm tree is native to Australia, but can be grown and cared for in any tropical or sub tropical area where the temperature does not drop below freezing. This popular landscaping palm is also known as the Alexander or Alexandra palm. The King Palm grows quickly and while it can start as an indoor plant, it will eventually need to be transplanted outside. A full-grown palm will reach a height of 20 to 30 feet. Growing and caring for a King Palm tree is easy with proper planting, watering and feeding.
The King Palm prefers sun and needs well-drained soil. This palm also reaches a height of 30 feet or more. Choose a spot where the full height of the plant will not interfere with power lines or other overhead obstructions. If the palm was purchased from a nursery or has been inside and is not used to full sun don't plant it immediately in the sun. Place it outside in a shady spot and increase its exposure to sun slowly by an hour a day over several weeks time. Once it is acclimated to full sun plant it in the chosen spot.
Dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball, but only as deep as the root ball is. If the roots are planted too deep they will not be able to grow properly. Use a shovel and score the sides of the hole to loosen the dirt. This will help the roots penetrate through the soil in its new home. Mix the soil from the hole and the pot the tree came in with sand to create a mix of 2 parts soil, 1 part sand. This will ensure proper drainage. Do not add any fertilizer at this time. Wet the bottom of the hole and shovel in a thin layer of the soil mixture. This will help reduce the shock to the plant when it is placed in its new home.
Get the roots of the palm wet and place it in the center of the hole. Fill in the hole with the remaining soil and sand mixture. Add three inches of organic mulch around the palm tree. Water the plant thoroughly. Do not allow the soil around the new palm tree to dry out for the first two weeks. Water daily to ensure the ground stays wet. This helps the roots grow.
King Palm trees require regular fertilizer treatments to grow to their full height. Do not fertilize until the King Palm has grown a new spear. Use a continuous release fertilizer that will feed the plant for several months at a time. Fertilize during growing season only and place the fertilizer at least two feet away from the trunk. Continue to water the palm as needed during dry times to keep the soil moist. Do not water too much as this will damage the palm. If the leaves are turning yellow and falling off before they dry out the plant may be too wet. Check the moisture of the soil the day after watering and adjust the amount of water accordingly.
The King Palm will grow for many years when planted correctly and properly fed.