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A finger traces a line between two stars, then onto a third and fourth until a picture appears in their mind. In drawings this is denoted by actual lines but in reality, these lines aren't there. What is there is the perception of shapes turned into constellations in the sky. That blazing ball of intent fire screaming between these stars, connecting them in our eyes, is our focus. A beam of light, of imagination, making something exist. Twisting and turning and disappearing then reappearing again this beam is a source of stories, culture, and navigation. Our focus can turn nothing into anything so never lose sight of it.
The Dynamic Beam Automatic Out the Front Knife is an automatic knife known as an out the front knife based on how the blade deploys. The blade comes out of the handle from the top of the knife as opposed to swinging out from the side of the handle like in switchblades and stilettos. The zinc alloy handle has a molded arrow design in the center pointing towards the blade. The switch to deploy the blade is centered in the middle of the handle as opposed to the side for convenient use and the switch itself is textured for grip. The silver, steel blade has a centered fuller for depth of design and reduced weight for accuracy and precision in use. The blade is textured with an outward arcing pattern seemingly mimicking a beam of light. The Dynamic Beam Automatic Out the Front Knife comes with its own black nylon sheath that has a belt loop for ease of carry and storage. Follow your focus.


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
Arbor Lodge, a Nebraska State Historical Park in Nebraska City, is a stately, 52-room mansion surrounded by formal gardens and hundreds of magnificent trees representing many native and cultivated varieties. Arbor Lodge served as the home of J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agriculture under President Grover Cleveland and the founder of Arbor Day. On this site you will discover early forms of transportation, study different types of trees, and plants, reach into the life of J. Sterling Morton and his family and unveil some unique inventions. Each form will have a connection with Arbor Lodge. Art was truly relevant to the Mortons, examples of Tiffany glass, hand-painted china, furniture and 360 views of the marvelous sculptures.
19 & under
Arts & Entertainment > Architecture
Science & Technology > Technology > Inventions

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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- 1 Do women have a harder time making decisions?
- 2 Does gender affect decision-making?
- 3 Why are women better at decision-making?
- 4 Who is the best decision maker men or women?
- 5 What are men's decisions?
- 6 How does making good decisions influence unequal power in relationships?
- 7 Who should make decisions in a family?
- 8 How does gender affect consumer decision-making?
- 9 Are females more indecisive than males?
- 10 What are the decision-making skills?
Do women have a harder time making decisions?
Rather than falling apart, women bring unique strengths to decision-making. Women tend to become risk-alert under stress and go for the smaller wins that are more guaranteed.
Does gender affect decision-making?
Research has demonstrated gender differences in the decision-making process, showing that women make more disadvantageous risk decisions than men. Moreover, women greatly fearing negative evaluation seemed to make more disadvantageous risk decisions compared with other groups.
Why are women better at decision-making?
Women's abilities to make fair decisions when competing interests are at stake make them better corporate leaders, researchers have found. A survey of more than 600 board directors showed that women are more likely to consider the rights of others and to take a cooperative approach to decision-making.
Who is the best decision maker men or women?
Studies also show that society sees men as being more decisive. However, scientific research shows that men and women struggle with decision-making equally. The only difference I found was during the teenage years – teenage girls are more indecisive than teenage boys.
What are men's decisions?
Women make decisions on a more emotional level, whereas men approach decisionmaking with facts and data. Once a consumer recognizes the need for a certain product or service, information needs to be gathered and processed to evaluate alternatives.
How does making good decisions influence unequal power in relationships?
Good decisions make a good influence in balancing the unequal power relationships. The decisions will be much effective and reliable than the rest others. Unhealthy pattern of relations will be changed in accordance with the situation.
Who should make decisions in a family?
This approach allows family decisions to occur as a result of the will of the person in the family with the most status and/or authority. For example, in some traditional families, decision making may be vested in the father. The other members of the family are thus guided by what he says is right.
How does gender affect consumer decision-making?
Gender is the major factor out of all the other factors that affects consumer purchasing behaviour. When gender differs, the perception of consuming the product is different as well. Men and women tend to have different choices while shopping because of the difference in their upbringing and socialization.
Are females more indecisive than males?
Men are more decisive than women, according to a new survey. According to the research, 60% of men say they make decisions and stick to them compared to 44% of women. Just over a quarter of men (27%) say they are indecisive while 42% of women say find it hard to make a decision.
What are the decision-making skills?
Examples of decision-making skills
- Emotional Intelligence.
- Time management.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Inspired by some really cool videos and TV shows, I decided to up my skills in the dark-and-daunting program known as After Effects. One of the coolest things that I have seen recently is the seemingly "live text" you can get in a moving camera shot.
Standard text or titles usually look like they are just stuck in front of the video and don't interact with the 3D space. However, you can use Motion Tracking to make it appear as though the text is REALLY there, on set with the actors. You've seen it in movies like Zombieland and in TV shows like Sherlock and it always looks freaking amazeballs. Well, DoSomething.org is going to step it up and get some cool motion graphics!
Here are three things to consider when trying to make a two dimensional video appear to occupy three dimensional space:
- MARKERS: After Effects has a Motion Tracking function that picks high contrast areas of the screen and analyzes them frame by frame to determine the movement through space. One way to MAKE these high contrast areas so that After Effects can track them easily is to take a dark piece of tape (a MARKER) and put it on a light area. If I wanted to make it look like someone had the word LOSER on their head, for example, I would put a marker on their forehead and take a video. Once the program has tracked the movement of the marker, I can add the text and apply the movement to the text. Wherever the marker goes, the text follows.
- DEPTH OF FIELD: Another thing you will notice about films (and real life) is that not everything is in focus at the same time. The objects or people nearer to the camera may be in focus and the objects in the background may be out of focus. This is determined by the depth of field and capabilities of the lens. To make it appear as though the text is REALLY actually in 3D space, I wanted to use focus and apply a depth of field to the text. This is done by creating a "digital camera" with a "digital lens" in After Effects. I can set the text in 3D space in After Effects and the digital camera lens will automatically put things in focus and out of focus depending on how far they are away from the camera.
- MOTION PARALLAX: There is a property of motion known as parallax. Parallax is a phenomenon that you can observe when you look out the window of a moving vehicle. Objects very close to the window, such as mailboxes or lamp posts, appear to move by very quickly, as objects in the distance, like trees or mountains, appear to move quite slowly through your field of vision. So to make the text look as real as possible, I applied a motion parallax to the text as well as setting three different tracking points on a table – each a different distance away from the camera. I set one word to follow each tacking point and, voilà; we have text that look like it is in real 3D space.
Observe. Make sure to take notice of the motion tracking, the depth of field and the parallax of the different words. _TAG_ _TAG_.
- Brad Williams is our kickass Video Producer. He's responsible for that baller video clip below.


How do you pronounce the surname Hough?
Pronunciation: Hock. Hough is derived from the medieval Irish (Munster) name (Eachach) for horseman. Old irish for "horse" was spelled "each", and was pronounced "ock".
What Hough means?
Definition of hough (Entry 2 of 2) now chiefly Scottish. : hamstring thou shalt hough their horses, and burn their chariots — Joshua 11:6 (Authorized Version)
How do you pronounce ham Hough?
How is Chiara pronounced?
Pronounce Names
Submitted from:NJ, NJ, USA
Pronunciation:KeyAIR- ah Chiar- a
Type of Name:First Name


of each sub-chapter can also create awards for specific actions or talents that aren't included in the standard selection. The inclusion of a standardized awards system that has encouraged and advanced the Arts and Sciences in Amtgard.
The most sought after title in Amtgard is that of Knight. Knighthood in Amtgard is broken into four orders: Sword, Serpent, Crown and Rose, each with different criteria with some minor variations from Kingdom to Kingdom. A player that is a Knight may also play the class of Paladin or Anti-Paladin.
A Knight is allowed to choose members to become their pupils. Should a mutual agreement be reached, the member becomes a Squire to the Knight. Squires follow their Knights and assist them to the fullest of their abilities, on the field and off, in exchange for their tutelage. Often a Squire will assist in making garb for their Knight, as well as weapons or armor, and is usually seen assisting their Knight in combat, when they are together. These relationships tend to transcend the game, as much of the mentorship present in the knight/squire relationship is applicable to the outside world. In most kingdoms, when a player becomes qualified for knighthood the knights in that kingdom vote to decide if the player is ready to join the peerage. Knighthood is not guaranteed upon qualifying, as the award is intended to recognize character as well as achievement. A player is not required to be a squire before being knighted, though squiring for a knight in good standing with the kingdoms circle of knights insures that the hopeful player will be well represented.
The kingdoms, along with their primary locations, are:[9]
See also[edit]
Copyright References for Amtgard
External links[edit]


Rehabilitation Services
State of Tennessee
Department of Human Services
Division of Rehabilitation Services
Highway 52 Bypass
P.O. Box 299
Lafayette, TN 37083
Phone: _PHONE_
To provide timely and efficient services, leading to employment, to all eligible individuals with disability to enable them to achieve and maximize their individual level of independence.
Core Values
To respect individual dignity, personal responsibility, self-determination, and pursuit of meaningful careers. We respect the privacy, rights and equal access of individuals with disabilities.
Guiding Principles
Millions of Americans have one or more disabilities. Disability in no way diminishes the right of individuals to live independently, enjoy self-determination, make choices, contribute to society, pursue meaningful careers, and enjoy full inclusion and integration in the economic, political, social, cultural, and educations mainstream of American society.
To provide individuals with disabilities, especially those with the most significant disabilities, with the tools necessary to:
bullet Participate as full partners in the vocational rehabilitation process.
bullet Make meaningful and informed choices.
bullet Live independently.
bullet Obtain gainful employment which is consistent with the strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities, capabilities, interests, and informed choices of the individual.


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Solve the riddle and give this word scramble a try.
Did you know that it requires 15 trees with a diameter of 10 inches at chest height to produce a cord of wood. A cord is a stack of cut fuel wood measuring 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet.
One cord of wood yields 7,500,000 (seven million five hundred thousand) what?
Here's how to play:


1.Gas turbine engine RPM 2. condition to maintain same altitude for increase in engine thrust.
Notify me of new responses
1. Why Gas turbine engine RPM generally calculated in terms of
percentages (%)?
2. Is it required to trim the tailplane/elevator of an A/c to maintain
a particular altitude for an increase in forward thrust? (means if an
A/c is flying at,say 10,000 ft, will its altitude alters if we
increase the engine thrust without disturbing any other other flight
-- PN Santhosh, June 2, 2010


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I look at a single Aspen tree, and marvel at the beautiful form, shape, and color in summer, winter, spring, and fall. Aspens grow year around, even in the winter. Aspen are the only deciduous tree I know of that does. Another magical fact is that a stand or group of aspen trees is considered a singular organism with the main life force underground in the extensive root system. Before a single aspen trunk appears above the surface, the root system may lie dormant for many years until the conditions are just right, including sufficient sunlight. In a single stand, each tree is a genetic replicate of the other, hence the name a "clone" of aspens used to describe a stand.
Older than the massive Sequoias or the biblical Bristlecone Pines, the oldest known aspen clone has lived more than 80,000 years on Utah's Fishlake National Forest. Not only is the clone the oldest living organism, weighing in at an estimated 6,600 tons, it is also the heaviest. Even if the trees of a stand are wiped out, it is very difficult to permanently extinguish an aspen's root system due to the rapid rate in which it reproduces.


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trieved details it is necessary to have one infrared-enabled camera and one normal (colour) camera working together.
To avoid blurring it is ideal to have the shutter speed of a dedicated camera set to 1/1000 of a second. Because the car is moving, slower shutter speeds could result in an image which is too blurred to read using the OCR software, especially if the camera is much higher up than the vehicle. In slow-moving traffic, or when the camera is at a lower level and the vehicle is at an angle approaching the camera, the shutter speed does not need to be so fast. Shutter speeds of 1/500 of a second can cope with traffic moving up to 40 mph (64 km/h) and 1/250 of a second up to 5 mph (8 km/h). License plate capture cameras can now produce usable images from vehicles traveling at 120 mph (190 km/h).
To maximize the chances of effective license plate capture, installers should carefully consider the positioning of the camera relative to the target capture area. Exceeding threshold angles of incidence between camera lens and license plate will greatly reduce the probability of obtaining usable images due to distortion. Manufacturers have developed tools to help eliminate errors from the physical installation of license plate capture cameras
Circumvention techniques
Vehicle owners have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to evade ANPR systems and road-rule enforcement cameras in general. One method increases the reflective properties of the lettering and makes it more likely that the system will be unable to locate the plate or produce a high enough level of contrast to be able to read it. This is typically done by using a plate cover or a spray, though claims regarding the effectiveness of the latter are disputed. In most jurisdictions, the covers are illegal and covered under existing laws, while in most countries there is no law to disallow the use of the sprays. Other users have attempted to smear their license plate with dirt or utilize covers to mask the plate.
Novelty frames around Texas license plates were made illegal in Texas on 1 September 2003 by Texas Senate Bill 439 because they caused problems with ANPR devices. That law made it a Class C misdemeanor (punishable by a fine of up to US $200), or Class B (punishable by a fine of up to US $2,000 and 180 days in jail) if it can be proven that the owner did it to deliberately obscure their plates. The law was later clarified in 2007 to allow Novelty frames.
If an ANPR system cannot read the plate it can flag the image for attention, with the human operators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics.
In order to avoid surveillance or penalty charges, there has been an upsurge in car cloning. This is usually achieved by copying registration plates from another car of a similar model and age. This can be difficult to detect, especially as cloners may change the registration plates and travel behavior to hinder investigations.
Other possible options include IR emitting LEDs around the license plate which would serve to "blind" cameras.
Police enforcement
Several State Police Forces, and the Department of Justice (Victoria) utilise both fixed and mobile ANPR systems. The New South Wales Police Force Highway Patrol were the first to trial and use a fixed ANPR camera system in Australia in 2005. In 2009 they began a roll-out of a mobile ANPR system (known officially as MANPR) with three infrared cameras fitted to its Highway Patrol fleet. The system identifies unregistered and stolen vehicles as well as disqulified or suspended drivers as well as other 'persons of interest' such as persons having outstanding warrants.
On 11 March 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that some areas of the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in Germany violated the right to privacy. More specifically, the court found that the retention of any sort of information (i.e. Number Plate data) which wasn't for any pre-destined use (e.g. for use tracking suspected terrorists or for enforcement of speeding laws) was in violation of German law. These systems were provided by Jenoptik Robot GmbH, and called TraffiCapture.
The project of system integration «OLLI Technology» and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Department of State Traffic Inspection (STI) experiments on the introduction of a modern technical complex which is capable to locate stolen cars, drivers deprived of driving licenses and other problem cars in real time. The Ukrainian complex "Video control" working by a principle of video fixing of the car with recognition of license plates with check under data base.
The city of Mechelen uses an ANPR system since September 2011 to scan all cars crossing the city limits (inbound and outbound). Cars listed on 'black lists' (no insurance, stolen, etc.) generate an alarm in the dispatching room, so they can be intercepted by a patrol. As of early 2012, 1 million cars per week are automatically checked in this way.
Several Hungarian auxiliary police units use a system called Matrix Police in cooperation with the police. It consists of a portable computer equipped with a webcam that scans the stolen car database using automatic number plate recognition. The system is installed on the dashboard of selected patrol vehicles (PDA based handheld versions also exist) and is mainly used to control the license plate of parking cars. As the Auxiliary Police doesn't have the authority to order moving vehicles to stop, If a stolen car is found, the formal police is informed.
Several cities have tested and some have put into service the "City Security Administration System" i.e. capital Ankara has debuted KGYS- "Kent Guvenlik Yonetim Sistemi" which consists of a registration plate number recognition system on the main arteries and city exits. The system has been used with two cameras per lane, one for plate recognition, one for speed detection. Now the system has been widened to network all the registration number cameras together, and enforcing average speed over preset distances. Some arteries have 70Kmh limit, and some 50 kmh, and photo evidence with date-time details are posted to registration address if speed violation is detected. As of 2012, the fine for exceeding the speed limit for more than 30% is approximately USD 175.
United Kingdom
The UK has an extensive (ANPR) automatic number plate recognition CCTV network. Effectively, the police and security services track all car movements around the country and are able to track any car in close to real time. Vehicle movements are stored for 2 years in the National ANPR Data Center to be analyzed for intelligence and to be used as evidence.
In 1997 a system of one hundred ANPR cameras, codenamed GLUTTON, was installed to feed into the automated British Military Intelligence Systems in Northern Ireland. Further cameras were also installed on the British mainland, including unspecified ports on the east and west coasts.
United States
In the United States, ANPR systems are more commonly referred to as ALPR (Automatic License Plate Reader/Recognition) technology, due to differences in language (i.e. "number plates" are referred to as "license plates" in American English)
Jurisdictions in the U.S. have stated a number of reasons for ALPR surveillance cameras, ranging from locating drivers with suspended licenses or no insurance, to finding stolen vehicles and "Amber Alerts". With funding from the insurance lobby, Oklahoma introduced ALPR with the promise of eliminating uninsured motorists, by integrating it with its existing PikePass hybrid RFID/OCR toll collection system, and unmarked police vehicles used for intelligence gathering. Oklahoma replaced all license tags with ALPR-compatible plates in 2009. In Arizona, insurance companies are helping to fund the purchase of ALPR systems for their local law enforcement agencies to aid in the recovery of stolen vehicles.
Other ALPR uses include parking enforcement, and revenue collection from individuals who are delinquent on city or state taxes or fines. The technology is often featured in the reality TV show Parking Wars featured on A&E Network. In the show, tow truck drivers and booting teams use the ALPR to find delinquent vehicles with high amounts of unpaid parking fines.
A recent initiative by New York State deployed ALPR systems to catch car thieves by tracing suspect plates back to forged documents. Police from Albany, New York also scan vehicles in their parking lots to check visitors for warrants.
In addition to the real-time processing of license plate numbers, ALPR systems in the US collect (and can indefinitely store) data from each license plate capture. Images, dates, times and GPS coordinates can be stockpiled and can help place a suspect at a scene, aid in witness identification, pattern recognition or the tracking of individuals. Such data can be used to create specialized databases that can be shared among departments or individuals (such as insurers, banks or auto recovery "repo-men".) Specialized databases can also be used to compile personal information on individuals such as journalists suspected gang members, employees of a business, patrons of a bar, etc., and be shared by E-mail or portable flash media.
From time to time, states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect OCR accuracy. They may add a character or add a new license plate design. ALPR systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective. For the most part, however, the North American design will be based on a variation of the "Zurich Extra Condensed" font.
Another challenge with ALPR systems is that some states have the same license plate protocol. For example more than one state uses the standard three letters followed by four numbers. So each time the ALPR systems alarms, it is the user's responsibility to make sure that the plate which caused the alarm matches


Comprehensive Description
Ceratitis aliena (Bezzi, 1920)
Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) aliena (Bezzi)
Pardalaspis aliena Bezzi, 1920: 231.
Body length: 4.02 (3.40-4.50) mm; wing length: 3.96 (3.65-4.35) mm.
Head. Antenna yellow to yellow-orange. Third antennal segment twice as long as second segment. Arista with short hairs over entire length. Frons with short scattered hairs which are largely the same colour as frons; convex, in lateral view not distinctly projecting forwards at antennal implant. Chaetotaxy normal for subgenus. Thorax. Postpronotum white, unspotted. Ground colour of mesonotum pale with orange tinge; spots pattern variable, sometimes spots conﬂuent forming dark lateral stripes (in that case there are usually interrupted anteriorly of transverse suture). Chaetotaxy normal for subgenus. Scapular setae black, inner ones sometimes pale. One anepisternal bristle. Scutellum white basally, otherwise yellow with three black separate markings apically, extending at most till halfway dorsal surface, sometimes limited to apical margin; basally without dark spots, only slight darker colouration. Subscutellum completely dark. Legs. Yellow; setation typical for subgenus, mainly pale, especially on femora. Posterior and posterodorsal rows on fore femur pale. Wing. Bands with yellow-brown markings. Banding, marginal band with clear interruption after cell R1; cubital and medial bands joined with marginal band; crossvein r-m before middle of discal cell. Crossvein dm-cu posteriorly more inwards than anteriorly. Extension cup sometimes weakly sinoid. Abdomen. Pale yellow or more brownish. Setation and banding typical for subgenus.
As male except for the following characters:
Crossvein r-m rarely at middle. Oviscape shorter than abdominal terga 3-6 combined combined.
(Description after De Meyer, 1998)
See description of Ceratitis aliena (Bezzi, 1920) in source PDF.
© Marc de Meyer, MRAC
Source: Afrotropical Fruitfly Project
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The Resource ID is a string or mRSS resource that identifies a Programmer to MVPDs. The Resource ID is decided between a programmer and MVPDs. A Programmer can use multiple resource IDs as long as the MVPDs are aware of what each ID represents.
Adobe Primetime authentication passes the Resource ID as is, so it is the same for all MVPDs. Resource IDs are not configurable within the Primetime authentication TVE Dashboard or the old configuration databaseb.
Update a Programmer's Resource ID on the MVPDs side.


Panax Ginseng With Vitamins
A high-quality formula that supports performance and energy metabolism pathways.
Regular price Dhs. 84.00 Sale
The synergy of Panax Ginseng, B-vitamins and L-Carnitine in Ginseng Plus is helpful in improving performance. B-complex supports energy metabolism by helping to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Ginseng Plus contains Panax Ginseng, which contains approximately 29 different ginsenosides, known by their scientific name "triterpenoid saponins" and also sometimes called panaxosides. These ginsenosides have been demonstrated to have a powerful function as an adaptogen, invaluable in helping the body adapt to and recover from the effects of stress and fatigue. They also contain a strong anti-oxidant component that has been shown in clinical studies to aid in combatting oxidative stress, that promotes the effects of aging.
Why does GINSENG PLUS make my urine yellow?
The body flushes out excess water-soluble vitamins and the bright yellow color mainly comes from vitamin B2 (Riboflavin).
What is the dose of GINSENG PLUS?
The recommended dose for adults is 1 to 2 capsules daily with a meal or as directed by a health care practitioner.
Can both men and women take GINSENG PLUS?
Yes, both men and women require energy to perform their routine physical activities effectively. GINSENG PLUS is equally effective for both genders.
A unique combination of Panax Ginseng, B-Vitamins and L-Carnitine
Buy this product


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Poland on maps
Geographia Polonica (2015) vol. 88, iss. 1, pp. 173-178 | Full text
The study presents a brief review of Polish regions' participation in the global economy in 2011 based on exportlinkages at the local level (LAU 1). It identifies both the key actors in the globalisation processes withinthe country and the types of territories that share common trends in geographic and product export structures.The paper deals with a delimitation of areas of export concentration. A total of 23 areas have been identifiedaccounting for nearly 60% of Polish exports. Both the economic strength of the regions as reflected in theirrespective figures and the long-established position of industry in the national economy resulted in a widerange of areas discussed here.


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Now that you've read all about our bike safety curriculum, we thought you might be interested in our pedestrian safety curriculum as well! We teach this curriculum to 2nd and 3rd graders through Portland Bureau of Transportation's Safe Routes to School Program.
We hope you enjoy this three part series.
Part 1: Its road making time!
Every time I make a road, I set aside a couple hours for some fun, crafty activity! You'll either need a sunny day or a big indoor space to spread out a bit. One of our educators once constructed a road that was scaled down, to about one third of the size, and said that worked well too.
Be creative and have fun!


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In this Adobe Photoshop CS3 tutorial, learn how to create an outline text effect.
Tags:how to create an outline text effect,how to use photoshop,Photoshop CS3,photoshop help,photoshop text,photoshop Tips,photoshop tutorials,software help,software tips,tech help,techtutortv
Grab video code:
How to Create an Outline Text Effect in Photoshop CS3
In this tutorial, I'm going to show you a quick way how to create an outline text effect. So you will need a new blank canvas, any size you want. If you'd like to have a background color, that's fine. I got just a basic canvas here.
So first thing I'm going to do is create my text. I'm going to select my text tool from the toolbox, and you could choose any font that you'd like and any size that you like. You could do any other, you could change the color, you could change the alignment, anything else you want and click in your document and then go ahead and type your text and then you can move it you'd like.
Okay, so we have our text now. We're going to make it an outline. So go ahead and double click in your layers palate on the layer with the text and that will open up your layer style dialog box. In these general blending options, we want to go down towards this fill opacity and you're going to change that to zero and that's basically going to get rid of all the color inside of your lines.
Then we're going to make sure that we have a stroke, click on stroke and you can make this stroke any size that you want, make it at least two to three so you have an outline. I'm going to go ahead and make it a little bit thicker and do four and you can leave all these settings the same. You can change them if you'd like to get a different look. Make sure that the field type says color for your stroke and then click on the color well and choose a color that you'd like to have as your outline. Click on OK, click on OK again and then you would be taken back to your canvas and now you have an outline text effect.


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Sequentially compact space
In mathematics, a topological space is sequentially compact if every infinite sequence has a convergent subsequence. For general topological spaces, the notions of compactness and sequential compactness are not equivalent; they are, however, equivalent for metric spaces. A metric space X is sequentially compact if every sequence has a convergent subsequence which converges to a point in X.
Examples and properties
If a space is a metric space, then it is sequentially compact if and only if it is compact. However in general there exist sequentially compact spaces that are not compact (such as the first uncountable ordinal with the order topology), and compact spaces that are not sequentially compact (such as the product of copies of the closed unit interval).
- A topological space X is said to be limit point compact if every infinite subset of X has a limit point in X.
- A topological space is countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover.
There is also a notion of a one-point sequential compactification—the idea is that the non convergent sequences should all converge to the extra point. See
- Willard, 17G, p. 125.
- Steen and Seebach, Example 105, pp. 125—126.
- Engelking, General Topology, Theorem 3.10.31
K.P. Hart, Jun-iti Nagata, J.E. Vaughan (editors), Encyclopedia of General Topology, Chapter d3 (by P. Simon)
- Brown, Ronald, "Sequentially proper maps and a sequential compactification", J. London Math Soc. (2) 7 (1973) 515-522.
- Munkres, James (1999). Topology (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-181629-2.
- Steen, Lynn A. and Seebach, J. Arthur Jr.; Counterexamples in Topology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1970). ISBN 0-03-079485-4.
- Willard, Stephen (2004). General Topology. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43479-6.
|This topology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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The spectrophotometer is a common optical device that measures the intensity of light relative to color (or wavelength). In the lab, they are used to determine how much light is absorbed by a colored chemical dissolved in solution. This allows us to calculate the concentration or purity of chemicals, analyze specific chemical characteristics, and follow and measure chemical reactions in real time.
As spectrophotometers use colored light to measure the absorbance of colored chemicals, let's briefly describe the basic principles of color and light absorbance.
Color and light absorbance
The colors we see are light waves of electromagnetic radiation and each color has a different wavelength. The wavelengths of light we can see (visible) are between 380 nanometres (nm) in the violet range (V) to 750 nm in the red range (R). Figure 1 shows the visible spectrum.
Visible light spectrum
Figure 1: Visible light spectrum. Numbers represent wavelength (nm) (source: Wikimedia Commons, public domain).
Light absorbance
Colored chemicals have color because they absorb some light waves while reflecting others. So, a red chemical absorbs all light waves and reflects the red wavelength light back to our eyes. And, a blue chemical reflects all light except for light with blue wavelengths.
Spectrophotometer components
Figure 2 shows the basic components of a spectrophotometer. Essentially, light from a specific source is split into different wavelengths (colors), then a selected wavelength passes through the sample and it's final intensity measured. Let's breakdown each component.
component of spectrophotometer
Figure 2: Basic components of a spectrophotometer (source: Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA).
Light source
The light source for a spectrophotometer that measures visible light uses an incandescent lamp with a tungsten filament. They look like very small light bulbs with two metal prongs.
The monochromator takes the light from the lamp and splits into different colors or wavelengths. It works like a prism that bends light, separating the light into different wavelengths by refraction.
The aperture is simply a hole that creates a light beam. The size of the hole can be adjusted larger or smaller.
Cuvette (with sample)
The cuvette is a small square vial that holds the solution with the colored chemical we want to measure (sample). They can be made of glass or plastic. They can hold volumes from 0.1 ml to 5ml.
The photodetector is a device that can convert light into an electrical signal. And the amplifier boosts the electrical signal to increase the sensitivity.
Spectrophotometers have a numerical readout to quantify the amount of light that's absorbed as it passes through the sample. Older models use an analogue needle and dial while newer models have digital readouts.
Using a spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometers are used to measure the amount of light that's absorbed by a colored chemical in a solution. But how do we convert the numbers on the output into usable information? To answer this question, we must understand the optical theory of absorbance described by the Beer-Lambert Law.
Beer-Lambert Law
The Beer-Lambert Law describes the relationship between absorbance and the amount of chemical in solution and the distance light has to travel through the sample.
The Beer-Lambert Law is A = εcl, where A is the absorbance (no units), ε = molar extinction coefficient (M-1 cm-1), c = concentration of the substance (M), and l = path length of the light (cm).
 - Absorbance (A) is determined by measuring the intensity of the light that passes through the sample (I) compared to the intensity of the original light (Io) (see Fig.2). This is called transmittance (T) and is defined by the equation T = I / Io.
 Absorbance and transmittance are related by the equation, A = -log T. So, the spectrophotometer measures T, then calculates A, which is displayed on the output reader. The higher the amount of absorbance means less light is being transmitted, which results in a higher output reading. For example, if 50% of the light is transmitted (T=0.5), then A = 0.3. Likewise, if only 10% of the light is transmitted (T=0.1), then A = 1. Absorbance has also been called optical density (or O.D.).
 - The molar extinction coefficient (ε), with units M-1 cm-1, is a constant number that relates the amount of light a chemical will absorb at a given wavelength and concentration. It can be determined by measuring the absorbance of a chemical at a specific wavelength and concentration (ε = A/c).
 - According to the Beer-Lambert equation, the absorbance is proportional to the concentration. That is, the more concentrated the colored chemical, the more light it absorbs. So, doubling the concentration will double the amount of light that's absorbed.
 - The pathlength refers to how far the light must travel through the solution. It's also proportional to absorbance so, likewise, doubling the pathlength doubles the absorbance. The pathlength of most cuvettes is consistently 1 cm, so pathlength units cancel out of the equation when calculating samples.
Basic measurement
Spectrophotometers have a panel area to set wavelengths, adjust other functions, and the output display. And they have a sample area with a square sample holder that nicely fits a cuvette, sitting directly in the path of the light beam shining on the detector. The sample area is also closed off to the outside light to prevent extra light from affecting the readings.
If we want to know the absorbance of a specific chemical in a solution, we must also account for the absorbance of the solution itself. So, we make two cuvettes, one with solution only (reference or blank), and one with solution plus the chemical we want to measure.
The reference solution is first put into the sample holder. The spectrophotometer has a button to "tare" the absorbance reading to A=0. Then the sample is put into the holder and the absorbance of the chemical is read on the display.
Absorbance spectrum
The absorbance spectrum of a chemical is the amount of light it absorbs at all the different wavelengths from violet to red. The spectrophotometer measures the absorbance of each different wavelength by adjusting the monochromator. Depending on the color of the solution, the absorbance will peak at specific wavelengths.
For example, figure 3 shows the absorbance spectrum of two types of chlorophyll (a,b), the biochemicals that make plants green. The plot shows the absorbance vs. wavelength(nm). We see absorbance peaks at either end for the light spectra. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light, and reflects green light.
Absorbance Spectrum of Chlorophyll
Figure 3. Absorbance spectrum of chlorophyll-a,-b (source: Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA).
Measuring concentration
Measuring the concentration of a chemical in a solution using a spectrophotometer is it's most common application. By rearranging Beer-Lambert equation (A = εcl) to c= A/εl, we can calculate the concentration directly from an absorbance reading. Since the pathlength (l) is 1 cm, all we need is the extinction coefficient (ε). Extinction coefficients are typically already known so it's easy to just plug the number into the equation and calculate concentration.
For example, the ε for chlorophyll-a is 105 M−1 cm−1. Therefore, a reading of A=1.0 would mean the concentration of chlorophyll = 1.0/105 = 0.00001 Molar (M) or 0.01 mM (or 10µM).
An extinction coefficient can also be determined from an absorbance spectrum. In figure 3, there are two absorbance peaks for chlorophyll-a, one in the blue region (430nm) and the other in the red region (662nm). If a known concentration of chlorophyll-a is measured, then ε (at 430nm or 662nm) can be calculated by ε = A/c.
Kinetics – change in concentration over time
Chemical kinetics is the study of reactions over time. Using a spectrophotometer, we can monitor a chemical reaction as it occurs in real time. In the same way, we add a sample with one reactant to the cuvette and set the reading to zero. Then we add a second reactant, mix, and take absorbance readings of the product at various time points. By converting absorbance to concentration, we can plot the concentration versus time and calculate the rate of the reaction. And, by changing the concentrations of reactants, we analyze the nature of the chemical reaction itself.
Types of spectrophotometers
We've discussed spectrophotometers that use visible light to measure colored chemicals. There are also spectrophotometers that use ultraviolet light (UV), and some that use more than one light beam.
UV spectrophotometers
Most visible spectrophotometers also use UV light to measure non-colored


text:
Scientists discover new mechanisms for relaxing airways using bitter tasting substances
That kale and bitter melon you are eating may someday save your life. An interdisciplinary team of scientists at the University of Massachusetts Medical School have taken a step forward in understanding how the substances that give some foods their bitter flavor also act to reverse the contraction of airway cells, a process known as bronchodilation. This effect may one day be harnessed to provide improved treatments for airway obstructive diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The findings were published on March 5 in the open access journal PLOS Biology.
"I am excited that someday, with more research, there may be a new class of bronchodilators which are able to reverse an asthma attack quicker and with fewer side effects than is currently available to patients," said Ronghua ZhuGe, PhD, associate professor of microbiology and physiological systems and senior author of the study.
The sense of taste is mediated by taste receptor cells bundled in our taste buds. Most humans experience five types of tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter and savory. Bitter taste receptors most likely evolved to help alert the body to potentially harmful foods that have spoiled or are toxic. The receptors have long been thought to only exist in certain cells present in the tongue. Over the last few years, however, scientists have come to realize that these receptors are present in many other cells throughout the body. Specifically, bitter taste receptors on smooth muscle cells in the airway act to relax the cells when exposed to bitter-tasting substances.
A hallmark of an asthma attack is excessive contraction of smooth muscle cells, which causes narrowing of the airways and subsequent breathing difficulties. The fact that bitter substances can relax these smooth muscle cells suggests that they may have the potential to halt asthma attacks and in fact could even be an improvement over current treatments since the relaxation effects are quite fast. Indeed, experiments in mice suggest that the effects are stronger.
However, the mechanisms by which bitter taste receptor activation causes a cell to relax were unknown. To help unravel these mechanisms, Dr. ZhuGe and colleagues examined the effect of bitter substances on the contraction of airways and in single isolated cells.
During an asthma attack, channels on the membrane of smooth muscle cells in the airways open. This allows calcium to flow into the cell, causing it to contract. When the cells contract, the airway becomes narrower and makes breathing more difficult. Dr. ZhuGe and colleagues determined that bitter substances act by shutting down these calcium channels, allowing bronchodilation.
Bitter taste receptors, like most receptors, span the plasma membrane of the cell. Part of the receptor is outside the cell, able to bind (and hence "sense") bitter substances outside the cell. When a bitter compound binds to a bitter taste receptor, the receptor releases a G-protein, which then splits into two parts: a G alpha subunit and G beta-gamma dimer. "It is the G beta-gamma dimer that likely acts to close the calcium channels on the plasma membrane," said Kevin Fogarty, director of the biomedical imaging group in the program in molecular medicine at UMMS, and a co-author of the study. "Once the channels are closed, the calcium level returns to normal and the cell relaxs," he said. "This ends the asthma attack."
"With this new understanding of how bitter substances are able to relax airways, we can focus our attention on studying these receptors and on finding even more potent bitter compounds with the potential to be used therapeutically to end asthma attacks," said Dr. ZhuGe.
More information: Zhang C-H, Lifshitz LM, Uy KF, Ikebe M, Fogarty KE, et al. (2013) The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Bitter Tastant-Induced Bronchodilation. PLOS Biol 11(3): e1001501. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio._PHONE_
Journal reference: PLoS Biology
Provided by University of Massachusetts Medical School
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Python's filesystem abstraction layer
Project description
Python's Filesystem abstraction layer.
PyPI version PyPI Build Status Coverage Status Codacy Badge Code Health
Think of PyFilesystem's FS objects as the next logical step to Python's file objects. In the same way that file objects abstract a single file, FS objects abstract an entire filesystem.
Let's look at a simple piece of code as an example. The following function uses the PyFilesystem API to count the number of non-blank lines of Python code in a directory. It works recursively, so it will find.py files in all sub-directories.
def count_python_loc(fs):
 """Count non-blank lines of Python code."""
 count = 0
 for path in fs.walk.files(filter=['*.py']):
 with as python_file:
 count += sum(1 for line in python_file if line.strip())
 return count
We can call count_python_loc as follows:
from fs import open_fs
projects_fs = open_fs('~/projects')
The line project_fs = open_fs('~/projects') opens an FS object that maps to the projects directory in your home folder. That object is used by count_python_loc when counting lines of code.
To count the lines of Python code in a zip file, we can make the following change:
projects_fs = open_fs('zip://')
Or to count the Python lines on an FTP server:
projects_fs = open_fs('')
No changes to count_python_loc are necessary, because PyFileystem provides a simple consistent interface to anything that resembles a collection of files and directories. Essentially, it allows you to write code that is independent of where and how the files are physically stored.
Contrast that with a version that purely uses the standard library:
def count_py_loc(path):
 count = 0
 for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
 for name in files:
 if name.endswith('.py'):
 with open(os.path.join(root, name), 'rt') as python_file:
 return count
This version is similar to the PyFilesystem code above, but would only work with the OS filesystem. Any other filesystem would require an entirely different API, and you would likely have to re-implement the directory walking functionality of os.walk.
PyFilesystem2 owes a massive debt of gratitude to the following developers who contributed code and ideas to the original version.
 - Ryan Kelly
 - Andrew Scheller
 - Ben Timby
Apologies if I missed anyone, feel free to prompt me if your name is missing here.
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text:
Definitions for factor x deficiency
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Factor X Deficiency
Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"factor x deficiency." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 23 May 2013. .


text:
The Southeastern Spine Institute (SSI) is a top-rated medical facility, the largest medical practice in South Carolina specializing in spine-only care. And while you can get an accurate diagnosis for your back pain and the best care for your illness or injury at SSI, part of their mission is to educate the public. And SSI goes to great lengths to provide information to you.
When you consider that each educational initiative takes time and significant resources, you'll understand the value that SSI provides. For example, some of the ways that the spinal experts at SSI reach out include:
- The Southeastern Spine Institute website, listing many medical conditions and treatments
- A blog of informative articles and insightful tips that you can read at your leisure
- A number of helpful ebooks available for you to download
- A series of medical videos — one medical documentary after another — that you can watch
Why a Medical Documentary?
A video can capture more than the facts. And these expert videos follow several patients as they go from hurting to healing. Each medical documentary shows you the impact that the right treatment can have on your life. As such, they're powerful ways to see the benefits of spinal medicine.
And a video allows you to learn without reading. Not everyone likes to read. The website, blog and ebooks all require extensive reading. A video, on the other hand, lets you sit back and take it all in. You can follow the individual patient stories while learning about the doctors and procedures at the Southeastern Spine Institute.
How the Medical Videos Originated
The series of 13 medical videos (and counting) were originally produced to air on television, and all of them did at one time or another. You may still find them on local channels. But they've been digitized and given their own page on the SSI website. They're always available, meaning you can watch them anytime.
Each professionally produced medical documentary is about 28 minutes long, and each features different stories. Vanessa Hill, a local Charleston personality, hosts the series. By watching several of the videos, you can learn a lot about:
- The different ways you can hurt your back
- Many of the various treatment options available at SSI
- The services offered at SSI
- The senior SSI physicians
- How immensely painful back injuries and illnesses can be
- The significant change successful spine procedures produce
The Medical Videos of SSI
Watching a medical documentary may not seem like a lot of fun, but these videos move right along, as the stories intersect the information, presenting an entertaining mix of personal accounts and professional knowledge. The 13 currently available medical videos — once known as "The Age of Spinal Medicine" — include:
- Our First Show
- Technology Edition
- The Patient's Perspective
- Questions and Answers
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- One Patient at a Time
- Spine Care of a Lifetime
- On the Road to Spine Health
- On Location
- Back in Charleston
- Getting Back After Back Pain
- Why It's Called an Institute
- No Reason to Live in Pain
Visit the Medical Documentary page of the SSI website to view these videos. Maybe you'll learn something about your own back pain. Maybe you'll finally see that there's a treatment for your condition. Maybe you'll come to understand that you're not alone in battling back pain.


Bumblebees carry lots of cargo in economic mode, Bumblebees (Bees) are the biggest insect killer in the world that can fly back to the nest with the same weight.
A study published on February 5 in Science Advances shows how they do it and bees can act more flexibly than you would expect from buzzing insects.
They can carry 60, 70, or 80 percent of their body weight to fly, which will be a huge burden for us to leave, the researchers said. Bumblebees carry lots of cargo in economic mode.
We love seeing how they do it and how much it costs them to bring food and supplies back to the honeycomb.
Gagliardi and Stacy Combes, assistant professors in the Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, measured the energy consumption of bees that flew in specially designed rooms (empty snow branches).
They attach small pieces of solder wire to the bees to adjust their weight.
We put bees in a small chamber and measure the carbon dioxide they produce. "They mainly burn sugar so you can immediately see how much sugar they consume during the flight," Galiardi said.
They also use high-speed video to check the effects and movements of the wings.
Flying bees are very different from planes, Combes said. When air flows evenly over the plane's wings or rotor blades, the bee moves its wings at a large angle to the air and creates curved vortices around the wing. This produces more buoyancy than stable air flow, but it is not stable because the vortex breaks out quickly. Bees can fly by moving their wings very quickly.
When bees remove fuel from the nectar they carry, they must become lighter when they fly and use less energy. To their surprise, Combes and Gagliardi found that bees could actually use less energy per unit charge if they were loaded more. Bumblebees carry lots of cargo in economic mode.
"You will be more economical to fly the heavier ones that are lost, which makes no sense from an energetic perspective," Combes said.
On closer examination, the researchers found that bees could overcome the increased load in two different ways. They always increase the amplitude of the collision (how wide the wings are) when they are loaded, but this is not enough to carry extra weight alone.
To compensate for the difference, bees can increase the frequency of wing beats, create more buoyancy and increase energy costs.
However, bees also have alternative, very different flight modes, which allow them to carry heavier weights by using less energy than when increasing vibrational frequencies.
It is not yet clear what exactly involves this "economic mode", Combs said, although it might involve changes in the way the wings rotate in the opposite direction between beats. But bees can choose to do something or not.
"It turns out they chose to maintain workload behavior," Combes said. When bees are loaded or lightly rested, they tend to increase the frequency of the wings.
When under heavy loads, they switch to mysterious economic modes that produce enough power to support the load with only a slight increase or even decrease in the frequency of the sweep.
If bees can save energy while flying, why not always use this economic mode? It's unclear, but high-frequency wing beatings may have performance advantages such as maintaining stability in storm air or avoiding obstacles, Combes said.
The work has changed the way Combes see insects, he said.
When I started in this area, I saw it more as a small engine. "We decided that once they swing their wings when they don't carry a burden, on the contrary when they carry a 50 percent load and every bee does the same thing every time," he told researchers.
This gives us an estimate that this is behavior, they choose what to do. Even the same bee on another day will choose a new way to flap its wings.


text:
Right from the start, the electricity supply network has been the backbone of growth and development in South Australia.
In its early days, the arrival of electricity supply rapidly improved the quality of life of South Australians.
As South Australia matured, the expanding transmission network opened up new industries and opportunities. Today, our modern transmission network continues to support South Australians by providing safe, affordable and reliable energy solutions to power homes, businesses and the economy.
In 1998, the South Australian Premier, John Olsen, announced the privatisation of the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA). The subsequent separation and sale saw the establishment of ElectraNet. The distribution network retained the name, trading under ETSA Utilities, now known as SA Power Networks.
On 31 October 2000, ElectraNet began trading as a private company, operating South Australia's high-voltage electricity transmission network.
The building that hosts ElectraNet's corporate headquarters in Rymill Park was built in 1908, and was originally used as an electrical converter station for Adelaide's horse-drawn tramway system. The construction of the converter station was one of the first steps in the modernisation of what was Adelaide's major form of public transport at the time.
In 1984, the building was registered for State Heritage. It's a rare example of a building type that became obsolete due to technological and architectural changes. The designers of the original converter station, English and Soward, also created many other original foundations for the East End cultural precinct of Adelaide.
Rymill Park sits on the eastern fringes of Adelaide's central business district. This area of Adelaide boasts historic charm with modern sophistication. Adelaide's East End features original 19th century architecture contrasting with ultra-modern interiors – and ElectraNet's corporate headquarters is no exception.
South Australia's electricity journey started back in 1885, when J.W.H Hullet became the first person to light a private residence through what was known as a hydro-electric plant. But it wasn't until 1897 that the South Australian Parliament passed a bill to form a privately owned electricity company to generate and transmit power to the Port Adelaide area.
The demand for electricity soared throughout the early 1900s. By 1917, electricity supplies had been extended to Norwood, Unley, Hindmarsh and Thebarton, and the demand was so high that the powerhouse that had initially been built in Grenfell Street needed to expand its capacity. By 1923, a further power station was built in Osborne to cope with customer demand.
The 1920s saw new transmission lines being built, expanding out past the metropolitan area. By the Second World War, transmission lines were delivering power to the farmlands of South Australia, providing electricity to industrial sites and important war-effort supply stores.
Eventually, the South Australian Government reasoned that adequate, reliable and centrally planned electricity supply was key to the growth of the state's industry and agriculture. The Government formed the Electricity Trust of South Australia (ETSA) and nationalised privately owned electricity companies.
During the 1950s, the Port Augusta power stations came online and the Power Line Carrier communications system was first used to relay a conversation between Northfield and Port Augusta. It enabled the remote operation and monitoring of the transmission network. ElectraNet has the largest private telecommunications network in the state.
The Northern Power Station was commissioned in 1985 to supply additional base load power. The connection between Adelaide and Port Augusta was also reinforced to meet the growing demands of metropolitan Adelaide. Around the same time, an agreement was made to connect the transmission networks of Victoria and South Australia, and an interconnector was built in Heywood, Victoria.
ElectraNet enters the story in 1998, when the South Australian Premier, John Olsen, announced the privatisation of ETSA. We began trading as a private company in 2000.
In 2005, Cathedral Rocks became the first wind farm connected to ElectraNet's transmission network. We have become the largest connector of wind generation in Australia, and the second largest wind-to-load ratio in the world.
With demand for electricity continuing to grow in South Australia, we bolstered the high-voltage supply to Adelaide CBD with a new underground cable in 2011. Our commitment to providing stable, reliable, and high quality electricity continues, with the interconnector in Heywood next in line to be upgraded in the near future, to increase the capacity in both directions by 40%.
You can learn more about South Australia's electrical history and defining moments by reading 'Our Heritage'.


Flint water documentary shown prior to debate
A documentary highlighting the Flint water crisis was shown at Woodside Church on Sunday prior to the evening's debate between Democratic presidential candidates.
The film follows the untold story of the activist role in exposing the lead in Flint's water, according to a participant featured in the documentary.
The Coalition for Clean Water banded together to conduct citizen testing and partnered with Marc Edwards of Virginia Tech, who helped discover the lead contamination.
The documentary talks about that process and kind of a history of Flint's switch from the Detroit water system to treating its own drinking water using the Flint River.
It also explains the role of Flint's emergency manager and the state's emergency manager law in the water crisis.


text:
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780199737055 | _PHONE_
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/7/2010
Clinical Neuroscience: Psychopathology and the Brain, Second Edition, uses a student-friendly, integrative, and empirically based approach to present the neuroscience underlying various psychological disorders. The text begins with a tour of the brain's fundamental building blocks (neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and neurodevelopment) before moving on to such mental health challenges and illnesses as traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, addiction, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. The final section of the book includes chapters devoted to the maintenance of mental health, including stress and coping, psychoneuroimmunology, and hunger regulation. Pedagogical features including chapter-opening vignettes (Connections), case studies (A Case in Point), running marginal glossaries, and feature boxes (Brain Matters) illuminate the course content for students as they learn about the value of translational research (i.e., transforming basic research into applied therapies). Clinical Neuroscience: Psychopathology and the Brain, Second Edition, emphasizes the value of the scientific method, relevant empirical information, and the practice of utilizing multiple perspectives so that meaningful progress can be made toward the identification of the most effective treatment strategies. Ultimately, all students will have a sound scientific foundation on which to build a greater understanding of the neurobiology inherent in psychological properties and mental health. New to this Edition * A new chapter on traumatic and chronic brain injury * Updated research throughout and hundreds of new references * A new color insert illustrating the visual complexities of the brain


More than meets the eye: Chess skill is linked to intelligence
At first it looks like a 'No shit, Sherlock'-kind of study: intelligence plays a significant role in determining chess skill. But there is more than meets the eye. Do know that for the e.g. the infamous 10000 rule chess research played an important role. But just relentless practice for 8 to 10 years won't do the trick. This new comprehensive meta-analysis provides some of the most conclusive evidence to date that cognitive ability is linked to skilled performance and refutes theories that expertise is based solely on intensive training.
From the press release:
The findings, reported online in the journal Intelligence, come out of Zach Hambrick's Expertise Lab at MSU, which examines the origins of skill in domains such as chess, music and sports.
"When it comes to expertise, training and practice certainly are a piece of the puzzle," said Hambrick, MSU professor of psychology. "But this study shows that, for chess at least, intelligence is another piece of the puzzle."
The study found that intelligence was linked to chess skill for the overall sample, but particularly among young chess players and those at lower levels of skill. This may be because the upper-level players represent a winnowed distribution of cognitive ability — in other words, they all tend to be fairly bright. (By way of comparison, Burgoyne said, consider the world's best basketball players. Although there is essentially no correlation between height and points scored at that level, that doesn't mean height isn't important in basketball.)
Hambrick offered another potential explanation. "Imagine that a genius can become a skilled chess player relatively easily, whereas a person with average intelligence may take longer. So the idea is, as you practice more and develop more skills and knowledge about the game, you may be able to circumvent limitations in cognitive ability." This might be true for chess, he added, but not for all activities. In an earlier study, Hambrick and a colleague found that working memory, a cognitive ability related to general intelligence, predicted success in sight-reading music even among highly practiced pianists.
Abstract of the study:
Why are some people more skilled in complex domains than other people? Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between cognitive ability and skill in chess. Chess skill correlated positively and significantly with fluid reasoning (Gf) (View the MathML source = 0.24), comprehension-knowledge (Gc) (View the MathML source = 0.22), short-term memory (Gsm) (View the MathML source = 0.25), and processing speed (Gs) (View the MathML source = 0.24); the meta-analytic average of the correlations was (View the MathML source = 0.24). Moreover, the correlation between Gf and chess skill was moderated by age (View the MathML source = 0.32 for youth samples vs. View the MathML source = 0.11 for adult samples), and skill level (View the MathML source = 0.32 for unranked samples vs. View the MathML source = 0.14 for ranked samples). Interestingly, chess skill correlated more strongly with numerical ability (View the MathML source = 0.35) than with verbal ability (View the MathML source = 0.19) or visuospatial ability (View the MathML source = 0.13). The results suggest that cognitive ability contributes meaningfully to individual differences in chess skill, particularly in young chess players and/or at lower levels of skill.
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I have been trying all weekend to find a way to get my program to answer a question using a sting with a scanner class. For example I need to get my program to answer a question like
Who is on the 5 dollar bill?
Input would be Lincoln and other inputs would be invalid the question will have 3 choices so the logic has to work.
Can you point me in the right direction on how to get this to work in Java? I want to understand the material but I have really tried all weekend.
share|improve this question
The question is quite confusing. Could you clarify a bit? So you read input from somewhere with your Scanner and want to respond to a hardcoded number of questions? Anyhow you'll need to use something else to write your answer out as Scanner is only there to read input. – Voo Feb 13 '11 at 19:37
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2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
If I understood your question properly, then this should point you in the right direction:
Import the Scanner:
import java.util.Scanner;
Then, here is the method you'd want to call:
public void myScanner () {
 Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); //Creates a new scanner
 System.out.println("Who is on the 5 dollar bill?"); //Asks question
 String input = scan.nextLine(); //Waits for input
 if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("Lincoln")) { //If the input is Lincoln (or any case variant of Lincoln)
 else { //If the input is anything else
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If you don't want to encode all the actual word solutions (like "Lincoln") you can also just ask the user to pick a number/letter solution since you only have 3.
 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
 System.out.println("Who is on the 5 dollar bill? 1. Lincoln 2. Somebody 3. Someone");
 String userChoice = scan.nextInt(); //get a number from user
 if(userChoice == 1)
 System.out.println("Correct answer!");
 System.out.println("Wrong answer!");
This would make it easy to keep track of the answer key.
share|improve this answer
If you go that route I'd suggest using try-catch statements as well. – Johannes Feb 13 '11 at 20:17
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Your Answer


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Quasi-Static Deformation and Final Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 5083: Influence of Cryomilling
The commercial aluminium alloy 5083 was processed via cryomilling to produce nanocrystalline (NC) powders with an average grain size of ∼25–50 nm. The powders were subsequently degassed at 723 K (450°C), pre-heated and immediately quasi-isostatic (QI)-forged to produce a thermally stable bulk ultrafine grain (UFG) material having average grain size values ranging from 190 to 350 nm, depending on the processing conditions used. In this paper, the tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the bulk UFG material are presented and compared with the tensile properties of its conventionally processed counterpart. The specific influence of preheat temperature on strength and ductility of the alloy is briefly discussed. Three different pre-heat temperatures of 523, 623 and 723 K (250, 350 and 450°C) were chosen and used with the primary objective of controlling grain growth during forging. The influence of preheat temperature on tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour is highlighted. The macroscopic fracture modes of the bulk nanostructured material (BNM) prepared following three pre-heat temperatures are investigated. The microscopic mechanisms controlling tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour are discussed with regards to the intrinsic microstructural effects in the UFG alloy, nature of loading, and the kinetics and mechanisms of deformation.
Topping, Troy D.; Hu, Tao; Manigandan, K.; Srivatsan, T. S.; and Lavernia, E. J., "Quasi-Static Deformation and Final Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 5083: Influence of Cryomilling" (2012). Mechanical Engineering Faculty Research. 119.


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use views in your rooms. These events test whether the instance lies completely outside a particular view or interesects the view boundary.
- Game start: This event happens for all instances in the first room when the game starts. It happens before the room start event (see below) but after the creation events for the instances in the room. This event is typically defined in only one "controller" object and is used to start some background music and to initialize some variables, or load some data.
- Game end: The event happens to all instances when the game ends. Again typically just one object defines this event. It is for example used to store certain data in a file.
- Room start: This event happens for all instances initially in a room when the room starts. It happens after the creation events.
- Room end: This event happens to all existing instances when the room ends.
- No more lives: GameMaker has a built-in lives system. There is an action to set and change the number of lives. Whenever the number of lives becomes less than or equal to 0, this event happens. It is typically used to end or restart the game.
- No more health: GameMaker has a built-in health system. There is an action to set and change the health. Whenever the health becomes less than or equal to 0, this event happens. It is typically used to reduce the number of lives or to restart the game.
- Animation end: As indicated above, an animation consists of a number of images that are shown one after the other. After the last one is shown we start again with the first one. The event happens at precisely that moment. As an example, this can be used to change the animation, or destroy the instance.
- End of path: This event happens when the instance follows a path and the end of the path is reached.
- Close button: This event happens when the user clicks on the close button of the window. This only happens when disabling in the game settings the option to have the close button behave as the Escape key.
- User defined: There are 16 of these events. They normally never happen unless you yourself call them from a piece of code.
Instances, when visible, draw their sprite in each step on the screen. When you specify actions in the drawing event, the sprite is not drawn, but these actions are executed instead. This can be used to draw something other than the sprite, or first make some changes to sprite parameters. There are a number of drawing actions that are especially meant for use in the drawing event. Note that the drawing event is only executed when the object is visible. Also note that, independent of what you draw, collision events are based on the sprite that is associated with the instance.
Key Press events
This event is similar to the keyboard event but it happens only once when the key is pressed, rather than continuously. This is useful when you want an action to happen only once.
Key Release events
This event is similar to the keyboard event but it happens only once when the key is released, rather than continuously.
In some situation it is important to understand the order in which GameMaker processes the events. This is as follows:
- Begin step events
- Alarm events
- Keyboard, Key press, and Key release events
- Mouse events
- Normal step events
- (now all instances are set to their new positions)
- Collision events
- End step events
- Draw events
The create, destroy, and other events are performed when the corresponding things happen.


Expert US Expat Tax Preparation. Simplified. Resolved. Designed to save you time and money.
The Bona Fide Residence Test is one of two tests that Americans living abroad can meet to qualify for the special allowances on their foreign income when filing expat tax returns. Some of the main expat tax benefits include the foreign tax credit, the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE), and the Foreign Housing Credit.
The Bona Fide Residence Test requires that a US taxpayer establish permanent residence in a foreign country. The other test, the Physical Presence Test, requires that a taxpayer only be abroad for 330 days out of a 365-day period. This article will discuss how to meet the expat tax return qualifications under the Bona Fide Residence test and why civilian military contractors are unlikely to pass the test.
Bona Fide Residence Test Qualifications
To qualify for expat tax credits using the Bona Fide Residence Test, a taxpayer must meet three requirements:
 1. The taxpayer must have foreign income. Earned foreign income includes salaries, wages, bonuses, and even self-employment income. However, it does not include dividends, interest, pension distributions and/or capital gains; this type of income is referred to as "passive" in the tax world.
 2. The taxpayer must have a "tax home" in a foreign country. A tax home is where a person is permanently or indefinitely engaged in work, regardless of where their personal residence is. To establish a tax home, a person must have a work engagement expected to last at least a year. Furthermore, if you have retained a personal residence (aka "abode") in the United States, you cannot be considered to have a "tax home" in a foreign country. This is the biggest test for military contractors to overcome.
 3. Third, the taxpayer must have been a bona fide resident of a foreign country for an entire tax (most often calendar) year. You do not obtain status as a bona fide resident by simply living in a foreign country for a year. You must have demonstrated an intention to stay in the foreign country for at least a year.
Who is a Bona Fide Resident?
So who is a bona fide resident exactly? Unfortunately, the IRS' definition of a "bona fide resident" is relatively vague. They do make note of several key factors, though:
 - A taxpayer's bona fide residence is not necessarily the same thing as his/her domicile. A domicile is a taxpayer's place where they intend to permanently return. Therefore, if you move abroad for an assignment (longer than a year), you can establish bona fide residence even if you intend to return to the US someday.
 - Your status as a bona fide resident is reflected in your intentions. If you retain your house and car in the US, make short but frequent return trips, and leave your immediate family in the US, it will be difficult to prove to the IRS that you are residing abroad for an extended or indefinite period of time. If you do not have the documentation as proof, you should be able to show the IRS in your actions that you are intending to reside abroad for at least a year. You can do this by establishing residence in a foreign country, integrating with the foreign culture (i.e. setting up a bank account, having professional relationships, etc), and other type actions.
 - You will not be considered a bona fide resident of a foreign country if you make an official claim to your resident country that you are a nonresident. Some foreign countries have expat tax benefits for temporary residents. The idea of the FEIE and foreign tax credit is to reduce the potential for double taxation. Therefore, if you have taken steps to reduce your foreign expat tax burden by telling the foreign country that you are a nonresident, you cannot make a contradictory statement to the IRS to reduce your US tax burden. This question is directly asked of the taxpayer on Part II, Question 13A of Form 2555:
I'm a Contractor. Why Don't I Qualify as a Bona Fide Resident?
The IRS has recently begun several initiatives to audit expat tax returns of civilian military contractors to examine their qualifications for FEIE and foreign tax credits claimed on their returns. The majority of these audits have resulted in the rejection of the FEIE. This is because military contractors are having a difficult time proving that they have established a foreign "tax home."
If you retain all of your assets and ties in the US, and work in various camps in foreign countries as needed by your employer, you're not really establishing a foreign residence and therefore cannot qualify as a bona fide resident of a foreign country. As a result, military contractors will likely be better served to use the physical presence test to qualify for the FEIE and foreign tax credit. For more information about the physical presence test, please see the IRS website.
Need Help with the Bona Fide Residence Test?
We offer some examples of expats who qualify under the Bona Fide Residence Test here. If you have any questions about the Bona Fide Residence Test or the Physical Presence Test, or if you would like help with your expat tax returns, please contact us.
Send Me Your Free US Expat Tax Guide
...filled with money-saving tips and tricks from our experts!


text:
The meat and poultry industry strives for maximum operating efficiency and productivity, which are directly affected by the line speed at each plant. The U.S. Department of Agriculture regulates line speeds. Lines that are more heavily staffed can move at a greater speed while maintaining quality standards.
If line speeds are set too fast, workers may be unable to perform their job correctly and may become injured. In addition, when lines move too quickly for the staffing, product quality problems may result.
Companies benefit by setting line speeds properly. USDA inspectors, in plants at all times, also may adjust line speeds down if they believe the speed of the line is preventing full compliance with federal food safety.
For additional information, see our Line Speeds Fact Sheet.


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Drought Stress Symptoms: Is Your Tree Suffering?
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Trees are big, tough and long-lasting. However, they're not invincible. They need certain things to survive just like we do. They need water, but when there's a drought, they aren't getting near enough of what they need to stay strong. Do you know if your tree is under drought stress? Do you know the symptoms to look for? Read on to learn more.
Understanding the Symptoms of Drought Stress
Drought stress affects trees differently, but they impact the tree in the same area regardless of its type: the leaves.
For a deciduous tree, you will notice that the outside edges of the leaves will begin to turn brown. The browning may also extend in between the veins. It isn't uncommon for the leaves to curl up or down at the edges, wilt or even prematurely yellow. Scorch is also a common symptom, which is where it appears as if healthy leaves have been through a fire. In some cases, this may be the indication of a bacterial infection of the tree.
For evergreen trees, the needles will exhibit symptoms of a similar nature, such as the browning from the tip and color changing (usually to purple, yellow or red). In extended periods of drought, evergreens may begin to produce smaller-than-usual leaves. You may also begin to notice that leaves drop before they're ready, or stop dropping completely.
Understand the Secondary Issues of Drought Stress
Although the aforementioned symptoms are enough to deal with, there are some secondary issues that could arise from drought stress. Your tree is weak, which means it is struggling to survive and other problems can affect it. This includes things like insect infestation, bacterial infection and diseases. When these things are combined with the drought stress, it can be enough to overwhelm the tree and possibly have it succumbing to its problems. In some cases, there may be underlying issues in the tree's root system, and root loss can lead to a very high risk of the tree toppling, especially during a heavy storm.
Call Earthscapes for Tree Health Protection
If you believe that some of your trees are under stress from drought, give us a call here at Earthscapes in Huntsville, Alabama. We can help diagnose the problem, treat the issue at the source and help prevent drought stress in the future. We can give your trees the precise care that they need.


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For generations, the second born child of the Lion King has always been the leader of the Lion Guard; a team of animals whose duty is to protect the Pride Lands and the Circle of Life. Another reason why the second-born child of the Lion King is the leader of the Lion Guard is because they possess the Roar of the Elders; an intensely powerful roar that is bestowed on them by the Great Lions of the Past.
The first lion to be bestowed the power of the Roar was Askari, the second born son of one of the previous Lion Kings.
Generations later, Askari's descendant, Scar was leader of the Lion Guard and was blessed with the power of the Roar, however, after Scar after got bitten by a cobra, the venom in his body started to corrupt him, making him more prone to anger and irrational impulses as he let the power go to his head to the point where he believed he was worthier of being king than his older brother, Mufasa. He tried to get his Lion Guard to help him overthrow Mufasa and take the throne. When the rest of the Lion Guard refused, Scar destroyed them using the Roar. However, because he used the Roar for evil, Scar lost it and the abilities it gave him forever, resulting in him becoming weakened and even more determined to kill Mufasa and become king himself.
When Mufasa became king, he only had one child named Simba. Because of this, many Pride Landers believed that the Roar and the Lion Guard were gone forever. However, after overthrowing his uncle and becoming king, Simba had two children: Kiara and Kion. Being the second-born, Kion inherited the Roar and assembled the new Lion Guard, but vowed not to use it for evil as his great-uncle did.
During his final battle against the ghost of Scar, Kion is bitten and poisoned by Ushari. The venom inside Kion caused him to constantly lose control of the Roar, leading the Lion Guard to go on a journey to the Tree of Life. Once healed, Kion realized the Roar doesn't determine his identity and is willing to let it go. This willingness made Kion qualified to learn how to master the Roar completely. Under Askari's spirit's guidance, Kion trained his Roar and it became far more powerful than before, allowing him to swiftly defeat Makucha's army and help him and his friends in taking a shorter route to the Pride Lands.
When Kion and his friends are back to the Pride Lands, conflict arise between them and Vitani and her team over who should be the Lion Guard. The two teams decided to settle it through a competition. However, in the final round between Kion and Vitani, Kion decides to relinquish his role to Vitani after she proved herself worthy by bravely challenging him without needing the Roar. Kion bestowed Vitani with the Roar, allowing her to use it. Askari then appeared and stated that Kion had truly mastered the Roar. Kion demonstrated his mastery of the Roar by using it to lift Pride Rock. He then decided to use the Roar to protect the Tree of Life together with his friends, becoming its protector and King, and finally returning the Roar to its true home and proper place in the Circle of Life.
List of Known Powers and Abilities
- Sonic Roar: When the leader of the Lion Guard uses the Roar of the Elders, deceased lions roar along with him/her, instilling real power in their Roar. With this roar, he/she has flattened plains, held floods back and torn down rock-slides. The Roar is so powerful that it can actually kill the user's opponents if they willed it, such as when Scar used it to destroy his own Lion Guard when they refused to help him overthrow Mufasa.
- Mark of the Guard: Whoever the leader of the Lion Guard chooses to become part of his/her team, he/she marks them with a roaring lion head, symbolizing their positions as members of the Lion Guard, when the leader of the Lion Guard inherits the Roar of the Elders; a lion head automatically appears on his/her left shoulder. The leader can also bestow their own tittle as the Fiercest and the Roar of the Elders to another lion to be their successor, this also cause all the other marks on the Predecessor's Lion Guard to disappear and normally cause the original leader to loose the Roar. However since Kion mastered the Roar he was able to keep it.
- Precision: In "Never Roar Again", it is revealed that the Roar can be used to hit precise targets. For example, when Makuu and his float took Nala hostage, she encouraged Kion to use the Roar. When he did, instead of using the Roar on everything, he controlled it to only take out the crocodiles holding Nala before turning on Makuu and the rest of the float.
- Soul/Spiritual Summoning: The Roar can also be used to summon the lion spirits of the past like Mufasa. However, when used out of anger, the Roar is capable of summoning the evil lion spirits from their afterlife, though the effect won't work unless a bakora staff is engulfed in a fire and roared upon by the user. In "The Rise of Scar", Kion was tricked into summoning Scar over a volcano when he uses the Roar raging against Janja threatening of his family. After evil spirits are summoned, they are capable of acting on their own accord, not needing to be called on by the user.
- Atmokinesis: The Roar is also capable of manipulating the weather to the user's wishes.
- Hyetokinesiss: In "Lions of the Outlands", when Zira told Kion to use his roar on a cloud, it produced a rain cloud over Jasiri's watering hole. He uses this same feature again "Swept Away", "Battle for the Pride Lands", and "Journey to the Pride Lands". However, these rains only last for a short while. While the Roar can produce rain when the user roars at clouds, the rains are very brief, but can be powerful enough to create floods.
- Aerokinesis: In "Triumph of the Roar", it is revealed that the Roar can create a whirlwind attacks like producing tiny twisters to pick up objects.to lift objects from the ground. Kion used this ability to help carry Beshte and Bunga in order to defeat Makucha's army's biggest assault. In the next episode, he uses it to transport Bunga, Beshte, Jasiri, Janja, and himself across a dried ravine.
- Electrogenesis: In "Triumph of the Roar", Kion uses the Roar to summon a bolt of lightning to free Makini and the Night Pride from inside the Tree of Life after Beshte failed to push a large boulder aside himself. Near the end of "Journey to the Pride Lands", lightning creates a hole in a huge stone dam not far from the Pride Lands.
- Geokinesis: In addition to causing earthquakes, the Roar can create pillars and rifts in the earth. Kion was also able to lift Pride Rock with no difficulty. If blasted on a volcano, it will cause an eruption that will cause mass destruction in the process.
- Evil Deeds: If the leader of the Lion Guard ever uses the Roar of the Elders for evil, he/she will lose this power permanently.
- Rage: If the leader of the Lion Guard ever uses the Roar of the Elders in anger, he/she will temporarily lose control of the Roar and he/she could unintentionally hurt or even kill someone, as well as accidentally summon evil lion spirits.
- Accidental Natural Disasters: If the Roar is used in anger or not it can cause natural disasters by accident, like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. In "The Accidental Avalanche", Kion accidentally started an avalanche while using the Roar on a mountain.
- Duration: The Roar of the Elders can't last long when used prolong, which could exhaust the user as seen in "Journey to the Pride Lands" when Kion tried to hold water in place for how long using the Roar.
- The first mention of this ability was in the book Hear Me Roar!.
- According to the Disney Life app, the Roar can be heard up to five miles away. (That is the same distance as a regular roar by a fully grown lion.)
- When Kion uses the Roar, he always tells everyone to get behind him as to avoid hurting them.
- "David Oyelowo to Voice 'Scar in Disney Jr's Animated Series THE LION GUARD". BroadWayWorld.com (June 23, 2017).


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Within this project, the mode of operation of the circuit breaker and its new innovative method of arc guiding were analyzed and verified. The solution refers to a switching device that is able to deal with both ac switching loads and bidirectional dc switching loads. It is primarily intended for use in UIC-capable switching units for voltages up to 3 kV and currents up to 800 A. The concept uses a combination of permanent and electromagnetic blowout fields. This completely new and innovative approach is intended to permit activation of the blast coils by the arcs themselves to generate the electromagnetic blowout fields without need for additional electrical switching contacts. The combining of a newly developed optical data acquisition system together with the conventional recording of electrical parameters made the verification of the working hypothesis of the switching process possible. A numerical model is used for the simulation of the later stage of the extinguishing process, where the arc is driven toward the arcing chamber by the superposed magnetic fields of permanent magnets and blast coils, until it is extinguished due to elongation and cooling by the arc splitter stack. The results of the measurement data analysis and theoretical modeling and simulation of the extinguishing process led to the identification of critical operational areas and resulted in a successful optimization of the contactor.


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Survey: 3 of 4 Parents Say Their Kids Are Spoiled by the Holidays
Do your kids get bratty at the holidays? If they do, you're not alone. Parenting and TODAY Moms surveyed more than 6,000 parents to find out how much they really spend on holiday gifts, if they feel pressure to buy everything their kids want, and how their kids respond to the onslaught of presents.
 - 3 out of 4 parents admit their kids are spoiled to some degree
 - 59% say their kids are more spoiled than they were as kids
 - Only 30% always require their kids to write thank-you notes
Plus: Kids' Worst Spoiled Brat Moments
Read the full results of the survey, including the jaw-dropping average amount of money parents spend on each kid at the holidays. Then tell us: do your kids ever exhibit less-than-grateful behavior at the holidays?
Also, join TODAY contributor and parenting expert Amy McCready, author of If I Have To Tell You One More Time, on TODAY Moms' Facebook page Tuesday at 1 p.m. ET for a live chat about how to un-spoil your children (or avoid spoiling them in the first place!).