text:
Archaeologists May Have Discovered the Birthplace of King Arthur: Legends Come to Life?
The recent discovery of 1500-year-old ruins at Tintagel in south-west England has made headlines around the world. What appear to the be the walls of a Dark Age palace have been found in the exact place, and dating from the very time, King Arthur is said to have been born.
The ruins of the upper mainland courtyards of Tintagel Castle, Cornwall. ( Kerry Garratt/CC BY SA 2.0 )
Ruins at Tintagel, England. ( CC BY 2.5 )
During the 1130's the British cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote The History of the Kings of Britain, in which he tells us that Arthur was born in a castle on windswept, coastal cliffs just outside the village of Tintagel in the English county of Cornwall. According to the account, Arthur's father to be, Uther Pendragon, falls for Igraine, the duchess of Cornwall, and Merlin makes him a magic potion to transform him into the likeness of her husband so the couple can make love in her residence at Tintagel. The plan works but with an unplanned consequence: the baby Arthur is conceived.
Historical King Arthur
Although such outlandish tales leave historians skeptical concerning the likely historical existence of King Arthur, there were earlier accounts, such as the History of the Britons by a British monk named Nennius dating from AD 830, that portray Arthur in a more pragmatic and historical context. Arthur was, we are told, a powerful warrior who united the native Britons in their struggle against the invading Anglo-Saxons around the year 500. The Romans had ruled Britain for four centuries, and when they left in the fifth century the country fragmented into separate, feuding kingdoms, allowing the Anglo-Saxons to invade from their homeland in Germany.
Map: Southern Britain around AD 500 when King Arthur is said to have lived. (Map by Graham Phillips)
From both archaeological discoveries and the few historical records that survive concerning the period, we know that the enemy was initially unstoppable, overrunning half the country. Then, in the 490s, something changed; the Britons mounted a massive counter-offensive and pushed the Anglo-Saxons back to the east. This abrupt change of affairs very much implies the emergence of a powerful, unifying British leader. The problem is that his or her name is not found in any contemporary text or inscription. The turmoil of the post-Roman era resulted in few written records surviving from the period.
- More than a Dozen Mysterious Prehistoric Tunnels in Cornwall, England, Mystify Researchers
- Historians Draw Closer to the Tomb of the Legendary King Arthur
- The Grail Cypher: A radical reassessment of Arthurian history
However, someone must have led the Britons at this time, and the oldest extant account to reveal who this was is Nennius' History of the Britons that tells us it was Arthur. Unfortunately, neither Nennius nor any other early writer reveals anything concerning Arthur's background or where he was thought to have been born.
Palace at Viroconium
Archaeology has, though, uncovered evidence of a possible capital of Arthur, or at least the person who led the Britons in the late fifth century. Excavations at the old Roman city of Viroconium, near the town of Shrewsbury in central Britain, have unearthed evidence that it was the largest and most heavily defended city in Britain around 500 AD, and at that very time a huge, elaborate mansion was built at its heart. As one of the last classical buildings to be erected in the country for another thousand years, archaeologists believe that it may have been the palace of an extremely influential military figure.
The ruins of Viroconium in central Britain, perhaps the site of the historical Camelot. (Photograph by EarthQuest Photography)
Perhaps this was the person who reorganized the British forces to repel the Anglo-Saxons. If this was the Arthur recorded by Nennius, then he was active in many locations. Nennius records twelve of Arthur's battles, located in various parts of the country, meaning that although he may ultimately have ruled from a city in the center of Britain, Arthur could have been born just about anywhere. So could he have been born at Tintagel?
Fiction from Fact?
Although Geoffrey of Monmouth's account of Arthur's birth reads like fantasy, it's possible that it was based on a kernel of truth. The story of Excalibur being thrown to the Lady of the Lake when Arthur lies mortally wounded on the field of battle sounds equally unlikely. Nevertheless, archeology has uncovered many weapons, including swords that had been cast into sacred pools and lakes by the ancient Britons as offerings to a water goddess. Perhaps Arthur's sword really was thrown into a lake in the hope that such a deity would heal him.
- The Bewitching Tale of Morgan le Fay, a Captivating Character of Arthurian Legend
- The Legend of the Fisher King and Elements of the Divine Fishermen in Ancient Mythology
- Meet Magnus Maximus, the Roman Usurper-Turned-Welsh Hero Who Inspired King Arthur
A similar embellishment may account for the story of Arthur's conception. Royal advisors, such as Merlin is said to have been, did exist during the fifth century. They were known as bards: part poets, part shamans who were accredited with knowledge of medicinal plants. These included hallucinogens such as the famous "magic mushroom." Perhaps it was Igraine who was given a potion to make her believe that Uther was her husband. Yet even if the legend of Arthur's conception was based loosely on some kind of genuine event, the location of Arthur's supposed conception has long been in question.
Illustration: Merlin taking away the infant Arthur - "So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and so he bore it forth."( Public Domain )
Although works such as that by Nennius do suggest that there was an historical figure behind the legend of King Arthur, Geoffrey has Arthur's nativity occurring in a castle that stood in Tintagel during his day; A structure that historical records reveal was only built in the early twelfth century, 600 years too late to have been the birthplace of a king who was said to have lived around AD 500.
The remains of Tintagel Castle in Cornwall, the legendary place of King Arthur's birth. (Photograph by EarthQuest Photography)
The craggy, grey stone ruins that can be seen on the cliffs of Tintagel today are the remains of a castle built in the thirteenth century, replacing the one that stood there in Geoffrey's time. But even this structure had not been erected until the early 1100s. However, the archaeological excavations being conducted at present are unearthing what appear to have been the foundations of a much older building that previously occupied the site. Judging by the high-status artifacts so far unearthed, such as exquisite pottery, ceramics, and glass, it is thought to have been the residence of a wealthy and important individual who lived at the very time Arthur is said to have lived—perhaps the historical Arthur's mother. The fabled king could indeed—just possibly—have been born at Tintagel after all. If this is where Arthur had his origins, then perhaps the excavations, still ongoing, might finally uncover something bearing his name: the ultimate proof that King Arthur really did exist.
The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon. ( Public Domain )
Graham Phillips is author of The Lost Tomb of King Arthur, published by Inner Traditions.
Top Image: King Arthur. Detail. Charles Ernest Butler, 1903. ( Public Domain )
Jason Daley, August 5 2016. "Archaeologists at Tintagel uncover walls and artifacts from a Dark Ages complex likely used by local kings." Smithsonianmag.com [Online] Available at: _URL_


Power In a data center, power is supplied through either light or electricity. Systems that run on wavelengths of light are called fiber optics. Fiber optic cables offer more bandwidth and can travel much longer distances with less attenuation than electric, copper-based cables. In addition, fiber optics promote less interference and do not pose a fire hazard due to the fact that there is no electricity running through them. Hardware Ultimately, a network is made up of bare metal components such as racks, servers, switches, routers and interfaces. These devices, which are all connected with cables, must be monitored and maintained in order to ensure constant uptime. Network connectivity Data centers cannot function without the proper connectivity solutions and connectivity comes down to one crucial component: communication. When it comes to networks, there must be both seamless internal and external communication—meaning they must connect to the web and amongst the devices within a network. If a network stops communicating, signals will back up and create latency, which leads to slow uploads and downloads. To prevent latency, proper diagnostic and visibility tools are required. Server Farm Realty is uniquely qualified to provide the physical layer of IT infrastructure and enable the cloud. The company provides the critical hardware, power and network connectivity solutions to form a complete cloud service. With existing facilities in Moses Lake, E. Washington, Santa Clara and Chicago, and numerous new data center developments underway, Server Farm provides customers with easy access to energy efficient, concurrent data centers.
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text:
The European Union's idea of gender equality and its support among citizens of 27 European countries Gerhards, Jürgen
Schäfer, Mike S.
Institut für Soziologie
The European Union's idea of gender equality and its support among citizens of 27 European countries
This article first describes the European Union's idea of gender equality and its implementation into European policies. The second section analyses the extent to which citizens of different European countries support the idea of gender equality. The empirical basis for our analysis is the "Eurobarometer 63.1" from 2005. The descriptive findings show that while a majority of European citizens support the idea of gender equality, there are substantial differences between individual countries. In the third section we explain these differences by referring to the country's level of modernization and degree of politically institutionalised gender equality, as well as the respondents' religious orientation and level of education, among other factors.
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text:
- 1. siphon, syphon, tube, tubing
- usage: a tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that atmospheric pressure forces the liquid through the tube
- 2. siphon, syphon, organ
- usage: a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
- 1. siphon, syphon, siphon off, draw, take out
- usage: convey, draw off, or empty by or as if by a siphon
- 2. siphon, put, set, place, pose, position, lay
- usage: move a liquid from one container into another by means of a siphon or a siphoning action; "siphon gas into the tank"
All rights reserved.
See also: siphon (Dictionary)


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As a Driven Leaf Quiz | Eight Week Quiz C
Milton Steinberg
Purchase our As a Driven Leaf Lesson Plans
Eight Week Quiz C
Name: _____________________________ Period: ___________________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Part One, Chapters XX-XVII.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Where are Elisha and Deborah to stay when at the feast?
(a) Akiba's house.
(b) Rabbi Peter's home.
(c) Their own estate.
(d) Uncle Amram's estate.
2. Who does Elisha find out he has been betrothed to?
(a) Deborah.
(b) Theo.
(c) Zoma.
(d) Shraga.
3. Why does Deborah encourage Elisha to curry the Shraga's favor?
(a) She is concerned the Shraga wants to take Elisha away from her.
(b) She is concerned the Shraga might prevent his ordination.
(c) She wants Elisha to become Shraga's disciple.
(d) She wants the Shraga to give Elisha more servants.
4. Where does the plague strike?
(a) Antioch.
(b) Usher.
(c) Palestine.
(d) Jerusalem.
5. Who does Elisha try to find in the pagan part of Caeserea?
(a) A magician.
(b) A bookseller.
(c) His old tutor.
(d) A carpenter.
Short Answer Questions
1. What does Elisha discuss with Justin, the leader of the Gentile Christians?
2. What do the workers, numbering over 500, want to do after the command to leave?
3. What is Deborah bothered by when around Meir and his wife?
4. Why is Abuyah considered something of a heretic among others in this society?
5. What does Elisha think about his new wife after the week-long festival?
(see the answer key)
This section contains 277 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
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As a Driven Leaf from BookRags. ©2009 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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text:
How do shoes affect foot skeleton stresses in racehorses? An international research team is tackling the question in a project that is likely to benefit the racing industry and protect horses from injury.
Horse hooves have the ability to naturally deform during locomotion and dissipate locomotor stresses, yet farriery approaches are used to increase performance and protect hooves from wear, the study team, writing in the journal PeerJ, noted.
"Previous studies have assessed the effect of different shoe designs on locomotor performance; however, no biomechanical study has hitherto measured the effect of horseshoes on the stresses of the foot skeleton in vivo [in the living organism].'
Musculoskeletal injury is one of the main animal welfare concerns in the racing industry, notes University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences research team leader Dr Olga Panagiotopoulou.
The researchers from the University of Queensland, the Royal Veterinary College in Britain, and Brown University in the United States are using a new approach that combines three-dimensional x-ray imaging technology with computer simulations and models to show the forces exerted on bones.
"This novel combination has enabled us to study the effect of a stainless steel horseshoe on skeletal stresses within the forefoot in a live racehorse,"" she explains. "This is the first time this combination of techniques has been used in large live animals such as horses.
"Future research using more animals will enhance our understanding of what regions of the horses' feet are most at risk of damage."
The method was used successfully in a preliminary case study at the Royal Veterinary College in London.
Royal Veterinary College vertebrate biomechanics and evolutionary anatomy researcher Professor John Hutchinson says further research is necessary.
"We need to undertake further studies with more horses moving at faster speeds and gaits and with a similar focus on the hind feet."
The research involved walking a thoroughbred between three-dimensional x-ray machines, an imaging technique developed by Professor Stephen Gatesy and colleagues at Brown University and used previously to view bone interaction in small animals such as fish and birds.
Panagiotopoulou used film industry animation techniques to transform the radiographic data into a life-size three-dimensional model.
"By combining the 3D model with other research data we were able to measure the force the horse's foot bones generated when they hit the ground and develop comprehensive simulations," she says.
"We believe this work could pave the way for new directions in research which will minimise foot injuries and improve animal health and welfare."
Their preliminary findings pointed to increases in some stresses on the forefoot phalanges in the shod condition at mid-stance, consistent with the tentative conclusion that a steel shoe might increase mechanical loading.
"However, because of our limited sample size none of these apparent differences have been tested for statistical significance," the study team wrote in their paper.
"Our preliminary study illustrates how the shoe may influence the dynamics and mechanics of a thoroughbred horse's forefoot during slow walking, but more research is needed to quantify the effect of the shoe on the equine forefoot during the whole stance phase, at faster speeds/gaits and with more individuals as well as with a similar focus on the hind feet."
They anticipated that their preliminary analysis and new approach would pave the way for new directions in research on the form/function relationship of the equine foot, with the ultimate goal to minimise foot injuries and improve animal health and welfare.
"Despite our study's restriction to measuring a few steps of one individual and assuming a static posture and massless foot segments, it is an important example of the integration of 3D biomechanical methods and their application to fundamental problems in equine locomotion, care and welfare."
Panagiotopoulou O, Rankin JW, Gatesy SM, Hutchinson JR. (2016) A preliminary case study of the effect of shoe-wearing on the biomechanics of a horse's foot. PeerJ 4:e2164 _URL_
The research techniques shown in this video allowed researchers to zoom into the skin and hoof and measure the motion of the horse's foot skeleton, which is not possible by other methods.


With Cubetto, kids learn how to code without a screen
Last night, I pledged a Kickstarter campaign that reached its funding code in 17 hours! Now, the makers of Cubetto hope to stretch their goal further in order to develop sooner than expected more maps and more stories for their wooden programmable robot. As I'm writing this, the third wave of early bird price is still available.
Cubetto combines Montessori learning principles with computer programming concepts inspired by LOGO Turtle. The Cubetto Playset consists of a friendly wooden robot, a physical programming console with a set of 16 colorful coding blocks, a nicely designed map and activity book to get children ages 3 and up started.
cubetto playset story map
Why do I care so much about Cubetto?
It's because Cubetto brings together all the elements I look for in a STEAM education toy. At the heart, the Cubetto Playset teaches preschoolers the fundamentals of programming, logical thinking, writing algorithms, debugging in a physical, hands-on way. In reality, it does more than that! This is what inspires me the most as a mom.
The story maps provide a backdrop for the children to imagine adventures for their robot.
The creators of Cubetto work hard on designing a playset that feels familiar to young children. The story maps provide a backdrop for the children to imagine adventures for their robot or to even imagine themselves doing the adventures accompanied with their robot.
The kids also get immediate feedbacks, which is critical in learning. The kids see right away if their coding works or not. They discover new patterns. The pretend play with the immediate feedback encourage kids to experiment and to learn while they are having fun.
The gender-neutral wooden robot is a blank canvas for the artist. It's another way for kids to express themselves.
I can't wait to receive my set for the beginning of the next school year. If you're looking for a proven way to teach your boy or girl age 3 and up how to code, this video tells you more about why it's a good idea to pre-order your Cubetto Playset right now.


text:
What triggers xenophobic violence in South Africa? By answering this deceivingly simple but critical question, this paper high – lights an often-missed empirical factor and key element in the xenophobic violence causal chain: mobilization. Drawing from extensive, comparative empirical data and global literature, the paper argues that, while macro and micro-level socio-economic and political circumstances are important elements in heightening tensions and creating collective discontent, anger and resentment towards foreign nationals, it is the mobilization of this discontent and not the discontent itself that triggers xenophobic attacks in locations where they occur. Mobilization is the vital connective tissue between discontent and xenophobic violence. Local violence entrepreneurs use well-known mobilization techniques, including haranguing and parochial patronage, to stir crowds into targeted and well-organized violent attacks of foreign nationals in South Africa. While this argument is in line with existing theoretical approaches that emphasize mobilization as a key causal factor in the occurrence of collective violence, the paper provides useful solid empirical backing these still hesitant approaches require to consolidate their explanatory value and efficacy.
Author: Jean Pierre Misago


I've always been fascinated by low water crossings on Texas county roads, especially when riding my motorcycle and spring rains have the river running high, sometimes overflowing the road.
This particular crossing of the San Gabriel River is one of my favorites and for years I have wondered how to best capture its essence.
The June full moon gave it magic!
The San Gabriel River
Upstream from the low water crossing, the San Gabriel is the pinnacle of peace and tranquility, the pooling water with ducks & insects floating above and fish swimming down below.
Downstream, the hearty Spring rains transform it into a gushing torrent as the water passes through gaps in the concrete boundary and ever so gradually scours the rocks until they are smooth.
The June Full Moon, which is the lowest on the horizon, is the perfect way to bring a touch of magic to the scene. The moonglow transforms the dark night into a majestic moment in time.
Both are interesting pictures of the same place. Which do you prefer?
Our nearest neighbor, the Moon
After the Sun, our Moon is the brightest object in the sky, reflecting the light of our Sun. The amount of light that it reflects from the Sun depends on what "phase" it is in as it revolves around the Earth. One complete revolution around the earth is 29 ½ days and moon rise/set is about 50 minutes later each day.
 The good news is that it is reliable and predictable to determine when it appears and how bright it will be. That light will determine how many stars you can see… a full moon means fewer stars and a moon means more stars.
The Phases of the Moon
The phase of the Moon is determined the position of the Moon in relationship to the Earth and the Sun.
The Moon reflects sunlight and the phase indicates how much of that light is reflected back to the Earth.
🌑 New Moon is dark and always rises at sunrise
🌓 First Quarter is bright and rises near noon
🌕 Full Moon is the brightest and rises at sunset
🌗 Last Quarter is bright and rises near midnight
See more from timeanddate.com by clicking on the button below.
Now you know how to plan around what type of Moon you want to see.
Pick when you'd like to see a vibrant full moon lighting up the landscape, a delicate crescent sliver above or no moon at all so that you can see more of the stars.
Observe the Moon each night for a month and see how the light upon it changes.
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- This role involves in Quality Assurance activities pertaining to Biologics manufacturing unit (In-process QA activities of Biologics Manufacturing Plants).
- Review of manufacturing documents (SOPs, EOPs, IOPs and Technology transfer documents) pertaining to Biologics function.
- Review of master batch records and executed batch records (BMR/PDR).
- Review of process validation, cleaning validation and hold time protocols/reports.
- Line clearance for batch to batch and product to product changeover.
- Ensure that good aseptic practices are followed inside the facility.
- Review of facility, process and EHSS risk assessment.
- Ensure readiness for internal and external audits by periodic GMP rounds.
- Issuance of logbooks and annexures for execution, review of executed logbooks and annexures.
- Review of qualification and validation documents for compliance against GMP standards and current industrial practices as per guidelines.
- Support in equipment and utility qualification activities.
- Follow environment, health, and safety (EHS) requirements at all times in the workplace ensuring individual and lab/plant safety
- Attend training on environment, health, and safety (EHS) measures imparted company.
Educational Qualification: Master of Science / Master of Technology -Biotechnology/Bioprocess Engineering
- Should be familiar with the In-process Quality Assurance activities pertaining to Biologics.
- Tactful Communication.
Experience: 6 to 10 years experience in Biopharma manufacturing/ testing/ compliance/ Quality Assurance.
- Good Eye for detail.
- Good in creating and maintaining relations with cross functional teams for facilitation of work.
- Agressive but assertive on task completion.
- High influencing skills to complete the task at hand.
- Solution provider: Ability to provide solutions for complex problems.


text:
Another Newbie question :)
Keith.Wansbrough at cl.cam.ac.uk
Wed Nov 5 12:27:35 EST 2003
> I seem to understand the basic idea behind the fold function, i think but do
> not seem to be able to write them myself. My understanding is that it works
> by replacing every constructor with a fold?
I think you mean "replaces every constructor with a function or
Think of a list [1,2,3]. Recall this is "syntactic sugar"
(abbreviation) for 1:(2:(3:)). That looks like
Recall (+) is the function that takes two arguments and returns their
foldr (+) 0 [1,2,3]
What happens is that (:) is replaced by the first argument (+) and
is replaced by the second argument 0, as follows:
This is just 1+(2+(3+0)), which is 6.
You can see this from the definition of foldr:
foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
foldr f z = z
foldr f z (x:xs) = f x (foldr f z xs)
where clearly every is replaced by z and every : by f.
A similar fold can be written for any datatype; it just takes a
different number of arguments, one for every constructor. The general
term is "catamorphism". E.g.:
data Expr = Num Int
| Plus Expr Expr
| Times Expr Expr
foldExpr :: Int -> (b -> b -> b) -> (b -> b -> b) -> b
foldExpr n p t (Num i ) = n i
foldExpr n p t (Plus e1 e2) = p (foldExpr n p t e1) (foldExpr n p t e2)
foldExpr n p t (Times e1 e2) = t (foldExpr n p t e1) (foldExpr n p t e2)
Hope this helps.
> Could anyone please point me in the direction of a suitable resource of
> attempt to explain this to me :)
You could try googling for "catamorphism", or looking at some of Erik
Meijer et al's papers on "bananas, lenses, and barbed wire" and so on.
More information about the Haskell-Cafe

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Landsat satellites have been gathering data about Earth for 40 years - the first one was launched in 1972. The images in this gallery have been coloured with a digital palette by the US Geological Survey to highlight certain features.
Siberian Ribbons - June 15th, 2005 - Vivid colors and bizarre shapes come together in an image that could be an abstract work of art or an illustration for a fantasy story. This labyrinth of exotic features is present along the edge of Russia's Chaunskaya Bay (vivid blue half circle) in northeastern Siberia. Two major rivers, the Chaun and Palyavaam, flow into the bay, which in turn opens into the Arctic Ocean. Ribbon lakes and bogs are present throughout the area, created by depressions left by receding glaciers.
Picture: USGS/NASA/Landsat / Rex Features


"The Dolphins" is a protest against abuse of animals and destruction of nature. Elaborate.
Antriksh asked 3 years ago
How does the poet Carol Ann Duffy raise her voice against destruction of nature and abuse of animals in her poem "The Dolphins"?
Or, The Dolphins by Duffy is a protest against abuse of wildlife and exploitation of animals. Discuss.
28 Votes ⇧ Upvote
2 Answers
Jayanta Kumar Maity Staff answered 2 years ago
In her dramatic monologue 'The Dolphins", Carol Ann Duffy has presented herself as an animal-lover and protested against the exploits of animals and other natural elements by man. Though the poem only speaks of the deplorable condition of the dolphins who are forced to live in a pool to perform tricks in circus, the theme actually goes beyond this. In a broader view, the dolphins are mere representatives of all such creatures receiving ill-treatments in the hands of man.
The poet here expresses the sadness in the dolphins' mind through their own voice using the technique of dramatic monologue. The dolphin says that they are in their 'element' to mean they are still living in water, but they are kept away from their natural habitat, i.e., the ocean. They are not free. Freedom is what the dolphin finds most important to be happy. They are not 'blessed' anymore as their movements are restricted in a pool and are guided by a man. They cannot even move according to their will; they have to perform tricks as the man wishes in order to entertain people. So, the dolphins are now used for the monetary purpose of humans. They have to balance themselves on a coloured ball. The dolphin regrets repeatedly:
We were blessed and now we are not blessed.
The dolphin is sad as it is living a monotonous life in the same space. It is in sharp contrast to what the life was like when they were in the sea. The space is limited. A man is there constantly above them guiding their movements and making them feel guilty. The moon has disappeared for them, not only literally but also metaphorically. They can no longer see the moon as they are not in the open sea, and the cheerfulness of their free life has now turned gloomy.
The dolphin remembers its happy days of the past. It finds its own reflection in the other dolphin's actions. Its heart turns to stone when it hears the "music of loss" from the other dolphin.
… Music of loss forever
from the other's heart which turns my own to stone.
So, there is a sense of loss and there is hopelessness. The only thing they have got to entertain themselves is a plastic toy. That is not the ideal thing they used to use living in the open ocean. The man's whistle makes them sink to the limit of the pool. There is a tone of suppression. Humans are toying with the innocent animals' lives. The very last line has a sarcastic tone:
There is a man and our mind knows we will die here.
It is as if where there is a man, there is impurity, there is distortion, artificiality and destruction of everything natural. In fact, the existence of a man above them has been repeated in every stanza of the poem to highlight the authority of man not only over the dolphins but also over nature and most other natural creatures. The way man is expanding their reach in this universe and trying to use natural elements in their way, they may eventually end up making a mess with the balance of this universe and its natural aspects. We are slowly but surely destructing nature and its purity.
The poet here raises her voice against this destruction through human cruelty towards animals. The dolphin acts as the poet's voice to convey her message towards the readers that we should respect the rights of animals to live in their natural habitat and should not inflict our cruelty on them.
269 Votes ⇧ Upvote
Rono Roy answered 2 years ago
People often fail to understand that the relative brain of a dolphin is only second to that of a modern human being. They live in large complex social groups and swim vast distances in open ocean. But while in captivity they can only swim in circles in tanks and are denied to stay in natural habitat and are forced to perform meaningless tricks and are often taken away from their family.
It is just like a man in a prison blindfolded, the dolphins feel the same way. Accounting to all the years many of the dolphins died while in captivity in touch tanks. By this poem the poetess wants to show us the torture the animals receive in the hands of the people. The poetess expects us to see the world from their perspective too and to protect the life of the innocent animals and demands to stop the exploitation of wildlife in the name of self-entertainment. Most of the countries have already banned the dolphin captivity.
91 Votes ⇧ Upvote
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text:
This is a simple effect to animate your any word. You can use it as an introduction to your movie by just adding a "Skip Intro" button if you want.
There are attributes you can control from the xml file. If you don't put them via xml then the defaults given in the action script are used.
a. showdelay – default – (50) – delay to commit before showing each word
b. staycount – default – (150) – number of frames for which each word shows
c. usexmllinks – default – (true) – set whether we want to use the links given via xml to each word
d. usexmlcolors – default – (true) – set whether we want to use the colors given in the xml
//single word settings
//these settings can be applied differently to each word via xml
e. randomdelay – default – (50) – delay to perform randomly for each character of the word
f. heartcount – default – (5) – number of hearts to throw from each character while doing the animation
g. charspacing – default – (-2) – character spacing for each letter of the word
h. charcolor – default – (0×000000) – character color
As soon as you change any of the above attributes, the animation gets adjusted. So, you can make many kinds of cool affects with this file. For seeing an example, click the buttons at the top of the preview. The buttons don't appear in the main file. I have attached the preview file too, if this helps anyone…
You can also make the words behave as links by giving the link urls and target via xml. And each word can be assigned a different color.
There are two kinds of things. 1. You can animate a number of words together to make it appear like an introduction to your movie. For this, the words are loaded from an external xml file and the symbol name is "words". 2. You can make any of your word appear with this effect by using the symbol "word" and giving it a word you want… wordmoviename.word = "FLASHDEN"; and also applying the settings too.
If you use the "words" symbol then the space for showing the words gets resized automatically as soon as you resize the Stage of the flash movie.
You can also try changing the font style in the "chartext" symbol.


TWS105 - Troubleshooting - Can't adjust volume
Keywords: TWS105, true wireless, can't adjust, volume
TWS105 does not design with volume control, so you can only adjust volume on the connected device.
-For Cell Phones
You can adjust volume from the volume control on your cell phone
- For PC or tablet
You can adjust volume from the volume control in the PC(or tablet)'s task bar or music / video player application.
- For transmitter
 - If the transmitter supports volume control itself, you can adjust volume on the transmitter, such as Avantree Oasis.
 - If the transmitter does not support volume control itself, you need to adjust volume on the audio source(for example: if your transmitter connect to your TV, you can adjust the TV's volume).
Have more questions? Submit a request


text:
Maribel Moreno MartínezCEIP Salvador Dalí (Villalbilla)
As in the present simple, to make questions using "was" or "were" we only have to write "was/were" at the beginning of the sentence and then the subject:Ex. Were you at school yesterday? Was he with you this morning?
Interrogative Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it?Were we?Were you?Were they?
To form the interrogative form in the past of regular and irregular verbs, we need the auxiliary "did". We write it at the beginning of the sentence. Remember that when we use the auxiliary "did" the main verb in the sentence stays in the infinitive form.Ex. Did he go to school yesterday?
Interrogative Did I run?Did you break? Did he stop? Did she buy? Did it drink?Did we watch?Did you study?Did they see?
Write these sentences inthe interrogative form:1. We were tired yesterday ______________________________2. She broke her leg ______________________________3. John ran for an hour ______________________________4. He danced all night long ______________________________5. The baby clapped his hands ______________________________


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In this video and guide we show you the best way to start an online lesson in Microsoft Teams. Follow the tips below if you want to control presenters and have more control over the video conference.
Tip 1 – Create your lesson in the calendar view
Creating your lesson in the calendar rather than directly from your class team channel gives you a number of benefits including:
- Sends out an email invitation to all students
- If students accept the invitation it will add it to their own personal outlook calendar providing structure to their day.
- You can stop students from being presenters (and some of the disruption they could cause)
When creating the calendar invite, there is no need to add the students individually, you just need to select the class as shown below.
Tip 2 – Stop students presenting
By default, students are also presenters which means they can share their screens and kick others out of the meeting. This may disrupt the lesson, but you can change this setting!
Save the calendar meeting and wait for it to finish setting up (it becomes bold in the calendar view).
Once you go back into the calendar item, you will see there are additional menu items for controlling the meeting options.
Select "Meeting options" and then change the presenter to "Only Me" and press "Save".
Tip 3 – Mute microphones
The first 4 students who join the meeting will have their mics unmuted, use the "Mute all" button at any point during the lesson.
Tip 4 – Share screens
Use the share button to share your screen or present an application or file.
Tip 5 – Mention that the lesson is about to start
Mentioning the class will send them an instant notification in teams. Use it to notify them that the lesson is about to start.
Tip 6 – Record the lesson
Some students may not be able to make it to your lesson in time. Ensure no one misses out and that they can use it for revision purposes by recording the meeting.
We hope you find these tips useful. Good luck with your online lessons!


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The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a reasonably fast method of generating primes up to a limit
k as follows:
- Begin with the set
p = (2, 3, 4,..., k)and
i = 2.
- Starting from
i^2, remove all multiples of
- Repeat for the next smallest
i >= sqrt(k).
My current implementation looks like this (with the obvious optimisation of pre-filtering all the even numbers):
# Compute all prime numbers less than k using the Sieve of Eratosthenes def sieve(k): s = set(range(3, k, 2)) s.add(2) for i in range(3, int(sqrt(k)), 2): if i in s: for j in range(i ** 2, k, i * 2): s.discard(j) return sorted(s)
EDIT: Here is the equivalent
list based code:
def sieve_list(k): s = [True] * k s = s = False for i in range(4, k, 2): s[i] = False for i in range(3, int(sqrt(k)) + 2, 2): if s[i]: for j in range(i ** 2, k, i * 2): s[j] = False return + [ i for i in range(3, k, 2) if s[i] ]
This works, but is not entirely correct. The lines:
for i in range(3, int(sqrt(k)), 2): if i in s: [...]
Find the next smallest element of
s by testing set membership for every odd number. Ideally the implementation should actually be:
while i < sqrt(k): [...] i = next smallest element in s
set is unordered, I do not know how (or even if it is possible) to get the next smallest element in a more efficient way. I have considered using a
False flags for primes, but you still have to walk the
list looking for the next
True element. You can't just actually remove elements from the
list either, as this makes efficiently removing composite numbers in step 2 impossible.
Is there a way to find the next smallest element more efficiently? If not, is there some other data structure that allows
O(1) removal by value and an efficient way to find the next smallest element?


Why millennials are not as good as they think
The opinions of the employees of s You are personal.
Believe it or not, that Millennials They age (and unfortunately the rest of us, too). With age comes the end of invincibility and the beginning of the first signs of health problems. Although this generation is more actively involved in their general wellbeing than previous generations, the millennial vision of health care is of course different.
Why millennials are not as good as they think
Why millennials are not as good as they think
The existence generation live the largest – 73 million people worldwide – and the predominant population in the Labor forceThis means that your behavior and vision of health and wellbeing will bring about some fundamental changes in healthcare while affecting your business results. Understand how they use it medical attention is important for your company. According to recent reports, millennials are on the way to poorer health than their parents as they age. This means that they are faced with more disabling, sometimes life-threatening and invariably costly diseases that they may be able to throw out of the workforce for a long time, if not permanently.
These frightening results are surprising in this apparently wellness-conscious generation. Although they focus on being healthy, their actual number of visits to the doctor is still relatively small. A recent report found that half of the millennia surveyed saw a doctor less than once a year. Almost all, 93%, said they did not plan to have a medical check-up, while 42% were willing to cancel a medical exam if this was contrary to other priorities on their agenda.
This pattern of infrequent checkups and office visits is often due to expense, a desire for convenience, and the general belief that they are healthy. Twenty percent of the millennials surveyed said they could not afford routine healthcare expenses.
The less healthy side of wellbeing
In the meantime, you may be asking yourself: "If millennials are so aware of this WellnessWhy is your health a problem? "
The truth is that all the happy selfies we see on social media tell us only half the story. In a report from American PsychologicalThree quarters of Generation Y said money was a "something" or "very important" source of stress.
Other forms of stress are the continued use of technology and overload. The potential negative effects of technology on physical and mental health are well documented, and it is not surprising that it is even greater in this group, which is often described as eternally connected to their devices. In a 2017 stress report, the APA found that 63% of millennials say they are connected to their phone or tablet all day. They also reported higher stress rates directly related to this use of technology.
Paradoxically, 44% said they felt isolated from using technology. Loneliness can harm health in many ways. The quality and quantity of individual social relationships have been linked to mental and physical health, which can increase absenteeism at work at an estimated cost to employers of hundreds of billions of dollars a year..
44% of millennials said they felt isolated due to the use of technology / Image: Daniel Salcius via Unsplash
Googling The symptoms you experience can be effective under certain conditions. However, as in most areas of life, the trick is knowing when to disconnect. In recent years, there have been several disruptive health trends related to the millennium generation that may be directly affected by your decision not to see a personal doctor and who Dr. Google to treat:
1. Mental health
Millennials report more depression than other generations in the workforce. According to research by employee benefit program provider Bensinger, Dupont Associates, approximately 70% of this generation found that depression affected their ability to work full-time at work.
2. Drink excessively
A recent study found that one in six adults in the United States consumed alcohol regularly, and adults aged 18 to 34 were the largest subset of them. They also found that heavy alcohol consumption was costly with a loss of productivity in the workplace, an increase in health expenditure, the cost of criminal justice and other costs.
3. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
New data show that millennials choose higher risk sex and pay a price with some of the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases. If left undiagnosed and untreated, they run the risk of serious and often irreversible health consequences.
4. Cancer of the colon and rectum
According to new research in the Journal of National Cancer Institute, millennials are two to four times more likely to develop colon and rectal cancers than people of the Baby Boomers generation. Although the overall number is small, Generation Y's reluctance to see a doctor can cause the overall rate to increase with age.
5. Dashes
Yes, you've read that correctly. In a study published in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers found that hospitalization rates for acute ischemic strokes increased by almost 42% in men aged 35 to 44 and by 30% in men. Women of the same age group.
"Digital health" doesn't pay off to go to the doctor
Many of the latest digital health products and trends are amazing. They save time and money on the surface. Seriously, you don't even have to interrupt your working day or leave your desk to speak to your doctor (if you have one).
However, with the growing number of evidence and worrying statistics, health problems can have a much greater impact on millennial work. Maybe it's time to pick up the phone and make an appointment with the doctor. Because even the healthiest person has to see a doctor regularly.
Similar Posts


Question: Does Bleach Dissolve Toilet Paper?
What will dissolve feces?
Wait until it dissolves the poop, and then flush the toilet a few times..
What enzyme breaks down poop?
RID-X is made of four natural enzymes that each break down a certain element of solid waste. Cellulase breaks down toilet paper and some food matter, lipase breaks down fats, protease breaks down proteins and amylase breaks down starches.
How long does it take for paper towel to dissolve in water?
In fact, they can take up to eight days to dissolve, which makes their flushability claim useless, because we can't wait eight days to remove wastewater from Castro Valley!
What chemical will dissolve toilet paper?
Try placing two tablespoons of lye in toilet tissue, tightly wrapping the tissue so that it does not release the lye until flushed down, then drop in the toilet and flush immediately, using a full bucket of water to force it down if necessary.
What dissolves paper fast?
With a little heat and some acidic liquid, you can dissolve paper quickly and efficiently. Pour five cups of lemon juice into a cooking pot. Heat the lemon juice to a boil. While the lemon juice is heating, cut the paper by hand or with scissors into half-inch pieces.
Does vinegar dissolve poop?
Pour vinegar into the toilet – Use equal parts of vinegar and baking soda. This means that for one cup of baking soda, use one cup of vinegar. Once you pour the vinegar into the toilet, it will combine with the baking soda and begin fizzing immediately. The fizzing will build up quickly but also subside quickly.
Does hot water dissolve toilet paper?
Step 2: Return and See Your Handy Work. (Hot water helps break up toilet paper quicker and the soap lubricates the passage of solid material).
How long does it take for toilet paper to decompose?
one to three yearsIn this article, Backpacker reports it can take toilet paper anywhere from one to three years to decompose. Not quite as quick as you might think. Besides, regardless of whether toilet paper decomposes quickly or not, leaving it around is just plain gross.
Does acetone dissolve paper?
Acetone. Acetone is a powerful organic solvent that can be used to easily and quickly remove ink from paper. … It will remove most ink without causing any damage to the paper. Acetone is the major ingredient in nail polish remover.
Does bleach dissolve paper towel?
Does bleach dissolve paper towels? There are wipes but Inthink biggest clog was prom kitchen paper towels. … Bleach isn't a solvent and won't do much more than the water will. Bleach won't do it.
What toilet paper does not clog toilets?
Charmin Ultra Soft looked like a standard premium toilet paper. Its packaging claimed that it's a "no plunger" toilet paper. Meaning it won't clog your pipes.
Why is poop coming back into toilet?
How to fix a poop coming back up toilet problem – Quora. This means a blockage or flooding somewhere. If you have an inspection cover near where your sewage pipe joins the main pipe, check to see if it is also backed up; if yes, try clearing the blockage with drain rods (or pay someone else to do it).
What liquid can dissolve paper?
The secret lies in the fact that the paper is made of Sodium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (no, really, we didn't make that up.) It dissolves in cold water, hot water, steam, and most aqueous solutions.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Liberism (derived from the Italian term liberismo) is a term for the economic doctrine of laissez-faire capitalism first used by the philosopher Benedetto Croce,[citation needed] and popularized in English by the Italian-American political scientist Giovanni Sartori.
Sartori imported the term from Italian in order to distinguish between social liberalism, which is generally considered a political ideology often advocating extensive government intervention in the economy, and those liberal theories of economics which propose to virtually eliminate such intervention. In informal usage, liberism overlaps with other concepts such as free trade, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, the American concept of libertarianism, and the French notion of laissez-faire.
In Italy, liberism is often identified with the political theories of Gaetano Mosca, Luigi Einaudi and Bruno Leoni. Internationally, liberism has been advocated by the Austrian School of economic theory, for instance by Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek.
 - Giovanni Sartori: The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, N.J: Chatham House, 1987. ISBN 0-934540-49-7.


text:
Evol Ecol Res 9: 261-282 (2007) Full PDF if your library subscribes.
A phylogenetic approach to determining the importance of constraint on phenotypic evolution in the neotropical lizard Anolis cristatellus
Liam J. Revell,1* Luke J. Harmon,2 R. Brian Langerhans1 and Jason J. Kolbe3
1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, 2Biodiversity Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada and 3Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA
Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
Question: Is the pattern of phenotypic divergence among populations influenced by constraint in the form of the genetic covariances among characters?
Background: Quantitative genetic theory predicts that when evolutionary lineages diverge simultaneously by genetic drift, the pattern of among-population divergence will parallel the pattern of within-population genetic variation and covariation. Among-population divergence is measured by the variance–covariance matrix of population means (the D matrix), or by the variance–covariance matrix of independent contrasts (DIC). The latter avoids the assumption of simultaneous divergence by incorporating phylogenetic non-independence among lineages and was developed expressly for this study. Within-population genetic variation and covariation are measured by the additive genetic variance–covariance matrix (the G matrix).
Organism: The Puerto Rican crested anole (Anolis cristatellus).
Methods: We sampled A. cristatellus from seven divergent populations widely dispersed across the species' range. These populations are sufficiently highly diverged to be considered evolutionarily independent lineages. We substituted the phenotypic variance–covariance matrix (P matrix) for G in evolutionary analysis. (Empirical studies have shown that P and G are frequently highly correlated for morphological traits.) In two populations, we estimated phenotypic variance–covariance matrices (P matrices) for 13 skeletal morphological traits, while in the remaining five we estimated mean phenotypes for the same traits. To test the hypothesis of constraint, we first calculated a pooled phenotypic variance–covariance matrix (P̄̄) from all populations. We compared P̄̄ to the variance–covariance matrix of population means (D) and of independent contrasts (DIC). Independent contrasts were calculated using a molecular phylogeny of the included lineages.
Results: Comparison of P matrices between populations showed evidence that covariance structure is highly conserved in conspecific populations of A. cristatellus. Comparison of P̄̄ with D and of P̄̄ with DIC indicated significant similarity in both cases, suggesting that constraint has influenced phenotypic evolution and thus probably genotypic evolution in this species.
Keywords: evolutionary constraint, genetic variance–covariance matrix, independent contrasts, matrix comparison, phenotypic variance–covariance matrix, quantitative genetics.
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All copies of abstracts and articles must preserve their copyright notice without modification.


text:
St. Michael Parish School Standardized Testing
We offer a rigorous academic program that fully prepares children for successful high school, college and professional careers.
On an annual basis, St. Michael students undergo the California Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) testing program which consists of two tests: In View (Cognitive Abilities) and Terra Nova (Achievement). Grades K-8 take the Terra Nova and grades 2-8 also take the In View.
The In View consists of the following Non-Verbal Reasoning Tests:
- Sequences: Nonverbal Patterns
- Analogies: Nonverbal Relationships
- Quantitative Reasoning: Critical Thinking in Numbers
- Words: Critical Thinking and Logic
- Context: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
The Terra Nova Complete Battery of Tests includes:
- Reading/Language Arts
- Social Studies
- Language Mechanics
- Mathematics Computation
- Word Analysis (K-3 Phonics)
2010-2011 CTBS Standardized Testing Results for St. Michael Parish School
The Quartile Report divides students into quartiles based on their percentile. Following is a description of those quartiles:
- 4th Quartile: Those students who scored at the 75-99 percentile
- 3rd Quartile: Those students who scored at the 50-75 percentile
- 2nd Quartile: Those students who scored at the 25-49 percentile
- 1st Quartile: Those students who scored below the 25 percentile
The 50 percentile is considered on level.
In 2010-11, 86% of SMPS students taking the CTBS scored in the top quartile (3rd and 4th) while 14% of SMPS students scored in the lower quartile (1st and 2nd).
Assessment of Catechesis Religious Education (ACRE)
The NCEA ACRE test is given to students in grade 5 and grade 8 every March.
The 2001 edition of the NCEA ACRE continues to be a valid and reliable evaluation tool for religion programs. Evaluating the status of our religious education program at St. Michael Parish School requires that our teachers are attuned to the mission, goals and strategies inherent to the delivery of sound catechesis. Such an evaluation also calls for a thorough, regular review of our religious curriculum, teaching methods, instructional approaches and available resources allocated to accomplish our mission.
Click here to see SMPS results for the 2012 ACRE exam.
St. Michael Parish School
The Mission of St. Michael Parish School is to provide
on-going educational formation of all students
in the context of Gospel Values.
As a Catholic community we strive to elevate the performance
levels of all students. Challenging them spiritually, academically,
socially, and emotionally prepares students to be responsible
members of society in the 21st Century.
St. Michael Parish School calls all members to use their God-given
talents to live out their faith through stewardship
by serving God and others.
2009-2010 NCEA/ACRE Results:
80% of all fifth graders tested scored at the Advanced/Proficient Level
76% of all eighth graders tested scored at the Advanced/Proficient Level.
Additional Test Results
8th Grade Explore Test Results for 2009-10
8th Grade Explore Test Results for 2010-11
CTB Test Results for 2009-10
CTB Test Results for 2010-11
CTB Test Results for 2011-12


text:
Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. As a noun, it means a production or a live show.
See: (one's) word is law a law unto a law unto (oneself) a law unto himself, herself, etc. law meaning: 1. a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves…. The free offline Law dictionary application explains the meaning of Law words Download the largest Law dictionary with over lakhs of Law words.
The manager was a law unto herself and she thought that she could do whatever she wanted. As a verb, it usually means to do something related to sports and games. play at sth definition: 1. to pretend to be a particular person or to do a particular thing, usually as a game: 2. to do…. One can listen pronunciation of Law words to read and speak words properly. for your competitive exams.Each Idiom is accompanied by meaning and example sentences. lay down the law - to state firmly what the rules or laws are for something
Idioms and Phrases on Law and Justice - Learn idioms like Null and void, Miscarriage of justice etc. The couple were law-abiding citizens who never had any problems with the law.... For in spite of a willingness to play fast and loose with the law or to get their hands dirty walking around in some pretty messy moral ambiguities,... play fast and loose; play fast and loose (with … It can also be used to describe playing instruments.However, there are also several other situations in … Meaning: Caught in an unlawful or immoral act without any mitigating circumstances. Example: The criminal was caught bang to rights, but thanks to a sophisticated defense team he served only a light sentence. What does play fast and loose with expression mean? law-abiding - obeying the law. Legal & Law Idioms, Sayings and Phrases with Meaning and Examples (Caught) Bang to Rights. These idioms and phrases will be very useful to all the freshers and other students preparing for MBA, NMAT, CAT, MAT, XAT, SNAP, MHCET, Banking exams, IBPS, SBI, RRB, SSB, SSC, RBI, UPSC etc. Meaning of words are provided with definition, synonyms and antonyms.
a law unto oneself - someone who makes his or her own laws or rules. Learn more. Learn more. Above The Law
The word play is a commonly used word. Meanings are provided with usage and example sentences to understand proper translation.


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Room Temperature Hydrogen Sensor, MEMS device, one dimensional nanostructures
Detection of explosive gas leaks such as hydrogen (H2) becomes key element in the wake of counter-terrorism threats, introduction of hydrogen powered vehicles and use of hydrogen as a fuel for space explorations. In recent years, a significant interest has developed on metal oxide nanostructured sensors for the detection of hydrogen gas. Gas sensors properties such as sensitivity, selectivity and response time can be enhanced by tailoring the size, the shape, the structure and the surface of the nanostructures. Sensor properties (sensitivity, selectivity and response time) are largely modulated by operating temperature of the device. Issues like instability of nanostructures at high temperature, risk of hydrogen explosion and high energy consumption are driving the research towards detection of hydrogen at low temperatures. At low temperatures adsorption of O2- species on the sensor surface instead of O- (since O- species reacts easily with hydrogen) result in need of higher activation energy for hydrogen and adsorbed species interaction. This makes hydrogen detection at room temperature a challenging task. Higher surface area to volume ratio (resulting higher reaction sites), enhanced electronic properties by varying size, shape and doping foreign impurities (by modulating space charge region) makes nanocrystalline materials ideal candidate for room temperature gas sensing applications. In the present work various morphologies of nanostructured tin oxide (SnO2) and indium (In) doped SnO2 and titanium oxide (titania, TiO2) were synthesized using sol-gel, hydrothermal, thermal evaporation techniques and successfully integrated with the micro-electromechanical devices H2 at ppm-level (as low as 100ppm) has been successfully detected at room temperature using the SnO2 nanoparticles, SnO2 (nanowires) and TiO2 (nanotubes) based MEMS sensors. While sensor based on indium doped tin oxide showed the highest sensitivity (S =Ra/Rg= 80000) and minimal response time (10sec.). Highly porous SnO2 nanoparticles thin film (synthesized using template assisted) showed response time of about 25 seconds and sensitivity 4. The one dimensional tin oxide nanostructures (nanowires) based sensor showed a sensitivity of 4 and response time of 20 sec. Effect of aspect ratio of the nanowires on diffusion of hydrogen molecules in the tin oxide nanowires, effect of catalyst adsorption on nanowire surface and corresponding effect on sensor properties has been studied in detail. Nanotubes of TiO2 prepared using hydrothermal synthesis showed a sensitivity 30 with response time as low as 20 seconds where as, TiO2 nanotubes synthesized using anodization showed poor sensitivity. The difference is mainly attributed to the issues related to integration of the anodized nanotubes with the MEMS devices. The effect of MEMS device architecture modulation, such as, finger spacing, number and length of fingers and electrode materials were studied. It has been found that faster sensor response (~ 10 sec) was observed for smaller finger spacing. A diffusion model is proposed for elucidating the effect of inter-electrode distance variation on conductance change of a nano-micro integrated hydrogen sensor for room temperature operation. Both theoretical and experimental results showed a faster response upon exposure to hydrogen when sensor electrode gap was smaller. Also, a linear increase in the sensor sensitivity from 500 to 80000 was observed on increasing the electrode spacing from 2 to 20 Î¼m. The improvement in sensitivity is attributed to the higher reactive sites available for the gaseous species to react on the sensor surface. This phenomenon also correlated to surface adsorbed oxygen vacancies (O-) and the rate of change of surface adsorbed oxygen vacancies. This dissertation studied in detail dimensionality aspects of materials as well as device in detecting hydrogen at room temperature.
If this is your thesis or dissertation, and want to learn how to access it or for more information about readership statistics, contact us at _EMAIL_
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
College of Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Materials Science and Engineering
Length of Campus-only Access
Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access)
Deshpande, Sameer Arun, "Dimesionality Aspects Of Nano Micro Integrated Metal Oxide Based Early Stage Leak Detection Room Temperature Hydrogen Sensor" (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3140.


text:
The accumulation and extrusion of Ca2+ in the preand postsynaptic compartments play a critical role in initiating plastic changes in biological synapses. To emulate this fundamental process in electronic devices, we developed diffusive Ag-in-oxide memristors with a temporal response during and after stimulation similar to that of the synaptic Ca2+ dynamics. In situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle dynamics simulations both demonstrate that Ag atoms disperse under electrical bias and regroup spontaneously under zero bias because of interfacial energy minimization, closely resembling synaptic influx and extrusion of Ca2+, respectively. The diffusive memristor and its dynamics enable a direct emulation of both shortand long-term plasticity of biological synapses, representing an advance in hardware implementation of neuromorphic functionalities.
A new class of memristor were demonstrated as synaptic emulators that function primarily on the basis of diffusion (rather than drift) dynamics. The microscopic nature of both the threshold switching and relaxation of the di usive memristor is revealed for the first time by in situ HRTEM and explained by nanoparticle dynamics simulation.


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Common queries on JVM monitoring.
What is JVM monitoring and how to monitor JVM?
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text:
Seventy gold bars, weighing 216 kg, were stolen from the boat, which was reportedly delivering the bullion from Guyana, at the north-eastern tip of South America, as the ship docked on the island of Curacao. The overall value of the gold has been estimated at $11.5 million dollars, which although of course an incredibly large sum of money, falls a long way short of some of the biggest gold heists in history.
Indeed, most of the largest gold heists have been carried out in politically unstable countries during civil or international conflict. Indeed one of the largest 'disappearances' of gold came after the fall of the Nazi regime in Germany, when $3.36 Billion worth of gold went 'missing' from a private Swiss bank account. Large raids have also been made on banks during the various wars in Iraq and too in Palestine.
The UK's largest heist came back in 1983, when 4 gunmen broke into the Brinks Mat Warehouse, with the intention of stealing £3 million in cash. Instead, however, they came across gold bullion worth an estimated £26 million and made off with the UK's biggest ever haul. Although all four robbers eventually were arrested and imprisoned, still to this day three tonnes of the gold remains unaccounted for.
What makes gold such an appealing heist?
Throughout history, there have been many tales of gold theft and still today it seems to be as popular as ever, but why?
First of all, in Saturday's case, it is thought that the gold was being illegally smuggled out of Guyana in a bid to avoid paying taxes. It is this illegal transportation of physical bullion that makes it a target for criminal gangs. It is very rare these days that such a large amount of cash would be transported in such an unofficial manner, and thus gold remains an attractive prospect.
Additionally, gold can be melted down and transformed into a vast array of different products; from jewellery to dental fillings, coins and ornaments, making it easier to use after the theft. These days it is easier to track down cash once it has been stolen as it often contains unique codes, and thus hauls of the size of the Curacao gold robbery will rarely be attempted.
Gold holds its value
The other major draw that gold has to robbers is that it is renowned for maintaining its value. This is too what makes it very popular with investors and why many governments choose to keep a large percentage of their wealth in gold reserves.
It is seemingly immune to political, economic and social issues, and thus the global economic crash has further highlighted its worth.
As gold is often purchased as a luxury item or gift, many people also invest in gold without even really considering it as such. This makes gold a perfect luxury as its relative value in currency can be retained at any time.
Trading your gold for cash
Indeed, the rise of internet traders has increased the ease at which one can realise this transfer, and thus gold is regularly traded, in order to assist finances. Especially with a large proportion of global currencies faltering, the relative gold value has too increased, and thus people are seeing the cash equivalent as a much more attractive option to holding on to their old gold.
With Christmas fast approaching, it is prime time for people to get rid of some of the old gold that they no longer want, and in doing so help to boost their Christmas budget. Simply by visiting an online trader, such as _URL_ today, you can get a quote for any gold that you have in your possession, and if satisfied trade away instantly.
Liquid gold in the form of detergent
So, gold may seem like an obvious target, but in other news, 'Tide' detergent has bizarrely become the latest must steal product within the US criminal underground, with it apparently being used as an exchange commodity on the black market.
Such is the scale of the current mass detergent theft, that it has even led police to label the product as 'liquid gold'. It has been targeted due to its universal demand, relatively high price and lack of serial numbers. Who would have thought that a cleaning detergent could rather be used as dirty money?


text:
Contest Score is the basis for all of our referral based thank you pages. A leads Contest Score is the score we use to determine several things, to include:
- whether or not they have reached the referral threshold
- their Rank – this is used in Leaderboard and Waitlist thank you pages
On the Hobby and Premium level plans, the Contest Score is simply the number of direct referrals a user has earned. 1 referral = 1 point. There's nothing you need to trigger this. We will automatically track all incoming referrals when a valid referral URL is used. To tell us what page we should use for your referral URL, update your Default URL Settings!
On the Business and Enterprise plans, Contest Score is influenced by our Advanced Fraud Prevention. This means that leads flagged as fraud are not included in the Contest Score. Business and Enterprise level customers can also utilize our Custom Contest Scoring. Custom Contest Scoring allows you to assign a custom point value for each referral type:
- Direct Verified Referral
- Indirect Verified Referral
- Direct Un-verified Referral
- Indirect Un-verified Referral
- You can also choose to assign 1 point for the lead signing up
In addition, you can now assign points for the following user actions:
- Clicking your Social Share Links
- Following you on Facebook and Twitter
- Liking your page or another URL on Facebook
An example of a direct referral would be when User A refers User B. B would be a direct referral of A.
An example of an indirect referral would be when User A refers User B, then User B refers User C. C would be an indirect referral of A and a direct referral of B.
Verified and Un-verified depends on whether you are using our Email Verification.
To set up Custom Contest Scoring (Business and Enterprise customers):
- From the left menu panel of your Campaign Dashboard click "Settings"
- Click the blue "Edit Contest Scoring" button
- Scroll down to "Customize Campaign Scoring" and use the dropdown menu to select how you want your leads to be scored. You can select to base the score on all direct referrals, all direct verified referrals, or use custom score settings.
- If you select Custom Scoring, you will need to specify the following:
– Should we automatically add 1 point for the lead signing up?
– How many points should we award for: Direct Verified Referrals, Direct Un-verified Referrals, Indirect Verified Referrals, Indirect Un-verified Referrals
– You will also need to select whether we should automatically exclude any un-verfied leads/referrals.
You can assign anywhere from 0 to 10 points for each of the referral types.
- Once you've made your selections, click the blue Save Contest Score Settings button.
- If you're on the Business or Enterprise level plan, it's important to note that no matter what your Contest Score settings are, we will always exclude leads who have been flagged as fraudulent. This means that some referrals may appear as "missing" for some users, and users who have been flagged as fraudulent will have a score of 0. For this reason, you should include somewhere in your Terms or Rules that all leads are screened for fraud and any leads found to be fraudulent will be automatically disqualified.
- We cache scores on our thank you pages for about 15 minutes. If you're testing referrals and don't see your score update, it's likely due to caching. Check back in about 15 minutes and you should see your updated score. This gives us time to check your leads for fraud.
Still have questions? Let us know how we can help at _EMAIL_


text:
What does ADSR mean in Electronics?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand ADSR in the Academic & Science field in general and in the Electronics terminology in particular.
Find a translation for ADSR in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this ADSR abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
ADSR also stands for:
... see them all »


text: Cationic nanoparticles (NPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can enter cells in an energy-independent fashion, escaping the traditional endocytosis route, which is known as direct translocation. This unconventional entry, usually complementary to endocytosis, features rapid uptake and thus makes both cationic NPs and CPPs fascinating intracellular delivery agents. However, the mechanisms of the direct translocation of both cationic NPs and CPPs across cell membranes into the cytosol are not understood. Moreover, the relationship between direct translocation and endocytosis is also unclear. Here, using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations we show that a model cell membrane generates a nanoscale hole to assist the spontaneous translocation of cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as well as HIV-1 Tat peptides to the cytoplasm side under a transmembrane (TM) potential. After translocation, the AuNPs/Tat peptides move freely in the "cytoplasm" region and the membrane reseals itself within a microsecond, while the TM potential is strongly diminished. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the cationic object is crucial in determining if it can translocate or not across. The results provide insights into the uptake kinetics of cationic NPs/CPPs, which features the relationship between direction translocation and endocytosis. The mechanism put forward here establishes fundamental principles of the intracellular delivery of cationic nanocarriers.


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|Sleeping Language Gets Help From Rosetta Stone|
The Chitimacha Tribe on Louisiana's Coast Endured for Century After Century, Surviving War, Settlement, Assimilation. Now, its Language Also Lives On
ARLINGTON, Va. (August 22, 2007) — The Chitimacha tribe on Louisiana's coast endured for century after century — surviving war, settlement and assimilation. Its language did not. The native tongue of the Chitimacha people disappeared, seemingly forever, when its last two fluent speakers died in 1934 and in 1940. One generation, then another, grew up not knowing the words of their ancestors, the rich language of the bayous of the Mississippi Delta. But now, with a curious mix of historical, scholarly and technological effort, the language is being reborn. Rosetta Stone Inc., a global language-learning software company, has agreed to subsidize software development in the tribal tongue as part of its Endangered Language Program.
"We want to bring the language back to the point where we can use it conversationally when we gather as a tribe," says Kimberly S. Walden, M.Ed., cultural director of the 1,000–member tribe. "Language is really the heart of who you are. It's not just about learning the words, it's about learning your past. It's that connection." Rosetta Stone Inc. is helping the tribe translate and record its award-winning software program into Sitimaxa, the language of the Chitimacha. When it's finished, the tribe will own the software and use it to assist ongoing educational programs for children and adults.
This unusual journey to awaken a sleeping language began with the help of history. In 1986, tribal leaders at the small reservation in Charenton, La. received a delivery from the Library of Congress, and discovered recordings of their language — sounds no one had heard in decades; a cultural treasure buried in archives for half a lifetime. Twenty-two wax cylinders made by a Dictaphone recording machine provided 200 hours of Sitimaxa captured in the 1930s by an outsider — the esteemed linguist Morris Swadesh. With partial funding from the American Philosophical Society, Swadesh conducted extensive field research on Native American languages. He had recorded the Chitimacha's last two Sitimaxa speakers – already aging and alone in the tribe in their fluency. Swadesh and his wife, also a linguist, made field notes that the tribe has since recovered. "The recordings were very hard to understand, especially if you'd never heard the language spoken before," Walden says. "You have to realize that, as long as I was growing up, all we had [of Sitimaxa] was a few words on a museum brochure that no one could pronounce."
Stumbling Upon A Scholar
Faced with a daunting puzzle, and having more pressing community needs, the tribe made little progress for a decade. Things began to change when the Chitimacha transformed their bingo hall into a casino in 1992 and began to use part of the revenue to finance a cultural department. They finally had the internal employees to tackle the Sitimaxa challenge. But they needed help. Tribal employees began asking archeological contractors in Louisiana if they knew anyone who was familiar with the Chitimacha's language – a long-shot request that, improbably, paid off.
They found Dr. Julian Granberry, a linguist and anthropologist living in Florida with academic credentials and experience with Native American languages. Most incredible of all, they discovered that he'd worked with Swadesh as a high school sophomore and had taught himself to speak Sitimaxa, using research materials. Granberry, now 80, had been studying their native language for decades. "When Dr. Granberry spoke Sitimaxa to a group of Chitimacha elders assembled at a meeting, some of the elders began to cry," says Walden. "Words started coming back. They remembered."
He and some members of the tribe threw themselves into the project. Dictionaries were created, classes formed, primers and recordings were shared. Instruction now starts at six weeks after birth at Yaamahana, the Chitimacha Child Development Center, and continues through eighth grade at the Chitimacha Tribal School. Adults who live on or near the reservation have access to night sessions. Rachel Vilcan was one of the first students in the adult class. Now she's an aide in the K-8 Sitimaxa program.
"The language sounds natural; it sounds like it fits me, like it fits the area," Vilcan says. "It was scary, at first, to be learning it as an adult, but the desire was stronger. It's our identity."
High-Tech Solutions From Rosetta Stone
The missing piece in the Chitimacha's language revival has been conversational fluency. The Rosetta Stone Endangered Language Program hopes to help with a solution. The program offers clients, such as the Alaskan Iñupiat, the chance to preserve their language through the cutting-edge Rosetta Stone® software. But, this year, the company also began to offer a subsidized development program for tribes and other groups with a need, but limited ability, to finance language projects.
"Our hope is that Sitimaxa Rosetta Stone software will be a tool that will make a difference in the vitality of the language of the Chitimacha tribe," says Marion Bittinger, manager, Rosetta Stone Endangered Language Program. "We look forward to working with the tribe to help realize their vision for a living and growing language."
The software program will be translated into Sitimaxa, paired with audio recorded in the studio, and combined with Rosetta Stone elegant photography and some customized Chitimacha images. Ilse Ackerman, editor-in-chief at Rosetta Stone, says the ease of access will enhance language learning for the tribe. "It's wonderful to think about the multiplier effect," she says. "If you only have exposure to a few speakers, you are limited — but the software can change that, giving you access to the language around the clock and at long distances." The tribe has members as far away as Guam, Germany and Alaska who will be able to learn Chitimacha using CDs or online software when the project finishes.
"I think the chances are very great that they will succeed," Granberry says. "There has been, for the last decade, a strong interest on the part of a large number of the tribal members. When the Rosetta Stone program works, which it will, this will be the first Native American language revived from zero."
About Rosetta Stone Inc.
Rosetta Stone Inc. is a leading provider of language-learning software. Acclaimed for the speed, power and effectiveness of its Dynamic ImmersionTM method, Rosetta Stone is a revolutionary language-learning software program. While teaching more than 30 languages to millions of people in more than 150 countries throughout the world, Rosetta Stone software is the key to Language Learning Success™. Inc. Magazine has named Rosetta Stone Inc. one of the 500 fastest-growing companies in the United States, and for the fourth consecutive year Deloitte has named the company one of the fastest-growing technology companies in Virginia. Rosetta Stone was founded in 1992 on two core beliefs: that the natural way people learn languages as children remains the most successful method for learning new languages; and that interactive CD-ROM and online technology can recreate the immersion method powerfully for learners of any age. The company is based in Arlington, Va. For more information, visit _URL_.
|"Safe Harbor" Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: Statements in this press release regarding Rosetta Stone PR's business which are not historical facts are "forward-looking statements" that involve risks and uncertainties. For a discussion of such risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report or Form 10-K for the most recently ended fiscal year.|


text:
There are many reasons behind a laptop could get frozen, it may be caused either by a software problem or hardware malfunction. If is a software problem, you can use troubleshooting software to solve it, but if it is hardware related, then maybe you have to buy few parts or replacement part for your laptop.
Step 1- Disable Unnecessary Services:
The services that are running in the background sometime make a laptop or computer run slowly. Mostly, laptop freezes because unwanted services are running in the background. So, stop these services, particularly those which are not in use.
- Click Start, type Services.msc and press "Enter".
- Right click a service and choose "Stop" option.
- Do same thing for all unwanted services
Step 2- Run Windows Experience Index
This tool checks the system configurations and recommends you to upgrade some hardware's, which can solve the laptop freezing problem
- Click Start.
- Now type windows experience index and press "Enter"
- Now Click on the button Rate my computer
- Wait for sometime
- Upgrade the hardware accordingly after finishing the process.
Step 3 – Scan Laptop Registry
Your laptop could be freeze if your Windows registry is corrupted. Therefore, scan it for possible errors and fix these issues quickly.
- Firstly, download a Registry Cleaning tool.
- After downloading, start a full registry scan.
- Now, perform registry repair operation.
- Reboot the laptop.
Defragment the Registry
We know that Windows Registry contains system and application settings as it is the database. Sometime, the laptop gets to freeze a lot due to registry fragmentation. So, defragment it like this.
- First, get Registry Defrag software (A part of a Registry Cleaner and PC Optimizer tool).
- Now analyze the registry state.
- Begin the registry defragmentation process.
Step 4- Stop or Block Active Startups
Many programs start running at the Windows startup, when you turn on your laptop / computer. This puts lots of burden on the processor of your system, and causes your laptop to freeze.
- Click Start, Run.
- Now type "MsConfig" and press "Enter".
- Click Startup tab.
- Now disable or inactivate the start-ups except antivirus program, then click Services tab.
- Now, disable the "Non-Microsoft services" except antivirus software services, if any.
- Apply the new changes and then restart your system.
Step 5- Uninstalled useless programs
Most of the laptop freezes because numbers of unnecessary programs installed within the system as they are wasting a big part of your disk space, so uninstall them quickly or reduce them.
- Click Start, and then click on Control Panel.
- Now Click Programs Uninstall a Program (Unnecessary).
- Select a program and click Uninstall button.
- Now follow the setup.


O'Reilly Hacks
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Windows XP Hacks
By Preston Gralla
February 2005
More Info
Generating Folder and File Listings for Printing or Editing
Longtime PC users and former Mac users alike are often shocked when they realize that there's no easy, built-in option to print a list of files in a folder. This hack creates a context-menu right-click option to create such a list, which you can then edit, copy, paste, and—most usefully—print
Contributed by:
[09/03/03 | Discuss (34) | Link to this hack]
How many times have you been browsing through directories in Windows Explorer and wished you could generate a text file or printout listing the files and folders? It seems like such a simple request that it's amazing the option isn't available. You don't believe me? Right-click on a folder and see for yourself if there is an option to list or print the structure. There isn't, but there is a workaround that doesn't require any third-party software. Here's how to create a context menu item that, when clicked, generates a printable (and editable) text-file listing of the selected directory.
dir /a /-p /o:gen >filelisting.txt
The name of the.txt file can be whatever you like. In this example, I've used filelisting.txt, but it could just as easily be filelist, listoffiles, namedfiles, or even Wally if you enjoy the bizarre in your filenaming schemes. Once you've decided on the filename, create the file in Notepad, as shown in.
Figure 1. Creating a batch file in Notepad
Save the file in your WINDOWS folder as shown in, making sure to use the.bat extension and not the default.txt extension. It's important to set "Save as type" to All Files and "Encoding:" to ANSI.
Figure 2. Saving file listing.bat
Now that we have the.bat file created, the next step is to make it functional and easily accessible by integrating it into the context menu that opens when a right click is executed. Open Windows Explorer and choose Tools → Folder Options → File Types tab → Folder → Advanced → New, to open the New Action box shown in.
Figure 3. Creating a new action for the context menus
Figure 4. The revised Edit File Type box with your new action
That's it! Congratulations. You've created a new item on the context menu that's ready to go to work. So, now that's it there, what can you do with it?
Open up Windows Explorer. Navigate to whatever folder you want to use as the basis for the file list, and right-click to open the context menu. Click on the Create File Listing item (see ), and the list will be generated and displayed at the bottom of the open Notepad window as filelisting.txt. shows the file listing generated from the Sample Music folder shown in. Since it is a text file, it can be fully edited, copied, pasted, printed, and so on for any purpose.
Figure 5. Your new context-menu action: Create File Listing
Figure 6. The generated file listing, all ready for editing and printing
If for any reason you want to remove the Create File Listing entry from the context menu, you must edit the Registry [Hack #68]. Navigate to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Folder\shell\Create_File_Listing and delete the Create_File_Listing key in the left pane. Close regedit and reboot to complete removal.
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Quadratic integer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In number theory, quadratic integers are a generalization of the rational integers to quadratic fields. These are algebraic integers of the degree 2. Important examples include the Gaussian integers and the Eisenstein integers. Though they have been studied for more than a hundred years, many open problems remain.
Quadratic integers are solutions of equations of the form:
x2 + Bx + C = 0
for integers B and C. Such solutions have the form a + ω b, where a, b are integers, and where ω is defined by:
\omega =
\sqrt{D} & \mbox{if }D \equiv 2, 3 \pmod{4} \\
{{1 + \sqrt{D}} \over 2} & \mbox{if }D \equiv 1 \pmod{4}
(D is a square-free integer. Note that the case D \equiv 0\pmod{4} is impossible, since it would imply that D is divisible by 4, a perfect square, which contradicts the fact that D is square-free.).
This characterization was first given by Richard Dedekind in 1871.[1][2]
The set of all quadratic integers is not closed even under addition. But for any fixed D the set of corresponding quadratic integers forms a ring, and it is these quadratic integer rings which are usually studied. Medieval Indian mathematicians had already discovered a multiplication of quadratic integers of the same D, which allows one to solve some cases of Pell's equation. The study of quadratic integers admits an algebraic version: the study of quadratic forms with integer coefficients.
Quadratic integer rings[edit]
Fixing a square-free integer D, the quadratic integer ring Z[ω] = { a + ω b : a, bZ} is a subring of the quadratic field \mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{D}). Moreover, Z[ω] is the integral closure of Z in \mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{D}). In other words, it is the ring of integers \mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{D})} of Q(D) and thus a Dedekind domain. The quadratic integer rings usually form the first class of examples on which one can build theories, inaccessible in the general case, for example the Kronecker–Weber theorem in class field theory, see below.
Examples of complex quadratic integer rings[edit]
Gaussian integers
Eisenstein primes
For D < 0, ω is a complex (imaginary or otherwise non-real) number. Therefore, it is natural to treat a quadratic integer ring as a set of algebraic complex numbers.
Both rings mentioned above are rings of integers of cyclotomic fields Q4) and Q3) correspondingly. In contrast, Z[−3] is not even a Dedekind domain.
Examples of real quadratic integer rings[edit]
For D > 0, ω is a positive irrational and the corresponding quadratic integer ring is a set of algebraic real numbers. Pell's equation X2DY2 = 1, a case of Diophantine equations, naturally leads to these rings for D ≡ 2, 3 (mod 4) . Algebraic study of real quadratic integer rings involves determining of the invertible elements group.
Powers of the golden ratio
 - For D = 5, ω is the golden ratio. A non-negative real number belongs to the ring Z[(1+5)/2] if and only if it can be encoded in golden ratio base with finite number of 1's. This ring was studied by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. Its invertible elements have the form ±ωn, where n is an arbitrary integer. This ring also arises from studying 5-fold rotational symmetry on Euclidean plane, for example, Penrose tilings.[4]
 - Indian mathematician Brahmagupta treated the equation X261Y2 = 1, where the corresponding ring is Z[61]. Some results were presented to European community by Pierre Fermat in 1657.
Class number[edit]
Equipped with the norm
N(a + b\sqrt{D}) = a^2 - Db^2,
\mathcal{O}_{\mathbf{Q}(\sqrt{D})} is an Euclidean domain (and thus a unique factorization domain, UFD) when D = −1, −2, −3, −7, −11.[5] On the other hand, it turned out that Z[−5] is not a UFD because, for example, 6 has two distinct factorizations into irreducibles:
6 = 2(3) = (1 + \sqrt{-5}) (1 - \sqrt{-5}).
(In fact, Z[−5] has class number 2.[6]) The failure of the unique factorization led Ernst Kummer and Dedekind to develop a theory that would enlarge the set of "prime numbers"; the result was the introduction of the notion of ideal, and the definition of what is now called a Dedekind domain: All the ring of integers of number fields are Dedekind domains, and the ideals of a Dedekind domain have the property of unique factorization into products of prime ideals.
Being a Dedekind domain, a quadratic integer ring is a UFD if and only if it is a principal ideal domain (i.e., its class number is one). However, there are quadratic integer rings that are principal ideal domains but not Euclidean domains. For example, Q[−19] has class number 1 but its ring of integers is not Euclidean.[6] There are effective methods to compute ideal class groups of quadratic integer rings, but many theoretical questions about their structure are still open after a hundred years.[when?]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Dedekind 1871, Supplement X, p. 447
 2. ^ Bourbaki 1994, p. 99
 3. ^ Dummit, pg. 229
 4. ^ de Bruijn, N. G. (1981), "Algebraic theory of Penrose's non-periodic tilings of the plane, I, II" (PDF), Indagationes mathematicae 43 (1): 39–66
 5. ^ Dummit, pg. 272
 6. ^ a b Milne, pg. 64


text:
Extinction Rebellion's third demand is for the Government to create and be directed by the decisions of a national citizens' assembly on climate and ecological justice. Extinction Rebellion uses other deliberative democracy processes, such as people's assemblies, in order to model deliberative democracy within the movement, generate ideas, gather feedback and make decisions.
Both citizens' assemblies and people's assemblies are forms of deliberative democracy wherein people have the opportunity to discuss and reflect in a way that ensures everyone's voice is heard equally. Professional facilitators provide structure to the discussion and ensure no one dominates. However the purpose and structure of both citizens' and people's assemblies very different.
The key differences are that members of citizens' assemblies are randomly selected from the population (i.e. sortition). Demographic quotas ensure assembly members are representative of the population in terms of key characteristics such as gender, age, ethnicity, education level and geography. This means they will likely represent and reflect the interests of the entire population. They also have a structured learning phase wherein members hear from experts and stakeholders. Citizens' assemblies are usually focused on informing political policy and are particularly useful on issues that may be too controversial or long-term for politicians to deal with successfully by themselves. It is a formal process that takes months to plan, and the assembly itself can last from a few months to over a year.
In contrast, people's assemblies are organized discussion forums open to anyone who would like to attend (i.e. self-selected). A people's assembly is a way to structure meetings with a large number of people and can be used to generate ideas, deliberate and make decisions. People's assemblies can last between one and four hours and can take place anywhere — such as in occupied spaces such as roads and city squares — and have often been used in revolutionary movements, for example, Occupy, the Arab Spring, and the Gilets Jaunes. This method was used throughout XR's April Rebellion to discuss a wide range of issues, from innovations in democracy and inclusivity to how to end the April Rebellion.