NAME Class::Handler - Create Apache-like pseudoclass event handlers SYNOPSIS use Class::Handler; handler http => 'My::Module'; handler http => 'My::OtherModule'; http->dostuff(_USER_); # Tries My::Module->dostuff, # then My::OtherModule->dostuff # if it fails or is not found nohandler http => 'My::Module'; # Remove My::Module from the # list of modules to try nohandler http; # Remove http handler entirely DESCRIPTION Overview This module can be used to create and maintain pseudoclass event handlers, which are simply special classes which inherit from multiple modules but provide no methods of their own. These handlers can be used just like normal classes, with the added benefit that they are able to decline or partially handle requests, allowing multiple classes to act on the same data through the same interface. This serves the dual purpose of acting as both a complete Perl 5 module as well as a prototype for a proposed Perl 6 feature. Adding and Using Handlers To add a handler, you simply use the handler() method which is automatically exported by this module. handler() takes two arguments, the first being the name of the handler and the second the name of a class which should be added to that handler: handler signal => 'Signal::DoStuff'; This would install a new handler called 'signal' which would have one class, 'Signal::DoStuff', in it. You can install multiple handlers at the same time: handler exception => 'My::Catch', 'Site::Failsafe'; or as multiple subsequent commands: handler exception => 'My::Catch'; handler exception => 'Site::Failsafe'; The theory behind these handlers is much like the theory behind Apache handlers. Whatever the name of the method is that is called on the pseudoclass, is the name of the method that is called on the actual classes. For example, assuming this code: handler http => 'My::HTTP'; handler http => 'LWP::UserAgent'; $FH = http->open(""); Then the following sequence of events would occur: $FH http->open undef ^ | ^ | | | | Does My::HTTP->open exist? | | YES/ \NO | | / \ | | Try it Does LWP::UserAgent->open exist? | | / \ ^ YES/ \NO | | OK/ \UNDEF / / ---------------- ------- ------ Try it | | / \ | | OK/ \UNDEF | ------------------------- --------------------- Some highlights: 1. Each class's open() method is tried in turn, since that is the name of the method called on the handler 2. If undef is returned, the next one in sequence is tried. 3. If 'OK' (simply meaning 1 or some other true value, like $FH) is returned, that is propagated out and returned by the top-level handler. 4. All classes are tried until 'OK' is returned or the last one is reached. This allows you to easily chain classes and methods together with a couple key benefits over an inline '||': 1. Each handler can partially handle the request, but still return undef, deferring to the next one in line. 2. The handlers can be reordered internally at-will without the main program having to be redone. 3. Different class open() methods can use internal rules, such as "only open.com URLs", without you having to put checks for this all over the place in the top-level program. For more details, please see the Perl 6 RFC listed below. Removing Handlers In addition to handlers being added, they need to be removed as well. This is where nohandler() comes in: nohandler http => 'My::HTTP'; # remove My::HTTP from list nohandler http; # remove http handler The first example removes 'My::HTTP' from the list of classes used by the 'http' handler. The second syntax removes the 'http' handler entirely, meaning that this call: $FO = http->open(""); will result in the familiar error: Can't locate object method "open" via package "http" Currently, there is no way to reorder handlers without removing and then re-adding them. Automatic Handler Registration and Removal Sometimes, you may find that you want a class to automatically register as a member of a given handler. To do so, you simply need to 'use Class::Handler' in your module and then prefix the package 'main::' (or whatever package you want to affect) to the start of the handler name: package Custom::Module; use Class::Handler; handler'main::stuff' => 'Custom::Module'; This will make it so that in your main script you can now do this: use Custom::Module; stuff->method(_USER_); And it will call the Custom::Module->method function as expected. However, this feature should be used with caution. It borders right on the edge of scary action-at-a-distance. REFERENCES For more details on the complete Perl 6 proposal, please visit Comments are welcome. AUTHOR Copyright (c) 2000, Nathan Wiger. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software; you may copy this under the terms of the GNU General Public License, or the Artistic License, copies of which should have accompanied your Perl kit.


Mikhail Kuzmin
Poems by Mikhail Kuzmin
Kuzmin, born into a noble family, received a musical education from the St. Petersburg Conservatory, studying composition under Rimsky-Korsakoff and often singing the master's verses at the piano in artistic clubs. An exotic flower of Russian poetry, Kuzmin is like an Egyptian lotus grown on Yaroslavl soil. His creativity is characterized by a striking theatricality and languid grace. This grace at times obtains true beauty in words that his great contemporaries valued highly. Kuzmin's verse is an inimitably colored tile in the poetic mosaic of his time; sometimes even a semiprecious stone can glimmer with precious reflections when a ray of light falls on it.
In his youth Kuzmin made pilgrimages with Old Believers, traveling to Italy and Egypt. His most celebrated work. Songs of Alexandria (1921), is a collection of love songs with homosexual undertones written in free verse. He produced erotic novels such as Kryl'ia (Wings) (1907) in defense of homosexual love and other novels portraying the adulteries of the bohemian world of St. Petersburg. Though uninterested in founding a literary movement or organization, he nonetheless helped lay the theoretical groundwork for the movement away from Symbolism with his programmatic article "On Beautiful Clarity."
After the Revolution Kuzmin remained in Petrograd but distanced himself from all political events. He continued to publish until 1929, when he began to be excluded from literary life and turned exclusively to translation. He died in poverty.
in dutch
Michail Koezmin, gedichten (nederlands)


New Voices For The 4J School Board
Kudos to Eugene Weekly for having two stories in the March 18 edition on the 4J school board races. As we recover from the pandemic it will be critical that the board includes new voices and perspectives.
Two highly qualified women of color are running for the two open seats on the board. Maya Rabasa is a parent, long time volunteer in the schools and a member of the district's budget committee. Laural O'Rourke went through the system as a student and is now a parent of children who are in the 4J schools. Through their own experiences they can bring a perspective to the board that is invaluable at a time when our schools are going through great demographic changes.
In the third race, Tom Di Liberto, a retired 4J classroom teacher, is running against an incumbent. It would be incredible to have a teacher with 31 years of experience on the school board that has not had a teacher on it in decades. Yes, decades! Tom would bring a classroom perspective to the board which is sorely absent now. He is also bilingual and would greatly increase the communication with the Latinx community.
His classroom experience can highlight the effects of out of control standardized testing that is taking valuable time from teaching and has narrowed the curriculum to tested subjects at the expense of art, music, social studies etc.
Three new diverse voices on the board would be a huge plus for our students and our community.
Pete Mandrapa
Retired 4J teacher


Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Central Avenue and 5th Street
The flag of Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque (also known by locals as Duke City or ABQ) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico and is the seat of Bernalillo County. It has a population of 559,277 as of 2016, making it the 32nd largest city proper in the United States.
The city was founded as Alburquerque in 1706, and is notable for its mix of European, Hispanic, and Native American populations and cultures. Albuquerque is located on the Río Grande.
Interstate 40 and Interstate 25 meet at an interchange known as the Big I, and U.S. Route 66 used to run through Albuquerque along Central Avenue.
Events held in Albuquerque include:
 - Gathering of Nations, the largest pow-wow in North America
 - Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, the largest hot air balloon festival in the world
The popular TV show Breaking Bad was set in Albuquerque between 2008 and 2010.
Climate[change | change source]
Albuquerque's climate is semi-arid. During the summer temperatures average highs in the 80s to 100s in degrees Fahrenheit (30s and 40s in degrees Celsius) and lows in the 60s and 70s ºF (10s and 20s ºC). During the winter temperatures average highs in the 40s and 50s ºF (0s and 10s ºC) and lows in the 20s and 30s ºF (-0s and 0s ºC).


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A collaboration centric approach for building the semantic knowledge network for knowledge advantage machine
- 244 Downloads
Knowledge advantage machine (KaM) is an advanced system for knowledge exploitation. In this paper, we propose a Collaboration Centric Behavior Model, which helps one or more knowledge-workers to discover and link useful knowledge objects dubbed JANs into a semantic knowledge network. The JAN is constructed as a semantic web service to semantically present three categories of service behavior: expected service behavior that presents what requestor expects it to serve; actual service behavior that presents how it offers its service; and quality evaluation that presents whether its service behavior is consistent with requestor's expectation by checking conformance. On the basis of the KaM architecture, we build a process model to implement to discovery a JAN and link different JANs as a personal knowledge network or a group knowledge network. This is illustrated using an academic research scenario. Experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective.
KeywordsKnowledge advantage machine Collaboration Centric Behavior Model Service behavior Semantic knowledge network Semantic web service
This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61472160). This work was supported by the Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province (No. 2015Y041).
- 11.Mohaisen, M., Mohaisen, A.: Characterizing collaboration in social network-enabled routing. KSII Trans. Internet Inf. Syst. 10(4), 1643–1660 (2016)Google Scholar
- 12.Li, Q., Liu, S., Qu, M.: Modeling the web service behavior semantically based on the ontology. Acta Electron. Sin. 43(4), 601–604 (2015). (in Chinese)Google Scholar
- 19.Vairetti, C., Alarcon, R.: A Semantic approach for dynamically determining complex composed service behaviour. J. Web Eng. 14(3–4), 310–338 (2016)Google Scholar
- 20.Canton-Puerto, D.G., Moo-Mena, F., Uc-Cetina, V.: QoS-based web services selection using a hidden Markov model. J. Comput. 12(1), 48–56 (2017)Google Scholar
- 25.Evan, S., Jonathan, L., Trevor, D.: Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(4), 640–651 (2016)Google Scholar
- 27.Liu, J., Xia, Z.: An approach of web service organization using Bayesian network learning. J. Web Eng. 16(3–4), 252–276 (2017)Google Scholar

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Virtual Reality
Enter, and be Dazzled
Storytelling, in particular the absorption of a story through a book or novel form, is the most powerful virtual reality that there is, even including technologies which offer full sensory immersion.
The reason for this is that a reader involves not only their senses but their whole inner reality (where the whole world is created) with the book. A story is not a bunch of facts, lined up, analysed, pointed at. A story is a mix of magic and logic, belief and disbelief. It is the essence of miracles where you are not a prisoner of logic and the bright lights, big cities of reason.
If you have not been carried away by a story like a child on the back of a runaway horse, you have not experienced the fullness of what it is to be human. That's why we write stories, to try to give, to catch for a moment, this miraculous, incredible strange, this wonderful, terrible thing that is life.
You don't have to read my stories but please if you do anything with your ability to read go and find some incredible lives and strangest things. Immerse in the language of life!
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For a triangle $ABC$ in 3D (each point has x, y, z coordinates) is it possible to generate uniform random points on the triangle from only the following data:
Normal of the triangle plane $N = \vec{\text{AB}}\times \vec{\text{AC}}$
Normal of the $AC$ edge plane $U = \cfrac{\vec{AC} \times N}{| \text{N} |^2} $ and $d_u = -U.A$
Normal of the $AB$ edge plane $V = \cfrac{ N \times \vec{AB} }{| \text{N} |^2} $ and $d_v = -V.A$
The two edge normals U and V are calculated such that $\vec{U}.B + d_u = 1$ and $\vec{V}.C + d_v = 1$ (As of yet I don't have the reputation to post an image so of the arrangement but will as soon as I can).
If this cannot be done with the available data what is the minimum amount of extra data required to generate the uniform random points (e.g. A, B, C)?
I am aware that the you can generate uniform random points on a triangle using the vertex $A$ and edges $\vec{AB} = B - A$ and $\vec{BC} = C-B$ as follows:
$S = A +\sqrt{R_1}\vec{AB} + \sqrt{R_1}R_2\vec{BC}$
Where $R_1 \text{and} R_2$ are random numbers between 0 and 1.
share|improve this question
There is no such thing as an "$AC$ edge plane". – Christian Blatter Jan 8 '12 at 12:09
It may have some other name however the peer review journal I am reading refers to it as such. It is the plane which the edge AC lies in which is perpendicular to the triangle plane – cubiclewar Jan 8 '12 at 20:42
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Nitrogen Handlers
Handler Overview
Core Nitrogen behavior has been broken out into well-defined, pluggable behavior modules called /handlers/. Handlers allow you to easily substitute your own logic for things like session, security, routing, and others. Simply create a module that implements one of the existing behaviors, and register it to call nitrogen:handler/2 between the nitrogen:init_request/2 and nitrogen:run/0 calls found inside the nitrogen_xxx (where xxx is the webserver used, for example'mochiweb', 'yaws', 'cowboy', etc).
For example, let's add custom session and config handlers to our mochiweb install. To do so, let's add our handlers to nitrogen_mochiweb:loop/1:
 loop(Req) ->
 {ok, DocRoot} = application:get_env(mochiweb, document_root),
 RequestBridge = simple_bridge:make_request(mochiweb_request_bridge, Req),
 ResponseBridge = simple_bridge:make_response(mochiweb_response_bridge, {Req, DocRoot}),
 nitrogen:init_request(RequestBridge, ResponseBridge),
 nitrogen:handler(my_config_handler,[]), %% Add custom config handler
 nitrogen:handler(my_session_handler,[]), %% Add custom session handler
It may seem odd to you that we're not specifying which handler we're actually loading, but that's because the nitrogen:handler/2 function determines, based on the behavior() defined within the handler module, which handler it is we're actually loading.
nitrogen:handler(HandlerName, Config)
nitrogen:handler/2 is the way to function to connect your custom handler into Nitrogen's handler system. This function takes two arguments:
 - HandlerName - The name of the module.
 - Config - Any configuration settings for this handler. This variable could be just about anything, a proplist containing API keys or IP addresses of related servers (say for a session handler connected to an external memcache or something.
Common Handler Behavior Arguments
In all of the handler behavior functions are found two particular variables:
 - Config - When a handler is initialized using nitrogen:handler/2, the second argument is Config, which is then passed into each handler function.
 - State - The current state of the handler. Each handler maintains its own state.
The Handlers
Note: The init/2 function is called on each handler in a specific order as defined in wf_context:init_context/2.
In the order they are loaded, here are all the handlers, and their documentation:
Core handlers:
 - Config Handler - Controls how and from where the configuration settings are loaded.
 - Log Handler - Controls the logging system for your Nitrogen app.
 - Process Registry Handler - Controls how processes are tracked. The default backend for the process registry is nprocreg.
 - Crash Handler - Controls how to handle page crashes, including logging and how to present the crash to the user.
 - Query Handler - Controls the how wf:q (and its siblings, wf:qs, wf:mq, etc), functions retrieve their values from the POST, GET, or other methods.
Stateful Handlers
 - Session Handler - Controls how session information and variables are set, stored, and/or distributed.
 - State Handler - Controls how the wf:state functions store and retrieve their values. The default uses a simple proplist.
 - Identity Handler - Controls how the identity of the client is stored and retrieved. This is related to the wf:user functions.
 - Role Handler - Controls how the roles of the client are stored and retrieved. This is related to the wf:role functions.
Handlers that possibly redirect
 - Route Handler - Controls how Nitrogen routes requests to modules or static files.
 - Security Handler - Controls whether or not a user has access to a resource, and if not, should determine what to do with the request.
View Source or Submit Corrections for this Documentation Page
Copyright © 2008-2021 Nitrogen Web Framework. Released under the MIT License.


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The carbon footprint of a single email is negligible, but new research from ICF International and McAfee shows that the 62 trillion spam emails sent each year waste 33 billion kilowatt hours of power, or enough to power 2.4 million homes. The majority of energy is wasted at the end user's computer in sifting through messages to find and delete spam.
There's a relatively easy solution to this massive energy suck: install a spam filter or use an email service like Gmail that provides a built-in filter. If everyone took that simple step, it would be the energy equivalent of taking 2.3 million cars off the road. That's unlikely to happen, but there are immediate benefits for companies that take the initiative for spam filtering. According to ICF, a single business user spends 28 kg of CO2 on spam email each year. Removing spam from that person's email equation would be the same as eliminating 93 km of driving. For a 1000-person company, it's the same as taking five cars off the road.
We're far too reliant on email for communications to completely stop using it, and that's a good thing. The carbon footprint of email is nothing compared to the energy required to transport physical mail--not to mention the paper wasted on mailed letters. But if we can significantly cut our carbon footprints by switching to spam-filtering email services or installing free software, why not?
|Emissions for spam (kg CO2-e / yr)|
|Spammers Harvesting addresses||<1%|
|Spammers Creating Spam Campaigns||<1%|
|Zombies/bots sending spam||<1%|
|Non-bots sending spam||<1%|
|Internet (excluding mail servers) transmitting spam||2%|
|Incoming mail servers processing spam||1%|
|Users searching for false positives||27%|
|Users viewing/deleting spam||52%|
Table courtesy of Cody Taylor, ICF International.
[Via eWeek Europe]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Home Ridges in Nails
Ridges in Nails
Nail Ridge problems - reasons and solutions!
- stress on nail bed, through overuse or abuse of nails.
- injury to nail bed or cuticle - through impact. For example through impact of object falling on toe or hammer on finger.
- nails too long.
- more prevalent as you age, as nail growth slows.
- may also be caused by deterioration of quality of nail, due to less calcium intake.
- be gentle with your hands, fingers, feet and nails avoid putting undue stress on nails.
- do not use finger nails as tools, when proper implements are better suited for the task.
- wear gloves when doing manual tasks such as gardening or construction.
- keep finger and toe nails properly trimmed, nails which are too long put unnecessary stress on nail bed.
- be careful to avoid bumping and injuries.
- keep nails properly trimmed with quality nail care tools, clippers and files.
- use quality nail care products to protect nails and bring them back into good shape with conditioners for nails and cuticles by Salon Sciences.
- while your nails are being brought back into shape, for immediate help with ridges use Ridge Filler by Salon Sciences.
this informational service is brought to you by Nancy K. Brown Aesthetics, Inc.


text:
Buddhist prayer wheel, Tibet, _PHONE_
Thousands of prayers written on a long tightly rolled scroll of paper are within this Buddhist prayer wheel. The prayer scroll is coiled around a rotating central spindle. It is within a casing of silver and ivory. This casing is covered with traditional carvings depicting the Buddha. Tibetan Buddhists believe rotating the prayer wheel while reciting a positive sentiment or wish known as mantra releases the prayers and combats negativity. Buddhism is a religion originating from India. It promotes ethical and unselfish behaviour. Prayer wheels such as this are still used. They are an important part of the Buddhist faith.
Related Themes and Topics
There are 438 related objects. View all related objects
A belief system or religion originally from India and based on the teachings of Siddharta Guatama, known as 'The Buddha', who died about 400 BCE. It requires ethical and unselfish behaviour.
Glossary: prayer wheel
Cylindrical box often wooden, usually vertically mounted with external inscription or containing a mantra script. Used as an aid to meditation, with each revolution of the box being equal to the reciting of the religious text. Used in Buddism and common in Tibet.


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Animal Species:Inland Broad-nosed Bat
Inland Broad-nosed Bats mate before winter and females give birth to one or two babies in summer. When the babies are five weeks old they can fly and hunt on their own.
Inland Broad-nosed Bats roost in hollows of old trees and, occasionally, in buildings where they share roosts with large colonies of Little Mastiff Bats.
Feeding and Diet
Inland Broad-nosed Bats eat flying insects, including mosquitoes. They fly over water to catch their prey in flight.
Inland Broad-nosed Bats are vulnerable to loss of roost sites in tree hollows and loss of feeding grounds by forestry activities, clearing for agriculture and housing.


_URL_ 0.5Tue, 27 Jul 2021 04:38:01 GMT60Imagine this scenario for a moment. You're playing Red Dead Redemption 2, riding your horse down one of the game's many trails. As you pass by a carriage going the other way, you hold down the button to focus your attention on them, so you can bark out a greeting or warning.
Oh no! It turns out you were still holding your weapon. Instead of focusing your attention, you aimed your gun directly at their head. People don't take kindly to that sort of behavior in the Old West, so now you're in a firefight you never intended, with innocents you never wanted to menace. This is a failing of the game, right? You should always be in perfect control of your character, right?
To consider this question more thoroughly, we need to discuss how intention and action works in videogames.
Intention And Reaction
A good way to look at how people make decisions while playing games is to look at their intentions. Not the overall intentions of "beat this level" or "achieve this objective", but individual mechanical intentions, like "swing this sword" or "throw this grenade". If you perceive a game as a logical series of puzzles or scenarios that test a player's skill (they are, at least for the type of game I'm discussing in this article), then the player must consider and react to those puzzles, both on a granular level of "immediate action" and the overarching level of "eventual goal".
Typically, games seek to remove as many barriers between player intention and game response. If I press a button to attack, the player character doesn't turn to me and say "Do I really want to attack?" They simply attack; my intention translates 1:1 to my game state. It's practically law in some genres, like character action games, because having any delay at all between intention and action leads to a total dissociation from the player character.
But this isn't always the case. Some games want you to embody a character, but don't want you to control them perfectly. Rather than removing all barriers between intention and action, they erect a few, or leave existing ones standing. The result is an intentionality trap.
An intentionality trap is any game mechanic (particularly control-related) which subverts or requires player intention to perform, rather than player reflexes. If the player does not engage with the mechanic in the correct way due to carelessness, nerves, complacency, or some other inattentiveness, they are punished through a negative game state. The result is a mechanic that has to be engaged with, but not so much that you lose precision.
The purpose of intentionality traps is, paradoxically, to dissociate your intention from your action. This purpose, typically considered bad, can create interesting, thematically-appropriate behavior when utilized right.
Blow That Merc's Head Off
If there is any designer in games who is fond of intentionality traps, it is Hideo Kojima. Metal Gear Solid 2 in particular is full of them, and purposefully so, for it calls attention to the divide between what you want to do and what you actually execute.
In Metal Gear Solid 2, you can choke guards into unconsciousness. Doing so requires you walk up to them from behind and hold the melee button. They will squirm periodically, and if you don't tighten your grip by releasing and then quickly holding the melee button again, they break free of your grasp. If you hold on long enough, they pass out.
Faced with such a system, you might spam the choke button to make sure you knock them out faster. But, unfortunately for you, that is an intentionality trap: instead, you break the guard's neck, killing them instantly. Your impatience led to a preventable death.
Likewise, aiming a gun in MGS2 is a finicky affair. You must hold down the weapon button just enough that you raise your gun, but if you press too hard on the button, you fire your weapon. Unfortunately for you, gathering dog tags from enemy soldiers is a major game mechanic, and requires you "hold up" (get into close range and point your gun at) enemies. Press that button just a little too hard, and you blow their head off.
The result is that you must remain hyper-conscious of how much pressure you put on the fire button, which thematically emulates a nervous trigger finger. You have to look prepared to kill - if you lower your weapon, enemies immediately pounce on the opportunity to attack you - without actually killing. And if you want to get every dog tag, you also need to have the control to squeeze off shots on specific body parts at will, to convince more stubborn guards to give up their tags.
These intentionality traps exist to convey a particular theme. They require precision because combat is rarely precise, and Kojima both wants you to embody the perfectly-calm super soldier while understanding the pressure of combat. Removing the barrier between player intention and action - by removing the pressure sensitivity on aiming, for example - also undermines the theme of remaining calm under pressure.
We will call this type of trap a "negative" intentionality trap, because it relies on lapses in attention during a procedure, rather than before, and exists primarily to punish imprecision rather than inattentiveness. You meant to do the action, you just didn't do it correctly.
A Snapped Twig, A Rustled Leaf
In Metal Gear Solid 3, the intentionality trap of strangulation is expanded upon, and another trap is introduced through the medium of sneaking.
When holding someone as Naked Snake, you may hold a knife to their throat to interrogate them. Doing so causes them to give up the locations of other enemies or items, so it's a very useful action. However, pressing too hard causes Naked Snake to quietly cut their throat open, killing them as instantly as a snapped neck does in MGS2. It's a combination of the strangle and shooting traps in one neat package, and the game has repercussions for accidental deaths (compared to 2, which doesn't really) so avoiding killing a guard is actually important.
Sneaking, however, is a little different. You may think that the optimal way to sneak in MGS3 is to hold lightly in a direction on your analog stick, because Naked Snake moves slower and is thus harder to hear. Except that's not the case; if you only use the analog stick, guards will always hear you before you get close enough to hold them up or grab them. You have to hold down the relevant direction on your dpad to move slow enough that you can get close.
Where the three previous mechanics we discussed would punish you for pressing a button too much or too hard, sneaking in MGS3 punishes you for not pressing a button. Thematically, this feels appropriate for a jungle setting; if you focus too much on your target, and not enough on the environment around you, you could rustle a plant or crack a twig and be spotted, no matter how slow you move. Thus, you have to specifically avoid doing this by indicating your character's attention to sneaking through a button bress.
We will call this a "positive" intentionality trap, because it relies on a lack of attention before a procedure even begins, rather than on imprecision in execution. In simpler words, you press a button, rather than avoiding pressing a button too hard or much, to indicate your concentration.
The Edge Between Conversation And Combat
Finally, we return to Read Dead Redemption 2, and the question posed at the start: Is it bad that you can accidentally start a fight with random innocents?
While riding around and performing various activities in RDR2, you switch between two control modes. Let's call them "combat" - indicated by having your gun drawn - and "conversation" - indicated by keeping your gun holstered. Some controls do the same thing no matter the mode, such as sprinting, while others change their meaning based on the mode. Notably, the control for "focus attention" in conversation mode is the same as "aim weapon" in combat mode. It does this for a specific cognitive purpose: the control is "look at" in both modes, but in conversation mode looking at someone allows you to talk to them, where in combat you shove your gun in their face.
This modal difference leads to the most common complaint about RDR2: accidentally starting a fight because you pointed your gun instead of looking at someone. It's typically held up as an example of how bad the game's controls are. After all, you didn't intend to shove your gun in someone's face, you simply wanted to talk to them. Accidentally drawing your gun in a conversation is another, but since it requires holding a control for a long period of time, it's difficult to perform accidentally.
The ability to forget that you are in combat mode is a variant of the positive intentionality trap, because it requires players press a button (holster) to avoid a negative game state. The game could easily holster the gun for us between combat scenarios, but it doesn't, and the result is a rash of player complaints.
This accidental "shove my gun barrel up your nose" experience of RDR2 clumsily conveys a classic Western theme: that anyone, at any time, is capable of being a killer. That the society around the classic gunslingers, cowboys, and deadbeats of the Old West was rife with casual violence, and confusion between a


text:
Welcome to the Colorado GenWeb Project!
Formation of the State
Jefferson Territory was voted by the residents in 1859 but was never recognized by Congress. Because of this, some of the counties have organization dates and records prior to 28 February 1861 when the Territory of Colorado was finally recognized.
The first territorial assembly created the first seventeen counties in September 1861. These were Arapahoe, Boulder, Clear Creek, Costilla, Douglas, El Paso, Fremont, Gilpin, Guadalupe (later named Conejos), Huerfano, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Park, Pueblo, Summit and Weld.
On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States and 15 years after the territory was first formed), Colorado became the 38th state in the Union, earning it the nickname, "The Centennial State." Colorado is also known as "Colorful Colorado" and "The Heart of the Rockies."
The boundary lines of the state create an almost perfect rectangle, measuring approximately 387 miles from east to west and 276 miles from north to south and covering 104,247 square miles, including 450 square miles of bodies of water. Colorado is the eighth largest state when measured in square miles area.
More Colorado history here.
In addition to our county sites, you will find a wealth of information right here. Begin your journey by checking out our "Site Directory" on the left sidebar or by going directly to our "Guide to Researching your Ancestors in Colorado" page. New information is added all the time, so please be sure to check back often.


Primordial History, Print Capitalism, and Egyptology in Nineteenth-Century Cairo: Mustafa Salama al-Naggari's. The Garden of Ismail's Praise
Adam Mestyan
Institute Francais D'Archeologies Orientale
How old is the world? This question was a central problem for Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the face of the new scientific discoveries in the nineteenth century. This book introduces the answer from a Muslim point of view, outside of official institutions. The extended introduction - a microhistory in the Middle East - explores the life and oeuvre of a forgotten Egyptian intellectual and poet, Mustafa Salama al-Naggari (d. 1870). Next, A. Mestyan provides the English translation and Arabic transcription of the surviving fragments of al-Naggari's manuscript, The Garden of Ismail's Praise. This is a universal history of Egypt, written while the Suez Canal was under construction to praise the governor Khedive Ismail (r. _PHONE_). The author advocates a unique solution to computing the period of primordial history, before the Deluge, in the age of steam and print. Al-Naggari's alternative Nahda voice is available for the first time in this edition.


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In contrast, the equation:
In other words, the first equation has distinct roots, while the second does not. (In the general theory, the discriminant is introduced to explain this.)
Along the same lines, one can prove that x and y are distinct by finding some function f and proving that f(x) and f(y) are distinct. This may seem like a simple idea, and it is, but many deep results in mathematics concern when you can prove distinctness by particular methods. For example,
Limitation Convention - Article 6 "All You Need is Common Sense for a Distinct Occasion".(Strong Wise Ltd. v. Esso Australia Resources Pty Ltd and BHP Billiton Petroleum (Bass Strait) Pty Ltd)(Australia. Federal Court of Australia)(Case overview)
Jul 28, 2010; Introduction Justice Rares of the Australian Federal Court recently handed down a landmark judgment concerning limitation of...


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 1. "intensity" (English) in Tamil is
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COOLING RATES IN SPLAT COOLING.
MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE DEPT OF METALLURGY
Pagination or Media Count:
Calculations and experimental observations made on cooling rates during splat quenching are presented. Three possible types of cooling behavior are discussed ideal cooling, intermediate cooling, and Newtonian cooling. The effects of splatting-process variables on the cooling rates are described, the most important of these variables being splat thickness and the quality of the thermal contact between the splat and substrate. Splat-cooling rates range typically from 10,000 to above 10 to the 10th power Csec., depending on the actual conditions. Author


Cell Signaling and Disease
Document Sample
Cell Signaling and Disease Powered By Docstoc
 Communication between cells is important in order to ensure that all cells are performing
their required functions. Cell to cell communication usually takes the form of a signal
transduction pathway. You can think of such a pathway as a row of dominoes, all
standing on their ends. Push one domino over, and the rest fall, due their direct or indirect
association with the first one you pushed over.
 Some signals that cells send only work over a short distance. For example, in the
brain, neurotransmitters allow one neuron to excite its neighbor. The signal travels no
further. Other signals, however, do travel a further distance. Hormones, for example, are
secreted by a source organ and travel to target cells, equipped with specialized receptors,
in remote regions of the body.
 Unfortunately, signal transduction might go awry. Because there are so many
players and so many steps in the process, it is easy to see how this might happen. Your
goal in completing this project is:
I. Gain background information by answering the following questions:
 1. Briefly (and in easy to understand English) describe the methods of local and long
 distance signaling in animals.
 2. How can plants and animals affect neighboring cells directly?
 3. List and explain the three stages of a signal transduction pathway.
 4. What is a ligand, and what part does it play in signal transduction?
 5. G protein linked receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and gated ion channels and
 intracellular receptors are all used in the reception part of the signal transduction
 pathway. In easy to understand language, choose one of these pathways and
 explain how it works. You might want to wait to do this until you identify the
 cause of the disease you will be studying.
 6. What is a protein kinase?
 7. How does a protein kinase cascade work? What does it do to the original signal?
 8. What is the role of cyclic AMP or calcium ions in signal transduction?
 9. What does a cell do when it receives a signal? Specifically, what kinds of cellular
 processes are altered upon receipt of a signal?
II. Use the resources that accompany your book. You may want to utilize the
activities for Chapter 11 at THE BIOLOGY PLACE and other websites.
III. Investigate the particulars of a disease caused by faulty cell-to-cell
 Because the response that a cell usually has to signaling is so important and
provides the means for so many other functions of the organism, you can imagine that a
failure to relay signals property could result in a multitude of diseases. You and your
partner will be assigned one disease. Using pictures, diagrams, and words, you will create
a poster that incorporates the elements in questions 1-9, as well as specific details about
the disease you've been assigned and how it is related to questions 1-9. In your poster,
you need to include both an explanation of proper intercellular communication, as well as
an explanation of how your disease deviates from that. For example, if your disease
involves faulty gated ion channels, be sure that your poster includes information about
correctly functioning gated ion channels too. I do not expect you to doing graduate level
work, but I do expect you to be able to explain, in your own words, the basics of the
pathway and the way in which failure of the pathway leads to disease.
You may choose one of these or find your own. Any topic other than those listed below
needs to be approved first.
Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Cystic Fibrosis Norrie disease
Multiple Sclerosis Kidney disease Alopecia
Ataxia Telangiectasia Alzheimer disease Tuberous Sclerosis
Parkinson's disease Pancreatic Cancer Neurofibromatosis
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Werner syndrome
Heart disease – Congenital Heart disease or Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
 1. Use a "science fair type" of poster board. These are thicker than regular poster
 board material. It is preferable that you find one that is divided into thirds.
 2. All information must be typed. You must have a title in 240-point type. This is
 equivalent to 4 inches. (You can always enlarge words on a copier or buy letters.)
 All information must be broken down into logical sections. Each section should
 have a title that is 84-point type or 1.5 inches. Use a font that is easy to read. The
 text should be at least 16 points in size. (You can have more than one page per
 section if necessary.)
 3. Your names should be in the bottom right-hand corner in 60-point type.
 4. You must have a list of your references. Use the correct MLA format.
 This should be in the bottom left hand corner. References must be in 14-point
 type and fit on an 8.5 X 11" piece of paper.
 5. You must include at least 3 graphics. The minimum size is 8.5 X 11", in order to
 be easily seen. Required graphics are as follows:
 a. A drawing of the chromosome showing the location of the affected gene.
 b. A picture or drawing of a person with the genetic disease or a picture or
 drawing of organs and/or tissues affected by the disease.
 c. A picture or drawing of the type of cell signaling pathway(s) involved.
 (A working pathway or a faulty pathway)
 6. Breakdown/organization of information:
 a. Introduction – a brief overview of cell-to-cell communication.
 b. Specific Information – incorporating the elements in question 1 – 9.
 c. General information about the disease – means of inheritance (Is it
 autosomal or sex-linked? Is it a dominant or recessive trait?)
 d. Cause of the disease – name the gene and chromosome number and
 describe the mutation that causes the disease.
 e. Symptoms – describe the symptoms of the disease and/ or the physical
 characteristics of a person affected by the disease.
Here are some good places to start:
You can also use books and journals in the library to find information.


Microwave Ovens
Once you've chosen the type of microwave you wish to use there are a number of other features to consider. Just about every microwave from the simplest to the most complex will perform the basic functions of cooking and defrosting.
In this regard the main difference is wattage. Wattage is the power a microwave uses and it can be loosely related to how powerful the appliance is. The higher the wattage rating of the microwave oven the faster it will heat the food. Microwaves range in wattage from as low as 350 watts to a powerful 1350 watts.
However, purchasing a microwave oven on wattage alone may not get you the best product. For example, larger microwaves need a greater wattage rating to produce the same heat as a smaller microwave. Consider the power, but be sure to invest in a product with some of the features listed to get the best results for you.
Some microwaves include sensors which allow them to automatically adjust the heat as necessary. Using a sensor, the microwave can automatically detect when the food is ready and turn itself off. Sensors also allow a microwave cooks the food evenly, ensuring there's no cold patches in the middle when the outside of the food is overcooked.
The sensor can be used in conjunction with presets for common tasks, such as auto-defrosting, baking potatoes, or popping popcorn. High-end models include sensor technology that manages temperatures very precisely, melting butter evenly without splattering, or defrosting food faster and more evenly.
It's also a good idea to choose a microwave with controls that suit your needs. Many microwaves use touchpad controls and have settings for weight, power settings, as well as one-touch presets for specific types of food, including multi-session cooking presets. Multi-session cooking presets are useful if the food must be cooked at different power settings over the period of time, or if the food needs to be turned over or stirred mid-cooking time. Cleaning and maintenance of the oven is important too, so look for a microwave with removable turntables trays, non-stick interiors and grease filters if necessary.
There are some models that combine microwave heat with the heat from halogen/quartz lights, allowing them to brown baked foods and grill meats. Alternatively, some microwave ovens include special pans and grills and can be used to bake or fry foods.
Microwaves generally only come in one shape but have many capacities, ranging from smaller models at around 20 litres to larger 44-litre units. It's important to consider this when making a purchase. Larger families will want to consider a larger microwave, as they will need to fit larger dishes into it, for example. You will also need to consider where your microwave will be installed. There are two main types of microwaves in this regard.
Countertop microwave models can be placed on the kitchen bench, mounted on a wall or built into a cabinet, given the appropriate trim-kit is available. They're the simplest option for installation, provided a power outlet is nearby. Some microwaves are designed to be installed above a range or stove top and they are generally combined with an exhaust fan that either ejects air outside or passes it back into the kitchen via a filter. This design is a good option for saving space and aren't necessarily difficult to install.
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Writing Samples
At times you will be asked to provide writing samples as part of your job application. This is common for journalism or PR positions, or research assistant positions with a think tank or policy journal.
Showcase Your Writing
 If you are a recent graduate, it may be appropriate to submit samples from your time at Princeton. As you gain experience in the field, professional samples may replace them.
Below are some tips to help you prepare your writing samples.
1. Choose samples that demonstrate the type of writing you would do on the job.
Whenever possible, make sure that your samples match the genre of the writing that the position would involve.
 - Journalism: They will ask for "clips", i.e. actual news articles that have been published, whether in a campus newspaper or any other publication.
 - Research: They will want to see in-depth analysis of policy or other issues.
 - PR: Submit press releases that you have drafted previously. If you don't have any, you can write a press release for an upcoming event or timely piece of news. In this case, make sure you specify that it has not been submitted to media outlets but is a sample press release.
2. Submit your best writing.
If you are deciding between two samples, and one is better written than the other but your weaker one is topically more relevant, then choose the sample that is better written. The other option is to rewrite the relevant sample to be stronger before you submit it.
If you have questions, you may consult with a career adviser about what you should submit.
3. Provide excerpts if your samples are long.
Most employers will specify how many pages or how many clips they want. If they don't, then submit 2-5 pages. Writing samples should usually be double-spaced (unless it is a clip). This can be a combination of 1 or more writing samples.
If you want to use writing from a longer piece, provide an excerpt with a notation at the top that tells the employer that it is an excerpt from an x-page piece of writing. Specify the topic, and explain where in the piece this excerpt is from.
4. Polish your writing samples.
Provide clean copies of your writing and revise them as necessary. If you have recently graduated, do not send in papers that have professor's marks on them.


- Microbiota Alters Urinary Bladder Weight and Gene Expression.
 Roje, Blanka; Elek, Anamaria; Palada, Vinko; Bom, Joana; Iljazović, Aida; Šimić, Ana; Sušak, Lana; Vilović, Katarina; Strowig, Till; Vlahoviček, Kristian; et al. (MDPI, 2020-03-17)
 We studied the effect of microbiota on the transcriptome and weight of the urinary bladder by comparing germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) housed mice. In total, 97 genes were differently expressed (fold change > ±2; false discovery rate (FDR) p-value < 0.01) between the groups, including genes regulating circadian rhythm (Per1, Per2 and Per3), extracellular matrix (Spo1, Spon2), and neuromuscular synaptic transmission (Slc18a3, Slc5a7, Chrnb4, Chrna3, Snap25). The highest increase in expression was observed for immunoglobulin genes (Igkv1-122, Igkv4-68) of unknown function, but surprisingly the absence of microbiota did not change the expression of the genes responsible for recognizing microbes and their products. We found that urinary bladder weight was approximately 25% lighter in GF mice (p = 0.09 for males, p = 0.005 for females) and in mice treated with broad spectrum of antibiotics (p = 0.0002). In conclusion, our data indicate that microbiota is an important determinant of urinary bladder physiology controlling its gene expression and size.


text:
This is episode 1 in a series in which Mariella Frostrup and guests, Sue Gerhardt, Stephen Scott and Jennie Bristow, discuss whether shouting at children causes long-term damage, or is an unavoidable part of busy family life. Possible effective alternatives are discussed.
Report of the Steer Review of standards of pupil behaviour in schools in England. The report presents the conclusions of the review and makes forty-seven recommendations grouped under the themes of legal powers and duties, supporting the development of good behaviour and raising standards higher.
Report exploring the causes and costs of all types of violence in the UK, looking at the interventions which have proved effective in tackling violence and discussing what more can be done to reduce violence in society.
Leaflet that highlights the main rights and powers now available to teachers, so as to support work in managing pupil behaviour.
The purpose of this consultation paper is to explore how the law relating to the physical punishment of children can be modernised, so that it better protects children from harm. The aim of the consultation is to address two specific issues. First, within the context of a modern family policy, in a responsible society, where should we draw the line as to what physical punishment of children is acceptable within the family setting? Second, how do we achieve that position in law?


text:
by the public but as in the previous regulation, the operational expenditure must be paid for by the users or by sponsorship. As for the CAPEX, the network must include a valid plan to generate a positive cash flow, and the network should keep its own accounts, independent from the rest of the municipal administration.
How are these networks running?
Several different business models are running in Spanish Wi-Fi networks. The most common is the use of a private company to run the municipal network, which is owned by the city. Most city councils install the networks after a public tender inviting local and national companies to participate. The winning bidder has a 2-, 5- or 10-year contract to operate the network. In networks combining both municipal and public use, the operator must ensure high QoS levels for municipal use and is allowed to resell the surplus bandwidth, generally as a low-cost Wi-Fi service for residents. In many cases, the operator is required to pay an annual fee to the city council to help defray the city's initial deployment expenses and to help pay for future upgrades.
As discussed in the cases of Madrid or Avilés, fully independent networks run by a private company are also possible, although they are generally private networks (not used for municipal applications).
Finally, in some cases the city council will use the network only for municipal applications. They often retain the systems integrator to provide technical support but do not offer any public Wi-Fi service.
Applications used on Spanish municipal networks
Most of the councils deploying wireless networks define a series of initial services to be used, but ensure that the network can be utilized for new applications or even for public Wi-Fi service. The preferred services are:
Security and surveillance: Though many surveillance and traffic control cameras are already connected to fiber optic links, almost all new wireless installations include wireless surveillance systems, due to its quick installation and flexibility.
Telemetry: To take advantage of the easy installation of wireless sensors, many councils are either using or planning to use the municipal network with Wi-Fi sensors, for irrigation control in parks, but also to get real time data on weather measurements, pollution, and even noise levels. They are planning to install wireless meter reading for water, gas and electricity home meters. Even though most of the privately owned utilities plan to use radio-frequency or M2M devices, municipalities with public Wi-Fi networks are also looking to incorporate these services into their networks.
Traffic management: To catch people who run red lights, most city councils are installing cameras at intersections (probably because they bring additional income). A few councils are also installing Wi-Fi velocity radar systems, although it's not such an extended service.
Parking meter control: Most of the street parking in the centers of Spanish cities have become paying areas. There are thousands of parking meters to control short-term parking (blue area) or long-term for residents (green area). Many of these devices are easy to install, as they get electrical power from solar cells and are data-connected to mobile or Wi-Fi networks. The latter reduces operating costs, as the municipality is able to control them directly, instead of having to pay an operator.
Public bicycle rental systems: Many cities are currently deploying a network of cheap rental bikes as a public transportation system, a new trend in European cities. Barcelona's bicing was the first and biggest in Spain, with over 400 stations and more than 6000 bikes. Most of the stations are currently controlled by GPRS, but eventually the city will connect these bicycle rental stations to the municipal Wi-Fi network. Other cities with Wi-Fi networks and public bicycle rentals could also soon implement this service to reduce costs (e.g. Zaragoza; Girona, Pamplona or Cáceres).
Access control: Many cities have converted areas in their centers to pedestrian-only zones. In the past, they have used RF systems to allow only residents or service automobiles to enter these zones, but currently the preferred system consists of a camera for license plate recognition (either to lower a bollard, or to fine unauthorized vehicles). Many of these installations currently use fiber optic connections, but thanks to Wi-Fi networks, it is becoming much cheaper and faster to install new access gates (even faster if they only include a camera but not the bollard).
Wi-Fi in buses: There are many possible uses for Wi-Fi networks on public buses. Madrid has been testing Wi-Fi in buses (where the backhaul is a 3G connection). Barcelona is deploying a system combined with GPS to determine the location of buses, and to alert commuters about the waiting time. This information is available on some bus stops, but also via SMS. Other places, such as Girona, were planning to use the Wi-Fi network for data and voice connections between the driver and the control center.
Mobile worker applications: Last but not least, many municipal workers are now using municipal Wi-Fi networks to reduce communication costs and improve efficiency. Depending on the city, portable Wi-Fi enabled devices are provided to police officers, sanitary workers, architects, cleaning crews; in some instances, these devices are installed in vehicles.
Some of the most important cities in Spain are already enjoying the benefits of municipal wireless networks, or are currently installing and expanding them. Many other cities and towns are planning their own initiatives. The regulatory hurdles are being finally clarified and will soon allow more deployments.
As for technical complexity, Spain has several particularities. Despite the average low density of the whole country, most of the population is concentrated in medium-sized cities full of apartment buildings and condos. This enables rapid deployment of wireless networks. The core network however might require some specific and thoughtful design. Most cities have private fiber optic networks, but the operators are not usually reselling them to the local public administration; instead, they offer FTTH service to residents and businesses. Most of the Wi-Fi deployments then, must include new fiber installations to feed the access points (even though most cities use mesh topology), or install new radio links as a temporary solution. Note that the first deployments in Spain have been carried out by companies that already owned their own fiber network, which reduced installation costs.
Also note that most Spanish cities are built around a medieval center, often declared as an historical heritage site. This might raise the cost of electrical and data connections. Rules governing the visibility of access points also apply. In those cases however, the network will be usually offering free tourist and services information.
Finally, even when the regulations are finalized, the biggest hurdle to deployments of wireless networks in Spain are the municipalities' own lack of global vision and their inability to see the long term advantages of Wi-Fi networks. The first successful cases are currently changing this point of view, and encouraging more city councils to promote new public wireless networks.
Spain was late to join the club of Wi-Fi countries, but since the regulatory framework is much clearer and more flexible, some big cities are deploying large scale Wi-Fi networks that will be used for interesting applications. Indeed, more cities are planning networks for municipal and low-cost public Internet access.
* * * * * * * * * *
About the author
Miquel Vidal is an Electrical Engineer working for Nae, a global consultancy firm. Nae contributes to their clients' success through their experience and knowledge in technology, process management and business models. Among Nae's main strengths are strategy definition, design and deployment of wireless networks. Nae has collaborated in the development of several of the most important wireless networks in Spain.


Tips for running virtual support groups safely
 1. Be mindful of where you advertise and share video call details. Remember, some group calls may also require a risk assessment, depending on the purpose of the group.
 2. Confidentiality is key – consider your location, who else is around, and use headphones if you need to.
 3. It is recommended that where possible you should use the waiting room feature and try to limit who can admit people to the meeting. If you don't recognise someone, make sure you verify whether they should be there.
 4. We would recommend two facilitators when possible.
 5. Introduce the video call/group rules at the start of a session, such as not talking over one another and using the 'raised hand' function or literally raising a hand (if on video).
 6. Depending on the meeting you may want to consider rules around specific behaviours, such as turning the camera off if you're smoking or drinking.
 7. Encourage participants to be mindful of what's in the background, such as anything that could identify them.
 8. Refer to your own organisation's policies and procedures regarding recording calls.
 9. If someone is substance affected, have a private chat or send a private message. Suggest they take some time and come back next time.
 10. When it comes to managing difficult situations online, context is everything – make ethical decisions based on individual circumstances.
 11. Keep up to date with your organisation's policies around video calling.


text:
Indian Foods and Recipes by R Edward Moore _URL_ Back to the Texas Indians home page
Also check out our Mortar and Pestle page for more information on how Indians processed their food.
Traditional Indian food is plain food. They did not have all the spices we have. Much of their food was eaten raw. Most food that was cooked was cooked without anything more than a little salt. For example, most corn was roasted over a fire or boiled. Meat was roasted over a fire or dried out for future use. Corn and other seeds were ground, mixed with some water and salt and the dough was cooked in the fire. They had no butter or oils to fry things and no frying pans. I once had some Caddo beef stew. It was made with bits of beef boiled in water with a little salt. That was it.
A recipe implies combining foods and spices and cooking them together. We are used to recipes from Europeans. Europeans use spices and metal cooking pots. They use many foods the Indians did not have. The Europeans brought their foods, spices and metal pots and pans to America. They brought cows, pigs, and chickens. They also introduced grains like wheat used to make flour and breads. The Europeans also brought potatoes to North America. The Europeans got the potatoes from the South American Indians, took them to Europe and then brought them back to North America. The Indians had none of these things before the Europeans brought them.
The Europeans got quite a few new foods like the potato from the Indians. Indian foods the Europeans got include corn, turkey, potatoes, yams, wild rice, many kinds of squash, watermelons, and many new kinds of beans. Today we are beginning to raise buffalo for meat. Buffalo meat is very good to eat and has less fat than beef.
Here are a few Cherokee recipes. They are all the result of contact with Europeans and mix Indian food and cooking with European food and cooking.
YOU CAN SHARE THESE RECIPES ALL YOU WANT. NO COPYRIGHT!
Bean Bread or Tsu-Ya-Ga
This is a favorite basic Cherokee food.
Boil some beans
Have a second pot of plain water boiling
See below to make wood ash lye.
Add some wood ash lye to fine corn meal till it turns yellow. We are talking small amounts of the lye here. DO NOT add any salt. You are making corn meal hominy here. You might be able to use hominy grits or ground up hominy instead.
When the beans are tender add the beans and some of the soup ( the water the beans were boiled in) to fine cornmeal and mix.
Make dumplings of the mix in your hand and drop in the boiling water. Salt in the dumplings will make them fall apart.
Boil till done. Experiment with the first few of them to see how long your size dumplings take to cook.
Serve with butter, or meat grease.
To make wood ashes lye take any kind of container with holes in the bottom. DO NOT USE ANY ALUMINUM. Pottery works best. Fill the container with hard wood ashes. Pour water into the ashes and let the water soak through them ashes and out the holes in the bottom. This is hard wood lye. Lye is strong stuff like an acid and should be handled with care. Avoid getting in on your skin or in your eyes. Let an adult do this. When mixed with corn meal in small amounts it is OK. Hominy is made by soaking corn kernels in lye and then washing the lye out. You are basically making hominy meal by adding lye to corn meal. You could use ground up hominy for this recipe.
Corn and Beans or Se-Lu A-Su-Li Tu-Ya
Mix hominy and cooked colored beans together and cook some more
Add pieces of pumpkin (optional) cook until pumpkins are soft
Add cornmeal, ground walnuts and ground hickory nuts. The nuts can be pounded to smushed up.
Add enough molasses to sweeten
Cook until done.
Squirrel or Sa-Lo-Li
Throw a fresh killed squirrel into a fire and burn the hair off. Scrape with a knife or sharp rock. Repeat until all the fur is gone.
Wash with water and wood ashes till the skin turns white.
Clean out the insides ( The guts )
Put on a stick over a fire till brown.
Cut up and use for a stew or fry till done.
Yellow Jacket Stew or S-Ka-V Oo-Ga-Ma
Gather yellow jacket combs (nests)
Pick out the grubs. Be careful to keep them intact.
Put the grubs in the oven on a pan to brown.
Make a soup of the browned grubs by adding them to water with some grease and a little salt.
Bear or Yo-Na
Cut the meat into strips and dry in front of a fire.
Hang the dried strips from the rafters of the house. Cover with cloth
Take strips down as you need them
Pound a strip until it turns to a meal like corn meal
Mix in a pot with water and boil to make a soup.
You can add some corn meal if you want.
I could use some more recipes here. Please send us some if you have any good ones.
Copyright by R E. Moore and Texarch Associates, 1998, all rights reserved. Graphics may not be used or reproduced without prior permission. Short parts of text may be quoted in school reports. Longer quotes require prior written permission.


When an organization does not keep its assets maintained then asset breakdown occurs eventually. This is where maintenance work order comes into play! A perfect maintenance work order permits you to schedule maintenance that can be performed on time.
So, what is the work order process and what are its advantages from an organization's point of view?
You will find answers to these questions in this blog. Without further ado let us begin!
What Is a Maintenance Work Order?
In a maintenance work order, MRO (maintenance, repairing, operation) activities are performed. It contains all the detail such as work order is assigned to whom, what is the issue in an asset, what activities need to be done when the work order needs to be completed, and so on!
What Is the Objective of the Work Order?
The objective of the work order is to keep assets or equipment in the best shape. If asset failure occurs then reviving it back to the running condition in minimum time or as per the priority. Moreover, keeping the records of issue detection and maintenance history.
What Is a Work Request?
The work request is submitted either by clients or staff itself, they want to perform some particular task in some specific equipment. Once the work request is approved by the maintenance department, a work order is created.
Also Read: Why Remote Maintenance and Monitoring Is Important for Companies?
What Is the Work Order Process?
The work order process is divided into several steps. The first step is identifying the task, either it can be planned maintenance (activity scheduled for future, such as asset inspection, servicing, etc.) or unplanned maintenance (unexpected asset failure occurrence).
The second step is requesting maintenance in which all job specifications are put together and then the maintenance team takes further action.
Then work order priority is decided and scheduling is done accordingly. If work order priority is high then it is scheduled for as soon as possible whereas if work order priority is low then it can be scheduled for a free time slot.
After that, a work order is assigned to the technician and it may complete within ten minutes, hours or days, depending on the job!
At last, a work order is completed and documented, for further improvement or enhancement if needs to be done.
What Are the Different Categories of Maintenance Work Orders?
There are different categories of maintenance work orders are as follow:
Maintenance Work Orders Categories
Inspection work orders emphasize inspecting and reviewing assets, machines, and equipment. It can be considered as an initial part of preventive maintenance. In this process, assets are inspected closely to find if there are any issues.
This maintenance strategy is very effective for those organizations which are equipped with a lot of assets. In this maintenance work order, activities are done such as a routine checkup, lubrication, cleaning, oiling, air filter change, etc.
One of the main goals of the maintenance activity process is to find the potential problem if there are any. It has been proven that this maintenance management strategy has been working better than others. As it provides several advantages to the organization such as optimization of assets and minimizing breakdown occurrence.
When an emergency work order arrives then its work priority is high. In this, assets and machines are brought back in running condition on an urgent basis to save assets & control damage.
Another aim is avoiding all types of threats to human lives, the property of the organization. The emergency work order needs to be finished as quickly as possible.
This type of maintenance comes under scheduled maintenance. Depending on the company size and equipment they have got, routine maintenance can occur on a weekly, monthly basis, as per the company's requirement.
What Are the Advantages for an Organization of Using Work Order Management?
Below we have mentioned advantages for an organization of using work order management software:
Migrate from Paper to Digital
Once the paperwork is done for work order you pass it to the client or worker. After that, you do not have any updates on its current status and those papers might get lost
Furthermore, papers are done by human and messy writing can cause a problem. But with the software, you don't have to worry about writing.
When you use the system for sending data that data document can be found within minutes and you will always have proof of what you have sent.
Prioritization of Work Orders
It's important to provide crucial details about a work order such as work order priority. It will help the maintenance team in finishing work orders quickly or as per the urgency.
Once the priority is decided & according to the deadline of work order scheduling is done.
Accurate Reports
Reports represent data that can help in identifying the potential areas of improvement. You can get all maintenance work order details and statistics such as how many work orders left, how many completed & costs related to it, etc.
Centralized Data
It minimizes the chances of mistakes such as duplication. Work order tasks are identified and it shows the update and status in real-time. The management and technicians can see work order status which keeps the team organized.
According to the website Global News Wire,
"The global online project management software market is expected to reach a value of US$ 6.68 Bn by 2026 due to the increasing adoption of cloud-based project management solutions. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period from 2018 to 2026."
As we can notice from the above data that online project management can be beneficial for business firms. Work order management can assist in easy scheduling and organizing tasks, without making it complicated and overwhelming.
Therefore, you can use asset management software for effective work order management. An efficient system follows each step smoothly that will assist the organization to reduce downtime and work order backlog clearing.
Also Read: How Does Asset Management Software Help in Work Order Tracking?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What can you do with Work order management?
You can track and manage all work orders from a single dashboard track real-time status and updates. Also, you can track work order completion as well as create and manage work orders efficiently.
2. Why work order is important?
A work order authorizes, approves, and guides an individual maintenance technician or a whole team to perform a given assignment. The work order is helpful for management in controlling expenses and assessing work execution.
3. How to manage work order?
Set work order category priority, assign it to a specific technician, provide details such as mention what's the issue and what needs to be done. Make sure every step is well defined.
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What does this mean?
This refers to the Council's goal of monitoring and improving resident satisfaction with their local area. The measure is based on responses to the Residents Survey which asked people to advise how satisfied or unsatisfied they were with 20 aspects of their local area.
Why is this important?
It is important to have an accurate understanding of the views, opinions and perceptions of local residents. Local residents are best placed to tell the Council what the key issues are for their local areas. This information is used to improve local neighbourhoods.


NewsNational News
What are the odds? Statistics professor wins lottery
Posted at 10:37 AM, Nov 11, 2016
and last updated 2016-11-11 10:37:15-05
FAIRFIELD, Connecticut -- What are the chances that a statistics professor would end up winning the lottery?
Nicholas Kapoor, who teaches students in his accelerated statistics class at Fairfield University about probability, would definitely know the answer. But now, he doesn't only know the math solution--he knows the real-life chances.
Kapoor recently won $100,000 playing the lottery!
"I try to bring as many real-life examples into my classroom as possible because these kids need to be ready to compete with the entire world, so I try to make sure in my classroom what they're learning can be applied to the real world, "Kapoor said. "One way to do that is to talk about things that happen in real life and one of them is the lottery."
He said he teaches students about winning the Powerball, so now that his quick-pick ticket won he's going to try to incorporate that into his lesson plans.
He said he'll still continue to play the lottery about once a week.
Kapoor said he doesn't want to touch his earnings until next year, and he may use his prize money to go on a trip.


Maharajah Jungle Trek - Asia - Animal Kingdom
Part II
Feature Article
This article appeared in the April 26, 2000, Issue #27 of ALL EARS® (ISSN: _PHONE_)
Maharajah Jungle Trek - Asia - Animal Kingdom
Part II
The Bat Community, home of the Rodrigues Fruit Bat Pteropus rodricensis and the Malayan Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus is next. (There is a bypass if you wish to skip this section.) You can see the bats hanging from the vines and trees in the enclosure. They also will sometimes wrap themselves in their paper-thin wings to preserve body hear or fan themselves to stay cool.
The Rodrigues are sometimes referred to as "golden bats" because of their mantle of golden fur that covers portions of their head, neck, and shoulders and contrasts sharply with the dark brown fur over the remainder of their body. Rodigues is a small volcanic island in the Southwestern Indian Ocean.
The Malayan Flying Fox is among the largest of the bats and has a wing span of 6 feet. This largely nocturnal mammal feeds on fruit and nectar.
The most beautiful section of the Maharajah Jungle Trek is next which will bring you into the heart of India. It is called Tiger Forest. Paintings adorn the old crumbling walls. There are several viewing areas for the Asian Tigers Panthera tigris.
There are 6 Female Tigers in the Maharajah collection. Be sure to visit the Tigers in the early morning hours. They can sometimes be found stretching on a tree trunk or playing in the water. Some of the viewing areas are through glass. However, near the end of the tiger section is a bridge upon which you can get a good view of the Tigers and their Pond.
Looking left while on the bridge, you will see a field with Elds Deer and Blackbuck. The Elds Deer Cervus eldi come from Burma and eastern India. The Elds Deer are an endangered species.
The Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra are one of the fastest antelopes in the world. They can travel up to 50 miles per hour. The Blackbucks have the cork screw twisted horns. Co-existing with the Elds Deer and Blackbuck are several species of birds.
The Sarus Crane will get your attention quickly as they are the world's tallest flying bird. Males can grow to six feet tall with a ten feet wing span. Also in this area are barheaded geese and white wing wood duck, both native to South East Asia.
A beautiful peaceful bird sanctuary completes the Maharajah Jungle Trek. Paintings on the walls and running water from the fountains provide a quiet serene atmosphere. In the pond, you might find Masked Plovers and Indian Pygmy Geese. The male Argus Pheasant can often be found strutting along the ground. Up in the trees you might find the King Parrots. There is generally a guide in this area, often with binoculars, who can answer questions and point out the birds.
As you exit the bird area, the sounds in the distance of the Kali River Rapids ride remind you where you are and what lies ahead during your day at Disney's Animal Kingdom.
I hope you enjoyed your visit to Disney's Animal Kingdom's Maharajah Jungle Trek


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Wasserstein Random Forests and Applications in Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
schedule le lundi 18 mai 2020 de 17h00 à 18h00
Organisé par : F. Bechtold, W. Da Silva, A. Fermanian, S. Has, Y. Yu
Intervenant : Qiming Du (LPSM)
Lieu : online at _URL_
Sujet : Wasserstein Random Forests and Applications in Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
We propose a new family of Random Forests that can be used to estimate conditional distributions and we highlight its applications on the estimation of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects. We first provide a brief introduction on Breiman's original RF. Then, we present a reformulation using some simple equivalence between empirical variances and Wasserstein distance of empirical measures, which heuristically indicates that Breiman's splitting criterion can be used to obtain conditional distribution estimates in both univariate and multivariate cases. Additionally, respecting the samephilosophy of Breiman's construction, we propose some variant splitting criteria that are more dedicated to the conditional distribution estimation problems. Some preliminary theoretical connections will be revealed, along with various numerical experiments. We expect that the same methodology may also inspire more general supervised learning algorithms such as Boosting and Aggregation, to make them suitable for conditional distribution estimation.


Intended for healthcare professionals
All antihistamines cross blood-brain barrier
BMJ 2000; 321 doi: (Published 02 September 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;321:572
This article has a correction. Please see:
 1. J G Ramaekers, experimental psychopharmacologist (,
 2. A Vermeeren, experimental psychologist
 1. Experimental Psychopharmacology Unit, Brain and Behaviour Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
 EDITOR—With reference to the paper by Mann et al,1 the dichotomy between antihistamines of the first and second generation was introduced to indicate a big pharmacological difference between these drugs. The second generation antihistamines were less soluble in lipid and thus less readily penetrated the blood-brain barrier. When given to people in therapeutic doses, terfenadine produced about 17% occupancy of histamine H1 receptors in the frontal lobe whereas the first generation antihistamine chlorpheniramine produced about 77% occupancy.2 In …
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Red-light traffic fatalities reach a 10-year high
Red-light traffic fatalities reach a 10-year high
When you pull up to a stoplight in Pennsylvania, you may notice other motorists using their phones, talking to other passengers or otherwise not paying attention to the road. This is a common problem across Pennsylvania, and so much so that the state ranks ninth in the nation in terms of the number of people killed by red-light runners between 2008 and 2017.
According to the Pocono Record, Pennsylvania saw 215 road deaths attributed to red-light runners within that span. The uptick in road deaths linked to red-light runners is also a national problem. The nationwide number of associated traffic fatalities has reached its highest number in a decade.
National fatality statistics
On the national level, about half of all people killed by motorists who ran red lights were not the people who blew through the red lights. The offending drivers died in about 35% of these fatal crashes, while another 5% were pedestrians or cyclists attempting to navigate signaled intersections. The remainder of red-light related road deaths involved the drivers or passengers in other vehicles and not those who ran the red lights.
Pennsylvania fatality statistics
Of the 251 people who died in Pennsylvania because of red-light runners between 2008 and 2017, 91 of them were the negligent drivers. Another 105 deaths involved people traveling in other vehicles, and 23 of those deaths involved pedestrians or cyclists.
Safety tips
Abiding by traffic signals helps you stay safe to some extent. However, there are other steps to consider taking to lower your chances of involvement in a crash with a red-light runner. Tap your brakes a few times when approaching a signaled intersection to catch the attention of drivers behind you. Also, take a moment after a light turns green before proceeding into an intersection.


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This 68 page book, NOUN PICTURE CARDS, was created to expose young children to pictures and words that may not be familiar to them, expanding their vocabulary and knowledge of Person, Place and Thing.
Teacher NOUN Vocabulary Word Wall Cards - 108
NOUN Cards - "TAKE IT TO YOUR SEAT" Activity
Person, Place, ThingHold-up Cards for Noun Game-"What is it?"
Color, Write, Draw Activities - 58 (29 sheets x 2)
"TAKE IT TO YOUR SEATS" sentence paper
2 - 1st grade frames
2- 2nd grade frames
UNIQUELY CHERRY'S TPT.COM ANGELA DAVIS


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Aims and scope
SUSEES is a Summer School in European Education Studies held at the Department of Social Sciences of the University Federico II and open to 20 emerging researchers from the host institution and all across Europe who intend to consolidate their expertise in studying education policies, practices and outcomes assuming the European dimension as the privileged point of observation.
SUSEES promotes innovation in teaching and research, fostering the adoption of a EU-angle in the field of educational research, and acts as a laboratory for emergent researchers to develop interdisciplinary thinking and research about the process of Europeanisation in and through education.
The objectives of SUSEES are to:
- promote excellence and innovation in multidisciplinary teaching and research in EU education studies through the adoption of an EU-angle in the field of educational research;
- act as a laboratory for emerging researchers to develop thinking and researching about Europeanisation in education and its key dimensions, the role played by the EU and the ongoing formation of a European Education Space;
- contribute to the creation of a new generation of educational researchers whose work will raise the awareness about the EU role in education and the impact of the European integration process in education.
Participants will be involved in a 5 days and 40 hours module where every year, and for three editions, renowned scholars from the field of educational research will be asked to present and discuss specific theories and related methodological developments and demonstrate how these are used in their own work on Europeanisation. The resulting dialogic and dynamic environment will provide participants with new insights on the potentials of the theoretical and methodological resources in producing new research questions on Europeanisation of education.


Automotive-grade lithium battery technology optimizes the charging process by automatically adapting to the motor's output and enhances energy accumulation. The discharge critical point of the 18650 automobile-grade lithium battery cells can be adjusted dynamically to stimulate the potential of each battery cell and allowing for an increased driving range. The battery pack weighs only 3kg and runs for 16 kilometers on a single charge.
The capacity of automotive-grade lithium battery is about 30% higher than that of ordinary battery cell. Dynamic balance algorithm of charging can achieve longer battery life and fully exert the efficiency of each cell.
Autour's plug-type Li-ion battery pack can be removed and charged independently. Lighter and smaller than a traditional battery pack of the same capacity, this allows easy installation and convenient charging.
2.5 hours Fast Charging
Thanks to fast charging, it only takes 2.5 hours to fully charge the lithium battery
 - 最快仅需2.5小时
 10Ah capacity, allowed to be on board of airplane
 The battery meets air regulations so that it can be taken on long-distance travel
 - 最快仅需2.5小时
 24V, continuous power output
 Continuous power output, increase endurance mileage
18650 Automotive-grade Li-ion Power System Technology
10 Protection Function for the Battery Cell Safety
Test Drive


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Bangladesh Railway at present has got 2855 route kilometers. It required sustained efforts for over a century to build the network.The story dates back to 1862, when the first section of 53.11 kilometers of board gauge line was opened for traffic on 15th November that year between Darsana and Jagati. The next railway connection opened to traffic was between Dhaka and Narayangonj, a distance of 14.98 kilometers on 4th January 1885. Then gradually, these rail lines were extended and new sections constructed to cover more areas. In 1891, the construction of then Assam-Bengal Railway was taken up with British Government assistance but that was later on taken over by the Assam-Bengal Railway Company.On 1st July 1895, two sections of meter gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149.89 kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50.89 kilometers.
Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections in middle and late 19th century. Their primary objective was to operate these sections purely commercial considerations. But later on when various sections were liked up, the British Government of India found them very important for their strategic, political and economic points of views and therefore, the Government also came in the picture with statutory control and regulations for operation and management of the Railway.
On 1st January 1942, the Assam –Bengal Railway was amalgamated with the Eastern Bengal Railway under the name "Bengal and Assam Railway.At time of the partition of India in 1947, Bengal-Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603.92 kilometers long which fell within the boundary of erstwhile East Pakistan was named as Eastern Bengal Railway, the control remaining with the central Government of Pakistan Later with the effect from 1st February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Railway. Then in the year 1962, the control of Pakistan Eastern Railway was transferred from the Central Government to the Government of then East Pakistan and placed under the management of a Railway Board with the effect from the financial year 1962-63 by the presidential Order of 9th June 1962.
At the end of 1996-97, Bangladesh Railway had a total of 459 numbers of stations, 241 in Eastern Zone and 218 in the Western Zone, spread over 2768 route kilometers of tracks consisting of two gauges,viz, Broad Gauge (1676mm) of 914kilometers in the Western Zone only and Meter Gauge (1000mm) of 1296 kilometers and 558 kilometers on the East Zone and the west Zone respectively. In 1996-97, it owned a fleet of 284 locomotives, 1,245 passengers carriages, 152 other coaching vehicle and 1,2948 units of freight wagons, but effectively availability for services was much less.


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Monte Carlo Tree Search-Based Intersection Signal Optimization Model with Channelized Section Spillover
Signal optimization has received significant attentions from the research community. However, during peak hours, the performances of existing models still have room for improvements, especially when channelized section spillover (CSS) occurs. The evolution of CSS is dynamic in nature, not only due to the interactions between traffic flow of different movements, but also because existing CSS influences the queuing process in a channelized section and contributes to new CSS formation at the next cycle. Neglecting such spatial-temporal interaction in current traffic signal optimization procedures may lead to suboptimal results. A Monte Carlo Tree Search-based model is proposed to solve the intersection optimization problem (named MCTS-IO) with explicit modeling of CSS dynamic evolution. The model works in a rolling horizon way. At each decision point, MCTS-IO simulates the intersection by selecting a sequence of phases, and progressively updates the relative preferences of the phases. After all simulations are performed, the phase with the best policy PI is selected. Both the PI and decision space can be customized, which ensures algorithm flexibility. The method is tested against Synchro results with both stable and variable demand, which demonstrates the proposed model is always able to find a solution better than Synchro.
H. Qi and X. Hu, "Monte Carlo Tree Search-Based Intersection Signal Optimization Model with Channelized Section Spillover," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 106, pp. 281-302, Elsevier Ltd, Sep 2019.
The definitive version is available at _URL_
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering
Keywords and Phrases
Channelized section spillover; Monte Carlo Tree Search; Signal optimization
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Article - Journal
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved.
01 Sep 2019


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Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a risk factor for filtration failure of subsequent trabeculectomy combined with cataract surgery and to determine the role of adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) in the secondary glaucoma triple procedure (SGTP) as compared to primary glaucoma triple procedure (PGTP).
Design: A prospective, controlled study that was randomized with respect to assignment to adjunctive MMC and a case-control design with respect to comparisons between SGTP and PGTP was studied.
Participants: The SGTP group consisted of 49 eyes of 49 consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with a history of glaucoma filtration surgery requiring glaucoma medical therapy and in need of cataract surgery, randomized to adjunctive MMC (SGTP MMC subgroup of 21 eyes) and no adjunctive MMC (SGTP control subgroup of 28 eyes). The PGTP group consisted of 49 PGTP cases closely matched to the SGTP cases with respect to age, race, gender, MMC use, C:D ratio, and systemic diseases.
Intervention: Trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and a small incision (5 x 6 mm), all polymethylmethacrylate posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with or without adjunctive MMC (0.5 mg/ml for 1 minute), was performed.
Main outcome measures: Surgery failure was defined as the need of an additional intraocular procedure or the need of more than one medication to achieve intraocular pressure control to the target level. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were made with respect to filtration outcome among the SGTP and PGTP patients.
Results: Without adjunctive MMC, filtration success was significantly less in SGTP than in PGTP (P = 0.03). Adjunctive MMC significantly increased the success rate of SGTP (P = 0.02) but not that of PGTP (P = 0.89) over the average follow-up period of 2 years.
Conclusions: Previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a significant risk factor for the filtration failure of combined surgery. Intraoperative use of adjunctive MMC significantly improves the filtration success rate of SGTP.


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A tree at the centre: The Mapuche-Pewenche, people of the Araucaria
In the Andes of southern Chile, near the border with Argentina, the Araucaria tree is an ecological keystone species. At the same time it plays a central role in the economic, social and spiritual lives of the indigenous inhabitants of the area, who call themselves 'Mapuche-Pewenche' - the people of the Araucaria tree.
Summary: The Mapuche nation covers a large area, in parts of both Chile and Argentina. Within this vast area are various sub-regions named according to their location or ecological features, such as Puel Mapu (the eastern lands), Nag Mapu (the land of the plains), or Pewen Mapu (the land of the Pewen tree). The Pewen Tree, or Araucaria (Araucaria araucana), is more commonly known in English as the Monkey Puzzle Tree.
The Mapuche-Pewenche value the pine nut from the Araucaria for its taste, and use it as a staple food. In the autumn and winter, when the wheat or potato stores can run out, the Araucaria pine nut offers food security. The tree also provides the main source of firewood, and the resin is used as medicine to relieve headaches, colds, ulcers, menstrual pains, as well as for healing wounds, broken ligaments or sprained muscles. The Mapuche-Pewenche describe their relationship to the Araucaria forest as analogous to that of 'an extended family' (lobpewen).
The male tree (domopewen) and female tree (wentrupewen) are said to reproduce by criss-crossing their roots underground. Two important spirit beings are said to help the trees reproduce and so the Mapuche-Pewenche provide them with offerings during a ceremony called nguillatun.
The Indigenous Markan-Kura Association developed this project, in consultation with the local communities. In a first phase, an interdisciplinary team of Mapuche, consisting of a teacher, an anthropologist and a forester, are collecting knowledge relating to the Araucaria to enhance teaching material in schools in the Mapuche-Pewenche territory. This is not only to encourage the safeguarding of Mapuche language through bi-lingual education, but also to move beyond a mere translation of western/scientific concepts to presenting Mapuche understandings of their environment in a way that is consistent with their own world-view.
© Photos courtesy of Asociacion Markan Kura, Chile


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specified). When you select this option, select the appropriate SHARING record operations, such as SHARING GET. When multiple streams are connected, the buffers allocated for each stream become part of a buffer cache for the entire process. (A buffer cache is a common shared buffer pool intended to minimize I/O.) A record operation on one stream may use cached buffers from a previous record operation on a different stream that referenced the same buckets.
When you open or create a file, you must specify the file access and file sharing you want for it. When using FDL or RMS, the default is to read records from the file (ACCESS GET) and to allow others accessors to read records from the file (SHARING GET). Typically, an application program may want to read records (ACCESS GET) while allowing other accessors to add records (SHARING PUT). You might want to modify records (ACCESS UPDATE) while allowing other accessors to add new records to the file (SHARING PUT).
When you create a file, the default is for FDL and RMS to add records to the file (ACCESS PUT) and to not allow others to access the file (SHARING NONE). When you create a file with the create-if option, it is especially important to specify the access and sharing values. In this instance, you have denied yourself access if the file already exists because you have specified SHARING NONE and you are not the initial accessor. One way to avoid this when you create a file is to allow most operations for other users (such as SHARING GET, SHARING PUT, SHARING UPDATE, and SHARING DELETE).
Combinations of file access and file sharing that specify a mixture of interlocked interprocess file access and user-interlocked interprocess file sharing allow the application program to access the file without record locking protection. Such combinations are not recommended for general use; they should be used only for application programs that require read-only access to a file. Other combinations may cause an error, such as requesting ACCESS BLOCK_IO without specifying SHARING NONE or SHARING USER_INTERLOCK.