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Story: European exploration
When Europeans arrived in New Zealand, most of the country was already known to Māori. Yet throughout the 19th century, a number of European men set out on journeys of exploration. Missionaries, gold miners, farmers, scientists – many endured great hardship in their travels. They discovered new routes, made maps and gave new names to the landscape.
Full story by Jock Phillips
Main image: Exploring party in the Wairarapa
The Short Story
A quick, easy summaryRead the Full Story
Exploring New Zealand
When Europeans began exploring New Zealand, Māori already knew most of the country. Māori guides often helped the new explorers.
Explorers found new routes, made maps and named places. They showed great courage and made some very difficult journeys.
Missionaries often went into unexplored areas, looking for Māori to convert to Christianity. Samuel Marsden travelled around the northern North Island between 1814 and 1820. Later, other missionaries went further south, and saw Mts Ruapehu and Tongariro.
New Zealand Company
The New Zealand Company planned to bring people from Britain and settle them as farmers, so it needed land. In the 1840s, men from the company travelled from Port Nicholson (Wellington) to Taranaki and the Wairarapa. By the mid-1840s, Europeans had visited most of the North Island.
In the 1840s, the New Zealand Company looked for land for settlers in the Nelson area. Thomas Brunner went inland to explore the region. His third trip down to the West Coast lasted 550 days, and he got so hungry that he ate his dog.
The first Europeans in Canterbury, Otago and Southland lived mostly around the coast. Later, some moved inland to find land for sheep farms.
Looking for a pass
In the 1850s and 1860s, people hunted for a way through the mountains of the Southern Alps so they could get from the east to the West Coast of the South Island. Several passes were found. In the end, Arthur's Pass became the main route.
Hunting for gold
After gold was found in Central Otago, people rushed to the area. They explored the mountains west of Lake Wakatipu, looking for gold.
The last explorers
By the mid-1860s, Europeans had visited most of New Zealand. There were only a few areas left in the Southern Alps. Some of these last places were explored by Charlie Douglas, who made maps and drawings of them. Mountaineers also travelled there.


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History Of Dickson County
Dickson County was created by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly, meeting in Knoxville, on November 3, 1803, from portions of Robertson and Montgomery counties. This new county was named for Dr. William Dickson, a Nashville physician, who also served as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives and as a U. S. Congressman. Dickson County was organized as the 25th of the of Tennessee's 95 counties.
The fertile soils and abundance of natural resources drew settlers to this area of the Western Highland Rim in the early 1790's. North Carolina Revolutionary War and Tennessee land grants assured large tracts of land at little of no cost to these pioneers. The discovery of iron ore provided the foundation for the area's first industrial development. James Robertson,"Father of Tennessee" discovered the first iron ore veins in Cumberland Furnace and established the first iron works in middle Tennessee.
On August 4, 1804, an act of the Tennessee General Assembly created the Town of Charlotte to serve as "The Seat of Dickson County Government." The county seat is named for Robertson's wife Charlotte. The Town of Charlotte was the center of commerce, industry and government until the advent of the Civil War. With the completion of the railroad from Nashville to the
Tennessee River at the end of the War, the focus shifted to the southern end of the county. Industry and commerce followed the rail lines leaving agriculture, the iron industry and county government as the mainstays of its northern section.
Throughout it's 200 year history, Dickson County has produced many notable citizens who have significantly contributed to the development and a quality of life style on regional and state levels including a three-term governor, congressmen, state legislators, a Tennessee Supreme Court justice, a noted Tennessee historian, iron masters, as well as industrial, business leaders, and local residents.
Researched and compiled by:
Linda Parker, Dickson County Archivist
Sherry Kilgore, Historian
Although Charlotte is the County Seat, Dickson is the county's largest city. The county's 2010 population was 49,666; its six incorporated communities include Burns (1,468), Charlotte (1,235), Dickson (14,538), Slayden (178) and Vanleer (395) and White Bluff (3,206). Each of these towns contributed to the success of the county.
A comprehensive history of Dickson County may be found in, A Brief History Of Dickson County, Tennessee "200 Years of Pride, Promise and Progress
by Rick Hollis.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


the geocentric watch concept is the creation of designer geoffry cooper. the idea for this exposed wristwatch is inspired by the motion of the planets orbiting around the sun. the watch face is composed of two rings which are always in motion. the time is told by seeing where the two inner rings are located in respect to the outside ring. the inner most ring is used to represent seconds while the middle ring signifies minutes. the watch has a simple white plastic band that highlights the exposed inner workings of the watch on the face.
geoffry cooper: geocentric watch


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Galileo Galilei, an Italian mathematician, and astronomer was just one of the first scientists of the Old World who first saw mountains and craters on the moon. Since ancient times, scientists and astronomers have been keeping track of the solar system and its planets, discovering many mountains and volcanoes. Modern telescopes have brought more success in finding more mountains in our solar system today. The Hubble Telescope was launched in 1990 into low-earth orbit and is still functioning today. Launched in 2003, the Spitzer Space Telescope is in its second phase mission. The James Webb Space Telescope is still being built and will be launched in 2018.
Solar System's Giants
Astronomers and scientists have discovered taller mountains on other planets compared to earth's tallest mountains. Many mountains on other planets are immense due to the absence of plate tectonics that causes Earth's mountains to be stunted. The following list features these tallest mountains. Surprisingly, only one mountain on Earth, the Mauna Loa of Hawaii, features on this list. Mount Everest is not on this list since the measurements given are those that have measured the distance from the mountain's base to its peak. The factor of height above sea level has been discarded in this case since it is not applicable in planets of the outer space. First on the list is Olympus Mons towering at a height of 15.50 miles, found to the northwest of Tharsis Montes. It has six nested calderas inside a central caldera measuring 57 miles wide and 2 miles deep. Second on the list is Rheasilvea Monsat at 13.20 miles in height found on Asteroid Vesta. Its crater is about 8.1 miles deep and 120 miles wide. It is close enough to another crater almost covering the other crater. Third on the list is the Equatorial Ridge of Iapetus at a height of 12.40 miles found on Saturn. It is 12.42 miles wide and 808 miles long. Fourth on the list is Ascreaus Mons at a height of 11.30 miles found in the Tharsis region of Mars. It is 298.258 wide and covered with fine dust around its base. Fifth on the list is Boösaule Montes at a height of 10.90 miles found in Io, a moon of Jupiter. It is 335.54 miles wide and covers 11122.54434 square miles. Sixth on the list is Arsia Mons at a height of 9.90 miles found on Mars. Seventh is Pavonis Mons at 8.70 miles in height found on Mars. Eighth is Elysium Mons at 7.80 miles in height also found on Mars. Ninth is Maxwell Montes at a height of 6.80 miles found on Venus. The tenth is Mauna Loa at a height of 5.70 miles found on Earth (Hawaii, US).
The Alien Mountains
Only the Earth and Mars share similar magmatic processes, and both possess similar igneous rocks and minerals. Two types of volcanoes, the shield, and composite, exist on Earth. In other planets, only the shield type is most common. The main difference is size and height. On earth, tectonic plates rule a mountain's upwelling and influence its height. In most other planetary bodies in our solar system, there are no tectonic plates which hinder the upwelling of mountains to great heights 10 to 100 times found on earth. Massive heights and massive acreage describe mountains on other planets. Cryovolcanoes is another weird phenomenon in Saturn's moon, Enceladus, and Titan, where volcanoes erupt towering blasts of water through solid ice. Venus has the most volcano mountains in the solar system.
What is the Tallest Mountain in the Solar System?
Olympus Mons, on Mars, is estimated to measure 15 miles from its base to its peak, making it the tallest mountain in the Solar System.
The Solar System's Tallest Mountains
|Rank||Mountain||Location||Height in miles (from base to peak)|
|2||Rheasilvea Mons||Asteroid Vesta||13.20|
|3||Equatorial Ridge of Iapetus||Saturn||12.40|
|5||Boösaule Montes||Io, a moon of Jupiter||10.90|
|10||Mauna Loa||Earth (Hawaii, US)||5.70|
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why is there a BearSmart Program in Grande Prairie?
Grande Prairie is growing as a city and more and more people are moving into what used to be undeveloped wildlife habitat. Department staff, in cooperation with Solicitor General Fish and Wildlife Enforcement Branch, determined that it would be timely to complete a bear hazard assessment.
Grande Prairie Bear Hazard Assessment
A bear hazard assessment is an analysis of the causes and locations of human-bear conflicts in a community.
Based on the results of the hazard assessment, the Grande Prairie and area Fish and Wildlife office has initiated a local BearSmart program.
To read the bear hazard assessment, see:
In June of 2011, an assessment was completed with the goals of:
- Identifying sources of human-bear conflict in and around the greater Grande Prairie area
- Providing an overview of what specifically attracts bears that are contributing to human-bear conflicts
- Providing recommendations for steps to become BearSmart and improving knowledge about bears in the area.
The assessment identified a few key hotspots of bear-human interactions as follows:
- The area south of Grande Prairie - notably in the subdivisions and smaller communities near the Wapiti River - had higher levels of black bear encounters largely due to garbage attracting bears into communities
- The area around Sturgeon Lake had higher levels of black bear encounters largely due to garbage attracting bears into communities
- The area near Goodfare and Rio Grande had higher levels of grizzly bear encounters largely due to agricultural attractants such as deadstock piles.
How can residents help make Grande Prairie a BearSmart community?
As a resident and community member living in one of the many communities in or surrounding Grande Prairie, there are several things that you can do to help ensure that your property and your community are BearSmart.
- Learn about the easy steps you can take to prevent problems with bears.
- Go to your local library and borrow a copy of the videos:
- Living Safe in Bear Country
- Staying Safe in Bear Country
- Working Safe in Bear Country
Copies of these DVDs have been donated to the following libraries through the BearSmart program:
- Grande Prairie
- La Glace
- Spirit River
DVD videos are also available for loan at the Grande Prairie, Spirit River and Valleyview Fish and Wildlife offices.
Use a Bear-Resistant Bin for Garbage
Through a partnership with the Peace Parkland Naturalists, Bearsaver brand bear-resistant garbage bins are available for a reduced cost to residents living in subdivisions around Grande Prairie and other rural residents living in the Peace Country.
For more information, or to purchase a bin, contact:
- Grande Prairie Fish and Wildlife office
Tel: _PHONE_
Ensuring that your community is BearSmart is the responsibility of everyone. Remind your neighbours to be BearSmart and keep their yard clean of smelly attractants.
What is a smelly attractant? Find out:
Contact the Grande Prairie Fish and Wildlife office at _PHONE_:
- If you are interested in starting a more focused, citizen-led BearSmart program in your community
- If you have more complex issues that you would like to discuss in person with a Fish and Wildlife staff person
Resources may be available to assist in things such as fixing leaking grain bins or providing electric fence barriers around other attractants such as bee yards.
Updated: Oct 20, 2016


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Pronunciation: (färm), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/farm.html on line 73 [key]
1. a tract of land, usually with a house, barn, silo, etc., on which crops and often livestock are raised for livelihood.
2. land or water devoted to the raising of animals, fish, plants, etc.: a pig farm; an oyster farm; a tree farm.
3. a similar, usually commercial, site where a product is manufactured or cultivated: a cheese farm; a honey farm.
4. the system, method, or act of collecting revenue by leasing a territory in districts.
5. a country or district leased for the collection of revenue.
6. a fixed yearly amount accepted from a person in view of local or district taxes that he or she is authorized to collect.
7. a tract of land on which an industrial function is carried out, as the drilling or storage of oil or the generation of electricity by solar power.
8. Eng. Hist.
a. the rent or income from leased property.
b. the condition of being leased at a fixed rent; possession under lease; a lease.
9. Also called farm team, farm' club". Chiefly Baseball.a team in a minor league that is owned by or affiliated with a major-league team, for training or keeping players until ready or needed.
10. Obs.a fixed yearly amount payable in the form of rent, taxes, or the like.
11. buy the farm, Slang.to die or be killed.
1. to cultivate (land).
2. to take the proceeds or profits of (a tax, undertaking, etc.) on paying a fixed sum.
3. to let or lease (taxes, revenues, an enterprise, etc.) to another for a fixed sum or a percentage (often fol. by out).
4. to let or lease the labor or services of (a person) for hire.
5. to contract for the maintenance of (a person, institution, etc.): a county that farms its poor.
1. to cultivate the soil; operate a farm.
2. farm out,
a. to assign (work, privileges, or the like) to another by financial agreement; subcontract; lease: The busy shipyard farmed out two construction jobs to a smaller yard.
b. to assign the care of (a child or dependent person) to another: She farms her elderly aunt out to a retired nurse during the workweek.
c. Chiefly Baseball.to assign (a player) to a farm.
d. to exhaust (farmland) by overcropping.
e. to drill (oil or gas wells), esp. by subcontract on land owned or leased by another.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.


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This is the philosophical position that only the subject exists and all impressions of others and the outside world are illusory.
While many dismiss solipsism as an extreme or strange view, others say it is logically impossible to prove or disprove.
If one believes, however, that God is good and, as such, would not deceive the subject with a chimerical world peopled by phantom others, one would likely reject solipsism.
Although many philosophers maintain that solipsism cannot be proved or disproved, probably because they've been taught this in a university course or a philosophy book, there is another way to look at the problem. And this way doesn't necessarily need the idea of God to reject solipsism on the grounds of it being an impractical and bad way of living.
Basically, we can ask: What if solipsism is false? In the face of this uncertainty, doesn't it make ethical sense to live as if others are real?
Some have likened solipsism to the Asian concept of maya (Sanskrit = illusion, deception).
Maya is the belief in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain philosophies that the changing, material world isn't real or is only relatively real. But the meaning of the concept of maya has been debated among different schools for centuries, making its comparison to solipsism somewhat problematic.
On the Web:
» Descartes, René
Add to this, report errors, suggest edits or voice your opinion


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16. Traverse Across Kit County : A Traverse Across Kit Carson county, Colorado, with Notes on Land Use on the Margin of the Old Dust Bowl, 1939-40 and 1962
17. Rural Areas : Classification of Rural Settlement Types; South Dakota; North Dakota; Indiana, n.d.
18. Rural Areas : Status and Change in the rural Midwest--A Retrospect; Nebraska, Montana, _PHONE_
19. Central Great Plains : Three Decades of Land classification in the Central Great Plains; Thirty years of Land Classification in the Central Great Plains, n.d.
20. Central Great Plains : Validity of Land classification in the Semi-arid Central Great Plains; Everglades Project, n.d.
21. Risk of Great Plains : Report of Condition in the Great Plains; The Great Plains as a Land of Risk: Updating Major Powell; The Great Plains Experience, With Emphasis on Risk, 1967
22. Drainage : Drainage of Irrigated Lands; Drainage of Wet Farm Lands; Drainage in the Imperial Valley; Drainage in the Red River Valley; Drainage of Agricultural Lands; Irrigation in Humid Areas; Drained Land in the United States in the Light of the Drainage Censuses; Farm Drainage Investigations; Drained land and the 1950 Census of Drainage
23. Drainage : Miscellaneous, n.d.
24. Latin America : The Mexican Agrarian Problem; Landscapes of Northwestern Mexico; Miscellaneous, 1945.
25. Oklahoma : Oklahoma: Its Natural, Economic, and Social Resources; Oklahoma Quadrangles; Pioneering Strategies; How some Homesteaders in Oklahoma Territory Survived; What is Left; Things To See and Places To Go in Tahlequah, _PHONE_
26. Geography at the University of Nebraska : Geography at the University of Nebraska (a), 1983
27. Carl Sauer : Carl Sauer, Close-Up, n.d.
28. Carl Sauer : Carl Sauer, Close-Up; Miscellaneous, 1973, 1982
29. Mexico : Huepec: An Agriculture Village on Sonora, Mexico; Landscapes of Northwestern Mexico, n.d.
30. Miscellaneous : Miscellaneous, 1948, 1973
C. Research Material by Leslie Hewes


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African-Native American Research Forum Archive
Re: Oklahoma Black Seminole Indians
In Response To: Oklahoma Black Seminole Indians ()
Much has been written about the Oklhoma Black Seminoles. These books will assist you:
-Africans and Seminoles-Daniel Littlefield
Note that before 1907 Oklahoma was known as Indian Territory and so many of the references in these books to Indian Territory and the Freedmen from the Seminole are really the Oklahoma Black Seminoles.
Note also that the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma is located in Wewoka Oklahoma. There are 14 bands within the nation. Of the 14 bands 2 of them are the black---the Freedmen bands. These are descendants of the Africans who lived among the Seminoles. The two bands are known as the Dosar Barkus Band and the Caesar Bruner Band.
I hope this information is helpful to you.
[29 Mar 2000]


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IELTS Essay Sample Latest Question # Course Fee
You should spend 40 minutes on this task.Some people think that governments should pay the course fees for everyone who wants to study at university.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Write at least 250 words.
- Paying the fee for everyone will be over budget for the government.
- No competition left resulting in degrading quality of education.
- People with high quality of life will also use government resources which can be put on other resources.
- There are millions who need money for the junior education as well.
- Issues like food, job and many others need attention as well.
Millions all around the world live with the unfulfilled wishes of studying in a university although there are very few who do get the opportunity. With this, there are many who believe that it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that everyone does get admission in the university. In my opinion, the government should definitely give attention to the number of students demanding university education but paying for everyone is surely not a pragmatic step.
Firstly, there are a lot of issues a country face; education being just one of them. There are homeless people, ones who need food and then millions seeking for job. Spending the entire budget on providing university education to everyone will leave government with few resources. Even more, free things often don't receive respect and importance. So, if the students are given free education without any competition, they are likely to take things very lightly. Also, there are students who lack even basic education. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that the entire nation is on the same page.
In addition, if the government spends fortune on providing education to all, there is less money left for endeavors like space and sports which require equal importance. Nevertheless, it is the competition that ensures that people work hard and improve. Taking away the competition will surely degrade the quality of education.
Overall, surely there are many in need of university education but providing it to all free of cost will bring down the education quality. On the other hand, competition can surely be loosened up and government can provide better scholarships than making it completely free.


59. _USER_,
 Can you define your meaning of "fitness"? And was genetic code added; or was the existing genetic code turned on or off?
 60. Oops, I'm sorry! I had read it as a claim, yet it was a question. Sorry about the misunderstanding!
 61. Thanks Epicurus, that sums up the best proof against BBC's claim.
 62. _USER_ NOOOOOOO, a mutation is NOT ALWAYS A LOSS OF INFORMATION. im so sick and tired of this creationist claim. let me show you some examples of 100% documented beneficial mutations:
 1) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
 Commonly, but not always, these mutations decrease the fitness of the bacteria, i.e., in environments where there are not antibiotics present, they don't reproduce as quickly as bacteria without the mutation. This is not always true; some of these mutations do not involve any loss of fitness. What is more, there are often secondary mutations that restore fitness.
 Bacteria are easy to study. This is an advantage in evolutionary studies because we can see evolution happening in the laboratory. There is a standard experiment in which the experimenter begins with a single bacterium and lets it reproduce in a controlled environment. Since bacteria reproduce asexually all of its descendants are clones. Since reproduction is not perfect mutations happen. The experimenter can set the environment so that mutations for a particular attribute are selected. The experimenter knows both that the mutation was not present originally and, hence, when it occurred.
 In the wild it is usually impossible to determine when a mutation occurred. Usually all we know (and often we do not even know that) is the current distribution of particular traits.
 The situation with insects and pesticides is similar to that of bacteria and antibiotics. Pesticides are widely used to kill insects. In turn the insects quickly evolve in ways to become immune to the pesticides.
 2) Bacteria that eat nylon
 Well, no, they don't actually eat nylon; they eat short molecules (nylon oligomers) found in the waste waters of plants that produce nylon. They metabolize short nylon oligomers, breaking the nylon linkages with a couple of related enzymes. Since the bonds involved aren't found in natural products, the enzymes must have arisen since the time nylon was invented (around the 1940s). It would appear this happened by new mutations in that time period.
 These enzymes which break down the nylon oligomers appear to have arisen by frameshift mutation from some other gene which codes for a functionally unrelated enzyme. This adaptation has been experimentally duplicated. In the experiments, non-nylon-metabolizing strains of Pseudomonas were grown in media with nylon oligomers available as the primary food source. Within a relatively small number of generations, they developed these enzyme activities. This would appear to be an example of documented occurrence of beneficial mutations in the lab.
 3) Sickle cell resistance to malaria
 The sickle cell allele causes the normally round blood cell to have a sickle shape. The effect of this allele depends on whether a person has one or two copies of the allele. It is generally fatal if a person has two copies. If they have one they have sickle shaped blood cells.
 In general this is an undesirable mutation because the sickle cells are less efficient than normal cells. In areas where malaria is prevalent it turns out to be favorable because people with sickle shaped blood cells are less likely to get malaria from mosquitoes.
 This is an example where a mutation decreases the normal efficiency of the body (its fitness in one sense) but none-the-less provides a relative advantage.
 4) Lactose tolerance
 Lactose intolerance in adult mammals has a clear evolutionary explanation; the onset of lactose intolerance makes it easy to wean the young. Human beings, however, have taken up the habit of eating milk products. This is not universal; it is something that originated in cultures that kept cattle and goats. In these cultures lactose tolerance had a strong selective value. In the modern world there is a strong correlation between lactose tolerance and having ancestors who lived in cultures that exploited milk as a food.
 It should be understood that it was a matter of chance that the lactose tolerance mutation appeared in a group where it was advantageous. It might have been established first by genetic drift within a group which then discovered that they could use milk.
 5) Resistance to atherosclerosis
 Atherosclerosis is principally a disease of the modern age, one produced by modern diets and modern life-styles. There is a community in Italy near Milan whose residents don't get atherosclerosis because of a fortunate mutation in one of their forebearers. This mutation is particularly interesting because the person who had the original mutation has been identified.
 Note that this is a mutation that is favorable in modern times because (a) people live longer and (b) people have diets and life-styles that are not like those of our ancestors. In prehistoric times this would not have been a favorable mutation. Even today we cannot be certain that this mutation is reproductively favorable, i.e., that people with this mutation will have more than the average number of descendents. It is clear, however, that the mutation is personally advantageous to the individuals having it.
 6)Immunity to HIV
 HIV infects a number of cell types including T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neurons. AIDS occurs when lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T cells are killed off, leaving the patient unable to fight off opportunistic infections. The HIV virus has to attach to molecules that are expressed on the surface of the T-cells. One of these molecules is called CD4 (or CD4 receptor); another is C-C chemokine receptor 5, known variously as CCR5, CCCKR5 and CKR5. Some people carry a mutant allele of the CCR5 gene that results in lack of expression of this protein on the surface of T-cells. Homozygous individuals are resistant to HIV infection and AIDS. The frequency of the mutant allele is quite high in some populations that have never been exposed to AIDS so it seems likely that there was prior selection for this allele.
 anymore "brainbusters"?
 63. _USER_
 If you are truly interested in finding the answer to such questions then I suggest you go to your local university and ask an evolutionary biologist. I am not an expert in that field.
 "Can genetic code magically appear in the DNA over millions of years, is it added too? "
 Magically you say. Don't you see the irony in this comment?
 64. I know that this documentary is false, how do I know? becuase the bible tells me so. If you want to know about fossils, the devil put them there. Darwin is a demon in human form, and science is the work of the devil.
 If you don't beleive this you are going to hell beleive me, i know, i have experienced the majesty of God, all you unbeleivers need to go to church, god will touch your lives and you will see.....
 seriously though, good documenrary, just joking with the bible thumping btw.
 65. _USER_,
 The finches all had the same genetic code, it was just rearranged in the different finches. This is what produced the different adaptations. How does the genetic code work?
 Can genetic code magically appear in the DNA over millions of years, is it added too? Just to clarify a mutation is a loss of information (antibiotic resistant bacteria for example)? Or for the adaptations to occur does it have to have the code already present, with certain traits turned on, and certain traits turned off?
 66. _USER_ *sigh* i know you are being genuine with this question, and im not sighing at you personally, more about the fact that you most likely are beyond grade 11 and if our education system (i say our because you said you were in canada and so am i) is so bad that you would think scientists just assumed something without good evidence, we are in a sorry shape indeed.
 the finches adapted not only because we have the different finches for their regions but we also see fossils of dead finches that show intermediate stages. and not just with finches with almost all animals. and ESPECIALLY the animals on the Galapagos Islands.
 Developmental research in 2004 found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and its differential expression during development, resulted in variation of beak size and shape among finches. BMP4 acts in the developing embryo to lay down skeletal features, including the beak. The same group showed that the different beak shapes of Darwin's finches develop are also influenced by slightly different timing and spatial expression of a gene called calmodulin (CaM). Calmodulin acts in a similar way to BMP4, affecting some of the features of beak growth. The authors suggest that changes in the temporal and spatial expression of these two factors are possible developmental controls of beak morphology.
 honestly i really hope people stop thinking scientists are uneducated morons who just make wild guesses based on their imaginations....science is NOT religion. it works.
 67. _USER_
 Because there was different finches with different adaptions for different islands in the same region.
 68. I know this is going to sound stupid, i am prepared to be ridiculed. But i had a simple idea, being simple minded.
 Why


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Proposal development for future DRB modeling (2020)
Modeling experts are collaborating on two goals 1) to determine modeled water quality goals ("needs") for various watershed scales and 2) to determine the existing or new modeling components that are needed to estimate the water quality goals. This model is anticipated to be a predictive model that can generate scenarios to determine specific conservation investments that meet water quality goals at specified scale.
Supported through the William Penn Foundation, through University of Maryland Environmental Finance Center. Collaboration with Stroud Water Resources Center, and Academy of Natural Sciences,
Land Protection Impact Assessment (2019-2021)
The objective of this work are to provide information that communicates the impact and value of forest protection/conservation activities within the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI) and improve modeling tools for future land protection modeling. This work includes: 1.) modeling efforts (3 approaches), 2.) research scoping review to identify potential use of LiDAR for quantifying the environmental benefits of forest protection and 3.) enhancing Model My Watershed software.
Project supported by the Open Space Institute. Collaboration with Stroud Water Research Center.
How will forest ecosystems and hydrologic processes in the Delaware River Basin be affected by climate change and land cover change? (2017-2020)
Our purpose is to explore how the multiple stressors of climate change and land use/land cover (LULC) change will alter hydrologic systems and forest ecosystems in the Delaware River Basin (DRB). To accomplish this purpose, our goal is to construct a basin-wide coupled modeling framework that builds on four existing models: a land use/land cover change model under development with funding from the William Penn Foundation (WPF) (C.A. Jantz et al. 2015), a gridded basin-wide hydrologic water budget model (Hawkins 2015), the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model, and a suite of distribution models for 40 eastern U.S. tree species (P.A. Jantz et al. in press). As a basin-wide study (Figure 1), this research will generate consistent, high-resolution, gridded data sets, thus providing improved understanding of the regional manifestations of climate and land use changes, a critical starting point for any coordinated adaptive management effort.
This project is supported through the Delaware Watershed Research Fund (DWRF), a new opportunity for research funding intended to complement the broader watershed protection work of the William Penn Foundation. The DWRF will build on the goals of the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI) to ensure water quality in the Delaware Basin through restoration, protection, and monitoring of watersheds.
A land cover mapping, modeling, and monitoring system for the Delaware River Basin (DRB) in support of maintaining and restoring water resources (2014-2017)
To address the need for watershed-wide planning and coordinated restoration for the DRB, our team proposes an ambitious project comprised of three related components: 1) High resolution Lidar-based land cover mapping; 2) Development of a basin-wide land cover modeling tool; and 3) Feasibility study for long-term land cover change monitoring.
Funding for this project comes from the William Penn Foundation. The William Penn Foundation, founded in 1945 by Otto and Phoebe Haas, is dedicated to improving the quality of life in the Greater Philadelphia region through efforts that increase educational opportunities for children from low-income families, ensure a sustainable environment, foster creativity that enhances civic life, and advance philanthropy in the Philadelphia region. In partnership with others, the Foundation works to advance opportunity, ensure sustainability, and enable effective solutions. Since inception, the Foundation has made nearly 10,000 grants totaling over $1.6 billion. The Foundation's assets exceed $2.3 billion as of Nov. 30, 2014. More information about the foundation is available on its website at _URL_.


text:
Who can benefit from joining Learning Forward Nebraska?
- Teacher Trainers
- Principals and assistant principals
- Superintendents and assistant superintendents
- Directors and coordinators of staff development
- Educators and support staff
- Professionals involved in staff development and training in any organization
- Service center directors and staff
Why should you join Learning Forward Nebraska?
Top 10 Reasons to Join Learning Forward Nebraska
- Be affiliated with an organization that is recognized internationally as the premier voice for professional learning.
- Gain access to the most up-to-date information on professional learning.
- Grow professionally through educational program offerings.
- Influence state and school system policies and practices related to professional learning.
- Network and form relationships with other professionals as part of a learning community.
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- Foster and maintain a code of ethics for professional practice.
What are the Benefits of Joining Learning Forward Nebraska?
- Networking – Become a part of a "Professional Learning Network" that shares expertise, resources, and builds support for educators who take a leadership role in supporting professional learning.
- Resources – Access resources, such as: models of professional learning; processes for facilitating and supporting change; professional literature; including information about the "Standards for Professional Learning" published by Learning Forward.
- Research – Access current research on topics of interest to professional learning leaders including articles from Learning Forward.
- Conferences, Seminars, Institutes – Participate in professional learning events with recognized leaders in professional learning and education change at a reduced registration fee.


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How are YOU going to celebrate National Peanut Day? Over here at Dish Trip we thought it was only appropriate to celebrate this famous in-flight food... in the air! So for our first ever "Food Flight," we staged a creative culinary competition for the unsuspecting passengers on a recent Southwest flight to Denver, CO.
Four courageous competitors were hand-picked by crew members (and by Southwest Airlines' own Brooks Thomas), and challenged to improvise their own in-flight culinary creation using peanuts — the featured ingredient — along with other food that would normally be found on a typical domestic flight. We also threw in some other bonus ingredients!
Check out the video below. Happy National Peanut Day to all of you who are Nuts about Southwest! And a special thanks to Nikki, Jeannie, and Adam for making this an amazing experience. And to Mandy, for being our muse!
Top-Ten Peanut Facts*
- The peanut is not a nut, but a legume related to beans and lentils.
- There are enough peanuts in one acre to make 30,000 peanut butter sandwiches.
- Two peanut farmers have been elected president of the US: Thomas Jefferson and Jimmy Carter.
- A peanut made it to the moon! Astronaut Allen B. Sheppard brought one with him in 1971.
- Peanuts contribute more than $4 billion to the US economy each year.
- There are four types of peanuts grown in the US: Runner, Virginia, Spanish and Valencia.
- The peanut plant originated in South America.
- A mature peanut plant produces about 40 pods that then grow into peanuts.
- Peanuts have a higher antioxidant capacity than grapes, green tea, tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, carrots and many other foods.
- Peanuts contain over 30 essential nutrients and are naturally cholesterol-free.
Ever wonder where the term "Peanut Gallery" comes from? The term became popular in the late 19th century and referred to the rear or uppermost seats in a theater, which were also the cheapest seats. People seated in such a gallery were able to throw peanuts, a common food at theaters, at those seated below them. It also applied to the first row of seats in a theater, for the occupants of those seats could throw peanuts at the stage, stating their displeasure with the performance.
* Peanut facts sourced from The National Peanut Board
Don't forget to follow us on Twitter _USER_ or friend Dish Trip on Facebook for more dining details in a city near you. Thanks for reading—we'll see you on the next Dish Trip. Do you have a favorite city or food destination that we should know about? Share with us in the comments below.
Southwest Airlines has procedures in place to assist our Customers with severe allergies to peanut dust. You can read about those procedures here.


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OECD Home › Environment Directorate › Latest Documents
Environmental Issues, Waste Paper
Recommends that Member countries, taking into account the objectives defined in the preamble of this document: intensify their efforts by various means, including through strengthening institutions and financial arrangements.
Recommends that Member countries practice integrated pollution prevention and control, taking into account the effects of activities and substances on the environment as a whole and the whole commercial and environmental life cycles of substances.
Recommends that Member countries make: i) a greater and more consistent use of economic instruments as a complement or a substitute to other policy instruments such as regulations, taking into account national socio-economic conditions.
Decides that, for wastes not to be subjected to recovery operations, member countries shall consistent with environmentally sound and efficient management practices insofar as possible dispose in their own territory the wastes produced therein.
Decides that Member countries shall co-operatively investigate high production volume (HPV) chemicals in order to identify those which are potentially hazardous to the environment and/or to the health of the general public or workers.
Decides that Member countries in which testing of chemicals for purposes of assessment related to the protection of health and the environment is being carried out pursuant to principles of good laboratory practice that are consistent with the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice.
Recommends that, in applying the Polluter-Pays Principle in connection with accidents involving hazardous substances, Member countries take into account the "Guiding Principles Relating to Accidental Pollution" set out in the Appendix which is an integral part of this Recommendation.
Recommends that Member countries review their existing institutional arrangements, comprising administrative, legal and economic systems, in the field of water resources with the view to improving the integrated management of their water resource policies.
Recommends that Member countries take action to facilitate, as appropriate, opportunities for the public to comment prior to decisions being made by public authorities concerning siting and licensing of hazardous installations and the development of community emergency preparedness plans.


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Double-peak Splitting in High-order Harmonics Generation
- WANG Yingsong, LIU Yaqing, YANG Xiaodong, XU Zhizhan
- Chinese Optics Letters SCI(E) SCOPUS
- in 2000
- Cited Count
- Wanfang Data
When the intensity of the driving pulse is much higher than the saturation intensity of the media involved, the double-peak splitting in frequency domain emerges in the generated high-order harmonic spectra. The possible origins of this splitting are carefully investigated. The ionization of the gas media and the propagation effect of harmonic field are the main reason for the double-peak splitting observed.
If you register references through the customer center, the reference information will be registered as soon as possible.


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The Craft Revival project's primary objective is to create a web-based digital history documenting the Craft Revival movement that occurred in western North Carolina from 1895 to1945. A main component of the project is a virtual collection of documents, photographs, craft objects, and artifacts that tells the story of the Craft Revival. This virtual collection consists of digital surrogates that reside together in a database, maintained by Western Carolina University's Hunter Library.
Most of the original materials used to produce the digital images in the virtual collection are housed in seven partner institutions. You can access partner collections through their finding aids here:
- John C. Campbell Folk School Collection Guide
- Museum of the Cherokee Collection Guide
- Penland School of Crafts Collection Guide
- Qualla Arts & Crafts Mutual Collection Guide
- Southern Highland Craft Guild Collection Guide
- WCU Hunter Library Special Collections Collection Guide
- WCU Mountain Heritage Center Collection Guide
Individual collection guides for each of the project's partner institutions give information about each institution, general information about their collections, and specific information about the collections from which materials were selected for the Craft Revival virtual collection.
A collection policy provides guidance for what materials are selected, digitized, and included in this virtual collection.


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MSU Faculty Member
Using MS Office for Crime Analysis, Community Policing, and other Police Functions will focus on the following goals and objectives:
What is Analysis?
Different types of analysis are discussed
What is the crime analysis process?
Collecting internal and external data
Storing the data so it can be retrieved
Analysis through GIS and other software
Dissemination of information
Crime analysis products
What is a database?
Entering data into a new table
Crime Analysis Tracking
Importing data/steps taken and types of data
Overview of the book, sheets, cells, rows, columns, toolbars, menus, etc.
Moving around the spreadsheet
Entering data and formatting
Chart wizard and options
Using formulas for crime analysis
Sorting and Subtotals
Filtering and forms
Pivot Tables (Importing to MS Word)
Concatenation of address information for Geographic Display
Creating a crime bulletin
Adding clip art, images
Linking a database to the bulletin
Adding a chart
Adding a map
Adding a suspect/arrestee or other photo
Demonstrating the steps necessary to create a crime presentation
Using fonts, images, charts, graphs, sounds, clips to improve presentation Dynamic linking from other programs to continually update presentation Course Expectations
There are four components of the MS Office suite that are focused on to conduct crime analysis and to make other operations within a police department more efficient.
*First, MS Access can be used to collect information through data input or by importing data into the program. Students will be shown how to automate the importing of data. In addition, Access, as a database program, can be used to conduct analysis and create reports. The entire concept of data warehousing will be discussed so those students can learn how data should be structured and stored. Sample programs will be provided for the student.
*MS Excel is a spreadsheet program that can also be used to store and analyze data. The Excel program can be used to create charts, statistical reports, and to analyze a variety of different types of data. Students will walk away with a variety of formulas and ideas of how to analyze and compare data. Students will be provided with a wide breath of sample Excel spreadsheets.
*The MS Word program is used to capture the findings from the other software and put into a format that is easily understood. Word is used to conduct dynamic linking to the
other applications so that changes occur instantaneously. In addition, Word is used to create a variety of documents such as crime bulletins that can capture data, pictures, charts and other crime analysis data that is to be disseminated.
*The MS PowerPoint program is excellent for presentations to a variety of audiences. The focus of the training will consist of taking the data that was analyzed in Access and Excel and presenting the results in an understandable format. Students will learn how to link charts, word boxes, and organizational charts to their presentation. They will also learn how pictures, art, and sound can enhance their presentation.
Exam I: Will cover the concepts of Crime Analysis and Community Policing and MS Access Exercises.
Exam II: Will cover the concepts of MS Excel Grading Standards
Exams: Exam I 100 points
Exam II 100 points
Exercises 200 points
Discussions 100 points
The Semester Grade will be awarded according to the following scale:
A 450-500 points
B 400-449 points
C 350-399 points D 349 and below Submission Format Policy Note: You may not submit a paper for a grade in this class that already has been (or will be) submitted for a grade in another course, unless you obtain the explicit written permission of me and the other instructor involved in advance.
Plagiarism is the use of someone else's thoughts, words, ideas, or lines of argument in your own work without appropriate documentation (a parenthetical citation at the end and a listing in "Works Cited")-whether you use that material in a quote, paraphrase, or summary. It is a theft of intellectual property and will not be tolerated, whether intentional or not.
Student Honor Creed
As an MSU Student, I pledge not to lie, cheat, steal, or help anyone else do so."
As students at MSU, we recognize that any great society must be composed of empowered, responsible citizens. We also recognize universities play an important role in helping mold these responsible citizens. We believe students themselves play an important part in developing responsible citizenship by maintaining a community where integrity and honorable character are the norm, not the exception.
Thus, We, the Students of Midwestern State University, resolve to uphold the honor of the University by affirming our commitment to complete academic honesty. We resolve not only to be honest but also to hold our peers accountable for complete honesty in all university matters.
We consider it dishonest to ask for, give, or receive help in examinations or quizzes, to use any unauthorized material in examinations, or to present, as one's own, work or ideas which are not entirely one's own. We recognize that any instructor has the right to expect that all student work is honest, original work. We accept and acknowledge that responsibility for lying, cheating, stealing, plagiarism, and other forms of academic dishonesty fundamentally rests within each individual student.
We expect of ourselves academic integrity, personal professionalism, and ethical character. We appreciate steps taken by University officials to protect the honor of the University against any who would disgrace the MSU student body by violating the spirit of this creed.
Written and adopted by the 2002-2003 MSU Student Senate.
Students with Disabilities
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti-discrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities. Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities. If you believe you have a disability requiring an accommodation, please contact the Disability Support Services in Room 168 of the Clark Student Center, _PHONE_.
Safe Zones Statement
The professor considers this classroom to be a place where you will be treated with respect as a human being - regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, political beliefs, age, or ability. Additionally, diversity of thought is appreciated and encouraged, provided you can agree to disagree. It is the professor's expectation that ALL students consider the classroom a safe environment.
Contacting your Instructor
All instructors in the Department have voicemail in their offices and MWSU e-mail addresses. Make sure you add your instructor's phone number and e-mail address to both email and cell phone lists of contacts.
Attendance Requirements Being involved and making a difference are important marks of a community service professional. All assignment due dates will be posted throughout the course. The assignments must be turned in on time. Students must participate when discussing issues. Other Policies
The Criminal Justice Program's philosophy is to provide students with the opportunity to acquire the knowledge, skills, abilities, and sensitivities that will prepare them to work in criminal justice and related human service professions. Much of the learning necessary to be successful in criminal justice is just as applicable to work in other public service and private sector professions.
A. Three-part Foundation
1. Basic Skills - Reads, writes, performs arithmetic and mathematical operations, listens and speaks.
2. Thinking Skills - Thinks creatively, makes decisions, problem solver, visualizes, and knows how to learn, and reasons.
3. Personal Qualities - Displays responsibility, self-esteem, sociability, self-management, and integrity.
B. Five Competencies
1. Resources - Identifies, organizes, plans, and allocates resources.
2. Interpersonal - Works with others.
3. Information - Acquires and uses information.
4. Systems - Understands complex inter-relationships.
5. Technology - Works with a variety of technologies.
In short, the Criminal Justice faculty wills emphasis the practice of professional behavior, which should give its graduates a decided advantage in locating, and retaining satisfying careers.
Writing Proficiency Requirement
All students seeking a Bachelor's degree from Midwestern State University must satisfy a writing proficiency requirement once they've 1) passed English 1113 and English 1123 and 2) earned 60 hours. You may meet this requirement by passing either the Writing Proficiency Exam or English 2113. Please keep in mind that, once you've earned over 90 hours, you lose the opportunity to take the $25 exam and have no option but to enroll in the three-credit hour course. If you have any questions about the exam, visit the Writing Proficiency Office website at _URL_ or call _PHONE_.


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01 See also _TAG_ 5.1, The process of service design research, and method description Building a research wall.
02 "In contrast to this abundant data, insights are relatively rare. […] When they are generated, though, insights derived from the smart use of data are hugely powerful. Brands and companies that are able to develop big insights – from any level of data – will be winners." Kamal, I. (2012). "Metrics Are Easy; Insight Is Hard," at _URL_
03 _TAG_ 5.1, The process of service design research, provides more information on indexing and how much data you need to collect during your research until you reach theoretical saturation.
04 See _TAG_ 5.1, The process of service design research, for more information on peer review and co-creative workshops, as well as chapter 6, Ideation, on how to use key insights for ideation.
First insights are often generated based on patterns you find while you are collecting data, building your research wall, or codifying your data. It helps to write down initial assumptions, hypotheses, and intermediate insights at any stage of the research process and then critically reflect on them using your collected research data. If you don't have enough data to critically reflect on an assumption, use this as a starting point for another fieldwork session and collect more data. Design research is iterative!
Key insights help researchers to summarize and communicate their main findings. They should be built on research data and supported by raw data, such as quotes, photos, and audio and/or video recordings. Use indexing to keep track of the raw data that supports your key insights. Key insights should be carefully phrased as they will serve as points of reference for the further design process. You might use them as the basis for ideation or later on to evaluate ideas, concepts, and prototypes.
There are many ways to formulate insights, and which framework makes sense will depend on the research data and the aim of your project.
For example: "Alan eats chocolate because it makes him feel safe, but it makes him fat." Formulating insights in such a way is particularly useful when your research is followed by an ideation stage to improve a given situation. The structure of this key insight framework allows you to tackle the issue on three different levels:
- Activity/action/situation: Looking at the activity/action/situation level ("eats chocolate") could lead to a design challenge like "Which alternative or additional activities could Alan do so that he still feels safe, but that positively affect the given friction of the original activity?" (This opens up the opportunity space to think about, e.g., offering additional sport activities so that he can still eat chocolate, but also achieves his goal of not getting fat.)
- Aim/need/outcome: Looking at the aim/need/outcome level ("it makes him feel safe") could lead to further research questions like "Why does Alan not feel safe?" or to a design challenge like "What other things might help Alan feel safe?" (This opens up the opportunity space to offer alternatives that might help make him feel safe, like self-defense courses or anything else that might affect his self-confidence, but also help him achieve his goal of not getting fat).
- Restriction/obstacle/friction: Looking at the restriction/obstacle/friction level ("makes him fat") could lead to a design challenge like "What other food could Alan eat that doesn't make him fat, but still makes him feel safe?" (This opens up the opportunity space to offer other food options, like low-carb chocolate or fruits or vegetables, that still make him feel safe but also help him achieve his goal of not getting fat).


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Pediatric Psychologists address a wide range of developmental, behavioral, growthand illness-related issues affecting children, adolescents and their families.
The Division of Pediatric Psychology at the University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital is comprised of psychologists who use evidence-based assessments and interventions to maximize the health and well-being of children, adolescents and their families.
Our team provides comprehensive evaluation and treatment for children and adolescents (and their families) who are facing challenges with their adjustment to a medical condition or its clinical management.
Our outpatient clinical services include:
- Behavioral assessment, treatment and prevention services for children and adolescents with acute and chronic health conditions
- Assistance improving adherence to medical regimens, including medications, nutrition, exercise and other treatments
- Support developing medical coping skills and adjusting to medical diagnoses
- Behavioral treatment and biofeedback for pain conditions
- Behavioral treatment for childhood feeding problems, including picky eating
- Self-management skills and preparation for the transition from pediatric to adult-centered medical care
- Evaluation and treatment of depression, anxiety or behavioral disorders in children and adolescents with acute and chronic medical conditions
In addition to individual and family-based outpatient services, we also work within specialized medical teams across all areas of C.S. Mott Children's Hospital to maximize the overall health and well-being of children and their families using principles of behavioral science.
Our faculty serve as integral team members within a number of multidisciplinary clinics such as the University of Michigan's specialized pediatric programs in:
- weight management
- cystic fibrosis
- sickle cell disease
- sleep disorders
- elimination disorders
- disorders (or differences) of sex development
Our faculty are engaged in innovative and collaborative research designed to advance knowledge of the interplay between physical development, behavior and health. Current research activities are exploring eating/feeding behavior, obesity, sleep disorders, integrative behavioral health, adherence to chronic illness treatment regimens, transition from pediatric to adult centered care, medical decision-making, and health-related quality of life
Make an appointment
To learn more or make an appointment with a pediatric psychologist at U-M C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, call _PHONE_.


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Creating Cohousing, EcoVillages, and Urban Ecovillages are frequently hampered by money and land issues. How do we as a community create the legal framework to create EcoVillages where the cost of creating is affordable to everyone?
We will explore current ecovillages and their ownership models. Look at crafting ownership foundations where vested interested is insured affordability a value. This is a movement away from single ownership models and an exploration into cooperative ownerships, land trusts, and other forms of ownership, stewardship and other definitions.
Presented By: Forest Berg


CHAMPIONS and MASS EFFECT is a double program of two contrasting performances that explore the psychological and physical states of endurance and resilience. From the emotional impact of CHAMPIONS to the joyous energetic release of MASS EFFECT, this double program engages audience and has them at the edge of their seats.
What makes us all champions? What are we dealing with in our personal lives? Do we ever stop and deal with our vulnerabilities?
Champions is an emotionally impactive performance installation that deals with universal issues of parent-child relations, loneliness and individual resilience. The performance features the interview recordings of the artist's father, mother and himself in conversation with his therapist.
During this 30 minute performance installation Andreas Constantinou challenges himself to do nothing in front of a live audience. Gradually a personal story is revealed. A story of a strained relationship between a gay man, his homophobic father, a stern mother, and a lonely individual who is facing his deepest vulnerabilities. The installation space comes to life, the walls erupt into sudden action as video projections spill across the room. A full blown wrestling match fills the walls as two men throw each other between different landscapes. Violence and intimacy become ambiguous as their bodies entwine with each others. The images tell of a subconscious battle within the self. The videos switch on and off in rhythmic intervals between the silent room where the performer endures sitting with himself and the audience. Out of the silent room objects start coming to life. Voices appear out of the radio, tv and grammerphone in the room. These are the voices of the artist's father, mother, therapist and himself.
How do groups push themselves through extreme physical activity? How do we transcend ourselves with the support of the collective? Is there an energetic mass effect that happens when groups choose to collectively unite?
MASS EFFECT is a high-intensity performance by a cast of 7 international performers and 11 community members. Together they push their physical limits, deal with exhaustion, motivation, and group dynamics in group endurance activity. Group dynamics manifest through spatial patterns carved out amidst complex running formations. Team collaboration becomes the key element for the group to be tuned into the same bodily rhythm as they push to their physical thresholds. Together they move beyond exhaustion as they find their second wind. A second wind is an unpredictable phenomenon experienced in sports and long distance running
whereby an athlete who is out of breath and too tired to continue suddenly finds the strength to press on at top performance with less exertion.
10-15 members of the local community join the 7 dancers on stage in the last 15 minutes of this 45 minute performance. They enter stage and pump up energy to offer the 7 performers that last push to keep going. The community members help activate the so-called crowd effect, filling the theatre with an energetic pulse, a total Mass Effect. The result is a tremendous spectacle that fills the room with vitality and joy, leaving the audience on the edge of their seats, wishing to join them on stage.
Choreographer/Director: Andreas Constantinou
Collaborating director: Dagamara Bilon
Performers: Andreas Constantinou, Aris Papadopoulos, Jesper Holm Hermansen
Video design: Christoffer Brenke
Installation design: Jeppe Cohrt, Andreas Constantinou
Sound design: Jeppe Cohrt
Music sample from Ghosteen by Nick Cave
Dramaturg: Jeppe Nissen
Psychologist/dramaturg: Kristine Graugaard,
Wrestling coach: Mikkel Wind,
Artistic assistant: Rita Maria Faria
Creative producer: Kirstine
Marie Bauning
Co-produced by Bora Bora - dans og visuelt teater.
Funded by: Statens Kunstfond, Aarhus Kommune
Choregorapher/Director: Andreas Constantinou
Light and sound design: Jeppe Cohrt, Christofer Brekne
Performers: Aris Papadopoulos, Aline Sanchez, Kim Amankwaa, Theo Marion, Bjorn Vårsjo, Paola Drera, Elise Ludinard
Music: Full of fire - the Knife.
Artistic assistant/community engagement leader: Rita Maria Munoz Farias
Creative producer: Kirstine Bauning
Co-produced by Bora Bora - dans og visuelt teater.
Funded by: Statens Kunstfond, Aarhus Kommune.
****** "Exceptionally beautiful and a powerful portrayal of the distinction between physical and mental endurance" - Kulturleben
****** "I am deeply moved by the personal and bold story of Champions, and I have great respect for the innovative way of putting it into the word" - KulturNyt.
****** "With energy and a spark for life, the dancers in Mass Effect tear the audience out of their lonely trivialities and make them pulse in their seats" - KulturNyt.
****** "The double program of Champions and Mass Effect drill deep into your mind as they display mental and physical resilience in two different ways. Compelling and engaging." -Ungtteaterblod.
****** "Champions is enormously sensual and enormously serene at the same time. Mass Effect is beautiful, delicious and immensivly engaging, i sat close and lost my breath with the cast" - En Tur I Kulturland.
***** "Mass Effect and Champions are dynamic, enthralling and fun" - Stiften.
**** "Champions is moving while Mass Effect is entertaining and impressive" - Iscene.
HIMHERANDIT - Champions_0159.jpg
HIMHERANDIT - Champions_0236.jpg


text: Trichechus senegalensis is a poorly studied species, and much of the information about their behavior and reproduction has been inferred based on their close similarity to the very well studied Trichechus manatus. They are capable of reproducing throughout the year; however, a peak in calving tends to occur in late spring or early summer (CMC 1997). Females are sexually mature as early as three years of age. A female in estrus is joined by a dozen or more males. Together they form a mating group in which copulation appears to occur at random (Save the Manatee Club 1997). Gestation lasts about 13 months and usually a single calf is born at a time, but twins do occur occasionally. Calves are born tail first, and they can swim on their own (CMC 1997). They feed from a pair of pectoral mammary glands. Trichechus senegalensis are believed to live to about 30 years of age, and females can bear young every three to five years (Sikes 1974 and CMC 1997).


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Meet the Man Who Makes Authentic Museum-Quality Hats
Inside an upper-middle class home in the suburbs of Somerville, Massachusetts, a man works to create a mirror into the past. The small living room features three shelves, where titles like The American-Built Clipper Ship share space with an encyclopedia of 18th-century fashion. From their frames on the wall, men wearing embroidered Nevernois hats and women dressed in elegantly pleated polonaise gowns watch as Matthew Brenckle, a full-time hatter, works busily but gently, sewing delicate, golden French lace. Brenckle possesses only a few rolls of the lace, and when the last piece is used, it can't be bought on eBay or Etsy — a reality of business when one's trade relies on making old hats that went out of fashion two centuries ago.
"Not old, just authentic [replicas]," says Brenckle, whose attention to detail remains paramount to his occupation. He is fussy about even the thread he uses to sew the lace and accoutrements (buttons, gold trim, rosettes made from taffeta) onto the hat. In return, Brenckle earns the satisfaction of knowing his labor contributes to an accurate retelling of the past, an interest that began as a young man. Brenckle graduated from Brown University with a degree in history, and later worked as a curator at the USS Constitution Museum in Charlestown, Massachusetts. While his area of academic expertise is maritime history, his passion lies in a different kind of storytelling, one where specifics count. "What are stories without details?" he asks, as his gray-blue eyes scrunch in concentration while he tackles a stubborn knot in his thread. "I have been doing this for 23 years, and even as a kid, I knew that it would be a disservice to history if my details were not in place."
Matthew Brenckle Hatter
Felt needs to be stretched and spread out in order for it to stiffen properly, Brenckle says (photo credit: Ankur Dang).
Brenckle's father was an archaeologist who often allowed his son to accompany him on excavations and digs. As a man, his digs for history involve fabrics and notions, not dirt — but both share a similar passion for the past. For the younger Brenckle, that passion is seen in the tentative curl of his lip as he executes the first steps of preparing the wool, and in the studied concentration as he pores over a thick volume on colonial British fashion to design a particular rosette on the hat.
That exacting authenticity and his occupational joy may explain his success and reputation in the re-enactment community. After 11 years, customers refer to him as a master hatter, a phrase formerly used to describe accomplished creators, but which has long since moved out of usage due to the endangered species that is people who create head pieces. "He is so busy all the time," says Stephen Hathcock, one of Brenckle's dedicated customers. "The kind of work he puts into each one of his pieces is intense. You can buy cheap hats for a dollar on the internet. But once you see something that he makes, you can't go back to inauthentic, tacky stuff."
Brenckle, who is always working on two or three hats at a time, has received orders from countries ranging from England and France to Australia, and Canada. His creations cost anywhere from $165 to $250. He completes three to four each week, using materials as close to authentic as possible so that his clients enjoy a richer re-enactment experience.
Matthew Brenckle Hatter
Brenckle recreates original labels to stick inside of the hats he makes to "add to the experience" of his clients (photo credit: Ankur Dang).
For Brenckle, that fascination with all things historical extends beyond his hats and into his actual, 21st-century life‚ one that also involves a wife and daughter, who support his historical interests. He describes himself as "a full-time dad and a part-time civilian from the late 18th century." His surroundings reflect that split identity. Scraps of felt and lace share the floor with a copy of Becoming Americans, a scarlet pincushion, a green crayon, a multi-colored rattle, and a half-finished wallet that his wife, Victoria, a fellow re-enactor, is making for him. "We met at a re-enactment," Victoria says. "And honestly, that is one of the reasons we started dating." A fifth-grade teacher, she uses her background in re-enactments to teach her students about the Revolution and other important historical events.
But both she and her husband are more fascinated by the lives people led than the battles they fought. "Re-enacting history is educational, fun, and involves a lot of research," Brenckle adds. "But re-enactment is not the same as reliving. We cannot relive the past, nor do I think it is desirable. If you think of even luxurious mansions from the 18th century, by today's standards, that was like going camping," he adds as he threads an old button to put on one of the hats he's making for a re-enactment at Fort Ticonderoga. "No central heating, disease epidemics. Reliving history would involve living with those things as well, which is just not possible. To glorify [the past] needlessly is to alter the authenticity of its actual story."
Brenckle hand-stitches fabric onto a nearly-completed hat (photo credit: Ankur Dang).
For Brenckle, the genuineness of re-enactment is more important than being in character all the time. Even as a hatter, he recognizes that his method of replicating the hats is modern and aided by tools not present in the 18th century. An average cocked hat from the Revolutionary War was made from coarse wool harvested from the coats of locally raised sheep. Today, most wool comes from Merino sheep, a hybrid breed that makes wool production more economical, and which did not exist two centuries ago. Similarly, the use of modern implements, like steam irons and a gas stove, have made hat making a much shorter process than it used to be.
It takes Brenckle about an hour to prepare the felt for setting the hat and another two hours to add the lace and frill that some designs require. While he has been making hats since the age of 14, it was only in 2007 that he left his job at the museum to do it full time. "And now that I have a daughter, I'm able to use the extra time to dote on her completely," he says as he places an early 19th-century style top hat on her head. Georgiana Brenckle is only 2 years old, but she's attended re-enactments with her parents in full 18th-century regalia since she was an infant. At each of these events, the re-enactors enjoy holding her. One time, she was so popular that it took an hour for her to return to her mother's lap. For Brenckle and Victoria, having their child — dressed in a museum-quality frilly smock and spotted kerchief — be so welcomed represents the culture of the re-enactment community and its importance to them.
That culture extends into the Brenckle's kitchen, where pages from an old, frayed recipe book, assembled with photocopies, prints, and handwritten pages, sits on a countertop and boasts a wealth of culinary knowledge from the 18th century. Victoria enjoys making dishes that have long since disappeared from menus and contemporary plates. "Her meat pies are really good," Brenckle says with relish. "It is fresh meat pounded flat and then rolled out in French pastry. Delicious!" He also enjoys dismissing the notion that the culinary repertoire from the colonial time period consisted of fire cakes and one-pot meals.
Matthew Brenckle Hatter
Georgiana Brenckle wears one of her father's 19th century-esque top hats (photo credit: Ankur Dang).
Those meat pies also demonstrate the difference in a civilian reenactment from a military one. "There's more to every war," he says. "Between any two wars, there is peacetime in which people live each day, doing different things to break the monotony. That is certainly more exciting than simply pretending to shoot pretend-soldiers when there is no way to be authentic about the fear and reality of death that is a basic, undeniable fact of war."
He stops mid-sentence. A present-day need voiced from the high chair interrupts his civilian soliloquy. Georgiana finished her breakfast, and it is time for her father to give her the watermelon that waits for her in the fridge. After he brings her the crimson cubes, Georgiana happily munches on the fruit. In between bites, her father wipes her juice-smeared face with a napkin. Just beyond them, in the living room, a cocked hat for the Languedoc Regiment sits unfinished on a settee, with a piece of French lace dangling from its edge.
Cover photo credit: Ankur Dang.


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Our workshop 'Refugees, New Speakers, and Global Law' in Tilburg University, March 23-24 2017, is fast approaching. Please see our final event programme attached.
After the event we will post podcasts of the presentations and the plenaries from Max Spotti 'Language and asylum: the paradox of naming places and web truths' and Marcos Ezequiel Filardi 'Accomplishments, challenges and tensions in refugees' protection in Argentina'. Through the presentations we will discuss how the law experienced through themes related to rights, protections, and voice and legality. We will also see language and legitimacy as central to this experience as we explore the issues of language learning, refugees voices through literature and as they are documented in historical narratives. Through the inclusion of community-led NGOs, refugees and other practitioners who work on asylum issues, we will finally consider how we as researchers can create impact.


Learning about Indigenous affairs through Sinead
By Natalie Lane ·
At first, I found the task daunting and overwhelming, but when I encountered Sinead, she supported me through the experience, while I documented her goals and ideas.
When asked to find a NAIDOC story for ABC Open, I realised my lack of proximity to the Indigenous community, and my lack of knowledge of Indigenous culture.
At times, I felt this lack of knowledge made me wary as to what was appropriate to say, and what terms to use. For example, I was unsure whether 'part-Aboriginal' was considered racist.
Sinead was aware but not phased by this, and I felt completely comfortable in her company. What made the experience so much easier, and contributed to my growth of understanding, was her evident motivation for change.
Through her interview, I was compelled to her ideas and goals in relation to the Indigenous community, and what she would do as Prime Minister of Australia.
It was after the formal interview, in Bond's Indigenous Office, that I sat down with her and the other students for coffee and had discussions about 'political correctness' and opposing views.
By the time I left, my fear has disappeared, my understanding had grown, and I felt excited to put her story together into video.
Although I have much more to learn about Indigenous culture, what I thought would be a difficult project has proved to be extremely rewarding and inspiring.
I am motivated to continue to educate myself on Indigenous affairs, and be open to future opportunities with Indigenous stories in my career.
Published 15 Jul 2013. Burleigh Waters QLD 4220
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When the Highlands and Islands of Scotland adopted the bagpipe, perhaps some six hundred years ago, they began to develop the instrument and its music to suit their needs and tastes.
What emerged was the instrument we know today as the Great Highland Bagpipe, and a form of music, piobaireachd (pronounced Pee-broch), which is unique to the instrument. The music consists of a theme (ground) and variations on this theme. The theme can express joy, sadness, or sometimes in the "gathering" tunes, a peremptory warning or call to arms.
The theme is developed in a series of variations, which usually progress to the "crunluath" variation, where the piper's fingers give a dazzling technical display of embellishment or gracenotes.
The Piobaireachd Society was founded in 1901 to encourage the playing teaching and study of this music.
1) Iain Speirs - In Praise of Morag


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Why is there a dynamic forensics program at
The answers to that question started in 1997 when several criminal justice students from the FBI asked why the college did not have a forensics program. In response, PGCC conducted a needs survey by contacting the municipal, county, state, and federal law enforcement and forensic science laboratory departments in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and West Virginia. This survey indicated a critical need of 350 forensic scientists, from crime scene investigators to forensic science specialists.
PGCC started an Associate of Applied Science degree in Forensic Science in 1999. This program is a 2-year career-tracked vocation for those students electing not to obtain a baccalaureate degree from a 4-year academic institution. However, the continued demand for baccalaureate-trained forensic science investigators prompted us to establish in 2001 an Associate of Science curriculum for students who wished to transfer to colleges that offered undergraduate degrees in forensic science.
To the best of my knowledge, PGCC is the only community college in the United States with an in-depth complementary course curriculum, encompassing some 14 forensic disciplines. This program is unique in that it has 42 adjunct forensic science professionals teaching the diverse curriculum, each of whom practices their special skills.
The core training requirements for the A.A.S. degree are that students complete 35 credit hours in criminal justice and forensic science. These courses include criminal law, criminal evidence and procedures, introduction to forensic science, crime scene investigation, DNA and fingerprint analysis, death investigation, firearms and tool-markings identification, toxicology, and an internship at a forensic crime laboratory or criminal investigation division of a police department.
The A.A.S. forensic program limits the science requirements to introduction to biology, forensic biology, and chemistry. However, the transfer program has a strong science emphasis in which the following courses are required: biology I, forensic biology, chemistry I and II, introduction to organic chemistry, physics I and II, and genetics.
The PGCC student demographics show that minorities make up 86% and females 66% of overall student enrollment. There are 485 students currently enrolled in the forensics program, 81% of which are female 78% of which are minority students.
Graduating PGCC students go on to pursue a variety of occupations, including wildlife science (Endangered Species Act), toxicology, medical insurance fraud, forensic nursing, juvenile delinquency, police crime laboratory, engineering, law, FEMA, ATF, FBI, DEA, fire departments, forensic education, physical anthropology, forensic herpetology, and forensic accounting.
For further information about the Forensic Science Program at PGCC, please send e-mail to Professor Ray Harris at _EMAIL_.


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Merriam-Webster's information on 'Character' (that is relevant to my post):
2 a: one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish an individual
b: (1) a feature used to separate distinguishable things into categories; also : a group or kind so separated (2) the detectable expression of the action of a gene or group of genes (3) the aggregate of distinctive qualities characteristic of a breed, strain, or type;
c: the complex of mental and ethical traits marking and often individualizing a person, group, or nation
d: main or essential nature especially as strongly marked and serving to distinguish
7 a: a person marked by notable or conspicuous traits
b: one of the persons of a drama or novel
c: the personality or part which an actor recreates
d: characterization especially in drama or fiction
e: person, individual
Origin of the word
Middle English caracter, from Latin character mark, distinctive quality, from Greek charaktēr, from charassein to scratch, engrave; perhaps akin to Lithuanian žerti to scratch
Dictionary.reference.com's information on 'Character' (that is relevant to my post)
1. the aggregate of features and traits that form the individual nature of some person or thing.
2. one such feature or trait; characteristic.
3. moral or ethical quality: "a man of fine, honorable character."
4. qualities of honesty, courage, or the like; integrity: "It takes character to face up to a bully."
5. reputation: "a stain on one's character."
Adjective definitions *Used in Art*
a. (of a part or role) representing a personality type, especially by emphasizing distinctive traits, as language, mannerisms, physical makeup, etc.
b. (of an actor or actress) acting or specializing in such roles.
Verb definitions (used with object) *archaic usage*
24. to portray; describe.
25. to engrave; inscribe.
26. in character,
a. in harmony with one's personal character or disposition: "Such behavior is not in character for him."
b. in accordance with the role or personality assumed in a performance: "an actor in character."
27. out of character,
a. out of harmony with one's personal character or disposition: "Her remarks were out of character."
b. away from the role or personality assumed in a performance: "The actor stepped out of character."
Thesaurus.com's information on 'Character'
Part of Speech: noun
Synonyms: appearance, aspect, attribute, badge, bent, caliber, cast, complex, complexion, constitution, crasis, disposition, emotions, estimation, ethos, frame, frame of mind, genius, grain, habit, humor, kind, makeup, mettle, mood, morale, mystique, nature, personality, quality, record, reputation, repute, sense, set, shape, singularity, sort, specialty, spirit, standing, streak, style, temper, temperament, tone, trait, turn, type, vein
Notes: Character is what one represents; Reputation is what one is thought to be by others
Dictionary.com's information on 'Personification' (that is relevant to my post)
2. the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person, as in art.
3. the person or thing embodying a quality or the like; an embodiment or incarnation: He is the personification of tact.
4. an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a thing or abstraction.
Collins Dictionary's definitions of 'Personification'
1. the attribution of human characteristics to things, abstract ideas, etc, as for literary or artistic effect
2. the representation of an abstract quality or idea in the form of a person, creature, etc, as in art and literature
3. a person or thing that personifies
4. a person or thing regarded as an embodiment of a quality: "he is the personification of optimism."
Excerpt from Encyclopedia Britannica's information on 'Personification'
figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or inanimate object. An example is
"The Moon doth with delight
Look round her when the heavens are bare" ('William Wordsworth, 'Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood' 1807). Another is
"Death lays his icy hand on kings"
(James Shirley, 'The Glories of Our Blood and State' 1659).
Personification has been used in European poetry since Homer and is particularly common in allegory; for example, the medieval morality play Everyman (c.1500) and the Christian prose allegory Pilgrim's Progress (1678) by John Bunyan contain characters such as Death, Fellowship, Knowledge, Giant Despair, Sloth, Hypocrisy, and Piety.
Personification became almost an automatic mannerism in 18th-century Neoclassical poetry, as exemplified by these lines from Thomas Gray's 'An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard':
"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth
A Youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown:
Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth,
And Melancholy marked him for her own."
Thesaurus.com's information on 'Personification'
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: representation, manifestation Synonyms: apotheosis, archetype, avatar, cast, collection, comprehension, conformation, embracement, encompassment, epitome, example, exemplar, exemplification, expression, form, formation, incarnation, inclusion, incorporation, integration, matter, organization, personification, prosopopoeia, quintessence, realization, reification, structure, symbol, systematization, type
1560s, from Greek prosopopoiia "the putting of speeches into the mouths of others," from prosopon "person, face" (literally "that which is toward the eyes," from pros "to" + ops "eye, face") + poiein "make" (see poet).
Is Enlightenment when you become the prospopeia of the best part of yourself?


Knife, Knives and Medieval Daggers
A knife is any cutting edge or blade, handheld or otherwise, with or without a handle. Knives were used at least two-and-a-half million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Knives were originally made of rock, flint, and obsidian; knives have evolved in construction as technology has with blades being made from bronze, copper, iron, steel, ceramics, and titanium. Every culture has a unique version of the knife.
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with presence of adults indicates that this species may currently inhabit areas of the Southern New Jersey coast. Rutgers University Marine Field Station (RUMFS) has gathered weekly quantitive data from ichthyoplankton sampling since 1989 at Little Sheepshead Bridge where plankton nets are used to capture larval fish in Tuckerton, NJ. Great Bay is connected to Little Egg Inlet by Sheepshead Bridge where water temperatures and tidal fluctuations are relatively consistent and well understood. Because sampling is done on Sheepshead Bridge during flood tides, the larva gathered represents the species that utilize the estuary as at some point during their lifespan. From these samples larval fish are continually collected, measured and identified. Multiple variables are recorded generating the ability to observe and identify multiple factors about various species that inhabit the region including but not limited to: increase or decrease in abundance, early or late spawning periods, elongated spawning periods, and or increase or decrease in larval sizes. Therefore, long term changes for each species are represented in great detail by the respective gathered data. Potential correlations between factors within this data, can be utilized, specifically trends found over time relating larval M.thalassinus presence to long term temperature changes. Adult individuals have also been captured during trawling which contribute to the survey. In order to identify correlations between population increase and climate change, temperature data must be gathered, prepared and analyzed. The System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) consists of a network of buoys which record temperature, salinity, nutrient content, dissolved oxygen content as well as turbidity as often as every fifteen minutes at various locations in the Great BayLittle Egg harbor Estuary. The SWMP data is unique to marine scientists due to the buoy placement successively up the river from the inlet, it is also of importance to those scientists in need of large time series data sets to observe changes over time in respect to the marine environment. At this point the SWMP data is currently being prepared using computational methods. This time series will be used to identify correlations between green goby population change and a variety of variables (including temperature). Sampling for the gobies through ichthyoplankton sampling, identification and trawling will continue at Rutgers marine field station. Due to the nature of this project and the ability for expansion due to a large growing data set as well as accessible time series data, multiple factors and multiple species will be analyzed for correlation. The final analysis will include population survey and potential correlations between the other main species of goby found within the estuary: Gobiosoma bosc, the naked goby and Gobiosoma ginsburgi, the Ginsburg goby.
8. Controlling Cell Fate: Genetic Determinants of Synthetic Pseudohyphal Growth
Ciccaglione, Kerri; and Law, Michael J.
Biology, Biotechnology concentration; UMDNJ, Molecular Biology
Cell fate decisions require cells to first recognize multiple extracellular stimuli, and then respond in a manner that is appropriate. Central to these responses are highly regulated transcriptional responses. In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two cellular differentiation pathways are controlled by nutritional response. The first, pseudohyphal differentiation, is induced when yeast are cultured on medium containing limited nitrogen. The second, meiosis, is induced when yeast are cultured without fermentable carbon and nitrogen. These two differentiation pathways share similar response to nutrition, as evidenced by partially overlapping transcriptional cascades. To determine how RNA polymerase is targeted to specific transcripts, a yeast two-hybrid analysis was performed using a component of the RNA mediator complex, UME3, as bait. This screen identified KDM5, a histone demethylase, as an interacting partner of UME3. To understand the nature of this relationship, yeast strains were constructed lacking both KDM5 and UME3. Interestingly, these mutant yeast exhibited pseudohyphal growth even in rich media, to yield a "synthetic pseudohyphal" phenotype. To identify the genetic targets of these mutants, we employed a high copy suppressor screen. In this screen, genomic yeast DNA is digested into random pieces and inserted into a multiple copy plasmid. Approximately 4,300 yeast transformants were screened for pseudohyphal suppression which yielded 17 plasmids that contain genomic suppressors. Of these, 5 plasmids were sequenced to identify potential genes that suppress the phenotype and revealed that there are some regions of overlap, supporting saturation of the screen. Currently, the identified genes are being tested individually to identify suppressors.
9. Role of Sample Preparation in In Vitro Cytotoxicity Responses to Silver Nanoparticles
Clendaniel, Alicea; Kumar, Girish; Degheidy, Heba; Casey, Brendan; and Goering, Peter
Faculty Advisor: Moscovici, Dan
Metallic nanoparticles readily agglomerate in aqueous media and this effect can influence their physical properties and in vitro biological responses. The goal of this study was to: 1) compare effects of cell culture medium containing 10% FBS and DI water as suspension vehicles on AgNP size and agglomeration, and 2) compare effects of pre-mixing of medium and AgNPs on their biological responses in L-929 fibroblasts compared to direct addition of nanoparticles to the cells. To assess the effects of premixing on agglomeration, AgNPs were pre-mixed with cell culture medium or DI water for 1 min, or 1, 5, 24, or 120 hr. Results of dynamic light scattering analysis showed that pre-mixing AgNPs with medium maintained particle dispersion better than DI water. The hydrodynamic diameter of AgNPs increased proportionally to the pre-mixing time. AgNP agglomeration was size-dependent; 10 nm AgNPs agglomerated more readily than 100 nm and 200 nm particles. To assess the effects of premixing on biological responses, AgNPs pre-mixed with cell culture medium for 1 min, or 1, 5, or 24 hr were added to L-929 fibroblasts, or were added to the cells without premixing. After 24 hr exposure, cell viability was assessed by using the standard MTT assay. After 4 and 24 hr exposures, the degree of cell necrosis (via 7 AAD dye) and apoptosis (via Annexin V dye) was assessed using flow cytometry. AgNPs produced a mass concentration (μg/ml) dependent decrease in MTT reduction. Pre-mixing of AgNPs with cell culture medium did not affect cell viability compared to controls; however, AgNPs added directly to the media without premixing were cytotoxic. The degree of necrosis and apoptosis of L-929 cells when exposed to AgNPs depended on mass concentration, exposure time, and size of AgNPs. Cells treated with 10 nm particles at 50 μg/ml showed 22-fold and 33-fold increases in the percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells, respectively, after 24 hr. Thus, the data show that different sample preparation for AgNPs can affect particle agglomeration and biological responses. Note: this research was completed during an internship with the food and drug administration.
10. Geochemical Investigation of Anatectic Melts in Low-Pressure Migmatites
Dubnansky, Michael; Favorito, Daniel; Price, Patrick; Makin, Sarah; and Severs, Matthew J.
The study of melt inclusions is vital to understanding igneous processes. Inclusions trap and preserve melts prior to subsequent processes including crystallization, diffusion, and any potential disequilibria the crystals may be subjected to, as well as chemical weathering or alteration at the surface. In many cases, they also retain their concentration of volatile elements. These advantages make melt inclusions highly valuable in studying the evolution of magmatic systems. Although they have been utilized extensively in volcanic systems and in some felsic plutonic systems, recent studies have suggested they may be found in other plutonic rocks and potentially in metamorphic rocks undergoing partial melting. Questions remain regarding the latter due to the difficulty in distinguishing between silicate melts and Si-rich hydrothermal fluids at high pressures. Additionally, these melt inclusions are usually completely crystallized and are difficult to identify. The focus of this study aims at finding and determining the geochemistry of melt inclusions in low-pressure migmatites. These trapped melts would thus represent the exact conditions present at the time of anatexis. Migmatites are unusual rocks as they are partially melted and represent a transition between igneous and metamorphic. Samples were collected over the course of a week from previously described field locations in New Hampshire and Maine. This project will explore the geochemistry and petrogenesis during the initial stages of anatexis. Homogenization experiments of potential melt inclusions will determine whether they truly represent melts that subsequently crystallized or trapped solids. Samples were crushed and separated to identify potential melt inclusion-bearing crystals of peritectic minerals such as garnet, cordierite, and spinel that are preserved over the course of melting and subsequent crystallization. Finally, the geochemistry of both the inclusions and their host crystals will be determined via electron microprobe that will allow for in-situ analysis of major and minor elements.
11. Impacts of Derelict Crab Traps in the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary: Patterns of bycatch and progress towards preventing future trap loss
Duffy1, Maureen; Berezin2, Maria; and Friedman3, Duane
Faculty Advisors: