text:
Army National Guard
The Army National Guard (ARNG) is one branch of the U.S. Total Army, consisting of the Active, Guard, and Reserve components. The Army National Guard is composed of reservist - civilians who serve their country on a part time basis. Each state and territory has its own Army National Guard as provided by the United States Constitution.
The Army National Guard has come down from the cold war high water marks of 27 divisions in 1963 and 457,000 end strength in 1980 to a force of 367,000 at the end of 1997 with an evolving force structure as part of the 1993 off-site and the Army National Guard Division Redesign Study as a result of the Commission on Roles and Missions.
The ARNG structure is as follows: 15 enhanced Separate Brigades, eight divisions, and three strategic brigades (31st SAB, 92nd SIB, and the 207th Scout Group). The ARNG also maintains two Special Forces groups (19th and 20th). The force composition of the ARNG is 52 percent combat, 17 percent CS, 22 percent CSS, and 9 percent table of distribution and allowances (TDA) units, typically state headquarters units.
The ARNG combat units are aligned to OPLANs according to Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) apportionment. The current JSCP apportions all eSBs; however, the ARNG divisions and strategic reserve brigades are not apportioned. In support of the need for a mission focus for units that are not apportioned, each ARNG combat unit is aligned with a designated AC corps.
The Guard is comprised of a balanced force structure of Combat, Combat Support, and Combat Service Support units. Several initiatives are contributing to important changes in the Guard force structure. An example is the Division Redesign process which transitions two combat divisions to combat support and combat service support roles.
Other important initiatives are the implementation of Guard/Active component integrated divisions, which align an active component division headquarters with three Army Guard enhanced Separate Brigades. The intent of this relationship is to improve the training readiness and deployability of the enhanced Separate Brigades and to reduce time required for post-mobilization training. Two divisions have resulted of this integration, the 7th Infantry Division, based at Fort Carson, CO, and the 24th Infantry Division, based at Fort Riley, KS.
The Field Artillery (FA) long has been a leader in innovation and moving the Army forward. Active Component-Reserve Component (AC-RC) integration is a premier example. Army National Guard (ARNG) and US Army Reserve (USAR) soldiers comprise more than half of the Army -- 54 percent -- the highest percentage of any military service. The percentage is even more significant in the FA. More than two-thirds of the FA is in the National Guard.
The State Area Command (STARC) is a mobilization entity in each state and territory. It organizes, trains, plans, and coordinates the mobilization of NG units and elements for state and federal missions. The STARC is responsible for emergency planning and response using all NG resources within its jurisdiction. It directs the deployment and employment of ARNG units and elements for domestic support operations, including military support to civil authorities. As with active duty forces, emergency response may be automatic or deliberate. When the NG is in a nonfederal status, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the NG in his state or territory and exercises command through the state adjutant general (TAG). While serving in state status, the NG provides military support to civil authorities, including law enforcement, in accordance with state law. Federal equipment assigned to the NG may be used for emergency support on an incremental cost-reimbursement basis.
Under a Presidential call-up, State Area Commands (STARCs) are not federalized, the National Guard Bureau and the Adjutants General of the several states remain responsible for ensuring the readiness of nonfederalized units.
The ARNG is organized with each state having command and control over their state National Guard. State Governors and the TAGs direct all National Guard actions and accomplishment of training for the state. To accomplish the Total Army School System (TASS) missions within and across state boundaries, the NGB and the TAGs developed the Combat Arms Training Brigades (CATB), Leadership Training Brigades (LTB), and the Regional Training Institutes (RTI). Each Brigade or RTI contains functionally aligned TASS Training Battalions and General Studies Training Battalion. Under the Battalions are functionally aligned Combat Arms Training Companies, OCS Training Companies, and Leadership Training Companies. These organizations have coordinating authority to conduct regional TASS missions directed by the ARPRINT. Each state/territory is organized with either a CATB, LTB, or a RTI. The Brigade and RTI are equal, however they have different levels of responsibility.
The two-star generals who command the National Guard the states and territories report to the governors, not the Defense Department. All but two adjutants general are appointed by state governors [they are elected in Vermont and South Carolina]. The Adjutants General are not required to meet military service or education requirements of active duty generals, and governors can appoint junior officers as Adjutant General.
The Army National Guard is a community based force, with approximately 3,200 armories located in nearly 2,700 communities across the states and territories. Additionally, the Guard's extensive maintenance, training and aviation facilities serve to support the readiness of units across America. The Guard is comprised of members of the communities in which they are stationed. Moreover, many Guard armories are a meeting place for their communities - and not just during local emergencies. This bond to the community is part of the legacy of the citizen-soldier.
Both the state and the federal government control the Army National Guard, depending on the circumstance. Whereas, the Active Army and Army Reserve (USAR) are completely controlled by the Federal Government, and the Army Reserve serves solely as a federal reserve to the Active Army. The Army Guard force structure consists of Combat, Combat Support, and Combat Service Support units, while the Army Reserve force is primarily comprised of Combat Support and Combat Service Support. The ARNG consists of approximately 350,000 soldiers versus just over 200,000 in the USAR.
The Guard has a unique dual mission, with both Federal and State responsibilities. During peacetime, the Governor through the State Adjutant General commands Guard forces. The Governor can call the Guard into action during local or statewide emergencies, such as storms, drought, and civil disturbances, to name a few. In addition, the President of the United States can activate the National Guard to participate in Federal missions. Examples of this are the many Guard units that have deployed to support operations in Bosnia. When federalized, Guard units are commanded by the Commander in Chief of the theatre in which they are operating.
The Army National Guard offers a large selection of military occupation specialties (MOS's) throughout a range of skills divided into three major categories: Combat (Infantry, Artillery, Armor, Aviation, Air Defense), Combat Support (Engineer, Chemical, Military Police, Signal, Military Intelligence, Civil Affairs) and Combat Service Support (Finance, Public Affairs, Personnel, Supply, Maintenance, Transportation). Different MOS's have different qualifications.
The Guard offers a series of benefits ranging from competitive pay and education assistance to insurance and retirement benefits. A broad range of skills are learned through schools and job training. Beyond these tangible benefits, most Guard members agree that the greatest benefit is the opportunity to serve their country, state and community.
Typically, National Guard members are required to attend one drill weekend each month and one annual training period (usually 2 weeks in the summer) each year. Weekend drills usually consist of attending one Saturday and Sunday, but can occasionally include reporting for duty on Friday night. Initially, all personnel are required to attend initial entry training (IET), which can usually be scheduled to meet civilian occupation constraints. Duration and location of IET varies in accordance with the military occupation specialty (MOS) or career field that a soldier chooses.
A Mobilization and Training Equipment Site (MATES) is a site at which a portion of an ARNG unit's authorized equipment is positioned by direction of Chief, National Guard Bureau, and maintained to support unit mobilization and training. A Unit Training Equipment Site (UTES) is a consolidation of ARNG organizational equipment at or in close proximity to and serving an authorized weekend training site. Under the UTES concept, the pooling of equipment assets extends existing organizations rather than creates a separate TDA type activity. UTES equipment is derived from and cannot exceed MTOE, TDA or MOBTDA authorization, or home station allowances established by the National Guard Bureau for participating units and accounted for on unit property books. Organizational identity of all pooled equipment is maintained and all units using such equipment provide for normal organizational maintenance and reporting.
In early May 2003, leaders from the 54 states and U.S. territories supported the historic initiative for changing their organization's command structure earlier this month. The National Guard's adjutants general reached consensus with the ideas put forward by Lt. Gen. H Steven Blum, the Guard Bureau's new chief, to consolidate separate state headquarters for members of the Army and Air Guard into joint, or combined, headquarters.
Blum's proposals focus on enhancing capabilities, adding to mission-essential task lists for combat arms units, and task organizing. They include:
Organizing chemical, biological and incident response task forces to include assets from the Guard's 32 full-time civil support teams, enhanced medical companies that can decontaminate and treat 150 people per


text:
First edition in numbers
SESSIONS AND KEYNOTES
Join the transformation journey
The IWA Digital Water Summit is designed to be the reference in digitalisation for the global water sector. Targeting all stakeholders involved in the water sector digitalisation, the Summit has a focus on business and industry. Water technology providers and water utilities are the main participants that will discuss and shape the agenda of this second edition.
Digital water is a concept that we are starting to learn how to integrate it into businesses and the global water sector. The purpose of the Digital Water Summit is to answer some of the questions that businesses may have, such as:
- What is digital water?
- What is the difference between digital water and digitalisation?
- How can we make our industry more digitally aware?
The Digital Water Summit will have some of the world's leading experts on digital water. It is co-organised by IWA with the water utility in the region (Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia) and the IWA Governing Member in Spain (AEAS).
Water and wastewater utilities must embrace digital solutions
"Digital water is already here" is the clear message after interviewing utility executives and leading experts from around the globe. From big data solutions to advanced management of the distribution network to digital customer engagement programs, nearly all utilities we talked to have begun the digital transformation journey. While the transformation is not always easy, with ageing infrastructure, inadequate investment, changing climate and demographics, digital water is now seen not as an 'option' but as an 'imperative."
"If you want to know about what's happening in the digital water space, the Digital Water Summit is the perfect place to be." – Oliver Grievson, Chair of IWA's Digital Water Programme Steering Committee
Critical discussions into the future of sustainable water management
The Digital Water Summit gathers world-renowned experts on digitalisation of the water sector, who will be involved in plenary sessions, interactive demonstrations of digital solutions, interactive discussions, side events, exhibitions, technical visits, and social events. Utilities and solution providers will be sharing experiences and solutions in a practical setting, maximising access to relevant information and networking opportunities.
The IWA Digital Water Summit's 2023 edition takes place in Bilbao, Spain
IWA's magazine, The Source, is the official magazine of the event. For more information, see: _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


we built a garden! We built a garden! Or at least, the beginnings of one.
You might be thinking, "So what! It's just a garden! What's the big deal?" Well, okay, I get that...but here's the big deal. This wasn't just any garden. This was a garden born out of the dreams and passions of 2nd and 3rd grade learners who wanted to make a difference. This was a garden that came to be because of the dedication of an inspired educator and the generosity of an amazing PTO. This was a garden that was built because, as Mr. Hilton put it, a "village" came together to make it happen. This garden was the fruition of a dream that began a year ago in the hearts and minds of the learners in the Book Blooms Enrichment Cluster...and culminated with another group of children who came together with parents, educators, friends, and family to make the dream come true!
Remember my question?
I found my answer! Transformation doesn't always come in the form of plans or tools or materials. Those things are important...I get that. But taken alone, those things are just "stuff." The magic happens...the transformation takes place, when you add a little something more. Transformation happens when you add passion...and hope...and dreams. Transformation occurs when "a village comes together to make it happen." Transformation happens when we's all about the kids!


Chiese Food Restaurant Sign
"Chiese Food" sign on a Chinese food restaurant.
"Chiese Food" sign on a Chinese food restaurant.
When I lived in Singapore, I used to joke about the misspelled English words I saw everywhere, or the jumbles of random phrases used as shirt slogans. Having English on the shirt made it foreign and cool, I suppose. After working on learning two foreign languages (Arabic and Hebrew), I'm not nearly so critical of spelling mistakes by non-native speakers. Remembering vocabulary is a pain.
However, I can't help but find it amusing that a person would misspell their own nationality on a manufactured neon sign placed in the window of a restaurant that sells said nationality's food (or the Americanized version of it anyway).
How do you open a Chinese food restaurant and put up a sign for Chiese Food? Was it really poor business management, or a clever attempt to draw attention? Or did the guy purposefully misspell it because he knew that what he's selling isn't truly Chinese food? American Chinese food is nothing like what I ate in Singapore, which in most ways is far superior.
This particular establishment is on Amsterdam Avenue between 169th and 170th.


text:
A reader wants to know what to do about the color prints she has on display in her study. The prints are fading rather badly, she reports. Her study is in a room that was originally designed as a greenhouse.
Hanging pictures in the bright light of a greenhouse is merely one insult in the long list of abuses photographs suffer at our hands. But at least it lets our eyes get the message. When the prints begin to fade, we know they've been stressed, like plants left too long without water.
The only sure-fire way to stop color prints from gradually fading away is to put them in an air-tight envelope and freeze them solid. (Embalming might work, too, but I don't know anyone who has tried it.) Since having your pictures sealed in a freezer and having them handy to look at are two irreconcilable notions, we might want to consider another alternative: doing everything we can to slow the inevitable.
In its booklet ''Storage and Care of Kodak Color Films,'' Eastman Kodak Co. has this to say about the stability of color materials: ''It is well established that over a period of time all dyes undergo hue and saturation changes to some extent.... The primary factors affecting the permanency of the dyes in a color image are light, moisture and heat.''
Let's take light first. Obviously it's no big deal to keep our negatives in a box. But if we want to see our prints, some light has to shine on them. Preferably, that light should come from lightbulbs, and it should be kept fairly low. Daylight and fluorescent light, which are high in ultraviolet, accelerate the fading process.
Moisture is a relative thing-as in relative humidity. Too much humidity is the worst, although too dry an environment isn't great, either. The ideal often cited by experts in the preservation of photographs is a relative humidity of 25 or 30 percent. If you live in a tropical climate without central air conditioning, a dehumdifier may help your prints, slides and negatives live longer.
The recommended temperature for the storage of all photographic materials is less than 70 degrees Fahrenheit. As we learned in chemistry class, chemical reactions happen faster at high temperatures and slow to a crawl at low temperatures. So the cooler, the better. But don't make the mistake of putting your prints in the basement; it may be cool, but it's probably too damp.
Today's color materials are vastly more stable than those on the market as recently as 10 years ago. Freedom from obvious fading has become a priority for the manufacturers of films and photo paper. Cibachrome, which produces prints from slides, helped start the trend, with promises of no visible fading for 100 years or more. Since then, Kodak and Fuji have introduced papers for negative-positive printing that are claimed to last nearly as long.
What can my reader who lives in a glass house do about the prints that are already faded? For starters, she should get them off the walls and into conservation boxes, where they can enjoy a well-deserved rest. This will halt the rapid rate of their fading but it won't bring them back to life.
Her next best bet would be to find the original negatives (assuming these are pictures she took) and have them reprinted on modern color papers. The new prints should then be hung behind a special ultraviolet-absorbing Plexiglas that custom frame shops can supply. And finally, they should be kept out of the greenhouse.
- - -
The new-film derby continues apace. Kodak has announced two new films, Ektar 125 and Kodacolor Gold 1600, and an improved version of an existing one, Kodacolor Gold 400. The new Ektar fills the gap between Ektar 25 and Ektar 1000, Kodak's previous entries in the premium color-print market. As an all-purpose, medium-speed film, it will also compete directly with Fuji's Reala, a premium-priced 100-speed emulsion.
The improved 400-speed and the new 1600-speed Kodacolors are intended for the broader snapshot market. Both have enough speed for taking pictures in dim lighting or for shooting sports and other fast-moving activities. The 400 version is a stop faster than Kodacolor Gold 200, and the 1600 film is two stops faster than the 400. Kodak says that grain, which is the major drawback of high-speed films, has been made significantly less noticeable.
At the same press conference Kodak also previewed two unusual disposable cameras-or, as Kodak calls them, single-use cameras. One, called the Weekend 35, is encased in a plastic housing that lets it go underwater to a depth of 12 feet. The other, the Kodak Stretch 35, is a panoramic camera that takes 12 pictures which, when printed, measure 3 1/2 by 10 inches.
The cameras, and Ektar 125 film, won't be on dealers' shelves until this summer.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Archive for May, 2008
The Non-Identity Problem
Tuesday, May 13th, 2008
A few days ago I attended a philosophy seminar at UNE on the non-identity problem. I had never heard of this before and was intrigued. In the following some ideas which I put up for discussion.
Derek Parfit, an English philosopher, has formulated the non-identity problem in his book "Reasons and Persons". The problem is important in bioethics, helping us to judge about the morality of actions that may affect future generations. In the following, I use the summary of John Nolt to critically examine some of the points made by Parfit. My comments in bold and italics. I must point out, however, that I have not read Parfit's book and wish to see this post as a basis for discussion and not more. Parfit, apparently, draws attention to paradoxes arising from various assumptions, and I am not sure at which conclusion he finally arrives. The problems discussed are certainly important, with consequences for environmental policy and population control, among others.
Summary of Parfit, Chs. 16-17 by John Nolt
"Chapter 16: The Non-Identity Problem
Chapter 16's title seems to denote two closely-related ideas:
(1) the fact that the identities of those affected by our choices may be altered by the choices we make (that is, different people may come to exist if we make one choice rather than another), and
(2) the problem of constructing a true moral theory (which Parfit calls Theory X) that is adequate to deal with this fact.
(ad 1): I thought it is self-evident that many of our actions, often very small and unintentional ones, may affect who comes into existence later. But does it matter? Is it really important who comes into existence, as long as somebody does? We have no or little control over most of our actions, consequences of our actions are often non-intentional, and therefore not subject to moral judgments. Even if some of our actions are so significant and strong that they must have some important effects on future generations, we have no way of assessing what future generations would have looked like without our imput.
(ad 2): From the last sentence of my comment on (1) it follows that a "true moral theory" dealing with "the fact that the identities of those affected by our choices may be altered by the choices we make", if at all possible, will not be able, in principle, to cover a large and possibly the largest part of our actions.
With regard to (1) Parfit argues that a large-scale public policy may in a couple of centuries so change the course of events that no one will exist who would have existed had a different policy been adopted. This follows, Parfit thinks, from: The Time-Dependence Claim: If any particular person had not been conceived within a month of the time when he was in fact conceived, he would in fact never have existed (351). Why within a month? Certainly even a second may make all the difference, because different sperm would almost certainly be involved. Of course the fact that policy choices might completely alter a population does not follow from the time-dependence claim alone. Some auxiliary assumptions must be also made about the effects of public policies on human reproduction. Parfit also assumes that one could not have been conceived by parents other than one's actual parents. (This and the time-dependence claim seem questionable only from such unlikely metaphysical standpoints as the doctrine of pre-existence of souls.) These necessary auxiliary assumptions seem plausible. It is true, of course, that different parents could not have produced me, but the same parents may produce different offspring, not only because the genes in eggs and sperm differ, but also because the time of conception and birth is important. A baby is likely to be very sensitive to its first experiences in the womb and after birth (compare the imprinting of birds: probably not as clearcut in humans, but nevertheless of some importance, although I admit that my knowledge of develomental psychology is non-existent). Or take the example of identical twins: they are indeed very similar, but still different identities. Not only the genes, but the environmental conditions guiding the expression of genes, are important in forming the character of a person. But even if environmental conditions are practically identical, the fact of spatial separateness would still make them different identities.
Parfit next observes that moral choices are of three kinds:
1 The same people will have existed regardless of which action we take (same-people choices)
Many of one's actions will not affect who will come into existence, but many others will, and many of them unintentional and beyond our control.
2 Different people will have existed if we take one action rather than others, but their numbers will have been the same (same-number choices)
Same comment as for previous.
3 Different numbers of (different) people will have existed depending on our choice (different-number choices).
Same as for last two points.
Traditional moral thinking usually concerns same-people choices. (This is true even in life-and-death decisions, because even if a person dies as a result of a decision, that person will still have existed.) But moral thinking about future generations usually concerns different-number choices. Same-number choices are an intermediate case. Chapter 16 examines same-number choices as a preliminary to considering different number choices, which are more problematic.
The appropriate moral principles for same-number choices, according to Parfit, are:
The Same Number Quality Claim (Q): If in either of two possible outcomes the same number of people would ever live, it would be worse if those who live are worse off, or have a lower quality of life, than those who would have lived. (360) We do not have any real control over who might live and who might not and The No-Difference View: It makes no difference to the morality of an act whether the same people or different people will have existed if we act otherwise. (367, 369) As for last point The No-Difference View can be more fully articulated as follows: If choice C1 is between outcome A and outcome B happening to the same people and choice C2 is between outcome A happening to one set of people and outcome B happening to a different set, then there is no moral difference between the choices (outcome A is of equal value in either choice, and so is outcome B).
Q and the No-Difference View, both of which Parfit affirms, conflict with a plausible alternative:
The Person-Affecting View (V): It will be worse if [specific] people [who would exist no matter what we choose] are affected for the worse. (370) I take this to mean: if choice C1 is between outcome A and outcome B happening to the same people and choice C2 is between outcome A happening to one set of people and outcome B happening to a different set, and if outcome B is the worst of the two, then B is worse if it results from choice C1 rather than from choice C2.
But another interpretation is: If choice C is between outcome A and outcome B and B is worse for some people (who would exist in A) than A is
Parfit illustrates the differences among these views by various hypothetical examples. Among these are:
The example of depletion vs. conservation: Under the policy of depletion the quality of life would be slightly better for everyone for 200 years than under conservation but thereafter it would be considerably worse. Parfit supposes that after 200 years of the policy of depletion an entirely different population will exist than would have if conservation had been the policy. Hence depletion benefits those who live for the first 200 years and is worse for no one who is born later (since without the policy these people would not have existed: At first glance this statement seems to be nonsense. Are those people who do exist – although they are not the same as those who would exist without our actions – not worth considering?). It is therefore worse for no one, period. (Nevertheless, Q implies that depletion is wrong. V, by contrast, implies that conservation is wrong because depletion is worse for no one, but conservation is worse for those who live in the first 200 years.)
The example of two medical programs: Two proposed medical programs have identical costs and effects, except that one would cure 1000 already existing fetuses of a handicap, while the other would instead of curing these fetuses prevent the same handicap in 1000 people yet to be conceived. (V implies that the policy which would prevent the handicap is worse, but the No-Difference View implies that these policies are morally equivalent.)
Parfit thinks these examples show that we should accept Q and the No-Difference View and reject V. If so, then we have sound principles for dealing with same-number choices. That is the main point of Chapter 16. Though Parfit's view is intuitively appealing, this is not a conclusive argument. There may be many other ways of justifying one policy over the other in each of these examples.
Parfit does consider one such alternative justification: that depletion is bad not because it lowers the general quality of life but because it violates the rights of future generations. But there are, as he notes, at least two problems with this claim. One is that it is not obvious that future generations have a right to a high quality of life (especially if, as in Parfit's example, their quality of life, even in the depletion scenario, is higher than ours). The second problem is that we can hardly be said to be violating the rights of people by depleting the resources available to them if the only other option (as in Parfit's example


Temperature monitoring of thin plastic films
With blown film extrusion, non-contact temperature measurement is a difficult measurement task. Ambient radiation also penetrates thin films and distorts the intrinsic radiation of the films. The infrared CT-P3 and CT-P7 pyrometers only detect the infrared radiation emitted by the plastic films and ignore the penetrated ambient radiation. This is how high precision detection of the surface temperature is possible.
Micro-Epsilon Messtechnik
Königbacher Str. 15
94496 Ortenburg, Germany
+49 8542 / 168 - 0
+49 8542 / 168 - 90


Version: 2019.3
Mobile Keyboard
Unity XR Input
This section of the Unity User Manual provides information about all of the Unity-supported input devices for virtual realityA system that immerses users in an artificial 3D world of realistic images and sounds, using a headset and motion tracking. More info
See in Glossary
, augmented reality, and Windows Mixed Reality applications. This page covers the following topics:
XR platforms have a rich variety of input features that you can take advantage of when you design user interactions. Your application can use specific data that references positions, rotations, touch, buttons, joysticks, and finger sensors. However, access to these input features can vary a lot between platforms. For instance, there are small differences between the Vive and the Oculus Rift, but a VR-enabled desktop platform and a mobile platform like Daydream differ a lot more.
Unity provides a C# struct called InputFeatureUsage, which defines a standard set of physical device controls (such as buttons and triggers) to access user input on any platform. These help you identify input types by name. See XR.Input.CommonUsages for a definition of each InputFeatureUsage.
Each InputFeatureUsage corresponds to a common input action or type. For example, Unity defines the InputFeatureUsage called trigger as a single-axis input that the index finger controls, regardless of which XRAn umbrella term encompassing Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) applications. Devices supporting these forms of interactive applications can be referred to as XR devices. More info
See in Glossary
platform you use. You can use InputFeatureUsage to get the trigger state using its name, so you don't need to set up an axis (or a button on some XR platforms) for the conventional Unity Input system.
XR input mappings
The following table lists the standard controller InputFeatureUsage names and how they map to the controllers of popular XR systems:
InputFeatureUsage Feature type Legacy input index (left controller/right controller) WMR Oculus GearVR Daydream OpenVR (Full) Vive Oculus via OpenVR WMR via OpenVR Magic Leap
secondary2DAxisClick Button [18/19] Joystick - Click
batteryLevel Axis Battery level
userPresence Button User presence User presence
(1) Sandwich button refers to the Vive menu button. This button is mapped to primaryButton, rather than menuButton, in order to better handle cross-platform applications.
See XR.Input.CommonUsages for a definition of each InputFeatureUsage.
Accessing input devices
An InputDevice represents any physical device, such as a controller, mobile phone, or headset. It can contain information about device tracking, buttons, joysticks, and other input controls. For more information on the InputDevice API, see documentation on InputDevice.
Use the XR.InputDevices class to access input devices that are currently connected to the XR system. To get a list of all connected devices, use InputDevices.GetDevices:
var inputDevices = new List();
foreach (var device in inputDevices)
 Debug.Log(string.Format("Device found with name '{0}' and role '{1}'",, device.role.ToString()));
An input device remains valid across frames until the XR system disconnects it. Use the InputDevice.IsValid property to determine whether an InputDevice still represents an active controller.
You can access input devices by:
 - Characteristics
 - Role
 - XR node
Accessing input devices by characteristics
Device characteristics describe what a device is capable of, or what it's used for (for example, whether it is head-mounted). The InputDeviceCharacteristics is a series of flags you can add to your code to search for devices that fit a certain specification. You can filter devices by the following characteristics:
Device Characteristic
HeadMounted The device is attached to the user's head. It has device tracking and center eye tracking. This flag is most commonly used to identify head-mounted displays (HMDs).
See in Glossary
The device has camera tracking.
HeldInHand The user holds the device in their hand.
HandTracking The device represents a physically-tracked hand. It has device tracking, and might contain hand and bone data.
EyeTracking The device can perform eye tracking and has an EyesData feature.
TrackedDevice The device can be tracked in 3D space. It has device tracking.
Controller The device has input data for buttons and axes, and can be used as a controller.
TrackingReference The device represents a static tracking reference object. It has device tracking, but that tracking data shouldn't change.
Left Use this characteristic in combination with the HeldInHand or HandTracking characteristics to identify the device as associated with the left hand.
Right Use this characteristic in combination with the HeldInHand or HandTracking characteristics to identify the device as associated with the right hand.
Simulated6DOF The device reports 6DOF data, but only has 3DOF sensors. Unity simulates the positional data.
The underlying XR SDK reports these characteristics. You can look them up with InputDevice.Characteristics. A device can, and often should, have multiple characteristics that you can filter and access with bit flags.
InputDevices.GetDevicesWithCharacteristics provides a way to search for all devices with a given set of characteristics. For example, you can search for Left, HeldInHand, Controller InputDevices available in the system with the following code:
var leftHandedControllers = new List();
var desiredCharacteristics = UnityEngine.XR.InputDeviceCharacteristics.HeldInHand | UnityEngine.XR.InputDeviceCharacteristics.Left | UnityEngine.XR.InputDeviceCharacteristics.Controller;
UnityEngine.XR.InputDevices.GetDevicesWithCharacteristics(desiredCharacteristics, leftHandedControllers);
foreach (var device in leftHandedControllers)
 Debug.Log(string.Format("Device name '{0}' has characteristics '{1}'",, device.characteristics.ToString()));
Devices this function finds contain at least the characteristics specified, but might contain additional characteristics. For example, to find a left handed controller you can look for InputDeviceCharacteristic.Left only, and not InputDeviceCharacteristic.Controller.
Accessing input devices by role
A device role describes the general function of an input device. Use the InputDeviceRole enumeration to specify a device role. The defined roles are:
Role Description
GameController A console-style game controllerA device to control objects and characters in a game.
See in Glossary
Generic A device that represents the core XR device, such as a head-mounted display or mobile device.
HardwareTracker A tracking device.
LeftHanded A device associated with the user's left hand.
RightHanded A device associated with the user's right hand.
TrackingReference A device that tracks other devices, such as an Oculus tracking camera.
The underlying XR SDK reports these roles, but different providers might organize their device roles differently. Additionally, a user can switch hands, so the role assignment might not match the hand in which the user holds the input device. For example, a user must set up the Daydream controller as right or left-handed, but can choose to hold the controller in their opposite hand.
GetDevicesWithRole provides a list of any devices with a specific InputDeviceRole. For example, you can use InputDeviceRole.GameController to get any connected GameController devices:
var gameControllers = new List();
UnityEngine.XR.InputDevices.GetDevicesWithRole(UnityEngine.XR.InputDeviceRole.GameController, gameControllers);
foreach (var device in gameControllers)
 Debug.Log(string.Format("Device name '{0}' has role '{1}'",, device.role.ToString()));
Accessing input devices by XR node
XR nodes represent the physical points of reference in the XR system (for example, the user's head position, their right and left hands, or a tracking reference such as an Oculus camera).
The XRNode enumeration defines the following nodes:
XR node Description
CenterEye A point midway between the pupils of the user's eyes.
GameController A console-style game controller. Your app can have multiple game controller devices.
HardwareTracker A hardware tracking device, typically attached to the user or a physical item. Multiple hardware tracker nodes can exist.
Head The center point of the user's head, as calculated by the XR system.
LeftEye The user's left eye.
LeftHand The user's left hand.
RightEye The user's right eye.
RightHand The user's right hand.
TrackingReference A tracking reference point, such as the Oculus camera. Multiple tracking reference nodes can exist.
Use InputDevices.GetDevicesAtXRNode to get a list of devices associated with a specific XRNode. The following example demonstrates how to get a left-handed controller:
var leftHandDevices = new List();
UnityEngine.XR.InputDevices.GetDevicesAtXRNode(UnityEngine.XR.XRNode.LeftHand, leftHandDevices);
if(leftHandDevices.Count == 1)
 UnityEngine.XR.InputDevice device = leftHandDevices[0];
 Debug.Log(string.Format("Device name '{0}' with role '{1}'",, device.role.ToString()));
else if(leftHandDevices.Count > 1)
 Debug.Log("Found more than one left hand!");
Listening for device connections and disconnections
Input devices are consistent from frame to frame, but can connect or disconnect at any time. To avoid repeatedly checking if a device is connected to the platform, use InputDevices.deviceConnected and InputDevices.deviceDisconnected to notify your application when a device connects or disconnects. These also provide you with a reference to the newly connected input device.
Since you can retain these references over multiple frames, a device might disconnect, or is otherwise no longer available. To check if a device's inputs are still available, use InputDevice.isValid. ScriptsA piece of code that allows you to create your own Components, trigger game events, modify Component properties over time and respond to user input in any way you like.


text:
The Caribbean region is a treasure trove of vibrant cultures and rich heritage, and one of the most remarkable ways this diversity is expressed is through the clothing worn by its people. Caribbean visual clothing is a captivating fusion of colors, patterns, and styles that reflects the region's history, traditions, and artistic flair. This article explores the fascinating world of Caribbean visual clothing, delving into its origins, significance, and its growing popularity both within and beyond the Caribbean shores.
The Roots of Caribbean Visual Clothing
Caribbean visual clothing draws inspiration from a multitude of sources, including African, Indigenous, European, and Asian influences. The region's history of colonization, slave trade, and cultural exchanges have shaped its unique sartorial expressions. African textiles, traditional Indigenous garments, European fashion trends, and Asian fabrics have all contributed to the tapestry of Caribbean visual clothing.
Bursting with Colors and Patterns
Caribbean visual clothing is a captivating display of vibrant colors and intricate patterns that mesmerizes onlookers with its distinctive allure. It is a celebration of the region's rich cultural heritage, blending influences from diverse backgrounds into a harmonious symphony of style. Let's explore the fascinating world of Caribbean visual clothing and discover the stories told through its burst of colors and patterns.
A Kaleidoscope of Colors
Caribbean visual clothing is renowned for its bold and vivacious color palette. From sunny yellows that radiate warmth to deep blues reminiscent of the surrounding oceans, from fiery reds that evoke passion to lush greens mirroring the lush landscapes, each color holds significance and carries a unique message. These vibrant hues reflect the vibrancy of the Caribbean spirit and capture the essence of the region's natural beauty.
Intricate Patterns and Motifs
The patterns and motifs adorning Caribbean visual clothing are a testament to the region's rich cultural tapestry. Each design carries a story, a history, or a symbolic representation.Traditional African influences are often seen in geometric patterns, whereas Indigenous motifs pay homage to ancestral connections with nature. Additionally, European influences add a touch of elegance and sophistication, while Asian inspirations bring a sense of exoticism. The combination of these influences creates an enchanting tapestry of patterns that captivates the eyes and sparks the imagination.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Every color and pattern in Caribbean visual clothing holds a deeper meaning, representing aspects of Caribbean culture, spirituality, and identity. For example, the color yellow can symbolize sunshine, happiness, and prosperity, while blue may represent the vastness of the Caribbean Sea and the connection to water. Intricate patterns, such as the iconic madras or the symbolic V-shaped "Vanda" motif, often convey messages of unity, protection, or cultural heritage. These symbols and meanings are woven into the fabric, infusing each garment with a rich cultural narrative.
Fusion of Tradition and Modernity
Caribbean visual clothing effortlessly blends tradition with contemporary aesthetics. By paying homage to time-honored textile techniques and designs, while incorporating modern interpretations and innovative approaches, it caters to the ever-changing fashion trends. This fusion enables Caribbean visual clothing to stay current in the dynamic world of fashion, appealing to both traditionalists in search of cultural authenticity and fashion-forward individuals who desire distinctive and expressive styles.
Also, read more.
Embracing Diversity and Identity
Caribbean visual clothing serves as a powerful vehicle for individual and collective expression. It embraces diversity and celebrates the multitude of identities within the Caribbean region and beyond. It allows wearers to showcase their cultural heritage, express their personal style, and connect with their roots. Through the colors and patterns they choose to wear, individuals can convey a sense of belonging, pride, and cultural identity.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
Caribbean visual clothing carries profound cultural significance and symbolism. It serves as a powerful mode of self-expression, a celebration of identity, and a means to connect with ancestral roots. Each color, pattern, and motif often holds a specific meaning, representing various aspects of Caribbean heritage, spirituality, and social status.
Fashion Statements and Global Influence
In recent years, Caribbean visual clothing has gained significant recognition and influence in the global fashion scene. Designers and fashion enthusiasts worldwide have embraced the vibrant aesthetics and unique craftsmanship of Caribbean garments. Runways, fashion shows, and social media platforms have become platforms to showcase Caribbean-inspired designs, elevating the region's cultural heritage onto an international stage. This growing appreciation has created opportunities for Caribbean designers and artisans to share their craft and contribute to the global fashion conversation.
Preserving Traditions and Empowering Communities
Caribbean visual clothing not only preserves the region's traditional textile techniques but also plays a vital role in supporting local communities. Artisans and craftspeople who create these garments often belong to marginalized communities, and their skills and craftsmanship have been passed down through generations. By promoting and purchasing Caribbean visual clothing, individuals can contribute to the economic empowerment and cultural preservation of these communities, ensuring their traditions continue to thrive.
Caribbean visual clothing is more than just fabric and fashion; rather, it is a testament to the region's rich cultural tapestry. Its vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and deep-rooted symbolism captivate the senses and tell stories of resilience, creativity, and diversity. As the world becomes increasingly connected, embracing Caribbean visual clothing allows us to celebrate the unique heritage and artistry of the Caribbean and foster a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of cultures that shape our global society.


text:
Fine Structure Of The Retinal Epithelium (RPE) Of The Emu
Department of Zoology
University of Western Australia
As part of an ongoing comparative fine structural study, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris and complexus basalis (Bruch's membrane) in the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) have been investigated by light and electron microscopy.
The RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells joined basally by a series of tight junctions. Basally (sclerally) the RPE cells display numerous deep infoldings while apically (vitreally) plentiful microvillar processes interdigitate with the photoreceptor outer segments. Internally the epithelial cells show a large vesicular nucleus, plentiful smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and numerous polysomes, but very little rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Numerous pleomorphic mitochondria are predominantly basally located. In the light-adapted specimens studied, the melanosomes of the RPE are almost exclusively located within the apical processes of these cells. Phagosomes and lysosome-like bodies are also present, as are myeloid bodies, which often display ribosomes on their outer surface.
Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is typical of avian species in that it is pentalaminate and the central lamina densa is displaced towards the choriocapillaris. The choricocapillaris endothelium is attenuated but only minimally fenestrated facing Bruch's membrane. Most of these fenestrations show a single-layered diaphragm but fenestrations with a double-layered dia


Recently Microsoft support has fielded inquiries from several customers asking how to troubleshoot problems that cause delays during the boot and user logon processes on a desktop or laptop. The Windows Performance Toolkit xbootmgr.exe tool works well for troubleshooting boot and startup issues on a single machine. (See "Diagnose Shutdown Problems with Xbootmgr" for more information about using xbootmgr.exe.) But what if you're a large enterprise with thousands of desktops? You need a way to identify problem machines before a user reports them to the Help desk. You need to monitor desktop startup times over time and across the enterprise. And you need a way to collect boot time measurements, similar to those collected by xbootmgr.exe, from every machine for every boot. Here, I'll explain how you can use an event log, the new Windows 7 Event Viewer, and the Wevtutil tool to do these things.
A New Event Log to Aid in Troubleshooting
Beginning with Windows Vista, Windows now includes a new category of event logs: Applications and Services logs. The infrastructure underlying event logging now conforms to an XML schema. You can easily access the XML data for any event. The new event log interface lets you construct XML-based queries against event logs. The Event Viewer gives you to access to the new XML functionality in an easy-to-use graphical interface.
One of the logs in this new category is the Diagnostics-Performance/Operational log. This log contains events that record performance measurements similar to those provided by xbootmgr.exe. In fact, the data recorded is generated by the same mechanisms that Xbootmgr uses. Event IDs 100 through 110 record boot and startup performance statistics.
Using the Event Viewer in Windows 7
The new Event Viewer in Windows 7 lets you do more powerful filtering. The new UI lets you specify ranges of events. Under the covers, it builds the XPath query to filter out the events based on the criteria you specify. Figure 1 shows how you can filter for events 100 through 110. Figure 2 shows the XML version of the same query parameters. We're interested in Event ID 100 for the purposes of measuring the boot performance. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the normal and XML views for event 100.
The XML presentation of the event contains a lot of interesting information. The BootTime value represents the number of milliseconds that elapsed from the time the system booted to the point after the user logged in that the system reached 80 percent idle for 10 seconds. The other time values listed represent the elapsed time for various stages during this boot process. You can find more information about the stages of the boot process in the Windows On/Off Transition Performance Analysis white paper.
The other boot performance events record information about specific events that contributed to delays during the boot/startup sequence. The trick is how to know which boot instance these messages belong to. This is where the ActivityID come in handy. In Figure 4, you'll see the following in the XML data:
All events related to this boot instance in this Event 100 record have this same ActivityID. By performing the following steps, we can use this information to create a more complex filter:
1. Click Filter Current Log… in the Actions Pane of Event Viewer.
2. On the XML tab, check the box Edit query manually, then answer Yes when prompted to continue.
3. Enter the following XML text into the query box:
4. Click OK.
Figure 5 shows a total of three events for this ActivityID. We can now examine these events to understand the problems that contributed to any boot/startup delays.
Collecting Data with Wevtutil
So far we've looked at only one boot instance. How do we collect data for all boot instances? By using Wevtutil, a Windows command-line tool for querying the Event logs. Using the following example, you can extract all the Event ID 100 records from the event log on a system:
wevtutil qe Microsoft-Windows-Diagnostics-Performance/Operational /rd:true /f:xml /q:"*\\[System\\[(EventID = 100)\\]\\]" /e:Events > boot.xml
This creates an XML data file that contains all instances of the boot performance event for a machine. With each ActivityID, you could then query for the other related events. For example, the following query extracts the same three event records we saw in Figure 5:
wevtutil qe Microsoft-Windows-Diagnostics-Performance/Operational /rd:true /f:xml /q:"* \\[System\\[(Correlation\\[_USER_='\\{00000001-0000-0000-1020-5CA87BB1CA01\\}'\\])\\]\\]" /e:Events > bootrelated.xml
Wevtutil.exe has many more options. Run the utility without any parameters to see a list of available options. For more information, see the MSDN article "Event Queries and Event XML." And for more information about learning XPath to define event queries, see XPath Syntax and XPath Examples.
Putting It All Together
Once you have the event data in XML format, it's fairly easy to extract the most interesting data points. Figure 6 shows some sample data I collected from one machine. In this example, I converted the time values to seconds. Differences in the number of applications that start at boot time could be significant when you're investigating changes in performance. With historical data like this, you can now begin to do some trend analysis. For example, this system was built on 1/13/2010. Application installations and configuration changes continued over the next couple of days. By 1/21/2010 the configuration changes had been completed. After that, the BootTime value was averaging about 124 seconds. However, notice that on 2/4/2010 and 2/9/2010 the times were significantly longer than average.
Extending the Value
Now that we have an automated way to extract the event data in XML form, we can collect this data periodically from multiple computers and store the results in a database. Using some simple reporting, it's easy to do trend analysis. A complete enterprise solution will require more code development and data management, but it's feasible. And that's exactly what one of my largest customers did.
Using a VBScript program I wrote, the customer collects event data into a SQL Server database. They've used this data to establish some baseline statistics for their desktop image build. They can pivot this data based on the hardware (e.g., memory, CPU, model) and software configuration. Using SQL Server Reporting Services, the customer built a dashboard view that displays the boot-time health status of all desktops in the enterprise. With specific reports, they can compare this baseline to new data collected after deploying new group policies, new security tools, or a hardware upgrade. They also use this data to proactively identify machines that take longer than the average baseline. This information allows IT to address issues before users call the Help desk, reducing the time to resolution and making end users happier.
Sean Wheeler ( is a senior premier field engineer in Microsoft's Premier Support team, assigned to support some of the largest enterprise customers. He is one of the original creators of the MPS Reporting tool. He specializes in scripting, debugging, and performance-related issues.


Illinois Dui Laws
Illinois dui laws – If an officer pulls you over for a moving violation and then determines that your bac is 0. Since august 9 2019 this act amended various aspects of the state dui statutes as recreational use marijuana became legal in illinois.
Previously you must understand the background of law and get some Illinois dui laws references in other articles on this website.
625 ilcs 5 11 501 a 1.
Illinois dui laws. Minimum of one year loss of full driving privileges. Individuals authorized to use cannabis must be 18 years of age or older registered with the department of public health and must secure a written certification from a physician licensed in illinois. Driving under the influence dui explained in illinois illinois law 625 ilcs 5 11 501 lays out the many ways in which a person is considered driving under the influence including. Illinois dui laws
Convictions of second dui offenses result in a jail sentence of minimum five days or 240 hours of. Dui fact book detailed information on illinois dui laws penalties along with statistics and education information on. Administrative penalties for underage dui offenders under illinois s zero tolerance law all drivers under 21 years old must consent to chemical testing of breath blood urine and or another bodily substance if an officer has probable cause to believe the driver has consumed any amount of alcohol. Illinois dui laws
Mandatory ten days imprisonment or 480 hours community service. A first illinois dwi conviction will be considered a class a misdemeanor and will lead to a minimum. Illinois dui law code states that it is against the law for any person to drive or operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol drugs or any intoxicant with a blood alcohol level of 08 or greater. Illinois dui laws
Illinois under the influence violations and penalties first dui offense. The illinois secretary of state will take action against your license if you. In illinois the offense of driving under the influence dui can be based on. Illinois dui laws
Driving with a blood alcohol content of 08 or above. This article features new content to account for illinois legal changes once public act 101 363 became state law. Illinois law allows for the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. Illinois dui laws
Possible imprisonment for up to twelve years. Even with a bac level of 05 or more you may still be arrested in illinois for driving under the influence if the arresting officer determines that your ability to operate a motor vehicle is impaired due to the fact of alcohol drugs or an intoxicant. Driving while under the influence of alcohol other drug or drugs intoxicating compound or. Illinois dui laws
Administrative driver s license revocation. Road to reinstatement pamphlet charting the path. Aggravated illinois dui class 4 felony following a crash resulting in great bodily harm or permanent disfigurement. Illinois dui laws
And if the offender is convicted of dui in court there are criminal penalties imposed in addition to the administrative consequences. A driving under the influence dui arrest typically leads to an administrative statutory summary suspension of an offender s license under illinois s implied consent law. Illinois dui statute. Illinois dui laws
Dui dwi in illinois statutory summary suspension. Illinois dui laws
Leave a Reply


Working Landscapes
IATP established the Working Landscapes Certificate (WLC) Program to promote more sustainable bioplastics and to provide the needed incentives for farmers to grow bioplastic feedstock crops in a more sustainable manner.
As a sector that is billed as environmentally-preferable, it is crucial that the biomaterials industry incorporates sustainability criteria into the entire life cycle of its products. Agricultural production, which makes up over 40 percent of the land use in the United States, has a clear and signiﬁcant impact on our natural environment. Farming can be fossil fuel and resource intensive, degrade water and soil quality and endanger natural habitat and biodiversity. But agriculture can also improve water and soil health, provide refuge and food for wildlife and increase biodiversity and economic prosperity for farmers, their families and communities. By its nature, the commodity system makes tracing and separating crops difficult, allowing few mechanisms for companies and customers to distinguish and compensate for farming in ways that beneﬁt the environment. Until the processing and transportation infrastructure to support this product differentiation can be built, there is a clear need for an approach that rewards farmers for both their agricultural production and the environmental services they provide.
Under the WLC program, participating farmers agree to raise crops according to sustainable production standards verified by a certification entity. The farmer then has two products to sell: the crop itself and the quantified ecological benefits associated with the more sustainable production practices - termed the Working Landscapes Certificate. The crop produced under the WLC criteria is not guaranteed to be used in the production of the finished product (i.e. a bioplastic) - it is only the attributes of production that are linked to this finished product. But, the purchase of WLC's does promote more sustainable production practices overall, while also demonstrating to farmers that a growing market exists for commodity crops grown in this manner.
WLC's in Practice
WLCs are voluntary and created on a geographic (i.e. per acre) basis. This approach avoids the incentive a "per bushel" payment would create to produce more than may be appropriate based on other landscape considerations (water quality, wildlife habitat, etc.). Farmers selling WLCs take specific, measurable steps to improve the environmental impact of their commodity crop production. Some of the production criteria include:
 - Use of non-Genetically Modified (GM) crop varieties to protect biodiversity
 - No continuous annual crop production on same acreage
 - Soil testing on contracted acres and fertilization according to test results and state agronomic recommendations to assure that nutrients are used efficiently and are not likely to leach or run-off
 - No use of chemicals that are known human or animal carcinogens, including atrazine
 - Use of cover crops or assurance that at least 70 percent of crop residues remain on the entire field to minimize soil erosion
 - Creation of farm plan that includes information on biodiversity, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions to help identify and encourage improvements in sustainability areas not currently addressed by WLCs.
The WLC system allows companies-at a much-reduced cost from directly sourcing the materials-to support farmers making changes to their production systems. With current infrastructure challenges associated with feedstock identity-preservation and chain-of-custody, this innovative program allows manufacturers, retailers and other consumers of commodity crops to offer a more sustainable product to their customers by encouraging sustainable crop production. WLCs are a potentially valuable tool for addressing the "front end" issues, by providing a traceable system that can be used to promote and verify commodity crop production that meets specific sustainability criteria, and to compensate farmers willing to take these steps.
Providing additional income to farmers using these practices makes improving the overall ecological impact of agricultural production achievable. The production of WLCs can help "grow" the number of farmers producing commodity crops more sustainably and demonstrate the market demand for this type of production. And as the number of farmers producing crops more sustainably increases, companies interested in directly purchasing feedstocks produced this way will have an increased supply available from which to source.
 Sign up for our free newsletter!


text:
As broadcast equipment becomes more sophisticated, especially in the digital domains, the speed at which information is transferred, processed, etc., through the equipment itself, becomes a very important factor. With computer processors that drive broadcast equipment today operating in the Gigahertz range, what good does it do if the remainder of the infrastructure works considerably slower?
Superconductors will go a long way in resolving this issue. Earlier this year, researchers led by Dr. Jun Akimitsu of Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo achieved a significant milestone when they announced that magnesium boride, a readily available metal compound known since the 1950s, has unexpectedly turned into the latest breakthrough in superconductors technology.
Magnesium boride is commonly used in some chemical reactions, but no one had ever tested its worth as a superconductor at low temperatures, where it demonstrates properties of moving electrons with virtually no resistance.
After hearing about Dr. Akimitsu's discovery and working with the substance, Dr. Paul C. Canfield, a professor of physics at Iowa State University and a researcher at Ames Laboratory said: "It's a fantastic discovery! We've been able to do a lot of neat stuff with it in the past month."
The material is very light and, from reports, is easier to work with as compared with the more complex superconducting materials such as the copper oxides, a so-called high-temperature superconductor. The more complex superconducting materials work at higher temperatures, but magnesium boride is comparatively inexpensive, selling for about $175 per 100-gram bottle.
Dr. Canfield said he and his colleagues at Iowa State and Ames Laboratory have worked extensively investigating magnesium boride and have already fashioned superconducting wires by exposing fibers of boron to magnesium vapors. At present, though, the wires are short; only couple of inches long, and brittle. Dr. Canfield said: "It's not something you can curl around your finger."
But then, who'd want to curl it around their finger? Magnesium boride, as a superconductor, is such only at temperatures up to minus 389 degrees, or about 29 degrees higher than any other simple metallic compound. Although not the solution, it is being hailed as a significant step in that direction, so stay tuned.
Send questions and comments to: _EMAIL_


text:
Young People as Key Actors in the Process of Peacebuilding after ISIL
KAS and Al-Haq Hold Training Workshops to Promote Youth Engagement in Peacebuilding in the Governorate of Kirkuk
Throughout the years of the Islamic State's (ISIL) military advancement in Iraq, the Kirkuk Province suffered greatly from the battles fought against the terror organizations. After its military defeat, the citizens of the province were not only left with physically injured, but they are also still feeling the aftermath of the deep reaching social damage that was done to their community, especially after the discovery of sleeping ISIL cells within the society. As Kirkuk's population is very diverse, representing many different ethnic and religious groups, such as Arabs, Kurds, Turkmans, Christians and Muslims, it is necessary to reestablish harmonious coexistence within the community through a peacebuilding process. Considering that 65 percent of the Iraqi population is under the age of 30, it is essential that the youth plays a key role in this process, implementing peace agreements and consolidating national unity.


text:
St. Patrick's Day Brawl between Massachusetts and Virginia Lines
Q.Is there any truth to the story about the St. Patrick's Day Brawl between Massachusetts and Virginia Lines? It seems the Pennsylvania Line place a Leprechaun/Scarecrow in the company street of a Virginia regiment who blamed a Massachusetts regiment and a brawl erupted. Washington watched this and without saying a word, the men stopped the fight and went back to their cabins. (Source: Birthplace of an Army)
Bradley Finfrock, Graduate Student, Sterling, VA
A.Trussell in his "Birthplace" book cites a couple of sources for the story: "Washington at Valley Forge" by Theodore W. Bean and "Valley Forge" by Harry Emerson Wildes
John Stoudt also recounts the event in his "Ordeal at Valley Forge" under March 17, 1778
"Today a brawl developed between the various Pennsylvania Troops, German and Irish. The German troops rigged up a grotesque Paddym and displayed it in Camp. This caused the Irish to be indignant, but ascribing it to New England Troops, proceeded to wreak their vengeance upon them. His Excellency quashed it and ordered a grog for all."
Stoudt does not cite specifically where each of his statements come from in his book. It is a compilation of the various events — a daily record — from a number of sources. The account from Bean is not cited as well.
Trussell also relates in his book (p.107): "No contemporary records, official or otherwise, has been found to substanitate this story."
SAS, Courtesy The Valley Forge Historical Society


text:
Runtime Error 217 Fix
To fix runtime error 217, you should understand the concept of Runtime error 217 and identify the causes of it firstly. What is Runtime error 217?
What Causes Runtime Error 217
There are many causes of runtime error 217, some of which will be displayed below:
- One of the causes that makes the runtime error 217 appear is one or more DLL files fail to register when you install an application. Incorrect DLL's after a program has been installed is one of the most common causes of runtime error 217.
- Another cause is a file called Msvcrt.dll (a Microsoft Visual C++ file) is outdated
- Another cause of the runtime error 217 is incorrect regional settings.
- An outdated Stdole32.dll is one of the causes of runtime error 217.
- Viruses can also cause this error
- Incorrect registry entries and even damaged ones can cause the runtime error 217 to occur, also.
To get rid of runtime error 217, you need to have a registry cleaner. Go grab a Registry Cleaner before get thwarted with your computer.
What is a Registry Cleaner? How does it work? This is the best and effective way to remove and get rid run time error and get your personal computer run efficiently and smoothly again. Remember that a Registry Cleaner is not a solution to all problems to your computer but if you are solving registry problems, this is the perfect and ideal solution to your computer's function issues.
To solve runtime error 217,You need to follow the steps below:
Click the "Scan" button.
Click the 'Fix Errors' Button to Repair Your PC!
Posted in Fix Run Time Error


text:
The Mega Drive has three "I/O ports", which refer to the ports where peripherals are plugged in (such as the controllers). This page goes over how to access the ports, while the details on how to use each peripheral will be in their respective page.
Note: for most uses the first two sections are enough, feel free to skip the rest until you run into a peripheral that actually needs that stuff.
- What ports are there?
- Basic usage
- External interrupt
- Serial mode
What ports are there?
The Mega Drive has three I/O ports:
- Player 1
- Player 2
The first two ports are where the controllers go.
The modem port (also called EXT port) is only present in early consoles and is at the back. This port is "gender-flipped" (i.e. its shape goes the other way compared to the controllers), to ensure a wrong peripheral can't be connected there. Otherwise, it behaves pretty much the same way as the other two ports.
Normally, the 68000 manipulates the port pins directly. There are seven pins available which can be set to either input or output at will. Every port has two registers to handle this, each of which assigns one bit to every pin:
- Control port: sets the direction of each pin
- Data port: the values that end up on the pins
Writing to the control port sets the direction of every pin (with each
of bit 6-0 belogning to a pin). Writing a 0 sets the pin to input (from
peripheral), 1 sets the pin to output (to peripheral). What you write
here depends on the peripheral (e.g. controllers need
Make sure that bit 7 = 0 unless you need to use external interrupts.
Writing to the data port changes the values of the pins that have been set as outputs (the rest are ignored), again in their respective bits. Reading back from the data port returns the current values of all pins (both input and output). Writing and reading this port is the main way to communicate with whatever is plugged into the console.
They're at these addresses, and in all case they're byte-sized (also note how each port address is two bytes apart):
|Port||Control port||Data port|
Convenient constants for use in 68000 assembly:
IoCtrl1: equ $A10009 ; I/O control port 1P IoCtrl2: equ $A1000B ; I/O control port 2P IoCtrlExt: equ $A1000D ; I/O control port modem IoData1: equ $A10003 ; I/O data port 1P IoData2: equ $A10005 ; I/O data port 2P IoDataExt: equ $A10007 ; I/O data port modem
Example of how to set up them (as if configured for a controller):
move.b #$40, (IoCtrl1) move.b #$40, (IoData1) move.b #$40, (IoCtrl2) move.b #$40, (IoData2)
The Mega Drive provides a so-called "external interrupt". This interrupt is used by lightguns to tell the console when it has detected the TV beam (so it can check its position). The interrupt happens when pin 6 is an input and it goes from high to low.
To enable the interrupt you must do all the following:
- Set bit 7 = 1 when writing to the port's control register
- Set bit 3 = 1 of VDP register
- Allow interrupts on the 68000
External interrupt is IRQ 2.
The I/O ports can operate in two modes. The one we normally use (controlling the pins directly) is "parallel mode". The other mode is "serial mode", and it's only really used by the modem. It mimics the serial ports in old PCs (albeit at 5V), but it's also really slow which is why nothing else bothers with it.
Serial mode uses its own set of registers:
- Serial control port: turns on serial mode and configures how it works.
- RxData: where you read bytes you receive
- TxData: where you write bytes to send
These registers also have their own addresses (beware that they're ordered in a different way than the parallel mode registers!)
IoSCtrl1: equ $A10013 ; I/O serial control 1P IoSCtrl2: equ $A10019 ; I/O serial control 2P IoSCtrlExt: equ $A1001F ; I/O serial control modem IoRxData1: equ $A10011 ; I/O RxData 1P IoRxData2: equ $A10017 ; I/O RxData 2P IoRxDataExt: equ $A1001D ; I/O RxData modem IoTxData1: equ $A1000F ; I/O TxData 1P IoTxData2: equ $A10015 ; I/O TxData 2P IoTxDataExt: equ $A1001B ; I/O TxData modem
Setting up serial mode
In order to use serial mode, first you need to write to the serial control register in order to enable it and configure how it should work. The byte you have to write must be a combination of:
- Bits 7-6: speed
00: 4800 bps (480 bytes/sec)
01: 2400 bps (240 bytes/sec)
10: 1200 bps (120 bytes/sec)
11: 300 bps (30 bytes/sec)
- Bit 5: how TR (pin 5) works
0: parallel mode (pin 5)
1: serial mode (TxData)
- Bit 4: how TL (pin 4) works
0: parallel mode (pin 4)
1: serial mode (RxData)
- Bit 3: 1 to trigger external interrupt when receiving a byte
Turning on serial mode is a matter of setting 5-4 to
while returning to parallel mode is done by making them
(setting them to different values is possible, but not that useful).
The following constants can help with setting up serial mode:
SERIAL_4800BPS: equ %00<<6 ; 4800bps speed SERIAL_2400BPS: equ %01<<6 ; 2400bps speed SERIAL_1200BPS: equ %10<<6 ; 1200bps speed SERIAL_300BPS: equ %11<<6 ; 300bps speed SERIAL_DISABLE: equ %00<<4 ; Use parallel mode SERIAL_ENABLE: equ %11<<4 ; Use serial mode SERIAL_NOINT: equ %0<<3 ; No external interrupt SERIAL_INTOK: equ %1<<3 ; Use external interrupt
Then pick one of each group, OR them and write them to the serial control register. For example, the following would set up the modem port for use with the modem (with interrupts when receiving bytes):
move.b _TAG_|SERIAL_ENABLE|SERIAL_INTOK, (IoSCtrlExt)
And if for whatever reason you need to go back to parallel mode:
move.b _TAG_, (IoSCtrlExt)
Sending bytes in serial mode
To send a byte over a serial mode port, first you need to poll that the port is ready to send more bytes. You do this by reading the serial control register and waiting until bit 0 becomes 0. Then write the byte to the TxData register.
You must read from the serial control register even if you're sure it's OK to send a new value, or otherwise the hardware may not send the correct data (this is not mentioned in the official documentation…)
; d0.b = byte to send ; a0.l = pointer to IoSCtrl* SendByte: _USER_: btst #0, (a0) bne.s _USER_ move.b d0, -4(a0) rts
Receiving bytes in serial mode
To check if you received a byte, you need to read back from the serial
control register and check bits 2 and 1. If bit 2 = 1, then there was a
transmission error. If bit 1 = 0, then there isn't a byte ready yet. In
other words, if these two bits are
01, you received a byte.
Read the byte from the RxData port.
You must read from the serial control register even if you're sure you received a value, or otherwise you may get whatever was received last time instead (again, this is not mentioned in the official documentation…)
; a0.l = pointer to IoSCtrl* ; returns d0.w = $00xx if got byte ; $FFFF if no byte ReceiveByte: ; Check if a byte is available btst #2, (a0) bne.s _USER_ ; Error? btst #1, (a0) beq.s _USER_ ; Ready? ; Got a byte! _USER_: moveq #0, d0 move.b -2(a0), d0 rts ; No byte received _USER_: moveq #-1, d0 rts
If you set bit 3 = 1 when configuring serial mode earlier, you will receive an external interrupt whenever a byte is ready (make sure to enable the interrupt on the VDP too!). This way you don't have to be constantly polling to see if there's a new byte, albeit checking bits 2-1 once you got the interrupt is still a good idea.


text:
Author(s): A. M. Waked
Nanotechnology is considered to be the most important theoretical and
applicative framework of human knowledge in the near future, breakthroughs are
restricted to few applications.
One is being the conservation and restoration of
For the architecture profession nanotechnology will be able to
change the way we build, and will greatly impact construction materials and their
properties as well.
However, materials will behave in many different ways as we
are able to more precisely control their properties at nano-composites, which
combine new nano-materials with more traditional ones and can be many times
stronger than standard materials, and will dramatically improve the performance,
durability, and strength to weight ratio of these materials.
As materials gain such transient features architectural design and construction
will evolve by transforming the essential properties of matter.
This study of material is considered an emerging field, so this paper will retry
to represent the most recent applications of nano materials of the conservation of
nanotechnology, nano-materials, conservation.
Size: 1,681 kb
Paper DOI: 10.2495/STR110481
the Full Article
You can purchase the full text version of this article in Adobe PDF format for the above price. Please click the 'Buy Paper' icon below to purchase this paper.
this page to a colleague.
This paper can be found in the following bookStructural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XIIBuy


text:
ERIC Number: ED364052
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1989
Reference Count: N/A
Destrezas de Matematica: Curriculo Basico. Guia para el Maestro (Mathematics Skills: Basic Curriculum. Teacher's Guide).
Puerto Rico State Dept. of Education, Hato Rey. Office of Special Education.
The fundamental importance of basic mathematics to daily life is emphasized in this teacher's guide for special education teachers in Puerto Rico. While it is necessary for the teacher to determine the needs and abilities of each student and adapt the curriculum accordingly, this guide presents, in Spanish, a set of lesson plans, each with an objective and suggested activities toward the objective. Activities are chosen for their practical relevance. Skills are presented in the following areas: (1) numeration, including cardinal, ordinal, and Roman numerals; (2) basic mathematics operations, including fractions and decimals; (3) measurement of time, temperature, volume, weight in the English and metric systems, and the monetary system; and (4) principles of geometry. An appendix provides specific guidance in teaching basic mathematical operations. (Contains 12 references.) (SLD)
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Computation, Daily Living Skills, Disabilities, Elementary Secondary Education, Fractions, Geometry, Lesson Plans, Mathematical Concepts, Mathematics Curriculum, Mathematics Instruction, Mathematics Skills, Measurement, Metric System, Monetary Systems, Numbers, Spanish Speaking, Special Education, Teaching Guides, Teaching Methods, Time, Volume (Mathematics), Weight (Mass)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
Authoring Institution: Puerto Rico State Dept. of Education, Hato Rey. Office of Special Education.
Identifiers: Puerto Rico


Hindustan Unilever
Saving the future, drop by drop
Saving the future, drop by drop
Securing water to secure our future
Across the globe, Unilever had been pioneering and promoting the importance of sustainability. Recognizing the challenge of water crisis faced by the country, Unilever India set up the India Water Body (IWB) an initiative aimed to address the challenge of water scarcity in India. The main objective of the IWB was to drive water security for the country by 2030. Through a white paper, Unilever India aimed to invite corporates, industry bodies, governments and experts in the field to join hands and take forward the initiative of water conservation.
Building hope through inspiration, optimism and positivity
The senior-level management across companies and government organizations were already aware of the challenges, hence it was important to catch their attention by creating a 'story' around the challenge. The white paper had to be serious and informative but at the same time inspiring, optimistic and inviting positive action.
Inspiring action through evocative design
A thought-provoking quote set the tone for the report and became the starting point for the story. Sylvia Earle's 'No water, no Life; No blue, no green' was taken as a literal and visual inspiration. Unilever's success stories of water conservation initiatives in different parts of the country proved that the task at hand was grave and momentous, but the rewards were absolutely incalculable.
Industry: FMCG, Corporate
Project Scope: White Paper/ Corporate Report
Project Scope
White Paper/ Corporate Report


text:
Izleti NP Brijuni
The sightseeing tour includes: a ride by tourist train, visit to the remains of the Roman villa rustica from the I century B.C. in the bay of Verige, and the safari park which breeds the following animals: zebra, Somali sheep, zebu (the holy east Indian humped ox), dromedary, llama and elephant.
The tour also includes visits to the archaeological museum located in the Citadel building from the XVI century and the Church of St. Germain with permanent exhibition of copies of frescoes and Glagolitic writings from Istra..
The sightseeing of the island of Veliki Brijun is organized under un expert guidance in Croatian,
Italian, Germain, Russian and English
You are kindly requested to book the excursion to Brijuni on the following phone numbers: +385 (0) 52 525883, 525882, or e-mail: _EMAIL_, several days before you plan your trip.
Dogs are allowed on the island Veliki Brijun on the condition that the following rules are respected:
- dogs have to be on the leash all the time,
- dogs are not allowed in the touristic train,
- dogs are not allowed in areas such as museums, exhibitions, churches, shops and restaurants,
- dogs are not allowed in the „Safari park" area (an enclosure where both indigenous and exotic animals are kept).
The sightseeing program for the island of St. Jerolim consists of the possibility to accept individual and group visits with all-day stay and sunbathing. The shallow-draft vessels are allowed to anchor and sail between the islands paying the fee. The private and public vessels that transport the visitors on the island of St. Jerolim are allowed to anchor without previous announcement paying the fee directly on the island to the authorized person from the Public Institution.
The sightseeing tour for the visitors includes the all – day stay and sunbathing. The shallow-draft vessels are allowed to anchor on the island without previous announcement and no fee is paid.


Icelandic/Old Norse: merger of 1/3sg. preterite forms
Discussion in 'Etymology, History of languages and Linguistics (EHL)' started by Gavril, Feb 3, 2012.
 1. Gavril Senior Member
 English, USA
 In Old Norse, the weak preterite had distinct forms for the 1sg. and 3sg.:
 ek sagða "I said" vs. hann sagði "he said"
 In modern Icelandic, the same verb form is used for both persons (ég/hann sagði).
 At what point are these two forms thought to have merged? Could the merger have been due to analogy with the strong preterite, in which I think the 1/3sg. have historically been the same (as in, for ex., ON ek/hann naut "I/he enjoyed", ek/hann dreif "I/he drove")?
 2. Merkurius Senior Member
 Well most changes (even though they were only few) took place around 1500 when so called Siðaskiptin happened in Iceland. I would say these changes happened around _PHONE_. I recommend reading (at least trying to read) the following article. Even though it doesn't completely answer your question.
 Translation: Around 1100 and 1200 the s became r (e.g. vas -> var and es -> er). Around 1300 the syllables were added in words, f.x. in front of -r in the ending of a word, and djé in front of n and -l took place around _PHONE_. However before 1300 önghljóðuðust mörg lokhljóð.
 And we should not forget Stóra brottfallið where frumnorræna (Old Norse) became norræna (Norse).
 3. Alxmrphi Senior Member
 Reykjavík, Ísland
 UK English
 I think you're right here. It was due to analogy of the first and third person preterites being identical in strong verbs and given the final ending between the weak endings was aða/aði - this is what allowed them to be easily merged together. But having said that, there seems to have been more of a tendency for first and third person items to merge together in many more aspects, so this might not be the whole story. Present verb forms also merged, like in the verb to be: ek em -> ég er where 'em' is obviously cognate with 'am' in English. Also the traditional first person middle form -mk assimilated to the third person -sk around the same time. So, it seems to be a wider issue of things merging between the first and third persons, and this happened in the 13th century I've read, sometimes people say the 14th century but between _PHONE_ is a good guess.
 Frumnorræna - Proto Norse (#)
 Norræna - (Old) Norse (#)
 I've mixed these up as well in the past. I think many people do. Stóra brottfallið is described here on the Wiki page as being part of the Proto-Norse -> Old Norse change:
 Last edited: Oct 29, 2012
 4. berndf Moderator
 German (Germany)
 Are you sure? Following the links on the pages you quoted, it seems rather that there is no firmly established separation of the terms Frumnorræna and Norræna.
 5. Alxmrphi Senior Member
 Reykjavík, Ísland
 UK English
 In that case then I add the following sources to back up my point.
 Nordic languages old and new
 Other sites state the difference: #1
 Here it's stated that the stóra brottfallið was specifically in the frummnorræna period (bottom of page three).
 This page also includes discussion talking about fornnorræna and what Icelandic and Faroese keep of it (as they are descendents of it) and talks about the end of the Proto-Nordic stage in the 8th century (~200 years before sailors left for Iceland).
 In this paper it states the same (but calls fornnorræna 'forníslenska', which is quite common) but still clearly makes a difference between that and frumnorræna.
 So, there is a standard ('firmly established') definition of these terms, but that isn't reflected in the Wikipedia page. People might use it incorrectly (like I have done in the past, even on here), but a look around clearly points to an established temporal and feature-based division. If you say frumnorræna - you can't refer to anything after 800AD. As Merkurius said, there are various things that happened to separate it, and this syncope was one of the distinguishing factors ('HlewagastiR').
 Last edited: Oct 29, 2012
 6. berndf Moderator
 German (Germany)
 I am not entirely convinced. Your quote reads "NORRÆNA (frá u.þ.b. [=from about] 1000)". This suggest that the separation denoted by the word pair Frumnorræna vs. Norræna means Proto-Norse/(Early) Old Norse vs. Old Nowegian/Old Icelandic. It seems that the breakup of the ON dialect continuum in the 11th century rather than the completion of the PN sound shifts in the 7th century separates the development stages and that the word pairs Frumnorræna vs. Norræna and Proto-Norse vs. Old Norse do not correspond exactly which creates the fuzziness.
 7. Alxmrphi Senior Member
 Reykjavík, Ísland
 UK English
 So what exactly are you suggesting? There's no doubt whatsoever what period frumnorræna refers to, so I take it the issue is with the definition of norræna only. I don't see why there is any fuzziness though. Norræna is basically (West) Old Norse. Those sound changes are exactly what separates the two categories. Where is the doubt? It's laid out clearly in the wiki article in my first post here.
 8. berndf Moderator
 German (Germany)
 I suggest that frumnorræna means both, Proto-Norse and Early Old Norse, and the the completion of the Pn sound shifts are treated as an intra-frumnorræna development rather than as a separation point between development stages. The Old Norse period as it is customarily defined starts around 800 and not around 1000 and your statement frumnorræna = Proto-Norse is inaccurate because the concepts overlap but do not match.
 9. Alxmrphi Senior Member
 Reykjavík, Ísland
 UK English
 Ah okay, I see what you mean.
 The year 800 point is where frumnorræna becomes fornnorska though.
 Frumnorræna(fornnorræna) (pre-800) -> Fornnorska (800- ~1000) -> Norræna (a.k.a. vesturnorræna) -> Forníslenska (1200-)
 As it then goes on to say, "vesturnorræna" is often just called norræna, which is what I said before about being (West) Old Norse. Ah, I've just noticed something. I typed fornnorræna instead of fornnorska before. The PN sound changes do separate frum/fornnorræna and fornnorska, which then goes on to become "norræna".
 Which is what I meant by saying that there is actually a clear separation of the two terms.
 10. Merkurius Senior Member
 I think that you can never pinpoint to a year (or even precise century) when a particular change happens in a language. That's why I put in a large range of years.
 Refering to the debate about frumnorræna vs. Norræna I would like to add this:
 English version: ''The oldest version of North Germanic languages is called frumnorræna, which was spoken in the Nordic countries from 200 to ca. 800 a.d. (Article regarding The Origins of the Icelandic Language).
 What fornnorræna is concerned I would like to add this one:
 English version: Germanic languages were divided early on in north-, westand eastgermanic languages. What is concidered the early stage of northgermanic languages is called frumnorræna. They later on were divided to westnordic languages (Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian) and eastnordic languages (Danish, Swedish). Fornnorræna is the language which was spoken in Iceland and Norway from 900 to about 1350.
 This is an article about ''Which of the five Nordic languages most resemblence frumnorræna?
 Frumnorræna: Was spoken 200-800 ad. (According to the Icelandic dictionary: 1. Proto-Norse -- the Germanic


text:
Are you experiencing a shortage of milk while preparing your favorite recipe? Is your milk container showing more air than milk? Then, you might be wondering what is scant milk. Scant milk refers to milk that is sold with less volume or contained with more air than the standard quantity of milk. In simple terms, it means that the milk container might hold less milk than you think you are buying.
What Causes Scant Milk?
Scant milk is a common occurrence that can happen due to several reasons. The most common cause of scant milk is the aeration of milk. When the milk is kept in the container for longer periods, it can lead to the accumulation of air inside the container. This results in the milk occupying less volume and thus is called scant milk.
Another cause of scant milk is contamination. Dairy products are prone to bacteria, and if not stored properly, it can lead to contamination. Also, the use of contaminated equipment during the process of milking, processing, or packaging can lead to bacteria buildup that infects the milk. This can result in less milk than what is indicated on the container.
Evaporation of milk can also be another cause of scant milk. The processing of milk involves the removal of excess water, and if not done correctly, it can lead to the evaporation of water while storing it. This causes the milk to occupy less volume and is called scant milk.
The Effects of Scant Milk
Scant milk can have several effects on our health and wellbeing. When you experience inadequate milk supply while cooking, the texture and the taste of the food can be affected. Similarly, using contaminated milk can lead to food poisoning, nausea, or other gastrointestinal disorders. Skimping on milk that you think you're getting can ultimately lead to decreased nutrient intake, which can have adverse effects on your health.
Impact on Cooking
If you're a passionate cook who loves to experiment with new recipes in the kitchen, then scant milk can affect your cooking. When you use less milk than intended in recipes, the food can have a dense texture and lack the creaminess that milk adds. Therefore, the culinary experience may not be as enjoyable as you expect. On the other hand, if you're new to using milk in dishes, then scant milk can make it challenging to get a good understanding of the correct quantities you need.
Impact on Health
Scant milk can also have an impact on your health. If you're not getting the right nutrient intake, it can lead to malnutrition, especially in children. Similarly, consuming contaminated milk can lead to food poisoning and other gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore it is essential to check the milk container before using it.
Dealing with Scant Milk
Scant milk can be a frustrating problem, but there are several ways you can deal with it.
Check the Container
The first and most critical step in dealing with scant milk is to check the milk container for any defects. Ensure that the seal is not broken, and there are no visible damages to the packaging. It is also essential to check the expiry date and the manufacturing date of the milk container before purchasing it.
Store it Properly
Storing the milk properly is another way to avoid the occurrence of scant milk. Milk should be stored in airtight containers and kept in the fridge to prevent aeration and evaporation during storage. Also, maintaining a consistent temperature is critical to keeping the milk fresh and nutrient-rich. It's best to keep the milk away from direct sunlight, which can cause it to curdle quickly.
Use Milk Alternatives
If you're experiencing the problem of frequent scant milk, you can opt for milk alternatives to avoid the issue altogether. Soy milk, almond milk, or cashew milk can be used as substitutes for cow's milk in recipes. These plant-based milk alternatives also offer a range of health benefits, making them an attractive option for health-conscious individuals.
Scant milk is a frustrating problem that can occur due to several reasons. The most common cause of scant milk is aeration, contamination, and evaporation of milk. Although it can affect the texture and taste of food, it can also have adverse effects on health if it's not dealt with properly. To avoid scant milk, ensure that you check the milk container before purchasing and store it correctly. If you're experiencing the problem frequently, then opting for milk alternatives can be a great option.
Frequently Asked Questions About Scant Milk
What is scant milk?
Scant milk refers to milk that is sold with less volume or is contained with more air than the standard quantity of milk.
What causes scant milk?
The most common causes of scant milk are aeration, contamination, and evaporation of milk.
Can scant milk be a health risk?
Yes, if you're not getting the right nutrient intake or consuming contaminated milk, it can lead to malnutrition or gastrointestinal disorders, respectively.
How can you avoid scant milk?
Ensure that you check the milk container before purchasing and store it correctly. If you're experiencing the problem frequently, then opting for milk alternatives can be an option.
- Natasha Freutel (2021). What Causes Scant Milk? Retrieved from _URL_
- Dan Flynn (2019). Scant milk supply in Northeast, Midwest blamed on low fat market demand. Retrieved from _URL_