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WITHIN 0 WORDS tongue.
Sometimes you'll need to use parentheses to specify the order in which Logos carries out your search. Take the search love AND neighbor OR neighbour. You might think that this would search for articles where the word 'love' AND either the words 'neighbor' or 'neighbour'. But Logos (like all search engines) processes the search from left to right. So first it searches for love and neighbor then it takes that result and searches for [result] OR neighbour. You end up with all the articles that contain 'love' and neighbor, combined with every article that contains the word 'neighbour'. Just like in Math, putting parentheses around your search term forces Logos to evaluate that term first.
- In the example above, we really want to search for love AND (neighbor OR neighbour). This means neighbor OR neighbour is evaluated first, then love AND [result].
- You can nest brackets, as deep as you wish, e.g. ((love AND (neighbor OR neighbour)) OR "golden rule") OR (love AND God)
Please note: Be careful using proximity operators when you have brackets in your search. If you do, make sure you use proximity operators only in the outer terms of your search. (master OR neighbor) NEAR (love OR serve) will produce an invalid result. Because NEAR can't be used in this context, Logos wrongly assumes you want to look for the word 'near'. The correct syntax would be (master NEAR love) OR (master NEAR serve) OR (neighbor NEAR love) OR (neighbor NEAR serve). Thankfully, however, Logos does provide a shortcut in the form of lists which avoids typing this out in full (see below).
Lists are a very useful feature which provide shortcuts in a number of searches. A list is written like this: (term1, term2, term3, etc.). When Logos encounters a list, it performs the search using just term1. Then it repeats the search using just term2, then with just term3, etc. Once it has finished, it then ORs the results. Here are some examples:
- (Jesus, Christ) is equivalent to Jesus OR Christ
- (Jesus, Christ) AND love is equivalent to (Jesus AND love) OR (Christ AND love)
- ("My God", "My Lord") is equivalent to "My God" OR "My Lord", showing that phrases can be used in a list.
Lists are most useful when used with fields (see below), or when trying to ensure proximity operators are only used in the outer terms of your search. For example:
- The search described earlier (master NEAR love) OR (master NEAR serve) OR (neighbor NEAR love) OR (neighbor NEAR serve) can be simplified to (master, neighbor) NEAR (love, serve). Logos treats the two lists separately, iterating through them until every combination as been reached, like this:
- master NEAR love
- master NEAR serve
- neighbor NEAR love
- neighbor NEAR serve
Please note: Some people get confused as they equate the list with the OR command. They are not the same, even though in a very basic search they will perform in the same way. Remember, Logos iterates through lists, then ORs the results.
(The two searches produce exactly the same results, despite the small differences in counting. With the longer search string if a verse (e.g.) has master NEAR love, and master NEAR serve in the same verse, then it will be counted as two results. With the shorter search string it will be counted as one result.)
Searching for images
You can search for all the images in your library by using the special search term _TAG_. If you want to search for all of the images with a particular caption, you should use the ANDEQUALS operator. So, to search for all the maps, use _TAG_ ANDEQUALS map. Or to search for all your vases, _TAG_ ANDEQUALS vase.
Searching for Bible Verses and other References
In basic search, Logos supports searching for many different types of references. A reference is a link from one resource to another. So a commentary, for example, would link to Bible verses, but perhaps also to Josephus or TDNT. You can search for these references, and therefore find every resource that linked to John 3:16, or Volume 5 page 42 of TDNT, etc. Note: Not all links are references. References are a special kind of link, usually to a commonly-used resource with a standard referencing system. They are normally not links to a specific resource, but could (in theory at least) open in a number of different resources depending on what resource you own, and have prioritised. A link to a Strong's number, for example, might open in one of several Greek lexicons. If a resource could open with a particular datatype, that datatype will be listed in the Indexes section of the resources information panel. (There is no official list of datatypes, but users have collected a partial list of datatypes).
The basic syntax is as follows (the example is for bible verses):
- (e.g. )
There are literally hundreds of datatypes, and the main ones are listed below:
- Bible Verses: or
- Strong's Numbers: or
- Louw-Nida Domains: or
- Other resources with books with standard reference systems:
- Apostolic Fathers: or
- Josephus:
- Pseudepigrapha:
- TDNT:
A very important datatype is Lemma. Trying to create a Lemma search from scratch can be slightly tricky as the syntax is a bit more complicated than some of the others. It looks like this: . The lbs is the morphology database (Logos Greek Morphology in this case). The el is the language (Greek). You can achieve the same result with a Morph search more easily (in a morph search the syntax is just lemma:ἀγάπη because the language and morphology database are set with a dropdown menu). You can also create a search by manually finding the word in a morphologically tagged Bible, then right-clicking on it, choosing lemma from the right-hand menu and clicking 'Search this resource'.
If you want to find out the syntax for any of the other datatypes, find a hyperlink to that datatype in your library. For example, if you want to find the Philo datatype, find a resource that links to Philo (it doesn't matter where in Philo it links to). Right-click on that link, make sure the datatype is selected in the righthand menu, the choose "Search this resource". A search window will pop up with the correct syntax. You can then modify the syntax to search for the exact reference you want.
There is no official list of datatypes, but users have collected a partial list of datatypes.
Using Operators with References
With most datatypes, you can also search for ranges, as the bible example above shows. But if you want more control over the range, you can also change the operator (the equals sign). The following operators are available (listed in order, from the most exact at the top to the broadest at the bottom):
||The exact value
||
||Any reference wholly included in the search value
||
||Any reference that includes the whole search value
||
||An intersection with the search value that doesn't cross chapter boundaries
||
||Any intersection with the search value
||
Examples of the above:
Note that the abbreviation is shorthand for not .
Shorthand methods for bible datatype references:
- You can leave off the "bible" datatype label in reference search patterns, because it is assumed by default: <= Gen 12:1-20> is equivalent to , and <~ Gen 12:1-20> is equivalent to , etc
- You can leave off the operator, and the tilde operator is assumed: is the same as <~ Gen 12:1-20>
- You can leave off the angle brackets in most cases too, and Logos will automatically recognize it as a bible reference and not plain text: Gen 12:1-20 is interpreted as
Therefore: , <~Gen


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A RESTful service is currently protected against XSS attacks by applying XML schemaand entity validation. In both cases this is done via a regular expression like:
Can this validation be considered as a reliable countermeasure against XSS, or do I need to implemend further security measures?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
There are a few angles here:
(1) Misinterpretation of correctly-generated non-HTML response type as dangerous HTML. This is what Rook's answer is talking about, on the assumption that your REST service is returning a response such as JSON or XML. Problem here is that some browsers (in particular IE) could ignore the stated Content-Type and treat a document as being HTML because it has some magic string like


text:
Timber and Soil Analysis
|Location: Crocodan Farm, Cornwall
||Client: Mann Forestry
|Date: June 2005
- Establish potential contaminants arising from agricultural chemical residues.
How Aardvark Delivered:
- Aardvark were instructed to undertake a contamination assessment of agricultural waste deposited in a saddle stone barn at Crocodon Farm, St. Mary's, Cornwall
- Due to a substandard waste management policy of the previous remains, a number of agricultural pesticides had been stored in a barn which in turn had leaked and caused deteriorations of the building structure
- The building lies adjacent to agricultural land; there was the potential for a pathway from the contaminant to the cropped area
- Aardvark undertook a source pathway receptor analysis of the site and potential contaminants and advice was given on remediation strategies.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: The enigmatic nawamis have been known since Edward H. Palmer's early explorations in the Sinai. During the years 1972 to 1982. Ofcr Bar-Yoscf, Avner Goren. and other Israeli scholars made intensive field investigations of these structures. It is generally agreed lhat these well-preserved stone-built structures were constructed during the 4thmillennium b.c.by indigenous pastoralists and used as tombs at the end of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze I A. The nawamis generally have the same rounded plan 3 to 6 m in diameter and approximately 2 m in height. They are usually double walled and built of local stone, either sandstone slabs, granitic, or metamorphic boulders. A wide range of burial offerings was found in the nawamis. These include beads (mostly dentalium, connus, carnelian, faience, bone, and ostrich eggshell), mother-of-pearl pendants, lambis-shcll bracelets, transverse arrowheads, tabular scrapers, and some copper points, Bar-Yoscf suggested that the nawamis were used as graves for family units. Both primary and secondary burials were found in the numerous fully excavated nawamis.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Average day and night temperature in Wolhusen (Canton of Lucerne) in celsius
The mean minimum and maximum temperatures over the year in Wolhusen, Switzerland.
Show the average temperatures in Wolhusen in Fahrenheit
- The months June, July and August have a nice average temperature.
- On average, the warmest month is July with 24.5° Celsius (76.1° Fahrenheit).
- On average, the coolest month is January with 3.0° Celsius (37.4° Fahrenheit).
- The average annual maximum temperature is: 14.0° Celsius (57.2° Fahrenheit)
- The average annual minimum temperature is: 4.3° Celsius (39.74° Fahrenheit)
Weather Forecasts for Wolhusen (Canton of Lucerne)
Patchy moderate snow


text:
'But isn't it depressing?' The Vitality of Palliative Care
Computing, Health and Science
Nursing and Public Health
A common question about palliative care from those unfamiliar with the work is, "But isn't it depressing?" This view distances palliative care workers from the general public and reflects a deeply held belief that matters associated with death and dying are negative. Published definitions fall short of capturing a full understanding of the work, making it difficult to communicate the meaning of palliative care. This qualitative study examined the experiences of six long-term palliative care workers. Palliative care was described as "a way of living" and, throughout the descriptions, the concept of "vitality" emerged as the core meaning of palliative care. In the current economic environment, where there is competition for health care funding, more widespread agreement about the meaning of palliative care is important if informed decisions are to be made about allocation of resources.


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Service de Neurophysiologie clinique, Hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille Cedex, France.
- Key words: basal ganglia, oscillation, cortical activity, Parkinson's disease, tremor, movement, epilepsy, event-related desynchronization
- Page(s) : 31-45
- Published in: 2002
The functions of oscillations within the basal ganglia are poorly understood. We discuss in the present paper, the possible physiological or pathological roles of oscillatory activities within the basal ganglia, and their relationship to cortical oscillations. Three aspects are presented: 1. What do we know from animal studies? 2. What do we know from neurophysiological studies in parkinsonian patients? 3. What is the effect of L-dopa treatment and electrical stimulation within basal ganglia circuits on cortical oscillations? Animal studies suggest that neuronal oscillations are spontaneously generated within the basal ganglia system, especially from the GPE and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), but are mainly synchronized by cortical activity via the striatal inputs. Dopamine depletion results in a global increase of oscillations within the whole basal ganglia system, particularly in the GP-NST network. Oscillations within the basal ganglia may, in part, be related to tremor since they are enhanced, especially in the globus pallidus internus (GPI) and the STN, in human and animal dopaminergic depletion. However, they also play a role in the physiology of movement as revealed by coherence analysis between cortex, muscles and GPI/STN in parkinsonian patients undergoing deep brain stimulation. It is known that the basal ganglia may influence cortico-muscular oscillations such as the Piper rhythm and other rhythms in the beta band. In off-drug parkinsonian patients, low frequency oscillations (4-10 Hz) are favoured, presumably resulting in bradykinesia and low force. When medically (Ldopa) or surgically (deep brain stimulation) treated, these low frequency oscillations are replaced by high frequency (70 Hz) oscillations that are important for motor programs to be correctly executed. Studies of cortical reactivity related to planning of voluntary movement in parkinsonian patients provide evidence that it is possible to influence cortical reactivity through the basal ganglia system.


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Shear Behaviour of Disturbed Regions in Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Damaged Shear Reinforcement
MetadataShow full item record
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major problem facing infrastructures owners with billions of dollars spent in repairing our aging infrastructure. One of the first steps in the repair process is to quantify the strength degradation in a reinforced concrete element caused by the corrosion of reinforcing steel. An understanding of the forces involved in the load carrying mechanisms is imperative; the transfer of shear forces in reinforced concrete beams is one of these load carrying mechanisms. The shear transfer mechanism is different near the end of beams, adjacent to point loads, and near changes in cross section. These regions are known as disturbed regions. Structural engineers have a good understanding of the shear transfer mechanism in disturbed regions. However, the effects of corroded shear reinforcement in these regions have not been widely investigated. The current study is comprised of an experimental program and analytical strut and tie modeling aimed at quantifying the strength reduction that occurs in disturbed regions of reinforced concrete beams with corroded shear reinforcement. The feasibility of strengthening a beam with dry lay-up carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) to repair the damage caused by corrosion of the shear reinforcement was also investigated. In the experimental study, a total of 16 reinforced concrete beams were cast. The specimens were 350 mm deep, 125 mm wide and 1850 mm long. Three shear-span to depth ratios (1.0, 1.5, 2.0) were selected. Each specimen was reinforced in flexure with two 25M bars and the shear reinforcement was 10M spaced at 150 mm on centre. The specimens were corroded for 21 days, 60 days, and 120 days corresponding to low, medium, and high corrosion levels. In addition, three specimens were constructed without shear reinforcement in the shear-span in order to compare the results from the corroded specimens. One specimen was also corroded to a high level and repaired with dry lay-up CFRP. The specimens were corroded using an accelerated corrosion technique. There was evidence of cracking of the cover concrete in all specimens, and in the more severely corroded specimens delamination of the cover concrete was recorded. The stiffness of the corroded specimens was less than their corresponding control specimen, and a strength reduction was evident in most specimens. The maximum recorded strength reduction was 52% compared to the companion uncorroded specimen. It was revealed that a more critical case occurs when the corroded shear reinforcement was shifted during placement or was inclined closer to the direction of the compressive force flow. Also, it was observed that the corroded shear reinforcement still provides limited ductility in comparison to the un-corroded reinforcement. A strut and tie model was developed based on the experiments to explain the behaviour of disturbed regions with corroded shear reinforcement. The model consisted of direct and indirect struts. The effects of corrosion were expressed in terms of a reduction in the stirrup cross-section, a reduction of compressive strength due to corrosion cracking, and a reduction in the concrete cross section width. It was hypothesized that the corrosion crack width influences the concrete compressive strength in the strut; consequently, a mathematical model was developed that related the reduction in concrete compressive strength with corrosion crack width. Also, a relationship between reinforcing steel mass loss and corrosion crack width was utilized from the published literature. An effective cross section width was obtained by reducing the width by the damaged concrete cover. The results from these models were input into a strut and tie model as a reduction in concrete compressive strength. The output from the strut and tie model was the ultimate shear strength of the specimen. The developed models were compared with a model from the literature and compared with the experimental results. The major contribution of this research is to allow designers to analyze disturbed regions with corroded shear reinforcement and determine the strength degradation; subsequently, one can determine what strengthening procedure would be most appropriate.
Cite this version of the work
Christopher Andrew Suffern (2008). Shear Behaviour of Disturbed Regions in Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Damaged Shear Reinforcement. UWSpace. _URL_


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the ESA defines "harassment" which constitutes a "taking" to require a significant disruption of "normal behavioral patterns" including breeding, feeding or sheltering. The court noted that this definition emphasized protecting "natural" animal behavior, not abnormal marine mammal activity. This definition, the court held, was consistent with the essence of the MMPA which strove to preserve marine mammals as essential components of the "natural" marine ecosystem. The court found that section 17.3 did not support an interpretation of "harassment" which prohibits disturbing marine mammals who are endangering human life or property. Thus the interpretation of "harass" propounded by the court would look at the act of the alleged harasser and also consider the act in which the marine mammal was engaged. A "taking" by "harassment," according to the majority of the Ninth Circuit, encompassed "only direct and serious disruptions of normal mammal behavior." Id. at 865.
The Ninth Circuit's definition of the actus reus limited criminal conduct to "direct and serious disruptions of normal mammal behavior." Id. at 865. In reviewing the conduct of Hayashi, the court bifurcated its analysis, looking first at whether the mammals at issue had been disrupted from "normal" behavior, and subsequently at the reasonableness of Hayashi's conduct. Id.
1) The Requirement that "Normal" Behavior Patterns Be Disrupted
At the moment Hayashi fired shots at the porpoises, the animals were eating bait and hooked fish from his fishing lines. Eating fish and bait off a fisherman's lines, the majority asserted, was "not a part of the porpoise's normal eating habits." Furthermore, no evidence was presented establishing that the animals had in fact been deterred from the lines or even reacted to Hayashi's shots. Thus, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the evidence failed to establish that Hayashi's shots had deterred the porpoises from "normal" behavior patterns
2) The Requirement of a "Direct and Serious" Disruption
With regard to the requirement that the defendant's conduct result in a direct and serious disruption, the court summarily stated that "Hayashi's conduct was not the kind of direct, serious disruption of a porpoise's customary pursuits required to find a criminal 'taking.' Id. at 865. Reasonable acts to deter porpoises from eating fish or bait off a fisherman's line are not criminal under the MMPA."
Thus, having found that there was no "direct and serious disruption of normal mammal behavior," the Ninth Circuit concluded that the MMPA and the regulations implementing the Act failed to reach Hayashi's conduct.
3) Squaring the Court's Interpretation with Subsequent Regulations Proscribing the Feeding of Marine Mammals
Subsequent to the incident for which Hayashi was prosecuted, the NMFS promulgated regulations adding "feeding or attempting to feed" to the definition of "harass" found in the ESA. This amendment to the definition of "harass" addressed concerns that people feeding marine mammals disrupts their natural feeding patterns, potentially conditioning them to approach watercraft, and thereby increasing the likelihood "that they will become entangled in fishing gear, be struck by vessels, or be shot, poisoned, or fed foreign objects." Id. at 866. The court determined that this amendment deterred precisely that behavior which Hayashi had himself deterred by firing the rifle shots. The court concluded that were it to hold that Hayashi's behavior constituted "harassment," then under the new regulations, a fisherman would be guilty of "harassment" by "feeding" if he did not deter a marine mammal from feeding off of his fishing lines. But at the same time, a fisherman would be guilty of "harassment" by "disturbing" if he took steps to deter such acts. For these reasons, the court concluded, the new regulation supported their definition of "harass" as well as their interpretation that the MMPA did not reach Hayashi's conduct.
Some critics of this opinion claim the court erred by narrowly defining "harassment" under the MMPA to include only those acts which directly and seriously disrupt normal marine mammal behavior. Fisher & Bell, Did United States v. Hayashi Fail to Provide a Safe Harbor for Marine Mammals Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act?, 27 Golden Gate U.L. Rev. 67 (1997). By defining "harassment" so narrowly, it does appear that the court is only including direct and seriously disrupting behavior.
h. 1994 Amendments to MMPAEffect on Whales
Since the 1994 Amendments became law, NMFS has published several regulations to implement requirements under the Act. These include the general authorization for scientific research, the new management regime for governing the incidental taking of marine mammals in commercial fisheries, the prohibition on intentional lethal take in commercial fishing, the prohibition on approach closer than 100 yards to humpback whales in Hawaii, and consolidation of regulations for special exception permits to take, import, export, or carry out any other otherwise prohibited act involving marine mammals for the purpose of scientific research or enhancement for the survival or recovery of a species or stock.
i. Penalties for MMPA Violations
Violation of the MMPA is subject to a civil penalty of up to $10,000 per violation. Each unlawful taking or importation is a separate offense. Knowing violation of the MMPA is subject to a criminal penalty of up to $20,000 per violation or imprisonment for one year, or both. A vessel subject to the United States jurisdiction used in the unlawful taking of a marine mammal is subject to seizure and forfeiture of its cargo, and liable for a civil penalty of up to $25,000. 16 U.S.C. § 1375
j. Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Act
In 1992, The Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1421, was added to require the Secretary to mandate the creation of a standing network. The MMPA defines a stranding as one or more of the following occurrences:
- Any dead marine mammal on the shore or in the water;
- A live marine mammal that is on the shore and unable to return to the water;
- A live marine mammal that is on the shore and in need of medical attention;
- A live marine mammal that is in the water but is unable to return to its natural habitat under its own power or without assistance.
Who responds to a stranded marine mammal is determined by the location of the animal and who is qualified to address the needs of that species. Since whales are a commonly stranded marine mammal, the stranding response directly relates to them.
k. International Policies
The policies embodies in the MMPA serve as the official policies of the United States in the negotiation if international agreements concerning marine mammals (such as CITES and the IWC).
B. The Endangered Species Act - Intersection Between MMPA and ESA
The Endangered Species Act was passed by the United States government in 1973. The Act protects both endangered and threatened species. Endangered species are defined as those in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range. Threatened species are those likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the Commerce Department is responsible for enforcing the ESA as it applies to marine animals.
Once an endangered or threatened species of whale is added to the list, it enjoys legal protection designed to help it recover. For all whale species listed as endangered, it is illegal to kill, hunt, collect, injure, or harass them, or to destruct their habitat in any way. It is also illegal to buy or sell any species listed as endangered. If a whale species is listed as threatened, it often has the same level of protection. Critical habitat is designated to assure the survival or recovery of the endangered and threatened whale species. A recovery plan is prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service to restore the species to a point where it can be removed form the list.
Domestic endangered whale species are: Blue whale, Bowhead whale, Humpback whale, Northern right whale, Sei whale, and Sperm whale. The International Species Listed as Endangered or threatened under the ESA are the Gray whale, Western North Pacific population and the Southern right whale.
Section 9 of the ESA prohibits the taking of endangered species. "Taking" is broadly defined and includes killing, wounding, pursuing, harassing or harming.. This section applies to the taking of whales, but the MMPA, which also includes a "takings" clause, is primarily used in cases involving takings of whales rather than the ESA because of its specificity towards whales.
C. International ProtectionIntersection Between MMPA and CITES
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement between governments. It was drafted in 1973 and currently has 152 parties. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Becoming a party to CITES means that the countries have signed the treaty and have agreed to implement it in territories under their jurisdiction.
The structure of CITES lists species are listed in appendices according to their conservation status. Appendix 1 species are species in danger of extinction, for which all commercial trade is prohibited. All great whales are listed under Appendix 1.
The focus on marine species has increased in recent years at CITES meetings. Recently, there has been an enormous increase in the discussion of issues relating to reopening trade in whales. These


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The objective of Waseda Law School is to foster legal professionals with specialized legal knowledge, imbue them with the ability to critically examine this knowledge and an expansive, creative way of thinking, and outstanding powers to negotiate and persuade. The school also aims to foster highly aspiring legal professionals who can accurately analyze the legal issues occurring in society with a wide knowledge and sense of human rights, and solve these issues. In other words, the School aims to nurture high-level legal professionals who will be able to lead society. Waseda Law School has continued with the history and achievements made over the many long years since the establishment of the Departments of Law, Tokyo Senmon Gakko (College) in sending out into Japan and the rest of the world many promising human resources with a firm grounding in law. We provide an environment in which diverse individuality can be developed, new horizons are opened up, and excellent legal professionals who can work across the globe in a wide range of areas are fostered.
The Waseda Law School has adopted the following three operational policies.
Making good use of the comprehensive and creative nature of Waseda University, we develop a systematic educational program, cross-university educational environment and student life environment, while at the same time encouraging interaction between a diversity of disciplines, cultures, languages and sets of values, thereby nurturing human resources who are able to make proactive contributions to global society.
The objective of Waseda Law School is to arm students with sophisticated specialist knowledge in jurisprudence, give them the ability to critically examine this knowledge and an expansive, creative way of thinking, and outstanding powers to negotiate and persuade. The School also aims to foster highly aspiring legal professionals who are widely learned, have a sensitive perception of issues, can accurately grasp the essence of the myriad problems that can occur in society, and who aim by appropriately solving these problems to make a contribution to society.
In the first year of the course we aim that students master the basic law subjects, while in the second year we aim to endow them with an expansive comprehension of the basic law subjects and basic skills in practice of law. In the third year we foster within them the ability to apply themselves to cases on basic law subjects, and also offer various workshop programs and subjects on contemporary legal issues. In comprehensive terms, it is a curriculum structure wherein by conducting the basic law subjects on a tiered and systematic basis students go over and gain an understanding of each legal area through a process of repetition, while deepening their output ability for applying the knowledge they have gained in the arena of their own legal practices.
With the educational mission of "academic independence," Waseda University welcomes students from both Japan and overseas who have a certain level of academic attainment, a lively intellectual curiosity, are full of the progressive spirit encapsulated by our ethos, and have a burning desire to study.
Our primary objective here at Waseda Law School is to unearth human resources who will be able to work as superb legal professionals in "the real world." Candidate entrants will be comprehensively evaluated and selected according to not only just their professional knowledge, but also their background, innate gifts and capabilities.


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If a dopamine is released at T=0 and binds to receptor D2, what determines the time when the concentration of this neurotransmitter bound to the receptor reaches half of the original concentration? In other words, when will the effect of neurotransmitter on the intercell signalling fall in half?
Is there any time estimate of how quickly the brain thinks that neurotransmitter has "fulfilled its purpose" and is to be re-uptaken? Or is this process completely random?
Thank you for your input!
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All processes involving reuptake or metabolism of biological molecules are completely random. However, when you look at a large number of molecules over time, the random events combine into a stable, predictable rate of decay. This rate is usually either exponential decay (a half-life) or, more rarely, a constant amount per second. – octern Nov 18 '12 at 19:10
I don't know what the answer is for dopamine, and individuals probably vary in how zealous their brains are about dopamine reuptake. – octern Nov 18 '12 at 19:12
3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
The half life of dopamine in the extracellular space is of the order of 200 milliseconds.
Yavich,L. (2007) Site-Specific Role of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in Dopamine Overflow within Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum. J. Neurosci. 27:10196-10202
In Figure 1 of this paper the authors present values for the half-life (τ) of dopamine elimination from extracellular space in the caudate nucleus and prefrontal cortex of mice as:
caudate nucleus: 0.2 +/- 0.03 sec
prefrontal cortex: 1.92 +/- 0.22 sec
Apparently this is because dopamine is usually inactivated when the presynaptic cell takes it back up using the dopamine transporter, but in the prefrontal cortex uptake is instead via a lower affinity norepinephrine transporter on neighbouring neurones. Thus the value of 200 milliseconds seen in the caudate nucleus is probably more typical.
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Interesting. Does this mean that upon release, dopamine has 200ms to either bind to a receptor or be reabsorbed? – Alex Stone Nov 18 '12 at 23:28
If we think of release as instantaneous, we now have a pool of extracellular dopamine. This will begin to bind to receptor, setting up an equilibrium between free and bound. The free dopamine will also be taken up by DAT, and because the binding to receptor is a reversible process, as the external pool shrinks the level of DA-receptor complex will shrink. An individual molecule could be taken up without ever binding to a receptor, or could undergo multiple receptor binding/release cycles before being taken up. The half-life reflects the interaction between these processes. – Alan Boyd Nov 19 '12 at 13:08
If I understand correctly, the DAT cleans up extracellular and bound DA, and deposits it back within the neuron. As less and less extracellular DA is available, there's a higher chance that bound DA will be recovered. Is this correct? – Alex Stone Nov 19 '12 at 16:57
Dopamine (DA) secreted by neurons is selectively reuptaken by the dopamine transporter (DAT), present on nerve terminals.
Monoamine reuptake
Image source: Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function - Torres et al. - Nat Rev Neurosci., 2003
DAT acts as a symporter, using the Na+ and Clgradients to generate the energy required to transport DA back in the cytosol.
The mechanism of reuptake has been investigated in vitro allowing the description of a model for DA reuptake by DAT.
In particular, from the abstract of this paper: A multisubstrate mechanism of striatal dopamine uptake and its inhibition by cocaine. - McElvain and Schenk, Biochem Pharmacol., 1992
Dopamine uptake was found to be first order in dopamine with a Vmax of 582 pmol/sec/g wet weight and a Km of 1.2 μM. The results of experiments in which choline and isethionate were substituted for Na+ and Cl−, respectively, suggested that the uptake process is second order in Na+ and first order in Cl−. Multisubstrate analyses of the initial velocities of uptake over the concentration range of 0.025 to 1.5 μM dopamine suggested that the mechanism of binding of dopamine to the uptake carrier is a partially random, sequential mechanism where dopamine or Na+ binds first with the uptake carrier and Cl− binds last.
A transport scheme is reported in: Dopamine Neuronal Transport Kinetics and Effects of Amphetamine
DAT schematics
Scheme 1 is a kinetic scheme for a simple carrier adapted from that of Stein (1986) for the DAT. The subscripts o and i represent the outside and inside, respectively, of a DA neuron. Scheme 2 describes a possible mechanism for the cotransport of another species. All symbols are as in scheme 1 except that A corresponds to amphetamine.
From the text
This scheme describes transport as a series of steps: the competition between binding and dissociation of the substrate to the transporter on the extracellular side, a similar process on the cytoplasmic side, and an equilibrium between the unoccupied transporter facing toward the extracellular or cytoplasmic side. The driving force for inward transport arises from the cotransport of Na1 and Cl2 as well as the membrane potential difference (Stein, 1986; Sonders et al., 1997). Biochemical (Krueger, 1990) and electrophysiological (Sonders et al.,1997) studies have established that DA transport is accompanied by transport of at least two Na1 ions and one Cl2 ion and that DA transport can be bidirectional in isolated preparations.
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If I'm reading this correctly, then Dopamine is randomly extracted from receptors, right? – Alex Stone Nov 18 '12 at 23:31
Not really "extracted"... dopamine will randomly detach from the receptor, and randomly bind to DAT. The speed of this may depend on the actual concentration of dopamine, dopamine receptor and DAT present in the system. – nico Nov 18 '12 at 23:49
This is an attempt to illustrate how a system like this behaves kinetically, to help Alex visualise it. The model shown below contains external dopamine which can bind reversibly to a receptor. The unbound dopamine is subject to irreversible reuptake.
enter image description here
I built a quick simulation using Copasi. I haven't made any attempt to refine the parameters to fit the information in my previous answer - I'm just trying to illustrate qualitatively how the three different pools of dopamine (free external, bound external, internalised) behave in this kind of system. As _USER_ says, there is no question of extracting the receptor-bound dopamine - it will dissociate as the free dopamine concentration falls due to reuptake.
enter image description here
enter image description here
enter image description here
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7 tips to help you refocus in 2021
Jan 3, 2021Other, Information
7 tips to help you refocus in 2021
A lens to help you refocus
As we enter 2021 many people will be pleased to move to a new year as 2020 and the Pandemic has brought misery and difficulties to many people around the world.
Believe that you are in the era of change now, and you can move from stress to relaxation and peace. As Will Rogers says:
Don't let yesterday take up too much of today. Will Rogers.
Here are 7 tips to help you if you want to make changes in life. It's based on my Awaken the Change Refocus Formula.
Awaken the Change.
Focusing minds for positive results.
1. Recognise
The first tip is about recognising that you need to change something.
Commonly people want to change behaviours at this time of the year. For example, some people want to lose weight, to get fitter, or to stop smoking. Perhaps you want less pain. Other people want to get some relief from their emotional grief.
This is about moving away from what you believe is wrong to something that you believe is right.
Other people recognise that they have a change in mood or are feeling anxious because they are overthinking things. You might recognise that you have a negative mindset or you keep thinking about an event too much.
Sometimes people recognise that they have a bad attitude that is causing them problems in life. Maybe that attitude is displayed through anger, self-defeating behaviours such as smoking or drinking too much alcohol.
When you recognise something you focus on the aspects of the issue that are causing you that physical and emotional pain.
You might notice that your habit is costing you a lot of money or your attitude is getting you into a lot of trouble. Maye the problem is resulting in low confidence and low self-esteem. You know that something has to change but how? Have you got the motivation to change? Is it the right time to change?
When the negative aspects of the problem outweigh the positive reasons for change you are contemplating action. But it still might not turn into a goal and achievement.
You also need to recognise the barriers to change. For example, what's stopping you from stopping smoking? Is it the smoking groups that you mix with? Is it the need to take yourself away from stress with the cigarette used as the diversion from what is really happening in your life? Or maybe you haven't got any support.
So take a few moments to focus on the issue. Is the hurt bigger than the reason for not changing? If it isn't then all the planning and telling yourself that you want to change may not happen.
So start with recognising the positive and negative aspects of you making that change.
2. Energise
The next tip is to consider your energy.
Have you got the energy to change?
But what is energy?
Energy can be described in many ways. In physics its described as a movement. It can start things working. It is linked to power, force, strength and might.
Energy psychologists believe that it's about the force within us that includes the electrical movement within our bodies and the energy field around us. Through techniques such as Thought Field or Emotional Freedom Techniques energy points in the body are stimulated and are said to reduce hyperarousal.
Although there is controversy about the effect of complementary therapies relating to energy, energy psychology has helped people to change, this is used in many cultures to help people refocus and rebalance. Furthermore, evidence is growing to the benefits of its use.
Positive psychologists believe that the energy comes from our emotional state.
So are you energised and motivated to change? Do you want to move and to use your own power?
Motivation is more than having enough willpower. If all we needed was willpower alone everything would be easier. We also need unconscious drivers of change.
So tap into your energy and motivate yourself to change.
How can I get motivated?
Consider this…
Some people are motivated to change through goal setting.
Is this a motivator for you? If it is then you might consider writing down some goals that will help. These goals should be SMART goals – Specific, Measured, Achievable, Realistic and Timely.
Other people are motivated by consequences. Is this you? If you leave everything to the last minute you might be motivated by consequences.
Learning about motivation will help you to get motivated!
Research has shown that external motivators like money and more possessions might help in some cases for you to feel temporarily better but there are also studies based on the undermining effect that does the opposite. However, internal reasons for change are generally better.
So if you want to improve your intrinsic motivation get interested in the subject. Maybe you could even watch someone who loves doing the task that you want to do.
One view of motivation comes from Abraham Maslow. In this theory motivation to get to self-actualisation begins by having the basic needs in place.
This start with having enough food and shelter. This is because it seems pointless to think about changing aspects of your life until you have physical energy derived from the right food intake. You also need to feel that you are worthy of the effort of change.
Motivation leads to satisfaction.
Barriers to motivation include depression and procrastination. If you feel depressed you should get a health check. If you are procrastinating a counsellor or hypnotherapist can help.
To refocus for 2021 you need to find out what drives you or what motivates you as you need that energy to change.
3. Find support
Tip number 3 is about getting support.
Change that feels difficult needs the support of genuine people that are not going to judge you.
To meet your goals you may need support from family and friends or professional people.
Just by telling people that you are intending to change something will help you to be more successful.
4. Options
Tip number 4 is about you considering your options.
Options are about choices.
What choices do you have? You might think that you don't have any options but that often isn't true. Maybe you haven't considered all the options. Or perhaps your goal is unrealistic at this time.
Sometimes there is no option to change a situation that you might be in.
But there is always the option to change your perspective on it.
This might mean changing your attitude to the problem or reframing the issue so that you can remove the barriers to change.
Take some time to consider your options and get help if you feel stuck.
5. Conquer
Tip number 5 is about conquering the barriers.
Here are a few barriers you may need to tackle for effective change to happen:
 - A lack of clear vision. What do you really want to change?
 - Your environment. This can be the physical environment or cultural environment. Is it right for your change?
 - Poor communication. Do people know what you want?
 - Knowledge and skills. Have you got enough evidence that the change is a good thing in your situation for you?
 - Mindset. Do you believe that you can make the change and maintain it? Maybe you need to do some self-talk to remind yourself that you are in control of your life? Our thoughts will help to drive us forward to our goals.
 - Financial barriers. Where will you get financial support if needed? Have you weighed up the costs against the benefits?
 - Other people. Are there relationships that will stop you from changing?
You can conquer the barriers to change once you know what they are.
6. Utilise
You need to find resources and use them. For example, if your goal is to stop smoking you might choose to vape or you might see a hypnotherapist.
If your goal is to lose weight you might use a support group or you might use the services of a fitness trainer.
If you want to feel more confident you might do a course on confidence or you might get help from a counsellor.
So tip number 6 is to use what is available to help you refocus and achieve your goals.
7. Synergise
The final tip is to bring everything together and make it happen. Many people find that they need to write this down. Although this is good practice you need to keep it where you can regularly see it and check that you are still heading in the right direction.
So in summary, you need to recognise the problem and the solution.
You need to consider your energy levels. You need to be ready and able to visualise that change.
Next, you need to find support because going it alone can be more difficult.
Develop a list of options because there are choices. Write it all down if you need to to keep focused.
Conquer the barriers. This might mean changing your environment or your mindset, or both.
Utilise your resources. This includes people, places, opportunities and your knowledge and skills.
Finally, pull it all together and make it happen!
For more help contact Linda at Awaken the Change for a free initial consultation.
Awaken the Change is about Focusing Minds for Positive Results
Linda is an accredited trainer and supervisor.
Linda Witchell
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text:
My book Disaster Robotics (MIT Press, Kindle, and iBook) covers structural inspection, documents 16 cases where robots have been used for structural inspection after disasters (the majority by CRASAR, but I've documented all cases I can find reported through April 2013) and has criteria for choosing what robot, what the different work envelopes are, lots of tables/figures per modality, and failure taxonomy and rates.
Here's a quick guide to structural inspection in Disaster Robotics
– Chi1 defines structural inspection tasks versus recon and other tasks identified for disaster robotics.
– Ch2 list of robots used for what incident, formal failure taxonomy; this gives an overview of the 16 cases where robots have been used for structural inspection
– Ch3 use of ground robots for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 5 cases where UGVs used for structural inspection, formulas for how to size a robot for an inspection task and a set of design spaces, gaps
– Ch4 use of UAVs for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 7 cases where UAVs have been used for structural inspection, choice of rotorcraft versus fixed wing, conops, human-robot ratio and safety, issues with lots of GPS, gaps
– Ch5 use of marine vehicles for structural inspection, environments/work envelopes, describes the 4 cases where UMVs have been used for structural inspection, the need to inspect upstream not just the bridge substructure, choice of AUV, ROV, UMV, gaps
– Ch6 how to conduct fieldwork and data analysis, using structural inspection as an example


Figure 2-4
This illustration describes how data labels and user labels work together by showing two users attempting to access four labeled data rows. User 1 has a label HS:FIN:WR that allows her access to data row 2 (S:FIN:WR_SAL), data row 3 (U:FIN), and data row 4 (C:FIN:WR_SAL). User 2 has a data label S:FIN:WR_SAL that allows him to access data rows 2 (S:FIN:WR_SAL), 3 (U:FIN), and 4 (C:FIN:WR_SAL).


Write to file using a BufferedWriter
When you want to output text to a file it's better to use a Writer class instead of an OutputStream such as the BufferedOutputStream since the purpose of Writer classes are to handle textual content.
With the BufferedWriter (as opposed to the BufferedOutputStream) you don't have to translate your String parameter to a byte array, and there is also a handy method for writing a new line character.
In this example we simply write two lines of text, and finally we call flush on the BufferedWriter object before closing it.
The output to the file will look like this when you run the code:
Search for more Java info on this site here:
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3 thoughts on "Write to file using a BufferedWriter
 - Hi Daniel,
 A PrintWriter could be used. But the main advantages with a BufferedWriter is that it (like the name implies) buffers data before it actually writes it to the physical file. That makes it more efficient. In this little example it might not matter, but if large amounts of data will be written it does matter.
 Another advantage with the BufferedWriter is that it actually throws exceptions if something goes wrong. The PrintWriter's methods however don't throw any exceptions, so we can't know if anything has gone wrong (some of the constructors do, but that's all).
Any thoughts or questions?


Initial Design rules Stainless Steel 3D printing
This post is meant to give you guys a better indication of what is and what is not possible with 3D printing Stainless Steel. These guidelines are based on all your uploads and are a work in progress. They are meant to be indicative. We have images to illustrate these examples and I will add them once we have permission from the model owners.
I know that mass and weight are weird things to consider when 3D
modeling(unless you're a CAD person of course). But, look at your model
and think, if I made this out of clay would it work?
This is really the best tip I can give you.
small parts up to 50 by 50mm
95% of these parts print successfully. They can have very thin walls of below 3 mm. But, the most important reason for failing is that the parts are not strong enough or do not self-support. The model will either fall apart or crush itself. Lets imagine we are trying to print a wine glass standing upright. A 3 mm thick stem might work if it were printed alone. But in a wine glass the stem has to support the bowl. During production the model is very fragile. If the bowl is heavy it will simply topple over.
Lets imagine now that we are trying to print this same wineglass horizontally. The stem would break in the middle. Lets now imagine that we are trying to print a wine glass that has no stem but simply consists of the bowl. This would work because a wine glass bowl is a self supporting structure without a weak point that could cause the model to break. What if we get ambitious and would like to add lots of decoration to our wineglass bowl? This is possible. But, if the decoration would consist of a lot of mass the weight would break the bowl during the printing process.
Very thin or delicate structures can not be printed either.
If it looks wispy and lovely and feather-like it will probably have an issue. People have to remove support material, put it in an oven etc.
Integrated 'whole' parts have the highest chance of success. Lets imagine you wanted to print a plate of spaghetti. If it was one mass of spaghetti on a plate it might be possible. If there were strands of spaghetti that magically would stand upright and horizontally in all directions it would not work, it would break. If it would be and incredibly thin structure consisting of many individual strands in a bowl, it would not work. It could simply not be cleaned.
Furthermore since there is an oven step involved whereby the models are all heated to a high temperature parts might fuse if they are loose or close together. So, a bowl of many individual strands of spaghetti would fuse.
Medium to large parts less than 200 by 200 by 100mm
These parts need wall thicknesses of 3mm. Why? The part is larger so the internal structures supporting the part need to be stronger.
These are what I can give you right now. I hope to get more information to you as we learn.
Images are used under a Creative Commons Share, remix, attribution license. Images made by: KARPOV, AndrewK100 and Sebastian_Mary respectively.
 1. Joris
 they're great! A lot of fun!
 1. Madox.NET
 Propeller Hats!
 A picture post showing the latest delivery from Shapeways. Joris just posted guidelines on stainless steel printing so I thought I'll post some photos to show what tiny detail can be achieved.
 Fits quite nicely on the shirt cuf…
 2. Magic
 Very interesting the fact that for small object you can have wall of 1mm.
 I still do not understand if we can print moving parts: I am afraid that if there is no more support material during the infusion phase, the moving parts could get fused.
 For example could the Frankenstein Ring be printed in Stainless Steel?
 Here is the model:
 1. Joris
 the tolerances and the accuracy would make fine moving parts difficult. Exact gears and things would seem to be difficult also. But, a moving part with a large gap should work.
 2. Magic
 Currently, this model has 1 mm of clearance and 2 mm of thickness. But I have plans to reduce the model of 75% (0.75 mm or clearance and 1.5 mm of thickness) and 50% (0,5 mm of cleareance and 1 mm of thickness) in White Strong and Flexible.
 I guess these reduced versions won't work in Stainless Steel.
 I should also renounce to print a separate nut that could be screwed to the bolt… :-(
 3. George Bell
 What about printing that wine glass upside down? Would that work?
 Darn gravity. Maybe you can take a 3D printer up to the International Space Station? Then anything would work!
 1. Joris
 In terms of cost effectiveness we could do it in one of those Russian practice planes and do a layer every time the plane is at the top of its parabolic orbit.
 Does UPS even do pick ups from the ISS?
 4. Stijn van der Linden
 Thank you, this is very clarifying and helpful :-)
 Up till now it felt like modeling in the dark for SS, hoping and praying that the prints would succeed ;-)
 Could you also provide some info on the polishing step?
 What limitations does this add? Is there a minimum practical size for polishing?
 With the braille and other rings I tested, it seems they were hardly polished at all, still very rough (almost like wsf) and red.
 I can understand some reluctance to polish fine details (for example; accidentally removing the braille dots ;-) but there were a few rings that I think could have been a lot smoother and cleaner.
 I'll post some pics as soon as the darn memory card will release them to me :-\
 1. Joris
 The polishing step is a manual one. So it is very variable. Polishing should not reduce overall surface detail nor significantly affect the size of your model.
 We're working on improving this process but again it is a manual process so results may vary.
 5. Stephanie P
 So many people in London have skull rings, but this is my far the coolest.
 Very Damien Hirst ;)
 6. DBucci
 What percentage of shrinkage occurs in post infiltrated parts?
 7. Glen Gardner
 To All,
 It first needs to be recognized that 3d metal printing is a technology that is in it's infancy. Unlike traditional metal working methods with centuries long histories, many of the forces, stresses and reactions that printed metal parts must undergo have not been thoroughly quantified as hard data. Simply put, most of the time we know what works and what doesn't, but we can't always tell you exactly why. As in most technologies emerging from small companies, data collection is done on an "as needed" basis. The bulk of all human knowledge comes from data collected over years, decades or even centuries of trial and error. This might help explain why giving precise reasons and fool proof solutions for each and every failed or "non-printable" design is not practical or even possible.
 From my perspective here in the metal print shop I wish to offer some observations that I believe to be consistently true. When parts come out of the print machinery they consist of metal powder held together by a chemical binder (glue). All [I]green[/I] parts are fragile. Think in terms of air dried potters clay. As the size and intricacy of a design increases so does it's fragility. In the green state, these parts are extremely difficult to process without breaking. If a part is able to be loaded into the sintering furnace a whole new set of forces now come into play. Observations inside the running furnace are impossible so finished parts can only be examined [I]after[/I] the furnace is cooled. The most common failures detected [I]after[/I] sintering take the form of hairline cracks or open breaks. This type of flaw usually occurs in areas consisting of sharp angular intersections and/or radical section changes. The use of fillets and smooth transitions can help prevent this from occurring but not in every case. Flat broad thin meshes and grids are very often problematic but not always impossible. The overall size to mass ratio does seem to play a factor but no generalized rule has yet to be determined. Actually, it would surprise me if the use of the true "Golden Ratio" (1.618033……) didn't improve any design intended for 3dmp.
 Forgive me if these comments seem a bit vague but currently it is simply the nature of the beast. I truly believe that [I]everyone[/I] involved with these new technologies is now acting as a contributor to a global knowledge base. Whether designer, businessman or technician, we are all together writing the book on 3d printing/manufacturing. Pretty exciting stuff really!
 -Glen Gardner
 8. ideazonepd
 I'm curious to know if it would be possible to make a Glossy Stainless Steel material available on my models? (similar to the glossy on Gold Plated and Antique Bronze).
 9. bob scifo
 Stainless steel seems to shrink very slightly; is there a known percentage of shrinkage?
Comments are closed.


Using Nix to Create R Virtual Environments
Previously we saw how to use Nix to create virtual environments for Python. We can do the same for R. This means we can have different simultaneous R installations for different projects and keep the installed packages for each project separated. An important benefit of this is the ability to have different (incompatible) versions of the same packages for different projects.
The straightforward approach is to let Nix handle all R package management. However, sometimes it is useful to manage packages through the various R tools such as the built-in install.packages or install utilities provided by the devtools package.
R looks for installed packages in the R library directories, of which there are two types: the system library and the user library. By default these package management tools install packages in the first-specified user library directory. The user library directories can be specified through the R_LIBS_USER environment variable. We can use Nix to specify a unique library directory per project.
For example, create a in your project root as follows:
with import {};
 my-r = rWrapper.override {
 packages = with rPackages; [
 pkgs.mkShell {
 buildInputs = [
 shellHook = ''
 mkdir -p "$(pwd)/_libs"
 export R_LIBS_USER="$(pwd)/_libs"
Activate it in your shell by running $ nix-shell.
This makes available R with ggplot, plyr, tidyr and devtools. It creates a subdirectory in your project root, _libs, where the project's R user library is located.


text:
Found in: Cities in Turkey
Corum is the capital of Corum Province inland from the Black Sea coast in central Turkey. Corum is located at from Ankara and from Istanbul. It has a population of 178,500 (2004), and the elevation is 820 m.
Corum is known for its leblebi (dried chick-peas), and for the valuable Hittite archaeology that has been found in the province.
Geography and climate
Corum is on a high plateau with a typical inland climate of hot, dry summers (although even summer evenings are chilly) and cold, snowy winters, with light rain in spring and autumn. There is attractive mountainous countryside around the city. The north Anatolian fault line passes south of Corum.
Hattusa was the capital of Hittite empire. Hittites were one of the oldest civilizations of the world. The first known peace treaty was signed by the Hittites and ancient Egypt on tablets.
There is evidence that area has been occupied since 3000 BC and there are a number of important Hittite sites in the province. A Hittite Congress of archaeologists is held in Corum every three years.
Besides agricultural activities Corum has flour and feed mills, brick and tile factories, and some light engineering, as well as traditional crafts such as copperware and hand-weaving. Although for a small city this amount of industry is impressive, Corum is still underdeveloped.
The town is tidy and pleasant although it does have a problem with air pollution. There is a good range of shops, cafes and restaurants; the cuisine includes a variety of pastries including manti, a type of ravioli baked in the oven or steamed in a beef-broth. People in this part of Turkey (both in central Anatolia and along the Black Sea coast) are religious and conservative so night life is never going to be swinging but there are bars and cafes playing Turkish folk music.
Places of interest
As well as all the Hittite sites the countryside surrounding Corum offers many places to escape for picnics, particularly near the Comar reservoir or in the mountains around the province.
The city itself contains:
a 19th century clock tower.
Corum Museum - displays a range of artefacts from the Hittite and other civilisations, from excavations in the region. Housed in an attractive Ottoman period building.
Mahmut Atalay - World champion and Olympic medalist in sports wrestling
Cevdet Cerit - professor of mathematics at Istanbul Technical University
Tevfik Ki - World champion and Olympic medalist in sports wrestling


text:
Charles W. Gilmore was a prolific scientist. He was employed by the U.S. National Museum in 1903 where he worked until his death in 1945. Originally hired as a preparator to work on the extensive O.C. Marsh dinosaur collection that was transferred from Yale University to the U.S. National Museum in the late 19th century, Gilmore later became curator of fossil reptiles. He was in charge of mounting the world's first Triceratops skeleton for exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution, as well as 23 other mounts on exhibit. He published 170 scientific papers including monographic studies on the osteology of Apatosaurus and Camptosaurus and the osteology of the carnivorous and armored dinosaurs.
The illustration on this page is a beautiful pen and ink line drawing of the USNM type specimen of the dinosaur, Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh, drawn by Rudolph Weber under the direction of Charles Gilmore.
Size of original illustration: 24.6 x 61.6 cm.
Gilmore, Charles W. 1920. Osteology of the Carniverous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum with Special Reference to the Genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 110. Government Printing Office, Washington, 159 pp. This illustration appears in Plate 30 and the skeletal reconstruction is discussed on text pages 114-115 of the publication.


A Model Defined
A model is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality. A model can be simple but not represent the true situation.
Models are classified according to their degree of abstraction, into three groups:
Iconic (Scale): An iconic model, the least abstract, is a physical replica of a system, usually based on a different scale than the original. These may appear in three dimensions such as airplane, car or bridge models made to scale or a production line.
Analog: An analog model does not look like the real system but behaves like it. There are usually two-dimension charts or diagrams; i.e. they are physical models, but their shape differs from physical models, but their shape differs from that of the system. Some examples are:
- Organization charts that depict structure, authority and responsibility relationship.
- A map where different colors represent water or mountains.
- Stock market charts.
- Blueprints of a house etc.
Analog models are more abstract than iconic models.
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Mathematical: The complexity of relationships in some system cannot be represented physically, or the physical representation may be cumbersome and take time to construct or manipulate. Therefore, a more abstract model is used with the aid of mathematics. Most MS (or OR) analysis is executed with the aid of mathematical models. They can describe diverse situations and be easily manipulated for purposes of experimentation and prediction.
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text:
1 Introduction to Calculating PID Gains Symbollically
Peter Nachtway provided the meat of this article to me. (You can see the original file here.)
Peter had answered a problem on the sci.engr.control usenet group (the question that was asked can be found here). Here's the original question
The task: I will simulate a numerical PID under scicos. I use a Scifunc-Block. This block is triggered each ms. There I have following question:
1. The integral part of the PID has the form Yi = Yi + Ki * u1; The Problem: It seems, as Yi keeps not the value of the run before. Thus no integration is done. How can I reach, that Yi keeps this value?
2. Variable init: The variables are initialized in Diagram/context. Is this the correct place? is This init at "context" only done at the start of simulation and not every Scifunc-calling?
3. What else must be considered that the PID works propper?
There were some private conversations between Peter and Wolfgang. The result is the pdf I linked to above.
2 PID Control Problem Formulation
|Type 0 System with 2 poles|
The PID controller is
|Standard PID Controller|
The closed loop transfer function for a controller and second order velocity is
Let's start by evaluating
Substituting Eqn. 2 into Eqn. 1
} Multiply top and bottom by and get
The closed loop transfer function with characteristic equation in powers of s. Explicitly, the characteristic equations is
Based on design requirements we can construct a desired closed loop transfer function.
In this example the desired characteristic equation is
2.1 Symbollic Solution
Using Eqn. 5 and Eqn. 6 it is easily determined that
The values of K, A1, A0 are part of the plant model and therefore known at the time of the PID controller design. As a result there are 3 equations and 3 unknowns. Here are the values of Ki, Kp, adn Kd.
This example comes from _URL_
For this example
- M = 1 kg
- c = 10 Ns/m
- k = 20 N/m
- F = 1 N
- K = 1
- A1 = 10
- A0 = 20
So if we choose rad/sec then we get


text:
Hyman Brown, a professor of civil engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the project engineer on New York's World Trade Center, will present a public lecture Wednesday, Sept. 19, on the collapse of the landmark structure.
His talk, titled "The World Trade Center... Did We Make the Right Decisions in 1965?" will address such questions as why the buildings collapsed, whether anything could have been done during construction to minimize the disaster, and whether the towers should be rebuilt.
The free lecture will be presented at 7 p.m., Wednesday, Sept. 19, in the Math 100 Auditorium at Colorado Avenue and Folsom Street in Boulder.
Brown has taught in CU-Boulders's Construction Engineering and Management Program since 1994, after he retired from Tishman Realty & Construction Co., the contractor that built the World Trade Center towers. He was the project engineer for the towers from 1965 to 1971, before moving to Tishman's West Coast office.
According to Brown, who has been widely interviewed by the media since the Sept. 11 tragedy, the towers collapsed when the steel supports melted in the extreme heat of the fire ignited by thousands of gallons of jet fuel. The weight of the top 20 or more floors falling on the stories below then collapsed the whole structure.
Brown said that prior to the tragedy he was convinced that no man-made or natural force could lead to the collapse of any of the World Trade Center buildings.
His lecture will address such questions as: Should we have considered the effects of 24,000 gallons of aviation fuel burning? Was there something we could have done during construction to minimize the disaster?
In the wake of the tragedy, Brown has said that the Twin Towers should be rebuilt as a monument to American strength and refusal to give in to terrorism. He has estimated the cost of rebuilding at $3 billion.


3 Tips for Dramatic Effects with a Pocket Video Camera
A pocket camera is one of the most basic pieces of video equipment anyone can own since it is easy to carry and operate. However, even this little gizmo is capable of dramatic effects in photography with just a little creativity from its owner. Here are a few tips for creating dramatic effects with your pocket video camera.
1. Time Lapse Effect
This dramatic effect speeds up time, compressing a whole day into just a video clip of five minutes. You can use this for skyline videos to show the passing of hours or for plants to show their growth. All you need is the patience and consistency to take videos at certain times and connect them all in one clip.
2. Slow Motion Effect
Most mini-video cameras already have this camera feature; all you have to do is press the button and shoot. It is very important that the scene you are shooting has movement so ask those you are videotaping to expand their actions and facial expressions to maximize this effect.
3. Focus Effects
Change the focus of the camera to create a smoky or cloudy effect to create a dizzy feel. Shake the camera continually and have the actors move around to create an earthquake scene.


text:
Art & Artifacts from the
Artist unknown (Spanish), St.
_PHONE_, oil with gilt on panel,
63 1/2 x 26 in., SLU 07.1
In conjunction with St. Lawrence University's
Sesquicentennial in 2006, the Richard F. Brush Art Gallery presents
an exhibition of paintings, drawings, and other art objects and
artifacts from the Permanent Collection. Three projects are featured
in the exhibition. The first is a 15th-century Gothic panel painting
of the figure of St. Lawrence with the gridiron. Recently conserved
by Montserrat Le Mense at the Williamstown Art Conservation Center,
the painting was presented to the University in 1907 by Frederic
Everest Gunnison, son of Almon Gunnison, University president
at that time. Le Mense's research on the provenance of
the painting indicates that it originally hung in a Franciscan
monastery, La Rabida, in Palos de la Frontera, a southern Spanish
port town from which Christopher Columbus sailed in 1492. Her
lecture will describe the history of the painting and her extensive
work to conserve it.
John Button (American, born 1929), Soho
1975, gouache on paper,
Gif tof Dr. Richard T. and Odile (Leterrier) '51 Stern, SLU 2005.2
A significant component of the exhibition includes
ethnographic objects and artifacts such as Yoruba and Baule carvings
Africa, a visionary painting by Amazonian shaman Pablo Amaringo,
and Tibetan Buddhist thangka paintings. Students in Professor
Dorothy Limouze's fine arts course The Museum as Cultural
Crossroads share their research on these pieces in a public presentation,
exhibition text panels, and a longer printed brochure. According
to the syllabus for the course, students explored the museum "as
a largely western creation and as a lens through which the western
world views other cultures." Course topics included "the
growth of museums in the eras of colonial empires and superpowers;
the politics of collecting and public display; the role of museums
in constructing and communicating cultural difference; and the
new museum, as redefined by post-colonial and postmodern thought." Students
were also asked to problematize the notion of the exhibition
title, "one-of-a-kind," in light of art objects and
artifacts created for western and/or tourist markets.
Artist unknown (Jain), Jambu Dwipa, 18th century,
pigment on mounted cloth,
Gift of Michael E. Hoffman '64 and Melissa Harris, SLU 2005.17
In addition, the exhibition includes recent gifts
from St. Lawrence alumni and their families. In 2005, Melissa
Harris donated a
rare 18th-century painting that depicts Jain cosmology, in memory
of Michael E. Hoffman '64, a major benefactor of the Brush
Gallery in the years after his graduation. Dr. Richard and Odile
Stern donated several drawings and paintings in the last five
years by Christo, Larry Rivers, John Button, and John Kacere,
among other New York artists of the late 20th century. With great
sadness, the St. Lawrence community learned of Dick's death
on December 19, 2005. His warmth and generosity reflect the efforts
of many individuals over the years who have made St. Lawrence
The lecture and exhibition are
funded in party by the Barnes Endowment Fund, with thanks also
to Professor Emeritus Hugh '52 and Patricia Gunnison for their
initial support of the conservation of St. Lawrence.
Artist unknown (Tibetan Buddhist), untitled thankga
pigment on cloth,
In May 2005, Brush Art Gallery Director Cathy Tedford
and I began to talk about an exhibition that could be organized
by a class I would be teaching in the fall. The course, The Museum
as Cultural Crossroads, was created by me in 1993, in connection
with the faculty curricular seminar, Cultural Encounters. In
addition to being an upper level art history course, FA 325A
satisfies one of two requirements in comparative global or transnational
analysis within the Global Studies minor. The course is a critique
of the museum in the post-colonial era, focussing on the politics
of the collecting and public display of art from indigenous cultures
of western Africa and Canada. For much of the term, the students
read museological and anthropological writings by Douglas Cole,
Annie E. Coombes, Carol Duncan, Donna Haraway, Ruth B. Phillips,
Sally Price, and Christopher Steiner. Journal entries on the
readings and essays written about trips to the National Gallery,
Ottawa, and the Museum of Civilization, Hull, rounded out the
semester. However, this was the first time that an exhibition
could be included within the parameters of the course.
In September, the students chose works from a large group of
African, Asian, and Amazonian material in the Brush Art Gallery
Permanent Collection. They began their research in stages, completing
the bulk of the work on wall labels and longer brochure entries
in November and December, and on Monday evening, January 30,
2006, at 7 p.m., students from the class presented their research
to the public in gallery talks.
The students' research has unearthed information which
will be valuable additions to what we know about these objects.
Longer texts written by each of the students can be found in
the exhibition brochures. African objects come first in the brochures,
with essays written by Margaret Yoh '06, Allie Reece '06,
and Emily Broeman '06. Their texts problematize the notion
of authenticity in traditional African art, as well as preconceptions
that the western public often has regarding the way African art
should look. Andrew Feathers '07, Meghan Getsinger '06,
and Alexis Harrison '06 have written about Tibetan thangkas
(paintings on cloth) that have recently entered the University
art collection. Their essays deal with the issues of interpreting
complex subject matter in objects that have been removed from
their original contexts, and with the problems of collecting
Tibetan Art at a time when much material from that region is
being exported through illicit channels. The final essay, by
Danielle Devereaux '06, concerns a painting by the artist
Pablo Amaringo. This beautiful work syncretizes indigenous shamanic
practice and shamanic visions in a landscape composition which
is "western" in conception.
I congratulate all of the students on their hard
work and their many interesting discoveries. And most of all,
I thank Brush
Art Gallery Director Cathy Tedford and Assistant Director Carole
Mathey for their help with this project, from beginning to end.
Lynn and Terry Birdsong Associate Professor, Department of Fine
Mark Klett, Thanksgiving moonrise,
10' intervals, 11/25/04, 7.5 x 9 inches
The work in this exhibition comes from two projects. The
panoramas were made for Yosemite in Time, a collaboration
among writer Rebecca Solnit, photographer Byron Wolfe, and
myself. The project revisited and re-photographed sites of
historic photographs made in Yosemite National Park.
Our purpose was to understand how famous
photographs had guided our interpretations of the land and
of wilderness, and how we might visualize the relationship
between change and time. In the process, we discovered that
photographs turn the natural world into a kind of nature/culture/time
coordinate system for tracking different eras. Landscape
photographs become maps in four dimensions, capable of folding
and unfolding an experience of time. The process of making
each photograph provided a means to rediscover the place
in spite of its iconographic history.
Mark Klett and Byron Wolfe, Four views
from four times and one shoreline, Lake Tenaya,
Left to Right: Eadweard Muybridge, 1872 (Courtesy of The Bancroft
Library, University of California, Berkeley); Ansel Adams,
c. 1942 and Edward Weston, 1937 (Courtesy of the Center for
Photography, University of Arizona)
Back panels: Swatting high-country mosquitoes, 2002
24 x 66 inches (paper); 21 x 61 inches (image)
The second project, entitled Time Studies, was begun last
year in response to a question, "If photographs depict
a moment in time, how long is a moment?" A photograph
is usually metered in fractions of a second, but many of
these images were exposed over periods ranging from ten minutes
to two days, recording phenomena difficult to experience
as a single or discrete event. The result is another perspective
regarding duration or rates of change.
Mark Klett, 2 hours, 11/13/04,
7.5 x 9 inches
Together, the two projects explore several interesting
questions. How do we visualize the relationship between time,
and change? Is the measure of time a constant, or does
change itself become the true measure of time? Can we count
space or time to be immutable? What if time is not a simple
flow from past to present; can it be experienced as flowing
backwards? Can this perception alter the past as well as
Mark Klett graduated from


text:
Reishiki - the external expression of respect
In Iaido dojo you will practice with a wooden sword (Bokken), or a training sword (Iaito), or even a real Japanese sword with a cutting blade (Katana). There will be numerous people practicing, all in one room. Following the rules of etiquette ensures that no one gets injured. Also, following the rules of etiquette enhances practice in other ways. The teacher can more quickly determine skill levels when students line up in the order of rank. The ceremonial bowing serves as a concentration and focusing point; when bowing, practitioners shows respect for others. Maintaining observant silence allows students to focus their attention and practice reading body language. Cleaning the dojo after practice leaves it ready for the next group.
Always remember, reishiki comes from the heart and without sincere respect it will be only an empty gestures.
- Be on time.
- Do not make class wait.
- Finger and toe nails must be cut short and all jewelry removed.
- Remove shoes before entering.
- A sword should be untied and held in the right hand.
- Step directly in to the dojo.
- Do not block doorway.
- Stop and bow to Shinzen.
- Avoid drawing or pointing a sword toward Shinzen.
- Before practice, be sure your sword is in proper shape.
- Check the Mekugi.
- Place it at Shimoza (opposite side of room from shinzen) with the Ha to the wall.
- Never touch a sword without the owner's permission.
- Do not knock or step over any sword.
- The floor must be cleared and swept.
- Leave the Dojo ready for those who practice after you.
- Eating, drinking, and smoking are not allowed on the Dojo floor.
- When on the practice floor do not have private conversations other than iaido related subjects.
- Tell the teacher of any injuries or problems, or of having to leave early.
- Do not leave without permission.
- Do not speak when teacher is speaking.
- Thank the teacher.
- Show respect to other iaidoka (students)
- Do not draw directly towards others.
- Do not do anything that may distract or injure a fellow practitioner or spectator.


10.1.5. Semantics
Up: C++ Next: C++ Datatypes Previous: Class Member Functions for MPI
The semantics of the member functions constituting the C++ language binding for MPI are specified by the MPI function description itself. Here, we specify the semantics for those portions of the C++ language interface that are not part of the language binding. In this subsection, functions are prototyped using the type MPI:: rather than listing each function for every MPI class; the word can be replaced with any valid MPI class name (e.g., Group), except as noted.
Construction / Destruction The default constructor and destructor are prototyped as follows:
In terms of construction and destruction, opaque MPI user level objects behave like handles. Default constructors for all MPI objects except MPI::Status create corresponding MPI::*_NULL handles. That is, when an MPI object is instantiated, comparing it with its corresponding MPI::*_NULL object will return true. The default constructors do not create new MPI opaque objects. Some classes have a member function Create() for this purpose.
Example In the following code fragment, the test will return true and the message will be sent to cout.
void foo()
 MPI::Intracomm bar;
 if (bar == MPI::COMM_NULL)
 cout << "bar is MPI::COMM_NULL" << endl;
The destructor for each MPI user level object does not invoke the corresponding MPI_*_FREE function (if it exists).
MPI_*_FREE functions are not automatically invoked for the following reasons:
 1. Automatic destruction contradicts the shallow-copy semantics of the MPI classes.
 2. The model put forth in MPI makes memory allocation and deallocation the responsibility of the user, not the implementation.
 3. Calling MPI_*_FREE upon destruction could have unintended side effects, including triggering collective operations (this also affects the copy, assignment, and construction semantics). In the following example, we would want neither foo_comm nor bar_comm to automatically invoke MPI_*_FREE upon exit from the function.
 void example_function()
 MPI::Intracomm foo_comm(MPI::COMM_WORLD), bar_comm;
 bar_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD.Dup();
 // rest of function
( End of rationale.)
Copy / Assignment The copy constructor and assignment operator are prototyped as follows:
MPI::(const MPI::& data)
MPI::& MPI::::operator=(const MPI::& data)
In terms of copying and assignment, opaque MPI user level objects behave like handles. Copy constructors perform handle-based (shallow) copies. MPI::Status objects are exceptions to this rule. These objects perform deep copies for assignment and copy construction.
Advice to implementors.
Each MPI user level object is likely to contain, by value or by reference, implementation-dependent state information. The assignment and copying of MPI object handles may simply copy this value (or reference). ( End of advice to implementors.)
Example Example using assignment operator. In this example, MPI::Intracomm::Dup() is not called for foo_comm. The object foo_comm is simply an alias for MPI::COMM_WORLD. But bar_comm is created with a call to MPI::Intracomm::Dup() and is therefore a different communicator than foo_comm (and thus different from MPI::COMM_WORLD). baz_comm becomes an alias for bar_comm. If one of bar_comm or baz_comm is freed with MPI_COMM_FREE it will be set to MPI::COMM_NULL. The state of the other handle will be undefined --- it will be invalid, but not necessarily set to MPI::COMM_NULL.
 MPI::Intracomm foo_comm, bar_comm, baz_comm;
 foo_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD;
 bar_comm = MPI::COMM_WORLD.Dup();
 baz_comm = bar_comm;
The comparison operators are prototyped as follows:
bool MPI::::operator==(const MPI::& data) const
bool MPI::::operator!=(const MPI::& data) const
The member function operator==() returns true only when the handles reference the same internal MPI object, false otherwise. operator!=() returns the boolean complement of operator==(). However, since the Status class is not a handle to an underlying MPI object, it does not make sense to compare Status instances. Therefore, the operator==() and operator!=() functions are not defined on the Status class.
Constants Constants are singleton objects and are declared const. Note that not all globally defined MPI objects are constant. For example, MPI::COMM_WORLD and MPI::COMM_SELF are not const.
Return to MPI-2 Standard Index
Return to MPI 1.1 Standard Index
Return to MPI Forum Home Page
MPI-2.0 of July 18, 1997
HTML Generated on September 10, 2001


text:
High quality fur production requires proper breeding stock, good management and optimally composed feed. The feed is without question the most important part of the production as it influences the growth, the health, the reproduction and of course the fur quality of the animals. Cooperation with Lassén Feed Consult will ensure that your feed is always optimally composed.
Lassén Feed Consult uses the feed optimization program AgroSoft WinOpti.
Small Animal feed is made from by-products from the food industry and can be categorized into either protein, fat,- or carbohydrate-based raw materials. Each raw material has its own specific nutritional content. Taste and other characteristics may vary from raw material to raw material even if the raw materials in question are nutritionally identical. Most raw materials are used fresh or frozen, ensiled or heat treated. The different ways of preservation greatly impact the nutritional content of the raw materials. The raw materials in each feed mixture must complement each other optimally and correspond to the nutritional needs of the animals in each specific period. Lassén Feed Consult has exhaustive data on most raw materials used in animal feed.
RAW MATERIALS AND FEED QUALITY
Use of low quality raw materials will always result in unsatisfactory feed mixtures that, as formerly mentioned, diminish the production result. Low quality not only refers to poor nutritional composition but also poor hygienic (microbiological) quality which results in the formation of many unwanted chemical substances, such as biogenic amines and volatile nitrogenous compounds. Feed containing fungal toxins (mycotoxins) will always harm the production result.
High-quality raw materials and feed are obtained using risk management and self-monitoring programmes along with a specific analysis programme designed in accordance with the selected raw materials and feed mixtures. Lassén Feed consult is highly proficient at developing risk management plans, self-monitoring programmes in accordance with the HACCP-principles, analysis programmes and at evaluating test results.
RESEARCH AND STUDIES
Several rigorous studies have determined how various raw materials influence the reproduction, the growth and the fur quality of the animals. These studies have determined the optimal composition of raw materials in various feed mixtures. In Denmark, a number of nutrient digestibility studies on minks have determined how efficiently the animals utilize different raw materials. Furthermore, production studies are also common. In a production study, varying amounts of a raw material are included in different feed mixtures, which are then evaluated over a long period of time to determine how the raw material affects the well-being, the growth and the fur


text:
To grow a handlebar mustache, stop trimming your mustache, and create a part in the center. Comb it regularly, and apply mustache wax every morning. Once the hair is long enough, twirl the ends to create the distinctive handlebar shape.Continue Reading
Start a mustache, and let it keep growing. Do not trim the mustache, even when the hair grows over your lips.
Once the hair has grown at least 1/2 of an inch, use a mustache comb to train the hair. Part the mustache in the middle. Comb the hair from under the nose to either the left or the right. Do this several times a day.
Once the hair has grown at least 3/4 of an inch, apply mustache wax. Once you get out of the shower, keep the hair slightly wet. Take a dab of mustache wax, and emulsify it in your fingers. Start in the center, and work the wax into the hairs. Use the mustache comb to spread the wax more evenly.
Continue to shave your chin and cheeks. Be careful when shaving around the mustache so that you do not shorten the hairs.
Once hair on the ends of the lips has enough of a free edge, use the mustache wax to shape the handlebars. Apply wax directly to the free edges. Twist the ends with your fingertips, and curl the tips up. For a tighter curl, wind the ends around a pen.


text:
|PDF (140 KB)|
Appendix A: Where to find evidence-based interventions
The following web sites can be useful in finding evidence-based educational interventions. These sites use varying criteria for determining which interventions are supported by evidence, but all distinguish between randomized controlled trials and other types of supporting evidence. We recommend that, in navigating these web sites, you use this Guide to help you make independent judgments about whether the listed interventions are supported by "strong" evidence, "possible" evidence, or neither.
The What Works Clearinghouse (_URL_ established by the U.S. Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences to provide educators, policymakers, and the public with a central, independent, and trusted source of scientific evidence of what works in education.
The Promising Practices Network (_URL_ web site highlights programs and practices that credible research indicates are effective in improving outcomes for children, youth, and families.
Blueprints for Violence Prevention (_URL_ is a national violence prevention initiative to identify programs that are effective in reducing adolescent violent crime, aggression, delinquency, and substance abuse.
The International Campbell Collaboration (_URL_ offers a registry of systematic reviews of evidence on the effects of interventions in the social, behavioral, and educational arenas.
Social Programs That Work (_URL_ offers a series of papers developed by the Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy on social programs that are backed by rigorous evidence of effectiveness.


The Problem
Imagine a very long and delicate gold chain. The chain is hopelessly snarled. Your task is to disentangle the chain.
How do you set about this task? Do you hurry?
Probably not. You need to be patient. Tugging on the chain only draws the knots tighter. Tightening the knots disfigures the links. Pull too hard and the chain breaks.
Do you set the chain aside to work on something else?
Probably not. The chain won't become disentangled on its own. Delays accomplish nothing but more time with a problem.
What to do? What to do?
The task is relatively simple. Locate a knot and loosen it. If possible, draw a length of chain free from an encircling loop. If not, find another knot to loosen. Keep going until, eventually, the entire chain slides free.
Society is like a lot of people untangling a long gold chain together. When one person starts to work a tiny piece free, someone else jerks it tight. Trying to work a different piece free.
Time passes. Knots gather and tighten. Links bend and break.
The Solution
Discuss government, industry, education, technology, social justice, and other subjects of interest. Listen and learn. Talk and be heard.
Cross Divides
Take advantage of different ways of thinking, knowledge, experience, interests, and expectations. Benefit from differences instead of fighting them.
Find ways to improve society in cooperation with—and without opposition from—others.
Feel safe discussing anything with anyone.
Meet and develop meaningful friendships over time.
The Stir Center
Discussion Groups
Discuss subjects of mutual interest. All ideas welcome. Groups figure out ways for competing ideas to work well together.
Discussion groups facilitated for lively participation and understanding between attendees.
Minimal rules. Minimal formality. Participants manage their own conduct and involvement. Reasonable standards of conduct expected for the health and safety of the group.
Everyone is quick to see what they already know. Stir Center requires patience to let others catch up.
No discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or politics. Everyone welcome.
Stir Center NFP is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization registered in the state of Washington. Donations are tax deductible.


California Scientific
1000 SW Powell Ct
Oak Grove, MO 64075
BrainMaker Neural Network Software
BrainMaker Recognizes Mosquitoes in Flight
A neural network was trained to recognize two species and both sexes of mosquitoes. The frequency of the wingbeat is unique to each sex of each species. The neural network was given information about the wingbeat frequency and correctly classified the insects with a mean accuracy of 98%. Discriminant analysis had provided an accuracy rate of 84%. Even though the mosquitoes were of very similar species, the neural network had no trouble distinguishing them. Potential uses for this type of network include population/biological studies, pollination studies, evaluation of repellents and attractant, pest control, etc.
Aubrey Moore of the Maui Agricultural Research Station, University of Hawaii, developed this network to assess the feasibility of automatically identifying insects in flight. A photosensor was used to detect fluctuations in light intensity caused by reflections off individual mosquitoes flying through a light beam. Digital recording of the photosensor signals were made with an analog-to-digital recorder. A change in light intensity triggered storage of 512 samples. Each signal was converted to a 256-wide frequency spectrum using a Fast Fourier Transform. One input was assigned for each of the 256 spectrum slices. One output was defined for each of the sex/species combinations for a total of four outputs.
The training set used 403 samples, approximately 100 for each sex/species combination. The network was tested on 57 samples. The species and sex of every mosquito in the testing set was identified correctly by the network.
frequency content of wingbeat waveform:
0 to 19.5 Hz
19.5 to 39.1 Hz
(256 inputs)
4960.1 to 4980.5 Hz
4980.5 to 5000.0 Hz
male species A
female species A
male species B
female species B


text: Janice Thompson is from the Sto:lo Nation located in British Columbia. She is an activist for human rights, women's rights, environmental rights, Indigenous rights, animal rights and low income family rights. Janice is an active member of her community and loves to volunteer for various causes; she specializes in canvass work. Janice has been involved with Force of Nature for the past year and enjoys creating new relationships. Janice's network includes people and organizations that share the common interests of promoting Indigenous rights, helping to create a low carbon footprint, utilizing and promoting renewable energies, stopping fossil fuel expansion, and promoting provincial and federal leaders who are working on climate solutions.


Documentation Center
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Memory used by the current session
Use only in the MuPAD Notebook Interface.
This functionality does not run in MATLAB.
bytes() returns the current memory consumption.
bytes returns the following three numbers:
 - The number of bytes used logically; this is the amount of memory which is actually used for storing MuPAD® data.
 - The number of bytes physically allocated by the memory management; this is the amount of memory MuPAD has allocated from the operating system. The difference between the physical and the logical bytes is the amount of memory which has already been reserved for future calculations.
 - The maximum number of bytes ever allocated from the operating system during the current session. This value never decreases, not even on a call to reset.
Example 1
In a freshly started MuPAD session, bytes may return the following data on the memory consumption of the session:
Each computation increases the memory usage:
sin(PI): bytes()
solve(x-1=0, x): bytes()
Return Values
Sequence of three integers.
See Also
MuPAD Functions
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