Does freight class even matter?
What is Freight Class?
Freight class is a transportation term used to categorize freight shipped within the United States. Set by the NMFTA (National Motor Freight Traffic Association), the class can be one of many, 18 in all, from a low of class 50 to a high of class 500.
A freight class is primarily determined by four major characteristics: Density, Stowability, Handling, and Liability. The total grade among these four characteristics determines its class.
The Big Four
Density - The density of a package is the general strength and resistance to impacts. Dense items tend to have a high rating, since their sheer size and structure tends to make them more safe. On the other hand, a light or fragile item may have a lower score because of an increased likelihood of damage during a shipment.
Stowability - This part refers to how well something can be stowed and transported. Generally speaking, rectangular boxes are considered the best suited for stowability, while an unusually-shaped item may be much harder to stow in a given form of transportation and require special consideration.
Handling - This refers to how easy it is for workers and customers to handle. Special traits of a package may result in a better handling score than expected, for example, a lightweight item is usually very easy to handle and move around when storing, on the other hand a heavier one may be much harder to handle properly.
Liability - This is an extremely important consideration for most forms of transportation. Insurance is often purchased (especially for valuable items) as a way of mitigating the problems, but dangerous items may have an impact on those around them during shipment. If the individual or business liable for damages is known and accepted, this grade will probably be higher.
Does any of this matter?
Oh yes, it does. However, don't place too much weight on the total score of any oneitem. While this does provide an instant, one-glance check for the overall ability of the item being transported, it's much more important to understand why it received the scores it did and how this can be used to change its packaging.
The use of packaging can impact on the scores greatly - especially the first three. Sturdy packaging can increase the density and protect fragile items... while thinner packaging may be all that's needed for something that's already quite tough. Using packaging to simplify the shape can increase the stowability of the item in question, which may or may not lead to a better handling score. Simple items like handles can also have a big impact on the handling score.
The general rule of thumb is "The higher the class, the higher the cost".
The Practical Application
By using the NMFC (National Motor Freight Classification) system, shipping managers on both ends have a better idea of what to expect from any given package, and the carrier can rate them accordingly. Carriers usually prefer to handle "safer" and "denser" items (like bricks) which would result in a low freight class, hence a better rates. In other words, the class is crucial because it can save a lot of money if used correctly. To get the best shipping rate, it is imperative that the commodity is classed accurately.


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Editing layout's modifiers table is another major function of the Low level editor. The entire lower half of the Low level window is dedicated to this task.
Modifier keys do not produce any characters themselves, but their combined state (on/off) defines which (if any) characters are generated by character-producing keys. KbdEdit supports four standard modifiers: SHIFT, CTRL, ALT and the less known KANA modifier.
Active vs. Unused modifier combinations
Combined state of all modifier keys defines a modifier combination. As each modifier can have two states (on/off), the total number of all possible combinations is 2 ^ . For the most common case of 3 enabled modifiers (SHIFT, CTRL, ALT), there are 8 theoretically possible combinations.
Depending on a particular layout, not all possible combinations are actually needed. For instance, standard US English keyboard uses only 4 combinations (BASE, SHIFT, CTRL and SHIFT+CTRL). ALT combinations are not used at all, and most keys do not even have a CTRL or CTRL+SHIFT mapping. The layouts that do use ALT do so only for a limited number of ALT combinations, typically only ALT+CTRL and sometimes SHIFT+ALT+CTRL.
To avoid redundant empty high-level mappings for unneeded combinations, a list of used combinations can be defined, separating them from the unused ones.
Modifier combinations that are valid for a given layout are displayed in the Active modifier combinations list. The combinations shown here are available for mapping in the High level editor. Remaining combinations are listed in the Unused modifier combinations.
Combinations can be moved from one list to the other using the buttons '←' (left arrow) and '→' (right arrow). The number of active combinations is limited to 10 for practical reasons.
When a combination is removed from the "active" list, all of its "high-level" mappings are lost too. In this case KbdEdit will prompt you to confirm this potentially destructive operation.
Modifier combinations appear in the High level view in the same order as in the "Active modifier combinations" list. This order too can be changed: the buttons '↑' (up arrow) and '↓' (down arrow) move the current combination up and down.
BASE combination (no modifier pressed) is somewhat special: it is always active, and must be the first element in the list of active combinations.
Modifier virtual codes
For standard SHIFT, CTRL and ALT modifiers separate virtual codes exist for "left" and "right" versions: left SHIFT is represented by VK_LSHIFT, right SHIFT by VK_RSHIFT, and the same goes for VK_LCTRL/VK_RCTRL and VK_LMENU/VK_RMENU. The distinction between "left" and "right" variants is immaterial to the end user; it exists only to make it easier for Windows to handle keyboard input.
ALT modifier's virtual code is named VK_xMENU instead of something like VK_ALT. The reason is historical: initially, the primary function of the ALT key was keyboard navigation through Windows menus.
KbdEdit allows KANA virtual code to be set to either VK_KANA or VK_OEM_8. This is done through the KANA mapped to combo box, which is enabled if KANA is enabled. KANA modifier is special in that it behaves differently depending on which virtual key it is mapped to:
KbdEdit does not check if the necessary modifier virtual codes are actually mapped to physical keys – it is up to the user to verify that the low-level mappings are correct. If CTRL is enabled, but no physical keys are mapped to VK_xCTRL, this modifier will effectively be turned off, which might or might not be the intent.
Each modifier can be turned on/off using a checkbox placed next to its name. If a modifier is turned off, all combinations it is part of are removed from "Active" and "Unused" lists. All "high-level" mappings for the removed "Active" combinations are also deleted.
You should keep in mind that even if you deactivate the "modifier" function of a modifier key (by turning its check box off), the modifier key's virtual code will still keep its non-modifier functions. For instance, if you deactivate ALT modifier, Windows system shortcuts involving the Alt key will still be accessible (task switching using Alt+Tab, application menu access through Alt+ etc).
To completely disable a modifier key, including all keyboard shortcuts it is part of, it is necessary to remove the modifier virtual code from the underlying physical key(s). This is done either by assigning an "empty" code to the physical key (as described in Editing virtual key mappings), or by assigning it a different virtual code which effectively changes the key's function.
Using the same example, ALT key is completely disabled by removing the underlying virtual keys VK_LMENU and VK_RMENU from the layout. The physical keys can be either disabled (assigning VK__none_), or their function can be changed by assigning a virtual code other than VK_LMENU / VK_RMENU / VK__none_.
Three special flags enable additional modifier-related fine tuning: "Uses AltGR", "SHIFTLOCK" and "LRM RLM".
As stated above, ALT modifier is rarely used alone. It is almost always used in conjunction with CTRL, treating the combination CTRL+ALT as a "virtual" modifier key called ALTGR.
If Uses AltGr is checked, "ALTGR" is shown instead of "CTRL+ALT" throughout the KbdEdit GUI. This is not a mere cosmetic change: in "Uses AltGr" layouts, right ALT is also treated differently by Windows: pressing it has exactly the same effect as pressing CTRL and (left) ALT together.
A less known special flag SHIFTLOCK can be used to change the interplay of SHIFT and Caps Lock: if SHIFTLOCK is checked, Caps Lock is turned off by pressing SHIFT (normally, Caps Lock is turned off by pressing the Caps Lock key again).
The default effect of Caps Lock on SHIFT is somewhat counter-intuitive: the SHIFT state is effectively inverted while Caps Lock is On (see Caps Lock-related special settings). SHIFTLOCK can be used to correct this problem: it makes SHIFT behave in a predictable fashion independently of Caps Lock state.
LRM-RLM flag is useful for languages like Arab or Hebrew which are written from right to left. If LRM-RLM is checked, two special shortcuts are activated which enable the keyboard to be used in bidirectional mode:
Back to Low-level editor
Copyright © KbdSoft 2007-2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Oily Urine: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Are you tired weeding through various articles about Oily Urine available online?
If yes, then don't worry! We will resolve your every query in this influential guide that covers everything you need to know about Oily Urine, its symptoms, and treatment required to remove this problem.
FIRST, let us understand…
Sometimes when an individual goes to the bathroom, he can see some traces of oil which are floating on the water in the Urine.
Oily Urine is a condition that generally happens when the body of an individual begins burning the fat instead of glucose for getting energy.
This process results in the production of a byproduct, which are known Ketones. These ketones can be detected if different tests are run like a breath test, blood test, and even the urine test.
If the number of ketones in Urine goes above a threshold level, then this results in giving an oily look to the Urine.
In this article, we will try to look at the causes, symptom, and the treatment for the problem of Oily Urine. Please stay with us until the end of the article.
Symptoms of Oily Urine
The following are the symptoms of oily Urine.
- If the individual feels pain while urinating.
- If the person has frequent high fevers.
- If a person has an ongoing problem of diarrhea, vomits, or nausea.
- If a person feels abdominal pain.
- If a person is getting concentrated and dark Urine.
- If a person is urinating less often.
- If a person is suffering from dry mouth.
- Blood in the Urine is also a symptom for oily Urine.
If any of the above symptoms are seen in the individual regularly, then rush to your nearest specialist doctor and take consultation from him regarding the same.
If this problem is not tackled in the early stage, then this can grow and turn into something massive and difficult to treat.
Causes and Treatment for Oily Urine
There are various reasons which can lead to the problem of oily Urine. Some of the major ones are as follows:
In the situation of ketosis, a person has the presence of ketones in their Urine. This happens when the body begins to burn the fat instead of burning the glucose to make energy.
Thus, as a byproduct of this process, ketones are produced.
Many factors can contribute to the formation of ketones in the Urine. Some of them are having eating disorders, diabetes, performing high energy and intensity exercises, if a person is suffering from digestive disorders etc.
Many people around the globe, intentionally go on the ketogenic diet to induce the ketones in their body.
Treatment – Ketosis can be treated by the proper management of diet and ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and supplements.
Dehydration is another primary reason behind the problem of oily Urine. Dehydration occurs when the amount of water present in the body of an individual gets reduced.
This also happens when the body is releasing more fluid then what it is in taking. Thus, with less amount of water in the Urine, the Urine becomes more concentrated.
This makes the other substances like fats and oils more visible in the Urine.
Dehydration is caused not only due to less intake of water but can also be caused due to vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, etc. Some of the conditions like strep throat also hamper the intake of any fluid during eating or drinking.
Treatment – The initial stages of dehydration can be treated by increasing the intake of fluids like water, glucose, juices, etc. But if the dehydration is of advanced level, then intravenous fluids need to be given to the patient for the complete recovery.
Some of the vitamins which we taken via food or drinks are water-soluble. Vitamins like vitamin B and vitamin C are the vitamins that are not stored in the body tissues.
If These vitamins are consumed in a quantity that is more than the requirement. Then the additional vitamins are expelled out of the body through the urinary tract.
These additional vitamins can alter the color and the concentration of the Urine. They can result in making the Urine darker in color.
Treatment – Water-soluble vitamins are not harmful to the body of the individual as it can be drained out. But in this case, you can try avoiding their intake to check whether the problem is because of them or not.
During the time of pregnancy, the hormonal imbalance is prevalent in the body of the females. Due to this, the urine concentration and texture changes, and there are high chances of getting oily Urine.
Also, during the pregnancy period, the amount of ketones in the Urine tends to rise. This results in making the Urine concentrated and oily.
But, the fact is that the presence of oily Urine is not a matter of concern during pregnancy. But still, to be on the safer side, it is better to go and consult a doctor as pregnancy is something that cannot be taken lightly.
Treatment – As such, there is no treatment required in this case as the hormonal imbalances are likely to happen during pregnancy. A regular check-up with the doctor would suffice in this case.
It is essential to understand that the steps mentioned above are the most common methods to cure the problem of Oily Urine.
In this guide, we have tried to cover the symptoms, causes, and remedies for the particular problem of getting Oily Urine.
That's not all! It should always be kept in mind that all these methods should not be done regularly, as this will affect the natural process of the body.
Also, it should always be held in the mind that one should not practice this without consulting any physician as they can result in some ill effect on the health of the individual.
Keep Drinking Lots of Water and Keep Reading Our Articles!!!!
Sharing is caring! Your love and support motivates us!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a thin and strong string?
It is difficult to hold a school bag having a thin strap because the pressure on the shoulders is quite large. This is because the pressure is inversely proportional to the surface area on which the force acts. The smaller is the surface area; the larger will be the pressure on the surface. In the case of a thin strap, the contact surface area is very small. Hence, the pressure exerted on the shoulder is very large.
- Thrust and Pressure - Pressure in Fluids


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Adaptive Noise Canceling (ANC) Applied to Fetal Electrocardiography
This example shows how to apply adaptive filters to noise removal using adaptive noise canceling. The example uses a user interface (UI) which can be launched by typing the command HelperAdaptiveNoiseCancellation. For more details, see 'Example Architecture' below.
In adaptive noise canceling, a measured signal d(n) contains two signals: - an unknown signal of interest v(n) - an interference signal u(n) The goal is to remove the interference signal from the measured signal by using a reference signal x(n) that is highly correlated with the interference signal. The example considered here is an application of adaptive filters to fetal electrocardiography, in which a maternal heartbeat signal is adaptively removed from a fetal heartbeat sensor signal. This example is adapted from Widrow, et al, "Adaptive noise canceling: Principles and applications," Proc. IEEE®, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. _PHONE_, December 1975.
Creating the Maternal Heartbeat Signal
In this example, we shall simulate the shapes of the electrocardiogram for both the mother and fetus. We use a 4000 Hz sampling rate. The heart rate for this signal is approximately 89 beats per minute, and the peak voltage of the signal is 3.5 millivolts.
Creating the Fetal Heartbeat Signal
The heart of a fetus beats noticeably faster than that of its mother, with rates ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. The amplitude of the fetal electrocardiogram is also much weaker than that of the maternal electrocardiogram. The following series of commands creates an electrocardiogram signal corresponding to a heart rate of 139 beats per minute and a peak voltage of 0.25 millivolts.
The Measured Maternal Electrocardiogram
The maternal electrocardiogram signal is obtained from the chest of the mother. The goal of the adaptive noise canceller in this task is to adaptively remove the maternal heartbeat signal from the fetal electrocardiogram signal. The canceller needs a reference signal generated from a maternal electrocardiogram to perform this task. Just like the fetal electrocardiogram signal, the maternal electrocardiogram signal will contain some additive broadband noise.
The Measured Fetal Electrocardiogram
The measured fetal electrocardiogram signal from the abdomen of the mother is usually dominated by the maternal heartbeat signal that propagates from the chest cavity to the abdomen. We shall describe this propagation path as a linear FIR filter with 10 randomized coefficients. In addition, we shall add a small amount of uncorrelated Gaussian noise to simulate any broadband noise sources within the measurement.
Applying the Adaptive Noise Canceller
The adaptive noise canceller can use most any adaptive procedure to perform its task. For simplicity, we shall use the least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive filter with 15 coefficients and a step size of 0.00007. With these settings, the adaptive noise canceller converges reasonably well after a few seconds of adaptation--certainly a reasonable period to wait given this particular diagnostic application.
Recovering the Fetal Heartbeat Signal
The output signal y(n) of the adaptive filter contains the estimated maternal heartbeat signal, which is not the ultimate signal of interest. What remains in the error signal e(n) after the system has converged is an estimate of the fetal heartbeat signal along with residual measurement noise. Using the error signal, can you estimate the heart rate of the fetus?
Example Architecture
The command HelperAdaptiveNoiseCancellationHelperAdaptiveNoiseCancellation launches a user interface designed to interact with the simulation. It also launches a time scope to view the the measured fetal hearbeat as well as the measured maternal heartbeat and the extracted fetal heartbeat.
Using a Generated MEX File
Using MATLAB Coder, you can generate a MEX file for the main processing algorithm by executing the command HelperANCCodeGenerationHelperANCCodeGeneration. You can use the generated MEX file by executing the command HelperAdaptiveNoiseCancellation(true).
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The bitcoin white paper says that spent transactions get pruned after being buried behind enough blocks:
 1. Reclaiming Disk Space
At some future point after a transaction gets pruned, couldn't the original recipient of that transaction then claim that she did not receive the correct amount of payment without worrying about anyone being able to disprove her because the transaction no longer exists in the blockchain?
Sure, but so what? I can make all kinds of false claims that nobody can disprove.
We only care about two things:
1) Can someone who actually has funds prove that they have those funds?
2) Can we ensure that somebody who does not have funds cannot prove that they have funds?
So long as we meet these two criteria, there is no problem. It's perfectly fine if people can make claims to have funds that we cannot disprove, so long as they cannot prove them.
Your Answer


Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits - various helpers for Gtk2::TreeView
 use Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits;
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::toggle_expand_row ($treeview, $path)
Toggle the row at $path between expanded or collapsed. $path is a Gtk2::TreePath.
This is a simple combination of check row_expanded then either expand_row or collapse_row. It's handy for making a toggle in the style of the Space key (toggle-cursor-row), but say on a button press rather than the cursor row.
See examples/ in the Gtk2-Ex-WidgetBits sources for a complete program using this under a row-activate signal.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::remove_selected_rows ($treeview)
Remove the currently selected rows of $treeview from the underlying TreeModel. If nothing is selected then do nothing.
Rows are removed using $model->remove() as per Gtk2::ListStore or Gtk2::TreeStore. The model doesn't have to be a ListStore or TreeStore, only something with a compatible remove() method.
Currently this is implemented by tracking rows to be removed using a Gtk2::TreeRowReference on each and removing them one by one. This isn't fast, but is safe against additional changes to the model or the selection during the removals.
Gtk2::Ex::TreeViewBits::scroll_cursor_to_path ($treeview, $path)
Move the TreeView cursor to $path, expanding and scrolling if necessary to ensure the row is then visible.
This function is a combination of expand_row(), set_cursor() and scroll_to_cell(), except the scroll is skipped if $path is already fully visible. Avoiding a scroll is good because it avoids content jumping around when merely moving to different nearby rows.
When a scroll is done the row is centred in the $treeview window. If the row is bigger than the window then it's positioned at the start of the window.
As of Gtk 2.12.12, if a TreeView is in fixed-height-mode and the last row is unexpanded then a scroll_cursor_to_path() to a sub-row of it doesn't scroll correctly. It expands, moves the cursor, but the scroll goes only to that last parent row, not the intended sub-row. Believe this is a bug in Gtk.
Gtk2::TreeView, Gtk2::Ex::WidgetBits


Water Leakage Singapore
Water Leakage Singapore
Are you facing wаtеr leakage in your hоuѕеhоld or office? It must be frustrating for you to see new leaks after you have attempted to patch the area, isn't it? The damage by water leakage leaves stains in thе hоuѕе thаt аrе hard tо rеmоvе. Additiоnаllу, it саn аffесt one's health because оf the mоld thаt dеvеlорѕ in аrеаѕ thаt аrе not properly сlеаnеd.
If уоu аrе еxреriеnсing this vаriоuѕ tуреѕ оf рrоblеmѕ, fret not. There are many water leakage contractors in Singapore that offer services thаt inсludе rеmоving wаtеr ѕtаinѕ, cracks, mоld and leakage.
How Do We Stop Water Leakages?
Stopping water leakage is оnе оf thе ѕеrviсеѕ оffеrеd by Waterproofing Care. We follow step by ѕtер procedures tо mаkе our ѕеrviсе еffесtivе. Thе firѕt action thаt we uѕuаllу dо iѕ to inѕресt уоur hоmе or office. The process will аllоw our staff tо check thе whоlе area to find the root cause of the leakage problem. We use leakage detection tools to determine the source of leaks. Removing the damage саuѕеd by wаtеr will depend оn the type of problem you are encountering. If the water leakage is small, the procedure could be a simple one by applying a seal or PU injection grouting method. But if the water leakage is persistent, thе рrосеѕѕ of wаtеr rеmоvаl can be rather comprehensive to the extent of reconstructing the affected area.
What Causes Water Leakage?
Why would there be leakages in the first place? The thin layer of waterproof membrane underneath the wall or floor concrete tends to wear off after a few years. In addition, due to the hot humid weather in Singapore, the foundation of a building may expand or contract, resulting in cracks in various areas like walls, concealed pipes. Withоut new wаtеrproofing, the various areas in your building оr foundation iѕ ѕuѕсерtiblе tо wаtеr seepage and eventually leakages.
Why Choose Waterproofing Care To Resolve Water Leakage
Proper wаtеrproofing iѕ very imроrtаnt for уоur home and office аѕ it саn hеlр уоu tо prevent water leakage еffiсiеntlу. Nо mаttеr hоw ѕlight or ѕеvеrе thе water leak is on the HDB ceiling, external walls or bathroom floors, do give us a call at for a consultation. Our friendly water leakage specialist is more than happy to assist you.
Enquiry Form
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An Introduction to Dynamic Treatment Regimes
Recent public investments for comparative effectiveness studies have drawn attention to appropriate methods for designing such studies and analyzing comparative effectiveness data. Of particular concern is how we can best understand heterogeneity in outcomes among patients and translate that understanding to clinical practice. Treatment of patients with chronic diseases or disorders involves a series of decisions made over time. Providers periodically adjust, change, modify, or discontinue interventions based on the patient's observed progress, side effects, compliance, and so on, with the goal of "individualizing" treatment to the patient. A "dynamic treatment regime," also referred to as an "adaptive treatment strategy," is a set of formal, sequential "decision rules" that operationalize this process, where each rule corresponds to a key decision point at which a treatment decision is to be made based on information on the patient up to that point. Dynamic treatment regimes leading to the most desirable outcomes can be estimated based on longitudinal data from suitably designed clinical trials using so-called "learning" methods. This presentation sets the stage for the following two talks by providing an introduction to dynamic treatment regimes, to so-called Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs), and to the basic premise of learning methods.


What Are Dos and Don'ts Of Feeding Creatures In Your Backyard?
If you have a backyard in your house, doesn't matter how small of big it is, you can sit outside and relax through the year. A nice backyard with beautiful landscaping makes a house your home, where you make some of the finest memories. Birds and animals bring life and mood that backyard, it is lovely to see these birds and animals do their thing to maintain perfect balance of Mother Nature. Your backyard is a natural habitat to numerous creatures.
You can play your role in maintaining a sustainable ecosystem by providing feed to animals and birds in backyard. Feeding wild creatures is easier said than done. There are few factors which should be kept under consideration. In this article we have explained few of the factors
Proper Planning
Anything done without proper planning and knowledge is a recipe of disaster. To avoid any disaster, conduct thorough research on spices residing in your backyard. From their eating habits to how they live and breed, you should know it all. Once you have enough information plan or make appropriate changes to your backyard.
Right Type of Feed
What Are Dos and Don'ts Of Feeding Creatures In Your Backyard?
Every species of animals and birds have a different preference of feed which they consume. Try to provide feed which is closest to what they eat when in forests i.e fresh organic food. It is important to maintain appropriate balance of nutrition in mixed feed. Few of the most commonly used foods include seeds, nuts, sunflower seeds, alfalfa pellets and much more.
Ample Water Recourse
What Are Dos and Don'ts Of Feeding Creatures In Your Backyard?
Just like any other living organism every bird or animal living in backyard needs hydration. Water should be made available in backyard according to how they like to consume water while being safe from other animals they might harm them. Few like running water while few like to sip from hanging water resources.
Once you have knowledge of what resides in your backyard, make proper arrangements for its cover and breeding. It's ideal to plant different trees and provide natural food and water resources. Another way is to let habitat grow its self by leaving natural debris around the backyard. Debris can include fallen leaves, broken branches and naked surface. All these species work together in sync to develop a habitat that suits every creature.
Use Feeders to Feed
What Are Dos and Don'ts Of Feeding Creatures In Your Backyard?
As mentioned earlier, every bird or animal likes to feed differently. Birds like to feed from higher surfaces or positions, so it is ideal to hang bird feeders around the backyard and on the trees. Gazing animals like deer feed while standing, it is better to get ready made deer feeders or make one yourself. Best deer feeders keep expensive feed safe from other animals and moisture making it last much longer.
Safety Measures
You are responsible for well-being and safety of species in your backyard. Keep such habitats away from busy streets and vehicles. Fast moving cars can run over innocent animals can cause a disaster.
For more latest content, visit Jim Blog.


Case in grammar
From Hull AWE
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The grammatical term case refers to a marker of the function a noun, or noun phrase, performs in a clause. In Present-day English, there are three cases. These can only be seen in a few pronouns which inflect for case. (Other languages can have up to fifteen cases, and nouns and adjectives may also inflect for case. In these languages - but not in English - adjectives tend to agree with the nouns they qualify.)
The three cases in English are listed below, with examples from the 1st person singular personal pronoun, I, me, my.
 - The subjective (traditionally 'nominative') case. This is the case for the Subject of a clause - the 'do-er' of the verb. Example: "I' did it."
 - The objective (traditionally 'accusative') case - the case used for the Direct Object of a Clause: the person on whom the action of the verb was performed. E.g. "The dog bit me."
 - The possessive (or 'genitive') case - the case that marks the 'possession', or ownership, by the person. E.g. "My family."
Case in English is only marked in the pronouns. For some examples and common problems that arise, see:
You are unlikely in ordinary use to hear of many of the other cases. Three exceptions apply when academics may be talking about Latin or Greek, or many other more modern languages.
 - the vocative case marks the person to whom you are speaking. (It is sometimes shown, in older English, with the syllable 'O!' or 'Oh!' before it.)
 - the dative case, which marks the Indirect Object - the person to whom something has been given, or said, etc. This has not existed in English for a thousand years.
 - the ablative case, which was used to mark the cause, instrument or agent of a passive verb; and various other relations of time and place. (Etymologically it means'motion from [a place]', being derived from the root ablātus, the past participle of the Latin verb auferre 'to carry away' (there is a rare English verb 'to ablate', meaning 'to take away').) The ablative is known particularly for its use in an absolute construction.
For those who are studying foreign languages and find the concept of case difficult - particularly in languages such as Finnish, which has 15 cases - it may help to think of a case marker as having the same essential function as a preposition, only as an inflection rather than a separate word.
See also case for other meanings of the word.


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Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a technique for studying chemical species that have one or more unpaired electrons, such as organic and inorganic free radicals or inorganic complexes possessing a transition metal ion.
How does it work?The basic physical concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but it is electron spins that are excited instead of spins of atomic nuclei. Because most stable molecules have all their electrons paired, the EPR technique is less widely used than NMR. However, this limitation to paramagnetic species also means that the EPR technique is one of great specificity, since ordinary chemical solvents and matrices do not give rise to EPR spectra.
EPR spectroscopy is used in various branches of science, such as chemistry and physics, for the detection and identification of free-radicals and paramagnetic centres such as F centres. EPR is a sensitive, specific method for studying both radicals formed in chemical reactions and the reactions themselves. Medical and biological applications of EPR also exist.
Although radicals are very reactive, and so do not normally occur in high concentrations in biology, special reagents have been developed to spin-label molecules of interest. These reagents are particularly useful in biological systems. Specially-designed nonreactive radical molecules can attach to specific sites in a biological cell, and EPR spectra can then give information on the environment of these so-called spin-label or spin-probes.
Characterisation of metallo-proteins; examining structure and electronic parameters; examining structure-function relationships; in-vivo detection of free-radical intermediates; effects of complex metal additions on biological materials; high sensitivity measurements on the effects of operating environment (pH, molecular motion, charge).
Sample Handling Requirements:
Solids, liquid, gases, metals, ceramics, polymers, biological
Dr Ian Hancox, 024 76 150380 email i dot hancox at warwick dot ac dot uk.
Typical results format, and sample:
|Warwick collect/analyse data|
|Warwick collect data|
|Available to user with expertise/ contribution|
|Spare capacity for collaborative research|


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Motor Cars / Trains of the Panama Railroad
Common labor traveled on labor cars converted from either 40' standard flat cars or from the old French 6 meter dump cars. The middle echelon American employees rode the passenger trains of the Panama Rail Road. The executives at the head-quarters at Balboa made their inspection trips using a fleet of motor cars.
Goethals had started his inspection trips each morning on the Panama Rail Road's morning passenger train. When the motor cars were built he had one reserved for his private use. This car also served as transportation for the important people who came from Washington.
The motor car became a commercial reality on the main line railroads of the United States beginning in 1905. William R. McQueen started building them for the Union Pacific Railroad where he was the Superintendent of Motive Power. By 1907 six of his cars were in operation on the Union Pacific.
The cars used by the I.C.C. were based at Balboa. They were weird and wonderful contraptions with the six cylinder gasoline engine's radiator perched on the roof. The passenger car body towered over the tiny gasoline motor housing and was styled in the best tradition of the previous century.
Because they ran on the Panama Rail Road they complied with the rule book requirements for designating a train They had marker lamps, sockets for flags for daytime operation designating the class of train, headlights, and a compressed air horn.
Narration and some photos from Charles S. Small's "Rails to the Diggings". Newer Motor Train photo from the collection of Bob Karrer.
Click the thumbnail to view a larger image.
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Friday, April 21, 2017
Drugs of Abuse Chart for DOT Supervisor Training
I hope most drug and alcohol training programs provide a drugs of abuse chart for supervisors to look and discuss in their DOT compliance training classes. The drugs of abuse chart typically shows the five classifications of drugs and alcohol that the DOT requires to be examined by supervisors to help them learn about the nature of these substances, their effects on work performance, and the behavior of employees, signs and symptoms of their use, and the risks the substances pose in the work environment.
This chart should be editable and it should change over time with the discovery of new drugs of abuse that could find their way into the workplace. Employees these days have many sneaky ways of bring drugs into workplace, here is an example of a crack pipe we show in our DOT Supervisor Training PowerPoint and other training formatted courses.
DOT Supervisor Training PowerPoint for Reasonble Suspicion
Pretty crazy, huh? And this crack pipe is only a small example of the types of devices that are produced to thwart detection by management and provide reasonable suspicion training.
There are many other examples of how drug use is snuck into companies. I also have an image of a Chapstick that is really also a crack pipe. When all these clever tricks exist, there is only one thing supervisors can do about it -- monitor performance effectively. The drugs of abuse chart can help, but don't be fooled, good old fashioned observation of behaviors on the job is the way to go.
So, sure, knowing all these devices of trickery is a good thing for awareness, but none of it substitutes for a really solid drugs of abuse chart where supervisors can learn about the behavior of employees and how to be healthy.
Supervisor should be educated about other drugs of abuse like Salvia and K2. When supervisor training refresher is done, ask them to update their own charts with the drug and alcohol training they receive. And, as I mentioned before, do not omit employee education about substance abuse. Employees are your eyes and ears. They will let you know by one means or another, what is going on in the organization. But you are going to need to engage with them until they trust you. At that point, they will stop dropping hints about the work culture and what risks exist within it.
Thursday, April 13, 2017
DOT Reasonable Suspicion Training Video: Why Employees at Work Drunk May Appear Complete 100% Sober
Educating supervisors about substance abuse is best accomplished when you also help them grasp the idea of something called drug tolerance. Drug tolerance has a simple meaning – your body requires more of the substance in order to achieve the same psychoactive effect desired – the high or the buzz. This is a nervous system reaction, and it occurs with all addicts. Alcoholism, cocaine addiction, opiates, they all build tolerance. In fact, build up of tolerance is part of the diagnosis of addiction and substance use disorders.
This is a problem for alcoholics and drug addicts for several reasons:
Being at work drunk and unnoticed. Tolerance to a drug is the body's way--and particularly your nervous system's way--of getting use to the presence of a substance. In the beginning there is a pleasant high or buzz the addict may perceive as the chemical reacts fully to your nervous system following consuming the substance. The nervous system chemicals that create a sense of pleasure begin failing at re-capturing their chemical messengers and aren't as efficient. And your feeling of getting "high" suffers. One's response to the drug is therefore diminished.
An overdose however can still kill. Drink alcohol on top of drug use or the other way around, and death can happen. Tolerance to a drug is not a reversible phenomenon, and it is considered linked and part of the disease process. Can you see why understanding this content is important in DOT reasonable suspicion training to help supervisors gain appreciation for just signs and symptoms, but disease of addiction that more often affects employees under the influence?
 Withdrawal Symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms affect employees' ability to perform. An employee may actually be more capable of performing under the influence with a high blood alcohol content than if they were completely sober at 0.00 BAC, but in withdrawal and needing a drink in order to prevent going into seizures, shaking uncontrollably, or even DTs. (Delirium Tremens) All psycho-motor skills of the employee drug or alcohol user can be affected. So, a solid checklist of these signs and symptoms is important to give employees in a DOT compliance training class or presentation, especially a PowerPoint reasonable suspicion training class.
Adverse Effects on Memory. You can have an employee sitting in front of you when confronting him or her about their drinking on the job, and have a reasonably coherent conversation. The next day, they may not remember it at all because of an alcoholic black out. Many supervisors in the DOT compliance training class will have stories of drunk employees they will share.
Increased Risk by Employees. Employees will be at risk for more accidents when they are using substances on the job. And believe it or not, as I alluded to, an increased number of accidents can happen to employees who are in withdrawal on the job, but with zero BAC levels.
Skills in Being a B.S. Artist. Alcoholic employees must be come BS artists to keep you guessing, and see them as cooperative, jolly, personal favorites of yours. This attitude toward alcoholic employees will keep their performance curve higher in your mind that it actually is in a quantifiable form. This is part of the enabling pattern. Employees who talk a good game but have absenteeism issues and poor work quality are not satisfactory workers simply because they appear to highly positive personalities. Don't let supervisors be lured into this dynamic, and address this problem in reasonable suspicion training
Attendance and Availability Impact. Employees with drug and alcohol problems will eventually have attendance problems—not showing up for work. They may look good at work, but they are alcoholic and behaviors will eventually catch up to them. And you never know when it will happen. Fridays, Mondays, and the day after payday are the most common absence days for addicts.
The other attendance related problems is availability – disappearing on the job. This can happen at lunch time or a couple
hours after employees come to work when the BAL drops and they need a drink to fix it.. Drug and alcohol policies at hospitals typically do not cover medical doctors. Did you know that? Medical doctors average 2x the alcoholism rate of other persons. Now you know why. The protest the policy and get it changed. What medical doctor on staff at a hospital will ever subject themselves to a random drug screen? None.


text: According to music pedagogue Randall Allsup (2003: 157), praxis is "not simply the capacity to imagine alternative scenarios, but is instead the slow burning fuse of possibility and action." This paper will examine the role of uncertainty and praxis in the creative writing classroom, paying particular attention to the role of prose workshopping. First, it will offer an overview of praxis and then it will argue that, when successful, creative writing pedagogy offers praxis: that is, students learn to imagine their writing in different ways through workshopping (possibility) and to enact those changes through the rewriting process (action). Then, it will explore practical ways of addressing authority in the workshop arena as well as the importance of supplementary readings. (Allsup, Randall Everett. 2003. 'Praxis and the Possible: Thoughts on the Writings of Maxine Greene and Paulo Freire' Philosophy of Music Education Review 11.2: 157-169).


Oxford's university challenge: describe this cactus
Interviewers say their pointed questions about cacti help to find students who think rather than merely recite facts
A cactus. Describe... Photograph: Getty
Teenagers being interviewed for a place at Oxford might be handed a cactus and asked to describe it, or asked whether someone who risks their life in an extreme sport is a hero or a fool, according to sample questions released by the university today in an attempt to demystify its admissions procedure.
Candidates applying to study music might be asked what kind of musical instrument they would invent, while applicants for English literature might be asked why Coronation Street's 50th anniversary would be of interest to a scholar.
The university published details of the sample interview questions to help explain the reasoning behind apparently bizarre inquiries from admissions tutors.
The interviewer who set the cactus question, Martin Speight, of St Anne's College, said: "We give the student a cactus in a pot and a close-up photo of the cactus's surface structure and ask them to describe the object in as much detail as possible using the plant and the photo. We are looking for observation, attention to detail, both at the large and micro scale."
Candidates seeking a place on an undergraduate degree in biological sciences are expected to deduce why the cactus is bulbous, or why it has a particular array of spines.
"There will frequently be more than one logical answer to these questions, and we are likely to follow one answer with another question – for example: 'The big spines are to stop the cactus being eaten, yes, but by what sort of animals?'," Speight said.
"We would also bring in more general questions at the end of the cactus discussion such as what are the problems faced by plants and animals living in very dry habitats such as deserts."
The Coronation Street question is intended to show that the techniques of literary criticism can be applied to other media and open up discussion about storytelling, collaborative writing and how a writer such as Dickens can move from being regarded as "popular" to being accepted as part of the canon.
Candidates for psychology might be asked what is "normal" for humans. Dave Leal, of Brasenose College, said: "There were various ways that this question might be approached, but some approach that distinguished the normal from the statistical average was a good start. Issues such as whether normality is to be judged by biological factors that might be held to be common to humans, or whether it's normal within a particular culture or at a particular period of history, might also be worth addressing."
Mike Nicholson, director of undergraduate admissions at Oxford, said interviews were meant to replicate Oxford's tutorial system, encouraging students to think rather than recite facts.
"There are many myths surrounding Oxford interviews, and they can be the most anxiety-provoking part of the Oxford application process for students. These questions show that the interviews are not designed to see how quickly students get the 'right' answer or show off specialist knowledge, but to gauge how they respond to new ideas."
Oxford's selection process also involves assessing potential through aptitude tests, written work, exam grades and references.


text: WCSD provides an excellent daily guide for distance learning. Students will navigate the chart to select resources from categories such as music theory, performance, maintenance, and just for fun. The columns are sorted by category, with links directly labeled for ease of access. Teachers can adapt the categories and reflections to align with their class needs. The document also provides a chart for daily student reflections.


text: excited about change and renewal. Statement of the Problem Schools often understand the need for change, but they need a unifying theme and body of knowledge to direct that change so that it is not done piecemeal. The Basic School research 13 offers a potential solution for that problem by presenting a theoretical framework for school renewal and change. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences of one elementary school in implementing the framework identified by Ernest Boyer in his Basic School research. Research Questions The following questions were considered in this inquiry: 1. How does an elementary school implement the Basic School's organizational framework into its existing program? 2. How does an elementary school begin to assess itself against a Basic School model to determine where additional attention would need to be paid? 3. What trends might emerge from this implementation which would provide information other schools could use as they implement the Basic School framework? Significance of the Study This study will provide details of how one school applied the Basic School framework including the problems and successes encountered. Thus, after reading this study, other schools could more effectively design the implementation process for their settings. The experiences of this school could lead to the development of a model generalizable to other schools who are implementing the research.


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Ryokan (Japanese inn)
A ryokan (旅館) is a type of traditional Japanese inn that originated in the Edo period (1603–1868), when such inns served travelers along Japan's highways. They typically feature tatami-matted rooms, communal baths, and other public areas where visitors may wear yukata and talk with the owner.1
Ryokan are difficult to find in Tokyo and other large cities because many are expensive compared to hotels, and Japanese people increasingly use hotels for urban tourism. Nonetheless, some major cities do have reasonably priced ryokan, with some costing as little as $40 a night. However, ryokan are more typically located in scenic areas, such as in the mountains or by the sea, and tend to be more expensive.2
A typical ryokan has a relatively large entrance hall, with couches and chairs where guests can sit and talk; a modernized ryokan often has a television in the hall as well. Guest rooms are constructed using traditional Japanese methods: flooring is tatami, and doors are sliding doors. Even if the inn uses hinged doors for security, it usually opens into a small entranceway where guests can take off their shoes before stepping onto the tatami floor, which would be separated by a sliding door. Many ryokan rooms also feature a porch or balcony, also set off with a sliding door.
Almost all ryokan feature common bathing areas or ofuro, usually segregated by gender, using the water from a hot spring (onsen) if any are nearby. (Areas with natural hot springs tend to attract high concentrations of ryokan). High-end ryokan may provide private bathing facilities as well. Typically ryokan provide guests with a yukata to wear; they might also have games such as table tennis, and possibly geta that visitors can borrow for strolls outside.
Bedding is a futon spread out on the tatami floor. When guests first enter their room, they usually find a table and some supplies for making tea. The table is also used for meals when guests take them in their room. While guests are out, staff (usually called nakai) will move the table aside and set out the futon.
Most ryokan offer dinner and breakfast, which are often included in the price of the room. Most visitors do take their meals at the ryokan, which usually promote themselves on the quality of their food. Meals consist of traditional Japanese cuisine known as kaiseki, which features seasonal and regional specialties. (Kaiseki originally referred to light meals served during a tea ceremony, and today refers to a meal consisting of a number of small, varied dishes.) In order for each dish to be enjoyed at the proper temperature, ryokan stress that guests should be punctual for their meals. For this reason, most ryokan ask guests to confirm the time they want to take their meals.
Some ryokan have a communal dining area, but most serve meals in the guests' rooms. Ryokan which are likely to serve non-Japanese guests may also have a selection of Western food.
Minshuku (民宿) are a budget version of ryokan, roughly equivalent to a British boarding house or a bed and breakfast. The facilities are similar to a hotel or may simply consist of spare rooms in a family home. Minshuku often serve as the only type of accommodation in towns or villages too small to warrant a dedicated hotel or ryokan. The overall experience is much the same, but the food is simpler, dining may be optional and is often communal, rooms do not usually have a private toilet, and guests may have to lay out their own bedding.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ryokan|


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agents are effective for treating diabetic macular edema (DME) involving the center of the macula (center-involved DME [CI-DME]) with visual acuity impairment (20/32 or worse). The best approach to treating patients with CI-DME and good visual acuity (20/25 or better) is unknown. Objective: To compare vision loss at 2 years among eyes initially managed with aflibercept, laser photocoagulation, or observation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial conducted at 91 US and Canadian sites among 702 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Participants had 1 study eye with CI-DME and visual acuity of 20/25 or better. The first participant was randomized on November 8, 2013, and the final date of follow-up was September 11, 2018. Interventions: Eyes were randomly assigned to 2.0 mg of intravitreous aflibercept (n = 226) as frequently as every 4 weeks, focal/grid laser photocoagulation (n = 240), or observation (n = 236). Aflibercept was required for eyes in the laser photocoagulation or observation groups that had decreased visual acuity from baseline by at least 10 letters (≥ 2 lines on an eye chart) at any visit or by 5 to 9 letters (1-2 lines) at 2 consecutive visits. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was at least a 5-letter visual acuity decrease from baseline at 2 years. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration adverse events (defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, or vascular or unknown death) were reported. Results: Among 702 randomized participants (mean age, 59 years; 38% female [n=264]), 625 of 681 (92% excluding deaths) completed the 2-year visit. For eyes with visual acuity that decreased from baseline, aflibercept was initiated in 25% (60/240) and 34% (80/326) in the laser photocoagulation and observation groups, respectively. At 2 years, the percentage of eyes with at least a 5-letter visual acuity decrease was 16% (33/205), 17% (36/212), and 19% (39/208) in the aflibercept, laser photocoagulation, and observation groups, respectively (aflibercept vs laser photocoagulation risk difference, -2% [95% CI, -9% to 5%]; relative risk, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.57-1.35; P =.79]; aflibercept vs observation risk difference, -3% [95% CI, -11% to 4%]; relative risk, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.55-1.27; P =.79]; laser photocoagulation vs observation risk difference, -1% [95% CI, -9% to 6%]; relative risk, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.64-1.41; P =.79]). Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration vascular events occurred in 15 (7%), 13 (5%), and 8 (3%) participants in the aflibercept, laser photocoagulation, and observation groups. Conclusions and Relevance: Among eyes with CI-DME and good visual acuity, there was no significant difference in vision loss at 2 years whether eyes were initially managed with aflibercept or with laser photocoagulation or observation and given aflibercept only if visual acuity worsened. Observation without treatment unless visual acuity worsens may be a reasonable strategy for CI-DME. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01909791.
ABSTRACT: Protecting nurses in healthcare facilities from SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential for maintaining an adequate nursing force. Foundational guidelines, consistently utilized, protect the nursing staff from infection. This article describes guidelines designed to reduce acute infection and associated morbidity and mortality among nursing staff and improve compliance with infection prevention protocols.
PURPOSE: Severe corneal disease contributes significantly to the global burden of blindness. Corneal allograft surgery remains the most commonly used treatment, but does not succeed long term in every patient, and the odds of success fall with each repeated graft. The Boston keratoprosthesis type I has emerged as an alternative to repeat corneal allograft. However, cost limits its use in resource-poor settings, where most corneal blind individuals reside. METHODS: All aspects of the Boston keratoprosthesis design process were examined to determine areas of potential modification and simplification, with dual goals to reduce cost and improve the cosmetic appearance of the device in situ. RESULTS: Minor modifications in component design simplified keratoprosthesis manufacturing. Proportional machinist time could be further reduced by adopting a single axial length for aphakic eyes, and a single back plate diameter. The cosmetic appearance was improved by changing the shape of the back plate holes from round to radial, with a petaloid appearance, and by anodization of back plate titanium to impute a more natural color. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a modified Boston keratoprosthesis type I, which we call the "Lucia." The Lucia retains the 2 piece design and ease of assembly of the predicate device, but would allow for manufacturing at a reduced cost. Its appearance should prove more acceptable to implanted patients. Successful keratoprosthesis outcomes require daily medications for the life of the patient and rigorous, frequent, postoperative care. Effective implementation of the device in resource-poor settings will require further innovations in eye care delivery.
PURPOSE: The most commonly applied prosthetic devices for corneal blindness in the setting of severe cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis are the Boston keratoprosthesis type II and the modified osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis, with these requiring either normal eyelid skin or a healthy cuspid tooth, respectively. For patients with neither attribute, we developed a new keratoprosthesis device combining positive aspects of both Boston keratoprosthesis type II and modified osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis, which we have named the "Lux." METHODS: Short-term postoperative outcomes for the Lux keratoprosthesis, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), device retention, and complications, were examined in a retrospective case series of 9 eyes of 9 patients implanted at 4 centers. RESULTS: Seven of 9 (77.8%) eyes had cicatricial corneal blindness due to autoimmune disease and 2 (22.2%) from severe burns. Preoperative BCVA was ≤hand motions in all patients. Three (33.3%) had previously received at least 1 keratoprosthesis in the affected eye, and 4 (44.4%) had previously undergone ≥1 therapeutic keratoplasty. One patient had 19 previous eye surgeries. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 18.7 months (range 7-28 months). BCVA of ≥20/200 was achieved in all 9 patients, with 2 (22.2%) reaching 20/20 at the last examination, and all 9 (100%) of the devices were retained. One recipient developed a retinal detachment 2 months after implantation. Two (22.2%) patients required placement of a glaucoma drainage device. CONCLUSIONS: The Lux keratoprosthesis was developed for patients with severe cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis who were otherwise not candidates for existing keratoprosthesis designs. Short-term outcomes after implantation of the Lux keratoprosthesis were encouraging.
Training the modern ophthalmic surgeon is a challenging process. Microsurgical education can benefit from innovative methods to practice surgery in low-risk simulations, assess and refine skills in the operating room through video content analytics, and learn at a distance from experienced surgeons. Developments in emerging technologies may allow us to pursue novel forms of instruction and build on current educational models. Artificial intelligence, which has already seen numerous applications in ophthalmology, may be used to facilitate surgical tracking and evaluation. Within immersive technology, growth in the space of virtual reality head-mounted displays has created intriguing possibilities for operating room simulation and observation. Here, we explore the applications of these technologies and comment on their future in ophthalmic surgical education.
There are various treatments for cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to retinitis pigmentosa (RP); however, the evidence for these treatments has not been previously systematically reviewed. Our review that includes 23 studies shows that oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) (including acetazolamide, methazolamide) and topical CAI (dorzolamide and brinzolamide) are effective first line treatments. In patients unresponsive to CAI treatment, intravitreal steroids (triamcinolone acetonide and sustained-release dexamethasone implant), oral corticosteroid (Deflazacort), intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents (ranibizumab and bevacizumab), grid laser photocoagulation, pars plana vitrectomy, or ketorolac were also effective in improving CME secondary to RP. Oral acetazolamide has the strongest clinical basis for treatment and was superior to topical dorzolamide. Rebound of


Sphenoid Sinusitis Headache Symptoms vs. Aneurysm Headache
A most severe headache can be caused by a ruptured aneurysm, as well as from sinusitis, particularly the sphenoid type. A ruptured aneurysm, and sinusitis, are unrelated medical conditions, though a person by sheer coincidence can suffer from both maladies at the same time.
A ruptured aneurysm will almost always cause a horrible headache. But the "worst headache of your life" can also result from sphenoid sinusitis.
For this article I consulted with Dr. Stacey Silvers, MD, of Madison ENT & Facial Plastic Surgery in NYC, who is board certified in otolaryngology; one of her specialties is sinus surgery.
Does the leaking/ruptured aneurysm headache differ from one caused by sinusitis? Dr. Silvers explains, "An acute infection can cause a debilitating headache on the top of the head." This is the typical location of the sinusitis pain.
Depending on the sinuses that are affected, the pain can also be over the cheeks, between the eyes and over the forehead.
Dr. Silvers continues, "Patients have been admitted to the emergency room and often observed in the hospital for testing to rule out an aneurysm" that has ruptured.
A head pain arising from a burst aneurysm is often described as "thunderclap," and is usually sudden in onset. I say usually, because a slowly leaking aneurysm can also cause a less severe headache.
"Patients will have an MRI and MRA, and while (ruptured) aneurysm is often ruled out, the only finding on the MRI may be inflammation of one or both of the sphenoid sinuses," says Dr. Silvers.
So one thing to keep in mind, regarding a ruptured aneurysm headache, is that it is almost always sudden, hence the term "thunderclap." However, how often is a headache the only symptom of a ruptured or leaking aneurysm?
In the case of a ruptured aneurysm, the headache (which is typically of alarming proportions) may be "associated with change in mental status, loss of consciousness, seizures or other focal neurological deficits," depending on location, explains Dr. Carol Redillas, MD, a headache neurologist at the Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Depending on a leaking aneurysm's location, a condition called ptosis (drooping eyelids) will occur. Sinusitis can also cause eyelid ptosis!
Another condition of the eye, called miosis, can result from a leaking aneurysm. Sinusitis will not cause this, however. An aneurysm will typically leak before it ruptures, says Dr. Redillas.
Another telltale sign of a possible (note: possible, not definite) ruptured aneurysm is if the headache suddenly slams you in the midst of physical exertion (especially while holding one's breath). But a physical exertion headache isn't necessarily a ruptured aneurysm.
Dr. Redillas says that a ruptured aneurysm is suspected when a headache is sudden, severe, and unprecedented, and especially if it's associated with ptosis, miosis and/or neck stiffness, along with cognitive impairment.
This life-threatening condition needs to be immediately ruled out by medical tests when a thunderclap headache occurs.
"If an MRA or a 4 vessel angiogram is negative for an aneurysm and the same headache recurs," says Dr. Redillas, "then you can be rest assured that your headache is most likely benign."
A telltale sign (but not always) of the sinusitis headache is that it moves with you as you change position; or, to put it another way, it worsens when you lean or stoop over, squat, do jumping jacks or even milder aerobics, trot down some steps, etc. It may also be accompanied by nasal congestion or fever, but sometimes the pain stands alone.
Do not attempt to self-diagnose headaches, but do keep a detailed journal of when they occur, any precipitating factors, character of the pain, caliber of the pain, location, etc., so that you can present this information to a doctor.
In the event of sinusitis, Dr. Silvers explains that decongestants and antibiotics are used to relieve the symptoms.
She says, "When the medical management fails, it may be necessary to open the door of the sinus through endoscopes to improve the natural opening in the sinus, culture the sinus drainage, and flush out the infection."


Exercises for Your Face
Want to look younger? Exercise Your Face
You have been focusing on your body, but did you know you can tone the muscles in your face? While studies have been inconclusive about whether you can combat the signs of aging skin with specific exercises, there are people who swear by them.
So why not give facial exercises a try for a few weeks before getting injections or surgery? There are quite a few sources of information on the subject but this article and Fumiko Takatsu's story peaked my interest.
The Face Yoga Method
Source: Face Yoga: The New Plastic Surgery?
Below are the face yoga exercises to combat four (4) common signs of aging. Watch this video of Takatsu demonstrating them. Face Exercise Video
More from Huffington Post: "Face trainer Erika Boldis of Desiredface has developed her own European Workout Facial to rejuvenate the facial muscles and skin for a more youthful glow."
Consciously engage underlying muscles throughout these exercises—don't rely on your hands to do the movements. Instead, use your hands to hold skin firmly in place to avoid forming any wrinkles.
Exercise List
Do these exercises once a day and you should start noticing a difference after a couple of weeks.
Forehead Relaxer
 Purpose: Forehead Wrinkle Exercise
3. Repeat this four times.
This exercise uses acupressure to remove tension and forces the forehead muscles to relax. It will help you relieve tension after a particularly stressful day at work.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Smile Lines
 Purpose: Exercise for the lines around your lips
3. Hold this pose for five seconds. Relax.
4. Repeat this three times.
This exercise smooths your smile lines by lifting the muscles around the cheeks, stimulating blood and oxygen flow to your face.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Droopy Eye Lids
 Purpose: Tighten Droopy Eyelids
This exercise works best in front of a mirror.
1. Relax and drop your shoulders downwards.
5. Repeat this exercise on your other side.
6. Do once more on each side.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Neck / Double Chin
 Purpose: Improve sagging neck or a double chin
3. Hold for three seconds. Repeat.
4. Repeat on the other side.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Purpose: This exercise helps to build muscles under the eyelid for more open, awake-looking eyes.
 1. With your index fingers and thumbs, make a "C" around the each eye with your pointer finger curved over the eyebrow and firmly against your skin, and your thumb firmly against your cheek.
 2. Shut your eyes then slowly squeeze your eyelids to close tighter, then relax the tension without opening the eye.
 3. Repeat 25 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Smooth Laugh & Under Eye Lines
Purpose: To help smooth laugh lines and fine lines around the undereye, try this.
 1. With each palm firmly against each cheek, pull the top of the upper lip and lip corners up toward the temples, exposing your upper teeth and gums.
 2. Hold this for 30 seconds, 3 times.
 3. Slowly press lip corners even further up, and release.
 4. Repeat 30 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Purpose: Smooth lines in the forehead with this exercise.
 1. Place each palm on each side of your forehead, with the bottom edges of the palms resting on the eyebrows, holding forehead skin firmly in place.
 2. Allow your eyebrow muscles to raise themselves, like a surprised look, and then back down, like an angry look.
 3. Repeat 10 times.
 4. Raise the eyebrows and hold for 30 seconds.
 5. Lower the eyebrows and hold for 30 seconds.
 6. Repeat the up-and-down motion 10 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
Lip Lines
Purpose: Here's an exercise to help condition the lip muscles.
 1. Place the outer edge of each palm against your nasolabial folds (where laugh lines would be) and the bottom edges of each palm on the top of the jaw line.
 2. Apply pressure to the face with the whole surface of the palms.
 3. With your lip muscles, press the upper and lower lip together and hold for 20 seconds.
 4. Pulse the palms toward the sides of the nose for 10 seconds.
 5. Repeat 3 times.
↑ Exercise List ↑
More Information For You…
(tap image to buy on Amazon)
The Ultimate Guide To The Face Yoga Method: Take Five Years Off Your Face
Face Yoga Method
The Ultimate Guide To The Face Yoga Method – Volume 3
Face Yoga
See more with examples…
Facial Massage
Let us know how which exercises work out best for you! Share your before and after pictures – simply send us a note on our contact page.
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text:
Data Docs compiles raw Great Expectations objects including Expectations and Validations into structured documents such as HTML documentation that display key characteristics of a dataset. Together, Data Docs, Profiling, and Validation are the three core services offered by GE.
Data Docs is implemented in the
HTML documentation takes expectation suites and validation results and produces clear, functional, and self-healing documentation of expected and observed data characteristics. Together with profiling, it can help to rapidly create a clearer picture of your data, and keep your entire team on the same page as data evolves.
For example, the default BasicDatasetProfiler in GE will produce validation_results which compile to a page for each table or DataFrame including an overview section:
And then detailed statistics for each column:
The GE DataContext uses a configurable "data documentation site" to define which artifacts to compile and how to render them as documentation. Multiple sites can be configured inside a project, each suitable for a particular data documentation use case.
For example, we have identified three common use cases for using documentation in a data project. They are to:
Visualize all Great Expectations artifacts in the local repo of a project as HTML: expectation suites, validation results and profiling results.
Maintain a "shared source of truth" for a team working on a data project. This documentation renders all the artifacts committed in the source control system (expectation suites and profiling results) and a continuously updating data quality report, built from a chronological list of validations by run id.
Share a spec of a dataset with a client or a partner. This is similar to API documentation in software development. This documentation would include profiling results of the dataset to give the reader a quick way to grasp what the data looks like, and one or more expectation suites that encode what is expected from the data to be considered valid.
To support these (and possibly other) use cases GE has a concept of "data documentation site". Multiple sites can be configured inside a project, each suitable for a particular data documentation use case.
Here is an example of a site:
The behavior of a site is controlled by configuration in the DataContext's great_expectations.yml file.
Users can specify
which datasources to document (by default, all)
whether to include expectations, validations and profiling results sections
where the expectations and validations should be read from (filesystem, S3, or GCS)
where the HTML files should be written (filesystem, S3, or GCS)
which renderer and view class should be used to render each section


R: Text Mining (Pre-processing)
This is part 2 of my Text Mining Lesson series. If you haven't already, please check out part 1 that covers Term Document Matrix: R: Text Mining (Term Document Matrix)
Okay, now I promise to get to the fun stuff soon enough here, but I feel that in most tutorials I have seen online, the pre-processing of text is often glanced over. It was always (and often still is) a real sore spot for me when assumptions are made as to my knowledge level. If you are going to throw up a block of code, at least give a line or two explanation as to what the code is there for, don't just assume I know.
I remember working my way through many tutorials where I was able to complete the task by simply copying the code, but I didn't have a full grasp of what was happening in the middle. I this lesson, I am going to cover some of the more common text pre-processing steps used in the TM library. I am going to go into some level of detail and make some purposeful mistakes so hopefully when you are done here you will have a firm grasp on this very important step in the text mining process.
Let's start by getting our libraries
install.packages("tm") # if not already installed
Now, let's load our data. For this lesson we are going to use a simple vector.
wordVC <- c("I like dogs!", "A cat chased the dog.", "The dog ate a bone.",
 "Cats make fun pets.", "The cat did what? Don't tell the dog.",
 "A cat runs when it has too, but most dogs love running!")
Now let's put this data into a corpus for text processing.
corpus <- (VectorSource(wordVC))
corpus <- Corpus(corpus)
Here is the output
Now for a little frustration. Let's say you want to see what is in text document 4. You could try
But this will be your output, not really what you are looking for.
If you want to see the actual texttry this instead
Now you can see the text
As we go through the text pre-processing, we are going to use the following For Loop to examine our corpus
for (i in 1:6) print (corpus[[i]]$content)
Punctuation generally adds no value to text mining when utilizing standard numeric based data mining algorithms like clustering or classification. So it behooves us to just remove it.
To do so, the tm package has a cool function called tm_map() that we can pass arguments to, such as removePunctuation
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(removePunctuation))
Note, you do not need the for loop, I am simply running it each time to show you the progress.
Notice all the punctuation is gone now.
Next we are going to get rid of what are known as stopwords. Stopwords are common words such as (the, an, and, him, her). These words are so commonly used that they provide little insight as to the actual meaning of the given text. To get rid of them, we use the following code.
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(removeWords),
If you look at line 2, "A cat chase dog", you will the word "the" has been removed. However, if you look at the next line down, you will notice "The" is still there.
Well it comes down to the fact that computers do not treat T and t as the same letter, even though they are. Capitalized letters are viewed by computers as separate entities. So "The" doesn't match "the" found in the list of stopwords to remove.
For a full list of R stopwords, go to: _URL_
So how do we fix this?
Using tm_map with the "tolower" argument will make all the letters lowercase. If we then re-run our stopwords command, you will see all the "the" are gone
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(tolower))
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(removeWords),
Next we will stem our words. I covered this in the last lesson, but it bears repeating. What stemming does is attempt to remove variants of words. In our example, pay attention to the following words (dog, dogs, cat, cats, runs, running)
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stemDocument)
Notice the words are now (dog, cat, run)
Finally, let's get rid of all this extra white space we have now.
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stripWhitespace)
I didn't use this argument with my tm_map() function today because I did not have any numbers in my text. But if I, the command would be as follows
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(removeNumbers))
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A History of Electricity
By Tim Lambert
Who Invented Electricity? No single person invented electricity. Many people made discoveries and inventions. However in 1819 a Dane, Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move. The Englishman Michael Faraday (_PHONE_) showed that a magnet can produce electricity. In 1831 Faraday invented the dynamo. Eventually in the late 19th century people invented all kinds of electric appliances.
Electric Battery
Volta invented the electric battery in 1800.
Electric Blanket
The first practical electric blanket was invented in 1912 by Sidney I. Russell.
Electric Clothes DryerThe electric clothes dryer was invented in 1935 by a man named J. Ross Moore.
Electric Dishwasher
The electric dishwasher was invented by the Walker brothers in 1913.
Electric Doorbell
The electric doorbell was invented by Joseph Henry in 1831.
Electric Drill
The electric drill was invented by William Blanch Brain in 1889. But it was a heavy device. The first portable electric drill was invneted by Wilhelm and Carl Fein in 1895.
Electric Fan
The electric fan was invented in 1882 by Dr Schuyler Wheeler.
Electric Fire
The first practical electric fire was made in 1912.
FlashlightThe flashlight was invented by David Misell in 1899.
Electric Hairdyer
The electric hair dryer was invented by a Frenchman, Alexandre-Ferdinand Godefrey in 1890.
Electric Iron
The first electric iron was invented in 1882 by Henry Seeley.
Electric Kettle
The first electric kettle was made in 1891.
Electric Light
The electric light bulb was invented by Joseph Swan in 1878.
Electric Motor
As early as 1837 Thomas Davenport made an electric motor. However electricity was seldom used in industry until the end of the 19th century.
Neon Lights
The first neon lights were made by Georges Claude in 1910.
Electric Organ
Morse Robb invented the electric organ in 1928.
Electric Oven
Who invented radio is disputed but by 1901 Marconi was sending signals across the Atlantic.
Electric Razor
The first successful electric razor was invented in 1928 by Jacob Schick.
No single person invented the refrigerator. However the refrigerator for use in your home was invented by Frank W Wolf in 1913.
Electric Sewing Machine
The first electric sewing machine was sold in 1889.
Electric Saw
The electric hand saw was invented by Edmond Michel in 1923.
Electric Toaster
The first electric toaster was patented in Britain in 1893 by Crompton and Co. The pop up toaster was patented in 1919 by Charles Strite.
Electric Toothbrush
The first cordless electric toothbrush was sold in 1961.
The electric telegraph was invented in 1837 by Sir William Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone.
The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell.
Television was invented in 1925 by John Logie Baird. The BBC began broadcasting in 1936.
Vacuum Cleaner
The vacuum cleaner was invented in 1901 by Hubert Booth.
Washing Machine
The first electric washing machines were made in 1907.
Power plant
Last revised 2021


Growth of Axe Throwing in the United States
A sport with ancient origins is growing in popularity once again. This sport is axe throwing, which has made a comeback both in other countries and now the United States. It's a fun activity that can have many benefits for its participants and is a fascinating sport that is beginning to challenge bowling and darts as favorite similar leisure activities.
Axe throwing has its origins in ancient times as a practical skill. Warriors from many different cultures would need to learn to throw an axe to hit a desired target. When a society was not at war, throwing an axe at a target evolved into a sporting competition. In the modern era, this ancient sport has come back once again. Axe throwing has been a massive hit in other countries such as Canada in recent years and is now beginning to gain in popularity in the United States as well.
More Venues
One reason axe throwing is gaining in popularity in the United States is that there are simply more facilities opening up where people can partake in it. This is especially true in urban areas where it is often difficult to find facilities that allow live weapons to be tossed around. Many axe throwing clubs double as bars, which has proven to be a lucrative combination that isn't as dangerous as it may sound. Safety measures such as solid nets are put in place.
Organized Sporting Leagues
The growth of axe throwing has spurred the formation of organized leagues for the sport, the foremost of which is the World Axe Throwing League. The sport is very similar to dart throwing and has many similarities to bowling as well. Participants typically throw an axe at a target that has three rings of different colors and are awarded points based on how close to the bullseye the axe lands. The World Axe Throwing League has information on official rules, although informal matches may be governed differently.
Axe throwing is gaining in popularity largely because of the significant benefits this activity offers. Because you are attempting to hit a target, your coordination and aim will improve considerably as you practice. This can be useful in everyday life or in other activities.
Most people do not get enough exercise in their daily lives due to the overall sedentary lifestyle of American society. Axe throwing is one of many fun outlets that encourage people to exercise more. Throwing an axe works out muscles that may ordinarily go unused.
Throwing a hefty axe into a target is also very cathartic. There is something primal and invigorating in the practice that has spoken to the individuals who participate in the sport. This means axe throwing offers benefits such as stress relief which can overall improve an individual's health.
Axe throwing is unquestionably growing in popularity, both in the United States and elsewhere. Due to its similarities with bowling and darts it is occupying a similar niche as those sports. There is no indication that its growth in the US will stem anytime soon.
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is also used during the rainy season to catch migratory juvenile fishes as they swim in water that flows. This is referred to as 'gala' in Hausa. The instrument of ara is said to be introduced to Kebbi fishermen by the Sorko and Zarma fishermen much later. According to Harris (1942: 28) the ara was not in use throughout Kebbi prior to colonial administration in the kebbi area. It gained wider acceptance not only in Kebbi, but also in most parts of Hausa land.
3.2.3 Mamari and Kamba. (Hooks & Line And Hook Sticks)
 Mamari is the Zarma word for hook.[1] Kamba[2] refers to a short stick that is used in arranging the line on which the hooks are tied. The hooks are arranged on the stick for easy spread in water, so much so that it is not intricately interwoven to warrant hardship in using the gear in the future. From enquiries made, it is understood that the word mamari is derived from Zarma language. The Hausa word for mamari is 'Ƙugiya'. In Argungu, the entire Kebbi, and most parts of Hausaland, especially Zamfara, the hook is called 'mamari' which was borrowed from the Zarma language.
 Kamba is derived from the Zarma word 'kambe' which stands for hand. To fully neologize the word into Hausa, it went through transformation where the last 'e' vowel was substituted with 'a' vowel. In Zarma, the phrase 'mamari kambe' is translated literally as a 'hand of mamari'.[3] It is figuratively coined because the length of the stick called 'kamba' is almost the length of a hand from the ankle to the fingers hence the reason for the phrase, 'mamari kambe'.
 This a part, the leadership structure of the artisanal fishing in Kebbi includes in its line of authority, the title of Kamba who is the head and leader of all the fishermen whose instrument or gear of operation is line and hook known in Hausa as 'Ƙugiya'. The title is a derivation from the name of the gear which emphatically is of Zarma origin. It suffices for one to assert that if Kebbi/Dosso alliance and relationship is not an intimate and strong one, this cultural and linguistic borrowing of terms in fishing as a local craft wouldn't have suffice up to the present.
3.3 Impacts on Water Rituals
 Fishing is an important craft that takes place only in areas with abundant surface water which could be rivers, lakes, streams, or ponds. It involves entry into the water with the intent to catch fish for food, for commercial purpose or for some parts of the fish to be used in preparing local concoctions for the cure of illnesses and for other traditional medical purposes.
 Water is known to be an abode to vicious and dangerous animals like the hippopotamus or reptiles like the crocodile. It is also a dwelling place for spirits that may be harmful to humans. It is in realization of these dangers that the artisanal fishermen engage in a number of water rituals so as to ward off evil and avoid danger of water accidents. The ritual may be 'ɗaurin ruwa' which is done to seek for protection and safety in fishing, from the beginning to the end of a fishing expedition. There is also the 'tsaraka' ritual purposely done to invoke good luck and enhance big catch during fishing. There is also the 'Ƙulle ruwa' ritual which is done with the intent to prevent or deny a rival from making catches during fishing. Though it is a pure display of voodoo and African medicine, it involves the invocation or recitation of some incantations in the form of abracadabra which is a mixture of words from different languages that are often without meaning. Greater number of these incantations invoked by the Kebbi and largely Hausa fishermen for the purpose of offering rituals of this nature are derived from the Zarma language. They may not be necessarily meaningful words in Zarma language but they rhyme with the words in Zarma. One example of the incantations will suffice here. It is recited when one intends to literarily lock the water i.e wards off evil spirits and harmful water animals. One will recite:
 Bismillahi langwarmai,
 Kwarma gwarmai,
 Mainan jaboga
 Barnan jaboga.
 Alako akwai ijikwai jaboga
 Ai sanka karai, ainan tinti da.
 Ai nan wai banda kulma da.[4]
 This is in fact not the only aspect of fishing in which the Zarma language has impact in the Sarkanci of Kebbi. Sarkanci as a craft that is dominated by the male folk, has its own form of oral literature in form of oral songs which are composed in praise of those who show high commitment and have excelled and are successful in it. The persons to whom the songs are sang resort to the chanting of personal epithets in which they praise themselves. This is known as kirari in Hausa. Most fishermen in the course of chanting their personal praises tend to employ the use of words that rhyme with the Zarma words just as cited above. A good example is the personal epithet of one Alu Danhoma of Bubuce village. It has code mixtures of Hausa and Zarma words as pointed out by Argungu (2007:153). It goes thus:
Bismillahi Rabbina na hwara
Islande biga ai Annabin Sulaima kwaiga
 Ai hwantimi ai dosine ai gisi
 Ai hwargo ai Harakwai maiga
 Gindi gura, kwamba gura sidisi gimbiya
 Sinisigi ɗigi kwanda harago kwanga
 Ni gimbiya ma minde
 Ni shalshabani shalshabani kanda ishirin
 Iskwai Dandi iskwai danga
 Ai Annabi lango-lango ko har abada
 Kuwara ta yi kwadarko
Kuwara ta yi kwadarko
Kwaɗɗo ya wuce shi giwayo tabki
 The question one is likely to ask is why a fisherman from the Hausa tribe should go to the extent of code mixing his own language with a language he does not even understand. This really point to the fact that at one time in history, there was a strong bond of relationship between the people of Kebbi and Dosso. The bond was so cordial and intimate to warrant a lot of borrowings and usages of some lexical items in the area of fishing. It is the Hausa that benefitted because the 'Sorko' has a superior civilization in the field of fishing as such, they seems to make impacts into the aspect of fishing in kebbi.
 3.4 Names of Water Spirits
 Prior to their contact with any civilization whether from the West or the East, the Hausa people to which the inhabitants of Kebbi belong have strong belief in the existence of the Spirits which cannot be seen with the naked eye. It is believed also that water bodies are one of the abode of these creatures. Hausa people believe in the spirits like 'Jittakuku', 'Zodo', 'Tamashaya', 'Hajiruwa' and hosts of others believed to inhabits the waters in which fishing is conducted. To these Spirits, some offerings and sacrifices were made in the olden days, in order to appease them. That was why before the emergence of Islamic revivalist movement of the revered Sheikh Usmanu bn Fodio, the Bori cult enjoys quite a large number of adherents not only in Kebbi but in almost every part of Hausa land.
 The relationship between Kebbi and Dosso paved the way for increase contact and mutual understanding between the political leadership and the subjects. This led to further understanding and acceptance of the Spirits that are believed to be Zarma. Gobir (2002:26) has advanced a list of Spirits which are believed to be Zarma and to which the Hausa fisherman also has conviction. They are Sulaimanu, Baba Dango, Harkwai, Markwai, Dango Musa and Garkame. Some of these Spirits termed as Zarma are believed to inhabit the fishing water as such are strongly revered and appeased by the fishermen. These Spirits are Harkwai and Markwai who are most often made mention of by the fishermen in their self epithets. An extract from the 'Kirari' epithet of Alu Danhoma Bubuce, cited in Argungu (2008:151) will be a testimony to this assertion. It reads:
 Na yi sallama gidanka Harakwai
 Ko da niy yi sallama kak karɓa
 Ka ba ni babban kina
 ko ko ka ni babban nagge
Ya ce ka ga saniya na baka.
4.0 Conclusion
 This paper has attempted an explicit description of how the alignment and cordial relationship between two neighbours from the divide of Nigeria and Niger became beneficial to the aspects of artisanal fishery particularly in Kebbi and in Hausa land generally. The relationship


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Discover the beauty, and functionality, of ancient Native American pottery! These replicas are a wonderful way to learn more about a culture.
Pottery in any culture is an age-old practice that was originally practical and eventually became seen as an art form. Ancient Native American pieces are beautifully decorated ceramics that are not only functional but a pleasure to look at as well. Choose a style of pottery from one Native nation to replicate.
Based on the style of the pot, choose an armature such as a recycled container or crumpled aluminum foil. Cover this basic form with a thin Crayola® Model Magic® layer.
Add embellishments to your pot by creating ropes, leather cords, feathers, and beads, as appropriate to the culture and time period, and affixing them to your pot. For even edges, cut the compound with Crayola Scissors.
One way to make beads is to cut a long piece of fishing line. Make small Model Magic balls and wrap them around the fishing line about half-way down the length. Leave enough fishing line uncovered so you can use it to wrap around the lip of the pot later. Try making different shapes of beads and alternating colors to get different patterns. Another way to make beads is by wrapping the Model Magic compound around short pieces of plastic straws. You can then string your beads any way you like.
At the end of a string of beads on Native pottery, there are often large decorative feathers. Roll out Model Magic compound into feathers. Combine different colors for multicolor feathers. Then take a craft stick or other modeling tool to etch in the feather's vein and the edges. Press the feather on the fishing line at the end of your beads. Cut off any fishing line that sticks out on the bottom. Wrap the extra fishing line around the lip of the pot and tie a knot.
You can hide the fishing line by covering the lip with cords or other decorative elements. Adorn your pot with a beautiful rope by braiding three long pieces of Model Magic compound and then wrapping the braid around the lip.
Add leather-like cords by rolling out long pieces of Model Magic compound and pressing them a little flat. Then twist and hang them on your pot. Model Magic® dries to the touch overnight and dries completely in 2 to 3 days.
Study Native American use of animal hides for homes and clothing.
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Talking Trash About the Oceans
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Students create a community service advertising campaign that raises awareness about the importance of keeping trash out of the marine ecosystem. They work in teams to create different ad campaigns geared toward particular target audiences.
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The Carnegie Mellon Advising Resource Center (CMARC) was founded under the name Carnegie Mellon Action Project (CMAP) in 1968. Its original purpose was to aid the university in recruiting African American students and provide them with subsequent academic and supportive services to assure their progress toward graduation. In the fall of 1991, Hispanic and Native American students became a part of CMAP's target population. In the spring of 2005, after evaluating Carnegie Mellon's advising needs and in adherence with new educational mandates, CMAP transitioned to the Carnegie Mellon Advising Resource Center (CMARC). It has refocused its advising efforts and broadened its audience without losing sight of the university's commitment to diversity.
The Carnegie Mellon Advising Resource Center (CMARC) is committed to supporting students in their academic and personal development. We work with students to maximize their educational experience by promoting informed and responsible decision making. As an advocate for diversity and inclusiveness, CMARC promotes social and academic networks between peers, communities, and cultures.
To build a supportive, intellectual and social community across diverse cultures and empower students to excel on their path toward academic and personal success.
Our Guiding Principles
- All ethnic minority students CAN be successful at Carnegie Mellon. We assume competency and maintain a high standard of performance.
- We recognize a great deal of diversity within this diverse group and accept each student as an individual with a different life story.
- We ascribe to intrusive holistic directive advising. This requires us to play different roles in our advising relationships.
- We assist students to understand, interpret and negotiate the expectations attached to the academic and social culture at Carnegie Mellon.
- We emphasize community engagement as a major component in retention.
- We strongly encourage and facilitate peer mentoring, group study and role modeling. This helps reduce the feelings of isolation that can result from the absence of a critical mass of ethnic minority students.
- We believe in collaborating, partnering, and working cooperatively with Carnegie Mellon departments, corporations, alumni, and parents to support student success.