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An integrated research and design initiative to provide evidence of the human benefits of nearby nature experience in cities
The National Nature Sacred Awards Program, sponsored by the TKF Foundation, is pleased to announce that it will provide $4.5 million in funding for six projects of national significance. This grant program is unusual in that each project integrates landscape design and empirical research. The collection of exceptional spaces will demonstrate how nearby nature in the city can provide sacred and spiritual experiences. Each project will combine the creation of tranquil, restorative spaces in urban environments with rigorous study of their impact on users' well-being and resilience.
These examples of high quality design and research will elevate public awareness about the necessity and value of tranquil places where people can contemplate, reflect and be restored. Each of the Open Spaces Sacred Places projects align with the TKF Foundation's mission, treating human health and the environment as an integrated whole. Each project team will create a unique and engaging green space that is designed specifically for a human population having particular needs. Located across the United States, the collection of projects will address the challenges of local populations by creating opportunities for recovery, wholeness and celebration, and contribute rigorous research that confirms the benefits of experiencing nature in urban settings.
As earlier gardens were built, the TKF Foundation began to see certain design features emerge across Open Spaces Sacred Places. As designers and communities worked together to create their unique sacred spaces, certain elements contributed to the experience of sacred:
portal — When one passes through an archway, a gate, a stand of trees, a pergola, or other marker there is a clear movement from the space of everyday life and functioning. One enters a reflective space and encounters the fascinations of nature.
path — Whether linear and well-defined, or more meandering, a path allows one to focus attention and achieve a mindfulness about the surroundings. A path can ground one with the earth while offering a sense of connection to a greater reality that is sacredness.
destination — An appealing feature or end point draws in a person to the welcoming space. The sojourn, however brief, is rewarded by a feature that encourages quiet, fascination, joy, and spiritual connection with nature.
surround — Design elements — such as plantings, fencing, or trees — provide an encompassing sense of boundary, safety and enclosure within the Open Space Sacred Place. Portal, path and destination invite one to experience a space; the sense of surround ensures that one experiences a sense of being away and an emotional separation from the stress and challenges of life.
Each of the project gardens includes these four main elements. Yet there is variety within unity as each of the project teams responded to the unique landscape or social conditions within their community. One project is a nearly linear healing garden nestled within a ravine, while another is a totally constructed site within a tornado destruction zone. Most projects also include areas for sitting or walking, with opportunities to tend plants; engage and communicate with other users; and record individual experiences in a journal (required on every site).
Each of the six diverse — yet contemplative spaces — will target and engage an urban population in need. The expected users include residents within communities that have experienced natural disasters, wounded warriors struggling through rehabilitation and members of an inner city community working toward an economic rebound. In all instances, community-based planning was used to explore and then determine how the Open Space Sacred Place would reflect the unique resources and needs of the community. Some projects will also attempt to better understand how the process of collaborative planning and stewardship of open and sacred places can improve health and wellness.
Prior to this national grant program, the TKF Foundation had funded more than one hundred Open Spaces Sacred Places in the Washington D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland region. Once installed, these spaces became cherished and beloved by their communities. Each Open Space Sacred Place contains a signature bench and visitors are invited to write a journal entry while seated in the garden. All journal entries are collected and transcribed, and within the thousands of these impromptu comments one finds remarkable, heartfelt testimonials about the power of nature to transform, heal and bring clarity through reflection. Based on these frank and powerful sharings, the TKF Foundation decided to expand the geographic scope of its funding for sacred spaces and pursue the talents of scientists to more precisely describe how people respond to nearby nature that offers special meaning.
A national call for proposals suggested these goals for the research applications — summarized in Figure 1 :
Each project has identified a population or group of people that faces particular hardships or challenges. Past research indicates that experiences in nearby nature in cities can initiate immediate positive responses, sometimes noted by a person but often below consciousness. Rapid responses can be of both body (such as stress recovery) and mind (such as improved cognitive ability). Several teams will measure this initial response or experience and the direct effects of real time experiences of Open Spaces Sacred Places.
Immediate response to a nature site may have lingering effects after a person leaves, or may carry over between site visits. There can be secondary effects or responses of individuals or groups, and may include physical, emotional and mental well-being of the user due to their site-based experience. Some of the projects will study the durable changes or impacts on a person or small social groups. Some of the reported effects pertain to a general sense of mental or emotional health. Others address how nature experiences may serve as therapy for diagnosed conditions.
Residual effects of nature experience may have more extensive secondary influences in a person's life. Urban lifestyles are complex and people are called on to function in a variety of contexts. Some projects proposed research questions about carryover effects in the workplace, home, school and community.
There has been some effort to translate previously studied benefits of the human experience of nature to economic terms. Many studies have assessed the role of landscape, the presence of trees and improved property values (known as hedonic valuation). A few have explored reduced health care costs that are a result of more-active lifestyles and increased physical activity. Some of the projects will apply valuation approaches to their benefits findings to help demonstrate the economic implications of providing high-quality green spaces for people in urban settings.
Collectively, the six projects successfully addressed the TKF Foundation's desire to create a community of science intent upon studying and communicating the impact of open, sacred places on people's health, well-being and resilience. The six projects will not only provide tranquil spaces, but will also support and confirm the benefits derived by urban residents from immersion in open and natural environments that are programmed for human revitalization. Peer-reviewed articles will report the reliable and replicable research about how urban open, sacred places contribute to the health and spirituality of people in cities.
More than 80 percent of the U.S. population and more than 50 percent of the world's population lives in urbanized areas. Cities, rather than being regarded as ecological wastelands, are now seen as the most viable and energy efficient way to provide homes and jobs for ever-growing human populations. Once regarded as leftover spaces that were waiting to be converted to "highest and best" economic use, parks and open space are increasingly recognized as essential for urban livability and quality of life.
Urban designers and planners are comprehensively integrating ecology and nature into built environments using systems approaches, such as green infrastructure, low impact development and urban landscape ecology. Expenses for these efforts are justified by call outs of better air and water quality; reduced heat island effect; and reduced carbon emissions. Recent research has shown that careful design and maintenance of urban greening facilities can also provide human health and well-being benefits, such as stress recovery, improved mental health, faster healing and improved community situations, including lower crime rates.
Yet the American experience, perhaps more so than any other nation, includes the recognition and conservation of those grand natural areas that inspire awe and instill a deep, meaningful sense of the power of nature. Once limited to wild land and rural areas, more people who are committed to city living seek to find calm, serenity and restorative experiences within the city. There is an emergent understanding that even the smallest fragments of nearby nature have the power to engage, fascinate, and satisfy one's senses. The National Open Spaces Sacred Places design and research initiative will propel greater community commitments to creating those spaces that satisfy the soul. The research, in particular, may not be able to detect the intangibles of spirituality, but will provide evidence of the health and wellbeing consequences of nature's sacredness. The results will make a compelling case for how meaningful experiences of sacred should be part of community decision making about the necessary character and qualities of parks and green space investments.


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I just learned about the transfer homomorphism, and I am having trouble internalizing it. I am learning from 'A Course in the Theory of Groups', and I was hoping that perhaps someone had a more intuitive explanation of the transfer to supplement the book's construction.
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2 Answers 2
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The transfer tries to capture conjugacy in a homomorphism. This is a little hard to do so the definition is a little complicated. I give a simpler to verify definition from Kurzweil–Stelmmacher, then the standard product-of-conjugates formula and its specialization to the center and to a Hall subgroup.
Smoother definition
Kurzweil–Stellmacher gives a slightly nicer definition of the transfer: Let $H \leq G$ be a subgroup of finite index in the group $G$. If $R,S$ are transversals of $H$ in $G$, define $$(R|S) = \prod_{(r,s) \in R \times S \atop Hr = Hs} \overline{ rs^{-1} } \in H/[H,H]$$ Then one easily verifies that $$(R|S)^{-1} = (S|R), \quad (R|S)(S|T) = (R|T), \quad (Rg|Sg) =(R|S), \quad \text{and} \quad (Rg|R) =(Sg|S)$$ (At the moment, I couldn't do the last in my head, but $(Rg|R) = (Rg|Sg) (Sg|S) (S|R) = (Sg|S)$ since the outer factors cancel by the previous properties and the fact that $(R|S)$ lives in an abelian group.)
Hence the map $tr:G \to H/[H,H]: g \mapsto (Rg|R)$ is well-defined (by the last property) and a homomorphism since $$(Rgh|R) = (Rgh|Rh)(Rh|R) =(Rg|R)(Rh|R)$$
Some important properties
For g in G, consider the orbits of $\langle g \rangle$ on the cosets $G/H$. Let them have representatives $g_i \in R$ and size $n_i$. Then $$tr(g) = \prod g_i g^{n_i} g_i^{-1}$$ is a product of conjugates of $g$. In particular, if $g \in Z(G)$, then all the conjugates are the same, so $$tr(g) = g^{[G:H]}, \quad \text{if } g \in Z(G)$$ and a similar formula holds if we consider $tr(g)$ mod the subgroup $$H^* = \langle h^{-1} h^g : h,h^g \in H, g \in G \rangle$$ since modulo this subgroup, all $G$-conjugates are the same: $$tr(g) \equiv g^{[G:H]} \mod H^*, \quad \text{if } g \in H$$
In particular, if $G$ does not sufficiently swirl $H$, that is, if $H^* < H$, and if $\gcd([H:H^*],[G:H])=1$ (for instance if $H$ is Hall or Sylow), then the transfer map restricts to an automorphism of $H/H^*$ and in particular $G$ has a proper normal subgroup $K=\ker(tr)$ such that $H \cap K = H^*$. When $H$ is a Sylow $p$-subgroup, this $H^*$ is called the focal subgroup and is equal to $H \cap [G,G]$.
Notice that $H^* \geq [H,H]$ measures how much extra conjugacy (fusion) $G$ causes in $H$. The transfer allows us to pull $H^*$ back into $G$, and so we get a normal subgroup of $G$ that somehow measures fusion in $H$. Again this is most useful and precise when $H$ is a Hall or Sylow subgroup of $G$.
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Other good answers would include the definition from homology of groups, and the definition from character theory. This answer is closest to the material in Robinson, if I recall correctly. – Jack Schmidt Oct 2 '12 at 21:45
There is a way (in my opinion, quite natural) which leads not only to transfer map, but also to the induced representations.
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Please explain your downvotes. – Alex W Jun 5 at 16:48
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In my math classes a typical test is modeled on the character of test questions students will see on their final exams: multiple choice, short answer and long answer.
In a grade 10 math class, what we used to call Applied Math 20S, a multiple choice question might be:
A factory makes tents. The cost of running the factory is $300 per day plus $50 for each tent made. What is the total cost (C), in dollars, as a function of the number of tents (t) made?
(A) C = 350t (B) C = 50t + 300 (C) C = 300t + 50 (D) t = 300 + 50C
I like this question because it quickly allows a student to show whether or not they understand what a "function" is and it's easy to grade. While they have a 25% chance of getting it correct by guessing, in the context of the entire test, and their classroom experiences with me (read: conversations), I know if a student has grasped the concept.
Image by dkuropatwa via Flickr
A short answer question might be:
The monthly cost, C, in dollars, of using a cell phone is calculated using the function C(t) = 0.09t + 20 where t is the time in minutes. What is the monthly fee and the cost per minute for this cell phone contract?
Another quickie that reveals whether or not the student can decode the information given in a function. Another question might ask them to reverse that; encode a function given the description of a linear relationship. As a matter of fact, there's a fundamental principle there about learning math: Anything you can do you should also be able to undo. i.e. If you can decode the information in a function you should also be able to encode information in a function.
Here's a long answer question:
The cost of a school graduation dance has a fixed cost of $1500 for the band, security, and so on, and a cost of $22 per plate for every person attending.
(a) Write the formula which states how the total cost, C, is related to the number of people attending, n.
(b) What is the slope? What does it mean?
(c) If the maximum capacity of the hall is 225 people, what is the maximum cost of the dance?
(d) State the domain of this function.
(e) State the range of this function.
The question is not ideal; (d) should be a "gimme" if they understood (c) and (e) depends on the formula they created in (a). Mind you, if they wrote an incorrect formula in (a) but correctly applied it in (e) that's worth full marks in (e).
|Image by nebbsen via Flickr|
Something these three questions have in common is they require that a student understand the meaning of the marks they're making on the page. While every test has some straight forward calculations, by and large calculations are what computers do best. I want my students to understand what the math means and how it hangs together. Computers don't do that so well; although they're getting better at faking it. That's largely because of the cleverness of people who understand the math behind what computers do.
If your assessments largely test mechanical skills that's what your students will focus on learning. If your assessments test for understanding that's what your students will focus on learning. Which would you rather learn?
You don't have to teach math for any of the above to be true, do you?

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Seasoning (cookware)
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Cast iron skillets, before seasoning (left) and after several years of use (right)
Professional Krampouz waffle iron requiring seasoning
Seasoning is the process of treating the surface of a saucepan, wok, crepe griddle or other cooking vessel with a stick-resistant coating formed from polymerized fat and oil on the surface.
Seasoning is desirable on cast-iron cookware and carbon steel cookware, because otherwise they are very sticky to foods and rust-prone. It is generally not desired on other types of cookware either for cosmetic reasons or because the chemical composition of the pan already results in a non-stick surface.[citation needed]
Methods of seasoning[edit]
A new pan (bare metal) is porous[citation needed] and will grab food tightly, and must either be oiled before cooking or seasoned. This base coat is initially created by a process of layering a very thin coat of oil on the pan. Then, the oil is polymerized to the metal's surface with high heat for a duration. The base coat will eventually develop a more refined coating through use, e.g., frying or searing, and darken over time. This entire process is known as "seasoning". The colour of the coating is commonly known as its "patina".
To season a pan (e.g., to season a new pan, or to replace damaged seasoning on an old pan), the following is a typical process: (a) cleaning the cookware to expose the bare metal, (b) applying a thin layer of animal fat or vegetable oil, and (c) heating the cookware to generate the seasoned coating.[1][2][3] If it is not pre-seasoned, a new cast iron skillet or dutch oven typically comes from the manufacturer with a protective coating of wax or shellac, otherwise it would be rusted. This must be removed before the item is used.[4] An initial scouring with hot soapy water will usually remove the protective coating. Alternatively, for woks, it is common to burn off the coating over high heat (outside or under a vent hood) to expose the bare metal surface. For already-used pans that are to be re-seasoned, the cleaning process can be more complex, involving rust removal and deep cleaning (with strong soap or lye,[5] or by burning in a campfire or self-cleaning oven)[6] to remove existing seasoning and build-up. Once the pan has been heated, dried, and thinly layered with oil or fat, it is placed in an oven, grill, or other heating enclosure for the oil to be polymerized onto the metal's surface. The process of polymerization is dependent on the oil, temperature of the enclosure, and the duration. The precise details of the seasoning process differ from one source to another, and there is much controversy regarding the correct oil to use. There is also no clear consensus with the correct temperature and duration. Lodge Manufacturing uses a proprietary soybean blend in their base coats as stated on their website. Others use lard, or animal fats. Some advocate the use of food-grade flaxseed oil (a drying oil).[7] Likewise, the recommended temperature for seasoning varies to high temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), while some recommend a lower temp below 150 °C (302 °F). Some say that a temperature around the smoke point of the oil or fat should be targeted since this will allow vaporization of impurities from the oil, and polymerization and carbonization to occur. And, there is also no clear determination of the correct duration of heat to use. Anywhere from half an hour to an hour is often recommended.
Seasoning a cast iron or carbon steel wok is a common process in Asia and Asian-American culture. While the vegetable oil method of seasoning is also used in Asia, a traditional process for seasoning includes the use of Chinese chives or scallions as part of the process.[8]
Surface chemistry[edit]
The seasoned surface consists of a polymerized and plasticized coating.
The process of heating a pan to cause the oil to oxidize is analogous to the hardening of drying oil used in oil paints, or to varnish a painting. But whereas the curing of oils is the result of autoxidation at room temperature for a painting, for a pan, the thermoxidized oil undergoes a conversion into the hard surface of the seasoned pan at the high temperatures of cooking.
When oils or fats are heated in a pan, multiple degradation reactions occur, including: autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, cyclization and fission.[9][10] Often seasoning is uneven in a pan, and over time the distribution will spread to a whole pan. Heating the cookware (such as in a hot oven or on a stovetop) facilitates the oxidation of the iron; the fats and/or oils protect the metal from contact with the air during the reaction, which would cause rust to form. Some cast iron users advocate heating the pan slightly before applying the fat or oil to ensure that the pan is completely dry and to open "the pores" of the pan.[11][12]
The surface is hydrophobic, and oils or fats for cooking will spread evenly. The seasoned surface will deteriorate at the temperature where the polymers break down. This is not the same as the smoke point of the original oils and fats used to season the pan because those oils and fats are transformed into the plasticized surface. (This is analogous to how the smoke point for crude oil and plastic are different).
As with other cast iron vessels, a seasoned pan or dutch oven should not be used to cook foods containing tomatoes, vinegar or other acidic ingredients.[citation needed] These foods will damage the new seasoning. Instead, newly seasoned ovens should be used to cook food high in oil or fat, such as chicken, bacon, or sausage, or used for deep frying. Subsequent cleanings are usually accomplished without the use of soap. Because modern cleaning methods (detergent soaps, dishwashers) will destroy the seasoning on cast iron, manufacturers and cookbook authors recommend only wiping the pans clean after each use, or using other cleaning methods such as a salt scrub or boiling water.[13]
Other surface types[edit]
There are other surfaces on cookware which are stick-resistant. See also Non-stick pans.
In the process of bluing, an oxidizing chemical reaction on an iron surface selectively forms magnetite (Fe3O4), the black oxide of iron (as opposed to rust, the red oxide of iron (Fe2O3)). Black oxide provides minimal protection against corrosion if also treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting and galvanic action.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Lodge - Seasoned Cast Iron". Lodge Manufacturing. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
 2. ^ "Care and seasoning of your wok". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 3. ^ "Seasoning Frying Pans".
 4. ^ "Care of Cast Iron Pots and Pans". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 5. ^ "Cleaning Cast Iron With Lye". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 6. ^ "How to use your self-cleaning oven for cleaning cast iron". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 7. ^ Canter, Sheryl (January 28, 2010). "Chemistry of Cast Iron Seasoning: A Science-Based How-To". Retrieved 2012-05-13.
 8. ^ Young, Grace (2004). The Breath of a Wok: Unlocking the Spirit of Chinese Wok Cooking Through Recipes and Lore. Simon & Schuster. p. 48. ISBN 0-7432-3827-3.
 9. ^ Chang, S. S., Peterson, R. J. & Ho, C. T. (1978) Chemical reactions involved in the deep-fat frying of foods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 55: 718–727.
 10. ^ Paul, S. & Mittal, G. S. (1997) Regulating the use of degraded oil/fat in deep-fat/oil food frying. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 37: 635–662.
 11. ^ "Seasoning Cast Iron". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
 12. ^ "Seasoning Cast Iron Pots". Cooking Louisiana. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
 13. ^ Emery, Carla (2003). The Encyclopedia of Country Living: An Old Fashioned Recipe Book. Sasquatch Books. p. 41. ISBN 1-57061-377-X.
External links[edit]


text:
What does the Bible say about Christians getting tattoos?
A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons. Tattooing is a tradition among indigenous peoples around the world. The symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures.
The only specific mention of tattoos in the Bible is a command given to the Jews in about 1450 BC when they were travelling from Egypt to Canaan: "Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves" (Lev. 19:28 TNIV). According to Scripture, Christians are not under Old Testament Law. When Christ fulfilled the Law by paying the death penalty for sin (Mt. 5:17; Rom. 10:4), the Old Testament Law was set aside as obsolete (Eph. 2:15; Heb. 7:18; 8:13), and believers are not under it, but under God's grace (Rom. 6:14; Gal. 3:23-25). However, when specific laws are interpreted in light of their context and the New Testament, useful principles may be derived from them (1 Cor. 10:6-11; 2 Tim. 3:15-17).
The context of Leviticus 19:28 is a set of laws that prohibited Jews from following the pagan practices of the Egyptians and the Canaanites (Lev. 18:1-5, 24-30; 20:22-24). These laws mainly related to sexual immorality, spiritualism and witchcraft and other areas of personal conduct that were to distinguish God's people. The punishment for disobeying them is given in Leviticus 20. As the "tattoo marks" described in Leviticus 19:28 were associated with false religious practices, they were prohibited for these Jews because God did not want them to be identified with idolatry. The New Testament also teaches that believers are to have nothing to do with idolatry (1 Cor. 10:7, 14; 1 Jn. 5:21) and apostasy (Heb. 3:12).
Some other commands in Leviticus 19 are also no longer associated with idolatry: "Do not wear clothing woven of two kinds of material" (19:19), and "'Do not cut the hair at the sides of your head or clip off the edges of your beard" (19:27). Since it is not specifically mentioned in the New Testament, the practice of tattooing is not prohibited for Christians today, but the principle of not being identified with idolatry and not backsliding would still apply.
Today, a tattoo is usually a decorative means of self expression and personal decoration that is not associated with idolatry. In a situation that is not sinful, whether to get a tattoo can be considered a debatable matter, like whether to eat food that has been offered to idols or whether one day is more sacred than another (Rom. 14:1-6). The Bible gives five principles that can help us determine God's will in situations like this.
First, we are to honor God with our bodies (1 Cor. 6:19-20). In other words, will a tattoo honor or dishonor God? Is the reason for getting one to draw attention to ourselves (1 Tim. 2:9)? A related principle is that whatever we do should be done for the glory of God (1 Cor. 10:31). Will He be exalted or disgraced? Will others think less of God, His Church or His Word because of what I do?
Second, it is sinful to cause believers with weaker consciences to stumble by violating their conscience (Rom. 14:13-14, 20-21; 1 Cor. 8:7-13). In this instance we should refrain from doing something that is not specifically forbidden in Scripture if it hinders the spiritual progress of a weaker believer. Paul even extends this principle to unbelievers because he wanted them to accept Christ as their Savior (1 Cor. 10:32-33). It's loving and unselfish to think of others above ourselves (Rom. 14:15; 15:1-2).
Third, with regard to tattoos and other matters of secondary importance, we shouldn't judge others because they are accountable to the Lord and not to us (Rom. 14:4, 10-12). This means respecting each other's opinion as we can have differing views on what pleases the Lord (1 Th. 4:1).
Fourth, make every effort to do the things that lead to peace and spiritual growth (Rom. 14:19). Will what we do help or hinder the harmony of believers?
Fifth, despite our differences of opinion with regard to matters of secondary importance, believers should accept one another just as Christ has accepted us (Rom. 15:7). Our fellowship with one another shouldn't depend on one's viewpoint on such matters.
As tattoos are permanent, consider whether having a tattoo will be regretted by you and your family in years to come. Also, because images affect thoughts, any tattoo that you might get should focus on what is true, honorable, right, pure, lovely, admirable, excellent and praiseworthy, and not obscene (Phil. 4:8; Eph. 5:3-5). For example, it could symbolize a Biblical truth which represents your relationship with Christ.
Finally, our bodies are like "instruments" or tools that can be used for good or bad purposes (Rom. 6:13). The important question to ask is whether we are using our bodies for God, not whether we have a tattoo or not. Romans 12:1-2 says this: "I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God's mercies, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God … Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind."
Published July 2010
See the other articles in this series:
- What does the Old Testament say about Christians getting tattoos?
- What does the New Testament say about Christians getting tattoos?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


if( (pInput->dwFlags & TOUCHEVENTF_DOWN) ==
 CString str;
 str.Format(L"Touch input event %d of %d",
 nInputNumber, nInputsCount);
 GetDC()->TextOutW(pt.x, pt.y, str);
Windows 7 also provides platform support for object manipulation and inertia processing to fine-tune the multitouch experience. Your application can provide a natural touch interaction with the artifacts provided by its UI. The COM-based APIs enable combinations of gestures to occur at the same time on one or multiple objects (for example, zoom while translating at the same time) and rendering of realistic object physics as a response of those gestures (for example, tossing to a corner or shaking an object).
Taskbar Integration
In the first section of the article we talked about two new capabilities of the new Windows Taskbar -- document thumbnail and Jump Lists -- and how you can immediately take advantage of them by simply recompiling your code with MFC 10. The new Windows Taskbar has a few more capabilities you can use to provide the user with visual cues of the state the application is in or quick context menu actions.
Rather than displaying only the most recent documents opened -- the default behav¬ior MFC provides for Jump Lists -- you can customize the Jump List content by using the new MFC CJumpList class. This class provides methods for adding new categories of items, managing the items listed in those categories and adding specific tasks relevant to your application. For example, the following code makes the default category Recent visible, creates a new category called Favorites, adds the currently focused document to it and then appends three tasks that will launch the browser with different URLs:
CJumpList jumpList;
 L"Visual C++ Blog", strPathToBrowser, 0);
 L"C++ Developer Center", strPathToBrowser, 0);
 L"Windows 7 Developer Center", strPathToBrowser, 0);
In this example, even after the app exits, the customized Jump List will still be available to users when they right-click on the pinned Taskbar button. The Windows Taskbar takes care of storing the Jump List information for each running or pinned app (see Figure 3).
[Click on image for larger view.]
Figure 3. The customized Jump List.
If your application main window is in the middle of a lengthy task that doesn't require user interaction, it can notify the user of its progress directly by displaying a progress bar in the Taskbar. To display a progress bar in the Windows Taskbar, all you need to do is define the range and set the position by calling CFrameWnd::Set¬ProgressBarRange and CFrameWnd::SetProgressBarPosition. You can also alter the state of the progress bar. For example, in case you can't determine the duration of the task, you can set the progress bar state to be "indeterminate." If the user pauses the task execution or if an error occurs, you can change the state to paused or error, respectively, as in the following example:
CMainFrame* mainFrm =
if(mainFrm!= nullptr)
 mainFrm->SetProgressBarRange(0, 100);
To make your application communicate a more customized state to the user, take advantage of the Windows Taskbar ability to display overlay icons on top of an application Taskbar button. Do this with the method call CFrameWnd::SetTaskbarOverlayIcon:
CMainFrame* mainFrm =
if(mainFrm!= nullptr)
 L"New documents available");
 mainFrm->SetTaskbarOverlayIcon((HICON)nullptr, L"");
 // clears the overlay icon
Preview, Thumbnail and Search
If your MFC application manages its own document types, then beyond the icon you've selected, Windows Explorer doesn't present much information about the file content. By contrast, Word documents and images offer a thumbnail or preview of the content.
These are not new Windows 7 features; they were introduced in Windows Vista. What is new is that Visual C++ 2010 comes with a set of ATL and MFC classes and wizards that allow you to create Windows Shell Extensions that can leverage the code you wrote for your MFC document and view classes to provide the following:
 - Thumbnail icon generation
 - Document preview
 - Search integration
When creating a new MFC app, the MFC Project Wizard can create a separate ATL project for implementing the Shell Extensions.
When you have an existing application, invoke the ATL Wizard and specify a file extension and the types of handlers you want the project to implement for that: preview, thumbnail and search. If you want the handlers to automatically instantiate your existing MFC document and view classes, make sure you uncheck Generate ATL-based document and provide the name and the full path of the document and view classes, then implement your handler code in the MFC classes. Alternatively, Generate ATL-based document will create a common ATL wrapper class that all handlers will instantiate. Inside this wrapper, you can control whether you want to delegate the implementation to your MFC code or provide an alternative implementation for some of the handlers.
Accessing Windows 7 APIs Directly
Visual Studio 2010 includes the Windows 7 SDK headers and libraries in the box. The SDK gives you direct access to a wealth of new Windows 7 APIs, in addition to those we've already discussed.
Windows 7 comes with support for high-fidelity graphics that you can incorporate in your applications to provide modern interactions and feedback to the user. Direct2D provides immediate access to accelerated-graphics capabilities via a simplified 2-D API that's based on Direct3D. This is an alternative to GDI and GDI+ and provides superior performance while still having a good interoperability with these technologies. DirectWrite enables high-quality ClearType text rendering and layout. DirectWrite takes advantage of hardware-accelerated text when used with Direct2D, but the API can also be used with other rendering engines. The same is true for the new Animation API -- if it's used with Direct2D or other rendering technologies, the
Animation APIs provide a framework for scheduling and executing animations, including sophisticated conflict resolution when multiple animations attempt to manipulate the same variable.
Connected applications are becoming the norm in modern applications. Windows 7 provides native support to both communicate with and implement SOAP Web services by using the Windows Web Services API, which supports a broad set of the WS-* family of protocols and provides an effective way for developers to access the cloud, corporate services or local Web services.
Coupled with these technologies, Windows provides a new framework for consuming and implementing sensors. This new technology helps provide more environmental awareness to Windows-based applications. A new API developed on top of this platform is the Location API, which can give applications coordinate information on the current location of the device (provided there are GPS or wireless sensors enabled and that the user grants access to the data).
Parallelization Enhancements
A well-parallelized application is always more efficient than a single-threaded application. As we move into the age of many-core CPUs, having your application scale with the number of processors becomes critical -- and having the right tools to help with this effort is essential.
New in Visual C++ 2010, the Concurrency Runtime (ConcRT) provides a C++ library that allows developers to harness the power of multi-core in a productive way. The idioms of ConcRT are:
 - Parallel algorithms (generic algorithms that act on collections of data)
 - Tasks (a mechanism to encapsulate what work you want to accomplish rather than how you want to parallelize it)
 - Agents (using message passing for fine-grained dataflow and pipelining of computationally intensive tasks)
Windows 7 has a new lightweight thread scheduler called User-Mode Scheduling (UMS) that lets high-performance apps (rather than the kernel) schedule, throttle and control the overhead due to blocking system calls. You may not use UMS directly to speed up your app, but by supporting this level of flexibility in managing threads at the user-mode level, you let higher-level concurrency libraries (such as ConcRT) provide an optimized multithreading behavior. ConcRT takes advantage of UMS by defining a SchedulerPolicy with SchedulerKind member set to UmsThreadDefault.
The following snippet uses task parallelism (and C++ lambdas) to asynchronously download multiple files from the Web:
Concurrency::task_group tasks; // a task_group
 // manages the execution of multiple tasks
 thumbnails; // concurrent_vector is the thread
 // safe equivalent of std::vector
Concurrency::concurrent_vector fileList;
 objWebImages =
for( int i = 0;
 i < imageUrlList.Image->ResultsCount; ++i )
 // task_group::run will
 // queue a task for execution. [objWebImages, i, imageUrlList,
 &fileList, &thumbnails, this] {
 // C++0x lambda expression
 // these lengthy operations will now execute
 // on a different thread
 CString thumbFileName = objWebImages->
 CString imageFileName = objWebImages->
 // push_back may be called concurrently from
 // different threads at the same time
 imageFileName, thumbFileName));
 } );
tasks.wait(); // first blocking call. this will wait
 // for all queued tasks to complete
Overall, Windows 7 is an exciting release for developers. With thousands of new Windows APIs made available to native coders, Windows 7 provides an enhanced experience for desktop applications.
Visual Studio 2010 is the IDE of choice to take advantage of the Windows 7 platform. With enhancements in MFC and the ATL and the addition of new IDE Designers and Wizards, Visual C++ 2010 gives you the


The race between education and technology
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Romesh Vaitilingam interviews Lawrence Katz for Vox
Romesh Vaitilingam: Welcome to Vox Talks, a series of audio interviews with leading economists from around the world. My name is Romesh Vaitilingam, and today's interview is with Professor Lawrence Katz of Harvard University. Larry and I met at the American Economic Association's Annual Meetings in San Francisco in January 2009 where we spoke about his new book, co-authored with Claudia Goldin called "The Race between Education and Technology."
I began by asking Larry what he meant by the race between education and technology.
Lawrence Katz: What we mean by it is that we think, to a substantial extent, that the wage structure, or wage inequality, is greatly affected by what we would call the demand for skills, or the demand for different types of workers, and the supply of skills or the supply of different types of workers.
The actual phrase here - 'the race between education and technology' - actually goes back to Jan Tinbergen, who shared the first Nobel Prize in economics, and his classic work in the 1970s trying to look at, imagining something: that the demand for skills is driven by changes in technology, which today we'd call skill-biased technological change, and the supply of skills is driven by changes in accessed education, and he argued you could explain a lot of variations in educational wage differentials and inequality by thinking of this race between demand and supply, or between technology and education.
We have found that that's a very powerful framework. Our book focuses on the long-run history of wage inequality, educational attainment, and technological change in the US, and thinking of these things in simple economic supply and demand, but trying to get inside the black box of the way technological change works and how accessed education works take you a substantial distance towards explaining why, for example, in the first half of the 20th century there was a dramatic narrowing of wage inequality, a narrowing of educational wage differentials when the US did a tremendous job of leading the world in expanding access to education in a very decentralized manner, creating almost universal access to high school when much of the world was not yet fully through common, or elementary, or grade school.
And then how rapid educational expansion combined with rapid technological change meant a fairly stable wage structure and shared prosperity from World War II to the early 70s, and how the period since we've continued to see rapid technological change increasing the demand for skills, but we have not seen the rate of growth of educational attainment in the US keep up either with technology or with its past patterns and then trying to understand.
One of the key points of our book is: lots of people argue that things like computerization, international trade, outsourcing have been driving forces towards increased wage inequality, saying the United States and in many European countries in the last 25 years, and we don't dispute that those have been important factors. But they're only one half of the story.
They generate a demand for skills. One has to also think about what's happening on the supply side. The striking thing about the U. is that the demand for skills increase from these things isn't that different. If you think of the early 20th century and electrification, electricity was as big a change in reorganization of work in the early 20th century as computerization…
Romesh: OK, so the internet is not something special like that.
Lawrence: It's very interesting, but it's not completely different than many other previous technological changes that led to dramatic changes in the scale of enterprises - the lack of the need for labourers to haul things around now that you have assembly lines dramatically change the demand for skills, increasing the need for a white collar workforce. Then the big difference was not college, but was getting a high-school degree to become a white collar worker or more skilled blue collar worker.
In that period we have measures looking, for example, at the US manufacturing sector that indicate increasing for skill was about as rapid, say, in the 1920s, 10s, as it was in the 80s, 90s and 2000, yet you have narrowing wage inequality in that period, much of it, rather than widening. And the big difference is rapid access in what Paul Douglas, a great labour economist in the 1920s and teens called the decline of non-competing groups by creating greater access to education. In the U.S. it was creating universal access to high school.
We've expanded access to college in recent period, but nothing like we did early in the century. For people born from 1875 to, say, 1950 in the US, every generation, basically, had two more years of schooling than their parents.
People today are more educated than their parents. A 25-year-old today, but more like a half a year. So education continues to expand, but not nearly as rapid as the demand for skills. And you actually see that about 60% of the growth of US wage inequality in the last 25 years can actually, just in an accounting sense, be explained by the increased growing gap in wages between those with more education and less education.
Putting those into an economic framework and then trying to get inside the black box of what things drive technology and the demand for skills, and what things affect the supply of skills, have been key.
The other key point is educational attainment, there are several factors that affect those supply of skills. One is access to education, the cost and availability of it, which affects education of each cohort. The second, obviously, is cohort size. If, on average, young people are more educated than older people, when there's a big cohort, that will have a bigger impact. That's why skills are smaller.
And the third is immigration, which changes the skill mix. What we find is that this slow-down in educational attainment in the U.S. is not… immigration is not…a lot of people have blamed immigration. It's definitely not the driving force. In fact, when you properly aggregate things, immigrants to the US are incredibly highly educated relative to the US natives at the top end, and less educated at the bottom. When you aggregate them up into the main skill groups, college and non-college, they're pretty much neutral, and not an important component.
The second is that cohort size did play some role. The 1970s had a very big growth of the educated because there was such a big baby boom. There's then a baby bust. But that's second order relative to accessed education, the growing cost of college, problems in K-12 schools in the US, problems of inner-city families.
That's where the slowdown is. We could have had the same sort of technological change and advantages with a much more egalitarian outcome.
The one final point is we are not unicausal people that say this is everything. Clearly the interaction of the race between education and technology is a driving force, but it's not in a vacuum. You have to understand institutions to understand, you know, in a place with strong minimum wages and strong unions, the same supply and demand shifts can have very different impacts on wage structure or on quantities employed.
Institutions that affect people's incentives and ability to get education drive those things. So it's not reductionist that there's just this sort of ongoing exogenous technology and supply changes. One really has to think deeply about things like labour market institutions and educational institutions as well to understand these changes in technology.
We don't deny they're important, but we think you have to have this interaction between institutions in the race between technology and education. When we look at Europe, there wasn't as big a growth in inequality for, we think, two reasons. The technological change is very similar because educational access continued expanding, catching up and now passing the US.
25 years ago young Americans were by far the most educated of any group on the planet. Today the US is near the bottom of the OECD in high school graduation rates, and sort of in the middle in college graduation rates. Clearly, given we were the top in both 25 years ago, we've had slower growth.
The second is the same supply and demand changes show up much more on wages in the US, where they're much freer and more flexible to change, than in places with stronger government and union intervention in wage setting.
Romesh: Do you think in policy terms in response to inequality, there's going to be a change now with the new administration and the fallout from the financial crisis and the economic recession?
Lawrence: This election clearly showed there have been some changes in attitudes. One part that's not the focus of our book, but is clearly important, part of the growth of inequality, which is the top 0.1 percent, which has been a large source of the growth of inequality in the US over the last 25 years.
In particular, there're going


text:
1 February - 7 May 2023
Atlantide 2017 – 2023, the project curated by Lorenzo Balbi and conceived for MAMbo by Yuri Ancarani is an "explosion" of the film Atlantide, which premiered in the Orizzonti section of the 2021 Venice Film Festival and was subsequently shown at numerous international festivals: a journey through the research process and the many materials produced and on which the artist made a selection, giving them a new formalization over the last six years, before, during and after the making of the film.
In an enveloping and immersive atmosphere, the audience can follow an external narrative that goes beyond a feature film, thanks to a series of previously unseen contents produced for the exhibition.
Although the film's narrative, set in Venice, revolves around Daniele and other boys and girls, the lagoon city's singularity emerges as the main character. Thus, the focus is the Venice-Atlantis the artist has recreated at MAMbo, a city difficult to define, suffocated by exploitative tourism, and under constant environmental threats that affect the entire planet yet become particularly meaningful here. Now reduced to fewer than 50,000 inhabitants, they live suspended between the need to fight against being inundated by the lagoon, the relentless waves of tourism, and the temptation to abandon the struggle and leave the city to its fate. At the same time, from a broader perspective, Ancarani's Venice loses its geographical and urban connotation, becoming a symbol, an ideal representation of the decadence of capitalism, and a model depicting a global problem.
Adolescent despair, Venice's decay, and the deterioration of the environment and human relationships are the major themes that run through Atlantide 2017 – 2023, that can be interpreted as a single choral work. At the journey's end, one realizes how these problems, these issues, concern not only Venice or Venetians but involve us all directly.
To MAMbo website


the Dark Fall.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Artifact (Virtualizer), Contract (With Code Beasts, to protect the Light Code and reseal the Dark Code)
Dragon Saint Kaleidragoon
Theme Info: Long ago, in a world where dragons and humans coexisted in harmony, a dark god descended and made all living beings suffer. A young girl, turned into an exalted human by the blood of a dragon, stood against this god and freed her people from its iron-fisted rule, ushering a golden age of prosperity and peace together with six other heroines. However, this peace was not to last. When the Belkans came to try and conquer all worlds and become the ruling power in the multiverse, young Queen Io was betrayed and murdered by the person she thought loved her above everything else, and her kingdom was invaded. Even though the invasion was miraculously repelled, the heroines fell in battle, and the world was left in ruins. But even then, people did not lose hope, and had faith in that, one day, their saviors would return. Queen Io's crown, the Prismatic Infinity Carat, became a legendary artifact through that faith, one that many would covet zealously. The servants of the darkness wished to obtain it to resurrect their god with its power. In order to protect it, the crown's guardians cast its fragments into the immensity of space, together with dragon eggs from which, hopefully, new guardians would rise to protect the crown from evil. The crown and the eggs drifted among the universe until they ended up on Earth, and even now the eggs are bonding with strong-hearted humans willing to rise up to defend the world from the forces of chaos and destruction.
Theme Organization Connections: Uraut and her lackeys are allied with Dark Fall. Mayuko is unaffiliated. If news of the Prismatic Infinity Carat's arrival to Earth were to be passed among the factions, they would probably show great interest in obtaining it.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Artifact (Dragon Brooch), Contract (With a dragon, to recover, reforge and protect the Prismatic Infinity Carat and defend the innocent from the forces of darkness)
Everlasting Light Maiden Hope
Theme Info: During the Edo Period, one of the many Magical Girl sisterhoods operating within Japan were the Light Maidens. Of these, Light Maiden Hope was the strongest, as hope springs eternal. But the era of the Light Maidens reached an untimely end following Light Maiden Hope's defeat and the Fall of Edo. Not a single Light Maiden had been seen in generations -- until the tenacious Light Maiden Hope made her grand return to the battlefield, prepared to fight the enduring enemies of humanity, putting her resolve to the test. But is the tenacity of a single shattered spirit enough to bring light to the lurking darkness, or will Light Maiden Hope fall once more to the shadows?
Theme Organizational Connections: Light Maidens are known to the Magic Association, probably spoken about in a dusty tome in a stuffy library somewhere.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Light Maidens unlock their destiny by obtaining a ceramic mask in the visage of a mythical being from Japanese lore. These masks were usually distributed by a mysterious travelling mask salesman, the nature of whom was never fully uncovered. Should the salesman still exist today, a contract could be struck with him in exchange for such a mask. Otherwise, as Light Maiden Hope has shown, under special circumstances a contract can also be struck with an existing Light Maiden should she be unable to fulfill her duties on her own.
Fantastic Idols Raven Squad
Theme Info: Fantastic Idols Raven Squad! Four women out to earn a yen, and fight off some monsters. All before going on stage. That and make it back home in time to do homework. For the most part, these four women use gems from the Tuner Organization that only they can use. Soon, they will learn the origins of their magical armors, and the powers that they were given. Will learning the truth help the squad survive, or will the curtain fall before the final notes have been sung?
Theme Organizational Connections: Raven Squad is affilated with the Tuner Organization, while the Nameless are a part of Dark Fall.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Artifact (Gems)
Guardian Princess Runealy
Theme Info: On the feudal world of Waldia, the royal family's women maintain a barrier that seals away an ancient demon horde. When Queen Lene was murdered by a monster just before a ritual to reinforce the Barrier, Princess Runealy wasn't ready to take her place. With time running out to prevent a demon apocalypse, her friends convinced Runealy to mount an expedition to Earth and revive the ancient order of the Guardian Knights so they could accompany her. Originally draining magic from Tokyo's heroes in a desperate attempt to save their own world, they were later persuaded to stop these attacks and seek help. This decision proved vital, as it was widespread cooperation rather than drained energy that set things right! Grateful for a second chance on Earth, the princess and her friends have returned to atone for their misdeeds. Yet history provides the basis for a new conflict… old enemies of the Crown have come to Earth to pursue power, justice… or vengeance.
Theme Organizational Connections: Runealy and the Guardian Knights are Unaffiliated at time of writing, though individual members may join the Magic Association. Various demons and scheming nobles fit best in Dark Fall, where they plan to seek allies.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Artifact (Magical Transformation Item), Contract (Guardian Knight Oath), Legacy (Waldian Royal Line). Villains might have a demonic Legacy, or be empowered by a dark ritual (Artifact + Contract). The overwhelming majority of villains from this setting are Powers of Darkness.
Mahou Sensei Negima!
Theme Info: For centuries, mages have quietly worked alongside mankind. They use their magic to spread good spirits and happiness to all the corners of the world; and, occasionally, to do battle against dark powers and evil men who would abuse the innocent. To help them in both, the mages developed Pactio, a magical ritual allowing them to forge an unbreakable bond between spirits and hearts; and if that bond is mighty enough, if the hearts involved are close enough, that bond creates a strength unrivaled by those without the heart to match it. Twenty years ago, a band of powerful warriors adventured across Earth and the magic worlds, saving people from strife and defusing terrible magical wars; their leader was Nagi Springfield, soon to be called the Thousand Master, after his famed mastery of a thousand spells (or perhaps it was bonds to a thousand partners...). Fifteen years ago, the Thousand Master vanished without trace, and his allies scattered to the winds. But now, his nine-year-old son Negi has appeared on the world scene, graduating from the magic academy in Wales, and advancing to his next stage of mage training....which is, much to his surprise, apparently to teach a middle school class in Tokyo's Infinity Institute! Many eyes are on the Thousand Master's young heir, and not all of them friendly; one little boy is no match for those expectations, no matter his pedigree. The question is, can he forge the bonds he needs to make it through?
Theme Organizational Connections: Negima-esque wizards and Pactio partners - either whimsical young mages helping the innocent or bands of roving monster-fighters - are a major Magic Association demographic and the Magic Association's established central headquarters is in the magical country Mundus Magicus. Pactio partners ("minister" for the boys, "ministra" for the girls) are therefore also pretty likely to be or become Magic Association, as most wizards willing to share their hearts in this way are going to already be in the Magic Association. Negima wizards and ministrae often consider it their chief duty to directly oppose Dark Fall's monsters, but some unscrupulous may find that the temptation of Dark Fall's power is too great to resist; mages bartering away their souls to demons is no uncommon tale, after all, and Dark Fall occasionally finds itself mage allies in this way. Ends of the World has a tight grip, on the upper levels of wizard leadership, and it's not unlikely that a high-ranking mage may have gotten there with debts to pay to the World's Edge.
Example Theme Paths to Power: Legacy (Great Wizard), Artifact (Great Wizard Inheritance Item, Pactio Card), Contract (Pactio)
Marked Cards
Theme Info: In the 18th century, the dark force known only as the House began its terrible game, the Dead Man's Hand. Releasing monsters in the world, it gave powerful cards to chosen, marked souls. These allowed them to use superhuman powers to fight the monsters, and to battle over the cards that created them. Whichever group completed the set would be granted their wishes. Now, the souls of the Marked Cards are reincarnating, no longer in the American West, but in modern-day Japan! The Aces High and the Wild Bunch compete once more to gather the cards let loose by the Hands of the House, the Jokers, whether to protect the people of Japan or to serve their own selfish desires.
Theme Organizational Connections: Some of the original Aces High belonged to the very early Tuners. However, their reincarnations have not made contact. The Wild Bunch, on the other hand, have fallen easily in with the Ends of the World, much as the original Wild Bunch did. The House is a quiet but potent organization within Dark Fall. As far as anyone can tell, no one involved in the Dead Man's Hand


text:
Article: article from journal or magazin.
Coûts humains de la dépendance au tabac [Human costs of tobacco dependence]
Revue médicale de la Suisse romande
Publication types: English Abstract ; Journal Article - Publication Status: ppublish
Human costs are an indicator of the value attributed to human burden related to diseases. The present paper summarizes a Swiss study. led by economists and physicians, which estimate the monetary value attributed by the general population regarding the consequences on quality of life of smoking related diseases. Such economic study may contribute to better understand smokers' concerns and beliefs and to improve effective strategies for smoking cessation in primary care.
Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Smoking
Last modification date


Re: marker improvements
From: Cyril Concolato
Date: Fri, 01 Jun 2012 09:26:41 +0200
Message-ID: <_EMAIL_>
To: Cameron McCormack
Hi Cameron,
Some additional comments. This is my first real reading of the marker
section, so some of my comments might be not-acceptable given the legacy
1.1 behavior.
* In the first sentence of 11.6: "A marker is a symbol...". I think we
could change the word'symbol' (to something like 'graphics') as this is
not necessarily refering to a element. This is confusing.
* I don't understand ISSUE 2. What do you mean by "setting back"?
* In the marker-segment definition, you say that a marker is added to
non-zero length path segment. It's creating a special case for
zero-length segment. This can produce a weird effect when animating a
path segment when the length goes from non-zero to zero to non-zero,
where the marker would disappear (blink). I don't know how frequent this
case would be though.
* The description of marker-mid still says 'or at the center of every
path segment'. Is this normal?
* When giving the drawing order between all types of marker "Markers on
a given element are painted in the following order:", it is not clear
which type is on top. It would clearer to say that the painter's
algorithm is used or to say that they are "painted on top of each other
in the following order".
* "... marker is to be fitted when it is rendered... ": It should
probably say 'fitted according to the viewBox and preserveAspectRatio
* "the reference point of the marker which is to be aligned": it's weird
to say 'aligned' for a point. I'd say 'positioned'.
* "orient": It is not clear from this section if the rotation performed
before the fitting or after? It is clearer looking at 11.6.7. You might
want to put a link to that section.
* What is the incoming and outgoing direction for the center of a path
segment? How can they be different?
* It's probably worth starting a new line for "If the marker is on the
first or last vertex".
* For ISSUE-4, we could also say that the position is computed modulo
the path length.
* about href: I thought the resolution was to keep both xlink:href and
href and say that href has precedence (see
* "Properties inherit into the 'marker' element from its ancestors;
properties do not inherit from the element referencing the 'marker'
element.": I think it should be the opposite. In terms of
implementation, I think it is easier. In terms of authoring, if you
don't want inheritance to apply, specify non-inherit values on the element.
* ISSUE-7: why do you want to special case the positioned marker?
* Figure 9: I don't see the circle and cross markers in the image. Is
this normal?
* What does " values made absolute"? absolute as "base URL +
path in the document"? Shouldn't we that IRI are transformed into IRI
relative to the root element?
* pattern:
You wouldn't allow marker-pattern="_TAG_ 10px none 20px _TAG_"?
I know you can write marker-pattern="_TAG_ 30px _TAG_"
but it might be useful for animation of the second marker:
marker-pattern="_TAG_ 10px _TAG_ 20px _TAG_"
Actually, you can already do that by putting an invalid marker reference
but I think it's better to put none.
"If a value other than none is given, and the sum of the s and
s is not positive, then it is an invalid value."
Why not say that the lengths and percentages shall all be positive? You
want to allow going backwards in the positioning of the markers? Do you
have an example?
* "[ none | ]{4} / <'marker-pattern'>" you probably want to
write {1,4}.
* The initial value of the marker-knockout properties is defined as
none, but this is not an allowed value. What does it mean?
* Figure 14: The fact that you changed both the paint order and the
stroke width is confusing I think. It does not show the effect of the
paint order only.
That's it for now.
----- Mail original -----
De: "Cameron McCormack"
À: "SVG public list"
Envoyé: Samedi 26 Mai 2012 09:26:54
Objet: marker improvements
I've added some of the marker improvement proposals that we discussed
recently to the spec, although I have changed them a bit. Instead of
extending marker-mid to allow specifying a pattern of markers to place
along the path, not at vertices, I added a separate property for this. I
also added a separate property for markers at the centre of path
segments. marker-start, marker-mid and marker-end remain unchanged.
The expanded marker shorthand that allows setting marker-{start,mid,
end,segment,pattern} at once, with different values:
There's some updated text at the start of the section with an overview
of the different types of markers:
I extended the element like we discussed to allow it as a child
of a etc. element. That's a "positioned marker".
For setting back the stroke to allow better arrowheads, and to have say
circular hollow markers without the stroke showing through, I added a
half baked proposal to stimulate some discussion:
Look at the image for an overview without having to read all that dense
text in there.
I went a bit crazy on the shapes, perhaps, but the key thing I was
trying to avoid was allowing a generic path to be specified, since that
would require some difficult intersection checking. At least with these
predefined shapes the number of edges to check for intersections is low
and known.
But as I mention in the ISSUE in that section, using this feature for
some cooler looking dash patterns (dashes looking like chevrons for
example) you probably want to put the two sides of the shape at
different orientations along the path, and that again requires more
difficult shape/intersection calculations.
Anyway, comments welcome.
Received on Friday, 1 June 2012 07:27:43 GMT


text:
Compost Teacher Resources
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Reduce Our Carbon Footprint, Let's Compost!
Roll up your sleeves and get a little dirty with this elementary and middle school compost lesson. All you need is a large plastic container, a couple old newspapers, some organic waste, and a few hundred worms and you're ready to start...
4th - 8th CCSS: Adaptable


Why Do People Love Bunnies?
This tells you some of the reasons why people love bunnies so much.
Why do people love bunnies, here are some reasons why they love bunnies:
It's because rabbits or bunnies are really cute and what makes them cute is usually either how fluffy they are or how small they are or just the way they look like which make bunnies and rabbits soo adorable and cute to people.Another reason why people love them is because they look so inocent and harmless which is appealing to people.And also that many people keep bunnies and rabbits as pets and then win over people's affection towards bunnies.People also might love them maybe from the fact of the easter bunny which may of influenced some people towards liking bunnies from when they were young.I myself love rabbits and bunnies as they are cute and fun to play with.These are some of the reason why people love bunnies and rabbits.
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 1. cyc199
 On April 30, 2011 at 10:55 am
 Just some reasons why people people might like bunnies
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text:
Hopi Ear Candling
What is Hopi Ear Candling?
Thermal Auricular Therapy (also known as Hopi Ear Candles) is a pleasant and non-invasive treatment of the ears, used to treat a variety of conditions. The ear candles induce a revitalising heat upon the head and ears, which soothes, relieves and relaxes.
Hopi Ear Candles can help with:
Compacted Ear Wax
Headache and Migraine
Stimulation of blood and energy flow
Regulation of pressure in ears and head
Relaxation in conditions of anxiety and stress
Stimulation of the lymphatic system
Stimulation of the metabolism
During a treatment, an initial consultation is given to ensure the treatment is right for the patient. You will then be asked to lie on your side on a therapy bed where the practitioner gently inserts a candle in the first ear and then the other, burning the whole candle, creating a chimney effect, drawing our impurities and softening any blockages and debris, and equalising pressure either side of the ear drum. The treatment is then finished with a lovely lymphatic ear, face and neck massage.
Suitable for everyone: Men, Women and Children
A course of treatment is recommended for optimal results


Denys Rudyi - Fotolia
Unearth the secrets behind three Windows 10 hidden features
The main features of Windows 10 are no surprise anymore, but there are some less heralded tools, such as Web Notes, that deserve a chance to shine.
Windows 10's main features such as Continuum, Windows Hello and Microsoft Edge are old news at this point, but there are some lesser-known features that IT and users should know about.
Web Notes, for example, is a tool that lets users write directly on webpages. Isolated User Mode is another hidden feature that boosts security. In addition Cortana is now integrated directly into the operating system, which is a change from past versions of Windows. These tools and changes might not grab the headlines but they add to Windows 10's depth and give users and IT admins some new opportunities.
Learn more about Windows 10 hidden features, including how to control Cortana's settings to reduce privacy concerns.
What is Web Notes?
One of the biggest new features in Windows 10 is Microsoft Edge, the company's new default web browser. Edge comes with a host of new features, including Web Notes, which allows users to mark up webpages with notes, drawings and more. The tool provides everything users need for drawing, typing, writing, highlighting and erasing any markings they make on a webpage. Web Notes also works with web apps so users can circle an important fact they want to remember or jot down a reminder next to something on the page.
The main issue with Web Notes is its less-than-conventional saving mechanism. When users click Save, they only have two options: save their notes to Microsoft OneNote or add to the list of favorites on their browser. There is no way to export the file anywhere else. Users can, however, share the note through email. When users click Share, the program converts the note into a.jpg image they can attach to messages.
What about Isolated User Mode?
One of the Windows 10 hidden features that improves security is Isolated User Mode. It is a form of virtualization-based security in Windows 10. If a process or a piece of information is virtualized, it is isolated from the rest of the operating system, making it harder for attackers to access or tamper with it. Isolated User Mode lets IT create secure apps and kernels.
Isolated User Mode teams up with Credential Guard, Windows 10's safe house for user credentials. The two tools work to prevent credential theft, particularly from pass-the-hash attacks, which reuse hashed user credentials to create a new authenticated user session.
Device Guard also uses Isolated User Mode to ensure that only trusted users can make changes to app control policies. This way an attacker cannot make changes to the policies that would allow users to download blacklisted apps, for example.
Show off your knowledge of Windows 10 features
Are you a Windows 10 expert? Flaunt your knowledge with this quiz about app compatibility, the OS upgrade process and more.
What's new with Cortana?
Cortana, Microsoft's virtual assistant, has been around since Windows Phone 8.1, but the way it is integrated into Windows 10 is new. It's embedded in the OS, so Cortana is available on demand to desktop users and actually serves as Windows 10's search tool. It supports both text and voice inputs. Not only can Cortana perform searches on the local file level, but because it is a cloud service integrated with Bing, users can have it search the web too. Users can also work with Cortana to schedule meetings, remind them of tasks, get location-specific information and more.
Cortana at work
Cortana issues a reminder
Because Cortana is so integrated into Windows 10, it comes with some privacy concerns. To adapt to each individual user, Cortana collects data on users' interests, email and messaging, browsing history and more. All of the information goes back to Microsoft, which says it encrypts everything in transit and stores it securely. The company also says it does not read the content of anyone's messages. Despite Microsoft's assurances, companies with highly sensitive information may be hesitant to use Cortana.
How can IT control Cortana?
IT admins can use Group Policy settings to turn Cortana off completely or, at the very least, limit it in some ways. Admins can use Allow Cortana to determine whether or not Cortana can run on a user's device. If admins turn off Allow search and Cortana to use location, it will no longer keep track of the user's whereabouts. Do not allow web search determines whether or not Cortana can search the web from a desktop search box. Admins can prevent Cortana from searching the web at all by selecting Don't search the web or display web results in search. Finally, admins can limit the information Cortana shares with Bing with the Set what information is set in search policy setting.
Next Steps
Complete guide to Windows 10
Windows 10 migration station
Pop quiz on Windows 10 features
Dig Deeper on Windows 10


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How Learning Experience Platform is Disrupting Corporate Learning Industry
In order to ensure the success of your organization, you must take this as a thumb rule to continuously monitor the efficiency of your workforce to easily adapt the evolving digital transformation technologies and market changes. An ideal online corporate training program should be able to help your learners acquire new technological skill sets and know-how whilst refining their existing expertise, in a timely and efficient manner. It's time you migrated your existing LMS to LXP – Learning Experience Platform. This next-generation training portal is adequate enough to meet the training demands of your millennial employees.
If you're considering integrating a leading-edge LXP then this post is a must-read for you as we've created a handy checklist. Find out!
The emergence of a Learning Experience Platform
Ask yourself – Is my existing LMS truly effective and yielding desired results?
The breakneck augmentation of online corporate training has warranted new challenges including seamless accessibility, quality of the eLearning, and applicability. The evolution in the digital technology followed by the changing requirements of the workforce has summoned for an immediate upgradation in the prevailing eLearning software.
Why is LXP needed today?
Today, LXPs like Sparkwork eLearning Suite is critical to prep up your organization for an ever-changing competitive environment. An ideal Learning Experience Platform is capable of adequately training your employees, assess their skill sets, recommend specific skills that they should work upon, boost interdepartmental collaboration, and drive learner engagement, thereby disrupting the corporate training industry as a whole.
Before we proceed further on how Learning Experience Platform is disrupting the corporate learning industry let's quickly delve into its aspects.
Here is an excerpt from one of our previous blog posts –
LXP – Understanding The Basics
A tool that incorporates personalized learning, virtual reality, and AI-driven chatbots in addition to organizational resources and content, the LXP offers modern, data-driven, self-directed learning that is unique for each individual user.
Organizations today need to realize that learning occurs everywhere all the time – not just in the learning platform.
A term coined last year and since frequently heralded by leading industry analyst Josh Bersin, the LXP is a fast-growing trend that works to curate and aggregate content, create learning and career pathways, build on skills development, and provide users with highly personalized content recommendations at the time of need.
The LXP offers many advantages over its predecessor, including smart recommendations embedded into a self-directed learning structure, employee-driven, and impact-focused learning experiences to name a few.
7 Facts that prove LXP is disrupting corporate training industry
The Learning Experience Platform is the future-proof employee learning podium. Your workforce can hugely benefit from this customizable, engaging and effective eLearning platform. Tailored to meet every individual's learning needs, LXP is socially comprehensive and highly resourceful, accessible on one single online portal. While corporate training continues to evolve, LXP is rapidly becoming the superior choice for organizational learning. Below are 7 essential facts that prove LXP is going to become the face of the future eLearning.
- LXP enhances your existing LMS capabilities
The Learning Experience Platform is a holistically advanced version of your existing LMS software that radically boosts and enhances its capabilities.
2. LXP is highly customizable thereby offering a personalized learning experience
An LXP is capable of organizing mammoth-sized learning content. On this leading-edge learning platform, employees are given more choices than ever when it comes to choosing their course preferences.
3. LXP is progressive
Unlike a typical LMS, a Learning Experience Platform is progressive and can gather and organize training content of any volume. It not only empowers learners with learning resources from internal providers but also takes in all kinds of external content and enriches the course for an effective learning experience.
4. LXP is dynamic
eLearning software is constantly evolving. An LXP can be updated anytime so as to address the most recent requirements of your organization. In this way, your learners have the advantage of refining their skills within the fastest time frame.
5. LXP drives learner engagement
Learning Experience Platform leverages appropriate training content that helps your employees become motivate and remain engaged with their eLearning courses.
6. LXP supervises and guides learners
LXPs can help you assess your employee performance and identify the key learning gaps. You can work on these gaps whilst ensuring that their acquired skills will align with your business goals.
7. LXP can be seamlessly integrated into your existing system
One of the major advantages of Learning Experience Platform is that they can be easily integrated into your existing platform, which in turn improves the user experience.
Learning Experience Platform unifies your learning audience by boosting engagement. This increased engagement leads to greater collaboration and higher performance ultimately; LXP could be your one-stop online corporate learning solution.
The future of LXP is bright and it is going to stay. By 2021, the LXP market is estimated to reach $15.7 billion. Very soon, we will be witnessing more developed custom-designed solutions accentuated by digital transformation technologies including AI, IoT, AR/VR and cognitive technology to name a few.
So, do you still want to stick to your existing LMS or changed your mind to adopt LXP to give your workforce the best learning experience? Contact us today for a free demo.


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The Role of the Diagnostic Wax up in Fabricating Provisional Restorations
David Avery, CDT
The optimum esthetic restorative outcome can only be achieved through proper communication between the patient, clinician, and technician. The best way to ensure this level of communication begins with basic information gathering during the initial examination. A complete set of records must be acquired, including the following:
- A complete set of radiographs
- Periodontal evaluation
- Maxillary and mandibular study casts
- Occlusal registrations (centric relation, centric occlusion, protrusive, right and left lateral excursion, and facebow)
- Full series of intraand extraoral photographs
- Patient interview to discover patient expectations (whiter, straighter, longer, shorter teeth, etc)
Upon establishment of a healthy oral environment, the diagnostic phase of treatment can begin. Articulation of the study casts should be accomplished with a facebow transfer to a semi-adjustable articulator. The articulated casts should be evaluated to determine if the occlusion is in need of correction. After any needed equilibration and reduction is accomplished, Radica® provisional material (DENTSPLY Prosthetics, York, PA) may be applied to the stone teeth as needed to complete ideal centric occlusion and appropriate occlusal guidance. The wax-like handling characteristics of this material make it ideal for this process. After satisfying the functional requirements, Radica is then applied to correct any esthetic discrepancies, such as diastema closure, adding length, changing shape, etc (Figure 1a, Figure 1b and Figure 1c).
The traditional use of wax to provide the contour corrections has a limitation of poor durability. The substitution of wax with Radica or a light-cured composite provides "toughness" and durability, eliminating the level of concern for damage of the corrected casts that exists with wax. It can be shaped with rotary abrasives and added to as needed. It is less likely to get damaged or broken during the putty matrix fabrication, maintaining the corrected results of the diagnostic mock up for future use.
Once the desired occlusion and esthetics are accomplished on the casts, Regisil® silicone putty (DENTSPLY Caulk, Milford, DE) may be applied to the "mock up" capturing the corrected result. This putty matrix may be used at the chair to generate the direct provisional restorations in the traditional manner.
On larger cases, the clinician may prefer the provisional restorations to be fabricated preoperatively. In these cases, the corrected cast(s) are duplicated with alginate and poured in dental stone. The clinician prepares the abutment teeth on the duplicate cast, making certain to remove less tooth structure than the final intraoral preparations will exhibit. A separating medium is applied to the cast to prevent the Radica from sticking during curing (Figure 2a).
The appropriate shades of Radica syringes are placed in the heating unit for 20 minutes. A small amount of incisal material is syringed into the matrix of the facial-incisal area (Figure 2b). The body shade is then syringed into the restorative areas of the matrix (Figure 2c). The matrix is seated onto the cast, ensuring a complete seat, and a rubber band may be wrapped around the cast for stability. After cooling to room temperature, cooled excess "flash" resin may be trimmed, and a VLC sealer is applied (Figure 3a, Figure 3b and Figure 3c).
The cast is placed in the curing unit (Figure 4a). After curing is accomplished, the cast is removed from the unit and the putty matrix is removed. The restoration is removed from the cast and any needed minor finishing and polishing is completed. A sealer layer may be applied as a glaze (Figure 4b). Stains may also be applied for characterization where needed (Figure 4c).
Upon intraoral preparation of the teeth, final impressions are captured. The prefabricated provisional is tried in to confirm occlusal and interproximal contacts. Bis-Acryl provisional material (Integrity, DENTSPLY Caulk) is syringed into the provisional, seated over the prepared teeth, and cured. After curing is complete, the provisional is removed and any marginal discrepancies are corrected by adding bis-Acryl material, reseating, and curing. Final finishing with attention to marginal contours and the emergence profile is crucial to the periodontal health of the teeth during provisionalization (Figure 5).
This technique is more involved and time-intensive, but produces the best periodontal and functional result for larger cases, especially if the patient is expected to be in provisionals for an extended period of time. The same preoperative procedures are followed to the point of completing the putty matrix. After the teeth are prepared, an intraoral hydrocolloid impression is captured and poured in properly measured quick-set stone (Figure 6). The tissue is carefully trimmed to expose any margins that may not be visible, while ensuring that the margins are intact (Figure 7). The trimmed putty matrix is tried on the cast to ensure an accurate transfer to the new cast (Figure 8). An acrylic separating medium is then liberally applied to the cast. Radica or Integrity bis-Acryl is placed into the putty matrix, placed onto the stone cast, secured with a rubber band, and cured. After curing is complete, the provisional is removed from the matrix. Proper trimming at the margins and embrasures is critical to good gingival health. Finishing and polishing are minimal because of the accuracy of the putty matrix and provisional material. During placement, an easy cement clean-up technique tip is to tie dental floss around each connector at this stage, which eliminates the need for floss threading after seating (Figure 9). A tissue-friendly provisional promotes optimum gingival health and an easy, predictable delivery day (Figure 10).
At the successful completion of either process, you are now ready to deliver a treatment template that captures all of the essential details to your dentist and to the patient for review and discussion. On multiple-unit anterior restorations, a study cast poured from an impression of the patient-approved provisionals should always be shared with the dental laboratory creating the definitive restoration. This greatly enhances clinical communication, and ensures that the results from the technician are the same as the patient's expectations.
Both the patient and the overall dental team benefit from using straightforward indirect techniques. The patient's expectations are clearly set, and everyone benefits from the collaborative review and approval of a lifelike and esthetic diagnostic/provisional restoration. Patients are also able to "test-drive their smile" using these durable provisionals. The dental team benefits from a clear evaluation of the patient's clinical situation, and prognoses and treatment planning are enhanced.
1. Gürel G, Bichacho N. Permanent diagnostic provisional restorations for predictable results when redesigning the smile. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2006;18(5):281-286.
2. Ewoldsen N, Sundar V, Bennett W, et al. Clinical evaluation of a visible light-cured indirect composite for long-term provisionalization. J Clin Dent. 2008;19(1):37-41.
3. Malone M. Smile design and advanced provisional fabrication. Gen Dent. 2008;5(Spec Iss):238-242.
About the Author
David Avery, CDT
Director of Training and Education
Drake Precision Dental Laboratory
Charlotte, North Carolina


Jurisdiction Risk
Definition of 'Jurisdiction Risk'
The risk that arises when operating in a foreign jurisdiction. In recent times, jurisdiction risk has focused on banks and financial institutions who are exposed to the risk that some of the countries where they operate may be high-risk areas for money laundering and terrorism financing.
Jurisdiction risk can also refer to when laws unexpectedly change in a jurisdiction an investor has exposure to.
Investopedia explains 'Jurisdiction Risk'
Jurisdiction risk is generally believed to be higher in countries that have either been designated as non-cooperative by the Financial Action Task Force, or have been identified by the U.S. Treasury as requiring special measures due to concerns about money laundering or corruption. Because of the punitive fines and penalties that can be levied against a financial institution that is involved (even inadvertently) in money laundering or financing terrorism, most organizations have specific processes to assess and mitigate jurisdiction risk.
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Date of this Version
Mallard (Arias platyrhynchos) populations breeding in temperate North America obtain a significant part of the energy and lipid requirements of reproduction at sites occupied prior to arrival on the breeding grounds. Protein for egg formation, however, is obtained principally from the diet during the nesting period. Both sexes arrive heavy and fat in North Dakota but experience substantial weight loss and lipid depletion during the nesting cycle. Weight loss is most pronounced among females and averages 25% from prelaying to late incubation. Body weights of both sexes are positively correlated with carcass lipid content. The paired male draws upon lipids early in the nesting season when an activity center is being established and defended and when females are preparing to nest. The female's lipid reserves are utilized primarily during laying and early incubation. The significance of lipid reserves diminishes as the nesting season progresses, and females do not acquire substantial lipid stores prior to renesting when the initial clutch is destroyed. The magnitude of lipid reserves carried in female carcasses is positively correlated with clutch size from mid-April to early June. Protein transfer for egg formation from flight and leg muscle and body organs can account for only a small part of the protein requirement for the clutch. By utilizing lipid reserves to meet energy requirements, the female can acquire sufficient protein from the diet to produce a large initial clutch even when foods are relatively scarce, whereas the renesting female must rely entirely upon food resources available at the breeding site for its nutrient and energy requirements.


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Aug 23, 2019
What does it mean to "own the space?"
And further, why is that important?
You might be surprised to learn it takes very little to communicate you are in command of the space.
Give the podcast a listen to find out how to command the space, and why it's important you do. You can listen on iTunes or on your preferred podcast app.


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10 Discussion Questions for Young Readers
The Invention of Hugo Cabret: A Novel in Words and Pictures
By Brian Selznick
Source: One-Minute Book Reviews, _URL_
[This is a repost in full of a Totally Unauthorized Reading Group Guide to The Invention of Hugo Cabret that appeared on One-Minute Book Reviews on April 21, 2007. The novel won the American Library Association's 2008 Caldecott Medal, which honors the most distinguished American picture book for children, on Jan. 14, 2008.]
Take a 12-year-old orphan whose name begins with H. Write a novel about him that involves magic, a train station and a female sidekick. Get Scholastic Press to publish it … and what do you have? No, not a new Harry Potter book. You've got The Invention of Hugo Cabret, a novel about a young thief who lives in a Paris train station and tries to finish a project begun by his father – fixing a broken wind-up man or automaton that may contain a secret message. In this innovative book, Brian Selznick merges the pictureand chapter-book formats. The Invention of Hugo Cabret has 533 pages, but the text would fill only 100 or so pages of most novels. Why? Selznick tells Hugo's story alternately through words and 158 black-and-white pictures. The illustrations are mostly pencil drawings but include memorable stills from the movies of the filmmaker Georges Méliès, whose life helped to inspire the book.
This book is called The Invention of Hugo Cabret. What is Hugo's "invention"? Could the word refer to more than one thing? Could Hugo have "invented" a new life for himself (or for someone else) in addition to a mechanical man?
Brian Selznick tells Hugo's story in a unique way. He uses a lot more pictures than you find in most novels. Sometimes he tells Hugo's story in words and sometimes in pictures. Why do you think he did this? How did you like it? What are some advantages and disadvantages of having so many pictures in a novel?
Selznick also uses only black-and-white pictures on the pages of in this novel, no color ones. What are some reasons why he might have done this? Some authors say that they like to use black-and-white art because it lets people use their imagination and fill in the colors in their minds. Did you "fill in" any colors while you were reading the book? What are some of the colors you saw in your mind? Why?
A lot of other authors have at times used only black-and-white pictures. For example, Chris Van Allsburg has done this in some books. And all of the pictures that Matt Phelan did for Susan Patron's The Higher Power of Lucky, winner of the 2007 Newbery Award, are black-and-white. What books have you read that have only black-and-white illustrations? How do they compare to The Invention of Hugo Cabret?
You may have noticed that a lot of the drawings in this book look as though they have something draped over them. It's as though you're looking at the pictures through a veil or net. Can you think of any reasons why Selznick might have used this technique? Does it make the story seem a little more mysterious? Does it remind you of the lenses you can put on a camera, including a movie camera?
Hugo loves a movie called The Million that he and Isabelle go to a theater to see. It has an "amazing" chase in it. "He thought every good story should end with a big, exciting chase." [Page 202] Why do you Selznick wrote that? What happens right after it in The Invention of Hugo Cabret?
Hugo spends a lot of time trying to fix things like clocks or the mechanical man, or automaton, that he finds on the street. He likes machines because each one has a purpose. "Maybe that's why a broken machine always makes me a little sad, because it isn't able to do what it was meant to do," Hugo says. He adds, "Maybe it's the same with people. If you lose your purpose … it's like you're broken." [Page 374] How does this relate to the rest of the novel?
The story of Prometheus is important in The Invention of Hugo Cabret. There's a picture of Prometheus on pages 344–345. We learn that he was "finally set free" from his chains. What character or characters in this book does he resemble?
Hugo's friend Isabelle loves looking at photographs. She says, "You can make up your own story when you look at a photo." [Page 193] Pick a photograph in The Invention of Hugo Cabret and make up a story to go with it. You might start with the picture of the man hanging from the clock on pages 173–174 or with the picture of the rocket crashing into the moon on pages 352–353.
Hugo thinks it's his fault that his father had died in a fire. [Page 124] Do you agree or disagree with him? Why?
If you've read any of the Harry Potter books or seen the movies, you may have noticed that the Invention of Hugo Cabret has some things in common with them. What are some of them?
Often a novel is written by one person and illustrated by another. That's because not many people are equally good at writing and drawing. Most of us are better at one or the other. The Invention of Hugo Cabret is unusual in that Selznick both wrote and illustrated it. Do you think he was better at writing or drawing? Which did you like better in his novel, the words or the pictures? Why?
The Invention of Hugo Cabret: A Novel in Words and Pictures. By Brian Selznick. Scholastic, 533 pp., $22.99. Ages 9–12. Published: January 2007. Winner of the Caldecott Medal from the American Library Association _URL_ on January 14, 2008.
This reading group was not authorized or approved by the author, publisher or agent for the book. This guide is copyrighted by Janice Harayda, and its sale or reproduction in any form is illegal except by public libraries that many reproduce it for use in their in-house reading groups. Other groups that wish to use this guide should link to this site or use "Contact" page on One-Minute Book Reviews to learn how to request permission to reproduce the guide.
If you are a librarian and found this guide helpful, please consider adding One-Minute Book Reviews _URL_ to the "Ready Reference" links at your library. One-Minute Book Reviews accepts no advertising and has been approved by, and appears on, Open Directory lists. Janice Harayda is an award-winning journalist who has been the book columnist for Glamour, the book editor of The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, and a vice-president of the National Book Critics Circle.
© 2007 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


How we PRESERVE the precious polar environment
We are all guests in the polar regions, which means we must do everything we can to leave these incredible areas as untouched by our passage as possible. Here are some ways we do this.
Promoting polar awareness
In 1983 the Arctic Centre of Groningen University in the Netherlands launched a research program to Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard.
Updating our vessels
Foremost among our sustainability goals is actively reducing the impact and emission of our vessels, investing in new technology and continuously improving our existing resources.
Waste reduction & removal
We limit onboard waste production by recycling as often as we can as well as banning single-use plastics on any of our vessels.
Supporting local, staying green
Buying our products locally whenever possible is our way of reducing transportation impact while also supporting local communities.
Protecting the wildlife
One of the chief reasons for visiting the polar regions is the exotic animals. And because it is such a privilege to watch undisturbed wildlife in its natural habitat, we dutifully and passionately adhere to all AECO and IAATO wildlife guidelines, avoiding any disturbance to these enchanting creatures.
Assisting scientists
Science is a central part of Oceanwide's culture and history, starting with our roots in the Plancius Foundation. But it is also vital to our growing understanding of the polar environment.
Providing a positive polar experience


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Tonto National Monument
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
Four miles east of the Roosevelt Dam and eighty miles east of Phoenix, Arizona, are two small groups of cliff-dwellings which together form the Tonto National Monument. The southern group occupies a cliff cavern a hundred and twenty-five feet across. The masonry is above the average. The ceilings of the lower rooms are constructed of logs laid length-wise, upon which a layer of fibre serves as the foundation for the four-inch adobe floor of the chamber overhead.
There are hundreds of cliff-dwellings which exceed this in charm and interest, but its nearness to an attraction like the Roosevelt Dam and glimpses of it which the traveller catches as he speeds over the Apache Trail make it invaluable as a tourist exhibit. Thousands who are unable to undertake the long and often arduous journeys by trail to the greater ruins, can here get definite ideas and a hint of the real flavor of prehistoric civilization in America.