++, and definitely not C#. You can only include the fields for your structure, and define the properties it has. You cannot add methods to the structure. Go and read the C structures and you can see, that this has its roots defined in C language itself. A basic Go structure looks like this.
 1. type Person struct {
 2. name string
 3. age int
 4. }
Let's break this down, one by one. Unlike C, and many other C-derived languages, in Go, things start to not only just read from right-to-left, but they are also keyword'd from right to left; so in other words, this is purely LTR language in the way of writing, reading and understanding. So, let's try reading the code above. Please join me.
 1. type Person is a structure {
 2. name is a string
 3. age is an integer
 4. }
If this does not make much sense, in reading, we will take a look at other cases of the similar thing as well. Now we can go ahead and create some variables and understand how they work. Write the code that I have provided above, in the Go compiler and try to compile it. Several things you would learn over here,
 - Go does not have explicit access modifiers.
 - Most Go linting and vetting tools give you a warning, that exported types must have a comment.
These are the ways in which Go programs easily control how your types are accessed. In Go, every type with a capital first word is public, and others are private; even if the rest of the word is uppercased. So the valid program, in Go, would be either to lower case the type, and everything is package-private. Otherwise, a good comment can be added.
 1. // Person is a custom structure defined to explain Go language.
 2. type Person struct {
 3. name string
 4. age int
 5. }
Do you find anything more that needs your attention? Go ahead, I will give you a moment to think about it before I proceed to the next section of functions.
Variables, parameters, and other types of field initialization mostly take place automatically, unless you really need to create the types and zero-initialize them.
 1. func main () {
 2. var person Person
 3. person.name = "Afzaal Ahmad Zeeshan"
 4. age = 23
 5. }
That works just like any other structure in any other programming language. The main concept to learn here is, that again, you cannot embed a struct in itself, but you can easily embed a pointer to the type in itself. We will explore the pointers in the section ahead. One last thing I would like to demonstrate before ending this, is, the type aliasing,
 1. type Name string // Type name is a string
 2. type People []Person // Type people is an array of type person
 3. type Port int // type port is an integer
How does that feel now? Don't they feel intuitive, while you read them out? This is equivalent to what you would be doing in C, or C++, as,
 1. typedef string Name;
 2. typedef Person People[]; // You get it
 3. typedef int Port;
The rest is quite the same as almost all the languages for the C-family.
interface types in Go language
Well, this is new, to C programmers, and as a special keyword to C++ programmers. We have had this concept in C#, and Java for a really long time. The concept is, to create contract types, that are essentially guaranteed to have a certain behavior in them. In Go, the language basically follows the same practices, that most languages like JavaScript have, to implement an interface, one only has to have the functions in it, no need for an additional operator for implementation. Quite simple though. So for example, the following code,
 1. type Works interface {
 2. work() error
 3. }
This is an interface that needs to be implemented by types that have to act as a type that Works. Now the implementation process takes a bit of more understanding of how functions work in Go language. If, for instance, we say we have a function that takes an instance of a worker and makes it do some work, we cannot pass the person in the function.
 1. func giveWork(work Works) {
 2. // code
 3. }
If we pass the person type, it will complain saying that type does not have the function work() in the body. This error specifies that our actual type does not fulfill the requirements of being an argument.
So, that is what we do in the next section, let's head over and see for ourselves.
Functions in Go
Just the way, the structures are designed in a similar fasion, the functions are also quite similar in nature and their behavior in Go language. What you have in Go is,
 1. func name (params) returns {
 2. // code ...
 3. }
You must remember from our previous code block, how we created the main function, we used the funckeyword for that. This keyword creates the function, and later part defines the name, parameter list, and return types for this function. Let's try creating a basic function that takes the person, and prints the name of that person,
 1. func printname(person Person) {
 2. fmt.Print(person.name)
 3. }
This is the point where I feel it important to explain the overall concept of semicolons. In Go language, semicolons are added before your code is compiled, so you can omit them but do not consider that they are not important. To try that out, change the function, bring the braces down,
 1. func printname(person Person)
 2. {
 3. fmt.Print(person.name)
 4. }
This way, Go will add a semi-colon after the Person), and that will cause it to break the compilation process. Thus, it is a must to have the { bracket on the same line, and that was the reason why I mentioned earlier that I love the way Go enforces some coding styles in the language itself. This way, all of your code will be written in the following the same bracket notations and styling convention. If one of your engineers does not follow it, their code fails to build. We can also return errors from Go language functions, they are returned as same variable values that are to be returned if the function succeeds.
 1. func printname (person Person) error {
 2. if person.name == "" {
 3. return errors.New("Name is empty")
 4. }
 6. fmt.Println(person.name)
 7. }
In Go, we can return multiple values from a function. And, even better is that these values can be assigned to by the code and then next steps can be taken to return from the function.
 1. func namelength (person Person) (count int, problem error) {
 2. if person.name == "" {
 3. return 0, errors.New("Name is empty")
 4. }
 6. return len(person.name), nil
 7. }
That is pretty much it for how tuples are created. And, Go goes a bit beyond than this. In that, it lets you assign the values for these variables separately too. The function from above can be rewritten in Go as -
 2. if person.name == "" {
 3. count = 0
 4. problem = errors.New ("Name is empty")
 5. } else {
 6. count = len(person.name)
 7. problem = nil
 8. }
 10. return
 11. }
Most of you, who have worked in C


text:
- Hundreds of Mormons in Honolulu en Route to California
June 20, 1846 TERRITORY, Territory Utah, Hawaii, Migration, Mormons
It was June 20th, 1846, when the ship Brooklyn arrived in Honolulu, Oahu. Its passengers were hundreds of Mormon immigrants en route to California from New York led by a man named Samuel Brannan. The people of Hawaii were intrigued and confused by these new people, especially such a vast amount. The unknown elements were filled in by a history of the Mormon religion and its people. The history that...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm writing a genetic algorithm for generating timetables.
At the moment I'm using these two heuristics:
 1. Number of holes between lectures in one day (related) (less holes -> bigger score)
 2. Each hour has some value, so for each timetable I sum values for hours when lectures are on. (lectures at more appropriate hours -> bigger score)
I want to balance these two heuristics, so the algorithm wouldn't favor neither one. What would be the best way to achieve this?
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
A very simple approach would simply be to add the scores together. At the end of the day, you want a blended score that goes up when either independent score goes up. You could use multiplication as well (being wary of number overflows depending on the size of your scores). With either approach you could weight the individual scores, e.g.
total_score = 0.4 * hours_score + 0.7 * holes_score
You could even make the weights user-configurable.
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 1. Develop a scoring function to evaluate the quality of generated timetables. You have the idea for that in your two heuristics.
 2. Generate some random timetable problems.
 3. Choose some values to balance the two heuristics, generate solutions, and evaluate which ones look best (if you can't come up with a scoring function, then eyeball it).
 4. choose a new set of balance weightings (i.e. around a neighborhood of the best choice from last time) and repeat
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How To Write Great Ecommerce Product Descriptions That Sell
 - By: Ricky Hayes July 24, 2020
How To Write Great Ecommerce Product Descriptions That Sell
Getting a potential customer to visit your Shopify store and browse your product pages is one thing, but convincing them to click the "add to cart" button is a struggle of its own. This is why you need effective product descriptions to achieve any considerable success in the ecommerce industry.
However, the terminology shouldn't mislead you into thinking that the purpose of a product description is to describe the product. The words you use in your product description copy shouldn't just describe, but should qualify and persuade. Product descriptions are basically your in-store salesperson.
The best product descriptions talk about the customer's ability, and showcase the product as a supporting character that helps them unlock the greatness they have inside them.
The 5 Ws of a great ecommerce product description
Just like the classic writing composition lesson from your high school English class, effective ecommerce product descriptions need to address the following key questions:
 - Who is this product for? (What's their demographic? What are their interests/desires?)
 - What are the details of the product and what sets it apart? (What unique features/benefits?)
 - Where would someone use this product? (Indoors? Outdoors? Specific places?)
 - When would a potential customer use your product? (What time of day? which season?)
 - Why would someone buy it? (How does it make their lives better? What problem does it solve?)
Beyond these 5Ws, there's also an important "H" to consider, especially for new gadgets/devices:
· How does your product work? (How exactly should customers go about using it?)
However, despite the incredible power they have, good product descriptions can be difficult to write. Here are steps you can follow to put together the most compelling product copy for your Shopify store:
1. Know your target audience
Target Audience
You need to understand your ideal customer – what language they use, what probem(s) they face, and how your product will help this ideal customer overcome their problem(s).
Once you understand this, you then need to speak directly to this kind of person without worrying about the rest. Keep in mind that if you try to sell to everyone, you are likely to end up selling to nobody.
Use these questions to develop buyer personas that can guide you in writing your product descriptions:
 - Who (in terms of age, gender, income, etc.) has the most need for this product?
 - What words or phrases would they use to tell a friend about this product?
 - What problem(s)/desire(s) will this product solve/fulfill for them?
 - What objections are they likely to have against buying this product?
 - Why should they buy this product from me instead of a competitor?
Choose a specific persona for each product description and make sure to keep it front and center when writing the copy. Know who stands to benefit the most from that particular product, then speak to that particular person directly without worry about any other buyer personas that you may have identified.
2. Know yourself as a brand
Even though each product should be targeted at a specific buyer persona, as explained above, you should make sure to remain true to your brand voice and brand image in every product description.
Here are some questions to help you figure out a brand voice for your Shopify store:
 - What values/ideals does your business uphold/believe in?
 - What is your business persona? Laid back or serious?
 - What sets you part from the competition?
Questions like these help you stay true to the mindset and voice of your business while writing your product description. Once you know your brand voice you can find that delicate balance between adopting a tone that speaks directly to your target persona and maintain brand consistency.
3. Highlight solutions on top of features
Keep in mind that your target audience is more interested in what they can achieve with your product than the specific details of the product. Raw features and specifications are necessary to include for the sake of providing full product information, but great product descriptions should focus on highlighting how exactly the product with solve the potential customer's problems.
You should start off by applauding the aspirations of your prospective customers, highlighting (and magnifying) their problem and then help them visualize what they can achieve with your product. Make them feel like the product is already theirs by describing how their five senses will feel using it.
4. Write as if the prospect is right there in front of you
Great product descriptions make the potential customer feel they are being spoken to in-person. Despite the detached nature of the commerce business, with the right product descriptions, your prospects can feel like they are in a physical store with a real-life salesperson.
Here's a list of tips for writing product descriptions that have this persuasive, in-person energy and can make that crucial emotional connection with your target audience:
· Use the second person "you" to speak directly to them
· Use simple vocabulary, avoid industry jargon and clichés
· Keep your sentences short and straight to the point
· Empathize and validate with the problem(s) they are facing
· Congratulate them on finding your product
· Emphasize how your product will solve it for them
· Highlight how they will feel after using your product
5. Words to avoid in your product descriptions
As you edit the product copy for your Shopify store, you should make sure to weed out certain words that convey the wrong message to potential customers. These generally come in two type:
· words that show lazy writing such as actually, literally, honestly, very, kind of, maybe
· words that invoke hyperbole such as market-leading, breakthrough, ultimate, revolutionary
You should also avoid using duplicate copy – never copy a manufacturer's product description. Use a plagiarism tool such as Copyscape or Grammarly to make sure that you're not using copy from another website, or even repeating yourself with copy that already exists on your current product pages
6. Make it easy to scan
When browsing through your Shopify store, very few potential customers are interested in reading everything on the page – they just want to get the general gist of it and make a decision. in fact, it has been found that only 16% of people actually read every word on a web page.
Therefore your product descriptions need to be able to make the most of whatever attention they get by being super scannable. A prospect should be able to find the exact information they need to make their decision without having to waste time sifting through the whole product description.
You can make your product descriptions much easier to scan by including bullet points, white space, subheadings, different font sizes and by using short paragraphs made up of just a few sentences each.
7. Optimize for search engines
Optimize for search engines
Search engine optimization (SEO) is absolutely crucial to the performance of your Shopify store because search engines are still the most effective drivers of website traffic on the internet.
With keyword research tools such Google keyword Planner and, you can quickly learn which keywords your target audience is using to find products similar to those in your Shopify store.
The next step is to seed these keywords (naturally, without overstuffing) throughout your product descriptions – in the product titles, page titles, meta descriptions, image tags and body copy.
8. Use great images and videos
Although product description writing focuses on text, you must still have quality images to go with it. High-quality photos showcase all of the key features about your product and also help the prospective customer easily imagine what it will be like using this product in their day-to-day life.
Another great way to compliment the text of your product description is by using high-quality product page videos. A study conducted by LiveClicker found that 88% of surveyed ecommerce business owners saw an increase in conversions with the implementation of product page videos.
Whether you use images, videos, or both, the key is to make sure that they are of a very high quality to build trust and that the product is presented in the best light possible. They should show both the unique features that it has to offer and what it actually looks like when being used by someone.
Your ecommerce product descriptions should focus more how the product will improve your customer's life than their actual specs. At the end of the day, people buy products to solve problems not to tick off specific features. Also remember that you should always be implementing A/B testing for alternative versions of your descriptions in order to keep your Shopify store up to date with your target audience.
Don't Leave Yet!


Four steps for testing housing material performance
When exposed to commonly used aggressive disinfectants and drugs, many materials used in medical devices can crack, craze, discolor, and become sticky. Currently, there are no industry standards for evaluating surface compatibility. That's why Eastman developed a 4-step test method based on ASTM standards to better understand why plastics fail and how different plastics perform in the real world.
 1. Select the appropriate jig.
 2. Load flex bars onto jig.
 3. Apply chemicals to the flex bars.
 4. Perform reverse side impact test.
Step 4 is the differentiating step in this testing protocol. While visual inspection after step 3 may reveal changes in some plastics, there may be cracks or crazes that are not visible to the naked eye or identified by weight or dimensional changes. By performing Step 4, you are better able to predict the reliability of a device after exposure.
Read our Disinfect with Confidence brochure for more details on each step of the process, and check out this video.
Ultimately, this test should help you confidently choose the best material for your next project.
Learn more about Eastman's medical grade polymers for medical device housings and hardware at


Preparations for drawing
 1. Delete
 All tracks, routes and trail points on your device should be deleted so that they are not linked with the new drawing later. When doing so, be sure that the Active Log (RAM) and the saved tracks are also deleted. If you leave the saved tracks on your device, it may lead to complications when it comes time to publish.
 2. Pack writing materials and utensils
 When setting trail points, you should also note on a piece of paper what the point is for - in addition to the number, of course. Using software (e.g. G7ToWin) you will be able to edit the notes much more easily than doing it directly in the GPS device.
 3. Bring a digital camera
 ... in order to get the right shots of the tour's surroundings and add them to the tour when you publish.
 4. Check materials
 Before every tour you should carry out a crosscheck.
 Are your shifters, brakes, bearings, chain and tires OK?
 Are your bindings set up correctly?
 Do I have the right equipment with me? Sun cream, sunglasses, helmet, wind and rain jacket, clothing to suit the weather conditions, etc.
 5. Packing supplies
 Don't forget food. Bring plenty to drink.
 6. Read the directions how to get there carefully
 This makes it easier to find the starting point, for one thing, and saves time.
 7. Pack your trusty old map
 You may need it to find the starting point of a tour or as a backup in case your GPS receiver fails - perhaps in dense forest, a deep canyon or due to some other unforeseeable reason.
 8. Replacement batteries
 Load all batteries or pack replacement batteries for your GPS device.
 9. Bring a mobile phone
 In case of an accident you can use the phone to specify GPS coordinates and organize a quick rescue.


Flag of Amsterdam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The flag of Amsterdam.
Flying flag of Amsterdam.
The flag of Amsterdam is the official flag for Amsterdam, the capital city of the Netherlands. The current design of the flag depicts three Saint Andrew's Crosses and is based on the escutcheon in the coat of arms of Amsterdam. The flag was adopted on February 5, 1975.[1]
Flag expert Roman Mars declared it during a TED Talk in 2015 to be the most "badass" city flag in the world, as well as an example to others. He particularly praised the simplicity and popular appeal that led to its widespread use.[2]
The colors of the flag are derived primarily from the coat of arms of the city of Amsterdam, or rather from the shield in it. Their meaning is unclear. According to the city government, its origin could go back to the coat of arms of the Persijn family, which once owned a large tract of land in the capital. These colors as well as the crosses are to be seen in the flags of both Ouder-Amstel and Amstelveen.
The popular legend that the three Saint Andrew's crosses were meant to ward off fire, floods and the black plague is unfounded as the use of three St. Andrews crosses by noble families in the area precedes the arrival of the Black Death in Europe.
In the coats of arms of two other Dutch cities, Dordrecht and Delft, the middle stripe symbolises water. In regards to Amsterdam, this black strip becomes the River Amstel.
AFC Ajax, an Amsterdam-based football team who plays in the Dutch Eredivisie, uses the Amsterdam flag as their captain's armband.


Why Preventing Trauma Injuries is Crucial During Lockdown
Although the curve of the Covid 19 pandemic is flattening, pressure on the NHS is likely to continue for some time to come. As orthopaedic surgeons we are urging people to consider how they could avoid sustaining trauma-related injuries (fractures, strains, sprains and ruptures) during this time, both for their own benefit and that of…
Take Care to Avoid Becoming Injured when Exercising at Home
Government guidelines to safeguard the NHS during the Covid-19 pandemic means that many of us are spending far more time at home. The internet is full of online fitness classes and exercise videos and people are finding creative ways to keep their body and minds healthy while in lockdown.


text:
Tom Wessels, MA
Department of Environmental Studies
Frost pockets generally occur in concave landscapes such as basins or topographic depressions where nighttime temperatures may be substantially lower than the surrounding landscape as a result of downward drainage of cool air and radiational cooling. Such local variation in temperature may have important effects on species composition and structure, flower and fruit production, herbivory and morphological variability. I conducted a study on Mantague Plain in central New England in order to determine whether similar frost pockets may occur in topographically level areas dominated by scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). Although the site selected for investigation is nearly level, it exhibits a dramatic change in the height of scrub oak when moving from the edge to the center of scrub oak-dominated stands. Weekly measurements of maximum/minimum temperatures and leaf development indicate that location and minimum temperature are strongly correlated with variation in leaf phenology in scrub oak. Te results of these analyses support the hypothesis that microclimate and location have an effect on leaf phenology of scrub oak in shrub thickets on Montague Plain.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Accordion book fun
How you can help at home: Make a homemade book with your child and build his reading and writing skills.
By Jennifer Thompson, Consulting Educator
Create a literary masterpiece with your child. Children who love books will be even more excited about making a book that you can create together. The process of crafting homemade books can be a cherished experience for parent and child for many years to come.
What You'll Need:
- Unlined, colorful, 5" X 8" index cards
- One yard of colorful fabric ribbon at least two to three inches wide
- Tacky glue
Here's How to Do It
Encourage your child to draw or write her story on the index cards, and make a cover page with the title and author of the story.
Stretch the ribbon out on top of a table, and line the cards up horizontally across it, one inch apart, in the order of the story. There should be extra ribbon at both ends. Glue the cover page about six inches from the top of the ribbon. Then continue gluing each consecutive page about one inch from the page above it. Do this until you have all the pages placed on the ribbon. When the glue is dry, fold up the squares starting with the cover page, accordion style, and then gather the ribbon at both ends. The ribbon can be tied in a bow to make a beautiful book!


text:
There are many mystical places on earth that cause fear and horror in people. They are filmed in photos and videos, legends tell about them, make ratings of the worst of them, and travel companies even sell tickets to such places. Many of them appeared as a result of natural disasters, and some became the result of human life.
Mystery and mystery, different spirits and ghosts were attractive at all times. They are relevant today. We will name some of them.
Horn of Africa or Afar Basin located in the countries of Somalia and Ethiopia. The geological activity here is such that the earth constantly moves and shudders from earthquakes, there is active volcanic activity, abysses suddenly form in different places. Continue reading


text:
Keeping the turkey moist during cooking
Because turkey breast meat is so lean, you need to protect it from drying out during cooking. There are different ways of doing this. The simplest are using steam, using covers or basting. More effort is required for brining.
For a brine recipe, please follow this link.
Many cooks swear by brining as a way of ensuring that the turkey remains moist during roasting but this is not an essential step. Brining the turkey simply means that it is soaked in a salty (brine) solution with added flavourings and seasonings prior to cooking. It is usual to brine overnight or for a minimum of six hours. To be absolutely safe, brining should take place in the refrigerator. Raw meat of any kind should not be stored at room temperature. The difficulty here, is that a turkey in a container of brine takes up a lot of space and many people don't have enough spare refrigeration space to do this.
The following steps provide an alternative safe method for brining without a refrigerator:
- Refrigerate the prepared brine solution until thoroughly chilled
- Sterilise a plastic chilly bin (insulated cooler bin/"Esky") by rinsing with boiling water and wiping dry with paper towels. Allow it to cool down. Use a cooler size that will allow the turkey enough room to be surrounded by liquid but is not overly large.
- Pour the chilled brine into the cooler.
- Using clean hands, place the thawed turkey breast-side down into the brine.
- Fill two or three sealable plastic bags with crushed or cubed ice and pack these around the turkey (as many as you can fit). Don't use loose ice cubes as these will dilute the strength and flavour of the brine.
- Put on the lid and place the cooler bin in a cool place.
- Half way through the brining, turn the turkey over and check the ice, replenishing the ice if needed.
- After removing the turkey from the brine, rinse it inside and out with cold water, drain and pat dry with paper towels before continuing with cooking preparations.
- Discard the brine and sterilise the cooler bin.
This is the method that the Croziers use most often. Simply pour water into the bottom of the roasting pan and keep it topped up during the cooking. As the turkey cooks, the water will create a steamy atmosphere that keeps the flesh moist. Additional suggestions include:
Place a rack / cake rack /trivet in the roasting pan so that the turkey is held above the liquid and is less likely to "stew" on the base.
Use flavoured liquids instead of water e.g turkey or chicken stock mixed with wine or fruit juice and herbs.
Using a cover
Start the roasting process by placing a sheet of baking (silicon) paper over the breast and then sealing it with a layer of foil. If baking paper isn't used, the foil tends to stick to the turkey skin and pulls pieces off when removed. After calculating the cooking time, leave the foil in place for half of the cooking time, removing it in order to allow the skin to colour before cooking has finished.
Basting is the technique of spooning fat and cooking juices over the breast of the bird at regular intervals during the entire roasting process. It is a good idea to baste every 20-30 minutes. Basting can be done with a basting brush, a spoon or a turkey baster. A turkey baster is a simple tool that sucks up cooking juices and when squeezed can release them onto the turkey breast. The disadvantage of basting is that the oven has to be opened regularly, which lowers the oven temperature and interrupts the cooking process so make sure you work quickly.
Stuffing-To stuff or not to stuff?
Turkeys that are stuffed take longer to cook than turkeys that aren't. This is because the stuffing forms a dense mass in the centre of the bird and heat takes much longer to penetrate to the centre.
If you are cooking the turkey with stuffing inside the cavity, make sure that the stuffing has been prepared and chilled beforehand. Turkeys can be stuffed in two places: the main cavity and the neck-end cavity. Some cooks like to use a different stuffing for each part; others use the same. During cooking, most types of stuffing expand a little so don't overstuff and do leave a little space. Place the stuffing in lightly and compactly but not too forcefully. The stuffing needs to be sealed in so either use small skewers or a large needle threaded with cotton-string (not plastic stringit melts) and sew the flaps of skin together. The alternative is to cook the stuffing in a separate baking dish and serve as a side accompaniment.
How far ahead can the turkey be stuffed?
Don't be too eager. It's best to stuff the turkey just before you want to start cooking. You could stuff an hour or two ahead as long as you then store the turkey in the refrigerator until cooking begins.
DON'T STUFF THE DAY BEFORE. To an extent, the stuffing is insulated from the cold temperatures of the refrigerator by the turkey cavity. If there are any harmful bacteria present inside the turkey or in the stuffing, they can multiply during storage.
Knowing when it's cooked
Estimating cooking times
We recommend a total cooking time of 15 minutes per 500g plus an extra 15 minutes when cooking at 180°C. A 5 kg turkey takes approximately 2¾ hours. A 5 ½ kg turkey takes approximately 3 hours.
A whole turkey and turkey parts are safe when cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 80 °C (176 °F) as measured with a food thermometer. Check the internal temperature in the innermost part of the thigh and the thickest part of the breast or if the turkey is stuffed, check the temperature in the centre of the stuffing. Remember that if you have inserted the thermometer into the turkey and the temperature is not safe, you must sterilize the thermometer probe before re-using it. Otherwise, you risk contaminating the cooked meat
PopUp Timer
If your Crozier turkey has a pop-up timer inserted in the breast, it will pop up when it reaches the temperature of 85 °C (185 °F).
If you pierce the thickest part of the turkey thigh with a skewer, juices will run out. If the juices run clear the turkey is cooked. If there is still some pinkness (blood) present, longer cooking is required.
In addition to the skewer test, give the drumstick a wiggle The leg should move freely when cooked, with little resistance.
Why is turkey meat (and chicken) sometimes pink close to the bone, even when it is fully cooked to 80 °C degrees or higher?
Younger turkeys (and chickens) have underdeveloped porous bones, which may allow red pigmentation (haemoglobin) to run into the meat. If the bird is fully cooked (80 °C and the thigh juices run clear) the meat is safe to eat even if there is some pink colouring in the flesh surrounding the bones.
After removing your delicious cooked turkey from the oven, lift it from the roasting pan to a carving platter or board and lightly cover it with foil. Allow it to rest for about 10 minutes while you prepare the gravy. Resting allows time for the flesh to relax and for juices to be reabsorbed into the meat before carving.
There are a number of methods used to carve turkey. Here is one:
- Keeping the turkey on its back (breast-side up), cut the skin between the thigh and the body.
- Remove the entire leg (thigh and drum) on both sides.
- Place the legs flat on a chopping board and cut between the thighs and the drums to separate them.
- Pull each wing outward from the body and cut through the joints where they join the body.
- Cut the wings in half at their joints.
- Insert the knife on one side of the breast bone as close to the bone as possible. Cut along the side of the breast bone. Using the knife, follow the rib cage and cut down under the breast meat, lifting it away from the rib cage.
- Repeat for the second side. (An alternative is to carve the breast in slices directly from the turkey)
- Cut the breast meat into slices or portions.
- If you have stuffed the turkey, remove the stuffing with a spoon into a serving bowl.
Even though you'll be enjoying your turkey dinner, don't forget that unserved turkey meat will make great leftovers. But only if you treat your leftovers with respect. Don't leave them sitting out in the kitchen all night. Make sure you package and chill them within two hours or removing from the oven.
Place leftover turkey into a dish and cover with plastic wrap before refrigerating. Store for a maximum of two three days at 4 °C.
Place leftovers into a freezer bag or wrap in plastic wrap. Squeeze out as much air as possible before freezing. Mark with the date. Use within one month
Wines to serve with roast turkey
- Light bodied aromatic e.g Pinot gris (dry rather than sweet style)
- Medium bodied fruity e.g Pinot noir
- Medium bodied deep full flavour e.g Merlot


text:
This talk will examine the deep and often troubling change of Central European cities after the fall of state socialism by using Prague as its case. It will look specifically at following transformations: a collapse of traditional Prague-based manufacturing and relocation of labor force, the lack of socially affordable housing, the massive increase in automobile transport to the detriment of public transport, the radical change in the patterns of consumption and leisure activities, and the change in discourse about the nature of the city and its future. In the new neoliberal spirit, the city planning, as any planning, was seen as part of the suspect heritage of state socialist planned economy. The lecture will attempt to look at these and other changes as part of long term transformation that preceded the actual fall of state socialism. It also will attempt to situate those within broader trends in European urban development since the 1970s, thus revisiting the established academic debate of what is actually socialist about socialist cities.
Petr Roubal is a researcher at the Institute of Contemporary History at the Czech Academy of Sciences.


I'm trying to modify the Doc2vec tutorial to calculate cosine similarity and take Pandas dataframes instead of.txt documents. I want to find the most similar sentence to a new sentence I put in from my data. However, after training, even if I give almost the same sentence that's present in the dataset, I get low-accuracy results as the top result and none of them is the sentence I modified. For example I have the sentence "This is a nice cat you have." in the dataset I train Doc2vec with, then I use the new sentence "This cat you have is quite nice." as input, and it doesn't bring up the first sentence as similar.
Data comes from an excel sheet, and has roughly the looks of:
 Description | Group | Number
0 Sent: This is a sentence Regular NUM1234
1 Sent: Another sentence Regular NUM1243
2 Sent: Basically all the input Other group NUM1278
3 Sent: Creating a test case to validate the routing between applications. No action needed at this moment
 | Other group | NUM1287
I have the following code (some code not needed for comprehension was trimmed):
df = pd.read_excel("my_data.xls")
df["Description"] = df["Description"].apply(lambda x: removeGeneric(x)) _TAG_() just strips "Sent:" from the beginning of each sentence
for index, row in df.iterrows():
 row["Description"] = row["Description"].lower()
 row["Description"] = normalize_text(row["Description"]) _TAG_() removes stopwords defined in the nltk package and words shorter than 2 characters
SentimentDocument = namedtuple('SentimentDocument', 'words tags')
alldocs = []
for index, row in df.iterrows():
 words = gensim.utils.to_unicode(row["Description"]).split()
 tags = [row["Number"]]
 alldocs.append(SentimentDocument(words, tags))
doc_list = alldocs[:]
cores = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
assert gensim.models.doc2vec.FAST_VERSION > -1, "This will be painfully slow otherwise"
simple_models = [
 # PV-DM w/ concatenation - window=5 (both sides) approximates paper's 10-word total window size
 Doc2Vec(dm=1, dm_concat=1, size=100, window=5, negative=5, hs=0, min_count=2, workers=cores),
 # PV-DBOW
 Doc2Vec(dm=0, size=100, negative=5, hs=0, min_count=2, workers=cores),
 # PV-DM w/ average
 Doc2Vec(dm=1, dm_mean=1, size=100, window=10, negative=5, hs=0, min_count=2, workers=cores),
# Speed up setup by sharing results of the 1st model's vocabulary scan
simple_models[0].build_vocab(alldocs) # PV-DM w/ concat requires one special NULL word so it serves as template
for model in simple_models[1:]:
models_by_name = OrderedDict((str(model), model) for model in simple_models)
from random import shuffle
alpha, min_alpha, passes = (0.025, 0.001, 20)
alpha_delta = (alpha - min_alpha) / passes
print("START %s" % datetime.datetime.now())
for epoch in range(passes):
 for name, train_model in models_by_name.items():
 # Train
 duration = 'na'
 train_model.alpha, train_model.min_alpha = alpha, alpha
 with elapsed_timer() as elapsed:
 train_model.train(doc_list, total_examples=len(doc_list), epochs=1)
for model in simple_models:
 new_sentence = "Test case creation to validation of routing between applications. No action needed" _TAG_ how I'm testing with a sentence very similar to one in the original dataset
 new_sentence = removeGeneric(new_sentence)
 new_sentence = normalize_text(new_sentence)
For this I get the following output:
[('NUM1254', 0.3154909014701843), ('NUM5247', 0.2487245500087738)]
[('NUM3875', 0.20226456224918365), ('NUM3793', 0.1970052272081375)]
[('NUM3585', 0.13086965680122375), ('NUM3857', 0.1298370361328125)]
creating test case validate routing applications action needed moment
All the recommendations are completely unrelated, sentences like "site id plant address good owner electricity request approved number al district province" show up; the sentence it's actually close to (the sentence "Creating a test case to validate the routing between applications. No action needed at this moment" from the dataset) is not on the list.
Can you see anything that I'm doing wrong? What could I do to improve accuracy? Has anyone else experienced this inaccuracy in doc2vec's cosine similarity prediction? If I hand-code the implementation (like this for example), it does give the correct answers, which are completely different than those from doc2vec (but actually accurate).
 - $\begingroup$ Funny thing is, when I calculate cosine similarity "by hand" (via hand-coded Python), it does show that the sentences are 80-90% similar. But Doc2vec won't find the similarity. $\endgroup$ – lte__ Nov 6 '17 at 11:33
 - $\begingroup$ have you tried new_vector = model.infer(new_sentence) in your for model in simple_models loop? $\endgroup$ – Danny Dec 14 '19 at 6:57
 - $\begingroup$ Did it work? I am excited to see your results and to actually see if Doc2Vec is performing incorrectly. $\endgroup$ – Danny Dec 17 '19 at 5:12
I think you are missing the model.infer_vector(new_sentence). You need to infer the new vectors based on your trained model. You can find more details in Assessing the Model section here.
The similarity is between vectors but not the normalised tokens. So, you have to infer them first using your model.
Your Answer


text:
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011)|
Alay (or 4L4Y, Anak Layangan or Anak Lebay) is a pop culture phenomenon. It is a stereotype describing something "tacky" and "cheesy" norak or kampungan. The Alay culture phenomena spans a wide array of styles in music, dress, and messaging. It has often been compared to that of the Jejemon phenomenon originating from the Philippines, and Harajuku from Japan. Although, the former emerged much later and the latter was even admired in the West.
The word "Alay" or "Alayen" has no exact meaning or obvious derivation. Various definitions of alay are offered when one types it on a search engine. One theory that is widely accepted is that "Alay" is a portmanteau of the term "Anak Layangan" (Indonesian: Kiteflyer), a pejorative describing someone having certain physical attributes from spending most of their time outside and getting sunburnt (e.g. reddened hair and skin). Also kite is considered as cheap entertainment to the middle and lower class in modern Indonesia, stereotyping alay as a part of that class. Alay is also consider as people who have these traits; Throwing garbage not in the trash can and also love to creates commotion.
Alay text (Indonesian: Tulisan alay) is a form of the Indonesian language that has undergone "excessive leet transformation". Contrary to the popular belief that it is "destroying" the national language, grammatical standards are met in contrast to the modern Indonesian slang language. Similar to the jejebets, alay texts offer an alternative in compressing words so that they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored.
Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers (e.g. the letter a with 4, the letter o with 0). Soon this becomes a habit in writing text in general, and improved with mixing English and Indonesian in one sentence.
Confusing text that could not be understood properly and probably has no meaning (except for the writer), is also considered as Alay Text. This type of text usually contains information of the writer's mood and feeling, it is also common for the text to contain the writer's own philosophy on a certain topic such as : love, heart break, and relationship.
According to The Jakarta Post, a high school student from East Java initiated the trend and shot to fame after her writings were discussed in forums and blogs not because they were great, but they were in "code". Her approach in writing attracted a lot of attention, with some people reproducing her writing in forums and blogs.
There is a website dedicated to translate normal Indonesian language into alay language.
- (Indonesian)
- Kamus Alay (Indonesian)


Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy requires an intense light source at the specific wavelengths that excite fluorescent dyes and proteins. Traditionally a white light is employed, a Metal Halide, Mercury or Xenon arc lamp. Although such broad spectrum lamps can generate ample light at desired wavelengths, only a small percentage of the projected light is useful in any particular application. The other wavelengths need to be suppressed to avoid background noise that reduces image contrast and obscures the fluorescent light emissions. Light engines enhance S/N, eliminate stray UV and IR radiation, synchronize with camera exposure time and simply generate more useable light than their arc lamp predecessors.
Lumencor's red/green/blue (RGB) light engine has superior power over any lamp based illuminator used in surgical procedures. Moreover, the light engine incorporates powerful NIR sources to strategically excite fluors designed for specific and selective identification of a particular pathology during surgical procedures. The NIR outputs as well as other wavelengths can be used for targeted fluorophore excitation. The light engine may be tuned to match any color temperature. A fourth output may be included, cyan. This is particularly important for minimally invasive surgery where the RGCB components can be balanced to offset red in the surgical field. The LE can provide high blue and green content, to match the camera chip and yield a field of view that images in high contrast. One can then superimpose the fluorophore excitation, giving the surgeon a superior image quality within which to operate.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the cornerstone of cytogenetic analysis. Typically, specimens are interrogated with multiple spectrally distinct probes, allowing simultaneous visualization of variant and control nucleotide sequences. The ideal light source should provide output that is spectrally optimized relative to the excitation characteristics of the probes and deliver sufficient intensity to generate fluorescence from weak hybridization signals. Furthermore, the throughput demands of routine cytogenetic analysis require a light source that is stable, reliable and maintenance-free. Meeting these requirements demands the best of modern solid-state illumination technology, delivered in Lumencor's high-performance light engines. Published applications of Lumencor light engines for fluorescence in situ hybridization are listed in our applications bibliography.
Digital Pathology
Digital Pathology is an image-based information environment enabled by computer technology that allows for the management of information generated from a digital slide. Digital pathology is enabled in part by virtual microscopy, which is the practice of converting glass slides into digital slides that can be viewed, managed, and analyzed. Lumencor's light engine offers state of the art illumination for this high performance, digital microscopy application: power in discrete UV-Vis-NIR bands, spectral & power stability, microsecond switching, no external filters or shutters, standard and custom imaging colors, minimal heat generation, computer control TTL/RS232 and boasts a lifetime greater than 20,000 hours. No other lighting system in the biotech market offers this entire ensemble of features.
Optogenetics is the combination of genetic and optical methods to control specific events in targeted cells of living tissue in the millisecond timescale. Light is used to activate transgenically introduced photosensitive ion channels and enzymes, initiating bioelectrical and biochemical events whose progression is monitored by imaging or electrophysiological recording. Cost-competitive light engines now offer an alternative to laser arrays for optogenetics studies in live tissue sections and freely moving animals. Lumencor light engines provide the temporal precision needed to keep pace with functioning, intact, living biological systems; the ease of use of a pre-aligned multicolor output; and the safety and price advantages of a non-laser based illuminator. Published applications of Lumencor light engines for optogenetics are listed in our applications bibliography.
High Content Screening
high-content-screeningAssays performed in whole cells or intact tissue sections allow for monitoring wide range of cellular responses to a particular compound or drug target, and are thus considered "high-content" analyses. High-content analysis can be applied to all stages of the drug discovery process and is particularly valuable for assessing off-target activity of drug candidates. Using multiplexed fluorescent labeling, it is possible to simultaneously monitor multiple targets, such as components of a signaling pathway of interest. Monitoring the expression and translocation of proteins and other spatially-defined cellular characteristics provides information that conventional biochemical analysis cannot. Single cells can be monitored, providing greater subtlety in the evaluation of the variability of the response to a particular drug or treatment. Particular advantages of Lumencor light engines in these applications are: (1) Broad spectral content — providing excitation for multiple fluorophores addressed to multiple cellular targets. (2) Output stability — ensuring consistent data quality across thousands of samples. (3) Electronic control — required for automation of large-scale multiplexed assays. Published applications of Lumencor light engines for high-content screening are listed in our applications bibliography.
Whether your method requires illumination of a plurality of capillaries, beads, spots or wells, Lumencor designs suitable light engines that provide stable, pure excitation at less than half the cost of your current light subsystem. A Lumencor light engine can be designed to fit into your existing light subsystem footprint. Address each sample in highly parallel analyses with the exact same excitation light to give improved reproducibility and robustness to high-density formats. Lumencor's long-lived sources mean little instrument down time, fewer costly re-validations and lower overhead.
Scientists can analyze variations in gene sequence and gene expression to identify the defective genes and polymorphisms that are associated with a specific disease. About half of such research is conducted in the field of cancer. These techniques provide initial insight into whether a potential drug merits further research and as such are immensely useful to drug discovery and development. The plurality of samples on a typical microarray is simply too demanding for most light sources. As a consequence scanners move chips or delivery optics to built up an image over time. Lumencor can eliminate that problem. By providing enough light to uniformly irradiate even the highest density chips, the noise and cost associated with moving parts and "scanning" are minimized and even eliminated. Lumencor light engines are being used today to obtain quiet, cost effective images based on single or multiple wavelengths.


text:
Birmingham pen trade
 19th century
In Newhall Street, John Mitchell manufactured pens; he pioneered mass production of steel pens (prior to this, the quill pen was the most common form of writing instrument). Mitchells are credited as being the first manufacturers to use machines to cut pen nibs, greatly speeding up the process. John's brother William later set up his own pen-making business in St Paul's square.
Baker and Finnemore operated in James Street, near St Paul's Square; C. Brandauer & Co Ltd. (founded as Ash & Petit) traded at 70 Navigation Street; Joseph Gillott & Sons Ltd. made pen nibs in Bread Street (now Cornwall Street) for companies such as Perry & Co.; Hinks, Wells & Co. traded in Buckingham Street; George W. Hughes traded in St Paul's Square; Leonardt & Catwinkle (then D. Leonardt & Co.) traded in George and Charlotte Streets, and M. Myers & Son. were based at 8 Newhall Street.
By the 1850s, Birmingham existed as a world centre for steel pen and steel nib manufacture; more than half the steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and -women were employed in the industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected in Birmingham, enabling the city's factories to mass-produce their pens cheaply and efficiently. These were sold worldwide to many who previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.
 20th century
Richard Esterbrook manufactured quill pens in Cornwall. During the 19th century, Esterbrook saw a gap in the American market for steel-nib pens. He approached five craftsmen who worked for John Mitchell in Navigation Street, with a view to setting up business in Camden, New Jersey, USA. Esterbrook later went on to become one of the largest steel-pen manufacturers in the world. He returned to Birmingham for help when in 1928 the British Government placed restrictions on US imports. John Mitchell's factory was used to produce Esterbrook pens within the UK (Mitchells were then operating in Moland Street). In 1930 Esterbrook introduced a fountain pen in Britain which had a nib made of osmiridium, which eventually replaced large-scale production of steel-tipped pens.
During World War II, pen manufacture in the city was somewhat disturbed. Mitchell's factory on Moland Street was struck by an incendiary bomb; the premises were partially rebuilt during the war with government aid, on condition that a government stationery office and ammunition assay office could reside there. Esterbrook were still manufacturing pens in Birmingham until 1973.
During the first half of the 20th century Swan Pens opened a large gold pen-making factory in the city, taking advantage of the skilled gold workers of the jewellery quarter, and at the same time Osmiroid International had a large production plant in the city.
 See also
- D. Leonardt & Co.
- Dip pen
- Joseph Gillott's
- List of pen types, brands and companies
- Perry & Co.
- The Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Association and Museum
- D. Leonardt & Co. /Manuscript Pen Co Ltd website
- Brause website


text:
You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'Chalchiuhtotolin' tag.
In our ongoing exploration of underworld gods, we have come across all sorts of animal divinities. The ultra-modern Japanese still venerate Namazu a vast chthonic catfish god. Contemporary Inuits worship Sedna, walrus/cetacean goddess of the cold depths. The rational Greeks imagined a great three-headed dog guarding Tartarus. There are so many giant serpents from different cultures that they create an entire subset of underworld gods: some of these snake beings are bigger than the world and longer than the oceans. They range from kind creators like Nuwa to monsters like the Midgard serpent to indescribable cosmic forces like the rainbow serpent. There are dark swans and mystery animals, but where in this worldwide pantheon/bestiary are my favorite birds? Where are the turkey gods?
Well, turkeys are from the Americas, they were sacred to the original inhabitants (and have been discovered buried alongside humans with ceremonial pomp–or even by themselves on altars). However the Americas were swept by a great wave of diseases which was followed by waves of European colonizers. When the Native Americans were killed by plague or assimilated by Europeans, many of their deities vanished. The Spaniards were delighted to find domesticated turkeys in the ruins of the Aztec empire and they shipped them off to Spain as farm animals (whereas it seems they may have been originally domesticated for their feathers).
However even now we know a little bit about important Aztec turkey deities. Chalchiuhtotolin, "Precious Night Turkey" was a god of plague who ruled thirteen days of the Aztec calendar from 1 Water to 13 Crocodile (the thirteen preceding days were in fact ruled by Xolotl, hapless god of misfortune, who was instrumental in the creation of humankind). Little is known concerning Chalchiuhtotolin, except that he was magnificent and terrible to behold. As a plague god he holds a somewhat ironic place in Aztec cosmology (since the Aztecs were defeated and destroyed more directly by smallpox then by Cortes). It is theorized that Chalchiuhtotolin was an animal aspect of Tezcatlipoca, one of the central gods of Aztec mythology (who was more famous in his ferocious manifestation as a jaguar). Tezcatlipoca was one of the four cardinal gods of direction, ruling the North (which was a realm of darkness and sorcery to the Mesoamericans). Tezcatlipoca was based on earlier Mayan and Olmec divinities. One of his legs was missing, since he sacrificed it to the crocodilian earthmonster called Cipactli in order to fashion the world. A god of night, wind, obsidian, warriors, and slaves, Tezcatlipoca was eternally opposed by the Mayan hero god Quetzalcoatl, "the Feathered Serpent", a sky god, and lord of the West. A great deal of Aztec mythology including the story of the creation of this world (not to mention the creation and destruction of many others) involves the fractious push-and-pull rivalry between Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl.


Artificial Intelligence
Nvidia just unveiled a terrifying AI supercomputer
Get ready for smarter computers.
By Monica Chin on March 27, 2018
Nvidia just unveiled a terrifying AI supercomputer
Nvidia's headquarters in Santa Clara, Calif. Credit: smith collection/gado/Getty Images
Nvidia has unveiled several updates to its deep-learning computing platform, including an absurdly powerful GPU and supercomputer.
At this year's GPU Technology Conference in San Jose, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang unveiled the DGX-2, a new computer for researchers who are "pushing the outer limits of deep-learning research and computing" to train artificial intelligence.
The computer, which will ship later this year, is the world's first system to sport a whopping two petaflops of performance. For some perspective: A Macbook Pro might have around one teraflop. A petaflop is one thousand teraflops.
Yeah, this thing is insane.
"Deep neural networks are getting deeper and smarter and able to do more things," Huang said in a press briefing. "As they grow in size and complexity, so do the computing needs to train them."
Huang also announced the company has doubled the memory capability of its Tesla V100 GPU, which the company claims delivers the performance of up to 100 CPUs in one graphics processor. This isn't the GPU in your gaming PC -- it powers artificial intelligence research and deep machine learning.
A number of manufacturers including Dell EMC, Hewlett Packard, IBM, and Lenovo will roll out systems that use the GPU in the next few months, and Oracle in the second half of 2018.
So what does this mean for you?
Well, if you're Elon Musk, you may want to prepare for the apocalypse. Equipped with these systems, researchers will be able to train smarter deep-learning AI more quickly than we've ever seen.
But in the near future, you'll probably just see improvements to services that use AI, such as speech recognition and translation. The company claims that the new technologies will better enable AI to create natural-sounding speech and text, and that researchers will need less time to train such networks.
Xuedong Huang, Microsoft's head of speech and language, said in a statement that the new V100 GPUs will "extend the accuracy of our models on speech recognition and machine translation reaching human capabilities and enhancing offerings such as Cortana, Bing, and Microsoft Translator."
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_USER_ {10.7554/eLife.56054, article_type = {journal}, title = {Delta glutamate receptor conductance drives excitation of mouse dorsal raphe neurons}, author = {Gantz, Stephanie C and Moussawi, Khaled and Hake, Holly S}, editor = {Manzoni, Olivier J and Westbrook, Gary L and Manzoni, Olivier J and Hille, Bertil and Bender, Kevin J}, volume = 9, year = 2020, month = {apr}, pub_date = {2020-04-01}, pages = {e56054}, citation = {eLife 2020;9:e56054}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.56054}, url = {_URL_ abstract = {The dorsal raphe nucleus is the predominant source of central serotonin, where neuronal activity regulates complex emotional behaviors. Action potential firing of serotonin dorsal raphe neurons is driven via α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-A\textsubscript{R}) activation. Despite this crucial role, the ion channels responsible for α1-A\textsubscript{R}-mediated depolarization are unknown. Here, we show in mouse brain slices that α1-A\textsubscript{R}-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by the ionotropic glutamate receptor homolog cation channel, delta glutamate receptor 1 (GluD1). GluD1\textsubscript{R}-channels are constitutively active under basal conditions carrying tonic inward current and synaptic activation of α1-A\textsubscript{R}s augments tonic GluD1\textsubscript{R}-channel current. Further, loss of dorsal raphe GluD1\textsubscript{R}-channels produces an anxiogenic phenotype. Thus, GluD1\textsubscript{R}-channels are responsible for α1-A\textsubscript{R}-dependent induction of persistent pacemaker-type firing of dorsal raphe neurons and regulate dorsal raphe-related behavior. Given the widespread distribution of these channels, ion channel function of GluD1\textsubscript{R} as a regulator of neuronal excitability is proposed to be widespread in the nervous system.}, keywords = {delta glutamate receptor, serotonin, noradrenaline, alpha1-adrenergic receptor, leak current, G protein-coupled receptor}, journal = {eLife}, issn = {2050-084X}, publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd}, }


text:
Located between the North Shore of Lake Superior and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, the Arrowhead Region is Minnesota's most loved recreation area and a place that millions visit for rejuvenation. This region faces an unprecedented industrial expansion that is certain to affect the qualities that draw people here. One of the worst threats from this expansion is from the mining of sulfide ores, a particularly harmful type of mining that has not been conducted in Minnesota before. PolyMet Mining's NorthMet Mine, located between Babbitt and Hoyt Lakes, is the first of what may become many sulfide mine proposals. Found HERE
Acid Mine Drainage, PA-DEP
Sulfide ores are ores containing heavy metals (such as copper or nickel) that are bonded to sulfur, forming sulfide minerals. When exposed to air and moisture, a chemical reaction generates sulfuric acid that can leach into the surrounding environment and cause the release of the metals into streams and lakes at levels that are toxic to fish and other aquatic life. (See Video) This phenomenon is known as Acid Mine Drainage. In a surface mine like the one proposed by PolyMet, mining leaves huge piles of waste rock and a huge pit exposed to the elements. Like the ore that has been removed, the waste rock and the pit walls contain sulfide minerals. The potential for Acid Mine Drainage and for contamination of surface and ground water by heavy metals remains for centuries, and even millennia, into the future.
Click image - Explore Minnesota: Minerals MN Has Excellent Mineral Potential
Acid Mine Drainage has already polluted more than 12,000 miles of rivers and streams and over 180,000 acres of lakes and impoundments in the United States. According to the U.S. EPA, acid mine drainage from coal mining is the leading source of water pollution in the Mid-Atlantic States. Acid Mine Drainage from metal mines in Western states has caused some of the country's largest and most contaminated Superfund sites. Mining companies argue that modern mining methods can protect against Acid Mine Drainage, but they cannot point to a single mine that is more than a few years old that has not resulted in contamination. Because Acid Mine Drainage often takes several years to develop, recent mines that have not yet contaminated nearby waters do not provide proof that these ores can be mined safely.
Click image to see:
"NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA'S ARROWHEAD REGION THREATENED BY SULFIDE MINING AND INDUSTRIALIZATION" pamphlet
State Mineral Lease Map
Click on image to enlarge
Click on image below to see larger view of "Minnesota State Mineral Ownership" DNR
*Note - Above is a partial list of those interested in Minnesota's metallic sulfide mineral potential
Click on image to see larger view of the "Duluth Complex" DNR
The Minnesota Regional Copper-Nickel Study
Publisher: Minnesota Environmental Quality Board (EQB) _PHONE_
Click on image to see larger view of Acid Mine Drainage in the Rio Tinto River (Spain)
Click on image to see larger view of Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy's (MCEA) Mineral Exploration Map of Northeastern Minnesota
Click on image to see: USFS Hardrock Mineral Exploration in the Superior National Forest
Duluth Complex of Northeastern Minnesota
Extensive and advanced exploration for copper-nickel sulfide mineralization is occurring throughout Minnesota's Arrowhead Region, as well as other parts of the state. Sulfide mining, if allowed, would threaten Minnesota's waters with toxic heavy metal contamination and Acid Mine Drainage (AMD).
Click on image to see: Western Lake Superior Region: Midcontinent Rift and known Ni-Cu-PGM Sulfide mineralization in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Source-USGS
Click on image to see larger view of Midcontinent Rift System
Lick Run Watershed-Pennsylvania Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) EPA
Click on image to see larger view of - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from the Buck and Dober Mines pollutes this Michigan river.
Click on image to see larger view of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in Whitewood Creek South Dakota
TRUST, the documentary
Trust - The Fight for Water & Treaty Rights in the Great Lakes
More Info HERE
For more information on the northern campaign to protect the Arrowhead Region from sulfide mining - Go HERE
Link: SOS AMD Billboard Image
- Take Action -
Stop the Land Exchange!
Would be Harmful to the BWCAW, SUPERIOR NATIONAL FOREST and LAKE SUPERIOR Watershed
Representative Cravaack introduces Special Favors Bill for multinational mining corporations that will allow tens of thousands of acres of Federally protected SUPERIOR NATIONAL FOREST lands to be strip mined!
Will Senators Franken and Klobuchar do the Same?
Just Say NO!Oppose H.R. 5544: Minnesota Education Investment and Employment Act
According to Rep. David Dill, D-Crane Lake, "...we should mine, log, and lease the hell out of that land that we get in the change."
Legislation is a Windfall to Foreign Mining Corporations and would Fast Track Turning Minnesota's Beloved Arrowhead into a Toxic Sulfide Mining District
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in a Lake
More Info found HERE
(1) PolyMet (2) Track Record
(3) Projects (4) MN Mining
SLED DOGS TO SAINT PAUL Film Premiere
Nov 15th-Duluth / Nov 17th-Minneapolis
More Info HERE
Frank Moe's Sled Dog's To St. Paul
Time: February 29th - March 8th
Place: starts in Grand Marais and ends March 8th in St. Paul. Found HERE
Sulfide Mining Petitions
Questions Linger in Aftermath of Pagami Creek Fire - By Elanne Palcich
"Both the public and the U.S. Forest Service need to understand how a lightning strike in a bog near Pagami Creek on August 18 turned into a full-scale conflagration on September 12, burning approximately 1/10 of the Boundary Waters." Found HERE
Streamlining Pollution in Minnesota By Elanne Palcich
"On March 3, 2011 Governor Dayton signed into law legislation designed to streamline the environmental review process. This legislation directly fast-tracks proposed copper-nickel mining in Minnesota." Found HERE
Popping the PolyMet Propaganda Pill By Elanne Palcich
"PolyMet, Inc. is a Canadian company with Swiss ties that is currently undergoing environmental review as it seeks permitting to open the first copper-nickel sulfide mine in the state of Minnesota." Found HERE
USFS Halfway Ranger Station Historic District and "K" Lab near Ely -2010 photo
Kawishiwi Demolition: The Pen and the Bulldozer By Elanne Palcich
"The mine plan as presented on the Duluth Metals website puts the entrance to its proposed underground mine precisely in the location of the Kawishiwi Research Station." Read it HERE...
PolyMet Fails - From the Environmental Protection Agency "EPA has determined that PolyMet's NorthMet Project DEIS is; Environmentally Unsatisfactory and Inadequate... our review has identified adverse environmental impacts that are of sufficient magnitude that EPA believes the proposed action must not proceed as proposed."
From the Department of the Interior "The anticipated environmental impacts of the proposed action are not fully and fairly addressed in the DEIS."
AA! SOS MINNESOTA WOLVES Stop the hunting & trapping season on wolves! More info HERE
AA! Kawishiwi Building Disposition EA USFS - The Forest Service is proposing to eliminate the historic Kawishiwi Research Station and "K" Lab near Ely and the BWCAW. The destruction of these Superior National Forest cultural and scientific landmarks, would pave the way for the impending sulfide mining projects located near the BWCAW. Comment Period Closed
AA! Federal Hardrock Mineral Prospecting Permit Draft EIS (EIS) - USFS - Broadscale analysis to address FS consent and BLM issuance of federal hardrock mineral prospecting permits and operating plans (present and future). Comment Period Closed
AA! Proposed NorthMet Mining Project and Land Exchange EIS Scoping - The Superior National Forest is currently developing scoping materials for the land exchange portion of the PolyMet Mine Project. There is a 45 day comment period, which was noticed in the Federal Register: October 13, 2010 Comment Period Closed
AA! Send PolyMet To Summer School Action Closed
AA! PolyMet's NorthMet Mine Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) released. Public comment period ends at 4:30 p.m. on Wednesday, February 3, 2010 Comment Period Closed
AA! Support the "Safe Mines To Protect Our Water" Bill. House Bill: HF0916; Senate Companion: SF0845 Bill Has Been Withdrawn
AA! Oppose Rep. Oberstar's HR 4292, Senators Klobuchar and Coleman's S 3411 Superior National Forest Land Adjustment Act of 2007 and 2008 - Has Stalled and Died in Congress
Click on image or HERE to see larger view of Archived Drill Core and Data
MINING MINNESOTA - The purple dots on this image of Minnesota show drill cores, which indicate the extent to which mining companies are planning to conduct metallic sulfide mining operations in the state.
Click on image to see larger view of Map of Mineral Exploration - Northern MN
Click image for Dr. Power's Mining Report
Click on image to see larger view of Mining The Arrowhead
Click on image to see larger view of Superior National


text:
Craft Materials Required:
Thick white paper
Thick brown paper
one Popsicle stick
markers and crayons
Take a piece of white paper, of the size you want. Make sure it is longer than your Popsicle stick.
Take another piece of paper, about 1/3 of its length, but of the same width, as shown.
On the brown paper, draw out the face of a ground hog as shown.
Glue the face on to the top of the Popsicle stick.
Glue a strip of brown paper below the groundhog as shown.
Glue the second paper on top of the first paper as shown. leave space in the center for the groundhog on the Popsicle stick. The groundhog should be able to easily slide up and down.
Cut out grass shapes in green and glue them on the picture.
Decorate the rest of the picture with crayons
[tags]groundhog day, groundhogs day, crafts for groundhogs day, groundhog day crafts, groundhog day activities, crafts for kids, activities for kids, arts and crafts, groundhogs, woodchucks, crafts for preschoolers[tags]


Latest blog entries - PaganSquare - Join the conversation! Wed, 02 Sep 2015 10:36:29 -0700 Joomla! - Open Source Content Management en-gb Shake your tree!
One of the issues we face when working with modern Paganism based in ancient Minoan spirituality is a practical one: we can't read what the Minoans wrote. Their two writing systems, Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A, are still undeciphered. That leaves us with lots and lots of images from frescoes, pottery, seal stones and seal rings. They say a picture is worth a thousand words, but figuring out exactly which thousand words are the right ones can be a problem.
Lately I've been working on some art projects that involve enlarging photos of some of the Minoan seal rings, and I've had occasion to examine the artwork closely. Most of the time this has been an enlightening process, but I have run across one bit that bothered me a lot. You see, there's a particular ritual scene that's repeated over and over on the seal rings. The archaeologists have interpreted it as a 'tree shaking ceremony' but they can't manage to explain what it might actually mean. As I was examining a closeup of the seal ring from Tholos Tomb A at Archanes (the main blog image above) it occurred to me that the branch-type object the male figure is shaking might not actually be a tree. I had a look at a few other seal rings that include similar 'tree shaking' rituals and I think these images may be something far more specific to the Minoan goddess than trees.
I think the people on these rings, at least some of them, are shaking branches full of dates. The fruit. Yum.
Date clusters on a date palm tree
You see, the date palm and its fruit are sacred to the Minoan goddess (and other ancient Mediterranean goddesses as well). On the Archanes ring above, it even looks like loose dates are falling down into the center of the shrine or altar that is topped by the date branches (that's what clued me in to the possibility that the branches are clusters of dates and not trees). And it looks like there's a cluster of date blooms on the end of one of the branches, too. Yes, I realize an actual date palm tree wouldn't have blooms and fruit on it at the same time, but this is religious iconography, not a botanical text.
Let's look at a few other seal rings and see what their 'tree shaking' rituals look like. Note that on all these seals, the 'leaves' on the trees are rounded like dates and not pointed or oblong like, for instance, the olive tree on the Hagia Triada sarcophagus:
Hagia Triada sarcophagus tree scene
Here's the so-called Ring of Minos from Knossos. It includes two people shaking multiple 'trees' or branches of dates.
Ring of Minos
The Poros ring is pretty worn from lots of use so it's a bit harder to see the details of the design, but the 'trees' on it look like the ones on the other rings we've looked at so far, that is, like clusters of dates.
Poros Ring from crete
There are other rings that have these 'trees' (branches of dates) on them, always on top of a shrine, but no one is shaking them. The Mochlos ring is a typical example:
Mochlos ring
To me, it makes much more sense for the 'trees' in these scenes to be clusters of dates, especially if we take into account the fruit falling into the shrine on the Archanes ring. Maybe the lusty goddess is giving us a message: If you don't want my fruit, don't shake my tree!
In the name of the Bee -
And of the Butterfly -
And of the Breeze - Amen!
Read More]]> (Laura Perry) Paths Blogs Wed, 02 Sep 2015 05:20:58 -0700
Seasons of Dreams
For some, winter is the time of dreaming. The long dark night, the glow of the fire, and much of nature seeming to be inactive or hibernating, can be suggestive of human sleep and resting. Winter can be the time of storytellers. It depends a lot on your way of life though, as it can also be a time of hunger, cold, struggle and death.
For others, spring is suggestive of dreams because it is the time of new beginnings. Everything is growing afresh, new life is coming into the world and this suggests possibilities. We can throw away the old, make something new and dream big.
The long, hot days of summer, with the invitation to siesta, and the sweaty impossibility of doing much can make for dreaming time. Again, much depends on your climate and way of life. British summers are often chilly and damp, and some periods of summer are very work intensive for those working the land – hay and grain harvests make it a busy period. If you're lucky, the drowsy heat of the day and the warm mysterious night time scope for playing can create opportunities to dream, and daydream.
Autumn brings the harvest, and the invitation to reflect on what's gone before and look ahead. The person with a bountiful harvest may dream of future success and a comfortable winter, although the person whose harvest was poor is already facing winter as a nightmare. For some of us, the mists, colours and dying away of autumn is an imaginative time, suggestive of stories. Halloween is the traditional time for fortune telling. Looking towards the future is always in part an act of dreaming about what the future might hold.
Of course dreaming itself is not a calendar event, but has the potential to be with us every single night. Assorted folk traditions identify dreaming at key nights as being significant, for divination purposes (usually marriage or death), but that's about the only obvious relationship between dreams and the wheel of the year. And yet we're dreaming all the time – randomly at night, deliberately when awake. We're dreaming up our own futures, crafting hopes and intentions. The very nature of the wheel of the year invites us to compare where we are now with where we were in previous years, and to look forward to the season before us. Every day is a good day for dreaming.
And yes, I have a new book out, and that's the cover. A warm summer daydream of a cover, because that was by far the easiest to depict!
Read More]]> (Nimue Brown) SageWoman Blogs Wed, 02 Sep 2015 01:46:00 -0700
Pagan News Beagle: Fiery Tuesday, September 1
In Indonesia moderate Islams demonstrate the power of religious pluralism. Across the world sex workers unite to celebrate Amnesty International's decision to work towards the decriminalization of their profession. And in Europe the refugee crisis tests the region's dedication to its ideals. It's Fiery Tuesday, our weekly take on political news. All this and more for the Pagan News Beagle!
Read More]]> (Aryós Héngwis) Pagan News Beagle Tue, 01 Sep 2015 15:43:29 -0700
Fire Kim Davis Now
Rant Alert
If a Mormon barrista suddenly refused to serve coffee because caffeine is "against her religion," she would be fired.
If a tattooist converted to Orthodox Judaism and refused to tattoo anyone because the Torah forbids it, he would be fired.
So a county clerk in Kentucky refuses to issue marriage licenses because her form of Christianity forbids same-sex marriage, and they send the matter to court?
Read More]]> (Steven Posch) Culture Blogs Tue, 01 Sep 2015 14:58:55 -0700
The Awkward Vetting Process b2ap3_thumbnail_A-Christmas-Carol.jpgIf I could reach through the folds of time and explain a few things to new-Priestess me, here is what I would say about who I might want to re-consider letting into the Coven:
The woman with the brassy-sassy personality who called you at work crying because it looks like she'll be getting fired wants to know because if it's because the Gods rejected her offerings...and gets rancid-offended when you suggest it's probably less about the offering and more because she slapped a co-worker that morning...she's going to be a bit tough to work with.
The married lady who attends workings solely for the hopes of making out with other ladies....even though her husband doesn't know and wouldn't approve....who got sorely offended when you told her to knock it off....she's probably not really interested in doing Magick work and it might be better if you asked her to leave, now.
The lady who "takes an AA break" at Sabbats and drinks wine aplenty because "it's in Sacred context" (who also periodically foregoes their diabetic nutritional restrictions and chows down on chocolate and Peeps) will eventually pull her clothes off in a parking lot and throw a punch at another Covener. Yes. That will happen. And it will be ugly.
The white guy who obsessed with crystal skulls, aliens, and 'becoming' Native American who goes a bit glassy-eyed when you discuss the dangers of cultural appropriation, he's just going to annoy the crap out of you and everyone else in the Coven. Bye.
My Coveners know this about me and I've spoken about it in public: I don't like the basic concept of a closed


text:
Definition of Craniocleidodysostosis
Craniocleidodysostosis: A genetic (inherited) disorder of bone development characterized by:
- Typical cranial and facial abnormalities with square skull, late closure of the sutures of the skull, late closure of the fontanels (the soft spots), low nasal bridge, delayed eruption of the teeth, abnormal permanent teeth, etc.
- Absent or incompletely formed collar bones (the "cleido-" part refers to the clavicles, the collar bones) The child with this disorder can bring its shoulders together or nearly so.
The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. A parent with the condition has a 50:50 chance that each of their children will have the condition. Boys and girls stand an equal chance of being affected. The gene for the condition has been found on chromosome 6 (specifically, in band p21). The gene is for the transcription factor CBFA1 (core-binding factor alpha subunit 1). Mutations of CBFA1 cause this disorder.
A possible example of this disorder has been found in the skull of a Neanderthal man. (The patient could not be interviewed as to family history).Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
Get breaking medical news.


What is the difference between object and class in Scala?
Marcin Krykowski
19th March 2021
In this article we will briefly describe the difference between object and class in Scala.
An object is a singleton instance of a class. For every object in the code, an anonymous class is created, which inherits from whatever classes you declared object to implement.
Objects as static method holders
Quite often you will need an object to be host for some methods that shall be available without having to first instantiate an instance of some class. This use is closely related to static members in Java.
object MyObject {
 def addOne(n: Int): Int = n + 1
You can then call above method using MyObject.addOne(3).
If addOne were a member of some class A, then you would need to make an instance first:
class MyClass() {
val myClass = new MyClass()
You can see how redundant this is, as addOne does not require any instance-specific data.
Objects as a special named instance
You can also use the object itself as some special instance of a class or trait. When you do this, your object needs to extend some trait in order to become an instance of a subclass of it.
Consider the following code:
object A extends B with C {
 // some methods
This declaration first declares an anonymous (inaccessible) class that extends both B and C, and instantiates a single instance of this class named A.
This means A can be passed to functions expecting objects of type B or C or B with C.
Additional features of objects
There also exist some special features of objects in Scala. I recommend to read the official documentation.
def apply(...) enables the usual method name-less syntax of A(...) def unapply(...) allows to create custom pattern matching extractors def copy(...) allows to create a copy of an instance with some parameters changed if accompanying a class of the same name, the object assumes a special role when resolving implicit parameters.
To sum up:
 - class C defines a class, just as in Java
 - object O creates a singleton object O as instance of some anonymous class. It might be used to hold static members that are not associated with instances of some class.
 - object O extends T makes the object O an instance of trait T. You can then pass O anywhere, a T is expected.
 - if there is a class C, then object C is the companion object of class C. Note that the companion object is not automatically an instance of C.
If you have still some concerns you can always reach out to the documentation for classes and objects.
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Phasing out SSL / TLS protocols and ciphers with user-friendly error messages
The phasing out of legacy encryption protocols like TLS 1.0 or the family of CBC encryption ciphers is a recurring necessity. This has been going on for many years. And it will only be a few years until TLS 1.2 should be retired in favor of its successor TLS 1.3.
When disabling one of the SSL/TLS protocols or retiring a cipher suite, then there is always the question of how many users you are blocking. If you have configured your server side encryption endpoint with an extended access log, then such a report is at your fingertips. I have described such a setup in my tutorial on the topic. So you can take an educated decision at the right moment when the user base is no longer substantial. The browser vendors are doing a very good job updating their installations. So the numbers are generally coming down a lot faster then they used to. But maybe you have legacy agents that access certain APIs and locking them out is not an option. So you better know who is using the old cipher before you disable it.
However, there is a problem that persists: When you disable a protocol or cipher, then the users relying on it can no longer connect to your server. They are confronted with a hard to understand error message. You do not have control over this error message and for 99% of the users it will look very bad. For the users, it will look as if you had a security problem – and not they with their outdated browser.
Would not it be better to introduce a grace period during which you still accept the connection, but redirect it to a dedicated "weak cipher" page? On said page you could then explain the problem and urge the user to upgrade the browser.
It is surprisingly simple to pull this off with Apache.
Six steps for user-friendly error pages
Step 1 : Create an error page and name it weak-encryption.html.
Step 2 : Define the legacy SSL / TLS protocols and ciphers that you want
to phase out.
Step 3 : Configure a conditional statement (-> ) in your Apache configuration that checks the SSL/TLS protocol used for the connection.
Step 4 : Write a nested conditional statement that checks if the URI is different from weak-encryption.html.
Step 5 : If the condition in step 3 and the condition in step 4 match, then
create a rewrite rule that redirects to the weak-encryption path.
Step 6 : Repeat step 3 to 5 for weak ciphers.
An Apache recipe to put this in practice
I'm a proposing a configuration that puts this into action. It works with the help of the Apache directive and ModRewrite:
 RewriteRule ^/ /weak-encryption.html [redirect,last] RewriteRule ^/ /weak-encryption.html [redirect,last]
This is configured on The site works seamlessly for modern ciphers and protocols, yet the requests with legacy encryption are being redirect to the weak encryption page. You can try out the setup as follows:
$> curl --tlsv1.2 --ciphers "AES128-SHA" --verbose
* Trying
* Connected to ( port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* Cipher selection: AES128-SHA
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
CApath: none
* SSL connection using TLSv1.2 / AES128-SHA
* ALPN, server accepted to use http/1.1
* Server certificate:
* subject:
* start date: Februar 2 18:55:24 2020 GMT
* expire date: May 2 18:55:24 2020 GMT
* subjectAltName: host "" matched cert's ""
* SSL certificate verify ok.
> GET /cms/ HTTP/1.1
> Host:
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 302 Found
< Date: Mon, 10 Februar 2020 15:57:17 GMT
< Server: Apache
< X-Frame-Options: sameorigin
< Referrer-Policy: same-origin
< X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
< X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
< Location:
< Content-Length: 227
(If you have TLSv1.3 support, the call for a weaker cipher is ignored silently. You need to make sure you're using a lower TLS version. The same is true with TLSv1 and TLSv1.1. At least my curl is not supporting it at all.)
This call should redirect you to
Technically, it should be possible to do the same thing with a pure ModSecurity construct. However, the problem is that the SSL variables are not accessible by ModSecurity (and the directive SSLOptions +StdEnvVars does not help. The issue has been reported before).
I am not sure if you can do the same with NGINX too. NGINX is usually less flexible, but this is a case where it might be possible to pull this of on said platform just as well.
If you want to deploy a more complex error page - one meeting the corporate branding with the inclusion of logo and separate CSS files, then you will have to extend the conditional statements or - better still - embed CSS and images right into the weak-encryption.html page.
Good luck!
If you liked this blog post, then there is more on this site or why don't you follow me on twitter or subscribe to my ModSecurity / OWASP Core Rule Set newsletter.
I am also covering this and other advanced configuration as part of my teaching. Here is a link to me next public courses.
Christian Folini / _USER_ on Twitter


text:
(Arabic, Kâfir. an infidel). A name given to the Hottentots, who reject the Moslem faith. Kafiristan, in Central Asia, means "the country of the infidels."
"The affinity of the Kafir tribes... including the Kafirs proper and
the people of Congo, is based upon the various idioms spoken by them,
the direct representatives of a common, but now extinct, mother tongue.
This aggregate of languages is now conveniently known as... the Bantu
linguistic system." —
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Kaffir from Infoplease:


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Mala's Data Blog
Basics of Probability
In this post am going to introduce into some of the basic principles of probability – and use it in other posts going forward. Quite a number of people would have learned these things in high school math and then forgotten – I personally needed a refresher. These concepts are very useful if we can keep them fresh in mind while dealing with more advanced programming in R and data analysis.
Probability is an important statistical and mathematical concept to understand. In simple terms – probability refers to the chances of possible outcome of an event occurring within the domain of multiple outcomes. Probability is indicated by a whole number – with 0 meaning that the outcome has no chance of occurring and 1 meaning that the outcome is certain to happen. So it is mathematically represented as P(event) = (# of outcomes in event / total # of outcomes). In addition to understanding this simple thing, we will also look at a basic example of conditional probability and independent events.
Let us take an example to study this more in detail.
I am going to use the same dataset that I used for normal distribution – life expectancy from WHO. My dataset has 5 fields – Country, Year, Gender, Age. Am going to answer some basic questions on probability with this dataset.
1 What is the probability that a random person selected is female? It is the total # of female persons divided by all persons, which gives us 0.6. (am not putting out the code as this is just very basic stuff). Conversely, the 'complement rule' as it is called means the probabilty of someone being male is 0.4. This can be computed as 1 – 0.6 or total # of men /total in sample. Since being both male and female is not possible, these two events can be considered mutually exclusive.
2 Let us look at some conditional probability. What is the probability that a female is selected given that you only have people over 50? The formula for this is probability of selecting a female over 50 divided by probability of selecting someone over 50.
SELECT _USER_ = COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy] WHERE GENDER = 'female' and AGE > 50
SELECT _USER_ = COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy]
SELECT _USER_ = COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy] WHERE age > 50
3 Do we know if these two events are dependent or independent of each other? That is, is does selecting a female over 50 affect the probability of selecting any person over 50? To find this out we have to apply the formula for independence – which is that the probability of their intersection should equal the product of their unconditional probabilities..that is probability of female over 50 multiplied by probability of female should equal probability of female and 50.
DECLARE _USER_ numeric(12, 2), _USER_ numeric(12, 2), _USER_ numeric(12, 2), _USER_ numeric(12, 2)
select _USER_= count(*) from [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy] where age > 50 and gender = 'female'
select _USER_ = count(*) from [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy]
select 'Probability of 50 and female',round(_USER_/_USER_, 2)
select _USER_ = count(*) from [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy] where gender = 'female'
select 'Probability of female', _USER_/_USER_
select _USER_ = count(*) from [dbo].[WHO_LifeExpectancy] where age > 50
select 'Probability of fifty', _USER_/_USER_
select 'Are these independent ', round((_USER_/_USER_), 2)*round((_USER_/_USER_), 2)
Results are as below..as we can see, the highlighted probability _TAG_ are very close suggesting that these two events are largely independent.
From the next post am going to look into some of these concepts with R and do some real data analysis with them. Thanks for reading.
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