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A scoping review of worldwide studies evaluating the effects of prehospital time on trauma outcomes
Journal – Springer Link
Article type – Journal research article – Systematic review
Publication date – Dec – 2020
Authors – Alexander F. Bedard, Lina V. Mata, Chelsea Dymond, Fabio Moreira, Julia Dixon, Steven G. Schauer, Adit A. Ginde, Vikhyat Bebarta, Ernest E. Moore, Nee-Kofi Mould-Millman
Keywords – prehospital setting, transportation, trauma
Open access – Yes
Speciality – Emergency surgery, Trauma and orthopaedic surgery, Trauma surgery
World region Global
Language – English
Submitted to the One Surgery Index on January 5, 2021 at 6:29 am
Annually, over 1 billion people sustain traumatic injuries, resulting in over 900,000 deaths in Africa and 6 million deaths globally. Timely response, intervention, and transportation in the prehospital setting reduce morbidity and mortality of trauma victims. Our objective was to describe the existing literature evaluating trauma morbidity and mortality outcomes as a function of prehospital care time to identify gaps in literature and inform future investigation.
We performed a scoping review of published literature in MEDLINE. Results were limited to English language publications from 2009 to 2020. Included articles reported trauma outcomes and prehospital time. We excluded case reports, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, comments, editorials, letters, and conference proceedings. In total, 808 articles were identified for title and abstract review. Of those, 96 articles met all inclusion criteria and were fully reviewed. Higher quality studies used data derived from trauma registries. There was a paucity of literature from studies in lowand middle-income countries (LMIC), with only 3 (3%) of articles explicitly including African populations. Mortality was an outcome measure in 93% of articles, predominantly defined as "in-hospital mortality" as opposed to mortality within a specified time frame. Prehospital time was most commonly assessed as crude time from EMS dispatch to arrival at a tertiary trauma center. Few studies evaluated physiologic morbidity outcomes such as multi-organ failure.
The existing literature disproportionately represents high-income settings and most commonly assessed in-hospital mortality as a function of crude prehospital time. Future studies should focus on how specific prehospital intervals impact morbidity outcomes (e.g., organ failure) and mortality at earlier time points (e.g., 3 or 7 days) to better reflect the effect of early prehospital resuscitation and transport. Trauma registries may be a tool to facilitate such research and may promote higher quality investigations in Africa and LMICs.
OSI Number – 20858
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[whohit]-A scoping review of worldwide studies evaluating the effects of prehospital time on trauma outcomes-[/whohit]


text: Case study method of didactic situations is a modern procedure of effective development of professional abilities in future teachers. I have been using the method for many years in future teachers training in the field of preparation of subject methodologies. A case study does not develop only the subject and didactic competences of future teachers. The self-evaluation and self-reflection processes in students also play an important role. For this purpose the third – analytical – phase of the study is carried out. Two basic methods are used for a complex analysis – macro-analytic and microanalytic. The macro-analytic method is used to examine the course and the results of the case study: suitability of the used methods, forms and tools; using communicative tools, creating proper climate etc. The micro-analytic method is used to find out changes in students personalities and causes of the outer demonstrations of the case study. One of the examined phenomena is e.g. flexibility and creativity in adjusting the pre-concept to the course of the realization phase of the study.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Generally used to describe the threshold that a party seeking to prove a fact in court must reach in order to have that fact legally established. For example, in criminal cases, the burden of proving the defendant's guilt is on the prosecution, and they must establish that fact beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil cases, the plaintiff has the burden of proving his case by a preponderance of the evidence.
The burden of proof is often said to be comprised of two distinct but related concepts: the burden of production, and the burden of persuasion.
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A party's job of convincing the decisionmaker in a trial that the party's version of the facts is true. In a civil trial, it means that the plaintiff must convince the judge or jury by a preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff's version is true -- that is, over 50% of the believable evidence is in the plaintiff's favor. (That said, the burden of proof may shift to the defendant if the defendant raises a factual issue in defense to the plaintiff's claims.) In a criminal case, because a person's liberty is at stake, the government has a harder job, and must convince the judge or jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:12 pm

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Process of Managing Forecasts for Forecast Administrators
To manage forecasts, perform the following tasks:
 1. Set up the company's fiscal calendar, see Setting Up Your Company Profile and Global Defaults.
 2. Determine the forecast hierarchy, see Setting Up the Forecast Definition.
 3. Set the user quotas, see Setting Up Users' Sales Quotas.
 4. Create the forecast definition, including Date, Type, Duration, and Participants, see Setting Up the Forecast Definition.


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Carriage & Wagon Superintendent, Great Northern Railway 1905 - 1911
Locomotive Engineer, Great Northern Railway 1911 - 1922
Chief Mechanical Engineer, London & North Eastern Railway 1923 - 1941
President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936/37
Sir Nigel Gresley was one of the leading British locomotive designers of the age of steam. A mechanical engineer of great skill, he also had the imagination and boldness to innovate, a flair to organise and to lead, an artist's eye for line and proportion, and a touch of showmanship.
He first made his mark designing carriages for the Great Northern Railway. His designs were stylish and modern, and when in 1911 the post of Locomotive Superintendent fell vacant Gresley, though still quite young for so senior a post, was appointed. He was now in charge of the running, repair and maintenance of all of the railway's locomotives and rolling stock, and of all new design. He produced a range of successful, modern locomotives. The most impressive was the massive, graceful 'Pacific' which was unveiled in 1922. Gresley, as its creator, was a rising star. On 1st January 1923 the Great Northern Railway was merged with several others to form the London and North Eastern Railway. Gresley was appointed its Chief Mechanical Engineer, the post he held until his death in 1941.
He designed railway vehicles of all kinds and functions, but it was his Pacifics above all which made his reputation. The first entered service in 1922; over the next 13 years he refined the design, which reached its zenith with the streamlined 'A4's ~ one of which set the still unbroken speed record for steam.
Gresley's Pacifics were always crowd-pullers; big, fast, elegant, they caught the public's eye and the attention of the media. There were other spectacular designs too, such as the puissant P2 'Mikados', built for speed and power over the demanding main lines of Scotland, and the revolutionary No. 10,000, an attempt to adapt the marine water-tube boiler for railway use ~ not very successful, but a brave experiment, and it attracted much attention. In addition, Gresley was active in the engineering institutions, he served on government committees, he undertook consultancy work for the government. By the early 1930s he was at the top of his profession, while his renown amongst enthusiasts had become iconic.He died in office on 5th April 1941 at the age of 65.
The Gresley Society was formed at the beginning of 1963 born out of the unsuccessful attempt by The Gresley A3 Preservation Society to purchase Class A3 Pacific No. 60103 "Flying Scotsman" from British Railways. Of course we have Alan Peglar to thank for saving this world famous icon in January 1963 & Alan has been a member of the society since its' inception.
The Gresley Society exists to encourage interest in Sir Nigel Gresley's life and work, to gather and preserve information, to study and to inform. It has been involved in the setting up of public memorials, as a means of informing a wider audience. Read the chronology of Sir Nigel Gresley:


Kadalgudi Village Population - Vilathikulam, Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu
Kadalgudi is a village located in Vilathikulam Taluk of Thoothukkudi district in Tamil Nadu. Around 281 families reside in Kadalgudi village. Kadalgudi village is administered by Sarpanch(Head of village) who is elected every five years.
As per the Census India 2011, Kadalgudi village has population of 1029 of which 472 are males and 557 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 105 which is 10.2% of total population.
The sex-ratio of Kadalgudi village is around 1180 compared to 996 which is average of Tamil Nadu state. The literacy rate of Kadalgudi village is 69.97% out of which 80.51% males are literate and 61.04% females are literate. There are 14.97% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 0 Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Kadalgudi village.
Kadalgudi Population Facts
Number of Households281
Male Population472 (45.87%)
Female Population557 (54.13%)
Children Population105
Male Literacy80.51%
Female Literacy61.04%
Scheduled Tribes (ST) %0
Scheduled Caste (SC) %14.97%
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The Museum's Ethnographic Collection is composed primarily of artifacts produced by Utah Native American groups: Goshute, Navajo, Paiute, Shoshone and Ute, or are from neighboring tribes that had significant ties with the indigenous people of Utah. The earliest artifacts were collected in the 1890s and the most recent addition includes a modern Navajo basket collection acquired in 2009. Unlike archaeological collections that are obtained from excavation and survey, the ethnographic collections have grown through generous donations and the acquisition of significant private collections.
Beaded regalia and moccasins are perhaps the best known objects in the ethnographic collection. Other objects include blankets, rugs, clothing, masks, basketry, jewelry and historic pottery. Ethnographic collections are valuable not only as examples of modern material culture, but also as examples of continuity, or lack of continuity, between the prehistoric past and present-day Native American traditions. Important examples of continuing traditions include the Southwestern Kachinas, objects decorated with beads, pottery, basketry and many other important ethnographic pieces.
*Ethnology is the study of living or contemporary cultures, a branch of anthropology.


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PRESS RELEASE: US News | September 1, 2022
The US education system is enduring a teacher shortage crisis.
Post-pandemic burnout, comparatively low pay, and difficulty managing the educational and emotional needs of students are some reasons teachers are leaving the profession.
The teacher shortage is forcing full-time teachers to surrender prep time to cover classes, and principals are being pulled from their responsibilities to teach. However, pooling existing resources doesn't even scratch the surface. Many states are granting emergency substitute teaching licenses to fill the void. One school district in Illinois, USA employs 100 daily substitute teachers in a school system of 450 full-time teachers.
One of the unsung heroes within a school are the substitute coordinators. They are responsible for providing incoming subs with the information and tools they need. With 1:1 device programs as the new norm, substitute teachers are often required to use a tablet or laptop for student communication and to access lesson plans. Managing this technology has placed an additional burden on sub coordinators and IT teams alike. Due to the influx of daily subs, sub coordinators are under stress when checking in teachers for the day, and substitute teachers are frazzled before they even step foot in a classroom.
One innovative way schools are improving conditions is by using a smart locker to automate the substitute teacher check in/check out processes. Here's how it works: a FUYL TowerTM Smart Locker, powered by LocknCharge Cloud, stores fully-charged devices and other teaching materials in individually-lockable bays. The substitute teacher is assigned a bay and a PIN number, allowing them to quickly access items inside without assistance.
Because sub coordinators start early in the morning and are typically gone before the end of the school day, a smart locker provides a secure location for teachers to return and charge devices without oversight.
This approach also benefits IT teams who spend less time locating and replacing missing devices. Tower activity is logged in the LocknCharge Cloud portal to show when and by who a bay was accessed.
With droves of new full-time teachers entering the district mid-year, smart lockers are also being used to automate new teacher onboarding. The result is a reduction in stress and less wasted time throughout the school system.
To learn more, contact LocknCharge – the experts in device management solutions for schools.


Obey. Submit. Obey. John Piper on Domestic Violence.
Obey. Submit. Obey. John Piper on Domestic Violence. May 10, 2018
In 2012, evangelical theologian John Piper "clarified" his early comments on women's submission to an abusive husband by explaining that women should go to the authorities if the abuse they suffered met their state's legal definition for abuse—because they are bound to obey the authorities, not for their well-being.
No shit, Sherlock.
In other words: What should a woman do if her husband tells her to break the law? After all, that woman is called by God to obey both her husband and the civil authorities on earth. Here, she can't do both.
What exactly does this have to do with abuse? Certainly, there are cases where abusive men force their victims to commit crimes, but I doubt that this is so common as to justify placing it up front.
Okay, two questions.
First, did it really have to take this long to get to a positive statement that what an abusive husband is doing is wrong? Second, if a woman relates directly to Christ, what is the point of spiritual headship?
This second question, of course, is a longer conversation, but it's one that I have started to see as increasingly relevant. Protestants have long argued that there is no mediator between God and man but Christ—this was part of their rejection of the Catholic Church, with its pope and priests. Why, then, set up a husband as a sort of mediator between wife and God? Why create spiritual headship at all? Why not a priesthood of all believers?
The import of this section, of course, is that an abusive man is breaking the law of God, and that it is therefore in the purview of the church to discipline him and to take him to task for his sinful actions.
What in the blazes is this?!
Notice why Piper says that going to the authorities may be in order—not because an abusive man is dangerous, or because he should be behind bars. Not because his wife's safety is at risk. No! The wife should go to the authorities because if she does not, she is both participating in her husband's sin and breaking the law. Yes, really.
The entire reason Piper gives for reporting domestic violence to the authorities is that the law bans domestic violence and the Bible states that believers are to obey the civil laws. Way to make women feel valued. Way to make women feel cared about. Or like they matter.
Plenty of people participate in victim blaming by asking abuse victims why they didn't go to the police. Piper goes a step further. He informs abuse victims that if they do not go to the police, they are helping their husband commit a crime by hiding his offense. And they are sinning.
Abused women do not need one more finger pointed at them. They need to be told that they matter. That their life matters. That their happiness matters.
I highlighted the important part there.
Do you know what I would prefer to see here? Some explanation of the ways in which abusers manipulate the story so as to get the church on their side and isolate their victim. There's a sort of implicit assumption in Piper's statement here that the church will be able to easily identify an abuser and see through his excuses, that the church will believe women and take their words seriously, when reality is often far different.
There is a larger conversation that needs to be had here. Piper shows at least a little bit of understanding of the situation abused wives' frequently face, with his nod to not wanting a husband to lose his job. But there is so much more he never really addresses. Up in point 3 he refers to "civil protection." What exactly is that?
As one blogger noted:
It's almost as though Piper is living in a parallel universe. He just doesn't seem to get it. Does he have any understanding at all of the law or of tyrannical husbands? The only civil protection a wife can obtain in such circumstances is a restraining order, and until the matter goes to court, she would be expected to flee the dangerous home. There is no such thing as 'civil protection' that arrives at the beck and call of a beaten wife and hangs around her home to protect her. And let's not be naive. Is the abusive husband really going to give her permission to leave him and perhaps take the children with her? The scenario has no relevance to the real world and carries dangerous implications.
Piper claims that "the women of the church should know that there are spiritual men and women in the church that they can turn to for help." But what kind of help? Financial help? A safe house? Job training? Logistics? I don't see a lot of acknowledgement, in Piper's post, of everything a woman goes through when leaving an abusive husband. Besides—is leaving actually allowed?
Piper says that an abused woman should go to the church for help. He also says that she should make a report to the authorities of any abuse that reaches the criminal level. But what then? The authorities do not come in and remove abused women and take them to a safe house. They do not kick abusive husbands out, or jail them before trial (bail for domestic offenses tends to be low). What is the woman, in practical terms, to do?
Remember—all of this is predicated on the idea that a woman should respond to domestic violence in a way that is still submissive to her husband—her abuser. Telling the church and asking them for help is still submissive, because they are to obey God over their husband; the same is true for reporting criminal abuse to the authorities. But what about leaving? What about kicking an abusive partner out of the house? What about divorce?
Here's the problem—church men do not have the legal authority to step in and act as an authority. They can talk to an abuser and tell him to discontinue his ways, but they cannot punish him in any way beyond telling him he is no longer welcome at church. This utter lack of specifics—should church men offer a home for an abused woman, so that she can move out?—is maddening.
If anything comes across loud and clear, it is that even in acting to (presumably) get out of an abusive relationship does not give a woman permission to be anything short of submissive to her husband. So here's a question—if the civil authorities do not tell her to leave (and that is not something they usually do), can she? If her pastors do not tell her to leave, is she allowed to get out? She does not appear to be allowed to act in any way for herself.
Obey your husband. If he mistreats you, tell the church and the civil authorities and obey them. Never, make your own decisions. Value your own dreams. You matter. No.
Obey. Submit. Obey.
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Derek's research interest is in the synthesis of electronic nanomaterials and fabrication of devices, with the objective to push for new levels of capabilities and performance. His research program consists of two thrusts: (i) sensors (chemical, gas, and pressure) and energy materials (micro-supercapacitors, micro-batteries, and electro-catalysts), mainly in the form of stretchable/healable electronics. Outside of the lab, Derek enjoys being in nature, playing music, photography, tennis (in Hong Kong), and snowboarding (in Canada).


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Build Your Family Tree at the Library
Published on Thursday, February 18, 2010 - 3:42pm
Ever wonder about your ancestors? The DC Public Library can help. Check out Heritage Quest, a free database that includes U.S. Census records from 1790 to 1930 and Freedman's Bank records.
Incorporated in 1865 to benefit freed slaves, Freedman's Bank records contain information about the depositors and their families from 1865 to 1874. In some cases, the names of former slave owners are included.
Accessing this database only requires a DC Public Library card. Before starting database research, a few tips will help get better results:
- Decide who to research. Collect the real name of ancestors, their siblings, how old they would be and where they lived in 1930.
- Search broadly. Enter the last name, year of birth, and city/state in Heritage Quest's census database.
- Work backwards. Review the 1930 Census information, then plan to search the 1920 Census. Continue stepping back through available census data.
- Explore Freedman's Bank Records. Find the surname of an ancestor and where they may have lived from 1865 to 1874.
Heritage Quest is one of many resources available to research family history. To learn more about the Library's databases, visit dclibrary.org or any Library location.


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Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix or Rhus vernix) is a woody shrub growing to 3 m tall.
All parts of the plant contain a toxic resin called urushiol that causes skin and mucous membrane irritation to humans.
For more information about the topic Poison Sumac, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
Editor's Note: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
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The Ultimate Sea Creature Quiz
Take this amazing quiz to test your sea creature knowledge!
The Ultimate Sea Creature Quiz
1/7 Sea Cucumber
What is this?
2/7 Spider crab
How big can giant spider crabs grow?
Which of these statements is true?
4/7 Coral reef
What is coral?
5/7 Deep sea fish
How far below the surface can sea creatures survive?
6/7 Octopus
How many hearts does an octopus have?
7/7 narwhale
When Narwhal horns washed up on shore, what did people from the past think they were?
Crab and the word 'awesome'
Awesome! When it comes to sea creatures,you know your stuff! Well done!
Jellyfish and the words 'not bad'
Not bad! You know a bit about life under the sea, but you could always know more!
Hmm, you only know a tiny bit about sea creatures. Why not take the quiz again and see if you pick up any facts?
Angler fish and the words 'oh no'
Uh oh! You don't know much about sea creatures or life underwater, maybe you're more of a land person? Give the quiz another go and see if you can improve!


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AusGeo News June 2010 Issue No. 98
New geomagnetic field models released
Regional and global geomagnetic models have a wide range of applications in the general community as well as the scientific, industrial and engineering sectors. The Australian regional model is particularly useful for anyone using a compass for navigation–including bushwalkers, mariners and pilots–and other applications such as aligning satellite dishes, telescopes and solar-passive houses. Specialist applications include mineral exploration and drilling, surveying, mapping, research into the global magnetic field and its secular change, and studies of Earth's deep interior, crust, ionosphere and magnetosphere.
The geomagnetic field on or near the surface of the Earth is the sum of magnetic fields which originate from numerous magnetic sources including deep within the planet, through the atmosphere and into space. Some of these geomagnetic sources vary in complex and unpredictable ways. Geoscience Australia continually monitors Earth's changing magnetic field in the Australian region for modelling, mapping and improving the community's understanding of geomagnetic phenomena.
Because of the dynamic nature of the geomagnetic field, mathematical models of the field need to be updated regularly to ensure they track changes and remain as accurate as possible. Consequently, new revisions of both the global and Australian regional geomagnetic field models are now available from Geoscience Australia.
The Australian Geomagnetic Reference Field (AGRF) is a mathematical model of the geomagnetic field and its predicted annual changes over the Australian region including continental Australia and nearby offshore areas, most of Papua New Guinea and parts of eastern Indonesia. The 2010 revision is a mathematical representation of the undisturbed geomagnetic main field at epoch 2010.0 and its predicted annual changes during the period 2010 to 2015 (figure 1). The model is the sixth in the series of AGRF models and describes the field originating from internal sources using spherical cap harmonics. The main field is modelled to a nominal minimum spatial wavelength of 1500 kilometres and the annual change to 2000 kilometres.
Extensive vector geomagnetic survey datasets were used to derive the main field model, including magnetic data from the German CHAMP satellite, high elevation airborne data, and ground based vector survey data across Australia. The main field datasets were updated to epoch 2010.0 using a secular variation model of the Australian region derived from geomagnetic observatory and repeat station data collected over the last 50 years. The secular variation model in the 2010 revision of AGRF is based on a linear extrapolation of the most recent geomagnetic observatory and repeat station data. Based on our knowledge of the past behaviour of the magnetic field, the secular variation model should be appropriate out to epoch 2015. The extensive regional data sets used in developing the AGRF model make it the most accurate available model for the Australian regional magnetic field for the interval 2010 to 2015.
The 2010 AGRF model is based on the recently released eleventh revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, which is a global spherical harmonic model of the geomagnetic field.
An on-line calculator for the AGRF is available through the Geoscience Australia website. Software to evaluate the AGRF at a single point or a grid of points is available on request from Geoscience Australia.
The eleventh generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-11) was released by the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) in late December 2009. This release adds a definitive main field model for 2005.0, a new model for 2010.0 and a secular variation model for the period between 2010 and 2015.
IGRF-11 allows the undisturbed long wavelength geomagnetic field originating from sources internal to Earth to be calculated at any location on, or near, the surface of Earth during the period 1900 to 2015 (figure 2). The spherical harmonic degree and order 13 coefficients of IGRF-11 have modelled the main field at 2010 to a minimum nominal spatial wavelength of 3000 kilometres. The degree and order 8 secular variation coefficients model the rate of change of the field to a minimum nominal spatial wavelength of 5000 kilometres.
The development of the IGRF is the result of international collaboration between magnetic field modellers and the scientific institutions and government agencies that undertake satellite magnetic surveys and operate geomagnetic observatories.
The full set of spherical harmonic coefficients for IGRF-11 can be downloaded in several formats from the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) V-MOD web site. There are several online IGRF calculators available, including those at the British Geological Survey and the National Geophysical Data Centre in the United States of America. Links to these websites are provided below. Software to calculate IGRF-11 at a single point or a grid is also available on request from Geoscience Australia.
For more information phone Andrew Lewis on +61 2 6249 9764 (email _EMAIL_)


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A Month with the Elephants
Elephants in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park
Photo by Erin Dowgwillo
So you want to save elephants? In fall 2009, Erin Dowgwillo helped do just that. Dowgwillo, a zookeeper at the Milwaukee County Zoo, studied elephants and black rhinos in South Africa's Addo Elephant National Park. From observing the park's elephants at waterholes to analyzing elephant poop samples in a makeshift field office, Dowgwillo kept a photo diary of her trip. See her pictures in the photo slide show below (Zoological Society members can also read about Dowgwillo in the spring/summer issue of Alive magazine.)
Dowgwillo's work is part of an ongoing research project led by Dr. Elizabeth Freeman, a scientist at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington, D.C. For more on her work, and links to other resources, see below.
- This research summary on the Smithsonian National Zoo Web site talks about the challenges and the importance of breeding elephants in zoos.
- If you're curious about the science and methodology of Dr. Freeman's study, see this for details and a bibliography
- This blog entry by researchers at the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago has another perspective on studying black rhinos in Addo.
- Ever see a baby elephant romp with mom? Dowgwillo shared several elephant videos from her trip on the Zoological Society's YouTube channel.
Slide show contributors: Julia Kolker and Erin Dowgwillo. All photos provided by Erin Dowgwillo unless otherwise noted.


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Select the product you need help with
- Internet Explorer
- Windows Phone
- More products
Description of the way that Excel saves files
Article ID: 814068 - View products that this article applies to.
When you save an existing file in Excel, Excel creates a temporary file in the destination folder that you specify in the Save As dialog box. The temporary file contains the whole contents of your workbook. If Excel successfully saves the temporary file, the temporary file is renamed with the file name you specify in the Save As dialog box.
This process of saving files makes sure that the original file is not damaged. The original file is useful if the save operation is not successful.
When Excel saves a file, Excel follow these steps:
Important Points About Saving
Additional InformationFor additional information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(_URL_ )You receive an error message when you try to save a file in Excel
(_URL_ )Description of the AutoRecover functions in Excel 2002
(_URL_ )XL2002: How to Recover a Lost Worksheet or Lost Version of a Worksheet
Article ID: 814068 - Last Review: September 19, 2011 - Revision: 6.0


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Dec. 15, 2008 Minimally invasive, image-guided treatment is a safe and precise method for removal of self-inflicted foreign objects from the body, according to the first report on "self-embedding disorder," or self-injury and self-inflicted foreign body insertion in adolescents. The findings will be presented December 3 at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA).
"Radiologists are in a unique position to be the first to detect self-embedding disorder, make the appropriate diagnosis and mobilize the healthcare system for early and effective intervention and treatment," said the study's principal investigator, William E. Shiels II, D.O., chief of the Department of Radiology at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus, Ohio.
Self-injury, or self-harm, refers to a variety of behaviors in which a person intentionally inflicts harm to his or her body without suicidal intent. It is a disturbing trend among U.S. adolescents, particularly girls. Prevalence is unknown because many cases go unreported, but recent studies have reported that 13 to 24 percent of high school students in the U.S. and Canada have practiced deliberate self-injury at least once. More common forms of self-injury include cutting of the skin, burning, bruising, hair pulling, breaking bones or swallowing toxic substances. In cases of self-embedding disorder, objects are used to puncture the skin or are embedded into the wound after cutting.
Dr. Shiels and colleagues studied 19 episodes of self-embedding injury in 10 adolescent girls, age 15 to 18. Using ultrasound and/or fluoroscopic guidance, interventional pediatric radiologists removed 52 embedded foreign objects from nine of the patients. The embedded objects included metal needles, metal staples, metal paperclips, glass, wood, plastic, graphite (pencil lead), crayon and stone. The objects were embedded during injuries to the arms, ankles, feet, hands and neck. One patient had self-embedded 11 objects, including an unfolded metal paperclip more than six inches in length.
Ultrasound guidance allowed the researchers to detect the presence and location of wood, crayons and plastic objects, not detectable on x-ray examinations. Removal was performed through small incisions in the skin that left little or no scarring and was successful in all cases, without fragmentation or complications.
"This technique offers surgeons and emergency physicians a safe and effective alternative for removal of foreign bodies, including objects at risk for fragmentation during traditional operative techniques," said co-author Adam Young, B.S. "The small incision minimizes scarring and deformity, which is key for the self-esteem of this unique, high-risk group of patients."
Co-authors are James Murakami, M.D., Brian Coley, M.D., and Mark Hogan, M.D.
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What is safeguarding and why is it important?
Safeguarding means protecting children and vulnerable adults' health, wellbeing and human rights.
There is a wide range of legislation and government guidance in place, such as the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS), to ensure safeguarding is carried out properly and in the right places.
This includes voluntary and community groups, faith groups, private sector providers, schools, hospitals and sports clubs.
A safeguarding policy must stipulate details of the practical measures an organisation undertakes to protect the vulnerable groups it works with.
This might include a code of conduct detailing the type of behaviour expected from staff, and details of how they will be vetted to ensure their suitability to work within the organisation.
What is a DBS check?
DBS checks are usually carried out on anyone who works or volunteers with children or vulnerable adults.
Employers carry out DBS checks before allowing employees to work in a Regulated Activity with children or vulnerable adults to ensure they haven't been barred from doing so.
The DBS replaced the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) and Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA). It was introduced to ensure recruiters made safe decisions about who they employed.
Since 2006, all police records of arrest have been kept indefinitely on the PNC. This means anyone who is arrested for an offence has been recorded on the database.
Once the applicant's details have been cross-referenced, a disclosure certificate will be issued. This will contain details of any convictions, cautions, reprimands and warnings the applicant has.
How to get a DBS check
Individuals can only apply for Basic Checks on themselves – Standard and Enhanced DBS Checks must be done by their employer or potential employer.
The employing organisation can do this by registering with the DBS themselves, or registering with an umbrella body like uCheck who can provide them with a Basic DBS.
uCheck is registered with the DBS, which means we're permitted to carry out checks on people who need to be independently verified for their role or job.
A DBS check is essential for some roles, such as teaching or nursing, because of the groups of people these professionals work with.
It's not possible to fail a DBS check, but an applicant may be rejected for a role if the check reveals any information that suggests they're unsuitable for the position.
What is needed for a DBS check?
In order to complete the process, applicants must provide all previous addresses from the last five years, a passport or birth certificate and a current utility bill or current bank statement to confirm their current address.
How long does a DBS check take?
Once an organisation has registered with us, requesting a DBS Check via our online system takes just five minutes. DBS applications submitted through our system take on average 48 hours to be completed, though sometimes they can take longer. Our record is 61 minutes!
Get in touch today to find out how uCheck can help your organisation with the DBS check process.
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Do you know what the most common materials used for insulation on electrical conductors in Carlsbad, NM are? If getting a shock isn't high on your list of things to do, it's helpful to know what electrical conductivity is, why we insulate conductors and what works best for the job. Read on for a basic overview of common insulation materials and why they're important.
What are insulation materials and why do we need them?
Insulation materials are simply materials that don't carry an electrical current well. For example, metal and water are extremely good conductors, which is why you should never bring an electrically-powered appliance into or near a bathtub. Insulation materials are resistant to the current and will stop or severely impair the flow of electricity.
The human body can withstand some electrical current, usually about 40 to 60 volts. Anything higher, and your internal organs will be damaged. The skin is resistant to electricity, but our insides are not, and wet skin is significantly less resistant. When a human is exposed to a high electrical current, it interferes with the nerves that keep your heartbeat steady. Your heart will flutter, which can cause serious damage or even kill you.
That's why dropping a hair dryer in the bathtub can be fatal, but being struck by lightning might not be, if the electricity only travels through your skin. Naturally, electricians have to take great precautions when working, especially if there's moisture in the environment.
Common insulation materials
Insulation materials are important on the job, and they come in a variety of shapes, sizes and uses. For example, insulation mats are popular on work sites, while personal protective equipment (PPE) is made out of substances that won't conduct a current. Even laypeople are familiar with the way wires on consumer electronics are coated to prevent shocks.
There are many common insulation materials used on electrical conductors in Carlsbad, NM. Some of the most popular include rubber, PVC, glass, resin, paper, varnish, laminate and even Teflon. For example, your consumer electronics have circuit boards made out of plastic and fiberglass, while wires are coated with PVC, silicone or rubber.
However, insulation materials can also be liquid and gaseous. Transformer oil is used to prevent arcs in utility devices like transformers and circuit breakers, while sulfur hexafluoride gas can provide a similar effect. In fact, some high voltage equipment uses a vacuum to prevent conductivity.
Even the shoes that an electrician wears need to be chosen carefully to protect them from currents. (You won't see a steel-toed boot on an electrician's foot.) Rubber soles and heels are popular, emphasizing the importance of disrupting a current before it can enter the body.
Next time you're plugging in your electronics, look at the cord—now you know the basic science behind why we use insulation materials, and what the most common ones in Carlsbad, NM are.
If you need a skilled electrician for your commercial, industrial or residential needs, call JB Electric LLC today.
Categorised in: Electrical Safety


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Teaching Visual Literacy and Document Design in First-Year Composition
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Given our ability to communicate quickly and effectively through visuals such as signs and pictures, it is not surprising that graphical messages now permeate our technology-oriented culture. Magazines, television, and computers integrate text and graphics to convey information. As teachers of writing, we need to study and understand these visually enhanced texts, because they have become the standard for communication in our society. Beyond this, we should learn how to teach students about visual literacy and document design so that they can effectively interpret these visually enhanced texts and create documents that use visuals and words together; this will also prepare students for college writing and workplace writing. Naturally, there exists some uncertainty surrounding the inclusion of these ideas in first-year composition. First-year writing is already difficult to teach because colleges expect us to foster critical reading, critical thinking, and critical writing skills in students from a wide variety of disciplines. Compounding these challenges are large class sizes and shrinking budgets. However, many scholars assert that visual thinking is an essential part of the learning process and must be included in writing courses. Specifically, some scholars suggest that we should integrate visual literacy and document design into first-year composition courses to help students create effective documents for college and the workplace. This thesis explores the scholarship surrounding visual literacy, document design, and professional writing in first-year composition. The project underscores the importance of using students' visual thinking processes to help them organize and present information in college writing and beyond.
- Masters Theses


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Medicine LibreTexts
3.5: pH and Cellular Metabolism
 - Page ID
 - 1.5.1: Why is pH so important?
 The Davis Hypothesis & Ion trapping
 What is the role of pH in the body and why does H+ have an importance which seems out of keeping with its incredibly low concentration?
 An insight can be gained from the findings of Davis (1958). He surveyed all known metabolic pathways and looked at the structural features of the compounds in each of these pathways. He found that nearly every biosynthetic intermediate has at least one group that would be largely ionised at physiological pH, whether it is an acid or a base. The only few exceptions he could find amongst hundreds of compounds were some macromolecules, some water-insoluble lipids and end-products of metabolism (eg waste compounds).
 In summary, he found that:
 all the known low molecular weight and water soluble biosynthetic intermediates possess groups that are essentially completely ionised at neutral pH.
 These groups are phosphate, ammonium and carboxylic acid groups.
 The Davis hypothesis is that the advantage to the cell of this pH-dependent ionisation was the efficient trapping of these ionised compounds within the cell and its organelles.
 1.5.2: What about the exceptions to this generalisation?
 There are some compounds that are seeming exceptions to the generalisation. So we need to ask this question: Does the existence of the exceptions that Davis found render his whole theory of ion trapping invalid?
 Let's look at the 3 groups of possible exceptions:
 Some macromolecules
 It could be argued that these large molecules do not need to be charged for their distribution to be restricted to the intracellular environment. They could be trapped within the cell because of their size. However, size-trapping is not particularly effective if the macromolecule is very hydrophobic as such molecules would tend to move into lipid membranes. But most macromolecules in ther cell (eg proteins) are charged or are polar molecules and it is this that effectively traps them within the cell (unless there is a specific pathway for their excretion from the cell).
 Lipids are not ionised and cross cell membranes easily. But some lipids are 'trapped' within the cell despite not being ionised. These lipids which are not charged are trapped within the cell by another mechanism: by being protein-bound. So lipids that are necessary for intracellular purposes are trapped by an alternative means.
 Metabolic precursors & waste products
 These compounds need to be able to cross the membrane for ease of uptake (precursors like glucose) or excretion (waste products) from the cell. It is an advantage if they are not charged and not trapped. The first reaction that precursors undergo when they enter a cell is a reaction that places a charged group on the molecule. An example is glucose which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate which is charged at intracellular pH and thereby trapped within the cell. Clearly any reaction pathway that had noncharged or non-bound intermediates would have strong evolutionary pressures against it because of the diffusional loss of these intermediates from the cell.
 So these exceptions do not invalidate the Davis hypothesis but instead add to it.
 The importance of H+ is clearly not related to its concentration per se because this is incredibly small. Its importance derives from the fact even though its concentration is extremely low, an alteration in this concentration has major effects on the relative concentrations of every conjugate acid and base of all the weak electrolytes. One major consequence as discussed above is that at 'neutral pH' metabolic intermediates are present only in the charged form and effectively trapped within the cell.
 It is not just the small molecules of intermediary metabolism that are affected. The other critically important aspect of the importance of pH involves proteins. The net protein charge is dependent on the pH and the function of proteins is dependent of this charge because it determines the 3-D shape of the molecule and its binding characteristics (eg ionic bonding). (See 'Importance of Intracellular pH')
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Florida is the Sunshine State, so here in Pensacola, we need to take extra precautions when going out in the sun.
How did Florida get its nickname?
It has a generally warm climatesubtropical in the northern and central regions of the state and a true tropical climate in the southern portion.
When did it get its nickname?
In 1970, the nickname was officially adopted by the legislature.
How much sunshine does Florida get?
On average, the state gets 300 days of sunshine each year.
The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the Centers for Disease Control have created state-specific fact sheets about skin cancer incidence and prevention. Click here to view the sheet for Florida.


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Scientists studied 6,183 women over age 65, tracking their fat consumption and changes in their mental abilities over four years. The women completed a food questionnaire at the start of the study, then periodically took tests of mental ability.
The researchers assigned a "change score" to each volunteer, summarizing changes in memory and abstract thinking over time — the lower the score, the greater the decline. The study appeared online Thursday in the journal Annals of Neurology.
After controlling for many health and socioeconomic factors, the researchers found that women who consumed the most saturated fat were 60 percent more likely than those consuming the least to have change scores that put them below the 10th percentile. On the other hand, women who reported consuming the most monounsaturated fat were 44 percent less likely to have change scores in lowest one-tenth. Consumption of polyunsaturated fats and trans fats was not associated with any change, nor was total fat.
"People might consider making changes or substitutions in their diet, switching out saturated fats in favor of monounsaturated fats," said the lead author, Dr. Olivia I. Okereke, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard.


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The Bluest Eye
The Bluest Eye
by Toni Morrison
The Bluest Eye: That Should Get You an Instant Promotion from the Third Reich True or False
1. What happened shortly before the start of this story? -> World War I
2. What does Pecola dislike about herself? -> Her name, which is an abbreviation for Pepsi-Cola
3. What does Pecola pray for? -> Blue eyes
4. What are the three women who live above Pecola's house? -> Prostitutes
5. What does Junior blame on Pecola? -> The death of a cat


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The Third Sunday in September Each Year
Robert D. Putnam
(On National Neighborhood Day)
"Communities work better ( students perform better, crime rates are lower, kids are safer, people live longer) when neighbors know one another better. Knowing your neighbor on a first-name basis, as National Neighborhood Day suggests, is a surprisingly effective fist step toward a better America."
National Neighborhood Day was established as an annual day to recognize and reinforce the relationships that are the fabric of our communities. It is a day of simple gatherings of neighbors to re-kindle friendships; welcome new neighbors; catch up on each others' families, interests and needs; and share food, fellowship and fun.
The ties that unite a neighborhood help us better tackle and enjoy the myriad of challenges and opportunities we face. The simple goal of National Neighborhood Day is to bring neighbors together and to help enhance neighborhood connections. Neighbors knowing neighbors improves neighborhood connections; connected neighborhoods lead to more effective communities; effective communities strengthen our nation as a whole. This ripple effect from our own neighborhoods to the larger world outside is what Neighborhood Day promotes.National Neighborhood Day is celebrated in neighborhoods across the country each year on the third Sunday in September.


text: Online induction machine faults diagnosis is a concern to guarantee the overall production process efficiency. Nowadays, the industry demands the integration of smart wireless sensors networks (WSN) to improve the fault detection in order to reduce cost, maintenance and power consumption. Induction motors can develop one or more faults at the same time that can produce sever damages. The origin of most recurrent faults in rotary machines is in the components: stator, rotor, bearing and others. This work presents a novel methodology for the online faults diagnosis in induction motors. This technique uses the smart WSN to obtain the machine condition based on the motor stator current analysis. The implementation of the proposed smart sensor methodology allows the system to perform online fault detection in a fully automated way. Simulation results presented show the efficiency of the proposed method to detect simple and multiple faults in induction machine. It provides detailed analysis to address challenges in designing and deploying WSNs in industrial environments, and its reliability. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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This tip was originally published in the Developer's Club on the Uniface web site by Leo van den Berge, but it is so useful I just have to repeat it here.
File name entry and ASN file redirections
When a function within IDF requires the name of a file it allows the user to either enter a name manually, or displays a standard filebox which allows the user to browse through the directory structure. However, a filename which is chosen via a filebox is always returned fully qualified (eg:
C:\projects\data\fname.txt) whereas a name entered manually may not be. If the ASN file contains an entry that matches that filename (eg:
*.TXT = TEXT/*.TXT) then this redirection is applied to the fully qualified filename, turning it from a valid name into an invalid one. This can cause hours of confusion as the function within IDF is given a perfectly valid file name, but it refuses to work because it is being redirected to a non-existent folder.
To avoid this confusion any redirection specified in the ASN file should NOT be applied to any fully qualified filename.
Assignments for FilenameSpecification is based on a 3 parts recognition.
general disk + directory specification separated by a colon ':' a slash '/' or a backslash '\'
type or extension separated by a dot (.)
All these parts can be specified separately to allow more flexible assignments. Therefore the problem mentioned here that specs loaded via a filebox are remapped due to assignment can simple avoided by be more specific in the assignment.
this will indeed map all files with the extension "bmp" to directory c:\bitmap but with the following assignments
*\*.bmp *\*.bmp *.bmp c:\bitmap\*.bmp
means that when a (bmp) file has a directory specification it will be mapped to its own, and only when there is no directory specification it will mapped to directory
This was just an example for bitmaps but a more common assignment will be:
[FILES] *\*.* *\*.* ; keep all files with disk/directory spec *.txt c:\text\*.txt ; map following by specific (defaults) *.bmp c:\bitmap\*.bmp ; map etc etc etc
2nd November 2001


ETF Dividend Yield - how to calculate it and how it can help you invest
Knowing the ETF dividend yield is one of the key facts you need to know to decide whether to invest in ETFs and if so, which one.
This calculation allows you to try to predict the income you will receive from the your investment and to judge it against others. This page examines why ETFs are suitable for many investors, where the ETF dividends come from and how to calculate the ETF dividend yield.
Why ETFs?
Many investors don't have the time or don't want to invest the time to analyze individual stocks. If this is you, then ETFs can be the most sensible strategy. They give you exposure to entire market without having to invest in individual securities or can offer you a basket of stocks in a particular sector or geography.
In both cases you get instant diversification. For more info on ETFs in general click on our dividend paying ETFs page.
Where do ETF dividends come from?
It isn't just stocks that pay you dividends. You can receive dividends from ETFs as well. It is very important for you to understand the underlying ETF. What benchmark (or sector) is it trying to replicate? The ETF dividend will come from the underlying stocks (or other securities) that make up that ETF.
For example, if you have an ETF that is tracking the S&P 500 such as the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF then your dividends will come from the underlying dividends paid from the stocks in the S&P 500.
Therefore if stocks in the S&P 500 are paying higher dividends then you, as the ETF owner, will receive higher dividends. Your ETF dividend yield should closely match the overall yield of the benchmark that your ETF is trying to replicate.
Calculating the ETF Dividend Yield:
You will likely want to have an idea of how much income a certain ETF will pay you so it is important to be able to calculate the ETF dividend yield. You calculate the yield in a similar way to calculating a dividend yield on a stock. You simply add up your expected annual dividend payments and divide it by the price of the ETF.
This would give you a forward ETF dividend yield.
You can always use our Dividend Yield Calculator to help you.
Unlike many stocks, you are unlikely to know what future dividends will be (as they comprise lots of different dividends from an entire index) so you are likely to have to work out the historic ETF dividend yield.
This means adding up the distributions from the previous year and dividing by the price of the ETF. Let's work out the historic ETF dividend yield and try to work out the current yield on a couple of examples:
1) The Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF:
At the time of writing (February 2017), the Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF's* last four payments were:
Dec 29th 2016: $0.667
Sept 19th 2016: $0.483
June 27th 2016: $0.578
March 21st 2016: $0.478
The total for 2016 is therefore $2.206 per ETF share. The current market price for an ETF share is $78.15. The yield is calculated by dividing the dividend per ETF share by the price per ETF share and multiplying by 100. So in this case the dividend yield would be:
(2.206/78.15)*100 = 2.82%. This is the historic yield of the ETF share.
Vanguard also lists two other yields. One is the current dividend yield. This is likely to be more representative of your expected yield as it is simply the average dividend yield of the stocks held by the fund.
The other yield listed by Vanguard is the SEC yield which is the projected dividend yield of the fund's holdings over a trailing 30 day period. The current dividend yield for the Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF (according to Vanguard's website) is 3.14% and the current SEC yield is 3.09% per ETF share.
2) The SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY):
The last four dividends of the SPDR S&P 500 ETF were:
Jan 31st 2017: $1.3289
Oct 31st 2016: $1.0821
July 29th 2016: $1.0784
April 29th 2016: $1.0496
As above, to work out the historic ETF dividend yield we add up the annual payments and divide it by the current ETF share price and multiply by 100. The current share price is $236.44.
(4.539/236.44)*100 = 1.92%. With dividends in the S&P 500 generally rising at the moment, we could expect the current yield to be a touch higher. According to the SPDR website, the current yield is 2.04%. This is calculated by the weighted average of the dividend yields in the underlying index.
As you can see, calculating the ETF dividend yield is similar to calculating the dividend yield on a stock, the yield on a bond or the rental yield on a property. This allows you to try and gauge what income a particular security will give you.
Of course, dividends can get cut and the overall dividend payments of the S&P 500 did go down during the financial crisis of 2008-09 but dividends have since rebounded strongly and have grown considerably over the last few years.
Over long periods of time, we'd expect a well diversified index like the S&P 500 to gradually grow overall dividend payments as the underlying companies grow. This would result in ever increasing rewards through dividends to the ETF holders.
Mike - six-figure dividend earner
What is it that you really want to know about investing?
Submit a query and Mike will write a page in response.
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Say I buy 500 shares of the ETF MAIN, which in 2019 the last 4 dividend payouts were $.205, $.62, $.205 and $.24. Would I simply multiply the shares I …
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The need to bring religion into our teaching of race and white supremacy is critically important, but by simply naming it, we take the first step in inviting our students to understand the how's and why's of it. The pedagogy of naming described herein, which is inspired by the _TAG_ movement, is theoretically grounded in the theory of signification and counter-signification developed by scholars of religion, Charles H. Long and Richard Brent Turner. I explore how the act of naming, as a form of signification, can be employed to heuristically structure intersectional considerations of religion in the teaching of a Black Lives Matter course. Specifically, the study draws upon teaching units from my Black Lives Matter course in order to address how a critical analysis of Christian privilege and Christo-normativity, Islam, and religious history can figure into critical engagements with race and white supremacy.
"Naming Resistance and Religion in the Teaching of Race and White Supremacy: A Pedagogy of Counter-Signification for Black Lives Matter,"
Race and Pedagogy Journal: Teaching and Learning for Justice: Vol. 4
, Article 1.
Available at: _URL_


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On the minimization of correlated residuals
Füllekrug, M., 1996. On the minimization of correlated residuals. Geophysical Journal International, 126 (1), pp. 63-68.
Related documents:This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item.
You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below.
A variety of methods for solving overdetermined linear systems of equations are considered. The Gaussian method of least squares assumes a noise-free matrix of coefficients. The maximum-likelihood method assumes the same amount of noise in each column of the matrix and the resulting vector. Both methods represent special cases of the general problem of deriving unbiased solutions in the presence of noise. Here, the minimization of correlated residuals is introduced. A set of boundary conditions is required to adjust the statistical properties of the solution. This method minimizes the second term of the autocovariance function of the residuals and is independent of the noise. The operation of the method is outlined analytically using an univariate scatter problem and applied numerically to synthetic data of a linear regression problem. To demonstrate the applicability of the method in practical situations, geomagnetic response functions are derived from observational data using the Z:H method.
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Via Monster Brains, a glimpse at the breathtaking illustrations inside scientist/author/artist Dougal Dixon's rare and much sought-after Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future, a book exploring the many possible disturbing changes which humanity may undergo in the far future:
The book begins with the impact of genetic engineering. For 200 years modern humans morphed the genetics of other humans to create genetically-altered creatures. The aquamorphs and aquatics are marine humans with gills instead of lungs. One species – the vacuumorph – has been engineered for life in the vacuum of space. Its skin and eyes carry shields of skin to keep its body stable even without pressure. Civilization eventually collapses, with a few select humans escaping to colonize space. Other humans, the Hitek, become almost totally dependent on cybernetic technology.


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popen is used to read and write to a unix pipe.
This function is NOT included in 'C Programming Language' (ANSI) but can be found in 'The Standard C Library' book.
Library: stdio.h Prototype: FILE *popen(const char *command, const char *type); Syntax: FILE *fp; fp = popen( "ls -l", "r"); Notes: command - is the command to be issued. type - r - read O/P from command. - w - Write data as I/P to command.
fp=popen("ls -l 2>&1", "w"); AAAA ||||


← To Learn About Sensitive Skin Top
Why does my skin peel after it gets tanned?
Sun exposure impedes the regular cell turnover process known as keratinization. When skin is exposed to UV rays, skin cells in the outermost layer of skin are damaged, and die. Damaged DNA cells also die so as to prevent the formation of cancerous cells(known as apoptosis).
The tanned skin peels off after a few days. On the one hand, skin peels to remove dead skin cells from the body. On the other, immature skin cells take over in the epidermis to make up for the skin that has been peeled off. When new, mature skin cells take over, they produce ceramide to retain moisture. However, after skin is tanned, immature skin cells cannot produce ceramide. Therefore, people with sensitive skin need to avoid being exposed to UV rays as they already have insufficient ceramide in their skin. Exposure to sun can worsen their skin condition.
-What is keratinization? (cell turnover)
Cells in our epidermis are mainly composed of keratin cells. They start to grow from stratum basale (skin's inner layer) underneath the epidermis. Cells formed in the stratum basale will be pushed up to the skin surface by new cells growing underneath, eventually becoming stratum corneum (skin's outer layer). By the time they emerge from the skin surface, the skin cells are dead and form a flaky layer which will peel off naturally.
This entire process is known as cell turnover or keratinization. Moisturizing components within the stratum corneum such as ceramide or amino acids are formed during the keratinizaton process. When skin maintains a normal cycle of keratinization, high levels of moisturizing components are produced in the stratum corneum, and skin is moisturized and beautiful.


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verb (used with object), de·mor·al·ized, de·mor·al·iz·ing.
- to deprive (a person or persons) of spirit, courage, discipline, etc.; destroy the morale of: The continuous barrage demoralized the infantry.
- to throw (a person) into disorder or confusion; bewilder: We were so demoralized by that one wrong turn that we were lost for hours.
- to corrupt or undermine the morals of.
- to undermine the morale of; disheartenhe was demoralized by his defeat
- to debase morally; corrupt
- to throw into confusion
c.1793, "to corrupt the morals of," from French démoraliser, from de- "remove" (see de-) + moral (adj.) (see moral). Said to be a coinage of the French Revolution. Sense of "lower the morale of" (especially of armies) is first recorded 1848. Related: Demoralized; demoralizing.


What does a negative balance on my credit card account mean?
When you make a purchase on your credit card, your balance owing goes up and shows up as a positive balance on your statement.
However, a negative balance on your statement means that you have an additional amount credited to your account. You don't owe anything, and the negative balance will be applied towards your next purchase.
You may see a negative balance on your statement if:
 - you made a return on a purchase and received credit back
 - you paid more than your balance owing on your statement
Last updated July 4, 2020


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As an experimental model for the different forms of muscle degeneration, injury caused by 2 hours' ischemia has been studied from 20 minutes to 16 hours after release of the tourniquet.
Discoid degeneration developed in stretched fibers by dissolution of the I bands (Z substances and actin). The discs represented the Q bands (A-H-A). In fibers which passively maintained contraction lengths during degeneration, the Z substances were dissolved, but the continuity of the fibrils was preserved, since the filaments are continuous over all sarcomeres under these conditions. Mitochondria and the tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum swelled, ruptured, and disintegrated. Granular degeneration developed in fibers where mitochondria were abundant. Unstretched degenerating fibers with few mitochondria gave a homogeneous or hyaline appearance. The different forms of degeneration therefore were dependent on the status of stretch and the fiber type. The extent of degeneration was not a function of time after ischemia, there being both nearly normal and severely damaged fibers at 20 minutes and 16 hours after the release of tourniquets. When degeneration occurred, however, the basic alterations were the same in all fibers; there was mitochondrial and reticular swelling, dissolution of the Z substances, and finally disintegration of the contractile material. Some damage developed in the sarcolemmas and capillaries.
The mitochondrial disintegration was not linked with inactivation of the succinic dehydrogenase system.


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Emad Iskander, Ph.D., PE performed the design review of slurry wall shafts, Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) adits connecting to the tunnel, and support of excavation for near-surface structures.
The century-old combined sewer system in the District of Columbia was not equipped to handle the population growth experienced during the last 100 years. The sewer system was undersized and has caused chronic flooding in the Bloomingdale and LeDroit Park neighborhoods, at the Rhode Island Metro Station area, and on Mount Olivet Road NE for decades. To address the problem, DC Water has initiated the construction of the Northeast Boundary Tunnel (NEBT) to connect with the existing sewer system, significantly mitigating sewer flooding while improving the water quality of the Anacostia River. At approximately 27,000 ft in length, the NEBT is the largest component of the Clean Rivers Project and will start just south of RFK Stadium and extend north to Rhode Island Avenue and west to R Street NW.


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BSc Plant Science (Cornell University), MS Horticulture (Michigan State University), PhD Plant Physiology and Natural Products Chemistry (Michigan State University)
Professor Weston co-founded and currently leads a large multidisciplinary research team, the Plant Interactions Research Group, investigating plant/plant, plant/microbial, plant/herbivore and insect/soil interactions with a focus on invasion ecology and genetics, chemical ecology and signalling, use of biocontrol organisms for pest management, allelopathy and plant interactions with herbivores resulting in toxicity.
Professor Weston has focused on the study of bioactive natural plant products that are involved in plant defence strategies, with a particular emphasis on bioherbicides and phytotoxins. Ground-breaking research techniques employing analytical chemistry, metabolomics, separation science, genomics and population and field ecology has resulted in advances in our understanding of how plants employ secondary products as chemical signalling agents, in defence strategies against pests including weeds and grazing herbivores, localization of these metabolites in the plant and soil rhizosphere and their impact on the function and dynamics of soil microbial communities. Recent studies have also focused on a greater understanding of their role in toxicity to grazing livestock and specific mode of action as herbicides, cytotoxins and photosensitisers.
From an applied standpoint, our laboratory focuses on understanding how weeds and invasive plants adapt to novel environments and spread. Emphasis has been placed on the development of alternative and integrated weed management strategies to limit the spread of herbicide resistant weeds. We study the use of competitive crops, rotational crops, and both chemical, cultural and mechanical approaches to effectively manage weed invaders in crops and pastures. Particular emphasis on study of the biology and ecology of newly emerging weeds such as panic grasses, wild melons, annual ryegrass, fleabane, Paterson's curse and mikania or mile-a-minute vine have resulted in improved identification and management strategies, and understanding of why these weeds have become successful invaders, both in Australia and more globally.
Professor Weston provides occasional lectures in Introduction to Science, Weed and Pest Management and Natural Products Chemistry/Separation Science. She supervises honours, Masters and PhD students in weed science, metabolomics, plant and microbial interactions and biomedicinal crop physiology
Localisation, transport and mode of action of allelochemicals and toxins, metabolomics, photosensitisation, plant rhizosphere interactions, ecology and genetic diversity of invasive weeds, weed suppressive crops.
(Selected publications are listed below)


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greater as compared to the annual variation. The
mean daily minimum can be as low as 42% during the dry months and
reaches as high as 70% during the wet months. The mean daily
maximum, however, does not vary much from place to place and is at
no place falls below 94%. It may reach as high as nearly 100%.
Again, the northwest states of Kedah and Perlis have the largest
diurnal variation of relative humidity.
Sunshine and Solar Radiation
Being a maritime country close to the equator, Malaysia naturally
has abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. However, it is
extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in
periods of severe drought. The cloud cover cuts off a substantial
amount of sunshine and thus solar radiation. On the average,
Malaysia receives about 6 hours of sunshine per day. There are,
however, seasonal and spatial variations in the amount of sunshine
received. Alor Setar and Kota Bharu receive about 7 hours per day of
sunshine while Kuching receives only 5 hours on the average. On the
extreme, Kuching receives only an average of 3.7 hours per day in
the month of January. On the other end of the scale, Alor Setar
receives a maximum of 8.7 hours per day on the average in the same
Solar radiation is closely related to the sunshine duration. Its
seasonal and spatial variations are thus very much the same as in
the case of sunshine.
Source - Malaysia Meteorological Service
information - details -


The Constant Area Model, Day 2 of 3
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SWBAT interpret the symmetry of a rational function in terms of the two dimensions of a rectangle. SWBAT create an equation to model the relationship between perimeter and length by combining two other equations.
Big Idea
Symmetric points on a graph reveal a deeper connection between the length, width, and perimeter of a tiger's pen that can be modeled with a new equation.
Individual Time
10 minutes
At the beginning of class, briefly let the class know that today we are continuing our work with the constant area model. Then hand out the "Constant Area, Day 2" document, and instruct students to work individually for about 10 minutes. During that time, they should aim to complete the front of the handout. They will also need to work with the graph they made yesterday, so I hope they still have it! (In case not, it's good to have a copy ready to pass around.)
1) Label perimeter on all points.
2) Join two points and interpret intercepts.
3) Join all equal-perimeter point pairs, observe & describe parallelism. (See solutions document for details.)
1) Ensure that points are labelled & joined correctly.
2) Ask as many students as possible, "This line appears to cross the x-axis at ____. What does that number mean in the context of the tiger's cage?" (MP 2 & 4)
3) Ask as many students as possible, "You've written that all of these lines are parallel, and they certainly look that way. How do you know that they really are or always must be?" If students are going to call two lines parallel, they should be able to argue that the lines meet the definition of parallelism! (MP 3 & 6
4) Ask as many students as possible, "Are there any points on your graph that do not have an equal-perimeter pair?"
Group Time
20 minutes
1) Create equation for P in terms of L.
2) Graph equation, identify minimum, & interpret in context.
3) Explain asymptotic behavior of graph in context.
4) Answer summary question.
1) Expect students to have difficulty creating equation! The only hint I would give is the following: "So, you're finding it difficult to create an equation for P in terms of L alone. Do you think you could create an equation for P in terms of both L and W? Could you use this to solve the problem at hand?" Once students have P = 2L + 2W, I would want them to consider on their own how they might replace W with some expression in terms of L. (MP 1)
2) Students will tend to identify and label the lowest point of the graph visually, so consider whether or not you want them to provide reasoning. The lowest point appears to be (6, 24), but is it really? I will always ask my students about this, but I would accept a variety of arguments since they don't yet have the tools to identify the minimum point analytically. In this case, they'll have to use the tools they have (MP 5) to obtain a reasonably precise answer (MP 6).
3) As students consider the asymptotic behavior, a good question to ask is this: "Suppose the graph met the vertical axis at some point. What would that point represent in context? Why couldn't such a thing happen?" (MP 2 & 4)
4) Another excellent question about the graph (for advanced students): "Your graph appears to straighten out for larger values of L. Why does this happen? What would it mean in context if the graph were actually straight?" It's helpful here to write the equation in the form P = 2L + (72/L) and consider the limit of (72/L) as L grows larger and larger. (MP 4 & 7) This is a useful foreshadowing of some later concepts: end behavior, asymptotes and limits!
Discussing the Model
15 minutes
1a) Let's go back to the original question. What did you learn about the situation by constructing and studying this mathematical model?
1b) How did the model help you answer the question? Did it teach you anything besides the answer to the original question? Hopefully, they recognized that two different models were used. The first was simple length-versus-width and the equal-perimeter lines could be used to minimize the perimeter. The second was the explicit length-versus-perimeter model in which the the lowest point on the graph corresponded to the minimum perimeter. (MP 4)
2) This was originally posed as an optimization problem. Could we have used linear programming to solve it? (MP 7In a way, the answer to this is yes. The "perimeter lines" the students drew in part 4 are just like the cost lines they drew in the music shop problem, and the feasible region is the portion of the plane above the lenght-versus-width curve. I will use GeoGebra in class to illustrate this explicitly.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Optophone
|←Ontario||1922 Encyclopædia Britannica
|Orange Free State→|
|See also Optophone on Wikipedia, and the disclaimer.|
OPTOPHONE. The optophone is an instrument for enabling totally blind people to read ordinary letterpress, such as a printed book or newspaper, without the necessity of printing it in raised type to be read by touch. The instrument was invented in 1914 by Dr. E. E. Fournier d'Albe, then a lecturer in physics in the university of Birmingham. It is based upon the properties of selenium, an element which is a better electrical conductor in light than in darkness. A beam of light is rendered intermittent by the interposition of a revolving siren disc and is then concentrated into a small bright point on the paper to be read. If the point on the paper is white, it will reflect the light; if it is black it will not. A selenium cell placed close to the paper, on receiving the reflected beam of intermittent light, will respond to each flash by a change in conductivity, and if the frequency of the flashes is of the "musical" order (between 30 and 30,000 flashes per second), a telephone receiver connected with the selenium and a battery will sound a musical note. A blind person could thus tell whether the paper is black or white.
That is the principle of the optophone. In practice a small row of luminous points is substituted for a single point, and each point in the row is given a different frequency by suitably perforating the siren disc. The row, usually of five or six points, just fills up the size of the tall letters of the print to be read. When the whole row falls upon the black stem of a letter there is silence in the telephone. As the letters pass their various shapes are indicated by the sounding or silence of the different notes, and after some practice the blind person learns to recognize letters from their sounds, and so to read ordinary type.
The first reading test was given by the inventor in March 1917, the matter read being a leading article in The Times. In Aug. 1918, Miss Mary Jameson, a blind pupil from Norwood, gave the first public reading demonstrations, reading an unknown page from a book at a speed of about two words per minute. Later, with an improved instrument, she attained a speed of about 20 words per minute. A new type of optophone was brought out in 1920 by Barr & Stroud, of Glasgow. In this instrument two selenium cells were used, balanced against each other in such a manner that white paper produced silence, and the black letters themselves made the musical sounds. Reading demonstrations were also given with this instrument, but any advantage in the way of ease of reading was found to be counter-balanced by a greater delicacy and complexity of adjustment. The new type is known as the "black-sounder," and the original type is termed the "white-sounder." The latter type was approved by the Inventions and Research Committee of the National Institute for the Blind in 1921 after an exhaustive series of tests. The optophone is intended to place the world's printed literature once more within reach of the blind. It is applicable, without special preparation, to any language, and can also be used for reading typescript, but not handwriting.
See "A Type-reading Optophone," Roy. Soc. Proceedings (1914); "The Optophone," Journal of Roy. Soc. of Arts (1921); "The Optophone," St. Dunstan's Review, No. 55 (1921).
- (E. E. F. D'A.)


The matrices of malevolent ideologies: Blacks and Jews
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
2 Scopus citations
This essay aims to shed some light on the perennial tensions between Blacks and Jews in the United States. Beginning with a brief account of both racism and anti-semitism, I argue that both groups have embraced, if only unwittingly, negative stereotypes concerning the other. I then suggest an innocent confusion that came about during the Civil Rights movement. Finally, I stress the fact that each group must recognize that its suffering, however egregious, does not thereby give it such substantial insight regarding the suffering of the other group that each can understand the other without listening to the other.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)107-134
Number of pages28
JournalSocial Identities
Issue number1
StatePublished - Feb 1996
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Sociology and Political Science
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text:
The impact of health information technologies, such as electronic health records, on the quality, efficiency and cost of clinical care was examined in this article. A systematic review of the research literature was conducted and database searches including MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Additional studies earmarked by experts in the field were reviewed. A total of 257 articles were included in the study.
- Benchmark research leaders were those institutions that were responsible for 5 percent or more of the 257 articles reviewed. Four benchmark institutions were identified. These institutions accounted for 24 percent of the articles reviewed.
- Almost half of the studies reviewed were of outpatient settings. Most studies focused on decision support systems (63%) and electronic health records (37%).
- Data on the costs of multifunctional health information technologies on clinical care was scarce.
- The efficiency of multifunctional health care technologies in regard to clinical care was observed in lower utilization of care with mixed results for time utilization.
- The impact of multifunctional health care technologies on quality of clinical care was seen in an increase in following protocols during provision of care, enhancements in surveillance and monitoring, and fewer medication errors.
- Evaluations of commercially developed, multifunctional systems were found in just nine studies.


The Asian Canadian Living Archive (TACLA) is reclamation and renewal.
We at TACLA believe in the power of listening to and recording the stories and wisdoms of those who came before us and did the necessary work to pave a way for us in the present.
We also believe in using our creative abilities to engage, expand, and critique the work of our elders, and tell our own stories to forge different ways.
TACLA is a meeting ground for creative storytelling and intergenerational engagement, nurtured by and for our communities. We are committed to creative research, artful representation, and equitable outreach to tell intentional narratives about our histories, presents, and futures.
Mandate // Archive As GenealogIES
Why create TACLA?
TACLA has a threefold mandate in our activities:
 1. To Coalesce: To connect and bring pan-Asian artists together in dialogue, creation and resistance
 2. To Keep: To imaginatively remember histories, presents, and stories of pan-Asian Canadian artist communities
 3. To Witness: To animate multiple knowledges in nonlinear, messy and flexible ways for the purpose of empowering, educating and healing communities
What goes in TACLA?
In phase one, we will be actively sourcing, brainstorming and pitching TACLA's ideas to groups of people, partnering with community organizations to pilot initiatives.
In phase two, we will begin co-constructing multimedia artist profiles, compile a directory of active community arts and grassroots initiatives in the GTA, publish critical intertexts in the form of introductions and reviews produced by our communities, and program animation and outreach events throughout the GTA.
How does TACLA work?
TACLA is committed to working collaboratively in decolonial praxis and radical imagination, which means critically working in solidarity with and toward pan-Asian communities.
We understand that allyship requires a spirit of humility, listening, and a willingness to be open and held accountable to build relationships communally through the many different histories, cultures and positionalities that make the pan Asian diaspora on Turtle Island.
All Our Relations
TACLA is committed to solidarity with Indigenous Nations and peoples who are the traditional and present keepers of this land.
We are also allied with Black communities here on Turtle Island fighting white supremacy, anti-blackness and the devastating, continuing structures of colonialism.
We believe in intentional solidarity and allyship practices. We invoke the pan-Asian as both praxis and goal while recognizing that Asian diasporas, histories and presents are varied, complex and conflicting.


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In my previous post HERE I talked about breast engorgement and the various ways of relieving it such as expressing and use of cold cabbage leaves. This post is a continuation to that post and I decided to talk about how to use cabbage leaves to relieve engorgement. Cabbage basically is a common vegetable and it is easily accessible. Cabbage leaves can be used to help relieve swelling and relieve the pain and discomfort that comes with breast engorgement. There is really no known property within the cabbage itself that has shown to help relieve the swelling and pain or if the swelling goes down because the cabbage leaves are acting as a cold
compress. However, it has been shown to be highly effective in helping to reduce swelling and pain associated with engorgement.
HOW TO USE CABBAGE LEAVES FOR BREAST ENGORGEMENT
- In order to achieve your desired effect you need to ensure that the cabbage leaves are cold, so you place the cabbage in the refrigerator. The green cabbage is more peculiar to Nigeria so use the green cabbage, also the green cabbage is less likely to stain or cause discoloration to the nursing bra or breastfeeding clothing.
- Once the cabbage is chilled remove from the refrigerator, peel off the outer layer of leaves and throw away, I would personally advice to peel till you get to a very clean and fresh layer of cabbage like two to three layers of peeling would do(I peeled like three layers off). Then peel off two of the inner leaves to be used and place the remaining cabbage in the refrigerator to be ready for next use if you need it.
- Rinse the cabbage leaves you just removed with cold clean water to remove the dirt and residue and sometimes insect from the leaves.
- When cutting the leaves from the stem be careful so you can cut it off nicely, this would ensure the cabbage leaves fit nicely over your breast.
- Wrap the cabbage leaves around the breast and hold in place with a nursing bra.
- Leave the cabbage leaves for about 20 minutes or till when the cabbage leaves get warm.
- Repeat as necessary till you are relieved or swelling goes down.
WHEN TO STOP USING CABBAGE LEAVES IF YOU ARE STILL BREASTFEEDING OR PUMPING.
Apart from the soothing and relieving effects of cabbage leaves it also can reduce your breast milk supply. So if you are still breastfeeding and just want to relieve the pain and swelling stop the use of the cabbage leaves once you get relieved and the swelling has reduced, the cabbage leaves would decrease your milk supply greater than you expect.
Try this and share your experience with me.
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"Districts should provide targeted support to improve practices within schools, and ensure communication and information sharing between authorities and schools. Schools need to share best practice." National Planning Commission: National Development Plan, November 2011.
An education district office is the sub-structure of a Provincial Education Department (PED) immediately below the provincial head office. It represents and exercises the authority of the PED in all day-to-day administrative and professional dealings with schools and ECD centres. It is the public face of the PED in its district area. It delivers services to the education institutions for which it is responsible in its area.
Education district offices have a pivotal role in ensuring that all learners have access to education of progressively high quality, since district offices are the link between provincial education departments, their education institutions and the public.


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Posted 14 September 2010 - 02:49 PM
We know that a six base pair sequence AGAATA occurs 1 time in 4096 nucleotides [ (1/4)^6 = 4096 ] correct?
Let's say we have a DNA library that is 50,000 base pairs in total (small library of 50 clones to keep numbers small) it should occur roughly ~12 times [ 50000/4096 = 12.2 ] with 100% probability?
1. What is the probability that it would occur twice? How about 5 times?
2. What is the probability it would occur once in a single clone from this library if the clone is 500 bp long? What about twice?
3. And finally, let's say AGAATA occurs 3 times in one 500 bp clone. Is this significant? What is the equation? I wanted to know basically, "This six base pair sequence has an X-percent probability of occurring within the clone, and an x-percent probability of occurring in the whole library. Thanks.
Posted 14 September 2010 - 06:49 PM
Posted 14 September 2010 - 07:41 PM
Let's assume it's 25% each. And I can replace this sequence with any sequence. I'm just looking on how to do the math.


text: How often have you wonder if it was possible to make a robot that could match the intelligence of an insect or even an amoeba? This is a tall order for even the most advanced robots in the world today and new research by Atsushi Tero and Toshiyuki Nakagaki of the Hokkaido University Lab for Cellular Informatics reminds us just how smart even a brainless single celled animal can be. There latest research shows that amoebae can be trained to anticipate environmental changes, exhibiting a Pavlovian-like responses even though they have no brain or nervous system. Unfortunately, their paper appeared in a closed journal that restricts viewing and distribution, so you'll have to be content viewing the abstract for now (unless you want to part with $25). The same research group has been studying other intelligent, autonomous behaviors that emerge through self-organization in single celled animals; for example their paper (PDF format) showing that slime mold cells use an algorithm for navigation of mazes that beats Dijkstra's algorithm.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
For a given observer (lon, lat, time) on Earth and a given Galactic coordinate (GLON, GLAT), how can I compute the corresponding (alt, az) point in the sky with PyEphem?
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
Given the way that PyEphem currently works, there are two steps to answering your question. First, you have to convert a pair of galactic coordinates into an equatorial RA/dec pair of coordinates instead.
import ephem
# Convert a Galactic coordinate to RA and dec
galactic_center = ephem.Galactic(0, 0)
eq = ephem.Equatorial(galactic_center)
print 'RA:', eq.ra, 'dec:', eq.dec
→ RA: 17:45:37.20 dec: -28:56:10.2
Those coordinates are pretty close to the ones that the Wikipedia gives for the galactic center.
Now that we have a normal RA/dec coordinate, we just need to figure out where it is in the sky right now. Since PyEphem is built atop a library that knows only about celestial "bodies" like stars and planets, we simply need to create a fake "star" at that location and ask its azimuth and altitude.
# So where is that RA and dec above Boston?
# Pretend that a star or other fixed body is there.
body = ephem.FixedBody()
body._ra = eq.ra
body._dec = eq.dec
body._epoch = eq.epoch
obs = ephem.city('Boston')
obs.date = '2012/6/24 02:00' # 10pm EDT
print 'Az:', body.az, 'Alt:', body.alt
→ Az: 149:07:25.6 Alt: 11:48:43.0
And we can check that this answer is reasonable by looking at a sky chart for Boston late that evening: Sagittarius — the location of the Galactic Center — is just rising over the southeastern rim of the sky, which makes perfect sense of a southeast azimuth like 149°, and for an as-yet low altitude like 11°.
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The (RA,DEC) coordinate from PyEphem matches exactly the one I find with the HEASARC coordinate converter, maybe the Wikipedia/Galactic_Center position is for the black hole and not for (GLON,GLAT) = (0,0). – Chris Jul 11 '12 at 12:47
You could change eq = ephem.Equatorial(galactic_center) to equatorial = ephem.Equatorial(galactic_center), then the code will run directly when pasted in a python shell. – Chris Jul 11 '12 at 12:51
This solution is very nice and simply. The only weird thing is that you assign private attributes of body instead of setting the values in the constructor. – Chris Jul 11 '12 at 12:57
I saw here that it is possible to give coordinates "in the usual python way" to the constructor like this body = ephem.FixedBody(ra=123.123, dec=45.45), but for some reason neiter body = ephem.FixedBody(ra=eq.ra, dec=eq.dec) nor body = ephem.FixedBody(ra=eq.ra.real, dec=eq.dec.real) works for me, in both cases I get body._ra == 0. Why is that? – Chris Jul 11 '12 at 13:07
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text:
It seems that Adam was created in grace. Some have said that Adam was created without grace but only in a state of nature and that this state was strictly meritorious. Thomas Aquinas shows that the first man was created in grace:
But the very rectitude of the primitive state, wherewith man was endowed by God, seems to require that, as others say, he was created in grace, according to Ecclesiastes 7:30, "God made man right." For this rectitude consisted in his reason being subject to God, the lower powers to reason, and the body to the soul: and the first subjection was the cause of both the second and the third; since while reason was subject to God, the lower powers remained subject to reason, as Augustine says [Cf. De Civ. Dei xiii, 13; De Pecc. Merit. et Remiss. i, 16.]Thomas argues that the results of the fall prove that Adam fell from grace. Otherwise, Adam would have fallen from nature, which is impossible.
Now it is clear that such a subjection of the body to the soul and of the lower powers to reason, was not from nature; otherwise it would have remained after sin; since even in the demons the natural gifts remained after sin, as Dionysius declared (Div. Nom. iv). Hence it is clear that also the primitive subjection by virtue of which reason was subject to God, was not a merely natural gift, but a supernatural endowment of grace; for it is not possible that the effect should be of greater efficiency than the cause. Hence Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xiii, 13) that, "as soon as they disobeyed the Divine command, and forfeited Divine grace, they were ashamed of their nakedness, for they felt the impulse of disobedience in the flesh, as though it were a punishment corresponding to their own disobedience." Hence if the loss of grace dissolved the obedience of the flesh to the soul, we may gather that the inferior powers were subjected to the soul through grace existing therein.
Summa theologiae Ia, q. 95, a. 1


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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
frequently referred to in Scripture as an emblem of treachery and cruelty
Jacob's prophecy, "Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf" (Gen. 49:27), represents the warlike character of that tribe (see Judg. 19-21).
Isaiah represents the peace of Messiah's kingdom by the words, "The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb" (Isa. 11:6).
The habits of the wolf are described in Jer. 5:6; Hab. 1:8; Zeph. 3:3; Ezek. 22:27; Matt. 7:15; 10:16; Acts 20:29.
Wolves are still sometimes found in Palestine, and are the dread of shepherds, as of old.