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Electro pump PM is multi-use pumps, particularly adapted to clear water pumping and used water, thick or airy and able to contain fibbers and gases.
"DIP" pumps work rather in load in the suction, they work in fixed speeds of 1450 or 2850 t per minute but they can be piloted by a frequency converter, bringing them starting up, progressive stops and flow regulation, put "in one after the other" and automatic adaptation to the network specifications.
Applications are multiple and correspond to fluid transfer in optimum conditions.
- Waste water and rainwater
- Waters of services
- Industrial Fluids
Some application domains :
- Muds, stripping, recirculations, get greasy in water-treatment plant, grit (body strengthened with a thickness of volute which can go to 18 mm).
- Slaughterhouses, waste, waters of washes, raw waters, fires, residual waters, canning factories, etc.
- Industrial diverse Fluids, paper mills, sweets.
- Sea water, desalination.
- Construction sites of public works, occasions of pond, etc.
standard ISO9906 and CE 2019.
|Quote request :|


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In the land of mythical creatures, beings come in all sorts of sizes, shapes, and styles. Most of the time, whoever wrote these ancient legends would draw up whatever craziness came to their minds. In the case of the Dwarf versus the Hobbit conversation; we need to start out by understanding what each one of them is.
Dwarves: Are longer lankier creatures that have better longevity than hobbits. They also typically have hair on their faces and not their feet. They are typically shorter than elves.
Hobbits: Are Shorter and stouter and will have hairy feet. They also are known for their highly skilled crafting abilities. A great way to spot a hobbit is their pointed ears.
To sum up our recent findings, we now know that dwarves are definitely taller than hobbits in the land of mystical creatures. Do they need a Tallslimtee? I would say no… but I would definitely say that their fairytale cousins the Cyclops will.
The Creators of these legends often insure great detail in the specific size of the creature. When writers paint pictures in the reader's mind, it always helps create three-dimensional characters in our minds if we can picture the exact size and shape of the creature. What is your favorite mythical creature?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


World Economic Forum Introduces Central Bank Digital Currency Framework
World Economic Forum Introduces Central Bank Digital Currency Framework
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is now introducing a toolkit for policymakers looking to implement central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). This came during the ongoing WEF conference in Davos, Switzerland.
The WEF is introducing a CBDC framework for policymakers
Specifically, the World Economic Forum is partnering with some of the largest central banks in the world for this initiative. According to the WEF's announcement on January 22nd, the framework is primarily meant to help policymakers better understand CBDCs.
To preface this discussion, central bank digital currencies are essentially central banks' response to cryptocurrencies. However, instead of ceding control of the currency like impartial cryptocurrencies do, CBDCs are still under central banks' control.
As such, CBDCs have historically seen opposition from cryptocurrency supporters. At the same time, however, CBDCs are also seen by some as a way to pave the way for cryptocurrencies. If regulators around the world are truly going to embrace decentralized digital currencies, some argue CBDCs are a necessary first step.
With that said, however, many criticize CBDCs for lack of a unifying framework. Moreover, although some countries are already investigating CBDCs, there is a lack of coherency in different countries' approaches.
This is why the WEF is now introducing a framework that it hopes will guide policymakers in creating CBDCs.
The framework is made in collaboration with central banks researchers, regulators and experts
What's more, the WEF has collaborated with international organizations, central bank researchers, regulators and experts from over 40 different institutions to design the framework. The head of blockchain and distributed ledger technology at WEF, Sheila Warren, highlighted its importance:
"Given the critical roles central banks play in the global economy, any central bank digital currency implementation, including potentially with blockchain technology, will have a profound impact domestically and internationally. […] It is imperative that central banks proceed cautiously, with a rigorous analysis of the opportunities and challenges posed."
Many different central banks are currently looking into developing a CBDC of their own. For example, Bank of Thailand's governor, Veerathai Santiprabhob, said that her organization is making good headway on its CBDC implementation.
Going under the name Project Inthanon, rumors indicate that Thailand's central bank has begun cooperating with Hong Kong. Specifically, the two actors are reportedly contemplating implementing a joint CBDC for cross-border payments. Moreover, Santiprabhob welcomed the WEF's new CBDC toolkit:
The framework allows for three main types of CBDCs
Interestingly, the World Economic Forum's framework also allows for three different types of CBDCs. These are either "retail", "wholesale", or "hybrid". A retail CBDC would allow non-financial users to have accounts for digital currencies.
A wholesale CBDC, on the other hand, would constitute an electronic system for commercial banks and financial actors. This system would mainly involve interbank and security transactions.
The hybrid CBDC, on the other hand, would give central bank deposit access to financial actors who otherwise wouldn't have this. Consequently, this will supposedly give rise to stronger safeguards and greater interoperability between different payment systems.
In the case of a DLT-based CBDC, the paper also states that the central bank would have full control over the digital currency's issuance.
"[The central bank] could delegate transaction approval to a more decentralized network, most likely consisting of regulated financial institutions. Transaction approval could follow a pre‐specified consensus process determined by the central bank, which could include privileges for the central bank such as transaction 'veto' powers or visibility. It is also possible to develop a DLT system in which the central bank remains the only validating node yet it benefits from other advantages related to DLT."
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Categories: General
What does atu mean in English? If you want to learn atu in English, you will find the translation here, along with other translations from Maori to English. We hope this will help you in learning languages.
Here is atu meaning in English:
additional Edit
away Edit
else Edit
extended Edit
more Edit
off Edit
other Edit
further Edit
furthest Edit
Look at these words in all languages: additional, away, else, extended, more, off, other, further, furthest
Check out other Maori translations to the English language:


From RDF Working Group Wiki
< TF-Graphs
Revision as of 14:07, 5 September 2012 by Azimmerm (Talk | contribs)
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This is a new attempt to provide a semantics of datasets. It is made such that it covers a descent amount of use cases and more use cases can be covered by proper "semantic extensions". The formal semantics only describes what can be deduced from or assumed to be true of a dataset. It does not describe a mechanism by which an RDF dataset is affected. Implementations are free to ignore the semantics and manipulate the syntactic structure only (e.g., parsers, editors).
Entailment regime
In order to decide how to interpret a dataset, it must be determined how plain RDF graphs are interpreted. According to the existing standards, there are several ways of interpreting a set of triples, each being tied to what SPARQL calls an entailment regime. As of today, the standard entailment regimes are Simple Entailment, RDF Entailment, RDFS Entailment, D Entailment, OWL Entailment with Direct Semantics, OWL Entailment with RDF Based Semantics and RIF Entailment.
The entailment regime is determined by the application and should be either fixed by it and described in the documentation, or changeable through the application setup.
Informal description of the semantics
Given an entailment regime E, the dataset is interpreted in the following way:
 - the default graph has the same meaning as an isolated RDF graph according to the regime E. So, a dataset with no pair can be identified with a plain RDF graph. This allows us to treat RDF graph as if they were datasets with minimal abuse of notations.
 - the pairs are interpreted as a relationship between the "name" n (or the resource it denotes) and a certain graph, not necessarily g. This relationship is considered to be true for a dataset, if the graph in relation with n E-entails g.
This means that the name n (or the resource it denotes) is associated with a graph that has at least the truth of the graph g, according to the chosen entailment regime.
Issue: can the entailment regime of the default graph be different from the one of the pairs?
Issue: do we want to allow an entailment regime that is "weaker" than Simple Entailment? Something like the "no-semantics" in one of our previous proposals.
Issue: can a dataset declare what semantics it assumes, instead of letting the application decide in all cases? This was proposed as a possible extension in a previous proposal.
Issue: should the relationship be between "name" and graph or between resource denoted by "name" and graph? The latter can be made a proper semantic extension of the former, not the opposite.
Issue: this semantics does not completely covers the "graph quote" use case where one wants to explicitly say that the graph is quoted, that is, the terms used, in addition to their meaning, are important.
Model-theoretic semantics
Let E be an entailment regime and V a vocabulary of IRIs and literals. An E-dataset-interpretation over vocabulary V is a pair I = such that:
 - Id is an E-interpretation over vocabulary V;
 - IGEXT is a function from a set of IRIs in V to the set of RDF graphs.
Issue: IGEXT could be a function from the set of resources defined by Id, instead of a set of IRIs.
Further, I is extended into a function assigning truth values to graphs, pairs and dataset as follows:
 - for a graph G, I(G) is true iff Id(G) is true;
 - for an IRI n and RDF graph g, I() is true iff IGEXT(n) is defined and E-entails g;
 - for a dataset D=(DG,,...,), I(D) is true iff I(DG) is true and for all i in 1..k, I() is true.
Issue: if IGEXT maps resources to graphs rather than IRIs to graphs, then the second item must be replaced by "for an IRI n and RDF graph g, I() is true iff IGEXT(Id(n)) is defined and E-entails g;".


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My honey, in buckets, is crystalizing sooner than in years past. I thought maybe it wasn't heated as much as in the past during the extracting process. Now I am wondering about the conditions underwhich the honey was produced by the bees. Droughty conditions.
Theory: Honey produced under drought conditions will crystalize sooner after extraction than honey produced under normal climate conditions.
I didn't check moisture content during or after extracting, not having a refractometer. So I don't know if the honey is low moisture content or not. Amongst other factors, I wonder if low moisture content honey naturally crystalizes sooner than higher moisture content honey. What role does moisture content play? And does drought factor into making low moisture honey?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Effect of Experiential Analogies on Consumer Perceptions and Attitudes
Back to the Peer Reviewed Journals List
Goode, Miranda R., Dahl, Darren W., Moreau, Page C. Journal of Marketing Research. (2010). The Effect of Experiential Analogies on Consumer Perceptions and Attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, Volume 47, Number 2. pp. 274-86.
Reviewed by Christopher Berry, August 2010
Executive Summary
The authors conduct three studies on the use of emotional analogies. They conclude that analogies are an effective method for communicating about a product experience, and that they need to be mindful in their selection.
They define the differences between novel experiential analogies ("like a first kiss…the Bugatti Sportcar"), novel functional analogies ("not since the human body has anything worked like a Bugatti sports car"), and conventional similes and metaphors ("fast a speeding bullet…the Bugatti sports car"). They break out each type by emotionality, and cognitive resources required, preference for the base domain…among others.
In their three studies that follow, they find that emotional connections within the analogy are effective, that base preference towards the product matters, and that in general, sound analogies work better.
Why you should care
Web analysts in particular are very good at analyzing the data that is most readily available to them – namely – web analytic data. We're generally less good at examining the content on those pages and experiences. It's worth a look.
As reviewed before in Modeling the Determinants and Effects of Creativity in Advertising, there are very robust frameworks for creative analysis. Web analysts have a key role to play here.
Goode et al's findings are welcome confirmation of what marketers should know. On the face of it, a marketer should be mindful about which emotions they're going to liken product experiences to. Not everybody has warm feelings towards specific product segments or experiences in their life. Comparing the feeling you get when you use a computer to your first bike ride might conjure up heightened exhilaration followed by an unfortunate encounter with a curb, going over the handlebars, and the smashing of ones face into pavement. Crashing in one sense is transferred to crashing in the other. It's a vivid memory, and to the detriment of the product.
An astute analyst might question if this just comes down to variant testing in the end. Testing in the absence of theory does very little to advance actual understanding. Testing with theory in mind, over time, is more likely to result in repeatable successes than if one was to take a random walk down web street. In effect, it's important to understand why you're testing and what you're expecting.
What isn't included in this study is the nature of specific clichés on purchase intent, brand perception and cognition. A cliché requires little cognition to process, and by definition, isn't all that surprising to a consumer at all. It won't stand out. Worse, if the consumer expectation from the brand is to be surprised, a cliché analogy might end up damaging. It might actually be more important to generate a sense of intrigue within the analogy so that the customer wants to be engaged further. Such tradeoffs exist.
Web analysts who are interested in content optimization will get value from this paper.


May Kaidee's Guide for Vegetarians and Vegans in Thailand
An app that helps navigate the vegetarian and vegan culinary challenges while traveling and living in Thailand.
 Easy to Use
Cooking class students with May sampling food
Our app is popular with vegetarians and vegans traveling in Thailand, helping to eliminate the challenges of avoiding food with animal products while still enjoying the best Thai taste cuisine has to offer. The app contains in-depth text on vegetarian concepts in Thailand, as well as helpful features for ordering food.
Audio Translator
The audio translator feature allows anyone to communicate the dietary restrictions of a vegetarian or vegan diet to native Thai speakers by simply pressing a button – an especially useful feature when traveling in areas where restaurants rarely make recipes without animal products.
Valuable Tips
Inside our guide you find numerous useful tips for finding vegetarian and vegan friendly locations in Thailand, understanding the different types of vegetarian diets as understood by locals, and relevant Thai language tips. Additionally, there is a section specifically for learning to identify ingredients.
You can browse all of our Thai vegetarian and vegan cooking and food related apps, cookbooks and videos on our product page.


Introduced: Hurricane Nuking Ban
June 10, 2020
File this under "Laws no one would have imagined necessary until the age of Trump".
Washington Post:
Last August, Axios reported that President Trump repeatedly asked top national security officials to consider using nuclear bombs to weaken or destroy hurricanes. Now, one congresswoman wants to make it illegal for Trump, or any president, to act on this idea, which experts say would be both ineffective and extremely dangerous.
On June 1, Rep. Sylvia Garcia (D-Tex.) introduced the Climate Change and Hurricane Correlation and Strategy Act, a bill that explicitly prohibits the president, along with any other federal agency or official, from employing a nuclear bomb or other "strategic weapon" with the goal of "altering weather patterns or addressing climate change."
In a phone interview, Garcia told The Washington Post that the bill was drafted as a direct response to last year's report that Trump has floated the idea of nuking hurricanes to his senior homeland security and national security advisers. Trump denied ever making such a suggestion in a tweet shortly after Axios published its report.
The bill comes at the start of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, which is off to a roaring start, with Tropical Storm Cristobal, the earliest-recorded third-named storm of any season, striking Louisiana on Sunday. The season is expected to bring above-average storm activity, with 14 to 19 named storms, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Indeed, the idea of nuking the weather into submission is nothing new: According to James Fleming, a professor at Colby College and author of "Fixing the Sky: The checkered history of weather and climate control," people have been discussing the possibility for almost as long as nuclear weapons have existed.
In October 1945, Vladimir Zworykin, associate research director at Radio Corporation of America, suggested that if humans had technology to perfectly predict the weather, military forces could be sent out to disrupt storms before they formed, perhaps using atomic bombs. That same year, UNESCO director Julian Huxley spoke at an arms control conference in Manhattan, where he discussed using nuclear weapons for "landscaping the Earth" or dissolving the polar ice cap. In a 1961 speech at the National Press Club, U.S. Weather Bureau head Francis Reichelderfer said he could "imagine the possibility someday of exploding a nuclear bomb on a hurricane far at sea," according to a 2016 report by National Geographic.
The United States even conducted several near-space experiments using nukes, including Operation Argus, a 1958 field test in which the military and the Atomic Energy Commission detonated atomic bombs more than 100 miles above the South Atlantic Ocean in an ill-conceived effort to induce artificial radiation belts in Earth's magnetic field. According to Fleming, the Argus tests, along with subsequent high-altitude nuclear detonations, helped "fuel discussions" leading to the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, which prohibits atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.
While nuking a hurricane in an attempt to destroy or weaken it would probably cause an international uproar, the Partial Test Ban Treaty wouldn't prohibit the president from doing so. In addition, there's no domestic law or international treaty that would prohibit such an action, according to Scott Sagan, a professor of political science at Stanford University.
"It would be a stupid thing to do, but it would not be an illegal thing to do," Sagan said. He said test bans wouldn't cover the actual use of a nuclear weapon against a perceived threat to the United States. In such circumstances, the president has sole authority to use nuclear weapons.
Hurricane experts have long maintained that detonating a nuclear device in a hurricane would have little effect on it, according to an FAQ page on the NOAA website. As the agency explains, the energy released by nuclear weapons pales in comparison to the energy released by a typical hurricane, which the NOAA describes as comparable to a 10-megaton nuclear bomb exploding "every 20 minutes."
Even detonating multiple nuclear bombs inside a hurricane is unlikely to disrupt the storm, although the radioactive fallout released downwind could have catastrophic impacts for people and the environment.
5 Responses to "Introduced: Hurricane Nuking Ban"
 1. doldrom Says:
 I would favor the bill if they left out the part starting "with the goal …"
 Just ban employing nuclear bombs, which was te stated aim of the non-Proliferation Treaty.
 We were forewarned, because to my recollection, Trump was asking, before he was elected: What the point was of having nuclear weapons if you can't use them.
 - dumboldguy Says:
 After wading through "Look at Me" Chucky's usual inane and irrelevant comments, one finds some intelligent discussion of the topic by doldrom. Yep, banning use of nuclear weapons PERIOD would solve the problem, but we know that's not going to happen. Can we settle for just keeping the stable genius and his minions from uselessly firing one off against a hurricane?
 (And the list of stupid things done in the past with nuclear weapons or suggested by people who should have known better is pretty scary)
 2. […] the money might be a needful exercise, on the Trump recession now being a real thing, and in the "In what sane world would a law like this be needed?" […]
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The high public profile of the Burrup Peninsula rock art site In the Pilbara region of Western Australia has been instrumental in securing research funding to create a rock art research data base. The research project being conducted by the University of Western Australia (UWA) Rock Art Research institute, with sponsorship from Rio Tinto, is likely to make a significant contribution to Aboriginal cultural heritage in the Pilbara. It will have value throughout the region assessing the significance of rock art and serving as a research data base (_URL_ ).
The Burrup's highly significant rock art has been the centre of public attention for many years now. The Burrup Peninsula is a major engine house for the Australian economy with significant industries including iron ore, natural gas, salt and fertilizer. There are big players involved such as Woodside and Rio Tinto. Their public profile and business interests make them key stakeholders in current and future resource developments that will impact on Aboriginal heritage sites. A positive public image on Aboriginal cultural heritage is in their best interest. Large scale developments, starting in the 1980s under less rigorous heritage regimes, have been the source of much controversy over the preceding years. The significance of the Burrup was never fully realised at the early stage of development (_URL_
There is little surprise then, that rock art research in places like the Burrup can attract the type of Government protection and industry sponsored support that it does. Entered on the National Heritage Register, and with research projects financed by Rio Tinto and Woodside, the future of the Burrup rock art appears sound after years of doubt. Rock art is at the forefront of public perceptions of Aboriginal heritage. This can be seen by the huge growth in popularity of Aboriginal art in recent years. A recent press article on rock art funding saw it printed in the arts section of The Australian newspaper, indicating the public associate rock art with the arts rather than archaeology or Aboriginal heritage (_URL_ Such is the popularity of rock art that the National Trust of Australia (WA) web site sees it as not just Indigenous heritage but Australian heritage commenting, 'It is also important to note that National Heritage Listing of the Dampier Archipelago recognised the existence of heritage values for all Australians, and that it was not simply an indigenous (sic) heritage matter' (_URL_ This could be interpreted as an appropriation of Aboriginal culture into settler culture, however wider community interest may lead to a more secure future for the Aboriginal cultural heritage on the Burrup.
If the popularity with Aboriginal culture through admiration of rock art can translate into research funding, as has been the case with Burrup rock art, then perhaps the same could apply for open site artefact scatters. Little is mentioned in the public arena of the open sites on the Burrup which coexist with the rock art. The two archaeological sites are not independent of each other but co-exist and are part of the same cultural landscape. It is argued open sites may have more to tell us about ancient Aboriginal people than rock shelters (Ryan and Morse 2009:6). Industry sponsored archaeological research is unusual in the Pilbara. Most archaeology is focused on statutory clearances requirements for mining developments. Consultant archaeologists, working under significant time restraints, primarily do site surveys and salvage prior to site destruction. This provides little information as to changes in the archaeological record over time and therefore insights into ancient Aboriginal peoples (Morse 2009:1-5; Marwick 2009:24).
Recent discoveries of Pilbara rock shelters with archaeological evidence proving occupation around 35, 000 BP give us an insight into the antiquity of the Pilbara (Law et al 2010:68-71). Open sites are the dominant archaeological site in the Pilbara, yet they have a much lower public profile than rock art sites. By researching open site artefact usage using residue analysis, excavation methods identifying stratified artefact deposits, and radiocarbon dating, it may be possible to gain significant insight into ancient Aboriginal lifestyles (Ryan and Morse 2009:6-15). Industry sponsored research into open archaeological sites would be a welcome contribution, complimenting the rock art research of the Burrup and rock shelter research already undertaken, making for a more regional approach to Aboriginal cultural heritage research.
Three research avenues into rock art, rock shelters and open sites would complement each other and improve our understanding of past human occupation of the Pilbara. Financing this type of research may be harder for mining company executives to sell to shareholders, due to the lower public profile of stone artefacts. The popularity of Aboriginal art make selling the idea of funding research into rock art an easier option. However, the effort should be made to educate shareholder opinion of the need to broaden the scope of research funding. The benefits to the companies would be in improved relations with traditional owners that could facilitate smoother and faster negotiations over developments and native title interests.
The current review of the Aboriginal Heritage Act (WA) 1978 could be an opportune time for Indigenous parties to propose the inclusion of research in mining industry clearances. The more knowledge gained of Aboriginal Indigenous heritage only enhances the significance and value of contemporary Aboriginal community interest in country. There may be no short term gain in it for the Aboriginal community but it could strengthen their native title claim (Goodwin 2005:74-83). Indigenous participation in this work would be essential, complimenting mining company's policies towards Indigenous employment opportunities. If the mining companies are truly committed to enhancing Aboriginal heritage, as they often speak about in their Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) policies, then a more consistent approach to research sponsorship should be considered. Aboriginal culture is growing in popularity and awareness with the wider community, offering public relation incentives for mining companies to see value in promoting all aspects of Aboriginal culture.
The Age 2008 Garret steps in to protect ancient Pilbara rock art from mining. Retrieved 29 August 2012 from _URL_
The Australian 2012 Rio funds Pilbara rock art studies. Retrieved 29th August 2012 from _URL_
Goodwin, L. 2005 Everyday archaeology: archaeological heritage management and its relationship to native title in development-related processes. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1:74-83.
Law, W. B. and D. N. Cropper and F. Petchey 2010 Djadjiling Rockshelter: 35 000 c Years of Aboriginal Occupation in the Pilbara, Western Australia. Australian Archaeology 70:68-71.
Morse, K. 2009 Emerging from the abyss-archaeology in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 44:1-5.
National Trust of Australia (WA) 2007 News update 25th July 2007. Retrieved 29th August 2012 from _URL_
Rio Tinto 2012 Burrup Conservation Agreement. Retrieved 29th August 2012 from _URL_
Ryan, I. and K. Morse 2009 Towards a Late Holocene archaeology of the Inland Pilbara. Archaeology in Oceania 44:6-15.


text:
A clock specifically designed for use in sports halls and swimming pools, where the time of day and time elapsed are of great significance to those participating in their choice of sport.
The case and front screen is made of one single piece of polycarbonate making them impact resistant, IP65 rated and idea for fitting into sports halls where ball sports are played.
The intuitive user's menu allows you to customise the type of the displayed information.
The devices have non-volatile memory, which stores the entered settings.
The set consists of a clock, mounting hardware, a remote control or a LAN communication module.
It can be equipped with a satellite time synchronisation module and/or a temperature probe.
The clock enables:
- fixed time display blanking
- time countdown - stopwatch function
- adjusting the time of displaying parameters,
- adjusting the date format,
- automatic brightness control,
- automatic satellite time synchronisation (option),
- automatic NTP time synchronisation (option),
- automatic time change from the standard time to the daylight saving time and from the daylight saving time to the standard time,
- displaying temperature (℃, °F)
- displaying time in the 12/24-hour format


text:
The Ideas in ThingsChapter one is entitled "Souvenirs of Sadism: Mahogany Furniture, Deforestation, and Slavery in Jane Eyre".
Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel
University of Chicago Press
Published October 2010
While the Victorian novel famously describes, catalogs, and inundates the reader with things, the protocols for reading it have long enjoined readers not to interpret most of what crowds its pages. The Ideas in Things explores apparently inconsequential objects in popular Victorian texts to make contact with their fugitive meanings. Developing an innovative approach to analyzing nineteenth-century fiction, Elaine Freedgood here reconnects the things readers unwittingly ignore to the stories they tell.
Building her case around objects from three well-known Victorian novels—the mahogany furniture in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, the calico curtains in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton, and "Negro head" tobacco in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations—Freedgood argues that these things are connected to histories that the novels barely acknowledge, generating darker meanings outside the novels' symbolic systems. A valuable contribution to the new field of object studies in the humanities, The Ideas in Things pushes readers' thinking about things beyond established concepts of commodity and fetish.
Gilbert and Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic after Thirty YearsSome of the essays have explicit Brontë associations:
Edited with an Introduction by Annette R. Federico
Foreword by Sandra M. Gilbert
University of Missouri Press
When it was published in 1979, Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination was hailed as a pathbreaking work of criticism, changing the way future scholars would read Jane Austen, Mary Shelley, the Brontës, George Eliot, and Emily Dickinson. This thirtieth-anniversary collection adds both valuable reassessments and new readings and analyses inspired by Gilbert and Gubar's approach. It includes work by established and up-and-coming scholars, as well as retrospective accounts of the ways in which The Madwoman in the Attic has influenced teaching, feminist activism, and the lives of women in academia.
These contributions represent both the diversity of today's feminist criticism and the tremendous expansion of the nineteenth-century canon. The authors take as their subjects specific nineteenthand twentieth-century women writers, the state of feminist theory and pedagogy, genre studies, film, race, and postcolonialism, with approaches ranging from ecofeminism to psychoanalysis. And although each essay opens Madwoman to a different page, all provocatively circle back—with admiration and respect, objections and challenges, questions and arguments—to Gilbert and Gubar's groundbreaking work.
The essays are as diverse as they are provocative. Susan Fraiman describes how Madwoman opened the canon, politicized critical practice, and challenged compulsory heterosexuality, while Marlene Tromp tells how it elegantly embodied many concerns central to second-wave feminism. Other chapters consider Madwoman's impact on Milton studies, on cinematic adaptations of Wuthering Heights, and on reassessments of Ann Radcliffe as one of the book's suppressed foremothers.
In the thirty years since its publication, The Madwoman in the Attic has potently informed literary criticism of women's writing: its strategic analyses of canonical works and its insights into the interconnections between social environment and human creativity have been absorbed by contemporary critical practices. These essays constitute substantive interventions into established debates and ongoing questions among scholars concerned with defining third-wave feminism, showing that, as a feminist symbol, the raging madwoman still has the power to disrupt conventional ideas about gender, myth, sexuality, and the literary imagination.
Enclosing Fantasies: Jane Eyre by Madeleine Wood
Jane Eyre's Doubles?: Colonial Progress and the Tradition of New Woman Writing in India by Narin Hassan
Revisiting the Attic: Recognizing the Shared Spaces of Jane Eyre and Beloved by Danielle Russell
The Legacy of Hell: Wuthering Heights on Film and Gilbert and Gubar's Feminist Poetics by Hila Shachar
Categories: Books, Scholar


Last updated on March 16, 2014 at 1:21 EDT
Customer Satisfaction Lies Somewhere Between Pleasure And Pain
May 3, 2012
A new paper by Kyle Murray, a marketing researcher with the Alberta School of Business, puts a spin on the expression "you can't please everyone."
The pleasure-versus-pain principle
The researchers studied people's reactions to two consumer experiences: tasting a cup of coffee and choosing a digital camera. In both studies, there was a quality product and one that had been altered to affect its quality. Test subjects were asked to rate their satisfaction with the product's quality. The researchers discovered that respondents fell into two categories: promotion-focused (pleasure-seeking) or prevention-focused (pain-avoiding). "These two types of people respond very differently to having the same kind of service encounter or having the same kind of problem with a product," said Murray.
"People who are promotion-focused tend to get a lot more hurt when something goes wrong, but they're also a lot happier when something goes right," he said. "The prevention-focused people are less upset when something goes wrong–when they buy a product and it breaks or they have a bad service experience–but they're also less happy when something goes right."
Can't get no satisfaction? It may be a conservative bias
Murray notes that although the prevention-focused response was far less extreme than the promotion-focused response, the pain-avoiding group appeared less able to enjoy a positive consumer experience. As a consequence, their controlled reactions left them feeling less joy when something went right–a phenomenon the researchers labelled a conservative bias.
"That conservative bias changes the way they see the world," he said. "They're a little bit more constrained in all their responses, at least in the realm of satisfaction."
Get to know consumer audiences
Prior research suggests that there is segmentation across both gender and age lines. Specifically, previous work indicates that women and older adults are slightly more chronically prevention-focused, whereas men and younger people tend to be more promotion-focused. Murray says that changing our consumer characteristics may not be an option, but being able to understand how the other side responds certainly is. For the customer service world, this means helping staff to understand both groups, and preparing them for the reality that when it comes to complaints, one style does not fit all.
"To some extent, they can tell front-line people that, as older people approach them, they're going to be more prevention-focused, they're not going to be as extreme either way," said Murray. "But when something has gone really wrong with that 21-year-old's game console, they're going to be a lot more upset and more likely to tell their friends.
"On the flip side, when they take it home and it works well and they really enjoy it, they're more excited and happy, and more likely to tell their friends about it."
On the Net:


text:
DOMAINE DE BRESCOU
34290 Alignan-du-Vent - Languedoc-Roussillon
The history of Domaine de Brescou dates back to the 14th century, to a time when the noble Crozals family shared the lordship of Alignan. Documents show that this family, known later under the name Crozals-Brescou, grew vines since the 17th century. Around 1750, the Domaine extended over 60 hectares, half of which were planted with vines. One hundred years later, Domaine de Brescou was one of the main providers of wine for Mass in the whole of France. Today, work in the vineyard is carried out by combining modern technology with traditional family expertise. Domaine de Brescou extends over 40 hectares, of which a little under 30 have vines, on gentle slopes. They are located in the heart of the Languedoc vineyard, 25 km from the Mediterranean Sea, near Pézenas, in Alignan-du-Vent. On a well-located land with a favourable climate, excellent wines are made from noble varieties, such as Merlot, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Carignan, Grenache, Pinor Noir, Syrah, Mourvèdre and Counoise. For the white wines, renowned varieties such as Chardonnay, Viognier, Grenache Blanc, Roussanne, Marsanne, Clairette and Bouboulenc have been selected.


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Clark, Alison and Moss, Peter
Listening To Young Children: The Mosaic Approach (2nd ed.).
London: National Children's Bureau.
Viewing children as 'experts in their own lives', the Mosaic approach offers a creative framework for listening to young children's perspectives through talking, walking, making and reviewing together. Children's own photographs, tours and maps can be joined to interviews and observing for adults to gain deeper understandings of young children's lives in a range of early childhood settings.
The Mosaic approach has been applied by practitioners throughout the world. This second edition reflects on the authors' original ground-breaking work, with new introductions, updates and examples of how the Mosaic approach has been adapted, and offers case studies that will encourage practitioners to use the framework in their own setting.
Listening to Young Children will be of interest to policy makers, practitioners in nurseries, children's centres, pre-schools and schools and residential settings. It will also be welcomed by early childhood students and other researchers who are engaged in searching for new theoretical, practical and imaginative ways of listening to young children.
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Gymnastics Moves [All Essential Skills For Both Beginners and Pros]
Different Gymnastic Moves
We all are fascinated by how professional gymnasts execute all those routines during exhibition and competition events. Some of us might wonder how much a gymnast has to master before they get to perform live with an audience.
Whether you're an aspiring gymnast or not, we can't help but be curious about the gymnastics moves that they perform gracefully. This article is all about the basic and complicated gymnastic movements that you need to know whether you're a gymnast aspirant or just a supportive fan.
As a beginner gymnast, the newbies are required to take it slow and start with the basics. It's the key to be able to perform complicated routines in the future. Here are the 10 basic gymnastics moves that a beginner has to master:
1. Split Leap
The move is quite similar to how a gazelle or cheetah leaps with graceful flexibility. It's a combination of a full split and a leap at the same time. As a practice, the athlete can do it once, and when mastered, the split leap can be performed multiple times.
2. Tap Swing on Bars
Here athletes have to do a perfect swing on an uneven bar. The technique is done by quickly letting go and then gripping the bar back again.
3. Roundoff
It's similar to regular cartwheels are being performed. But this move is done by executing a half-rotation with a quick pause in a handstand position, then gracefully landing onto a standing position on the floor exercise mat.
4. Turn on One Foot
This move is about turning like a ballerina but less pointy. The move maximizes the use of the floor and beams of the exercise mat.
5. Handstand
By using the strength of the core, the athlete performs this move by standing upright with hands on the floor, carrying all the weight of the body. The back and the legs must be straight with the toes pointing way up in the air. Balancing is the key to this move.
6. Forward Roll
This is the most straightforward move in gymnastics, where a forward tumble is performed. One needs to push the whole body in a rotation move rolling towards the floor.
7. Cast
This move involves a half plank on the bar while having the back of the body a bit curved and the abs tucked in.
8. Splits
The favorite of so many, even with non-gymnasts, is the splits. There are different ways to perform the splits. It can be sideways or front and back. Both the legs should be flat on the ground.
9. Handspring on Vault
It's pretty much like a handstand. However, it is executed on a vaulting horse where the athlete engages the move with a running leap.
Then, a flip follows, leading into the handstand position on top of the vault, having the hands pushed on the vault to perform a perfect flip and gracefully land on the ground. Here is an article on how to perform handspring in detail.
10. Back Handspring
The athlete starts the move by performing a backward flip to transition into a handstand position. Then, he/she quickly executes a forward flip to transition back to the standing position on the ground.
15 Professional Gymnastics Moves
It's time to level up those basic gymnastics moves into more varied and complex routines fit for an Olympian.
1. Front Walkover
One of the most graceful gymnastic moves is the front walkover. Both of the athlete's legs are moving swiftly towards each other in a very smooth motion.
2. Back Walkover
The opposite of the front walkover, the back walkover is done in a reverse way. Both legs swiftly move backward, still maintaining a smooth and graceful motion.
3. Somersault
This move is performed with the athlete by a forward flip first from the floor. The knees are positioned inwards or known as the pike position.
4. Backward Somersault
It's the reverse move of a regular somersault. The performer has to position the knees in a pike position first, then execute a backward flip on the floor.
5. Aerial Walkover
This gymnastic move is executed first with a full revolution without touching any part of the body to the ground. Then, the gymnast executes a forward tumble to finish the move.
6. Cartwheel
The most common move that even other flexible non-gymnasts know how to perform is a cartwheel. It's performed by having the body to rotate sideways, beginning from a standing position.
When rotation sideways, the two hands should touch flat to the ground supporting the legs to transition in an upward split position. Then you need to end the move with a final rotation to land back in a standing position.
7. Aerial Cartwheel
This is a more advanced cartwheel move with no hands involved. The athlete has to complete a full rotation sideways via midair with no support of any of the hands. This move takes some time to practice as it requires precision and skill.
8. Scissors Leap
It's a type of a forward leap where both legs imitate the movement of how scissors are being used. The motion has to be quick to signify the scissors-style motion. To learn this move, I would recommend you to check out this article on how to do a switch leap.
9. Straight Jump
In this move, the gymnast executes first with a perfect forward jump while keeping both legs straight during the leap on air and after landing.
10. Cross Handstand
Another variation of the handstand move is where both hands are positioned next to each other on the ground. It is more complicated than the regular handstand as it needs more balance, precision, and strength.
11. Saltos
It's one of the mastery moves that involves precision and excellent skill. This move is executed by rotating the body around a non-existent axis. Saltos has other variants, including the double salto and triple salto. It's too difficult to perform. When an athlete does that perfectly, he/she can earn a high gymnastics score.
12. Hip Circle
One of the most common uneven bar moves, the hip circle move requires the athlete to execute a circular motion around the uneven bars having the hips next to the bars.
The gymnast can either perform a front or back hip circle depending on what's required. As the gymnast moves in circles, the hips shouldn't touch the bar.
13. Flyaway
Flyaway is another bar move is performed through a forward swing with a quick-release move from the bar that enables the athlete to transition perfectly on a backflip outside the bar. This is a typical bar move that helps gymnasts hop on from one bar to another with varied twists and flips.
14. Kip
It's also a type of bar move, where it is executed first with a gliding position onto a bar to bring support to the front. The legs should be positioned in a pike pose while swinging to engage the gymnast's body.
15. Front Handspring
This is a gymnastic move opposite to the back handspring. It's a type of vault handspring that performs a running leap first, then flipping perfectly into a vault handstand pose and finally pushing the body off to transition into a flip in a full landing.
5 gymnastics moves named after successful gymnasts
These athletes are the best in the world and have earned a name in the world of gymnastics. They were so successful that a move was named after them.
1. Tsukahara Move
This particular gymnastic move was named after a renowned gymnast, Mitsuo Tsukahara. The move is a combination of both a mid-turn on a vault and ending up with a backflip. This move is sometimes referred to by some athletes as a moon salto or moon somersault. The move merely highlights the perfectly executed twists throughout the whole performance.
2. Produnova Move
Named after another talented gymnast, Yelena Produnova, this move combines a front handspring transitioning to the vaulting horse and ending with two perfect front somersaults. The move is too complicated to perform that it was dubbed as the vault of death.
3. Chusovitina Move
This successful gymnast, Oksana Chusovitina, was able to bag two gymnastics moves named after her. The first one starts with a forward handspring on the table, transitions with a quick piked salto, and ends with a perfect full twist. The second move, also known as Rudi, starts with a forward handspring on the table, then transitions into a forward salto and ends it off with a quick 1 ½ twists.
4. Yurchenko Move
This move was named after Natalia Yurchenko, which is a perfect combination of springboard roundoff, then a back handspring ending with a backflip outside the vault. The double twists towards the end, which makes the move more complex.
5. Amanar Move
The last move we'll feature is named after Amanar and Shewfelt; both are equally talented gymnasts. This move is a variation as well of the Yurchenko move. This move starts with a back handspring on the vault, then performing 2 ½ precise twists ending with a back salto to transition into a landing.
It sounds like many gymnastics moves to practice, and it's not an easy career to become a gymnast. However, nothing is impossible with constant practice and dedication to become the world's best gymnast. Remember to not train on your own and seek guidance with professional trainers to begin your journey.


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In August of 2011 the formatting recommendations for DOIs changed.
DOIs are now rendered as an alpha-numeric string which acts as an
active link. According to The APA Style Guide to Electronic
References, 6th edition, you should use the DOI format which the
article appears with. So, if it is using the older numeric string,
use that as the DOI. If, however, it is presented as the newer
alpha-numeric string, use that as the DOI. The Purdue OWL maintains
examples of citations using both DOI styles.
Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA
recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is
available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide
stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to
their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but
not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page
of the document.
Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but
may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may
be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed."
This button will usually lead the user to the full article which
will include the DOI. Find DOI's from print publications or ones
that go to dead links with CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is
displayed in a central location on their home page


You Can Teach Yourself Dulcimer
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Media: Sheet Music, DVD (Region 0)
Arrangement: Dulcimer (DUL)
Skill Level: Beginner - Explain this
Artist: Madeline Macneil
Series: You Can Teach Yourself
Catalogue #: MLB94304DP
ISBN: 9780786667789
This Item Earns 25 Musicroom Points
In this book master dulcimer player Madeline MacNeil teaches beginning players tuning, scales, strumming, fingering, chord studies, alternate tunings, use of the capo, and how to use the "noter." She endorses both playing by ear and learning to read standard notation. In twelve intensive lessons, she explains everything from the basics to some very complex concepts in easily understood language, making this a particularly valuable book for the beginning instrumentalist. The lessons and songs are written in both standard notation and tablature. This package also includes the companion DVD video in which MacNeil demonstrates the techniques and songs taught in the book.
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Sales Rank: Not specified
Published on: 07/02/2003
Format: Instrumental Tutor
Length: 96 pages
Language: English
Publisher: Mel Bay Publications
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Scanner Technology: How the Lens Works
The lens is part of the scan head, perhaps the most vital part of the scanner technology. The lens is the part of the head which looks at the paper being scanned, and helps to take the perfect copy of it. The lens does not work on its own, but is part of a complicated process which includes a number of mirrors which reflect the image to the right surface. In order to understand the lens, it is necessary to understand what the scan head is, and how it works.
The Scan Head
The scan head moves across the document powered by the belt, and is held in place by a bar which prevents the scanner head from wobbling or creating a blur on the final product. The scan head is the part of the scanner which is most mobile and most easily damaged, but it is also very complicated. Inside the scan head is a series of mirrors. Different levels of scanner technology means that a scanner can have two or three mirrors, and the head reflects this by its size.
The mirrors have to be slightly curved, in order to pass the shape onto the next mirror. The item to be scanned is reflected from one mirror to another, with each mirror getting smaller, until the final mirror reflects the image into the lens. These mirrors have to be perfectly aligned in order to pass the whole image from one part to another, and once these are damaged, it is unlikely that you will be able to do anything except throw out the whole scanner and purchase a new one.
The Lens in Older Scanners
The lens itself receives the image from the final mirror. Inside this lens is a filter, which collects the image to be passed into the final scan. Older scanners may use the three pass method, where the filter collects a different color (red, blue or green) on each pass, and then creates the whole image from these three colors. In this method, the lens passes over the document to be scanned three times, which means that the whole process takes considerably longer than a print-out. The image can also be blurred where the parts of the picture have been matched up.
The Modern Scanner
Most modern scanners use the single pass, where the lens creates three small images from the large one delivered by the mirrors. Each of these images is then sent to a different color filter, so that you have a green image, a red image and a blue image, all completely different colors, yet keeping all of the detail of the original. These three images are then placed into the CCD array, which is a series of light-sensitive diodes. Once past this array, the scanner re-combines the three elements to produce the single, scanned image. This involves a lot less risk of blurring or movement between passes which the three-scan method experienced, and allows for sharper images.Popular Cameras for High Quality Photos:


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SceneView memory resources
The amount of memory available in the SceneView to display features and terrain depends on a number of factors, such as the device, but also the specified qualityProfile. In complex scenes the SceneView may reach this memory limit. To prevent browser crashes and slow performance, it will reduce the amount of data rendered. This sample shows how to use SceneView.performanceInfo to get information about memory consumption in a scene. Such information can be useful to scene creators and application developers working with webscenes.
PerformanceInfo.usedMemory shows an estimation of how much memory the SceneView is currently using. When this value approaches the totalMemory, then the Quality is reduced. This will reduce the level of detail for scene layers, lower the tile resolution for tiled layers, and reduce the number of features for feature layers.
SceneView.performanceInfo.layerPerformanceInfos contains information about memory consumption for each of the layers in the scene. displayedNumberOfFeatures gives information about how many features are currently displayed in the view. The property maximumNumberOfFeatures shows how many features could be displayed in the SceneView. The maximumNumberOfFeatures property available on FeatureLayer, CSVLayer, GeoJSONLayer and point SceneLayer can be used to override the default value and display more features even if there isn't enough memory. High values could however lead to the browser running out of memory.


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Date of Conferral
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
Students in Pennsylvania are falling behind in reading proficiency. Early literacy skills are the foundation for future reading success and students who have not learned to read proficiently by the end of 3rd grade have an increased chance of failing to achieve academic success. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to investigate the relationship between preschool teachers' perceived self-efficacy for literacy instruction and preschool literacy assessment scores of students at local private preschool classrooms. The research question focused on the relationship between preschool teacher self-efficacy for literacy instruction and student literacy achievement. Bandura's self-efficacy theory served as the theoretical foundation of the study. Preschool teachers' (n = 31) perceived levels of self-efficacy for early literacy instruction was measured using the Komlodi Assessment for Self-efficacy (KASE) survey. A Pearson correlation analysis of the KASE survey data along with preschool student literacy assessment scores from the Teaching Strategies GOLD preschool assessment was completed to determine whether a relationship exists. The results, however, revealed no significant correlation between teacher self-efficacy and student literacy achievement. The findings suggested that the preschool teachers perceived themselves as effective in both literacy instruction and knowledge of literacy concepts, but less efficacious in their ability to diagnose and provide successful interventions to students struggling with literacy. Recommendations include offering professional development opportunities to strengthen the skills where preschool teachers feel less effective. A focus on professional development and support for teachers may promote social change as students achieve higher early literacy proficiency and become successful members of society.


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For those who want to save on transportation costs of various NON-HAZARDOUS liquids (water, wine, oil, non-hazardous chemicals, and so on) we offer an alternative type of tare – Flexitank.
Flexitank basic specification
- Flexitank is a lightweight disposable plastic packaging, used for storage and transportation of liquid foods and chemical products, considered non-hazardous according to the IMO (International Maritime Organization) requirements of the capacity from 14,000 to 24,000 liters.
- Sandwich Flexitank structure of for bulk liquid cargo transportation in containers consists of inner "light" layer of edible polyethylene, which serves as liquid reservoir and maintain hermiticity, and outer "solid" layer, which consists of polypropylene, providing load impact absorption that occurs during cargo transportation.
- It is designed and suitable for transportation by road, railway and marine transport in a standard 20-feet ISO (International Standards Organization) container, which significantly reduces packaging costs (barrels, bottles) and improves performance of handling process.
- Since it is disposable tare, it does not require the cost on its cleaning and return. Simply remove it from the container and dispose of.


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Saturday, 1 February 1997
Why don't penguins' feet freeze?
Why do Antarctic penguins' feet not freeze in winter when they are in constant contact with the ice and snow? Years ago I heard on the radio that scientists had discovered that penguins had colateral circulation in their feet that prevented them from freezing but I have seen no further information or explanation of this. Despite asking scientists studying penguins about this, none could give an answer.
Susan Pate, Enoggera, Queensland


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The EuMon consortium, comprising 16 partners from 11 EU-countries, designed databases and carried out online surveys to provide an overview of monitoring approaches and monitoring organisations in Europe. One database, the PMN database, covers characteristics of organisations that involve volunteers in biodiversity monitoring and a second one, called DaEuMon, addresses coverage and methodological aspects of biodiversity monitoring. Both databases are automatically updated with each new entry. BioMAT allows extracting information from the databases to generate graphs and tables. Here we provide information on DaEuMon. See background info 1.5.1 for the PMN database.
Demands to fill in the questionnaires were communicated to monitoring coordinators by postal mail, email, personally, and by phone. In total, the EuMon consortium has collected over 4000 contact details of potential monitoring organizations (including fish and hunting associations as well as local, regional, and national governmental bodies). The input to the database still continues, making the database the most comprehensive one in Europe. However, not all countries and species groups are covered equally well and this should be considered in any analyses of the data from DaEuMon.
Despite these biases, our survey yielded a wide geographical coverage with at least one scheme from any country in geographical Europe and also adequately covers central and eastern (Poland, Hungary, Lithuania) and western European countries (France, Belgium, Germany).
About 4000 species are covered by the monitoring programs in the database. Schemes monitoring birds and mammals showed small biases (relative to the number of publications listed in the Zoological Record; evaluated in 2008), but some groups, especially fishes, lichens and fungi still seem to be underrepresented.
The usefulness of the EuMon database as a reference to monitoring schemes will further increase with time due to on-going efforts to maintain the database and extend its popularity. In this respect, the recommendations for volunteer involvement and data integration, supporting the work of monitoring coordinators, did already function as powerful incentives for new data entries.


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While the scope of board responsibility is defined in every state, there are common areas of jurisdiction. These include:
- Setting statewide curriculum standards;
- Establishing high school graduation requirements;
- Determining qualifications for professional education personnel;
- Establishing state accountability and assessment programs;
- Establishing standards for accreditation of local school districts and preparation programs for teachers and administrators.
- Implementing the No Child Left Behind Act and administering federal assistance programs;
- Developing rules and regulations for the administration of state programs.
State boards of education play key roles in maintaining and improving the quality of public schools that include the following:
The state board is responsible for policies that promote educational quality throughout the state. In this capactity, the board defines the fundamental mission of the state's education system and develops the system's long-range goals. In order to meet these goals, the board enacts appropriate regulations, lobbies for necessary legislation, develops an adequate education budget, supports local implementation efforts, oversees the state department of education, and regularly measures the performance of the system.
Advocate for Education
The state board serves as the primary advocate for a quality education for all children and youth in the state. As such, the board seeks to promote excellence in the education of all students and advocates equality of access to educational opportunity.
The state board serves as a bridge between educators and others involved in education policy. It translates the concerns of the general public, elected officials, business leaders and civic groups into policy and clearly communicates them to educators. At the same time, the board articulates the needs of the education system to the state's public and private constituencies-and helps assure continued citizen support for education at a time when fewer adults have children in school.
The state board encourages communication and consensus among all those who seek to influence current state education policies and help formulate long-range policy goals and plans. Although concurrence may not always be possible, a commitment to consensus building ensures that all citizens will be heard. State boards ensure that the public voice is represented in decisions about public education.
How are the responsibilities of a state board different from a local school board?
Whereas state boards of education constitute the governing and policymaking body for the state system of public education, local school boards exercise responsibility for the decisionand policymaking for individual school districts. Local school boards of education are charged with creating the conditions within their school districts that will foster student achievement and for engaging the community in support of this central mission. Primary duties include establishing specific priorities for improving student learning and school performance; ensuring staff and resource allocations meet district goals, aligning programs and initiatives with student achievement priorities, and leveraging resources to address the needs of all students.
How do state boards differ from state to state?
State board structures vary considerably across the country. NASBE's website has two charts that describe states' education governing structures: State Education Governance at-a-Glance, a detailed matrix of each state's governance features, and State Education Governance Models, a one-page overview listing states in terms of the four basic governance models based on whether board members are elected or appointed and whether the chief state school officer is appointed by the state board, the governor, or is elected statewide.
How do you become a State Board Member?
This varies from state to state. In most states, board members are appointed by the governor (and often must be confirmed by the legislature). In a number of other states, board members are elected, and the process is similar to any other elected office. In a few states, the legislature appoints members or have other distinct system. See NASBE's Governance Chart for more state-by-state information.
Can a state board levy taxes?
Unlike local school boards, which generally have some say in local property tax rates, state boards do not levy taxes.
How many state superintendents/commissioners are appointed by the state board? by the governor? elected?
According to the most recent information we have gathered about state policies, in the 50 states plus the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Marianas Islands, and Puerto Rico:
- 23 chief state school officers (CSSOs) are appointed by the state board of education;
- 17 CSSOs are appointed by the governor (or mayor in the case of Washington, DC);
- 11 are elected on partisan or nonpartisan ballots;
- 2 are appointed by state boards and approved by the governor.
How many state boards are elected, how many are appointed?
- Appointed (generally, but not always, by governor): 35.
- Elected: 10.
- Mix of elected and appointed members: 3.
Which states have students on their state board of education?
Alaska, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Guam, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, and Vermont.
How can I contact my state board of education?
We provide a contact list of other state boards of education, you can find this list here. You can also visit the website of the state board of education in your state for more information.


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If you use Facebook for the sole purpose of keeping in touch with your friends and don't intend to play games provided on the social network, then the game invites you constantly receive from your friends are not always appreciated. This tutorial explains how to block constant game invites from your friends and at the same time prevent the games updates from invading your news feed.
Disable Apps Notifications
Connect to your Facebook Account. Go to on Settings > Notifications:
Go to What You Get Notified About and click on the Edit button located next to App requests and activity:
All apps that have access to your Facebook account are listed in this section. To disable notifications from a particular app, click on the drop-down menu appearing next to it and select Off:
Disable Game request
To block game invites from a particular contact, simply go to the Blocking section > Block app invites. Enter the names of the users who are constantly sending the annoying game invites:
You can also prevent apps from contacting you or access your Facebook information by typing their names in the Block apps field:
If you ever change your mind about games invites, then you can unblock them via the same menu.


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Working With Multiple Documents
Don Bradbury takes a look at some things you can do using batch processing
Many common applications will let you open more than one file at a time. Having multiple files open can facilitate several common operations, not least when you want to transfer data from one file to another without having to pop the relevant items into a multi-clip buffer such as Clipmate, and paste each clip into the other file.
Say you have two Word documents; the first contains many items that you need in the second, and to save typing them all in again, you simply want to transfer the selected items over to the other file.
First, open Word, then select the File/Open dialogue from its menus in the usual way, point to the first filename and click to select it. Hold down the Ctrl key, point to the second file, and click on that. Select Open and two copies of Word will start, each containing one of your two files. Reduce the size of the word processor's window in each example, and adjust the two windows until one fills the top half of the screen and the second fills the lower half.
Copy or Move
Now you can mark any paragraphs, sentences, or parts thereof in one file and simply drag them to the relevant position in the other file's window. That will move each item.
If you want to preserve the first file in its initial form, you have the choice of either copying (as opposed to moving) each item, by holding down the Ctrl key while you drag them, or clicking on 'No' when you exit the file and are asked if you want to resave that file. Click on 'Yes' when you exit the second file if you want to save the modifications.
You can do much the same sort of thing in Excel or other spreadsheet.s Remember, in this case you are moving or copying to cells rather than lines. You may have one spreadsheet that is a template for others that are to be created later and need to build on the template.
Carefully mark the areas that are to be common to both worksheets before dragging each of them in turn. To be certain of preserving the integrity of the template, you could mark it as read-only so that no changes can be made inadvertently. You can do that by finding the file in Windows Explorer, right clicking on it, selecting Properties and then the General tab, and checking the read-only box. If, later, you need to modify the template itself, then undo the read-only attribute.
When it comes to printing several files, batch processing can save you a lot of PC attendance. Simply locate the files to be printed (in the File/Open dialogue or Windows Explorer), mark them as described, make sure the printer has plenty of paper and ink, and click on Print. While that is progressed automatically, take a well deserved break.


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Thanks to Grizzle...
RANDOM DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION
It can sometimes be the case that damage has to be distributed randomly amongst a Damaged unit, and this is called random damage. The enemy unit has been hurt, but nobody knows which warriors have been damaged!
If invoked dice must be distributed randomly, first count how many Different Warriors there are in the Damaged unit, called the different warrior count. Different Warriors are those that have a different profile to another member of the unit, such as a Forthegn within a unit of Duguth.
A Damaged unit suffering ten damage has three different warriors within it, so the different warrior count is 3.
Then assign numbers between 0-9 to each different warrior so that the resulting different warrior divisions cover the numbers of a D10 as equally as possible, noting any remainders. Each different warrior division applies to one particular different warrior, chosen by the Damaged unit's player.
As the different warrior count is 3 and there is ten damage, rolls of 0-2 are applied to the first different warrior, rolls of 3-5 are applied to the second different warrior and rolls of 6-8 are applied to the third different warrior.
Roll Distribution Dice
Once that is done, the Damaged unit's player rolls a distribution die for each damage point suffered. The result of the distribution die determines where that damage point is distributed, and any rolls outside of the different warrior divisions
are re-rolled until they are within a division.
The distribution dice result in rolls of 1, 1, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 4, 9 and 0. Thus, the rolls 0, 1, 1 and 2 are applied to the first different warrior; the rolls of 3, 4 and 5 are applied to the second different warrior; and the rolls of 7 and 8 are applied to
the third different warrior. The roll of 9 is outside the different warrior divisions and so is re-rolled, resulting in a 3. Thus, the first warrior division suffers five invoked dice; the second warrior division suffers three invoked dice; and the third warrior division suffers two invoked dice.
This will make 126.96.36.199: CONTINUOUS EFFECTS 188.8.131.52., etc.


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Research Matters: Eric Posner on "Quadratic Vote Buying as Efficient Corporate Governance"
Research Matters is a biweekly feature in which a member of the faculty talks about some of his or her latest work and its impact and relevance to law and society.
Eric Posner, Kirkland & Ellis Distinguished Service Professor of Law, and E. Glen Weyl, Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago, wrote "Quadratic Vote Buying as Efficient Corporate Governance," to be published in the next issue of the University of Chicago Law Review. The authors promote a new voting system for shareholders called Quadratic Vote Buying. They argue that Quadratic Vote Buying would avoid many of the pitfalls of the one-share, one-vote, majority-rule system that is predominant in today's corporations. Posner spoke about the research.
Q. How did this research come to be?
A. My coauthor, Glen Weyl, invented the idea of Quadratic Vote Buying. In talking with him about it, it occurred to us that it would be a very useful idea in the context of corporate governance. Corporations are governed by shareholders, and shareholders govern by voting, but the voting system shareholders use doesn't work very well. Quadratic Vote Buying should improve corporate governance.
Q. How does that work?
A. Under the current system, shareholders pay for voting, in effect. You get one vote per share. If you own 1,000 shares you get 1,000 votes, if you have one share you get one vote, and then usually majority rule determines what happens. The way quadratic voting works, or one way it could work, is that if you're a shareholder you get to buy votes, and you can buy as many votes as you want, regardless of how many shares you own. When you buy a vote, you pay an amount that's the square of the number of votes that you cast. If you want to cast one vote, it costs a dollar, and if you want to cast 10 votes, it costs $100. If you want to cast 100 votes, it costs $10,000, and so forth. The amount collected is then redistributed back to shareholders pro rata. The basic idea is that when a person votes, what he's trying to do is influence the outcome of the election in his favor. So if you're a shareholder and you want the firm to merge, you're going to vote in favor of a merger because you think it's going to benefit you. And we want people to vote in order to express their interests and to influence the outcome, but the problem is, when you vote, you're not taking into account the people who disagree with you, whose interests are the opposite. You're trying to outvote them. Voting has this mixed quality. It's both good in allowing people to express their preferences, but it's bad in that, if enough people express their preferences in one way, they could harm people whose preferences are different.
The genius of quadratic voting is that if you make people pay the square of their votes, you actually force them to balance these two effects. One way to think about that is if you don't really care about the outcome, but you slightly prefer one outcome to another, you might buy one or two votes. But you're also not going to affect the outcome very much, because there are all these other people voting. On the other hand, if you care a lot about an outcome, then you should be able to express that by casting a lot of votes. The more votes you cast, the more likely that you're going to be the pivotal voter who causes the outcome to come out one way, with the result that you could hurt a lot of people. The way to make sure that you only do that when you're really sure that you're right, and that your interests are really at stake, is to make the amount of money that you pay increase rapidly, given the number of votes. So if you want to have a huge influence on the outcome, you can, but you have to pay a vast amount of money to do that. That money will be redistributed back to all voters pro rata, at least partially compensating those who are outvoted.
Q. Why is this interesting to you personally?
A. Corporate governance is an important topic, and people are quite unhappy with the current system. So it's exciting to be able to contribute an idea that could be valuable for something that's of importance. And in addition, I've always been interested in the question of how to distribute public goods which, in this context, would be something like the merger of a corporation. But we're also writing about other contexts, such as a government's decision to build a park, or New York City's bike share program. New York could have used Quadratic Vote Buying to figure out whether people really wanted this bike share program, for example. It's possible that Quadratic Vote Buying could be used by the government to determine what's in the public's interest in all kinds of settings—which is the holy grail of policymaking.
Q. What can change or be influenced by this?
A. At the most general level, corporations are free to change the voting system. And if we're right, they should and will, or at least some should and will. But a more specific application is to "poison pills," which are devices that corporations use to prevent hostile takeovers. If an outsider tries to buy a lot of shares, the poison pill automatically makes it cheaper for insiders to buy more shares, so it's going to be harder to outvote them. Poison pills are generally frowned upon, because people think it's a way for the management of a firm to entrench itself. But there's also the argument that they could be good, because sometimes these hostile takeovers cause a lot of harm to the organization. But if the typical poison pill were replaced by Quadratic Vote Buying, where people would vote on the merger in the way I've described, that would be a way of balancing these two interests – the interest on the one hand of preventing bad mergers, and the interest on the other hand of preventing the management from entrenching itself.
Q. What's next?
A. Glen and I are writing about how Quadratic Vote Buying can be used in other settings. Glen, for example, has written about the application of Quadratic Vote Buying to eminent domain, and he and I have both been thinking about its application to local governance and politics. And we're writing a paper now on how Quadratic Vote Buying can be used for improving the law of corporate reorganization.


Week 1
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MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ1 (With 3 Responses)
DQ 1. In the manufacturing industry, who are the various stakeholders in implementing a quality process? How is each stakeholder impacted? Are all stakeholders impacted equally in implementing the qua..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ2 (With 3 Responses)
DQ 2. In a global market, source venders – or stakeholders – may or may not have quality control enforcement that meets the standards of the country producing the product. What are some approaches to..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - DQ3 (With 3 Responses)
 DQ 3. What are some approaches taken by leadership in planning, developing, and implementing a quality process? What type of leadership is necessary to implement the plan and keep it focused..
MGT - 420 - Week 1 - Role of Stakeholder Paper
Individual Assignment Prepare a 350- to 700-word paper in which you explain the role of stakeholders in implementing a quality management process. Discuss each of the stakeholders and their spec..


The second law of thermodynamics and the global climate system: A review of the maximum entropy production principle
The long-term mean properties of the global climate system and those of turbulent fluid systems are reviewed from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Two general expressions are derived for a rate of entropy production due to thermal and viscous dissipation (turbulent dissipation) in a fluid system. It is shown with these expressions that maximum entropy production in the Earth s climate system suggested by Paltridge, as well as maximum transport properties of heat or momentum in a turbulent system suggested by Malkus and Busse, correspond to a state in which the rate of entropy production due to the turbulent dissipation is at a maximum. Entropy production due to absorption of solar radiation in the climate system is found to be irrelevant to the maximized properties associated with turbulence. The hypothesis of maximum entropy production also seems to be applicable to the planetary atmospheres of Mars and Titan and perhaps to mantle convection. Lorenz s conjecture on maximum generation of available potential energy is shown to be akin to this hypothesis with a few minor approximations. A possible mechanism by which turbulent fluid systems adjust themselves to the states of maximum entropy production is presented as a selffeedback mechanism for the generation of available potential energy. These results tend to support the hypothesis of maximum entropy production that underlies a wide variety of nonlinear fluid systems, including our planet as well as other planets and stars
Tots els drets reservats


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- Rhymes: -ɜː(r)ʒən
recursion (plural recursions)
- The act of recurring.
- (mathematics) The act of defining an object (usually a function) in terms of that object itself.
- n! = n × (n − 1)! (for n > 0) or 1 (for n = 0) defines the factorial function using recursion.
- (computing) The calling of a function from within that same function.
- This function uses recursion to compute factorials.
the act of recurring
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.


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Creating PowerPoint presentation even you don't have a Microsoft Office installed on your computer is now possible using free online services like Google Docs and Zoho.
In this article I will teach you how to create PowerPoint presentation using Google Slide. It is similar to Microsoft PowerPoint and you only need a Google account to access. If you are familiar with PowerPoint this will be very easy for you.
Follow the steps below to create a PowerPoint presentation in Google Slide.
Step 1. Go to Google slide page _URL_ click "Go to Google Slides"
Step 2. Sign In using your Google account
Step 3. On the Google Slide page, click the red circle with "+" sign located at the lower right corner of the page to create a new presentation.
Step 4. It will open a new presentation, first you need to choose a theme, select which theme you like then click OK. If none of the available theme catches your taste, you can easily import theme.
Step 5. Ok, First, name your presentation. Click on the "Untitle Presentation" then on the popup, enter the name of your presentation and click ok.
Step 6. Next is to start entering content on your presentation. Put the title and subtitle by simply clicking on the area of the slide that has a label "Click to add Title" same with subtitle and other content.
Step 7. To add another slide, click the "+" located at the top left of the screen just under the menu bar. See the screenshot.
Step 8. To add an image, video, tables, etc. in your presentation, click the Insert menu.
Step 9. You can also add transition effect on every slide, click "Transition" and select what transition effect you want to apply.
Step 10. You can also add animation effect on every part of your content, simply click the content that you want to animate and click "Add animation".
Step 11. To test your presentation and make the necessary adjustment, click "Present"
Step 12. If it's ready you can either share directly to other google user or download as Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation. To download, go to File > Download As and select your desired format to download.


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Find out about supervision, why it is important, how to do it well and how to resolve problems.
Supervision is the distinctive teaching and learning process used for graduate research education at the University of Auckland and most universities worldwide.
These two pages outline the requirements and responsibilities of supervisors and students:
- University of Auckland research shows that supervision can be challenging for both supervisors and students.
- It is useful to review practice and try new techniques. Reflecting on what happens may help to bring to the surface differences between supervisor and student understandings and expectations, or to clarify thinking at critical moments in the process.
- Research literature indicates that good communication is fundamental to supervision. It plays an important role in building trust and goodwill, and helps to prevent misunderstandings between supervisor and student.
- Good communication benefits the effectiveness and enjoyment of supervision as well as the progress of the student's research.
- Communication skills are an aspect of our interpersonal functioning that can always be improved to meet the demands of different situations. In the early stages of supervision especially, regular meetings will help to establish effective communication.
Deciding to get into supervision
In doctoral supervision, in particular, a supervisory working relationship will go on for a long time. These two checklists will help you to think through the decision to supervise or be supervised:
Requirements for Postgraduate Supervisor Accreditation Policy and Procedures
Students and supervisors will likely have different expectations of supervision, so it is important to discuss these early on and make agreements for how you will work together.
They may also have quite different understandings of how the research process works and the time it takes to achieve certain phases of the work.
Raising these for discussion will be helpful for both of you, but especially for the student as a novice researcher.
These agreements can be renegotiated at any time in response to changing circumstances.
Resolving supervision problems
Problems can arise in supervision for all sorts of reasons. The tools below will help you with informal and formal processes for resolving problems.


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War II the road network was developed still further. Nowadays the roads are supplemented by air traffic.
Since World War II the inhabitants of the high mountain villages have been forced to move down to the new cotton growing regions such as the Vakhsh valley. In these regions the forcibly resettled inhabitants form 40--70% of the population (N. Ginzburg). The resettlements were justified by the difficulties in maintaining socio-cultural and medical services due to lack of roads, as well as by scarcity of arable land and seismically hazardous conditions, (L. Monogarova, N. Ginzburg). The resettling of the inhabitants of the Pamirs began in the late 1940s but reached massive proportions in 1951--54 when whole villages and collective farms were deported to the cotton plantations. N. Ginzburg admits that the resettlement of the Pamir people can by no means be considered a success since less than 20 % of the resettled people remained in the prescribed areas. According to Ginzburg, the reason for this was the Pamir peoples' inability to adapt to the hot climate of the lowlands and work on the cotton farms. In the early 1950s many villages in the Yazgulam valley and on the upper Bartang were emptied but by the end of the decade as the opportunity presented itself, the people moved back home. From many of the cotton farms the whole Pamir population has left to move back to their historical territories sometimes despite repeated deportations. According to N. Ginzburg, the uselessness of resettlement is now fully evident.
In the late 1960s, however, the prevalent opinion was that eradication of a couple of dozen villages that were small or too high in the mountains would be inevitable but the highlanders should not be forced to move to the hot lowland regions. The Bartangi-speaking Ravmed (Ravmid) belonged to the list of the villages to be emptied.
Throughout centuries the Pamir region has been famous for its traditional crafts. Under Soviet rule the persistence of the so-called "feudal practices" was fiercely denounced. In the course of this campaign the trades of weavers, potters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, woodcutters were abolished.
In the 1960s the government imposed taxes on the orchards and as a result the apricot trees, mulberry trees, walnut trees, etc. were cut.
The Soviets also brought along monocultural farming. Some farms specialised in growing tobacco, others in growing herbs for medicine, etc. This has had disastrous effect on the whole region.


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Water: Community-Based Water Resiliency
Pilot Lessons Learned and Recommendations
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Community-Based Water Resiliency (CBWR) initiative to increase overall community preparedness by raising awareness of Water Sector Interdependencies and enhance integration of the Water Sector into community emergency preparedness and response efforts.
To that end, EPA has supported several water emergency community meetings to discuss specific water challenges of the community and help enhance the preparedness and resiliency in the face of water service interruptions. These meetings highlighted lessons learned during past emergency responses and provided recommendations to improve resiliency.
St. Clair County Water Resiliency Roundtable Summary (PDF) (15 pp, 351K, About PDF)
EPA 817-S-13-001, April 2013
Please click on the tabs below to learn more about their lessons learned and recommendations.
- Response Plans
- Emergency Communications
- Alternative Supply Planning
- Continuity of Operations
Water Sector Interdependencies
- Many critical community services and businesses rely on drinking water and wastewater services to operate. An interruption to water service would likely limit or halt these services.
- Many organizations do not plan for a loss of water service, because drinking water and wastewater services have been reliable.
- Water utilities also rely on other critical infrastructures, such as transportation and electricity. Damage to these infrastructures can impact the delivery of drinking water and wastewater services.
Emergency Response Plans
An Emergency Response Plan is a document that describes the actions that you would take in response to various emergency incidents (e.g., flood, contamination, vandalism).
- Many emergency response plans do not address an interruption to drinking water and wastewater services.
- Water utilities are not often included in community-wide emergency response exercises.
- Ensure emergency response plans address an interruption to drinking water and wastewater services. See the Preparedness Planning section of our Emergency Response page for on developing or updating your emergency response plan.
- Exercise your emergency response plans! Take advantage our Tabletop Exercise Tool for Water Systems: Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Climate Resiliency to assist utilities in exercising their emergency response plans.
- Engage decision makers in water sector and critical infrastructure preparedness planning process by participating in Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs)
- The flow of communications between responders and the public can drastically impact the success of an emergency response.
- Roles and responsibilities during an emergency are often unclear.
- Landline and cellular phone service may not be reliable during an emergency.
- Ensure that all contact lists are kept up to date. Use these contact lists during exercises and update accordingly.
- Host a community-wide meeting on water emergencies to build relationships in advance of an emergency. The Water Resiliency Action Plan (WRAP) Kit, part of the CBWR Tool, provides a step-by-step process for planning and conducting a meeting.
- Ensure all emergency preparedness entities have a Government Emergency Telecommunications Service (GETS) Card to ensure completion of their phone calls when normal calling methods are unsuccessful, during period of severe network congestion. Utilize the GETS Web site to determine eligibility and get the card.
- Message mapping can help your organization prepare for crisis communications in advance of an emergency. Read the Effective Risk and Crisis Communication during Water Sector Emergencies (PDF) (72 pp, 1MB, About PDF) Summary Report for more information.
- Ensure that all response partners are properly training in the Incident Command System/National Incident Management System (ICS/NIMS) Framework.
Alternative Supply Planning
- Alternative water supplies can provide potable water during an emergency for community drinking water needs and for the maintenance of critical services.
- Many businesses and organizations in a community often rely on the same distributor for bottled water.
- Interconnections with other utilities are often not tested or exercised regularly.
- Without an alternative water supply, facilities may be forced to shut down. Hospitals may have to relocate patients.
- Obtain additional information on alternative water supplies during an emergency from the Planning for an Emergency Drinking Water Supply (PDF) (51 pp, 811K, About PDF).
- Conduct water audits to identify water usage and critical needs during an emergency.
To learn about conducting a water audit at your facility, read the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention document, Emergency Water Supply Planning Guide for Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities (PDF) (95 pp, 2MB, About PDF).
- Identify, test, and exercise interconnections between local water systems.
Continuity of Operations
- Continuity of operations planning (COOP) ensures that essential functions can continue during an emergency.
- Many businesses are not prepared for an interruption to drinking water and wastewater services for more than three days.
- Businesses may be forced to shut down or relocate if water service is not restored quickly.
- Hospitals may have to shut down and patients relocated to alternate healthcare facilities.
- Cross-train employees to handle multiple responsibilities.


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Some of gaming's most cunning foes have been computers. Think GlaDOS from Portal, or Shodan from System Shock 2. At least part of what makes them so memorable is that their artificial intelligence is brought to life by a cold, calculating, female voice.
Friendly artificial intelligence usually skews female as well. Anyone who's played Deus Ex: Human Revolution will know this, while Halo and Mass Effect are two other big franchises with prominent computers voiced by female actors.
Actually, when you think about it, a lot of real fake robot voices sound like fake women as well. Apple's new Siri, for one (at least she is for American users). Or just about any automated subway announcement system. Or default GPS navigator.
Ever wonder why this is? Why designers and engineers the world over choose a woman's voice for their systems and not a man's? A great piece on CNN seeks to answer this question for the ages.
Stanford University Professor Clifford Nass has an idea. "It's much easier to find a female voice that everyone likes than a male voice that everyone likes," he says. "It's a well-established phenomenon that the human brain is developed to like female voices."
While this is a primal theory, there are more historical ones too, such as the fact early telephonists and aircraft navigation aides were voiced by women, creating a precedent.
Silicon Valley analyst Tim Bajarin has a cooler idea, though: He reckons HAL, the evil computer from 2001, is the reason most artificial voices are female. He was so evil, and so memorable, that he scared companies off using a male voice. "A lot of tech companies stayed away from the male voice because of HAL," he said. "I've heard that theory tossed around multiple times."