Dogs Have Souls, But You Already Knew That
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Dogs Have Souls, But You Already Knew That
By Electra Draper, The Denver Post
Animal behaviorists say dogs possess empathy and compassion, the emotions upon which moral sense is built
For centuries, humans have imagined they are the only animals with morals. But humans are not alone in the moral arena, a new breed of behavior experts says.
Researchers say that a dog's laugh is a rhythmic pant.
Photo by Natalie Caudill, McClatchy Newspapers
Page, author of "Do Dogs Smile?," said biology no longer dismisses dogs and other animals as "furry automatons" driven by instinct and food.
"People like Bekoff have figured out how to measure these things," Page said. "It's a whole new ballgame for studying dog personalities and emotions."
Bekoff, co-author of "Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals," spent thousands of hours observing coyotes, wolves and dogs. He analyzed videotapes frame by frame. The work convinced him these animals possess empathy and compassion, the emotions upon which moral sense is built.
While much the same can be said of monkeys, wolves, elephants, dolphins, whales and other social animals, dogs are special cases; they share in human lives, he said.
"Dogs know they are dependent. They learn to read us," Bekoff said. "Dogs develop this great sense of trust. We're tightly linked, and there is something spiritual about that unity."
"I'm convinced many animals can distinguish right from wrong," Bekoff said.
He said looking for the roots of morality in animals is a difficult scientific undertaking. It begins with looking for emotions central to morality, such as empathy: understanding of another's situation, feelings and motives.
In humans, emotions are centered in specific brain structures and are affected by chemicals called neurotransmitters. Mammals possess the same brain structures, affected by the same chemicals as humans.
"Dogs apparently laugh," Page said. The same brain structures show the same activity in laughing humans and in dogs that are enjoying themselves. A dog's laugh is a rhythmic pant.
Play is necessary for healthy brain development in animals and is seen in many mammalian, and some avian, species, Bekoff said.
Play hones cognitive skills and later helps in hunting and mating. And play would not be possible without cooperation and trust.
"Virtue is its own reward," Bekoff said. "Fairer is fitter."
To prevent any misunderstanding, a dog will signal to another dog that the imminent jostling, nipping and chasing are "just play" rather than aggression, he said.
The game is initiated with the "play bow." A dog, wolf or coyote will crouch on its forelimbs while keeping its rear upright.
Any hard-biting cheats find themselves excluded from games.
"Dogs are thinking animals," Bekoff said. "They seek the outcomes they want. They avoid the ones they don't. They solve problems. They have expectations. They have hopes."
Critics skeptical about some research trends in animal thinking, emotion and morality downplay the evidence as often anecdotal and anthropomorphic, that is attributing human motivation or characteristics to animals.
Bekoff countered that thousands of anecdotes equal data. And anthropomorphism, he said, is a misleading label for what is a shared evolutionary history.
"If we have souls, our animals have souls. If we have free choice, they have it," Bekoff said. "If we can't know this for sure, let's give them the benefit of a doubt."
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Noun(1) shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant(2) the act of cutting something off
(1) They produce numerous biological effects including promotion of leaf senescence and abscission, stomatal closure, inhibition of root growth, and germination of non-dormant seeds.(2) Ethylene is involved in many biological processes, like fruit ripening, flower and leaf abscission, senescence, many stress acclimations, and growth.(3) In the absence of water deficit, leaf water potential changes very little, or not at all, during senescence in species where the life span of leaves is terminated by abscission, as in soybeans and other dicots.(4) By contrast, drought hastens ripening and seed maturation for tomato and reduces fruit abscission for lychee trees.(5) leaf abscission in trees(6) The presence and balance of plant hormones have been shown to affect abscission of leaves, flowers, and immature and mature fruit.(7) abscission layer
1. cutting off ::
English to Gujarati Dictionary: abscission
Meaning and definitions of abscission, translation in Gujarati language for abscission with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of abscission in Gujarati and in English language.
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What abscission means in Gujarati, abscission meaning in Gujarati, abscission definition, examples and pronunciation of abscission in Gujarati language.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Today Tuesday 19th April 2016, the National Assembly welcomed the St. Peter Claver School from Punta Gorda District to its Chamber for a tour. The group consisting of 60 standard six students, 4 teachers and 6 parents arrived at 3:30 P.M. They were escorted up and seated in the gallery where the presentation took place. The presentation was conducted by Mrs. Eudice, Clerk Assistant and Ms. Ingrid, Parliamentary Officer 1 where by they were given a brief description of the historical background of the National Assembly, the composition of the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the functions of the legislative branch of government.
The students also had the pleasure to see the Mace and were given a brief history of its historical background of the design and the significant role it plays in the sitting of the House of Representatives.


text:
Process or task name:
Always double check your task spelling if you are concerned about spyware or viruses, as often they use similiar spelling for these windows processes and tasks: sttray.exe
Exe program - Files with an extension of "exe" are executable programs.
Purpose of this file:
sttray.exe was most likely installed by you at some time. This software program may have also come preinstalled on your computer when you purchased it if you have a Dell computer. Spyware and virus programs often use the same or similiar file names and store them elsewhere in different folders on your computer, hoping to fool you into thinking it is a safe file. We always try to list the exact file location of each file here for this reason. This sttray.exe software program is from Sigmatel and it is called the Sigmatel audio system tray utililty. This is considered safe and is not virus or spyware related software.
Visit sttray.exe for complete information on this task or process.
If you would like help on other tasks or processes, you can view the entire process and task directory here.
What is the sttray.exe location, where is it stored on my computer?
This file will be found on your hard drive at C:\Program Files\Sigmatel\C-Major Audio\WDM\sttray.exe


text:
Badgeyay project is now divided into two parts i.e front-end of Ember JS and back-end with REST-API programmed in Python. One of the challenging job is that, it should support the uncoupled architecture. Now, we have to integrate Heroku deployed API with Github which should auto deploy every Pull Request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process.
In this blog, I'll be discussing how I have configured Heroku Pipeline to auto deploy every Pull request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process in Badgeyay in my Pull Request.
First, Let's understand Heroku Pipeline and its features. Then we will move onto configuring the Pipeline file to run auto deploy PR.. Let's get started and understand it step by step.
What is Heroku Pipeline?
A pipeline is a group of Heroku apps that share the same codebase. Each app in a pipeline represents one of the following steps in a continuous delivery workflow:
A common Heroku continuous delivery workflow has the following steps:
- A developer creates a pull request to make a change to the codebase.
- Heroku automatically creates a review app for the pull request, allowing developers to test the change.
- When the change is ready, it's merged into the codebase Default branch.
- The Default branch is automatically deployed to staging for further testing.
- When it's ready, the staging app is promoted to production, where the change is available to end users of the app.
In badgeyay, I have used Review App and Development App steps for auto deployment of Pull Request.
Pre – requisites:
- You should have admin rights of the Github Repository.
- You should be the owner of the Heroku deployed app.
- For creating a Review App, Below mentioned files are needed to be in the root of the project repository to trigger the Heroku Build.
Now, I have fulfilled all the prerequisites needed for integrating Github repository to Heroku Deployed Badgeyay API. Let's move to Heroku Dashboard of the Badgeyay API and implement auto deployment of every Pull Request.
Step 1 :
Open the heroku Deployed App on the dashboard. Yow will see following tabs in top of the dashboard.
Step 2 :
Click on Deploy and first create a new pipeline by giving a name to it and choose a stage for the pipeline.
Step 3 :
- Choose a Deployment Method. For the badgeyay project, I have integrated Github for auto deployment of PR.
- Select the repository and connect with it.
- You will receive a pop-up which will ensure that repository is connected to Heroku.
Step 4 :
Enable automatic deploys for the Github repository.
Step 5 :
Now after adding the pipeline, present app get nested under the pipeline. Click on the pipeline name on the top and now we have a pipeline dashboard like this :
Now for auto deployment of PR, enable Review Apps by filling the required information like this :
Verify by creating a test PR after following every above mentioned steps.
Now we are all done with setting up auto deployment of every pull request to badgeyay repository.
This is how I have configured Heroku Pipeline to auto deploy every Pull request made to the Development Branch and help in easing the Pull Request review process.
About Author :
I have been contributing in open source organization FOSSASIA, where I'm working on a project called BadgeYaY. It is a badge generator with a simple web UI to add data and generate printable badges in PDF.
- Heroku Pipelines Article – Link


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Todmorden, West Riding of Yorkshire (originally Lancashire)
A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded local workhouses in operation at Errinden [Erringden] (for up to 20 inmates), Heptonstall (24), Langfield (14), and Stansfield (25).
Langfield's workhouse was located at Croft Carr. The presence of a "rope walk" at the east of the building suggests that rope-making provided work for the inmates.
Stansfield's workhouse was at Lane Head, to the east of Blackshaw Head.
Wadsworth operated a workhouse at Spink Hill in what is now a farmhouse.
Todmorden and Walsden set up a workhouse alongside the canal at Gauxholme in 1801 in a house rented from John Sutcliffe and John Shackleton for 18 guineas a year. The parish overseers purchased 10 cast iron beds each with a straw mattress, 2 blankets, one sheet, one bolster and one woollen quilt.
Heptonstall historian, the late Colin Spencer, researched the Heptonstall workhouse which opened in 1754 on a rented farm on Edge Lane.
The township overseers treated the farm as a working farm. At about 1100 feet above sea level, the only grain crop that could be grown there was oats. According to local records, the ground was prepared for sowing the following spring:
"March 1st Pd. John Pickles and Thomas Whitley for Graveing 5 Daywork: £2-0-0"
"Graving" was a two man operation of turning over the soil by hand, one man cutting the turf and the other turning it over; a "daywork" was an area of 3136 square yards, about two thirds of an acre, and the wages at the time were about eight shillings a week, so it took these two men about two and a half weeks to turn over the five daywork of land. John Pickles was also paid "for Gaten out muck to the Corne". Finally, the seed corn was bought:
|29 April Pd. Jas. Walton for 18 strikes of Seed Corn||0-17-0|
|Pd. Will Sutcliffe for 2 Load of Seed Corn||1-10-0|
(Later references are to "Holland Oats". A "strike" or "stroke" was a measure equal to four gallons or half a bushel.)
The overseers also fitted out the interior for the expected inmates, for example with "One duzan of spoons" together with 15 basins and 13 mess pots, suggesting a household of about a dozen inmates. They were well looked after and were probably better off than most of the families in the village, with meal and coal arriving regularly, and luxuries such as tobacco being bought not infrequently. The shopping list for Christmas 1755 was:
|For a Cows Head for Workhouse||1 2|
|A Barrel for the Workhouse||1 8|
|3 Loads of Coal for the Workhouse||2 6|
|For 3 Treacle lb||6½|
|For 3 pecks of Malt and Hops||3 - 0|
The list for 1762 included:
|Apples, treacle, sugar, Currans, etc, etc||2 6|
|Clove, pepr, seeds, etc||8½|
|Matts and Bacco for Workhouse||3 0½|
|24 lb Sope and Hops||3 0|
|12 lb Treacle||2 - 4|
Thomas Sunderland was appointed Workhouse Master at £20 a year and supervised the farming and harvesting. The Heptonstall corn was taken down to the mill in Hebden Bridge for drying and grinding. The workhouse had only two spinning wheels and some spindles, suggesting that very little indoor work was expected from the inmates. It was intended to be a self-supporting institution but the income, chiefly from spinning and farm produce, was always well below the expenses which included the heavy burdens of the farm rent and the master's wage. In 1780-81 the total income was just over £16 to set against expenses of nearly £75. In 1781 82 the deficit was £48, and when the cost of the workhouse reached £105 in 1783-84 the principal inhabitants decided that enough was enough. After a town meeting, it was decided that the township's paupers should be "farmed" by a contractor. Ambrose Gill, a weaver, undertook to be responsible for the feeding and clothing of the workhouse inhabitants "at the sum of eight Shillings a Piece each Person for a Calendar Month". By 1800 the total cost of the workhouse was only £6-13-7½ with a few short stays only.
After 1810, the Heptonstall workhouse moved to Popples Bottom, Slack.
A parliamentary report in 1834 recorded the workhouse populations in a number of Todmorden townships:
|Erringden||4 inmates: 2 males and 2 females aged from 18 to 65.|
|Heptonstall (temporary workhouse)||About 8 inmates.|
|Langfield||8 inmates: 5 males (aged 52, 14, 10, 8, 7) and 3 females (aged 54, 40, 7).|
|Stansfield||15 inmates: 3 males (aged 7, 4, 1) and 12 females (aged 89, 85, 67, 54, 42, 41, 40, 29, 23, 8, 9, 4).|
The Todmorden Poor Law Union was officially formed on 15th February 1837. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 18 in number, representing its 6 constituent parishes and townships as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
County of Lancaster:
Todmorden and Walsden (4).
County of York - West Riding: Erringden (2), Heptonstall (3), Langfield (2), Stansfield (4), Wadsworth (3).
Later Additions (all from 1894): Blackshaw, Hebden Bridge, Mytholmroyd.
The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 23,397 with parishes and townships ranging in size from Erringden (population 1,933) to Todmorden (6,054). The Todmorden Union was originally assigned to the county of Lancashire for statistical purposes but from the 1850s was placed in Yorkshire.
Todmorden Poor Law Union was the one of the most vehement in its opposition to the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. Its member parishes had resisted forming a Poor Law Union but eventually gave way. However, opposition to the building of a new workhouse, led by John Fielden, held firm with a refusal to pay the poor rates. A riot took place with the Chairman of the Board of Guardians being attacked. In 1844 the Union was, exceptionally, given leave to abandon the requirement to provide a workhouse. An 1847 local directory records the union as using three small buildings at Gauxholme, Stansfield and Wadsworth as workhouse accommodation.
Finally, in 1876, under continuing threat of the union being dissolved, Todmorden became the last union in England to provide a workhouse when it began to erect one at Lee Bottom near Mankinholes. Ironically, the site on which it was built was on an estate known as Beggarington. The first inmates were admitted at the end of September, 1878, with the first master and matron being Mr and Mrs Gent from Eccles.. The initial capacity of the workhouse was 100 but in 1890 the buildings were expanded to accommodate 250.
The picture belw, which dates from around 1897, shows the front entrance to the workhouse with the master and matron and what are presumably other workhouse staff.
In 1930, the workhouse became a Public Assistance Institution serving the new Calder "Guardian's Area". At that time, it had accommodation for 293, including 69 in the casual wards (60 male places and 9 female). A council architect's report on the buildings noted that they were lighted throughout by gas. The water supply was from a small reservoir in the grounds and was not filtered in any way. Hot water was available in all parts, but only a limited amount of central heating was installed. In the casual ward, there were eight cells for females, twenty cells for males each equipped for corn-grinding work, and a tramp major's room.
The institution later became Stansfield View Hospital and after 1948 provided care for the mentally handicapped. The vagrants' wards were closed in 1950. The buildings were demolished in 1996 and the site cleared.
The union also operated a children's home in Todmorden.
- West Yorkshire Archive Service — Calderdale, Central Library, Northgate House, Northgate, Halifax HX1 1UN. Holdings: Guardians' minutes (_PHONE_); Admissions and discharges (1880-82); Letters (1837-41); Workhouse accounts (1875-79).
- Todmorden Workhouse by Anthony Chad

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Where Art and Science Meet
Artist Peter Trusler and paleontologists Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich collaborate to bring long-extinct species to life on the page
Australian artist Peter Trusler has a talent for portraying long-extinct creatures and the landscapes in which they lived in ways consistent with the best scientific evidence. His engrossing illustrations have appeared in books, scientific exhibitions, popular publications, even on Australian postage stamps. For more than 30 years Trusler also has collaborated with Patricia Vickers-Rich, professor of paleontology and founding director of the Monash Science Centre at Monash University, and her husband, Thomas H. Rich, senior curator of vertebrate paleontology at Museum Victoria. In the The Artist and the Scientists: Bringing Prehistory to Life (Cambridge University Press, 2010)—excerpted below—Trusler, Vickers-Rich and Rich explore the fertile opportunities for provocation, when established ideas are challenged, and for education when meticulous art and science connect.
Peter Trusler: "With respect to art in general, Pablo Picasso is reported to have exclaimed that photography had thankfully released us from those shackles of realistic representation. So true, but for all major advances there is a frame of reference, or a point of relativity, beyond which this may not hold. Regrettably, something is often lost when another thing is gained. I often bear this cliché in mind. In circumstances where I have the opportunity to compare a well presented, old lithographic drawing of a specimen with an equivalent photograph, I have found that, contrary to popular opinion, the drawing can be superior....
"[A] drawing is a complex synthesis of information, which embodies a hierarchy of decisions. It contains a system of weighted emphases that can filter out extraneous or irrelevant information. Drawings deal with surfaces, form and content and matters of understanding, for they are time intensive. Drawings are expressions that embody research and development. They are never bland, factual presentations, no matter how simple or realistic they may appear. The specimen's image has been considered, and not shot! One can, therefore, read the mind of the individual who rendered it. This is not to say that an astute photographer cannot effect many of the same processes with skillful camera technique …
"The intrinsic difference for me … is one of cognition."
Patricia Vickers-Rich and Thomas H. Rich: "The association and friendship between the three of us spans more than three decades. It began when we two scientists were on the hunt for an artist who had the skills that would allow precise scientific information to be conveyed in imagery alongside the detailed scientific descriptions of the ancient marsupial, Diprotodon. The condition of the specimens to be 'presented,' to both the general public and to other researchers, was incomplete. What we needed was an artist able to synthesize images that combined these fragments and information from various disciplines. The images required a three-dimensional quality that drew observers in, communicating to them intimate details of anatomical form. But, more than just revealing the essence of the scientific descriptions, these images needed to challenge the viewer to ask more questions ….
"We have, through our work together, continued to find each other's different perspectives and approaches informative. We have been able to disagree, challenge each other and spend long hours discussing the direction of each of the projects highlighted within these chapters. We have enjoyed exploring new territory—new techniques, novel materials and subjects …. [T]hroughout our work together, we have respected each other's independence..."
In Sightings, American Scientist publishes examples of innovative scientific imaging from diverse research fields.
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How do I resolve Error 4320?
An attempt to log in without proper administrator rights or User Access Control permissions may result in error 4320 ("Operator or Administrator has refused the request").
Follow these instructions to ensure you have proper User Access Control permissions on the host computer you are attempting to access. This will allow you to access the host computer even if you are unable to be added as an administrator at the operating system level.
 3. Under User Access Control, click Show details....
 Result: The User Access Control window is displayed.
 4. Under Users, select your user name from the list. You may need to browse for additional users.
 Tip: For example, if you sign in using a Computer Access Code, you may need to add the user named LogMeInRemoteUser: Click Browse > List users of selected domain and find LogMeInRemoteUser on the list.
 5. Under Edit Selected User, you must select at least the Login permission to resolve the 4320 error.
 Result: For details on User Access Control permissions, see How to Specify User Access Rights.
 6. Save your changes.
If you need to make changes to multiple hosts in a domain, see Securing Hosts on Your Domain.


Internet-Draft TLS Cross-SNI Resumption May 2021
Vasiliev Expires 14 November 2021 [Page]
TLS Working Group
Intended Status:
Standards Track
V. Vasiliev
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Resumption across Server Names
This document specifies a way for the parties in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to indicate that an individual session ticket can be used to perform resumption even if the Server Name of the new connection does not match the Server Name of the original.
Discussion Venues
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Discussion of this document takes place on the TLS Working Group mailing list (, which is archived at
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft will expire on 14 November 2021.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
Transport Layer Security protocol [RFC8446] allows the clients to use an abbreviated handshake in cases where the client has previously established a secure session with the same server. This mechanism is known as "session resumption", and its positive impact on performance makes it desirable to be able to use it as frequently as possible.
Modern application-level protocols, HTTP in particular, often require accessing multiple servers within a single workflow. Since the identity of the server is established through its certificate, in the ideal case, the resumption would be possible to all of the domains for which the certificate is valid (see [PERF] for a survey of potential practical impact of such approach). TLS, starting with version 1.3, defines the SNI value to be a property of an individual connection that is not retained across sessions ([RFC8446], Section 4.2.11). However, in the absence of additional signals, it discourages using a session ticket when the SNI value does not match ([RFC8446], Section 4.6.1), as there is normally no reason to assume that all servers sharing the same certificate would also share the same session keys. The extension defined in this document allows the server to provide such a signal in-band.
2. Conventions and Definitions
3. The Flag
Resumption across server names is negotiated using the TLS flags extension [I-D.draft-ietf-tls-tlsflags]. The server MAY send a resumption_across_names(8) flag in a NewSessionTicket message. If the flag is sent, it indicates that the client MAY use the ticket for any SNI value for which the certificate presented by the server is valid. The server MUST handle the ticket correctly by either resuming and using a new SNI provided by the client, or by ignoring the ticket.
The server MAY send the flag if it reasonably believes that any server for any identity presented in its certificate would be capable of accepting that ticket. The server SHOULD NOT send the flag otherwise, since, if the client follows the single-use ticket policy recommended by [RFC8446], sending the ticket results in it being no longer usable regardless of whether resumption has succeeded.
4. Security Considerations
This document does not alter any of the security requirements of [RFC8446], but merely lifts a performance-motivated "SHOULD NOT" recommendation from Section 4.6.1. Notably, it still relies on the server certificate being re-validated against the new SNI at the session resumption time.
If a client certificate has been associated with the session, the client MUST use the same policy on whether to present said certificate to the server as if it were a new TLS session. For instance, if the client would show a certificate choice prompt for every individual domain it connects to, it MUST show that prompt for the new host when performing cross-domain resumption.
Cross-domain resumption, like other similar mechanisms (e.g. cross-domain HTTP connection reuse), can incentivize the server deployments to create server certificates valid for a wider range of domains than they would otherwise. However, any increase in the scope of a certificate comes at a cost: the wider is the scope of the certificate, the wider is the impact of the key compromise for that certificate. In addition, creating a certificate that is valid for multiple hostnames can lead to complications if some of those hostnames change ownership, or otherwise require a different operational domain.
Session tickets can contain arbitrary information, and thus could be potentially used to re-identify a user from a previous connection. Cross-domain resumption expands the potential list of servers to which an individual ticket could be presented. Client applications should partition the session cache between connections that are meant to be uncorrelated. For example, the Web use case uses network partition keys to separate cache lookups [FETCH].
5. IANA Considerations
IANA (will add/has added) the following entry to the "TLS Flags" table of the "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions" registry:
Flag Name
This document
6. References
6.1. Normative References
Nir, Y., "A Flags Extension for TLS 1.3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-tls-tlsflags-04,, <>.
6.2. Informative References
WHATWG, "Fetch Standard",, <>.
Sy, E., Moennich, M., Mueller, T., Federrath, H., and M. Fischer, "Enhanced Performance for the encrypted Web through TLS Resumption across Hostnames",, <>.
Cross-name resumption has been previously implemented in the QUIC Crypto protocol as a preloaded list of hostnames.
Erik Sy has previously proposed a similar mechanism for TLS, draft-sy-tls-resumption-group. This document incorporates ideas from that draft.
This document has benefited from contributions and suggestions from David Benjamin, Nick Harper, David Schinazi, Ryan Sleevi, Ian Swett and many others.
Author's Address
Victor Vasiliev


text:
Holmes is a bookmark search extension available free for Google Chrome which is used for searching your saved bookmarks. If you have plenty of saved bookmarks to your favorite Chrome browser and find difficulty in accessing a specific bookmark, then this extension is really suitable for you. You can search for your desired bookmark and can access it within a moment. You just need to type the word of your saved bookmark and it will present you that bookmark in front of you.
You can even start search in the address bar by just typing '*' (asterisk) and hitting the Tab key. It will activate Holmes extension in address bar. This is one of the easiest way to access your exact bookmark(s) without looking over bookmarks manually.
Key Features Present in Holmes:
- Search specific bookmark within a moment.
- Organizes bookmarks into pages.
- Shortcut keys available to access bookmarks.
- Activate Holmes in address bar to start a search.
- Use it for free.
How This Bookmark Search Extension Works?
The very first thing you need to do is, add Holmes. After this, you can easily use and access it from its extension icon. You will find it at the top right corner of your Google Chrome. You can go for a search in address bar by activating this extension there. As you could see in the above given screenshot, you only need to press '*' and then Tab and Holmes will be available for you to start a search for bookmarks. Moreover you can search for your saved bookmarks by accessing its extension icon. Give a click there, type in the given box and it will show you your saved bookmarks by highlighting (in red color) the typed word. Now you can easily access your saved bookmarks or a specific bookmark.
You can view bookmarks page wise, by using Up/Down arrow keys. However you can also use shortcut keys Ctrl+Left/Right arrow keys to switch between pages. In addition to it, for settings adjustment; you need to click on the given white circle as you can see in the below given screenshot. After this, you can enable/disable Filter option and likewise can enable/disable Common option (lets you continue search from last point).
Holmes is really a handy extension for you if you have bunch of saved bookmarks in your Chrome browser and want to access a specific bookmark without any difficulty. Add it, try it, and use it for free.
Also try these other price comparison Chrome extensions reviewed by us.


# Copyright (c) 1990 The Regents of the University of California. # Copyright (c) _PHONE_ Sun Microsystems, Inc. # See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution # of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. # # =head1 NAME Tk_GetCapStyle, Tk_NameOfCapStyle - translate between strings and cap styles =for category C Programming =head1 SYNOPSIS B<_TAG_ Etk.hE> int BIB<)> char * BIB<)> =head1 ARGUMENTS =over 4 =item Tcl_Interp *interp (in) Interpreter to use for error reporting. =item char *string (in) String containing name of cap style: one of '''butt'', ''projecting'', or ''round''. =item int *capPtr (out) Pointer to location in which to store X cap style corresponding to I. =item int cap (in) Cap style: one of B, B, or B. =back =head1 DESCRIPTION B places in I<*capPtr> the X cap style corresponding to I. This will be one of the values B, B, or B. Cap styles are typically used in X graphics contexts to indicate how the end-points of lines should be capped. See the X documentation for information on what each style implies. Under normal circumstances the return value is B and I is unused. If I doesn't contain a valid cap style or an abbreviation of one of these names, then an error message is stored in Iresult>, B is returned, and I<*capPtr> is unmodified. B is the logical inverse of B. Given a cap style such as B it returns a statically-allocated string corresponding to I. If I isn't a legal cap style, then ''unknown cap style'' is returned. =head1 KEYWORDS butt, cap style, projecting, round


text:
intended to make lattice calculations especially simple. The Matlab condition enables the client to oversee factors, import and fare information, perform estimations, produce plots, and create and oversee records for use with Matlab. The Matlab condition is an intelligent domain:
- Single-line orders can be entered and executed, the outcomes showed and watched, and afterward a moment summon can be executed that cooperates with comes about because of the principal charge that stay in memory. This implies you can type summons at the Matlab incite and find solutions promptly, which is extremely valuable for basic issues.
- Matlab is an executable program, created in an abnormal state dialect, which deciphers client charges.
- Portions of the Matlab program execute in light of the client input, comes about are shown, what's more, the program sits tight for extra client input.
- When an order is entered that doesn't meet the charge governs, a mistake message is shown. The revised order would then be able to be entered.
- Use of this condition doesn't require the accumulate connect/stack execution process depicted above for abnormal state dialects. While this intuitive, line-by-line execution of Matlab orders is advantageous for straightforward computational errands, a procedure of readiness and execution of projects called contents is utilized for more confounded computational assignments:
- A content is rundown of Matlab summons, arranged with a word processor.
- Matlab executes a content by perusing a summon from the content record, executing it, and after that rehashing the procedure on the following order in the content document.
-Errors in the punctuation of an order are recognized when Matlab attempts to execute the summons. A punctuation blunder message is shown and execution of the content is stopped.
- When sentence structure mistakes are experienced, the client must alter the content document to remedy the blunder and afterward coordinate Matlab to execute the content once more.
- The content may execute without language structure blunders, yet deliver inaccurate outcomes when a rationale mistake has been made in composing the content, which likewise requires that the content be altered and execution re-started.
- Script arrangement and investigating is along these lines like the order connect/stack execution process required for in the advancement of projects in an abnormal state dialect.
Role of Simulation in Design:
Electrical power frameworks are mixes of electrical and electromechanical gadgets like engines and generators. Designers working in this teach are always enhancing the execution of the frameworks. Prerequisites for definitely enhanced proficiency have constrained power framework fashioners to utilize control electronic gadgets and sophisticate control framework ideas that duty customary examination apparatuses and systems. Additionally confounding the investigator's part is the way that the framework is frequently so nonlinear that the best way to comprehend it is through recreation. Land based power age from hydroelectric, steam or different gadgets are not by any means the only utilization of energy frameworks. A typical quality of these frameworks is their utilization of energy gadgets and control frameworks to accomplish their execution destinations.
SIMULINK is a product bundle for displaying, mimicking, and breaking down dynamical frameworks. It underpins straight and nonlinear frameworks, displayed in constant time, inspected time, or a half and half of the two. Frameworks can likewise be multi rate, i.e., have distinctive parts that are examined or refreshed at various rates. For modelling, SIMULINK gives a graphical UI (GUI) for building models as piece outlines, utilizing snap and-drag mouse tasks. With this interface, you can draw the models similarly as you would with pencil and paper (or as most reading material dearduinot them). This is a long ways from past simulation bundles that expect you to detail differential conditions and contrast conditions in a dialect or program. SIMULINK incorporates a far reaching piece library of sinks, sources, straight and nonlinear parts, and connectors. You can likewise tweak and make your own particular pieces. Models are progressive, the models are fabricated utilizing both best down and base up approaches the framework can saw at an abnormal state, at that point double tap on squares to go 5 down through the levels to see expanding levels of model detail.
This approach gives understanding into how a model is sorted out and how its parts interface. After a model is characterized, it can reproduce, utilizing a decision of mix strategies, either from the SIMULINK menus or by entering orders in MATLAB's summon window. The menus are especially helpful for intelligent work, while the summon line approach is extremely valuable for running a bunch of reproductions. Utilizing extensions and other show obstructs, the simulation results can see while running.
SimPowerSystems and SimMechanics of the Physical Modelling item family cooperate with Simulink to show electrical, mechanical and control frameworks. SimPowerSystems is an advanced device that enables researchers and designers to quickly and effectively fabricate models that mimic power frameworks. SimPowerSystems utilizes the Simulink condition, permitting building a model utilizing basic snap and drag techniques. Can draw the circuit topology quickly, as well as examination of the circuit can incorporate its connections with mechanical, warm, control, and different orders. This is conceivable in light of the fact that all the electrical parts of the simulation interface with the broad Simulink displaying library. Since Simulink utilizes MATLAB as its computational motor, creators can likewise utilize MATLAB tool compartments and Simulink piece sets. SimPowerSystems and SimMechanics share a unique Physical Modelling piece and association line interface.
The simulation is finished utilizing MOSFET switches and control signals like Pulse Width Modulation.
Simulation of Conventional Three Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
Here in this circuit every h-bridge will create three distinctive yield voltage specifically +Vdc, – Vdc and 0V. Names, for example, goto and from are utilized to give door signs to the MOSFET dries which will at last give a seven level yield voltage which is indicated later. A voltage of 50V dc is connected to every H-bridge setup to get a yield voltage of 150V. The yield is seen utilizing the extension piece which is utilized give the yield of the simulation circuit in matlab. A sine wave of amplitude 3 and recurrence 2*pi*50 go about as the reference flag is utilized to contrast and triangular bearer flag which is created by rehashing grouping piece parameter. The tweak list of the reference flag and comparator flag is 0.8. At the point when the reference flag is more prominent than the comparator flag we get the yield flag which is given to the door segment of the MOSFET's are utilized as switches.
Fig : Conventional Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
Fig: Output Waveform of Conventional Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
The yield waveform is like New Cascaded three Level Multilevel Inverter with minimum number of switches. Here a sine wave of amplitude 3 and recurrence 2*pi*50 is contrasted and triangular transporter signal. Keeping in mind the end goal to give get the triangular transporter signal of 1800 phase shift is acquired by utilizing rehashing sequence.
Fig: THD Analysis of Conventional Cascaded Inverter
The THD of ordinary circuit is 22.10%.
With the assistance of rehashing arrangement obstruct the triangular transporter wave flag has been created which is then contrasted and the sinusoidal reference flag utilizing the social administrator square. Utilizing goto name the entryway flag is sent to the fundamental circuit. The goto name named s4 and s5 are utilized to acquire yield in steps and s1, s2, s3 are utilized to rise the progression esteem. The coherent entryway administrators are utilized to include the gating signal which are the given to go to switches s1, s2, s3 separately. The yield waveform is seen utilizing extension. Degree is another matlab work which used to see the yield waveform when the circuit is reproduced.The yield is acquired in steps up to 150V as a 50V dc is connected to each extraordinary voltage source utilized as a part of the circuit. So the initial step is of 50V second step is of 100V and third step is of 150V as appeared in figure above. Likewise in the negative side we get a sum of 150V. so the voltage in each progression is 50V for initial step, 100V for second step, 150V for the third and last advance in the negative area. The yield waveform is seen utilizing extension. Degree is another matlab work which used to see the yield waveform when the circuit is simulated.
The circuit consists of the following parts:
Control unit / MOSFET gate driver
Arduino micro controller
24384008585201. Sources: The DC power supply (Vdc) may be electrical phenomenon system fuel cell, battery, rectifier circuit.
2. Cascaded Multi-level inverter
Cascaded structure multilevel inverter consists of series of H-bridge (Full inverter units. Every bridge is going to be fed from a separate DC supply which can be obtained from batteries, fuel cells, or star cells.
3. Control unit / MOSFET gate driver
MOSFET: The MOSFET consists of a channel of n-type or semiconductor material (see article on semiconductor devices), Associate in Nursing is consequently known as an NMOSFET or a PMOSFET (also unremarkably n-MOSFET, p-MOSFET, n-MOSFET, p-MOSFET, n-MOSFET, p-MOSFET).The 'metal' within the name (for transistors up to the sixty five micromillimeter technology node) is Associate in Nursing anachronism from early chips during which the gates were metal; They use polysilicon gates. IGFET may be a connected, additional general term which means insulated-gate electronic transistor, and is nearly similar with "MOSFET",


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The Island Private School of Limassol in Cyprus opened for the first 500 students in September 2022, and is now looking for competent, experienced and, above all, passionate Extracurricular Primary Teacher to join the team for the current academic year and continue in 2023-2024.
We are also in the process of planning our new school campus on a beautiful 50,000 m2 site to be completed approximately by end of 2025, that will include kindergartens, elementary and high schools, an international boarding school, and accommodation for teachers. This is a great opportunity to join a growing school on the cusp of a major turning point.
Cyprus regulations require applicants to have a university degree in education recognised by KYSATS and the ability to pass a background check.
- Planning and preparing educational activities: Extracurricular teachers in primary education should be able to design and plan activities that are age-appropriate and engaging for children. They should create lesson plans that align with the curriculum and ensure that they have all the necessary materials and resources to facilitate the activities.
- Lead learning activities: Activities to be based on best practice PYP learning both individually and in groups
- Facilitating learning: Extracurricular teachers should lead activities that promote children's learning and development. They should encourage children to participate and engage in activities and facilitate discussions that encourage critical thinking.
- Supervising children: Extracurricular teachers are responsible for ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the children in their care. They should maintain a safe and secure environment and supervise children to ensure that they are following the rules and behaving appropriately.
- Communicating with parents: Extracurricular teachers should regularly communicate with parents and keep them informed about their child's progress. They should be available to answer questions and provide feedback to parents about their child's learning and development.
- Creating a positive classroom environment: Extracurricular teachers should create a welcoming and positive classroom environment that promotes learning and engagement. They should foster a sense of community among the children and create a space that is conducive to learning.
- Continuing professional development: Extracurricular teachers should continuously seek to improve their teaching practice by engaging in professional development activities. They should attend workshops, training sessions, and other professional development opportunities to keep their skills and knowledge up-to-date.
- Learn and develop PYP childhood learning and teaching strategies and approaches.
- Participate in collaborative planning and add to PYP planners.
- Support children in personal hygiene and wellbeing routines.
- Maintain confidentiality about children's learning, development and care at all times.
- Monitor and ensure that students follow established routines and procedures.
- Collaborate with other team teachers (class and co-teachers) to ensure a seamless transition between activities and programs.
- Attend staff meetings, professional development sessions, and training as required.
- Follow all relevant policies and procedures regarding safety, child protection, and health and safety.
- Bachelor's degree in Education, Pedagogical is a must. Additional degrees would be considered an advantage.
- Professional Educator Diploma or other teacher qualification if available (e.g. QTS, PGCE).
- Has fluent English level C1.
- Familiar with technology use in teaching and learning.
- Is compassionate and attentive to students; knows how children learn and can support their learning.
- Remember how to be curious and awed by the world around.
- Can create and improvise and has a desire to co-create a child-centred curriculum and bring it to life.
- Has a mild allergy to sitting at the desk and strictly following the prescribed curriculum.
- A unique opportunity for a career in a fast-growing polysystemic school
- Competitive remuneration package based on qualifications and experience
- Modern & Professional Work Environment
- Optional participation in the Company's Group Medical Scheme
- Opportunities to learn and develop yourself
Position Working Days/hours:
Monday to Friday, 10-18 or 14-18
Applications must include a brief statement (no longer than a page) describing the key features of your philosophy of education and approach to working with young people. Please indicate clearly in your application how your experience and expertise might align with the expectations we have highlighted.
Safeguarding: At The Island Private School of Limassol, we follow safer recruitment practices and we are committed to the Safeguarding of our students. As such this post is subject to reference and police checks.
GDPR: Applicants should note that based on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), all applications/CVs are kept in our database based on the consent period each candidate applied for. In case you have forwarded us your CV in the past and you are interested in this position, please apply again


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History | Buffalo | Latino Communities
Mexicans continued to arrive in Buffalo in small numbers throughout the early part of the 20th century, and they formed the Junta Patriótica Mexicana to socialize and share their ethnic heritage. In 1947, they formally organized the Central Social Club Mexicano in Lackawanna. The club sponsored social events and celebrated Mexican national holidays. With the construction of its own building, it became a busy center for the community. Women club members also had their own group, the Club Latino Norteamericano de Mujeres.
During the World War II manpower shortage, Mexicans continued to arrive in the area to fill jobs left vacant by men leaving for the service. They worked as braceros to maintain the railroad lines; filled jobs in the steel plant, factories and mills; and also worked as migrant farm labor. Unfortunately, when servicemen came back from the war, many Mexicans lost their jobs. Those who had been brought to Buffalo as migrant labor went back to Mexico, while other Mexicans who had immigrated to Buffalo located to other areas to find work. By 1950, the Mexican community of the greater Buffalo metropolitan area consisted of a population of 203 residents. The economic decline that followed the closing of mills in succeeding years forced many of those residents to migrate to Chicago and other major urban areas. The result was that the Centro Social Club Mexicano became inactive.
Ethnic heritage: Culture and traditions of race or social group.
Braceros: Meaning "strong arm," Mexican migrant labor
brought to the U.S. in order to fill a labor need.
Greater Buffalo metropolitan area: The geographic area and towns surrounding the City of Buffalo.


How to create conditional thankyou page redirect logic?
Question: How to create conditional thankyou page redirect logic?
 In the custom type of form, we have a feature to change thankyou page redirect depending on 'IF' State conditions. Follow the steps for guidance –
 Step 1. Log in to your Shopify store and navigate to Apps > Form Builder.
 Step 2. Create or edit a custom form.
 Step 3. Navigate to Form Settings -> Conditions -> Conditional Redirect
 Step 4. Click on the "Add New Rule" button to create a new rule for conditional redirects.
 You can create a rule for the following conditions
 - First Name
 - Last Name
 - Email
 And apply the following check
 - Equals To
 - Greater Than
 - Less Than
 - Has Value
 Step 5. After creating a rule, click on the "Save" button to save the settings.
 If you want to redirect all customers whose first name is John to a different thank you page. So you can create a rule as follows
 If First Name Is Equals To Value John Then Redirect URL https://yourstore/thankyoupage-for-john
 Did this article answer your question?


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To close a gender pay gap you have to do three things:
- Measure where you are today.
- Specify where you want to be in the future.
- Identify the most effective way of getting there.
All 3 steps require the use of statistical thinking and statistical methods. Of course, other skills and processes are also needed but they cannot succeed on their own without the help of statistics.
The aim of the course is to provide an introduction to HR data analytics. It will help participants interpret gender pay gap data and identify how to close a gap using statistical thinking and the basic functions of Microsoft Excel.
This course is tailored to HR & other professionals with little or no statistical skills and will teach the basics required to get started.
Who should attend this course?
Anyone who has to produce, present and report on gender pay gap data and develop and track actions to close pay gaps. It does not matter which department you work in, if you are any way involved in your organisations gender pay gap reporting process and are struggling with how to calculate the figures in the first place and/or to understand what they mean for your organisation, then this is the course for you.
What you will learn?
The course begins with the calculation of the mandatory statistics that you have to submit in your statutory gender pay gap report and we will explore what they do and do not tell you i.e.
- Mean and median gender pay gap & bonus gap
- The four income quartiles and the gender breakdown within each
The course then introduces you to additional ways to make your figures more meaningful and easier to interpret. These methods can also be used to identify the most effective way to close a gender pay gap once you have specified where you want to be. Specifically:
- How to plot your results in a variety of chart formats.
- How to interpret your results especially your income quartile data.
- How to prepare and interpret a year on year comparison.
- How to identify where more in-depth analysis may be worthwhile.
Having worked out where your organisation is today and why you have a gender pay gap, the course will then help you to figure out what "success" looks like for your organisation in the future, including:
- How to work out what no gender pay gap would look like in your organisation.
- How to identify if that goal is achievable in the next few years by analysing the pay gaps of other employers.
- Using the above two steps to specify what your goal looks like in terms of the mandatory statistics and any additional statistics.
Finally, using the tools we covered earlier for understanding our pay gaps in more depth, we can work out the most effective way to achieve our goals, specifically:
- How to identify the key drivers of your pay gaps
- How to separate the internal drivers from external drivers
- How to work out which statistics will need to be tracked over time and thus should be included in your action plan.
The course will have ample opportunities for you to practice the calculations in Microsoft Excel and will introduce you to a spreadsheet template which you can use for your own data both during and after the course.
Booking a course.
To book a training course, call 01225 489033 or email _EMAIL_.
On occasion, we will run 1 or more of our standard courses as a public course available to all. These take place throughout the year in the beautiful city of Bath. Discounts are available for people booking more than 1 day. See our list of scheduled training courses available to book online now.


Beware of Condominium Hurdles for Mortgages
Beware of Condominium Hurdles for Mortgages
Beware of Condominium Hurdles for Mortgages
A condominium is a specific property type and the term can have a different meaning in different regions of the country. In Tucson, we see the term applied to a building with:
 - Multiple-units
 - Each unit is individually owned
 - Each owner receives a recordable deed to the unit purchased, including the right to sell, mortgage, etc.,
 - Owner of the unit has joint ownership of any common grounds, passageways, etc.
Since the term: "Condo" is generally understood to mean something like an apartment, we often see the title of a property project mislabeled. The only way we know for sure if a home is a condo or not is by reviewing the legal description as recorded with the county. That gives us the surest way of knowing if something is truly a condo, townhome or single family house.
The distinction is important for lending purposes. There are more hurdles to clear if a home is a condo. As with all loans, a mortgage lender will evaluate the borrower's credit and financial status.The lender will also need to determine the value of the home is sufficient collateral for the loan. Additionally, on a condo, the lender must evaluate the financial strength of the condo's homeowner's association (HOA). Since much of the value is tied to the physical structure, which is maintained by the HOA for a condo, the lender needs to know there is sufficient resources for the upkeep. It is possible a borrower to have excellent credit and financial portfolio and not be able to obtain a mortgage because the HOA is unable to provide enough information to satisfy the lending guidelines
The type of loan and the purpose of buyers purchase will impact how much information is required to be verified.
 - FHA and VA will only lend on previously approved projects
 - There are only a small number of condos in Tucson approved or FHA or VA
 - Conventional loans have more flexibility and allow for lenders to review the HOA if it hasn't already been approved.
If using a conventional loan, the lender is required to complete a full or limited review on the property – A limited review has a much higher success rate – The determining factors of which review is needed are:
 - Whether the home is used as a primary, secondary or investment home
 - How much of down payment is being made.
 - is the complex new or existing.
Financing on a condominium happens all the time and isn't something to keep you from considering them as your next home purchase. Make sure to have a clear conversation with your lender and know the best path to approval. If a full review is needed, it would be better to get it done early in the process.
Contact us for additional information or any questions about the process.


Vul. Bankivska, 6 – former "Ose Tov" community Beit Midrash
ID: 1647
The Beit midrash of the Ose Tov/Asej Tow community was constructed according to the designs of Wilhelm Schmidt, it stood next to the synagogue of the same community. It was a three-story building with a three-window facade, an example of Biedermeier style. Both buildings were destroyed by a bomb in 1939 at the very beginning of WW2.
In the mid-1840s the Jewish community Ose Tov (pol. Asej Tow, eng. Do Good) founded a synagogue and a Beit Hamidrash on ul. Sykstuska boczna (Sykstuska side street, now Bankivska). Both buildings stood on the place of previous ones and, in fact, were the first to be located outside the Lviv ghetto. In 1857 the Beit Hamidrash and the synagogue were thoroughly rebuilt under a project designed by Wilhelm Schmidt, an architect who was the author of a lot of Lviv buildings: schools, public buildings, including the Peoples' House on Teatralna street 22. Judging by its architectural peculiarities, the Beit Hamidrash was a building in the Biedermeier style.
Naturally, the building was repeatedly repaired during its existence, but there is no information on some major changes. In 1939, at the very beginning of the Second World War, the building was destroyed by a bomb.
Related Stories
The Beit Hamidrash of the Ose Tov community was located in the block's row housing and adjoined the synagogue's north wall. The three-storied brick building stood on stone foundations and was plastered; it was based on a rectangular plan. The three-tiered and three-axis façade of the Beit Hamidrash was designed by William Schmidt in his characteristic style.
The ground floor rusticated walls, semicircular window tops with archivolts and a cornice on consoles, borrowed from traditional architecture, were reminiscent of the romantic trend in architecture and of the Biedermeier. The façade was crowned with a profiled stringcourse supported by long wooden consoles. The windows on the second and third tiers were decorated with archivolts. The ground floor, emphasized by a profiled belt course, was notable for its rusticated wall. Window fillings had a Neoclassicist nature; the third tier windows were decorated with the shields of David; the second tier windows were notable for plastrons. The prayer hall was apparently located on the ground floor. The Aron haKodesh was situated at its east wall.
Wilhelm Schmidt — architect who designed the building
 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (CDIAL) 701/3/277.
 2. Долинська М., Львів: простір і мешканці (Львів, 2005).
 3. Бойко О., Синагоги Львова (Львів: Класика, 2008).
By Oksana Boyko


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Lesson 156: The Advanced Haengma 2
You may feel somewhat nervous about learning haengmas if you think you have to memorize them. However, you don't need to memorize all of them one by one. Like when learning joseki, learning about haengma will help you develop the sense to recognize the correct position of stones. In addition, perhaps you've already experienced many haengmas when you went through the difficult process of memorizing josekis. Let's see how many you can recall.
The sequence from 1 to 6 is taken from a two-space high pincer joseki. When Black covers the white stone in the corner with a knight's move at 3, White pushes up with 4 and cuts with 6. The question is Black's next move.
Because the two △-marked stones are bigger than the x-marked one, it's reasonable to do something on the lower side. However, to give an atari with 1 and push with 3 is an immature play. It doesn't become a threat to the o-marked white stone, but just helps White to develop the left side. To play A instead of pushing with 3, letting White to extend with B, isn't any good after Black makes the naive atari with 1.
The haengma in this situation is the attachment of Black 1. The sequence up to 5, White getting the left side including the △-marked black stone, while Black has an influence on the lower side, is a joseki.
If White extends on the lower side with 2 instead of on the left side as in Diag.3, Black 3, giving atari from the farther side, is another haengma. After forcing White to answer up to 8, Black can build a better influence on the lower side up to 11.
This is another situation taken from a two-space high pincer joseki. Instead of jumping out from the lower side, Black chooses to squeeze the white stone in the corner with 1. Well, after White 6, what should Black do? Please remind yourself of what you just learned.
If you guessed the attachment of Black 1 here, you are my best student! Obviously to give an atari with A is out of the question for the same reason why Black's atari in Diag.2 is bad. After Black 1, White extends with 2, and Black can go out toward the center and separate White into two groups as well.
If White doesn't allow Black to advance to the center but blocks with 2 and 4, Black will make a base with 5, forcing White to protect a cutting point with 6 and then go to the left side with 7.
This is a situation taken from a three-space pincer joseki. White 4 and 6 make two weaknesses at A and B, and Black's job is to defend both of them at the same time. To play either of the two cutting points is unsatisfactory for Black, as it leaves the other one vulnerable.
As you've learned, to attach with 1 is the answer again. If White cuts at 2, Black will develop the lower sides with 3 and 5, letting White do the same thing with 4.
If White extends with 2 in order not to give the lower side to Black, Black can connect at 3, since the cutting point at A is protected by the 1-2 exchange.
The writer is a baduk professor at Myongji University and a professional player of the game.


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The Social Side of Education Reform
The Social Side of Education is a lens that brings insight into a critical oversight in the public debate on educational reform and its policies: The idea that teaching and learning are not solo accomplishments but social endeavors that are achieved in the context of the school organization, through trusting relationships and teamwork, rather than competition and a focus on individual prowess, and by understanding and treating the school district as a complex, interdependent system, rather than a collection of schools. This approach is anchored by a solid evidentiary base, and offers strategies that can guide policymaking and educational interventions.
- Shifts the focus from the individual attributes of stakeholders (e.g., teachers, principals, students), to the supports and constraints afforded by the larger school organization and the broader social context in which individuals operate.
- Highlights the importance of interdependencies (formal and informal) at all levels of the system – e.g., among teachers within a school, leaders across a district etc.
- Recognizes that crucial resources (e.g., information, advice, support) are exchanged through relationships within and across the overlapping networks of schools and districts. Monitoring and strengthening this infrastructure is crucial for educational improvement.
- How to Create a More Collaborative Workplace for Teachers is a 1-hour webinar developed by Public Agenda and the Shanker Institute to explore how educators can foster teacher collaboration.
- Teaching In Context is an edited volume that will be published by Harvard Education Press in April 2017. The book is edited by Esther Quintero and has a foreword by Andy Hargreaves.
- Teaching In Context book reception at the American Educational Research Association annual meeting in New York City. April 16th 2018 at 6:30 p.m. Details and registration.
The Institute conceptualized and organized a session delving into this topic at the 2015 Teaching & Learning Conference. Check out the video and materials here. A second, related convening took place at the AFT TEACH conference in July 2015. Check out the video and materials here.
The Institute sponsored a one day conference focusing on these themes that took place on April 8, 2016, coinciding the annual AERA meeting, in Washington, D.C. To learn more about the conference and access videos and other materials, click here.
In April 2017, the Institute is convened a two-day seminar to explore whether and how social and interpersonal aspects of teachers' workplaces influence their development. This convening was supported by the Specer Foundation.
- Explore the Institute's blog series on this theme here.
- Download this new ASI publication featuring six of the most important blog posts from our research series pointing to the centrality of the social dimension in educational improvement.
- Download this ASI paper by Nathan Jones and colleagues exploring one avenue for reconciling collaborative school reform and teacher evaluation reform.
- Two essential reads: How to Best Add Value - Strike a Balance Between the Individual and the Organization by Susan Moore Johnson and The Missing Link in School Reform by Carrie R. Leana.


text:
Muscles stretch and contract when we walk, and skin splits open and knits back together when we get a paper cut. To study these contractile forces, researchers built a three-dimensional scaffold that mimics tissue in an organism. First, they poured a mixture of cells and elastic collagen over microscopic posts in a dish. Then they studied how the cells pulled and released the posts as they formed a web of tissue. To measure forces between posts, the researchers developed a computer model. Their findings—which show that contractile forces vary throughout the tissue—could have a wide range of medical applications. Courtesy of Christopher Chen, University of Pennsylvania.
Featured in the October 21, 2009, issue of Biomedical Beat.
Learn more in the extended caption published on LiveScience.


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Visceral Mobilization is a manual therapy technique that gently moves the connective tissue surrounding internal organs, thereby increasing the movement available to the tissues.
How can it help me?
Just as movement of the musculoskeletal system is imperative for optimal joint health, free movement of organs within the trunk is critical for internal organ function. Restrictions within and between organs have a significant influence on joint and muscle movement.
For example, restricted movement of the bladder due to scarring of the surrounding fascia almost always results in restrictions at the base of the spine, the tail bone, and the feet. Conversely, problems at the second and third lumbar vertebrae often cause incontinence. Addressing bladder restrictions as well as spinal restrictions may be necessary to fully resolve a lower back or bladder problem.
The Problem with Scars
Scars and adhesions (internal scars) following an abdominal surgery or other trauma can be at the root of chronic spinal pain and other joint problems. As a scar becomes less mobile, it decreases the motion of an organ, which in turn can create an abnormal pull on joints and surrounding soft tissues. Gradual worsening of an orthopedic condition a year or two after surgery or trauma may be caused by abdominal adhesions. Once you've had visceral mobilization, you will regain fascial mobility and experience relief you never thought possible.
Looking at the whole person when treating an orthopedic problem is critical for full recovery. If the visceral system is a piece of the puzzle, you will get the help you need at ALTA. Many of our therapists have extensive knowledge and skill treating mechanics of the organs. You'll be amazed at the results.
Problems Helped by Visceral Mobilization:
- Abdominal pain
- Abdominal spasms
- Urinary incontinence
- Neck pain
- Lower back pain
- Acid reflux
- Upper back pain
- Rib cage restrictions


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RAID and IOPS and IO Observations
There are at least two different meanings for IOPs
There are at least two different meanings for IOPs, which for those not familiar with the information technology (IT) and data storage meaning is Input/output Operations Per second (e.g. data movement activity). Another meaning for IOP that is the international organization for a participatory society (, and their fundraising activity found here.
I recently came across a piece (here and here) talking about RAID and IOPs that had some interesting points; however, some generalizations could use some more comments. One of the interesting comments and assertions is that RAID writes increase with the number of drives in the parity scheme. Granted the specific implementation and configuration could result in an it depends type response.
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Here are some more perspectives to the piece (here and here) as the sites comments seem to be restricted.
Keep in mind that such as with RAID 5 (or 6) performance, your IO size will have a bearing on if you are doing those extra back-end IOs. For example if you are writing a 32KB item that is accomplished by a single front-end IO from an applications server, and your storage system, appliance, adapter, software implementing and performing the RAID (or erasure coding for that matter) has a chunk size of say 8KB (e.g. the amount of data written to each back-end drive). Then a 5 drive R5 (e.g. 4+1) would in fact have five back-end IOPS (32KB / 8KB = 4 + 1 (8KB Parity)).
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Otoh of the front end IOP were only 16KB (using whole numbers for simplicity, otherwise round-up), in the case of a write, there would be three back-end writes with the R5 (e.g. 2 + 1). Keep in mind the controller/software managing the RAID would (or should) try to schedule back-end IO with cache, read-head, write-behind, write-back, other forms of optimization etc.
In the piece (here and here), a good point is the understanding and factoring in IOPS is important, as is also latency or response time in addition to bandwidth or throughput, along with availability, they are all inter-related.
Also very important is to keep in mind the size of the IOP, read and write, random, sequential etc.
RAID along with erasure coding is a balancing act between performance, availability, space capacity and economics aligned to different application needs.
RAID 0 (R0) actually has a big impact on performance, no penalty on writes; however, it has no availability protection benefit and in fact can be a single point of failure (e.g. loss of a HDD or SSD) impacts the entire R0 group. However, for static items, or items that are being journaled and protected on some other medium/RAID/protection scheme, R0 is used more than people realize for scratch/buffer/transient/read cache types of applications. Keep in mind that it is a balance of all performance and capacity with the exposure of no availability as opposed to other approaches. Thus, do not be scared of R0, however also do not get burned or hurt with it either, treat it with respect and can be effective for something's.
Also mentioned in the piece was that SSD based servers will perform vastly better than SATA or SAS based ones. I am assuming that the authors meant to say better than SAS or SATA DAS based HDDs?
StorageIO industry trends cloud, virtualization and big data
Keep in mind that unless you are using a PCIe nand flash SSD card as a target or cache or RAID card, most SSD drives today are either SAS or SATA (being the more common) along with moving from 3Gb SAS or SATA to 6Gb SAS & SATA.
Also while HDD and SSDs can do a given number of reads or writes per second, those will vary based on the size of the IO, read, write, random, sequential. However what can have the biggest impact and where I have seen too many people or environments get into a performance jam is when assuming that those IOP numbers per HDD or SSD are a given. For example assuming that 100-140, IOPs (regardless of size, type, etc.) can be achieved as a limiting factor is the type of interface and controller/adapter being used.
I have seen fast HDDs and SSDs deliver sub-par performance or not meeting expectations fast interfaces such as iSCSI/SAS/SATA/FC/FCoE/IBA or other interfaces due to bottlenecks in the adapter card, storage system / appliance / controller / software. In some cases you may see more effective IOPs or reads, writes or both, while on other implementations you may see lower than expected due to internal implementation bottlenecks or architectural designs. Hint, watch out for solutions where the vendor tries to blame poor performance on the access network (e.g. SAS, iSCSI, FC, etc.) particular if you know that those are not bottlenecks.
Here are some related content:
Are Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) getting too big?
EMC VFCache re spinning SSD and intelligent caching
SSD and Green IT moving beyond green washing
Optimize Data Storage for Performance and Capacity Efficiency
Is SSD dead? No, however some vendors might be
RAID Relevance Revisited
Industry Trends and Perspectives: RAID Rebuild Rates
More storage and IO metrics that matter
IBM buys flash solid state device (SSD) industry veteran TMS
In terms of fund-raising, if you feel so compelled, send a gift, donation, sponsorship, project, buy some books, piece of work, assignment, research project, speaking, keynote, web cast, video or seminar event my way and just like professional fund-raisers, or IOPS vendors, StorageIO accept visa, Master Card, American express, Pay Pal, check and traditional POs.
As for this site and comments, outside of those caught in the spam trap, courteous perspectives and discussions are welcome.
Ok, nuff said.
Cheers Gs
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text:
By far the more common word and the one you should use if you are in doubt is "systematic." It refers to things that are arranged or dealt with according to some system or organized method. "Gerry systematically sorts his socks into piles: those that are still wearable and those that are too smelly."
Often "systematic" and "systematically" are used metaphorically to imply that something is done so consistently that it almost seems there must be a system behind it: "Tom systematically leaves the toilet seat up." If you need a synonym for "consistent," the word you need is "systematic."
"Systemic" is a much rarer scientific and technical term referring to parts of a body or system. It is frequently used in medicine and biology. A systemic disease affects many parts of the body. A systemic herbicide may be sprayed on the leaves of a weed, but it spreads down to its roots to kill the whole plant. A systemic problem in banking affects many parts of the banking system.
If you're talking about how something is done according to a system, the word you want is "systematic."
If you're talking about something happening to or inside of a system, the word you want is "systemic."
BUY THE BOOK!


text:
In this episode we examine what happens to the mind when it loses the perspective of the Right Hemisphere (RH) and is forced to rely on the Left Hemisphere's (LH) interpretation of the world. We will use the example of the well-known case reported by Oliver Sacks of the man who mistook his wife for his hat.
We are exploring the hemisphere hypothesis that states that the two hemispheres of our brain have two dramatically different ways of relating to the world and that our minds get muddled when the perspective of one hemisphere (usually the LH ) dominates and suppresses the other (usually the RH). We can learn to recognize the symptoms of LH dominance by studying the lives of people with dysfunctional RHs, such as Dr. P who, among other things, lost his ability to recognize faces.
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text:
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
Studies of electron exchange collisions and polarized electron production in a flowing helium afterglow
A flowing helium afterglow apparatus has been used to study thermal-energy electron exchange collisions between spin-polarized electrons and O$\sb2$ or NO molecules. Penning ionization of CO$\sb2$ by spin-polarized...
Energy dependent electron polarization studies of penning ionization channels
Penning ionization reactions have been studied in a flowing afterglow apparatus to explore the contributions of autoionizing channels in reactions of spin-polarized He(23S) with alkali atoms. Spin polarization analysis of...


text:
Drone Motor Magnets
Drone is an unmanned air vehicle which steered by radio equipment or pre-installed control program. Drone Motor Magnets – The world's first drone was born in the 1920s in order to fulfil the need of war. With the advancement of technology, the performance of drone continued to be improved and widely used in military and civilian use. The military drone can be served to intelligence gathering, electronic countermeasures and surveillance, thus civilian drone can be used to urban surveying, pesticide spraying and power line inspection. The drone can be classified into fixed wing drone, unmanned helicopter and multi-rotor drone according to their structure. As the mainstream platform of the military drones and most of civilian drones, the greatest feature of fixed wing drone is relatively faster flying speed. Unmanned helicopter is regarded as the most flexible drone platform due to the characteristics of vertical take-off and hover. The multi-rotor drone is the preferred platform for the consumer use because of low cost and easy operation. Its flexibility is between the fixed wing drone and unmanned helicopter. MPCO MAGNETICS has collected some experience in drone motor magnet and relevant magnetic assembly for multi-rotor drone.
Drone Motor Introduction
Understanding the specifications of drone motors and how they work is important for any hobbyist. There may come a time when you will want to replace a burned-out motor, upgrade your existing drone motors, or even build a drone. This article serves to help you understand the basics of drone motors so you can pick the best drone motor that meets your requirements and budget.
If you google drone motors, you will come across many articles on this topic. However, I find that most of these simply gloss over the explanation, and only provide a surface level explanation. Hopefully, you will find this article much more informative.
Rotor wing's speed can be changed by adjusting the speed of each motor, thus achieved changes in lift force and therefore control the flight attitude and position. The current multi-rotor drones are basically utilizes the brushless DC (BLDC) motors. The BLDC motor is composed of the permanent magnet rotor, stator with multipole windings and position sensor, then achieve electronic commuting by replacing traditional contact commutator by semiconductor switching.
The Starting Point – Drone Weight and Frame Size
There are two parameters that determine the drone motor size for your quadcopter:
1. Your quadcopter total weight
2. Your quadcopter frame size
If you are building your drone, you may not know the final weight. However, you can determine the final weight by considering the weight of all of the individual components.
The frame size will let you determine the proper propeller size to use.
Once you know the propeller size and the weight of the drone, you can determine how much thrust the individual drone motor needs to generate to get your quadcopter into the air.
Drone Motor Thrust to Weight Ratio
The thrust to weight ratio TWR = T / W is the main dynamic characteristic that will determine your drone flight profile. To maintain steady flight, your TWR needs to be equal to one (see Figure 1). However, to take off you will need TWR > 1 so you have a net acceleration upwards. When flying, the angle of attack of the drone (ie the tilt angle alpha in Figure 2) causes the thrust vector to have vertical and horizontal components. This requires the TWR to be at least 1.3 for an approximate maximum angle of attack of 40 degrees.
A general rule of thumb is that the drone motors should be able to provide twice as much thrust as the weight of the drone. If the thrust provided by the motors is too little, you will experience poor flight performance. If you have 4 motors, and want to achieve a TWR of 2, then each motor needs to produce thrust that is equal to half of the drone weight.
Drone Motor Summary
In this article, we discussed the various specifications of drone motors, and some of the things you need to know when sizing a drone motor for your quadcopter. Hopefully this has helped you gain a better understanding of drone propulsion systems, and the ability to calculate flight times based on the battery size, and the amount of thrust needed to fly your drone.
Progress in Drone Motor Magnet
Drone motor magnet has the certain progress recently. Aichi Steel utilizes their advanced and creative injection molding process to realize 30% weight reduction compared to the conventional motor design. Thus support increased carrying capacity and flight time. Some users also adopt radially oriented ring magnet to instead arc shape magnets base on many advantages they claimed.


Shlomi Fish > Inline-Ruby-0.04 > Inline::Ruby
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Module Version: 0.04 Source Latest Release: Inline-Ruby-0.05
 use Inline Ruby;
 def add(a, b)
 a + b
 def subtract(a, b)
 a - b
The Inline::Ruby module allows you to put Ruby source code directly "inline" in a Perl script or module. It sets up an in-process Ruby interpreter, runs your code, and then examines Ruby's symbol table, looking for things to bind to Perl.
The process of interrogating the Ruby interpreter only occurs the first time you run your Ruby code. The namespace is cached, and subsequent calls use the cached version. Of course, your Ruby code must still be run every time your run the Perl script -- but Inline::Ruby already knows the results of running it.
Using the Inline::Ruby Module ^
Using Inline::Ruby will seem very similar to using any other Inline language, thanks to Inline's consistent look and feel.
This section will explain the different ways to use Inline::Ruby. For more details on Inline, see 'perldoc Inline'.
Importing Functions
Using functions defined in Ruby is just like using Perl subs. You just supply the source code to Inline::Ruby, and then use them.
 use Inline Ruby => <<'END';
 def doit
Importing Classes
If you're written a library in Ruby, it's probably object-oriented. Binding Ruby classes to Perl is as easy as telling Ruby to import the class library.
 use Inline Ruby;
 my $obj = SomeClass->new;
 # Pretend SomeClass is defined in an external library
 require 'SomeClass'
Ruby Configuration Options ^
Normally, Inline::Ruby binds classes, modules, and functions into Perl. That can be really big namespace polluter, so you can tell Inline::Ruby to ignore functions, for example:
 use Inline Ruby => DATA => BIND_TYPES => [undef, qw(classes modules)];
When Inline::Ruby binds a Ruby class, module, or function into a Perl package, it also binds a function named iter to the package. iter is used to set up an iterator block when calling Ruby methods.
It's conceivable that the word iter will conflict with an actual function in the class -- if that happens, you can override the name of the iter function using this configuration option.
 use Inline Ruby => DATA => ITER =>'my_iter';
Like several other Inline languages, Inline::Ruby allows you to preprocess your Inline::Ruby code with a custom filter:
 use Inline Ruby => DATA => FILTER => \&my_filter;
Inline::Ruby Features ^
There are several cool topics worth mentioning specially:
 1. Perl Subs as Iterator Blocks
 2. Perl Subs as Proc Objects
 3. Exceptions
The following few sections describe each topic and give examples.
Perl Subs as Iterator Blocks
Ruby has very primitive looping support -- all the libraries and builtins use iterators, which provide the same functionality with more power.
Here's an example of iterating over the elements of an Array in Ruby:
 array = [1, 2, 3]
 array.each { |x|
 print "array.each printing array element: #{x}\n"
Here's an example writing a function which calls an iterator:
 def call_iter
 yield "hello, iterator!"
Ruby's yield keyword invokes the block passed the the function. There can only be one block passed to each function. A function can invoke the block several times, though. Like Perl's anonymous subroutines, Ruby's blocks are closures: they remember the context in which they were defined, so they have access to local variables defined at that point.
Inline::Ruby allows you to pass a Perl subroutine reference as an iterator block. That means whenever yield is called, the Perl subroutine will be called with the arguments to yield.
Here's an example:
 use Inline Ruby;
 sub block { print "Ruby says: _USER_\n" }
 def no_iter
 print "no block\n"
 def call_iter
 yield "hello, block!"
As you can see, calling a global function with an iterator is slightly more complicated than just calling a regular function. Why not just pass the subroutine in the parameter list? Because that would actually pass it as a Proc object, which is also supported in Ruby (see "Perl Subs as Proc Objects").
That was functions. What about methods?
 use Inline Ruby;
 $obj = Iterator->new(1, "2", [3, 4], {5 => 6});
 sub iter {
 use Data::Dumper;
 print Dumper \_USER_;
 class Iterator
 def initialize(*elements)
 _USER_ = elements
 def each
 for i in _USER_
 yield i
That example showed an instance method being called. Class methods are very similar -- you just call the method on the class, not an instance of it:
There are six combinations of iterators and function types, all supported by Inline::Ruby:
Ruby also allows you to prototype a function definition to pass the block in as an argument:
 def function(arg1, arg2, arg3, &b), arg2, arg3)
 function(1, 2, 3) { |x| print "hello #{x}\n" }
Passing a Perl Block to such a function is just like passing a Perl Block to any other function:
 iter(\&my_block)->function($arg1, $arg2, $arg3);
Ruby also allows you to pass "real" compiled blocks around. The next section talks about that.
Perl Subs as Proc Objects
Like Perl, Ruby allows variables to contain subroutine references. They're called Procs in Ruby, and they're very similar to compiled blocks. You created them by calling { }, which returns an object with a call method. A Proc is not allowed to call yield.
Perl subroutines are very similar to Ruby's Proc: they can't call yield (Perl doesn't have it) and they are closures (which makes them suitable for calling from Ruby).
If you pass a code ref as a parameter to a Ruby function or method, it will be converted to a Proc object, callable from Ruby:
 use Inline Ruby;
 def ine(beckand)"I'm at your")
Inline::Ruby ships with this sample script:
 use Inline Ruby =>'require "tk"';
 # Create a button widget that prints 'hello', and pack it.
 # Create a button widget that exits the process, and pack it.
 # Run Tk's mainloop
This example pops up a windows with two buttons in it: "hello", and "quit". Clicking "hello" prints "hello\n" to your console, and "quit" does the expected.
Exceptions are an important part of Ruby. Any function can throw an exception at any time. If you don't catch an exception, Ruby will immediately exit the process (even if you're inside Inline::Ruby).
To avoid this rather unpleasant exit, Inline::Ruby always wraps every call to the Ruby interpreter with a rescue block (Ruby's equivalent of Perl's block eval). When an exception occurs, Inline::Ruby creates a wrapper exception object and generates a Perl exception.
 use Inline Ruby;
 print divby0(10);
 def divby0(n)
This throws a ZeroDivisionError in Ruby. Because it wasn't caught in Ruby, it gets caught by Inline::Ruby's internals, which generate a Perl exception. But Perl didn't trap the error either... so the process exits:
 ttul:~/dev/cpan/Inline-Ruby$ perl -Mblib
 Using /home/nwatkiss/dev/cpan/Inline-Ruby/blib
 #
The exception is actually an object, so you can call these methods on it:
 1. type
 What type of Exception was it? Returns the class of the Ruby exception ("ZeroDivisionError" in this case).
 2. message
 Returns the error message thrown by the code ("divided by 0" in this case).
 3. inspect
 Returns this: sprintf("#<%s: %s>", $@->type, $@->message)
 4. backtrace
 Prints the backtrace as far as Ruby is concerned. This does not include any Perl calls that may exists between consecutive entries.
If you "stringify" the exception ("$@"), it returns $@->inspect plus a newline.
Perl Exceptions Inside Callbacks
What happens when a callback dies? This generates a Perl exception which is caught by Inline::Ruby. It throws a new exception to Ruby: PerlException. The description is whatever is contained in "$@". The new Ruby exception might be caught inside the Ruby code, or it might percolate back to Inline::Ruby, where it will be wrapped back into $@ and thrown as a Perl Exception again.
 use Inline Ruby;
 sub callback { die "died!" }
 def func
 yield [1, 2, 3]
This example prints the following:
 #
So the Perl exception was wrapped in a Ruby exception (PerlException), and then re-wrapped into an Inline::Ruby::Exception object, which was printed out when Perl exited.
This exception could have been caught in two places:
 1. Catching Perl Exceptions


text:
Prasad is the reverse of dakshina in Hindu religious and spiritual practices - it is a gift from the guru or god back to the devotee, usually in the form of food. The devotee, having offered his or her gift, is given a sweetmeat or a piece of fruit from a large bowl. This is prasad, and represents the offering of divine grace to the devotee in return for their own gesture of practice and devotion.
On special occasions and large feasts the prasad at a Hindu temple gets a little more fancy - large handfuls of Biryani rice and mouthfuls of sweet yoghurt are common. Prasad is tremendously important in Hinduism, and in the traditions of guru-devotion, and if a devotee is lucky enough to be given a significant piece of prasad, for example a personal item of the guru, it will be treasured as if it was made of solid gold for the rest of that person's life. Often a guru will give his sandals as prasad to the most advanced or favoured of devotees.


text:
Crypt of Civilization
The Crypt of Civilization, a multimillennial time capsule, is a chamber that was sealed behind a stainless steel door in 1940 at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta. The crypt is the "first successful attempt to bury a record of this culture for any future inhabitants or visitors to the planet Earth," according to the Guinness Book of World Records (1990).
Origins of the Crypt
Oglethorpe University president Thornwell Jacobs (_PHONE_), in an article in the November 1936 Scientific American magazine,
Jacobs proposed the distant date of A.D. 8113 for the opening of the crypt. He calculated this date from the first fixed date in history, 4241 B.C., when the Egyptian calendar was established. Exactly 6,177 years had passed between 4241 B.C. and A.D. 1936. Jacobs projected the same period of time forward, arriving at 8113 for the crypt's opening, so that historians and archaeologists of the distant future could obtain a clear picture of the midpoint of history.
The Crypt of Civilization idea fascinated the American public and soon was imitated. The Westinghouse Company, which was planning a promotional event for the 1939 New York World's Fair, began a project to bury a sealed seven-foot-long torpedo-shaped vessel made of alloyed metal, which was not to be opened for 5,000 years. George Pendray of Westinghouse called the project a time capsule, and the English language gained a new term almost overnight.
Construction and Preparation of the Crypt
The Oglethorpe crypt is half underground, on the lower level of a Gothic granite building,
The National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., provided technical advice for construction of the crypt and the storage of items in it. The bureau recommended that many items be stored in stainless steel receptacles lined with glass and filled with nitrogen to prevent aging. It also approved Jacobs's plan to seal the chamber with a door panel of stainless steel.
Jacobs appointed Thomas Kimmwood Peters to supervise construction of the crypt and to serve as its archivist.
In April 1937 Jacobs gave a nationwide radiocast on NBC in New York City, in which he explained the crypt as an "archaeological duty" of his generation.
Filling and Sealing the Crypt
Jacobs envisioned the crypt as comprehensive and aimed for a whole "museum" not only of accumulated formal knowledge from more than 6,000 years but also of 1930s popular culture. Inside the crypt are stainless steel canisters with microfilms of many classic works of literature, including the Bible, the Koran, Homer's Iliad, and Dante's Inferno. Producer David O. Selznik donated an original copy of the script for the movie Gone With the Wind. There are approximately 640,000 pages of microfilm from more than 800 works.
Peters used similar methods to capture and store still photographs and motion pictures.
The inventory of the crypt includes artifacts ranging from the useful (a typewriter, a radio, a cash register, and an adding machine) to the curious (dental floss, plastic toys of Donald Duck and the Lone Ranger, the contents of a woman's purse, and a specially sealed bottle of Budweiser beer). The chamber of the crypt when finished resembled a cell of an Egyptian pyramid, with artifacts on the shelves and the floor.
On May 25, 1940, Jacobs and Peters sealed the crypt in a solemn ceremony. They welded the door shut and fused onto it a plaque with an elaborate message written by Jacobs.
After the atomic bomb was dropped in 1945 the crypt's mission appeared even more unlikely. National media organizations continued to visit the crypt every decade, but by 1970 it had been virtually forgotten. In 1990, on the fiftieth anniversary of the crypt's sealing, the International Time Capsule Society was formed at Oglethorpe University. The society studies the variety of time capsule projects worldwide. The crypt with its stainless steel door regained prominence during the millennium observances from 1999 to 2001 and was featured on national television and was covered by national newspapers.
Paul Stephen Hudson, "The 'Archaeological Duty' of Thornwell Jacobs: The Oglethorpe-Atlanta Crypt of Civilization Time Capsule," Georgia Historical Quarterly 75 (spring 1991).
Thornwell Jacobs, "Today—Tomorrow: Archeology in A.D. 8113," Scientific American, November 1936.
T. K. Peters, The Story of the Crypt of Civilization ([Atlanta]: Oglethorpe University Press, 1940).
Don Troop, "Time Capsules Resurrect a Sometimes Forgettable Past," Chronicle of Higher Education 54, no. 39 (2008).
Paul Stephen Hudson, Georgia Perimeter State College
A project of the Georgia Humanities Council, in partnership with the University of Georgia Press, the University System of Georgia/GALILEO, and the Office of the Governor.