text:
Arrests without Warrant or Judicial Review: Preventive Police Action in Nazi Germany, as of February 28, 1933
Translated from Werner Best, Der Deutsche Polizei (Darmstadt: L.C. Wittich Verlag, 1940), pp. 31-33.
Guidelines for Preventive Police Action against Crime:
In the internal distribution of responsibilities of the police, prevention of "political crimes" is assigned to the Secret State Police [Gestapo]. In other cases the criminal police is responsible for the prevention of crime. The criminal police operates according to guidelines in the prevention of crime according to the following principles:
The tools used in the prevention of crime are systematic police surveillance and police preventive arrest.
Systematic police surveillance can be used against those professional criminals who live or have lived, entirely or in part, from the proceeds of their criminal acts and who have been convicted in court and sentenced at least three times to prison, or to jail terms of at least three months, for crimes from which they hoped to profit.
Further, habitual criminals are eligible if they commit crimes out of some criminal drive or tendency and have been sentenced three times to prison, or to jail terms of at least three months, for the same or similar criminal acts. The last criminal act must have been committed less than five years ago. The time the criminal spent in prison or on the run is not counted. New criminal acts that lead to additional convictions suspend this time limit.
All persons who are released from preventive police arrest must be placed under systematic police surveillance.
Finally, systematic police surveillance is to be ordered despite these regulations if it is necessary for the protection of the national community [Volksgemeinschaft ].
In the application of systematic police surveillance the police can attach conditions such as requiring the subject to stay in or avoid particular places, setting curfews, requiring the subject to report periodically, or forbidding the use of alcohol, or other activities; in fact, restrictions of any kind may be imposed on the subject as part of systematic police surveillance.
Systematic police surveillance lasts as long as is required to fulfill its purpose. At least once every year the police must reexamine whether the surveillance is still required.
Preventive police arrest can be used against the following:
Professional and habitual criminals who violate the conditions imposed on them during the systematic police surveillance of them or who commit additional criminal acts.
Professional criminals who live or have lived, entirely or in part, from the proceeds of their criminal acts and who have been convicted in court and sentenced at least three times to prison, or to jail terms of at least three months, for crimes from which they hoped to profit.
Habitual criminals if they have committed crimes out of some criminal drive or tendency and have been sentenced three times to prison, or to jail terms of at least three months, for the same or similar criminal acts.
Persons who have committed a serious criminal offense and are likely to commit additional crimes and thereby constitute a public danger if they were to be released, or who have indicated a desire or intention of committing a serious criminal act even if the prerequisite of a previous criminal act is not established.
Persons who are not professional or habitual criminals but whose antisocial behavior constitutes a public danger.
Persons who refuse to identify, or falsely identify themselves, if it is concluded that they are trying to hide previous criminal acts or attempting to commit new criminal acts under a new name.
Normally, police preventive arrest is to be used against these persons if it is concluded that the more mild measure of systematic police surveillance will unlikely be successful.


Antimony trifluoride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trifluoride, also known as antimony(III) fluoride or Swart's reagent, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SbF3. It has antimony and fluoride ions in it. The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state.
Properties[change | change source]
Antimony trifluoride is a light gray solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is very corrosive. It has a strong odor.
Preparation[change | change source]
It is made by reacting antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrofluoric acid or by reacting antimony with a little fluorine.
Uses[change | change source]
It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry. A Belgian chemist reacted a chloride with antimony trifluoride and chlorine to make a fluoride from the chloride. It was used to make Freon. It is also used in pottery and dyeing.
Safety[change | change source]
Antimony trifluoride is highly corrosive. It is acidic and can burn the digestive system. It also makes ulcers.
Related pages[change | change source]


text:
Quest® KACE® Desktop Authority® makes it possible for you to proactively configure, manage, secure and support each unique user workspace, quickly and easily, through a single console. Part of the KACE Desktop Authority Management Suite, KACE Desktop Authority provides the following capabilities:
- Minimize the hassle of deploying and securing devices by customizing devices at the first login; configure the firewall and control browser security for physical, virtual and published Windows environments.
- Ensure applications are always available and maintain access to network resources.
- Tailor each user's environment to the identity instantly by configuring drives, printers, folders, shortcuts and Outlook profiles.
Real-time targeting engine: Eliminate the need to choose between one-size-fitsall configurations or leaving computers unmanaged. Desktop Authority tailors settings and configurations by user, computer, network address and dozens of other criteria using its patented Validation Logic targeting engine.
This simplifies initial provisioning and environment setup, enforces user access policies, automates configuration and setting updates. User environment configuration:
Configure access to company resources, manage security settings, configure Microsoft Outlook profiles and Office settings, and customize registry settings.
Windows environment management:
Take control of your Windows environment by deploying software and service packs, controlling power schemes and inactivity settings, and tracking hardware and software.
Device security: Prevent security problems where they're most likely to occur - at the desktop. Set security policies, manage the firewall, lock inactive computers, and manage browser security and privacy settings for machines, applications and data.
Remote user support: Manage more than 40 computer tasks without interrupting the user with the ExpertAssist remote management system while accessing system information, controlling processes, running remote command-line commands and copying files.
- Customize user configurations for drives, printers, shortcuts, Microsoft Office and Outlook signatures without logon scripts.
- Provide users with the ability to customize their computers the way they want while giving IT admins centralized control over key settings.
- Minimize risk by configuring browser security settings.
- Reduce the IT burden of managing users who move from company location to location or who spend part of the time on the road and need support when they're not in the office.
- Easily targets, configures and manages a secure and consistent user environment, no matter where users are or whether they use a physical or virtual desktop - even machines on and off the domain with just internet connectivity
- Customizes user configurations like drives, printers, shortcuts and Office - without logon scripts, PowerShell or WMI filtering
- Enables users to customize their computers the way they want - within the limits you specify and without giving them local admin rights
- Reduces service requests by proactively managing user configurations and administrative privileges

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


In the Bible, the word "persons" is not used in reference to God, nor are the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit called "persons."
When, in early Christian writings and creeds, was the word "persons" (plural) first used in reference to God as part of the developing doctrine of a Trinity of Persons in God?
My hypothesis is that it doesn't occur before Tertullian in the early third century. Tertullian uses the Latin word personae ("persons") in his formulation of a Trinity in God. In the pre-Nicene Greek Fathers, the word to look for would be prosopon in a plural form, applied to God or to the Father, Son/Word, and Spirit/Holy Spirit collectively.
 - Here is a great source, which seems to be unbiased. I refrain from answering myself as I could not do better or would be copying such work. plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html – Marc Apr 7 '15 at 11:49
 - _USER_ Thanks for the link. It's a good overview of the development of the doctrine of a Trinity of Persons in God. Though it doesn't explicitly address the question of when the word "persons" was first applied to God, it seems to generally support the theory that that usage originated with Tertullian. – Lee Woofenden Apr 7 '15 at 20:38
Tertullian: Earliest extant use of term
Tertullian (155 - 240) was, famously, the first Latin writer to use the word "trinity" in his anti-Sabellian treatise Against Praxeas. It also contains the earliest known uses (16 total) of the word "persons" in reference to the Godhead.
Valentinus: Alleged earlier use of term
Marcellus of Ancyra (d. 374) claimed in his own treatise On the Holy Church (paywall) that Valentinus the Gnostic (100 - 160) was the first to propose three persons in the Godhead:
There are significant reasons to doubt Marcellus' assertion:
 1. On the Three Natures has not survived in any manuscripts or fragments, and we have no way of knowing whether Valentinus used the words "hypostases" or "persons" or if one or both was an interpretive flourish by Marcellus.
 2. If it's specifically the word "hypostases" that Marcellus objects to, then it would seem to be an anachronistic reading of On the Three Natures, which was written centuries before the word was first used as a synonym of "persons."
 3. Marcellus wrote this specifically to discredit the orthodoxy of the term "persons" by linking it back to a despised heretic, which lends credence to the "interpretive flourish" hypothesis.
It is also exceedingly unlikely that Tertullian borrowed the terminology from Valentinus, since he himself was a fierce critic of Valentinianism, even dedicating a whole book to it, Against the Valentinians.
We have no surviving writings from anyone prior to Tertullian using the word "persons" in a trinitarian fashion.
Whether Tertullian was or wasn't the very first to use the term cannot be proved. He has a reputation as an innovative theologian, but whether he was innovative in service of defense of orthodoxy or in service of inventing new heresies is a matter left to the reader. Of course, even if the concept was orthodox, that doesn't automatically mean that his use of the word had any precedent. In the absence of other evidence, we have no cause to say that anyone else was the originator of the use of the word.
Your Answer


Case study analysis | Marketing homework help
Read the case study about the Royal Bank of Canada(CASE.pdf).Your focus in this discussion is people and talent analytics.
Answer the following questions(single space one page):
 - What business problem was being addressed in this case? That is, how were managerial and business unit effectiveness tied to firm success or failure?
 - What KPIs were identified for the project? Do these align to the business need?
 - What data was captured and what insights were elicited from this data?
 - How were insights converted to action for the organization?
 - How was the impact measured? Was the project successful?


Histopathologic evaluation of vascular findings in the cochlea in patients with presbycusis
Natsuko Kurata, Patricia A. Schachern, Michael M. Paparella, Sebahattin Cureoglu
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
17 Scopus citations
IMPORTANCE Age-related changes in cochlear vessel wall thickness in human temporal bones have not been described previously. OBJECTIVES To compare thickness of the spiral modiolar artery and strial capillaries and to investigate strial atrophy and vessel loss in temporal bones with and without presbycusis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective case-control study examined the autopsy reports of 1024 patients in the temporal bone collection at the University of Minnesota. Inclusion criteria consisted of being 60 years or older with sensorineural hearing loss and progression of hearing loss with age (presbycusis group). Age-matched controls had no record of hearing loss. All patients underwent pure-tone audiometry. Exclusion criteria included a history of otologic disease, ototoxic drug use, head or acoustic trauma, or systemic disease. Data were collected from October 1, 2013, to October 1, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Vesselwall thickness in the modiolar artery and strial vessels, the strial area, and number of strial vessels were measured under light microscopy. RESULTS Among the 1024 autopsy reports examined, 11 patients (19 temporal bones) with presbycusis (7 men and 4 women; age range, 67-88 years; mean [SD] age, 78 [7] years]) and 15 controls (24 temporal bones) (7 men and 8 women; age range, 67-94 years; mean [SD] age, 79 [8] years) met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, the presbycusis group had significantly increased mean (SD) thickness of vessel walls in the modiolar arteries (6.73 [2.39] vs 5.55 [0.86] m; P =.02) and the strial capillaries in the lower basal (1.57 [0.21] vs 1.39 [0.15] m; P =.005), upper basal (1.62 [0.28] vs 1.40 [0.13] m; P <.001), lower middle (1.68 [0.22] vs 1.39 [0.20] m; P <.001), upper middle (1.74 [0.39] vs 1.40 [0.19] m; P =.01), and apical (1.70 [0.36] vs 1.47 [0.21] m; P =.04) turns of the cochlea. Compared with the control group, the presbycusis group had significant loss of strial area in the lower basal (6614 [1559] vs 8790 [1893] m2; P =.002), upper basal (6387 [2211] vs 9105 [2700] m2; P <.001), lower middle (5140 [1471] vs 7269 [2181] m2; P =.003), upper middle, (5583 [1742] vs 7206 [2258] m2; P =.02), and apical (4286 [1604] vs 6535 [2454] m2; P <.001) turns of the cochlea; in the vessel area in the lower basal turn (74.65 [127.74] vs 124.92 [89.04] m2; P =.01); and in the number of vessels in the lower basal (1.00 [0.78] vs 1.94 [0.93]; P =.008) and lower middle (1.00 [0.78] vs 1.94 [0.93]; P =.04) turns of the cochlea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The histopathologic findings of increased thickness of the vascular walls of the modiolar arteries and stria vascularis, increased strial atrophy, and decreased number of strial vessels may have led to decreased cochlear microcirculation. Deficiency in the circulation and perfusion of the cochlea may be a factor in presbycusis.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)173-178
Number of pages6
JournalJAMA Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Issue number2
StatePublished - Feb 2016
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Histopathologic evaluation of vascular findings in the cochlea in patients with presbycusis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
NASA Grant To Fund Online Professional Development for Climate Change Education
PBS Teacherline, the online preK-12 professional development resource of the Public Broadcasting Service, has announced it has received a NASA Global Climate Change Education (GCCE) Grant to provide professional development courses and teaching resources to encourage the teaching of climate change topics in conjunction with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education.
The rise in awareness of global warming and the myriad of related ecological, biological, and economic issues has led to great consternation, especially among young people. A 2007 survey concluded that among middle school-aged children in the United States, U.K., and Australia climate change is of greater concern than disease, terrorism, or war.
As with just about any topic of concern, education, NASA said, is the key to practical, reasoned approaches and panic avoidance. The $600,000 GCCE Grant is aimed at ensuring that teachers are adequately trained to educate students to the point at which they'll understand the issues and dangers, ask the necessary questions, set realistic priorities, and possibly become either politically or occupationally active in dealing with the ongoing problem.
PBS TeacherLine's program under the grant "uses an innovative approach to provide teacher professional development and create highly useful, sustainable teaching modules that will greatly enhance the skills of science teachers and positively impact student learning," said NASA GCCE Project Manager Sharon Welch. "The program is well aligned with NASA's goals and education mission as these high-quality courses and related modules will broaden middle and high school teachers' knowledge of climate change while also increasing their awareness and use of critical NASA data, tools and resources."
The grant will primarily fund two online professional development courses on the topic for middle and high school teachers. The courses will include:
- Strengthening teachers' knowledge of the science of climate change;
- Enabling teachers to use STEM instructional techniques to investigate climate change with their students; and
- Facilitating the integration of data, models, and other resources from NASA into classroom instruction; data come from current missions such as Terra, Aura, and SORCE, through which NASA is generating information for the study of climate change, including measurements of atmospheric temperatures, sea ice thickness and extent, solar radiation, sea surface height, and aerosol concentrations.
In addition, the grant will fund 10 online self-paced learning modules that will provide instruction on critical, up-to-date knowledge to teachers of climate change, as well as activities that can serve to augment classroom instruction.
Said Melinda George, senior director of PBS TeacherLine, "The Teaching Climate Change program explores arguably the most pervasive and influential issue of our time to ensure teachers and students gain the knowledge and skills needed to be successful in the 21st century and protect Earth for generations to come."
The professional development courses and modules are slated to become available through Teacherline beginning in summer 2012.
Scott Aronowitz is a freelance writer based in Las Vegas. He has covered the technology, advertising, and entertainment sectors for seven years. He can be reached here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This topic includes information on how to receive the required code components for the integration and how to use the Software Developer Kit (SDK).
See Mobile Push how to set up required mobile push components before you start developing.
- iOS version 10.0 or higher.
- Open the Firebase console and log in using your Google account.
- Click Add project and create a new project for the app.
- Click Settings and then Project settings.
- Open the Cloud Messaging tab and note the Legacy server key and sender ID for passing to Optimizely Campaign.
- Click Settings and then Users and permissions.
- In the navigation on the left-hand side, click Service accounts.
- At the top of the navigation, click + CREATE SERVICE ACCOUNT.
- Enter the name of the service account and provide an optional service account ID.
- Select Furnish a new private key and activate the JSON option.
- Click Create and save the generated JSON file. The new service account appears in the overview along with the key ID.
- Log in to FCM with your Google Developer account.
- Download the GoogleService-Info.plist with the iOS onfiguration for FCM.
- Add the following code line to your Podfile:
Updated 3 months ago


nowHere territories, August 4-25, 2011
Original Press Release:
Triangle Arts Association is pleased to present the work of current resident artists, Stephanie Beck, Jonggeon Lee and Caitlin Masley. Works include sculpture and drawing that present three perspectives surrounding the notions of architecture. The artists examine the domestic, public and private spaces that we inhabit– either physically or metaphysically– and our perception of the boundaries they represent and impose.
Beck's intricate low-relief paper sculptures toe the line between the real and the imaginary by evolving organically from stored impressions of spacial memories and idealized landscapes that simultaneously entertain the forces of chaos and order.
Lee's Bridge of Paradise an elegant engraving of a Persian Garden Carpet on reclaimed hardwood flooring from a demolished New England colonial-style home, denies the viewer a concrete understanding of time or place. The fissure created by the metaphoric collision of two very different cultures represented by their iconic architectural symbols challenges the viewer to envision a new context in which such an object could possibly exist.
Masley's site specific sculptural wall drawing is an imposing four dimensional model of the fractured psychogeography in which we all exist concurrently presenting the geopolitical and emotional elements that inform our shared global landscape as presented through mass media.
Combined, these diverse works create a prismatic conversation which measures the tangible by way of the speculative and in turn incites the viewer to contemplate the "here and now" amidst the "nowhere".
Install images:


text:
Metallic Glass Stronger Than Steel
Researchers have created a new kind of damage-tolerant metallic glass that may be tougher than any other known material. The new metallic glass is a microalloy featuring palladium, a metal with a high "bulk-to-shear" stiffness ratio that counteracts the intrinsic brittleness of glassy materials.
"Because of the high bulk-to-shear modulus ratio of palladium-containing material, the energy needed to form shear bands is much lower than the energy required to turn these shear bands into cracks," Ritchie says. "The result is that glass undergoes extensive plasticity in response to stress, allowing it to bend rather than crack."
(Damage-tolerant metallic glass)
This micrograph of a deformed notch in palladium-based metallic glass shows extensive plastic shielding of an initially sharp crack. The inset is a magnified view of a shear offset (arrow) developed during plastic sliding before the crack opened.
"These results mark the first use of a new strategy for metallic glass fabrication and we believe we can use it to make glass that will be even stronger and more tough," says Robert Ritchie, a materials scientist who led the Berkeley contribution to the research.
"Our game now is to try and extend this approach of inducing extensive plasticity prior to fracture to other metallic glasses through changes in composition," Ritchie says. "The addition of the palladium provides our amorphous material with an unusual capacity for extensive plastic shielding ahead of an opening crack. This promotes a fracture toughness comparable to those of the toughest materials known. The rare combination of toughness and strength, or damage tolerance, extends beyond the benchmark ranges established by the toughest and strongest materials known."
Science fiction fans recall the metalloglass buildings in the comic strip version of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. As far as I know, there is no reference to "metalloglass" in Philip Nowlan's 1928 novel Armageddon: 2419, which introduced Buck Rogers to the world.
I also thought of the tower of glass from Robert Silverberg's 1970 eponymous story.
Compare to the glassite seen in Edmond Hamilton (and probably other) stories; it is used as a material for transparent bubble-style helmets for space-suits, and as a building material:
The Terra Hotel stood in a garden at the edge of town, fronting the moonlit immensity of the desert. This glittering glass block, especially built to cater to the tourist trade from Earth, was Earth-conditioned inside...
The place had glassite walls and ceiling, and was designed to give an impression of the navigating bridge of a space-ship.
(From The World with a Thousand Moons by Edmond Hamilton )
Via Lab Spaces; thanks to Winchell Chung for the tip and the reference for this story.
Scroll down for more stories in the same category. (Story submitted 1/12/2011)
Follow this kind of news _USER_.
| Email | RSS | Blog It | Stumble | del.icio.us | Digg | Reddit |
you like to contribute a story tip?
Get the URL of the story, and the related sf author, and add
Comment/Join discussion (Back On) ( 8 )
Related News Stories -
Filabot Turns Dull Plastic Junk To 3D Printed Shiny
'Whenever Nell's clothes got too small for her, Harv would pitch them into the deke bin and then have the M.C. make new ones.'-Neal Stephenson, 1995.
Army Wants Black Blacker Than Black
'Well, we have a black coating now thatís ninety-nine percent absorptive...'- Doc Smith, 1940.
Military Fabric Like A Smart Second Skin
Now, your dress whites and your NBC suit can be the same outfit.
Outdoor Testing For Self-Healing Concrete
'I noticed that curious mottled knots were forming, indicating where the room had been strained and healed faultily.'- J.G. Ballard, 1962.
Technovelgy (that's tech-novel-gee!)
is devoted to the creative science inventions and ideas of sf authors. Look for
the Invention Category that interests
you, the Glossary, the Invention
Timeline, or see what's New.
MIT Robot Cheetah Video Shows Gait Transition
'The legs are long, curled way up to deliver power, like a cheetah's.'
TrackingPoint Smart Rifle
Not your typical'smart bullet' approach.
'Hello, Computer!' Google Now Highlighted at IO13
Sky City's 220 Stories Are Go
'It rested among green parklands and... stood in total isolation, a glittering block of whites and flashing windows dotted with colors.'
CARMAT Bioprosthetic Total Human Heart Replacement
'George Walt's corporate existence proved the workability of wholly mechanical organs...'
Personal Sniffer Robots
'...The ticking combinations of the olfactory system of the hound.'
Physical Exam? We've Got Apps
See the future of handheld, personal medical devices.
The Interplanetary Internet, Vint Cerf Speaking
'This was the center of Interplanetary Communications.'
Drosophila Robotica, The Mechanical Fly
'... the Scarab [flying robot] buzzed into the great workroom as any intruding insect might...'
Robo-Raven Flapping Wing Robot Bird
'When he had first built them, they had been crude indeed, flying mechanisms with little more than a reflex-response unit.'
Japan's Nursing Home Robot Plan
Let's make the Roujin Z-0001 Robotic Bed!
Samsung Smart TVs With Gesture Control
'He waved his hand and the circuit switched abruptly.'
Swiss HCPVT Giant Photovoltaic 'Flower'
'...leaning against one of the slender stalks of a sunshade-photocell collector.'
Mini-Livers Made By 3D Printer
Organleggers may experience an employment downturn.
Smartphone Sensor System Tracks Gunfire
'Sound trackers on the roof could zero in on weapons action...'
Bacteria Now Make Biofuel Like Oil
'They have... germs that eat pretty near anything, and produce oil as a waste product.'
More SF in the News Stories
More Beyond Technovelgy science news stories


text:
LAN Access Over ISDN
Franz Pucher (IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria)
Herbert Leitold (IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria)
Reinhard Posch (IAIK, Graz University of Technology, Austria)
Abstract: This paper describes local area network (LAN) access using public wide area data networks and problems that arise when using integrated services digital network (ISDN) technology [Stallings 90] [Thachenkary 93]. To date mainly modem connections at serial lines with a terminal port have been the standard remote access technique. With ISDN it is foreseen that these modem lines will be replaced rather soon. This is mainly due to the fact that ISDN offers a more adequate bandwidth and is much more consistent from the point of view of access and embedding. This paper demonstrates in the main section a router-based solution for enhanced call management. One of the main advantages is the separation of the strategic module which defines the behavior and thus allows for a number of active connections exceeding the number of ports. It also addresses traffic and access control in the network environment.


so that, if you want to update your immutable object and get a copy, you say
 val newObj = obj.copy(
 prop = value
 1. Aug 19, 2011
 One of the main advantages of first class properties is that it allows simple meta-programming, e.g. in binding frameworks. Would that be possible with the proposed copy() method? Would there be a way to invoke copy() without explicitly referring to the argument names?
 If this isn't possible with the copy() method it would be impossible to use immutable objects in certain situations and that would be a shame.
 1. Aug 19, 2011
 Could you describe the use case you have in mind?
 1. Aug 19, 2011
 I think it would be useful wherever you want to bind property values and update them. Let's say I was writing a Wicket application and I wanted to create a page to update an object. I would implement the IModel interface to wrap a property and pass an instance of the model to each form object.
 For a mutable class the model implementation would look like this:
 class MutablePropertyModel(prop : Property) : IModel {
 fun getObject() : T {
 return prop.get()
 fun setObject(newValue : T) {
 For an immutable class with setters that return an updated object the model implementation would be something like:
 // U is the type of the model object that owns the property
 // ref holds the model object - ref is obviously necessary because the object can't be updated
 class ImmutablePropertyModel(prop : ImmutableProperty, ref : AtomicReference) : IModel {
 fun getObject() : T {
 return prop.get()
 fun setObject(newValue : T) {
 I've done something very similar in Clojure where the model object was an immutable map. Is there a way to implement something like this using the copy() method?
 Another obvious example is setting an object's state some other format. e.g. some properties
 var foo = Foo()
 // for each property
 val propName = ...
 val propValue = ...
 val prop = // get the property by name
 foo = prop.set(propValue)
 1. Sep 02, 2011
 10. Oct 17, 2011
 I have a couple questions.
 1. A val property has a final backing field. That fact, combined with the meaning of val when used with local variables, implies to me that such a property should always return the same object (you also describe it as an "immutable property"). That is not the case, though, as the property's get method can return anything. One of the examples above shows a property that will change values as other properties change:
 A val property could in fact be fully mutable, by just delegating get to return the value of a separate var property in the class. This seems confusing. I guess this isn't really a question, but I was wondering about your thoughts on that.
 2. The second question relates to this example:
 In this example, clearly we would like the type of table to be Map rather than Map?. I believe I saw the same example elsewhere in this wiki except using the non-nullable type for table.
 The implementation of get() certainly appears to ensure it's returning a non-null value, but what if there were another method that could set _table to null? If that happened on another thread, _table could be null when get() returns it. It seems like the compiler would need to know there were no potential concurrency issues like that to be able to guarantee the property's type of Map. Has there been any consideration of that sort of thing?
 1. Oct 17, 2011
 1. I agree that it's not fully correct to describe val as an immutable property. It is actually a property that can not be assigned to (mutated directly).
 2. This is a mistake in the example. It would not compile unless we say something like
 return _table ?: throw AssertionError()
 Thank you for pointing these things out, I'll fix them in the text
 1. Oct 25, 2011
 If you are going to do that, wouldn't you want to declare the public property as "publicvaltable:Map" instead of "publicvaltable:Map?"? Otherwise, the method is declared as nullable even though it can never return null.
 You could also simplify to "throw _table.npe();"
 1. Oct 25, 2011
 Oh, thank you so much for noticing, I sincerely believed I made the public one non-null.
 On the.npe(): I don't use it here for the text to be easier to understand.
 11. Feb 16, 2012
 It seems documentation is bit outdated, since code:
 in web demo fail with errors:
 1. Feb 16, 2012
 Fixed, thanks
 1. Feb 16, 2012
 And example in section below(Declaring properties and accessors) with code:
 need to be fixed
 12. Apr 24, 2012
 causes deadly recursion. It is a mistake, I forgot to put $. Rather common mistake remembering my properties experience in C#.
 i think it will be really usefull to permit accessing property in it's getter o setter, only accessing accessor is aloud.
 for some cases where somebody need to call get() inside get() (me, personaly, can't imagine such a case) there should be some
 special syntax like
 get() = get()
 get() = $x.get()
 which will replace
 get() = x
 1. Apr 24, 2012
 Your concern is valid, indeed.
 get() = get()
 Looks too weird, and wouldn't work, because there may be a normal function called get().
 get() = $x.get()
 is ambiguous: $x may be, for example, of type List and have a member function get().
 1. Apr 25, 2012
 I thout a bit on workaround. I can not imagine any usecase when recursion is needed. Is there any one in your code base?
 I see two options:
 1. Just permit. Property is the thing you get or set, but do not count. If you want fancy logic -- use function instead. (You also can write recursive function and use it inside getter).
 2. As it is in null safety, when you are going to write some unsafe code, you use "!!", so the sintax can be like
 var x : Int
 get() =!!x;
 1. Apr 25, 2012
 Recursion is unlikely to be needed. Feel free to file an issue about prohibiting recursion in getters.
 The second suggestion will be confusing, because!!x looks like double negation.
 1. Apr 25, 2012
 Wonder how C# code like this will looks like in Kotlin?
 1. Apr 25, 2012
 class Foo {
 public open val value : Int
 get() = ...
 class Bar : Foo() {
 override val value : Int
 get() = super.value + 42
 13. Jul 05, 2012
 Why can't I have property without get and init value? like this:
 var property: Type
 set(value) = doSomething(value)
 1. Jul 06, 2012
 The rule is that if a getter or a setter is not present, it is implemented by default: i.e. by using a backing field. A backing field demands initialization
 14. Jul 12, 2012
 Very good work and there is a lot of things that I like in C# and Scala here... but one more question about the properties.
 The Kotlin compiler generates for each readable and writable property a get/set pair of methods... so far so good!
 But why not to make the inverse valid? When using some Java class with a get and set property, like getName() and setName(String name),
 why not allow to omit the get and set prefixes, just like the groovy (ie. val a =
 1. Jul 13, 2012
 Thanks for the kind words.
 About the feature you


text:
If you happen to come to Romania on the first day of March, you will see women wearing a tiny little "toy", tied up with a cute white and red yarn ribbon, on their coats. This toy is called "Martisor" and here's the history behind these trinkets.
(Editor's Note: This article was originally published on March 14, 2010. Your comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments.)
Mărţişor is a beautiful celebration of spring in my country. It goes back to ancient times, when men went to war in the springtime, and women gave them an amulet to protect them in battle.
The celebration seems to be based on the Roman calendar, which started the new year on March 1. The Romanian nationality was formed by the union of the Romans and the Dacs and that is why they celebrated the New Year at the beginning of spring like the Romans did, up until the 18th century. Mars was a god for both fertility and war, and March was his month. The double yarn was choose as a dual symbol to celebrate him: the white represented peace and fertility, while the red represented war.
Some very old amulets (about 8,000 years old) were also found when digging on an archeological site in our country. They were little rocks painted in white and red.
We have a few fairy tales about the fight between right and wrong, symbolized by winter and spring seasons. Right always wins, but with a blood sacrifice. That is why the yarn colors are red and white.
The talisman begins with white and red yarn, then a small amulet is added to the gift. Sometimes it is a small gold coin, meant to protect the loved one from all bad things. It is worn around the neck suspended on the white and red yarn.
The amulet was called "Mărţişor" (pronounced "mirtzyshore"), and derives from the Romanian name "Martie," meaning the month of March. It means a small gift for March (Martie) 1 and thus it took the name of the month, as in "little Marches".
Nowadays, the amulet (Mărţişor) is usually a little toy representing a flower, an animal, a thing or a human figure. Common examples include snowdrops, puppies, cats, butterflies, or horseshoes, clover leaves, or even chimney sweepers - whatever is thought to bring luck. It represents a symbol of love and spring, and a boy gives one "Mărţişor" to the girl he loves; she wears it until March 8, then hangs it in a tree to bring prosperity to her home. A bouquet of snowdrops can be also a nice gift for this celebration.
Usually, the Martisors are made by artisans and craftsmen, who sell them in special places on the street.
Some of the crafts are made of wood, others are made from artificial flowers.
Some are made of dried flowers encased in plastic.
Fabric is frequently used in creating amulets, as are feathers, shells, ceramic and metal.
The yarn has different shapes too, but it always uses the red and white colors. Often the yarn is silk, twisted together, each ending with a tassel. The yarn is tied to the amulet (Mărţişor) through a small circle attached for hanging, then a ribbon is made.
I like the handcrafted Martisors best, but many are commercially produced from industrial materials such as plastic or iron.
Some are more like brooches and are made like jewelery - more expensive, but very much appreciated.
The amulets are usually pinned on a card and put in an envelope before given as a gift.
When we were children, not only did the boys gave "Mărţişoare" to the girls, but the girls also exchanged amulets among themslves. All the girls in our classroom took this celebration very seriously and enjoyed it very much. We all spent a lot of time arranging each "Mărţişor" on a little piece of paper shaped like a big, fat number 1. We used to write a beautiful thought like, "Lots of luck and joy!" and drew a snowdrop on the number 1 shaped card. Then we pinned the "Mărţişor" on the card and put it in an envelope with each girl's name on it. We even made our own envelopes for the little cards.The "Mărţişor" has to be fixed with a needle on the coat, right on the heart when worn. In school, we used to pin all the amulets we've been receiving on our uniform, which was hilarious. But we always saved one to pin on the coat too.
Every year, we set out to select our "Mărţişoare" before the end of February. Sometimes the weather doesn't cooperate and we encounter a bad snowstorm, or it's raining, but no matter what the weather, Romanian people will buy "Mărţişoare" for giving to the ones they love. I still have all the "Mărţişoare"which I have received from my husband and son over many years; they hold very dear memories for me.
Here is my teddy bear which gives a big noisy smoochy and says "I love you!"
Since we missed the official date this year, I will share it with you all to be your "Mărţişor."


text:
Channel modules stream content from an outside source into a Blackboard Learn module. The module content is updated at intervals.
To add a channel, contact a channel provider. Channels are presented to users through Channel Modules and administered through the Manage Channels feature.
- On the Administrator Panel, under Communities, select Tabs and Modules.
- Select Modules.
- Open the menu for a Channel module.
- Select Edit Contents.
- Select a channel from the list.
- Select Submit.


481pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
Talk2 Share
The higher one's Speed, the faster one moves and the more attacks one can make in a given period of time. Logic asserts also that one's Speed is necessarily reduced by the weight one carries, and that attack speed must also be affected by the Speed Factor of one's chosen weapon. Speed is normally equal to Dexterity, or Dexterity plus five if the character's Dexterity is 20 or greater, but a few items change it independent of Dexterity. It can never be lower than 1.
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
Area motorist may be seeing a different type of tillage being performed on farm fields in the county. Albert Maag, Putnam County SWCD technician, recently acquired a USDA-NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant (CIG) to investigate using a strip-tiller to incorporate fall fertilizer. Five demonstration sites consisting of 40 acres each were completed last week. The demonstrations are located around Ottawa (2), Glandorf, Kalida, and Pandora. Blanchard Valley Coop is assisting with the equipment for the demonstrations. The goal of the demonstration plots is to see if strip tillage with fall fertilizer application is a feasible method of producing no-till corn while reducing nutrient runoff, especially phosphorus movement to surface water.
To read the rest of this article please subscribe or sign in


A primer on the new state testing in schools
-A A +A
By Todd Martin
All students in Kentucky are now aligned to take five tests, although not each test each year, that are part of the state accountability tests.
Juniors take the ACT college entrance test, sophomores take the PLAN test that measures college-readiness in English, math, reading and science, eighth-graders take the EXPLORE test, which also measures college readiness in the same areas.
Then there are the two new areas of testing with the new standards: End-of-course exams and the Kentucky Performance Rating for Educational Progress (K-PREP).
What are End-of-course exams?
End-of-course exams included for state accountability are given in high school in English II, Algebra II, Biology and U.S. History, and in Shelby County they currently count as 10 percent of the student's final grade. The state suggested 20 percent, and Shelby County's plan is to gradually work the percentage up to 20.
The exams include multiple choice, short answer and open response. Each section has between 35 and 38 multiple-choice questions that can be administered in two 45-minute sessions. The short answer and open response question will consist of 1-3 questions that can be administered in 45 minutes.
The exams provide alignment to state and national college readiness and common core and show the progress of a student, school and district.
What is K-PREP like?
These new tests are given in grades 3-8 to gauge proficiency in reading, math, science, social studies and writing. The tests provide the ability to compare students to each other and to determine how well students have learned the skills. In Shelby County, the focus is on mastery of skills.
Part of the tests are purchased and built to be used to compare nationally, while the other portion of the test is customized for Kentucky.
The assessments will consist of multiple choice, short answer and open response questions.
The tests align with common core standards and show the progress of a student, school and district.
When are the tests?
The EXPLORE and PLAN tests are still given in the fall and the ACT test remains in March for juniors. K-PREP tests are administered during the final 14 days of the school year, and end-of-course exams occur when the material has been covered. In Shelby County, end-of-course exams began this week and, along with students taking Advanced Placement tests, end on the last day of school. K-PREP tests start for elementary schools on Monday and end Friday and middle and high school testing is May 21-29.
Will there be writing tests?
Yes, for grades 5-6, 8, and 10-11. Those tests will include on-demand writing and editing/mechanics.
How will results be reported?
Each school will receive individual student and school-based reports. Those reports will include national percentile scores from that portion of the test, and a ranking of novice, apprentice, proficient or distinguished from a combination of the national and Kentucky-specific portions of the test. End-of-course assessments, which are provided by ACT, can link performance to national results.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like to use a type that behaves like a simple list of pairs [(a,b)] that serves as a dictionary, mapping keys of type a to values of type b, while maintaining a "user-specified", defined order of keys. (i.e. just as with ordinary lists - I would like to be able to "append" an item which is then recognized as the "last element".) However I would like random access lookup on keys with better than linear performance, i.e. what Data.Map provides. One option would be to just maintain an ordinary map in addition to a list of keys that defines their order:
data OrderedDict a b = OrderedDict (Map a b) [a]
and then define append operations, etc. that keep the two key collections in sync. It seems ugly though to maintain two separate collections of the same keys. Is there a ready-made data type that already combines ordered keys with efficient random-access lookup by key?
share|improve this question
Java's LinkedHashMap seems to do something similar: thread a list of keys through the map. Python's OrderedDict is simply a list of pairs, so they're no help here. – Lambda Fairy Jun 8 '12 at 4:07
What do you mean with "defined order"? Given two keys a1 and a2, is it a priori fixed whether a1 precedes a2 or is the precedence determined at runtime? – Peter Jun 8 '12 at 6:46
_USER_ I mean 'defined order' in the same sense as with ordinary lists - if I append a2 after I append a1, then a1 precedes a2 – gcbenison Jun 8 '12 at 13:54
add comment
3 Answers
Take a look at ixset library - it allows you to maintain sets indexed by multiple columns (by a and by Int in your case). This is much more maintainable than keeping maps consistent by hand
share|improve this answer
Thanks - ixset is cool. I don't think it quite matches the bill in this case because it can allow inconsistent state (multiple entries with the same Int field) and it would require a caller performing an append operation to explicitly specify the index - something not required by ordinary lists. – gcbenison Jun 8 '12 at 15:13
add comment
Unless I completely misunderstand your question, Data.Map does exactly this, using the key type's Ord instance for ordering. As it's a binary tree, the implementation keeps the keys ordered as well.
Data.Map.keys gives you the keys of a map in ascending order; as transformations, such as map, of a Map are purely functional the order of traversal is irrelevant, and all ways of getting a sequence of keys or key/value pairs out of a Map gives you an ordered list.
share|improve this answer
I believe gcbenison is asking for something like Data.Map but with the added property of preserving the order in which the keys are inserted. – dbaupp Jun 8 '12 at 7:05
add comment
If you just want to preserve some fixed order (e.g. insertion time) in addition of having O(log n) lookup/insertions, you could simply use multiple maps and update them simultaneously:
 1. Map a b for storing the actual data, and
 2. Map Int a that gives you the i-th key in the order. (If you also need to query the index of a given key you could add a Map a Int)
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


Smart Takes
Ford unveils Evos concept; intelligent hybrid car built for the cloud
Ford unveils Evos concept; intelligent hybrid car built for the cloud
Posting in Design
Ford unveils the Evos concept car, a plug-in hybrid vehicle designed with cloud-based intelligence that can automatically adapt performance to individual drivers and road conditions.
Here's something I never thought I'd write: take a gander at the first car designed expressly for the cloud.
American automaker Ford on Tuesday unveiled its Evos concept car, a plug-in hybrid vehicle that it says represents the design direction of its entire global fleet. (And a new direction it is: it's a fastback-style model with gullwing doors and a trapezoidal grille.)
The vehicle intends to be a showcase for intuitive in-car tech, from the Microsoft-based Sync and MyFordTouch telematics systems to its hybrid electric powertrain, that will appear in future Ford vehicles.
Simply, it's the next step in a smarter car: situational adaptation.
[Photo Gallery: Ford's Evos concept car: sharp from every angle]
[Photo Gallery: Designing the Ford Evos concept car]
Which includes features such as:
 1. Seamless connectivity between the vehicle and the driver's "personal cloud‟ of information, from home to office to car.
 2. That information includes the driver's work schedule, local traffic or weather conditions and other pertinent information to a trip.
 3. The car can therefore detect and "know" the driver and automatically adapt handling, steering, suspension and powertrain systems to the person's habits or to the immediate road ahead.
 4. It can monitor the physical state and workload of the driver and adjust the driving experience accordingly.
 5. It can automatically play the same music or news program that was just streaming at home.
 6. It can heat or cool the interior to an ideal temperature before the driver gets in, using a predicted departure time, rather than an explicit request.
 7. Wireless communication abilities allow the car to close the garage door and switch off the lights automatically as it pulls away.
 8. The car's cloud-based abilities can offer driving recommendations via social media networks and even reset your alarm clock if a morning meeting is cancelled.
 9. A heart-rate monitoring seat, allergy-free interiors, location-aware air quality sensors, filtration systems and a situationally-aware instrument panel (displays only necessary gauge information) round out the brainpower.
 10. Underneath the hood, a lithium-ion plug-in hybrid powertrain borrowed from the Ford C-Max Energi makes it happen. (Why hybrid and not all-electric? So it can achieve a range of 500 miles.)
It's all about the transition, ensuring that the car isn't a technological black hole -- nor a new platform to master. It's also all about stepping toward autonomy -- letting the vehicle judge what's best for it, rather than the default factory settings.
Paul Mascarenas, chief technical officer and vice president of Ford Research and Innovation, likened the vehicle to a "personal assistant." (The PDA, reincarnated as a 3,000-lb. machine?)
"We see technology as more than just an impressive list of microprocessors, sensors and software," Mascarenas said in a statement. "It's about the application of that technology to create an experience that enhances the driver's time behind the wheel."
Or, succinctly: context.
Share this
Andrew Nusca
Editor Emeritus


text:
Plenty of researchers are anxious to find that suburbia makes us fat, but those of us who grew up running around and climbing trees in big backyards might be more likely to appreciate how certain aspects of suburban living actually encourage healthy living:
- SOUTH Australian children with big backyards are less likely to be overweight and inactive than those with small courtyards, a study has found.
Preliminary data from the Flinders University Achieving a Healthy Home Environment study, which surveyed the homes and lifestyles of 280 southern suburbs families, found the size and set-up of homes contributed largely to how fit and healthy young children were.
Researchers looked at more than 75 physical and nutritional variables in each family home over the past year.
"We found the bigger the backyard, the more active the kids," said Flinders Medical Centre consultant pediatrician Dr Nicola Spurrier, who headed the study that will continue until next year.
"But we also found the amount of play equipment and play areas in a back yard had a big impact too."
Researchers also uncovered other rather obvious points: active parents are more likely to have active kids; healthy kids are more likely to have parents who limit their TV-watching and stick healthy food in the fridge.
Related: Sprawl Brawl Continues
Related: Make Up Your Mind
Related: What's making the kids fat?


Search Legislation
Transport and Works (Scotland) Act 2007
Section 25: Amendment of Harbours Act 1964
74.Provisions within this section transpose Council Directive 2003/35/EC (otherwise known as the Public Participation Directive) and significantly amend Schedule 3 to the Harbours Act 1964. A revised Schedule 3 to the 1964 Act is attached for information with the new text inserted in italics and noting where text has been repealed. A transposition schedule is attached for information.
75.Subsection (2) inserts in section 44 of the Harbours Act 1964 subsection (6) which provides a definition of the "public concerned" to include a non-governmental organisation promoting environmental protection and confirms at subsection (7) that such a party has a legitimate right to raise a challenge to a harbour revision or empowerment order authorising a project likely to have a significant effect on the environment.
76.Subsection (3) through the insertion of new section 54A obligates the Scottish Ministers to seek an affirmative resolution from the Scottish Parliament in respect of an order authorising any future harbour developments that constitute a national development. It also provides the Scottish Ministers within subsection (2)(b) with the discretion to seek Parliamentary approval, by means of an affirmative procedure, for any other harbour scheme. Section 54A(5) provides that when a harbour order seeks to amend, revoke or re-enact an instrument laid before the Scottish Parliament the order will be subject to affirmative procedure only if the order authorises work constituting a national development different to that authorised by the original instrument, or the Scottish Ministers so direct.
77.Subsection (5)(a) provides for definitions in paragraph 1 of Schedule 3. Subsection (5)(b) and (c) provide for access to information and the making of representations. Subsection (5)(d) introduces a new paragraph into Part 1 of Schedule 3 to the Act, paragraph 10A, which provides for the notification procedure in those instances when the Scottish Ministers receive additional information that will have a bearing on their consideration of the likely environmental effects of a proposed project.
78.The insertion at sub-paragraph (1D) of paragraph 18 adds a harbour authority to the list of statutory objectors, but only where they are not the applicant, in respect of an application for a harbour revision order.
79.The insertions to sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 24 and the insertion of the new sub-paragraph (3) provide details of the publicity arrangements for a harbour order including those approved by the Scottish Parliament. The insertions to sub-paragraph (4) of paragraph 28 add a harbour order authority to the list of statutory objectors in respect of a harbour revision order where the order is to be made by the Scottish Ministers of their own motion. The addition of the new sub-paragraph (3) of paragraph 31 provides details of the publicity arrangements for a harbour revision order made by the Scottish Ministers of their own motion.
80.The new sub-paragraph (3A) in paragraph 32 recognises that a harbour authority cannot be an objector in the case of an empowerment order since the purpose of a harbour empowerment order is to establish a harbour authority.
81.Subsection (6) makes changes to paragraph 3 of Schedule 4 so as to ensure that the objections of a harbour authority, as a statutory objector, to a harbour re-organisation scheme cannot be dealt with by means of correspondence; there must always be a statutory right to an inquiry or hearing.
Back to top
Print Options
Explanatory Notes
More Resources
 - confers power and blanket amendment details
 - all formats of all associated documents
 - correction slips
 - links to related legislation and further information resources


The Italian Wolf
Italian Wolf (Canis lupus italicus)
The Italian Wolf, also known as the Apennine Wolf, was originally described in 1921 as subspecies Canis lupus italicus of the common grey wolf by Italian zoologist Joseph Altobello. However, in 1999 it was recognized as a species distinct from Canis lupus. There is presently a dispute over whether the Canis lupus italicus is a grey wolf subspecies or an actual species of its own, Canis italicus.
Italian Wolf (Canis lupus italicus) HABITAT
The Italian wolf is found mainly in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. They have been found dwelling within 25 miles of Rome. Semi-recently, they have implanted themselves in Southern France, and areas of Switzerland.
By grey wolf standards, the Italian wolf is considered a medium sized subspecies. Their body size varies from 39 to 55 inches in length and weighs 53 to 88 pounds. Females are roughly 10 percent smaller than males. Italian wolves are usually a mix of grey and brown. Though rarely seen, black wolves have been sighted in the Mugello region and the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.
Italian wolves are known to hunt at night, feeding mainly on both medium and small sized animals such as wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, chamois, elk, hares, and rabbits. They will also feed on plants, berries, and herbs for fiber. When around the suburb, wolves will feed on garbage, livestock and domestic animals.
Because of the rarity of large prey, wolf packs in Italy are often smaller, comprised of just a reproducing pair and a few young.
Italian Pup in France (Canis lupus italicus) BREEDING
Young wolves usually stay with their birth family until they are old enough to start their own family. Mating season usually occurs around the middle of March. Gestation will then last for 60 days, after which the mother gives birth to anywhere from 2 to 7 pups.
By the end of the 1920's, wolves throughout the alps and Sicily were annihilated. Their number was also severely reduced in the Appennine regions, all from fierce persecutions. The wolf population in Italy continued to decrease until the early 1970's when Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen took on a study of the wolf in the Abruzzo Mountains, east of Rome. As a result, the World Conservation Union expressed great interest in the wolf, listing it in the IUCN's Red Data Book of endangered species. The italian wolf population in the wild has since increased to between 500 and 600 and is estimated to be growing by 7 percent annually.
Their largest apparent threat at present is a large number of wolf-dog hybrids altering the genetic integrity of the Italian wolf. A captive breeding program has been started by biologists. However, further controls on the number of domestic dogs are badly needed.
Bears Of The World
Copyright _PHONE_
All rights reserved.


Discussion Paper 133
Political Economy of Taxation in an Overlapping-Generations Economy
Marco Bassetto
Published December 1, 1999
This paper builds a simple but complete model of a political system to analyze the effects of intergenerational conflicts on capital and labor income tax rates, transfers, and government spending. I show how the different nature of tax liabilities for the young and the old can explain why the old receive large gross lump-sum transfers through social security, while the young receive little or none. I also show that there is a natural link between the size of the government as a provider of public goods and the magnitude of transfers that the same government will implement.
Download Paper (PDF)


Crossing the floor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Australian Senate, like other parliaments based on the Westminster system, uses a divided chamber
In politics, crossing the floor is when a politician changes their allegiance or votes against their party in a Westminster system parliament. Crossing the floor may be voting against the approved party lines, or changing to a second party after being elected to a first party. While these practices are legally permissible, crossing the floor can lead to controversy and media attention. As well, voting against party lines may lead to consequences such as losing a position (e.g., as minister or a portfolio critic) or being ejected from the party caucus.
The term originates from the British House of Commons, which is configured with the Government and Opposition facing each other on rows of benches. An MP who switched parties would literally need to cross the floor. A notable example of the latter is Winston Churchill, who crossed the floor from the Conservatives to the Liberals in 1904, before later crossing back in 1924.
Voting against party lines[edit]
The term has passed into general use in other Westminster parliamentary democracies (such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa) even if many of these countries have semicircular or horseshoe-shaped debating chambers and mechanisms for voting without Members of Parliament leaving their seats. In most countries, it is most often used to describe members of the government party or parties who defect and vote with the opposition against some piece of government-sponsored legislation, but that usage is not widespread in Canada, where the term's usage is restricted to the original definition.
Most political parties let their members have a free vote on some matters of personal conscience.
In Australia, one of the major parties (the Australian Labor Party) requires its members to pledge their support for the collective decisions of the Caucus,[1] which theoretically prohibits them from crossing the floor; however, in practice, some Labor members disregard this pledge despite the disciplinary action which may result. Among other parties, crossing the floor is rare although Senator Barnaby Joyce of the National Party of Australia crossed the floor 19 times under the Howard coalition government.[2] Nonetheless, the record for crossing the floor in the Australian Parliament goes to Tasmanian Senator Sir Reg Wright, who voted against his own party (the Liberal Party of Australia) on 150 occasions.
Changing parties[edit]
In the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries, the term is also used to describe leaving one's party entirely and joining another party, such as leaving an opposition party to support the government (or vice versa), or even leaving one opposition party to join another. In both Canada and the United Kingdom, the term carries only this meaning and is not used for a simple vote against the party line on a bill.
In April 2006, the premier of Manitoba, Canada, Gary Doer of the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, proposed a ban on crossing the floor of the Manitoba legislature in response to "the concern some voters have expressed over the high-profile defections of three federal MPs from their parties in just over two years."[3] The resulting legislation, which amended the provincial Legislative Assembly Act, mandated that Members of the Legislature who quit their political party must serve out the remainder of their term as independents.[4]
An extraordinary example occurred in Alberta, Canada in December 2014 when Danielle Smith, the leader of the official opposition Wildrose Party, and eight of her MLAs crossed the floor together to join the governing Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta. [5]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Crossing the floor in the Federal Parliament 1950 – August 2004". Research Note no. 11 2005–06. Australian Parliament. October 10, 2005.
 2. ^ Debelle, Penelope (May 31, 2008). "Independently inclined". The Age.
 3. ^ Macafee, Michelle (April 11, 2006). "Proposed reforms would ban floor-crossing in Man.". Canadian Press. Archived from the original on March 23, 2007.
 4. ^ "The Elections Reform Act - Schedule E". Statutes of Manitoba. Manitoba Laws. 2006.
 5. ^


text:
The Sri Lankan Advanced Level (A-level), is a General Certificate of Education (GCE) qualification exam in Sri Lanka, similar to the British Advanced Level, conducted annually by the Department of Examinations of the Ministry of Education. It is usually taken by students during the optional final two years of collegiate level (Grade 12 and 13), after they have completed GCE Ordinary Level exams. The qualification also serves as an entrance requirement for Sri Lankan state universities. The exams are held in three mediums: Sinhala, Tamil and English.
The candidates are expected to study for 2 years at collegiate level before taking the examination. The examination diversifies over 5 major fields of study:
- Physical Science stream (Combined mathematics, Physics and Chemistry or information technology )
- Biological Science stream (Biology (Botany and Zoology), Physics or Agricultural Science and Chemistry)
- Commerce stream
- Arts stream
- Technology stream (Engineering Technology)
- Technology stream (Bio-system Technology)
In each stream, candidates are expected to face 3 subjects related to the specific stream. Additionally, there would be a General English test and a Common General test. Although the result of the General English test is not taken into account for the University Entrance selection criteria, candidates are expected to obtain a pass mark for the Common General test.
At Zahira College, Technology stream and agricultural science is not currently offered but Vocational stream is offered.
Results analysis available for:


text:
Madison's proposed TDM process can be broadly divided into four steps:
1. Determine Applicability
- TDM applies to new and expanding developments, those changing uses, or those increasing parking with residential and/or non-residential components (commercial, employment, institutional).
2. Determine TDM targets
- Determine TDM requirements based on land use, development size, and number of proposed parking stalls, using a point-based system.
3. Create and submit TDM plan
- Select measures from the TDM menu to meet the assigned point target using the TDM Plan creation tool.
- Submit TDM plan for approval and pay a nominal fee to cover administrative review of the Plan.
4. Implementation, reporting and monitoring
- Upon approval, building owners need to implement measures specified in their TDM plans.
- The city will track and monitor program implementation and set reporting requirements.
- (Optional) Enroll in a Transportation Management Association for additional assistance with onsite TDM operations.


text:
Cities Neighboring Henry Vilas Zoo:
Henry Vilas Zoo
On June 30, 1904, Col. William F. and Anna M. Vilas gave a large tract of land to the Madison Park and Pleasure Drive Association "for the uses and purposes of a public park and pleasure ground." From 1905 through 1910, the Vilas family donated an additional $42,000 for improvements, and public donations of $10,000 were raised for the enlargement and improvement of the park. The park was named in memory of the Vilas' son, Henry, who died at a young age due to complications from diabetes. In 1911, the first animal exhibits were created, representing the start of the Henry Vilas Zoo.
In 1995, state-of-the-art habitats are built for Great Apes and Primates - chimpanzee, orangautan, and red-tailed lemur.
In what has proved to be a defining and truly visionary move, the Vilas Family stipulated that the park always be admission free. As the zoo developed within the park, it too remained free. Today it's an extraordinary asset that few communities our size can claim. Indeed, our Zoo is one of only a few, no-admission, free parking AZA accredited zoos nationwide.
In 1983, the Zoo was identified as a regional community that could be better served by county operations. The Zoo (approximately 28 acres) was "separated" from the city-owned park (about 50 acres), and a County Zoo Commission was formed. Dane County now operates the zoo, contributing 80 percent of the operating funds while the City of Madison contributes 20 percent.


text:
Based on emerging trends and concrete benefits from across Asia, experts propose new framework for improving gender justice and securing women's land rights.
New research released today by the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) shows that despite more understanding, more resources, and policy recommendations, women continue to be largely marginalized and ignored or exploited in resource management processes throughout Asia – to the detriment of global climate and poverty reduction goals.
This suite of analyses, released today at the International Workshop on Gender and Forest Tenure in Asia and Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China, demonstrate that exclusion and inequality on gender grounds are still rife and complicated by the intersection of cultural and social norms, economic pressures, and inadequate legal and institutional frameworks. Authors of the studies call for emerging programs and policies to combat climate change or encourage sustainable development to incorporate lessons learned.
"The volume highlights continued discrimination against women, despite the positive ecological, economic and social benefits enabled by their inclusion in the management and decision making processes regarding natural resources," said Arvind Khare, Executive Director of the Rights and Resources Group (the coordinating mechanism of the Rights and Resources Initiative). "Asia is unlikely to achieve its climate and poverty goals if women's rights to forest and land resources are not recognized."
This new research links analyses on the status of forest tenure rights and gender rights across South and South East Asia. Today's workshop in Beijing, hosted by the State Forestry Administration's Chinese Academy of Forestry in coordination with RRI and Landesa-RDI, and includes high-level participation from provincial and national government agencies in China, leading experts on gender and forest tenure from throughout Asia and voices from Chinese civil society.
Securing tenure and access rights to natural resources has long been a critical step towards achieving environmental and social justice; however, these issues have again become timely in relation to new forest sector initiatives for mitigation and adaptation to climate change, particularly Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) strategies and programs, posing a danger that past failures to address gender will only be repeated in the new plans and interventions.
In the last decade, climate change has become more prominent in the global discourse, and the REDD+ agenda is re-invigorating interest in the relationship between gender, on one hand, and forest tenure, governance and enterprise on the other, in order to ensure the success of climate intervention strategies. Without this linkage, Asia is unlikely to achieve the climate and poverty goals to which it has committed.
According to Jeannette Gurung and Abidah Billah Setyowati from Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (WOCAN), REDD+ can provide significant benefits for countries in Asia if properly designed; however, limited participation by women and other marginalized groups, is a huge problem: "Despite the evidence of women's extensive engagement in forest management, few institutions in the countries studied have incorporated gender into their activities and plans. The current, almost complete neglect of gender issues and women's roles as stakeholders within REDD+ policies, plans and projects globally provides evidence that little has changed in the way that members of the forest sector view these concerns - this is despite the fact that gender equality is currently understood by development practitioners as key to reaching goals for poverty alleviation and human development."
It is not just women that are harmed by their disenfranchisement. According to Cécile Ndjebet, President of The African Women's Network for Community Management of Forests (REFACOF), "If women are left out of the land rights equation, we will see a drastic drop in agricultural production, leading to increasing food insecurity and potential famine. Poverty and displacement will increase, and we will see a drastic rise in conflicts over resource ownership and usage."
It is clear that rural women will continue to play a critical role in the global fight against climate change and environmental degradation. Without secure tenure rights, and enforcement of the proper social and environmental safeguards, REDD+ initiatives run the risk of worsening the situation on the ground.
Despite Recognition, Women Remain Left Out of Land Rights and Sustainable Development
Despite the recognition of equal tenure rights for men and women in the law of many Asian countries, women continue to be excluded from property rights and are seldom the owners of the land they cultivate.
According to Xiaobei Wang, a gender and land tenure specialist in China, a 2012 study by Landesa-RDI on the gendered impact of China's recent forestland reform shows that women, despite the laws aiming to protect their rights, are still in a vulnerable position when it comes to land rights.
"At first glance, China's monumental tenure reforms seem to be making great strides towards achieving the goals of reducing poverty and directly improving the livelihoods of 400 million farmers, and, indeed, they generally succeed in protecting farmers' land rights. However, findings from Landesa's field research show that the decentralized policy in China, which leaves much discretion to village committees to allocate forestland benefits, allows traditional gender practices, norms, and roles to influence those decisions so as to render women's forestland tenure insecure. Although the law is gender neutral, its implementers – often – are not," Wang says.
According to Khare, "appropriate, gender sensitive laws, policies and supporting systems are needed to strengthen rural women's forest land rights in China, and ensure the effectiveness and success of their forestland reform. Even when laws appear gender-neutral, they can serve to deprive women of control over land."
Gender mainstreaming has been a feature in the Philippines, Nepal and Indonesia and yet, programs and projects continue to bypass women.
The case of Nepal also shows that statutory rights alone do not guarantee the recognition of women's authority over management and the use of benefits. Despite gender mainstreaming policies at the national level, women continue to remain less visible and less heard despite some progress and the active lobbying of civil society organizations like Federation of Community Forestry Users, Nepal (FECOFUN).
For Marlène Buchy, author of the volume's introduction and a leading expert on natural resource management and gender issues, the various case studies throughout Asia "demonstrate strongly that changing the law is necessary and urgent but not sufficient: there has to be a genuine political will to implement and enforce clarified tenure systems. Discrimination against women can be as imbedded in institutional arrangements as in cultural and social norms."
New Framework for Improving Gender Justice and Securing Women's Land Rights
The Challenges of Securing Women's Tenure and Leadership for Forest Management finds that "many Asian women continue to be locked into a cycle of chronic poverty, and are denied some of their basic rights because of unclear, unsecured and unequal tenure rights, despite playing a huge role in sustainable management of natural resources."
To "unlock" this cycle of poverty and disenfranchisement, the authors, recommend a framework based on four interconnected areas of action to improve gender justice and secure tenure rights across Asia:
- Increase Women's Visibility Through Mobilization and Networking
- Capacity Building Within Projects and Organizations
- Reinforce Participatory Ethos
- Increase the Link with Policy
These areas of action are key to ensuring that women's rights are recognized, and that Asia will benefit from the positive ecological, economic and social benefits that woman's inclusion guarantees. To ensure that climate and poverty goals on forest and land resources are met, countries, programs like REDD+ and various NGOs and CSOs working on natural resources must increase focus on gender if they wish to capitalize on the benefits emerging from secure women's rights to land.
To do so, attention to the importance of networking is vital. Networks, like REFACOF and FECOFUN increase visibility of a common concern on the national and global stage, give local people a voice and a venue, as well as serve as an important space for capacity building, information sharing and dissemination.
Government agencies, donors, research institutions, NGOs and other civil society organizations must also develop their own capacity on gender justice in natural resource management. More effort is needed to increase the understanding of women and gender rights issues, specifically on the effects of insecure tenure rights.
Empowering women – and reaping the economic and social benefits of this empowerment – will require constant and collective work on policy creation and implementation. Laws must be written or revised in favor of women and other disadvantaged groups. Where good policies exist, the international community must ensure that these laws are implemented, and actually change attitudes and perceptions of traditional gender roles.
This includes ensuring that women's' views are heard, not just voiced. According to Avi Mahaningtyas, Chief of Cluster, Environment and Economic Governance for the Kemitraan-Partnership for Governance Reform in Indonesia and Mia Siscawati, a founding member of the Indonesia Institute for Forest and Environment, "gender justice is dependent on the ability of women and other vulnerable groups to participate in and influence the decision-making process at all levels, from household and community to national, regional and global levels."
The Rights and Resources Initiative is a global coalition of international, regional, and community organizations advancing forest tenure, policy and market reforms. RRI leverages the strategic collaboration and investment of its Partners and Collaborators around the world by working together on research, advocacy and convening strategic actors to catalyze change on the ground.
RRI is coordinated by the Rights and Resources Group, a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.


text:
About the Book
Economic Analysis of Law
Richard A. Posner
Chief Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals,Seventh Circuit, University of Chicago Law School
2010. 928 pages. With Teacher's Manual.
About the Book
Lucid, comprehensive, and definitive in its field, this text covers every aspect of economic analysis of the law.
- The preeminent work in the field, covering the legal-economic perspective on all key areas, from common law to the constitution.
- Highly distinguished author, the pioneer in law and economics analysis.
- Accessible, lucid, and user-friendly writing and organization:
- Non-quantitative approach does not assume or require prior knowledge of economics or mathematics
- Part and chapter organization based on legal, not economic concepts
- End-of-chapter sections reinforce and extend learning through problems and suggested further readings.
New to the Eighth Edition:
- A number of changes reflect the continuing economic crisis, which began in September 2008, that has led to a reexamination of some of the tenets of economics reflected in previous editions. The changes are found primarily in the following chapters:
- Chapter 1 (The Nature of Economic Reasoning)
- Chapter 13 (The Choice Between Regulation and Common Law)
- Chapter 14 (Corporations, Secured and Unsecured Financing, Bankruptcy)
- Chapter 15 (Financial Markets)
- In Chapter 14 (Corporations, Secured and Unsecured Financing, Bankruptcy), changes based on the re-emerging field of organization economics
- In Chapter 19 (The Market, the Adversary System, and the Legislative Process as Methods of Resource Allocation) substantial changes to reflect recent work by Posner and others on judicial behavior
- Significant, but less extensive, changes in the following chapters:
- Chapter 3 (Property)
- Chapter 4 (Contract Rights and Remedies)
- Chapter 17 (Taxation)
- Chapter 21 (Civil and Criminal Procedure)


text:
The dietary management dietary management consists of a diet low in Methionine, Valine, Threonine and Isoleucine (i.e. native protein), which are metabolic precursors of propionyl CoA. Such low protein diet requires the addition of protein supplements free from these amino acids.
Organic Acidemias / Acidurias
Organic acidemias are inherited metabolic disorders, related to the metabolic pathways of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. The most common organic acidemias are propionic acidemia (PPA) and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). Enzyme defects in degradation of propionyl CoA or methylmalonyl CoA lead to accumulation of these metabolites in the body. The severity of symptoms varies widely, ranging from mild neurological disturbances to metabolic crisis and even death.


text:
Techniques for Remote System-Monitoring
By Roland Giersig from Vienna.pm
Date: Tuesday, 28 August 2007 11:50
Duration: 40 minutes
Target audience: Intermediate
You can find more information on the speaker's site:
* The Basics:
- What, How, When, Which
* Local vs Remote Checks
* Live Data vs. Historization
* Ready-Made vs. Build-Your-Own
Techniques for Build-Your-Own
* Using 'File::Tail' to count log-lines
- watching multiple logfiles at once
* Collecting system data with 'nmon'
- things learned from wrapping 'nmon'
* Safely using'ssh'
* Connecting to multiple sites via'ssh'
- collecting information from several remote systems at once
* Pushing code and modules to remote sites
- running perl scripts on other systems without installing them (or the modules they need) there
* Collecting data: data formats to use
- YAML? CSV?
* Storing data into RRDs (Round-Robin-Databases)
- using the 'RRDp' module
* Creating graphs from RRDs manually
* Creating graphs with 'drraw'
Copyright © 2003-2007 Verein 'Vienna.pm - Verein zur Förderung der Programmiersprache Perl'.
To contact the organisers send an email to _EMAIL_


text:
Irene Silverblatt's research centers on gender, race, and other cultural dimensions of power relations in the Peruvian Andes. Her first book, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton University Press, 1987), looked at how two very different empires—the indigenous Inca and the foreign Spanish—consolidated their respective rules over Andean peoples. Her many articles have explored such historic subjects as what it meant to be Indian in the seventeenth-century Andes and the role family values played in Spain's efforts to "civilize" the native inhabitants of Peru.
Silverblatt will continue her probe into the cultural transformations at the heart of colonial Peru during her year at Radcliffe. The vision of political order shaping seventeenth-century Spanish colonialism combined religious orthodoxy and an emerging nationalist spirit with racialized categories of human beings. Using Inquisition records, Silverblatt will explore the cultural dynamics underlying Spain's tumultuous efforts to create the novel categories—"Indian," "Spanish," "Black"—at the core of its colonial enterprise.
An associate professor of anthropology at Duke University, Silverblatt earned her PhD at the University of Michigan. Her awards include a Rockefeller Foundation resident fellowship, a Guggenheim fellowship, and a grant from the Social Science Research Council.


text:
associate with the signs and planets that are indicating the profession for it to come naturally. If the eleventh lord from Varnada associates, there will be great success as gains will encourage growth. This is the profession of one's choice. If more than one planet associates then various professions or careers are indicated. Durajati indicated by the nodes refers to something coming from outside one's native culture and shows foreign places, people and export-import. Astrologers often misinterpret dura-jati as dur-jati – the difference sounds subtle but dura means far or distant while dur means bad, base or mean and lowly.
HOUSES AND PLANETS
Houses from Varnada are examined in much the same manner as those from Arudha with the difference that primacy is given to the lord of the Varnada and that of the eleventh house from Varnada Lagna. First house shows the karma that bring name, fame and reputation; second house shows the karma that brings family and social status; third house shows the karma associated with siblings and of communications, battles and peace and messages including the upadesa from Guru; fourth house shows the karma associated with mother; fifth house shows the karma associated with children and in the manner every house shows karma association that must manifest. Those houses which have benefic planets will show a tendency for peace while malefic associations will show their guna (natures) in hard tasks requiring patience and fortitude.
Varnada is to be clearly understood as the manifestation of situations that lead to action or inaction, a decision that every person has to make, although sometimes it may be almost enforcing, yet it is a decision that every person has to make, although sometimes it may be almost enforcing, yet it is a decision made within the boundary of options. Varnada shows the most likely decision by the placement of graha in houses from the Varnada Lagna (native himself) and others based on other varnada. Varnada are always in pairs showing that no decision is isolated.
The various houses from the Varnada will show the support the native gets from relatives and society – third and eleventh shows younger and elder co-born respectively; fourth and ninth shows mother and father respectively; fifth shows children and paternal grandfather; sixth shows maternal relatives; seventh spouse and maternal grandmother; twelfth maternal grandfather and paternal grandmother. In addition the houses from the Varnada Lagna will show the gains and obstructions to the objectives of the native.
- Saturn, Rahu and Ketu show hard work, association with mysterious people and lowlifes respectively. These three cause good results when posited in 8th, 9th or 12th houses from the Varnada Lagna. If placed in 3rd from Varnada Lagna, the native has no enemies in financial matters. Also as per Jaimini Sutras, the native will have emancipation.
- Any planets in the stronger of 5th and 11th houses from the Varnada Lagna cause gains and show the source of the gains. The lords of these houses should also be assessed.
- Benefics in the 7th house from the Varnada Lagna will make the native very easy going in the community and even childish. Malefic planets will cause the opposite results.
- Benefics in the 9th house from the Varnada Lagna will protect the native in the community, while malefics so placed may afflict the longevity.
- Varnada Lagna in the second house or its lord therein shows many relationships with beautiful women.
- Varnada Lagna in the third house generally brings contentment after receiving Guru Upadesa and if the same is having good associations.
- The six planets from Sun to Venus associating with the Varnada show karma that is far reaching and the native is well placed.
- The givers of tamas, especially Saturn and nodes, associating can bring deep sorrow and discontentment, especially if they are in odd signs and aspect or conjoin the Varnada indicating fruit less work, cheating or misdirection and disillusionment respectively. If these planets are in the eighth or twelfth then conversely, they bring success and joys when one renounces the things and people indicated by the bhava and Arudha Padas associated with these houses. In the ninth they give power to overcome the evil of tamas provided they are not themselves weak and debilitated, else the converse occurs and the native takes joy in bad things and hurting others.
- Benefics planets placed in or aspecting the third house from Varnada Lagna always keep him laughing and playfully childish even in the midst of difficulties. Such people are very high spirited.


text:
From Ohio History Central
Acanthodians were among the earliest fishes with jaws and are found in Silurian through Permian rocks. Their fragmentary remains are found in Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Ohio. These remains consist of shiny, rhomboid-shaped scales and fin spines. Fin spines of a comparatively large acanthodian, Machaeracanthus, are found in the Columbus Limestone.


How to score 1729 in the IA Tripos
Part IA of the Mathematical Tripos is marked in a rather interesting way. A naïve computation of the maximum score is 1120, although it is (in principle) possible to achieve absolutely any score (it need not even be a real number!). Firstly, let's have a look at the scoring system:
 - A long question carries 20 raw marks. A score of 15 or more results in an alpha being awarded; a score of between 10 and 14 results in a beta being awarded. A candidate can be scored on a maximum of twenty long questions.
 - A short question carries 10 raw marks. A score of 8 or more results in a beta being awarded.
The alphas and betas are subsequently converted into marks according to the following scheme (quoted from the schedules of the Mathematical Tripos):
The −120 is generally referred to as an alpha tax, and cannot hurt you if you score eight or more alphas. However, if you score seven or fewer alphas and still get a first, you are actually penalised by the alpha tax. Suppose Miranda scored the following marks in 2012 (when the threshold for a first was 670):
 - 10/10 on all sixteen short questions;
 - 20/20 on five long questions;
 - 14/20 on fifteen long questions.
Then, she would have a raw mark m = 470, together with 5 alphas and 31 betas. Now, each of the following two implications are perfectly valid:
 1. If Miranda achieves a 2.1 (any lower grade is impossible), then her total merit mark would be M = 470 + 15 × 5 + 5 × 31 = 700, which is sufficient for a first. Hence, Miranda achieves a first class degree.
 2. If Miranda achieves a first class degree, then the alpha tax would apply, and her total merit mark would be M = 470 + 30 × 5 + 5 × 31 – 120 = 655, which is insufficient for a first. Hence, Miranda achieves a 2.1.
In other words, we have a paradoxical inconsistency! Consequently, Miranda could then apply something called the Principle of Explosion, exploiting the fact that any valid proof is taken to be perfectly correct in the Tripos. Specifically, she makes the following sequence of deductions:
 - By the Law of Excluded Middle, either the alpha tax applies or it does not. Let α be the proposition that the alpha tax applies. We have already established the implications that α ⇒ ¬α, and ¬α ⇒ α. Hence, both ¬α and α are true statements. Let φ be the proposition that Miranda scores 1729 on the IA Tripos. Since the logical disjunction of a true statement and an arbitrary statement is true, we have φ ∨ α. However, since ¬α is true, α is false and therefore φ must be true. Consequently, Miranda scores 1729 on Part IA of the Mathematical Tripos, thereby beating anyone who scored full marks on all questions.
Essentially, the Principle of Explosion states that if a proposition and its negation are both true, then all propositions are true. This is why it is important that axioms of set theory are consistent, as a single inconsistency would destroy mathematics.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
5 Responses to How to score 1729 in the IA Tripos
 1. wojowu says:
 I always used another proof for Principle of Explosion: suppose p and ¬p are both true. From latter one p is false, so p is both true and false. Take any statement q and look at p⇒q. Since p is false, this implication is trivially true. But since p is true, this implication is true iff q is true. Because we know implication is true, q also is true, Q.E.D.
 Also, what would you do if ZFC turned out to be inconsistent? First thing that came to my mind is proving Riemann hypothesis, as it is definable in set theory (is it?)
 2. Andrew Carlotti says:
 I think this case is handled by the statement "The sufficient statement for each class is not prescriptive". Your second implication is thus not valid.
Leave a Reply


Mortality Management
Disposal of dead livestock must be in accordance with Section 15 of the Livestock Manure and Mortalities Management Regulation. (PDF 69 KB) This regulation specifies that mortalities must be kept in a secure storage room, covered container or secure location and continually frozen or refrigerated if not disposed of within 48 hours after death. They must be stored in a location that prevents access by scavenger animals such as coyotes, wolves, dogs or birds. Acceptable methods of disposal include delivery to a rendering plant, burial, composting or incineration.
Disposal of Mass Mortalities
In the case of mass mortalities from events such as a barn fire or a disease outbreak, operators should contact their local Environment Officer for instructions on appropriate disposal. If there is a suspected animal health issue, operators should work with their veterinarian to determine how to deal with the situation.


Article ID : 00031478 / Last Modified : 04/30/2020
The Portable Player Isn't Recognized When Connected to a Computer
 Follow the steps in this article if the software below doesn't recognize your portable player:
 - Windows® Media Player
 - Content Transfer
 - Media Go™ Software
 Before You Start
 - If the New Hardware Wizard appears and is prompting for a location of the driver, point to the following directory: C:/WINDOWS/INF.
 - To function properly, the computer must recognize your Walkman® player as a Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) device. If the portable player was connected to the computer and recognized as a Mass Storage Class (MSC) device it will not function properly. In this case, a different procedure is available to correct this issue.
 - For some models, it may take up to five minutes for it to be recognized or start charging for the following reasons:
 - It is the first time using the portable player.
 - If the player wasn't used for a long time.
 - Battery is drained.
 - On models with a display, the display will remain blank. If the player isn't recognized or doesn't begin to charge after waiting five minutes, press the reset button to reset the player.
 Follow the steps below if this isn't the first time using your player and it was working properly with your computer at previously with no major changes performed, such as restoring the operating system or replacing a hard drive. Check the connection status after each step.
 1. Connect the portable player to the computer using the supplied USB cable.
 IMPORTANT: The NWZ-W252 model uses a unique USB cable and will not work properly if used with any other USB cable available on the market including those supplied with similar products with USB connections. You must use the cable that was included with this model.
 2. Disconnect the USB cable from the portable player and then reconnect it.
 - Note: For the NWZ-W262 and W263: The OPR lamp will light red, indicating that battery is starting to charge, even if the connection wasn't made properly. In this case, disconnect the player from your computer and then reconnect it.
 3. Set the portable player to USB Connection Mode.
 - This setting is only available on the NWZ X series and some NWZ E series Walkman players.
 4. (Skip this step if your player isn't recognized by any software). Check for available space on the player using Windows Media® Player, Media Go™, or My Computer.
 5. If the issue still occurs after trying the steps above, you can try a reset on your player. A soft reset procedure will close all open or running applications and services, and then restart the Walkman player. No data is erased and no applications are removed.
 1. Disconnect the player from your computer
 2. Locate the reset slot on your player.
 3. Insert a small paperclip into the slot and press gently to restart the player.
 4. Once the player restarts, reconnect it to your computer.
 6. If the player is still isn't recognized, restart the computer.
 7. Check that the USB cable is firmly connected to the computer and the player.
 8. If the player is connected to a USB hub, disconnect it and connect it directly to the computer with a dedicated USB cable.
 9. Disconnect all devices connected to the computer with a USB connection and then restart the computer.
 - After the computer restarts, connect only the player and test the connection again.
 10. Try a different USB port.
 11. Under the Common settings menu of the player, format the player using the built-in Format utility.
 12. If possible, try a different computer and verify the current operating system.
 - If it is an upgraded operating system, contact the computer manufacturer for updated drivers to upgrade it to the latest version.
 - If you are running the Microsoft® Windows® XP operating system, make sure you are running Service Pack 2 (SP2) or later.
 13. If you are still can't transfer music to your player and haven't yet uninstalled and reinstalled the driver follow the procedure to confirm that the computer recognizes your player as an MTP device.