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The Beck Youth Inventories™ -Second Edition (BYI-II™) for Children and Adolescents allows clinicians to assess clients up to the age of 18 years, assuring confidence in their clinical decision making, while helping them to plan effective interventions. Consisting of five self-report inventories, the BYI-II™ can be used separately or in combination to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behaviour, and self-concept.
The five inventories each contain 20 questions about thoughts, feelings and behaviours associated with emotional and social impairment in youth. Children and adolescents describe how frequently the statement has been true for them during the past two weeks, including the day they complete it. The instruments measure the child or adolescent's emotional and social impairment in five specific areas:
- DEPRESSION INVENTORY: allows for the early identification of symptoms of depression. It includes items related to a child or adolescent's negative thoughts about self, life and the future, feelings of sadness and guilt, and sleep disturbance.
- ANXIETY INVENTORY: reflects on children and adolescents'specific worries about school performance, the future, negative reactions of others, fears including loss of control, and physiological symptoms associated with anxiety.
- ANGER INVENTORY: evaluates a child or adolescent's thoughts of being treated unfairly by others, feelings of anger and hatred.
- DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR INVENTORY: identifies thoughts and behaviours associated with conduct disorder and oppositional-defiant behaviour.
- SELF-CONCEPT INVENTORY: taps cognitions of competence, potency, and positive self-worth.
AREAS OF APPLICATION
The BYI-II™ can be used for the following:
- Screen student mental health though individual and group administration.
- Assessment of adolescents with special needs and a low reading level.
- Identificationof impaired children for referral to more extensive assessment services.
- Identifying potential vulnerability to bullying/victimisation.
- Tracking and monitoring students over time on the same group of integrated instruments.
- Score Report - contains agraphical representation of the examinee's T scores, accompanied by a table listing their raw score, cumulative percentage, and severity level. The report also includes examinercomments, additional information, critical items,omitted itemsand item responses.
- Progress Report - features a graphical display of inventory-by-inventory changes in an examinee's scores for up to five BYI-2 administrations.
SOUTH AFRICAN RESEARCH
Although South African research and norms are not yet available for the BYI-II, JVR Psychometrics welcomes the opportunity to partner with clients in conducting research studies in their organisations.
Individuals ages 7 - 18 years
5 minutes per inventory
Integrated report options
© 2021 Pearson, All rights reserved.


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I was appalled to find out that my kid's one required "shop" class was technology - basically a combination of using a computer, scissors, glue, and paper. Somehow I find that rather juvenile for High School, and would much rather they had learned something useful like which end of a hammer to hold, how to cut wood or metal, or how to change a flat tire.
Sadly, many schools have cut back or discontinued their shop programs so it now falls upon others to show our youth how much fun it can be to make things with their own hands.
This free guide for scout and youth group leaders explains the basics of setting up a leather crafting program for groups. It covers the basics from materials to procedure, as well as hints and tips.
See: Group Leather Crafting Guide

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Alexei wants to hang a mirror in his boat but the mirror and frame must not have an area larger than 19.25 square feet. The mirror is 3 feet wide and 5 feet long. Which quadratic equation represents the area of the mirror and frame combined?
The area of a rectangle is
However, the lengths that are given for the mirror do not include the frame, which we will assume is the same width on all sides.
Let the width of the frame be
The width of the frame
The length of the frame

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Texas Bats Having Tough Time Amid Drought
The drought affecting Texas this summer is giving resident bats a hard time. The lack of moisture has depleted the insect population so that bats are having to depart early from their daytime dwellings because they have to travel farther to find enough to eat.
At Bracken Bat Cave, home to the world's highest concentration of bats, the little guys are having to emerge as much as two hours before darkness.
Leaving their daytime roosts before nightfall makes them more susceptible to predators. Hawks, falcons, owls, raccoons and snakes are known to make meals of bats.
Experts have also noticed fewer bats emerging from caves and have seen evidence that more infant bats are showing up dead.
An infant bat will not survive it it's mother cannot provide it with enough food.
"If adults aren't able to get enough food, babies don't," - Diana Foss, Urban Biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, to the Bryan College Station Eagle
Although it is impossible to determine the true severity until 2012, it looks as though the population will decline.
Bat colonies face adversity amid Texas drought [Bryan College Station Eagle]


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An understanding of the mineral nutrition of plants is of fundamental importance in both basic and applied plant sciences. The Second Edition of this book retains the aim of the first in presenting the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. This volume retains the structure of the first edition, being divided into two parts: Nutritional Physiology and Soil-Plant Relationships. In Part I, more emphasis has been placed on root-shoot interactions, stress physiology, water relations, and functions of micronutrients. In view of the worldwide increasing interest in plant-soil interactions, Part II has been considerably altered and extended, particularly on the effects of external and interal factors on root growth and chapter 15 on the root-soil interface. The second edition will be invaluable to both advanced students and researchers.
_USER_:Key Features _USER_:* Second Edition of this established text
- Structure of the book remains the same
- 50% of the reference and 50% of the figures and tables have been replaced
- Whole of the text has been revised
- Coverage of plant (soil interactions has been increased considerably)
Graduate students/high level undergraduate students and researchers in plantscience.
Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients.
Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
- No. of pages:
- © Academic Press 1995
- 11th April 1995
- Academic Press
- eBook ISBN:
- Paperback ISBN:
Universitat of Hohenheim, Germany
_USER_:"...nearly any plant scientist will find this a useful reference work to have on their bookshelf." _USER_:--Daniel Taub in PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN _USER_:"The presentation of this new edition has been improved... It is richly illustrated. A 180-page reference section contributes to the quality of the book. The book is a fantastic source of information for instructors in plant physiology. The book may be the scientific legacy of the recently declared coeditor of this journal." _USER_:--Michel Couderchet in JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY _USER_:"...I should stress that the author has a very clear, easy to follow and instructive style of presentation." _USER_:--ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM _USER_:"...thoroughly recommended... a welcome addition to any library or laboratory shelf and should remain relevant for many years." _USER_:--Marc F. Allison, IACR-Brooms Barn, in PLANT GROWTH REGULATION


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Maintain Your Storm Drain to Protect Your Home
While we welcome the rain in Arizona, a heavy downfall can cause problems if you do not maintain your storm drains on your property.
Storm drains are essential to direct the flow of water that accumulates during rainfall; keeping it from flooding both your property and any adjacent areas. Maintaining your storm drains can protect your home and ensure excess water reaches the right destinations to prevent flooding in your neighborhood.
What Are Storm Drains?
Storm drains are a combination of systems that work together to handle heavy precipitation and keep it from flooding or pooling in areas where it can do damage. For residential properties, this starts with your home. The gutter system on your home collects the water runoff from the roof and whisks it down away from your foundation. This protects your roof and siding from water damage, but this is just the beginning of the storm drain system.
Both the gutters and the rest of your yard or property need somewhere to direct water during heavy rains. You may have a storm drain on your property that is a catch basin and has an underground pipe to lead to a municipal storm drain on the street. In some municipalities like Scottsdale, there are washes that run through adjacent properties to direct water and keep it from flooding homes and streets. Culverts and other channels are also all part of the community storm drainage system that all divert water away from homes and streets.
Storm drainage does not usually enter the sewer system. Water runoff is directed to a drainage area and allowed to absorb back into the soil unfiltered. This system is separate from sewage drains but can become clogged and backed up like a sewer line. The difference is the water will accumulate around the outside of your home, not back up into your home's plumbing. Both types of backups can cause damage—sewer backups are internal, while storm drain backups can damage the exterior of your home.
Drainage Damage to Your Home
If storm drains are not kept functioning correctly, you can have severe damage to your home. When water accumulates in your yard and around your foundation, you can have thousands of dollars of damage occur in a short period of time. Some of the damages caused by poor storm drainage include:
- Ruined landscaping
- Basement flooding
- Settlement of foundation
- Water and mold damage in your home
- Roof and structural damage from gutter backups
Considering your home is one of the biggest investments you will make, it is desirable to ensure it is protected from damage. Maintaining your storm drains is essential and should be a top priority.
Storm Drain Maintenance
Starting with your gutter system and working down to storm drains and washes on your property, you need to keep the system open. Gutters can become clogged with needles, leaves, and debris, causing the water to overflow. This can cause water damage to your roof and siding, as well as allow water to collect around your foundation. Cleaning your gutters in the spring and late fall can help ensure runoff flows down the system and toward the larger storm drain, is necessary for maintenance.
Like the gutters, storm drains and washes need to be cleaned and kept free from clogging. Even if the storm drain is created by the municipality like community washes, it is usually the homeowner's responsibility to maintain the wash on their property. To avoid backups and clogs in the system, storm drains should be regularly cleaned and maintained, including:
- Removing all trash, leaves, debris, and sediment
- Clear away vegetation that can clog or choke the drainage system
- Keep structures away from drainage areas—do not build a wall or fence over a wash or channel that could cause an obstruction
You can rake away leaves and debris after storms to keep them from causing issues in your storm drains. However, if the debris goes down into an underground drainage system and causes a clog, you may need to hire a plumber.
Storm Drain Maintenance and Repairs in Arizona
If you notice pooling in your yard or around your storm drain, you may have an underground drain pipe that is clogged. Before water ruins your yard or damages your home, give our team a call at Mason Mechanical. We offer full inspections of your plumbing, sewer, and drainage system; using camera explorations to identify clog or repair problems underground. If there is a clog or other issues in your storm drain or sewer line, we can remove the clog or repair the pipe to remedy the issue. For ongoing maintenance, we offer high pressure jetting to clear out debris from your sewer lines and storm drains. Contact us today to schedule your storm drain inspection, repair, or maintenance.


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What is meant by first contact?
Basically it's the start of the eclipse. The point where the eclipsing body first touches the primary star's image and starts a decrease in the primary star's brightness as seen from Earth. But it's not so simple. With epsilon Aurigae, first contact appears to be wavelength dependent. This means that the longer (red and visual bands) wavelengths will start to show an eclipse before the shorter (blue and ultraviolet bands) wavelengths.
In addition, because epsilon Aurigae is known to vary a fair amount out-of-eclipse, knowing exactly when the eclipse is starting (first contact) is not easy. One approach, and the one used for the Campaign predictions, is to determine the average magnitude for a given band out-of-eclipse. Next, after the eclipse is well underway there will be an ingress curve or line showing the system getting fainter with time. This should be a fairly straight line. The slope of that line is important as it can be used along with an intersection with the average out-of-eclipse value to determine the first contact point, also for second contact..
Unlike many eclipsing binary star systems where there are dozen, hundreds or even thousands of eclipse observations, because of epsilon Aurigae's long period of 27.1 years there are only a handful of eclipse observations and most of those were prior to many significant developments in equipment and techniques.
Another variable for predicting first contact is that the precise time between first contacts appears to be changing for each eclipse. The 2009/2011 eclipse will add another layer of data to these predictions.
For this current eclipse the V band prediction for first contact is 30 July 2009. RI and JH bands are most likely to be days or weeks earlier. We have no data from previous eclipses so no predictions for those bands. The B band is predicted for 11 August 2009 and the U band 21 August 2009.
Other contact points and mid-eclipse timing have similar problems. It will be interesting to see how these times compare with current predictions and with past eclipses. Much will be learned from the new data. Perhaps some surprises and enlightenment.


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1 cl-user(14): 2 2 cl-user(15): 3 3 cl-user(16): (gc) cl-user(17): wv #(nil)
The data in a static array is placed in an area that is not garbage collected. This means that the data is never moved and, therefore, pointers to it can be safely stored in foreign code. (Generally, Lisp objects are moved about by the garbage collector so a pointer passed to foreign code is only guaranteed to be valid during the call. See foreign-functions.htm for more information on this point.) Only certain element types are permitted (listed below). General arrays (whose elements can be any Lisp object) cannot be created as static arrays.
The primary purpose of static arrays is for use with foreign code. They may also be useful with pure Lisp code but only if the array is needed for the whole Lisp run and the array never has to be significantly changed. The problem is the array is not garbage collected and there is no way (within Lisp) to free up the space.
Static arrays are returned by make-array with the (Allegro CL-specific) allocation keyword argument specified. The data is stored in an area which is not garbage collected but the header (if any) is stored in standard Lisp space. The following element types are supported in static arrays.
bit (signed-byte 8) (unsigned-byte 4) (unsigned-byte 8) (signed-byte 16) (unsigned-byte 16) (signed-byte 32) (unsigned-byte 32) character single-float double-float (complex single-float) (complex double-float)
See implementation.htm for information on this extension to make-array. See lispval-other-to-address for information on freeing static arrays.
Copyright (c) _PHONE_, Franz Inc. Oakland, CA., USA. All rights reserved.
Documentation for Allegro CL version 9.0. This page was not revised from the 8.2 page.
|Allegro CL version 9.0|
Unrevised from 8.2 to 9.0.


Rescued Mice. Find a Mouse at a Shelter
 - Find photos of Mice for adoption near you. Read profiles of Mice personalities.
 - Give a healthy Mouse a home. Why buy a Mouse for sale when you can adopt?
 - Use Search Saver. We will e-mail you when we find a Mouse in your area for adoption.
What to Consider Before Adopting a Mouse.
We are happy that you have decided to adopt a Mouse. Mouse adoption is a wonderful way to provide a Mouse a second chance and caring environment. Most pets arrive at shelters because the owner had to move, could no longer afford the pet, had a death in the family, or simply gave up the responsibly of being a care taker for a Mouse. Before bringing home a Mouse, make sure you have considered the full impact of your decision. Below is a brief overview of the type of needs a Mouse might require and what you will need to consider for the life time care of a Mouse.
First most, understand that no matter what, even if you buy a Mouse for sale, or adopt, as a new pet owner it is your responsibility to care for the Mouse it's entire lifespan. Part of that responsibility is taking time to understand the basic needs of a Mouse. At the top of that list should be getting know the diet of a Mouse. Find out how often and what a Mouse needs to eat. Next, what shelter do you need to provide? Get to know what habitat a Mouse is accustom to, what temperature will the Mouse need to maintain, and what range of temperatures are acceptable for a Mouse to survive.
It's usually a good idea to get to know a little more about Mouse habits, temperament and relationship with humans before adopting a Mouse. For example, can you handle a Mouse. What is an indicator if a Mouse is being aggressive and senses fear? Some pets will maintain much more happiness as long as they live socially, does a Mouse need a companion pet in order to live happily? What exercise does a Mouse need regularly?
Mouse adoption can be an enriching experience, and is a big decision. Whatever pet you adopt will demand certain lifestyle changes, and a financial commitment. Estimating the monthly costs of owning a pet is just as important as making sure you have the time and motivation to feed the Mouse when necessary, and provide a safe environment to live.
We want to spread the word!
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Louisiana New Orleans, Lafayette, Baton Rouge
Alabama Birmingham, Montgomery, Mobile, Huntsville, Tuscaloosa, Decatur
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South CarolinaColumbia, Charleston, Greenville
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Iowa Des Moines, Sioux City
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Alberta Edmonton, Calgary
Arkansas Little Rock Texarkana
Nevada Reno, Las Vegas, Henderson, Carson City
New Mexico Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Los Alamos, Alamogordo
West Virginia Charleston, Clarksburg
Nebraska Omaha, Lincoln
Idaho Boise, Twin Falls, Idaho Falls
Maine Portland, Kennebunk, Augusta
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British Columbia Victoria, Vancouver, Prince George
Montana Billings, Great Falls, Bozeman, Missoula, Helena
Nova Scotia Halifax
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Manitoba Winnipeg
Vermont Burlington, Montpelier, Newport, Bennington
District of Columbia Washington DC
Wyoming Cheyenne, Jackson
New Brunswick Fredericton
Saskatchewan Regina
Prince Edward Island Charlottetown
Northwest Territories Yellowknife
Yukon Whitehorse


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On 26 December an ABA Code-3 La Sagra's Flycatcher (Myiarchus sagrae) was found in a restricted area (NO PUBLIC ACCESS) of Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park (fee). Luckily the original finder, Robin Diaz, was able to relocate the bird outside the restricted area as it gave its "wheet" calls along the park's nature trail before returning briefly to what has been dubbed the "La Sagra Tree" (intersection of the nature trail and a restroom trail with the "tree", ~100 yards south of the white gate. Robin says a (the) La Sagra's Flycatcher has been in the same vicinity for three consecutive winters showing signs of territorial behavior.
La Sagra's Flycatcher was first reported in the ABA Area in 1963 in Orrville, central Alabama, a bird thought to be of the Cuban race, M. s. sagrae. Since the first report of this species in the ABA Area, at least 12 records and numerous reports have been recorded, all from South Florida. The Florida records are of birds thought to be of Bahamian origin, M. s. lucaysiensis (ABA Checklist, Fifth Edition, DeBenetictus et al.).
La Sagra's Flycatcher has been considered at times to be conspecific with Stolid Flycatcher (M. stolidus) but vocal differences showed the two taxa to be separate species, although the dawn song of the nominate race, M. s. stolidus, is similar to the dawn songs of the two races of La Sagra's Flycatcher (Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 9). La Sagra Flycatcher is often separated from its congeners by its distinctive forward-leaning posture and flat-headed appearance. Although not considered threatened, the entire range of La Sagra's Flycatcher is the Bahamas, Cuba, and Cayman Islands (Birds of the West Indies, Raffaele et al.).
An excellent treatment with tips on identification of La Sagra's Flycatcher by Smith and Evered can be found in a 1992 issue of Birding 24:294−296.


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Post War World Council Collection, 1942-19611 box (0.25 linear feet).
In early 1938, the Keep America Out of War Committee was formed in New York to preserve and strengthen the anti-war movement. After undergoing a name change in May 1938, the committee dissolved and re-organized as the Provisional Committee Toward a Democratic Peace in December 1941. By February 1942, however, the committee evolved once more, this time into the Post War World Council.
This collection consists of pamphlets from the Post War World Council that document a range of opinions concerning the war and the world, including titles such as "Saboteurs of Victory," "The Case Against Compulsory Peacetime Military Training," "The Future of the Far East," and "Disarmament in the Post War World."
- Peace movements
- Post-War World Council


Monday, December 21, 2020
Does Your Dog Suffer From Bad Breath?
Dental chews and doggie mints only do so much! Fresh breath depends on a healthy bacterial balance in your dog's mouth. Microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi make up your dog's gut microbiome (communities of microbes). Too much bad bacteria relative to good bacteria (found in probiotics) creates dysbiosis and symptoms such as bad breath and digestive problems. Help improve your dog's bad breath by improving your dog's digestion with Ask Ariel's Power Probiotic and K9 Digestive Enzymes. Diet is also a big factor as chemicals, food allergies, grains and low quality food can cause digestive upset. To learn more about how to help your dog's bad breath, please click here.


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Alternating, palmately lobed leaves. Mottled bark that sheds off in oblong scales, leaving patches of white, smooth bark.
Sycamores are tolerant of wet soils. They grow in flood plains, along rivers and streams, and in lowlands (Peattie 1964). Hairs on the seeds act as parachutes, and the wind distributes them. However, many seeds may be carried by water and deposited on mud flats (a suitable place for growth). The wood of the sycamore is very hard and difficult to split. It has been used for crates, barrels, and boxes. Hollow trunks of old giant trees are homes for chimney swifts (Burns and Honkala 1990).


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Unique Characteristics of Soviet Montage
Unlike Montage where by a combination series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information, Soviet Montage on the other hand is a style of filmmaking that is evolved to immerse the audience in a story and disguise technique was turned upside down in order to create the opposite emotional effect to bring the audience to the edge of their seat, and in the case of the Odessa Steps sequence, to push the viewer towards a feeling of vertigo. In a simpler form, Soviet Montage combination series of short shots are edited into a sequence to create symbolic meaning. One main characteristic of Soviet Montage films is the downplaying of individual characters in the centre of attention whereby single characters are shown as members of different social classes and are representing a general type or class imitating Marxist Concept which believe more on society rather than individual.For Instance, in Eisenstein's Strike there is only one character named individually in the entire film. This proves the theory portraying collectivism rather individualism to propagate how united are the people against whatever political climate in Russia. The central aspect of Soviet Montage style was the area of editing. Cuts should stimulate the spectator. In opposition to continuity editing Montage cutting often created either overlapping or elliptical temporal relations. Elliptical cutting creates the opposite effect. A part of an action is left out, so the event takes less time than it would in reality. Elliptical editing was often used in the form of the jump cut. For instance, in Strike, Eisenstein cuts from a police officer to a butcher who kills an animal in the form of a jump cut. This is to indicate the butcher not being part of the story but should be able to create or make the viewer think about the relation and come to a conclusion as if the workers were slaughtered like animals in reality. 5 Methods of Montage:
1. Metric Montage – The editing work is done according to a specific number of frames, follows by cutting to the subsequent shot regardless of the event within the image. This is done to draw out the fundamental response of the audience. 2. Rhythmic Montage – this is done through cutting based on continuity, producing visual continuity from edit to edit. A very fine example of Rhythmic montage is from II Buono, il Brutto, il Cattivo where the protagonist and the two other antagonists face each other in a three-way duel. 3. Tonal Montage – This uses the emotional meaning of the shots, to emphasize a response from the audience in a more complicated manner than Metric or Rhythmic Montage. For instance, a sleeping baby would express his or her calmness and relaxation. The prime example for this montage method from Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin, where audience can witness the death of a revolutionary sailor Vakulinchuk.
4. Overtonal Montage – it is a collection of Metric, Rhythmic and Tonal Montage to create its effect on the audience for a more complex effect. It is best shown in a film called Pudovkin's Mother, where the men are seen as workers walking towards a protestation at their own factory and later in movie, the protagonist uses ice to escape. 5. Intellectual Montage – it is used as a bridge to connect and create meaning completely outside the depiction, unlike continuity editing, where images are created in a smooth space or time. In general, 'intellectual montage' is when the image is not represented by a particular idea. Basically, it uses shots which, combined, emphasize an intellectual meaning. The effect is shown through conflict such as juxtapose shots that have no direct relationship. The best example for Intellectual Montage is from a film called Strike. In this film, cut of shots include striking workers being assaulted and a bull being butchered. This is done as metaphor to show how workers...
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The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) today launched the first ever Charter setting out the fundamental rights of more than 300 million people living with diabetes.
The landmark document places the rights of people with diabetes and their parents and carers into three focus areas; the rights to care; information and education and social justice, whilst at the same time acknowledging the responsibilities held by people with diabetes.
The publication of the International Charter of Rights and Responsibilities of People with Diabetes comes at a crucial time. As the global diabetes epidemic continues to escalate, IDF estimates that the number of people with diabetes will rise to 500 million within a generation, killing 4 million people each year and costing the global economy US$378 billion in health care spending.
IDF will use the Charter as a powerful campaigning tool to counteract the discrimination and stigma millions of people with diabetes still face, largely due to ignorance and misconceptions surrounding the disease. In many parts of the world, this promotes a culture of secrecy that can create barriers to services, employment, and even marriage, and may stop people with diabetes playing an active role in society.
Raising awareness about the rights of people with diabetes is a key element of IDF's demand for coordinated and concerted international action to tackle the diabetes epidemic before, during and after the UN High Level Summit on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to be held this September in New York.
"Both children and adults alike are denied both the rights to life and health when their diabetes goes undetected or they lack access to affordable technologies and medicines such as insulin, oral blood glucose lowering agents and other necessary medications" said Sir Michael Hirst, President-Elect, IDF.
"This is a ground-breaking document that gives Governments and organisations clear guidance on what the fundamental rights to life, health and freedom from discrimination mean to people with diabetes. It is a gold standard to which they should aspire."
Articles contained within the Charter urge governments and public authorities to commit to making health care accessible for all and creating conditions that allow people with diabetes to have as normal a life as possible
IDF encourages all Governments and organisations to sign up to and aspire to the Charter principles which underpin the rights to life and health for all people with diabetes.
For more information contact:
Media and PR Coordinator
International Diabetes Federation
+32 (0)496 12 94 70
About the International Diabetes Federation
The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is an umbrella organisation of over 200 national diabetes associations in over 160 countries. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. The Federation has been leading the global diabetes community since 1950. IDF's mission is to promote diabetes care, prevention and a cure worldwide. Led by the International Diabetes Federation, the Unite for Diabetes campaign secured a United Nations Resolution on diabetes in December 2006.


. Rather they are satisfied to speak English at any time. Even when they marry Eleme men, they do neglect the Eleme language for a foreign one.
When they marry outsiders, their children most usually speak English language first before learning that of their husband or any other language.
Unlike Igbo, Efik, or Yoruba girls to mention a few, who will speak their language to their children from day one irrespective of who or where they marry; Eleme girls will rather alienate their children from the unique Eleme traits and traditions even if they are married to Eleme men.
Care and Love
Eleme First Daughters are beautiful, intelligent and obedient, but most of all, they are very caring, hardworking and industrious.
They are generally strong women and while the husband plays the head of the home and brings home the bread, she most likely ends up being the foundation of the house: takes care of the kids, the budget, the food, the home generally. She will not hesitate to take up several jobs to support her husband and family, and she will still fulfil her wifely duty to keep everyone happy.
The people of Eleme are very religious people and their preferred religion is Christianity. Most Eleme First Daughters are brought up in strict religious homes and as such, they have the fear of God and the belief in His Supremacy instilled in them.
Even when they get emancipated from their parents, they still carry those values with them into their marriage and homes. Be prepared to go to church every Sunday, and observe religious holidays and church programmes once married to an Eleme First Daughter, they hardly compromise on this and they hardly convert to other religions.
The people of Eleme have a large variety of delicious dishes and their women are trained to know these recipes from an early age. They also have a love for their local meals and so they find it difficult to change their diet to food from other areas.
No doubt after marriage, especially if they are married to someone from another country or tribe, they can make the necessary compromise and eat other dishes, but be rest assures that they will not throw their home food completely away. They find ways to cajole their new family into accepting their local dishes and this is usually easy as Eleme meals are usually delicious and the girls are great cooks.
There are three types of soup with cultural values in Eleme of which Eleme First Daughter must in the course of your marriage introduce you to. These are Looloo Mbalo, Ebͻri Mbalo, and Ͻkwͻi Nsogũ. Each type of soup requires particular types of fish to go with, and they are meant for different occasions.
Do not mistaken Looloo Mbalo with the popular Pepper Soup. No! Looloo Mbalo is usually cooked with njijoii (snapper), nda (shynose), obui (catfish), ekoko (skate), ͻmεε (barracuda), and ekokoabura (shark) among other special ingredients. Looloo mbalo is mostly served with nja esaa (pounded yam). The yam is usually pounded into eyarayara nja esaa or ͻtãrã nja esaa and eaten with looloo mbalo. She must coach you on the technics of eating it the Eleme way. You have to learn how to mould the lumps, bore a hoe at the center, use it to fetch the soup and swallow it without the pounded yam scattering.
Ebͻri Mbalo is another Eleme soup thickened with adε-mkpͻͻ (cowpea). It is known generally as native soup and may be prepared with dried fish and/or meat along other necessary condiments.
Ͻkwͻi Nsogũ entails the preparation of enough fresh pumpkin leaves, boiled and carefully grinded in mortal. The ingredients include mgboro, esͻrͻ ͻbani, dried meat, and one of the following types of fish – nda, ekoko, obui, eboakpina or ekokoabura. This type of soup is preferred during rainy season when fresh pumpkin leaves are abundant.
Other popular indigenous Eleme soups include Mbalo Ɔkwɔi Nsogũ, I'oro Mbalo (spice with Etoo Akara or Esaa), Mbalo ƆgS, etc.
The ideal Eleme First Daughter who is married knows the temperament of her husband and selects the type of soup she offers him to sustain and promote his love and good health.
Eleme First Daughters make excellent wives. They are home builders and the pillar of their husbands' success.
High Chief Ollorwi Osaro
Ndèlé is a customary provision that allows a woman to manifest her personal wealth by publicly transferring part to another woman for the purpose of conferment of the prestigious title of Ɛmɛrɛ Ɔwa with all the prominence which custom grants to such a person. It is a deliberate action by a woman to enrich another. The Eleme Culture designed Ndèlé as a traditional means of Economic Empowerment and Wealth Transfer among the female folks. In transferring wealth, Ndèlé has helped empower many couples and give autonomy and self-sufficiency to several families in Eleme.
Purpose of Ndèlé
The established process of economic empowerment and wealth transfer known as Ndèlé has hitherto transformed the lives of many families. It is also an attainment for social recognition and status conferment among our female folks. Ndèlé ensures that the title of Ɛmɛrɛ Ɔwa cannot be assumed overnight without being formally confer with it, after due process and especially meeting the minimum requirements of Otora Ndèlé.
The benefactor, i.e., the woman performing the Otora Ndèlé must examine herself fit for the exercise and buoyant enough to meet all the requirements. She must carefully select the beneficiary, who in most cases will be her daughter, junior sister or niece.
Material for Otora Ndèlé
The list of material for Otora Ndèlé is endless as new and expensive things are introduced from time to time in line with changes. However, the following are prerequisite: Different Varieties of Yams, Cocoyams, Sugarcane, Beans, Pepper, salt, palm oil, Pumpkin, One Plantain Sucker, One Basin of Garri, Big Dried Fish (known as ete njira), and a female goat. Also to be included are various sizes of aluminium pots, plates, basins, axe, kettle, matchet, trunk boxes, bicycle, trinkets, gas cooker and cylinder, sewing machine, trays, tripods, cups, mortar and pestle, sieve, cutlery and so on.
When the materials for Otora Ndèlé are assumed to be complete, leading women in the community will be invited to inspect all the materials which will be laid out in a room. The women qualified to carry the materials are compound members, relations of the celebrant, members of her age-group and other female members of the community. That is, the more the materials, the more the number of women to carry them.
Ndèlé Song
And apart from the bicycle which may be rolled along with the entourage, every single item will be carried by a woman on her head as they sing the Ndèlé song:
Ndèlé Etoo Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Esaa Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Ojaku (Ojakpo) Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Onwie Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Njae Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Akpikpe Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Abã Hey yaa hey
Ndèlé Day
Otora Ndèlé is usually performed on Ɔbɔ and it is never carried to a widow, spinster or a woman not currently married to a man.
Ndèlé Procession
Only a married first daughter who have acquired the Ɛmɛrɛ Ɔwa title leads the NDÈLÉ procession, first round their own community to announce their departure and then to the recipient community. One of the leaders will carry a heavy metal gong which she will sound monotonously as they walk along. This will continue until the entourage reaches their destination and is received by members of the age-group or friends of the husband to the recipient.
Reception Rites
Custom demands that both the recipient and her husband must hide themselves in nearby compound and remain there until they are sent for, while their friends will help the entourage to settle down. When the entourage has finally settled down, the friends of the couple will now help them to come and see the gift items which will be announced to them as they move from their hiding place to their own house.
In the spirit of welcoming the entourage all the necessary rites will be performed in the recipient's house before they will begin their journey back home.
Conferment of Ɛmɛrɛ Ɔwa Title
The arrival of the entourage back home begins another round of celebrations by the celebrant who joyfully receives the entourage and praises them for safe delivery of all the items. After a period of singing, dancing and merriments, the leader


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Oracle® WebLogic Communication Services Developer's Guide
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1 Overview of SIP Servlet Application Development
This chapter describes SIP servlet application development in the following sections:
1.1 What is a SIP Servlet?
The SIP Servlet API is standardized as JSR289 of JCP (Java Community Process).
In this document, the term "SIP Servlet" is used to represent the API, and "SIP servlet" is used to represent an application created with the API.
Java Servlets are for building server-side applications, HttpServlets are subclasses of Servlet and are used to create Web applications. SIP Servlet is defined as the generic servlet API with SIP-specific functions added.
Figure 1-1 Servlet API and SIP Servlet API
servlet APIs
Description of "Figure 1-1 Servlet API and SIP Servlet API"
SIP Servlets are very similar to HTTP Servlets, and HTTP servlet developers can quickly adapt to the programming model. The service level defined by both HTTP and SIP Servlets is very similar, and you can easily design applications that support both HTTP and SIP. Listing 1 shows an example of a simple SIP servlet.
Example 1-1
package oracle.example.simple;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.sip.*;
public class SimpleSIPServlet extends SipServlet {
 protected void doMessage(SipServletRequest req)
 throws ServletException, IOException
 SipServletResponse res = req.createResponse(200);
The above example shows a simple SIP servlet that sends back a 200 OK response to the SIP MESSAGE request. As you can see from the list, SIP Servlet and HTTP Servlet have many things in common:
 1. Servlets must inherit the base class provided by the API. HTTP servlets must inherit HttpServlet, and SIP servlets must inherit SipServlet.
 2. Methods doXxx must be overridden and implemented. HTTP servlets have doGet/doPost methods corresponding to GET/POST methods. Similarly, SIP servlets have doXxx methods corresponding to the method name (in the above example, the MESSAGE method). Application developers override and implement necessary methods.
 3. The lifecycle and management method (init, destroy) of SIP Servlet are exactly the same as HTTP Servlet. Manipulation of sessions and attributes is also the same.
 4. Although not shown in the example above, there is a deployment descriptor called sip.xml for a SIP servlet, which corresponds to web.xml. Application developers and service managers can edit this file to configure applications using multiple SIP servlets.
However, there are several differences between SIP and HTTP servlets. A major difference comes from protocols. The next section describes these differences as well as features of SIP servlets.
1.2 Differences from HTTP Servlets
This section describes differences between SIP Servlets and HTTP Servlets.
1.2.1 Multiple Responses
You might notice from Example 1-1 that the doMessage method has only one argument. In HTTP, a transaction consists of a pair of request and response, so arguments of a doXxx method specify a request (HttpServletRequest) and its response (HttpServletResponse). An application takes information such as parameters from the request to execute it, and returns its result in the body of the response.
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
 throws ServletException, IOException
For SIP, more than one response may be returned to a single request.
Figure 1-2 Example of Request and Response in SIP
Request and response in SIP
Description of "Figure 1-2 Example of Request and Response in SIP"
The above figure shows an example of a response to the INVITE request. In this example, the server sends back three responses 100, 180, and 200 to the single INVITE request. To implement such sequence, in SIP Servlet, only a request is specified in a doXxx method, and an application generates and returns necessary responses in an overridden method.
Currently, SIP Servlet defines the following doXxx methods:
protected void doInvite(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doAck(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doOptions(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doBye(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doCancel(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doSubscribe(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doNotify(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doMessage(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doInfo(SipServletRequest req);
protected void doPrack(SipServletRequest req);
1.2.2 Receiving Responses
One of the major features of SIP is that roles of a client and server are not fixed. In HTTP, Web browsers always send HTTP requests and receive HTTP responses: They never receive HTTP requests and send HTTP responses. In SIP, however, each terminal needs to have functions of both a client and server.
For example, both of two SIP phones must call to the other and disconnect the call.
Figure 1-3 Relationship between Client and Server in SIP
Client and server in SIP
Description of "Figure 1-3 Relationship between Client and Server in SIP"
The above example indicates that a calling or disconnecting terminal acts as a client. In SIP, roles of a client and server can be changed in one dialog. This client function is called UAC (User Agent Client) and server function is called UAS (User Agent Server), and the terminal is called UA (User Agent). SIP Servlet defines methods to receive responses as well as requests.
protected void doProvisionalResponse(SipServletResponse res);
protected void doSuccessResponse(SipServletResponse res);
protected void doRedirectResponse(SipServletResponse res);
protected void doErrorResponse(SipServletResponse res);
These doXxx response methods are not the method name of the request. They are named by the type of the response as follows:
 - doProvisionalResponse—A method invoked on the receipt of a provisional response (or 1xx response).
 - doSuccessResponse—A method invoked on the receipt of a success response.
 - doRedirectResponse—A method invoked on the receipt of a redirect response.
 - doErrorResponse—A method invoked on the receipt of an error response (or 4xx, 5xx, 6xx responses).
Existence of methods to receive responses indicates that in SIP Servlet requests and responses are independently transmitted an application in different threads. Applications must explicitly manage association of SIP messages. An independent request and response makes the process slightly complicated, but enables you to write more flexible processes.
Also, SIP Servlet allows applications to explicitly create requests. Using these functions, SIP servlets can not only wait for requests as a server (UAS), but also send requests as a client (UAC).
1.2.3 Proxy Functions
Another function that is different from the HTTP protocol is "forking." Forking is a process of proxying one request to multiple servers simultaneously (or sequentially) and used when multiple terminals (operators) are associated with one telephone number (such as in a call center).
SIP Servlet provides a utility to proxy SIP requests for applications that have proxy functions.
1.2.4 Message Body
As the figure below, the structure of SIP messages is the same as HTTP.
Figure 1-5 SIP Message Example
SIP message example
Description of "Figure 1-5 SIP Message Example"
HTTP is basically a protocol to transfer HTML files and images. Contents to be transferred are stored in the message body. HTTP Servlet defines stream manipulation-based API to enable sending and receiving massive contents. Servlet Request
ServletInputStream getInputStream()
BufferedReader getReader() Servlet Response
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()
PrintWriter getWriter()
int getBufferSize()
void setBufferSize(int size)
void resetBuffer()
void flushBuffer()
In SIP, however, only low-volume contents are stored in the message body since SIP is intended for real-time communication. Therefore, above methods are provided only for compatibility, and their functions are disabled.
In SIP, contents stored in the body include:
 - SDP (Session Description Protocol)—A protocol to define multimedia sessions used between terminals. This protocol is defined in RFC2373.
 - Presence Information—A message that describes presence information defined in CPIM.
 - IM Messages—IM (instant message) body. User-input messages are stored in the message body.
Since the message body is in a small size, processing it in a streaming way increases overhead. SIP Servlet re-defines API to manipulate the message body on memory as follows: SipServletMessage
void setContent(Object content, String contentType)
Object getContent()
byte[] getRawContent()
1.2.5 Role of a Servlet Container
The following sections describe major functions provided by OWLCS as a SIP servlet container:
 - Application Management—Describes functions such as application management by servlet context, lifecycle management of servlets, application initialization by deployment descriptors.
 - SIP Messaging—Describes functions of parsing incoming SIP messages and delivering to appropriate SIP servlets, sending messages created by SIP servlets to appropriate UAS, and automatically setting SIP header fields.
 - Utility Functions—Describes functions such as sessions, factories, and proxying that are available in SIP servlets. Application Management
Like HTTP servlet containers, SIP servlet containers manage applications by servlet context (see Figure 6). Servlet contexts (applications) are normally archived in a WAR format and deployed in each application server.
The method of deploying in application servers varies depending on your product. Refer to the documentation of your application server.
Figure 1-6 Servlet Container and Servlet Context
Servlet and


We know that the violin is a popular and beautiful instrument that many people all over the world are learning it everyday. However, what we might not know, is that there are also many people all over the world giving up learning the violin everyday!
As a violinist for 17 years, I have seen how violin players love playing the violin so much that they play their way to the top and perform in famous concert halls, and I have also seen how violin players gave up playing altogether after just into their 3rd year of learning.
Why is that so?
In the guide above that I have written, I share that many violinists are not really enjoying their violin playing, causing them to become frustrated, and ultimately, giving up playing altogether.
I hope to stop this, and help violinists enjoy their violin music again. That's why this book!
Click on the book and download it right away!
Question: If you have read the Smart Violin Playing guide, what do you think? You can leave a comment below!


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Creating personalized assessments based on learner knowledge and objectives in a hypermedia Web testing application
Computers & Education Vol. 55, No. 4 pp. 1732–1743
This paper presents an adaptive Web testing system where the adaptation of the testing procedure relies on the performance, the prior knowledge and the goals and preferences of the test participants. The main aim of the paper is to discuss the...
Interactive Learning Environments Vol. 19, No. 3 (2011) pp. 267–283
In this article, we present the characteristics and the design of a modular personalized multimedia testing tool based fully on XML learning specifications. Personalization is based on the characteristics of the individual learners, thus the testing...


Distribuidor oficial de Groasis en España | Carrito Compra
Growboxx at the 'Global Opportunity Explorer'
Lectura 5 - 10 min
The Global Opportunity Explorer is an initiative that garthers the ideas and products of companies that are trying to mitigate the climate change by proposing sustainable delovepment solutions for the future. The Global Opportunity Explorer divides its areas of action in the following goals:
global opportunity explorer
Groasis, manufacturer of Waterboxx and Growboxx has been chosen as one of the companies that help with its technology to achieve the objectives proposed by the Global Opportunity Explorer, specifically the problems that the Growboxx manages to mitigate are:
global opportunity explorer no pobreza
No Poverty
The first goal is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. It also aims to ensure the social protection of poor and vulnerable groups, increase access to basic services and support people harmed by extreme weather events and other factors Economic, social and environmental.
Growing a productive fruit or medicinal tree in combination with four complementary vegetables can provide low income families with a source of income as well as food.
Zero Hunger
Objective 2 aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030. It also commits universal access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food at any time of the year. This will require sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices, equal access to land, technology and markets and international cooperation on investments in infrastructure and technology to boost agricultural productivity.
Vegetables planted with Growboxx are produced with 90% less water compared to traditional solutions, providing communities in arid areas with a reliable source of food.
Life on Land
Objective 15 focuses specifically on sustainable management of forests, restoration of degraded lands and the successful combating of desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
The preservation of diverse forms of life on earth requires specific efforts to protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and other ecosystems.
The Growboxx can be used to rejuvenate previously degraded lands, using the method of self-reforestation of Groasis.
Groasis Growboxx allows plants and trees to grow in desert areas using limited water resources, without the need for energy or continuous irrigation.
Groasis Growboxx is a seeding technology for eroded, rocky, dry and desert areas that allows the growth of a single tree or a tree in combination with four other plants. It cab be filled with a single dose of 15 liters of water, which avoids evaporation by the design of the box. Instead, water is slowly released into the soil surrounding the seeds. Rain and condensation from the surroundings are also collected in the box. In this way, a heavy rain of only 10 minutes once a year is enough to fill the tank and be able to be supplied to the plant until the following season.
The box releases only 50 ml of water per day. With such a limited amount of water, plants are forced to look deeper into the soil and over time – even in drier areas – the roots often find water a few feet deep. Once the plants have established a root system, the box will biodegrade, which encourages tree growth.
The survival rate of trees using the Growboxx is over 90%, no matter how challenging the circumstances. Similarly, water savings are more than 90% compared to any other planting method during the first year. From the second year, the water saving is 100% since no water is added manually.
Escrito por Rafael Toledo Wright
Marketing y Redacción de Contenidos en Accreviri. Apasionado por la ecología y la naturaleza 🌱
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What is the Difference Between De facto Relationship & Marriage?
By 28 September 2018De Facto Law, General
Brisbane Family Lawyers
Relationships in contemporary Australian society are marked by changes to our social dynamics, such as the ever increasing population and growth of our multicultural and inclusive society.
Yet there are only two formal types of relationships in the eyes of the Australian legal system: a de facto relationship or a marriage.
Save for the obvious differences, and of course differences in cultural practices, there is one significant difference between the two.
The Marriage Act 1961 defines "marriage" as being 'the union of two people to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life'. Key to this definition are the terms "union", "exclusion of all others", and "voluntarily entered into for life".
Whilst there is no firm definition of "de facto relationship", a de facto relationship can exist between two persons providing they are:
 1. not married to each other;
 2. are not related; and
 3. are living on a genuine domestic basis.
The Family Law Act 1975 identifies a number of circumstances from which a de facto relationship may arise, which include:
 - the duration of the relationship;
 - the nature and extent of the parties' common residence;
 - whether a sexual relationship exists;
 - the degree of financial dependence or interdependence;
 - whether the parties' own, use or have acquired property jointly;
 - the degree of the parties' mutual commitment to a shared life;
 - whether the parties' relationship has been registered under a prescribed law of a State or Territory;
 - the parties' care and support of children; and
 - the reputation and public aspects of the relationship.
Indeed, when you look at the circumstances that may give rise to a de facto relationship it is easy to see that they will more likely than not exist in a marriage. A combination of any of the above circumstances can be found in almost every intimate relationship, it is the constitution of the relationship that differences.
Arguably, there is no intrinsic difference between the two. Relationships are comprised of some overarching key factors, namely love and affection, commitment and support.
However, when you consider the definitions of the two types of relationships, there are some significant differences which point to one fundamental principal. When two people get married they are entering into a formal contract known as the consortium vitae, otherwise known as the "marital relationship".
When you break the process of getting married down, you can see a number of key elements that provide for a legally valid and binding marital relationship. This elements include:
 1. a formal legal ceremony, conducted by a person who is ordained to conduct the ceremony and validate the marriage;
 2. a verbal commitment provided by both of the parties to each other (also known as "vows");
 3. a document that is signed by both parties at the conclusion of the ceremony signifying the "contract"; and
 4. the registration of the marriage in the State or Territory in which the ceremony occurred.
Of course, all marriage ceremonies are different. But they all include the above key elements which provide for the marriage to be valid and legally binding. In other words, providing the above elements are present, the marital relationship becomes binding and effective on the day of the ceremony.
For all intents and purposes, the process of getting married (however hectic and stressful, and even expensive the planning may be) gives rise to a legally binding contract.
But, this contract is not like any normal contract. This contract is founded on the basis that two parties are making a commitment to one another, for life, and to the exclusion of anyone else. Indeed, the exclusivity of a marriage is integral, particularly in circumstances where a de facto relationship may consist of a party who is married but separated.
The type of relationship you and your partner wish to have is a deeply personal decision and is founded on love, affection, commitment and support. There is no requirement to get married. Marriage can simply be identified as the ultimate step of unification between two people who are committed to one another and wish to be committed to one another for life.
If you need family law assistance or legal advice following separation, whether from a de facto relationship or following the breakdown of your marriage, then please contact one of expert family law lawyers Toowoomba.


Battery Townsley
Soldiers inspecting Battery Townsley
Soldiers stationed at Battery Townsley located at Fort Cronkhite in the Marin Headlands.
PARC, Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Homeland Security of the 1930s
Battery Townsley was a casemated battery that mounted two 16-inch caliber guns, each capable of shooting a 2,100 pound projectile 25 miles out to sea. Completed in 1940, the guns and their associated ammunition magazines, power rooms, and crew quarters were covered by dozens of feet of concrete and earth to protect them from air and naval attack.
This battery, named in honor of Major General Clarence P. Townsley, a general officer in World War I, represented the zenith of American military technology and became the prototype for subsequent coastal defense batteries. As early as 1915, the army considered mounting the 16-inch guns to protect San Francisco, and by 1928, the War Department made the decision to construct two batteries, one on either side of the Golden Gate straits. Battery Townsley at Fort Cronkhite in Marin was finished first, followed several months later by Battery Davis at Fort Funston.
Successful Testing
By summer of 1940, Battery Townsley was ready for testing with live ammunition. Waiting for a non-foggy day in July took some patience, but finally, the fog cleared and several test shots were fired. As the mountain shook with the power of this incredible machine, a resounding roar was heard throughout San Francisco. The army calculated that the 16-inch guns' farthest range would be 25 miles out to sea, about the distance to the Farallon Islands. Battery Townsley, together with Battery Davis at Fort Funston on the coast south of the Golden Gate, became the prototypes for the army's future coastal defenses; the army planned to construct at least 25 additional 16-inch gun batteries along both the nation's eastern and western seaboards.
Top Secret
Battery Townsley was a high security operation; civilians living in San Francisco knew that there were batteries in the Marin Headlands but their exact locations were not revealed. A battery of Townsley's design had never been constructed, so the soldiers underwent several months of practice before holding firing practice for the first time. The men were subjected to endless drills, often under difficult situations: in the rain, in the pitch dark with all the electricity shut off, or with the roads blocked leading up from the barracks. Dealing with any contingency ensured that the soldiers could operate their guns at a moment's notice (and almost in their sleep) if ever under enemy attack. During World War II, over a hundred soldiers lived within the battery, ready to fire on five minutes warning. They fired Townsley's guns nearly 100 times each, but only in practice.
The growing threat of long-range bombers and nuclear weapons made Battery Townsley obsolete at the end of World War II. Its long-range guns, designed to shoot at battleships far at sea, were useless against aircraft flying at tens of thousands of feet. The big guns were scrapped in late 1948, and the battery converted to use as a warehouse, temporary barracks, and underground test facility. Sealed for many years, the National Park Service began restoration work in 2006. Work continues to this day, carried out by a group of dedication Volunteers in Parks (VIPs).
Visiting Battery Townsley
Battery Townsley is now open to the public the 1st Sunday of the month, from 12 noon to 4 PM.
Battery Townsley is located one ½ mile up from the Fort Cronkhite parking lot, following the Coastal Trail; the walk up to the battery is strenuous so please allow at least 45 minutes.
You can also visit the Marin Headlands page for more information about volunteering in the battery's preservation efforts, as well as directions and other programs and activities.
Battery Townsley News:
A New 16-in gun has arrived at Battery Townsley!
Contact the Park
Mailing Address:
Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Building 201, Fort Mason
San Francisco, CA 94123-0022
_PHONE_
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guidance for the Department of Energy regarding the management of social media records. We can expect additional updates to these policies as our work continues to evolve in the social media sphere. For specific questions regarding records management, contact the records management officer assigned to your office.
Access to and Use of Social Media
The Department of Energy encourages the responsible use of social media consistent with current laws, policies and guidance that govern information and information technology. Department organizations will not arbitrarily ban access or the use of social media.
Department of Energy personnel are encouraged to access and contribute content on social media sites in their official capacity. However, personnel should obtain supervisory approval prior to creating or contributing significant content to external social media sites or to engaging in recurring exchanges with the public.Employees are subject to the applicable Standards of Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch (5 C.F.R. Part 2635) and the Hatch Act (5 U.S.C. 7321-7326) which governs partisan political activity of Executive Branch employees. Personnel are encouraged to review the Office of Special Counsel's "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Social Media and the Hatch Act" for further guidance or contact the Office of the Assistant General Counsel for General Law (GC-77).
Non-public, sensitive, Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and classified information should not be disclosed on public social media platforms.
Personal use of social media while on government time is subject to DOE Order 203.1, Limited Personal Use of Office Equipment Including Information Technology, which provides guidance on "appropriate and inappropriate" use of Government resources.
If you have questions about this section, please contact GC-77.
Security Requirements and Risk Management
The Federal CIO Council's Guidelines for Secure Use of Social Media by Federal Departments and Agencies outlines recommendations for using social media technologies in a manner that minimizes risk while also embracing the opportunities these technologies provide. Federal Government information systems are targeted by persistent, pervasive, aggressive threats. In order to defend against rapidly evolving social media threats, Department of Energy program offices, laboratories, and sites should include a defense-in-depth, multi-layered risk management approach, addressing risks to the user, risks to the Department and risks to the federal infrastructure. Organizations should incorporate risk mitigation strategies such as (1) controlled access to social media, (2) user awareness and training, (3) user rules of behavior, (4) host and/or network controls and (5) secure configuration of social media software to determine overall risk tolerance for use of social media technologies.
Cyber Security personnel should be consulted before the implementation of any social media technology to provide the opportunity for incorporation of the new technology into current risk management framework. In addition, Cyber Security should help determine secure technical configurations and monitor published vulnerabilities in social media software. For questions regarding cyber security, contact your security officer.
In the event of an Emergency, social media tools should be utilized in accordance with the forthcoming Emergency Public Affairs Plan, which calls for a coordinated messaging effort between the Headquarters Office of Public Affairs and any programs, sites or facilities that may be involved: "When Department of Energy headquarters or a DOE site/facility declares an emergency, it is expected to meet the public information obligations of the Department of Energy Orders, guidance and requirements and the comprehensive emergency management plans developed by each site.
This guidance and requirement includes the timely provision of media informational materials to the Public Affairs staff at Department headquarters. Every effort should be made by the designated public affairs officers at the site level to consult with the Headquarters Public Affairs Office on the initial dissemination of information to the public and media.
From the DOE O 151.1C "Comprehensive Emergency Management System":
"Initial news releases or public statements must be approved by the Cognizant Field Element official responsible for emergency public information review and dissemination. Following initial news releases and public statements, updates must be coordinated with the DOE/NNSA (as appropriate) Director of Public Affairs and the Headquarters Emergency Manager."
For more information on Emergency communication protocols, reference the Emergency Public Affairs Plan or contact your public affairs representative.


The shiny, colored surface found on many ceramics is called the glaze. The color comes from minerals, while the smooth, glassy texture is actual glass. Glaze is applied as a liquid: the minerals and glass are powdered and suspended in water. The glass melts onto the surface when the ceramic is heated, or fired.
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The Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program (ETE) at the National Museum of Natural History investigates Earth's land biotas throughout their 400 million year history. Our goal is to understand how terrestrial ecosystems have been structured and how they change over geologic time. Using the fossil record, ETE scientists study the characteristics of ecological communities and the changing dynamics of ecosystems. Paleoecological analyses determine patterns through time in community structure and composition, investigate the effects of ecological change on individual lineages, and relate patterns of stasis or change to environmental and other processes that influence ecosystem formation, sustainability, and collapse.
ETE research reflects a conviction that we must study the geological past to understand how ecosystems function and how they react to major environmental crises. There appears to be no precedent for such crises in the recent past, but in the immense span of Earth history there are abundant examples of environmental change and its biotic effects. Our aim is to provide historical perspective on present-day biodiversity, and we believe that this perspective is essential to understanding processes that will control biodiversity in the future.
The Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program was formed by a group of paleontologists, who study the evolutionary paleoecology of land ecosystems. They share the conviction that long-term patterns of evolutionary change cannot be fully understood without knowledge of changes in ecology over geologic time periods and an understanding of the interaction between ecological and evolutionary processes. This interest not only lies in how the environment has changed, but how ecosystems themselves have changed, and how evolution has occurred in ecological context over the last 400 million years. The ETE Program is affiliated with the Departments of Paleobiology and Anthropology (Human Origins Program) at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
The ETE Program has supported many individual research projects, organized and sponsored symposia and workshops at NMNH and national meetings, and contributed to academic programs at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Maryland, and the George Washington University. In 1992 the book Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time was published, generating syntheses of paleoecological information. The ETE database captures and organizes fossil evidence concerning land biotas in support of ETE's research objectives.
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This article in SSSAJ
 1. Vol. 54 No. 5, p. _PHONE_
 Received: Jan 23, 1989
 * Corresponding author(s):
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Modeling Reactive Gas Uptake, Transport, and Transformation in Aggregated Soils
 1. Anders Rasmuson ,
 2. Thomas Gimmi and
 3. Hannes Flühler
 1. Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
 Dep. of Soil Physics, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Gas diffusion research in soils covers, to a large extent, the transport behavior of practically insoluble gases. We extend the mathematical description of gas transport to include reactive gaseous components that hydrolyze in water such as SO2 and CO2. The path between the free atmosphere and the microporous niches is modeled by assuming penetration through gas-filled macropores, air-water phase transfer, and diffusion and speciation in the liquid phase. For hydrolyzable gases, the rate of mass transfer into and the total absorption capacity of the soil solution may be high. Both the capacity and the transfer rate are influenced by the soil-solution pH; for high pH, they become extremely high for SO2. The soil absorption of such gases is also influenced by soil structure. Well-aerated, near-neutral soils are a potentially important sink for SO2.
Copyright ©. Soil Science Society of America


The White Women of Empire
The New Inquiry
October 1, 2014
Despite the fact that advertising is the cutting edge of ideological production, there is little critical engagement with advertising outside of occasional controversies and industry-specific work. Truth in Advertising is a new monthly series which hopes to investigate how advertising is constructing psychic life and cultural narratives in the metropolis, often doing its work silently and unnoticed. To trace how often those narratives then emerge "naturally" as cultural criticism, political debate or interpersonal discussion: Behind every think piece, a subway car full of ads. This piece is also informed by Emma Quangel's The Weaponized Naked Girl.
In imperialist fantasies, the most famous role of white women is the damsel in distress, the pure and purifying object of sexual desire menaced by the unclean, violent, sexualized colonial subject: Faye Wray in the grips of King Kong. There's another major role for white woman in imperialist narratives, however: as the metonym of the homeland, the representation and image of civilization. The white woman "back home" is the reason the male protagonist goes forth, it is her image he fights for and against which the savagery of the colony is thrown into starkest relief. He may cheat on this mythical white woman with a sexualized, state-of-nature beauty, but he always returns to her in the end: To fail to do so is to fail the colonial project.
But what happens when the white woman is the protagonist of the imperialist story?
This image collapses all those subject positions into one. What and where is the "homeland" here? The homeland is present both in the form of the white woman, and as the thing implicitly menaced by the fact of her difference from those around her. It is the values of the homeland that the burka'ed other imperils, violent invasion of the homeland which their sea of monotonous similarity promises. The very idea of a "homeland" only makes sense as something which can be defended from barbarians, in this instance uniform, colorless, de-sexualized barbarians whose country we must infiltrate and dominate to protect our citizens from current danger and our culture from future threat.
It's bold to claim a TV show clearly about the previous Secretary of State is "not politics as usual." Indeed, the "NOT" obviously takes up excess space in the image and is easily cropped out or visually ignored–it's enough to make you feel like you've got a pair of Rowdy Roddy Piper's magic sunglasses:
But it's no brilliant subversion of the ad to point it out. That's literally within the framing of the imagery: The sight lines all center on Téa Leoni's eyes. The advertisement's visual language undermines its own tagline, but this makes the ad that much more effective at capturing its liberal prestige-TV-loving target audience. If it works on those naive enough to believe a show about a female secretary of state is subversive, it also flatters the media-savvy viewers imagining themselves to be deconstructing the ad and to be "above" those naive fools who believe the tagline. The purposefulness of this effect is visible in the billboard as well, where the crop is perhaps even more obvious.
The ad campaign for State of Affairs, meanwhile, offers us a younger, sexier secretary and a more vulgar, militarized vision of power, the 24 to Madame Secretary's West Wing.
"All the president's men are nothing compared to her"
And then, just in time for the fall season, the Democratic Party's main rag publishes a think piece about the shows, pretending all this Hillary worship is some fascinating cultural phenomenon emerging from the creative ether, not an obvious piece of the Party's electoral machine preparing for 2016. As though the entertainment industry didn't go 5 to 1 for Obama, and, as a result, get favorable administration action on intellectual property enforcement.
Of course, empire isn't just administered by the federal government. There are all the local internal colonies to deal with, the carceral state to defend. But as white women's imperial function is localized, the marketing is made more immediately bodily, more familiar, more sexualized and ridiculous. As the women get closer to home, so to speak, the advertising becomes more traditionally sexist.
She has nothing to do with the law — this Bad Judge upholds and breaks "the rules." Her casual sexiness, her red hair (as opposed to the Aryan-differentiation-from-brown-women blondes), her come-hither stare, her short skirt and ample bracelets: This judge is fuckable. Why get caught in a confusing nexus of ideological and symbolic desire production when you can just have the audience desire the state, directly, in one of its flesh and blood incarnations?
The marketing campaign is terrible–that font!–which never bodes well for either the show's prospects or the network's confidence in it. But the show also goes too directly for the ideological money shot, its political project is too obvious, its premise too icky. People don't find judges desirable: The pop culture judges (Joe Brown, Judy, etc) are older, stern, maybe sassy but never hot. They evoke folk wisdom, righteous anger and final authority, not fucking. Cops, however, make much more sense in the daily circuits of family, desire, and work…
Catching bad guys. Raising naughty ones
This tagline is almost identical to the tagline from Bad Judge. But Laura here has one more role than the judge. Not made sufficiently schizophrenic by her roles as a woman and an agent of the state, Laura is also just as much a mom, the perfect triumvirate of lean-in feminism subjectivities (career-haver, family-maker, cis-white-woman), the pathetic pun on mysteries (indeed, how does she do it?) already resolved visually: Laura is literally tripled in the image. Just like Bad Judge she's a redhead, not a blonde. Just like Madame Secretary, the pitch is the "novelty" of a woman in a man's role, but it is a wink-wink novelty, it is actually normal, normalized, and everyone knows it.
Here the anti-feminism is particularly strong, equating the work of mothering with the work of policing. It's a variation on the old myth of controlling mothers–a misogynist inversion of the fact that in a traditional hetero-patriarchal family, it is dads who are structurally always cops, while the relation of the mother to order and oppression is more complicated and ambivalent.
But not in these ads. In the beautiful world of the spectacle, things aren't complicated, they're great: Women are detectives, moms are cops, judges are babes, look at all this progress we've made, get ready for Hillary, rah-rah-rah to the war against those Middle Eastern women in their burqas, the horrible unspeakable women who do not give themselves to our gaze, who refuse our liberal democracy, who could never be a sexy Secretary of State, a sexy homicide detective, a sexy storm trooper with her high-heeled boot sexily poised on the throat of some horrid barbarian.
Wont you please help her help you help her save herself, the homeland? Or at least tune in on Sundays and watch her try?
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How to turn real-world sounds into FX
We take the sound of a waterfall and turn it into a riser effect
Turning real world sounds into FX
Recordings of noise or ambience from the real world often contain interesting textures and harmonics - the sounds around you can be ideal sources for some creative FX design.
Here, we're going to show you how a simple recording can be turned into something else entirely using a variety of processing techniques.
For a complete guide to creative sound design check out Future Music issue 281, which is on sale now.
Step 1: We've taken our trusty field recorder out into the real world and captured a recording of a waterfall, giving us a characterful noise bed to begin with. Although you can use traditional white noise from a synth for this kind of effect, a field recording often provides more interesting results.
Step 2: Instead of processing this sound as an audio file directly on the timeline, we import our recording into our DAW's sampler instrument, allowing us to manipulate the sound using advanced synthesis functions. Field recordings will often contain muddy low content, so the sampler's high-pass filter is engaged to remove any rumbling sub frequencies that can easily clog up the bottom end of a mix and clash with other low track elements.
Step 3: We can now turn our waterfall recording into more of a mechanical evolving rise by making use of the sampler's loop points. By cycling around a smaller portion of the recording, and then automating the Loop Length parameter, we can shorten our loop length over time to create a robotic stutter-like effect as the sound progresses. It's quite subtle at this stage, but we can amplify this effect with some further manipulation.
Step 4: To transform our noisy bed of sound into an uplifting riser, we initially automate the MIDI region's pitch bend to increase by an octave as the sound opens out. This doesn't provide enough of an extreme effect, so we also automate the sampler's Transpose parameter to make the recording's pitch rise over four octaves or so. Although we've automated the sampler and MIDI parameters to affect pitch here, you could use a dedicated real-time pitch-shifting plugin.
Step 5: Once you have a frequency-rich sound that you're happy with, you can creatively filter those frequencies for progression and movement over time. Here we apply UAD's Moog Filter to low-pass our rising noise, opening out the Cutoff to reveal our 'whoosh' effect. Cranking up the plugin's Drive dial gives us more dirt and dynamic levelling, but you can use a separate saturation plugin placed before the filter if your plugin is missing a drive stage.
Step 6: Now the core effect is complete, it's time to have fun and experiment with creative modulation and spatial effects. We've kept things simple, only adding delay and reverb in the form of SoundToys' EchoBoy and UVI's Sparkverb, but you can really go all out and tweak different plugin combinations. Some subtle bitcrushing or distortion can add more bite, or a modulation plugin like a flanger or chorus can provide some interesting width and movement.
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text:
sthesis can be a bioerodible stent.
The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
The stent 20 can include a body including iron or an alloy thereof. In some embodiments, the stent 20 can include a body including one or more bioerodible metals, such as magnesium, zinc, iron, or alloys thereof. The body can have a surface including iron oxide.
The stent body can have a surface having a morphology characterized by high-surface-area porous nano-structures. The nano-structured surface can provide a high surface area characterized by crevices between and around spaced individual nano-structures. For example, the individual nano-structures can be in the form of grains or flakes. The nano-structured surface can trigger and accelerate the rate of erosion or degradation of the bioerodible metal of the body of the stent. Additionally, select areas of a stent body can be treated to have the nano-structured surface to allow for select areas of stent degradation. Additionally, the nano-structured surface can allow for coatings to be deposited and interlock into the surface, enhancing adhesion. In some embodiments, the surface can also encourage endothelial growth to enhance endothelialization of the stent 20. The nano-structured surface may also allow for greater freedom of motion and a stent body that is less likely to fracture as the stent is flexed in use prior from the controlled bioerosion of the stent body. The stresses can be caused by flexure of the stent, during expansion or contraction of the stent or as the stent is delivered through a tortuously curved body lumen increase as a function of the distance from the stent axis. As a result, in some embodiments, the nano-structured surface can be on abluminal regions of the surface of the stent body or at other high stress points, such as the regions of the bands 22 adjacent to the connectors 24 which undergo greater flexure during expansion or contraction.
The nano-structured surface can be characterized by its visual appearance, the size and arrangement of individual nano-structures, its roughness and/or its resistance to corrosion. Examples of surfaces having the morphological features are shown in
The roughness of the nano-structured surface can also be characterized by the average roughness, Sa, the root mean square roughness, Sq, and/or the developed interfacial area ratio, Sdr. The Sa and Sq parameters represent an overall measure of the texture of the surface. Sa and Sq are relatively insensitive in differentiating peaks, valleys and the spacing of the various texture features. Surfaces with different visual morphologies can have similar Sa and Sq values. For a surface type, the Sa and Sq parameters indicate significant deviations in the texture characteristics. Sdr is expressed as the percentage of additional surface area contributed by the texture as compared to an ideal plane the size of the measurement region. Sdr further differentiates surfaces of similar amplitudes and average roughness. Typically Sdr will increase with the spatial intricacy of the texture whether or not Sa changes. In some embodiments, where the surface of the body has a nano-structured surface, the Sdr can be about 100 or more, e.g. about 120 to 200. For example, the surface can have an Sdr of about 150. In addition or in the alternative, the morphology can have an Sq of about 20 or more, e.g. about 20 to 30.
The corrosion resistance of the high-surface-area porous nano-structures of iron, having iron oxide at the surface, can be less than 5 Kohms, e.g., about 2 Kohms. This represents a significantly reduced resistance to corrosion when compared to iron having a smooth surface finish, which has a corrosion resistance of about 20 Kohms. The resistance to corrosion can be calculated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ("EIS") data. An example of how EIS data can be used to calculate the resistance to corrosion is described in Analysis and Interpretation of EIS Data for Metals and Alloys, Technical Report No. 26, Florian Mansfeld (Solartron Limited, 1999).
In some embodiments, the morphology of the surface can exhibit high uniformity. In other embodiments, select portions of the stent can be differentially treated to result in a stent having regions of preferential erosion. Uniformity can provide predictable mechanical performance and a constant rate of erosion. In some embodiments, a uniform morphology of the surface of the body can allow for the uniform adhesion of a coating applied to the surface. The uniformity of the morphology as characterized by Sa, Sq or Sdr and/or average peak spacing parameters can be within about +/−20% or less, e.g. +/−10% or less within a 1 μm square. In a given stent region, the uniformity can be within about +/−10%, e.g. about +/−1%. For example, in some embodiments, the ceramic exhibits high uniformity over an entire surface region of stent, such as the entire abluminal or adluminal surface, or a portion of a surface region, such as the center 25% or 50% of the surface region. The uniformity is expressed as standard deviation. Uniformity in a region of a stent can be determined by determining the average in five randomly chosen 1 μm square regions and calculating the standard deviation. Uniformity of visual morphology type in a region is determined by inspection of FESEM data at 50 KX.
The above described high-surface-area porous nano-structures can be produced on an iron stent body by electrochemical treatments. These electrochemical treatments can result in the presence of iron oxide on the surface of the resulting nano-structures. These electrochemical treatments can include anodic dissolution while cycling between positive and negative potential pulses. The cycling of potential pulses can be by galvanic square waves ("GSW") or by potential square waves ("PSW"). For example, an iron stent body precursor can be modified to have the above described high-surface area porous nano-structures by exposing the precursor iron stent body, cleaned of surface impurities, to a 1 mol dm−3 NaOH solution and applying potential pulses cycling voltammetry at a sweep rate of 50 mV s−1 between −1.2 V and 0.5 V, or by square-wave (SQW) potential pulses between −1.2 V and 0.5 V at 0.017 Hz, for 1 hour at a temperature of 200° C. In some embodiments, particular portions of an iron stent body can be modified to have the above described nano-structure by selectively exposing different portions of the iron stent body precursor to an electrolyte, such as sodium hydroxide. For example, droplets of NaOH can be applied to select regions of the stent body precursor to create corrosion enhancing regions 26 of selected struts of the stent 20.
The stent body, in some embodiments, can have a surface with select regions having the high-surface-area surface morphologies so that the stent can degrade in a controlled manner. For example, as shown in
The stent body can, in some embodiments, include one or more coatings. In some embodiments, a block copolymer based on poly glutamic acid (PGA) can overlie the surface of the stent body. The block copolymer can, for example, be a dior tri-block copolymer. Other blocks can be blocks of other biodegradable polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) ("PEO"), polycaprolactam, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ("PLGA"), or polysaccharides. In some embodiments, a block copolymer of PGA and a non-ionic polysaccharide, such as Pullulan, can overly the surface of the stent.
A block copolymer based on PGA can provide a robust interface adhesion with iron oxide present at the surface of the stent. In some embodiments a polyglutamic acid-pullulan coating can be applied to a iron stent having a surface including iron oxide to produce a stent having a strong bond between the stent body and the applied coating. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the surface of the stent body can have the above described high-surface-area porous nano-structure morphology, which can also increase the adhesion of the block copolymer to the surface of the stent body.
The coating of the block copolymer based on PGA can be a drug eluding coating designed to deliver a therapeutic agent to the surrounding tissue as the coating and the stent body erodes. The terms "therapeutic agent", "pharmaceutically active agent", "pharmaceutically active material", "pharmaceutically active ingredient", "drug" and other related terms may be used interchangeably herein and include, but are not limited to, small organic molecules, peptides, oligopeptides, proteins, nucleic acids, oligonucleotides, genetic therapeutic agents, non-genetic therapeutic agents, vectors for delivery of genetic therapeutic agents, cells, and therapeutic agents identified as candidates for vascular treatment regimens, for example, as agents that reduce or inhibit restenosis. By small organic molecule it is meant an organic molecule having 50 or fewer carbon atoms, and fewer than 100 non-hydrogen atoms in total.
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n-point correlations of Gaussian random variables can be simplified with Wick expansion. $$ \langle x_{i_1} x_{i_2} \dots x_{i_{2n-1}} x_{i_{2n}} \rangle = \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} x_{i_1} \dots x_{i_{2n}} e^{- \frac{1}{2}\sum x_i^2} = \sum_{\sigma \in \text{matchings}} \; \prod_{\{i,j\}\in \sigma} \langle x_i x_j \rangle$$ A matching is a partition of $\{ 1,2,\dots,2n\}$ into two-element sets, e.g. $\{ \{1,2\},\dots, \{2n-1,2n\}\}$.
The Chebyshev polynomials are orthogonal with respect to $\mu(dx) = \sqrt{4-x^2} dx$ but there probably isn't a way to simplify n-point correlations, \[ \int_{S^n} x_{i_1}\dots x_{i_{2n}} \sqrt{1 - (x_1^2+\dots + x_{n}^2)} \; dx \]
Is there an analogue of Wick's formula for other orthogonal polynomials? It seems rather unlikely since the measure can be arbitrary.
Maybe look at Wick expansion as the sum over matchings. Is there a version of the Wick expansion for non-crossing matchings or for Schroder paths? alt text
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1 Answer 1
The integral you want to compute is related to multivariable beta functions, the Dirichlet distribution and Dirichlet integrals. In particular one has $$\int\int\cdots\int f(x_1+\cdots+x_n) x_1^{k_1}\cdots x_n^{k_n} dx_1\cdots dx_n$$ $$=\frac{\Gamma(k_1+1)\cdots \Gamma(k_n+1)}{\Gamma(k_1+\cdots+k_n+n)}\int_0^1 f(t)t^{k_1+\cdots+k_n+n-1}dt$$ where the first integral is over the simplex $\sum x_i\le 1$, and in your case $f(t)=\sqrt{1-t}$. Since you are considering moments the $k_i$'s will end up being half-integers and therefore the result will be some sort of generalized Catalan number.
There is also the "Free probability" point of view, which I think is closer to what you want. In fact the joint distribution of free Gaussian random variables has an expansion similar to the Wick expansion but over noncrossing matchings. Of course in free probability the role of the normal distribution is played by the Wigner semicircle distribution.
From the perspective of orthogonal polynomials I believe the correspondence goes like this: Hermite polynomials correspond to the normal distribution and complete matchings. Chebyshev polynomials of second kind correspond to the semicircle distribution and to noncrossing matchings. Charlier polynomials correspond to set partitions, Laguerre polynomials correspond to permutations etc.
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Any seminal references where the correspondence is explained in some detail? Thanks. – Andrey Rekalo Sep 12 '11 at 8:18
_USER_: I've gathered these in bits and pieces. For Hermite polynomials one has the usual Wick expansion as in the OP, for Chebyshev the sum is over non-crossing partitions and this is one of the basic facts in free probability. For Laguerre polynomials (Wishart distribution) one has an expansion as a sum over all permutations of product $\langle x_{i_1},\dots,x_{i_k}\rangle\cdots\langle x_{i_r},\dots,x_{i_n}\rangle$ where $(i_1,\dots,i_k)\dots (i_r,\dots,i_n)$ is the cycle decomposition of the permutation. These formulas are used often in random matrix contexts for example... – Gjergji Zaimi Sep 12 '11 at 8:29
But I wonder if there is a general Wick expansion that generalizes all these. It can probably be expressed in terms of weighted Motzkin/Schroeder paths though I've never seen it. I'll see if I can derive something by tomorrow. :P – Gjergji Zaimi Sep 12 '11 at 8:31
_USER_ Zaimi: Thanks a lot for the comments. – Andrey Rekalo Sep 12 '11 at 8:42
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