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3 Conceptual Issues for ESRS (Generic Concerns)
In addition to the universal systems issues discussed in section 2, there are some issues that are specific to student records. This section will cover issues that are relevant regardless of how the systems are implemented, while section 4 will address some implementation issues.
Historical Perspective for student records
Historical Perspective for student records
The historical development of recordkeeping systems is an important part of the context of records, one that is surprisingly often overlooked by recordkeepers. The following overview is based largely upon information provided in AACRAO's Guide. 12 Other sources are noted.
In the nineteenth century, some universities maintained the academic record in a ledger book, such as those used by accountants. In these ledgers, each page represented a class roster. Final exam results and grades were noted next to each name in the ledger. Demographic information was captured in another volume, often referred to as the "matriculants book." Some universities, such as Cornell, captured the academic record information on cards. The transcript is so called because they were originally produced or transcribed by hand. When needed, the secretary of the faculty, the registrar, or the "scrivener" produced transcripts in letter form. The typewriter was an early innovation in the compilation of a transcript. When students all followed the same curriculum, a note was made of the degree obtained, graduation status, the number of years of study, etc.
By the twentieth century, the introduction of electives and majors and minors demanded an adjustable ledger that contained a page for each student with demographics and milestones noted on the page. At that point, the information required for transcripts was stored in one place. Ledgers soon were replaced by record cards, or the Permanent Record Card (PRC). The PRC with the admissions application, high school and other transcripts, class lists and grade reports provided the audit trail for the academic record. Until after World War II, transcripts were still typed upon request until the number of students and associated requests for transcripts made that system inadequate, and new forms of copying emerged.
Photocopies and thermofax of academic records replaced typed transcripts. This raised some privacy issues as the recipient might receive more than just the usual subset of information that was normally provided on a typed transcript. The introduction of computers again allowed transcripts to include only a designated subset of information. Punchcard technology was widely used for compiling and accessing student records information until the introduction of databases. 13 The transcript became a subset of the academic record, which, in turn, is a subset of the database for each student. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) now provides the possibility to provide secure electronic copies of transcripts.14 AACRAO has actively supported the development of the SPEEDE/ExPRESS system for electronic transcripts. This system uses EDI to provide a protocol for automatically initiating requests for transcripts at the sending end of a transcript request and additional protocols for acknowledging and responding to requests at the receiving end. This process provides a secure transaction that is intended to prevent the delivery of fraudulent transcripts. See Appendix L for more detailed information on SPEEDE/ExPRESS.
Roles and Responsibilities
Roles and Responsibilities
The role of the registrar is central to the maintenance of the student records. Maintaining academic records, transcripts, and registration and enrollment statistics are all part of the registrar's responsibility. The role of the registrar has evolved with the introduction of new technologies, as well as changing social trends. Registrars have had to respond to the education benefits provided by GI Bill, student rights protests of the 1960s and 1970s, civil rights, student loans management requirements, the influx of international students, distributed campuses, FERPA, and distance learning. These changes have had a profound effect on the records that need to be created and retained, on the variety of users of the records, and on access constraints on the records that are retained. Because student records are vital records and therefore maintained within the control of the registrar for long periods of time, there is an overlap between the role of the registrar and the role that is traditionally played by records managers and archivists in managing the lifecycle of records. Access to records is the key area where this overlap exists.
Archivists, as the custodians of records, control access to records, interpret and apply relevant regulations, and translate organizational and regulatory policies to the users of records. For student records, registrars usually perform these services until the records are transferred to the custody of the archives. To do so, registrars must also insure that they properly preserve student records so that the records can be made accessible.
Insuring that the university complies with FERPA requirements is one of the primary responsibilities of the registrar as the owner of non-historical student records. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 was followed by the FERPA Regulation in 1988 and the FERPA Rule in 1993. FERPA stipulates stringent controls on what can be made available to whom and why. In addition to establishing a written policy that is reissued annually, AACRAO recommends consulting with their publications and various government-sponsored websites for current FERPA information. FERPA covers all records that identify individual students including: academic information (all records and documents pertaining to admission, enrollment, and academic progress); academic advising records; financial aid information, job placement information, and student affairs information. These records may be located in multiple offices across the organization. FERPA also demands that records that do not meet the definition of educational record should not be stored with educational records, that changes to the educational record be tracked by the university, and that records be retained to document all disclosures of information for the life of the educational record. 15
Design considerations and requirements
Design considerations and requirements
The key sources of authoritative requirements for electronic student records systems are FERPA and two publications by AACRAO: Academic Record and Transcript Guide; and Guide to Implementation of Electronic Transcripts and Student Records.
While FERPA does not provide implementation guidelines for student records, all electronic student records systems must be able to comply with the recordkeeping requirements and access restrictions stipulated in FERPA.
The Academic Record and Transcript Guide introduces the distinction between the transcript and the student records database. This distinction has important archival implications for establishing the preservation strategy that are discussed in section 5. This Guide provides a list of required and optional data elements in the transcript and in the database. Appendix I, AACRAO Transcript and Database Metadata, contains the list of AACRAOs data elements.
The Guide to Implementation of Electronic Transcripts and Student Records defines the metadata definition for an electronic transcript transaction. Electronic transcripts are discussed under implementation in section 4.1.
There are two high-level processes in a student records system, delivery of transcripts and controlled access to the student records database. The requirements for transcripts are well defined by the three sources indicated above. The requirements for the database, as long as FERPA compliance can be assured, are less specific and must meet the needs and requirements of the university. Like most universities, Cornell closely monitors FERPA and AACRAO developments, and carefully considers when and how to implement changes that will insure compliance with regulations and guidelines.
Universities are applying a number of new technologies to university computing problems. The trend towards online, distributed computing at universities began in the 1990s. In fact, Cornell was a leader in this area with the innovative Mandarin project which was initiated in 1990 to build tools for distributed applications to support faculty and students. The software produced by the consortia of universities that participated in the Mandarin project had a major impact on distributed university computing. Universities are meeting the demand for access to records by students, faculty and administrators through the development of Internet-based applications, and the application of ATM and other secure, distributed computing technologies. AACRAO's Breakthrough Systems: Student Access and Registration provides case studies on a number of innovative projects in this area, some of which are probably outdated now with the speed of technology development.
FERPA and AACRAO are two consistent sources for tracking changes in electronic student records systems requirements. Technology will continue to have a big impact on what is possible and feasible for student records.
3.1 Retention Guidelines and Records Management Concerns
AACRAO, as previously stated, has been very active in insuring the adequate retention and protection of university records. Since AACRAO is the foremost professional body for registrars and registrars are the owners of student records, this is an extremely important and positive situation for the retention of student records. The most recent edition of Academic Record and Transcript Guide states that the purpose of producing that publication is to "assist individuals charged with the responsibility of records management in postsecondary institutions."16 While there are references to several recordkeeping publications in the Guide, there is no evidence of direct cooperation with recordkeeping professionals. The Guide does provide a very useful outline of student records issues. They conclude that "records systems, whether manual or electronic, should contain the same basic information and adhere to similar, generally acknowledged, good recordkeeping practices."
AACRAO's publication entitled: Student Records Management, edited by Ruzicka and Weckmueller addresses many issues that are of interest to archivists and records managers, but there is no indication of active interaction with archivists or records managers. The authors do encourage the consistent implementation of retention schedules and the participation of the records manager.
SAAs Guidelines for College and University Archives identifies three types of university records that should be retained that are relevant to this project:
The 2000 version of AACRAOs Retention of Records: A Guide for Retention and Disposal of Student Records states that the successive updates to the publication since the first edition in 1960 reflect the


text:
Are you worried about dry rot affecting your home? You're not alone. Dry rot is one of the most common causes of concern for homeowners in the UK, but in order to deal with it effectively it's important to take the right course of action and seek out professional help.
If you suspect your property is experiencing a dry rot issue, you should start by finding the source of the problem. However, this may not be as simple as you'd think, as the symptoms are not always obvious – which is why having an expert on hand is always advisable.
What is dry rot
Dry rot – or Serpula Lacrymans to give its proper name – is a type of fungus that feeds off the moisture found in wood and timber. As a result, the timber can become 'infected' and eventually start to crumble, destroying materials that were previously considered safe. If it's left unchecked, it could quickly spread and affect the structural integrity of your property, causing long-term problems.
While dry rot spores are always present in the atmosphere, they only really affect damp timber and structural materials as a result of the environmental conditions. It's advised that you fix ventilation issues in the home such as rising damp and condensation, as they can result in excessive levels of moisture spreading throughout the property.
Once the fungus has formed a large enough structure, appearing as a cotton-wool like white substance, it can grow far and wide to find new timber food sources. It can even spread through bricks, mortar, plaster and paintwork, making its way around an entire home if not caught quickly enough.
Dry rot signs
Dealing with the cause of the damp in your property is considered the best way of preventing dry rot from returning. Ideally, catching it before it spreads is the best method, but it can be difficult to spot for the untrained eye. Some potential signs may include:
- A distinct mushroom smell.
- Cracking, splitting, shrinking or darkening of timbers around your house.
- The presence of a musty, damp, mushroom smell close to where these signs have appeared.
- A cotton-wool like, white fluffy growth will then appear at the site, which may be followed by a mushroom-coloured skin over the surface of the wood.
- Eventually, the fungus will release rust-coloured dust spores, which will become visible once enough are produced.
If you've noticed these signs within your home, it's time to call in an expert who can identify the problem. While many of these signs are not unique to dry rot, it's better to be safe than sorry.
What causes dry rot?
As mentioned earlier, dry rot spores are always present. However, this fungus can only thrive under certain conditions according to experts. Dampness and high levels of condensation are thought to be the main consequences, with the damp enabling the fungus to spread.
Common problems that allow dry rot to grow in your home include:
- Condensation. If your home isn't ventilated properly, condensation can begin to build up, creating the damp conditions that enable the rot to grow.
- Penetrating damp. This is when water can breach the exterior of your home, usually as rainwater leaking through cracks in brickwork or a damaged roof. Once it reaches the internal timbers, it can soak them to the point that dry rot can thrive.
- Rising damp. This is where moisture can breach your home through its foundations, often because the damp proof membrane is insufficient or has deteriorated.
- Plumbing leaks. These are very common, and could be anything from a leaky washing machine to a damaged pipe somewhere you can't see.
Why does it impact property values?
Dry rot can affect property values due to its ability to affect the structural integrity of a building. The property could therefore be at risk, resulting in a potentially costly and time-consuming amends process. In this case, it may give potential buyers enough reason to reconsider their options.
If you're selling your home
Homeowners are required to inform potential buyers of the situation, as the problem will eventually be uncovered during the surveying period. Would-be buyers may even be refused their mortgage owing to the presence of dry rot – much like is often the case for Japanese knotweed. The best course of action is to get your dry rot treated before you move forward with selling.
For more advice about selling your home, take a look at our top ten tips.
If you're buying a home
Before entering into the house buying process, you should have a survey conducted of any property in which your offer is accepted. If dry rot is discovered in the building, deciding whether you'd still like to go ahead with the purchase may be your call, but you might find your mortgage lender withdraws their offer.
How do you treat dry rot?
If you suspect dry rot in your home, you should contact a specialist for the best results. Professionals such as Rentokil will send a surveyor to undertake a five-step treatment service, which includes:
- Stopping the source of the moisture
- Removing the damaged area
- Treating the dry rot
- Replacing any timber
Before any work can begin, a qualified surveyor will conduct a thorough inspection to determine the extent of the issue. This will typically involve checking for associated problems such as signs of damp, as well as highlighting other areas of the property that may be at risk.
Once the inspection has been completed, they will be able to provide you with a full report and advise you on what steps to take next.
On the hunt for a new home? Get an estimate of how much Post Office could lend you, when you take a look at our mortgage calculator.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Colobura annulataNiklas Wahlberg
Colobura annulata was recently described by Willmott et al. (2001). The species was not distinguished earlier from C. dirce mainly because the adults are very similar to one another. The biology and early stages of C. annulata are however rather different from C. dirce. Females lay their eggs in large clusters of up to 70 eggs, and the larvae are highly gregarious. Larvae are found in the foliage of the host plant tree Cecropia, and pupae resemble dead twigs. Colobura annulata is found in Central and South America south to Brazilian Amazonia. It is found in a variety of forest and secondary habitats from sea level to at least 1300 m.
Colobura annulata is best distinguished from C. dirce by its larvae, which have a distinct yellow ring around the body and which are highly gregarious. Adults can be distinguished by the third submarginal band of the underside of the forewing, which does not taper towards the costa.
Willmott, K. R., L. M. Constantino, and J. P. W. Hall. 2001. A review of Colobura (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with comments on larval and adult ecology and description of a sibling species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94:185-196.
University of Turku, Finland
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Niklas Wahlberg at
Page copyright © 2009 Niklas Wahlberg
Page: Tree of Life Colobura annulata Authored by. Niklas Wahlberg. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 11 November 2006
- Content changed 11 November 2006
Citing this page:
Wahlberg, Niklas. 2007. Colobura annulata _URL_ in The Tree of Life Web Project, _URL_ Version 21 August 2007 (under construction).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


figures for some countries may be estimated in each year. (See also data availability below).
REG_AGG Regional aggregates:
Regional and global totals are calculated by summing the renewable generating capacity for a region or the World and dividing that by the corresponding figure for total population. The indicator is for developing countries only, so these regional aggregates (averages) also reflect only the average for the developing countries in each region.
This calculation excludes the population of those countries and/or territories that have missing capacity data. As such, the regional and global population values used in the calculation might differ from those reported in the UN World Population Prospects.
DOC_METHOD Methods and guidance available to countries for the compilation of the data at the national level:
Guidance for the collection of electricity capacity data is provided by the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics. IRENA also produces methodological guidance for countries, specifically about how to measure renewable energy and collect renewable energy data. This is supported by a comprehensive programme of regional renewable energy statistics training workshops and ongoing communications with countries as part of the annual questionnaire cycle.
QUALITY_MGMNT Consultation/validation process with countries for adjustments and estimates:
All countries are invited to provide their capacity data or at least review the data that IRENA has compiled (from other official and unofficial sources) through an annual process of data collection using the IRENA Renewable Energy Questionnaire. This process is reinforced through IRENA's renewable energy statistics training workshops, which are held twice a year in different (rotating) regions. To date, over 200 energy statisticians have participated in these workshops, many of whom provide renewable energy data to IRENA. In addition, IRENA's statistics are presented each year to member countries at one of IRENA's three governing body meetings, where discrepancies or other data issues can be discussed with country representatives.
QUALITY_ASSURE Quality assurance:
IRENA data are compiled from national sources following the United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics: .
COVERAGE Data availability
The total number of capacity records in the database (all developing countries/areas, all years since 2000, all technologies) is 11,000. In terms of numbers of records, 3,120 (28%) are estimates and 740 (7%) are from unofficial sources. The remaining records (65%) are all from returned questionnaires or official data sources.
However, in terms of the amount of capacity covered in the database, the shares of data from estimated and unofficial sources is only 5% and 1% respectively. The large difference between these measures is due to the inclusion of off-grid capacity figures in the database. The amount of off-grid generating capacity in a country is quite frequently estimated by IRENA, but the amounts of off-grid capacity recorded in each case is often relatively small.
Time series:
Renewable generating capacity data is available from 2000 onwards.
IRENA's renewable capacity data is available for every country and area in the world from the year 2000 onwards. These figures can also be disaggregated by technology (solar, hydro, wind, etc.) and by on-grid and off-grid capacity.
COMPARABILITY Sources of discrepancies:
The main source of discrepancies between different sources of electricity capacity data are likely to be due to the under-reporting or non-reporting of off-grid capacity data (see above) or slight variations in the definition of installed capacity. IRENA uses the IRES definition of capacity agreed by the Oslo Group on Energy Statistics, while some countries and institutions may use slightly different definitions of capacity to reflect local circumstances (e.g. the reporting of derated rather than maximum net installed capacity or the reporting of built rather than commissioned capacity at year-end).
OTHER_DOC References
IRENA Statistical Yearbooks: .


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
slashing severe and merciless. [4 definitions]
slattern an unkempt, careless woman. [2 definitions]
slaughterhouse a building or establishment where animals are killed and butchered.
slave one who is owned by and forced to work for another with no pay or personal rights. [4 definitions]
slave driver an employer or supervisor who is very harsh or severe. [2 definitions]
slaveholder one who possesses slaves.
slaver1 to allow saliva to drip from the mouth; slobber; drool. [3 definitions]
slaver2 a slave trader or a ship used to transport slaves.
slavery the ownership of one or more persons by another or others; bondage. [4 definitions]
slave trade buying and selling human beings as slaves.
Slavic a branch of the Indo-European language family that includes languages of parts of Russia, eastern Europe, and south central Europe, such as Ukrainian, Polish, and Serbo-Croatian. [2 definitions]
slavish of, like, or befitting a slave; servile; submissive. [2 definitions]
slaw a salad of cabbage and dressing; coleslaw.
slay to kill or murder deliberately and usu. violently. [2 definitions]
sleazy base or disreputable. [2 definitions]


Laundry Symbols for Clothing Care
There are some laundry symbols what we known as care symbols. Usually, those icons are written on labels, attach with the wearer to specify how an individual item should best be cleaned. There are some separate standards for care labels for the different countries or regions of the world to make easier its meaning. Generally, inside of the garment's we may found a care label instruction, where exist some icon. Many of us do not clear what the meaning of those sign is. A merchandiser should have vast knowledge on those care label instruction. Besides this, if a customer knows this icon meaning well, he or she may be more careful during laundering their wearers. Here is a swift guideline to consumers for reading laundry icons. Your new beloved dress can be damaged if you do not know attach care instructions.
Aftercare requirements are an essential part of the utility value of textile items. If clothing demands challenging and expensive laundering, then we have to pay more attention. Aftercare may include airing, washing, bleaching, dry cleaning, drying (laid flat, hanging on a line, or in a tumble dryer) and ironing.
On the other hand, four factors are important in washing or dry cleaning i.e. time, temperature, detergent and mechanical action. These four factors have to be optimized for better cleaning.
Particular laundering procedures have to be chosen according to the type of fiber and its properties, such as strength and sensitivity to chemicals and temperature. Additional limitations may be imposed by yarn and fabric construction or unique finishes. Clothing with linings and interlinings, such as suits costumes, jackets, and overcoats, must usually be professionally cleaned.
Means of laundering tests can establish aftercare characteristics. We should obey following care instructions for light cleaning.
General recommendations:
(1) It would be better if we sort the items into groups according to washing machine temperature and light or dark colors.
(2) Follow the dosage of instructions before applying detergents.
(3) For the first time wash colored substances should be washed separately to avoid color drain.
(4) We should avoid bleach with colored detergents because it may expedite color bleeding.
(5) Pay more attention to the degree of soiling of the goods and the hardness of the water.
(6) Do not overload the washing machine.
(7) Wool garments can be machine-washed only if the label confirms it is safe to do so.
(8) Sensitive items should be turned insideout or placed in a wash-bag to avoid fraying.
9) Sometimes dry clean is not allowed for particular wearer though it will make them fantastic but high temperature is worst for the substances, and it will shorten the tenure of your favorite dress. Try to avoid hot water and hot dryer if possible.
The International Association for Textile Care Labeling (GINETEX) compiled some sign for care labeling system in 1975.
These codes are the ones used by many clothing producers and the ones you are most likely to encounter. Please find below some important care label instructions with relevant symbols for your easy understanding. The method consists of five basic icons, and their full explanations are exposed in the following.
Note: A cross on any icon means that the action shall not be used or prohibited during washing and a bar under the icons signifies milder action is needed (broken bar indicates a very mild effect).
Bucket icons are specified for fabric washing. This symbol indicates that hand or machine wash is acceptable. The maximum temperature in the tub is showing by a number. A line below the tub represents gentle wash. A double line below the tub means especially gentle wash for delicate fibers, for example woolen dress.
Wash bucket is used to specify this icon and the number of dots inside the bucket shows the highest temperature you can safely use to wash your items. Sometimes actual temperature (in centigrade) will be written instead of dots, sometimes not.
Standard (built) detergents include water-softening, bleaching and optical brightening agents, anti-re-deposition agents and fillers.
Gentle detergents are used for wool, silk, and other sensitive fabrics. They are active at low temperature, have low alkaline and do not contain bleaching or optical brightening agents.
Compact detergents contain no fillers and are active at low temperatures. This saves energy and reduces environmental impact.
40º C Normal wash: Dark colors in cotton, polyester, and blends.
60º C Normal wash: Colored items in cotton, modal, polyester, and blends.
95º C Boil wash: white cotton or linen without special finishes, colors fast to boiling.
 Do not wring: Wash items do not wring to erase damage or wrinkle.
Some washing icons also used for additional indication:
Synthetics washIf there is a single line bottom of the wash bucket, this indicates that you should wash the item in the synthetics or permanent press cycle of your washing machine which is usually a shorter and less concentrated washing. Sensitive items like viscose, modal, acrylic, nylon, polyester require sensitive wash
Delicate washIf there exist two lines bottom the wash bucket, then you should wash the item on the gentle cycle of your washing machine. Delicate articles such as lace underwear, under wired bras and easy-care wool.
Hand washing– It is indicated by hand. Do not machine wash, Maximum temperature of wash 40° C, handle with care. Normal wool and silk should be washed with gentle detergents.
Do not washIf there are two lines cross the wash bucket, which means washing is not allowed for that item. Be cautious when treating in wet stage. Hence, delicate wool should be cleaned professionally.
Triangle symbol indicates whether a bleaching agent may be utilized for brightening and stain removal. An empty triangle means that any bleaching agent can be used i.e. Chlorine or oxygen bleach. Whether you can safe and sound use bleach on the item will be indicated by a triangle, according to the following code:
Triangle symbol indicates whether a bleaching agent may be utilized for brightening and stain removal. An empty triangle means that any bleaching agent can be used, i.e. chlorine or oxygen bleach.
 Do not Bleach: For sensitive colored substances, use a bleach-free detergent.
 Oxygen Bleach: Non-chlorine, use only oxygen bleach (regular detergent).
Chlorine or Oxygen: Either type of bleach may be used.
Bleach with chlorine (obsolete): Chlorine based bleaching allowed only cold and dilutes solution.
Machine Dry
The dryer is represented by a square with a ring inside of it. The number of dots inside of the square box indicates the temperature intensity which it is safe to dry your clothing item. Just as with washing, you can always dry at a lower temperature and air drying is always an option over machine drying. The divisions are similar to those for washing and ironing. The symbol gives no information about shrinkage in the tumble dryer.
Besides this, you may found the following laundry icons on your clothing care:
Natural drying: symbol of square, recommendations for natural drying may be given in written or symbol form. These symbols are displayed below the five main symbols.
Do not tumble dry: Articles that are likely to deform or shrink in a tumble dryer.
Low Heat: Robust articles of polyester, viscose, modal, acrylic.
Medium/Normal heat: cotton and linen those are not likely to shrink excessively.
High heat: jeans those are not likely to shrink excessively.
One line bottom of the dryer icon indicates you should dry this item on a permanent press cycle of your dryer.
Two lines bottom of the dryer icon shows dry the item on the gentle reporting period.
Flat Dry: Fabrics that is sensitive of twisting in the wet stage i.e. woolen dress prefer to dry flat.
Drip Dry: Jacket, Shirts or blouses are suitable for individual drip-dry.
Line Dry: Fabrics that are too sensitive or do not need ironing is suitable to line dry.
Iron symbol is used to specify this icon and the number of dots inside the iron indicates the highest temperature you can safely use to iron your items. Nowadays many iron manufacturers use these icons at control dial panel to easier your job.
Do not Iron: Fabrics that are too sensitive and increase the possibility of distortion that is not allowed for ironing. Steaming and steam treatments are not allowed.
Low Heat: Iron at a maximum temperature of 110º C i.e. 230º F, steam ironing may be risky. Shiny or pressure-sensitive fabrics iron with care.
Medium Heat: Iron at a maximum temperature of 150º C i.e. 300º F, steam iron with care, does not stretch
High Heat: Iron at a maximum temperature of 200º C i.e. 390º F. Steam iron, Fabric may be damp if required.
No Steam: Do not use steam while do ironing.
Professional Dry-cleaning
Some icons are preserved to express professional dry clean. Symbol of a circle, the circle indicates recommendations for professional cleaning. The letters show acceptable cleaning and stain removal solvents. A line of the circle means a gentle process (reductions in mechanical action). A double line indicates exceptionally gentle treatment.
Dry-clean with hydrocarbon solvent only (HCS)
Gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents
Very gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents
Dry-clean PCE only
Gentle cleaning with PCE
Very gentle cleaning with PCE
Do not dry clean
Please find some symbols of wet-cleaning.
Professional wet cleaning
Gentle wet cleaning
Very gentle wet cleaning
 Professional wet cleaning is not allowed
Even though there is a global standard that has been fixed by the ISO and the EU, copyright laws compose it elabor


text:
WASHINGTON, D.C. — The Bank of America and several smaller banks recently announced they will impose monthly fees on customers for using their debit cards.
The move prompted howls of protest, including ones from Senate Majority Whip Richard Durbin, D-Ill., who took to the Senate floor to encourage customers to remove their money from banks that raise fees.
That a sitting senator would encourage a bank run at any time, much less when the economy is in a precarious state, is remarkable in itself — and an indication of the political heat generated by the new bank fees.
So let's shed some light on how to think about them. No customer wants to pay new fees for any product or service he already receives.
Why are these banks taking such an unpopular step and dinging their customers $3, $4, or $5 a month? It's important to note that no one can say he didn't see it coming, least of all Durbin.
When Congress pushed through its big financial reform package last year, it included price controls on the so-called "swipe fees" banks can charge merchants for the use of debit cards in retail transactions. These fees are one way that banks make money. The swipe fees had nothing to do with the crisis that triggered the broader financial reform measure.
So why did Congress include these price caps? Durbin and other supporters of the measure were aiming to help friends in the retailing industry, who don't like paying the fees.
Before the law passed, the banks informed Durbin that imposition of the controls would likely lead them to raise prices for other services. But the price caps passed despite this warning. And so banks have done exactly as they said they would do — raise fees elsewhere to make up for the lost revenue — estimated at over $6 billion.
What should consumers receiving notices from their banks about increased fees think of all this?
Banks are not the most popular institutions these days, but they can hardly be faulted for raising fees in one area of their business after Congress imposed price caps in another.
This is not the first time Washington has experimented with price controls to ill effect. Price controls were advanced by policymakers to regulate the airline, telecommunications, and trucking industries, among others.
In the 1970s, caps on gasoline prices were imposed by the Nixon administration. This led to shortages and long lines at filling stations. Americans were outraged.
Indeed, price controls are one of the most pernicious kinds of government regulation. In an ironic twist, they often lead to higher consumer prices over time because they build inefficiencies into economic transactions and decision-making that end up costing consumers more money.
This is a key reason policymakers largely abandoned the use of price controls after the country's painful experiences with them in the 1970s. Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it, the saying goes, and it looks like we're repeating the mistakes of the 1970s.
Public ire today should be directed as it was back then — at Washington policymakers interfering with the market's price mechanism.
The good news is a bipartisan effort is channeling some of that public outrage in a productive manner. Rep. Jason Chaffetz, a Republican of Utah, and Rep. Bill Owens, a Democrat from New York, have sponsored legislation to repeal to Durbin price controls.
But they face an uphill battle. Large retailers like the price caps. And some policymakers like having banks as a convenient public villain. The loser if the price controls remain is the average bank customer who will likely see less innovation, worse service and higher prices over time than he otherwise would.
Nick Schulz is editor of American.com and a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute.
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numbered! We have scant records of those clocks of his which are not signed on the dial, probably for the simple reason that they would often go unrecognised as being by him. Only a keen student of clocks or maybe a restorer would be likely to see such a hidden signature. Clock number 248 pictured here is just such a one, having his signature concealed but yet numbered behind the movement backplate. Yet we also have examples of clocks made before he began numbering, yet these are signed. So how do we explain that?
hood of the unnumbered William Barnard clock
3. Pillars attached to the hood door and side windows are a feature of his earlier cases.
Click for closer view.
I can only think that if he sold clocks in a local prohibited market town, he would leave them unsigned, and these are likely to be amongst his earliest clocks. But if he took an order in the market for a clock to be delivered to the client's home later, then he would in all likelihood sign it on the dial. In this event we would see an occasional early one with a dial signature dating from the same period as some without a visible signature.
We cannot yet calculate when he started his numbering system, but I feel sure than once he did begin it he would have carried on the same numbering series. In the series of numbers listed above, those marked with an asterisk had the number hidden on the back of the movement. This implies that he later adopted the idea of displaying the number on the dial. He often set the serial number within the seconds circle, where it barely shows. I have spoken to owners who have had a Barnard clock for years and never before noticed that it had a serial number. But, setting the topic of signatures and numbers apart, William Barnard was an excellent and prolific clockmaker, whose work is a delight to see. His father's £10 premium was well spent!
Footnote. This article was published in a fuller version in Clocks Magazine.
Copyright © 2013 Brian Loomes
more articles by Brian Loomes on collecting antique clocks
finding a clock by a particular maker
Full price list of clocks sent on request


text:
Contingent on Contract Award
The Aviation Technical Trainer manages the organization and oversight of day-to-day OJT/Mentorship training instruction at their location per the direction of the Training Manager. Manages day-to-day execution of client efforts though the coordinated efforts of assigned personnel. Responsible to maintain sufficient instructors and their qualifications. Plans, develops, conducts, evaluates and coordinates specialized training courses for aircraft specific systems. Analyzes the knowledge, skills and abilities required for each particular job and develops Job Qualification Standards (JQS) and proficiency task lists. Researches, assesses, and confers with management and customers representative, or other personnel as necessary to determine training needs. Develops course outlines and lesson plans, and selects or develops training material. Evaluates and updates training programs to evaluate effectiveness of training. Demonstrates continuous effort to improve operations, decrease cycle time and streamline work processes, and works cooperatively and jointly to provide quality seamless customer service. Provides technical guidance to maintenance personnel performing aircraft and subsystem maintenance and evaluates maintenance operations and facilities for compliance with directives, technical manuals, work standards, safety procedures, and operational policies. Performs maintenance trend analysis and applies production control and other management principles and procedures to training of maintenance operations. Demonstrates continuous effort to improve operations, decrease cycle time and streamline work processes, and works cooperatively and jointly to provide quality seamless customer service.
Location: Fort Rucker AL
Job Type: Full-time
Category: Government Contracting CONUS
Clearance: NACI (public Trust)
Education:Required HS, Preferred: BS degree, Technical or Military School Training FAA license/certification
- Must have a high school diploma or equivalent.
- The candidate must have successfully completed formal conducted by the U.S. Army or Armed Forces equivalent, or training courses (maintenance management) conducted by industry or civilian institutions. training (e.g. BNOC/ANOC, OEM course etc.)
- Have a minimum of one-year experience in adult education or educational program development.
- Have a minimum of five years experience in aviation maintenance and possess two years experience working in production.
- Two or more years experience managing/supervising personnel is required.
- A Bachelor's degree in a related field and five-years experience in aviation maintenance is desired.
- Graduate of a recognized instructor-training course, have a minimum of one-year experience in adult education or educational program development is desired.
- Assigned aircraft training and experience is required.
- The candidate must be knowledgeable in the principles, training methods, and techniques used in adult education and possess the ability to plan, organize, and coordinate the execution of training programs.
- He or she must be skilled in developing training objectives, lesson plans, and training materials, and possess the ability to operate audio-visual aides and equipment.
- The candidate must be skilled in public speaking and possess the ability to instruct others in both a classroom and a system/aircraft environment.
- The candidate must have a results-oriented commitment to the continuing evolution of the training program.
- The candidate must be able to meet any Government/Company licensing/qualification requirements for the position and obtain the level of Industrial Security Clearance required by the Government. * The candidate must possess thorough knowledge of aircraft systems, applicable maintenance/technical publications, basic tools, special tools, test, and ground support equipment.
- He or she must be able to read and interpret technical data, drawings, blueprints, maintenance instructions and other applicable data.
- He or she must have thorough knowledge of Army and commercial aviation maintenance practices and regulations. * The candidate must have the ability to coordinate the activities of different departments, or sections, to ensure to the timely support of the maintenance process.
- He or she must be able to read, write, speak and understand English and be able to follow written and oral instructions * The candidate must have knowledge of and the application of quality tools.
- Must be knowledgeable of problem-solving techniques and have knowledge of ISO 9000 Quality Management System.
- The individual must have excellent prioritization, organization, analytical and decision-making skills.
- Must be computer literate and proficient in Microsoft Office
Physical Requirements and working Conditions:
- Location of duty is Fort Rucker Alabama
- This classification activity is, while normally accomplished in an office environment, does have duties that require the individual to work outside the office environment.
- Typical physical demands or activities include climbing, standing, bending, stooping, pushing, kneeling, reaching and walking.
- May be required to lift objects whose weight normally will not exceed 50 pounds.
- Special vision abilities required to perform this job are close vision, peripheral vision, color vision, depth perception and the ability to adjust and focus.
- Must be able to withstand extreme temperatures and environments while working in field conditions.
- Must have correctable vision.
LICENSING, CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
- Formal/Specialized Training or Equivalent
- Security Clearance #
- Valid State Driver's License #
- FAA Airframe & Powerplant (A&P) Certificate #
Travel Requirements: 0-5%


Politics of Poverty
A development model for the 21st century: Addressing poverty by tackling climate change
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Maria Brigida Garcia, walking toward her fields, is a recipient of Oxfam support during the terrible drought that has now gripped farming families In Chiquimula and Baja Verapaz. The El Niño phenomenon has led to a drastic reduction in rainfall in Guatemala, especially in the Dry Corridor in the country. This reduction in precipitation in 2015 caused crop losses of 80% to 100% for small bean and corn farmers in the country. (Photo: Coco McCabe / Oxfam)
Organizations and institutions that work to improve people's lives should take note: efforts to alleviate poverty and support social mobility and livelihoods can be bolstered by actions that mitigate climate change. More specifically, in a new Oxfam America research paper, my co-author and I assess and draw attention to the sustainable development outcomes that can arise from implementing measures that reduce climate pollutants such as methane and black carbon—so-called short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) or "super pollutants."
Turns out, behind the wonky jargon there is a long list of poverty fighting benefits that can be derived from super pollutant mitigation strategies. These include improved crop yields and enhanced food security; cleaner air; better health and productivity; sustainable livelihood opportunities, particularly for women; and access to cleaner sources of energy. Though by no means an exhaustive list, the paper highlights four strategies, in particular, that can support poverty alleviation imperatives and build resiliency, while reducing super pollutants and mitigating climate change:
 - Transitioning households that use biomass cookstoves to other options, such as liquid petroleum gas or electrified cooking, could nearly eliminate household black carbon pollution from cooking and reduce the labor associated with fuelwood gathering—health and well-being benefits that would largely accrue to the women and girls who are typically responsible for these activities.
 - Adopting rice production practices that use less water, such as the System of Rice Intensification or alternate wetting and drying methods, can enhance resiliency, lower costs, and reduce methane emissions while yielding comparable amounts of grain.
 - Reducing the use of fire in agriculture to burn off crop residues through practices such as agroforestry and conservation agriculture is likely to result in farmer livelihood and soil health benefits, in addition to environmental and climate ones.
 - Deploying climate-smart cooling practices such as cool roofs and reflective pavements, and better-insulated housing infrastructure can provide multiple human health benefits while reducing the need for or improving the efficiency of air conditioning, thus lowering emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), another potent set of super pollutants.
The collective benefits of global action to rapidly reduce super pollutants could also extend far beyond a single farm or residence in a way that is critical to the fight against poverty. That's because mitigating super pollutants reduces the rate of global warming in the near-term, potentially avoiding climate tipping points that could be calamitous for poor and vulnerable populations—those that have done the least to contribute to the climate crisis. Therefore, scaling these "climate-smart" development strategies along with actions to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, especially from developed geographies, can combat rising food insecurity and the risk of climate-induced migration and humanitarian disasters. In short, it's not just about the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change (i.e., limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees C, with best efforts to not exceed 1.5 degrees C by end of century)—the path we take to get there matters (see figure).
Source: CCAC (2017). "Reference" refers to business as usual emissions scenarios with different mitigation pathways using early or late action on mitigation of LLGHGs (long-lived greenhouse gases, e.g., carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) and SLCPs (short-lived climate pollutants, e.g., methane, black carbon, HFCs, and tropospheric ozone). Note that the only scenarios which keep warming less than 2°C, the safe upper limit of warming, are those in which both long-lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) and SLCPs are reduced. However, the climate-related damage to public health, ecosystems, infrastructure, agriculture and other sectors—impacts likely to hit the poor harder—are likely to be greater if SLCPs are not reduced in near term. This figure implies that early action on both LLGHG and SLCP is the most intelligent path forward to reduce climate risks especially for poor people. (Adapted from Hottle and Damassa, 2018)
In addition, the fact that super pollutant mitigation measures typically result in multiple benefits, provides a focal point that can help break down unhelpful silos. These solutions aren't aimed at only addressing development or climate change, or only climate resilience or mitigation, they do it all; and they potentially help bridge efforts among organizations and institutions focusing on "achieving 2 degrees C" and those that aim to provide socio-economic opportunity, justice, and voice for vulnerable communities. As World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said, "If we don't confront climate change, we won't end poverty." These dual challenges, both rooted in inequality, are two sides of the same coin. Without looking for solutions at the edge of that coin—like super pollutant mitigation—we risk progress on both fronts.
Of course, as with any development intervention, implementation challenges and contextual caveats abound (some of which are spelled out more in our paper). In addition, actions to reduce super pollutants, like those described above, should be implemented with respect for the rights and well-being of the poor and vulnerable communities they can serve. However, with this rights-based perspective and complementary efforts to address technical, financing, and governance constraints (no small task to be sure!), initiatives that focus on super pollutants can offer win-win opportunities for people and their environment, and help make the ideals of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement a reality.
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Doodle Card #152 – Listen To Others As If They Were Their Last Words
Listen to others as if they were their last words.
Listen to others as if they were their last words.
It may be a miracle if people understand each other in words.
Napoleon Bonaparte once said, "Impossible is a word only to be found in the dictionary of fools." What did he mean to say?
One word has three meanings. Literal, figurative and emotional. What is an emotional meaning? It's the meaning that each person applies to a word with a certain emotional experience. We don't understand this meaning unless we get to know the opponent very well.
We understand Napoleon's word in a figurative sense. If we would stick to a literal meaning, we would never know what he meant to say because in the real world there is no such thing as the dictionary of fools. But we never know what kind of feeling the word 'impossible' would give to him — so we might have misinterpreted his word for years.
Quite often, the emotional meaning causes misunderstanding between people. Your boss may get upset or irritated when someone say a certain word, although the word itself means nothing to you. Or your significant other or family members may not like hearing a certain word or phrase on TV or radio. That's because the emotional meaning of word is in play.
Understanding each other is not an easy task because we need to understand the emotional meaning of their words. Some people have only a few, some people have a lot. We have to start from listening to what the opponent says — without applying our own emotional meaning to their words. In order to distinguish our own emotional meaning from the one of others, we have to be self-aware.
Mindfulness plays a significant role even in communicating each other.
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Kevin Ryde > Math-NumSeq-65 > Math::NumSeq::PowerFlip
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Module Version: 65 Source Latest Release: Math-NumSeq-69
Math::NumSeq::PowerFlip -- prime exponent flip
 use Math::NumSeq::PowerFlip;
 my $seq = Math::NumSeq::PowerFlip->new;
This sequence is i with primes and exponents flipped in the prime factorization.
 i = p^e * q^f *...
 value = e^p * f^q *...
which gives
 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 9, 8, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 16, 1, 8, 1, 4,...
 starting i=1
For example i=1000=2^3*5^3 becomes value=3^2*3^5=3^7=2187.
Any i=prime has value=1 since i=p^1 becomes value=1^p=1. Value=1 occurs precisely when i=p*q*r*etc with no repeated prime factor, ie. when i is square-free.
The possible values which occur in the sequence are related to square factors. Since value=e^p has prime p>=2, every e,f,g etc powered up in the value is a square or higher power. So sequence values are a product of squares and higher.
$seq = Math::NumSeq::PowerFlip->new ()
Create and return a new sequence object.
Random Access
$value = $seq->ith($i)
Return $i with the prime powers and exponents flipped.
$bool = $seq->pred($value)
Return true if $value occurs in the sequence. As noted above this means an integer $value with at least one squared prime factor.
Math::NumSeq, Math::NumSeq::PrimeFactorCount
Copyright 2012, 2013 Kevin Ryde
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Signaling lymphocytic activating molecule ((SLAM) CDw150) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on the surface of activated T- and B-cells. It has been proposed that SLAM is homophilic and required for bidirectional signaling during T- and B-cell activation. Previous work has suggested that the affinity of SLAM self-association might be unusually high, undermining the concept that protein interactions mediating transient cell-cell contacts, such as those involving leukocytes, have to be weak in order that such contacts are readily reversible. Using surface plasmon resonance-based methods and analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), we confirm that SLAM is homophilic. However, we also establish a new theoretical treatment of surface plasmon resonance-derived homophilic binding data, which indicates that SLAM-SLAM interactions (solution K(d) approximately 200 micrometer) are in fact considerably weaker than most other well characterized protein-protein interactions at the cell surface (solution K(d) approximately 0.4-20 micrometer), a conclusion that is supported by the AUC analysis. Whereas further analysis of the AUC data imply that SLAM could form "head to head" dimers spanning adjacent cells, the very low affinity raises important questions regarding the physiological role and/or properties of such interactions.
Original publication
Journal article
J Biol Chem
Publication Date
28100 - 28109
Animals, Antigens, CD, B-Lymphocytes, Cell Line, Transformed, Dimerization, Glycoproteins, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Kinetics, Lymphocyte Activation, Models, Molecular, Models, Theoretical, Protein Conformation, Rats, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, Receptors, Cell Surface, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1, T-Lymphocytes


text:
We read another version of The Gingerbread Man today. Mrs N explained that it's a very old story that has been retold many times and it was first published in 1875, which is 136 years ago! The version we read today was by Jim Aylesworth. It was a little different to the story we read online last week. The Gingerbread Man was still chased by a little old woman, a cow and a pig, but he never tried to cross a river. The fox took him by surprise and ate him up, instead of tricking him as he crossed the river.
We're starting to learn about writing narratives. We learned that a narrative is a made-up story and is usually written to entertain us. The Gingerbread Man is a narrative and we've decided to write our own version of the story, but it's going to be set in our school. We wrote the opening paragraph of it today. It's going to be fun!
Our Monday Munchies food today was snow pea shoots and we LOVED them! Every single person in the class thought they were delicious and would definitely like to eat them again.
Some of the words we came up with to describe snow pea shoots were:
Love from The Smarties and Mrs N


text:
Parasites are by definition bad for you. Some, such as malaria, can kill. Others, like microbes known as Wolbachia that are found in more than one-fifth of all insects, often make female hosts less fertile.
Now scientists discover parasites can evolve surprisingly rapidly to become helpful instead of harmful.
The typically nasty Wolbachia can make females more fertile instead of less, a study reveals. They're not doing it out of the goodness of their non-existent hearts — they boost host fertility to better spread themselves in nature.
These findings could shed light on how symbiotic or mutually beneficial partnerships develop in nature, such as the pivotal relationship widely believed to have led mitochondria to dwell in cells and help them breathe oxygen.
"Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from a symbiotic relationship. It may be that the Wolbachia in this case is well on the way to having a similar relationship that will eventually develop into a dependency by the host on the Wolbachia for survival," said evolutionary biologist Andrew Weeks at the University of Melbourne in Australia.
For instance, Wolbachia parasitizes a worm that in turn parasitizes humans, and this worm already depends on Wolbachia in order to produce young. In another instance, certain wasps need Wolbachia in order to generate eggs.
The new research from Weeks and his colleagues "is probably documenting a case that is headed in that direction, where Wolbachia is needed for host survival," he said.
Host of bad things
Wolbachia are bacteria that insects get only from their mothers. They can display a bewildering diversity of additional effects, such as turning males to females, causing infected females to reproduce without males and triggering vicious cycles of increasing female promiscuity and male sexual exhaustion. The presence of these parasites also often carries a toll on their victims — for instance, cutting down the number of eggs that females produce.
Why do coins smell?Still, intuition suggests that in order to prosper, these microbes should try and evolve ways to crank up the number of offspring that their hosts birth in order to infect more victims.
"We had a very thorough theoretical analysis which suggested that this could and should evolve, but we had no idea of the timeframe that this might take," Weeks said.
Weeks and his colleagues focused on populations of the fruit fly Drosophila simulans living in California. Scientists first detected Wolbachia infesting these flies some two decades ago, and have tracked the infection ever since as it spread more than 400 miles from south to north.
Originally the parasite diminished the fertility of infected females by 15 to 20 percent under laboratory conditions. After exhausting research that involved counting more than 200,000 fruit fly eggs by eye under a microscope, Weeks and his colleagues have now found that in just 20 years, the parasite now causes infected females to display an average 10 percent boost in fertility in the lab, findings detailed online April 20 in the journal PLoS Biology.
"We just didn't expect it to happen so quickly," Weeks told LiveScience. It remains uncertain how exactly Wolbachia triggers such fertility, although Weeks speculated the parasites might provide their hosts some kind of nutritional benefit.
Such a dramatic evolutionary change is traditionally thought to take place over thousands to millions of years, and not in just two decades, "although it is becoming clearer that evolution does work on such short time scales," Weeks said.
The explosive speed at which bacteria grow likely helps explain the speed of this evolutionary change. The fact that Wolbachia can alter itself so quickly might also help explain why the germs have such a diversity of effects on their hosts, Weeks added.
© 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.


What is an Automated Market Maker (AMM)?
Emirex Group | Jan 21, 2021 6:57:36 PM
For a long time, exchanges were forced to use order books, which had to be both filled in and analyzed manually. Therefore, there were serious restrictions on the speed and efficiency of work. But with the widespread use of computers, automatic systems, and the Internet, the situation has changed - the traditional principles and approaches have been replaced by automated market makers or AMM.
What do we know about AMM?
AMM (Automated Market Maker) is changing the perception of the financial world of the 21st century. This is a completely new innovative product created in the decentralized financial sector (DeFi) and based on decentralized exchanges (DEXs).
AMMs are created to change the exchange of cryptocurrencies between users. Instead of the usual buying and selling practice, each party that wants to trade will be pre-funded with liquidity pools in the chain. The liquidity pool allows different users to switch tokens on the chain in a completely different way from the normalized and decentralized way that has been practiced previously. Liquidity pools allow users to easily switch between tokens in a fully decentralized and non-custodial way. Meanwhile, liquidity providers receive passive income from trading commissions, which depend on their share in the pool.
The AMM is built on a transaction method that uses an algorithm to calculate the price of a token right at the time of purchase. The process itself has no concept of sellers; instead, smart contracts act as an intermediary. The seller places the asset in a place called the liquidity pool, and then the buyer exchanges the assets they already have for the assets in the pool via a smart contract.
How it works
AMMs are similar to traditional exchange order books in that they also work with trading pairs such as ETH/BTC. However, a user does not need to have a counterparty (another trader) on the other side to complete a trade. Instead, he/she interacts with a smart contract that "makes" the market for him/her. On a decentralized exchange, trading takes place directly between users' wallets - peer-to-peer (P2P). AMM can be viewed as a peer-to-contract (P2C).
Transactions take place between users and contracts, so there is no need for counterparties in the traditional sense. Since there is no order book, there are no order types in AMM either. The price one gets for the asset he/she wants to buy or sell is determined by a formula:
 - x * y = k, where "x" is the amount of one token in the liquidity pool, and "y" is the amount of the other. In this formula, "k" is a fixed constant, meaning the pool's total liquidity always has to remain the same. Some AMMs may use other formulas for the specific use cases they target.
Popular AMM examples include Kyber Network, Uniswap, and Curve Finance.
Obstacles to overcome
The current DeFi market has shown its opportunities, but also its disadvantages. Today's difficulties facing AMMs are:
 - Access to change the smart contract and the terms of interaction with the platform;
 - No vesting or team token lock which can lead to token market price dump;
 - Lack of ability of holders to make decisions on the next stages of project development;
 - Inability to receive income from part of the platform's profit.
Accessible solution
Every problem has a solution. One of these is the new market players, automated market makers that have aimed to maximize the use of technology and support the ambitious effort of the innovative approach to the global market. An example of the next-level AMM exchange is the EmiSwap, which allows its ESW token holders to be the owners of the project, have a right to get a share of profits, and make decisions on its future development.
 - EmiSwap takes all the best aspects of AMM Uniswap V2 and AMM Mooniswap with the addition of an ESW token. The EmiSwap economic model works in a balanced way for all project participants - each ESW user holds brings him profit-sharing from EmiSwap exchange – 0.05% lifetime. If a user provides liquidity, he gets more than 0.25% additionally per operation.
Closing line
It is an automated market maker (AMM) and the associated liquidity pools that have attracted the closest public attention to decentralized finance (DeFi). And even though this method of work still has some drawbacks and is in its infancy, it is very promising, which will allow it to improve in the future.
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A Personal Injury Attorney in Las Vegas NV can Help if You're Assaulted by a Bouncer
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5928572_lMany people aren't sure what bouncers can legally do. Contrary to the way they appear in movies and on TV, bouncers cannot use excessive violence or act as they please. Generally, a bouncer can only respond with force if someone else is acting aggressively toward them. However, they can legally do things such as:
1. Give a verbal warning
2. Ask a patron to leave
3. Check IDs
4. Refuse entry to a patron that isn't following policy, is acting aggressively, or is too intoxicated
5. Call police
6. Protect bystanders from violence
7. Break up fights
8. Respond with appropriate force
Good bouncers are trained to solve problems through communication, not force. In many cases, the presence of a bouncer is enough to keep patrons well-behaved.
What is Against the Rules for Bouncers?
A bouncer cannot use force unless they are threatened with physical harm, and cannot strike, punch or kick patrons. They cannot physically throw or push someone out of an establishment, and cannot restrain a patron with a headlock or choke hold.
In other words, a bouncer is subject to the same personal injury and criminal laws as everyone else. If you have been roughly handled without cause, you may be able to sue the bouncer or hold them criminally liable.
How to React if Wrongfully Assaulted by a Bouncer
If you feel that you have a case against a bouncer and/or an establishment, you and your Personal Injury Lawyer In Las Vegas NV may be able to get monetary damages for the losses you've suffered. You should take these steps:
1. Write down your version of events, noting times, dates and the location. Describe the incident, the circumstances that led to the assault and the events occurring immediately afterward.
2. Keep copies of medical records and receipts. You'll need these if the court needs to determine damages.
3. Keep copies of your paycheck stubs in case you need to file for wage loss.
4. Get copies of police reports.
5. Get the bouncer's contact information, as well as that of any witnesses.
Hiring an Attorney for a Legal Dispute Involving a Bouncer
Some businesses need the presence of a bouncer to deter certain activities. However, they have much less authority than most people think. If you're uncertain as to what a bouncer can legally do, contact a Personal Injury Lawyer In Las Vegas NV for help. Your lawyer can represent you in court, and he or she can get you the damages you deserve.


text:
CT Scan Assessment of the Syndesmosis: A New Reproducible Method.
Nault, Marie-Lyne MD, PhD, FRCSC; Hebert-Davies, Jonah MD; Laflamme, G-Yves MD, FRCSC; Leduc, Stephane MD, FRCSC
Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma.
27(11):638-641, November 2013.
(Format: HTML, PDF)
Objectives: Anatomic reduction of the fibula with regard to the tibia is the goal when treating syndesmotic injuries. No objective method exists to describe the distal tibiofibular relationship. The primary and secondary objectives of this study was to describe and validate radiologic measurements of the syndesmosis and to establish a set of normal values, respectively.
Methods: A set of 6 measurements and 2 angles were defined on axial computed tomography scans. These measures describe distal tibiofibular anatomy in rotation, lateral translation, and anteroposterior position. A series of 100 ankle computed tomography scans were measured by 2 evaluators. Interobserver reliability was assessed on a subset of 30 scans by 3 different evaluators. Measurements were repeated 6 weeks later by 2 evaluators for intraobserver reliability. All correlations were evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients.
Results: Good correlations for nearly all measurements were found, with intraclass correlation coefficients over 0.5. The lateral translation was the most reliable measure with a mean value of 2.8 mm. The mean ratio of anterior tibiofibular distance to posterior tibiofibular distance was 0.54. Proximal to tibial plafond, the fibula is internally rotated 8.7 degrees and at the talar dome level it is in 6.9 degrees of external rotation.
Conclusions: Several studies have shown that the reduction of the syndesmosis is essential to restore normal ankle mechanics and prevent secondary degenerative changes. The evaluation criteria developed in this study can give the surgeon a guideline for evaluating syndesmosis anatomy with reliable parameters. Concerning the normal range of motion, our radiologic measurements of 100 normal ankles showed that a significant amount of variability exists in the uninjured distal tibiofibular relationship.
(C) 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


Where the world comes to study the Bible
Teenagers and Drinking
Why do teens drink? 66% cited stress and boredom, 25% said they drink to get high, and 31 percent said they drink alone. In _PHONE_ teens between the ages of 15 and 19 died in alcohol-related auto accidents. The favored drink among teenagers is wine coolers, but many choose beer because it is cheaper and easier to get. Students annually consume 35 percent of all wine coolers sold in the U.S. or 31 million gallons. They also consume 1.1 billion cans of beer, or 102 million gallons.
Spokesman Review, 12-30-91, p. B1


sft_release_module - release a module
This is a program to release a module on SourceForge.net. It performs the following functions:
 1. If needed, it creates a "description file" which contains a short prose description of the module. This description is used in the release announcements. (see below)
 2. If needed, it creates a CHANGELOG file.
 3. It invokes an editor (determined from the EDITOR environment variable) and allows you to edit the CHANGELOG for the current release.
 4. It performs a final CVS commit and tags the CVS tree with a release tag that encodes the module's version number and release date.
 5. A compressed tar file is created and uploaded to SourceForge.net.
 6. A release announcement is constructed and sent to your project's announce mailing list.
The program requires two command arguments. The first is the module name which must be a name of a directory in the modules directory. Please see the sf-tools.README file for a description the expected layout of directories. The second argument is the module's version number. The following version number formats are supported:
 where "0" is any numeral 0-9 inclusive and
 "word" is any of the following: alpha, beta, pre, test
 sft_release_module -h | --help | -m module -v version
 -m module name of module
 -v version version number
 sft_release_module -m my_module -v 1.0.0
This example performs a release of "my_module" version 1.0.0.
If a description file ("my_module.DESCRIPTION") is not found in the /home/your_name/your_project/modules directory, one will be created and you will be able to edit its contents.
If a CHANGELOG file is not found in the /home/your_name/your_project/modules/my_module directory, one will be created. If a new one is created, a CVS add is performed. Next, you will be able to edit the CHANGELOG file.
A CVS commit is performed to sync your CVS tree with your release. The CVS tree is also tagged with an encoded version of the release version and the release date.
A compressed tar archive is created of the module's directory. In the example above, a tar file named my_module-1.0.0.tar.gz would created in the /home/your_name/your_project/modules directory. The CVS directory for your module is excluded from the archive. When the end-user un-tars the archive, it will create a directory named "my_module-1.0.0".
The compressed tar file is uploaded to downloads.sourceforge.net via ftp.
Finally, if the MAIL_LIST constant is defined (it defaults to _EMAIL_), a release notice will be constructed and sent by whatever mail program is specified by the MAILER constant (default is "mail"). The release notice will include the contents of the description and CHANGELOG files.
Installation and Configuration:
sft_release_module is self-contained. Put it wherever is handy. Note that you need ncftp and a working cvs to make this script work.
To configure sft_release_module, set the PROJECT_NAME, SF_USER, MAIL_LIST, and MAILER constants as needed.
All the tools in the sf-tools package expect a project to organized as described in the sf-tools.README file. Also note that, by design, sft_release_module can only support one release file per module. This limitation may change in future versions.
Tested With:
Tested with Red Hat 6.x - 7.x
Copyright 2001-2002, William Shotts
You may contact the LinuxCommand.org project at:
SourceForge.net is a trademark of VA Software, Inc.
$Id: sft_release_module.README,v 1.2 2002/03/09 16:50:43 bshotts Exp $


text:
WWII P-40 Discovered At The Sahara Desert
In June 1942, RAF Flight Sergeant Dennis Copping crashed landed his P-40 Warhawk in the middle of the Sahara Desert. He took what he can from his airplane and wandered to nowhere. After 70 years, Copping's P-40 Warhawk was found almost perfectly preserved right where it crashed.
An oil worker exploring an isolated region made the discovery. The P-40 was not covered by sand, but the crash site is more than 200 miles away from the nearest town located in a featureless terrain.
The P-40 Warhawk is so well-preserved that it is like a time-capsule. Almost everything is intact. The ammunition and missiles are still with the aircraft and its identification plates remains untouched. The only thing missing is the radio and batteries, which Flight Sergeant Coupling must have taken with him and tried to make it work, but to no avail. The British Defense attache to Egypt announced that a search for the pilot's remains will be conducted, but they also expressed doubt that it will be successful.
Flight Sergeant Dennis Copping is part of a fighter unit based in Egypt during the North African campaign against the Rommel. The P-40 Warhawk is a US-made fighter aircraft. It was widely used in African and Asian campaigns during the World War II.
The RAF Museum is working to recover the aircraft and display it in honor of Flight Sergeant Copping.
News source: _URL_


text:
We have classes for all ages and levels of experience. Browse our course catalog, or register now!
An introduction to the basics of music improv, this eight-week course covers all of the essentials skills needed to succeed in creating improvised songs and musical scenes. Strengthen your vocal technique, improve your musicianship, learn to rhyme, and apply your existing improv skills in song.
$320/$290 early registration, 8 weeks, 3 hours
Prerequisites: Improv Level E or equivalent, Intro to Music, or Vocal Basics: Song & Character
Music Improv Fundamentals TERM 4 2013
Music Improv full-day and half-day Immersions are being offered this summer as part of our Specialty Immersion programs.


Turn Right at Land's End
by frankbeswick
John Merril's seven thousand mile walk round Britain is just one of his marathon journeys.
Being the first person ever to complete the walk around Britain's rugged coast is an achievement, but doing it with no permanent walking companion made it an arduous route. Several people had attempted the journey, which takes walkers through Britain's diverse and varied landscapes, through seaside towns and long and sometimes dangerous solitudes, but Merrril was the first to succeed, and did so despite having to take time off with a broken bone in his foot.
Picture above courtesy of 27707.It shows the signpost at John O'Groats near the northern tip of Britain.
Beginning the Walk
The journey began in London, in January 1978, where he set off from St Paul's Cathedral to walk eastwards along the Thames, before turning south at the estuary to walk the heavily populated south coast with its holiday resorts. He chose to begin from the Cathedral to invoke a blessing on the journey, and his route westwards was chosen in preference to the alternative route up the East Coast to avoid walking widdershins [anticlockwise] for as I have said in a previous article there is some reluctance to take go widdershins, the Devil's direction, as Merril says.
The South Coast walk was rarely dangerous, and he made about thirty miles a day, but the pressure came from the publicity. Having publicized the walk to gain sponsorship, he was sometimes overwhelmed by the reception committees of local dignitaries and voluntary groups, all of whom wanted to support him. He found that after a while it was becoming difficult to take, but often he received free accommodation and food. There were times though when his delays caused problems, and having arranged to pick up his regular food drop from sub-post offices, which in 1978 were more common in the UK than they are now in our parsimoniously managed and misgoverned land.
But never underestimate the bad weather that can smite Southern Britain, for the storms that thunder up the Western approaches and sweep up from the Bay of Biscay past Southern Ireland can be frightening and dangerous. Having reached the South Western tip of Britain and turned right at Land's End, by which he had done over a thousand miles of walking, he was on the exposed North Western shores of Cornwall and Devon, and the late Winter weather was at times severe. Walking along cliffs in severe winds was quite frightening at times, and often he was soaked to the skin from the fierce rains. It was February and March when this problem began to occur, before hotels and campsites were formally open, but fortunately he found some hospitable hoteliers and camp site owners who were willing to give him accommodation. One hotelier gave Merril a room free of charge to support his walk and opened up the bar.
Land's End
Land's End
Land's End
Up the West Coast
Having entered Wales the marathon walk took him towards the Pembrokeshire Coast, now a national park, for very good reasons, as it is a lovely place to walk and enjoy the beaches. The coast path was not at the time of this walk very well used and so he could enjoy being in solitude away from pressing crowds in an area of outstanding beauty.
Wales is a pleasant place to walk, and the Scottish mountaineer Hamish Brown writing in Hamish's Groat's End Walk considered it the best waking country in Britain. But Merrill had a quite a serious incident there which could have killed him.
When walking on the Llyn Peninsula near Porthor, in North Wales, he decided to walk the beach. It was high tide but there was a fifteen foot gap between sea and the clay cliffs. Plenty of room, but he reckoned without the arrival of what in seaman's parlance is known as a growler, a freak wave. Suddenly the six foot Merrill was submerged to his waist and was struggling against being sucked under, when part of the clay cliff collapsed on him. He managed to struggle up the broken cliff to safety. Terrified, for fifteen minutes he watched the sea, only to realize that no similar wave came anywhere near the cliffs.
After that there were no more incidents in Wales and he moved along the North Wales coast,past the fast flowing Menai Straits and through the tourist resorts. Finally he re-entered England and walked North through Cheshire and Lancashire. He took the safe path round Morecambe Bay, whose sands are dangerous, for there are many areas of quicksand and unexpected holes in the sandbanks that have been known to swallow a tractor, After the incident on the Llyn he was taking no more risks.
Finally he entered Scotland and carried on northwards.
The Delay
 Merril was in Scotland when he began to have problems. By this time had walked three thousand three hundred miles and his foot was swollen and in pain. An X-ray revealed the worst: a stress fracture of the fourth metatarsal. These are found in people who exercise a great deal, such as footballers in their thirties and they have a distinct pattern of fracture that makes them unmistakable.The only cure is plaster and rest.
The doctor explained that Merril had put his body through a level of endurance that was beyond its capacity. It must be said that Merril had done several marathon walks, including crossing America and walking the length of Britain, and his body was showing signs of wear and tear. He had done some long distance practice walks to prepare for this circumnavigation of Britain, and that was much wear and tear on the foot bones.
He needed a place to rest and recuperate, and so he sought help from a lady in the RCIB whom he had met in Glasgow to ask for help. She came up with the answer : he could stay with her for the five weeks of recovery. Five weeks turned into longer, as the following year he married her.
The Landscape of North West Scotland
Walking the Scottish Coast
Britain is a lengthy isle, and so in Scotland the relative lengths of day and night approach Arctic dimensions, the days in Summer being long and the Winter nights correspondingly lengthy. So it is always better to walk in Scotland in Summer, besides the fact that the Scottish climate can be quite severe in Winter. Distances are also lengthy and in the remote North there can be times when an overnight camp can be required. North Scotland has a bothy system, old cottages left unlocked and stocked with some fuel for for the overnight traveler journeying in lonely places, and at times Merrill stayed in these, for they were drier than his trusty tent.
Besides the long distances, there were sometimes occasions when he made little horizontal progress despite thirty miles of walking, for if you look at the map of North Scotland you can see that he sometimes had to walk round a sea loch, much walking where a bridge would have made the route shorter. You can see that after walking the unpopulated wilderness south of Cape Wrath, Britain's north west extremity, where in Winter storms the seas throw hundred pound boulders at five hundred foot sandstone cliffs, he turned right at Cape Wrath and having got some supplies at Durness had to skirt through trackless land around Loch Erribol, though the next inlet, Loch Tongue has a bridge.
Turning right at Duncansby Head, Britain's northernmost point, he headed down the East Coast of Britain. The East of Britain presents walking very different from the West of Britain, for the West is more rugged and indented, whereas the East is less indented than the rocky West.
Psychologically the East Coast brings its own problems, for the long vistas ahead of you can be daunting for one who has already done many miles and it is tempting to become disillusioned. This is where the mindset comes into play. The marathon walker must be dedicated and single minded, content with their own company, while being capable of responding to those that he/she meets. Staying power, both physical and mental is a must. Being so personally involved in a walk that not finishing it is unthinkable and intolerable is part of this mindset. Merrill seems to have these qualities in abundance.
Southwards Through England.
The English coast provides mainly gentle walking, though there are difficult cliffs at places that should be avoided in strong winds.But like the East coast of Scotland the distances are long and daunting. As long as you avoid obviously dangerous places you will be fine.
The coast of East Anglia is flat and level, but like Scotland this area, which comprises the coastal counties of Norfolk and Suffolk [whose names mean North Folk and South Folk,very practical naming] can provide some long, lonely walking in which you see few people, though there are holiday resorts. South of these counties you reach Essex. While Essex is a low-lying county with the reputation as England's driest because of its low rainfall, there are places on the Essex Coast which can be tricky. Wisely Merril eschewed the journey over the Broomway, a path across sands that is known as Britain's most dangerous footpath because of the danger of getting lost and stuck in quicksand to await drowning in the oncoming tide. By this time he was walking along paths some distance from the sea, as the Essex coast can in places be muddy and the coast near the Broomway is very difficult to traverse on foot.
By this time he was becoming emotionally exhausted. He was summoning up his reserves of strength, but also of emotional energy. Alone he was fine, but sometimes broke into tears when


Why Is Independence Important?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Apr 8, 2020 7:24:06 PM ET
Tim Hall/Cultura/Getty Images
Independent people are able to handle things on their own, and this increases their confidence. On the other hand, lack of independence means relying on others to get things done. Being independent implies having the ability to make decisions. For instance, financial independence brings a sense of freedom by allowing a person to make their own monetary decisions. Emotional independence reduces stress, enhances happiness and helps people handle challenging situations in their lives and make personal decisions.


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Here's some more interesting work from Joel Anderson: an examination of recent hazardous liquid spill volumes, from the PHMSA reporting databases.
Analyses like these not only help us with basic understanding of pipeline releases, but also provide useful input into risk assessments. In many cases, our estimates of location-specific loss potential are based on plausible scenarios taken from history. This analyses shows us that history.
Furthermore, since we usually need more than P90+ (worst case) scenarios, the distributions of historical 'behavior' shown here help us produce P50 or any other conservatism-dictated values.


Guava Cache
We cache a key and it's value, these together make up a cache entry. The key is the input to a computation and the value is the result of the computation. It may be more efficient to store a hash of the key, more on this later.
You should consider caching a computation when the following apply:
 - We want to trade memory for computation cost (time and other resources such as CPU or IO)
 - The computation is costly
 - The computation runs more than once with the same input
Cost reduction is a function of number of cache hits multiplied by the cost of the computation minus the total memory consumed by the cache.
The weights of these factors will be different per application.
Memory consumed is the number of entries in the cache multiplied by storage required for a cache entry.
Caches do comparison of keys so we should have fast comparison logic for our keys, often hashed keys are used for this purpose.
Guava Cache Framework
First an example.
Let's imagine that we have a costly computation which retrieves articles from some external datasource given search input (keywords and categories).
List getArticleSummaries(SearchInput searchInput) {
 // Some expensive operation to retrieve the list of article summaries
 List articleSummaries =...
 return articleSummaries;
This expensive computation may query an external datasource and take a while so we don't want to repeat this computation given the same input. A good time to use a cache! So let's go ahead and build our cache.
LoadingCache articleCache = CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
 .expireAfterWrite(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
 .build(new CacheLoader() {
 public List load(SearchInput searchInput) throws Exception {
 return getArticleSummaries(searchInput);
Let's look at each of the components above and learn about some of the important classes of the Guava Cache library.
 - Interface to caching functionality
 - LoadingCache implementations are required to be thread safe
When you instantiate an instance of LoadingCache, you specify the classes for the key and value. In the example above the key is a SearchInput object and the value is a list of ArticleSummary objects.
class SearchInput {
 final List searchKeys;
 final List categories;
class ArticleSummary {
 final Url url;
 final String title;
 final String author;
Here we use the Lombok annotation AllArgsConstructor to generate a constructor that sets the values of our two fields searchKeys and categories.
So we can easily see by the LoadingCache(K, V) definition the types of the keys and values.
Use this class to build and configure instances of LoadingCache.
In our example we instantiate and build a LoadingCache with a maximum size of 1000 entries.
We then tell the cache to expire entries 10 minutes after writing into the cache.
Lastly we register a listener object named removalListener to be notified whenever an entry is removed from the cache.
A simple RemovalListener definition is given below:
RemovalListener removalListener = new RemovalListener<>() {
 public void onRemoval(RemovalNotification removalNotification) {
 removalNotification.getValue().forEach(articleSummary -> log.debug("removed article: {}", articleSummary.title));
This simple RemovalListener does nothing but produce some debug logs, but you may want more complex logic here if you are caching resources that need to be cleaned up, for example database connections that need to be closed when removed.
This class defines the logic to actually compute the value for the given key, this logic is defined inside the load(K key) method. This class is passed as a parameter to the CacheBuilder.build() method. The example CacheLoader.load(K) calls the costly getArticleSummaries(searchInput) method, which takes time to get the results. This is the reason for using a cache.
new CacheLoader() {
 public List load(SearchInput searchInput) throws Exception {
 return getArticleSummaries(searchInput);
When we make a query via the LoadingCache.get(K) method one of two things can happen:
 - Cache Hit
 - The value of K matches an existing key, the corresponding value is returned from the cache
 - Cache Miss
 - There is no match found for K
 - CacheLoader.load(K) method is called and runs in separate thread.
 - If other calls for same key occur during the load they will wait for result of the running load method.
When are entries removed?
At first it might seem that cache entries would be removed as soon as they become eligible for removal. Such as when they expire (if using expireAfterWrite or expireAfterRead) or the number of entries exceeds the maximum size (if maximumSize is set). But actually cache entries that are eligible for removal are removed during any unrelated cache write, or if cache writes happen infrequently during any unrelated cache read. The reason for this is, for realtime removal of eligible entries, Guava Cache would need a background process running continually. This process could possibly conflict with concurrent LoadingCache.get(key) calls, causing waits and degradation of cache performance. So instead of using a background process to clean up the cache, Guava does cache cleanup around cache writes or cache reads.
If you need to enforce a cache cleanup and are willing to risk some performance degradation to your cache clients you may use one of the LoadingCache.invalidate methods shown, see javadocs for more info.
 - void invalidate(Object key) – removes one entry matching key
 - void invalidateAll(Iterable keys) – removes all entries matching the elements of keys
 - void invalidateAll() – removes all entries
How does your cache perform?
If you want to see some cache metrics use the LoadingCache.stats() method. This method returns a CacheStats object that contains statistics such as:
 - hit count – the number of times Cache lookup methods have returned a cached value
 - hit rate – the ratio of cache requests which were hits
 - miss count – the number of times Cache lookup methods have returned an uncached (newly loaded) value, or null
 - miss rate – the ratio of cache requests which were misses
 - load count – the total number of times that Cache lookup methods attempted to load new values
 - load success count – the number of times Cache lookup methods have successfully loaded a new value
 - load exception count – the number of times Cache lookup methods threw an exception while loading a new value
 - and more
Each of these counts starts from zero at cache startup.
Optimizing our Cache
Observant readers will have seen that we have a potentially costly operation caused by the structure of our cache. The SearchInput key contains two lists, one for searchKeys and categories. Since the cache checks for existing keys during a call to LoadingCache.get(key), or any of the other key access operations, keys within the cache are compared to the key parameter for equality.
Admittedly, in our example it is unlikely that these lists would be long, but let's imagine that our SearchInput example can contain longs lists of search keys. In this case we should optimize the equals method in our key class.
class SearchInput {
 final List searchKeys;
 final List categories;
 final int searchKeysHash;
 final int categoriesHash;
 TargetDomainsBlockDomains(List searchKeys, List categories) {
 this.searchKeys = searchKeys;
 this.categories = categories;
 this.searchKeysHash = searchKeys.hashCode();
 this.categoriesHash = categories.hashCode();
We added two new fields searchKeysHash and categoriesHash. These int fields are hashes, computed from searchKeys, categories inside of the constructor.
The Lombok annotation EqualsAndHashCode, is used to generate a custom equals method: the important part is that we only check the two new int fields for equality.
In this way we speed up equality checks for the SearchInput key with long list fields.
Guava Cache's Cache API gives a reliable and easy to use framework to speed up our applications whenever we do costly and repetitive computation. The following points were discussed:
 - cache loading due to a cache miss
 - when entries get removed
 - how to check your cache performance
 - complex keys and how they can slow your cache and a work-around


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A wage is an amount of money to be paid for a job. There is usually a correlation between the wage paid and the experience of the person to do the job and the level of skill necessary for the job.
Like all market forces, wages are payed based on interactions between the supply curve (how much workers are willing to supply a particular type of labor at a certain wage) and a demand curve (how many workers of a particular type a firm is willing to hire at a particular wage). Wages are typically set at equilibrium. If a minimum wage is imposed that is above this equilibrium, it leads to structural unemployment. If a minimum wage is set below the equilibrium point, it is unlikely to affect that jobs wage unless a complement or substitute job's equilibrium wage is less than the minimum wage (causing ripple effects throughout the related markets).


The Challenge: Imagining that typography is living in the world of dreams (or nightmares), explore
divergent visualizations of forms using unfamiliar materials. Once different type experiments have
been explored, consider the space in which they live and create a series of hypothetical movie
posters as well as an accompanying movie trailer.
Film Synopsis: A young woman diagnosed with clinical depression begins cognitive therapy. Soon
after her first sessions she begins to have vivid and intense dreams. As her therapy continues her
dreams become so heavy that she can no longer distinguish between waking and sleeping.
Deliverables: A series of three posters and a movie trailer.
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