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I would like to make sure that I don't insert a message to the queue multiple times. Is there any ID/Name I can use to enforce uniqueness?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Azure queues doesn't ensure message order and either message uniqueness. Messages will be processed "at least once", but nothing ensures it won't be processed twice, so it doesn't ensure "at most once".
You should get ready to receive the same message twice. You can put an ID in the body of the message as part of your data.
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vtortola pretty much covered it, but I wanted to add a bit more detail into why it's at least once delivery.
When you read a queue item, it's not removed from the queue; instead, it becomes invisible but stays in the queue. That invisibility period defaults to 30 seconds (max: 2 hours). During that time, the code that got the item off the queue has that much time to process whatever command was in the queue message and delete the queue item.
Assuming the queue item is deleted before the timeout period is reached, all is well. However: Once the timeout period is reached, the queue item becomes visible again, and the code holding the queue item may no longer delete it. In this case, someone else can read the same queue message and re-process that message.
Because of the fact a queue message can timeout, and can re-appear:
 - Your queue processing must be idempotent - operations on a queue message must result in the same outcome (such as rendering a thumbnail for a photo).
 - You need to think about timeout adjustments. You might find that commands are valid but processing is taking too long (maybe your 45-second thumbnail rendering code worked just fine until someone uploaded a 25MP image)
 - You need to think about poison messages - those that will never process correctly. Maybe they cause an exception to be thrown or have some invalid condition that causes the message processor to abort processing, which leads to the message eventually re-appearing in the queue. There's a property callded DequeueCount - consider viewing that property upon reading a queue item and, if equal to, say, 3, push the message into a table or blob and send yourself a notification to spend some time debugging that message offline.
More details on the get-queue low-level REST API is here. This will give you more insight into Windows Azure queue message handling.
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text:
Pope's Point: unearthing ancient history
View Source Article
By Stephen Hull
Pope's Point has had a very long history. In terms of its cultural history, the site has evidence of Maritime Archaic, Palaeoeskimo, Recent Indian, Beothuk, Mi'Kmaq and European occupations. In terms of archaeology it was first recorded by T.G.B. Lloyd, an English geologist with an interest in archaeology & the Beothuk, in the early 1870s and reported on by him in his 1876 article "A Further Account of the Beothuks of Newfoundland." In The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Journal.
Frank Speck, the American Anthropologist, recovered material from the site in 1914, with much help from his wife, which he related to the Beothuk. During his time at the site he noted the presence of 13 house pits. His work at the site was reported on in his 1914 hand written notes.
Based on his information other researchers have assumed that the point had 13 house pits. In reality the 13 were spread for several hundred metres between the mouth of Badger Brook and the mouth of Little Red Indian Brook. Pope's Point itself had only 4 house pits.
He described the house pits as being about 15 feet in diameter and about 12 inches deep and having the shape of rings or rude angular circles. Speck describes removing the mossy sod covering to find cracked caribou bone, the occasional stone pebble for cracking open the bone and nondescript iron fragments. He stated that near the center of each pit was an area covered with fire-cracked rocks, quantities of charcoal, charred bones and iron. In some places bone deposits extended 6 or 8 inches thick.
The site was again revisited by Peter Harrison and Garth Taylor in 1963 during their brief survey of Red Indian Lake and the Exploits River.
It wasn't until 1964 that the site was excavated by a professional archaeologist. Helen Devereux and her crew of four spent July and August of that year excavating at Pope's Point on behalf of the National Museum of Canada. By that time the site had been disturbed by the construction of a fenced off Forestry compound with several buildings.
The site itself is located within the community of Badger, at the confluence of Badger Brook and the Exploits River on a terrace that is ~ 2 metres above the Exploits River.
Devereux's goal at the site was to archaeologically identify the Beothuk, something that had never been previously done. By 1964, Devereux noted that the site had suffered considerable erosion damage from spring flooding since Speck's visit and she was only able to identify two house pits on the site, pit A & B. One was completely excavated (B) the other was partially. From her excavation of pit B she recovered wrought iron nails, iron axes, spear points and awls, forty-one beads (forty of which were seed beads) and quantities of bone, much of which appeared to be caribou. And she found that pit B was rectangular in shape and measured 12 x 16 feet. Along with these historic period artifacts she recovered thirty-eight stone tools and numerous flakes.
While Pope's Point is often thought of as a Beothuk site there is much evidence for a Palaeoeskimo occupation at the site including the artifacts in the two pictures below, most of which appear to be Palaeoeskimo.
In 1967, just a few years after Devereux, Pope's Point was revisited by Don Locke an amateur archaeologist from Grand Falls. According to his notes he collected pieces of metal, bone, ceramic and stone artifacts. He also noted the site had three house pits, one of which had a long eroded hearth.
In 1982, the site was again revisited by a professional archaeologist Callum Thomson. He spent a small amount of time test pitting at the site during his survey of the Exploits River from Red Indian Falls to Grand Falls as reported in his submission for Archaeology in Newfoundland and Labrador 1982. He found, like Devereux, that the site had further eroded from spring flooding and he could locate only one house pit. He was also told that looters had used metal detectors at the site to find metal artifacts. Despite this his test pits showed the site still had in situ deposits.
Just 10 years later when the site was revisited by Fred Schwarz in 1992 there was no evidence of a house pit at the site. However he did find considerable evidence for in situ deposits within the Forestry compound including flakes and a Maritime Archaic ground slate axe, interspersed with disturbed areas.
In the spring of 2003 Badger and Pope's Point was once again flooded.
In May of 2003 Ken Reynolds tested the site to see if anything remained of the site. Six of his ten test pits contained cultural material including flakes, four small calcined bone fragments, two recent fragments of bottle glass and two fragments of iron. Noting that the Forestry compound was no longer in use, Reynolds made regular revisits to the site on an annual basis.
During his 2008 revisit he found that the site had been bulldozed for what turned out to be a Recreational Vehicle Park development.
Pope's Point is one of the few deep interior sites which has evidence for nearly every culture that inhabited the island of Newfoundland. Maritime Archaic Indian, Groswater and Dorset Palaeoeskimo, Recent Indian, Beothuk and Mi'kmaq artifacts and features have either been recovered or historically recorded to have existed there at one time. Unfortunately river erosion and flooding, illegal pot-hunting, building and landscaping associated with both the Provincial and National Forestry Services impacted greatly on the site over the past 100 or so years. Recently the development of a RV Park by the Town of Badger has added significant damage to this site. However, it is believed that cultural material, albeit in a disturbed context, will still be found in small pockets lying close to either the banks of the Exploits River or Badger Brook.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Semi-Variable Cost
DEFINITION of 'Semi-Variable Cost'
A cost composed of a mixture of fixed and variable components. Costs are fixed for a set level of production or consumption, becoming variable after the level is exceeded.
Also known as a "semi-fixed cost."
This type of cost is variable in the sense that greater levels of production increase total cost. If no production occurs, then a fixed cost is still incurred.
Labor costs in a factory are semi-variable. The fixed portion is the wage paid to workers for their regular hours. The variable portion is the overtime pay they receive when they exceed their regular hours.
 1. Variable Cost-Plus Pricing
 A pricing method in which the selling price is established by...
 2. High-Low Method
 In cost accounting, a way of attempting to separate out fixed...
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 A cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the...
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 A corporate expense that varies with production output. Variable...
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 A ratio used to measure a company's pricing strategy and operating...
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 A consumer's budget constraint is used alongside the utility function to derive the demand function. The utility function... Read Full Answer >>
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 Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) are significant elements of many companies' income statements. These... Read Full Answer >>
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GST-Binding Plates
Assay GST-fusion proteins
A glutathione peptide, crosslinked to the polymer surface via a spacer arm, enables binding by specific affinity interaction of GST, which is typically genetically engineered into a fusion protein. The spacer arm maximizes surface reactivity while minimizing non-specific binding, and the covalent linkage reduces the occurrence of leaching. The surface does not need to be blocked and therefore a high S/N ratio is obtained.
These glutathione-coated plates can be used in the analysis of cell lysates to determine the presence and concentration of the GST-fusion protein produced in an expression system. Alternatively, the plates can be used to capture and coat fusion proteins via their GST tag for subsequent binding assays involving the recombinant protein (either protein interactions or a specific antibody).
The figure above shows coupling of a GST-tagged protein/peptide to glutathione plates. GSH = Glutathione; GST = Glutathione-S-transferase
Related resources
GST-tagged Proteins
Protein purification with affinity tags such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), histidine (HIS), and other affinity tags, enables purification of proteins with both known and unknown biochemical properties. Therefore, this methodology has become a widely used research tool for determining the biological function of uncharacterized proteins.
A selection of FAQs is listed below. For more technical information and FAQs, please visit our Solid Phase Guide ›
The Immobilizer Glutathione plates are designed for optimal detection of glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged proteins or purified GST.
We recommend using transparent polystyrene plates for colorimetric assays, white polystyrene plates for bio and chemi-luminescence assays, and black polystyrene plates for fluorescence assays.
The background is extremely low when using the Immobilizer Glutathione plates. This results in a high signal-to-noise ratio and a low detection limit which in general means that the detection limit (OD 0.5) is 3ng per well (100 μL).


text:
Originally Posted by Hermit
I've seen references where some people say they can taste the difference between plain table sugar and invert sugar in beer while others say they can't..
Doesn't sound credible to me. Sucrose is a glucose and fructose
molecule connected end to end. At low pH you disconnect them
and have an equilibrium mixture of glucose, fructose and sucrose.
What these people are saying is that they can tell the difference
between sucrose and a mixture of the three. Have you ever tasted
corn sugar (glucose) and fructose? They taste exactly the same
as sucrose; for a given amount fructose is the sweeter of the three,
but no actual difference in taste.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Use
the Readings
Inquiry Question
Historical Context
Reading 1
Reading 2
Table of
Determining the Facts
Reading 3: The Roadside Colossus
Like the examples of roadside architecture presented in this lesson, large roadside sculptures appeared as a reaction to the popularization of the automobile in the early 20th century. Its main function was to attract the attention of passing cars.
Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox
Minnesota's first and best-known example of the "roadside colossus," the statuary grouping of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox, is historically significant for its role in promoting tourism in the northern part of the state.
Located in a vast woodland and lake region, the city of Bemidji played host to a modest tourist trade as early as the 1890s. After the establishment of rail connections in 1898, promoters began developing lakeshore sites for summer cottages and constructing a variety of tourist hotels and resorts, primarily catering to hunters and anglers. Benefiting from the emergence of automobile travel and a state highway system, the Bemidji tourist industry experienced a boom during the 1920s, but suffered with the rest of the economy during the Great Depression.
In 1936, as a means of stimulating, or "boosting," tourism, a number of civic organizations and businesses decided to sponsor a winter carnival that would promote the city's resources for winter sports. The carnival opened on January 14, 1937. Taking its theme from Bemidji's former prominence as a lumbering center, the celebration focused on the mythical figure of Paul Bunyan, a giant lumberjack of formidable endurance and skill who had traveled with the folklore of the lumber camps from New England to Minnesota during the mid-19th century.
The carnival unveiled giant statues of Paul and his blue ox, Babe, to serve as mascots for the festivities. Both statues were designed and built by city residents. They became overnight sensations, garnering a full-page spread in Life magazine. Both were placed in a municipal park overlooking the lake and the city's busiest intersection. Although oversized statues have now become fairly common devices for promoting tourism, Bemidji's Paul and Babe were pioneer efforts in the field.
Paul Bunyan is approximately 18 feet high, measuring about five feet across at the base and about three feet from toe to heel. Babe stands about 10 feet tall, measuring about eight feet across the front hoofs and about 23 feet from nose to tail.
Dinosaur Park
Dinosaur Park is one of the most elaborate examples of roadside sculpture in the state of South Dakota and an excellent example of vernacular public art. Mount Rushmore, about 20 miles southwest of Rapid City, became the site of the great carvings of four American presidents who played a major role in westward expansion. That sculpture was first dedicated in 1930, and by 1935, some 200,000 visitors had visited the unfinished monument. These statistics were not lost on the promoters of Rapid City. Tourism was big business, and the chamber of commerce was eager to make the connection between one successful sculpture and another.
The idea of dinosaurs as the subject of a new sculpture came from Dr. C. C. O'Harra, the president of the South Dakota School of Mines and a paleontologist who was fascinated by the prehistoric dinosaur remains he had found in the Badlands of South Dakota. Others also liked the idea. The creation of concrete dinosaurs hit three nerves in the American aesthetic—a sense of the history of the West, an enjoyment of things larger than life, and a secret pleasure in being frightened. Dinosaur Park, located on a prominent hill above the town, was dedicated on May 22, 1936.
All five of the original dinosaurs were built in identical fashion. The frames are composed of two-inch-diameter black iron pipe set in concrete. Around the central frame, body forms consist of a steel skeleton covered with wire mesh to which the concrete skin is applied. Oral tradition has it that the park's dinosaurs originally were gray, but today they are painted vivid green, with touches of pinkish red. Built to authentic size, the measurements of the five dinosaurs are as follows:
 1. Triceratops—27 feet long, 11 feet high, 40-inch horns
 2. Tyrannosaurus Rex—35 feet long, 16 feet high, 4-foot-long head
 3. Brontosaurus—80 feet long and 28 feet high
 4. Stegosaurus—11 feet long and 7 feet high
 5. Trachodon—33 feet long and 17 feet 6 inches high.
The brontosaurus, the largest of the dinosaurs, is visible for many miles and has become a local landmark.
In The Colossus of Roads, art historian Karal Ann Marling explains the appeal of the awesomely large prehistoric animals in this way: "Humor and fakery create situations that appear 'dangerous, horrible or uncanny' and then disperse the sensation of terror with the sudden realization that the whole thing was a hoax."
Questions for Reading 3
1. Why does roadside sculpture tend to be large?
2. Had you already heard of Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox? If not, see if your library has more information.
3. Are your own measurements proportionately the same as Paul Bunyan's—that is, are you six times as tall as the length of your foot?
4. Look up "vernacular" in a dictionary and then define the term "vernacular public art."
5. Reread the quotation from Marling. Can you think of anything else that might make people react this way?
Reading 3 was compiled from Jeffrey A. Hess, "Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox" (Beltrami County, Minnesota) National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1987; and Carolyn Torma, "Dinosaur Park" (Pennington County, South Dakota) National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1990.
Comments or Questions
National Park Service arrowhead with link to NPS website.


text:
Publication: Research - peer-review › Journal article – Annual report year: 2010
We present a short overview of the influence of inter-particle interactions on the properties of magnetic nanoparticles. Strong magnetic dipole interactions between ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles, that would be superparamagnetic if isolated, can result in a collective state of nanoparticles. This collective state has many similarities to spin-glasses. In samples of aggregated magnetic nanoparticles, exchange interactions are often important and this can also lead to a strong suppression of superparamagnetic relaxation. The temperature dependence of the order parameter in samples of strongly interacting hematite nanoparticles or goethite grains is well described by a simple mean field model. Exchange interactions between nanoparticles with different orientations of the easy axes can also result in a rotation of the sub-lattice magnetization directions.
|Citations||Web of Science® Times Cited: 77|


text:
How many times have you said, "Don't do that" only to have your youngster continue rocking back on the dining room chair? There are four errors with that statement. Let's consider each tip individually.
1.Be Positive – If you want your young children to cooperate, you need to inform them precisely what you wish them to do, rather than what you don't want them to do. Don't and can't are invisible commands. Kids only hear what comes after. Therefore, they translate "Don't rock back on the chair" into "Rock back on the chair."
2.Be Precise – When you said, "Don't do that," your youngster doesn't know what you mean by "that." It could mean rocking on the chair, chewing his gum, or teasing his sister. When you want to prevent inappropriate behavior, you must let the kids know precisely what form of conduct you expect. Here's a positive alternative with precise information: "Put your chair down so all four legs stay on the ground." Now junior is aware of what you want.
3.Add a reason – Certainly, he understands what you want, but he doesn't know why it's in his best interest to obey. To a kid, a parental request sounds like a dictatorship. Unless you offer an explanation, your youngster will continue to disobey. Add this sentence to your request: "So you don't crack your head open after you fall."
4.Add humor – Up to now, you've instructed your youngster what to do in a specific manner while providing a reason to obey. When you add humor, your child laughs, and the happy endorphins generate a message in his brain that says your request is acceptable to him. Add the last part of the sentence: "So you don't crack your head open after you fall like Humpty Dumpty."
So there you've got it, an effective way to get your little ones to cooperate. It's no secret that when kids understand what you want and why you want it, told in a pleasant manner, they don't have any option but to comply! (Well, almost always!)


and conditions. With spinlocks, taking the lock means just "spinning" (i.e. doing nothing in a loop) until noone else has the lock. With conditions, if a task attempts to take the lock but is blocked because another task holds it, the newcomer enters a wait queue; the release operation signals to any waiting task that the lock is now available.
(These explanations are not enough to let you implement a lock, because I haven't said anything about atomicity. But atomicity is not important here.)
Spinlocks are obviously wasteful: the waiting task keeps checking whether the lock is taken. So why and when is it used? Spinlocks are often very cheap to obtain in the case where the lock isn't held. This makes it attractive when the chance for the lock to be held is small. Furthermore, spinlocks are only viable if obtaining the lock is not expected to take long. So spinlocks tend to be used in situations where they will remain held for a very short time, so that most attempts are expected to succeed on the first try, and those that need a wait don't wait long.
There is a good explanation of spinlocks and other concurrency mechanisms of the Linux kernel in Linux Device Drivers, chapter 5.
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text:
Radon In Air
The CLS-100 is a 6 cm. high by 2.5 cm. diameter high-density polyethylene liquid scintillation vial, able to fit a standard LS rack. The 22-ml capacity vial is designed to hold a small canister near the opening above the scintillating fluid. The canister, made of high-density polyethylene, contains a patented pharmaceutical-grade charcoal-silica adsorption material.
This patented device configuration produces minimum attenuation of the scintillation signal. Perforated end caps allow air to circulate through the mixture and retain any charcoal dust. A polyethylene cap, capable of sealing tightly, prevents the loss of Radon gas from the vial.
For sample collection the CLS-100 liquid scintillation vial is exposed to an indoor atmosphere under controlled conditions for 46-96 hours. After exposure, the vial is returned to the laboratory for analysis. Scintillation cocktail is added and the Radon allowed an elution period of several hours. The vial is then placed in a shielded chamber for counting.
Alpha particles emitted by the breakdown products of Radon create scintillations, or flashes of light, in the cocktail. A photo-multiplier tube detects these scintillation's, the signal is electronically enhanced and the effect of the alpha particles are counted. Background counts are subtracted and the net counts are entered into a formula with other relevant data yielding quantitative results stated in picoCuries per Liter (pCi/L).


text:
Latest Wickramasinghe Stories
Instead of being hailed as the definitive proof of extraterrestrial space algae, a new report from the Journal of Cosmology claiming drawing howls and catcalls from around the scientific community.
Comets contained vast oceans of liquid water in their interiors during the first million years of their formation, a new study claims.
Micro-organisms in clouds could play a crucial role in the spread of disease and in the formation of rain drops, scientists have claimed.
- Having a loud voice; vociferous; clamorous.
- Of grand or imposing sound.


text:
Anat Biletzki, Professor of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University. Albert Schweitzer Visiting Professor, Quinnipiac University, is giving this lecture tonight:
The Goldstone Report (Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict) was commissioned by the United Nations Human Rights Council "to investigate all violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law that might have been committed at any time in the context of the military operations that were conducted in Gaza…" After three months of investigation it was published as an official document in the context of international humanitarian law and international human rights law; it was received, however, as a political manifesto. The ensuing citations of its highlights, explications of its content, commendations of its daring, admonitions against its conclusions, denials of its empirical results and analysis, and accusations of its biases merit a critical assessment. Professor Biletzki's point is not to evaluate its factual and legal substance – though that may serve as necessary background – but rather to appraise the subsequent discussion as a political conversation.
Whin: TODAY: Monday, February 1 @ 8:00 pm
Whur: Russell House


Project Schedule Network Diagramming
Executive Summary
Project Network DiagrammingProject Schedule Network Diagrams are an output of the Sequence Activities process in the Project Schedule Management Knowledge Area. They are generated from a technique called Precedence Diagramming Method. This technique is used to show the logical dependencies/relationships of activities, which are represented by nodes on the diagram. This technique is exceptionally important on exam day and should be a big part of your Study Plan.
 - Theories at Work
 - Precedence Relationships
 - Critical Path Method
 - Forward Pass
 - Backward Pass
 - Float (also called Total Float or Slack)
 - Free Float
 - Critical concepts
As you can see from the "Theories at Work" section, Project Schedule Network Diagrams bring many tools and techniques to bear at one point. The overall goal is to create a diagram of how activities will need to be sequenced or performed. It will also allow us to update our Project Documents with details pertaining to Activity Attributes, the Activity List, the Assumption Log, and the Milestone List. This will feed heavily into the Develop Schedule process, gain more details in the Estimate Activity Durations process, and be revisited for variances in planned versus actual performance in the Control Schedule process. So… not something to be overlooked or taken lightly…
In order to be successful on the PMP® exam, you must be able to understand and use the Precedence Diagramming Method. Let's run through the "Theories at Work" and put all of the pieces to the puzzle to work for us.
Precedence Relationships describe the logical dependencies between a predecessor and successor activities. Shown below, Figure 6-9 in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) shows the four types of precedence relationships.
PMBOK Figure 6-9
These dependencies will help us determine several things. First, we can outline whether we will be using Activity on Arrow (AOA) diagrams or Activity on Node (AON) diagrams. While seldom used, the Activity on Arrow diagram outlines the dependencies with (usually) circular nodes and the duration is listed on the arrow. The AOA diagram can only be used for Finish-to-Start relationships. The much more commonly used AON diagram can be used for any relationship and outlines the dependencies with the arrow and the duration is listed on the node.
AOA and AON Diagrams
Another thing that the dependencies can tell us (when using the AON diagram) is how the arrows will connect the nodes. In the example above, all of the relationships are Finish-to-Start relationships because the arrow protrudes from the right (back/finish) of the predecessor and enters the left (front/start) of the successor. Other relationships are graphically displayed according to their representation from Figure 6-9 of the PMBOK.
NOTE: For the remainder of this article, we will be utilizing an AON diagram with Finish-to-Start relationships.
Once you have laid out the Schedule Network diagram, you are going to need to add some detail from another process, Estimate Activity Durations. This detail will allow you to determine the amount of time each activity will take based upon its estimate and place it on the diagram. Once it is present, you can use the Critical Path Method to determine the minimum project duration and determine if any scheduling flexibility exists on all network paths. Let's use the AON diagram below to determine the Critical Path of the project.
Activity on Node Diagram
Tracing from left to right, we need to determine ALL network paths that exist before attempting to determine which path(s) is/are the Critical Path(s). The network paths are [A-B-D-E], [A-B-D-F-G], [C-D-E], and [C-D-F-G]. We determine which path is the longest in duration (i.e. the shortest amount of time to finish the project) by adding all of the activity estimates together.
A5 + B3 + D4 + E6 = 18
A5 + B3+ D4 + F3 + G1 = 16
C7 + D4 + E6 = 17
C7 + D4 + F3 + G1 = 15
For this diagram, the longest path is [A-B-D-F] which has a duration of 18 days, meaning that the shortest amount of time that this project will take is 18 days. This is the Critical Path. It is possible to have more than one Critical Path on a project.
Now let's add some more details to our AON diagram. From here, we are going to perform forward and backward passes through the activities to determine the earliest (Forward Pass) and latest (Backward Pass) that activities can start and finish.
For the Forward Pass, the Early Finish (EF) of the predecessor becomes the Early Start (ES) of the successor. The first activity from start always starts at "0." In other words, the ES of activities A and C, are 0. Add the duration to the ES to determine the EF. Activity A has an ES of 0 and an EF of 5. Activity C has an ES of 0 and an EF of 7. Take the EF of Activity A and make that the ES of Activity B. Then add the duration to the ES of Activity B to determine its EF. So Activity B has an ES of 5 and an EF of 8. Simple, right? Now we come to a point where two predecessor activities feed into the same successor activity. Since the EF of Activity B is actually greater than the EF of Activity C, we need to use the larger number. This is because of the dependence on both activities to complete before you can start Activity D. So we see that Activity D has an ES of 8, and after adding the duration, an EF of 12. This continues until you know the ES and EF of all activities on the Schedule Network Diagram, eventually seeing that the Early Finish of the Project is 18.
Now it's time to perform a backward pass on our activity paths. Here we will work from right to left to determine the late finish (LF) and late start (LS) of each activity. We still take into consideration the larger number for activities when more than one predecessor activity feeds into the successor activity. Since we know the EF of the project is 18, it is automatically the LF for the project. Moving left, we use 18 as the LF for Activity E and Activity G. Subtract the duration of the activity to determine its LS. Activity E has an LF of 18 and an LS of 12. Activity E has an LF of 18 and an LS of 17. This continues until we have the LF and LS of each activity. If you're drawing this out on your own, you should have the below as your 'answer key.' Notice that the previously defined Critical Path of [A-B-D-F] has the same ES and LS and the same EF and LF. We'll get to why that is significant in just a second…
Forward and Backward Pass
The next item on our "Theories at Work" list is to determine Float (or Total Float/Slack). Float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed from its scheduled start without delaying the completion date. We determine the float of an activity by subtracting either the ES from the LS or by subtracting the EF from the LF. EXAM TIP: Items on the Critical Path will always have a Float of "0."
Float Formula
Let's put it into practice and determine the Float of our activities. For all activities, use the formula above to determine the Float. Once complete, your answer key should look like the below picture. Take note that any activity that has an identical EF and LF or ES and LS will have a Total Float of "0" and be on the Critical Path.
PND with Float Calculated
Next, we'll talk about Free Float. Free Float is different from Float. Free Float considers how long a predecessor activity can be delayed AND extended beyond its EF without delaying the ES of its immediate successor. In the example we have been using so far, we don't have an 'easy example' of Free Float. We will use a much more easily identifiable example of Free Float to explain this concept. In the picture below, you can see that Activity A has an EF of 2, and Activity B has an EF of 5. Activity E is dependent on both Activity A and Activity B and therefore has an ES of 5. This means that Activity A can be delayed or extended for up to 3 days without affecting Activity E.
Free Float Example
Frequently Asked Questions
question-symbol-2804296Q: Will I have to perform this for all of my projects?
A: That depends… You need to be able to perform this in a rudimentary fashion for the test, but in most cases, you will have some form of scheduling software for "real world" projects. This is an important concept to understand, but oftentimes it is not practiced on actual projects. A solid understanding of the basics of Schedule Network Diagrams will help you on real projects after the PMP exam to determine strategic points for Schedule Compression techniques. If project timeline constraints require it, you may need to perform either Crashing or Fast-Tracking of the schedule to reduce the overall duration. Just


Definitions for air force
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word air force
Princeton's WordNet
 1. air force, airforce(noun)
 the airborne branch of a country's armed forces
 1. air force(Noun)
 2. air force(Noun)
 3. Air Force(ProperNoun)
 The United States Air Force.
 4. Air Force(ProperNoun)
 Sports teams representing the United States Air Force Academy.
 1. Air force
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of air force in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of air force in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
 1. President Dilma Rousseff:
 I have no right to use an Air Force plane to travel.
 2. Eric Caine:
 Air Force members 've got to make for healthier environments.
 3. Citizen United president:
 These were Air Force flights and crews but State has the records?
 4. Phillip Rolen:
 These girls were born on an Air Force base so you can imagine my reaction, it 's absurd.
 5. Jerry Hendrix:
 Air Force leadership has failed to balance the idea that quantity has a quality of its own.
Images & Illustrations of air force
Translations for air force
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Battle of Leipzig
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of Leipzig
Part of the War of the Sixth Coalition
MoshkovVI SrazhLeypcigomGRM.jpg
The Battle of Leipzig by Vladimir Moshkov (1815)
Date 16–19 October 1813
Location Leipzig, Saxony
Result Decisive coalition victory
France French Empire Russia Russia
Austria Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia Prussia
Sweden Sweden
Saxony Saxony[1]
Commanders and leaders
France Napoleon I
Józef Antoni Poniatowski
Saxony Frederick Augustus
Russia Barclay De Tolly
Russia Count Benningsen
Austria Prince of Schwarzenberg
Sweden Crown Prince Charles John
Kingdom of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher
700 guns [3]
1,500 guns [3]
Casualties and losses
38,000 dead or wounded
20,000 captured
54,000 dead or wounded[2]
The Battle of Leipzig was a battle between Napoleon I and his army and an allied force of several nations. It happened on October 16-19 on 1813. Napoleon I was defeated. It was the largest battle before World War I. It involved about 600,000 soldiers. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition. After this battle, Napoleon was taken to the island of Elba.
References[change | change source]
Other websites[change | change source]


text:
Part 2: Prefurbia Incorporates Flow
- By Rick Harrison
- Oct 01, 2010
For the past four decades, the automotive industry has invested billions in fuel efficiency and reducing drag and, at the same time, significantly added to the average engine horsepower. While government has focused on the vehicle, no steps have been taken to make neighborhood streets more efficient.
The management of a new era of design dedicated to reducing time and energy while transiting through a neighborhood is called "flow." In Prefurbia, flow is essential to neighborhood sustainability.
Getting a vehicle in motion (Phase 1), cruising (Phase 2) and stopping or slowing (Phase 3) are the three phases of a "segment cycle." A segment begins upon entry to a street and ends when a driver stops or slows down to turn or enter another street. Phase 1 involves the time and energy needed to get a oneto two-ton (or more) vehicle moving from a stop to a target residential speed. In some areas, this could be from 20 miles per hour to 30 mph. Phase 1 consumes the most energy and typically the most time. Phase 2 uses the least time and less energy than Phase 1. Phase 3 consumes almost as much time as Phase 1, but with new braking technology, this phase can actually generate energy. Reducing the number of Phase 1 segments lowers the amount of energy consumed. Similarly, reducing the number of Phase 1 and 3 segments also shortens the time needed to travel.
At 30 mph, the distance needed to accelerate and then stop comfortably is about 400 feet.
In traditional planning processes, designers give little (if any) attention to the flow of traffic. Very few homes are located on an entry street, requiring 90 percent of the residents to travel a minimum of two segment cycles. About half the residents have to use three segment cycles to reach their homes. In Prefurbia, most residents can get home with just one segment cycle, and only a few others have two segment cycles.
The length of Phase 2 is critical. In the conventional subdivision, for the most part, the distance along each segment cycle is quite short with some so small that Phase 2 is never reached. This design may be so inconvenient from a flow standpoint that the driver is "encouraged" to accelerate to make up for the time. Segment cycles within the Prefurbia neighborhood are long, enabling a driver more time in Phase 2.
Note the cul-de-sac on the right in Figure 3. Why didn't the designer reverse the street to loop the cul-de-sac the other way, reducing the segment length from the entry to the end of the cul-de-sac? Prefurbia is a balance of economics, environment, and existence so the designer must weigh each benefit and derive a design that serves each of the three "Es" well. In this case, the geometry of the area better achieves efficiency with the current configuration. Also, having an intersection serving 30 homes as soon as a driver enters the neighborhood is not the best for safety. On the other side of the site, there is such an intersection but it serves fewer lots. Finally, the cul-de-sac provides a nice entrance void of street intersections. The homes pulled away from the street give the impression of low density. If a street was placed at this point, entering the neighborhood would not have this welcome feel.
In Prefurbia, designers use [_URL_ traffic diffusers, which maintain flow on the primary traffic street while providing the functionality of a roundabout.
From a pollution standpoint – addressing the auto industry without addressing planning is like requiring frosting to have no calories yet use the frosting on a high fat, sugar laden cake
Reducing environmental impacts
Prefurbia reduces waste and employs more efficient forms of design. The method represents a reversal of how technology in land development is used, replacing lots per minute (LPM) automation with the art of neighborhood design. It's time for technology to be used to construct great neighborhoods for families to thrive. By exceeding the minimums, designers can deliver economic and environmental advantages.
There are only a few situations in which a tight grid pattern designed to minimums is the optimum solution from a geometric perspective. Such a site must closely conform to the dimensions needed to stack lots, with a fairly flat topography and long blocks that have few cross streets.
Here are a few examples that demonstrate better efficiency gains through design.
Figure 1 shows two cul-de-sac's side by side. Both use the following minimums:
- 25-foot front yard setback,
- 5-foot side yard setback,
- 80-foot lot width at the setback, and
- 60-foot cul-de-sac minimum radii.
The conventional subdivision (left) has four premium lots with larger rear yards. The lots are set along a street void of traffic, which are the two main features that make a typical cul-de-sac lot demand premiums. The distance between home fronts is a minimum of 170 feet face to face, providing a feel of very low density.
With 8,500 square feet of paving, serving very few lots, standard cul-de-sacs are terrible for the environment and very inefficient. Four 80-foot-wide standard lots facing each other would need only 4,800 square feet (160 x 30) of street paving. The conventional cul-de-sac in this case is 44 percent less efficient, requiring that much more in paving costs and environmental impacts. Snow removal for those that live in the north and municipal costs to maintain those premium lots are both 44 percent greater.
Exceeding minimums can seem magical. The second cul-de-sac (right) exceeds the minimums. The end circle is greater with a 160-foot (versus 120 foot) diameter, and the homes are set back further than the minimum. The lot width at the front setback line remains at the 80-foot minimum. The street along the cul-de-sac is different, now a one-way street because that is how people drive along a cul-de-sac and a larger radius justifies a one-way lane with a central landscaped park.
Instead of 8,500 square feet of paving, this cul-de-sac has 7,400 square feet (13 percent less) serving eight instead of four premium lots. Eight standard lots along a street facing each other would require 9,600 square feet of paving. By exceeding the minimums, the designer increased efficiency by 23 percent over standard rectangular lots. The central island can be used for a neighborhood park or for rain gardens, or a combination to further add character and reduce environmental impacts. When the island is used to filter stormwater, there would be no mountable curbs to pay for, reducing costs even more.
A wide walk extends through the neighborhood. The driveways become longer, but they are tapered and use the Prefurbia method of sculpting with organic lanes, so they consume similar surface area to a standard driveway, even though they are longer.
Density is a function of how many lots a designer can fit along the front setback line. In order to stretch the front setback length to gain density (when the minimum setback guarantees the front of the home is exactly parallel to the curb), the designer also must stretch the street. To gain density, the designer consumes the site with street, which is a poor choice for the environment and economics.
The cul-de-sac example increases the setback depth, which is still somewhat concentric to the traffic circle. With Prefurbia, designers can totally separate the relationship between front setback and street where road paving, walks, and homes all form their own organized sculpted shapes.
Coving is the first organized planning method that separates the rigid parallel relationship between the front of the home and curb of the street. Efficiency varies, but a 25 percent gain in efficiency compared to conventional design is about the average. Imagine a world with 25 percent less construction costs and environmental impacts. An organic free-form design will almost always conform to the natural surface area much easier than a rigid pattern. With the gain in efficiency, monotony is a thing of the past, each lot takes on a unique shape making it virtually impossible to utilize a LPM technology.


How to Warm up Your Hands and Feet (Breathe-Easy Exercise)
Young woman tries to keep hands warmThis breathing exercise to keep feet and hands warm was used by over two hundred Soviet and Russian MDs who practiced the Buteyko breathing method. They taught this breathing exercise to thousands of patients. The exercise shows how to warm up cold hands or cold feet naturally in about 2-3 min and quickly improve poor blood circulation. Other people require more changes in their automatic breathing patterns to improve body-oxygen content and have warm hands and feet 24/7.
Breathing exercise "How to warm up hands and feet"
Effects of overbreathing on brain O2 Sit down at a table with your spine straight. Relax all your body muscles. Next, instead of taking your usual inhalation, take a slightly smaller inhalation (about 10% less) and then immediately relax all body muscles, especially the upper chest and other breathing muscles. Take another (smaller) inhale and again completely relax.
With each breath, continue to take a small or reduced inhalation and then completely relax. You will soon experience light but comfortable air hunger. Your goal is to maintain this light air hunger for 2-3 minutes. For faster results, if you do not suffer from heart disease, hypertension, migraine, and panic attacks, you can make air hunger stronger and stronger. Your breathing (it is called reduced breathing) can be frequent during this exercise but this is normal. If you do this exercise correctly (you indeed breathe less), your hands and feet will be warm in less than 3 minutes.
For patients with advanced Raynaud disease, it may take longer time, up to 1-2 weeks, and more breath work, so that to improve circulation and body oxygenation, in order to normalize their automatic breathing pattern and have warm feet and hands all the time.
How to keep or make cold feet or cold hands warm during sleep or at night
Woman sleeping at night Lie on your left side or on chest and relax all your body muscles. Breathe only through the nose. Follow the previous instructions for reduced breathing to get a quick relief for cold feet or hands at night or during sleep.
Body-oxygen levels and cold feet/hands effect
People with cold hands and feet have less than 20 s of oxygen in body cells. In severe cases, breath holding time results are less than 10 seconds. The normal result is from 40 to 60 s. If you normalize your breath and you can keep your breath (after exhalation and with no stress) for more than 30 s 24/7, your chronic problems with poor circulation and cold hands/feet will naturally disappear. Here is more resources about Cold hands and feet causes.
Study web pages of this site and follow practical instructions provided in Section Learn here.
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text:
Annette Hacker, director,
Office: _PHONE_
Lisa Schulte, Natural Resource Ecology and Management, _PHONE_,_EMAIL_
Dan Kuester, News Service, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Iowa State professor's research shows Midwest forests losing diversity, complexity
AMES, Iowa -- Forests in the nation's Upper Midwest have changed greatly since the time of the early settlers. And more changes may be coming.
That's according to research done by Lisa A. Schulte, assistant professor in Iowa State University's department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management and her team of researchers.
"There's been a shift in the entire ecosystem," said Schulte, whose research has recently been published in the journal Landscape Ecology.
For the study, Schulte, along with Laura Merrick of Iowa State; David Mladenoff of the University of Wisconsin, Madison; and Thomas Crow and David Cleland of the U.S. Forest Service, took forest composition information as described in the Public Land Survey from the mid-1800s and compared it with today's forests.
She found that none of the areas surveyed - from Minnesota to Wisconsin to Michigan - have the same tree species makeup as they did 200 years ago.
"This system was made up of largely conifers with some deciduous trees, and now we have the opposite," she said.
Conifers -- mostly pines and other evergreens -- have gotten more scarce while deciduous trees such as aspen, birch and maple have taken their place. Trees in today's forests also tend to be smaller.
"Our analysis shows a distinct and rapid trajectory of vegetation change toward historically unprecedented and simplified conditions," Schulte's published paper says.
"In addition to overall loss of forestland, current forests are marked by lower species diversity, functional diversity and structural complexity compared with pre-Euro-American forests."
The changes have come from several stresses on the ecosystem including pests, diseases, timber harvest and high populations of white-tailed deer, which feed on young trees, according to Schulte.
The effect of humans may be the most important factor in the shift.
"Human land use of forested regions has intensified worldwide in recent decades, threatening long-term sustainability," the report says.
"Primary effects include conversion of land cover or reversion to an earlier stage of successional development. Both types of change can have cascading effects through ecosystems; however, the long-term effects where forests are allowed to regrow are poorly understood."
What is understood, says Schulte, are the stresses the forest changes are having on wildlife, including birds. Schulte has looked at several species of warblers that have historically inhabited the area. According to her findings, the outlook for them doesn't look good.
"These birds don't have much habitat at present, compared to historical times," she said.
They are also an important and beautiful element of biodiversity, she said. They perform an important function in these forests by eating insects that can become forest pests.
Among natural resource professionals, the forests in the Upper Midwest had been suspected to be changing for some time, according to Schulte, but now there is evidence to support the theories.
"We knew that these kinds of changes had happened," she said. "But this is the first paper to really quantitatively look at it across the entire region. So, anytime you can quantitatively show something, it has a lot more power than simple conjecture."
Human land use of forested regions has intensified worldwide in recent decades, threatening long-term sustainability."
Lisa A. Schulte


Mouth organ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Mouth organ (disambiguation).
A mouth organ is a generic term for free reed aerophone with one or more air chambers fitted with a free reed. [1] Though it spans many traditions, it is played universally the same way by the musician placing their lips over a chamber or holes in the instrument, and blowing or sucking air to create a sound.[2] Many of the chambers can be played together or each individually.
The mouth organ can be found all around the world and is known by many different names and seen in many different traditions. The most notable variations include the harmonica, the pan flute, and Asian free reed wind instruments consisting of a number of bamboo pipes of varying lengths fixed into a wind chest; these include the sheng, khaen, lusheng, yu, Shō, and saenghwang. The melodica, consisting of a single tube that is essentially blown through a keyboard, is another variation.
 1. ^ Miller, Terry. "Mouth Organ". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 26 Sep 2011.
 2. ^ Benyon, Ivor. = "Harmonica (i) Mouth Organ" Check |url= scheme (help). Grove Music Online. Retrieved 26 Sep 2011.


Find A Birth Professional
Loving Hand
©Shawna Wentz Photography Sacred Womb Artistry
Why do we treat babies and infants?
Effects of Obstetrical Interventions on the
Craniosacral System that Influence Breastfeeding
By Benjamin Shield, Ph.D.
About the Author:
Benjamin Shield, Ph.D., has been a Craniosacral Therapist for over 30 years.He is an international lecturer and instructor of Pediatric Craniosacral Therapy.
He can be reached at:
Telephone _PHONE_
About Cranialsacral Therapy | Why do we treat infants?
The Craniosacral System involves the structures from the head to the pelvis. This includes bones, sutures, fluids, membranes and other soft tissue components. At birth, these structures have a unique vulnerability.
When we think of an adult's head, we imagine a relatively firm structure. At the time of birth, a baby's head is primarily fluid and membrane. A baby's head can be imagined as a sea of membrane with bones floating in that sea. Many of the bones that are individual bones as adults exist in babies as bones within bones. The
Dr. Ben Shield & Young Friend
sutures resulting from the bones coming in contact with one another do not form until the ages of two through four.
This presentation of the baby's head is to allow for the systematic reduction in the overall size of the head during the birth process. It also allows for the rapid expansion of the brain during the early years. And where this presentation allows for the safety and growth of the child, it allow makes the baby more vulnerable to obstetrical interventions.
One obstetrical intervention that can result in various possible injuries is vacuum extraction (ventouse). As the cup is applied to the vertex of the baby's head, contents of the baby's head is sucked into the cup. This includes bones, membranes, fluids and delicate tissues. Pressure is then applies to pull the baby out by tractioning this tissue. This force is not a linear traction, but also involves a degree of torsion as well.
As the tissue is suctioned into the cup, the Aqueduct of Sylvius, which is the channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles, can become kinked. These ventricles are fluid filled chambers and are involved in the circulation of the cerebral spinal fluid. Any restriction of this flow can result in a back pressure that can create increased intracranial pressure. This can result in hydrocephaly as well as multiple other pathologies.
The pulling and torsioning can also result in the displacement of cranial bones, membranes and cranial nerves that can last a lifetime. It can also create a type of shock to the baby that interferes with the bonding process and the baby's ability to breastfeed.
Any injury or impingement to cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XI and XII can be detrimental to the baby's ability to breastfeed. Cranial nerve V is involved with muscles of mastication (chewing) and is closely associated with suckling. Cranial nerve VII is involved with muscles of facial expression which are also actively used in the suckling process. Cranial nerve IX innervated the muscles of the throat and is involved with the baby's ability to swallow. Cranial nerve X is involved with the baby's ability to swallow, as well as the entire gastrointestinal system. Cranial nerve XI is involved with the baby's ability to orient its head. So, injury to this nerve can restrict the baby's ability to orient to the breast. Cranial nerve XII is involved with the baby's ability to utilize its tongue while suckling.
Forceps can also injure these same cranial nerves. The medial, longitudinal and torsional forces can compress the pathways of these nerves. Forceps can also have potential injury to the brain stem where basic metabolic processes are monitored and controlled. Injury to the brain stem can have a significant effect on breastfeeding.
Both ventouse and forceps can result in creating forces that overwhelm the baby and interfere with its ability to engage with the mother and with its environment. Often the baby is left in a sympathetic state of fight or flight. More likely, the baby may be left in a state of parasympathetic shock and withdrawal. All which would affect the baby's ability to breastfeed.
Craniosacral therapy can assist in normalizing the injuries of the obstetrical interventions. Through gentle, purposeful and respectful touch, craniosacral therapy helps to normalize the baby's structure, remove impingements, and balance effects on the autonomic nervous system. I feel that not every baby needs to be treated, but every baby should have the advantage of being evaluated.
William Sutherland, the founder of craniosacral therapy, had a favorite expression. He said, 'As the twig is bent, so grows the tree.' If we can help to correct the injuries created by obstetrical interventions, we can not only assist the baby in optimal breastfeeding, but help prevent learning, structural, sensory, developmental and behavioral problems later in life.
Why do we treat babies and infants
Why do we treat babies and infants? The best answer was given by an osteopath who said, When we look at a child, we never know who or what it could be. And when we look at an adult, we never know who or what that adult could have been.'
Dr. William Sutherland, the founder of Cranial Osteopathy had a favorite expression. He said, 'As the twig is bent, so grows the tree.' If we are able to correct the lesional patterns that may begin as early as in utero, patterns that are created during the birthing process, or even postnatally, we are able to forestall many conditions that may plague the individual throughout life. We can assist in preventing behavioral and personality problems, learning disabilities, sensory disorders, and structural problems. It is an honor to work with these children and one of the sweetest things we can do as practitioners.
It is appropriate that we speak about treating children in the scope of cranial therapy. Children have been an inspiration for this therapy. It was only after Dr. Andrew Taylor Stills, the founder of osteopathy which led to Cranial Osteopathy, tragically lost his children to meningitis, that he began his investigation into the nature of his work.
Babies have numerous mechanisms that they are born with to help them to self-correct the lesional patterns that may develop at birth. They have the reciprocal tension membranes that act as an internal guide to bring the cranial bones and membranes into balance. When a baby cries, the increased cranial pressure helps to put the bones and membranes back into position. While crying creates an external pressure, suckling creates an internal pressure that helps to normalize the baby's head. And as the baby suckles, the mother will do the most basic of all cranial techniques, which we see in cultures throughout the world. The mother will instinctively stroke the baby's head while it suckles. As the baby creates motion of the cranial bones, the mother is stroking the baby's head and assisting the molding process.
All of these things, as well as the baby yawning, self-corrective behavior, and the birthing process, itself, can help guide a child's head into balance. But when the forces of birth are too great, they may overwhelm the baby's ability to self-correct. Then it becomes our job, as therapists, to assist the child into balance. Not every child may need correction, but I feel that every child should have the opportunity of being evaluated.
When a child comes in for treatment, we want to use as many of the child's resources as we can. Keeping the parents in close view of the child, adjusting our voice and tempo to soothe the child, having the temperature, light and sounds comfortable to the child is important. It is our goal that, as we work with care, that the baby will begin to embrace both the therapy and the therapist as resources, as well.
Babies constantly give us messages when they may be overstimulated or overwhelmed. Their movements may become jerky. They may stiffen or arch their back. They may turn red or pale. They may begin to cry inconsolably. Their body position may have difficulty crossing the midline. With these, and numerous other ways that the baby communicates, the practitioner assists the child to treat in a manner that is best for that child at that moment.
When we work with a baby, there are principles to consider before we begin to do anything clinical with our hands. Among the most important principles is to offer the child respect. Treat the child as we would hope to be treated. We also want to offer the child an environment of trust and safety. This is of fundamental importance. And as we treat, we want to have an ongoing conversation with the child, even if it is in our own thoughts. We want to constantly be asking the child if it wants more space and more possibilities where we are working. That way, the treatment is something that is done with the baby, rather than on the baby.
Babies are born into this world with an inherent ability to socially engage with their care givers and with their environment. This ability to socially engage is the most evolved way that a child can deal with stress.
If this ability is unavailable or overwhelmed, due to traumatic perinatal events, a baby may default to a less evolved manner of dealing with stress.This level is sympathetic activation or what we know as fight or flight. But babies, as we know, have little ability to fight or to flee, so often they may default to the least evolved manner of handling stress which


text:
The anatomy of a vector illustration has an exact,
finite pattern. There are only so many parts to it.
It is summarized below:
|An ILLUSTRATION is composed of vector
||OBJECTS each having one
||PATHS which are composed
||LINE SEGMENTS having
||ANCHOR POINTS at each end
ANCHOR POINTS fall into two categories:
1. Those having CONTROL HANDLES and
2. Those having NO CONTROL HANDLES
Line segments with points having control handles are
Line segments with points having no control handles
An ANCHOR POINT can have either:
1. ONE CONTROL HANDLE or
2. TWO CONTROL HANDLES
There is really only ONE handle
per SIDE of a point because points between consecutive
line segments are shared.
Points with both handles in line with each other are
called SMOOTH POINTS. All other points (except for the
specialized ones - "symmetrical node" and
"connector point") are generally referred
to as CORNER POINTS.
Objects have stroke and fill properties. Stroke (or
outline) properties apply to the path of an object and
fill properties apply to the area enclosed by the path.
Objects may be:
1. Grouped or
2. Formed into Composite Paths or
3. Combined into new objects
Paths are either:
1. Open or
The whole purpose of this was to drive home the point
that there is an anatomy to a vector illustration. It
has an exact pattern. It is finite. It is simple and
all vector illustrations from the simple to complex
will reveal this pattern.
Here To Continue...


Macro Wb-Map
Part of:
package fset
( wb-map &rest args )
Constructs a wb-map according to the supplied argument subforms. Each
argument subform can be a list of the form (key-expr value-expr), denoting
a mapping from the value of key-expr to the value of value-expr; or a list
of the form ($ expression), in which case the expression must evaluate to a
map, denoting all its mappings. The result is constructed from the denoted
mappings in left-to-right order; so if a given key is supplied by more than
one argument subform, its associated value will be given by the rightmost such


text:
Ask a question about 'Grièges'
Start a new discussion about 'Grièges'
Answer questions from other users
is a commune
The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic. French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany...
in the Ain
Ain is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation...
department in eastern France
The French Republic, The French Republic, The French Republic, (commonly known as France, is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
The Veyle is a long river in the Ain département, eastern France. Its source is in Chalamont. It flows generally northwest. It is a left tributary of the Saône into which it flows between Grièges and Crottet, near Mâcon.-Communes along its course:...
forms most of the commune's northern border, then flows into the Saône
The Saône is a river of eastern France. It is a right tributary of the River Rhône. Rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department, it joins the Rhône in Lyon....
, which forms the commune's western border.


Non-local response in a lattice gas under a shear drive
Tridib Sadhu 1 Satya N. Majumdar 2 David Mukamel 3
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Institute of Physics: Hybrid Open Access, 2014, 47, pp.505005
In equilibrium, the effect of a spatially localised perturbation is typically confined around the perturbed region. Quite contrary to this, in a non-equilibrium stationary state often the entire system is affected. This appears to be a generic feature of non-equilibrium. We study such non-local response in the stationary state of a lattice gas with a shear drive at the boundary which keeps the system out of equilibrium. We show that a perturbation in the form of a localised blockage at the boundary, induces algebraically decaying density and current profile. In two examples, non-interacting particles and particles with simple exclusion, we analytically derive the power-law tail of the profiles.
 - 2. LPTMS - Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques
 - 3. Weizmann Institute


text: The bacterial 16S tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) method was used to carry out the classification analysis of bacterial flora in adult female and male horn flies and horn fly eggs. The bTEFAP method identified 16S rDNA sequences in our samples which allowed the identification of various prokaryotic taxa associated with the life stage examined. This is the first comprehensive report of bacterial flora associated with the horn fly using a culture-independent method. Several rumen, environmental, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria associated with the horn fly were identified and quantified. This is the first report of the presence of Wolbachia in horn flies of USA origin and is the first report of the presence of Rikenella in an obligatory blood feeding insect.


text:
This tool is most useful at the design and implementation stages. It can be used together with:
1.1 Understanding the VE Challenge
2.1 Grounding yout ToC in the PVE context
2.3 ToC for PVE Checklist
As with conflict and violence prevention work more broadly, the PVE field lacks empirical data, making it difficult to develop baselines against which success can then be measured. What tends to happen is a 'leap' between project outputs and expectations relating to outcome and impact. Without conducting a baseline study, it can be very difficult to monitor and evaluate the impacts of a programme as well as making it more difficult to identify risk.
- Programme objectives and nature of the information sought;
- Target groups;
- Available time and budgetary constraints; and
- Feasibility of accessing data and/or respondents.
Whilst no method is a substitute for a baseline, in existing programmes where a baseline assessment has not been conducted, there are techniques for reconstructing baseline data:
Accessing data from secondary sources which provide information on the beneficiary population at the time the intervention started. This could include other research reports, programme evaluations from other interventions and government survey data. However, depending on the purpose, scale and methodology of these sources, the data may not be directly relevant to your target group or the time in question. In addition, there could be challenges accessing official data on relevant statistics due to sensitivity of data.
Using administrative and monitoring data from the programme during implementation to estimate baseline conditions for the target population. This could include applications submitted or needs assessment forms filled in by beneficiaries.
Recall techniques asking respondents to provide information on their situation, conditions, attitudes or behaviours over a specific period. This method is open to bias (e.g. being nostalgic about the past), which can distort how a situation or experience is perceived and reported, however, recall can sometimes provide better self-assessment estimates of behaviour and knowledge. Before completing a programme, people can overestimate their skills or knowledge because they do not know what skills are required. Post-completion, with their new awareness and skills, they can provide a more accurate assessment of their previous level of competency or behaviours and how much these have changed.


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Water Witch incidentArticle Free Pass
Water Witch incident, (1855), brief military skirmish near the Paraguayan Ft. Itapirú, involving the USS "Water Witch," commanded by Lt. Thomas J. Page, and Paraguayan troops who fired as the vessel was exploring the Paraná River, in international waters.
In 1853 the "Water Witch" set out on a scientific study, organized by the U.S. government, of the Río de La Plata waterways. In 1854, after Page became involved in a controversy between the Paraguayan president Carlos Antonio López and a North American firm, Paraguay barred foreign war vessels from its waters. In the subsequent incident in 1855 on the Paraná River, one U.S. seaman was killed and several others were injured, and gunfire from the "Water Witch" killed a number of Paraguayan troops.
In 1859 the U.S. government dispatched a naval force to Paraguay to force a settlement of its claims involving the "Water Witch" incident and earlier disputes. The settlement included a formal apology to the U.S. government for the attack and an agreement by the Paraguayan government to pay the slain seaman's family an indemnity of $10,000.
What made you want to look up "Water Witch incident"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Abstract and Keywords
This article examines in detail the methodology of seeking a "wide-reflective equilibrium" between theory and intuition. It argues that there is no sensible alternative, since the method basically consists in reflecting thoroughly and then trusting the conclusions that are reached. Moral philosophy can have an immediate significance for one's life that many other abstract areas of philosophy do not have. Normative theories have implications for how one is to live. And while metaethical theories may not have such implications, they can have implications for how one is to understand the implications of normative theory, so it can affect the understanding of claims about how one is to live. It is appropriate, therefore, to inquire into the relation between the theories that have been examined.
Access to the complete content on Oxford Handbooks Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription.
If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.


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What is PERA (Performance Evaluation Reform Act)?
Updated March 2013
IASB has prepared a document that explains PERA (Performance Evaluation Review Act) to guide school board members and others in the state's latest education reform law.
Written in a Q&A format, this document addresses the Act's definition and purpose, deadlines and procedures, its effects on tenure, RIFs, and dismissals, and other commonly asked questions regarding education reform measures affecting the terms and conditions of teacher and principal employment.
The PERA document is written for informational purposes only; school boards are advised to contact their school attorney for legal advice and/or opinions.
Return to School Law
Click on Banner for More Information
Although the IASB Web site strives to provide accurate and authoritative information, the Illinois Association of School Boards does not guarantee or warrantee the accuracy or quality of information contained herein.


Mixing Meat
Mixing meat by hand also raises its temperature and should be done quickly to extend life of sausages. It takes roughly about 5 minutes to thoroughly mix 10 lbs. of meat. The ingredients may be premixed with cold water in a blender, and then poured over the minced meat. The water helps to evenly distribute the ingredients and it also helps soften the mass during stuffing. We can easily add 1 cup of cold pater to 5 lbs. of meat because it is going to evaporate during smoking anyhow. A rule of thumb is about 8% of water in relation to the weight of the meat. It only takes 5 minutes to mix 5 - 10 lbs of meat by hand. The time is important because fat specks start to melt at 95-104° F (35-40° C). We want to prevent this smearing to keep the sausage texture looking great.The temperature of the sausage mix should be between 0-5º C (32-40º F). If this temperature increases, the sausage mix should be cooled down in a refrigerator before proceeding to the stuffing step.
If the meat/fat mixture is not mixed adequately (then the salt/myosin reaction will be minimal and the water holding capacity and the meat binding capacities will be reduced. Apply some force when mixing, kneading might be a good word for it. This will help to extract proteins which will combine with salt and water and will create a sticky meat mass. This will hold meat particles together and will result in a good texture.
If the meat was previously cured, then the salt, nitrite, and sugar was already added to it. Now we have to add the remaining spices. They should be mixed with cold water in a blender, and then poured over the minced meat. The water helps to evenly distribute the ingredients and it also helps soften it during stuffing. We can easily add 1 cup of cold water to 5 lbs of meat because it is going to evaporate during smoking anyway. Water should not be added to uncooked sausages which will be cold smoked, slow fermented or air dried.
When mixing meat with ingredients, it is best to follow this sequence:
 1. Minced meats, starter culture, nitrite/nitrate, spices.
 2. Minced fat.
 3. Salt.
There are some people that like to add spices to meat during the grinding step. Then they will mix it again. Some don't mix at all but grind meat through a big plate 3/4" - 1", then add spices to ground meat and regrind it again through a 1/8" plate. Some say that placing salt in a grinder has a detrimental effect on a cutting knife and that it should be avoided. We believe that the easiest procedure for someone using a manual grinder is to grind the meat first and then mix it well with all ingredients.
Mixing introduces spices and flavorings into the previously minced meat. Home based sausage makers use a grinder to mince the meat which is then mixed by hand with other ingredients. The mixer is a must when over 50 lbs. of sausage is produced as the task is physically demanding. There are small manually cranked mixers designed for a hobbyist and they will accomodate 25-50 lbs. of meat. Keep in mind that for limited home production a small mixer has some short comings. It must be:
 - washed before use.
 - washed in hot water after the use.
 - stored somewhere.
It makes little sense to go into all this trouble to mix 5 lbs. of minced sausage mass when the same task can be accomplished in 5 minutes using hands and any suitable container. The meat should be placed in a big container to facilitate mixing it by hand. Like everything else, the container should be made of stainless steel, stone, or food grade plastic. Remember to taste your sausage now, before you stuff it, since you still have time to implement any changes. Make a tiny hamburger anf fry it, it will take only a minute or two.
Mixing meat
Mixing meat for sausages
Mixing meat
Mixing meat with spices
Mixing meat
If you are a fit person mixing of 50 lbs of meat should not present a problem.
Meat mixer
There are small hand cranked mixers that can mix 20 – 50 lbs at a time. However, it is easy to mix 20 lbs of meat by hand the way we have been kneading dough for centuries.
Meat mixer
Inside view of a 50 lb capacity manually operated meat mixer. Photo courtesy Sausage Maker, Buffalo, NY.
Meat mixer
110 lb and 220 lb capacity mixers by Koch Equipment, Kansas City, MO
Originally whole cuts of meat were either dry cured or immersed in brine. This required an investment in time and storage space. Today the majority of meats are injected with a solution of salt, nitrite, phosphates, sodium erythorbate and other ingredients and flavors. The operation is performed by a bank of about 30 needles which inject a solution under pressure into the meat. There is a limit to how many needles can be inserted as this procedure creates holes and affects the internal structure of the meat. To evenly distribute the injected solution inside, the tumblers come into play. They offer the following advantages:
 - Curing solution is distributed evenly inside of the meat.
 - Curing times are greatly reduced.
 - Mechanical action leads to stronger extraction of meat proteins and more exudate is created which helps in binding meat cuts together.
All tumblers employ a similar principle of operation: a set of paddles rotate inside of a tank moving meat pieces around. There are units that operate under a vacuum that further improve the results.
Meat tumbler
Tumbler operation. A good tumbler must have a diameter of at least 3 feet, otherwise there is little impact to falling meat pieces.
Meat tumbler
Koch LT-60 Vacuum tumbler, 1000 lbs. capacity. Photo courtesy Koch Equipment, Kansas City, MO.
The tumbler is a machine with a rotating drum. The meat pieces bounce around its moving walls providing better brine distribution inside of the meat. Tumblers normally are horizontal units where meats are struck by the paddles, fall down and are moved up again by the rotating paddles. A tumbler resembles a cloth dryer which moves wet clothing around by means of a rotating drum with paddles. Through the use of vacuum tumbling, meat, poultry, fish, and seafood processors can produce ready to cook, value added products while reducing labor content and increasing product yields. Vacuum tumbling offers improvements to product sliceability, cure color, and overall product juiciness and tenderness which results in higher profitability.
Small products (below 2.5 inches in diameter) can be marinated and tumbled within minutes. Large (2.5 inches or larger) products can be marinated using a combination of injection and tumbling. Large whole muscle meats are normally injected with brine.
The primary purpose of tumbling these products is the optimal protein extraction which will allow individual pieces of meat to stick together during the cooking process. Due to renewed public interest in making quality products at home, smaller tumblers (8 and 15 lbs.) are carried by distributors of sausage making equipment and supplies.
Massagers generally are vertical units and offer more delicate action than tumblers. Meat pieces rub against each other or the surface wall of the massager without loss of contact. Although the actual massaging or tumbling time is only about 1-3 hours, this action is continuously interrupted and meats are allowed to rest. The process generally continues for about 24 hours at low temperatures. The machines are normally loaded 1/2 - 2/3 capacity. Due to their gentler mode of operation, massagers need more time than tumblers to perform the same task.
Meat massager
Meat massager
Koch equipment stainless steel Magnum Series 6000 massager with 6000-liters capacity.
The machine comes standard with cooling and is equipped with a uniquely designed baffle that rotates and slides the product throughout the drum during processing. This results in the product remaining against the walls and baffles of the drum versus the actual tumbling delivered by competitor models. The advantage is a more gentle massaging action while extracting protein in a highly efficient manner under constant vacuum.
 - Improved product quality (juicier, more tender, and flavorful).
 - Increased profit margins through the delivery of ready-to-cook, value-added products.
 - Increased productivity through reduced handling/processing time.
Available from Amazon in paperback and eBook format


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ICOOR'S Contribute to the Next Research and Innovation Framework Programme
ICOOR team is working to ambitiously contribute on the preparation of Horizon Europe, the research and innovation program to succeed Horizon 2020.
Now the phase dedicated to the drawing of the SRIA has started. The Strategic Research and Innovation Action is a document that identifies the foreseen portfolio of activities of the partnership, measurable expected outcomes, deliverables and milestones within specific timeframes.
Having participated in the public consultation and having shown interest in collaborating in the definition of the SRIA, ICOOR received the invitation to participate in the discussion calls with the managers of the drafting team for each of these clusters:
-Cluster 1: Large-scale demonstration;
-Cluster 2: In-vehicle technologies;
-Cluster 3: Validation;
-Cluster 4: Integrating the vehicle in the transport system;
-Cluster 5: Key enabling technologies;
-Cluster 6: Social aspects and user acceptance;
-Cluster 7: Research Coordination.
Therefore, in these days, the different members of ICOOR are participating to these meetings making available competences, connections and expertise.
"No one can whistle a symphony. It takes a whole orchestra to play it."
– H.E. Luccock


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Sumarinis procesas: romėniškosios kilmės paieškos, taikymo problemos bei teisinio reglamentavimo galimybės.
The Code of Civil procedure of Republic of Lithuania establishes a variety of procedural forms. The main forms of summary proceedings are court order and documentary proceedings that are dedicated to reach a higher degree of concentration and economy. One of the main aims of the article is to present the origins of summary proceedings that can be find in roman civil procedure. According to that, the essence of the rescriptorial litigation is revealed. It is stated in the article that the forms of litigation mentioned above essentially fulfilled their destination but there are some problems the courts collide while applying the norms of the Code of Civil procedure regulating the handing of procedural documents passed in the summary civil procedure and as well there exist serious disadvantages while regulating the coming into power of preliminary decision. The author argues the position of the Supreme Court that was developed according to the situation when the copy of a preliminary decision cannot be handed to the defendant because his location is unknown. It is suggested that according to the principle of disposition of parties, the claim should be left not considered meanwhile the right of the decision to apply or not following the ordinary dispute litigation should be given exceptionally to the plaintiff. The author assumes the order of coming into power of preliminary procedure as one of the principle drawbacks in the legal regulation of defined summary trials. In this case establishing the same order of coming into power as for the court order the essential difference between two forms of defined summary trial has not been taken into mind. The author refers to the examples established in the mid–war Code of Civil procedure and in the Code of Civil procedure of the Republic of Latvia and emphasizes that the preliminary decision is passed on the basis of proof that was presented by the plaintiff, the court evaluates the presented literal proof and thus the possibility to pass an unfair decision is much lesser than in the case of court order. According to that it is suggested to amend the Code of Civil procedure stating that the coming into power of preliminary procedure has nothing in common with the contradictions presented by the defendant and establish the right of the defendant to appeal the preliminary decision following the general rules of appeal.
- Articles / Straipsniai


How does the Results API work? | Questionmark
How does the Results API work?
Applies to the following products:
Questionmark OnDemand
Questionmark Perception
Applies to the following Perception versions:
Perception 5.7
The Results API OData feeds are designed to return specific datum and granular subsets of data. When querying multiple data in a feed, querying multiple feeds simultaneously, or querying against the content in a variable that is not a key field for the feed, the Results API may timeout. Users are encouraged to design queries to use specific key values.
To introduce you to our Results API if you are unfamiliar with OData services, let's start off with an example—accessing the Participants feed and retrieving a list of participants.
Perception users would enter the following HTTP request in a browser:
https:///analyticsodata//odata/Participants
...where is the fully-qualified name (including the domain name) of the server where Perception is installed and is the name of the specific Perception repository are you trying to access the result data for.
OnDemand user would enter the following HTTP request in a browser:/odata/Participants
...where is the customer ID of the OnDemand account you want to access the result data for.
This example is for an OnDemand user, but a Perception user would follow the exact same steps using the Perception-specific URL format shown above. After authenticating (see the How can I access the Results API? section for details), this will retrieve a list of all the participants who have created results that have been ETLed into your Results Warehouse at the time you are accessing the Results API. If you have more than 500 participants in your Results Warehouse, at the bottom of the page you will see a link that looks similar to the following:
If you wanted to view participants 501 and on, you would enter the address from the href= part of the above entry to navigate to the second page of participants.
A list of participants from the Participants feed includes entries for each participant in the list. Here is an example entry for a single participant:
incandenza_h
href="Participants(804)/TopicScores" />
804
James
Brother of Mario and Orin
2011-06-16T05:28:49
Each participant entry includes an ID, which is a URL that allows you to return to this particular entry at any time without having to retrieve the entire list of participants, which can be quite lengthy. The above example's ID, as you can see from the tag, is:
A participant entry not only returns information about a particular participant, but it may also include navigation links, which are links to related Results API entries from other feeds. The above example includes three navigation links, which are identified by tags. The first navigation link in an entry will always be a link to itself and the ones after links to entries from other feeds. In this example, the second navigation link is a link to all the results for this participant:
To navigate to the list of results for this participant, you would append the address in the href= section of the navigation link to the participant entry's URL, which would look like the following:
The list of results that the above URL would retrieve would include all the assessment results that have been ETLed into the Results Warehouse for this participant. From there, you could use other navigation links to visit other related entries. Because all the Results API links are internally linked to each other, you could literally go on forever, jumping from related data to related data.


Conceptualizing & Creating a Set Design
by Mary Beth Bosen
Conceptualizing & Creating a Set Design
Author Name:
Mary Beth Bosen
Unit Objective:
Students will demonstrate their understanding of the elements of design and the design process by creating/presenting a finished set design model.
This curriculum unit uses Michael Gillette's "Theatrical Design and Production" textbook as a resource throughout the lessons and instruction.
Learning Level:
This was designed specifically for a Stage Crew class at a high school. The tech class' main responsibilities are to run events, set ups, and support Westlake events. They build and paint the sets take care of any other tech needs for the drama productions. The bulk of their grade comes from supporting these events. Often times, these set ups, builds, and trainings happen during class hours, so it's not uncommon for there to be a day of tech work that happens in-between normal lessons in units. This unit was designed to work in that style of classroom where students will likely have several in class work days in-between instruction.
Prior Experience:
Up to this point, students have studied jobs/roles in the Tech theatre world, the tech chain of command. Students have taken a tour of the auditorium, Students have learned about the different theatre spaces (arena, proscenium, black box, thrust, found space, etc…) and have had lessons on basic script analysis as it applies to theatrical design work.
2014 National Arts Core Theatre Standards:
 1. Develop detailed supporting evidence and criteria to reinforce artistic choices, when participating in or observing a drama/theatre work.
 1. Discover how unique choices shape believable and sustainable drama/theatre work.
 1. Present a drama/theatre work using creative processes that shape the production for a specific audience
 1. Analyze and compare artistic choices developed from personal experiences in multiple drama/theatre works.
 1. Justify personal aesthetics, preferences and beliefs through participation in and observation of drama/theatre work.
Big Idea:
Set designers combine elements of color, shape, line, and texture to manipulate
the audience's experience with a show.
Essential Questions:
 - How can observation improve design skills?
 - What is the purpose of going through each step of the design process?
 - How do the elements of set design apply to other productions areas?
Enduring Understandings:
 - Designers use their work to communicate a story to the audience and to manipulate their thoughts/feelings according to the show's concept
 - Effective set designs:
 - "Reflect the production team's agreed-upon interpretation of the production concept
 - Exhibit a unity of style among all aspects of that production
 - Provide visual information about the world of the play including locale, period, season, time of day, culture, as well as the play's socioeconomic, religious, and political environment" (Gillette pg. 452)
Key Knowledge & Skills:
 - Collaboration, Commitment, Critical Thinking, Analysis, Elements of Design, Creating & Construction, Self Reflection.
Authentic Performance Tasks:
Note: A few weeks prior to Lesson 1, students were assigned to choose and start reading a play that they would use in the upcoming set design unit (must be a straight play—not a musical) and were asked to bring their script to class the next day to be checked off for points. Students have been instructed to bring their scripts to class each day during the set design unit.
Lesson 1: Elements of Design Part 1!
Students will demonstrate their understanding of how shape, line, and texture and principles of composition communicate in design by analyzing their effect in several designs.
Lesson 2: Elements of Design Part 2!
Students will demonstrate their understanding of how color communicates in design by doing a color response activity and brainstorming colors for their set project.
Lesson 3: The Viz!
Students will be able to communicate a designer's concept by choosing and presenting a viz for a popular fairy tale.
Lesson 4: Given Circumstances, Research, & Inspiration!
Students will prepare to create and present a design/research presentation for the play they have chosen by learning how to identify and use given circumstances in a script to shape and inform their design.
Lesson 5: Presenting Like A Pro!
Students will be able to verbalize and justify their design concept & choices by presenting their production viz & research PowerPoint in a mock designer presentation.
Lesson 6: From Research/Concept to Design
Students will synthesize their analysis and research to create a set design model.
Lesson 7: Final Set Design
Students will present their final set design for the class by showing/explaining their set design models.
Conceptualizing & Creating a Set Design Unit of Lessons.Mary Beth Bosen