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In the United States, more people watch NASCAR racing than baseball, supposedly "America's pastime." It's second only to football, with 75 million dedicated fans who tune in (or show up) almost every weekend of the year to watch stock cars race around a track at speeds up to 190 mph (306 kph) [sources: Fulton, Eaton].
The cars' non-EPA-regulated engines and dangerously high speeds make the sport exciting to watch. They also make it one of the least environmentally friendly sports out there. NASCAR drivers make a living doing exactly what the rest of us are supposed to avoid in order to stave off global warming: Drive ridiculously powerful, gas-guzzling sports cars at extremely high speeds for entertainment value.
The sport burns so much fuel that the U.S. government labeled NASCAR a waste of gas during the fuel shortage of the 1970s. As a result, NASCAR shortened one of its races from 500 miles (804 kilometers) to 450 miles (724 kilometers) as a goodwill gesture. (It was a temporary change.)
So, just how much fuel does it take to hold a NASCAR race, and what effect does it really have on the state of the atmosphere? Is it a major CO2 contributor, or does it just get a bad rap because of the nature of the sport?
In this article, we'll find out whether NASCAR is as big an emitter as it seems. We'll check out the fuel and CO2 numbers, see how it compares to other activities, and look at the potentially "greener" future of the sport.
The first thing to understand when looking at NASCAR's carbon footprint is that race cars are even less like regular cars than some of us think. That speed comes at a price.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Gmail Activity
How do i know if my gmail is being hacked?
How do I know is my Gmail being hacked?
I just received spam message from my friend, the spam would look like the image below.
Gmail Hacked
Gmail Hacked 2
Normally sending this kind of message, the email account should be hacked. Please contact your friend that his/her account has been hacked and please change the password as soon as possible.
Normally hacker won't change the password, because they are trying to not let you know your account is being hacked, and try to retreive all the important informations of yours before you terminate all the things, like bank account, credit card information, paypal, or all other important informations.
So, where to check that and how to know that your Gmail is being hacked.
1. Login to your Gmail account.
2. Drag to the bottom of the page.
3. You will see like the image below.
Gmail Details
4. Click the 'detail'.
5. It will pop up the browser and the image like below.
Gmail Activity
6. Check whether the IP was login from other contries or different of your ISP.
7. If you found unexpected IP address that has been login into your account, I'm sure your account has been hacked and has been accessed by hacker.
To solve this, please change your password immediately, and please do not forget to change all the other password.
Why? Because those hacker has retreive most of your information data, maybe accessed to your other account, email, MSN, Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, or Game ID, bank account.
Change to secure password that have alpha-digit combination password with at least 8 characters long.
Install newest Antivirus software and do scan your whole PC, I install AVIRA, make sure the virus defination database is up-to-date.
Please share to your friends, and inform them check often the security and wish you change the password before the hacker change your password.
If you found this article useful, please share.


text:
Java provides a run-time operator instanceof to
compare a class and an instance of that class.
This operator " instanceof" compares an object to a
specified class type.
The instanceof operator is defined to know about an object's relationship with a class. It evaluates to true, if the object or array is an instance of the specified type; otherwise it returns false. The instanceof operator can be used with the arrays and objects. It can't be used with primitive data types and values. Its signature is written as:
|object instanceof type|
Lets have an example :
.Output of the Program:
x is an instance of X
obj is an instance of Z
In this example the class "Z" extends the class "X". So the expression " if (x instanceof X)" returns true because the object of class "X" has the reference to the object of class "Z". On the other hand, this example will generate an error, if the expression is written as "if (y instanceof X)" because the object "y" of class "Y" is not an object of class "X".
If you are facing any programming issue, such as compilation errors or not able to find the code you are looking for.
Ask your questions, our development team will try to give answers to your questions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A charged capacitor is connected to a resistor and switch as in the
figure below. The circuit has a time constant of 0.800 s. Soon
after the switch is closed, the charge on the capacitor is 65.0% of
its initial charge.
(a) Find the time interval required for the capacitor to reach
(b) If R = 270 kO, what is the value of


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National Institute of General Medical Sciences
The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) is a part of the National Institutes of Health that primarily supports research that lays the foundation for advances in disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The Institute's research training programs help prepare the next generation of scientists.
Each year, NIGMS-supported scientists make many advances in understanding fundamental life processes. In the course of answering basic research questions, these investigators increase our knowledge about the mechanisms and pathways involved in certain diseases. Institute grantees also develop important new tools and techniques, some of which have medical applications. In recognition of the significance of their work, a number of NIGMS grantees have received the Nobel Prize and other high scientific honors.
NIGMS was established in 1962. In fiscal year 2012, the Institute's budget was $2.429 billion. The vast majority of this money goes into local economies through grants to scientists at universities, medical schools, hospitals and other research institutions throughout the country. At any given time, NIGMS supports approximately 4,700 —approximately 11% of the grants funded by NIH as a whole. NIGMS also supports approximately 26% of the trainees who receive assistance from NIH.
NIGMS produces a number of free science education materials on topics such as cell biology, genetics, chemistry, pharmacology, structural biology and computational biology. The Institute also produces the magazine Findings, which showcases diverse scientists who do cutting-edge research and lead interesting lives.
NIGMS places great emphasis on supporting investigator-initiated research grants. It funds a limited number of research center grants in selected fields, including structural biology, chemistry, computational modeling, trauma and burn research, systems biology and biomedical technology. It also supports centers that build research capacities in states that have historically received low levels of NIH funding. In addition, NIGMS supports several important scientific resources, including the NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository and the Protein Data Bank.
NIGMS has initiatives in structural genomics (the Protein Structure Initiative), pharmacogenomics, and computational modeling of infectious disease outbreaks. The Institute also promotes the collaborative approaches increasingly needed to solve complex problems in biomedical science.
NIGMS research training programs recognize the interdisciplinary nature of biomedical research and stress approaches that cut across disciplinary and departmental lines. Such experience prepares trainees to pursue creative research careers in a wide variety of areas.
Certain NIGMS training programs address areas in which there are particularly compelling needs. One of these, the Medical Scientist Training Program, produces investigators who hold the combined M.D.-Ph.D. degree and are well trained in both basic science and clinical research. Other programs train scientists to conduct research in rapidly growing areas like biotechnology and at the interfaces between fields such as chemistry and biology and behavioral and biomedical sciences.
NIGMS also has a Postdoctoral Research Associate Program, in which postdoctoral scientists receive training in NIH or Food and Drug Administration laboratories.
Among the advances that scientists have made with NIGMS support are:
- Discovering a gene-silencing process called RNA interference, or RNAi, that is both a powerful research tool and a promising new approach for treating diseases.
- Revealing how a protein's shape affects its function, which plays a key role in health and disease and also informs the design of new drugs.
- Increasing survival from burn injury, in part by improving methods of wound care, nutrition and infection control.
- Explaining how genes affect the way a person responds to drugs, including those to treat cancer and prevent blood clots.
- Shedding light on the critical functions of carbohydrates, sugar molecules found on all living cells that are vital to fertilization, inflammation, blood clotting and viral infection.
- Modeling infectious disease outbreaks and the impact of interventions through computer simulations to provide valuable information to public health policymakers.
- Developing new methods to look inside cells and other living systems. These approaches have advanced what we know about basic life processes in a range of organisms.
The Division of Biomedical Technology, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology (BBCB) supports studies in and tools for understanding complex biological systems. The research and training it funds join biology with the computer sciences, engineering, mathematics and physics. The long-term goals of the division are to leverage data and technologies to answer fundamental questions about biology and to develop a more robust computing infrastructure for the biomedical research community. The division also defines NIGMS' needs for database development and applications as well as for a broad spectrum of biomedical technologies, techniques and methodologies. It collaborates with other NIH components and Federal agencies in developing policies in these areas.
The Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics (CBB) seeks greater understanding of the structure and function of cells, cellular components and the biological macromolecules that make up these components. The research it supports ranges from studies of single molecules to work in structural genomics and proteomics. The long-term goal of the division is to find ways to prevent, treat and cure diseases that result from disturbed or abnormal cellular activity.
The Division of Genetics and Developmental Biology (GDB) supports studies directed toward gaining a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie inheritance and development. The results of these studies form the foundation for advances in diagnosing, preventing, treating and curing human genetic and developmental disorders. Most of the projects supported by the division make use of model organisms, which speed advances in understanding human biological processes.
The Division of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biological Chemistry (PPBC) supports a broad spectrum of research and research training aimed at improving the molecular-level understanding of fundamental biological processes and discovering approaches to their control. Research supported by the division takes a multifaceted approach to problems in pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry and biorelated chemistry that are either very basic in nature or that have implications for more than one disease area. The goals of supported research include an improved understanding of drug action and mechanisms of anesthesia; pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics and mechanisms underlying individual responses to drugs; new methods and targets for drug discovery; advances in natural products synthesis; an enhanced understanding of biological catalysis; a greater knowledge of metabolic regulation and fundamental physiological processes; and the integration and application of basic physiological, pharmacological, and biochemical research to clinical issues in anesthesia, clinical pharmacology and trauma and burn injury. Among the division's leading areas of interest are quantitative and systems pharmacology, improved synthesis and availability of complex carbohydrates, and genomic studies of natural product biosynthesis.
The Division of Training, Workforce Development, and Diversity supports programs that foster research training and the development of a strong and diverse biomedical research workforce. The division funds research training, career development, diversity and capacity-building activities through a variety of programs at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral, faculty and institutional levels.


Why Isn't Nitrous Oxide Widely Available for Labor Pain Relief in the U.S.?
By Rachel Walden |
I was recently pointed to an editorial in the March 2007 issue of the journal Birth which asks, "Nitrous Oxide for Pain in Labor–Why Not in the United States?" You may be familiar with nitrous oxide ("laughing gas") as it is sometimes used during dental procedures, but the gas is often used in other countries as a means to control pain during labor. As the Birth editorial explains, nitrous oxide is self-administered by a woman in labor (primarily for safety reasons), allowing her to obtain a short burst of relief only when needed as an alternative to an epidural.
There isn't a tremendous amount of research on nitrous oxide during birth, but a 2002 systematic review highlights some basic information about this technique. The authors note that the gas does not appear to affect the fetus or newborn or depress uterine contractions, although women may experience some lightheadedness and may have a slight delay in pain relief as the gas takes ~50 seconds to achieve its full analgesic effect. They also note that the gas can be both administered and stopped quickly.
Most interesting, perhaps, is this assessment of how widely use of nitrous oxide varies from country to country – "By the 1980s, use of nitrous oxide had almost disappeared in the United States. In the United Kingdom, it has been estimated that nitrous oxide is used by approximately 50% to 75% of women and in Finland by approximately 60%. Nitrous oxide is used and widely considered to be safe in many parts of the world including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, supervised by physicians, nurses, or midwives."
It is not entirely clear why this option isn't more readily available in the United States. I'd be interested in hearing from readers as to whether nitrous oxide was available to you in labor – let us know in the comments! If you're in the UK or elsewhere with common use of this option, please share your thoughts as well.
Citations for further reading:
 - Rooks JP. Nitrous oxide for pain in labor–why not in the United States? Birth. 2007 Mar;34(1):3-5.
 - Rosen MA. Nitrous oxide for relief of labor pain: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Nature):S110-26.
Leave a Reply
 1. Rachel says:
 Penny, you raise an interesting point, as there does seem to be a fair bit of debate in the literature about the occupational safety of the gas, and interest in using scavenging systems in dental office and hospitals that would reduce occupational exposure. Those discussions don't seem to address the lack of availability for obstetrics patients in the first place, though.
 2. Hilary says:
 Great post! I have wondered that myself. Two midwifery students from England did a short stint at the birth center where i trained, and they were very surprised that we didn't use it. As far as we can figure out, there is no state health code against it, and the midwives briefly toyed with the idea of bringing it in. But, the state health code does prohibit birth centers for providing certain types of labor analgesia, so that may prohibit nitrous oxide, also. They didn't want to push it.
 3. Jacqueline says:
 Based on how I felt when laughing gas was used at the dentist's, I felt too "loopy", for lack of better word, not exactly the state of mind I want to be when I meet my child for the first time. I agree, though, let's see some more research on this.
 4. msh says:
 An anesthesiologist I know has this response:
 In a study in the 1970s, chair-side dental assistants in offices where N2O was used had higher rates of spontaneous abortion than assistants in dental
 offices where N20 was not used. That was probably why N2O disappeared in the US by the end of that decade.
 while the same inhaled concentration could render others unconscious. Disinhibition regularly occurs (it was described in the demonstration that gave W.T.G. Morton, one of the founders of surgical anesthesia, the idea) and can lead to dangerous behavior, such as excitation and pulling out IVs. People can have
 amnesia from N2O; while receiving it they can be screaming in pain, but later not remember. The patients and nurses at my hospital would not accept what N2O
 has to offer.
 A properly done labor epidural allows the mother to be fully sentient with well controlled pain and the ability to cooperate. N2O has some analgesic properties, but they only come with a clouding of the sensorium and risks such as combativeness, loss of consciousness, and pulmonary aspiration.
 5. Heather says:
 Rachel: Occupational question here.
 Do you have any idea if it's being used in Europe for abortions, and if so, know of anywhere I can look for studies/info on that one?
 Mind, all of the %$#@!! laws flopped on providers here to make it difficult for us to provide them may still mean we can't use it for that, but it seems like it'd be a pretty excellent option, if not, and if it's worked elsewhere.
 6. Rachel says:
 Heather, that's a great question, and one I don't know the answer to off the top of my head, although I'll see what I can find. I would normally recommend EMBASE as a starting point and some double-checking in PubMed for this question, but EMBASE is subscription-only. I'll take a look.
 7. Jessica says:
 I am an American nurse who has lived and worked, and given birth to two children in the UK. I have recently moved back to the States, and am very interested in why Nitrous (or 'gas and air' as we call it in the UK) isn't available in the US. During my first pregnancy I planned on, and was relying on an epidural to be my pain relief method of choice. During my induction I had two epidurals fail, with no explanation as to why. The placement and removals of the failed epidurals made me EVEN MORE uncomfortable and frightened. I ended up relying on diamorphine and gas and air. The morphine knocked me out and allowed me to rest, but it was the gas and air that kept me calm and saw me through until my baby was finally born. During my second labor, I relied soley on nitrous. I was able to move and to walk, the gas kept me calm, and after the birth I was able to move around and bathe immediatly. In the UK gas is considered very safe..like not having pain relief at all. It certainly worked for me, and I would very interested in any future research studies, or possibly an authoritive expalnation of exactly why it's not used if such an explanation already exsist. It seems that any occupational risks could be recognized and minimized, for the sake of an effective alternative to epidural and opiod analgsia which have been proven to have multitudes of serious side effects.


text:
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Set page title as selected text.
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- Add: Response the option (radio) group.
- Add: Response the command button.


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KUWAIT CITY, Sept 28: Ministry of Education and Higher Education became the gateway for fake certificates due to lack of scrutiny about the sources of certificates, reports Al-Shahed daily.
The daily quoting sources said the Ministry of Higher Education depends on the Cultural Office to endorse certificates, although the latter's routine task does not allow for scrutinizing the content of certificates.
They added the Ministry of Education and Higher Education endorses Medicine and Engineering certificates issued by universities in countries that have no cultural offices in Kuwait, leading to infiltration of the job market with fake certificates. Sources pointed to expatriate teachers flooding the Ministry of Education without necessary approval due to widespread influence (wasta) and favoritism. They stated many reasons for appointing such teachers, including low salaries.
They reiterated the committee formed by the Minister of Education and Higher Education Dr Bader Al-Essa to investigate fake certificates was merely a routine procedure, indicating no positive result came out of its activities due to the interference of some politicians and influence.


text:
Bauz is a Grass and Flying-type Pokémon that was introduced in Generation XNUMX.
Bauz is a rotund, owlet-like Pokémon. Its plumage is mainly light brown with a white undergarment, its tail feathers, the feathers at the base of its wings and two feathers under its face resembling a bow are colored dark green.
Bauz lives near trees or forests. It clings to their trunks and branches with its powerful claws and pounces silently on its prey from their crowns. It is a nocturnal Pokémon and only becomes really active at dusk; During the day it rests and uses photosynthesis to collect energy for the upcoming night.
As a plush figure, the cute Pokémon will surely let you sleep at night.
- Material: plush, PP cotton
- Size: 17 cm
- Age recommendation: from 4 years


Did John leave the island of Patmos alive?
Specifically, are there any Bible verses that mention his fate?
Revelation 1:9
Clarify Share Report Asked September 18 2014 Mini Sue Green
Open uri20150711 11373 dvqsks Steve clonts
The Revelation was received on the Lords day by John on the isle of a Patmos(Rev. 1: 9-10), off the coast of Asia, not far from Ephesus. The exact date is not known.
He was one of the Twelve; son of Zebedee and brother of James. In his early life he was s fisherman. He was one of the inner circle of three who were at the raising of Jairus daughter, at the Transfiguration, and in Gethsemanane. In his own Gospel he refers to himself as "the disciple whom Jesus loved". There at frequent references to him at the crucifixion and resurrection. In Acts he appear s but seldom (acts 3:1, 11;4: 13;8:14) Paul refers to his meeting with him in Jerusalem (Gal. 2:9). In Rev. 1:9 jog tells of his banishment to Patmos. After which the Bible is silent about his whereabouts.
It's interesting to note that the last five verses of Saint John make reference to the other disciples believing that John should not die (John 21:23) yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?
According to Wikipedia, John was placed on Patmos due to Christian persecution under the Roman Emperor Domitian. There's also a tradition that the Emperor had boiled him in oil and he received no harm. At which point he was banished to Patmos. There's also tradition that when the Emperor died he's successor released him and he went to Ephesus. However, if you look to the Bible for Johns whereabouts. It ends at Patmos.
September 22 2014 0 responses Vote Up Share Report
Mini Juliette Ingram
I for once agree with the tradition or "hearsay."
In Revelation 11:10 the angel that released the book to John (to eat) informed John that he (John) must prophesy "again" before many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings. Could it be that John's ministry account ends with Revelation?
It may be "possible" that John is one of the "two" witnesses during tribulation? (John 21:23) yet Jesus said not unto him, He shall not die; but, If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee?
August 30 2020 0 responses Vote Up Share Report
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The Fox Magazine
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Let's Get Social
 Why Everyone Should Know About Interventional Empathy
 Why Everyone Should Know About Interventional Empathy
 Suicide prevention expert Mark Goulston, co-creator and moderator of the new documentary Stay Alive, shares his six-step technique for calming yourself or someone else who may be on the verge of self-destruction.
 What would you do if you encountered a suicidal person? The classic scenario of a person standing on a bridge likely comes to mind when we think of suicide. But an at-risk person can show up in your life in any number of ways.
 A friend might call you in hysterics saying they no longer want to live, or a family member could show up threatening self-harm with a weapon. Or you might encounter a passerby who suddenly becomes volatile. In any of these cases, you know that what you do next is important. If you don't say the right things, the results could be deadly.
 "You may never have given this subject much thought," says Dr. Mark Goulston, suicide prevention expert and co-creator and moderator of Stay Alive, a new 75-minute video/podcast documentary available here on YouTube, serving at-risk populations and featuring suicide survivor Kevin Hines and suicide prevention advocate Rayko. (_TAG_) "But in a time when mental illness, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD, is at an all-time high, it's more important than ever to know what to do to calm down an at-risk person.
 "Suicide is now the second-leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States, after accidents," adds Goulston. "The hope that we could help people find their way out of despair was the impetus for creating this film. Suicide prevention isn't just about helping the person who is afflicted. To really move the needle toward saving lives, we need to remove the societal stigma surrounding suicide."
 Goulston explains that this process begins with helping the people who care about at-risk individuals gain understanding and offer support. The next step is helping society recognize the true struggles of those at risk.
 Misunderstanding and judgment only further isolate a person who is suicidal. Instead, it's time for more compassion. When everyone understands how much suffering is really going on, we have a real chance to reach out and save lives.
 If someone in your life—or perhaps even a stranger—appears to be out of control and potentially self-destructive or dangerous, Dr. Goulston says interventional empathy is a powerful tool. It's a simple process he has been sharing with law enforcement officers as a way to deescalate potentially violent situations.
 But anyone can learn to practice interventional empathy, and it could help save someone's life—even your own! That's right; not only does interventional empathy help calm down other people, but you can use it to calm yourself if you ever begin to spiral into despair or self-destruction.
 Here is a six-step process for showing interventional empathy if you or someone you encounter appears as if they may become violent or self-destructive:
 Step 1: Say, "Whoa! Whoa! Whoa! Whoa!"
 Saying this signals you or others to stop agitated behavior. It's pretty primal. After all, this is the same thing you say to a horse when it rears up and is about to start galloping out of control.
 Step 2: Say, "Shh…Shh…Shh…Shh…"
 This sound signals to quiet not just people's words but their minds as well. It's what our teachers did in elementary school, and it still works to quiet a noisy room.
 Step 3: Ask, "What happened to you to get you so upset?"
 This is a way of validating that people have a reason to be upset as opposed to telling them they're wrong or to just "shut up!"
 Step 4: Say, "Tell me more."
 Saying this invites the person to share a story of events leading to this confrontation. As they relate their story, they will feel listened to, understood, and will understand that you are validating the fact that something led to the current confrontation.
 Step 5: Ask, "Is this why you're acting the way you are?"
 This question connects what they say to how they are behaving and communicates that you understand that whatever they are doing makes sense from their point of view. This further deepens your rapport. It also increases their oxytocin levels and decreases their levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, lowering their reactivity and agitation.
 Step 6: Say, "A better thing to do right now would be to ______________."
 Once the person relaxes, you can suggest an alternate behavior. By using "fill in the blank" language, you invite the person to help you come up with a better solution. This empathetic communication transforms their combativeness into communication and helps you both come up with a way out of the situation.
 Why This Works
 "Empathy is a secret weapon for calming down agitated people," says Goulston.
 "It works because it literally disarms each part of a person's brain in sequence, moving from their most primitive reptilian 'fight or flight' brain, through their mammalian emotional brain, and up into their human rational brain."
 But here's the problem: When we are confronted by an agitated and possibly destructive of self-destructive person, we feel threated and can't access our rational brain. When this happens, Dr. Goulston says we usually try to stop that person with a verbal confrontation or admonishment.
 This response may work for police officers holding a gun; however, when the rest of us shut a person down, it frequently escalates the situation because they feel even more cornered, often causing them to act more irrationally and struggle all the more to access their rational mind.
 So, the next time someone appears to be out of control and potentially self-destructive or dangerous, use the technique above to help calm them and hopefully save a life. And remember that it can also work for you.
 If you are in turmoil, Dr. Goulston says to imagine someone who cares about you, living or dead, guiding you through those six steps of interventional empathy in your mind's eye. Feel their love for you as they do it. Then feel your own gratitude toward them for their having cared about you. You will discover that you can't feel grateful and angry at the same moment.
 "When someone is in trouble, they need the gift of empathy more than anything else," concludes Dr. Goulston. "Luckily, we are all equipped to offer this to anyone who needs it. And whether that person in need is you, your best friend, your child, or a stranger on the street, you can change a life—maybe even save a life—by showing that you care."
 If you or someone you love needs help, call 911 or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255), or visit
 Dr. Mark Goulston is the co-creator and moderator of the suicide prevention documentaryStay Alive. He is a former UCLA professor of psychiatry, FBI hostage negotiation trainer, suicide and violence prevention expert, and one of the world's foremost experts on listening. He is the author of the best-selling "Just Listen": Discover the Secret to Getting Through to Absolutely Anyone, which became the top book on listening in the world.
 Dr. Goulston'sHBR IdeaCast episode Become a Better Listener is ranked number one of all their podcasts. He is also the host of the My Wakeup Call podcast. Dr. Goulston is on the Board of Advisors for HealthCorps and will be receiving the Dr. W. Mark Warfel Resilient Heart Award in April 2019.
 About the Producers:
 Producers Frank Kilpatrick ( and Linda Kilpatrick, along with director Paul Emami (, partnered with Mark, Kevin, and Rayko to create Stay Alive to express the purpose of helping you or someone you love to find their way out of despair. We hope this video is a helpful catalyst for having conversations about those at risk or even with yourself. If you or anyone you know has been touched by suicide and is feeling isolated, we hope you find the video valuable and share it with others.
 Stay Alive is a 75-minute video/podcast documentary serving at-risk populations. The program's two sections, Understanding, and Helping, deliver messages of education, compassion, and caring for those who are in deep despair, along with guidance for their families and friends who love them. Stay Alive is recommended for individuals, families, schools, communities, social services, and churches—anywhere there is a need.
 Moderated by Mark Goulston, MD, participants in Stay Alive's intimate and disclosing discussion also include Kevin Hines, best known as the man who jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge and survived (, and suicide prevention advocate Rayko ( _TAG_
 Stay Alive is available here on YouTube, and will be available on Amazon Prime Video and other distribution channels free of charge.
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 Why Everyone Should …
 by Sahara Powell Time to read this article: 20 min


text:
Pilot Whales Are "Cheetahs of the Sea," Study Finds
for National Geographic News
|May 16, 2008|
Short-finned pilot whales off the Canary Islands race like cheetahs after prey over long distances in the deep Atlantic waters, new research reveals.
Like all whales, pilot whales need to come to the surface to breathe, but they can hold their breaths for extended periods.
Short-finned pilot whales are known to dive to more than 3,200 feet (1,000 meters), but their behavior in the deep ocean has been a mystery.
Researchers monitored the whales near Tenerife, the largest island in the Spanish-controlled archipelago (see map), by attaching tags to 23 of the animals with suction cups.
The tags recorded movement, sound, and depth for one day, after which they disconnected and floated to the surface for collection.
"We really wanted to know what whale behavior was like at depth," said study author Natacha Aguilar Soto, of the University of La Laguna in Tenerife.
"We expected deep-diving whales to maintain slow speeds to conserve oxygen so they could increase the time available to search and get their food."
Instead the team found that during most daytime dives, the whales sped up to an average of 19.2 feet (6 meters) a second, with top speeds reaching 28.8 feet (9 meters) a second just before reaching the deepest point of their dives.
The whales then were found to release a buzz with their biological sonar, as if locating something in front of them. Aguilar and colleagues believe the observations indicate that the whales were chasing after prey.
The study appears in an upcoming issue of the journal Animal Ecology.
Swimming speeds for other breath-holding animals such as seals, deep-diving birds, and dolphins have been measured at about 6.4 feet (2 meters) a second.
Aguilar assumed the situation would be similar among short-finned pilot whales.
The whales' high-speed chases have not been observed in any other deep-diving mammals.
But the behavior is not entirely unique. On land, cheetahs invest massive amounts of energy sprinting after a single prey.
The researchers suggest that the pilot whales are exhibiting the same behavior.
The suggestion is surprising, because until now the dominant predators of the deep were thought to be those that would use the dark waters to ambush their prey, as jaguars do when pouncing from behind foliage in the jungle.
"Jungles are excellent for ambushing prey. Plains are perfect for pursuit predation," Aguilar said.
"It would seem that for whales using sonar, the deep sea is like a plain, but for other animals the dark water is like a jungle. If this is true, it is a unique combination of both environments rolled into one."
The Mysterious Fathoms Below
Patrick Miller, a marine biologist at St. Andrew's University in Scotland, was not involved in the study.
"This is an important finding that reveals a previously undescribed foraging strategy in a deep-diving whale," he said.
"I think they are on to something there about echolocation [using sonar to locate prey] turning a jungle into a savanna."
Steve Thompson, a behavioral ecologist at Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo, was also not part of Aguilar's research team.
He said the sprinting, or "bursting," behavior observed in the pilot whales seemed significant.
"I'm guessing that these whales burst because they are specializing on [hunting] something that moves really quickly—large squid perhaps—when they get close to them," Thompson said.
"What's interesting," he said, "is that other [whale] species don't burst too, or at least they have not been detected doing so yet," he added.
|© _PHONE_ National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.|


text:
Charges: Manslaughter x 1.
Case type: Sentence.
Facts: The defendant and deceased were in a relationship for 2 years. There was a history of arguments, physical violence and cannabis and methylamphetamine use (-). On the day of the offence, the defendant and deceased argued for 3 hours, during which the defendant tried to leave the house, and the deceased dragged her back inside (). The defendant stated in later interviews that the deceased would not let the defendant leave and goaded her into stabbing him (). By the time the police attended, the defendant had stabbed the deceased (-).
Issues: Sentence to be imposed.
Decision and Reasoning: Hollingworth J imposed a head sentence of 7 years' imprisonment with a non-parole period of 4 years ().
Her Honour had regard to the fact that the defendant had a limited criminal history and displayed some evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder (). Her Honour also reduced the sentence for the defendant's early guilty plea: the defendant was charged with murder but pleaded guilty to manslaughter a month before her trial was due to begin (, ). The defendant displayed remorse for her actions () and had begun counselling in custody ().


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I have a WinForms application and a Panel Control. The panel control has a VScrollBar control for vertical scrolling. Everything works fine except right now I have my VScrollBar maximum value set to 100. The problem is, I need the Maximum property to be about 4 billion, however, since Maximum is only an Integer, I can't set it to the proper value. So, my question is, how do I get around this? I know there are text editors and file viewers that claim to view more then 4 gigs of data, so how would a scrollbar in an application like that work?
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A scrollbar is a GUI control. Innately, the number of steps it can display is limited to the number of vertical pixels on your screen. Therefore, you could consider setting the maximum value to anything above that to be simply for developer convenience, to make the math easier.
How do applications deal with scrollbars? In theory, you'd want to parse the file first, to find out how many lines are in the file, and use that as your logical maximum. In reality, reading 4 GB of data when the file is opened would kill performance, so that wouldn't work.
If I were implementing this, I would set the scrollbar maximum is set to a large value, say 10,000. When the scrollbar is used, the scrollbar value is divided by 10,000 to get a percentage, and the editor shows that section of the file.
Don't think of things in terms of scrolling down so many lines. Instead, think of it as jumping to that percentage offset of the file, reading the data there, and displaying that.
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Well, you could just set Maximum to int.MaxValue and scale the retrieved value to your real maximum value. This should be enough precision to avoid loading too much data.
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You use a percentage. There is no need to set it to the same as the number of lines.
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This is a good idea except when on my Scroll handler, I am getting ScrollEventArgs that has a property called NewValue which is an int. So if it returns to me 58, for example, meaning 58%, how do I know how far down to scroll? 58% is a large chunk of data when your talking about a total of 4 gigs. – icemanind Jun 29 '11 at 17:47
If you set maximum to int.MaxValue and minimum to int.MinValue you should be pretty close. – Alex Peck Jun 29 '11 at 18:00
Also consider that unless you have 1 byte of data per line, you will have a lot less than 4 billion lines, even for 4 gigs of data. – Mike Caron Jun 29 '11 at 18:07
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Central to Their Lives: Southern Women Artists in the Johnson Collection
Regular price $49.99
Spanning the decades between the late 1890s and early 1960s, Central to Their Lives brings together for the first time the paintings and sculptures of forty-two diverse women artists who made significant contributions to the art of the South. This exhibition examines the challenges female artists faced during a period in which women's social, cultural, and political roles were being redefined and reinterpreted. Whether working from dedicated studio spaces, in spare rooms at home, or on the world stage, the artists showcased made remarkable impacts by fostering future generations of artists through instruction, incorporating new aesthetics into the fine arts, and challenging the status quo. Organized by the Johnson Collection in Spartanburg, South Carolina, the exhibition includes works by leading figures in the Charleston Renaissance such as Alice Ravenel Huger Smith and Elizabeth O'Neill Verner, as well as Corrie McCallum, Minnie Evans, Anne Goldthwaite, Clementine Hunter, and Augusta Savage.
This exhibition is sponsored by the Gibbes Museum Women's Council, Blue Cross Blue Shield of South Carolina, Charleston Magazine, the Jane Smith Turner Foundation, and Kenneth and Martha Severens.


text:
Just outside the Tropical Fruit Pavilion, a jackfruit tree has a goodly number of enormous fruit still attached to its trunk. It's worth seeking out just to marvel at the size of the fruit.
In his book Exploring for Plants, David Fairchild tells of finding jackfruit the "universal" fruit of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) markets in the mid-1920s. In the past, he said, he had found it rather strong.
When his host in Ceylon, Andreas Nell, boasted of the superior qualities of a "honey jack,'' Fairchild wrote, "I had never heard that there were distinct varieties of the jackfruit, although of course such a thing was reasonable, so I naturally wanted very much to taste one."
It had to be halved with a machete and then cut into segments. He pronounced that the fruit had "an extremely rich sweet flavor."
"We saved all the seeds from this fruit and sent them to the Panama Canal Zone and Honduras and Cuba and even to South Florida, where there was already one jackfruit tree that had borne fruit."
The gardens that received them were part of the network of gardens that received new plants and seeds from Fairchild's office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introductions.
Today, Noris Ledesma, curator of tropical fruit, says superior cultivars have been developed, including one called Sweet Fairchild. Ledesma and senior curator Richard Campbell, in their book, The Exotic Jackfruit: Growing the World's Largest Fruit, recommend growing grafted trees that will produce fruit within 3 to 5 years, and maintaining them by pruning to a height of 6 to 8 feet. There are more than 30 cultivars growing at the Fairchild Farm.
Sweet Fairchild, by the way, is described as having a mild, sweet flavor.
This weekend the Garden House is bursting with color and weirdly shaped leaves as the show and sale of the International Aroid Society has become a treasure chest of new plants.
|Pride of Sumatra.|
Aglaonemas and caladiums are filling the house with beautiful reds, pinks, sunset oranges, and hot pinks. The colors are coming from Thailand, where plant breeders have been ramping up the visuals for some time.
Aglaonema Pride of Sumatra is a beautiful example of this. Another is the long, skinny leaves in deep red and
|Caladium Devil's Tongue.|
green is displayed on a Caladium sport that Bill Rotolante calls 'Devil's Tongue.' Colocasia Mojito is a spotted limey-green.
Best of show went to a beautifully grown old favorite belonging to Steve and Marie Nock, Dieffenbachia 'Camouflage.'While most unusual was awarded to Philodendron 'Tequila,' a cross of Philodendron goeldii and Philodendron bipinnatifidum with fascinating leaves shaped something like stars.
|Most unusual awarded to Philodendron 'Tequila.'|
Our light is changing ever so slowly, and walking around Fairchild this morning, I noticed the abundance of fruit that also marks a seasonal change. Bitterbush female trees are loaded with beautiful red berries. Bitterbush is a lovely small tree of the Miami-Dade County hammocks that grows in the West Indies and northern South America as well. The compound leaves are pointed and pretty. Bitterbush trees are usually dioecious, with male and female flowers occurring on different trees.
Bromeliads, heliconias and cycads are laden with fruit, as are the
figs. Iris domestica, the blackberry lily, and rain lilies have seed pods on them, while two closely related trees, the carambola and the bilimbi, are fruiting and flowering at the same time. The carambola is Averrhoa carambola or star fruit, and fall is the peak of fruit production. The bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi, which flowers and fruits on its trunks and branches as does the carambola, is sometimes called the cucumber tree. Its many green fruit are said to be too acid to eat, but are suitable for pickles instead.
Flowers have not gone away, however. The
|Cassia roxburghii, the red cassia.|
fall means Cassia roxburghii, the red cassia, is displaying pinkish-red flowers on the tops of its graceful, long compound leaves. This lovely tree ought to be seen more often in South Florida.
By the Visitors Center, the specimens of the flame of Jamaica, Euphorbia punicea, are ablaze with brilliant red bracts and small flowers.
On the vine pergola, the wooly morning glory, Argyreia nervosa, has some interesting flowers now. The big heart-shaped leaves that supposedly look like elephant ears give this vigorous vine one of its common names, elephant climber. The leaves and flower stalks are covered with a whitish down, and the flowers are light purple with darker centers. Each trumpet-shaped flower has a white calyx that looks, from a distance, like another flower.
|Monk Skipper sipping
nectar on yellow alder.
Butterflies are all over the garden, and promise not to disappoint enthusiasts who come for Butterfly Days, Sept. 25 and 26. It's an event cosponsored by the Miami Blue Chapter of the North American Butterfly Association.
The yellow alder, Turnera ulmifolia, on the edge of the rainforest, has buttery yellow flowers that attract skippers. A Monk Skipper was helping itself to the nectar this morning. Milkweed continues to produce its brilliant yellow and red flowers that are so attractive to Monarch and Queen butterflies. The
|Polydamas Swallowtail is laying eggs
on new growth of Aristolochia.
Aristolochia vines in the butterfly garden have no flowers, but the Polydamas Swallowtail butterflies were busy ovipositing on the tender new shoots. Firebush specimens continue to produce tons of tubular flowers, and attract many kind of butterflies. Find a shady spot to sit and watch.
|When you root a cutting outside, you never know
what's going to join in the fun.
It was not your imagination. In August, the National Weather Service recorded 21 days of light rain and 11 days of thunderstorms. We sweltered in heat that averaged 1.5 degrees above normal, but our maximum highs were 2 degrees above normal. We may be worn to a frazzle, but outside, the plants are growing like gangbusters. Even the new croton leaves are gigantic as a result.
Rainbows of mokaras are sparkling throughout
my garden, pleased as punch with the rain and heat. (This manmade genus of orchid blends Vanda, Ascocentrum and Arachnis genera and the combination grows beautifully with minimal care.)
Perhaps fewer plants could be happier with the rain, heat and humidity than the aroids. Anthurium watermaliense, Anthurium x Marie, Anthurium faustomirandae and
Anthurium schottii are assuming significant tropical stature. The Anthurium faustomiorandae is an adolescent, with the newest leaf measuring 36 inches in length. It may have leaves that reach 6 feet – if hurricanes and cold don't interfere. Beneath a bird's-nest anthurium, a dwarf ginger called Globba winitii has added several new stalks of leaves and
flower spikes – it is a volunteer, and in years past, one new stem has been its maximum output. Even the Alocasia macrorrhizos 'Borneo Giant,' which was leveled in the cold, is growing with such vigor it's scary. The upcoming show and sale put on by the International Aroid Society on Sept. 18 and 19 should have some remarkable plants on display.
Which brings me to the rainy days of September. Aside from weeding during every spare moment, continued snail patrol is the order of the day – or night, if you prefer to stalk them with a flashlight as they work. Snails love rainy weather even more than aroids, and they seem to find new leaves of aroids especially appetizing.
On the to-do list: It's time to cut back the poinsettias and bougainvilleas. Shorter days mean these, and other day-length sensitive plants, such as the Christmas cactus, soon will set buds. Start now keeping the Christmas cactus drier.
Keep the fans running in the orchid house because this is prime fungus weather. Rot on Phalaenopsis orchids calls for a dose of cinnamon. Physan 20 (1 tablespoon to a gallon of water) is a good disinfectant that you can spray on your collection to help prevent disease.
|Plan your vegetable garden
and prepare for planting.
Think vegetables: there's still time to solarize your raised bed by covering with clear 6 mil plastic in order to kill any weed seeds. Leave the plastic in place for 4 to 6 weeks. Then add compost and give the microorganisms a week or so to kick in before planting. I like to plant vegetables in October when it's a little cooler, but you may want to start now.
September a good time to correct nutrient deficiencies so plants are at their best when winter arrives. What do deficiencies look like? What you most often will see are the following signs:
Nitrogen: pale yellow leaves, often yellowing from the edges inward.
Potassium: drying edges of leaves and leaf tips; orange check


text:
Duncan goes to Macbeth's castle in Act 1, Scene 6.
Ducan is highly impressed by Macbeth's act of honour, loyalty and courage, as shown during the battle introduced to the readers in the introductory scene. Duncan falls in Macbeth's favour, when the wounded captain/officer informs him about the courage showed by him, when Duncan's army faces a dbouble attack by the Norweign lord. Duncan is now completely convinced about Macbeth's love and loyalty towards him and can not stop praising him. thus, in order to congratulate Macbeth, Duncan approaches Macbeth's castle along with his noblemen. Duncan bears a gift for Lady Macbeth. In the Elizabethan era, when a king would come down to a nobleman's castle, it would a news of great honour, a sort of blessing for the nobleman. This was because in those days a king was considered to be the representative of God on earth.
(BASIC POINTS REQUIRED TO BE EXPLAINED FOR A 20 MARK ANSWER= SECTION B. ISC)


text:
Cutting cardboard boxes is helpful for fine motor development in preschoolers and kindergartners, and one project to help them hone those skills is to make a cardboard gondola. The process is quick enough to keep the attention of young children for the entire duration. The gondolas created become toys for children to use in imaginary play scenarios. The boats are sturdy enough to support action figures or small dolls.
- Skill level:
Things you need
- Clear tape
Draw a pointed oval inside the top of a shoebox with a pencil. This will serve as the bottom of the gondola. Draw both points about 2.5 cm (1 inch) short of the ends of the box top.
Measure the length of the boat bottom from point to point. Cut the sides off the shoebox and draw sides for the vessel on the bottom of the box. Make the base of the sides 2 cm (3/4 inch) longer than the measurement between the points of the bottom. Draw two curved rises on the ends of one side. Cut out the bottom and sides.
Put the base of the side with the rises against the bottom of the boat. The side base or bottom can be trimmed to make both ends meet. Put clear tape on the base of the side at both ends and in the middle. Tape the side to the bottom.
Place the other side along the bottom and trim it or the bottom if necessary to make the ends come together. Use three pieces of tape to secure the base of the side to the bottom. Pinch the tops of the sides together and hold them closed with tape.
Make bench seats for the gondola. Cut sections of cardboard at the width of the vessel in the middle and close to the front. Make the sections twice as tall as the boat sides. Fold the section at a 90-degree angle to form a bench and stick it to the bottom of the boat with tape. The tops of the benches can be taped across the sides for improved appearance and stability.
Tips and warnings
- Colour the gondolas you make with crayons, markers or tempera paints.
- Always supervise small children closely while they use scissors.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for


text:
ARANSAS RIVER. The Aransas River rises at the confluence of Olmos, Aransas, and Poesta creeks, two miles north of Skidmore in south central Bee County (at 28°17' N, 97°40' W). It flows southeast for forty miles, forming the boundary between San Patricio and Refugio counties and continuing into Aransas County, where it empties into Copano Bay ten miles northwest of Rockport (at 28°05' N, 97°13' W). The river, named for an Indian group, traverses flat to rolling terrain with clay loam and sandy loam soils that support water-tolerant hardwoods and grasses. While Texas was attempting to secure separate statehood from Coahuila (see COAHUILA AND TEXAS), Juan N. Almonte wrote that the Aransas formed the southwestern boundary of Texas: "Notwithstanding that up to the present it has been believed that the river Nueces is the dividing line between Coahuila and Texas, for so it appears on maps, I am informed by the government of the State, that in this an error has been committed by geographers, and that the true boundary ought to commence at the mouth of the Aransas and continue up to its source."
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."ARANSAS RIVER," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


Why choose Mayo Clinic
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Request an Appointment
 - Expertise and experience. Mayo Clinic doctors trained in brain and nervous system conditions (neurologists) have expertise and experience diagnosing and treating posterior cortical atrophy and other neurological conditions.
 - Team approach. Mayo Clinic neurologists work with doctors trained in eye conditions (ophthalmologists), mental health conditions (psychiatrists), imaging (radiologists), sleep medicine and physical medicine to treat your condition.
 - Research. Mayo Clinic doctors study potential diagnostic tests and treatments for posterior cortical atrophy and other neurological conditions, and conduct clinical trials.
Dec. 13, 2014


text:
- 2008 National LGBT Conference
- 16 November 2008
Conference notes with concern the negative impact that transphobic bullying and restrictive gender stereotypes can have upon children of all ages who:
1.Self-identify as transgender;
2.Self-identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual;
3.Appear to be gender variant in any way (often labelled as 'tomboy', sissy', 'butch' or 'camp');
4.Have a parent or other family member who is transgender or gender variant;
5.Have a friend who is transgender or gender variant.
Children who do not fully conform to traditional gender stereotypes (whether or not they self-identify as lesbian, bisexual or transgender are frequently emotionally, verbally and physically bullied not only by their peers but even by the adults in their lives. This can lead to children becoming withdrawn, social outcasts and in some cases result in severe depression and suicide. The effect on self-esteem, social interaction, confidence and academic achievement can often continue into adulthood and significantly reduce future employment prospects and workplace confidence.
Institutional transphobia and lack of recognition of gender diversity within families by educational and social service provider's often results in lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender (LGBT) families receiving discriminatory or inappropriate service provision.
Conference is extremely concerned that the United Kingdom (UK) Government currently fails to recognise the need for protection of children and families from transphobic discrimination and harassment in education service provision.
Conference rejects the UK Government's argument that the current inability of trans children to access medical gender reassignment processes until adulthood makes it unnecessary to provide any legal protection from transphobic discrimination in primary and secondary school education.
Conference believes all types of gender variant children and families deserve legal protection from transphobic discrimination at all levels of education services and that it is essential for the UK Government to include this within its proposed Equality Bill.
Conference is dismayed that, despite the advances within the Equality Bill, the Government's response to consultation on the Bill makes the startling claim that it is unnecessary to include school pupils and education in schools in the protections offered to transgender people. In the face of such ignorance and inhumanity, it is essential that we redouble our efforts to lobby through all channels to ensure the extension of protection to school pupils and education in schools.
Conference is further concerned by the current lack of formal training and guidance on supporting LGBT children and families for workers in the school education sector and also the health and social care sector.
Conference believes that UNISON, being an education and public service union, is well placed to create guidance on supporting LGBT children and families in partnership with other education and public service unions. To create safe LGBT inclusive learning environments for all, it is vital to address issues of gender stereotypes, gender variance and gender identity at primary and secondary school levels.
This conference therefore instructs the National LGBT Committee to:
A.Raise these concerns urgently with the National Executive Council, National Women's Committee, Labour Link and other appropriate sections of UNISON;
B.Seek opportunities to develop, in partnership with other unions, the NHS and transgender equality organisations, guidance and training on gender identity and sexual orientation equality issues for school education workers and health & social care workers;
C.Work with Trades Union Congress, National Union of Students and transgender equality organisations to coordinate lobbying on improving legal protections against transphobic discrimination in education services for gender variant children and families.


text:
There is a phenomenon that when making outgoing call through PSTN trunk on Yeastar S-Series IPPBX and it takes about several seconds before the call is established to the destination number (e.g. Mobile). Is there any way we can improve this? Can we seize the PSTN line more quickly?
General seizing PSTN line method
Creating an outbound route with settings as below, selecting PSTN lines and setting Dial Pattern as "9."' and Strip as "1". Please noted that 9. is an example and the client can set as 8. and others.
1) Dial 9 to seize line, and when you heard the dial tone which will take around 1.7 seconds, and it means Yeastar S-Series IPPB had already seized the PSTN line.
2) Dial the numbers according to your needs.
Improved Seizing PSTN line method
Yeastar S-Series IPPBX can seize the PSTN line immediately and reduce the client waiting time using this method. As the below scenario shown, 501 dial 9 (or dial 9# for faster according to the client needs). Then dial _PHONE_ till you heard the dial tone. More operation please check the below steps.
- Set the outbound route for the last PSTN line.
- Set DISA for the Outbound route "PSTN_outbound".
- Create loop trunk 127.0.0.1, which function is let the outgoing requests back to S series itself.
- Set the outbound route for trunk 127.0.0.1. And please noted that we take 9 to seize PSTN line as an example here.
- Set the inbound route for trunk 127.0.0.1.


text:
Characteristics of SQL
Characteristics of SQL:
* SQL is an ANSI and ISO standard computer language
for creating and manipulating databases.
* SQL allows the user to create, update, delete, and
retrieve data from a database.
*SQL is very simple and easy to learn.
*SQL works with database programs like DB2, Oracle,
MS Access, Sybase, MS SQL Sever etc.


text:
What's the difference if the food is spicy or not?
Earlier, when we discussed the preparation of pareve food in a meat (dairy) pot, we learned that the rules given only apply if the food involved isn't spicy. So what if it is spicy?
Spicy foods change everything and present a whole set of exceptions to the general rules of keeping kosher. Because of the strong flavors involved, spicy foods transfer tastes much more easily than other foods. Here is a brief summary of the rules:
- Spicy foods are treated as hot even when they are cold. Thus a cold raw onion that touches meat is considered to have been cooked with the meat.
- Spicy foods rejuvinate lifgam tastes and can absorb them as if they are fresh.
- Combining these two rules, we see that if you cut an onion with a meat (dairy) knife, the onion becomes meaty (dairy) even if the knife hasn't been used for meat (dairy) within the past 24 hours and even if the knife and onion are cold. (If you cut a food that isn't spicy, we would say that the aino ben yomo knife only has lifgam tastes, and we would also say that the food and knife are cold so no tastes are absorbed.)
- Spicy liquids like strong salt water can transfer tastes into (and out of) their containers in 18 minutes. For plain liquids, this would take 24 hours.
That sounds like I need to have a pareve cutting board and knife just for onions and garlic!
That's one way to deal with the problem of spicy foods. Another way is to always cut them with the correct knife corresponding to how they will be cooked and eaten.
By the way, because of the strong tastes involved, professional chefs keep a separate cutting board and knife for onions and garlic. This both prevents the tastes from contaminating other foods and prevents the tastes of other foods from contaminating the onions and garlic.
OK, so what else is spicy besides onions and garlic? Hot peppers? Lemons? Tomatoes?
L'chatchila, most foods that we commonly call "spicy" are treated as spicy in halacha — onions, garlic, horseradish, ginger, turnips, hot peppers, and more. Lemons are subject to debate as is vinegar. Most tomatoes are not considered spicy, but pickled or sundried tomatoes may be. B'dieved, we can often say that none of these foods are spicy — only chiltis, the exemplary (and unidentified) spicy vegetable brought in the Talmud, holds that distinction. If you have a kashrus issue and spicy foods are involved, consult with your rabbi.
Questions to ponder:


elling creatures such as the squirrel. This is what the humans in Sri Lanka likely did 48,000 years ago.
As well as this, bows and arrows were the weapon of choice for hunting sea mammals, and are still used today in native communities such as the Aleut community.
Those primitive weapons were far from being perfect. Nowadays, the best compound bows are technically so advanced that speeds of up to 360 feet per second are not uncommon.
Bows and arrows are also closely related to hunting weapons such as the harpoon and spear, both of which were (and still are) used to great effect by tribes of people all over the world.
Clearly, when it comes to hunting, it is very difficult to pinpoint an exact date that it began to occur. It is more likely to have been something that developed over time, rather than just a group of hominids waking up one day and becoming skilled hunters.
It is a skill that would have been developed as their psychological and physical capabilities developed.
What Animals Did Early Humans Hunt?
3.What Animals Did Early Humans Hunt
The types of animals we eat today are relatively unvaried, at least in the western world. The main types are poultry, game, red meat (pork and beef), and seafood.
Of course, there are examples of other types of animals being eaten, but these that we have listed are the most common in many areas of the world.
However, our ancient ancestors had very different diets to that of humans today.
They were not feasting on the same types of meat every day, not least of all because they did not breed animals for food.
They were hunters, and so it was really a case of eating whatever they could get a hold of – literally!
The types of animals hunted by early humans are varied, from big to small, from sea creatures to land dwellers – the list could go on. The best way to explore some of these animals is to list them for you.
This will allow you to easily scan the list to see if there are any similarities with the animals you eat.
The list is not exhaustive, and we have tried to only list the animals that have been proven through fossil and bone evidence. However, a simple search will yield even more results and will uncover some surprising ones.
You may even be surprised to find animals you have never even heard of! This is because many of these animals are long extinct
See our list of animals that were hunted by early humans below:
 - Monkeys – macaques and langurs were common
 - Tree squirrels
 - Otters
 - Fish
 - Reptiles (crocodiles are an interesting discovery for this list, in our opinion!)
 - Birds
 - Deer
 - Pigs
 - Buffalo (and other bovine animals)
 - Antelopes
 - Gazelles
 - Wildebeests
 - Hippos
 - Rhinos
 - Boar
 - Elephants (specifically the long extinct straight-tusked elephant)
 - Fallow deer
 - Amphibians
 - Shellfish
This list, as long as it is, is not exhaustive. In fact, there are probably dozens more that could be added. However, these are just some of the animals from the period that it was discovered humans first began to eat meat that has been linked to consumption.
Many of them, for example, elephants, have been found on sites with early human remains, yielding marks on them that suggest humans were hunting them for their meat.
How Did The Humans Butcher The Animals They Killed?
4.How Did The Humans Butcher The Animals They Killed
When it comes to butchering techniques, it is likely that early humans already had a number of skills from when they would scavenge for food.
These skills were what allowed them to crack open the skulls of animals they came across when scavenging in order to access their brains.
Remember, they also were already using stone tools, and so these would have provided them with experience of tool-making and usage.
These skills undoubtedly set the par for hunting and allowed them to develop the skills further to suit their ever-changing needs.
It seems that the skills they used for the acquisition of meat from scavenged prey were very much the same as the skills used for prey that they hunted and killed themselves.
These skills involved the use of sharp tools. For example, tools that had thinner, very sharp edges would have been used to cut away the flesh from a carcass. These sorts of tools may also have been used to get any furs or hides that were on the animal.
In order to break bones or crush the skull, it is likely that they would have used large, heavy stones. These would have allowed them to access organs and the brain which could also be eaten for energy.
They would also have used this method to crush the bones and extract the marrow from inside them.
As their tool-making skills developed, around half a million years ago, we began to see the development of spears and points that would have also been used to kill the animal.
They would have thrown the points at their prey and used the tool as a way of tearing open the flesh (or using other tools specifically for this purpose).
Some of the oldest tools known to us are those found at the Oldowan site at Olduvai Gorge. These tools were early cutting tools and were undoubtedly used for the purpose of cutting the flesh of prey.
In fact, they have been called the earliest 'butchery' tools by experts at Berkley, University of California.
Evolutionary History Of Meat Eating By Humans
5.Evolutionary History Of Meat Eating By Humans
As the consumption of meat became the most common method of eating for humans and the main source of nutrition, so did the other skills that the humans developed.
One major turning point in the evolution of the eating habits of humans is that of finding new ways to eat their meat. By this, of course, we mean the act of cooking!
What do you mean "what were they doing up to now?"? For a very long time, early humans ate their meat raw! In fact, they likely tore it right off the animal, or at least cut off big chunks to tear away at! Gives a whole new meaning to steak tartare and sushi, right?
Cooking meat revolutionized the diets of these early people, and it was one of the most important points in the evolution of humans. Cooking meat made it easier to eat, easier to digest, and was safer for the early humans in terms of consumption.
But when did they start cooking meat? And how did they do it? In this section we will be exploring these questions and examining ancient cooking methods that would have been used by our early hominin ancestors.
When Did Humans Start Cooking Meat?
5.When Did Humans Start Cooking Meat
The turning point that led to the cooking of meat was fire. However, it is uncertain when exactly fire began to be used by these early humans.
There is very little evidence to suggest that fire was used for cooking before the era of Homo erectus, and many experts suggest that even Homo erectus did not utilize fire in this way.
There is certainly much debate over the use of fire for cooking and when it first occurred.
Traditionally, it was thought that using fire for cooking originated around 250,000 B.C.
This is around the time that we have found evidence of the earliest examples of hearths.
However, there has since been a discovery that pushes this date back around one million years. Charred remains of animals have since been found at a site known to have belonged to some of the later Homo erectus hominins.
This has led some scientists and archaeologists to believe that the charred remains are evidence that these hominins were cooking their meat.
Earth ovens
The thing is, it is very difficult to pinpoint an exact date that cooking first began to occur. It is possible that different types of early humans started cooking at different rates, of course.
Some of the best 'solid' evidence we have comes in the form of earth ovens. Earth ovens gave evidence that, around 30,000 years ago, humans began to use more advanced cooking methods that were a step-up from cooking on a fire.
Earth ovens were dug into the ground and laid with stones. These stones were then topped with hot ashes and coal from a fire, allowing the stones to get hot.
Food was then placed on top, and it is theorized that this food was wrapped in leaves to be left to roast over a long period of time. It is also thought that the food was covered with earth whilst it was roasting, perhaps to speed up the process.
Benefits of cooking meat
Earth ovens have been found with remains and bones of animals as big as the mammoth, indicating that hunting was likely to have occured at the same time.
It is also pertinent to note that the act of cooking food in this way was likely to have made the meat much easier to chew and digest as it broke down the tissues of the meat far easier.
Having meat that was easier to digest, as well as being more flavorful (think of these earth ovens as the first type of barbecue) allowed early humans to be able to eat more and take more pleasure from eating, whilst still being able to get the calories they needed to do more hunting, gather firewood and defend themselves if needed against predators and other humans.
It was not long before other methods of cooking started to be used, such as boiling food in hot water and making containers for food.
The first utensils and containers were likely made from animal hides and other perish


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$25.99 - $21.66
(as of Apr 30,2021 02:42:33 UTC – Details)
Rated power: 5w
Power voltage: ac 90 to 220v
Inaudible ultrasonic frequency: 25 to 65khz
Effective coverage area: 800 to 1200 square meters
Package included: 6 packs
Epa establishment number: 95565-CHN-1
Quiet and effective
The ultrasonic pest repeller working with low frequency ultrasound waves, no noise in the room can influence you and your pets. most customers can see the results within 3 to 4 weeks. then we can say goodbye to pests and mice.
The ultrasonic pest repellent is effective up to an area of 1600 sq. it's widely used in homes, warehouses, offices, gardens, hotels, etc. since ultrasound can not penetrate through walls and solid objects, it is recommended to put one in each room. as for large storage areas, we suggest installing 2 or more devices.
A continuous process to repel pest
Week 1: quick impact and run away from shelter
Week 2: non-immune and nervous system damaged
Week 3 to 4: intolerable and flee from home forever
Why choose us
1. No any noise for driving pest.
2. Repelling many kinds of pests continuously and powerfully.
3. Easy to use: just plug in.
4. Pack of 6: one package solve all rooms
1. Keep distance from carpet, curtain and any sound absorption material that may reduce the effect.
2. The number of rodents and insects may increase in the first few days. the pest repellent will drive them
away completely for good about four weeks later.
3. It's normal that the mouse and vermin will increase at the beginning of the using days because they are
getting away from the living place after the attack of the ultrasonic. reduction in pest activity should occur
within 2 to 3 Weeks.
4. Ultrasonic sound can't penetrate furniture, cabinets or walls, keep ample space around the area where it's
plugged in. to increase the effect, you should use several devices at the warehouse or several rooms.
Quiet and less power consumption
It can cover an area of 800 to 1200 square meters
Put one in one room as ultrasonic wave can not penetrate through walls and solid objects
Repelling many kinds of pests continuously and powerfully


Who was Barabbas in the Bible?
Barabbas was a notable prisoner, who was condemned to death by the Roman authorities during the time of Jesus' trial by Pilate. The Jews opted to have him released instead of Jesus, who was condemned to die by crucifixion.
>> Get your free Bible study guide: Does God give second chances?
Barabbas and Jesus
Barabbas had been jailed for sedition and murder. Matthew 27:16 calls him "a notorious prisoner." Mark 15:7 says Barabbas had been part of a rebellion in the city against the Roman authorities. According to the Roman law, he was condemned to die.
Next, contrast Barabbas with Jesus, who the Jewish leaders were determined to have killed, because they were envious of Him. The leaders brought Jesus before Pilate for trial, and even Pilate found Him to be innocent. Both Pilate and His wife referred to Jesus as a "just man" (Matthew 27:18, 19, 27).
Jesus and PilateHowever, there was a custom every Passover that the Jews could choose one prisoner to be set free. Pilate asked the Jewish leaders, "Whom do you want me to release to you? Barabbas, or Jesus who is called Christ?" (Matthew 27:17). He hoped they would choose Jesus. But they chose Barabbas!
With that, Pilate respected their choice and released Barabbas, and sent Jesus to be beaten and then crucified. (See Acts 27:26.)
What does the name Barabbas mean?
In Hebrew, the name Barabbas can be split into two words: bar meaning "son of" and abbas meaning "father". While Barabbas' name literally means "son of the father", Jesus Christ was the true and literal "Son of God the Father."
It is interesting to note that some Bible versions refer to Barabbas as "Jesus Barabbas" in Matthew 27:16,17. Essentially, Pilate was asking the Jewish leaders to choose between Jesus Barabbas or Jesus who is called the Messiah.
According to Matthew 1:21, the name Jesus means "savior". Thus, Jesus Barabbas was trying to be the savior of the Jews by taking part in a physical rebellion against the Roman authorities. On the other hand, Jesus Christ, the true savior, is about to die on the cross spiritually freeing all humanity from the bondage to sin
The character of Barabbas
Barabbas was a robber, murderer and rebel. He had sought to save the Jews through insurrection. In character, Barabbas represented the devil, who was a murderer from the beginning. (See John 8:44.)
In heaven Satan caused sedition and a third of the angels joined him. War broke out in heaven but Satan and his angels did not prevail and they were cast out of heaven. (See Rev 12:1-3, 7-9). He promised the heavenly beings a better kingdom free from the law of God, but Satan's way only ended up leading the angels and mankind into the bondage of sin.
In contrast, Jesus is the Prince of Peace. He does not use coercion to draw people to himself. Jesus' love shown by His death on the cross is what draws humans unto Himself. Unlike Barabbas who was guilty, Jesus was declared just and innocent.
What can we learn from Barabbas?
Barabbas represents all of humanity. We are all guilty of sin, and Romans 6:23 states that, "the wages of sin is death." We cannot save ourselves or find freedom by our own works like Barabbas tried to do. Isaiah 64:4 says that, "Our own righteousness is like filthy rags." We can only depend on Jesus to take away our sins so that we can be released from the penalty of death and find true freedom.
Barabbas saw his need for salvation and freedom from the Romans, but not from sin. He tried to redeem his people by his own ways and in his own strength, but he failed.
Could we be repeating the same mistake, by trying to save ourselves from sin and its effects by our own power?
Just like the Jews were given an opportunity to choose between Jesus and Barabbas, we too have a choice to make—for or against Jesus. Will we choose to find freedom on our own strength or to rely on the power of Jesus, the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world?


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"Fab By Example" Data-Driven Manufacturing Method for DIY Designs at Home
Even as 3D printing is poised to help democratize manufacturing, it's often overlooked that many 3D-printed items are far too complicated for users to digitally design. Now, researchers at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) have developed 'Fab By Example,' the first data-driven method to help people design products, with a growing database of templates that allow users to customize thousands of complex items, such as cabinets, jungle gyms, and go-carts. "When we design things on a computer, the question arises of how to manufacture them in the real world with the necessary physical parts - wood, glass, screws, hinges, bolts, and all," says project lead Adriana Schulz. 'For casual users, creating such a detailed model is not just time-consuming, but it's actually more or less impossible unless you know something about mechanical engineering.' Where previous do-it-yourself design databases have required an advanced degree, or at least expertise in computer-assisted design (CAD) software, the team says that now even someone with simple computer skills can make a own customizable item.


Main Content
Visualize and interactively explore biological sequences
seqviewer opens the Sequence Viewer app.
seqviewer(Seq) loads a sequence Seq into the app, where you can view and interactively explore the sequence.
seqviewer(Seq,Name,Value) opens the app with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.
seqviewer('close') closes the Sequence Viewer app.
Input Arguments
collapse all
Amino acid or nucleotide sequence, specified as:
Name-Value Pair Arguments
Example: 'Alphabet','AA' specifies that the aligned sequences are amino acid sequences.
Type of aligned sequences, specified as 'AA' for amino acid sequences or 'NT' for nucleotide sequences.
Example: 'Alphabet','AA'
collapse all
Retrieve a sequence from the GenBank® database.
S = getgenbank('M10051');
Load the sequence into the Sequence Viewer app.
Alternatively, you can click Sequence Viewer on the Apps tab to open the app, and view the biological sequence S.
Close the app.
Introduced before R2006a


The Effect of Sample Size on Mean & Median
When interpreting data from this experiment, scientists must consider sample size.
-•• genetic experiment image by NiDerLander from
Sample size is an important consideration in an experiment's design. A sample size that is too small will skew the results of an experiment; data collected may be invalid due to the small number of people or objects tested. Sample size has an effect on two important statistics: the mean and the median.
Sample Size and Experimental Design
Most experiments are run by comparing how two groups of people or objects react to a variable. Everything other than the variable is kept the same in order to avoid confusion when interpreting results. The number of people or objects in each group is known as the sample size. The sample size must be large enough to defeat the possibility that results occur due to random chance factors rather than to the manipulated variable. For example, a study of how being read to at night affects children's ability to learn to read would not be valid if only five children were studied.
Mean and Median
After the experiment is over, scientists use statistics to help them interpret the results of the experiment. Two important statistics are the mean and the median.
The mean, the average value, is calculated by adding all the results for a group and dividing by the number of people in the group. For example, if the average test score on a reading test for a group of children was 94 percent, this means that the scientist added all the test scores together and divided by the number of students, yielding an answer of approximately 94 percent.
The median refers to the number separating the higher half of the data from the lower half. It is found by arranging the data in numerical order. For example, the median score of all students taking a reading test could be 83 percent if half the students scored higher than 83 percent and half the students scored lower.
Mean and Sample Size
If the sample size is too small, the mean scores will be artificially inflated or deflated. Suppose only five students took a reading test. An average score of 94 percent would require most of those students to have scored near 94 percent. If 500 students took the same test, the mean could reflect a wider variety of scores.
Median and Sample Size
Similarly, the median scores will be unduly influenced by a small sample size. If only five students took a test, a median score of 83 percent would mean that two students scored higher than 83 percent and two students scored lower. If 500 students took the test, the median score would reflect the fact that 249 students scored higher than the median score.
Sample Size and Statistical Significance
Small sample sizes are problematic because the results of experiments involving them are not usually statistically significant. Statistical significance is a measurement of how likely it is that results occurred by random chance. With small sample sizes, it is generally extremely likely that results were due to random chance rather than to the experiment.
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Definition of Mean, Median & Mode
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text:
a programme established by the US government in 1947 to give economic help to Europe after World War II. It was named after George C. Marshall, who was the US Secretary of State. Thousands of millions of dollars were provided for rebuilding cities, roads, industries etc
Definition from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
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Rules-based automation and artificial intelligence have expanded the horizons for business processes and continue to alter them. However, taking a step towards chat automation is overall more difficult to achieve because of the real-time nature of chat messages.
However, introducing message automation to your customer chats provides much-needed relief to customer service representatives and reduces the overall cost of your customer service operation. It will allow your customer support staff to take more time to solve issues with higher complexity that require empathy and/or technical experience.
As with any endeavor that has high potential cost savings, the process of message automation is not one that you can just flick on and off like a light switch. It is a process of trial, error, and optimization. It is essential to go through this process because it is easy to disappoint a user or a customer in the real-time messaging environment.
We've developed five necessary steps to follow. To follow these five steps you'll need:
- A Rocketbots Account
- A connected messaging app channel
- Customers or users who'll chat with you in the messaging app channel
The steps are:
- Evaluate Your Customer Conversations
- Identify Patterns
- Experiment With A Light Onboarding Automation
- Train Your Smart Replies To Answer Your FAQs
- Analyze, Optimize & Implement
1. Evaluate Your Customer Conversations
The first step to message automation is understanding the chats your customer service representatives and salespeople are having with your customers or users.
The goal of this step is to get a vague idea of the potential pay off you can achieve by automating some conversations.
For the initial research, ask the business development team, sales department, and customer representatives for anecdotal data. You'll be surprised how bothered employees can be about repetitive messaging.
Record the answers employee's give to these three critical questions:
- What are the most common first message or messages that they receive in the chat? We'll call these onboarding messages.
- What are the most common problems your customer support team responds to for customers or users that your company has already chatted with? We'll call these Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).
- How often are the responses given for either onboarding messages or FAQs exactly the same?
At this stage, you'll have a pretty good idea of which topics you should conduct more research about by looking at past chat conversations. If your staff say they don't experience any repetitive conversations, you may not benefit from message automation just yet.
2. Identify Patterns
The second step to practical chat automation involves finding parts of conversations that you can automate using chat automation rules (for Onboarding Messages) or AI (for FAQs). To do so, find sample chats of onboarding messages & FAQs that you learned about from your team in Step 1.
The best way to find samples of onboarding messages and FAQs is to look directly at chats. You may try to go through emails to find this information, but email conversations will not be useful because the way people write in a real-time chat is vastly different to email.
If you've got live chat set up on your website, checking those conversations is an excellent place to start. If you have messaging app business accounts set up already, you'll be able to find records of your chats in the following places:
- Facebook: all conversations are recorded in Facebook Inbox
- WhatsApp: all conversations are recorded on the WhatsApp Business App
- WeChat: all conversations are recorded on the WeChat Official Accounts Platform
- Line: all conversations are recorded in the [email protected] 1 to 1 chat app
Once you've got about 10 to 20 examples of chat conversations for each onboarding message & FAQ you'd like to automate you're ready for the next step.
3. Experiment With A Light Onboarding Automation
For most businesses, we see a few questions or topics that are so prevalent that it's best to preempt it for all new contacts (subscribers).
An onboarding automation helps to welcome new contacts into the conversation. It can be a message to educate a contact about an issue or a question that the contact can answer that lets you help them faster.
When choosing what kind of message to send or question to ask with your first onboarding automation consider the chat automation matrix below.
Make sure to start automating messages where you have a high probability of being right and a low cost of being wrong.
Our first experiment was just one simple question. What language do you prefer to chat in English, Spanish or Chinese? It's very easy to make a simple onboarding automation like this for your own company.
1. Navigate to Settings > Add Field and create a field with the contacts preferred language.
2. Navigate to Surveys > Add Survey and create a survey to ask a contact their preferred language.
3. Navigate to Automation > Add Rule and Create a Rule that sends the survey to the contact when they start the conversation.
4. Navigate to Automation > Add Rule and create a rule that assigns the contact to one of your Rocketbots platform users depending on the language they choose.
That's it. You've created your first automation.
A word of caution, we tried our first experiments with onboarding automations in a closed environment that didn't include our real users. However, we quickly learned this method wasted our teams time (they were the testers) and usually didn't reflect on what actually happened in the real world. Experiment with very light automation first, like the one we described above and test it on your real contacts.
If you're ready for something more complex, we've created also created a guide to complex onboarding automations.
Now that you've done something to automation contact onboarding, let's take care of FAQs.
4. Train Your Smart Replies To Answer Your FAQs
Once you've gone through your chat logs and have a good idea what your frequently asked questions are, you'll need to make canned responses. Canned responses are just standardized responses that make answer common simple questions.
Remember, your canned responses should not cover every case or version of the question, just the most common ones.
In our case, the most common questions are about connecting channels. People will ask, how can I connect WhatsApp to your platform? How can I connect Line to your platform?
The answers we give to these questions are quite simple. We point them to the documentation. Getting smart replies to start answering your FAQs is easy.
1. Add your canned response to Smart Replies by using it. Rocketbots remembers the responses you use and offers them up as smart replies, when a similar question comes up.
2. Train Smart Replies by answering questions using the same Smart Reply every time. It's crucial to use the exact same response, this will train Smart Replies much faster. As you type in the input bar, you will also search through Smart Replies, making it easy to use the exact same one.
3. Keep using the Smart Reply even when it comes up as the top result. By continuously using the same Smart Reply you will raise this responses confidence level to above 90%. Once this happens, you can set Smart Replies to send automatically.
4. Activate automated smart replies when you're ready. We recommend starting at 90% confidence.
That's it. Now that you've trained one Smart Reply, just repeat the process for common questions and soon enough you'll have 20% to 50% of your FAQs answered automatically.
5. Analyze, Optimize & Implement
Nobody expects you to get it right the first time. Chat automation is a trial and error process that requires organizations to test better variants of their answers repeatedly and analyze consumer feedback to automated chats to improve their design.
The key to a successful chat automation system is the ability of the organization to record, evaluate, and improve, based on their findings.


Advanced Cognitive Psychology
This module surveys recent advances in cognitive psychology and is targeted at graduate students and advanced undergraduates who have an interest in cognitive science. Students will be introduced to the foundations and basic philosophy behind contemporary approaches to cognition such as the symbolic, connectionist, ecological, dynamic, and embodied movements. We will examine the applications of these approaches to recent research in selected topics from the areas of perception, memory, language, creativity, consciousness, and intelligent behaviour. Prior exposure to cognitive psychology at the undergraduate level is required.
Modular Credits: 4
Workload: 0-3-0-4-3
Pre-requisite(s): PL3233 or consent of instructor
Preclusion(s): Nil
Cross-listing(s): Nil
Workload Components: A-B-C-D-E
A: no. of lecture hours per week
B: no. of tutorial/seminar hours per week
C: no. of lab hours per week