Aug 032015
Montessori Lesson
Practical Life
3.5 to 5 years
2 glass vases.
Jug to fill vase.
Plastic work mat
Paper towel
Drying cloth
Secateurs or small pair of scissors.
Basket for collecting the flowers.
To pick flowers.
Fine motor skills
Developing concentration
To care for the environment
Strengthen muscles in the arms and sequencing
Reasoning skills.
 1. Invite the child to begin the Work Cycle.
 2. Take the basket and pair of scissors outside.
 3. Show the child how to choose a suitable flower.
 4. Hold the plant just below the flower with your left hand and with your right hand show the child how to trace down the stem of the flower.
 5. Move your left hand down to meet your right hand and exchange hands.
 6. Pick the scissors up in your right hand and snip the plant just below the position of your hand.
 7. Place this into the basket and return indoors.
 1. Lay out the plastic mat on the table and place the vase on it.
 2. Ask the child to fetch some water in the jug indicating the water mark.
 3. Show the child how to pour the water into the vase leaving a little space in the top for displacement once the flowers are added.
 4. Use the drip cloth to catch any water droplets on the jug.
 5. Pick the flower up in your right hand and hold it against the side of the vase.
 6. Show the child how to measure the flower for size and to trim the flower should it be too long.
 7. Show him how to place the cut stems into the paper towel, which will later be discarded.
 8. Run your hand down the stem of the flower taking off any excess foliage.
 9. Add this into the paper towel.
 10. Place the flower into the vase and admire it.
 11. Place the vase on a table where there will be no danger of the plant being knocked over.
 12. Return all the materials to the tray.
 13. Show the child how to fold the paper towel so that the foliage does not fall out, and show him how to dispose of it.
 14. Fetch a clean square of paper towel. Fold it twice, and place it on the tray together with the other materials.
 15. Invite the child to have a turn.
If the child has poured too much water into the vase, the water will spill when he carries the vase.
If the child has cut the flower too short, it will not touch the water once it is placed into the vase.
Show the child how to collect and cut vegetables from the garden.Show the child how to trim flowers or bushes, of their dead leaves.
Cutting different types of flowers including wearing gloves for rose bush cutting.
 One Response to "Montessori Cutting Flowers Lesson Activity"
 1. verry good covered all the activities
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Claire Mixon
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ai spelling words in ABC order
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text:
Numerical modeling of a wave energy converter based on U-shaped interior oscillating water column
- Fonseca Nuno, Pessoa João
- APPLIED OCEAN RESEARCH SCI(E) SCOPUS
- Elsevier in 2013
- Cited Count
The paper presents a concept of a wave energy converter and the numerical model to calculate the hydrodynamic responses in waves and the power produced by the power take off system. The system consists of an asymmetric floater with an interior U-tank partially filled with water and two lateral air chambers connected by a duct. The motion of the U-shaped oscillating water column, mainly induced by the rolling of the floater, forces the air through the duct where a Wells turbine is installed to absorb the wave energy.
1.Ocean wind and wave energy utilization. Committee V.4.(2009) Nielsen FG et al.
2.Numerical modelling and assessment of the UGEN floating wave energy converter.(2010) Fonseca N et al.
3.Model tests of a wave energy converter based on water oscillating in a U tank. 12 Jorunées de l'Hydrodynamique. 1719(2010) Fonseca N et al.
4.The oscillating water column wave energy device. Journal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 22. 423433(1978) Evans DV
5.Wave power absorption by systems of oscillating surface pressure distributions. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 114. 481499(1982) Evans DV
6.Wave generation by an oscillating surface-pressure and its application in wave energy extraction. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. Vol. 150. 467485(1985) Sarmento AJNA et al.
7.Surface wave interactions with systems of oscillating bodies and pressure distributions. Applied Ocean Research. Vol. 7. 225234(1985) Falnes J et al.
8.Hydrodynamic characteristics of an oscillating water column device. Applied Ocean Research. Vol. 17. 155164(1985) Evans DV et al.
9.Linear modelling of oscillating water columns including viscous loss(1996) Brendmo, A. et al. APPLIED OCEAN RESEARCHCivil Engineering cited 10 times
10.3D hydrodynamic modelling of fixed oscillating water column wave power plant by a boundary element methods. Ocean Engineering. Vol. 30. 309330(2003) Delauré YMC et al.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


lapsus memoriae (a slip of the memory)
I've always been facinated with stories involving false or questionable memories. Movies like Total Recall and Memento used memory as a critical element of their story lines. That's why I found this article on so interesting.
Researchers found that planting false memories, in this case hugging Bugs Bunny on a vacation to Disneyland, was much easier than expected.
More than a third of subjects in the study recalled that theme-park moment -- impossible because Bugs is not a Disney character -- after a researcher planted the false memory.
The report goes on to say how easy it can be to plant false memories in a subject. Using tactile senses such as touch, taste, sound and smell are the key. Aside from the facinating stories that can come from this are the real life implications. For years police departments have been scandalized about false confessions. Could it be that in some cases the interviewer unwittingly planted a false memory in a suspect? No one knows for sure, but the possibilities are a little frightening
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Average Weather Data for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Monthly Averages
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Average Monthly high in °F: 40° 44° 53° 64° 74° 83° 87° 85° 78° 67° 56° 45°
Average Monthly low in °F: 26° 28° 34° 44° 54° 64° 69° 68° 60° 48° 39° 30°
Yearly Averages
What's The Average High Temp in Philadelphia? 64.7 °F
What's the Average Low in Philadelphia? 47 °F
What's the Average Temperature in Philadelphia? 55.85 °F
How Many Inches of Rain per year does Philadelphia get? 41.45 inches
How Many Rainy Days a year are there in Philadelphia? N/A
How Much Sunshine each year is there in Philadelphia (in hours)? N/A
How much, if any, snow falls each year in Philadelphia? 23 inches
Philadelphia Temperature and Rain Graphs
Average high in °F
Average low in °F
Average precipitation in inches


'magit-create-branch-command-hook 'foo-create-branch)
_USER_ example
The function _USER_{foo-create-branch} will be called each time an
attempt is made to create a branch, and can, for example, react to
a certain name convention.
Define new commands and associated menu.
This part is not really specific to extensions, except that menus take
place in the ''Extensions'' submenu.
_USER_ itemize
It is suggested that Magit extensions authors stick to the convention of
making extensions minor modes. This has many advantages, including the
fact that users are able to toggle extensions, and that it's easy to
configure a specific set of extensions for a given repository.
Shipped extensions can serve as an example of how to develop
new extensions.
Basically a _USER_{foo} extension should provide a _USER_{magit-foo-mode}
minor mode, as well as a _USER_{turn-on-magit-foo} function. The main
task of the minor mode is to register/unregister the various hooks that
the extension requires. The registered actions on the other hand can be
left alone and activated globally, since they can be run only on
displayed items, which won't happen when the minor mode is off.
Don't forget to call _USER_{magit-refresh} when the minor mode is toggled
interactively, so that the relevant sections can be shown or hidden.
_USER_ Using Git Directly
_USER_ Using Git Directly
For situations when Magit doesn't do everything you need, you can run
raw Git commands using _USER_{:}. This will prompt for a Git command, run
it, and refresh the status buffer. The output can be viewed by typing
_USER_ Customization
_USER_ Customization
The following variables can be used to adapt Magit to your workflow:
_USER_ _USER_
_USER_ magit-git-executable
The name of the Git executable.
_USER_ magit-git-standard-options
Standard options when running Git.
_USER_ magit-repo-dirs
Directories containing Git repositories.
Magit will look into these directories for Git repositories and offer
them as choices for _USER_{magit-status}.
_USER_ magit-repo-dirs-depth
The maximum depth to look for Git repos.
When looking for a Git repository below the directories in
_USER_{magit-repo-dirs}, Magit will only descend this many levels deep.
_USER_ magit-save-some-buffers
Non-nil means that _USER_{magit-status} will save modified buffers
before running. Setting this to _USER_{t} will ask which buffers to
save, setting it to _USER_{'dontask} will save all modified buffers
without asking.
_USER_ magit-save-some-buffers-predicate
Specifies a predicate function on _USER_{magit-save-some-buffers} to
determine which unsaved buffers should be prompted for saving.
_USER_ magit-commit-all-when-nothing-staged
Determines what _USER_{magit-log-edit} does when nothing is staged.
Setting this to _USER_{nil} will make it do nothing, setting it to
_USER_{t} will arrange things so that the actual commit command will
use the _USER_{--all} option, setting it to _USER_{'ask} will first ask
for confirmation whether to do this, and setting it to
_USER_{'ask-stage} will cause all changes to be staged, after a
_USER_ magit-commit-signoff
When performing _USER_{git commit} adds _USER_{--signoff}.
_USER_ magit-log-cutoff-length
The maximum number of commits to show in the _USER_{log} and
_USER_{whazzup} buffers.
_USER_ magit-log-infinite-length
Number of log used to show as maximum for
_USER_ magit-log-auto-more
Insert more log entries automatically when moving past the last entry.
Only considered when moving past the last entry with _USER_{magit-goto-next-section}.
_USER_ magit-process-popup-time
Popup the process buffer if a command takes longer than this many
_USER_ magit-revert-item-confirm
Require acknowledgment before reverting an item.
_USER_ magit-log-edit-confirm-cancellation
Require acknowledgment before canceling the log edit buffer.
_USER_ magit-remote-ref-format
What format to use for autocompleting refs, in pariticular for
Autocompletion is used by functions like _USER_{magit-checkout},
_USER_{magit-interactive-rebase} and others which offer branch name
The value _USER_{'name-then-remote} means remotes will be of the form
_USER_{name (remote)}, while the value _USER_{'remote-slash-name} means
that they'll be of the form _USER_{remote/name}. I.e. something that's
listed as _USER_{remotes/upstream/next} by _USER_{git branch -l -a} will
be _USER_{upstream/next}.
_USER_ magit-process-connection-type
Connection type used for the git process.
_USER_{nil} mean pipe, it is usually faster and more efficient, and
work on cygwin. _USER_{t} mean pty, it enable magit to prompt for
passphrase when needed.
_USER_ magit-completing-read-function
Function to be called when requesting input from the user.
_USER_ magit-create-branch-behaviour
Where magit will create a new branch if not supplied a branchname or
The value _USER_{'at-head} means a new branch will be created at the
tip of your current branch, while the value _USER_{'at-point} means
magit will try to find a valid reference at point...
_USER_ magit-status-buffer-switch-function
Function for _USER_{magit-status} to use for switching to the status
The function is given one argument, the status buffer.
_USER_ magit-rewrite-inclusive
Whether magit includes the selected base commit in a rewrite
_USER_{t} means both the selected commit as well as any subsequent
commits will be rewritten. This is magit's default behaviour,
equivalent to _USER_{git rebase -i $@{REV~1@}}
_USER_ verbatim
_USER_{nil} means the selected commit will be literally used as
_USER_{base}, so only subsequent commits will be rewritten. This is
consistent with git-rebase, equivalent to _USER_{git rebase -i
$@{REV@}}, yet more cumbersome to use from the status buffer.
_USER_ verbatim
_USER_ magit-topgit-executable
The name of the TopGit executable.
_USER_ magit-topgit-branch-prefix
Convention prefix for topic branch creation.
_USER_ table
_USER_ Frequently Asked Questions
_USER_ Frequently Asked Questions
* FAQ - Changes::
* FAQ 1 - Troubleshooting::
* FAQ 2 - Display issues::
_USER_ menu
_USER_ FAQ - Changes
_USER_ Changes
_USER_ _USER_
v1.1: Changed the way extensions work. Previously, they were enabled
unconditionally once the library was loaded. Now they are minor modes
that need to be activated explicitly (potentially on a per-repository
basis). See _USER_{Activating extensions}.
_USER_ itemize
_USER_ FAQ 1 - Troubleshooting
_USER_ Troubleshooting
* FAQ 1-1:: How do I get raw error messages from git?
_USER_ menu
_USER_ FAQ 1-1
_USER_ Question 1.1
How do I get raw error messages from git?
_USER_ Answer
If a command goes wrong, you can hit _USER_{$} to access the git process
buffer. There, the entire trace for the latest operation is available.
_USER_ FAQ 2 - Display issues
_USER_ Display issues
* FAQ 2-1:: How do I fix international characters display?
_USER_ menu
_USER_ FAQ 2-1
_USER_ Question 2.1
How do I fix international characters display?
_USER_ Answer
Please make sure your Magit buffer uses a compatible coding system.
In the particular case of file names, git itself quotes them by
default. You can disable this with one of the following approaches:
$ git config core.quotepath false
_USER_ example
(setq magit-git-standard-options (append magit-git-standard-options
'("-c" "core.quotepath=false")))
_USER_ example
The latter might not work in old versions of git.
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The mask who wasn't there
Does a visual mask need to be perceptually present to disrupt processing? In this research, we proposed to explore the link between perceptual and memory mechanisms by demonstrating that a typical sensory phenomenon (visual masking) can be replicated at a memory level. Experiment 1 highlighted an interference effect of a visual mask on the categorization of auditory targets and confirmed the multimodal nature of knowledge. In Experiment 2, we proposed to reactivate this mask in a categorization task on visual targets. Results showed that the sensory mask has disrupted (slower reaction times) the processing of the targets whether the mask was perceptually present or reactivated in memory. These results support a sensory-based conception of memory processing and suggest that the difference between perceptual processes and memory processes is characterized by the presence (perception) or the absence (memory) of the sensory properties involved in the activity.
Rey, A.E., Riou, B., Muller, D., Dabic, S., & Versace, R. (2015). The mask who wasn't there: Visual masking effect with the perceptual absence of the mask. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 567-573. (pdf)


text:
- 1 How do I adopt a baby in Georgia?
- 2 Is it hard to adopt a baby in Georgia?
- 3 How long does it take to adopt in GA?
- 4 Why is adoption so expensive?
- 5 Can you adopt newborns?
- 6 Is adopting a baby hard?
- 7 How long do you have to be married to adopt in Georgia?
- 8 What is the quickest way to adopt a child?
- 9 Do you get a monthly check when you adopt a child?
- 10 Why is adopting a child so difficult?
- 11 How long does it take to adopt a newborn?
- 12 Is it cheaper to adopt from foster care?
How do I adopt a baby in Georgia?
Process for Families Adopting an Infant in Georgia
- Step 1: Determine what type of adoption you desire.
- Step 2: Choose an adoption professional wisely.
- Step 3: Create your adoptive family profile and complete your home study.
- Step 4: Patiently Waiting and Meeting Potential Birth Mother/s.
- Step 5: Post-Placement Contact.
Is it hard to adopt a baby in Georgia?
Becoming a foster or adoptive parent is not a complicated process. You have already taken the first and most challenging step by seeking information about making a child a part of your family.
How long does it take to adopt in GA?
Uncontested adoptions, where the rights of the parents have been surrendered or terminated, move through the Georgia courts quickly, and it is not unusual to finalize the adoption within 30-45 days from the filing of the petition for adoption, and in some case earlier.
Why is adoption so expensive?
The reason that infant, embryo, and international adoption is so expensive is that (unlike foster care), the cost is not paid for by tax payers. In addition, adoption is expensive because several costs are incurred along the way. The agency must cover its own expenses of staff and other overhead.
Can you adopt newborns?
Dually authorised carers may adopt a child in NSW where the Children's Court has determined the child cannot live with their family.
Is adopting a baby hard?
Adoption is so much more difficult and complicated than people think it is. Domestic infant adoption is actually rather rare, with only roughly 10 percent of hopeful parents being placed with a baby. The wait is often long and full of disappointment and heartbreak. Even after adopting a baby, adoption is hard.
How long do you have to be married to adopt in Georgia?
In the traditional adoption program, American Adoptions requires that adoptive parents be married for a minimum of two years, have no more than two children already, and be between the ages of 25 and 50. However, exceptions can and have been made.
What is the quickest way to adopt a child?
The easiest way to adopt child, and do it quickly is private placement adoption with lawyer though it can be costly. The other way is foster a child and let the agency now that is giving you the foster child you are looking to foster a child to adopt.
Do you get a monthly check when you adopt a child?
As a foster parent, you will receive a check each month to cover the cost of caring for the child, and the child will also receive medical assistance. If you adopt that child, you will continue to receive financial and medical assistance. Remember that for a U.S. waiting child you should not be asked to pay high fees.
Why is adopting a child so difficult?
Adopting babies out of the foster care system is typically difficult, because of a high demand, and children in the foster care system often have very specific emotional and physical needs that some families may not feel equipped to handle. There's always a way to adopt if that's what you're determined to do.
How long does it take to adopt a newborn?
Adopting a foster child can take 6 to 18 months. Adopting a newborn can take 2 to 7 years. International adoptions can take six or more years. Being flexible in your requirements for a child can decrease the time required.
Is it cheaper to adopt from foster care?
Adopting a child from foster care is often funded by the state, and in most cases there are few or no fees. According to Child Welfare Information Gateway, working with a private agency to adopt a healthy newborn or baby or to adopt from another country can cost $5,000 to $40,000.


Vitis labrusca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Vitis labrusca
A young Concord grapevine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Vitales
Family: Vitaceae
Genus: Vitis
Species: V. labrusca
Binomial name
Vitis labrusca
Vitis labrusca (fox grape) is a species of grapevines belonging to the Vitis genus in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The vines are native to eastern North America and are the source of many grape cultivars, including Catawba and Concord grapes, and many hybrid grape varieties such as Agawam, Alexander and Onaka. Among the characteristics of this vine species in contrast to the European wine grape Vitis vinifera are its "slip-skin" that allows the skin of the grape berries to easily slip off when squeezed, instead of crushing the pulp, and the presence of tendrils on every node of the cane. Another contrast with European vinifera is the characteristic "foxy" musk of V. labrusca, best known to most people through the Concord grape.[1] This musk is not related to the fox animal, but rather the earthy, redolent aromas characteristics of the grapes that were known by early American settlers to the New World. The term "foxy" became a sort of catchall for the wine tasting descriptors used for these American wines that were distinct from the familiar flavors of the European vinifera based wines.[2]
Concord grapes.
According to wine historian Edward Hyams and wine expert Jancis Robinson, Vitis labrusca was likely the species spotted by Leif Ericsson growing wild along the coast of Vinland in the 11th century. There is ample evidence that the labrusca was growing wild in North America centuries before the Europeans discovered the continent. However, the vine was not officially identified and recorded until Carl Linnaeus and his peers started cataloging American vine species in the mid 18th century. In the 19th century, Vitis labrusca was among the American vines transported to Europe that were carrying the phylloxera louse which would cause widespread devastation to the European vineyards planted with Vitis vinifera.[3]
Also in the 19th century, Ephraim Bull of Concord, Massachusetts, cultivated seeds from wild labrusca vines to create the Concord grape which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.[3]
Vine characteristics[edit]
The majority of Vitis labrusca grape varieties are red (though white varieties such as Niagara and "pink-skinned" varieties such as Catawba exist), with dark colored berries high in phenolic compounds that produced strongly flavored wines. As the berries near harvest and become fully ripe, they separate easily from the pedicel (berry stem). If the berry is squeezed gently between two fingers, the thick skin will slip easily off leaving the pulp intact as a ball. This trait gives Vitis labrusca the name of "slip skin" grapes. Another trait of labrusca that aids ampelographers in identification of vines and hybrid varieties descended from the species is the large, thick leaves of the vines that have a hairy underside with dense brown or white hairs.[1]
Like many other American vine species, Vitis labrusca has some natural resistance to many grape diseases, including phylloxera. However, its resistance and grafting compatibility is not as high as other species, such as Vitis aestivalis, Vitis rupestris and Vitis berlandieri, and is not often used for commercial rootstock.[1]
Wine regions[edit]
Botanical features of Vitis labrusca.
Vitis labrusca can be found along the eastern seaboard of North America from Nova Scotia down to Georgia and westward to the Mississippi river. Among the Canadian wine regions and American Viticultural Areas (AVA)s that produce wine from labrusca or hybrids derived from labrusca include Ontario, Upper Mississippi Valley, Mississippi Delta, Ohio River Valley, Southeastern New England, Lake Erie as well as several AVAs in the states of New York, Virginia, Ohio and Michigan.[4]
Unlike vinifera, hybrids and Vitis labrusca varieties can better withstand the severe continental conditions of eastern North America with severely cold winters and hot, humid summers. (However, labrusca doesn't do quite as well as varieties like Vitis rotundifolia in the humidity of southeastern US). In fact, in areas of the United States where vinifera does flourish in the west, the conditions during the growing season are often too arid for labrusca vines.[4]
"Foxy" musk[edit]
According to University of California, Davis viticulture expert A. J. Winkler, outside of the vinifera Muscat family of grapes, Vitis labrusca varieties have the most pronounced aromas among wine grape varieties. The description of "foxy" doesn't have anything to do with actual animal, but rather serves as a catch-all term to describe the unique, earthy and sweet muskiness that is best epitomized by fresh Concord grapes though some of the "sweet muskiness" can be perceived in grape juice made from Concord and other labrusca varieties like Niagara. In the 1920s, scientists were able to isolate the aroma compound responsible for the "foxy" musk as methyl anthranilate.[4]
Notable varieties[edit]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b c J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 19-20 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
 2. ^ B. Ramey The Great Wine Grapes Concord, Catawaba and Delaware entries (no page numbers in book) University of California-Davis, 1977 ASIN B0006CZP4S
 3. ^ a b J. Robinson Vines, Grapes & Wines pg 8, 18, 228 Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 1-85732-999-6
 4. ^ a b c Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliere WM and Lider LA General Viticulture (2nd ed.) pg 17-20, 59, 166-167 University of California Press. 1974 ISBN 0-520-02591-1.
External links[edit]


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ID2D1RenderTarget::EndDraw method
Ends drawing operations on the render target and indicates the current error state and associated tags.
virtual HRESULT EndDraw(
 [out, optional] D2D1_TAG *tag1 = NULL,
 [out, optional] D2D1_TAG *tag2 = NULL
) = 0;
tag1 [out, optional]
Type: D2D1_TAG*
When this method returns, contains the tag for drawing operations that caused errors or 0 if there were no errors. This parameter is passed uninitialized.
tag2 [out, optional]
Type: D2D1_TAG*
Return value
If the method succeeds, it returns S_OK. Otherwise, it returns an HRESULT error code and sets tag1 and tag2 to the tags that were active when the error occurred.
Drawing operations can only be issued between a BeginDraw and EndDraw call.
BeginDraw and EndDraw are use to indicate that a render target is in use by the Direct2D system. Different implementations of ID2D1RenderTarget might behave differently when BeginDraw is called. An ID2D1BitmapRenderTarget may be locked between BeginDraw/EndDraw calls, a DXGI surface render target might be acquired on BeginDraw and released on EndDraw, while an ID2D1HwndRenderTarget may begin batching at BeginDraw and may present on EndDraw, for example.
The BeginDraw method must be called before rendering operations can be called, though state-setting and state-retrieval operations can be performed even outside of BeginDraw/EndDraw.
After BeginDraw is called, a render target will normally build up a batch of rendering commands, but defer processing of these commands until either an internal buffer is full, the Flush method is called, or until EndDraw is called. The EndDraw method causes any batched drawing operations to complete, and then returns an HRESULT indicating the success of the operations and, optionally, the tag state of the render target at the time the error occurred. The EndDraw method always succeeds: it should not be called twice even if a previous EndDraw resulted in a failing HRESULT.
If EndDraw is called without a matched call to BeginDraw, it returns an error indicating that BeginDraw must be called before EndDraw. Calling BeginDraw twice on a render target puts the target into an error state where nothing further is drawn, and returns an appropriate HRESULT and error information when EndDraw is called.
The following example uses an ID2D1HwndRenderTarget to draw text to a window. For the complete example, see the "Hello, World" Sample Application.
// Called whenever the application needs to display the client
// window. This method writes "Hello, World"
// Note that this function will automatically discard device-specific
// resources if the Direct3D device disappears during function
// invocation, and will recreate the resources the next time it's
// invoked.
HRESULT DemoApp::OnRender()
 HRESULT hr;
 hr = CreateDeviceResources();
 if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
 static const WCHAR sc_helloWorld[] = L"Hello, World!";
 // Retrieve the size of the render target.
 D2D1_SIZE_F renderTargetSize = m_pRenderTarget->GetSize();
 ARRAYSIZE(sc_helloWorld) - 1,
 D2D1::RectF(0, 0, renderTargetSize.width, renderTargetSize.height),
 hr = m_pRenderTarget->EndDraw();
 if (hr == D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)
 hr = S_OK;
 return hr;
Minimum supported client
Windows 7, Windows Vista with SP2 and Platform Update for Windows Vista [desktop apps | Windows Store apps]
Minimum supported server
Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008 with SP2 and Platform Update for Windows Server 2008 [desktop apps | Windows Store apps]
See also


text:
|Photo: Frank Burbrink©2007|
Features: The Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) is a medium-sized salamander that can grow to about 10 cm in length. Adults are brownish and can have a widely variable coloration pattern. Usually, it has a light stripe down the back, with a row of dark spots on the centre and flanked by dark pigments. As in all members of the genus, the hind legs are larger and stouter than the front legs. This species belongs to the "lungless salamander" family (Plethodontidae), and adults must keep their skin moist to breathe. It is a somewhat terrestrial salamander that can be found under stones, logs, and bark near springs, streams and other areas where the ground is saturated with water.
Status: Endangered Provincially, Threatened Nationally
Range: The Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander is an Appalachian species that ranges from New York south to northern Georgia and Alabama. In Canada, it was known from only two localities in Quebec, but recently it has been discovered on the escarpment of the Niagara Gorge in Ontario.
Threats: The Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander is at the edge of its range in Ontario and was likely never common or widespread here. Its proximity to a relatively large urban centre (Niagara Falls) means that human activity could be a threat. In particular, pollution of the streams or reduction in water flow as a result of water extraction could be significant threats.
Protection: Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007 protects the Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander from being killed, harmed, or possessed. Salamanders are protected on Niagara Parks Commission property under the Niagara Parks Act, which makes it illegal to hunt,trap, or molest any animal without a government permit. A Dusky Salamander Recovery Team has been established to develop a strategy for the recovery of this species and the related Northern Dusky Salamander (D. fuscus).
Text Sources: Conant and Collins 1998
Last Modified Date: October 2008
| This page has been produced in partnership between the
Royal Ontario Museum and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
|About the Species at Risk Module :: Glossary||Please send your comments to _EMAIL_|
|Royal Ontario Museum|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


_USER_ {50881, title = {A dynamic cone penetrometer for measuring soil penetration resistance}, journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal}, volume = {66}, number = {4}, year = {2002}, month = {July 1, 2002}, pages = {_PHONE_}, abstract = {
Recognition of the importance of soil compaction is increasing, but instrument cost, measurement repeatability and data interpretation limit its measurement on agricultural and rangelands. The dynamic penetrometer described here follows ASAE standards but replaces the proving ring with a strike plate, a shaft extension and a sliding hammer. The penetrometer cone eis pushed into the soil by successive hammer blows. Penetration resistance is calculated as the work by the soil needed to stop cone movement divided by the penetration distance. The work by the soil is defined as the kinetic energy of the hammer when it impacts the strike plate. Construction cost is approximately US$100. The standard drop height and hammer mass ensure measurements are consistent between operators.
}, keywords = {agricultural, American Society of Agricutlural Engineers standards, cone movement, dynamic penetrometer, ensure measurements, hammer mass, impacts, kinetic energy, penetration distance, Penetration resistance, proving ring, rangelands, shaft extension, sliding hammer, soil, soil compaction, standard drop height, strike plate}, doi = {10.2136/sssaj2002.1320}, url = {/files/bibliography/02-034.pdf}, author = {Jeff E Herrick and Jones, T.L.} }


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Why Does My Pond Water Turn Green?
Joanne – Evans City, PA
Green water is a form of algae called planktonic algae and there are quite a few factors causing your water to be clear during the winter and green as the weather warms up. The main reason is the interruption of the nitrogen cycle.
In order for algae to grow, it needs a food source (nutrients) and sunlight. During the colder winter months of the year, nutrients within the water are less likely to increase due to the fact that the digestive systems of fish have slowed to a point where little, if any, nutrients (fish waste) are being added. Also, during the colder months, algae and aquatic plants are not as active at consuming nutrients.
As the weather warms up, fish become active, digestive systems kick back in and nutrients begin pouring in and if not held in check using aquatic plants, natural bacteria and filtration, green water will develop.


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You don't have to be a med mal lawyer to find Awakening, a piece in The Atlantic about patients who wake up from anaesthesia during surgery, a mesmerizing read:
Since its introduction in 1846, anesthesia has allowed for medical miracles. Limbs can be removed, tumors examined, organs replaced—and a patient will feel and remember nothing. Or so we choose to believe. In reality, tens of thousands of patients each year in the United States alone wake up at some point during surgery. Since their eyes are taped shut and their bodies are usually paralyzed, they cannot alert anyone to their condition. In efforts to eradicate this phenomenon, medicine has been forced to confront how little we really know about anesthesia's effects on the brain. The doctor who may be closest to a solution may also answer a question that has confounded centuries' worth of scientists and philosophers: What does it mean to be conscious?


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-100 ft. tall, with a buttressed base and weird growth habit. It grows rapidly and begins to bare when only 15 ft. tall. A mature tree can produce more than 600 pods and from 6-10 lbs. of the cottony fibers. Pods are clipped from the branches and opened. The floss is removed and the seeds separated by centrifugal force. The floss is 1/2-1 1/2 in. long and whitish, yellowish or brownish in color. It is very fluffy, light and elastic and is thus an ideal stuffing material for mattresses and pillows. The fibers have a low specific gravity. They are five times more buoyant than cork and are impervious to water. Therefore, kapok is valuable as a filling for life preservers, cushions, portable pontoons, etc. Its low thermal conductivity and its high ability to absorb sound make kapok an excellent material for insulating small refrigerators and for soundproofing rooms. It has also been used for the linings of sleeping bags, gloves for handling dry ice and in the tropics as surgical dressings. Kapok seeds have 45 percent fatty oil that is extracted and used for soap and food.
There are a number of other plants with seed hairs or floss that can be used as a substitute for kapok. The Red Silk Cotton Tree or Simal, Salmalia malabarica, is a very large ornamental tree. It supplies reddish floss known as Indian Kapok that has been important as a stuffing in India for centuries. The White Silk Cotton Tree, Cochlospermum religiosum, yields a fiber of some importance. This handsome tree is native to India but is now widespread in the world tropics. It is also one source of Kadaya Gum.
Madar, Calotropis gigantea, and the related Akund, Calotropis procera, are shrubs native to Southern Asia and Africa that produce a silk of some importance. Although inferior to kapok, this substance is often used in mixtures with kapok.
The Pochotes of Mexico, Ceiba aesculifolia, C. acuminata, etc., yield a silk cotton almost equal to kapok in buoyancy and resiliency. Palo Borracho, Chorisia insignis, and Samohu, Chorisia speciosa, of South America yield large amounts of a glossy, white silk cotton with properties similar to kapok.
 Pink-flowering Floss Silk Tree [Chorisia speciosa], Concordia, Argentina
All of the milkweeds have silky hairs on their seeds and several species are a source of stuffing materials. Milkweed floss is one of the lightest materials. it is very buoyant and a perfect insulator. It was used during World War II as a substitute for kapok. The pods contain oil and a wax that may have future applications. Some species yield textile fibers. In North America, Asclepias syriaca and A. incarnata produce abundant floss. In the Neotropics, A. curassavica has some value.
There are innumerable plants and fibers that have use as filling materials. Included are cereal straw, cornhusks, Spanish Moss and Crin Végétal.
Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides, is a conspicuous tree epiphyte in Southeastern North America. This is an excellent substitute for horsehair after it is processed. The plant is pulled from the trees with rakes or hooks, or it is collected from the ground or water. It is then fermented in order to rot off the gray outer covering and ginned to remove impurities. The prepared fiber is brown or black, lustrous and very resilient. It has been used in upholstery and for automobile cushions.
Crin Végétal. Chamaerop humilis a dwarf fan palm of Northern Africa and the Mediterranean region in which the leaves have shredded and twisted fibers. These have been used as stuffing material.
Some trees have basts with tough interlacing fibers that can be extracted from the bark in layers or sheets and can then be pounded into rough substitutes for cloth. Tapa Cloth is one of these as it once constituted the main clothing in Polynesia and parts of Eastern Asia. The material is obtained from the bark of the paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera. Strips of bark are peeled from the trunk and the outer coating is scraped away. After soaking in water and cleaning these strips are placed on a hardwood log and pounded with a mallet. Overlapping the edges and beating them together unite the individual strips. The finished product varies according to thickness from muslin like material to one of leather. Tapa cloth is frequently dyed.
Similar bark cloths have been manufactured from different sources since antiquity. In South America the Amerindians used the Tauary, Couratari tauari, and other species of the same genus. In Mozambique the wild fig, Ficus nekbudu, was used as a source of Mutshu Cloth. The Upas Tree, Antiaris toxicaria, of Sri Lanka furnishes a bark cloth. it is also the source of an important poison used with arrows.
Lace Bark is the produce of Lagetta lintearia, a small tree of Jamaica. The inner bark is removed in sheets and can be stretched into a lacelike material with pentagonal meshes. It is suitable as a textile and ornament.
Cuba Bast is from Hibiscus elatus, a small bushy tree of the West Indies. The inner bark is removed in long ribbon-like strips that have been used in millinery and for tying cigars.
The vegetable sponges, Luffa cylindrica and L. acutangula, yield a unique fiber. These are climbing cucumbers of the tropics that bear edible fruits containing a lacy network of stiff curled fibers. This material is extracted by retting in water. After cleaning it is used for making hats, for washing and scouring machinery, in certain types of oil filters and as a substitute for bath sponges. A large amount of this material used to be exported by Japan.
The manufacture of paper requires the use of cellulose present in plant fibers. This subject is discussed under Forest Products
The artificial fibers in use in the textile industry are mostly organic in nature, with synthetic glass fibers being the exception. The organic materials utilized are cellulose, plant and animal proteins, and synthetic resins, such as nylon that is made from soft coal, water and air. The cellulose fibers are discussed under Forest Products, while the protein fibers of only minor importance. Although they have many of the general properties of wool, their low strength when wet is a serious detriment. Soybeans, corn and peanuts are the main plant sources of protein fibers.


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Service dogs are trained to help their owner with their particular disability, but they also do much more. They provide the person with more independence and can help initiate social interaction between the disabled person and others. Guide dogs help blind and visually impaired people increase their mobility and independence. They help lead people around obstacles, help them cross the street, help them to go through doors, and to use elevators and escalators. Their training starts when they are young puppies.
One excellent organization is the Guide Dog Foundation, founded in 1946. This nationwide organization trains and places Golden Retrievers and Labs when the puppies are about seven weeks of age. The puppy is placed with a family and lives with them for about a year. The family fosters the puppy, which includes housetraining, socializing to different environments, teaching the puppy good house manners, and giving him or her all the attention and affection a healthy puppy needs. The puppy is then given back to the Guide Dog Foundation
for further training and placement.
According to the Guide Dog Foundation, these "dogs undergo a comprehensive training program, and only the best of the best complete the training and become working guides."
The dogs who are placed go through a training program with their new owner. It costs about $25,000 to train a guide dog, but training and dogs are provided free of charge. This organization is supported by contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations.
For further information on the Guide Dog Foundation, click onto _URL_.
||Ulrike Cline, an eight-year employee
of Drs. Foster & Smith, has trained service dogs for over seven years, working with the Leader Dog School for the Blind in Rochester Hills, Michigan. She is currently training her sixth dog, Shadow.
While in training, Shadow is never off leash unless in a fenced area. He spends the majority of his time with Ulrike, even accompanying her on trips to the grocery store and any other place a service dog would need to go with his owner.
|What to do if you see a service dog
If you see a service dog in training, there are some rules to remember. Always ask the trainer's permission before petting the dog, which needs to first sit before receiving attention. And please don't offer food – they do receive occasional appropriate treats, but never table food. If you are
interested in training service dogs, check the yellow pages for local organizations or contacts, but be prepared to put your name on a waiting list.


text: I'm a high school student in AP Biology, and we are learning about how cells can absorb nutrients they need through the plasma membrane, as well as break down glucose into ATP for use. So why do cells (and organisms, for that matter) all of the sudden.... Die? Why can't the cell just keep diffusing oxygen, absorbing glucose and other organic molecules, and continue doing this forever? What causes the cell to stop these processes and quit working?


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Preserving RNA Before Isolation
Appropriate storage of cells or tissue samples prior to RNA isolation is critical for preservation of intact RNA within those samples. RNAlater is an aqueous solution designed specifically to maintain RNA integrity during storage of fresh tissue and cell samples. Below are some commonly asked questions regarding RNAlater®
1) How do I use RNAlater to store my tissue/cell sample?
- For fresh tissue, simply cut samples to a maximum thickness of 0.5 cm in any one dimension and submerge in 5 volumes of RNAlater.
- Cultured cells should be pelleted, resuspended in a small volume of PBS, then mixed with 5-10 volumes of RNAlater.
- Once in RNAlater, samples can be stored for up to 1 day at 37°C, 1 week at 25°C, 1 month or more at 4°C, and long-term at -20°C or -80°.
2) Does storing samples in RNAlater have advantages over freezing samples on dry ice or in liquid nitrogen?
3) Has RNAlater been tested with my tissue or with blood samples?
4) Which downstream applications can be used with tissue stored in RNAlater?
Note: RNAlater is not recommended for use with tissues that will be sectioned using a cryostat.
5) How can I ship my sample in RNAlater?
6) Can I add RNAlater to samples that are already frozen?
- A different product, RNAlater®-ICE, is used with samples that are already frozen. RNAlater-ICE transitions tissue from a frozen to a non-frozen state. The frozen tissue is simply placed in RNAlater-ICE and left at -20°C overnight. Treated tissues can then be used directly in standard homogenization and isolation protocols and processed like fresh tissue.
- RNAlater and RNAlater-ICE provide flexibility for sample collection and storage, and help ensure that high quality RNA is preserved in samples. Both are available in a variety of convenient sizes.


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Post mortem organ donation is a sensitive, personal decision and not something that everyone may be comfortable with. Decisions made about donations are often best made by each person for themselves and when the time is not imminent.
Stanford University's Center for Narcolepsy (CFN), a world leader in narcolepsy research, has published over 100 articles on narcolepsy. The Stanford group was the first to report that narcolepsy-cataplexy is caused by hypocretin abnormalities in both animal models and humans. The CFN established a brain donation program in 1999 with a goal to understand the process by which hypocretin producing cells are destroyed and to find a way to prevent and reverse it.
Stanford's Center for Narcolepsy offers a program to patients with narcolepsy (and unaffected family members or spouses) where they can donate his/her brain to research upon death. Through the brain donor program, our research group will examine brain tissue in light of the current research/knowledge on narcolepsy. From our recent studies, we have determined that >90% of narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by a lack of a brain chemical called hypocretin. This chemical is involved in the alerting process of the sleep/wake cycle. We are still in the process of determining the cause of narcolepsy without cataplexy and most familial cases of narcolepsy. The only way to learn unequivocally the causes of all cases of narcolepsy is through examination of brain tissue. Thus, examination of the brain tissue allows our center to perform studies aimed toward furthering our understanding of narcolepsy. This enables both researchers and family members to gain a more thorough understanding of the cause of narcolepsy.
The brain donation itself takes very little time, does not interfere with the family's funeral plans and will not add to the cost of funeral arrangements. If brain donation is something that you may consider, please visit the CFN web site _URL_ for more information or to request a donation packet.


While humans have been writing for at least 5000 years, we have surprisingly little understanding of the physics underlying how ink moves from pen to paper. Now, physicists in South Korea and the US have worked out a theory – backed by experiment – that suggests the ink's flow rate depends on a tug-of-war that is played out between the capillary properties of pen and paper.
The team, led by Ho-Young Kim of Seoul National University, considered two scenarios: the blot and the line. With the pen stationary, the researchers identify four main factors that affect the flow of ink: the capillary pull of the pen; the capillary pull of the pores in the paper; the surface tension of the ink; and the viscosity of the ink. When it is moving, the speed of the pen is a fifth factor.
The team's theory defines a "minimal pen" as a simple capillary tube, not unlike the hollow reeds used by the Egyptians to make inscriptions on papyrus. The researchers approximate paper as an array of cylinders. Rough paper is modelled as narrow, closely packed pillars, while shorter, wider, more generously spaced pillars are used to approximate smoother paper. While paper is actually a much more complex matrix of cellulose fibres, the team argues that such arrays draw fluid through the same mechanisms that allow paper to draw ink from a pen.
Pulling power
The smaller cavities in paper have a greater capillary pull than the wider tube of the pen, but very small pores also restrict the flow of the ink. As long as the pores in the material are not wider than the opening in the minimal pen, rougher materials pull ink more quickly. This also explains why it is so difficult to write in pen on a piece of glass – without pores, the surface cannot draw ink. In contrast, wider pens have less capillary force, so they give up the ink more easily. As for the ink itself, higher surface tension allows it to wet the paper or pillar array more effectively, while higher viscosity slows it down. The team condensed these relationships, plus the time that the pen spends in contact with the paper, into scaling laws.
Kim's group confirmed the models by making the idealized pen and paper in the lab. The researchers etched silicon wafers into patterns of pillars 10–20 µm in diameter, height and spacing. Glass capillary tubes with diameters of 0.5–1 mm served as pens, filled with various concentrations of glycerine solution for mock ink. The team filmed the spread of ink blots and the drawing of lines, finding that the data matched their models.
After millennia of writing, you might think there would be nothing unexpected in these results, but Kim says that the shape of the ink in front of the moving pen was a surprise. "We showed that the actual shape is exactly parabolic – beautifully simple but nobody has predicted it," he explains. The reason for the parabola is that the pores in front of the moving pen draw the bulk of the ink, while the pores behind are already at full capacity.
Putting pen to paper
Testing their scaling laws with a real pen and paper, the researchers held a 0.1 mm-diameter nib against ordinary paper for 2 s. They predicted a blot radius of 3 mm, expecting a line width of 0.82 mm with the pen moving at 5 mm s–1. The actual line width was quite close, 0.7 mm, while the blot was not quite half the predicted size at 1.3 mm. The team explains the difference in terms of paper swelling. Unlike rigid silicon, cellulose fibres deform as they imbibe fluid, thereby increasing the size of the pores.
Laurent Courbin of the University of Rennes, France, describes the study as fun that strikes at the heart of physics. "The aim of a physicist is to identify interesting problems not yet understood and to make such problems understandable using the simplest possible theoretical models," he says. "When such investigations involve physical phenomena we experience in our everyday life, our work is even more rewarding!"
Although the team did not directly simulate the need for pocket protectors, Kim says that "ink stains on shirts from a pen in the pocket are very good examples of the ink blot that we treated". At last, the pragmatic have a rigorous proof for why the nerdy plastic lining is a good idea.
This research will be published in Physical Review Letters.


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The usual implementation of AES first computes all the Round Keys sequentially starting from the key, and stores them in RAM for later uses. However, when enciphering a single block with a key that will be used for that purpose only, or when RAM is very sparse, or perhaps in hardware, it is advantageous to use the Round Keys a they are being generated, rather than store them. Quoting the Rijndael submission to NIST:
The key schedule can be implemented without explicit use of the array
W[Nb*(Nr+1)]. For implementations where RAM is scarce, the Round Keys can be computed on-the-fly using a buffer of
Nkwords with almost no computational overhead.
It is said this also works for deciphering:
The key expansion operation that generates
Wis defined in such a way that we can also start with the last
Nkwords of Round Key information and roll back to the original Cipher Key. So, calculation 'on-the-fly' of the Round Keys, starting from an "Inverse Cipher Key", is still possible.
However, the how-to is left as an exercise to the reader. In particular: Can the last Round Key (the first used when deciphering) be computed directly, rather than sequentially?


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|Oct14-04, 04:49 PM||#1|
Rotational energy levels
Are rotational energy levels of a molecule in general equally spaced or does the spacing increase with energy? How about a diatomic molecule; I have seen a derivation showing that the rotational levels in a diatomic molecule are equally spaced, but when drawn in an energy level diagram they clearly aren't? What is right?
And another thing; in my book the expression for the rotational and vibrational energies of a diatomic molecule is derived in terms of a classical "dumb-bell"-picture? How is this justified taking quantum mechanics into account?
|Oct14-04, 05:58 PM||#2|
No, even in the most simple diatomic molecule rotational levels are not equally spaced. If you look at any rotational spectrum of such molecules you will clearly appreciate it. You will see how the first lines are separated more or less a 2B distance (B is the rotational constant) but they get closer when increasing frequency. But be carefull with this, the energy levels get more separated when you increase J, but the transition frequency values: E(J+1)-E(J) get closer between them when increasing J. This is the real behaviour.
The question is what model do you choose to theoretically calculate those energy levels (and the frequency values). The most simple quantum model is the rigid rotor (exuse me if that isnīt the correct word, Iīm spanish). The energy expression derived from that model is:
E(cm-1)=B J (J+1)
then the frequency expression F=2B (J+1). Frequencies are equally separated. But this is not real. In order to get a better description elastic rotor is used:
[tex] E(cm^-1)=BJ(J+1)-DJ^2 (J+1)^2 [/tex]
This model introduces the "D" constant to allow the variation of bond length (in fact vibration movement). The frequency values obtained get closer between them while increasing J, Itīs more real but It continues being a model. Theese expressions are only for diatomic molecules.
|Oct25-04, 05:12 AM||#3|
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A product launch takes a strong focus and a great TEAM to make it a reality. Product launch involves various steps which involves understanding customer needs, product design, testing of the product, marketing & advertising to ensure the product reaches its vast audience. A successful product launch provides a sales momentum for the company that can lead to new innovative products. The PACE team is diversified with market leaders that include expertise in Lean 6 Sigma, Sales, Marketing, Purchasing, Quality Systems, Operations Excellence and Manufacturing sites to provide you with design prototypes that can bring your idea's to life.
The principles for a successful product launch include the following:
-Relating Product Capabilities to Market Needs
-Having a clear positioning and messaging tagline
-Setting clear goals for launch
-Having the power of leverage
-Having a realistic launch timeframe
The steps for a successful launch are as follows:
-Design attractive packaging
-Determine the target segment
-Having a unique slogan or timeline
-Know the potential competitors
-Consulting a public relations firm
-Creating a product sheet having the list of product features. This sheet would explain the product to the customers and make it capable for purchase.
-Launching a website of the company
-Placing ads in several media outlets in order to maximize the reach.
-Finally, a press release addressing the media about the product features, company goals behind it and what is the addressed need.


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Jannat al-Baqi (also spelt Jannat ul-Baqi) is a famous cemetery in Madinah, located right across from the Masjid al-Nabawi. It is well known since many of Muhammad's relatives and companions are buried here, and due to its sanctity. Its name means "Tree Garden of Heaven". Many traditions relate Muhammad issuing a prayer everytime he passed the cemetery.
Prior to the twentieth century, many of the graves were covered with domes or other structures. However, after the city of Madinah was taken by the forces of Ibn Saud, many of these buildings and tombs were destroyed, in order to keep with the Wahhabi ideal of not worshipping graves. Thus, the graveyard is now no more than a vast lot with some crude headstones made of rocks. Despite this, the graves of many historic figures continue to be visited by numerous pilgrims. Burials continue at the cemetery to this day as well.
People Buried at Jannat al-Baqi
- Muhammad's son Ibrahim who died in infancy
- Fatima Zahra, Muhammad's daughter
- Many of Muhammad's aunts
- Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad
- Hasan ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and Shia Imam
- Ali ibn Husayn, great-grandson of Muhammad, and Shia Imam
- Muhammad al-Baqir, Shia Imam
- Jafar Sadiq, Islamic jurist and Shia Imam
- Malik ibn Anas, Islamic jurist
- Imam Shamil, Chechen leader
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text: Objective: Testicular torsion is the twisting of the spermatic cord which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle. The main pathophysiology of testicular torsion is ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by the twisted spermatic cord and its release. Reperfusion component typically involves the generation of the reactive oxygen species with the return of blood flow after the ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dopamine a vasodilator and vitamin C an antioxidant on ischemia reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion-detorsion (T/D). Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male NMRI rats were divided randomly into six groups each containing 5 rats. Testicular ischemia was achieved by twisting the left testis 720° clockwise for 4 hour and then reperfusion by detorsion. Group 1 was for the basal values. Group 2 was designed as sham-operated without any T/D. Group 3 had only T/D. Group 4 received vitamin C (100 mg/kg i.p) just after detorsion. Group 5 received dopamine (0.01 mg/kg i.p) after 4 hours T/D and group 6 received combination of vitamin C and dopamine. The animals in each group underwent orchiectomy 48 hours after detorsion and the testicular tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for histopathological examinations. Results: In groups 1 and 2 microscopic features were normal. In group 3 all of the seminiferous tubules were damaged. In some tubules only the basement membrane was seen. Pyknosis of spermatocytes nuclei was prominent. Germ cells and sertoli cells were decreased and underwent degeneration and necrosis. Interestingly in group 4 only a few degenerative changes (6.8%) were observed in tubules. In group 5 approximately 90% of tubules were underwent fully or partial degeneration and in group 6 only few normal tubules were found (2.2%). Conclusion: Vitamin C administration exerts a beneficial effect on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury but not dopamine or even dopamine and vitamin C combination.


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How can we build resilient pharmaceutical systems? In a webinar organised by the Pharmacoeconomics Department at the Austrian National Public Health Institute (GÖG), three speakers reported on best practice examples from European countries and cross-country collaborations. The webinar took place on 20 May 2022 and formed part of the European Public Health Week which aims to raise awareness about public health and promote collaboration among the public health community in Europe.
Resilience in health systems was introduced as the ability to prepare for, manage, and learn from shocks, by Sabine Vogler, Head of the Pharmacoeconomics Department at GÖG and Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies. Adding to strategies for building up resilience in the wider health system, which have been the focus of much debate in recent years, several levers for strengthening resilience in the pharmaceutical system exist, including how medicines are procured, and how countries prepare for and deal with emerging, high-cost technologies.
Optimising public procurement of medicines, with a view to safeguarding the environment – examples from Denmark and the Nordic Pharmaceutical Forum
In the first presentation, Trine Ann Behnk, senior strategic advisor at Amgros, described how her institution is thinking strategically about the role of procurement of pharmaceuticals to build up resilience. Amgros, a procurement body for hospitals owned by and acting on behalf of the Danish regions, is currently developing a sustainability strategy that aims to lessen the impact of pharmaceuticals on the environment as part of the Danish government's efforts to reduce CO2 emissions by 72% by 2030. Amgros has recently introduced environmental criteria into its national tenders for hospital medicines and has also applied such criteria for its joint Nordic tenders with Norway and Iceland (through the Nordic Pharmaceutical Forum). Key learnings from these tenders are that careful preparation of the inclusion of environmental criteria in procurement of pharmaceuticals is necessary (including dialogue with suppliers), and that, if done properly, having these criteria does not impact negatively on the number of suppliers competing in the market.
Beneluxa Initiative – working together for real improvement in patient access
Roisin Adams, Head of HTA Strategy and External Engagement at the National Centre Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE) in Ireland, introduced the Beneluxa Initiative, a cross-country collaboration between Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria, and Ireland, which aims to ensure sustainable access to innovative medicine at affordable cost for all patients through activities in four core domains. Horizon scanning (now increasingly shifted to the spin-off International Horizon Scanning Initiative (IHSI), see below) is used to stay ahead of emerging technologies and to inform health technology assessment (HTA). The Beneluxa Initiative has published a horizon scanning report on pharmaceutical developments on Alzheimer's Disease. HTA activities include joint HTA as well as considerations for re-using existing HTA reports across countries. A joint template for HTA submissions is being developed, as more joint HTAs are expected in the future. Pricing and reimbursement activities can include joint negotiations, which are informed by HTA. An example where this was conducted successfully for three countries (Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands) was Zolgensma for the treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). Finally, the initiative engages in information sharing activities. Statements on key issues around HTA (e.g. methodological considerations about costs to include in health economic evaluation of CAR-Ts), access to and pricing of high-cost medicines, and the need for rigorous evidence evaluation of Covid-19 pharmaceuticals have been issued on the initiative's website and member states engage in regular exchange on hot topics through webinars.
Being prepared: Looking into the pipelines of new therapies – International Horizon Scanning Initiative
Marcus Guardian, General Manager of the International Horizon Scanning Initiative (IHSI) introduced horizon scanning as a process that aims at identifying, filtering, and prioritising new and emerging health technologies as the basis for informed decision-making. IHSI is based on the experiences of Beneluxa and other regional initiatives and aims to provide its member countries with robust data on emerging technologies. Data are collected through a combination of automated (including machine learning approaches) and human scanning and curating processes. Data are then made available in two forms: firstly, IHSI will shortly launch the first global database of upcoming pharmaceutical products, containing all products in phase I or later trials. Secondly, the organisation provides high-impact reports focusing on compounds where significant impact on health systems are expected. These reports will be published bi-annually in eight categories. IHSI expects to grow in the future and provide more member countries with information to help prepare their pharmaceutical systems.
Q&A and conclusions
In the Q&A session, speakers further discussed the potential impact of the upcoming EU HTA regulation on joint HTA activities by Beneluxa, links between Beneluxa and IHSI, and how information generated through collaborative work, such as horizon scanning and joint HTA, feeds through into subsequent activities, including pricing and reimbursement. Participants were also keen on learning more about the experience of the Nordic countries with environmental criteria in tenders (additional information on the subject is available online).
The webinar concluded with the speakers' key messages on strengthening resilience in the pharmaceutical system. These highlighted the current period of transition in Europe which will be best navigated with a clear vision for the future and increased cross-country collaboration, transparency, and open dialogue between stakeholders.
*** The event took place in the framework of the European Public Health Week – Health throughout the life course ***


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musical bowArticle Free Pass
musical bow, stringed musical instrument found in most archaic cultures as well as in many in the present day. It consists of a flexible stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, strung end to end with a taut cord that the player plucks or taps to produce a weak fundamental note. The player may produce other notes by stopping the string with finger and thumb; by lightly touching the string to produce faint-sounding overtones; by tying the string to the stick to form two taut segments; or, on a mouth bow, by using the mouth as a resonator, varying its cavity in order to isolate overtones. In a gourd bow a truncated gourd attached to the stick serves as a resonator. Other musical bows may have separate resonators, such as a gourd or pot.
What made you want to look up "musical bow"? Please share what surprised you most...


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FFI photo by Zhao Chao
"With only about 100 cao vit gibbons remaining in the world, the recent birth of this baby has extra significance," Fauna & Flora International said today.
"This species is only found in one location in the world, on the international border between Vietnam and China," the UK-based conservation charity said in a news release. "This birth is a sign of hope for the species' long term recovery."
The gibbon was born in Bang Liang Nature Reserve in Guangxi province, China.
Fauna & Flora International's conservationists in Vietnam and China are working with local government and communities to reduce the threats to the population of cao vit gibbons, the world's second rarest ape species.
Gibbons have the longest arms of any primate, relative to body size, according to the FFI species profile about the cao vit gibbon. "Their hand-over hand method of swinging from branch to branch, known as brachiation, enables them to move at breathtaking speed. With its spectacular locomotion and haunting, bird-like calls, the cao vit gibbon is a real show-stealer." Watch the FFI video below to see and hear the cao vit gibbon.
Although classified as "lesser apes," cao vit gibbons are highly intelligent and show complex social behavior, the species profile adds. Males and females proclaim and protect their family territory with "duets," which can be heard 2 kilometers [1.6 miles] away.
They have also evolved a highly specialized diet of flowers, fruit and young leaves.
"The narrowness of its ecological niche, combined with its ostentatious behavior has, however, helped to precipitate the cao vit gibbon's sharp decline. Though no longer a significant factor today, hunters posed a serious threat to the gibbons in the past, easily locating them in the forest.
"Such pressures have been compounded more recently by environmental changes to which the gibbon is unable to adapt; livestock overgrazing, firewood collection and encroaching agriculture are all contributing to the ongoing loss and fragmentation of its traditional habitat, jeopardizing the cao vit gibbon's survival."
Watch this FFI video to see and hear the cao vit gibbons in their habitat:
Along with the Hainan gibbon, the sister species from which it has recently split, the cao vit gibbon is one of the two most endangered apes in the cao vit gibbon world, FFI says.
The species formerly ranged across much of China and Vietnam. Today only an estimated 110 individuals remain, confined to the karst limestone forest along the China-Vietnam border.
The species was considered extinct until an FFI-led team discovered a small remnant sub-population in Vietnam's Cao Bang Province in 2002.
FFI has been working to conserve the species since that first group was found. "We have established community groups on both sides of the border to patrol and protect the gibbon's habitat. In addition, by working with local people, we are identifying and implementing simple and cost-effective measures to relieve pressure on the forest, such as providing villagers with fuel-efficient stoves," the charity says.
"In fact, the cao vit gibbon is acting as a valuable flagship species, helping to secure protected area designation for the biologically rich, but threatened, karst limestone forest on which its survival depends."
25 Most Endangered Primates Named (National Geographic News picture gallery)
Extinction Risk for 1 in 3 Primates, Study Says (National Geographic News)


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Degree of Cure
The degree of curing describes the conversion achieved during crosslinking reactions (curing). In macromolecular chemistry, crosslinking refers to reactions in which a large number of individual molecules are linked to form a three-dimensional network. Linkage can be achieved either by direct setup of macromolecules or reaction to the already existing polymers.
This can easily be measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
The degree of curing, α, is the amount of heat converted divided by the reaction enthalpy.
α = H/ΔHR
The degree of cure of an already (partially) crosslinked sample can be determined via the residual enthalpy of post-crosslinking, HPC (post-cure). Then, the degree of cure can be calculated as
α = 1-(HPC/ΔHR)
Figure 1: DSC 214 Polyma measurement results; black curve: uncured adhesive; red curve: partially cured adhesive (sample weight: 2.80 mg and 2.77 mg; heating rate 5 K/min)
Figure 1 depicts an example for the calculation of the degree of cure for a partially cured adhesive. The uncured adhesive shows a curing enthalpy of 242.35 J/g, whereas the partially cured sample shows an enthalpy of just 203.92 J/g for the post curing reaction. Therefore, a degree of cure of 15.9 % for the partially cured sample can be calculated.
Related Methods


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In this paper, the author examines the various characteristics of electric drive enclosures labeled NEMA 1 and UL Type 1, detailing the differences and similarities, with an explanation of why the NEMA 1 enclosure rating does not meet the new UL Type 1 enclosure rating, while products with the UL rating do indeed meet and exceed all relevant requirements of the NEMA specification for use in the U.S. industrial and building markets.
- Enclosed drive market overview
- Why is an enclosure / kit required for IP20 (open) drives?
- What to look for in available kits in the market today
- What is and why is there a new drive standard UL61800-5-1?


What Counts as Hit and Run in California?
What Counts as Hit and Run in California?
Nobody enjoys accidents, no matter how big or small they may be. However, dealing with spilled milk is much more tolerable than dealing with a car accident. Car accidents can range anywhere from a mild fender bender, to full on wrecks. At the low end of the spectrum, car accidents are a nuisance, at the other end, they can be devastating.
Arguably one of the hardest and most unpleasant thing for a person to do is own up to their mistakes. When a person has caused an accident, no matter how bad, they need to stay and deal with it. If a person doesn't stay, either because they are late for something or they are afraid of the consequences, they are guilty of hit and run. Facing hit and run charges can be a lot worse than simply dealing with the accident when it happens, which is part of the reason why the law exists in the first place.
What Is the Definition of Hit and Run?
California Vehicle Code (VC) 20002 and VC 20001 are both about hit and run crime. VC 20002 defines misdemeanor hit and run, while VC 20001 lays out the parameters of felony hit and run. The difference between the two is dependent on what was damaged. One law deals with property damage, and the other is more concerned about whether people were harmed or killed.
In California, a driver who has been involved in an accident has certain duties that they have to do. The drivers have to do these things regardless of whether or not the accident was there fault. For instance, after an accident, a driver is expected to pullover immediately. They then need to talk to anyone else who was involved with the accident. They will need to provide their identifying information, driver's license, and vehicle registration. Failing to do this can cause a driver to face hit and run charges.
VC 20002 defines misdemeanor hit and run in the state of California. Here in the state, a person is considered guilty of misdemeanor hit and run if:
- They leave the scene of an accident without at least identifying themselves to the other parties involved.
- And another party's property was damaged. Property can be anything from a mailbox to a car to a pet.
This law also applies to any driver who has hit a parked car. If the owner of the other vehicle is not present, the driver needs to either wait to see if the owner shows up, or leave a note with their contact information and a description of what happened. The note should be left in location where the owner of the vehicle can find it. The driver should then contact the local authorities to inform them of the incident. Doing this will show that the driver tried to remedy the situation and did not perform a hit and run.
VC 20001 deals with hit and run incidents that involve the injury of death of a person. This is a felony charge since causing harm to a person is a much bigger deal than damaging someone else's property. As such, the consequences of the law are more severe than misdemeanor hit and run. The rules for felony hit and run are the same as misdemeanor, except instead of property being damage, a person was hurt.
Due to the distinction between the two charges, it is possible for a person to be charged with both misdemeanor and felony hit and run for the same accident.
What Are the Penalties for Hit and Run in California?
The penalties for hit and run vary depending on which charge the person is facing. If a person is facing misdemeanor charges under VC 20002, they will face:
- A max fine of $1,000.
- Up to 6 months in jail.
- Up to 3 years informal probation.
- Restitutions for damages.
- Two points on the driver's record.
- Increased insurance rates.
Felony hit and run under VC 20001 comes with these consequences:
- A fine anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000.
- 3 to 4 years in prison.
- Restitutions.
Staying and Dealing with Accidents
While facing the consequences is never fun, running from them is even worse. This is especially true with regards to car accidents. A driver is far better off to stay and deal with the accident rather than leaving and facing hit and run charges. State law takes hit and run charges very seriously, which means that drivers should take this sort of thing seriously as well.
Even if the accident was not the driver's fault, they can be charged with hit and run charges just for leaving the scene of the accident. If a driver wants to avoid the extra trouble, they need to stay at the scene and deal with the accident.


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A species of crustacean with no eyes and venom-injecting fangs has been discovered in an underwater volcanic cave in the Canary Islands off the coast of North Africa.
Researchers discovered the new animal during a diving expedition through the world's longest submarine lava tube, called the Tunel de la Atlántida, or "tunnel to Atlantis." The divers were searching for specimens of a closely related crustacean species that they'd discovered 25 years ago in the same cave. But after capturing several of the sea creatures, the researchers noticed something peculiar.
"Some animals were much more active in swimming around than others in the small sample bottles," said marine biologist Tom Iliffe of Texas A&M University at Galveston, who was part of the team that discovered the new species. "On closer examination, and subsequently with DNA testing, we confirmed that they were actually two different species."
Their findings appear this month in a special edition of Marine Biodiversity. The new crustacean has been named Speleonectes atlantida, which means "cave swimmer of Atlantis." It's a very apt name, Iliffe said, because the creature is a very active swimmer, gliding through the water an undulating fashion.
Because the crustacean lives in near-total blackness of the cave, its body is almost transparent. Through its clear skin, 20 to 24 nearly identical body segments can be seen.
"These animals are crustaceans, but they look more like a centipede," he said, "with a highly segmented body and a well developed head with specialized appendages." These specialized mouthparts include a set of hollow-tipped fangs filled with venom. Although the poison is strong enough to kill small shrimp and other marine animals, Iliffe said it's not toxic enough to harm people.
The new crustacean is a member of the class Remipedia, which researchers think is one of the oldest groups of crustaceans on Earth. Because Remipedia have been found in the Atlantic, the Caribbean and also in Australia, scientists speculate that the animals may have originated when the continents of Europe, Africa and the Americas were close together.
"So it's thought remipedes could be at least 200 million years old," Iliffe said in a press release, "a time when dinosaurs roamed the Earth." On the same expedition, Iliffe's team also discovered two new species of tiny worms, each smaller than a grain of rice.
Image 1: A live specimen of the new crustacean, photographed by Urlike Streker. Image 2: Cave divers Terrence Tysall, Jim Rozzi and Tom Iliffe (left to right) in the submarine lava tube where the new species was discovered, photographed by Jill Heinerth.
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A Discussion Note introducing the concepts of complexity and its relation to USAID programming. The paper outline five complexity-aware monitoring methods
CLA and Developmental Evaluations
Screencast: Complexity-Aware Monitoring Discussion Note
Focus group interviews (also often called focus group discussions) are a key tool for collecting data to support many USAID activities. This data collection technique is widely used in international development planning, monitoring, and evaluation. They are quick, versatile and typically inexpensive, so they can be used...
This presentation provides an overview of best practices in outcome mapping in order to further the use and development of outcome mapping and the outcome mapping learning community.
This guidance provides information on conducting an After Action Review (AAR), including goals, assumptions/requirements, how tos, lessons learned/best practice, and resources.
Written for non-profits, implementing partners can use this to support their monitoring, while USAID can use it for learning about their programs through monitoring CDCS/ CLA.
This document discusses the Asian Development Banks Enhancing Knowledge Management under Strategy 2020: Plan of Action for 2009–2011.
This document outlines the SDC's approach to evaluating knowlege management and institutional learning.


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Tropical conditions are challenging to marine engines. Engines require both air and water for cooling, both of which act efficiently in removing heat. However, in the tropics, the warmer air and water temperatures reduce the efficiency of your cooling system. So, what can be done?
Marinediesel takes the first step in rating your engines for the operating climate. This is one of the benefits of using Marinediesel's VGT Series: our NIRA ECU allows such changes in rating, avoiding the sometimes large loss in horsepower often shown by the engines made by our competitors.
What can you do?
- Check the raw water intake and make certain that the seacock is opening / closing properly.
- Make certain coolant levels are topped up.
- Check your strainers for debris or blockages.
- Check your exhaust system to make certain there are no blockages.
- Make certain the air filter is clean and there are no blockages.
- Keep your fuel tank topped up. Warm weather increases condensation in the tank and thus, the likelihood of introducing water in the fuel.
- Make certain that the louvers venting into the engine compartment are not blocked and that there is adequate ventilation. If not, a blower may be required in extreme conditions.
All of this sounds like basic maintenance procedures, and much of it is detailed in your engine manual. It just pays in the long run to pay extra attention to these items if the vessel will be operated in harsh conditions.


Creating a simple game (part 3)
The series starts here
Last time we saw how a player could be handled by using a very simple state machine, this time we pick up the pace and make things more interesting (and complex!) by implementing some aliens… Lets start by looking at the different states an alien can be in.
am_Enter = 0, am_Form, am_Dive, am_Explode, am_Dead, am_SgoL, am_SgoR
I decided right off the bat, to make things simple (but a lot less flexible) and stick with a fixed number of aliens, held in a simple array. The first mode, am_Enter is used then the alien is entering into the formation, its worth looking at how we handle this, as horror of horrors there's some maths involved, but raylib makes even that easy!
 // rotation from alien to player
 aliens[i].rot = Vector2Angle(aliens[i].pos, player.pos) - 90.0;
 Vector2 ftarg; // formation target
 ftarg.y = formationPos[i].y;
 // formation is going in two different directions at the same time...
 if (i>7) {
 ftarg.x = formOffset-formationPos[i].x;
 } else {
 ftarg.x = (((gameScreenWidth/ 4.0)*8)-formOffset)-formationPos[i].x;
raylib has a handy header raymath.h which gives us some easy to use and handy functions. First we rotate the alien to face the player, which is as simple as using Vector2Angle. As our formation is moving in two different directions with the top and bottom ranks moving opposite to each other the position we're targeting is moving, once we have our target calculated, we can head off in that direction
 // move to the formation point or if there change mode
 Vector2 dir = Vector2Subtract(ftarg, aliens[i].pos);
 float l = Vector2Length(dir);
 if (l<8) {
 aliens[i].mode = am_Form;
 } else {
 dir = Vector2Normalize(dir);
 dir = Vector2Scale(dir, 6);
 aliens[i].pos = Vector2Add(aliens[i].pos, dir);
Subtracting two positions (the alien and target) we can determine how far away the alien is, if its close enough we just set the aliens mode to am_Form the alien is then in its formation position, otherwise we take the direction vector and normalize it (make its length 1.0 while retaining its direction) after scaling this vector we know how far to move, to get us a step closer to the aliens formation position.
While the rest of the mode handling code is more complex than the player code, by tackling each mode one at a time, you only need to take into account a small chunk of code at a time. Just as with the player many of the modes rely on each other and in combination with a simple counter, make for some interesting behavior, with the capability to add new behaviors made straight forward.
You'll notice however that there is a rigid maximum number of aliens with one reserved for the saucer that runs along the top of the screen. Worse still the array is traversed not with a define or constant for its maximum range, but a magic value littered all through the code, which is far from ideal practice! We'll introduce a much more flexible way of handling collections of objects later when we implement shooting…
Every time we loop through the alien array we check to see if the aliens mode is am_Dead if all our aliens are dead, this leaves a flag (allDead) true, meaning we need to start a new wave of aliens, this is just the point where we could set off all sorts of different types of alien waves. However for the sake of simplicity we just have one type of attack wave.
As the player has no way to destroy aliens yet, there is some test code to destroy a random alien in the formation, when the space key is pressed. This allows you to see a new formation enter the game once all the aliens have been destroyed.
I've not detailed every mode so as to give you the opportunity to dig through the code in aliens.c and discover for yourself how it works, while at first look it seems complex, don't forget just take one mode at a time and you greatly reduce the amount of code you're looking at.
Once you think you understand whats going on why not have a go at implementing am_Dive here's what you need to do:
 - When an alien is in am_Form check a random chance, and set its mode to am_Dive, set an extra target property in the alien structure to the players current position at this time.
 - While in am_Dive mode move towards the dive target (see am_Enter) on reaching the target, set the mode to am_Enter so the alien returns to the formation
 - implement player vs aliens collisions
 - play, and notice there are other things to implement, for example you will probably need to change all aliens from am_Dive to am_Enter….
There's a lot look at so go ahead and grab the code here
Once you're happy you know whats going on, the rest of the tutorial continues here.
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UNIJOS that, in spite of the multiplicity of advantages offered by the computer, the academic staff seem to possess inadequate computer literacy skills, and that the use of computer for academic work also seems to be minimal in these institutions among the academics. The conventional method appeared to dominate research, teaching and learning activities of these institutions. This is supported by Ogunrewo, (2010) in an appraisal of internet usage among academic staff of universities, that, academic staff do not adequately ultilize internet facilities.
Furthermore, the researcher's interactions with some members of the staff indicate that most of them seem to be ignorant of the various computer literacy skills acquisition methods, and that economic factors and time constraint appeared to be factors militating against the acquisition of computer literacy skill among academic staff.
These scenarios if not urgently addressed, will have far reaching negative effects on both the staff and the products of these universities. The staff may not be able to adequately access current information to update their knowledge for effective teaching. This will lead to producing half baked graduates that may not be adequately prepared to face the challenges of the wider society.
Finally, the researcher's extensive search of the literature shows that, within the context of this research, no work has ever been conducted on the assessment of computer literacy of academic staff of NSUK and UNIJOS. This therefore calls for the need for an assessment of computer literacy skills of the academic staff of these institutions. This research is therefore being carried out to fill this gap.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to assess the computer literacy skills of academic staff of NSUK and UNIJOS. Specifically, the study will:
- Find out the computer literacy skills possessed by both academic staff members of NSUK and UNIJOS
- Assess the areas to which the academic staff members employ computer skills in carrying out their work.
- Find out the methods available for acquiring computer literacy skills by the academic staff of NSUK and UNIJOS.
- Find out the effectiveness of the methods of computer literacy skills acquisition among the academic staff members.
- Determine problems that hinder the acquisition of the right level of computer literacy skills by academic staff members.
- Identify strategies for the enhancement of computer literacy skills among academic staff members of these Universities.
This study will be guided by the following research questions:
- What are the computer literacy skills possessed by the academic staff members of NSUK and UNIJOS?
- What are those areas to which the academic staff of NSUK and UNIJOS employ computer literacy skills in carrying out their work?
- What are the available methods used by these staff members in the acquisition of computer literacy skills?
- How effective are the methods used by the academic staff in acquiring computer literacy skills?
- What are the problems that hindered the academic staff members of NSUK and UNIJOS in the acquisition of computer literacy skills?
- In what ways can the problems faced by the academic staff in the acquisition of computer literacy skills be improved?
Significance of Study
This study which seeks to assess the computer literacy skills of academic staff of universities will no doubt add to the existing body of knowledge in the department of library and information science.In addition, the findings of this work are expected to be of benefit to the academic staff, the management of the two universities and other researchers.
To the academic staff, it will reveal their weaknesses and strengths in the areas of computer literacy skills acquisition. It will also benefit them as it will identify those areas for which the computer can be used to enhance academic work. These will enable them to adjust accordingly.
Also expected to benefit from the findings are the managements of the two universities as the findings will enable them to understand better the various methods of computer literacy skills acquisitions available. This will guide management in the decision on the choice of the most appropriate method(s) to adopt in the training and retraining of academic staff in the area of computer literacy skills acquisition.
Above all, the findings are expected to identify the major hindrances and remedies for effective acquisition of computer literacy skills. This will help management to adapt adequate means towards enhancing the acquisition of computer literacy skills among the academics.
Furthermore, researchers conducting empirical and non-empirical studies related to this topic will find this work relevant.
Scope of the Study
This study intends to focus on the concepts of computer literacy of academic staff. It will discuss in details the nature of computer literacy skills possessed by the academics, the areas that academic staff apply these skills for academic work, the methods and the effectiveness of the skills acquisition methods, the challenges as well as the remedies to overcome the various challenges militating against the acquisition of these skills.
The work covers Nasarawa state University, situated in Keffi and University of Jos sited in Jos, Plateau State, all within North central Nigeria