Fishing Captain Florida
Tarpon Springs Fishing
When fishing in Tarpon Springs there is no doubt that Grouper are everybody's favorite fish to catch. If not everybody then it is a large majority of the Tarpon Springs fishing community that believes grouper is the fish to catch. Although Tarpon Springs grouper fishing is the most popular there are other fish too. After grouper anglers love to catch snapper which is also an angler favorite. Below we have a few species listed with some good information on each.
Tarpon Springs Grouper Fishing
Other Names: Mycteroperca bonaci
Physical Description:
Overall color is dark gray. Markings are blacker than those of the Gag, and form box-like patterns. Fins are black; their edges also black or deep blue.
Groupers of many sizes and varieties are commonly found around the edges of coral reefs and rocks, from about 30 feet of water out to the deepest dropoffs. Even big fish, however, may roam to much shallower patch reefs, especially in cooler seasons. Small Blacks may also frequent creeks in some areas.
The largest of our Mycteroperca groupers, the Black frequently exceeds 50 pounds in weight and can top 100. World record 114 pounds.
Game Qualities:
Nice fighter - Black Groupers are considered the best of the family.
Tarpon Springs snapper fishing
Other Names: Lutjanus campechanus
Physical Description:
The body of the red snapper is deep and compact. The head and upper body are pink to brick red in color, with a silver and white lower body. The tail sometimes can have a dark outer edge. Young red snapper occasionally have blue stripes and a dusky spot below the dorsal fin.
The red snapper has a long triangular snout and a strongly pointed anal fin. It has a large head with the lower jar projecting past the upper jaw, and strong anchor shaped teeth on the roof of the mouth. A distinguishing characteristic of red snapper is their small eyes with a red iris. The pectoral fins are long, almost reaching the anal fin when pressed against the body. The red snapper has 9 soft rays, approximately 48 flank scales and 8 to 10 scales between the dorsal fin and lateral line.
Red snapper range from the Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts on the Atlantic Coast of North America, though they are seldom found north of the Carolinas. They are most plentiful off the Florida panhandle and the coast of Texas.
Feeding Habits:
Carnivorous by nature, red snapper eat crab, shrimp, baitfish and aquatic worms. Younger fish tend to eat more heavily on shrimp and zooplankton off of mud bottoms. Older fish primarily consume fish, squid, crustaceans and shrimp around rock bottoms and reefs. Most of the red snapper's prey lives on the bottom near reefs rather than on the reef itself.
Sporting Qualities:
The combination of good fighting ability and excellent eating quality make red snapper one of the most popular saltwater fish for recreational anglers and especially commercial fishermen. This had led to reduced populations and restricted harvest in many areas.
Underwater structures such as reefs, rocky bottoms, oil rigs and shipwrecks at depths between 60 and 400 feet are prime areas for red snapper. They stay near the reef in cooler months and tend to move closer to the shore in the summer. Larger members of the species are usually found farther from shore. Younger fish are found closer to the shore inhabiting more muddy and sandy bottoms. Typically, red snapper are found in waters between 55 and 90 degrees F.
Tarpon Springs sea bass fishing
Red Grouper
Other Names: Epinephelus morio
Physical Description:
A member of the sea bass family, the coloration of red grouper varies with the conditions of their environment. Most often they are a dark red-brown color with a pinkish tinge below. Like Nassau grouper, they may have blotches irregularly scattered on the sides. The soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins have a blackish or bluish tinge. The eyes are surrounded by small black spots. The lining of the mouth is noticeable because of its bright scarlet to orange color. The angular first dorsal fin is connected to the rounded second dorsal fin. The second dorsal spine is longer than the other dorsal spines, while pelvic fins are shorter than the pectoral fins. The gill covers have three flat spines, and the edge of the fan-shaped caudal fin is straight.
Feeding Habits:
The preferred feeding style of the red grouper is to ambush prey that wanders past their hiding place. They will leave their territory to seek food only when necessary. Once they see their prey, they strike, eat the food whole and return quickly to their hiding place. Additionally, they are not particularly selective in their diet. Although they prefer squid, crab, shrimp, lobster and octopus, they will eat almost anything that presents itself, including dead fish that sink into their habitat.
Sporting Qualities:
Red grouper are a popular sport fish in areas where they are found, though their fighting reputation is ordinary at best. However, some reach 25 to 35 pounds in weight. Bottom fishing, drift fishing and trolling techniques are all used in pursuit of red grouper. They key to finding these loner fish is to present a bait or lure near the bottom of the water in the vicinity of their hiding place. This may mean fishing depths of more than 100 feet.
Live and dead natural bait (shrimp, crab and assorted strip and cut baitfish), jigs tipped with natural bait, and jigging spoons all work well on the red grouper. Mediumto heavy-action bait-casting, spinning and conventional tackle is recommended.
Strict harvest regulations for red grouper exist in many coastal waters. Survival rates are extremely low when red grouper are released, due to their air bladders that rupture when pulled from the depths. Therefore, once a limit is caught, anglers are encouraged to move to a new spot or fish for another species.
As a bottom-dwelling species, red grouper are usually found near some sort of underwater structure such as a reef or shipwreck. Usually they are found in areas with rocky or muddy surfaces, especially around ridges, ravines and caves. They may also congregate around the edges of seagrass beds and deep backwater holes. An exception to these structures is coral reefs, which are not favored by red grouper.
Red grouper are somewhat adaptable to different water temperatures, but they seem to prefer temperatures between 66 and 77 degrees F. Adult grouper will seek water offshore and go to areas as deep as 400 feet, while juvenile grouper will congregate in shallower water closer to shore until they reach adulthood. For the most part, red grouper do not gather in large schools, especially as they age. Instead, they are a solitary species that hides in cover and structural elements in their environment.
Tarpon Springs amberjack fishing
Other Names: Seriola dumerili
Physical Description:
The amberjack is the largest of the jack species, as well as the most sought after. They take their name from the amber colored stripe that runs along the sides of their body. They are probably the most widely recognized jack species in the Atlantic because of their close proximity to the major population centers along the Atlantic coast of the United States.
Amberjack are an olive-brown or green-blue color above the lateral line, though they can sometimes appear purple. Below the lateral line coloration is silver-white. A dark olive-brown stripe runs diagonally from the mouth to the first dorsal fin. These stripes are often referred to as "fighter stripes" and tend to become brighter when they are excited, such as when feeding or fighting. A wide stripe, amber in color, runs horizontally the length of the body, though it disappears upon death. The fins have a dusky hue or a yellow tint; this is especially true for the dorsal fins.
Amberjack have a slender, elongated oval form that culminates in a v-shaped tail fin, which enables fast swimming. The head is short and pointed and the mouth possesses small teeth aligned in bands with 12 to 15 gill rakers. The eyes are relatively small.
The first dorsal fin is relatively short and has six or seven spines linked by a membrane. The second dorsal fin is composed of one spine and 29 to 35 soft rays. The spines on each of the dorsal fins are sharp and somewhat fragile. The anal fin consists of three spines and 19 to 22 soft rays. The first two of these spines are detached and may have a skin-like covering.
Amberjack are sometimes confused with bluefish and yellowtail. However, the amberjack tail is more concave than that of the bluefish, and they have fewer gill rakers than the yellowtail.
Amberjack are found in subtropical waters in every major ocean throughout the world, yet the largest concentration is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. They are particularly abundant from North Carolina to Florida and around the islands of the West Indies. However, they can be found as far north as Nova Scotia and as far south as Brazil. There are also large populations around Bermuda and in the Gulf of Mexico. In the eastern Atlantic, they are found from approximately the southern British coast to Morocco to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea.
In the Pacific Ocean, amberjack can be found off the coast of southern Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, the islands of Micronesia, the Philippines, Japan and China. In the Indian Ocean they are


text:
all about mobile robots
|Users Online: 1
Currently developed projects:
Generally speaking a mobile robot is an automatic machine that have capability to move in a given environment. It's not attached to a fixed surface like manipulator. It can move in the environment. Different design of robots are used in different environments. Generally mobile robots operating in three typical environments:
Land mobile robots mainly used wheels, tracks or legs to move.
Recently we are observing the growing number of autonomous mobile robots designed for home use. For example : vacuum cleaning, pool cleaning, gutter cleaning, lawn mower and so on. There is also a growing number of service robots.
Nowadays mobile robots can perform task without continuous human guidance. We call this ability "autonomy". Autonomous mobile robot is able to do some task in real-world environment without external control. They are also capable of adapting to some environmental changes.
Where am I?
The key task in all autonomous mobile robot applications is robot position determination. For outdoor navigation GPS is commonly used. However for indoor mobile robot navigation, single, suitable solution doesn't exist. In the simulation environment the absolute position is usually computed. However, in practical experiments relative position is measured more often.
Good online shop for robot parts:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


This lesson introduces some common phrases in Marshallese. They are not only useful for conversation, but also for practicing reading and pronouncing Marshallese. Practice pronouncing these phrases with a Marshallese person if you can.
Between each phrase and its English meaning, you will see a literal translation. This is an intermediate translation step between the Marshallese and the English. It tells you what each word in the Marshallese phrase means. A '/' shows the break between two words. For instance, in 'iọkwe aolep' ('hello everyone'), 'iọkwe' means 'love' and 'aolep' means 'all,' so the literal translation says 'love/all' to tell you what each word means. A '-' indicates the break between two parts of a word. For instance, in 'elukkuun eṃṃan' ('I'm doing great'), the 'elukkuun' is made up of 'e' ('it') plus 'lukkuun' ('really'), so the small print says 'it-really' to tell you what each part of 'elukkuun' means.
Hello and goodbye
Iọkwe love Hello or Goodbye
Iọkwe iọkwe love/love Hello
Iọkwe eok[ love/you(singular) Hello or Goodbye (to one person only)
Iọkwe koṃ love/you(plural) Hello or Goodbye (to more than one person)
Iọkwe aolep love/all Hello everyone or Goodbye everyone
Bar lo eok again/see/you(singular) See you later (to one person only)
Bar lo koṃ again/see/you(plural) See you later (to more than one person)
(Note that there is no phrase in Marshallese for 'Nice to meet you')
Good morning, afternoon, evening, and night
Morning! (from English) Good morning
Iọkwe in raelep love/of/afternoon Good afternoon
Iọkwe in jota love/of/evening Good evening
Good night! (from English) Good night
How are you?
Eṃṃan mour? good/life How are you?
Ej et mour? it-PRESENT/do what?/life How are you?
Eṃṃan it-good I'm fine
Elukkuun eṃṃan it-really/good I'm doing great
Eṃṃantata it-good-est It is the best.
I'm doing fantastic!
Ebwe it-okay I'm so-so
Enana it-bad I'm not doing so well
Elukkuun nana it-really/bad I'm doing horribly
Ak kwe? what about/you How about you?
What's your name?
Etaṃ? name-your What's your name?
Eta in ____ name-my/of/____ My name is _____
Thank you and you're welcome
Koṃṃool you-thanked Thank you
Koṃṃooltata you-thanked-est Thank you very much
Kōn jouj about/kindness You're welcome
Jouj kindness You're welcome
No thank you
Koṃṃool ak ij jab you-thanked/but/I-PRESENT/not No thank you
Koṃṃool ak ij jab kijōr you-thanked/but/I-PRESENT/not/take offer No thank you
I'm sorry
Joḷọk bōd throw away/mistake I'm sorry or Excuse me
Joḷọk aō bōd throw away/my/mistake I'm sorry or Excuse me
Ejoḷọk it-thrown away You're forgiven
Ejoḷọk aṃ bōd it-thrown away/your/mistake You're forgiven
Ej eṃṃan wōt it-PRESENT/good/still That's okay
Jab inepata not/worry Don't worry about it
Ejjeḷọk jorrāān there is no/problem No problem
Ejjeḷọk problem there is no/problem No problem
A: Iọkwe eok. A: Hello.
B. Iọkwe. Eṃṃan mour? B: Hi. How's it going?
A: Eṃṃan. Ak kwe? A: Good. How about you?
B: Ebwe. Etaṃ? B: So-so. What's your name?
A: Eta in Essa. Ak kwe? A: My name is Essa. What about you?
B: Eta in Lisson. Bar lo eok. B: My name is Lisson. See you later.
A: Bar lo eok. A: See you later.
Note: There are two main dialects of Marshallese, the Western (Rālik)dialect spoken on the western chain of atolls, and the Eastern (Ratak)dialect spoken on the eastern chain of atolls. In the urban centers of Majuro and Ebeye, there are speakers of both dialects. The two dialects are very similar to each other, but some words are different. Since the Western dialect is considered more standard, all the vocabulary in this book is listed first in the Western dialect, and an 'E:' indicates the form in the Eastern dialect when it is different.
aet yes
jaab no
iọkwe hello, goodbye, love
aolep all, every, everything, everybody
lo see, find
eṃṃan (E: sometimes ṃōṃan) good
nana bad, inedible
ennọ (E: sometimes nenọ) tasty, tastes good, delicious, edible
lukkuun very, really, absolutely, totally Ex. Elukkuun eṃṃan = It is really good
Practical Marshallese
Published by Marco Mora-Huizar
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text:
In Part I, we began answering the question of what makes for successful resource campaigns. We discussed the following:
- Stewardship is ministry.
- The best stewardship campaigns are continuous, yearlong open discussions and references to resourcing our values.
- Most people do not give "to keep the lights on". They give to actualize their values.
- Successful congregations celebrate their donors just as they do their volunteers.
- Leadership sets the example in financial commitments and in working the campaign.
- It's "The 3 T's" (time, talent, and treasure), not "pick 2 out of 3 T's." We contribute in all 3 categories as best we can.
- Don't conduct a budget drive like it's a new requirement every year. Have a plan.
Let's look at some additional criteria for success:
- The Stewardship Committee organizes and leads the stewardship effort, but they do not do it alone. Once campaign planning begins, Membership, LSG, Social Justice, the Board, and others should be part of the Stewardship Team. The committee cannot and should not do it alone; we all own this.
- The mechanical guidelines for good campaigns are well known. You likely have copies of Wayne Clark's Beyond Fundraising – read it and use it – it works. Plan on about 10- 12 key people to run a first rate effort.
- A good, simple theme and visuals help people connect to stewardship. Relate to and put texture to your Mission and Vision statements. Similarly, well-selected and prepared testimonials are powerful. Use them and capture them for reuse.
- This is about community. If, at the end, people feel part of something, energized, proud of the results, and the amount needed was raised – it's a great campaign. If they are frustrated, exhausted, and short funds – we failed the community.
- Data counts, and so does knowing the congregation. Look at people from several perspectives (what quintile of giving are they in, how long have they been here, how active are they, what moves them, income changes, etc.?). Pair them with the right visiting steward. This helps people connect to the larger purpose of the effort.
- We need not be shy about asking – this is important to us all, so let's ask. People often need help framing their contribution, especially new members. Make full use of the Fair Share guide. If people want to know the mean and median contribution from last year and the size of our budget, they should have that information, but at best they match their decisions to the Fair Share guide and do not focus so much on what others do. This is their commitment to make.
- Two things can be helpful. One, have a commitment Sunday wherein the Visiting Stewards and the Congregation exchanges pledges. It's very powerful to see those stewards standing up front. Two, recognize that many members on fixed income have limited potential to increase. No one should be overlooked or assumed unable to make an increase, but if they cite fixed income, it's an ideal time to talk about legacy giving. You should have a Legacy Society to recognize and honor those who have put the congregation in their will or estate plans.
- Encourage people to set up auto pay, making contributions more predictable, with less processing.


text:
Transnational Rhine Network
Prof. Hein Klemann and dr. Ben Wubs
The development of the German Ruhr area into the most important industrial centre of Europe since the 1870s, would have been impossible without the Rhine, just as the development of Rotterdam (and the surrounding towns) as the most important deep sea port of Europe. These areas developed into a European cross-border centre of economic activity without a rival.
The Rhine, however, crossed borders of several states, with various national institutions and conflicting interests, which was a source of co-operation as well as conflict. By viewing regional development as a historical process, considerable leeway is also opened up for the application of two key concepts from evolutionary economics, i.e. path dependence and adaptation. Economic choices are always to some extent depended on past institutional and technological developments and it is even so that historical decisions have major influence on decisions now and in the future. Regional economies inherit past developments with negative as well as positive effects. On the other hand, a region's lasting success depends on its adaptive capability: i.e. the capacity of firms, clusters, and state institutions to adapt to new market, technological and organizational opportunities.
Transnational Rhine Conferences
In order to realise a research program on these and related issues, the organisers of this historical Rhine conference endeavor to build a transnational network of economic and business historians, as well as historians of technology, in the first place from the countries along the Rhine and its delta, i.e. Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. On 14, 15 and 16 April, the 6th Transnational Rhine Conference took place, entitled 'Rivers and Innovation in International Comparative Perspective'. For the programme, a list of speakers and the summary of the conference click here.
The Transnational Rhine Conferences explore the different aspects of long-term economic development of the Rhine clusters and focus on two main actors in the Rhine economy, i.e. (trans)national firms and governments. It hypothesises that both firms and markets are engaged with political institutions in a mutually dependent relationship. As a consequence, companies with important economic relations across the borders were interested in peaceful relations and open borders. Nevertheless, firms also had to support national targets, which could result in conflicts with the states and with their international interests.
Central questions are:
- How and why did the Rhine economy became one of the most competitive economic regions in the world?
- What were the consequences of this long-lasting successful economic development for the political relations between the diverse Rhine States?
- How did cross-border economic relations influence the economic development within the diverse countries?
- What were the effects of shattered political surrounding for the development of firms and groups of firms?
The aim the conferences is to explore different aspects of long-term economic development of the Rhine clusters which will be looked into from five different perspectives, i.e. geographical, macro-economical, institutional, business historical, and technological. Although these perspectives sometimes overlap it is useful to analyse the Rhine economy from these different points of view, dependent on different academic fields. The organisers, based at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam and Goethe University in Frankfurt, aim to bring together scholars from various disciplines and make it a genuine multidisciplinary venture.
Dr. Ralf Banken (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main)
Prof. Werner Plumpe (Goethe University Frankfurt am Main)
Prof. Hein. A.M. Klemann (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Dr. Ben Wubs (Erasmus University Rotterdam)


Ineed writing this function. i'm not too familiar with vectorslanguage: c++//requires: v is not empty//effects: returns a summary of the dataset as (value, frequency) pairs// in the returned vector-of-vectors, the inner vector is a (value, frequency)// pair. the outer vector contains many of these pairs. the pairs should be// sorted by value.// {// {1, 2},// {2, 3},// {17, 1}// }// this means that the value 1 occurred twice, the value 2 occurred 3 times,// and the value 17 occurred oncestd: : vector > summarize(std: : vector v); we are also given a sorting function that sorts the vector from smallest to largest number.//modifies: v//effects: sorts vvoid sort(std: : vector & v);
Answerpage pane; i believe this is a correct answer/ plz check first/// good luck;
Hdi4nfnfuhdjdurjfjc7fjrnckf snuck fhfjfkfmfjfk4jrhr
Through the process of sedimentation,sediment is turned back to rock to form sedimentation.the process of sedimentation is: > deposition-where fragments were deposited into the river or sea under gravity or travelling agent such as wind or water. > sedimentation-the fragments deposited in the river sedimented and accumulate> compaction-the layers of fragments deposited undergoes compaction due to the weight if the upper layers> cementation-chemical substance of the fragments such as cement dissolved into the water and cement the other fragments together to form sedimentary rock.thus,cementation and compaction are the process.on the other hand, transformation only occur when a rock under goes metamorphism(compaction or extreme heat).while recrystillization occurs when a rock is melted and cooled down,which also requires metamorphism to take place.hope it!
answer; i believe the correct answer to be the parents and primary groups bears most of the responsibility for socialization in the cooley's theory;
Do you know the answer?
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text:
Correct. Common strategy is to either persist a setting into application settings or to save a value to a file at the very end of the process.
The logic becomes:
1. Is my special value there?
2. Yes - great, database is populated, business as usual
3. Nope - OK, load up the database
4. Last step after loading up the databes, set my special value
In the emulator if you rebuild or close and open then yes, you'll end up in steps 3 - 4.


Setting Up Customer Order Notification
You can customize automatic order confirmation message sent to your buyers by Plesk Sitebuilder.
To set up order notification message:
 1. On the eShop page, go to the Notifications tab.
 2. In the E-mail field, enter the e-mail to be displayed in the From field of the notification e-mail.
 3. In the Subject field, enter the subject of the notification e-mail.
 4. In the Message field, enter the text of the notification e-mail.
 You can insert the following macros into the body of the notification message:
 To insert these macros, choose them from the Macro list on the WYSIWYG panel.


Brisk is one of those delightful words that sounds like what it means: quick, lively, bracing, and refreshing. There's nothing like a brisk walk in the morning to get the blood flowing and the spirit ready for the day.
Anything brisk is happening quickly but not too fast. Probably taken from the French brusque, which also means "quick," but in a more negative way, brisk can be used to describe not only physical actions but also more conceptual notions, such as brisk business around the holidays or brisk interactions at a speed-dating event. The soft-drink called Brisk must be called that for a good reason. Perhaps it picks you up!
Definitions of brisk
 1. adjective
 quick and energetic
 "a brisk walk in the park"
 synonyms: alert, lively, merry, rattling, snappy, spanking, zippy
 possessing or exerting or displaying energy
 2. adjective
 very active
 "doing a brisk business"
 full of activity or engaged in continuous activity
 3. adjective
 imparting vitality and energy
 synonyms: bracing, fresh, refreshful, refreshing, tonic
 imparting strength and vitality
 4. verb
 become brisk
 "business brisked up"
 synonyms: brisk up, brisken
Word Family


text:
Douglas Christie on contemplative ecology
There is a deep and pervasive hunger for a less fragmented and more integrated way of understanding and inhabiting the world. What must change if we are to live in a sustainable relationship with other organisms? What role do our moral and spiritual values play in responding to the ecological crisis? We sat down with Douglas E. Christie, author of The Blue Sapphire of the Mind, to discuss a contemplative approach to ecological thought and practice that can help restore our sense of the earth as a sacred place.
What is the blue sapphire of the mind?
It is an image used by Evagrius of Pontus, a fourth century Christian monk, to describe the condition of the mind transformed by contemplative practice: it is pure and endless and serene, capable of seeing and experiencing union with everything and everyone.
What is "contemplative ecology" and what does it have to do with this idea?
Contemplative ecology has two distinct but related meanings. First, it refers to a particular way of thinking about and engaging ecological concerns, rooted in a distinctive form of contemplative spiritual practice. Second, it refers to a particular way of thinking about spiritual practice, one that understands the work of transforming awareness as leading toward and including a deepened understanding of the intricate relationships among and between all living beings. The underlying concern is to find new ways of thinking about the meaning and significance of the relationship between ecological concern and contemplative spiritual practice, that can help to ground sustained care for the environment in a deep feeling for the living world.
What possible meaning do you think such a contemplative approach can have in an age of massive and growing environmental degradation?
Contemplative traditions of spiritual practice, including those grounded in monastic forms of living, have long occupied the margins of mainstream society. The work of such communities is often hidden from view. Because of this, their contributions to work of social and political transformation can seem, on the face of it, negligible. But a careful examination of the historical record suggests that such communities have contributed and continue to contribute significantly to the project of cultural, social and even political renewal — primarily through their unwavering commitment to uncovering the deepest sources of our bonds with one another and with the living world. In our own moment of ecological and political crisis, these traditions of contemplative thought and practice can help to awaken in us a new awareness of the deepest sources of our shared concern for the world.
Is this a matter of particular concern to religious communities?
Yes, and no. Certainly, environmental degradation is a concern that religious communities around the world are waking up to in a new way, and this includes the particular contributions of monastic communities. But the distinctively contemplative dimension of this renewal transcends religion (at least in narrow terms) and touches on a wider and more fundamental human concern: to truly know ourselves as part of the rich web of life. Contemplative ecology addresses anyone who wishes to think more deeply and carefully about what it is to be alive and attentive to the natural world, and to respond with care and affection.
Douglas E. Christie is Professor of Theological Studies, Loyola Marymount University, and the author of The Blue Sapphire of the Mind: Notes for a Contemplative Ecology and The Word in the Desert: Scripture and the Quest for Holiness in Early Christian Monasticism.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
buffer ( buffers plural & 3rd person present) ( buffering present participle) ( buffered past tense & past participle )
1 n-count A buffer is something that prevents something else from being harmed or that prevents two things from harming each other.
oft N against/between n, N n
Keep savings as a buffer against unexpected cash needs..., The Prison Service acts as a buffer between the minister and his critics.
2 verb If something is buffered, it is protected from harm.
The company is buffered by long-term contracts with growers. be V-ed, Also V n
3 n-count The buffers on a train or at the end of a railway line are two metal discs on springs that reduce the shock when a train hits them.
(mainly BRIT) usu pl
4 n-count A buffer is an area in a computer's memory where information can be stored for a short time. (COMPUTING)
buffer state ( buffer states plural ) A buffer state is a peaceful country situated between two or more larger hostile countries. n-count
Turkey and Greece were buffer states against the former Soviet Union.
buffer zone ( buffer zones plural ) A buffer zone is an area created to separate opposing forces or groups which belongs to neither of them. n-count
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
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It's easy and only takes a few seconds:
- Create your own vocabulary list
- Contribute to the Collaborative Dictionary
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"Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 4th edition published in 2003 © HarperCollins Publishers 1987, 1995, 2001, 2003 and Collins A-Z Thesaurus 1st edition first published in 1995 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995"


text:
Return to Classical Laissez-faire Science
Although RSI offers a variety of free educational programs, it is our Undergraduate Fellows Program that best exemplifies the quintessential RSI vision. The RSI Undergraduate Fellows Program evolved from the personal experiences of its founders – laissez-faire science. We challenge our fellows to do something extraordinary and then give the freedom and resources (to the extent possible) to proceed. Fellows are given the freedom and independence to develop their own vision and personal scientific style– with guidance close at hand when needed or asked for. We wholly embrace Physics Nobel Laureate Andre Giem's philosophy.
"Curiosity-driven research. Something random, simple, maybe a bit weird—even ridiculous. Without it, there are no discoveries." – Andre Geim, Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
Giem is the only Nobel Prize winner (for discovery of the wonder material graphene) who also won an Ig Noble Prize (for levitating living frogs with magnets). Giem is not afraid of ridicule or willing to temper his creativity. With great risks, great rewards are possible!
"Frankly, I value both my Ig Nobel prize and Nobel prize at the same level and for me Ig Nobel prize was the manifestation that I can take jokes, a little bit of self-deprecation always helps."
The RSI undergraduate fellows program is designed to specifically allow undergraduates the opportunity to pursue an independent, or group project. The program begins with the immersion/incubation period, when fellows learn wet lab techniques, judicious use of the scientific literature, and survey the breadth of the scientific landscape. Ideas incubate and begin to take shape. Armed with their newly acquired scientific knowledge, fellows embark on a question or problem that inspires themthe formulation period. The process is as much a pedagogical experience about scientific research, as it is about self-discovery. Because our fellow's scientific naiveté persists, the incubation period often extends out to near the end of the program, when everything coalesces. Although the minimum fellowship period is 6 months, those who have benefited the most from the program continued for well over 18 months. Traditionally, to become semi-independent in science requires years in graduate school and then post-doctoral work. In comparison, our fellows achieve this in an accelerated time frame.
The development of a refined scientific acumen, beyond a mere dalliance with the scientific method, requires constant sharpening and enough time, independence, and buffering from the culture of conformity to develop the scientific skill set to ask insightful questions, pose and then validate key hypotheses. Fundamental discoveries do not result from the contemporary, highly popular, and derivative "plug and play" research style, but rather from true exploration of uncharted waters. What you sow is what you reap. Although programs such as iGEM may pay lip service to accomplishing these lofty goals, sufficient time, resources and inherent system design remain limiting. Even our own program suffers from insufficient time for our fellows to reach maturity. Thus, we propose a true back to the future Bio 2.0 science pedagogical approach, where science is conducted as it was in the classical era, but using the power of modern technology and communication tools.
"The learning experience at RSI is incredible. I felt like I truly understood what it meant to do research, and design experiments, and what a great lab environment can be."
–Hugo DeckerWeill Medical College of Cornell University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Rockefeller University MD/PhD Program
"I have a passion for research because I get to sit on the edge of scientific discovery. The edge may be precarious at times, but by collaborating with colleagues, being creative, and not giving up, incredible things can ultimately be accomplished."
-Jack Tung – Medical College of Georgia MD/PhD Program
Past RSI Undergraduate Fellows Projects Topics:
- In vitro culture of neoblasts, pluripotent adult stem cells, from S. mediterannea
- Creation of a transgenic model in S. mediterannea
- Development of a conditional aging model in S. mediterannea
- Development of a dominant negative premature aging model in S. mediterannea
- Cellular reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells with supertranscription factors


text:
The Education and Science Institute in Vietnam has warned that the number of children with autism in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has increased by nearly 160 times over eight years. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen, deputy head of the institute, said that the number of children diagnosed with autism is rising sharply in Vietnam.
The number of children with autism detected by the Hanoi-based Central Pediatrics Hospital in 2007 was 50 times more than in 2000, and the number of autistic children treated by the hospital in 2007 increased by 33 times from 2000. The number of autistic children in HCMC increased from only two in 2000 to 324, or 160 times higher, in 2008.
The warning was released this week at a seminar on care and education for autistic children. The seminar was jointly held by the Vietnam Association of Autistic Children, the United States Embassy in Vietnam and the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund in Hanoi. On March 13, Tuoitrenews.vn reported that, according to medical websites, "There is probably a combination of factors that leads to autism, including genetic factors and others including diet, mercury poisoning, the body's inability to properly process vitamins and minerals, and vaccine sensitivity..."
Read about the upcoming revolutionary book 'The Thinking Moms' Autism Beyond the Spectrum...' here: _URL_
Find Chiromother on facebook at: _URL_ twitter _URL_ OR on Pinterest at: _URL_


Quick question about a switch statement
After reading the lesson about switch statements I am confused so I set up 2 examples here. In example one if i start it with switch (x) and then have case 1, does that mean if x==1 then it will cout "x is 1" or what? And if not, would my second example work? thanks. And i dont get it what is supposed to be inside switch(inside here). Is it supposed to be the variable or just whatever you want to call the switch??
example 1
switch (x)
case 1:
cout<<"x is 1";
example 2
case (x==1):
cout<<"x is 1";
pls helps
Check out the tutorial section in C++ which talks about switch statements:
i did but i just dont understand t hat one thang
help pls
Topic archived. No new replies allowed.


text: The US Patent and Trademarks Office recently awarded TalentSphere its first patent. This award relates to its "reciprocal publishing system" and related methodologies, that were originally conceptualized in the late 1980s and developed during the 1990s in TalentSphere's incubator, Digital Discoveries. This invention remains at the core of many of TalentSphere's present WRYM systems. This approach enables a more informed workplace through the effective and balanced exchange of information between workers and management as well as between candidates and recruiters. Various other patents related to the WRYM solutions are pending.


text:
The Night the Moon fell from the Sky
It was October 1939, in Springfield, Missouri sometime around 7:30pm. Folks around town saw the Full Moon rise into the sky just like it always did, but then something seemed to go wrong. Alarmingly, the Full Moon began to fall from the sky like a giant meteor. One witness described the Moon had looked about two hours high in the sky when it suddenly turned into a ball of fire and fell from the sky. Folks said the Moon could be seen very low in the sky burning for 5 or 10 minutes.
People were astonished! No one had ever heard or seen such a thing. The morning newspaper read "Moon falls on Strafford Route 3." But there were doubters who did not believe such a thing could happen and right they were! As it turned out, that flaming Moon was in fact a weather balloon meeting its' demise as it fell through the atmosphere.
And as it turned out, the Moon wasn't even full that night. Instead, it was a barely visible crescent!.The StarrySkies Lunar Eclipse Pages
Total Lunar Eclipse: Second Moon Show of the Year takes place November 8
What is a Lunar Eclipse
Why we don't have a Lunar Eclipse every month
Rating a lunar eclipse - the Danjon Scale
Photographing a Lunar Eclipse
Myths and Lore about Lunar Eclipses
The Lunar Eclipse that Saved Christopher Columbus
Moonstats - Lunar Vital Statistics
Why we see only one side of the Moon - librations
Moon Tales: The Night the Moon fell - 1939 Springfield, Missouri
Moon Tales: When the Moon saved the Sun - New York 1835
Moon Trees - Have you got one in Your Town?
Multimedia Moon - Images and Video clips of the Moon
3D Moon - Catch the Moon in 3D (note: you will need 3D glasses)
South Polar The Sun Asteroids Comets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Copyright © 1995 - 2008
Kathy Miles, Author, and Chuck Peters, Systems Administrator
URL reveals our email address after you solve a reCAPTCHA (image containing two words).


text:
Back to Matrikkelland records
Norwegian farms - some background information
by John Follesdal
As you search for your ancestors in various Norwegian records, you will soon find yourself focusing on specific farming communities in the rural areas of Norway. The reason for this is quite simple: Norway's population has historically lived in rural areas. One historian has estimated that in 1801 approximately 80 - 90% of the Norwegian population lived in rural areas. While the percentage of farmers decreased over the following decades, farmers still constituted 75% of Norway's population in 1865. Thus, even if you find that your ancestors who immigrated to the U.S. lived in a city when they left Norway, chances are pretty good that their parents or grandparents lived on a farm.
Fortunately, researching Norwegian ancestors in farming communities is fairly easy: almost all rural communities in Norway have published a bygdebok. (See my article on bygdebøker). These books contain a treasure trove of genealogy information and are fairly easy to use even if you do not speak Norwegian. Once you have read my article on bygdebøker, you should be able to read the portions of a bygdebok that pertain to your family without too much difficulty as long as you have a good Norwegian-English dictionary. (I would recommend Einar Haugen's dictionary, probably the best Norwegian-English dictionary currently available. You can purchase this from your local bookstore or through the Ancestors from Norway bookstore. You can also print out a copy of my Norwegian-English dictionary to use as a supplement to Einar Haugen's dictionary). Unfortunately there are some words in bygdebooks, probate records and other sources that dictionary definitions fail to explain adequately: landskyld, matrikkel, jorddrotte, leilending, husmann, and strandsitter are some examples. I have therefore decided to include this article on my web site in order to provide a more in depth discussion of these words.
The leilending (tenant farmer)
In the middle ages almost all Norwegian farm land was owned by the king, the church, and a few wealthy land owners. The church, for example, received considerable real estate as gifts in return for agreeing to provide a requiem mass in the memory of the donor. In an article on the medieval history of Nordnes (near Bergen), Helen Ravnanger provides an example of such church ownership:
As far as we can determine, the Munkeliv monastery was the wealthiest monastery in Norway in the high middle ages. Torward the latter part of the 1100's the monastery owned 97 farms in the western part of Norway. During the middle ages its land holdings increased such that in 1427 the monastery owned 330 farms, most of these in the western part of Norway. By European standards this was a relatively small holding, one could say almost poor, but by Norwegian standards it was a substantial land holding. Most of the income from these farms ended up in Bergen [where the monastery was located]..
The income that Helen Ravnanger discusses in her article was called landskyld. It originated in the late Viking ages to the early Middle ages and referred to the yearly payment that a leilending (a tenant farmer) would pay to the jorddrotte (a land owner who leased out his land to tenant farmers). The word leilending is made up of two words: the verb leie (to rent) and the noun land (land). The word jorddrotte, i.e., the landlord, is made up of the two nouns jord (soil) and drotte (king or chieftain). The term landskyld is also made up of two nouns: land (land) and skyld (a fee). In bygdebøker and other sources the word landskyld is often abbreviated as landsk. while the word leilending is often abbreviated L. (Note: the abbreviation l. (lower case l), on the other hand, is frequently used to refer to the old measurement laup).
The landskyld was payable in goods that the tenant farmer produced on the farm, i.e., cow hides, butter, fish, etc., and historians believe that the landskyld was originally set at 1/6th of the gross annual production of the farm. (It is important to keep in mind that the landskyld was based on the productivity of a farm and not directly on the size of the farm. It is generally not possible to calculate the size of a farm simply by using the landskyld). Historians have not been able to establish with certainty the exact date that the landskyld system first came into use, but they do know that the system was mentioned in King Magnus Lagabøte's law from1274.
Originally farms would be leased out under the landskyld system for one year at a time. Later on the term of the leases increased to three years. This did not mean that a tenant farmer would have to move every three years: it simply meant that the landlord had the right to take the farm back at the end of the lease term. In addition to the yearly landskyld a tenant farmer also had to pay a fee for førstebygsel ved brukerskifte (an additional fee each time a new tenant farmer took over a farm), and a tredjeårstake (a fee for renewing the lease every three years).
By using my Norwegian-English dictionary you should now be able to figure out what the following sentence from a bygdebok means: Landskylda var i 1626 1 l. 21/2 pd. smør og 1 sau..
The concentration of land ownership in Norway did not last long. In the century following the Black Death, the landskyld decreased sharply due to market forces and both the king and the church began to sell their land holdings to maintain their income. As one bygdebok author has noted:
Then came the Black Death in 1350. Perhaps 2/3 of the population in Norway died. Later on, in the 1300's and 1400's there were other plagues, so the population didn't really recover. But the farms lay there, abandoned. Most probably, those who survived moved onto the best farms in the center of their communities..... The result of this was that the land owners had to decrease the landskyld in order to rent out the farms. It has been established that the landskyld in Gudbrandsdalen in 1430 had decreased to a point where it was only 17% of the old landskyld, and that it decreased even further down to 13% around the year 1500. It remained at that level until the 1600's. This decrease in income to the landowners, the nobility, and the church, is perhaps the most important explanation as to why Norway was almost a province under Denmark for such a long time period - there was no economic base for a separate Norwegian governmental system..
By 1660 the king and the church had sold off a great deal of its land holdings, and in southern Norway, for example, almost a fifth of the land was owned by individual farmers. Helen Ravnanger explains that a key economic reason for these land sales was the Black Death: "The crises in the late middle ages led all landowners to suffer a dramatic decrease in the income they received from leasing out their land. Despite its wealth, the Munkeliv monastery also experienced such problems, which says something about what other monasteries and landowners must have experienced. Like other landowners, the Munkeliv monastery experienced a sharp decrease in its income due to the drastic decreases in the population and in productivity that the Black Death brought about.". Thus, a nationwide survey of land ownership conducted in 1661 revealed the following ownership structure of land in Norway :
||Percent of land owned:
| King (krongods) and the church (kirkegods)
| Nobility (adelsgods)
| Farmers (bondegods) (where the owner farmed his own farm)
| Absentee owners of farms (borgergods / bondegods) (where the owner, who was either a farmer or a businessman, rented out his farm to a leilending)
In his book on Norwegian history, Knut Mykland writes that this survey revealed an important fact about land ownership in Norway:
The ownership structure differed, however, in the various parts of the country. In the mountain communities in eastern Norway and in Agder, except for Lista, most of the farmland was owned by the farmers themselves - 62% of all the land in the mountain areas, and 57% of all the land in Agder was cultivated by farmers who owned the land, and most of the remaining land in these areas was owned by farmers who leased the land out to leilendinger. The opposite situation existed in the outer parts of western Norway, Trøndelag and northern Norway. In the outer parts of western Norway only 6% of the farms were owned by the farmers who operated their own farms. In Trøndelag it was 5%, and in northern Norway it was only 4%. In these areas the vast majority of land was owned by the king or the church.....
From 1661 to 1721 more and more farmers purchased their own farms, and in a study on this issue, another Norwegian historian, Ståle Dyrvik, has also noted that the percentage of such ownership varied widely from region to region. Commenting on the findings of this


text:
DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages
UUENCODE(1) DragonFly General Commands Manual UUENCODE(1)
uuencode, uudecode, b64encode, b64decode -- encode/decode a binary file
uuencode [-m] [-o output_file] [file] name
uudecode [-cimprs] [file...]
uudecode [-i] -o output_file
b64encode [-o output_file] [file] name
b64decode [-cimprs] [file...]
b64decode [-i] -o output_file [file]
The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files
over transmission mediums that do not support other than simple ASCII
data. The b64encode utility is synonymous with uuencode with the -m flag
specified. The b64decode utility is synonymous with uudecode with the -m
The uuencode utility reads file (or by default the standard input) and
writes an encoded version to the standard output, or output_file if one
has been specified. The encoding uses only printing ASCII characters and
includes the mode of the file and the operand name for use by uudecode.
The uudecode utility transforms uuencoded files (or by default, the standard input) into the original form. The resulting file is named either
name or (depending on options passed to uudecode) output_file and will
have the mode of the original file except that setuid and execute bits
are not retained. The uudecode utility ignores any leading and trailing
The following options are available for uuencode:
-m Use the Base64 method of encoding, rather than the traditional
Output to output_file instead of standard output.
The following options are available for uudecode:
-c Decode more than one uuencoded file from file if possible.
-i Do not overwrite files.
-m When used with the -r flag, decode Base64 input instead of traditional uuencode input. Without -r it has no effect.
Output to output_file instead of any pathname contained in the
-p Decode file and write output to standard output.
-r Decode raw (or broken) input, which is missing the initial and
possibly the final framing lines. The input is assumed to be in
the traditional uuencode encoding, but if the -m flag is used, or
if the utility is invoked as b64decode, then the input is assumed
to be in Base64 format.
-s Do not strip output pathname to base filename. By default
uudecode deletes any prefix ending with the last slash '/' for
The following example packages up a source tree, compresses it, uuencodes
it and mails it to a user on another system. When uudecode is run on the
target system, the file ''src_tree.tar.Z'' will be created which may then
be uncompressed and extracted into the original tree.
tar cf - src_tree | compress |
uuencode src_tree.tar.Z | mail sys1!sys2!user
The following example unpacks all uuencoded files from your mailbox into
your current working directory.
uudecode -c < $MAIL
The following example extracts a compressed tar archive from your mailbox
uudecode -o /dev/stdout < $MAIL | zcat | tar xfv -
basename(1), compress(1), mail(1), uucp(1) (net/freebsd-uucp),
The uudecode and uuencode utilities appeared in 4.0BSD.
Files encoded using the traditional algorithm are expanded by 35% (3
bytes become 4 plus control information).
DragonFly 5.1 January 27, 2002 DragonFly 5.1


text:
Anion Sensing and Molecular Recognition Using Macrocycles
Abstract (Summary)Restricted Item. Print thesis available in the University of Auckland Library or available through Inter-Library Loan. This thesis describes the versatility of elaborated porphyrins and porphyrin-like macrocycles as selective sensors for anions. The development of anion sensors based on coordination complexes is briefly reviewed in the first chapter. Chapter Two describes the synthesis of free-base and metallo-picket fence type porphyrins. These elaborated porphyrins have been designed specifically for use as anion sensors. The picket groups include ferrocene and cobaltocenium. Chapter Three is comprised of two parts. The first half describes the theory of ion-selective electrodes and the second half details the detection and selectivity of anions by free-base and metallo-picket porphyrins incorporated in ion-selective electrodes. The results of these studies have established that manganese(III) porphyrin complexes are the most suitable as anion sensors. The synthesis of l,1'-bis-amidoferrocene complexes is reported in Chapter Four. A method for preparing unsymmetrical 1,1'-bis-amidoferrocene complexes is described here for the first time. X-ray crystal structures of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,1'-bis-amidoferrocene complexes have established there are interesting differences in crystal packing between examples. Group 14 complexes of octamethyltetraazaanulene (OMTAA) are potential anion sensors and these systems are described in Chapter Five. The X-ray crystal structure of [Sn(OMTAA)CI(THF)]+ established an interesting cationic species is formed when more than a stoichiometric amount of stannic chloride is used. This complex is assumed to be the active element in anion sensors based on Sn(IV) porphyrins. The final chapter describes the use of free-base and metallo-porphyrins in molecular recognition of fullerenes (C60 and C70). Crystal structures of six porphyrin/fullerene cocrystallates are reported. These crystal structures provide important information regarding the consistently short porphyrin-fullerene distances attributable to van der Waals interactions.
School Location:New Zealand
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:01/01/2000


text:
Cloudburst is a milestone in Canadian literature. For over a half-century, beginning with the Spanish Civil War and continuing through the coups d'état and military repression in South and Central America in the 1970s and 80s, Spanish-speaking writers have been arriving in Canada as exiles and immigrants and have been creating new works in their native language. Cloudburst is the first anthology of short stories by Hispanic Canadian writers from across Latin America and Spain to appear in English. Edited by Luis Molina Lora and Julio Torres-Recinos and first published in Spanish as Retrato de una nube: primera antología del cuento hispano canadiense in 2008, Cloudburst is a prodigious collective work, containing forty-two stories by twenty-two authors from nine different countries—Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Spain—and rendered into English by seven translators.
The stories in Cloudburst reflect the enormous variety of Hispanic writing in Canada today. Each of the authors' native countries has its own artistic and literary tradition, yet all are bound together by the Spanish linguistic and cultural sphere. Moreover, the women and men in the anthology have settled in cities and towns across Canada, some of them entering into contact with the English-speaking literary world, others with the French. A number of them began writing before they left their homelands, while many of the younger contributors started their careers in Canada. Some of them prefer a traditional literary style, others a more surrealist, experimental, or colloquial approach. All of them are passionate about their writing, and all have gone through the common experience of leaving or being uprooted from the land of their birth and settling in Canada, where they face the challenges and difficulties involved in reestablishing their lives in a largely unknown environment. In Cloudburst, through the prism of translation, they share their latest fiction with English-speaking readers.


text:
The Whispers of Nemesis – The Fifth Greek Detective Mystery
The Whispers of Nemesis takes enigmatic investigator Hermes Diaktoros to the wintry mountains of northern Greece.
As snow falls in the tiny village of Vrisi a coffin is unearthed and broken open. But to the astonishment of the mourners at the graveside, the remains inside the coffin have been transformed, and as news of the bizarre discovery spreads through the village like forest fire it sets tongues wagging and heads shaking.
Then, in the shadow of the shrine of St Fanourios (patron saint of lost things), a body is found, buried under the fallen snow – a body whose identity only deepens the mystery around the exhumed remains. There's talk of witchcraft, and the devil's work – but it seems the truth, behind both the body and the coffin, may be far stranger than the villagers' wildest imaginings.
Drawn to the mountains by a wish to see an old and dear friend, Hermes finds himself embroiled in the mysteries of Vrisi, as well as the enigmatic last will and testament of Greece's most admired modern poet. The Whispers of Nemesis is a story of desperate measures and long-kept secrets, of murder and immortality and of pride coming before the steepest of falls.


text:
better respond to a whole host of issues. More information can be found on the SERVIR website
Remote Sensing software
Remote Sensing data is processed and analyzed with computer software, known as a remote sensing application. A large number of proprietary and open source applications exist to process remote sensing data. Remote Sensing Software packages include:
- TNTmips from MicroImages,
- PCI Geomatica made by PCI Geomatics, the leading remote sensing software package in Canada,
- IDRISI from Clark Labs,
- Image Analyst from Intergraph,
- and RemoteView made by Overwatch Textron Systems.
- Dragon/ips is one of the oldest remote sensing packages still available, and is in some cases free.
Open source remote sensing software includes:
- Opticks (software),
- Orfeo toolbox
- Others mixing remote sensing and GIS capabilities are: GRASS GIS, ILWIS, QGIS, and TerraLook.
According to an NOAA Sponsored Research by Global Marketing Insights, Inc. the most used applications among Asian academic groups involved in remote sensing are as follows: ERDAS 36% (ERDAS IMAGINE 25% & ERMapper 11%); ESRI 30%; ITT Visual Information Solutions ENVI 17%; MapInfo 17%.
Among Western Academic respondents as follows: ESRI 39%, ERDAS IMAGINE 27%, MapInfo 9%, AutoDesk 7%, ITT Visual Information Solutions ENVI 17%.
- Aerial photography
- Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance
- Archaeological imagery
- Coastal management
- Full Spectral Imaging
- Geographic information system (GIS)
- Geophysical survey
- Global Positioning System (GPS)
- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
- Imagery Analysis
- Imaging Science
- Land cover
- List of Earth observation satellites
- Liquid crystal tunable filter
- Mobile Mapping
- Multispectral pattern recognition
- National Center for Remote Sensing, Air, and Space Law
- National LIDAR Dataset
- Remote monitoring and control
- Remote sensing (archaeology)
- Space probe
- Vector Map
- Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-369407-2.
- Schott, John Robert (2007). Remote sensing: the image chain approach (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-517817-3.
- Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009). Essential Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-470-51032-2.
- Begni Gérard, Escadafal Richard, Fontannaz Delphine and Hong-Nga Nguyen Anne-Thérèse, 2005. Remote sensing: a tool to monitor and assess desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 2. 44 pp.
- NASA (1986), Report of the EOS data panel, Earth Observing System, Data and Information System, Data Panel Report, Vol. IIa., NASA Technical Memorandum 87777, June 1986, 62 pp. Available at _URL_
- C. L. Parkinson, A. Ward, M. D. King (Eds.) Earth Science Reference Handbook – A Guide to NASA's Earth Science Program and Earth Observing Satellite Missions, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. Available at _URL_
- GRAS-SAF (2009), Product User Manual, GRAS Satellite Application Facility, Version 1.2.1, 31 March 2009. Available at _URL_
- Ditter, R., Haspel, M., Jahn, M., Kollar, I., Siegmund, A., Viehrig, K., Volz, D., Siegmund, A. (2012) Geospatial technologies in school – theoretical concept and practical implementation in K-12 schools. In: International Journal of Data Mining, Modelling and Management (IJDMMM): FutureGIS: Riding the Wave of a Growing Geospatial Technology Literate Society; Vol. X
- Stork, E.J., Sakamoto, S.O., and Cowan, R.M. (1999) "The integration of science explorations through the use of earth images in middle school curriculum", Proc. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 37, 1801–1817
- Bednarz, S.W. and Whisenant, S.E. (2000) "Mission geography: linking national geography standards, innovative technologies and NASA", Proc. IGARSS, Honolulu, USA, 2780–2782 8
- Campbell, J. B. (2002). Introduction to remote sensing (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-640-8.
- Jensen, J. R. (2007). Remote sensing of the environment: an Earth resource perspective (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-188950-8.
- Jensen, J. R. (2005). Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
- Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C.. Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2006;3(15):319–345.
- Lillesand, T. M.; R. W. Kiefer, and J. W. Chipman (2003). Remote sensing and image interpretation (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-15227-7.
- Richards, J. A.; and X. Jia (2006). Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 3-540-25128-6.
- US Army FM series.
- US Army military intelligence museum, FT Huachuca, AZ
- Datla, R.U.; Rice, J.P.; Lykke, K.R.; Johnson, B.C.; Butler, J.J.; Xiong, X.. Best practice guidelines for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2011 (March–April);116(2):612–646.
- Remote Sensing at the Open Directory Project
- Free space images (mosaics)
- International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS


Porpoises Starving in Europe Due to Ocean Warming
January 10, 2007
Porpoises are starving to death in European waters because of fish shortages linked to ocean warming, according to a new study that warns of mounting fatalities if sea temperatures continue to rise.
An investigation of harbor porpoises stranded along the coast of Scotland suggests that the marine mammals are dying because the fish that the porpoises eat, called sand eels, are in short supply.
Dwindling sand eel stocks in the North Sea have already been blamed for poor breeding success among seabirds. This latest research suggests that marine mammals are also affected (see United Kingdom map).
A Scottish team from Aberdeen University and the Scottish Agricultural College found that the number of harbor porpoises dying from starvation rose to 33 percent in 2002 and 2003—up from 5 percent in previous years.
The study, reported in the journal Biology Letters, was based on autopsies of beached harbor porpoises, Europe's smallest whale.
The porpoises rely heavily on sand eels, which make up to 80 percent of the mammals' diet in the spring, said Aberdeen University's Colin MacLeod, who led the study.
"We didn't really find other species of fish in their stomachs," he said. "If the sand eels aren't there, then there isn't any alternative food for them."
Less Blubber
Spring is a vital feeding time for harbor porpoises, MacLeod explained. The animals have just come through the winter, and the waters of the North Sea are at their coldest.
"If they're not feeding, they have to use the energy in their blubber, which means the blubber layer gets much thinner," MacLeod added.
This can lead to hypothermia, which was found to be the actual cause of death in the starved porpoises.
"The reason the porpoises die from hypothermia is because they're so small," the marine zoologist said.
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text: In Imperial Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire around 1900, negative comments on the "Americanization," i.e. the commercialization of musical life were as frequent as remarks about specifically "American" ways of playing the piano. Indeed, anti-American bias was widespread when it came to debating issues that challenged the newly globalized music world, among them the question of how inwardness relates to virtuosity, how marketing strategies compete with the idea of music as an autonomous art, and how different cultural backgrounds need to be negotiated when it comes to experiencing music. I seek to understand what kinds of stereotypes American pianists met with, whether in masterclasses or on stage, and what impact internationally renowned teachers like Hungarian born Franz Liszt and Vienna based Theodor Leschetizky had on transatlantic relations in music. Documents testifying to the work of Leschetizky who taught hundreds of American piano students are the main focus of this portion of a larger research project on the question of transatlantic relations and anti-Americanism in musical life around 1900.


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Q: How do I change the radio station in a 2012 Ford F-150?
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How do I change the radio station?
A: Playing music while driving is a big part o...
Playing music while driving is a big part of the driving experience and your truck is equipped with a radio that allows to you play various kinds of music through different stations. To change the Radio Station.
 1. Use the arrow keys on the radio to change stations up and down.
 2. Press and hold either arrow key down to scroll faster.
 3. Turn the Tune knob left or right to go up or down by increments.
 4. Press the arrows on the Seek button to quickly travel between stations with a strong signal.
 5. Press Direct to manually enter the radio station you desire (if your vehicle is equipped with this option.
 6. Press the AM/FM button to change frequencies.
 7. Press the numbers 1-6 on the preset stations bar to travel directly to that station.
 8. Press and hold any number on the preset stations bar to set that station as a preset, even on the satellite radio.
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What to Expect When Getting a New Roof
Getting a new roof installed seems like a big project. It's natural to worry about whether it will disrupt your life. There's also the question of the process of choosing a new roof.
Summer Sale – Save 50% on installation when you get started today!
No interest & no payments until fall 2022.
You can expect several things once you have decided that it's time to include a new roof in your home renovation or have no choice because your existing roof is failing and needs to be replaced.
Here are some things you can expect during the roofing assessment and process of choosing the right design. Also, we answer the question, "Will my family and I need to sleep elsewhere during the installation?"
Roofing Assessments
There are two ways of assessing your roof, and it can be done with a physical inspection wherein a professional will climb up and evaluate your existing roof condition. Based on this assessment, they may recommend eradicating the existing roof. Or they will check if it is possible to install the new roof over the old one. This assessment is an option if
 1. The new roof can be attached to the old roof deck.
 2. Only one roof will be covered, and it can hold the new one securely in place.
 3. There are no damages or insulations that are wet that will cause damage to the new roof.
 4. That the surrounding structure of the whole house can handle the weight of the additional roof installation.
Another way of assessing your roof is by using a drone to visualize better areas that are difficult to inspect or are in dangerous parts of your roof physically. Both the physical and drone roof assessments are to identify the wear and tear conditions.
They will look at the roof's appearance for missing, broken, or curled shingles, signs of water leaks and damages, and check the conditions of the skylights, chimneys, fascia, gutters ventilation systems.
The Right Design
You can choose from various designs:
A-Frame roofs, which are most commonly seen on cottage homes. They have pointed roofs that extend close to the ground.
Double-pitched roofs look like two triangles linked with a ridge top and are supported by a beam called purlin and rafters.
Gable roofs have sloping planes on each side where the upper portion of the sidewall forms a triangular at the ridge of a slope.
Hip roofs have sloping planes on every four sides and have no gables.
Skillion roofs are sloped from one side to the other. They have a single span and have no ridges. This design results in the external wall varying in heights.
Mansard roofs contain two sloping planes with different pitches on all four sides. They include no gables, and the lower plane is steeper than the upper.
Gazebo roofs are often octagonal or have a hexagonal shape in design.
how does roofing installation work
M-Shaped roofs are similar to double-pitched roofs. The difference is that these roofs rest on two load-bearing walls.
Dutch gable roofs are a combination of hip roofs and a small gamble top with a sloping roof below.
Clerestory roofs have an extended interior wall on one section.
Bonnet roofs have an extending ledge on the base of the top.
Gambrel roofs contain two different slopes, with one steeper than the other.
Parapet roofs extend upwards and past the roof edges by a few feet, along the border.
Saltbox roofs are asymmetrical roof faces. These designs produce one facade that is two stories high, dropping to a single level with a gable on each side.
Butterfly roofs are inverted gable roofs. They are pitched from the side toward the center, resembling a butterfly's wing.
Flat roofs have no slopes but have a slight slant just enough for drainage.
Shed roof designs, which are single roofs facing away from the main front. This roof design is also called the lean-to type.
During the Installation
Installing the new roof starts with removing the old one by taking everything down to the sheathing and rebuilding from there — This includes old shingles and other sidings. Homes that are built in areas that have longer, colder weather will need water and ice shields.
These are installed around the roof's edges and on the bottom edges where there are more ice buildups. The water and ice shields adhere to the roof sheathing, and when they are nailed down, they add stability and strength to the roof nails.
Drip edges are then installed on two different parts of the roof. The lower part is placed before the underlayments, and the other one is placed after. A metal drip is then placed along the bottom edge and over the top of the ice and water barrier. These are then nailed into place against the roof.
Roof Underlayment
The next step is the roof underlayment. Any damaged plywoods are replaced before laying down the new roofing underlayment. These underlayments come in felt paper or synthetic form. They are rolled out and secured with roofing cap nails along the outside edges and in the center. It is important to remember that these nails should not penetrate the drip edges.
Now it is finally time to install the new roof. The last steps are the roofing pipes, and vents are painted to match the new roof's design and color.
The Effect on Your Home Life
Depending on the extent of the roof installation, your family can sleep in the comforts of your bed. You will need to set some safety precautions, and if they are taking naps in the middle of the day, it won't be quiet. Ensure that if you have pets, they do not wander in the areas where there might be nails lying around. If you have a place where you could stay while construction is ongoing, it is advisable to stay elsewhere until the roofing installation is complete.
A new roof can cost between $5,000 and $30,000 depending on the old one's unattended damages. If the damages require the whole roof to be replaced, it will take longer and cost more. Before the expenses balloon, consider having your roof assessed. Look for Class 4 roofing shingles that do not break or crack, are stain-resistant, and will maintain your roof's physical appearance for many years.
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 - Inspecting your home and gathering precise measurements
 - Providing an immediate estimate and finance options to fit your budget
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JustMock is here!!
Its pretty early to say anything on it. It actually depends on your feedback. To add few, with JustMock we tried to build a mocking tool with simple and intuitive syntax as possible excluding more and more noises and avoiding any smell that can be made to your code [We are still trying everyday] and we want to make the tool even better with your help. JustMock can be used to mock virtually anything. Moreover, we left an option open that it can be used to reduce / elevate the features just though a single click. We tried to make a strong API and make stuffs fluent and guided as possible so that you never have the chance to get de-railed. Our syntax is AAA (Arrange – Act – Assert), we decided to stay away from Record – Reply model where you record your mock first, then reply and verify them. This is quite unnatural (like gotos in c/c++) and does not conform to the right flow. Thus, AAA syntax is the right one to choose. Also, having two different syntaxes is even more confusing so we decided to keep with one and only one.
Proxy mode
 1. Mock interfaces and classes with virtual methods
 2. Mock properties that includes indexers
 3. Set raise event for specific calls
 4. Use matchers to control mock arguments
 5. Assert specific occurrence of a mocked calls.
 6. Assert using matchers
 7. Do recursive mocks
Elevated mode
 1. Mock static methods
 2. Mock final methods
 3. Mock sealed classes
 4. Mock Extension methods
 5. Partially mock a class member directly using Mock.Arrange
Finally a little mock code:
 1. var lvMock = Mock.Create();
 3. // set your goal
 6. //perform
 7. string ret = lvMock.Echo("Yes");
 9. Assert.Equal(ret, "Yes");
 10. // make sure everything is fine
 - Hello.
 As the title says, what are the pro and cons for someone already using Rhino mock?
 - _USER_
 1. Simpler clean syntax to use and learn.
 2. Ability to use anonymoulsy assert expecatations in Mock.Assert
 3. Features like sequential mocking.
 Are Few to add.
 Its gives final and static mehtod supports, even you can mock framework classes.
 - Looks nice, a lot of the same ideas that I have in FakeItEasy. I like the syntax.
 - Three questions:
 1. What will it cost?
 2. Does this price give an adequate value compared to the free (and very good) 'Moq'-Framework? (How and why...)
 3. How does it compare to its commercial (and very good) alternative Typemock Isolator?
 In sum: Do we need another mocking framework? And if so, why?
 - Thomas
 - Hi Thomas,
 The pricing is yet to be decided but you could read the last comment in the following blog post: _URL_
 Regarding to moq, i have made a comment on the next post please check that as well.
Comments have been disabled for this content.


lay his sword to rest.
Centuries later, as the town had advanced far enough, a bridge was built to the other side of the valley and a castle was built to watch over the town's entirety. The Rikai bloodline eventually became royalty and lost their hardened survivalist nature as the town became inaccessible to all monsters that didn't possess flight. This was made possible by a famous inventor who created a bridge that could retract by winding a lever. From that time on, Yamoah has been largely untouched by monsters and hasn't seen much change.
The Tribe of Dawn and the Shifting Vigor Arms
Show content
The Tribe of Dawn is an ancient tribe of settlers from a land that was once an island near present day Liimina. They were wholly self sufficient and able adventurers consisting solely of humans. The Dawn was capable of forging mystical living weapons using a special type of metal found nowhere else in the world. This metal was known as Soulsteel and could only be obtained by destroying one of the atronachs native to the island. These weapons were able to absorb the life essence of whatever they killed and doing so caused them to grow just as the atronach would.
These weapons were often wielded by protectors of the tribe and were known as the Shifting Vigor Arms. Depending on the type of beasts they slayed, the weapons could become as dark as night or as bright as the sun itself. Not only that, but they would become exponentially more powerful.
It is thought that these weapons still exist somewhere in the world as they do not deteriorate over time or use. However, it is highly possible that they became lost in time, just as the island from whence they came. An ancient log depicts images and names of all Vigor Arms created after their first shift.
Shifting Vigor Arms:
Shadow Blade
Sola Daggers
Luna Bow
Cosmos Rod
History of Ailin Ranch
Show content
Long ago, even before the founding of Old Chrono City, the Ailin Ranch was formed by a small group of travelers who had grown tired of the hunting and gathering lifestyle of Yamoah. They took to the plains of Liimina in search of an area with similar terrain to Yamoah; a single entry way with a source of water nearby and high cliffs surrounding. A few days passed and they eventually found the perfect location not far from the entry to the neighboring swamp. This area had a pond that was large enough to support a small amount of people and livestock. Not only that but the grass was perfect for grazing and it shared the same temperate climate as the canyon.
Within days of returning to Yamoah for workers, fences and buildings began construction in what would become Ailin Ranch. As time passed a gate, barn, stable, shack, and a two story house was built and the couple lived there peacefully and eventually started a family.
The Ailin Invasion
Show content
Not more than a decade after the Ailin Ranch had been created had there been strange sightings in the skies above. Mysterious glowing figures and seemingly flying buildings had hovered above but whenever someone came out to investigate they would vanish in an instant. Until one night, when the sky was void of stars and the clouds poured down a heavy rain they came back...
A large circular ship appeared in a haze above the ranch and beamed down multiple rays of blinding light with a deafening crack. In it's wake were mysterious beings all headed for the barn. The Ailin's could only watch in horror as beacons were placed all around and the barn was lifted into the air and absorbed by the ship. A moment later, the beacons dissipated and the beings along with it. Just like that, they were gone. However, a marking was left in the fields in the shape of a half circle. What could it mean..?
History of Jid Palace
Show content
Located deep within the woodlands, the Jidan are one of the three native races of Liimina. Their home is known as the Jid Palace and is one of the oldest structures in Liimina. Long ago, the palace started with a single structure built to shelter the King and his family. Saplings were placed inside of a trench around the plot of land and over time they grew into a massive wall of trees. These trees became vital in the construction of a city and homes were carved into them once they reached full maturity. These trees help to keep the air constantly refreshing. allowing those who live inside its walls to live longer than the commoners who often live in trees or tunnels.
It was once home to only the noble and Royal Jid. Over time, they began to allow non nobles to take up residence in their palace. Every half century, the Jidan build a new section onto the palace to accommodate more and more citizens. The Jidan pride themselves on status. They have rankings from Ruler to Exile and seem to have no problem allowing visitors of all kinds into their most prized haven.
The Jid are a very peaceful race and do no harm to their own kind or other races. Those who endanger the safety of the palace are exiled from society and can only return after living in the woodlands for a decade. This has kept the palace strong and secure since the beginning of their civilization.
The Lyco Exiles
Show content
While there is no recorded history of violence in Jidan society, this does not mean that there is no conflict. The Jidan cast those who break laws into exile and give them the name Lyco after the forest for which they are to become one with.
The Lyco are cursed to lose their ability to communicate with plant life and to temporarily age in reverse until they reach pre adolescence. At that point they cease aging until they serve their sentence in exile and are able to return to the palace. Many of the Lyco are forced to take up primitive methods of self defense and will prey on anyone who enters their territory. As they can no longer differentiate friend from foe by using their senses, and they are physically inferior to all other races, they utilize poisons and long range tactics to keep themselves from being harmed. Lyco who have returned to the palace are deemed peasants and are unable to ever reach nobility.
History of Chrono City
Show content
Underneath Chrono City lies a town buried in time. In the days of old, Chrono Town began as a small trading establishment founded by humans. Located in the center of Liimina, it quickly became a prosperous community. All of the races came together, building upon the town, expanding it by sectioning the town into districts designed for trade, tourism and lodging, or recreation. Business thrived but not all was well. With the rise of the economy, there was also a rise in crime and an increasing interest in black market goods. Thieves prowled the streets after dark mugging travelers and breaking into stores, selling the stolen goods back for a profit.
The settlers became concerned and decided upon a system of law enforcement. A large prison was constructed underground alongside an aqueduct, and guards patrolled each district in shifts, an effort intended to keep the townsfolk safe from crime. The criminals who were captured were taken to the prison which proved harsh but effective. Weeks confined in a dark cell with nothing other than the blare of waves crashing against the walls of the prison proved to be punishment enough to drive men mad. This harsh system of law enforcement ensured that only the most foolhardy of citizens would even consider committing felonies, and was instrumental in keeping the town peaceful.
Not even a decade after the Human Elf Peace Treaty was signed, began the reconstruction of Chrono City. The new city was to be built atop the old town and it would be even larger to support more settlers. The prison and aqueducts were abandoned in place of a community jail house and building walls around the town. The main entrances to the town would be raised drawbridges by night leaving only one guarded entrance and exit to allow travelers. The seasons came and went and Chrono City quickly flourished with the help of all the races coming together once more. Generations passed and eventually everything anyone knew of the Old Town and its dark past has been long forgotten.
The Elfin Plague
Show content
Several decades after Chrono Town became somewhat of a peaceful town, an illness began to spread that was known as the Elfin Plague epidemic. During this time many elves were imprisoned and tortured under false charges. As their race was the only one to not be afflicted by the disease while others suffered and died, many humans sought to believe they were the cause of it. This torture and animosity against elves went on for decades while a war was waged and hundreds of elves were tortured to death in the Chrono Town Penitentiary throughout the century.
Less than 50 years after the last case of the Elfin Plague, an elven emissary descended from the sky city of Cloudvale and proposed a peace treaty to stop the aggression between humans and elves. This treaty was accepted and the humans decided that they would go back to their old ways so long as no more cases of the plague showed up.
History of Breta Village and Nomias' Shrine
Show content
Carved into the base of one of the Goldenrock Range's many mountains lies Breta Village. This village is one of many Darema villages accompanied by a small shrine to honor their god. No one is certain how long ago the village was founded, but it likely dates back to a time even before the Ilva came to be. Their homes are stacked in an asymmetrical fashion and are made with no windows. Instead of doors, they have simple openings for entry.
The Darema Shrine of Goldenrock was built to honor the Darem God


Bounds on Unnecessary Space Retention by Conservative Garbage Collectors (DRAFT)
An expanded and corrected version of this paper will be presented at POPL 2002. A version of this revised paper is currently available as HP Labs technical report 2001-251, which is temporarily available in PostScript here and should eventually appear here. The revised paper is a substantial improvement over what follows below.
Conservative garbage collectors are often maligned with the claim that it is impossible to bound space usage of an application using any form of conservative garbage collection. Empirically, this doesn't seem to be a problem for most desktop applications. The large majority of applications behave perfectly well with a conservative garbage collector. A few applications don't, especially if the collector is too naive. But in those cases, the failure is generally easily detectable during testing, and can be avoided by communicating small amounts of type information to the garbage collector.
We are only aware of one explicitly deallocating program in which replacement of explicit deallocation with conservative garbage collection failed unavoidably. And in that case conservative pointer tracing was not the issue; the program relied on deallocating reachable, but unaccessed memory. Thus no garbage collector could have solved the problem.
But our concern here is not the empirical performance of conservative garbage collection. Instead we would like to prove mathematical bounds on space consumption. The primary goal is to understand why conservative collectors behave well in practice. This also gets us closer to making conservative garbage collectors safe for embedded environments that require hard space bounds.
An Embarrassing Failure Scenario
Some data structures do not interact well with conservative garbage collection. [Wentworth90] points out that lazily evaluated lists are often one such example. Fortunately, they are not widely used in real applications.
A more common example, mentioned in [Boehm93] is a simple queue data structure, implemented as a singly linked list, with a head and tail pointer. Elements are inserted into the tail position and removed at the head by advancing a head pointer. Removed elements should be reclaimable by the garbage collector. But a single false pointer to one of the queue elements will prevent any further such reclamation. Thus if the active queue length is intended to be bounded, a conservative collector may arbitrarily increase space consumption as the result of a single false reference.
We make several observations about this example:
 1. This is an unpleasant situation, given our goal. The presence of such data structures clearly precludes proving any interesting bounds on space consumption.
 2. The above data structure is easily "fixable". Clearing the next field in the list element being removed from the queue will avoid the potential disaster. This kind of "fix" is still much safer than resorting to manual storage management, since errors cannot corrupt unrelated data structures.
 3. The problem is not limited to what is normally referred to as "conservative" garbage collection. It could also be caused by having the garbage collector accidentally trace from a dead compiler-generated variable, or by promoting a queue element to a generation that is effectively not collected. This data structure is safe only with a system that is carefully designed to prevent any form of extra space retention (cf. [Appel?]).
The next section is concerned with "well-behaved" data structures that bound the damage caused by spurious pointers. We argue that most commonly encountered data structures are well-behaved in this sense.
Backward-Forward reachability
We define the set of objects that are backward-reachable from an object x to be those objects y such that x is (conventionally) reachable from y. Define the set of objects backward reachable from a root pointer to be those objects backward-reachable from the object to which it refers. An object is backward-reachable if it is backward-reachable from any root.
An object x is backward-forward reachable from a root r through y iff y is backward-reachable from r and x is reachable from y. x is backward-forward reachable if there is an object y such that x is backward-forward reachable through y. An object is backward-forward reachable if it is backward-forward reachable from any root.
Call a data structure, i.e. a set of objects, circular if, for any two objects x and y in the set, y is reachable from x if and only if x is reachable from y, i.e. an object is forward-reachable from another if and only if it is backward-reachable. Data structures, such as doubly linked lists or trees with parent pointers, that maintain back-pointers corresponding to all forward pointers are a particular instance of this. Theorem If a program only builds circular data structures then the set of backward-forward reachable objects is the set of reachable objects.
Proof Trivial.
Theorem If a program is purely functional, then the set of all objects S backward-forward reachable from a root r through an object y, was at some point reachable from a single root.
Proof The object y must have been accessible through a root at some point. Since objects are not changed, all of S was reachable through y at that point.
We define a data structure to be GC-robust if it satisfies the conclusion of the preceding theorem, that is if all objects backward-forward from a root were at some point reachable from a root. Both data structures created by functional programs and circular data structures are GC-robust.
Conjecture All common data structures, except the straight-forward implementation of singly-linked queues, are GC robust.
A Bound
In the following we assume:
 1. A garbage collector will only consider memory objects to be reachable if they were properly allocated in the past, and thus were at some point reachable. Pointers to unallocated memory are never considered valid.
 2. If an object is ever found to be unreachable by a collector, it will be reclaimed. (We really only need to know that a structure that was last modified by the collector will not subsequently be viewed as live, before having been reallocated. This takes some care if the collector builds free lists.)
 3. Objects that appear to be reachable to the collector can be modified only by the client (mutator).
 4. Any modified object is directly pointed to by a root at the time of modification.
We expect that (with the weaker form of the second assumption) this holds for all common conservative collector implementations.
Theorem Consider a conservative garbage collector which misinterprets a single arbitrary integer a as pointer. The set of all objects S that are "reachable" from a, i.e. that are reachable from the object containing address a, were at some point backward-forward reachable from a single root.
Proof Consider the latest modification or creation time t of any object y in S. Clearly at that point y was pointed to by a root r. Let x be the object "pointed to" by a. At time t, x was backward-reachable from y, since y is in S and all elements of S were reachable from x. (Recall that no elements of S where modified after time t.) Thus S was backward-forward reachable from r at time t.
Corollary If a program uses only GC-robust data structures, and the number of pointers misidentified by a garbage collector is bounded (e.g. because only the stack is scanned conservatively, and its depth is bounded, or because only the top stack frame is scanned conservatively), then the extra space returned by conservative pointer scanning is bounded by a constant times the maximal amount of live memory.
Proof Follows trivially from the preceding theorem and the definition of GC-robustness. Each misidentified pointer retains a data structure that was backward-forward reachable, and hence reachable at some point during program execution. Thus the memory retained by a single misidentified pointer is bounded by the maximal amount of live memory used during program execution.
The above Corollary gives a rather extreme bound on excess memory retention, but a bound nonetheless. The bound itself may be sufficient to give hard guarantees in a few cases (e.g. if only a single stack frame is conservatively scanned, and/or the program maintains many disconnected data structures, only one of which can be retained by a false reference. In any case, it helps to explain why real conservatively collected programs don't grow without bounds, and rarely retain significant amounts of extra memory.
[Wentworth90] E. P. Wentworth, "Pitfalls of Conservative Garbage Collection", Software Practice and Experience 20(7), July 1990, pp. 719-727.


Uniqueness in Interchange
In order to process message flows in a coherent and predictable manner, Interchange enforces the uniqueness of object names.
Unique object names
In order to configure Interchange, you create objects and assign values to attributes of these objects.
As a general rule, each object that you create in the Interchange interface must have a unique name.
Object creation: If you try to create an object with a name that already exists, Interchange displays a message informing you of the naming conflict and instructing you to enter a unique name.
Object importing: If you import an object or set of objects with a name that is already used in a configuration, the importer executes one of the following actions to insure uniqueness:
 - ignore - ignores the imported object and conserves the existing object
 - replace - replaces the existing object with the imported version of the object
 - update - modifies the existing object by adding, deleting or revaluing attributes from the imported object
Upgrades: If you upgrade from a previous version, the upgrade logic never deletes previous data. When the upgrade logic detects or must generate a potentially duplicated object, it automatically renames the duplicates with unique names. In some cases it may also have to disable the renamed object to conserve the functional uniqueness of the configuration.
Related topics
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