Chemical Reaction Definition and Examples
A chemical reaction may produce smoke, bubbles, or a color change.
Geir Pettersen / Getty Images
A chemical reaction is a chemical change which forms new substances. A chemical reaction may be represented by a chemical equation, which indicates the number and type of each atom, as well as their organization into molecules or ions. A chemical equation uses the element symbols as shorthand notation for the elements, with arrows to indicate the direction of the reaction. A conventional reaction is written with reactants on the left side of the equation and products on the right side. The state of matter of the substances may be indicated in parenthesis (s for solid, l for liquid, g for gas, aq for aqueous solution). The reaction arrow may go from left to right or there may be a double arrow, indicating reactants turn to products and some product undergoes the reverse reaction to reform reactants.
While chemical reactions involves atoms, typically only the electrons are involved in the breaking and formation of chemical bonds. Processes involving the atomic nucleus are called nuclear reactions.
The substances that participate in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The substances that are formed are called products. The products have different properties from the reactants.
Also Known As: reaction, chemical change
Chemical Reaction Examples
The chemical reaction H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) describes the formation of water from its elements.
The reaction between iron and sulfur to form iron(II) sulfide is another chemical reaction, represented by the chemical equation:
8 Fe + S8 → 8 FeS
Types of Chemical Reactions
There are countless reactions, but they can be grouped into four basic categories:
Synthesis Reaction
In a synthesis or combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a more complex product. The general form of the reaction is: A + B → AB
Decomposition Reaction
A decomposition reaction is the reverse of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition, a complex reactant breaks into simpler products. The general form of a decomposition reaction is: AB → A + B
Single Replacement Reaction
In a single replacement or single displacement reaction, one uncombined element replaces another in a compound or trades places with it. The general form of a single replacement reaction is: A + BC → AC + B
Double Replacement Reaction
In a double replacement or double displacement reaction, the anions and cations of the reactants trade places with each other two form new compounds. The general form of a double replacement reaction is: AB + CD → AD + CB
Because there are so many reactions, there are additional ways to categorize them, but these other classes will still fall into one of the four main groups. Examples of other classes of reactions include oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, acid-base reactions, complexation reactions, and precipitation reactions.
Factors That Affect Reaction Rate
The rate or speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is affected by several factors, including:
 - reactant concentration
 - surface area
 - temperature
 - pressure
 - presence or absence of catalysts
 - presence of light, especially ultraviolet light
 - activation energy
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Your Citation
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Chemical Reaction Definition and Examples." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 27). Chemical Reaction Definition and Examples. Retrieved from Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Chemical Reaction Definition and Examples." ThoughtCo. (accessed July 27, 2021).
Watch Now: How to Explode a Plastic Bag using Baking Soda and Vinegar


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The Randolph County Strategic Plan is focused on optimizing Public Health, Safety, and Well-Being, by answering four broad questions: Where have we been?; Where are we now?; Where do we want to be?; and How do we get there?
Facilitated by County staff with technical support from the Piedmont Triad Regional Council, this initiative includes a wide range of local governments, organizations, and citizens from across the county. The process began with the development of a detailed Environmental Data Scan to provide a clear picture of the county – past, present, and future. Steering Committee members used this information to identify and prioritize key strategic issues impacting Randolph County communities. Our 60-member Steering Committee includes the Chair of the Board of County Commissioners, mayors, city managers, health care professionals, educators, human service providers, public safety providers, chambers of commerce, economic development, and planning professionals, and citizens representing a broad cross-section of county interests. In addition, more than 100 citizens served on three task forces (Public Health, Public Safety and Well-Being) with various sub-committees, and met monthly to discuss issues and develop strategic goals and strategies. Significant input from other planning processes was also integrated into the plan. The Steering Committee and Task Force members worked diligently to develop an action plan that focuses limited resources on key strategic issues facing the county to make a positive, lasting impact on the communities we serve.
Common themes emerging from our work together include:
- Improving development and recruitment of qualified workers for industry, agriculture, health care, education, and critical government services.
- Making tangible quality of life improvements to enhance our county's recruitment and marketing efforts.
- Developing proactive prevention programs to reduce the debilitating and costly effects of existing and emerging community and mental health challenges.
- Reducing barriers to critical services. Aligning resources to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of services by: -reducing silos between organizations; -increasing communication, cooperation and collaboration among public agencies, private agencies and institutions to gain a better mutual understanding of issues and challenges; and -developing mutually-beneficial solutions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A dolphin found its way into the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn on Friday bringing a crowd of spectators out to watch the sea creature try to navigate the murky waters of the polluted waterway. The lone adult dolphin struggled as it made its way up the canal and as the day ended, the sea creature lost its fight trying to survive and died, according to the New York Times on Friday, Jan. 25, 2013.
The crowd of people braved the bitter cold temperature to watch the dolphin as it had difficulty swimming in the 1.8 mile-long waterway. One man even climbed down into the water's edge to pet the dolphin as it struggled to keep alive. Julie Wocial, a marine biologist from the Riverhead Foundation, which is a rescue group, reported that the dolphin showing up alone was a worry because they usually travel in pods. She described the marine creature as a common adult dolphin that weighed about 200 pounds.
The dolphin struggled to swim in the shallow waters due to low tide and the plan was to try and rescue the dolphin during the high tide, but the dolphin just didn't make it. Wocial monitored the dolphin's swimming and breathing patterns in hopes of finding out what the dolphin was ailing from.
At one point during the day a woman at the arts center near the canal saw the dolphin actually flip over after getting stuck among the pipes that empty into the canal. She thought the creature was a "goner" then, but it was able to free itself and continue swimming.
The Gowanus Canal is a waterway that acts as a receptacle for sewage spill off. It was also a waterway that saw industrial waste emptied into it for years. The canal is in various stages of decay and not the most hospitable waters for sustaining sea life.
This isn't the first time that a large marine animal found its way up the canal, but usually when high tide comes, the animals swim back out to the ocean.
In 2007 a 12-foot Minke whale swam near the canal. The spectators back then nick-named the whale Sludgie because of the condition of the water in the canal. After two days of attempting to save the whale, it died.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Technology and Freedom: The Virtuous Circle
Friday, January 10, 2003
by James K. Glassman
Table of Contents
1Without freedom, technologies that enhance human welfare would be scarce rather than abundant. Technology and freedom are symbiotic, forming a virtuous circle. By examining the relationship between them, we can find ways to preserve the circle and to accelerate activity within it.
"Technology spreads human freedom by empowering individuals"
Friedrich von Hayek used the word freedom carefully. He began The Constitution of Liberty with a quotation from Abraham Lincoln: "The world has never had a good definition of freedom."2 Hayek agreed. He frequently used "freedom" in the sense of a personal state of being - one "in which a man is not subject to coercion by the arbitrary will of another or others."3 A good definition of technology is "the application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives."4 With respect to the relationship between the two, three conclusions emerge:
- Technology is a force for good.
- Free individuals will naturally develop better technology.
- The major roadblocks to technological development are political.


SSA logo: link to Social Security Online home1911. Compromise Settlement of an Overpayment
1911.1 What is a compromise settlement?
A compromise settlement occurs when we accept an amount less than the full overpayment because full recovery cannot be accomplished and forgive repayment of the rest of the debt.
1911.2 What law permits compromise settlements?
The Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966 permits Federal agencies to arrange compromise settlements of overpayment claims.
1911.3 Can compromise settlements be appealed?
No, compromise settlements cannot be appealed because the settlement is at our discretion.
1911.4 When are compromise settlements acceptable?
Generally, we accept a compromise when one of the following conditions exists:
 1. The debtor is unable to pay the full amount within a reasonable time;
 2. The Government is unable to enforce collection of the full amount within a reasonable time;
 3. The Government is unable to obtain full recovery through court action because of the legal issues involved or there is a legitimate dispute as to the facts; or
 4. The cost of collecting the claim is likely to exceed the amount to be recovered.
Last Revised: Apr. 19, 2010


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-Coach lead and carry out the debating activity between members.
-Topic: "If you find your friend cheating in test, will you tell the teacher", is given to the members to let them debate on.
-Members given some time to think about what they want to say.
-Every member should give their opinion about the topic.
-Members are separated into different groups.
-Coach correct the members' mistake if found.
-To improve their debating skills.
-To groom the confident of every member when talking or given a speech in front of people.
-Members learn to indicate their opinion and know to persuade others.


Job Responsibilities:
1. Fully responsible for the construction of testing technical capacity and planning of testing technology;
2. The primary person responsible for test engineering structure, continuously improve test engineering and process methods, and continuously optimize test process specifications according to the business development direction;
3. Responsible for test process management, speciality improvement, ensuring high quality and efficiency of test work, and supporting successful product delivery;
4. Responsible for the test team's ability cultivation, tackling testing technical problems, and the continuous innovation and development of testing technologies in the field.
Job Requirements:
1. More than 5 years of IT industry experience and related product testing experience, more than 2 years of management experience;
2. Proficient in software testing theory and software engineering, able to accurately grasp the development trend of testing technology in the field;
3. Familiar with storage and data application scenarios in different industries, and familiar with distributed software test engineering methods;
4. Familiar with the mainstream testing methods and tools of performance and reliability in IT field, experience in test framework design is preferred;
5. Strong learning mentality and logical thinking ability, able to take initiatives in technical research; strong team coordination ability.


Judge Diagnosed with a Brain Disorder: Should His Rulings Be Reconsidered?
If a judge is diagnosed with a potentially-debilitating brain disorder, should his recent decisions be subject to review and reconsideration, based solely on that fact?
The case concerns a judge (also reported here) in Atlanta who has been sentenced to 30 days in jail due to crimes he committed during an extramarital relationship with a stripper. He was arrested in a drug sting. Obviously, his legal and judicial career is over, and he's probably done a lot of damage to his family life, as well. However, he seemed to be a competent judge, until about a year before his arrest, when his behavior became extremely erratic and reckless.
Recently, however, the disgraced former judge has stated, through his attorney, that he suffers from bi-polar disorder (which went undiagnosed until very recently), and that his mental state was altered by a head injury he sustained in a bicycle accident in 2000.
Throughout his career, this judge forged a reputation for showing very little leniency to criminal defendants, often sentencing them to the maximum punishments allowed by law. So, this has led some to suggest that his rulings and sentences in recent years should be reconsidered, and maybe even reversed, in some cases.
And this isn't just the case of a criminal defense attorney making a desperate ploy to get a client's conviction or sentence overturned. The U.S. attorney who prosecuted many of the relevant cases has already said that her office would consider all requests from defendants to re-evaluate their cases, to ensure that no miscarriage of justice occurred.
It will be very interesting to see how this all plays out. There's certainly precedent for issues concerning a judge's mental faculties calling into question some of his or her decisions. For example, the problem of an aging bench, and the mental impairments that often come with age, have created serious concerns about the validity of some older judges' rulings, when there is evidence of mental impairment.
But the very nature of a judge's job makes re-evaluating past decisions pretty difficult, especially when trying to determine if mental impairment caused the judge to make a legal error. Obviously, in cases of severe impairment, a judge might render a written opinion that devolves into incomprehensible gibberish. At that point, you can be pretty sure that his decision, at least in that particular case, can't be trusted because of his compromised judgment. In most cases involving acquired mental impairment, the onset is usually gradual, and its effects, while serious, aren't always readily apparent. And in almost all legal cases, there's significant room for reasonable disagreement.
For that reason, there's an appeals process, where a judge's every ruling in a case can be challenged and reviewed for legal errors. If an appellate court has already determined that a judge's ruling was valid, even if it can be proven that he would have rendered a different decision if he did not suffer from a mental illness, is there any cause to review that decision when the mental illness comes to light?
Intuitively, most people would probably say "no." The judge's ruling was appealed and reviewed by the appellate courts, with no finding of legal error. Why should it matter that the judge issued this ruling because he thought a pink elephant was whispering the correct ruling in his ear?
On the other hand, if a judge did not reach a decision through careful, reasoned consideration of the law and the relevant facts, I think a very strong case can be made that the decision is invalid, even if it's "correct." In a judicial system that expects its officers to act in a rational, deliberative, and impartial manner when rendering their decisions, the manner in which a judge reaches a decision is almost as important as the decision itself.
The reasoning by which a judge reaches a decision has an impact on how the judge's decision can be used as precedent, potentially affecting the outcome of future cases.
Of course, there are always countervailing interests that make the application of this general principle kind of tricky. As I've mentioned before, an essential element of a fair and efficient legal system is finality. All parties benefit when they know that, at some point, a court's decision is what it is, and that's final. In criminal cases, this typically occurs when a jury acquits the defendant, or convicts them, with the judge handing down a sentence. Sometimes, the defendant appeals, and the decision is usually final when all appeals are exhausted. This process is sometimes long and drawn out, but there is usually a definite endpoint. One could argue that constantly going back and reviewing decisions when new information comes to light years later undermines this important objective.
I believe, however, that justice ultimately wins out in favor of convenience or efficiency, especially in criminal cases, when a person's freedom, and maybe their life, is on the line.
It's entirely possible that the vast majority of this judge's past decisions will turn out to be perfectly valid. However, if there's evidence that his judgment was compromised by a mental disorder or drug use, they need to be revisited. If this means that several criminal defendants will be given new trials, so be it.
1 Response to "Judge Diagnosed with a Brain Disorder: Should His Rulings Be Reconsidered?"
 1. 1 Mike Cole
 I think that the cases would have to be reviewed, making legal decisions in the correct process is something that is very important and if the judge was not mentally in the correct state of mind than the cases surely would have to be looked at for the sake of the people involved in them. Clearly by his actions, he does not seem like the right person to be making decisions for how other people are going to live their lives.
 And the fact that he is known for not showing much compassion only furthers the idea that he may not have been making the right decisions. They should at least do this for the people who have been affected by his decisions, they owe those people that much.
Leave a Reply


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Extended Side Angle Pose
What is Extended Side Angle Pose?
Extended side angle pose, or utthita parsvakonasana in Sanskrit, is a standing pose that's often sequenced in between warrior poses. From warrior two, the yogi leans their torso toward their bent leg and reaches their arm in line with the torso. The pose provides a deep stretch to the groin and hamstrings.
- Begin in warrior two with the right leg bent.
- Exhale and lean the torso to the right. Rest the right forearm on the right thigh and reach the left arm overhead.
- To deepen the pose, exhale and lower the right fingertips to the floor. Stretch the left arm alongside the ear so that it's in line with the torso.
- Breathe while holding the pose.
- Inhale and return to warrior two. Change sides and repeat.
- Look toward the floor if there is neck pain
Benefits of Extended Side Angle Pose
- Strengthens the legs, knees and ankles
- Strengthens the core
- Stretches the groin and hamstrings
- Relieves shoulder stiffness
- Relieves sciatica
- Improves elimination
Extended Side Angle Pose Details
- Sanskrit Name
- Utthita Parsvakonasana
- oo-tee-tah PARSH-vah-ko-NAH-sah-nah
- Pose Level
- Urdhva (Toward the sky)
- Pose Type
- Core, Standing Poses, Strength


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Market Study Notice: Competition in Broadband Services
Some of the content in this notice has been updated. See the Broadband Market Study Update for additional detail regarding the timing and scope of the Study.
Notice of study
 1. The Competition Bureau (Bureau) is commencing a market study to better understand the competitive dynamics of Canada's broadband internet services industry (Study).Footnote 1, Footnote 2
 2. Broadband is the high speed, high capacity internet access that fuels the digital economy. Canadians use broadband services to find and share information, purchase products and services, and increase their productivity at work. Accordingly, high prices in the broadband sector can have negative spill-over effects into a wide range of economic activity.
 3. Promoting healthy competition can help to ensure that all Canadians prosper in a competitive and innovative marketplace.
Purpose of the study
 1. Most Canadian homes are served by two networks capable of providing broadband internet services: one owned by the local telephone company, and the other owned by the local cable company. This limited choice leads to obvious questions about competition; when consumers have only two options, can we be sure that market forces will deliver the low prices and high levels of innovation that are characteristic of competitive markets?
 2. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has historically taken action to increase the level of competition in Canadian broadband markets by allowing independent resellers to use existing telephone and cable networks to provide internet services to Canadians.Footnote 3 Presently, more than 550 companies have been established to act as a competitive alternative to traditional telephone and cable companies.Footnote 4
 3. Yet, questions arise as to the impacts that these independent service providers, or "resellers", have had on competition. The latest CRTC Communications Monitoring Report notes that, as of 2016, 87% of retail internet subscriptions in Canada were purchased from a traditional telephone or cable company.Footnote 5 This comes against the backdrop of resellers offering seemingly comparable services at prices that can be as much as 30% lower than those advertised by telephone and cable companies, as measured in a 2015 report by Wall Communications.Footnote 6
 4. The purpose of this Study is to better understand these market outcomes and the competitive dynamics of Canadian broadband markets more generally. Are resellers fulfilling their role in placing increased competitive discipline on traditional telephone and cable companies? Or are these figures a symptom of a marketplace that could function better?
Scope of the study
 1. The Bureau plans to examine four broad questions, each of which contains a number of specific issues:
 1. Have resellers been able to deploy competitively effective service offers?
 1. What competitive influence have resellers had, to date, on traditional phone and cable network owners? How could this competitive influence change in the future?
 2. Are there differences between the services offered by traditional phone and cable network owners and those provided by resellers that could explain the observed consumption patterns? What are the value points that matter the most to consumers?
 2. How have consumers reacted to new competitive alternatives?
 1. How aware are Canadian consumers of their options for broadband services? Are there factors that may drive consumer inertia in this industry and, if so, are there ways to overcome these factors?
 2. How does the fact that resellers do not typically provide other telecommunications services (e.g., television or phone service) affect the competitive attractiveness of resellers?
 3. How do industry contractual practices affect consumer behaviour? How are contract lengths and bundling discounts structured? How aware are consumers of their contractual obligations and rights?
 3. How does regulation in this industry affect the economic behaviour of broadband suppliers?
 1. How does the Canadian reseller regime affect the incentives that network owners have to expand or upgrade their networks? Have network investment levels changed following the establishment of resellers?
 2. What investments must resellers make in order to provide services to consumers? Are there features of the marketplace that impede the expansion of resellers?
 3. Have network owners used the reseller regime to expand their reach outside of their incumbency area? Why or why not?
 4. How do other countries manage and regulate broadband competition?
 1. Do Canadian regulations diverge in any meaningful way from those employed by other countries? Are there significant differences between Canada and other jurisdictions that explain any divergence?
 2. Are there lessons to be learned from how other jurisdictions regulate broadband?
 2. In conducting the Study, the Bureau does not intend to evaluate:
 1. The billing, sales, or customer service practices of broadband providers, other than those that may inhibit consumer switching; or
 2. Allegations of unfair or coordinated conduct among broadband providers.Footnote 7
 3. As the Study progresses, the topics within the scope of the Study may change (including adding, substituting, or removing topics). In the event that the scope is changed materially, the Bureau will update this notice and advise stakeholders of the changes.
Outcomes of the study
 1. The Bureau expects to publish the results of the Study in a public report, which may include recommendations to relevant government authorities, as appropriate.
 2. The Study will enable the Bureau to, among other things:
 1. Make informed regulatory interventions regarding steps that regulators or policymakers could take to further support competition in the broadband industry; and
 2. Increase its knowledge and understanding of the competitive dynamics of the broadband industry, and telecommunications industry more generally, to inform the Bureau's future work.
 1. The Bureau intends to conduct the Study according to the following timeline:
 1. May 2018: Study commencement
 2. August 31, 2018: Deadline for initial submissions and/or requests for interviews
 3. Summer and Fall 2018: Stakeholder engagement and research
 4. Winter 2018-2019: Information analysis and continued stakeholder engagement
 5. Spring 2019: Publish draft report; hold public consultation; and publish final report
 2. The Bureau will modify this schedule at its discretion if necessary. Should there be any material change to this schedule, the Bureau will update this notice and advise stakeholders of the changes.
Getting involved
 1. Those with an interest in the Canadian broadband industry are invited to provide written or oral submissions on specific issues relevant to the Study. Please provide written submissions by mail, fax, or email to the officer identified below. If you would prefer that the Bureau contact you for an oral interview, please provide your contact information. The Bureau would appreciate receiving submissions and/or indications of willingness to participate in an oral interview before August 31, 2018, in order to provide adequate time to review and conduct follow-up interviews as necessary.
 2. The main contact for the Study is:
 Greg Lang
 Major Case Director and Strategic Policy Advisor
 Competition Promotion Branch
 Fax: _PHONE_
 Competition Bureau
 Place du Portage Phase I
 50 rue Victoria Gatineau, QC
 K1A 0C9
Role of the Competition Bureau
 1. The Bureau enforces and administers the Competition Act (Act). As part of its mandate, the Bureau participates in a range of activities to promote and advocate for the benefits of a competitive marketplace. More competition can lead to lower prices for consumers, as well as increased choice and innovation.
 2. Among the tools the Bureau uses to advocate for competition are market studies. Market studies allow the Bureau to study an industry in depth and understand the competitive dynamics in that industry. Market studies can be effective tools to help regulators and policymakers understand the competitive dynamics of an industry and the potential impacts that regulation can have on competition.
 3. Through market studies, the Bureau can identify competition issues and suggest potential solutions. Alternatively, market studies can confirm that competition in the marketplace is functioning effectively.
Premise of the study
 1. The Bureau operates on the assumption that competition is good for both businesses and consumers. Competitive markets deliver significant benefits to the economy. Competition makes the economy more efficient; gives small and medium businesses an equitable chance to participate in the economy; provides consumers with competitive prices, product choice and the information needed to take decisions; and drives innovation.
 2. While regulation can be necessary to ensure that legitimate policy objectives are met, the Bureau's perspective is that such regulation should be undertaken in a manner that allows competitive forces to dictate marketplace outcomes to the maximum extent possible.
Information gathering
 1. Over the course of the Study, the Bureau will gather and analyze information from various sources. The Bureau will consult experts, market participants, and other stakeholders, and will review academic literature and the experience of other jurisdictions.
 2. The Bureau may also, as appropriate, examine information collected in respect of its past advocacy or enforcement files, in order to inform its views during the Study.
 1. The Bureau conducts its advocacy and enforcement activities under the authority of the Act. Section 29 of the Act protects information obtained by or provided to the Bureau, including the identities of the persons who provided the information, and any information that could reveal their identities. However, when information has been made public or where persons providing information authorize its communication to other parties, subsection 29(2) permits the disclosure of such information. Additionally, subsection 29(1) provides exceptions for the communication of information to a Canadian law enforcement agency or for the purposes of the administration


Top Tips To Read A Dial Bore Gage
Dial Bore Gage
A dial bore gage is an instrument that measures the inner diameter of small holes. Bore gages are critical when it comes to measuring parts that have small holes in them. Typically, these versatile instruments are used as part of a quality control process to ensure that bore sizes are standardized. The dial bore gage is usually calibrated in 0.001 inches and consists of a shaft with a dial indicator situated at the top. The instrument also has an actuating plunger and the readings that it gives are usually compared to standardized measurements for analysis.
How They Work
Dial bore gages have a contact needle that lies in the head of the dial gage. When the instrument is moved (such as when taking measurements), the needle moves and transfers data to the readout or dial. Dial bore gages also have an interchangeable end that helps to set the nominal size. Dial gage operators have to set the gage to its nominal value before commencing any measurements. Here then are some tips on how to read a dial bore gage when taking measurements of a bore or cylinder.
How to Take Accurate Measurements
When taking measurements, you start by placing the bore gage in the micrometer and rotate the dial till the pointer is aligned to the zero marking on the dial face. One then places the dial gauge in the hole or cylinder being measured. One must take special care to ensure that the anvils on the instruments touch the sides of the hole or cylinder. Once this is done, the instrument operator then rocks the gage back and forth ensuring that the anvils do not lose contact with the walls of the cylinder. When this is done, the pointer will swing counterclockwise or clockwise. After a while, the pointer will start to move in the opposite direction toward zero. The machinist then records the precise measurement when the pointer starts heading towards zero.
Calculating the Measurements
This is done by simply taking the measurement at the point when the needle started to reverse itself and subtracting (or adding) the measurement the instrument is calibrated to. For example, let us assume that the instrument was calibrated to 2 inches and the instrument needle changed direction at 0.007 clockwise. The measurement of the bore in question would thus be 2.007. This is because when the needle moves clockwise, you add the two numbers. Alternatively, if it had moved anti-clockwise, we would have subtracted 0.007 from 2 inches to give us 1.993.
Advantages of Dial Bore Gages
Dial bore gages are popular with quality control operators because they are highly portable and easy to use. They also have very few moving parts and thus far less prone to breaking down than most other precision instruments. Dial bore gages also do not require sophisticated knowledge of instruments and therefore can be handled by line workers on the shop floor without much prior training.
For the best in precision instruments, get in touch with Willrich Precision. We have over 45 years of experience in delivering gaging and metrology type products to customers all over the United States.
Top Mistakes To Avoid When Using Thread Gauges
thread gauges
Thread gauges are used for a wide variety of industrial operations and can be considered as equipment that is essential. As an owner of a thread gage, it is important to note that maintenance is necessary in prolonging its lifespan and productivity. However, it is very common for serious mistakes to be made when using this type of gage that can affect the efficiency and condition of the equipment. Ensuring that you avoid these mistakes can help you to prevent any malfunctions of your thread gage. Here at Willrich Precision Instruments, we provide a wide variety of different precision instruments that are made with the finest materials and guaranteed to withstand the test of time.
Exposure to Temperature Extremes when Storing Your Thread Gauges
Obviously, as a precision instrument, the most important thing to maintain in a thread gage is its precision. These gauges are made using metals that can be sensitive to temperature and can either expand or contract depending on the extremes. This change in size of the thread gage can compromise the precision of the thread gage. Thus, you should only store your gauges in a storage area that is not affected by the extreme temperatures as the result of the climate. Additionally, make your best effort to store your gauges in a place where there is as little humidity as possible in order to prevent rust from ruining the quality of its performance.
Allowing Your Thread Gauges to Become Dirty
The dirt that gets trapped in between the parts of your thread gage can negatively affect its functionality and can decrease the precision of the instrument. Therefore, it makes sense to schedule regular cleaning of your thread gage so that proper maintenance of the parts is carried out. Additionally, in the industrial environment, workers' hands can become contaminated with oil or other substances that can affect the performance of the gauges as well. As such, thread gage operators should be trained to clean their hands before touching the gauges so as to prolong the life and increase the efficiency.
Failing to Lubricate Your Thread Gauges Adequately
Lubricating your thread gage is essential in preventing any corrosion of the parts. This also ensures that the entire system works seamlessly. What you can use for lubricating your thread gage includes oil-based easy-peel wax coatings.
Not Keeping Track of the Accuracy of Your Thread Gauges
It is inevitable and only natural that your gauges become less accurate over time. This would require you to regularly recalibrate the thread gage and document the changes of its accuracy. Ensure that the dates which you carry out the recalibration are documented properly and that the schedule is in line with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
Not Training Your Thread Gage Operators
The easiest way to make sure that your thread gauges are treated and used in the right way is to give your employees who operate the thread gauges proper training. The training should encompass how to use the equipment and also how to engage in proper maintenance so that it can stay efficient for years to come.
Whenever you have new employees, it is always wise to give them proper training as to what the right storage methods and maintenance procedures are. Be sure to hand out manufacturer manuals so that they can learn how to avoid malfunctions and engage in proper safety procedures as well.
Choosing The Right Hardness Tester For Your Needs
hardness tester
Hardness testers are essentially devices that can accurately tell you the hardness of a certain material. This is done by taking into account the effect that an indenter (usually made from hard steel or diamond) has on the surface of the material. The depth of the penetration into the material is measured and from this the hardness can be taken. Here at Willrich Precision Instrument, we understand the difficulties one might face when choosing a hardness tester because of how many different types, brands and models there are in the current market. We specialize in hardness testers and other high-quality metrology instruments that can suit the industrial needs of all our clients.
The Different Kinds of Hardness Testers
In the current market, there are two main types of hardness testers. They can either be bench hardness testers, also known as stationary or classical hardness testers. On the other hand, they can be portable hardness testers, more commonly known as mobile or electronic hardness testers.
Bench Hardness Testers
As the name suggests, this is a very classic hardness tester that can measure the hardness of materials using traditional methods such as Brinell, Vickery or Rockwell. Usually, when you are looking for a hardness tester that uses the Vickery method for example, it will be called a "Vickery bench hardness tester". As the word "bench" suggests, there are also some bench top hardness testers in the market that can allow the user to measure the hardness by a few different hardness scales. There are actually some hardness testers that can measure with a combination of scales. All bench top units are big in size and can be very heavy, with some models being over 50 kilograms. They have to be mounted on a table or the floor, which allows for easy measurements using the direct method.
Portable Hardness Testers
In contrast to the bench hardness testers as mentioned above, portable hardness testers are obviously much smaller in size. They are also much lighter in weight. Additionally, being much more compact than bench hardness testers, they can measure the hardness of your materials with some scale violence. There are several advantages to using portable hardness testers. For example, you can bring the device with you easily from home to the workshop to measure the materials that you want to test.
Portable Hardness Measuring Instruments
These are also portable like the testers, but the main difference is that they are electronic devices. What this means is that there is usually a larger range of features that you might not get with an analog device. For example, you will be able to save the results on the device's internal memory. This would greatly increase the convenience for users because the measurement results can then be transferred to a computer so that reports can be created. The reports can be created using specialized ARM control programs that are more common in portable hardness testers. However, there are very rare cases where some tests can only be carried out by bench hardness testers. In all other cases, portable hardness testers work just fine.
Why Hardness Testing Is Essential
The hardness of a material is its inherent property that allows it to withstand abrasion, bending, scratching, cutting or deformation. If your day to day work involves materials manufacturing, you are most likely aware of the importance of a hardness test in allowing you to evaluate the products received from external suppliers and also, the production process of internally manufactured


Mindfulness for NQTs: Classroom Environment
Recently, I've seen lots of tweets coming through my Twitter feed showing NQTs proud of having designed their classroom and showing off photos so we can all see. They look wonderful and they prompted this blog post. So up to now, these posts have focussed on you as a person and as a teacher in and outside of school, however as you've been showing the environment also matters and impacts students and teachers greatly.
Can you be mindful in setting up your classroom? If it is set up already then don't give yourself an added pressure to change it but think about how you will go forward. What will you have around the room, will you fill the walls or will you leave space, how will students know who and how you are when they walk into the classroom?
How will you display all the students for? How will you help them learn more from what is around them? Will you have words of encouragement or positive stories up around the room or will you include them during the day/ lesson?
Will the classroom feel a welcoming environment to walk in and spend time in? Are there quiet spaces to encourage students to do individual work or incorporate individual learning too especially for students who may thrive more in quiet learning environments?
So that is the physical feel of the classroom, however a major part of classroom environment is how it feels, how everyone interacts, what is the agreement within the room in terms of how students and teachers will talk to each other and how will everyone be supported.
All previous posts and those to follow cover behaviours, attitudes and how we can impact ourselves and help students and colleagues, however there is also the physical environment which plays its part. Maybe going out in nature will help too and changing the learning environment in other ways through visits and trips when permitted (during Covid-19, this may be different).
These tips will be shared all through August to prepare NQTs for this coming year. They can also be found across social media on my accounts.
Book your place on one of the 30 minute workshop every Wednesday through August through _URL_ only for £5.
Facebook: Being the Best You Can Be
Facebook group: Mindfulness and Compassion for Teachers, Educators and School Staff
Twitter: _USER_
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NOVEL TECHNOLOGY FOR RENEWABLE RESOURCE UTILIZATION
Location: Renewable Product Technology Research Unit
Title: Soybean oil and methyl oleate adsorption onto a steel surface investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and atomic force microscopy**1
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: May 10, 2012
Publication Date: May 10, 2012
Citation: Evans, K.O., Biresaw, G. 2012. Soybean oil and methyl oleate adsorption onto a steel surface investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and atomic force microscopy**1 [abstract]. Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. Paper _TAG_.
The United States' 2010 annual production of soybean oil exceeded 8 million metric tons, making a significant vegetable oil surplus available for new uses, particularly as a lubricant. Investigation of soybean oil and methyl oleate adsorption onto steel using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring revealed that both adsorbed as rigid films with nearly the same surface concentration. Further analysis revealed that the films formed with individual molecules tilted toward the surface. Atomic force microscopy also revealed that methyl oleate adsorbed with periodicity of alignment on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite.
More and more recent research has been focused on renewable sources such as vegetable oils as lubricants. This interest is a result of the global environmental concerns about the continued use of petroleum products. Vegetable oils are abundant, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. Typically liquid at room temperature, vegetable oils have low volatility and a narrow temperature range for viscosity changes. Therefore, vegetable oils can be treated as functional fluids and thus can be studied as lubricant base oils or additives. The amphiphilic properties of triacylglycerides (TAGs), the major component of most vegetable oils, affect the boundary lubrication of vegetable oils. However, understanding the fluid and boundary characteristics of vegetable oils is required to fully understand their tribological properties.
Boundary characteristics of vegetable oils can be better understood by exploring adsorption properties of the oils. Adsorption, occurring mainly through polar groups of vegetable oil, can be monitored using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD) technique. QCMD measures changes in thin film deposition on an oscillating surface by simultaneously monitoring frequency shifts (delta f) in the resonating surface and changes in the dissipation of the oscillations (delta D). Structural properties may be monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Previously it was shown that the chemical properties of a vegetable oil affected its free energy of adsorption (delta Gads) on steel. These studies, however, did not provide any information about the adsorption behavior of these oils onto the steel surface. Thus, the objective of this work is to use QCMD and AFM to investigate structural and absorption behavior of two previously studied oils, soybean oil and methyl oleate, onto steel.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Soybean oil over the concentration range of 1 to 200 mM was monitored for adsorption onto stainless steel using QCMD. As figure 1 depict, soybean oil exhibited rapid adsorption in hexadecane. The frequency shifts (delta F) exhibited a large decrease with the introduction of increasing concentration of soybean oil, followed by an increase in frequency with a subsequent rinse with hexadecane. Dissipation shifts exhibited rapid increases with increasing soybean concentrations followed by reduction after rinsing. These frequency and dissipation changes are indicative of increasing bulk viscoelastic properties of the material. After the subsequent rinsing with hexadecane, soybean oil was permanently bound to the steel (as depicted by frequency shifts lower than the pre-injection values). Dissipation values remained well within those taken for adsorbing thin, rigid films (delta D = 1e-6). Methyl oleate exhibited similar behavior.
Rodahl and Kasemo(1996) detailed thin film adsorption to have a linear relationship with frequency shifts assuming that the adsorbed mass is small compared to the crystal, the adsorbed mass is rigidly bound and not slipping, and is distributed evenly over the surface. For soybean oil and methyl oleate above 100 mM, the delta F values after hexadecane rinsing remained constant. This was interpreted as full surface coverage by soybean oil and methyl oleate equal to a maximum adsorbed mass of 130 and 50 ng/cm2, respectively. Further analysis suggests that soybean oil orients with its acyl chains perpendicular to the surface and methyl oleate orients parallel to the surface.
Surface properties of methyl oleate were explored using AFM on highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Analysis revealed that the flat surface developed a roughness of 0.12nm and peak-to-peak features of approximately 1 nm tall. This was also the characteristic behavior on mica. Comparison with self-assembled monolayers and oils on metal surfaces indicates that soybean oil orients similar to other hydrocarbons. The angle of adsorption (gleaned from thickness analysis) suggest that soybean packs as a disordered liquid. Thickness analysis suggests that methyl oleate orients in a head-to-head/tail-to-tail orientation, similar to the orientation expected for oleic acid on a surface. Further analysis done by comparing dissipation changes versus frequency shifts (which explicitly removes time and emphasizes energy associated with adsorbed mass) showed no slope change. This indicates that structural arrangements of both soybean oil and methyl oleate occurred instantaneously.


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imc WAVE is a modular, powerful software platform for noise and vibration analysis (NVH analysis). From acoustic measurements in road tests to structural analyses on the test bench and vibration tests on machines: with different imc WAVE analyzers, you can evaluate a wide range of applications without having to be an expert yourself. In this way, you can also easily and reliably obtain standard-compliant analysis from the fields of sound pressure and sound power analysis, structure analysis as well as vibration analysis on non-rotating and rotating machines. imc WAVE guides you step by step through the settings, from device configuration to calibration and measurement. In the end, you evaluate your data professionally and then receive a report that is ready to print.
The modular software specializes in the following topics.
This is an analyzer to determine the acoustic properties, such as the sound level meter or the sound power level of vehicles, electrical and mechanical machines according to standards
Our tool for the analysis of vibrations at rotating machines offers beside the speed calculation from pulses, the resampling of the data over the rotation as angle signal and order spectrum.
This analyzer can be used to analyze structural dynamic problems in components that lead to noise, fatigue or destruction. You get results like the force-, displacement-, velocity-, acceleration spectrum and the dynamic stiffness as well as compliance, as transfer functions.


Cleaning Out Lungs After Smoking
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clean out lungs smokingSo you've had your last cigarette, and you now consider yourself on the road to good health. But is this a reality, or just an idea in your own mind? Is just quitting smoking cigarettes enough? I'm afraid to say, definitely not! Sure you might not be pumping more toxins into your belaboured lungs, but what about the toxins and muck that are already in there? Will they stop harming you because you are no long sucking on the cancer sticks? Sorry, but no. You MUST clean out your lungs after smoking, just as quickly as you can, if you REALLY want to improve your health.
What goes in must come out for you to be healthy again, and the main way it can is by coughing up the tar and mucus clogging your lungs. This will begin almost immediately after your last cigarette, and could go on for months to years. To get this frankly icky and disturbing phase of cleaning up your lungs over with as soon as possible. With a proper regime of exercises, detoxification foods, vitamin supplaments and stress reduction techniques, the time it takes to clean all the toxic gunk in your lungs can be reduced from up to 10 years (yes count 'em, TEN years!) to as little as a month or so. Quite the reduction, I'm sure you'd agree.
Cleaning out your lungs after smoking requires a bit of help from your immune system, that part of your body that defends it against diseases and other invaders. The immune system also has a role in cleaning and clearing the lungs of toxins and tar, and surprisingly, some recent ex-smokers report an increase in lung infections after quitting. This is in fact due to the tar blocking the immune systems access to the lung sacs, and in the age-old adage of 'if you don't use it, you'll loose it,' the immune system slows markedly in these areas. It takes a little while for it to get going again, once that mucus and tar starts to clear, so any good lung detox program will include supplements and food suggestions to boost your vital immune function.
So if you take anything away from what you read here today, remember this: you want that Tar and mucus out of your lungs – fast – to improve their function, and you want to boost your immune system as you do it. A well designed program to clean out your lungs after smoking should do both, and much more.
Staying Quit Once You Stop Smoking
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quitting smoking and staying quitIt's always the worry when you've quit smoking, isn't it? When times get tough, you might weaken and start smoking again. It's always there, playing in the back of your mind, which is why you need to take control of your mind, recognise when you might be getting into the danger zone, and be ready to do something about it.
So what I mean by the 'danger zone' is any situation, be it within your body or mind, or in your surroundings, that increase your desire to break your oath of becoming and staying healthy. Exhaustion, stress, lack of sleep all fall into this category. When you are far from your best, the siren call of the cigarette gets stronger. So, don't try to do too much, realise that your health is more important that making that sales percentage that just keeps rising every year, and give yourself enough time to sleep, eat healthily, and exercise at least three times a week. You may actually find that in doing this successfully, your productivity will improve because you can think more clearly and take less time to complete tasks. Who would have thought that by resting and taking time away from the stress of work, you can actually do your job better? Worth a try, I say!
Then there are the times and places that your brain associates with smoking, and they can be quite dangerous if you don't understand how they work and what's coming. Your brain can actually expect you to smoke when you are in one of these locations, such as at a bar with your friends, or in your favourite chair, or on your balcony. When it does this, it actually changes your brain chemistry to get ready for the dose of nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes. This can make you feel lousy, and break your resolve not to smoke again. However, once you understand that this can happen, and are ready for it, this feeling soon passes, and you CAN stay QUIT. Knowledge is power, after all.
But there are things outside your control that you have to deal with on regular occasions, such as stress from the daily commute, what the boss dumps on you, the bills, and pushy, demanding people. However, if you realise and understand that you control your reactions to these people and situations, then the old saying becomes true: "…A disaster on your part does not automatically mean stress on mine…" Something to consider…
What is Tar And How Does It Damage The Lungs?
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how tar effects your lungsTar. You hear the word bandied around a lot, from quit smoking campaigns to doctors offices, but there are a lot of people who just have no idea what it is. Tar is an combination of mucus, produced by the lungs in reaction to the irritation of cigarette smoke, and constituents of that cigarette smoke; many poisons, toxins and carcinogens (chemicals that cause cancer). But there is much more to it than that.
Tar can contain upwards of 4000 chemicals, many of which, in higher quantities than you get in cigarette smoke, are outright poisons. They are something that you really, REALLY don't want in your lungs, and from there they sneak out to damage the rest of your body, too. This is how tar damages your lungs
Some of the worst cigarette chemicals include:
 - Acetone – the solvent in nail polish remover. Creates that sharp smell that we know well from the nail salons.
 - Ammonia – this one is used in toilet cleaner. It is highly irritating.
 - Arsenic – a highly effective poison when used on mammals, and a regular in rat poison.
 - Benzine – we use this as a petrol additive. It can cause effects from headaches and dizziness all the way up to unconsciousness.
 - Carbon monoxide – a poison most often associated with car exhaust fumes.
 - Hydrogen cyanide – a poison strongly associated with the gas chambers in the second world war.
All of these and more are in every puff of a cigarette, and if they were in just slightly higher quantities, you'd be dead already. But you're not, and to stay that way, you want to get this muck out of your lungs – fast! Because every moment that it stays in there, it causes more damage.
This lung damage takes three main forms:
 - Chronic Bronchitis – a long-term inflammation of the airways that can lead to obstruction and scarring of the lung (bronchial) tubes, leading to asthma-like symptoms and more mucus production. And yes, more of that 'smokers cough.'
 - Emphysema – destruction of the lung sac walls, which in turn reduces surface area and hence lung efficiency. This one is non-repairable with current medical knowledge, and anyone who has been smoking more than a few weeks is slowly developing it. Be warned.
 - The dreaded Lung Cancers – there are actually multiple types of these, some worse than others, but it's a simple fact that while that Tar is in your lungs, your chance of developing a lung cancer is MUCH higher than when all that Tar is gone.
So you really want to quit smoking ciagrette, keep off the cancer sticks, and clean out your lungs after smoking to minimise this damage – and start today.
Just How Dirty Are Your Lungs?
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how dirty are your lungs?Lungs work best when they are clean. If, like the majority of people on the planet today, you live in a city that has heavy road transport, your lungs won't be spotless. Then if you add smoking on top of this, the situation is far more dire. So just how dirty are your lungs then?
Last year I saw a travelling exhabition showing the insides of many animals, originating from China. Having a long time interest in biology, I was, in equal parts, curious and repelled by the plasticised corpses. Not the least of which was the human specimens. There were head-to-toe sections of a man and a woman, cut only 1/16 of an inch (3mm) think, so that light could pass through, and you could see the details. The thing that my eyes were immediately drawn to were the condition of the lungs in these two specimens. The woman, who, according to the description, had lived in a big city all her life, had black spots through her lungs. After a bit of research (later on), I discovered that this is quite normal. Even non-smokers don't have totally clean lungs. However, it was when I turned to the section through the lungs of the man that I took a


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Ten Reasons to Volunteer for the Association
Ten reasons to volunteer in your Community Association.
- Protect your self-interests. Protect your property values and maintain the quality of life in your community.
- Correct a problem. Has your car been towed, or do you think maybe maintenance has been neglected?
- Be sociable. Meet your neighbors, make friends, and exchange opinions.
- Give back. Repay a little of what's been done for you.
- Advance your career. Build your personal resume by including your community volunteer service.
- Have some fun. Association work isn't drudgery. It's fun accomplishing good things with your neighbors.
- Get educated. Learn how it's done—we'll train you.
- Express yourself. Help with creative projects like community beautification.
- Earn recognition. If you would like a little attention or validation, your contributions will be recognized and celebrated.
- Try some altruism. Improve society by helping others.
[Optional: Source: Community Associations Institute.]


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. Since 2007 important funding for Tajikistan and Kazakhstan is provided by MFA/WWF Norway.
The activities include technical support to the nature reserves, still inhabited by Bukhara deer, anti-poaching activities, reintroduction in suitable sites in the limits of historical area, ecological education/local communities involvement, etc. All restoration activities are accompanied by species monitoring. Measures on population sustainable management are based on in-depth analysis of the ecology, social behavior of Bukhara deer. As a result of the scientifically-based approach to the species restoration important successful results in the subspecies restoration achieved. Total Bukhara deer number increased from 350 in 1999 to 1450 in 2009, successful reintroduction on-going in three sites; possibilities for reintroduction in additional sites investigated, activities in one additional site started.


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Is there a relationship between the Compactness Theorem and the upward Lowenheim-Skolem Theorem in FOL?
I was thinking of another post of mine "Why accept the axiom of infinity?" when I though, "Well, if someone accepts arbitrary large finite numbers, what stops them from the jumping into the infinite?"
After all, doesn't compactness imply that if you have a theory $T$ with arbitrarily large finite models, then $T$ has arbitrarily large models—infinite or finite? This sounds a lot like the upward Lowenheim-Skolem theorem to me.
Is there a connection?
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Haven't you answered your own question? The compactness theorem implies that if a theory $T$ has arbitrarily large finite models, then it has an infinite model. So it gives a special case of upward Löwenheim-Skolem, but as far as I can tell the argument doesn't extend to larger cardinalities. – Qiaochu Yuan Jun 15 '12 at 14:09
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Well, one might say everything is connected, so it depends on which kind of connections you're looking for.
There certainly is the connection that one can derive upward Löwenheim-Skolem from downward Löwenheim-Skolem and compactness:
Let $T$ be a theory with equality that admits some infinite normal model $M$. For any $\aleph_\beta \ge |T|$ we can construct a model of cardinality $\aleph_\beta$ in two steps. (1) Construct a new theory by adjoining $\aleph_\beta$ new constant letters with axioms that say they are all different. By compactness, the extended theory is consistent and so has a model $N$. Clearly this model must have cardinality at least $\aleph_\beta$, and in particular it is a model of $T$. (2) If $|N|>\aleph_\beta$, use downward Löwenheim-Skolem to cut it down to size as a model of $T$.
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If you formulate the upward Skolem with inequality (there exists an elementary superstructure (/ a model of the theory) of cardinality at least $\kappa$...), you can derive it straight from compactness, without downward Skolem in-between. – tomasz Jun 15 '12 at 14:15
_USER_: But it is strictly weaker, in the sense that if all the ultrapowers of a countable model would be at least of size continuum - how can you prove the existence of a model of size $\aleph_1$? – Asaf Karagila Jun 15 '12 at 14:19
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About 2 years ago, I stumbled on a StackOverflow post that really summed up much of the experience we're having with GeoQuery. After 2 years and 4 months (as of this post) – no accepted answer has been posted.
I am trying to do a seemingly simple task — extract mean pixel values from a raster based on a polygon overlay in PostGIS…
Based on help files and the aforementioned posts/questions, I arrived at the following PostGIS query:
SELECT id, (SUM((ST_SummaryStats(a.rast, 1, true)).sum)/SUM((ST_SummaryStats(a.rast, 1, true)).count)) as mean
FROM imagery.l8_2015_09_12 AS a, analysis_results.zonal_stats_test as b
GROUP BY id;
The results are:
However, when I test the results against ArcGIS's "zonal statistics to table" tool, I get the following results:
Close, but not identical.
So, to summarize: User wants the mean value of a raster, summarized to arbitrary boundaries. They use two common tools – PostGIS and ArcGIS – to do so. And, they get two (in my opinion, very) different answers.
This type of question is a common one, so how is it possible that powerhouse groups like ESRI and PostGIS disagree on the fundamental solution? After all, there is a right answer: their is only one true mean value for (for example) nighttime lights within a given boundary for a given time point; there is only one true sum.
The Technical Answer
The process of aggregating raster data to vector boundaries is at the core of GeoQuery, and is commonly called "zonal statistics". Nearly every software platform you can imagine – QGis, ESRI products, PostGIS, and more – have mechanisms built in to conduct zonal stats. With that power comes two enormous limitations, however:
(1) Zonal stats is computationally (and memory) expensive, increasingly so as the resolution of your source data gets higher.
(2) Zonal stats requires either the programmer or user to be exceptionally knowledgeable about a lot of esoteric details when it comes to spatial data (projections in particular).
We have an entire blog post on #2, but the short of it is that even knowledge GIS practitioners have to make choices regarding accuracy when they reproject data; if you're reading this and you know what "reprojection" is, this comes down to the deep, dark interpolation mechanics behind reprojection – stretching and warping a raster always involves some form of assumption, even if it's not explicit. This can result in slightly different answers to zonal statistics questions, and thus lead to confusion such as that in the stack overflow post.
On number 1, the memory and computation challenges come down to two fundamental steps required in zonal statistics: (a) creating a matrix of every cell that belongs in a given polygon, and (b) calculating the weight each one of those cells should have for a summation or mean calculation. Both of these steps can be hugely challenging. Imagine this scenario: You have an excel spreadsheet with 4 billion cells. Separately from that, you have a second excel sheet with 140 cells identified with a "1". How do you identify the 140 cells in the first spreadsheet you should be using? Then, once you've done that, how do you handle cells that only partially should be counted (i.e., a boundary where half of a cell falls inside of the city, but half of the excel cell falls outside of the city)? While simple concepts, calculating these two things at scale becomes costly for most generic algorithms, which will hold the entirety of spreadsheet #1 in memory to perform manipulations on it. The ways algorithms handle these (sometimes, just crashing!) can change the output of a zonal statistics approach in many ways, and are generally predicated on many assumptions. Behind the scenes, we have GeoQuery do all sorts of things to mitigate this (I won't go into detail here, but rest assured it's very painful); so, while we can provide accurate solutions that lack the limitations of some generic desktop environments, the approaches we use are simply not suitable for most non-HPC environments.
The Organizational Answer
GIS is a scattered discipline – innovation in GIS comes from a huge range of actors. Computer Scientists, GIScientists, Computational Geographers (like me!), and even economist, archaeologists, hydrologists, city planners, and a huge variety of others all contribute to GIScience. Different groups have very different approaches to dealing with "fuzzy" data measurement issues like those noted above. Computer Scientists may be more concerned about the runtimes of code; memory management and efficiency, and be willing to trade off precision for those things (frequently behind the scenes, or buried in help documents). City planners may be more concerned about getting exceptionally accurate line or polygon data, so questions about how to appropriately summarize a raster to a polygon simply don't get as much attention. Economists broadly look at country-level summaries of data (though subnational is becoming more common), so these types of errors amount to very little for them.
All of these differing views of and needs for GIS means that it sometime takes a while – sometime a very long while – for "seemingly simple tasks" to become.. well, simple. We'll be the first to say that, today, this task still isn't simple – memory management, physical disk space required, hugely variable spatial datatypes, and many more issues still make Cliff's question a hard one to answer and implement a solution for.


, see Berline, Getzler, Vergne ''Heat kernels and Dirac operators'' (it is in the background chapter 1). There is a Fubini principle for integration over the fibres, which reads:
$$\int_E e(TE) = \int_E e(T_v E) f^{\ast} e (TB) = \int_B (\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)) e (TB).$$
The form $\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)$ is a $0$-form, i.e. a function, and you can test its values by restriction to the fibres. The value is the Euler characteristic of the fibre, by Gauss-Bonnet. Thus
$$ \int_B (\int_{E/B} e(T_v E)) e (TB)= \chi(F) \int_B e(TB)= \chi(F) \chi(B).$$
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I still don't understand how we pick euler classes on each fiber in a 'continuous' way... what am I missing? – Dylan Wilson Mar 6 '11 at 9:30
Or is the problem avoided by starting with a metric on the total space, restricting it to the fibers, and then 'pushing it down' to the base? – Dylan Wilson Mar 6 '11 at 9:31
Pick a (bundle) metric on $T_v E$. This gives you a definite form on $E$ representing $e(T_v E)$. Then pick a metric on $TB$ and pull it back to $f^{\ast} TB$. Finally, pick a splitting of $TE$, which gives a metric on $TE$. This metric is well-adapted to the problem. – Johannes Ebert Mar 6 '11 at 10:11
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Connecting to data in another Google Sheet
Now that you know how to combine multiple spreadsheets into one by linking data within the same sheet, let's learn to link data between two Google Sheets.
Use the IMPORTRANGE function, which looks like this:
The formula requires two variables:
 - The URL of the spreadsheet you want to pull data from. Copy this from the address bar of the sheet you're pulling data from and enclose it in quotes.
 - The sheet name and range (also enclosed in quotes) using similar syntax we saw back in the Cell-By-Cell reference section. You'll likely see a reference error, so you'll need to grant access to the current sheet.
Once you click Allow access (assuming you own both sheets or have edit access to both), the data gets pulled into the sheet:
The changes in the linked sheet eventually get updated (not instantly, but pretty close).
Importing data from another Google Sheet with Coefficient
Let's go over how Coefficient can help you combine multiple spreadsheets into one using an easier and more streamlined process.
Open the Google Sheets Add-ons menu, click Coefficient: Salesforce, Hubspot Data Connector, then Launch.
Click Import Data on the Coefficient pane.
Then, select Google Sheet.
Choosing google sheets
Choose any Google Sheet you want from your Google Drive or other documents you have shared access to.
For this example, let's pull up the same User Subscriptions list we used in the previous steps and click Select.
Coefficient takes a few seconds to access the data and read the column information. You'll then see an import panel and the option to filter the data as it comes in.
Import from a google sheet to a google sheet
For this example, add a filter for subscription numbers greater than 1025. You could use this to filter out inactive subscriptions or those with more than a certain number of users. Doing this with Coefficient is faster and simpler than the manual process on Google Sheets.
Once you're done, click Import.
Import Button
There you have it. Coefficient imports your data almost instantly, and you don't even need to deal with functions and formulas throughout the entire process.
So maybe now you're wondering, "How can I get Google Sheets to auto-update a reference to another sheet?
Coefficient has you covered since it lets you automatically refresh that data on a schedule, so you won't need to do it painstakingly and manually.
The IMPORTRANGE solution allows you to import entire columns at once, but you'll need to specify bounds for it or it will disrupt your dataset if your data moves too much.
Also, IMPORTRANGE doesn't offer a built-in way to filter data, so you'll need to do this separately.
Coefficient takes care of both problems for you by building the filter into the import, including importing any populated rows or columns seamlessly.
Another benefit to using Coefficient is when you want to generate reports for your presentations and don't want your data to be updated in real-time.
Your data gets automatically updated when you use the IMPORTRANGE function, and it happens as soon as the source spreadsheet data is changed.
This means that if you're preparing a presentation from a live document, you would need to either create a copy or the owner needs to stop updating the file while you finish your task.
You can already guess the confusion and disruption that can happen when many people work on the same document at the same time.
However, Coefficient can sync on demand, saving you from these challenges. You can do a final sync and then prepare your presentation materials without the source data changing or the linked tables getting rewritten and blowing up your spreadsheet in the process.
The methods introduced in this guide helps you streamline the process of linking spreadsheet data between multiple Google Sheets.
As you link multiple Google Sheets together, allowing the files to interact with each other automatically, you can increase your productivity and the accuracy of your data.
With the amount of stress, frustration, and manpower expense you'll shave off by automating the process of linking your sheets, you can focus on running your business better.
Try Coefficient for free today!


text: This article considers the principle of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), first developed by Michael Halliday, (seminal paper, 1961), and demonstrates how the clause is the representation of the experiential function of language. In every clause, there is a process, expressed by the verb group, on which the message or experience of the clause hinges. This grammatical relationship is known as the transitivity of the clause. This article examines and applies the concept of transitivity as elucidated by a systemic functional grammar approach. It analyzes two text types utilizing SFG and demonstrates how transitivity, the system or resource for constructing meaning, ultimately enables us to sense the meaning that the language is making.


Friday, December 07, 2007
Neighbors in Support v. County of Tuolumne (Cal. Ct. App. - Dec. 7, 2007)
Justice Wiseman typically writes -- and hence knows -- better than to begin an opinion with the following sentence: "We begin by stating the question presented in this case."
Just state the question. Or conclusion. Or anything else, for that matter.
Don't introduce your opinion by saying "There is a question presented by this case. Wait for a sentence and I'll tell you what it is. Then I'll answer it." We sort of figured that much out even before we began reading.
I know that Justice Wiseman can write better than this. As I said, e.g., here. (P.S. - Was I right or what about People v. Castro? Review of which was granted by the California Supreme Court last year.)


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Woodworking Machinery CNC Cutting Machine VS CNC Engraving MachineTina
Both CNC cutting machine and CNC engraving machine belong to woodworking machinery processing equipment, and both can be used for cutting and engraving. Although both woodworking cutting machines and woodworking engraving machines belong to woodworking machinery for cutting and engraving, there are still great differences in the specific functions and applications of the two. For example, the CNC cutting machine is suitable for whole-house furniture customization, panel furniture production, office furniture production and children's furniture production and processing.
The CNC cutting machine is an upgraded version of the engraving machine. The cutting machine that can be done by the CNC engraving machine can do it, and because of the different configuration, the processing accuracy and processing speed of the cutting machine are much higher than that of ordinary engraving. The machine, the cutting machine is also the cabinet door processing in function.
So what are the specific characteristics of the CNC cutting machine compared to the engraving machine?
Mainly in the following aspects:
- The structure of the engraving machine makes it impossible to open the material for a long time. In general, the mainstream configuration of the engraving machine is still a stepping motor. If it is processed for a long time, it is easy to lose steps due to the heating of the motor's internal coil, which directly affects the engraving accuracy.
- Ordinary engraving machines have no positioning cylinders, which leads to large errors in the processing process and the accuracy cannot be reached. In addition, panel furniture needs to be punched and slotted on the front and back, and the lack of positioning cylinders will also cause errors in the hole pitch.
- The running speed of CNC engraving machine is relatively slow, because ordinary engraving machine uses stepper motor, while cutting machine is servo motor, and they are equipped with reducer, which has sufficient power and stable operation. In addition, ordinary engraving machines are basically a spindle, and there is no way to realize automatic tool change. If you want to process complex processes, you need to manually change the tool, which wastes manpower and time. The CNC cutting machine can switch between multiple cutter heads to achieve three cutter heads. Or the automatic tool change of four tool heads and roulette tool magazine, and can meet the needs of a variety of front and back drilling of the cabinet.
All in all, what a woodworking engraving machine can do can also be done by a CNC cutting machine, but a woodworking engraving machine that can be done by a CNC cutting machine may not be able to do it. As for how to choose, if you simply do some hollow engraving and cutting of the door panels, then you can choose a woodworking engraving machine, but if you want to customize the whole house of panel furniture, if it involves cabinets and doors, choose a CNC cutting machine. At present, there are many manufacturers that produce and sell CNC cutting machines, and there are many types of cutting machines, such as the commonly used four-process cutting machine, double-spindle and row drill cutting machine, disc tool change processing, etc. Everyone must choose a good manufacturer when buying, because only regular manufacturers will give you good suggestions.


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What is Advanced DD (Direct Drive) Inverter?
Advanced DD (Direct Drive) Inverter operation enables a further reduction in noise and energy demands.
The use of a 56-pole Neodymium Direct Current Brushes Motor produces high torque power while maintaining a whisper-quiet operation.
How does Nano Micell Shower work?
Nano Micell transforms regular detergent into highly concentrated detergent that penetrates into clothes more quickly and acts more effectively on dirt and stains. A 2-way cyclical pump assists the process by spraying the concentrated nano-size detergent evenly over clothes.
Why does my washing machine only wash but doesn't perform drying process?
Please ensure that the dryer function is selected. If it still does not work, please call our Gokujou helpline.
Why does the water flowing into the washing machine very slow?
This might be due to blockage in the water inlet valve or low water pressure from the tap.
If there's no blockage and water pressure is normal, please call our Gokujou helpline.
Why is the motor noisy during the spinning process?
Your washing machine might be faulty. Please call our Gokujou helpline.
How to reduce the coarseness of my clothes?
You may use the 'soft' program, add softener and use 'fuzzy' program for drying.
Why is the 'Tangle-Free' operation not working?
There are several possibilities:
1) Tangle-Free mode is not turned on.
2) Laundry is overloaded.
3) Tangle-Free operation will not be available if the program is set on 'Rinsing' or 'Spinning' mode only.
If it's not the above, please call our Gokujou helpline.
Why is the washing machine noisy during drying mode?
The lint (drying) filter may have come off or blocked. Alternatively, you may use the 'Silent' operation.
Why does the drying operation takes longer than usual & has uneven drying?
The laundry may be overload. Try to reduce the load. Laundry might be entangled. You may want to use the 'Tangle-Free' operation.


Project Home
An extention to DBAPI-2.0 for more easily building SQL statements.
Table of Contents
This extension allows you to call a DBAPI Cursor's execute method with a string that contains format specifiers for escaped and/or unescaped arguments. Escaped arguments are specified using '' %X '' or '' %S '' (capital X or capital S). You can also mix positional and keyword arguments in the call, and this takes advantage of the Python call syntax niceties. Also, lists passed in as parameters to be formatted are automatically detected and joined by commas (this works for both unescaped and escaped parameters-- lists to be escaped have their elements escaped individually). In addition, if you pass in a dictionary corresponding to an escaped formatting specifier, the dictionary is rendered as a list of comma-separated = pairs, such as are suitable for an INSERT statement.
For performance, the results of analysing and preparing the query is kept in a cache and reused on subsequence calls, similarly to the re or struct library.
(This is intended to become a reference implementation for a proposal for an extension to tbe DBAPI-2.0.)
for now the transformation only works with DBAPIs that supports parametric arguments in the form of Python's syntax for now (e.g. psycopg2). It could easily be extended to support other DBAPI syntaxes.
For more details and motivation, see the accompanying explanation document at
5-minute usage instructions:
Run execute_f() with a cursor object and appropriate arguments:
execute_f(cursor,'SELECT %s FROM %(t)s WHERE id = %S ', cols, id, t=table)
Ideally, we should be able to monkey-patch this method onto the cursor class of the DBAPI library (this may not be possible if it is an extension module).
By default, the result of analyzing each query is cached automatically and reused on further invocations, to minimize the amount of analysis to be performed at runtime. If you want to do this explicitly, first compile your query, and execute it later with the resulting object, e.g.:
analq = qcompile(' SELECT %s FROM %(t)s WHERE id = %S ')
analq.execute(cursor, cols, id, t=table)
Note to developers: this module contains tests, if you make any changes, please make sure to run and fix the tests.
Also, a formatting specifier is provided for where clauses: %A, which joins its contained entries with AND. The only accepted data types are list of pairs or a dictionary. Maybe we could provide an OR version (%A and %O).
Future Work
Please Donate!
Download program here.


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Upadhyaya, H D and Reddy, K N and Gowda, C L L and Yadav, D (2011) Wild Genepool of Pearl Millet at ICRISAT Genebank. Documentation. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh.
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1. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is an important food and forage crop in Africa and Asia, and important forage in the Americas. 2. It has great potential because of its suitability to the extreme limits of agriculture. 3. Defused belt stretching from Senegal to Western Sudan is the center of origin of pearl millet...
|Item Type:||Monograph (Documentation)|
|Subjects:||Mandate crops > Millets|
|Depositing User:||Mr Siva Shankar|
|Date Deposited:||29 Mar 2012 08:00|
|Last Modified:||29 Mar 2012 08:00|
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- 1 Event Title
- 2 Key Event Overview
- 3 How this Key Event works
- 4 How it is Measured or Detected
- 5 Evidence Supporting Taxonomic Applicability
- 6 Regulatory Examples Using This Adverse Outcome
- 7 References
Key Event Overview
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AOPs Including This Key Event
Level of Biological Organization
How this Key Event works
Maintenance of sustainable fish and wildlife populations (i.e., adequate to ensure long-term delivery of valued ecosystem services) is an accepted regulatory goal upon which risk assessments and risk management decisions are based.
How it is Measured or Detected
Population trajectories, either hypothetical or site specific, can be estimated via population modeling based on measurements of vital rates or reasonable surrogates measured in laboratory studies. As an example, Miller and Ankley 2004 used measures of cumulative fecundity from laboratory studies with repeat spawning fish species to predict population-level consequences of continuous exposure.
Evidence Supporting Taxonomic Applicability
Consideration of population size and changes in population size over time is potentially relevant to all living organisms.
Regulatory Examples Using This Adverse Outcome
Maintenance of sustainable fish and wildlife populations (i.e., adequate to ensure long-term delivery of valued ecosystem services) is a widely accepted regulatory goal upon which risk assessments and risk management decisions are based.
- Miller DH, Ankley GT. 2004. Modeling impacts on populations: fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposure to the endocrine disruptor 17trenbolone as a case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 59: 1-9.


, natural ecosystems are becoming impoverished and species are declining as a result.
Wild fur trapping
Historically, the fur trade has ruthlessly plundered wild mammal populations and continues to do so today. As early as the 16th century, populations in western Europe were considered by the fur trade no longer economical to trap as a result of excessive hunting. As animals were systematically trapped out and became commercially extinct, the search for healthy populations of animals went further afield. The discovery and occupation of North America proved a bonanza for the fur trade.
Competition amongst early settlers was intense, and wild mammal populations were sometimes deliberately exterminated out to prevent rival groups profiting from them.
The beaver became severely depleted in North America as a result of the fur traders. Sea otters and fur seals were brought to the verge of extinction and the sea mink was lost forever.
Further afield, the Falkland Island fox also became extinct due to the fur trade.
Chinchilla fur was so highly prized that trapping caused their population to decline which caused pelt prices to increase, resulting in trappers going to even greater lengths to catch the remaining individuals. Trapping was so intense to the point that it was thought chinchillas had become extinct in the wild.
The fashion trend for wearing spotted cat fur in the 1960s was seen by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) as a threat to the continued existence of spotted cat species, particularly leopard and jaguar. Despite warnings and recommendations to suspend trade in these species, the killing continued. The full impact of the commercial trade in the skins of cat species may never be known, but what is certain is that most cat species that have been exploited by the fur trade are now listed as either endangered or threatened.
Concern over the impact the fur trade was having on wild cat species was a primary reason for the development of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
But as the most profitable big cat species became endangered and therefore protected by CITES, the trappers simply turned their attention to other species. Trade in the skins of species such as ocelot rocketed in the late 1970s and early 1980s leading to their inclusion on the list of protected species by the early 1990s. As trade in this group of smaller cats declined due to population declines and bans, trade patterns again shifted, this time to the bobcat, Canadian lynx, European lynx and leopard cat.
In this case CITES has done little but monitor the demise of animal populations threatened by the fur trade.
Cats were not the only group of species to have suffered heavy exploitation by the fur trade during this time. Giant otter populations now only exist in isolated locations and are absent from many previously inhabited areas following massive overkill for the fur trade during the 1960s.
The international fur trade is driven by economics and monetary gain and the economic forces behind the trade carry high risks of over-exploitation of animals. In addition where trapping regulations exist, they are often ineffective. Trapping seasons are commonly set to maximise pelt quality (and therefore maximum profit) and not the health of animal populations.
Removing individuals from a population may be depriving the ecosystem of a vital component as predator-prey relationships may be altered resulting in changes to the ecosystem.
The trapping of non-target species by fur trappers is another big threat to wildlife populations. The traps most commonly used throughout North America are non-selective and cause severe injuries to animals unlucky enough to be caught in them.
Given the millions of animals trapped each year in North America, non-target victims will also be caught in significant numbers. A loss of even a small number of individuals from a population of threatened or endangered species puts additional pressure and risk on them.
Chemical processing of fur
As soon as the pelt is removed from the animal it begins to decay. Chemicals such as formaldehyde are needed to prevent the animal skins from rotting. One of the first signs is hair loss as individual hairs begin to fall off the skin.
It's pretty obvious really, since fur is part of a dead animal it needs protection from attack by natural decay agents including insects, bacteria and fungus.
In fact, a cocktail of harmful and toxic substances are used to process and protect raw furskins. These include surfactants and fats, solvents, acids, tannins, biocides, fungicides, dyes and bleaches. Workers in the industry are at risk from acute and chronic effects ranging from skin complaints and eye irritation to cancer and even death. Risks to the environment include toxicity to aquatic organisms, as well as air pollution.
Much of the fur processing industry has moved to developing countries such as China due to their lower environmental standards and cheap labour. However it still takes place in a number of European countries including Italy, Greece, Germany and the UK.
A 2003 European Commission Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control study on Best Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins recognizes the tanning industry as "a potentially pollution-intensive industry." The Industrial Pollution Projection System rates the fur dressing & dyeing industry one of the five worst industries for toxic metal pollution to the land.
In 1991, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fined six fur processing plants $2.2 million for the pollution they caused, citing them for hazardous waste violations and stating that "the solvents used in these operations may cause respiratory problems, and are listed as possible carcinogens."
But now, even the Chinese government is becoming concerned about the pollution caused by fur dyeing factories. In December 2007, one of the fur trade's publications, The Trapper & Predator Caller, reported that China was considering imposing a punitive tax on the fur dressing and tanning industries as part of an attempt to penalize "industries causing excessive pollution."
After animals have been killed on fur factory farms or on trap lines, their skins are pulled off the animals' bodies. Now referred to as a "pelt," the animal's skin with the hair still attached is sent to be tanned (or "dressed") and perhaps dyed, bleached, or otherwise treated.
Two of the main methods for dressing fur skins involve chemicals that are listed as carcinogens and are toxic to humans.
Formaldehyde is used during dressing and dyeing, as already mentioned, to protect fur follicles. Formaldehyde is on every major list of toxic substances, including the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) Toxics Reporting Industry (TRI) list of reportable toxic chemicals, the American Apparel and Footwear Association Restricted Substances List (AAFA-RSL) and the California Proposition 65 SuperList of chemicals known to cause cancer. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), "this chemical is carcinogenic." This expert working group of 26 scientists from 10 countries determined in 2004 that "there is now sufficient evidence that formaldehyde causes nasopharyngeal cancer in humans" and strong evidence that formaldehyde causes leukemia.
Chromium is used in the "chrome tanning" process – a common method for dressing fur skins. It is widely considered to be toxic, and even carcinogenic in some forms. In 2003, children's toys and other retail items made with dog and cat fur and sold in Australia and Europe were found to contain toxic levels of chromium. Chromium is on the EPA TRI List of reportable toxic chemicals and the California Proposition 65 list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive effects.
Other chemicals that may be used or emitted in the fur dressing and dyeing processes and that appear on one or more US government lists of toxic chemicals include aluminium, ammonia, chlorine, chlorobenzene, copper, ethylene glycol, lead, methanol, naphthalene, sulfuric acid, toluene and zinc.
Of these typical tannery pollutants, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) recognizes toluene and lead as chemicals that are "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." This is echoed by the IARC which classifies lead as "probably carcinogenic to humans" and toluene as "possibly carcinogenic to humans."
Naphthalene-which may be used during the dyeing and finishing stages, as a component of the oxidation dyesis also listed as an OSHA carcinogen.
Ethylene glycol, lead, toluene and zinc are among the chemicals used known to be developmentally and reproductively toxic to men and women. The Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety (4th ed.) states that "various chemicals used in the fur industry are potential skin irritants." Furthermore, a 1998 study of workers in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine found that women employed as leather and fur processors may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
Furthermore, the European Commission considers air pollution to be one of the chief environmental concerns of the tanning process, whereby toxic and odorous substances are typically emitted during normal tannery operations.
The chemicals listed in the section above are just a sample of all those used in fur dressing and dyeing, and all furs are dressed in order to be used for fashion. Dressing is important as it prevents fur from biodegrading. In the pre-dressing preservation process, "common salt is used to remove moisture from the skin, inhibiting putrefaction." This is the explicit purpose of subjecting fur garments to a dressing process before they can be sold-to stop the natural process of biodegrading.
Clocking up the fur miles
Raw furs are often transported from the factory farm to the fur processors and


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Water Quality Sampling
Most of Alaska's waters are suitable for the following beneficial uses:
- water supply (drinking, agriculture, aquaculture, industrial);
- water recreation;
- growth and propagation of fish, shellfish, aquatic life, and wildlife.
Some beneficial uses are limited by natural water quality conditions in Alaska:
- suspended sediment in glacial waterbodies;
- highly mineralized waterbodies;
- microorganisms such as giardia (beaver fever), schistosoma (swimmer's itch),
- and high bacterial counts from decomposing salmon in streams.
Beneficial uses can also be limited or impaired by the following human activities in Alaska:
- oil & gas development
- timber harvesting
- seafood processing
- Urban development:
- urban runoff
- septic systems
- landfill leachate
- Military development:
- abandoned installations
- operational installations
Fecal coliform bacteria, sediment, and petroleum products are the primary pollutants of surface waters in Alaska.
Petroleum products are the primary pollutants of ground waters in Alaska.
Urban runoff is the most common pollutant source in Alaska.


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USB 1.1 Plug-In
Model No. PL0USBP000100
The SLS USB Plug-In for CDLogic is a software addition along with a hardware accessory that can be used with the sampling and triggering features of CDLogic to analyze the USB 1.1 bus protocol.
- Easy configuration :
- One can locate and study errors:
- Additionally, one can use the hardware dongle provided to debug the system and study the protocol by capturing and displaying individual signals on CDLogic.