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hese peeled trees are at Indian Tree Campground in the Bitterroot National Forest, very near the route the Corps of Discovery may have followed on September 5, 1805, as they descended from the ridge now known as Lost Trail Pass, which separates the Salmon and Bitterroot River drainages. Photo: Bitterroot National Forest
alking overland west of the Gates of the Mountains on July 19, 1805, Clark "saw where the natives had pealed the bark off the pine trees about this same season." This, Lewis reported, "the indian woman with us informs that they do to obtain the sap and soft part of the wood and bark for food." And on September 12, the second day of their toilsome journey over the Bitterroot Range from Travelers' Rest to Weippe Prairie, Clark wrote, "On this road, & particularly on this creek," — today's Lolo Creek — "the indians have peeled a number of Pine for the under bark, which they eate at certain Seasons of the year, I am told in the Spring." The species that was favored was Pinus ponderosa, ponderosa pine. Trees could be peeled early in May, after the bitterroot was judged ready for harvest, and never before. The process was steeped in ceremony; the result was literally the first sweet taste of spring.
It was women's work. Hard work. They used sharpened juniper sticks or rib bones of elk or bison to pry heavy slabs of thick bark from each tree. Then, with slicing tools made from the horns of mountain sheep, they carefully scraped off the nutritious inner bark and ate it immediately. The treat had a brief shelf-life, because it was unpalatable after it dried out.1
It is often said that Indians ate the cambium, but that is incidental and irrelevant, for the cambium itself is functionally just one cell thick; its components divide to produce a cambial zone, which is only a few cells thick. Although it is a key to a tree's life, it has no value as human food.
On its inner surface, the cambial zone generates the water-conducting cells, or xylem (ZY-lem), which, as the tree grows, expand the dead, woody center of the stem, or tree-trunk. On its other side the cambium merges into the phloem (pronounced FLO-um), or bast. About one-eighth to one quarter of an inch thick in a mature ponderosa pine, the phloem carries food between the tree's crown and its roots. In spring, at the onset of the tree's new growing season, it is rich in proteins and carbohydrates, and that is why it was once valued as food. As the outer cells of the phloem deteriorate, they become the corky interior surface of the outer bark.2
Peeled trees also served as trail signs. En route back across the Bitterroot Mountains, on June 17, 1806, over deep snowbanks that hid the ground, Clark noted: "I was in front and Could only pursue the derection of the road by the trees which had been peeled by the nativs for the iner bark of which they Scrape and eate."
The peeling of ponderosa pine trees was discouraged and finally prohibited as settlers moved onto reservation lands, because it was considered injurious to trees that were valuable to them as sources of lumber for building. But since cuts such as that illustrated in the photo above did not sever the cambial zone around the whole circumference of the tree, they did no harm. In fact, a layer of cambium soon formed within the callus tissues to help heal the wound.
--Joseph Mussulman, with help from Mark Behan
1. Jeff Hart, Montana: Native Plants and Early Peoples (Helena: Montana Historical Society, 1976), 50-51.
2. Stephen H. Spurr and Burton V. Barnes, Forest Ecology (3rd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980), 89.


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The first black church, in Hickman, Fulton County, KY, was organized in 1867, by a group of newly freed slaves. These men were Warren Thomas, the leader and organizer, Cato Thomas, Valentine Matson, Samuel Tyler, Henry Clark. The group signed a promissory note for $242.99 to purchase the church site from the East Hickman Operation, a local land development company owned by whites. Blacks were now receiving pay for their labor. However, in 1867 the Freedmen's Bureau, under the auspices of the federal government, paid the balance due making Thomas Chapel the rightful owner of the church site. The church officially opened in 1869. The very first educational classes for blacks were held in the basement in 1870. The building was destroyed by fire in 1874. A temporary building was erected in 1880 but it would be 21 years (1898) before a permanent structure was erected. This 1898 building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It now houses the Warren Thomas Black History Museum, operated by the Warren Thomas Historical Society
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Posts From January, 2014
Reader Q&A session in collaboration with Farnell element14, Panasonic engineers
21 January 2014 11:25:00 Categories: Comment news
In collaboration with Farnell element14, Panasonic engineers Jing Liu and Christian Gellmann will be answering questions around the use of polymer capacitors. Liu and Gellmann are on hand to help you overcome any obstacle you might have with a specific project or answer more generic question about polymers.
For example, what effect does humidity have on the life of the polymer capacitors? What polymer capacitors are suitable for high-end audio gear? How does Panasonic Polymer Capacitors compare to Sanyo OSCON capacitors overall and over temp?
15 questions will be answered and published on in February 2014."
The forum is open so submit your question now.
Michelle WinnyMichelle Winny


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Using Trusted Auth on Tableau Server
This article describes how you can use Trusted Auth from Metric Insights to Tableau Server. The procedure includes the following steps:
In Tableau Server you will configure Trusted Authentication. The steps for doing this are covered in this article. Trusted authentication simply means that you have set up a trusted relationship between Tableau Server and the Metric Insights. When Tableau Server receives requests from Metric Insights, Tableau assumes the credentials of the Metric Insights user.
For more detailed information on Trusted Authentication in Tableau Server, refer to the Tableau Server Administration Guide.
1. Configure Tableau Server for Trusted Auth
To use Tableau Trusted Auth, each Username created on Metric Insights must have an identical Username in Tableau Server. For example, if you sign in with Username 'Mary Jane' in Metric Insights, then to be able to sign on to Tableau server you must also have the Username 'Mary Jane' in Tableau server.
1.1. Find IP address of Metric Insights instance
You only need to do this for versions of Tableau server 8.0 and prior. For Tableau server 8.1 and beyond, you can use the fully qualified domain name of the Metric Insights instance.
For example, one way to find is from the following:
root@demo:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr inet addr:10.146.246.13
root@sandbox:~# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr inet addr:10.192.61.233
1.2. Configure Tableau Server for trusted authentication
Starting with Version 2018.2+ Tableau Server on Windows includes Tableau Services Manager (TSM), which replaces the Configuration Utility and the command line tool.
- For more information, refer to Add Trusted IP Addresses or Host Names to Tableau Server
1.2.1. Tableau Version 2018.2+ (via Tableau Services Manager)
Having signed in to Tableau Services Manager:
- Click [User Identity & Access] on the Configuration tab
- Under Trusted Authentication, for each trusted host, enter the hostname or IP address and then click [Add]
- Optionally, specify Token Length value
- Save Pending Changes
- Click [Pending Changes] that appears at the top of the page
- Apply Changes and Restart
Use Tableau Server command line utilities to add Metric Insights IP address (or fully qualified domain name for Tableau server 8.1 and beyond) to the list of trusted sites.
Using Metric Insights IP address:
D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat set wgserver.trusted_hosts "10.146.246.13, 10.192.61.233" D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat config D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat restart
Using Metric Insights fully qualified domain name:
D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat set wgserver.trusted_hosts "mi-dev.mycompany.com, mi-prod.mycompany.com" D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat config D:\Tableau\Tableau Server\10.1\bin>.\tabadmin.bat restart
1.3. Verify trusted authentication from Metric Insights for the user
From Metric Insights server run a command line utility to confirm trusted authentication to Tableau server. Use a username that exists on Tableau server. For example, 'admin'
curl -k -dusername=admin _URL_ curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ curl -ssl -k -dusername=admin _URL_
In the curl request, supply the username (e.g., 'admin') and the url of Tableau server (e.g., _URL_ Any of the above curl request arguments should work.
The above curl request returns -1 from Tableau server if not trusted, and returns non-negative ticket value if trusted. For example,
root@sandbox:~# curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ -1
root@sandbox:~# curl -3 -k -dusername=admin _URL_ Co_GwPDEfUzAuj1mDO2MH-FE
1.4. Enable Variable ALLOW_TRUSTED_SERVER_USERNAME_OVERRIDE
Assign the "Y" Value to the ALLOW_TRUSTED_SERVER_USERNAME_OVERRIDE Variable to let MI Users be mapped to licensed Tableau Users.
1.5. Specify which Username will be used for Trusted Server Sign-on
1.6. Configure Plugin Connection Profile Parameters (Admin > Data Sources)
- Edit Auth Method
- Configure Auth method to be "trusted"
2. Configure Metric Insights for Tableau Trusted Auth
The following steps show how to configure Metric Insights for Trusted Auth
2.1. Add External Report Type for Tableau Trusted Auth (Admin > Advanced > External Report Types)
- In the Report Type field choose Add New Report Type from the drop-down list.
- Then choose Tableau Single-Sign in the Drill-Down Authentication field.
NOTE: If you already have an existing External Report Type defined for Tableau, you can enable authentication for all reports associated with this type by modifying the Drill Down Authentication setting to Tableau Single-Sign.
Alternatively, you can do this while creating a new External Report (the procedure is described Create a new External Report Type)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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'Diffuse' vs. 'Defuse'
What to Know
Diffuse can be used as a verb meaning "to spread out" or an adjective meaning "spread out" or "not concentrated." It is often confused with defuse which can only be a verb originally meaning "to take the fuse off a bomb" but now usually means "to make less dangerous or tense."
Meaning of Diffuse
First off, only one is ever an adjective: diffuse as an adjective most often means "not concentrated or localized," as in "diffuse lighting" or "a diffuse scent." It also means "being at once verbose and ill-organized," as in "a diffuse explanation that failed to provide any information." It comes from a Latin word meaning "to spread out."
It's when we venture into verb territory, though, that things can get muddled. Diffuse the verb comes directly from the adjective: something diffuse can be said to have diffused or been diffused. That is, it has spread out, or has been spread out, both literally and figuratively. Consider the following undeniably difficult situation:
My roommate's incessantly burning incense diffuses throughout the apartment.
My roommate wants the incessantly burning incense to diffuse more evenly throughout the apartment, but I do not.
My hatred for the scent of the incessantly burning incense is fueling a resentment that is diffusing through the relationship like a painful canker.
Sounds like things are getting tense with these roomies. Perhaps there's a way to, ahem, diffuse the situation.
But that, dear friends, is NOT it. One does not diffuse a situation, unless one is spreading it out, which, we assert, is hard to do. No, the word called for in the sentence above is defuse. It's an entirely different word, although it sounds almost identical to diffuse:
Meaning of Defuse
Defuse is a World War II relic, and in its original meaning it is merely a sum of its parts: deand fuse. It means "to remove the fuse from (a mine, a bomb, etc.)." Its figurative meaning developed quickly after, and is now the meaning most of us are most likely to encounter: "to make less harmful, potent, or tense."
While situations are hard to spread, situations can, with a little luck, be made less tense, which is why when it comes to dealing with situations, defuse is your word.
In summary: Diffuse is both a verb and an adjective, and refers to the spreading of something, or making it less concentrated. Defuse functions only as a verb and means "to remove the fuse from something."


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Publication details for Dr Barbara RiddickRiddick, B. (2006). Dyslexia Friendly Schools in the UK. Topics in Language Disorders 26(2): 142–154.
- Publication type: Journal papers: academic
- ISSN/ISBN: 0271-8294, _PHONE_
- Keywords: Self-esteem, Dyslexia friendly, Support.
- View online: Online version
- Durham research online: DRO record
Author(s) from Durham
This article starts by examining the background to dyslexia support within the context of the National Literacy Strategy in the United Kingdom. It then critically discusses some of the perceived
shortcomings of current support for children with dyslexia, and how this has led to the development of a "dyslexia friendly" schools movement in the United Kingdom. The key aspects of dyslexia friendly policy and practice are outlined, and issues relating to the implementation of this policy are explored. Finally, the article considers some of the evidence for the efficacy of this approach, and presents an example of a questionnaire designed to elicit feedback from children on the impact of dyslexia friendly policy.


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Keywords: ecosystems, economic system, material flow, energy flow, agriculture and food industry, sustainable development, environmental management, environmental policy, corporate social responsibility
What is the potential of the ecosystem metaphor in agricultural and food industry systems?
The scavengers and decomposers in ecosystems are presented as metaphors for agricultural and food industry systems' sustainability. These organisms of ecosystems can both take in wastes from other organisms as well as produce materials for them to use. We argue that the metaphor is beneficial for considering the physical flows of matter and energy in economic systems as it can yield models with which a vision of a more sustainable material and energy flow system can be constructed. But the difference of ecosystems and economic systems is so radical that the metaphor can only be used as a source of inspiration for simulations and future scenarios, not for giving practical and concrete design, management or policy objectives and action-proposals. Our analysis reveals that the metaphor cannot be used to study the human dimension or the societal context of the material and energy flows. The human dimension is critically important to achieve a real change toward sustainability in environmental policy, corporate environmental management and corporate social responsibility.


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What is the minimum real value of $z_0$ for which the following equation has a non-zero solution in $z$?
$$\tan(z) = - \frac{1}{\sqrt{ \left(\dfrac{z_0}{z}\right)^2-1 } }$$
It seems that $z_0 = \frac{\pi}{2}$ is a the threshold but I am unable to prove this.
share|improve this question
Are you sure about min and not inf? – Kaster Feb 25 '13 at 21:11
_USER_ I haven't been very careful about "min" vs "inf". I would like to know what is the answer, however accurately it can be given. – user6818 Feb 25 '13 at 21:37
Answer is $z_0 > \frac \pi 2$, but this set doesn't have min. It has inf though. As for the difference, min is something that belongs to the set, i.e. reachable at some point, whereas inf not necessaryly, it can be outside of the set. Just like this interval -- it doesn't have min, because whatever value you choose as min you'll be able to find the value from the same interval which is less than that so called min. But inf, it is least possible number $m$ s.t. $m \le z, \forall z \in Z$. – Kaster Feb 25 '13 at 22:00
1 Answer 1
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Plot both functions $y = \frac {\tan z}z$ and $y = -\frac 1{\sqrt{z_0^2-z^2}}$ (to better understand both functions' domains). Also let's consider $z>0$ domain, since both functions are even.
enter image description here
So you can see, that second function has vertical asymptote at $x = z_0$, which means it never goes beyond that line. Also, it's always negative. At the same time, $\tan z$ (as well as $\frac {\tan z}z$) is positive, and change its sign only when $z > \frac \pi2$, so the only way to those two function to intersect is when $y = -\frac 1{\sqrt{z_0^2-z^2}}$ function's asymptote lies beyond $\frac \pi2$.
So the answer is - $z_0$ to those two lines defined above to intersect is set $z_0 > \frac \pi2$. This set doesn't have minimum value, but $\inf z_0 = \frac \pi2$.
share|improve this answer
Why are you looking at the function "y= z tan z"? I would think you should look at $y = (tan z)/z" (..if you want to intersect it with "-1/Sqrt(z_0^2 - z^2)"..) – user6818 Feb 26 '13 at 1:31
You're right. I'll fix it soon. It doesn't change answer though, sine it's based on signs. – Kaster Feb 26 '13 at 1:37
I have fixed it. – Kaster Feb 26 '13 at 1:43
I've changed those equations at first because by some reason I thought it's range would be messed up, but it turned out it's not. Anyway, either way is valid. – Kaster Feb 26 '13 at 2:49
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Exchange Basics
Fee vs. Leasehold Land
 1. Under Section 1031(a), the word "like-kind" refers to the nature or character of the property and not to its grade or quality. One kind or class of property may not be exchanged under Section 1031 for property of a different kind or class.
 2. For example, the receipt of fee ownership in property in consideration for the execution of a long-term lease is not an exchange of property, but is instead the execution of a lease accompanied by the receipt of advance rental income.
 3. Similarly, the transfer of property and cash for the construction of a new plant on a taxpayer's land was held to represent the payment of consideration for the purchase of new property and not an exchange of like-kind property.
 4. In Revenue Ruling 72-601, the father and son were both farm owners. The son conveyed a life estate in his farm to his father, while reserving a remainder interest for himself. The father conveyed a remainder interest in his farm to his son, reserving a life estate for himself. The IRS ruled that the son merely transferred the right to use his farm for a period of years and received in return the equivalent of rental income and not property qualifying under Section 1031. The father transferred a remainder interest in return for a leasehold of less than 30 years' duration, when measured against his life expectancy. The leasehold was thus not like-kind property, and the transaction was taxable. If the father's life expectancy had equaled or exceeded 30 years, the father's transfer might have qualified, but not the son's.
 5. Similar results should be expected in exchanges involving what is essentially a right to receive income represented by contracts, patents, copyrights, etc.
 6. A transaction structured to be a sale of the taxpayer's property followed by a leaseback of the same property may be construed as an exchange of a fee absolute estate for a leasehold estate. The IRS has argued for exchange treatment in this context to prevent a taxpayer from recognizing a loss on the "sale" transaction.
 7. An exchange of real property for personal property does not qualify because the nature or character of the property is not of like-kind. The fact that property is improved or unimproved relates only to its grade or quality and not to its kind or class. A leasehold of a fee with 30 years or more to run and real estate in fee are of "like-kind."
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Washington:When it comes to memory formation, expectation may be essential, according to a recent study.
Penn State psychologists tested 60 participants and noted that the theory that links memory encoding to expectations of future relevance may better explain how human memory works.
Modern psychology posits two major theories to explain the mechanisms of how memories are formed. The first is object-based encoding, storing all information about an object in working memory. The second is feature-based encoding, selectively remembering aspects of an object.
For example, if you watch a group of people playing basketball, under object-based encoding theory, the brain remembers all aspects of the ball. In feature-based encoding, the brain remembers that it saw a ball, but may have no recollection of the color if the color of the ball is an unnecessary feature according to the task at hand.
The proposed theory, expectancy-based binding, suggests that subjects can remember features presented in a visual scene or movie without necessarily remembering which object went with which feature when it is not necessary to do so.
Researcher Brad Wyble said that the key discovery was that attending an object for an extended period of time does not ensure that all of the features of that object will be correctly associated with it in memory.
Wyble added that attention is not enough to ensure accurate memory. One needs some kind of expectation that attributing certain features to the object is important.
To ensure the results were robust, their entire experiment was repeated a second time with a new group of participants.
The study appears in the journal Cognition. (ANI)


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Calculate the BSA to the nearest 100th.
1. An adult who is 170 cm tall and weighs 100 kg.
2. A child whose measurements are height 143 cm and weight 54.2 kg.
3. A child whose weight is 14.3 kg and length is 94.1 cm.
4. An adult who is 5 ft 9 inches and weighs 190 pounds.
5. A child whose weight is 33 lb and length 24 in.
Determine the dosage for the following drugs and indicate if the order is safe.
6. A child has an order for 2.5 mg of a drug t.i.d. The dosage range is 15-25 mg/m2 per day.
The child has a BSA of 0.41 meters squared.
6a. Dosage per day?
6b. Dosage per dose?
6c. Is the order safe?
7. A 20 mg dose of a drug with a recommended dosage of 10 mg/m2 has been ordered for a
Patient with a BSA of 2.17 m2.
7a. Dosage per dose?
7b. Is the order safe?
8. The per dose range is 0.5 – 1.5 g per square meter. The patient has a BSA of 1.97 square
meters. A dosage of 2 g has been ordered.
8a. Dosage per dose?
8b. Is the order safe?
9. The dosage range of a drug is 100 – 150 mcg per m2 bid. The patient has a BSA of 0.77 m2 and a dosage of 150 mcg has been ordered b.i.d.
9a.Dosage per dose?
9b. Accuracy of order :
10. A patient with BSA of 0.47 m2 has orders for 10 mg of a drug q.6h. The daily dosage range is 75-100 mg/m2 /day.
10a. Normal dosage per day.
10b. Dosage ordered per day
10c. Accuracy of order


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Apprenticeship Training Program
Apprenticeship - A Smart Business Investment
Apprenticeship is an attractive way to develop a highly skilled and productive
workforce. Here are some examples of how your business can benefit:
- Employee skills are tailored to fit YOUR workplace
- Recruitment and retention of a highly qualified workforce
- A proven process for development of knowledge and skills imparted from experienced
personnel to apprentices
- Employees trained in new technologies can share information with other staff, giving
you a competitive edge
- Skills of a retiring workforce are retained through on-the-job mentoring
- Greater workforce competency and productivity
- Reduced turnover
Purpose of Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship assist industry in developing and improving apprenticeship and other training
programs designed to provide the skilled workers needed to compete in a global economy.
Description of Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship is a combination of on-the-job training and related classroom instruction
in which workers learn the practical and theoretical aspects of a highly skilled occupation.
Apprenticeship training programs are sponsored by joint employer and labor groups, individual
employers, and/or employer associations.
The U.S. Department of Labor Office
of Apprenticeship registers apprenticeship training programs. The Office of Apprenticeship's
role is to:
- first, safeguard the welfare of apprentices;
- second, ensure the quality and equality of access of registered apprenticeship training programs; and
- third, provide integrated employment and training information to sponsors and the local employment and training community.
How Registered Apprenticeship Training Works
To train an apprentice, you and your employee must first complete an apprenticeship agreement. Responsibilities of the apprentice and employer are outlined
in the apprenticeship agreement. A certified journeyworker must provide practical training
according to trade standards. You must also verify the number of hours an apprentice works
and pay a predetermined, industry-set wage. Additional information is available through
the Office of Apprenticeship's Web site.
Eligibility of Employer Applicants
Employer applicants include employers, or an association of employers, with or without the
participation of labor unions.
Department of Labor - Office of Apprenticeship field representatives are assigned to all designated trades to assist in arranging
apprenticeship agreements between employers and apprentices. The representatives will
explain your employer responsibilities for training under
The National Apprenticeship
Act of 1937 and ensure that your business premises meet on-the-job training standards.
The representatives also provide training information and guidelines and will review
the requirements and documentation needed for your apprenticeship records.
Employer applicants work closely with their assigned Department of Labor - Office of Apprenticeship field representative to develop a set of
registered apprenticeship training standards which include:
- an on-the-job training outline;
- related classroom instruction curriculum; and
- the registered apprenticeship training program operating procedures. The program
will be registered if it meets federal requirements.
The National Apprenticeship Act of 1937, as amended (Public Law 75-308) (29 U.S.C.
Part 518, §50, §50a, and §50b and 29 U.S.C. Part 664, §50 and §57.)
For Further Information or to Apply:
You may contact your nearest Office of Apprenticeship State Office or write or call:
State Director, USDOL/ETA/OA
300 East 8 Street, Suite 914
Austin, Texas 78701


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This function will zip (compress) your data and open your email client (eg. Outlook Express) for the purpose of sending your data to a specified recipient. By default, this function will send the data to _EMAIL_. However, you can send a dataset to anyone, effectively becoming another means of backing up your data off site.
- From the Data Manager screen, select your database (single click).
- Click on Support in the menu and select Zip and Email.
- Your database will be zipped. This may take a minute or two.
- The To field will already be populated with _EMAIL_. If you wish to send the database to another address, overwrite the support address with your desired email address. Your email address will automatically be displayed.
- Write a description of the problem or any other message you wish to send to the email recipient in the main text field.
- Click on Send (this can take anywhere from 2 minute to 30 minutes depending on the size of the database).
When the database has been successfully sent the following message will appear: "A backup copy of your Sportzware Central database has been created and emailed to SportingPulse."


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Book Title: A Guide to Crisis Intervention (Book Only)
Publisher: Brooks Cole
Author: Kristi Kanel
This fifth edition of Dr. Kristi Kanel's A GUIDE TO CRISIS INTERVENTION covers the fundamentals of situational and developmental crises, how they occur, and how they have been managed since the 1940s. Kanel discusses traditional counseling models as they relate to crisis intervention, and shows how they have been incorporated into her model-the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention-that is used by both paraprofessionals and professionals. Presented in detail, the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is ideal for use in any mental health setting and with any individual (from any population) in a crisis situation. The text provides detailed examples of specific crisis situations, including developmental crises, trauma crises, post traumatic stress disorder crises (PTSD), crises of personal victimization, substance abuse crises, and crises related to loss, terminal and serious illness, and disabilities. New chapters discuss veterans' issues; sexual assault and rape; and ethical, legal, and professional issues. The author also explores suicide assessment and the use of the Mental Status Exam. Every chapter offers case vignettes to aid students in practicing the skills presented in the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention.


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It is commonly accepted that production control systems should correspond to the context within which they are operating, i.e. the production situation. However, rarely is this context indicated or made explicit; for example, the boundary conditions or the range of validity of a particular production control method. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to analyze how the production context could more systematically be taken into account when determining which production control system to use. Whilst it is acknowledged that contextual issues can be approached in a variety of ways, this is dependent on the perspective being considered (e.g. from a management hierarchy perspective, or a process stage perspective). This investigation looks at context from a process stage perspective and firstly considers the major production control approaches (such as CPM, Line-of-Balance, Last Planner System and Critical Chain) to determine their range of validity. Secondly, we endeavour to identify a typology of production control situations (ideal types), together with a suggestion for production control in each case. Finally, we attempt to deconstruct production control into its constituent elements and evaluate the alternative suggestions at this elemental level in relation to their contextual assumptions. In the paper, all three approaches are discussed and illustrated, based on prior literature and field observations.
Production control, Methods, Typology, Decision functions.


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7b. Reading Methods
The following literacy courses are required as indicated for the teacher candidate in Early Childhood Education (ECE), Middle Grades Education (MGE), Secondary Education (SEC), and Post Baccalaureate Middle Grades, Secondary English, or Secondary Math:
- RDE452 Teaching Reading (ECE)
- RDE450 Reading in the Content Areas (MGE, SEC, Post Baccalaureate MGE, and Post Baccalaureate SEC)
- RDE455 Diagnosis and Remediation of Reading Difficulties (ECE, MGE, SEC English, Post Baccalaureate MGE, and Post Baccalaureate SEC English)
- RDE454 Children's Literature (ECE)
Course descriptions for the reading education courses listed above are described in the document entitled Reading Education Course Descriptions.
Key assessments of the teacher candidate's content knowledge and application of skills in the teaching of reading are outlined in the document entitled Key Assessments for the Teaching of Reading.


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October 13, 2006
An innovative process that converts low-energy longwave photons (light particles) into higher-energy shortwave photons has been developed by a team of researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz and at the Sony Materials Science Laboratory in Stuttgart. With the skillful combination of two light-active substances, the scientists have, for the first time, manipulated normal light, such as sunlight, to combine the energy in photons with particular wavelengths (Physical Review Letters, October 4, 2006). This has previously only been achieved with a similar process using high-energy density laser light. The successful outcome of this process could lay the foundation for a new generation of more efficient solar cells.


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The UE shall interpret the resource allocation field depending on the PDCCH DCI format detected. A resource allocation field in each PDCCH includes two parts, a resource allocation header field and information consisting of the actual resource block assignment. PDCCH DCI formats 1, 2, 2A and 2B with type 0 and PDCCH DCI formats 1, 2, 2A and 2B with type 1 resource allocation have the same format and are distinguished from each other via the single bit resource allocation header field which exists depending on the downlink system bandwidth where type 0 is indicated by 0 value and type 1 is indicated otherwise. PDCCH with DCI format 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D have a type 2 resource allocation while PDCCH with DCI format 1, 2, 2A and 2B have type 0 or type 1 resource allocation. PDCCH DCI formats with a type 2 resource allocation do not have a resource allocation header field. A UE shall discard PDSCH resource allocation in the corresponding PDCCH if consistent control information is not detected.
Type 0 Resource Allocation(RAT0)
In RAT0 allocation happens in terms of RBG( Resource block group ).
1 RBG = n consecutive RB's in frequency domain
where n depends on system bandwidth or the total number of RB's in the system for one subframe.
So total number of RBG's in the system will be :-
Number of RBG = Total number of RB's / n
If Total number of RB's % n > 0, then
Number of RBG = Number of RBG +1 with last RBG containing the remaining RB's
We are working on 10 Mhz, so total number of RB's will be 50.
From above table value of n will be 3 for 50 RB's in system. So total number of RBG's will be
Number of RBG = 50 / 3 = 16
As 50 % 3 > 0
So Total number of RBG = 16 +1 =17
And the last RBG will contain only 2 RB's
Type1 Resource Allocation( RAT1 )
In PDCCH Resource Allocation Header field represents the resource allocation type used. For RAT1 header field value will be 1.
Type1 Allocation also uses the bitmap fundamental. But as we know the limitations of Type0 that allocation happens in terms of RBG's which can lead to the wastage of RB's as explained above. So to provide more granularity in the resource allocation Type1 came into picture.
In Type1 one extra field is added which is subset to provide the granularity and frequency diversity in the system. Allocation happens in terms of RB's belonging to the same subset.
Each Subset p will contain every nth RBG starting from RBG p.
n = Number of RB's in a RBG from the above table.
Suppose system bandwidth is 20 Mhz.
Total number of RB's =100
n = 4
Number of subsets = 4 (From table)
As total number of subsets are 4,
p = 0 to 3


Cats in the Cradle – What Does That Phrase Mean? - Page 1
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Cats in the Cradle – What Does That Phrase Mean?
By: Rebecca O'Connor
Read By: Pet Lovers
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The phrase "Cats in the Cradle" is a familiar one to most everyone, but it is a phrase that brings about mixed emotions. Is the cat being in the cradle a good thing or a bad thing? Does the image bring about feelings of family and childhood or danger and death? Let's investigate some of the myths and truths surrounding cats living with babies and you can decide for yourself what this means to you.
Harry Chapin's Song
American singer/songwriter Harry Chapin's famous song has made the phrase famous. "Cat's in the cradle and the silver spoon, little boy blue and the man on the moon..." The song was actually written by Chapin's wife Sandy, a poet and a writer. She wrote the words for the song for their son Joshua before he was born. She showed them to her husband but Chapin wasn't too interested in it at the time. However, once his son was born, Chapin realized the power of the words and what they meant to him personally. He recorded the song and it became the best known of all of his work.
"Cat's in the Cradle" tells the story of a father who is too busy to spend time with his growing son. Despite the fact that the father is constantly putting off quality time with his son, the son sees his father as a role model and a fine example of who he wants to grow up to be. In the end the son does grow up to be just like the father and as the aging patriarch reaches out to his son for quality time, his boy is simply to busy with his family. The refrain uses the phrase "cat's in the cradle" and these words bring up images of a young family and the short and sweet the time of infancy. However, a cat in the cradle wasn't always a warm and fuzzy image.
Take my Breath Away
Have you heard the old wives' tale of how cats can steal a baby's breath? Chances are it's a familiar story to you if you have had children. It is a story that even today crops up in forums and from well-meaning, but uneducated advice givers. Expectant mothers are often told that they need to get rid of their cats before the baby comes. But are cats really dangerous to babies?
According to the strength of this story may be traced to a 1791 jury that rendered a verdict in England that a Plymouth child had been killed from a cat sucking away its breath. In actuality there was likely no obvious cause for the infant's death and so the jury passed the blame onto the cat, because of course back then, everyone knew that cats might suck a child's breath away.
A 1929 article in the Nebraska State Journal also quoted a doctor who supposedly witnessed a cat actually sucking an infant's breath. He describes "the family pet in the very act of sucking a child's breath, lying on the baby's breast a paw on either side of the babe's mouth, the cat's lips pressing those of the child and the infant's face pale as that of a corpse, its lips with the blueness of death."
Today we are familiar, although still mystified, by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). It leaves you to wonder if these children didn't die of SIDS and the nearby cat was the best explanation for the death. Cats are curious creatures and the crib is a warm cozy place. It would be easy for them to be implicated in the murder.
However, all of these evil or jealous cat stories are a lot of hooey. It is unlikely that a cat would even suffocate a child accidentally. In fact, I myself grew up sleeping with the cat in my crib. Accidental scratching is a more likely concern and mothers should always keep an eye on their young children when they interact with the cat, whether it's in the cradle or elsewhere. Of course, it's easy enough to keep the cat out of the nursery if there are any concerns. For me, "cats in the cradle" makes me fondly remember a childhood surrounded by animals. How about you?
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The clinical laboratory has an essential role in all aspects of life and the diagnosis process starts early on in medical examination through blood testing or non-invasive testing. It plays an important role in any clinical decision and will have a 30 to 100 per cent impact based on the diagnosis itself and the continuity and outcome of the medical condition, according to Dr Ismail A Bakhsh, Consultant Clinical Scientist, Director of Ancillary Services, National Medical Care.
Today, healthcare systems are moving to become Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). Laboratory services are an integral part to the success of any healthcare system and can contribute a great deal to the success of the ACO model that aims to improve patient outcomes and population health management while keeping costs at a minimum.
At Global Health Exhibition, Dr Bakhsh will be discussing ACO's and the laboratory's integral contribution to the success of any healthcare transformation model.
He describes an ACO model as different organisations within a healthcare system working together to improve the health of their assigned local population through integrating the services to manage the causes of illnesses. Those groups of doctors, hospitals, and/or other healthcare providers must work together with a single goal of giving better care at a lower cost and this includes laboratory services.
Dr Bakhsh explained: "ACO is a relatively new concept and highlights the shift in the way we are serving and catering for our patients and clients. ACO's will depend a lot on the laboratory because, for example, in certain chronic diseases such as diabetes, a diabetic patient will need to visit the doctor every two to three months and the visit will not be complete if they have not done any blood tests."
ACOs have been created to push the industry away from fee-for-service towards value-based care through care coordination and a shared savings payment model. Effective contribution of any clinical laboratory services to ACO depends on the insurance of the effectiveness of five laboratory strategies. These include:
- Outreach services: The capacity to extend beyond the institute for wide coverage.
- Electronic connectivity: For example, easily requesting /ordering laboratory tests and accessing tests results remotely and freely.
- Lean processes: Better time utilisation, reduced errors, etc.
- Utilisation Management: Effective utilisation management plays a crucial role in decreasing costs without lowering quality.
- Aligning with the bigger picture: Laboratory data and resources play an important role clinically and for ACO planning and execution.
Impact of COVID-19 on laboratories
Several areas have been impacted due to COVID-19, stressed Dr Bakhsh. One has been the psychological impact of isolation and quarantine and how people are behaving because of it. Second, has been the financial impact due to drastic job losses, and third has been a shift in the environment of the laboratories due to the increased demand for COVID-19 testing.
"According to recent findings, there has been a reduction in about 14 per cent in the global laboratory industry, but there has also been a positive impact as the development of testing in such a short time was enhanced. So, we have seen a lot of development and enhancement in connectivity, communication, and digitalisation, among other areas," he highlighted.
Additionally, technology has had a major impact on the day-to-day operations of the laboratory. Dr Bakhsh said that in his organisation, due to COVID-19, there was an increase in home visits, daily consultation, and telecommunication, for medical concerns.
"There has been a shift from face-to-face and physical communication, whether in the medical field or managerial roles," he said. "Also, there been an increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) and I think it is a developing area, especially in centralising data. Moreover, AI is driven by the private sector, which more flexible and can see the return on investment."
He concluded: "The message that I want to emphasise on is that ACO is all about the patient and how healthcare organisations should focus on providing high-quality, safe and cost-effective services."
Dr Bakhsh will be speaking at the 'Leaders Session: Transformation to ACO: How can the lab help?' on December 7 at 6pm at the Global Health Exhibition.
He has over 25 years of experience in diagnostic, therapeutic laboratories and executive management. He is skilled in Epidemiology, Medical Devices, Oncology, Haematology, and Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) and also holds an MBA. His PhD, from the University of London, is focused on Haematology and Cellular Therapy.


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Traning & Internship
Traning and internship program
The base of the company has a training center and practical training courses for novice Architects.
The course includes the following directions:
- The Fundamentals of Architecture
- Basic principles and methods of design
- Modern technologies in design and Construction.
- Modern architectural trends
- Principles of sustainable architecture, its theoretical and practical aspects
- One of the architectural directions (volumetric architecture, Urban Planning)
- Study and use of legal norms in preparation of project-permitting Documentation.
- Preparation of full permitting documentation;
- 3ds Max Corona
We perform the work of the full cycle, closing all design processes from the analysis of the site, the development of the concept to all engineering sections and construction support.
Our designers and architects are real professionals deeds who will gladly help you in all matters of arranging your home.


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.g. social networks, cookies, cloud computing, media streaming, APIs, location-based awareness). Student will examine popular web 2.0 sites/apps and analyze for the inclusion of building blocks in order to understand how these building blocks facilitate the user experiences deemed essential for web 2.0 apps. Prerequisite(s): none
SOFTWARE PROJECTS FOR COMMUNITY CLIENTS I (FORMERLY CSC 378)
This is the first course in a two-quarter sequence (winter/spring) for CDM students that satisfies both the Senior Year Capstone requirement and the Junior Year Experiential Learning requirement. The second quarter will be IT 395. You will earn four quarter hours of credit for each quarter for a total of eight quarter hours of credit. You must complete both quarters to receive any credit. We work with a community service organization, chosen with help of the Steans Center for Community-based Service Learning. As a community-based service learning course, students will have the opportunity to assess urban community needs in technology, and use problem-solving methods and strategies to make a substantial difference in an inner-city community group, usually by developing an application or a web site.
SOFTWARE PROJECTS FOR COMMUNITY CLIENTS II
This is the continuation of IT 394. IT 394 and IT 395 must be taken as a sequence in two consecutive quarters. PREREQUISITE(S): IT 394


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SPOT Tags are one of the most advanced technology tags used by researchers. Like the other types of tags, it records a variety of measurements, such as temperature, salinity, and depth. However, powered by a very powerful transmitter, SPOT Tags regularly send their recorded data to satellites. These tags are primarily designed for use on animals that are commonly found at the ocean's surface, where regular broadcast to a satellite is possible. Therefore, they are suited for use on dolphins, turtles, seals, and any other animal that must spend at least some regular time at the ocean surface. Recently, these tags have been successfully placed on the dorsal fin of sharks that swim at the surface. These tags are fairly expensive and require large batteries to power them. To save battery power, some tags are fitted with a switch that turns them off when they become submerged under water, turning back on when the tag comes to the surface where it transmits again.
A Smart Position and Temperature Tag. (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics - TOPP)
A SPOT Tag being placed on the dorsal fin of a salmon shark. (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics - TOPP)


C++ Fast Track for Games Programming Part 6: Floats
C++ Fast-track
C++ Fast-track for Games Programming Part 6: Floats
In this tutorial, we're going to look at how you can get the computer to calculate with decimal values (numbers like 3.14, called floats), instead of only integral values (numbers like 3, called integers).
Previous Part: ConditionsNext Part: Debugging
Getting the Stuff You Need
If you don't have it yet, get the template package:
TheTemplate.zip TheTemplate.zip
As usual, extract the package to a fresh directory (say, C:\Projects\floats or where ever you keep your projects) and load up the.sln file. Remove the hello world code in the Game::Tick function in game.cpp:
 void Game::Tick(float deltaTime)
Balls Again
Before we start working with floats, let's setup things so we can show something interesting. Let's load a Sprite again!
Add a Sprite variable above the Tick function like this:
Sprite theSprite( new Surface("assets/ball.png"), 1 );
void Game::Tick( float deltaTime )
You may have noticed that some images are in.tga files, while others are in.png files. These are image file formats. Other formats are:.gif,.jpg,.bmp, and many others exist. Each format has advantages and disadvantages:.gif is small but can store only 256 unique colors;.jpg is often even smaller but is lossy, which means that it is only an approximation of the original image,.tga has a really simple internal layout.
The template loads images using a library, in this case the FreeImage library. A library is a collection of useful code that we can include in our project. Have a look at Surface::LoadImage (in surface.cpp, line 51) to see how FreeImage is used to load image files to a surface.
Now make your Tick function like this:
int spriteY = 0, speed = 1;
void Game::Tick( float deltaTime )
 screen->Clear( 0 );
 spriteY += speed++;
 if (spriteY > (512 - 50))
 spriteY = 512 - 50;
 speed = (-speed * 40) / 50;
 theSprite.Draw( screen, 20, spriteY );
Some interesting things here: the code to add speed to spriteY on line 30 are collapsed into a single line by using the increment operation (speed++). This translates to: use speed here, and increment it right after obtaining its value. Alternatively, we can write: ++speed, which first increments the value, and then uses the already incremented value.
The bouncing also contains an interesting construct: the inverted speed is multiplied by 40, then divided by 50. Why? To dampen it: the ball will now lose energy. Alternatively, we could have written:
speed = -speed * 0.8;
But that is not the same thing. Try that line, and instead of hitting F5 to run the application, hit (Ctrl + F7, or select Build > Compile from the main menu) to just build the source file that is currently open in the editor. The compiler will give you a warning:
1>game.cpp(32): warning C4244: '=': conversion from 'double' to 'int', possible loss of data
The speed variable is of type int (integer, \(\mathbb{Z}\)), which means that it can store whole numbers only. So when we perform a calculation that involves a real number (\(\mathbb{R}\)), the processor has to truncate the result to the nearest whole number, which is a potential loss of precision; hence the warning.
Switching to Floats
Let's convert our program so that it uses floats. Here is the code:
float spriteY = 0, speed = 1;
void Game::Tick( float deltaTime )
 screen->Clear( 0 );
 spriteY += speed;
 speed += 1.0f;
 if (spriteY > (512 - 50))
 spriteY = 512 - 50;
 speed = -speed * 0.8f;
 theSprite.Draw( screen, 20, spriteY );
Not a lot changed: incrementing speed with ++ doesn't work with floats, so it was put back on its own on line 33, and the damping now done using 0.8f on line 37. The code also still does the same thing. So what's the big deal?
Well, in the previous version, speed could only be an integer value (1, 2, 3, etc…), making the ball bounce slower than 1 would be a bit of a problem. With floats, we totally have that option. We can for instance have a low gravity bounce by adding 0.1f to speed. Or, we can adapt to the current frame rate.
We fixed the warning that was occuring on line 32, but now we are getting a warning on line 39 where the sprite is drawn. Why?
Sprite::Draw expects integer coordinates for the sprite. Sending it a float value where it is expecting an int forces the processor to truncate the value. To prevent the warning, we can do the truncation ourselves, so that it is clear that the loss of precision is intentional. We do this by casting the float value to an int by adding (int) in front of spriteY on line 39:
 theSprite.Draw(screen, 20, (int)spriteY);
Likewise, we can cast an int value to a float:
int a = 300;
float b = (float)a;
This seems useless: the compiler would not warn us of such a conversion (since no precision is lost). However, you need to be aware that this conversion is happening: conversions take time, and can be a performance issue once we start executing complex applications.
The bouncing ball application probably runs at 60 Frames Per Second (FPS) on your machine. You can verify this using a tool called Fraps.
You can download Fraps for free here: _URL_. When you start the application, it looks like this:
Also great for recording videos of your work for educational evidence or for your game programming portfolio.
Click on the 99 FPS tab. Now start your application again. Fraps adds a framerate counter, which should confirm that you are indeed running at 60 frames per second. This is not a limit of the template; typically this is limited by the refresh rate of your screen. Let's remove this restriction. For that, we need to modify the template somewhat. This is going to get ugly…
Open template.cpp and locate the main function. This is where a template application starts. Right after the opening bracket of this function we are going to add a line:
int main( int argc, char **argv )
This line tells SDL2 (another library the template uses) to disable the VSync.
What is VSync anyways? Well, old-skool monitors produced images by aiming an electron beam at a glass plate (and then your eyes). This beam zig-zagged over the pixels to light them up. At the bottom of the screen, this beam stops, and returns to the top-left corner. This is called the vertical retrace. This is the perfect moment to start displaying a new image; only during the retrace swapping can be done without tearing. So synchronising frames to this retrace is useful. Modern monitors simulate this retrace, typically at 60 Hz. Synchronising to the refresh rate of your screen limits your framerate to 60 (or 120 Hz if you have a 120 Hz monitor).
Unlocked frame rates
By disabling VSync, we can achieve unlocked frame rates.
Now that we have lifted the limitation we can reach much higher framerates: on my system, I get ~1500 FPS. But there's more. 🙂
In the file template.h you will find a line that reads:
// _TAG_ ADVANCEDGL
The start of this line indicates that it is a comment. This is a popular way to leave functionality in a source file without enabling it. We can apply the setting by removing the slashes:
Now run the application again. This setting enables a faster internal code path of the template. Sadly, this code path is not compatible with all graphics adaptors, and in some cases you may see a reduced frame rate, like I did, which is why it is disabled by default. On my machine it works, but now I get ~600 FPS.
When enabling OpenGL, the screen's framebuffer is copied to the GPU for direct display. Depending on your CPU and operating system, you may or may not see a performance improvement.
It is important to continually monitor the performance of your application so that you know if a change you have made had a positive or negative impact on the performance. But keep in mind that what works well on your PC, may not work the same way on everyone's PC.
Too Fast to be Fun
By now, the ball sprite is bouncing frantically on your screen. We could easily reduce its speed, but by how much? One system runs at 450 FPS, another at 700 FPS, and perhaps your ancient Asus EEE is barely able to achieve 60 FPS…
We can solve that.
Add the following line at the top of your Game::Tick function:
 void Game::Tick(float deltaTime)
 printf("%f\n", deltaTime);
This prints the value of the mysterious deltaTime variable that we had available since the start of this course. The numbers that you see in the console window are the frame


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Two Education Credits Help Pay Higher Education Costs
The American Opportunity Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit may help you pay for the costs of higher education. If you pay tuition and fees for yourself, your spouse or your dependent you may qualify for these credits.
Here are some facts about these important credits:
The American Opportunity Credit
- The AOTC is worth up to $2,500 per eligible student.
- The credit is available for the first four years of higher education at an eligible college, university or vocational school.
- The credit lowers your taxes and is partially refundable. This means you could get a refund of up to $1,000 even if you owe zero tax.
- An eligible student must be working toward a degree, certificate or other recognized credential.
- The student must be enrolled at least half time for at least one academic period that began during the year.
- You generally can claim the costs of tuition and required fees, books and other required course materials. Other expenses, such as room and board, do not qualify.
The Lifetime Learning Credit
- The credit is worth up to $2,000 per tax return per year. The yearly limit applies no matter how many students are eligible for the credit.
- The credit is nonrefundable. This means the amount you can claim is limited to the amount of tax you owe.
- The credit is available for all years of higher education. This includes courses taken to acquire or improve job skills.
- You can claim the costs of tuition and fees required for enrollment or attendance. This includes amounts you were required to pay to the institution for course-related books, supplies and equipment.
You cannot claim either of these credits if someone else claims you as a dependent on his or her tax return. Both credits are subject to income limitations and may be reduced or eliminated depending on your income.
Keep in mind that you can't claim both credits for the same student in the same year. You may not claim both credits for the same expense. Parents or students claiming either credit should receive a Form 1098-T, Tuition Statement, from their educational institution. You should make sure it is complete and correct.


Printable + Digital Figurative Language Flipbook
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The digital and printable figurative language flipbook and figurative language activities is a perfect activity to add to your figurative language unit or to use during Poetry Month. This is a great activity for students to become familiar with and experiment with figurative language! Students will learn and write the following:
 1. Similes
 2. Metaphors
 3. Personification
 4. Hyperbole
 5. Alliteration
 6. Onomatopoeia
 7. Idioms
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Black Smoke, Cause, Impact, and Prevention
We have all seen clouds of black smoke emanating from the exhaust stacks of heavy duty diesel trucks especially when the truck is under high load or hard acceleration. The black smoke is composed primarily of elemental carbon from incomplete combustion of diesel fuel and traces of engine lubricant. The exhaust of a typical diesel engine contains elemental carbon (soot), semi-volatile organic hydrocarbons, sulfates (primarily sulfuric acid), and water vapor. Elemental carbon which is black is formed for a wide range of reasons when the diesel fuel charge in the combustion cylinder is incompletely combusted. Incomplete combustion occurs and soot is formed when there is an over abundance of fuel (both diesel fuel and lube oil), insufficient residence time in the combustion zone, and/or non-availability of sufficient oxidants.
Over-fueling is the primary cause of black smoke from the exhaust of a heavy duty diesel engine. Over-fueling can be caused by diesel fuel injector wear that enlarges the nozzle hole or erodes the injector needle and allows excess fuel to flow into the combustion chamber. In many cases the nozzle and needle wear is due to corrosion from contaminated or high sulfur diesel fuel. Diesel engines are not designed to efficiently burn excess fuel so much of the fuel is wasted and exits the engine only partially combusted. Nozzle and needle wear can increase particulate emissions (PM) by as much as 85%*.
Dirty air-filters that do not allow sufficient air (oxidant) into the combustion chamber for complete combustion of the fuel charge contribute to black smoke. It is estimated that dirty air cleaners can increase PM emissions by as much as 40 to 50%.
Excessive oil consumption due to worn valves and valve stem seals, worn or stuck/sluggish rings from deposits, and worn cylinder liners contribute to black smoke. Engine wear and deposit can result from using the wrong oil for the application, excessive oil drain intervals, contaminated oil, and failing to maintain the proper oil levels in the engine. Performing regular maintenance with the recommended engine lubricant can minimize wear and deposits. Excessive oil consumption can increase PM by up to 85%.
Regular maintenance and the use of the right oil for the application can prevent premature engine wear and deposits that contribute to black smoke. Fuel injector nozzles may need to be cleaned or replaced. Air cleaners may need to be checked and cleaned or replaced as necessary. Regular preventive maintenance such as regular oils changes and top-ups and using the recommended oil can prevent excessive valve train, ring, and cylinder wear. Using high performance diesel engine oils can control engine deposits that can cause stuck and sluggish rings. High performance diesel engine oils of the proper volatility can help control excessive oil consumption from volatility**.
Diesel engines have high efficiency, high torque, and outstanding longevity. Not so favorable is excessive exhaust emission, especially regarding carbon soot particulates and NOx. Thus, measures are needed to meet ever-tightening emissions regulations that are being enforced in developed c...


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The diagonal fraction
bar in mathematics
. Also called virgule
. This symbol
was used to replace
, sometimes referred to as a vinculum
, due to the typographic
difficulty imposed by the horizontal bar which requires three terraces
An early written example of this usage can be found in a 1718 ledger by Thomas Twining. In his article "The Calculations of Functions" from 1845 and published in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, De Morgan recommended the use of the solidus.
Also, an ancient Roman gold coin used until the fall of the Byzantine Empire and introduced by Constantine.


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NOTE: The Growth Economics Blog has moved sites. Click here to find this post at the new site.
John Seater (NC State) left a really interesting comment on one of my recaps of the NBER Growth session papers.
It appears from the summaries in this blog that none of the other five papers was a growth paper. Now, literally anything in economics can have an effect on growth, so one could say that all five papers had implications for growth. However, it sounds as if none of the five papers summarized here addressed those implications. I am curious about why static analysis dominated a meeting ostensibly dedicated to studying economic growth. My impression from the programs for the Growth meeting in recent years is that most of the papers presented there are not about growth. What is going on? Has the Growth meeting ceased to be a growth meeting?
The short answer, John, is yes. The NBER Growth meeting really has ceased to be about growth, per se. I guess the broader question lurking around is whether this is a good or a bad thing. Let me see if I can take a shot at answering it from both directions.
The positive (or neutral) response is that growth papers aren't about dynamics any more because the dynamics are determined by changes in steady states. People study the comparative statics of steady states in their models. Transition between those steady states – the dynamics – then just depend on the rate of accumulation of capital stocks (human and physical). Those rates don't seem to be very different, so the transition rate isn't the interesting aspect to study. The static difference in steady states is what determines the growth rates.
In terms of trend growth rates (how fast the economy grows in steady state), people probably implicitly have in their heads that those trend rates are similar across countries. Why? Because you look at the long-run paths of output per worker in most countries and they seem parallel, growing at the same rate in steady state. So that seems relatively less important in explaining cross-country differences.
The negative (or skeptical) response is that we're missing something crucial by ignoring variation in growth rates. We're assuming that the transitional growth rate is the same no matter what causes the static shift in steady states. Maybe that isn't right. More importantly, maybe the trend growth rate isn't identical across countries. While a lot of relatively well-off countries grow at very similar rates in steady state, poor countries don't. Several of them grow very slowly, so slowly that they are falling behind rich countries.
Differential growth rates mean that we cannot just look at static differences across countries. Those differences are growing over time, so our static stories cannot be enough to explain them. We need explicit theories of why poor countries grow slowly, not just why the are poor to begin with.
Furthermore, even if countries do grow at the same rate in steady state, we're still really interested in what that rate is. Growth at 2% per year doubles income every 35 years. Growth at 1% doubles it every 70. That's a big difference in living standards over time. So studying growth rates is important in and of itself, outside of the question of cross-country comparisons.
I'll freely admit that as a field, growth generally has strayed away from studying "growth", in the traditional sense. But I don't have a huge problem with where we are on this – I find the "what makes rich countries rich" question to be somewhat more compelling than the "is growth 1 or 2 percent per year" question. But it's worth remembering that the latter question on growth rates has huge ramifications for absolute living standards over long periods of time – never underestimate compound growth.


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Photograph, Workers' Celebration
When Americans arrived on the island, the labor movement in Puerto Rico was in its infancy. Labor leaders were aware of the reputation of the U.S. labor unions, so they worked to affiliate with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) as early as 1899. Local labor unions adopted the celebrations and rituals of similar unions in the United States and around the world. Thus, it is not surprising to see Puerto Rican workers, including women, celebrating Labor Day in 1918. In the wake of their colonial status under a new power, Puerto Rican workers struggled with new political developments, and this kind of celebration was used as a vehicle to remind them of the union's commitment to the cause of the working class. This photograph depicts a tobacco stemmers (desaplilladoras) union. Notice that the banner contains words in English, which may indicate their affiliation with U.S. labor unions.
Source: Gonzalez, Lydia Milagros, and Angel G. Quintero-Rivera. "Tobacco strippers celebrating Labor Day." 1918. Vol. 1 in La otra cara de la historia: La historia de Puerto Rico desde su cara obrera. Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: CEREP, 2000.


text:
The largest insect known to have existed looked like a gigantic dragonfly. It is not known whether it is a direct ancestor of modern dragonflies but it is more directly related to a griffinfly. The largest of these was the Meganeuropsis Permiana, which could reach a wingspan of 28″ or 71cm. There are many theories as to what caused the creatures to get so big but one is that the early atmosphere on earth had 20% more oxygen than we have now.
How big is that? Well, it's gigantic. The largest dragonfly that currently exists only has a wingspan of 7.5″ so the ancient relative is nearly four times as large. Even in body mass, it was the largest insect. It was even large than this thing:
In fact, here's a to scale model of it on a log:
Well, at least it wasn't a mosquito!


text: Perhaps the most obvious feature of the temple is its relative size and emptiness. Most citizens of Seacourt worship at private shrines or pray to foreign gods. The gods and goddesses of the ocean are much more important to the citizens of Seacourt than the Twelve Lords who, according to local legend, hold most of their power on land. Furthermore, the hill upon which the Abbarathian sits is surrounded by the wealthy elite and the offices of municipal power. It isn't particularly inviting to the commoners, sailors, or foreigners who make up the majority of Seacourt's population from day-to-day.


text:
the Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill?
The Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill is perhaps the most relevant appropriations bill for our global work to end hunger and poverty. This bill is considered in the Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Affairs and provides funding to Basic Education, HIV/AIDS, child survival programs, tuberculosis, UNICEF, microfinance programs, and other foreign assistance activities. Within the Foreign Ops Appropriations Bill, Basic Education and microenterprise are funded under the Development Assistance Account (DA), while most of our health programs are funded within the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund.* RESULTS also works to influence the appropriations bill considered by the Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies ("Labor HHS") because domestic TB programs are funded through this subcommittee's appropriations bill; for FY 2008, President Bush requested money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria in this bill as well (the Global Fund is usually funded through the Foreign Ops subcommittee).
*The Development Assistance Account (DA) and Child Survival and Health Programs Fund (CSH) are two of the many accounts within a bill to which money is allotted to support specific programs. Another such example is the Economic Support Fund (ESF).
Visit our Skills Center to learn more about how RESULTS influences the legislative process.
The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Introduction to the Federal Budget Process.
Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, The Congressional Budget Process: An Explanation (pdf).
The U.S. Government Printing Office, Citizen's Guide to the Federal Budget: Fiscal Year 2001 (pdf).
CRS Report for Congress, The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction (pdf).


text:
Given the poor convergence of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) demonstrated in several studies that address many-objective optimization, we propose a simple objective sampling scheme that can be incorporated in any MOEA in order to enhance its convergence towards the Pareto front. An unsupervised clustering algorithm is applied in the space of objectives at various moments during the search process performed by the MOEA, and only representative objectives are used to guide the optimizer towards the Pareto front during next iterations. The effectiveness of the approach is experimentally demonstrated in the context of the NSGA-II optimizer. The redundant objectives are eliminated during search when the number of clusters (representative objectives) is automatically selected by an unsupervised standard procedure, popular in the field of unsupervised machine learning. Furthermore, if after eliminating all the redundant objectives the number of conflicting objectives is still high, continuing to eliminate objectives by imposing a lower number of clusters speeds-up the convergence towards the Pareto front.
Questo è uno degli articoli scientifici pubblicati da uno o più collaboratori e data scientist di synbrAIn. LEGGI L'ARTICOLO COMPLETO


Ramsay's Nobel Prize
In 1904, Ramsay was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 'for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the Periodic system'.
As a result Ramsay became a considerable celebrity in London and was cartooned both by Spy for Vanity Fair (reproduced elsewhere) and by Henry Tonks, Head of UCL's Slade School of Art.
We also have his medals and decorations, including the Nobel Medal, which we kept in the safe as we thought it was solid gold - until we read that he had his gold medals melted down and the proceeds given to charity, and what we had were the duplicates that he had made.
Ramsay's Nobel Medal The reverse of Ramsay's Nobel Medal.
Ramsay was also an accomplished pianist, composer, and poet. Here is a copy of letter from Rudyard Kipling, where Kipling thanks him for a march tune that Ramsay has composed to which Kipling hopes to write the words. Look at the date: it is 13 August, 1914, 10 days after Germany crossed the border into Belgium, and 9 days after Britain had declared war on Germany.
Letter to Ramsay from Rudyard Kipling


text:
Assessment of beech scale resistance in fulland half-sibling American beech families
A beech bark disease infested American beech tree (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and two uninfested trees were selected in a mature natural stand in Michigan, USA, and mated to form two full-sib families for evaluating the inheritance of resistance to beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.), the insect element of beech bark disease. Four half-sib families from both infested and uninfested trees were also evaluated for resistance. Using an artificial infestation technique, adult and egg count data were collected over 2 years and analyzed with generalized linear mixed methods to account for nonnormal distributions of the response variables. A significant effect for family was found for each variable. Family least squares means were computed as a measure of resistance and repeatabilities were calculated to provide an upper limit estimate of broad-sense heritability. The two families that ranked highest for resistance were the full-sib family from two uninfested parents and the half-sib family from a stand where all diseased trees had been removed. Together, the results suggest that selection and breeding may be an effective means to improve populations for artificial regeneration, and silvicultural treatments may provide an effective management option for mitigating beech bark disease through managing the genetic composition of natural regeneration.


The WPF text team has seen some people get confused about what units WPF uses when measuring text. Samer, a developer on the WPF text team, and I have created this post to try and shed some light on this subject. The first part of this post is very straight forward, whereas the end will only be useful for those of you who are extensively using WPF text APIs.
General Units
WPF supports multiple units for text measurement. The units that can be used are "px" (device independent pixels), "in" (inches), "cm" (centimeters), "pt" (points). If you do not specify the unit of measurement, WPF defaults to px.
To force WPF to use a different unit of measurement, just append the unit abbreviation to the FontSize.
Hello World
Device Independent Pixels & Physical Pixels
In accordance with WPF's resolution independence, the framework measures objects in device independent pixels. These device independent pixels can have different sizes than physical pixels.
1 device independent pixel = 1/96 inch.
1 physical pixel = 1/DPI (dependent on the system DPI)
Default system settings usually choose a DPI of 96 so these two types of pixels come out to be the same size. If this is not the case, it is easy to convert between the two types of pixels.
physical pixels = DPI/96 * device independent pixels
device independent pixels = 96/DPI * physical pixels
Notice that as the DPI increases, so does the number of physical pixels which compose one device independent pixel. Hence, objects that have their sizes specified in device independent pixels get larger as the system DPI increases.
A point (pt) is also a common unit of measurement for fonts.
1pt = 1/72 inches
Converting between points and device independent pixels is also easy.
pt = 72/96 device independent pixels
device independent pixels = 96/72 pt
Remember objects which are measured in device independent pixels get larger as system DPI increases? This is true for text. Since there is a constant ratio between point sizes/device independent pixels, if the point size of text is held constant while the system DPI is increased, the size of the rendered text will grow.
Uses For Font Units
Aside from knowing how to correctly set FontSize, the above knowledge could be helpful in understanding the values that WPF text APIs, such as FormattedText or TextFormatter, use and return for the different text measurements. The metrics returned from these APIs are in device independent pixel (eg. some properties of GlyphTypeface including Baseline, CapsHeight, XHeight). When interacting with these APIs make sure that you convert to device independent pixels from whatever unit your font is measured in, or visa versa.
- Samer and Chipalo


Metadata also available as
Frequently-anticipated questions:
What does this data set describe?
Title: Assessor.SDE.Parcel_Points
Label points for parcels. Points contain parcel number attribute.
Supplemental_Information: Maintained by County Assessor's Office Mappers.
 1. How should this data set be cited?
 Boone County GIS Department, March 2001, Assessor.SDE.Parcel_Points: Boone County GIS Department, Columbia, Boone County, Missouri.
 Online Links:
 2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
 West_Bounding_Coordinate: -92.569428
 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -92.105157
 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 39.248107
 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.645586
 3. What does it look like?
 Calendar_Date: March 2001
 Currentness_Reference: publication date
 5. What is the general form of this data set?
 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
 6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
 1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
 - Entity point (58422)
 2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
 Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: State Plane Coordinate System 1983
 SPCS_Zone_Identifier: 2402
 Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999933
 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -92.500000
 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 35.833333
 False_Easting: _PHONE_.666667
 False_Northing: 0.000000
 Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
 Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000200
 Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.000200
 Planar coordinates are specified in survey feet
 The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
 The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
 The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is _PHONE_.000000.
 The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
 Altitude_Resolution: 1.000000
 Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
 7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
 Internal feature number. (Source: ESRI)
 Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
 Feature geometry. (Source: ESRI)
 Coordinates defining the features.
Who produced the data set?
 2. Who also contributed to the data set?
 3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
 Boone County GIS Department
 c/o Jason Warzinik
 GIS Program Manager
 801 E Walnut
 Columbia, MO 65201
 _PHONE_ (voice)
 Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
Why was the data set created?
Necessary for orginal Arc/Info 7.x conversion process.
How was the data set created?
 1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
How can someone get a copy of the data set?
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
License agreement prevents licensee from selling/redistributing the data.
 Boone County Assessor's Office
 c/o Jeff Davis
 801 E Walnut
 Columbia, MO 65201
 _PHONE_ (voice)
 Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
 Parcel Points
 3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
 4. How can I download or order the data?
Who wrote the metadata?
Last modified: 30-Dec-2004
Metadata author:
Boone County GIS Department
c/o Con_Per<-->
GIS Analyst
801 E Walnut
Columbia, MO 65201
_PHONE_ (voice)
Con_email <-->
Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm M-F
Metadata standard:
Metadata extensions used:
Generated by mp version 2.8.6 on Thu Dec 30 15:55:53 2004


text:
(by Casual Jay)
"Pielparade" is an Afrikaans colloquial term commonly used by South African military personnel, especially servicemen and veterans of the old South African Defense Force (S.A.D.F.), which has also entered mainstream South African English as slang. The term means 'penis parades' and refers to a range of sexual games or practices in which groups of soldiers participate, supposedly to foster group cohesion. Since pielparade are taboo, and because of the controversial and sensitive nature of the activities of the S.A.D.F. during the final period of the apartheid era, pielparade are rarely written about or openly discussed in public. Pielparade have never been officially sanctioned, and their occurrence largely depended on the predilections of individual section or platoon leaders. Pielparade were also known as 'spanbou speletjies' which translates as 'team building games' or 'geesbou speletjies' ('team spirit-building games'). Apart from promoting group cohesiveness, the games were also meant to be humorous and to entertain the troops.
The most common game is known as 'laërskommel' which literally translates as 'laager milkshake' but means 'circle jerk' which is when a group of men form a circle and masturbate themselves till they ejaculate. During the nineteenth century, the ancestors of the Afrikaners, called Boers, used to create encampments formed by a circle of wagons to protect them from attacks by hostile African tribes or wild animals. These circular encampments were called laagers in Dutch which the Boers spoke at the time but their Dutch eventually evolved into Afrikaans. The Afrikaans word for 'laager' is 'laër'. The 'skommel' or 'milkshake' part of 'laërskommel' refers to male masturbation and semen which may resemble certain milkshakes.
The section or platoon would gather in the section or platoon bungalow or outside and create an area called the 'saadskietbaan'. 'Saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'baan' means 'shooting range' or 'a range for target practice'. The section or platoon leader would order participants to form a circle or line up in a row behind a line in the 'saadskietbaan'. Soldiers would then place bets on which participants would ejaculate first, last or furthest. Participants were then ordered to strip naked. The 'laërskommel' might be preceded by a 'worswedstryd' (see below) or participants were ordered to perform 'jumping jacks' or 'star jumps' which are a type of physical exercise in which the performer jumps from a standing position with the arms and legs pointing outwards. The purpose of ordering the participants to perform 'jumping jacks' was partly to humiliate them and to humour the onlookers because the participants' penises would inevitably flail up and down or side to side as they jumped. Participants would then proceed to masturbate themselves till they ejaculated. Occasionally, participants would be ordered to stimulate other participants' penises or scrotum. After the last participant had finished ejaculating, the winnings were then distributed.
Other Afrikaans slang words for 'laërskommel' include:
Kraalskommel – a 'kraal' is a traditional African village of huts surrounded by a circular fence or it is a circular enclosure for livestock; 'skommel' means 'milkshake' of which the meaning in this context is explained above.
Kringskommel – a 'kring' is a 'ring' or 'circle'; 'skommel' means 'milkshake' of which the meaning in this context is explained above.
Balskud – a 'bal' is a 'ball' but in this context it means 'testicle' and 'skud' means 'to shake'. The term also occurs in the plural, viz. ballasskud
Saadbomme – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'bomme' means 'bombs'.
Saadkannone – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'kannone' means 'cannons'.
Saadskiet – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', and 'skiet' means 'shoot'.
Saadskietparade – 'saad' means 'seed' or 'seeds' but in this context it means 'semen', 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'parade' means 'parade'.
Skietpiel – 'skiet' means 'shoot' and 'piel' means 'penis'.
Toltrekparade – 'tol' means 'dick' (i.e. slang for 'penis'), 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'
Draadtrekparade – 'draad' means 'wire' but in this context it means 'penis', 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'
Tottietrekparade – 'tottie' means 'willy' (i.e. slang for 'penis'), 'trek' means 'pull' and 'parade' means 'parade'.
Other types of pielparade:
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'wors' which means 'sausage' and 'wedstryd' which means 'match' or 'game'. Participants would take bets to see whose penises were the longest or shortest or thickest, and the money or whatever was being bet would then be distributed to the winners.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'hand' which means 'hand' and 'stoot' which means 'push'. Participants would stand naked in a row and thrust their erect penises in their hands till they ejaculated, basically as if they were having sex with their own hands. Bets would be placed on who could ejaculate first, last or the furthest.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'olifant' which means 'elephant' and 'loop' which means 'walk'. Participants would be ordered to stand naked in a column. Each soldier would take hold of the penis of the soldier in front of him by putting his hands between the soldier's legs from behind, as well as the penis of the soldier behind him. The participants would then be ordered to walk, to the amusement of the onlookers.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'kussing' which means 'cushion' or 'pillow' and 'kannon' which means 'cannon'. Participants would be ordered to strip naked, make their penises erect and then rub them against a pillow or cushion till they ejaculate. As with other pielparade, bets would be placed on which participant would ejaculate first or last or the furthest.
This game derives from the Afrikaans word for 'doll house'. A soldier would bring a woman, usually a prostitute, to the platoon bungalow and have sex with her while other troops watch. Sometimes the woman would be aware and sometimes the woman would be unaware that she was being watched. The troops watching would be ordered to masturbate and ejaculate while watching.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'flamink' which means 'flamingo' and 'bomme' which means 'bombs'. Flamingos sleep by balancing on one leg. In this game, participants would be ordered to strip naked and stand on one leg by holding the other leg by the foot behind the back. The participants would then be ordered to masturbate and ejaculate while trying to balance on one leg. The participants had to masturbate with the hand which they did not usually use to masturbate. If the participants failed to maintain their balance, they would be punished with an 'opfok' (literally 'up-fuck', or 'fuck up') which was a series of punishment exercises like push-ups, running, jumping jacks, etc.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'swaard' which means 'sword' and 'geweer' which means 'gun' and is also jokingly known as 'penis fencing' or 'sword-fighting'. This game was essentially a form of frottage; direct penis-to-penis contact, in which participants would use their penises as 'swords' in a 'swordfight', which usually involved the competitive element of trying to make the other participant ejaculate first.
This game derives from the Afrikaans words 'jags' which means 'horny' and 'bly' which means 'to remain'. The section or platoon leader would order the soldiers to strip naked and masturbate. The participants would then engage in edging or orgasm control which is a sexual technique that involves a high level of sexual arousal for an extended period of time without reaching orgasm. The competitive aspect of this game would be to see which soldier could continue masturbating the longest without having an orgasm.
Eensame kannon or Lekkende kraan or Kraanspuit
"Eensaam' means 'lonely' and 'kannon' means 'cannon'; 'lekkende' means


text:
Penguin & Polar Bear Pull-Along
Snowflake-themed wheels are ready to carry the stackable wooden pieces of these adorable arctic animals. Your toddler will want to pull these from the North Pole to the South Pole and back!
Extension Activities: More Ways to Play and Learn:
- Ask the child to identify the colors on the
Ask the child to first count the number of
wheels on the toy, then count the number
Ask the child to name the animals and make
up a story about them. Where are they
going? What will they do when they arrive?
Set up a simple obstacle course and ask the
child to pull the toy around the course,
keeping the animals upright.
Dimensions: 4.5" x 8" x 3" Assembled
Ages: 2+ years


text:
It's time to create new or re-design your websites to bring it to the next level.
In this article, we mention how to create a slider and set up the Unite Revolution Slider. Just scroll down and follow the instructions.
How to create a slider with Unite Revolution Slider
Step 1. Go to Components => Unite Revolution Slider.
Step 2. To create a new slider, just click on "New". After you finished configuring your new SLIDER, click on the "Save and Close" button.
Step 3. Click Edit slides.
Step 4. Just click the "New" button on top of the edit slides page. You've added a new slide to your slider.
How to set up the Unite Revolution Slider extension
Unite Revolution Slider allows you to put the slider on the HTML page. You can put one or more sliders on your web page.
Step 1. Please go to "Extensions" => "Module Manager". Next, publish the Unite Revolution Slider module.
Step 2. Click on a module which you want to edit.
Step 3. Select a Slider from the component.
Step 4. Select the module position and assign the module to pages under module assignment.
Step 5. Save and close. You're done!
Are you Web Freelancer or Web Design Company? Join our Club and Access our Resource!


Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Sycamore School Statement of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
At Sycamore, we believe that all stakeholders have a shared responsibility for valuing and respecting the dignity, worth, and experiences of every person. Sycamore embodies a culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion through our community, program, curriculum and instruction, and social-emotional practices. We honor differences in race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, family structure, physical abilities, socioeconomic status, and political and social values. Sycamore's core values of respect, moral courage, relationships, and empathy commit us to prepare students for a diverse and global society.


text:
Have you noticed any of the following about your water treatment system?
- You're not getting the soft water you need
- Your run times are not acceptable
- Your water is intermittently hard
The bottom line is that your water softener system is working, but not as well as it should be. If this sounds like your situation, then maybe it's time for an Elution Study by Nancrede Engineering.
One of the most critical steps in the water softener regeneration process also happens to be one of the first places where problems occur. The Elution (ee-LOOT-shun) Step, or the point where calcium and magnesium ions are removed from the resin beds with a highly concentrated salt solution (NaCL), is one of the most critical steps in the regeneration process. If any one of the three physical process variables involved in the process (velocity, concentration and time) is awry, then proper regeneration will not take place. Accordingly, the ensuing regenerations will then result in reduced throughput, meaning lower efficiency in your operations.
There are two sampling points for an Elution Study:
- Brine tank
- Regenerant drain line going to the sewer
The Elution Study procedure involves measuring the concentration of brine in the brine tank using the Salometer. The brine tank should be 90% to 100% saturated (that is, 90 to 100 Salometer degrees) at room temperature. Samples are then drawn every two to three minutes and plotted on a graph. Once the data points are connected to make a curve, a horizontal line is drawn at 30 Salometer degrees.
Ideally, there should be 25-30 minutes where the curve is above the 30 degree Salometer reading. This is known as the 30/30 Rule where a solution of 30 Salometer degrees is in contact with the resin for 30 minutes.
Here are some of the graphs that may be experienced along with the associated issues in the water treatment system:
Factors that can adversely affect the elution curve include:
- Not enough brine drawdown.
- Channeling of the resin bed.
- Restricted brine line or eductor resulting in a slow brine draw.
- Restricted distribution system.
- Improper adjustment of brine rinse flowrate.
- Unsaturated brine in brine tank.
- Iron and/or dirt fouling of the zeolite bed.
- Insufficient zeolite bed depth (less than 24 inches, indicating loss of resin)
Conducting an Elution Study is an effective way to drill down, discover, investigate and solve water treatment issues. This process takes time and special tools, resources that most property engineers just do not possess. Nancrede Engineering has the experience, tools, skill and time to an Elution Study, identify any deficiencies AND fix those deficiencies with the best corrective steps to ensure maximum throughput for your operational demands. After all, our goal is to help you maximize your water softener ROI and reduce your costs. One simple Elution Study can ensure your water regeneration system is operating at maximum efficiency with optimal throughput.
To schedule an Elution Study, call us at 1-888-56-WATER (_PHONE_) or send us an e-mail at _EMAIL_.