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The Children and Youth in Broadcasting, Curious Minds Ghana which aims at promoting
the development of young people through meaningful engagements interacted with
youth and health officers from different institutions on health data governance in
Ghana. This event was in Tamale in the Northern Region, and as part of the global
commemoration of Digital Health Week which was from 10th - 16th October 2022.
The workshop and colloquium organised to provide more insights into the digital health
agenda for all, brought together youth advocates from various CSOs, students, data
and information managers, and health professionals, among others.
In a presentation by Michael Tetteh Doku who is the project colead in this
engagement, it was emphasised that as health systems get more digitised, there is the
need for a standardised framework which countries can comply with, right at the
global front. That is to say, a global health data framework is needed to govern the
digital health system across the different countries, especially those that are member
States of the World Health Organisation.
He further presented the three objectives of the digital health principles which included;
- Protecting people. Thus, protecting individuals and communities to build trust in
data systems and to also ensure data security.
- Prioritise equity, which is to promote equitable benefits from health data,
establish data rights and ownership as well as
- Promote health value by facilitating innovation in the process of using health
Meanwhile, participants in group discussions and presentations expressed their worries
with regards to their health data and its governance at the various health facilities in
the region and other parts of the country based on the experiences they have had.
One of the statements in the presentations was that "we give out a lot of information
without knowing where it ends and are concerned because people are easily
stigmatised in the kind of cultural environment we are in". While others made it clear in
their submissions that they mostly do not have access to their own data after they have
been collected and sometimes, have little to no idea of the conditions they are diagnosed with.
Further interactions revealed that participants cared about their health data especially,
who is collecting it, the means of collection and why it is being collected, after they
have received the services they require because the urgent need for healthcare in
many severe instances becomes much more important than anything else. Some of the
worrying experiences was how certain clients do not get any access to their data to
know what their conditions are after gaining consciousness in the process of service
A health information officer that participated in the workshop however clarified that,
the information provided by the clients in the health facilities often ends with the
facilities but have different departments collecting and storing or securing. Therefore,
individuals can be sure of who is keeping the data but with issues of cyber security and
crime, the systems are not so robust to ensure absolute safety and protection of
patients and their data because some providers and personnel responsible for the
security of the data end up breaching the ethics. Aside from that, he explained that the
Ghana Health Service has some systems in place to keep the data collected in the
public facilities but that differs from the softwares and systems used by the private
In the quest to improve the health data governance because digital health is
becoming the norm of the day, participants in the workshop suggested that the dignity
of clients must be a priority to avoid subjecting anyone to stigma because of conditions
society term as shameful.
Also, agreeing that once the information is given out, there is not much control over it,
they require that some level of ownership is given to them in a form of seeking consent if
the health data would be used and should mostly be disclosed without the individual's
The colloquium and workshop also saw the young people from the different institutions
as advocates agreeing to a youth statement that calls on the Minister of Health to
advocate for the country to sign onto the draft Member State Letter, to be submitted to
the WHO in requesting the Board for the inclusion of health data governance and
proposed health data governance resolution, on the agenda of the Executive Board Meeting in January 2023 and the World Health Assembly in May 2023.


text: A model predictive control law is given by the solution to a parametric optimization problem that can be precomputed offline and provides an explicit map from state to control input. In this paper, an algorithm is introduced based on wavelet multiresolution analysis that returns a low complexity explicit model predictive control law built on a hierarchy of second order interpolets. The resulting interpolation is shown to be everywhere feasible and continuous. Further, tests to confirm stability and to compute a bound on the performance loss are introduced. Since the controller approximation is built on a grid hierarchy, convergence to a stabilizing control law is guaranteed and the evaluation of the control law in real-time systems is naturally fast and runs in a bounded logarithmic time. Two examples are provided; A two-dimensional example with an evaluation speed of 31 ns and a four-dimensional example with an evaluation speed of 119 ns.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Research coming out of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania could help improve staging and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. A presentation by Joseph S. Friedberg, M.D., at the 15th World Conference on Lung Cancer showed the benefits of studying a previously overlooked set of lymph nodes in the rib cage.
Examining the lymph nodes in cancer patients is essential for staging. When cancer cells start to spread, the lymph system is often used as a pathway. Therefore, the presence of cancer cells at the lymph nodes indicates the cancer is more advanced.
The posterior intercostal lymph nodes in particular lie between the ribs and near the spine. Although lymph nodes are commonly used for staging all kinds of cancer, the posterior intercostal set is rarely sampled for mesothelioma.
Staging is used to determine a prognosis for cancer, which often helps establish the most effective way to treat it. In general, the more that can be known about a patient's condition, the more effective treatment will be.
Presently, most mesothelioma doctors rely on a model of staging by the American Joint Committee on Cancer called TNM. This system considers 3 key pieces of information: the T looks at the extent of the spread of the main or primary tumor; N describes how much the cancer has spread to nearby or regional lymph nodes; and M indicates whether the cancer has spread, or metastasized, to other organs.
Dr. Friedberg, Chief of the Section of Thoracic Surgery at Penn Presbyterian Medical Center and Co-Director of the Penn Mesothelioma and Pleural Disease Program, and his colleagues launched a retrospective study of 48 Penn Medicine patients undergoing radical pleurectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.
"I am unaware of any other group that is sampling these nodes. They are not currently part of the staging system for mesothelioma, or any other cancer for that matter," said Dr. Friedberg in a press release. "What we have shown here is that even though these lymph nodes are not described in relation to this cancer, they are highly significant."
The study found that more than half of the patients had cancer metastatic to these lymph nodes and that, in some of these patients, those were the only lymph nodes containing metastatic cancer.
The Penn Medicine study also showed that those who did not have cancer present in these lymph nodes survived up to 2.5 years longer than those who did. It was shown that these lymph nodes hold predictive properties and should be considered when making diagnoses.
The Importance of Effective Staging
The need for more effective staging is an important issue in diagnosing mesothelioma. Because the disease is already hard to diagnose due to its rarity, misdiagnoses are common. In addition, the existence of several staging systems introduces the problem of a patient getting a different diagnosis from different doctors.
The study conducted by Dr. Friedberg shows there is potential to prevent diagnosing patients at the wrong stage of the disease. The reason this is particularly important is because if a patient is diagnosed at a later stage they typically have fewer treatment options.
Patients who are in the early stages for mesothelioma are normally eligible for life-saving surgeries. However, if they are diagnosed at a later stage, doctors may not recommend surgery. This conversely applies to patients to whom surgery would do more damage than good.
Other Staging Systems for Mesothelioma
In addition to the TNM Staging System, there are two other staging systems commonly used by mesothelioma doctors—the Butchart System and the Brigham System.
The Butchart System, developed in 1979, is the oldest staging system for mesothelioma. This system relies predominantly on the location of the mesothelioma tumor to determine stage. For example, if the tumor is present in both sides of the chest, and hasn't penetrated the pleura, the patient is generally said to be in stage 2.
The Brigham System was developed by Dr. David Sugarbaker and gets its name from Brigham and Women's Hospital. This system is similar to the TNM system but is used specifically to determine if surgery is an option. Therefore, staging guidelines under this system may be more liberal.
Although all three staging systems have similarities, it is clear that there needs to be more uniformity in staging to provide patients with the best treatment possible.
If You Liked What You Read


What is Hydro Dipping or Paint Dipping?
Green and pink spray paint being sprayed into water.
Hydro dipping is taking the crafting world by storm! Hydro dipping, also known as immersion printing, uses a water-transfer printing and hydro-imaging process to apply graphics and color to just about any object.
Although some industries, like automakers and sporting goods companies, have been using the technique for quite a while, ordinary folks like you and I seem to just now be catching on to how cool this painting alternative really is.
If you enjoy taking a simple, humdrum item and turning into a totally unique creation, then hydro dipping is definitely worth looking in to.
What is hydro dipping or paint dipping? Hydro dipping is a method of applying color patterns to a wide variety of objects, using tints and paints on the surface of the water. Typically, a paint is initially sprayed onto the water's surface. Then, the item that you are painting is passed through that fluid. When that happens, the paint or ink is evenly applied to the surface.
If you aren't familiar with the process of using hydro dipping or paint dipping and would like to learn more, then you've come to the right place.
In the following, you'll learn how to hydro dip using spray paint and transfer film. Once you start making creative, colorful objects using hydro dipping, you'll be hooked!
What Type of Paints Can You Use to Hydro Dip?
Spray paint is the most commonly used paint when it comes to hydro dipping.
Most people use spray paint hydro dipping along with paper marbling and apply these designs and colors to a variety of three-dimensional objects.
As long as the surface texture of your item can absorb the color and pattern that you've picked, you should be able to create many unique designs.
If you aren't sure whether your surface can absorb the colors and patterns, then consider using sandpaper to sand down your surface to make it more suitable for the paint.
If you have an object that's a complex shape, then you can use sandblasting instead to prepare the piece.
Once you've done that, you can tape all the parts you don't want to hydro dip. Some people even create their own handles with tape so the object is easier to dip.
Using Paint to Hydro Dip
If you plan on using paint to hydro dip, the process isn't too tricky. Just remember to wear gloves.
 1. First, get a plastic container and add water to it. Make sure the box is deep enough so that you can submerge your object. After that, grab any type of acrylic spray paint to get started.
 2. Spray your paint into the water. (If you have any old spray paints lying around, you can use them up when you hydro dip.)
 3. Spray on different areas of the water's surface to create bright, colorful patterns. You can make your designs as vivid and loud as you like. Keep spraying until you like the look and pattern of the colors that you've created.
 4. Slowly lower your item into the container and keep submerging it at a steady pace. The floating color will start wrapping around your object almost like a towel.
 5. It's best to dip items at a 45 degree angle if you want to get the best results. However, you can use different angles if you're going to create different effects with the paint.
 6. Move the paint floating on the water away from you, so you don't wind up adding any additional or unwanted coats or tints on your item.
 7. After you've moved the paint, you can then take your object out and allow it to dry.
 8. Spray a protective coating of polyurethane two or three times on top of your paint coating so that the color and pattern of your paint is protected.
Hydro Dipping with Transfer Film
Another popular method with hydro dipping is to use transfer film. This became popular about 40 years ago and kicked off the mass application of hydro dipping.
You can use these films to achieve all kinds of patterns and colors. They also help to make a uniform appearance using beautiful, bright hues.
If you want to hydro dip using a transfer film, then you'll need a few more items than what you'd need when using spray paint.
You'll need to use a primer to prepare your object, and after you've added your transfer film, you'll also need to apply an activator to make the process set.
While spray paint is probably the most popular form of hydro dipping today, transfer film works well for 3D-printed parts.
When you select the object you want to use the transfer paper on, you'll need to ensure that it can absorb a lot of colors.
Just like with your spray paint, if you aren't sure about the object's ability to hold color, you'll need to sand the surface.
If you are dealing with a more challenging shape, then you should consider sandblasting the object to ensure that the colors will stay.
Once you've done that, tape the areas of your object that you don't want hydro painted. Using the tape, you can make some handles to help you dip your item.
Follow these simple steps:
 1. You can add a base coat of paint onto your object, which may work well, depending on your hydro dipping film. Some films are translucent, and when that's the case, it's a good idea to apply a base coat.
 2. Grab a protective mask since you'll be working with chemicals.
 3. Add primer on the object you are painting. Primer is essential because it will allow the film to stick to your object.
 4. Once you've primed your object, allow it to dry completely. You may need to let it sit for as long as two hours.
 5. Use a plastic container that's deep enough to submerge your object and add some water. Keep the water temperature at 77 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit.
 6. You'll need to cut down your film so that it's the correct size. Then, glue tape to the edges so your film won't roll or crease.
 7. Grab two edges with your hands and glide your object over the water surface dipping the two sides you aren't holding first. Dip so that you don't get air bubbles underneath your film.
 8. Leave the film in the water for about a minute (this can vary depending on the film you are using, so make sure you check the manufacturer's directions).
 9. Spray the activator on the film when you are ready to activate it.
 10. Slowly submerge your object into the container. The film will start wrapping around your object like a towel. It's a good idea to use a 45-degree angle when you are dipping your objects.
 11. After you've dipped, move the film away so that you don't get another coating added onto your object. Once you've moved it, pull it out. Rinse off your object carefully, and let it sit to dry.
 12. After your object is dry, spray it with a few coats of polyurethane for protection.
Now that you've learned two different techniques for hydro dipping, you can have some fun playing around with the process.
While there is a bit of a learning curve, as soon as you are creating unique, beautiful designs for your objects, your decorating creativity will know no bounds!


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Could someone advice me how to merge a vector of'single' and a vector of 'int8' in Matlab?
Tektronix AWG waveform format: each wave point = data and markers. data = single precision float, markers = byte. So each point is 5 bytes. I have these vectors in matlab. Each up to 32Mpoints. How to merge them fast? The only that I have for now:
fsingle = fopen('temp.tmp','w'); fwrite(fsingle, signal,'single'); fclose(fsingle); f8 = fopen('temp.tmp','r'); b = fread(f8, [4 Inf],'int8'); fclose(f8); f8 = fopen('output.wfm','w'); fwrite(f8, [b, markers]', 'int8'); fclose(f8);
This works. How can I execute lines 1 to 6 without writing on disk? It seems there are no pointers to variables in matlab...
Will be thankful for every idea,


text:
Featured Scientist: David G. McGrath, Ph.D. Associate Scientist
Project: Human ecology and management of the Amazon floodplain
The Amazon varzea, the core area of the Amazon floodplain, is one of the largest and most biodiverse tropical wetland systems in the world. Its fertile soils and abundant plant and animal resources supported some of the densest and most politically complex societies in the Amazon basin. Varzea resources have continued to play a central role in the regional economy. In recent decades the rise of commercial fishing, logging and extensive cattle ranching have modified varzea habitat and depleted key resources, leading to conflicts over access to and use of floodplain lakes, forests and grasslands. WHRC scientists are working with floodplain communities, grassroots organizations, key government agencies and other stakeholder groups, to develop a multi-scale comanagement system for reconciling conflicts and sustainably managing varzea resources. The overall objective is to develop the policies, and technical and organizational capacity needed for the co-management of floodplain fisheries and other natural resources and so conserve the ecological integrity and services that major tropoical wetlands like the Amazon provide.
Video: Produced by Research Associate Kathleen Savage.
Image: Igarapé de Costa in Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil. Courtesy of David G. McGrath. Composite design by Development Solutions of New England (DSNE).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Socially responsible investing: incorporating personal values with investment decisions
 - Socially responsible investing provides a mechanism for investors to align personal values with investment objectives.
 - Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors can be a key way to assess the sustainability and social impact of an investment in a company orbusiness.
 - In general, ESG investing can be approached in 3 ways: Actively include companies based on ESG factors, exclude companies that violate certain ESG factors, or take a blended approach.
What is socially responsible investing?
At its most basic, socially responsible investing (SRI) provides a mechanism for investors to align personal values with investment objectives by investing in companies with strong environmental, social and corporate governance conduct. This type of investment strategy may help to provide important societal or environmental benefits through companies with a focus on effectively utilizing environmental resources, fostering safer working conditions, or improving corporate governance.
It's important to note that socially responsible investing doesn't mean you have to settle for lower returns while simultaneously supporting causes you care about. After examining performance data for 10,228 open-end mutual funds, researchers found that investing in sustainability has usually met, and sometimes exceeded, the performance of comparable traditional investments on a risk-adjusted basis, across asset classes and over time.*
As you learn more about this topic, keep in mind, the term socially responsible investing is often used interchangeably with "sustainable investing," "responsible investing," and "impact investing."
Understanding environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors
ESG stands for environmental, social, and governance, which are factors that are generally viewed as assessing how well a company is positioned to address the potential risk and costs associated with these key issues. For example, how is the company managing labor, employee health and safety, or consumer product liability?
The overarching goal of socially responsible investing is to achieve competitive financial returns while also having a positive impact on society, or to avoid investing in companies that conflict with your personal values. For example, if you were concerned about sustainable sourcing, you might choose to buy only a certain brand of coffee. To take it one step further, you might choose to invest in the same coffee company. If you were concerned about a company's negative impact on the environment, you might avoid investing in companies with extremely high carbon emissions.
Factors to consider when pursuing an SRI strategy
SRI managers and the indexes they track typically incorporate the following ESG criteria into their investment selection process:
Environmental factors consider how a company performs as a steward of the natural environment (e.g., a company's carbon emissions, air/water pollution, energy efficiency, raw material sourcing, and other issues related to environmental practices).
Social factors consider how a company manages relationships with its employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities in which it operates (e.g., a company's impact on human health, human rights, labor standards, gender diversity, employee engagement, and data protection/privacy).
Governance factors can include the quality and reasonableness of a company's leadership, executive pay, audits and internal controls, and shareholder rights (e.g., diversity of the Board of Directors, executive compensation, lobbying and political contributions, and business ethics).
SRI should not be confused with charitable giving or philanthropic efforts to affect social change. For example, if you were concerned about gender equality in the workplace, you could donate to a nonprofit organization that is championing this cause. When it comes to your investment portfolio, you could apply ESG factors to your investment decisions and choose companies that actively promote gender equality.
Choosing socially responsible investments for your portfolio
Once you've made a decision to invest in a vehicle that relies on SRI factors, the next step is to decide where to allocate your money. ESG factors can be applied to individual stocks or if you're seeking professional portfolio management, SRI-focused mutual funds and ETFs may be a good place to start. Currently, there are more than 150 mutual funds and 45 ETFs with an SRI mandate, according to Morningstar.
As with non-SRI funds, some fund managers may take an active approach and seek to outperform an index, while others may take a passive approach and simply try to match a benchmark index. As you research your choices, keep in mind that no two funds or ETFs are managed the same way, so it's important to read each prospectus carefully.
Carbon emissions
Energy effciency
Water scarcity
Waster management
Pollution mitigation
Diversity & workplace policies
Labor standard
Supply chain management
Product safety
Communuity impact
Board diversity
Executive compensation
Political contributions
Bribery & corruption
Accounting & reporting
ESG, SRI and Impact Investing: Explaining the Difference…
The value of an investment is no longer just about returns. An increasing share of investors are also calling for their money to make a positive impact on society. Socially Responsible Investing and Impact Investing now accounts for more than $1 out of every $5 under professional management in the US, according to a 2016 survey by the US Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investments. This amounts to over $8 trillion in assets under management.
What Is ESG?
ESG refers to the environmental, social and governance practices of an investment that may have a material impact on the performance of that investment. The integration of ESG factors is used to enhance traditional financial analysis by identifying potential risks and opportunities beyond technical valuations. While there is an overlay of social consciousness, the main objective of ESG evaluation remains financial performance.
The table below lists common ESG factors that are considered. Investments with good ESG scores have the potential to drive returns, while those with poor ESG scores may inhibit returns.
Energy consumption
Climate change
Waste Production
Natural resource preservation
Animal welfare
Human rights
Child and forced labor
Community engagement
Health and safety
Stakeholder relations
Employee relations
Quality of management
Board independence
Conflicts of interest
Executive compensation
Transparency & disclosure
Shareholder rights
What Is SRI?
Socially Responsible Investing goes one step further than ESG by actively eliminating or selecting investments according to specific ethical guidelines. The underlying motive could be religion, personal values or political beliefs. Unlike ESG analysis, which shapes valuations, SRI uses ESG factors to apply negative or positive screens on the investment universe.
For example, an investor may wish to avoid any mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that invests in companies engaged in firearms production because he/she holds anti-conflict beliefs. Alternatively, an investor may opt to allocate a fixed portion of his/her portfolio to companies that contribute to charitable causes.
 - Alcohol, tobacco and other addictive substances
 - Gambling
 - Production of weapons and defense tools
 - Terrorism affiliations
 - Human rights and labor violations
 - Environmental damage
For clients engaged in socially responsible investing, making a profit is still important, but must be balanced against principles. The goal is to generate returns without violating one's social conscience.
Where does Impact Investing fit in?
In Impact or Thematic Investing, positive outcomes are of the utmost importance – meaning the investments need to have a positive impact in some way. So, the objective of impact investing is to help a business or organization accomplish specific goals that are beneficial to society or the environment. Investing in a non-profit dedicated to the research and development of clean energy, regardless of whether success is guaranteed, is an example.
The sustainability smile


Circular 2/99: Oil Pollution in the United States - Dry Cargo Ships and California Legislation
Dear Sirs,
Members who trade vessels to California, (other than tankers - which already have their own requirements), should be aware of a new State law, California S.B. 1644, which came into force on 1 January 1999 and which, from 1 September 1999, will prohibit the operation of non-tank vessels of 300 grt or more in the marine waters of California, unless the owner or operator has an oil spill contingency plan approved by the administrator of the California Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR). For the purpose of this law, the marine waters of the State are understood to be those within the three mile limit.
The main requirements of the contingency plan indicated in the new law are that it should:
Be in writing, be reviewed for feasibility, be consistent with state and area contingency plans, and not be in conflict with the national contingency plan.
Identify a qualified individual (QI) located in the U.S. and available on a 24 hour basis, who is fluent in English and has full authority to implement the vessel operators' contingency plan.
Provide procedures for reporting oil spills to local, state and federal agencies, and demonstrate shipboard training of personnel in notification procedure.
Establish a specific chain of command and specify the overall responsibilities of crew, supervisorial, contract, and volunteer personnel.
Identify lines of communication between the vessel, on scene commanders, response teams and local, state and federal response organisations.
Provide evidence of a contract with a spill response organisation to meet in a timely and effective way the "reasonable worst case spill" (as defined by the statute).
Provide procedures for management of the resources to be used in response to an oil spill.
Provide evidence of compliance with the ISM code as applicable.
Identify an agent for service of process in California who is designated to receive legal documents on behalf of the plan holder.
Plans may be prepared for an individual vessel, or on a fleet basis for several vessels which transit substantially the same route, or on a'state-wide' basis if prepared (in accordance with relevant provisions) by a non-profit maritime association or non-profit corporation.
The publication of draft implementing regulations for the new law is expected imminently. There will then be a period of public consultation before the regulations are finalised. Until the new regulations are finalised there will remain some uncertainty as to the detail of what compliance arrangements are permitted and what are most effective.
The Managers maintain regular contact with providers of contingency planning and spill management services, and have held discussions with providers of spill response services in order to prepare arrangements to assist owners of dry cargo ships, both in relation to the specific California response requirements and in relation to spill liabilities generally in the United States. Further information will be provided in due course, when the effect of the implementing regulations is clear.
Members should also note that the new California law requires the owner or operator of a non-tank vessel subject to the contingency planning requirement to obtain, from the administrator of the OSPR, a certificate of financial responsibility for $300 million to cover damages caused by a spill. The effective date for this requirement is not expected to be before June 1999 at the earliest, and may be later. It is hoped that Members will be able to obtain a California certificate of financial responsibility from OSPR by producing a copy of their P&I Club certificate of entry.
Yours faithfully
Staff Author


are evaluated by holding the hand approximately eye degree and discovering which stand taller," she describes. "A person can have one leading place, or all 8." The installs are named for Greek and Roman gods and represent their archetypes. Below's what you need to understand concerning each:
Mount of Jupiter: This install rests at the base of the tip finger and is linked with the leader archetype.
Mount of Saturn: This install rests at the base of the middle finger and is linked with the scholar archetype.
Mount of Apollo: This mount sits at the base of the fourth finger/ring finger and is connected with the developer archetype.
Mount of Upper Mars: This install is located in between the very first finger and thumb, and is likewise related to the warrior archetype.
Mount of Lower Mars: This mount lies an inch listed below the pinky finger and is associated with the warrior archetype.
palmistry in telugu freeMount of Luna: This mount sits under the pinky but down by the wrist instead than on top of the hand near the fingers. It is related to the spiritualist archetype.
" Death Cleaning" Is the Swedish Variation of the Konmari Method And It's In Fact Very Reliable
Mount of Jupiter Located at the base of the forefinger (and over the Mount of Inner Mars), the Mount of Jupiter represents confidence, ambition, and management. It discloses a link to the spiritual realm, together with divine capacities.
Mount of Saturn The Mount of Saturn is located at the base of the middle finger. This location represents knowledge, duty, and perseverance. It reveals a person's stability, as well as their deep understanding of the ups and downs of life.
Mount of Beauty Found underneath the third finger, the Mount of Apollo acquires its name from the sunlight god of timeless antiquity. Within palmistry, this region of the hand matches with a person's positive outlook, palmistry in telugu free vitality, and essence. Simply as zodiac sunlight indications reveal people' innate spirits, the Mount of Beauty showcases artistic dispositions, happiness, and success.
Mount of Mercury Situated beneath the pinky finger, the Mount of Mercury is connected to interaction and intelligence. This area is linked to wit, flexibility, and social skills, exposing an individual's strategic mind and ingenuity.
Mount of Luna Named after the old Roman siren who objectified the moon, the Mount of Luna signifies creativity, instinct, and psychic powers. Situated towards all-time low of the palm on the pinky side, this area exposes a person's compassion, empathy, and creative imagination. While the moon illuminates the darkness, the Mount of Luna is connected to the insight discovered within magick.
Mount of Venus Situated at the base of the thumb, the Mount of Venus is connected to enjoy, sensualism, and attraction. This zone showcases natural magnetism, as well as an individual's psychological connection to love. Sexuality, enthusiasm, and indulgence are all under the auspices of this region.
Palmistry In Telugu Free


text:
Master of Science in Sport and Recreation Management: Coaching
The program is designed for a student seeking a comprehensive understanding of sport and recreation management as it relates to the roles and responsibilities of intercollegiate coaches. The program includes courses in which the theoretical and conceptual aspects of sport management and the psychological dimensions of coaching are explored. Research courses have been designed to provide students with the necessary skills to investigate problems of practice and increase evidence-based decision-making.
A broad and extensive knowledge of sports management facilities issues, systems and interrelationships;
Practical oral and written information skills • required for effective communication within a sports organization and institutional structure;
The ability to assess human resource needs to develop effective strategies for recruitment, retention and organization development;
Leadership skills to develop an effective understanding of business in a sports environment and to engage in short and long-term successes;
The ability to develop and apply computer and media technology skills to integrate and market sports facilities programs and;
The business foundation to engage in effective short and long range strategic planning and execution within the sports industry.
International Student Requirements:
Please see our website for more international graduate information.
Facts & Figures
International Financial Aid:
# of Credits Required:
Average Cost per Credit (Graduate):
Financial assistance in the form of grants, loans, and employment is available to U.S. students on the basis of financial need. Please ask your Enrollment Advisor for more information.
Distant Rural Area
Size & Settings:


text:
ASTM International - ASTM D4226-09
Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Building Products
|Publication Date:||1 November 2009|
|ICS Code (Thermoplastic materials):||83.080.20|
significance And Use:
The impact strength values obtained on the flat sections of a building product profile are relevant only to the flat section that has been tested and these values do not necessarily indicate the... View More
The impact strength values obtained on the flat sections of a building product profile are relevant only to the flat section that has been tested and these values do not necessarily indicate the impact resistance of the whole product, which is affected by the configuration of the profile (that is, corners, ribs, etc).
Constant weight and variable height, employed in these test methods, allow the velocity of impact to vary and, therefore, by Procedure B, can determine the energy of ductile-to-brittle transition, which cannot be determined if a variable weight is dropped from a constant height.
These test procedures have been found to be useful elements in rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) building product characterization. Compound qualification, finished product quality control, environmental and weatherability research and development studies, and fabrication tolerance prediction constitute useful applications.
Choice of the specific impactor head configuration used is related to a variety of product attributes, such as specimen thickness and product toughness as well as abstract factors, such as the anticipated mode of failure in a specific application. The geometric uniqueness of the impactor head configurations prevents any comparison or correlation of testing results on samples tested with differing impactor head configurations. In general, the conical impactor, C.125, is useful to ensure failure of thicker specimens where the H.25 impactor caused no failure.
Note 2-Equivalent surface conditions are more likely to occur when specimens are prepared by compression molding or extrusion than by injection molding.
When comparing different samples tested with the same impactor head configuration, impact resistance shall be permitted to be normalized for average specimen thickness over a reasonably broad range (for example, 1 to 3 mm). However, this should only be done when the surface conditions listed in 6.1 are essentially equivalent.
FIG. 2 Impact Tester
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the energy required to crack or break rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic sheeting and profile flat sections used in building products, as well as extruded or molded test samples, under specified conditions of impact from a freefalling standard weight striking an impactor with either of two configurations in contact with the specimen.
1.2 Two test procedures are included:
1.2.1 Procedure A, used to determine minimum impact energy required to cause failure (hole, crack, split, shatter, or tear).
1.2.2 Procedure B, used to determine minimum impact energy required to cause brittle failure.
1.3 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1-There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding, those in tables in figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.


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ARCHIVE: Milk product roadmaps
As part of our work on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP), we are developing ten product roadmaps to reduce the environmental impacts across the life cycle of a range of priority products.
The Dairy Supply Chain Forum's Milk Roadmap published May 2008: the first stage of a comprehensive action plan which will help the dairy sector to address its environmental impacts. The document also aims to take into account the economic and social sustainability of the dairy sector.
This is a living document which will be revisited regularly to ensure that the targets and evidence remains relevant. The Taskforce are meeting in plenary sessios twice yearly to review progress on the targets.
A 'One Year On' Report, summarising the achievements so far has been produced by the Taskforce and was published in August.
The evidence base for the Milk Roadmap also highlighted areas for potential future research, which will help refine the roadmap when it is revisited in the future.
- Milk Roadmap – One Year Down the Road (August 2009, PDF 780 KB) A news release has been published.
- Milk Roadmap 2008 (May 2008, PDF 400 KB)
- Evidence base for the Milk Roadmap: desktop study by the University of Manchester to map the evidence on the sustainability impacts across the milk life cycle and supply chain (PDF 1.55 MB)
- Dairy Supply Chain Forum
Evidence showed that milk and meat were high impact product categories, with food and drink consumption and production overall accounting for between 20-30% of all environmental impacts within the EU-25 (European Commission (2006): Environmental Impact of Products). Liquid milk was chosen as a starting point for the roadmap process in this area for a number of reasons, including:
- the market for liquid milk tends to be limited to the UK, enabling evidence on milk to be mapped relatively quickly and clearly
- mapping sustainability impacts for a base product like liquid milk may also produce useful data for future studies on the sustainability impacts of other products
- the willingness of the dairy sector to undertake positive action to map and help to reduce the negative impacts associated with milk production and consumption. Defra have been working in partnership with the Dairy Supply Chain Forum's Sustainable Consumption and Production Taskforce to produce the milk roadmap.
Average liquid milk consumption in the UK is fairly high at around 1.6 litres per person per week for 2007 (or just under 3 pints). Overall consumption has decreased on the previous year by 2.4 percent.
Provisional figures show UK milk production at 12,858 million litres for 2008/2009 with 6,690 million litres (51%) of that destined for the liquid milk market (the remainder going into products such as butter, cheese and yoghurt). Therefore, the Milk Roadmap work captures information relating to more than half of the overall production of milk in the UK (source: MDC Datum).
Defra are continuing to work in partnership with the Dairy Supply Chain Forum's Sustainable Consumption and Production Taskforce in implementing the Milk Roadmap and achieving its targets.
A 'One Year On' Report, summarising the achievements so far has been produced by the Taskforce and will be published shortly.
- Defra: milk and milk products
- Dairy Supply Chain Forum
- Sustainable Consumption and Production Taskforce
Page last modified: 23 November 2009


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Protecting Afghanistan's environment and tourist future
If the high mountain lakes of Band-e Amir were not in a country in its fourth decade of war they would be world famous.
Outsiders lucky enough to see them today are often lost for words when they first set eyes on the ethereal blue of their waters and the Martian-orange and red cliffs surrounding them.
The lakes, in Bamiyan province, are Afghanistan's first-ever national park, and draw thousands of local visitors every year. The government hopes foreign tourists will one day come too.
If that sounds quixotic now, so too may the UN and the government's launch here of the country's first-ever environmental protection plan - with a solar-powered kettle one of its signature initiatives.
But for those living in Bamiyan's isolated mountain valleys, the most immediate threat is not the Taliban but drought, partly induced by human activity.
Climate change is making things worse and the lakes could be at risk too.
Glaciers in the province's Koh-e Baba mountains, the western end of the Hindu Kush, recede further each year.
The climate adaptation programme, as it's known, "is not luxury, it's life", says Bamiyan Governor Habiba Sarabi after climbing up to Qazan, one of 18 mountain farming communities involved in the $6m (£3.75m) scheme.
Some 3,000m (9,800ft) above sea level, this is always going to be a tough place to live and farm.
But it's got tougher as trees and vegetation have been cut down for fuel - creating the beginnings of a high-altitude dust bowl.
In an Afghan version of the Grapes of Wrath, more families are being forced to leave every year.
Like shaved heads, most of the hillsides are bare, with just the occasional stubble of green.
It also means villages are more exposed to "flash-flooding in spring and summer and avalanches in winter", says Andrew Scanlon of the UN Environment Programme.
But he is now overseeing the planting of new trees and turf along Qazan's valley.
Against the repetitive clanging of hammer on metal, workers in Bamiyan city are building scores of cleaner, more-efficient stoves.
Run by an Afghan NGO called the Conservation Organisation for the Afghan Mountains (COAM), the workshop sells them on preferential terms to local villages and it already has more orders than it can fulfil.
Mr Scanlon wants to expand the scheme elsewhere.
COAM is promoting another energy-saving device, the solar kettle.
It is basically a large satellite dish which reflects sun-rays onto a kettle suspended in the middle.
The bigger the dish the quicker the boil - but the one they are selling for about $100 can make a cup of tea in 20 minutes.
Yet with Nato forces retreating over the next two years, taking large chunks of aid money with them, there are concerns whether this tentative momentum can be maintained.
The New Zealand run civilian-military provincial reconstruction team (PRT) in Bamiyan is due to close early next year.Catching up
There are questions, too, over the future of Bamiyan's best-known landmark - the remains of the larger of its two rock Buddhas, blown up by the Taliban months before the US-led invasion in 2001.
The vast cave, or niche, carved into the mountainside 1,500 years ago looms over Bamiyan like a ghostly sentinel - and a permanent reminder of what happened.
But the niche is in "imminent danger of collapse", says Brendan Cassar of Unesco - the UN's cultural agency - and they need funding to shore it up.
Security concerns are pressing in too - from districts around Bamiyan where the Taliban and other armed groups have become more active.
Buddhas in Bamiyan
- About 140 miles (230km) northwest of Kabul
- Built in the 6th Century, when Bamiyan was a holy Buddhist site
- In 629AD, Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Bamiyan as a bustling centre with tens of thousands of monks
- The two most prominent statues were 55m and 37m high
- Bodies carved out of sandstone cliffs
- Demolished in March 2001 after being declared idols
That has had a knock-on effect on the small indigenous tourist trade here.
If foreign tourists are still a fledgling species here, Band-e Amir national park usually attracts a steady flow of Afghan visitors.
But there's been a sharp fall in numbers this year, as the threat along the road towards Bamiyan has risen.
The park itself is still a long way from being managed like protected reserves elsewhere in the world. A guard with a piece of rope across the road is the gate-post.
There is little control on villagers who live next to the lakes. They have often used grenades and other explosives for fishing. Rubbish sometimes gets dumped in the waters.
But it is important to keep locals involved, "so they benefit", says Mostapha Zaher, the energetic head of Afghanistan's environmental protection agency - and grandson of the former king.
He admits he's been called "unrealistic" for his dreams of developing national parks while the country is still in conflict.
But Mr Zaher insists it will happen, with plans underway for a second park in the Wakhan corridor - the finger of mountainous territory that takes Afghanistan all the way to China.
The UN deputy envoy Michael Keating, who has championed the environmental programmes, echoes his optimism: "Twenty years ago who would have thought Cambodia could become a tourist destination?"
To Afghans, the lakes are sacred waters and they believe have healing properties.
Perhaps one day, they will help heal Afghanistan too.


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American City Politics
Routledge – 2006 – 118 pages
This book begins with an introductory outline of the structure of the city politics of the United States. There is a study of the city in the federal system, including the politics of feudal aid. This is followed by four case studies: the political roles of mayor, manager, boss and adminstrator-entrepreneur in the city.
Madgwick concludes with some comparative reflections indicating the significance of this study for British local government.
This book was first published in 1970.
1. The city in the USA
2. The structure of city politics
3. The city in the federal system
4. Four political roles
Emeritus Professor of Politics at Oxford Brookes.


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Increased consumption of herbs may be a useful approach to reducing the risk of osteoporosis. Researchers have found that common herbs, including sage, rosemary and thyme, can inhibit the breakdown of bone that contributes to osteoporosis.
Because these herbs are rich in essential oil components, the researchers also looked at essential oils and specific components of these essential oils to inhibit bone breakdown. We have known for some time that minerals found in plants, such as calcium, potassium and magnesium, are important to bone health. Plants also contain vitamins K and C, as well as phytoestrogens, that may contribute to bone health. But substances other than these that are found in essential oils may be equally important.
Testing the Theory
In their experiments, researchers from the University of Bern in Switzerland used a model of osteoporosis in rats. Rats were fed a diet containing powdered herbs, essential oils or purified monoterpenes from these essential oils for a period of 10 days. Bone breakdown during this time was measured by the release into the urine of bone breakdown markers.
Besides the powdered whole herbs sage, rosemary and thyme, the essential oils that inhibited bone breakdown included sage, juniper, pine, dwarf pine, eucalyptus and rosemary. Pine oil was discovered to be the most potent. Protective effects were seen as early as two days following treatment. Orange peel, fennel and cumin were the only oils tested that did not inhibit bone breakdown.
Researchers investigated further to determine what components of essential oil were responsible for this inhibition of bone breakdown. They found that the essential oil components thujone, eucalyptol and camphor all had inhibiting activity. Borneol had limited activity and only at a higher dose. These components are all monoterpenes found in sage oil. Components of pine oil — alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and bornylacetate—also were inhibitors of bone breakdown. Additionally, menthol, thymol and medicinal turpentine were found to inhibit bone breakdown.
Take Them or Cook Them
In the study, the dried herbs were given in the food at a dose of 1 gram per day. To scale this up to human proportions, this would mean about 150 grams per day, or 10 tablespoons of dried herb. The essential oils were active between 30 to 100 milligrams per day, pine being the most active. Again, to scale this to proportion for a human would mean about 15 grams of oil, or about 3 teaspoons per day. It is not advised that you take these very large amounts because toxicity studies and clinical trials have not been conducted on their safety. However, since these are culinary herbs, there is no reason not to increase the use of sage, rosemary and thyme in cooking or in teas.
Bone breakdown that leads to osteoporosis is, unfortunately, a normal event that occurs in humans as we age. To slow its progression, medical science has suggested a regular exercise routine and ingestion of calcium-containing foods or supplements. A diet rich in vegetables, including onions, has been found to decrease bone loss, as well. This research further expands the list of foods known to prevent bone loss.
Muhlbauer, R.C., et al. "Common herbs, essential oils, and monoterpenes potently modulate bone metabolism." Bone 2003; 32: 372 – 380.
Cindy L. A. Jones, Ph.D., Sagescript Institute (_URL_).


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Confronting Corruption in Business focuses on the contextual issues that trigger corruption to give the reader a more thorough understanding of destructive leadership. It provides students with a unique, critical perspective on issues of leadership, corruption, and policy in different countries, industries, and companies.
While there isn't a universally agreed upon definition of corruption in social sciences, it generally refers to efforts to secure wealth or power through misusing public power for private gain. This kind of destructive leadership is typically treated as an anomaly, but this book closes the gap in our understanding by highlighting the wider consequences of this behavior within business, and on an international level. Armed with this understanding, one also learns how to mitigate its causes and consequences.
Edited by leading experts, the book includes contributions from scholars with international expertise on leadership, strategy, political science, finance, organizational change, and public policy. It is the first book to focus on corruption on the country level and within business, and students in international business, management, ethics, and leadership classes will find it a valuable read.
This book provides a comprehensive approach to corruption, contextualizing it within organizational dynamics and effectiveness, culture and individual leadership. Belasen and Toma, both distinguished scholars, gather an impressive group of collaborators to provide detailed international cases and environments. They suggest it is the organizational culture and normative structure, authority figures and individual leaders that provide necessary elements to ensure enduring fairness and integrity. Often books on corruption are not hopeful. This one is. It provides tangible approaches of civic engagement and leadership—steps any of us can take to prevent corruption in our organizations. –Laurie N. DiPadova-Stocks, Park University, USA
The information provided in Confronting Corruption in Business is quite impressive. Power, management, and leadership related to the major topic shows a clear theoretical focus and key industry segments impacted. Comprehensive, strategic, and very well written. The textbook is a winner! –Jeff Ritter, Barry University, USA
1. Introduction: Corruption and Destructive Leadership Part I: Corruption around the World 2.Corruption in Government: Causes, Consequences, Cures 3. Beyond Leadership: Confronting the Challenges of Corruption in Nigeria 4. Corruption in Turkey: Politics, Power, and Wealth 5. The Crony Capitalism Bane of India 6. Perceptions of Ethics and Corruption in Romania: The Need for Civic Leadership 7. A Cross-Country Analysis of Corruption Perceptions: The Case for Human Development Part II: Corruption in Industry and Business 8. Deception and Failure: Mitigating Leader-Centric Behaviors 9. Prone to Illness: The Basis for Corruption in Healthcare and the Role of Leadership 10. High Flyers: Leadership Lessons from the Airline Industry 11. Banking Failures and Unethical Leadership 12. Corruption in the Utility Industries 13. Corruption in Education and the Erosion of Social Trust 14. Conclusion: Trusted Leadership and Civic Engagement


Pyepics-Compatible Client
What is This?
Pyepics is a well-established Python wrapper of libca. Caproto includes a client that is a drop-in replacement for pyepics. It is implemented as a shim on top of caproto's main Threading Client. Caproto's pyepics-compatible client is tested against a representative sample of the pyepics test suite.
Why would you ever want to use caproto's pyepics instead of actual pyepics? It may be advantageous to run existing user code written for pyepics on top of caproto — for example, to leverage caproto's verbose logging or portability.
Why are there two threading clients in caproto instead of just one pyepics-compatible one? Caproto's main threading client makes different design choices, consistent with the rest of caproto:
 1. Caproto's threading client provides a lower-level API, handing the user objects encapsulating the complete response from the server as opposed to just the value.
 2. Caproto pulls apart the subscription process into two steps—specifying a subscription and adding a user callback function to one—whereas pyepics elides them.
Caproto is speed-competitive with pyepics. Because it controls the entire network stack, rather than calling out to libca, it can batch requests into UDP datagrams and TCP packets more efficiently, leading to a ~250X speedup in connecting a large number of channels in bulk.
The authors of caproto are heavy pyepics users and occasional contributors. This module is intended as a friendly bridge to pyepics.
For full documentation on pyepics usage, see the pyepics doucmentation. This is a brief demonstration of caproto's pyepics-compat client.
In a separate shell, start one of caproto's demo IOCs.
$ python3 -m caproto.ioc_examples.random_walk
PVs: ['random_walk:dt', 'random_walk:x']
Now, in Python we will talk to it using caproto's pyepics-compatible client. Get and put to random_walk:dt:
In [1]: import caproto.threading.pyepics_compat as epics
In [2]: pv_name = 'random_walk:dt'
In [3]: epics.caget(pv_name)
Out[3]: 3.0
In [4]: epics.caput(pv_name, 2)
In [5]: pv = epics.get_pv(pv_name)
In [6]: pv.get()
Out[6]: 2.0
In [7]: pv.put(1)
In [8]: pv.get()
Out[8]: 1.0
Subscribe a user-defined callback function to random_walk:x:
In [9]: def f(value, **kwargs):
 ...: print('received value', value)
Note that pyepics recommends using epics.get_pv(...) instead of epics.PV(...) and so do we, but both usages are supported.
In [10]: x_pv = epics.PV('random_walk:x')
In [11]: x_pv.add_callback(f)
Out[11]: 0
In [12]: import time; time.sleep(5) # give some time for responses to come in
received value -0.32599493246952127
received value -0.6688874194495014
received value -1.2827184838054524
received value -1.289752589603644
In [13]: x_pv.clear_callbacks()
The underlying caproto PV and Context objects from caproto's main Threading Client. are accessible:
In [14]: pv._caproto_pv
Out[14]:
In [15]: pv._caproto_pv.context
Out[15]:
This brief demonstration has not exercised every aspect of the pyepics API, but caproto's test suite is more comprehensive.


The typical way stereo signals are converted to mono is by summing left and right (and perhaps attenuate the result).
Obviously, the sum approach does a poor job capturing the side material, as the greater the difference is, the more the input signals will cancel each other out.
Are there any other (perhaps more creative) methods that will allow the side events to make it through in a mono conversion?
Off the top of my head..
Sum - Adds Signals; any sounds present in both signals are reinforced by a varying amount, depending on how in-phase they are.
Subtract - Subtracts one signal from the other(same as inverting the phase of one, then adding it to the other); any sounds present in both signals are attenuated or cancelled out completely, depending on how in-phase they are.
You could add (Sum + Subtract) together, but you would be left with one of the input channels(L or R) being attenuated.
The only method I can think of is to delay one of the stereo channels, then add it to the other, to limit the reinforcement.
You could even try applying a stereo delay to just the mono element before summing.
| improve this answer | |
 - Thats not going to work - it leaves me with either L or R as result: (L + R) + (L - R) = L. However the delay idea is interesting.. perhaps delaying the side signal before summing with the mid could work – Michael Hansen Buur Jun 26 '15 at 15:43
 - Yes, you're right. How did I miss that? That's what I get for rushing an answer! I'll edit it in a bit. – Marc W Jun 26 '15 at 19:58
Your Answer


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It's April Fool's Day! Have a little foolish fun and do things backwards today. Walk backwards (safely of course), print your name backwards, eat your meal backwards (dessert first!). Have fun!
Writing: Today is the first day of April. Can you write an April acrostic poem? Think of a word that begins with each letter in the word "April".
Math: It's Jeopardy Day. The answer is 13. How many ways can you get this answer? Here are some examples to get you started: one dime and three pennies, my sister's age, 15-2)
For Fun: Let's Get Crafty – Paper Bag Puppets
Paper bag puppets are both a wonderful craft to create and also an activity that sparks imaginative play and can be used again and again. Once the kids have assembled their puppets, they can bring them to life by creating their own stories and performing their own puppet shows. Paper bag puppets can be as simple or complex as you wish. Whether it's just paper and markers you create your puppets with, or you decorate with yarn, googly eyes, stickers, and buttons, they're a great project any time. Be sure to share your paper bag characters with me. I can't wait to see your creations!
(Thank you to Jen at canadianchildrenstheatre.com for this!)


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Here's a really nice link with lots of wonderful educational animations about biodiversity, where it is found, and why it matters. From the California Academy of Sciences and the Khan Academy. One example is shown below but there are many more.
The World of Biodiversity
Yadvinder Malhi is an ecosytem ecologist and Professor of Ecosystem Science at Oxford University


As a component of the National Endowment of the Humanities funded Hellenistic Royal Coinages project, PELLA is an innovative research tool aiming, among other things, to provide a comprehensive typology and catalogue of the coinages struck by the Macedonian kings of the Argead dynasty (c. 700–310 BC), arguably the most influential coinages of the ancient Greek world. Fueled first by indigenous precious metal mines in their native Macedonia, and later by the spoils of their conquests, including the rich treasures of the Persian Empire, the Argeads' numismatic output was monumental. For centuries after their deaths, coins in the name of Philip II (ruled 359–336 BC) and Alexander the Great (ruled 336–323 BC) continued to be produced by successor kings, civic mints, and imitators from Central Asia to Central Europe. The coinage of the Argeads themselves and that produced in their names has been extensively studied, but to date no comprehensive, easily accessible catalogue of their coinages exists. PELLA is designed to fill that gap, cataloguing the individual coin types of the Argead kings from Alexander I (ruled 498–454 BC), the first of the Macedonian kings to strike coins, down to Philip III Arrhidaeus (ruled 323–317 BC), the last of the titular kings to do so. Included as well as are the numerous posthumous civic and successor coinages struck in the names of the kings.
The current version of PELLA provides links to over 20,000 examples of the coinage (in the name) of Philip II, the coinage (in the name) of Alexander the Great, and the coinage of Philip III Arrhidaeus that are present in 19 collections located in the United States and Europe (see Contributors). The coinage (in the name of) Philip II is organized using George Le Rider's Le monnayage d'argent et d'or de Philippe II frappé en Macédoine de 359 a 294, 1977, but with a consistent type numbering scheme from 1 - 382 described in greater detail (including how to search) on the About page. The coinage (in the name) of Alexander III and Philip III is organized using reference numbers from Martin Price's The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus, London 1991. Future versions of PELLA will include the coinages of Alexander I to Perdiccas III using SNG ANS as the means of organizing the coinages from various institutions.
PELLA is made possible by stable numismatic identifiers and linked open data methodologies established by the project. Coin type data are made available with an Open Database License. All images and data about physical specimens are copyright of their respective institutions. Please see the Contributors page for further details about individual licenses. The current version of PELLA uses the numbering system and typology originally created and published in Price (1991) with the addition of modifications that greatly enhance the volume's usefulness as an online resource.
Linked Data
AtomPelagios VOiDnomisma VOiD
In March 2017, the National Endowment for the Humanities awarded PELLA $262,000 as part of the the broader Hellenistic Royal Coinages (HRC) initiative. This grant is issued through the NEH Humanities Collections and Reference Resources program, to be dispersed over three years, to complete the project.


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Unlike their peers in other industrialized countries, U.S. workers are not guaranteed paid vacation time. Many workers let some of their vacation days expire. And when they do take time off, they may find it hard to leave the workplace behind. Find out just how hard:
1. Of employees who receive vacation or paid time off, how much of his or her eligible time off did the average American use in the past 12 months?
A. A quarter
B. A third
2. What percentage of employees took 25% or less of their eligible vacation time/PTO in the past 12 months?
3. What percentage of employees took 100% of their eligible vacation time/PTO in the past 12 months?
4. How many employees have worked while on vacation/using PTO?
A. One in five
B. Two in five
C. Three in five
D. Four in five
5. Rank the following reasons why employees work while on vacation/using PTO, from most cited to least cited.
A. Complete dedication to company
B. Fear of getting behind
C. Want a promotion
D. No one else at my company can do the work
6. What percentage of employees who took vacation/PTO in the past 12 months were contacted by their boss about a work-related matter while taking time off?
7. How many employees used vacation time/PTO in the past 12 months to interview for a new job?
A. One in 5
B. One in 10
C. One in 15
D. One in 20
Source: Glassdoor Q1 2014 Employment Confidence Survey. March 2014
Answers: 1–C; 2–D; 3–D; 4–C; 5–D, B, A, C; 6–B; 7–B


Network share and public share
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Network share and public share
Listen to the Entire Lesson
Network share is a location on your network that you can access. The files are stored on a different computer. If you do not have a network set up in the office you work at, then you won't need this section.
In order for you to save data on a network share, you will need permission. The person in charge of the computer has the ability to add users. If you know of a public share and you cannot access it, then tell your administrator or the person in charge of that computer to give you permission.
"I have it saved on a network share. You can find it at computername public John data.doc."
Whenever you tell someone a network location, you tell them the name by the path. I'll use the previous sentence as an example. Computername is the name of the computer, then the next word is a folder name. The next name is also a folder name. Finally, data.doc is the name of the file. So, the location of data.doc is in a folder named John that is under a folder called public under the computer computername. When you say a path verbally, you just leave a pause after each word or say slash between the words. In the written form, it looks like this, \computernamepublicJohndata.doc.
When people share documents, they save them on their own computer and put it in a folder that they made public. Or, a co-worker might have data saved on their computer. If you don't want to deal with the floppy disks, then you can retrieve the data from the network if they make the folder public.
"I have those files in my public folder. Just go to John01 public. You should see all the documents there."
"I saved it at John01 public. Go ahead and take what you need."
"I'll need all the information on ABC Company. Didn't you say you have the information? Can you put them on a public share?"
"Hey John, I don't have permission to get into John01. Can you check the permissions on the folder?"
"I don't have write access on the folder. Can you give me write permissions?"
"I don't want anybody changing the data, so everyone only has read permissions."
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I've heard the question a hundred times: How, oh how, do I create a form in Flash to send an email? So here's the answer, in 10 minutes or less.
For this article, I'm going to assume that you have some prior experience using ActionScript and a decent amount of experience with Flash in general. I also assume that you actually need this information (smart of me, huh?). Because we have only 10 minutes, I won't get into the server-side scripting (CFM, ASP, PHP, etc.) you would use to process an email form. But I will show you how to create the form, compile its data, and send the data out of Flash.
So, let's do it.
Launch Flash and create a new blank document. It doesn't matter whether you use Flash MX or Flash MX 2004/Flash Pro. Either version will work.
Set the Publish Settings to use Flash Player 6 or higher by using either ActionScript 1.0 or 2.0.
Set the Stage dimensions to whatever you want. Just be sure to leave enough space for five text fieldsone of which will be rather largeand a button.
Add a layer in the Timeline (so you have two) and then name them actions and assets, with the actions layer on top.
On the assets layer, create four individual lines of static text: First Name, Last Name, Email, and Message (see Figure 1).
Add four empty text fields to the Stage in a layout of your choice, and set their text field types to Input, using the menu in the Property inspector. One of the fields will be used to enter an email message, so make sure it's fairly large.
Position the Static text fields from Step 5 (First Name, Last Name, etc.) above or next to the input text fields so the user will know what is supposed to be entered into each Input field, similar to Figure 2. Leave space for a fifth text field, which you'll add in a moment.
Select the Input text field next to First Name and use the Property inspector to give it an instance name of first_name_txt. This gives you a way to identify the field in the ActionScript you'll write in the next section.
Name the other input text fields last_name_txt, email_txt, and message_txt.
Create a Dynamic text field, position it, and give it the instance name status_txt. This field will be used to notify the user if the form is incomplete and can't be sent.
Create a new Button symbol and design yourself a Send button. I used the word Send and changed the color of the text for the Over state (if using plain text for the button, be sure to add a rectangle into the Hit state for the button that covers the entire word). Return to Scene 1 when you're done.
Position the Send button somewhere where the user can find it (on the Stage, for example, where it can actually be used) to complete the form layout.
Snap an instance of the Scrollbar component to the right side of the largest Input text field (message_txt). This way, users can write extra long messages and scroll through them while writing.
Add a keyframe to frame 2 of the assets layer (by pressing F6). Select the new keyframe, delete everything on the Stage, and add a line of Static text that says Thank you. Your message has been sent. This will cue users that everything went smoothly, giving them that nice, warm, fuzzy feeling you get when you know an email has been sent.
Save this file as form.fla to your desktop (or wherever you might need it).
Figure 1 Words. Pretty, pretty words.
Figure 2 The careful planning of a form.
If you're using Flash MX 2004/Flash Pro and don't have the legendary Scrollbar component now missing from Flash, copy it from the exercise file for this article, which can be downloaded at the end of this article.
The form should now contain all the assets shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 One of a million possible layouts for a form in Flash.
Hooray! You have a form. Of course, it doesn't do anything yet, so keep reading.


TY - BOOK DB - /z-wcorg/ DP - _URL_ ID - 464593313 LA - English T1 - The Facebook effect : the inside story of the company that is connecting the world AU - Kirkpatrick, David, PB - Simon & Schuster CY - New York Y1 - 2010/// SN - 9781439102114 _PHONE_ 9781439102121 _PHONE_ 9781439109809 143910980X AB - How did a nineteen-year-old Harvard student create a company that has transformed the Internet and how did he grow it to its current enormous size? In half a decade, Facebook has gone from a dorm-room novelty to a company with 500 million users. It is one of the fastest growing companies in history, an essential part of the social life not only of teenagers but millions of adults worldwide. As Facebook spreads around the globe, it creates surprising effects, even becoming instrumental in political protests. The author, a veteran technology reporter had the full cooperation of Facebook's key executives in researching the history of the company and its impact on our lives. In this book he tells us how Facebook was created, why it has flourished, and where it is going next. He chronicles its successes and missteps, and gives readers the most complete assessment anywhere of founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg. ER -


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The solitaire diamond has a timeless allure. With its singular brilliance and simplicity, it's no wonder that it continues to captivate us. But beyond their beauty, some diamonds have achieved worldwide fame due to their size, quality, and fascinating stories. This article will take you on a journey through the histories and mysteries of the top five most famous solitaire diamonds in the world.
1. The Hope Diamond: A Legend Shrouded in Blue
The Hope Diamond, a dazzling testament to nature's wonder, is arguably the most famous diamond in the world. This 45.52-carat gem is distinctive for its rare blue colour, caused by trace amounts of boron atoms. The diamond's history is steeped in legend, with tales of a curse that brings misfortune to its owners. This has only amplified its allure and intrigue. The Hope Diamond currently resides in the Smithsonian Institution, serving as a gleaming reminder of our enduring fascination with gemstones.
2. Kohmu-i-Noor: The Mountain of Light
The Koh-i-Noor, or "Mountain of Light" in Persian, has a history as rich and complex as its cut. Once considered the largest known diamond in the world, this 105.6-carat diamond has been passed among various Indian, Persian, and British rulers. Each fought fiercely to claim this gem, adding to its mystique. Today, it sits among the British Crown Jewels, set into Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's crown. This diamond's historical journey only enhances its beauty, making it a true treasure.
3. The Cullinan Diamond: A Gem Among Gems
The discovery of the Cullinan Diamond in 1905 caused a sensation. This diamond, the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found, originally weighed a staggering 3,106.75 carats. The diamond was eventually divided into nine major stones and 96 smaller stones. The largest cut gem, known as Cullinan I or the "Great Star of Africa," is the largest clear-cut diamond globally. This diamond, now part of the British Crown Jewels, continues to captivate us with its unmatched size and splendor.
4. The Centenary Diamond: A Paragon of Perfection
Unearthed in the Premier Mine in South Africa, the Centenary Diamond is one of the world's largest and most flawless diamonds. This diamond, weighing 273.85 carats, is distinctive for its impeccable quality. The Centenary Diamond is a D-color diamond, the highest grade for colourless diamonds, and is both internally and externally flawless. This diamond has not been seen publicly since 1991, adding a layer of mystery to its story.
5. The Regent Diamond: The Pinnacle of Clarity
Discovered in India in 1698, the Regent Diamond is revered for its perfect cut and unparalleled clarity. This diamond, weighing 140.64 carats, has been owned by numerous historical figures, including Louis XIV, Napoleon Bonaparte, and King Louis XVIII. Today, it shines in the Louvre Museum, enhancing the splendour of Louis XV's crown.
Understanding the Value of Solitaire Diamonds
Solitaire diamonds, by definition, feature a single diamond, and their appeal lies in this simplicity. This design choice places the focus squarely on the diamond, allowing its natural beauty to shine unimpeded. The quality of a solitaire diamond is of paramount importance, as there are no other stones in the setting to distract from any potential flaws.
Read more – Wholesale Custom Jewelry
There are several factors to consider when assessing the quality of a solitaire diamond, known as the Four Cs: Carat, Cut, Color, and Clarity. The carat refers to the weight of the diamond, while the cut determines how well the diamond interacts with light, influencing its sparkle. The colour rating assesses how colourless a diamond is, with a D rating being the highest. Finally, the clarity grade evaluates the presence of internal or external flaws, known as inclusions and blemishes, respectively.
The Cultural Significance of Solitaire Diamonds
The enduring allure of solitaire diamonds extends beyond their physical attributes. Over centuries, diamonds have been imbued with deep cultural and symbolic significance. For many, they symbolize eternal love and commitment, making them the gemstone of choice for engagement rings and wedding jewellery.
Furthermore, the rarity and value of diamonds have led to their association with royalty and status, as evidenced by their prominence in the Crown Jewels of various nations. The stories of the Hope, Koh-i-Noor, Cullinan, Centenary, and Regent diamonds are a testament to this, each having been owned or worn by royalty and notable historical figures.
From the Hope Diamond's captivating blue hue to the Regent Diamond's exceptional clarity, these famous solitaire diamonds are a testament to the enduring allure of these precious gems. They encapsulate the mystery, romance, and sheer brilliance that diamonds have come to symbolize over centuries. As each solitaire diamond carries its unique tale, it's essential to remember that when you choose a solitaire diamond, you are not just selecting a gemstone, but also becoming a part of its ongoing story.


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Posted by: Ivy Wigmore
adjectival phrases, Business writing, CIO, hyphenation
|Which is correct?
A limited number of hard copies are available; you can pick them up on a _______________ basis.
Explanation: In this context, the phrase is an adjective modifying "basis" so we hyphenate.
As a standalone sentence, the phrase uses the other form: A limited number of hard copies are available. First come, first served.


How Many Left-Handed Presidents Has the US Had?
Herbert Hoover was the first known left-handed president.
The White House.
President James Garfield may have been either left-handed or ambidextrous.
Former President Harry Truman, who was left-handed.
Thomas Jefferson, who was ambidextrous.
Article Details
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 - Edited By: O. Wallace
 - Images By: Laufer, Sandra Manske, Political Graveyard, Mark Markau, Robert Gil
 - Last Modified Date: 02 July 2014
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No one is entirely sure how many left-handed presidents the US has had, since there aren't really clear records before 1929. Of those presidents whose handedness is known, six were left-handed, including Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, and Harry Truman. Ronald Reagan was said to be ambidextrous, so if he is counted then half of the US presidents since 1929 have been left-handed.
In chronological order, the known left-handed presidents are: Herbert Hoover, Harry Truman, Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama. Other presidents who may have been ambidextrous or left-handed include Ronald Reagan, James Garfield, and Thomas Jefferson. If Reagan is counted as left-handed, then the United States was controlled by a left-handed president for 20 years from 1981 to 2001, which is unusual considering how rare left-handed people are in the general population.
There are some disputes about the list of left-handed presidents. Prior to the 20th century, left-handedness was regarded as a negative character trait, and it is possible that more presidents prior to the 20th century were left-handed, but they concealed that fact. "Retraining" of left-handed individuals was also very common well through the 20th century, with young children being forced to write with their right hands, even if their left hands were dominant.
Two of the presidents who could write with their left hands, Garfield and Reagan, experienced assassination attempts. Garfield probably would have survived if not for a series of mistakes on the part of his doctors, but he died after weeks of infection and misery. Reagan survived, as the bullet barely missed his heart. Truman and Ford were both vice presidents who succeeded to the office of the residency, after the death of President Roosevelt in 1945 and the resignation of President Nixon in 1974. Ford was the only president who never won a national election, as he was appointed to the office of the Vice-Presidency after Nixon's original running mate, Spiro Agnew, resigned from the office in disgrace after it came out that he took almost $30,000 US Dollars (USD) in bribes.
Given that an estimated seven to 10 percent of the population is left-handed, six out of 14 presidents since 1929 being left-handed is a pretty remarkable statistic, and a cause for pride among some members of the left-handed community. Left-handed individuals are supposedly more creative and articulate than their right-handed counterparts, due to differences in brain function, which may have something to do with the high number of left-handed presidents.
Discuss this Article
Post 9
Left handed people like me are very creative and have the ability to do a lot of things very well that right handed people cannot, like screw things into the wall or a window that is on the right side. Don't think so? See how difficult it is for you right handed people to put up a shade bracket on the right side of a window on the inside of the window frame. It's not as easy as you think, but then again, it's harder for us to do the left side. It's also easier for us to bowl. There are a lot of championship bowlers who are left handed. There are also a lot more successful artists who are left handed.
Post 7
I have a left-handed sister who fails to meet any stereotypical comments. She does absolutely nothing right-handed. By comparison, I a "righty," have over the years developed such a complete ambidexterity over the years, primarily to facilitate stroke recovery if necessary.
It's reached a point where I can now do certain things such as tying, washing dishes, etc. with my left hand without hesitating to make the choice. Despite all the changes I've failed to notice any hemispheric brain function except the growing satisfaction that post-stroke rehab won't be as big a chore.
Post 6
If Reagan was left handed, why did he write with his right hand and throw a baseball and football right handed? I saw him sign a lot of documents on tv and he always used his right hand and threw out the first pitch at baseball games right handed. Reagan may have had dexterity with his off hand that is very unusual, but he was clearly right handed, not left handed.
As for the comment that Reagan "was considered the best president the United States ever had", I don't think you would find one reputable historian in the entire country who would say that. Ever hear of Abraham Lincoln or the Roosevelts?
Post 3
Cupcake15-I know that many schools have difficulty finding left handed scissors.
They say that people that are left handed tend to have more logical reasoning ability which makes them good leaders.
President Ronald Reagan was left handed and was considered the best president that the United States ever had. Another accomplished left handed president was President Bill Clinton.
However, this theory does not always hold true because Herbert Hoover was also a left handed president and he failed miserably.
Post 2
Armas1313-Wow that sounds like a traumatic experience. I know that it could be difficult for left handed people to find comfort in using everyday things because most things are made for people that are right handed.
The exceptions of course are golf clubs and guitars. I have seen many left handed electric guitars also known as lefty guitars. They also have left handed basses and even have a left handed beginner guitar.
Lefthanded guitars are quite common as are golf clubs for left handed people. I think that when you try to change your manual dexterity and try to make the other hand dominant it can trigger problems with respect to your cognitive abilities.
Post 1
I have relatives who were educated in conservative Catholic elementary schools and forced to write with their right hands. The result of this forced change was a speech impediment of stuttering. The forced switch triggers a speech issue in the brain which can correct over time. Nevertheless, the resulting stuttering caused them a lot of ridicule and distress at an early age.
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#1 Be Al Gore.
Just kidding, that's not on the list.
Massive investments in clean energy promise to keep farmers, urban planners, and green-tech entrepreneurs in business for the next decade. This guide to sustainability focused career paths will help solar-charge your work life.
"It's time to bail out the people and the planet," says Van Jones, author of The Green Collar Economy: How One Solution Can Fix Our Two Biggest Problems. We agree, and this guide to to sustainability-focused career paths will help retrofit and solar-charge your work life.
America has only two million farmers, and their average age is 55. Since sustainable agriculture requires small-scale, local, organic methods rather than petroleum-based machines and fertilizers, there is a huge need for more farmers -- up to tens of millions of them, according to food guru Michael Pollan. Modern farmers are small businesspeople who must be as skilled in heirloom genetics as marketing.
Schools: University of Vermont: Center for Sustainable Agriculture; Stone Barns Center For Food & Agriculture in New York State; University of Oklahoma: Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture; Evergreen State College: degree in Sustainable Agriculture.
Related careers: urban gardener; farmers market and CSA coordinator; artisanal cheesemakers; and other food producers.
Modern forestry a complex combination of international project finance, conservation and development. According to the World Bank, a staggering 1.6 billion people depend on the forest for their livelihoods. Foresters help local people transition from slash-and-burn to silviculture--teaching cultivation of higher-value, faster-growing species for fruit, medicine or timber, for examples while carefully documenting the impact on the environment. Deforestation, which causes around a quarter of all global warming, is also likely to be a leading source of carbon credits worth tens of billions of dollars.
Schools: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Duke University: Nicholas School of the Environment; University of Michigan: School of Natural Resources & Environment.
Companies/organizations: The Nature Conservancy; New Forests Inc.
Solar Power Installer
Making and installing solar power systems already accounts for some 770,000 jobs globally. Installing solar-thermal water heaters and rooftop photovoltaic cells is a relatively high-paying job--$15 to $35 an hour--for those with construction skills. And opportunities are available all over the United States, wherever the sun shines. Currently over 3,400 companies in the solar energy sector employ 25,000 to 35,000 workers. The Solar Energy Industries Association predicts an increase to over 110,000 jobs by 2016â even more if anticipated tax credits are accelerated.
Companies: Akeena Solar; Sungevity; Sunpower; Full list at SEIA.org.


Building Brands
The Problem
Bristol like many cities throughout the UK has a desperate need for housing whilst at the same time properties lie empty.
According to the Guardian, the government's own figures show that 200,000 properties in the UK have been empty for six months or more and LibDem research has revealed that 11,000 homes have been lying empty for more than 10 years.
The Challenge
To discover how good design can benefit an area, we asked students to find a space within the city that was currently unoccupied and provide it with an identity. The goal was to engage with the space, provide something that could enrich a community and inspire a more resourceful attitude. This project highlighted a growing problem of empty properties while giving the students an opportunity to show how repurposing empty properties can benefit our communities.
We asked the students to:
 - Find an empty building in Bristol that isn't being utilised. i.e. Shops in the Bearpit, Electric House, Temple Meads Sorting Office etc.
 - Think about how the space could be used to be more beneficial to the community. Consider size, location, populous, etc. It can be commercial. i.e. cinema, restaurant, gym, museum. But also consider something that'll be socially beneficial i.e. community centre, hostel, halfway house.
 - Once the buildings purpose is established, give it an identity. Take into account the neighbouring businesses, what the area needs, it's current aesthetic / populous and potential visitors. Appease the locals with a pub? Push for progression with a gallery? The goal is to engage with a space, provide something that could enrich a community and inspire a more resourceful attitude.
Briefings & Feedback
During the project we briefed the students, gave feedback, but most importantly, listened to how the students would choose to rebuild these spaces.
Following the initial session, the students formed teams to address the brief before presenting their initial ideas back to Fiora to receive and be given direction.
We were pleased to find they shared their identity campaigns with the public by conducting Instagram polls, surveys and gathering anecdotal evidence to guide their thought processes and deliver solutions that worked.
Overall, there were some promising ideas and excellent presentations. It was clear that each team had engaged with the brief and had formulated a well developed concept with a strong rationale behind it. You can follow the links below to see the final pitches.
In Summary
The most successful response was something socially necessary to any given area e.g. a complex food bank made simple with excellent user experience for Stokes Croft and a hostel for Temple Meads made more accessible through its dynamic identity.
We never explicitly asked for a socially aware outcome however, that's what they largely gravitated towards.
To know this generation is occupied with our social and economic issues doesn't come without its concerns, but to think they're attempting to tackle them is inspiring.


text:
Kini, Ramakrishna and Vijayaraman (2003)
|Kini, Ramakrishna and Vijayaraman (2003)|
|Title:||An exploratory study of moral intensity regarding software piracy of students in Thailand|
|Author(s):||Kini, R. B., Ramakrishna, H., Vijayaraman, B.|
|Citation:||Kini, R. B., Ramakrishna, H. V., & Vijayaraman, B. S. (2003). An exploratory study of moral intensity regarding software piracy of students in Thailand. Behaviour & Information Technology, 22(1), 63-70.|
|Key Related Studies:|
|Linked by:||Acilar and Aydemir (2010), Konstantakis, Palaigeorgiou, Siozos and Tsoukalas (2010), Limayem, Khalifa and Chin (2004)|
|About the Data|
|Data Description:||Dataset consists of 669 students of a private Thai University, who competed questionnaires which were based on the moral development work done by Kohlberg (1969) and Rest (1986). The students were asked to rate the question items on a Likert type scale of 1 to 5, 1 being strongly disagree and 5 being strongly agree.|
|Data Type:||Primary data|
|Secondary Data Sources:|
|Data Collection Methods:|
|Data Analysis Methods:|
|Cross Country Study?:||No|
|Government or policy study?:||No|
|Time Period(s) of Collection:||
In the business environment that is becoming increasingly global and digital, the need for proper safeguards for protecting digital assets is increasingly becoming critical. Specifically, software piracy is becoming economically devastating to companies that develop and market software. Some researchers have argued that the level of moral intensity regarding software piracy of individuals may be related to the extent of actual software piracy behaviour. In order to empirically study this relationship, it is important to understand the concept of moral intensity towards software piracy. In this research, we study the concept in an international setting, a university in Thailand. We report the relationship between moral intensity and some important demographic variables and also explore the relationship between moral intensity of individuals and the perceived moral intensity of their community, the students, employees, and faculty. The results have implications for developing and implementing appropriate policies to reduce software piracy.
Main Results of the Study
This article examines the relationships between moral intensity and some important demographic variables and the impact of the perception of individuals regarding moral intensity of their immediate community on their own moral intensity. More specifically, it shows that:
- Male students, on average, appear to have a significantly higher moral intensity score than female students.
- Graduate students tend to have a significantly higher moral intensity score, on average, as compared with undergraduate students.
- Students with advanced experience with computers appear to have, on average, a higher level of moral intensity.
- The perceived level of moral intensity of faculty does not seem to be related to the level of moral intensity of individual students.
Policy Implications as Stated By Author
In order for policy to increase the levels of moral intensity, it should target:
- The age groups that are under 30 years of age.
- The female population more than the male population.
- Undergraduate student.
- People who are not advanced users of computers.
It should also increase the perceived level of moral intensity of other students and university employees.
Coverage of Study
|Level of aggregation:||Individual|
|Period of material under study:||Not stated|


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Today I learned that in 1910 at the International Exposition in Brussels a mechanical instrument was presented called the "Phonoliszt Violina". It's a mechanical machine that plays music by itself, like a barrel organ, but instead of using pipes or plates to make sounds, this machine was playing an actual piano along with the most impressive instrument to automate at that time: The violin. Due to the complexity of the play of a violin it was considered to be impossible to automate, but as the existence of this machine shows, it's possible and very impressive. The machine basically contains three violins where each of them only plays one string. Mechanical "fingers" then make sure the accords are hit. Generally speaking very impressive.
I learned about this as part of re-watching some of the marble machine videos which I came across a long time ago. The same YouTube channel, "Wintergartan", published the video I watched today that talked about this machine.


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Template:Convert/Mach converts speeds of objects in Earth's atmosphere in Mach number with other units, where the optional parameter 3 (or 4) can be the altitude above (or below) mean sea level, expressed in feet. Some examples are shown below.
Usage: {{convert|1|Mach}} → Mach 1 (761 mph; 1,225 km/h)
 {{convert|2.0|Mach}} → Mach 2.0 (1,522.4 mph; 2,450.1 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach}} → Mach 3.3 (2,512.0 mph; 4,042.6 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach|90,000}} → Mach 3.3 (2,214.6 mph; 3,564.1 km/h)
 {{convert|3.3|Mach|90,000|sigfig=6}} → Mach 3.3 (2,214.63 mph; 3,564.10 km/h)
 {{convert|810|mph|Mach}} → 810 miles per hour (Mach 1.1 )
 {{convert|810|mph|Mach|sigfig=4}} → 810 miles per hour (Mach 1.064 )
The conversion depends on the altitude, passed as parameter 3 or 4 measured in feet (default: 0), and the temperature (ignored), where the temperature at higher altitudes is likely to be fairly constant. Hence, only the altitude is an optional parameter, when converting from Mach number into other speed units. The altitude cannot be specified in reverse conversions, to Mach number, from other units, and the altitude is only accepted as feet, not meters.
Note that the speed of sound alternately decreases then increases, and again decreases then increases, at successively higher altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere. From sea level, in the troposphere, the speed decreases with rising altitude until the tropopause, at 40,000 feet (8 mi; 12 km), where Mach 1 is 660.1 miles per hour (1,062.3 km/h), for most commercial jet airliners. However, the speed increases (as a reverse change) in the stratosphere, reaching 737.7 miles per hour (1,187.2 km/h) at altitude 160,000 feet (30 mi; 49 km). Then, the speed re-reverses to again decrease in the mesosphere, down to 613.2 mph (986.8 km/h) at altitude 285,000 feet (54 mi; 87 km). However, in the thermosphere, the speed of sound re-re-reverses to increase (as in the stratosphere), and reaches 688.9 mph (1,108.7 km/h) at altitude 400,000 feet (76 mi; 122 km). The highest speeds are below sea level, as in low-lying canyon areas, and the template allows a lowest altitude of -15,000 (feet) in parameter 3 or 4.