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Disability Is A Very Personal Experience Sociology Essay
|✅ Paper Type: Free Essay||✅ Subject: Sociology|
|✅ Wordcount: 1873 words||✅ Published: 1st Jan 2015|
Disability is a very personal experience with many pathways. Factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and sexuality all play a factor in a person's experience with disability in the United States. These factors play a role in deciding the needs of the individual and what care they need. The following will show how the different socio-demographic factors play a role in different pathways towards disability. Disability is defined as having limited mobility in either the upper or lower body (Binstock and George 2011).
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Disability pathways can vary by age in what stage of the life course the person is in. While not always the case, younger people tend to have less of a risk of becoming disabled than older people (Binstock and George 2011). Disability itself is a difficult term to identify because of the use of the word is not universal as the book points out. The statistic given is that 64% of adults over the age of 65 have some problem with mobility (Binstock and George 2011). This is important to note for age because it shows what age is generally accepted to be the start of some form of disability. Life expectancy has also risen over the past decades as healthcare continues to make improvements. These are important to note because as the population ages, than more people would seem to need assistance as they grow older. One reason discussed for an increase in longevity is lifestyle changes in daily tasks have been made easier for the older population. The text also notes that more seniors are living in places where they can get assistance (Binstock and George 2011). These developments are important when discussing disability pathways because healthcare is always changing and finding new and better ways to care for the disabled population.
Disability pathways can also vary by the person's sex. According to statistics, Women tend to need assistance with a disability earlier in life than men do while women have a longer life expectancy then men (Binstock and George 2011). These differences present a different outcome than age would as a socio-demographic factor because women might need assistance longer than men in cases like this. This is important to note because sometimes men are the primary caregiver in this situation and if they become disabled also then more assistance would be needed. This can also be true if women are the primary caregiver to men. These examples show how couples would handle differences in sex in aging. Single women and single men would have different pathways to disability than couples would and different ways of dealing with their disabilities. Single people would likely have no choice than to seek outside help for their disability and find ways to help pay for their required help. Single people also tend to have less income over their lifetime and single women tend to make even less creating inequality in access to assistance for a disability. These are important differences to note because couples would seem to have more security than single people in regards to sex because of the income differences.
Another way disability pathways can vary is by race/ethnicity because of inequality faced by the minority population. The data show that, on average, racial/ethnic populations have a lower socioeconomic status (Binstock and George 2011). This can create problems with access to the better assistance, discussed earlier with living arrangements and daily task management. This can also lead to a problem with accessing needed healthcare which can lead to more problems with becoming disabled. The text writes that there is no one reason as to why racial and ethnic minorities have these inequalities by "The law of small effects" (Binstock and George 2011). They further note that more study is needed in the way of "environment" of the people during the life course (Binstock and George 2011). It is also documented that racial and ethnic minorities experience racism and discrimination in their lives and this does have an effect on their overall health (Binstock and George 2011). Race/ethnic pathways differ than age or sex because socioeconomic status plays a larger role in regards to these statues. These are important to note because the study of minorities and pathways to disability are often times harder for the individuals.
Another socio-demographic factor that affects disability pathways is sexuality. Similar to race/ethnicity, discrimination faced by LGBT minority groups would likely lead to shorter life expectancy. Sexuality as a socio-demographic factor would be different from sex or age pathways because of the discrimination factor and because this minority communities do not have the same legal protections as the heterosexual community does. The LGBT population might also have other areas of inequality in relation to pathways to disability such as access to needed medical services and support. These are important to note as more people have come to identify as LGBT in recent years more specialized care is needed for the population.
These demographic and life course concepts show how disability pathways vary and why they are important to study. These concepts show that, while better in recent years, there is a long way to go in terms of equality for minority populations. Minority groups seem to be at the heart of this problem and that shows how individual pathways may differ because of status. Discrimination also plays a role in all levels of the different pathways as it tends to shorten life expectancy.
The theories introduced by the various authors in the class are activity theory, disengagement, age integration, and the life course. All of these have useful elements in the discussion of the book "Aging Our Way." In Loe's book, the Age integration theory is shown in lessons one and six on connecting with peers. Also lesson ten and thirteen all suggest a life course theory while the rest of the book seems to support Activity theory. The book would seem to show the evidence for the particular theories.
Most of the theories discussed have some evidence shown in Loe's book, while disengagement theory did not have much support. Disengagement theory is defined by the gaining population disengaging from other people as they grow older (Achenbaum and Bengtson 1994). I think that, while useful, disengagement among the elderly population is not as prevalent as it was when the theory was first introduced. People now have a longer life expectancy and since retirement and I think that the disengagement theory does not take this into account. Disengagement theory as a whole is still relevant to some extent, just not in the context of Loe's book where the focus of the book is on the various activities done and how the people engage more in their final years.
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An example of age integration theory is shown in lesson one in Loe's book. The couple in this chapter had to integrate with people of all age groups to continue with what they wanted to do. This chapter was about the couple, after retiring, keeping their same routine as much as they could which meant having to branch out and find other people their age to keep going (Loe 2011). This meant that activities would range from sports to music and service that would mean people from all ages would be involved with the activity. Lesson six is about connecting with peers. This chapter follows the age integration theory because it shows people interacting with different age cohorts. In Johanna's scrabble group the chapter writes about the different socio economic statuses of the members which would suggest age interaction is going on in this group (Loe 2011).
The life course theory comes into play in chapters ten and thirteen. These chapters write about the importance of family and the acceptance of death. Chapter ten is about how family is important and how of accepting non-traditional types of families is important. This chapter makes a point to talk about friends of the people in the study. These people are defined as new family members because of their closeness with the elderly and that they become better friends (Loe 2011). This is important to note in the life course as a transition to old age where roles are redefined after retirement or a medical issue. Chapter thirteen is about death and how they are preparing for it. This shows evidence for the life course theory and how people deal with it. This is important to note because not all people do this and it seemed to be very important for the people mentioned in this chapter.
Finally, the remaining chapters show support for the activity theory of aging. All of these chapters show how the people would engage more leisurely or more supportive activity than they might have in their working lives. Chapter 7 on resorting to "tomfoolery" shows how the people used humor in many ways during their daily lives. Most of this was to engage in social activities as the people in the chapter lived alone for the most part. Chapter 8 on care for others also shows how the activity theory is useful because it shows how caring for others helps all people involved. These examples are important in activity theory because they show people willing to go outside the norm and take different steps than other theories like disengagement would suggest.
I think that the activity theory of aging is more strongly supported by Loe's book. More of the lessons in the book were about people engaging in activity in their normal routine and finding new ways of socializing. Specifically, lesson thirteen where the chapter is about the importance of touch to the people. This chapter shows the importance of physical contact such as hugs. This chapter was important to show how the activity theory can mesh with physical actions such as a hug.
Chapter eight and chapter


5 Tips for developers to work more effectively with musicians
As a musical producer, my first impression of the video game industry in Chile was that a lot of video game developers doesn't know how to communicate with musicians, and that it leads music that the developers did not want or need at all. These are a few tips that come from the audiovisual industry and I adapted them to video games I hope they'll help you to get an excellent soundtrack!
1. Identify the Purpose of the music
When it comes to music, there are a lot of developers who think "I have a game! I need music for this, let's call a musician". The issue is that when you have a game, you don't necessary "need" music, there are a lot of indie titles out there that have almost nothing musical in the soundtrack (when I talk about soundtrack, I mean every sound that's on the game, sound effects included). As vague as the first idea is, as vague that the result will be, so the first point of this post at all is for you to recognize what's the purpose that you are going to assign to your songs and themes.
Here I will show you a list of musical purposes that are used in the industry and the movie industry as well:
To evoke emotion
Is the musical representation of an emotion that is a part of the game, or a particular scene/stage. This is a very good example, the whole OST of this game works around the emotions of the story.
To identify character
Is the musical representation of a character of the game, commonly the protagonist or antagonist. In this example we can listen how the composer managed to represent the origin of the character in the music.
To convey place
This is the musical representation of a place and its characteristics. This is commonly used in RPG's to represent cities, woods, deserts, etc. In the example, the music perfectly fits the place uniqueness (a tricky and mystic temple).
To convey time
This is the musical representation of a time or age. Almost every game is placed in another timeline; it could be prehistoric, futuristic or medieval, for example. There's a beautiful game that turned 20 years old a few days ago, and it features time travel, the example is the prehistoric music of the game, temporal identification at its best.
To convey situation
This represents a specific situation of the narrative development of your game. I hate to use so much RPG examples, but Uematsu is one of my favorite video game composers. In the example, the music represents the character and the situation simultaneously, when the player realizes that what just happened, the music comes immediately to support the situation
To give continuity
Continuity is the music that connects two musical pieces that exist in the same stage, or the same scene. Transition is the music that connects a musical piece with another scene or stage. So, this is a movie/cinematic almost exclusive purpose, in this example there's a lot of analysis to work with, but there are two things that are important to realize. In 0:38, the music volume goes down, so the dialogues could be the main audio of the mix, and in 1:08, the music became a continuity piece that connects with 1:32, when the new music begins.
To give feedback
When you need to represent an action. In the example, at 4:50, there's a trigger for the music, the player gets 4 stars and new music appears.
To provide contrast
This is an audiovisual tool that became popular with Quentin Tarantino movies; the music represents a contrast to what is happening in the scene. A movie example would be perfect, but I think this is a nice video game approach to the concept.
To represent mechanics
This is a Video Game specific purpose and a really difficult one to compose, puzzle games music is the most representative but figure this example's boss, you can't kill him and you don't know about it, so the music tries to represent that desperation.
To anticipate events
This is the representation of a future situation of the narrative development, terror movies use it to represent the feeling of "something is going to happen". At 4:32, the music of the example works as a anticipation of the final boss, and prepares the player for what is to come.
2. Think of Instruments and Genre
When you have the first step sort of defined, you'll have to start thinking in a style and some instruments that will be the support for the music. It's not necessary a huge level of detail in this point, in the indie videogame industry no musician will ask you to tell him to work in these terms: "Ok, I need 8 violins, 4 violas, 3 cellos, 2 double basses and a viola da gamba", but it would be nice if you could tell him that you need "some strings".
It's the same thing with genre, it's enough if you can tell the musician that you need "rock", or "jazz", but in the end, it comes for you to know some musical references that can help the musician to find where to start.
3. Compile a List of Keywords
This is a tip that works for almost every artist out there, from concept artist to sound designers. It's always important to communicate the main concepts of the art that you're requesting for your game, from emotions, adjectives or even situations, so when the artist makes any progress, they will look the keywords and figure out if they're missing something important.
4. Identify Sections
For any developer, even experienced ones, it's always good to remember to be organized with their work, and so it is for visual artists and musicians. A way to make the composers work a lot easier, is that you bring him a list of the "scenarios" from your game, everything that's in your world, screens, menus, etc. And when you have this list, think in the tracks that you will need for every one of them. There'll be a lot of situations when a musical piece will be in more than one scenario (the same music could be in the splash, the settings and the main menu, for example), and it's really important for you and the musician to be aware of this.
5. Find References
As I said before, it is always up to you to communicate clearly with the composer, to let him know exactly what do you want and what do you need for your game. Audio references are an excellent way to do it.
About Felipe Salinas
Felipe Salinas is a Chilean video game composer and sound designer, he studied musical production in "Universidad tecnológica de Chile INACAP". The last year of his career, he dedicated to investigate the Latin American video game industry and its musical and audio production for his university thesis. He's currently working as a music and audio consultant in a publisher, and working to grow and professionalize the Chilean video game music.


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- Inspection of an analog physical apparatus capabable of measuring some phenomenon.
- Inspection of digital simulation of the phenomen.
lördag 28 maj 2011
Monstrosity of Quantum Mechanics 5: Passive Observation Impossible
Is passive observation really impossible in the world of quantum mechanics?
David Albert, together with Barry Loewer inventor of a version of the Many-Worlds Interpretation referred to as Many-Minds (different from the one I suggest), tells us that the physical process of making an observation in the quantum world necessarily interferes with what is being observed. In other words, the ideal of fully passive observation of classical mechanics, cannot be upheld in quantum mechanics. The observer will always interfere more or less with what is being observed. Albert tells us that this is the big difference between classical and quantum mechanics.
But is this true? Is fully passive observation impossible in quantum mechanics? Maybe, or maybe not, depending on what is meant by an observation. A human being can make observations in different forms:
Here 2. represents a digital simulation based on solving the Schrödinger equation describing the phenomenon, e g the ground state of an atom, and observing its energy, while 1. would be to directly observe the emission spectrum.
Th nice thing about 2. is that it is a completely passive observation, in the sense that the computational process is independent of the observer making the final observation of the energy as a number coming out of the computation.
So maybe passive observation is possible in quantum mechanics. Maybe quantum mechanics is not so different from classical mechanics. Not so mysterious?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Tag Archives: Meghan Markle
Meghan Markle invests in Oat milk latte company
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Prince Harry's baby to be vegan?
Prince Harry and his wife Meghan Markle, the Duchess of Sussex, are expecting a baby in the near future, and it seems that Meghan, who eats a mostly plant-based diet herself although she is not a strict vegan, hopes to raise the baby as a vegan. She has encouraged Prince Harry to reduce his consumption of animal products and eat more fruits and veggies, and to cut back on participating in some of the traditional hunting activities of the royal family. Now we hear that the couple are discussing how best to raise their baby, and whether or not it can be a vegan child.
They would be in good company. Recent British-based research has found that one in 12 families in Britain are raising their kids as vegan, mainly for health reasons, since animal products in the diet are linked to a wide range of health concerns such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer, while plant-based diets are linked to optimal health outcomes. In addition, many people are starting to recognize that eating lower on the food chain by reducing animal products is much better for the environment, and it saves countless animals from suffering and death.
There's plenty of evidence that raising a child vegan is a very wise thing to do. Here in the US, it is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that "appropriately planned vegetarian, including vegan, diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. These diets are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, older adulthood, and for athletes." All the evidence points to children who are raised vegetarian being much healthier than their meat-eating peers, and even gaining some specific advantages. Children raised vegetarian are found on average to grow an inch taller and to have 5 more points on their IQ.
We hope that Meghan and Harry are able to set a good example for families throughout the world by raising their child vegan.


What I want to do is putting in high-pass filter effect on each image constituting a video by using Adobe Premiere Pro 13.1.2.
Premiere Pro has a high-pass filter for audios but it does not have a high-pass filter for videos as far as I can see. Photoshop does.
I also have AfterEffects; the way to use it is welcome as well.
Any idea?
Thanks in advance.
The high pass plugin in Photoshop doesn't exist natively in After Effects or Premiere. The Find Edges tool approximates the kind of effect you're after, but given that it's for a scientific assessment of something, probably won't work for you: mona lisa with Find Edges applied
You could try something like the Unsharp Mask in After Effects or Premiere, and then apply it back to the original image using a Difference mode - gives this kind of effect:
enter image description here
If the high pass is what you need, I would export the video as an image sequence, then Automate a Batch in Photoshop to apply it (probably overnight).
What do you consider a high-pass filter for videos if I may ask?
When talking about audio, the high pass filter operates similar to a low-cut, in that it cuts away the lowest frequencies of the audio spectrum and lets the high frequencies pass.
Are you looking for curves? You can adjust the shadows and the highlights of an image (which wouldn't be called high-pass or something similar tho). You can do that using lumetri color. However, comparing to a high-pass, low-cut, low-pass or high-cut, the curves don't actually cut away the brightest or darkest areas, that way you would blow out the highs and crush the blacks, which would result in a fault, not really a stylistic choice but rather actually breaking the image.
If you tell us what you want to achieve with this filter we might be able to tell you the correct name and where to find it.
 - 1
 Photoshops High Pass Filter selects all edges so you can only apply sharpening to those. – Timothy Lukas H. May 29 '19 at 11:25
 - The video I want to apply a high pass filter is one which is generated from a kind of scientific instrument and contains scientific data. Each frame of the video has high-frequency patterns, signals I care about, and low-frequency patterns, the noise. To extract the high-frequency patterns from each frame of the movie, I want to apply a high-pass filter in PremierePro. If it's impossible, I would convert the video into a bunch of still frames and take them to Photoshop and apply the high-pass filter in Photoshop. Then, let Premiere Pro load the images as a sequence and export as a video. – Taiki Bessho May 31 '19 at 6:52
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Share Article: How do new Immigration proposals affect Criminal Law
The government recently announced a range of proposals regarding immigration, but how does this affect criminal law?
Priti Patel, the Home Secretary, said it was the introduction of the most significant overhaul of the system in decades. The aim appears to be to prevent illegal entry into the UK, especially when people smugglers or trafficking is involved.
What are the proposals?
Words repeatedly used in the announcement documentation were that the asylum claim process would be based on need rather than the ability to pay people smugglers. How someone arrives in the UK will impact their claim process and status in the UK if successful in a claim.
Modern slavery
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 made provisions about slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour, and human trafficking. The Act also introduced a defence for slavery or trafficking victims who commit an offence.
The government reports "an alarming increase" in the number of illegal migrants seeking modern slavery referrals. As a result, they will seek to reform the system and consult on measures, including "distinguishing more effectively between genuine and vexatious accounts of modern slavery".
The Act's statutory guidance is "I suspect but cannot prove" that the person is a victim of modern slavery. It is proposed to amend the definition to "reasonable grounds to believe that a person is a victim", a higher test.
The impact on the criminal defence remains to be seen.
County lines
Numerous referrals a year are made for exploitation linked to county lines. There will be a pilot of a new way to identify child victims of modern slavery. Again, this may impact the defence within the Modern Slavery Act.
The indication was that there are "unscrupulous" people posing as children to gain entry. The relevant agencies will use new scientific methods to assess age more accurately.
Age is also an important factor in the criminal justice system; anyone under 18 faces a different sentencing regime. This would impact any child wrongly assessed as being an adult.
Border Force enforcement powers
Border Force will be given additional powers to search unaccompanied containers, seize and dispose of vessels, stop and redirect vessels away from the UK.
Those sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment or more, who constitute a danger to the UK community, can have their refugee status removed and be considered for deportation.
New criminal offences/sentences
"Tougher" criminal offences will be introduced for those who try to enter the UK illegally, along with a raised penalty for illegal entry.
The power to target those who facilitate illegal entry will be widened. An example of whom is given as those piloting the small boats used to cross the channel. The power will include the ability to return vessels, and those on board, to the country where they started the journey, subject to agreement from that country.
The maximum penalty for facilitation will be increased from 14 years to life imprisonment.
The penalty for foreign offenders who return to the UK in breach of a deportation order will be increased from 6 months to a maximum of 5 years imprisonment.
A consultation will also take place in respect of the Clandestine Civil Penalty Regime. This regime currently allows a maximum penalty of £2,000 for each person found on a not adequately secured vehicle.
 - The maximum available penalty will be increased from £2,000 to encourage compliance to a level subject to consultation.
 - A new penalty will be introduced for failing to secure a vehicle
 - A penalty could be levied on hauliers where a migrant is found in their vehicle, regardless of the security they have used
 - Accreditation for hauliers repeatedly found in breach will be reviewed.
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Why Use Remote Sensing to Monitor the Environment?
When we observe the environment that we live in, we may lose sight of the forest for the trees. Remote sensing technology helps us to step back and examine the big picture of our surroundings. Not only can we study a slice in time, but we can also watch and analyze changes in our environment that occur over days, months and years.
An important goal of the MAGIC program is to transfer the information developed from remote sensing technology to a wider audience of public and private decision makers, government workers, students and private citizens. Our case studies offer a sampling of possible applications of remote sensing and other geospatial technologies. Whether the issue is long-term drought or a sudden wildfire, remote sensing technology can help us to understand where, when, how and possibly even why our environment is constantly changing.
 Satellite-based remote sensing technology allows scientists to collect global data on a daily basis. The same technology can help us to learn more about the biogeophysical processes that cause environmental change. We can monitor urban expansion and prime farmland loss, better prepare for the threat of flooding and other natural disasters, and protect our water and air quality.
Remote sensing technology has another side that we would like to share with you, too. Watching the Earth's landscapes, oceans and atmosphere from space is truly fascinating and lots of fun. It's a great way to revel in the ever-changing beauty of our home planet.


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Marie Layet Sheip (Marie Stanley)
Sharon Deck, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Marie Layet Sheip (_PHONE_), a native of Mobile, is remembered for a single work, the novel Gulf Stream, about three generations of black women and interracial relationships. She wrote the book under the pen name Marie Stanley.
Born on April 13, 1885, the only child of a socially prominent Mobile couple, George and Josephine Layet, Marie lived with her maternal grandmother after she was orphaned at a young age. Her grandmother died just before Marie turned 16, and she then went to live with relatives in Ohio and New Jersey, returning to Mobile when she was 24.
In 1917, she married Stanley Sheip who was a member of a wealthy Mobile family. The couple had no children; Sheip instead poured her energy into the Mobile Little Theatre (of which she was a cofounder), her 17-acre estate in Spring Hill where she entertained a literary circle, and her collection of Mobiliana. Her husband encouraged Marie to complete a novel on which she had been working about interracial relationships and marriage. The pen name she adopted—Marie Stanley—was a combination of their two first names. Sheip also was an accomplished visual artist, having studied with renowned American painter William Merritt Chase while in New Jersey.
When Gulf Stream was published in 1930, national reviews were generally favorable, with reviewers noting that the novel was an impressive first publication. The subject of interracial relationships captured reviewers' attention, but the novel was criticized for being too allegorical. Locally, it created an outrage among the inhabitants of Sand Town (an African American neighborhood in Mobile used as the setting of the novel) because of objections to the portrayal of the local black dialect, notably in a book by a white author.
The novel's main protagonists are distinctive in their characterization. Three of the major characters represent generations of black women, each reacting to their race differently. The protagonist Adele, light-skinned, wants to pass for white; her aunt, Delly Childers, accepts her color; and Delia, her light-skinned daughter by a white man, celebrates her blackness and is determined to marry a black man in defiance of her mother's plans for her. The title of the novel is symbolic: African American culture in the larger American society is likened to the Gulf Stream, which keeps its distinctive qualities as it flows through other waters. The high point of the story occurs when Adele turns back from committing suicide in the Gulf.
Marie Sheip died in 1937 in Apalachicola, Florida, upset that her manuscript for a new novel, Penhazard, had been rejected by her publisher.
Works by Mary Sheip
Gulf Stream (1930)
Works about Sheip
Beidler, Philip D. "Introduction." Gulf Stream. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993.
Delaney, Caldwell. "Preface." Gulf Stream. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1993.
Published: November 9, 2009 | Last updated: November 9, 2009


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Hundreds join potential class action as Camden High School cancer cluster fears multiply
Updated August 01, 2013 05:52:39
Hundreds of former students and teachers of a Sydney high school have added their names to a potential class action over toxic contaminants.
The old Camden High School was moved in 2001 after dangerous substances were discovered.
The school was built on top of an old gasworks.
Now former students and teachers believe cases of cancer, tumours and birth defects may have been caused by exposure to the chemicals.
7.30 first reported last week that lawyers were preparing a class action against the Education Department on behalf of a group of 70 people.
Now that number has grown to 195.
Leonie Curry, 41, is the lead plaintiff for the case.
She is dying of a terminal brain tumour, and wants an investigation into whether the school is to blame.
"There are so many people that are sick and died, they've died already and there's a lot of people with brain tumours, it makes you wonder," she said.
Mrs Curry has already had one tumour removed, but doctors say another tumour is inoperable.
Former Camden High School student Leonie Curry.
"The prognosis is they just don't know because it's a very rare tumour, it's a very rare position and even though it's a benign tumour they still grow and because of the position it can grow and your brain stem is where all the functions for your body are, your breathing, your heart rate, all that kind of stuff, so if it takes a function that's it," she said.
Mrs Curry approached lawyers after hearing of many former students of the school who were being diagnosed with serious illnesses.
One of her closest friends, Raelean Borg, died of breast cancer last year.
"When we discovered that I had a brain tumour and I wouldn't be around much longer either we were having a bit of a joke about how long we were going to last and then came round to how it was so bizarre that the two of us were going to be dead very soon," Mrs Curry said.
Teachers, former students alike affected
Mrs Curry set up a Facebook page and was swamped with feedback from former students who suspect the contaminants at the site made them sick.
Former teachers are also involved in the potential class action.
Art teacher Dale Hodges, 45, died in 2007 of thyroid and ovarian cancer.
Her partner Glenn Carson says she was fit, and had no family history of cancer.
"She trained hard, she worked hard, she wanted to live and she wanted to teach and it didn't happen," he said.
Ms Hodges taught at the school for 18 years.
For much of the time she taught in a classroom directly on top of the site of the former gasworks.
She kept records of the contamination uncovered in 1996.
The records include a letter from the Environmental Protection Authority warning of high levels of contamination.
The letter was addressed to the NSW Education Department.
Some remediation work was done a year later, but the school was not moved until 2001.
You turn up to your workplace thinking it's safe - which is what a workplace should be - but obviously this workplace wasn't safe
Dale Hodges' partner Glenn Carson
Mr Carson says it should have happened sooner.
"You turn up to your workplace thinking it's safe - which is what a workplace should be - but obviously this workplace wasn't safe," he said.
"We just need answers.
"You need to be able to find out why in '96 they didn't do something more drastic than wait until '97 for a start, wait another year before they did anything at all, then wait another four years until they got the land at Cawdor."
Another family of seven siblings has also added their names to the case.
Mary Nolan says of her six brothers and sisters, two died of cancer and tumours, and three more have had repeated tumours detected and removed.
She wants the Education Department to investigate.
"The Education Department should do a thorough investigation into it yes. Absolutely," she said.
"I mean we went to a rural community to have seven children raised in a rural healthy environment.
"Our public school is absolutely the first place of safety that you would think you would get a healthy upbringing from.
"What's the point of giving children milk every day when you're going to actually have them sitting on toxic ground for six years every day that they attend there, there is just no point to it."
7.30 asked the Education Department why it took five years to close the school.
It ignored the question and instead sent this statement:
The department is open to review any new information available in relation to the former Camden High School site. However, at this time we have not received any complaints or claims. If any complaints or claims are received, the department will review the information and work with the relevant government agencies to take appropriate action.
Ms Nolan says her mother is devastated by the doubts about the school, and blames herself for sending her seven children there to study.
"To watch them die one by one when you think you gave them the best - she was watching out for food and vitamins and all of those sorts of things - to find out she's been sending them to a toxic waste dump everyday for so many years in their growth periods, it is very heartbreaking for her, she'd like somebody other than herself to take responsibility for it," she said.
Although almost 200 people have now joined the legal action - it remains just a small portion of the many students who went to the school.
Those involved acknowledge that proving the cause of their illnesses may be impossible.
Nonetheless, Glenn Carson, who is still struggling with the death of his partner, also wants an official inquiry.
"It'd be nice just to be able to find out what happened, why it happened and how it happened," he said.
"If it could've been prevented, why wasn't it prevented?"
Topics: occupational-health-and-safety, health, work, education, brain-tumor, cancer, camden-2570, sydney-2000
First posted July 31, 2013 21:26:02


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'Jealous' Hermaphrodite Shrimp Murder Their Rivals
Yellowmargin Moray Eel (Gymnothorax flavimarginatus) with a White Banded Cleaner Shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis)
CREDIT: James A Dawson | Shutterstock
Like creepy stalkers, cleaner shrimp won't share their partner with anyone else. When placed in groups of more than two, the creatures attack in the dark of night, killing off the competition.
"We enlarged the group size to triplets and quartets, and we observed the molting cycle and the interactions between individuals,'' study researcher Janine Wong, of the University of Basel in Switzerland, told LiveScience."In this species, the shrimp usually live in pairs. We were wondering, because monogamy is quite susceptible to cheating, if these individuals would stay in monogamous pairs."
Sperm or egg?
Cleaner shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis) pairs make their living picking parasites from fish. They stake out their cleaning stations and wait for fish to stop by their storefront. Each shrimp is a hermaphrodite, meaning it can reproduce as both a male and a female, though it can't fertilize its own eggs.
In times of high competition for a mate, each shrimp makes fewer eggs and more sperm, since the eggs are more cost-intensive to produce and one individual's sperm can fertilize many eggs. The goal is to pass on one's genes, and in this case, sperm will do the trick. When two shrimp pair up in a monogamous relationship, however, they shift to making more eggs and less sperm, since there isn't competition for who is going to fertilize whom. [Top 10 Monogamous Animals]
This type of social monogamy is only found in shrimp with cleaning behavior, Wong said, possibly because these cleaner shrimp stick to their territory instead of going around and searching for food.
Wong and her colleague Nico Michiels, at the University of Tuebingen in Germany, placed two, three or four cleaner shrimp together in a group (repeated 10 times for each condition). By the time 42 days had passed, every tank was down to two shrimp.
The shrimp are only vulnerable to attack right after they have molted, when their outer skins made of chitin are thin. To avoid predators, they molt during the night. Though the shrimp weren't aggressive during the day, at night they ganged up on any freshly molted tank-mates.
"During daytime, there were no aggressive interactions observable, they were just sitting next to each other or ignoring each other. You couldn't predict from their behavior during the daytime who would be the next victim," Wong said. "The individual that died had just molted a few hours before. Because the carapace [shell] didn't harden yet, they were very vulnerable and easy targets."
These shrimp, regardless of whether they are paired up, usually molt every two weeks. In high-competition environments, with three or four shrimp per tank, they molt less frequently. Wong's team noticed that after murdering their extra tank mates, the killer shrimp would return to their regular molting schedule.
In the threesomes, the victim was usually the smallest in the tank, but in the quartet, the same trend wasn't obvious. It wasn't always the first shrimp to molt that was done in, either. The researchers aren't sure yet why certain shrimp lived while others were killed.
This tank is an artificial environment compared with the wild, where the shrimp could just swim away when threatened. Researchers aren't sure how these L. amboinensis act in the wild, but they are very territorial. It's more likely that a "third wheel" type would be chased away from the mating pair's cleaning station, and the murderous rage would be much lower.
The study was published Thursday (Nov. 10) in the journal Frontiers of Zoology.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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French regional languages essay
The praxis® study companion 5 step 1: learn about your test 1 learn about your test learn about the specific test you will be taking french: world language (5174. Regional language campaigners denounce france basque, catalan, alsatian and corsican speakers deliver petition to unesco in paris asking for cultural. Hashing is also useful french phrases for essays that it would be invidious to not allowed to act p similar expectations of students ea access to education, which. • spanish regional identity assessed by a target language essay (french) césaire - une saison au congo camus - l'étranger.
The french language is sacred to drop its double standards and officially accept france's regional languages hypocrisy france and its regional languages. Essay on language change filter throughout essay the difference between prescriptivists and descriptivists and theories: language change. The languages of france include the french language and some regional languages the french language is the only official language of france according to the second. Linguistic culture and language policy french language during the french revolution: of french power in paris, with little regional autonomy or authority. The french assembly gives ok to france's ratification of the charter on regional languages three fifths of the vote, that's what was needed to pass a draft bill.
French regional languages essay
The french language, its status, history, main features and modern developments online french grammar the french the status of regional languages. Essays in french regional and social history _PHONE_ can be a good friend of course this simple book will perform as good as you think about. Download and read beyond the terror essays in french regional and social history _PHONE_ beyond the terror essays in french regional and social history _PHONE_. Foreign language learning statistics for example in belgium where the official languages are dutch, french and german some regional languages. Official regional language french is a required language in many schools i am using your website as a source for an essay at school.
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- Database of example english language essays - these essays are the work of our professional essay writers and are free to use to help with your studies.
- What is language essays we define language as a system of communication that is primarily verbal, symbolic, dually-patterned, and arbitrary and is used by humans.
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Trace the origins of french language to several distinct romance languages function as non-national, regional basque essay (1974) tovar, antonio. A regional language is it is the case with the regional languages of france, which can be studied but cannot be used in the government or any public service. Language variation essaysin order to understand how language variation descriptors are used, we first must understand what language variation is we can say that the. English is considered one language, there are many regional varieties language talking dialect essays go to languages like english, french. French (le français [lə fʁɑ̃sɛ] (listen) or la langue française [la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛz]) is a romance language of the indo-european family it.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. A mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding: had many misconceptions about the new tax program.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Erroneous conception; false opinion; misunderstanding.
- n. Synonyms Misunderstanding, misapprehension, mistake.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. Erroneous conception; false opinion; wrong understanding.
- n. an incorrect conception
- misconceive + -tion (Wiktionary)
"President Swain was so galled that he made an elaborate reply to what he called misconception and misrepresentations."
"Sultan Azlan Shah has spoken on the need to correct what he described as the misconception that the constitutional monarchy was just a symbol devoid of power."
"Another common misconception is that adequate commercial technologies simply do not exist."
"A common misconception is that nothing grows back once rainforest is cut."
"USCKitty-the great misconception is "what would laborers do without the unions"."
"The most common misconception is that the second flag raising was staged."
"However, The misconception is too widespread for that to be the only cause."
"The basic misconception is that tax structures are in any way rational."
"The misconception is that you get a better workout in the gym," explains trainer Jennifer Cohen, author of No Gym Required."
"With Hillary's return to Bosnia this week, I also found myself in-country, exploring a land that is wreathed in misconception and myth."
These user-created lists contain the word 'misconception'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
wrongly; badly; unsuitably
A mixture of words that I like or have commented on, along with ones parked here so they'd be listed somewhere or remind me of lists I want to make.
Looking for tweets for misconception.


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01 Nov Possible horizontal Ecodesign measure for internal combustion engines
EGMF Position paper on possible horizontal Ecodesign measure for internal combustion engines
EGMF together with the engine manufacturers industry (Euromot), the construction machinery industry (CECE), the agricultural machinery industry (CEMA) and the material handling industry (FEM) opposed a potential future horizontal energy efficiency requirement on internal combustion engines. Indeed, such a measure is unfeasible considering the variety of types and power ranges of combustion engines installed in non-road mobile machinery. In addition, the pressure imposed by other upcoming regulatory requirements on engines renders such a measure inappropriate. Finally, the importance of energy efficiency in manufacturers' R&D makes such a measure unnecessary.
Click here to read the position paper.


to have an array of records, in Java you have no option but to describe your record using a class, so your array will be an array of references to a multitude of separately allocated objects. In C# you can describe your record using a struct, so your array will be just a single continuous area of memory containing your structures one after the other, just as in C. – Mike Nakis Jan 1 '12 at 18:03
As another example, if you want to define a small new type, (a type which would fit within a machine word,) you do not have to define a new class for it; you can simply make it a struct, so it will be obeying value semantics. Passing such structs around will not be more expensive than passing around references to objects, but you will have the benefit of not allocating, constructing, and garbage-collecting any objects. – Mike Nakis Jan 1 '12 at 18:10
I understand. So classes are instantiated on the heap and accessed through references while structs are instantiated on the stack (?) – Giorgio Jan 1 '12 at 18:20
Almost correct. The only inaccuracy in this statement is that a struct will be found on the heap if it is embedded inside another object, or if it is inside an array of structs. And it will also be found on the heap if it ever gets boxed, in exactly the same way as value types are boxed in Java. – Mike Nakis Jan 1 '12 at 18:24
You should chose the best language for your expected environment and your expertise.
Chose C# if you are working in a Microsoft only environment. While C# is standardized under ISO/IEC 23270:2003, Microsoft's version remains the only complete implementation. Several key parts of the language are not covered by the standard and are thus subject to Microsoft's patents. No one else will implement a completely compatible version of the language for other systems, so in effect, you are vendor locked to Microsoft Windows and.Net for as long as you use the language. If you are looking for skills to use in the mobile market, best to look to another language.
Java works, but has a good deal of overhead, in part due to such features as garbage collection. Java is also not standardized by ISO/IEC, so you have no guarantees if you switch platforms and versions of Java, only Sun/Oracle's best intentions. If you are eventually planning to work with Android, this is definitely the way to go. Android's programming is basically Java, with a few changes.
C++ is standardized and almost all compilers follow the international standard, so you have guaranteed behavior BUT the language does not protect you from yourself. You have to perform cleanup and overflow checking on your own. This is not hard. C/C++ programmers have been doing these for many years. Apple uses Objective C for everything, so if you want to aim for Apple, I recommend you try this instead.
If you see yourself leaving Windows behind at some point, I'd suggest learning both C/C++ and Java - both of which are marketable at this time.
In relation to C++ vs C# (as i'm not proficient enough in Java), what i'm missing here is the ability to access lowlevel stuff on Windows. For example, you cannot develop a native display driver in C# (yet), but you can with C++. This does not make C++ better. I see C++ versus C# as Assembly versus C.
C# is in my view much more efficient if you look at the time it takes to actually implement a feature. The performance penalty of the.Net runtime is negligible for 99% of the applications developed. It may be of significance if you are running a tight loop, yes by all means, but most of the time an application is idle, waiting for any kind of input, signal or interrupt (disk IO, button click, network, animation completion).
The CLR library with all his functions has another big benefit. When i was training C# to junior developers, most of them said they liked the logical naming convention of classes, members and namespaces. Finding a feature of method was logical across the SDK, something that Visual Basic 5 was seriously flawed at. This has helped them tremendously in adopting the library. After learning the syntax of a language, getting to learn a new library is significant into getting a good grasp of any SDK. It saves you from reinventing the wheel.
protected by World Engineer Jul 13 '13 at 8:20
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


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The example of fissile metamorphic slate illustrated here came from along Curve #149 on Track #2 of the Sierra grade where it had fallen from the excavated face of Cape Horn. Originally formed under the sea over 200,000,000 years ago during the Mesozoic era as sedimentary rock, it was eventually lifted up and slowly changed into its present form over millions of years by heat and pressure exerted on it from below by pools of molten magma rising through the earth's crust. When this underlying magma finally cooled it became one of the some 200 granite plutons which now make up the sierra nevada batholith.
The original Cape Horn grade, as located by resident engineer Lewis M. Clement, was a narrow ledge just barely wide enough to support the single track it carried. Constructed in 1865-66 by the CPRR's industrious crews of Chinese workers, it was literally "carved" out of the rock using hand drills and black powder, and by filling in a number of deep gullies between the outcrops. (The SP finally widened the grade to its present contour in 1929.)
Unlike the extremely hard granite underlying the mountain, the surface metamorphic rock is relatively soft and fractures easily. For that reason pieces large and small tend to continuously slough off the wall above the track. This is especially the case along Curve #149 on the West side of Cape Horn where the excavated wall is the highest and steepest.
To help avoid damage to passing trains and prevent potential derailments caused by falling rock, the inside of Curve #149 is protected by an electric rock slide detector fence to warn the crews of approaching trains of debris on the track. To help minimize major delays caused by larger falls, Maintenance of Way crews from the UPRR also periodically trim rock off from above the grade which has been loosened by weathering.
(Click on the images below to see at full size.)
USGS Geology Topographic Maps of Cape Horn – Cape Horn Formation (fissile clay slates)
1892: Economic Geology; Areal Geology; Map Legends
Cape Horn Aerial Photo


text:
CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS OF HAWAIIAN STREAMS
In their 1978 report, Timbol and Maciolek identified
channel modification as a significant factor contributing to the
degradation of stream biological quality in the Hawaiian Islands
Six types of channel
modifications were distinguished.
Timbol and Maciolek wrote, "Continued channel
modification in Hawaii is certain, as evidenced by current
channelization proposals for Kohoma and Iao streams on Maui and
Makaha stream on Oahu. Presently on Oahu, a dam is being
constructed across Kamooalii tributary of Kaneohe Stream.
Environmental commentary is difficult because of the lack of
definitive information on the effects of channelization either on
total stream ecology or on individual native species. Past
commentaries have been based on generalized information (mainland
U.S. and limited ecological data on Hawaiian streams) and a few
specific observations on local channelization effects.
Concrete-lined flat-bottomed channels obviously provide no
habitat for native fishes or crustaceans, and expose water to
excessive insolation. The effects of such lined channels on the
quality and quantity of fauna upstream (i.e., effects on
migration) or on the downstream environment (e.g., heating) are
unknown. Such are examples of the principal informational needs
"This report concerns that portion of the project involving a one-year (August 1975 - September 1976) statewide, exhaustive inventory of perennial streams with channel modifications, including a general survey of habitat factors and macrofauna. It includes the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. Niihau and Lanai, the remaining two inhabited islands in the State, were not surveyed. Niihau is small, relatively arid, and under private ownership that prohibits entry of non-residents. Lanai apparently has only one stream, and it is located in an area of difficult access. It is assumed that this lone stream is not channelized.


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John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science InvenTeam
The John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science InvenTeam invented an autonomous solar panel cleaning device, SolPristine, to maximize the amount of electricity generated by both residential and commercial solar panels in the northeastern United States. Snow, dust, pollen, and other residues that accumulate on the urface of the solar panel reduce the electricity generated by up to 25%. Solar panel farms and other solar panel users can use this device to remove accumulated particles. The device uses sensors to monitor temperature, moisture, and light levels; a timing circuit is used to turn on the sensors at regular intervals in order to take readings. Feedback from the sensors is used, along with output voltage data from the solar panel, to determine when to activate the r arm of the device. When activated, the wiper arm moves back and forth across the solar panel to remove the unwanted particles. The device also includes a charging circuit that uses a small fraction of the electricity generated from the panel to charge a 12V battery. The battery powers the two motors that move the wiper arm. The alpha prototype device costs approximately $500.


For further context, the reason for this slightly convoluted setup is that normal coaxial cables are really lossy at the high frequencies used to communicate with satellites, so most systems use lower frequency bands on the cable runs and convert the signals by a fixed frequency offset at the actual antenna. It just so happens that the block of frequencies used on the cable runs is similar to common mobile phone frequencies.
Applications are open for YC Summer 2021


text:
HATS has been investigating the air-sea exchange of trace gases since
1987 by measuring atmospheric and dissolved amounts of nitrous oxide, organic
halogens, and other climatically important gases in and over the oceans.
Research cruises average about one per year and usually span a wide geographical
range. The purpose of these cruises is to measure a latitudinal gradient
or to cover a wide geographic area for all compounds in the marine atmosphere
and to compare these data to those from CMDL observatories, to quantify
the ocean's effect on the gases in the surface and deep waters, and to
determine possible sources and/or sinks for the gases in the ocean.
For detailed information, select one of our cruises above and then a topic in the menu to the left!


Here are 5 Reasons Why We Should Talk About Surgical Abortion Stigma
Here are 5 Reasons Why We Should Talk About Surgical Abortion Stigma
By the safe2choose counseling team
"Stigma feeds silence, and silence feeds myths. Myths that misinform, mislead, and further stigmatize. It's a vicious and harmful circle that we need to break" [1].
Anyone seeking safe abortion counseling and information about medical and surgical abortion can access these services free of charge on
Our team of female counselors is here to support people all over the world who may need abortion information and services.
For most people, abortion has negative connotations. This is due to the fact that society has reinforced the stigma around the process and nature of surgical abortion.
The Merriam-Webster online dictionary describes stigma as "a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that a society or group of people have about something[2].
1. Surgical abortion stigma has created a culture of silence.
Abortion stigma has promoted negative ideas about the procedure, creating a culture of silence and a lack of knowledge about the medical treatments and their safety.
In order to deconstruct this stigma, we share reliable information about what surgical abortion is, the myths around it, and the importance of language in addressing abortion stigma. At safe2choose, we support our users in making informed decisions.
A safe and secure surgical abortion is any abortion procedure performed by a trained clinician, within a clinical setting. It encompasses all types of vacuum aspiration and dilatation and evacuation methods.
There are several safe surgical abortion methods that you can choose from; it depends on your geographic context, the gestational age of your pregnancy, and your preferences.
Unfortunately, these methods have been associated with different myths and misconceptions. Miscomprehension of the procedure has become a barrier to access to accurate information and services.
Without awareness of safe abortion options, many people will choose not to seek medical assistance, even when it's an emergency.
2. Abortion stigma affects women and girls, abortion providers, reproductive rights advocates, and communities.
Although abortion is a common experience around the world, it is still largely stigmatized. Negative attitudes and beliefs about abortion may act as barriers to accessing safe services and can make it difficult for people to talk about their experiences of abortion [3].
 - Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) is a form of uterine aspiration and is typically used up to 10-14 weeks' gestation [4].
 - Electric Vacuum Aspiration (EVA) is a form of uterine aspiration and is often used up to 10-15 weeks' gestation.
 - Dilation and evacuation (D&E) methods are commonly used beyond 14 weeks' gestation.
 - Induction abortion is typically done for pregnancies beyond 16 weeks' gestation.
 - Dilation and Curettage (D&C) is an outdated method of abortion and has largely been replaced by methods of uterine aspiration (MVA/EVA) and dilation and evacuation (D&E).
3. There is a rising number of untruths/myths surrounding surgical abortion.
From infertility to the length of the procedures and post-abortion care, there is a rising number of myths associated with the subject.
Myth: "An abortion will lead to infertility."
Fact: Following a surgical or medical abortion with pills, you will usually recover your fertility within 10 days.
Myth: "You will spend several days in the clinic after having a surgical abortion."
Fact: It takes between 15–30 minutes.
Myth: "A surgical abortion is a high-risk treatment."
Fact: When performed by a health professional, an abortion is safer than giving birth.
Myth: "Having a surgical abortion will give you a big scar."
Fact: It doesn't require any cutting, so you won't have any scars.
Myth: "The doctor will use a big knife to end the pregnancy."
Fact: There are several safe methods of the surgical procedure that you can choose from and none of them are performed with a knife. The most common are MVA, which is performed with an Ipas, and EVA, which is carried out with an electrical machine [5].
4. Surgical abortions have often been inappropriately associated with long procedures, full anesthesia, and high costs and risks.
Beyond the myths and misconceptions, there is the lingering stigma surrounding abortions in general and surgical abortions in particular. As languages transform over time and across cultures, anti-abortion groups have developed different ways to shift abortion terms from their original meaning [6]. Surgical abortion stigma is continually perpetuated in many different contexts, including in the media, which sometimes illustrates the abortion experience through a biased lens.
In general, it's not even about abortion itself. Let's take a look at the word "surgical" [7].
According to Amy Hagstrom Miller, CEO of Whole Woman's Health, the word "surgical" could be misleading—the procedure doesn't typically require cutting or suturing of any kind. To more accurately describe this type of abortion, many health-care providers have adopted the term "procedural abortion[8] or "in-clinic abortion."
In addition, the abortion community has chosen to differentiate between "surgical" and "vacuum" abortions. For instance, when using the term "vacuum abortion," it refers to the suction aspect of the procedure, which is less invasive. At the end of the day, both "vacuum" and "surgical" are part of the in-clinic procedure terms for abortions.
5. Surgical abortion is a safe and 99% effective method for elective abortion or management of miscarriage.
Surgical abortion is usually performed in a clinic or hospital by a trained health-care provider [9]. To find out more about surgical abortion, visit our Web site [10].
While some choose not to use the word "surgical" abortion as a way to prevent stigma, we continue to use both the terms "surgical" and "in-clinic" abortion, not to promote restrictive and stigmatizing usage of abortion language, but as a way to remain transparent
We are a global online platform that offers abortion counseling for people around the world, beyond borders and cultures. Through neutral language, we remain open and supportive of all the stories that we share with people around the world.
By providing accurate information about abortion, we at hope it lessens the stigma in the media and the daily conversations, while ultimately leading to more awareness and knowledge about abortion worldwide.
At, we aim to inform you in the best possible way so you can make medically based and informed decisions about your abortions.
Abortion counseling services are available in several languages, including Hindi, Kiswahili, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Wolof, and English. You can also always have a one-on-one chat with a counselor through the live chat section of the Web site [11], or send an e-mail via
safe2choose also welcome s users to visit our Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok pages to learn more about our work.
[1] "Smash Abortion Stigma." Marie Stopes, Accessed September 2020.
[2] Freedman, Lori."Abortion Stigma – What is it, and how does it affect women's health?" ANSIRH and Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Accessed September 2020.
[3] "Tackling Abortion Stigma." Accessed September 2020.
[4][5] "Guide to a Safe Manual Vacuum Aspiration Abortion (MVA)." Accessed September 2020.
[6] [7][8] Mahone, Regina. "Notes on Language: Why We Stopped Using 'Surgical Abortion' at Rewire.News." Rewire News, Accessed September 2020.
[9][10][11] "Types of Surgical Abortion." Accessed September 2020.


Peter Grimes
opera by Benjamin Britten
Peter Grimes is an opera by Benjamin Britten. It was first performed in 1945. It is generally thought to be the most important British opera of the 20th century. It is about a community in a small fishing village in the east of England in the 1820s. Peter Grimes is a fisherman who feels that the people do not want to have anything to do with him. He wants to make lots of money so that he can marry and get people's respect. In his obsession with catching as much fish as possible he is cruel to the boys who help him (his apprentices), and they die. At the end of the opera Grimes drowns himself.
Britten wrote the main part (Peter Grimes) for his life partner Peter Pears to sing.
There are three acts, and the opera starts with a prologue and ends with an epilogue. Some of the scenes are joined by continuous music, and some of this is often played separately in concerts. This music is known as the Four Sea Interludes.
History of its compositionEdit
When World War II started Britten and Pears went to America to avoid the war. In 1941 Britten started to feel homesick because he read an article by E.M.Forster about George Crabbe, a poet who had lived in the same part of England that Britten came from. Britten started to realize that, in order to compose well, he had to go back to his own country. Britten and Pears returned to England in 1942.
The conductor Sergei Koussevitzky asked Britten to write an opera based on a poem by George Crabbe. The poem, called "The Borough", was about the story of Peter Grimes. The village in the poem was fictitious, but it was very much like Aldeburgh where Britten later made his home. Britten asked Montagu Slater to write the libretto based on the story of Crabbe's poem.
The opera was first performed at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London on 7 June 1945 by the company which later became English National Opera. The conductor was Reginald Goodall. Pears sang the title role.
The first American performance was in 1946 at Tanglewood conducted by Koussevitzky's pupil, Leonard Bernstein. Britten dedicated it to Koussevitsky's wife.
Role Voice type Premiere Cast, June 7, 1945
(Conductor: Reginald Goodall)
Peter Grimes, a fisherman tenor Peter Pears
Ellen Orford, a widow, Borough schoolmistress soprano Joan Cross
Auntie, landlady of The Boar contralto Edith Coates
Niece 1 soprano Blanche Turner
Niece 2 soprano Minnia Bower
Balstrode, retired merchant skipper baritone Roderick Jones
Mrs. (Nabob) Sedley, a rentier widow mezzo-soprano Valetta Iacopi
Swallow, a lawyer bass Owen Brannigan
Ned Keene, apothecary and quack baritone Edmund Donlevy
Bob Boles, fisherman and Methodist tenor Morgan Jones
Rev. Horace Adams, the rector tenor Tom Culbert
Hobson, the carrier bass Frank Vaughan
John, Grimes' apprentice silent role Leonard Thompson
The first young boy who was an apprentice to Peter Grimes has already been killed. He was at sea for three days without water to drink. An inquest is being held to decide whether Grimes is guilty of the boy's death. The people all seem to think he is guilty. The judge decides that the boy's death was an accident. However, he says to Grimes that he should not get another apprentice. Grimes is very angry at being told this. Ellen Orford, a school teacher, comforts him. In their beautiful duet Ellen and Peter sing at first in different keys, but finally sing together in the same key.
Act 1Edit
The scenery shows the Moot Hall, the Boar Inn (the village pub) and the church. People are saying "Good morning" to one another, especially the Slave Master who says it many times. The fishermen start work mending their nets. Keene tells Grimes that he has found another apprentice for him. He is a poor boy who lives in the workhouse. Nobody wants Grimes to have another apprentice. Hobson, the cart man, refuses to fetch him. But Ellen supports Peter. She sings to the crowd: "Let her among you without fault cast the first stone" (meaning: "You all have faults so do not criticize"). Hobson goes off to get the boy. A terrible storm is coming.
The scene now changes to The Boar Inn. It is very noisy inside. Bob Boles gets drunk and wants to make love to the landlady's nieces. The storm is still raging outside. Grimes comes in. People are shocked, but Grimes does not notice. He sings and song about human fate: "Now the Great Bear and Pleiades". The tune is in the orchestra in canon while Grimes sings very simple lines of music. People are embarrassed, so they start to sing a round: "Old Joe has gone fishing". It has three tunes and has seven counts in a bar. The boy is brought in and Grimes takes him off in spite of the storm.
Act 2Edit
The opening of the next act is peaceful. It is Sunday morning. People are in church, and now again we hear the singing coming from the church. Ellen talks to the boy. She is horrified to see he has a bruise on his neck. Grimes says it was an accident. He gets annoyed that Ellen is worried about the boy and runs off with him. The people of the village have noticed and march up to Grimes's hut. The scene ends with a peaceful contrast: a duet sung by the two nieces.
The orchestra play a beautiful passacaglia which links to the next scene. Grimes is accusing the boy of "telling stories". Then he starts to feels guilty about the first boy's death. He hears the villagers coming and tells the boy they have to go fishing. He pushes him out onto the rocks and the boy falls to his death. When the villagers arrive at the hut they find it empty.
Act 3Edit
Act 3 opens with music describing moonlight at night. People are dancing in the Moot Hall. People are very merry. Mrs. Sedley tries to tell people that Grimes is a murderer, but they do not listen. People then start to leave, saying "Goodnight" to one another (especially the Rector). Balstrode is walking with Ellen. He tells her that Grimes's boat is in, but Grimes cannot be found. A boy's jersey has been washed up on the shore. Ellen sings an aria "Embroidery in childhood was a luxury of idleness". It is a moment of stillness in the drama.
A short interlude based on one chord leads to the next scene in which people are looking for Grimes. Grimes drags himself onto the shore. He seems to have gone mad. We hear a foghorn (played by an off-stage tuba) as he sings. Balstrode tells Grimes that he should go out to sea in his boat and sink it.
The opera ends with an epilogue in which the scene is the same as the beginning of the opera. Someone says that a boat has been seen sinking out to sea, but no one is interested. The people have forgotten Grimes, and continue their lives without him.
 - 1958: Peter Pears (Peter Grimes), Claire Watson (Ellen Orford), James Pease (Balstrode), Jean Watson (Auntie); Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Benjamin Britten - (Decca)
 - 1978: Jon Vickers (Peter Grimes), Heather Harper (Ellen Orford), Jonathan Summers (Balstrode), Elizabeth Bainbridge (Auntie); Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Colin Davis - (Philips)
 - 1992: Anthony Rolfe Johnson (Peter Grimes), Felicity Lott (Ellen Orford), Thomas Allen (Balstrode), Patricia Payne (Auntie); Chorus and Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Bernard Haitink - (EMI Classics)
 - The New Kobbe's Opera Book, ed. Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie; London 2000; ISBN 0 09 _PHONE_


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Learning how to draw the male and female figure can take many different styles and forms. Styles such as; fashion, graphics, life drawing, animation, fine arts or figure drawing and forms as varied as individuals ourselves. (see figure drawing gallery for examples)
Body Models torsos combined with the figure drawing tutorial, (free with every Body model purchase) will help you to achieve the important fundamentals of body proportion and shade variation. This understanding along with practise is the foundation to any great fashion, graphics, life drawing animation, or fine arts figure drawing.
Figure drawing styles
This style of figure drawing is usually created as a sketch (in charcoal or pencil) and in a studio with a life model. Poses are generally traditional (ie; sitting or lying) and models themselves are of all shapes and sizes.
This style utilises the life drawing sketch and develops it into a painting by using various mediums such as acrylics, oils, pastels or mixed media. Although figure painting like life drawing has a traditional origin, figure painting can and is very contemporary.
Animation figure drawing is a different style of drawing to the above two styles mainly because the end product takes the form of a film or comic. Firstly, characters personalities and storylines need to be developed (which isn't important in life or fine art drawing) and therefore influences the types of poses and body angles. Secondly, the drawings need to be flat in colour and simple in tone so it is easily transposed to film.
Two things in fashion drawing that make it a unique figure drawing style is firstly the elongation of the body (which adds a dynamic look) and secondly the actual pose (body angle). This pose is typical of a magazine model yet exaggerated. The result is a drawing style that is characterised and modern.
The above figure drawing styles and comments are generalisations only. It is usually the individual artist's skill and creativity that leads to a truly unique and masterful piece of artwork. Body models torsos can help you get there!


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Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter
Knowledge of breast cancer and practice of breast self examination among female senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria.
Breast cancer is a public health problem that is increasing throughout the world especially in developing countries. The study was aimed at assessing the knowledge of breast cancer and practice of breast self examination (BSE) among female senior secondary school students in the municipal council area of Abuja, Nigeria.
This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among female senior secondary school students from selected schools in the municipal area council of Abuja. The tool for data collection was a structured self administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0.
Two hundred and eighty-seven students participated in the study. Their mean age was 16.5 +/- 1.4 years. A greater proportion of respondents 163 (56.8%) had poor knowledge of breast cancer while 217 (75.6%) had poor knowledge of BSE. Only 114 (39.7%) of the respondents knew that being a female was a risk factor for breast cancer and the least known risk factors were obesity and aging. The major source of information for breast cancer and BSE among the respondents was the mass media. Only 29 (10.1%) of respondents had practiced BSE. Knowledge of BSE was significantly associated with BSE practice.
This study revealed that female secondary school students have poor knowledge of breast cancer. A good proportion of them knew that BSE could be used as a screening method for breast cancer but only few had practiced BSE. There is need for adequate health education on breast cancer and BSE among adolescent females in Nigeria.
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Pub Type(s)Journal Article


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copy of the concurrent-offline license that is installed on a portable computer that is disconnected from the network. There cannot be more than one offline nodelocked license for the same product, same product version, same product features, and same nodelock directory on the same machine (same target ID). There can be several nodelock directories on the same machine. The offline nodelocked license is local to the portable computer where the application has been installed.
- To move data from an operational database to a private sandbox to complete additional development and analysis on the data without impacting the operational database.
- To move jobs and work off work queues in order to remove them from contention for system resources or off spools to free system work space.
Pertaining to a response that is given in response to a question that is outside of the respondent's final routing. An off path response usually happens when a respondent realizes, after answering the question, that he or she incorrectly answered a previous question on which a routing decision was based, and then goes back to change the incorrect answer, thus taking a different route through the questionnaire. See also on path, routing control.
Pertaining to software that is accessed through a remote computer or over the Internet. See also cloud computing.
- The number of measuring units from an arbitrary starting point to some other point.
- Values in the ranges 1 to 999 and -1 to -999 that indicate on which days of a calendar period an application runs. An offset is sometimes called a displacement.
- In Pascal, the selection mechanism in the SPACE data type; an element is selected by placing an integer value in brackets. The origin of SPACE is based on zero.
- An optional time gap between the event trigger and cutoff.
offset-based run cycle
A run cycle that uses a combination of user-defined periods and offsets. For example, an offset of 3 in a period of 15 days is the third day from the beginning of the period. It is more practical to use offset-based run cycles when the cycle is based on cyclic periods. See also rule-based run cycle, run cycle.
See online forward recovery.
See Odette File Transfer Protocol.
See Overlay Generation Language.
OGSA Policy Service
An industry-standard interface that enables developers to consistently define policies within a network environment. The OGSA Policy Service follows the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), policy-based network architecture and implements the behavior of the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) specification.
See operator instruction.
See operator identification card.
See Object Instance Identifier.
See object information repository.
See online analytical processing.
A user application that requests information from OLAP servers and provides two-dimensional or multidimensional displays. Users can modify, select, rank, and calculate information for visualization and navigation purposes using OLAP clients.
See online log data set.
See Object Linking and Embedding.
See online image copy.
See online transaction processing.
See origin logical unit.
See Object Management Group.
A system function that determines which records from a physical file are to be omitted from a logical file. See also select function.
A marketing and merchandising solution that engages customers across communication channels and provides retailers with customer insights-based planning and analytical capabilities.
See order management system.
See Operations Management team.
- Enabling a store to process transactions in an active or live Sterling Store system.
- An approach to equipping new employees and socially integrating them into an organization.
- The process of moving users to cloud mail servers.
- In Cloud/SaaS offerings, the process during which a user is set up to use the application or service.
A licensed program that provides a set of archive features that allows you to store large volumes of data or retrieve selected data. This data can be on disk, can be optical, or can be on tape storage media. OnDemand provides computer output to laser disk and extended archiving functions for a variety of data types.
on demand localization pack
A run-time pluggable localization pack that can be located, installed and used by a running program without requiring any user intervention beyond getting the user or administrator to accept the use of the localization pack.
A space management function that performs near immediate space management on eligible SMS-managed volumes that have exceeded the specified volume high threshold, instead of waiting for interval migration to run at the top of each hour. Data sets are migrated from the eligible volume until the low threshold is reached or there are no more eligible data sets. See also event-driven migration.
on demand operating environment (ODOE)
The technology infrastructure needed to support an on demand business. The on demand operating environment is integrated, uses open standards, is virtualized, and has autonomic capabilities. See also autonomic, open standard.
on demand router
A proxy server that is the point of entry into the product environment and is a gateway through which prioritized HTTP requests and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) messages flow to the middleware servers in the environment.
- A protocol that is used by a sync point manager to commit a transaction when only resources that are managed as a single entity are changed during the transaction. For example, one-phase commit would be used when a single database on a single system is changed. If either the system or communications fail during a one-phase commit, the sync point manager may not be informed of whether the changes were committed or rolled back.
- A protocol with a single commit phase, that is used for the coordination of changes to recoverable resources when a single resource manager is involved.
The diminished radix complement in the pure binary numeration system. The ones complement is derived by replacing all of the zeros with ones and all of the ones with zeros in a binary number. In a ones complement system, the ones complement of a number n is -n.
A bracket in which data is sent from one NAU to another in a single chain with begin bracket, conditional end bracket, and exception response requested. When one-way brackets are used on CP-CP sessions, they are always sent on the contention-winner session.
In X.25 communications, a logical channel that allows incoming calls only or outgoing calls only. See also two-way channel.
A conversation in which data is sent from one transaction program (the source) to another (the target) with no response requested and that is released after the data is sent. If the source TP terminates as soon as it releases the conversation, the data may still be in transit; thus, the source and target TPs are not necessarily active at the same time.
- A function that converts a message into a fixed string of digits.
- An algorithm that converts processing data into a string of bits; known as a hash value or a message digest.
- In cryptography, pertaining to a type of algorithm that can be applied to a buffer of data to produce a fixed string of digits. Cryptographic programs often apply one-way hash algorithms against a set of data and often compare the results with previously generated hash values.
The process of monitoring events that trigger the necessity to publish a new GTIN or update an item for an existing GTIN, and continuing the synchronization of party and item data with trading partners' data through the Global Registry.
- Deactivated, in regard to a telephone set. A telephone not in use is on-hook. See also off-hook.
- A telephone line state, usually induced by hanging up a receiver, in which the line is ready to receive a call.
- Pertaining to a user's access to a computer by way of a terminal.
- Pertaining to the operation of a functional unit or device that is under the control of the system or of a host. See also offline.
online analytical processing (OLAP)
The process of collecting data from one or many sources; transforming and analyzing the consolidated data quickly and interactively; and examining the results across different dimensions of the data by looking for patterns, trends, and exceptions within complex relationships of that data.
A backup of the database or table space that is made while the database or table space is being accessed by other applications. See also offline backup.
A collection of catalog groups or catalog entries available for display and purchase at an online store. See also master catalog.
An IMS function that supports the adding, changing, or deleting of IMS resources online such as transactions, database directories, program directories, DMBs, PSBs, and Fast Path routing codes without stopping the system to define them. See also global online change, local online change.
- The process of creating an image copy while the database is online.
- The image copy created by the online image copy process.
online log data set (OLDS)
A data set on direct access storage that contains the log records written by an online IMS system or Database Control (DBCTL). See also system log data set.
Maintenance activities that can occur while users are connected to a database. See also offline maintenance.
online table move
A method for moving data in a table to a new table in the same database, in which the original table remains accessible for select, insert, update, and delete operations. The table is offline for only a few seconds at the end of the online move operation.
online transaction processing (OLTP)
A type of interactive application in which requests that are submitted by users are processed as soon as they are received. Results are returned to the requester in a relatively short period of time.
A request unit for which the request header (RH) begin chain indicator and RH end chain indicator are both on. See also RU chain.
The process of installing and configuring a software application and all of its components onto a customer's local server. See also deployment.
The average amount of time that is spent at a location when picking up or delivering a shipment. The on-premise time is applied to every order or shipment that is picked up or delivered at that location. See also processing time.
An explicit formal specification of the representation of the objects, concepts,


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The format used for Garmin maps has, in effect, a maximum size, meaning that you have to split an.osm file that contains large well mapped regions into a number of smaller tiles. This program does that. There are at least two stages of processing required. The first stage is to calculate what area each tile should cover, based on the distribution of nodes. The second stage writes out the nodes, ways and relations from the original.osm file into separate smaller.osm files, one for each area that was calculated in stage one. With option keep-complete=true, two additional stages are used to avoid broken ways and polygons.
The two most important features are:
- Variable sized tiles so that you don't get a large number of tiny files.
- Tiles join exactly with no overlap or gaps.
You will need a lot of memory on your computer if you intend to split a large area. A few options allow to configure how much memory you need. With the default parameters, you need about 4-5 bytes for every node and way. This doesn't sound a lot but there are about 1700 million nodes in the whole planet file and so you cannot process the whole planet in one pass file on a 32 bit machine using this utility as the maximum java heap space is 2G. It is possible with 64 bit java and about 7GB of heap or with multiple passes.
The Europe extract from Cloudmade or Geofabrik can be processed within the 2G limit if you have sufficient memory. With the default options europe is split into about 750 tiles. The Europe extract is about half of the size of the complete planet file.
On the other hand a single country, even a well mapped one such as Germany or the UK, will be possible on a modest machine, even a netbook.
Download from the splitter download directory
The source code is available from subversion: at _URL_
Splitter requires java 1.7 or higher. Run the following. If you have less than 2G of memory on your computer you should reduce the -Xmx argument
java -Xmx2000m -jar splitter.jar file.osm > splitter.log
This will produce a number of.osm.pbf files that can be read by mkgmap. There are also other files produced:
The template.args file is a file that can be used with the -c option of mkgmap that will compile all the files. You can use it as is or you can copy it and edit it to include your own options. For example instead of each description being "OSM Map" it could be "NW Scotland" as appropriate.
The areas.list file is the list of bounding boxes that were calculated. If you want you can use this on a subsequent call the the splitter using the --split-file option to use exactly the same areas as last time. This might be useful if you produce a map regularly and want to keep the tile areas the same from month to month. It is also useful to avoid the time it takes to regenerate the file each time (currently about a third of the overall time taken to perform the split). Of course if the map grows enough that one of the tiles overflows you will have to re-calculate the areas again.
The areas.poly file contains the bounding polygon of the calculated areas. See option --polygon-file how this can be used.
The densities-out.txt file is written when no split-file is given and contains debugging information only.
You can also use a gzip'ed or bz2'ed compressed.osm file as the input file. Note that this can slow down the splitter considerably (particularly true for bz2) because decompressing the.osm file can take quite a lot of CPU power. If you are likely to be processing a file several times you're probably better off converting the file to one of the binary formats pbf or o5m. The o5m format is faster to read, but requires more space on the disk.
There are a number of options to fine tune things that you might want to try.
- A comma separated list of boundary tag values for relations. This is used in the gen-problem-list phase to filter relations, see also keep-complete. The filter is applied to relations with
type=boundary and type=multipolygon. The default value "use-exclude-list" means that splitter uses a hard-coded exclude list containing the values "administrative", "postal_code", and "political". So, by default, a relation that has a boundary=administrative tag will not be added to the generated problem list. If you overwrite the default value, you have to specify one or more values that are used as an include list, e.g. --boundary-tags=national_park,protected_area. Boudary relations that are not added to the generated problem list may be incomplete if they cross tile borders. The default setting assumes that you use precompiled bounds in mkgmap. If you use option --location-autofill without option --bounds in mkgmap, make sure to use --boundary-tags=administrative,postal_code and add those tags that you use in your style file.
- Deprecated, now does nothing.
- Sets the desciption to be written in to the template.args file.
- The name of a GeoNames file to use for determining tile names. Typically cities15000.zip from geonames
- Use keep-complete=false to disable two additional program phases between the split and the final distribution phase (not recommended). The first phase, called gen-problem-list, detects all ways and relations that are crossing the borders of one or more output files. The second phase, called handle-problem-list, collects the coordinates of these ways and relations and calculates all output files that are crossed or enclosed. The information is passed to the final dist-phase in three temporary files. This avoids broken polygons, but be aware that it requires to read the input files at least two additional times.
Do not specify it with --overlap unless you have a good reason to do so.
- Set the filename for the split files. In the example the first file will be called 63240001.osm.pbf and the next one will be 63240002.osm.pbf and so on.
- The maximum number of areas that can be processed in a single pass during the second stage of processing. This must be a number from 1 to 4096. Higher numbers mean fewer passes over the source file and hence quicker overall processing, but also require more memory. If you find you are running out of memory but don't want to increase your --max-nodes value, try reducing this instead. Changing this will have no effect on the result of the split, it's purely to let you trade off memory for performance. Note that the first stage of the processing has a fixed memory overhead regardless of what this is set to so if you are running out of memory before the areas.list file is generated, you need to either increase your -Xmx value or reduce the size of the input file you're trying to split.
- The maximum number of nodes that can be in any of the resultant files. The default is fairly conservative, I think you could increase it quite a lot before getting any'map too big' messages. I've not experimented much. Also the bigger this value, the less memory is required during the splitting stage.
- The maximum number of threads used by splitter. Default is auto.
- Specify this if the input osm file has nodes, ways and relations intermingled or the ids are not strictly sorted. To increase performance, use the osmosis sort function.
- Don't trim empty space off the edges of tiles. This option is ignored when --polygon-file is used.
- A target value that is used when no split-file is given. Splitting is done so that the given number of tiles is produced. The max-nodes value is ignored if this option is given. Added with r323.
- The format in which the output files are written. Possible values are xml, pbf, o5m, and simulate. The default is pbf, which produces the smallest file sizes. The o5m format is faster to write, but creates around 40% larger files. The simulate option is for debugging purposes.
- The directory to which splitter should write the output files. If the specified path to a directory doesn't exist, splitter tries to create it. Defaults to the current working directory.
- Deprecated since r279. With keep-complete=false, splitter should include nodes outside the bounding box, so that mkgmap can neatly crop exactly at the border. This parameter controls the size of that overlap. It is in map units, a default of 2000 is used which means about 0.04 degrees of latitude or longitude. If --keep-complete=true is active and --overlap is given, a warning will be printed because this combination rarely makes sense.
- The name of a file containing a bounding polygon in osmosis polygon file format. Splitter uses this file when calculating the areas. It first calculates a grid using the given --resolution. The input file is read and for each node, a counter is increased for the related grid area. If the input file contains a bounding box, this is applied to the grid so that nodes outside of the bounding box are ignored. Next, if specified, the bounding polygon is used to zero those grid elements outside of the bounding polygon area. If the polygon area(s) describe(s) a rectilinear area with no more than 40 vertices, splitter will try to create output files that fit exactly into the area, else it will approximate the polygon area with rectangles.
- The name of a directory or zip file containing