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Commentaries on Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" typically center on Mama's awakening to one daughter's superficiality and to the other's deep-seated understanding of heritage. Most readers agree that when Mama takes the quilts from Dee and gives them to Maggie, she confirms her younger daughter's self-worth: metaphorically, she gives Maggie her voice. Elaine Hedges, for example, refers to the "reconciliation scene" in which "Mama's gift of the family quilts to Maggie empowers the previously silenced and victimized daughter." The text underscores such a reading by stating that immediately...
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||The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2010)|
Cargo scanning or non-intrusive inspection (NII) refers to non-destructive methods of inspecting and identifying goods in transportation systems. It is often used for scanning of intermodal freight shipping containers. In the US it is spearheaded by the Department of Homeland Security and its Container Security Initiative (CSI) trying to achieve one hundred percent cargo scanning by 2012 as required by the US Congress and recommended by the 9/11 Commission. In the US the main purpose of scanning is to detect special nuclear materials (SNMs), with the added bonus of detecting other types of suspicious cargo. In other countries the emphasis is on manifest verification, tariff collection and the identification of contraband. At February 2009, approximately 80% of US incoming containers are scanned. In order to bring that number to 100% researchers are evaluating numerous technologies, described in the following sections.
- 1 Radiography
- 2 Passive radiation detectors
- 3 See also
- 4 References
Gamma-ray radiography systems capable of scanning trucks usually use cobalt-60 or caesium-137 as a radioactive source and a vertical tower of gamma detectors. This gamma camera is able to produce one column of an image. The horizontal dimension of the image is produced by moving either the truck or the scanning hardware. The cobalt-60 units use gamma photons with a mean energy 1.25 MeV, which can penetrate up to 15–18 cm of steel. The systems provide good quality images which can be used for identifying cargo and comparing it with the manifest, in an attempt to detect anomalies. It can also identify high-density regions too thick to penetrate, which would be the most likely to hide nuclear threats.
X-ray radiography is similar to Gamma-ray radiography but instead of using a radioactive source, it uses a high-energy Bremsstrahlung spectrum with energy in the 5-10 MeV range created by a linear particle accelerator (LINAC). Such X-ray systems can penetrate up to 30–40 cm of steel in vehicles moving with velocities up to 13 km/h. They provide higher penetration but also cost more to buy and operate. They are more suitable for the detection of special nuclear materials than gamma-ray systems. They also deliver about 1000 times higher dose of radiation to potential stowaways.
Dual-energy X-ray radiography
Dual-energy X-ray radiography
Backscatter X-ray radiography
Backscatter X-ray radiography
Neutron activation systems
Examples of neutron activation systems include: Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis (PFNA), Fast Neutron Analysis (FNA), and Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA). All three systems are based on neutron interactions with the inspected items and examining the resultant gamma rays to determine the elements being radiated. TNA uses thermal neutron capture to generate the gamma rays. FNA and PFNA use fast neutron scattering to generate the gamma rays. Additionally, PFNA uses a pulsed columnated neutron beam. With this, PFNA generates a three-dimensional elemental image of the inspected item.
Passive radiation detectors
Gamma radiation detectors
Radiological materials emit gamma photons, which gamma radiation detectors, also called Radiation Portal Monitors (RPM), are good at detecting. Systems currently used in US ports (and steel mills) use several (usually 4) large PVT panels as scintillators and can be used on vehicles moving up to 16 km/h.
on energy of detected photons, and as a result, they were criticized for their inability to distinguish gammas originating from nuclear sources from gammas originating from a large variety of benign cargo types that naturally emit radioactivity, including bananas, cat litter, granite, porcelain, stoneware, etc. Those Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials, called NORMs account for 99% of nuisance alarms. Some radiation, like in the case of large loads of bananas is due to potassium and its rarely occurring (0.0117%) radioactive isotope potassium-40, other is due to radium or uranium that occur naturally in earth and rock, and cargo types made out of them, like cat litter or porcelain.
Radiation originating from earth is also a major contributor to background radiation.
Another limitation of gamma radiation detectors is that gamma photons can be easily suppressed by high-density shields made from lead or steel, preventing detection of nuclear sources. Those types of shields do not stop fission neutrons produced by plutonium sources, however. As a result radiation detectors usually combine gamma and neutron detectors, making shielding only effective for certain uranium sources.
Neutron radiation detectors
Fissile materials emit neutrons. Some nuclear materials, such as the weapons usable Plutonium-239, emit large quantities of neutrons, making neutron detection a useful tool to search for such contraband. Radiation Portal Monitors often use Helium-3 based detectors to search for neutron signatures. However, a global supply shortage of He-3 has led to the search for other technologies for neutron detection.
|This section requires expansion. (June 2008)|
- "100% Cargo Scanning Passes Congress" article in "FedEx Trade Networks" (Aug. 02, 72007)
- U.S. Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce - SAIC'S VACIS(R) Cargo, Vehicle and Contraband Inspection Systems to Be Installed in Azerbaijan
- Vartabedian, Ralph (July 15, 2006). "U.S. to Install New Nuclear Detectors at Ports". The Los Angeles Times.
- Waste, Abuse, and Mismanagement in Department of Homeland Security Contracts. United States House of Representatives. July 2006. pp. 12–13.
- _URL_ CONTAIN - Container Security Advanced Information Networking
- _URL_ - Container Logistics Security Optimization
- "Technical Specifications of Mobile VACIS Inspection System". Retrieved Sep 2007.
- "Technical Specifications of Mobile Rapiscan GaRDS Inspection System". Retrieved Sep 2007.
- "Overview of VACIS P7500 Inspection System". Retrieved Sep 2007.
- Jones,J. L.; Haskell, K. J.; Hoggan, J. M.; Norman, D. R. (June 2002). ARACOR Eagle-Matched Operations and Neutron Detector Performance Tests (PDF). Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Retrieved Sep 2007.
- "Cargo Screening: Selection of Modality". Retrieved Apr 2014.
- Dan A. Strellis (2004-11-04). Protecting our Borders while Ensuring Radiation Safety (PDF of Powerpoint Presentation). Presentation to the Northern California Chapter of the Health Physics Society. Retrieved Sep 2007.
- Ogorodnikov, S.; Petrunin, V. (2002). "Processing of interlaced images in 4-10 MeV dual energy customs system for material recognition". Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams 5 (10): 104701. Bibcode:2002PhRvS...5j4701O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.5.104701.
- "Muon radiography" by Brian Fishbine from Los Alamos National Laboratory
- "MU-Detector - a Novel Method of Detecting Nuclear Weapons, Dirty Bombs and Voids in Cargo"
- "Muons for Peace" by Mark Wolverton in Scientific American
- "Overview of Exploranium's AT-980 Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM)". Retrieved Sep 2007.
- "Manual for Ludlum Model 3500-1000 Radiation Detector System". Retrieved Sep 2007.
- Wald, M. (November 22, 2009). "Shortage Slows a Program to Detect Nuclear Bombs". New York Times.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Zetas said there will hardly be mountain building in the Alps, however they talk about a "rough ride" in the Alps during the shift. What is the minimum distance which I must keep from the rim of the Alps to avoid mountain building during the shift?
When an area of older mountains is no longer subject to mountain building, it experiences the same trauma during crustal movement and plate interaction that crust not in mountainous areas experiences. In other words, if the area is in a stretch zone then crevasses or sinkholes or dropping ground can occur. If an area is on a slip-slide fault line then crumbling ground can occur, or such a succession of jolts that structures are shaken to pieces. Quakes can be either horizontal or vertical and come in waves such that structures slam against each other. Where subduction is ongoing, mountain building occurs, and this involves sudden adjustments of the overriding rock strata, snapping rock layers jutting up at an angle to form a new mountain, or existing mountains tumbling down into valleys as they compress closer together. During the pole shift, all areas receive jolts, as all plates are in motion and slam into each other at the cession of motion. Thus, there will be no place on Earth where the ground will not move in waves, or experience horizontal or vertical thrusts. This is why we have stated that being entirely outside of buildings during the hour of the pole shift, and in a low trench, is the safest place. For areas such as Germany where the foothills of the Alps descend into lowland, the only safety difference is that the lowlands will also experience tidal sloshing. The foothills are safer, and there is no line of safety to be drawn where less trauma from the earthquakes will be experienced.
Ice has been melting around the globe at a very fast rate. But when the pole shift happens there will still be a vast amount of icebergs in the oceans and at the poles. These bergs are huge, the size of entire states. There is no doubt that they will plow deep into the land, scaring it for many miles as the waters of the oceans spill over the inhabited cities. Picture a glass of water with ice cubes tipping over. The cubes really fly across the room! So I am wondering will the Zetas step in and stop the icebergs from ripping across the land? Or will the huge bergs actually stay in the oceans away from land?
Icebergs will of course be in the water, and due to the earthquakes chunks of ice may loosen thus producing more icebergs near the poles or near the point where glaciers empty into the sea. And as icebergs are lighter than the seawater, and float atop the water, they might arrive inland during a large tidal slosh. They would likewise arrive as rapidly as the water is moving, as long as they did not catch at the bottom, and snag. Thus, they would either float back out to sea, being lighter than the tide that brought them in, or snag and provide nearby suvivors with clean drinking water for some time.
Any comment on the rumor regarding the resignation of chief justice roberts? As he is a Bush one team member is he now getting pressure to leave the bench? [and from another] Chief Justice Roberts Not Stepping Down Despite Report [Mar 4] _URL_ Chief Justice John Roberts is not stepping down from the Supreme Court, despite a celebrity gossip report, a source very close to Roberts told Fox News. RadarOnline.com reported Thursday that Roberts, 55, would be resigning for personal reasons. But the source said the report is "completely untrue." There is "no medical issue, no issue at all," the source said, adding that there is not even a 1 percent chance that Roberts is considering resignation. RadarOnline.com later published an update saying that Roberts will be staying on the bench.
Where there is smoke, there is fire. High profile targets have been getting very nervous about the coming Earth changes, wanting to be out of range. As chief on the Supreme Court, he stands out, and his location known as he sits on the court. There has been discussion on what the reason might be, for his resignation, and health reasons are the most compelling. What else would he say, that he wants to spend more time with his family? Since doctor/patient records are highly confidential, this is also a safe excuse.
The Zetas have stated many times that financial and economic systems will continue to erode and slowly collapse until the shift. If we take this prediction as a factual given per the Zetas why is there no appetite or critical mass for countries to print their own debt free money to spend for needed things - infrastructure, health care,education, industry, even PX preparations? I take it as factual that storms, earthquakes and the like will indeed damage economies worldwide. But there is still significant unused capacity in every economy now in the form of unemployed or under employed workers that could be used to repair damage, prepare for PX under the guise of "new deal" type work projects, regenerate industry, focus on solar or wind that will help after the shift, etc. All that is lacking is "money" to facilitate their ability to usefully apply themselves in many ways. Governments should be able to print their own money (as has been successfully done in the past) instead of borrowing it from banks. Money is just a construct to facilitate modern societies and the right to issue it should belong to citizens via their governments, not private bankers that charge us for using what they create for free. If the shift will be upon us in 6 months this is indeed a moot point but if it will not be upon us until 6 years it becomes very relevant to properly utilize and employ the citizens of the world. Given that the Zetas continue to state 6 months, 6 years or anything in between or even outside of this range is possible from a time line perspective it seems to me that much could be gained by governments empowering their citizens and issuing their own debt free currencies to facilitate full employment and economic productivity? Are we collectively just too deeply ensnared in the bankers 300 year old trap to break free? All it really takes is collective awareness. This would seem to be a very STO type step to me.
Of course, if the populace were to be informed of what is coming, this would be a very logical step! Everyone prepare! Everyone assigned to large community farms with earthquake resistant housing! All the former accountants and lawyers into the greenhouse to raise young plants for the spring planting! All the former beauty queens to the treddle sewing machines, to learn how to mend clothes! Any laggards or those in prisons to be assigned to chain gangs digging trenches! Does this sound like something the majority of the populace would go along with? Not those who find themselves today at what they consider a better standard of living, and this would be the vast majority of the populace in industrialized countries. But this is beside the point, as first the populace must be informed about what is coming, and the cover-up, as we have explained, is alive and well. The establishment is run by powerful men and women, wealthy or politically powerful, or those controlling organized religion, and they do not want their perch disrupted by a rowdy populace making demands. Thus, a semblance of normalcy is maintained, less the populace suspect!
Due to the tearing of the Atlantic will a tsunami hit Western Europe and the UK/Ireland prior to the pole shift or will it occur during the hour of the poleshift itself?
Both. As the holographic demonstration that Nancy attended last November, and reported upon, states: when the Atlantic tears significantly, water will rush into the void, and then backwash. Due to the motion of the Gulf Stream, this splash will turn toward Europe, as we have explained, to a possible tidal wave up to 200-300 feet high.
I noticed the next tendency. Great territories of Nothern America, Europe and Russia lie in the northern hemisphere. Here the battle for souls was won by STO aliens, here we see developed democratic countries and generally not so high density of population. So it seems there are more of STO people here and less of those with STS and unsparked souls. And these regions will less suffer from the PS. On the other hand, great territories of Central America, Brazil, South Asia and Indonesia lie in the Southern hemisphere. Here the battle of souls was not so brilliantly won by STO aliens, here we see poorer and not so democratic countries with many social problems and generally high density of population. So it seems there are not so many of STO people here and rather many of those with STS and unsparked souls. And these regions will more suffer from the PS. So was it planned that before the PS nations and countries would be set in a way those with STS and unsparked souls would be "struck a blow" more during the earth changes?
Before you proceed too far with your theory, consider that Russia will be almost entirely under water, except for the thin spine of the Urals. Where are those people to flee to? They must cross all of Russia and northern Europe including Finland, which will likewise be under water, to seek refuge in Sweden. Or perhaps go equally far east or south, and all within a 2 years period after the pole shift when roads and rail lines will be torn apart, and air travel not possible because of dashed planes and lack of fuel. North America will rip apart, along the New Madrid fault line, with the highly populated East Coast pulled under the waves at

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled. Quizlet provides hypothesis activities, flashcards and games start learning today for free. Notice that all of the statements, above, are testable the primary trait of a hypothesis is that something can be tested and that those tests can be replicated. In order to be considered testable, two criteria must be met: 1) a counter-example of the hypothesis must be possible in other words, it must be falsifiable. 4 testablequestion:whatistheeffectof&the&amountof&lightacorn&plantgets&on& their&growth&rate mv:&&& & & & & & rv:& & hypothesis: 5 testablequestion.
Best answer: well, a hypothesis is not testable it is a proposal check the word out in your dictionary and realise why if it is testable, then it no. A testable hypothesis is one that can be used as the basis for an experiment it predicts the correlation between two variables and can be tested by varying one of. Examples of hypotheses (testable statements) non-testable statements (could be modified, so as to be testable) dogs are more social than are cats.
Testability – the bedrock of theory whenever you create a hypothesis to prove a part of a theory, it must be testable and analyzable with current technology. Once you have generated a hypothesis, the process of hypothesis testing becomes important. Formatting a testable hypothesis what is a real hypothesis a hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event. Lecture notes null hypotheses regarding the distribution of genetic variation i what is a null hypothesis and how is it useful a null hypothesis: a testable.
Looking for some examples of hypothesis a number of great examples are found below. A testable hypothesis is the cornerstone of experimental design here is an explanation of what a testable hypothesis is, with examples. How to formulate a hypothesis ashfordscience loading unsubscribe from ashfordscience cancel unsubscribe working subscribe subscribed. A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment a hypothesis must be testable.
A testable hypothesis could be formed from which question are bass more active in the daytime than at night when whales jump out of water, are they happy. Formulating a testable hypothesis to explain a phenomenon is a significant first step in the scientific method. Since the scientific method proceeds by contradiction, for the scientific method to make progress, for any given hypothesis, you must be able to conceive of. Testable definition, the means by which the presence, quality, or genuineness of anything is determined a means of trial see more.
Testable hypothesis name: institution: course: tutor name: date: november 7, 2013 testable hypothesis hypothesis 1 one of the possible testable hypotheses from. How to test hypotheses using four steps: state hypothesis, formulate analysis plan, analyze sample data, interpret results lists hypothesis testing examples.
A testable hypothesis must be testable, repeatable, have clear cut (or close to clear cut) results which can be used to disprove or prove a. A testable hypothesis is one which you can formulate an experiment around in simpler terms, a testable hypothesis is one you can test to see if it is true or not. Question: what are examples of a hypothesis a hypothesis is an explanation for a set of observations improving a hypothesis to make it testable. Testable questions testable question: how does the amount of sunlight in my room affect the time at which i wake hypothesis.


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A missing intensity interpolation method using a kernel principal component analysis (PCA)-based projection onto convex sets (POCS) algorithm and its applications are presented in this paper. In order to interpolate missing intensities within a target image, the proposed method reconstructs local textures containing the missing pixels by using the POCS algorithm. In this reconstruction process, a nonlinear eigenspace is constructed from each kind of texture, and the optimal subspace for the target local texture is introduced into the constraint of the POCS algorithm. In the proposed method, the optimal subspace can be selected by monitoring errors converged in the reconstruction process. This approach provides a solution to the problem in conventional methods of not being able to effectively perform adaptive reconstruction of the target textures due to missing intensities, and successful interpolation of the missing intensities by the proposed method can be realized. Furthermore, since our method can restore any images including arbitrary-shaped missing areas, its potential in two image reconstruction tasks, image enlargement and missing area restoration, is also shown in this paper.


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Competitive demands require quicker, more efficient and innovative problem solving.
What is it?
A consulting and coaching process that focuses on innovation and designing thought processes to support your leaders with a process and series of tools to enhance creative work, leading to innovative solutions and products.
Why does it matter?
Competitive demands require fast, effective and innovative problem-solving. Problem solvers are needed to provide solutions to increasingly complex problems quickly, develop new processes and design innovative products while reducing operating time and costs.
Creative thinking is a critical skill required by all people within their roles at work. Trial and error are how most problems are solved – the thinker creates an idea and determines if it will work. Not only is trial and error limited by personal knowledge, but thinking is also constrained by "stuckness" in how things are and how they should be.
What are the areas of focus?
While every innovation development process changes to meet your people and teams where they are, the following areas of focus are meant to share what will be accomplished and developed.
- Creativity to innovation
- Blocks to creativity and innovation using tools to release creativity and innovation
- Leading for change
How will you make progress?
- Diminished "stuckness" in your thinking
- Increased pace of problem-solving
- More practical discussions with others to help them think differently
- Increased use of existing resources and knowledge to innovate solutions


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Cover page: The Bear and the Wolverine face each other. The Wolverine has a paw on the Bear, as if he were speaking to him with great interest.
1. The Wolverine is on a tree branch. He looks at the Bear, in the distance, eating small red berries.
2. The Wolverine climbs down from the tree.
3. The Wolverine starts to speak to the Bear. The latter is eating the little red berries.
4. The Bear seems happy to look at the Wolverine. They look at a patch of small red berries.
5. We see two bears building a round tent.
6. A bear applies red berry juice to the Wolverine's eyes. They are inside the round tent. We also see round stones that are used to make steam in a sweatlodge.
7. The Bear and the Wolverine face each other. There is a bubble above the Wolverine in which we see branches and a stone. The Wolverine is explaining to the Bear how to build a round sweatlodge.
8. The Bear, standing up, holds a branch in his paws. He is getting ready to build a round tent. The sneaky Wolverine turns his back because he thinks what a good meal the Bear will make.
9. The Bear and the Wolverine are inside the round tent. They are sitting in front of a heap of stones.
10. Two people are sitting in a round tent in front of stones.
The wolverine is an omnivorous mammal, but mostly carnivorous. It looks like a small bear with a furry tail. Its fur is dense and does not retain water, allowing this animal to resist the severe cold of its habitat. It measures from 75 to 110 cm. It has a round, wide head, small eyes and short, rounded ears. Its paws are short and robust and each foot has five toes. Its long claws are curved and semi-retractile, so it can draw them in partially. These claws are used to climb and to dig. The wolverine has solid teeth, and can be recognised by its facemask and its furry tail. The wolverine is considered the most ferocious animal in the Far North.
Bears have dense fur, a short tail, a keen sense of smell and hearing and five non-retractile claws. Bears have big bodies and powerful members. On their hind paws, they walk upright, almost like humans. The have large paws, a long muzzle and round ears. They use their teeth for defence and as tools, and the teeth depend on the bear's diet. Bears use their claws to rip, dig and catch.


Net operating loss (NOL)
A net operating loss (NOL) results when a business allowable deductions exceed its gross income for the tax year. It can use the NOL in another year to reduce taxable income. When the NOL is "carried back" to a previous year a refund may result.
While less common, individuals may have an NOL from expenses other than business losses, including:
An NOL from another year also cannot be included in the computation, as this would improperly extend the carryover period for that NOL, and could allow the NOL to be counted twice.
Carryback and carryforward periods
An NOL can be carried back 2 years and forward up to 20 years. The NOL must be used in the earliest year available, but, taxpayers can waive the carryback period and irrevocably elect to immediately carry the NOL forward. If the entire NOL from a single year was not completely used in the first year, it may be carried to multiple years. There is no carryback period if the NOL occurs in a corporate taxpayer's first year.
The carryback and carryforward periods generally cannot be extended, and any NOL remaining after the 20-year carryforward period is lost, except:
 1. the carryback period is 3 years for any part of an NOL from a casualty or theft;
 2. from a Presidentially-declared disaster affecting a qualified small business or a business engaged in farming; or
 3. a farming loss can be carried back 5 years, and a 10-year period is available for a "specified liability loss."
A "qualified small business" is a sole proprietorship or partnership with average annual gross receipts of $5MM or less for the 2 prior years and the year of the NOL.
A taxpayer may be able to use an expiring NOL in the final year by accelerating the recognition of income.
Election to waive NOL carryback
Taxpayers electing to waive the carryback should attach a statement to their timely filed original tax return for the year the NOL arose. The election to waive the carryback is irrevocable.
Use it or lose it
An NOL is treated as used in a year to which it can be carried, even if the taxpayer did not take the deduction. The NOL is deemed absorbed based on the correct taxable income, which reduces the NOL available in later years.
Claiming the carryback
Both individuals and corporations must file their amended returns within 3 years of the year the NOL was incurred.
Which year tax law applies
The NOL is computed under the tax law that applies to the year in which the NOL is generated, disregarding the law for the year to which the NOL is carried. The NOL deduction allowed in a carryover year is calculated under the law that applies to the year of the deduction.
Effect on different type taxpayers
The starting point for determining whether an individual has an NOL is the line on Form 1040 showing the total of adjusted gross income ("AGI") reduced by itemized deductions or the standard deduction. If this is a negative number, an NOL may exist, but further computations are required. Individuals are not allowed to take certain deductions to compute an NOL, including: personal exemptions, net capital losses, IRC § 1202 exclusion (50%) from small business stock, and the IRC § 199 domestic production activities deduction.
The NOL is calculated on Schedule A of Form 1045, Application for Tentative Refund (from an NOL or unused general business credit).
If the NOL is carried back, an individual taxpayer can claim a refund using either Form 1045 or Form 1040X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. Form 1045 can be used for multiple carryback years, while a separate Form 1040X must be used for each carryback year.
If an individual carries an NOL generated in a year they were not married to a year they were married year, they can only use the NOL to offset the separate income of the spouse who generated the NOL.
Disregarded entities or sole proprietorship
NOLs generated by a disregarded entity (e.g. a single member limited liability company not electing to be taxed as a corporation) or an individual who operates a trade or business as a sole proprietorship are applied at the individual level.
A corporation (that has not elected S status) can deduct its NOL at the entity level. A corporation takes different deductions and modifications to compute its NOL, than an individual taxpayer. Corporations file for a refund with either Form 1120X, Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, or Form 1139, Corporate Application for Tentative Refund.
Shareholders may not deduct the corporation's NOLs. NOLs do not automatically flow between the corporation and a successor entity. A C corporation that becomes an S corporation cannot carry over NOLs to the S corporation, thus preventing the C corporation from trying to pass NOLs on to its shareholders.
Partnerships or S corporations
A partnership or S corporation itself cannot use an NOL, But rather, the NOL flows through to the partners or shareholders, who can use the NOL to offset other business and non-business income. The taxpayer (partner or S corporation shareholder) can take the NOL up to the amount of their basis in the partnership or S corporation at the end of the year the NOL is taken, and any NOLs exceeding the basis are carried forward.
Estates and trusts
Estates and trusts can also have NOLs, and should claim any NOL carryback either on Form 1045 or an amended Form 1041, U.S. Income Tax Return for Estates and Trusts.
Cancellation of debt / reducing tax attributes
A taxpayer with cancellation of debt income may exclude the income and reduce its tax attributes, including a NOL or the basis of property. It makes sense to reduce NOLs if they are likely to expire unused. But, an NOL generates more immediate tax savings and can reduce income dollar for dollar in the next year (or a previous year), while basis reduces taxes through depreciation over a number of years (unless non-depreciable such as land) or when the asset is sold in a later year (reducing basis increases gain on disposition).
NOL trafficking
NOLs belong to the corporation that created them. Trafficking in NOLs occurs when a corporation has more NOLs than it can use, and sells or transfers the NOLs to a profitable corporation in a corporate reorganization or other change of ownership. The IRS and Congress strongly oppose trafficking. The idea is that the NOL should benefit the corporation that suffered the loss, and corporate transactions motivated by NOL trafficking distort the economic benefits of acquiring a business.
A corporation that acquires the corporation's assets in a nontaxable reorganization succeeds to the NOLs, but IRC § 382 limits the acquiring corporation's use of NOLs, and the loss allowed to the value of the old NOL corporation's stock multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate. The IRC § 382 limit is increased by recognized built-in gain from appreciated assets of the acquired corporation for assets sold within 5 years after the change of ownership.
new 11/1/08


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COPV: Control of Optionally-Piloted Vehicles
The objective of the COPV project was to develop a technique to optimize task allocation between human and automation. Note: This project is also seen in the Automated Interface Evaluation Tools category.
Control of Optionally-Piloted Vehicles: An optionally-piloted vehicle (OPV) is something like a "piloted UAV"; the OPV is able to fly itself autonomously, or be operated by a human pilot, and human and automation should be able to trade off functions. The objective of the COPV project was to develop a technique to optimize task allocation between human and automation. As the human pilot was required to carry out more important tasks, the OPV would take over more routine ones. For example, the OPV might autonomously file a spot report (a required report made upon contact with enemy forces) if it could detect that the pilot was executing a complicated maneuver. SIFT addressed this optimization problem by "unrolling" a cognitive task model (based on IMPRINT) into a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and solving that MDP for an optimal policy of task allocation. The COPV Phase I SBIR led to the PVACS Phase II SBIR performed jointly with Geneva Aerospace (now a part of L3 Communications). The MDP unroller and solver developed in COPV were later used in the DARPA Coordinators program, where SIFT was a subcontractor to Honeywell International.


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The Royal Academy of Engineering 'Connecting STEM Teachers' programme (CST) aims to create a national network of support for teachers across all STEM subjects, ensuring they have the knowledge and confidence to engage a greater number and wider spectrum of school students with STEM in their school.
The programme provides free STEM project resources and training, professional development and enhanced learning experiences for teachers attending network meetings.
Those registering for the webinar will receive a sample set of the Academy's recent resource – Engineering in a Pandemic.
Other national STEM resources will also be presented at the session, with a follow up meeting in June to share ideas with colleagues from other schools.
This is a two-part session and a full class set of resources will be sent to you or your school between the two meetings.
Engineering in a Pandemic resources have been developed with school teachers and engineers to lead pupils through a series of theory and practical activities that explore the vital role of the engineering community in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The activities are linked to discovering engineering disciplines, creating solutions to problems, recognising properties of materials and how product design and development have been influenced by changing lifestyles.
These resources provide teaching and learning activities for use in STEM clubs, for a STEM challenge day or to enhance and add context to the Curriculum (whether it be delivered in school or at home).
An important aim of this resource is to enable teachers to engage their pupils with STEM through hands-on activity and stimulating engineering contexts.
You will require a glow login for this webinar.


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Mental Maths Year 6 Boot Camp
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Swaziland is an excellent country for bird watching, with almost 500 species being found within the country. (See Swaziland's Birds - includes information on threatened species, an annotated checklist arranged by family, and distribution maps for each species from the Swaziland Bird Atlas.)
Orange throated longclaw
Malolotja Nature Reserve offers a diverse range of highveld and middleveld species, including birds such as the blue swallow, bald ibis, striped flufftail, black rumped buttonquail and many other interesting species. (See Malolotja Birds.)
Hawane Nature Reserve, which includes Hawane vlei and Hawane Dam offers an opportunity to view some of the waterbirds found in the country.
Mantenga Nature Reserve is home to a variety of predominantly middleveld species. (See Mantenga Birds.)
Top ten common bird species at Mantenga
Mlawula Nature Reserve is noteworthy for its high diversity of birdlife, including a number of species not found in the higher parts of the country. (See Mlawula Birds.)
Green backed heron


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At NCTL, we continuously seek out and study schools that have achieved impressive results by expanding their school day and/or school year to support student learning. Successful expanded learning time schools redesign, strengthen and expand the school day/year by adding at least 300 hours above the standard 6.5-hour 180-day school schedule. High-quality expanded-time schools leverage the redesigned schedule to incorporate seven essential elements into the school day, including focused school-wide goals, rigorous academics, differentiated student supports, frequent data cycles, engaging enrichment classes, targeted teacher development, and enhanced school culture.
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Thursday, January 30, 2020
Feminist Therapy and Post-modern Approaches Essay Example for Free
Feminist Therapy and Post-modern Approaches Essay Feminist therapy (FT) arose in the 1960s as a result of womenÃ¢â¬â¢s increasing awareness that discrimination resides in the way traditional psychology views female mental health. It was an attempt to enhance womenÃ¢â¬â¢s autonomy and it was based on the integration of psychology and feminist theory. According to this theory, women form their identity through a perspective of constantly providing care for others at the expense of their own free will and initiative. This view represents the traditional gender role, which is not biologically determined but rather socially derived. FT emphasizes the principle of equality in all aspectsÃ¢â¬â¢ of human experience. Its major tenet is that psychological difficulties arise from political and social causes, namely discriminative attitudes not only towards females but also towards ethnic, cultural, religious and sexual minorities (Landrine, 1995 Worell, 1997). FT attempts to provide care through a novel perspective which respects the patientÃ¢â¬â¢s wishes and needs instead of rigidly meeting societal expectations according to existing racial and sexist stereotypes. The client holds a central place in the treatment setting, and is encouraged to take initiative and guide the therapeutic process. The therapist is not viewed as an authority but as an equal partner, whose task is to educate and empower the patient. Therapists aim at demystifying the process of therapy in order to enhance clientsÃ¢â¬â¢ sense of power and self-efficacy. In addition, they are particularly careful at avoiding power display in the therapy setting and may frequently use self-disclosure to restore equality and reciprocity in the therapeutic relationship (Worell, 1997). FT supports the idea that the client knows better than anyone what is best for him/her. Its main aim is to increase peopleÃ¢â¬â¢s awareness of internalized stereotypes and replace them with more realistic beliefs, to elaborate on issues of control and power and how they affect human experience and to enhance independent decision-making. Apart from gaining self-awareness and free choice, clients are also encouraged to actively participate in political and social groups, given that personal experiences are considered deeply political and personal evolution can arise only through social change (Landrine, 1995 Worell, 1997). The vast majority of feminist therapists and clients are women. However, it is a theory that hopes to address issues concerning both genders, ignoring any societal and cultural bias. The principles of FT are fruitfully applied in the field of physical and sexual abuse, eating disorders, body image distortions and issues of somatic health and reproduction. Commonly used techniques include gender-role analysis and intervention, power analysis and intervention, bibliotherapy, assertiveness training and self-disclosure (Landrine 1995, Worell, 1997). FT has provided new insights on managing mental health issues through a social and cultural perspective. It has fought prejudice in the practice of psychology, by adopting an egalitarian approach, regardless of gender, race, religious affiliation or sexual orientation and it has focused on the clientsÃ¢â¬â¢ individual needs, strengths and wishes. The therapeutic context enhances collaboration and reciprocity and individuals are encouraged to become active members of their society in order to produce change. However, when placing too much value on cultural and social causes of mental disorders, there is the risk of ignoring the significance of personal factors and intrapsychic phenomena. When all psychological difficulties are considered to stem from the abuse of power and the effect of social prejudice and discrimination, then the individual fails to assume responsibility for his/her experience. In this way, true personal evolution may be sacrificed for the sake of social activism. In addition, the collaborative nature of the therapeutic process and the misuse of self-disclosure by feminist therapists may abolish professional and ethical boundaries and further damage the clientsÃ¢â¬â¢ fragile psyche. Finally, this approach may prove extremely frustrating for people and cultures that place great emphasis on traditional societal roles. Post-modern Approaches Post-modern Approaches (PMA) evolved through the influence of post-modernism on the theory and practice of psychotherapy. Traditionally, philosophy and science have been dedicated to the conquest of the absolute truth. Post-modernism suggests that there is no such thing as objectivity and reality is constructed through language. In this view, mental illness is considered a social construct, originating from the dominating societal tendency to dichotomize and label all aspects of human experience (Boston, 2000). PMA, which include Solution-Focused Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and Social Constructionism, are client-centered. The therapistÃ¢â¬â¢s role is not to provide authority-driven solutions but to help the client develop a new communication and new interpretation of his/her experience. Contrary to traditional psychotherapeutic views, they do not focus on symptoms and their historical context but on the present and on clientsÃ¢â¬â¢ strengths and wishes. Post-modern theories place great value on language as a way of creating reality and consequently as a tool to produce change (Boston, 2000 Walker, 2006). For example, in Solution-Focused Therapy, clients are encouraged to discuss goals for change and means by which this change can be achieved (Gingerich, 2000 Lethem, 2002). Likewise, in Narrative Therapy the explicit description of the presenting problem allows the client to see his/her difficulties as a matter of personal and societal interpretation, distinct from his self-identity, thus contributing to the formulation of a less dysfunctional narrative (Boston, 2000). Post-modern Therapy is based on the individualÃ¢â¬â¢s existing strengths and resources. It frequently uses the technique of exceptions by urging clients to contemplate on paradigms where their difficulties were not so prominent. In this way, it empowers clients and provides them with a glance to future change. Another common technique is coping questioning which reveals effective coping strategies already used by the client, when faced with his/her current problems. Problem-free discussion is also used to address non-problematic domains of the clientÃ¢â¬â¢s experience and enhance his/her sense of self-efficacy and confidence (Gingerich, 2000 Lethem, 2002). PMA have been successfully used in eating disorders, substance abuse and relationships problems. Psychiatric patients, couples, youth and criminal offenders have benefit from their application. Their techniques, which focus on the person and not the diagnostic label, may enhance the therapeutic alliance and the development of empathy, both associated with better therapy outcomes (Lethem, 2002). Social Constructionism which suggests that mental illness is a social construct, a product of medical terminology, has contributed to fighting discrimination and stigma. However, it entails the risk of devaluating all achievements in the field of psychiatric research. In addition, the abolishment of the therapistÃ¢â¬â¢s authority may for some individuals produce a sense of insecurity and confusion. Finally, another major disadvantage is that the efficacy of Post-modern Therapy is hard to be scientifically evaluated. Both FT and PMA have challenged traditional views including the classical Christian axioms (Arlandson, 2010). Nevertheless, their emphasis on equality, empowerment hope and motivation for change, seems to be in agreement with the spirit of the BibleÃ¢â¬â¢s teachings. To my opinion, counsellors should take into consideration their clientsÃ¢â¬â¢ needs, strengths and aspirations as both FT and PMA dictate. To be effective, the counselling process must focus on the present and the future instead of trying to unravel mysteries of the distal past. Although most clients come to therapy with certain difficulties, a significant therapeutic force regardless of the counsellorÃ¢â¬â¢s theoretical background is the development of an empathetic alliance which can provide a sense of self-efficacy to the client and hope for the future. References Landrine, H. (1995). Bringing cultural diversity to feminist psychology: Theory, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Worell, J., Johnson, N. G. (Eds. ). (1997). Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Boston, P. (2000). Systemic family therapy and the influence of post-modernism. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 6, 450-457. Walker, M. T. (2006). The Social Construction of Mental Illness and its Implications for the Recovery Model. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 10 (1), 71-87 Lethem, J (2002). Brief Solution Focused Therapy. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7(4), 189-192. Gingerich, W. J. Eisengart, S, (2000). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Review of the Outcome Research. Family Process, 39(4), 477-498. Arlandson, J. (2010). Postmodernism and the Bible: Introduction. The American Thinker, 2010.


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Is this an acceptable risk?
The essence of the automation of the risk simulation model is the creation of an Excel macro written in VBA. The macro will perform three tasks:
The VBA code is simplified if one first uses the 'Name' facility to name ranges of cells:
The range named Bins houses the values used by the function FREQUENCY() to process the results. The Frequencies range will house the frequencies that are generated. The Results range is where the simulation results (values for NPV) are stored.
Table 4: Simulation Macro
Sub Simulation()'' Simulation Macro'Macro recorded 15/01/00 by D.Smith'' For counter = 3 To 502 Range("NPV").Select Calculate Cells(counter, 7).Value = ActiveCell.Value Next counter Range("frequencies").Select Selection.FormulaArray = ("=Frequency(Results, bins)") Calculate End Sub
The macro (table 4) is created as a module using the Visual Basic Editor. There are two components to the single subroutine within the macro. The first component is a For..Next loop. This selects the cell named NPV (E24), recalculates the model and places the resulting value in the NPV cell at the top of the range named Results. On the next circuit of the loop the model is again recalculated and because the counter has been incremented the new value for NPV goes into the next cell in the Results range. This continues until the counter gets to the last cell in the Results range, which in this instance is G502. The counter can be set with different values to undertake more or less simulations.
|Bins||Frequency||Cumulative Frequency||Relative Frequency||Cumulative Relative Frequency|
Table 5: Results Table
The second part of the macro involves the use of Excel's FREQUENCY() function. To enable this function to sort the simulation results effectively, the values stored in the Results range have to be placed in the cells designated as 'Bins' (I6:I26). This range of cells will form the right hand column (table 5) of the Results Table (I2:M29). To sort the results likely to be obtained with the investment model specified, the values range from + 60,000 to - 40,000 with intervals of 5,000. The frequency produced by executing the FREQUENCY() function appears in the second column of the Results Table (J6:J27). To produce appropriate graphs of the risk simulation results, three further columns need to be designated at this stage for Cumulative Frequency (K6:K27), Relative Frequency (L6:L27) and Cumulative Relative Frequency (M6:M27). For each of these ranges of cells a formula is required. Cumulative Frequency requires the formula +J6 in the first cell followed by +K6+J7 in the next cell down. This formula can then be copied into the remaining cells in the column. The fourth and fifth columns in the Results Table require the number of simulation results as a denominator. This is obtained by placing the formula +SUM (Frequencies) in cell J28. The formula for the relative frequency column is +K6/$J$28. In both instances the formula can be copied down into the remaining cells in the column. As a check to ensure that all the results have been processed cell L28 contains the formula +SUM(L6:L27).
Having set up the Results Table, graphs can be specified based on the figures in the results table. A bar chart will produce a graph of the relative frequency. With probability on the Y axis and the values shown in the Bins range on the X axis, it will show the distribution of project NPVs. A line graph based on the cumulative relative frequency with similar axes will show the cumulative distribution of project NPVs.
The final step is to complete the summary section (B27:E32) on the spreadsheet (Table 6). Using the COUNT() function in C29 will maintain a tally of the number of simulations. The use of MAX(Results) in E28 and MIN(Results) in E29 will capture the highest and lowest observations for project NPV. The function AVERAGE() and STDEV() in E30 and E31 will provide the mean and standard deviation.
Having set up the spreadsheet in this way, lines six to eight of the macro select the range of cells containing the frequencies generated by successive executions of the simulation loop and apply the FREQUENCY() function using the Results and Bins ranges as arguments. Finally the macro recalculates the Results Table in order to generate the relative frequency and cumulative relative frequency figures.
To run the risk simulation model one simply selects the SIMULATION macro via the TOOLS bar. One of the benefits of the model is that values in the NPV cell (E24) change as the simulations are executed. The simulation results are recorded in the Results range. This facility can be particularly useful if it is necessary to de-bug the model. Upon completion the simulation results are summarised in the Results Table. Selecting the graph tabs should produce figures 1 and 2. Finally the Summary section will provide an overview of results.
Once the model is running it is important that a process of validation is undertaken to ensure that it is working as intended. This needs to be nothing more than checking that the results are comparable to those shown in the Results Table.
Having confirmed that the model is working correctly students should be encouraged to analyse the results. This could involve answering questions such as those set out below:
Important though it is to get students using the risk simulation model and analysing the results, this is really only the beginning. One of the biggest benefits to be gained from using a risk simulation model without the aid of add-in packages like _USER_ is the scope for further model development.
Modifications to the model could take the form of modifications to both the macro and the spreadsheet model. Changes to the macro that could be explored include aspects such as increasing the number of simulations carried out. 500 simulations were used in this instance but it is a simple matter to increase this to 2,000 or 5,000.
Changes to the model could include the incorporation of some of the following:
Various versions of this application have been used on a variety of Managerial Economics and Business Strategy modules at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Students have not been Economics majors rather they have been Business Studies majors or DMS/MBA students. During the course of their managerial careers such students will encounter investment projects. An understanding of risk analysis in general and risk simulation in particular is likely to be very useful. Although a self-constructed risk simulation, such as the one presented in this instance, has limitations compared to those developed using the resources of an add-in package like _USER_, this is offset by the depth of understanding of risk simulation and associated concepts gained by business and management students.
Barlow, T. F. (1999) Excel Models for Business and Operations Management, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.


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How to Build Your Own Deer Proof Garden Enclosures
Deer can make quick work of a flower or vegetable garden, eating the plants to the ground overnight. Although repellents are available, they don't always work well and might not work at all if you have a lot of deer in your area. Building an enclosure around the entire garden is the quickest way to ensure your plants are safe.
Designing for Deer
The height of the fence depends on the materials and the design. If the deer can see through the fence, it needs to be at least 8 feet tall to keep them out. You don't need as tall of a fence if the material is solid, because deer are more hesitant to jump into areas that can't first survey for dangers. A solid fence doesn't need to be more than 5 feet tall. If you are limited on height but not space, you can build a 4-foot-tall fence slanted at a 45-degree angle, or you can install double 4- to 5-foot-tall fences spaced 5 feet apart. Although deer can jump high, they can't cover much distance, so shorter fences that cover more ground provide enough protection.
Inexpensive black nylon mesh deer fencing or wire mesh fencing are unobtrusive choices for tall deer fences. Deer can sometimes push up the nylon and walk underneath, so anchor it well on all sides. Wood is the most common material used for a solid fence. Wood fences are permanent so they are best used in areas where you don't need to take down the fence seasonally. You can use either material for a slanted or double fence. Nylon and wire fences require tall, durable posts or stakes that are at least 2 inches wide, or you can use metal stakes to hold up the fencing. The posts must be as tall as the fences, plus an additional 18 to 24 inches.
Sturdy and Strong
Firmly anchored fences can withstand the elements and access attempts by the deer. Drive posts at least 18 inches into the ground and space them at 4-foot intervals. If you are permanently installing the posts, fill the post holes with quick-setting concrete before inserting the posts. Allow the concrete to set completely before attaching the fence. If you construct a slanted fence, install one upright post at the desired height, and then attach a board to the top and slant it back to the ground at the desired distance. Stretch nylon or wire fencing material so it's taught between the posts or over the slanted boards and wire, then staple or nail it in place. Most fencing comes on 4-foot-wide rolls, so you will need to overlap the material to cover the entire area.
Safe and Secure
Deer can't easily see nylon or wire fencing, so tie strips of white cloth to the fencing so the deer can see it clearly until they learn an alternate route around your garden. U-shaped garden stakes, also called garden staples, can anchor down the bottom edge of mesh fencing materials so the deer don't push underneath. A gate in the fence is necessary even if you don't require outside access, because it allows the deer to escape if they do manage to get inside. Use sturdy 4-inch fence posts to frame in the gate. Attaching the fencing material to a wooden gate frame creates a sturdier gate that can better survive the stresses of opening and closing without weakening. A concrete or wooden sill beneath the gate prevents deer from finding a way underneath.
Jenny Harrington has been a freelance writer since 2006. Her published articles have appeared in various print and online publications. Previously, she owned her own business, selling handmade items online, wholesale and at crafts fairs. Harrington's specialties include small business information, crafting, decorating and gardening.


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Why? This kite system harnesses the winds energy with a tethered wing that flies at high altitudes where the wind is both strong and more consistent. As the kite sweeps through a vast amount of area, small wing-mounted turbines extract power from the wind, converting it into electrical power. The tether transmits electrical power to the ground, where special conditioning hardware connects to a power grid.
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One In a Million | 3:59
In this true-life story, a youth pastor and his students share about their goal to raise one million dollars for missions. They share about how they're using creative communication through their website and social networking so that others can get involved and make an impact around the world. Use this clip to teach on serving others and making a difference.


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Research & Evaluation
The Office of Impact Assessment and Learning (OIAL) supports IMLS' efforts to create strong libraries and museums that connect people to information and ideas. OIAL executes three key functions: policy research, evaluation, and data collection
Key initiatives include the evaluation of the Grants to States program and the data collections for the Public Libraries Survey and State Library Agency Survey.
OIAL's functions are detailed in Section 9108 of IMLS' authorizing legislation, which states that we collaborate and consult with state library agencies, library and museum organizations, and other relevant agencies and organizations to conduct our research, evaluations, and data collections.
The legislation further states that we use the research to identify national needs for and trends in museum and library services, measure and report on the services' impact and effectiveness, identify best practices, and develop plans to improve them.


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To follow the trail of a terrorist, investigators need to identify extremely small residues of explosives or biological warfare agents. The 11 October PRL describes a new method for detecting molecules in tiny concentrations that is 100 times more sensitive than current methods and could help those investigators. Researchers predict that the method–which places samples on the surface of a silica cube filled with laser light–may one day be able to spot a single molecule sitting on the surface of the cube.
Spectroscopy is the art of identifying atoms and molecules by the way they absorb light over a range of wavelengths. Shining a light beam through a cylinder of gas and collecting the transmitted energy is the usual way to get its spectrum, but for samples where only a few of the interesting molecules are floating around, the light may never interact with the rare molecules.
To find trace concentrations of gas molecules, spectroscopists use "cavity ring-down spectroscopy," where a laser pulse bounces back and forth many times within a cavity, giving rare molecules many opportunities to absorb the light. The light intensity drops exponentially in time as it is absorbed, with the time scale ("ring-down time") determined by the rare molecule's concentration. While this method works well for gases, it doesn't work for solids or liquids. An additional glass plate must be added to hold the sample in the light path, and "all the extra reflections [off of the plate] would kill the experiment," says Andrew Pipino, a chemist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD.
Now Pipino has come up with a way to keep solid and liquid samples out of the path of the laser light. He starts with a miniature hollow cube of ultra-pure fused silicate glass. Laser light enters the cube through a special prism, and the angle of the incoming light is adjusted so that the super-polished walls of the cube reflect virtually 100% of the light internally. A single pulse of light can circle inside the cube up to 105 times before all its energy escapes from the cube as the pulse "rings down."
At each internal reflection, an "evanescent" wave is formed and passes outside of the cube. The evanescent wave carries no energy out of the cube unless there is a coating of molecules on the outside of the cube to absorb it. If there is a coating, it soaks up the leaking energy and the intensity of the circling light wave rings-down faster. By measuring the ring-down time in the cavity, Pipino can detect trace amounts of solids, and he predicts that "single molecule detection may one day be feasible."
Although many have tried, "he is the first guy to make it work," says chemist Richard Van Duyne of Northwestern University in Evanston, IL. "It will break open the whole field." The hundred-fold improvement in sensitivity already achieved by the new method opens vast new areas of potential research, says Princeton University chemist Kevin Lehmann, ranging from detecting explosives and biological warfare agents to studying single viruses.
Mark Sincell is a freelance science writer based in Houston, TX.


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The p-value and the significance level significance comes down to the relationship between two crucial quantities, the p-value and the significance level (alpha) we can call a result statistically significant when p alpha let's consider what each of these quantities represents p-value: this is calculated after you obtain your results. The connotation'statistical significance' takes into account the number of samples as well level of confidence in making a conclusion based on these samples the level of confidence is typically denoted as 1-alpha (1 minus alpha), where alpha is basically the chance that the reported conclusion will incorrect. I can understand the relationship between the significance level of a test, p(type ii error) do not us the p-hat or x-bar (statistics) values in place of the. The relationship between confidence intervals and significance testing. Type i and ii errors and significance levels type i error rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true is called a type i error many people decide, before.
Statistical significance, & effect size if you plan to use inferential statistics (eg, t-tests, anova, etc) to analyze your evaluation results, you should. So, if your significance level is 005, the corresponding confidence level is 95% if the p value is less than your significance (alpha) level, the hypothesis test is statistically significant if the confidence interval does not contain the null hypothesis value, the results are statistically significant. The relationship between effect size and statistical significance is discussed and the use of confidence intervals for the latter outlined some advantages and. Answer as the p-value is much less than 005, we reject the null hypothesis that β = 0hence there is a significant relationship between the variables in the linear regression model of the data set faithful note. There is, however, an exact correspondence between the t-test of difference between two means and the confidence interval for the difference between the two means if the confidence interval for the difference between two means contains zero, a t-test for that difference would fail to reject null at the same level of confidence likewise if the.
What is the difference between confidence intervals and hypothesis testing (some discussion ensues about this statistical significance without any mention of or. The confidence level tells you how sure you can be and is expressed as a percentage the 95% confidence level means you can be 95% certain the 99% confidence level means you can be 99% certain α (alpha) is called the significance level, and is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Is there a relationship between confidence intervals and two-tailed hypothesis tests let c be the level of confidence used to construct a confidence interval from sample data let %u03b1 be the level of significance for a two-tailed hypothesis test the following statement applies to hypothesis tests of the mean.
Sample size calculator terms: confidence interval & confidence level the confidence interval (also called margin of error) is the plus-or-minus figure usually reported in newspaper or television opinion poll results for example, if you use a confidence interval of 4 and 47% percent of your sample picks an answer you can be sure that if you. What is the relationship between levels of confidence and statistical significance what are the major differences between practical and statistical significance what is more important for the researcher to be concerned about in a study, type i or type ii errors why basic help starts at : $20 note: the price above is for the [. Significance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference or relationship exists to say that a significant difference or relationship exists. Choosing the levels of significance chapter 8 3/19/12 lecture 18 - xuanyao he 1 two-sided hypothesis testing and confidence intervals • a two-sided significance.
This lesson explores the basic principle of statistical significance and why it is important to understand when performing nearly any statistical test. Significance of correlations values the table below lists the correlation values that are significant at 4 significance levels and specified degrees of freedom to perform a 1-tailed test, simply use the values in the list for example, the 95% significance level correlation value for 40 years is listed under the 950 column for 40 degrees of. What is the relationship between levels of confidence and statistical significance what are the major differences between practical and statistical significance. Since zero is lower than 200, it is rejected as a plausible value and a test of the null hypothesis that there is no difference between means is significant it turns out that the p value is 00057 there is a similar relationship between the 99% confidence interval and significance at the 001 level.
Significance testing refers to the use of statistical techniques that are used to determine whether the sample drawn from a population is actually from the population or if by the chance factor usually, statistical significance is determined by the set alpha level, which is conventionally set at 05. The significance level α is the threshold for p below which the experimenter assumes the null hypothesis is false, and something else is going on this means α is also the probability of mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis is true sometimes researchers talk about the confidence level γ = (1 − α) instead this is. Best answer: level of confidence: defined as a parameter (usually called alpha) how likely the interval is to contain the parameter is determined by the confidence level or confidence coefficient statistical significance: defined as a result.
The connotation'statistical significance' takes into account the number of samples as well level of confidence in making a conclusion based on these samples. The most common choice for a statistical significance level is 05, which means that the probability of a relationship due to random chance is below 5 percent the significance level helps a researcher determine whether to reject the null hypothesis, the hypothesis that states there is no relationship between the variables. A relationship is more significant if the relationship is stronger or the sample size is larger (or both) weak relationships are significant only in large samples in sociology the level of significance we usually employ as a divide between significant and non-significant findings is 05 (for smaller samples 10. Since the observed data are random samples from the true population, the confidence interval obtained from the data is also random if a corresponding hypothesis test is performed, the confidence level is the complement of the level of significance for example, a 95% confidence interval reflects a significance level of 005.
Research rundowns quantitative methods significance testing (t-tests) in this review, we'll look at significance testing, using mostly the t. Statistical literacy guide confidence intervals and statistical significance : last updated: june 2009 author: ross young & paul bolton : this guide outlines the related concepts of confidence intervals and statistical significance and gives examples of the standard way that both are calculated or tested. Thus, in the long run, for a test with level of significance of 005 = 1/20, a true null hypothesis will be rejected one out of every 20 times p-values the other number that is part of a test of significance is a p-valuea p-value is also a probability, but it comes from a different source than alphaevery test statistic has a corresponding probability. This may or may not be true, as statistical data analyses are always subject to error if the level of confidence is high, a result is less likely to be statistically significant, especially if it is unfounded if the level of confidence is low, a result is more likely to be statistically significant but at the cost of being a false positive. Statistical significance level tells you about the probability of claiming based on sample data that 2 (or more) groups are different (or correlated) when they really aren't finally, note that setting the statistical significance level, or alpha, has a direct impact on the calcuation of a confidence interval lowering alpha from 05 to 01, for.


Hammurabi: First King Of Beer
I kept forgetting to post this nice piece about King Hammurabi, the Babylonian ruler responsible for mankind's first set of laws, known as the Hammurabi Code. It ran in the San Francisco magazine Drink Me, in their October 2011 issue. The article, Hammurabi: The King Of Beers, goes into some deatil about the laws in the Hammurabi Code dealing with beer:
The Code contains dozens of edicts concerning the growing, harvesting, and sale of grain. Thus it pertains to beer, since grain had been domesticated and farmed for only two reasons:beer and bread. But the laws which deal specifically with those happy suds are numbers 108 through 111.
Law 108 reads as follows: "if a tavern-keeper (female) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water." There are a couple of important things to clarify here. First, it is of interest that the regulation goes out of its way to specify that the hypothetical tavern-keeper is female.
In ancient Babylon, almost all tavern-keepers (not to mention brewers, generally) were women.
Men hunted and made war; women grew food and made beer. And second, "shall be… thrown into the water" does not mean that the offending tavern-keeper was merely tossed in the nearest river and left to sputter. It meant that the guilty party was thrown into the nearest river and held there until she stopped sputtering. Additions to Babylonian law made after Hammurabi's death did away with the drowning of offending barkeeps and replaced it with mutilation of the woman's breasts. Sheesh…
Like most despotic rulers, Hammurabi was seriously paranoid that his subjects were plotting against his authority. One of the central meeting places for average citizens in Babylon was the beer hall. These were, or were thought to be, hotbeds of sedition, which inevitably led to the creation of Law 109: "if conspirators meet in the house of a tavern-keeper, and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court the tavern-keeper shall be put to death." The method of execution favored here was to drown the wrongdoer in a barrel of her own beer. Given the amount of political sniping that goes on in our bars today, we can be thankful (I think) that Law 109 has gone the way of the dodo bird.
And then there were the nuns. Called "sisters of god," they were holy women dedicated to one of the numerous gods that populated Babylonian mythology. The nuns were expected to behave according to a quite rigid set of moral protocols, and the punishments for failing to do so were, to say the least, horrifying. As an example we need look no further than Law 110: "if a sister of a god open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death." Given that the Law specifically prohibits the sisters from not only drinking in a beer house, but going into business as a beer entrepreneur, we can only imagine that these actions were routinely undertaken by Babylon's holy ladies. And the menfolk must have really hated them for breaking with the norm. Burning a woman alive for having a drink? Wow.
The final Law governing alcohol is 111, and it reads thusly: "if an inn-keeper furnish sixty ka [a unit of measure similar to a bushel] of drink to the city, she shall receive fifty ka of corn at the harvest." It is a rather dull little edict; Babylonian capitalism in action. But at least no one gets drowned or burned.
 1. says
 Great article. From my studies of ancient beer cultures, I speculate that the meaning of the law regarding "nuns" has something to do with the way Babylonians actually distributed beer. I haven't been able to find documentation, but I believe that beer was dolled out as rations for citizens. Priestesses may have made the beer not only for temple services but also to be distributed to taverns. It isn't certain that the tavern keepers also made beer. If this is so, it might make sense that priestesses would be prohibited from owning their own taverns and sharing their secret knowledge of brewing techniques. Of course, wives also made beer for their families…perhaps the temple beer was supposed to be special or more sacred. Just a theory–I'd love to see some documentation refuting or (preferably) backing this up.
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Amazing World of Caves and Tunnels
Caves and tunnels have always been an integral part of human life. For many thousands of years people have perfected their art in the ability to build underground shelters and tunnels. What prompted them to do this? People went down into the earth to find the hidden material and cultural values of previous eras, to build the mine and make archaeological discoveries. Mankind has used the cave as a warehouse and a safe haven in case of natural and human made disasters, as well as down there for fun or curiosity. The population density on the surface of the Earth are increasing, and national borders are closed, so the tunnels were used by motorists and smugglers of all sorts and kinds. We offer you the pictures that were taken in mines, caves and tunnels around the world.
Kua Karuas Pavilion. December 5, 2010. Tourists visiting the pavilion Karuas Kua, located in Nakhon Cave Praya, in the National Park Sam Roi Yot three hundred kilometers from Bangkok, Thailand. The pavilion was built in 1890 in anticipation of visiting the cave of King Chulalongkorn, who is the grandfather of the present King Phumipona Adulyadej.
Gotthard base tunnel. October 5, 2010. A visitor to the section "Erstfed – Amsteg" Gotthard base tunnel. This is a tunnel through the Alps, the length of which is fifty seven kilometers. It is the longest railway tunnel in the world. Its opening is planned for late 2017.
Underground cycle race. February 6, 2011. Participants of the first underground during cycling competitions in the mine near Budapest, Hungary. Hundreds of cyclists took part in the race, during which they covered the distance in the 1,200 m. The mine, whose length is more than thirty miles, over the centuries quarried stone, which was later used by architects during the construction of the Hungarian capital.
Carlsbad Caverns. December 18, 2010. A visitor comes to the natural entrance to the national park "Carlsbad Caverns", located near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. Each year, more than four hundred thousand people come to Carlsbad Caverns, to admire the magnificent stalagmites and stalactites, fragile "straws" of soda, which create a unique beauty of the translucent draperies, as well as ponds that adorn the main attraction of the national park – a wonderful "Great Hall".
Carlsbad Caverns. Hundreds of cave formations decorate the "Great Hall" in the national park "Carlsbad Caverns" near Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA. Adventurers gladly attend excursions through narrow passages and slippery rocks, which have often come down on the ropes or on the stairs.
Metro Station «Puhung» in Pyongyang. April 2, 2011. Metro Station «Puhung» in Pyongyang, North Korea, at a depth of more than one hundred meters. The station «Puhung» is also considered an atomic bomb shelter.
The tunnel near Jerusalem. January 25, 2011. Archaeologist Annette Nagar Department of Archaeology at the Israel Antiquities Authority and demonstrates the drainage tunnel, which was built nearly two thousand years ago during the Second Temple of Jerusalem under the old town on the west side of the Kotel. Israeli archaeologists have finished work on the tunnel excavation, which begins in the courtyard of Al-Aqsa mosque, located in the walls of Jerusalem's Old City. Work continued in 2004.
National Park, an underground river of Puerto Princesa. February 13, 2011. Tourists exploring the National Park underground river of Puerto Princesa in Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines. December 4, 1999, this National Park was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of their ecological importance of Puerto Princesa length of 8.2 km is the longest passable underground river in the world.
Kohat Tunnel. January 29, 2011 goda.Pakistanskie soldiers examine the scene after a double explosion in the tunnel Kohat, Peshawar connecting, the main city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with the town of Kohat. The explosions took place late at night in the tunnel and beyond.
Mine is a salt dome. July 2, 2010. Workers are testing the mine, which plans to build a permanent nuclear waste repository in salt dome near the village of Gorleben in northern Germany. Shaft depth is 840 meters and reaches a length of 6.5 km
Rock paintings. September 12, 2010. French President Nicolas Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni-Sarkozy are studying petroglyphs in caves of Lascaux in connection with the seventieth anniversary of its opening in Montignac in southwestern France.
White rabbits. November 21, 2010. Egyptian boys showing rabbits, which they gave the Palestinians (not pictured) in an underground tunnel that leads from Gaza to Egypt. The Egyptians and the Palestinians carry out reconstruction of the tunnel network, which in former times served as a vital exit Gaza for his single export channel.
The Cave. December 26, 2010. Cavers of the Lebanese Association of speleological research down the path to the cave, about to celebrate Christmas with their children and friends in the village Rweiss, located at an altitude of about two thousand feet above sea level in the Lebanese mountains north of Beirut.
The lights in the cave. Cavers of the Lebanese Association of speleological research lit fires during the celebration of Christmas with their children and friends in a cave in the village Rweiss, December 26, 2010.
Metro train driver. December 30, 2010 goda.Mashinist train that follows the recently opened subway line in Beijing. Once opened five new lines, the total length of Beijing's subway has reached 336 kilometers. Construction of underground purports to stimulate business growth and promote social development in the Chinese capital.
An underground fire in a coal mine. The photo was taken January 6, 2011. People near the source of the underground fire in a coal mine in the village of Bokapahari in the eastern Indian state of Jharkhand. Live and work here community of illegal miners of coal. Gotthard base tunnel
May 23, 2011. Miner near the huge drill, which completed the laying of the section "Sedrun – Fayd" at the construction site Gotthard base tunnel. The tunnel consists of two parallel shafts, each 57 kilometers in length. Each of them will run single track.
Sinkhole. Community services workers peering into the hatch to inspect the place where education was sinkholes. Part of Friendship Boulevard, located in Chevy Chase, Md., received significant damage due to broken water pipe, which occurred December 3, 2010. During the incident no man postradalMetro
April 5, 2011. U.S. Senator from Iowa Chuck Grassley had a preference on foot climbing stairs rather than ride in a subway car from the office building, "Dirksen" in the Capitol. Pakistani miners
March 20, 2011. Pakistani miners emerge from the tunnel during a rescue operation in a coal mine in the Sorange province of Baluchistan. Explosions have caused the collapse of a coal mine, which killed at least seven miners, and another forty one person was under the rubble.
Believers in the cave. January 14, 2011. Believers march to the cave Minas de Nuestro Senor de Esquipulas, where according to legend, there was a so-called Black Christ at Esquipulas, Guatemala. "Black Christ" – the name of the crucified Jesus painting in the Basilica of Esquipulas, which is revered by millions of believers in Central America.
Steel valve. August 13, 2010. Steel valve that regulates one of the locks the canal system near Frankfurt, Germany, was photographed during an excursion into the ground. The system of canals in need of constant review and should be in a state of full readiness because of the risk of flooding.
Excavations. June 25, 2010. Archaeologist studying the skeleton, the age of about five thousand years, during excavations at the Atapuerca mountain range in Burgos, northern Spain. The skeleton belonged to a young woman, buried in the cave of El Mirador in the Bronze Age
Illegal earner. July 15, 2010. Illegal gold miners descend into the mine in search of the precious metal miners in the camp near El Callao in Bolivar State, Venezuela south. Local emergency service worker informed the agency Reuters, that during the collapse of the cave in an illegal gold mine in southern Venezuela lost their lives seven people.
Underground prison. March 4, 2011. The man lit a torch to explore the dungeon, which was used by representatives of troops as Muammar Qaddafi's headquarters in Benghazi.
Construction of the subway. February 13, 2007. Builders in the tunnel of the new underground metro station "Brandenburger Gate" of the same name near the attractions in Berlin
Tunnel smugglers. November 25, 2010. Mexican soldier looks into the tunnel, which was discovered in Tijuana. Authorities discovered the tunnel smugglers, connecting the northern border city of Tijuana and the U.S.. Tunnel equipped with a ventilation system, electrical and railway track and is used to


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Chester Arthur Presidential $1 Coin — 21st President, _PHONE_
The son of an Irish-born Baptist minister who had immigrated to the U.S., Chester Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, in 1829. He graduated from Union College in 1848, taught school, was admitted to the bar and practiced law in New York City. Early in the Civil War he served as quartermaster general of New York state.
When Vice President Arthur became President on September 20, 1881, after the death of James Garfield, he was eager to prove that he was above machine politics. He became a man of fashion in both his clothing and his friends and was often seen with the elite of Washington, New York and Newport, Rhode Island. He became a champion of civil service reform; public pressure, heightened by the assassination of Garfield, forced Congress to cooperate.
In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission; forbade levying political assessments against officeholders; and provided for a "classified system" that made certain government positions obtainable only through competitive written examinations. The system protected employees against removal for political reasons. The Arthur administration also enacted the first general federal immigration law. Suffering from a fatal kidney disease, President Arthur nonetheless ran for the presidential nomination in 1884, but he was not successful and died just two years later.For more, visit _URL_
Coinage Legislation under President Chester Arthur
Act of May 26, 1882 — Authorized receipt of U.S. gold coins in exchange for gold bars
Act of August 7, 1882 — Sundry Civil Appropriation Law for the transportation of silver coins
United States Mint Directors appointed by President Chester Arthur
No United States Mint Directors were appointed by President Arthur.
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According to legend, the great Frankish hero Roland was buried in Blaye, which was a port of the Gaul Santones in pre-Roman times. The town played a crucial role in the wars against the English, and the French Wars of Religion. The citadelle was built by the great military engineer Vauban, but has never seen action.
Blaye has a long history of viniculture, as the area was originally planted by the Romans, and is also known for a messy-looking sweet confectionery, praslines, made here since the seventeenth century. Another speciality is caviar; legend has it that it was introduced to residents by noble Russians who fled to France during the Revolution.
The green slopes north of the Garonne were planted long before the Médoc. Wine here is powerful, richly coloured, fruity, and cheaper than on the opposite riverbank. The Côtes de Bourg and Côtes de Blaye are quintessential pleasant, inexpensive reds. Visit the Maison du Vin des Premières Côtes de Blaye on cours Vauban to stock up. You can get a good bottle for around €5.


Six-year project could make internet 100 times faster
Ian Grant
The internet could be 100 times faster than it is today if a new £7.2m six-year research project, the Photonics HyperHighway, is successful.
University and science minister David Willetts said the investment will see scientists from the universities of Southampton and Essex working with industry partners BBC Research and Development, Fianium and Oclaro to develop new materials and devices for optical fibre networks. The project will look at the way fibre optics are used, and develop new materials and devices to increase internet bandwidth to ensure that the web can cope with rising demand.
The future internet would have to be based on optical fibre to meet an annual 80% growth in traffic driven by applications such as internet television and cloud computing, said project leader Southampton professor David Payne.
Willetts said the internet was "fundamental to our lives" and that Britain had to ensure that the web infrastructure could continue to meet demand for it.
Payne added, "Our ambition is nothing less than to rebuild the internet hardware to suit it to the needs of 21st-century Britain. This project proposes a radical transformation of the physical infrastructure that underpins these networks."
The UK internet industry was worth an estimated £100bn, so it was in the country's interest to make it even better for businesses and help boost economic growth, Willetts said.
Listen to David Payne talk about the Photonics HyperHighway:
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Several nondestructive tests can be used to evaluate concrete bridges.
Certain nondestructive techniques can evaluate large areas of concrete bridges quickly or with less disruption of service than with more invasive evaluation methods. Here are a few:
Impulse response testing detects delamination, honeycombing, cavities, and variations in structural support or restraint. It uses a low-strain impact to send a stress wave through the tested element. The impactor is usually a 1-kg sledgehammer with a built-in load cell in the hammer head.
Impulse radar testing can detect the presence and location of steel reinforcement, prestressing steel tendons, conduits, pipes, and other embedments. It also can assess the thickness of reinforced concrete structural elements, measure cover depth, locate areas of poor consolidation and voids, and detect large areas of delamination or debonding.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing employs low-frequency mechanical energy to evaluate hardened concrete quickly. It is used in the field to measure concrete quality and strength and to detect honeycombing.
Corrosion measurements are either standard half-cell potential measurements or direct corrosion rate measurements made by applying an anodic current pulse to reinforcement and measuring current flow rates that correlate directly to corrosion rates.
More specialized (less common) techniques
Impact echo employs transient stress waves and their reflection to rapidly detect, locate, and classify flaws within hardened concrete. This test is most often used to detect voids in pre-stressing tendons.
Laser vibrometer testing is used for force and damping measurement of stay cables and hanger cables.
Ultrasonic pulse-echo testing can detect wire breaks in stay-cable anchorages.
Thermography detects temperature differences throughout a tested element and can indicate cracks, areas of delamination, or variations in material composition.


text: This late Victorian book of children's poetry presents a bright and cheery view of London at the height of its imperial glory. Felix Leigh, who wrote the verses, was a prolific writer whose drawings and poems were featured for many years in the magazine Boy's Own Paper. The illustrations are by Thomas Crane and Ellen E. Houghton. Crane designed the ornamental pages and Houghton did the figure drawings. Thomas Crane was the older brother of Walter Crane (_PHONE_), who brought about revolutionary improvements in illustrated children's books...