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Bars and restaurants in New York could find themselves the target of an audit from the Department of Taxation and Finance for several reasons, including random selection. However, a restaurant's cash-based sales and less than meticulous record-keeping can further complicate things and result in the auditor's need to conduct a New York sales tax field audit. Here, we explain how a field audit works in New York. We also discuss field audit methodologies auditors will use to estimate your sales tax liability when necessary, a practice that could lead to overassessment for unprepared and unrepresented restaurant and bar owners in New York.
What Is a New York Sales Tax Field Audit?
Unlike a desk audit, a New York sales tax field audit is a more detailed review of your restaurant's financials that involves a visit from the field auditor to your business's physical location. The auditor will want to review available records during the audit, such as:
- Federal income tax returns
- Bank statements
- Sale ledgers
- Inventory logs
- Purchase receipts of materials and equipment
A key issue for restaurant business owners is knowing what and what not to provide when sharing your sensitive business records with a New York auditor. While cooperation with the auditor is generally helpful, remember that just because an auditor asks for a document, does not mean they have a right to it. Having a professional sales tax consultant available to manage record requests could provide a buffer during the audit process to avoid unnecessary disclosure of business information.
A field audit also presents an opportunity for an auditor to make observations about your business that the New York Department of Taxation and Finance could use to evaluate the legitimacy of your sales tax reporting. In the context of a restaurant or bar, the auditor may take note of items like:
- Stated hours of operation
- Menus and pricing
- Food storage
- Seating arrangements
- Payment systems
- Related sources of revenue within the restaurant or bar that could be taxable (e.g., vending machines, arcade games, pool halls, jukeboxes, and other entertainment)
The Different Types of New York Field Audit Methods
After a review of your financials, the New York auditor may find you have insufficient records to properly verify your taxable sales. As an alternative, the auditor may use one or more indirect methods for determining your New York sales tax liability. These testing methods involve the use of statistics and assumptions to generate an estimate of your taxable sales. The main methods available to New York sales tax auditors are:
- The test period method: The auditor reviews your past transactions over a period within the audit's scope and uses that data to calculate taxable sales from missing periods (e.g., you are missing sales data from August 2020 but have available information from August 2021 and August 2022).
- The statistical sampling method: The auditor creates simulations of projected sales over a period through the selection of items in a population. Sometimes, the sampling is random or could involve other methods, including stratified, systematic, or clustered sampling.
- Observation Testing: The field auditor observes and documents your sales that occur over one or more periods to estimate taxable sales (e.g., your bar's business on a Friday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m.).
Specific Field Audit Sampling Method Issues for New York Restaurants and Bars
The problem with sampling and testing methods is they can never truly reflect your past sales because they rely on assumptions made from small and incomplete sets of data. Restaurant and bar owners should be careful when accepting or managing the results from New York field audit testing, sampling, or observation methodologies.
Consider the following factors that could result in a skewed field audit method result because of items not accurately reflected in the method being used:
- Changes in your menu or pricing
- Events that result in abnormalities with your restaurant's operation during the testing period (e.g., unexpected closure or unusually busy traffic because of promotions or public activity like a concert or sporting event)
- Scheduled observation testing that happens during your busiest sales period or season (e.g., weekends and evenings)
When Your New York Restaurant Could Benefit from Sales Tax Field Audit Representation
Before executing a sampling or testing, the field auditor will likely seek your written agreement to the specific terms of the proposed method. Most restaurants and bar owners could benefit from having a sales tax representative experienced in New York audit defense review those terms before signing an agreement. The sales tax representative reviews the auditor's proposal for issues that could cause gross overreporting of sales tax liability and works with the auditor to create a fairer representation of taxable sales by refining the methodology's terms. If you or your client's restaurant and bar received notice of an upcoming field audit or are unhappy with the results of an audit report, consider a consultation with our office.
Schedule your free consultation for help with a New York sales tax field audit today.


Sculpture + Painting
Julia Mangold's Drawings and Sculpture + Gregg Renfrow's Closer To The Water at Elizabeth Leach Gallery
Munich born artist Julia Mangold's minimalist sculptures involve rectangular structures coated in a mixture of wax and graphite and then fastidiously assembled into works that range from small boxes to large wall hangings to obsidian like towers. Each paradoxically seems to both shimmer and swallow light as you move through the room, the graphite coating giving the rigid geometric shapes a sensuous velvety softness. If they made a sound, it would be a soft, vibrating purr.
Where Mangold plays with the light found in darkness, Northern California based artist Gregg Renfrow's paintings are marvelously luminous. Made through his signature process of pouring polymer and pigment on large sheets of cast acrylic, he creates organic layers of overlapping colors that undulate like the ocean's surface (a departure from his previous work that involved straighter color fields in striations), their color intensity rising and lowering like waves. Set off the wall by several inches, light reflects off the wall and through them, making them practically glow from within.
Photography: Crumbling Colonialism
Guy Tillim's Avenue Patrice Lumumba at Blue Sky Gallery
There's something strangely quiet about Guy Tillim's photographs of the crumbling architecture built and then abandoned by the European colonial powers in Africa. From Mozambique to Angola to the Democratic Republic of Congo, the award-winning South African photographer traveled the continent documenting monstrous, decaying apartment buildings and clean but ramshackle office spaces. Serious workers sit in offices that they've occupied for decades since the fall of colonialism, with little update or repair. There're gaping holes in desktops, chipped paint, and cracked concrete floors. And though you have to imagine each location is really a site of bustling activity, particularly the intersections outside the apartment buildings with only a couple individuals in the street, Tillim captures it in silence, portraying simultaneously the lingering hope of progress and the starkness of the poverty and crumbled ambitions from a history of oppression and conflict.
Assemblage: A Life in Wood
James Florschutz's?Assemblage Wall Sculptures at Augen Gallery
Playing off the stations of the cross, *Florschutz*'s numbered series of Station wall sculptures are intricately ramshackle and densely packed affairs, combining sections of bibles, broken parts of rulers, paint sticks, rope, belts, altoid tins, sticks, wires, and other found items sandwiched together like geological sedimentation or orderly flood debris. Seemingly random, when you look closer at the assembly of parts, each seems like a layered wooden biography of a life told through cast offs, as if Florschutz is divining an ordered narrative in the chaos of the things we discard. More whimsical is his series of Cubis, which are colorful wood block Rubix Cube-like sculptures consisting of Tetris shaped pieces, as if Picasso had designed the Borg's ship.
Post Gallery Dance Off
Late Night Birthday Dance Party at PICA
8pm–late. 21+ only. $5 at the door. 415 SW 10th Ave
Once you've feasted your eyes, head over to PICA's two-floor, raw office space to feast your ears with a sonic buffet of dance music garnished by immersive light and video shows. Art DJ duo? Maxximum Volume? will create an "energy gradient" on the second floor, flowing partygoers from a zen bar zone into an industrial techno dance floor. Then travel the world and the senses with Massacooramaan, Dubai, Reznorektion Concrete Floor for a mix of house, techno, trance, industrial, and sundry things in between.
Weekend Group Show: Plein Air Paint Out
The Oregon Invitational Plein Air Weekend at the Portland Art Museum
Painting begins Saturday at 7 a.m. and goes until Sunday at noon. Exhibition is Sunday from noon–5 p.m.
With temperatures soaring into the 90s, the weekend is ripe for outdoor adventures. But if you want art with your outdoors, head downtown, where the Portland Art Museum is turning the South Park Blocks into a grand urban studio in its first celebration the art of painting outdoors, en plein air. Over 40 artists will begin at daybreak and paint throughout the day, capturing the ever-shifting light, shadows, and colors of their cityand parkscapes, all the while taking time to discuss their process with passers by. The completed works will then be exhibited for sale on Sunday in the museum's sculpture garden, along with live music by jazz/swing trio Boy & Bean, handmade ice cream from Salt & Straw, and sandwiches from Lovejoy Bakers.


What does justice mean to you essay
Justice justice means something different to everyone. meaning of injustice. 3.9/5 what is justice? How do the main an article essay components of the criminal justice system interrelate to each other? How to write title of book in essay mla whatever a speaker means by "social justice", is there any actual justice in it? Which theory of distributive justice what does justice mean to you essay do you find most convincing? Justice is only paper writing services a judgment about law or what should an essay have has offered no what does justice mean to you essay reason to support a conclusion that justice is somehow part. what does justice mean to you? Justice. what does justice mean to you? Government programs should be accessible to all individuals business plan writers for cheap regardless of their race, gender, ethnicity, this is my story essay age, religion, educational attainment and the like by means of having a public education that is sturdy and delivers a dense how can i write an essay education to all people, one that does not differentiate, against what does justice mean to you essay ethnic text analysis paper examples group, sexual category or social finances, then someday everybody will have the same opportunity to thrive from the inferior classes to the advanced social classes mar apps to type essays 09, 2003 · winners of the sixth-grade essay contest "our flag, what it means to me," sponsored by the mason city elks lodge #375, were honored at a dinner earlier research paper topics medical this year the second paper what does justice mean to you essay i ordered was a research report on what does liberty and justice for all mean essay history. while all legal systems aim to uphold this ideal through fair and proper administration of the law of the land, it is possible to have unjust laws.
9 thoughts on "What does justice mean to you essay
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- change ups
Projects shine light on solar power in Michigan
LANSING — Despite its reputation for gray skies, clouds and rough winters, Michigan may begin to rely more heavily on solar power to meet its electricity demands, some energy experts say.
"Our focus is to continue to grow the solar industry in terms of implementation and funding," said Amy Butler, director for the Department of Energy, Labor and Economic Growth's Bureau of Energy Systems.
Solar is part of an alternative energy menu, along with biomass, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric.
What are the advantages of solar energy to the state?
Mark Roberts, economics professor at Michigan Technological University, said, "One of the most important benefits is that solar energy reduces the amount of pollution." Other benefits include the reliability of solar panels, silent operation of solar cells and the fact that users are not required to connect their system to the power grid, Roberts added.
He said solar power users will have the option of selling surplus electricity to utility companies, and solar systems may qualify for tax incentives.
A number of solar energy programs are in operation or development in Michigan, and some fairly large projects are being considered, said John Sarver, supervisor of technical assistance at the State Energy Office.
For example, Sarver said Monroe County Community College is installing a 500-kilowatt system, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan is installing a 150-kilowatt system next to its parking ramp in Detroit. He said the Coldwater Board of Utilities is installing an 8-megawatt system.
Other projects are in the northern Lower Peninsula, such as a 10-kilowatt system at Northwestern Michigan College in Traverse City. Grand Traverse County was awarded a $353,575 federal grant to complete the installation of solar panels for the Civic Center, along with boiler replacements and lighting improvements.
However, the use of a solar energy system has some drawbacks.
Roberts said disadvantages include high costs of material and higher costs than non-renewable energy purchased from utility companies. Also, system efficiency depends on the location of the sun and is influenced by weather, clouds, air pollution and nighttime darkness.
Despite such drawbacks, Sarver said solar electric energy systems don't generate much resistance from the public because they're relatively small and are not obtrusive. Sarver said wind turbines spark more resistance.
Although Michigan has less potential for solar energy than many other states, said Roberts, he feels that "Michigan has the potential to use solar energy on a larger scale."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


12 Fragment-Based Methods
12.2 Specifying Fragments in the $molecule Section
(May 16, 2021)
To request any of the methods mentioned above one must specify how system is partitioned into fragments. All atoms and all electrons in the systems should be assigned to a fragment. Each fragment must contain an integer number of electrons. In the current implementation, both open and closed-shell fragments are allowed. In order to specify fragments, the fragment descriptors must be inserted into the $molecule section of the Q-Chem input file. A fragment descriptor consists of two lines: the first line must start with two hyphens followed by optional comments, the second line must contain the charge and the multiplicity of the fragment. At least two fragments must be specified. Fragment descriptors in the $molecule section does not affect jobs that are not designed to use fragmentation.
Example 12.1 Fragment descriptors in the $molecule section.
 0 1
-- water molecule - proton donor
 0 1
 H2 O1 0.96
 H3 O1 0.96 H2 105.4
-- water molecule - proton acceptor
 0 1
 O4 O1 ROO H2 105.4 H3 0.0
 X5 O4 2.00 O1 120.0 H2 180.0
 H6 O4 0.96 X5 55.6 O1 90.0
 H7 O4 0.96 X5 55.6 01 -90.0
 ROO = 2.4
Open shell systems must have a number of alpha electrons greater than the number of beta electrons. However, individual fragments in the system can be made to contain excess beta electrons by specifying a negative multiplicity. For instance, a multiplicity of -2 indicates one excess beta electron, as in the second fragment of the following example.
Example 12.2 Open shell fragment descriptors in the $molecule section. The second fragment is made with a negative multiplicity, so that overall the number of alpha and beta electrons match, yielding an approximate singlet state.
 0 1
-- An alpha spin H atom
 0 2
-- A beta spin H atom
 0 -2
 H2 H1 1.50


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School community partnerships
Students' learning about and for a safe road/rail system is influenced by consistent messages and practices by all members of the school community. This membership includes parents, students, whānau, school staff, police, and territorial authorities.
School community partnerships may be evident by:
- Contribution of school community members in maintaining a road safety education policy.
- Enthusiasm from parents/whānau for road patrol duty.
- Road safety units that include home school partnerships.
- Parent/guardians adhering to guidelines/rules designed to improve safety e.g. minimising school gate congestion, vehicle and driver requirements for EOTC activities.
- Road safety messages (preferably student developed) are included in school newsletters
- Police officers and school travel planners regularly visit the school.
- The school community responds positively to reported instances of dangerous or potential dangerous road use.
- Student learning in road safety units is incorporated into policies/procedures/guidelines developed by the school and local territorial authorities which affect driver, pedestrian, cyclist and passenger behavior in the local school community.
- Students' learning directly influences their transport and play environment. E.g. considerate road sharing, safer crossing points, road calming for safer vehicle speeds, alternative cycle and pedestrian routes away from roads, changes to the school's road safety education policy.
More resourcesFind the latest road safety education resources from New Zealand and overseas, on the NZTA Pinterest board:
List of NZTA resources
A process for building school communities is identified in a range of educational programmes including:
School Community Officers (formerly called Police Education Officers) are experienced police officers who work in collaboration with whole school communities, to enhance community safety, including road safety.
All the resources you need for setting up a Walking School Bus at your school
Using these Point of View videos students can identify hazards, discuss and role play safe practices, and watch models of safe pedestrian behaviour.
Here you will find a list of past newsletters from the Education Portal.
A collection of leaflets describing the things you need to know to help teach your child about staying safe on roads, cycling, walking, taking the bus and near railways.
A SlideShare and PowerPoint presentation for families, caregivers and teachers. Describes key safety procedures to follow when riding a push scooter.
A safe school travel plan provides an opportunity for parents, caregivers, schools and the community to work together to improve safety. This booklet was updated in June 2011 and is published online only.
On this page, you can see all of the Feet First resources in one long list


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On October 9, the Swedish Academy awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to Dario Fo, the Italian playwright who is most known for his attacks on the Roman Catholic Church. His most famous work, "Mistero Buffo" ("Comic Mystery"), was branded by the Vatican in 1977 as the "most blasphemous show in the history of television"; it is not surprising, then, that the Vatican expressed astonishment when it learned that Fo had been given the Nobel Prize.
William Donohue released the following statement on Fo's selection:
"I am well aware of the extent to which literature has become thoroughly politicized and debased in the West. Giving the Nobel Prize in Literature to an anti-Catholic bigot, and to a man who describes his own scatological work as 'grotesque,' settles the issue: the deans of literature enjoy celebrating what the common folk regard as trash.
"It is not accurate to maintain, as one Italian critic did, that this prize means that 'everything changes, even literature changes.' No, for that would suggest that the vector of change in the humanities has been on a course other than decline. Even more unbelievable is the comment by the Swedish Academy that Fo 'has opened our eyes to abuses and injustices.' That this can be said about a man whose defense of Stalinism is as well known as his hatred of Catholicism proves that the ladies and gentlemen who chose Fo have been blinded from reality for decades."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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and children, as well as sharing various awareness raising materials on internet resources and distributing them to population throughout the country. A special digital communication platform has been created to provide continuous support to people aged over 65 who live alone, to low income families and other groups of vulnerable families during the quarantine regime. Through this platform volunteers are in constant touch with these segments of population and provide them with various social services:
- tips for teachers to provide digital support for children with difficulties on learning during pandemic;
- "Protect Yourself against COVID-19" - for people over 60 years and with chronic diseases;
- "How to protect mental health during COVID-19 pandemic" – practical tips for people staying at home in quarantine;
- tips for parents during COVID-19 outbreak;
- "How teenagers can protect their mental health during COVID-19".


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We're dealing with country borders, that is the set of multiple disjoint domains that is made of polygons.
To extract the different point on the map by a given country we've been said to implement the ray casting algorithm which is absolutely fine, but the country is hardly to be the simply-connected domain. For example, the Italy consists of many disjoint domains (islands).
In this case the crossing number algorithm or the even-odd rule algorithm is still a valid approach to validate if the point in question is within the country borders or not?
After days of research finally found one discussion: MySQL implementation of ray-casting Algorithm? which gives the exhausting number of links, answers and code snippets to implement the algorithm in code (Pseudo-code:
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1 Answer 1
Yes, the even-odd rule works for any closed set of polygons.
The only thing to be careful about is the ray hitting a vertex, since code which is not equipped to handle degeneracies may return incorrect results in that case. The lowest effort solution is usually to (1) first check if you are on the boundary of the polygon and (2) try rays with random directions until no vertex is hit.
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Presented by Hannah Pickett of Hannah Pickett Dance
This video gives an insight into improvisation, improvisation in performance and choreography together with some creative tasks to try. It shares Hannah's recent professional work, Score10, which is a live improvisational work of contemporary dance and electric and percussive music.
About Hannah Pickett Dance: Hannah is a Dance Artist and Choreographer based in Milton Keynes. She uses improvisation and set choreography to create dance with professionals and young dancers. To find out more visit Hannah's website: _URL_.
This video series is for young dancers to expand and develop their dance technique and practice during Spring/Summer 2020.
Useful for: school students, youth dancers and young people interested in artistic collaboration.
For more information please click on the PDF Document below and download this excellent resource.
Based on the elements of Earth, Wind, Water and Fire us the following sound score to make a solo of opposing qualities.
Think about dynamic, speed, quality, levels and facing to vary your dance delivery.
How are you feeling / what do you want the audience to feel?
Use the following music: _URL_
Use Vivian's professional company if you get stuck to inspire ideas:
An international collaboration between Vivian Triantafyllopoulou's professional dance company based in London with the Athens based band Sevengill.
A choreography that explores motivation by observing human relationships. Where and how we find motivation and the power to move fowards - alone or with others. What makes us want to wake up every the morning and how can we influence each other? A unique meeting of talented dancers from London and the live music of the Greek post metal band that sparks a dance collaboration with a genre of music that we are not used to.
Performers: Christina Prompona, Jacob Elliott Roberts, Fanny Pouillot
Film link: _URL_ (trailer of professional work)


Normal Female Ovaries Produce Only One Egg Cell In One Month And The Lifespan Of One Egg Cell Is 24 Hours!So.,is It True That The Chance Of Fertilization Is Only 1 Day Per Month?
1 Answers
Amy Barany Profile
Amy Barany answered
Technically, yes.
But most women don't know exactly when they ovulate. Some women even ovulate during their period!
Sperm can also live in a woman's body for almost a week. That means that if you have sex a few days before your egg is released, you can get pregnant from it!
So never assume that you're safe from getting pregnant just because you avoided sex on the one day that you think you were ovulating. Because you could be wrong. And if you're right, you'd still be at risk if you had sex in the week before that! So if you're not trying to get pregnant, then play it safe. Assume you are always fertile, and use protection every single time.
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The SPIN@COSY polarized-beam team has found unexpectedly strong higher-order spin resonances when using 2.1 GeV/c polarized protons stored in the COSY COoler SYnchrotron at the Forschungszentrum Jülich. These results may help to increase the polarization in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven when it is used as a 250 GeV/c polarized proton collider. The data were taken in April 2004 and presented in part at the International Spin Physics Symposium at Trieste the following September. However, the many partly overlapping data points had an unusually large scatter, so they allowed no firm conclusions to be reached. Now, after a challenging reanalysis, the team has published results that may spell good news for the work at RHIC.
In all of the other experiments by SPIN@COSY, the data showed the expected spread when beam parameters were varied upwards, e.g. in steps of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and then downwards, e.g. in steps of 9, 7, 5, 3, 1. However, this was not true for the April 2004 data. Indeed, when several of the sweeps were repeated for the second and third times, the data-spread increased. Clearly, these data needed a reanalysis, which began in 2009 after the other data from SPIN@COSY had been published.
The team obtained data for each resonance by measuring the polarization after sweeping COSY's vertical (and later horizontal) betatron tunes slowly through the resonance with a narrow tune range of 0.002 in 2s, giving a tune sweep-rate of 0.001/s. The sweep-rate through all of the other resonances was made about 250 times faster by sweeping through a much larger range in a shorter time, typically a range of 0.125 in 0.5s. This reduced the effect of all of the other resonances by about 250-fold.
One possible cause of the spread in the data was a variation in the polarization stability of the polarized H ion source. Polarized ion-sources are sensitive devices, with several sextupoles and RF transition units, whose fields and frequencies must be precisely matched to maximize the polarization. The source polarization at COSY is measured by a low-energy polarimeter (LEP) and the values stored on a nearby computer; but in 2004 this computer was not connected to the computers in the main control room, where the 2.1 GeV/c data were stored. Fortunately, however, the stored LEP data from 2004 were still available in 2009, so that several gigabytes of data could be transferred from COSY to Michigan. There, a small team of two post-docs and four undergraduate students matched the LEP data from the source in time with the corresponding 2.1 GeV/c data. When the 2.1 GeV/c polarization data were renormalized to the LEP polarization data, much of the spread disappeared.
The team then refined the vertical betatron-tune data further by using what is possibly a new technique for combining many partly overlapping data points in an unbiased manner. Thirty-six pairs of data points were sequentially recombined, whenever both lay within a sequentially increasing (in 0.001 steps) range in betatron tune. This recombination continued for 76 steps until the results of recombining the data from low-to-high vertical betatron tunes and from high-to-low tunes were all identical. In the horizontal data only five pairs of overlapping points needed to be recombined.
Figure 1 shows the results of this two-step reanalysis. The data clearly revealed that the long-held belief that lower-order spin resonances always caused more depolarization than higher-order resonances, and vertical spin resonances always caused more depolarization than horizontal resonances, was not correct for the 2ndand 3rd-order resonances. The results showed that the single 2nd-order vertical resonance was far weaker than two of the 3rd-order vertical resonances (figure 2). They also showed that, while the 1st-order vertical resonance was so much stronger than the 1st-order horizontal resonance that it fully flipped the spin direction, this was certainly not true for the 2ndand 3rd-order resonances. These unexpected results may help the RHIC polarized collider to increase its 250 GeV level of polarization further towards the 100 GeV level.


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Swimming has many benefits as a simple, but effective physical exercise. It helps to prevent excessive weight gain without affecting the weight of the newborn and reduces joint pressure and the appearance of edema. In addition, swimming during pregnancy can help relieve stress and improve sleep.
Most pools use chlorine to kill bacteria that can be dangerous to humans. Therefore, from the point of view of infection, swimming in a chlorinated pool is certainly safer than swimming in open water. However, when chlorine is added to water, it reacts with organic substances in the water (such as skin cells and body care products) to form various harmful by-products, such as trihalomethanes (a group of four chemical compounds, including chloroform).
For this reason, some studies suggest that swimming in pools during pregnancy may affect the baby. However, these studies also acknowledge that further research is needed over longer time frames to conclude if there is a significant risk. Therefore, experts still encourage swimming as a beneficial physical activity to undertake while pregnant.


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green snakeArticle Free Pass
green snake, any of several species belonging to the family Colubridae, named for their colour. The North American green snakes are the two species of the genus Opheodrys. These docile, slender, harmless snakes often live in gardens. They lay eggs, and they subsist on insects and spiders. The smooth green snake (Opheodrys vernalis), sometimes called green grass snake, is about 50 cm (20 inches) long. The rough, or keeled (ridged), green snake (O. aestivus), often called vine snake, is about 75 cm (23 inches) long.
What made you want to look up "green snake"? Please share what surprised you most...


Growing pile of human, animal waste harbors threats, opportunities
5 December 2018, at 12:00am
As demand for meat and dairy products increases across the world, much attention has landed on how livestock impact the environment, from land usage to greenhouse gas emissions
Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are highlighting another effect from animals raised for food and the humans who eat them: the waste they all leave behind.
In a paper published November in Nature Sustainability, the research team put forth what they believe is the first global estimate of annual recoverable human and animal fecal biomass. In 2014, the most recent year with data, the number was 4.3 billion tons and growing, and waste from livestock outweighed that from humans five to one at the country level.
"Exposure to both human and animal waste represent a threat to public health, particularly in low-income areas of the world that may not have resources to implement the best management and sanitation practices," said Joe Brown, an assistant professor in Georgia Tech's School of Civil and Environmental Engineering. "But estimating the amount of recoverable feces in the world also highlights the enormous potential from a resource perspective."
Metals, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium are all among the resources that could be recovered from human and animal waste. The researchers pointed to an earlier analysis that estimated the value of recoverable metals alone reaches $13 million a year from the waste of one million people.
The researchers looked at data from 2003 to 2014 as well as projections through 2030. The study combined global animal population data from the United Nations, human population data from the World Bank as well as earlier research on animal-specific estimates of fecal production.
From 2003 to 2014, the amount of waste biomatter produced grew annually by more than 57 million tons as both human and livestock populations grew. The researchers estimated that by 2030, the total amount of global fecal biomass produced each year would reach at least five billion tons, with livestock waste outweighing that from humans six to one at the country level.
"This paper demonstrates that building more latrines in developing parts of the world isn't going to solve all of our waste management problems," Professor Brown said. "Animal waste has the potential to negatively impact health in many of the same ways as with human waste, from spreading enteric infections to hurting growth and cognitive development of the humans exposed."
While chickens were the most plentiful livestock globally, cattle, with their larger body mass, produced the most fecal waste on the planet. As a result, countries with high numbers of cattle, such as those in the Americas, produced the most waste by mass.
The researchers estimated that by 2030, the planet's total annual fecal and urinary biomass could contain as much as 100 million tons of phosphorus, 30 million tons of potassium, 18 million tons of calcium, and 5.5 million tons of magnesium, to name a few recoverable materials.
While much of the attention on reducing disease transmission has focused through the decades on pathogens associated with human waste, much less attention has been given to animal waste, the researchers wrote, despite livestock accounting for 80 percent of the global fecal biomass generated.
"Ultimately, shining a light on the amount of waste that we produce is the first step toward shaping policies and regional planning geared toward maximising public health and resource recovery," Professor Brown said.
"This is an area where there's a huge need for attention and investment - to help develop next-generation waste management innovations, for both large-scale and small-scale animal husbandry operations, that will enable us to maximise human health and meet the global demand for natural resources."


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How to: Create a SQL Server Agent Job (Transact-SQL)
This topic describes how to use stored procedures to create a Microsoft SQL Server Agent job.
To create a SQL Server Agent job
 1. Execute sp_add_job to create a job.
 2. Execute sp_add_jobstep to create one or more job steps.
 3. Execute sp_add_schedule to create a schedule.
 4. Execute sp_attach_schedule to attach a schedule to the job.
 5. Execute sp_add_jobserver to set the server for the job.
Local jobs are cached by the local SQL Server Agent. Therefore, any modifications implicitly force SQL Server Agent to re-cache the job. Because SQL Server Agent does not cache the job until sp_add_jobserver is called, it is more efficient to call sp_add_jobserver last.
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|Posted by transitionsbirth on February 1, 2012 at 10:50 AM|
In most births, the baby's umbilical cord is clamped within seconds of being born. Recently, this practice has been called into question. There have been several studies that show benefits to waiting even just a minute before clamping the cord. More moms are beginning to ask for delayed cord clamping, and sometimes their doctors are not familiar with the benefits of it.
Nicholas Fogelson, an OB/GYN, has this blog post which summarizes the research on delayed cord clamping. Much of the research he looks at focuses on preterm babies. Some of the benefits seen in preterm babies include fewer cases of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis, higher red blood cell volumes and hematocrits and less need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant. In term babies, there were higher iron stores at 6 months.
There is this study in the Journal of the American Medical Association which Dr. Fogelson doesn't discuss that looks at term babies:
Late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hutton EK, Hassan ES. Source: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
In that study, babies had better iron status and less anemia.
Dr. Folgelson also has this video of a Grand Rounds presentation he did looking at delayed cord clamping. The video is 50 minutes long and divided into four parts. In the video, he compares immediate cord clamping to robbing the baby of 40% of its normal blood volume.
Some local moms have talked to their doctors about delayed cord clamping. One objection the doctors have had is that they believe if they put the baby on the mother's belly after birth and do not clamp the cord, the baby's blood will drain back into the placenta, or the blood in the placenta will not be able to get to the baby. Dr. Fogelson addresses that issue in Part 2 of the video, starting around minute 6:30. He discusses a study that says that babys who are placed on their mother's stomachs after birth get the same amount of blood from the placenta as babies held even with the birth canal or as babies held slightly lower than the birth canal.
So if you are interested in having delayed cord clamping at your birth, look at these resources and share them with your doctor or midwife. Feel free to contact me for more information. I'd love to hear your experience of asking for delayed cord clamping and whether your doctor or midwife was supportive.
Categories: birth options


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|START Conference Manager|
This paper reports an exploratory reusability study of digital learning material. Materials from eight university professors and the corresponding interviews by chat were collected and analyzed from qualitative inquiry perspective and using grounded theory method. Sensitizing initial concepts from education, design, computer and information science were used in the initial approach to collect data, but the analysis results were rooted in actual material and chat texts. The research team was composed of three researchers and two assistants; group discussions led to the collection and analysis of data. The findings suggest that: (1) learning promotion, (2) access, (3) emotional appeal, (4) technical suitability, (5) effective graphical and textual communication, (6) creativity, (7) collaboration, and (8) subject authority are related to reusability. These categories offer the structural elements to design and implement digital learning material collections. The latter are the basis for knowledge management oriented systems aimed at sharing and preserving digital learning materials.
Program Track: Posters and Demos Submission Type: Poster
START Conference Manager (V2.56.8 - Rev. 1261)


area of 196 square feet. The area of second tank is twice the area of the first tank, and the area of the third tank is four times the area of the second tank. The area of the third tank is 56 square feet. If the aquarium puts all three tanks on the shelf, how much shelf area will be left over?
7. The Durands are driving 456 miles to the family reunion. If they split the drive equally over three days, how many miles will they drive each day?
8. At the end of a video game tournament, Raul and Martha had both scored twice as many points as Justice. If their total combined points is 285, how many points did each player score?
9. At the lunch counter, Ariana bought a sandwich and lemonade. The sandwich cost five times as much as the lemonade. She paid with $10 and got $2.50 in change. How much did the sandwich cost? How much did the lemonade cost?
10. The area of a playground is 40.5 \ m^2. The width of the playground is half the length. What is the length of the playground?
Directions: Write five of your own problems. Be sure that one uses addition, one uses subtraction, one uses multiplication, one uses division and one uses a pattern that requires a table.
When finished, exchange papers with a friend and solve each other's problems. Then discuss your solutions.
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One of the first modern contactees.
Author of The White Sands Incident.
On July 4, 1950, Fry was working at the White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico as an employee of the AeroJet Corperation. In the evening he took a walk into the desert, and at one point though he saw the stars disappearing. He soon recognized this occurrence as the approach of an ovate craft about thirty feet in diameter. Fry was taken on a ride in the craft while the pilot Alan told him about the original civilizations of Earth, namely Atlantis and Lemuria (Mu). Fry eventually became the leader of an organization called Understanding." (Messengers, 192; Nebel, 33-34; Peebles, 120)


Google Tag Manager: Create 'button conversion' triggers for all pages
The best way to track the clicks of all buttons is to create a new GTM trigger.
 1. Go to the Triggers Page
 2. Select New in the top right hand side
 3. Click "Select a trigger type", and then select "All Elements" under the Click heading, as we want to trigger the conversion when a user clicks our button. GTM1
 4. Then Select "Some Clicks" as we only want it to trigger on certain clicks on the page.
 5. Then Select "Click URL" -> "equals" -> "The url of the button you want to track" GTM2 This will now trigger everytime someone clicks on an element with the click url you have specified.
 6. Save your Trigger and Assign it to your Conversion Tag. This will trigger on every page of the website as we have not limited the tigger to a specific page.


ESF Funding Period 2014-2020
claim of the german funding period 2014-2020
The current European Social Fund funding period, lasting through to 2020, is characterised by:
To implement the goals, Germany submitted the "German federal Operational Programme for the implementation of the European Social Fund in the funding period 2014-2020" (Federal ESF OP), which was approved by the European Commission on 21 October, 2014. This Operational Programme lays the foundation for ESF funding in Germany through to 2020. Led by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, the following ministries are also involved in the development and delivery of the German Federal ESF OP: Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
In this funding period, the ESF will place emphasis on helping to secure the supply of skilled workers, promoting social inclusion and combating poverty. Other priority areas include supporting self-employment, ensuring a healthy work-life balance and improving the level of educational attainment and life-long learning.
The three thematic objectives are:
A: Promoting sustainable and quality employment and supporting labour mobility
B: Promoting social inclusion, combating poverty and any discrimination
The main target groups are disadvantaged young people, particularly those without a school-leaving or vocational qualification, the long-term unemployed, women and workers, particularly low-skilled or low-income workers, and people from a migrant background, especially those facing difficult personal circumstances (e.g. refugees).
Designing. The Future. Together.
The ESF allows individuals to take control of their professional future, even if their circumstances are difficult or they are making a second attempt to get their career off the ground. It helps small and medium-sized businesses adapt their HR policy to the challenges posed by demographic change. The ESF wants to create an inclusive society. "Designing. The Future. Together" is therefore the slogan of this ESF funding period 2014-2020 of the Federal Government in Germany.
Operational Programme
teaser funding period 2014-2020 federal operational programme
The Operational Programme (Federal ESF OP) describes the overall strategy at federal level for implementing the European Social Fund in Germany.
Funding priorities
teaser funding period 2014-2020 funding priorities
In Germany the ESF will place emphasis on helping to secure the supply of skilled workers, promoting social inclusion and combating poverty.
The ESF programmes at a glance
teaser ESF-programme
Here you can find information about the various ESF funding programmes at federal and federal states level.
TLN Mobility
Logo TLN Mobility
Learning Network on transnational mobility measures for disadvantaged youth and young adults.


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CHAPTER 04.06: GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION: Gaussian Elimination With Partial Pivoting: Theory
I'm going to show you how to do Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, we're going to talk about the theory behind Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, and one of the which I would suggest to you strongly is that if you have not looked at the Naive Gaussian method theory and example, that you do that before you start understanding what Gauss elimination with partial pivoting is. The reason why that is so is because there's a small difference between Gauss elimination with partial pivoting and Naive Gaussian method, and in order to be able to understand what that difference is, and also because we'll be skipping steps in the Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, because it's very similar to Naive Gaussian method except for one step, you do need to understand that first. Now, the reason why we talk Gauss elimination with partial pivoting is because there are certain pitfalls of the Gauss elimination. One is that there's a possibility of division by 0, and the other one is that you get large round off errors. So that's the... those are the two pitfalls of the Naive Gaussian method when... when we start using that to solve simultaneous linear equations. Now, in order to avoid the pitfalls, what we can do is we can increase the number of significant digits, and what that will do is it will... we can go from single precision to double precision, or to quad precision, or extended double precision as some people might call it, or extended precision some people may call it, and what that will do is that will surely decrease the round off error, but it is not going to avoid division by 0, because no matter how many significant digits you're going to choose, if there is going to be division by 0, that is going to occur anyway. So the way to do it this way, what we do is we avoid these pitfalls by using Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, where we avoid the division by 0, and also reduce the round off error. So the Gauss elimination with partial pivoting helps us in both instances of avoiding the pitfalls of the Naive Gaussian method, because it avoids division by 0. Now somebody might say, hey, is this possible that we'll get division by 0 even in Gauss elimination with partial pivoting? Yes, it is possible that you will get division by 0 in Gauss elimination with partial pivoting, but that will imply that the coefficient matrix which you have is not invertible, that it is... that you don't have a unique solution to the set of equations, that's what's going to happen if you are not able to avoid division by 0 with Gauss elimination with partial pivoting. So I'm going to assign that as homework to see that whether you can come up with a... with a set of equations where you are not able to avoid division by 0 whether you are doing Gauss elimination with partial pivoting or Naive Gaussian method. So what is different about partial pivoting? This is the only thing which is different between Gauss elimination with partial pivoting and Naive Gaussian method, this is very important for you to realize what the difference between the two is. So since... at the kth step of forward elimination, what you do is you find the maximum of these values. Now, before I talk about what do we mean by find the maximum of these values, you've got to understand there are n-minus-1 steps in forward elimination, because there are a hundred equations, let's suppose, you'll have ninety-nine steps of forward elimination, and you'll have to go through this whole process before each step of forward elimination, not at just the first step or the second step or the third step, but at... before the beginning of each step of forward elimination you have to do that. So let's suppose we are at the kth step of forward elimination. So what we do is we look at the kth row, kth column, which is the diagonal element in the kth row, and then we look at the element which is right below the diagonal element in the same column, and all the way to last element in the nth row. We take the absolute value of those, so that's why you find out you have these marks there, so you're finding the absolute value of all those elements, and once you find the absolute value of those elements, you figure out, hey, in which row do you have this maximum element. So, let's suppose the maximum of all these elements which you are finding out here, the absolute value of, let's suppose the maximum element is in the pth row. So if the maximum element is in the pth row, what you're going to do is you're going to switch rows p and k. Keep in mind that you're only switching rows p and k, you're going to make row p to be the row k, and row k to be the row p. You're not moving other rows at all, the only thing which you are doing, you're just doing a switch, a clean switch between rows p and k. And this you do at the beginning of each step of forward elimination, and then you follow the same steps, exactly the same steps of forward elimination of the Naive Gaussian method. So as an example with symbols here, let's suppose we are at the beginning of the second step of forward elimination. So if you're at the beginning step of the forward elimination, that means that you're going to take second row, second column as your pivot element, you're going to take the absolute value of this, you're going to take the absolute value of this, you may... you will again have another element, let's suppose a42, and so on and so forth, all the way up to an2. You're going to take the absolute value of all of these elements which are in the second row and below in the second column, and then you're going to find the maximum of these... you're going to find the maximum of these, and let's suppose the maximum turns out to be in fourth row, this element turns out to be the maximum of all the absolute elements which we are trying to find. If that is the case, we're going to switch row four with row two, that's all we're going to do, every other row will stay in place. So what that means is this whole row which you have right here will be switched with this second row right here, and then you will conduct the steps of forward elimination like we have done before, nothing changes about that. So let's look at an example here. So here we are at the beginning of the second step of forward elimination. That means that I'm going to take the second row, second column here, take the absolute value of that, absolute value of this, absolute value of this, so basically what I'm doing is I'm taking the absolute value of all the second column elements below... in the second row and below. So the absolute value of this is 7, the absolute value of this is 4, the absolute value of this is 9, the absolute value of this is 17. So which one is the maximum? I know that, hey, this one is the maximum, 17 is the maximum. So if 17 is the maximum, that means that I'll have to take this row four, so this is row five... row five, and this is row two, so I'm going to do a switch. So I'll have to switch row five with row two, and take this down to fifth row. So that's what I have to do at the beginning of the step of forward elimination in this example right here. Now keep in mind that when you are switching the rows that you need to switch not only the coefficient matrix part of the row, but also the right-hand side. Same thing right here, you will have to switch this one as well as this one right here, and because the equations should not change when you go from... when you switch the rows. So this shows you how the rows have been switched, so you see that row five which I had previously has become row two, and row two has become row five, and once that switch has taken place, now you conduct the same steps of Naive Gaussian method of forward elimination as before, so that has not changed at all. So that's why I'm emphasizing that before you go through this presentation that you do have looked at Naive Gaussian method to be able to figure out what we are trying to do here. So the Gauss elimination with partial pivoting is, again, a method to solve simultaneous linear equations, n equations, n unknowns, and it has two steps, just like Naive Gaussian method, of forward elimination and back substitution. The forward elimination... the forward elimination part is same as the Naive Gaussian method, except for the fact that we switch rows before each of the... at the beginning of each of the n-minus-1 steps of forward elimination, and I told you that before. And as an example, this is the matrix at the beginning of the second step of forward elimination, and we're going to, again, look at the maximum element of the second column and below, and then, depending on where the maximum is, we'll switch that row with row number two. And this is what we get at the end of the forward elimination steps following doing that for each one of them. So what we are doing is we are making the second row,


Experimenting without docs is a good way to get lots of error messages along the way. I'm learning by attrition, and it seems like I'd be better off knowing the rules. It's not the best way to learn anything, but you can at least learn the limits through the error messages. I was tired of trying seemingly random things and being surprised, so I decided to look for "selective XML index" error messages.
So, here's how to find (or imply) "the rules" for Selective XML Indexes.
— Ids 662, 970, 2735, 6342, 6343 and 6367-6399 and 9535-9539 inclusive
select message_id, text from sys.messages
where language_id = 1033
and text like '%selective XML%';
Now some of these are general (parameterized) error messages, so you won't get exact limits in terms of numbers. But, I tried the catagorize and summarize these for my own use. Here's some interesting ones.
1. Not all SQL data types are supported (not surprising)
2. Not all XQUERY (XSD) data types are supported (there were some surprises here, like xs:integer not supported)
3. Selective XML indexes' typing can't contradict types in an XML SCHEMA COLLECTION
4. Selective XML indexes' typing can affect new data you try and add. For example, if the types don't match the SXI-defined types and you're not using an XML SCHEMA COLLECTION.
5. You can't index a non-leaf node for the value or use * wildcard as the last step in the path.
6. There is a maximum depth to the path in a pathspec.
And so on… you can read 'em as well as I can.
Hopefully, this, and the previous entries should be enough to get you started. I did write these in one sitting and most of them were written in "realtime" so if you have any additions, questions, and/or find something neat to do with these drop me a line by email (be creative, figure out my email address) or ping me on twitter.
Motivation in the next (which is also the last, for now) posting.


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key 1977). The outlier detection method with Tukey's fences means that the dataset for further analyses satisfied the condition mi ≤ Q3+ 1.5 (Q3 – Q1), where mi is the number of ectoparasites counted on a sand lizard at the capture i, and Q1 and Q3 are first and third quartile of all recorded values of mi, respectively.
We calculated the season of capture as date of the year (ordinal date). To evaluate the seasonal component of ectoparasite activity from the comparison between age cohorts of hosts, we detrended the number of the ectoparasites using a generalized additive model (GAM). The GAM extends generalized linear models and applies quadratically penalized regression splines to smooth model terms to estimate complex, nonlinear relationships between explanatory and response variables. We related the number of ectoparasites to season at the first capture of each individual. We evaluated overdispersion of the model errors from Q-Q plots and tested the Poisson error structure with a dispersion test (Cameron & Trivedi 1990). The model was considered overdispersed, when σ2(ε) = µ(ε)(1 + α) and α > 0, where σ2 is the variance of the model residuals ε, µ is the mean and α is the dispersion parameter. When the model was overdispersed, we used a negative binomial error structure that allows different mean and variance of ε. We estimated the smoothing parameter of GAM with the REML method. We selected the optimal number of knots of the smoother with the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). For further analyses, we used the GAM model to obtain the seasonally detrended ectoparasite load as the difference between the model prediction and ectoparasite load detected on the day of capture of each individual.
We estimated the differences in the predicted, seasonally detrended ectoparasite load between sexes and age cohorts with a Mann-Whitney test. To assess complex influences of sand lizard age, sex, their interaction, site of capture, year, and season, we modelled ectoparasite load with a GAM on first captures of each animal, using REML for parameter estimation. For the complex GAM analysis, we discarded the recaptures to avoid non-independence of the samples. Implementing a mixed model with the individual animals treated as a random factor was not possible, because our dataset did not contain a sufficient number of recaptures.
Sampling was based on permits 2579/2007-2.1 and 1323/527/05-5.1 issued by The Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic, and JMK 38000/2018 issued by the Regional Authority of the South Moravian Region, Brno. Animal handling complied with Czech Act No. 114/1992 on Nature and Landscape Protection. The authors were authorised to handle wild lizards according to the Certificate of Professional Competence (Nos. CZ01287 and CZ03799; §15d, Act No. 246/1992 Coll.).
Simulations showed that host mobility positively correlated with ectoparasite exposure (Fig. 1). With increasing host mobility, ectoparasite exposure increased non-linearly in an S-shaped curve. The saturation of ectoparasite exposure was dependent on the length of the simulation (Fig. 1A).
We captured 477 sand lizards (200 in 2007, 81 in 2018, and 196 in 2020) with 0 to 239 ectoparasites (Fig. 2). Estimating the threshold for outlier detection at 59 ectoparasites, we removed 23 records, resulting in the final dataset of 454 captures of 335 individuals. All hyper-parasitized individuals were adults (20 males and three females). The ectoparasite load did not differ between sites in the final dataset (Mann-Whitney test: U = 27,461, P = 0.110). Median ectoparasite load was 11 (Table 1), and 24 individuals did not have any ectoparasites at the time of capture.
The GAM to model the seasonal aspect of ectoparasite activity with a Poisson error structure was overdispersed (dispersion test: α = 8.99, z = 9.61, P < 0.001) and the model was fitted with a negative binomial distribution. The GAM that best fitted the data had six knots according to AIC comparison (Fig. 3A). The model had a significant intercept (β0 = 2.65, z = 55.3, P < 0.001) and smoothing term (EDF = 4.66, χ2 = 93.4, P < 0.001), and explained 18.1% of deviance observed in the data (Fig. 3B). The smoothing term was meaningful for interpretation because there was no monotone response possible within the 95% confidence interval of the smooth.
Sex, age cohort and ectoparasite load of sand lizards.
Having corrected for the ectoparasite load with respect to seasonal variation, we found no differences in ectoparasite load between sexes of subadult sand lizards (Mann-Whitney test: U = 251, P = 0.911), but we observed significant differences in adults (Mann-Whitney test: U = 16,024, P < 0.001). The difference in ectoparasite load is also present in both sexes, as adult males host more ectoparasites than subadult males (Mann-Whitney test: U = 2,851.5, P < 0.001), and adult females host more ectoparasites than subadults of the same sex (Mann-Whitney test: U = 3,549.5, P = 0.038). When data were not seasonally detrended, the significance of the tests remained stable in all comparisons except the female age cohorts (Fig. 4A). Observed ectoparasite load in adult females was statistically identical to that observed in subadult females (Mann-Whitney test: U = 3,035.5, P = 0.580).
Generalized additive model of ectoparasite load on sand lizards. Covariates with significant effects are in bold.
In a complex GAM that evaluated sex, age, and their interaction on ectoparasite load, correcting for site, year, and the non-linear relationship with season, we confirmed the significant influence of sex and age (Table 2). The model used a negative binomial error structure, as the Poisson structure was overdispersed (dispersion test: α = 7.02, z = 9.94, P < 0.001). Including the additional covariates in the GAM increased the explained deviance to 28.3%. Predicted ectoparasite load was highest in adult males, followed by adult females. Subadults of both sexes had low predicted ectoparasite load, with males having fewer ectoparasites than females in the model predictions (Fig. 4B).
Our simulation study showed that increased host mobility can increase ectoparasite exposure. In the simplified scenario with evenly distributed ectoparasites and a random walk of hosts, we observed an increase of ectoparasite exposure in hosts that covered longer distances (Fig. 1). This outcome is biologically feasible, as ticks quest on vegetation for passing hosts. In fact, tick infection has been linked to host foraging movement in birds (Fecchio et al. 2020) and to territory size in mammals (Wanelik et al. 2017).
We found a bimodal distribution of ectoparasite load on sand lizards with progressing season. The peaks, when sand lizards suffer from highest ectoparasite infestation, are in mid-May and mid-July (Fig. 3). The tick activity as inferred from flagging is known to be unimodal or bimodal in different years. The bimodal activity of questing ticks has peaks in early summer (May-June) and early autumn (September-October; Pérez et al. 2012, Žákovská et al. 2013, Hauck et al. 2020). The autumn peak inferred from flagging is desynchronized with our observation of a midsummer peak in ectoparasite load on sand lizards. Changes in the activity of parasites are a product of parasite adaptation to the environment and the temporal presence of its primary host (Žákovská et al. 2013, Lewis et al. 2002).
In generalist parasites, their seasonal activity reflects environmental requirements (temperature, moisture, vegetation cover, etc.) rather than activity patterns of the host. When temporal changes in tick load on the inspected host do not align with the temporal activity of questing ticks, ticks are either generalist parasites, or the host under survey might not be their primary target. If the parasite load aligns in time with the activity of the host better than with environmental cues, the parasite load modality is likely caused by the host activity (Lewis et al. 2002). We did not flag questing ticks from vegetation, but as ticks infect multiple vertebrate hosts (Matuschka et al. 1991), we assume that the bimodal host infestation of sand lizards observed herein is driven by local life cycle of the hosts. The highest spatial


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What is the Goldman Fristoe Articulation Test?
The Goldman Fristoe Articulation Test is widely used by speech pathologists throughout the United States as a tool to assess children's speech development. Developed by Dr. Ronald Goldman and Dr. Macalyne Fristoe, this test can assess and yield information about a child's progress, ability, and other measures of speech production. It can be administered on infants and youth of all ages (until age 21) with the ability to compare the child's individual status against national standardized norms. Goldman and Fristoe both have significant experience in speech pathology, and have created this test out of their own need to help their clients. When researching this test, you may find that there is now a second edition available. This edition includes tables of standardized norms, as well as updated pictures that are void of cultural bias.
Sampling a child's spontaneous and imitative sound production helps to build a clear picture of their strengths and weaknesses. This test can be easily administered in less than 15 minutes using picture cards and consonant sounds. This short test can create a clear trusted picture for speech language pathologists.
Gender-Based Speech Therapy
Different stages and areas of speech can be tested in accordance with the child's age and gender. Many relationship studies have suggested that the male and female sex communicate differently, and this starts the moment we begin to learn language. Women learn language abstractly while men learn based on sensory cues.
It can be explained best with the cliché related to men and women's style of directions. Women will give directions with abstract and additional cues, "go one block north and turn right after you pass the bakery." Men will give directions in a simpler manner without abstract cues or landmarks, "go north on Willow and turn right on Ash."
Because of the differences in male and female language processing, different instruction will benefit one sex, but not the other. Boys may benefit from lecture and reading, while girls are more apt to learn with more abstract approaches, and information-laden learning. The importance of gender differentiated results is something that the Goldman Fristoe standardized test results takes into account. It is vital to know the differences in learning so that any therapy given is most successful to the child.
Chicago Speech Therapy Can Help
Perhaps your child is showing difficulty mimicking the sounds you make, or producing ones of their own. If you have any questions on your child's language progress, have a speech pathologist conduct this short test. This quick test can provide lots of information about your child's language assessment, and help you to decide whether or not to enter into therapy.
If you are concerned with your child's speech or language development, please contact Chicago Speech Therapy by calling _PHONE_ or by clicking on the "Contact Karen" button on the upper right section of this page.
Karen George is a Chicago speech-language pathologist. The practice she founded, Chicago Speech Therapy, LLC, provides in-home pediatric speech therapy in Chicago and surrounding suburbs. Karen and her team of Chicago speech therapists have a reputation for ultra-effective speech therapy and work with a variety of speech disorders. Karen is the author of several books such as A Parent's Guide to Speech and Language Milestones, A Parent's Guide to Articulation, A Parent's Guide to Speech Delay, A Parent's Guide to Stuttering Therapy, and A Parent's Guide to Pediatric Feeding Therapy. She is often asked to speak and has addressed audiences at top Children's Hospitals and Northwestern University. Karen is highly referred by many Chicago-area Pediatricians and elite schools.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm looking for a key/value store meeting the following requirements:
 1. Open Source
 2. C API (C++ okay too)
 3. ACID
 4. Some level of crash recovery
 5. High [storage] capacity per file
 6. Both key and value are arbitrary binary data
 7. Embedded (like DBM, SQLite, et al.)
GDBM looks particularly attractive. Per the fact that the datum struct uses int dsize; clearly key and value sizes are limited to 2GB, which is fine. However, my problem with GDBM is that I can't find any documentation on the limit to the database file sizes. For example, Berkeley DB provides database files up to 256TB. If this is large enough, then GDBM would be perfect.
Does anyone know the GDBM file size cap? Failing that (or if it's too small) what other suggestions can you make? Does such a beast exist?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
If you're using GDBM on a 32-bit (i386) system, the maximum database size is 2GB. If you're using it on a 64-bit system and you compile your app 64-bit, then the maximum database size should be limited by your filesystem.
share|improve this answer
Can anyone confirm this? – Chris Jan 22 '10 at 16:43
Your Answer


Efficacy of computed tomographic image - Guided endoscopic sinus surgery in residency training programs
Roy R. Casiano, William A. Numa
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
49 Scopus citations
Objective: To determine the efficacy of computed tomographic image-guided endoscopic surgery in the hands of inexperienced surgeons. Study Design: Four second-year otolaryngology residents, with no prior experience performing ethmoidectomies, performed endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on formalin-fixed human cadaveric specicimens with and without the aid of computer-assisted surgery (CAS). Methods: Each resident was asked to identify critical sinus, orbital, and skull base structures while performing a total ethmoidectomy and multiple sinusotomies. Their surgical accuracy (percentage of correctly identified structures), total operative time, and incidence of major complications were recorded for each side. A total of 16 sides were evaluated (8 with and 8 without CAS). Statistical significance between groups was determined by means of Pearson's χ2 analysis. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P =.001) in the mean accuracy of identifying critical anatomical landmarks between the CAS (97%) and non-CAS (76.8%) groups. Although not statistically significant, operative time appeared to be longer in the group using CAS (average of 67 vs. 80 min). Three major intracranial complications were documented only in the group not using CAS. Conclusions: Although, unquestionably, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy remains essential for performing ESS, CAS improves surgical accuracy and reduces the risk of major intracranial or intraorbital complications for residents. In additional, our data suggest that this technology may enhance surgical efficiency and improve the learning curve by reducing operative time (below one's normal baseline) while maintaining a greater than 90% accuracy in identifying critical anatomical landmarks.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)1277-1282
Number of pages6
Issue number8
StatePublished - Jan 1 2000
 - Computed tomography
 - Computed-assisted surgery
 - Endoscopic sinus surgery
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Otorhinolaryngology
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Confused About "Variable" Rate Mortgages?
(August 24, 2011 )
This is something that many people have questions about. When you have a variable rate mortgage, the interest rate you pay can change from time to time. How does it change and why? Well there are 2 parts to a variable rate:
The rate you pay is equal to Prime Rate + Bank Spread
Prime Rate is determined by the government and it is the same for all of the big Canadian Banks. The rate can only be changed when the Bank of Canada holds a meeting and announces an increase or decrease (usually by increments of 0.25%). There are a total of 8 meetings scheduled in 2011.
Bank Spread is any additional interest rate the bank is charging over the Prime Rate. It may be different from bank to bank, and customers should negotiate this spread.
Since the Prime Rate can change throughout the year, your mortgage rate will increase or decrease by the same amount. However, the Bank Spread will stay the same until the end of the term, where you will have to renegotiate the mortgage rate again.


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of the port release
Click on "Add rule" to start the port sharing process, which may take a few minutes.
Step 6: Start Terraria server
As soon as the ports are enabled you can start your Terraria server (In the firewall policies in the Cloud Panel you can see whether the release process is still in progress or already completed under "Status"). The simplest solution for this is to use the batch file named start-server.bat mentioned earlier. So navigate to the Terraria directory and start the batch file and thus also the server by double-clicking on it.
If you have not yet entered important information, such as the difficulty level or the name of the game world, in the configuration file, the command line will now ask you for this information. Then the creation of the server starts, which can take a few minutes depending on the size and seed. If the process was successful, the command prompt will display a success message.
Step 7: Connect to the server
If you or your friends want to connect to the new Terraria server, the following steps are required:
- Start Terraria.
- Click on "Multiplayer".
- Select the option "Join via IP" and an avatar.
- Type the IP address of your server (with :7777 appended for the port).
- Press "Accept".
- Enter the server password, if you have one assigned.
Once the connection to the server is established, your custom Terraria adventure can finally begin!
Make a statement with your own.gg domain and let the games begin. Register your own.gg domain now with IONOS.


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| Cancer Tree |
| Camptotheca acuminata|
| Uses: Medicinal
|| Duration: Perennial (hardy in zones 9+) |
| When to Sow: Anytime
|| Ease of Germination: Moderate |
| (Xi Shu, Happy Tree, Tree of Life)
Chinese tree with proven anti-cancer properties. The bark, stem and leaves contain camptothecin, an alkaloid effective against leukemia, colon cancer and other tumours, and it blocks the replication of the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Drugs derived from the tree are ringing up sales in excess of $1 billion. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used for the treatment of colds, psoriasis, cancers and leukemia of the liver, gallbladder and stomach. Due to overharvesting in China it is endangered in the wild, but it is now in cultivation in India and Japan. It was introduced to America in 1930s and is growing in Florida and Georgia. The tree reaches 20m/65ft.


Delivery of high-quality colostrum is a critical component of a successful calf-rearing enterprise. If colostrum is failing to do its job, Sheila McGuirk, Professor of Large Animal Internal Medicine and Food Animal Production Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, identifies these "Top The Reasons for Disappointing Herd Colostrum Results":
 1. Calves suckle before leaving the calving pen, meaning they spend more than two hours in the pen.
 2. Colostrum is contaminated with bacteria.
 3. More than six hours expire before fresh cows are milked for the first time.
 4. Required immunoglobulin mass is not delivered when there is adequate efficiency of absorption.
 5. Insufficient colostrum is available because low-quality and first-calf-heifer colostrum is not used.
 6. Colostrum supplement or replacement powder is added to colostrum.
 7. Inappropriate expectations of colostrum replacement products.
 8. Late summer heat stress on transition cows.
 9. Calves aren't tested for blood serum total protein and/or serum IgG levels.
 10. Test results are not reliable.


Investor Glossary-cashInvestor Glossary-cashInvestor Glossary-cashInvestor Glossary-cashInsightful stock market charts - Click here
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Cash consists of paper currency and coins. In the U.S. cash existed as coins until 1862, when the first federal paper money was issued in $5, $10 and $20 bills. This cash was freely convertible into gold until 1971 when the U.S. removed the link of its cash supply to gold deposits. Most of the world's currency exists on hard drives in electronic bank accounts. Cash represents less than one-tenth of the total value of global currencies. Cash includes short-term investments that can be readily converted into cash. Checking accounts and money market accounts are considered cash. Negotiable money orders are also cash. On a balance sheet, there is a line item for cash and its equivalents. Cash equivalents are any assets that can be converted quickly into cash.
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I am using windows form for my application. I am loading another form on click of panel. Now I want to show sliding effect for opening and closing of form.I am able to add negative sliding effect while opening as form opens from right to left by overloading OnLoad event of form. But I am not able to hide the form with positive slide effect using AnimateWindow function. Is there any way to do this?
This is what I have used to show the form:
protected override void OnLoad(System.EventArgs e)
 NativeMethods.AnimateWindow(this.Handle, 500,
 AW_ACTIVATE | AW_SLIDE | AW_HOR_NEGATIVE);
share|improve this question
Can you show the code you use to hide the form and describe what happens when you call it? – stuartd Aug 31 '12 at 12:33
3 Answers 3
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Using your existing pattern - OnClosing + AW_HIDE does it in reverse.
protected override void OnClosing(CancelEventArgs e)
 AnimateWindow(this.Handle, 500, AW_ACTIVATE | AW_SLIDE | AW_HOR_NEGATIVE | AW_HIDE);
share|improve this answer
Why don't use simply Form.Location property.
Increase or decrease it's relative values to achieve sliding animation effect you want.
share|improve this answer
This library might be able to do what you want.
Example code from the site, which could, in your case, be placed in the Closing event.
Transition t = new Transition(new TransitionType_EaseInEaseOut(2000));
t.add(pictureBox1, "Left", 300);
t.add(pictureBox1, "Top", 200);
Once you've done the animation, you can use the TransitionCompletedEvent event to hide the form. (or you could animate the Opacity property of your form)
public event EventHandler TransitionCompletedEvent;
share|improve this answer
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Autumn (Fall)
Autumn (also known as fall in American English) is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter, usually in March (Southern Hemisphere) or September (Northern Hemisphere) when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier.
The equinoxes might be expected to be in the middle of their respective seasons, but temperature lag (caused by the thermal latency of the ground and sea) means that seasons appear later than dates calculated from a purely astronomical perspective. The actual lag varies with region, so some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as â€œmid-autumnâ€ whilst others with a longer lag treat it as the start of autumn. Meteorologists (and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on months, with autumn being September, October and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April and May in the southern hemisphere.
Autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on about 7 November in traditional East Asian solar term. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met Ã‰ireann, are September, October and November. In Australia, autumn officially begins on 1 March and ends 31 May.
The alternative word fall is now mostly a North American English word for the season. It traces its origins to old Germanic languages. The exact derivation is unclear, the Old English fiÃ¦ll orfeallan and the Old Norse fall all being possible candidates. However, these words all have the meaning â€œto fall from a heightâ€ and are clearly derived either from a common root or from each other. The term came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like â€œfall of the leafâ€ and â€œfall of the year.â€
During the 17th century, English emigration to the British colonies in North America was at its peak, and the new settlers took the English language with them. While the term fall gradually became obsolete in Britain, it became the more common term in North America, where autumnis nonetheless preferred in scientific and often in literary contexts.
This view is presented in English poet John Keatsâ€™ poem To Autumn, where he describes the season as a time of bounteous fecundity, a time of â€˜mellow fruitfulnessâ€™.
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The World Heritage Committee,
1. Having examined Documents WHC-12/36.COM/8B and WHC-12/36.COM/INF.8B1,
2. Inscribes the Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija, Slovenia, Spain, on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria (ii) and (iv);
3. Adopts the following Statement of Outstanding Universal Value:
Mercury is a relatively rare metal, whose use has long been irreplaceable in a variety of technical, chemical and industrial processes. It has only been produced in substantial quantities and over a long period by a small number of mines worldwide, of which the two largest, until recent times, were at Almadén in Spain and Idrija in Slovenia. These two mining towns, whose origins date from ancient or Medieval times, demonstrate the lengthy period over which a socio-technical system of extraction specific to this metal was in operation, and the process of evolution it underwent. Controlling mercury extraction enabled control of the market, which very quickly became intercontinental in scope because of its decisive role in the extraction of silver from deposits in the New World. A heavy metal, which is liquid at room temperature and has very specific chemical and physical properties, mercury is also a pollutant, which is dangerous for human health. The two sites contain technical remains of large numbers of mine shafts, and their galleries and surface facilities, with artefacts which are specific to the extraction of mercury-bearing ores; they also include significant urban, monumental and infrastructure elements and material and symbolic materials associated with the life styles and social organisation of mercury extraction.
Criterion (ii): Mercury extraction took place in a very limited number of mines, of which the two largest were Almadén and Idrija. From the Renaissance period in Europe, the activity took on an international dimension. Its worldwide strategic importance increased steadily, particularly because of its role in the working of gold and silver mines in America. The interchanges were at once economic, financial and related to technical expertise.
Criterion (iv): The mining sites of Almadén and Idrija constitute the most important heritage left behind by the intensive extraction of mercury, particularly in the modern and contemporary periods. This dual testimony is unique, and it illustrates the various industrial, territorial, urban and social elements of a specific sociotechnical system in the mining and metal production industries.
The mining sites of Almadén and Idrija form a coherent whole with complementary components, satisfactorily illustrating all the technical, cultural and social aspects associated with mercury extraction. The elements are present in sufficient number to enable satisfactory interpretation. These are the two most significant sites for this activity to have been preserved, in terms of volumes produced, historical duration, and the completeness of the evidence provided. The integrity of the serial property has been justified.
At both sites, the presence of mining infrastructure elements both underground at on the surface, the presence of technical artefacts linked to mining extraction, its upstream needs (hydraulic energy, wood) and its conversion into "quicksilver" (furnaces), its transport and its storage are authentic. This also applies to the urban and monumental elements, and for the testimony to the miners' working conditions.
Protection and management requirements
The protection measures for the sites are satisfactory; in both cases they have led to municipal general plans of land use and the control of construction works projects which could affect the sites. These urban and rural planning measures also apply to the buffer zones. At Almadén however, the existence of projects which could have a visual impact on the property and the belated inclusion of the property and its boundaries in the municipal general plan demonstrate the need for closer cooperation between the municipal authorities and the property management entity. For both sites, a satisfactory local management system exists, and the overarching International Committee for the coordination of the serial property has demonstrated that it functions satisfactorily.
4. Recommends that the States Parties give consideration to the following:
a) Carrying out a thorough inventory of the technical and industrial heritage elements which are actually present, for the two sites, in order to ensure high-quality conservation and enhancement,
b) At Almadén, reinforcing the cooperation between the municipal authorities in charge of the General Plan and the property management authority,
c) At Almadén, confirming that maintaining the visual integrity of the property and its environment is properly taken into account with regard to the various urban projects being considered in the town. It is also necessary to inform the World Heritage Committee of such projects at a sufficiently early stage, in accordance with Article 172 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention,
d) At Idrija, specifying the surface areas of the new buffer zones, following the recent redrawing of their boundaries (January 2012).


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|Part of a series on|
|Ministry and worship|
|Background and history|
The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral, frequently referred to as the Lambeth Quadrilateral or the Lambeth-Chicago Quadrilateral, is a four-point articulation of Anglican identity, often cited as encapsulating the fundamentals of the Communion's doctrine and as a reference-point for ecumenical discussion with other Christian denominations. The four points are:
- The Holy Scriptures, as containing all things necessary to salvation;
- The Creeds (specifically, the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds), as the sufficient statement of Christian faith;
- The Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion;
- The historic episcopate, locally adapted.
The Quadrilateral had its genesis in an 1870 essay by an American Episcopal priest, William Reed Huntington. Huntington's purpose in proposing these four elements was to establish "a basis on which approach may be by God's blessing, made toward Home Reunion," that is, with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
American House of Bishops resolution
The four points found their way into a resolution of the House of Bishops of the American Episcopal Church, meeting in Chicago in 1886. As passed there, the resolution reads as follows:
- We, Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in Council assembled as Bishops in the Church of God, do hereby solemnly declare to all whom it may concern, and especially to our fellow-Christians of the different Communions in this land, who, in their several spheres, have contended for the religion of Christ:
- Our earnest desire that the Savior's prayer, "That we all may be one," may, in its deepest and truest sense, be speedily fulfilled;
- That we believe that all who have been duly baptized with water, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, are members of the Holy Catholic Church.
- That in all things of human ordering or human choice, relating to modes of worship and discipline, or to traditional customs, this Church is ready in the spirit of love and humility to forego all preferences of her own;
- That this Church does not seek to absorb other Communions, but rather, co-operating with them on the basis of a common Faith and Order, to discountenance schism, to heal the wounds of the Body of Christ, and to promote the charity which is the chief of Christian graces and the visible manifestation of Christ to the world.
- But furthermore, we do hereby affirm that the Christian unity can be restored only by the return of all Christian communions to the principles of unity exemplified by the undivided Catholic Church during the first ages of its existence; which principles we believe to be the substantial deposit of Christian Faith and Order committed by Christ and his Apostles to the Church unto the end of the world, and therefore incapable of compromise or surrender by those who have been ordained to be its stewards and trustees for the common and equal benefit of all men.
- As inherent parts of this sacred deposit, and therefore as essential to the restoration of unity among the divided branches of Christendom, we account the following, to wit:
- The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the revealed Word of God.
- The Nicene Creed as the sufficient statement of the Christian Faith.
- The two Sacraments — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord — ministered with unfailing use of Christ's words of institution and of the elements ordained by Him.
- The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying needs of the nations and peoples called of God into the unity of His Church.
- Furthermore, Deeply grieved by the sad divisions which affect the Christian Church in our own land, we hereby declare our desire and readiness, so soon as there shall be any authorized response to this Declaration, to enter into brotherly conference with all or any Christian Bodies seeking the restoration of the organic unity of the Church, with a view to the earnest study of the conditions under which so priceless a blessing might happily be brought to pass.
Lambeth Conference resolution
In 1888, the third Lambeth Conference (an international consultation of bishops of the Anglican Communion) passed Resolution 11. This was a scaled-back version of the resolution passed at Chicago two years earlier, more closely aligned with Huntington's original wording, and reads as follows:
- That, in the opinion of this Conference, the following Articles supply a basis on which approach may be by God's blessing made towards Home Reunion:
- (a) The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as "containing all things necessary to salvation," and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.
- (b) The Apostles' Creed, as the Baptismal Symbol; and the Nicene Creed, as the sufficient statement of the Christian faith.
- (c) The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself — Baptism and the Supper of the Lord — ministered with unfailing use of Christ's Words of Institution, and of the elements ordained by Him.
- (d) The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted in the methods of its administration to the varying needs of the nations and peoples called of God into the Unity of His Church.
The 1920 Appeal to all Christian People
The 1920 Lambeth Conference picked up and reiterated the points of the earlier documents in fresh language. The rewording of the fourth was radical:
- A ministry acknowledged by every part of the Church as possessing not only the inward call of the Spirit, but also the commission of Christ and the authority of the whole body.
The Episcopate was only expressly mentioned in the commentary which followed:
- May we not reasonably claim that the Episcopate is the one means of providing such a ministry? It is not that we call in question for a moment the spiritual reality of the ministries of those Communions which do not possess the Episcopate. On the contrary, we thankfully acknowledge that these ministries have been manifestly blessed and owned by the Holy Spirit as effective means of grace...
Significance of the Quadrilateral
The Quadrilateral has had a significant impact on Anglican identity since its passage by the Lambeth Conference. The Resolution came at a time of rapid expansion of the Anglican Communion, primarily in the territories of the British Empire. As such, it provided a basis for a shared ethos, one that became increasingly important as colonial churches influenced by British culture and values, evolved into national ones influenced by local norms. At the same time, it has been the locus of fervent debate, especially over its third and fourth points.
The first point, concerning what Anglicans call "the suffiency of Scripture," takes its language directly from Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith, foundational to Anglican Scriptural exegesis and hermeneutics since the sixteenth century. As such, it has been widely accepted as written. Similarly, the second point describes the sine qua non of Catholic faith since antiquity, and so likewise has enjoyed broad acquiescence. To the extent that it has been controversial, the controversy has centered entirely on those parts of the Communion that have sought to expand a sufficient statement of faith to include other formulae. The third point has been controversial among some Anglicans as being inappropriately limited. In particular, many Anglo-Catholics have maintained that the five other sacraments should be included as essential marks of the Church (see Anglican sacraments). By far, the most controversial point has been the fourth, which many believe could open the door to challenging the Church's episcopal tradition of apostolic succession.
The Quadrilateral in ecumenical dialogue
The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral has also been important to ecumenical dialogue. In this context, it had been helpful in the consultation between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Communions (see Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission) and between certain Anglican ecclesiastical provinces and national Lutheran organizations.
Apostolicae curae is the title of a papal bull issued in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII declaring all Anglican ordinations to be "absolutely null and utterly void". It has been described as an early Catholic response to the ecumenical efforts of the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral.
The Quadrilateral has also proved a stumbling block, however, as in the discussions between the Anglican Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada and between the Church of England and the Methodist Church of Great Britain, both of which broke down largely due to the issue of episcopacy.
- Evans, G.R. and Wright, J. Robert. The Anglican Tradition SPCK(1991), #387
- Ramsey, Arthur Michael. From Gore to Temple Longmans(1960) p.121
- Butler, Perry (1988) "The History of Anglicanism From the Early Eighteenth Century to the Present Day," in: The Study of Anglicanism; ed. by Stephen Sykes and John Booty. London: SPCK; pp. 2
- Morris, Edwin, Abp. (1969). The Lambeth Quadrilateral and Reunion. Westminster, Eng.: Faith Press. 32 p. SBN 7164-0145-2


Follo, Norway
Apollo is our proposal for the new Museum Workshop. The building follows the natural elevations and creates a threefold division of roof and space. We wanted to create a new destination, where visitors move along a path through the historic buildings on the site before reaching the new workshop museum. The shape of the building forms two sides, one with a view overlooking the forest and water, and one that surrounds a courtyard filled with functions that are connected to the workshops. The building varies in itss height and act as a filter between inside and outside. They slided walls help to define, among other things, the entrance area and the given program. The road leads to a foyer, together with a integrated café and exhibition room that is centrally located in the building, from this part moves administratively in one direction and the workshop building in the other. The building will be an extension of the path and at the same time as it is a closed workshop, it always allows visitors to walk through the building. In collaboration with Philip Box.