text:
FLOOR SUPERVISOR REPORTS TO:
Store Manager SUMMARY:
The Floor Supervisor's primary function is to assist and support the Store and Assistant Manager in all aspects of the store, including all personnel, product, merchandising, and visual functions, business processes and results for the store. Assist management with recruiting, training and development of associates. OVERALL RESPONSIBILITIES
- Direct and motivates the store team to provide service in accordance with the TH Customer Service program, generate sales and profit, minimize losses and while ensure the store is visually distinctive and impeccably maintained.
- Maximize Associate productivity, ensure compliance and consistent execution of company standards and Policy & Procedures as well as create an environment which is results driven.
- Assist in the development of associates through feedback, coaching and training.
- Demonstrate effective written and verbal communication skills.
- Develop proficiency in all operational policies and procedures.
- Manage time and prioritize tasks.
- Maximize sales by ensuring TH Customer Service program is being executed to standard as well as ensuring merchandise styles and sizes are well represented on the sales floor.
- Assist with training, developing and executing S.G.M. and TH Customer Service.
- Communicate statistical results and identify business needs.
- Communicate with team at Take 5 meetings, regarding individual sales performance, and other key performance indicators such as UPT, conversion, store results, product sales and other information to help them provide great service and achieve goals.
- Assist with training, monitoring and executing Direct Replenishment and Recovery process.
- Recognize problems, analyze causes, and generate alternatives and solutions.
- Represent the TH image through personal and professional appearance.
- Understand and comply with all company policy, procedures and operations.
- Receiving and processing shipments and transfers.
- Follow Inventory Shrinkage Improvement Program.
- Assist to ensure store has all necessary tools (i.e. supplies, resources, binders, posters, etc.) and knowledge of how to use them adequately.
- Maintain the highest level of security and safety awareness within the store
- Store opening and closing.
- Able to lift a minimum of 40 pounds and able to stand for long periods of time.
MERCHANDISING & VISUAL RESPONSIBILITIES:
- Work with store management to source the best talent through networking and recruitment, interviewing, hiring and orientation process. Identify new hires who possess skills representative of the TH Brand and image.
- Assist in the development of all associates to be knowledgeable in areas of product and sales by communicating openly, honestly, and constructively.
- Create energy, excitement and recognition around team and individual accomplishment and successes.
- Participate and assists the Store Manager in weekly management meetings and quarterly staff meetings.
- Change schedules, adapt to the needs of the position, undertaking night shifts, weekends and holidays.
- Demonstrate teamwork and lead by example within store.
- Assists in making business decisions based on current sell-through strategies.
- Maintains elevated store presentation by training and overseeing standards as defined by brand standards and company directives with an eye for detail.
- Keep management informed of all merchandise and visual related issues.
- Execute markdowns and re-merchandise, as needed.
- Maintain store organization fixtures/hardware/general cleanliness.
PVH Corp. or its subsidiary ("PVH") is an equal opportunity employer and considers all applicants for employment on the basis of their individual capabilities and qualifications, consistent with applicable law and without regard to race, color, sex, gender identity or expression, age, religion, creed, national origin, citizenship status, sexual orientation, genetic information, physical or mental disability, military status or any other characteristic protected under federal, state or local law. In addition to complying with all applicable laws, PVH also has a strong corporate commitment to inclusion, diversity and to ensuring that all current and future PVH associates are compensated solely on job-related factors such as skill, ability, educational background, work quality, experience and potential. To achieve these goals, across the United States and its territories, PVH prohibits any PVH employee, agent or representative from requesting or otherwise considering any job applicant's current or prior wages, salary or other compensation information in connection with the hiring process. Accordingly, applicants are asked not to disclose this salary history information to PVH


text:
1.Evaluation of Analytical Data
– Statistical Methods
Definition of terms: mean, medium, mode, precision, standard deviation,
Standard deviation, accuracy, absolute error, relative error.
Types error in experimental data – determination (systematic), indeterminate
(random) and gross: sources of errors and their effects upon the analytical
Statistical evaluation of data – normal distribution, interval estimation,
methods of least squares.
2. Separation methods
a. Solvent extraction (liquid-liquid extraction): general principles,
relationship between percentage of extraction and distribution coefficient
and distribution ratio, multiple extraction, extraction of metal organic
complexes and ion association complexes, Craig tube.
b. Chromatographic techniques: Classification, basic principles, theory of
Ion exchange chromatography - ion exchange
process, synthesis and structure of ion-exchange resin, resolution,
retention parameters, selectivity, ion-exchange capacity and separation of
Paper and thin-layer chromatographystationary
and mobile phases, various techniques of development – visualization and
evaluation of chromatograms, separation of inorganic and organic compounds
Liquid-gas chromatographyintroduction,
methodology, instrumentation and industrial application.
HPLC: introduction, instrumentation and
Infra-red spectroscopy: Review of linear harmonic
oscillator,vibrational energies of diatomic molecules, force constant and
bond strengths, vibration of polyatomic molecules, selection rules, normal
modes of vibrations, overtones and combination bands, group frequencies,
instrumentation and interpretation of IR spectra.
UV absorption spectroscopy: Beer-Lambert law,
molar extinction coefficient, analysis of UV spectra, types of electronic
transitions, effect of conjugation, concept of chromophores and oxochromes,
bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic and hypochromic shifts, UV spectra
of conjugated enes and enones.
4. Thermal methods: Theory,
instrumentation andapplications of-
(a) Thermogravimetric method of analysis (TGA), (b)
Differential thermal methods of analysis (DTA), (c) Differential scanning
Paper2 Inorganic Chemistry
1. Shapes of Molecules:
VSEPR theory and hybridization, bent rule and energetics
of hybridization, role of d orbitals in σ
and π-bonding in non-metallic compounds.
2. Molecular Symmetry:
Symmetry elements and
operations, definition of mathematical group, similarity transformation and
classes: various point groups, symmetry criteria for polar and chiral
3. Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
LCAO method, σ, π and
δ molecular orbitals, treatment of homo-and hetero diatomic molecules, MOT
of delocalized π-bonding system-CO32-, NO3-.
4. Solid State:
Perfect and imperfect
crystals,defects in stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric compounds,
thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel defects, colour centers;
Molecular orbital theory of bonding in metals, intrinsic
and extrinsic semiconductors, doping semiconductors, p-n junctions;
conducting organic solids, conjugated systems, polyacetylens,
polyparaphenylenes and polypyrrols.
5. Inorganic Rings, Cages and Polymers:
structures of boranes, carboranes and metalloboranes; Preparation,
properties, structure and applications of silicones; Classification,
structure and applications of silicates and zeolites,
structures of isopoly and heteopoly molybdates and tungutates.
6. Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal
Energy profile of a
reaction, reactivity of metal complexes, inert and labile complexes,
kinetics of octahedral substitution, substitution reactions in squareplanar complexes, the trans effect, mechanism of substitution reaction,
redox reactions, electron transfer reaction, mechanism of one electron
Disconnection approach: an introduction to synthons and
synthetic equivalent disconnection approach, functional group
interconversions, the importance of the order of events in organic
synthesis, one group C-X and two group C-X disconnections.
Protecting groups: principle of protection of alcohol,
amine, carbonyl and carboxyl groups.
One group C-C disconnections: alcohol and carbonyl
compounds, use of acetylenes and aliphatic nitro compounds in organic
Two group disconnections: Diels-Alder reaction, Michel
addition, Robinson annelation, control in carbonyl condensations.
Principle of heterocyclic synthesis involving
cyclization reaction and cycloaddition reactions.
Three membered and four membered heterocycles:
aziridines, oxiranes, thiranes, azetidenes, oxetances and thietanes.
Six membered heterocycles with one, two or
more hetero atoms.
Seven membered heterocycles: azepines,
diazepines, thiazepines, axocines and diazocines.
Meso-ionic heterocycles and benzofused
heterocycles, nucleophilic, electrophilic and cycloaddition reactions of
Organometallic Reagents in Organic Synthesis:
Principle, preparation and applications of Li, Mg, Hg,
Zn, Ni, Pd, Fe, Co and boron compounds in organic synthesis.
Rearrangements and Reactions
General mechanistic considerations: nature of migration,
migratory aptitude, memory effects.
Syntheses: Demjanov, benzil-benzylic acid, Favorskii and
Reactions: Neber, Shapiro and Barton.
Rearrangements: Photo-Fries, Stevens and Dienone-phenol.
Paper 4 Physical Chemistry
A. Chemical Dynamics:
Molecularity, order of reactions, reaction mechanism and
kinetics models for non-elementary reactions, temperature dependent term of
reaction rate and activation energy. Determination of kinetic expressions
from constant volume/constant pressure, batch reactor data integral and
differential methods of data analysis, autocatalytics, enzyme catalyzed and
surface catalyzed reactions, reversible and irreversible reactions, zero,
first, second, nth order reactions.
Design for multiple reactions: competing and series
reactions, complex reaction, yield, conversion and selectivity, choice of
reactors for single, simple and complex reaction. Temperature pressure
effects in a reactor design. heat of reaction and equilibrium constant from
thermodynamics, graphical design procedures, optimum temperature. Multiple
reactions: product distribution and temperature, temperature and vessel size
for maximum production.
Electrochemistry of solutions, electrocatalysis,
biochemistry, Nernst Plank equation, Hodges-Huxley equation,
electrocardiography, activity and activity coefficient, Deby-Huckel theory
for activity coefficient of electrolytic solutions, determination of
activity coefficient, ionic strength, Donnan-membrane equilibrium,
determination of molecular weight polyelectrolytes.
Thermodynamics of electrolytic cell, polarization and
over voltage, decomposition voltage;
Electrochemical energy systems: introduction,
fundamental of batteries, classification of batteries, sizes of batteries,
battery characteristics; primary batteries-dry cell, alkaline MnO2
batteries and other batteries, secondary batteries-lead acid, alkaline
storage batteries; battery charging-theory and practice, energy economics;
fuel cells-types and electrochemistry.
Instrumentation and Measurements
Density, viscosity and surface tension:
Pycknometers, Viscometers and Stalagmometers ((pure solvents and solutions),
Temperature: thermistors and platinum resistance thermometers: pH
of solutions: pH meter (analogue and digital); Conductance:
conductometers (analogue, digital); Molar refraction: refractometers;
Optical activity: polarimeter; Half wave
Notations used in an electric circuit, electronic
components and colour code, thermocouple, resistors, capacitors and
inductors, network of resistors, The venins theorem, current and voltage,
illustration of the use of the circuits in NQR spectroscopy, cyclic
voltammetry and power supply as filter circuit;
Semiconductors: diode and Zener diode, diodes as
rectifiers and detectors, P-N-P and N-P-N transistors, use of transistors as
amplifiers and superconductors.
a) Acid-base titrations:
(i) Estimation of weak and strong alkali's using KMnO4,
(ii) Redox titrations: KIO3, KBrO3,
including iodometric, Strength of H2O2, Cl2,
contents in bleaching powder.
(iii) Complexometric titrations: Estimation of Mg2+,
Ca2+ and Co2+, Ni2+ by
EDTA, ferro-ferri titrations.
b) Paper Chromatography: Separation of metal
Determine the percentage composition of the given
mixture of two liquids A and B (say acetone and water) by surface tension
Determine the percentage composition of a given
mixture of alcohol and water by viscosity measurements.
Determine the pK values of phosphoric acid by
titrating the acid against sodium hydroxide by using pH-meter and glass
Find out empirical formula of silver-ammonia
complex by potentiometric method.
Determine the isoinic point of glycine by pH
Simultaneous determination of Co (II) and Cr
(III) in a mixture of both by spectrophotometric method.
Determine the

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


United Nations Directories
for Electronic Data Interchange for
Administration, Commerce and Transport
5419 Rate type code qualifier [B]
Desc: Code qualifying the type of rate. Repr: an..3 Code Values: 1 Allowance rate Code specifying the allowance rate. 2 Charge rate Code specifying the charge rate. 3 Actual versus calculated price difference rate Difference rate of actual price and calculated price. 4 Standard labour rate Labour rate for a normal working day. Synonym: Straight time. 5 Overtime labour rate Labour rate for overtime. 6 Premium labour rate Labour rate for premium time. 7 Calculation rate To identify a rate which is to be applied in a calculation. 8 Coefficient The coefficient which is to be used as a multiplier. 9 Indemnity rate To specify the rate of an indemnity. 10 Guarantee reserved calculation rate To specify the rate that has been used to calculate the monetary amount reserved as a guarantee. 11 Waiting time indemnity rate To specify the rate of an indemnity for waiting. ZZZ Mutually defined The rate type is mutually agreed by the interchanging parties.
Data Element Cross Reference
DataElement 5419 is used in the following Batch Composite Elements:
Copyright United Nations, all rights reserved
UN Economic Commission for Europe
Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
UN/EDIFACT Directories


text:
In Oracle PL/SQL, OPAQUE refers to the abstract data types whose internal representation are maintained by Oracle. The opaque type available in Oracle is XMLType. The XMLType data is stored as series of bytes and Oracle does not expose this internal representation. There are separate methods provided by Oracle to access the OPAQUE data.
A table named XMLTEST of XMLType is created. A XML document is inserted as a whole (as a CLOB), whose internal representation is not known.
SQL> CREATE TABLE XMLTEST OF XMLTYPE;
SQL> INSERT INTO XMLTEST values
1 row inserted.
FROM xmltest i,
EXTRACT(i.object_value, '/Business/Location/Service/Basics/Attribute[Name="id"]'))) s


text:
5. CFR (or C & F) "Cost
and Freight" requires the seller to pay the costs and
freight necessary to bring the goods to the named destination,
but the risk of loss or damage to the goods, as well as any
cost increases, are transferred from the seller to the buyer
when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment.
Insurance is the buyer's responsibility.
6. CIF "Cost, Insurance, and Freight"
this is CFR with the additional requirement that the seller
procure transport insurance against the risk of loss or damage
to goods. The seller must contract with the insurer and pay
the insurance premium. Insurance is generally important in
international shipping because transport companies have restricted
liability for loss or damage.
7. CPT "Freight/Carriage Paid
To" or DPC. This
term means the seller pays the freight for the carriage of
the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss or damage
to the goods and any cost increases transfers from the seller
to the buyer when the goods have been delivered to the custody
of the final carrier, and not at the ship's rail. Accordingly,
"freight/carriage paid to" can be used for all modes
of transportation, including container or roll-on roll-off
traffic by trailers and ferries. When the seller is required
to furnish a bill of lading, way bill, or carrier receipt,
the seller duly fulfils its obligation by presenting such
a document issued by the person contracted with for carriage
to the main destination.
8. CIP "Freight/Carriage And Insurance
Paid To". This term (also abbreviated CIP) is
the same as "freight/carriage paid to" but with
the additional requirement that the seller has to procure
transport insurance against the risk of loss or damage to
the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts with the
insurer and pays the insurance premium.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Competitive intelligence (CI) can be especially valuable to private equity (PE) and venture capital (VC) firms, which often operate somewhat in the dark within their industry segments. Holdings in newly-forming or niche industries have few public companies or established business models to provide adequate references for benchmarking and other meaningful insights.
Given this reality and the goals of private investors, PE and VC firms have a shallow understanding of their portfolio companies' key competitors, limited to core strengths and weaknesses and basic knowledge of product or service lines. They lack detailed information on products, key employees, clients, financial performance and other areas. Good CI gathering can fill in the gaps, offering the context needed to foster ideas and support decisions to identify the best new investment opportunities and maximize the value of their existing portfolio.
How CI enhances the value of private investment portfolios
Following are some of the competitive details that can be uncovered to ensure portfolio companies are well-positioned to maximize present and future value:
- Corporate strategy: Where are their competitors focused—profitability, price leadership, product quality, customer service, something else?
- Products and services: How do competitors differentiate new and existing products in the market? What role does innovation, pricing and other factors play in their product or service offerings?
- Financial strategy: Where is the competitor currently investing? How much risk are they willing to absorb? What cost burdens and other financial weaknesses do they bear?
- Distribution and go-to-market strategies: How does the competitor currently distribute their products or sell their services? Where and how are they entrenched, and what are the positive and negative impacts?
- Brand strategy and brand promise: What are the competitors' branding strengths and weaknesses? What are the market perceptions and rationales pertaining to a competitor's brand?
- Pricing: What are the competion's goals regarding pricing models, profitability and market share?
- Research and development (R&D) strategies: Is the competitor's research focus on innovation or on refining existing products? What is the extent of a competitor's intellectual property? What is the size and scope of a competitor's R&D budget and staff?
Investments in gathering CI can pay-off for PE and VC firms by giving them a unique, close-up view of the competitive landscape in which their portfolio companies operate. This information can help the firm identify and exploit strengths and weaknesses to their advantage.
Competitive intelligence versus market research
Unlike conventional market research, competitive intelligence is viewed as a more strategic and future-focused activity, striving to go beyond a straightforward understanding of the current environment.
A good working definition of CI is an approach to collecting and analyzing information whose goals are to:
- Understand and anticipate the activities of competitors.
- Objectively perceive and interpret industry and market events.
- Spot and negotiate market disruptions in order to manage risk and gain organizational advantage.
CI initiatives may engage what-if scenarios or "war gaming" to try to understand what competitors might do in the future. It may try to assess the likelihood of potential future scenarios in order to justify specific business directions or decisions.
Using both published and non-published sources, insight are gathered on marketplace dynamics and challenges in a manner that is structured, disciplined and ethical.
Strategic activities that grow out of CI:
- Bringing a current and accurate understanding of external competitive and market forces into strategic planning.
- Developing applicable insights through research and structured analysis.
- Strengthening marketing, financial and operational activities.
- Minimizing decision-related risk and lowering uncertainty.
Competitive intelligence now plays a crucial role in business planning and strategizing.
The cost of competitive intelligence
While competitive intelligence gathering can include some standard information like company and industry profiles, CI projects are not off-the-shelf. They are customized to meet specific requirements. And while discrete, "one and done" CI reports can be useful, the most effective way to leverage CI is through ongoing monitoring and assessment of the competitive landscape.
When looking at outside providers of CI services, costs depend on a variety of factors like the number of companies and industries involved, the cost of news and data sources and the scope and duration of a CI engagement.
Applications and subscriptions to business information services from companies like Thomson Reuters, Relx Group, Standard & Poor's and Bloomberg contribute to CI costs.
Robyn Rebollo, LAC Group VP of Spend Management Services, recommends buyers take an incremental leap into the CI /BI analytics products market, conducting a pilot to identify the most meaningful metrics for their needs.
According to Robyn,
Forbes is reporting that 60% of CIOs predict their spending on analytics and applications for business and competitive intelligence will increase in the next 12 months, and we see a similar pattern with our clients. However, it's still early adoption, and these products are not necessarily providing the reporting that C-level executives need for strategic decision-making, which means a lot of tweaking and customization of the outputs are still required.
It requires certain skills and practices to pull relevant news and data from these services, to scour the deep web for hidden information and to do the customization that brings it altogether in a useful way for executives. Many private investment firms believe they can do this with the people they have, yet their researchers are mostly financial analysts, narrowly focused on numbers and unfamiliar with broader information searches.
As performed by experienced researchers and information specialists, competitive intelligence truly can be the spark for more creative, strategic thinking and informed decision-making. It allows private equity firms to closely monitor the industries and markets they invest in, deepen their understanding of known areas and explore new areas for continued investment success.


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Weight class (boxing)
In boxing, a weight class is a standardized weight range for boxers. The lower limit of a weight class is equal to the upper weight limit of the class below it. The top class, with no upper limit, is called heavyweight in professional boxing and super heavyweight in amateur boxing. A boxing match is usually scheduled for a fixed weight class, and each boxer's weight must not exceed the upper limit. An amateur boxer's weight must in addition not fall below the lower limit, although pro boxers may fight above their weight class. A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight.
The weigh-in
A professional boxer typically weighs more between fights than at the time of a fight. Part of the process of training for a bout is "getting down to fighting weight". The weigh-in takes place the day before the fight. Boxers typically stand on the scales barefoot and without gloves. The weigh-in is often a photo opportunity and boxers or their entourage may trash talk each other. This element is such a valued part of the build-up that heavyweight boxers go through the ritual of being weighed even though there is no limit to be measured against, even where there appears to be genuine animosity between boxers.
A boxer who is over the weight limit may strip naked to make the weight if the excess is minimal; otherwise, in a professional bout, one can try again later, typically after losing weight in the interim through dehydration by vigorous exercise in a steam room. If the excess weight is too great, the effort expended trying to "make weight" will make the boxer unfit for the fight itself. In such cases, the fight may be cancelled, with the over weight boxer sanctioned; or the fight may proceed as a catch weight non-title fight.
An amateur boxer must make the weight at the initial weigh-in; there is no opportunity to try again later. There is a "general weigh-in" before the start of the tournament and a "daily weigh-in" on the morning of each of a fighter's bouts. At the general weigh-in, the fighter must be between the weight class's upper and lower limits; at the daily weigh-in only the upper limit is enforced. A fighter outside the limit at the initial weigh-in may be allowed to fight in a different class if there is space in the tournament. At major events such as boxing at the Olympics, there is a limit of one boxer per country per weight class.
A boxer may fight different bouts at different weight classes. The trend for professionals is to move up to a higher class as they age. Winning titles at multiple weight classes to become a "multiple champion" is considered a major achievement. In amateur boxing, bouts are much shorter and much more frequent, and boxers fight at their "natural" weight.
One boxer is said to be better "pound for pound" than another if he is considered superior with due regard for their difference in weight. Theoretical comparisons of the merits of boxers in different weight classes are a popular topic for boxing fans, with a similar speculative appeal to comparing sports figures from different eras; in both cases, the competitors could never face each other in reality.
In the early nineteenth century, there were no standard weight classes. In 1823, the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue said the limit for a "light weight" was 12 stone (168 lb) while Sportsman's Slang the same year gave 11 stone (154 lb) as the limit. Size mismatches were dangerous for the smaller boxer and unsatisfying for the spectators. National and world titles could only become recognised if standard weight classes were agreed upon. Important sets of weight classes were those specified in 1909 by the National Sporting Club of London, and those contained in the 1920 Walker Law which established the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC).
After the split in the 1960s between the WBC and the WBA, the divisions were narrowed, creating more champions simultaneously, and making it easier for fighters to move between different weight divisions. Among the professional bodies, the names of the new divisions are not standardized between different sanctioning bodies, although the cutoff weights are. These weights are specified in pounds, reflecting the historic dominance of America (and, earlier, Britain) in the sport.
Catch weight
A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight. A catch weight may be agreed for an individual bout—sometimes even for a championship bout—but championships are awarded only at the standard weight classes. For example, when Manny Pacquiao fought Miguel Cotto at a catch-weight of 145 pounds, the World Boxing Organization sanctioned this as a title fight for welterweight, whose limit is 147 pounds.
Professional boxing
The date is that since which a continuous world title has been recognised by a major sanctioning body; some classes had earlier champions recognised intermittently or by minor bodies. One current weight class with only minor recognition is "super-cruiserweight"; widely used as an informal descriptor, it is a formal weight class of the lightly regarded (professional) International Boxing Association at a limit of 210 lb; the IBA's cruiserweight limit is 190 lb.
(lb / kg / stone)
|200 / 90.7 / 14 st 4||1980[t 1]||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Junior heavyweight||Cruiserweight|
|175 / 79.4 / 12½ st||1913||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight|
|168 / 76.2 / 12 st||1984||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight|
|160 / 72.5 / 11 st 6||1884||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight|
|154 / 69.9 / 11 st||1962||Super welterweight||Super welterweight||Junior middleweight||Junior middleweight||Light middleweight|
|147 / 66.7 / 10½ st||1914||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight|
|140 / 63.5 / 10 st||1959||Super lightweight||Super lightweight||Junior welterweight||Junior welterweight||Light welterweight|
|135 / 61.2 / 9 st 9||1886||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight|
|130 / 59.0 / 9 st 4||1959||Super featherweight||Super featherweight||Junior lightweight||Junior lightweight||Super featherweight|
|126 / 57.2 / 9 st||1889||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight|
|122 / 55.3 / 8 st 10||1976||Super bantamweight||Super bantamweight||Junior featherweight||Junior featherweight||Super bantamweight|
|118 / 53.5 / 8 st 6||1894||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight|
|115 / 52.2 / 8 st 3||1980||Super flyweight||Super flyweight||Junior bantamweight||Junior bantamweight||Super flyweight|
|112 / 50.8 / 8 st||1911||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight|
|108 / 49.0 / 7 st 10||1975||Light flyweight||Light flyweight||Junior flyweight||Junior flyweight||Light flyweight|
|105 / 47.6 / 7½ st||1987||Minimumweight||Strawweight||Mini flyweight||Mini flyweight||Minimumweight|
- Original limit 190 lb; raised to 200 lb in 2003
Amateur boxing
When the (amateur) International Boxing Association (AIBA) was founded in 1946 to govern amateur boxing, it metricated the weight class limits by rounding them to the nearest kilogram. Subsequent alterations as outlined in the boxing at the Summer Olympics article; these have introduced further discrepancies between amateur and professional class limits and names. The lower weight classes are to be adjusted in September 2010, to establish an absolute minimum weight for adult boxers.
Amateur weight classes also specify the minimum weight (which the same as the maximum weight of the next highest class). For safety reasons, fighters cannot fight at a higher weight. This also meant that even the heaviest weight class has a limit, albeit a lower bound. The lower limit for "heavyweight" was established in 1948 at 81 kg. When a new limit of 91+ kg was established in 1984, the name "heavyweight" was kept by the 81+ kg class, and the 91+ kg class was named "super heavyweight", a name not currently used in professional boxing.
Classes are as follows:
|Class name||Weight class limit (kg)|
At the Olympics, each weight-class is a separate single-elimination tournament. The competition begins with the first round of the lightest weight class and proceeds with the first round of each higher weight class; then the next round of the lightest class, and so on, with the finals of each class held over the final two days, and the super-heavyweight final last of all.
- AIBA, Technical & Competition Rules, §1.2 & Appendix K
- AIBA,


Meaning of drift lead
drift' lead"
Pronunciation: (led), [key]
— Naut. Naut.
 1. a lead indicating, by the angle its line makes with the perpendicular, the movement of a supposedly stationary ship or the movement of water past a stationary ship.


Time in the Tower of Winds
A multi-dimensional journey through architecture, science, mythology and culture
The Science of Timekeeping: The Whirling Horologium, Triptych, Pen-and-Ink Drawing on Paper, 3 × 122 cm × 86 cm, 2017.
The Tower of Winds is the world's first meteorological station and octagonal building known in the Western history. With its nine sundials carved on pentelic marble and many more features, this clocktower functioned in Athens' Roman Agora as a horologion or "the hour-teller", measuring wind, time, stars and planets.
This exceptional piece of architecture inspired the homonymous artistic project initiated by Ireen Zielonka in cooperation with artists from different disciplines and countries: the result is a modular, multimedia and interdisciplinary project to be presented in the format of a book and an exhibition.
Despite its different layers, "Time in the Tower of Winds" addresses to a broad audience, aiming to take it to a journey through its history of architecture, science and culture in a playful language that includes both myth, science and storytelling.
In the Studio. Photo: Dean Olofsson
Andronicus the Architect
Drawing with Dip Pen, Ink on Paper, 86cm x 61cm
Andronicus the Astronomer
Drawing with Dip Pen, Ink and Shellac Ink on Paper, 86cm x 61cm
Composition and Photocollage: Echo of the Dervishes 3:00
Pump organ, Fieldrecordings, Synthesizer
Photo: Daniel Zakharov
A MULTIMEDIA PROJECT. "Time in the Tower of Winds" deploys different languages and disciplines: a series of dipped ink drawings; a collaborative music album; a literary text that, oscillating between science, storytelling and Greek theatre, functions also as a base for performative actions.
A MODULAR PROJECT. Each of these parts are interwoven into a multifaceted body of work, yet none of them is ancillary to another one; rather, each of the parts functions autonomously as visual, literary and music artworks, supporting and deepening each other when together.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT. Through different media, like in a kaleidoscope, the Tower is considered under an architectural, astronomical, scientific, mythological, historical and philosophical perspective. Mythological creatures mingle with architectural details and scientific instruments, along with different ethnicities, religions and times. Both drawings and words oscillate between tale-like narration and scientific explanation.
A MULTICULTURAL PROJECT. All these different perspectives underline also the multicultural identity of the Tower, enlivened by Greeks, Romans, Ottomans, Sufis, Early Christians and therefore called "crossroad". The making of the Project itself involved the cooperation of artists/professionals from Germany, Italy, Scotland, Spain, USA and Greece.
BOOK "Time in the Tower of Winds: The Horologium of Andronicus" – An exclusive hardcover art book including texts, drawings, music CD and Booklet with photo collages. The book is divided in XV chapters that explore the Towers' multiple functions as the different parts of a body, each one with its own mythological, scientific and historical background yet united in an organic system. Historical facts are consequently narrated as corpus' occupation, anatomy and diagnose.
Through the voice of the tower itself, a theatre piece brings the reader through its multicultural and transdisciplinary history: between fairy tale fiction and scientific facts, the Book constitutes also a work standalone, open for a performative interpretation.
PORTFOLIO The drawings of Ireen Zielonka appear not only in the Book, interweaving with the text and the music sections, but also separately. The Portfolio allows to follow a narrative which is purely visual, without the interactions of other media and perspectives, besides being the very first production of the project. It also allows the viewer to notice some details of the dipped-ink hand-drawn works, whose real dimensions vary from 86 × 61 cms to triptychs of 122 × 258 cms. The Portfolio shows the series in a specific order, reflected in the structure of the book, as a printed exhibition outline. The project is not meant to be considered not sold in separate parts.
CD AND BOOKLET Eight chapters are followed by a section with a dedicated piece of music. These tracks have been produced in a form of questioning the nature of octagons, winds, planets, mythical creatures and historical facts. Along with the Book, the CD is included as a music album that can be also considered both as a concept album and as a soundscape to present in the exhibition.
The CD Booklet collects the texts and photocollages of the eight music sections in the book. Textual comments and digital collages follow as an autonomous, poetical piece of work.
Photo: Daniel Zakharov
Photo: Robert Stanton
Ireen-Christin Zielonka
studied Museology at the HTW University of Applied Sciences in Berlin. In her diploma thesis she explored the question: Why is there something and not nothing? Among other things, she was a scholarship holder at the Museumsquartier in Vienna and the AADK (Aktuelle Architektur der Kultur/Contemporary Architecture of the Culture) in Blanca, region Murcia, Spain.
She specialises in Pen-and-Ink Drawings and combines selected works with soundscapes. Her works are represented in public and private collections, including Katowice Miasto Ogrodow,
Poland (UNESCO), Collection Michael Haas, Collection Dorothea and Rudolf Zwirner, Collection Peter Raue. She lives and works in Berlin.
Giada Dalla Bontà
is an independent researcher, art critic and curator from Italy based in Berlin. Specialised in contemporary art practices and conceptualism, she has won various scholarships and grants from the Moscow NCCA, V-A-C Foundation in collaboration with Bard NY and De Appel, Valand Academy – University of Göteborg, Garage Museum of Contemporary Art and others. Her publications appear also in Indiana University Press; Achille Bonito Oliva, Skira; CityLeaks, Koeln. Throughout her career she has worked, amongst others, with Mondriaan Fund, HNI Rotterdam, Venice Biennale, Stella Art Foundation, Lisson Gallery.


Who Owns Data
Data Quality is a risk without a clear understanding of responsibilities
There are other questions that have come before this one like, "why am I here?" but, for those of us especially interested in data management, none are as critical to answer. And while at first the answer may seem easy to discern, on closer examination, it is not so straight-forward.
Consider trading within the Financial Services industry and the ubiquitous need to maintain a master list of securities and related indicative data, such as Security Identifiers, Name, Issuer, Ratings, Rates, Classifications, etc., each security type having different attributes to describe from the next. And that's where the challenges begin. Are all of the attributes for all security types owned by one person or group; or is there a distribution of responsibilities based on asset class? Different firms have different approaches, which, in large part, depend on the firm's size, scope and organizational structure.
So, which approach is right? Or, to be exact, which approach yields the best results? Ownership of data comes down to two major components: who owns the data content and who owns the data structure. Consider this analogy – as a condominium owner, you have responsibility for the contents of your condo. You're allowed to put anything you want into the condo, with some limits (no elephants allowed, for example). At the same time, even though you own the condo, you are not allowed to change its structure – that is left to the building manager, or structure owner. The structure owner is required to maintain the structure according to a set of standards (e.g., SLA, settlement or regulatory requirements). And may, with prior notice and sign-off from condo owners, even change the structure (to improve performance, add features or increase capacity). So, who owns the condo? Who owns the data?
There are close parallels between the condo owner and the data content owner, and the building manager and the data structure owner. The most effective answer is that there should be a collaborative relationship where there is shared ownership with "the business" more responsible for data content and their technology partners with primary responsibility for data structures and systems. Joint ownership will have a positive impact on data quality, the ability to properly govern that data (in terms of both content and structure), and ultimately on the usability of the data as well.
If you would like to know more, contact Craig at _EMAIL_.


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workouts may trump land-based exercise for people with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), says an article by Reuters Health based on a study published in European Respiratory Journal.
their investigation, Australian researchers randomly assigned 53 participants
to workouts in a hydrotherapy pool, gym-based training, or standard medical
care without exercise. The exercise programs include 3 weekly 1-hour sessions
over 2 months. Forty-five patients completed the study.
they worked out on land or in water, patients were able walk faster after the
training than when they just got usual care. But patients who exercised in the
pool reported less fatigue and developed more physical endurance than those who
trained in the gym.
endurance shuttle walk test, patients who'd exercised in water outpaced the gym
trainers by 228 meters (748 feet).
in the water-based exercise training group reported an improvement in many
functional aspects of their daily life such as improved stamina and ability to
complete tasks such as walking long distances when shopping," said lead
author Renae McNamara, PT.
had been some concerns that people with COPD might not tolerate the pressure
from the water on the chest. The researchers saw no drop-outs due to worsening
COPD in patients training in the pool, although they did see some in the gym
group. The authors reported that most of the participants in the study did not
have severe disease, says Reuters.


Indigenous tours from Port Douglas and Daintree
The Kuku Yalanji Aboriginal people are the traditional owners of the land in which the Port Douglas and Daintree region resides in. They welcome us to the region and share their culture with us, one that has existed in the rainforest for thousands of years.
Visitors can experience the culture of Kuky Yalanji with a smoke ceremony on a story-telling walk through the rainforest, learn how to create art in a private lesson, or go hunting for shellfish in the mangroves with traditional spears.
The Kuku Yalanji Aboriginal people were hunters and gatherers, with more than five groups ranging across the terrain as the seasons changed, yielding their sustenance from the rivers, beaches, reefs and sea. Theirs was a simple yet ingeniously sophisticated culture. They devised and operated successful traps for fish and game, they learnt to prepare the often toxic rainforest foods for consumption, and evolved social mores that bound the fabric of their society firmly. Today, the Kuku Yalanji people number approximately 1,000 and are very active in the tourism industry offering visitors an insight into their heritage as well as a reliance and empathy with the environment.


text:
MCQ quiz on Radioactivity multiple choice questions and answers on Radioactivity MCQ questions quiz on Radioactivity objectives questions with answer test pdf. Professionals, Teachers, Students and Kids Trivia Quizzes to test your knowledge on the subject.
1. When unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay, they emit three types of radioactivity. Which is not one of them?
2. Radioactivity is spontaneous and random.
3. Which type of radioactive decay doesnt change the atomic number?
4. Whether or not a nuclear fission reaction becomes self-sustaining depends on the release of:
5. Particles that are helium nuclei are called:
6. What is it called when two atomic nuclei are combined?
7. Quick electron emissions are called:
8. Radioactivity that takes the form of high energy electromagnetic waves would be:
9. Isotopes of an element have different numbers of:
10. What form of radioactive decay reduces the atomic number or number of protons by 2?
MCQ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Radioactivity
Radioactivity Trivia Questions and Answers PDF
Radioactivity Question and Answer
USA - United States of America Canada United Kingdom Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Portugal Netherland South Africa Ethiopia Zambia Singapore Malaysia India China UAE - Saudi Arabia Qatar Oman Kuwait Bahrain Dubai Israil England Scotland Norway Ireland Denmark France Spain Poland and many more....


text:
Author: Jeffrey Zaino, American Arbitration Association
- Both parties to an employment dispute desire a fair, efficient and cost-effective resolution of the case. Increasingly, employers and employees are turning to arbitration as an alternative to filing a lawsuit, given the efficiency, cost-effectiveness and reduced emotional toll. See Arbitration, Generally.
- In arbitration, the parties agree to submit their dispute. See The Legal Basis for Arbitration.
- The arbitration agreement is the source from which all rules and guidelines pertaining to arbitration are generally derived. Employers have some leeway in drafting arbitration agreements and should strive to draft them in a way that benefits the organization, while also staying in compliance with applicable regulations. See The Arbitration Agreement.
- Not all arbitration agreements are enforceable. Employers should familiarize themselves with the limitations and exceptions to the validity of arbitration agreements, which are grounded mostly in case law. See Enforceability of Arbitration Agreements.
- The Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021 invalidates pre-dispute mandatory arbitration agreements covering instances of sexual assault or sexual harassment. See Limits on Mandatory Arbitration Agreements.
- Despite enforceability, some arbitration agreements may not cover all of the claims intended to be addressed by arbitration from the employer's perspective. It is important for employers to craft their arbitration programs so that the programs cover all of the claims the employer intended to have addressed by arbitration, while also conveying the coverage to employees accurately, to ensure that they are fully informed regarding the implications of the program. See Coverage of Arbitration Agreements.
- The process of an individual arbitration is largely controlled by the arbitration agreement and/or the terms of the employer's alternate dispute resolution program. See The Process of Arbitration.
- Labor arbitration pertains to unionized employees and is typically governed by the terms of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA). See Labor Arbitration.
- When disputes arise regarding the terms of an existing contract between an employer and its employees, or even as to the negotiations regarding a future contract, the resulting dispute resolution process is called rights arbitration. See Rights Arbitration.
- When disputes arise concerning the specific terms of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) or pertaining to the negotiations of a new CBA, the resulting dispute resolution process is called interest arbitration. See Interest Arbitration.
- In 2014, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) overhauled its standard for deferring to arbitration awards. See Arbitration Awards and the National Labor Relations Board.


Roland_TR-808 : définition de Roland_TR-808 et synonymes de Roland_TR-808 (anglais)
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définition - Roland_TR-808
voir la définition de Wikipedia
Roland TR-808
 The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer, produced 1980–1984
The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer was one of the first programmable drum machines ("TR" serving as an initialism for Transistor Rhythm). Introduced by the Roland Corporation in early 1980, it was originally manufactured for use as a tool for studio musicians to create demos. Like earlier Roland drum machines, it does not sound very much like a real drum kit. Indeed, because the TR-808 came out a few months after the Linn LM-1 (the first drum machine to use digital samples), professionals generally considered its sound inferior to sampling drum machines; a 1982 Keyboard Magazine review of the LinnDrum indirectly referred to the TR-808 as sounding like marching anteaters. However, the TR-808 cost US$1,195 upon its release, which was considerably more affordable than the US$5,000 LM-1.
Drum machines in general became an integral part of hip hop music as a cheap and simple way of producing a drum sound. The Roland TR-808 held specific appeal because of the ability of its bass drum sound to produce extremely low-frequency sounds.[1] It also featured various unique artificial percussion sounds that characterized the TR-808:[2] a deep bass kick drum,[3][4] "tinny handclap sounds,"[4] "the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed) and the spacey cowbell."[2] The Roland TR-808 would eventually be used on more hit records than any other drum machine,[5] and has thus attained an iconic status within the music industry.[2] The machine's successor was the Roland TR-909.
Roland credits the design of the TR-808 to two of its employees: Mr. Nakamura, who was responsible for the analog voice circuits, and Mr. Matsuoka, who developed the software.[2] The Roland TR-808 was produced between 1980 and 1983 by the Roland Corporation, with approximately 12,000 units manufactured in that time.[6] Immediately after its appearance it was rendered essentially obsolete by the superior sound and ability to sample of the Linn LM-1. However, the much cheaper price of the TR-808 ($1,195 versus $5,000 for the Linn LM-1) and a distinctive sound (in particular its deep bass kick) made the drum machine popular among hip hop artists several years after it ceased production.[3] By the end of the 1980s, the TR-808 was popular within electronic music and hip hop genres. As with many analogue electronic musical instruments, a great deal of effort was put into sampling the sounds of the TR-808 for use in modern devices; however, due to the nature of analog circuitry, the result is often considered unsatisfactory and can sound unduly static and digital. Demand for the real 808 sound is so great that street prices for a used machine have remained close to what the cost of a new TR-808 was upon its initial release in 1980 when adjusted for inflation. The 808 also had a significant impact on dance music due to its ability to program rhythm and drum sounds separately and store up to 32 patterns, which enabled it to become a serious compositional tool.[7] The kick drum of the 808 is little more than a bridged T-network sine oscillator, a low filter and a VCA. The output works continuously and that makes it possible to produce an overdub of the same signal even after 32 steps in a medium tempo. The kick is a triggered CV pulse that is added into the audio signal. The typical flattening of the decay directly after the attack is because of the audio design of the oscillator and appears like a compression.[8]
 Popular media
The first band to use the TR-808 was the Japanese electronic music group Yellow Magic Orchestra, as soon as it was released in 1980.[2][3] One of the earliest uses of the TR-808 for a live performance was by Yellow Magic Orchestra in December 1980 for the song "1000 Knives," an electro rendition of member Ryuichi Sakamoto's "Thousand Knives" (1978). The hand-clap sound was later publicized by YMO's innovative album BGM, which was released March 1981 in Japan; used again on "1000 Knives" and in "Music Plans," another of Sakamoto's songs. The TR-808 would later be further popularized in 1982, with the release of the mainstream American hits "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye and "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa.[2] Other early users of the TR-808 include Australian producer Mark Moffatt, with his studio project the Monitors (1981), and Indian musician Charanjit Singh, who used it alongside a Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer to produce music resembling acid house in 1982.[9] A TR-808 was also David Byrne's sole accompaniment (apart from his acoustic guitar) at the beginning of Stop Making Sense (1984), prior to the gradual appearance of the rest of Talking Heads, although Byrne created the illusion that the sound came from, he said, "A tape I want to play," on a boombox he brought onstage.
As more realistic and tubular drum computers appeared, the TR-808 was discontinued and it became easy to buy a used machine for a low price. Its availability led to a second life as a cheap source of rhythm for hiphop artists in the mid 1980s. The Beastie Boys breakout album Licensed to Ill consists mostly of hip hop rhymes backed by the characteristic TR-808 beats and samples from popular rock songs; its success led to a new surge in popularity.
The sounds of the TR-808 were and still are very often used in drum and bass, hip hop, R&B, house, electro, and many forms of electronic dance music, albeit often unrecognizable after extensive processing. The use of the 808 drum by Double Duce on the 1985 track "School Breakdown" and 2 Live Crew on its third album, As Nasty As They Wanna Be, established a foundation for sounds of Miami bass and southern rap.[10] According to Derrick May, the TR-808 was also the preferred drum machine during the early years of techno.[11]
On 8 August 2008 (08.08.08), a party was held in London, England, UK, to celebrate the TR-808. It featured 808 State, Arthur Baker, DMX Krew, and I-f—artists associated with the machine. The party was organized by the electro label Citinite.
The Namco Museum soundtracks use the TR-808 extensively as the main rhythm generator. Other percussion and effects were added to the soundtrack via software sequencer.
Metalcore and Deathcore bands often make use of a sub-drop to emphasize the first chord of a breakdown, this is commonly produced by using a sample of an 808 kick that has been equalized to accent the bass and sub-bass frequencies.
On "MDNA", Madonna's 2012 release, she name checks the drums in her song "Girl Gone Wild."
 2. ^ a b c d e f Jason Anderson (November 28, 2008). "Slaves to the rhythm: Kanye West is the latest to pay tribute to a classic drum machine". CBC News. _URL_ Retrieved 2011-05-29.
 3. ^ a b c Mickey Hess (2007), Icons of hip hop: an encyclopedia of the movement, music, and culture, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, p. 75, ISBN 0-313-33903-1, _URL_ retrieved 2011-05-29
 4. ^ a b "Happy 808 Day". Wired. August 8, 2008. _URL_ Retrieved 2011-05-31.
 5. ^ Peter Wells (2004), A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video, AVA Books, p. 18, ISBN 2-88479-037-3, _URL_ retrieved 2011-05-20
 6. ^ Mark Butler (2006). Unlocking the groove: rhythm, meter, and musical design in electronic dance music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 64. ISBN 0-253-34662-2.
 7. ^ Moore, Allan (2003). Analyzing popular music. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94. ISBN 0-521-77120-X.
 8. ^ [1] SYNTH SECRETS Practical Bass Drum Synthesis, retrieved 2012-02-15
 10. ^ Hess, 2007, p. xxvi.
 11. ^ System 7 interview with Mark Roland in: Muzik,


text:
Big Boats Up The River
Students will practice addition skills using information about ships visiting the Port of Albany on the Hudson River estuary.
Students will solve problems that require them to:
- read and interpret data from a table;
- add strings of single digit numbers to compare use of the Port of Albany by different vessels;
- recognize that ships play a role in transportation and commerce in the Hudson Valley.
Elementary (Grades 2-3)
Math, Social Studies (Geography)
New York State Learning Standards:
Mathematics, Science, & Technology Standards 1, 2, 3
Social Studies Standard 3
- Interpret data from a table.
- Add using single digit whole numbers.
- Apply mathematics in real world settings.
- Reason mathematically.
Preparation time: 5 minutes
Activity time: 20 minutes
Each student should have:
- Worksheet: Big Boats Up The River (PDF) 190 KB
The Port of Albany is the destination of many vessels seen on the Hudson. The largest grain export elevator east of the Mississippi loads ships with grain brought to Albany by rail. A few loads of molasses come in each year, to be mixed with grain to produce feed for livestock. Road salt also arrives by ship. Scrap metal is shipped out of Albany, as is wood pulp. Heavy equipment - windmill blades, generators, and turbines - enters and leaves the port on heavy lift vessels. Containers are barged between Albany and New York Harbor.
While oil is not included in data on cargoes handled at the Port of Albany (the tank farms located in the area are privately owned), gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, and other petroleum products are - by volume and value - the most important cargos on the Hudson River. Tankers and tanker barges bring oil to Albany, and carry ethanol, brought in by rail, to refineries elsewhere in the Northeast, where it is blended into gasoline. Likewise not included in the port data are the frequent shipments of gypsum brought by ship to a wallboard (sheetrock) factory in Rensselaer, across from Albany.
- Discuss the kinds of ships and cargoes seen on the Hudson.
- Go over the worksheet with the class, or assign as in-class work or homework.
- Have students share answers to questions from worksheet, or collect and grade sheets.
- Use other data from the table to make up similar problems for quiz.
Vocabulary List and Answer Key:
Available in the pdf version of this teacher's section and in the package that bundles all of the readings.
- Information about the Port of Albany is available from the Albany Port District Commission. Use the Offsite links on the right side of this page to visit the Albany Port District Commission's website.
- Line drawings and descriptions of types of ships seen on the Hudson and New York Harbor can be viewed using the links leaving DEC's website on the right side of this page.


text:
has acquired a very rare Jugendstil table lamp from 1915. It is one of only two known objects designed by Axel Enoch Boman for Orrefors. The lamp can be seen in the exhibition Light and Darkness which runs until 3 February.
The mountings are in copper with relief decoration and the electric light, a modern item at the time, illuminates both the base and the shade. The glass shade has a green background with horse-chestnut leaves in orange overlay, and is signed ORREFORS HW. HW stands for Heinrich Wollman, who was a talented etcher fromAustria. The difficult glassblowing work was carried out by another important craftsman at the factory Knut Bergqvist. At the time that the lamp was made, he was developing the overlay technique that came to be known as the Ariel technique.
Around the turn of the last century, Axel Enoch Boman (_PHONE_) was employed at Kosta and then in 1903 at Reijmyre, tasked with engraving overlay glass with designs by Anna and Ferdinand Boberg, Alf Wallander and Gunnar G:son Wennerberg. He also produced such glass to his own designs and created sets of stemware. In 1915 he sent a number of overlay glass pieces to Orrefors. The acquired lamp is one of only two items designed by AE Boman for Orrefors that are known to still exist.
The Orrefors lamp has an interesting provenance. Consul Johan Ekman from Gothenburg bought Orrefors in 1913. His daughter Agnes Hellner wrote down the following comment: At Christmas in 1915 the glassworks sent father a tall lamp, green with yellow horse-chestnut leaves in overlay glass. It was like nothing we had ever seen, and we thought it was so beautiful and so skilfully made, that we were overcome with wonder, joy, pride and even amazement that our dear Orrefors could achieve such a masterpiece.
Nationalmuseum has few light fittings from the period when electricity was first introduced and started influencing the design of lamps. As electricity moved into homes, there were two different ideals. Either the naked bulb was kept visible to clearly display this innovation, or it was concealed. Designers Tiffany in theUSAand Gallé inFranceused glass shades to spread a suggestive light. Other producers, including Orrefors, embraced the idea of enveloping the new electric light in glass.
This acquisition has been made possible with funding from BarbroOsher, through her Pro Suecia Foundation. It can be seen in Nationalmuseums exhibition Light and Darkness, which runs until 3 February 2013.


text: Residual Fuel Oil Definition:A general classification for the heavier oils, known as No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils, that remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery operations. It conforms to ASTM Specifications D 396 and D 975and Federal Specification VV-F-815C. No. 5, a residual fuel oil of medium viscosity, is also known as Navy Special and is defined in Military Specification MIL-F-859E, including Amendment 2 (NATO SymbolF-770). It is used in steam-powered vessels in government service and inshore powerplants. No. 6 fuel oil includes Bunker C fuel oil and issued for the production of electric power, space heating, vessel bunkering, and various industrial purposes.


The Killing of the bears
AFTER A SALMON RUN virtually gave out, starving grizzly and black bears invaded a remote British Columbia village in search of food. The native people were left with an awful choice - uneasily tolerating the invasion or killing the bears to eliminate the risk. What's happened at Rivers Inlet is an ecological disaster, scientists say, with no solution in sight.
RIVERS INLET, B.C. - The bones of grizzly bears litter the town dump in scattered piles. A skull here, a jawbone there. A rib cage picked clean by scavengers. Teeth as long as a grown man's fingers.
The first of the grizzlies were shot in September after they broke into trailers on the west end of the village. In October, six more were killed, and by mid-January, the tally had reached 14.
Nobody in this tiny native village of 80 souls wanted it to come to this. Something had gone terribly wrong. Natives and grizzly bears had coexisted peacefully for centuries in this lush, wild country on the central coast, 250 miles northwest of Vancouver.
Every fall, as far back as human memory reaches, the bears would pass through the village on the way to the Wanuk River to eat salmon. Villagers had no record or recollection of a bear ever harming a person. "There was respect," said tribe member Jeanette ChartrandSmith. "The bears left us alone and we left them alone."
But this year, virtually no salmon returned to the Wanuk or any other river in the region. The inlet's sockeye run, once the third-largest in the province and the main food source for natives and bears, had collapsed.
Scientists call it an ecological disaster, with the usual culprits suspected: overfishing, a warming ocean, and the destruction of salmon habitat. But the investigation is just beginning. Canadian fisheries officials began meetings last week in Vancouver to plot a study and recovery plan, if recovery is even possible. Meanwhile, villagers fear an important aspect of their ancient way of life may be coming to an end.
Even before the tribe could absorb the magnitude of the collapse, the bears began showing up. Instead of passing through as usual, the animals raided porches and back yards and trailers, clawed windows and doors and refused to be scared away. They showed an uncharacteristic boldness. At one point, nine grizzlies wandered the village, going from house to house.
After the first several bears were killed and skinned, the natives confirmed what was suspected. The animals were starving. Said villager Donovan LeBlond: None of the grizzlies "had enough fat to fill a coffee cup."
Long history of men and salmon
Rivers Inlet has been home to the Oweekeno (pronounced Oh-wuh-kee -no) First Nation for thousands of years. The tribe, which at its height numbered as many as 2,000, lived off the salmon that once returned to the inlet by the millions.
The heart of the region is a 38-mile-long lake, after which the tribe is named, located four miles east of the inlet. At least 17 rivers feed into the lake, many of them unnamed. The lake and inlet are connected by the Wanuk River, on whose north bank sits the last remaining Oweekeno village.
Wars and smallpox decimated the Oweekeno, who belong in the same linguistic group as the better-known Bella Bella nation to the north. What Oweekeno culture survived the 1800s was destroyed by a spectacular fire in 1935. All the traditional long houses burned along with the tribe's sacred objects and heirlooms.
Today, the village of Oweekeno, not found on most maps, is made up of 22 homes in varying degrees of disrepair, all connected by a single dirt road that runs roughshod along the Wanuk. Phone lines reached the village only five months ago. Until then, two radio phones served the entire village.
The only way in and out is by bush plane or boat. The nearest town of any size - Port Hardy, population 5,000 - is a 45-minute plane ride or three-hour boat ride across the Queen Charlotte Strait.
Logging and tribal administration provide what few jobs exist, which is why only 80 people continue to live here. Many receive government support. But most of the 220 registered Oweekeno have moved away for school or livelihood or adventure in the big city, Vancouver.
One thing that hasn't changed for the tribe members who remain is their dependence on salmon. Villagers consume up to 3,000 salmon a year, much of it smoked or canned for the winter. This year, the Oweekeno have no winter salmon supply. Instead they've relied more on store-bought foods, which are flown in from Port Hardy at 60 cents a pound or shipped by barge for 18 cents a pound. Transport can easily double the cost of groceries.
Like everywhere else in North America, salmon numbers have dramatically declined along the British Columbia coast. The days of 3.4 million salmon returning to Rivers Inlet have long gone. The inlet hasn't had a commercial fishery since 1994, and the village has only one commercial fisherman left.
But even in the past five years, as many as 35,000 to 60,000 sockeye have returned - enough to feed the people and bears of Oweekeno Lake.
This year, only 3,500 sockeye returned to the inlet. Tribal fishery manager Tom Gottselig said the number is "at extinction level." Brian Pearce, a member of the federal task force in Vancouver last week, described the situation as "pretty dire."
But it wasn't until a Vancouver environmental group, the David Suzuki Foundation, publicly decried the shooting of grizzly bears that federal officials began taking notice. The tribe had been trying to get the attention of the government since summer - with no response.
"The grizzly bear in North America is like the gorilla in Africa," said Jim Fulton, director of the Suzuki Foundation and a former four-term member of Parliament. "They're magnificent animals that evoke emotion in people, and they are, in many ways, under a sentence of death."
Starving bears invade town
Nobody wanted to shoot the bears. Grizzlies were prominent in the tribe's culture: in songs and stories, carvings and totems and names. According to oral histories, one of the most exalted traditional dances was called the Grizzly Bear Dance, although no one remembers now how to do it.
Before this year, wildlife biologists estimated between 150 and 220 grizzlies lived in the Oweekeno Lake region. While this is considered a healthy number, grizzlies as a whole are classified a vulnerable species in British Columbia.
Once every few years, the tribe would be forced to kill a nuisance bear, but the bears and humans of the region generally regarded one another with mutual respect. Villagers got used to seeing the animals lumber through town in the fall on the way to the Wanuk.
The bears would fatten up on sockeye - each consuming an average of 700 salmon - before returning to the mountains to hibernate in December.
Donovan LeBlond remembers the day in September when he realized something had changed.
"I was watching TV with my kids when I heard nails scratching on the window," LeBlond says. "I thought it was one of the dogs. I looked outside and saw a bear, a small one, standing on my porch. I panicked because I thought the mother might come up and try to get in."
Outside, a sow and her two cubs rooted around the yard. LeBlond shouted and slammed his front door to scare the bears away, but the animals didn't budge. He loaded a rifle and watched through the window.
He noticed right away something was wrong. A pack of dogs snapped and growled at the cubs, and the sow did nothing. A mother grizzly normally would not tolerate such affronts to her young.
The villagers, on the other hand, tolerated the bears for weeks. Finally, after the bears had broken into several trailers, the decision was made, reluctantly, to shoot them.
The only one in the village with experience in such matters was Frank Hanuse, a 60-year-old wisecracking, leathery-faced elder, nicknamed "Fugg," who unhappily agreed to do the job.
"They're coming to the village because they're hungry," said Hanuse, gloomily. "They're innocent. They haven't done anything wrong except be hungry. It's hard to put an animal down just for that."
Mature grizzlies can weigh anywhere from 500 to 1,500 pounds, but the bears that invaded the village were scrawny, weighing no more than 300 or 400 pounds - small for grizzlies but even the cubs, at 150 to 200 pounds, were big enough to be dangerous.
Hanuse used a 12-gauge shotgun with slug-loaded shells. He had to get within 15 feet of the animals before shooting them. In most instances, he was able to drop the animal with one shot.
Bears' odd behavior sparks fear
By the end of September, four bears had been killed, and the tribe hoped the episode was over. But October proved even worse. At one point in the middle of the month, nine grizzlies wandered the village looking for food.
Villagers, realizing that something extraordinary was taking place, began documenting the invasion with video cameras. School children drew pictures of the bears while watching them outside classroom windows.
The villagers tried in vain to scare or lure them away. They loosed their dogs on them, but the


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Sunday 19 May
Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Campbell Island teal fact file
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Campbell Island teal description
Once thought to be extinct, the Campbell Island teal (Anas nesiotis) is now believed to be one of the world's rarest ducks, after just 20 individuals were found on Dent Island in 1975 (4). One of the few remaining flightless birds in the world, this duck is a product of an island environment isolated from the rest of the world for more than 80 million years, and free from mammalian predators. To compensate for its lack of flight, the Campbell Island teal can run very rapidly along the ground when disturbed (4) (5).
Breeding males are a dark sepia colour, with strong green iridescence on their head, neck and back, dark chestnut tones on the breast, and lighter plumage on the abdomen, in addition to a conspicuous white ring around the eye and obvious white tail spot. During non-breeding plumage, the iridescence on the head and back becomes less intense, the tail spot becomes indistinct and the eye ring becomes pale fawn. Females are uniformly dark brown with a paler abdomen, and prominent white eye ring (2). The call involves a series of soft, high-pitched whistles from the male, and low quacks and growls from the female (6).
- Also known as
- Campbell Island flightless teal.
- Anas aucklandica nesiotis.
- Male wingspan: 128 – 138 cm (2)
- Female wingspan: 114 – 125 cm (2)
- Male weight: 290 – 500 g (2)
- Female weight: 280 – 265 (2)
- Williams, M. (2005) Campbell Island Teal Anas nesiotis Species Account. In: Kear, J. (Ed.) Ducks, Geese and Swans: Anseriformes (Bird Families of the World S.). Oxford University Press, Australia and New Zealand.
- Order of crustaceans.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.
- Animals with no backbone.
- Active at night.
IUCN Red List (June, 2011)
- Williams, M. (2005) Campbell Island Teal Anas nesiotis Species Account. In: Kear, J. (Ed) Ducks, Geese and Swans: Anseriformes (Bird Families of the World S.). Oxford University Press, Australia and New Zealand.
CITES (November, 2005)
TerraNature (November, 2005)
Department of Conservation (June, 2008)
BirdLife International (November, 2005)
Pukaha Mount Bruce (November, 2005)
- Seddon, P.J. and Maloney, R.F. (2003) Campbell Island teal re-introduction plan. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
Wellington Zoo (November, 2005)
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Campbell Island teal biology
There has been no biological study of the Campbell Island teal on Dent Island, with most knowledge of the bird coming from captive or post-release populations (8). Clutches are small compared to most ducks, consisting of one to five eggs, with a typical clutch size of three or four (6). In captivity, these are laid from October to January. The gestation period lasts for 30 to 34 days and both sexes can breed at one year (2). Campbell Island teal generally live to about 10 years, usually in pairs or small flocks (9). Pairs appear to demonstrate territoriality year round (2).
This nocturnal bird has not been observed feeding on Dent Island, but feeds on amphipods, weevils, earthworms, seaweed and other insects in captivity, and has been seen eating invertebrates in piles of rotting seaweed on Codfish Island (6).Top
Campbell Island teal range
Endemic to New Zealand, the Campbell Island teal is confined to the 23 hectare Dent Island, an offshore islet of Campbell Island (6). Campbell Island is thought to have been a stronghold for the species in the past, before becoming extinct there over 180 years ago (6) (7). In 1990, a survey of Dent estimated a population of 60 to 100 birds, probably equating to no more than 25 breeding pairs (6). In 1999 and 2000, a total of 24 captive-bred birds were released on Codfish Island but have since been removed, and in 2004 and 2005 a total of 105 birds were released on to Campbell Island (4).Top
Campbell Island teal habitat
Found under thick, chest-high tussock grass. The Campbell Island teal is sighted over most of the island but probably more common below 100 metres, and in damp areas (6).Top
Campbell Island teal statusTop
Campbell Island teal threats
Having disappeared from much of its former range, the Campbell Island teal population reached critically low numbers and has clung to a precarious existence. This bird's extirpation from it presumed former stronghold, Campbell Island, has largely been attributed to predation by introduced Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) that got ashore from sealing and whaling ships in the early 19th Century (4). Present-day potential threats include the accidental introduction of predators or avian disease to Dent Island, the bird's last natural refuge, or even severe weather conditions, which could have a catastrophic effect (6). Indeed, with such a small current population and limited natural range, this bird is now extremely vulnerable; just a single event is capable of driving it to complete extinction (5).Top
Campbell Island teal conservation
The outlook for the Campbell Island teal looked bleak when first rediscovered in 1975, but thankfully since then there has been fantastic progress with captive breeding programmes and the population has increased to a healthier, though still unstable, level (5). Captive breeding was started by New Zealand's Department of Conservation in 1984, from three males and one female taken from the small population on Dent Island, and another four males and three females captured in 1990. The first duckling finally hatched in 1994 at the Pukaha Mt Bruce National Wildlife Centre, receiving international attention, and by 2000 the captive population had reached 60 (4). The Department of Conservation initially released a total of 24 captive-bred birds on to the predator-free Codfish Island in 1999 and 2000 as an insurance population, and to be eventually used to restock Campbell Island (4) (5). These had an 88 percent survival rate. With this success, the Department of Conservation decided to translocate captive-bred birds directly to Campbell Island, made viable by a successful rat and cat eradication programme in 2001 (4). Thus, 50 teal, including 28 from Pukaha Mount Bruce and 22 from Codfish Island were released onto Campbell Island in September 2004, and a further 55 in September 2005 and 54 in 2006 (4) (5). A check in February 2005 found no evidence that the first batch of released birds had bred, but this may be due to their being moved close to the breeding season (4). Two decades of conservation effort have brought this bird back from extinction on Campbell Island, and meant that it now has a good chance of being able to recover and thrive once more in its native home (7).Top
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What is the vaccination rate in your community? The American Nurses Association (ANA) is working to eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases through a national immunization partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nurses play a key role in increasing vaccination rates, so ANA has created ANAImmunity
, a resource website of nursing-specific information, education and tools.
ANA and Every Child by Two (ECBT) have partnered to produce an innovative online continuing education module for nurses on vaccine safety and patient communication. Combining a nurse-panel presentation with patient-nurse video vignettes, this Free CE Webcast course offers practical knowledge and skills to increase immunization competency.
Learn more when you sign up for ANA ImmuNews. The electronic newsletter is delivered twice a month, and features articles that are selected with nurses in mind, focusing on immunization topics that are most pertinent to their role in the immunization field.


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There are few things more disappointing than watching beautiful oranges ripen only to cut into them and find that the oranges are dry and flavorless. The question of why an orange tree produces dry oranges has plagued many home owners who are fortunate enough to be able to grow oranges. There are many reasons for dry orange fruit, and hopefully this article will help you pinpoint the causes of dry oranges on your trees.
Possible Causes of Dry Oranges
Orange fruit drying on the tree is technically referred to as granulation. When oranges are dry, there are many factors that can be responsible.
Over-ripened fruit – A common cause of dry orange fruit is when the oranges are left too long on the tree after they are fully ripe.
Underwatering – If a tree receives too little water while in fruit, this can cause dry oranges. The basic goal of any tree, not just an orange tree, is to survive. If there is too little water to support both the orange tree and the orange fruit, the fruit will suffer.
Too much nitrogen – Too much nitrogen can cause dry orange fruit. This is because nitrogen will encourage rapid growth of foliage at the expense of the fruit. This does not mean that you should eliminate nitrogen from your orange tree's fertilizing schedule (they need nitrogen to be healthy), but make sure that you have the proper amount of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Weather stress – If your weather is unseasonably warm or unseasonably cold while the orange tree is in fruit, this can be a cause of dry oranges. When a tree is under stress from weather conditions, the fruit will suffer while the tree works to survive the unexpected conditions.
Immature orange tree – Oftentimes, the first year or two that an orange tree produces fruit, the oranges are dry. This is because the orange tree is simply not mature enough to properly produce fruit. It is for this reason that some growers will prune away any fruit that appears the first year an orange tree blooms. This allows the tree to focus on maturing rather than on inferior fruit production.
Poor rootstock selection – Though uncommon, if you find that you have dry orange fruit almost every year, it may be that the rootstock that was used for your tree was a poor choice. Almost all citrus trees are now grafted onto hardier rootstock. But if the rootstock is not a good match, the result can be poor or dry oranges.
Regardless of the causes of dry oranges, you will often find that fruit harvested later in the season will be more affected than orange fruit harvested earlier in the season. In most cases, the reason why an orange tree produced dry oranges will correct itself by the following season.


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Grapevine Water Use From a Distance
Technology to remotely measure thermal energy in vineyards may help with irrigation management
An example: Mendez noted that Napa Valley generally starts with saturated soil in the spring and then drops to a threshold where growers start irrigating. The actual irrigation start date and in-season management should reflect the targets set for yield and grape and wine quality.
Too much water, of course, encourages vegetative growth. Therefore, the correct amount of water depends on the yield and quality desired based on the cultivar and style of wine.
"Deficit irrigation is widely used in later stages of ripening, but cutting water off before harvest isn't the best solution," Mendez said. It can stress the plants unnecessarily and reduces yield but doesn't always improve flavors.
On the other hand, water may be wasted if applied where or when it's not needed.
Unfortunately, growers may not have complete flexibility to irrigate. Availability of water for vine roots and protecting vines from frost by overhead spraying is increasingly looming as the largest issue facing grapegrowers in California. Grapevines will grow and produce grapes in many areas with the natural rainfall, but much falls at the wrong time (winter), varies by year and doesn't necessarily provide optimum yield and quality.
Measuring water use traditionally
Mendez, who has a Ph.D. focusing on irrigation management and how it influences grape yield and grape and wine quality, discussed new techniques for remotely measuring vineyard water use, and ways to correlate that to actual plant needs.
He started with a reminder of all the standard tools available to growers. Traditionally, these included visual clues like cessation of tip growth, soil moisture sensors and plant-based measurements like leaf water potentials (measured using a pressure chamber), sap-flow sensors or leaf porometers that measure leaf stomatal conductance.
These tools often have been used to estimate plant evapotranspiration (ET) using reference coefficients, a process that invokes controversy as it's not related to the specific site and therefore does not always reflect the intrinsic characteristics of each vineyard.
Moreover, it's difficult to find representative leaves or vines, as vineyards are largely variable in terms of soil texture, rooting depth and other characteristics that affect vine growth, yield and grape and wine quality.
Remote sensing becomes practical
More recently, remote sensing using thermography and energy balances have become practical for assessing large areas instead of individual leaves or vines.
They operate on a simple principle: Transpiring plants have lower leaf temperature than those that aren't giving off water. In fact, Mendez said that there is a linear correlation between stomatal conductance and temperature; you can calibrate measurements with a leaf covered with water vs. one covered with Vaseline, which inhibits transpiration, although a more practical approach is to look at the difference between air and leaf temperature on a larger scale.
An expensive thermo graphic camera flown over the vineyard, or even tied to a balloon or installed in a satellite, can measure temperature and locate warm and cool areas (i.e, those with less or more water being transpired).
Another approach to remote sensing are vegetation indexes, perhaps the most commonly used being NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), which can be used to estimate plant leaf area based on the different reflectance of light from plants at different wavelengths.
One limitation of remote sensing is the impact of bare ground or cover crops that can skew readings of the measured indices, though a solar array on the ground can provide an indication of solar activity for compensation.
It's also important to differentiate between actual vine evapotranspiration (ETa) from potential (ETp), which is more commonly referenced. One approach is SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), which combines spectral radiance readings from satellite-based sensors with actual meteorological data to calculate the energy balance at the earth's surface. It produces water consumption, or actual evapotranspiration and biomass production of agricultural crops and native vegetation. Another energy balance model is METRIC (Mapping Evapo-Transpiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration), developed by Dr. Rick Allen of the University of Idaho.
In sum, Mendez noted that methods of evaluating proper irrigation levels are evolving from visual clues and vine and soil-based measurements to large-scale monitoring via remoter sensing. This can give a better indication of vineyard health and account for differences between and within vineyards, while avoiding the uncertainty caused by extrapolating a vineyard's health from perhaps unrepresentative samples.


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To test the role of PPAR in edema, Yang created mice that specifically lacked PPAR-gamma in the collecting duct. He then administered TZD to these mice, as well as to a control group that didn't lack PPAR-gamma.
The mice not lacking PPAR-gamma showed about a 10 percent average increase in body weight because of fluid retention. The blood plasma volume of these mice increased by one-third, Yang said. But the mice bred without PPAR-gamma experienced no increase in body weight in response to the drug, according to Yang.
"This tells us that the body weight gain is regulated by PPAR-gamma in the collecting duct," he said. "We also found this drug decreased the sodium excretion in urine, so this could explain the fluid retention."
The mice without PPAR in the collecting ducts incurred no changes in sodium reabsorption, while those with PPAR excreted less sodium through urination. Yang said that the distal nephron, which is usually subject to hormone regulation in the kidney, serves as a key pathway for keeping an accurate amount of sodium in the body.
Hypertension affects one in four U.S. adults and long had been considered a cardiovascular disease. But research now also focuses on the kidneys and the role of the distal nephron in retaining sodium opens a new area for study, he said.


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Assessment of alternative water options in Adelaide: the MARSUO and optimal water resource mix projects
Adelaide will need to diversify and integrate its water sources to ensure its future water security. The present research found that stormwater and groundwater were more acceptable supply alternatives than recycled waste water and desalinated water. Further, community education markedly changed opinions of water sources and transparent processes and trust in the treatment and monitoring may be more important than the choice of water sources.
This record is in the process of being updated. Please contact us for more information.


Photograph of a Victorian boy holding out an empty food bowl
While CSS has many options for controlling the first-line of text, it's ability to control the last line is limited, although not without some uses:
Remnants & Fragments
"Widows" and "orphans" refer to a word or line of text that is laid out on the page in a way that disturbs reading flow and the "look" of the page: most commonly, words that are left dangling at the end of paragraphs. In paginated media, this is commonly seen as end-of-paragraph words that fall onto the next page:
Example of a printed widow
Browser's don't have a concept of "pages" for the screen, but widows can come up when a site is printed, and should be controlled for:
p { widows: 3; }
This translates to "if a paragraph breaks to the next printed page, the remnant must consist of at least three lines." A browser that supports the property will space elements in such a way as to make that happen:
Printed pages with solved widows
"Orphans", on the other hand, occur at the start of text blocks. The most common example is a paragraph that starts at the bottom of a page:
An example of orphaned text
Again, it can be controlled with by setting the orphans property to a reasonable value:
p { orphans: 3; }
Meaning: a paragraph must start with at least three lines on a page before it can be broken; otherwise, the paragraph should start on a new page.
The result:
An example of solved orphaned text
Suggested Use
Both widows and orphans should have reasonable default values set in site stylesheets:
p { widows: 3; orphans: 3: }
While elements like headings can also have dangling or leading fragments, it's more common to treat then with page-break controls than widows and orphans.
Widows & Orphans on Screen
By its very nature, responsive design creates innumerable fragments of widowed text. Some of these can be treated by intelligent use of hyphens and justification, but others are simply unavoidable.
Many resources will tell you that widows and orphans properties can only be used in print, but that's not true: in supportive browsers, the properties can also be applied to newspaper-style web column layouts, which often experience the same problems:
Orphaned text in columns
The prefix-free CSS, together with a solution for orphaned text:
div {
 column-count: 2;
 column-gap: 2rem;
p {
 line-height: 1.6;
 font-size: 1rem;
 orphans: 2;
Orphaned text solved in columns
I assume that this same ability will be applied to CSS Regions, once the spec is fully supported in browsers.
Single-Line Fits
The most egregious case of text widows occur in headings, where terminating words are often left dangling on a new line. There are solutions for this: FitText is a JQuery plugin that resizes text dynamically as the browser resizes; Chris Coyier's technique inserts non-breaking spaces, and there are also SVG solutions. My personal preference is to use vw units to fit heading text on a single line, although this often requires some calculation and experimentation; I hope to create a "FitterText" script in the near future that can apply the correct vw measurement once to text elements, with no recalculation-on-viewport-resize required.
Browser Support
Support for widows and orphans is very good: as of this writing, Firefox lacks any awareness of the properties, but all other modern browser versions have excellent support. As such, the properties should be considered progressive enhancement for a site: finishing touches that are great to have and are well-appreciated by users, but not super-critical for page content.


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NumberFormat is an option for NumberForm and related functions which specifies how the mantissa, base and exponent should be assembled into a final print form.
With the setting NumberFormat
f, the function f is supplied with three arguments: the mantissa, base and exponent of each number to be printed.
The arguments are all given as strings.
When no exponent is to be printed, the third argument is given as "".
The function f must return the final format for the number.
See the Mathematica book: Section 2.8.7.
See also: ExponentFunction.
The default is to use scientific notation for all numbers with exponents outside the range -5 to 5.
This gives the exponents in Fortran-like e-format.
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Google Makes Creating Maps Easier For Developers, Adds GeoJSON Support To JavaScript API
Google Maps is announcing a small update today that makes life a bit easier for developers who want to use the service by adding GeoJSON support to its JavaScript API.
GeoJSON is an open-source data format that has found widespread adoption in the last few years and is quickly becoming something of an informal industry standard.
The Google Maps JavaScript API currently supports a number of formats, including KML and GeoRSS, and allows developers to render data from Google Fusion Tables. GeoJSON support, however, makes it even easier to pull in geo-referenced data into maps. Developers can easily pull data from third-party sources like the USGS or Google Maps Engine and show it on their maps. All they have to do to make this work is insert a single line of code into their applications.
To make all of this work, Google has also added a new data layer to its API.
Because GeoJSON can hold information beyond just the location, developers can also add data like store hours, the current speed of a river and other information to the data layer. Thanks to this, they can then apply styling to their maps to, for example, show recent earthquakes as circles and scale them according to their magnitude. Using the new data layer, developers can then also make the map change appearance dynamically and add event handlers to allow users to interact with the data on their maps.
For the most part, this is easier than the previous methods Google offered, so chances are developers will adopt this new feature pretty quickly.


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Paul SabatierArticle Free Pass
Paul Sabatier, (born Nov. 5, 1854, Carcassonne, France—died Aug. 14, 1941, Toulouse), French organic chemist and corecipient, with Victor Grignard, of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for researches in catalytic organic synthesis, in particular for discovering the use of nickel as a catalyst in hydrogenation (the addition of hydrogen to molecules of carbon compounds).
Sabatier studied at the École Normale Supérieure and under Marcellin Berthelot at the Collège de France, earning his doctorate in 1880. After a year at the University of Bordeaux, he moved to the University of Toulouse in 1882, where he became professor (1884) and dean (1905) and where he remained until retirement (1930).
Sabatier's various discoveries formed the bases of the margarine, oil hydrogenation, and synthetic methanol industries, as well as of numerous laboratory syntheses. He explored nearly the whole field of catalytic syntheses in organic chemistry, personally investigating several hundred hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, showing that several other metals besides nickel possess catalytic activity, though in smaller degree. He also studied catalytic hydration and dehydration, examining both the feasibility of specific reactions and the general activity of the various catalysts.
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