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Jenga is a Swahili word which means 'to build'. Jenga Africa aims to build African young people through suicide prevention programmes, harnessing the power of youth, building safe spaces for difficult and critical dialogues especially in schools; help young people to create a vision for their future so they can achieve their goals and aspirations in life.
Jenga Africa is a safe place for critical dialogues and critical thinking, above all, it is a place where we help young people to create a vision for their future, teaching them ways of dealing with difficult situations, and inspiring them through mentorship programmes.
Depression and suicide rates are rising astronomically in young people, and this matter calls for urgent attention and action. Therefore, governments, schools, families and the community at large need to investigate and address the driving force behind this epidemic.
Innovative strategies and solutions are needed to save our future generation and to ensure a healthy human capital. It's for this reason that Jenga Africa (JA) was formed to contribute to solving this epidemic. Here at JA we focus on 3 pillars that guide our programmes and structures.
1) Mental wellbeing
2) Sports for development [with a focus on mental well-being]
3) Spiritual development [with a focus on mental well-being]
In this year of 2021, Jenga Africa is hosting a wellness bootcamp aimed at raising awareness on issues around depression and suicide ideation amongst young people. For more information on this event and to partner with us, email us at _EMAIL_


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What Is DEVELOP?
The NASA DEVELOP National Program fosters an interdisciplinary research environment where applied science research projects are conducted under the guidance of NASA and partner science advisors. DEVELOP is unique in that young professionals lead research projects that focus on utilizing NASA Earth observations to address community concerns and public policy issues. With the competitive nature and growing societal role of science and technology in today's global workplace, DEVELOP is fostering an adept corps of tomorrow's scientists and leaders.
DEVELOP bridges the gap between NASA Earth Science and society, building capacity in both participants and partner organizations to better prepare them to handle the challenges that face our society and future generations.
Uniting NASA Earth observations with society to foster future innovation and cultivate the professionals of tomorrow by addressing diverse environmental issues today.
To maximize NASA's Earth science investments by enabling the next generation to accelerate innovative
applications in technology, resource management, policy development, and decision making.
Our Core Values
Innovation, Service, Integrity, Passion, Professionalism, Stewardship, Scholarship, Collaboration
Our Strategic Goals
Extend NASA Earth Science research to benefit society.
Enhance training and development for young professionals.
Cultivate and maintain relationships through a dynamic program structure that fosters and expands effective collaborations.
The foundation for the DEVELOP Program began in the summer of 1998 when three student interns at NASA Langley Research Center co-authored a research paper titled The Practical Applications of Remote Sensing (Bauer et al., 1998). Concurrently, the Digital Earth Initiative, a federal interagency project dedicated to furthering humans' understanding of the planet, initiated an effort to increase public access to federal information about the Earth and the environment. With the shared focus of these two ventures, a proposal was submitted to combine the mission of NASA's Digital Earth Initiative and the Langley students' paper. This set the stage for the creation of a new student internship program within NASA, and in 1999 DEVELOP was officially formed.
The early success of DEVELOP was due to the alignment of projects with the issues facing local and regional communities. DEVELOP gradually expanded from one center into a nationwide program that supports over 200 internships each year. The first DEVELOP team location outside Langley was established in 2001 through a partnership with the local government in Wise County, Virginia.
The next year, the program expanded to its third location with the establishment of the NASA Stennis Space Center team. DEVELOP reached the WestCoast the following summer when NASA Ames Research Center in California began hosting DEVELOP students. A presentation at a policy conference introduced the DEVELOP Program to the Mobile County Health Department, and a team location was established there in the fall of 2003. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland joined during the summer of 2004, and DEVELOP teams were established at both NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California by the fall of 2008.
Recent nodes were established at the USGS North Central Climate Science Center in Fort Collins, CO,, and the University of Georgia in Athens, GA, with a focus on remote sensing of environmental issues in those regions, as well as two internationally-focused nodes at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) in Palisades, NY, and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) Kathmandu, Nepal.
Today the National Program Office (DEVELOP's headquarters) is hosted at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia and oversees 11 domestic DEVELOP nodes - six at NASA Centers (Ames Research Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Langley Research Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, and Stennis Space Center), five regional and academic locations (Mobile County Health Department, Fort Collins Science Center, Wise County and City of Norton Clerk of Court's Office, International Research Center for Climate and Society, and University of Georgia), as well as two international DEVELOP nodes (Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Saltillo and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development).
Since inception, over 2,800 internship opportunities have been provided across the country, and the DEVELOP Program proactively looks for additional opportunities to reach new communities and demonstrate the benefits of NASA's Earth science research.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Comprehensive Emergency Evacuation Drill
With the participation of Civil Defense, on 10th Jun 2015 IMCO had conducted comprehensive emergency evacuation drill for all its staff, students, visitors and contractors with semi-real scenario (fighting fire in petrochemical work shop). By the great effort form IMCO fire wardens team all IMCO occupants had evacuated out of the buildings in around three minutes and gathered at the designated assembly points.
Health and Safety Policy Statement
The Management of International Maritime College Oman attaches the greatest importance to safeguarding the health and safety of all staff, students, visitors and others who use the premises, and regards the promotion of health and safety measures as a mutual objective for management and employees at all levels.
It is our policy to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety of all employees, students and any other persons who may be directly affected by the activities of the College.
IMCO will, so far as is reasonably practicable:
- Aim to achieve compliance with legal requirements through good occupational health and safety performance.
- Provide adequate resources to implement this policy.
- Establish and maintain a safe and healthy study and working environment.
- Ensure that significant risks arising from work activities under our control are eliminated or adequately controlled.
- Develop and implement appropriate occupational health and safety procedures, and safe study and working practices.
- Include the management of health and safety as a specific responsibility of managers at all levels.
- Ensure this policy is understood and implemented throughout the organization.
- Involve employees in health and safety decisions through consultation and co-operation.
- Maintain study classes and workplaces under our control in a condition that is safe and without risk to health.
- Regularly review compliance with the policy and the management system that support it.
- Provide sufficient information, instruction and supervision to enable all students and employees to avoid hazards and contribute to their own health and safety at work.
- Ensure that students and employees receive appropriate training, and are competent to carry out their designated responsibilities.
Risk Management Policy Statement
International Maritime College Oman (IMCO) defines risk as "the threat or possibility that an action or event will adversely or beneficially affect an organization's ability to achieve its objectives." Risks may thus be either opportunities or threats.
IMCO is proactive in its approach to risk management, balances the cost of managing risk with anticipated benefits, and undertakes contingency planning in the event that critical risks are realized.
The objective of the College's Risk Management processes is to add value to normal management processes by providing a mechanism for:
- Identifying systemic risks that could occur at the International Maritime College Oman.
- Recognizing that there are a panoply of risks that attend any action and be prepared, to the extent possible, to withstand the financial impact of them.
- Minimizing the chances of the adverse event occurring and its potential, by implementing and enforcing safety measures
- Shifting the burden of the financial impact of the adverse event to a third part.
- Identifying whether the College's strategic risks are both understood and managed at an appropriate level.
It is the responsibility of all Management members, staffs, students and volunteers to identify, analyze, evaluate, respond, monitor and communicate risks associated with any activity, function or process within their relevant scope of responsibility and authority.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Code Simplicity
The Power Of No
The problem is that if you give a group of humans total freedom to implement any random idea that comes into their mind, then nearly every time they will implement bad ideas. This isn't a criticism of developers, it's more of a fact of life. I have great faith in the intelligence and capability of individual developers. I admire developers' struggles and achievements in software development. It's just an unfortunate fact of existence that without some central guidance, people in a group tend to evolve complex systems that don't help their users as well as they could.
An individual designer, however, is usually capable of creating a consistent and enjoyable experience for the users and developers both. But if that individual designer never steps up and say "no" when another developer starts to do something the wrong way, then the system will collapse on itself and become a chaotic mess of bad ideas. So it is very important to have a software designer who has the power to say "no", and then it's important for that designer to actually use that power whenever it is appropriate.
It is truly amazing how much you can improve your product just by saying "no" to any idea that really deserves a "no".
Recognizing Bad Ideas
Before you can apply this principle, there is one thing that you have to know: how to recognize bad ideas. Thankfully, there are a lot of software design principles that help clue you in on what is a bad idea, and lead you to saying "no" when it's truly needed. For example:
 - If the implementation of the feature violates the laws of software design (for example, it's too complex, it can't be maintained, it won't be easily changeable, etc.) then that implementation is a bad idea.
 - If the feature doesn't help the users, it's a bad idea.
 - If the proposal is obviously stupid, it's a bad idea.
 - If some change doesn't fix a proven problem, it's a bad idea.
 - If you aren't certain that it's a good idea, it's a bad idea.
Also, one tends to learn over time what is and isn't a good idea, particularly if you use the above as guidelines and understand the laws of software design.
Having No Better Idea
Now, sometimes a designer can recognize a bad idea, but they still implement it because they can't think of a better idea right now. This is a mistake. If you can think up only one solution to a problem but it is obviously stupid, then you still need to say no to it.
At first this may seem counter-intuitive–don't problems need to be solved? Shouldn't we solve this problem in any way we can?
Well, here's the problem: if you implement a "bad idea", your "solution" will rapidly become a worse disaster than the original problem ever was. When you implement something terrible, it "works", but the users complain, the other programmers all sigh, the system is broken, and the popularity of your software starts to decrease. Eventually, the "solution" becomes such a problem that it requires other bad "solutions" to "fix" it. These "fixes" then become enormous problems in themselves. Continue down this path, and eventually you end up with a system that is bloated, confused, and difficult to maintain, just like many existing software systems today.
If you often find yourself in a situation where you feel forced to accept bad ideas, it's likely that you're actually near the end of this chain of events–that is, you're actually building on a series of pre-existing bad ideas from the system's past. In that case, the solution is not to keep "patching" over the bad ideas, but to instead find the most fundamental, underlying bad ideas of the system and redesign them to be good, over time.
Now ideally, when you reject a bad idea, you should provide an alternate, good idea in its place–that way you're being constructive and moving the project forward, instead of being viewed as a roadblock on the path of development. But even if you can't come up with a better idea right now, it's still important to say no to bad ideas. A good idea will come eventually. Maybe it will take some study, or perhaps it will suddenly come to you while you're standing in the shower one day. I have no idea where the idea will come from or what it will be. But don't worry too much about it. Just trust that there is always some good way to solve every problem, and keep looking for it until you find it. Don't give up and accept bad ideas.
Clarifications: Acceptance and Politeness
So it's important to say "no", but there are a few clarifications required on what I really mean, there. I'm not saying that every suggestion is wrong. In fact, developers are usually very bright people, and sometimes they really do nail it. Many developers make perfect suggestions and do excellent implementations. And even the worst solutions can have good parts, despite not being excellent as a whole. So many times, instead of actually saying "no", what you'll be saying is something more like, "Wow, there's a part of this idea that is really good, but the rest of it is not so great. We should take the best parts of this idea and build them up into something awesome by doing more work on them." You do have say no to the parts of an idea that are bad, though. Just because one part of the idea is good doesn't mean that the whole idea is good. Take what's intelligent about the idea, refine it, and build good ideas around it until the solution you've designed really is great.
Also, it is still critically important that you communicate well with the rest of your team–having the responsibility of saying "no" doesn't give you the right to be rude or inconsiderate. If you continuously say "no" without any hint of kindness, you are going to fracture your team, cause upsets, and ultimately end up wasting hours of your time in argument with the people you've upset. So when you have to say "no", it's best to find a polite way to communicate it–a way that expresses appreciation for the input, positive suggestions of how to improve things, and lets the person down easily. I understand how frustrating it can be to have to slow down and explain things–and even more frustrating to repeat the explanation over and over to somebody who doesn't get it the first time–but if that's what it takes to have an effective development team while still saying "no" to bad features, then that's what you have to do.
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white-tailed sea eagle
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description and characteristics
White-tailed sea eagles ( H. albicilla), native to Europe, southwestern Greenland, the Middle East, Russia (including Siberia), and the coastlands of China, had disappeared from the British Isles by 1918 and from most of southern Europe by the 1950s; however, they began to recolonize Scotland by way of Norway in the 1950s and '60s. By the early 21st century, more than 5,000 breeding pairs...
...Międzyzdroje also serves as a gateway to the Wolin National Park, known for its sandy beaches backed by steep cliffs. It is also an important habitat for the protected white-tailed eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla) and is the site of a bison reserve. The densely forested Drawno National Park is located in the central lakeland and is...
What made you want to look up "white-tailed sea eagle"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Short Answer Questions Key
1. Sacks sees himself as having what kind of personality?
2. Sacks sees his patients as:
3. What does Sacks call his chapters?
4. What does Sacks compare his tales to?
5. Sacks finds his patients:
6. Sacks is a:
7. Sacks' book is different from a college textbook in that it:
Has a friendlier style
8. If Sacks called his chapters'studies' what would that mean about his attitude?
He is detached from his patients.
9. Sacks' patients are typically:
10. Sacks thinks of his patients as:
This section contains 4,078 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)


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Watering eyes are common and often get better on their own, but treatment may be needed if the watering affects your daily activities.
Causes of watering eyes
It's normal for your eyes to water in smoky environments or if you're outside in the cold or wind.
An eye injury or something in your eye, such as an eyelash or a piece of grit, can also make your eyes water.
Sometimes watering eyes can be caused by a condition such as:
- an allergy or infection (conjunctivitis)
- blocked tear ducts (small tubes that tears drain into)
- your eyelid drooping away from the eye (ectropion) or your eyelid turning inwards (entropion)
- dry eye syndrome – this can cause your eyes to produce too many tears
Babies often have watering eyes because their tear ducts are small. It usually gets better by the time they're 1 year old.
You can ask a pharmacist about:
- what you can do to treat it yourself – such as cleaning and protecting your eyes
- what you can buy to help – such as cleaning solutions, eye drops or allergy medicines
- whether you need to see an optician or GP
See a GP if:
- your eyes keep watering and it's stopping you doing everyday activities
- you experience any changes to your vision, such as loss of vision
- your eyelid is turning inwards or drooping away from your eye
- you have any lumps or swellings around your eyes
- your eyes are very sore or painful
- your baby's eyes are sore, red or very watery
If your GP cannot find what's causing your eyes to water, they may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist) for tests.
Treatment for watering eyes
Treatment may not be needed if the watering is not causing problems.
If treatment is needed, it will depend on what the cause is.
- eye drops can help if your eyes are dry or infected
- medicines can help if you have an allergy
- anything in your eye, like a piece of grit, can be removed
- a small operation may be needed if you have a problem with your eyelids or you have blocked tear ducts
Page last reviewed: 06/04/2018
Next review due: 06/04/2021


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are an ethnic minority in eastern Turkey
. Their language (Zazaki
) is closely related to the Kurdish language
. For this reason the Zaza are often referred to as a subgroup of the Kurds
, which is not correct and heavily opposed by themselves.
Zaza is also a name that appears in the Bible meaning "belonging to all" or "plenty"
See Also: List_of_Biblical_names
Zaza Bible Reference


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Building research capacity in Education: evidence from recent initiatives in England, Scotland and Wales.
|dc.contributor.author||Fowler, Zoe Louise|
|dc.contributor.author||Davies, Susan MB|
|dc.description.abstract||There is a pressing need to build research capacity in Education across the UK to combat the effects of the ageing research population and the increasing polarisation between research-intensive institutions and the remainder of the field. This paper draws data from three evaluations of recent initiatives across the UK to explore the necessary conditions for effectively building research capacity. Technicist and situated learning models are explored in relation to the immediate and longer term professional development of the research workforce, and we identify that central to the effectiveness of this professional learning is: (1) interpersonal support from more experienced colleagues; and (2) institutional support for research engagement, primarily in the provision of time and an infrastructure which can support research activity. We conclude that the development of, and engagement with, inter-institutional, inter-project communities is imperative to this process.|
|dc.publisher||University of Cambridge|
|dc.rights||All Rights Reserved|
|dc.title||Building research capacity in Education: evidence from recent initiatives in England, Scotland and Wales.|


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Michaela Binder, Durham University
Sudan has perhaps one of the richest and most fascinating archaeological records in the world. Construction projects such as roads and dams are an increasing threat to its cultural heritage which prompts a large number of salvage excavations by Sudanese and international teams. Accordingly, as a large number of archaeological sites are cemeteries, the amount of human remains housed in museums and universities for use in research is steadily growing.
Despite the fact Sudan has many excellent archaeologists, the scientific potential of human remains – which can increase our knowledge about many aspects of past human cultures – is not fully harnessed. This is mainly due to the fact that there is relatively little training in the study of human remains within the country itself.
Recognising this problem, the British Museum's Amara West project has instigated a Bioarchaeology Field School, generously funded by the Institute of Bioarchaeology. I am currently in Khartoum running a one-week workshop at the National Council of Antiquities and Museums (NCAM). Over the course of the workshop, nine participants, including senior members of NCAM and archaeologists from the universities of Khartoum, Shendi, Bahri (Juba) and Wadi al-Nil, will gain a basic understanding of the study of human remains, the methods involved and the potential information that can be obtained.
During the first few days, we have been busy learning about the anatomy of the human skeleton. Following practice on a plastic skeleton, the participants get hands-on experience with skeletons excavated at the Meroitic cemetery at Berber, by workshop participant Mahmoud Suleiman Bashir, an inspector at NCAM.
We have also visited excavations at al-Khiday near Khartoum, a multi-period site with cemeteries of the Pre-Mesolithic, Neolithic and Meroitic periods, where Tina Jakob of Durham University, who works on the human remains of Al-Khiday, gave a talk about her research.
You can read more about our discoveries at Amara West on the British Museum website where we have uploaded new pages about the excavation of a Ramesside house at the town, and post-New Kingdom burials in cemetery C.


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Latin American & Caribbean Studies
The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean represent an intertwining of Indian, African, Asian, and European cultures with a variety of languages such as Spanish, French, Portuguese, English, Maya, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous tongues. This rich cultural heritage has contributed substantially to the complexity of the region. Whether in the form of new models of economic development, varying forms of government, or innovative social ideas, certain common developmental patterns have come to represent the trademark of the region's history, people, and institutions. Given the complexity of such a diverse and pivotal region, the Latin American and Caribbean studies minor promotes course work in anthropology, biology, economics, political science, international relations, history, and Brazilian, French, and Spanish-American culture and civilization to provide students with a broad, liberal background with which to appreciate the intrinsic nature of Latin America and the Caribbean, and also to understand the role of the United States in the social, economic, and political development of our hemispheric neighbors..


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Up to 1.5 million children do not go to school in Kenya. What proportions of these children are expected to be out of school because of the various barriers to enrolment (eg direct or opportunity costs of education, disability, distance to school, etc)?
This report addresses the reasons why children are out of school in Kenya. It includes sections on:
- Proportions of children affected by different barriers to education
- ILO report on access to education in Kenya
- Related information
- Resources on barriers to education
Some proportional statistics on barriers to enrolment were found from differing sources. The ILO report, outlined in section 3, gives proportional data showing reasons for absenteeism, drop-out and non-enrolment for 3 districts in Kenya. Reasons for non-enrolment are:
- 68.7% lack of funds
- 7% few admission slots
- 6.1% father/guardian ignorance
- 5.2% under age
- 4.3% distance to school
- 2.6% mental handicap
- 2.6% decision of the father
Bolton, L. Helpdesk Report: Barriers to Enrolment in Kenya. Human Development Resource Centre, UK (2011) 10 pp.


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What is the Michel Thomas Method?The Michel Thomas Method teaches everyday conversational language that will allow you to communicate in a wide variety of situations, empowered by the ability to create your own sentences and use the language instinctively, having absorbed the vocabulary and grammatical structures. These all-audio courses were perfected over 25 years by gifted linguist and teacher Michel Thomas, and provide an accelerated method for language learning that is truly revolutionary.
Lessons 1-8, the Beginner course: This course makes no assumption of knowledge of any language other than English and gives the beginner practical and functional use of the spoken language. It is also appropriate for anyone who has studied Polish before, but has forgotten much of it or does not have confidence in speaking. The Beginner course is designed to take you from complete beginner to intermediate level.
Lessons 9-12, the Intermediate course: This course is for those with an intermediate-level foundation in Polish, or those who have completed lessons 1-8 and want to take their learning to an advanced level and speak Polish proficiently and easily.
How does it work?
Unlike most language courses that focus around topics or grammar forms, the Michel Thomas Method works by breaking a language down into its component parts, enabling you to reconstruct the language yourself - to form your own sentences, to say what you want, when you want. Within the first 10 minutes of the course, you will be generating complete sentences on your own. It is important that you complete the lessons in order. The Method is successful because it builds on the language you learn in each lesson and'recycles' language taught in earlier lessons, allowing you to build ever-more complicated sentences. Because the Method is based on understanding, not memorisation, there is no set limit to the length of time that you should study each lesson. Once you feel you have a good grasp of the language taught in one lesson, you can move on to the next.
In lesson 7 of the Polish Beginner course, you'll be able to use reflexive verbs and speak about the past with…- nouns: 'visa','reservation', 'observation', 'operation', 'organisation','son'- pronouns: 'your' (formal, singular), 'his', 'her' (sense 'her coffee'), 'oneself', 'your' (informal, singular), 'each other', 'her' (sense 'for her'), 'him' (sense 'for him')- verbs: 'to feel' (= 'to have oneself'), 'to be called' (= 'to call oneself'), 'to learn' (= 'to teach oneself'), 'to get ready' (= 'to prepare oneself'), 'to start (itself)', 'to find out' (= 'to make oneself know'), 'to get/become' (= 'to make itself'), 'to know (somebody/something)'- social communications: 'how are you?' (= 'how do you have yourself?'), 'how does one say it?' (= 'how does it speak itself?'), 'I am cold' (= 'to me it is cold'; 'it is' can be omitted) - adverbs: 'cold, colder', 'warm, warmer', 'yesterday'- adjective: 'busy/engaged/occupied'- how to use the possessive pronouns 'your' (formal), 'his', 'her'- forming verbs from nouns ending in ation ( acja in Polish)- verb endings for 'they' and 'you' (formal, plural) formcommands in the pluralusing reflexive verbsthe past tense: formation; endings affected by gender; usage (translates English 'I bought' and 'I have bought')- past-tense endings for 'I', 'he/she/it', 'you' (singular, formal) - past tense of impersonal expressions (e.g. 'to me it was cold' = 'I was cold').
In the next lesson you'll learn more about the past tense, including detachable past-tense endings and tense in reported speech.
©2013 Michel Thomas (P)2013 Hodder & Stoughton
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In a stern address at the 2023 Conference of Judges of the Federal High Court, Chief Justice of Nigeria, Justice Olukayode Ariwoola, emphasized the critical need for judges to maintain the integrity of the judiciary and avoid actions that could tarnish its image.
Speaking at the event held at the Court's headquarters in Abuja, Justice Ariwoola urged judges to be cautious and mindful of their responsibility to uphold the highest standards of professionalism.
He specifically cautioned against actions that could bring disrepute to the judiciary, emphasizing the importance of adhering to laws and rules in the execution of their duties.
The Chief Justice stressed the significance of impartiality in delivering judgments and rulings, emphasizing that judges should refrain from attempting to influence any party, regardless of their status or influence.
He said, "Go the extra mile to justify your appointments and do not create loopholes that could tarnish the image and reputation of the Court.
"Do not attempt to convince anybody, no matter how highly placed, but always consult laws and rules before writing your judgments and rulings.
"Always write judgments that the Court of Appeal will have no option but to affirm. Being a judge is not child's play, particularly in your court, where you don't sit on a panel. You sit all alone.
"Go the extra mile to justify the appointments and do not create loopholes that could tarnish the image and reputation of the court."


1. A Bar at the Folies-Bergère is a grand sight to behold.
Measuring in at 37.8 inches by 51.2 inches, it is a large piece. Moreover, Manet included curious details, like a woman peering through opera glasses, that force the viewer to imagine what might exist beyond the frame.
2. It's set in a Parisian hot spot.
Established in 1869, Folies-Bergère is more than a bar. It was a music hall where the upper middle class of Paris flocked for a wide array of spectacular entertainment, including ballet, cabaret, acrobatics, pantomime, operetta, and animal acts. As you might imagine with so much going on, the place was also a hang-out for artists seeking inspiration.
3. It was not painted at the bar.
Though Manet did several preparatory sketches on location, he worked on this massive masterpiece in the privacy of his studio
4. A trapeze artist hides almost out of frame.
Look to the upper left corner of A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, and you'll notice a pair of green slippers at the ends of two pale legs, standing on a swing. These limbs belong to an acrobat performing for the wealthy guests of this extravagant bar. Just another night at Folies-Bergère!
5. A contemporary beer makes a cameo.
To the right of the bottle of red wine, you'll see a brown bottle with a red triangle on its label, which was the UK's first registered trademark. That's the logo for Bass Brewery, established in 1777 and still in production today.
6. A Bar at the Folies-Bergère withstood accusations of flawed perspective.
At first glance, you might think the balconies and grandness of the titular bar sit behind the becoming barmaid. But if you observe the bottles to her left and the woman turned away at her right, you'll see these are reflections from the mirror, the gold frame of which can be spotted behind her wrists. Confusion arose from this use of perspective. Is the viewer meant to be the mustachioed gentleman to the right? If so, the angles of the mirror seem off. Is it Manet's mistake?
7. Its distinctive perspective sparked debate.
Some say the potentially flawed perspective was meant to show us two sides of this woman's experience. In the reflection, she appears to lean in, being engaged and even potentially flirtatious with her customer. In the other reality, she is at best ambivalent to his presumed attentions. And if we're meant to stand in for the man, did Manet intend for us to empathize with her or him?
8. The barmaid may be a prostitute.
Nearly 20 years earlier Manet stirred controversy with The Luncheon on the Grass and Olympia for their perceived display of prostitutes on the job, so he wouldn't have shied away from the subject matter. And it wouldn't have been crazy to suggest that the famous bar's workers were selling more than just refreshments—the writer Guy de Maupassant famously and none-too-subtly called Folies-Bergère's barmaids "vendors of drink and of love." Some viewers have suggested this double life is what the painting's mirror is actually reflecting.
9. Manet painted her once more.
Today we know her only as Suzon. She was an actual barmaid at Folies-Bergère, and that's likely where she met Manet. He also painted her portrait in a piece known today as Model for the barmaid of A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, which can be found at the Musée des Beaux Arts in Dijon.
10. The reflected intimacy might be a trick of the eye.
Art historian Malcolm Park created a photographic reconstruction and diagram to map out where the barmaid, the top-hatted customer, and the viewer would have been in the actual bar. Park's findings indicated the viewer is not the man pictured, but a person coming from the right and therefore not reflected in the mirror. This perspective condenses the distance between the reflected man and woman, visually creating a false sense of intimacy in the mirror. Even this knowledge doesn't resolve the questions of Manet's emotional intentions.
11. An earlier draft of the final painting offers a curious contrast.
The preparatory sketch Le Bar Aux Folies-Bergère shows Manet initially tested a version where the barmaid was turned more clearly toward her customer, altering the perplexing perspective.
12. X-rays revealed Manet made a major change during painting.
Scans showed Manet originally painted the barmaid with her arms crossed at her waist, her right hand holding her left forearm above the wrist. It's a pose that more closely mimicked the early sketch than the final piece, and seemed to suggest a more obvious vulnerability.
13. Las Meninas might be an influence.
Diego Velázquez's unusual royal portrait from 1656 also played with perspective in a way that's long inspired debate and interpretation. Manet was a noted admirer of the 17th century Spanish painter's works. Art historians suspect A Bar at the Folies-Bergère was his take on that strange and seemingly candid portrait.
14. It was Manet's last major work.
Manet's illustrious career was studded with groundbreaking works that bridged the gap between Realism and Impressionism while sometimes courting controversy. When the Parisian art scene couldn't grasp his greatness, he spent his own money to fund his exhibitions. In 1882, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère made its debut at the prestigious Paris Salon. The artist's health was fading as he struggled to complete the piece that would become one of his most acclaimed. Manet died at age 51 the following April with A Bar at the Folies-Bergère back in his studio.
15. This Paris scene lives in London.
English industrialist Samuel Courtauld was an ardent art collector who donated a wealth of works to The Courtauld Gallery upon co-founding it in 1932. A Bar at the Folies-Bergère is not only one of several Manet works the London museum boasts, but also one of its most famous pieces.


Keep Your PCP Informed
Keep Your PCP Informed
You can do your part in coordinating your care. If you have received care in any health care setting outside of your primary care physician's (PCP) office, there are a couple of things you can do to ensure a smooth and timely transition.
Ask for a Visit or Discharge Summary
First, ask your health care provider to send a discharge or visit summary to your PCP. The summary information includes a list of discharge medicines you were prescribed. It is important for your PCP to review any medicines you were prescribed. Your PCP can decide if any further medication changes are needed.
The summary also lets your PCP know the reason services were needed, what tests were done and what follow up is needed.
In 2020, we surveyed many of our PCPs and asked if they received a discharge summary and if they got it within 10 business days. Hospitals were the most likely to send the summaries (66 percent) and sent summaries the quickest. Retail clinics were the least likely to send the information (50 percent) and the slowest to send it.
So when you receive health care services outside of your PCP's office, be sure to ask for a summary of your visit to be sent to your PCP.
Follow Up with Your PCP
Second, make sure to schedule an appointment with your PCP. That way you can discuss the care you received, test results or medicine changes. It also helps make sure you get safe, timely follow-up care.
Doing these two things can help make sure your care is coordinated between your PCP and other providers.


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Why study gesture?
If you watch people talking, you'll notice that much of the time they are also moving their hands and arms around, or gesturing. Why do people do this? What's the connection between such gestures and spoken languages? What are the similarities and differences between such gestures and the signs of sign languages? What can studying these gestures tell us about the human mind? These are the basic questions we study in the Gesture and Cognition Lab!
In recent years, interest in what gestures can reveal about thinking has exploded. Gesture research is at the very heart of contemporary cognitive science. Gestures seem to be part of the language system (linguistics). They are a window onto human mental representations (cognitive psychology) and part of the development of many skills, including social cognition / theory of mind (developmental psychology). Gestures influence our feelings about other people (social psychology). While gesture is universal in human cultures, our closest primate relatives (chimpanzees) may not gesture at all (comparative / evolutionary biology). Producing and understanding gestures recruits some of the same parts of the brain as language (neuroscience). Some vary across cultures, while some are universal (anthropology). They are critical in human-computer interaction (computer science / artificial intelligence). They share features with other expressive behaviors like music and dance (the arts). In other words: in studying gesture, we're studying nearly every aspect of human cognition.
Gesture & Cognition Lab | Crawford 604A | Phone: _PHONE_ | parrilllabATgmailDOTcom


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From Virtualization to Cloud:
Get the White Paper
In the From Virtualization to Cloud: Leveraging vSphere, AWS, and Other Clouds White Paper, you'll learn the differences between virtualization and cloud computing and how to:
- Cloud-enable your vSphere environments.
- Create portable workloads that operate across vSphere and public and private clouds.
- Provide rapid self-service and manage for governance, capacity, and cost.
- Speed greenfield application development and manage or migrate existing brownfield applications.
Download White Paper


When a food writer can't taste.
I read a headline this past weekend "When a food writer can't taste" which got me thinking about brand strategy and marketing strategy. How does a food writer approach an assignment when s/he can't actually taste the food? (How did Beethoven compose after losing his hearing?) Had the food writer the ability to taste prior to losing the sense, the experience would be muscle memory-driven. Of course the writer would need to know how the meal was prepared, the ingredients and the amounts. And watched preparation technique. It would also help to watch people eat the food to understand tastes, aromas and textures.
Sadly, a good deal of strategic work in the market today is perfunctory. It lacks the hand and design of someone who has actually tasted the product or product experience. Often there is a reliance on the muscle memory of other assignments. A reliance on demographics — and then the work is driven by nothing more than a media insight. jean-georges
Just as creatives know when the work is done, so do planners. Planners need enough time to mine insights, experience those insights and learn deeply about their meaning. Put that level of learning into your brand plan and you are, then, ready to start tasting. Peace.


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CHALLENGE WINNER: "Museum" in "Architecture of the British Isles" – 30FEB2011
FEATURED: "Beginners' Corner" – 14DEC2012
The museum is home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 70 million items within five main collections: Botany, Entomology, Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Zoology. The museum is a world-renowned centre of research, specialising in taxonomy, identification and conservation.
Given the age of the institution, many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value, such as specimens collected by Darwin. The Natural History Museum Library contains extensive books, journals, manuscripts, and artwork collections linked to the work and research of the scientific departments.


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More threads will not necessarily give you higher throughput. Threads have a non-trivial cost, both to create (in terms of CPU time and OS resources) and to run (in terms of memory and scheduling). And the more threads you have, the more potential for contention with other threads. Adding threads can sometimes even slow down execution. Each problem is subtly different, and you are best off writing a nice, flexible solution and experimenting with the parameters to see what works best.
Your example code, spawning a thread for each file, would almost immediately swamp the system for values of
max_threads beyond around 10. As others have suggested, a thread pool with a work queue is what you probably want. The fact that each file is independent is nice, as that makes it almost embarrassingly parallel (save for the aggregation at the end of each unit of work).
Some factors that will affect your throughput:
- Number of CPU cores
- The number of disk channels (spindles, RAID devices, etc)
- The processing algorithm, and whether the problem is CPU or I/O bound
- Contention for the master statistics structure
Last year I wrote an application that does essentially the same as you describe. I ended up using Python and the
pprocess library. It used a multi-process model with a pool of worker processes, communicating via pipes (rather than threads). A master process would read the work queue, chop up the input into chunks, and send chunk info to the workers. A worker would crunch the data, collecting stats, and when it was done send the results to back the master. The master would combine the results with the global totals and send another chunk to the worker. I found it scaled almost linearly up to 8 worker threads (on an 8-core box, which is pretty good), and beyond that it degraded.
Some things to consider:
- Use a thread pool with a work queue, where the number of threads is likely around the number of cores in your system
- Alternatively, use a multi-process setup, which communicates via pipes
- Evaluate using
mmap() (or equivalent) to memory map the input files, but only after you've profiled the baseline case
- Read data in multiples of the block size (eg. 4kB), and chop up into lines in memory
- Build in detailed logging from the start, to aid debugging
- Keep an eye on contention when updating the master statistics, although it will likely be swamped by the processing and read times of the data
- Don't make assumptions - test, and measure
- Set up a local dev environment that is as close as possible to the deployment system
- Use a database (such as SQLite) for state data, processing results, etc
- The database can keep track of which files have been processed, which lines had errors, warnings, etc
- Only give your app read-only access to the original directory and files, and write your results elsewhere
- Be careful not to try to process files that are open by another process (there's a few tricks here)
- Careful you don't hit OS limits of the number of files per directory
- Profile everything, but be sure to only change one thing at a time, and keep detailed records. Performance optimization is hard.
- Set up scripts so you can consistently re-run tests. Having a DB helps here, as you can delete the records that flag a file as having been processed and re-run against the same data.
When you have a significant number of files in the one directory as you describe, aside from potentially hitting filesystem limits, the time to stat the directory and figure out which files you've already processed and which you still need to goes up significantly. Consider breaking up the files into subdirectories by date, for example.
One more word on performance profiling: be careful when extrapolating performance from small test data sets to super-huge data sets. You can't. I found out the hard way that you can reach a certain point where regular assumptions about resources that we make every day in programming just don't hold any more. For example, I only found out the statement buffer in MySQL is 16MB when my app went way over it! And keeping 8 cores busy can take a lot of memory, but you can easily chew up 2GB of RAM if you're not careful! At some point you have to test on real data on the production system, but give yourself a safe test sandbox to run in, so you don't munge production data or files.
Directly related to this discussion is a series of articles on Tim Bray's blog called the "Wide Finder" project. The problem was simply to parse logfiles and generate some simple statistics, but in the fastest manner possible on a multicore system. Many people contributed solutions, in a variety of languages. It is definitely worth reading.


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Many people make it seem as though they have it all together outwardly, but inside they are a wreck. Their past has left them inwardly broken, crushed, and wounded. They can be healed. God has a plan, and Isaiah 61 shows that the Lord came to heal the brokenhearted. He wants to heal victims of abuse and emotional wounding.
Joyce Meyer was a victim of physical, mental, emotional, and sexual abuse as a child. Today she has a nationwide ministry of emotional healing for others like herself. In Beauty for Ashes she unpacks major truths that brought healing in her life and describes how other victims of abuse can also experience God's healing in their lives. Learn:
- How to deal with the emotional pain of abuse
- How to understand your responsibility to God for overcoming abuse
- Why victims of abuse often suffer from addictive behaviors
- How to grab hold of God's unconditional love
- The importance of God's timing in working through painful memories


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Orenda helps leaders overcome the barriers that come with excessive information. You do not need an understanding of public relations, social sciences, or statistics, in order to effectively use and benefit from our services. Alerts are designed to notify you when an issue requires attention.
accelerated decision making
We have advanced the online monitoring industry beyond data collection applying numerical metrics to areas that previously could not be quantified. Users do not need consultation or further analysis to gather, refine, and interpret what people are saying. This allows for timely and accurate understanding of public perception.
Words and phrases are interpreted in different social and cultural contexts overcoming the ambiguity that a word or phrase may have on its own. The interface allows users to understand their brand and reputation displayed in performance metrics such as strength percentages, key-word analysis, sentiment analysis, and historical trends of their brand's general standing.
Users can explore how their brand is percieved by time and place allowing them to go beyond descriptive data to gain a clear understanding of how their reputation is impacted by specific events. Automated brand analysis is measured in key categories that drive reputation. These include; trust, satisfaction, commitment, character, exchange of benefits, and social responsibility.


Arc diagram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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An arc diagram of the Goldner–Harary graph. The red dashed line segment shows where this graph was subdivided to make it Hamiltonian.
In graph drawing, an arc diagram is a style of graph drawing, in which the vertices of a graph are placed along a line in the Euclidean plane, with edges being drawn as semicircles in one of the two halfplanes bounded by the line, or as smooth curves formed by sequences of semicircles. In some cases, line segments of the line itself are also allowed as edges, as long as they connect only vertices that are consecutive along the line.
The use of the phrase "arc diagram" for this kind of drawings follows the use of a similar type of diagram by Wattenberg (2002) to visualize the repetition patterns in strings, by using arcs to connect pairs of equal substrings. However, this style of graph drawing is much older than its name, dating back to the work of Saaty (1964) and Nicholson (1968), who used arc diagrams to study crossing numbers of graphs. An older but less frequently used name for arc diagrams is linear embeddings.[1]
Heer, Bostock & Ogievetsky (2010) write that arc diagrams "may not convey the overall structure of the graph as effectively as a two-dimensional layout", but that their layout makes it easy to display multivariate data associated with the vertices of the graph.
Planar graphs[edit]
As Nicholson (1968) observed, every embedding of a graph in the plane may be deformed into an arc diagram, without changing its number of crossings. In particular, every planar graph has a planar arc diagram. However, this embedding may need to use more than one semicircle for some of its edges.
If a graph is drawn without crossings using an arc diagram in which each edge is a single semicircle, then the drawing is a two-page book embedding, something that is only possible for the subhamiltonian graphs, a subset of the planar graphs.[2] For instance, a maximal planar graph has such an embedding if and only if it contains a Hamiltonian cycle. Therefore, a non-Hamiltonian maximal planar graph such as the Goldner–Harary graph cannot have a planar embedding with one semicircle per edge. Testing whether a given graph has a crossing-free arc diagram of this type (or equivalently, whether it has pagenumber two) is NP-complete.[3]
However, every planar graph has an arc diagram in which each edge is drawn as a biarc with at most two semicircles. More strongly, every st-planar directed graph (a planar directed acyclic graph with a single source and a single sink, both on the outer face) has an arc diagram in which every edge forms a monotonic curve, with these curves all consistently oriented from one end of the vertex line towards the other.[4] For undirected planar graphs, one way to construct an arc diagram with at most two semicircles per edge is to subdivide the graph and add extra edges so that the resulting graph has a Hamiltonian cycle (and so that each edge is subdivided at most once), and to use the ordering of the vertices on the Hamiltonian cycle as the ordering along the line.[5]
Minimizing crossings[edit]
Because it is NP-complete to test whether a given graph has an arc diagram with one semicircle per edge and no crossings, it is also NP-hard to find an arc diagram of this type that minimizes the number of crossings. This crossing minimization problem remains NP-hard, for non-planar graphs, even if the ordering of the vertices along the line is fixed.[1] However, in the fixed-ordering case, an embedding without crossings (if one exists) may be found in polynomial time by translating the problem into a 2-satisfiability problem, in which the variables represent the placement of each arc and the constraints prevent crossing arcs from being placed on the same side of the vertex line.[6] Additionally, in the fixed-ordering case, a crossing-minimizing embedding may be approximated by solving a maximum cut problem in an auxiliary graph that represents the semicircles and their potential crossings (or equivalently, by approximating the MAX2SAT version of the 2-satisfiability instance).[7]
Cimikowski & Shope (1996), Cimikowski (2002), and He, Sýkora & Vrt'o (2005) discuss heuristics for finding arc diagrams with few crossings.
Clockwise orientation[edit]
For drawings of directed graphs, a common convention is to draw each arc in a clockwise direction, so that arcs that are directed from an earlier to a later vertex in the sequence are drawn above the vertex line, and arcs directed from a later to an earlier vertex are drawn below the line. This clockwise orientation convention was developed as part of a different graph drawing style by Fekete et al. (2003), and applied to arc diagrams by Pretorius & van Wijk (2007).
Other uses[edit]
Arc diagrams were used by Brandes (1999) to visualize the state diagram of a shift register, and by Djidjev & Vrt'o (2002) to show that the crossing number of every graph is at least quadratic in its cutwidth.
 1. ^ a b Masuda et al. (1990).
 2. ^ The application of semicircles to edge layout in book embeddings was already made by Bernhart & Kainen (1979), but the explicit connection of arc diagrams with two-page book embeddings seems tо be due to Masuda et al. (1990).
 3. ^ Chung, Leighton & Rosenberg (1987).
 4. ^ Giordano et al. (2007).
 5. ^ Bekos et al. (2013).
 6. ^ Efrat, Erten & Kobourov (2007).
 7. ^ Cimikowski & Mumey (2007).


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Keeping up with Lipids on the Move: a New Molecular Tracking Method
In one of the older Star Wars movies, Jedi master Yoda instructs his apprentice, Luke, on the ways of the Force in a series of now-iconic scenes. The Force, Yoda says, is an energy field that penetrates us, that surrounds us, that binds us.
One could say the same about lipids, small molecules in fats, oils, and waxes found in living things.
Lipids are found in a lot of places and do many things. They make up the boundaries of our cells, from which our tissues and organs are formed. They make up membranes that let plants do photosynthesis. Lipids are also great for storing energy, one reason researchers are targeting them to produce biofuels.
Scientists want to work with lipids to improve crop yields or make those biofuels. First, they are exploring how different types of lipids are made. But this research is tricky. Different parts of plant cells contribute to the process, so lipids are always moving in those cells. That makes it hard to keep track of them.
A new study from the Benning lab at the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory presents a minimally-invasive lipid tracking method. The lab also tests the method on lipids related to photosynthesis in plants to explore where they are made in the plant cell. The study is published in The Plant Journal.
Lipid tagging and tracking system
"Most lipid precursors come from two sources in plant cells, the endoplasmic
reticulum and the chloroplast," explains Anna Hurlock. Anna is a former grad student in the Benning lab.
"But we don't know how much each source contributes to the final product. We don't know how lipid precursors move around," says Anna.
Current methods to track lipids can be problematic. They involve attaching a fluorescent molecule, about the same size as a lipid, to that lipid.
But this method causes lipids to act strangely, which can cast doubts on any findings.
The new approach is subtler.
Scientists take a lipid-editing protein (delta-6 desaturase) from a moss and insert it into a plant that doesn't have it.
"The foreign protein creates lipids we don't tend to see in the plant," Anna says. "Lipids are cobbled together with different building blocks, called fatty acids. That foreign protein creates new types of fatty acids, slightly different from the ones the plants make. These new building blocks mix in with the usual ones we expect to find."
"We can detect and track these unusual lipids as they move in the cell. Their unique make-up is the tell-tale," Anna adds.
Testing out the method, the team observed new subtleties with regards to lipid production. "For example, we thought that one lipid, PG, is nearly all made in the chloroplast. With the new method, we saw that about 18% of the precursors are from the endoplasmic reticulum."
There is a rub, however. The approach relies on genetic changes to the plant so it can take in the foreign protein. The plant doesn't seem to mind low levels of the new lipids. But it might not like it if there are a lot more of them, which could alter its natural lipid metabolism.
"Still, we've shown that this approach is highly informative," Anna adds. "It could help fill our knowledge gaps of lipid movement, especially if we can replicate it in wild plants."
Despite this advance, the movement of lipids in plants is still a mystery, much like the mythical Force. It's definitely worth exploring.
- Igor Houwat and Anna Hurlock via MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory News


text: ||The application of Rubbersoil-Primer to fill slope protection against rainfall infiltration was first initiated in 2004. The engineering properties of Rubbersoil-SB, Rubbersoil-LGM and Rubbersoil-Primer were studied by the former researcher and the capability of Rubbersoils in protecting loose fill slopes were justified by the rainfall model test and a full scale field test in Sau Kei Wan. This thesis serves as a continuation to investigate the function of Rubbersoil-Primer as an interface material for controlling the hydraulic conditions of loose fill slopes and the engineering properties of a new Rubbersoil ------ Rubbersoil-Impermeable Primer were investigated in this thesis. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of Rubbersoil-Primer and Rubbersoil-Impermeable Primer ranging from unconfined compressive strength, saturated and unsaturated permeability, soil water characteristics to confined and unconfined shrinkage were studied by a series of laboratory tests. The performances of Rubbersoil fill slope under hypothetical and real rainfall condition were examined by the rainfall model test, numerical simulation and a full scale field test in Tuen Mun. In light of the fact that the soil-water characteristic (SWCC) measures the water storage capacity of the soil under a given soil suction and it is an essential hydraulic parameter for computing transient seepage in unsaturated soils, an indirect and a direct test making use of MIP (mercury intrusion porosiometry) and modified pressure plate were conducted to determine the SWCC of Rubbersoil-Primer of various densities. The measured SWCC together with the generated permeability functions were used as an input parameters for simulating the transient seepage analysis. Parametric study on the influences of the density and the thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer, the angle of slope inclination and the rainfall pattern on the pore water pressure distribution were performed. The numerical simulation results show that the matric suction of the loose fill soil can be maintained with the use of Rubbersoil-Primer over the density range from 1300 kg/m3 to 1700 kg/m3 and the pore water pressure distribution is found to be insensitive to the thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer. The numerical modeling results suggest that there is a room for reduction to the original design density and thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer..It is also found that there is no significant change in the pore water pressure distribution with respect to the change in the fill slope inclination and the matric suction of the fill soil is maintained under a 10 hour black rain event as well as a real rainfall event which triggered the 1976 Sau Mau Ping landslide. The capability of Rubbersoil-Primer in protecting fill slope under rainfall infiltration was also assured by the physical rainfall model test and the full scale field test. The matric suction of the loose fill soil was maintained over a 2 hour intense rainfall in the rainfall model test. The lateral and vertical settlements of the fill slope in Tuen Mun Ching Lung Nursery over 1 year monitoring period were also found to be far below the alert level.


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We live in an age dominated by IT and its ability to crunch data. Without doubt this can yield significant benefits, but do we sometimes lose sight of reality as a result?
We were recently asked by a regulator to supply CBR results to two decimal places. Now, we can calculate data to any number of decimal places using the IT tools available to us, but just because we can doesn't mean we should. Anyone familaiar with CBR testing will know that the test just isn't that accurate. Quoting a CBR result to the nearest 0.1% might (just) be realistic for soft/loose materials. But quoting a result to the nearest 0.01% implies an accuracy that just isn't warranted. The precision of the answer isn't justified by the accuracy of the test.
So this is a plea for regulators (and anyone else for that matter) to apply a little common sense, and to remember the difference between accuracy and precision.


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The purpose of a fitness or group fitness instructor is to build fitness participation of new and existing members through fitness experiences that meet their needs.
An Instructor delivers fitness instruction to individuals with the use of& equipment (Fitness Instructor) or to a group through fitness classes (Group Fitness Instructor). Both types of the occupation have the same purpose and require the same level of knowledge, skills and competences. Therefore, most of the requirements are the same for both occupation types. However, to be able to fulfil this purpose, each of the occupation types may require additional knowledge, skills and competences specific for that type.
- The fitness or group fitness instructor should be able to:
- Provide effective and safe fitness instruction
- Promote healthy lifestyle management
- Identify individual motives and resulting short, medium and long-term fitness goals
- Suggest relevant exercise adaptations or options to allow for individual client differences or needs
- Provide participants with advice on intensity and how to progress their individual performance and results
- Observe clients/members at all times and correct unsafe technique
- Display perfect technique at all times (posture, range of motion, control, timing and form)
- Positively interact and motivate clients/members using appropriate strategies in order to promote adherence to exercise.
- Deliver good customer service and be a positive role model at all times
- Promote healthy activities and related strategies for daily living to clients/members (lifestyle management)
- Promote customer referral: invite customers to bring friend and family along and promote their fitness activities in their social environment
- Promote a healthy and clean environment
- Work within the parameters given at Level 3, recognizing the standards and professional limitations that this provides, referring to appropriate members of staff for guidance and support.


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Posted on Friday, 5th March 2010 by All Philippines
New Bilibid Prison
The New Bilibid Prison (NBP) (also known as the National Bilibid Prison), located in Muntinlupa City, Philippines, is one of the seven and most famous main insular correctional facilities for convicted male prisoners in the Philippines. The institution is operated and maintained by various Philippine government agencies, particularly, the Department of Justice (DOJ), the Bureau of Corrections, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), and the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).
Often called the "Bilibid", the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City was not the original prison facility that carries the Bilibid moniker. The old Bilibid prison located in the Mayhalique Estate in Oroquieta Street Sta. Cruz, Manila was built by the Spanish authorities in 1847 to incarcerate prisoners during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. The prison was established in accordance to a decree issued by the office of the Governor General or Section 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code. It was then formally opened by a royal decree in 1865. The penitentiary was divided into two main buildings. One is known as the 'Carcel' which can accommodate 600 prisoners. Prisoners incarcerated in the Carcel were divided according to class, sex, and the degree of the crimes they had committed. The other main building in the prison compound was called the 'Presidio'. This building was designed to accommodate 527 prisoners. All in all, before it was referred to as the Bilibid prison, this main Spanish-era prison facility was called the 'Carcel y Presidio Correcional'.
At the start of the 20th century, during the early American colonial rule, a modern 200 bed capacity hospital was added to the old Bilibid prison compound. A carpentry workshop was also built for the prisoners to hone their skills in woodworking and later to sell their crafts.
During the Commonwealth era under the presidency of Manuel Quezon, a growing number of prisoners admitted in the old Bilibid prison (this is due to an increased population and rapid urbanization of Manila) paved way for the creation and implementation of Commonwealth Act No. 67 ordering the construction of a new national prison facility in Muntinlupa City to replace the old Bilibid prison. The construction of the new prison compound started in 1935 with a budget of 1,000,000 Philippine pesos.
All prisoners incarcerated in the old Bilibid compound were transferred to the new prison facility in Muntinlupa city on November 15, 1940. At that time, the new penitentiary can accommodate up to 3,000 prisoners. On January 22, 1941, in a small ceremony attended by government officials and other luminaries, the new prison compound became officially known as the New Bilibid Prison.
Old Bilibid Prison 1899
Old Bilibid Prison 1902
Old Bilibid Prison 1910
Tags: American colonial rule Philippines, Bilibid prisoners convicts felons, Bureau of Corrections Philippines, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology BJMP Philippines, Carcel prison Philippines, Carcel y Presidio Correcional Manila Philippines, Commonwealth Act No. 67, correccional Philippines, correctional facilities in the Philippines, Department of Justice DOJ Philippines, Department of the Interior and Local Government DILG Philippines, Mayhalique Estate Oroquieta Street Sta. Cruz Manila, Muntinlupa City sights sounds landmarks, National Bilibid Prison Philippines, New Bilibid Prison, New Bilibid Prison Muntinlupa City, New Bilibid Prison NBP, New Bilibid Prison pictures, old Bilibid prison Manila Philippines, President Manuel Luis Quezon Commonwealth Government Philippines, Presidio prison Philippines, prisons of the Philippines, Section 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code Spanish colonial rule Philippines, Spanish Governor General Philippines, Spanish laws decrees in the Philippines, Spanish prison system Philippines, SPanish royal decree Philippines
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With the global increase in the demand for refrigerated vegetables, fish and meat products, shipping containers have had to adjust the range of refrigerated containers available. The 20ft refrigerated shipping container is one such solution with many uses based on the refrigeration equipment.
General uses
 1. Transportation of perishables. These refrigerated shipping containers allow you to transport and store anything that requires temperature control. For example, when you ship or store foods like meats, cheeses, dairy, seafood, you must have a refrigerated container so you can keep your items fresh.
 2. Storage of perishables. Restaurants often need refrigerated containers during peak season when they need extra storage capacity. Grocery and food stores often require temporary cold storage during peak seasons as well. These refrigerated containers are ideal for businesses and companies with high and lows season. When you need to keep extra items cold during busy seasons, you can use your 20ft refrigerated shipping container and save money on having to expand your store or have a permanent cold storage room conducted.
 3. Off-site cold rooms. These containers are also often used on work sites like mining sites, construction sites, film sites, festival sites or other job sites; any portable refrigeration is needed. They can keep food cold or help protect anything that is sensitive to temperature. Refrigerated containers are cost effective and easy alternatives to have an entire cold-room constructed and because they are portable, they can be used in a variety of different situations.
Why they are different
The 20ft refrigerated shipping containers are powered by 3 phase, can be set to hold temperatures from -20ºC to +20ºC and can be pre-tripped set at your desired temperature and delivered to you within 24 – 48hours of setting up. Such refrigerated Containers feature corrosion resistant Muffler Grade Stainless Steel exterior, a three coat paint system and smooth high grade Stainless Steel inner linings and aluminum scuff plates. The interior floor is an insulated base with aluminum "T" section floor rail and corrugation subfloor.
20ft refrigerated shipping containers provide the most technologically advanced temperature control solutions. They have precise temperature control and low power consumption. They require a power source or generator on the truck or ship to keep the container cool. At the dock, the container is plugged into the dock power supply and on the vehicle power comes from either it's power supply or a power pack, which is run by a diesel generator.
People and Companies that use 20ft refrigerated shipping containers
Shipping and logistics companies dealing with perishable goods such as milk, cheese, flowers and meat products use the 20ft refrigerated shipping container to ensure their customer's goods remain fresh while in transit. Event managers and film products crews use these smaller refrigerated shipping containers as cold rooms for their food products and beverages. Additionally, restaurants and ice cream vendors prefer them over dedicated cold rooms in preserving their consumer goods. These containers offer cheaper refrigeration services compares to actual cold rooms that are immobile, bulky, and expensive to both run and maintain.


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Types Of Loaders You Need To Know
Loaders are heavy construction equipment that are mainly used in construction companies to load different materials into other machineries such as trucks and haulers. Also, they help in lifting different types of other weights like soil, construction debris, asphalt, wood, raw minerals, recycled materials, and rocks. There are many companies that provide loader on offer in Ontario.
Types of Loaders
There are three main types of loaders commonly used in construction sites in Ontario; wheel loaders, skid loaders, and backhoe loaders. Each of the three has different features and uses. It is hence of great importance to understand all the three types of so as to be able to select the most appropriate one for your desired application.
1. Wheel loader
This is generally front end heavy loading equipment. The basic operation of this machine is digging up materials from the ground and dragging them to the dumping site. Different wheel loaders have varied buckets of sizes and stipulated operating weights.
2. Skid loader
The skid loader is also known as the skid steer loader. This is heavy lifting equipment that is normally fitted with lifting arms and other attachments for different types of construction applications.
3. Backhoe loader
The last of the three types is the backhoe loader. This is another popular engineering vehicle that is commonly used in construction sites in the industry. It is basically in the form of a tractor fitted with two loading buckets.
All three types of loaders are favorable for specific circumstances and weights. It is therefore important for constructors to use the most appropriate loaders for their intended purposes.


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A best-seller by former New York Times science writer Nicholas Wade about recent human evolution and its potential effects on human cultures has drawn critical reviews since its spring publication. Now, nearly 140 senior human population geneticists around the world, many of whose work was cited in the book, have signed a letter to The New York Times Book Review stating that Wade has misinterpreted their work. The letter criticizes "Wade's misappropriation of research from our field to support arguments about differences among human societies," and is slated to appear in the 10 August issue of the Book Review. It's available online today.
The book, A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History, contends that human races are a biological reality and that recent human evolution has led to racial differences in economic and social behavior. In the book, Wade suggests that such genetic differences may help explain why some people live in tribal societies and some in advanced civilizations, why African-Americans are allegedly more violent than whites, and why the Chinese may be good at business.
The book has received some blistering reviews from both scientists and science writers, including one by David Dobbs in The New York Times Book Review, and some scientists weighed in with blogs as well. Now, geneticists have crafted a joint response, concluding that "there is no support from the field of population genetics for Wade's conjectures." The list of signatories reads like a who's who of researchers in the field and includes such well-known geneticists as Evan Eichler of the University of Washington, Seattle; David Goldstein of Duke University; and Michael Hammer of the University of Arizona.
The letter was spearheaded by five population geneticists who had informally discussed the book at conferences, says co-organizer Rasmus Nielsen of the University of California, Berkeley. "There was a feeling that our research had been hijacked by Wade to promote his ideological agenda," Nielsen says. "The outrage … was palpable." Molly Przeworski of Columbia University, another organizer, says the group "tried to contact population geneticists whose work had been cited by Wade." They had no trouble getting signatures, racking up 100 within the first week, she says.
The letter organizers and the editors of the Book Review kept the letter under embargo until its publication today and declined to make it available to Wade for an immediate response. But in previous ripostes to the book's critics, most notably in a 19 June Huffington Post article titled "Five Critics Say You Shouldn't Read This 'Dangerous' Book," Wade charged that his critics were "indoctrinated in the social-science creed that prohibits any role for evolution in human affairs" and contended that the book's central argument "has not been challenged by any serious scientist."
Letter organizers say they hope to demonstrate that the opposite is true. For example, Sarah Tishkoff of the University of Pennsylvania says she signed the letter because "[m]y own research was used as scientific proof of concepts such as there being between three and five races." Tishkoff says that her work on the genetics of diverse African populations does not support this claim. Adds David Reich of Harvard University: "Our findings do not even provide a hint of support in favor of Wade's guesswork."
*Update, 9 August, 6:05 a.m.: Nicholas Wade has issued a statement in response to the letter. He writes:
This letter is driven by politics, not science. I am confident that most of the signatories have not read my book and are responding to a slanted summary devised by the organizers.
As no reader of the letter could possibly guess, "A Troublesome Inheritance" argues that opposition to racism should be based on principle, not on the anti-evolutionary myth that there is no biological basis to race.
Unfortunately many social scientists have long denied that there is a biological basis to race. This creed, prominent throughout the academic world, increasingly impedes research. Biologists risk damaging their careers if they write explicitly about race. Needless to say, this makes it hard to explore the different evolutionary paths that human populations have taken through history since the dispersal from the African homeland 50,000 years ago.
"A Troublesome Inheritance" seeks to explain how race can be understood without racism. … I hope that readers will see through the lack of specifics in their charges and judge my book for themselves.
Perhaps I could point out an error in one of the few specific statements in their letter. They charge me with saying that "recent natural selection has led to worldwide differences in I.Q. test results." I say no such thing. What I do say (p. 193) is that "It may be hazardous to compare the IQ scores of different races if allowance is not made for differences in wealth, nutrition and other factors that influence IQ." …
I would urge all the geneticists who signed the letter, several of whom I count as friends, to now read my book and judge to what extent, if any, their condemnation was justified.


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The Desire for Meaning in Phenomena
Looking at insect societies and natural designs as an object lesson, this work investigates natural patterns as remnants or documents of relationships. Beginning with an individual within a larger context, the work builds connections that speak to individual agency and interdependence. Watching insects swarming or birds circling in the sky, their movements seeming to communicate a complicated choreography that is difficult to follow but punctuated with highly organized moments. Like starling murmurations, those moments seem to indicate a natural way of organizing that is mysterious, fluid and chaotic. By collecting, arranging and rearranging images and information inspired by these creatures, I consider how the individual relates to the group and how, as human beings, we can't help but assign meaning to what we see and experience.


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By an abelian $\otimes$-category I mean a symmetric monoidal category $(\mathcal{A},\otimes,\mathcal{O})$, such that $\mathcal{A}$ also is an abelian category and for every $M \in \mathcal{A}$ the functor $M \otimes - $ is cocontinuous (i.e. right exact and preserves coproducts; in particular additive). A line bundle is defined as an object $\mathcal{L}$ of $\mathcal{A}$ such that there is some object $\mathcal{L}'$ such that $\mathcal{L} \otimes \mathcal{L}' \cong \mathcal{O}$. An example is the category of (quasi-coherent) modules on a locally ringed space. The line bundles then coincide with the modules which are locally free of rank $1$ (see here).
Now I want to show that in general these line bundles have similar properties as in the case of the module category. For example it's not hard to show that if $\mathcal{L}$ is a line bundle, then it is flat in the sense that $\mathcal{L} \otimes -$ is exact (it is even an automorphism of $\mathcal{A}$ with inverse $\mathcal{L}^{-1} \otimes -$). The isomorphism classes of line bundles yield a group, which may be denoted as $\text{Pic}(\mathcal{A})$.
Question 1. Is there any literature about these abelian $\otimes$-categories which treats them systematically? Perhaps the "usual" definition differs a little from mine, this does not matter.
Question 2. Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a line bundle and $\phi : \mathcal{L} \to \mathcal{L}$ an epimorphism. Does it follow that $\phi$ is an isomorphism?
Question 3. Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a line bundle and assume $\phi : \mathcal{L} \to \mathcal{L}$ is an epimorphism. Does it follow that there is an epimorphism $\psi : \mathcal{L}^{-1} \to \mathcal{L}^{-1}$ such that $\phi \otimes \psi$ corresponds to the identity of $\mathcal{O}$ under the isomorphism $\mathcal{L} \otimes \mathcal{L}^{-1} \cong \mathcal{O}$?
Question 4. Assume we also have a $\lambda$-structure on $\mathcal{A}$ which is compatible with the given data. Is it possible to give a reasonable definition of a locally free object of rank $n$? See also this question.
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For questions 1, 2, and 3, it does not seem necessary to require that the monoidal product be symmetric. – André Henriques Nov 23 '10 at 19:41
What about doing algebraic geometry over $\mathcal{A}$ in the sense of Toën and Vaquié arXiv:math/_PHONE_ (published in J. K-theory 3 (2009), 437-500)? This way, you will be able to speak of locally free objects as usual (this might answer questions 1 and 5). Also, the comment of Theo Johnson-Freyd below suggests that the answer to Question 2 is yes: apply his argument to the smallest tensor abelian category generated by $\mathcal{L}$ (which is small). – Denis-Charles Cisinski Nov 27 '10 at 23:36
Could you elaborate what the paper has to do with my question? I don't want to enrich my data with topologies, it should stay homological. Otherwise it's just a trivial translation. Also I'm not sure if the Theorem cited by Theo applies here, does it really give a full faithful exact tensor functor? – Martin Brandenburg Nov 28 '10 at 15:14
The point of Toën and Vaquié is precisely that the monoidal structure itself defines canonically a Zariski topology, as well as a faithully flat topology (so, without any extra data, if you think of your $\mathcal{A}$ as an abstract category of modules over a commutative ring, you will have a lot of the tools you are used to with usual commutative algebra). This idea of doing algebraic geometry over an abelian tensor category was also used by Deligne to study tannakian categories; see the Grothendieck Festschrift vol II, p. 111-195. With Toën and Vaquié, you don't need the abelian structure. – Denis-Charles Cisinski Nov 28 '10 at 22:38
Q2: No, take Z[x]-modules on which x acts injective. Q3: No, since this is Q2 by Steve's answer. Q4: Yes, this will appear in my thesis... – Martin Brandenburg Feb 1 '13 at 13:19
1 Answer 1
Question 2: this does not really depend on line bundles. If $\phi:\mathcal {L\to L}$ is a non-invertible epimorphism, then $\phi\otimes 1:\mathcal{ L\otimes L'\to L\otimes L'}$ is epi, since $-\otimes\mathcal L'$ is exact, and non-invertible, since otherwise $\phi\otimes 1\otimes 1:\mathcal{L\otimes L'\otimes L\to L\otimes L'\otimes L}$ would be invertible. Thus there is a non-invertible epimorphism $\mathcal {O\to O}$.
Question 3: this has the same answer as Question 2. If the answer to Q2 is yes, then we can take $\psi$ to be the identity and get a positive answer to Q3. If the answer to Q2 is no, then (as above) if $\phi:\mathcal{ L\to L}$ is a non-invertible epimorphism, also $\phi\otimes 1:\mathcal{ L\otimes L'\to L\otimes L'}$ is a non-invertible epimorphism. But now if $\psi:\mathcal {L'\to L'}$ is any map, then $\phi\otimes\psi=(1\otimes\psi)\circ(\phi\otimes 1)$ and if this is invertible then $\phi\otimes 1$ is split monic and so invertible (since it is already known to be epi).
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Q2: Ok this reduces it to the case of maps $\mathcal{O} \to \mathcal{O}$. Are there examples? Q3: If $\phi$ is an isomorphism, then $\phi \otimes L'$ does not have to be the identity! – Martin Brandenburg Nov 23 '10 at 23:21
Q3: you're right, I should have used $\mathcal{(\theta^{-1}\otimes 1_{L'})(1\otimes\phi^{-1}\otimes 1)(\theta\otimes_{L'}}$ for $\psi$, where $\theta:\mathcal{\O\cong L\otimes L'}$. – Steve Lack Nov 24 '10 at 0:05
sorry, try again: $(\theta^{-1}\otimes 1_{L'})(1_{L'}\otimes \phi^{-1}\otimes 1_{L'})(\theta\otimes 1_{L'})$ where $\theta:O\cong L'\otimes L$. (Hope this works, it's tricky without preview facility) – Steve Lack Nov 24 '10 at 0:08
If you are going to find a counterexample to Q2 (i.e. a $\otimes$ category when 1 has a non-invertible epi), you'll have to look pretty far. Most such categories (say, the small ones) embed in R-mod-R for some ring R, and the endomorphisms of 1 in R-mod-R are the center of R, and the only epis are invertible. – Theo Johnson-Freyd Nov 25 '10 at 19:53
_USER_: You quote arxiv.org/abs/math/_PHONE_, right? But there we only have a right exact embedding. – Martin Brandenburg Dec 3 '10 at 14:48
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The University of California founded the Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station (CRC-AES) in Riverside, CA in 1907. The CRC-AES is world renowned for research on citrus including the development of citrus varieties and rootstocks, as well as disease and insect management, postharvest handling methods, and cultural practices for improved citrus production. The Citrus Variety Collection is the world's largest collection of citrus and citrus relatives and is part of CRC-AES. Over the years, the CRC-AES has expanded its scope and encompasses research from applied to basic sciences on a full range of perennial tree and vine crops, annual field and vegetable crops, turf, ornamental and landscape plants.
Mission of Agricultural Operations: To operate UCR experiment stations in the support of field research and greenhouses for the faculty and staff of the College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences and the Agricultural Experiment Station. Within that mission, the Department provides and maintains research facilities, provides appropriate services, performs field-plot care, and acts as custodian of the land.
The Citrus Experiment station is managed by the Department of Agricultural Operations and is known as "Ag Ops". Ag Ops is a support Department of the College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (CNAS). Ag Ops serves as a point of integration for applied and basic research under field, greenhouse, and screenhouse conditions and offers the opportunity to collaborate across disciplines. Essentially, it is the field laboratory of CNAS. We host research projects addressing issues in agriculture, biotechnology, horticulture, plant pathology, entomology, nematology, food systems, natural resources, environmental sciences and social sciences. We have federally funded IR-4 research on agricultural pesticides as well as house the USDA Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates. There are active programs involving community participants, research faculty from other UC campuses, county-based UC Cooperative Extension Advisors, as well as collaborations with other institutions outside of California. On average, there are over 100 faculty served by Ag Ops.
Ag Ops is the'showcase' into the CNAS and campus research in agriculture and environmental sciences, with numerous national and international visitors, tours and field days conducted, thus having a strong outreach value for stakeholders in applied research, but also to the broader local community and for area schools and colleges (K-12 etc.). R'Garden, community garden and the future outreach center and outdoor classroom, invites students, faculty, youth and community partners to engage in sciences, welcoming them into a dynamic learning environment and campus.
Ag Ops manages and operates greenhouses, screenhouses, and two field stations. The 480 acres CRC-AES is located adjacent to campus and the 540 acres Coachella Valley Agricultural Research Station (CVARS) is located 90 miles southeast of campus. The two stations represent different agro-ecologies representative of the area: CRC-AES in traditional citrus/subtropicals production and CVARS representative of desert agricultural production systems. Ag Ops is responsible for establishing and maintaining allocated research plot areas and also the land not in use for UCR academic departments and researchers.The research conducted at the stations serves as the basis for new, improved plant varieties for agricultural and urban landscapes, as well as new, more sustainable agricultural practices to enhance crop productivity. Over 50 different crops are grown annually for research; among the commodities under study are citrus, turfgrass, grapes, avocados, asparagus, date palms, vegetables, corn, alfalfa, cowpeas, small grains, ornamentals, and cover crops. Additionally, specialty crops, native plants, and weeds are often grown to meet the needs of specific projects. The facilities are poised for future growth through the integration of research and extension in agricultural, environmental sciences, social science and medical sciences.
Ag Ops also is a vital in extension activities for the campus and the Riverside community. The farm is vital to collaborations in outreach through Cooperative Extension emphasizing the Riverside community, southern California and drawing clientele from throughout the state. We are large part of the continuum from basic and applied research, extending information throughout the world.
Hours open: 8:00 am to noon and 1:00 pm to 5:00 pm, Monday through Friday
Closed on campus holidays.


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Scripture: Genesis 24
- Students will review the story of Isaac and Rebekah.
- Students will learn Abraham sent his servant to find a wife for Isaac.
- Students will learn God wants our marriages to be strong and godly.
- Students will participate in an activity to help missionaries support strong, godly marriages in the mission field.
Guiding Question: How can you help missionaries encourage new Christians to have strong, godly marriages?
Materials: well printed decorative scripture on quality paper (test to make sure the ink doesn't run when decoupage glue is brushed over it), small canvases (preferably easy to hang on the wall), decoupage glue, paint brushes, dishes to pour decoupage glue into if needed
Procedure: Review the story of Abraham focusing especially when he sent his servant to find a wife for Isaac. Discuss with students the idea marriage is important to God and He wants our marriages to be strong and godly. Share with students how some missionaries are serving in cultures which do not encourage or support these strong, godly marriages. If possible, contact a missionary and have them share photos and stories from their efforts to encourage marriages where they serve. (Be sure to contact them ahead of time to confirm this craft will help their ministry and the best way to transport it to them.)
Discuss with students the verse or verse you have printed from the Bible about godly love and marriage. You may want to have several options of scriptures or everyone can create identical canvases. Give each student a scripture, a small canvas and a paint brush. Several students can share one bottle of decoupage glue. (Check instructions to determine how much glue you will need.) Have students thoroughly brush the canvas with decoupage glue. Have them center the scripture on the canvas and smooth it out so there are no air bubbles. Let the paper and glue dry a bit, so it doesn't slide around when applying the top layers of decoupage glue. Have students apply two thin layer of decoupage glue. The entire canvas should be covered. It will take at least 24 hours for the finished canvases to dry completely.
- In what other ways can you help these missionaries in the mission field?
Supplemental Activity: Have more advanced students interview the missionaries your project is helping. What challenges do they face on the mission field? In what other ways can your class help them spread the Gospel? Have the students report their findings to the class. If possible, encourage the students to plan and lead their own service project for this mission effort.


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The Historic Town of Gedi
Date de soumission : 12/02/2010
Critères: (ii)(iii)(iv)
Catégorie : Culturel
Soumis par :
Department of Museums, Sites and Monuments of the National Museums of Kenya
Etat, province ou région :
Coast Province
Coordonnées S03 18 E40 03
Ref.: 5501
Gedi lies on the coastal region of Kenya, 94 km north of Mombasa town, another historic town. Gedi was a small town built entirely from rocks and stones, which was inhabited by Swahili people of East Africa. This historic town date back from the 15th century, and through careful preservation most of the original foundations can still be seen today. In 1927, the Gedi historic town, which occupy an area of 44 hectares of land, were declared a historic monument and much excavation and preservation work carried out such that large areas of this ancient town are now revealed, including the pillar tombs, the palace and a great mosque.
The historic town of Gedi occupied a very large area and had two walls around it. The inner wall was where the rich lived. The outer wall enclosed 18 hectares which also included farm and plantation land with quite a number of mud and wattle houses for the middle class. Outside the walls is where the peasants lived.
There is a dated coral tomb with beautiful Arabic script engraved with the date 1399. From the dated tomb, one can see the Great Mosque. A spectacular 50m deep well, known as the "Well of the Great Mosque" which must have been used for ablutions is still discernible. On the other side of the mosque stands the Octagonal pillar tomb of the Imam or priest. Further into the forest, one can see the 15th century palace where the king held court and addressed women with marital problems. Chambers which had no windows or doors are believed to have been used by the noblemen to store their gold and jewels. The only way to gain entrance was through a secret door from the roof.
Over the historic town, the shallow coral rag soil has grown a lowland semi-deciduous forest, maintained by a rainfall of around 1,100 mm/year. The 44 hectares site, surrounded by farmland, is entirely fenced, and contains around 35 hectares of coastal forest, traversed by narrow paths that wind between the excavated buildings. At least 50 indigenous tree species occur, including Gyrocarpus americanus and Sterculia appendiculata.
It is not quite clear why the town was eventually deserted. Several theories have been put across:
 1. One of the theories is that it was overcome by an army from Mombasa on its way to attack Malindi around 1530 AD.
 2. Another theory suggests that the Galla people who were raiding southwards around 1600 AD made life unbearable.
 3. It is also theorized that lack of water (drying of the wells) except the one which was outside the walls contributed to its abandonment.
Whatever theory is true, one thing is clear, the nobles did not flee; they had time to empty their gold and precious stones in their secret vaults since none of this type of wealth has ever been found.
Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionelle
(ii), (iv): The historic town presents us with evidence of the development of an architectural complex consisting of mosques, palaces, and living quarters that were protected with two stone walls around it making it a unique landscape at this period in history.
(iii): The historic town is an outstanding testimony to the social and economic structure of the inhabitants of Gedi around the 13th century AD. Gedi was one of the most prosperous Swahili city states before its decline in the 18th Century.
Déclarations d'authenticité et/ou d'intégrité
Gedi historic town is a gazetted National Monument since 1927; it is managed by the National Museums of Kenya. This was the first site to be excavated in East Africa and has remained the most intact of the preserved Swahili historic towns. It has been published extensively compared to other sites.
Comparaison avec d'autres biens similaires
The history of the rise and fall of Gedi is intricately linked to what was happening to the other Swahili states along the eastern coast of Africa such as Kilwa. While they share this history, its architectural designs are equivalent to those of the historic cities of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara in Tanzania.