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Brother Bob
Member Since 26 Nov 2001
Offline Last Active Yesterday, 08:40 PM
Posts I've Made
In Topic: random generators
Yesterday, 02:13 PM
You need an engine for every independent and deterministic stream of random numbers.
Say, for example, that you want enemies to appear randomly during the game but in a predictable way so that you can save the game and replay or continue to play with the same stream or enemies (not only for replay, but also to stop the player from reloading because the stream of enemies was not in favor of the player; reloading with a predictable state ensures the same stream of enemies in the future as well, so no use reloading to get an easier game).
You also want your power-ups to appear randomly, but for the same replay and reload purposes as with enemies, you want to ensure a predictable stream of random numbers. Let's say a new power-up is generated every time a power-up is picked up (the game contains, say, three of them at any time).
With a common engine in this case, enemies are generated based on if and when a power-up is picked up, and that breaks replayability and predictability. You need to decide if things such as replayability and predictability are important.
In Topic: Need help: a vector of different extended classes
Yesterday, 10:08 AM
Look up slicing; your vector stores Entity objects by value, so only the Entity part of your EntityArrow ends up in the vector. Your vectors has to store pointers and you need to allocate your Entity objects dynamically instead.
In Topic: glOrtho - a beginner question
Yesterday, 06:22 AM
gluLookAt does nothing more than apply an equivalent rotation and translation. If you can describe the orientation and location of the plane by some parameters to gluLookAt, then you're set.
For example, if the center of the plane is located at (px, py, pz) with a normal pointing towards the direction (nx, ny, nz), then you should be able to locate the view point with something like gluLookAt(px, py, pz, px+nx, py+ny, pz+nz, ux, uy, uz) where the vector (ux,uy,uz) orients the plane (you may want to orient the up vector along, for example, the point X3-X1).
The orthographic projection is then set up with width and height corresponding to the distance between X1 and X2, and X1 and X3, respectively. Make the projection symmetric if the point (px, py, pz) is at the center of the plane.
You can also replace the call to gluLookAt with the equivalent rotation and translation yourself if you know your linear algebra. The vector X=(X2-X1), Y=(X3-X1) and Z=X cross Y, or some variant thereof, defines the coordinate system as seen from the projection plane. A translation to shift by (px, py, pz) the coordinate system is also necessary.
In Topic: Function Pointers in Structs
11 March 2014 - 10:49 AM
Some obvious drawback are:
 1. The object has to physically contain a pointer for every "member function" you want to use.
 2. The syntax is worse in the sense that you have to provide the object twice: once to obtain the function pointer and once to pass it to the function. In C++, for example, the hidden this-parameter is implied from the syntax you use to call the member function on and you only mention the object once.
 3. No way to force the two objects to be the same. Nothing stops you from doing test1.get_a(&test2).
Don't fool yourself that it's more OO because you have an object on the left hand side of a period and a function on the right hand side; OO is just as fine with the object as a parameter instead. It's about how you design your objects and functions to operate on them, not about what syntax you use to call a function.
One benefit of storing a function pointer is to get runtime-dynamic behavior. For example, as Olof said, it is a similar approach to how virtual functions are typically implemented. For compile-time behavior, there's no reason to store the function pointers.
In Topic: Matrix Stack & New OpenGL Standards
06 March 2014 - 02:58 AM
If you are worried about losing the matrix functions in the new versions, then you are also losing display lists and immediate mode rendering at the same time. Vertex arrays and shaders are the only way forward in the new versions. Also, this is not really new. The new API which dropped all the old stuff was released nearly six years ago.
Moving the thread from coding horrors as well, this is clearly and OpenGL topic.


text:
The pineapple is one of the most popular fruits especially when used in deserts, cocktails and juices. The pineapple is also commonly packed as canned and whole fruits. Unlike most other fruits, you van easily buy or grow your own pineapple tree right in your garden.
How to grow a Pineapple tree
The pineapple tree is known to adapt to any weather but does really well when it receives plenty of sunshine. As such, if you live in regions closer to the North Pole than the equator, you should ideally grow the pineapple tree in your house. While the pineapple plant is often called a pineapple tree, its definition does not technically meet that of a tree. Instead, the pineapple grows in the centre of 3 feet tall bushes which allows for easy harvesting when the fruit is ripe. The pineapple tree is a biannual plant and as such, bears leaves in the first year and flowers in the second year.
There are different types of pineapple trees that one can grow within their garden. However, the sweet loaf variation is the best suited for new growers as it is quite simple to work with. When choosing the pineapple you would like to use, be sure to check for fresh leaves in the middle of the crown as pineapples that have these tend to yield the best fruit.
Most people are largely unaware that the pineapple tree and the flower that bears the pineapple fruit are one and the same thing. You will notice that when your pineapple tree's flowers begin to bloom, they will quickly transmute to some of the best pineapple fruits that you have ever seen.
Harvesting of pineapple fruit from the pineapple tree should be done with care so as to avoid picking unripe fruits. Unripe pineapples have been known to be quite bitter and acidic and tend to leave a sour taste in the mouth. Moreover, people who have eaten unripe pineapples have also complained of a burning sensation on the throat and mouth.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Did you know?
stage - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
noun stage pronunciation in American English /steɪdʒ/
Word Forms
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 1. 1
 [countable] theatre the part of a theater where the actors or musicians perform
 take/leave the stage (=come onto/go off the stage):
 The musicians didn't take the stage until after ten o'clock.
 on stage:
 They had now been on stage for over four hours.
 1. a.
 [singular] the theater, rather than movies, books, or other forms of art
 She's written a number of things for the stage.
 2. b.
 the stage
 life as a performer, especially the profession of acting
 go on the stage (=become a professional performer):
 Do you think your children will go on the stage?
 3. c.
 [only before noun] relating to acting or theaters
 a stage play (=performed in a theater, not on television or radio):
 He's written a new stage play.
 2. 2
 [countable] a particular part of a process that has several different parts
 She likes to involve herself in every stage of the movie-making process.
 The project is still at a planning stage.
 Atkins outlined a three-stage program for resolving the crisis.
 1. a.
 a particular point in time during a process or set of events
 The negotiations had reached a delicate stage.
 at this stage:
 There's no point arguing about it at this stage.
 an early/initial stage:
 They played very well in the early stages of the game.
 a final/closing stage:
 The issue was only raised in the closing stage of the election campaign.
 2. b.
 a part of a trip that has several different parts
 The last stage of the trip was the train north.
 3. 3
 [singular] the place or situation in which something happens, especially in politics
 the world/political/international stage:
 He is a skilled performer on the political stage.
 She's not yet a politician of significance on the world stage.
 4. 4
 [countable] informal a stagecoach
sea lion
in an online conversation, repeatedly asking a person questions which suggest that you are interested in what they are talking about, but are actually intended to annoy them
BuzzWord Article
Open Dictionary
an electric skateboard
add a word
global English and language change from our blog
Macmillan learn live love play


The tooltip of the Mint says
0,007 mintEffect
But what does that mean?
Per Brilliand's answer in this question, Mints give a certain amount of furs and ivory per tick in exchange for a cost in gold and catpower.
The reason it doesn't just say "x.xx furs per second" or something like that is because the amount of furs and ivory gained is based on your maximum catpower, rather than being a particular amount. Thus, you get a certain amount of "mintEffect" which then translates through your maximum catpower and becomes ivory and furs. The linked question includes the exact amounts (and the points that mints become a more effective use of catpower than manual hunting, although you'll likely still be best served doing both).
Your Answer


text:
Many man-made and natural phenomena, including the intensity of earthquakes, population of cities and size of international wars, are believed to follow power-law distributions. The accurate identification of power-law patterns has significant consequences for correctly understanding and modeling complex systems. However, statistical evidence for or against the power-law hypothesis is complicated by large fluctuations in the empirical distribution's tail, and these are worsened when information is lost from binning the data. We adapt the statistically principled framework for testing the power-law hypothesis, developed by Clauset, Shalizi and Newman, to the case of binned data. This approach includes maximum-likelihood fitting, a hypothesis test based on the Kolmogorov--Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic and likelihood ratio tests for comparing against alternative explanations. We evaluate the effectiveness of these methods on synthetic binned data with known structure, quantify the loss of statistical power due to binning, and apply the methods to twelve real-world binned data sets with heavy-tailed patterns.
Power-law distributions in binned empirical data
Yogesh Virkar, Aaron Clauset

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This is an old revision of HeritageWrittle from 2010-01-04 09:46:18.
Writtle has been a favoured place to live since the Stone Age some 6000 years ago. Since then there are many signs that Bronze Age and Iron Age people lived in the Parish. The Romans also lived in Writtle, as seen in the artefacts, roads and buildings that they left behind, and are just being rediscovered by Heritage Writtle.
Writtle was a large town of over a thousand in the Doomsday book of 1086, whilst Chelmsford the nearby County Town, was a mere 20 souls. The site of a royal hunting lodge in King John's reign can be seen in the Writtle College grounds, along with a tithe barn built about 1500. Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland was probably born in the Village. Judging by the number of large timber framed houses in the Parish, Writtle was an important, wealthy place in the Medieval & Tudor periods. Latterly Writtle's claim to fame is that Marconi started the first regular radio broadcasts from a small hut in Writtle in 1922, with the call sign 2MT (two-emma-toc).
Heritage Writtle is an enthusiastic group with 30 members who come from nearly as many different disciplines. They are delving into Writtle's past, through the archived records and by excavation in cooperation with local landowners and the Essex County Council and Chelmsford Borough Council specialists.
Details of Heritage Writtle's activities can be seen on its website _URL_.
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| CBA, St Mary's House, 66 Bootham, York YO30 7BZ.
tel: +(44) (0)1904 671417 | fax: +(44) (0)1904 671384 | email:


Gaming Club NetworkAll of video game and mobile club network
The Life of Streamers and How They Cope With Burnout
In 2019, "how to create a YouTube channel" became one of the most searched topics in the "how to…" segment. This shows that public interest in becoming content creators is quite high. And gaming is a pretty sexy category, especially in the midst of a pandemic like now. When people are asked not to travel unnecessarily, many people spend their free time playing games or watching game content.
It's just that, is being a content creator as easy as it looks? Indeed, content creators or streamers are not required to continuously give their best performance like esports athletes. However, that doesn't mean streamers and content creators have no problems at all. One of the challenges that streamers or content creators usually face is prolonged stress that can lead to burnout.
What is a Burnout and What are the Triggers?
Before we talk about burnout experienced by content streamers and creators, let's get a general understanding of burnout. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), burnout syndrome is a chronic work-induced stress condition characterized by fatigue, irritation with work, and dissatisfaction. The question is, can a game streamer experience burnout?
To a gamer, getting paid to play games – and possibly fans anyway – may sound like a dream job. Early in a career as a streamer, a person may be willing to spend hours – or perhaps dozens – on broadcast. It's just that, as noted by Performance Psychologist, Landon Gorbenko, there will be times when a streamer becomes bored with his work. The reason is, it is not easy to create interesting video content every day.
"It's not always, but sometimes, viewers have expectations that the streamer's content will continue to get better over time. This will force streamers to live up to these expectations, "Gorbenko said in a video. "You have to adhere to the schedule you have set, you have to continue to be friendly because your broadcast is watched by many people. All of this tires your brain. "
According to the Polygon report, burnout among Twitch streamers and YouTube content creators is not a new problem. In 2015, Twitch introduced classes and seminars for casters so they could create better content. Not only that, these classes and seminars also function to help casters manage their time. Meanwhile, in 2014, Fast Company has written an article about how content creators are experiencing burnout because they have to keep creating content non-stop.
Olga Kay, a popular YouTuber at the time, admitted that she rarely left her apartment because of her busy schedule. "If I take a long time to rest, I have to work a lot harder when I come back to creating content," he said. "When I remember that I have to go back to creating content, it just makes me even more stressed."
In 2018, a number of well-known content creators, such as Felix "PewDiePie" Kjellberg, EthanKlein, and Saqib Ali Zahid aka Lirik have also talked about burnout and other mental problems they face. Through videos on YouTube or Twitter, they admit, it is difficult for them to continue creating content when they are also experiencing various mental problems such as anxiety disorders or even depression.
"I feel that the content I create is no longer interesting. I don't know why people keep watching the content I make, "said Lirik at the time. "I felt like I was in front of the stage without knowing what to say because I had run out of materials." She admitted that staying connected to the internet drained her energy and she felt that she had to rest. "I was thinking about what I would do in the future, changing my habits, finding new goals, and ultimately, finding meaning in life."
If writing or drawing is your hobby, you are definitely familiar with the terms "writer's block" or "artist's block". When you are saturated with these hobbies, you can stop for a moment to refresh your mind again. Unfortunately, for people who are in the creative industry, like streamers, they still have to create content no matter what they feel bored or not. In addition, a streamer cannot just stop broadcasting, because this can make them abandoned by the audience.
On Medium, Lauren Hallanan, VP of Live Streaming, The Meet Group, explained that, for most audiences, watching streamers is an activity to fill their spare time, something that is done in the middle of a lunch break or before bed. And this activity has become routine. Hence, when a streamer is not broadcasting at that time, they will switch to another streamer. Unlike television, which has limited channels, digital platforms like Twitch offer millions of streamers.
Thomas Vojnyk, VP of Community and Content, The Meet Group said, "Consistency is the key to success for a streamer, no matter what platform they use. However, we have lots of successful streamers who take a week's break without any warning. When they come back, they have to build their fanbase again. "
When compared to content creators, streamers also have one other problem. Unlike content creators who can still get views from old videos, streamers can only get viewers when they broadcast. That means, the more often and the longer a streamer broadcasts, the better. It's just that, broadcasting for hours every day, this kind of lifestyle will end in burnout.
"One of the problems faced by YouTubers or content creators is that you are required to continue to provide better content," said PewDiePie. He told me how he had to look cheerful even though he was playing a game he didn't like. "I think there are many people who are shackled by these demands. That they must continue to provide better content. " And the pressure to continue to provide content that is attractive to viewers, this can make a content creator do things that are not ethical. PewDiePie cites vlogger Logan Paul as an example.
In early 2018, Logan Paul was hit by controversy when he made a video in the Aokigahara forest, Japan. The forest at the foot of Mount Fuji is known as a place of suicide. While making a video, Paul and his friends found the body of an unknown man. Even though he looked surprised, Paul and his friends still had time to joke and laugh. This angered netizens.
"I don't think Logan is a bad guy," said PewDiePie. "In my opinion, he is just fixated on the idea that he should continue to make videos that get lots of views. If you make videos every day, it's hard to ensure that your viewers will continue to be interested in your content. "
The Importance of Rest For Content Creators and Streamers
Streamers and content creators are required to continue to provide high quality content. This leaves them vulnerable to burnout, according to Katrina Gay, National Director for Strategic Partnership, National Alliance on Mental Illness. And if a streamer or content creator decides to ignore their burnout, they can resent their job before they finally quit.
"Ensuring that you have a balanced lifestyle is very important," says Gay. "You have to be aware of the demands of your job. You have to understand that you cannot dedicate your life to just one area. You have to learn how to limit your work so you can focus on other parts of your life."
According to Gorbenko, one way to avoid burnout is to plan breaks. "If you don't plan for breaks, sometimes you will continue to work, play and broadcast," he said. He suggested, when taking a break, a streamer should try other hobbies besides playing games.
"If a streamer is broadcasting and they find people toxic, or their performance is not very good, it will make them sad or angry," said Gorbenko. "If they have other hobbies, such as cooking, that hobby can become an emotional buffer. Taking on another hobby allows streamers to recuperate so that when they decide to go back to streaming, they can do it with gusto. "
Like Gorbenko, Gay also suggested that if a streamer or content creator starts to feel burnout, they should focus on other aspects of their life. He revealed, after taking a break, a streamer or creator will usually remember again about the reasons that made them interested in creating content or streaming for the first time. And this makes them feel the satisfaction they got when they started their careers again.
To avoid burnout, Gay said, a streamer or content creator must have self-awareness of their own limits. The reason is because they themselves decide when and for how long they have to work. "Nobody regulates your work schedule as a streamer," says Gay. "You have to be able to find your own work rhythm. The process of finding this out is not easy, but very important. "
For gamers, being a content streamer or creator is indeed a lucrative job. How come. A streamer's job is "just" playing games. A streamer was also cheered by his fans.
It's just that, to be able to build a fanbase, a streamer must broadcast consistently. When starting a career as a streamer, a person may be willing and able to broadcast for hours every day. However, how long would a person survive to force himself to work at such a rhythm of work? In the end, he will experience burnout or even burnout.
The only way to treat or prevent burnout, is to take a break. A streamer should tell his viewers if they want


Question: Do Tomatoes Scream When You Cut Them?
Does a plant feel pain when you cut it?
Do tomatoes cry?
Drought-stressed tomato plants emitted about 35 ultrasonic squeals per hour, on average, while those with cut stems made about 25. Drought-stressed tobacco plants let out about 11 screams per hour, and cut crops made about 15 sounds in the same time.
Does grass scream when you cut it?
Scientists have discovered that grass blades scream when cut with a lawnmower. … While human ears can only hear sounds up to about 16,000 Hz, scientists have now measured vocalizations of 85,326 Hz emanating from grass blades cut by a power lawn mower.
Do cucumbers scream when you cut them?
Although not audible to the human ear, the secret voices of plants have revealed that cucumbers scream when they are sick, and flowers whine when their leaves are cut [source: Deutsche Welle]. There's also evidence that plants can hear themselves being eaten. … This network helps plants propagate, grow and survive.
Do trees have genders?
Lots of trees are hermaphroditic — that is, their flowers contain both male and female reproductive parts. Other species have male trees and female trees, which you can tell apart by looking at their flowers: The male reproductive parts are the pollen-laden stamen; the female parts their egg-holding pistils.
Do plants die if you yell at them?
Marini does admit that sound waves can have an effect on plants because they make them vibrate, and that vibration causes the plants to create ethylene, stunting their growth, but adds that sound would not cause them to wilt and certainly wouldn't kill them.
Do plants feel love?
Plants Really Do Respond to The Way We Touch Them, Scientists Reveal. It's something that plant lovers have long suspected, but now Australian scientists have found evidence that plants really can feel when we're touching them.
What happens if you never cut grass?
After long periods without mowing, the grass may go to seed, causing the blades to look more like weeds than grass. In addition to decreased curb appeal, excessively tall grass puts the homeowner at risk for complaints. Many cities require homeowners to keep the lawn mowed.
Why does grass smell when it's cut?
What's the secret behind the sweet smell of cut grass? … Chemically speaking, that classic lawn smell is an airborne mix of carbon-based compounds called green leaf volatiles, or GLVs. Plants often release these molecules when damaged by insects, infections or mechanical forces — like a lawn mower.


IPv6 Controllable Lighting
LOEUnit2IPv6 Controllable Lighting
Contestants: Tsuyoshi Momose, Tomiyasu Ohde, Yutaka Tatematsu, Toshihiro Imai
Affiliations: Cisco and DEP
The UPOE Light Over Ethernet unit make it possible to supply power to LED lights especially ceiling light in offices with Cisco developed high power PoE(Power over Ethernet), UPOE, which is on a way to a standard. Now the unit got IPv6 capability, that is, lighting system can become controlled/monitored from IP networks. This product would be the first step that everything in the world which was ever isolated from the network becomes internet reachable.
How does your Smart Object/Solution use Internet Technology?
At a glance, the LOE UPOE unit is just a fluorescent ballast, it has capability of IPv6, TCP and HTTP. IPv6 capability includes almost full set of neighbor discovery.
Why did you choose to invent this? What problem does the inventor see that it can solve?
There was already a product that supplies power with Universal POE for LED lighting system by DEP (_URL_). Though, it was using only layer 2 protocol, it means another server to control the units by the layer 2 protocol should be put on same broadcast domain. This is a restriction of network design of the LED lighting system.
Once the unit has IP capability, the unit can be controlled from anywhere and doesn't need any middle boxes to convert any protocols to the original UPOE LOE unit specific protocol. In addition, since IPv6 is implemented this time, you don't need to care address scope that some times require network address translation technologies.
What is the practical application of your innovation for the everyday user?
Lighting System. But the essence of this innovation was success of porting IPv6 onto PIC18F microcomputer which has just too poor resources but enough cheap to be embedded inexpensive commodity goods. This implies commodity goods could be IPv6 reachable in near future.
Did you invent new technology? How is your device unique?
Not invented much, but making the units (and lights) internet reachable is a great step.
What hurdles did you overcome in creating your device? Were necessary parts easily obtained?
The original device uses PIC18F micro computer as its controller. That was enough for the original usage when this hardware was planned. I ported Contiki OS to the micro computer. Contiki was well designed operating system for embedded systems, even though, Microchip PIC18F microcomputer's resource was too restricted.
Memory is just 3808 bytes which includes packet buffer (typically 1280-1500bytes per packet). Besides the packet buffer, the memory should be used for IPv6 address management, neighbor cache, TCP connection management, HTTP and socket buffer management, process status, real time clock counter so on. Moreover, the microcomputer architecture was something odd and development tool (IDE, debugger, compiler) was too buggy.
When I plan to ports Contiki OS to this chip, I thought memory was restricted but it would be possible to port relatively easy. Looking back, however, it was something tough way.
Anyway, IPv6 works on PIC18F at last, I'll put my work open source soon. I believe this make advance the rest of the world IP (actually IPv6) reachable.
Are there plans to produce your entry for the marketplace, or is it already a product that can be purchased/obtained?
The hardware itself is already in market.
The hardware sold here doesn't have IPv6 capability yet, but following the success of porting IPv6 implementation, DEP has started planning of selling IPv6 capability version now.
Why would you consider your device/solution to be "innovative"?
Not IT devices such as PC, Tablet and Smart Phone but building facilities that were used since a century ago become now internet reachable and supplied power with only single cable by the technology Universal POE.


text:
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Minnesota and the Midwest brought terrible losses to commercial poultry farms in 2015 and 2016. HPAI represents a change in what avian producers had come to expect, given that spring introductions of avian influenza are generally rare. While experts continue to research how the introduction and spread of HPAI occurs, biosecurity is key to preventing or lessening the extent of possible introduction of the virus.
The foundational blocks of biosecurity are:
- control of movement,
- sanitation, and
- cleaning and disinfection.
Identified risks are usually associated with virus contaminated people, equipment or wild bird contact – direct or indirect. With introductions into single barns on multi-barn sites, the emphasis on biosecurity needs to focus on the barn. A line of separation is needed around each barn in addition to the area of separation for the farm unit. One should always assume that the area surrounding the barn is contaminated and avoid bringing outside contamination inside the barn. One of the most basic aspects of barn level biosecurity is secure entry of people and equipment to the barn.
Disinfecting hands and exposed skin on arms is necessary upon entry AND exit of a barn.
Did you know?
A survey of poultry farms by Racicot and co-workers, 2011, 2012 using video and audits to track compliance revealed:
- Few facilities were found to have barn entry protocols posted
- Farm personnel barn entry protocols were not as rigorous as protocols for visitors
- While most farms utilized some inside/outside separation at the barn entry level such as footwear change and/or use of disposable boots, few took additional precautions such as washing hands and changing to barn specific clothing
- Entry protocols tended to be followed less closely for short visits
- Protocol entry compliance was influenced by designation of dirty and clean areas at the entry. Compliance was less if there was not a physical separation of the clean and dirty areas
- Some unidentified individuals were video-taped in the barns
- A majority of biosecurity errors involved cross-contamination of areas designated as clean (barn) and contaminated (outside) at the time of entry
The swine industry has moved to an entry system called the Danish Entry to overcome challenges with PRRS and PEDv. The keys to the Danish entry system are:
- a biosecure entrance to the farm,
- the entrance area has separate clean and dirty areas,
- upon entry in the "dirty" area:
- people remove their outer clothing and footwear,
- wash and disinfect hands,
- move to a clean area where clean protective clothing, such as boots and coveralls, are provided (boots should be put on before coveralls).
- The protocol is completed in reverse when exiting the building.
Do any of these biosecurity breaks sound familiar to you?
- I am only going to spend a few minutes in the barn so I don't need to put on barn specific clothing.
- I have an emergency and need to fix a fan, feed line etc. and the tools are in the other barn. I will just run over there quickly and bring them back.
- I skipped putting on boots, coveralls, and/or using hand sanitizer because the supplies were not available.
- I don't want to give up my lucky ball cap. It goes with me everywhere.
- The door to the barn is locked and I have an armful of supplies and can't unlock the door. So I put the boxes on the ground and then unlock the door.
- I leave the entryway door open for convenience while I'm working in the barn.
- I was hunting and decided to stop by the farm and see how the flock was doing.
- I'll set the dead birds outside the door and deal with them later.
- Smith is going to work for me over the weekend. Ummm…I think they know the biosecurity protocols?
Avoiding Biosecurity Errors – Barn Entry
Barn entry protocols for farm personnel need to be as rigorous as those for visitors, including change of footwear/disposable boots and wearing barn specific clothing.
- Post barn entry/exit protocols that provides for a line of separation from contaminated areas (i.e., outside) to clean areas (barn).
- Provide barn specific clothing, supplies and equipment to minimize traffic between barns and other areas of the farm.
- Clean and disinfect anything that enters the barn.
- Review protocols with farm staff and get input from staff and others on how to improve.


- My NEB
 - Print
 - PDF
 - FAQ: What is the difference between NEB _TAG_ and NEB _TAG_?
 They are the same cells with the same efficiency but provided in different formats. C3010H is packaged with 20 single-use transformation tubes, each containing 50 μl of competent cells. Plasmid or ligation product can be added directly into the transformation tubes for convenience. C3010I is packaged with 6 tubes, each containing 200 μl of competent cells. The tubes should be thawed on ice and 50 μl of cells transferred into new tubes prior to transformation. Each tube contains enough cells for 4 transformations with the benefit of reducing the cost of each transformation. If you perform 3 or 4 transformations at a time, using C3010I is cost effective. Refreezing the competent cells after thawing is not recommended since it will significantly reduce transformation efficiencies.


text:
Divided payout and future earnings growth : a South African study
Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
In the past it was believed that the payment of dividends would decrease the funds available to finance growth, and would therefore lead to lower future earnings growth. This belief was challenged in recent years with research that tested the relationship between dividend payout and future earnings growth, both on the individual company and aggregate market level in different countries. The results contradicted popular belief, and showed that companies with high payout ratios tend to realise stronger future earnings growth. This study tested the same relationship in South Africa and concluded that even in a developing country, dividend payout will still lead to higher future earnings growth.


12 August 2020
5 Attributes of High Performing Teams
Here are five questions you can ask yourself about the teams you work on or with to check whether they are set up for success.
 1. Is the group a real team, with clear boundaries, interdependence among members, and at least moderate stability of membership over time?
 2. Does the team have a compelling direction, a purpose that is clear, challenging, and consequential--and that focusses on the ends to be achieved rather than the means the team must use in pursuing them?
 3. Does the team's structure--its task, composition, and core norms of conduct--enable rather than impede teamwork?
 4. Does the team's social system context provide the resources and support that members need to carry out their collective work?
 5. Is competent coaching available to help members get over rough spots and take advantage of emerging opportunities, and is such coaching provided at times in the team life cycle when members are most ready to receive and use it?
Source of this checklist: America Phychological Association, 2004
From the work of Richard Hackman.
Sad News: Richard Hackman Dies at 72 | The Situationist
1 comment:
 1. Link broken, think it's probably this one: _URL_


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The Tammuz-an people were a tall, gaunt humanoid species native to the planet of the same name. They were divided into two races: the purple-skinned Tammuz-an of the Kingdom of Julpa, and the blue-skinned inhabitants of the Outer Territories.
The kings of the purple Tammuz-an were the overall rulers of the planet. Though their monarchy was hereditary, the rightful king could not be crowned unless he presented the royal scepter to an official known as the Keeper of the Tower at the first sun of the equinox. During the early Imperial era, the rightful Crown Prince of Tammuz-an, Mon Julpa, was mind-wiped by his vizier Zatec-Cha, disguised as an android, and left on the planet Tyne's Horky. Zatec-Cha's intent was to take the scepter and present it to the Keeper of the Tower, thus becoming king.
After regaining his memories, thwarting Zatec-Cha's plans, and returning to the throne (thanks to the loyalist Tammuz-an Sollag, the Humans Jann Tosh and Jessica Meade, and the droids R2-D2 and C-3PO), Mon Julpa tried to unite his planet's two feuding races by marrying Princess Gerin, daughter of Lord Toda of the Outer Territories. When the pirate Gir Kybo Ren-Cha kidnapped the princess, Toda worked with Julpa and his allies to free her. The newfound unity of the two cultures was strengthened by this struggle against a common threat, as well as by the love between the Mon Julpa and Gerin.
- Star Wars: Droids toy line
- Secrets of the Sisar Run
- Star Wars: The Action Figure Archive (Picture only)
- The Official Star Wars Fact File 13 (AWI1, A-Wing)


Pill River
Pill River rises on Monkslade Common at an elevation of 275 metres and flows in a generally north easterly direction to flow through Rodhuish,and Whitley Brake to reach Bilbrook. It flows through Bilbrook Ford before turning north to reach Black Monkey Bridge. It flows beneath the West Somerset Railway to reach Binham Farm. Continuing in a northerly direction it flows through Home Farm before flowing beneath Pill Bridge to reach the sea at Blue Anchor. From the Source on the Brendon Hills the rivers length is approximately 3 miles.
Image Gallery Structures River Map


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Microsoft Access Data Normalization (Transpose) with Total Access Statistics
Designing a Scalable Solution
Having the data stored in your tables
properly lets databases scale properly over time
and simplifies data analysis and performance. A
fundamental part of database design is to
"records are free, fields are expensive".
For a scalable solution, you want to make sure
your system simply adds records over time and
doesn't have to add new fields. Adding new
fields requires changing queries, formulas,
forms, reports, code, etc.
It is common to have "spreadsheet" type data
where columns get added over time. That's not a
big problem in spreadsheets because one can add
columns or rows without a difference. In
databases, there's a huge difference and it
violates the concept of data normalization.
Unfortunately, one doesn't live in a perfect
world. You may be given non-normalized data or
you may have created it in the past and now need
it normalized. Regardless, Total Access
Statistics makes it easy to transform your
existing data into a normalized format without
Example of Data Normalization
The following example illustrates how
non-normalized data can be converted.
This original table stores federal budget
data with a separate field for each year. This
is similar to a spreadsheet. While it is easy to
add a new field when a new year's data arrives,
any query, form, report, or code that uses this
table would also need to be updated and
retested. It would be far easier if the year
were a field.
Data Source to Convert: Non-normalized Budget
Manually converting the data is cumbersome
and time consuming, but the Normalize feature
makes it easy to convert the example table to
Normalized Data from Data Source
Notice how a separate record is created for
each year with the ID and LedgerType fields
preserved from the original record.
We'll now see how it's done in Total Access
Normalize (Transpose) Field Selection
This is an example of the Normalize feature
that's included in the sample database that
ships with Total Access Statistics. It's also
part of the
version so you can run this from that as
After selecting the data source you want to
transpose, this is the field selection screen in Total
Access Statistics for the Normalize feature:
Normalize Field Selection
The Normalize Fields become fields in the
output table containing the data from the data
source. The type of the output field depends on
the types of normalize fields that you select:
|Numeric fields only
||Numeric. Select the specific numeric
field type (Currency, Integer, Long Integer, or Double) on the
Normalize Options page. For ADPs, the equivalent numeric fields such
as Float, Money, Int, etc. are available.
|Text and numeric fields
||Text. The field size is 255.
|All text fields
||Text. The field size is equal to the
largest Normalize field selected.
|At least one memo field
Each of the Normalize Fields is transformed into a separate record in the output table. The DataField in the output table contains the name of the field to identify the data.
After selecting the fields, press [Next] to
show the Normalize options:
Output Field Name
The name you want in the output table for the
Output Field Type
If the Normalize fields are all numeric,
select the specific numeric field type
(Currency, Integer, Long Integer, or Double)
from the list. If there is at least one text
Normalize field, this option is disabled, and
the output field type is determined
Ignore Blank Values
If you check this option, blank values are
ignored. If unchecked, a record is created even
if the data is blank (null).
Here are the sample results:
These are the fields in the transposed table:
||Group fields selected (if any)
||Field name identifying the data in the
||Value from the Data Field
Interactive Wizard and VBA Programmatic
Total Access Statistics lets you interactively generate
your calculations through its
wizard interface to easily select the data
source, fields, and analysis without
programming. After you specify your
selections, they are automatically saved as
a scenario in your database so you can run
them again in the future when your data
statistics function is also available so
you can generate these results
from code. You can easily run any saved
scenario by calling a single procedure in
the Total Access Statistics VBA library. The
library includes a royalty-free runtime
license so you can include it with your
Access database and distribute it to
non-Total Access Statistics owners.
Call the function from a button's OnClick
event or other process, and the results are
generated for you. You can even hide the
built-in user interface so your users don't
even know Total Access Statistics is
running. They'll be amazed with your
statistical analysis capabilities!
Additional Details of Calculations Available in Total Access Statistics
Here are some additional resources and details about some of the data
analysis you can perform on your Microsoft Access data with Total Access
- Financial Cash Flow Calculations
Use discounted cash flows and interest rates to generate Net Present Value (NPV), Present Value
(PV), Future Value (FV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
for periodic and date dependent payments and receipts.
Calculate different types of percentiles: median, quartiles, quintiles,
octiles, deciles, percentiles, every X.5 percentile, and place them in a
table or update an existing field with the record's percentile value.
Running Totals and Moving Averages
Summarize a moving set of records to calculate running sums, moving
averages, minimum, maximum, range, median, standard deviation, etc.
Data Normalization (Data Transpose)
Transpose non-normalized data so you can easily analyze and maintain it.
Simple, multiple and polynomial regressions with calculation of equation
coefficients, ANOVA and residual table
Crosstabs and Chi-Square
Advanced cross-tabulations with percentage of row, column and totals
displayed as records or columns


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SS-2015-008: SiteTree Creation Permission Vulnerability
- High (?)
- Versions Affected:
- 3.1.0 - 3.1.10, 3.1.11-rc1, 3.0.11 and below
- Versions Fixed:
- 3.0.12, 3.1.11
- Release Date:
A vulnerability exists in the permission validation for SiteTree object creation. By default user permissions are not validated by the SiteTree::canCreate method, unless overridden by user code or via the configuration system.
This vulnerability will allow users, or unauthenticated guests, to create new SiteTree objects in the database. This vulnerability is present when such users are given CMS access via other means, or if there is another mechanism (such as RestfulServer module) which allows model editing and relies on model-level permission checks.
This vulnerability is restricted to the creation of draft or live pages, and does not allow users to edit, publish, or unpublish existing pages.
All users should upgrade as soon as possible.


Immigration Lawyer.Blog
Home » Posts tagged 'Deportation'
Tag Archives: Deportation
Temporary Protected Status Ended for Haitian Citizens
Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke recently announced that tens of thousands of Haitians living in the United States under Temporary Protected Status have until July 22, 2019, to return to Haiti.
The Haitian citizens were given protected status to live and work in the United States after Haiti's infrastructure was heavily damaged in a 2010 earthquake. Since then, the status of those protected and their ability to safely return to their country was evaluated periodically and the status extended. After the most recent review, the Department of Homeland Security announced its decision to end the protected status for the Haitian citizens, who must now return to Haiti by the July 22, 2019, deadline or face deportation.
Temporary Protected Status may be granted to citizens of a foreign country who are already in the United States and cannot return to their countries due to temporary conditions that make it unsafe to return, or because their government cannot handle their return. The status is granted by the Secretary of Homeland Security. Even undocumented immigrants in the country illegally when a Temporary Protected Status is designated for their countries are protected.
Haitian citizens are not the only group that is protected under the Temporary Protected Status. In addition to Haiti, there are other large groups from nine other countries that are allowed to live and work in the United States without fear of deportation. Citizens of El-Salvador living the United States under Temporary Protected Status are reported to represent the largest group of people living in the United States under this status, and will be next to hear if their status will be extended.
As the name suggests, the program is supposed to offer temporary relief for humanitarian reasons. The situations for which Temporary Protected Status may be approved for citizens of a foreign country include:
 - Ongoing armed conflict,
 - An environmental disaster, or an epidemic, and
 - Other extraordinary and temporary conditions
Depending on the country in question however, these situations may not be temporary, and may impact the ability of the foreign government's' ability to receive its citizens for a long time. This is part of the criticism against the program, that it is not temporary, and is used as a back door to allow immigrants to settle in the country.
Because most people who are granted the chance to live and work in the United States under this program have children and otherwise settle into their lives here, going back to their countries of origin is not an easy task. For those with children who were born in the United States and are therefore citizens, the decision to take their children back or leave them in the United States will be a very difficult one to make. The parents will either have to find others who are willing to take care of their children, or stay beyond the deadline and face deportation. People who are facing this choice should explore their options in terms of adjusting their status in order to stay in the United States legally.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
For more information on how an experienced immigration attorney can assist you in reviewing your options to change your status and stay in the United States, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
How the Issue of Competence Affects an Immigration Proceeding
In criminal proceedings in which a person is charged with a crime, the prosecution cannot go on if a person is found to be incompetent or suffering from a mental illness. This is usually done in order to protect the defendant and ensure that the person is afforded constitutional due process rights. In immigration proceedings, a person's incompetence due to a mental illness or condition can affect a person's removal or deportation, but not in the same way as in a criminal trial.
In a deportation hearing, the person to be deported is presumed to be competent for purposes of the proceedings. However, if there is an indication that the person is not competent, for example because the person shows signs of mental illness, then the immigration judge has to make a determination of the person's competency before the proceedings can go on.
A person who is able to communicate with his or her attorney and rationally understand the deportation proceeding is generally deemed to be competent, and the immigration proceedings can proceed without a legal challenge.
Once the judge makes a determination that a person who is facing deportation is not competent, the deportation proceedings do not stop as a criminal case would if the judge found a defendant incompetent to stand trial. The immigration judge is supposed to ensure that certain safeguards are in place, and then the removal proceedings can go on.
Some of the safeguards include ensuring that the person facing deportation is assisted by another person in presenting his or her case, not accepting admissions or other incriminating confessions from the person, and closing the hearing to the public. These safeguards do not truly address the issue of the person's incompetence, and are therefore inadequate to offer real protections for a person suffering from mental illness and facing deportation.
Immigration judges make determinations of whether or not someone is incompetent by reviewing the evidence provided by the person facing deportation, as well as by the government. Neither the government nor the person facing deportation has a formal burden to provide the evidence upon which the judge relies. The judge also reviews all the evidence under a standard of proof that is lower than that required in a criminal case. This means that the person facing deportation cannot rely on the fact that the government has not produced evidence of competency to prove incompetency.
A person can prove that he or she has a mental illness that makes that person incompetent for purposes of the proceeding by calling witnesses to testify on his or her behalf, or by introducing medical records and evaluation reports that support the claims. If there is a long history of treatment and an indication that the treatment should be ongoing, it is likely that the immigration judge may find the person incompetent for purposes of the immigration proceeding.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
Having an attorney during an immigration proceeding is extremely important, especially for someone who cannot truly represent himself or herself due to mental illness. For more information on how a person's mental illness can affect him or her during deportation proceedings, you should contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
ICE Sensitive Locations
The story of a young girl facing possible deportation after being apprehended by border patrol agents while she was on her way to a hospital to undergo surgery has raised questions about the so-called sensitive locations where immigration-based arrests are not generally conducted.
Sensitive locations refer to areas that the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency has restricted immigration enforcement actions except in three situations:
 - If there are exigent circumstances;
 - The immigration officials are led to the sensitive location through other law enforcement investigations; or,
 - The immigration officials have prior approval to conduct the enforcement actions from a designated supervisory official.
In some cases, arrests and other enforcement actions can take place in a sensitive location as long as there is a prior agreement between the undocumented immigrant and immigration enforcement agents. For example, when an undocumented immigrant surrenders to immigration agents at a hospital or church.
Sensitive locations include hospitals, schools, daycare centers, rallies or demonstrations, and places of religious worship. Courthouses are not considered sensitive locations. The designation of these areas as sensitive areas is supposed to encourage people to seek the services offered at these locations without fear of deportation. It is also important to note that sensitive locations that are located near a border are treated differently. Sensitive locations near borders are afforded less protection that those away from borders, although immigration officers are supposed to use common sense in taking action in these areas so as to act within the spirit of the policy.
The young girl mentioned above was detained after being stopped at an immigration check point on her way to the hospital as opposed to being detained at the hospital. Therefore, and immigration officials argue that this distinguishes her from someone who would be arrested at a hospital after going there to seek treatment. While this seems like a hollow distinction, because the policy of not making arrests in sensitive locations is a government agency policy and not a law, there are few ways to challenge its application unless the agency failed to follow its own policies.
Because of deportation priorities, immigration agents do have some discretion when it comes to whom to detain and place in immigration proceedings, and this determination can be made on a case by case basis. In the past, undocumented immigrants who were convicted of crimes were priority targets for deportation. The priorities are less clear now.
Undocumented immigrants who need to go to sensitive locations for services should not rely on the designations of these spaces as sensitive spaces. Being improperly apprehended at a sensitive location is not a defense that will necessarily stop an undocumented immigrant from being deported.
Contact Our Team for a Consultation
If your family member has been detained pending deportation proceedings, you need an experienced immigration attorney to present your best case before the immigration judge. For legal assistance with seeking a change in your immigration status, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California for a consultation.
Proving Extreme Hardship for American Children When Undocumented Parents are Deported
When an undocumented immigrant who has American born children is in removal proceedings facing the possibility of deportation, the immigrant may seek a waiver from being deported because the immigrant's deportation would cause extreme hardship to his or her children. This is a recognized exception, and if the immigrant can meet certain factors, he or she may be able to avoid deportation.
In claiming that the children will face undue hardship, there is a difference in the kind of information required as proof of the hardship when the children have another parent present in the United States and that required when


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Skip to Main Content
The Air Force Eastern Test Range (ETR) is, in essence, a huge laboratory extending from the Florida mainland to the Indian Ocean. It is instrumented to collect, record, analyze and communicate data for missile and space missions. This is achieved through a variety of highly sophisticated electronic and optical techniques. It is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly some of this primary instrumentation which provides the highly precise metric data used in direct support of the operational mission, for Range safety and for postflight evaluation. The instrumentation and data accuracy problems will be explored together with the current methods of approach. General categories of errors will be defined, and the applications of error models and error budgets to the controlling of instrumentation accuracies will be presented. Methods of combining outputs of various instrumentation systems will be discussed with reference to the best estimate of trajectory. The general problem of instrumentation calibration is also considered, including the experimental design and the type of tests employed. The basic causes of accuracy degradation in the instrumentation systems are reviewed, including errors introduced in data handling and processing.
Space Electronics and Telemetry, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:SET-11, Issue: 1 )
Date of Publication: March 1965


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Challenging Negative Thinking Activities for Positive Self Talk
Counseling resources to change negative thoughts and replacing them with positive self talk. Use this in small group counseling or individual counseling to help students with automatic negative thoughts identify them, find strategies to challenge them, and create positive replacement thoughts.
Resources available in print and digital Google Slides for distance learning.
This resource is packed with materials so you can continue to practice and reinforce the concept til students feel comfortable.
What You Get
- Small Group or Individual Plan. This counseling plan is meant to be flexible so that you can respond to the needs and skills of your student(s).
- Change Your Thinking Poster. Simple poster to help students change their negative thoughts.
- Sort the Thoughts Activity. Students sort 36 thoughts that are either too negative, too positive, or just right.
- Challenging Negative Thinking Materials. 12 suggested strategies to challenge negative thinking. Students can apply these to provided negative thoughts or their own negative thinking. Six strategy cards are included.
- Bright Light Thoughts Activity. Students create a positive thought they can use to counter negative thoughts. Example statements are included.
- 10 Keep It Positive Worksheets. 10 worksheets with thirty different examples. Each example gives a typical student problem and a corresponding negative thought. Below the scenario and negative thought is space for the student to write a positive thought they could think instead.
- Blank Worksheet: This provides the template that a counselor and student could fill in together by letting the student generate a personal scenario and negative thought. This will help the student make a stronger connection. A counselor could also use this sheet to come up with more examples of their own.
- 2 Reflection Sheets: Two sheets are provided with reflection questions that students can answer in the process of analyzing their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors after a triggering event.
- Negative Automatic Thoughts Poster and List: Thinking error poster and list of more specific errors.
- Student Skills Data Sheet. Track how your student is doing with these skills.
This resource is ideal for individual counseling or within small CBT-based groups. Many parts can be used by special education and general education teachers in their work with individual students. Parents may also find this very helpful.
The resource is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and is perfect for students in 3rd-6th grade. It can easily be modified for second grade as well.


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Splitting Cargo and Crew
The next generation space shuttle, like its predecessor, will serve many masters, as a cargo ship, a scientific laboratory, a docking platform, and a crew habitat. But according to Mark Fisher, Marshall Space Flight Center's manager of Exploration Systems, the next shuttle will be designed to "separate cargo from crew."
That change is one lesson learned from flying the current shuttle for the last quarter century: human spaceflight has made cargo more expensive, and cargo can potentially make human spaceflight less safe. By splitting these basic tasks, it is hoped that a more robust shuttle, called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), will emerge for its first unmanned flight test between 2008 and 2011.
The requirements review will begin sometime around the first of next year, and will be timed to unfold just in time for the current shuttle's 2010 retirement. A phased approach will then culminate in human flights in 2014.
Fisher unveiled this plan at the Marshall Space Flight Center's Business Forum on September 20 at Huntsville's von Braun Civic Center, where he solicited prime contractors to support what is being called the next shuttle's Architecture Trade Studies.
The concepts behind the Crew Exploration Vehicle currently operate as an open design review, based on the President's Exploration Initiative calling for a lunar robotic mission in 2008, followed by lunar manned way-stations by 2020 and an eventual Mars' astronaut.
Fisher sounded a note of optimism about what this open design review might yield. When the first space shuttle was put out for paper studies, "hundreds" of designs poured in. But he said that the shuttle program was being restructured now with a goal of risk reduction for future Mars' exploration, a task that was not necessarily foremost when the shuttle was first conceived as the space program's workhorse. Splitting crew and cargo, as two of the most important specialized launch types, is one instance. Another is the way a more environmentally friendly shuttle might come to fly.
|"Lessons of galactic, stellar, and planetary history tell about the future and our place in the universe."
Image Credit: moontomars.org
Fisher explained by example that handling problems linked to what liquids were first chosen for shuttle thrusters have had ripple effects, both in cost and safety. "There are many cases from when the shuttle was designed, where the first answer was not always the only, or even the best, answer," said Fisher. He explained that if the 2014 flight for the Crew Exploration Vehicle was optimized now, one might imagine not wanting to include "toxic liquids" like nitrogen tetraoxide, or hydrazine, simply because of their handling challenges when crew safety is paramount. "For the Crew Exploration Vehicle, we might begin with green propellants", with an environmentally safer "retrofit of the thrusters".
Fisher borrowed a term now popular among Defense contractors, called "spiral development", which might be summarized as a graduated "build and test" approach. In previous shuttle concept studies, this was just referred to as integrated engineering, but carries a cache about how a huge program can still start small. Another linguistic addition to NASA planning is called "systems of systems", where one looks to engineer an integrated concept crossing many disciplines and goals, rather than engineering single components and then snapping them together along lines of specialty. Formerly the propellant designers might not be on the same page as the crew's doctor. An example cited was that a great cargo vessel may not be the best crew carrier.
So, according to Fisher, NASA would like to view the bigger picture when retooling the shuttle to support lunar and martian missions.
Wernher von Braun, one of the NASA pioneers of rocketry, was among those early on who called for a shuttle to support a space station, with the goal of eventually getting over some of the heavy-launch limits required to fly a longer trip to Mars. So in spirit, the 1970's shuttle design became a transition carrier. Its job was to support an earth-orbitting station, which is now featured among the first two goals for the NASA exploration initiative: get the shuttle back and finish the station.
How these two targets move humans closer to a lunar station or a Mars' visit remains to be worked out, since that is the third goal for human exploration.
|"Planetary in situ resource utilization [is about] ultimately enabling us to 'cut the cord' with Earth
Image Credit: moontomars.org
Fisher highlighted some of the challenges to either a lunar way-station or a Mars' visit. Foremost were the biomedical issues, "making sure the astronauts are healthy" when they arrive. "The space station has uncovered a host of biohazards", including microbial controls, calcium-bone loss, and radiation exposure. "It is three days to the moon for a crew," said Fisher, "but probably a year to Mars." Many of the human hazards like bone loss or radiation are either cumulative or irreversible, which raises the human health concern to a mission priority.
Even to get back to the moon by next decade, however, means re-engineering Apollo for an entirely different mission. The concerns, according to Fisher, include "surface power and mobility". To use the moon as a way-station means one would like to extract power and some resources in situ, using some advanced ideas of mining the moon for a process that yields water, methane for fuel or other power cycles based on fusion (like heavy-hydrogen fuel, or tritium). "We want to know how to support habitats, a different mission entirely, in closed loops with recycling of our more precious resources. And that human lunar mission has to happen no later than 2020," concluded Fisher.
As NASA has planned the timeline, the new shuttle will exist in a program that is being called Project Constellation: an unmanned test vehicle that depends on advances in robotics and autonomous docking flights. Project Constellation culminates in the 2011 unmanned flight, followed soon by nuclear rockets more geared to faster flights to Mars.
The nuclear program is currently called Project Prometheus. Whether Prometheus will require nuclear propulsion to get to Mars remains an open question, but deeper exploration to Jupiter's moons or beyond is thought to need a non-chemical propellant or power source. A series of unmanned demonstrations or missions called the Jupiter Icy Moon Orbiter (or JIMO) are currently being studied for exploring Jupiter's intriguing ice-mantled moons: Europa, Callisto and Ganymede. To get to Jupiter, JIMO will require new technologies from NASA, the Department of Energy and the Office of Naval Reactors.
Fisher concluded with some more near-term projects like the October 18th schedule for launching the 2004 "Demonstration of Automated Rendezvous Test" (or DART). This mission will attempt to guide a Pegasus rocket towards an obsolete MobileCom satellite that is otherwise uncooperative as a docking station, but which carries a video sensor for tracking. Both the satellite and its mating rocket will attempt to hook-up using software control only and navigation derived from the video sensor. "We want to find our capability gaps quickly," said Fisher, "particularly as future missions will increasingly rely on robotics taking over what we don't want but with humans as decisionmakers when the robotics runs into unknown territory."
So while NASA looks to separate crew and cargo, the result will join machines and men closer than ever before attempted. The results: One lesson learned, another yet to be tried on a scale to reach the moon and Mars.
Related Web Pages
Moon To Mars Commission
The Bigger Picture
Ray Bradbury: The Illustrated Spaceman
What Would a Martian Drive?
Three Tough Questions
Search for Life in the Universe I


eat strawberries. One of the most delicious fruits known to man – strawberries are not toxic for your furry friend. Your cat can grab a sweet treat from the strawberries growing in your garden or when you offer up a snack. There are no issues with cats eating strawberries, but portion control is always important.
While your cat can eat strawberries, there is little to no nutritional benefit for your feline to eat the fruit. Strawberries do not contain any proteins, but they do have a few antioxidants that your cat may benefit from. The problem is your cat won't be able to eat enough strawberries to see many advantages from these nutrients.
A few nibbles of strawberry should be all your cat needs. Strawberries are high in sugar, and your cat's stomach could get upset if he or she eats too much strawberry. Even if your cat gorges on strawberries, you won't have much of an issue and certainly won't have any need to call the vet.
Overall – feel free to give your cat some strawberries even now and then.
Answer: NO.
can cats eat tomatoes
Cats should not eat tomatoes.
Some speculate that when the tomato is ripe, a cat will not get sick from eating a bit of it. I wouldn't take that chance with your furry friend.
Tomatoes contain solanine. Solanine is poisonous to cats. As the tomato ripens, there is less and less solanine in the tomato. This means it less likely your cat will get sick from a tomato. Cooking a tomato also removes a lot of the solanine. This is why some cat food contains tomato juice.
That being said even a little solanine can cause your feline some stomach problems. As well, if a cat ingests any green part of a tomato or the tomato plant – the kitty has a high likelihood of getting sick. Solanine is not poisonous enough to kill a cat in small quantities, but it can cause some stomach pain for your furry friend.
It's best to stay on the safe side and never feed your cat any tomato product. By doing so, you ensure your cat doesn't get a stomach ache from the poison.
can cats eat tuna
Cats can eat tuna.
You can give your furry friend some tuna as a treat. The key to feeding your cat some tuna is to keep things in moderation. A small portion of tuna is all your cat needs.
Tuna is an excellent source of protein and omega fatty acids for your feline, but many cats like tuna so much that they can become addicted. There's a reason your cat meows when he or she smells tuna – they love it!
The problem is tuna does not contain all the nutrients cats need. Cat food is truly the only source of nutrients that covers every base for your furry friend. If you feed your cat a diet consisting of only tuna – he or she will face severe health consequences sooner or later.
Also – be careful feeding your cat canned tuna. Canned tuna contains a lot of oil and salt, which should be avoided as much as possible. If you want to treat your favorite feline to a tuna treat – make sure you buy canned tuna with no salt added.
can cats eat watermelon
Cats can eat watermelon
as long as the seeds are removed. The seeds in a watermelon contain compounds that can be extremely dangerous to a cat. And while some cats enjoy eating watermelon, many do not.
As with any human food you feed to your cat, you should start with limited qualities to begin. Watermelon does have a lot of sugar in it, and too much could upset your cat's stomach. This makes the fruit one to avoid for a cat who suffers from diabetes.
Watermelon does offer some nutritional benefits for you furry friend. As watermelon is filled with water – your furry friend will rehydrate while chomping down. No cat food products contain watermelon, so you'll be adding nutrients to your furball's diet. The fruit contains a lot of Vitamin A and C, along with minerals like potassium and magnesium.
If you cat eats too many watermelon seeds, you may be on your way to the vet. Remove the seeds and your cat can eat watermelon with no issue. On a hot summer day – there may be no better treat for your cat, or you.
Hopefully this answered the questions of "What kind of foods can my cat eat"? Always be wary of what you're feeding your cat no matter if it's okay to feed them it or not. Remember, they're animals and their bodies act differently. If your cat seems to be using the litter box more than normal, make sure to contact your veterinarian right away.
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Making Youth Work Work: A Toolkit - Section 6
SECTION 6 - Youth Workers are appropriately trained, qualified and competent
Many people think that youth work is easy: from the outside, its lack of formal structures and relaxed approach to working alongside young people looks pretty straightforward. But those who have done it for a longer time know that it involves a lot of really complex processes, a good understanding of how young people grow and develop, an ability to use conversation as a tool to help young people learn and a clear understanding of the boundaries between a professional relationship and friendship. Youth workers need to have a substantial toolkit of approaches and techniques to help them help young people get the most out of different situations. And, most importantly, they have to actually like young people and enjoy their company!
There is a tradition of professional training for youth work that goes back to the 19th century, and training now is based on regularly reviewed National Occupational Standards and approved Subject Benchmarks. There are different levels of qualifications available for youth workers, ranging from introductory training for those just starting out to degree and post-degree qualifications for those who want to make youth work their career.
The documents here help to explain youth work qualifications, and provide some examples of job descriptions for workers at different levels, to show how skills can be applied in different settings. More information on this can be found in the youth work training section of the Learning South West web-site.
Somerset Children and Young People's Workforce Matrix
Good Practice Guidelines in Delivering Youth Support Worker Qualifications
Youth Support Worker Job Description & Person Specification
Professional Youth Worker Job Description & Person Specification
National Youth Agency's Getting Qualified guidance
To see Section 7 of the Toolkit, click here


Fashion A-Z
From applique to zippers, a comprehensive dictionary with definitions and
meanings of key fashion vocabulary, written by Camilla Morton.
Piping is a trim or edging formed by sewing a thin strip of folded fabric — typically bias binding — into a narrow tube and attaching it to the edge of a piece of fabric. It can also include cord to give it extra body. Piping is often used to define or reinforce the style lines of a garment.
Pleats are a fold or doubling of fabric that is pressed, ironed or creased into place. (Pleats that are sewn into place are called tucks). There are many varieties, but the side and box pleat are the most common, although they can be accordion, cartridge, circular, curtain, draped, fluted, Fortuny or French. They can be inserte, as well as inverted. Pleats add an even greater fullness to a shape (particularly the skirt). Think Marilyn Monroe over the air vent in 'The 7 Year Itch'.


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Monday, April 30, 2007
Posted by D. Daniel Sokol
A new paper, Mergers when Firms Compete by Choosing both Price and Promotion, by Luke Froeb of Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University, Steven Tenn of the Federal Trade Commission and Steven Tschantz of the Department of Mathematics of Vanderbilt University analyzes the merger effects in the 2003 merger between Häagen-Dazs and Dreyer that the FTC challenged.
ABSTRACT: Enforcement agencies have a relatively good understanding of how to measure the loss of price competition caused by merger. However, when firms compete in multiple dimensions, merger effects are not well understood. In this paper, we study mergers in industries where firms compete by setting both price and promotion, and ask what happens if we mistakenly assume that price is the only dimension of competition. To answer the question, we build a structural model of the super-premium ice cream industry, where a 2003 merger between Häagen-Dazs and Dreyer's was challenged by the Federal Trade Commission. A structural merger model that ignores promotional competition under-predicts the price effects of a merger in this industry (5% instead of 12%). About three-fourths of the difference can be attributed to estimation bias (estimated demand is too elastic), with the remainder due to extrapolation bias from assuming post-merger promotional activity stays constant (instead it declines by 31%).


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Some frequently used tests appear in multiple versions within the scholarly literature and the PsycTESTS® database. You may see versions that have been revised or updated, shortened or abridged, modified for different age groups or populations, translated into new languages, and more. In PsycTESTS records, the Other Versions field links to and describes alternate forms of the test that are included in PsycTESTS. If you've found a test you'd like to use or cite, it's a good idea to quickly check the Other Versions field to make sure you're using the best version for your research.
This is an example from APA PsycNET®. The Other Versions field is near the top of the record, and in this case lists Translations.
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This is an example from Ovid. The Other Versions field is near the top of the record, and in this case lists Original and Revision.
This is an example from ProQuest, which shows a Revision. Click Show more to see the Other Versions field.
Each Version of the test originated with a published article. Once you're viewing the PsycTESTS article for the version you're interested in, look for the Reported In or Source field to identify the article and read more about how and why the version was developed. If you're not sure how to find the full-text of the original article, ask your librarian for help.


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iNet: Building performance in use - the rise of sensor technologies - This event has already finished
Burleigh Court, Loughborough
Evaluation of a building's performance is still not a common part of construction and commissioning, the assumption being that a building will perform according to the design specification. Research has overwhelmingly shown that how a building is used is the critical factor, with up to 200% variation in energy consumption from identical buildings.
Sensor technologies in homes, providing data and insights into behaviour and building performance will be critical to the future of successful newbuild and retrofitting projects. A three-year project run by Coventry University with a social housing group has developed low-cost sensors which monitor temperature, humidity, CO2 levels and light, tracked against consumption of energy and water. This way landlords can find out whether excessive carbon emissions are caused by the behaviour of residents, problems with heating systems or the fabric of the building itself.
Sensors are to be tried in 150 properties owned by Orbit Heart of England. More than 200,000 items of data are generated from each sensor, crunched into a form that can be analysed by non-experts. On the basis of the 20 homes monitored and analysed so far, Orbit has been able to start making decisions on investment. For example, ground-source heating is often regarded as being energy efficient, but it needs to be permanently switched on. People more familiar with controlling the heat of a central heating system often switch the groundsource system off, which leads to a cold house with increased humidity and the potential for mould to form, resulting in unnecessary repair costs.
Having access to this type of information means that building managers and tenancy engineers can decide whether a refurbishment is needed or whether the tenant just needs more advice on how to manage the home more efficiently. Some properties will have a combination of issues that put them at risk of being below the threshold for healthy living. Sensor data allows Orbit to prioritise those that need refurbishments urgently and to highlight potential problems before they happen. The growing pressure of carbon-reduction targets aside, inefficient homes also tend to be unhealthy homes. Properly targeted retrofitting will also improve the living conditions and health of tenants.
Professor Elena Gaura is part of the Low Impact Building Centre and Director of the Cogent Computing Applied Research Centre at Coventry University. Her current research explores issues in the fields of microsensor integration and large-scale wireless sensor networks.
Registration is from 08:30 with refreshments served on arrival and the event will close by 11:30.
Full programme to follow.
For more information:
01923 66 4547


Using the Compute Derivative Tool in SMS
With the release of the SMS 13.1 beta, a new tool has been added to the Dataset Toolbox. The Dataset Toolbox contains many tools for creating new datasets from existing data in your project. The Dataset Toolbox contains the Data Calculator as well as tools for comparing datasets and completing certain functions.
Among all the tools currently available, the Compute Derivative tool has been added to the Temporal tools in the Dataset Toolbox. In a previous blog post we discussed the other temporal tools if you want to review the function of those tools. The Compute Derivative tool allows you to create a new dataset showing the change from one time step to the next, or the derivative from one time step to the next of an existing dataset.
To access and use the Computer Derivative tool, do the following:
 1. Have a transient dataset loaded into the project.
 2. Use the Data | Dataset Toolbox command.
 3. In the Dataset Toolbox dialog, select the Computer Derivative tool under the list of Temporal tools.
 4. Select the desired dataset to use for the computation.
 5. Select either the Change or Derivative option.
 6. If selecting the Derivative option, also specify the time units.
 7. Enter a name for the new dataset.
Compute Derivative Tool in SMS
The new dataset generated from the Computer Derivative tool will output data in between the existing dataset time steps, resulting in one fewer time steps than the original dataset.
The Compute Derivative tool is only available for data that is in the 2D Mesh module or the UGrid module. Make certain that you have your dataset included in one of these two modules. If you have your dataset in a different module, you will need to interpolate it over to a 2D mesh or UGrid (unstructured grid) before using the Computer Derivative tool.
Try out using the Compute Derivative tool in SMS 13.1 today!
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Posted by Trenet on Wednesday, March 7, 2007 at 10:40pm.
Define these terms in your own words.
19. Routinization of charisma
Thank you for using the Jiskha Homework Help Forum. Note the name of this site = HELP Forum. We do not DO the work for you. There are some excellent online dictionaries. Enter one word at a time and look up the meanings. Then, take it from there! We'll be glad to proofread your work after you do it.
example: 1. immanent = : remaining or operating within a domain of reality or realm of discourse : INHERENT; specifically : having existence or effect only within the mind or consciousness — compare TRANSCENDENT
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text: High magnetizations are desirable for spintronic devices that operate by manipulating electronic states using built-in magnetic fields. However, the magnetic moment in promising dilute magnetic oxide nanocomposites is very low, typically corresponding to only fractions of a Bohr magneton for each dopant atom. In this study, we report a large magnetization formed by ion implantation of Co into amorphous TiO2-¿ films, producing an inhomogeneous magnetic moment, with certain regions producing over 2.5 ¿B per Co, depending on the local dopant concentration. Polarized neutron reflectometry was used to depth-profile the magnetization in the Co:TiO2-¿ nanocomposites, thus confirming the pivotal role of the cobalt dopant profile inside the titania layer. X-ray photoemission spectra demonstrate the dominant electronic state of the implanted species is Co0, with a minor fraction of Co2+. The detected magnetizations have seldom been reported before and lie near the upper limit set by Hund's rules for Co0, which is unusual because the transition metal's magnetic moment is usually reduced in a symmetric 3D crystal-field environment. Low-energy positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy indicates that defect structures within the titania layer are strongly modified by the implanted Co. We propose that a clustering motif is promoted by the affinity of the positively charged implanted species to occupy microvoids native to the amorphous host. This provides a seed for subsequent doping and nucleation of nanoclusters within an unusual local environment.


What should be the distance between the tomatoes
What should be the distance between the tomatoes
Tomatoes are heat-loving plants, they can be grown in open ground or greenhouses, it will depend on what climate you live in. At the same time, the conditions for its cultivation and crop care will differ. Separately, it should be said that you need to choose the right distance between the tomatoes so that the bushes do not interfere with each other. We will find out at what distance to plant tomatoes and what it is for.
 1. Which depends on the distance
 2. Influence of the variety and ripening period
 3. Features of planting in the greenhouse
 4. The distance between the bushes in the greenhouse
 5. Features of outdoor planting
 6. Growing in a trench
Расстояние между помидорами
Tomato spacing
What depends on the distance
Tomatoes are classified as capricious crops that require constant care.Many gardeners plant bushes then eye contact, which is considered extremely undesirable. The only exception is when you plan to plant no more than one dozen bushes or there is plenty of space on the bed. It is worth considering the fact that vegetables need not only space but also access sunlight. Thus, a plant that is too tight can cause the plants to obscure each other.
The correct distance between tomato bushes is necessary to minimize the risk of plant disease. The closer the seedlings planted in the ground are located, the more likely the plants will fall ill.
Thus, with the right space for each plant, you can reduce the percentage of yield loss, facilitate the care of tomatoes.
Effect of the variety and ripening period
So, we will begin to answer the question of what should be the correct distance between tomato bushes. An important factor is the variety and type of tomato, depending on which the recommendations for planting and care change. Therefore, before embarking on a planting, it is worthwhile to carefully study all the information contained on the package with seeds.
The distance will vary from how quickly a particular type of tomato is sung.
 - Early fruits – it is recommended to leave about 30 cm among the seedlings, between the beds it is worth leaving about 50 cm
 - The middle varieties will have an interval of 60-65 cm between the beds, and about 50 cm between the seedlings
 - Late species – the distance between the beds is about 75 cm, between the bushes leave no more than half a meter
Each gardener now what the ground in the garden you need to spend very sparingly to able to plant, how to plant and crops. In relation to tomatoes, you can plant on the gap between the beds of grass. Do not worry that their presence will adversely affect the growth of the vegetable.
Tatyana Orlova (Ph.D. S.-kh.Sciences):
As a rule, late-ripening varieties of vegetable crops are the most productive. This applies not only to tomato. The longer the plant grows, the greater the mass of the aboveground mass it creates. Therefore, all late ripe vegetable crops are planted with a greater distance than early ripe ones.
Features of planting in a greenhouse
A polycarbonate shelter helps protect a capricious crop from aggressive external Wednesday. The area of the greenhouse has strict boundaries and frames, so it is extremely important to use the allocated space optimally.
The distance between the bushes in the greenhouse
При высаживании придерживайтесь рекомендаций
When planting, follow the recommendations
There is a category of varieties that are recommended to be grown strictly in greenhouse conditions, usually they include self-pollinated varieties, which are capable of independent reproduction. At what distance can I plant tomatoes in a greenhouse? In order to save space in the greenhouse, it is better to choose tall types of tomatoes, such varieties grow up, and do not throw their creepers in the garden. A gap of 30-40 cm is considered the most optimal distance among tomatoes. If you plant medium or low-growing species, then you should increase this distance to 50-60 cm.
Tatyana Orlova (Candidate of Agricultural Sciences):
When planting tomatoes in a greenhouse, seedlings cannot be planted because they save space close to the glass surface, film or polycarbonate. On hot sunny days, leaves coming in contact with this surface will get burns. And condensation can cause fungal diseases of the leaves.
If you decide to minimize the gap between the tomato bushes, you should give yourself the report is that you'll have to pinch tomatoes, otherwise it will be limited to access of sun rays to the plant. As for the distance between the beds, you should not reduce it without urgent need.
It is best to plant tomatoes along the greenhouses, start from the east and move west, in no case across. provide the maximum amount of light that will penetrate the walls of the greenhouse.The most successful layout of 3×6 seedlings, it involves placing 3 rows of six beds. So you will provide free access to each plant, which will simplify the process of care as much as possible.
Features of planting in open ground
We turn to the process of placing seedlings in open ground and get acquainted with the schemes planting tomatoes:
 - Square-nested
 - Ribbon-nested
 - Multi-line
So at what distance do you need to plant tomatoes in the open field?The simplest and most understandable way to place tomato beds in two or three rows, while the distance between the rows should be at least 40 cm. This option will be ideal for medium-sized tomatoes. If you grow lower varieties, then it makes sense to increase this interval to 50 cm. According to gardeners, this scheme simplifies the process of watering the bushes as much as possible. You can simply put a hose with water between the rows.
As for the distance between the rows, it should be made wider than the greenhouse, make it at least 70-80 cm. This island is needed so that the gardener can freely approach to any plant.
Growing in a trench
It is no secret that tomatoes are not only heat-loving, but also moisture-loving plants. It is because of this feature that many gardeners plant a culture in trenches. In order for such a decision to be successful, it is necessary to correctly determine the dimensions of the trench. Recommended dimensions can be determined using the usual shovel.
 - The width of the trench should be approximately equal to the width of the bayonet of the shovel
 - The depth of the dug opening should easily fit the tip of the shovel
After the trench of the right size has been excavated, you need to water it abundantly and only after that place the prepared seedlings in it.
The advantage of this method is that the water will linger longer than usual, which will save time on irrigation.
Tatyana Orlova (Ph.D. S.-kh. Sciences):
However, during heavy rains, such a trench will completely take up water and lead to the soaking of the tomato.To keep moisture in the garden after watering, just hold it under a 5-10 cm thick mulch layer.
So, we have figured out how far to plant tomatoes in the greenhouse. Choosing the right distance is an important preparatory step in growing tomatoes. Do not neglect this stage, otherwise it will negatively affect the quantity and quality of the future crop.
Anna Evans
Author ✓ Farmer
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Kilograms (kg) to Pounds (Lbs) Calculation
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Pounds = kg x 2.2 and
Kg = pounds/2.2
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. The kilogram, also known as the kilo, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), which is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water. 1 Kilogram is equal to 2.20462262 pounds (Lbs). The abbreviation used for kilogram is 'kg' and for pound is 'lb'.
There is a qualitative as well as a quantitative difference between kilograms and pounds. Kilograms denote mass, but pounds denote weight, the force a mass exerts against a barrier in the presence of an acceleration field acting perpendicular to the barrier.
Calculate and convert the given value of kilogram into pounds.
KG into Pound = 44 Kilograms
Apply Formula:
Pounds = kg x 2.2
Pounds = 44*2.2
Pounds = 96.8 pounds


Data file and data structure documentation for the data used in Science paper. Tom Mitchell Sept, 2009 fMRI data is available for a number of human subjects. For each subject the full data set is stored on a file containing the subject number (e.g., the data for subject P1 is on data-science-P1.mat). After you load a file, you will find three variables defined: info, data, and meta. The variable'meta' contains general information about the dataset. The variable 'info' describes information about each presentation trial. The variable 'data' contains the actual image intensity data values. Detailed documentation for each variable is provided below: =========================================== META meta: This variable provides information about the data set. Relevant fields are shown in the following example: meta = study:'science' subject: 'P1' ntrials: 360 nvoxels: 21764 dimx: 51 dimy: 61 dimz: 23 colToCoord: [21764x3 double] coordToCol: [51x61x23 double] gives the name of the fMRI study. meta.subject gives the identifier for the human subject. meta.ntrials gives the number of trials in this dataset. meta.nvoxels gives the number of voxels (3D pixels) in each image. meta.dimx gives the maximum x coordinate in the brain image. The minimum x coordinate is x=1. meta.dimy and meta.dimz give the same information for the y and z coordinates. meta.colToCoord(v,:) gives the geometric coordinate (x,y,z) of the voxel corresponding to column v in the data. meta.coordToCol(x,y,z) gives the column index (within the data) of the voxel whose coordinate is (x,y,z). =========================================== INFO info: This variable defines the experiment in terms of a sequence of 'trials'. 'info' is a 1x360 struct array, describing the 360 trials. The relevant fields of info are illustrated in the following example: info(50) = cond: 'tool' cond_number: 11 word: 'hammer' word_number: 2 epoch: 1 info.cond gives the condition (in most cases, category of the word) presented during this trial. info.cond_number gives the numeric index of the condition presented during this trial. info.cond_number ranges from 2 to 13 because there are twelve different categories. Notice that the indexing started at 2 because cond_number=1 was used to indicate a rest, or fixation interval. In the provided example, the cond is 11 because 'tool' is the tenth category. info.word gives the word presented during this trial. For instance, the word 'hammer' is presented during this trial. info.word_number gives the numeric index of the word presented during this trial. info.word_number ranges from 1 to 5 because there are five words per condition. For instance, the word_number=2 here because 'hammer' is the second word in the 'tool' category. info.epoch gives the number of times this word has been presented. For instance, epoch=1 denotes this is the first time the word 'hammer' is presented. =========================================== DATA data: This variable contains the raw observed data. The fMRI data is a sequence of images collected over time. The data structure 'data' is a [360x1] cell array, with one cell per 'trial' in the experiment. Each element in this cell array is an 1xV array of observed fMRI activations. The element data{x}(1,v) gives the fMRI observation at voxel v within trial x. The full image at time t within trial x is given by data{x}(1,:).