text:
While the first guidance note by the inclusive governance unit focuses primarily on the moment of the outbreak and emergency responses, this note anticipates to examine conditions of governance after the outbreak and how HI interventions could look like to further mitigate or event prevent negative effects of the outbreak. It is already clear that the long-term socio-economic impacts will affect persons with disabilities disproportionately, so proactivity is necessary as from now. It aims to enable global reflection while respecting that situations differ according to the national context of an HI country of intervention
Inclusive education is a concept born in the global North. Research has shown that its relatively recent but widespread adoption by countries in the global South is often done without consideration of the actual needs of these contexts, and by solely focusing on strategies for learners with disabilities. As a result, inclusive education has been criticised as a neo-colonial project in need of renovation. The aim of this article is to show how research can broaden the understanding of inclusive education and make it more relevant to southern contexts. Drawing on an ethnographic research on inclusive education in Colombia, I present some unique examples of vulnerability, but also experiences of belonging in the direst of circumstances. I conclude that in order to decolonise the concept of inclusive education and make its practice sustainable in southern contexts, we need more culturally sensitive research to inform our understanding of these under-researched spaces.
Disability & the Global South (DGS), 2020, Vol. 7 No. 1
Good practices of DPO (Organisations of Persons with Disabilities) involvement in Light for the World programmes are analysed and successful ways of supporting DPO empowerment are reported. The paper is based on interviews and focus group discussions with organisations of persons with disabilities (DPOs), other project partners and Light for the World programme colleagues in Bolivia, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Northeast India and South Sudan
This report looks at the impact of unpaid care work on disability inclusive programming and shares some practical ideas for how to address this based on experiences of CBM partners and other agencies.
Programme experience discussed include:
- Building agency and relationships: a community mobilisation approach in Jharkhand, India
- Engaging men as care advocates in the Phillipines
- Recognising and supporting care givers in Ghana
- Good practice
Published in 2011, the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative provided a framework to guide the research needed to improve treatment and prevention of mental health disorders and expand access to mental health services. At the Academy's workshop on global mental health participants reflected on progress since 2011, focusing on specific life-course stages, and identified priorities for research in treatment and prevention, as well as enduring challenges and emerging opportunities
Disability research in Indigenous communities operates within a culture of academic neo-imperialism. There is a need to decolonise disability research on a global level. Limited knowledge exists on Indigenous disability researchers' experiences in the disability research academy and on Indigenous disability research methodologies. In part, this is due to the limited writings produced by Indigenous peoples on disability research and research methodologies. Four indigenous disability researchers, one from the Nordic Region and two from Australia, and one from New Zealand met during and after the 2017 Nordic Network on Disability Research conference and reflected on and discussed each other's experiences as Indigenous disability researchers. This paper reports on these scholars' reflections on comparing the research methodologies and experiences of their disability research. Findings highlight how although Indigenous peoples are from different tribes/nations and countries, there are similarities and differences between each of the Indigenous disability researcher's approach to decolonisation in disability research. The paper concludes that Sami, Australian Aboriginal people, and Maori people can learn from each other to advance the decolonisation of disability research, service and policy, at local, national and international levels.
Disability and the Global South, 2018, Vol.5, No. 2
An overview is presented of a project in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Thailand to:
- To support communities in raising socially and emotionally healthy kids in refugee/IDPs camps and in host communities.
- To create opportunities for children with disabilities and other vulnerable children (0-12 years old) including children at risk of developmental delays/psychological distress in displacement contexts, to learn and develop safely while having fun.
- Using "play" as key driver to learn and develop safely children's potential while having fun.
The project was implemented using:
- Existing HI tools (Personalized Social Support, Adapted Physical Activity, etc.)
- Tools piloted in IKEA project (Blue Box, low-cost toy making, inclusive playgrounds, Ideas box)
- Environmental Footprint Assessment across 3 project sites
Monitoring & evaluation was carried out using techniques including
- Scopeo (Sc-ore O-f Pe-rceived O-utcomes) Kids
- Participatory M&E approaches (digital story telling, child-child video interview etc)
Presented at the People at the centre Seminar, Dec 2017
This report suggests a "twin-track" approach based on the World Health Organization's Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less Resourced Settings, an eight-step process, and dedicated disability inclusion programming, the "plus." By following this 8 Steps+ approach, community development organizations can provide appropriate wheelchairs and empower their constituencies to exercise their rights and fundamental freedoms.
The papers in this volume on gender, persons with disabilities and WASH in South Asia help to provide important pointers on ways forward. A common thread throughout the four articles is that a constellation of challenges still exists, from 'exclusion' through prejudice at different levels, to institutional realities that render policy and other instruments ineffective in practice. In some cases, even, there remains a complete absence of key legal and policy instruments.
Titles of the articles in this issue are:
- Planning for inclusion: exploring access to WASH for women and men with disabilities in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka
- Breaking down Barriers: Gender and Disability in Access to Agricultural Water Management in Nepal
- The Gender Gap between Water Management and Water Users: Evidence from Southwest Bangladesh
- Are policies enough to mainstream Gender in water and sanitation programs? Experiences from community managed drinking water supply schemes in India
Today there are Community-based Rehabilitation (CBR) programmes in a large number of countries. In many countries, the CBR approach is a part of the national rehabilitation services. However, there is a lack of reliable data about persons with disabilities who benefit from CBR and the kind of benefits they receive.
This article reviews the disability data collection systems and presents some case studies to understand the influence of operational factors on data collection in the CBR programmes.
The review shows that most CBR programmes use a variable number of broad functional categories to collect information about persons with disabilities, combined occasionally with more specific diagnostic categories. This categorisation is influenced by local contexts and operational factors, including the limitations of human and material resources available for its implementation, making it difficult to have comparable CBR data.
Therefore, any strategies to strengthen the data collection in CBR programmes must take these operational factors into account.
A review by Plan International of their work in the area of inclusive education is presented. Rights associated with inclusive education, education targets in SDGs and global education intitatives and trends are outlined. Issues associated with inclusive education implementation and what needs to be done are discussed. The experience, standards, priorities and strategies and advocacy of Plan International are reported.
This UNICEF report explores how climate change and related crises impact children. The report begins by outlining major climate related risks, how they may impact children, and how repetitive crises can have an increased impact on children and families. Secondly, the report shows how different mitigating actions might impact children and families. Finally the report presents a number of broad policy recommendations to reduce global warming, decrease children's exposure and increase their resilience to climate change and environmental risks
"This is a book about social change practices from many countries. It contains a variety of stories, analyses, and ideas, with many poems and illustrations to illuminate and enhance the text. For activists, civil society leaders, practitioners and students, this is not a book of easy answers, but one of experiences, learnings and questions, all asking "What is the real work of social change?" The writers have not attempted to provide "best practice models", but rather something to be learned from, to deepen our questions, and to be more thoughtful in our practice"
Malezi AIDS Care Awareness Organization (MACAO) is a non-profit organization reaching out to neglected Indigenous people in Ngorongoro District, Arusha Region of Northern Tanzania. Macao founded in 2003, Macao is a humanitarian organization that provides assistance to approximately 200,000 Indigenous Maasai community in Ngorongoro district for addressing needs of water and sanitation, food security, health Care Research, Education, Research environment, Maasai Traditional Research, Human Rights and sustainable economic development by strengthening their livelihoods. In addition to responding to major relief situations, MACAO focuses on long-term community development through over 4 Area Development Project. We welcome the donors and volunteers to join us in this programs, we are wolking in ruro villages.
"The intention of this guide is to provide practical guidance on how Oxfam undertakes political economy analysis (PEA) in order to inform operations and programming. It is based on the experience of working with Oxfam Myanmar (and heavily features this experience), initially looking at how PEA could be used to address two areas: 1) 'How can citizens/civil society get engaged with local planning and budgeting processes?' and 2) 'How will the economic opening up of Myanmar affect small-scale farmers?'"
This guide aims to assist professionals in conducting an accessibility audit, and is aimed at Handicap International professionals who have responsibility for developing, implementing


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The Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE) is a must-pass required exam for all pharmacists needing licensure to practice in a specific U.S. state. While there are common content areas for the MPJE among all states, each state has its own unique exam covering that individual state's specific pharmacy laws and regulations.
At Exam Master, working with pharmacy law experts, we take the time to review and understand each state's individual pharmacy laws and regulations and, most importantly, how each state applies Federal drug laws to that state. Our 120-Question MPJE practice exam for Massachusetts is designed to cover all key pharmacy laws and regulations unique to the state of Massachusetts ensuring that you pass the MPJE exam on the very first try.
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Article by Jeffrey Stivason
5 Reasons Why Systematic Theology is Indispensable to the Preacher
September 26, 2015 •
Benjamin B. Warfield wrote a little article for the Homiletic Review in 1897 titled, "The Indispensableness of Systematic Theology to the Preacher." As anything written by Warfield, it is a thoughtful and edifying piece with a clear aim. According to the Lion of Old Princeton, it is through Gospel truth that souls are saved. Thus, it is the prime business of the preacher, who possesses and is possessed by this truth, to proclaim it to men, women, and children. And so, says Warfield, systematic theology is an aid to the preacher in this great work because systematic theology "is nothing other than the saving truth of God presented in systematic form."
There are those today who would take issue with Warfield. Exegetes believe themselves to be purists. Biblical theologians believe themselves to be first cousins of the exegete. But the systematician is often looked upon as the ugly step sister. The one-time Queen of the Sciences has seen better days. Warfield found the situation to be the same in his day. He once quipped that Biblical theology "tosses her fine young head and announces of her more settled sister (i.e. systematic theology) that her day is over." Opponents of the Systematic Sister never weary of accusing her of splitting her hairs and engaging in windy profitless discussion. So, perhaps it might be a good idea to remember why systematic theology is indispensable to the preacher.
First, systematic theology is rooted in God's word. As Warfield said, "Scripture forms the only sufficing source of theology." In fact, the principle of all Reformed systematic theology can be distilled in a little phrase: God has said it. One can see the obvious correlation between writing a sermon and writing a systematic paper or text. The pastor and the theologian must begin with the Bible.
Second, systematic theology is not an independent and autonomous discipline. According to Warfield, "He who says, 'Systematic Theology' says theological discipline, and calls to mind its correlates in the other theological disciplines." In other words, systematic theology, queen though she may be, is not independent of exegesis, Biblical theology, and historical theology. As Warfield understood the matter, exegesis leads to Biblical theology or the organization of the scattered results of continuous exegesis into a concatenated whole. The fruit of Biblical theology is taken up by systematic theology and organized into a unified system. Thus, systematic theology takes the truths harvested from the theological disciplines in order to answer the question, "What does the Bible say about x?
Third, the preacher preaches what he knows. This may seem straightforward enough but it needs to be said because too many believe that all one needs to be a preacher is a heart aflame. This is true. But if the flame of the heart passes through a mind deficient of fuel the mouth has a tendency to issue forth smoke. Related to this is the problem of categorization. Some men know more than they seem able to communicate because they have not taken the time to organize or systematize what they have studied in God's word.
Fourth, and related to the previous point, preaching produces living. Over the years the congregation often begins to resemble the preacher and his preaching. For example, if a pastor places a heavy emphasis on law over against grace in his preaching the congregation will have a tendency to do the same. If he emphasizes grace to the exclusion of law it too will have an effect. Therefore, it is important that the pastor not only know systematic theology but use it to instruct his congregation. The old adage "right doctrine produces right living" is an old adage for a reason.
Fifth, and related to the first point, systematic theology is neither one man's opinion nor the church's creation. Since systematic theology arises from the Bible it is the truth of God which is to be confessed by the church and incorporated into her consciousness. This means that it is the preachers duty to know systematic theology in order to preserve, proclaim, and protect the truth of God once delivered to the saints.


Augusta Tabor: Entrepreneur
agustataborWhen: 1833 – 1895
Where: Born in Maine, moved to Kansas, and then to Colorado
Why Important: Augusta successfully ran businesses, owned real estate, and carefully managed her money at a time when few women were allowed to be involved in financial and business matters.
Mrs. Tabor's mansion on Broadway in Denver circa _PHONE_ (Credit: Denver Public Library)
Mrs. Tabor's mansion on Broadway in Denver circa _PHONE_
(Credit: Denver Public Library)
Augusta Louise Pierce was born March 29, 1833 in Maine. She met Horace Tabor, a stone-cutter her father hired to work in his quarry. They got married on January 31, 1857. The couple moved to a small town in Kansas and worked as farmers.
In 1859, Horace, Augusta, and their son, Maxey, moved to Colorado. Horace hoped to make money mining for gold. Augusta earned money cooking and doing laundry for the miners. They moved again to Oro City and started a grocery store where Augusta worked. Horace was doing well mining. However, Horace wanted to make more money and moved the family to Leadville.1 The Tabors started a new store and Horace became postmaster of the town.
In 1878, Horace gave two miners supplies in exchange for one third of their mine profit. The miners struck silver and the Tabors became very wealthy! Horace spent his money quickly. Augusta wanted him to save the money. This caused a lot of arguments. Horace kept spending money and bought a big mansion in Denver for the family.
Augusta and Horace continued to fight over money. In 1883 the couple divorced.2 She kept his last name, Tabor, even after he married Baby Doe Tabor.
Augusta donated much of her money to build a new Unitarian church in Denver. She also owned real estate and became wealthy on her own. She was one of the richest business people in Denver. This was unusual for a woman of the day.
Augusta moved to Pasadena, California in 1894 when she became ill. She died one year later.3 She is buried at the Riverside Pioneer Cemetery in Denver.
Content Date: Jan. 1, 1833 to Jan. 1, 1895
Learn More:
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text:
The majority of industrial refrigeration systems in the U.S. are central-station ammonia systems—the backbone of the food and beverage industry. For over 100 years, these ammonia systems have dominated the industry because they not only have superior thermos-physical properties, but also because they're environmentally friendly. Ammonia has a global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero.
In addition, ammonia is:
- One of the most energy-efficient refrigerants available for the temperature range used in the food and beverage industry
- Readily available
- Cost effective, with some of the best heat-transfer characteristics of all refrigerants
However, despite its many benefits, ammonia is still a toxic refrigerant and is flammable in certain concentrations. This has led to the development of very specific design and operational regulations so facilities can tap into ammonia's benefits while operating safely.
Central station ammonia systems' advantages and disadvantages
Central station ammonia systems are comprised of evaporators (air handling units, cooling coils, etc.) located throughout the facility at the loads to be cooled. The compressors, condensers and vessels of the system are housed in a central machine room and the ammonia is then piped from the machine room to the evaporators at the load.
From an industrial standpoint, this configuration provides significant advantages:
- Central location of all compressors and equipment
- Easy facilitation of backup
- Majority of maintenance kept to one room
The disadvantage of a central station ammonia system is the size of the refrigerant charge. The vessels in the machine room have to be sized to carry the system charge throughout the year, so fairly large surge capacities must be included. The distribution network (pipes) that deliver the refrigerant to the evaporators can be very elaborate, resulting in significant refrigerant charge. And all of the control valve stations located throughout the system have the potential to leak.
While the ammonia refrigeration industry has an excellent safety record, accidents and leaks occur. In response, OSHA developed its Process Safety Management (PSM) program and EPA developed its Risk Management Program (RMP) to regulate use of ammonia and minimize potential leaks in large-scale systems with refrigerant charges over 10,000 lbs. At the same time, Homeland Security now wants to keep track of facilities over 10,000 lbs. Compliance with these regulations and programs has had a significant impact on the cost of operating these systems.
Distributed refrigeration's advantages and applications
The push to take advantage of the benefits of ammonia while reducing the risks has resulted in an innovative solution: distributed refrigeration with low-charge packaged solutions.
In a central system, the compressors, condensers and vessels are sized for the entire plant and are located in a central machine room. In a distributed system, the compressor, condenser and vessels are sized for one evaporator and are located at the evaporator.
Packaged rooftop systems with compressors and condensers have been used in the air conditioning industry for many years, and now there is a packaged rooftop system for industrial refrigeration. Of course, the biggest advantage is that each system can be designed for a critical refrigerant charge and there is no piping back to the machine room.
A typical 200,000-square-foot cold storage facility with a conventional central station ammonia system could have refrigerant charge from 35,000 to 45,000 lbs, while a distributed system using low-charge ammonia systems would have a total refrigerant charge of less than 3,000 lbs.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
US 20050157689 A1
The present application, a system for proximity awareness for mobile data communication on an electronic communication device comprising of a client application on an electronic communication device communicating across a wireless network, and an awareness server consisting of a plurality of server objects that monitors multiple devices on a wireless communication network. In addition, the client application on the electronic communication device comprises of a plurality of software objects. The client application periodically broadcasts the current wireless tower that the device is communicating on, to the awareness server. The awareness server tracks the location of other Tower IDs of other users in the individual's contact list. If there is a match in Tower IDs, an alert is sent to both users that they are in proximity to each other.
1. A system for proximity awareness for mobile data communication on an electronic communication device comprising:
a client application on said device communicating across a wireless network, the client application comprising a plurality of software objects; and
an awareness server consisting of a plurality of server objects that monitors multiple devices on a wireless communication network.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
a vibrating motion created by a vibrating motor on said device;
a light display emitted from a Light Emitting Diode on said device; and
a plurality of tones created by the speaker on said device.
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. A method of awareness notification comprising of the steps:
finding location status of device;
reporting device status and location update to awareness server;
monitoring ID list on awareness server;
matching devices in a similar location on awareness server; and
sending out awareness notification to matching devices indicating device proximity on awareness server.
21. The method of
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to the field of wireless proximity awareness using a communication device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Wireless proximity presence notification refers to wireless alerts sent to the wireless devices of other individuals, friends or contacts that are within proximity, relative to the wireless network communication towers. A wireless device is an electronic communication device that enables two or more individuals to communicate using voice or data. Examples of wireless devices include pagers, cellular phones, cellular smart-phones, wireless handheld organizers, and wirelessly enabled notebook computers.
Although many wireless devices enable remote, ubiquitous communication across large boundaries, there is also value associated with face-to-face communication, especially among contacts that keep in touch using wireless devices. Users of wireless device often travel without knowing that another user, such as a friend or business contact is nearby. If they are made aware of their proximity, both users may be able to get together for a meeting to conduct business or as a social gathering.
Known wireless communication devices do not provide a method for presence notification based on proximity; this invention seeks to accomplish this shortcoming.
The details of a disclosed herein may enable the development of a system and method of wireless proximity awareness in a communication device. It is an object of the present application that a system and method of wireless proximity awareness be defined.
The present application, a system for proximity awareness for mobile data communication on an electronic communication device comprising of a client application on an electronic communication device communicating across a wireless network, and an awareness server consisting of a plurality of server objects that monitors multiple devices on a wireless communication network. In addition, the client application on the electronic communication device comprises of a plurality of software objects.
Other aspects and features of the present application will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
Embodiments of the present application will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures, wherein:
Like reference numerals are used throughout the figures to denote similar elements and features.
The present invention relates to a system and method of wireless proximity awareness for wireless devices. This system permits users to be alerted of other wireless device users that are in proximity of the user's location. When two users on a pre-defined list of contacts (or Buddy-list) are near each other, an alert is sent from the proximity awareness server to both users. Both users can then use email, instant message or voice communication to communicate and set up a face-to-face meeting, for example. Benefits of proximity awareness include increased productivity during downtime, increased business development opportunity, and increased personal satisfaction being able to meet contacts.
The system of interest comprises a client application on a wireless device communicating with an awareness server located securely behind an organization's unsolicited network traffic controller. The unsolicited network traffic controller comprises of a firewall or a secure virtual private network (VPN) connection.
The proximity awareness server interacts with devices that communicate either on the same wireless network or on different, even non-compatible, wireless networks. The awareness server connects multiple users on multiple networks to enable seamless communication and notification. The awareness server is hosted either at a wireless carrier, a wireless application service provider or securely behind the firewall of the individuals' enterprise. Regardless of the location of where the awareness server is hosted, the awareness server is capable of communicating with users from multiple networks and/or different corporations.
Referring to the drawings,
The communication path between each wireless device and the awareness server 150 includes the air link from wireless device 110, 112 to the wireless network tower 120, across the Internet 130 to the awareness server 130 located securely behind an organization's firewall 140. The return path of communication will be the same route, but in the opposite direction.
The wireless device 110, 112 constantly listens to the wireless network tower 120 that it is connected to, as well as neighbouring towers in its proximity, and stores the device identifier and tower identifier in memory. The client application on each wireless device contains software objects that handle the processing of incoming data, monitoring the list of network towers, sending out updates to the awareness server 150 and triggering alerts once a proximity and contact match is found.
The client application enables wireless devices on the same wireless network, as well as, devices from other wireless networks to communicate. The ability to communicate on different networks is accomplished through an awareness server interface. The awareness server 150 has the ability to connect users from either the same or multiple networks together to communicate.
The awareness server 150 monitors a list of wireless devices and sends out proximity alerts. This server is hosted either by a wireless network carrier, by a wireless application service provider, or securely behind a company's firewall 140, as shown in
Where mobile electronic device 200 is enabled for two-way communication, it will incorporate a communication antenna subsystem 211, including both a receiver 212 and a transmitter 214, as well as associated components such as one or more, preferably embedded or internal, antenna elements 216 and 218, local oscillators (LOs) 213, and a processing module such as a digital signal processor (DSP) 220. As will be apparent to those skilled in the field of communications, the particular design of the communication subsystem 211 will be dependent upon the communication network in which the device is intended to operate.
Mobile electronic device 200 includes a microprocessor 238 that controls the overall operation of the device. Communication functions, including at least data and voice communications, are performed through communication subsystem 211. Microprocessor 238 also interacts with further device subsystems such as the display 222, flash memory 224, random access memory (RAM) 226, auxiliary input/output (I/O) subsystems 228, serial port 230, keyboard 232, speaker 234, microphone 236, a short-range communications subsystem 240 and any other device subsystems generally designated as 242.
The other device subsystems 242 of interest include software objects of the client application responsible for handling proximity awareness and notification on the wireless device. These software objects will be further elaborated in the proceeding figures.
Mobile electronic device 200 also includes other components such as programs 258, device states 250, an address book 252, a PIM application 254, other applications 256, configuration information 251, and other information 253 relevant to the operation of the device. The aforementioned components in this paragraph, although available on the device and outlined in
In the system of
Once the location information (Tower IDs and Device IDs) is received at the awareness server 150, the information is inputted into an application where a listener object monitors the ID lists at step 320. The awareness server 150 contains three global ID lists of interest—a Device ID list, a Tower ID list and a User Buddy list. The Device ID list contains information on all devices registered on the system, including the Device IDs, the unique identifiers of each device. The Tower ID list is a list of all network towers that the awareness server can listen to. This Tower list contains network towers from different network carriers, associated with each wireless device. The User Buddy list contains a list of user profile of all users and a their contacts or buddies.
There is logic in the awareness server 150 that performs a comparison; if a match of two devices on the same contact list and on the same network tower is detected at step 330, an awareness notification is sent to both users at step 340 to indicate that they are in proximity to each other. It is up to the users at this point to decide whether they would like to communicate or physically meet considering their physical proximity. If the logic on the awareness


text:
Transition in school is about managing the social and emotional aspects of transition, but it is also concerned with managing the continuity of learning, so that there is little, if any, impact on learning.
The transitions that occur during early childhood can be viewed as some of the most important ones that will occur in our lives. Learning to successfully transition is a key life skill which is applied not just to entering and moving through the education system but also entering and re-entering the world of work and relationships. This skill not only helps us achieve academic and employment goals but can underpin our sense well-being and mental health.
Starting and changing schools are big transitions. There are transitions that occur in a child's personal life and there are transitions that form part and parcel of the child's life as a pupil in school. How do transitions affect children and how can you support the children in your school through these potentially difficult times?
RSVP to _EMAIL_


What key is 21 guns?
F major
What I've done chords?
Why is it called 21 guns?
The 21-gun salute, commonly recognized by many nations, is the highest honor rendered. The custom stems from naval tradition, when a warship would signify its lack of hostile intent by firing its cannons out to sea until all ammunition was spent.
Did David Bowie write 21 guns?
On its release, however, many rock critics noted the similarities between the melody of the song's chorus and "All the Young Dudes," a song recorded by the glam rock band Mott the Hoople in 1972, but written by David Bowie. Rather than risk a lawsuit, Green Day decided to list Bowie as a songwriter on "21 Guns."
Is 21 guns a protest song?
"21 Guns" is a protest song, protesting war. This song is an anti-war song which targets world peace. Although this song doesn't protest a specific war, it protests war in general. … The song references the 21 Gun Salute, which is performed as a military honor.19 мая 2013 г.
What is the F note on guitar?
Here is the basic version of the F chord. … It is played by barring the first two strings with the first finger on the first fret, then picking up the A note with the second finger on the second fret of the 3rd string, and grabbing the F note with the third finger on the third fret of hte 4th string..
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Hi all.
I have the following setting: $A, B$ are $\mathbb{Z}$-modules (in my case, $B$ is free and finitely generated) and i have a $\mathbb{Z}$-bilinear map $\phi:A \times B \mapsto \mathbb{Z}$. Now i want to do an "extension" of scalars, meaning that i take an arbitrary commutative ring $R$ with unit ($\mathbb{F}_p$ for example), then there is a unique $R$-bilinear form $\Phi : (A \otimes R) \times (B \otimes R) \mapsto \mathbb{Z} \otimes R$ satisfying $\Phi((a \otimes r), (b \otimes r')) = \phi(a, b) r r'$.
The question now is: if $\phi$ is perfect (meaning that the maps $A \mapsto d_{\mathbb{Z}}(B), a \mapsto \phi(a, \cdot)$ and $B \mapsto d_{\mathbb{Z}}(A), b \mapsto \phi(\cdot, b)$ where $d_R(\cdot) = Hom_{R}(\cdot, R)$ are bijective), is this also true for $\Phi$ with $R$ in place of $\mathbb{Z}$?
I already know that non-degeneracy alone is not sufficient, if we take a lattice $L = \mathbb{Z} x$ and the bilinear form $\phi(x,x) = p$ and then tensor with $\mathbb{F}_p$, this gives $\Phi(x \otimes \overline{1}, x \otimes \overline{r}) = p = 0 \mod p$ so that $\Phi$ is degenerate.
The result was true if $A, B$ and $R$ were vector spaces over a field (see the reference in Optimal reference for tensor product of symmetric bilinear forms?) but does this generalize to the module setting?
Best and thanks,
Fabian Werner
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As long as your $B$ is free and finitely generated, $A$, being isomorphic to $d_{\mathbb Z}(B)$, is also free on the same number of generators. Fix free generators $a_i$ for $A$ and $b_i$ for $B$. Perfectness of $\phi$ will make the matrix with entries $\phi(a_i,b_j)$ have determinant 1. That determinant will remain 1 after you extend scalars, and so $\phi$ will remain perfect.
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Aw, yes, this is certainly true... But what happens if none of them if finitely generated, does it still remain true? – Fabian Werner Jan 11 '12 at 18:34
_USER_ : There are counterexamples : take $A=\prod_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{Z}$ and $B=\bigoplus_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{Z}$. The pairing $A \times B \to \mathbf{Z}$ given by $(a_n),(b_n)\mapsto \sum_{n \in \mathbf{N}} a_n b_n$ is perfect (surprising, but true, see here : _URL_.pdf). After tensoring with $\mathbf{F}_p$ the pairing becomes $\prod_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{F}_p \times \bigoplus_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{F}_p \to \mathbf{F}_p$ which cannot be perfect because of dimension reasons. – François Brunault Jan 12 '12 at 10:51
Since Francois cited a paper on which I'm a co-author, I should point out that this paper is not the original source for the result but merely quotes it. The perfectness of that pairing is, as far as I know, due to Ernst Specker in 1950. (Reinhold Baer had related results earlier, but I don't think he had this one.) Also note that this perfect pairing becomes imperfect when tensored with any field, for the same reason Francois gave. – Andreas Blass Jan 12 '12 at 16:34
Thanks for the precisions. Also relevant is the previous MO post mathoverflow.net/questions/10239/… – François Brunault Jan 12 '12 at 17:08
Hmm, i wonder what happens when they are general $R$-modules ($R$ not necessarily a PID), then one does not have the notion of a determinant because the Gramian matrix is not necessarily a square matrix, right? – Fabian Werner Jan 24 '12 at 16:45
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The Effective Social Worker
by Neil Thompson and Sue Thompson
Understanding Social Work 5th edition
The everyday role of the social worker is to help improve the lives of people who are, in some form, struggling. It is a challenging role, but it can also be incredibly rewarding.
Now in its fifth edition Understanding Social Work continues to be the essential introduction to this complex field of practice. Getting to the heart of what social work is all about, it answers those questions that are fundamental to the role: What is social work? How is it carried out? What skills does it require? And what are the challenges? Whether you're considering a career in social work, already in training, or looking for a refresher guide, this book provides a picture of social work for what it truly is: its difficulties, its demands and its rewards.
Written to engage and stimulate the reader, each chapter features:
 - Voice of experience boxes offering professional guidance and handy tips from experienced practitioners.
 - Practice focus features that illustrate the challenges of training and practising in social work, as well as ways of overcoming them.
 - Exercises that engage the reader with the content and test your knowledge.
 - A Guide to further learning that highlights key texts in the subject area.


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Fallout: Mile High
Super mutants are mutated humans, products of infection by the Forced Evolutionary Virus (FEV). They are much taller, bulkier and muscular than pure strain humans, have (mostly) green, gray, or yellowish skin, are immune to disease and radiation, and are gifted with superhuman strength and endurance. Although they are completely sterile, the rapid regeneration of their cells caused by FEV makes them virtually biologically immortal (but not immune to death from injury).
There are two different known sources of super mutants in the post-War world – Mariposa Military Base in the Core Region (on the West Coast) and Vault 87 in the Capital Wasteland (on the East Coast). The two populations have separate histories and origins, and are yet to interact with each other. While originally the term was only used to refer to the Mariposa stock, the Brotherhood of Steel carried the term with them and applied it to those from Vault 87 upon encountering them.


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Bugs, Bugs, Bugs!
This booklist was contributed by Appleton Public Library Children's Services Staff, 6/08
- Bedtime Story (2006) Miss Spider and Holly just can't seem to get to bed on time, so their little bugs step in to help out.
- Breakout at the Bug Lab (2001) When a giant cockroach named Max escapes from their mother's bug laboratory, Leo and his brother receive help from a mysterious stranger who advises them to think like a bug in order to recapture the runaway roach.
- Bug Stew (2003) An easy-to-read, rhyming tale of Timon, Pumbaa, and Simba, who spend a day searching for and eating all sorts of tasty bugs.
- Bugs (1988) Simple text and illustrations of a variety of insects introduce the numbers one through five.
- Captain Sunny Patch (2006) While trying to learn how to fly, Squirt accidentally becomes Captain Sunny Patch, the new neighborhood hero.
- Dance, Spider, Dance (1993)
- Diego Saves a Butterfly (2007) Diego rescues a butterfly from the cave she hid in when Baby Jaguar scared her.
- The Great Bug Hunt (1993) Children set out looking for insects and they find all kinds.
- I Like Bugs (1999) In brief rhyming text, lists all the types of insects the narrator likes.
- Inspector Hopper (2000) Inspector Hopper and his perpetually hungry assistant McBugg solve three mysteries for their insect friends.
- Meadow Magic (2002) Hildy the duck helps Ladybug prepare to sing at the Big Bug Concert.
- My, Oh My, a Butterfly (2007)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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which means that SQL necessarily ignores the law of the excluded middle. Put simply the Law of the Excluded Middle essentially states that when given any Boolean result, the opposite of the result can be obtained by applying the logical "not" operator. This does not apply to SQL nulls, however. Under the precepts of the law of the excluded middle, a Boolean expression like the following can be simplified:
SELECT * FROM stuff WHERE ( x = 10 ) OR NOT ( x = 10 );
The law of the excluded middle allows for simplification of the WHERE clause predicate, which would result in a statement like the following:
SELECT * FROM stuff;
This will not work in SQL, since the x column could contain nulls which would result in some new rows being returned.
SELECT * FROM stuff; -- is (because of 3VL) equivalent to: SELECT * FROM stuff WHERE ( x = 10 ) OR NOT ( x = 10 ) OR x IS NULL;
Thus, to correctly simplify the first statement in SQL requires that we return all rows in which x is not null.
SELECT * FROM stuff WHERE x IS NOT NULL;
While ignoring the law of the excluded middle does introduce additional complexity to SQL logic, attempts to apply this rule to SQL's 3VL results in a false dichotomy.
The ISO SQL:1999 standard introduced the Boolean datatype to SQL. The Boolean datatype, as defined by the standard, can hold the truth values TRUE, FALSE, and UNKNOWN. Null is defined in this one instance as equivalent to the truth value UNKNOWN.
This "null equals UNKNOWN truth value" proposition introduces an inconsistency into SQL 3VL. One major problem is that it contradicts a basic property of nulls, the property of propagation. Nulls, by definition, propagate through all SQL expressions. The Boolean truth values do not have this property. Consider the following scenarios in SQL:1999, in which two Boolean truth values are combined into a compound predicate. According to the rules of SQL 3VL, and as shown in the 3VL truth table shown earlier in this article, the following statements hold:
However, because nulls propagate, treating null as UNKNOWN results in the following logical inconsistencies in SQL 3VL:
The SQL:1999 standard does not define how to deal with this inconsistency, and results could vary between implementations. Because of these inconsistencies and lack of support from vendors the SQL Boolean datatype did not gain widespread acceptance. Most SQL DBMS platforms now offer their own platform-specific recommendations for storing Boolean-type data.


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Sport Hunting Helping the Ocellated Turkey
Subsistence and market hunting nearly eliminated the North American wild turkey during the 19th century. Regulated sport hunting, with its strict game laws, professional wildlife agencies and conservation-minded hunters, saved the bird from extinction by raising its value above the price of a meal.
The North American wild turkey is now flourishing, but populations of another species of wild turkey, the ocellated turkey of Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico, are diminishing under the same problems that plagued its North American cousin.
Lovett Williams is a former chief of the Florida Bureau of Wildlife Research and owns some hunting camps in Guatemala and Belize. He is trying to convince locals they can feed their families longer by guiding sport hunters looking to bag an ocellated turkey than by hunting the birds for food.
The ocellated turkey is one of six turkeys hunters must take in order to complete the World Slam of turkey hunting. Hunters pay $3,000 or more to fly to Guatemala, travel into the ocellated turkey's rainforest home, stay in rustic huts and enjoy a once-in-a-lifetime hunt. This money helps ensure the survival of the bird and its habitat and provides economic incentives to locals to follow a wildlife conservation and hunting plan similar to the one that has been so successful in North America.
"Most of the money for the hunts goes to people living in the area," said Williams. "They get about two thirds of the money. The bird that used to feed their families for a day will now feed their families for months."
According to Williams, many Guatemalans are beginning to understand the need to protect the ocellated turkey. They are limiting their harvests and seasons, putting an end to market hunting and only harvesting males.
"They have realized that if they hunt the ocellated turkey to extinction they will lose their new livelihood," Williams said.
Williams employs Guatemalans as guides, cooks and helpers at his camps in Guatemala and plans to hire locals at his new camp in Belize.
Tom Hughes, an NWTF biologist, believes that the North American conservation model will work in Central America.
"Hunters are going to save the ocellated turkey in South America," said Hughes. "The same as they did for the white-tailed deer and the wild turkey."
To learn more about the ocellated turkey visit our "All About Wild Turkeys" page at _URL_ or call _PHONE_.


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Starting with Windows XP, run-down protection is available to kernel-mode drivers. Drivers can use run-down protection to safely access objects in shared system memory that are created and deleted by another kernel-mode driver.
An object is said to be run down if all outstanding accesses of the object are finished and no new requests to access the object will be granted. For example, a shared object might need to be run down so that it can be deleted and replaced with a new object.
The driver that owns the shared object can enable other drivers to acquire and release run-down protection on the object. When run-down protection is in effect, a driver other than the owner can access the object without risk that the owner will delete the object before the access completes. Before the access starts, the accessing driver requests run-down protection on the object. For a long-lived object, this request is nearly always granted. After the access finishes, the accessing driver releases its previously acquired run-down protection on the object.
To start sharing an object, the driver that owns the object calls the ExInitializeRundownProtection routine to initialize run-down protection on the object. After this call, other drivers that access the object can acquire and release run-down protection on the object.
A driver that accesses the shared object calls the ExAcquireRundownProtection routine to request run-down protection on the object. After the access is finished, this driver calls the ExReleaseRundownProtection routine to release run-down protection on the object.
If the owning driver determines that the shared object must be deleted, this driver waits to delete the object until all outstanding accesses of the object are finished.
In preparation to delete the shared object, the owning driver calls the ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease routine to wait for the object to run down. During this call, ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease waits for all previously granted instances of run-down protection on the object to be released, but prevents new requests for run-down protection on the object from being granted. After the last protected access finishes and all instances of run-down protection are released, ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease returns, and the owning driver can safely delete the object.
ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease blocks the execution of the calling driver thread until all drivers that hold run-down protection on the shared object release this protection. To prevent ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease from blocking execution for excessively long periods, drivers threads that access the shared object should avoid being suspended while they hold run-down protection on the object. For this reason, accessing drivers should call ExAcquireRundownProtection and ExReleaseRundownProtection within a critical region or guarded region, or while running at IRQL = APC_LEVEL.
Run-down protection is particularly useful for providing access to a shared object that is nearly always available but might occasionally need to be deleted and replaced. Drivers that access data or that call routines in this object must not try to access the object after it is deleted. Otherwise, these invalid accesses might cause unpredictable behavior, data corruption, or even system failure.
For example, an antivirus driver typically stays loaded in memory when the operating system is running. Occasionally, this driver might need to be unloaded and replaced with an updated release of the driver. Other drivers send I/O requests to the antivirus driver to access the data and routines in this driver. Before sending an I/O request, a kernel component, such as a file system filter manager, can acquire run-down protection to guard against premature unloading of the antivirus driver while it handles the I/O request. After the I/O request completes, run-down protection can be released.
Run-down protection does not serialize accesses to a shared object. If two or more accessing drivers can simultaneously hold run-down protection on an object, and accesses to the object must be serialized, some other mechanism, such as a mutual-exclusion lock, must be used to serialize the accesses.
An EX_RUNDOWN_REF structure tracks the status of run-down protection on a shared object. This structure is opaque to drivers. The system-supplied run-down protection routines use this structure to count the number of instances of run-down protection that are currently in effect on the object. These routines also use this structure to track whether the object is run down or is in the process of being run down.
To start sharing an object, the driver that owns the object calls ExInitializeRundownProtection to initialize the EX_RUNDOWN_REF structure associated with the object. After initialization, the owning driver can make this structure available to other drivers that require access to the object. The accessing drivers pass this structure as a parameter to the ExAcquireRundownProtection and ExReleaseRundownProtection calls that acquire and release run-down protection on the object. The owning driver passes this structure as a parameter to the ExWaitForRundownProtectionRelease call that waits for the object to run down so that it can be safely deleted.
Run-down protection is one of several ways to guarantee safe access to a shared object. Another approach is to use a mutual-exclusion software lock. If a driver requires access to an object that is currently locked by another driver, the first driver must wait for the second driver to release the lock. However, acquiring and releasing locks can become a performance bottleneck, and locks can consume large amounts of memory. If used incorrectly, locks might cause drivers that compete for the same shared objects to become deadlocked. Efforts to detect and avoid deadlocks typically require the diversion of substantial computing resources.
In contrast to locks, run-down protection has relatively lightweight processing time and memory requirements. A simple reference count is associated with the object to ensure that deletion of the object is deferred until all outstanding accesses of the object are completed. With this approach, atomic, interlocked hardware instructions can be used instead of mutual-exclusion software locks to guarantee safe access to an object. Calls to acquire and release run-down protection are typically very fast. The benefits of using a lightweight mechanism, such as run-down protection, can be significant for a shared object that has a long life and is shared among many drivers.
Several other run-down protection routines are available, in addition to those that were mentioned previously. These additional routines might used by some drivers.
The ExRundownCompleted routine updates the EX_RUNDOWN_REF structure to indicate that the run down of the associated object has completed.
The ExAcquireRundownProtectionEx and ExReleaseRundownProtectionEx routines are similar to ExAcquireRundownProtection and ExReleaseRundownProtection. These four routines increment or decrement the count of the instances of run-down protection that are in effect on a shared object. Whereas ExAcquireRundownProtection and ExReleaseRundownProtection increment and decrement this count by one, ExAcquireRundownProtectionEx and ExReleaseRundownProtectionEx increment and decrement the count by arbitrary amounts.


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In telecommunications, Baud is the unit to measure the symbol rate. If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud. The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who innvented the Baudot code. The Baud rate is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits/second. As an example, gigabit ethernet has a symbol rate of 125MBd. Gigabit ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol. Gigabit ethernet uses four wires for transmission. It can transmit \rm 125 \;MBd \cdot 2 \;\tfrac{bit}{symbol} \cdot 4 = 1000 \;\tfrac{Mbit}{s}.


Very helpful, thanks. (Re item #1 in your answer--i agree, but what i had in mind was built-ins like'strsplit', not user-created functions). In any event, +1 from me. – doug Jan 12 '10 at 23:14
_USER_ About item #1 I think the only way is to check help for specific function, section Value. Like in?strsplit: "A list of the same length as x". But you should consider that there can be a function return different values depended on arguments (eg. sapply can return list or vector). – Marek Jan 13 '10 at 9:05
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Just to take a subset of your questions:
This article on indexing addresses the question of the difference between [] and [[]].
In short [[]] selects a single item from a list and [] returns a list of the selected items. In your example, x = list(1, 2, 3, 4)' item 1 is a single integer but x[[1]] returns a single 1 and x[1] returns a list with only one value.
> x = list(1, 2, 3, 4)
> x[1]
[1] 1
> x[[1]]
[1] 1
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Just to add one more point to this:
R does have a data structure equivalent to the Python dict in the hash package. You can read about it in this blog post from the Open Data Group. Here's a simple example:
> library(hash)
> h <- hash( keys=c('foo','bar','baz'), values=1:3 )
> h[c('foo','bar')]
 containing 2 key-value pairs.
 bar : 2
 foo : 1
In terms of usability, the hash class is very similar to a list. But the performance is better for large datasets.
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I'm aware of the hash package--it is mentioned in my original question as a suitable proxy for the traditional hash type. – doug Feb 17 '10 at 19:25
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One reason lists work as they do (ordered) is to address the need for an ordered container that can contain any type at any node, which vectors do not do. Lists are re-used for a variety of purposes in R, including forming the base of a data.frame, which is a list of vectors of arbitrary type (but the same length).
Why do these two expressions not return the same result?
To add to _USER_'s answer, if you wanted to get the same result, try:
x3 = as.list(1:4)
Which coerces the vector 1:4 into a list.
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You say:
For another, lists can be returned from functions even though you never passed in a List when you called the function, and even though the function doesn't contain a List constructor, e.g.,
# => 'list'
And I guess suggest that this is a problem(?). I'm here to tell you whey it's not a problem :-). Your example is a bit simple, in that when you do the string-split, you have a list with elements that are 1 element long, so you know that x[[1]] is the same as unlist(x)[1]. But what if the result of strsplit returned results of different length in each bin. Simply returning a vector (vs. a list) won't do at all.
For instance:
stuff <- c("You, me, and dupree","You me, and dupree",
 "He ran away, but not ver far, and not very fast")
x <- strsplit(stuff, ",")
xx <- unlist(strsplit(stuff, ","))
In the first case (x : which returns a list), you can tell what the 2nd "part" of the 3rd string was, eg: x[[3]][2]. How could you do the same using xx now that the results have been "unraveled" (unlist-ed)?
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x = list(1, 2, 3, 4)
x2 = list(1:4)
is not the same because 1:4 is the same as c(1,2,3,4). If you want them to be the same then:
x = list(c(1,2,3,4))
x2 = list(1:4)
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text:
Hansel and Gretel is an opera by nineteenth-century composer Engelbert Humperdinck, who described it as a Märchenoper (fairy tale opera). The libretto was written by Humperdinck's sister, Adelheid Wette, based on the Grimm brothers' fairy tale "Hansel and Gretel". It is much admired for its folk music-inspired themes, one of the most famous being the "Abendsegen" ("Evening Benediction") from act 2.
The idea for the opera was proposed to Humperdinck by his sister, who approached him about writing music for songs that she had written for her children for Christmas based on "Hansel and Gretel". After several revisions, the musical sketches and the songs were turned into a full-scale opera.
Humperdinck composed Hansel and Gretel in Frankfurt in 1891 and 1892. The opera was first performed in Weimar on December 23 1893, conducted by Richard Strauss. It has been associated with Christmas since its earliest performances and today it is still most often performed at Christmas time. This 1990 recording stars Anne Sofie von Otter and Barbara Bonney. Jeffrey Tate conducts.


text:
- Poster presentation
- Open Access
Comparison of HIV-1 viral load based on RNA or reverse transcriptase activity in patients with suspected viral load underestimation
Retrovirology volume 9, Article number: P29 (2012)
In HIV diagnostics, viral load (VL) measurement is based on viral RNA. Occasionally, untreated patients present with a low VL of ≤1000 copies/ml, in which case the VL may be underestimated. In Switzerland, patients with suspected underestimation of VL by nucleic acid testing (NAT) are offered VL assessment by the Product Enhanced Reverse Transcriptase (PERT) assay. Here, we compared VL measurement by these two methods in order to assess the frequency and magnitude of NAT-based VL underestimation.
Material and methods
We compared VL by PERT and NAT for three different patient groups: (1) newly diagnosed patients with suspected underestimation of VL by NAT (n=19); (2) patients receiving VL monitoring by PERT based on previously confirmed underestimation (n=28), and (3) a reference group of untreated, subtype B-infected patients (n=16). The output of both assays was copies/ml viral RNA. For the PERT assay, conversion to copies/ml was based on a reference correlation of NAT VL and RT-activity (qPCR).
In newly diagnosed patients approximately 4% have a suspected VL underestimation by NAT (≤1000 copies/ml). PERT results were available for 19 of 59 of such newly diagnosed patients (32.2%). The median difference (log copies/ml) between PERT and NAT VL for this group was 1.36, compared to 0.92 for PERT-monitored patients and -0.004 for the reference group. In 74% of newly diagnosed and 68% of PERT-monitored patients the VL by PERT was ≥5x higher compared to NAT (reference group: 0%). Correlation between PERT and NAT was at R2=0.02 for newly diagnosed patients, 0.63 for PERT-monitored patients and 0.89 for the reference group. Patient groups (1) and (2) both comprised a mixture of subtypes, including subtype B.
This analysis confirms that VL underestimation still occasionally occurs, even with the improved contemporary VL tests. Causes include sequence variations leading to impaired primer/probe-binding during cDNA amplification. As inadvertent VL underestimation may lead to further infections or inappropriate treatment decisions, a sequence-independent test, like the PERT, remains valuable for confirming a low VL.
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Cite this article
Vetter, B.N., Shah, C., Böni, J. et al. Comparison of HIV-1 viral load based on RNA or reverse transcriptase activity in patients with suspected viral load underestimation. Retrovirology 9, P29 (2012). _URL_
- Treatment Decision
- Viral Load
- Reference Group
- Untreated Patient
- Median Difference


Which Countries Border Qatar?
By Joseph Kiprop on November 28 2018 in World Facts
A map showing Qatar's position.
Qatar, more formally referred to as the State of Qatar, is a nation located on the western edge of the Asia. The country is relatively small in size, spanning an area of roughly 4,471 square miles, making it the 158th largest country in the world. Qatar is situated on the Qatar Peninsula, which is on the northeastern coast of the larger Arabian Peninsula. Politically, Qatar has been referred as a either a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy. The country's land border is shared with Saudi Arabia to the south, while the remainder of Qatar is surrounded by the Persian Gulf. Additionally, an arm of the Persian Gulf also separates Qatar from Bahrain. Since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868, the country has been ruled by the house of Thani. In 2017, Qatar had a population of 2.6 million people, 313,000 of which were citizens while the remaining 2.3 million were expatriates.
Development of Qatar's Borders
The long history of human habitation in Qatar has played a significant role in shaping its borders. One of the most influential population groups in Qatar's history were the Usfurids, who had control of the region for much of the 13th century. Qatar's strategic location and the presence of high-quality pearls made the area attractive, and the Portuguese eventually became the first European colonists to develop interest in the region. The territory fell under control of the Portuguese by 1521, but they were later expelled by the combined forces of the British and Dutch. Qatar would later become controlled by the British until it gained independence in 1971. Before the British granted the Qatari people their independence, the Qatari government proposed that several other Arab states join with it to create the Federation of Arab Emirates. Despite the efforts of several regional leaders, the federation was disbanded, and Qatar became an independent nation with distinct land borders.
Saudi Arabia-Qatar Border
Qatar's only land border is shared with Saudi Arabia, which approximately 54 miles long. One of the major towns located on the Qatari side of the border is Abu Samra, which had the distinction of being the only land border crossing between Qatar and Saudi Arabia until the Qatari government closed it in 2017. There are several towns located on the Saudi side of the border, the most prominent being Al Salwa and Harad. The Gulf of Salwah also separates Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
Historical Border Dispute Between Qatar and Saudi Arabia
During the 19th century, Qatar and what would eventually become the modern-day nations of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had a dispute over the Khawr al Udayd region. The conflict stemmed from the fact that Khawr al Udayd was a haven for pirates. One of the most well-known pirates to settle in the region was Jasim bin Jabir, who later settled in the region. The British, whose ships were the primary target of pirates, sent troops to order the Qatari leaders to stop supporting the pirates. Attempts by the British and Abu Dhabi troops to invade the region to curb the piracy resulted in a war against the Qatari troops. Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were also engaged in a dispute over the Khawr al Udayd region during the 20th century. The dispute was caused by the fact that both the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia wanted the area to serve as part of its border with Qatar. In 1974, it was determined that Khawr al Udayd would border Saudi Arabia, but the issue reemerged again in 2005.
Salwa Canal
In 2017, the Saudi Arabian government proposed the construction of the Salwa Canal, a 43-mile long waterway that would convert Qatar into an island nation. The Saudi Arabian government attempted to justify the project by claiming it would increase tourism and trade in the area. Reports in Saudi Arabian media indicated that the government hoped the project could be completed in one year. However, another report suggested construction of the canal would be detrimental to the Qatari economy.
Political Cooperation Between Saudi Arabia and Qatar
The political relationship between Saudi Arabia and Qatar was generally positive up until the past few decades, and during much of the 20th century the government of Qatar followed Saudi Arabia's lead on many issues related to foreign policy and diplomacy. The cooperation between the two nations resulted in the creation of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Qatar's ties to Saudi Arabia are believed to have influenced the country's decision to become involved in certain initiatives, such as joining Saudi Arabia's 2011 intervention in Bahrain, as well as Saudi Arabia's 2015 intervention in Yemen.
Saudi Arabia's Role in Internal Qatari Politics
Due to the historically close ties between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, several Qatari dissidents fled to Saudi Arabia during the 20th century. During this period, it was also common for the Qatari government to exile its most prominent and influential critics to Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian government would then negotiate a deal between the critics and the Qatari government.
Breakdown in the Relationship Between Saudi Arabia and Qatar
Many experts believe that a breakdown in the relationship between the two nations can be traced to 1995, when Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani took control of Qatar. Emir Hamad believed that it would be in Qatar's best interests to distance itself from the control of Saudi Arabia. Emir Hamad took certain actions that angered Saudi Arabia, such as establishing the Al Jazeera broadcasting network and establishing formal ties with Israel and Iran.
Qatar Diplomatic Crisis
The political tensions between Qatar and Saudi Arabia culminated in the 2017 diplomatic crisis. Saudi Arabia, along with several of its allies such as Senegal, the United Arab Emirates, and Mauritania, placed Qatar under an embargo. Some of the reasons cited by Saudi Arabia and its allies included the establishment of ties between Qatar and Iran, as well as what they believed to be Qatar's support for terrorist activities.
Border Security in Qatar
The government of Qatar has invested heavily in safeguarding its borders, in part due to the tension with the Saudi Arabian government. The border security system used by the Qatari government was provided by Airbus Defence and Space.
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Horizontalism has been the defining feature of the movements that emerged across the world in 2011. Meeting in streets and squares, people sought ways of organising that would allow everyone to participate and break from the exploitative relations that dominate daily life under capitalism. Ten years earlier in Argentina there were similar encounters on a massive scale involving indigenous people, the unemployed, factory workers and the middle class organising together to take control of their lives. These autonomous movements created a way of organising and thinking about revolution that broke with previous practices focusing on the state as a site of change.
These new practices and ideas are being continued today in Argentina and further afield and it is in this context of global unrest that Marina Sitrin's timely book allows us to learn and reflect on the experiences of the Argentinian movements. Sitrin's detailed and sensitive analysis explores the different ways in which these movements are creating revolution on a daily basis in themselves and in their communities. They are concerned with developing horizontalism as a process and social relationship, and self-managing projects such as bakeries and schools.
Sitrin illustrates these practices with stories from her observations, including that of a young girl who attended an assembly to raise the issue that her mother was shouting at her too much. Stories such as these, where people feel able to take control of their lives, illustrate vividly the power and beauty of these revolutions. Sitrin combines her analysis with voices of the movement participants, explaining what they are doing and what it means to them.
The movements' experiments encountered challenges, with their relationship to the state being a particularly interesting one, as well as critiques from outside the movement. Sitrin describes how they dealt with these issues, providing valuable insights for other movements elsewhere. Ultimately it is the movement participants' reflexiveness and commitment to their processes, along with an openness to changing these processes, that has been key to their continuation and success.
That instinctive feeling – that we will not tolerate being told what to do any longer – is still palpable. The desire to practice horizontalism continues across the world, influenced in part by the experiences of Argentina. Reading Sitrin allows a dialogue between then and now, and here and there, enabling us to learn from each other.


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You can help foster resilience to piracy
We can help seafarers be more resilient to pirate attacks. This is the view of Dr. Michael Stuart Garfinkle of SCI who has published the first clinical study of piracy's effect on seafarers.
Better coordination to enhance resilience, identifying resources available to seafarers and improved access to those resources would go a long way to reduce seafarers' suffering from the long-term effects of trauma, he said. In an article published by the Seamen' s Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, Garfinkle writes:
Maritime piracy represents the single greatest risk to the seafaring community—not because of its prevalence, but because of the potential magnitude of traumatic experience. Resilience describes how we get through the stressors of everyday life, how we survive tragedy and how we recover from traumatic experience. If we think of traumatic experiences as those that interrupt our ability to think, disturb our feelings and make us feel overwhelmed, resilience is the counterforce that minimizes the impact of trauma. Extensive trauma, both in terms of length and intensity, especially tests resilience. Where there are direct threats to life, outcomes tend to be worse.
As a process, resilience is possible at the individual and community level. An individual can be supported in coping, in using available help from loved ones and professionals and in returning to purpose in life. Many seafarers come from supportive families and communities, and the literature on resilience and surviving traumatic experience suggests that acceptance by peers improves outcomes.
You can help foster resilience by accepting a person's temporary weakness due to difficult experience.
- Accept that their suffering is normal.
- See expressions of pain as opportunities to render help.


Pachón Navarro
Pippa Elliott
Dr Pippa Elliott (BVMS MRCVS, University of Glasgow)
Photo of adult Pachón Navarro
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Do you know there is a breed of dog that has a double nose? The breed is called the Pachón Navarro: This hound has a nose that is fully divided down the centre so that it looks as if he has two noses. The double nose came about by selective breeding for dogs with a superior sense of smell. As it happened, having the appearance of two noses makes no difference when following a scent. But it's easy to see why previous owners in centuries gone by might think this.
Indeed, the Pachón Navarro is an old breed. They hale from a region close to the Pyrenees Mountains in Spain, called Navarre. A working dog that excels at tracking birds, he makes a friendly and active companion for the right person.
About & History
The Pachón Navarro is a venerable breed originating from Spain. They reached peak popularity amongst Spanish nobility in the 18th and 19th century. However, after the Spanish Civil War their numbers declined dramatically to the point of dying out altogether.
It took the work of dedicated Pachón Navarro enthusiasts to save the breed from extinction. They toured rural Spanish villages to find the last remaining dogs and then undertook controlled breeding to resurrect this distinctive dog's numbers.
The Pachón Navarro is sometimes also referred to as the Old Spanish Pointer. This is a little confusing because the breed is a close descendent of a breed with the same exact name (Old Spanish Pointer) but is not identical. Sadly, the original Old Spanish Pointer now no longer exists, but their legacy includes several other closely related breeds including the Majorcan Pointer, Galician Pointer, and the Burgos Pointer.
Intriguingly, the Pachón Navarro's ancestor, the Old Spanish Pointer, is thought to have shared blood with the ancient (and now extinct) Talbot Hound with roots dating back to the 12th century.
The Pachón Navarros is a medium to large sized dog, and every inch a pointer-type. He has a stout, workmanlike body; strong, heavy legs; a straight tail; and delightful drop ears. To look at him is to see echoes of other pointer type dogs, such as the German Shorthaired Pointer. However, he is slightly heavier boned and may have pronounced skin folds, especially around the jowls and chin.
The Pachón Navarros has a unique feature in the distinctive anatomy of his nose. Instead of having a discrete crease marking the centre of his nose, the Pachón Navarros' nose is completely divided into a distinct left and right. This gives the appearance of having two separate noses. In fact, this is an optical illusion, but it's an understandable mistake to make, that the Pachón Navarros might be blessed with a superior ability to track odours.
Nose aside, the Pachón Navarros usually has a short coat. However, occasional pups are born with a longer coat, which is soft and silky to the touch. Typically the coat colour is a white background with tan, liver, or orange patches or flecks. The latter is officially known as ticking, and refers to localised flecks of hair that are a different colour to the main white coat.
Character & Temperament
The Pachón Navarros is an active character that loves to track and hunt, especially birds. He is an active dog that thrives on plenty of outdoor exercise, preferably off-leash. This makes him a great companion for active owners, but a poor match for sedentary apartment life.
One of the great things about Pachón Navarros is how they love the company of people. They love it so much to the point that this breed will be miserable if kept in an outdoor kennel away from his owner. The Pachón Navarro also has a laudable reputation for being friendly and even tempered. He's prepared to live and let live, be that with people, children, or other dogs. But he does draw the line at birds. That instinct to hunt and retrieve birds is too deeply ingrained to make for an easy relationship with our feathered friends.
However, whilst the Pachón Navarro doesn't look for trouble, he's no push-over. When challenged, he will protect and defend, and this courage makes him a good watchdog. Lastly, one of the sweetest traits of the Pachón Navarro's character is for retrieving. From a young age, these pups love to pick up objects and carry them around. But beware if they don't get enough exercise and mental stimulation, because the love of having things in their mouth is easily diverted into chewing.
A sociable dog that likes human company, the Pachón Navarro can be a quick learner. Their natural intelligence and eagerness to please makes them ideal candidates for reward-based training methods. This doesn't mean an owner should accept anything less than exemplary behaviour though.
As a pack dog, the Pachón Navarro can be inclined to do their own thing rather than listen to their handler. This trait needs correction by getting the dog's attention focused on their owner. Clear rules and consistency are key to good behaviour in this breed.
Rescued from the brink of extinction, modern day Pachón Navarros are off-spring of a narrow gene pool. Sadly, this can mean they are at greater risk of certain inheritable diseases than other breeds. These include:
Cleft Palate
That distinctive double nose is a hereditary trait. However, the gene coding for a fissure in the dog's nose are closely related to those for a cleft palate. Puppies born with a cleft palate have difficulty nursing. Milk can pass from their mouth up into the nose and down into their lungs. These poor pups are likely to develop aspiration pneumonia, which is usually life-threating at such a young age.
Surgical correction of a cleft palate is technically possible, but anaesthesia in very young pups carries a high risk. Once successfully correct, that individual should not be used for breeding as their offspring are at high risk of having the same problem.
Epilepsy refers to a seizure condition where no underlying reason for the fits can be found. Symptoms can develop in young dogs and range in severity from mild to life-threatening.
Epilepsy can be controlled, but not cured. Fortunately, modern anti-convulsant drugs allow most dogs to lead normal lives, provided they continue to take their medications.
The Pachón Navarro is prone to having underactive thyroid glands. A lack of thyroid hormone leads to a sluggish metabolism. This is evident as a lack of energy and tendency to weight gain. This is another condition that can't be permanently 'cured' but is easy to control with a simple thyroid supplement taken daily for life.
Hip Dysplasia
Poor hip anatomy leads to inflammation of the hip joint. For mildly affected dogs, simple pain relief may be sufficient. However, those most severely afflicted live in constant pain and can have difficulty moving around. For these dogs, the best solution is total hip replacement surgery, which is expensive.
Allergic Skin Disease
The signs of atopy or allergic skin disease are severe itchiness. The dog may scratch and lick to the point of developing sores and infection. There are many different treatment options for controlling the itch, which range from inexpensive steroids through to state-of-the-art immunotherapy injections that cancel out the immune response to allergens.
Exercise and Activity Levels
Like the lettering in a stick of Blackpool rock, the Pachón Navarro has a hunting instinct that runs through their very core. They are an active dog for whom tracking a scent and being energetic are as basic to them as breathing. In short, it's essential to their health and well-being that the Pachón Navarro gets plenty of exercise. This means hours of strenuous activity each and every day. Ideally, this should also be off leash so that they get a chance to put their awesome ability to track to use and explore where that distinctive nose leads them.
On the flip side, the Pachón Navarro is ill-suited to the life of a couch potato or the confines of an apartment. They have an inbuilt energy budget for the day and if they don't get to spend it in constructive exercise, they will divest themselves in inappropriate ways, such as chewing or destructive behaviours.
The short coat of the Pachón Navarro is easy to care for. Weekly brushing helps to spread natural conditioning oils and keep the coat in good order. Take care not to bathe your Pachón Navarro too frequently though, for fear of stripping out those oils and causing dry skin.
Famous Pachón Navarros
For beautiful photos of this unusual breed visit this page on Pinterest.
As a breed that narrowly avoided becoming extinct, breeders have focussed their efforts on maintaining numbers of purebred dogs rather than diversifying into hybrids.
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Affirmations for Babies and Toddlers (The 5-Minutes Auto-Suggestion)
What is "Affirmations for Babies and Toddlers"?
It is about providing your child with emotional support, safety, and encouragement.
Here are 3 ways of providing your baby or toddler affirmation:
1. Physical Presence. Especially fathers, sometimes you do not have to say anything. Just by being present with your baby or toddler when they are playing is an affirmation. By providing a sense of security that you are there to take care of them.
2. Say Positive Words. While playing with your baby, you can say encouraging words like, "You are good", "You are doing well" or "You can do it".
3. Self Hypnosis/Auto-Suggestion. This can be used to cure bad habits or sickness, improve confidence, develop self-worth and self-worth. This is done just before your child sleeps.
What is Autosuggestion/Shichida 5 Minutes Suggestion?
"It is a psychological use of spoken words in a repetitive nature, to influence the subconscious mind, the main influencer of human behaviour."
The best time to do autosuggestion or the Shichida 5 minutes suggestion is when your baby or toddler is in a relaxed state and about 5 minutes before falling asleep (NOT when sleeping).
You can speak to your baby or play an audio recording.
When and How do I do positive affirmation with my baby/toddler?
Positive affirmation means using positive words. Here is when you can do...
1. Before your child goes to sleep.
2. Before and during their flashcard lessons at home.
3. When your child behaves well.
4. When your child accomplishes something.
The library comes with audio "The 5 Minutes Suggestion"/Auto Suggestion for you to program your baby/toddler's subconscious mind. This audio program can be played 5 minutes before your child falls asleep. Do continue to play if your child falls asleep during the audio program being played.
CLICK HERE to look at all the library collection.
The 5 Minutes Suggestion, should be played 5 minutes before your child falls asleep.
As your child begins to fall asleep, he drifts from the active "Beta" to "Alpha" and then "Theta" before eventually to "Delta" when he falls asleep. The Theta window is our most receptive state, and response well to visions and suggestions. This is the time to do the autosuggestion.
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Photo by Maksym Tymchyk on Unsplash
As customer demands grow more exacting, businesses need to cater to their needs quickly. The continuous increase in customers and road traffic can hamper the smooth delivery of products and services.
Route planning apps like Roadwarrior enable businesses to take advantage of their software and eliminate their worries about slow and hassle deliveries. Smart route optimization apps can take the weight off your shoulder by giving you efficient solutions guaranteed to benefit your employees and customers.
Here are some reasons why you should invest in a route planning app for your business:
1.Decreases distance and fuel expenses
These apps can automatically and quickly calculate the routes that your delivery vehicles will take to decrease the distance that needs to be driven. Doing this will also lessen the fuel costs. Make sure to utilize a good route planning app that can assure you of this benefit.
In addition to that, your vehicles will have reduced carbon emissions since they use less fuel than others. The shorter the travel distance, the lower the fuel usage, and the lesser they will contribute to emitting carbon. Using route planning apps is also another way to be eco-friendly.
2.Saves travel time
Since the app can calculate the distances that the vehicle will travel, your employees can save time planning which routes they will take. This way, you're also protecting your employees, especially delivery drivers, from getting lost and overfatigue.
Most software has algorithms that compare different travel times depending on the mode of transport too. Instead of relying on your employee's stock knowledge about routes and stressing them about planning their delivery routes, you can just leave the job to route planning apps. With this, you can also expect more deliveries completed within the day.
3.Ensures customer and employee satisfaction
Route planning apps can give you estimates of how long you will travel. This can give your customers a heads up on which day or what time their orders will come so they can coordinate with you whenever they are not available to receive them.
For employees, you will be able to distribute the workload among the drivers appropriately. This will eliminate inequality in travel times and distances that might spur some problems between the employees and you. The planning apps can solve a lot of hassles related to the delivery of products or services.
4.It helps create stronger delivery strategies.
Route optimization software allows you to do simulations to help make better decisions regarding delivering your products or services. It is advantageous to operational planning and your overall delivery system by calculating the travel time and distance of various vehicles to determine the most efficient option and compare the best delivery times.
Route planners have prevailed due to GPS and the Internet. As a business, you must take advantage of these innovations to upgrade your company's services. Not only will these apps give your employees less hassle, but they can also ensure further customer satisfaction. The faster you can provide services and products to them, the more they will like and trust you.


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If you find a detection that you want to share, you can send the URL from the detection detail page to other ExtraHop users.
|Note:||This topic applies to all ExtraHop systems, including ExtraHop Reveal(x).|
|Note:||Detections require a connection to the cloud-based ExtraHop Machine Learning Service.|
Here are some important considerations about sharing detections:
- You must copy and share the entire URL.
- To view the detection, the ExtraHop user must have access to the Discover or Command appliance where the detection was identified.
The following steps show you how to select and share a detection:
- Log into the Web UI on a Discover or Command appliance, and then click Detections at the top of the page.
- Find the detection that you want to share.
Click the detection title, as shown in the following figure.
- At the top of the browser, copy the entire URL.
- Configure a detection alert to receive email notifications about a detection.


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In a thrilling video that captivated viewers, an officer valiantly attempts to apprehend a nimble-footed individual evading capture. The relentless pursuit unfolds as the officer strives to keep up with the fleet-footed fugitive, resorting to unconventional methods to close the gap. This article recounts the exhilarating events captured on camera, showcasing the determination of both the officer and the elusive runner.
The video begins with an officer recognizing the need to apprehend the swift-footed individual sprinting ahead. Despite the officer's best efforts, the fugitive proves to be incredibly agile, effortlessly outpacing the officer's pursuit. Undeterred, the officer refuses to give up, pushing their limits to bring the elusive runner to justice.
As the chase intensifies, the officer employs quick thinking and adaptability, utilizing every available means to maintain the pursuit. Seizing an opportunity, the officer leaps onto the back of a passing vehicle, desperately clinging to its exterior to gain ground on the elusive runner. This daring maneuver exemplifies the officer's unwavering determination and resourcefulness in the face of a challenging chase.
The fugitive, aware of the officer's relentless pursuit, strategically alters their course, darting into a nearby grassy field. The change in terrain provides the runner with an advantage, forcing the officer to navigate uneven ground while maintaining the pursuit. The cat-and-mouse chase resumes, as both the officer and the fugitive engage in a battle of wits and physical prowess.
The video captures the raw energy and intensity of the chase, as the officer and the fugitive weave through obstacles, displaying their remarkable athleticism and agility. Viewers are on the edge of their seats, captivated by the sheer determination exhibited by both parties involved.
The chase serves as a testament to the dedication and perseverance of law enforcement officers, who put their safety on the line to ensure public safety and uphold the law. The officer's unwavering pursuit of the fugitive exemplifies the commitment to their duty, showcasing their willingness to go above and beyond to bring a suspect to justice.
The video sparks a sense of anticipation as viewers wonder if the officer will eventually catch up with the elusive runner. The chase represents a symbolic struggle between law and evasion, highlighting the challenges faced by law enforcement in maintaining order and apprehending those who seek to evade justice.
Beyond the exhilarating pursuit, the video also raises questions about the circumstances leading to the chase. What led the fugitive to flee? Are there underlying motives or additional charges at play? The unanswered questions serve as a reminder of the complexities surrounding law enforcement operations and the broader context of criminal activity.
As the chase reaches its climax, the resolution remains uncertain. The video leaves viewers in suspense, yearning for closure and the satisfaction of witnessing justice prevail. Whether the fugitive is ultimately captured or manages to evade capture adds an element of unpredictability to the narrative, fueling the intrigue and fascination of the chase.
In conclusion, the video capturing the relentless pursuit of a fleet-footed fugitive by an officer enthralls viewers with its exhilarating chase. The determination and resourcefulness displayed by the officer serve as a testament to the dedication of law enforcement professionals. The chase serves as a reminder of the challenges faced in maintaining public safety and upholding the law. This captivating footage prompts viewers to reflect on the complexities of law enforcement operations and the relentless pursuit of justice.
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