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Fading light dims the sight,
And a star gems the sky,
From afar drawing nigh,
Falls the night.
Day is done, gone the sun,
From the lake, From the hills,
From the sky.
All is well, safely rest,
God is nigh.
Then good night, Peaceful night,
Till the light of the dawn
God is near, do not fear,
Friend, good night.
March 08, 1840 at County
Service in the US Army from New York, NY
Earned First Medal of Honor During the Indian Campaigns For
heroism October 21, 1876 to January 08, 1877 at Cedar Creek,
MT & Other Campaigns.
Second Medal of Honor During the Indian Campaigns for heroism
September 30, 1877 at Bear Paw Mountain, MT.
April 20, 1916 at the age of 76
During the winter campaign of 1876 (for the period October
21, 1876 to January 8, 1877), General Nelson Miles led valiant
American soldiers in a series of engagements against the Sioux
Indians primarily in and around the Montana Territory. Facing
not only a hostile enemy, these soldiers endured harsh winter
weather and meager living conditions to bring security to
settlers throughout the region. Private Henry Hogan was one of
31 soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor for "gallantry in
actions" during this period.
During the summer and early fall of 1877 the U.S. Cavalry
was in pursuit of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Indian tribe as
they attempted to cross through Montana and reach Canada. After
numerous battles, including the battle of the Little Big Hole in
early August, the Cavalry found it difficult to follow and
locate Chief Joseph and his traveling tribe. After a forced
march of several days, the Indian camp was located near Bear Paw
Mountain, where the final battle that lead to the surrender of
the Nez Perce nation occurred on September 30. After four of the
five officers of the Seventh Cavalry were wounded in the first
charge, Lieutenant Henry Romeyn of the 5th Infantry led the
charge, mounted on a captured Indian horse. When Lieutenant
Romeyn was seriously wounded, Private Henry Hogan braved the
withering fire to carry the wounded officer from the field of
battle. Both men received Medals of Honor in the Bear Paw
Mountain battle, making Private Hogan's action one of the few
instances in history where the Medal of Honor was awarded for
saving the life of a Medal of Honor recipient. Seven other men
earned Medals of Honor in the Bear Paw Mountain battle.


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IMMIGRANTS TO USA.
The following is to be found at _URL_ From Branch Jackson Carden, Jr.:
"Into this area, in the year 1642, moved ROBERT CARDEN recently a migrant colonist from the British Isles. The land grant office in Richmond now contains the records of these early immigrants who came to the eastern shore of Virginia from 1623 to 1666. The original lists have been indexed in recent years. During the 43-year period approximately 25,000 colonists entered the Virginia Colony. Many came with land grants obtained before embarking from England. Others came as headrights for other individuals who already possessed land grants or for companies organized by British firms for the purpose of establishing grants. ROBERT CARDEN is listed as a headright for Abraham Turner and Co. Whether or not he was also an indentured servant is not known, but he did, eventually, acquire land of his own."
After claiming that Robert Carden above was a brother of the first JOHN CARDEN of Tipperary, he continues -A number of other Cardens came to the Virginia Colony from England in the1600s, among these are:-
1635, March 28 - Joseph Curden arrived on the "Speedwell", listed as age 22;
1642 - Another Robert Cardin arrived, this time from Hillington Parish,Middlesex;
1642 - John Carden arrived;1650, October 18 - Grigory Cordon arrived transported by Lewis Burwell;
1663, June 3 - Edwin Cordon arrived transported by John Hughlett;
1672, March 23 - Roger Carden arrived transported by Edward Revell;
1672 - Robert Cardin arrived transported by Thomas Gouldman;
1674, April 8 - James Carder arrived transported by Richard Whitehead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Many faculty teaching at the introductory level use environmental themes and hazards to get their students excited about the geosciences. Whether in the form of a stand-alone Environmental Geology or Natural Hazards course or as environmental content integrated into other introductory courses, these concepts are an important part of the geoscience education for many students who will never take another course in the sciences.
This workshop will bring together educators from a wide variety of institutional settings and backgrounds with the common goal of sharing ideas about improving the pedagogy and environmental geology content of our introductory geoscience courses.
As a part of this workshop, participants will:
- Share what works in their classrooms with each other. We will identify innovative teaching methods, approaches, and activities for teaching Environmental Geology and share ideas on how to teach in various contexts: large classes, courses with no lab component, courses in urban areas, etc.
- Examine where and how environmental geology topics are taught in the geoscience curriculum from introductory courses for non-majors to "core" geoscience courses for majors. We will discuss and develop ideas for maximizing the impact of environmental geology topics to ultimately improve undergraduate students' experience with and knowledge of geoscience.
- Consider the ways that Environmental Geology courses and topical materials can contribute to public science literacy, particularly how to make personal and societal decisions about the range of issues facing humanity and to live responsibly and sustainably on this planet.
- Develop a list of best practices for integrating emerging environmental issues, recent natural disasters, and issues related to natural resources into course work and identifying how scientific data and research outcomes can inform public discourse on topical issues.
- Develop strategies to reach under-represented groups and expand the diversity of students who enroll in our courses. We will consider strategies for improving the overall design of an Environmental Geology course to maximize its appeal and effectiveness.
- Identify topics of high interest and need for future development as teaching modules and courses through the related InTeGrate project, through funding from the NSF/DUE TUES program, or through other local or national curricular initiatives.
Participants must arrive in Bozeman in time for the first workshop event at 5 pm on Saturday, June 2. (Arrive earlier if you plan to attend the optional field trips.) The workshop will be over on Wednesday evening, June 6, and participants should plan return travel on Thursday, June 7 (those who stay an extra day can attend optional local hikes).
By applying to the workshop, participants agree to do the following if accepted:
- Serve on a review committee from April to June 2012, applying standardized review criteria to teaching activities in the On the Cutting Edge activity collection related to environmental geology. We anticipate that everyone will be asked to review ~5 activities using an on-line review form.
- Submit additional teaching activities as needed that complement the existing collection, prior to the workshop. Our goal is to have a comprehensive, reviewed collection of teaching activities ready to showcase at the summer workshop.
- Prepare in advance for workshop discussions via readings, writings, discussion or other activities developed by workshop leaders.
- Participate fully in the entire workshop and attend all workshop sessions. Many participants will be invited to make presentations or serve as discussion or working group leaders at the workshop.
- Post-workshop: continue to network with workshop participants, share workshop resources with colleagues across the geosciences, and participate in follow-on activities such as making presentations at theme sessions at professional society meetings.
Application and Selection Criteria
Applicants for this workshop must hold a faculty position at a twoor four-year college or university and have responsibility for teaching environmental geology topics either in an Environmental Geology course or distributed through other courses. The workshop is limited to 70 participants, and the final list of participants will be established with the goal of assembling a group representing a wide range of experiences, educational environments, and specialties. For more information see our page on general information for Cutting Edge workshop participants.
Costs and Logistics
The workshop will be held at Montana State University located in Bozeman, Montana. Our National Science Foundation grant provides funding for most of the operational costs of this workshop. To be supported by these funds, a participant must be either a US citizen, a permanent resident, or in the employ of a US institution. If you don't meet these requirements and are interested in participating in this workshop at your own expense, please contact the workshop conveners. Costs of the workshop not covered by the grant are outlined below.
Workshop registration fee: $150
Travel, lodging. Participants or their home institutions must cover costs of lodging plus travel to and from the workshop. We will offer a low-cost option to stay in the dorms at MSU. Alternatively, participants may make their own lodging arrangements at a local motel, where we will hold a block of rooms. Rooming rates for this workshop have not been set yet, but in past workshops the MSU dorm option was ~$25/night single occupancy and the hotel option was ~$120 + tax per night. More information on the lodging options will be made available as soon as arrangements have been finalized.
Optional field trips: There will be a separate free for the pre and post optional field trips. That fee has not yet been determined, but will cover transportation and food.
We will be able to offer small stipends to participants from institutions unable to cover the costs of travel and participation in Cutting Edge workshops. The deadline for applying for one of these stipends is March 12, 2012.


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Discrete emotion theory assumes that there are seven to ten core emotions and thousands of emotion related words which are all synonyms of these core emotions (Beck 2004). Depending on the theory the most well known core emotions are happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, and fear (Izard & Malatesta 1987). This theory states that these specific core emotions are biologically determined emotional responses whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals regardless of ethnic or cultural differences. Some scholars believe that these emotions have evolved in us as a way for people, regardless of communication differences, to predict what other people are thinking and feeling (Beck 2004). It was a way for our ancestors to to tell the difference between friend or foe, and has continued to serve the same function today.
Darwin (1872) was the origin of the concept that some emotions have specific features. He described several facial, physiological, and behavioral processes that are associated with different emotions in humans as well as animals.
Aristotle also noted that emotions ensue certain reaction types of bodily reactions, which implies the physiology of emotions.
James (1884) and Dewey (1894) suggested that emotions are associated with different neutral and physiological processes and also with different functions and experiences.
Tomkins' (1962, 1963) idea was influenced by Darwin's concept. He proposed that there is a limited number of pancultural basic emotions or "affect programs." His conclusion was that there are eight pancultural affect programs namely, surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish.
After performing a series of cross-cultural studies, Ekman and Izard reported that there are various similarities in the way people across the world produce and recognize the facial expressions of at least six emotions.
Evidence for Discrete Emotion theoryEdit
A study conducted in New Guinea, where people have never seen Caucasians nor been exposed to photographs or television, to see if they could identify specific facial expressions. Researchers showed the people of New Guinea pictures of people portraying seven different emotions that are known as core emotions, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, and contempt (Ekman & Friesen 1971). Researchers found that the people of New Guinea could in fact point out the different emotions and distinguish between them. From this experiment researchers concluded that these specific emotions are innate. They also looked at pictures of people ranging in age from infants to elders and saw that the core emotions look the same, further supporting the discrete emotion hypothesis. Also, deaf and blind children show typical facial expressions for these same core emotions.
- Affect theory
- Affect (psychology)
- Developmental Psychology
- Emotions and culture
- Silvan Tomkins
- ↑ Colombetti, Giovanna (August 2009). From affect programs to dynamical discrete emotions. Philosophical Psychology 22 (4): 407-425.
2. Colombetti, G. (2009). From Affect Programs to Dynamical Discrete Emotions. Philosophical Psychology, 22, 407-425.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


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for National Geographic News
Explosive population growth is driving human evolution to speed up around the world, according to a new study.
The pace of change accelerated about 40,000 years ago and then picked up even more with the advent of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, the study says.
And while humans are evolving quickly around the world, local cultural and environmental factors are shaping evolution differently on different continents.
"We're evolving away from each other. We're getting more and more different," said Henry Harpending, an anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City who co-authored the study.
For example, in Europe natural selection has favored genes for pigmentation like light skin, blue eyes, and blond hair. Asians also have genes selected for light skin, but they are different from the European ones.
"Europeans and Asians are both bleached Africans, but the way they got bleached is different in the two areas," Harpending said.
He and colleagues report the finding this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Snips of DNA
The researchers analyzed the DNA from 270 people in the International HapMap Project, an effort to identify variation in human genes that cause disease and serve as targets for new medicines.
The study specifically looked for genetic variations called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs (pronounced "snips"), which are mutations at a single point on a chromosome.
(See an interactive overview of human genetics.)
"We look for parts of chromosomes that are common in the population but are new, and if they are common but recent, they must have gotten to high frequency by selection," Harpending explained.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES


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Tentiform leafminers—Phyllonorycter spp.
Adult tentiform leafminers are small, golden brown moths with white bands or spots that give them a silvery
appearance when they fly in sunlight. Their hind wings are gray with long hairs on the margin. At rest,
wings are held like a roof over the body.
Damage is restricted to foliage. The upper side of the leaf takes on a light, spotted appearance, and
leaves may be puckered. Snakelike mines begin to become evident on the leaf. Severe infestations (twenty
mines per leaf) may cause defoliation.
Leafminers are generally not pests in organic apple or pear orchards or where IPM is practiced. Populations
are kept at low levels by several species of parasites. Occasional outbreaks of this insect occur, possibly
the result of the chemical disruption of their parasites. Treatment of backyard trees should not be necessary.
advanced leafminer infestation


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Our Attendance line can be reached on:
When students are absent the college:
- requires a phone call explaining why a student in absent
- a note to explain a student absence
- in the case of absences of more than three days a contact to arrange pickup of classwork to ensure continuity of learning.
When students are absent unexplained our atendance officer will call home to follow up on students.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


NES Hookups
There are several options for installing your NES. The easiest method is using the RF Switch to connect your system directly to your television or VCR.
You can also hook up the original model NES to a TV or VCR using generic A/V cables (also known as "RCA" or "patch" cables). These cables can typically be found at stores that sell electronic components and cables.


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I have two missions as an artist:
- To ensure that the traditional craft of Bentwood Willow Furniture is passed from one generation to the next. Only about twenty people in the world practice this lost craft and way of life. Like the generations before, I forage the land for willow with a machete in hand. Willow is a sustainable resource that is found worldwide, making the craft accessible to anyone who has the will and dedication to learn.
- To educate the general public about ecology, biology, and sustainability through a series of Eco-art sculptures and Creative Community Projects inspiring positive change in the way our society views, values, and interacts with the natural world.


Grains of paradise is a plant that is related to ginger. The seeds are used as a spice and as medicine.
Be careful not to confuse grains of paradise with capsicum. Both are known as grains of paradise.
People use grains of paradise for conditions such as diarrhea, heart disease, obesity, and many others, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
How does it work?
Chemicals in the seeds of grains of paradise seem to decrease swelling (inflammation), kill certain bacteria, and help burn body fat.
View References
© Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020.


TapetumAn area in the pigmented layer of the choroid coat of the eye in whitetail, which has an iridescent or metallic luster and helps to make the eye visible in the dark The tapetum is the part that glows or shines when you shine a bright light on a deer at night
Tarsal gland- A gland located on the inside of the deer's hind leg. This gland consists of a patch of elongated hairs underlain by an area of large sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands secrete a fatty lipid that adheres to the hairs of the tarsal gland. This area gives off a strong, musky odor. This odor is the result of urine being deposited on these glands and mixed with lipids during a behavior known as rub-urination. Deer use this gland to recognize other individuals in the herd and to give information relative to their sex, social status, and reproductive condition.
TendWhen a buck stays close to a female during mating season waiting for the female to come into estrus so that buck can breed the doe
Typical RackDeer antlers with points growing only off the front sides of the main beam
VelvetThe soft skin that covers a bucks antlers as they grow in. This velvet falls off in the fall and the antlers get hard.
VenisonMeat from a deer is called venison.
Posted in: Library


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Tailoring the Consumer Connection: The Role of Personalized Packaging and Gender in Influencing FMCG Purchase Intentions Across Product Categories
MetadataShow full item record
- Master of Science
Inspired by the increased use of personalized packaging as a marketing tool within the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market, this thesis examines the impact of personalized packaging communication on consumer purchase intention. Through this exploration, we delve into the interaction between personalized packaging, gender, product category (hedonic vs utilitarian), and perceived hedonic value, thereby offering a comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact to influence buying decisions in the market. Hence, the study aims to answer the following research question: "How does the presence or absence of personalized packaging, combined with gender (male vs female) and product category (hedonic vs utilitarian), interact with perceived hedonic value to influence consumer purchase intention in the FMCG market?" Further, the literature review sets the foundation for the research's hypothesis, methodology and analysis. Based on previous findings, we propose that personalized packaging will increase consumers' purchase intention, and the perceived hedonic value of the product will mediate the relationship. Further, we suggest that product categories can be delved into a bidimensional division; utilitarian and hedonic products, where the product categories operate as a moderator. Additionally, gender is hypothesized to moderate the relation, where females are more positively affected by the concept. Lastly, we believe that there is a moderated mediation effect between the variables. Furthermore, to answer the hypotheses, we conducted a regression analysis and a moderator-, mediation-, and moderated mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro, respectively, model 1, 4 and 8, v.4.2 (Hayes, 2022) for SPSS. Our findings discovered an isolated impact of personalized packaging on the intention to purchase, along with a mediating effect of perceived hedonic value. It also revealed a genderbased effect, indicating that females react more favorably to personalized packaging. However, contrary to our expectations, the type of product (utilitarian vs hedonic) did not influence any relationships. Further, we discuss the findings, the limitations of the research, along with opportunities within the field.
Masteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Marketing - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023


You received a bill from a lab?
What to do if you received a bill from a lab for services rendered at Family Care, PA.
If you are reading this, you probably received a bill from a lab and had a question, so you were directed to this blog post for answers. There are a few pieces of information you'll want to collect before determining if the bill is accurate.
Check the Explanation of Benefits (EOB) letter from your Insurer. For any claim against your health insurance, you will receive a statement of benefits from your insurer after the claims has been processed. This is an insurance-side verification document to be sure you are being billed the proper amount from the rendering facilities. This document also explains why something wasn't covered – in many cases, the reason is something that can easily be fixed once you review the explanation and compare the result to your plan's details.
Seriously, check your EOB. This step answers 90% of the questions by itself and helps answer the other 10% much faster. Please take the time to find and evaluate a paper or electronic copy of this document before asking questions or paying a bill.
 - Check statement dates. If your EOB shows the claim was processed after the bill was generated, you may receive an updated bill to reflect the changes.
 - Check denial codes. If something wasn't covered, the EOB will tell you why. If you disagree with the reason and think it should have been covered differently, you still have a chance to fix or appeal the denial. If the denial reason makes sense, you'll likely owe that amount.
 - Check each line item. Often, large bills are the result of a single, uncovered service, among a set of otherwise covered services. Narrow your focus on the specific line items that need to be fixed in your appeal.
If your insurer does not have record of the claim (eg. there is no EOB), then the lab did not file your claim with your correct insurance. You will need to contact the lab to update your insurance information and have them re-file the claim.
Find the portion of the EOB that states your patient responsibility. Based on the denial reasons stated in your EOB, we may have the potential to appeal and/or re-file your claim to have it re-processed by your insurer. If you think there is something that should have been paid, this annotated portion of your EOB will give you a clue as to why the service was denied. From there, we have a few options. In order of most likely, here are a few of the common situations we encounter:
Amount applied to deductible.
This probably means the reason/diagnosis used for the testing was not considered a preventive code. If your bill shows a primary diagnosis code starting with a Z, it was probably filed as preventive. If not, many plans have a lab deductible to meet prior to covering non-preventive services. If you believe the service should have been considered preventive, read this information regarding preventive wellness services and/or check your insurer's benefit package to verify potential coverage.
Coinsurance owed.
Even after you meet your deductible, many plans still have a coinsurance percentage that will apply to lab services. Instead of paying 100% prior to meeting your deductible, you will pay a smaller portion (usually 10% or 20%) until you reach your out-of-pocket maximum. Basically, if your insurer allows $10 for a service, you can expect to pay $1. If you have not yet met your out-of-pocket maximum, you should expect to owe some amount for all non-preventive services.
Non-covered services.
This service is not considered a part of your insurer's benefits package. This is rare, but it does happen. In certain cases, mostly regarding lab procedures, the lab and/or your provider may not be allowed to bill you for non-covered services. Always contact the rendering provider of any non-covered service within 2-3 weeks of receiving your EOB to verify your claim's status to be sure. For services that are ultimately considered non-covered and billable, we can potentially have you pay our uninsured prices, rather than paying the lab directly.
Still have questions?
If you have gone through these steps and still have questions, we would be glad to help! Please include a copy of your EOB, a copy of the bill you received from the lab, and any information you have learned so far from your discussions with your insurer and the lab. This information will be needed to solve whatever complication you're having with your claim. Good luck!
Appeal Denial, a Play in 4 Acts
If you have any questions, please contact Ryan!
The Appeal Denial Begins (Act 1)
Eight Weeks Later (Act 2)
Two Weeks Later (Act 3)
Three Months Later (Act 4)


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UCL Division of Infection & Immunity
UCL Biofilm Centre
Organisers: Dr Bambos Charalambous
The UCL Biofilm Centre is a virtual centre aiming to bring together a cadre of experts from different disciplines and from industry that will develop research strategies and co-ordinate research, development, training, educational and commercialisation activities.
Biofilm-associated infectious disease has been a neglected area of clinical research in the UK. Increasing evidence suggests that many life-threatening infections arise through the development of biofilms, either directly in the human host or indirectly via surgical prostheses or catheters.
Clinical themes: It has been known for many years that microbial biofilms are responsible for a wide range of infections but recent research has established that their involvement in disease processes is far wider than originally thought. Main categories of biofilm-associated disease (BAD) are listed below:
- Medical device-associated infections – due to advances in medical technology and an ageing population, these are an increasing problem and a considerable cost to the NHS.
- Oral diseases – the most prevalent infectious diseases of humans are caries, gingivitis and periodontitis and these are all caused by biofilms on the tooth surface.
- Genito-urinary infections – vaginitis has long been recognised as being due to biofilms on the vaginal mucosa but recently it has been shown that recurrent urinary tract infections are caused by biofilms within the bladder mucosa.
- Respiratory infections – the role of biofilms in lung infections in cystic fibrosis and ventilation –associated pneumonia is well known, but there is increasing evidence that upper respiratory tract infections such as otitis media are also caused by biofilms
Disciplines involved: Research into the aetiology, prevention and treatment of BAD requires the involvement of scientists and clinicians from a range of disciplines. This need for an inter-disciplinary approach has held back advances in the field and highlights the need for the establishment of a Biofilm Centre to encourage cross-discipline research. The disciplines involved include: Microbiology, medicine, biomaterials science, gene technology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacology.
Objectives: the main objectives of the Centre will be to:
(i) make UCL-BC the pre-eminent centre for clinically-relevant biofilm research in the UK and Europe;
(ii) provide a forum for scientists and clinicians with an interest in BAD;
(iii) encourage research into the microbial aetiology of BAD, the mechanisms underlying BAD, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies;
(iv) co-ordinate research grant applications;
(v) develop and run undergraduate and post-graduate courses in BAD; and to
(vi) provide a forum for discussion and cooperation between academics and appropriate commercial organisations to enable rapid commercialisation of research findings
Some of our contributing scientists and clinicians are listed here:
Dr Bambos Charalambous, BSc(hons), PhD (Senior Lecturer in Medical Microbiology);
Professor Chris Kibbler, Consultant Microbiologist (Royal Free, Mycology);
Dr Sean Nair, Senior lecturer (EDI, biofilm);
Dr Ian Needleman, BDS MSc PhD MRDRCS(Eng) FDSRCS(Eng) FHEA (Professor of Restorative Dentistry and Evidence-Based Healthcare Honorary Consultant and Specialist in Periodontology, Director International Centre for Evidence-Based Oral Health Director, International Centre for Evidence-Based Oral Health (ICEOH), EDI, oral diseases);
Professor James Malone-Lee (Professor of Medicine, MD FRCP, Director of Research and Development, Centre for Clinical Science, Technology and Geriatrics, Whittington Campus);
Professor Gordon W Blunn (UCL Institute of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science orthopaedics);
Dr Dave Spratt (Eastman Dental Institute);
Professor Ivan Parkin (UCL, Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry);
Professor Jonathan C Knowles ((Eastman Dental Institute); Professor of Biomaterials Science and Head of the Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering);
Dr Anne Young, (Eastman Dental Institute), Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering);
Dr Kishor Gulabivala (Eastman Dental Institute); and
Dr Jacob Sweiry (UCL and Partners HSRD)
[Note: You can find out more on the People pages on the School of Life and Medical Sciences website. You can find out further information about research publications on the UCL Publications Database.]
Page last modified on 11 sep 12 14:56 by Isabel Lubeiro


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Traditional, state-of-the-art and renewable thermal building insulation materials: An overview
Source of Publication
Construction and Building Materials
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Energy saving has become a strategic goal in the whole world, that will lead to protect the environment and conserve natural resources. The energy consumption in buildings for heating and cooling is considered as one of the major sources of energy consumption in a lot of countries. Therefore, there is an ongoing search for finding the proper alternatives to preserve energy and minimize energy losses. Subsequently, heat insulators, part of building materials, are steadily getting their importance as a means of saving energy. Although, a lot of insulation materials are used commercially, this part of building construction still faces different difficulties and challenges such as the cost, thermal and mechanical properties, health problems, etc. Current insulation materials used in construction industry are generally polymer based materials such as polystyrene and polyurethane foam. Although these materials have a high performance in thermal insulation, but the environmental impacts in their production processes are significant. Consequently, the researchers find that there is a necessity to develop and come up with insulating materials that possess excellent properties and at the same time, they have less environmental impacts, and are relatively cheap. In this review paper, the researches carried out in the formulation and development of different kinds of thermal insulation in the last decades are presented. The focus was placed on researches utilized of renewable resources and wastes in thermal insulations development. In addition, the light was shed on the composites materials which was developed as a construction material with high thermal insulation capacity.
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Construction material, Energy saving, Polymer, Renewable resources, Thermal insulation, Wastes
Abu-Jdayil, Basim; Mourad, Abdel Hamid; Hittini, Waseem; Hassan, Muzamil; and Hameedi, Suhaib, "Traditional, state-of-the-art and renewable thermal building insulation materials: An overview" (2019). All Works. 3763.
Indexed in Scopus


agogical stepping stone towards fully nonstandard analysis, as it is formally similar to (though weaker than) fully nonstandard analysis, but on the other hand is closer in practice to standard analysis. As we shall see below, the relation between cheap nonstandard analysis and standard analysis is analogous in many ways to the relation between probabilistic reasoning and deterministic reasoning; it also resembles somewhat the preference in much of modern mathematics for viewing mathematical objects as belonging to families (or to categories) to be manipulated en masse, rather than treating each object individually. (For instance, nonstandard analysis can be used as a partial substitute for scheme theory in order to obtain uniformly quantitative results in algebraic geometry, as discussed for instance in this previous blog post.)
Read the rest of this entry »


Pelvic Abdominal Pain Specialist
Hasan Badday, MD - - Pain Management Specialist
Pacific Pain Management
Anyone dealing with chronic or acute pain in the greater Los Angeles area can seek relief from Dr. Badday at either of his offices in Irvine, CA & Los Angeles, CA. Dr. Badday offers a variety of pain relief procedures available upon consultation.
Pelvic Abdominal Pain Q & A
What pain relief techniques are available?
Dr. Badday has a wide variety of pain relief procedures and treatments at his disposal including:
 1. Facet joint injections
 2. Facet joint denervation
 3. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment
 4. Discography
 5. Epidural steroid injection
 6. Transforaminal epidural injection
 7. Sacroiliac joint steroid injection
 8. Selective nerve root block
 9. Lumbar sympathetic block
 10. Stellate ganglion block
 11. Decompressor discectomy
 12. Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty
 13. Vertebroplasty
 14. Kyphoplasty
 15. Spinal cord stimulation
 16. Sacral nerve root stimulation
 17. Intrathecal pump implant
 18. Varicose vein treatment
How is the correct treatment determined?
Dr. Badday will perform a thorough consultation and exam to determine the root cause of the pain. Further testing including x-rays, MRIs and CAT scans will also be performed. The doctor will perform a physical evaluation of the patient's mobility and range of motion. Once the root cause and the extent of the pain are identified, Dr. Badday will discuss treatment options with the patient and select the option that will relieve the pain and allow for treatment of the root cause.
What is the difference between acute and chronic pain?
Acute pain begins abruptly and typically feels sharp. Broken bones, cuts, or burns are traditional examples. Acute pain can be mild and only last briefly. It can also be severe and last for up to a few months. In most cases, acute discomfort does not persist past 6 months and it discontinues when its underlying cause has been addressed. If the problem which caused the short-term pain isn't addressed, it can lead to more long-term or chronic pain. Chronic pain is defined as that which does not improve after time has gone by and is usually related to an underlying condition like arthritis, disc degeneration, or sciatica.


Kamus Online
suggested words
Hasil cari dari kata atau frase: Disproportionately (0.01165 detik)
Found 3 items, similar to Disproportionately.
English → Indonesian (quick) Definition: disproportionate tak seimbang
English → English (WordNet) Definition: disproportionately disproportionately adv 1: to a disproportionate degree; "this wall is disproportionately long" [ant: proportionately] 2: to a disproportionate degree; "his benefits were disproportionately generous" [ant: proportionately]
English → English (gcide) Definition: Disproportionately Disproportionate \Dis'pro*por"tion*ate\, a. Not proportioned; unsymmetrical; unsuitable to something else in bulk, form, value, or extent; out of proportion; inadequate; as, in a perfect body none of the limbs are disproportionate; it is wisdom not to undertake a work disproportionate means. -- Dis'pro*por"tion*ate*ly, adv. -- Dis'pro*por"tion*ate*ness, n. [1913 Webster]
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A "magic" herb, Carissa Edulis, that drew thousands of people to a remote Loliondo village in Tanzania was identified by Kenyan scientists a few years ago as a cure for a drug-resistant strain of a sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhoea. This herb also is believed to cure many other diseases besides gonorrhoea. The Kamba refer to as mukawa or mutote and use it for chest pains, while the Nandi boil the leaves and bark to treat breast cancer, headache and chest pains.
Researchers discovered the plant could be used for the treatment of the herpes virus. Led by Dr Festus M Tolo of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (Kemri), the team from the University of Nairobi and the National Museums of Kenya found the herb could provide an alternative remedy for herpes infections.
"An extract preparation from the roots of Carissa edulis, a medicinal plant locally growing in Kenya, has exhibited remarkable anti-herpes virus activity for both wild type and drug resistant strains," they reported in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.


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The authors have reported a significant reduction in fretting fatigue strength of austenitic stainless steels due to hydrogen. One of the causes of the reduced fretting fatigue strength in hydrogen is adhesion between contacting surfaces and following formation of small cracks which emanate from the adhered spots. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of hydrogen on the initiation of the small cracks under fretting fatigue conditions. Since the adhesion between contacting surfaces during fretting in hydrogen is very localized, a small contact length was used in this test in order to facilitate understanding by avoiding such localization. The fretting fatigue test of an austenitic stainless steel SUS304 was performed in air and 0.13MPa hydrogen. In the fretting fatigue test, hydrogen participates in the initiation of the fretting fatigue crack. It can be presumed that high strain at the contact edge activates hydrogen assisted fracture in terms of dislocation mobility. Adhesion mimic test, in which a small contact area was welded, was also performed. As the result, the crack initiation limit evaluated by the maximum range of shear stress was significantly lower in hydrogen than in air. Hydrogen assists small crack initiation under fretting fatigue conditions. This is one of the possible causes of the significant reduction of fretting fatigue strength in hydrogen.
|Number of pages||10|
|Journal||Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, A Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part A|
|Publication status||Published - Jul 17 2013|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Materials Science(all)
- Mechanics of Materials
- Mechanical Engineering


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In a city, the vacant lot becomes a space of emptiness, a place that people try to avoid. The Rainbow of Ropes, attempts to reactivate these types of spaces by building a playground for children and adults alike. The conic shapes and tunnel like forms are inviting for people to climb inside. The web like structure is made of rope woven between structural steel hoops. The rope can be soft and comfortable to climb, sit, and lounge on. Open to the fresh air, the density of the rope filters light to shade inhabitants as they play inside. Rainbow of Ropes reactivates a dead space into a colorful and exciting place where everyone can come together and play like a kid.
- Category: Conceptual


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About This Show
Every fortnight, The Intersection narrates stories that meld culture, science and history in India. Through interviews, anecdotes and original research, Padmaparna Ghosh and Samanth Subramanian bring alive the rich breadth of human imagination and knowledge, making for a riveting listening experience. The incessant punning — well, that's just a bonus.
Most Recent Episode
#46: How Our Vocabulary Evolved Over 8,000 Years
Isn't it odd that the word for "father" in Spanish ("padre") and Sanskrit ("pitru") sound similar? Especially given the geographic and cultural barriers that separate the two languages? As this episode of The Intersection discovers, there's a reason these languages can sound similar, and what's more, there's actually a way to trace the pronunciations of modern words, sometimes going back 8,000 years. Tune in to know more about the granddaddy of modern Indo-European languages and how a story may have sounded thousands of years ago.
Music: Josh Woodward


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In the last posting, we saw how Weibull analysis helped us to determine that SACM lead-free solder (SAC105 with about 0.1% manganese) has comparable (actually better) thermal cycle performance versus SAC305 solder. Software like Minitab will give us even more detailed information about the performance of the solder joints in stress testing as we see in Figure 1, above.
In addition to the Weibull plot, we also have the Probability Density Function (PDF), the Survival Function and the Hazard Function. The PDF tells us when it is most likely that a test board will fail in a test population, as shown by the inserted red line. We see that it is a little less than 2,000 cycles. The Survival Function shows the percent of surviving test boards. We observe that the expected life (the 50% point) is quite close to the maximum of the PDF. The Hazard Function tells us the rate at which the test boards are dropping out. It increases with time, but there are few boars left so the PDF drops down at the end of the test, even though the fall out rate is the highest.
It is interesting (and perhaps appropriate as Halloween approaches) to consider if human mortality follows a Weibull distribution. I used some data for the Centers for Disease Control that are a little over ten years old, for males in the US. So, the mean life expectancy is a little low at 72 years. (I was a little lazy, the old data were a little easier to work with than new data, some conversions are needed to make it work.) The data appear above in Figure 2.
As you can see, just like a solder joint, your life expectancy can be modeled quite well by the Weibull distribution.


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The Engineer's Notebook gives you the ability to create notes and store them as part of a model. A note can be attached to an edge, sketch, feature, part, or other selection in the model. Each note consists of a comment box and a view of the model.
To start the Engineers Notebook, select a part in the window, right-click, and select Create Note.
When you add the first note to a model, the program creates a notebook. You can add comment boxes or additional views to a note or add more notes to the notebook.
You can use the Engineer's Notebook to save the history of development or to provide reminders for project designers. Examples of notes include design strategy, reason for a design decision, manufacturing instructions, or information from a test or FEA calculation. Notes can contain links to external files, such as spreadsheets, word processing documents, graphics, or audio files.
In the Engineer's Notebook browser, the program assigns each note a name and lists it in the order in which you created it. You can organize the notes as follows:
If you are using the Engineer's Notebook to maintain the history of a design, you can use several options to assure an accurate record.
Ordinarily, a note is deleted when the geometry to which it is attached is deleted. To maintain an accurate history, set the option to keep notes attached to deleted geometry
When you create a note, the note view captures the current state of the model. As you change the model, the view in the note updates automatically. To keep it from updating, you can freeze a view in the note. The view and its comment then serve as a historical record.
As you add notes to a part model, each note is listed in the part browser under the item to which it is attached. For example, if the note is attached to a feature, it is nested under that feature in the browser. Notes attached to edges or other items that are not listed in the part browser are listed at the end of the part.
Information from an external file (such as a spreadsheet or word processing document) can be added to a note in the Engineer's Notebook. You can embed the content of the external file in a comment or add a link to the file.
As you add notes, each one is assigned a name and listed in the Engineer's Notebook browser in the order in which you created it. You can organize the notes in the following ways:
You can also change the name of a folder, comment, or view.
In the browser, drag the note to the new location.
Right-click the folder and select Place New Notes Here from the menu.
When more than one note exists for a part or an assembly, you can cycle forward or backward through the multiple notes by clicking Previous Note or Next Note on the Notes panel as required.
You can change the layout of a note in the Engineer's Notebook. Add comments, views, or arrows to the note, format the text in a comment box, or change the view in a view box.
You can add comment boxes, view boxes, or arrows to a note. To add an element to a note, right-click the notebook page (not in a comment box or view box), and then select the element from the menu.
To apply formatting to text in a comment box, select the text. Use the options on the Format panel to change the font or color of the text or to apply bold, italics, or underlining. Text justification modes, such as left alignment, center alignment, and right alignment may also be applied to selected text.
You can also use the bullets option to better organize your notes and improve readability.
You can change size, orientation, or display style of any view in a note.
If you select Freeze from the view menu, the view no longer update when you change the model. To update the view, clear the Freeze check mark.
Lists all the notes in the model file. Notes are listed in the order in which they were created.
Use the following options when working with notes in the browser:
Click a note to select and display it.
Select the note, then click the note name and enter the new name.
Drag the note to the new location.
Right-click the note and select Delete from the menu.
Provides options for organizing design notes in a model. To access the menu, click in the browser to cancel any note selection, then right-click to open the menu.
Sets the sort order for the notes. Select the order from the pop-up menu.
Creates a note folder at the end of the note list.
Place New Notes Here
Sets a folder as the default location for all new notes. Select the folder before opening the browser menu.


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English for Police
As a police officer you have one of the most important jobs in the world: to serve and protect the people. While you are fighting crime and handling emergencies you probably come across many English speakers. Some may commit crimes, while others may be victims of crime. In both cases, you need to ask and answer questions in English. Your job may also require you to speak to English witnesses. Time can be a key factor in solving a crime or saving a life. You cannot always wait for an interpreter. These pages will help you learn vocabulary and phrases that will be useful when you encounter English speakers. Do the exercises and take the quizzes to test your knowledge and understanding.
In English the word police is an uncountable noun. We therefore treat it as plural and say, for example: The Police are coming. The words policeman or policewoman are countable, so can be singular or plural, for example: The policeman is asking questions. Three policewomen are coming.


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Your purchase of CO₂ Forestry carbon credits helps to reduce your carbon footprint. It also supports forestry projects that:
- Protect biodiversity hotspots and endangered species
- Support sustainable livelihoods
- Restore the world's carbon balance
In addition, a portion of the proceeds from every carbon credit sold is donated to support the rainforest replanting and rebuilding efforts of Iracambi, our Brazilian partner.
When you purchase our forestry carbon credits, your offsets are retired through the APX Environmental Registry. CO2 Forestry then provides you certification and documentation of your offsets.
Thank you for doing YOUR PART to reduce your carbon emissions and protect the planet.


Iowa Is Awesome by _USER_ on Reddit More Pasta
I am so proud to be an Iowan. Iowa is fucking awesome, and here is why:
 1. In 1838, before we were even a state, our Supreme Court upheld the law that in Iowa escaped slaves couldn't be forced to return to a slave state. The same year it became law an unmarried women could own property. In most of the rest of the US either category having any rights was laughable and were considered property themselves.
 2. We were involved in a war with Missouri. The Honey War! was a border dispute that we Iowans may not have started but we sure as hell won.
 3. We were the second state in the union to allow interracial marriage (1851) almost a century before it became legal in the rest of the US.
 4. In 1851 Iowa legislated that, "the property of married women did not vest in her husband, nor did the husband control his wife's property".
 5. In 1857 University of Iowa, my alma mater (Go Hawkeyes!!), was the first state university to have a degree program open for women.
 6. For the American Civil War, Iowa contributed more men than any other state per capita. This despite the fact not a single major battle occurred on Iowan soil.
 7. Iowa outlawed segregated schools in 1868. We were the second state in the union to do it and we did it close to a century before the rest of America.
 8. Iowa elected the first women to public office in the united states, in 1869. That same year we were the first state to allow women to join the bar and we had the first female US attorney. This paved the way for Iowa to have the first female practice law before a federal court.
 9. Iowa was passing civil rights act, prohibiting discrimination in public, all the way back in 1884.
 10. Iowa was the third state (tip of the hat to Wyoming and Colorado for beating us to the punch)to give women the right to vote in 1894.
 11. Iowa has the first mosque in the US and the only exclusively Muslim cemetery.
 12. In 1953, amongst all the states of the union, only Iowa defeated a McCarthyistic legislative measure to impose a teacher's loyalty oath.
 13. Iowa was the first to have an openly gay man run for a seat in Congress. And the guy was a Republican!
 14. In 2007, Iowa was the second state to allow full marriage to gays and lesbians.
 15. In Iowa we protect our children from from bullying due to sexual orientation AND gender identity.
tl;dr: And for the two part cherry on the cake…
16) 2008 Democrat Caucuses, Iowa became the first in the nation to select Barack Obama as their choice for president. This when almost all political pundits thought he wasn't a viable candidate. For some perspective on the Iowa is 95% white. You have to go to the North Pole to find a whiter place.
17) Norman Borlaug is an Iowa native son, born and bred. Who is Norman Borlaug you ask yourself? Look him up! He was the greatest man who ever lived, a man who saved a billion lives (No hyperbole).
QED Bitches.


Yellow Mocis
Moths in the genus Mocis are generally medium-sized (about 26mm across), and yellowish with closely related spot patterns. There are five such moths in North America, all in the southeastern US, more or less. The range of the yellow mocis is roughly from the east coast of Texas, all along the Gulf coast, through to Florida and South Carolina.
They have interesting, attractively striped caterpillars in the same tones of beige, brown, black and white as the adults. The caterpillars feed on forage and pasture grasses as well as some human crops (making them notable pests, unfortunately). They move like inchworms, making their bodies into a loop and then extending again, hence the common name for the genus, grass loopers or striped grass loopers.
Full disclosure: on iNaturalist, I've been told this may, in fact, be a withered mocis (Mocis marcida) and not a yellow mocis (Mocis disseverans). And hey, I'm no expert. My guess on species is based on the Peterson Field Guide to Moths of Southeastern North America, and the comparison image on, as well as skimming through's photos of each species. My impression is still that this is M. disseverans. I'm not sure what difference it makes, as both moths are of the "single sentence on Wikipedia" variety, and pretty interchangeable except for nuances in pattern.
(This sort of base, uneducated, neanderthal opinion is why I'm probably never going to be a real entomologist. 🙂
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When we in NYC talk about 'the Holidays', we mean the period from late November to New Year's Day.
'Holiday' in the singular can refer to anything from Easter to 'Talk Like a Pirate Day', depending on the person.
'Vacation' usually means a trip of at least a week away from your home base. As I understand it, the term came into being during the 19th century. During the hot months, wealthy people would close down their town houses. Women and children would be sent off to cooler, relaxing places such as the Catskills or Eastern end of Long Island. men continued to see to business. During the week they boarded at their Clubs and visited their families on the weekends.
This was the time that major repairs and cleaning could be done to the city house without discomfort to the family. Because the house was vacated. The summer became known as 'Vacation' and the term filtered into general use.


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of Wii-based Movement Therapy, and for a subset of 13 patients at 6-month follow-up. Patients were classified according to residual voluntary motor capacity with low, moderate or high motor-function. The area under the curve was calculated from EMG amplitude and movement duration. Clinical assessments of upper-limb motor-function preand post-therapy included the Wolf Motor Function Test, Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Motor Activity Log Quality of Movement scale.
Clinical assessments improved over time (p<0.01) with an effect of motor-function level (p<0.001). The pattern of EMG change by late-therapy was complex and variable, with differences between patients with low compared to moderate or high motor-function. The area under the curve (p=0.028) and peak amplitude (p=0.043) during Wii-tennis backhand increased for patients with low motor-function whereas EMG decreased for patients with moderate and high motor-function. The reductions included: movement duration during Wii-golf (p=0.048, moderate; p=0.026, high), and Wii-tennis backhand (p=0.046, moderate; p=0.023, high) and forehand (p=0.009, high); and the area under the curve during Wii-golf (p=0.018, moderate) and Wii-baseball (p=0.036, moderate). For the pooled data over time there was an effect of motor-function (p=0.016) and an interaction between time and motor-function (p=0.009) for Wii-golf movement duration. Wii-baseball movement duration decreased as a function of time (p=0.022). There was an effect on Wii-tennis forehand duration for time (p=0.002) and interaction of time and motor-function (p=0.005); and an effect of motor-function level on the area under the curve (p=0.034) for Wii-golf.
This study demonstrated different patterns of EMG changes according to residual voluntary motor-function levels despite heterogeneity within each level that was not evident following clinical assessments alone. Thus, rehabilitation efficacy might be underestimated by analyses of pooled data.
[ARTICLE] The effect of bilateral trainings on upper extremities muscle activation on level of motor function in stroke patients – Full Text PDF
[Purpose] This study was conducted in order to compare muscle activation level on the affected and unaffected limb according to the recovery level of upper limb between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity with pilates ring.
[Subjects and Methods] Twenty inpatient who have had a stroke were recruited. Subjects were divided into two groups by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Function score of moderately recovered group and well recovered group. The muscles activation of upper extremity and Co-Contraction Ratio (CCR) were analyzed.
[Results] In the muscles activation of the well group, trapezius, anterior deltoid, and triceps muscles of affected side and biceps muscles of both sides were significantly higher when activity with pilates ring than activity with hands clasped. CCR of both side in the well group was significantly decreased during activity with pilates ring and in the moderate group, CCR of affected side was significantly decreased during activity with pilates ring.
[Conclusion] Bilateral activity with a pilates ring is more effective than activity with hands clasped for the facilitation of muscle activation and coordination in stroke patients.
Functional limitation imposed due to a paretic upper limb affects more than 80% of stroke survivors1). Upper limb impairment is the leading cause of limitation of motor function. Therefore, restoration of upper limb function is an essential aspect of stroke rehabilitation for regaining functional independency2). An abnormal pattern of upper limb movement may occur caused by the compensation for muscle paralysis and imbalance. By training to perform a functional task, movement re-education is used to treat the abnormal pattern of muscle weakness3). Although rehabilitation specialists are trying various approaches to facilitate the restoration of upper limb function, rehabilitation of upper limb function remains a challenge. Consequently, a number of researchers and therapists are seeking more effective therapeutic techniques of upper limb rehabilitation to restore voluntary motor control. Bilateral training (BT) is a therapeutic technique of upper limb rehabilitation. A recent meta-analysis revealed that BT has a positive effect on poststroke upper limb rehabilitation4). BT induces motor synergy between limbs to activate the motor capacity of the affected limb. In other words, voluntary movements of the unaffected limb facilitate voluntary movements of the affected limb5). Activation of the primary and supplementary motor cortex for the unaffected limb increases voluntary muscle contraction of the affected limb during symmetrical movements6). Even though BT is performed by using both the unaffected and the affected limbs simultaneously, most studies have reported the effect of BT on the affected limb. Morris & Wijck reported one randomized controlled trial that investigated the effect of BT on the unaffected limb. In that report, subjects were classified into two groups, the bilateral group and unilateral group divided who scored ≤6 on the motor assessment7). However, no study has addressed the effect of upper limb muscle activation on the unaffected limb during bilateral activity and the comparison of change in activity between the affected and unaffected limbs. The effect of BT on the recovery level of the upper limb remains unclear. BT includes various activities such as targeted reaching activity using a peg, grasping and bringing a glass to the mouth, picking up and placing a towel, and manipulating and playing cards. While various activities are used, it is important to ensure that the movements involve both the upper limbs4). For assessing bilateral activity, movements involving hand clasped or grasping and lifting up an instrument such as a rod are used. However, no study has investigated the difference in amounts of upper limb muscle activation between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity while lifting an instrument. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the muscle activation level on the affected and unaffected limbs according to the recovery level of the upper limb between bilateral activity with hands clasped and bilateral activity with a pilates ring.
[Review] Motor Imagery-Based Rehabilitation: Potential Neural Correlates and Clinical Application for Functional Recovery of Motor Deficits after Stroke – Full Text PDF
Motor imagery (MI), defined as the mental implementation of an action in the absence of movement or muscle activation, is a rehabilitation technique that offers a means to replace or restore lost motor function in stroke patients when used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy procedures. This article briefly reviews the concepts and neural correlates of MI in order to promote improved understanding, as well as to enhance the clinical utility of MI-based rehabilitation regimens. We specifically highlight the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor, and prefrontal areas, primary motor cortex, and parietal cortex. Additionally, we examine the recent literature related to MI and its potential as a therapeutic technique in both upper and lower limb stroke rehabilitation.
[Case study] The effect of task-oriented training on the muscle activation of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients – Full Text
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effects of task-oriented training on upper extremity muscle activation in daily activities performed by chronic stoke patients.
[Subjects and Methods] In this research, task-oriented training was conducted by 2 chronic hemiplegic stroke patients. Task-oriented training was conducted 5 times a week, 30 minutes per day, for 2 weeks. Evaluation was conducted 3 times before and after the intervention. The Change of muscle activation in the upper extremity was measured using a BTS FreeEMG 300.
[Results] The subjects' root mean square values for agonistic muscles for the reaching activity increased after the intervention. All subjects' co-coordination ratios decreased after the intervention in all movements of reaching activity.
[Conclusion] Through this research, task-oriented training was proven to be effective in improving the muscle activation of the upper extremity in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients.
Background: Hemiparetic stroke survivors often exhibit profound weakness in the digits of the paretic hand, but the relative contribution of potential biomechanical and neurological impairment mechanisms is not known. Establishing sources of impairment would help in guiding treatment.
Objective: The present study sought to quantify the role of diminished capacity to voluntarily active finger flexor and extensor muscles as one possible neurological mechanism.
Methods: Two groups of stroke survivors with "severe" (N = 9) or "moderate" (N = 9) hand impairment and one group of neurologically intact individuals (N = 9) participated. Subjects were asked to create isometric flexion force and extension force, respectively, with the tip of the middle finger. The maximum voluntary force (MVF) and the maximum stimulated force (MSF) produced by an applied train of electrical current pulses (MSF) were recorded for flexion and extension. Percent voluntary activation (PVA) was computed from MVF and MSF.
Results: Significant deficits in both MVF and PVA were observed for stroke subjects compared to control subjects. For example, activation deficits were >80% for extensor digitorum communis (EDC) for the "severe" group. Maximum voluntary force and PVA deficits were greater for EDC than for flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) for stroke subjects with severe impairment. Maximum voluntary force and PVA correlated significantly for stroke subjects but not for control subjects.
Conclusions: Although extrinsic finger muscles could be successfully recruited electrically, voluntary excitation of these muscles was substantially limited in stroke survivors. Thus, finger weakness after stroke results predominantly from the inability to fully activate the muscle voluntarily.
Source: Maney Online – Maney Publishing


accidentally in a sentence
Example sentences for accidentally
Open, he accidentally nudged his ball while setting up for a shot.
Professors have also accidentally shared comments with students that they meant only for fellow instructors.
The problem comes when the telomerase gene is accidentally activated in a cell in which it is supposed to be shut down.
They suspect that a fishing vessel picked it up accidentally.
As you cut, be careful not to accidentally nip off the new buds.
After accidentally discovering an alien artifact, the space miner finds himself stranded on an asteroid, his co-workers missing.
He had accidentally marked the wrong major on his online admissions.
If it accidentally kills someone on the list, all bets will be off.
Two actors playing a scene in which a guy accidentally cuts his hand while chopping fruits.
Also, pipes leading to the tanks can be accidentally ruptured.
It is made, in part, from serum from six colleagues accidentally infected in the lab.
It's a junkyard out there in space and sometimes astronauts accidentally contribute to the litter.
Call to request a waiver of the late penalty if you mostly pay on time but accidentally miss a deadline one month.
If it starts to fail, the computer can crash accidentally when the power supply generates a noisy signal.
You'll have to be careful you don't accidentally throw yours out with the recycling.
People continue to accidentally introduce species to new ranges today.
And then hitting someone in the face for accidentally stepping on your foot.
Many invasive species are introduced into a new region accidentally.
Indeed, in nearly all reported cases skiers or snowmobilers have been victims of avalanches accidentally provoked by themselves.
But that runs the risk of accidentally triggering a response from another atomic power, who might mistake it for a nuke.
There is no way to measure whether voters accidentally cast ballots for the wrong candidate.
Swimming pools were fitted with ropes to allow koalas to climb out if they accidentally fall in.
Sometimes the chalk accidentally makes the sound, too.
The other risk is that something will escape accidentally.
The letters are accidentally returned to them with other materials.
He said he accidentally used a bat intended for batting practice.
The result will simply be more guns around campus, which increases the likelihood that some will go off accidentally.
Anna can be seen walking down the catwalk whereupon she accidentally drops a pistol on the floor.
They must have accidentally been moved from another thread.
Sometimes low culture accidentally does more than the works that start out pretentiously intending to be high culture.
Label each bin clearly so employees do not accidentally mix materials.
Psychology has a long history of regarding pleasure and reward as the same thing, accidentally or not.
These can become enormous-several inches thick-and if accidentally cut, would result in rapid blood loss.
Ores consist of an aggregate of minerals which have coalesced not accidentally, but as a result of the conditions of their origin.
As his soldiers maneuvered in a dense fog, they accidentally fired on one another.
He hands them to the narrator, who accidentally sits on them.
Still, none of those compartments ever sprang open accidentally.
Seems to me that this system makes it much more likely to accidentally send emails to places they shouldn't go.
Famous quotes containing the word accidentally
They mean to tell us all was rolling blind Till accidentally it hit on mind... more
Pain itself can be pleasurable accidentally in so far as it is accompanied by wonder, as in stage-plays; or... more
I will not adopt that ungenerous and impolitic custom so common with novel writers, of degrading by their contemptuous c... more
Copyright © 2014 Dictionary.com, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Hopi Symbols and their Meanings
Hopitu-shinumu (Hopi) means Peaceful People; this serves as a background to understanding their use of symbols.
The Hopi are expert craftspeople, and possess uncommon agricultural skills.
Their connection with the land, cultivating, and harvesting is truly superior. Specifically, their ability to skillfully coax yielding corn from the desert sands is to be commended. This connection to earth, and nature is constantly exhibited in Hopi symbols.
Art is a way of life for the Hopi; it expresses their visions, beliefs and dreams to themselves and others. As artisans, they incorporated their Hopi symbols into an array of dazzlingly beautiful baskets, weavings, and pottery.
Hopi are also the crafters of kachina dolls and costumes. For more information on this are of Hopi tradition, click on:
A few Hopi symbols and their meanings are provided here with an aim to bring about understanding and respect to these diverse and skillful people.
Mother Earth or Maze Symbol:
This is a common symbol among many Native American tribes, including the Hopi. One of its representations is that of mother and child (see Mother Symbolism. page) In a broader sense, the connection of earth mother to us as her children. The beginning, straight center-line represents the child – or our philosophical beginnings – the surrounding maze represents the enfolding energies of mother earth. Note the maze does not enclose the center –line representing the child. The symbolism then is strong when we realize the support of the mother is constantly around yet our ability to venture out on our own is always available. Also reference my page on Earth Symbols here.
Hopi World Symbol:
This symbol signifies world to the Hopi The "cosmic cross" or four bars represent north, south, east and west correspond to the outermost points on the horizon where the sun passes through the year; the solstice and equinox points. The four circles inside the outer outline represent the four nations (the first four tribes of mankind), which came to the world to keep balance. See also my blogpost on Cosmic Direction and Compass Symbolism.
Hopi Sun Symbol:
A symbol of creative and natural energy. The supreme god due to the Hopi's dependence upon it for the growth of corn, and other sustaining crops. The sun symbol represents the heart of the cosmos and deals with vitality, growth, and passion.
Hopi Spiral Symbol:
This rendition of the Hopi spiral is also common among North, South and Central Native American Indian tribes. The spiral represents the number of journeys or treks a tribe or nation has made to the four corners of the earth. Engraved on stones, the spiral suggests an intricate journey made to the Otherworlds on back. Generally, the spiral represents a broadening of consciousness, which is the destination arrived after a long journey.
Hopi Kachina Sun Symbol:
Also known as a Tawa kachina, it is a spirit symbolizing of life, growth, strength of spirit, and abundance. The likeness of this spirit is donned during the solstice ceremony to beckon the sun's return, and begin the growing season. See Kachina Properties for more information on Hopi kachinas and their meanings.
I hope you enjoyed these Hopi Symbols. Be sure to check out the in-site links at the end of this page for more Native American symbols and their meanings. Thanks for reading!


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Blue mussels may help control sea lice in salmon farms, according to a study by UMaine. (Photo: Stock File/FIS)
UMaine researchers make key discovery on lice infestation
Friday, April 29, 2011, 04:10 (GMT + 9)
University of Maine researchers have published a paper in which they demonstrate that the blue mussel can eat larvae of the sea louse, a parasitic pest that has recently made a comeback on fish farms, decimating populations of farmed finfish.
The findings were published recently in the journal Aquaculture and have implications for the farmed salmon industry in Maine. If further analysis in the field holds up, the use of mussels on salmon farms could be another disease management strategy for reducing the infectious pressure of sea lice in a finfish farm.
Postdoctoral researcher Sally Molloy, a microbiologist in UMaine's School of Marine Sciences, made the discovery last summer along with graduate student Michael Pietrak. Ian Bricknell, the Libra Professor of Aquaculture Biology and director of UMaine's Aquaculture Research Institute, and Debbie Bouchard, manager of the Maine Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory at UMaine, provided research support.
The paper also has implications for the development in Maine of a concept called integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), an alternative approach to the standard mono-culture aquaculture. IMTA is believed to reduce the environmental impacts of commercial aquaculture systems by combining the cultivation of fed species, such as salmon, with extractive species, such as mussels.
The sea louse, which feeds on the skin and tissue of its host, has a life cycle consisting of 10 stages. Most research to eradicate sea lice infestations has focused on the stages of the louse when it has already infected its host. Farmers of finfish such as salmon and trout had for the last 10 years used a drug called SLICE against the louse, but the parasite has shown resistance to the drug.
The UMaine research focuses on eradicating the sea louse in its larval stage.
To conduct the experiment, the researchers collected sea lice egg strings from an infected commercial salmon farm in Maine. The eggs hatched and were reared to the copepodid stage. Meanwhile, the team obtained mussels from a local commercial mussel farmer and placed the mussels in a system with artificial seawater.
The mussels were exposed to the sea lice copepods for either 30 or 60 minutes, after which time the contents of the mussels' stomachs were removed and DNA analysis was performed. The analysis determined the mussels had ingested the sea lice copepodids.
The UMaine team will continue its research later this year, taking its work out of the laboratory and into the field. Although the date and exact location have not yet been determined, the researchers will insert a mussel raft into the waters of a salmon farm on the Maine coast to find out if their results from last summer hold up on a larger scale. The populations of mussels, salmon and sea lice will be monitored for several years to determine what effect they have on each other.
The farm, with its combination of species, will be the first of its kind in Maine.
Should the mussel raft prove effective against sea lice infestations in salmon farms, the IMTA technique could be used on a wider scale in combination with other methods, including drugs known as chemotherapeutics.


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USGS Volcano Hazards Program Volcano Update
Cleveland volcano forms the western half of Chuginadak Island, a remote and uninhabited island in the east central Aleutians. It is located about 75 km (45 mi.) west of the community of Nikolski, and 1500 km (940 mi.) southwest of Anchorage. The volcano's most recent significant eruption began in February, 2001 and it produced 3 explosive events that produced ash clouds as high as 12 km (39,000 ft) above sea level. The 2001 eruption also produced a rubbly lava flow and hot avalanche that reached the sea. The most recent minor ash emissions were observed in November 2012.
Update in Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) format


text: Erythropoiesis is considered as a multistep and tightly regulated process under the control of a series of cytokines including erythropoietin (Epo). Epo activates specific signaling pathways and leads to activation of key transcription factors such as GATA-1, in order to ensure erythroid differentiation. Deregulation leads to a decreased number of red blood cells, a hemoglobin deficiency, thus a limited oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood. Anemia represents a frequent complication in various diseases such as cancer or inflammatory diseases. It reduces both quality of life and prognosis in patients. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) was described to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer related anemia. Blood transfusions and erythroid stimulating agents (ESAs) including human recombinant Epo (rhuEpo) are currently used as efficient treatments. Moreover, the recently described conflicting effects of ESAs in distinct studies require further investigations on the molecular mechanisms involved in TNFalpha-caused anemia. The present study aims to evaluate the current knowledge and the importance of the effect of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha on erythropoiesis in inflammatory and malignant conditions.


Buddhism and Sexism
Buddhist nuns conducting a service at the Fo Guang Shan Temple in Perth, Australia.
Paul Kane / Getty Images
Buddhist women, including nuns, have faced harsh discrimination by Buddhist institutions in Asia for centuries. There is gender inequality in most of the world's religions, of course, but that's no excuse. Is sexism intrinsic to Buddhism, or did Buddhist institutions absorb sexism from Asian culture? Can Buddhism treat women as equals, and remain Buddhism?
The Historical Buddha and the First Nuns
Let's begin at the beginning, with the historical Buddha. According to the Pali Vinaya and other early scriptures, the Buddha originally refused to ordain women as nuns. He said that allowing women into the sangha would cause his teachings to survive only half as long –- 500 years instead of a 1,000.
The Buddha's cousin Ananda asked if there was any reason women could not realize enlightenment and enter Nirvana as well as men. The Buddha admitted there was no reason a woman could not be enlightened. "Women, Ananda, having gone forth are able to realize the fruit of stream-attainment or the fruit of once-returning or the fruit of non-returning or arahantship," he said.
That's the story, anyway. Some historians argue that this story was an invention written into scriptures later, by an unknown editor. Ananda was still a child when the first nuns were ordained, for example, so he couldn't very well have been on hand to advise the Buddha.
Early scriptures also say that some of the women who were the first Buddhist nuns were praised by the Buddha for their wisdom, and several realized enlightenment.
Unequal Rules for Nuns
The Vinaya-pitaka records the original rules of discipline for monks and nuns. A bhikkuni (nun) has rules in addition to those given to a bhikku (monk). The most significant of these rules are called the Eight Garudhammas ("heavy rules"). These include total subordination to monks; the most senior nuns are to be considered "junior" to a monk of one day.
Some scholars point to discrepancies between the Pali Bhikkuni Vinaya (the section of the Pali Canon dealing with the rules for nuns) and other versions of the texts and suggest the more odious rules were added after the Buddha's death. Wherever they came from, over the centuries the rules were used in many parts of Asia to discourage women from being ordained.
When most orders of nuns died out centuries ago, conservatives used rules that called for ordained monks and nuns to be present at nuns' ordination to stop women from being ordained. If there are no living ordained nuns, according to the rules, there can be no nun ordinations. This effectively ended full nun ordination in the Theravada orders of southeast Asia; women there can be novices only. And no nun's order was ever established in Tibetan Buddhism, although there are some women Tibetan lamas.
There is, however, an order of Mahayana nuns in China and Taiwan that can trace its lineage back to the first ordination of nuns. Some women have been ordained as Theravada nuns in the presence of these Mahayana nuns, although this is hugely controversial in some patriarchal Theravada monastic orders.
Women have had an impact on Buddhism nonetheless. I've been told the nuns of Taiwan enjoy higher status in their country than the monks do. The Zen tradition also has some formidable women Zen masters in its history.
Can Women Enter Nirvana?
Buddhist doctrines on the enlightenment of women are contradictory. There is no one institutional authority that speaks for all Buddhism. The myriad schools and sects do not follow the same scriptures; texts that are central to some schools are not recognized as authentic by others. And the scriptures disagree.
For example, the Larger Sukhavati-vyuha Sutra, also called the Aparimitayur Sutra, is one of three sutras that provide the doctrinal basis of the Pure Land school. This sutra contains a passage usually interpreted to mean that women must be reborn as men before they can enter Nirvana. This opinion pops up in time to time in other Mahayana scriptures, although I'm not aware of it being in the Pali Canon.
On the other hand, the Vimalakirti Sutra teaches that maleness and femaleness, like other phenomenal distinctions, are essentially unreal. "With this in mind, the Buddha said, 'In all things, there is neither male nor female.'" The Vimilakirti is an essential text in several Mahayana schools, including Tibetan and Zen Buddhism.
"All Acquire the Dharma Equally"
In spite of the barriers against them, throughout Buddhist history, many individual women have earned respect for their understanding of dharma.
I've already mentioned women Zen masters. During Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism's golden age (China, ca. 7th-9th centuries) women studied with male teachers, and a few were recognized as dharma heirs and Ch'an masters. These include Liu Tiemo, called the "Iron Grindstone"; Moshan; and Miaoxin. Moshan was a teacher to both monks and nuns.
Eihei Dogen (_PHONE_) brought Soto Zen from China to Japan and is one of the most revered masters in the history of Zen. In a commentary called the Raihai Tokuzui, Dogen said, "In acquiring the dharma, all acquire the dharma equally. All should pay homage to and hold in esteem one who has acquired the dharma. Do not make an issue of whether it is a man or a woman. This is the most wondrous law of the buddha-dharma."
Buddhism Today
Today, Buddhist women in the West generally consider institutional sexism to be vestiges of Asian culture that can be surgically excised from dharma. Some western monastic orders are co-ed, with men and women following the same rules.
"In Asia, nuns' orders are working for better conditions and education, but in many countries, they have a long way to go. Centuries of discrimination will not be undone overnight. Equality will be more of a struggle in some schools and cultures than in others. But there is momentum toward equality, and I see no reason why that momentum will not continue.
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O'Brien, Barbara. "Buddhism and Sexism." Learn Religions, Aug. 26, 2020, _URL_-sexism-449757. O'Brien, Barbara. (2020, August 26). Buddhism and Sexism. Retrieved from _URL_ O'Brien, Barbara. "Buddhism and Sexism." Learn Religions. _URL_ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Watch Now: How to Practice Breathing Meditation


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(German: Die Büchse der Pandora)
The title is a reference to Pandora of Greek mythology, who upon opening a box given to her by the gods released all evils into the world, leaving only hope behind. The lead role is played by Lousie Brooks as Lulu. She is a young and impulsive vaudeville performer whose raw sexuality and uninhibited nature bring about the downfall of almost everyone she meets. Indeed her asset is her body which, to use a metaphor, was like the box. She only needed to open it, and as we see in this silent film, what havoc it could wreak on men as well as women of certain attitude. Incidentally in Countess Anna we have the cinema's first lesbian character.
Pandora's Box is a German silent melodrama based loosely on Frank Wedekind's plays Erdgeist (Earth Spirit, 1895) and Die Büchse der Pandora (1904). Wedekind's plays in his time were controversial to say the least. Satire was a weapon more like a red rag to be shaken at the middle-class morality and the solid citizenry in Germany were bedeviled by the impossible and more perverse than natural conduct in Lulu. Widekind was not exceptional in this. From the turn of the century there were two opposing forces at work in Imperial Germany and both were curiously born out of self same causes. Perversity, vampirism and similar lurid subjects that were taboo till then began to appear as a reaction to a very moribund German national life. Lulu was a creature, an intellectual shock therapy on one hand from Widekind is an example. The other form of shock was prescribed by Deeds and came from wandervögels (birds of passage). The latter were from well-to-do middle class families and this movement was hellbent to attack school, home and church. The latter group was to transform into Freikorps at the end of WWI.The latter played a part in helping Hitler to power while it marked the exodus of intellectuals to safer havens.
This film is directed by Austrian filmaker Georg Wilhelm Pabst, the film stars Louise Brooks as Lulu, Fritz Kortner as Dr. Schön, Francis Lederer as Alwa Schön and Alice Roberts as Countess Geschwitz.
The plot revolves around many loves of Lulu, her rise and fall. She marries a respectable newspaper publisher, but soon drives him into insanity, climaxing in an incident in which she accidentally shoots him to death. Found guilty of manslaughter, she escapes from justice with the help of her former pimp (whom she considers her father) and the son of her dead husband, who is also in love with her. After spending several months hiding in an illegal gambling den in France, where Lulu is nearly sold into slavery, Lulu and her friends end up living in squalor in a London garret. On Christmas Eve, driven into prostitution by poverty, Lulu meets her doom at the hands of Jack the Ripper.
Pandora's Box was already adapted to the screen by Arzén von Cserépy in 1921 in Germany under the same title with Asta Nielsen in the roll as Lulu. There were musical, plays and other cinema features of the film at the time and the story of Pandora's Box was commonplace in culture. This allowed Pabst to make liberties with the story of the film.(wikipedia)
Directed by G. W. Pabst
Produced by Seymour Nebenzal
Written by G. W. Pabst
Cinematography Günther Krampf
Distributed by Süd-Film
Release date(s) Germany:
30 January, 1929
Running time 100-152 mins. (US)
133 mins. (dir. cut)
Language silent film
* Fritz Körtner as Dr. Ludwig Schön
* Francis Lederer as Alwa Schön: Dr. Ludwig Schön son.
* Carl Goetz as Schigolch: there is no real definiton of his relation to Lulu but it is suggested in the film that he is or has acted as a sort of pimp for Lulu.
* Krafft-Raschig as Rodrigo Quast
* Alice Roberts as Countess Anna Geschwitz: Geschwitz is defined by her masculine look with her tuxedo suit that she wears.
* Daisy D'Ora as Dr. Schön's Fiance
* Gustav Diessl as Jack the Ripper
* Michael von Newlinsky as Marquis Casti-Piani
* Sigfried Arno as The Stage Manager
Diary of a Lost Girl (1929, G.W. Pabst)
The Blue Angel (1930, Josef von Sternberg)
Queen Kelly (1929, Erich Von Stroheim)
The Wild Heart (1950, Rouben Mamoulian, Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger)
A Breath of Scandal (1960, Michael Curtiz)
Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977, Richard Brooks)
Klondike Annie (1936, Raoul Walsh)
Afgrunden (1910, Peter Urban Gad)
Movies with the Same Personnel
Diary of a Lost Girl (1929, G.W. Pabst)
Kameradschaft (1931, G.W. Pabst)
Westfront 1918 (1930, G.W. Pabst)
The Threepenny Opera (1931, G.W. Pabst)
Don Quixote (1933, G.W. Pabst)
Der Prozess (1948, G.W. Pabst)
The Strange Death of Adolf Hitler (1943, James Hogan)
Die Stadt ist voller Geheimnisse (1955, Fritz Kortner)
* Louise Brooks as Lulu: On seeing Louise Brooks as a Circus Performer in the 1928 Howard Hawks' film A Girl in Every Port. Director G.W. Pabst tried to get Brooks on loan from Paramount Pictures. Pabst's offer wasn't even given to Brooks by the studio until she left Paramount over a Salary dispute. On not receiving Brooks for the role, Pabst's second choice was Marlene Dietrich.
* Georg Wilhelm Pabst nearly signed Marlene Dietrich to star, although he greatly preferred Louise Brooks. According to Pabst, Dietrich was in his office waiting to sign the contract when a cable came from Paramount saying that Brooks was willing to play the role.
* Georg Wilhelm Pabst initially incurred a lot of wrath when he cast American Louise Brooks in the role of Lulu, a part which was considered to be quintessentially German. Ultimately Brooks' performance silenced her critics.
* For the scene in which Lulu picks up and seduces Jack, Georg Wilhelm Pabst selected one of Louise Brooks's own suits – her favorite – for Lulu's costume and soiled, scuffed and rent it. Brooks claimed that, without spoken direction, Pabst thus established the desired effect of making her feel worn, cheap, and desperate, as the character of Lulu was intended to be portrayed.
* In her biography, Louise Brooks says she was physically attracted to Gustav Diessl, who played Jack the Ripper, and that made it easy for her to play her scenes with him.
* According to Louise Brooks' memoir, "Lulu in Hollywood", Alice Roberts was not aware her character was a lesbian until filming began, and she was initially opposed to playing the role as being attracted to Lulu. Georg Wilhelm Pabst, Brooks writes, convinced Roberts to pretend she was making her love gestures to Pabst, who was standing just off-camera.
* Louise Brooks' highly influential "bob" hairdo is referred to as a Lulu to this day.
- Fritz Kortner reportedly did not like or respect Louise Brooks, whom he didn't consider a trained actress.
Lulu: You'll have to kill me to get rid of me.
Dr. Ludwig Schön: [to Alwa] Just one thing, my boy, beware of that woman.
Schigolch: You should only play when you're sure to win.
Lulu: [referring to the Egyptian] He's acting like he wants to buy me.
Marquis Casti-Piani: I need money badly and you have none to give me… The Egyptian will give me 50 more pounds than the German police… You're in luck.
Alwa Schön: It's strange how you can get booze on credit but not bread.
Lulu: MONEY! All they want is money!
In France, the film was edited making Alwa was Schon's secretary and the countess became Lulu's childhood friend. Lulu is found innocent in the film at her trial and there is no Jack the Ripper character as the film ended with Lulu joining the Salvation Army.
The film was re-discovered in the 1950s by critics to great critical acclaim. Modern critics now praise the film as one of the classics of Weimar Germany's cinema along with The Cabinet of Dr.Caligari, Metropolis, and The Blue Angel.
check out the other blog of the author:cinebuff.wordpress.com


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An air cleaner temperature sensor is not overly common on newer vehicles. This is because in order to ensure that your car engine operates the way it should, several electronic sensors may actually be needed. However, if you drive an older model car, your vehicle almost certainly has an air cleaner temperature sensor. It is located inside the breather housing, and operates mainly as a vacuum sensor, although it does also contain some electronic components.
The air cleaner temperature sensor has only one function – it delivers information to your car's computer so that it can ensure that the air/fuel mix is right, regardless of the speed at which you are traveling. This means that as soon as you start up your car, the air cleaner temperature sensor begins to work.
The air cleaner temperature sensor is not a part that is replaced after a certain number of miles, or after so many years. It has no specific lifespan, and could last the life of your vehicle. However, as is the case with all parts that contain electronic components, the air cleaner temperature sensor can be vulnerable to corrosion, and it can also be damaged easily because of its location inside the breather housing – just changing an air filter places the sensor at risk of impact.
Signs that your air cleaner temperature sensor needs to be replaced include:
- Check Engine Light is on
- Car idles rough or stalls when cold
You can still drive if your air cleaner temperature sensor is failing, but performance will suffer. If you think that it needs to be replaced, consult a qualified mechanic. A mechanic can find out why your vehicle is idling rough or stalling, and if necessary, replace the air cleaner temperature sensor.