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We acknowledge the many challenges related to human rights in the Amazon region. We recognize that businesses have a responsibility to respect human rights. We also recognize that business can have an important role in supporting and promoting human rights. You can read more about Hydro's approach to human rights here, including stakeholder dialogue, grievance mechanism and remediation, and our main risks. In 2020, we conducted more than 800 social dialogues, meetings, and plant visits. Covid-19 prevention protocols were followed.
To better understand our human rights impact, we have recently performed a human rights impact assessment with action plans to be followed up in the next years. More information can be found here.
Our human rights policy underlines the importance we place in protecting the rights of vulnerable groups, including:
- Indigenous and tribal peoples, and traditional communities
- Human rights, worker rights, and environment defenders
- Waste collectors
To encourage sustainable development in the regions where we operate, Hydro is involved in initiatives that increase income for people in communities where access to decent work is limited. We see entrepreneurship and income generation as tools for local development and the reduction of inequality. We seek to contribute by strengthening local job offerings, employment networks, and labor institutions. An example of our ongoing efforts is that 76% of our workforce in Pará are born within the state. We also support sports, cultural activities, and education for vulnerable children and young people.
In the state of Pará, we have more than 10 community development programs, and more than 700 employees are involved in volunteer actions. Some of our community programs are linked to mining license requirements, while others are voluntary commitments. The programs target education, economic growth, decent work, capacity building, and strengthening of institutions. A few examples include:
- Embarca 360 Project – Support 300 young entrepreneurs from Barcarena and Abaetetuba
- Amesa Project – Support family-based farmers to sell to local private markets
- Todos pelo Trabalho – Insertion of local professionals in multiple economic sectors in Barcarena
- Sustentar Barcarena Program – Organization and qualification of waste collectors; implementation of a recyclable solid waste sorting unit; environmental education for the municipality of Barcarena
- Minera Startup – Fostering local start-ups to harness innovation and achieve results
We have established initiatives to train community leaders in leadership and administration in the communities where we operate. Furthermore, we started a technical training program for community members along the pipeline to strengthen their job opportunities. You can read more about the programs in the Sustainability report for Brazil.
We initiated the Sustainable Barcarena Initiative in 2018 and have continued developing it in 2020. The initiative is an independent platform for sustainable development in Barcarena in Pará state. The overall aim is to bring local stakeholders together to discuss challenges and opportunities, strengthen capabilities, and ultimately invest in the social initiatives they plan and develop together.
In 2019, we established the Hydro Sustainability Fund (FSH), which serves as a financing mechanism for the Sustainable Barcarena Initiative. Hydro, Alunorte, and Albras committed BRL 100 million to the FSH over a 10-year period. In 2020, the FSH established partnerships with USAID and the Partnership Platform for the Amazon's Solidarity initiative to strengthen initiatives in the Amazon region. In response to Covid-19, the FSH together with these partners are financing income generation projects for local production of face masks, as well as strengthening existing social projects for local farmers through the pandemic. In addition, a partnership between FSH, the Mitsui Fund, and Instituto Peabiru is allocating BRL 1.3 million to provide microfinancing for local family-based agricultural initiatives. FSH launched its first round of financing through a call for projects in December 2019. Based on set criteria, BRL 765,000 are currently directed to projects that support local associations, building their capacities in terms of managing community businesses and promoting cultural events.
In Pará state, we also engage with regional initiatives to preserve the Amazon. We run several programs to develop local suppliers, enhance entrepreneurship and strengthen traditional livelihood. You can read more about the programs in the Sustainability report for Brazil.


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Tea Extracts Repair Radiotherapy Skin Damage
Posted: December 8, 2006
Findings from a new study confirm that tea extracts applied to the skin promote the repair of damage from radiotherapy, and shed light on the mechanisms involved in the injury. The beneficial effects of the extracts are mostly from their ability to attenuate the body signals that trigger inflammation.
Radiotherapy interruption because of toxic effects to the skin may compromise the outcome of cancer treatment, lead author Dr. Frank Pajonk, from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, told Reuters Health. "So, it is important to have an effective treatment for this problem."
According to Pajonk, "tea extracts have been used as a folk remedy for sunburns, which led to their use as a treatment for radiation-induced skin toxicity. They have proven quite successful in this regard, but there were no scientific data" to clarify their effects.
In a study reported in the journal BMC Medicine, the researchers analyzed the effects of green or black tea extracts given to 60 patients with skin damage related to radiotherapy for head and neck cancers and cancer in the pelvic region.
Treatment with the tea extracts enhanced skin repair, the report indicates. For radiation damage in the head and neck region, the green and black tea extracts were comparable in promoting repair, whereas in the pelvic region, green tea extract was superior, Pajonk said.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Top 5 Things Online Retailers Need to Know Before Heading into the Peak Season
As the peak seasons approach, every online retailer worries about the impact of the expected spike in traffic on their e-commerce and fulfillment systems, particularly as the COVID-19 pandemic has already caused a spike in online shopping vs. in-store, and peak holiday shopping season will only exacerbate that.
Here are 5 tips that retailers should consider as they prepare for the upcoming peak season:
1. Manage the load: beware of database locking, contention or system stability issues
Your team must proactively address and resolve resource contention or stability issues ahead of time because these issues will be more prevalent and will have much more disastrous consequences during high transaction volumes. The usual tactic to automatically kill transactions to resolve a hang or to restart the application during a hang will not work at high volumes. In some cases, killing transactions could cause data loss issues.
Yantriks' (now Blue Yonder) Performance Engineering experts have a wealth of experience diagnosing and troubleshooting system stability issues. Yantriks (now Blue Yonder) can conduct tailored performance audits and make recommendations on how to address the core issues.
2. Prepare with realistic performance testing
While it is highly recommended that performance testing be conducted during regular times to see if the system can cope with the volumes and load during the peak, many companies spin up performance tests that do not simulate real workloads during the peak. This ends up providing a picture that is either unduly optimistic or sometimes overly pessimistic. Both have consequences. If optimistic, the tendency is to leave things as is and then be confronted with the issues during peak. If pessimistic, then companies over-invest in hardware and bandwidth.
Yantriks' (now Blue Yonder) performance engineers are not only experts at their craft, but they also know the order management domain and have experience working with numerous retailers and manufacturers helping them prepare and navigate through these peaks. Thus, they can set up the right representative data for the tests and provide a very effective and reliable outcome.
3. Proactively address potential degradation due to integrations with external systems
An Order Management System (OMS) is required to orchestrate calls to other systems and services, such as a fraud check. Often, a failure or slowness in an external system can cascade back into your fulfillment systems. Unless your system is designed to be monitored and to react to these situations, you incur the risk of running into catastrophic issues.
If such degradation occurs, then you need a circuit breaker to address this brownout or blackout and allow the OMS to resume normal functions. In the days leading up to the peak, the product team needs to assess each integration point and then determine a means to address potential issues with each.
We facilitate this by deploying a tool to capture meaningful data, track response time and mitigate degradation.
4. Put in place proactive monitoring capabilities to address issues before they occur
During a performance test, the performance management team should use the same tools available in production. It is also imperative that the team can monitor the functioning of the OMS without requiring an army of PhDs.
Blue Yonder helps by applying its domain expertise and technical excellence to put in place excellent monitoring tools to observe the health of the system. In addition, Yantriks (now Blue Yonder) provides tested and proven procedures that can handle any issues that may arise.
5. Implement comprehensive testing that includes Chaos Monkey Testing
Too often, performance tests focus on the Happy Path.
Run a test and get results. Tweak the performance test a bit and rerun them until you get results that are acceptable to meet a pass/fail gate. Are you just running tests to satisfy engineering's desire to release the application, even if not sufficiently tested?
Our performance test method and approach go beyond load testing, including injecting in failures into application or system components to see if applications can react and recover gracefully.
BONUS — Functional testing under Load Tests
It is not enough that the system is fast, you also have to ensure the system is correct under load.
Unfortunately, most customers do not check the quality of the system after a performance load test. In many cases, tests have high percentages of uncompleted transactions, transactions in error, or worse, there could be missing transactions or updates.
Our performance test method includes functional checks into performance load tests. Catching these issues in performance testing mitigates downstream risks which invariably would manifest themselves at the most inopportune of times. For more information, visit _URL_ or write to us at _EMAIL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Brazilian Journal of Botany
On-line version ISSN _PHONE_
WERNER, Vera Regina and SANT'ANNA, Célia Leite. Occurrence of the rare genus Microcrocis P. Richter (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) in a coastal lagoon from southern Brazil. Rev. bras. Bot. [online]. 2006, vol.29, n.1, pp. 183-186. ISSN _PHONE_. _URL_
The paper records the first occurrence of the genus Microcrocis P. Richter (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria), represented by M. pulchella (Buell) Geitler, in Brazil. The species was found in two zones, one with freshwater and the other with brackish water, of a coastal lagoon of Rio Grande do Sul State (31°15-31°30 S and 50°54-51°09 W). Comparison between M. pulchella and its most closely related species is presented. Up to now this species had occurrence records limited to freshwater systems in temperate regions. Its presence in a subtropical coastal lagoon from southernmost Brazil, either in fresh or in brackish water, broadened the knowledge of the distribution area of M. pulchella.
Keywords : Brazil; coastal lagoon; Cyanobacteria; Microcrocis.


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Atomic oxygen, a corrosive space gas, finds many applications on Earth.
An Atomic Innovation for Artwork
Oxygen may be one of the most common substances on the planet, but recent space research has unveiled a surprising number of new applications for the gas, including restoring damaged artwork.
It all started with a critical problem facing would-be spacecraft: the gasses just outside the Earth's atmosphere are highly corrosive. While most oxygen atoms on Earth's surface occur in pairs, in space the pair is often split apart by short-wave solar radiation, producing singular atoms. Because oxygen so easily bonds with other substances, it is highly corrosive in atomic form, and it gradually wears away the protective layering on orbiting objects such as satellites and the International Space Station (ISS).
To combat this destructive gas, NASA recreated it on Earth and applied it to different materials to see what would prove most resistant. The coatings developed through these experiments are currently used on the ISS.
During the tests, however, scientists also discovered applications for atomic oxygen that have since proved a success in the private sector.
Breathing New Life into Damaged Art
In their experiments, NASA researchers quickly realized that atomic oxygen interacted primarily with organic materials. Soon after, they partnered with churches and museums to test the gas's ability to restore fire-damaged or vandalized art. Atomic oxygen was able to remove soot from fire-damaged artworks without altering the paint.
It was first tested on oil paintings: In 1989, an arson fire at St. Alban's Episcopal Church in Cleveland nearly destroyed a painting of Mary Magdalene. Although the paint was blistered and charred, atomic oxygen treatment plus a reapplication of varnish revitalized it. And in 2002, a fire at St. Stanislaus Church (also in Cleveland) left two paintings with soot damage, but atomic oxygen removed it.
Buoyed by the successes with oil paints, the engineers also applied the restoration technique to acrylics, watercolors, and ink. At Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art, where an Andy Warhol painting, Bathtub, has been kissed by a lipstick-wearing vandal, a technician successfully removed the offending pink mark with a portable atomic oxygen gun. The only evidence that the painting had been treated—a lightened spot of paint—was easily restored by a conservator.
A Genuine Difference-maker
When the successes in art restoration were publicized, forensic analysts who study documents became curious about using atomic oxygen to detect forgeries. They found that it can assist analysts in figuring out whether important documents such as checks or wills have been altered, by revealing areas of overlapping ink created in the modifications.
The gas has biomedical applications as well. Atomic oxygen technology can be used to decontaminate orthopedic surgical hip and knee implants prior to surgery. Such contaminants contribute to inflammation that can lead to joint loosening and pain, or even necessitate removing the implant. Previously, there was no known chemical process that fully removed these inflammatory toxins without damaging the implants. Atomic oxygen, however, can oxidize any organic contaminants and convert them into harmless gases, leaving a contaminant-free surface.
Thanks to NASA's work, atomic oxygen—once studied in order to keep it at bay in space—is being employed in surprising, powerful ways here on Earth.
To learn more about this NASA spinoff, read the original article


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"Mind the gap", progress towards developing anti-fraud culture strategies in UK central government bodies
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
Purpose – There is increasing guidance for public bodies on the appropriate counter fraud strategies to pursue. One area covered is anti-fraud culture strategies. Building upon the work of the UK Government's HM Treasury, the purpose of this paper is to assess the extent and quality of anti-fraud culture strategies in UK central government bodies. Design/methodology/approach – Based upon analysis of HM Treasury survey data as well as a survey undertaken by the authors. Findings – The paper shows that the quantitative data from HM Treasury surveys when compared to the qualitative data also drawn from the authors survey highlights significant numbers of central public bodies with limited anti-fraud culture strategies. Research limitations/implications – Some of the responses on screening strategies used by central government bodies varied in the detail offered in response to the authors' survey. Originality/value – Provides much greater depth to the strategies utilised by central government bodies to develop an anti-fraud culture.
|Number of pages||16|
|Journal||Journal of Financial Crime|
|Publication status||Published - 2009|


4) but rather to various other objects which can be obtained from it, for example the -matrix (see Scattering matrix) or the Green functions (cf. Green function). The calculation of the -matrix is one of the main problems in elementary particle physics. Its matrix entries have a simple expression in terms of the Green function of the field :
where is the symbol of chronological ordering:
By expanding in a power series in and using, for example, the representation for in the form of a functional integral,
one can express it to each order of perturbation in terms of integrals of products of the simplest Green functions of a free field,
For calculations in terms of perturbation theory the technique of Feynman diagrams has been developed. Here arise products of Green functions at coincident points. For example, the function is for the model proportional to the expression
up to second order in. This integral diverges, but it can be regularized, that is, a sensible meaning can be given to it. First of all one has to attach a meaning to the product of the generalized functions. This can be achieved as follows. Consider the smoothing function
where and is a function such that is sufficiently smooth, for example,,, and as, ( is called the ultraviolet cut-off). It can be assumed that the Lagrangian in (5) may be replaced by
There exist constants and (growing unboundedly as ) such that the limit
exists in the sense of generalized functions. The function is a regularization of. It is defined up to terms, where and are arbitrary constants. The whole expression (6) is regularized in the same way and no new arbitrariness appears. Similarly all the Green functions in each order in of perturbation are regularized. A similar procedure can be carried out for, like for any polynomial. For a regularization procedure can be carried out in a self-consistent way in all orders in of perturbation in the following sense. There exist constants (represented as power series in of degree 2 or higher; simple rules for calculating them have been developed) such that on replacing the Lagrangian in (5) by the renormalized Lagrangian
one obtains finite expressions at each order of the power series expansion in as. is called the renormalized Lagrangian, and one says that divergent counter-terms are added to the original. These counter-terms have the same structure as the original Lagrangian (that is, they are linear combinations of the expressions ). As a result, the quantities can be fixed if one regards the mass and charge of the system as given. (The mass is defined as the value of for which has a pole, and the charge as the value of at some specific point.) The analysis of the non-uniqueness leads to the important concept of the renormalization group [5].
If in the given model it is possible to remove the ultraviolet divergences by adding counter-terms of the same structure as the original Lagrangian, then such a model is called renormalizable, otherwise non-renormalizable. All models of a scalar field in which the interaction is a polynomial of degree exceeding 4 are non-renormalizable. This relates only to perturbation theory. The consistent formulation of the above method of isolating "infinities" that arise from the multiplication of singular generalized functions to all orders in perturbation theory is the content of the so-called theorem on the "R-operation", obtained by Bogolyubov and O.S. Parasyuk (1956) [5], [19]. In this way a theorem on the existence of quantum fields to all orders in perturbation theory has been proved. Subsequent investigations have shown that a number of perturbation theories are at best asymptotic, and estimates based on it are applicable only when particles of not too high energy participate in the process. The removal of ultraviolet divergences has been successfully carried out only within the framework of perturbation theory.
All the above relates to real four-dimensional space-time. In three-dimensional space-time the interaction becomes less singular and it is possible to restrict oneself to adding a counter-term, where is of second order in. In two-dimensional space-time counter-terms are not necessary.
Here only the simplest model of a scalar field with interaction has been described. In quantum field theory one has to deal with more complicated multi-component systems of interacting Fermi and Bose fields. For example, the chiral field takes, even at the classical level, values in certain homogeneous spaces that are not necessarily linear (for example, the sphere); the gauge fields are connections in certain vector bundles; these are related to the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field and the Yang–Mills field (see [11], [15]).
The perturbation method is not applicable in those cases when the interaction constant, the basic parameter of the expansion, is known to be greater than 1, as for the strong nuclear interactions of mesons and nucleons. For strong interactions other methods are used in which a significant role is played by considering the -matrix in the large and studying the general properties of its matrix entries that directly describe the quantities of experimental interest, which are the amplitudes of creation and scattering processes. In this connection, quantum fields (or currents) that can be expressed in terms of the -matrix play an important role, since the central condition of causality is imposed on the -matrix (Bogolyubov, 1955), as a restriction on the support of specific matrix entries of the -matrix. Together with other physical requirements, such as relativistic invariance and the character of the energy spectrum, the causality condition enables one to establish holomorphy properties of generalized functions, in particular the scattering amplitude, as functions of several complex variables. These analytic properties prove to be sufficient for the deduction of special types of integral representations for the scattering amplitude, namely the "dispersion relations81U30dispersion relations". A rigorous proof of the dispersion relations [4] required the development of special mathematical methods lying at the junction of the theory of generalized functions and the theory of functions of several complex variables and, in particular, the proof of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem of Bogolyubov and the -convex hull theorem of V.S. Vladimirov [8]. Dispersion relations have become the basis of many of the concrete methods for calculation in the theory of strong interactions (A.A. Logunov, S. Mandelstam and others). They touch upon so-called axiomatic field theory, in which the compatibility of the axioms and their corollaries touching on questions of existence and properties of fields are explained.
The method of perturbation theory presupposes that for the equation (4), of which the quantum field is a solution, one selects the simplest initial data, defined in the Fock space of free particles. There exist many unitarily-inequivalent realizations (representations) of the commutation relations (3); here there is a difference between quantum field theory as a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom and quantum mechanics, in which there is the von Neumann theorem on the uniqueness of these representations. For physics, any realization of the initial data for which equation (4) has a solution and for which the Hamiltonian is bounded below is of interest. The Hilbert space in which such a representation is realized is called a sector. Some models can appear in several phases (a phase is a sector with a unique vacuum), for example, the -model for sufficiently large has two phases, arising from phase transition. In the construction of phases the method of quasi-averages (cf. Quasi-averages, method of) is applied. The representation of phase transition and, related to it, the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breakdown has played an important role, in particular in the unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. It was proved in 1974 that in certain two-dimensional models there are so-called soliton sectors in which a vacuum is absent but which have a rich spectrum (L.D. Faddeev and others).
In quantum field theory there are many problems requiring for their solution methods in various areas of mathematics that are being intensively studied. Conventionally, they are divided into the following groups.
1) The analysis of the axioms and their corollaries for quantum fields and the -matrix. Besides the tools of functional analysis, such as the theory of self-adjoint operators, generalized functions and group representations, one here uses methods of the theory of functions of several complex variables, -algebras and von Neumann algebras, and, more recently, methods of probability theory. The fundamental quantities, the Green functions or the Wightman functions, are boundary values of functions that are holomorphic in certain domains. The unsolved problem here is the construction of envelopes of holomorphy. The domain contains Euclidean points of the form. For a number of models in twoand three-dimensional space-time it has been proved that the values of the Wightman functions at these points are moments of a probability measure. The further analysis of this Euclidean approach to quantum field theory from the point of view of probability theory is worthy of attention.
There is a general algebraic approach to field theory, at the basis of which are the algebras of observables, that is, -algebras or von Neumann algebras endowed with certain natural structural properties from a physical point of view. Here one of the fundamental problems is the analysis of the connection between algebraic fields and algebraic observables, and also the problem of the description of the dynamics within the framework of this approach.
2) Constructive quantum field theory has the very important problem of proving the existence of a model of quantum field


Bible Terms
Bible Term: Judah
Judah refers to a person, a tribe, and a nation.
Judah, the person, was one of Jacob's twelve sons.
Jacob's descendants grew in number and became the tribe of Judah, one of twelve tribes comprising the nation of Israel. Each tribe settled in an assigned geographic area, which would be similar to a state or province today.
Later, when the nation of Israel was divided, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, split off, forming a new nation that was known as the nation of Judah.
Key verse about Judah: The sons of Leah: Reuben the firstborn of Jacob, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar and Zebulun (Genesis 35:23, NIV).
By Peter DeHaan


Slow path to kid tax
Kelly Francis ("More kids, pay less," Forum, Feb. 10) and Paul Hart ("Pay for big families," Forum, Feb. 17) argue for eliminating the child tax credit so parents would pay their share for educating their children. I agree, but it's unlikely to happen due to the impact of an immediate, large and unplanned expense on those families.
Why not a slow, workable plan that would not penalize today's families?:
1. Announce the plan and cap the number of allowed child deductions.
2. Four years later, reduce by one the number of deductions allowed.
3. Four years later, reduce it one more. Continue doing this every four years until a family unit can claim no more than four deductions.
Every year, teachers seek higher wages from a nonexistent supply of money. They deserve the money, but it isn't there. That supply can never increase enough to make a difference without a new, fairer way to tax the users of the system.
Maxine Babalis
Salt Lake City


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I made a typo in last issue of the newsletter which was corrected right away, but many still got the uncorrected version. Instead of writing C(X,Y) = 0 for uncorrelation, I wrote P(X,Y) = 0. This is a non trivial error, as C(X, Y) = 0 means that the covariance between X and Y variables is zero (uncorrelation) while P(X,Y) = 0 is often used in reference to disjoint (mutually exclusive events). Ah, the power of a single letter-typo… That's kind of stuffs happen when you are pressed with so many deadlines. My apologies for that. I'll repeat this clarification in the next issue of IRW since it covers the second part of the subject on correlation. The purpose of this post is to gives you a sneak preview on what to expect from the June issue.
Variables or events are said to be independent, correlated, uncorrelated, orthogonal, or unrelated depending on the type of scenario.
Independence implies that P(X,Y) = P(X)*P(Y) where P is probability; i.e., the probability of X and Y to occur is equal to the product of the individual variable probabilities.
Correlation is a measure of linear association. Variables can be correlated without having any causal relationship, or can have a causal relationship and yet be uncorrelated.
Uncorrelation implies that C(X,Y) = 0; i.e., the covariance between variables is zero. This implies that their correlation coefficient, r, is also zero since r = C(X,Y)/S(X)*S(Y), where S stands for standard deviation. There is a generalization of this using expectation values; i.e. it is said that X and Y are uncorrelated if and only if E(X,Y) = E(X)*E(Y).
Describing variables as being either orthogonal or uncorrelated is easier to understand in terms of vectors.
If vectors representing raw variables are perpendicular (dot product is zero) then the variables are orthogonal.
Now if the variables are centered and represented as vectors and their dot product is yet zero they are uncorrelated.
In other words, orthogonal denotes that the raw variables (non-centered) are perpendicular while uncorrelated means that the centered variables are perpendicular. C(X,Y) is then obtained from this dot product as C(X,Y) = 0.
There is an old, but still relevant article, Linearly Independent, Orthogonal, and Uncorrelated Variables, written by Rodgers et al which explains all this.


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There are relatively few volcanoes in the Indian Ocean, most natably the hot-spot volcanoes of Piton de la Fournaise on La Réunion island and Karthala volcano on the Comores.
The first reported eruption of the region was from a written account of an eruption of Karthala volcano between the 10th and 12th century, the next recorded eruption was from the region's most active volcano, Piton de la Fournaise, on the island of Reunion, in 1640. Réunion has recorded more than 150 eruptions since then.
Réunion was claimed by France around 1662 and has been French virtually continuously since then. French settlers began to move in from 1715, and today, 600,000 people live on the 2,510 km2 island. La Réunion is one of France's overseas departments. Piton de la Fournaise volcano is being monitored by one of the world's leading observatories, established in 1980.
The Comoros islands were controlled by Moslem Sultans until occupied by the French in the latter half of the 19th century. After the early eruption mentioned above (1050 AD ± 150) no further reports are known until the early 19th century. The Comoros became a French overseas territory in 1947 and declared independence in 1975.
Source: adapted from GVP/Smithsonian Institution
Volcanoes in the Indian Ocean:
Madagascar (5 Vullkani): Ambre-Bobaomby | Nosy-Be | Ankaizina Field | Itasy Volcanic Field | Ankaratra Field


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How do the charges move?
Figure: The structure follows the electronic state in CuIr2S4. An insulating state at low temperature (left) is characterized by the formation of short Ir4+-Ir4+ dimers that order on a global lengthscale. Ir3+ ions form a sublattice of eight-membered rings (blue). The metallic state (right) has no differentiation between Ir3+ and Ir4+ sites on any length scale, and can be considered an Ir3.5+ hybrid. X-ray data (center) show the evolution of the Ir4+-Ir4+ dimers across the metal-insulator transition as a function of temperature.
The nature of the distinct metallic states of CuIr2S4 was understood by looking at nanometer length-scale structural fluctuations. In this material at low temperature, charges pair up and order into long one-dimensional chains extending through the structure. In this insulating state the charges cannot move. On warming, or under irradiation with x-rays or visible light, a metallic state is induced. The charges become mobile, but do they move in pairs or are the pairs destroyed? To study this, DOE-BES funded researchers at Brookhaven and Argonne National Laboratories used a modern x-ray probe of the local atomic structure that could sense the presence of nano-scale pairs even when they were moving around in the structure. Surprisingly, both behaviors were observed. On warming the sample the pairs broke up and the charges moved as individuals, but under irradiation the charges stayed paired but nonetheless became mobile. This finding brings crucial new insights to understand the important class of materials that can switch from insulator to metal in response to some external stimulus, a feature explored for many technological applications.


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May 14, 2012 Amber from Cretaceous deposits (110-105 my) in Northern Spain has revealed the first ever record of insect pollination. Scientists have discovered in two pieces of amber several specimens of tiny insects covered with pollen grains, revealing the first record of pollen transport and social behavior in this group of animals.
Today, more than 80% of plant species rely on insects to transport pollen from male to female flower parts. Pollination is best known in flowering plants but also exists in so-called gymnosperms, seed-producing plants like conifers. Although the most popular group of pollinator insects are bees and butterflies, a myriad of lesser-known species of flies, beetles or thrips have co-evolved with plants, transporting pollen and in return for this effort being rewarded with food.
During the last 20 years, amber from the Lower Cretaceous (110-105 my) found in the Basque country in Northern Spain has revealed many new plant and animal species, mainly insects. Here, the amber featured inclusions of thysanopterans, so-called thrips, a group of minute insects of less than 2 mm in length that feed on pollen and other plant tissues. They are efficient pollinators for several species of flowering plants.
Two amber pieces revealed six fossilized specimens of female thrips with hundreds of pollen grains attached to their bodies. These insects exhibit highly specialized hairs with a ringed structure to increase their ability to collect pollen grains, very similar to the ones of well known pollinators like domestic bees. The scientists describe these six specimens in a new genus (Gymnopollisthrips) comprising two new species, G. minor and G. major.
The most representative specimen was also studied with synchrotron X-ray tomography at the ESRF to reveal in three dimensions and at very high resolution the pollen grain distribution over the insect's body.
The results are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) dated 14-18 May 2012.
The international team of scientists comprises: Enrique Peñalver and Eduardo Barrón from the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España in Madrid; Xavier Delclòs from the University of Barcelona; Andre and Patricia Nel from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris; Conrad Labandeira from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; and Carmen Soriano and Paul Tafforeau from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. The amber samples were from the collection of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Álava (Spain).
The pollen grains are very small and exhibit the adherent features needed so that insects can transport them. The scientists conclude that this pollen is from a kind of cycad or ginkgo tree, a kind of living fossil of which only a few species are known to science. Ginkgos trees are either male or female, and male trees produce small pollen cones whereas female trees bear ovules at the end of stalks which develop into seeds after pollination.
For which evolutionary reason did these tiny insects, 100 million years ago, collect and transport Gingko pollen? Their ringed hairs cannot have grown due to an evolutionary selection benefitting the trees. The benefit for the thrips can only be explained by the possibility to feed their larvae with pollen. This suggests that this species formed colonies with larvae living in the ovules of some kind of gingko for shelter and protection, and female insects transporting pollen from the male Gingko cones to the female ovules to feed the larvae and at the same time pollinate the trees.
Only amber can preserve behavioral features like pollination in such rich detail over millions of years. 100 million years ago, flowering plants started to diversify enormously, eventually replacing conifers as the dominant species. "This is the oldest direct evidence for pollination, and the only one from the age of the dinosaurs. The co-evolution of flowering plants and insects, thanks to pollination, is a great evolutionary success story. It began about 100 million years ago, when this piece of amber fossil was produced by resin dropping from a tree, which today is the oldest fossil record of pollinating insects. Thrips might indeed turn out to be one of the first pollinator groups in geological history, long before evolution turned some of them into flower pollinators," concludes Carmen Soriano, who led the investigation of the amber pieces with X-ray tomography at the ESRF.
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- E. Peñalver et al. Thrips pollination of Mesozic Gymnosperms. PNAS Early Edition, 14 May 2012
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Posted Tuesday, October 2, 2012
If we asked you to find X, you'd probably think that's an easy one: It's right after W and just before Y. You'd fail math with an answer like that, but you'd hardly be alone. It appears many Americans can't find X in an algebraic equation. A Harvard study says the U.S. lags dozens of other countries in math. Why do we struggle so much? And what are educators here doing to change the trend? Tuesday morning at 9:00 on 90.3.
Linda Gojak, president, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Christopher D. Butler, Director of Undergraduate Studies, Dept. of Mathematics, Case Western Reserve University
Glen Whitney, executive director, Museum of Mathematics
John Holcomb, chair, Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University
Please follow our community discussion rules when composing your comments.


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focusing more of their energies on the user experience.
- Greater focus will be needed on the demand side such as helping users rank, relate, or recommend items.
- Embedding resources in research environments and courseware and building community around library resources will also derive significant benefits by integrating library resources into user workflows.
- Libraries also need to focus on sparking indirect discovery through surfacing Google material, curation and management of institutional outputs (IRs, etc), and search engine optimization.
- Only with continued focus on the demand side can libraries get to the ultimate desired state – where the mission of the library has become helping users to manage their own library.


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Understanding the factors affecting the survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis is the mainstay of care in this population. The present study aims at finding these features using novel cure models that discover factors important in both long term and short-term survival of patients undergoing HD.
Data were retrospectively collected from the database of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Special Diseases Administration including patients of 34 HD centers during 2011 to 2015. The primary outcome was death. Considering people with no death event as cured, the rest of the patients considered as uncured. To evaluate the factors affecting mortality, we used a mixture cure model (MCM) that model the long-term and short-term survival of patients separately.
Of 506 patients, 68.75% of women and 75.0% of men were long-term survivors. The mean (± SD) age of the patients was 57.5 (± 16.5) years and the empirical value of the cure rate was 72.9%. Sex, age, and Kt/Vurea were recognized as important factors in the long-term survival. In other words, lower age, male sex, and Kt/ Vurea ≥ 1.2 significantly increased the odds of being cured. The factors effective in short-term survival were mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and serum hemoglobin. The serum hemoglobin between 11 and 12.5 and a high MCHC decreased the risk of death.
Using cure model survival analysis, it was found that factors affecting the proportion of the patients with long-term survival might be different from those affecting short-term survival.
- دسترسی به متن مقالات این پایگاه در قالب ارایه خدمات کتابخانه دیجیتال و با دریافت حق عضویت صورت میگیرد و مگیران بهایی برای هر مقاله تعیین نکرده و وجهی بابت آن دریافت نمیکند.
- حق عضویت دریافتی صرف حمایت از نشریات عضو و نگهداری، تکمیل و توسعه مگیران میشود.
- پرداخت حق اشتراک و دانلود مقالات اجازه بازنشر آن در سایر رسانههای چاپی و دیجیتال را به کاربر نمیدهد.


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This is a session based auth scheme for Hapi. A lot of the code was gratuitously stolen from the cookie auth scheme in the Hapi code, and this module works in much the same way. The biggest difference is in that rather than storing the entire session object in the cookie, this module stores only an ID. The rest of the data is stored in your Hapi server's cache, and retrieved when required. This gets around the issue of storing large amounts of data in the session without causing a race condition.
For example usage see the server.js in the examples directory


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- To make Catalan the common language and the language of social cohesion.
- To promote Catalan as a tool for social progression and an instrument to guarantee equal opportunities.
- To guarantee the use of Catalan language in all areas and registers to ensure its presence as a fully-fledged language.
- To defend the language and cultural rights of Catalan society.
- To promote and collaborate in linguistic harmonisation campaigns.
- To project the situation of Catalan language abroad.
- To help tackle the challenges facing Catalan society.


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When describing storability of a potato we often use the term dormancy. A dormancy value or duration gives insight into how long the potato will store before it initiates sprout development.For process and fresh market potatoes, detrimental quality concerns develop once sprouting begins, such as changes in carbohydrate status, increase in respiration rate, additional weight loss and storage management issues such as impeded airflow. Seed growers may need to accelerate or retard sprout development depending upon the time of year and intended seed market.
The biological advantage for a dormancy period in a plant is survival of the species. The inherent dormancy of potatoes allow for most varieties to over-winter, barring any freezing conditions, and re-sprout in the spring, thereby reproducing and perpetuating the species. Tuber dormancy keeps the potatoes from sprouting in the fall, therefore, reducing chances of the species being killed by unfavorable winter conditions. There are three classes or types of dormancy that can be described in potatoes.
1) "Endodormancy" occurs after harvest and is due to the internal or physiological status of the tuber. Even if tubers are placed in conditions favorable for sprout development, sprouting will not occur.
2) "Ecodormancy" is when sprouting is prevented or delayed by environmental conditions, such as when potatoes stored at lower temperatures having a longer dormancy period compared to potatoes stored at warmer temperatures. Table 1 illustrates where differences in days to dormancy break are observed within a variety as storage temperature is lowered.
3) "Paradormancy" is comparable to endodormancy although the physiological signal for dormancy originates in a different area of the plant than where the dormancy occurs. An example of this is apical dominance of a tuber-the apical meristem or dominant bud/eye impedes development of secondary bud or sprout development. Some varieties have stronger paradormancy than others. The growing season or pre-harvest conditions can also affect dormancy length along with post-harvest conditions such as temperature and light.
Initiation of dormancy break actually begins before there is visible sprout development. Researchers continue to examine the physiological processes associated with dormancy and subsequent sprout development. It is believed that the five major plant hormones are involved in the process. Abscisic acid and ethylene are involved in the induction of dormancy, cytokinins are involved in dormancy break, and gibberellins and auxins are involved in sprout development.
Ideally it is best to apply chlorpropham (CIPC) prior to bud activity for greatest sprout suppression. Table 1 shows a three-year average dormancy length of several russet type varieties. Our definition of dormancy break is when 80 percent of potatoes have at least one sprout greater than or equal to 5 mm in length. Typically peeping of the buds occurs two to four weeks prior to this defined loss of dormancy. Therefore, depending upon storage temperature, some varieties may need a CIPC application soon after the curing period has ended to maximize sprout suppression potential. Other sprout suppression products, such as clove oil, are best applied when bud activity is visible.


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A warm spring or hot spring is a place where warm or hot groundwater issues from the ground on a regular basis for at least a predictable part of the year, and is significantly above the ambient ground temperature (which is usually around 55~57°F or 13~14°C in the eastern United States). The water is heated by geothermal heat, or heat generated from the interior of the Earth. This occurs in various "hot spots", where magma or other mantle material is close to the surface. If the water becomes so heated that it builds steam pressure and erupts in a jet above the surface of the Earth, it is called a geyser; if the water only reaches the surface in the form of steam, it is called a fumarole; and if the water is mixed with mud and clay, it is called a mud pot.
Warm springs are sometimes the result of hot and cold springs mixing but may also occur outside of geothermal areas, such as Warm Springs, Georgia (frequented for its therapeutic effects by polio-stricken U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who built the Little White House there). Because heated water can hold more dissolved solids and gases, warm and especially hot springs also often have a very high mineral content, containing everything from simple calcium to lithium, and even radium. Because of both the folklore and the proven medical value some of these springs have, they are often popular tourist destinations, and locations for rehabilitation clinics for those with disabilities.
At least three United States national parks feature hot springs:


Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts
Release 2 (8.1.6)
Part Number A76968-01
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Inter-Instance Coordination
This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the inter-instance coordination activities that take place in a cluster. As mentioned in Chapter 3, Oracle uses locks within a cluster to coordinate lock resources, data, and inter-instance data requests. This chapter describes the details about how Oracle coordinates these resources.
Topics in this chapter include:
Coordination of concurrent tasks within a cluster is called synchronization. Resources such as data blocks and locks must be synchronized as nodes within a cluster acquire and release ownership of them. The synchronization provided by Oracle Parallel Server maintains cluster-wide concurrency of the resources and in turn ensures the integrity of the shared data.
The key to successful parallel processing is to divide the tasks that require resources among the nodes so that very little synchronization is necessary. The less synchronization that is necessary, the better your system's speedup and scaleup. The overhead of synchronization can be very expensive if excessive inter-node communication is necessary.
The synchronization effort to achieve parallel processing among nodes ideally uses a high-speed interconnect linking the parallel processors. For parallel processing within a node, messaging is not necessary; shared memory is used instead. As mentioned in the previous chapter, messaging and locking between nodes is handled by the Distributed Lock Manager.
The amount of synchronization depends on the amount of resources and the number of users and tasks working on the resources. Little synchronization may be needed to coordinate a small number of concurrent tasks, but many concurrent tasks can require significant synchronization.
Each instance of Oracle Parallel Server has a dictionary cache, or row cache, containing data dictionary information in its System Global Area. The data dictionary structure is the same for Oracle instances in Oracle Parallel Server as for instances in exclusive mode. Parallel Server uses global locks to coordinate data dictionary activity among multiple instances.
Parallel Cache Management uses several types of locks to control access to data and resources within a cluster. The way you configure the locks and the degree of granularity you use affect the performance of applications running on Oracle Parallel Server. The degree of granularity refers to the number of locks per instance.
You can most positively influence each type of locking by properly designing your applications. Second, setting initialization parameters and properly administering your cluster can also positively affect your system's overhead. On the other hand, improper lock use can cause your system to spend so much time synchronizing shared resources that you cannot achieve any speedup or scaleup.
Oracle Parallel Server uses two primary groups of locks as described in the following section:
Local Locks
There are two types of local locks, latches and enqueues. Latches are not Parallel Server-specific and are synchronized only within each instance. Latches thus do not have an effect on the global operations of clustered environments. Enqueues, however, can be both local to an instance and global to a cluster.
The following provides a brief description of these two types of locks:
Latches are simple, low level serialization mechanisms that protect in-memory data structures in the System Global Area. Latches do not protect data files, are automatic, and are held for a very short time in exclusive mode. As mentioned, because latches are synchronized within a node, they do not facilitate internode synchronization.
Enqueues are shared memory structures that serialize access to database resources. Enqueues are local to one instance if you do not enable Parallel Server. Or when you enable Parallel Server, enqueues can be global to a database. Enqueues are associated with a session or transaction and Oracle can use them in any of the following modes:
Enqueues are held longer than latches, have more granularity and more modes than latches, and protect more database resources. For example, if you request a table lock, or a DML lock, your request is assigned an "enqueue" lock. Enqueues are managed by the Distributed Lock Manager. When Parallel Server is enabled, most local enqueues become global enqueues.
Global Locks
Oracle Parallel Server synchronizes global locks among all active instances in a cluster. Global locks include two main types:
The Distributed Lock Manager tracks the status of all Oracle locking mechanisms. Oracle only creates global locks if you start an Oracle instance with Parallel Server enabled. The exception to this is the mount lock. The Distributed Lock Manager synchronizes global locks by communicating the status of a lock resource to all instances within an Oracle Parallel Server cluster.
Global locks are held by background processes within instances rather than by transactions. An instance owns a global lock that protects a resource, such as a data block or data dictionary entry, when the resource enters the instance's System Global Area. The Distributed Lock Manager manages locking only for resources accessed by more than one instance.
The following sections in this chapter are:
Non-Parallel Cache Management Coordination
Non-parallel Cache Management includes coordination for resources other than data blocks. The Parallel Cache Management features of Oracle Parallel Server are described later in this chapter.
Non-Parallel Cache Management Locks
There are many different types of non-Parallel Cache Management locks. These control access to data files and control files. They also control library and dictionary caches, and perform various types of communication between instances. These locks do not protect data file blocks. Examples of these are Data Modification Language enqueues (table locks), transaction enqueues, and Data Definition Language locks or dictionary locks. The System Change Number (SCN), and the mount lock are global locks, not enqueues.
The context of Oracle Parallel Server causes most local enqueues to become global; they can still be seen in the fixed tables and views that show enqueues, such as V$LOCK. The V$LOCK table does not, however, show global locks, such as SCN locks, mount locks, and Parallel Cache Management locks.
Non-PCM Global Locks
This section describes some of the most common non-PCM global locks. It covers the following information:
Overview of Non-Parallel Cache Management Locks
This section explains how Oracle uses non-PCM locks to manage locks for transactions, tables, and other entities within an Oracle environment. Figure 4-1 highlights non-PCM locks in relation to other locks used in Oracle.
Figure 4-1 Oracle Locking Mechanisms: Non-PCM Locks
Whereas PCM locks are static (you allocate them when you design your application), non-PCM locks are very dynamic. Their number and corresponding space requirements will change as your system's initialization parameter values change.
See Also:
Oracle8i Reference for descriptions of all non-PCM locks.
Transaction Locks
Row locks are locks that protect selected rows. A transaction acquires a global enqueue and an exclusive lock for each individual row modified by one of the following statements:
These locks are stored in the block, and each lock refers to the global transaction enqueue.
A transaction lock is acquired in exclusive mode when a transaction initiates its first change. It is held until the transaction does a COMMIT or ROLLBACK. SMON also acquires it in exclusive mode when recovering (undoing) a transaction. Transaction locks are used as a queuing mechanism for processes awaiting the release of an object locked by a transaction in progress.
Table Locks
Table locks are DML locks that protect entire tables. A transaction acquires a table lock when a table is modified by one of the following statements: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT with the FOR UPDATE clause, and LOCK TABLE. A table lock can be held in any of several modes: null (N), row share (RS), row exclusive (RX), share lock (S), share row exclusive (SRX), and exclusive (X).
Library Cache Locks
When a database object (table, view, procedure, function, package, package body, trigger, index, cluster, synonym) is referenced during parsing or compiling of a SQL (DML/DDL), PL/SQL, or Java statement, the process parsing or compiling the statement acquires the library cache lock in the correct mode. In Oracle8 the lock is held only until the parse or compilation completes (for the duration of the parse call).
Dictionary Cache Locks
The data dictionary cache contains information from the data dictionary, the meta-data store. This cache provides efficient access to the data dictionary.
Creating a new table, for example, causes the meta-data of that table to be cached in the data dictionary. If a table is dropped, the meta-data needs to be removed from the data dictionary cache. To synchronize access to the data dictionary cache, latches are used in exclusive mode and in single shared mode. Global locks are used in multiple shared (parallel) mode.
In Oracle Parallel Server, the data dictionary cache on all nodes may contain the meta-data of a table that gets dropped on one instance. The meta-data for this table needs to be flushed from the data dictionary cache of every instance. This is performed and synchronized by global locks.
Database Mount Lock
The mount lock shows whether an instance has mounted a particular database. This lock is only used with Oracle Parallel Server. It is the only multi-instance lock used by Parallel Server in exclusive mode, where it prevents another instance from mounting the database in shared mode.
In Oracle Parallel Server single shared mode, this lock is held in shared mode. Another instance can successfully mount the same database in shared mode. In Parallel Server exclusive mode, however, another instance will not able to obtain the lock.
Parallel Cache Management Coordination
Understanding how Oracle Parallel Server synchronizes caches across instances can help you understand the overhead affecting system performance. Consider a five-node parallel server where a user drops a table on one of the nodes. Since each of the five dictionary caches has a copy of the definition of the dropped table, the node dropping the table from its cache must also cause the other four dictionary caches to drop their copies of the dropped table. Oracle Parallel


EE Student Information
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Please see Stanford University Health Alerts for course and travel updates.
Chelsea Finn featured as part of the Women in AI, a special project by 'Synced'
Professor Chelsea Finn
April 2020
Professor Chelsea Finn studies intelligence through robotic interaction at scale, and is affiliated with SAIL and the Statistical ML Group. In addition to teaching, she does research projects with her PhD students, and runs her lab. She also does research work with the Google Brain Team.
She was interviewed by Synced as part of their 'Women in AI' special project. Modified excerpts from that article follow.
Chelsea graduated with her Bachelor's in electrical engineering and computer science from MIT and completed her PhD in computer science at UC Berkeley. Her dissertation "Learning to Learn with Gradients" won the 2018 ACM Doctoral Dissertation Award.
Chelsea is actively concerned about the broad impacts of underrepresentation. "I worry about people feeling like they don't fit in, that there aren't people that look like them in a place," she said.
At a young age, Chelsea really enjoyed solving puzzles and problems, and with both parents being engineers she knew that engineering was one way to do that. Chelsea chose to major in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering because she believed that would leave many doors open for her to try different things later down the line. As she became more and more drawn to robotics, machine learning, and AI, she realized the need to go to grad school and do research if she hoped to make new advances and develop new algorithms.
Chelsea says when she started her PhD she wasn't planning to stay in academia because making products in the industry was more appealing. But things didn't go as planned when she later realized the greater long-term impact she could have through research and teaching.
Currently Chelsea helps pair undergrads with grad students in AI so that they can learn firsthand what grad school is like, what's exciting about doing research, and steps they should consider if they are interested in research and AI.
She has also been helping with other outreach programs for high school students through AI4ALL, a nonprofit dedicated to increasing diversity and inclusion in AI education, research, development, and policy. The nonprofit was co-founded in 2015 by Professor Fei-Fei Li. The first program that the team launched was SAILORS — a summer outreach program for high school girls to learn about human-centered AI.
Chelsea is also well aware that it takes time for any trends to really lead to concrete, measurable improvement, especially since the number of women studying or pursuing a career in computer science has remained low over the past decade.
It's still a work in progress, and fixing the pipeline isn't the entire problem, she added. "I think there's still more that can be improved — in terms of creating a welcoming and inclusive environment."
Excerpted from Synced, "Women in AI | Chelsea Finn: 'I Certainly Feel Like a Minority'" March 30, 2020


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Nursing is a broad field with many specialties and opportunities. Unfortunately, many high school students may have inaccurate preconceived notions about the field, such as the idea that men in nursing are rare.
Thankfully, there are ways to help educate students about the field and get them excited about a career as a nurse. It can be helpful to utilize some key resources to help expose students to the nursing field and imagine themselves stepping into the role.
Here are some resources to help curious students learn more about the nursing field.
An Overview of the Field and Its Specialties
Before tapping some more in-depth resources, a great place to start getting high school students excited about nursing is by providing them with an overview of the field. This can dispel their preconceived notions while also showing them the variety of opportunities and paths in the field.
To start, it can help to explain the different types of nurses and specialties that students can pursue. If a particular student has an interest in travel, you can spend more time explaining the role of travel nurses and the lucrative salaries they can earn. Conversely, if someone has an interest in emerging technology, you can point them in the direction of nursing specialties that have an emphasis on technology such as nursing informatics.
By giving students a broad overview of the nursing industry and the many avenues they can pursue in the field, you can change their attitude toward nursing and pursuing a career in the field.
Ways Highschool Students Can Explore Nursing Themselves
While talking about nursing may be a way to spark interest, many students may need a more potent catalyst to actually pursue a role in the field. Having a list of all of the resources in your areas that allow students to explore the field can be a great way to let students experience what the job is like and imagine what it would feel like to step into the role.
These resources could include things like healthcare internships and nurse shadowing opportunities in medical institutions. If some students have a keen interest in volunteer work, connecting them with healthcare or nursing-related volunteer opportunities is also a great way to get them involved. Hopefully, engaging in these experiences will get students excited about pursuing a career in nursing and spark their curiosity to do more research on their own.
Online Nursing Resources
Today's high school students are no strangers to online activities, and providing online nursing resources may be a great way to get them engaged in their own research. Some resources could include articles and videos that highlight what it's like to be a nurse and the benefits that come with pursuing it as a career. Podcasts can be another ripe resource to provide to students as they can listen to them during their commute to and from school.
By providing a list of various online nursing resources to students, you encourage them to continue researching the field outside of school. Resources created by actual nurses can be especially valuable, as these professionals are more knowledgeable about their field and can paint a vivid picture of what their professional life is like.
College Nursing Programs
Once you've exposed students to various nursing resources, it's important to follow up with those who show keen interest. In these follow-up sessions, it can be effective to have a number of resources connected to college nursing programs. Be sure to thoroughly explain the difference between various programs, the amount of time they'll take, and the importance of determining one's career goals before committing to a specific program.
In addition to various programs, it can be helpful to provide scholarship resources that students can take advantage of. Feeling aware of their options will make these students more likely to seriously contemplate a career in nursing.
Explain Ways to Find Jobs in Nursing
No one wants to pursue a degree or education in a field that might leave them without a job. To dispel these fears in your students, it can help to provide them with resources that explain how nurses can find jobs and the steps that they can take to get there. The more prepared your students feel, the more likely they'll be to pursue a career in the field.
One significant tip you might provide students with is the importance of networking to expose one to new employment opportunities. In addition to this, you may provide them with nursing events and opportunities in your local area that will give them the power to both improve their networking skills and make connections that can help them land a job once they're qualified as nurses.
Help Students Connect with Real Nurses
While you can do your best to espouse the wonders of nursing to your students, it won't be the same as having an actual nurse connect with them. This being the case, it can be incredibly useful for you to find nurses who are willing to connect with students — whether that's over zoom, email, or social media — and describe their experiences and answer students' questions.
The more students you're able to connect with real nurses, the greater chances you'll have of sparking a substantial interest in your students. This being the case, though it may involve a little more work on your part, finding nurses willing to communicate with students can be an amazing resource to educate students about the nursing field.
Nursing Can Be a Ripe Future for Students
Though it may not be the profession they always dreamed of stepping into, many students may become excited by the nursing field by being exposed to some key resources. By being mindful of student interests and educating them about nursing specialties that align with their interests, you should have no problem instilling students with a curiosity to learn more about the process of becoming a nurse.


NerdKits - electronics education for a digital generation
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Microcontroller Programming » Assembly Language & C ++
November 22, 2009
by MC_Newb
MC_Newb's Avatar
Is it possible to load straight assembly language code to the MicroController (I have a tool to convert C ++ to Assembly Language code)
Is there a list of method limitations/functions that can be performed in C ++? For example, do certain sensors or electronic components have problems implementing C ++ correctly? (this is the reason I am asking if you can load Assembly Language code directly).
BEWARE :O)-- I am a high-level language programmer, and the closest language I code in is C#. As a result, the questions above my not even apply to what we are trying to do. Thanks NerdKits & NK Users for your assistance!
November 22, 2009
by mikedoug
mikedoug's Avatar
All processors (Atmel MPUs included) have a machine language. Assembly language is often used in place of machine language for terminology because it is often a 1-to-1 correlation to the actual machine code. So yes, at some point EVERYTHING we program for the MPU is converted into assembly before it is uploaded to the MPU. In order to use C++ you would need a compiler that knows how to compile C++ to the machine language for the MPU (or as you call it "a tool to convert C++ to assembly language).
The caveat here is that not all machine languages are alike. The Atmel MPUs use a vastly different machine language than your x86 desktop/laptop. The question then becomes what platform does your tool target?
Now, from within a C program (or a C++ program for that matter) you can definitely have blocks of code that are assembly. I'd have to hunt around for the exact syntax. But a far more important question is in order here -- why do you want to program in C++? These MPUs are very tiny in terms of program and executing memory space. C++ is a language of bloat, and I seriously doubt that there is anything you need/want to do on the MPU that will be made easier by having some of the extra constructs of C++ over the C that you already have in AVR-GCC. A benefit of using C++ or C# is some of the ease with which you can work with the String classes -- you probably couldn't even FIT the C++ or C# standard String class in the memory of most Atmel MPUs.
If you are familiar with C#, I would advise that you take a deep dive into C -- it's not so terribly different that you should be able to make the transition with relative ease. With these MPUs you've got to think SMALL. Very small.
Good luck whatever you are attempting! Michael Douglass
November 22, 2009
by MC_Newb
MC_Newb's Avatar
Great info Mike- I greatly appreciate you taking the time to reply on a Sunday afternoon! The reason I was using C++ is b/c I am used to the IDE in Visual Studio, and Visual Studio supports C++.
You brought up a point which completely resolves my uncertaintyEmphasize-the assmebly language used by the Atmel MPU is going to be different than that which my XP operating system would use. Hahaha! Forgive my ignorance!! That makes perfect sense :O).
FYI, when installing Visual Studio, there is an optional addin, "conversion tool", you can install and it will cause VS to "spit out" assmebly language code for you in a seperate window.
I did not realize that C ++ would greatly bloat my code as you informed me. I will have to get some of my old college books out and revisit the C language! I am very fluent in VS and therefore I was just trying to stay with what I know. Also, I am excited about the possiblities of MicroControllers and really want to get some of your projects working... time to re-visit C!!!
November 22, 2009
by mikedoug
mikedoug's Avatar
Let us know if you get stuck and need some help. A good place to start would be the nerdkit guide that you get when you buy the nerdkit -- it tells you what to download, and has some starter projects that walk you through the setup and whatnot to actually program the processor. ALL of my projects have used those projects as a starting point, and then modify it to do what I want.
Good Luck!
November 22, 2009
by tech20
tech20's Avatar
Just to note, most compilers for C and C++ convert the C to assembly, then that to hex to bin to upload or run. With asm it just coverts that straight to either of those and can then be uploaded.
November 23, 2009
by BobaMosfet
BobaMosfet's Avatar
Here's another note, since it will help you (John) orient:
Visual Basic is an interpreted language-- that means it's essentially a text file that another program reads, line by line, and then converts to symbols, and then executes real low-level machine code based on what your VB script tells it to do-- that is why VB is slow. It's easy to right inbut it is extremely inefficient.
C and C++ are compiled languages. It means that if you write in either, you create a text file. When you compile it, the compiler (in 2 or nowadays just 1 pass) converts the code to symbols, builds a symbol table, a jump or link table, calculates relative addresses and then if the syntax check passes, it then converts it into machine language via the assembler. Machine language and assembly language are synonymous. And in fact, machine language is a direct translation of hardware, in software form. It represents gate logic.
Because a compiler "compiles" (eg, tokenizes and then assembles) code to a processor's native formatit runs extremely fast.
Note that some processors, for example, Motorola,.v. Intel, have bytes in reverse order when describing numbers. Normally, your compiler will glaze over this for you, so you don't have to think about it, unless you are writing inline assembly code.
Instructions in assembly language (old hands just say 'assembler') are called'mnemonics' (pronounced "new mon ix") The arguments that are passed with each mnemonic are called operands, and it keeps track of things with hard-wired memory locations called'registers'.
Assembly is fun and easy. One of the quickest ways to learn assembly, is to a) get a reference for your particular processor, so you see the syntax you are to use, and then b) turn your compiler's option on that makes it create a.asm (or assembly) file. It's just another text file, but you can open it and look at it, and it will have all the assembly language code with all the symbols (variable names, function names, register names, etc) so it's easier to read and understand. You can then sit down with a printout of your C/C++ code and your.asm file and compare each to see what the compiler turned your code into-- and you will be able to see how it makes 'IFs' 'WHILEs', 'SWITCH:CASEs', etc.
The fundamental difference between C and C++ is this: C expects YOU to be responsible and have an organized mind with how you make thingsit is strict. C++ lets you code in (what some could call a'sloppy') less restrictive manner, because it offloads the responsibility from you to the compiler. As such, depending on the quality of the compiler, it may or may not be able to optimize C++ as effeciently as C, because with C, it assumes you know what you are doingit makes no assumptions and optimizes accordingly, whereas with C++ it has to assume some things because it's trying to figure out what you're doing, so it can optimize effeciently.
Unless you have a pressing need, I wouldn't worry about C.v. C++. Use the one you are comfortable with until you get your wheels spinning.
Best of luck to you.
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I expect this is a classical question, so feel free to point me to classical answers: what is the fastest-growing function $f(t)$ for which we know that $$ |2^t - 3^{t'}| \ge f(\min(t,t')) \;? $$ In particular, do we know that the gaps between powers of 2 and powers of 3 get exponentially large as $t,t'$ increase? Do we know anything like this for any other pair of integers besides 2 and 3?
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3 Answers 3
What you need is the theory of lower bounds for linear forms in logarithms. A good place to start reading about this is the following article by Evertse:
In particular, Corollary 1.8 of the article (a Corollary to a famous theorem of Matveev) gives
$$ \lvert 2^a-3^b \rvert \ge \frac{\max(2^a,3^b)}{(e \max(a,b))^{C}} $$ where $C$ is a positive constant (that is easily computable--see the proof and also the statement of Theorem 1.7).
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Can you give a rough and ready estimate of $C$ for those who just want to be impressed with this neat result? – Felix Goldberg Dec 21 '12 at 11:05
I guess you expect $t$ and $t'$ to be integers. In this case, having a small $2^p-3^q$ is related to having a small $\frac{\log 3}{\log 2} - \frac{p}{q}$. So it's Diophantine approximation, and this is very well studied. The first result in Diophantine approximation is that there exists an infinity of rational $p/q$ such that $$ \left|\frac{\log 3}{\log 2} - \frac{p}{q}\right| < \frac{1}{q^2}. $$ In which case it's not hard to compute that $$ \left| 2^p - 3^q \right| = \mathcal{O}\left( \frac{3^q}{q} \right). $$ This is valid of course for all $2$'s and $3$'s.
If now you want lower bounds, then you will need to know a upper bound for the irrationality measure of $\frac{\log 3}{\log 2}$, which is hard to get, but hopefully someone did it. Do you want more details?
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I was a little hesitant to post the following thing after the very thorough answers and references, yet it contains a concrete inequality, and may be of interest as a first elementary approach towards the full complexity of the problem.
The idea is that if $2^t$ and $3^ {t'}$ are too close to each other, then $2^{t+1}$ is close to $2\cdot3^{t'}$, hence it is roughy in the middle between $3^ {t'}$ and $3^ {t'+1}$, and therefore far from any power of $3$. To make this into a more quantitative form: assume that $t$ and $t'$ satisfy $$|2^t -3^ {t'}| < \frac{1}{5} 2^t\,.$$ Then it follows plainly
$$ 3^ {t'} + \frac{1}{5} 2^t < 2^{t+1} < 3^ {t'+1} - \frac{2}{5} 2^t \,.$$ Therefore the closest power of $3$ to $2^{t+1}$ is either $3^ {t'}$ or $3^ {t'+1}$, in any case not closer than $ \frac{1}{5} 2^{t+1}$. This tell us that the inequality $$\min _ {t'\in\mathbb{N}} |2^t -3^ {t'}| > \frac{1}{5} 2^t$$ holds for at least one out of two consecutive integers $t$ and $t+1$. So at least half of the powers of $2$, in a density sense, have a distance from the powers of three of at least one fifth of their size.
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Commonly examined as part of a cost-benefit analysis, a benefit cost ratio (BCR) is a formula defined as the monetary benefits of a project or course of action divided by its monetary costs, with all benefits and costs expressed in present values. Analysts attempt to form reasonable estimates of costs and benefits by inferring them from market behavior or surveys. The higher the benefit cost ratio, the better the value of the project is.
A present value is the projected current monetary worth of a revenue or expenditure stream on a given date. A discount rate is typically based on an interest rate taken from financial markets. That rate is applied to all pertinent future costs and benefits to ascertain the present-value terms.
A major inadequacy of the BCR is that it disregards less tangible non-monetary impacts, such as market penetration, loss of reputation, or long-term venture strategic alignments. Another problem with BCRs involves clearly defining and determining the appropriate benefits and costs to include. These can differ depending on the financial organization or interest group involved. Analysis using the benefit cost ratio is not common in large organizations because their projects often include intangible factors that are not easy to quantify monetarily. For example, in analyzing the value of installing a guardrail on a treacherous road, a company has to assign a dollar value to injuries and deaths that can be avoided and weigh it against the actual costs of the guardrail.
Analyses based on a benefit cost ratio must be considered with caution because they can be highly erroneous. Underestimations of costs are common due to their heavy reliance on data from similar projects in the past. Project participants may not accurately recall the crucial costs of a project. The current project may not be directly comparable to the old project, differing in terms of size, function or skill levels of members. Furthermore, the formulae with which analysts assign money values to intangible factors may be arbitrary and subject to bias.
Benefit cost ratios may also be flawed when analysts overestimate benefits.For example, if a company is launching a new product and the projected sales are $60 million US Dollars (USD) per year, actual annual sales of $30 million US Dollars (USD) would represent a benefit shortfall of 50 percent. A general tendency for people to be over-optimistic results in overestimating the probability of positive occurrences and underestimating the probability of adverse occurrences. When benefit shortfalls occur simultaneously with cost overruns, the BCR plummets.
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and Lake Caliraya are two connected man-made lakes
which was the result of an infrastructure project. It was
actually a large reservoir built by American engineers in
1943 to supply water to the Caliraya Hydroelectric Plant.
As the dams were constructed, entrepreneurs with foresight
created two adjacent communities which were envisioned to
be ecological communities, where one can enjoy the beauty
and richness of unspoiled nature. The results were
man-made mountain lakes complete with coves and sand bars
- Lake Caliraya and Sierra Lakes.
also seeded the lake with Largemouth Black Bass imported
from the USA, which continue to proliferate and provide
game fishers with year-round weekend excitement.
In fact, the two
lakes are the only place in the whole country where
Philippine anglers can attempt to catch the famed
Largemouth Black Bass, one of the top freshwater gamefish
of the United States of America.


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Charlotte Smith (4 May 1749 – 28 October 1806 / London)
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Sonnet Lxx: On Being Cautioned Against Walking On An Headland Overlooking The Sea, Because It Was Frequented By A Lunatic
Is there a solitary wretch who hies
To the tall cliff, with starting pace or slow,
And, measuring, views with wild and hollow eyes
Its distance from the waves that chide below;
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How to Enjoy Aerobic Exercise with Adrenal Fatigue
Exercise can deplete the energy in a muscle quickly, so pay attention to your body. With adrenal fatigue, muscle cells' mitochondria may not function optimally, and with some forms of exercise, that may precipitate an energy crisis.
Aerobic exercises don't cause an acute energy crisis; however, they tend to cause a cellular energy deficit over time. In other words, exercise can cause muscle pain and extreme muscle fatigue. You literally may not have enough energy to complete the workout.
Enjoying an aerobic workout begins by not inviting pain or fatigue. You can have a lot of fun doing aerobic exercises without much planning or effort. You usually don't need a lot of equipment, but having the proper equipment reduces the risk of injury.
Walk around the block
Nothing's more enjoyable than a brisk walk on a late summer evening or a fall afternoon. Walking is a good initial form of exercise if you have adrenal fatigue because it's very well tolerated compared to other forms of aerobic exercise. It doesn't cause quite as much muscle fatigue as biking or swimming, for example.
Here are some tips concerning walking:
 - Start with a short walk at a normal pace. Take your first walk at a normal pace and aim for a duration of about 5 to 10 minutes. Then sit down and rest. If you're thinking "I feel fine. I know I can do more," do more a couple of days from now. You have time, so don't push it. With adrenal fatigue, details like that matter.
 - Keep a diary of how you feel after your walk so you can see what works and what doesn't work for you. See how you feel the day after your first walk. If your first day is too intense, you can crash and burn in the setting of adrenal fatigue.
 - Build gradually. Instead of walking every day, start out by walking every two to three days. Begin increasing the duration of your walks before you start increasing your pace. In the first few weeks, maintain a normal walking pace and add 30 to 60 seconds to each subsequent walking session.
 After you're comfortable walking about 30 minutes without stopping or needing to sit down, then begin to gradually increase your walking pace.
 - Initially, stay away from hills. More hills means increased muscle soreness the next day.
 - Wear loose-fitting clothes and comfortable footwear. Sometimes people walk around in the park in their work clothes, and they don't look comfortable at all.
If you're walking on a treadmill, the same principles apply. Initially, set the machine to a normal walking pace, avoid the hill and interval programs, and wear comfortable clothes and shoes. Consider buying sneakers specifically designed for walking.
Aquatherapy and swimming
Aquatherapy amounts to doing exercises in a pool. Water is great because there's no wear and tear on the joints in the water. In fact, many rehabilitation professionals commonly prescribe aquatherapy to help people recover from a bodily injury or trauma.
Examples of exercises that you can do in the water include walking and running. The water provides resistance, and water-based exercises can help increase muscle strength and flexibility. One approach is doing aquatherapy first and adding swimming later.
Unless you're going to stay in the shallow end of the pool, wear a life preserver, life vest, or flotation belt for the first few exercise sessions, or exercise with someone else nearby who is available in an emergency. Some people with extreme adrenal fatigue become so tired midway through a session that they're unable to continue. You don't want to drown.
Many health clubs, including the YMCA, offer water aerobics classes, which are a combination of endurance and strengthening exercises in a pool. They offer a great opportunity to meet people and socialize as well as exercise!
Although swimming laps is an excellent form of exercise, it can be a bit strenuous initially for someone with adrenal fatigue because it works every muscle group in your upper and lower body. Therefore, make sure you know what your baseline endurance is before you decide to swim laps.
One option is to use a kickboard and kick your legs at a low intensity; with a kickboard, you can rest when you need to.
Row with light resistance
An oft-forgotten form of aerobic exercise is rowing. One option for this exercise is rowing a boat, which can be peaceful and serene, especially if you do it in the early morning. Another popular option is using a rowing machine or the rowing machine feature of a home gymnasium.
Rowing is great for strengthening your core muscles, including your abdomen and mid to lower back muscles. It also strengthens your leg muscles to some degree, including the quadriceps and hamstrings.
If you're just starting out, start by doing sets of 15 to 20 repetitions at a time. Begin with low weight (about 20 pounds of resistance) and gauge how you feel. Start with one set, and after a couple of weeks, increase to doing two sets. Don't row too fast; this isn't the galley battle scene in Ben Hur!
Ride a bike
Bicycling is a form of exercise with many variations. Some people feel that it's not a good form of aerobic exercise because you're sitting — you're mainly using your legs, not your upper body.
Biking is a great workout for folks with adrenal fatigue because you can control your pace, your time, and your level of intensity.
Here are some notes on using a stationary bike:
 - Bikes that have bigger seats are comfortable to sit on for longer periods of time.
 - You can read while using the stationary bike, because you don't have to worry about crashing into something or someone.
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Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Parks and Historic Sites Division
Sherry D. Hearn
Use of State Quality Core Curriculum Objectives for various grade levels
and suggested activities
before and during visits are designed to ensure a quality learning experience.
Soft Drink Machine
Special Park and Historic Site Rules:
Fort Morris is owned by the state of Georgia and operated by the Department
of Natural Resources, Parks and Historic Sites Division. Visitors are
reminded that others may also be touring the site. All plants, animals
and historic features are protected by law.
Preparing Your Students:
Prior to the visit, students should receive background information about
the site. Following is an outline of content related to the site. Teachers
may use whatever portions are suitable for their classes.
QCC objectives from the State Department of Education that may be met
through this field trip are also identified for teachers' convenience.
Finally, a list of suggested activities, including maps and vocabulary
is included. Copies may be made for classroom activities.
Field Trip Presentations, Including "Living History" Programs
Standard Presentation includes:
After visiting the site students' learning may be extended and reinforced
with additional activities. A suggested list is included for teachers'


text:
The gentle grasping and manipulation of objects in dense un-structured environments, such as the agricultural, food processing, or home environments constitute a formidable challenge for robotic systems. Knowledge regarding wrist poses (wrist positions and orientations) that may lead to successful grasps is especially important in such environments for both gripper design and online grasp planning. Graspability maps store grasp quality grades at different wrist poses in object-centered coordinates. Previously graspability maps were derived based on object models in a lengthy, offline process and thus had limited usability. We have developed geometry-based grasp quality measures related to classical grasp quality measures, which can be determined directly from a 3D point cloud. This facilitates embedding agent perception capabilities within the grasp quality determination. Additionally by scanning the object's surface for finger contact points rather than scanning the volume of the bounding box about the object, and by using parallel computation, graspability map computation-time is considerably reduced, facilitating online computation of multiple measures. We validate the developed measures in a physical environment, show that computation-time can be reduced by more than 90% with very low reduction in map quality, and show the applicability of the developed methods for both simple and complex objects.
- Graspability map
- Robotic manipulators


text:
Undergraduate Student Handbook
Responding to Situations
It is difficult to codify how all incidents may be handled because each situation brings with it a unique set of circumstances. The response from student life personnel is designed to provide accountability and appropriate consequences for each student involved in a situation. The nature of the infraction, the severity of a violation, as well as the frequency of similar offenses, is considered in the community accountability process. The majority of situations result in specific consequences designed to help the student learn and grow in the following areas: character development, decision-making, understanding the importance of integrity, affirming their commitment to the community, being held responsible for their actions, receiving love and forgiveness, being honest and sincere, speaking the truth in love, and being fully restored to the community.
As the passage in Matthew suggests, there are times when an individual may need to leave the community for personal restoration and reconciliation. This is not intended to be done punitively, but in love and respect for the student involved and for the good of the community at large. In these serious instances, consequences may include a short-term suspension (generally immediate, but in rare instances deferred until the next semester of enrollment), long-term suspension (either immediate or deferred termination of student status for one or more semesters), or dismissal (permanent termination of student status). Suspensions and dismissals are rare occurrences and careful consideration is given in these decisions.
A short-term suspension is defined as a period of time in a given semester during which the student is not allowed on campus. Generally, the period of time is between three and seven days. The student may not attend class, live in campus housing, participate in university-sponsored co-curricular activities, attend university-sponsored events, or represent the university in any official capacity during a short-term suspension. Generally, academic work (papers, exams, etc.) is not accepted during the suspension period, and the student is not allowed to make up the academic work missed. A student who would receive a reduced course grade resulting from missed work during a suspension may be given the opportunity of withdrawing from the course without a grade. When a student is suspended, his or her academic advisor and instructors are informed of the suspension, but usually not of the circumstances leading to it.
Students serving a long-term suspension or who have been dismissed are not permitted to be on campus property, attend class, live in campus housing, participate in university-sponsored co-curricular activities, attend university-sponsored events, or represent the university in any official capacity.
In the case of a suspension or dismissal, the student's financial aid would be revoked. Even if the student successfully appeals their suspension or dismissal, or is readmitted, they still need to appeal their revoked financial aid status with Student Financial Services.
If a student chooses to withdraw before fulfilling the required community accountability sanctions, including suspension, these stipulations may need to be fulfilled before she/he is allowed to re-enroll. Graduating students who do not complete assigned consequences may have their diploma and/or transcript withheld until the sanctions are complete.


Ineffective Frankia endophytes were retrieved from various wet soils by using Alnus glutinosa clones as trapping plants. No pure cultures could be isolated from these ineffective nodules. Therefore, the phylogenetic position of these endophytes was determined by sequence analysis of cloned PCR products of bacterial 16S rDNA, derived from nodules. The results showed that all nodule endophytes belong to a hitherto undescribed cluster of the Fuankia phylogenetic tree. The position of these uncultured ineffective Frankia nodule endophytes is different from that of the ineffective Fuankia isolates derived from A. glutinosa nodules, even when originating from the same geographical location. This suggests a bias in current isolation techniques. [KEYWORDS: ineffective Frankia; Alnus; 16S rDNA; phylogeny 16s ribosomal-rna; oligonucleotide probes; datisca-cannabina; genetic diversity; genus frankia; strain type; database]
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)971-981
JournalMolecular Ecology
Issue number10
StatePublished - 1997
ID: 127665


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 Kellie Blair Hardt named one of five National Teachers of the Year
 Kellie Blair Hardt
 It's a story of a struggle and triumph, adversity and inspiration. A local girl who grew up with the odds stacked heavily against her, struggled through school, even got expelled, but persevered, became an educator herself, and has just been named one of five National Teachers of the Year.
 Kellie Blair Hardt, a science teacher at Metz Middle School in Manassas City, is tonight's Harris' Hero.
 Hardt thinks outside the box to get through to her students.
 "I teach learning disability students and attention deficit students," she says.
 "She knows how to make this class fun," says Jordan Young, a 7th grader.
 "And to be honored as one of the top five teachers in the nation is something that is very humbling to me and sometimes I get emotional about it simply because of my own upbringing," Hardt says.
 "My natural mother was absent from my life," she says. "I just don't know her. We struggled with money and there were many times we were homeless."
 "I began acting out, I was one of the students who got in trouble a lot," she says, "And I ended up being suspended multiple times and remember being in front of school board members when I was a young teenager and got expelled and got sent to alternative education."
 Hardt says it was teachers who turned her life around and helped her become a teacher.
 "She is a fantastic teacher. She is fabulous," says Tatiana Sorto, a 7th grader.
 Hardt says the most important lesson she wants her students to learn is that no matter what their disability is they can accomplish anything when they put their minds to it.


text:
Prints, Drawings, and Photographs
Farm Women Planting
Camille Pissarro, French, 1830 - 1903
Color etching and aquatint
Currently not on view
1941-8-107Purchased with the John D. McIlhenny Fund, 1941
LabelPissarro helped revive a process for making color prints that was originally developed in Paris in the eighteenth century. This classic method consisted of superimposing four separate plates, each inked in a different color (red, blue, yellow, and black). For Farm Women Planting, Pissarro omitted the black plate to obtain the sunny aspect that makes this impression unique.