text:
With the presidential election now over, it's time for investors to consider what the looming fiscal cliff could mean for asset allocation in 2013. While no one can predict the future, I don't expect next year to be characterized by a "normal" investing environment that is well suited for a typical strategic allocation strategy.
Instead, 2013 offers two very distinct scenarios. First, there is the possibility of a fiscal cliff-induced recession. Second, there is the possibility of continuing gains in equities if the cliff is avoided and the US economy continues on its recovery path.
How should an investor approach asset allocation given the uncertain outlook? I'd recommend taking into account the different probabilities of 2013 experiencing a cliff-induced recession.
To do that, let's construct a portfolio that is a mix of stocks and bonds to be held over the next year. Then, let's look at the range of possible return outcomes if next year turns out to be a "typical year". I have taken monthly return data (in excess of the 30-day government yield) for the U.S. stock market and the U.S. bond market since 1926, and I've computed the 12-month returns of simple bond/stock portfolios for all possible 12-month periods since 1926. The results are summarized in the three lines in this chart: the typical return, the potential upside return (defined as 75th percentile of return outcomes) and the potential downside return (defined as the 25th percentile of return outcomes):
The horizontal axis shows the percentage allocated to bonds and the vertical axis shows the typical 1-year returns of these portfolios over the last 85 years. The chart confirms what could be considered standard intuition: Taking a higher allocation in equities produces higher returns, as shown by the median return line. But it also produces a wider range of returns, as indicated by the 25th and 75th percentile lines, which is reflective of the increased risk that a higher allocation to equities produces.
Now, what would happen if the United States went over the cliff in 2013, creating negative economic growth through part of the year? To answer that, let's look at what happens to the returns of a typical portfolio that experiences an economic contraction in the year after the simple bond/stock portfolio has been constructed. Data from the1926-2012 period shows that if a portfolio is constructed at the end of a month that is not already classified as an economic contraction then the probability that there will be at least one quarter of negative growth over the following 12 months is about 15%. In other words, investors who think that the probability of a fiscal cliff-induced economic contraction in 2013 is the same as the "normal" 15% probability of contraction can use the chart above as a guide for simple allocation.
What about investors who think the probability of a cliff-induced recession is higher than normal? The chart below shows what happens if the probability of a cliff-induced economic contraction is set at 50% instead of 15%, as Russ Koesterich has argued recently.
The chart suggests that even for aggressive investors there is little reason to have a large allocation to equities if you believe there is a higher-than-normal chance of a recession. The chart shows that holding more equities would not be expected produce returns that are materially better than a conservative allocation. In addition, the size of the potential downside also increases across the board – in other words, an investor is not likely to be rewarded for taking on additional risk.
The upshot of this analysis? Investors do not need to have high conviction that cliff-induced recession will take place next year to consider some reallocation in their portfolios. History suggests that an even 50/50 chance of recession in the next 12-month (compared to the 15% normal chance) can have a material impact on the typical 1-year returns associated with a simple bond/equities allocation. As we have argued in the past investors concerned about heightened volatility on the back of longer-term macroeconomic concerns — including a cliff-induced recession — should consider some reallocation toward dividend-paying equities as well as managed volatility portfolios.
 Stock return data is from Fama-French, reflective of the return of the total U.S. stock market as commonly used in academic research. The 30-day government rate (or "risk free" rate) is also from Fama-French. Return data for bonds is from the IA SSBI database, computed as a combination of corporate bond total returns (weighted at 33%) and intermediate government bond returns (weighted at 64%).
 I used the standard NBER classification of U.S. economic cycles to classify every month in the _PHONE_ period as either in contraction or expansion.
 This chart is constructed in the same way as the first chart, except that periods of economic contraction (i.e. 1 year periods with at least 3 months classified as contraction) are weighted so as to account for a 50/50 chance of occurrence.
Daniel Morillo, PhD, is the iShares Head of Investment Research.


text:
- Aug 22, 2008 10:25 PM EST
- [num] Comments
"I love working with passionate people who want to help address climate change and poverty by thinking and experimenting outside the square," says Nicole Kuepper, a PhD student and PV and renewable energy lecturer.
And indeed, outside the square Ms. Kuepper did think, for she happen to have thought of a solar cell concept that uses, of all things, a pizza oven. Even with the impending fall of prices for PV cells, many people from developing countries still wouldn't be able to afford solar installations. Thing is, whereas many of those who get solar installations aim to lower their carbon footprint, solar energy might be the only way some people from the remote areas of the developing world could enjoy electricity.
Called the iJET cell concept, the process would use low-cost materials and would have low energy requirements. There are no details about the solar cell available for now; all we know is that the process would enlist the use of an inkjet printer aside from the pizza oven. It might take five years for the technology to be commercialized. When it becomes available though, I imagine it could be a tremendous help for a lot of people, what with being able to manufacture the new solar cells on site.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Home sweet home
Many desert animals make use of the wide variety of cholla found within the desert environment. The fleshy fruits are a source of both food and moisture for many species of mammals. Birds find the fortress of spines within the cholla plant an ideal location to build a safe nest. Shown here is a cactus wren, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, nest snuggled deep inside the protective spines of an isolated cholla.
When the fruit of the cholla cactus is allowed to mature, it forms what is commonly known as cholla buds. Cholla buds are considered the super food of the desert. Indigenous Native People, such as the Tohono O'odham, gathered these buds each spring. The buds provide a rich source of calcium and could be dried to use at a later time when other food sources were scarce.
Beauty in savage land
The many species of cholla found scattered across the North American deserts are a source of unique beauty in what often is a very harsh land. They have the ability to grow in such an arid region,while adding an endless array of shapes and sizes to the environment. Their fruits have long provided a invaluable source of food for both desert animals and the people of the desert. And their beautiful springtime flowers add a touch of refreshing color to an often bleak landscape.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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There's nothing quite like a steaming bowl of soup when you've got the sniffles. Now that the temperature outside is dropping and the amount of college students getting sick is rising, soup is essential. Like, Essential with a capital E.
And don't just take my word for it. One study on the health benefits of chicken soup found that it's good for more than just your soul. But what about us all vegetarians that are craving a bowl of soupy comfort? Well, that same chicken soup study concluded that vegetables by themselves were just as potent as the chicken broth in the soup.
So worry not, veggie friends: the vegetables in your soup are just as good at keeping your body from freaking out when it senses germs. Which means we should all just hunker down with a warm bowl of whatever-kind-of-delicious soup, IMO.
Okay, maybe not "whatever" kind. There are certain ingredients and types of soups that are full of nutrients that will help your sick body more than others. So without further ado, here's a list of the best soups to eat this flu season—with handy recipes, because I'm not going to just drop some knowledge and then abandon you.
1) Vegetable Soups
Alright, let me break it down why soup in general is the best thing for when you can't stop sneezing and coughing: Mothersouppin' steam.
The steam and hot liquid in soup opens up your upper respiratory tract, aka your lungs, nose, and throat. If your nose is stuffed, this means that eating hot soup will literally help you breathe better. Where does vegetables soup fit into this equation, you ask? Well, hot water by itself isn't as effective. But when it's mixed with the nutrients in vegetables, they work together to clear your sinuses.
2) Tomato Soups
Vitamin C is like Red Bull for your immune system. When your body is pulling that all-nighter in the fight to keep you healthy, Vitamin C gives it the energy it needs. It's even been found to reduce cold and flu symptoms by 85%. If you're sick, you need Vitamin C starting, like, yesterday.
And what is an excellent source of Vitamin C? You guessed it—tomatoes. So ignore the red color; anything with a tomato broth is a green-lighted go, go, go.Try this tomato soup recipe, and you'll feel better in no-time.
3) Miso Soups
"Miso?" you ask. "Miso," I answer.
Miso is a Japanese paste made from fermented soybeans that'll knock your socks off. It's probiotic, which means it's full of good bacteria to help your body triumph over any bad bacteria that's making you sick. It also aids in digestion and strengths your immune system. Wow, thanks miso!
With this miso soup recipe, you'll be ready to give the flu a run for its money.
4) Squash Soups
Remember Vitamin C, the immune system booster to end all immune system boosters? Squashes are full of it, as well as other awesome nutrients like magnesium and Vitamin A. These work together to keep your body's response to viruses as strong as the force of your sneezing.
5) Ginger Soups
Ah, ginger. This powerful spice has antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties to help your body fight infections. If you're feeling queasy, ginger will soothe your stomach. And it's also tasty as all get-out. Put ginger in everything, and stop snifflin' soon.
6) Carrot Soups
Psst. Psst. Hey, guess what? Remember our old friend Vitamin C? Well, it's back! Carrots are a great source of that lovable vitamin, as well as a host of other sickness-fighting nutrients such as potassium, Vitamin E, and beta-carotene. You've probably heard that carrots improve your eyesight—eat some carrot soup to improve your health.
Make this vegan carrot soup, and kick that cold to the curb.
7) Spicy Soups
You know when you take a big bite of something spicy, and it makes your nose run? Well, that's because spicy foods like curry, jalapeños, or cayenne pepper contain compounds that raise your internal temperature. These foods are great for when you're sick, as the temperature kick can relieve any flu-like symptoms. So next time you feel a cold coming on, turn up the heat.
8) Lentil Soups
Lentils are a good source of zinc, a mineral that has been found to be very effective against sickness, and may even reduce how long your cold lasts. Lentils also hold a lot of water, which will keep your body hydrated when it needs it the most. There's definitely a reason that the first advice your mom gave you whenever you were sick was "drink more fluids."
Next time you get hit with something nasty, or even feel a sneeze coming on, remember to grab a bowl of soup. With all the amazing nutrients and delicious flavors, soup tops the list as the king of comfort foods. May your bowl overflow, and your cold disappear. Soups up!


Does Apple Cider Vinegar Relieve Itchy Scalp?
Does apple cider vinegar damage hair?
How long should you leave apple cider vinegar on your scalp?
about 2-3 minutesTake the glass into the shower and set it to the side. Go along with your normal shampoo routine and rinse your hair. Then slowly pour the ACV hair wash onto your head in an attempt to evenly distribute it. Leave it in your hair for about 2-3 minutes to soak in.
Can Apple cider vinegar be left on scalp?
Prevent hair loss "A healthy scalp is key to keeping hair healthy and preventing hair loss. Apple cider vinegar will help keep your scalp protected by warding off bacteria and keeping a balanced pH level," she says. … Apply it to the scalp and massage in, letting the mixture sit for 10 to 15 minutes before shampooing.
Does apple cider vinegar rinse dry out hair?
Does apple cider vinegar lighten hair?
How do I get rid of a fungal infection on my scalp?
Most scalp yeast infections can be treated with topical over-the-counter (OTC) treatments. These come in the form of ointments, shampoos, or foams. Research shows that antifungal drugs known as azoles, such as fluconazole (Diflucan), are very successful, as well as allylamines.
How do you get rid of an itchy scalp?
What are the side effects of apple cider vinegar?
How do I use apple cider vinegar on my scalp?
Does apple cider vinegar kill fungus on scalp?
What kills fungus on scalp?
Your doctor may prescribe a medicated shampoo to remove fungus and prevent the spread of infection. The shampoo contains the active antifungal ingredient ketoconazole or selenium sulfide.
Does coconut oil kill fungus on scalp?
Research published in 2008 found that coconut oil in adults was helpful for treating both eczema and fungus at the same time. Since Malassezia is a fungus, using the oil can help decrease the amount of these organisms on your scalp and any related dandruff issues.


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A friction burn is a form of abrasion caused by the friction of skin rubbing against a surface. A friction burn may also be referred to as skinning, chafing, or by the surface causing the burn such as rope burn, carpet burn or rug burn. As friction also generates heat, extreme cases of chafing may result in genuine burning of the outer layers of skin.
The dermal papillae may be exposed after top layers of the dermis (stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale) have been removed. This is often uncomfortable and even painful, but rarely results in bleeding.
A person's own skin (or the skin of another person) may be sufficient to act as an abrasive surface to cause friction burn. More commonly, friction with abrasive surfaces, including clothing, carpet, or rope, can lead to a friction burn. Common places at which skin-to-skin chafing can occur are between the thighs and under the armpits. Friction burns are very common with clothing such as trousers on the knees caused by playing sport or sliding on wooden surfaces
A risk of friction burns is infection.
One of the underlying factors behind abdominal chafing (inguinal friction) may be obesity, and weight loss may be indicated as a preventive measure.


text:
can occur anywhere in the world where convective storms occur. Near mountainous
terrain, the additional uplift often increases hail occurrences. Some of the
highest frequencies of hail occur in western China and
northern India. Hail
also occurs frequently near the Alps in Europe, Andes in S.
America, and in mountainous east Africa. Australia also has
hail, particularly in New South Wales. For
information on Australian hail, see: _URL_
for the 1999 Sidney, Australia
hailstorm. The climatology of hailstorms
in Great Britain may be
seen at: _URL_.
In the United
States, hails most frequently occur in
Hail Alley: The Great
Plains states, especially northeastern Colorado and southeastern Wyoming, receive more hail yearly than any
other part of the United States. The states experiencing the most
frequent hail include: Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma. Hail in this area of the country is most likely to
fall late in the afternoon during the months of May and June and is often
responsible for extensive crop loss, property damage and livestock
deaths. While hail is most frequent in NE Colorado, severe hail (3/4" or greater, or
damaging) shows highest frequencies further east, in Oklahoma.
Geography of large hail
Large hail is known to
farmers and insurance companies as the most destructive. In the map below, hail
of 2" and greater is mapped.
(source: NSSL, NOAA)
To look for hail occurrences in any state of the United
States, please go to _URL_
A map of severe hail in Colorado
shows that not all of the state has high risk for damaging hail. However, of the 1200 reported events,
clusters appear in NE Colorado over the High Plains
parallel to the Rocky Mountains.
Distribution of severe hail in Colorado.
For more information on Colorado
hail, please go to
hailstorm of 1998 is discussed at:
Canadian hailstorms occur most frequently to the east of the
Rockies in Alberta,
with damaging hail also occurring along the southern portions of the Prairie
For information on hailstorm patterns in Alberta
using radar, see:


text:
This paper studies whether the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy offers new perspectives for those who, in economic terms, were relatively deprived under the old regime. Previous empirical research on this question has been limited by the availability of representative longitudinal micro-data that track individuals' labour market careers across different political regimes. Our study seeks to fill this research gap by looking at the transition of Eastern Germany following German Unification. Using a unique large-scale German administrative data set, we measure individuals' relative economic position by exploiting information on whether individuals were in the bottom of the pre-unification wage distribution. We then address the question of how workers' low or high-wage status determines their wage and labour market status within and across different regimes. We document strong evidence of a dynamic selection process into low-wage employment after Unification. Furthermore, consistent with a weak connection between individuals' true productivity and their pre-unification low-wage status, the extent of across regime state dependence is found to be small in magnitude and appears to vanish over time. For males, the small extent of across regime dependence is found to be most pronounced among the medium and high-skilled, suggesting the depreciation of general human capital as a potential explanation.
Low Pay Dynamics Economic Transition State Dependence


text:
In 2007 the Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee was established to provide advice and recommendations on developing effective measure to avoid or minimize impacts to wildlife and their habitats related to land-based wind energy facilities. The Committee is comprised of 22 members representing federal, state, and tribal governments, wildlife conservation organizations, and the wind industry.
The Committee's guidelines are founded on a "tiered approach" for assessing potential impacts to wildlife and their habitats. This allows developers to identify potential problems at each stage of development. To find contact information and to download the guidelines and recommendations, visit the USFWS Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee homepage.


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Talk about twins! Cheetahs have very little genetic difference from one another. Researchers tested the genetics in the red blood cells of 55 cheetahs, both in the wild and at various zoos. There are 47 enzyme indicators that are generally used to examine the genetics of humans or other animals.
All of them gave identical results for every cheetah. There were also 200 total proteins checked and they all matched in all the cheetahs. Cheetahs are an endangered species with an estimated population of 1,500 to 25,000 cheetahs worldwide. It is this genetic uniformity that probably contributes to their status as endangered species.
At some point in the past, cheetahs must have gone through a population bottleneck. This reduced genetic diversity, which in turn affected their ability to reproduce. In captivity, cheetahs have a very low reproduction rate, which was the reason for the genetic research in the first place.
What they found was that cheetahs probably don't have much better reproduction rates in the wild either. When genetic diversity goes down, the amount of sperm and viability of it goes down, therefore slowing reproduction rates.


Using the Tip Calculator
The tip calculator provides a simple way to allocate tips and add them to your payroll report.
To open the tip calculator, from the schedule, on the intended day, press Enter Tips
Entering time and tip amounts
 1. Enter the time span for the tip entry. NOTE: If you are synchronizing with a POS, select your 'day-part', and the time range will auto-populate.
 2. Enter Credit and Cash Tip Amounts. NOTE: If you are synchronizing with a POS, your Credit tips will auto-populate.
 3. Press Calculate
Make adjustments, Save, and Print
 1. Use the "Allocated" line to remove a percentage of the tip total (i.e. if a certain percentage of the total will go towards an entry in another department). In the example below, 10% of the tip amount is pulled from the present pool.
 2. Make any adjustments to Hours, or use the "Multiplier" fields to use a "Point" allocation. If you would like to exclusively use "Points" and disregard hours, then enter "1" into the hours fields.
 3. Press Save and/or Print to complete
NOTE: You may make multiple tip entries per day, and edit or delete entries.
NOTE: Employees' own tip amounts will be visible from their dashboard.
Set tips to carry into your Payroll Report
1. From the Gearwheel Menu, go to Settings
2. Scroll to Payroll Settings, and check Include Tips in Payroll
Set default Point Values for Roles
1. From the gearwheel menu go to Roles / Headings
2. Press the settings gearwheel next to a Role, and enter a default tip multiplier unique to the Role


Southern Cameroons Crisis and the greatest revelation from Cardinal Tumi 0
Three years ago, Cardinal Christian Tumi revealed how a French diplomat unknowingly hinted him in Rome Italy that France was championing the process of assimilation of British Southern Cameroonians by the French speaking majority in Cameroon.
The French diplomat thought wrongfully that the only Cameroonian Roman Catholic cardinal hailed from French Cameroun. The Cardinal was addressing a small forum summoned by the French embassy in Rome using the French language when the French diplomat added that the skillful change of name from the Federal Republic of Cameroon to Republic of Cameroon is one of the hallmarks of the process of assimilation teleguided from Paris.
Many Southern Cameroons media organizations published their first bombshell story based on Cardinal Tumi's leaked top-secret showing that the French government was directly behind the evil perpetuated on Southern Cameroonians by French Cameroun political elites including the current genocidal campaign against the Ambazonia people.
Many pro French Cameroun and CPDM Southern Cameroons comedians such as Ministers Paul Atanga Nji, Victor Mengot, Paul Tasong and Paul Elung Che dismissed the Cardinal Tumi's revelation as fake news. Then recently in Paris, the truth surprisingly came out from a celebrated French surrogate: His name Paul Biya.
In one of the most outrageous and dangerous statements ever from a leader sitting in a peace conference that held from the 11-13 November 2019 in Paris, French Cameroun head of state Paul Biya claimed that German Kamerun was his country that was divided into the British and French trusteeships. The 86 year old leader noted that he has tried to assimilate and dissolve the English 20% into the French 80% but failed and wants to give a special status to the English 20%, but keep them within one country. It is based on this claim to German Kamerun being his country, which the French government of President Emmanuel Macron think, that Paul Biya and French Cameroun have the duty to kill Ambazonians to force them to belong.
When asked if more revelations were in the pipeline, the Ambazonia Vice President Dabney Yerima said on Sunday that "Even the late President Ahmadou Ahidjo will be telling these truths, with shame and regrets in his grave. Many more were coming including from the double player and tribal thug Fru Ndi and his SDF party, who not long ago dissociated from and smeared Hon Wirba for telling those truths in their terrorist chamber called national assembly."
So the greatest story in the British Southern Cameroons political story from Cardinal Tumi revealed that France had been providing French Cameroun with virtually all political, financial and military apparatus and engineering to assimilate and marginalize the people of Southern Cameroons.
The Cardinal Tumi revelation remains the most insightful, frank and thoughtful key to understanding why France has kept the AU, EU and the UN away from the killings going on in Southern Cameroons.
The uproar caused by the Tumi story led President Biya of French Cameroun to embark on his first international journey of many dangers which saw him humiliated by business tycoon Mo Ibrahim. Nobody in Paris or Yaounde has attempted to deny any knowledge of what Cardinal Tumi said after Biya's poor outing in Paris.
By Asu Isong in London


even tens of ohms. A
small lead impedance can contribute a significant error to our temperature measurement.
A ten ohm lead impedance implies 10/.385 ≈ 26ºC error in measurement. Even the temperature
coefficient of the lead wire can contribute a measurable error. The classical method of avoiding
this problem has been the use of a bridge.
The bridge output voltage is an indirect indication of the RTD resistance. The bridge requires four
connection wires, an external source, and three resistors that have a zero temperature coefficient.
To avoid subjecting the three bridge-completion resistors to the same temperature as the RTD,
the RTD is separated from the bridge by a pair of extension wires:
These extension wires recreate the problem that we had initially: The impedance of the extension
wires affects the temperature reading. This effect can be minimized by using a three-wire bridge
If wires A and B are perfectly matched in length, their impedance effects will cancel because each
is in an opposite leg of the bridge. The third wire, C, acts as a sense lead and carries no current.
The Wheatstone bridge shown in Figure 41 creates a non-linear relationship between resistance
change and bridge output voltage change. This compounds the already non-linear temperatureresistance characteristic of the RTD by requiring an additional equation to convert bridge output
voltage to equivalent RTD impedance.
4-Wire Ohms - The technique of using a current source along with a remotely sensed digital
voltmeter alleviates many problems associated with the bridge.
The output voltage read by the dvm is directly portional to RTD resistance, so only one conversion
equation is necessary. The three bridge-completion resistors are replaced by one reference
resistor. The digital voltmeter measures only the voltage dropped across the RTD and is
insensitive to the length of the lead wires.
The one disadvantage of using 4-wire ohms is that we need one more extension wire than the 3-
wire bridge. This is a small price to pay if we are at all concerned with the accuracy of the
temperature measurement.
3-Wire Bridge Measurement Errors
If we know VS and VO, we can find Rg and then solve for temperature. The unbalance voltage Vo of
a bridge built with R1 = R2 is:
If Rg = R3, VO= 0 and the bridge is balanced. This can be done manually, but if we don't want to do
a manual bridge balance, we can just solve for Rg in terms of VO:
This expression assumes the lead resistance is zero. If Rg is located some distance from the
bridge in a 3-wire configuration, the lead resistance RL will appear in series with both Rg and R3:
Again we solve for Rg:
The error term will be small if Vo is small, i.e., the bridge is close to balance. This circuit works well
with devices like strain gauges, which change resistance value by only a few percent, but an RTD
changes resistance dramatically with temperature. Assume the RTD resistance is 200 ohms and
the bridge is designed for 100 ohms:
Since we don't know the value of RL, we must use equation (a), so we get:
The correct answer is of course 200 ohms. That's a temperature error of about 2.5ºC.
Unless you can actually measure the resistance of RL or balance the bridge, the basic 3-wire
technique is not an accurate method for measuring absolute temperature with an RTD. A better
approach is to use a 4-wire technique.
Resistance to Temperature Conversion
The RTD is a more linear device than the thermocouple, but it still requires curve-fitting. The
Callendar-Van Dusen equation has been used for years to approximate the RTD curve:
RT = Resistance at Temperature T
Ro = Resistance at T = 0ºC
Temperature coefficient at T = 0ºC ((typically
α =
δ = 1.49 (typical value for.00392 platinum)
β =0 T>0
0. 11 (typical) T < 0
The exact values for coefficients α, β, and δ are determined by testing the RTD at four
temperatures and solving the resultant equations. This familiar equation was replaced in 1968 by
a 20th order polynomial in order to provide a more accurate curve fit. The plot of this equation
shows the RTD to be a more linear device than the thermocouple.
© MXV MMV | 72
A resistance temperature detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that senses temperature by means
of changes in the magnitude of current through, or voltage across, an element whose electrical
resistance varies with temperature. These types of sensors provide a change in resistance
proportional to a change in temperature. Resistance temperature detectors have been used for
making accurate temperature measurements. They utilize a resistance element whose resistance
changes with the ambient temperature in a precise and known manner. The resistance temperature
detector may be connected in a bridge circuit which drives a display calibrated to show the
temperature of the resistance element. Most metals become more resistant to the passage of an
electrical current as the metal increases in temperature. The increase in resistance is generally
proportional to the rise in temperature. Thus, a constant current passed through a metal of varying
resistance produces a variation in voltage that is proportional to the temperature change. Platinum
is the most commonly used metal for RTDs due to its stability and nearly linear temperature versus
resistance relationship. Platinum also has the advantages of chemical inertness, a temperature
coefficient of resistance that is suitably large in order to provide readily measurable resistance
changes with temperature, and a resistance which does not drastically change with strain. Other
types of RTDs include copper, nickel and nickel alloys. Resistance temperature detectors are usually
fabricated by winding a fine diameter wire on a bobbin or mandrel which is made of a ceramic
material such as aluminum oxide. Then, the wire-wound bobbin is coated with an cement-like
insulating material and is installed in a protective tube.
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Related products
- Thermocouple
- Heat detector
- Temperature controller
- Temperature probe
- Temperature sensor
- Temperature transmitter
- Thermistor sensor
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
- Excellent long-term stability
- -60ºC to 250ºC operation for Nickel
- -200ºC to 600ºC operation for Platinum
- Values from 100Ω to 1,000Ω
- Small size, fast response time
- Resistant to vibration and thermal shock
- Available in standard DIN class accuracies
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are characterized by a linear
change in resistance with respect to temperature. RTDs exhibit the most
linear signal with respect to temperature of any sensing device. RTDs are
specified primarily where accuracy and stability are critical to the
application. RTDs operate through the principal of electrical resistance
changes in pure metal elements. Spectrum Sensors & Controls offers
elements manufactured with platinum, the most common element, as well
as nickel. The RTD element consists of a thin film of platinum or nickel
which is deposited onto a ceramic substrate and laser trimmed to the
desired resistance. Thin-film elements attain higher resistances with less
metal and, thus, tend to be loss costly then the equivalent wire-wound
[ Resistance Temperature Detectors Datasheet (394K) ]
[ Create a Custom RTD Solution ]
[ Click
RTD Product Information
Part RTD Type R@0ºC DIN Cla
Number The table below compares some of the (Ω)
different types of base metals that are Temperature Class A Class B
used in the construction of RTD elements. (ºC) Limit Limit
-200 ±0.55ºC ±1.3ºC
∝ 1
Element Temperatur -100 ±0.35ºC ±0.8ºC
Benefits (%/ºC
Material e Range
) 0 ±0.15ºC ±0.3ºC D
Platinum -200ºC to Best 0.375 100 ±0.35ºC ±0.8ºC 4
Thin- 800ºC range to 200 ±0.55ºC ±1.3ºC 2
film Best 0.385
stability 300 ±0.75ºC ±1.8ºC
400 ±0.95ºC ±2.3ºC
500 ±1.15ºC ±2.8ºC
Nickel Lost cost
-100ºC to 600 ±1.35ºC ±3.3ºC
ThinBest 0.618
film sensitivity 350 ±1.45ºC ±3.6ºC
Low cost 0.518
-100ºC to
Balco High to
sensitivity 0.527
Note: ∝ is normally used to distinguish between RvT
curves of the same element or those of different material.
RP102T22 Platinum 100 A, B
RP502T22 Platinum 500 A, B
RP103T22 Platinum 1,000 A, B
Nickel 100 1/2 DIN, DIN
Nickel 500 1/2 DIN, DIN
Nickel 1,000 1/2 DIN, DIN
Research Paper
RTD characteristics


motivated to participate in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.
Another relevant factor is the new generation of advanced batteries, which will allow greater autonomy. In fact, most major original equipment manufacturers have announced the development of self-driving fleets.
It is used in automobile solder, as a desiccant for drying air currents. In more specialized applications, it is applied to organic synthesis, for example, as an additive in the Stille reaction. In biochemistry, it can be used to precipitate RNA from cell extracts.
Also used as a flame colorant to produce dark red flames.
This is used in the aerospace industry.


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Note: This item is more than three years old. Please take the publication date into consideration for any date references.
Dec. 18, 2009
Officials Investigating Waterfowl Die-off in Panhandle
DALHART, Texas — State and federal officials are investigating the deaths of about 2,000 geese and ducks discovered this week near Dalhart in the northwest Texas Panhandle. Preliminary results of lab evaluations indicate naturally-occurring avian cholera is a factor.
Avian cholera poses no threat to human health and while the die-off could affect local waterfowl populations, wildlife officials say isolated events like this are not uncommon for the area.
On Tuesday, Dec. 14, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department biologists and game wardens observed about 1,000 dead geese on Lake Rita Blanca, a 500-acre impoundment on the outskirts of Dalhart. An additional 1,000 dead geese and ducks were found on a nearby wetland.
TPWD officials suspect the die-off event likely began during the first week of December when temperatures in the area dropped to near zero for lows and stayed near or below freezing during the day for about a week. Flocks of about 30,000 geese were on Lake Rita Blanca when temperatures plummeted, causing the lakes to freeze up.
Biologists theorize the near zero temperatures triggered stress in the geese, which often gives rise to disease outbreaks. In this case, preliminarily signs suggest avian cholera as a likely bacterial agent involved.
Fifteen specimens of waterfowl collected from the site by TPWD were shipped to the U.S. Geological Service's National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, WI, for clinical evaluation to determine the cause of death. USGS Wildlife Disease Specialist Dr. LeAnn White advised TPWD that a preliminary examination of the specimens were suggestive of a cholera outbreak, but cultures of the causal agent will not be ready for several more days. A formal report will be sent to TPWD at that time.
According to the Wildlife Disease Action Plan established to handle such problems and coordinated between TPWD, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and USDA Wildlife Services, once a disease outbreak has been documented proper precautions are taken to protect wildlife and human health. Precautions should be taken when handling dead birds, such as wearing protective gloves.
Avian cholera is highly contagious among most birds and can spread rapidly. Prompt action is often needed to prevent and minimize the spread of the disease. In addition to monitoring the situation, during severe outbreaks dead and sick birds may be picked up and incinerated to slow the spread of diseases.
While most birds can become infected with avian cholera, the species most commonly affected are ducks and geese, coots, gulls, and crows. Avian cholera does not pose a threat to human health, according to the USGS Wildlife Health Center, but common sense precautions should be used when handling wild fowl.
Geese can carry the organism without active disease symptoms showing until severe stress gets involved, triggering active symptoms.
The bacteria can be transmitted by bird-to-bird contact, contact with secretions or feces of infected birds, or ingestion of food or water containing the bacteria. Aerosol transmission may also occur. The bacteria may survive up to 4 months in soil and water.
Death may be so rapid that birds literally fall out of the sky or die while eating with no previous signs of disease. Sick birds appear lethargic, and when captured may die within minutes. Other signs include convulsions; swimming in circles; throwing the head back between the wings; erratic flight, such as flying upside down or trying to land a foot or more above the water.
The Texas Panhandle has long been known for small and occasionally large disease outbreaks of avian cholera in waterfowl when severe cold begins to stress the birds. TPWD waterfowl biologist Bill Johnson said he has seen these problems on an annual basis when the right conditions come into play, "but we are fortunate that severe cold usually does not last too long and the problems are usually relatively small."
"Temperatures in the area have been moderating for the past week and the frozen lakes are rapidly thawing. There does not seem to be new birds being added to the die-off," said Johnson. "Signs indicate the event is about to run its course, but we will continue to monitor the situation, especially if severe cold returns to the area."
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Purpose: A structured didactic radiation oncology clerkship curriculum for medical students is in use at multiple academic medical centers. Objective evidence supporting this educational approach over the traditional clerkship model is lacking. This study evaluated the curriculum efficacy using an objective knowledge assessment. Methods and Materials: Medical students received the Radiation Oncology Education Collaborative Study Group (ROECSG) curriculum consisting of 3 lectures (Overview of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Biology/Physics, and Practical Aspects of Simulation/Radiation Emergencies) and a radiation oncology treatment-planning workshop. A standardized 20-item multiple choice question (MCQ) knowledge assessment was completed preand post-curriculum and approximately 6 months after receiving the curriculum. Results: One hundred forty-six students at 22 academic medical centers completed the ROECSG curriculum from July to November 2016. One hundred nine students completed preand post-clerkship MCQ knowledge assessments (response rate 74.7%). Twenty-four students reported a prior rotation at a ROECSG institution and were excluded from analysis. Mean assessment scores increased from preto post-curriculum (63.9% vs 80.2%, P <.01). Mean MCQ knowledge subdomain assessment scores all improved post-curriculum (t test, P values <.01). Post-scores for students rotating de novo at ROECSG institutions (n = 30) were higher compared with pre-scores for students with ≥1 prior rotations at non-ROECSG institutions (n = 55) (77.3% vs 68.8%, P =.01), with an effect size of 0.8. Students who completed rotations at ROECSG institutions continued to demonstrate a trend toward improved performance on the objective knowledge assessment at approximately 6 months after curriculum exposure (70.5% vs 65.6%, P =.11). Conclusions: Objective evaluation of a structured didactic curriculum for the radiation oncology clerkship at early and late time points demonstrated significant improvement in radiation oncology knowledge. Students who completed clerkships at ROECSG institutions performed objectively better than students who completed clerkships at non-ROECSG institutions. These results support including a structured didactic curriculum as a standard component of the radiation oncology clerkship.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics|
|State||Published - Aug 1 2018|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
- Cancer Research


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Measurement in today's natural gas pipeline systems encompasses many challenges. Measurement departments are faced with tighter system measurement balances than they were ten short years ago. Ultrasonic meters are the meter of choice to help with these challenges. Pipeline companies have pushed USM manufacturers to advance the USM technology to help with the challenges of measurement. Manufacturers have improved the ultrasonic technology greatly over the past 15 years. Many of these enhancements have been in the form of diagnostics and processing speed and power. This has aided measurement departments in reaching their goals of increased system balances and improved overall measurement uncertainty. Flow calibrating the ultrasonic meter is a vital part of the process. Most users require flow calibrations to improve meter performance and overall measurement uncertainty. The latest revision of AGA Report No. 9, Measurement of Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters, Second Addition [Ref 1], requires flow calibration for ultrasonic flow meters when being used for custody transfer applications.
ULTRASONIC METER FLOW CALIBRATIONS CONSIDERATIONS AND BENIFITS
Explore the Latest Papers at ASGMT


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Imagine New York with roundabouts instead of traffic lights at intersections.
Eno's enthusiasm for the block system had waned by 1920. As traffic officers were replaced with rotating "go-stop" semaphores and carriages with motor vehicles, he felt that stopping one flow of traffic created unnecessary delays. The stop is the hallmark of the grid as far as traffic thinkers are concerned, and much of the traffic engineering of the 20th century sought to remedy that delay.
For his solution, Eno looked to successful rotary systems in place for more than a decade, including New York's Columbus Circle (1905) and Paris's Place de l'Etoile. His plan, produced for a Municipal Arts Society competition, proposed a rotary at most intersections in the city. By cutting back slightly at the corners of the sidewalks, he claimed to have found a traffic circle with a large enough radius to make for easy turning. This system involved non-stop, flowing traffic. This proposal shows that even by 1920 the block system had not yet been completely accepted, and the greatest traffic thinker of the time derided the system. But further refinements over the decades would continue to ensure the serviceability of the block system. JR


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Social identity and the formation of health insurance networks
Institute of Development Policy and Management
The journal of development studies. - London, 1964, currens
, p. _PHONE_
In a panel survey of an informal insurance network in Tanzania we find none of the tell-tale signs that insurance transfers follow reciprocal risk sharing arrangements among self-interested individuals: insurance remittances do not occur through informal loans; transfers are not regressive; and they do not fall when shocks are repeated over time. The evidence of unreciprocated transfers occurring between kin is suggestive of risk sharing based on altruism or social norms.


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asphaltiteArticle Free Pass
asphaltite, any of several naturally occurring, hard, solid bitumens whose chief constituents, asphaltenes, have very large molecules. Asphaltites are dark brown to black in colour. They are insoluble in petroleum naphthas and thus require heating to release their petroleum content. Though related to asphalts, asphaltites differ from them chemically and physically in some ways. Asphaltites, for example, usually contain little or no inorganic minerals, but asphalts may have a relatively large percentage of such matter. Also, unlike asphalts, asphaltites do not fuse readily.
Asphaltites are commonly classified into three groups: Gilsonite (or uintaite), glance pitch (or manjak), and grahamite. These substances differ from one another basically in terms of specific gravity and temperature at which they soften. Gilsonite occurs chiefly along the Colorado–Utah border, U.S.; glance pitch on Barbados and in Colombia; and grahamite in Cuba and Mexico, as well as in West Virginia and Oklahoma, U.S.
What made you want to look up "asphaltite"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Active Noise Control with Simulink Real-Time
Design a real-time active noise control system using a Speedgoat® Simulink® Real-Time™ target.
Active Noise Control (ANC)
The goal of active noise control is to reduce unwanted sound by producing an "anti-noise" signal that cancels the undesired sound wave. This principle has been applied successfully to a wide variety of applications, such as noise-cancelling headphones, active sound design in car interiors, and noise reduction in ventilation conduits and ventilated enclosures.
In this example, we apply the principles of model-based design. First, we design the ANC without any hardware by using a simple acoustic model in our simulation. Then, we complete our prototype by replacing the simulated acoustic path by the Speedgoat Target Computers and Speedgoat Support (Simulink Real-Time) and its IO104 analog module. The Speedgoat is an external Real-Time target for Simulink, which allows us to execute our model in real time and observe any data of interest, such as the adaptive filter coefficients, in real time.
This example has a companion video: Active Noise Control – From Modeling to Real-Time Prototyping.
ANC Feedforward Model
The following figure illustrates a classic example of feedforward ANC. A noise source at the entrance of a duct, such as a fan, is "cancelled" by a loudspeaker. The noise source b(n) is measured with a reference microphone, and the signal present at the output of the system is monitored with an error microphone, e(n). Note that the smaller the distance between the reference microphone and the loudspeaker, the faster the ANC must be able to compute and play back the "anti-noise".
The primary path is the transfer function between the two microphones, W(z) is the adaptive filter computed from the last available error signal e(n), and the secondary path S(z) is the transfer function between the ANC output and the error microphone. The secondary path estimate S'(z) is used to filter the input of the NLMS update function. Also, the acoustic feedback F(z) from the ANC loudspeaker to the reference microphone can be estimated (F'(z)) and removed from the reference signal b(n).
To implement a successful ANC system, we must estimate both the primary and the secondary paths. In this example, we estimate the secondary path and the acoustic feedback first and then keep it constant while the ANC system adapts the primary path.
Filtered-X ANC Model
With Simulink and model-based design, you can start with a basic model of the desired system and a simulated environment. Then, you can improve the realism of that model or replace the simulated environment by the real one. You can also iterate by refining your simulated environment when you learn more about the challenges of the real-world system. For example, you could add acoustic feedback or measurement noise to the simulated environment if those are elements that limit the performance of the real-world system.
Start with a model of a Filtered-X NLMS ANC system, including both the ANC controller and the duct's acoustic environment. Assume that we already have an estimate of the secondary path, since we will design a system to measure that later. Simulate the signal at the error microphone as the sum of the noise source filtered by the primary acoustic path and the ANC output filtered by the secondary acoustic path. Use an "LMS Update" block in a configuration that minimizes the signal captured by the error microphone. In a Filtered-X system, the NLMS update's input is the noise source filtered by the estimate of the secondary path. To avoid an algebraic loop, there is a delay of one sample between the computation of the new filter coefficients and their use by the LMS filter.
Set the secondary path to s(n) = [0.5 0.5 -.3 -.3 -.2 -.2] and the primary path to conv(s(n), f(n)), where f(n) = [.1 -.1.2 -.2.3 -.3.15 -.15]. Verify that the adaptive filter properly converges to f(n), in which case it matches the primary path in our model once convolved with the secondary path. Note that s(n) and f(n) were set arbitrarily, but we could try any FIR transfer functions, such as an actual impulse response measurement.
Secondary Path Estimation Model
Design a model to estimate the secondary path. Use an adaptive filter in a configuration appropriate for the identification of an unknown system. We can then verify that it converges to f(n).
Real-Time Implementation with Speedgoat
To experiment with ANC in a real-time environment, we built the classic duct example. In the following image, from right to left, we have a loudspeaker playing the noise source, the reference microphone, the ANC loudspeaker, and the error microphone.
Latency is critical: the system must record the reference microphone, compute the response and play it back on the ANC loudspeaker in the time it takes for sound to travel between these points. In this example, the distance between the reference microphone and the beginning of the "Y" section is 34 cm. The speed of sound is 343 m/s, thus our maximum latency is 1 ms, or 8 samples at the 8 kHz sampling rate used in this example.
We will be using the Speedgoat real-time target in Simulink, with the IO104 analog I/O interface card. The Speedgoat allows us to achieve a latency as low as one or two samples.
To realize our real-time model, we use the building blocks that we tested earlier, and simply replace the acoustic models by the Speedgoat I/O blocks. We also included the measurement of the acoustic feedback from the ANC loudspeaker to the reference microphone, and we added some logic to automatically measure the secondary path for 10 seconds before switching to the actual ANC mode. During the first 10 seconds, white noise is played back on the ANC loudspeaker and two NLMS filters are enabled, one per microphone. Then, a "noise source" is played back by the model for convenience, but the actual input of the ANC system is the reference microphone (this playback could be replaced by a real noise source, such as a fan at the right end of the duct). The system records the reference microphone, adapts the ANC NLMS filter and computes a signal for the ANC loudspeaker. We take care to set up our model properties so that the IO104 card is driving the cadence of the Simulink model (see IO104 in interrupt-driven mode). To access the model's folder, open the example by clicking the "Open Script" button. The model's file name is "Speedgoat_FXLMS_ANC_model.slx".
Noise Reduction Performance
We have measured the performance of this ANC prototype with both dual tones and the actual recording of a muffled washing machine. We obtained a noise reduction of 20-30 dB for the dual tones and 8-10 dB for the recording, which is a more realistic but also more difficult case. The convergence rate for the filter is less than a few seconds with tones, but requires much more time for the real case (one or two minutes).
Another aspect of performance is the latency of the system, as this determines the minimum distance between the reference microphone and the ANC loudspeaker. In our prototype, the active ANC loudspeaker that we are using may introduce latency, so we can make sure that this is not an issue by comparing the response between the two microphones to the response between the ANC output signal and the error microphone. The difference between these two delays is the maximum time the system has available to compute the anti-noise signal from the reference microphone. Using the same NLMS identification technique, we obtain the following response from the reference microphone to the error microphone:
Then, we may compare that response to the secondary path estimation:
The difference is only two or three samples, so using our current active loudspeaker and the Speedgoat, we cannot significantly reduce the distance between the reference microphone and the ANC loudspeaker in our prototype. To reduce the distance, we would need a loudspeaker that does not introduce any extra latency. We could also increase the sampling rate of the Simulink model (the Speedgoat latency is set to one or two samples, regardless of the sample rate).
S. M. Kuo and D. R. Morgan, "Active noise control: a tutorial review," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 943-973, June 1999.
K.-C. Chen, C.-Y. Chang, and S. M. Kuo, "Active noise control in a duct to cancel broadband noise," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 237, no. 1, 2017. _URL_
Speedgoat Target Computers and Speedgoat Support (Simulink Real-Time)


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(full paper is archived in the Miller Library)
Title: Patterns of amino acid uptake and incorporation in embryos of the barnacle, Balanus glandula
Student Author(s): Norman, Douglas
Faculty Advisor(s): Epel, David
Location: Final Papers Biology 175H
Date: June 1967
Abstract: Embryos of Balanus glandula will concentrate amino acid from an external source and incorporate it into protein. Moreover, the pattern of incorporation varies between different embryonic stages. It has been found that the lowest incorporation occurs at the early stages and the highest during the middle stages of development.


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SUBSTANTIVE CHANGE REPORTING POLICY
Longwood University recognizes the importance of compliance with the Substantive Change for Accredited Institutions of the Commission on Colleges policy statement of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC, 2011), which requires the university to report all substantive changes accurately and in a timely manner to the Commission on Colleges (COC). This policy exists specifically to establish, clarify and communicate the requirement that all university changes deemed to be "substantive" must be approved by the President and Board of Visitors, with subsequent notification to and/or approval by the COC for the university's regional accrediting body, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).
SACS accredits the university and its programs and services, wherever they are located or however they are delivered. The SACSCOC is recognized by the United States Department of Education as an agency whose accreditation enables its member institutions to seek eligibility to participate in federally funded programs. SACS requires accredited institutions to follow the substantive change procedures of the COC. In order to retain accreditation, the university is required to comply with SACS and COC procedures concerning substantive changes.
While the purpose of this policy is to document the approval and transmittal process to SACS, new, revised or discontinued degrees and establishment of distance learning sites may also require reporting and prior approval from the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia (SCHEV). The requirements of both agencies must be met; compliance with one does not constitute compliance with the other. This policy is primarily designed to address academic programs and curricular issues; although other defined substantive changes are also covered.
Branch Campus: A location of an institution that is geographically apart and independent of the main campus of the institution. A location is independent of the main campus if
- The location is permanent in nature.
- The location offers courses in educational programs leading to a degree, certificate, or other recognized educational credential.
- The location has its own faculty and administrative or supervisory organization and has its own budgetary and hiring authority. Source: SACSCOC.
- Degree Completion Program: A program typically designed for a non-traditional undergraduate population such as working adults who have completed some college-level course work but have not achieved a baccalaureate degree. Students in such programs may transfer in credit from courses taken previously and may receive credit for experiential learning. Courses in degree completion programs are often offered in an accelerated format or meet during evening and weekend hours, or may be offered via distance learning technologies. Source: SACSCOC.
- Distance Education: A formal educational process in which the majority of the instruction (interaction between students and instructors and among students) in a course occurs when students and instructors are not in the same place. Instruction may be synchronous or asynchronous. A distance education course may use the internet; one-way and two-way transmissions through open broadcast, closed circuit, cable, microwave, broadband lines, fiber optics, satellite, or wireless communications devices; audio conferencing; or video cassettes, DVD's, and CD-ROMs if used as part of the distance learning course or program. Source: SACSCOC.
- Dual Degree: Separate program completion credentials each of which bears only the name, seal, and signature of the institution awarding the degree to the student. Source: SACSCOC.
- Educational Program: A coherent course of study leading to the awarding of a credential (i.e., a degree, diploma or certificate). Source: SACSCOC.
- Geographically Separate: An instructional site or branch campus that is located physically apart from the main campus of the institution. Source: SACSCOC.
- Joint Degree: A single program completion credential bearing the names, seals, and signatures of each of the two or more institutions awarding the degree to the student. Source: SACSCOC.
- Level: SACSCOC's taxonomy categorizes institutions by the highest degree offered. Longwood University is designated as a Level III institution because it offers the master's degree as the highest degree.
- Merger/Consolidation: SACSCOC defines a consolidation as the combination or transfer of the assets of at least two distinct institutions (corporations) to that of a newly-formed institution (corporation), and defines a merger as the acquisition by one institution of another institution's assets. For the purposes of accreditation, consolidations and mergers are considered substantive changes requiring review by the Commission on Colleges. (Examples include: a senior college acquiring a junior college, a degree-granting institution acquiring a non-degree-granting institution, two junior or senior colleges consolidating to form a new institution, or an institution accredited by the Commission on Colleges merging with a non-accredited institution). Source: SACSCOC.
- Notification: A letter from an institution's chief executive officer or his/her designated representative to the SACSCOC president to summarize a proposed change, provide the intended implementation date, and list the complete physical address, if the change involves the initiation of an off-campus site or branch campus. Source: SACSCOC.
- Procedure One: SACSCOC procedure associated with a substantive change that requires SACSCOC notification and approval prior to implementation. Changes under Procedure One require notification, a prospectus or application, and may involve an on-site visit. Source: SACSCOC.
- Procedure Two: SACSCOC procedure associated with a substantive change that requires SACSCOC notification prior to implementation. Source: SACSCOC.
- Procedure Three: SACSCOC procedure associated with approval of a consolidation/merger. Source: SACSCOC
Significant Departure: A program that is not closely related to previously approved programs at the institution or site or for the mode of delivery in question. To determine whether a new program is a significant departure, it is helpful to consider the following questions:
- What previously approved programs does the institution offer that are closely related to the new program and how are they related?
- Will significant additional equipment or facilities be needed?
- Will significant additional financial resources be needed?
- Will a significant number of new courses be required?
- Will a significant number of new faculty members be required?
- Will significant additional library/learning resources be needed?
- Will the CIP code change?
Source: SACSCOC, SCHEV.
Substantive Change: A significant modification or expansion of the nature and scope of an accredited institution. According to SACS, a substantive change includes:
- Any change in the established mission or objectives of the institution.
- Any change in legal status, form of control, or ownership of the institution.
- The addition of courses or programs that represent a significant departure, either in content or method of delivery, from those that were offered when the institution was last evaluated.
- The addition of courses or programs of study at a degree or credential level different from that which is included in the institution's current accreditation or reaffirmation.
- A change from clock hours to credit hours.
- A substantial increase in the number of clock or credit hours awarded for successful completion of a program.
- The establishment of an additional location geographically apart from the main campus at which the institution offers at least 50 percent of an educational program.
- The establishment of a branch campus.
- Closing a program, off-campus site, branch campus or institution.
- Entering into a collaborative academic arrangement such as a dual degree program or a joint degree program with another institution.
- Acquiring another institution or a program or location of another institution.
- Adding a permanent location at a site where the institution is conducting a teach-out program for a closed institution.
- Entering into a contract by which an entity not eligible for Title IV funding offers 25% or more of one or more of the accredited institution's programs
- Teach-Out: The process by which the university provides instructional and academic support services to students enrolled at a site that has been closed and/or in a program that has been discontinued. The teach-out process often extends well beyond the closing of a site or program to allow time for enrolled students to complete their programs in a reasonable amount of time.
- Teach-Out Agreement: A written agreement between institutions that provides for the equitable treatment of students and a reasonable opportunity for students to complete their program of study if an institution, or an institutional location that provides 50 percent or more of at least one program offered, ceases to operate before all enrolled students have completed their program of study. Such a teach-out agreement requires SACSCOC approval in advance of implementation. Source: SACSCOC.
This policy applies to all university officers who can initiate, review, approve and allocate resources to any changes, including those to academic and non-academic programs and activities that may be considered a substantive change according to SACSCOC Policy for Substantive Changes for Accredited Institutions. Within academic areas, such changes can originate with individuals or groups of faculty members, Department committees, Department Chairs, Deans and Associate Deans, the Vice President for Academic Affairs, Faculty Senate, or any other area reporting to the Vice President for Academic Affairs.
In those areas outside of Academic Affairs, potential substantive changes may arise in individual units, among supervisors in each area, executive management teams within Vice Presidential areas, or with the Vice Presidents or Cabinet. Further, the need for a potential substantive change may come to the attention of the President or those in his/her direct reporting line.
Each individual hereby designated is required to be familiar and comply with this policy.
As the University pursues structural and programmatic changes, all of those changes deemed to be "substantive" changes require approval by the President, Board of Visitors and the SACSCOC.
The University will follow the substantive change procedures of SACSCOC, and inform the SACSCOC of such changes and proposed changes in accord with those procedures. Regardless of the origination point, all substantive


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Imager shows cross-sections of everyday objects – analog version
GE shows how their body imaging technology can take detailed pictures of insides without cutting, using fruit, a baseball, engine motor, and violin to demonstrate.
Many body imaging devices follow a principle called tomography (the 'T' in CT, PET and SPECT systems), which take images of body "slices" using everything from projection data to powerful magnets. But have you ever wondered how such routine procedures can help clinicians see things that used to require a sharp knife? Watch how GE's body imaging technology can paint a bigger picture of what's happening beneath our skin.
Update: I wasn't paying close enough attention, and it turns out that these are actual, physical sliced objects. Like, with a saw. Now I'm left wondering what the point is.


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The contribution of nature versus nurture to the development of human behavior has been debated for centuries. Here, we offer a piece to this complex puzzle by identifying the human endogenous oxytocin system—known for its critical role in mammalian sociality—as a system sensitive to its early environment and subject to epigenetic change. Recent animal work suggests that early parental care is associated with changes in DNA methylation of conserved regulatory sites within the oxytocin receptor gene ( OXTR m). Through dyadic modeling of behavior and OXTR m status across the first year and a half of life, we translated these findings to 101 human mother-infant dyads. We show that OXTR m is dynamic in infancy and its change is predicted by maternal engagement and reflective of behavioral temperament. We provide evidence for an early window of environmental epigenetic regulation of the oxytocin system, facilitating the emergence of individual differences in human behavior.
Early-life social experience affects offspring DNA methylation and later life stress phenotype
Abstract Studies in rodents and captive primates suggest that the early-life social environment affects future phenotype, potentially through alterations to DNA methylation. Little is known of these associations in wild animals. In a wild population of spotted hyenas, we test the hypothesis that maternal care during the first year of life and social connectedness during two periods of early development leads to differences in DNA methylation and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) later in life. Here we report that although maternal care and social connectedness during the den-dependent life stage are not associated with fGCMs, greater social connectedness during the subadult den-independent life stage is associated with lower adult fGCMs. Additionally, more maternal care and social connectedness after den independence correspond with higher global (%CCGG) DNA methylation. We also note differential DNA methylation near 5 genes involved in inflammation, immune response, and aging that may link maternal care with stress phenotype.
- Award ID(s):
- Publication Date:
- NSF-PAR ID:
- Journal Name:
- Nature Communications
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Early life relationships matter: Social position during early life affects fitness among female spotted hyenas.How social development in early-life affects fitness remains poorly understood. 2. Though there is growing evidence that early-life relationships can affect fitness, little research has investigated how social positions develop or whether there are particularly important periods for social position development in an animal's life history. In long-lived species in particular, understanding the lasting consequences of early-life social environments requires detailed, long-term datasets. 3. Here we used a 25-year dataset to test whether social positions held during early development predicted adult fitness. Specifically, we quantified social position using three social network metrics: degree, strength and betweenness. We determined the social position of each individual in three types of networks during each of three stages of ontogeny to test whether they predict annual reproductive success (ARS) or longevity among adult female spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta. 4. The social positions occupied by juvenile hyenas did predict their fitness, but the effects of social position on fitness measures differed between stages of early development. Network metrics when individuals were young adults better predicted ARS, but network metrics for younger animals, particularly when youngsters were confined to the communal den, better predicted longevity than did metrics assessed during other stages of development. 5. Ourmore »
Experiences early in life can have lasting effects on the health and survival of humans and other creatures. Whether early hardships can also influence the wellbeing of the next generation is less clear. One previous study with captive hamsters suggested that adversity early in the life of a mother may indeed shorten how long her offspring will live. But hamsters only live for a few years and much less is known about the possibility for intergenerational effects in animals with longer lifespans. This is partly because such studies are time-consuming and thus more difficult to complete. Over the past 45 years, scientists have collected data on generations of baboons living in and around the Amboseli National Park in southern Kenya. Baboons live in social groups with a strict hierarchy, and individuals can live for up to 30 years in the wild. Previous research has shown that early life adversity – such as being orphaned or simply having a low-ranking mother – can shorten the lifespan of female baboons even if they make it to adulthood. It was unclear, however, whether these ill effects could be passed on to the next generation. Now, Zipple et al. have used the wealth ofmore »
Prey tell: what quillback rockfish early life history traits reveal about their survival in encounters with juvenile coho salmonPredation is a major source of mortality in the early life stages of fishes and a driving force in shaping fish populations. Theoretical, modeling, and laboratory studies have generated hypotheses that larval fish size, age, growth rate, and development rate affect their susceptibility to predation. Empirical data on predator selection in the wild are challenging to obtain, and most selective mortality studies must repeatedly sample populations of survivors to indirectly examine survivorship. While valuable on a population scale, these approaches can obscure selection by particular predators. In May 2018, along the coast of Washington, USA, we simultaneously collected juvenile quillback rockfish Sebastes maliger from both the environment and the stomachs of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. We used otolith microstructure analysis to examine whether juvenile coho salmon were age-, size-, and/or growth-selective predators of juvenile quillback rockfish. Our results indicate that juvenile rockfish consumed by salmon were significantly smaller, slower growing at capture, and younger than surviving (unconsumed) juvenile rockfish, providing direct evidence that juvenile coho salmon are selective predators on juvenile quillback rockfish. These differences in early life history traits between consumed and surviving rockfish are related to timing of parturition and the environmental conditions larval rockfish experienced,more »
Longer telomeres during early life predict higher lifetime reproductive success in females but not malesnull (Ed.)The mechanisms that contribute to variation in lifetime reproductive success are not well understood. One possibility is that telomeres, conserved DNA sequences at chromosome ends that often shorten with age and stress exposures, may reflect differences in vital processes or influence fitness. Telomere length often predicts longevity, but longevity is only one component of fitness and little is known about how lifetime reproductive success is related to telomere dynamics in wild populations. We examined the relationships between telomere length beginning in early life, telomere loss into adulthood and lifetime reproductive success in free-living house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ). We found that females, but not males, with longer telomeres during early life had higher lifetime reproductive success, owing to associations with longevity and not reproduction per year or attempt. Telomeres decreased with age in both sexes, but telomere loss was not associated with lifetime reproductive success. In this species, telomeres may reflect differences in quality or condition rather than the pace of life, but only in females. Sexually discordant selection on telomeres is expected to influence the stability and maintenance of within population variation in telomere dynamics and suggests that any role telomeres play in mediating life-history trade-offs may bemore »


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I just burnt a piece of paper containing a 5 digit number I made up randomly and as far as I am concerned no one else will ever be able to retrieve the information contained on that piece of paper. So to me this information is lost irretrievably. From my reading of the literature (more pop science than technical papers) the consensus is information is never lost in a black hole, but is my simple experiment an example of the fact that information can be lost? How can any time reversal process ever possibly recover that five digit number?
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Information can be lost and it is even difficult to transmit. Imagine somebody who does not understand your joke. – Vladimir Kalitvianski Nov 24 '12 at 18:40
It wasn't meant as a joke, I guess I was too vague and wanted to know how information is not lost in a black hole, thanks for replying – jimmymc Nov 24 '12 at 18:42
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In principle, someone could reconstruct your 5-digit number, given all the information available at some time after the paper has been burned: all the photons, heated air molecules and ash and their positions and velocities.
In practice, of course this would be virtually impossible since it would require vast amounts of time and computational resources.
There is a difference between information being difficult to recover, and irretrievably lost. If the sheet of paper falls into a black hole, then classically the information is irretrievably lost i.e. it would be impossible to recover even in principle.
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Thanks Jason. My understanding is Hawking conceded information is not lost in a black hole, so I guess though not lost its in practice impossible to recover said information – jimmymc Nov 24 '12 at 18:45
Yes, his theory was that quantum perturbations of the event horizon could allow information to escape from a black hole, thus it is not irretrievably lost. Rather than say "impossible", I would say "impractical" or "virtually impossible", to be more precise. :) Either way, I think this is still a subject of debate, e.g. see – Jason Davies Nov 24 '12 at 18:55
Cheers for the link Jason I thought the whole issue had been settled – jimmymc Nov 24 '12 at 19:20
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Napier, Gary Alexander
Modelling obesity in Scotland.
MSc(R) thesis, University of Glasgow.
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Overweight and obesity prevalence has been on the increase in Scotland since the 1990s when monitoring began with the Scottish Health Surveys. In this study models are developed that describe the prevalence of obesity in Scotland by analysing data from the Scottish Health Surveys. In particular, we study how the Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) vary with gender, age and socio-economic status, and investigate whether there is a shift in the entire BMI/WHR distributions or simply a stretching-out of the upper tail (roughly corresponding to the overweight/obese categories).
Logistic regression is employed for modelling obesity prevalence, and generalised additive models are employed to examine the relationship between BMI/WHR and gender, age, socio-economic status and survey year. The odds of being overweight or obese increase with age, which is also the case for log(BMI) and WHR, with differing gender patterns. The rate of increase in BMI and WHR is at its greatest for individuals aged between 16 and 30, and gradually slows down before decreasing for males over the age of 55, but remains increasing for females of the same age. No significant difference in obesity prevalence is observed for males in social classes iii manual and iv & v, but males in social class iii non-manual are 1.27 times more likely to be obese in comparison to males in social classes i & ii. For females, the odds of being obese increase with each consecutive social class.
Quantile regression is used to study how the entire conditional distribution of BMI and WHR vary with gender, age, socio-economic status and survey year. By specifying changes in the quantiles of the response (BMI/WHR), quantile regression highlights an uneven increase in the BMI and WHR over time; in each subsequent survey all quantiles shift to the right, but this increase is larger for the upper tail of the distribution. The effects of socio-economic status also vary across the quantiles of the BMI and WHR distributions, with males in each subsequent social class who lie at the lower end of the distribution having lower BMI values than males in social classes i & ii, but higher BMI values at the upper end of the distribution. Finally, subtle gender differences are observed in the relationship between BMI/WHR and age. In conclusion, quantile regression allows us to go beyond obesity prevalence and examine finer aspects of the BMI and WHR distributions.
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When working in a professional setting that requires precise gas control, selecting the appropriate lab gas regulators is essential for maintaining safety and accuracy in your operations. In order to make sure you come to an informed decision, review this list of key factors to consider when choosing the right lab gas regulators for your needs. By carefully evaluating these factors, you can ensure that your gas regulation equipment effectively fulfills its intended purposes.
Gas Type and Required Flow Rate
Different gases require specific lab gas regulators depending on their unique properties. Before you choose a regulator, it's important to determine the type of gas you will be working with, as well as the required flow rate.
It's best to consult the gas cylinder's label or the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) to find this information. Once you know the gas type and flow rate, you can select a regulator designed for those specific conditions.
Pressure Range and Control Precision
Regulating pressure accurately is essential for a variety of applications. Make sure you select a gas regulator with the appropriate pressure range and control precision for your operations. The regulator should be able to handle both the maximum inlet pressure from the gas cylinder and the desired outlet pressure.
Additionally, the regulator should provide the level of control precision required for your specific application, such as maintaining constant pressure, allowing for gradual adjustments, or supporting rapid pressure changes.
Another crucial factor to consider when choosing a lab gas regulator is the materials used in the construction of the device. They should be compatible with the gas in use to ensure durability and prevent reactions that could compromise the safety or accuracy of the gas flow.
Common materials used in the manufacturing of lab gas regulators include brass, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastic. Be sure to select a regulator made from materials suitable for your intended gas type.
Of course, safety is paramount when dealing with pressurized gases, and choosing a gas regulator that incorporates appropriate safety features is crucial. Look for regulators that include pressure relief valves, gauge guards, and other mechanisms that protect the user and equipment from over-pressurization, leaks, or other potential hazards.
Ease of Use and Maintenance
The ease of use and maintenance of your gas regulator can significantly impact your workflow. Consider factors such as the regulator's mounting options, the ease of installation, and the simplicity of the user interface when determining the regulator that will best suit your needs.
Additionally, take into account the frequency and complexity of maintenance required to keep the regulator functioning optimally. A regulator that is easy to use and maintain will ensure smooth day-to-day operations and minimize workflow disruptions.


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Iron Salts (Ferric and Ferrous)
Iron Salt Applications
Iron salts are a proven technology for long-duration hydrogen sulfide control in collection system gravity and forcemains, solids processing units, solids transfer lines and anaerobic digesters. They have been used for over 30 years in hydrogen sulfide control applications and are a well understood technology.
Depending on the wastewater plant unit process configuration, iron salts may also provide improvements in clarification, phosphate removal, struvite control, solids dewatering and anaerobic digester performance. Iron salt performance is not impacted by oxygen uptake rates but they do remove dissolved oxygen from the water.
Iron Salt Properties and Dosing
Iron salts are supplied as liquid solutions containing 5-13% ferrous or ferric iron as either a chloride or sulfate salt. They are supplied in containers of 55 or 300 gallons, or in bulk shipments of 4,000 - 20,000 gallons.
Iron salts bind with hydrogen sulfide according to the following equations:
3 H2S + 2 FeCl3 → S + 2 FeS + 6 HCl
Theoretical dose ratios of ferrous iron to H2S are 1.75 lbs Fe2+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 2 to 6 depending on the application. Theoretical dose ratios of ferric iron to H2S are 1.2 lbs Fe3+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 1.5 to 4 depending on the application.
Iron Salt Pricing and Sources
Iron salt pricing is highly regional and dependent on the local sources and demand for the product. Iron salts for sulfide control are mostly obtained from spent pickle liquor from the steel industry. More recently, newer sources have been manufactured from scrap materials and acid in order to meet regional demand.
Iron Salt Drawbacks
Some drawbacks of iron salt use are as follows:
- Removes dissolved oxygen from the water
- Precipitate settles out in low-velocity sewers (< 2 fps)
- Iron films form on pipe walls and instrument sensors
- Ineffective for (non-sulfide) organic odors
- Hard to achieve low sulfide limits (pH dependent)
- Does not destroy sulfide (H2S may volatilize if the pH is lowered)
- Product purity may impact biosolids re-use (heavy metal contamination)
- Messy to handle
- CERCLA rating may restrict dosing sites (persistent environmental hazard)
- High dosages may cause solids carry-over from clarifiers
- Solids production (> 3 lbs/lb - Sulfide) increases processing and disposal costs
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Infamous Failures of Fatigue
If you've studied structural mechanics you're probably familiar with stories of planes falling out of the sky due to fatigue (no one wants to be the engineer who designed an airplane that crashed…). Jimmy Stewart made a famous movie about that, but different from the usual horror stories of fatigue is the accident in 1919 of a storage tank that burst in Boston, spilling molasses onto the streets at 35 mph (56 km/h). The Boston Molasses Disaster, as it's referred to, is another one of many infamous failures of fatigue.
What is Fatigue?
Before we go into the infamous failures of fatigue, let's come to terms with what the phenomenon is. Guest author and Certified Consultant, Kyle Koppenhoefer of AltaSim, explains it well in his blog post "Fatigue — When Cyclic Stress Produces Fractures". Basically, fatigue is structural damage accumulated over many cycles of applied stress. "Many" in this case refers to thousands (strain-based; low-cycle) or millions (stress-based; high-cycle) of cycles. Furthermore, the fractures that develop due to repeated loading and unloading can be microscopic in size until the day the structure fails. Scary stuff.
Infamous Failures of Fatigue
Folklore has it the Boston neighborhood of North End smells like molasses in the summer. In 1919, the poorly designed tank containing molasses undergoing fermentation burst one day, resulting in a 35 mph, sticky flood of molasses rushing through the city streets. Why did the tank all of a sudden break? Apparently, several factors played a part in this structural failure. In addition to the tank being ill-constructed and not tested, there was a huge change in the outside temperature over the course of a day or so (it went from -2F to 41F, or -17C to 5C). The fermentation process produced carbon dioxide, which increased the internal pressure of the tank, putting it under additional stress. These factors may have led to the final failure, but the tank had experienced cyclical loads over several years. Reportedly, a fatigue crack had developed at a manhole cover close to the tank's base where the hoop stress is greatest. When the tank was filled with molasses completely on this fateful day, it simply broke.
Other infamous failures include an oil platform, trains, and a multitude of airplane tragedies. The Alexander L. Kielland oil platform capsized due to a fatigue crack in a 6 mm fillet weld, increased stress concentrations due to a weakened flange plate, and cyclical stresses. The Versailles train crash of 1842 was caused by a broken axle in the locomotive, from repeated loading.
Simulating Fatigue Saves Time and Prevents Failure
While it's obvious that fatigue is a problem not to be ignored when designing a structure, it's also obvious that testing millions of load cycles would take a very long time — far too much time. Even so, wouldn't it be great if you could visualize what starts to break, where, and when, before it actually happens? Our answer to this is the Fatigue Module; you can visualize fatigue life based on the number of cycles until failure and the calculation of fatigue usage factor. The fatigue life plot will show you what starts breaking and where — virtually, thus saving you both time and money. An excellent blog post on why you should model fatigue will provide you with more details on the topic.
Fatigue life plot of a cylinder with a hole.
Next time you're in Boston you can visit the area where the molasses disaster took place, although these days it has been turned into a recreational complex called Langone Park. The only evidence left of the disastrous event today is a small plaque in commemoration. Unless you can smell the molasses, of course.
Further Reading & Viewing
- Why Should You Simulate Fatigue?
- Fatigue — When Cyclic Stress Produces Fractures
- The Stresses Subsea Cables are Subjected to
- Modeling Mechanical Applications (Video)
- Industry: Continuum Blue Simulates Structural Mechanics (Video)
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Wednesday, January 23rd 2013, 8:04 AM EST
A 2012 paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reconstructs solar activity from isotopes in ice cores and tree rings, and finds solar activity at the end of the 20th century was at the highest levels of the past 9,000 years.
The paper confirms other peer-reviewed publications indicating that the Sun was particularly active during the 20th century in comparison to the past several millenia In addition, the authors find good agreement between solar activity and the Asian climate as determined from stalagmites in the Dongge cave, China.
Blowup and flipped 1st graph (above) from Fig. 4 below shows the year 2000 at the right side of the graph, 9000 years ago at the left side. Added red line shows solar activity in blue at the end of the record was at the highest levels of the past 9000 years. Note graph has been reversed vertically since the graph below in Fig. 4 is on a reverse scale.
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Cosmic ray intensity is inversely related to solar activity. High solar activity is indicated by low cosmic ray intensity, as shown by graphs B, C, and D at different timescales.
ABSTRACT - 9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings
Understanding the temporal variation of cosmic radiation and solar activity during the Holocene is essential for studies of the solar-terrestrial relationship. Cosmic-ray produced radionuclides, such as 10Be and 14C which are stored in polar ice cores and tree rings, offer the unique opportunity to reconstruct the history of cosmic radiation and solar activity over many millennia. Although records from different archives basically agree, they also show some deviations during certain periods. So far most reconstructions were based on only one single radionuclide record, which makes detection and correction of these deviations impossible. Here we combine different 10Be ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica with the global 14C tree ring record using principal component analysis.
This approach is only possible due to a new high-resolution 10Be record from Dronning Maud Land obtained within the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica in Antarctica. The new cosmic radiation record enables us to derive total solar irradiance, which is then used as a proxy of solar activity to identify the solar imprint in an Asian climate record. Though generally the agreement between solar forcing and Asian climate is good, there are also periods without any coherence, pointing to other forcings like volcanoes and greenhouse gases and their corresponding feedbacks. The newly derived records have the potential to improve our understanding of the solar dynamics and to quantify the solar influence on climate.
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Earthquake Glossary - turbidites
Turbidites are sea-bottom deposits formed by massive slope failures where rivers have deposited large deltas. These slopes fail in response to earthquake shaking or excessive sedimentation load. The temporal correlation of turbidite occurrence for some deltas of the Pacific Northwest suggests that these deposits have been formed by earthquakes.
Turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation Turbidite system of Namurian age in County Clare, Western Ireland. The sandstone beds were formed in a deep basin by turbidites coming from a delta area.


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Home >Online Product Documentation >Table of Contents >Create XML Document from XML Schema
Create XML Document from XML Schema
You use the Create XML Document from XML Schema dialog box to select the XML Schema from which you want to create an XML document, and to specify characteristics about that document including the root node, and whether or not you want to generate comments in the XML.
If the XML Schema contains an element defined using a built-in type, the instance of that element in the XML document is created using the minimum value of the range specified for that type. For example, if the XML Schema contains a
 element defined as
 element in the resulting XML document appears as
The XML Schema from which you want to create the XML document.
The element node in the XML Schema you want to use as the XML document's root.
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Using Schemas with XML Documents