(For States that Do Not Provide Direct Service for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers)
For any State that does not provide direct services for at-risk infants and toddlers under 20 U.S.C. 1437(a)(4), but chooses to use funds under 20 U.S.C. 1438(5), each Application must include a description of how these funds will be used. Specifically, a State may use Part C funds for initiating, expanding, or improving collaborative efforts related to at-risk infants and toddlers, including establishing linkages with appropriate public or private community-based organizations, services, or personnel for the purpose of:
 - Identifying and evaluating at-risk infants and toddlers;
 - Making referrals of at-risk infants and toddlers who are identified and evaluated; and
 - Conducting periodic follow-up on at-risk infants and toddlers to determine if the status of the infant or toddler's eligibility for Part C services has changed.
Provide a subtotal of the amount. (Add columns and rows as needed.)
Description of Activity Amount of Funds
Subtotal of amount under F:


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could you give me some example sentences?
I can not get understand how to use of this word "उन्हों " and "उन्हें ".
could you give me some example sentences?
For learning: Hindi
Base language: English
Category: Language
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 "unhein" ka arth hai "them" ya "to them"
 Hi Mina, There is no such word like उन्हों (unho) it is उन्होंने (unhone). eg. उन्होंने हमे खाना दिया (unhone hume khana diya. meaning-they gave us food.) उन्हें (unhe) eg.उन्हें खाना दे दो (unhe khana de do. meaning-give them food)
 Hope it's clear.
 Hi, to be honest it's a bit difficult to explain the exact differences between these words from a grammatical point of view as I'm no expert. I can give you some example sentences so that you can observe how they are used.
 1. UnhePersonally I feel unhe can mean them/they. It's used more often when the subjects are being passive or acted upon.
 a. Unhe coffee de do : Give them/him/her coffee (if it's a senior or elder you can use uhne instead of the usual usse (him/her) even though it's just one person. It's more polite this way.)
 b. Uhne thand lag rahi hai (They are feeling cold )
 c. Unhe e-mail bhej do (Send them an email)
 2. UnhoneIt's when they (the subjects) are being active rather than passive that one uses unhone. It's used more often with the past tense.
 a. unhone mujhe bulaya (They called me)
 b. Unhone hume khana diya (They gave us food)
 c. unhone kaam kahatam kar diya (They have finished the work)
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text:
Strategy 4 Stories: Engaging the World Beyond Our Campuses
4. Promote the awareness and benefits of study-away programs and courses that give student opportunities to engage with the world.
The narratives below define and bring clarity to what each of the University Strategic Goals means to Academic Affairs. The narratives express our values and beliefs, and create a context to guide implementation efforts. To learn more about the specific strategies and tactics involved in engaging the world beyond our campuses, please view our Academic Affairs Strategic Plan.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Not to be confused with Giants.
Guardian Deity
MM3D Skull Kid Guardian Deities Artwork.png
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MM3D Guardian Deity Model.png
Main appearance(s)
Other appearances(s)
Guardian Deities
Guardians of Termina
The Guardian Deities are characters in Majora's Mask.[1]
They are the guardian deities of Termina that rest in the four cardinal directions of the land of Termina: Woodfall, Snowhead, Great Bay and Ikana Canyon.[2] Every year during the Carnival of Time, the people of Termina ask the Four Giants for a rich harvest in the year to come, wearing masks resembling these deities to honor them.
The Giants preventing the Moon from destroying Termina
Anju's Grandmother tells a story about the Four Giants on the Second Day. Before the events of Majora's Mask took place, long ago the people of Termina lived in a single world, united and blessed by the Four Giants living among them.[3] It was during this time that the Giants befriended a small imp, the Skull Kid. However, there came a time when the Four Giants decided to guard and protect the people while dormant. With the world of Termina now split into four parts by the order of the Four Giants, each of the Giants took one hundred steps towards their respective regions, telling their people that if trouble should befall them, they should call them in a loud voice declaring their predicament.[4] This way, their pleas would carry to them, and the Four Giants would come to their aid.[5]
However, the small imp, who had been friends with the Giants even before they created the four worlds, became greatly afflicted with their decision and was woefully stricken by their departure.[6] The imp misinterpreted the Giants' actions, and, feeling neglected and lonely, he began to spread his anger and frustration throughout all of Termina.[7] Devastated with misery due to the imp's malicious tricks, the people pleaded to the Giants for their aid. Angered, the Four Giants, who were still the protectors of the people, ordered the imp to leave the four worlds and return to the heavens; otherwise, the imp would be destroyed by the might of the Giants.[8][9] Frightened and surprised by his friends' reaction, the imp left the lands for the heavens, and peace and tranquility returned to Termina.[10]
The story reflects the events to come, or possibly repeat themselves, in Majora's Mask. The Skull Kid had befriended the Giants and a pair of Fairies. However, eventually, the Skull Kid stole Majora's Mask from the Happy Mask Salesman. Overtaken by its tremendous power, the Mask began to take complete control of the Skull Kid, and using him as a puppet, he pulled the Moon and destined it to crash into Clock Town in order to destroy all of Termina. The four Temples in the cardinal directions of Termina were also cursed, preventing the interference of the Four Giants.
After stumbling into Termina and having befriended one of the Skull Kid's Fairies, Link sets off on an adventure in order to stop the Skull Kid. When Link and Tatl encounter him atop the Clock Tower for the first time, Tael, who was still with the Skull Kid, informs Link and Tatl about the Four Giants who are trapped in each of the Temples.[11] Link and Tatl free the Giants one by one and lift the seal that was put into effect by Majora's Mask and the Skull Kid. The Giants in return, within their mysterious Chamber, teach Link the "Oath to Order", which is to be used to summon the Giants on the eve of the Carnival of Time. Though they agree to help, they also ask Link and Tatl to forgive their friend.[12]
With the Giants free from their seal, Link and Tatl head to the top of the Clock Tower in order to call upon the four gods using the melody taught to them. Together, the Giants use their tremendous power to stop the Moon from obliterating all of Termina. However, in an unexpected turn of events, Majora's Mask tosses aside the body of the Skull Kid and enters the Moon itself to continue with its path of destruction.[13] The Four Giants struggle to keep the now much more powerful Moon from crashing into Clock Town while Link and Tatl venture to the inside of the Moon. After defeating Majora, the Moon vanishes in a beam of light. Soon after, the Giants reassure the Skull Kid that they are still his friends and having done so, the four gods depart again to their respective regions.[14]
Non-canon Appearances
Super Smash Bros. Melee
In Super Smash Bros. Melee, the Four Giants appear in the background of the Great Bay stage and stop the Moon from falling like they do in Majora's Mask. They also have their own Trophy which can be randomly obtained through either the lottery or one of the player modes.
Trophy Information
# Trophy First Game / Move Description How to unlock
173 SSBM Four Giants Trophy Model.png
Four Giants
Majora's Mask
Hyrule Warriors
In the Majora's Mask DLC Pack for Hyrule Warriors, the Four Giants appear as Item Cards in the Termina Map, found by completing the Adventure Battles representing the Temples in Woodfall, Snowhead, Great Bay, and Ikana Canyon. The Giant Item Cards must be used on the Map Battle representing Clock Town to unlock a section of the Termina Map representing the Grassy Playfield inside the Moon. Giant Bokoblins also take the role of the Giants in the Rewards Map Adventure Battle "The Giants Gather".
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate
In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, the Four Giants return in the background of the Great Bay stage, playing the same role they do in Super Smash Bros. Melee.
 - In the event that Link fails to awaken all four Giants by the time the Moon falls, the Giant(s) who were awakened will arrive at Clock Town to attempt (but ultimately fail) to stop the Moon.
TMC Forest Minish Artwork.png Names in Other Regions TMC Jabber Nut Sprite.png
Language Name Meaning
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland EnglishUK Four Giants
Japan Japanese ４人の巨人 (Yonin no Kyojin) Four Giants
Canada FrenchCA Quatre géants (MM3D) Four giants
French Republic FrenchEU Quatre Géants Four Giants
Federal Republic of Germany German Vier Giganten Four Giants
Italian Republic Italian Quattro giganti
Kingdom of Spain SpanishEU Cuatro Gigantes Four Giants
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States SpanishLA Cuatro gigantes (MM3D) Four giants
See Also
 1. Encyclopedia (Dark Horse Books) pg. 244
 2. "W-What exactly are all of you? "Guardians." Guardians? So...You're protective gods? That's why you're in the temples... But...why are the protective gods...?" — Tatl (Majora's Mask)
 3. "This tale's from long ago when all the people weren't separated into four worlds like they are now. In those times all the people lived together, and the four giants lived among them." — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 4. "[T]he giants spoke to the people...100 steps north, 100 steps south, 100 steps east, 100 steps west. If you have need, call us in a loud voice declaring something such as, "The mountain blizzard has trapped us."" — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 5. ""Your cries shall carry to us..."" — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 6. "Now then... There was one who was shocked and saddened by all this. A little imp. The imp was a friend of the giants since before they had created the four worlds." — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 7. "The childhood friend felt neglected, so he spread his anger across the four worlds. Repeatedly, he wronged all people." — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 8. "Overwhelmed with misfortune, the people sang the song of prayer to the giants who lived in each of the four compass directions." — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 9. "The giants heard their cry and responded with a roar. "You have caused the people pain. Oh, imp, leave these four worlds! Otherwise, we shall tear you apart!"" — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 10. "The imp returned to the heavens, and harmony was restored to the four worlds." — Granny (Majora's Mask)
 11. "Swamp. Mountain. Ocean. Canyon. Hurry...The four who are there... Bring them here..." — Tael (Majora's Mask)
 12. "We'll call you from atop the Clock Tower, so do something about him, all right? What? Their voices sound sad... You don't want to? "Forgive your friend." Forgive our friend? What do you mean by forgive? Huh? What friend?" — Tatl (Majora's Mask)
 14. "You guys... You hadn't forgotten about me? You still thought of me as a friend?... I thought they didn't want to be friends with me... But... They hadn't forgotten about


text: It is important, both at national and regional level, the development of markers that allow performing analysis of OO in order to highlighting issues such as quality certification, authentication, geographical and varietal traceability. EVOO traceability is gaining importance due to highquality OO demands, including olive oils with PDO labels or monovarietal ones withspecific characteristic related to the olive variety. There are two essential aspects on EVOO traceability: botanical and geographical ones, that are the core of this proposal. The following objectives can be drawn: 1) development of tools to assess botanical origin of OO; 2)development of tools to assess geographic origin of OO. These tools will allow us to address authentication and certification issues, ensuring that a certain OO is 1) an IGP; 2) a POD; 3) a monovarietal; 4) an organic one; 5) authentic OO (not adulterated with other vegetable oil).


text:
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When Did Americans Stop Speaking Like The British?
Before and during the American Revolution, the English, both in England and in the colonies, mostly spoke with a rhotic accent. The rhotic accent means that all hard r's were pronounced, like "hard." Once we had the first sound recordings after the American Revolution, some three hundred years after the colonists first settled in the New World, the accents of the British and Americans were discernibly different. The Americans had kept the rhotic accent.
But the British spoke with non-rhotic accents — "hard" was pronounced more like "hahd." Sometime in the 1800s, not long after the Industrial Revolution, the non-rhotic accent appeared in southern England. It quickly spread, especially among the middleand upper-class. Non-rhotic accents became signifier of class, so important in England — especially when traditional social statuses were being upended by the economic revolution. Because the Received Pronunciation (RP) accent was regionally "neutral" and easy to understand, it spread across England and the empire through the armed forces, the civil service and, later, the BBC. Along the seacoast of America, it caught on as well among the upper classes. And since the East Coast was the social and economic powerhouse of America through much of the 19th century, non-rhotic meant high-class in America. As industry shifted, though, areas with rhotic came back into power. General American (GenAm) which is used by broadcasters and radio hosts, is non-rhotic.
Now, of course, with the quickly shifting languages, most areas of both America and Great Britain do not use the standard accents. In the US, only a small part of the midwest uses GenAm. And in Great Britain, a smaller country with many more accents packed into it, only the upper class naturally uses RP.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Weighted Congestion Games - Existence, Efficiency and Complexity of pure Nash equilibria
January 15, 2021, Zoom
Martin Gairing
Liverpool, Computer Science
Congestion games provide us with a general model that is expressive enough to capture a number of otherwise unrelated applications - including routing, network design, and the migration of species. Yet they are structured enough to permit a useful theory. A congestion game consists of a ground set of resources, and each strategy of a player is to select a subset of them (e.g., a path in a network). Each resource has a univariate cost function that depends on the load induced by the players that use it, and each player aspires to minimize the sum of the resources' costs in its chosen strategy. In this talk we focus on the fundamental model of weighted congestion games, where each player has a weight and the load of a resource depends on the sum of the weights of the players that use it. In this talk, we will - review results on the efficiency of the resulting Nash equilibria, - quantify how much we have to relax the concept of pure Nash equilibria to guarantee their existence, - discuss complexity questions with respect to the existence and computation of Nash equilibria. The bulk of the talk will be based on the following papers: - _URL_ (ICALP 2020) - _URL_ (ICALP 2018)
Speaker's Bio
Martin is Head of the Economics and Computation Research Group and Deputy Head of the Computer Science Department at the University of Liverpool. Before joining Liverpool in 2009, Martin completed his PhD at the University of Paderborn in 2006 and a postoctoral fellowship at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) in Berkeley under the supervision of Richard Karp.
Martin's expertise lies in the area of Algorithmic Game theory, which is at intersection of Theoretical Computer Science and Economic Game Theory. His research shaped the theory of congestion games, a fundamental model for selfish behaviour in networks. In particular, Martin is well known for his contributions on quantifying the inefficiency of Nash equilibria in congestion games.
Martin applied game theoretic concepts also to other fields. E.g., he contributed to the design of improved approximation algorithms for scheduling problems, general covering problems, network design problems, and reachability problems.


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Each year, Filmmaker asks the Sundance Film Festival feature directors a question about their filmmaking process. We then compile any and all of the directors' feedback and bring it to our readers courtesy of our "Sundance Responses."
This year we asked:
Attention, our audience's and our own — it's a valued commodity these days. We struggle to command our audience's attention, for them to discover our work and then, once they've discovered it, to actually focus on it. Meanwhile, we struggle to focus our own attention, to fight our society's weapons of mass distraction so we can not just see our work to completion but fully discover the meanings within it. What role does attention play in your work? Can you discuss an instance where you thought about some aspect of attention when it came to your film?
We'll upload the responses individually, the day of each film's premiere. So, as the festival progresses, click the links below. The Sundance Film Festival is being held in Park City, Utah from January 16th to the 26th.


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THE WORKING WOMAN MATERNITY LAW
Protection of maternity and childhood by the state was a principle formally proclaimed in Cuba by the more progressive bourgeois law. However, the scarce and irregular social and economic development of our country, plus the vices that characterized the period of the pseudorepublic, not only limited but also largely sidetracked that much-touted protection.
Maternity Leave was established in Cuba in 1934, supposedly to benefit all working mothers-to-be. However, it never met the needs of the great majority of these women, since its benefits were not extended to either farm women or to the vast army of maids and other women who did odd jobs, so typical of that society.
The Revolution always proclaimed the intention, in keeping with its principles, of putting into effect the protection and care of the working people masses. Along with other measures following the triumph of the Revolution in January 1959, Cuba began to develop the material foundations for providing preventive medical care and hospitalization to women and children and to the people in general. One of the outstanding achievements in this direction was the rapid extension of these services to the most remote areas of the country.
Law 1100 of March 27, 1963, generalized Social Security in our country and included the following concerning maternity leave:
a) extended the benefits to all working mothers-to-be in both state and private sectors;
b) guaranteed a 12-week preand post-natal paid leave of absence;
c) granted every working mother one hour a day, within her regular working hours, for breast-feeding and caring for her baby;
d) provided whatever services and material kinds the motherto-be and her baby might need during her pregnancy and until mother and child are sent home from the maternity hospital; and
e) granted a subsidy in cash to working mothers who gave birth without making use of state hospitals.
Moreover, the broad and accelerated general development of the country attained by the Revolution, especially in the field of public health, made it possible that on January 16, 1974, law 1263, on working women's maternity, be enacted.
The draft was drawn up by a special commision composed of representatives of the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Public Health, the Central Organization of Cuban Trade Unions, the Federation of Cuban Women, the Children's Daycare Centers, the Children's Institute and the Ministry of Education. A number of changes were made and the draft enriched by the suggestions made by working women when it was discussed and analyzed by the people.
Among other things, Law 1263:
a) increases the benefits of maternity leave, in recognition of women's contributions to the construction of socialist society;
b) guarantees medical care during pregnancy, at birth and during the post-natal period;
c) guarantees medical care for the mother and the new-born child;
d) extends the period of paid maternity leave to 18 weeks, 12 of them after birth. In case of multiple pregnancy or errors in predicting the date of birth, this period is ex-tended another two weeks; and
e) guarantees an additional non-paid leave of absence for those mothers who cannot go to work because they have to stay at home to take care of their children.
This Law is an example of the level of development reached by our country in the field of public health and affirms how the rights proclaimed in this field have been put into effect.
This booklet includes the full text of Law 1263 and its regulations.
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
I, OSVALDO DORTICOS TORRADO, President of the Republic of Cuba, HEREBY PROCLAIM: That the Council of Ministers has approved and I have signed the following:
WHEREAS: Studies made on problems pertaining to working women, especially those relating to maternity, counsel the enactment of new legislation in order to grant the maximum guarantee to all maternity rights which, although recognized and provided for by Social Security Law No. 1100 of March 27, 1963, should be reconsidered on the basis of present-day medical and scientific principles.
WHEREAS: It is a primary interest of the Revolutionary Government to give special attention to the working mother since, in addition to her valuable contribution to society in the procreation and education of children, she also fulfills her social duty by working.
WHEREAS: A successful pregnancy as well as the delivery and the future health of the child require the adoption of adequate measures on the part of the pregnant woman, as an ineluctable duty toward her child and society.
WHEREAS: To secure the above-mentioned measures, it is necessary to ensure medical attention and rest to the working woman during her pregnancy, the breastfeeding of the newborn during the first months of life which will protect him from disease and favor the development of strong emotional bonds between mother and child, and the systematic medical examination of the child by a pediatrician during his first year of life.
WHEREAS: In our country all medical and hospital services, including pharmaceutical and hospital dietary services related to maternity are guaranteed free of charge to all the population. This makes it necessary to establish additional legislation on the enjoyment of said rights by the working woman or the wife or the companion of a worker.
THEREFORE: By virtue of the authority vested on them, the Council of Ministers resolves to dictate the following:
LAW No. 1263
WORKING WOMAN MATERITY LAW
Scope and Protection
Article 1. The present Law comprises the working woman and protects her maternity, guaranteeing and facilitating, in a special manner, her medical attention during pregnancy, her rest before and after delivery, the breastfeeding and care of the children as well as a financial aid in those cases specified in these provisions.
Article 2. Every pregnant working woman, regardless of type of work will be obliged to stop working on the 34th week of pregnancy, and will have the right to a leave of absence of 18 weeks, which will include 6 weeks before delivery and 12 weeks after delivery. This leave will be paid as determined by this Law, provided that the working woman meets the requirements stated in Article 11.
The Ministry of Labour, at the proposal of the Central Organization of Cuban Trade Unions, will regulate exceptional situations in those places of work whose special characteristics, according to medical and scientific criteria, make it necessary that working women take prenatal leave for longer periods than those established by this Law.
Article 3. In cases of multiple pregnancy, the working woman will be obliged to stop working on the 32nd week of pregnancy, extending to eight weeks the period of her paid leave before delivery.
Article 4. If delivery does not take place during the period established for the prenatal leave, this leave will be extended to the date on which delivery takes place and the extended time period will be paid for up to two weeks.
Article 5. If delivery takes place before the expiry of the prenatal leave, this leave will cease and the working woman will begin her postnatal leave.
Article 6. If delivery takes place before the 34th week of pregnancy, or before the 32nd week in the case of multiple pregnancy, the leave will include only the postnatal period.
Article 7. The working woman will be guaranteed a post-natal leave of six weeks necessary for her recovery even when because of adverse circumstances of accident or acquired or congenital diseases, the child dies at birth or during the first four weeks after birth.
Article 8. If the working woman, because of complications during delivery, requires a longer period of recovery beyond the postnatal leave, she will have the right to receive the subsidy for illness as established in the Social Security Law.
Accidents of Pregnancy
Article 9. Accidents of pregnancy are those complications relative to pregnancy or diseases acquired during pregnancy which require absolute bed rest by doctor's order, with or without hospitalization. Accidents of pregnancy which occur before the 34th week will give the working woman the right to subsidy for illness as established in the Social Security Law.
Article 10. The financial aid that the working woman will receive during her maternity leave will be equal to the weekly average of salaries and subsidies she has received during the twelve months immediately prior to the leave. This aid will never be under ten pesos a week.
Article 11. In order to have the right to receive the paid maternity leave established by this Law, it will be indispensable that the working woman has an expedient in due form, exception made in the case of administrative negligence, and worked not less than 75 days in the twelve months immediately prior to the leave. However, even when the working woman does not fulfill these requirements, she will have the right to receive the complementary leaves established in the following chapter.
Complementary Maternity Leave
Article 12. During pregnancy and up to the 34th week, the working woman will have the right to six days or twelve halfdays of paid leave for her medical and dental care prior to delivery.
Article 13. In order to guarantee the care and development of the child during his first year of life, the working women will have the right every month to one day off, with pay, to take her child for a pediatric check-up.
Article 14. The working mother will have the right to an unpaid leave for the purpose of taking care of her children, under the terms and conditions established by this Law.
...
THEREFORE: I command that this Law be fulfilled and enforced in all its parts.
SIGNED, at the Palace of the Revolution, in Havana, on January 14th, 1974.
OSVALDO DORTICOS TORRADO
Fidel Castro Ruz
Padilla Minister of Labour


text:
PRIGG v. PENNSYLVANIA
The Pennsylvania legislature passed laws in 1788 and 1826 prohibiting the removal of Negroes out of the state for the purpose of enslaving them. In 1832, a black woman named Margaret Morgan moved from Maryland to Pennsylvania. Although she was never formally emancipated, her owner John Ashmore granted her virtually full freedom. Ashmore's heirs wanted her returned as a slave and sent Edward Prigg to capture her in Pennsylvania. After returning Morgan to Maryland, Prigg was convicted in a Pennsylvania court for violating the 1826 law. Prigg unsuccessfully argued before the Pennsylvania Supreme Court that both the 1788 and 1826 laws violated the constitutional guarantee of extradition among states and the federal government's Fugitive Slave Law of 1793.
Did Pennsylvania's law prohibiting the extradition of Negroes to other states for the purpose of slavery violate Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution? Did the law violate the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 as applied by the Supremacy Clause?
Yes and yes. Justice Joseph Story delivered the opinion of the Court. The 1788 and 1826 Pennsylvania laws contradicted Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Law. The Supremacy Clause assured that federal laws prevailed over the state laws. The decision did not wholly end asylum across state lines for slaves. Story granted that the state laws put in place by slave states to recapture slaves in free states only had to be enforced by federal officials, and not state magistrates.


text:
If you live where water is scarce, choose vegetables that do not demand a lot of water. Here are drought tolerant vegetable varieties that are very good performers. One note, even plants that do not require a lot of water, do require water to germinate and begin growing. Once these plants are well established, they will not need regular water.
Vegetable varieties for dry gardens:
- Amaranth: green leaves used as vegetables; use thinnings raw in salad, steam like spinach.
- Moth bean: nutty flavor, popular in India.
- Garbanzo bean, also called chickpea: bean for making humus and use in salads.
- Tepary bean: grows in desert and near desert conditions, a common bean.
- Black-eyed pea, also called cowpeas: use bean to make vegetable soup.
- Yard-long asparagus bean: long, thin, crunchy pod often used in Chinese cooking.
- Snap beans and pole beans: require a short growing season and can draw on residual soil water.
- Black Aztec corn: use black kernels for roasting.
- Mustard greens: tangy, spicy salad green.
- Purslane: use as a salad green.
- New Zealand spinach: a warm weather spinach use just as cool-weather spinach.
- Pearson tomato: old fashion flavor, used often for canning.
- Early Girl tomato: medium size, tasty.
- Super Roma tomato, Golden Nugget tomato.
- Sugar Baby watermelon: sweet tasting ice box watermelon.
Planting. Set plants at least 1½ times or greater the spacing distance recommended on seed packets. When fewer plants are in the garden there will be more water to go around. For example, tomatoes that might normally be planted on 4 foot centers should be planted on 5 or 6 foot centers. (It is important to note that seeds must germinate under normal conditions; that is they must receive moisture to begin life and grow. Give seeds and seedlings all the water they need until they are established.)


_{(2,2)}a_{(2,3)}a_{(2,4)}a_{(2,5)}...$
$a_{(3,0)}. a_{(3,1)}a_{(3,2)}a_{(3,3)}a_{(3,4)}a_{(3,5)}...$
$a_{(4,0)}. a_{(4,1)}a_{(4,2)}a_{(4,3)}a_{(4,4)}a_{(4,5)}...$
We might run into trouble with repeating a number without realising it (0.9 recurring = 1, for instance) but we can just check every number in our list off those that came before. It might be that the system we use to list the numbers lends itself to a neater method, as we found with the rationals, but even if it doesn't, this method will work.
But can we be certain we haven't missed any out?
One way of answering this question is to assume our list is, in fact, infinitely long. Then is it possible for it to contain every possible real number?
The answer is that it isn't. Not all infinities are, we finally see, the same size. The problem, however - one raised and answered by Georg Cantor - is how to show this. How can we write down or describe a number that we know won't be on the list?
Before reading on, take a moment to think about this yourself. It may help to think back to the title of this section: Cantor's Diagonal Proof.
Consider the number $A$, where $A = a_{(0,0)}. a_{(1,1)}a_{(2,2)}...a_{(n,n)}...$ (If the list above had started 1.111..., 2.222..., 4.379..., $A$ would start 1.27..., as 1 is the noughth digit of the noughth number, 2 is the first digit of the first number, and 7 is the second digit of the second number)
Now, letting $m$ take the value of all the natural numbers (and zero) in turn, do the following:
If $a_{(m,m)} \neq 5$, let $b_{(m,m)} = 5$.
If $a_{(m,m)} = 5$, let $b_{(m,m)} = 7$.
Then we have a new number, $B = b_{(0,0)}. b_{(1,1)}b_{(2,2)}...b_{(n,n)}...$
Is $B$ on our list?
Well, it's not the first number, because the first digits don't agree (if the first digit of the first number isn't 5, then the first digit of $B$ is. And if the first digit of the first number is 5, then the first digit of $B$ isn't). And it's not the second number, because the second digits don't agree. And it's not the $n^{th}$ number, because the $n^{th}$ digits don't agree...
So $B$ can't be the first number, and it can't be the second, and it can't be the $n^{th}$, for any value of n, so it isn't on our list.
We could still run into the problem mentioned earlier, that some numbers with recurring digits are the same number, even when the digits are different. However, this is a problem that only occurs when the digits involved are 0's and 9's, and the digits making up $B$ were specially chosen so this would not happen.
Therefore, we know that $B$ is a unique number. This means the list isn't complete, and can never be complete. However cunning our system, even if the list is infinitely long it won't contain every real number.
This means that we can't count all the real numbers - there are uncountably infinitely many.
Katherine Korner is currently a second year undergraduate studying Mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford.


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Main Article Content
The level of physical development of children and adolescents determines the reproductive, morphofunctional status of the future generation and reflects the influence of climatic, socio-economic living conditions in the region. The growing part of the population is most sensitive to environmental factors, so it is important to study the features of growth and development of children and adolescents living in environmentally unfavorable conditions. In the spring of 2022, an anthropometric survey of 139 15-year-old girls living in the city of Nukus, Muynak and Ellikkalinsky districts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan was conducted. The results of the study coincided with the literature data and showed that representatives of the Muynak district, which is an ecological disaster zone, have a body mass deficit and the values of the studied morphofunctional indicators (body length, body weight, chest circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference) are lower than those of their peers living in another area.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


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A thump on your window usually means that a bird has crashed into the glass, sometimes stunning, injuring or even killing itself in the process.
Birds fly into windows for several reasons. Mostly, they don't see the glass as a solid barrier. Or a bird that sees its reflection in the window may think it can fly to where the "other" bird is.
Houseplants hanging inside windows may give a bird the illusion that it can fly into the plants.
To reduce the hazards windows pose for birds:
Attach black silhouettes of flying hawks or strips of opaque tape or flagging to windows to make the glass visible to birds.
Install screens or lightweight netting in front of windows as a cushion if birds fly into it.
Put up an owl statue or other raptor statue close to the problem-causing window.
Keep your blinds or curtains closed or partially closed.
Move houseplants away from windows, as these attract birds.
Move bird feeders either away from windows (20 feet or more) or closer to windows (three feet or closer) to help prevent injuries.-- Homes & Gardens of the Northwest staff
If you want to automatically receive a free daily homes and gardens tip, sign up at OregonLive.com's newsletters subscription site.


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Create an Elegant Patterned Vector Owl in Illustrator
Follow this step by step Adobe Illustrator tutorial to create a stylized vector owl illustration with simple shapes and patterns. We'll start by building the basic owl character with various vector shapes, then begin bringing it to life with colour, shading and pattern fills.
The owl character we'll be creating is built from a range of basic shapes to create a simple and elegant style. The illustration is brought to life with shading effects which add depth, and a range of pattern fills to give a feathered impression. To finish off the design it's brought into Photoshop for some grungy textures to rough up the clean vectors to give a cool tactile feel.
Open up Adobe Illustrator and draw a large circle on the artboard. Hold ALT and drag the circle to one side to make a duplicate, then use the Subtract option from the Pathfinder palette to punch out the circle from the original.
Draw a Rounded Rectangle with max corner radius (press the right cursor key) and carefully align it to the width of the crescent shape. Toggle outline mode (CMD+Y) to ensure everything lines up. Merge these two shapes with the Pathfinder palette.
Draw another circle, this time overlap it across the top edge of the owl body. Use the Subtract option from the Pathfinder to create a couple of simple ears on the head.
Elsewhere on the artboard draw a circle, then with the Convert Anchor Point tool remove the bezier handles from the upper and lower points. Use the Direct Selection Tool to drag these points upwards and downwards respectively to lengthen this shapes to produce a simple wing.
Rotate and move the wing into place on the body of the owl. Draw another circle as move into place as an eye. Use the Pucker and Bloat effect to convert the shape.
Copy the shape then paste in front (CMD+F). Hold Shift while rotating to limit the angle to 45 degrees, then go to Object > Expand Appearance to convert the effect into solid shapes then merge the two with the Pathfinder.
Add a few more circles aligned to the centre of this shape. Paste each new circle then scale it while holding Shift and Alt. Finish the eye with a couple of smaller circular highlights.
Duplicate all the shapes that make up the eye and move them to the opposite side. Merge the surrounding shapes to blend them together where the two overlap.
Create the basics of what will be the owl's beak using three circles – Two small circles placed side by side, then a larger one at the exact with of the two smaller circles. Use the Direct Selection Tool to select and delete the upper most point from the larger circle.
Drag the lower most point downwards vertically (hold Shift) and remove the bezier curves with the Convert Anchor Point tool.
Overlap the shapes then use the Merge option from the Pathfinder to blend them together. Move the beak into place between the eyes.
Use the Pen tool while holding Shift to draw a flowing shape. Keeping the bezier curves on strict angles should help keep the curves flowing smoothly.
Move all the shapes into their final positions to create the basic structure and outline of the owl character.
Add a basic blue fill to the body of the owl, then head to Effect > Stylize > Inner Glow. Select a darker tone of blue and adjust the blur so the glow subtly flows in from the edges. Add the same fill and Glow settings to the wings.
Use similar Inner Glow styling, but this time with grey tones on the 'eyebrows' and shapes that surround the eyes.
To make the eyes stand out that little more, add a Drop Shadow. Adjust the options so there's no offset and the Opacity is around 40%.
Add a grey to white radial fill to the outer circles that make up the complete eye. Move the gradient slider so the grey only creeps in slightly from the edge.
Give the next circle an orange/yellow radial fill to create a bright iris colour, and add another subtle Drop Shadow.
Elsewhere in the document draw a small circle. Drag the upper most point upwards with the Direct Selection Tool then remove the bezier curves with the Convert Anchor Point tool.
Select the Rotate Tool then Alt-Click just underneath the shape. In the subsequent options box enter 10 degrees and hit the Copy button.
Repeatedly press the shortcut CMD+D to generate a complete circle of radial shapes. Remove the black stroke and group them all together (CMD+G).
Move the radial shapes into place over the iris. Use the shortcut CMD+[ to alter the stacking order so it sits under the pupil of the eye.
Finish off the eye with a black to grey gradient on the pupil and leave the highlights with just a white fill. Use the same colours from iris to colour the beak with a fill and Inner Glow. Don't forget a good old Drop Shadow to list the objects from the screen.
Draw another small circle elsewhere on the artboard. Delete the upper most point to leave a semi-circle. Give this semi-circle a vertical gradient fill from the darker blue tone used on the body to transparent.
Hold ALT and Shift while dragging the shape to one side to align multiple circles side by side, then select and drag this row downwards to duplicate a series of further rows.
Align a guide to the centre of the first circle, then move the second row until the edge of the circles aligns with this guide. Repeat the movement on each alternating row using the shortcut CMD+D then group them all together.
Use three more guides to carefully outline a repeating area within the series of rows. Zoom right in to ensure the guides sit perfectly against the centre points and outlines of the circles. Draw a blank square inside these guides.
Select both the group of circles and the blank square and click the Crop option from the bottom row of the Pathfinder to trim the pattern down to size. Drag this graphic into the Swatches palette.
Copy the main body shape and press CMD+F to paste it in front. Delete the Inner Glow from the appearances palette then replace the fill with the newly created pattern swatch. Change the blending mode to Color Burn.
Repeat the process on the wings, but also go to Object > Transform > Rotate. Select just the Patterns checkbox and enter 30 degrees into the Angle to rotate the pattern to match the orientation of the wing.
Make another duplicate of the wing and give it a black fill. Use a large temporary circle with the Pathfinder to clip the shape down.
Add a large Gaussian Blur (Effect > Blur > Gaussian Blur) of around 40px.
Press CMD-[ to send the black shape underneath the main wing, then rotate it slightly so the blur creeps out slightly further from the lower edge. Change the blending mode to Multiply at 30%.
Draw a large oval over the chest area of the owl. Adjust the Stroke options to 30pt Weight with Round Cap and Bevel Join, check the Dashed Line option and change the dash to 0 and gap to match the stroke weight of 30pt.
Go to Object > Expand and select just the Stroke option to convert the stroke into basic shapes. Right click and Ungroup, then merge everything together with the Pathfinder.
Use a duplicate of the main body shape as a tool along with the Intersect option from the Pathfinder to trim the chest shape down to size.
Give it a basic blue fill then set it to Multiply at 40%.
To finish off the design with some rough textures, paste it into a large Photoshop document with a grey background.
Paste a copy of the body pattern fill from Illustrator and scale it up to fill the whole document. Set this to Color Burn, then add a rough texture and set it to Color Dodge at 80%.
Import another texture file then load the selection of the owl illustration by clicking the layer thumbnail while holding the CMD key. Inverse the selection (CMD+Shift+I) then clear out the excess.
Set this new texture overlay to Color Burn at 70% opacity to finish off the illustration with some dirty distressed marks.
There we have one complete owl illustration. The basic vector shapes help build a simple and stylized illustration while the subtle shading effects add depth and dimension to the design. None of my designs are complete without a dirty texture to rough things up, which in turn give the clean vectors a more tactile feel.


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Affiliations : Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal (Quebec) Canada
Resume : Advancing the time resolution of AFM has been a primary pursuit of multiple research groups [1-3]. In particular, the idea to observe ultrafast events in the femtosecond range combined with nanometer spatial resolution is of great interest. Here the research focus ranges from measuring photocarriers to the molecule motion and beyond. Recently, we demonstrated picosecond time resolution with nc-AFM and ultrafast laser pulses in low temperature grown GaAs. Our most recent advances in ultrafast time resolution AFM will be presented. We developed an autocorrelation measurement for ultrashort laser pulses by force detection using nc-AFM. A non-linear crystal is used to generate an electric field which follows the intensity of the impinging ultrashort laser pulse; we directly trace the emitted electric field with attosecond temporal, and nanometer spatial, resolution using our nc-AFM setup. As such, we are able to demonstrate that the lower limit of time resolution in AFM is solely given by the minimal time delay achievable by the optical setup and the thermal noise of the nc-AFM. We are currently applying this technique to 2D materials as well as organic AD structures. M. Takihara, T. Takahashi, T. Ujihara? Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008) 021902. Z. Schumacher, A. Spielhofer, Y. Miyahara, P. Grutter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 (2017) 053111. G. Shao, M. S. Glaz, F. Ma, H. Ju, D. S. Ginger, ACS Nano, 8 (2014) 10799 M. Peplow, Nature 544 (2017) 408?410.
Authors : M. Ormaza,1 P. Abufager,2 B. Verlhac,1 N. Bachellier,1 M.-L. Bocquet,3 N. Lorente,4 Laurent Limot*1
Affiliations : 1 Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. ; 2 Instituto de Física de Rosario, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. ; 3 Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France. ; 4 CFM/MPC and DIPC, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
Resume : Recent advances in addressing and controlling the spin states of a surface-supported object (atom or molecule) have further accredited the prospect of quantum computing and of an ultimate data-storage capacity. Scanning probe techniques have shown that inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) within the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a good starting point to study the stability of these spin states. We present here a novel approach based on the molecular functionalization of a STM tip. We study the surface magnetism of a simple double-decker molecule, nickelocene [Ni(C5H5)2], which is adsorbed directly on a copper surface. By means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and density functional theory calculations, we show that nickelocene on the surface is magnetic (Spin = 1) and possesses a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, while IETS reveals an exceptionally efficient spin-flip excitation occurring in the molecule. Interestingly, nickelocene preserves its magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy not only on the surface, but also in different metallic environments. Taking advantage of this robustness, we are able to functionalize the STM tip with a nickelocene, which can then be employed as a portable source of inelastic excitations. As we will show during the talk, IETS can then be used to probe the interaction between a surface-supported object and the nickelocene tip, including a magnetic interaction.
Authors : A. J. Mayne*, M. Zhao, G. Dujardin, S. Campidelli, Y. Dappe, H. Bouchiat, S. Guéron, Ph. Sonnet, E. Duverger
Affiliations : Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, Bat. 520, 91405 Orsay, France. ; Laboratoire d'Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et Nanosciences (LICSEN), DRF/IRAMIS/NIMBE (UMR 3685), CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France. ; Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Bat. 510, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France. ; Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 68093 Mulhouse, France. ; Institut FEMTO-ST, Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, 25044 Besançon, France.
Resume : Graphene is a remarkable material for many electronic applications. Recent advances in devices involve the transport of magnetic spin, which heralds the development of a spin-field effect transistor. A molecular layer on graphene containing heavy transition metal atoms would be an optimal prototype for spin-transport.1 In this presentation, I will discuss atomic-scale studies of the adsorption of two different molecules; Ni-phthalocyanine (NiPc) and Pt-tetraphenyl-porphyrin, on monolayer graphene (MG) grown epitaxially on 6H-SiC(0001).2 These molecular layers were studied using room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both molecules adsorb to from self-assembled layers on the graphene with a square lattice. In the case of NiPc, the molecular layers produce six equivalent uniform domains due to three-fold symmetry of graphene, similar to perylene derivatives on graphene.3 Tunneling spectroscopy reveals the energies of the molecular orbitals of the NiPc molecules, while Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations will provide information on their localization. A comparison will made with the adsorption of PtTPP on graphene with several similarities and a few striking differences.4 These studies will deepen our understanding of the influence of metal-organic molecules on the electronic properties of graphene. 1. Chuan Li, K. Komatsu, S. Bertrand, G. Clavé, S. Campidelli, A. Filoramo, S. Guéron, and H. Bouchiat, Phys. Rev. B, 2016, 93, 045403. 2. M. Zhao, Ph. Sonnet, E. Duverger, G. Dujardin, and A. J. Mayne, submitted. 3. H. Yang, A.J. Mayne, G. Comtet, G. Dujardin, Y. Kuk, Ph. Sonnet, L. Stauffer, S. Nagarajan, A. Gourdon, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 4939-4946. 4. M. Zhao, S. Campidelli, H. Bouchiat, S. Guéron, Ph. Sonnet, E. Duverger, Y. Dappe, G. Dujardin, and A. J. Mayne, in preparation.
Authors : César Moreno*,1 Manuel Vilas,2 Bernhard Kretz,3 Aran Garcia-Lekue,3,4 Mirco Panighel,1 Gustavo Ceballos,1 Diego Peña,2 Aitor Mugarza1,5
Affiliations : 1 Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. ; 2 Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain. ; 3 Donostia International Physics Center, Paseo M. de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain. ; 4 Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain ; 5 ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
Resume : We present a study that reveals how the combination of chemical functionalization and surface templating can be exploited to obtain different types of self-assembled structures graphene nanoribbons (GNR) of varying length. We synthesize (-H, -F, -OCH3)-functionalized Chevron-type GNRs on Au(111), where the functional group is used to tune the balance between GNR-surface and inter-GNR interaction. In the diluted regime this can lead to a periodic superstructure of individual GNRs of narrow size distribution, where the herringbone reconstruction imposes their size and position by constraining the growth to the fcc domains. In the saturated regime close-packed domains of longer GNRs are obtained. A different molecule-surface interaction for aryl-functional


Digestive Health
Why do I have to poop right after eating?
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 1 170 02-1 ask oz most embarrassing
 Dr. Oz answers a viewer's most embarrassing question and explains why she feels she has to poop immediately after eating. Learn the answer in this video.
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 - A Dr Christine M. Bouchard, MD, Colorectal Surgery, answered on behalf of HCA Virginia
 Why Do I Have To Poop Right After Eating?
 The gastrocolic reflex makes you have to poop right after eating. In this video, Christine Bouchard, MD, a colorectal surgeon at Chippenham & Johnston-Willis Hospitals, describes how the gastrocolic reflex works.
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|Oracle Solaris Administration: ZFS File Systems Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library|
This chapter provides step-by-step instructions on setting up a basic Oracle Solaris ZFS configuration. By the end of this chapter, you will have a basic understanding of how the ZFS commands work, and should be able to create a basic pool and file systems. This chapter does not provide a comprehensive overview and refers to later chapters for more detailed information.
The following sections are provided in this chapter:


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EU's largest marine protected area
The Scottish Government has submitted proposals to the EU that include plans for Europe's largest marine area of nature conservation in waters west of Scotland.
The designation of Hatton Bank as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), located approximately 500 km west of Lewis, would cover an area of more than 15,000 square kilometres.
Jonathan Hughes, IUCN Regional Councillor for West Europe and Director of Conservation at Scottish Wildlife Trust, commented:
"The announcement by the Scottish Government and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee of five candidate Special Areas of Conservation in the offshore zone around Scotland is welcome news for what remain some of the most heavily exploited seas in the world."
"Hatton Bank, a volcanic structure that stretches almost 500 km and up to 1,000 m in depth, will become the largest marine protected area in the European Union, helping safeguard a variety of soft and hard corals including Lophelia pertusa biogenic reefs."
"Scotland will in the next two years designate many more nationally important marine protected areas under the 2010 Marine (Scotland) Act, a long overdue piece of legislation which many IUCN Members campaigned for and helped shape."
"Ultimately the goal in Scotland is to achieve international targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity of having 10% of Scotland's seas protected. Securing such protection will not only benefit biodiversity, it should also increase productivity and help secure a future for those communities which depend on healthy oceans for their livelihoods. This is a prime example of a nature-based solution to the problem of declining marine productivity".
Hatton Bank would form part of a package of five new SACs in offshore waters to the west and north of Scotland. The new sites would contribute to the Marine Protected Areas network – an EU requirement under the Habitats Directive.
Read more here
Read more on the United Kingdom's biodiversity and action to conserve it in this month's Country Focus.


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Flip - Unit 3 - Assessment
- have an understanding of the Cornell Note Taking method
- explore mastery learning vs. traditional grading
Read & View
- Read Chapters 5 & 6 of Flip Your Classroom
- Read "In 'Flipped' Classrooms, A Method for Mastery"
- View "The Flipped Class: Formative Assessment"
- In Activity 1, you learned about the Cornell Note Taking method. Either using the video you created in Unit 2 or one of the videos you found for your class in Unit 1, watch and take notes using this method. When you are done, either scan your notes or take a picture of your notes and email it to your instructor with the subject Flip! Unit 3 Assignment 1. Be sure to include your name.
- In Activity 2, you read about and watched videos about Mastery Learning. Summarize your learning on this topic and give your views on the pros and cons of mastery learning. Email it to your instructor with the subject Flip! Unit 3 Assignment 2. Be sure to include your name.
Please use the following rubric for Assignment 2:


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Vertical Curves are nice! I think they are easier to solve than Horizontal Curves because they are essentially parabola equations (which you should be very used to). This is the formula for vertical curves
is the elevation y at x horizontal distance into the curve from the start position
is the starting elevation at x = 0.
R is referred to as the rate of gradient change:
and are the approach grade (or approach tangent) and exit grade. To keep things simple for myself I always express these in decimal percents (e.g. 0.05 instead of 5%). I do this because I like to express my stations as full numbers like 450 feet instead of 4 + 50.
A lot of surveyors and transit engineers do their math the other way. They use the percent value accompanied with the station value (e.g. 5% for 4.5 stations = 5*4.5 = 22.5 feet). This is ok but only works if your stations are at 100 ft. I would just rather convert the stationing to feet and use decimal percent and it is valuable for you to know the difference between the two styles.
PVC is the beginning of the vertical curve.
PVT is the endpoint of the vertical curve. At this point the grade % takes over OR another vertical curve begins.
PVI is the midpoint between PVC and PVT
TP is the high or low point of the curve. You can find its location (x) with:
Plug it's location into the main equation above to find the elevation of the high or low point. Remember that the x from this equation is NOT a station it is a distance from PVC which you may have to convert into the stationing in the problem.
Offset from PVI
If your problem gives you the location of the PVI (middle) and the two gradients you must use a special equation to determine the location of the PVC (beginning) and PVT (end):
You must use this because the first equation depends on the fact that PVC is known. x and y in that equation both represent a distance from PVC.


text: This is a MyPlate Food Sort activity for K-3 or can be used as a review for grades 3-8. Students will sort the food cards into the correct food group. This can be used as a station activity or as a whole class activity. This activity can be used to meet NC Healthful Living Essential Standards K.NPA.1.1, 1.NPA.1.1, 2.NPA.1.1. Please rate after you download. Thanks.


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In genealogy, pedigree collapse describes how reproduction between two individuals who share an ancestor causes the number of distinct ancestors in the family tree of their offspring to be smaller than it could otherwise be. Robert C. Gunderson coined the term, which is also known by the German term Ahnenschwund (loosely translated: "loss of lineage") or the term implex.
How it works
Without pedigree collapse, a person's ancestor tree is a binary tree, formed by the person, the parents (2), the grandparents (4), great-grandparents (8), and so on. However, the number of individuals in such a tree grows exponentially and will eventually become impossibly high. For example, a single individual alive today would, over 30 generations going back to the High Middle Ages, have or roughly a billion ancestors, more than the total world population at the time.
This apparent paradox is explained by shared ancestors, referred to as pedigree collapse. Instead of consisting of all different individuals, a tree may have multiple places occupied by a single individual. This typically happens when the parents of an ancestor are related to each other (sometimes unbeknownst to themselves). For example, the offspring of two first cousins has at most only six great-grandparents instead of the normal eight. This reduction in the number of ancestors is pedigree collapse. It collapses the ancestor tree into a directed acyclic graph.
In some cultures, cousins and other relations were permitted, encouraged or required to marry. This may have been to keep kin bonds, wealth and property within a family (endogamy) or simply because there was a limited number of potential marriage partners available. Among royalty, the frequent requirement to only marry other royals resulted in a reduced gene pool in which most individuals were the result of extensive pedigree collapse. Alfonso XII of Spain, for example, had only four great-grandparents instead of the usual eight. Furthermore, two of these great-grandparents, Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma, who were first cousins, were parents of another twice great-grandmother, Maria Isabella of Spain. Charles IV was also the brother of another twice great-grandparent, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies; they were both sons of Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony.
More generally, in many cultures intermarriage may frequently occur within a small village, limiting the available gene pool.
|Pedigree of Ferdinand I of Austria|
|Pedigree of Cleopatra VII of Egypt|
The House of Habsburg gives a well-documented example of pedigree collapse. In the case of Charles II, the last Habsburg King of Spain, there were three uncle-niece marriages among the seven unions of his immediate ancestry (i.e. parents, grandparents and great-grandparents). His father and two of his great-grandfathers married their nieces. His paternal grandparents were first cousins once removed, but they comprised two of the seven marriages because they were also parents to his maternal grandmother. His maternal grandparents' marriage and the final marriage of great-grandparents was between first cousins.
|Ancestors of Charles II of Spain|
The maximum pedigree collapse of 50% within a single generation is caused by procreation between full siblings; such children have only two different grandparents instead of the usual four. If two half-siblings procreate, their children have three grandparents instead of four (25%).
If a child and parent were to procreate, their offspring would have four grandparents, although one of these would also be a parent and therefore introduce no additional genes – thus procreation between parents and children would result in less pedigree collapse than procreation between full siblings.
If a person procreates with a full sibling of one of their parents (as with the uncle-niece marriages mentioned above), the offspring have four different persons as grandparents, and eight great-grandparents, but again some of these contribute no additional genes. (See inbreeding.)
Small, isolated populations such as those of remote islands represent extreme examples of pedigree collapse, but the common historical tendency to marry those within walking distance, due to the relative immobility of the population before modern transport, meant that most marriage partners were at least distantly related. Even in America around the 19th century, the tendency of immigrants to marry among their ethnic, language or cultural group produced many cousin marriages.
If one considers as a function of time t the number of a given individual's ancestors who were alive at time t, it is likely that for most individuals this function has a maximum at around 1200 AD. Some geneticists believe that everyone on Earth is at most 50th cousin to everyone else.
- Gundacker, Felix (2013). "Genealogical Dictionary" (PDF).
- See the chapter All Africa and her progenies in Dawkins, Richard (1995). River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
- John E. Pattison (2001). "A New Method of Estimating Inbreeding in Large Semi-isolated Populations with Application to Historic Britain". HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 52 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1078/0018-442X-00024.
- John E. Pattison (2007). "Estimating Inbreeding in Large Semi-isolated Populations: Effects of Varying Generation Length and of Migration". American Journal of Human Biology. 19 (4): 495–510. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20610.
- The Straight Dope: 2, 4, 8, 16,... how can you always have MORE ancestors as you go back in time?
- Alvarez, Gonzalo; Ceballos, Francisco C. & Quinteiro, Celsa (15 April 2009). "The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_.
- Shoumatoff, Alex (1985). The Mountain of Names. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671494407.
- The Straight Dope: 2, 4, 8, 16,... how can you always have MORE ancestors as you go back in time? – August 21, 1987
- How many ancestors do you have?, Stephen Lewis, The Wild Peak, March 4, 2012
- The Mountain of Names (Genealogy)


text: Apostasy is the act of leaving a religion for another religion or for non-belief. Many religions have rules against apostasy and lay out specific punishments for apostates. For instance, most Islamic scholars agree that the death penalty is the appropriate punishment for a male apostate, and that either imprisonment or death is appropriate for a female apostate. Other religions, such as Scientology and the Jehovah's Witnesses, urge their followers to shun apostates. These types of punishments are meant to keep believers faithful through fear.


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This guide assists the relay engineer in understanding the application considerations when applying breaker failure protection (BFP) to power circuit breakers.This guide describes methods to protect a power system from faults that are not cleared because of failure of a power circuit breaker to operate or interrupt when called upon by a protective relay, It provides the user with a guide in how to detect that a breaker has failed to clear a fault, and how to electrically isolate the fault after the breaker has failed to clear the fault. Additionally, schemes which provide primary protection of the power system from performance failures of the power circuit breaker other than fault clearing failures such as failure to operate, either tripping or closing, manual or automatic, are also described. Such schemes when applied are typically integrated as a part of the overall breaker failure protection scheme. Also covered are recent practices which take advantage of microprocessor based relay technologies to enhance breaker failure protection such as by using peer to peer communication over a LAN, by using additional switchyard measurements, by integrating the breaker failure protection with the primary protection, and by applying multiple schemes within a single breaker failure relay.
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Description: CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/055150 having an international filing date of Nov. 2, 2010, which designated the United States, the entire disclosure of each of which ishereby incorporated herein by reference. The present disclosure is generally directed toward projectiles for use with rifled barrels and methods of manufacturing the same.BACKGROUND It is well understood by those skilled in the art of weaponry that firearms typically fall into two separate families, those being: smooth bore and rifled bore. A smooth bore was the original design of all early firearms (cannons and hand heldguns) smooth bore barrels fire monoor multi-projectile shot without inducing a spin. The most recognized non-spinning mono projectiles would be fired from a colonial smooth bore musket, (i.e., the sphere configuration dominated in popularity and thenthe min-ball (a more aerodynamically shaped version)). Due to the advent of the second member of the firearm family, the rifled barrel, a superior method of firing a mono-projectile with a predictable flight path was achieved and the practice of firingslugs form a smooth boor is all but forgotten. In contrast, most modern marksmen frequently use smooth bore barrels to fire non-spinning multi-projectile shot as buckshot or birdshot, which are most often referred to as "scatter shot" due to the reliance on random events/influences to causea spreading out of the plurality of projectiles. This shot type was originally referred to as "scatter-shot" because it relies on random influences (e.g., wind, barometric pressure, temperature, velocity, collisions, turbulence, etc.) to achieve arandom but semi-predictable rate/pattern of ever expanding separation. As the plurality of projectiles travel down the barrel of the gun and further travel down range toward the target, the spreading out of the projectiles occurs randomly andsimul


The hot and cold of butterfly dancing
Hypothesis: courtship behaviour in squinting bush brown butterflies ( Bicyclus anynana) is related to the climate they experienced when they were mere caterpillars
I stumbled across a very interesting piece of work that I plan to write about (just as soon as I get my hands on the paper). Two researchers, Kathleen Prudic and Antónia Monteiro, at Yale University were curious as to why both male and female squinting bush brown butterflies, Bicyclus anynana, sport attractive spots on their wings -- a character that is usually reserved for males who do the courting. They found that when the caterpillars (larvae) were raised in warmer and wetter conditions, the male butterflies performed mating dances to attract females. But when butterflies developed in drier, cooler temperatures, it was the females who danced for the males.
In some animals, males and females look the same, even developing the same sexual ornaments (wing spots in butterflies, for example). There are several hypotheses to explain why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes. These hypotheses include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice.
But this hot-off-the-presses study finds that one particular butterfly species, endemic to parts of Africa, shows developmental plasticity in their mating behavior based on the temperatures they experienced when they were caterpillars. In short, males did the courtship dancing when they were raised at warmer temperatures, whilst cooler temperatures made the females into the dancers: the "choosy sex" depends upon climate. So in this situation, there is selective pressure on both sexes to develop and maintain sexual ornaments -- spots on their wings.
As a result of their work, the authors propose another hypothesis for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes: reciprocal selection.
If you follow the link to the reference, you can stare longingly at the paywalled paper:
Kathleen L. Prudic, Cheonha Jeon, Hui Cao and Antónia Monteiro. Developmental Plasticity in Sexual Roles of Butterfly Species Drives Mutual Sexual Ornamentation. Science (7 January 2011) Vol. 331 no. 6013 pp. 73-75 DOI: 10.1126/science._PHONE_


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I'm developing a sinatra app, and I'd like to test it using cucumber and watir. My problem is that I'm not sure how to set up my env.rb file to run the sinatra app, all the examples I've found use webrat or capybara or something else that isn't watir. Is there a way to start my sinatra app from cucumber without using webrat or another testing framework that isn't watir, or should I just start my sinatra app manually before running my tests?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
env.rb executes an arbitrary Ruby code as a part of Cucumber setup, so you should be able to start your app or do whatever else you need. Try:
require 'YourApp'
Having said that, it might not be the most logical place to do. An automated build cycle for a web app usually consists of the following steps:
 1. Build: compile, copy necessary files, package a binary, etc.
 2. Run unit tests
 3. Deploy: put the application on a target server
 4. Run integration/feature tests
Cucumber and Watir are all about Step 4; therefore, env.rb usually starts a browser. What you are trying to do belongs logically in Step 3, IMHO.
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text:
Tangent Circles Theorem: Common Tangents & Concurrent Point.
School, SAT Prep, College
The common tangents of three mutually
tangential circles A,
B, and C taken in pairs are concurrent in the point P. P is the
incenter of triangle ABC (center of the incircle).
Dynamic Geometry: You can alter the figure above
dynamically in order to test and prove (or disproved)
conjectures and gain mathematical insight that is less
readily available with static drawings by hand.
This page uses the
dynamic geometry software and requires
Adobe Flash player 7 or higher.
TracenPoche is a project of Sesamath, an association of French
teachers of mathematics.
Instruction to explore the
Animation. Click the red
to start/stop animation
Manipulate. Drag points A
and C to change the figure.
Step by Step construction.
Press P and click the left mouse
on any free area to show the
step-by-step bar and start the
Hide the step-by-step bar by
using again the combination P +
click left mouse.


text:
In this study, a hydrodynamic model was used that includes the effects of wave–current interactions to simulate the wave and current patterns before and after offshore wind turbine installation in western Taiwan. By simulating the waves and currents after the offshore wind turbine was established, the waves and currents caused by the wind turbine were seen to have a limited range of influence, which is probably within an area about four to five times the size of the diameter (12–15 m) of the foundation structure. Overall, the analysis of the simulation results of the wave and current patterns after the offshore wind turbines were established shows that the underwater foundation only affected the local area near the pile structure. The wind farm (code E) of the research case can be equipped with about 720 cage cultures; if this is extended to other wind farms in the western sea area, it should be possible to produce economic-scale farming operations such as offshore wind power and fisheries. However, this study did not consider the future operation of the entire offshore wind farm. If the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms are not affected, and if the consent of the developer is obtained, it should be possible to use this method to provide economically large-scale farming areas as a mutually beneficial method for offshore wind power generation and fisheries.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


text:
Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of Workers
The Community Charter of Fundamental Social Rights for Workers, adopted in 1989, establishes the major principles on which the European labour law model is based. It applies to the following areas:
- free movement of workers;
- employment and remuneration;
- improvement of working conditions;
- social protection;
- freedom of association and collective bargaining;
- vocational training;
- equal treatment for men and women;
- information, consultation and participation of workers;
- health protection and safety at the workplace;
- protection of children, adolescents, elderly persons, and disabled persons.
These social rights represent a foundation of minimum provisions common to all the European Union (EU) Member States. The provisions of the Charter were kept by the Lisbon Treaty (Article 151 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU) and by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
The Charter was adopted in accordance with the preamble of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, which recognised the need to continually work towards improving the living and working conditions of European citizens.
It was only adopted by the United Kingdom in 1998 as part of the integration of the principles of the Charter into the Amsterdam Treaty.


text:
DRAW, TEXAS. Draw is at the intersection of Farm roads 213 and 1054, seventeen miles southeast of Tahoka in southeastern Lynn County. It took its name from Mooar's Draw, a canyon to the northeast. The community had a school as early as 1904. Draw's population was reported as only twenty-five in 1933, but in 1940 its population was estimated at 100 and continued to be reported at that level through 1960. By 1970 the population had dropped to thirty-five. In 1974 Draw had a cotton gin and a store. From 1980 through 2000 its population was thirty-nine.
Donald R. Abbe, The History of Lynn County (M.A. thesis, Texas Tech University, 1974).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Donald R. Abbe, "DRAW, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed June 20, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


text:
jackdaws in snow
all our dreams
Comment: a haiku set in winter time (fuyu 冬), inspired by various Japanese woodblock printings such as Crow on Snowy Branch by Watanabe Seitei, Two crows in snow by Ito Sozan and Crows in Snow by Takahashi Biho. The dark plumage of the jackdaw (nishikokumarugarasu 西黒丸烏) stands in stark contrast to the whiteness of the snow (yuki 雪), making it clearly visible even at a distance. As underlined by the poet himself, 'jackdaws in a dream can mean positive things including finding love, and that's been a driving force in my life'; a positive symbol that can be shared by each reader, inscribed within classic aesthetic coordinates. Note the semivowel 'w' in line 1, which gives a sense of openness and softness to the opening ku, and the reiteration of the sound 'th' in the following verse, which effectively renders the sense of revelation underlying this poem.


Εp. 6: Songs and poems
Άκου τώρα στο αγαπημένο σου app
apple podcast
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Pocket Casts
Σύνοψη επεισοδίου
From popular songs to great poets. Sofka meets Lysandros Falireas, founder of the fusion band Imam Baildi. They unpack how the Asia Minor refugees of 1922 established rembetika (or 'Greek blues') in Athens. The celebrated singer Elly Paspala discusses her collaboration with two of the greatest Greek composers: Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Xatzidakis and how they used poetry from Nobel-prize-winning Greek poets. Former UK Ambassador, John Kittmer, reveals his deep love for the poet Yiannis Ritsos who collaborated with Theodorakis when both were imprisoned by the Junta. Finally, translator and bicycle tour guide Joshua Barley dives into why dimotika traditional village 'folk' songs are so popular in Athens.
Υπόλοιπα επεισόδια


What is Monero? [The Most Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guide]
Updated on: May 4th, 2020
This content has been Fact-Checked.
what is monero
According to Monero's site: Monero is a secure, private and untraceable currency system. Monero uses a special kind of cryptography to ensure that all of its transactions remain 100% unlinkable and untraceable. In an increasingly transparent world, you can see why something like Monero can become so desirable. In this guide, we will see the mechanics behind Monero and see what makes it so special.
The origins of Monero XMR
Back in July of 2012, Bytecoin, the first real life implementation of CryptoNote, was launched. CryptoNote is the application layer protocol that fuels various decentralized currencies. While it is similar to the application layer which runs bitcoin in many aspects, there a lot of areas where the two differ from each other.
While bytecoin had promise, people noticed that a lot of shady things were going on and that 80% of the coins were already published. So, it was decided that in April 2014, the bytecoin blockchain will be forked and the new coins in the new chain will be called Bitmonero, which is was eventually renamed Monero meaning "coin" in Esperanto. In this new blockchain, a block will be mined and added every two mins.
Monero is headed by a core development team of 7 developers of which 5 have chosen to remain anonymous while two have come out openly in public. They are – David Latapie and Riccardo Spagni aka "Fluffypony". The project is open source and crowdfunded.
What is Monero? The Ultimate Beginners Guide
Image courtesy: Coinsutra
Special features of Monero XMR
So what is it about Monero that makes it so hot and in-demand. What are the unique properties that the CryptoNote algorithm gives it? Let's check it out.
Property #1: Your currency is yours
Property #2: It is Fungible
Another interesting property that it gains, thanks to its privacy, is that it is truly fungible. What is fungibility? Investopedia defines fungibility as follows:
"Fungibility is a good or asset's interchangeability with other individual goods or assets of the same type."
So, what is fungible and what is non-fungible.
Suppose you borrowed $20 from a friend. If you return the money to him with ANOTHER $20 bill, then it is perfectly fine. In fact, you can even return the money to them in the form of 1 $10 bill and 2 $5 bills. It is still fine. The dollar has fungible properties (not all the time though).
However, if you were to borrow someone's car for the weekend and come back and give them some other car in return, then that person will probably punch on the face. In fact, if you went away with a red Impala and came back with another red Impala then even that is not a done deal. Cars, in this example, are a nonfungible asset.
So, what is the deal with fungibility when it comes to cryptocurrency?
Let's look at bitcoin for example. bitcoin prides itself in being an open ledger and an open book. But what it also means is that everyone can see the transactions in it and more importantly, everyone can see the trail of that transaction. What this basically means is that suppose you own a bitcoin which once was used in some illegal transaction, eg. buying drugs, it would forever be imprinted in the transaction detail. What this in essence does is that it "taints" your bitcoin.
In certain bitcoin service providers and exchanges, these "tainted" coins will never be worth as much as "clean" coins. This kills fungibility and is one of the most often used criticisms against bitcoin. After all, why should you suffer if one of the previous owners of your bitcoin used it to make some illegal purchases?
This is where Monero comes in. Since all their data and transactions are private, no one can know what transactions your Monero has gone through before and neither can they know what was used to buy with your Monero. Since its transaction history can never be known, it also means that the "transaction" trail is non-existent. As a result of this, the concept of "tainted" Monero and "clean" Monero doesn't exist, and hence they are fungible!
Property #3: Dynamic Scalability
The bitcoin scalability issue has been a very hot topic in the crypto circles the past few months. So, to give you all a gist of the the situation, bitcoin was created with a self-imposed 1 Mb block size limit. In its early developments bitcoin didn't have any block size limit, however, in order to prevent spam transactions, the size limit was enforced.
Monero uses a free block size mechanism with no "pre-set" size limit. However, this also means that malicious miners can clog up the system with disproportionately huge blocks. To prevent this from happening, a block reward penalty is built into the system. This is how it works:
Firstly, the median size of the last 100 blocks is taken which is called M100. Now suppose the miners mined a new block and it has a particular size which is called "NBS" aka New Block Size. If NBS > M100, then the block reward gets reduced in quadratic dependency of how much NBS exceeds M100.
This means that if NBS is [10%, 50%, 80%, 100%] greater than M100, the block reward gets reduced by [1%, 25%, 64%, 100%]. Generally, blocks greater than 2*M100 are not allowed, and blocks <= 60kB are always free of any reward penalties.
Property #4: ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Resistant
Ok, before we get started, let's just get this out of the way. Monero is not exactly "ASIC resistant", but the cost of manufacturing ASICs for Monero would be so high that it simply won't be worth it. Why is that the case? Remember, when we said that Monero was based on the CryptoNote system which makes it distinctly different from bitcoins? Well, the hashing algorithm used in CryptoNote based systems is called "CryptoNight".
Cryptonight was created to build a fairer and more decentralized currency system. Cryptocurrencies which incorporate Cryptonight cannot be mined using. It was hoped that this would prevent the creation of mining pools and make the currency more evenly distributed.
So what are the properties of CryptoNight which makes it ASIC Resistant? (The following is taken from "user36303" answer in monero.stackexchange.com).
 - Cryptonight requires 2 MB of fast memory to work. This means that parallelizing hashes is limited by how much memory can be crammed in a chip while keeping cheap enough to be worth it. 2 MB of memory takes a lot more silicon than the SHA256 circuitry.
 - Cryptonight is built to be CPU and GPU friendly because it is designed to take advantage of AES-Ni instruction sets. Basically, some of the work done by Cryptonight is already being done in hardware when running on modern consumer machines.
 - There have been talks of moving Monero on from proof of work algorithm to "Cuckoo Cycle" (a different form of proof of work hash). If a switch like this does happen, then the amount of work spent in the R&D of Monero friendly ASICs would be meaningless.
Property #5: Multiple keys
One of the more confusing aspects of Monero is its multiple keys. In bitcoin, ethereum, etc. you just have one public key and one private key. However, in a system like Monero, it is not quite as simple as that.
View Keys: Monero has a public view key and a private view key.
 - The public view key is used to generate one-time stealth addresses where the funds will be sent to the receiver. (more on this later).
 - The private view key is used by the receiver to scan the blockchain to find the funds sent to them.
That's the general overview of the process.
The public view key makes the first part of the Monero Address.
Spend Keys: If the view key was mostly for the recipient of a transaction, the spend key is all about the sender. As above, there are two spend keys: public spend key and private spend key.
 - The public spend key will help the sender take part in ring transactions and also verify the signature of the key image. (more on that later)
 - The private spend key helps in creating that key image which enables them to send transactions.
The public spend key makes the second part of the Monero address.
The Monero address btw is a 95-character string that is made of the public spend and public view key.
This can be very confusing right now, but just keep this information in your head, and it will become clearer with subsequent sections.
What is the cryptography involved in Monero?
How does a transaction in a cryptocurrency work?
Every transaction has two sides to it, the input side and the output side. Suppose Alice needs to send some bitcoins to Bob how will it look like?
Transaction Input
In order to make this transaction happen, Alice needs to get bitcoins which she has received from various previous transactions. Remember, as we said before, in bitcoins, each and every coin is accounted for via a transaction history. So Alice can make the outputs of her previous transactions the input


Take the 2-minute tour ×
On Python 3 I am trying to write a function format_list(items) that takes a list items containing 1 or 2 string elements and returns a string containing the elements. Assume that the list being passed will always contain one or two elements (ie, it won't be empty and it won't contain more than two elements).
The conditions are:
 1. If the list contains a single element, that element is returned by the function, unchanged.
 2. If the list contains two elements, they are returned in a single string with the first element left justified in a field of width 10 followed by a vertical bar ('|') followed by the second element right justified in a field of width 10. You may assume the elements are strings with at most 10 characters each.
So print(format_list(['abc'])) would produce:
And print(format_list(['Dave', '14'])) would produce:
Dave | 14
I have no idea where to even start....
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you can start with the Python Documentation – Serdalis Mar 25 '13 at 22:00
more specifically, format – georg Mar 25 '13 at 22:03
Thanks, I have read it before but maybe I need a refresher... – jevans Mar 25 '13 at 22:34
3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
def format_list(l):
 if len(l)==1: return l[0]
 return '{:<10}|{:>10}'.format(l[0],l[1])
for l in [['abc'],['Dave', '14']]:
Dave | 14
Look at the.format method and the.format mini language.
share|improve this answer
Does not right justify the second list item. – Ethan Furman Mar 25 '13 at 22:06
Now it's centering... – Ethan Furman Mar 25 '13 at 22:13
_USER_: Like u, I didn't want to look it up. Fixed – dawg Mar 25 '13 at 22:16
Thanks, that makes so much sense. – jevans Mar 25 '13 at 22:33
This sounds like homework, so a couple clues to get you going:
 - % formatting (e.g. "Hello %s!" % some_var --> "Hello World!" if some_var == "World")
 - len(some_list) --> number of items in list
Oh, and since I don't want to look it up:
"%10s" % 'word' -->......word ( a dot is a space )
"%-10s" % 'word' --> word......
share|improve this answer
def format_list(my_list)
 return my_list[0].ljust(10) + '|' + my_list[1].rjust(10)
 except IndexError: return my_list
share|improve this answer
This fails the first condition: it should return the single element, not the list itself. – Ethan Furman Feb 12 at 20:55
Your Answer


News |
Finnish researchers record Northern Lights sounds
For centuries, folk tales and travellers have mentioned the sounds associated with Aurora Borealis, the northern lights. Finnish researchers have now recorded and pinned down the location of the source of the noises.
Finnish researchers recorded this audio of auroral sounds associated with the northern lights. Video: Youtube
The researchers showed that the sounds are audible to the human ear and are produced around 70 metres above the ground.
The Aalto University researchers placed microphones at three different locations above the ground, recording the sounds and calculating the location of the source.
They proved that people are able to hear sounds associated with the northern lights, despite the distance between earth and the aurora borealis. It has previously been supposed that the sounds are so high-pitched that they cannot be heard by humans.
"Our research proves that the source of the sounds that are associated with the aurora borealis we see is likely caused by the same energetic particles from the sun that create the northern lights far away in the sky. These particles or the geomagnetic disturbance produced by them seem to create sound much closer to the ground", said Professor Unto K. Laine from Aalto University.
The precise cause of the sounds remain unclear. Because they are inconsistently reproduced, researchers believe that different mechanisms could be at play. The sounds tend to be so faint that listeners have to concentrate hard to distinguish them from ambient noise.
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text: For over a thousand years after this, paper aircraft were the dominant man-made heavier-than-air craft whose principles could be readily appreciated, though thanks to their high drag coefficients, not of an exceptional performance when gliding over long distances. The pioneers of powered flight have all studied paper model aircraft in order to design larger machines. Da Vinci wrote of the building of a model plane out of parchment, and of testing some of his early ornithopter, an aircraft that flies by flapping wings, and parachute designs using paper models. Thereafter, Sir George Cayley explored the performance of paper gliders in the late 19th century. Other pioneers, such as Clément Ader, Prof. Charles Langley, and Alberto Santos-Dumont often tested ideas with paper as well as balsa models to confirm (in scale) their theories before putting them into practice.


text:
In December 1998 the Republic of China's Ministry of National Defense (MND) denied that the island is developing chemical weapons. A MND spokesman stressed it has always been the ROC's policy to adhere to the Chemical Weapons Convention, which went into effect on April 29, 1997. While the ROC is not a signatory to the CWC, the spokesman stated that it will follow the rules of the convention. There are persisent public reports that Taiwan has a chemical weapons program, which may have been under way since 1989, for the high-priority development of offensive and defensive chemical weapons.
Because biological and chemical warfare is a sensitive issue, according to the Fourth (Chemistry) Institute of the Chungshan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan's armed forces have never manufactured any chemical weapons; though the institute did produce on a trial basis a small amount of chemical war material for use in research and development of chemical warfare defense equipment for Taiwan's armed forces. According to the director of the Fourth Institute, the strategy of Taiwan's armed forces calls for strong defense -- defensive operations -- for which Taiwan need not consider at all the production of offensive chemical war agents.
After accepting Japan's surrender, the Nationalist government [Republic of China - Kuomintang regime] Garrison Command took over all facilities on Taiwan that originally belonged to the Japanese military. These facilities include a large chemical weapons facility in northern Taiwan.The R.O.C.'s specialty chemicals industry is relatively young and still lags behind specialty chemical sectors in the developed nations. The specialty chemicals industry is characterized by a wide range of products, low production volumes, low energy consumption, and low raw material and production costs. Furthermore, this emerging industry sector is technology-intensive and generates high value-added. Because the specialty chemicals industry is very suited to Taiwan's current industrial environment, it is listed as one of the "ten major emerging industries" included in the "Six-Year National Development Plan." A steadily increasing technological capability within the industry is enabling the production of high-technology special chemicals used in the electronics, electro-optics, biomedical materials, and pharmaceutical industries. The polymer industry is one of the most important in Taiwan, and includes the areas of plastics, rubber, manmade fibers, and synthetic resins. With an annual output value of more than NT$1 trillion, the polymer industry is responsible for 30% of the R.O.C.'s total manufacturing output. Domestic PVC, ABS, polyester, and other plastics play key roles in world markets. Taiwan's polymer industry is characterized by high production efficiency and a large and diverse downstream processing sector. In general, domestic polymer firms lack the ability to research and develop new polymer products. Most firms have focused their efforts on improving their manufacturing technology, and many have been successful at cutting costs, increasing output, and improving quality. Taiwan-made plastics such as PVC and ABS are extremely competitive in the world market. Downstream processing firms have become very skilled at quickly adopting new technologies and employing them to make many kinds of complex, high-precision polymer products. Some medium-sized domestic plastic firms have been very active in polymer R&D and technology transfer.