INSERT ( CustomerId, Firstname, Lastname, Street, Zip, City )
 VALUES ( src.CustomerId, src.Firstname, src.Lastname, src.Street, src.Zip, src.City );
Often though, we want to make sure that if the source row is in fact identical to the target row (i.e. the name is the same, the address is the same, the phone is the same, etc.) then we do not want to apply the update, for these two reasons:
 1. We do not want to spend time updating the table and all indexes on the table.
 2. We do not want to execute any triggers or other auditing on the table.
The normal solution is then to add a predicate to the above line WHEN MATCHED THEN so that this line will be replaced by something like:
WHEN MATCHED AND (src.Firstname <> tgt.Firstname OR src.Lastname <> tgt.Lastname) THEN
(Of course, all the other fields should also be mentioned here).
(In SQL, the symbol <> means "not equal to", similar to!= in other languages).
But this gets even more tricky when some of the columns support NULL values. Suppose for example that the Firstname and Lastname columns support NULL. Then the line will look like this:
WHEN MATCHED AND (src.Firstname <> tgt.Firstname
 OR src.Firstname IS NULL AND tgt.Firstname IS NOT NULL
 OR src.Firstname IS NOT NULL AND tgt.Firstname IS NULL
 OR src.Lastname <> tgt.Lastname
 OR src.Lastname IS NULL AND tgt.Lastname IS NOT NULL
 OR src.Lastname IS NOT NULL AND tgt.Lastname IS NULL) THEN
Imagine how this will look if the table has 20 more columns in addition to Firstname and Lastname!
Fortunately there is a much cleaner way of doing this using distinctness based comparison, taking advantage of the set operator EXCEPT. The line can simply be written like this:
This says "take all the rows from the source table except those that precisely match any rows in the target table, and if any rows are left then perform an update of those rows", and it also handles NULL values without problems.
If the structures (i.e. column order and data types) of the source and target tables do not match perfectly then this method can still be used by defining a view on top of the source table and then using that view instead of the source table in the MERGE statement.
Besides the occasional usage of the UNION operator, the set operators are generally not much used in SQL. In this article I have argued that there are other ways of benefitting from the set operators. I have done so by demonstrating how to perform distinctness based comparison, in the contexts of searching, joining and merging. Have a go at trying this out for yourself. And maybe you can come up with even more ways to make good use of the powerful set operators.


text:
|Monark - 839E Digital Ergometer Testing Bike
|The Monark Ergomedic 839E Electronic Test Cycle is one of the world's most accurate cycle ergometers. It is especially used for fitness assessment and stress testing, as well as in research, sports medicine and rehabilitation. With menu based programs, bu more...
The Monark Ergomedic 839E Electronic Test Cycle is one of the worlds most accurate cycle ergometers. It is especially used for fitness assessment and stress testing, as well as in research, sports medicine and rehabilitation.
The Monark 839E Electronic Cycle Ergometer is equipped with removable control unit, pre-programed with Astrand, Bruce, YMCA, Naughton, Ramp, and Incremental protocols, amongst others, plus target heart rate adjusted workload. Individual exercise protocals can be programmed and stored. Heart rate is monitored by optical ear sensor or with chest belt of telemetry type.
The Monark 839E Bicycle Ergometer provides a constant workload independent of pedal speed. Easy to calibrate both mechanically and electronically.
- Menu based programs
- Multi lingual options.
- Provides a constant workload independent of pedal speed.
- Work may be power (watts or kpm/min), force (kp or Newton) or VO 2 (ml/kg/min).
- Built-in digital timer.
- Heart rate measured with telemetry type or with ear sensor.
- Optical metronome.
- Energy consumption calculator in calories (kcal).
- Remote controller with backlit LCD-display.
- Serial communication port for remote PC or ECG machine.
- Direct printer connection port.
- Direct calculation of aerobic capacity with built-in protocols; Åstrand, Bruce, YMCA and Naughton.
- Can be pre-set for step-by-step change in workload and time intervals, i.e. ramp and incremental.
- Individual exercise protocols can be programmed and stored.
- Training protocol; workload is adjusted automatically to achieve and maintain target heart rate.
Specifications - Bike:
- Brake-power 0-1400 W (depending on rpm).
- Large, well-balanced flywheel 22 kg (48 lbs).
- Adjustable saddle; vertically and forward/backwards.
- Adjustable handlebar with quick release lever.
- Stable frame, with square tubing.
- Powder painted.
- Wheels for easy transport. Length 1150 mm (45").
- Width 530 mm (21") at handlebar.
- Width 460 mm (18") at support tubes.
- Height _PHONE_ mm (30-45") at handlebar..
- Height _PHONE_ mm (30-44") at seat.
- Weight 56 kg (123 lbs).
Specifications - Computer:
- Dual 8 MHz microcomputer system with 16 bits processor.
- Standard RS 232 interface.
- Interface for PC Compatible parallel printer.
- Can be controlled from an ANSI compatible terminal.
- Multi-color LED bar showing metronome or heart rate and rpm-deviations.
- Auto sensing to 110-140 V. AC or 200-240 V. AC alternatively.
- Resistance System: Magnetic, self-regulating weight basket
- Riding Position: Upright
- Free Wheeling Mode: Yes
- Flywheel: Large, Fully enclosed
- Display Console: Electronic readout: current speed, rpm, workout time, distance, heart rate, braking power (calories
- consumed), force (Newtons), and power (watts), VO2
- On-board Computer: Dual 8 MHz microcomputer system, 16 bits processor
- Electronic Interface: Standard 232, PC compatible parallel printer, Controlled from ANSI compatible terminal
- Pedal Type: Standard dimension
- Transmission: Chain
- Pulse Measurement: Ear clip, Telemetry type
- Included Software: Analysis Software
- Made in: Sweden
- Warranty - One year on parts
* within the 48 continental US States

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Huffpost Politics
The Blog
John Ridley Headshot
Quick, Which Ethnic Group Is More Patriotic Than the Average?
Posted: Updated:
Every Black History Month there's always one contrarian (at least one) who pipes up with some snidism such as: "Why do blacks get a month? Why don't we just give everybody a month?" If by "everybody" the cynics mean people of ethnicities whose heritage is not otherwise sufficiently taught in schools, then, yes. We should give "everybody" a month, and "everybody" pretty much has one.
May is Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, devoted to commemorating individuals of Asian and Pacific Island heritage who've contributed greatly to our nation. May was designated as it's the anniversary of both the first Japanese immigrants arriving in the United States -- May 7th, 1843 -- and the completion of the transcontinental railroad on May 10th, 1869 which was built with the considerable labor of a large contingent of Chinese coolies.
And contrarians aside, no matter that it's 2009 and there's a biracial man as president, there's still much we can all learn about others during such designated months. Particularly this month as most other Americans don't distinguish Asian Americans, and look at them as a monolithic group. And as much as 45 percent of the general population says they believe Asian-Americans have more loyalty to their countries of ancestry than to the United States. That number has actually increased from 37 percent in a similar 2001 survey. For the record, about 75 percent of Chinese-Americans surveyed (for example) said they would support the United States in military or economic conflicts. That compares to only about 56 percent of the general population who said they would.
Of course, as you take time to learn about Asian-American history, such patriotism isn't surprising. Just read up on Executive Order 9066, the Nisei Brigade and their rescue of the Lost Battalion to be reminded again that so often in our nation's history it's the very folks who are denied the blessing of liberty who fight and bleed for it the hardest.
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month doesn't get nearly the play that Black History Month does. But then neither do Women's History Month (March), Hispanic Heritage Month (Sep 15th to Oct 15th), or American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month (November). But next time a contrarian wants to know if we have to give everybody a month, you can hand them a calendar and get them educated.
For more perspective please visit That Minority


text: Secrets of the Druids The Romans Attack The Druids were not the gentle pagans they are often portrayed as. But did they carry out human sacrifice? Remarkable new archaeological evidence is unearthed that reveals the truth about Druid sacrifice and tells the dramatic story of the Druids' bloody last stand against Rome's conquering legions. Here is a reenactment of a Roman attacking a druid in Anglesey. Anglesey Druids In 54 BC, fresh from conquering Gaul, Julius Caesar lands on the Kentish coast at the head of his battle-hardened legions, the first Romans in Britain. He writes dispatches back to Rome, describing an island dominated by powerful shaman priests who lead their people in gruesome spectacles of human sacrifice. In one ritual, he portrays Druids herding prisoners into wicker cages shaped like giant men, and watch them burn alive. Uncovering the Truth Deep in Britain's peat bogs reveal a vivid and chilling new picture of the Druids and the world of the ancient Celts. A mass grave in northern France with hundreds of carefully stacked headless bodies and evidence of ritual sacrifice. Here a Roman with a torch in Anglesey. Iron Age Round-House The Druids were not the gentle pagans they are often portrayed as, but did they carry out human sacrifice? Evidence discovered at an Essex grave shows that Druids may have taken part in human sacrificial rituals. Skull Veneration On the gatepost in Ribemont, a skull is shown. A mass grave in northern France with hundreds of carefully stacked headless bodies, and evidence of ritual sacrifice. The remains of 150 bodies discovered by potholers in a cave near Bristol, that reveal not just mass human sacrifice, but even ritual cannibalism. Celtic Warrior Remarkable new archaeological evidence is unearthed that reveals the truth about Druid sacrifice and tells the dramatic story of the Druids' bloody last stand against Rome's conquering legions. Iron Age ossuary A reconstruction of an Iron Age ossuary built out of human bones in Ribemont, northern France. Sacred Groves The truth is revealed about the Druid and their powerful hold over the Celtic Britons, their role as revered medicine men, judges, fortune tellers and priests. Also, why the Roman conquerors were so determined to wipe them out as they became the center of British resistance against the Roman onslaught is unveiled. 1 comments Get Livefyre FAQ Sign in + Follow Post comment Link Newest | Oldest Scott Whitaker 5pts I want to watch this in the worst way. I will buy the dvd if it is available!


text:
201 First Street NE
Austin, MN
- View Map:
The first courthouse to be built in Austin was completed in 1868, 11 years after Austin became the county seat of Mower County. The building cost $6,450.
Eleven years later, the village of Ramsey made an unsuccessful attempt to secure the county seat. This may have led to the next Mower County Courthouse, built in Austin in 1884. The building, shown above in 1914, was three stories of red brick built over a high limestone basement in the Italianate style. A turreted Roman Renaissance and narrow dome rose above the central pavilion, whose one-story columned portico was approached by a grand flight of stairs. The building cost $64,817.
Additions in 1952 and 1966 eventually became the courthouse and the old building was demolished. The additions are flat, rectangular, two-story buildings made of pink Kasota limestone and gray Bedford stone from Indiana. The first section, 59 by 121 feet, has deep horizontal bands of windows on a long facade along the east side of the block. The 1966 section, with square windows randomly placed, is slightly larger and is perpendicular to the first with its narrow end to the east. A glass-fronted lobby, which acts as a connecting concourse, was recessed between.
In 1975, a one-story, city-county law enforcement center was added directly behind the width of this lobby. A remodeling project and addition, completed in the late 1990s, added courtroom, court administration, and law enforcement office space and changed the look of the main entrance.
Current view of the Mower County Government Center.
- Historical information adapted from "The First 100 Years... The Minnesota State Bar Association."
Return to Courthouse List

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Ten-year-olds prefer hourglass figures
A preference for hourglass figures emerges at about the age of 10 or 11. Younger children prefer thinner people, maybe because they mirror their own shape (Image: iStockphoto)
We were not born preferring women with figures like hourglasses and men who resemble inverted triangles, new Australian research shows.
Queensland researchers reporting in the Journal of Sex Research say these preferences emerge around the age of 10 or 11.
At age five and six young children prefer thin, straight up-and-down body shapes. But they develop an attraction to hourglasses and inverted triangles by the onset of puberty.
"The only strong conclusion is that these are not inborn preferences," said author Dr Virginia Slaughter of Queensland University's school of psychology, who supervised the paper by PhD student Jennifer Connolly.
Slaughter said it's unclear whether the development of adult body-shape preferences is related to hormonal changes or socialisation.
Scientists have shown that adults prefer curvy female bodies represented by a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7, where the waist is about 70% the circumference of the hips.
"Intuitively you know that's attractive. Women shaped like tubes don't tend to make it onto covers of magazines," she said.
There appears to be an evolutionary basis for this, she said, because the ratio corresponds with fitness and reproductive capability.
A waist-to-hip ratio of 0.9 is preferred in men.
Who do you prefer?
The researchers showed 511 Brisbane schoolchildren, aged six to 11, drawings of men and women with varying waist-to-hip ratios and body-mass index, a measure of bodyweight as it relates to height.
"We found that the preference for [a waist-to-hip ratio of] 0.7 in women and 0.9 in men emerged strongly around age 10 and 11," Slaughter said.
The bias wasn't evident among the five and six-year olds. But they showed a preference for thin figures, which probably most closely mirrored their own shape.
Slaughter said the release of pubertal hormones could trigger evolutionary pre-wired preferences for body shape.
"It could very well be that the preferences are biologically based and emerge around the time it becomes important to guide decisions about choosing mates," she said.
Alternately, children became interested in body shape around puberty and preferences could form in response to social norms.
Slaughter said understanding where ideas of physical attractiveness came from could prevent unhealthy physical ideals becoming entrenched, particularly in young people.
She said more studies were needed to determine if socialisation or biological factors determined the development of body-shape preferences.
Tags: sexual-health, biology


text:
How Does Sulfur Work on Lawns?
Lush, green lawns occasionally need a little help to perform their best. Sometimes, the nutrients that turf grasses need for healthy growth are present in the soil, but simply unavailable to the grass. When you apply sulfur to your lawn, it works to unlock these inaccessible nutrients from the soil so grass roots can absorb them.
Ideally, the soil pH for your lawn should be in the range of 5.5 to 7.0. However, the soil pH of most urban lawns is typically higher -- more alkaline -- than the nearby, native soil. Urban development is largely responsible for this unnatural shift. When houses, driveways and sidewalks are installed, the building materials include cement, which raises the soil pH by gradually leaching lime. When builders grade lots for new subdivisions, they scrape away the rich topsoil, which exposes the more alkaline, calcareous subsoil. Some municipal water sources contain high levels of bicarbonates, which also raises the soil pH.
If grass has a sulfur deficiency, it may show chlorotic symptoms that include yellowing, stunted growth and spindly blades. Sulfur is also a key player in adjusting soil pH. Microorganisms oxidize elemental sulfur and transform it into sulfuric acid, which lowers the soil's alkalinity and brings its pH toward the acidic range. During this process, sulfur helps to "unlock" iron's availability to grass. If the soil pH is too alkaline, grass roots cannot uptake iron, even if it is present in the soil. But when sulfur lowers an alkaline pH to the acid range, iron becomes more soluble and therefore more easily absorbed by grass roots.
Typically, the soil types that benefit from sulfur applications are sand, silt and loam. Sulfur is supplied by fertilizers in various forms, including ammonium sulfate, gypsum and ferrous sulfate. The University of Michigan offers guidelines for the amount of sulfur you may need to lower the pH of your soil. For example, you may need to add 0.4 to 5.8 pounds of elemental sulfur per 100 square feet, depending on the starting pH and how far you want to lower it.
Sulfur is not an immediate fix; typically, it works slowly in the soil. It should be applied according to soil-test recommendations because excesses may burn your lawn. An undesirable consequence of applying sulfur is the building of soluble salts, which can burn grass roots. Commonly, the salt buildup occurs in lawns with poor drainage. Before attempting to lower the soil pH or correct iron deficiencies with sulfur, correct any drainage problems so water flows freely from your lawn and there are no soggy areas.
- University of California IPM Online: Soil Amendments
- University of Minnesota Extension: Soil pH Modification
- Arizona Cooperative Extension Yavapai County: Backyard Gardener -- Essential Plant Nutrients
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension: Iron Chlorosis in Turfgrass
- Clemson Cooperative Extension: Fertilizing Lawns
Victoria Lee Blackstone is a horticulturist and a professional writer who has authored research-based scientific/technical papers, horticultural articles, and magazine and newspaper articles. After studying botany and microbiology at Clemson University, Blackstone was hired as a University of Georgia Master Gardener Coordinator. She is also a former mortgage acquisition specialist for Freddie Mac in Atlanta, GA.


Summary of The Rise of China and India
Blessing or Curse for the Advanced Countries?
Get the Report
The Rise of China and India summary
Trade with "Chindia" has been mostly a boon, except when it hasn't.
7 Overall
7 Importance
8 Innovation
5 Style
Not everyone believes that trade with emerging countries like China and India has been a good thing. Be it manufacturing auto parts, reading radiology scans or butchering chickens, no job seems immune to offshoring. Are advanced economies really better off trading with low-wage developing countries? Economist Livio Stracca crunches the numbers and offers some intriguing conclusions. While this statistically dense paper would have benefited from some editorial attention, getAbstract recommends it as a significant aid in understanding how trade between developed and developing economies affects employment and incomes in the rich world.
In this summary, you will learn
 - How the rising "North-South trade" affects employment and income growth in developed economies
 - Why "Chindia" trade hurts manufacturing jobs within advanced nations but not overall employment
 - Why "employment protection legislation" and a reliance on manufacturing lessen the benefits of trade for some advanced economies
Emerging countries have reshaped global trade flows to such an extent that, beginning in 2010, trade between advanced and emerging economies ("North-South trade") has outpaced trade among the advanced economies themselves ("North-North trade"). While the impact of these changes on advanced economies...
About the Author
Livio Stracca is an economist and senior adviser at the European Central Bank.
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Guidance on the meaning and impact of Pensions Legislation changes
Aries adds value by providing concise, technically accurate and easily accessible guidance for pensions providers, administrators and advisers.
Beyond the base-level information, Aries provides insight into the meaning and impact of pensions regulation. Difficult legislative provisions are properly expounded and set in context, so that you can grasp their significance and effectively interpret them for your company's pension operation.
No other provider delivers the breadth and depth of the Aries offer. Here is a practical example, your need-to-know guide on
Recent Determinations from the Pensions Ombudsman


text:
A sample of a bizarre crystal once considered unnatural may have arrived on Earth 15,000 years ago, having hitched a ride on a meteorite, a new study suggests.
The research strengthens the evidence that this strange "quasicrystal" is extraterrestrial in origin.
The pattern of atoms in a quasicrystal falls short of the perfectly regular arrangement found in crystals. Until January, all known quasicrystals were man-made. "Many thought it had to be that way, because they thought quasicrystals are too delicate, too prone to crystallization, to form naturally," study researcher Paul Steinhardt of Princeton University told LiveScience at the time.
Then researchers announced the presence of a natural quasicrystal in a meteorite found in the Koryak Mountains of Russia.. That meteorite was being kept in a museum in Italy. Now, on an expedition to the site where it was found in Russia, Steinhardt and his colleagues now have found more natural samples of quasicrystals for analysis.
Quasicrystals were first synthesized in a lab in 1982 by Israeli chemist Dan Shechtman, whose work won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2011. Regular crystals are made up of regular clusters of repeating atoms arranged in particular symmetries. Quasicrystals are orderly, too, but they do not exactly repeat themselves. If regular crystals are like boring bathroom tiles, quasicrystals are like complex tile mosaics.


text:
BLACKSBURG, Va., Sept. 26, 2012 – Virginia Tech's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the College of Engineering recently celebrated the opening of a shared laboratory that will be key to developing advanced technology for unmanned aerial and underwater vehicles.
The Kentland Experimental Aerial Systems Laboratory provides 2,000-square-feet of space for students and faculty members in both colleges to conduct research that will examine everything from the spread of airborne plant pathogens to the creation of more high-tech submarines. The lab will also be used to educate and train the next generation of agricultural scientists and engineers.
David Schmale, associate professor in the Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, leads a team that has developed small, unmanned aerial vehicles that sample microbes far above the Earth's surface. Some of these microbes have the potential to cause devastating plant diseases.
"An increased understanding of the dynamics of plant pathogens in the atmosphere is essential for establishing effective quarantine measures and mitigating potentially damaging events targeted at our nation's agriculture and food supply," Schmale said.
Craig Woolsey, associate professor and assistant department head for graduate studies in the College of Engineering, leads a team of researchers who work to improve the maneuverability and reliability of underwater vehicles.
"Suppose an unmanned, untethered submarine could be sent out to sea on its own to track the boundaries of El Nino. Such vehicles would have to use advanced control devices to perceive and respond appropriately to threats to their own safety, and more importantly, the safety of people and property," Woolsey said.
The new lab allows Schmale, Woolsey, and other researchers at Virginia Tech to investigate the increasing use of unmanned vehicles. How the military utilizes unmanned aerial vehicles for intelligence and surveillance is well documented, but recently proposed applications include land management, search and rescue, border security, disaster support, and crop biosecurity.
University officials at the dedication also credited Dwight Paulette, college farm coordinator, for supervising the building of the laboratory that adjacent to a paved airstrip at Kentland Farm. The following entities within Virginia Tech funded the $212,000 laboratory:
"The laboratory provides the opportunity for the colleges to strengthen their collaborative research efforts, and opens up opportunities for future funding," said Saied Mostaghimi, the Elizabeth F. Alphin professor and associate dean for research and graduate studies in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Nationally ranked among the top research institutions of its kind, Virginia Tech's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences focuses on the science and business of living systems through learning, discovery, and engagement. The college's comprehensive curriculum gives more than 3,100 students in a dozen academic departments a balanced education that ranges from food and fiber production to economics to human health. Students learn from the world's leading agricultural scientists, who bring the latest science and technology into the classroom.


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Carl Hudson
April 27, 2017 | Wine "Fun" Facts | Carl Hudson
How Many Calories Are In My Wine?
For a dry wine, the calorie calculation is relatively simple. Multiply the % Alcohol in the wine times the number of Ounces in the glass times 1.6. Here is the formula:
 % ABV x _TAG_ x 1.6 = Calories from alcohol
(ex., 6 oz of 13% ABV wine -- 13 x 6 x 1.6 = 125 calories)
Many folks consider themselves "math challenged," but almost everybody has a cell phone these days. And, those cell phones have a calculator. How hard is it to punch in 13 x 6 x 1.6? Surely you can do it.
Sugar contains about 114 calories per ounce (4 cal/gram). One sugar cube, about 0.1 oz, contains 9-10 calories. One teaspoon of sugar contains about 16 calories. A typical 12 oz can of Coca-Cola contains 1.55 oz of sugar (44 g) that deliver 176 calories. To determine the sugar calories in your glass of sweet wine, you need to know three things - number of Ounces, % ABV and percentage residual sugar (RS) in the wine. Here's the formula.
 _TAG_ x % RS x 1.14 = Calories from sugar
(ex., 6 oz of 2% RS wine -- 6 x 2 x 1.14 = 13.7 calories)
Now add in the calories from alcohol
 % ABV x _TAG_ x 1.6 = Calories from alcohol
Total calories then equal 13.7 from sugar + 125 from alcohol = 139 calories
Wines with higher RS, such as a typical white Zinfandel or a Port-style wine, have more calories from sugar to add to the calories from alcohol. Here are two examples.
 White Zin – typical 6% RS x 6 oz x 1.14 = 41 calories from sugar
 Determine calories from alcohol 13% ABV x 6 oz x 1.6 = 125 calories
 Add 41 cal + 125 cal, and that 6 oz glass of White Zin contains about 166 calories
Port – typical 10% RS x 4 oz x 1.14 = 46 calories from sugar
Determine calories from alcohol 20% ABV x 4 oz x 1.6 = 128 calories
Add 46 cal + 128 cal, and that 4 oz glass of Port contains about 174 calories
A direct comparison shows that ethyl alcohol has more calories per oz than sugar.
 Alcohol = 160 cal per oz (5.6 per gram) vs. Sugar = 114 cal per oz (4.0 per gram)
So, the next time your friend asks "Does drinking this glass of wine make me look fat?," whip out your cell phone calculator, do some quick math and deftly sidestep a direct answer to that question by showing your friend how many calories are in that glass of wine.
Calories in typical 6 oz tastings at 4.0 Cellars are:
Dry Wines - White or Red = 130-140 cal Sweet Wines = 160 cal
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text:
When you try to install Microsoft Windows Media Player 10 on a Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2-based computer, you may receive an error message that is similar to the following:
This version of Windows Media Technologies is incompatible with this version of Windows. For more information, view the information at the Microsoft web site.
This error occurs because the Windows Media Player 10 installer may cause data loss if it is installed to that system.
If the Windows Media Format 11 runtime is listed in Add or Remove Programs in Control Panel, this behavior is by design. You must first uninstall the Windows Media Format 11 runtime before you can install Windows Media Player 10. If you do not have the Windows Media Format 11 runtime present on the system, follow these steps to resolve this issue:
- Click Start, click Run, type explorer, and then click OK.
- Locate the Wmploc.dll file in the %systemroot%\ServicePackFiles\i386 folder, and then copy it to the %systemroot%\System32 folder.
Note The %systemroot% folder is the folder where you installed Microsoft Windows. Also, the %systemroot%\ServicePackFiles folder may not be present on the computer. In this case, you must manually search for the Wmploc.dll file on the computer, and then copy it to the %systemroot%\System32 folder. To do this, follow these steps:
- Click Start, and then click Search.
- Click All files and folders, and then type Wmploc.dll in the All or part of the file name box.
- In the Look in list, click My Computer, and then click Search.
- Locate the Wmploc.dll file in the list of files that are found, and then copy it to the %systemroot%\System32 folder.
- Install Windows Media Player 10.
Article ID: 914223 - Last Review: Feb 16, 2017 - Revision: 3


Three Kinds of Research Documents: Exploration, Explanation, Academic
by ozziegooen2 min read13th Feb 201918 comments
Aug 2020 Edit: Changed "Clarification" to "Exploration", thanks to a comment by Richard_Ngo
Epistemic Status: Low. This was a quick idea, but the grouping honesty doesn't work as well as I'd like. I still think it could be useful to some people though. Ideas appreciated.
Recently I have started writing more and have been trying to be more intentional with what I accomplish. Different documents have different purposes and it seemed useful to help clarify this. Here is a list of three specific different types I think are relevant on LessWrong and similar.
I see exploration posts as generally the first instance of information being written down. Here it is important to get the essential ideas out there and to create consensus around terminology among the most interested readers. In some cases, the only interested reader may be the author, who would use the post just to help cement their ideas for themselves.
Exploration posts may not be immediately useful and require later posts or context for them to make sense. This is typically fine. There's often not a rush for them to be understood. In many cases, there is a lot of possible information to write down, so the first step is to ensure it's out there, even if it's slow, hard to read, or doesn't much make sense until later.
I think of many of Paul Christiano's posts as exploration posts. They're very numerous and novel, but quite confusing to many readers (at least, to myself and several people I've talked to). Sometimes the terminology changes from one post to the next. I used to see this is somewhat of a weakness, but now it comes across to me as a pragmatic option. If he were to have tried to make all of this readable to the average LessWrong reader, there's likely no way he could have written a portion as much.
One important point here is that if something is a exploration post, then the main relevant feedback is on the core content, not the presentation. Giving feedback on the readability can still be useful, but it should be understood and expected that this isn't the main goal.
Explanation posts seek to explain content to people. The focus here is on accessibility. Often the main ideas are already documented somewhere, but the author thinks that they could do a better job explaining them to their intended audience.
I would categorize some of the recent posts on Embedded Agency as being explanatory. Some of them have very nice diagrams and are elegantly laid out. I believe much of the content comes from earlier work that was a lot more fragmented and experimental. Zhukeepa's recent overview of Paul Christiano's work also is a good example.
Academic documents, as I interpret them, aim to be acceptable to the academic community or considered academic. Some attributes that typically go along with this include:
 - The academic article structure
 - Citations, generally of other academic works
 - Discussion of how work fits in with existing academic literature
 - A high level of rigor and completeness
 - An expectation that the main terms and ideas won't change much
 - PDF formatting
There can definitely be a lot of signaling going on here. Many people see academic seeming articles as substantially more trustworthy and impressive than other works.
That said, I feel like there are some useful attributes to these works besides signaling. For one, it's a format well suited to interfacing with the academic world. Interfacing with the academic world can be quite valuable, especially in domains with substantial academic work. Also, the format has become popular for some valid reasons around robustness and context.
As an example, MIRI's official papers fit into this category.
Academic-oriented posts don't need to be PDFs. I would consider my post on Prediction-Augmented Evaluation Systems to partially be in this category, and several EA Forum posts to partially be in this category (examples here, here, and here.)
There are some documents that do a good job being both "academic" and "explanation." I think these should be considered a mix of both.
Further Thought
I think the main take away of this post is that some documents exist for the main purpose of exploration, and should be understood as such. I myself currently have a lot of ideas I want to write down and intend to focus on exploration posts for a while.
The distinction between explanatory and academic documents doesn't seem as novel nor as elegant to me. I'd be really curious if readers can post in the comments with improvements on this ontology or better examples.
18 comments, sorted by Highlighting new comments since Today at 4:37 PM
New Comment
It seems backwards that the first kind of writing (where readability isn't the main goal) is called "clarification", since Google defines it as "the action of making a statement or situation less confused and more comprehensible" and gives "explanation" as a synonym.
After spending some time with a dictionary/thesaurus, I think "description", "delineation", or "sketch" might be a better term for it?
Yeah this through me quite a bit
Thanks for the ideas!
I was also hesitant to use "clarification", but do kind of think about it as one "clarifying" their messy thoughts on paper, and clarifying them with a few people. I feel like "sketch" implies incompleteness, which is not exactly the case, and description and delineation are not descriptive enough.
Some other related terms. Blueprint, survey, first pass, embryonic, pioneering, preliminary, germinal, prosaic.
I was also hesitant to use "clarification", but do kind of think about it as one "clarifying" their messy thoughts on paper, and clarifying them with a few people.
Ok, that makes some sense, but the usage still conflicts strongly with the everyday usage of "clarification", in a way that's likely to cause a lot of confusion. Consider if someone says "Please read this clarification of my idea." Wouldn't the listener naturally (if they didn't know the speaker was using "clarification" in your sense) think that the document was written with readability as a main goal?
description and delineation are not descriptive enough
I think in contrast, the downsides of "description" and "delineation" are not nearly as high as that of "clarification". That is, if the listener didn't know the specific intended meaning of "description" or "delineation" at least they won't end up confused.
Agreed that "clarification" is confusing. What about "exploration"?
I like exploration. Could also see synonyms of exploration. "discovery", "disclosure", "origination", "introduction"
I finally got around to changing this. I came back to this article, also was confused by "clarification" when I first skimmed it. I agree more now that it was a pretty poor word to use originally, apologies!
There are good non-signaling reasons for academic documents being the way that they are. Consider the following properties of academia:
 - A field is huge, such that it is very hard to learn all of it
 - The group of people working on the field is enormous, requiring decentralized coordination
 - Fields of inquiry take decades, meaning that there needs to be a way of onboarding new people
Consider how you might try to write explanatory posts for such a group that are shorter than books, and I suspect you'll recover many of the properties of academic articles (perhaps modernized, e.g. links instead of citations).
I had a thought. One way to make this taxonomy more robust might be to use your RAIN framework to talk about the types of tradeoffs each document is trying to make (while assuming that all posts are trying to optimize for importance)
Clarification posts: aim to optimize novelty at the expense of robustness and accessibility.
Explanatory posts: aim to optimize accessibility and robustness at the expense of novelty.
Academic posts: aim to emphasize robustness at the expense of accessibility and novelty
Some other categories this suggests:
Meme spreading/popularization: emphasizes accessibility at the expense of novelty and robustness.
Original research: aim to emphasize robust and novelty at the expense of accessibility.
Exploratory/Speculation posts: Aim to optimize novelty and accessibility at the expense of robustness.
I really like this formulation, will consider the specifics more. It kind of reminds me of Pokemon types or Guilds in Magic.
I've been working on mapping explanation-space and have identified 3 areas of decomposition, the how-why-what axis corresponding to levels of analysis (Marr, et al), the temporal axis delineating past, future, and now as a special moment of causal intervention, and the variance-invariance axis.
That sounds interesting, I look forward to eventually reading more about it, if that is published online.
I would challenge this post that a good document should do all three. Preferably at the same time (although not always possible or easy).
What about short technical reports / forum posts like the original "All Mathematicians are Trollable: Divergence of Naturalistic Logical Updates"? It's short, doesn't have any references, doesn't hold your hand with much background like academic articles do. On the other hand it contains more detailed information than "An Untrollable Mathematician Illustrated".
Is this a clarification post because it's the first example of an idea?
Good question. It's more technical than most of the ones I was considering and I have a harder time judging it because I haven't really gone through it. I think with pure-math posts the line is blurry because if


The first few things one may have in mind when thinking about Zakat are money, silver, gold and the zakat or sadaqah of fitr after Ramadan.
Nevertheless we find that zakat must also be paid from some kinds of cereals and some kinds of cattle etc. while it is excluding others for example I couldn't find any statement saying that we must pay zakat from horses while Allah says:
were almost all these things are mentioned and all these things are not only enjoyment of worldly life, but also considered as wealth.
For example having a stable full of horses or having a garage full of cars looks like a big wealth on which zakat would be a profit for many poor Muslims. But it seems paying zakat from horses is explicitly rejected in the sunnah and a qiyas (analogy) on cars wouldn't therefore make sense.
Is there any explanation for the concept of what makes an item due to zakat and what not?
Certainly most of these things are predefined in the sunnah and some in the Qur'an. But why for example is there no application of qiyas in cases such as platinum or diamonds which both are also considered as wealth and some may even consider platinum as the new "gold".
I know that for a person who is earning from selling these would need to pay zakat so these kinds of examples should be excluded as indirect Zakat on these items.
Maybe a better formulation of my question is:
Why some kinds of wealth are due for zakat while others are not? And to what extent can some become a due via analogy (qiyas)?
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
The charts below show the Medical research funding amount in millions of Dollars in Someland and also shows the death number for this area.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graphs below.
Write at least 150 words.
Sample Answer 1:
The graphs compare the number of deaths caused by six diseases in Someland in 1990 and the amount of research funding allotted to each of those diseases. It can be clearly seen that the amount of research funding in many cases did not correlate with the seriousness of the disease in terms of numbers of deaths.
In 1990, about 0.2 million people died from AIDS, 0.1 million from leprosy and 0.3 million from tropical diseases. The death count in this year in Someland was 0.5 million from diarrhoea, 0.4 million from malaria and 1.8 million deaths from TB. These figures can be contrasted with the amount of funding allocated for each disease. In 1990, 180 million dollars were used for researching ailments for AIDS, which was the highest amount. This year 80 million was spent for leprosy research, 79 million for tropical diseases, 60 million for diarrhoea. Somelander authority spent 50 million dollars for malaria research and allowed TB research 20 million dollars, the lowest amount in researching diseases.
In summary, it is clear that funding allocation for disease research in Someland is not wholly determined by the number of deaths for which each disease is responsible in a given year.
(This model answer can be followed as an example of a very good answer. However, please note that this is just one example out of many possible approaches.)
Model Answer 2:
The diagrams present data on the medical research funding for six deadly diseases in Someland as well as the deaths caused by those diseases in 1990. A glance at the charts reveals that there was a correlation between the amount spent on researching a disease and the casualties it causedthe higher funding generally produced a better result, at least for AIDS and TB.
According to the illustration, the highest medical research budget was allowed for AIDS, around 175 million and in 1990 the death count in Someland from AIDS was 0.25 million, more than death from Leprosy but fewer than fatalities caused by any other diseases. Again, the lowest research budget was for TB (roughly 25 million) and around 1.75 million people died from this illness, the highest casualties from any disease in Someland in 1990. Medical research reserves for Leprosy and Tropical Diseases were exactly the same, approximately 70 million but deaths from the later disease were noticeably higher. A similar trend could be observed in the cases of Diarrhoea and Malaria, which received around 60 and 50 million respectively for medical research and were responsible for 0.5 and 0.35 million deaths in Someland.


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Roaring River State Park, nestled among the hills of southern Barry County near Cassville, draws visitors from across Missouri and neighboring states. Although the 4,093-acre park offers camping and hiking opportunities, its main appeal is trout fishing.
Roaring River Hatchery, which is operated by the Missouri Department of Conservation, produces more than 250,000 rainbow and brown trout each year. Most of those fish end up in the upper 1.7 miles of Roaring River that is within the park boundaries. The stream originates at Roaring River Spring—one of the park's many scenic features. The 20 million gallons of cool water that flow from the spring daily make trout rearing and trout fishing possible at the park.
A Natural Choice The spring—and the cool water that gushes from it—prompted Roland Edward Bruner to construct the first trout hatchery at the site in 1910. Bruner was born in 1860 in Pennsylvania and later moved to Wellsville, Kansas, where he married Hannah McLain in 1883. Among his many careers, he was a miner and progressed from prospector to president of the Anaconda–Arizona Mining Company. His business took him around the country, including the Ozarks. He also traveled to Colorado, where he became interested in rainbow trout, not so much in how to catch them but in how to raise them.
The fish hatchery Bruner built included a small hatchery building on the northwest corner of the spring pool's dam and several raceways.
Bruner started with trout that were shipped by railroad from Colorado to Monett about 25 miles to the north. He put a tank on his pre-1910 model truck to carry the trout from the railroad landing to Roaring River, a trip which included seven miles of extremely poor roads.
Much of the information on Roaring River's early days comes from Roland and Hannah's granddaughter, Betty Bruner Layton, who lived in the park until she was 5 years old. Before the U.S. entered World War I, her father, Roland Bruner Jr., left college at the University of Missouri in 1916 and joined the American Field Service in France to fight the Germans. He was wounded and returned to the U.S. in 1917. He came to Roaring River to heal and to help his father with his hatchery.
Roaring River was self-sufficient in those days. Betty remembers guests picking out trout in the raceway near the hotel for dinner. The restaurant would prepare the trout and serve it with a watercress


text:
- 1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels
- 1 cubic metre = 1 kilolitre = 35.315 cubic feet
- throughout the text one thousand million (109) is referred to as one billion, and one million million (1012) as one trillion
- 1 barrel = 0.159 kilolitres
- 1 cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic metres
- 1 PJ = 887.41 million cubic feet*
- 1 PJ of sales gas = 171.977 thousand barrels of oil equivalent*
- 1 tonne of LPG = 8.458 barrels of oil equivalent*.
* the values are approximate because the quality of any fuel varies with time, location, temperature, composition, etc.
Topic contact: _EMAIL_ Last updated: May 31, 2012


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The Assistant Trainmaster is responsible for supervising, scheduling and training, train & yard crews, dispatchers, and other train personnel as required, while ensuring compliance with railroad rules and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations by company employees who perform functions under these categories; the ATM is also responsible for assisting in various railroad rules classes, creation & editing of railroad operating documents, FRA reports as directed, and any other duties as required.
- Fully understand and support Xanterra Mission Statement and Core Values.
- Maintain flexibility and completes responsibilities while maintaining level of acceptable performance to complete tasks, safety rules and procedures.
- Recognizes, reacts and reports safety hazards. Follows company safety rules and procedures and standard safety practices.
- Assists GCR Trainmaster with managing Department of Transportation/Federal Railroad Administration reporting programs.
- Ability to communicate intelligently, professionally, and positively with all levels of staff or passengers especially relating to safety issues or when involved with emergency situations.
- Manages multiple priorities and tasks. Maintains flexibility in carrying out daily job duties and able to organize and prioritize tasks.
- Understands and complies with policies, procedures, philosophies, rules and regulations governing the safety and delivery of services to passengers and conducting railroad transportation.
- Establishes and maintains effective working relationships with coworkers and other departments demonstrating a teamwork orientation with co-workers and supervisors.
- Administers railroad rules classes and tests, one-on-one training of employees, and observing employee performance to determine level of qualification and implements remedial or corrective training.
- Performs duties in an office environment, works proficiently with computers, software and relevant equipment.
- May require working positions qualified for (Engineer, Dispatcher, Conductor, or PM Foreman).
- Available to work scheduled days, and be available on call during the evenings, weekends and holidays as call-outs occur.
- ATM performs all duties without being under the influence of any medication or drug affecting sensory or judgmental ability, and is subject to drug and alcohol testing pursuant to company and DOT/FRA requirements.
- Create and maintain work schedules, Kronos timekeeping, time off requests and hours of service.
- The ATM exercises discretion and/or independent judgment in performance of duties and makes on the spot judgments and satisfactorily resolves situations.
- Works safely with little or no direct supervision.
- Plans and directs others to ensure safe and efficient railroad operations.
- Actively supervises, coaches and trains employees, including directing proper department orientation and training of newly hired employees.
- Responsible for actively and positively resolving employee conflict within area of responsibility & administering consistent disciplinary action when necessary.
- Other duties as assigned.
- Current or previous Locomotive Engineer Certification
- Minimum 3 years previous railroad experience in a supervisory position.
- Must possess a valid and clear Arizona Driver's License and comply GCR Special Instructions and the Xanterra/GCR Vehicle Policy.
- First Aid/CPR certification.
- Bi-lingual English/Spanish skills
- Verbal comprehension (Understand oral and written communications--both general and technical)
- Communication skills (provide clear instructions/directions)
- Reasoning skills (problem solving and troubleshooting skills)
- Mechanical aptitude
- Work safely to prevent on the job accidents and injuries
- Works safely and efficiently to ensure company equipment is safely secured at all times.
- Wear protective equipment such as hard hat, hearing protection, safety-toe boots and safety glasses as required by the job duties.
- Work hours may include a nonstandard workweek, overtime, and various shift work
- Complete annual training and pass safety rules examination
- Requires random testing for drugs and/or alcohol
- Must pass all required assessments
- May require a post-offer medical examination, including drug and physical capabilities test
- Work outside in all weather conditions, in confined spaces, and on occasion at elevated heights.
- May be exposed to fumes and oils on a daily basis
- Heavy work, lifting and pulling up to 70 pounds occasionally and up to 100 pounds on a rare basis
- Stoop/bend/kneel/crouch/balance/climb on an occasional basis.
- Walking long distances over uneven terrain
- Ability to recognize and interpret audible, visual and olfactory conditions, signals and warnings. Ability to distinguish colors, signals, or signs from a distance and at night or in poor lighting conditions.
- Exposure to equipment that intensifies the heat factor on an occasional basis


text:
Oranges are the best citrus source of vitamin C, right?
Yes. One medium orange has about 70 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C, nearly enough to meet your basic daily needs. But ounce for ounce, lemons actually contain the most (77 mg in 3.5 ounces), followed by oranges (53 mg), pink grapefruit (37 mg), white grapefruit (33 mg), limes (29 mg), and tangerines (27 mg). The exact amount depends on where the fruit was grown, how it was handled, and even where on the tree it was located.
What else is in citrus?
Citrus fruits are a good source of folate and potassium, with small amounts of magnesium, calcium, and other nutrients. They are often rich in fiber notably pectin, a soluble fiber that helps lower cholesterol. One medium orange has 3 grams of fiber. They also contain dozens of phytochemicals, including carotenoids and limonoids. Citrus flavonoids such as hesperetin (in oranges), naringin (in grapefruit), and tangeritin (in tangerines) have been shown in lab studies to have cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Red/pink grapefruit is one of the best sources of the carotenoid lycopene.
Is citrus juice better than the whole fruit?
A cup of citrus juice has more vitamin C than a piece of whole fruit because it is concentrated (it takes nearly a pound of oranges to make a cup of juice). But it is also higher in sugar and caloriesand lacks the fiber of the whole fruit. A glass of orange or grape-fruit juice is a good way to start the day (especially if it's fortified with calcium), but it is better to eat whole fruit, which has less effect on blood sugar and is more filling. Fresh OJ is slightly higher in C and other nutrients than juice made from concentrate.
Is the peel good for you, too?
Yes. Many of the substances in the pulp are also in the peel, though you're not likely to eat much of it. The peel consists of two parts: the inner spongy white albedo, which is the primary source of pectin, and the outer flavedo (or zest), where carotenoid pigments and fragrant volatile oils are found. Some nutrients in the pulp, such as vitamin C and folate, are also found in the peel.
Why are some oranges tinged with green?
Oranges grow in warm climates but need cool nights to turn orange. If nights are warm, oranges can remain slightly green. Another factor is re-greening, when fully developed oranges absorb some of the chlorophyll produced by the tree and turn partly green again. These oranges are extra-ripe and often sweeter. To make oranges uniformly orange, producers often expose them to ethylene (a harmless gas that some fruits naturally release) or treat them with vegetable dye. Whatever the color, oranges are always picked when mature and do not ripen further off the tree.
Do citrus fruits help reduce kidney stones?
There's some evidence that orange juice and lemonade may reduce the risk of certain kinds of stones (calcium stones) by boosting citrate levels in the urine. However, grapefruit juice may, according to preliminary studies, increase the risk. Follow your doctor's advice.
What is the grapefruit/drug effect?
Grapefruit and its juice can boost blood levels of certain medications to potentially dangerous levels. Substances in the fruitpossibly naringin, a flavonoid that provides the tart tasteinhibit an enzyme in the small intestine that helps break down the drugs. The interaction happens fast and can last 24 hours or longer. But it's highly unpredictable, varying from person to person and even from grapefruit to grapefruit. If you take medication and consume citrus, check with your doctor or pharmacist. The drugs include many cholesterol-lowering statins, as well as certain calcium channel blockers (for high blood pressure), tranquilizers, anti-histamines, and HIV drugs. Seville oranges (sour like grapefruit) may have a similar effect, as may pomelos and tangelos.
Can grapefruit help you lose weight?
It's a myth that grapefruit contains a special enzyme that digests and burns fat and promotes weight loss. While there are no such fat-burning substances, grapefruit is low in calories (40 in half a medium fruit) and filling, which is why it may help some people lose weight.


text:
5.9 Reference List Markup
Many sections include a list of references to module documentation
or external documents. These lists are created using the
\seealso environment. This environment defines some
additional macros to support creating reference entries in a
The \seealso environment is typically placed in a section
just before any sub-sections. This is done to ensure that
reference links related to the section are not hidden in a
subsection in the hypertext renditions of the documentation.
This environment creates a ''See also:'' heading and defines the
markup used to describe individual references.
For each of the following macros, why should be one or more
complete sentences, starting with a capital letter (unless it
starts with an identifier, which should not be modified), and
ending with the apropriate punctuation.
These macros are only defined within the content of the
Refer to another module. why should be a brief
explanation of why the reference may be interesting. The module
name is given in name, with the link key given in
key if necessary. In the HTML and PDF conversions, the
module name will be a hyperlink to the referred-to module.
Note: The module must be documented in the same
document (the corresponding \declaremodule is required).
Refer to an Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP). number
should be the official number assigned by the PEP Editor,
title should be the human-readable title of the PEP as
found in the official copy of the document, and why should
explain what's interesting about the PEP. This should be used
to refer the reader to PEPs which specify interfaces or language
features relevant to the material in the annotated section of the
Refer to an IETF Request for Comments (RFC). Otherwise very
similar to \seepep. This should be used
to refer the reader to PEPs which specify protocols or data
formats relevant to the material in the annotated section of the
Add arbitrary text text to the ''See also:'' list. This
can be used to refer to off-line materials or on-line materials
using the \url macro. This should consist of one or more
Add a reference to an external document named title. If
url is given, the title is made a hyperlink in the HTML
version of the documentation, and displayed below the title in
the typeset versions of the documentation.
References to specific on-line resources should be given using
the \seeurl macro. No title is associated with the
reference, but the why text may include a title marked
using the \citetitle macro.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.


Can You Over Tighten With A Torque Wrench?
How is tightening torque calculated?
The Torque/Tension Equation is a method used to estimate the torque/tension relationship in an assembly.
T = (K D P)/12 can be used to developt a torque value that will achieve a certain tension or clamp load..
Is it bad to over torque head bolts?
When you overtorque above 15% of recommended which in this case would be about 95 ft/lbs you basically turn the fastener into a rubber band. Some of the fasteners will stretch and you will have uneven torque. Add heat and pressure and head gasket blows and the head can even warp.
Is code for bolt tightening torque?
10 Snug Tight – The level of tightness attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or by the full efforts of a man using a Standard/ podger spanner or a spud wrench. Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform to IS 3757 : 1985, IS 6623 : 1985 and IS 6649 : 1985 respectively.
How tight should wheel nuts be?
My advice is to initially torque to about 25 ft lbs, which is about hand tight with a small ratchet or holding the supplied lug wrench near the head and twisting with one hand. The arc from 25 to the specified setting, usually 75 to 110 ft lbs is about 90 degrees.
How do you know if a bolt is tight enough?
One convention is to follow the "snug-tight" method where bolts are tightened until first sign of resistance and then given another quarter turn. Another convention is to use direct tension indicators. Direct tension indicators are washers that have small protrusions on them.
What happen if it is excessive torque applied?
Excessive torque Yet too much torque is equally harmful, damaging the nylon or plastic within some tensioners or idler pulleys, as well as the bearing, or damaging the screw thread of the bolt or nut in question.
Is it OK to hand tighten lug nuts?
If you're changing a flat tire, or dealing with some other emergency, you won't always have your torque wrench on hand when you need to tighten a wheel. … Then when you are safe at home, it's best to loosen the nuts and re-tighten them using a torque wrench.
How should a torque wrench be left after use?
Storage: All torque instruments should be stored in their original case. Avoid any torque wrench storage locations that are subject to high or low temperatures and high humidity. "Clicker" style torque wrenches should always be turned down and stored at the torque wrenches lowest possible setting.
How is tightening torque of a bolt calculated?
Axial Force Ff, by using Equation(1) Ff=0.7× y×As 0.7×112×20.1 1576[kgf] A bolt is tightened by torque, torque inclination, rotating angle, stretch measurement and other methods. The torque method is widely used due to its simplicity and convenience. Root Diameter d1 The dowel pin must not be loaded.
Should you double click a torque wrench?
Double checking your torque is never a bad thing. By double clicking, you are allowing the fastener to rest for a second, then you are back at it to get the proper amount of torque there.
At what torque will a bolt break?
If you add 33% to the torque figure listed, that should tell you the torque required to snap it. For example, if it takes 75 ft/lbs to torque to 75% yield, add 33% (25 ft/lbs) to get to the 100% yield (breakage) figure.
What happens if you dont torque head bolts?
If the head isn't torqued down properly, then the most likely failure is of the head gasket, which could lead to loss of compression, the mixing of oil and coolant, exhaust gases getting into the oil ways or cooling channels, erosion of the cylinder head, overheating and warping of the cylinder head.
What should you not do with a torque wrench?
Users should never put a pipe or any other kind of extension onto a torque wrench handle as doing so can seriously damage the tool and make it inaccurate, never mind the potential safety hazard.
How accurate are click torque wrenches?
between 3 and 5%The accuracy of clicker wrenches should be between 3 and 5%, depending upon the manufacturer. And as with any other tool under ISO 6789, they should be calibrated at a minimum of every 12 months.
How tight should car wheel nuts be with a torque wrench?
New wheels should be re-torqued after the first 50 to 100 driving miles.Hardware Bolt or Stud SizeTypical Torque Range in Ft/LbsMinimum Number of Turns of Hardware Engagement14 x 1.25 mm85 – 9097/16 in.70 – 8091/2 in.75 – 8589/16 in.135 – 14583 more rows
What happens if I over torque my wheel nuts?
Excessively tightened lug nuts can strip the threads, distort brake rotors, damage the wheel, and possibly shear off the lug stud. Insufficiently tightened lug nuts can come loose, with catastrophic consequences.
Can you over tighten bolts?
Yes, you can over-tighten a bolt, but doing so is unlikely. Most bolts come with instructions that the bolt's maximum torque.


text:
Tech Researcher Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Eruptions and the Atmosphere, Aug. 21, 2008
By Thomas Guengerich
Right: Nelia Dunbar explains the finer details of her electron microprobe laboratory at New Mexico Tech.
SOCORRO, N.M., Aug. 21, 2008 – New Mexico Tech researcher Nelia Dunbar is uncovering ancient secrets about global climate by studying the chemical composition of volcanic ash in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Dunbar, a geochemist and lab director at New Mexico Tech, presented her findings at an Antarctic Earth Science meeting in Santa Barbara in August 2007, and again at a Geochemical Society meeting in Vancouver in early July 2008. Along with fellow researchers at New Mexico Tech and the University of Maine, Dunbar is using her laboratory sleuthing skills to find the record of volcanic eruptions in ice that preserves a record of fluctuations in global temperatures as far back as 100,000 years ago.
From November 2007 to January 2008 – that's summer in Antarctica –an army of scientists, engineers, technicians and students extracted a cylinder of ice from the 11,000-foot-thick ice sheet. The ice core is like a living record of precipitation, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gases and other naturally-occurring atmospheric particles.
Left: Nelia Dunbar points out the graphic interface software that makes the electron microprobe very user-friendly.
Dunbar's specialty is volcanology. She is using her knowledge of volcanic activity and processes and her laboratory acumen to help the nation's community of geologists and geophysicists deduce a broad picture of Earth's climatic movements over the eons.
"We're looking at specific layers of dust from specific volcanic eruptions," Dunbar said. "This ice core contains a frozen record of the earth's atmospheric history."
The ice core is expected to be the first section of an 11,000-foot column of ice detailing 100,000 years of Earth's climate history. So far, the first core of 1,800 feet has been drilled and transported to the National Ice Core facility in Denver.
The top section of ice can be visually broken down to year-by-year layers going back about 40,000 years. Below the first few hundred feet, however, the ice is too compressed to visually count the layers. At that point, other methods must be used to determine the age of the ice. One of the methods is to identify volcanic ash layers using an electron microprobe to identify the chemical profile of ash.
One main reason for drilling the ice core is to examine the history of atmospheric carbon-dioxide content and global temperatures over the last 100,000 years.
"The ice core contains a beautiful, detailed climate record," Dunbar said. "But we need to know when changes in the climate happened. The volcanic record helps us to understand the chronology of the core."
Right: Tech researchers – and husband-and-wife team – Nelia Dunbar and Bill McIntosh huddle in an ice cave on Antarctica.
New Mexico Tech researchers Matt Heizler and Bill McIntosh have built a state-of-the-art Argon Geochronology Lab, and one of the specialties of the lab is to date volcanic rocks,– by vaporizing the rocks with a laser beam.
When volcanic rocks are formed, many contain crystals that are made, in part, of the element potassium. Over time, the potassium decays to an isotope of argon at a known rate. By vaporizing the crystals and releasing the argon, McIntosh can analyze the argon to determine a rock's age. From a similar sample, Dunbar can determine the chemical composition of rocks associated with specific eruptions because each volcanic eruption has its own chemical signature.
The new WAIS ice core contains ash particles that are far too small and sparse to be dated in the Argon Lab. However, the chemical composition of the ash particles can be measured, and can be matched to ashes sampled found near the source volcanoes, where the deposits are thick and can be dated in the New Mexico Tech Argon Lab. Only Dunbar's lab sleuthing can truly determine the chemical composition – and, hence, the age – of the deeply buried layers of volcanic ash in the ice. From ash pieces as small as 10 microns (1/100th of a millimeter) found in the ice core, she can determine the chemical composition of the ash, then associate that composition with a known, dated, volcanic eruption in West Antarctica.
"It's a puzzle and that's why a lot of science is intriguing," Dunbar said. "We gather information, put it together and figure out something that you can't observe directly. By putting together the pieces of the puzzle that we find in this ice core, we can learn about ancient occurrences."
Nelia Dunbar talks on the radio while surveying a blue ice sheet on Antarctica.
Dunbar said the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide is one of the best spots on the planet to recover ancient ice containing trapped air bubbles – samples of the Earth's atmosphere as old as 100,000 years.
Finding good places to sample volcanic ash near a source volcano in West Antarctica can be challenging, because of the thick ice cover over most of the area. However, at certain locations on the ice sheet, ancient deposits of volcanic ash have been lifted to the surface by natural flows. In the summit crater of an extinct West Antarctic volcano, Mount Moulton, Dunbar and colleagues located and sampled a section of such ice.
"It's the Rosetta Stone of volcanic ash," she said. "We found a blue ice field on Mount Moulton where the ice has captured evidence of 40 separate and distinct eruptions of a nearby active volcano, Mount Berlin."
Using the New Mexico Tech argon lab, McIntosh has dated a number of well-preserved crystals.
Scientists at the University of Maine are slowly, painstakingly dismantling and analyzing the ice core. When they find a layer of ash, they preserve a piece for Dunbar.
"This ice is very precious," Dunbar said. "They can't give me a huge section. They take a little portion of ice from that horizon of the core, melt it, filter it and send me the filter paper which has trapped the volcanic ash."
Dunbar can then remove the ash and place it in an epoxy disk about 1-inch across. She then polishes the disk, which can be placed in the electron microprobe.
That device works like a microscope, but uses electrons instead of light. A microprobe can determine the chemical composition of a 1 micron spot on a sample – a feat no other instrument can do. The electron microprobe also can show spatial resolution of chemical variability on a sample surface.
In 1996 New Mexico Tech became the first university in the nation to install a Cameca SX-100 electron microprobe. The $400,000 instrument – which costs about $750,000 today – is now a staple of research universities. The device functions as both a microscope and a mass spectrometer, providing an image of tiny objects and determining the objects' chemical composition.
Dunbar needs at least six ash fragments from one layer to get a good chemical fingerprint. She prefers to analyze up to 30 fragments to minimize the possibility of natural contamination.
"We want a good, homogeneous, population of ash to look at the chemical composition," Dunbar said. "If you find a single, random ash shard from South America, you would get the wrong impression. This shard might have been blown in by wind, rather than being brought by the volcanic eruption. Some eruptions have a very simple chemical composition, while others have a range. We can look at a chemical analysis and say it's homogenous or we might find a sample that's chemically variable."
Dunbar is using her laboratory wizardry to help the scientific community expand its understanding of the past.
Scientists from more than 30 universities and government agencies around the nation are studying different aspects of the WAIS ice core – natural dust, biological materials, carbon-dioxide levels, methane levels and many other aspects.
"Each investigator offers information on a different aspect of the core," Dunbar said. "You put it all together and you get a very complete picture of what Earth's climate was doing. … No one person can do all that. That's why it's so multi-faceted."
Together, they are putting together a large puzzle. In October, they will all convene in Denver to share their preliminary findings at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Project.
"Scientists get together and share papers. There's a huge amount of discussion. It's exciting because we're presenting data that is hot off the presses," she said.
While other ice cores from Greenland have been used to develop longer records of Earth's atmosphere, the record from Dunbar's expedition will allow a more detailed study of the interaction of previous increases in greenhouse gases and climate change. Eventually, this information will improve computer models that are used to predict how the current high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by human activity might influence future climate, she said.
– NMT –


Sister group
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree.[1] It is a term in cladistics.
The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A, is C.
References[change | change source]
 1. Eernisse, D.J. "Introduction to phylogeny: what is a sister taxon?". Biology 404 - Evolution. Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved 4 January 2012. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)


Why Do People Enjoy Q?
Why do people like mathematics?
This can be a question that has puzzled mathematicians and researchers. No body has come up with a definitive answer yet, although All of them think they have the clear answer. There really are some matters we could study on the study of why folks like math.
To begin with, they enjoy mathematics, should you inquire a math student, they are going to essay paper ordinarily say that it is just plain pleasure. countless skilled mathematicians who've studied math for years have impressed students. It creates them feel as they are doing some thing that makes a gap in modern society.
Some students also love math because it helps them to discover the beauty of numbers. They have found that if they can find connections between different numbers, then they can connect things like colors, numbers, relationships and more. They use numbers to connect to the world around them. Numbers also make them feel like pay for essay they are on the right track.
If a student will not be able to explain what makes them like mathematics, then they may think that they are not good at it. Some pupils take extra lessons to get better grades. Other individuals elect to perform mathematics or other courses simply to impress their educators. Some college students come to be fanatical about making certain that they're good at all they do, including the things that they do not enjoy.
Finally, some students love math because it helps them learn what they need to know for life. If they don't like math, then they might not know what they need to know. Math helps students _URL_ to understand how to balance their lives and lead a fulfilled life.
Is the fact that mathematics is loved by every one, however some such as it others. Because they enjoy looking at amounts, some are like me and enjoy mathematics. The others just love numbers and their perfect variety.
If you find you like mathematics instead of just numbers, then you'll like it. Make sure you believe about why you like math therefore that you are able to improve at it.
The answer to the inquiry,"Why would people enjoy mathematics?" Could surprise you.


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Any responsible pet owner knows that owning pets, especially dogs, is a big responsibility. However, in Costa Rica there is a big dog dilemma.
With thousands of puppy mills, so-called breeders, and pet shops throughout the island nation, dogs are everywhere, yet sadly, an estimated one million dogs are released to the streets each year by owners no longer able to or perhaps no longer want to care for them.
Just as in many other countries, dogs in Costa Rica are used as status symbols, given as gifts to children and loved ones, and brought in as companions. However, when the novelty wears off and the dogs grow, often without proper training or space to live, they can become more work than their owners think they are worth, and the dogs are thrown out into the street.
Dogs once welcomed into homes are just as quickly left to fend for themselves on the streets and even given a new name, "callejeros" or "street dogs".
Animals rescue workers have long urged residents to carefully consider bringing a pet into their home, and to never buy from pet stores, as many of the dogs come from puppy mills that continue to mistreat and over breed dogs, that as many now see just wind up on the streets.
During a recent National Geographic Channel documentary, "Dog Whisperer" Cesar Milan traveled to with Last Chance for Animals (LCA) to take a look inside puppy mills. Lat year, the Cesar Milan Foundation and LCA teamed up to create a PSA in Costa Rica tilted, "Adopt, Don't Shop."
See the Spanish-language PSA here.


text:
St. Louis, MO (PRWEB) June 29, 2012
The St. Louis County Library is pleased to present military historian and Missouri University of Science and Technology professor John C. McManus for a discussion and signing of his book "September Hope: The American Side of a Bridge Too Far" on Tuesday July 31, at 7:00 p.m. at St. Louis County Library Headquarters, 1640 S. Lindbergh Blvd.
The program is free and open to the public. Books will be available for purchase at the event from Barnes & Noble.
In "September Hope," acclaimed historian John C. McManus explores World War II's most ambitious invasion, an immense, daring offensive to defeat Nazi Germany before the end of 1944. Operation Market-Garden is one of the war's most famous, but least understood, battles, and McManus tells the story of the American contribution to this crucial phase of the war in Europe.
August 1944 saw the Allies achieve more significant victories than in any other month. Soviet armies annihilated more than twenty German divisions and pushed the hated enemy deep inside Poland. General Eisenhower's D-Day Invasion led to the liberation of France. Encouraged by these triumphs, British and American armored columns plunged into Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. The Germans were in disarray, overwhelmed on all fronts as Allied bombers pulverized their cities. Rumors swirled that the war would soon be over and that everyone would be home for Christmas.
Then came September, and Holland. On September 17, the largest airborne drop in military history commenced—including two entire American divisions. Their mission was to secure key bridges until British armored forces could relieve them. However, the Germans were much stronger than the Allies anticipated. In eight days of ferocious combat, they mauled the airborne and prevented the Allies from crossing the Rhine.
For the first time, using countless personal interviews, "September Hope" reveals the American perspective on one of the most famous and decisive battles of World War II.
John C. McManus earned a Ph.D. in American History and Military History from the University of Tennessee, where he served as assistant director of the Center for the Study of War and Society, helping oversee a project collecting the firsthand stories of American veterans of World War II. He is currently associate professor of U.S. military history at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He also currently serves as the official historian for the United States Army's Seventh Infantry Regiment.
Program sites are accessible. Upon two weeks notice, accommodations will be made for persons with disabilities. Contact St. Louis County Library by phone _PHONE_ or visit _URL_.


text:
The following are the spec and example files for
Version 7.3.4 NOTE: sourcetypes.conf is a machine-generated file that stores the document models used by the file classifier for creating source types. Generally, you should not edit sourcetypes.conf, as most attributes are machine generated. However, there are two attributes which you can change. There is a sourcetypes.conf in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/default/ To set custom configurations, place a sourcetypes..conf in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/. For examples, see sourcetypes.conf.example. You must restart Splunk to enable configurations. To learn more about configuration files (including precedence) please see the documentation located at _URL_
Use the [default] stanza to define any global settings. * You can also define global settings outside of any stanza, at the top of the file. * Each conf file should have at most one default stanza. If there are multiple default stanzas, attributes are combined. In the case of multiple definitions of the same attribute, the last definition in the file wins. * If an attribute is defined at both the global level and in a specific stanza, the value in the specific stanza takes precedence. _sourcetype = * Specifies the sourcetype for the model. * Change this to change the model's sourcetype. * Future sources that match the model will receive a sourcetype of this new name. _source = * Specifies the source (filename) for the model.
# Version 7.3.4 # # This file contains an example sourcetypes.conf. Use this file to configure # sourcetype models. # # NOTE: sourcetypes.conf is a machine-generated file that stores the document # models used by the file classifier for creating source types. # # Generally, you should not edit sourcetypes.conf, as most attributes are # machine generated. However, there are two attributes which you can change. # # To use one or more of these configurations, copy the configuration block into # sourcetypes.conf in $SPLUNK_HOME/etc/system/local/. You must restart Splunk # to enable configurations. # # To learn more about configuration files (including precedence) please see the # documentation located at # _URL_ # # This is an example of a machine-generated sourcetype models for a fictitious # sourcetype cadcamlog. # [/Users/bob/logs/bnf.x5_Thu_Dec_13_15:59:06_2007_171714722] _source = /Users/bob/logs/bnf.x5 _sourcetype = cadcamlog L----------- = 0.096899 L-t<_EQ> = 0.016473
This documentation applies to the following versions of Splunk® Enterprise: 7.3.4


text:
, sanitation control, etc.)
29 (L) High Places
What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to high places while performing this job? High Places (e.g., heights above 8 feet on ladders, poles, scaffolding, catwalks, etc.)
29 (R) Responsibility for Outcomes and Results
How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?
28 (D) High Places
If injury, due to exposure to high places, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? High Places (e.g., heights above 8 feet on ladders, poles, scaffolding, catwalks, etc.)
28 (D) Diseases or Infections
If injury, due to exposure to diseases/infection, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? Diseases/Infections (e.g., patient care, some laboratory work, sanitation control, etc.)
25 (F) Specialized Protective or Safety Attire
How often does the worker wear: Specialized protective or safety attire, such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suit, or radiation protection?
25 (F) Radiation
How often does this job require the worker to be exposed to radiation?
25 (F) Contaminants
How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Contaminants (pollutants, gases, dust, odors, etc.)?
25 (F) Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions
How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Cramped work space that requires getting into awkward positions?
20 (I) Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment
How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)
20 (D) Hazardous Situations
If injury, due to exposure to hazardous situations, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? Hazardous Situations involving likely cuts, bites, stings, or minor burns
17 (L) Diseases or Infections
What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to diseases/infections while performing this job? Diseases/Infections (e.g., patient care, some laboratory work, sanitation control, etc.)
17 (A) Degree of Automation
Indicate the level of automation of this job.
16 (I) Take a Position Opposed to Others
How important are interactions requiring the worker to: Take a position opposed to coworkers or others?
11 (L) Radiation
What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to radiation while performing this job?
10 (F) Whole Body Vibration
How often during a usual work period is the worker exposed to the following conditions: Whole body vibration (e.g., operating a jackhammer or earthmoving equipment)?
10 (F) Hazardous Equipment
How often does this job require the worker to be exposed to harardous equipment? Hazardous Equipment (e.g., saws, machinery/mechanical parts include exposure to vehicular traffic, but not driving a vehicle)
8 (D) Hazardous Equipment
If injury, due to exposure to hazardous equipment, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? Hazardous Equipment (e.g., saws, machinery/mechanical parts include exposure to vehicular traffic, but not driving a vehicle)
8 (D) Radiation
If injury, due to exposure to radiation, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome?
6 (L) Hazardous Equipment
What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to hazardous equipment while performing this job? Hazardous Equipment (e.g., saws, machinery/mechanical parts include exposure to vehicular traffic, but not driving a vehicle)
5 (F) Hazardous Conditions
How often does this job require the worker to be exposed to hazardous conditions? Hazardous Conditions (e.g., high voltage electricity, combustibles, explosives, chemicals; do not include hazardous equipment or situations)
4 (D) Hazardous Conditions
If injury, due to exposure to hazardous conditions, were to occur while performing this job, how serious would be the likely outcome? Hazardous Conditions (e.g., high voltage electricity, combustibles, explosives, chemicals; do not include hazardous equipment or situations)
3 (L) Hazardous Conditions
What is the likelihood that the worker would be injured as a result of being exposed to hazardous conditions while performing this job? Hazardous Conditions (e.g., high voltage electricity, combustibles, explosives, chemicals; do not include hazardous equipment or situations)
Interest elements are ranked by occupational interest.
Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.
Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.
Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.
Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.
Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.
Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.
Work values elements are ranked by extent.
60 Relationships-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.
58 Achievement-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
56 Support-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.
47 Working Conditions-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.
44 Recognition-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.
43 Independence-Mean Extent
Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employs to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
69 Moral Values
Workers on this job are never pressured to do things that go against their sense of right and wrong
66 Social Service
Workers on this job have work where they do things for other people
Workers on this job get a feeling of accomplishment
Workers on this job give directions and instructions to others
56 Company Policies and Practices
Workers on this job are treated fairly by the company
56 Supervision, Human Relations
Workers on this job have supervisors who back up their workers with management
Workers on this job have something different to do every day
56 Supervision, Technical
Workers on this job have supervisors who train their workers well
53 Social Status
Workers on this job are looked up to by others in their company and their community
53 Ability Utilization
Workers on this job make use of their individual abilities
Workers on this job do their work alone
Workers on this job have steady employment
Workers on this job make decisions on their own
Workers on this job have co-workers who are easy to get along with
Workers on this job are busy all the time
Workers on this job plan their work with little supervision
44 Working Conditions
Workers on this job have good working conditions
Workers on this job receive recognition for the work they do
Workers on this job are paid well in comparison with other workers
Workers on this job try out their own ideas
Workers on this job have opportunities for advancement
|DOT91 (Dictionary of Occupational Titles):||
379364014 Beach Lifeguard
379664010 Ski Patroller
|AIM97 (Apprenticeship Information Management):||
|CEN90 (1990 Census Occupations):||
427 Protective Service Occupations, N.E.C.
|CIP90 (Classification of Instructional Programs):||
430199 Criminal Justice and Corrections, Other
|GOE93 (Guide for Occupational Exploration):||
040203 Security Services: Law and Order
|MOC97 (Military Occupational Codes):||
|OES98 (Occupational Employment Statistics):||
63099 All Other Protective Service Workers
|OPM97 (Office of Personnel Management Occupations):||
1899 Investigation Student Trainee
|SOC98 (Standard Occupational Classification):||
33-9092 Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers


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Crappie, White
White Crappie
Oklahoma Distribution:
Now found statewide in many lakes and rivers, crappie were originally stream fish in Oklahoma. Both black crappie and white crappie do well in lakes of at least 500 acres. While black crappie require clear lakes, white crappie are adapted to slightly turbid lakes. Neither species is suited for farm ponds because they tend to over populate these small bodies of water.
The most distinguishing characteristic is the marking patterns or spots on the sides of the fish. A white crappie, the most prevalent crappie in the state, will have distinct vertical bands of blue/gray spots, whereas a black crappie will have only a sporadic, unrecognizable pattern to its black spots. There is also a difference in the number of bony spines in the dorsal fin. White crappie will have 5 to 6, whereas, black crappie will have 7 or 8.
Crappie are usually associated with standing timber and brushy cover in lakes. In the spring they inhabit the shallow ends of coves, later moving to water 15 or more feet deep.
Natural Food Sources:
 Minnows, shad, crayfish, mollusks and insects.
Spawning habits of white crappie are similar to other sunfishes except they usually nest in deeper water. Black crappie construct their nests and deposit their eggs at even greater depths than white crappie. Females of both species deposit from 3,000 to 15,000 eggs. Spawning occurs shortly after water temperatures reach 55 to 65 degrees F. After spawning, males guard the eggs and fry.
Crappie are a favorite winter fish in Oklahoma. They form loose schools and often when you find a school, others can be located close by. Crappie can be caught year-round and its sweet meat makes exquisite table fare. The average crappie caught in Oklahoma weighs between a half and one and a half pounds.
Check out fish caught here! Submit your catch online at The Dock!


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1C:Enterprise script is an important part of 1C:Enterprise technological platform because it provides developers with tools for describing custom applied solution algorithms.
The major features of 1C:Enterprise script are:
- preliminary compilation: modules that contain 1C:Enterprise script are converted into internal code before their execution;
- compiled modules are cached in memory;
- weak typing: a variable type is defined by the stored value and can change over time;
- no programming description of configuration objects: developers can use the objects that are built into the platform or applied solution objects created in a visual editor.
The methodology of applied solution creation defines 1C:Enterprise script purpose. Applied solutions based on 1C:Enterprise are never written in pure code. Developers create applied solutions mostly in visual editors. This includes creation of configuration objects and specifying their properties, presentation forms, interrelations, and so on. 1C:Enterprise script is only required for describing nonstandard behavior of applied solution objects and custom data processing algorithms.
Therefore, modules that contain 1C:Enterprise script are only used in certain situations that might occur at run time. These situations are called events. Events can be related to the functionality of applied solution objects or to the applied solution itself.
For example, the functionality of the applied solution object Catalog includes a set of events. One of them is BeforeWrite.
This event occurs before the catalog item data is written to the database. A developer can use 1C:Enterprise script to write an algorithm that checks whether the data entered by user is valid. By adding the algorithm to the appropriate module, the developer ensures that every time a user attempts to save a catalog item the platform will run the algorithm for checking whether the user filled all mandatory catalog attributes.
In other words, 1C:Enterprise script is a script language for describing business logic, and 1C:Enterprise script module calls are event-driven. Modules are executed when specific events occur in the applied solution.
Universal value collections
1C:Enterprise script includes a large variety of objects. Of course, applied objects form the most essential object group because they are used for describing business logic algorithms.
However, objects that store temporary user session data are also important. They usually serve for collecting, grouping, analyzing, and processing data.
Let us briefly review their functionalities.
A numbered collection of values that can have any type. You can access an array element by its index. An array element can be an array itself, which allows building multidimensional arrays.
A named collection that consists of key-value pairs. Keys always have string type and values can have any type. You can access a structure element by its key (i.e. by name). Structures are intended for storing a small number of values where each value has a unique name.
A collection of key-value pairs, similar to a structure, with the following difference: keys can have almost any type.
List of values
A list of values is intended mostly for interface tasks. Lists of values are used for building and managing dynamic value sets (which includes adding, editing, deleting, and sorting elements). They can store values of any type. Moreover, a single list can store values of different types.
For example, you can use a list of values for selecting a specific document from the list of documents generated using a complex algorithm.
A value table is used for building and managing dynamic value sets. It can store values of any type. A single table can store values of different types.
For example, you can use a value table for creating a presentation for a list of catalog items in a form, provided that the list of catalog items is generated using a complex algorithm.
A value tree is a dynamically generated set of values of any type, similar to a value table. Unlike value table rows, rows of a value tree can form hierarchical structures. Each tree row can have a set of subordinate rows, which, in turn, can also have subordinate rows, and so on. Searching for values, sorting, and getting totals can be performed either within the current hierarchy level or within the current level and all subordinate levels.
An object wrapper over multidimensional SAFEARRAY from COM. COMSafeArray is used for creating and managing SAFEARRAY instances for exchanging data between COM objects.
An array that cannot be changed. It is filled by the platform during the initialization of objects of this type. Alternatively, a developer can fill it using the array constructor.
Text and module editor
Developers can use the text and module editor for writing or editing 1C:Enterprise script. The editor provides handy tools for writing, editing, and performing syntax checks.