Badain Jaran Desert
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Coordinates: 40°4′21″N 102°12′36″E / 40.07250°N 102.21000°E / 40.07250; 102.21000
Badain Jaran Desert (Chinese: ; pinyin: dānlín Shā)
Small Dunes of Badain Jaran Desert.JPG
The landscape of the Badain Jaran Desert
Country China
Provinces of China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, Ningxia Province
Landmarks Badain Jilin Temple, Khara Khoto
Area 49,000 km2 (18,919 sq mi)
Biome desert
The Badain Jaran lies in the People's Republic of China as a section of the Gobi Desert.
The Badain Jaran Desert (Chinese: ; pinyin: dānlín Shā) is a desert in China which spans the provinces of Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. It covers an area of 49,000 sq. kilometers (19,000 sq. miles). By size it is the third largest desert in China.
This desert is home to some of the tallest stationary dunes on Earth. Some reaching a height of more than 500 meters (1,600 ft.) although most average at around 200 meters. Its tallest dune is also measured, from base to peak, as the world's third tallest dune and highest stationary dune in the world.
The desert also features over 100 spring-fed lakes that lie between the dunes, some of which are fresh water while others are extremely saline. These lakes give the desert its name which is Mongolian for "mysterious lakes". It is also crossed by one river, the Ruo Shui ("weak water"), which has formed an alluvial plain in the desert.[1]
Measuring over 49000sq kilometers, the Badain Jaran Desert covers a significant part of the south-central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as well as the North part of Gansu province. Located in the Alxa Plateau at about 1200 meters above sea level it is listed as a subsection to the Gobi Desert. It is bound to the north by the Gobi and to the East by Mount Lang which separates it from the Ulan Buh Desert (Pinyin: wū lán bù hé shā mò Chinese: 乌兰布和沙漠)
Although most of the dunes in the desert are not stationary, the larger ones usually ranging above 200 meters are static. With these dunes only the shallow surface of the sand is constantly shifting. The middle and lower layers of the highest dunes have been compacted for more than 20,000 years causing the sand particles to harden resulting in solid layers of sand and sandstone. High moisture levels inside the dunes also contribute to maintain their fixed state. This rigid structure also allows peaks, cliffs, gullies and even caves to form as a result of water erosion and desertification.
The Badain Jaran Desert, like the Tengger Desert which lies to the east (and with which the Badain Jaran Desert is currently merging due to extensive desertification) is about one-half barren, sandy desert and one-half a mixture of solid bedrock and loose gravel. Several small lakes and oases scatter the desert around which limited vegetation is able to grow.[2]
The Badain Jaran Desert is well known for its numerous scattered and colorful lakes. Containing more than 140 lakes they are mainly found in the southern region in the desert. These lakes can easily be found in the larger valleys between large dunes. They are believed to provide the life sustenance in the desert supporting camels, goats and horses which are herded by nomads that travel through the desert. Most lakes also support a green ring of vegetation that populate the close vicinity around the lakes.
Some lakes throughout the desert change color due to large populations of algae, Brine shrimp and mineral formations at different times in year. Evaporation can also allow others to turn into a hypersaline lake forming a salt crust around the rim of the lake.[3]
Although their true sources are still debated it is believed that they are being maintained by underground water streams. Most arid deserts in China are surrounded by mountains that provide water sources, and this is the case with the Badain Jaran Desert. Runoff from the mountains is then collected through gravel deposits and this allows them to run through the desert, providing water sources for the scattered oases.
Within the desert there can be two main types of lakes found regarding their morphometry. The largely elongated shallow lakes mainly appear in the megadune area in the southeastern margin of the desert. Their depth often reaches less than 2 meters and only measure about.2 square kilometers. The oval-shaped, deep lakes can also be found in the compound transverse megadune area. Their maximum depth reaches around 15 meters and attain a maximum size of around 1.5 square kilometers. The lake water can be extremely saline. The shallow lakes in the southeastern region of the desert tend to have low salt concentration, averaging at less than 20 g/L. Other lakes can show higher salt concentrations going up to more than 330 g/L.[4]
Singing Dunes[edit]
The Badain Jaran megadunes is one of the few places where a phenomenon known as the "singing sand dunes", "whistling sands" or "booming dunes". This rare occasion emits a sharp, loud noise that can be maintained for more than a minute. Although it is not widely understood it is believed that it is caused by an electrostatic charge that is generated as wind pulls the top layers of sand down a dune slope. This will produce a low pitched rumble that can reach over 105 decibels. The singing dunes will manifest itself by initiating an avalanche of sand down the leeward face of a large dune. This phenomenon however, does require very specific circumstances in order to generate the sound. They are silent throughout winter when the humidity is being retained in the sand. In the summer however, the booming can be generated but only on a slope of at least 30 degrees or more, on the leeward face of a dune, and the same sand on the shallow, windward side cannot generate any noise. This phenomenon is only shared by around 35 other beaches and deserts around the world.
Under the same circumstances, it is also possible to generate another acoustic phenomenon. By moving a hand gently through the dry sand of a "booming sand dune", this will shear the upper layer of sand off the slope and generate a burping sound emission (pulse-like, short bursts of sound).[5]
The Badain Jaran Desert is made up of hundreds of dunes ranging from small to large. Most of the megadunes in the desert average about 400 meters from the base while the rest average around 200 meters. Out of all the megadunes, the Bilutu Peak (bì lǔ tú fēng) is the most famous. It towers at 500 meters from the base and is the tallest dune in Asia (third tallest in the world). Unlike most of the smaller dunes the Bilutu Peak is stationary which makes it the world's tallest stationary dune.
While the larger megadunes are stationary (with only the top layer of sand shifting), the smaller dunes are constantly shifting according to wind patterns. This makes desertification a problem in surrounding areas as the desert is constantly expanding.[2]
For tourists willing to go more out of their way, the Badain Jaran Desert is definitely a popular tourist attraction. Based upon weather patterns, temperature and sight-seeing possibilities the best time to visit is between June and October. Since the Badain Jaran Desert falls under temperate arid and extremely arid climatic zones, it is important to be prepared when traveling through the dunes. The average annual rainfall is only between 50-60mm and is mainly centered between June to August, however the evaporation of precipitation is between 40-80 times than that of rainfall. Besides the fact that it is much colder, winter and spring have very strong winds coming mainly from the northwest getting to more than 60 days long. These winds can even get up to wind force 8. Due to these aspects of the desert climate, the popular tourist time is based upon when the climate is most comfortable. Appropriate foot wear should be worn due to the fact that sand temperatures can exceed 80 °C.[6]
Average Temperature in Badain Jaran
Description Average Temperature
Annual Mean 8 °C (46 °F)
Absolute Low −30 °C (−22 °F)
Absolute High 41 °C (106 °F)
Tourist Attractions[edit]
Badain Jaran Temple[edit]
The Badain Jaran Temple in September alongside its lake
The Badain Jaran Temple (bā dān jí lín miào 巴丹吉林庙)is a well preserved Tibetan-Buddhist temple located in the middle of the desert. It was built in 1868 at the side of a lake. Its isolation allowed it to survive untouched and safe from the Cultural Revolution. The fine state of preservation allows visitors to explore the temples attractions including statues, wood carvings, artifacts and a small white pagoda.
The temple is only accessible by land. Visitors normally reach it by renting a sand jeep at the tourist centers located along the S317 highway. Visitors can also chose to hire a driver for a daily fee. The vehicles available


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What the law says
Sections 9 of the Summary Offences Act Queensland states:
- A person must not wilfully expose his or her genitals, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
- A person who is so near a public place that the person may be seen from the public place must not wilfully expose his or her genitals so that the person's genitals may be seen from the public place, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
It is a circumstance of aggravation for this section for a person to wilfully expose his or her genitals so as to offend or embarrass another person.
What the police must prove
In order for the Police to prove their case at Court, they must prove each of the following matters beyond a reasonable doubt.
- The accused
- (a) was in or near a public place; and
- (b) did wilfully expose him or herself; or
- (c) Intended to offend or embarrass the person
It will be necessary for the Police in every offence to prove that the accused was the person who committed the offence. Click here to learn more about identification evidence.
The Maximum penalty for the offence of Wilful Exposure
- (a) Section 9 (1) is 2 penalty point unit ; or If the offence involves circumstances of aggravation- 40 penalty points or 1 years imprisonment.
- (b) Section 9 (2) is 2 penalty point units; or if the offence involves circumstances of aggravation-40 penalty point units or I years imprisonment.
Which court will hear the matter
This matter is simple offence which means it is dealt with in the Magistrates Court.
Possible defences to this offence include but are not limited to
- Identification i.e. not the accused.
- The behaviour was not in or near a public place.
- The accused did not wilfully expose him or herself.
- The accused did not intend to offend or embarrass to person.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A study conducted at Unesp, in São Paulo, reveals positive use of arthropod saliva.
Your dog may be carrying a very important cancer-fighting parasite: the tick. A team of researchers, led by Unesp's biology professor Maria Izabel Camargo-Mathias, was able to stem the growth of tumors by extracting the salivary gland from female ticks. The study was published at the end of 2014.
Tests performed on mice prove the effectiveness of the substance. Cancer cells were injected into the muscles of the animals and then tick saliva extract was applied. After three weeks it was noted that compared to other rodents that did not undergo treatment, the tumor cells were controlled.
The idea of using the tick's salivary gland to fight cancer didn't come out of nowhere. "There are over 400 properties in tick saliva. They are substances with various potentials, such as anti-coagulants and anti-inflammatory. So we decided to apply it to cancer cells ", explains the research coordinator, Maria Izabel, who has been studying ticks for over ten years.
"It is a substance capable of containing cell division and tumor growth" Prof. Maria Izabel
It is not known which substance is present in the salivary glands of the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus is responsible for inhibition specifically. Further studies will be needed to know the biochemical composition of these extracts.
At first, tests were done on muscle tumors and resulted in a nearly 70% inhibition of tumor growth. Recently the team began to study the effects of the substance on the liver, lung and kidney, and found that the extract does not affect the physiological system of individuals. "It's not an anti-cancer substance because it doesn't kill the cancer cell. But it is a substance capable of containing the division and tumor growth ", reiterates Maria Izabel.


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Gender Issues & Sexuality
Equality Begins With Respect
As educators, we understand that equality begins with respect. In the TDSB, we are committed to learning environments that model and support respect for and by every member of our school communities – students, staff, parents and others. We have strong equity and anti-discrimination policies which we take very seriously.
Homophobia and Intolerance
Intolerance and homophobia are not limited to rural communities. Our own city has both and our schools are not immune to those influences from the larger community. In addition to a strong policy framework supporting tolerance in the TDSB, we have something even more important. That is a true, personal commitment among staff and students to support one another and to celebrate difference.
Gender Based Discrimination
Research seems to indicate that young people of both sexes may increasingly view sexual harassment as a "normal" adolescent practice. This is unacceptable. The TDSB is committed to setting a standard very different from this experience by educating all students about acceptable gender-based interaction, and by emphasizing prevention and a culture of respect in all our schools.
There is no place for sexual harassment in our schools. There can be no excuse for young women feeling or being treated like objects. Our female students must feel not just safe but also empowered. They must know that they are respected. The TDSB is committed to taking every possible measure to ensure that the young girls of today grow in an environment free from any obstacle to reaching their full potential.
Learn more about TDSB's efforts to prevent gender-based violence and discrimination.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Associate Professor Julia Sonnevend and Dr Bernard Geoghegan
The New School and Kings College London
Will the word information acquire new meanings under the pressure of technological transformations caused by the Covid-19 digital lockdown? How will people understand, define and experience major or minor events when they are limited to virtual encounters, online meetings and social media catch-ups? The webinar will interrogate old meanings and explore emerging connotations of what becomes information and whither the nature of an event in the seamless enfolding of the two in the online world.
Watch the recording
About the presenters
Julia Sonnevend is Associate Professor of Sociology and Communication at the New School for Social Research in New York. She is the author of Stories Without Borders: The Berlin Wall and the Making of a Global Iconic Event (Oxford University Press, 2016). Her research argues against the extensive rationalisation and disenchantment of communication studies in contemporary social life, to argue that people remain deeply influenced by stories, events, mythologies, totemic objects and magnetic personalities.
Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan from Kings College London is a writer, media theorist, and historian of science. His research explores how digital technology – as an ensemble of instruments, practices, inscriptions, and concepts – shapes science, culture, and the environment. His publications include articles on the emergence of the computer screen from geopolitical anxieties, the changing conditions of digital interactivity from Cold War vigilance to anthropocentric globalism, recent German media theory, the technological infrastructures of spiritualism, decolonial HCI, critical interface studies, and the ideology of smart cities.


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From the king's pleasure vessel to quarantine ship to the scrap yard. Amphion met many different fates during her lifetime. Now only a part of the ship remains. You'll find it at the Maritime Museum.
It's hard to miss Amphion when you enter the Maritime Museum. Just look straight ahead from the entrance and you'll see the opulent stern with its golden angel's face radiating across the rotunda.
This part of the museum has been specially built for Amphion's stern and cabin with its preserved interior. The rear of the ship is the only surviving part of what was once Gustav III's pleasure vessel, inspired by the luxury of the French court at Versailles.
Hidden away in shed
Amphion was launched in 1778 and her century-long life would be a dramatic one. The schooner yacht, later celebrated in song by the Swedish bard Bellman, nearly sank on her maiden voyage.
Amphion was not just a pleasure vessel – she was also used in war. She served as a command ship in naval battles against Russia in 1788 and 1790, and narrowly escaped becoming a Russian trophy of war.
But her glory days were soon over. After the assassination of Gustav III in 1792, the ship was placed in a shed. There she remained until 1829, when she was repaired and refurbished.
A ship for cholera victims
But it was a brief moment of renewed glory. By the 1850s Amphion had been turned into a quarantine ship for cholera victims. And in 1875 she found herself converted into a barracks ship.
Ten years later, in 1885, Amphion was broken up. The stern was preserved and is now on display at the Maritime Museum in all its former glory.


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*BACK TO BLACK HISTORY MONTH HOMEPAGE > CLICK HERE
On every single day of Black History Month this February, we will provide you with a daily fact that occurred on the same day in a past year in history.
Today's Black History Month facts focus on the NAACP and Arsenio Hall.
- On this day in 1793, the first fugitive slave law was enacted by Congress.
- On this day in 1907, gospel singing great Roberta Martin was born.
- On this day in 1909, the NAACP was founded.
- On this day in 1934, basketball legend and Boston Celtics great Bill Russell was born.
- On this day in 1956, the first black late-night talk show host Arsenio Hall was born.


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- Poster presentation
- Open Access
Accuracy of preliminary remission criteria some JIA category
© Fantini et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Published: 15 September 2008
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Remission Status
- Remission Criterion
- Preliminary Definition
To evaluate disease course in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by applying newly developed preliminary definitions of remission, to assess probability of relapse of disease. Charts of patients with JIA followed since 1970 were reviewed. First episode of remission off medication status, as defined by Wallace et al., has been focused. The cohort included 761 patients (67.8% females, 32.2% males) with JIA. Mean disease onset age (± SD) was 6.25 ± 4.4 years (range 0.5–15.9). Disease mean duration to last visit was 10.02 ± 4.31 years. Follow up mean period was 7.6 ± 6.4 years (range 1.5–35 years). A total of 263 (34.56%) patients achieved remission according to criteria (persistent oligoarthritis 42.9%, extended oligoarthritis 13.1%, seronegative polyarthritis 22.4%, systemic arthritis 33.7%, enthesitis related arthritis (ERA) plus juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPsA) 33.4%. No patients with seropositive polyarthritis achieved remission status (p < 0.001). In remitted patients the mean survival function (± SEM) before relapse calculated by life table survival curve was of 20.9 (± 1.3) months overall: 21.7 (± 0.46) in persistent oligoarthritis, 25.0 (± 6.6) in extended oligoarthritis, 26.7 (± 13.2) in seronegative polyarthritis and 17.6 (± 2.44) in ERA+JPsA. The log rank test did not show a significant difference between the JIA categories survival curves (p = 0.1). In our cohort about one-third of cases obtained a remission episode in 4 decades of observation. Finally, if a remission was achieved, the mean duration before a relapse was about 20 months.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd.


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Tenders in the PSD arena
As we talk about public safety diving (PSD) we hear a lot about the divers and their training or types of equipment divers need to get the job done safely. But when it comes to tenders they often get lost in the shuffle.
There are those who say you can take anyone off the street, hand them a tether line and make them a tender. What do tenders do after all? They get divers items they might have forgotten or need, and then they just hold the divers safety line and tell them when to change direction. They then bring the diver up every so often to check their air. Sounds very simple.
Then there are those who believe a confident, well-trained tender may be the most important person on the dive seen, especially as it pertains to the diver's safety and to search effectiveness.
This article will address two issues – the importance of tenders in general, and then the value of having dedicated tenders on the dive team.
Tenders function in several roles to the diver including director, assistant, and safety officer. Well trained tenders can effective make sure divers are physically, mentally, and equipment-ready to dive. They can evaluate environmental conditions to know what search patterns will be most effective and can ask the two most critical questions to diver safety: "What can go wrong on this operation?" "If those things do go wrong, does my diver my back up diver and I have hands-on practiced contingency plans to get us both home at the end of the day?" Yes, command staff should be asking those questions, but the tenders are the ones on the front line who should be catching the environmental details as they happen and who are constantly and consistently evaluating the overall operation and divers safety.
Let us review some of the responsibilities of the dive tender.
The tender helps the diver dress, which means he or she needs to thoroughly understand the diver's equipment, how it is assembled, and how it works. If something goes wrong they need to know how to fix it. For something as simple as switching tanks, tenders need to know how to properly tighten or re-thread the tank band – "metal, middle, bottom, and top".
Just consider what a tender needs to know and be capable of doing if the team dives dry. Tenders
must know how to properly assist divers in dressing a dry suit verses a wet suit. They need to make sure that the delicate neck and wrist seals are properly donned and are not too tight, cutting off circulation. They need to know how to immediately recognize the signs of carotid sinus reflex. Tenders need to make sure that the seals don't leak and are sitting in the right position, especially in contaminated water. Is the inflator valve in the correct 450 downward position for a rapid contingency disconnect and is the hose properly connected? Is the deflate valve set to the right position for the depth and temperature of the dive? Is the skull cap sitting properly under the hood, and is the face seal correctly cut to prevent leaks and to prevent the chin section from slipping upwards sealing off the diver's airway? Does the diver need ankle weights? Are the gloves properly donned to make a safe seal? Did the diver effectively 'burp' the suit? Is the diver's weight system loaded with the right amount of weight to keep the diver neutral to 2 lbs negatively buoyant depending on the dive job and environment?
1. While dressing the diver tenders perform several tasks.
- Tenders work alone or with divers to assemble the dive equipment and tenders perform the first check of the assembled gear prior to it being put on the diver. They know where everything is on the dive trailer or truck. A well-trained and experienced tender will recognize equipment problems and know how to fix many of them. They will know how to evaluate air leaks or full face mask problems, swap out a broken fin strap, manage a regulator freeze-up, and might even know how to quickly patch a vulcanized rubber suit on the scene.
- Tenders help divers dress and work to assure that divers do not overheat or wear themselves out just by getting dressed in a hurry or on a hot day. On cold days, tenders work to keep divers warm and help prevent equipment freeze-up problems. Tenders make sure that the gear is properly fitted and in full working order. Divers and tenders perform a full gear check prior to entering the operations zone. They assure that the all air is turned on and that pony bottle or other support systems are fully functional. They make sure that divers can effectively and reflexively reach all their equipment without looking, and if divers can't, good tenders will correct the problems.
- Post dressing tenders can re-affirm basic signals and begin a basic over view of what this dive operation is about and how tenders and divers might interact.
- Tenders check diver tether lines and perhaps electronic communication systems to assure they work properly, and when they don't experienced tenders will know how to fix them or who to see to get that done.
2. The tender helps the diver get to the water or boat and then runs the dive. Divers are basically underwater rovers with their tenders directing their movements and monitoring their times, air pressures, search quality, and breathing rates.
- Tenders assure that all the needed equipment is in place. They help belay the diver down a slope, up and over things that might be in the divers' way.
- Tenders do whatever is needed to keep the divers stay safe. They makes sure their divers are hydrated, and help keep them cool or warm as is appropriate for the conditions. A well-trained tender understands that dumping water over dry suit divers on a hot day is not the best way to cool them down, and know how to perform more effective procedures.
- If the diver-tender pair is the back up team, the backup tender coordinates with the primary tender in order to maintain a constant awareness of what the primary diver is doing and where the diver is in relationship ton the dive operation.
- Experienced tenders understand the need to know the difference between moving and non moving water and how to properly tend their divers and orchestrate a rescue of their divers in possibly changing conditions. Effective backup tenders continually maintain the record keeping for the primary team, in order to be alert and totally aware of what is going on during every minute of the dive in case he and his diver are suddenly needed, and to document the search effort.
- Backup tenders are aware that if the search item is not found they and their divers will be next in the primary slot. These tenders therefore should be aware of any difficulties during the prior dives.
- Well-trained tenders know how and why they needs to be counting divers breath rates (exhalations) every 5 minutes and how to extrapolate that information with depth and individual diver surface air consumption rates to calculate the air use of their black water divers who cannot read their own gauges, so divers do not have to come up every few minutes to have air checks. Trained tenders understand lots of up and downs are not good for their divers ears nor is positive way to maintain a consistent search.
- Tenders need to know to deal with line snags quickly and effectively. Often how to see it and correct it before the diver even knows it has happened
3. Tenders run the search. As the primary tender he needs to know how to play the game.
- Tenders must have a thorough knowledge of the teams' safety standards, and the standard operating procedures and guidelines. They also know how to apply them.
- Tenders must have a basic idea of how deep their divers are based on the angle of the safety line, must continually read line markings to know and document their diver's distance out. Experienced tenders understand the importance of a taped and measure diver tether line and know that putting loops in a line every so often is not going to give a repeatable distance. They know that loops in the diver's safety line will increases the chances of otherwise missed snags, will increase the coefficient drag on the line, and willl reduce the line's free movement through the water. They also reduce the ease of sending a signal as well as the distance a proper signal will travel.
- Experienced tenders know when their dives are okay or not. They know how to 'read' or feel little movements in the diver's safety line. They can distinguish movements that indicate that the diver's line has just caught a snag or has just become free of one.
- Well trained tenders know what to do if the diver's safety line does get snagged. It all sounds simple but what direction do you as a tender move if a diver doing an arch pattern catches a snag? The tender must immediately move in the opposite direction the diver is moving in order to maintain direct line access and be capable of signaling the diver to stop before his line is compromised to point where you can no longer get a signal to pass the snag, and before the diver begins to arch back toward the tender.
- Experienced tenders know how to tend divers in heavy grass, on slopes, in heavy mud areas, and where there are a lot of submerged trees or other debris. Only experienced and well trained tenders know how to safely and effectively tend a diver that has, or needs, to go under a pier or dock? Tenders, like divers, need specific training and experience to perform submerged vehicle dives. They need to know how to work their divers around vehicles, and when a tender controlled search should be changed to a diver-controlled search.
- Electronic communications can be a real asset to a search when used by competent tenders. Tenders need to understand that the more they talk the more divers will lose search concentration and are more likely to hold their breath while listening to their tender. Good tenders can


Friese, Carrie.
The natural world is marked by an ever-increasing loss of varied habitats, a growing number of species extinctions, and a full range of new kinds of dilemmas posed by global warming. At the same time, humans are also working to actively shape this natural world through contemporary bioscience and biotechnology. In this book, Carrie Friese posits that cloned endangered animals in zoos sit at the apex of these two trends, as humans seek a scientific solution to environmental crisis. Often fraught with controversy, cloning technologies, Friese argues, significantly affect our conceptualizations of and engagements with wildlife and nature. By studying animals at different locations, Friese explores the human practices surrounding the cloning of endangered animals.
SKU: 13944 Categories:,,
New York University Press, August 2013. 258 pages, Octavo, paperback, black and white photographs.
Additional information
Weight 370 g


dr. squatch hair care men
Written by 9:00 am Hair Care
The Science Behind Your Hair: What Makes Your Hair Straight or Curly?
Physically, everyone is unique. We're different heights, have different eye colors, bone structures, freckles, and other individual differences (like that stunted, crooked left pinky or that weird lump on your ankle that your doctor swears is no problem, really). For the most part, we have our genes to thank for these differences, and your hair is no exception – but there are other factors, too. Like most realms of science, the reasons behind why your hair is straight or curly are complicated and varied. So we'll break it down for you and so you understand why your hair is the way that it is, and give you tips for how to best care for your specific type of hair.
What Makes Your Hair Straight vs Curly
Remember those gene charts in high school biology class, where you cross the genes of your parents in a 2×2 grid, to see which one is dominant and recessive? No? That's ok, here's the gist of it:
Most physical traits are either dominant or recessive, and the combination of genes from your parents determines what your physical trait will be. A mother and father, both with brown eyes, can both carry the recessive gene for blue eyes, and if the genes match up in just the right way, their son can have shiny blue eyes. Pretty cool!
punnett squatch curly or straight hair
The same thing works for curly hair and straight hair. And because of the nature of recessive and dominant genes, this means that curly-haired you and your curly-haired wife could very well have a daughter with hair straighter than a spear. It all depends on which genes get passed on, and how they match up.
Studies have shown that around 85% (or sometimes more) of hair type is the result of your genetic makeup. So then what's the other 15%?
Angle of the Follicles
Most of it has to do with genes, but some of it has to do with angles. Angles of the follicle, in particular.
Hair follicles are organs found in the skin, made up of multiple different types of cells, that produce hair. Think of it like the single root of a tree, that produces the hair and pushes it through the ground (skin) and into the world.
hair follicle diagram
When the hair follicle is straight up and down in relation to the skin, the hair is likely to be straight. And the more angled the follicle is, the more curly the hair. Some scientists hypothesize that this is why that one hair on your arm seems to shoot straight out, while all the other ones curl, or why that one pesky cluster of your beard seems to twist out in the wrong direction. When the majority of someone's hair follicles are angled, there's a greater chance that that hair will come out nice and curly.
Hair Composition
Another contributor to those straight-flowing locks is the composition of your hair. Hair is mostly composed of keratin, a hard, fibrous protein produced in the follicles. Turns out, curliness is the direct result of the keratin's symmetry (or lack thereof).
The way I make sense of it is thinking of it like a rope. If the woven threads of a rope are thicker on one side, or bunched together in a section, that rope isn't likely to lay straight. In hair terms, if the keratin is similarly asymmetrical, the hair is more likely to be curly. If the keratin is symmetrical (like a brand new, evenly threaded rope), the hair is more likely to be straight. And if it's somewhere in between, well, you're probably going to have more wavy hair. Makes sense, right?
Caring for Your Head of Hair
You know the natural state of your hair, and now you know why that's it's natural state. But do you know how to care for it?
For all hair types, here's an easy place to start: you should avoid the harsh chemical ingredients commonly found in big-poo products and treat your hair right by choosing quality products with natural, nourishing ingredients instead. Nourishing your body with a healthy diet can also help to nourish your hair. But when it comes to curly vs straight, there are some additional nuances for how to best care for your type of hair.
How to Take Care of Straight Hair
Because of the way it grows out of the follicles and lays flat, straight hair (especially fine, straight hair) tends to become greasier more quickly. Even so, you should do your best not to wash your hair every day —too much shampooing strips your hair of the natural oils that keep it, and your scalp, healthy and can lead to more grease and dryness over time.
With hair as straight as your granddaddy's shotgun, washing it every other day is a safe bet. But we're all different, so you'll need to find your own sweet spot. Too greasy and sweaty? An extra wash every once in a while won't hurt. To get an extra day or two out of your wash, try combing or brushing your hair once or twice a daythis can help the oils disperse more evenly throughout your strands, instead of sitting only at your roots.
Too dry? Maybe forget the shampoo for an extra day or two and throw in some extra conditioner.
How to Take Care of Curly Hair
Just like with straight hair, you don't want to shampoo curly (or thick) hair every day. Lucky for you, this can be a lot easier to do for curly-haired guys since you usually have the opposite problem: instead of getting greasy, curly hair tends to get really dry. You want to let those natural oils from your hair do their thing, so a good starting place is to wash your hair every 3 days.
Frizz is also a common concern for curly hair – especially in the summer heat. If the mad scientist/baby bird look isn't your jam, you'll want to keep more moisture in your hair—which means you need to use that conditioner frequently. Even on days that you don't shampoo your hair, you can rinse with conditioner and even put some extra conditioner in your damp hair to leave in after you shower. You can also use some products with natural hydrating oils in your hair after you rinse for those especially frizzy days.
dr. squatch blog writer
About the Author: Jonathan Littauer
Jonathan is a freelance writer and rock climbing routesetter based in Boston, MA. He was the managing editor of Philly Current Magazine for two and a half years. And he just finished writing his first book!
When he's not wielding words or making people fall off walls, he's probably outside somewhere, hiking or climbing or surfing poorly. He's been known, on occasion, to peace out and travel the world for months at a time.
Check out more of Jonathan's work.
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text:
Starting Point: Pedagogic Resources for Teaching and Learning Economics
AbstractThis article describes Starting Point: Teaching and Learning Economics, a Web-based portal that makes innovative pedagogic resources and effective teaching practices easily accessible to economists. Starting Point introduces economists to teaching innovations through 16 online modules, each containing a general description of a specific pedagogic method, theory and evidence supporting effective use of the method, classroom implementation guides, and a library of economics-based examples that illustrate use of the teaching method. In addition, each module includes an online form allowing faculty to contribute their own classroom-based teaching examples to the examples library.
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Bibliographic InfoArticle provided by Taylor and Francis Journals in its journal The Journal of Economic Education.
Volume (Year): 43 (2012)
Issue (Month): 2 (April)
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text:
Apr. 17, 2003 Research by Dr. Stephen Joseph a psychologist at the University of Warwick into bullying at Secondary Schools dispels the well-known saying "Sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me".
Contrary to popular belief the study reveals that verbal-victimisation has a particular impact on the victim's feeling of self-worth, and that name-calling can significantly reduce self-esteem. In fact, verbal abuse can have more impact upon victims' self-worth than physical attacks, such as punching, or attacks on property, such as stealing or the destruction of belongings.
The study into bullying and posttraumatic stress in adolescents assessed 331 school pupils in England and reveals that as many as 40% were bullied at some time during their schooling. It suggests that one third of bullied children may suffer from clinically significant levels of posttraumatic stress – so rather than helping to toughen up school pupils, bullying could seriously affect their mental health.
The research paper entitled "Peervictimisation and posttraumatic stress in adolescents" examines the levels of posttraumatic stress experienced and the impact of bullying on the self-worth on victims. Bullying is stressful and can affect adolescents both emotionally and physically, and the results indicate that different forms of abuse have distinct effects on victims.
To analyse the effects of different types of aggression a "Victim Scale" was used to assess the experience of physical victimisation, verbal victimisation, social manipulation and attacks on property. All types of bullying result in lower self-esteem, but social manipulation, such as excluding the victim from taking part in games, is more likely to lead to posttraumatic stress, and verbal taunts typically lead to lower self-worth.
The study also suggests that verbal bullying or social manipulation can lead to victims feeling helpless and that they lack control over their own feelings and actions. Those who feel that power and control lie with the bully, rather than internally, are much more likely to suffer from posttraumatic stress or lower self-worth.
Dr. Stephen Joseph, from the University of Warwick, said: "This study reveals that bullying and particularly name calling can be degrading for adolescents. Posttraumatic stress is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a frightening event or ordeal in which physical harm occurred or was threatened, and research clearly suggests that it can be caused by bullying. It is important that peer victimisation is taken seriously as symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety and depression are common amongst victims and have a negative impact on psychological health."
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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Nicky the Nose
The nose was part of the humanoid face that contained the organs of smell and which marked the beginning of the respiratory tract. The bridge of the nose was supported by two nasal bones. A common symptom of some diseases was a runny nose. (VOY: "Tattoo")
According to Captain Jonathan Archer, the Human astronomer Tycho Brahe lost his nose in a duel over a math equation. (ENT: "The Andorian Incident")
In 2151, Malcolm Reed used a plasma torch as nose for a snowman he and Travis Mayweather built on the surface of Archer's Comet. (ENT: "Breaking the Ice")
While practicing her Denobulan with Doctor Phlox, Hoshi Sato mistakenly used the word for "nostril" instead of "fruit". (ENT: "Dear Doctor")
In a deleted scene from "Shuttlepod One", Trip Tucker recalled Archer having to clear his diving mask of water by blowing out through his nose before he could be certified. He was successful on his first try and filled it again for a second.
Joseph Carey with a broken nose
The holographic character Nicky the Nose was named for his metal nose. (Star Trek: First Contact)
In 2371, B'Elanna Torres broke Joe Carey's nose in three places after an argument in engineering. (VOY: "Parallax")
In 2372, The Doctor described blowing his nose for the first time as an "interesting sensation". (VOY: "Tattoo")
Beetle snuff was consumed via inhalation through the nose. (DS9: "The Nagus")
Worf once developed a gorch on his nose. (Star Trek: Insurrection)
The Doctor was going to have a topic on "Hints for Healthful Living" called "How to keep your nostrils happy". (VOY: "Investigations")
See also
External link


5 Replies Latest reply: Oct 30, 2007 12:19 PM by 807592 RSS
 Image edge detection
 Not strictly Java, but any Java code would be fine as an answer.
 How do you move from using an edge detection kernel which highlights edges within an image, to being able to store within a program values for where a circle is within the image? Or a line if that's simpler.
 Thanks for any suggestions.
 - 1. Re: Image edge detection
 There are several posible approaches. It gets trickier depending on how ambiguous the image is likely to be.
 One I've used recently is to scan a 4 x 4 box over the image classifying each box into states like "top left corner", "left vertical side", "edge crossing" etc. and hooking them up into polygons accordingly. Or you could have a small window actually follow an edge arround the picture.
 Inevitably though you're going to wind up with polygons or paths which you will then probably have to further classify.
 - 2. Re: Image edge detection
 Thanks, I suppose it'd help to say then that it would be an iris - so I'm looking for the pupil outer edge, the iris outer edge and enough width of the upper and lower eyelid to extend across the iris should they cover the iris in part.
 - 3. Re: Image edge detection
 for finding circles/ elipses you may want to consider performing a Circle Hough transform (either
 in the real or frequency domain). This is a very robust algorithm that can handle partial occlusions.
 Its a bit slow though. (Basically it can be implemented as a convolution). Better performance is
 often obtained if yourun an edge enchancement filter (a high pass filter) over your image before
 performing the circle hough transform.
 The result of the Hough transform is an image in which the largest values correspond to the
 centre points of circles that match your template/pattern and their mangatude is proportional to
 the size of the circle that was matched.
 - 4. Re: Image edge detection
 I've been working on cleaning up the image before looking for the circles and testing it against an applet (mark someone's... it's easy enough to find in a google).
 It's great for what I want, but now I'd like to move past this stage which means I need code to incorporate into my own app. I don't really want to use the code from the applet - it doesn't start with a buffered image, it uses a mediatracker which requires a component and as I understand it that means I can't use it in a console app... etc and basically his code is too bloated for me to understand and slim down.
 Can you (anyone) offer me a simple implementation of a circle Hough transform starting with a BufferedImage? I'm really after something that's specifically just the HT so I can get my head around the basic concepts before I start optimising it.
 Very grateful for any help, thanks!
 - 5. Re: Image edge detection
 Hey. I saw your posts about adge detection and detecting objects in an image back in 2004. I am working in a similar project were i have to detect the pupil and the iris from an image. Did you have any progress with your project. Did you aquired any useful knowledge that you could tell me?


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, and butterfat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste.
Dairy products made from cream [change]
Things named after cream [change]
|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: cream.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cream|


the same amount.
There are plenty of vegan mac and cheese recipes which use cashew milk. It is not as popular as almond milk.
One down side is cashew milk cannot be used for someone who is allergic to nuts. Which is why you should use a cereal based milk.
10. Soy Milk
 - Taste Difference = Less Sweet! Mild Tasting!
 - Creaminess Level = Thicker Than Almond Milk! (Made with thickeners to improve consistency).
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened unflavored soy milk.
Soy milk can be used for making mac and cheese. As long as you are using a unflavored version. Otherwise a vanilla flavored one will be too strong.
The vanilla will make the mac and cheese taste very different. This is not recommended.
You can still use it, but the flavor will be a lot sweeter.
11. Almond Milk
 - Taste Difference = Sweeter!
 - Creaminess Level = Less Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Add more cheese or butter to thicken and make creamier.
Almond milk has enough of a neutral taste. Using it as a alternative to milk will not change your mac and cheese much.
Use the same amounts of almond milk as you would regular milk. Almond milk is slightly thinner and less creamy, so you can add thickeners like flour.
Also you could add in more butter or extra cheese to get the sauce creamier.
12. Hemp Seed Milk
 - Taste Difference = More Nutty Flavor!
 - Creaminess = More Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Use slightly less hemp milk than regular milk.
Hemp seed milk can be made faster than other milks. Since you don't have to strain it.
When using hemp seed milk for mac and cheese. There is going to be more of a nutty flavor.
Hemp seed milk is thicker than regular milk. So your mac and cheese will be creamier.
Since the flavor is earthy and nutty, you can use less hemp milk than regular milk. Add in some water to help spread it out, this is if you don't want to change the flavor of the mac and cheese much.
13. Oat Milk
 - Taste Difference = Sweeter!
 - Creaminess Level = About The Same as 2% Milk!
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened oat milk.
Oat milk has more natural sugars and this leads to a sweeter flavor. The thickness is similar to regular milk.
Don't use it to get a creamier mac and cheese. Since its not naturally thicker, although it is thicker than most nut milks.
Follow the recipe and use equal amounts of oat milk as you would dairy milk.
14. Rice Milk
 - Taste Difference = Very Close To Cow's Milk!
 - Creaminess Level = Less Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: May require some extra butter, or other thickeners.
Rice milk does taste similar to cows milk. So you will not ruin the mac and cheese. Rice milk is much more watery than regular milk.
This will not create a creamy mac and cheese, so add in more butter or cheese.
Overall I would not recommend using rice milk as an alternative. Since it is low in protein and has not added benefit.
15. Coconut Milk
 - Taste Difference = Coconut flavor!
 - Creaminess Level = More Creamy!
 - Cooking Tip: Use unsweetened.
You can find several recipes online using coconut milk for mac and cheese.
The best kind to use would be unsweetened, full fat coconut milk. Canned coconut milk works the best. It is much thicker and creamier.
The biggest downside is the coconut flavor, which is going to change the mac and cheese quite a bit.
16. Macadamia Milk
 - Taste Difference = Less flavor than dairy milk. No nutty flavor at all.
 - Creaminess Level = Very similar consistency but slightly less creamy than regular dairy skim milk.
 - Cooking Tip: Use equal amounts as you would dairy milk.
Macadamia milk is like a high end alternative to dairy milk. You will find it to be very similar in consistency to dairy milk and also is said to have a butter like taste.
There aren't many recipes online using macadamia milk for mac and cheese. Maybe because its become more popular recently.
I think you might find it to be one of the best choices for a milk substitute.
17. Pea Milk
 - Taste Difference = Flour and bitter taste, very similar to soy milk.
 - Creaminess Level = Thicker and "chalky" consistency compared to dairy milk.
 - Cooking Tip = Not much different than dairy milk. Use equal measurements as regular dairy milk. Maybe add in extra cheese to mask flavor more.
Pea milk can be a healthy alternative to dairy milk because it is high in protein. One of the problems is the flavor of regular unsweetened pea milk isn't well received.
This shouldn't be as much of a problem when making macaroni and cheese. As the cheese will mask the less desirable flavors.
The flavor can be described as being very similar to soy milk. Pea milk is slightly off white and darker in color than regular milk.
18. Hazelnut Milk
 - Taste Difference = Nutty and more sweet taste!
 - Creaminess Level = About as creamy as dairy milk.
 - Cooking Tip: Use sugar free and don't worry about thickening.
Hazelnut milk can be another option if you are trying to make a vegan mac and cheese. Also if you are trying to avoid dairy milk.
The taste of hazelnut milk is less bitter than other nut milks.
You will find that hazelnut milk is more expensive than other nut milks. Around $6 a gallon, which is more than dairy and double the price of soy or almond milk.
Can You Make Mac n Cheese Without Milk?
Macaroni and cheese does need a lot of liquid to help mix in the powder cheese and keep it from becoming too sticky. Milk works really well as the flavor isn't too strong or watery but also just creamy enough. But if you wanted to make mac and cheese without milk it is still possible.
In order to make mac and cheese without milk use either cream cheese or butter and melted cheese. Instead of a powdered cheese which requires a lot of liquid you can use shredded, cream or even slices of cheese. Heat the cheese and butter in a separate pan then drain your boiled noodles and combine the two.
Another method is to make a baked macaroni and cheese. You are going to want to make a cheese sauce. Which is much easier with cream cheese. Most recipes use whole milk and even flour for the cheese sauce. Either whip cream or cheese sauce should give you enough creaminess without having to use milk.
Making Mac and Cheese with Almond Milk Recipe
Read more: Best Desserts To Serve With Mac and Cheese
Eric M Wilkens
Related Articles


text: It is commonly believed that only T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes expressing recombination-dependent antigen-specific receptors mediate contact hypersensitivity responses to haptens. Here we found that mice devoid of T cells and B cells demonstrated substantial contact hypersensitivity responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone. Those responses were adaptive in nature, as they persisted for at least 4 weeks and were elicited only by haptens to which mice were previously sensitized. No contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice lacking all lymphocytes, including natural killer cells. Contact hypersensitivity responses were acquired by such mice after adoptive transfer of natural killer cells from sensitized donors. Transferable hapten-specific memory resided in a Ly49C-I(+) natural killer subpopulation localized specifically in donor livers. These observations indicate that natural killer cells can mediate long-lived, antigen-specific adaptive recall responses independent of B cells and T cells.


text:
Kenneth J. McNamara
University of Chicago Press
The Star-Crossed Stone by Kenneth J. McNamara Summary
Throughout the four hundred thousand years that humanity has been collecting fossils, sea urchin fossils, or echinoids, have continually been among the most prized, from the Paleolithic era, when they decorated flint axes, to today, when paleobiologists study them for clues to the earth's history. In The Star-Crossed Stone, Kenneth J. McNamara, an expert on fossil echinoids, takes readers on an incredible fossil hunt, with stops in history, paleontology, folklore, mythology, art, religion, and much more. Beginning with prehistoric times, when urchin fossils were used as jewelry, McNamara reveals how the fossil crept into the religious and cultural lives of societies around the world—the roots of the familiar five-pointed star, for example, can be traced to the pattern found on urchins. But McNamara's vision is even broader than that: using our knowledge of early habits of fossil collecting, he explores the evolution of the human mind itself, drawing striking conclusions about humanity's earliest appreciation of beauty and the first stirrings of artistic expression. Along the way, the fossil becomes a nexus through which we meet brilliant eccentrics and visionary archaeologists and develop new insights into topics as seemingly disparate as hieroglyphics, Beowulf, and even church organs. An idiosyncratic celebration of science, nature, and human ingenuity, The Star-Crossed Stone is as charming and unforgettable as the fossil at its heart.


Gryselda Meaning in English, Gryselda Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Gryselda Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Gryselda Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Gryselda Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Gryselda, names similar to Gryselda and sibling names of Gryselda. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Gryselda.
Baby Image
Gray, Gray haired
Related Gryselda Baby Names
Chriselda, Gisela, Gisella, Gricelda, Griselde, Grisella, Griswalda, Grizela, Gylda, Orelda
Similar Gryselda Baby Names
Gricelda, Griselda, Griselde, Grisjahilde, Griswald, Griswalda, Griswalde, Griswold


text:
Denis Kacan; Darius Sidlauskas MSE-2008-09, pp. 43. TEK/avd. för programvaruteknik, 2008.
Software engineers will possibly never see the perfect source code in their lifetime, but they are seeing much better analysis tools for finding defects in software. The approaches used in static code analysis emerged from simple code crawling to usage of statistical and probabilistic frameworks. This work presents a new technique that incorporates machine learning and information visualization into static code analysis. The technique learns patterns in a program's source code using a normalized compression distance and applies them to classify code fragments into faulty or correct. Since the classification frequently is not perfect, the training process plays an essential role. A visualization element is used in the hope that it lets the user better understand the inner state of the classifier making the learning process transparent.
An experimental evaluation is carried out in order to prove the efficacy of an implementation of the technique, the Code Distance Visualizer. The outcome of the evaluation indicates that the proposed technique is reasonably effective in learning to differentiate between faulty and correct code fragments, and the visualization element enables the user to discern when the tool is correct in its output and when it is not, and to take corrective action (further training or retraining) interactively, until the desired level of performance is reached.


text:
The Vedran Portal Chambers are a series of identical inter-solar transportation devices that were put into place to make travel between the Seefra planets instantaneous and easy. They were, in recent times, rediscovered and guarded by Orlund.
Each Chamber consists of an entrance from a series of subterranean tunnels, a central pedestal with eight holes as storage spots for eight crystal keys. Eight doors surround the pedestal opposite the entrance. The doors are large and metal and have designs on the panels, each of which appears to contain components underneath. They also have a key slot for a crystal in the surrounding frame of each door. When a crystal key is placed in the key slot, it activates a Tessaract portal to the corresponding Seefran planet. Stepping through, one is instantly moved to the selected planet. ("What Will Be Was Not")
Over time the portal chambers were forgotten and only a select few knew of their existence. They considered themselves guardians of the Vedran technology and became zealots, eventually guarding the chambers even from their creators' use, afraid of persecution for their efforts. One such guardian eventually gained the trust and admiration of Captain Dylan Hunt. This same guardian had collected enough key crystals to complete one set of eight which he keeps in the pedestal on Seefra 1. When a door is activated from one side, it is accessible by both sides by placing a hand on a certain panel. it is not necessary to have a crystal on both sides, for example if someone on Seefra 1 places a crystal in the fifth door, then the first door in Seefra 5's portal chamber will become active.
The keys themselves are linked to their planet's structure, and if the crystal is struck it causes termors planetwide. According to Harper if a crystal is damaged, it could destroy the planet it is linked to. This would explain why the keys were hidden since if any one planet was destroyed, the entire system would be wiped out with the return of the Vedran sun. ("What Will Be Was Not")
The portal chambers were later used to assist in the evacutation of Seefra 2-9 inhabitants to Seefra 1.


Six big differences between international air transport and international air express
Quốc tế air transport refers to the whole process of logistics, information stream realized, and control management from the aircraft to the airport of the destination, and then the carrier unloads the goods from the plane to the receiver. Many friends consider international air transport and air express as the same. Actually, they are in great distinction. Then the Flydis Logistic Co., Ltd will explain the differences according to six points.
The subject of transportation
The international express's subject is mainly the freight forwarding companies, such as DHL，UPS，FedEx，TNT，EMS, and other suppliers of international express service. The packages we plan to post are delivered to the destination by the forwarder. But we often contact our agency of international transport first and the latter, the forwarding agent.
The scope of service
Generally, international air transport can only deliver to the airport. After arriving at the airport, the other affairs are dealt with by the customer or his transport company. But the air express is always delivered to the door. But what should pay attention to is that international express doesn't include customs clearance of destination but the assistance of customs clearance. If there is a problem with customs clearance, it needs the receiver's help.
International express service includes the agency service of the domestic export declaration but no the customs declaration of destination and the delivery of packages with the customs declaration of destination.
International air transport doesn't include the handle of customs clearance. The customer needs to go to the airport and claim the goods for customs clearance. And it doesn't include the customs duty and tax of the destination country. Unless the air transport service project, the goods will not be delivered to the door.
Time limit
The deadlines of international air transport and express are almost the same, about several days. Which one is faster depends on the destination. Ví dụ, international air transport should be faster to Tokyo. To this day, the time limit is relative to these three factors as follow:
 1. The efficiency and strength of the airline.
 2. The flight timetable in the airport.
 3. The speed of customs clearance to the destination.
Charge mode
The calculation of international air transport cost is based on the formula, length×width×height/6000. And the length, chiều rộng, height are all measured in centimeters. Large quantities of goods are called dumping and are also known as foam goods. For instance, the Nano pillows' actual weight is 5 kilograms, but the volume weight is 28 kilograms.
Trace cargo mode
You can trace and inquire about the corresponding company website through the odd provided by international express. For international air transport, you can inquire on the airline website by the number of bills of lading.
Different requirements of weight
International air transport services can deliver any weight. But the weight of a single package of international express should not surpass 69kg, which is called oversized goods.
Thẻ:,,,


text:
On April 29th, 2011, the space shuttle Endeavour is scheduled to blast off for the last time, delivering the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and an ExPRESS Logistics Carrier to the International Space Station.
If you live in the UK you can watch the launch live on NASA TV and a number of other sites on the internet, but thats not all you can do! You may be able to watch it fly over the UK with your very own eyes about 20 minutes later!
Yes! You can watch the Shuttle fly over the UK roughly 20 minutes after launch (launch time is currently set for 3:47 p.m. EDT 8:47 p.m. GMT) if the timing is right and skies are clear. It will be accompanied by its bright orange external fuel tank as it sails across the sky.
I was lucky to see and actually film this in August 2009 with the launch of STS-128 Space Shuttle Discovery.
How to see it? Go outside roughly 15 20 minutes after launch and you could see two bright objects similar to what the ISS looks like when it passes over, moving at roughly the same speed. These bright objects in parallel to each other will follow a similar track in the sky to what the ISS does, but it will be the Shuttle Endeavour and its separated external fuel tank!
Hope for clear skies and that the launch isnt delayed, as this may be our last chance ever of seeing a space shuttle fly over the UK just after launch.
Checkout NASAs listing of sighting opportunities for your area.
Good luck to the crew of the shuttle and to everyone trying to spot it in the sky on Friday!
Explore further: Field tests in Mojave Desert pave way for human exploration of small bodies


There's no such thing as a free lunch
The economic theory, and also the lay opinion, that whatever goods and services are provided, they must be paid for by someone – i.e. you don't get something for nothing. The phrase is also known by the acronym of 'there ain't no such thing as a free lunch' – tanstaafl.
Before discussing the origin of 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' it would be useful to go back to the days in which lunches were free. Free lunch was a commonplace term in the USA and, to a lesser extent in Britain, from the mid 19th century onward. It wasn't used to describe handouts of food to the poor and hungry though, it denoted the free food that American saloon keepers used to attract drinkers; for example, this advertisement for a Milwaukee saloon, in The Commercial Advertiser, June 1850:
At The Crescent…
Can be found the choicest of Segars, Wines and Liquors…
N. B. – A free lunch every day at 11 o'clock will be served up.
Free lunches, often cold food but sometimes quite elaborate affairs, were provided for anyone who bought drink. This inducement wasn't popular with the temperance lobby and was also criticized for the same reason that others in the 20th century later introduced the TANSTAAFL idea to economic thinking, i.e. saloon customers always ended up paying for the food in the price of the drinks they were obliged to consume. Indeed, some saloon keepers were prosecuted for false advertising of free lunch as customers couldn't partake of it without first paying money to the saloon.
It was into this context that the economic theorists enter the fray and 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' is coined. It isn't known who coined the phrase. It certainly wasn't the economist Milton Friedman, who was much associated with the term. He was a celebrated Nobel Prize-winning economist and his monetarist theories were highly influential on the Reagan and Thatcher administrations in the 1980s and 90s. Friedman certainly believed that 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' and he published a book with that title in 1975, but wasn't, and never claimed to be, the originator of the phrase.
tanstaaflThe phrase appears to have come about in response to the libertarian views of Henry Wallace, the US Vice President between 1941 and 1945. He wrote an article which was originally published by The Atlantic Monthly in which he suggested a post-WWII worldwide economic regime offering "minimum standards of food, clothing and shelter" for people throughout the world and offering the opinion that "If we can afford tremendous sums of money to win the war, we can afford to invest whatever amount it takes to win the peace". Paul Mallon, a Washington journalist, responded to Wallace's article with a critical piece, published in several US papers, including The Lima News, January 1942:
"Mr. Wallace neglects the fact that such a thing as a 'free' lunch never existed. Until man acquires the power of creation, someone will always have to pay for a free lunch.
The first record I can find of the precise phrase there's no such thing as a free lunch, comes following year, in an editorial in The Long Beach Independent, October 1943, again referring to Wallace:
Now, our secret: Tanstaafl is mnemonic for "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch."


text:
This is part one of a series on ggplot2.
I'm starting a new series on using ggplot2 to create high-quality visuals. But in order to understand why ggplot2 behaves the way it does, we need to understand a little bit about the grammar of graphics. Leland Wilkinson published The Grammar of Graphics in 1999, with a revised edition in 2005. By 2006, Hadley Wickham had created ggplot (as mentioned in his presentation A grammar of graphics: past, present, and future) as an implementation of the grammar of graphics in R. In 2010, Wickham published A Layered Grammar of Graphics, which explains the reasoning behind ggplot2.
In this first post of the series, I want to give you an idea of why we should think about the grammar of graphics. From there, we'll go into detail with ggplot2, starting simple and building up to more complex plots. By the end of the series, I want to build high-quality, publication-worthy visuals. With that flow in mind, let's get started!
What Is The Grammar of Graphics?
First, my confession. I haven't read Wilkinson's book and probably never will. That's not at all a knock on the book itself, but rather an indication that it is not for everybody, not even for everyone interested in data visualization.
Instead, we will start with Wickham's paper on ggplot2. This gives us the basic motivation behind the grammar of graphics by covering what a grammar does for us: "A grammar provides a strong foundation for understanding a diverse range of graphics. A grammar may also help guide us on what a well-formed or correct graphic looks like, but there will still be many grammatically correct but nonsensical graphics. This is easy to see by analogy to the English language: good grammar is just the first step in creating a good sentence" (3).
With a language, we have different language components like nouns (which can be subjects, direct objects, or indirect objects), verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. We put together combinations of those individual components to form complete sentences and transmit ideas. Our particular word choice and language component usage will affect the likelihood of success in idea transmission, but to an extent, we can work iteratively on a sentence, switching words or adding phrases to get the point across the way we desire.
With graphics, we can do the same thing. Instead of thinking of "a graph" as something which exists in and of itself, we should think of different objects that we combine into its final product: a graph.
Implementing The Grammar
In the ggplot2 grammar, we have different layers of objects. In some particular order, we have:
- The data itself, and a mapping explaining what portions of the data we want to represent parts of our graph. This mapping is made up of things we see on the graph: the aesthetics. Aesthetic elements include the x axis, y axis, color, fill color, and so on.
- The statistical transformation we want to use. For example, there are stats for boxplots, jitter, qq plots, and summarization (page 11). Stats help you transform an input data frame into an output data frame that your plot can use, like generating a density function from an input data frame using stat_density().
- The geometric object (aka, geom) we want to draw. This could be a histogram, a bar or column chart, a line chart, a radar chart, or whatever. These relate closely to statistics.
- Scales and coordinates, which give us the axes and legends.
- Accompaniments to the visual. These include data labels and annotations. This is how we can mark specific points on the graph or give the graph a nice title.
- The ability to break our visual into facets, that is, splitting into multiple graphs. If we have multiple graphs, we can see how different pieces of the data interact.
The key insight in ggplot2 is that these different layers are independent of one another: you can change the geometric object from a line chart to a bar chart without needing to change the title, for example. This lets you program graphs iteratively, starting with very simple graphs and adding on more polish as you go.
As a follow-on to this, you can choose more than one geometric object, for example. So if you want to draw a column chart with a line chart in front of it, that's two geometric objects and not one special line+column chart. This lets you construct graphics at the level of complexity that you need.
Even though the Wickham paper is nearing 8 years old by this point and the ggplot2 library has expanded considerably in the meantime, it remains a good introduction to the grammar of graphics and gives the motivation behind ggplot2.
Over the rest of this series, we will dig into ggplot2 in some detail, generating some low-quality images at first but building up to better and better things.


Read this article in Dutch.
The ruling by the Constitutional Court, which abolished the reversing counter earlier this year, caused quite a commotion among owners of solar panels. A financial mechanism for this target group suddenly disappeared.
But that has nothing to do with the usefulness and necessity of the digital meter in general, according to just about every Flemish energy expert. Because the new measuring instruments have a lot to offer. What's more: it is this same digital meter that can safely guide us all through the energy transition. And this is not a long-term story - the first concrete applications are already visible today.
Digital meter plays at top level
To start off on a high note: the digital meter plays a global role in the fight against climate change. An important weapon against this is the energy transition: the global switch from fossil fuels, such as fuel oil or diesel, to renewable energy, such as green electricity. And that is where the digital meter comes in: only with the help of this tool can you monitor your energy consumption and make the switch to other forms of energy as favorable as possible.
Climate neutral in 2050? Switch to green power now
The European Commission wants to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 by significantly reducing CO2 emissions. To this end, the policymakers are aiming at a much more efficient use of energy and at locally produced renewable energy to gradually replace fossil fuels. As a result, green power is gaining considerable importance as an energy source.
Three new functions
What is so special about the digital meter that it can play such an important role? Compared to its analogue predecessor, the instrument has three new, crucial functions:
Digit Meters studio S1 P1 poort 14feb19 7918
 1. It measures your energy consumption in much more detail, and you can also consult it online
 2. With its built-in communication technology, it can send and receive data itself, including your meter readings. No more confusion when you move to another house or switch suppliers: we can always find out the correct meter reading.
 3. You can make your digital meter'smart' yourself, for example by connecting smart devices to its special ports or using the services of an energy service provider.
We must not miss the boat
The new possibilities offered by digital meters are also the main reason why meter manufacturers worldwide have already switched to digital meters. The old, mechanical meters are hardly ever produced in Flanders.
The digitalisation of energy meters is an unstoppable, international evolution. We must not miss the boat here. Flanders is in the tail of the European pack when it comes to switching to the digital meter. If we do not keep up the pace now, there is a risk that we will lag far behind our neighbouring countries.
In charge of your own consumption
Admit it: with the old, mechanical meters, it was extremely difficult to keep track of your consumption. You usually only had to go down to the cellar or garage once a year to do this: during the annual meter reading. And the annual overview that you received afterwards from your energy supplier did not really make you much wiser. Measuring is knowing: the more details you have about your consumption and injection into the energy network, the better the insight.
Only when you have a perfect view of your consumption at all times can you control it and switch on certain appliances at the right time. For example, when you produce green electricity yourself.
Frank Vanbrabant, CEO Fluvius
Fluvius Energieportaal Digit Meter 9110
With a digital meter, you can monitor your electricity and gas consumption almost in real time: every 15 minutes for electricity and every hour for gas. This gives you, as a family or business, a better insight into your energy consumption and injection into the grid. Everyone can consult their energy consumption free of charge on the customer portal (in Dutch). Moreover, you can make your digital meter'smart' by connecting online apps to it that help you monitor and adjust your consumption. An additional advantage: you no longer need a meter reader.
Do you have solar panels? Then it is best to use the electricity you generate yourself as much as possible. Selling electricity to your energy supplier is also an option. All this is possible with a digital meter. If you want to go even further, you can store your energy surplus in a battery or hot water boiler. In other words: for those who want to be in control of their own energy consumption and production, the digital meter is an indispensable tool.
Fluvius PV Terranova 9053
Coming up: the capacity fee
In the course of 2022, the Flemish energy regulator VREG will introduce a new tariff system for network costs for electricity. From then on, you will no longer pay network costs based on how much you use (in kilowatt hours), but based on how heavily you load the electricity network at the same time (power peaks). The better you spread your consumption, the lower your network costs will be. The digital meter will also play an important role here. Customers without digital meters receive no information about these consumption peaks.
Billions less grid investment
The digital meter also offers many crucial advantages for Fluvius as grid operator. For example, we incur fewer costs due to remote meter readings and less confusion about meter readings, for example when moving to another house or changing suppliers. The digital meter is also a great help in detecting and combating fraud.
But the greatest benefit for all of us lies in avoiding heavy grid investments to enable the energy transition. After all, the switch from fossil fuels to renewable fuels will cause us to use considerably more electricity. Just think of the advance of electric cars. In addition, we are also seeing a sharp increase in the number of wind turbines and solar panels. These will ensure that the Flemish electricity networks will be much more heavily burdened in the near future.
The digital meters provide the necessary data to manage the grids intelligently and to make much more targeted investments. Without digital meters, we would have to make many heavy network investments in extra cables and equipment. We can now avoid these to a large extent: according to our estimates, there will even be 3 billion less by 2050. And of course this is to the advantage of every Fleming: the more efficient the grid management, the smaller the impact on our energy bill.
Conclusion: the digital meter is not only convenient, but also much needed as a tool for conscious energy consumption and numerous future opportunities. And this awareness, in turn, is crucial for the switch to renewable energy: the core of the energy transition. The digital meter can be the key for each of us to contribute to a climate-neutral future.
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Home Page - English
Sometimes we can effectively communicate with a few words or even one word can be enough. During a diocesan summer camp in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo), "Mickey Mouse" were the only words used by an instructor and a young girl, Bertina, with a serious mental disability as she was distracted from biting the instructor's wrist and looked for approval. "Mickey Mouse," "Mickey Mouse"!
Obviously in life, words are not enough. They can be empty if they are not understood, lived or shared. "Doing something" for others means more than the mere action; it is being in communion with them.
The Kingdom of God is filled with stories of bonds that tie people to one another. The Kingdom is "there," as the 2012 theme of the International CVS indicates. It is a place where people strip themselves of their pride, of their hypocrisy and live truthfully seeing the poor and needy on their horizon.
"Mickey Mouse" had many meanings for the young girl above—sometimes showing disapproval, other times showing joy, shock or friendship. She felt appreciated and a part of the group. The Kingdom is "there" when we give of ourselves, opening new horizons, lighting hope in others. It is as simple as the sardine can that the young girl, Bertina, played with; we have to open our hearts.
The Kingdom is a part of our world and we have to search for it. We cannot find it in our freedom, or only in our love of our brothers and sisters. The Kingdom is "there" when we are open and humble as children following the Blessed Virgin's guidance being our mother and teacher. The Kingdom is "there" where we have been called to make the difference: "Mickey Mouse, Mickey Mouse.
da "Editoriale" - Rivista "L'Ancora" n. 10 - 2011


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Model Updating and Uncertainty Management for Aircraft Prognostic Systems
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Agency Tracking Number:
Solicitation Topic Code:
Small Business Information
850 Energy Drive, Idaho Falls, ID, 83401
Socially and Economically Disadvantaged:
AbstractThis proposal addresses the integration of physics-based damage propagation models with diagnostic measures of current state of health in a mathematically rigorous method for the determination of remaining useful life. The principle goal of the proposed Phase I research is the investigation of issues associated with the integration of three independently developed algorithms (physics-based damage progression, diagnostics, and model updating architecture) in a single functioning system. Of particular interest is the ability of the proposed architecture to adequately represent the uncertainty associated with both diagnostic state estimation and loading conditions, and the propagation of such uncertainties to the remaining useful life prediction. The integrated prognostic system will be demonstrated using bearing damage (spallation) propagation models coupled with vibration derived diagnostic measures of spall severity obtained from in house testing. Following V&V of the baseline component-level prognostic system, extension of the existing technology towards support of subsystem-level (multi-model) prognostics will be pursued.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


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Definition of agrarianism
n. - An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land. 2
The word "agrarianism" uses 11 letters: A A A G I I M N R R S.
No direct anagrams for agrarianism found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after agrarianism (in bold), or to aaagiimnrrs in any order:
s - agrarianisms
All words formed from agrarianism by changing one letter
Browse words starting with agrarianism by next letter


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Physical Sciences Division
Seeing All the Angles
Scientists measure how water and oils interact with surfaces
Enlarge Image Copyright American Chemical Society
Results: Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory determined the wettability—the preference of a rock or other surface to attract or repel water—of different surfaces by experimentally measuring contact angles. Contact angles are observed on the periphery of a drop in contact with the solid surface. Contact angles can be determined for both water droplets on surfaces in the air and for oil droplets in water on the same surfaces. A simple direct relationship was found between contact angles determined for these two different cases.
"This outcome is of practical importance because air-water contact angles are more commonly available and easier to obtain than oil-water contact angles," said Dr. Jay Grate, a Fellow at PNNL and a key researcher on this study, which appeared on the cover of Langmuir.
Why It Matters: Producing power with fossil fuels accounts for just over half of the planet's human-made carbon dioxide emissions, and that number is rising. These emissions are altering the climate, changing weather patterns, and affecting cities and crops. Reducing emissions by storing them in underground geologic reservoirs could ease these changes. The outcomes of injecting a fluid such as supercritical carbon dioxide depends critically on the wettability of the porous medium. Understanding wettabilities in terms of the oil-water contact angle provides vital information about how such processes are expected to proceed.
"Being able to predict these contact angles from more commonly available air-water contact angles might considerably reduce the required experimental efforts," said Grate.
Methods: The researchers began with clean silica surfaces, and coated them with different silanes, materials composed primarily of silicon and hydrogen. Changing the coating changed the wettability. On each surface, repeated measurements of the air-water and oil-water contact angles were carried out, using the Ramé-Hart Model 500 advanced goniometer in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory. The instrument was purchased especially for this study. In addition, the team demonstrated a method to change the wettability of surfaces inside a microfluidic structure that mimics the pores in geological structures such as sandstone.
Wettability is a basic property of soil and other porous structures that affects a host of phenomena in multiphase flow, such as saturation by the displacing fluid. The contact angle is the conventional way to measure a change in the wettability. Surface chemists almost always measure the air-water contact angle. However, when studying how two immiscible liquids behave, such as oil and water, scientists need the oil-water contact angle. The present work provides a clear relationship between these two measurements.
"Given their value, it is remarkable that the relationships between water-air and water-oil contact angles have not been tested experimentally on so many diverse surfaces," said Karl Dehoff, a post-masters associate at PNNL who worked on the project.
"Eventually, we made enough surfaces with enough silanes yielding enough different wettabilities that we had a data set we could correlate," said Grate. "This gave us enough information to figure out the relationship between the oil-water and the air-water angles."
"The results are in nearly perfect agreement with the theory," said Dr. Mart Oostrom, the physicist at PNNL who led the study.
What's Next? The next challenge for the team is modifying the interior surfaces of microfluidic models using silanes to do flow displacement experiments with water, oils, and supercritical carbon dioxide.
Sponsor: Carbon Sequestration Initiative, funded by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at PNNL
User Facility: EMSL
Research Team: Jay Grate, Karl Dehoff, Marvin Warner, Johnathan Pittman, Thomas Wietsma, Changyong Zhang, and Mart Oostrom, PNNL
Reference: JW Grate, KJ Dehoff, MG Warner, JW Pittman, TW Wietsma, C Zhang, and M Oostrom. 2012. "Correlation of Oil-Water and Air-Water Contact Angles of Diverse Silanized Surfaces and Relationship to Fluid Interfacial Tensions." Langmuir 28(18):7182-7188. DOI:10.1021/la204322k.


was zero, day 0 was defined as the previous business day at the same time.
In 6.xx, if the check fails, and $timecheck is non-zero, the behavior is the same as before. If $timecheck is zero, day 0 is defined as the next business day at the same time.
So day 0 is now always the same, where before, day 0 meant two different things depending on whether $timecheck was zero or not.
(*) Default time
In Date::Manip 5.xx, the default times for dates was handled in an inconsistent manner. In the Date::Manip::Date documentation, if you parse a date from the "Common date formats" section, in Date::Manip 5.xx, if no time was included, it defaulted to "00:00:00". If you parsed a date from the "Less common formats" section, the default time was the current time.
So running a program on Jun 5, 2009 at noon that parsed the following dates gave the following return values:
 Jun 12 => Jun 12, 2009 at 00:00:00
 next week => Jun 12, 2009 at 12:00:00
This behavior is changed and now relies on the config variable DefaultTime. If DefaultTime is "curr", the default time for any date which includes no information about the time is the current time. Otherwise, the default time is midnight.
%z format
In Date::Manip 5.xx, the %z format would give an offset in the form: -0500. Now it gives it in the form: -05:00:00
Dropped mixed style delta parsing
In Date::Manip 5.xx, a parsed delta could be written in the delta style
or in a language-specific expanded form:
 1 hour 2 minutes 3 seconds
or in a mixed form:
 1 hour 2:3
The mixed form has been dropped since I doubt that it sees much use in real life, and by dropping the mixed form, the parsing is much simpler.
Approximate date/date calculations
In Date::Manip 5.xx, the approximate delta between the two dates:
 Jan 10 1996 noon
 Jan 7 1998 noon
was +1:11:4:0:0:0:0 (or 1 year, 11 months, 4 weeks). As of Date::Manip 6.00, the delta is +2:0:-0:3:0:0:0 (or 2 years minus 3 days). Although this leads to mixed-sign deltas, it is actually how more people would think about the delta. It has the additional advantage of being MUCH easier and faster to calculate.
Approximate relationships in deltas
When printing parts of deltas in Date::Manip::5.xx, the approximate relationship of 1 year = 365.25 days was used. This is the correct value for the Julian calendar, but for the Gregorian calendar, a better value is _PHONE_, and this is used in version 6.00.
Old style formats
The formats used in the printf command are slightly different than in the old Delta_Format command.
The old formats are described in the Date::Manip::DM5 manual, and the new ones are in the Date::Manip::Delta manual.
The new formats are much more flexible and I encourage you to switch over, however at this point, the old style formats are officially supported for the Delta_Format command.
At some point, the old style formats may be deprecated (and removed at some point beyond that), but for now, they are not.
The old formats are NOT available using the printf method.
The day field meaning changed in a few recurrences
The value of the day field can refer to several different things including the day of week number (Monday=1 to Sunday=7), day of month (1-31), day of year (1-366), etc.
In Date::Manip 5.xx, it could also refer to the nth day of the week (i.e. 1 being the 1st day of the week, -1 being the last day of the week). This meaning is no longer used in 6.xx.
For example, the recurrence:
referred to the 3rd occurrence of the 4th day of the week in February.
The meaning has been changed to refer to the 3rd occurrence of day 4 (Thursday) in February. This is a much more useful type of recurrence.
As a result of this change, the related recurrence:
is invalid. Negative numbers may be used to refer to the nth day of the week, but NOT when referring to the day of week numbers.
Recurrence range now inclusive
Previously, the list of dates implied by the recurrence were on or after the start date, but before the end date.
This has been changed so that the dates may be on or before the end date.
Dropped support for a couple English recurrences
Date::Manip 5.xx claimed support for a recurrence:
 every 2nd day in June [1997]
In actuality, this recurrence is not practical to calculate. It requires a base date which might imply June 1,3,5,... in 1997 but June 2,4,6 in 1998.
In addition, the recurrence does not fit the mold for other recurrences that are an approximate distance apart. This type of recurrence has a number of closely spaced events with 11-month gaps between groups.
I no longer consider this a valid recurrence and support is now dropped for this string.
I also dropped the following for a similar reason:
 every 6th Tuesday [in 1999]
Other minor recurrence changes
Previously, ParseRecur would supply default dates if the start or end were missing. This is no longer done.
The Date::Manip module contains the same functions that Date::Manip 5.xx had (though the OO modules do all the work now). In general, the routines behave the same as before with the following exceptions:
Previously, Date_ConvTZ took 1 to 4 arguments and used the local time zone and the ConvTZ config variable to fill in missing arguments.
Now, the Date_ConvTZ function only supports a 3 argument call:
If $from is not given, it defaults to the local time zone. If $to is not given, it defaults to the local time zone.
The optional 4th argument ($errlevel) is no longer supported. If there is an error, an empty string is returned.
In Date::Manip 5.xx, it was recommended that you pass arguments to ParseDate or ParseDateDelta. This is not recommended with 6.00 since it is much more intelligent about handling the arguments, and you'll just end up parsing the date/delta twice.
Date::Manip - main module documentation
Sullivan Beck (
syntax highlighting:


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EXECUTIVE MBA - JKUAT
DISCUSS THE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PARADIGM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE SERVICE AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
The concept of Supply Chain Management is based on two broad ideas.
The first is that practically all goods and services that reach an end user represent the cumulative effort of multiple organizations. These organizations are referred to collectively as the supply chain.
The second idea is that while supply chains have existed for a long time, few businesses understood, let alone managed, the entire chain of activities that ultimately delivered products to the final customer. The result was disjointed and often ineffective supply chains.
There as many and varied definitions of supply chain management as are the authors. Broadly defined, supply chain management, is the active management of supply chain activities to maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. It represents a deliberate effort by the supply chain firms to develop and run supply chains in the more effective and efficient ways possible.
The Institute of Supply Management describes supply chain management as "the design and management of seamless, value added processes across organizational boundaries to meet the needs of the end customer. The development and integration of people and technologies or resources are critical to the successful supply chain management"
The Supply Chain Council defines it as "managing supply and demand, sourcing raw materials and parts, manufacturing and assembly, warehousing and inventory tracking, order entry and order management, distribution across all channels and delivery to the customer"
The Council of Logistics Management defines supply chain management as the "systematic, strategic coordination, of the traditional business functions and... [continues]
Cite This Essay
(2008, 11). Supply Chain Management Paradigm and Its Application to the Service and Manufacturing Industry. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 11, 2008, from _URL_
"Supply Chain Management Paradigm and Its Application to the Service and Manufacturing Industry" StudyMode.com. 11 2008. 11 2008 .
"Supply Chain Management Paradigm and Its Application to the Service and Manufacturing Industry." StudyMode.com. 11, 2008. Accessed 11, 2008. _URL_