Huperzine A Benefits (Are There Side Effects You Should Know?)
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Updated February 26, 2021
Huperzine A Benefits And Side Effects Huperzine A is an ingredient found in many supplements promising to help improve cognition and benefit your mental health. It is an alkaloid that comes from club moss and has been used in Chinese medicine for a variety of health reasons.
Huperzine A Benefits
Here is a list of the primary and most commonly reported benefits of Huperzine A…
 - Improves working memory
 - Boosts concentration and focus
 - Increases your ability to learn
 - Improves information retention
 - Provides the body with neuroprotective effects
Improves Working Memory
Huperzine A has been shown to help improve users ability to memorize information and retain that information. It is believed that this benefit is produced as a result of the effect Huperzine A has on Acetylcholine levels. Acetylcholine is your most important neurotransmitter for processes related to learning and memory.
Neuroprotective Benefits
Another benefit of Huperzine A is its ability to protect your brain from free radicals, which can negatively impact your ability to focus in the short term and damage your brain in the long term. Researchers believe that Huperzine A can provide significant neuroprotective benefits when used as part of a comprehensive nootropic supplement.
What Is Huperzine A?
Huperzine A is a compound known as an alkaloid and is extracted from a specific type of moss. It has been shown to help benefit brain health and cognition in multiple ways, and can actually help slow down the rate of cognitive decline in people who suffer from late-life memory conditions. It is most commonly found in supplements known as nootropics. These brain supplements have been shown to provide many people with increased mental ability, and help support properly functioning memory.
Nootropics are brain and memory supplements that have been shown to provide an adequate replacement for everyday vices to increase concentration and boost productivity. Many of them also include ingredients that support a properly functioning memory. Nootropic are made up of a wide variety of herbs, vitamins, and minerals that are all related to brain health. Some of the herbs in nootropic supplements have been used for thousands of years and have benefited millions of individuals' brain and physical health.
Huperzine A is just another compound to add to a nootropic's arsenal of cognition supporting ingredients.
How Does Huperzine A Work?
Huperzine A works by inhibiting the actions of a neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the most crucial neurotransmitter for learning and memory. Low levels of acetylcholine have been shown in individuals who are diagnosed with Alzheimer's. Huperzine A mimics the ability of prescription drugs for Alzheimer's, with fewer reported side effects. The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called acetylcholine esterase, and is inhibited by Huperzine A. Due to this ability, Huperzine A is able to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, helping support cognitive processes related to learning and memory.
Huperzine A has also been shown to be able to increase levels of norepinephrine and dopamine. This is important because it allows you to stay focused, while also providing slight anxiety relief and elevated mood.
Huperzine A Side Effects
Huperzine A side effects are uncommon and normally arise if too much has been taken. While it may cause some digestive discomfort, more serious issues are uncommon. Some people may experience side effects such as anxiety and discomfort. If you are prone to anxiety, you may want to avoid nootropic supplements in general.
Pros of Huperzine A
 - Helps increase neurotransmitter levels
 - Boosts cognition
 - Can cross the blood brain barrier
Cons of Huperzine A
 - Some negative side effects when taken improperly
Huperzine A Benefits – Summary
Overall, Huperzine A is a compound that is able to help improve your cognitive abilities, especially when taken with other ingredients responsible for doing the same thing. It is often found to be a powerful component of many nootropic stacks, and can be a great addition to a nootropic blend.


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About Project Euler
What is Project Euler?
Project Euler is a series of challenging mathematical/computer programming problems that will require more than just mathematical insights to solve. Although mathematics will help you arrive at elegant and efficient methods, the use of a computer and programming skills will be required to solve most problems.
The motivation for starting Project Euler, and its continuation, is to provide a platform for the inquiring mind to delve into unfamiliar areas and learn new concepts in a fun and recreational context.
Who are the problems aimed at?
The intended audience include students for whom the basic curriculum is not feeding their hunger to learn, adults whose background was not primarily mathematics but had an interest in things mathematical, and professionals who want to keep their problem solving and mathematics on the edge.
Can anyone solve the problems?
The problems range in difficulty and for many the experience is inductive chain learning. That is, by solving one problem it will expose you to a new concept that allows you to undertake a previously inaccessible problem. So the determined participant will slowly but surely work his/her way through every problem.
However, as the problems are challenging then you may wish to view the Problems before registering.
"Project Euler exists to encourage, challenge, and develop the skills and enjoyment of anyone with an interest in the fascinating world of mathematics."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


An aerial photo of Khartoum, Sudan, where the Blue Nile (right) and the White Nile meet. Photo credit: NASA
This issue brief provides a sketch of the major issues under discussion and summarizes the current state of the negotiations over the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA).
Negotiations for a CFA started in 1997 and have not yet been concluded. The CFA seeks to establish a permanent Nile River Basin Commission through which member countries would act together to manage and develop the resources of the river. The countries constituting the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) are Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
There has been noticeable tension among the NBI countries due to disagreements over what constitutes the equitable utilization of water. Potential conflicts over the waters of the Nile River stem from the increased need for water for irrigation, as well as from the rise in the hydropower needs of the riparian countries.


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A new report from the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine revealed that skies over Kyiv are swarming with unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The scientists created a unique observation technique, considering the objects' fast speeds. The exposure period was selected to ensure that the object's picture did not noticeably change during exposure. Fast-moving, low-visibility objects in the daytime sky over Kyiv and the surrounding villages were monitored by Ukrainian astronomers using specially calibrated cameras at two weather stations in Kyiv and Vinarivka. Dozens of objects "that cannot scientifically be identified as known natural phenomena" were observed. "We see them everywhere," was affirmed in the report. The Ukrainian paper describes between others a specific type of UFO the researchers call "phantoms" that is an "object [that] is a completely black body that does not emit and absorbs all the radiation falling on it."Some such objects range from 10 to 40 feet (3 to 12 meters) wide and can travel at speeds of up to 33,000 mph (53,000 km/h) at altitudes of up to 10 to 12 kilometers. At the opposite side, others were luminous objects, brighter than the background of the sky.
Knowing Russian invasion of Ukraine suspected that some observations described in the new report may be linked to foreign surveillance or military technologies. At least, according to a 2021 report from the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), it's likely that some such aerial observed objects are "technologies deployed by China, Russia, another nation, or a non-governmental entity." However the Ukrainian paper does not address the war in conjunction with the sightings.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


's an artifact of the memory manager's LRU approach. How does it know that the pages corresponding to Firefox are going to be used again? If some other program needs those pages, the older ones will be discarded. There is nothing applications can do.
Instead, the OS itself has to be tweaked to preserve interactivity. Sometimes the memory manager will prefer disk cache pages to malloc-backed ones. Sometimes (e.g., for Windows SuperFetch) the OS will try to identify pages belonging to activate applications and try harder to keep those in memory. Some systems favor keeping executable pages over private allocations. You can tweak the page replacement algorithm, but the basic idea, that all memory is made up of pages subject to the same management scheme, applies.
Ultimately, it's ridiculous to hear people talk about programs "keeping things in memory" like we were still dealing with DOS 6 and OS 9. The actual situation is a lot more subtle, and silly memory counters don't even come close to giving you a good picture of what's actually going on.
In short, don't worry about fine-tuning what's "in memory". Don't change behavior based on total amount of memory in the system. Operating systems (OpenBSD aside) ALREADY DO THAT. Just let the memory manager do its job, and give it enough information (via interactivity information, memory priority, etc.) to do its job properly. Don't try to hack around problems at the wrong layers.


Trastuzumab Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings
Trastuzumab is also known as: Herceptin
Trastuzumab Pregnancy Warnings
Use should be avoided. AU TGA pregnancy category: D US FDA pregnancy category: D Comments: -Advise women of the potential hazard to the fetus. -Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for 7 months after the last dose.
Animal studies showed no evidence of harm to the fetus or impairment of fertility. The drug crossed the placental barrier. There are no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Post marketing reports showed cases of oligohydramnios which resulted in impairment of fetal renal growth and/or function, pulmonary hypoplasia including fatalities, skeletal abnormalities, and neonatal death. To monitor the outcomes of pregnant women exposed to this drug, a pregnancy registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients and pregnant women are encouraged to register themselves at AU TGA pregnancy category D: Drugs which have caused, are suspected to have caused or may be expected to cause, an increased incidence of human fetal malformations or irreversible damage. These drugs may also have adverse pharmacological effects. Accompanying texts should be consulted for further details. US FDA pregnancy category D: There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
Trastuzumab Breastfeeding Warnings
Use is not recommended and a decision should be made to discontinue breastfeeding or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Excreted into human milk: Unknown Excreted into animal milk: Yes Comments: Breastfeeding should be avoided during therapy and for 7 months after the last dose.
See Also...


If you look at architecture all across the world, it shouldn't be difficult to see how the biome directly influenced the buildings.
 - What building resources are available?
 - At the most basic level, buildings are shelter. What do your people need shelter from? (Rain, snow, wind, heat, cold, predatory animals, enemies, natural disasters, or something else?)
 - What features of your buildings protect your people from these things? (For example, the turf houses I mentioned earlier use earth to insulate from the cold)
 - What terrain is preferred for the buildings your people will construct?
Note: There are many other elements that will affect buildings. For example, which buildings are the most important to a society? How are they distinguished? What features are stylish at the time? Etc. However, for now I am specifically focusing on biome-related considerations.
Like food and shelter, clothing is an important part of culture. Many people associate silk with China or grass skirts and leis with Hawaii. Clothing can be just as distinctive as food or a building, and it too is largely dictated by available resources. Common materials include but are not limited to wool, cotton, fur, leather, linen, silk, polyester, and more.
Also, like buildings, clothing must be appropriate to the temperature. Fur was widely used in Canada and northern Europe because the indigenous animals had warm fur to protect them from the bitter cold. The people would hunt these animals specifically to benefit from the same protective furs. In contrast, people in Greece and Rome, in the warm Mediterranean climate, wore thin, loose linen garments so they didn't get too hot.
Clothing is also protective. Knights in Medieval times wore armor into battle, my dad wears a windproof jacket when he rides his motorcycle, and construction workers wear hard hats. Firemen wear fire-resistant jackets, divers wear scuba gear, and I wear rubber boots when I have to work outside and the ground is flooded. No matter what you are doing, chances are you will probably wear something that will keep you comfortable and safe. Over time, people will find ways to make it easier to interact with their environment, so it would be a good idea to consider what technology your civilization may have developed to deal with some unwanted elements of their biome.
 - What materials are available for making clothes?
 - Just like buildings, clothes provide shelter. What do your people need shelter from? (Rain, snow, wind, heat, cold, predatory animals, enemies, or something else?)
 - What type of clothes would suit the environment?
 - What is the most common material that would serve the needs of most people?
 - Are there any specialized clothes that would only be used under certain circumstances? (Most people don't wear rain gear every day, but it is quite beneficial during the rainy season.)
 - What armor or protective gear do soldiers or warriors wear?
In Conclusion…
Next time, I will look at the broader social and economic effects of resources – Which ones are the most rare and valuable? What happens when one country relies on another to provide a critical resource? How do population centers grow around a large supply of an important resource? – But for now, consider how the environment dictates culture on an everyday scale.
If you are interested in more information, check out Day 8: Economy and Politics from 30 Days of Worldbuilding.
Thanks for reading! As always, questions, comments, opinions, and ideas are always welcome in the comments. Have you ever thought about how much a society is built around the resources available? What are some of the most interesting real-world cultures to you?
 1. This is very cool, Hannah! I've scratched the surface of these topics in building my own world, but you're right that when you start to dig deeper there is so much about a society that relates to where it's located, what the climate is like, and what resources are available.
 1. Thanks! It's so fascinating to me. No culture is exempt, and I love researching what factors led each civilization to develop the way it did. Sometimes in a story, the surface is all you need. Even so, I love worldbuilding, so I am working toward discovering the answers to these questions for my cultures.
 2. I agree that it is important to understand the "world" in which your story is developed, and it becomes even more complex when you are developing a fantasy world! Moving from the Midwest where rocks were abundant, for example, I was rather shocked to find that we had to "purchase" rocks for landscaping purposes in Florida! I would certainly prefer to write about the world I know, but I admire your unique willingness to delve into the details required to create a believable fantasy world. I enjoyed your mine craft examples and pictures!


J.R. Nyquist, Communism, and President Trump
Is Communism dead? If not, how is it affecting the USA?
On today's program, JR Nyquist, author of Origins of the 4th World War, discussed Communism and the current political climate in the USA. Former President Obama has now set up an opposition government 2 miles away from the White House. The former President is said to have 30,000 activists at his disposal, and 250 offices around the country. Their goal: to unseat President Trump and have him impeached. Will they succeed?
When patriotic Austrians prayed the rosary and asked God to drive the Communists out, they packed up and left in 1955. When Communists attempted to take over Brazil in the 1960s, patriotic Brazilians prayed the rosary to stop them, and it worked. When Communists attempted to take over the Philippines in the 1980s, praying the rosary stopped them.
Pray the rosary every day for the USA and President Trump.


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Compliance education for recreational fishers
Fisheries Compliance has identified certain segments of the population that have higher levels of non-compliance with recreational fishing rules than desirable. Within these populations it appears that ignorance of the rules is a major contributor with social and cultural factors also playing a part.
A comprehensive initiative targeting at risk populations is being undertaken to educate and raise awareness of fishing rules, the reasons for these rules and the need for New Zealand to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner. The initiative includes school talks, community meetings, brochures describing fishing rules in various languages, more signage on at risk beaches, and more extensive use of the Honorary Fishery Officer network.


If you think a pay bump would make you like your job more, you're probably right. But it's not quite as simple as you might think.
New research from career site Glassdoor suggests that more money can make employees more satisfied with their jobs — but not as much as other factors in the workplace.
The study is based on data from 221,000 Glassdoor users who contributed a salary report and an employer review for the same company since 2014. The users in the study earned up to $200,000 annually.
To be sure, higher salaries were associated with higher employee satisfaction. While 15% of users earning less than $30,000 a year gave their employer one out of five stars, just 10% of users earning upwards of $120,000 gave the same rating. On the flip side, while 40% of users making less than $30,000 gave their employer four or five stars, as many as 51% of users making more than $120,000 gave the same rating.
The caveat? A higher salary only makes employees a little bit happier. A more advanced data analysis revealed that a 10% increase in pay was associated with a mere 1% increase in employee satisfaction. So if you make $50,000 a year and you get a $5,000 raise, your satisfaction would theoretically rise from 75% to 76%.
When it comes to employee satisfaction, other factors could be more meaningful than salary. The researchers looked at different aspects of the workplace and found that employees valued them in this order:
 1. Culture and values
 2. Career opportunities
 3. Senior leadership
 4. Work-life balance
 5. Compensation and benefits
 6. Business outlook
This analysis adds to a growing body of research on the link between money and happiness.One study found that happiness levels off at incomes of $75,000 (or $82,000 in today's dollars). Another study found that the more money you have, the more money it takes to increase your happiness. The Glassdoor research is unique in that it puts salary in the context of other job attributes.
As Forbes' Susan Adams notes, it's likely that people making less than $30,000 would value compensation over other factors. But at the point at which you can take care of your expenses, save some money, and have a little fun, other aspects of your job may matter more than salary.
Ultimately, the difference between a job that pays $50,000 and one that pays $60,000 might not be that significant to your overall happiness. But the difference between a workplace where you'll stagnate and one where you can contribute to a team changing the world may be huge.
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SPURS-2 Controlled Flux Technique (CFT) data for the E. Tropical Pacific field campaign R/V Revelle cruises
The SPURS (Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study) project is NASA-funded oceanographic process study and associated field program that aim to elucidate key mechanisms responsible for near-surface salinity variations in the oceans. The project involves two field campaigns and a series of cruises in regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans exhibiting salinity extremes. SPURS employs a suite of state-of-the-art in-situ sampling technologies that, combined with remotely sensed salinity fields from the Aquarius/SAC-D, SMAP and SMOS satellites, provide a detailed characterization of salinity structure over a continuum of spatio-temporal scales. The SPURS-2 campaign involved two month-long cruises by the R/V Revelle in August 2016 and October 2017 combined with complementary sampling on a more continuous basis over this period by the schooner Lady Amber. Focused around a central mooring located near 10N,125W, the objective of SPURS-2 was to study the dynamics of the rainfall-dominated surface ocean at the western edge of the eastern Pacific fresh pool subject to high seasonal variability and strong zonal flows associated with the North Equatorial Current and Countercurrent. The Controlled Flux Technique (CFT) is a system for measuring the net heat transfer velocity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation at the ocean surface, and is a useful tool for studying the turbulence generated at the ocean surface by the impact of raindrops. CFT was employed during both SPURS-2 Revelle cruises. It involves a laser heating a small patch of water on the ocean surface, and an infrared imaging camera then tracking the resulting thermal decay. This decay is known to be proportional to the dissipation of TKE at the water surface, which in turn can be used to scale the transfer velocity for the net heat flux. SPURS2 CFT data take the form of a series of.raw video files each with corresponding.met text header files containing the associated file metadata. The CFT data was recorded at 15 frames per second (fps) during the first Revelle cruise in 2016, and at 25 fps during the second in 2017. Matlab CFT reader software are provided by UW/APL and distributed here with the CFT data files.
Map of Earth


What are Examples of Variables in Research?
In the course of writing your thesis, one of the first terms that you encounter is the word variable. Failure to understand the meaning and the usefulness of variables in your study will prevent you from doing good research. What then are variables and how should these be dealt with? I explain the concept below with examples of variables commonly used in research.
You may find it difficult to understand just what variables are in the context of research especially those that deal with quantitative data analysis. This becomes much more confusing when you encounter the phrases "dependent variable" and "independent variable" as you go deeper in studying this important concept of research as well as statistics.
Understanding what variables mean is crucial in writing your thesis proposal because you will need these in constructing your conceptual framework and in analyzing the data that you have gathered. Therefore, it is a must that you should be able to grasp thoroughly the meaning of variables and how these are measured. Yes, the variables should be measurable in order that you will be able to use your data for statistical analysis.
I will strengthen your understanding by providing examples of phenomena and their corresponding variables below.
Definition of Variables and Examples
Variables are those simplified portions of the complex phenomena that you intend to study. The word variable is derived from the root word "vary", meaning, changing in amount, volume, number, form, nature or type. These variables should be measurable, i.e., they can be counted or subjected to a scale.
The following examples of phenomena from a global to a local perspective and the corresponding list of variables are given to provide a clear illustration of how a complex phenomena can be broken down into manageable pieces for better understanding and to subject the phenomena to research.
 - Phenomenon: climate change
 - Examples of variables related to climate change: sea level, temperature, amount of carbon emission, amount of rainfall
 - Phenomenon: Crime and violence in the streets
 - Examples of variables related to crime and violence: number of robberies, number of attempted murders, number of prisoners, number of crime victims, number of law enforcers, number of convictions, number of carnapping incidents
 - Phenomenon: poor performance of students in college entrance exams
 - Examples of variables related to poor academic performance: entrance exam score, number of hours devoted to study, student-teacher ratio, number of students in class, educational attainment of teachers, teaching style, distance of school from home, number of hours devoted by parents in providing tutorial support
 - Phenomenon: Fish kill
 - Examples of variables related to fish kill: dissolved oxygen, water salinity, temperature, age of fish, presence or absence of parasites, presence or absence of heavy metal, stocking density
 - Phenomenon: Poor crop growth
 - Examples of variables related to poor crop growth: amount of nitrogen in the soil, amount of phosphorous in the soil, amount of potassium in the soil, amount of rainfall, frequency of weeding, type of soil, temperature
Arid land
Poor crop growth in the arid soil of a hill in an island.
Notice in the above examples of variables that all of them can be counted or measured using a scale. The expected values derived from these variables will therefore be in terms of numbers, amount, category or type. When variables can be quantified, statistical analysis will then be possible. Correlations or differences between variables can then be determined.
Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables
Which of the above examples of variables are the independent and the dependent variables? The independent variables are just those variables that may influence or affect the other variable, i.e., the dependent variable.
For example, in the first phenomenon of climate change, temperature (independent variable) may influence sea level (dependent variable) because increased temperature will cause expansion of water in the sea, thus sea level rise on a global scale may occur. In the second phenomenon, i.e., crime and violence in the streets, the independent variable may be the number of law enforcers and the dependent variable is the number of robberies.
I will leave to you the other variables so you can figure out how this works.
How will you know that one variable may cause the other to behave in a certain way? This is not just a matter of guesswork, so you will need to review related literature regarding the phenomena that you are interested in to find out which variables actually influence the other variable. This is the essence of research.
At this point, I believe that the concept of variable is now clear to you. Share this information to your peers who may have difficulty in understanding what the variables are in research.
9 thoughts on "What are Examples of Variables in Research?"
 1. Thank you, I am struggling with trying to develop a conceptual framework for my future dissertation, this article was a lot easier to understand than my text books!
 2. In the last line of the second paragraph under "Difference betw indep and dep variables" you didn't finish your edit, sooooooo take a look again, do you want to talk about crime or student success?
 And thank you for writing these simplified explanations, I'm ready to tackle my proposal again, with renewed confidence!
 3. Thanks for the explanation. I'll really appreciate more if you can elaborate the roles variables play in research. Thank you.
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text: Daniel-François-Esprit Auber was one of the most celebrated composers of French opera during the first half of the XIX Century. Together with his librettist Augustin-Eugène Scribe Auber made a significant contribution to the genre of opéra-comique. Auber's most famous composition, the opera Masaniello or La muette de Portici had a phenomenal success in Paris 1828 and is generally considered the beginning of the French grand opera. Auber was a very prolific composer in almost every genre of music: vocal,instrumental, sacred and secular. Auber was officially recognized by the state and his works earned him admiration from Rossini and Wagner.


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NEW YORK, Aug 18 (Bernama) -- As the Sikh community in the United States is recovering from the Wisconsin temple tragedy, a Harvard professor said Sikhs have emerged as a role model for Americans who can learn from the dignity and generosity of the community, Press Trust of India reported.
"Most Americans still know little of the Sikh Americans whose history in the US dates to the early 20th century and is now part of our common history.
"While we catch up on our basic education, it is important to know that Sikhs share three distinctly and deeply American values: the importance of hard work, a commitment to human equality and the practice of neighbourly hospitality," said Diana Eck, Harvard University professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies in an editorial in the Dallas Morning News.
Six members of the Sikh community were killed in a Wisconsin temple on Aug 5 when gunman Michael Wade Page opened fire as they prepared for Sunday morning prayers.
Page was wounded by a police officer and died from a self-inflicted gun shot to the head.
"If Page had been simply a neighbour or a local visitor, he would have been warmly welcomed by the community and served food in the temple," said Eck.
In the face of immense tragedy after the shooting, Sikhs offered food they prepared to the hundreds of emergency workers, police officers and staff who surrounded the temple.
"The dignity and generosity of the Sikh community in the wake of this violence remind us just how much we have to learn from these neighbours," Eck said.
Eck said, "No other religious community demonstrates the meaning of hospitality as abundantly as the Sikhs" and noted the "huge industrial-size kitchens" in temples that prepared food for community members and strangers alike.
"This hospitality is not just a gesture, it is foundational to the Sikh faith. Eating together is what knits the Sikh community together and breaks down the barriers that divide the wider human community," the professor said.
"Sikhs remind us that eating together is one of the important liturgies of the human community, for people of every faith and none," she added.
The shooting shocked the peaceful Sikh community which received wide spread support and sympathy from the global community.


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Companies use the EDGAR system to electronically file reports and registration statements with the SEC. This requires converting a paper or word-processing document into a universal ASCII format, a process known as "EDGARizing" the document. The filings can then be accessed by the public through the SEC's website.
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ASP.NET MVC:Why does the CheckBoxFor render an additional input tag and how can I get the value using the FormCollection
I needed to create a check box and bind the model to the check box. Assume instead of the model value im just assigning false as the value. Code given bellow.
The output of the HTML being generated is shown above. I do understand why the hidden check box is put by the razor view engine. My question is if the value is false then the check box visible should be value="false" (unchecked).
Why it has put value="true" (checked). Same applies for the checkboxfor helper. What is wrong or could you explain how to implement this?
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marked as duplicate by Øyvind Knobloch-Bråthen, Mark, Robert Koritnik, NULL, Linger Nov 16 '12 at 14:05
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up vote 2 down vote accepted
You should consider passing the value via the model:
_USER_.CheckBoxFor(model => model.abcd)
If you need to set it to be 'false' then you can do this by setting the abcd property to false in the Controller before returning the View.
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Checkboxes don't have different checked/unchecked values, they only have a checked value. If you understand why razor outputs the hidden field then you understand this.
Imagine for a second that it did have value='false'. What would happen when you checked the checkbox? Would you expect the value to change? (hint: you shouldn't). You'd have a checked checkbox with value='false'. What does that even mean? Then, upon posting, you would post false as your value, and that would be nonsense.
So. Checkbox value attributes don't change. If you need to write code that uses the value, don't look for its value, look for whether or not it's checked.
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So if i need the checkbox to be checked and unchecked based on the true or false that we pass eg _USER_.CheckBox("abcd",false) what should i do? Since i couldnt get what i wanted from your answer. – Desmond Nov 16 '12 at 9:01
_USER_ A checkbox inputs "checked" state is a separate property from its value. Notice that if you check and un-check a textbox the value property does not change, however the browser sees whether the checkbox is checked or not and if it's checked it posts the input name/value, if it's not checked it does not post anything at all. Hence why there's automatically a 2nd hidden input field with value set to false created, so if user checks the checkbox the server will receive two key/value pairs for both inputs, true and false and it will accept true in this case, if one just false. – LaserBeak Nov 17 '12 at 6:41
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Here are a few examples when you may need attach / detach children without adding or deleting them:
- When child was mistakenly added to the wrong parents, and you need to move the child to the new parents.
- If you added people in the tree without knowing they were parents of another individual in your project and found it out while doing your family research.
- When child was adopted by uncle or aunt (or other relatives whom you already added in the tree).
To detach existing children from their parents:
1. Under parents' personal cards click 'Edit' and select 'Children' > 'Manage children'.
2. In the window that opens, select the child from the list and click 'Detach child'.
To attach a child from the list of existing people in the tree:
On the parent's personal card click 'Edit' button and select 'Children' > 'Attach existing child'.
The window with the list of individuals in your family tree will open. Select the person from the list and click 'Select'.
Note: if you need to show both natural and adopting parents, you shouldn't detach child from the natural parents. Just use 'Attach parents' option as described above, and attach adopting parents. You will be suggested to select the correct relationship.
For more information about adding adopted or step-children read one of the following articles:


The Parchment Story: How eTranscript exchange is changing education
You work hard to earn education credentials such as transcripts, diplomas and certificates. They are critical when you want to take the next step in your education or career. But when they are filed away as paper, they are hard to access and share when you need them most.
At Parchment, we build a virtual bridge to connect learners, educational institutions, associations and employers who rely on education credentials. The Parchment platform has helped millions of people and thousands of schools and universities to exchange more than 12 million transcripts and other credentials globally.
We make the process simpler, secure and more transparent for everyone. Registrars at Parchment member institutions issue education credentials electronically and save time and money. On the other side of credential exchange, Parchment Receive members collect credentials from multiple issuers and individuals, streamline operations and access analytics. Parchment members serve individuals better, smarter, faster. They put learners' success at the center of everything they do.
Together with our members, we empower learners to put all their credentials in one place, online, where they can be easily and powerfully shared. With Parchment.com learners can quickly show what they know, and discover education and career opportunities that put their credentials to work.
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text:
Indentured Servants. Indentured Servants. Reasons for Indentured Servants. A. To make money in the colonies many people grew crops. The more crops they grew, the more money they made. B. Colonists looked for cheap labor to help them grow more crops to make more money.
Related searches for Indentured Servants
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A. To make money in the colonies many people grew crops. The more crops they grew, the more money they made.
B. Colonists looked for cheap labor to help them grow more crops to make more money.
1. First they tried Native Americans
2. Then they tried Indentured Servants
A. Indentured Servants were usually poor people who wanted to come to the New World but could not afford to pay for their own way over.
B. Landowners in America would pay the way for an Indentured Servant.
C. In exchange for passage to the New World, Indentured Servants would work for the land owner for a period of time
D. When an Indentured Servant had served his or her contract, he or she would be given a pair of clothes and some food and allowed to go and make a life for themselves in the New World. They were then called freemen.
Read the primary source, A Reading: An Eyewitness Account of the Crossing of Indentured Servants, and answer the questions on your notes page.


text:
Zel'dovich proposed Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) for structure formation in the Universe. After this, higher-order perturbative equations have been derived. Recently fourth-order LPT (4LPT) have been derived by two group. We have shown fifth-order LPT (5LPT) In this conference, we notice fourthand more higher-order perturbative equations. In fourth-order perturbation, because of the difference in handling of spatial derivative, there are two groups of equations. Then we consider the initial conditions for cosmological N-body simulations. Crocce, Pueblas, and Scoccimarro (2007) noticed that second-order perturbation theory (2LPT) is required for accuracy of several percents. We verify the effect of 3LPT initial condition for the simulations. Finally we discuss the way of further improving approach and future applications of LPTs.
|Number of pages||2|
|Journal||Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union|
|Publication status||Published - 2014|
- large-scale structure of universe
- methods: analytical
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics


text:
Editor's Note: This article was originally presented at ESC Boston 2011.
Part One provided a brief introduction to side-channel analysis, including timing analysis and simple and differential power analysis (SPA and DPA). Part Two discussed a DPA attack against AES using EM emissions from the devices. In Part Three, Cryptography Research discusses a new standard recently proposed by CRI to enable developers and accredited testing laboratories to test devices for potential side-channel vulnerabilities.
4. Standardized side-channel testing methodology
This section discusses a new standard recently proposed by CRI [5
] to enable developers and accredited testing laboratories to test devices for potential side-channel vulnerabilities. The goal is to provide evaluators with a standardized methodology for performing side-channel analysis that is sensitive enough to uncover many potential problems.
No standardized testing program can guarantee complete protection against all attacks. Rather, the program is designed to ensure that sufficient care was taken in the design of the device under test (DUT). Sections 4.1-4.3
give a rationale, overview, and description of the testing methodology. Section 4.4
gives some example test results for different devices. 4.1 Rationale for the t-test methodology
Side-channel attacks such as SPA and DPA exploit the presence of information about sensitive algorithmic intermediates within the power traces collected from a device. Any sensitive computational intermediate that influences the power consumption in a statistically significant way could potentially create vulnerabilities.
Our testing approach uses statistical hypothesis testing to detect if one of a number of sensitive intermediates significantly influences the measurement data. For each sensitive intermediate, the collected traces are partitioned into two sets where the value of the intermediate is substantially different. The null hypothesis is that the two sets of power traces have identical means and variance. In other words, sensitive intermediate has no influence on these quantities. The alternate hypothesis is that the means of the two distributions is different. Welch's t-test used in the tests determines whether a data set with a comparable size to the acquired data set of an attacker provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. 4.2 Overview of the t-tests
The core statistical technique for checking for statistical differences between the two subsets of power traces is Welch's t-test, which is an extension of the Student's t-test for unequal sample sizes and unequal variance. A high positive or negative value of T at a point in time indicates a high degree of confidence that the null hypothesis is incorrect. The confidence value C will be specified by the evaluator, and will correspond to a high confidence in rejecting the null hypothesis. C is chosen such that the probability of the t-statistic being greater than C or less than -C may correspond to 95 percent, 99 percent or even 99.99999 percent confidence that the null hypothesis can be rejected.
Each trace can contain several thousand power measurements across time. Therefore, even for a fairly high threshold of C, chosen to make the likelihood of a false positive at a particular point in time small, there could be a significant likelihood that the t-test statistic exceeds ±C at some point for large traces. To balance the need for detecting leakages (by keeping C small) while minimizing false positives, two independent experiments are required, and a device can be rejected only if the t-test statistic exceeds ±C at the same time in both experiments. If a particular leakage of information occurs at a particular point in the traces, then it should appear in both tests, whereas if the t-test statistic exceeded ±C at a particular instance in time purely by chance, this rare occurrence is unlikely to repeat at the same instance in time in the other independent experiment.
For each algorithm, multiple t-tests must be performed, each targeting a different type of leakage. Each test must be repeated twice, with two different data sets.


text:
The Great Pan Is Dead
EVERYONE HAS ONCE READ, for it comes up many times in literature, of that pilot in the reign of Tiberius, who, as he was sailing along in the Aegean on a quiet evening, heard a loud voice announcing that "Great Pan was dead." This engaging myth was interpreted in two contradictory ways. On the one hand, it announced the end of paganism: Pan with his pipes, the demon of still sun-drenched noon, the pagan god of glade and pasture and the rural idyll, had yielded to the supernatural. On the other hand the myth has been understood as telling of the death of Christ in the 19th year of Tiberius: the Son of God who was everything from Alpha to Omega was identified with Pan = "All." [n1 O. Weinreich ("Zum Tode des Grossen Pan," ARW 13 pp. 467-73) has collected the evidence for such strange notions, first found in 1549 (Guillaume Bigot), then three years later in Rabelais' Pantagruel, and ridiculed in later times, e.g., by Fontenelle, in the beginning of the 18th century: "Ce grand Pan qui meurt sous Tibere, aussi bien que Jesus-Christ, est le Maistre des Demons, dont l'Empire est ruine par cette mort d'un Dieu si salutaire a l'Univers; ou si cette explication ne vous plaist pas, car enfin on peut sans impieté donner des sens contraires a une mesme chose, quoy qu'elle regarde la Religion; ce grand Pan est Jesus-Christ luy-mesme, dont la mort cause une douleur et une consternation generale parmy leg Demons, qui ne peuvent plus exercer leur tirannie sur les hommes. C'est ainsi qu'on a trouve moyen de donner a ce grand Pan deux faces bien differentes" (Weinreich, PP.472-73).].
Here is the story, as told by a character in Plutarch's dialogue "On why oracles came to fail" (419 B-E):
The father of Aemilianus the orator, to whom some of you have listened, was Epitherses, who lived in our town and was my teacher in grammar. He said that once upon a time in making a voyage to Italy he embarked on a ship carrying freight and many passengers.
it was already evening when, near the Echinades Islands, the wind dropped and the ship drifted near Paxi. Almost everybody was awake, and a good many had not finished their after-dinner wine.
Suddenly from the island of Paxi was heard the voice of someone loudly calling Thamus, so that all were amazed. Thamus was an Egyptian pilot, not known by name even to many on board. Twice he was called and made no reply, but the third time he answered; and the caller, raising his voice, said, "When you come opposite to Palodes, announce that Great Pan is dead." On hearing this, all, said Epitherses, were astounded and reasoned among themselves whether it were better to carry out the order or to refuse to meddle and let the matter go. Under the circumstances Thamus made up his mind that if there should be a breeze, he would sail past and keep quiet, but with no wind and a smooth sea about the place he would announce what he had heard. So, when he came opposite Palodes, and there was neither wind nor wave, Thamus from the stern, looking toward the land, said the words as he heard them: "Great Pan is dead." Even before he had finished there was a great cry of lamentation, not of one person, but of many, mingled with exclamations of amazement. As many persons were on the vessel, the story was soon spread abroad in Rome, and Thamus was sent for by Tiberius Caesar. Tiberius became so convinced of the truth of the story that he caused an inquiry and investigation to be made about Pan; and the scholars, who were numerous at his court, conjectured that he was the son born of Hermes and Penelope.
Plutarch has not been accepted, and a "simple" explanation was suggested. As the ship drifted along shore by a coastal village, the passengers were struck by the ritual outcry and lamentations made over the death of Tammuz-Adonis, the so-called grain god, as was common in the Middle East in high summer. Other confused shouts were understood by the pilot Thamus as directed to him [n2 See F. Liebrecht, Des Gervasius von Tilbury Otia Imperialia (1856) pp. 179-80; J. G. Frazer, The Dying God (Golden Bough 3), pp. 7f.]. Out of that, gullible fantasy embroidered the tale, adding details for credibility as usual. This sounded good enough. The story had been normalized, that is, disposed of as insignificant.
One is still allowed to wonder why such a fuss was made at the time about exclamations which must have been familiar to contemporaries, and why, unless Plutarch be a liar, that most learned of mythologists, the Emperor Tiberius himself, thought the matter worth following up.
Therefore, with all due respect for the scholars involved, it is worth trying a different tack. One can assume that it was not all background noise, as we say today, but that there was an actual message filtered through: "The Great Pan is dead," Pan ho megas tethneke, and that it was Thamus who had to announce it.
It was enough of a message for Tiberius' committee of experts (philologoi) to decide that it referred to Pan, the son of Penelope and of Hermes, number 3 in Cicero's list given in De natura deorum 3.56 [n3 Tertius Jove tertio natus et Maia, ex quo et Penelopa Pana natum ferunt. cf. also Herodotus 2.145]. Penelope, whoever she really was, must have had quite a life after the events narrated in the Odyssey [n4 As concerns the version according to which Pan was the son of Penelope and all the suitors, Preller remarks (Griechische Mythologie, vol. 1, p. 745): "the repulsive myth."]. Mythology seems to have been a careful science in those circles.
If it is decided to credit the message, one is led to consider a number of similar stories, some of them collected by Jacob Grimm, but the bulk by Mannhardt [n5 J. Grimm, TM, pp. 453n., 1413f.; cf. pp. 989, 1011-12 ("The Devil's dead, and anyone can get to heaven unhindered"); W. Mannhardt, Waldund Feldkulte, vol. 1 (1875), pp. 89-93; vol. 2 (1877), pp. 148ff.]. They are strictly on the level of folktale, which at least preserved their innocence from literate interference. There is a whole set of stories from the Tyrol concerning the "Fanggen," a kind of "Little People" (or giants), dryads or tree spirits whose existence is bound to trees, so that the felling of such a tree would annihilate a Fangga. They were once willing to live with peasants in the form of servant maids and would bring blessings to the home [n6 Generally, however, they are claimed to show rather revolting habits, such as eating children or disposing of them in another peculiar manner, as, for instance, pulverizing them into snuff. Thus, of one Fangga it is said: "Wenn sie kleine Buben zu fassen bekam, so schnupfte sie dieselben, wie Schnupftabak in ihre Nase, oder rieb sie an alten durren Baumen, die von stechenden Aesten starrten, his sie zu Staub geraspelt waren." It seems to be a very deep-seated desire of "higher powers" to change divine or human beings into powder and dust.], but would also vanish unaccountably. A favorite story is that of the master of the house coming home and telling the family of a strange message that he has heard from a voice, such as "Yoke-bearer, yoke-bearer, tell the Ruchrinden [Rough-bark] that Giki-Gaki is dead on the Hurgerhorn," or "Yoke-bearer, yoke-bearer, tell the Stutzkatze [also Stutzamutza, i.e., Docked Cat] Hochrinde [High-bark] is dead." At which point the housemaid breaks into a loud lament and runs away forever.
Or it might be that while the family was sitting at dinner, a voice called three times through the window: "Salome, come!" and the maid vanished. This story has a sequel: some years later a butcher was coming home at midnight from Saalfelden through a gorge, when a voice called to him from the rocky wall: "Butcher, when you come to such and such a place [zur langen Unkener Wand], call into the crack in the rock: 'Salome is dead.'" Before dawn the man had come to that point, and he shouted his message


...
 strAge = (const TCHAR*)Marshal::StringToHGlobalAuto(
 return strAge;
We cannot return a System::String object directly into a native string. It must be decomposed into several steps:
 1. Get the System::String object.
 2. Get a global handle on it with the help of Marshal::StringToHGlobalAuto(). Note that we are here using the "auto" version that gets the Unicode returned string, and convert it as necessary into an ANSI string.
 3. Finally, get the pointer on the underlying object of the handle.
We have here three steps instead of one!
Reading reference books on C++/CLI, you will meet other specific keywords as pin_ptr<> and internal_ptr<> that allow you to get the underlying pointer of the object in a short time. See documentations for more details.
The big mix
This standalone sample shows how to build a native console application with MFC and CLR! Except the particularity of how to initialize MFC from a console application, this sample uses concepts that have been seen before. This sample is presented only "for the fun".
Conclusion (native code calling managed code)
Using managed code in native code is one of the most complex things to do. The sample shown here is very simple. As simple as it is, you have seen some complex considerations. Hope that you will meet many others in your experience on mixed code.
Calling native code from managed code
This sample shows how a CLR code (C#) can use a native class library written in C++, by using an intermediate "mixed code" DLL that exports an API using unmanaged code.
If the.NET client is written in C++/CLI, it can be transformed to call pure native C++ code; but as writing mixed C++/CLI is quite hard, this could be an expensive experience. Minimizing the intermediate mixed DLL is the fastest way to incorporate native code.
The native C++ DLL
The DLL simply exports:
 - A C++ class
 - A C-style function
 - A C-style variable
This paragraph presents object declarations. As they are simplest as possible, comments are unnecessary.
The module is compiled as a regular DLL without any particular option for future use by a.NET module.
The C++ class
class NATIVEDLL_API CPerson {
 // Initialization
 CPerson(LPCTSTR pszName, SYSTEMTIME birthDate);
 // Accessors
 unsigned int get_Age();
 TCHAR m_sName[64];
 SYSTEMTIME m_birthDate;
The get_Age() accessor simply computes a duration between the current date and the birth date.
The exported C function
int fnNativeDLL(void);
The exported C variable
int nNativeDLL;
The.NET client
There is nothing to say about this module. Everything is classical.
The mixed native/managed C++ DLL
Here begins the hard work…
Note 1:
C++.NET classes (managed) cannot inherit from native C++ classes. Writing a C++ managed class compels us to internally embed an instance of any native C++ object. Moreover, in order to be used by other managed code, a C++ managed class cannot use unmanaged types as parameters or attributes.
Note 2:
Declaring a member CPerson _person2; would generate a C4368 compiler error (cannot define'member' as a member of managed 'type': mixed types are not supported).
That's why a pointer (seen as 'unsafe' in C#) is used internally.
What says the documentation:
You cannot embed a native data member in a CLR type. You can, however, declare a pointer to a native type and control its lifetime in the constructor and destructor and the finalizer of your managed class (see Destructors and Finalizers in Visual C++ for more information).
That's why the embedded object is:
CPerson* _pPerson;
CPerson person;
Special information on the constructor
The public constructor takes a System::String string (managed type) and a SYSTEMTIME structure (Win32 API type but only numeric; marshalling is obvious).
As the native C++ CPerson constructor takes a LPCTSTR string pointer, the managed string cannot be transmitted directly to the unmanaged object.
Here is the code for the constructor:
SYSTEMTIME st = { (WORD)birthDate.Year,
 (WORD)birthDate.Millisecond };
// Pin 'name' memory before calling unmanaged code
pin_ptr psz = PtrToStringChars(name);
// Allocate the unmanaged object
_pPerson = new CPerson(psz, st);
Notice the use of the pin_ptr keyword in order to protect the string against CLR operations.
A pinning pointer is an interior pointer that prevents the object pointed into from moving on to the garbage-collected heap (the value of a pinning pointer is not changed by the common language runtime). This is necessary when passing the address of a managed class to an unmanaged function because the address will not change unexpectedly during the resolution of the unmanaged function call.
C-style APIs
C-style APIs can be used in two ways:
 1. Using a wrapper method/attribute
 2. Using the [DllImport] attribute as method decoration
Note that the second way can only be used on functions. It cannot be used with a variable export. In order to call variable exports, the developer must use the first way.
Conclusion (managed code calling native code)
If we can see that importing native code into managed code is simpler than the opposite, consider that writing the "intermediate assembly" is not so easy.
You will have to make sure that the investment is really less than that for a complete code migration. Consider redesigning a complete application taking into account an ISO-functional rewriting to managed code (C# is so similar to C++) could be less expensive than a migration. Moreover, the final application architecture is often cleaner.
 - Monday, April 6th, 2009: Article published; initial release.
 - Saturday, April 5th, 2014: Fixed memory leaks, migration to VS2013 and Framework.Net 4.0, added x64 target.
About the Author
France France
I started working in 1991 as an engineer. My pecialization: development in robotics.
After two years in this job, I began a new career leaving robotics, and coming to standard development as C++ expert.
This enabled me to diversify my knowledge by putting one foot on the side of the systems. Then began my double competence.
In 2000 I started a new job as consultant. Many experiences came with that new job, continuing with both development and systems subjects.
I reinforced my knowledge in technical architectures, IT security, and IT production management.
2011: a new experience. I founded the company Net-InB, a computer services company specialized in the fields of infrastructures, systems and software.
Now I am both technical and software architect specialized in Microsoft products and technologies.
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Comments and Discussions
QuestionNative Splash and.NET application PinmemberRobert Kindl15-Apr-14 2:38
QuestionDose not released allocated memory from clr PinprofessionalAYDIN EBRAHIMI HOMAY8-Mar-14 2:54
AnswerRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr PinmemberAlain DOS REIS1-Apr-14 12:06
GeneralRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr PinprofessionalAYDIN EBRAHIMI HOMAY2-Apr-14 3:03
GeneralRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr PinmemberAlain DOS REIS4-Apr-14 18:45
GeneralRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr PinprofessionalAYDIN EBRAHIMI HOMAY4-Apr-14 20:00
your source code link appears to be missing on codeproject servers, please check that.
GeneralRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr PinmemberAlain DOS REIS4-Apr-14 22:24
GeneralRe: Dose not released allocated memory from clr Pinmemberrmiguel15-May-14 7:53
QuestionCalling managed code from native code PinmemberMember _PHONE_-Dec-13 7:57
AnswerRe: Calling managed code from native code PinmemberAlain DOS REIS1-Apr-14 12:15
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text:
iformes)
- The most massive owl is certainly either the Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) or the endangered and similarly sized Blakiston's Fish Owl (Bubo blakistoni) of coastal Russia and Japan. Record-sized specimens of both species have weighed about 4.5 kg (10 lb) and measured over 0.75 m (2.5 ft) long. In either species, the wingspan can range up to 2 m (6.6 ft). Longer still, but not as massive as the previous species (never more than 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) in weight), a large female Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) from the northern boreal forests can range up to 0.83 m (2.7 ft).
- The largest of the barn or masked owl family is the Tasmanian subspecies (possibly full species) of the Australian Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae castanops), which weighs up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and measures to 0.6 m (2.0 ft). The largest owl known to have existed was Ornimegalonyx oteroi of Cuba, a uniquely cursorial owl. The giant bird was estimated to stand over 1.1 m (3.6 ft) on the ground and to weigh at least 9.05 kg (20.0 lb).
- Tinamous (Tinamiformes)
- The largest species of tinamou, a group of chunky, elusive ground-birds from the neotropical forests, is the Grey Tinamou (Tinamus tao) of western South America. It can reach a weight over 2 kg (4.4 lb) and length of over 55 cm (22 in).
- Trogons (Trogoniformes)
- The Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) of the montane cloud of Central America is the largest trogon, though a few other quetzals approach similar sizes. It can weigh more than 226 g (8.0 oz) and, in females and non-breeding or immature males, measure up to 0.4 m (1.3 ft) from the head to the tail. However, when the adult male develops his spectacular tail streamers, his total length is boasted an extra 0.6 m (2.0 ft).
The largest living amphibian is the Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). The maximum size of this nearly man-sized river-dweller is 64 kg (140 lb) and almost 1.83 m (6.0 ft). Before amniotes became the dominant tetrapods, several giant amphibian proto-tetrapods existed and were certainly the dominant animals in their ecosystems. The largest known was the crocodile-like Prionosuchus, which reached a length of 9 m (30 ft).
- Frogs (Anura)
- The largest member of the largest order of amphibians is the African Goliath frog (Conraua goliath). The maximum size this species is verified to attain is a weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb) and a snout-to-vent length of 39 cm (15 in). The largest of the toads, the cane toad (Bufo marinus), is also the second largest member of the frog order. This infamous, often invasive species can grow to maximum mass of 2.65 kg (5.8 lb) and measure a maximum of 33 cm (13 in) from snout-to-vent. Rivaling the previous two species, the African Bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) can range up to a weight of 2 kg (4.4 lb) and 25.5 cm (10.0 in) from snout to vent. However, the toad Beelzebufo ampinga, found in fossil from the Cretaceous era in what is now Madagascar, could grow to be 41 cm (16 in) long and weigh up to 4.5 kg (10 lb), making it the largest frog ever known. The largest tree frog is the Australasian white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata), the females of which can reach a length of 14 cm (5.5 in) from snout to vent and can weigh up to 115 g (4.1 oz). The family Leptodactylidae, one of the most diverse anuran families, also has some very large members. The largest is the Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), which can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length from snout to vent and weigh up to 0.48 kg (1.1 lb). While not quite as large as Ceratophrys cornuta, Leptodactylus pentadactylus is often heavier; it can reach 18.5 cm (7.3 in) long and weigh 0.60 kilograms (1.3 lb). The largest dendrobatid is the Colombian golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis), which can attain a length of 6 cm (2.4 in) and nearly 28.3 g (1.00 oz). Most frogs are classified under the suborder Neobatrachia, although nearly 200 species are part of the Mesobatrachia suborder, or ancient frogs. The largest of these are the little known Brachytarsophrys or Karin Hill frogs, of South Asia, which can grow to a maximum snout-to-vent length of 17 cm (6.7 in) and a maximum weight of 0.54 kg (1.2 lb).
- Caecilians (Gymnophiona)
- The largest of the worm-like caecilians is the Colombian Thomson's Caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which reaches a length of 1.5 m (5 ft), a width of about 4.6 cm (1.8 in) and can weigh up to about 1 kg (2.2 lb).
- Salamanders (Urodela)
- Besides the previously mentioned Chinese giant salamander, the closely related Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is also sometimes cited as the largest living amphibian, but salamanders of a greater size than 1.53 m (5.0 ft) and 36 kg (79 lb) have never been verified for this species. Another giant of the amphibian world is the North American Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), which can measure up to 0.76 m (2.5 ft). The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl), which can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in length.
Lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii)
The largest living lobe-finned fish is the coelacanth. The average weight of the living West Indian Ocean coelacanth, (Latimeria chalumnae), is 80 kg (176 lb), and they can reach up to 2 m (6.5 ft) in length. Specimens can measure up to 110 kg (240 lb). The largest lobe-finned fish of all time was Hyneria at up to 5 m (16 ft).
- Lungfish (Dipnoi)
- The largest lungfish, the African lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus), is smooth, elongated, and cylindrical with deeply embedded scales. The tail is very long and tapers at the end. They can reach a length of up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and may weigh as much as 50 kg (110 lb). The pectoral and pelvic fins are also very long and thin, almost spaghetti-like. The newly hatched young have branched external gills much like those of newts. After 2 to 3 months the young transform (called metamorphosis) into the adult form, losing the external gills for gill openings. These fish have a yellowish gray or pinkish toned ground color with dark slate-gray splotches, creating a marbling or leopard effect over the body and fins. The color pattern is darker along the top and lighter below.
Ray-finned bony fish (Actinopterygii)
The largest living bony fish (superclass Osteichthyes, which includes both ray-finned and lobe-finned fish) is the widely distributed ocean sunfish (Mola mola), a member of the order Tetraodontiformes. The record size sunfish crashed into a boat off Bird Island, Australia in 1910 and measured 4.3 m (14 ft) from fin-to-fin, 3.1 m (10 ft) in length and weighed about 2,300 kg (5,100 lb).
As to length, the longest extant bony fish on earth is the king of herrings or oarfish (Regalecus glesne). Slender and compressed, this fish averages over 6 m (20 ft) long at maturity. A specimen caught in 1885 of 7.6 m (25 ft) in length weighed 275 kg (610 lb). The longest known king of herrings, which was hit by a steamship, was measured as 13.7 m (


is the oval but you should choose whichever shape suits your hands better. Once you have finished that, to see how effectively you have done it try and run your nail over something such as pantyhose, and see if the nail snags. If not, you have done a good job!
Now Move to The Cuticles
After preparing the hands, you should now be ready to make a start on the cuticles. First, apply some softener to the cuticles and allow it to absorb for a couple of minutes. Next, place your hands in a bowl of warm water and soak them for another few minutes. Now it is time to push back the cuticles.
When you are pushing back the cuticles it should not hurt. If it does, try and soak them for a little while longer. If there are any hangnails visible, be sure to clip them off. Next it is time to apply hand lotion and start to massage the palm of your hand with your thumb on your opposite hand.
This really does help to circulate the blood. Be sure to continue doing this around the rest of the hand and then switch hands, making sure that you use the same amount of time on the opposite hand.
Clean and Polish the Nail
Before any color is applied to the nails, they first need to be cleaned. The easiest way to do this is to use an orange stick wrapped with cotton and dip it into nail polish remover before rubbing it over the surface of the nails.
Next use only a little color on the end of your brush, and paint one stroke down the centre of the nail. If done properly, the brush should have just had enough color to do this. Next brush the other two sides of the nail and you should be finished. It should never take more than three strokes to finish the nail.
Now make sure that the polish has a few minutes to set before applying a second coat. After the second coat has dried, apply a top coat which will help to seal the color and keep it looking good for longer.
After you have finished, it is important to sanitize all of the equipment to minimize the risk of infection the next time you use them.
Overall a manicure really can help you to relax, as well as keeping your hands really clean and healthy. Anybody can give themselves one at home as long as they follow the above steps.


Question: What Is The Rajput Caste?
Is Bisht a Rajput?
Bisht/Bist is a title used in communities living primarily in the Central Himalayas, Indian state of Uttarakhand.
Bishts are on most occasions Jajmaans/Rajput and sometimes Brahmins.
It was a title generally given to the chief of army or a war-lord..
Who is most powerful caste in India?
4 Major Caste Groups in India: According to VarnaBrahmans: Brahmans are at the top in Varna hierarchy. … Kshatriyas: Next to Brahmans are the Kshatriyas in varna ranking. … Vaishyas: Vaishyas rank below Kshatriyas, but fall within the ambit of ritually high Varna. … Shudras: ADVERTISEMENTS:
Is Chauhan a Rajput?
Chauhan, Chouhan, Chohan, or Chohhan, is a surname of the Rajput caste from north India.
Are Rajputs scheduled caste?
Any estimates of those claiming Rajput lineage or caste are necessarily inexact. The Indian census has not recorded caste affiliation since 1931 (except in the case of Backward or Scheduled Castes).
Is Solanki a Rajput?
Solanki is a clan name commonly associated with the Jats and Rajputs in India but which has also been borrowed by other communities such as the Saharias as a means of advancement by the process of sanskritisation.
Did Rajputs eat meat?
So what do the Rajputs eat now that their menu has been depleted by more than half? They were always meat eaters, since hunting provided them with entertainment and social status besides good food. Fish and seafood does not figure in their cuisine due to geographical location and topography.
Where is Rajput?
Is Rajput a powerful caste?
We have always seen Rajputs as zamindars, the powerful caste in Rajasthan. … But as the population increased, the land of the Rajputs got divided among families. Their land size has shrunk. Rajputs are no longer the big zamindars as they once used to be.
Is Rana a low caste?
Indian (Gujarat, Bombay city, and Rajasthan): Hindu and Parsi name meaning 'king' in modern Indian languages. … The name Rana was used as a title by some Rajput kings. As a surname, it is now found among Rajputs as well as several other communities.
Is Rajput a low caste?
The Rajputs, in states such as Madhya Pradesh are today considered to be a Forward Caste in India's system of positive discrimination. … But they are classified as an Other Backward Class by the National Commission for Backward Classes in the state of Karnataka.
What is the category of Rajput?
English: A Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king") is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent.
How many caste are there in Rajput?
There are thirty-six rajput clans. The following are further subdivided:Bargujar (Raghav), Bais, Guhila (Gehlot), Parmar,Naru, Chauhan, Nirwan, Paramara or Panwar,Solanki, Rathore,Tomar/ Tanwar, Kachwaha. The various subdivisions of these clans are detailed below.
Is Rajput higher than Jatt?
There is no comparison. Jats are a race and Rajput is a caste. … In exchange Brahmins gave Rajput status of being a high caste but made Rajputs lose all connections to their Jatt heritage. Rajput genes are hence most mixed with other Hindus and not same as the genes found in Hindu Jaats, Sikh Jatts or Muslim Jatts.
Is Thakur a Rajput?
Das noted that while the word thakur means "god", it is also used to refer to the father–in–law of a woman. It is also used for a Brahmin, Jat, and Rajput. … Sons of thakurs were given the Sanskrit title of Kumara ('prince'), popular usage being Kunwar in the North and Kumar in Bengal and South India.


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Permaculture Design A step-by-step guide
Permanent Publications 2012 Pbck; 191 pp
UK Permaculture teacher Aranya has produced a new book on Permaculture design. This handy field guide takes you step-by step through all the main skills required of the permaculture designer in one slim volume: observation; surveying mapping and surveying; the client interview; drawing up a design proposal, and how to implement it, and much more besides.
The same topics are covered in other Designer manuals, such as Patrick Whitefield's Earth Care Manual, but this book covers each topic in more detail, with excellent graphics, photos and illustrations throughout.
The sections on surveying and mapping techniques are particularly clear and full of practical advice, including marking contours with an "A-Frame" and full details on measuring a site and making a base-map.
I could have done without the section at the end on "Designing zone zero zero" which strays into the territory of personal developmentan entirely different subjectbut I would certainly recommend it as a practical how-to guide for the student designer, and the the experienced will also find it a valuable addition to their knapsack. Also promises to be hugely valuable as a teaching tool.


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Issue Date: Jul 30, 2012
Narpuh reserve forest, deep inside the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya, is among the few good forest patches which has withstood the intense pressures of growth, development and mindless extraction of natural resources like coal and limestone. It also forms an important watershed area with many important rivers originating from the hills. We visited the forest in March and November last year looking for birds and primates as part of an ecological study.
Recent Supreme Court order in Vedanta case holds hope for tribal community life
Butterflies on the roof of the world is a vivid and engaging narrative of the author's rendezvous with the butterflies and moths in particular, and nature in general


Git Workshop
We believe in the importance and value of Git, and would love to have as many developers using Git around the world as possible. So we've made it easy for you to teach a Git tutorial workshop with turnkey presentation materials.
Whether you're hosting an in-person workshop or a digital presentation, you've come to the right place.
Get Crackin' with Git using GitKraken
GitKraken Learn Git example slide
In this interactive Git tutorial workshop, attendees will learn how to set up a GitHub account, download the cross-platform GitKraken Git GUI, and sign-up for GitKraken Boards in preparation for building an HTML/CSS webpage.
Presenters will explain common Git concepts and see how actions are typically performed in the command line before discovering how much easier a Git workflow is with a visualization tool, like the GitKraken Git GUI.
After integrating GitKraken with GitHub, participants will learn how to create a repository, clone the repo, create a branch, edit a file in the GitKraken code editor, commit changes, push changes to GitHub, submit and merge a pull request, and finally merge changes.
Attendees will also create a Starter Kanban Board using GitKraken Boards to track their progress throughout the workshop.
Tips on Hosting an In-Person Workshop
Whether you're hosting a small meetup or a workshop as part of a thousand-person-hackathon, hosting an in-person event comes with a slew of logistical challenges. Give yourself enough time to plan in advance, and consider these best practices:
 1. Form a team, and don't be afraid to ask for help. You will especially want some extra hands the day of the event.
 2. Create a code of conduct to ensure all attendees feel safe and respected; and have a plan in place for reporting and enforcing violations.
 3. Communicate! Communicate with your volunteers and event staff, your attendees, and any sponsors or vendors often. Let people know where they can park, if you will be providing meals, or any other details that will help them prepare for an optimal experience.
Get a playbook for hosting a successful student hackathon.
Keif hosting a zoom training
Tips on Hosting a Virtual Workshop
There are unique challenges that come with hosting online workshops. You aren't able to interface directly with your attendees, so it can be difficult to keep them engaged. Take time to strategize how you will evolve your presentation into a valuable digital experience. Here are a few tips:
 1. Invest in the right tools.
 2. Test your setup & practice your presentation.
 3. Prepare attendees in advance:
 - Set expectations for participation (how they can ask questions, etc).
 - Give instructions for downloading software or creating accounts participants will need to access during the workshop.
 - Provide helpful materials they can reference throughout the workshop.
 4. Recruit a team member to help monitor the chat for questions.
See more tips, tricks, and our recommended virtual presentation tools in Hosting a Virtual Workshop.


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State University.
In the National Debate, just under three-quarters (73%) of respondents mentioned the environment as an important factor in well-being. Responses about the environment were for both the local environment and the global environment. Responses about the local environment included having access to open, green space within walking distance of the recipient's home and the quality of the local area. Global environment factors included air quality and climate change. The natural environment has a role to play to ensure sustainable supply of natural goods like food, water, minerals, raw materials, and to maintain intangible factors such as critical ecosystem services that provide benefits for human welfare.
The 2008 Place Survey (the latest data available), run by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), asked adults aged 18 and over in England to select up to five priorities that would be important in making somewhere a good place to live. Just under a quarter (23.3%) reported that access to nature was important in making somewhere a good place to live (DCLG Place Survey).
In 2011/12, over half (55%) of adults aged 16 and over in England reported that on average, they visited the outdoors away from home at least once a week in the 12 months prior to interview (Figure 21). Just over a third (34%) reported that they visited the outdoors, away from home, several times a week or more often, while 11% reported that they visited on a daily basis. Under 1 in 10 (8%) stated that they had not visited the natural environment in the previous 12 months; this was equivalent to around 3.5 million adults. Almost 2 in 5 (38%) of those who did not take a visit to the natural environment in the last 12 months were aged 65 and over. Just over two-thirds (68%) of people who visited at least once per week were between the ages of 25 and 64, with those aged between 25 and 44 the most likely to have frequently visited the outdoors in the last 12 months (36%) (Natural England).
The UK has a responsibility to ensure the conservation and enhancement of habitats and species in both a national and international context. Designation of protected areas1 is a key mechanism for biodiversity conservation. The overall total extent of land and sea protected in the UK through national and international protected areas has increased from just under 0.2 million hectares in 1980 to just over 7.5 million hectares in December 2011 (Figure 22). Since 2000 the total extent of protected areas has more than doubled, from 3.5 million hectares. A large contribution to this has been from the marine environment following the designation of inshore and offshore marine sites under the Habitats Directive2 – the area of marine protected areas increased by more than 3 million hectares between 2009 and 2011.The extent of protected areas on land has increased by more than half a million hectares since 2000 (JNCC).
"Pollution can affect well being both through an awareness of the adverse health and ecosystem effects of pollution as well as through the direct health effects" (Carmen Lawrence, 2011).
Air pollutants can have a detrimental impact on the quality of the air we breathe. Many everyday activities produce air pollutants which can harm the environment and in turn affect human health.
Emissions of the major air pollutants in the UK have generally been falling since the 1970s, and the rate of decline has accelerated since 1989. Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most prevalent air pollutant, the largest source being road transport. Emissions of carbon monoxide fell by 77% between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 23). The probable reason for this was that exhaust emissions standards were introduced for petrol cars in the early 1990s, which in most cases meant fitting a catalytic converter to reduce pollutants. Road transport is the main source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) which have similar effects to sulphur dioxide. Emissions fell by 62% between 1990 and 2010, again mainly as a result of catalytic converters being fitted on cars.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is an acid gas that can affect both human and animal health, and vegetation. UK SO2 emissions are dominated by combustion of fuels such as coal and heavy oils in power stations and refineries. Emissions fell by 89% between 1990 and 2010, largely as a result of the reduction in coal use by power stations.
Particulate matter is derived from both human-made and natural sources and are small enough to be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung. In the UK the biggest human-made sources are fuel combustion and transport. Total emissions of particulate matter fell by 59% between 1990 and 2010, partly because of the reduction in emissions from power stations, the installation of equipment to reduce or eliminate airborne pollutants and increased efficiency and use of natural gas for electricity generation (Defra 2010).
The Earth's climate is driven by energy from the Sun, which is absorbed by the planet's surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, help to keep the Earth warmer by preventing some of this energy from escaping. Without this natural 'greenhouse' effect the Earth would be around 33ºC colder than it is, with a global average temperature of about -18ºC. Extra greenhouse gases are emitted by human activities and are dominated by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Of these, carbon dioxide has the largest long-term effect on the climate. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that man-made greenhouse gases are very likely responsible for most of the global warming seen over the 20th century.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounted for about 83% of the UK's man-made greenhouse gas emissions in 2010. In 2011, an estimated 40% of carbon dioxide emissions were from the energy supply sector, 26% from transport, and 15% from each of the business and residential sectors. Between 2010 and 2011, provisional estimates indicate that CO2 emissions decreased in the residential sector by 22% (19 million tonnes), 6% (12 million tonnes) from the energy supply sector, 8% (6 million tonnes) from the business sector, and 1% (2 million tonnes) in the transport sector.
Since 1990, there has been a decrease in UK carbon dioxide emissions of around 23%. This fall in emissions has been accompanied by a decrease in overall energy consumption over the period, of around 5%. On a temperature corrected basis1, energy consumption has fallen by around 6% between 1990 and 2011. A number of factors explain this effect, such as changes in the efficiency in electricity generation and switching from coal to less carbon intensive fuels such as gas (DECC, 2010).
The temperature corrected series of total inland fuel consumption indicates what annual consumption might have been if the average temperature during the year had been the same as the average for a long term period
"With consistent climate and energy policy support, renewable energy sources can contribute substantially to human well-being by sustainably supplying energy and stabilizing the climate". (Professor Ottmar Edenhofer, Co-Chair of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group III in 2011).
Renewable energy is seen as environmentally friendly and may add to the well-being of future generations.
Use of energy from renewable and waste sources has more than doubled between 2000 and 2010, from 2.7 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) to 7.1 Mtoe, an average of 10% each year. This was due to an increase in road transport biofuels and wood energy consumption, driven by increases in direct energy use in the electricity, water and waste, and consumer expenditure industry groups.
In 2010, use of renewable and waste energy increased by 0.5 Mtoe (6.8%) compared with 2009. As a result, 3.2% of total energy consumption was from renewable sources in 2010. Of the renewable and waste energy used in 2010, 45% was from waste sources such as landfill gas, sewage gas, municipal solid waste (MSW) and poultry litter, 20% from wood and straw, 18% from liquid bio-fuels, bioethanol and biodiesel, and 17% from renewable generation from hydroelectric power, solar photovoltaic, geothermal aquifers and energy from wind, wave and tide (ONS MNWB Environment).
This article is published as part of the ONS Measuring National Well-being Programme.
The programme aims to produce accepted and trusted measures of the well-being of the nation - how the UK as a whole is doing. It is about looking at 'GDP and beyond' and includes:
greater analysis of the national economic accounts, especially to understand household income, expenditure and wealth
further accounts linked to the national accounts, including the UK Environmental Accounts and valuing household production and 'human capital'
quality of life measures, looking at different areas of national well-being such as health, relationships, job satisfaction, economic security, education environmental conditions
working with others to include the measurement of the well-being of children and young people as part of national well-being
measures of'subjective well-being' - individuals' assessment of their own well-being
headline indicators to summarise national well-being and the progress we are making as a society
The programme is underpinned by a communication and engagement workstream, providing links with Cabinet Office and


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New Discovery Affirms RTB Model Predictions
Even though I'm a budget-hotel kinda guy, occasionally I splurge and stay in a really nice place. It's fun to get a chance to experience firsthand how the "other half" lives.
A recent study of some of the microbes found in Lake Matano (Indonesia), the world's eighth deepest lake, provides biologists and geologists a first-hand look at how the earliest life on Earth lived. This new insight provides more evidence for RTB's origin-of-life model.
RTB and Evolutionary Origin-of-Life Models
One of the key points of difference between the RTB and evolutionary models centers on the timing of life's first appearance on Earth. The RTB scientific creation model, based on Genesis 1:2 and Deuteronomy 32:9-12, predicts that life should appear early in Earth's history and that the first life-forms should be inherently complex.
Evolutionary origin-of-life models, on the other hand, require a long percolation time, perhaps up to one billion years, before life can emerge from a primordial soup. These naturalistic scenarios also predict that the first life-forms should be relatively simple.
The Scientific Evidence
As described in Origins of Life, geochemical evidence already indicates that life was present remarkably early in Earth's history, possibly as far back as 3.8+ billion years ago. (Prior to this time, life would have been impossible on Earth, since the planet's conditions were "hellish" and unsuitable for life.)
Some origin-of-life researchers, however, question the authenticity of these geochemical finds. They maintain that these markers for early life are actually artifacts produced by inorganic processes.
Banded Iron Formation
One potential biomarker under question is banded iron formations (BIFs). These unusual iron ore deposits are found in sedimentary rocks dated older than 1.8 billion years in age. BIFs are most abundant between 1.8 and 2.5 billion years ago, but also exist in rock formations as old as about 3.8 billion years in age.
BIFs consist of alternating layers of chert (silica) and the minerals hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Deposits of this type don't form today. Geologists believe that BIFs formed at a time in Earth's history when high levels of dissolved iron (Fe2+) and silica existed in the oceans. The silica deposited in ocean sediments to form the chert layers. Geologists maintain that the iron ore "bands" formed when the dissolved Fe2+ became oxidized to form hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4).
Most geologists think that BIFs dated between 1.8 and 2.5 billion years ago resulted from biological oxidation when the oxygen generated by cyanobacteria converted Fe2+ to Fe3+
Banded Iron Formations on Early Earth
In other words, BIFs stand as a marker for biological activity. But what about the BIFs deposited in the geological record before that time? Does their presence mean that life existed on Earth as far back as 3.8 billion years ago? Not necessarily, according to some scientists. It's possible that these BIFs were generated by inorganic oxidation processes or by a UV radiation-driven reaction.
Other researchers have pointed out that the low levels of oxygen on the early Earth make it unlikely that inorganic oxidation could have produced the ancient BIFs. In a similar vein, while scientists have successfully generated BIF-like materials in the lab using UV radiation, it doesn't seem probable that this process would operate under the complex chemical conditions of the early Earth.
These problems indirectly suggest that biological oxidation accounts for the production of the earliest BIFs on Earth. Still, this explanation comes with challenges. Many origin-of-life researchers tend to doubt if cyanobacteria were present on Earth at 3.8 billion years ago. It's possible that another group of photosynthetic bacteria (anoxygenic phototrophs) could have produced the BIFs. These bacteria can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ as part of their photosynthetic activity. The issue with this scenario is that these microbes live in highly specialized environments that consist of iron-rich, shallow ephemeral water. These environs are not good analogs to the oceans of the early Earth.
The work of the biologists and geologists on Lake Matano weighs in here. These scientists have just discovered anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in Lake Matano that can oxidize Fe2+. This lake closely compares to the most likely conditions for the oceans on early Earth. If photosynthetic bacteria can convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ in Lake Matano, it makes it even more likely that BIFs that date to 3.8 billion years in age are biogenic products generated by bacteria that engage in anoxygenic photosynthesis.
BIFs, along with other biomarkers, collectively indicate that life originated early in Earth's history as soon as our planet could sustain life. The microbes that generated BIFs must have been metabolically complex, given what we know about the anoxygenic microbes that are capable of phototropically oxidizing Fe2+in Lake Matano.
This new insight adds further support for the RTB origins-of-life model and, at the same time, makes little sense within an evolutionary framework. The sudden appearance of metabolically complex life on Earth comports well with the notion that a Creator intervened to bring about the creation of the first life-forms on Earth.
The accommodations in the Archean oceans for the earliest life on Earth may not meet the four-star quality that many people expect when they stay in a high-end hotel, but it appears to have suited these organisms just fine.


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Aligned To Common Core Standard:
High School Functions - HSF-TF.B.7
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