8.8. Patterns
Patterns and pattern-matching are at the very heart of Cypher, so being effective with Cypher requires a good understanding of patterns.
Using patterns, you describe the shape of the data you're looking for. For example, in the MATCH clause you describe the shape with a pattern, and Cypher will figure out how to get that data for you.
The pattern describes the data using a form that is very similar to how one typically draws the shape of property graph data on a whiteboard: usually as circles (representing nodes) and arrows between them to represent relationships.
Patterns appear in multiple places in Cypher: in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE clauses, and in pattern expressions. Each of these is described in more details in:
Patterns for nodes
The very simplest "shape" that can be described in a pattern is a node. A node is described using a pair of parentheses, and is typically given a name. For example:
This simple pattern describes a single node, and names that node using the identifier a.
Note that the parentheses may be omitted, but only when there are no labels or properties specified for the node pattern.
In addition to simply describing the shape of a node in the pattern, one can also describe attributes. The most simple attribute that can be described in the pattern is a label that the node must have. For example:
One can also describe a node that has multiple labels:
Specifying properties
Nodes and relationships are the fundamental structures in a graph. Neo4j uses properties on both of these to allow for far richer models.
Properties can be expressed in patterns using a map-construct: curly brackets surrounding a number of key-expression pairs, separated by commas. E.g. a node with two properties on it would look like: (a { name: "Andres", sport: "Brazilian Ju-Jitsu" }).
A relationship with expectations on it would could look like: (a)-[{blocked: false}]->(b).
When properties appear in patterns, they add an additional constraint to the shape of the data. In the case of a CREATE clause, the properties will be set in the newly created nodes and relationships. In the case of a MERGE clause, the properties will be used as additional constraints on the shape any existing data must have (the specified properties must exactly match any existing data in the graph). If no matching data is found, then MERGE behaves like CREATE and the properties will be set in the newly created nodes and relationships.
Note that patterns supplied to CREATE may use a single parameter to specify properties, e.g: CREATE (node {paramName}). This is not possible with patterns used in other clauses, as Cypher needs to know the property names at the time the query is compiled, so that matching can be done effectively.
Describing relationships
The simplest way to describe a relationship is by using the arrow between two nodes, as in the previous examples. Using this technique, you can describe that the relationship should exist and the directionality of it. If you don't care about the direction of the relationship, the arrow head can be omitted, like so:
As with nodes, relationships may also be given names. In this case, a pair of square brackets is used to break up the arrow and the identifier is placed between. For example:
Much like labels on nodes, relationships can have types. To describe a relationship with a specific type, you can specify this like so:
Unlike labels, relationships can only have one type. But if we'd like to describe some data such that the relationship could have any one of a set of types, then they can all be listed in the pattern, separating them with the pipe symbol | like this:
Note that this form of pattern can only be used to describe existing data (ie. when using a pattern with MATCH or as an expression). It will not work with CREATE or MERGE, since it's not possible to create a relationship with multiple types.
As with nodes, the name of the relationship can always be omitted, in this case like so:
Variable length
Rather than describing a long path using a sequence of many node and relationship descriptions in a pattern, many relationships (and the intermediate nodes) can be described by specifying a length in the relationship description of a pattern. For example:
This describes a graph of three nodes and two relationship, all in one path (a path of length 2). This is equivalent to:
A range of lengths can also be specified: such relationship patterns are called "variable length relationships". For example:
This is a minimum length of 3, and a maximum of 5. It describes a graph of either 4 nodes and 3 relationships, 5 nodes and 4 relationships or 6 nodes and 5 relationships, all connected together in a single path.
Either bound can be omitted. For example, to describe paths of length 3 or more, use:
And to describe paths of length 5 or less, use:
Both bounds can be omitted, allowing paths of any length to be described:
As a simple example, let's take the query below:
MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend)
WHERE me.name = "Filipa"
RETURN remote_friend.name
2 rows
Try this query live. create (_0 {'name':"Dilshad"}) create (_1 {'name':"Emil"}) create (_2 {'name':"Filipa"}) create (_3 {'name':"Anders"}) create (_4 {'name':"Becky"}) create (_5 {'name':"Cesar"}) create _0-[:'KNOWS']->_2 create _3-[:'KNOWS']->_4 create _3-[:'KNOWS']->_5 create _3-[:'KNOWS']->_0 create _4-[:'KNOWS']->_1 create _5-[:'KNOWS']->_1 MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend) WHERE me.name = "Filipa" RETURN remote_friend.name
This query finds data in the graph which a shape that fits the pattern: specifically a node (with the name property Filipa) and then the KNOWS related nodes, one or two steps out. This is a typical example of finding first and second degree friends.
Note that variable length relationships can not be used with CREATE and MERGE.
Assigning to path identifiers
As described above, a series of connected nodes and relationships is called a "path". Cypher allows paths to be named using an identifer, like so:
p = (a)-[*3..5]->(b)
You can do this in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE, but not when using patterns as expressions.


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Circular Economy
The TRA believes a circular economy is essential for environmental sustainability. By transforming used tyres into a useful commodity, carbon emissions are reduced and the environment benefits.
There are an increasing number of opportunities to use tyre-derived materials, creating new businesses as well as jobs. The TRA encourages consumers to make recycling a habit as well as tyre collectors and recyclers.
Consumers can be confident that TRA's Responsible Retailer partners will process used tyres in an environmentally friendly and acceptable manner.
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Neville is a Glasshouse Mountains artist who exhibits nationally and internationally. He works primarily with printmaking and specialises in linoprints. He also expresses his imaginings by creating handmade Artists Books which are held in various collections in Australia and overseas.
Neville's art is sometimes landscape, sometimes whimsical and most times thought provoking as he explores the chiaroscuro of black & white prints, or he splashes into vibrant colour.
"It all begins with a drawing which for me is a means of toying with ideas. Drawing allows me to imagine concepts and explore specks of notions and layouts or trains of thought and the use of space relationships"
Fifteen years in Northern Territory heavily influenced his art. From working in several remote Indigenous art centres to experiencing distance and solitude, Neville has honed his perceptions of space and human impact while he thinks he has come to better appreciate nature.


text:
This is one of the most common mistakes among English learners. There's nothing wrong with saying "Informationen" in German or "informations" in French, both being the plural form of "information". In English, however, the word is uncountable, i.e. there is no plural form of it. The singular form already expresses the same idea as "informations" in other languages:
Uncountability of the word "information" also implies that you can't say "an information". If you want to express that you are speaking about "one information", you can use the expression "a piece of information".
And, of course, since information is a singular noun, we use singular verb forms after it (e.g. "is", "does", "has"):

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
In order to make a clap switch, we have to combine the touch sensor(monostable mode of 555 and the transistorized dark sensor circuits. Whenever there is loud sound produced near the electret condenser mic, pin 2 of 555 gets triggered and it switches on the LED D1. The LED remains on for a definite time determined by R1 and C1. We can adjust the sensitivity of the circuit using a variable resistor in place of fixed resistor R5. You can check the circuit with 1K or 10K.
The schematic of clap switch:
You can see the steps for making clap switch on the video given below.
Please check the following video tutorial
If you want to glow a bulb operating at 220V, use the following schematic:
Before you make this project, read carefully about RELAYS: _URL_ If you are not confident at making circuits, don't work with 220V, it can be dangerous and harm you.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Cancer 101 Pictures Slideshow
- Breast Cancer Slideshow Pictures
- Skin Cancer Slideshow Pictures
- Patient Comments: Thymoma - Symptoms
- Patient Comments: Thymoma - Diagnosis
- Patient Comments: Thymoma - Treatment
- Find a local Doctor in your town
- Thymoma facts
- What is thymoma?
- What causes thymoma, and what are risk factors for thymoma?
- What are signs and symptoms of thymoma?
- What other medical conditions are associated with thymoma?
- How is thymoma diagnosed?
- What are the stages of thymoma?
- What is the treatment for thymoma?
- What is the prognosis for thymoma?
- Can thymoma be prevented?
What causes thymoma, and what are risk factors for thymoma?
The exact cause of thymomas is not known. Thymomas are slightly more common in men than in women and are most frequently seen in persons between the ages of 40 and 60. There are no known risk factors that predispose a person to developing thymoma.
What are signs and symptoms of thymoma?
Up to 50% of thymomas are asymptomatic, meaning they do not produce any symptoms or signs and are diagnosed when an imaging study is performed for another reason. In other cases, the tumor may cause symptoms related to the size of the tumor and the pressure it exerts on adjacent organs. Chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough are common symptoms when symptoms do occur. Fever, night sweats, and weight loss are less common but may occur. Some cases may spread to the lining of the lungs or heart or even to tissues outside the chest. Less than 7% of cases are accompanied by spread outside the chest cavity. Thymic carcinomas are more aggressive tumors than thymomas and are more likely to spread both locally and distantly (metastasize) and to cause symptoms.
What other medical conditions are associated with thymoma?
A number of conditions have been associated with thymoma. Medical conditions that are associated with cancers are known as paraneoplastic syndromes, and up to 50% to 60% of patients with thymoma will have one of these related conditions. The most commonly associated condition with thymoma is myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease of the nerve-muscle junction that can manifest as weakness, fatigue, double vision, ptosis (drooping eyelid), and problems with swallowing.
Other associated conditions include other autoimmune diseases including pure red cell aplasia (underdevelopment of precursors for red blood cells in the bone marrow).


Corporate Guidelines
These guidelines are to be used by anyone commissioning work from designers, printers or web developers. It contains technical information about the identity elements, colours, logo usage and font usage. It should also be used by all staff to ensure that all communications leaving the office have a consistent, on-brand look and feel. These guidelines should not restrict creativity or design, but be used to help a designer work within the visual framework. When you are commissioning designers or printers to produce printed or digital collateral, please ensure that they have access to these guidelines to ensure that identity assets are safeguarded.


text:
Background: Reduction mammaplasty is a frequently performed plastic surgical procedure, yet preoperative assessment usually excludes an estimated resection weight. In this retrospective study, a formula was derived using regression analysis of routinely measured preoperative anthropomorphic measurements and intraoperative resection weights.
Methods: Data were collected from 214 consecutive breast reduction patients operated on at a tertiary referral center between January of 1993 and January of 2006. The operations were performed by 15 plastic surgeons using a variety of reduction pattern techniques. Four variables were recorded for each patient: notch to nipple distance, nipple to inframammary crease distance, body mass index, and age. Regression analysis was performed on the data to establish which preoperative measurements correlated most accurately with the resection weight.
Results: The following formula was established relating nipple to inframammary crease distance and notch to nipple distance measurement to the weight removed: Breast weight = (35.4 × notch to nipple distance + 60.66 × nipple to inframammary crease distance) – 1239.64.
Conclusion: Use of this formula aids the surgeon with patient counseling, insurance company quotes, and intraoperatively in patients with asymmetry or those undergoing reconstruction, as a guide to resection weights.


text: We introduce a method for visualizing evolutionary activity of genotypes. Following a proposal of Bedau and Packard, we define a genotype's evolutionary activity in terms of the history of its concentration in the evolving population. To visualize this evolutionary activity we graph the distribution of evolutionary activity in the population of genotypes as a function of time. Adaptively significant genotypes trace a salient line or "wave" in these graphs. The quality of these waves indicates a variety of evolutionary phenomena, such as competitive exclusion, neutral variation, and random genetic drift. We apply this method in an evolutionary model of self-replicating assembly language programs competing for room in a two-dimensional space. Comparison with fitness graphs and with a nonadaptive analogue of this model shows how this method highlights adaptively significant events.


Torque Specifications for Rocker Arm Bolts for a 3.1 Liter Chevy V-6
by Anne Davis
The 3.1-liter engine is a member of GM's 60-degree V6-engine family. GM, the parent company of Chevrolet, began producing these engines in 1980. The manufacturer produced its first 3.1-liter in 1993.
Rocker Arm
itstillruns article image
An engine's rocker arm is a reciprocating lever that transfers radial movement to open the poppet valve, a valve responsible for opening and closing the intake and exhaust ports in the engine's cylinder heads. The rotating lobes of the camshaft raise and lower one end of the rocker arm while the other end acts upon the poppet valve stem.
Torque refers to the force required to rotate an object, in this case a nut or a bolt, around an axis or pivot. You can think of it as a twist.
Torque Specifications
For 3.1-liter engines built between 1995 and 1997, the rocker arm bolts require two steps to reach 7.42 foot-pounds of torque in order to attach to the cylinder head. For later engines, these same bolts should receive 14 foot-pounds of torque to join properly.
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text:
Front page | perl.perl6.language |
Postings from May 2001
From: Garrett Goebel
May 22, 2001 08:11
Message ID: 71BEC0D4E1DED3118F7A009027B12028703308@EXCH_MISSION
From: Graham Barr [_EMAIL_]
> On Tue, May 22, 2001, Damian Conway wrote:
> > > if so, then wouldn't it be safer to put properties
> > > inside a special object associated with each object
> > > (the 'traits' object) so there would be little
> > > namespace collision?
> > We actually want the possibility of that kind of namespace
> > collision: for polymorphism.
> Many people keep bringing this up as a confusion and you give
> the same reply.
> However there has not yet, AFAIK, been any description of how
> having a method overload a property is useful.
What I don't understand is why we need properties as yet another layer of
polymorphism enabling pseudo OO-Perl? Why not use the "everything is an
object" paradigm and say that variable and value objects have default
"property" methods that can be called and/or overridden? Hell, why not do
tying by overloading default variable methods while we're at it? Or make
magic accessible to mere demigods by providing something akin to
What is UNIVERSAL::can($foo, 'new') going to return if there is a variable
and/or value property 'new' set on $foo?
Blurring properties and object methods screws with "\L$object" "\u$class"
method vs. "\L$built" "\u$user" property naming conventions.
To my knowledge, no one has yet proposed how you can clear a user-defined
property on a value?


text:
The unique composition of vaginal suppository Gyntima Hyaluronic facilitates the regeneration of the vaginal mucosa and increases its moisture content. The product contains hyaluronic acid, which supports tissue healing. The increased moisture content of the vagina promotes healthy cell proliferation and accelerates the epithelialization of the damaged tissues.
Due to the lactic acid content, the vaginal suppository provides an acid mantle protecting the vagina. It supports the optimal growth of the lactic acid bacteria. These lactic acid producing cell cultures protect against harmful bacterial infections and they provide a natural biological balance.
(Packaging: 10 vaginal suppositories)Buy Now
The use of GYNTIMA Hyaluronic is suggested in the following cases:
For vaginal injuries:
Irritation caused by vaginal dryness:
10-20 days depending on the level of symptoms, 1×1 suppository, preferably in the evening, after washing before going to bed.
As a prevention, use the product in long term, weekly 2×1 suppository.
Back to products


. Have it start the AssignToRoleForm and call the NewHandler. Mark the menu as both a Single Selection Action and a Multi Selection Action. Change the execAction as follows:
protected void execAction() throws ProcessingException {
 AssignToRoleForm form = new AssignToRoleForm();
 if (form.isFormStored()) {
Ideally, this is what it will look like:
Minicrm Assign To Role.png
Select all the permissions and assign them to the Standard role.
Here's what you should get:
Minicrm Role With Permissions.png
Removing Permissions
Create a new permission called RemoveAssignToRolePermission (in the shared section) with super class BasicPermission.
Create a new operation void remove (Long roleNr, String[] permission) for AssignToRoleProcessService.
public void remove(Long roleNr, String[] permission) throws ProcessingException {
 if (!ACCESS.check(new RemoveAssignToRolePermission())) {
 throw new VetoException(TEXTS.get("AuthorizationFailed"));
 SQL.insert("" +
 "WHERE ROLE_NR = :role " +
 "AND PERMISSION_NAME = :{permission} "
 , new NVPair("roleNr", roleNr)
 , new NVPair("permission", permission));
SQL statements and collections: In this particular case, we could have skipped the braces and written AND PERMISSION_NAME = :permission. That's because the framework will detect that :permission refers to something with multiple values and will rewrite the statement by inserting ANY IN (...)! The result will be AND PERMISSION_NAME = ANY ('FooPermission', 'BarPermission').
Create a new RemovePermissionFromRoleMenu for the PermissionTablePage.
protected void execAction() throws ProcessingException {
 SERVICES.getService(IAssignToRoleProcessService.class).remove(getRoleNr(), getTable().getPermissionColumn().getSelectedValues());
Make it visible only when permissions below a role are shown using execPrepareAction:
protected void execPrepareAction() throws ProcessingException {
 if (getRoleNr() == null) setVisible(false);
Missing Pieces
Things you can add to practice:
 1. a form to create, modify and remove roles
 2. make sure menus that will result in "permission denied" errors are invisible
 3. make table pages invisible that display information you are not allowed to read
Before you continue: make sure the administrator has the username "admin" and the administrator role. Make sure the administrator role has been assigned all permissions. Once we're done here you can lock yourself out of the application. If that happens, you will have to fix the permissions on the database.
Identifying Users
To get an idea of what goes on, find the ServerSession and change execLoadSession as follows:
protected void execLoadSession() throws ProcessingException{
 logger.warn("created a new session for "+getUserId());
When you start a new client, you'll see:
!MESSAGE created a new session for anonymous
What user id? This is handled by security filters. Go to the config file of your server product (/ You'll see that the AnonymousSecurityFilter is active. IT provides the user id "anonymous".
Change the config.ini as follows:
### Servlet Filter Runtime Configuration Development\=manager,allen\=allen,blake\=blake
Restart server and client.
You will be greeted with a login box! Provide one of the combinations from the config file. Username admin password manager for example.
The server log will show:
!MESSAGE created a new session for admin
In order to deny access to unknown people, change execLoadSession as follows:
protected void execLoadSession() throws ProcessingException {
 SQL.selectInto("" +
 "FROM PERSON " +
 "WHERE UPPER(USERNAME) = UPPER(:userId) " +
 "INTO :personNr ");
 if (getPersonNr() == null) {
 logger.error("attempted login by " + getUserId());
 throw new ProcessingException("Unknown User: " + getUserId(), new SecurityException("access denied"));
 }"created a new session for " + getUserId());
Now you can attempt to login with a valid username/password combination and the system will check whether a person actually uses the usernames provided. By default, the three users in the demo database match the usernames in the config file. You need to add more combinations to the config file in order to test it.
Granting Permissions to Users
Find the AccessControlService class and take a look at the execLoadPermissions method:
protected Permissions execLoadPermissions() {
 Permissions permissions = new Permissions();
 //TODO fill access control service
 permissions.add(new AllPermission());
 return permissions;
This grants every user all permissions. We need to replace this with something based on database. The following example even has a backdoor for the user with id 1!
protected Permissions execLoadPermissions() {
 Permissions permissions = new Permissions();
 // calling services is free
 // backdoor: the first user may do everything?
 if (ServerSession.get().getPersonNr().equals(1L)) {
 logger.warn("backdoor used: person nr 1 was granted all permissions");
 permissions.add(new AllPermission());
 else {
 try {
 // get simple class names from the databse
 StringArrayHolder permission = new StringArrayHolder();
 SQL.selectInto("" +
 "WHERE R.USER_NR = :personNr " +
 "INTO :permission ",
 new NVPair("permission", permission));
 // create a map from simple class names to qualified class names
 for (BundleClassDescriptor descriptor : SERVICES.getService(IPermissionService.class).getAllPermissionClasses()) {
 map.put(descriptor.getSimpleClassName(), descriptor.getClassName());
 // instantiate the real permissions and assign them
 for (String simpleClass : permission.getValue()) {
 try {
 permissions.add((Permission) Class.forName(map.get(simpleClass)).newInstance());
 catch (Exception e) {
 logger.error("cannot find permission " + simpleClass + ": " + e.getMessage());
 catch (ProcessingException e) {
 logger.error("cannot read permissions: " + e.getStackTrace());
 return permissions;
If you log in, you'll notice a strange warning on the server console:
... cannot find permission CreateVisitPermission: null
... cannot find permission ReadVisitPermission: null
... cannot find permission UpdateVisitPermission: null
If you investigate the demo database, you'll note data junk in ROLE_PERMISSION and USER_ROLE for the non-existent roles 5 to 13.
If you really want to clean it up:
DELETE FROM minicrm.role_permission WHERE role_nr > 2;
DELETE FROM minicrm.user_role WHERE role_nr > 2;
As permissions are granted when the server is started, you need to restart your client and server in order for any changes to take effect.
In order to change that, you need to clear the cache whenever you make any changes. Add the following statement to all the operations of the AssignToRoleProcessService:
Add the following to the store operation of the PersonProcessService (there is no need to do it for create since there is no cached data to clear).
This will obviate the need to restart the server whenever permissions have changed.
 1. make sure the administrator has the administrator role
 2. make sure the administrator role has all permissions
 3. make sure the administrator has the username "admin"
 4. make sure the employee has the standard role
 5. make sure the standard role only has the two "read" permissions
 6. make sure the employee has the username "blake"
 7. restart client and server
 8. login as blake/blake
 9. you should be unable to create new companies and persons or and unable to edit existing ones
Minicrm Company Not Editable.png


text:
Modeling and Simulation for Analyzing Global Events
Modeling and Simulation for Analyzing Global Events provides an orientation to the theory and application of modeling and simulation techniques in social science disciplines. This book guides readers in developing quantitative and numeric representations of real-world events based on qualitative analysis. With an emphasis on gathering and mapping empirical data, the authors detail the steps needed for accurately analyzing global events and outline the selection and construction of the best model for understanding the event¿s data.
Providing a theoretical foundation while also illustrating modern examples, the book contains three parts:
- Advancing Global Studies—introduces the what, when, and why of modeling and simulation and also explores its brief history, various uses, and some of the advantages and disadvantages of modeling and simulation in problem solving. In addition, the differences in qualitative and quantitative research methods, mapping data, and conducting model validation are also discussed.
- Modeling Paradigms—examines various methods of modeling including system dynamics, agent-based modeling, social network modeling, and game theory. This section also explores the theory and construction of these modeling paradigms, the fundamentals for their application, and various contexts for their use.
- Modeling Global Events—applies the modeling paradigms to four real-world events that are representative of several fundamental areas of social science studies: internal commotion within an anarchic state, a multi-layered study of the Solidarity movement in Poland, uni-lateral military intervention, and the issue of compellence and deterrence during a national security crisis.
Modeling and Simulation for Analyzing Global Events is an excellent book for statistics, engineering, computer science, economics, and social sciences courses on modeling and simulation at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also an insightful reference for professionals who would like to develop modeling and simulation skills for analyzing and communicating human behavior observed in real-world events and complex global case studies.
221 pages; ISBN 9780470486986
, or download in
Title: Modeling and Simulation for Analyzing Global Events
Author: John A. Sokolowski; Catherine M. Banks
More Social Science
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down 1998 US$ 9.99 339 pages
The Corner 2013 US$ 12.99 576 pages


text:
Assume that the world economy consists of two countries
Question Background: Assume that the world economy consists of two countries: Russia and Byelorussia. Each country can produce tomatoes and potatoes. Russia can produce 1000 tons of tomatoes or 3000 tons of potatoes or any linear combination of tomatoes and potatoes that satisfies potatoes+3×tomatoes=3000. Byelorussia can produce 1000 tons of tomatoes or 1000 tons of or any linear combination of tomatoes and potatoes that satisfies potatoes+tomatoes=1000. Countries can freely trade with each other.
There are three specific questions that I'm unclear on and would like a more detailed solution to. These detailed solutions would preferably be a written explanation (possibly accompanied by a graph):
c) (2 points) If the equilibrium price of tomatoes is $600/ton, what is the minimum and maximum
possible prices of potatoes?
Answer: min = $200 max = $600
d) (3 points) Assume people in both countries eat the same dish that requires the equal amount of
tomatoes and potatoes to prepare. What will be the Russia's GDP if the equilibrium price of tomatoes is
Answer: World production: T=P=1500, price of potatos=$200; Russia produces 1500tons of potatoes and 500
tons of tomatoes. Thus, GDP=1500*200+$500*600=$600,000
e) (3 points) Given the same information as in question (d) above, how many tons of potatoes will be
consumed in Russia?


text: Results are presented on the shock response of a zirconium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG), Zr41.25Ti13.75Ni10Cu12.5Be22.5, subjected to planar impact loading. An 82.5-mm bore single-stage gas-gun facility at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, was used to conduct the shock experiments. The particle velocity profiles, measured at the back (free) surface of the target plate by using the velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), were analyzed to (i) better understand the structure of shock waves in BMG subjected to planar shock compression, (ii) estimate residual spall strength of the BMG after different levels of shock compression, and (iii) obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the material. The spall strength was found to decrease moderately with increasing levels of the applied normal impact stress. The spall strength at a shock-induced stress of 4.4 GPa was 3.5 GPa while the spall strengths at shock-induced stresses of 5.1, 6.0, and 7.0 GPa were 2.72, 2.35, and 2.33 GPa, respectively. The HEL was estimated to be 6.15 GPa.


text:
The element tree is anchored in the
WidgetsBinding and established via
Widget instances are immutable representations of UI configuration data that are "inflated" into
Element instances (via
Element.inflateWidget). Elements therefore serve as widgets' mutable counterparts and are responsible for modeling the relationship between widgets (e.g., the widget tree), storing state and inherited relationships, and participating in the build process, etc.
All elements are associated with a
BuildOwner singleton. This instance is responsible for tracking dirty elements and, during
WidgetsBinding.drawFrame, re-building the element tree as needed. This process triggers several lifecycle events (e.g.,
Elements are assembled into a tree (via
Element.unmount). Whereas these operations are permanent, elements may also be temporarily removed and restored (via
Elements transition through several lifecycle states (
_ElementLifecycle) in response to the following methods:
Element.activate is only called when reactivating),
inactive, can be reactivated via
Element.activate), then finally
Note that deactivating or unmounting an element is a recursive process, generally facilitated by the build owner's inactive elements list (
BuildOwner._inactiveElements). All descendant elements are affected (via
Elements are attached (i.e., mounted) to the element tree when they're first created. They may then be updated (via
Element.update) multiple times as they become dirty (e.g., due to widget changes or notifications). An element may also be deactivated; this removes any associated render objects from the render tree and adds the element to the build owner's list of inactive nodes. This list (
_InactiveElements) automatically deactivates all nodes in the affected subtree and clears all dependencies (e.g., from
Parents are generally responsible for deactivating their children (via
Element.deactivateChild). Deactivation temporarily removes the element (and any associated render objects) from the element tree; unmounting makes this change permanent.
An element may be reactivated within the same frame (e.g., due to tree grafting), otherwise the element will be permanently unmounted by the build owner (via
BuildOwner.finalizeTree which calls
If the element is reactivated, the subtree will be restored and marked dirty, causing it to be rebuilt (re-adopting any render objects which were previously dropped).
Element.updateChild is used to update a child element when its configuration (i.e., widget) changes. If the new widget isn't compatible with the old one (e.g., doesn't exist, has a different type, or has a different key), a fresh element is inflated (via
Element.inflateWidget). Once an element is retrieved or inflated, the new configuration is applied via
Element.update; this might alter an associated render object, notify dependents of a state change, or mutate the element itself.
When an element is re-inflated, it has no access to any existing children; that is, children associated with the old element aren't passed to the new element. Thus, all descendants need to be re-inflated, too (there are no old elements to synchronize).
Global keys are one exception: any children associated with a global key can be restored without being re-inflated.
Elements are mainly broken down into
RenderObjectElements are responsible for configuring render objects and keeping the render object tree and widget tree in sync.
ComponentElements don't directly manage render objects but instead produce intermediate nodes via mechanisms like
Widget.build. Both processes are driven by
Element.performRebuild which is itself triggered by
BuildOwner.buildScope. The latter is run as part of the build process every time the engine requests a frame.
ProxyElement forms a third category of elements that wrap a subtree of elements (and are configured by
ProxyWidget). These generally augment the subtree in some way (e.g.,
InheritedElement injects heritable state). Proxy elements use notifications to inform subscribers when its configuration changes (
ProxyElement.updated which, by default, calls
ProxyElement.notifyClients). Subclasses manage subscribers in an implementation-specific way.
ParentDataElement updates the parent data of all closest descendant render objects (via
ParentDataElement._applyParentData, which is called by
InheritedElement notifies a set of dependents whenever its configuration is changed (i.e., when
InheritedElement.update is invoked).
InheritedElement._dependants is implemented as a mapping since each dependent can provide an arbitrary object to use when determining whether an update is applicable. Dependents are notified by invoking
Render object elements are responsible for managing an associated render object.
RenderObjectElement.update applies updates to this render object to match a new configuration (i.e., widget).
The render object is created (via
RenderObjectWidget.createRenderObject) when its element is first mounted. The render object is retained throughout the life of the element, even when the element is deactivated (and the render object is detached).
A new render object is created if an element is inflated and mounted (e.g., because a new widget couldn't update the old one); at this point, the old render object is destroyed. A slot token is used during this process so the render object can attach and detach itself from the render tree (which can vary from the element tree).
The render object is attached to the render tree when its element is first mounted (via
RenderObjectElement.attachRenderObject). If the element is later deactivated (due to tree grafting), it will be re-attached when the graft is completed (via
RenderObjectElement.inflateWidget, which includes special logic for handling grafting by global key).
The render object is updated (via
RenderObjectWidget.updateRenderObject) when its element is updated (via
Element.update) or rebuilt (via
The render object is detached from its parent (via
RenderObjectElement.detachRenderObject) when the element is deactivated. This is generally managed by the parent (via
Element.deactivateChild) and occurs when children are explicitly removed or reparented due to tree grafting. Deactivating a child calls
Element.detachRenderObject which recursively processes descendants until reaching the nearest render object element boundary.
RenderObjectElement overrides this method to detach its render object, cutting off the recursive walk.
Render objects may have children. However, there may be several intermediate nodes (i.e., component elements) between its
RenderObjectElement and the elements associated with its children. That is, the element tree typically has many more nodes than the render tree.
Slot tokens are passed down the element tree so that these
RenderObjectElement nodes can interact with their render object's parent (via
RenderObjectElement.removeChildRenderObject). Tokens are interpreted in an implementation-specific manner by the ancestor
RenderObjectElement to distinguish render object children.
Elements generally use their widget's children as the source of truth (e.g.,
MultiChildRenderObjectWidget.children). When the element is first mounted, each child is inflated and stored in an internal list (e.g.,
MultiChildRenderObjectElement._children); this list is later used when updating the element.
Elements can be grafted from one part of the tree to another within a single frame. Such elements are "forgotten" by their parents (via
RenderObjectElement.forgetChild) so that they are excluding from iteration and updating. The old parent removes the child when the element is added to its new parent (this happens during inflation, since grafting requires that the widget tree be updated, too).
Elements are responsible for updating any children. To avoid unnecessarily inflation (and potential loss of state), the new and old child lists are synchronized using a linear reconciliation scheme optimized for empty lists, matched lists, and lists with one mismatched region:
The leading elements and widgets are matched by key and updated.
The trailing elements and widgets are matched by key with updates queued (update order is significant).
A mismatched region is identified in the old and new lists.
Old elements are indexed by key.
Old elements without a key are updated with null (deleted).
The index is consulted for each new, mismatched widget.
New widgets with keys in the index update together (re-use).
New widgets without matches are updated with null (inflated).
Remaining elements in the index are updated with null (deleted).
MultiChildRenderObjectElement provide support for common use cases and correspond to the similarly named widget helpers (
The multi-child and single-child variants pair with
RenderObjectWithChildMixin in the render tree.
These use the previous child (or null) as the slot identifier; this is convenient since
ContainerRenderObjectMixin manages children using a linked list.
ComponentElement composes other elements. Rather than managing a render object itself, it produces descendant elements that manage their own render objects through building.
Building is an alternative to storing a static list of children. Components build a single child dynamically whenever they become dirty.
This process is driven by
Element.rebuild which is invoked by the build owner when an element is marked dirty (via
BuildOwner.scheduleBuildFor). Component elements also rebuild when they're first mounted (via
ComponentElement._firstBuild) and when their widget changes (via
StatefulElement, a rebuild may be scheduled spontaneously via
State.setState. In all cases, lifecycle methods are invoked in response to changes to the element tree (for example,
StatefulElement.update will invoke
The actual implementation is supplied by
Element.performRebuild. Component elements override
Element.performRebuild to invoke
ComponentElement.build whereas render object elements update their render object via
ComponentElement.build provides a hook for producing intermediate nodes in the element tree.
StatelessElement.build invokes the widget's build method, whereas
StatefulElement.build invokes the state's build method.
ProxyElement simply returns its widget's child.
Note that if a component element rebuilds, the child element and the newly built widget will still be synchronized (via
Element.updateChild). If the


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Shipibo-Conibo, Amazon, Peru
Approximately 30 years ago, as many as 150 different ethno-linguistic groups could be identified living in the rainforest jungles of Peru. Today less than 30 ethnic groups remain. Among these survivors is one of the oldest ancestral groups, the Shipibo people, who now are at risk of becoming extinct. It is estimated that perhaps only 35,000 Shipibo remain living spread out in as many as 300 different family villages. For centuries, these people have survived primarily through their relationship with the jungle and through activities such as hunting, fishing and traditional agriculture.
Shipibo artisans are well known for their colorful designs on pottery and textiles. Inspired by Ayahuasca-induced visions, creation stories and mythic folklore, these refined geometrical designs are sophisticated interpretations of cosmic realities


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Tungsten, element 74, was identified as a distinct element in 1783 by Spanish Basque brothers and chemists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar. The name, however, is older, being used to refer to the ore in which the element is found. The word tungsten is a borrowing from Swedish, where it is a compound of tung (heavy) + sten (stone). Its English use dates to at least 1770.1
The element is sometimes, especially in older works, referred to by its German name, wolfram, from which its chemical symbol W comes. German use of wolfram dates to the 16th century, and its English use to at least 1757, when it is used in a translation of Henckel's Pyritologia:
Though this tin ore be not easily separable from wolfram, a kind of mock-tin, or an irony tin mineral.
The origin of the word wolfram is unknown. It would seem likely that it is from a proper name, but this is not certain. Tradition has it that it is a compound of wolf (wolf) + rahm (cream). The second element could also be râm (soot). It is said to be the source of the modern Latin lupi spuma (wolf foam), described by Georgius Agricola in his 1546 De Natura Fossilium. But Agricola's description of the mineral does not resemble wolfram, and the popular etymology of the German word may have arisen as an attempt to reconcile the two terms, rather than one coming from the other. And recorded use of wolfram in German is only from 1562, after the Latin term was coined.2
Copyright _PHONE_, by David Wilton


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Courses that cover holistic animal nutrition are available at only a select number of institutions, typically through their continuing education departments. A much larger number of schools offer courses in general animal nutrition through undergraduate and graduate programs in animal science. Some common concepts covered in these courses include:
- Symptom analysis and treatment evaluation
- Nutrition and the digestive process
- The physiology of digestion
- Daily nutritional requirements
- Nutritional disorders
Find schools that offer these popular programs
- Animal Health Sciences
- Animal Nutrition
- Dairy Science
- Farm Animal Breeding
- Livestock Management
- Poultry Science
List of Common Courses
Veterinary Homeopathy Course
Typically offered as a continuing education course for professional veterinarians, this course details a variety of approaches to homeopathic animal care. Beginning with diagnosis and evaluation of symptoms, the course goes on to cover such subject material as the homeopathic effect and curative response, adjunctive therapies, chronic disease and vaccination. Discussion of nutraceutical medicines (the use of nutrition to heal) and the ways in which they differ from standard pharmaceuticals are also included. Veterinarians learn the proper applications of holistic medicine to animals, what the benefits of these medicines are, how to tell if they're working and how to talk to pet owners about veterinary homeopathy. The format for this class usually involves a number of successive professional seminars.
Animal Nutrition Principles Course
This course covers the basics of domestic animal nutrition from the fundamentals to feeding and ration balancing. Other topics can include the economics of animal agriculture, genetics, reproduction and nutrient absorption. Emphasis is placed on creation and analysis of the proper formulas used in animal feeding. Though the subject matter covers both mammals and birds, this course, like most animal science program courses, is specifically interested in cattle, horses, pigs and poultry. This typically 1-semester course almost always includes a laboratory element.
Animal Anatomy and Physiology Course
Animal anatomy and physiology is an important subject to understand when dealing with animal nutrition because nutrition is bound up with the anatomy and physiology of digestion. This course delves into the form and function of cells, tissues and organs. It also explores circulation, digestion and reproduction. How animal physiology is affected by environmental factors is another common topic. A lab component is part of the course.
Small Animal Nutrition Course
The small animal nutrition course examines principles behind the proper feeding and care of dogs, cats and other domestic animals. These courses introduce students to the stages of domestic animal life, the function of nutrients and various applications of therapeutic nutrition, most notably prescription diets and foods. Some small animal nutrition courses involve in-depth studies of domestic animal anatomy and metabolism, including digestive tract and stomach size and functions, feeding habits and nutritional requirements. Nutritional disorders such as obesity and pancreatitis may also be covered. Courses dealing with the anatomy, physiology and metabolism of domestic animals may be prerequisites for this course.


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Complaint letter about manager behavior
A complaint letter about manager behavior is a formal document that is used to report inappropriate behavior by a manager in the workplace. The main purpose of this form is to provide a clear and detailed description of the incident or incidents that have occurred, and to request that appropriate action be taken to address the situation.
The form typically consists of several parts, including a brief introduction that explains the purpose of the letter, a detailed description of the incident or incidents that have occurred, and a request for action to be taken. It may also include any relevant documentation or evidence that supports the complaint, such as emails, memos, or witness statements.
The parties involved in this form are the employee who is making the complaint and the manager who is the subject of the complaint. It is important to consider the potential consequences of filing a complaint, such as retaliation or negative repercussions, before submitting the form.
When compiling the form, the employee will need to provide specific details about the incident or incidents that have occurred, including the date, time, location, and any witnesses who were present. They may also need to attach any relevant documentation or evidence that supports their complaint.
Sample Complaint letter about manager behavior
Dear [HR Manager],
I am writing to file a formal complaint against [Manager's Name] for their inappropriate behavior towards me and other employees in the department. Over the past several months, I have witnessed and experienced several instances of unprofessional conduct that I believe warrant immediate attention.
On [date], during a team meeting, [Manager's Name] singled me out and publicly criticized my work in a way that was humiliating and demoralizing. They made disparaging comments about my performance in front of my colleagues, which has created a hostile work environment for me.
Additionally, I have witnessed [Manager's Name] engage in bullying and intimidating behavior towards other employees in the department. They have raised their voice, used profanity, and made derogatory comments about employees' abilities and performance. This type of behavior is unacceptable and goes against the company's values of respect and professionalism.
I have tried to address these issues with [Manager's Name] directly, but unfortunately, they have been dismissive and unresponsive to my concerns. I believe that their behavior is creating a toxic work environment that is affecting the morale and productivity of our team.
I am requesting that immediate action be taken to address these concerns and ensure that the workplace is a safe and respectful environment for all employees. I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss this matter further with you and provide any additional information or documentation that may be helpful.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Strengths of this form include its formal nature, which can help ensure that the complaint is taken seriously and that appropriate action is taken. Weaknesses may include the potential for negative consequences or retaliation, which can discourage employees from coming forward with complaints.
Examples of related and alternative forms may include informal complaints to HR or other managers, anonymous reporting systems, or mediation or conflict resolution processes. The main difference between these forms is the level of formality and the potential consequences for the parties involved.
The form can have a significant impact on the future of the participants, as it can lead to changes in management behavior, disciplinary action, or other consequences. It is typically submitted to HR or another designated authority, and is stored in the employee's personnel file or other confidential records.
Overall, a complaint letter about manager behavior is an important tool for employees who have experienced inappropriate behavior in the workplace. While there may be some risks associated with filing a complaint, it can ultimately help ensure a safe and respectful workplace for all employees.


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If when creating a new folder or copying file or folder on your Windows 11 or Windows 10 device or on an external drive attached to your system, and you get an error prompt with the message Error Copying File or Folder Catastrophic Failure, then this post is intended to help affected PC users with the most suitable solutions.
This issue is most likely to occur due to the following reasons;
- Missing or corrupt system files
- Write-protected disk
- No file or folder permission
- Low disk space
What does Catastrophic failure mean when copying files?
If the Catastrophic Failure has occurred when copying files/folders on your Windows 11/10 device, it's likely caused by missing system files or broken system registry structures. This is a critical sign of an unstable system that is typically caused by improper maintenance of the computer.
Error Copying File or Folder, Catastrophic failure
If you have run into the Error Copying File or Folder Catastrophic Failure issue on your Windows 11/10 PC, you can try our recommended solutions below in no particular order to resolve the issue on your device.
- Run File and Folder Troubleshooter
- Assign Full Control permission to the file/folder
- Clear Temp files
- Format destination drive to exFAT or NTFS
- Create a new User Account
Let's take a look at the description of the process involved concerning each of the listed solutions.
Before you try the solutions below, you can do the following, and after each task see if you can copy the file or folder without issues:
- Restart your PC.
- Make sure the disk is not write-protected.
- Check for updates and install any available bits on your Windows 11/10 device.
- If you started experiencing the issue after a recent Windows update, you can perform System Restore or uninstall the update.
- Run SFC scan.
- Optimize drive.
1] Run File and Folder Troubleshooter
Since the Error Copying File or Folder Catastrophic Failure issue is file/folder-related, you can begin troubleshooting to fix the error on your Windows 11/10 device by running File and Folder Troubleshooter – among other fixes, the automated wizard will help you fix issue when you try to copy, move, rename, or delete a file or folder.
2] Assign Full Control permission to the file/folder
If you have insufficient permission for the file/folder copy operation, you are likely to enounter the issue in hand. In this case, to resolve the issue you need to assign Full Control permission to the file or folder that's throwing the error.
3] Clear Temp files
Insufficient disk space due to copying large file or folder can give rise to this copy error. In this case, to resolve the issue, you can free up disk space by clearing temporary files that end up consuming lots of storage space. We recommend you use any third-party disk analyzer software for Windows 11/10 to get a granular view of what might be hogging storage space and the location on the drive; and then you can run Disk Cleanup to clear unnecessary files on the drive.
Once done, you can try the copy operation again and see if the issue you're currently facing is resolved. If not, try the next solution.
4] Format destination drive to exFAT or NTFS
The error in highlight can occur when you try to copy an item larger than 4GB to a partition with the FAT32 file system as you can easily copy up to 2TB to a FAT32 drive but the caveat is an individual file cannot exceed 4GB. If this is the case, you can either compress the file using any free File Compression & Extraction software and then try the copy operation again; or simply format destination drive to NTFS or format to exFAT file systems that can accommodate such large files.
5] Create a new User Account
This is another viable solution (more of a workaround) that worked for most affected PC users. This requires you to simply sign into another user account on your Windows 11/10 device, and then perform the copy operation within the account. You can create a new local user or administrator account if need be.
Hope this helps!
How do you fix Catastrophic failure?
To successfully fix catastrophic failure issues when installing Windows On-Premise Poller, do the following:
- Navigate to All Users from your Windows machine.
- In the All Users folder, right-click Shared Documents or Public Documents.
- Select Properties.
- In the General tab, uncheck the Read-only checkbox.
- Click Apply > OK.
Why is my laptop showing error copying file or folder?
If you encounter an unspecified error while copying file or folder from a PC to an Android phone, it is possible that the Android SD card is corrupted. In this situation, you can go to check whether the SD card can work as normal on the phone. If not, you will need to make a data recovery.
- Error Copying File or Folder, The requested resource is in use
- Error copying file or folder, The requested value cannot be determined
Why some files are not copying?
If copy-paste is not working on your Windows 11/10 device, it could be due to a temporary glitch, software interference, device drivers, or a corrupted system file, etc. When this issue occurs, the Copy and Paste options are grayed out in the right-click context menu, and the keyboard shortcuts (Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V) do nothing.


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A field team of scientists recently discovered something incredible and downright adorable — there are rare cats living on Mount Everest.
The Pallas's cats, also known as manuls, somehow managed to remain undetected until 2019. There are at least two of them living somewhere along Mount Everest's Southern Flank. The discovery is extremely valuable for researchers and conservationists worldwide — and insanely cute for everyone else.
Pallas's cats are about the same size as regular house cats with a few adorable differences. Their legs are very short and their fur is thick and fluffy, making them look like chubby little stuffed animals. They're actually smaller and lighter than they look, as they're mostly all fur, which insulates them from the cold. Climbing rocky crevices and cliff faces is easy for them, so it makes sense they'd pick somewhere like Mount Everest to live. These wild animals are aggressive and definitely can't be kept as pets, but their pictures alone are enough to spread massive amounts of joy.
Their wide faces and big ears make them look like cartoon characters, just hopping around Mount Everest, minding their business.
"It is phenomenal to discover proof of this rare and remarkable species at the top of the world," Dr. Tracie Seimon of Wildlife Conservation Society's Zoological Health Program said in an article for Wildlife Conservation Society.
Future research will help determine exactly how many Pallas's cats are living on Mount Everest, and will help protect them so they can continue to live their best lives.


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Specht C.,Naval Academy in Gdynia
Advances in Space Research | Year: 2011
The DGPS navigation service augments The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System by providing localized pseudorange correction factors and ancillary information which are broadcast over selected marine reference stations. The DGPS service position and integrity information satisfy requirements in coastal navigation and hydrographic surveys. Polish Maritime DGPS system has been established in 1994 and modernized (in 2009) to meet the requirements set out in IMO resolution for a future GNSS, but also to preserve backward signal compatibility of user equipment. Having finalized installation of the new technology L1, L2 reference equipment performance tests were performed. The paper presents results of the coverage modeling and accuracy measuring campaign based on long-term signal analyses of the DGPS reference station Rozewie, which was performed for 26 days in July 2009. Final results allowed to verify the coverage area of the differential signal from reference station and calculated repeatable and absolute accuracy of the system, after the technical modernization. Obtained field strength level area and position statistics (215,000 fixes) were compared to past measurements performed in 2002 (coverage) and 2005 (accuracy), when previous system infrastructure was in operation. So far, no campaigns were performed on differential Galileo. However, as signals, signal processing and receiver techniques are comparable to those know from DGPS. Because all satellite differential GNSS systems use the same transmission standard (RTCM), maritime DGPS Radiobeacons are standardized in all radio communication aspects (frequency, binary rate, modulation), then the accuracy results of differential Galileo can be expected as a similar to DGPS. Coverage of the reference station was calculated based on unique software, which calculate the signal strength level based on transmitter parameters or field signal strength measurement campaign, done in the representative points. The software works based on Baltic sea vector map, ground electric parameters and models atmospheric noise level in the transmission band. © 2010 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Andrzej G.,Naval Academy in Gdynia |
Radoslaw K.,Naval Academy in Gdynia |
Bogdan S.,Naval Academy in Gdynia
Vibroengineering Procedia | Year: 2014
The paper presents the parameters of the pressure wave incident on minehunter hull structure modeled on the simplified vessel hull of Kormoran II project. © JVE INTERNATIONAL LTD.


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from the abstract:
Natural mentors have been shown to help improve psychological and educational outcomes of youth, and may serve an important role for youth experiencing risk in the home.
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we investigated the associations between natural mentors during youth and income during early adulthood, including how these relations were moderated by the absence of a father figure and race. We also estimated the lifetime economic benefits to having a natural mentor.
- The presence of a natural mentor alone did not have a significant impact on annual earnings during adulthood.
- However, youth without a father but who had a male mentor earned significantly more, on average, than those without a male mentor.
- These effects were more pronounced in a subsample of African American youth.
- The net present value of total lifetime benefits to having a male natural mentor was approximately $190,000 for all fatherless youth and $458,000 for African American fatherless youth.
These results suggest that natural mentors play a crucial role in economic outcomes for youth, which may vary by sociodemographic factors.


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Letters of Support:
Letters of Support should speak to contribution made by the nominee to the agency and community. There are no limit to the number of letters of support.
- A description of the nominee's volunteer activities (past and present) include all significant instances.
- A full description of the contribution made by the business person to our community and how they exemplify volunteerism as a value.
- Why do you feel your nominee deserves the selected Award? Tell us what is unique about the individual you are nominating.
Please upload your letters of support here or follow the instructions below to email, mail or fax them in.


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Genotypic Variation for Root Development, WaterExtraction and Yield Components in Groundnut Under LowPhosphorus and Drought Stresses
[Context] Unpredictable water deficit (drought) and low soil phosphorus (LP) are major interacting constraints to groundnut growth and grain yield in Sahelian zones of West Africa. Combining breeding efforts for drought tolerance and P efficiency could lead to improve tolerance and grains yield in these zones. [Objectives] This study assessed six groundnut genotypes under lysimetric system to better understand the relative importance of P deficiency, water stress, and their interaction; investigate the water extraction pattern of genotypes under these constraints and identify tolerance related traits to accelerate development of more resilient varieties. [Methods] Thus, in experiment 1 (Exp.1) roots traits were investigated at 50% flowering, pod filling stage (60 days after sowing) and maturity stage (90 days after sowing) under high phosphorus (HP) and LP treatments. In experiment 2 (Exp.2), two water regimes (WW=well water, and WS = water stress) were imposed to HP and LP plants and parameters like total transpired water (TTW), transpiration efficiency (TE), water extraction (Wex), pods and haulm heights were investigated. [Results] Roots traits showed significant decrease due to LP stress, pod and haulm weights correlated significantly to roots length density (RLD) and roots dry matter (RDM). Genotypes 12CS-116 and ICGV 12991 revealed tolerant to LP stress while RLD and RDM revealed LP tolerance related traits in groundnut. Interacting effect of LP and drought stress (LPWS) was higher than separate effect of LP and WS. Under LPWS, Wex, TTW, TE, pod and haulm yields decreased significantly. This study suggests that RLD and RDM contributed to Wex in 12CS-116 and ICG 12991 under LPWS. 55-437 and JL-24 with highest TTW showed drought tolerance strategy while drought avoidance strategy could explain 12CS-116, 12CS-79, ICG 12991 and ICGV 97183 response to WS. Pod weight showed tight correlation (R2 =0.7) to TE only under LPWS suggesting that TE explains a large part of pod yield variation under LPWS conditions. TE revealed WS and LPWS tolerance related trait. The genotypic variation observed on Wex and TTW under LPWS suggests different patterns of water extraction and use among the groundnut genotypes.


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- hangover •
Pronunciation: hæng-o-vêr • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. Something or someone left over from a prior time period; a vestige, a holdover, a leftover, a remnant. 2. The unpleasant effects of overdrinking the night before or a short period before, a katzenjammer.
Notes: Today's word is an interesting bit of evidence of the importance of word order in language: an overhang is quite a different thing from a hangover. The only derivation ever tried for this word is hangoverish reported in 1939. The word currently appears only 5,350 times on the Web, mostly in dictionaries.
In Play: First things first: "This dorm must be a hangover from an old insane asylum!" The second meaning was derived from the first by means of narrowing to a strictly pejorative sense: "I had such a hangover from the party last night that I think I might have flunked the chemistry exam."
Word History: Today's Good Word is obviously a compound comprising hang + over. Hang, the verb, is related to Hittite gang- "to hang", Sanskrit sankate "wavers", and Latin cunctari "to delay", so the Proto-Indo-European root pervaded the Indo-European languages pretty thoroughly. The original past tense was hanged, but a northern British form, hung, emerged in the 16th century as the past participle, then moved on to take over as the past tense form. Hanged remained only in the legal sense, legalese being more conservative than the general language. Stonehenge originally meant "stone gallows", presumably from the resemblance to gallows of the three-piece ensembles.


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View Full Version : Neutron Stars have charge...waa?
2008-May-24, 01:54 AM
Pardon me if this has already been asked, but since neutrons don't have charges, how can a neutron star have a magnetic field?
The composition of a neutron star is known only via theory, and theoretical details are not complete. However, a neutron star is believed to contain not only neutrons but also quarks, electrons, protrons, and nuclei of elements heavier than hydrogen, so there is plenty of charge present to account for a magnetic field. For more details, Google "neutron star" and go to "Structure" in the Wikikpedia article.
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The Hermite polynomials are defined as $$H_n(x)=(-1)^n e^{x^2}\dfrac{d^n}{dx^n}e^{-x^2}.$$
How does one prove that all the roots of the Hermite polynomial are real?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 16 down vote accepted
By induction, $H_n$ is a polynomial of degree $n$. Its roots are the zeros of $u_n(x) = \frac{d^n}{dx^n} e^{-x^2}$. But by Rolle's theorem, between any two zeros of a differentiable function there is a zero of its derivative. The same is true between a zero and $+\infty$ or $-\infty$ for a function that goes to $0$ at $\pm \infty$.
share|improve this answer
This is a great answer! – rotten Feb 2 '12 at 6:48
_USER_ Israel I will complete the answer in the following:Assume the result is right when k=n-1, that is $u_{n-1}(x)$ has n-1 real roots.Then consider when k=n, by Rolle's theorem, there are n-2 real roots which satisfies u_n(x)=0, name them $$a_1


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ANALISIS PENERJEMAHAN PENANDA KOHESI RUJUKAN PRONOMINA DALAM BUKU TEKS CIVIC CULTURE
This research aims at identifying, analyzing, and describing translation process and accurate translation of 'itand 'they'-pronominal reference in "Civic Culture" by Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba and its translation text "Budaya Politik" by Sahat Simamora. This research used a descriptive-qualitative method. The data sources included the document and informants and the data were the paragraphs containing 'it'- and 'they'-pronominal reference in "Civic Culture" and its translation text "Budaya Politik." The data gathering used the content analysis and indepth interview techniques, and the data analysis used an interactive model. The findings of this research show that the translation process of the 'it'- and 'they'-pronominal reference cohesion device could include three steps; analysis, transfer and re-structure. Occasionally, it could be any shift in the translation of itand they-pronominal reference cohesion device, i.e., in English, a pronominal reference in word form could be change a phrase in Indonesian language. It was due to the receptor language grammar.


Review – On a Cold Dark Sea, by Elizabeth Blackwell
On a Cold Dark Sea
by Elizabeth Blackwell
Genre: Historical Fiction
Length: 279 Pages
Release date:
On April 15, 1912, three women climbed into Lifeboat 21 and watched in horror as the Titanic sank into the icy depths. They were strangers then…
Con artist Charlotte Digby lied her way through London and onto the Titanic. The disaster could be her chance at a new life—if she hides the truth about her past. Esme Harper, a wealthy American, mourns the end of a passionate affair and fears that everything beautiful is slipping from her grasp. And Anna Halversson, a Swedish farm girl in search of a fresh start in America, is tormented by the screams that ring out from the water. Is one of them calling her name?
Twenty years later, a sudden death brings the three women back together, forcing them to face the impossible choices they made, the inconceivable loss, and the secrets they have kept for far too long.
Elizabeth Blackwell's On a Cold Dark Sea is a rather ambitious novel in a certain sense. It seeks to sketch out the lives of three separate women, each from varying backgrounds and social classes, over the course of 20 years, with the focal point being the moment their lives converged: the sinking of the Titanic. Charlotte, Esme, and Anna end up on the same lifeboat and their lives are forever changed in drastically different ways.
While I found each of these characters interesting in her own right, particularly Charlotte with her background of a life of crime sparked by her infatuation with a disreputable man, it felt like the novel did not have enough space to fully develop each women's stories, with its length of less than 300 pages.
The twenty years between the sinking of the Titanic and the later part of their stories are largely skipped over, with some rough sketches of the intervening years filled in through the reminiscing of each woman in the later timeline. While recounting each of these twenty years for each woman would surely make for an overly long and tedious novel, I can't help but feel like there was something missing.
However, there were some things Blackwell accomplished quite deftly in this novel. One of the running themes of the story is that of survivor's guilt and the varying degrees to which different characters suffer from it. In a way, this can become a defining trait of a person, and Blackwell illustrates the wildly different ways this can manifest; can a sense of being unfairly spared lead a person to try to live a more virtuous life? What are the ways this niggling doubt can destroy someone entirely?
"It was very dark and very cold. We did our best in trying circumstances. We survived."
These doubts are exacerbating in some cases by the lack of understanding from the general public. Blackwell draws heavily on historical resources to make this point. There are passages loosely based on the transcripts from the Titanic Disaster Hearings which exemplify how difficult it was for the survivors to express the pressures and panic they endured as the ship went down. Why were lifeboats deployed at less than half capacity? Why was a safety drill cancelled the morning before the sinking? How could any one person, having endured the chaos of unthinkable disaster, reasonably answer these questions?
Blackwell also seems to have a great interest in exploring the moral quandaries raised by some of the survivors. Again, drawing on real historical resources, she posits scenarios which are clearly meant to make the reader ask what they would do in the given situation. Survivors on the under-loaded lifeboat are forced to ask whether or not they should attempt to rescue passengers who are stranded in the water, fearing their boat may be capsized in the attempt.
Overall, this was an interesting exploration of a real-life disaster, but its length left it feeling a bit lacking. The story was atmospheric and the characters were interesting, but they could have been fleshed out more thoroughly than they were. The 20 years between the sinking of the Titanic and the remainder of the story feel a bit hazy despite Blackwell's attempts at filling in the gaps. On a Cold Dark Sea is an enjoyable read, but had there been a bit more substance to it, I think it would have been truly great.
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survey tools used in previous studies.13,14 Core questions assessed: 1) parental/other relative smoking [Does your father/mother/brother(s)/other(s) family member(s) smoke? Answer: no, sometimes, yes]; 2- children's SHS exposure in the family car [Does your father/mother/brother(s)/other(s) smoke in the family car? Answer: always, sometimes and never]. The questionnaire was piloted among a small group of 4thgrade children and reviewed according to their feedback.
The survey was approved by the Portuguese Ministry of Education. Schools' principals received guidelines regarding parents'/carers' informed consent and the questionnaire application. Trained teachers and research fellows administrated the questionnaires in the classroom following a standardized procedure.
Prevalence rates were computed and chi-square tests were performed using the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.
Of the participants, 52.0% reported at least one smoking parent. Overall exposure in the car was 28.9%. Children's exposure was 46.9% among those reporting smoking parents and 8.6% among those reporting non-smoking parents, (χ2 = 547.9; p<.001). Considering the total sample, SHS exposure was more than five times likely to be higher among children with smoking parents. This trend was observed in all regions, ranging from 2.32 in Azores to 7.12 in Madeira (Table 1).
Table 1. Prevalence of children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in the family
car by parental smoking and region (Portugal, 2011).
a Exposure prevalence ratio calculated for each region and for Portugal by taking the result of
participants with non smoking parents as reference.
Portugal corresponds to the total sample, including the 7 main Portuguese Regions:
Alentejo, Algarve, Azores, Centre, Lisbon, Madeira and North.
n: number of exposed or non-exposed; N: sample; SHS: second-hand smoke.
The results show that for this sample of Portuguese 4th school grade school children, more than half has at least one smoker parent and, therefore, being at high risk of SHS and third hand smoke (THS) exposure in the family car. This is caused by their parents' smoking or by their parents' permissiveness to others' smoking in the family car.
The results also suggest than over one quarter of this group of Portuguese children was regularly exposed to SHS in the family car. Almost half of the subgroup with at least one smoker parent was exposed. Almost ten per cent of the children with both non-smokers parents was exposed. SHS exposure was more than five times more frequent in children with at least one parent who smokes when compared with children with no smoking parents. No statistically significant differences were observed amongst the various regions of Portugal included in this study. These findings suggest that Portuguese families are not aware of children vulnerability to SHS and are rather permissive to indoor car smoking.
These results are in line with those reported by other studies, confirming that children's exposure to SHS in the family car is high and strongly related with parental smoking behaviour.11
Nevertheless, the current study has some limitations. Firstly, the study used a narrow age range children sample (9-11 years old). This was justified by the need of a compromise between the participants' ages being as low as possible and their capacity to answer accurately to a self-administrated questionnaire. Another limitation is that data is based on perceived self-reported SHS exposure, without parental and/or biological validation. Nevertheless, research indicates that children' self-report SHS exposure is accurate.15 Thirdly, the sample representativeness at regional and at national level was limited by the sampling method and the small sample size in some regions. All these limitations are explained by budget constraints. Finally, there is no information on participants that do not have or do not use a family car. It is expectable that this information will potentially increase SHS exposure prevalence rates. Despite these limitations, we believe that this is the first study that evaluates Portuguese children's SHS exposure in the family car showing that this prevalence exposure is very high.
These results should be considered unacceptable regarding SHS hazards for children. This risk is totally avoidable since parents and public opinion are aware of its severity.1-6 The findings support the need for implementing comprehensive tobacco control policies to prevent children's SHS exposure, such as public health campaigns raising awareness on SHS health hazards and promoting smoke-free environments, as well as parental smoking cessation support. Banning smoking in cars, particularly when carrying children, has been considered in several countries. This tobacco control measure should be implemented to prevent children's exposure to SHS.
Editor in charge
Ma José López.
Contributions of authorship
All authors significantly contributed to this research project. JP, PDV, JCM, SBR, CS, HA and EB conceived the questionnaire and the study design. PDV, SBR, ACA, MR and JP gathered the data. Data analyses were conducted by JCM, and, to a lesser extent, by PDV. EB and JP supervised data analysis. All authors analysed and interpreted the data. PDV drafted the manuscript with the input of all authors. All authors have contributed to and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of interests
None declared.
The authors would like to thank the schools' board, the teachers and students that have participated in the study.
1. Oberg M, Jaakkola S, Woodward A, et al. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: A retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377:139-46. [ Links ]
2. World Health, Organization. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2000. [ Links ]
3. International Agency for Research on, Cancer. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary, Smoking., IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: IARC; 2004. [ Links ]
4. US., Environmental Protection, Agency. Respiratory health effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency; 1992. [ Links ]
6. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Pruss-Ustun A, et al. Second-hand smoke-Assessing the Burden of Disease at National and Local Levels. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. [ Links ]
7. Bogdanovica I, Szatkowski L, Britton J, et al. Smoking in cars in England: a study of school students in an English city. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:559. [ Links ]
8. Glover M, Scragg R, Min S, et al. Driving kids to smoke? Children's reported exposure to smoke in cars and early smoking initiation. Addict Behav. 2011;36:1027-31. [ Links ]
9. Jones MR, Navas-Acien A, Yuan J, et al. Secondhand tobacco smoke concentrations in motor vehicles: a pilot study. Tob Control. 2009;18:399-404. [ Links ]
10. Matt GE, Fortmann AL, Quintana PJ, et al. Towards smoke-free rental cars: an evaluation of voluntary smoking restrictions in California. Tob Control. 2013;22:201-7. [ Links ]
11. Sendzik T, Fong GT, Travers MJ, et al. An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11:627-34. [ Links ]
12. Winickoff J, Friebely J, Tanski S, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of thirdhand smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e74-9. [ Links ]
13. Vitória PD, Cunha-Machado J, Araújo AC, et al. Children's exposure to tobacco smoke pollution at home by region: A cross-sectional study. Rev Port Pneumol. In press. [ Links ]
14. Precioso J, Samorinha C, Calheiros J, et al. Exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental de tabaco (FAT). Avaliação de uma intervenção preventiva. Rev Port Pneumol. 2010;16:57-72. [ Links ]
15. Avila-Tang E, Elf JL, Cummings KM, et al. Assessing secondhand smoke exposure with reported measures. Tob Control. 2013;22:156-63. [ Links ]
Dirección para correspondencia:
Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde,
Universidade da Beira Interior
Av. Infante D. Henrique,
6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
E-mail addresses:,
(P.D. Vitória)
Received: 22 June 2014
Accepted: 27 October 2014


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The $f$-localization I mean is the one described and studied in detail in the book by E. D. Farjoun; $L_f$ is a homotopy idempotent functor which associates to each space $X$ an $f$-equivalence $X\to L_f(X)$ where $L_f(X)$ is $f$-local.
$f$-localization has a kind of uniqueness: if $F$ is some other coaugmented functor with the property that $F(X)$ is $f$-local for every $X$ (I'm happy to assume that $F = L_g$ for some map $g$), then there is a commutative square of functors and natural transformations, which I don't know how to draw here. The square would show that the composites $$ id \xrightarrow{\iota} L_f \xrightarrow{L_f(j)} L_f\circ F \qquad \mathrm{and} \qquad id \xrightarrow{j} F \xrightarrow{\iota_F} L_f \circ F $$ are equal. And $\iota_F$ is a weak equivalence for every space $X$; thus $F$ factors through $L_f$ 'up to weak equivalence'.
My Question: Suppose $X\to Y$ is an $f$-equivalence; then $L_f(X) \to L_f(Y)$ is a weak equivalence; does it follow that $(L_f\circ F)(X) \to (L_f\circ F)(Y)$ is a weak equivalence?
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3 Answers 3
If you allow $F$ to be a continuous functor, which it appears you do since localization functors are continuous, then I believe this is true. Corollary 2.1.1 in the following paper seems to be useful:
E.Dror Farjoun, Higher homotopies of natural constructions, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Volume 108, Issue 1, 8 April 1996, Pages 23-34, ISSN 0022-4049,
It says that if $\phi: X \rightarrow Y$ is a map and $G$ is a continuous, coaugmented, idempotent functor such that for all spaces $A$, the induced map $map(Y,GA) \rightarrow map(X,GA)$ is a weak equivalence, then $G(\phi): G(X) \rightarrow G(Y)$ is a weak equivalence. Letting $G = L_f \circ F$ should give the result you want. The induced map will be an equivalence since $\phi$ is an $f$-equivalence and $L_f\circ F(A)$ is $f$-local for all spaces $A$.
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I think that in general the answer is 'no', since your functor $F$ need not preserve $f$-equivalences. Take $f\colon \ast \to \ast$ to be the identity map or any other weak equivalence, then the $f$-local objects are the fibrant objects and $L_f$ is equivalent to the fibrant replacement is simplicial sets. Now take any functor $F$ which does not preserve weak equivalences and takes fibrant values. For example, $F(-) = \mathrm{fib}(\mathrm{hom}(A,-))$, where $\mathrm{fib}$ is a fibrant replacement functor and $A$ a non-trivial space. Then $L_f\circ F$ does not preserve weak equivalences (which are also $f$-equivalences) of non-fibrant simplicial sets.
I think that the condition that you need to assume about $F$ is that $F$ preserves $f$-equivalences.
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I really like this example. I never considered this $F$ before, but it does exactly what you want. I also agree that in situations like this the condition you suggest sounds right – David White May 1 '13 at 15:46
An $f$-equivalence is a map $\alpha:X\to Y$ which induces a weak equivalence $\alpha^\ast:map_\ast(Y,Q)\to map_\ast (X,Q)$ for all $f$-local spaces $Q$; equivalently, $L_f(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence. Therefore the assumption implies that every $g$-local space is $f$-local, so an $f$-equivalence $\alpha$ is also a $g$-equivalence; so $L_g(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence.
share|improve this answer
So this answers it for $F=L_g$, and Matthew Sartwell's answer is slightly more general, but Boris shows you can't go more general than that. Interesting. +1 to everyone – David White May 1 '13 at 15:36
Your Answer


text:
Definitions of reredos
n. - A screen or partition wall behind an altar. 2
n. - The back of a fireplace. 2
n. - The open hearth, upon which fires were lighted, immediately under the louver, in the center of ancient halls. 2
The word "reredos" uses 7 letters: D E E O R R S.
No direct anagrams for reredos found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after reredos (in bold), or to deeorrs in any order:
b - resorbed c - rescored h - redhorse l - resolder solderer n - endorser r - orderers reorders t - resorted restored
Shorter words found within reredos:
de dee deer deers dees dere do doe doer doers does dor dore dorr dorrs dors dorser dos dose doser dree drees ed eds er ere erode erodes eros erose err erred errs ers es od ode odes ods oe oes or order orders ore ores ors os ose re red rede redes redo redoes redos reds ree reed reeds rees rerose res resod rod rode rods roe roes rose rosed seder see seed seer ser sere sered serer so sod sord sore sorer
List shorter words within reredos, sorted by length
All words formed from reredos by changing one letter
Browse words starting with reredos by next letter


Teacher of the Month: Kelli Cothran
Kelli CThis month's teacher of the month is Kelli Cothran, a Fashion Design and Fashion Marketing teacher at Prosper High School in Texas. She is a second year teacher, and Oklahoma State graduate who LOVES what she does.
"I am a people person through and through and I enjoy teaching students relevant/real world skills that will make them the best person they can be. I let my students be creative in all of their projects and express their personalities through design."
Describe your best lessons
A few lessons I have taught the last two years have been trend-spotting fashions (what they think will be the most popular trends for that year), designing their own boutique, interviewing their parents about what their parents fashion was like back when they were younger for fashion history, designing infinity scarves, designing window displays in a shoe box and at local boutiques, and fashion illustration.
Describe how you are innovative
I am only 23 so keeping things fresh and trendy are what I am most proud of while still having the traditional foundation of what Family and Consumer Science classes were based on. I have my students style current celebrities, come up with ways to refashion clothing to make it modern and design t-shirts for our school store. Here are some pictures of my students' projects.
Why is Family and Consumer Sciences Important?
FACS classes at the high school level are so important to the success of our students. I went to a high school where these classes were not offered in abundance and I think it is so important to have an outlet for students to express themselves through the way the dress, eat, build relationships with others, and become the person that they are. Someday my students will enter the work field and start a family of their own, I hope that I give them the skills and drive to make it the best life they can.
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experienced supervisor is the responsibility of the student's employer.
There are clearly advantages to online training of employees, particularly in respect to cost and time management. So what is reasonable to include in an online course, and how much time needs to be spent with a qualified trainer in person? My feeling is that 32 hours of online training covering the mandatory topics and eight hours of hands-on training is reasonable. The hands-on portion should include, at minimum, the following: donning and doffing personal protective equipment, working with monitoring equipment, practice/demonstration of sampling techniques, and a question-and-answer period.


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But why do you need it?
Amazon Kinesis gives businesses real-time access to all the necessary data for their businesses. It's an intuitive interface with visual access to all required information.
Leveraging real-time application monitoring is useful for fraud detection, tracking leaderboards, and quickly identifying issues.
Netflix uses Amazon Kinesis to keep its video streams healthy while also monitoring social media. The use cases are endless.
MetricFire easily connects to many different data sources, including Amazon Kinesis. MetricFire's advanced filtering lets you choose only the data views you want to see and discard the rest. You can also set up simple rules to discard data you no longer keep, plus receive alerts via email or Slack when your block store is doing something it shouldn't. First, you'll need to download the Amazon AWS CloudWatch add-on from Hosted Graphite and connect your accounts.
From there, we have a comprehensive guide on how to link your accounts and set them up to automatically exchange data between both platforms.
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Sentry is an application monitoring platform designed for the specific purpose of monitoring performance and errors. It is intended to make life simpler for developers during the process of creating new software and apps, increasing their ability to meet deadlines with minimal stress.
The Sentry platform enables developers to diagnose, correct, and optimize code performance quickly and efficiently, which is crucial in reducing or eliminating issues for end-users once the application reaches the marketplace. After all, the faster you can successfully diagnose issues that are slowing your app down, including bugs or security breaches, the faster you will see success.
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Sentry identifies issues and errors in software applications and alerts developers as to the root cause. Once errors have been defined, Sentry supports recovery. Sentry assists with understanding how users have been impacted by errors through the tracking of field data. This includes variable network speeds, the typical browsers being used, the digital devices, and the location of users.
This is managed through Google's Web Vitals, giving developers deep insight into the user experience. Users may be frustrated by slow loading times, or they may not be able to interact with the page at all. In some cases, the software performs well with certain browsers or devices, but they struggle with others. Sentry increases clients' ability to adjust and rework in a timely manner, ensuring rapid resolution.
MetricFire's complete infrastructure and application monitoring platform makes it easy to integrate Sentry. Simply enable a Sentry webhook from the add-ons section of your Hosted Graphite account. MetricFire's advanced filtering lets you choose only the data views you want to see and discard the rest. You can also set up simple rules to discard data you no longer keep, plus receive alerts via email or Slack.
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text: We investigated the thermodynamical properties of water exchanged in poly(L-glutamic acid)/poly(allylamine)hydrochloride (PGA/PAH) polyelectrolyte multilayers containing ferrocyanide. Oxidation/reduction of the ferrocyanide in the multilayer caused a reversible swelling/contraction of the film due to the uptake/release of counter ions and water. We used electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and electrochemical microcalorimetry to correlate the amount of water with the accompanying entropy changes during electrochemical swelling of the multilayer for a series of different anions at different concentrations. The number of exchanged water molecules was highly dependent on the ionic strength and the type of anion in the buffer solution. However, the entropy change per exchanged water molecule was found to be independent of these two parameters. The water molecules in the polyelectrolyte multilayer have reduced the entropy compared to that of bulk water (≈−1 J mol−1 K−1). A comparison of hydration entropies for free polyelectrolytes and PGA/PAH multilayers suggests that such systems are mainly stabilized by water release during multilayer construction.


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Computer Science > Robotics
Title: A New Direction in Firefighting Systems
Abstract: Recent huge technological development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can provide breakthrough means of fighting wildland fires. We propose an innovative forest firefighting system based on the use of a swarm of hundreds of UAVs able to generate a continuous flow of extinguishing liquid on the fire front, simulating the rain effect. Automatic battery replacement and refilling of the extinguishing liquid ensure the continuity of the action. We demonstrate the validity of the approach first computing the critical water flow rate according to the main factors involved in the evolution of a fire, then estimating the number of linear meters of active fire front that can be extinguished depending on the number of drones available and the amount of extinguishing fluid carried. A fire propagation cellular automata model is also employed to study the evolution of the fire. The results suggest that the proposed system can successfully integrate, or in some cases completely replace, current forest firefighting techniques.
Subjects: Robotics (cs.RO); Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG)
Cite as: arXiv:2007.00883 [cs.RO]
 (or arXiv:2007.00883v1 [cs.RO] for this version)
Submission history
From: Patrizia Bagnerini [view email]
[v1] Thu, 2 Jul 2020 05:06:25 GMT (1099kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.