text:
Rage against the Bathing Machine
Neatorama just featured this great and strange photo of bathing machines, and I was completely intrigued. Apparently, the sheds on wheels were popular in the 19th century (even Queen Victoria had one!) and were there to--what else?-- protect a woman's chastity. At the time, beaches were segregated, so men and women used separate sections. In fact, because it was considered coarse to see a woman in her bathing suit, ladies entered the machines in their street clothes, changed into their swimwear in the dark room (there were no openings for light in the sheds), and then had the little room pulled toward the water.
To actually enjoy the ocean, women employed "dippers" to help them descend into the water at an appropriate pace, dunk them with appropriate vigor, and pull them out at the appropriate time (there were a lot of rules). Perhaps the most fascinating thing about the bathing machines, though, isn't the fact that they existed, but just how prevalent they were. While some beaches and resorts used horses to pull the things into the water, others had wooden ramps for the wheels, and steam-powered cables to push and pull the machines in and out. Once mixed gender beaches became the norm in the early 1900's, however, the machines went the way of the dinosaurs. Story via the geniuses over at Neatorama.


text:
Definitions of care:
- noun: activity involved in maintaining something in good working order
Example: "He wrote the manual on car care"
- noun: the work of caring for or attending to someone or something
Example: "No medical care was required"
- noun: attention and management implying responsibility for safety
Example: "He is in the care of a bodyguard"
- noun: a cause for feeling concern
Example: "His major care was the illness of his wife"
- noun: an anxious feeling
Example: "Care had aged him"
- noun: judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger
Example: "He handled the vase with care"
- verb: provide care for
- verb: feel concern or interest
Example: "I really care about my work"
- verb: be concerned with
- verb: prefer or wish to do something
Example: "Do you care to try this dish?"
- verb: be in charge of, act on, or dispose of
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #52546)
Search for care at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
According to the Library of Congress, National Doughnut Day is June 1 and actually honors the Salvation Army "Lassies" of World War I.
"The original Salvation Army doughnut was first served by the nonprofit organization in 1917. During WWI, the lassies were sent to the front lines of Europe, where they made home-cooked foods and provided a morale boost to the troops. Two Salvation Army volunteers—Ensign Margaret Sheldon and Adjutant Helen Purviance—came up with the idea of providing doughnuts. Sheldon wrote of one busy day: "Today I made 22 pies, 300 doughnuts, 700 cups of coffee." Often, the doughnuts were cooked in oil poured into a soldier's metal helmet.
National Doughnut Day started in 1938 as a fundraiser for the Chicago Salvation Army. Its goal was to help the needy during the Great Depression and to honor the Salvation Army Lassies of World War I, who were the only women outside of military personnel allowed to visit the front lines."
Read the rest of the story in the Library of Congress' "Wise Guide"


text:
Recent erosion along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal has exposed an unusually rich Upper Cretaceous fossiliferous outcrop at the Biggs Farm, near the eastern end of the Canal. Some III species of mollusks representing 72 genera have been identified. Coelenterata, Porifera, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Crustacea, and a few fragmentary vertebrate remains have also been found. Five species are being described as new, and there are 54 new records for the Cretaceous of Delaware.
The preservation of the material suggests that the animals lived on a sandy bottom in water between 50 and 100 feet in depth, possibly near the mouth of a bay.
Inasmuch as there is a mixing of some species characteristic of the Matawan Group and other species characteristic of the Monmouth Group, it is believed that the fauna at this locality lies near the Matawan-Monmouth boundary, perhaps in the lower part of the Monmouth Group.
University of Delaware
Delaware Geological Survey Building
Newark, DE 19716
Mon - Fri; 8:00am to 4:30pm

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
lavados is the plural of lavado
About Plural and Feminine
la·va·do Masculine - Noun - Singular
Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers.
Examples of plural forms: car - cars, boat - boats, house - houses, friend - friends.
* This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
Diminutives: lavadillo, lavadillos, lavadito, lavaditos
Aumentatives: lavadón, lavadones, lavadote, lavadotes
- Translate "lavado" to English: washing, wash, cleansing
Spanish Synonyms of "lavado": baño, fregado, lavada, limpia, ablución, colada
Define meaning of "lavado": Hecho de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón. ; Aseo, acción de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón.
- Translate "lavado" to English: enema, washout, lavage, rectal
Spanish Synonyms of "lavado": enema, lavado rectal, lavativa, purga, clistel, irrigación colónica, lavado del intestino grueso
Define meaning of "lavado": Enema, inyección terapéutica por el ano de un líquido para provocar la defecación.
- Translate "lavado" to English: leachate
- Translate "lavado" to English: ablution, lavage
Define meaning of "lavado": Hecho de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón.
Conceptually-related expressions of "lavados"
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related to your entry word. On top of that, it offers English and Spanish pronunciation, separation into syllables and grammar attributes. It also accepts conjugated verbs and Spanish feminine and plural forms as valid entries.
The advantage of acquiring them as your personal software is that you will enjoy a better, even friendlier interface with many, many more features including word tagging, Bilingual Verb Conjugation, Double-Window Synonyms, idiom search facilities plus a unique collection of 40,000 color pictures associated with noun entries.
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* English Definitions From: WordNet 2.0 Copyright 2003 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
* Spanish Definitions Copyright 2003-2008 Zirano
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what people believed in the 1500s? Not even we do; and sure there have been wildmen depicted.
 1. how do u know u r 1/8 troll, what does that mean,
 4. Oh I believe it, I've printed photos of Troll's skulls before on this blog and remarked that some families have a tradition of interbreeding with trolls. We also have historical records of what people believed in the 1500s, and with comparable beliefs all over europe. You are seklling Bigfoots short: there is more than one sort of Bigfoots and they have different cultural levels. I did specifically mention the example of the Chuchuunaa. And certainly you should understand that an American keyboard does not feature Swedish chharacters for typing!
 1. so do trolls understood in the traditional more dangerous sense, not exist or are just not common, i read kn another blog that there is evidence of them and it is closely guarded


Tonnes of 'ugly' produce sold as supermarkets relax rules
 - 3 December 2012
 - From the section Politics
Misshapen potato
Almost 300,000 tonnes of misshapen fruit and vegetables have made it into shops this year, according to the National Farmers Union (NFU).
The NFU says bad weather has led to supermarkets relaxing the normal strict rules around the appearance of produce that makes it onto shelves.
The European Union changed rules around misshapen produce in 2009.
The NFU says the amount of imperfect fruit and vegetables sold this year would fill 2,500 jumbo jets.
'Wasted fruit'
The organisation's chief horticulture and potato adviser Hayley Campbell-Gibbons said: "Nobody wants consumers to compromise on quality, but just because a carrot is bent, it's perfectly useable, can offer great value and reduces wastage in the food chain.
"Let's hope that retailers carry on with this sensible approach to sourcing so that more of the food we produce in Britain can actually make it onto the shelf."
There were warnings earlier in the year about a poor harvest after storms, frost and heavy rain left many crops struggling to grow properly.
Fruit farmers were particularly badly hit with some growers losing up to 65% of their crop.
Ali Capper, from Worcestershire, said she had benefitted from changes applied to apple colour and skin finish.
"It's reassuring that retailers have recognised what a challenging year it has been for growing tree fruit throughout Europe," she said.
"Supply is very short so a sensible approach to specifications that allows more perfectly edible fruit through supermarket doors is welcomed.
"This more relaxed approach could be extended into future years to ensure that the minimum amount of fruit is wasted at farm level."
Supermarket produce appearance rules could return next year.
Strict standards also remain in place across the EU for 10 of the most popular types of fruit and vegetables including apples, lettuces, strawberries and tomatoes although stores can choose to label them.
Standards for 26 other types of produce were scrapped in July 2009.
Have your say on Newsbeat's Facebook page
Matt says: "Supermarkets are a business, the majority of shoppers wouldn't buy that potato. So as a "business" it's really wise to buy veg they can't guarantee they can sell?"
Heather says: "Finally! It's about time they stopped throwing this stuff away just because it doesn't look pretty."
Adam says: "You would be surprised the number of picky people who won't buy something because of its look. I used to work in a supermarket and you see so much perfectly fine food getting passed over."
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Fabrication of coral like carbon black/MnO2 nano composites from commercial carbon black and their application in supercapacitors
A carbon black/MnO2 nano-composite (CB/MnO2) of coral-like architecture was synthesized from a commercially available conductive carbon black (CB) using an in situ method. The morphology and structural analysis of the synthesized CB/MnO2 revealed 10 nm thick MnO2 nano-sheets grown on the CB. The MnO2 nano-sheets of poorly crystalline δ-MnO2 birnessite structure assembled into a coral-like architecture. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis showed high Mn content in the composite. Electrochemical tests using the synthesized CB/MnO2 showed a specific capacitance of 946 F g−1 at a current density of 0.3 A g−1, which was much higher than that of the composites reported in the literature. Under a current density of 30 A g−1, the CB/MnO2 electrode was shown to retain a high specific capacitance after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The results from this study demonstrate that the CB/MnO2 nano composite materials of coral-like architecture fabricated with commercially available CB and MnO2 achieved a good electrochemical performance, exhibiting promising application prospects.


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Standing in order according to the birth dates and months without talking was the first activity that stimulated the learners to think about how thoughts and emotions can lead towards certain behaviors. Added to this was the external pressure of time constraint that would sometimes prevent the participants from thinking creatively about how they could use 'sign languages' to communicate their birth dates. This helped them to understand that there can be factors in the "ecosystem" which are external.
This lead to the process of understanding about the importance of self-awareness in terms of recognizing the barriers in one's own mind and understanding the passion in order to successfully build a venture. Gradually the learners were taken through the journey of understanding the emotions of the other people and practicing empathy with the various stakeholders including the target groups, investors and partners in one's venture.
All these were done in the workshop "Emotional Intelligence as the Driver of Entrepreneurial Success" which was organized by the Center for Enterprise and Society (CES) of University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) at its premises. Emotional Intelligence was a term created by Peter Salavoy and John Meyer which means recognizing and understanding our own emotions and that of the others, and influence the emotions of others.
According to an article of Harvard Business Review, self-confidence and resilience can be found in Entrepreneurial-minded people. They also need to have a goal orientation which is again connected to gaining the support of other people. All of these are parts of Emotional Intelligence and these elements are some of the things that entrepreneurs need.
The participants learned hands-on about the various areas and sharing their experience. The introduction by Professor Imran Rahman, Dean of School of Business acted as a very good engagement for the students to learn about this topic. The training was conducted by Imran Newaz Khurshid who is the Manager of the School of Entrepreneurship (SoE) of Juntion Ventures. He is an Alumnus of the U.S. Department of State and worked with entrepreneurship as a Program Specialist at Social Impact 360 based in the United States.
Photo Courtesy: CES, ULAB


TY - JOUR T1 - Mollugo verticillata, in België een obligate spoorwegadventief JF - Dumortiera Y1 - 2004 A1 - Filip Verloove AB - Mollugo verticillata as an alien of railway yards in Belgium. Mollugo verticillata L. (Molluginaceae), a South American alien, has been found several times in the past five years in Belgium, often in abundance and always confined to railway yards. The species history in Belgium is reviewed and its status outside the area of origin is discussed. VL - 82 ER -


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Physicist: The issue here is the equinoxes are the two days of the year when the length of the day should be exactly as long as the night. And yet you'll find that on the equinox the day is always slightly longer than 12 hours. As it happens, there's nothing particularly special about the exquini. There's just more daytime than nighttime overall.
Kind of inspiring!
But there's one more slick trick that Earth has for keeping the lights on. Before the light from the Sun can get to us (here on the ground) it has to pass through the atmosphere. While the atmosphere itself doesn't do too much (aside from scattering blue light and helping things breathe) the transition from the airlessness of space to the airfullness of here does change the direction that light travels. This is just refraction, which is the same effect responsible for things not being where they appear to be at the bottom of swimming pools, lenses working, and blurry vision under water.
Basically, when light has to pass between a medium where it can travel fast (space counts) to one where it travels slower, the light will bend toward the slower medium.
So, every day a handful of physical laws conspire to give us a couple more minutes of sunlight than you might otherwise expect (even on the equinoctes!).


text:
Benefits of Data Recorders
Data recorders, also known as black boxes, have become an essential tool in various industries. These devices are designed to capture and store crucial data during specific events or activities. The insights gained from data recorders enable companies and organizations to make informed decisions, improve safety standards, and enhance overall operations. Let's take a closer look at the benefits of successful data recorder implementation.
Enhanced Safety Measures
One significant advantage of data recorders is their ability to enhance safety measures. In the transportation industry, for example, data recorders in vehicles can capture data related to speed, braking, and other critical parameters. This information can be used to analyze and identify potential safety risks, allowing companies to take necessary precautions and prevent accidents. By monitoring and analyzing data from data recorders, industries can proactively implement safety measures and reduce the likelihood of mishaps. To expand your knowledge of the subject, visit this recommended external website. In it, you'll find valuable information and additional details that will further enrich your reading experience. Unearth here!
Accurate Incident Analysis
Data recorders play a vital role in accurately analyzing incidents. In the aviation industry, for instance, flight data recorders (FDRs) help investigators understand the circumstances leading up to an accident or incident. These devices capture data such as altitude, airspeed, and flight control inputs, providing valuable insights to investigators. By examining the recorded data, experts can reconstruct events and determine the causes of accidents, ultimately leading to improved safety protocols and prevention strategies.
Data recorders can significantly contribute to operational optimization. In manufacturing plants, for example, data recorders can collect information on machine performance, production rates, and energy consumption. By analyzing this data, companies can identify inefficiencies, streamline processes, and reduce production costs. The insights gained from data recorders enable organizations to make data-driven decisions, improve productivity, and optimize resource allocation.
Legal and Compliance Requirements
Data recorders also fulfill legal and compliance requirements in various industries. In the healthcare sector, for instance, electronic health record (EHR) systems serve as data recorders, capturing patient information, diagnoses, and treatment plans. These records not only facilitate accurate diagnoses and treatment but also comply with legal requirements, such as patient privacy laws. Implementing data recorders ensures that organizations adhere to regulatory frameworks and maintain the necessary documentation to meet legal obligations.
Real-time Monitoring and Alerts
Many data recorders offer real-time monitoring and alerts, empowering organizations to respond swiftly to critical events. In the energy sector, for example, data recorders can track power consumption, voltage levels, and equipment performance. If anomalies or issues are detected, alerts can be immediately generated, allowing technicians to address and resolve the problems promptly. Real-time monitoring and alerts facilitate proactive maintenance, minimizing downtime, and optimizing operations. Enhance your reading and broaden your understanding of the topic with this handpicked external material for you. Data Logger _URL_, discover new perspectives and additional information!
Data recorders have proven to be invaluable tools for successful implementation across various industries. From enhancing safety measures and accurate incident analysis to operational optimization and legal compliance, data recorders provide crucial insights that empower organizations to make informed decisions and improve overall efficiency. As technology advances, data recorders will continue to evolve, enabling businesses and industries to achieve higher levels of performance and safety.
Want to know more about this subject? Visit the related posts we've chosen to further enrich your reading:


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Speaker: Savinkov Rostislav, junior researcher of the Interdisciplinary Scientific Center "Mathematical Modeling in Biomedicine" of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia.
Topic: Algorithms for building networks of fibroblast reticular cells.
Annotation: The network of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) is a rather complex structure from the point of view of formation. Therefore, in order to best reproduce its topology, experiments were conducted with various algorithms for its formation, in search of the best option. The report will describe both the simplest method and more complex variations, including non-stationary construction, taking into account the length of the formation of the structure in time.


text:
A ringer box is a telephone signaling device housed in a bell box or subscriber set (subset). It usually contains an electromechanical gong and was used with most early desk stand telephones, including the candlestick telephones and the Western Electric model 102 and 202 telephones, which were too small to hold a ringer or other needed electrical components. Many pay station telephones also used a separate ringer box.
Ringers were commonly placed in the same housing as the subscriber set, which consisted of other electrical components, such as induction coils, capacitors, and, if required, a magneto generator. The subscriber set interfaced a telephone set to the telephone network, while magneto generators where used in manual service station to generate a remote ring signal.
In 1936, the Western Electric Model 302 telephone was the first widely used Bell System telephone to include the phone ringer and subscriber set inside in the same housing as the telephone set.
A ringer box consists of bells or gongs and an electromagnetically-driven clapper which strikes the gongs when actuated. The electromagnet of the clapper responds to the alternating current sent from a central office exchange or another phone via the telephone network wiring. The direct current required by the telephone's audio circuitry is blocked with a capacitor before entering the ringer to prevent the ringer from being triggered by circuit interruptions and pulse dialing. Typical ring voltages are in the range from 60 to over 100 Volts, and alternate at a frequency of 20-30 Hertz.
Almost all telephones manufactured since the Model 302 telephone was introduced, have an internal phone ringer.


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This review discusses the benefits seen of heat treatment during storage in order to reduce embryonic mortality caused by prolonged storage in avian species.
Heat treatment during storage
The longer eggs are stored, the higher the losses in hatchability. Stored eggs have a higher rate of embryonic mortality between days 2 and 3 of incubation, and need more time to complete incubation. This causes some live chicks to be rejected at take-off because they hatch too late. Several studies have investigated the possibility to limit the hatchability loss after long storage by applying short periods of heat treatment during storage, with differing results. Heat treatment for stored eggs has been around since the 1950's, most commonly known as SPIDES but also known as PRESI in Canada and IDEAS in Turkey. In recent years, more and more successful attempts have been reported applying heat treatment during storage, even for large-scale trials. Nicholson (2012) and Aviagen (2014) have shown a consistent improvement of the hatchability of long stored eggs (Ross 308 & Ross 708 broiler eggs, as well as various GP & GGP lines) by applying one or more heat treatments in 34 small to large-scale trials.
Effect of storage according to developmental stage
Development of the avian embryo begins immediately after fertilization in the infundibulum and continues as albumen and shell are deposited over the next 24-26 hours. The embryonic developmental stage at the moment of oviposition (egg laying) is variable for different genetic lines as well as parental ages. This may be genetically determined or linked to variations in oviductal transit time and/or body temperature. The effect of long storage times on embryonic development highly depends on the developmental stage of the embryos at oviposition. Although there are variations of staging at point of lay, according to breed type, etc. the stage should always be well away from the "point of no return". However collection timing, farm storage, transport, etc. can all affect the embryo stage if the eggs are poorly managed and it must be remembered that to fill a commercial incubator will usually take more than one days egg collection or eggs from more than one farm. It has been reported that embryos at the pre-gastrula stage at oviposition are less able to withstand prolonged storage compared to embryos at the gastrula stage. For these embryos, incubation during storage may improve hatchability, since it can advance them to the developmental stage in which hypoblast formation is complete. In contrast, if development is already well advanced and embryos have started to form the primitive streak, incubation during storage may be detrimental since it brings the embryo in a more advanced stage of primitive streak formation (to around stage 3/4 H&H, 1951, period of active cellular migration and differentiation). Storage during such a period could impede critical embryonic processes. So there is some sort of "point of no return"- once this is reached, the embryonic development cannot be stopped anymore via returning the eggs to cold storage.
How does heat treatment during storage help?
In the egg holding room, eggs are kept at or under a so-called threshold temperature or physiological zero for development. However, some partial, but not a global or proportionate development can take place at these subthreshold temperatures. Different cells or tissues in these early embryos may have different threshold temperatures for development, resulting in uneven or disproportionate development. When this disproportionate development progresses too far it may interfere with embryonic viability and, hence also hatchability. Total heat treatment aims to be around 12 hours, but this will depend on egg size, cold store temperatures and egg temperature at removal. Using current technology adapted to work in a specialised way, has allowed the process to be refined to give accurate and consistent results irrespective of egg age, breed, size, egg weight or storage time of the loaded eggs. This consistency would the answer the question as to why previous heat treatments have been shown to give a benefit but with varying levels of success.
Storing eggs is an inevitable practice when incubating eggs on commercial scale. It is impossible to synchronize breeder egg production with final product production, which often generates high levels of losses. Heat treatment during egg storage allows a significant reduction in these logistical discrepancies. There is undoubtedly a huge potential in restoring the hatchability of stored eggs, and even improving post-hatch performance. The initial series of commercial trials demonstrated that the operational parameters required in order to achieve a degree of benefits was relatively broad; however achieving the optimal gains considerably narrowed the parameter limitations. Add to this the logistical need to minimize space usage within the hatchery, it was clear there is a need for dedicated, accurate equipment that has a practical capacity. It is crucial to accurately and consistently control the key incubation parameters, as inadequate application of the technique will result in suboptimal results or might even lead to major losses. The precise measurement and control of the egg shell temperature in the incubator, as well as a controlled and uniform warm-up and cool-down phases of the eggs, are key to achieve consistent, optimal gains. The trials currently being undertaken under precise controlled conditions indicate gains can be achieved on eggs with relatively short storage. Taking an immature embryo to a more robust developmental stage either prior to or during initial storage has a major effect on embryonic viability as this gain is seen in the improved hatch of set figures.
Presented at the 9th Turkey Science and Production Conference


text:
COLLABORATIVE EVENT PLANNING WORKSHEET
Adapted from six-step recipe in Collaboration Soup
by Delia Horwitz and Paula Vigneault.
STEP 1. READY TO GO
It all begins with a need or a desire, and then proceeds
to enrolling others in the planning process.
1. Why are you having the meeting?
2. Who will you invite to be part of the Core Planning group?
3. Who are the Stakeholders? What will you ask them, and how?
4. Set time & location.
STEP 2. ENGAGE YOUR GROUP
The next step involves inviting participants to the conversation, and providing the tools and resources to help the conversation occur in a nourishing way.
1. How many will be invited, and who?
2. How will they be invited—who will author it?
3. Plan what activities will happen at the event.
4. Assemble logistical items: chairs, charts, food, supplies, etc.
STEP 3. COOK THE CONVERSATION
Individuals come together to offer and blend their ideas
to create a whole greater than the sum of its parts.
1. Create safety:
a. Explain your motives, origins, sponsors, etc.
b. Gain alignment on purpose or topic, planned agenda and decision-making method.
c. Describe expectations of what will be done with their input.
2. Clarify roles & responsibilities.
3. Lead the activities and record conversations.
STEP 4. INTEGRATE THE IDEAS
Participants pause to acknowledge, celebrate,
and own what has been co-created.
1. Identify common themes, summarize, and put onto wall charts
2. Have the group acknowledge what has been accomplished.
STEP 5. PLAN THE ACTION
Fueled by the collaborative soup they've cooked and eaten, participants
now digest their accomplishments to create an Action Plan.
Call time, and gain agreement to move on to action planning.
1. Establish a framework for action plan, e.g. who, when, what, how, why.
2. Confirm next steps, accountability and follow-up.
STEP 6. END WITH CLARITY
In this step, the details are wrapped up, a summary document is created,
and the meeting place is put back in order.
1. Lead a brief closing discussion: what was gained, learned, or accomplished?
2. Be clear on how notes will be compiled and distributed, and to whom.
3. Determine next meeting time, place, and planners (if not done in Step 5).
4. Volunteers help re-set the room and put things away.


text:
- spume •
Pronunciation: spyum • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: Froth or foam from a liquid, especially sea foam.
Notes: Today's Good Word allows us to distinguish sea foam from other types, since "sea foam" is its default meaning. This word may be used as a verb, as the volcano spumed forth a froth of fire. It comes with two adjectives, the Latinate spumous and the Germanic spumy, both meaning "showing or having foam". There is also a French adjective, spumescent, which we have already explored.
In Play: Today's Good Word offers us the opportunity of avoiding the cliché "foaming at the mouth": "The senator loudly pontificated at his audience, arms flailing about and bits of spume forming at the corners of his mouth." As the previous example indicated, the verbal applications of today's word are not limited to froth in the literal sense, as is the noun: "When Lana Jorgia saw the smoke spuming out of the oven door, she knew she'd left the roast in too long."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from a PIE root with a Fickle S, an initial S that is sometimes there and sometimes not. In Latin it was spuma "foam" and in Lithuanian it became spaine "mousse". But the Germanic and Slavic languages lost the initial S, so we find foam in English, Feim in German, and pena in Russian. (Today we thank Grogie, the mysterious Lexiterian in the Alpha Agora, for suggesting this lovely foamy Good Word.)


text:
Firefighters put their lives on the line in some of the most dangerous conditions on Earth. One of their greatest challenges, however, is seeing through thick veils of smoke and walls of flame to find people in need of rescue. A team of Italian researchers has developed a new imaging technique that uses infrared (IR) digital holography to peer through chaotic conflagrations and capture potentially lifesaving and otherwise hidden details. The team describes its breakthrough results and their applications in a paper published in the Optical Society's (OSA) open-access journal Optics Express.
Firefighters can see through smoke using current IR camera technology. However, such instruments are blinded by the intense infrared radiation emitted by flames, which overwhelm the sensitive detectors and limit their use in the field. By employing a specialized lens-free technique, the researchers have created a system that is able to cope with the flood of radiation from an environment filled with flames as well as smoke.
"IR cameras cannot 'see' objects or humans behind flames because of the need for a zoom lens that concentrates the rays on the sensor to form the image," says Pietro Ferraro of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto Nazionale di Ottica in Italy. By eliminating the need for the zoom lens, the new technique avoids this drawback.
"It became clear to us that we had in our hands a technology that could be exploited by emergency responders and firefighters at a fire scene to see through smoke without being blinded by flames, a limitation of existing technology," Ferraro says. "Perhaps most importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that a holographic recording of a live person can be achieved even while the body is moving."
Holography is a means of producing a 3D image of an object. To create a hologram, such as those typically seen on credit cards, a laser beam is split into two (an object beam and a reference beam). The object beam is shone onto the object being imaged. When the reflected object beam and the reference beam are recombined, they create an interference pattern that encodes the 3D image.
In the researchers' new imaging system, a beam of infrared laser light is widely dispersed throughout a room. Unlike visible light, which cannot penetrate thick smoke and flames, the IR rays pass through largely unhindered. The IR light does, however, reflect off of any objects or people in the room, and the information carried by this reflected light is recorded by a holographic imager. It is then decoded to reveal the objects beyond the smoke and flames. The result is a live, 3D movie of the room and its contents.
The next step in moving this technology to the field is to develop a portable tripod-based system that houses both the laser source and the IR camera. The systems may also be suitable for fixed installation inside buildings or tunnels. In addition, the team is exploring other applications, most notably in the biomedical field for non-destructive testing of large aerospace composite structures.
"Besides life-saving applications in fire and rescue, the potential to record dynamic scenes of a human body could have a variety of other biomedical uses including studying or monitoring breathing, cardiac beat detection and analysis, or measurement of body deformation due to various stresses during exercise," Ferraro says. "We are excited to further develop this technology and realize its application for saving and improving human life."


The Rev. Nico Smith dies at 81; white South African pastor who fought apartheid
Smith and his wife were the first whites officially permitted to live in a black township in the '80s. He left the Dutch Reformed Church because it refused to oppose racial separation.
June 21, 2010
The Rev. Nico Smith, a white pastor who challenged South Africa's apartheid system by moving with his wife into a black township in the 1980s, has died. He was 81.
Smith collapsed Saturday while attending a friend's birthday party in Pretoria and died before he could be taken to a hospital, said Marita Laubscher, the eldest of his three daughters.
Smith was one of a few clerics in the 1980s who left the white Dutch Reformed Church — the largest denomination among the Afrikaners who then held political power — because of the church's refusal to actively oppose apartheid.
Smith had been a missionary in the far north of South Africa and later a theology professor at the University of Stellenbosch. He began preaching in Mamelodi, the main black township outside Pretoria, in 1982.
He moved there a few years later, along with his wife, Ellen, a child psychiatrist. They were the first whites officially permitted by the government to live in a black township in an era where apartheid laws rigorously segregated residential areas, schools, hospitals and public amenities. Their home was financed by foreign donations, including $20,000 from the Bel-Air Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles.
" 'Aren't you afraid?' is the first question whites ask," Smith told The Times in 1986. "White fear is one of the great barriers to understanding and progress in this country.... But over the past two years there has been an increasing realization by whites of the depth and the degree of black anger."
In 1988, Smith was one of the principal organizers of what at the time was an unprecedented experiment in trading places. About 170 whites lived in Mamelodi for four days, sharing cornmeal dinners, outside toilets and middle-of-the-night visits from the police.
Few whites knew firsthand how blacks lived because they seldom ventured into the townships on the periphery of the cities.
They moved back to a white area in 1989.
Laubscher said her father was dedicated to the goal of racial reconciliation in South Africa, which dismantled apartheid in the early 1990s. He helped build a multiracial congregation in Pretoria.
"His sense of justice was what drove him to feel that all people should have access to opportunities," she said. "He felt, as a Christian, how could he be part of a church if not all people could be considered human."
Los Angeles Times Articles


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let's say I am given $n$ flips of a coin, $k$ of which are heads. These are iid flips.
Can I say, with probability $p > 1/2$, that the true probability of heads is in range $[p_1, p_2]$? What is that range?
How do I integrate prior knowledge of the binomial distribution? What if I have no prior knowledge?
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3 Answers 3
There is a whole field around questions like this called bayesian statistics, it's been a while since I looked at this stuff but if I remember right.
Sadly you do need to have some pre-determined view of what p is. That is some before flipping the n coins you have a distribution in mind for the value of p (called the prior distribution). This distribution changes as you flip the coins (you get a posterior distribution).
For example you might start out believing that the coin has a 50% chance of being fair and a 50% chance of coming up heads 2/3rds of the time. (You might believe this if you know the person you got the coin from has both types of coins and there is a 50% chance he's trying to trick you).
The interesting (or at least nice) case is when your prior distribution is a "conjugate prior". Which basically means that your posterior distiribution for p is of the same parametric family as your prior distribution. I believe the conjugate prior for this is the beta distribution, but you might want to google "conjugate prior" and "bayesian statistics".
Hope that helps.
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1.The answer to your specific question can be found in the Wikipedia page:
The idea of estimating a distribution parameter is to construct a random variable whose expectation is the parameter needed to be estimated. In your example, we want to estimate the success probability of a Bernoulli distribution and we construct a binomially distributed random variable by repeated trials. The key point is that the new random variable has the same average (after normalizing by n) but its standard deviation is smaller (by a factor of sqrt(n)) which gives better bounds on the estimated value. The confidence level is just a percetile of the distribution of the random variable used for the estimation (in your example you chose 50%).The interval size is a function of the percentile. The estimated value p* = k/n is inside the interval but the interval is not symmetric in general around this value. In the Wikipedia page, several approximations for large n are given, based on the central limit theorem, which are usually used in real-life estimations.
2.The above solution assumes prior knowledge that the distribution of a single trial is Bernoulli and that the trials are independent. Usually, one needs some prior knowledge to infere a statistical parameter. Specifically in your question, prior knowldge would be that the coin flips are independent, or that at after some flip the success probability p had changed, etc.
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Some very sharp bounds for questions like these are provided by something called a Chernoff bound. The example in the wikipedia article will give you what you need.
Edit: Oh, I forgot to say that you need an estimator for the "true" probability, but I guess that the one you are using is just the average over the samples.
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Your Answer


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Define a commutative block cipher with keyspace the finite set $K$, and data space the finite set $S$, to be an application $$\begin{align} E:K\times S&\mapsto S\\ (k,x)&\mapsto E(k,x)\text{ also noted }E_k(x)\\ \text{such that }&\forall k\in K,\forall x\in S, \forall y\in S,\text{ if }E(k,x)=E(k,y)\text{ then }x=y\\ \text{and }&\forall k\in K,\forall k'\in K, \forall x\in S,E(k',E(k,x))=E(k,E(k',x))\\ \end{align}$$ Note: the first property states that the application $E_k$ from $S$ to $S$ is injective, implying that it is a permutation of $S$ given this is a finite set, and that's standard for a cipher; the second property is what makes the cipher commutative.
Question: what commutative block cipher do we have that is
 - conjectured computationally indistinguishable with effort polynomial in $\log(|K|)$ from a random permutation for unknown random fixed key $k$, assuming the attacker can obtain ciphertext for iteratively chosen plaintext;
 - efficiently computable, at least in the encryption direction (and preferably for decryption as well)?
If there was none: do we have some proof this can't be achieved?
In this answer, I explored a variant of the Pohlig-Hellman Exponentiation Cipher $(k,x)\mapsto E_k(x)=x^k\pmod p$ but stalled with something that remains distinguishable from a random permutation due to a multiplicative property similar to that of naked RSA: $\forall k\in K,\forall x\in S, \forall y\in S, E_k(x\cdot y\bmod p)=E_k(x)\cdot E_k(y)\bmod p$.
Update: the question as is was perfectly answered by poncho. Here is take two.
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There could conceivably be a commutative block cipher whose outputs for a given key on an entry-wise unpredictable list of inputs are indistinguishable from being independently-and-uniformly distributed. $\hspace{.42 in}$ – Ricky Demer Mar 31 at 15:01
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
It can't be achieved under the assumptions you are making, because the attacker can distinguish it by selecting an arbitrary $k'$, and checking if $E(k')$ commutes with the permutation in question. That is, to check a permutation $P$, we pick an arbitrary $x$, and check if:
$E(k', P(x)) = P(E(k',x))$
This equation always holds if $P = E(k)$ for some value $k$, and rarely holds if $P$ is a random permutation.
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That's very true! I used that very argument in the beginning of my answer linked to the question, but failed to apply it!! I need to find a different wording of the question, on the tune of: "indistinguishable from a random set of permutations with the commutativity property". I lean towards making that a different question, though. – fgrieu Mar 31 at 15:54
_USER_, yes, maybe posting a separate question would be best. When you do, can you spell out how we choose a random set of permutations with the commutativity property? Is that notion uniquely defined? – D.W. Mar 31 at 16:30
_USER_: actually, it sounds like what you really ask about are known plaintext attacks; given a random set of $(x, P(x))$ pairs, can we distinguish a random $P$ from $E(k)$? Given the Pohlig-Hellman cipher, we can distinguish it in this model; is that a fundamental property of all commutative ciphers, or is that just a side effect of how Pohlig-Hellman achieves commutativity and another commutative cipher might be secure in this model? – poncho Mar 31 at 21:51
_USER_: I think that I see how to make a variant of Pohlig-Hellman Exponentiation Cipher secure under known-plaintext while keeping commutativity, so that's not my question. I essentially add a fixed pseudo-random permutation on block input, its inverse on block output. However it inherits properties beyond what a commutative cipher is bound to have. I have a reworded question here. – fgrieu Apr 1 at 6:57
_USER_.W.: In the definition of my new question, I leave it to an omnipotent referee to choose a random commutative cipher, and I do not see a problem with this: among the $(|S|!)^{|K|}$ ciphers with message space $S$ and keyspace $K$, some subset is commutative, and the hypothetical referee can pick a random element in that subset. BTW I fail to determine how many elements this subset has, even roughly. – fgrieu Apr 1 at 7:21
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text:
Empathy is unusual in the animal kingdom. So empathy must have had some major survival benefits for it to have evolved. What might those benefits have been?
Empathy seems to have evolved in three major steps.
First, among vertebrates, birds and mammals developed ways of rearing their young, plus forms of pair bonding – sometimes for life. This is very different from the pattern among fish and reptile species, most of which make their way in life alone. Pair bonding and rearing of young organisms increased their survival and was consequently selected for, driving the development of new mental capacities.
As neuroscientists put it, the "computational requirements" of tuning into the signals of newborn little creatures, and of operating as a couple – a sparrow couple, a mountain lion couple, that is – helped drive the enlargement of the brain over millions of years. As we all know, when you are in a relationship with someone – and especially if you are raising a family together – there's a lot you have to take into account, negotiate, arrange, anticipate, etc. No wonder brains got bigger.
It may be a source of satisfaction to some that monogamous species typically have the largest brains in proportion to bodyweight! [Read more...]


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 Getting memory address of a File in HardDisk
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 Files are not "in memory" and have no direct address. However in modern operating systems and processors with virtual memory capability it is possible to memory-map a file such that it appears to be in addressable memory.
 Once memory mapped, you can read and write a file with random access as if it were memory, under the hood the OS handles the transfer of data and mapping between the filesystem and RAM. Your systems swap-file works like this, but you can create your own memory mapped file as well. Like the system swap file, you can have a larger virtual space that you have physical RAM available, and like the system swap-file doing so will be considerably slower than physical RAM.
 Memory mapped files can also be used as a means of sharing data between multiple separate processes.
 The API for memory-mapped files varies between operating systems.
 The basic Win32 API and a detailed explanation can be found here though the article is quite old, it still stands. More or less the same informaton, but with perhaps a poorer description of the details can be found here. The.NET framework provides a more modern API described here
 In POSIX operating systems such as Linux or OSX you can use mmap()
 For an OS independent memory mapped file API you can use boost.
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text:
Live Exhibit staff ventured along the high ridges of the Blue Mountains National Park in order to collect some interesting live specimens for visitors to have the chance to photograph in My Photo Studio, part of the next Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition.
Early in the planning stage, it was decided that the live displays in My Photo Studio should be different to those displayed in 2009. One species that the Live Exhibits team had had in mind to display from the beginning, was a diurnal (active by day) species of native cockroach known as Polyzosteria limbata, known commonly as the Botany Bay Cockroach, which got its name from the location were the first specimen was collected.
Polyzosteria limbata was chosen, because the species is active, rarely hides (important for someone trying to photograph it), has striped pattern and because the species challenges our perceptions of cockroaches as dirty, disease carrying, scavengers that hide in dark places. Unlike the introduced species that most Sydney residents are accustomed to, most native cockroaches actually like to bask in the sunlight and in captivity will sit for hours under a spotlight.
Although they make good display animals, they live under two years and captive populations do not always successfully breed so there were no excess captive animals available from other Zoos, Wildlife Parks and Museums. It was therefore decided that we would conduct a field trip into the wild to collect founding stock for a captive breeding population.
The first thing we had to decide was where we could go and with reasonable certainty find them. This is different to other collecting trips conducted by Museum scientist, we rarely go into the field with target species in mind, usually scientist go to a particular location to sample the variety of a particular group e.g. Molluscs, Insects or Spiders so whatever is collected is the forms the sample of a particular sites biodiversity. Therefore there is a high risk associated with having a particular species in mind, for example; what if we searched some perfect bush land were our species should be? We could waste a whole day looking.
The Blue Mountains variety of Polyzosteria limbata differ slightly from the same animals found on the coast (which includes the type specimen) by having slightly broader stripes along the edges of the body. We were able to find a site within Blue Mountains National Park using information from the Museum's entomology collection as well as from Andrew Titmuss, a teacher from Richmond College of TAFE, who has collected the species from a site in the Blue Mountains. Permits and final approval were sought from the National Parks Office before undertaking the fieldwork.
The collecting trip itself went well with good weather conditions and 13 kilometers of track were searched. Unfortunately however, only a single pair of cockroaches was collected. Other wildlife highlights included over 20 sightings of Mountain Dragon, Tympanocryptis diemensis, (including a few females gravid with eggs), Jacky Dragon, Amphibolurus muricatus, White's Skink, Egernia whitii, Red-crowned Toadlet, Pseudophryne australis, numerous flying insects and wildflowers.
The animals are now adjusting to their exhibit in the Museum and are being feed on a diet of Orthopteran mix, fruit and leaf litter. The Cockroaches live displays can be seen in My Photo Studio - part of the 2010 Wildlife Photographer of the Year Exhibition. which opens on the 4th of December.


text:
Students Become Scientists For The Day
Hoosier students are taking part in the fifth annual 4-h National Youth Science Day. (October 10th)
The event seeks to spark an early youth interest in science and future science careers.
Participants in the 'Eco-Bot challenge' must program a robot to clean up a simulated environmental spill in their community using a toothbrush.
Through the One Million New Scientists, One Million New Ideas campaign, 4 H has undertaken a bold goal of engaging one million additional young people in science, engineering and technology programming by 2013.
"Our nation is falling behind other countries in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math," said Donald T. Floyd, Jr., president and CEO of National 4-H Council. "However, participation in high-quality positive youth development programs like 4-H NYSD offers youth and adults the opportunity to engage in scientific exploration and work together to build the next generation of our nation's scientists, engineers and mathematicians."
There will be at least 50 sites around Indiana taking part in the challenge.
To find a 4-H youth development program, go to _URL_


text:
The gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of curves. The gamma distribution models sums of exponentially distributed random variables and generalizes both the chi-square and exponential distributions.
Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ offers several ways to work with the gamma distribution.
Create a probability distribution object
GammaDistributionby fitting a probability distribution to sample data (
fitdist) or by specifying parameter values (
makedist). Then, use object functions to evaluate the distribution, generate random numbers, and so on.
Work with the gamma distribution interactively by using the Distribution Fitter app. You can export an object from the app and use the object functions.
Use distribution-specific functions (
randg) with specified distribution parameters. The distribution-specific functions can accept parameters of multiple gamma distributions.
The gamma distribution uses the following parameters.
The standard gamma distribution has unit scale.
The sum of two gamma random variables with shape parameters a1 and a2 both with scale parameter b is a gamma random variable with shape parameter a = a1 + a2 and scale parameter b.
The likelihood function is the probability density
function (pdf) viewed as a function of the parameters. The maximum
likelihood estimates (MLEs) are the parameter estimates that
maximize the likelihood function for fixed values of
The maximum likelihood estimators of a and b for the gamma distribution are the solutions to the simultaneous equations
where is the sample mean for the sample x1,
xn, and Ψ is the digamma function
To fit the gamma distribution to data and find parameter estimates, use
mle, which return
fitdist returns the fitted probability
GammaDistribution. The object
b store the parameter
For an example, see Fit Gamma Distribution to Data.
Probability Density Function
The pdf of the gamma distribution is
where Γ( · ) is the Gamma function.
For an example, see Compute Gamma Distribution pdf.
Cumulative Distribution Function
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the gamma distribution is
The result p is the probability that a single observation from the gamma distribution with parameters a and b falls in the interval [0 x].
For an example, see Compute Gamma Distribution cdf.
The gamma cdf is related to the incomplete gamma function
Inverse Cumulative Distribution Function
The inverse cumulative distribution function (icdf) of the gamma distribution in terms of the gamma cdf is
The result x is the value such that an observation from the gamma distribution with parameters a and b falls in the range [0 x] with probability p.
The preceding integral equation has no known analytical solution.
gaminv uses an iterative approach
(Newton's method) to converge on the solution.
The mean of the gamma distribution is ab.
The variance of the gamma distribution is ab2.
Fit Gamma Distribution to Data
Generate a sample of
100 gamma random numbers with shape
3 and scale
x = gamrnd(3,5,100,1);
Fit a gamma distribution to data using
pd = fitdist(x,'gamma')
pd = GammaDistribution Gamma distribution a = 2.7783 [2.1374, 3.61137] b = 5.73438 [4.30198, 7.64372]
fitdist returns a
GammaDistribution object. The intervals next to the parameter estimates are the 95% confidence intervals for the distribution parameters.
Estimate the parameters
b using the distribution functions.
[muhat,muci] = gamfit(x) % Distribution specific function
muhat = 1×2 2.7783 5.7344
muci = 2×2 2.1374 4.3020 3.6114 7.6437
[muhat2,muci2] = mle(x,'distribution','gamma') % Generic function
muhat2 = 1×2 2.7783 5.7344
muci2 = 2×2 2.1374 4.3020 3.6114 7.6437
Compute Gamma Distribution pdf
Compute the pdfs of the gamma distribution with several shape and scale parameters.
x = 0:0.1:50; y1 = gampdf(x,1,10); y2 = gampdf(x,3,5); y3 = gampdf(x,6,4);
Plot the pdfs.
figure; plot(x,y1) hold on plot(x,y2) plot(x,y3) hold off xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Probability Density') legend('a = 1, b = 10','a = 3, b = 5','a = 6, b = 4')
Compute Gamma Distribution cdf
Compute the cdfs of the gamma distribution with several shape and scale parameters.
x = 0:0.1:50; y1 = gamcdf(x,1,10); y2 = gamcdf(x,3,5); y3 = gamcdf(x,6,4);
Plot the cdfs.
figure; plot(x,y1) hold on plot(x,y2) plot(x,y3) hold off xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Cumulative Probability') legend('a = 1, b = 10','a = 3, b = 5','a = 6, b = 4',"Location","northwest")
Compare Gamma and Normal Distribution pdfs
The gamma distribution has the shape parameter and the scale parameter. For a large, the gamma distribution closely approximates the normal distribution with mean and variance.
Compute the pdf of a gamma distribution with parameters
a = 100 and
b = 5.
a = 100; b = 5; x = 250:750; y_gam = gampdf(x,a,b);
For comparison, compute the mean, standard deviation, and pdf of the normal distribution that gamma approximates.
mu = a*b
mu = 500
sigma = sqrt(a*b^2)
sigma = 50
y_norm = normpdf(x,mu,sigma);
Plot the pdfs of the gamma distribution and the normal distribution on the same figure.
plot(x,y_gam,'-',x,y_norm,'-.') title('Gamma and Normal pdfs') xlabel('Observation') ylabel('Probability Density') legend('Gamma Distribution','Normal Distribution')
The pdf of the normal distribution approximates the pdf of the gamma distribution.
Beta Distribution — The beta distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution that has parameters a (first shape parameter) and b (second shape parameter). If X1 and X2 have standard gamma distributions with shape parameters a1 and a2 respectively, then has a beta distribution with shape parameters a1 and a2.
Chi-Square Distribution — The chi-square distribution is a one-parameter continuous distribution that has parameter ν (degrees of freedom). The chi-square distribution is equal to the gamma distribution with 2a = ν and b = 2.
Exponential Distribution — The exponential distribution is a one-parameter continuous distribution that has parameter μ (mean). The exponential distribution is equal to the gamma distribution with a = 1 and b = μ. The sum of k exponentially distributed random variables with mean μ is the gamma distribution with parameters a = k and μ = b.
Nakagami Distribution — The Nakagami distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution with shape parameter µ and scale parameter ω. If x has a Nakagami distribution, then x2 has a gamma distribution with a = μ and ab = ω.
Normal Distribution — The normal distribution is a two-parameter continuous distribution that has parameters μ (mean) and σ (standard deviation). When a is large, the gamma distribution closely approximates a normal distribution with μ = ab and σ2 = ab2. For an example, see Compare Gamma and Normal Distribution pdfs.
 Abramowitz, Milton, and Irene A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions: With Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. 9. Dover print.; [Nachdr. der Ausg. von 1972]. Dover Books on Mathematics. New York, NY: Dover Publ, 2013.
 Evans, Merran, Nicholas Hastings, and Brian Peacock. Statistical Distributions. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1993.
 Hahn, Gerald J., and Samuel S. Shapiro. Statistical Models in Engineering. Wiley Classics Library. New York: Wiley, 1994.
 Lawless, Jerald F. Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data. 2nd ed. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2003.
 Meeker, William Q., and Luis A. Escobar. Statistical Methods for Reliability Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Applied Probability and Statistics Section. New York: Wiley, 1998.
 Marsaglia, George, and Wai Wan Tsang. "A Simple Method for Generating Gamma Variables." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 363–72. _URL_


text:
Paul's concern for "body" in 1 Corinthians 5, 6:12-20
Abraham, Finny R.
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In 1 Corinthians Paul demands a strong control of the body from the members of the church in Corinth. The main reason for Paul's demand for a strong bodily control is because of his concern of pollution or impurity that can affect the Corinthian body (church). Throughout 1 Corinthians Paul takes on various subjects that have the potential to pollute the embodiment. Porneia, "sexual immorality", is one such polluting agent that can contaminate the embodiment and spread widely its negative influences. In this thesis I will specifically look into Paul's concern about keeping the body away from porneia "sexual immorality" as seen in chapters 5 and 6. I will argue that Paul viewed the "Corinthian body"1 as an entity that was polluted from within itself because of porneia and was concerned about the sustenance of the church. The thesis of this work is to argue that Paul considered the Corinthian "bodies" (both individual and group) as being at risk of spreading the polluting effects of porneia and to propose that the way to keep the "bodies" away from the polluting agent (porneia) would require each individual to know his/her "embodiment" and guard against contamination through the rituals of the community. [TRUNCATED]


text:
African American History Forum
The Courts Enforce The Law
In 1860, two Worcester barbers, Francis U. Clough and William H. Jenkins, were the first African Americans selected to serve on a Massachusetts jury or on any jury in the United States. The June 1860 edition of The Liberator —an important antislavery newspaper that also opposed racism—hailed this event "as an encouraging sign of the times."
Participating in our system of government is fundamental to helping to shape it. Some folks don't vote (for whatever reasons). Others try to escape any form of Jury Duty. (Can they be blamed for trying?)
If you were accused of a crime (anything, not just a violent crime, but anything), who would you want as jurors if your case went to trial? Who would you want as jurors if you were involved, not in a criminal case, but in a Civil case?
Read about the history of African Americans as jurors in Massachucetts:
In the African-American community, for example, people want juries of their peers, notes Norfolk Circuit Judge Junius P. Fulton. "People should not complain about the makeup of the jury pool if they're unwilling to serve."
Read more about this:


text:
Eduard Friedrick Wilhelm Pflüger
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role in history of physiology
...who worked with Carl Ludwig, joined Martin to organize the American Physiological Society in 1887, and in 1898 the society sponsored publication of the American Journal of Physiology. In 1868 Eduard Pflüger, professor at the Institute of Physiology at Bonn, founded the Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, which became the most important journal of physiology in Germany.
What made you want to look up "Eduard Friedrick Wilhelm Pfluger"? Please share what surprised you most...


Linguistic commentary from a guy who takes things too literally
Adjective, Participle, or Gerund?
Posted by Neal on January 18, 2013
In my last post, I talked about present participles that aren't adjectives, in examples such as are frightening the cats or is running for his life. In this post, I'm going to follow the practice of CGEL and refer to these simply as present participles. In my last post, I also talked about present participles that are adjectives, such as frightening (without a direct object), exciting, daring, scathing, etc. Following CGEL, I am not going to call these participles anymore. I will refer to them simply as adjectives, and if I need to distinguish between these adjectives and adjectives that were not derived from verbs by adding -ing, I will speak of participial adjectives.
All the examples in my last post, whether they involved participles or adjectives, used these words in a predicative position — that is, following a linking verb. The diagnostic I used to separate the adjectives from the participles was the adverb very. Unlike most adverbs, very can modify only adjectives or other adverbs, so if you know that X is either an adjective or a verb, and very X is grammatical, then X must be an adjective. Using the very test, we know that frightening is an adjective in The kids are (very) frightening, as well as in The kids are (very) frightening to the cats. We also saw that very didn't work in *The kids are very frightening the cats (unless you're Freddy Mercury or Junie B. Jones). This could mean that frightening is not an adjective in this sentence, or that it is an adjective but for whatever reason can't be modified by very. Given the results of some other diagnostics that I won't go into right now, it's more sensible to conclude that frightening is not an adjective, but a participle.
Now I want to use the very test on adjectives and participles in an attributive position — right next to a noun, as in the frightening kids. Here, too, frightening passes the very test, indicating that it is well and truly an adjective:
the very frightening kids
But some verbs, such as playing, fail the very test in that same position:
*the very playing kids
But wait! Both frightening and playing are modifying kids in these examples; doesn't that mean they're both adjectives? Not according to the very test, it doesn't. It took me a while to get my head around this. I reminded myself: You can modify a noun with things other than an adjective phrase. You can modify it with a prepositional phrase: the kids in the pool. You can modify it with another noun: the school kids. And you can also modify it with a verb, in the form of a participle.
At this point, you might consider the possibility that playing actually is still an adjective, and that it fails the very test for some other reason. However, look what you can do with playing but can't do with frightening: You can modify it with a just-for-verbs adverb, such as carefully:
*the carefully frightening kids
the carefully playing kids
Playing is definitely acting more like a verb than an adjective here.
Are there -ing verb-derived words that modify nouns and fail both the very and the carefully tests? Sure! Here's one:
my jogging shorts
*my very jogging shorts
*my carefully jogging shorts [unless you have shorts than like to jog]
And with that, we've moved from participial adjectives to participles to gerunds. Here's a summary of our progression, in convenient flowchart form. (In the chart, "AD-VERB" is my way of indicating an adverb that modifies only verbs, such as carefully.)
10 Responses to "Adjective, Participle, or Gerund?"
 1. Is there a similar test for past participles? My problem is especially with 'fascinated' etc, following 'be' and themselves followed by 'by' – adjective or passive verb?
 She was fascinated to hear what he had to say. – OK, an adjective
 She was fascinated by what he said. – I think passive verb, but?
 He was thrilled at the thought of the holiday. – adjective
 He was thrilled by her answer. – passive verb?
 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary has the following example sentences:
 fascinated (adjective) – I've always been fascinated by his ideas.
 thrill (verb) – I was thrilled by your news.
 Longman and Macmillan also list 'fascinated by' under adjective, but Oxford Dictionaries Online have this example under fascinate (verb) – I've always been fascinated by computers.
 I'm a bit confused by it all! (adjective or passive verb?)
 2. the ridger said
 If you can flip the sentence so the subject becomes a direct object and the by-NP becomes the subject, you've got a passive verb. His answer thrilled her. What he said fascinated her.
 3. strangeguitars said
 I love anything to do with diagnostics in grammar! This is beautiful; more, more, more!
 4. John Cowan said
 Or you can do what the Cambridge Grammar does and call them gerund-participles, a single form with many uses.
 - Neal said
 True, I could. Their point is valid: There is not a single verb in the entire English language for which there are separate gerund and present-participle forms, so why are we even bothering to make a distinction? For sentences like She stopped loving him today, I'm inclined to agree, since it really does seem arbitrary to choose. (Choosing gerund only makes sense if you're assuming that since it's a complement to stopped, it must be a direct object, and therefore a noun, and therefore a gerund.) Overall, though, I still find it more convenient to talk about gerunds and participles than to say "X-ing is a g-p that's more like a verb!" or "X-ing is a g-p that's more like a noun!"
 - Anglo-Nut said
 My difficulty with CGEL and the term 'gerund-participle', is that many who fancy the term don't appear to recognise the 'gerunds' that, in my understanding, are not 'participles'. They appear to confuse form with application, happily replacing 'gerunds' with 'present participles' as though they are one and the same thing; this is implied by the dual terminology.
 For example, the following sentences use 'gerunds':
 1. She was intolerant of his spoiling the clean floors with his muddied boots.
 2. John requested an explanation for their unbecoming eating.
 3. Mary, please explain John's muttering.
 Those who are enamoured with the 'gerund-participle' apparently believe that simply replacing the possessive noun or pronoun with an objective noun or pronoun is quite acceptable because the so-called 'gerund-participle' has verb attributes. This approach allows the above to become:
 1. She was intolerant of him spoiling the clean floors with his muddied boots.
 2. John requested an explanation for them unbecoming eating.
 3. Mary, please explain John muttering.
 It is my understanding that when an objective noun or pronoun introduces a 'present participle' in a subordinate clause, the main clause in which the object is the objective noun or pronoun must be true and grammatically correct without the subordinate clause. Were the amended statements to be truncated after the objective nouns or pronouns, they would not necessarily be grammatically correct and certainly wouldn't be true; see the following:
 1. She was intolerant of him.
 2. John requested an explanation for them.
 3. Mary, please explain John.
 When possessives are not used, it is no longer clear that the 'gerund' phrase rather than the person performing the relevant action, is the object of the sentence. I even saw a statement to the effect that either 'his' or 'him' could be used as the subject of the subordinate clause.
 How do you view this assertion that any 'gerund' may be regarded as a 'participle'? Is there any rationale to support the failure to use possessives with such 'gerunds'?
 - I think you've tapped into a very important concept for understanding the GGEL: category versus function. "Gerund-participle" is the category formed by adding -ing to the base form of every verb in English. Like most of grammar, it is the names that give us the most trouble: the archaic sense from Latin of "perfect, meaning "completed" pops to mind. Even if the category name makes sense, we are still in trouble because the category name pigeonholes us into thinking that the name equals the function—and that there is only one function. Would that 'twere. One of the main goals—perhaps the main goal—of the CGEL is to produce a grammar—a system of describing how English works—that is as simple as possible. They have adopted the approach of categorizing words by their inflectional shape. How about the analogy of a hammer? You can use it to hammer in nails (its primary function) plus you can use it for any number of other functions: putting in screws, smashing


Version: 2019.2
Additional (or sixth) mouse button.
Use this for detecting mouse button presses. The "5" mouse button is the sixth button on the user's mouse if this additional button exists. Unity defines this as the "5" Mouse button, as the mouse Button numbering begins at 0.
using UnityEngine;
public class Example : MonoBehaviour { void Update() { //Detect if the extra mouse button is pressed if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Mouse5)) { Debug.Log("Mouse 5 "); } } }


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Forces in Motion
What can the power of the wind, magnets and robotics do for you? Find out as you compete against other individuals and groups to see who can keep their motion-related designs flying longer, racing faster or shooting straighter. Then head to our "Drop Zone" and use the motion analyzer to check out the effects of gravity on various objects in super slow motion. If it moves, we've got it covered.
Rock Star Robotics?
The FIRST Robotics competition takes robot design to rock concert levels of excitement. Each year more than a thousand teams compete to master a new design challenge. During the national finals, thousands of fans gather to cheer their robot to victory.
Inventor Dean Kamen (inventor of the Segway and other devices) created the competition in 1992 to promote engineering to high school students. The contest, based on Dr. Woodie Flowers' Mechanical Engineering course at MIT, has become a national event involving thousands of students of all ages. The Junior FIRST LEGO League involves students age 6 to 9. The FIRST LEGO League is for students 9 to 14. And finally, the first Tech Challenge and FIRST Robotics Competition engage high-school age students. Teams are judged not only on their score in the game, but on design excellence, teamwork and ability to overcome obstacles.
Want to get involved? For more information, visit _URL_.
Forces in Motion is made possible by the Northeast Utilities Foundation.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Region||Netherlands, Germany, Southern Denmark|
|Era||8th to 16th c.|
|Writing system||Anglo-Saxon runes
Old Frisian was a language spoken between the 13th and 16th century, in the area between the Weser and the Zuiderzee. It is the common ancestor of the Frisian languages, Today, laws and deeds which use Old Frisian remain.


text:
Delisle, Guillaume (gēyōmˈ dəlēlˈ) [key], 1675–1726, French geographer and cartographer. His most important work is a world map (1700), as accurate as the data available at that time permitted and the first map on which the errors of Ptolemy were wholly absent. Delisle is called the founder of modern cartography. He was geographer to Louis XV.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Guillaume Delisle from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Geography: Biographies


text: Clay minerals impart important chemical properties to soils, in part, by virtue of changes in the redox state of Fe in their crystal structures. Therefore, measurement of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and partitioning of Fe(II) in different reactive sites in clay minerals (during biological and chemical Fe(III) reduction) is essential to understand their role and their relative reactivity in terms of reduction and immobilization of heavy metal contaminants such as technetium. This study had three objectives: (1) to understand the degree of dissolution of nontronite (Fe-rich smectite) as a result of chemical and biological reduction of Fe(III) in the structure; (2) to quantify partitioning of chemically and biologically produced Fe(II) into different reactive sites in reduced nontronite, including aqueous Fe2+, ammonium chloride-extractable Fe(II) (mainly from the ion-exchangeable sites, denoted as Fe(II)NH4Cl), sodium acetate-extractable Fe(II) (mainly from the surface complexation sites, denoted as Fe(II)acetate), and structural Fe(II) (denoted as Fe(II)str); and (3) to evaluate the reactivity of these Fe(II) species in terms of Tc(VII) reduction. Chemical and biological reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite (NAu-2) was performed, and reduced nontronite samples with different extents of Fe(III) reduction (1.2–71%) were prepared. The extent of reductive dissolution was measured as a function of the extent of Fe(III) reduction. Our results demonstrated that chemically and biologically produced Fe(II) in NAu-2 may be accommodated in the NAu-2 structure if the extent of Fe(III) reduction is small (< ~30%). When the extent of reduction was >~30%, dissolution of nontronite occurred with a corresponding decrease in crystallinity of residual nontronite. The Fe(II) produced was available for partitioning into four species: Fe(aq)2+, Fe(II)acetate, Fe(II)NH4Cl, and Fe(II)str. The increase in Fe(II)acetate during the early stages of Fe(III) reduction indicated that the Fe(II) released had the greatest affinity for the surface-complexation sites, but this site had a limited capacity (~60 μ mol of Fe(II)/g of NAu-2). The subsequent increase in Fe(II)NH4Cl indicated that the released Fe(II) partitioned into the exchangeable sites once the amount of Fe at the surface-complexation sites reached half of its maximum site capacity. The fraction of Fe(II)str decreased concomitantly, as a result of Fe(II) release from the NAu-2 structure, from 100% when the extent of Fe(III) reduction was <30% to nearly 65% when the extent of Fe(III) reduction reached 71%. The Fe(II)acetate and Fe(II)str exhibited greater reactivity in terms of Tc(VII) reduction than the Fe(II)NH4Cl. Clearly, the surface-complexed and structural Fe(II) are the desirable species when reduced clay minerals are used to reduce and immobilize soluble heavy metals in contaminated groundwater and soils. These results have important implications for understanding microbe–clay mineral interactions and heavy metal immobilization in clay-rich natural environments.


Pratt vs Howe Truss
 Hi, I have to build a Popsicle Stick bridge for Physics class. I really don't have much knowledge on bridges as most of this was to be researched. I did a lot of research but I'm having trouble deciding between these two trusses.
 Length: 55 cm
 Height: 4 cm
 Width: 8 cm
 So my main problem is the type of truss to use, Howe or Pratt. The load will be focused in the center.
 2. Relevant equations
 3. The attempt at a solution
 I used a Bridge Designer program to determine the force/weight distribution for each truss. Pratt is on the top, Howe is on the bottom:
 The main differences are that the Pratt truss has no force on the ends and the compression members are vertical. The Howe truss has no force on the center and the tension members are vertical instead.
 Here's why I can't decide between the two:
 - The Pratt truss uses vertical compression members. Since the height restriction is 4cm, wouldn't this allow the bridge using a Pratt truss to be stronger against compression? (Compression is inversely proportional to length, according to the research I've done)
 - The Howe truss has no net force in the center, where the load will be placed. Does this automatically make it better than the Pratt?
 2. jcsd
 3. PhanthomJay
 PhanthomJay 6,296
 Science Advisor
 Homework Helper
 Gold Member
 It appears that you have inadvertently applied your load at the top of the truss instead of at the bottom, because that's the only way you're going to get a zero force in the center vertical chord for the Howe, and as compressive force of 150 for the Pratt (the way you have shown the load, those chord forces would be reversed). Beyond that, if your numbers are correct, I'm not sure which is better, it depends a lot on your l/r ratios for the compressive members. Off hand, you've got to weigh the 300 max tensile,225 max horiz chord compression, and 106 max compression of the diagonals, of the Howe, with the 187 max tensile and 250 max compression of the horiz chords, of the Pratt. And even for the zero force members, you're still going to use the same size popsicle stick in those members, so the zero's don't gain you anything. I'd vote for the Pratt, but it could be a wash either way. Just a thought, so don't take it for gospel. I'll let you be the engineer.
 4. Thanks for your help.
 The weight is going to be loaded on the top of the bridge in the center. Does that change anything?
 5. PhanthomJay
 PhanthomJay 6,296
 Science Advisor
 Homework Helper
 Gold Member
 If the loading is as the top, your internal force diagrams as shown are correct.
 6. How about the deflection (vertical movement) at mid span. Does one indicate less deflection than the other? Also noticed that the maximum forces in Howe truss are less than the maximum in the Pratt. On a much larger scale, would the truss with the lower maximum forces result in in a lighter truss members, thereby reducing fabrication and erection costs?...
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Similar discussions for: Pratt vs Howe Truss


text:
Thu Nov 3 18:03:58 2005
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AgentWeb: Applications and Software: Software: Academic: BDI Agents
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- JACK Intelligent Agents
9 - JACK Intelligent AgentsTM is a new concept - an environment for building, running and integrating commercial JAVA-based multi-agent systems using a component-based approach.
9 - dMARS is an easy-to-use programming and execution system that enables you to implement decision support and task management as part of larger distributed real-time systems. dMARS is based upon the concept of'software agents'. dMARS agents are reactive computer processes that incorporate a motivational component. This enable these systems to carry out complex tasks in a goal-directed way while being responsive to charges in the environment. Agent-oriented processes are more effective and robust than traditional complex systems in that they have the capacity to reason about their goals. They can determine how to achieve their goals and when to modify or abandon goals in response to changing environmental conditions. This provides the cability to carry out complex tasks in highly dynamic and uncertain environments.
- UMPRS Agent
12 - UMPRS is a Belief-Desire-Intention agent architecturebased upon the Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) of Georgeff, Ingrand, Rao,Lansky, and others. Unlike many "agents" available today which are useful invery restricted domains, UMPRS is a general-purpose framework applicable tonearly any application domain. It supports top-down, goal-based reasoning,multiple simultaneous goal threads with utility-based competition andselection, and an expressive plan representation. C++ source code anddocumentation are available for download at the UMPRS website.
10 - JAM is a Java-based BDI agent similar to UMPRS, but in addition tosupporting goal-based reasoning and utility-based competition and selectionbetween goals, JAM adds support for bottom-up, reactive reasoning, agentcheckpointing and mobility, metalevel-based reasoning for selecting betweencompeting goals, a much stronger and greatly extended goal-theoreticimplementation, reflection-based support for including legacy java code, andmany powerful extensions to the agent plan representation. Java source codeand documentation are available for download at the JAM website. See
17 - Tileworld developed in Lisp by Martha Pollack is ''an abstract testbed system designed tosupport experimentation with agent architectures in dynamic and unpredictableenvironments. The system includes a simulated environment, an embedded agent,and a set of routines to facilitate experimentation. The environment is atwo-dimensional grid on which are located different kinds of objects, notably tiles,holes, obstacles and a ''gas station.'' Exogenous events can occur in the TileWorld:specifically, objects can appear and disappear during a simulation


What is Indirect Light for Plants? Meaning, How Many LUX + Measuring
For photosynthesis to take place, plants must receive sunlight, whether direct or indirect. Some species need direct sunlight, while others, like houseplants, can do just fine with indirect light. Even though sunlight is essential to all plants, they don't all need over 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. Each plant species' light requirements are different. So what exactly is indirect light, and how do plants benefit from it? Let's find out.
What Does Indirect Light for Houseplants Mean?
When the sun is bright, but the rays do not directly hit the plant, this is considered indirect light. Indirect light occurs when sunlight passes through a medium like leaves of a tree, window, or reflects from another surface before reaching a plant. Indirect light can be found in spaces with an east-facing window or inside a room that gets complete light from a southor west-facing window.
The light in your house does not equate to the strength of direct sunlight outdoors. The indirect natural light that flows through a window ledge can be quite enough to feed a flowering plant.
You can boost sunlight with exceptional indoor lights invented to provide warmth and UV rays. When possible, still, let natural sunlight into your house to give indoor plants natural light since the artificial light has its limitations.
Testing is the best way to establish if your plant is getting sufficient light. Plants exposed to extreme light may show dull leaves, brown ends, or patches. Insufficient light regularly causes the plant to look long and thin as it stretches towards the closes source of sunlight.
 To make sure your plants receive enough sunlight, rotate the pots and vases frequently. You can also keep adjusting the position of the plants towards a more sufficient light area.
What Does Bright But Indirect Light Mean?
Bright Indirect light is when the sun's rays bounce off from another surface first before reaching your plant. Plants in bright, indirect light will project blurred, unclear shadows (Also known as soft shadows). You can also place your hand close to your plant, and if you get a faint shadow, then the plant is getting bright indirect light. If you get a hard shadow, your plant is getting direct sunlight.
Instead of relying on the soft shadow trick, you can measure the intensity of light with a device known as a light meter, and the unit of measurement is called lux/lumens or foot candles. Therefore, 100 lux or less is generally termed as indirect or low-intensity lighting. Usually, a bright office has roughly 400 lux of illumination.
 Also, bright indirect light is about _PHONE_ foot candles and differs based on the position of the plant. Factors aspects like the time of day, outdoors or indoors, and which way the meter is facing can also affect the readings you'll get.
Note: 1 lux = 0.0929 foot-candle
Lux is equivalent to one lumen per square meter.
Where Do I Put My Plants For Indirect Sunlight?
As stated above, the position of the plants matters more, especially the houseplants. The target here is to expose them to adequate indirect sunlight for them to thrive. Nevertheless, it is crucial to know the type of plant you have as it will determine the amount of light it requires.
To begin with, study your space at different times of the day and find out which places receive direct sunlight and indirect sunlight. When setting the plants, remember to probe for any heating vents or AC and don't put the plant directly underneath them. These devices emit a lot of heat which may dry out your soil often.
East-facing windows: Windows that face east offer bright indirect light for a more significant part of the day. Conversely, in early autumn and late spring, move the plants a few feet from the windows or shield the windows with a sheer curtain for the plants to be safe and get the most out of it. Plants that flourish in this light include spider plant, asparagus fern, or the umbrella plant.
West-facing windows: Sunlight from west-facing windows is too strong for many plants, particularly in the afternoon. But, the light is indirect in the morning and afternoon. Before placing the plant, shield a west-facing window with a blind or transparent curtain in sunny afternoons. Plants that thrive in this light are shrimp plants, Christmas cactus, and croton.
North-facing windows: Windows that face north do not get bright indirect sunlight. The light intensity is excessively low for individual plants and may call for new fluorescent bulbs or grow lights. Still, numerous plants prosper when placed very close to the window. Plants with a preference for this type of low light are parlor palm, bird's nest fern, arrowhead vine, and dumb cane.
South-facing windows: Sunlight from south-facing windows is hot and bright for many houseplants, with the exemption of succulents and cacti like tiger aloe, kalanchoe, or jade plant. Nonetheless, to achieve indirect light, place the plant no less than 2 feet from the southern window or cover it with a blind/sheer to sieve the light.
How Do You Measure Indirect Light For Plants?
Too much or too little light can traumatize a plant, which causes them to be more liable to pests, diseases, and untimely death. Luckily, there's enough information about the ideal light intensity for most houseplants. But it doesn't hurt to test with various intensities by measuring different parts of your house.
Since most of the indirect light is reflected, a lot of factors come into play when measuring. It's difficult compared to direct outdoor sunlight which doesn't go through several obstructions. Nevertheless, you can still come up with accurate measurements. I have shared an easier way and a more sophisticated way of measuring indirect sunlight.
To measure the amount of indirect light for your plants, use the following methods;
Measure using the shadow
This is a method I mentioned earlier. If you have already placed your plants, observe the shadow it makes.
A soft shadow means indirect light. Soft means blurry, moving shadows. A full shadow, like the one you'd get when outside, means that that point is receiving direct light and may not be ideal for houseplants.
Measure with a light meter
As I also stated earlier, the amount of light or illumination is measured by a light meter tool. A light meter measure in LUX is more comfortable to translate to foot candles by using conversion rates (1 lux=0.0929 foot candles). Lux is appropriate for measuring sunlight and is commonly considered as the standard way to measure light. Better yet, you can easily install a light meter on your phone.
However, if you want to get precise with your light readings for plants, use a PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) meter and a foot-candle meter.
PAR meters are more expensive, but they correctly measure light in the 400-700 nanometer range and are built to measure plant light. They measure by counting the photons. A foot-candle meter measures the human perceived brightness and may not be very effective, but they are considerably cheaper.
PARs often have a sensor. Therefore, to effectively measure the light, place the sensor close to the plant and point to the direction the light is coming from. You can keep adjusting the position to get an average of the amount of light reaching your plant.
Since the PAR counts the photons, it measures in moles per second. It may be hard to convert these units to LUX or foot-candles, but a 4000 reading equates to sunlight. An average of 500 units shows your plant may be getting bright light.
Foot Candle Meter
This one is easier to use since it does measure in LUX and foot candles. Just like the PAR, it has a sensor which you point in the direction of light and gives you the readings. Most of them have three channels, fluorescent light, sunlight, bright sunlight.
Signs of Too Much or Too Little Indirect Light for Indoor Plants
How much is too much or too little can be tricky to determine, especially when every plant is different.
Yet, there is a difference between light intensity and light duration. Light duration is the hours a plant is exposed to light daily. In contrast, the light intensity is the capacity of light per unit area, commonly measured in foot candles or Lux, and each of these affects a plant differently. However, the light intensity is what causes the most harmful effects on a plant.
 Signs that your indoor plant is getting too much light:
 - Brown leaf ends or spikes
 - Brown, dry spots on the leaves
 - Leaves change pale or yellow, mainly those extremely exposed to the light.
 - Yellowing may be first visible in the leaf points
 -.
 - Withering, mostly of newer foliage
Signs that your houseplant is getting too little light:
 - Yellowing and wilting of the leaves
 - Underdeveloped leaf growth
 - Thin plants, few flowers
 - Stretched stems
 - Dull chlorophyll
In addition to water, light is the most significant component of growing healthy plants. Many types of plants can survive in poor soil or endure without fertilizer, but no plant will live for an extended period without light. It's essential to make sure your plant is getting enough light.
Luckily, you can find information on the lighting each plant needs, and there are now tools that can help you identify the best place to place your plants for optimum growth.