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This paper is principally concerned with the theoretical and experimental study of a set of voting classifiers which we think is likely to provide an accurate answer to the simplicity-accuracy tradeoff: decision committees (DC) [Nock Gascuel1995]. DC is informally the Boolean multiclass extension of polynomial discriminant functions. A decision committee contains rules, each of these being a pair (monomial, vector). Each monomial is a condition that, when fired, returns its vector. After each monomial has been tested, the sum of the returned vectors is used to take the decision. This additive fashion for combining rules is absent from classical Boolean classifiers such as Decision Trees (DT) or Decision Lists (DL). Furthermore, unlike these two latter classes, the classifier contains absolutely no ordering, neither on variables (unlike DT), nor on monomials (unlike DL). When sufficiently small DCs are built and adequate restrictions are taken, a new dimension in interpreting the classifier is obtained, which does not exist for DT or DL. Namely, any example can satisfy more than one rule, and a DC can therefore be interpreted by means of various rule subsets (in a naive conversion of a DT or a DL into rule sets, any example satisfies exactly one rule). Decision committees resemble or generalize other rule sets [Cohen Singer1999]. In this paper, the authors consider DNF-shaped formulas, in which the output of a monomial is not a class (called ''positive''), but a (non-negative) confidence in the classification as positive. A default class predicts the other class, called ''negative'' (this is a setting with two classes). Computing the class of an observation boils down to summing the confidences of the rules it satisfies, and then deciding the positive class if the sum is greater than zero, and the negative class otherwise. Decision committees are a generalization of these formulas, in which we remove the setting's constraint (two classes) and authorize the membership prediction to arbitrary classes, thereby leading to a true voting classifier. This voting fashion is a feature that decision committees share with decision tables [Kohavi Sommerfield1998]. However, decision tables classifiers are based on majority voting of the examples (and not of rules), over a restricted ''window'' of the description variables. They necessitate the storing of many examples, and the interpretations of the data can only be made through this window, according to this potentially large set of examples. Decision committees rather represent an efficient way to encode a voting method into a small number of rules, and the way a class is given can be brought back to early works in machine learning [Clark Boswell1991]. More formal details are provided in the next section.
Among our theoretical results, that are presented in the following section, we provide formal proofs that the simplicity-accuracy tradeoff is also hard to achieve for DC, as well as for the construction of complex votes involving DT. This last result shows that, while mixing C4.5 with boosting provides one of the most powerful classification algorithms [Friedman et al.2000], pruning boosting is essentially heuristic [Margineantu Dietterich1997].
The algorithm we propose for the induction of DC, WIDC (for Weak Induction of Decision Committees), has the following key features. It uses recent results on partition boosting, ranking loss boosting [Schapire Singer1998] and some about pruning Boolean formulas [Kearns Mansour1998]. WIDC follows a scheme close to C4.5's for decision trees [Quinlan1994], or ICDL's for decision lists [Nock Jappy1998] ; as such, it differs from previous studies in voting classifiers (boosting, bagging [Breiman1996]) by features such as the fact that no modification is made on the example's distribution during induction. It is also one if its differences with the SLIPPER rule induction approach [Cohen Singer1999].
On multiclass and multilabel problems, WIDC proposes a very fast and simple solution to ranking loss boosting, optimal in fairly general cases, and asymptotically optimal in most of the remaining ones. The general problem of ranking loss boosting was previously conjectured -Hard [Schapire Singer1998]. Though our ranking loss boosting algorithm is not always optimal, we also show that the general ranking loss boosting problem related to Schapire Singer (1998) is actually not -Hard, and can be solved in polynomial time, though it seems to require the use of complex and time-expensive algorithms, related to the minimization of (symmetric) submodular functions. This also partially justifies the use of our simple and fast approximation algorithm.
The last section of this paper presents experimental results obtained with WIDC on thirty-one domains, most of which are readily available and can be found on the UCI repository of machine learning database [Blake et al.1998].
In order to keep the paper self-contained and as concise and readable as possible, we have chosen to put an appendix at the end of the paper containing all proofs of our results.


John Moses Browning
gunsmith, inventor
Born: 1/21/1855
Birthplace: Ogden, Utah
Raised by Mormon parents, he made his first gun from scrap iron at age 13. He founded the Browning Brothers Company, which was responsible for several innovations in firearms, including the breech-loading single-shot rifle (1879) and the Browning automatic pistol (1911). The company's history is entwined with that of World War I: the pistol used to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 and thus begin the War was a Browning, and the Browning machine gun (1917) and the Browning automatic rifle (1918) figured prominently in the War.
Died: 11/26/1926
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SOME SAY the custom of bobbing for apples dates all the way back to pre-Christian Ireland and the pagan festival of Samhain, though there's little documentary evidence to support this. Apple bobbing also been popularly associated with Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruits, trees, and gardens in whose honor a festival was supposedly held each year on November first. But that, too, stands on shaky historical ground, apparently, as some question whether such a festival ever actually existed.
We can say with more certainty that the game of apple bobbing goes back at least a few hundred years, that it originated in the British Isles (Ireland and Scotland in particular), and that it originally had something to do with fortune telling. British author W. H. Davenport Adams, who attributed belief in the prognosticative power of apples to "old Celtic fairy lore," described the game as follows in his 1902 book, Curiosities of Superstition:
[The apples] are thrown into a tub of water, and you endeavour to catch one in your mouth as they bob round and round in provoking fashion. When you have caught one, you peel it carefully, and pass the long strip of peel thrice, sunwise, round your head; after which you throw it over your shoulder, and it falls to the ground in the shape of the initial letter of your true love's name.
Other Halloween divination games traditionally played in various parts of Great Britain included "snap apple" similar to bobbing for apples except the fruit is hung from the ceiling on strings and naming nutshells after prospective love interests and placing them near a fire to see which would burn steadily indicating true love and which would crack or pop and fly off the hearth revealing a passing fancy. Accordingly, Halloween used to be known as "Snap-Apple Night" or "Nutcrack Night" in places where these customs were observed.
- Traditional Halloween Divination Games from Ireland - StartPage.ie
- Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History - by Lesley Pratt Bannatyne

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Temporal range: Triassic period
Riley & Stuchbury, 1836
Thecodontosaurus (meaning "socket-toothed lizard") was a very early dinosaur that lived during the late Triassic period, a time when the Earth was relatively warm and much of the land was dry and desert-like. This was around the time that the dinosaurs were just starting to appear.
Fossils of Thecodontosaurus have been found in southwest England (near Bristol) and Wales, which were probably dry and desert-like when Thecodontosaurus lived. Thecodontosaurus was named by Morris in 1843, but was first described by H. Riley and S. Stutchbury in 1836.


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- Lack of facial expression:
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a doctor would ask.
An absence of expression on the face is medically called "flat affect". In many cases, the face mirrors the underlying emotions, and the person has limited emotions or various emotional or psychological disorders.
Also possible are physical disorders of the face that limit the ability of the face to show emotion. For example, the partial facial paralysis from Bell's palsy may reduce a person's ability to smile....more »
The following medical conditions are some of the possible
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When combined, certain drugs, medications, substances or toxins may react causing Lack of facial expression as a symptom. Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using, including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments.
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During a consultation, your doctor will use various techniques to assess the symptom: Lack of facial expression. These will include a physical examination and possibly diagnostic tests. (Note: A physical exam is always done, diagnostic tests may or may not be performed depending on the suspected condition) Your doctor will ask several questions when assessing your condition. It is important to openly share any pertinent information to help your doctor make an accurate diagnosis.
It is also very important to bring an up-to-date list of all of your all medical conditions, medications including dosages, and names of numbers of any specialist you see.
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This information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of Lack of facial expression. Of the 78 causes of Lack of facial expression that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information:
The following list of conditions have 'Lack of facial expression' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. This computer-generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. Always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom.
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Subtypes of Lack of facial expression:
Loss of facial expression (15 causes)
Medical Conditions associated with Lack of facial expression:
Face symptoms (8109 causes), Expressions (93 causes), Smile symptoms (88 causes), Head symptoms (10192 causes), Emotional symptoms (2080 causes), Throat symptoms (3410 causes), Respiratory symptoms (5166 causes), Mouth symptoms (6864 causes), Breathing symptoms (3381 causes), Breath symptoms (3023 causes)
Symptoms related to Lack of facial expression:
Smile symptoms (88 causes), Face symptoms (8109 causes), Expression symptoms, Facial paralysis (70 causes), Marden-Walker Syndrome, Meningitis (160 causes), Meningococcal disease, Mobius syndrome, Moebius Syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, Hypogonadism (129 causes), Myasthenia Gravis, Möbius syndrome
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Hair dryers have long been blamed for causing damage to hairs with the amount of heat they use. Sadly, many people, especially those with long, thick locks, cannot wait to dry naturally before leaving home for the day. Therefore, research has been ongoing into the technology of drying hairs. One advance that has been shown to benefit the hairs is the use of ions. But many still wonder, "What is ionic hair dryer?"
These are so named because they actually emit negative ions (particles that carry a negative electrical charge). These ions bond with strands, which carries a positive charge. The bonding causes the water to evaporate more quickly than simply adding heat. It also helps to close the follicles and smooth strands.
The ions produced help to lock moisture in and keep it from becoming too dry and brittle. Because the negative ions bond with positive ions in the strands, static electricity is neutralized, which makes the tresses so much easier to style. It also helps to make the strands look more shiny.
One problem with ionic technology is that it often straightens the subject strands too much, leaving it hanging limply. However, there are many models on the market that allow one to adjust the amount of ionization that occurs inside the unit or to turn the ionization completely off so they can "fluff" the locks and thus and add some volume.
Andis 75370 Tourmaline Ionic/Ceramic 1875 Watt Hair Dryer. The Ionic on/off switch on this hair dryer gives you the power to use ionization whenever you want. When the LED indicator turns blue, the ions are at maximum power.
Understanding what the dryer is makes it easy to see why this technology is beneficial to maintaining a healthy hairdo. This technology is often coupled with other advances in the science of strands, such as the use of ceramic inside dryers to provide more even temperatures and require less damaging heat. The most advanced dryers on the market today also use tourmaline.
Tourmaline is a gem stone (semi-precious) that has some unique properties when exposed to electricity. It produces both heat (infrared) and negative ions. This combination actually works to split apart water droplets at the molecular level. This makes the hairs dry faster with less heat applied and locks in moisture.
The ionic hair dryer is only the best thing that has ever happened to the dryer industry. Now, instead of being avoided because they damage hair strands and create frizz, dryers are more useful as tools to maintain healthy hair and avoid frizziness or brittleness.


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to reallocate resources in ways that are less productive, resulting in a loss of income-generating opportunities. At a certain point, raising taxes becomes manifestly counterproductive, with the revenue lost due to the negative economic effects outweighing any tax gains. In cases like that, a government would actually raise more money by lowering taxes, broadening the tax base, than it does by increasing taxes. In fact, an analysis of the tax-base elasticities of the provinces, using data from 1972 to 2010, reveals that this very phenomenon is what occurred in Saskatchewan, which raised corporate taxes to a point where it began to backfire, sabotaging the government's goal of raising more revenue. It also occurred in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, P.E.I., and Nova Scotia. In all these provinces, tax increases on corporate earnings actually ended up yielding less for the provinces than the provincial governments would have collected had they instead lowered corporate income taxes. In five other provinces, governments undermined their own provincial economies over the same period, raising corporate taxes when they would have been better off actually cutting the corporate income tax, and making up the difference with a revenue-neutral sales tax. Alberta, Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba and Quebec all paid dearly for the decision to hit corporations with higher taxes, by sacrificing what could have been significant welfare gains had they sought to raise the same amount of revenue through higher sales taxes (or in the case of Alberta, a new sales tax. Quebec, at least, has lower tax-base elasticity than the others, however, possibly due to its unique cultural and linguistic characteristics, which may make it somewhat less likely for people and investors to leave the province. The
Annually, more than 100 million tourists with widely varying health and fitness status are attracted by the mountainous areas around the world. Whereas mountaineering activities may contribute to the well established beneficial effects of regular exercise, for certain individuals these activities are also associated with a relatively high risk of death. This manuscript presents an updated overview of risk and protective factors for sudden cardiac death during leisure activities in the mountains. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been proven to be the most frequent cause of non traumatic death in males aged over 34 years, e.g. during mountain hiking, cross country skiing or downhill skiing. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and, in particular, prior myocardial infarction, are the most important risk factors for SCD, predominantly relevant in downhill skiers. The unusual physical exertion on the first day at altitude, the late morning hours and the prolonged abstinence from food and fluid intake during exercise at altitude are most important triggers. Acute hypoxia may represent a trigger for SCD on the one hand but might also evoke beneficial effects by preconditioning on the other hand. The identification of high-risk subjects and SCD triggers, evidence-based therapy of treatable risk factors, the appropriate individual preparation by physical training, and considering behavioural aspects, especially at the beginning of the physically active altitude sojourn will help to prevent SCD and increase the health benefits generated by mountaineering activities. Copyright © 2017 Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
This paper outlines a middle school social studies curriculum taught in Nevada. The curriculum was designed to educate students about issues related to the Yucca Mountain project. The paper focuses on the activities used in the curriculum
Aitken, S A; Biant, L C; Court-Brown, Charles M
Mountain biking is increasing in popularity worldwide. The injury patterns associated with elite level and competitive mountain biking are known. This study analysed the incidence, spectrum and risk factors for injuries sustained during recreational mountain biking. The injury rate was 1.54 injuries per 1000 biker exposures. Men were more commonly injured than women, with those aged 30-39 years at highest risk. The commonest types of injury were wounding, skeletal fracture and musculoskeletal soft tissue injury. Joint dislocations occurred more commonly in older mountain bikers. The limbs were more commonly injured than the axial skeleton. The highest hospital admission rates were observed with head, neck and torso injuries. Protective body armour, clip-in pedals and the use of a full-suspension bicycle may confer a protective effect.
Derek A. McDougall
Full Text Available Reviewed: Landforms of High Mountains. By Alexander Stahr and Ewald Langenscheidt. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2015. viii + 158 pp. US$ 129.99. Also available as an e-book. ISBN 978-3-642-53714-1.
... GO About MedlinePlus Site Map FAQs Customer Support Health Topics Drugs & Supplements Videos & Tools Español You Are Here: Home → Medical Encyclopedia → Acute mountain sickness URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/...
Williams, M. W.
The panoramic splendor and complexity of mountain environments have inspired and challenged humans for centuries. These areas have been variously perceived as physical structures to be conquered, as sites of spiritual inspiration, and as some of the last untamed natural places on Earth. In our time, the perception that "mountains are forever" may provide solace to those seeking stability in a rapidly changing world. However, changes in the hydrology and in the abundance and species composition of the native flora and fauna of mountain ecosystems are potential bellwethers of global change, because these systems have a propensity to amplify environmental changes within specific portions of this landscape. Mountain areas are thus sentinels of climate change. We are seeing effects today in case histories I present from the Himalaya's, Andes, Alps, and Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, these ecosystem changes are occurring in mountain areas before they occur in downstream ecosystems. Thus, mountains are early warning indicators of perturbations such as climate change. The sensitivity of mountain ecosystems begs for enhanced protection and worldwide protection. Our understanding of the processes that control mountain ecosystems—climate interactions, snowmelt runoff, biotic diversity, nutrient cycling—is much less developed compared to downstream ecosystems where human habitation and development has resulted in large investments in scientific knowledge to sustain health and agriculture. To address these deficiencies, I propose the formation of an international mountain research consortium.
Full Text Available Purpose: to study role of health related hiking and orienteering in improvement of children's physical conditions. Material: 163 children of 7 - 10 years old age participated in the research (82 boys and 81 girls. Tests for assessment of physical condition, physical health, adaptation reserve potentials and motor functioning of junior schoolchildren were used. Results: It was found that 46,01% of pupils can be considered healthy. Accordingly more than half (53,99% have not infectious diseases. Among them nosologies of musculoskeletal apparatus prevail. In academic day with physical culture lesson average and high levels of motor functioning prevail (61,36%. Recreation health related technology on the basis of health related hiking and orienteering has been theoretically substantiated and worked out. Its structural components and content have been described. Realization of recreation health related technology is envisaged to be in three stages. Most of classes shall be in the open air. Conclusions: low level of adaptation reserve potentials and physical health of children have been determined that points at demand in health related measures in junior schoolchildren's physical education.
The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' summarizes, in a single document, the current state of knowledge and understanding of the natural system at Yucca Mountain. It describes the geology; geochemistry; past, present, and projected future climate; regional hydrologic system; and flow and transport within the unsaturated and saturated zones at the site. In addition, it discusses factors affecting radionuclide transport, the effect of thermal loading on the natural system, and tectonic hazards. The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' is broad in nature. It summarizes investigations carried out as part of the Yucca Mountain Project since 1988, but it also includes work done at the site in earlier years, as well as studies performed by others. The document has been prepared under the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management quality assurance program for the Yucca Mountain Project. Yucca Mountain is located in Nye County in southern Nevada. The site lies in the north-central part of the Basin and Range physiographic province, within the northernmost subprovince commonly referred to as the Great Basin. The basin and range physiography reflects the extensional tectonic regime that has affected the region during the middle and late Cenozoic Era. Yucca Mountain was initially selected for characterization, in part, because of its thick unsaturated zone, its arid to semiarid climate, and the existence of a rock type that would support excavation of stable openings. In 1987, the United States Congress directed that Yucca Mountain be the only site characterized to evaluate its suitability for development of a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel
The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' summarizes, in a single document, the current state of knowledge and understanding of the natural system at Yucca Mountain. It describes the geology; geochemistry; past, present, and projected future climate; regional hydrologic system; and flow and transport within the unsaturated and saturated zones at the site. In addition, it discusses factors affecting radionuclide transport, the effect of thermal loading on the natural system, and tectonic hazards. The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' is broad in nature. It summarizes investigations carried out as part of the


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Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: May 11, 2011
SPIONs enable effective delivery of Malaria DNA vaccine
(Nanowerk Spotlight) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are emerging as promising candidates for various biomedical applications such as enhanced resolution imaging or targeted drug or gene delivery due to their biocompatibility, low cost of production, ability to immobilize biological materials on their surfaces, and potential for direct targeting using external magnets. Over the past few years, researchers demonstrated that magnetofection is an appropriate tool for rapid and specific gene transfection with low dose in vitro and site-specific in vivo applications.
In new work, scientists in Australia have now successfully demonstrated the use of magnetofection for the delivery of malaria DNA vaccine. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites of infected mosquitoes. In the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. In 2008, there were a reported 247 million cases of malaria, which caused nearly one million deaths, mostly among African children (see WHO Fact Sheet on Malaria).
The team, led by Ross Coppel at Monash University, used magnetofection to enhance the delivery of a malaria DNA vaccine. The vectors the team used were composed of SPIONs and PEI polymer complexed under different pH conditions of 4.0 and 7.0.
"The procedure resulted in stable particles with a narrow size range in aqueous media, rendering them suitable for gene delivery systems," reports Coppel. "SPIONs/PEI complexes produced at acidic conditions showed the best DNA binding and gene transfection efficiency compared to those generated under neutral pH, possibly due to the protonated structure of the branched polymer that entrapped and protected the DNA. The cellular uptake of SPIONs/PEI/DNA also increased dramatically with application of external magnetic field during the gene transfection process."
TEM images of (A,B) as-synthesized SPIONs and (C,D) SPIONs/PEI (ratio = 10) at pH 4 displaying better dispersion (arrows indicating
layer of adsorbed PEI). (Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society)
One target for growth-inhibitory antibody used in Malaria vaccine strategies is the membrane-associated 19 kDa COOH terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein (MSP119) that plays a crucial role in Plasmodium immunity, and is now a leading malaria vaccine candidate.
"The main concern for insufficient gene concentration on the target tissue for nonviral gene transfection is the insufficient accumulation of gene at the cell surface in vitro and targeting gene at the specific site in vivo," explains Coppel. "Magnetofection can be used to accumulate the magnetic gene vector on the target tissue by applying an external magnetic field."
In their experiments, under the influence of magnetic field on cells, SPIONs/PEI/DNA polyplexes showed noticeably higher transfection efficiency compared to the transfection without magnetic field


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.
In SQL Server 2016:
- The allowed maximum is 8 dependent transactions. 8 is also the limit of transactions that any given transaction can be dependent on.
- The error number is 41839. (In SQL Server 2014 the error number is 41301.)
You can make your Transact-SQL scripts more robust against a possible transaction error by adding retry logic to your scripts. Retry logic is more likely to help when UPDATE and DELETE calls are frequent, or if the memory-optimized table is referenced by a foreign key in another table. For details, see:
- Transactions with Memory-Optimized Tables
- Transaction dependency limits with memory optimized tables - Error 41839


Current Earth-Destruction Status
From the International Earth Destruction Advisory Board:
How can I find out if the Earth has been destroyed?
There are three ways to check.
 1. You can check the EDA level and CGC on this page at any time.
 2. If you wish to be notified by email in the event of the Earth being destroyed, you can subscribe to the mailing list at the email address below.
 3. You can add the following code:


Show all Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Manufacturers
Integrated development environment (IDE) applications are comprehensive programming platforms for authoring, modifying, compiling, deploying and debugging computer software. Some IDEs are for single programming language; however, multi-language IDEs are also available. Typically, an integrated development environment (IDE) includes a source code editor, a compiler or interpreter, build automation tools, and a debugger. Sometimes, versioning control is included to help computer programmers manage the development of a graphical user interface (GUI). An integrated development environment (IDE) for object-oriented programming (OOP) usually features a class browser, tools to produce class hierarchy diagrams, and an object inspector. Specialty IDEs are available. Software developers use an integrated development environment (IDE) to maximize programming productivity. By using such a comprehensive toolset, coders can perform less mode-switching and access more system resources. Programmers can also compile code as it is written and review any syntax errors. Graphical IDEs with windowing features can enhance programmer productivity. Visual IDEs enable software developers to arrange building blocks and code nodes to produce structure diagrams and flowcharts. Often, these flowcharts are based on unified modeling language (UML), a standardized general-purpose platform for creating visual models called UML diagrams. Such a visual integrated development environment (IDE) is also a feature of distributed programming, a field of computing which uses autonomous workstations and other distributed systems. Integrated development environment (IDE) suppliers provide products for programming languages such as Ada, C/C++, C#, Eiffel, Fortran, Java and JavaScript, Pascal and Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Smalltalk. Ada IDE specifications include static code analysis and compatibility with other platforms and various operating systems (OS). The inclusion of a tool chain, profiler, and an auto-complete function are important considerations when selecting a C IDE or C++ IDE. Software companies that supply an integrated development environment (IDE) for C# (C Sharp) offer imperative, functional, generic, and component-oriented tools. An Eiffel IDE may be available through a GNU general public license (GNU GPL, GPL). Computer programmers who work with Fortran, Java or JavaScript, Pascal or Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, or Smalltalk may use an integrated development environment (IDE) for a specific language, or use an IDE for multiple languages.


It's a solid... no, it's a liquid... no, a solid... no... wait, what is it? It's gloop! It's a fascinating, curious substance that has properties of both a liquid and a solid. This activity is a little messy, but it's definitely worth it. Gloop will mesmerise your toddler, and probably you, too!
Skills developed: moulding and squishing, fine motor skills, language
What you'll need: a large bowl (preferably plastic), two big spoons, cornflour, water, food colouring (optional), an apron or clothes you don't mind getting messy and newspaper to protect the floor if you're playing inside
What to do: This game is probably best played outdoors, but if you're inside, put down plenty of newspaper to protect the floor. Either way, make sure your toddler is wearing clothes you don't mind getting messy.
Pour a cup or two of cornflour into a bowl, and gradually add water until you have a gloopy mixture. Let your toddler hold one of the spoons and help you "stir" as you go. Add a few drops of food colouring, if you're using it, and stir again.
Now roll up your toddler's sleeves and let him plunge his hands into the bowl. Pick up some of the gloop yourself and squeeze it. Note that as you apply pressure, it feels like a solid. Relax your hand and the gloop will run back into the bowl as a liquid.
Talk to your toddler about what he can feel as the two of you squish and squash the gloop. For example, you can say, "When we squeeze it, it gets hard and firm. But when we stop squeezing, it gets soft again. Isn't that funny?" And make sure there's enough gloop for both of you, it's a little addictive.
Note: if your child has asthma or you're concerned about him breathing in the cornflour powder, make sure you mix it with water while he's at a safe distance. Once it's gloopy, it's perfectly safe.
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Archaeology of Madison's Stable
For the past two months there has been a flurry of activity behind Montpelier's Visitor Center. This area hasn't exactly been clutter-free either. Every day, visitors have seen tents, flags, and archaeologists making exciting discoveries about the Madisons' stables.
How do the archaeologists even know where to dig? Thankfully we have a copy of an 1837 insurance map which shows the stable in this area. Once the team had a general idea of where to look, archaeologists used metal detectors and remote sensing to pinpoint the stable location. This wasn't just an afternoon activity. The archaeologists conducted months of metal detector surveys.
These surveys showed where to find clusters of artifacts– horseshoe nails, horseshoes, tools, architectural hardware, saddle parts, and carriage hardware. Excavation units placed in the location of these artifact concentrations have shown a concentration of cobble that might represent the reinforced floor for the stable or work areas around the stable complex. Good news: these concentrations proved the team was on the right track.
The mystery doesn't end with the concentrations of artifacts. The cobble concentrations show this was a very active equestrian area. The broken horseshoes and worn horseshoe nails show animals were often in this area. Had the team found whole horseshoe nails, this would mean horses were re-shoed in this area.
So far, the archaeologists haven't found any structural features that we can tie directly to the stable of any of its outbuildings (a carpenter's shop, for example). But, the team did find several large post holes which might be related to outbuildings in this area. Post holes are a big deal in archaeology. They show the outline of where a structure once stood. The archaeology team once spent an entire summer looking for the post holes that showed where the original Madison fence in front of the mansion once stood.
So, what else did the archaeologists find? The archaeology of the site behind the Visitor Center points to this area being used for many things. It's likely that horses lived in stables and craft activities (carpentry and other tasks) took place here. The team found furniture hardware, which means the Madisons' furnishings were here at one time. There were several paddocks, which suggests there might have been stores (storage areas) located in this area as well.
All in all, our surveys indicate the area between the Visitor Center and the South Yard was a very busy place– with most activity being concentrated on the hill directly behind the Visitor Center. The archaeology team is now excavating the slave quarter just down the hill from the stable closer to the mansion.
The fun isn't just for the archaeologists. There is still time to join the team for a week. Click here to check out the archaeology excavation programs to learn how you can come dig at Montpelier.


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Agricultural, Aquacultural, and Horticultural Water Use Certifications & Registrations
An Agricultural Water Usage Certification or Agricultural Water Use Registration must be obtained from the County agricultural agent if a person has the capability to divert ground and/or surface water in excess of 100,000* gallons per day for agricultural, aquacultural or horticultural purposes.
An Agricultural Water Use Registration is required for any person with the capability to divert in excess of 100,000* gallons of water per day, but who diverts less than this quantity.
* At the 100,000 gallons per day threshold additional approvals for water diversion may be required by the Delaware River Basin Commission and the New Jersey Pinelands Commission. According to N.J.A.C. 7:38-2.5(c) Agricultural, Aquicultural and Horticultural diversions within the Highlands Preservation Area have a regulatory threshold of 100,000 gallons of water per day based on N.J.A.C. 7:20A. Please refer to the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act for additional information.
Agricultural Water Use Certifications & Registrations
Certification and Registration Application Progress
Diversion Monitoring and Reporting
Guidance and Information
USGS Resources You May Need


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CCAS Anti-Racism Statement
The Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS) was founded in 1965, during the turbulent period of demand for expansion of Civil Rights for Black people in the United States of America. The 2020 murder of George Floyd has spawned massive national and international protests with roots reaching back to the founding of the country, as well as countless continuing expressions of anti-Black racism and calls to end police brutality. Many who are not African American clearly saw that the hard-earned victories of the 1960s were not as far-reaching and permanent as they had believed. CCAS shares the sadness, regret, and anger of most people and institutions in the United States of America that the battles of the 1960s are being re-fought five decades later.
We commit to anti-racism and stand with others who commit to educational efforts to combat anti-Black racism and structural inequality in the United States. Internally, CCAS provides support for deans as they navigate complex issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion on their campuses.
We believe that deans can help other deans identify and change personal and institutional biases, and stop discriminatory practices in their institutions. Externally, we work closely with other higher education organizations who have similar social justice objectives. CCAS is collaborating with our allies to improve the lives of Black faculty, students, and staff on American college campuses. Educating our students and ourselves will help make sure that another 55 years will not pass without democratic and just practices becoming truly embedded in academia and society. The board encourages the membership to contribute strategies and tactics for making CCAS a more effective anti-racist organization.


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The Thinking Group is a network of organisations which aim to bring the power of clear and honest thinking to a broad spread of life activities.
Our core belief is that human beings are gifted with an exceptional resource in the capacity to think, and that its potential is often neglected or stifled due to trauma, stress or poor education.
We believe that resuscitating this key function is difficult yet valuable work, and that it can bring untold benefits to every area of life.
For more info, explore our group sites, or contact _EMAIL_.
"Problems cannot be solved by the same level of thinking that created them."


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Environment ministers must reach across boundaries to protect Arctic
"When the ministers met two years ago in Greenland, they had some good discussions" says Alexander Shestakov, Director of WWF's Global Arctic Programme. "Today, they need to get beyond talk, and commit to projects that show how they'll cooperate in managing ecosystems that span national boundaries."
This "ecosystem-based management" (EBM) is key to effectively managing Arctic wildlife, especially as both wildlife and Arctic peoples cope with escalating climate change impacts. Countries cannot ignore the fact that resources such as fish stocks and species like polar bears and narwhals span national boundaries. They have to be considered in the context of international systems, not purely national concerns. The Arctic Council has an expert group studying EBM and its place in Arctic management. The ministers could take this work further, and commit to implementing EBM in pilot projects.
WWF is also urging the ministers to take action on reducing pollution linked to climate change in the Arctic. The so-called short lived climate forcers include soot and gases from industry, such as flaring natural gas. In its advice to the ministers, WWF suggest a series of steps leading to a full Arctic agreement on reducing these pollutants.
WWF's full statement to the Ministers' meeting can be found here:
For more information:
Alexander Shestakov, Director WWF Global Arctic Programme
Mobile: _PHONE_ email: _EMAIL_
Clive Tesar, Head of Communications & External Relations WWF Global Arctic Programme
Mobile: _PHONE_ email: _EMAIL_
WWF is one of the world's largest and most respected independent conservation organizations, with almost five million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the earth's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world's biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.


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A short history of the use of lime as a building material beyond Europe and North America
Carran, Dorn; Hughes, John; Leslie, Alick; Kennedy, Craig. 2012 A short history of the use of lime as a building material beyond Europe and North America. Journal of Architectural Heritage, 6 (2). 117-146. 10.1080/_PHONE_.2010.511694Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)
The use of lime in building construction began at least 10,000 years ago, with debated evidence of earlier uses. The focus of academic research to date has been on historical and archaeological use of lime in Europe and the Near East. This work is an attempt to provide a summary of the history of lime as a building material in China, India, Africa, and Central and South America, based on available literature resources. Patterns of functional evolution suggest beginnings in small-scale, domestic surface coating evolving later to more widespread use linked to societal development in the regions considered. Commonalities exist in material characteristics and usage between different societies, linked to technological progress rather than absolute chronology.
|Programmes:||BGS Programmes 2010 > Geology and Landscape (Scotland)|
|Date made live:||17 May 2012 10:40|
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The theme for 2013 Summer Ecology Camp is "Journey through the Cycles of Life." While exploring the hills, valleys, ponds, and streams of our 2,000-acre campus, campers will conduct scientific investigations, learn about local natural history, and participate in team building activities.
Lessons will incorporate observing how organisms change as they grow, investigating the connections organisms have with their environment, and witnessing how they interact with other living things.
Weekly sessions are limited to a maximum of 12 campers and are dedicated to either younger campers (grades 2-4) or older campers (grades 5-7). A special two-week session will be offered for older youth (grades 8-10), where they have the opportunity to conduct their own ecological research.
Junior counselor positions will be offered for students entering grades 8-12.
Visit our camp page for more information.


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Background & Aims: Celiac disease is a prevalent immune disorder caused by the ingestion of gliadin-containing grains. We investigated the ability of a polymeric binder to reverse the toxic effects induced by gliadin in human intestinal cells and gliadin-sensitive HCD4-DQ8 mice. Methods: Gliadin was neutralized by complexation to a linear copolymer of hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (SS). The ability of the polymeric binder to abrogate the damaging effect of gliadin on cell-cell contact was investigated in IEC-6, Caco-2/15, and primary cultured differentiated enterocytes. The efficacy of the polymeric binder in preventing gliadin-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction was assessed using gliadin-sensitive HLA-HCD4/DQ8 transgenic mice. Results: Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-styrene sulfonate) [P(HEMA-co-SS)] complexed with gliadin in a relatively specific fashion. Intestinal cells exposed to gliadin underwent profound alterations in morphology and cell-cell contacts. These changes were averted by complexing the gliadin with P(HEMA-co-SS). More importantly, the P(HEMA-co-SS) hindered the digestion of gliadin by gastrointestinal enzymes, thus minimizing the formation of immunogenic peptides. Coadministration of P(HEMA-co-SS) with gliadin to HLA-HCD4/DQ8 mice attenuated gliadin-induced changes in the intestinal barrier and reduced intraepithelial lymphocyte and macrophage cell counts. Conclusions: Polymeric binders can prevent in vitro gliadin-induced epithelial toxicity and intestinal barrier dysfunction in HCD4/DQ8 mice. They have a potential role in the treatment of patients with gluten-induced disorders.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Sunday, 19 May 2013
DIY Candy Wrapper Surprise
See the full instructions after the jump!
Supplies: thin wrapping paper (Party City's 99 cent rolls are perfect), double stick tape, heart stickers, perforating cutter (Fiskars sells a similar tool), ruler, scissors, wrapped candies.
 1. Cut a piece of wrapping paper however long you like but wide enough to wrap around your candies. I cut mine 3.5" by 12" and that was more than enough room for five Starbursts.
 2. Using your candies as a guide, fold the paper to create a pocket that meets just past the edge of the candies.
 3. Fold the other edge of the paper so that it overlaps the pocket, still being sure the candies fit inside.
 4. Unfold the paper and put a piece of double stick tape along the edge the middle panel. Place the candy next to it, and then add a second piece of tape on the other side of the candy.
 5. Refold one edge of the paper so that it adheres to the tape.
 6. Repeat for the rest of the candies.
 7. To seal the wrapper, put pieces of tape along the open edge. The easiest way to do this is to put a small piece for each seam dividing the compartments and then separate pieces along the edge that will fold over the candy. Leave a small gap between each piece of tape.
 8. Carefully refold the open edge over to meet the wrapper, pressing to adhere. Some bubbling is inevitable, but the gaps left between the tape allows it to distribute as evenly as possible. Trim any excess paper off the ends.
 9. Use your perforating tool to make a line down the centre of the seam between each compartment. This will make it easier to tear each candy off individually (which is so satisfying to do!).
Depending on the wrapping paper and candy packaging, you might be able to see the candy through the wrapping paper. The Starbursts pictured didn't pose a problem, but I've encountered this with mini Heath bars in the past. Do not fret! Putting a sticker on each candy compartment is not only cute, but also covers anything showing through. And there you have it - a simple way to add a fun little surprise to a birthday card!
What candy would you most like to receive in one of these wrappers? I think I'd have to say Reese cups would be my choice! If you can't decide on just one, try using different types of candy in each compartment for even more of a surprise!
 1. What a fun idea! So creative and unique
 1. Thanks Kelli! I use candy in crafts any chance I get ;)
 2. Cute idea! Thanks for commenting on my blog. I am following yours now!
 1. Aw thanks Amy! I get hungry just looking at the desserts you've styled on your blog!
 3. This comment has been removed by the author.
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Steve Urkel is known, amongst other things, for having invented devices that were previously thought of as impossible whithin the scientific community. These include:
- the Urkel Bot (Many Other Functions), an intelligent robot that fell in love with Laura Winslow and briefly became a police officer.
- the Transformation Chamber, which turned Urkel into an entire february sweeps worth of hilarious characters. Urkel was known to regularly pull level two and three Norbits following the transformation chamber breakthrough. These wackies famously included Stefan Urquelle, and (less famously) Black Elvis. Initally, the effects were temporary, but this error was corrected in subsequent versions of the chamber's firmware.
- Boss Sauce, a serum created by Urkel through genetic engineering that would multiply the very few 'cool genes' he had. Combined with the effects of the Transformation Chamber, this serum turned Urkel into the aforementioned, cool and suave Stefan.
- the Expansion Machine, which made objects bigger, except for a few instances when it would malfunction and shrink things instead;
- the Cloning Machine, which created a second Urkel, but only after a significant delay. As a result, Urkel initially thought the machine didn't work. Eventually, the resulting clone was permanently turned into Stefan;
- the Urk-pad was a teleportation pad which sent Urkel to Paris; and back.
- the Time Machine, which Urkel knew was functional before a single viability trial had been performed. Steve recieved the advance confirmation when Carl Winslow saw a "Future Urkel" appear in the living room. Later, after combining the power of the time machine with his unprecedented Urk-Pad capabilities, he could "travel anywhere in history." (This is a fact).
- Ice in a can. Simple. Brilliant. Ice in a Can.
- Termites that consume wood thousands of times faster than normal. Practical and terrifying.
- Love potion (with antidote in case of j/k's!!).
- the Lawn chair, an actual piece of furniture that Urkel modified to sprout grass on the exterior. The man had a sense of humor about his genius.
- Vegetable Bombs. During the same furious creation session that produced his revolutionary lawn chair, Urkel invented vegetables that explode. In the late 90's, he was in negotiations to sell this design to the US Military. There is no word of this being either completed or abandoned.
Oddly enough, these inventions were the only unrealistic elements of the Family Matters show, and most plotlines were far more based in reality.


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Nor'easter is Here
So what is a Nor'easter?
Here in the Eastern U.S.A. they can occur anytime from October and April when there's plenty of moisture and cold air. Like tonight, they bring heavy rain and snow and sometimes hurricane-force winds and rough surf that can cause coastal flooding.
It is named for winds that blow in from the northeast and send the storm up the gulf stream.


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People who walk a lot have lower risk of diabetes
Walking may help prevent diabetes (Ezra Shaw, Getty Images)
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Among people with low physical activity and a high risk of diabetes, those who walk more throughout the day are less likely to actually get the blood sugar disorder, according to new research.
The study, published in the journal Diabetes Care, is part of a growing body of evidence that for people who get very little exercise, "even small amounts of activity will provide a really good return on their investment," said Catrine Tudor-Locke, who studies walking and health at Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and was not involved in the research.
Daily walking recommendations typically point to a minimum of 10,000 steps per day. Tudor-Locke said a good rule of thumb is that 2,000 steps equals about one mile.
Earlier studies, based on questionnaires, have shown that walking more is tied to a lower risk of diabetes. But few studies have used precise measures of how many steps people take each day, said Amanda Fretts, the lead author of the new report and a researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle.
To get a better sense of walking's potential benefits, Fretts and her colleagues asked more than 1,800 people to wear a pedometer on their hip for a week to tally the number of steps they typically took each day.
All of them came from native American communities in Arizona, Oklahoma and North and South Dakota that are known to have low physical activity levels and high rates of diabetes.
About a quarter of the group were considered to have very low activity, taking fewer than 3,500 steps a day, while half took fewer than 7,800 steps per day.
At the beginning of the study, none of the participants had diabetes. But after five years of follow-up, 243 people had developed the condition.
About 17 percent of the people in the lowest activity group developed diabetes, compared to 12 percent of the people who took more than 3,500 steps a day.
After taking into account people's age, whether they smoked and other diabetes risk factors, Fretts's team determined that people who walked the most were 29 percent less likely to develop diabetes than those who walked the least.
"Our finding wasn't surprising given that other studies have shown that even light activity is associated with a lower risk of diabetes," Fretts wrote in an email to Reuters Health.
The findings don't prove that walking more is responsible for the lower risk of diabetes, but Fretts offered some possible explanations for how walking might help.
"Increased physical activity may prevent weight gain and promote weight loss, a major determinant of diabetes risk," she told Reuters Health.
Indeed, when Fretts took into account how large people were, based on a measure called body mass index (BMI), she found that extra walking didn't provide any benefits to reducing people's diabetes risk.
"BMI is one of the plausible biological mechanisms by which physical activity (or walking) may lower diabetes risk - that is, walking may promote weight loss - and weight loss is a major factor related to diabetes risk," Fretts said.
Physical activity also has effects on inflammation, glucose and other molecules in the body that could help lower diabetes risk, said Fretts.
Tudor-Locke added that the potential benefits of moderate levels of walking are "only for those who are really inactive to begin with" and don't mean others should decrease their activity levels.
SOURCE: _URL_ Diabetes Care, online June 20, 2012.
(This story corrects attribution in last paragraph)


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Show that the work required to assemble
four identical point charges of magnitude q on the corners of a square of
side a is
To calculate the work to assemble any number of point charges you can proceed as follows:
- Numerate each charge.
- Assume charges are brought from an infinite distance.
- Charge 1 is brought first and placed on corner 1. This charge does not requires any work because there is no electric field present.
- Charge 2 is brought then and placed on corner 2, charge 3 is brought and placed on corner 3 and so on.
Charge 2 requires a work keq2/a.
Charge 3 requires a work keq2/a + keq2/(a21/2) (work due to charges 1 and 2 already present).
Charge 4 requires a work keq2/a + keq2/(a21/2) + keq2a (work due to charges 1, 2 and 3 already present).
The work needed to get the desired configuration is obtained adding each required work:
keq2/a + keq2/a + keq2/(a21/2) + keq2/a + keq2/(a21/2) + keq2/a. = (keq2/a)(1 + 1 + 2-1/2 + 1 + 2-1/2 + 1) = 5.41 keq2/a.
The axis x is the axis of symmetry of a ring uniformly charged of radius R and total charge q. A point charge q with mass m is placed at the center of the ring. When the ring is slightly displaced to the left the point charge moves along the x axis towards infinity. Show that the final speed v of the point charge is v = (2keq2/mR)1/2.
The charge potential energy at the center of the ring can be calculated using the relation for the potential in differential form, dV = kedq/R, where dq is an infinitesimal charge on the ring and R is the distance to the center of the ring. The total potential at the center of the ring is the integral of dV, V = keq/R.
Then, the point charge energy is Vq = keq2/R.
At infinity, V = 0 and the energy is zero.
The change in potential energy is 0 - keq2/R = - keq2/R.
The change in kinetic energy is ½ mv2 - 0 = ½ mv2.
As ( Ufinal - Uinitial) + (Kfinal - Kinitial) = 0
- keq2/R + ½ mv2 = 0
½ mv2 = keq2/R or v = (2keq2/mR)1/2.
A small sphere of mass 0.2 g hangs by a thread between two parallel vertical plates 5 cm apart. The charge on the sphere is 6x10-9 C. What is the potential difference between the plates if the thread assumes an angle of 10º with the vertical? Assume a uniform electric field between the plates.
From the sphere free body diagram, we have:
(A) Tsin10º = F, F = qE, where E is the electric field assumed uniform. Tsin10º = qE.
Also, Tcos10º = mg or T = mg/cos10º =
0.0002 kgx(9.8 m/s2)/cos10º = 0.00199 N
Replacing in (A) and solving for E,
E = Tsin10º/q = 57.6 x103 N/C or 57.6x103 Volts/m.
As in a uniform field E = potential difference (V)/plates separation (d), the potential difference is Ed = (57.6x103 Volts/m)(0.05m) = 2.88 kV.
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Glucose Sensing Likely Too Challenging to Include in First-Generation iWatch
Discussion in'News Discussion' started by MacRumors, Feb 26, 2014.
 1. macrumors bot
 Apr 12, 2001
 Apple's iWatch has been rumored to include a glucose monitoring feature, but how that feature would be implemented is still unknown. One report from earlier this month indicated that a "Healthbook" app under development for iOS 8 will be able "to read glucose-related data," while another report has warned not to expect glucose sensing built directly into the initial iWatch. The two reports are not necessarily conflicting given the possibility of Healthbook interfacing somehow with third-party glucose-monitoring devices, but a new report from Network World argues that the technology is indeed too early in its development to be incorporated into a mainstream consumer device such as the iWatch.
 Heisler points to C8 Mediasensors and its non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device, the HG1-c, as an example of how this technology is still in its infancy. It's a relevant example as Apple has hired several research scientists and engineers from the now defunct company and is presumably using their knowledge to explore bringing CGM to the iWatch.
 The HG1-c device relied on Raman spectroscopy to indirectly measure a person's blood glucose level. This technique shines light through the skin in order to excite blood glucose molecules and cause them to vibrate. An optic sensor then analyzes the amount of light reflected off these vibrating molecules and returns a reading that is used to calculate an approximate glucose level.
 Though innovative, the technology has flaws that make it impractical for a wrist-worn device. The sensor unit was attached to a belt that was worn around the waist and required a large battery pack to operate. It also needed a gel to accurately measure light levels, which were influenced by ambient sunlight. This sunlight sensitivity was highlighted by former C8 employee Charles Martin, who spoke to Network World.
 Apple likely can overcome many of these limitations, but it will take time to transform the technology to the point where it is reliable enough to be used as a diagnostic or monitoring device. Once Apple improves the technology, it will need to receive FDA approval, which is a painstaking process with extensive clinical trials and documentation.
 If Apple goes down this route, it could take up to 18 months just to receive approval necessary to sell the device. Given this lengthy approval process and the fact that evidence of Apple earnestly assembling its iWatch biometric research team only started surfacing around early 2013, Heisler believes "the notion that this feature will appear in the first iteration of the device is highly improbable."
 Instead of measuring glucose levels, the iWatch may allow users to monitor glucose levels by importing them from a glucose monitoring device or by manually entering them into the accompanying Healthbook app for iOS. Apple is rumored to be working on the health and fitness app, which uses a card-based interface to track vital health statistics such as heart rate, weight and step count.
 Article Link: Glucose Sensing Likely Too Challenging to Include in First-Generation iWatch
 2. macrumors 603
 Oct 29, 2007
 Interesting territory as it would potentially open them up to medical liability. Tread lightly.
 3. macrumors newbie
 Feb 26, 2014
 Lots of hurdles
 Any device that measured glucose levels would have to get government approvals in any country that it was sold in. There are also different units of measurement used, depending on the country you're in. Think metric vs. non-metric. Recent law changes required that glucometers must be hard coded to the units used in the selling country. This would mean different SKU's.
 You're in an entirely new world when you've got a device that could make a person take potentially fatal actions - taking insulin or not. Potentially a huge, huge liability for Apple should somebody die.
 Non-invasive glucose monitoring has a lot of hurdles to get through before it'd be reliable.
 As a diabetic myself, this could be useful but I'm not holding my breath.
 4. macrumors 65816
 Dec 5, 2012
 5. macrumors P6
 IJ Reilly
 Jul 16, 2002
 Yet again we see the problem of being obsessed with the "watch" concept, especially when all the evidence points towards Apple being interested in the much broader category of wearable tech. This would likely take the form of a family of products, of which a "watch" is the least likely and certainly the least interesting.
 6. macrumors 603
 The whole thing with iWatch is an accessory to your iPhone. One would obviously think someone with a Glucose monitoring (or other) requirement could wear yet another "sidecar" accessory clipped over the pant line inside against the skin. No problem.
 7. macrumors 6502a
 Old Muley
 Jan 6, 2009
 Titletown USA
 They should just invent some kind of implantable iDevice and be done with it.
 8. macrumors 6502a
 Jul 10, 2012
 While I'm really happy this technology exists, I really feel sorry for the folks that have to deal with such issues (even more so for those w/o the tech to help them.)
 Hopefully one day, all this monitoring will lead to a breakthrough in prevention or cure!
 9. RoccoFan, Feb 26, 2014
 Last edited: Feb 26, 2014
 macrumors member
 Aug 12, 2008
 This thing is beginning to sound more and more like the Galaxy S 4. All I'm reading about are a bunch of functions that maybe 5% of the population will actually care to use on a regular basis.
 This whole iWatch thing is BS. Just make a wider iPhone and put out an iOS version that doesn't crash my iPad and let's move on.
 10. macrumors newbie
 May 19, 2002
 St. Louis
 Dexcom could talk to the iWatch?
 Dexcom is a CGM company and is already partnering with insulin pump companies to develop pumps to read BG readings from the Dexcom transmitter / sensor. It would be slick and very easy for a watch device to talk to the Dexcom sensor / transmitter like an insulin pump can.
 I would leave the CGM research and development to the CGM experts. And the Dexcom sensor is so accurate and stupid easy, it can only be explained as magic, BTW. It would be awesome if Apple worked with them to develop the iWatch to talk to the Dexcom transmitter / sensor. I'd buy that in a heartbeat!
 11. macrumors 6502a
 OS X Dude
 Jun 30, 2007
 My grandad was a Type-1 diabetic, so this was interesting to read.
 As I understand it, clinical trials on dogs (wrong, but that's another story) for a series of injections to 'cure' the disease and all associated symptoms for around four years were well underway. Whether I've got parts of that muddled, I don't know, but I remember telling my grandad about it a few months ago.
 Funny to think there'd potentially be a 'cure' of sorts released before this was both feasible and certified. Great if they could get it working, however.
 EDIT: The animals were themselves diabetic, I think they'd done tests on some other animal and were planning on treating dogs next.
 12. macrumors 604
 Feb 23, 2010
 I may be wrong but the whole health aspect of the so called iPhone I can see as a dead end.
 Whilst health is all good, in reality it's not the mass market that's needed, unless it's just another toy for Apple to play with like the Apple TV.
 Whilst there are groups of people into this, it's not the vast country wide majority who are turned on by the whole health concept.
 By all means have these features as a bonus, but it's not going to be mass market in the same way a phone is, it's is total focus is health
 13. macrumors newbie
 Feb 26, 2014
 There are devices like this already. A continual glucose monitoring system is often used with an insulin pump. The sensor is inserted under the skin and measures the glucose in the bodily fluid - not in the blood. Blood monitoring is much more accurate - hence finger prick testing. The sensors are generally good for 3-7 days and then must be changed. They are also quite expensive. The one I use costs about $70/sensor. The sensor transmits to my insulin pump and allows me to see the trend of my blood sugar levels.
 Non-invasive monitoring would be a blessing. Between glucose sensors and insulin pump devices I'm heading towards Borg status. While giving me better monitoring of my innards it's not a "no problem" scenario yet.
 14. macrumors newbie
 Mar 17, 2012
 Glucose Sensing Likely Too Challenging to Include in First-Generation iWatch
 Looks like the first rung on the ladder to total control & robotism!
 Sure it's what the world


text:
It is Not Possible to Swallow Your Tongue
Contrary to popular belief, it is not possible to swallow your tongue. Well, unless of course if you cut it off and then swallowed it… In any event, the tongue is rooted to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum. This makes getting the tongue far enough back in the throat to actually swallow it and get it stuck impossible.
Also contrary to popular belief, one of the worst things a person can try to do for a someone having a seizure is to try to jam something in their mouth to hold their tongue down. They aren't going to swallow their tongue and someone trying to jam something in their mouth is very likely going to end up injuring them and, depending on what the person used, the seizure victim might just choke on what was jammed in their mouth. The person trying to force the thing in their mouth can also end up getting their fingers bitten severely, if they aren't careful, and it's hard to be careful when someone's jerking about.
Depending on the size of someone's tongue and where the lingual frenulum is attached, it is possible for a person having a seizure to have temporary blocking of the airway from the tongue; when they are having a seizure, the tongue can fully relax and fall back. However, this isn't particularly a problem while they are having a seizure as breathing is usually suppressed anyways. It can be a little bit of a problem when the seizure is over and their breathing resumes. However, a more likely choking hazard for someone having a seizure or unconscious is the person's own bodily fluids, including saliva and vomit, which they may breathe in once their breathing resumes; this can cause them to choke on these fluids, due to a suppressed coughing reflex while they are unconscious.
In these cases though, all you have to do is turn them on their side. The tongue will then naturally fall to the side of their mouth (gravity works!) and their bodily fluids won't run back down their throat, in both cases, freeing up the airway.
- For a seizure victim, rolling them on their left side is the preferred position. I was not able to ascertain why this was the case, but it was recommended by the epilepsy foundation.
- You should also never try to restrain the person having a seizure. Roll them on their left side and then move objects away from them, so that they don't injure themselves on those objects. But otherwise, you just have to let the seizure run its course.
- The lingual frenulum is the small mucous membrane that extends from the floor of the mouth to the mid-line of the tongue.
- In some people, this lingual frenulum can be so restrictive, in terms of restricting the movement of the tongue, that they can have trouble speaking. When this happens, it is known as Ankyloglossia, or "tongue-tie". Often these people cannot even extend the tip of their tongue beyond their front teeth. This is particularly a problem for babies with this condition as they have trouble breast feeding, thus trouble taking in enough food.
- The base of the lingual frenlum contains tissue that has a series of saliva glands on it. The two largest of these are called the Wharton's Ducts and are in the front.
- The tongue isn't just one muscle, as many people say, "the strongest muscle… etc." In fact, it's made up of many muscles, which allows for the great range of movement most people have with it, with the muscles running in different directions.
- As you age, the number of taste buds you have tend to diminish. An average child is born with about 10,000 taste buds. An average elderly person only has about 5,000. This is partially why many kids hate vegetables so much. Vegetables can be very bitter to "super tasters" or those close to that. As you age and your taste buds diminish, this bitter flavor goes away somewhat and changes the taste of the vegetables dramatically in the process.
- The tongue never really gets a rest. Even while you are sleeping it is constantly pushing saliva into the throat, making sure you don't drool all over your pillows.
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Health of Australian people
Did you know
5% of Australians population are aboriginal and 8% were born overseas. 62% of people in Australia live in majour city's while 3% live in remote areas. 10% of people have asthma and 4% are servile disabled. 7% have hey fever and 17% are overweight while 6% are obese. 17% of kids in Australia have a perant with a disability.


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Home> Data By State> Colorado> Grand> Profile
Displays all indicators for this geography, A-Z.
Data highlights selected by our KIDS COUNT state grantee.
Full set of data provided by our KIDS COUNT state grantee.
Key indicators of child well-being tracked in our annual KIDS COUNT Data Book.
Nine indicators from the Early Reading Indicators: 2010 KIDS COUNT Special Report.
Definitions: Percent and number of children under age 18 living in families with incomes below poverty level.
Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE)
Note: SAIPE changed methodology in 2005. Trends are not recommended across this point in time.
Uninsured rates based on Colorado Health Institute (CHI) analyses of data from the 2009, 2010 and 2011 American Community Surveys (ACS). A child was counted as uninsured if his or her parent reported that the child did not have any form of health insurance at the time at which the ACS questionnaire was administered. CHI applied a method developed by the University of Missouri to apportion ACS geographic strata to Colorado counties in order to yield county-level estimates. Due to several counties being part of the same ACS stratum, uninsured rates will be similar for several rural counties.
Data Source: Colorado Health Institute
Definitions: The number and percent of students scoring proficient or advanced on the Colorado Student Assessment Program (CSAP, administered until 2011) or Transitional Colorado Assessment Program (TCAP, administered in 2012) by county.
Data Source: Colorado Department of Education
LNE=Low Number of Events, Data Suppressed
Note that school districts within counties that have suppressed data are excluded from the county aggregations.


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Try in the cloud
The CHISQ.DIST.RT function is one of the statistical functions. It is used to return the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution.
The CHISQ.DIST.RT function syntax is:
CHISQ.DIST.RT(x, deg-freedom)
x is the value at which you want to evaluate the chi-squared distribution. A numeric value greater than or equal to 0.
deg-freedom is the number of degrees of freedom. A numeric value greater than or equal to 1 but less than or equal to 10^10.
To apply the CHISQ.DIST.RT function,
 or click the Function icon icon situated at the formula bar,
 3. select the Statistical function group from the list,
 4. click the CHISQ.DIST.RT function,
 5. enter the required arguments separating them by commas,
 6. press the Enter button.
The result will be displayed in the selected cell.
Return to previous page
to see all the features in action


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Oct. 30, 1998 Off the coast of Maui, an underwater ridge acts like a "giant magnifying lens," bending and enlarging Pacific Ocean storm swells to soup up monster surfing waves as high as 70 feet, according to University of Delaware research linked this month to a National Geographic web site.
The waves result from the unique shape of the underwater ridge--not the effects of submerged cliffs, as some observers had previously assumed, says Robert A. Dalrymple, director of the Center for Applied Coastal Research at UD, where faculty and students investigate waves, rip currents and the "swash" of waves sliding up and down the beach face.
Dalrymple, the University's Edward C. Davis Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and a professor of marine studies, solved a mystery that had puzzled National Geographic researchers working on the magazine's November 1998 cover story. The profile of "Jaws," a surfing mecca on Maui's northern shore, near the town of Haiku, was prepared by writer Joel Achenbach, a Washington Post reporter and author of Why Things Are.
Stormy weather in the northern Pacific periodically produces swells big enough to be affected by the presence of the ridge, located about 30 feet beneath the ocean's surface, says Dalrymple. "As soon as a big wave runs into that ridge," he says, "it wraps right around it."
As part of a storm swell passes over the ridge crest, it slows down because water travels slower in shallow water, Dalrymple explains. Other parts of the swell travel faster in deeper water, causing the wave to focus on the ridge-a process called refraction. Achenbach's article puts it this way: "The swells on either side of the reef, moving in deeper water, bend inward, focusing much of their energy on the center of the wave crest." In this way, he writes, "the reef squeezes the wave inward and upward" to form a "peaking wave."
Wave Surfin' With UD Technology When Achenbach set out to solve the mystery of Maui's monster waves, Dalrymple says, initial reports suggested that the unusually large curls resulted from the reflection of the waves from underwater cliffs. Then the magazine commissioned a survey of the water depth over the ridge. This "bathymetric" survey was completed by Sea Engineering.
With Dalrymple's guidance, undergraduate researcher Katie M. Fearing, a civil engineering major set to graduate in the year 2000, fed the depth data into a wave model developed by UD faculty member James T. Kirby and Dalrymple. Called REF/DIF, the program predicts wave patterns when the movement of water is affected by refraction or other processes such as the diffraction and shoaling of waves. (Meanwhile, Achenbach also sought input from other respected experts such as Rick Grigg, a former champion surfer and professor of oceanography at the University of Hawaii, who is quoted in the National Geographic article.)
At Maui's Jaws site, Achenbach's article explains, the ocean depth changes abruptly from 120 feet to just 30 feet, as waves move from deep sea to the beach. Normal waves "don't feel the ridge," Dalrymple says, "because they don't penetrate the entire water column." But, he adds, storm swells longer than about 1,000 feet in length "really trip over the ridge," produced by an ancient lava flow.
When Jaws roars, hard-core surfers flock to Maui, the second largest island in the Hawaiian chain. Wave runners tow the surfers into the path of the big waves, where they ride for up to 22 seconds. In the book, Jaws Maui (written by Charlie and Leslie Lyon, with photography by Blue Max), the first Japanese waterman to ride Jaws describes the experience as exhilarating. "It's just simply one nice, perfect peak, just very tall," says Hidemi Furuya. "It's a perfect wave, actually. Just real stoke, pure adrenaline."
World-Class Research Facilities When he isn't investigating Hawaiian storm events, Dalrymple studies wave behavior in one of the nation's largest coastal process facilities, the Ocean Engineering Laboratory, home of UD's Center for Applied Coastal Research (CACR).
Researchers at the Center strive to understand the formation of dangerous rip currents that can occur when incoming waves force water through gaps in sandbars. Currently, researchers also are working on wave propagation models for the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy. These models should prove useful for coastal planning and for safely moving marines from sea to shore, Dalrymple says.
The Laboratory features a large directional wave basin for studying such real-world events as rip currents; a precision wave tank equipped with a computer-controlled hydraulic wave-maker for investigating wave breaking and the interaction of waves with tidal currents; and a spiral wave basin for simulating sandy beach conditions. The facility also makes use of powerful computing technologies including networked stations, a parallel computer and direct access to the University's award-winning network.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Delaware.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Unfortunately, the difference between classical (fusha) and modern Arabic(s) is catastrophic; the primary reason being that people in Arabic-speaking countries all speak their own local slang dialect.
Why is this a problem? Classical Arabic focuses a lot on grammar and number. It's important (and, in fact, necessary) to speak slowly, because of the complexity of applying all the rules correctly. In pretty much every slang version, they take major shortcuts and throw out grammar -- to the point that people today who speak slang struggle to understand and articulate themselves classical Arabic.
I personally have a similar background (grew up in the west, learned a lot of classical Arabic), and when I visited Makkah, I saw people understand but struggle to figure out how to reply. My advice is to stick to classical, since all the major media (books, universities, newspapers, audio lectures, etc.) are all done in classical Arabic most of the time.
As for your specific questions:
1) The difference between classical Arabic and modern slang is like the difference between Arabic and Urdu, or Arabic and English. You may find some common words and things, but overall, it's a new language.
2) There are roughly 6000-7000 unique words in the Qur'an. There are some words that are repeated often (like "Allah" which appears almost every verse) and some that are never repeated; most vary.


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Have you checked out the awesome book Hunter and His Amazing Remote Control by Lori Copeland? It's not exactly hot off the presses (copyright 1998), but it is a classic. The story is about Hunter who has ADHD and is often frustrated by how his brain works. He uses the idea of a remote control to help himself.
This book is wonderful. The concept is wonderful. There a few things that are not so wonderful. First, the book is looooooooooong. I have marvelled at such a long book specifically designed for ADHD kids. Second, there are a lot of buttons on Hunter's remote control. To make things more manageable, I teach only 6 of the buttons.
The book includes the story and activities for each of the remote buttons. Some of the activities are good but others, not so much. I spent a lot of time googling and looking for activities to go with each button and had a difficult time finding many. So I present to you, my dear counselor friends, 7 lesson plans designed for a small group.
I am including a nice printable lesson plan. I like to print on colored cardstock front and back and reuse over the years.
Lesson 1: Read the story (skipping over any buttons you decide not to use). As Hunter adds buttons to his remote, students can draw buttons on their "remote." You can see some of our remotes in the picture above.
Each Lesson 2-7 has the same basic format:
- Read portion of the story pertaining to the button for the lesson
- Practice a hand signal to help students remember the button
- An activity
Lesson 2 Channel Changer: Listen to song about the Channel Changer Button. It's a little cheesy (sorry nice music therapy lady) but the kids really like it. Then illustrate a channel changer book using the song lyrics.
Lesson 3 Pause: Color game (in the book) and "Move and Freeze" - I use the song from the Brain Boogie Boosters CD but you can find lots of great ones on youtube too. Research shows that practicing that "stop" action actually helps kids to learn impulse control.
Lesson 4 Fast Forward: Play Connect Four with a twist. Take turns playing while covering the board with dark paper. It's hard to Fast Forward and make a plan if you can't see. My Hunter groups tend to be small so we just switch and play winner. If you have a larger group (more than 4), it might be best to borrow another Connect Four game. Once everyone has played with the board covered, we take the paper off and play regularly. While they are playing, I note when they Pause and Fast Forward to make a plan.
Lesson 5 Rewind: Read famous failures from the Hunter book. Using Puppets, act out making mistakes scenarios and how to correct them. I wrote out some scenarios that I knew were relevant to my group on notecards and we drew cards. For some reason, drawing a card makes it much more fun!
Lesson 6 Slow Motion: Jenga time! We play Jenga to practice slowing down and move with intention. We play two games and in between we do some calming imagery. Usually the second game goes much longer because everyone is calm! Make sure to take pictures of group members to prepare for the next lesson.
Lesson 7 Way To Go: This is a good way to celebrate the last session of group! To prepare, I print pictures of each student. They can cut out their heads and glue to the page to be their super hero head. They then draw a super hero body and write four things that make them a super kid.
This is a really fun group and I highly recommend the book. Let me know how it goes with your groups!


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When the time comes to repaint trim, woodwork or a large surface, it's important to know what kind of material you're painting over. If you plan on repainting with latex paint, you may get premature failure if you apply it over an oil paint, because of a difference in characteristics between the two materials. Painters often use acetone to test whether the material they are painting over is latex, alkyd or polyurethane.
Until latex paint was developed in Canada in the 1940s, most painters used alkyd paint with a base of linseed oil, which is why they still call alkyd paint "oil" paint. The binder in latex paint originally was derived from the rubber tree, but the binders in modern varieties are synthetic products. They may contain acrylic plastic, which hardens the finish, but they still retain the overall flexibility of latex rubber. Latex paint dries to the touch in about two hours, but it undergoes a curing process that takes about three to four weeks to complete.
Need for a Paint Test
Latex is more flexible than the alkyd binder in oil paint, and most painters consider it a mistake to paint latex over oil paint without proper preparation. The flexible latex either lifts easily off the alkyd surface or it causes the harder alkyd paint to crack. Either way, peeling paint is the result. You can't always tell the difference between a latex and an alkyd finish coat by visual inspection, especially on exterior surfaces. One telltale clue is extensive cracking and checking, which is more characteristic of alkyd than latex. In the absence of such cracking, you can use a simple solvent test to settle the issue.
Acetone is a naturally occurring compound found in plants, trees and even in body fat, but most commercial acetone is manufactured. It dissolves a variety of plastics, and is the main component of many brands of nail polish remover. It's useful for testing for latex paint because it softens it, but it isn't a strong enough solvent to soften alkyd paint. You can test a painted surface by moistening a cotton swab or rag with acetone and rubbing the surface. If the swab or rag shows the paint color, it's latex paint. If no color rubs off, the paint is alkyd.
Acetone is a common ingredient in nail polish remover, although not every brand contains it. Check the label and make sure it doesn't say "No Acetone." You can perform the latex paint test with isopropyl alcohol, also called rubbing alcohol, in the event you don't have acetone around the house. It is just as effective, and you may have some in your medicine cabinet. If the test reveals alkyd paint, you can still paint latex over it and get good results if you de-gloss the surface with 150-grit sandpaper or with liquid sandpaper.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images


Virtual machine recovery
Data recovery from all virtualisation platforms including VMWare, Sphere, HyperV, Parallels, Hypervisor and many others. Virtual hard disks recovered from failed RAID, NAS and SAN systems where the LUNS are stored.
Data recovery from VM based systems is possible by accessing the data directly from the container file or extracting the container so it can be rebuilt in another machine. We are able to recover data from most VM based systems including.
 - VM-Ware
 - HyperV VHD and VHDX
 - XEN
 - Parallels
 - Virtual Box
 - Virtual PC
 - KVM
We can recover from almost all other VM software running the following operating or file systems.
 - Windows and Windows Server
 - Linux
 - UNIX
 - MAC
Our services are guaranteed and if it is not possible to recover the critical data that you need, there is no charge.
A virtual machine or VM is where you have an operating system stored on a file-system within a separate operating system. For example, you may have a Windows server computer that runs your business accounts software and at the same time a Linux email server, a UNIX Web-server for your website and e-commerce and a separate Windows file server.
A VM could be installed on the same computer to run one or more processes. For example, you may need a Linux machine to run your Web-server so you could install a Linux distribution on the machine that Runs Linux for your e commerce website in parallel with the Windows server and perhaps a third machine running exchange server for EMail. This is called 'virtualisation' so you now have three (or more) computer systems running at the same time on the same server.
Why use VM? It can be more economical, efficient and everything is in one place. It can make backups simpler and quicker as everything is on the same computer making business computer cheaper and streamlined.
The drawbacks are that when a VM server machine fails, then you have lost more than one function of your business, in the example case above example, your web server, database system and email server are all down at the same time. So you need to get back up and running as quickly as possible. Recovering data from a virtual machine is a complex issue and requires expert intervention. Contact us on 0800 _PHONE_ for VM data recovery.
We are also able to Recovery of deleted VMDK files from VMWare systems.
Euan Ogilvie, Vodafone Group Services


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Configure Terminal for Mac
Note: If creating a new secure connection, follow the steps below. If modifying an existing connection to make it secure, select the existing connection and only make the changes necessary to make your connection match the examples below.
- Go to the Utilities folder and open Terminal.
- Go to the Shell menu and select the New Remote Connection command. OR
- Go to the File menu and select the Connect to Server command.
- In the Service section part of the window, select Secure Shell (ssh).
- Below the Servers section part of the window, click the plus (+) button.
- Enter the server name sftp-web.uh.edu in the window that appears and click the OK button.
- Select sftp-web.uh.edu from the Servers list.
- Enter your userid in the User field.
- Select SSH (Automatic) from the pull-down menu to the right.
- A combination of your settings should appear in the field below the User field, like ssh _EMAIL_.
- When the settings are correct, click the Connect button.


With a little bit of work, one can show that $\mathbb{CP}^n$ and $\mathbb{RP}^n\times\mathbb{RP}^n$ have the same Stiefel-Whitney numbers, so by a theorem of Thom, they are (unorientedly) cobordant.
Is there an explicit description of a cobordism between them?
I know the answer for $n = 1$: it reduces to finding a cobordism between $S^2$ and $S^1\times S^1$ (take a solid ball and remove a solid torus from the interior, or take a solid torus and remove a solid ball from the interior).
An explicit cobordism is given by Stong:
R. E. Stong, A Cobordism, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 35, No. 2 (Oct. 1972), pp. 584-586
I do like the short title "A Cobordism".
The construction is as follows:
Write $\mathbb{CP}^n$ with homogeneous coordinates $[z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n]$ and consider the space $$W=(\mathbb{CP}^n\times [0,1])/\sim,$$ where $([z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n],1)\sim([\bar{z_0},\bar{z_1},\dots,\bar{z_n}],1)$ if $|z_0^2+z_1^2\dots +z_n^2|\leq\frac{3}{5}$. Then Stong takes a page to prove that $W$ is the desired cobordism.
But one should also read the note: enter image description here enter image description here
Your Answer


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The Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) is a species of freshwater fish. It is a member of the carp family (family Cyprinidae) of order Cypriniformes, and is the type species of genus Phoxinus. It is ubiquitous throughout much of Eurasia, from Britain and Spain to eastern Siberia, predominantly in cold 53.6- 68Â°F (12″"20Â°C) streams and well-oxygenated lakes and ponds. It is noted for being a gregarious species, shoaling in large numbers.
The species is of drab coloration and unremarkable appearance, although the males display a red belly during the spawning season. It reaches a maximum overall length of 5.51 in (14 cm).
This fish is the archetypal minnow, and is also known as the common or European minnow. It is known by a great variety of names in the various languages spoken across its range: the French grisette, the German Elritze, the Russian Ð³Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑÐ½ (gol'jan), etc. There are also many obsolete binomial synonyms; the original name assigned by Linnaeus was Cyprinus phoxinus.
The Eurasian minnow is used commercially primarily as bait. It is also important in laboratory research; this is due to its stereotypical fishlike qualities. They are also some of the slowest fish.


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Suppose I have an encryption scheme of the form $ E(P)=C $ where $P$ is the plaintext and belongs in $\{0,1\}^N$, $C$ the ciphertext which belongs to $\{0,1\}^M$ and the encryption is performed under the key $K$ in $\{0,1\}^R$.
If I pick a subspace of messages $M_0$ and I perform encryption on this set, can I conclude anything about the dimension of $E(M_0)$ as a subspace of $\{0,1\}^M$.
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1 Answer 1
If $E$ was a random function from $\{0,1\}^N$ to $\{0,1\}^M$, then encrypting $n = |M_0|$ distinct messages with $E$ would be equivalent to picking $n$ independent random elements from $\{0,1\}^M$. If $n \ll M$, these random elements are with very high probability linearly independent, and thus span a subspace of dimension $n$; conversely, if $n \gg M$, with high probability they'll span the entire $M$-dimensional space.
In any case, of course, $\dim(E(M_0)) \le \min(n,M)$. If $n \approx M$, there's a non-negligible probability that the inequality is strict, but it decreases exponentially in either direction. (In particular, the probability that $\dim(E(M_0)) < n$ equals $1 - \prod_{i=0}^{n-1}( 1-2^{i-M} ) \le \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} 2^{i-M} < 2^{n-M}$.)
Now, determining the dimension of the subspace spanned by $E(M_0)$ is computationally fairly easy (at least unless both $M$ and $n$ are really huge), so any non-negligible difference in it between the actual encryption scheme $E$ and a random function would allow a distinguishing attack on $E$. Secure encryption schemes are not supposed to be distinguishable from random functions (without knowledge of the key), so if $E$ is secure, there shouldn't be any detectable statistical difference between the dimension of $E(M_0)$ and that predicted for a random function.
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 - A summit meeting is a meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit. During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post-Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.