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0compile: Developers
This page explains how to publish source code using Zero Install. Publishing source this way means that:
 - Users can compile it easily using 0compile.
 - Build dependencies, such as header files and build tools, can be downloaded automatically.
 - 0release can automatically compile binaries for your software during the release process.
Making source available
There are two common situations:
 - You already have a source tarball somewhere and you want to publish an XML feed saying how to download and compile it (ideally, no changes should be needed to support 0install). For this, you should first read the Guide to packaging binaries.
 - You have a development checkout (e.g. a Git clone or similar) and you want to say how to compile it. For this, you should first read the page about local feeds.
To make source code available for others to use you need to add source implementations to the program's feed file. This is almost exactly the same as adding binaries, except that you give src as the machine (CPU) type:
Adding a source implementation
(if you want to script this process, take a look at 0template)
You can also edit the XML directly, which gives more control. A minimal source implementation might look like this:

You only need to use arch='*-src' to publish implementations for things that need to be compiled. Shell scripts, etc should not be marked as source code; use arch="*-*" instead (which is the default anyway if arch is not given). For header files (-dev packages), there will often be a source implementation that generates the header files, but the resulting headers are not source (and will often be architecture-specific, e.g. Linux-i386).
The job of the compile command is to call the actual build system. It is executed inside the build directory ($BUILDDIR). It must compile the source in $SRCDIR, putting the final result (ready for distribution) in $DISTDIR. The path to the generated feed for the new binary is $BINARYFEED, if you need it during the build.
Instead of giving a , you may prefer to use a shell command. This is useful if you need to run more than one command. However, if the command starts to get complicated, you should move it to a script, either inside the main source archive or in a separate dependency, and just set this attribute to the command to run the script):

Starting with 0compile 1.1, this even works on Windows (it uses win-bash).
There are also some extra attributes you can add to the implementation element:
Deprecated. Use instead (see below).
Some programs insist on creating files in their source directory, which is typically a read-only directory when using Zero Install. In this case, set compile:dup-src='../img/true' and 0compile will copy everything in $SRCDIR into build before building.
compile:binary-lib-mappings (binary library major mappings)
This is needed if you want to use 0install to compile a -dev package (containing header files) that works with a distribution-provided runtime package; see MakeHeaders for details.
Customising the binary implementation
You can specify a template for the binary using . You can use this, for example, to add elements to it. Here's a more complex example for a Java program:
 ... xmlns:compile=""...

The interesting bits here are:
tells us that the root describes some source code.
this is the template for the implementation that will be created by the compile.
indicates that the generated binary is platform independent (Java bytecode).
says how to run the resulting binary (by using the Java runtime).
The dependencies are:
graphviz and openjdk-jre
only used at run-time (since they occur inside the ).
only used at compile-time (occurs directly inside the source ).
used at compile-time and at run-time (has compile:include-binary attribute).
Finally, there is a compile:if-0install-version attribute that you can place on any element in the template. 0compile will convert this to a plain if-0install-version in the generated output (you can't use if-0install-version directly because 0install would strip them out as appropriate for its version before 0compile saw them).
Pinning version ranges
Sometimes, you have a build time dependency with a wide range of possible versions, but the generated binary will have a runtime dependency on whichever version was used to compile it. The compile:pin-components attribute on a element in the template will expand into before and after attributes that require the binary version to match the first n components of the version used to compile it. For example, if this program is compiled using Python 2.7.3, then the binary will have :

(added in 0compile 1.4)
Using a separate source feed
You can keep the source implementations in a separate file (MyProg-src.xml) and add a feed from the main feed, e.g.:

The arch attribute lets the injector know that it doesn't need to fetch this file unless it's looking for source code.
Making library headers available (-dev packages)
See Make-headers for information about publishing library source and -dev packages.
Python distutils
You should use the --build-base option to make distutils build to 0compile's build directory, not under the source code (which is read-only). Unfortunately, this option isn't available with the install command, so you have to do the build in two steps. A typical command is:
cd "$SRCDIR" &&
python build --build-base="$BUILDDIR/build" &&
cd "$BUILDDIR" &&
python "$SRCDIR"/ install --home="$DISTDIR" --skip-build
There are some template projects which can be used as a starting point for publishing your own software for various languages and build systems.
Further reading
Example: SCons
This example shows how to compile a simple "Hello world" program using the SCons build system. Both the source and SCons are fetched using Zero Install.


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Volunteering Australia has provided a submission to the Independent Review of the Australian Public Service Australian Government.
In this submission, Volunteering Australia highlights four main areas for improvement for the Australian Public Service:
- A strengthened focus on whole of government approaches and cross-sectoral collaboration;
- Recognition of volunteering by the APS;
- The adoption of Volunteering Australia's definition of volunteering across all government departments; and
- Increased transparency in government tender processes.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Original African-American Cemetery
N 37° 46.332 W 079° 26.572
17S E 637138 N _PHONE_
Quick Description: Historical marker noting the location of Lexington's original African-American cemetery.
Location: Virginia, United States
Date Posted: 9/13/2008 11:04:09 PM
Waymark Code: WM4P1P
Actual cemetery location was near the intersection of Washington & Lewis Streets. Marker is on the US 11 bypass. Marker text is as follows:
Near the intersection of Washington and Lewis Streets stood the original burial ground for Lexington's substantial free black community and slaves dating to the early 1800s. The majority of the original burials were in unmarked graves and no records were maintained of these burials. The Town of Lexington obtained ownership of the cemetery in 1876 and closed it in 1880 and the persons buried there were purportedly moved to Evergreen Cemetery, although there is little information to document the extent of reburials. In 1946 the Town of Lexington subdivided the old cemetery and houses were built over the burial ground.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Background: Newer generation biocomposite anchors are hypothesized to resorb more reliably and faster, while allowing for bone ingrowth and replacement.
Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (1) assess anchor resorption and bone ingrowth over time, (2) identify tunnel widening or potential reactions to the implants, (3) compare imaging findings for different sites of labral repair, and (4) determine patient subjective outcomes with the use of biocomposite anchors in glenoid labral repair.
Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
Methods: We enrolled 22 patients to participate in a 24-month outcomes study that included subjective and objective outcome assessments after glenoid labrum repair surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 6 and 12 months to identify any potential reactions to implants. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed at 12 and 24 months to determine anchor resorption and bone ingrowth. Sixteen patients and 47 anchors were available for follow-up at 24 months. An independent, fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist read the scans. Subjective outcome scores measured at 24 months postoperatively included Simple Shoulder Test, Tegner activity scale, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scores.
Results: No adverse events were reported with the use of biocomposite anchors at the end of the study period. At 12 and 24 months, respectively, CT scans demonstrated that an estimated 68% and 98% of combined anchor material had been absorbed, 56% and 78% of the anchor material had been replaced by soft tissue of variable density, and 9% and 20% of total anchor volume was replaced by bone. No obvious mechanical failure of the labral repairs was detected on nonarthrogram MRI. Three of the 47 anchors showed bone cyst formation. Tunnel widening (expansion beyond tunnel diameter of 3 mm; 2.9-mm drill hole utilized) was seen in 55% of the anchors but decreased between 12 and 24 months, consistent with bone replacement. Tunnel widening was seen more in anteroinferior and posterior glenoid anchor locations (84% and 57%, respectively) than in superior labral anchors (13%). Subjective outcome scores at 24 months for ASES and UCLA shoulder scores averaged 88 and 30, respectively. All but one patient were satisfied with their outcome at 24 months.
Conclusion: Our imaging evaluation indicates resorption of newer generation biocomposite anchors with progressive bone replacement at 12 and 24 months while maintaining acceptable subjective outcomes.


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|Abstract: ||Article Source: _URL_
Introduction: Athletes have started taking Viagra to gain a competitive edge. Viagra's use might be expanding into the athletic world for its alleged boost to one's physical capability. This paper will discuss Viagra's impact on society, its users, athletic organisations, and whether its purported performance enhancement uses are valid and safe.
Pharmacology: Viagra works by relaxing smooth muscle cells through the inhibition of PDE5, thus, increasing the bioavailability of cGMP.
Results: Subjects had a higher VO2 max and recovered faster from pulmonary hypertension when given Viagra. Other results are mixed and not well established.
Barriers: Allowing Viagra into the athletic community may cause concern from sports organisations but will conversely and unequally burden those who require Viagra for healthy sexual function.
Conclusion: These findings do not directly correlate to an improvement in athletic performance. Furthermore, taking Viagra may pose as a risk to one's health. Viagra should only be taken upon consultation with a health care professional.|


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Originally on my site: Concatenation
Concatenation is pretty much the addition of strings. This is frequently used in many programs and also a very simple concept.
Here is an example:
1. Open a new project
2. Add one button and two textboxes
3. Double click your button and add this code:
Explanation:Code:Dim strOne As String Dim strTwo As String strOne = TextBox1.Text strTwo = TextBox2.Text MessageBox.Show(strOne & " " & strTwo)
-If you didn't know dim is the same thing as "define" it defines your variables. We defined two different strings here (strOne and strTwo).
-We then set each string equal to a textbox. It is set to textbox1/2.TEXT because you are setting it equal to what was entered into the textbox.
-After defining variables we use messagebox.show (pretty much a pop up which you can add extra functions but I will not use those) and we are making it show strOne, a space, and strTwo.
-Notice we use the ampersand (&). This is what you use to connect any variable with anything in quotes. We connect what ever strOne is equal to, a space (between quotes is the space), and what ever strTwo is equal to.
-Run your application (F5) and enter "Hello" in the first textbox and "Bob" in the second. click your button and a messagebox should pop up saying "Hello Bob"
Mess around with random uses like this until you get the hang of it. Then keep moving forward in your Visual Basic Career :P


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A History of the Natal Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa during the Judge Presidency of Richard Feetham (_PHONE_) : with particular reference to the bench and bar.
Richard Feetham was Judge President of the Natal Provincial Division from 1 May 1930 to 18 July 1939. He succeeded Dove Wilson who was an able but not a very learned or dynamic Judge President. Thus, at the time of his appointment the Natal Court and its judgments were treated with little respect by the other provincial divisions. Feetham JP, unlike his predecessor, was not only a scholar with a towering intellect but a man endowed with outstanding leadership qualities. He was thus ideally suited to bring about a change for the better in the status of the Natal Court. He did this by taking a dynamic lead and presided over and delivered a high proportion of the courts' judgments. He also set his brethren an excellent example by the high standard he set for himself and his court and which they emulated. This thesis thus also covers the careers of these puisne and acting puisne judges and their contribution towards the better administration of justice in Natal. In 1930 there existed in Natal a disinct system of dual practice with a de facto Bar. This system had been a vexed question in the minds of Natal lawyers for two decades but when Feetham JP was confronted with it he immediately addressed the controversial issue and brought about the necessary reforms to divide the legal profession and bring Natal into line with the rest of South Africa. This reform raised the quality of pleading and manner in which the law was presented. It also provided the Natal Bench with able personnel for the future from within Natal. Accordingly this thesis also assesses the careers of the main legal practitioners of that period and their contribution towards the development of the administration of justice in Natal. In less than ten years Feetham JP thus transformed the Natal Provincial Division from being weak and ineffectual to a position where it became a division respected for its Bench, judgments and legal profession. During the course of time history has confirmed the overall significance of Richard Feetham's Judge Presidency.


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Definition of inbreathed
imp. & p. p. - of Inbreathe 2
The word "inbreathed" uses 10 letters: A B D E E H I N R T.
Direct anagrams of inbreathed:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after inbreathed (in bold), or to abdeehinrt in any order:
i - reinhabited
All words formed from inbreathed by changing one letter
Browse words starting with inbreathed by next letter


There's a problem in today's society for us men.
It may or may not be obvious what that is, but the repercussions compound relentlessly, causing boys to halt their mental/spiritual development in a way that can propagate for the rest of their adult lives.
What's the impact?
To name just a few, you can say it's contributing to a lack of ethics in today's society, a growing number of failed or non-existent relationships and generation of men growing up with a sheer lack of necessary characteristics to fulfil their role in life.
In this post, I'll go into:
What I think the problem in today's society is
Why it's important and how it causes a mental/spiritual slowdown for boys and stops them becoming "real men"
Why travelling is an important part of growing up for men and ultimately how it can go a long way to help solve the problem
Although the scope of what I discuss is in light of the perspective of a man, I'm NOT suggesting it DOESN'T apply to women NOR that every man needs to conform to this. Both are a separate topics that can be discussed elsewhere.


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AFRICAN NETWORK OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAWYERS BIENNIAL CONFERENCE 2020
University of Nairobi, School of Law
Theme: The Paradox of Constitutionalism in Africa: Reflecting on 10 years of the Kenyan Constitution
Conference dates: 26, 27 & 28 August 2020
The African Network of Constitutional Lawyers (ANCL) in collaboration with the University of Nairobi, School of Law, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (Nairobi Office), the Democratic Governance & Rights Unit at the University of Cape Town and the Faculty of Law at Stellenbosch University, will be hosting the ANCL biennial conference in 2020 to mark the 10th year anniversary of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution. This conference follows and builds on the discussions initiated at the 2018 conference in Gaborone, Botswana on the theme "Courts, Power and Constitutional Law in Africa". The conference will offer a reflection on the status of constitutionalism in Africa through the lens of the aspirations, performance and challenges of the making and implementation of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution.
Upon its adoption in 2010 the Kenyan Constitution was hailed as one of Africa's most progressive constitutions, alongside that of the Republic of South Africa from which much inspiration was drawn. The adoption of the Kenyan Constitution marked the culmination of a long constitution-making process dating as far back as 1991 when the Constitution of the time was amended to remove the provision declaring Kenya a one-party state.
The 2010 Constitution is an ambitious document. It is the basis for broad reforms (social and other) envisioned in Kenya – a transformative constitution. The transformative nature thereof is for example evidenced in the comprehensive Bill of Rights, specific provisions for the redress of marginalization through various affirmative action programs and the creation of several bodies mandated with the enforcement of these ideals. Also, the attempt to legitimize and restrain the centralised presidency, through the introduction of the runoff system, devolution of power, empowerment of the judiciary and parliament, establishment of a number of independent fourth branch institutions, including those for appointment and removal of high officials, and requirements of ethnical values and integrity for aspiring officeholders further marks to its transformative objective.
However, several years after the adoption of the Constitution, the extent to which the promises of this aspirational document have been realized is debatable. The Constitution has, on one hand, overseen some high points, notably when Kenya successfully navigated the nullification by the Supreme Court of its 2017 presidential elections, and indeed on many instances when the judiciary has issued landmark determinations to protect individuals' human rights. Yet, there also seems to be a growing disillusionment with the Constitution as Kenya's foundational document and its central place as the driver of change within a democratic context. It has been tested on this aspect in several ways, most recently with respect to mounting calls for a referendum to amend amongst others, the executive structure from a presidential to a parliamentary system and the adoption of a deeper and more effective system of devolution to give the people greater power to (re)-organise their lives.
Indeed, the Kenyan constitutional story is a story of constitutions across the African continent. Despite notable but inevitably divergent progress in democratisation and constitutionalism in some countries, the concepts of constitutions and constitutionalism are often conflated. However, these concepts are distinguishable to the extent that the presence of a constitution does not necessarily mean that the spirit of constitutionalism is reflected within said context. At the core of the notion of constitutionalism is the need to check the excesses of power to ensure that a constitution does not become an ornamental document or sham that politicians can ignore or violate with impunity.
Considering the above, the overall objective of this conference is to engage in a critical discussion on the concept of constitutionalism in Africa and the extent to which the values and ideals of this concept are truly reflected within constitutional democracies. In furtherance of the above, this conference will also seek to discuss;
1. The extent to which constitutions can be a catalyst for social and political change;
2. The (re)organization of (state) power through constitutions;
3. Exploring the constitutionality of presidential term limits
4. The impact of constitutions in guaranteeing the rights of vulnerable populations.
5. Separation of power(s) and securing judicial independence through the Constitution
The conference will address (but not limit itself to) the following themes:
1. Restructuring the State: Executive power, the Legislature, and National Security
2. The constitutionality of constitutional reforms and amendments;
3. Towards a shared understanding of national values and principles
4. Building a culture of human rights through constitutional governance
5. Devolution, reorganizing power and applying principles of equity in resource allocation
6. Access to Justice, Governance and Judicial Reforms
7. Election management and Constitutionalism
8. Land and Environmental Governance through the Constitution
9. Corruption, Public Finance, and Management of public resources
10. Securing constitutionalism through Constitutional Commissions
The 10-year anniversary of the Kenyan Constitution provides a critical moment to deliberate and draw on pan-African lessons and experiences in building, maintaining and advancing constitutionalism and inclusive democratic governance in Africa. The organisers are inviting interested scholars, researchers and lawyers to submit abstracts of maximum 500 words on any of the themes indicated above. The organisers are specifically interested in papers that adopt an inter-African, inter-disciplinary, comparative approach.
All submissions including panel proposals should be sent to _EMAIL_ by July 31, 2019. Successful candidates and panels will be notified by August 30, 2019 and will be required to submit a draft paper March 30, 2020. Based on the feedback received at the conference and the quality of the work, it is envisaged that participants will be given an opportunity to revise their draft papers for publication in an edited collection of chapters on the different themes of the conference.
All participants will be responsible for their own travel and accommodation expenses. However, the organisers are currently sourcing funds to support some participants' resident within the continent.


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A multiscale approach to balance trade-offs among dam infrastructure, river restoration, and cost
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Aging infrastructure and growing interests in river restoration have led to a substantial rise in dam removals in the United States. However, the decision to remove a dam involves many complex trade-offs. The benefits of dam removal for hazard reduction and ecological restoration are potentially offset by the loss of hydroelectricity production, water supply, and other important services. We use a multiobjective approach to examine a wide array of trade-offs and synergies involved with strategic dam removal at three spatial scales in New England. We find that increasing the scale of decision-making improves the efficiency of trade-offs among ecosystem services, river safety, and economic costs resulting from dam removal, but this may lead to heterogeneous and less equitable local-scale outcomes. Our model may help facilitate multilateral funding, policy, and stakeholder agreements by analyzing the trade-offs of coordinated dam decisions, including net benefit alternatives to dam removal, at scales that satisfy these agreements.
Roy, S. G., Uchida, E., Souza, S. P., Blachly, B., Fox, E., Gardner, K.,... Hart, D. (2018). A multiscale approach to balance trade-offs among dam infrastructure, river restoration, and cost. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(47), 12069-12074. doi:10.1073/pnas._PHONE_


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Local forecasting for predictive smart home/object control
Local forecasts will become a system component of intelligent houses and objects. This work examines the local forecast of three expected loads or generation of electrical energy, which are to be integrated into an intelligent energy management. These are the household load, photovoltaic feed and the charging load of electric vehicles. Forecasts were performed using linear stochastic signal models, neural networks and deep learning networks.


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The insect damage of wood is called wormholes. The main masses of insectvermin of wood are the different types of beetles.
There is a group of strong destroyers of wood from the class of shellfishes or crustaceous in the sea, they do not inhabite in the rivers and lakes.
The variety of worm-holes according to the degree of damage of wood is set (superficial to 3 mm, shallow to 5 mm, profound (rotten) is more than 5 mm) - and count up the number of openings.
Deformations and crackings - group of defects which are the consequence of change of form or violation of wood density. They arise up under the action of considerable internal tensions which appear in the process of tree growing, at the sharp change of temperatures, uneven deleting of moisture etc.
The number, character and sizes of cracks, and also their direction in relation to operating forces influence on the mechanical properties of wood. So, the most negative influence at a bend is shown by the crack of neutral area, which is in the plane, perpendicular to the force. Crack area of which coincides with directing effort has the least influence.
Physical and mechanical properties of wood
Physical-mechanical properties. The wood humidity influences on the physical and mechanical properties, and also its availability. The humidity hesitates from 30 (oak) to 45% (fir-tree) for greenwood. The air-dry wood which for a long time has been laid on the air has the humidity 15-20%.
There are distinguished the hygroscopic (inherent) and free moisture in the wood. The hygroscopic moisture impregnates the cells and is retained by the physical-chemical bounds. The maximal amount of hygroscopic moisture, which can be imbibed by wood after its conditioning on the air, saturated with the aqueous vapor, is called the saturation point of cell walls or limit of hygroscopic property. Maximal humidity of cell walls of the greenwood or wetted by conditioning in water is called the limit of saturation. The humidity of wood which equals to the limits saturation and hygroscopic property at a temperature 15-20° C is practically identical and upon the average for all types of wood equals to 30%.
Unlike bound water the free one fills canals of vessels and intercellular space and is retained by the physical-mechanical links with the wood. The removal of free water requires less power consumption that is why its influence on wood properties is considerably less substantial. At first the free water mainly is removed, and then bound at the wood drying. The process of wood drying is halted for achievement of equilibrium humidity that means the humidity of ambient air. It is possible to find the magnitude of equilibrium humidity with the help of the special diagrams.
The shrinkage takes place at removal bound moisture from wood that means reduction of timber sizes. Opposite, at the wood humidification the cell walls are thickened, that causes swelling. The cross-grained moisture deformations are the most substantial. So, a complete linear shrinkage of wood in tangential direction is 6-10%, and longitudinally to fibers - only 0.1-0.63%. The value of shrinkage and swelling grows also with the increase of average density of wood.
The moisture deformations can be calculated by coefficients of shrinkage (Kshr) and swelling (Ksw) that characterize the proper deformations according to a decline or increase of content of bound moisture in wood at 1%.
Ratio between Kshr and Ksw is determined by the formula:
The coefficients of volumetric shrinkage of some widespread woods and other physical-mechanical properties are resulted in Table19.1.
At drying, as a result of nonuniformity of distribution of humidity in cross-section of wood and anisotropy, the internal tensions appear in it. The development of these tensions can cause cracking and casting of timber.
Physical-mechanical properties of wood
Type of wood
Average density, kg/m3
Coefficient of volumetric shrinkage
Ultimate strength lengthwise the fibers, ÌPà
For prevention of these defects the special value has the mode of wood drying. Drying is one of the most responsible and labourintensive operations in technology of woodworking. The humidity should not exceed 8-10% for millwork, and for external structures – 15-18%.
At the calculation of drying processes, impregnation and other, the thermal properties of wood should be known. As a result of porous structure, wood conducts the warmth badly. Low thermal conductivity of wood, especially cross-grained, predetermines its wide application in the non-load-bearing structures of buildings that are heated. The timber, with thickness up to 15 cm, is equivalent by a thermal conductivity to the wall of brick with the thickness in 2.5 bricks.
Coefficient of linear expansion of wood along fibers is only (3-5) 10-6 0Ñ-1, that means in 3-10 times less than for metal, concrete and glass, due to what it is possible not to arrange expansion joints in wooden buildings. In transversal direction of fibers a change of linear sizes is in 7-10 times are more than in longitudinal.
Dry wood has very small conductivity, approximately the same, as well as good electric insulating materials. However with the increase of humidity, conductivity grows. At humidity which equals to the satiation limit, it is in ten of millions times larger than the conductivity of seasoned wood.
The density of wood is determined by the complex of substances which are the component parts of cell walls. As these substances have practically identical composition for all of wood, the real density of wood (density of wood substance) hesitates in narrow limits - from 1.49 to 1.56 g/cm3 and equals to the average 1.53 g/cm3.
The average density of wood depends on its humidity and porosity. The value of average density is specified for the standard 12%-th humidity ( ). In a range from zero to 30%-th humidity the next formula can be applied:
where Kshr - coefficient of volumetric shrinkage; - humidity.
At humidity of wood more than 30% it is possible to use a formula for the calculation of average density :
where À - coefficient equals 1.222 for a birch, beech, larch, robinia and 1.203 for other wood.
According to the average density all types of wood are divided into three groups: light-weight ( <550 kg/m3), middle-weight ( =550-750 kg/m3) and heavy-weight ( > 750 kg/m3).
Mechanical properties. The indexes of mechanical properties of wood species, as its physical properties, depend on humidity; moreover only the bound water, which is in cell walls, influences. The increase of bound moisture content diminishes the indexes of all of mechanical properties sharply. The strength of wood can be calculated by a formula:
where and - ultimate strength of wood at 12% humidity and at humidity ; a - coefficient of the strength decrease of wood at the growth of its humidity at 1% (for the ultimate compressive strength lengthwise fibers and static bend a =0.04; at tension lengthwise fibers a=0.01).
As a result of structural features, the mechanical properties of wood depend, also, on an angle between direction of operating effort and direction of fibers.
The most essential and characteristic mechanical property of wood is compressive strength lengthwise fibers. This property of wood is determining for piles, farms, columns and other structural timber.
In the most cases it is impossible to find out destruction at the action of compressive forces across the fibers; therefore it is limited by determination of proportional limit which is taken as conditional limit of the strength. Conditional compressive strength across the fibers upon the average for all wood is approximately in 10 times smaller than the compressive strength lengthwise the fibers.
The compressive strength across the fibers has a practical value in the places of angle joints or connections of timber details with metallic, for railway sleepers, etc.
The ultimate tensile strength lengthwise the fiber is in 2 and more times higher than at a compression (Table 19.1). For pine-tree and fir-tree, for example, it is equal on the average about 100 MPa. At tension across the grain, the ultimate strength is in 10-40 times less. Here the strength in a radial plane of all wood is higher than at tension in tangential area. It is caused that the break of weak pith rays passes in last case, while in a radial area it goes on early and dense late zone. The tensile strength especially strongly goes down at presence of knots and curly grain.
Wood rarely works on tension in constructions and elements. It is predefined with difficulty to prevent the destruction of details in the places of fixing. The indexes of the tensile strength of wood across the fibers are taken into account for prevention of its cracking at the intensive modes of drying.
Wood is widely used for structures which work on cross bending: in the floors, in bridge truss, trestles, platforms, stair, and others like that. The strength of wood at a static cross-bending is middle between the tensile strength and compressive along the fibers. On the average, it can be accepted equal approximately 90 MPa for different wood.
The strength of wood in some occasions is important at a shear and twisting for the calculation of structural timber. The most widespread type of tests on shear is splitting off along the fibers, resistance to which is approximately 0.15 of the compressive strength. The strength at twisting for the basic wood is almost in 1.5 times higher than resistance to


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The Social Significance Of Ghana's 2002 District Level Elections – In The Upper East Region
"This paper attempts to analyse the social structure of the District Assemblies created by the District Assembly Elections of 2002. The Upper East Region of Ghana, which is the poorest region in the country, is the focus of the study. The analysis is situated against the background of the social, economic and political conditions of the region at the time of the District Assembly Elections of 2002. It was discovered in the study that some 61% of the 270 people who were elected to the District Assemblies were mainly teachers and farmers, and that out of thirtyfive women candidates only seventeen, or 48.55% were successful. In addition, only one out of ten disabled candidates was able to make it to the Assembly. The Assemblies created by the Election of 2002, therefore, are predominantly constituted by able-bodied male teachers and farmers. Both society and Government have a major responsibility to ensure that more women get elected in future elections, to ensure their full and free participation in Ghana's democratic political system."


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Philemon Wright — Ottawa River Pioneer
You wouldn't know it but some of the wood used in Riverwood Acoustics Hudson speakers is over 300 years old! The story of how they got there begins with the start of the logging trade in the Ottawa river.
In the beginning of the 19th century, Great Britain, at the time affected by the wars ravaging Europe, was unable to have access to their normal supply in the Baltic, feeling the effects of Napoleon's blockade. This forced them to lean heavily on Canada to supply them with the vast amount of timber needed for their Navy. This demand helped grow the surrounding region and spur development along the river. Turning the Ottawa river was a major trade artery in which timber flowed from the wilds of Canada to foreign markets.
Philemon Wright is credited for bringing the first raft of timber down the river from the Ottawa Basin to Quebec around 1806. They christened the raft "Colombo," with the journey taking them around three months to complete due to the raft repeatedly breaking and navigating the rapids in certain sections of the river. The rafts themselves were made from the lumber itself, most of it squared timber, They cut the logs into squares, lashed them together into a larger structure and constructed huts on top for the workers to live in while they made the journey to Quebec,where the lumber was dried and shipped out. Every spring saw such rafts dotting the many tributaries of the Ottawa river as lumberjacks made their way down to cash in on their product. People called them "stick-men" due to the fact that when the rafts became stuck they would spring up, longs sticks in their hand, and try to push the raft away from whatever was stopping the raft.
The entire process from start to finish was painstaking and arduous. The lumberjacks spent most of their time in isolated camps far from civilization.
From cutting down the trees in Canada's hinterlands, to sawing them down, making the lumber into rafts and then making the treacherous journey through rapids and waterfalls to Quebec. The journey wasn't a pleasant cruise, with rapids and waterfalls along the way. Sometimes they even had to disassemble the raft to get around such obstacles, then reassemble them on the other side. Often the rafts would break apart, claiming the lives of the men piloting it. The profits these men were chasing where substantial, around 1850 a single raft would be approximately $12,000. At the end of the century, as timber supplies diminished the prices rose to around $100,000 or a single raft. Adjusted for Inflation $12,000 in 1860 would be around $346.998, and in 1890 $100,000 would be around $2,637,439. Certainly the payout awaiting the men at the end of their journey seemed worth the peril.
Not all of the logs made it to their destination. Some fell to the bottom of the river due to the rafts breaking apart or the wood they were transporting became heavy with water and sank. There at the bottom of the riverbed they became covered in sediment, with the pressure helping to preserve them. It's these logs that Riverwood uses for their speakers, but first they have to be recovered from the river.
Have you ever heard of a logging company that doesn't cut down trees? Well now you have:founded in 1997, Logsend specializes in retrieving those lost bits of Canadian history. They're the number one exporter of old-growth timber of Canada and do so in a completely sustainable fashion. Dredging up wood from the bottom of a river that at some parts is 402 feet deep is no simple task. First, trained scuba divers plunge into the icy waters in order to find and mark the logs. Each log has floatation devices tied it, and is lifted out the riverbed to avoid disrupting the surrounding environment. A tug boat then comes, hooks the logs, lifts them up enough so they're not dragging along the riverbed and brings them to shore. Then they're picked out of the water and sent to be processed. The logs are then sawn and place them to air-dry, which can take anywhere from 3 months to year. The air-dried logs are then sent to a dry-kiln and fashioned into a wide array of products, such as custom hardwood flooring, moulding, and the paneling that you see on Riverwood's own speakers.
The recovered logs are considered Old-Growth, meaning they had the opportunity to grow uninterrupted for hundreds of years. The annular rings of Old-Growth wood is tighter, results in an ultra dense wood cabinet produce an unparalleled tone.Here at Riverwood Acoustics, we're proud to partner with a company dedicated to helping the environment through sustainable manufacturing methods. Our priorities when designing the Hudson was to make utilize local manufacturing to ensure quality, local jobs and minimize carbon footprint. By working with Logsend, we've taken one step closer to achieving that goal.
If you're looking to own a piece of history, take a look at our Hudson speakers. Available in either a natural or walnut finish, the Hudson produces an unrivaled, crisp sound. Countless hours went into perfecting the design, style and acoustics so that you will enjoy for a lifetime.
Riverwood Acoustics has committed to providing sound for the Arnprior museum exhibit that will be showcasing some treasures from the historic logging drive. The new exhibit is going to be ready in the early summer and should be on everyone must do list.
Historic, Artful, Unrivaled.
Photo credit: Arnprior/McNab archives
Article by: Johnathan Larkey


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What is HIPP?
The Help Increase the Peace (HIP) program was developed by the American Friends Service Committee staff in Syracuse, New York, in 1991 as a youth-oriented program to address the epidemic of violence in schools. HIP is based on the conviction that nonviolence and participation in our communities can better each of us and our world.
Workshops focus on three themes: options to violence; dealing with racism, prejudices, and our differences; and the belief that we can each participate in our communities to bring about positive social change.
HIP training is composed of three levels of workshops, each three days long, with increases in skills. The building blocks of the workshops are affirmation, communication, cooperation, conflict resolution, and prejudice reduction. HIP uses cooperative games, discussions, role-playing, and lively group activities to build skills.
A number of young people who have gone through HIP have become workshop leaders or assistants. HIP facilitators are of various ages, races, and genders-- reflecting the different audiences of HIP.
HIP has been effectively applied in middle and high schools where administrators, teachers, and staff members enjoyed and praised the program. It has also been used with adults and mixed ages in community centers, church basements, offices, and on college campuses. HIP teaches leadership skills, builds community, and increases participants' self-esteem. It is, by design, fun, easy to replicate, and can be adapted for different audiences and situations. HIP can go anywhere!
Preliminary overview for people who are interested in starting or hosting a HIP program.
Email or call us for a consultation.
Introductory Workshops (1-2 hours)
Introduces the program and helps people understand and experience the group dynamics.
Teaches skills for basic and advanced levels. Approach adapted for age level of the group.
After initial training, HIP staff members will help schools and community agencies develop independent, ongoing programs.
Email or call us for more information.
Offers workshops to groups working with youth and children, as well as adult community, church, and parent groups.


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In January I wrote a blog which argued that if internet usage in Africa is going to increase, more local African content is needed online. In the article, I referred to the internet as a 'public good'. My assertion was based on the reasoning that although the internet is largely a private service, it's utility extends far beyond any individual into the public realm. A farmer, for example, may decide to put some money aside and invest in going to a cyber cafe. At the cyber cafe the farmer learns about a new method of storing maize which significantly reduces the chance of weevils and other pests from attacking his, or her, harvest. The farmer applies this new knowledge with resounding success. Neighbours of the farmer follow suit, and crop wastage in the community is significantly reduced. Not exactly a widespread occurrence, but feasible nonetheless.
Shortly after the article was posted I received an email from my good friend Will Prochaska, director of Alive and Kicking, an innovative social enterprise which manufactures footballs in Kenya and Zambia. He made the point that a public good must be non-excludable, and therefore the term cannot be applied to the internet. I, of course, disagreed. But on reflection I felt that Will's comment, and our subsequent email exchange, touched upon a question of considerable importance for African governments and regional institutions. How do we constructively define public goods in a contemporary African context, and what role can they play in the continent's development?
In traditional economic theory, public goods are defined as non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Non-exclusivity dictates that no individual can be prevented from utilising the good, regardless of whether or not they have paid for it, while non-rivalry indicates that usage must not reduce availability of the good for someone else. Paul A Samuelson, cited as the first economist to develop a theory of public goods, defines them as:
'[goods] which all enjoy in common in the sense that each individual's consumption of such a good leads to no subtractions from any other individual's consumption of that good'.The problem with Samuelson's definition – and orthodox definitions of public goods in general – is that very few products or services qualify as a public good. And those that do, are quite a random bunch – national defence services, public parks, national television broadcasters and street lights, are often cited as examples. The definition ignores the fact that there is a plethora of goods which produce significant societal benefits, and which are either non-exclusive or non-rival, but not both. A road, for example, commonly referred to as a public good today, falls foul of Samuelson's definition. While no one is prevented from using a road, unless it contains a toll, an increase in the number of users can be accompanied by a decline in the marginal benefit to the average user.
A strict demarcation between public and private goods is not helpful from a policy perspective. When we consider the enormity of the challenges facing most African countries – from poor infrastructure to political instability to underperforming agricultural sectors – Samuelson's definition of public goods renders them an irrelevant category. If a proactive African government wanted to invest more in 'public goods', they would be presented with a fragmented and confusing set of responses. The government should invest in street lights, but not utility companies to provide more reliable power; national broadcasting houses, but not improved communications infrastructure; public parks, but not wildlife conservation areas.
My argument is that if we broaden the definition of public goods to encompass goods that conform to the spirit but not the letter of Samuelson's definition, we are presented with a much more coherent, and relevant, framework for African policy makers. Roads, ports, dams, communications infrastructure and the like all fall short of orthodox economic definitions of what constitutes a public good – because they are either excludable or rivalrous – but are nonetheless vehicles for sustained poverty reduction in Africa.
In December 2009, Africa Research Institute published Going Public: How Africa's integration can work for the poor, a panoramic survey of half a century of efforts to advance Africa's integration. It argues that the process of cooperation between states needs a new direction. The overriding purpose of regional integration must be to reduce poverty, with priority being given to investment in regional public goods.
Going Public purposefully adopts a broad definition of public goods to include cross-border infrastructure, development corridors and shared regional standards, for example. In so doing, the paper sought to assess key requirements – reliable power, modern communications services, clean water and basic sanitation and improved transportation infrastructure – for poverty reduction in Africa. Adopting Samuelson's definition of a public good would barely skim the surface of addressing the plethora of challenges facing African countries and regions today.
Research Manager – Africa Research Institute


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Pub. date: 2010 | Online Pub. Date: November 23, 2010 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412959193 | Print ISBN: 9781412959186 | Online ISBN: 9781412959193| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Abolitionism, according to Stanley Cohen, is a critical thinking movement about criminology, crime, punishment, and criminal law that has been developing in Western Europe since the early 1970s. John Muncie characterizes abolitionism as a knowledge-based movement that seeks to move beyond the essentialist ideas of crime, criminality, and criminal justice to facilitate new critical insights and alternative visions of justice.11 The impetus of the abolitionist movement was dissatisfaction with current crime and criminal justice policy. This discontent was not only with the basic assumptions of criminal justice policies but also with the concrete consequences of criminal justice functioning, according to Louk Hulsman. Abolitionism is based heavily on deconstructionist impulses in the form of the questioning of dominant criminal justice theories and practices. There is no concrete definition of abolitionism. To some, abolition requires doing away with the entire criminal justice system and to others abolition implies the end of penal...


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When your application users use Directed Web Access (DWA) for a Pega Survey, you want them to see a warning message that is localized for their locale when they close the survey. In the example provided here, the English language pyCaption warning message that is displayed when users close the survey is localized for German.
Design the message to be localized
Create the language pack
Apply the language pack to your application
Verify the translation results
Following the example, you create a field value pyCaption warning msg for the message text that you want to localize in the Pega Survey.
- Create a field value to store the message you want to localize, for example, pyCaption warning msg.
Specify the values for the following fields:
Field Name: pyCaption
Field Value: warning_msg
Localized Label: Specify any warning message that you want to display, for example:
Are you sure you want to exit this page? If you leave the page now, the survey will be locked for 120 minutes.
Field Value pyCaption warning_msg with Localized Label
- Create a single-value text property that maps to the field value created in Step 1.
Single-value property pxTextInput for Field Value pyCaption
For example, here is a section that application users view.
Section label for the warning message
- Drag a layout of type free form 1 X 1.
- Insert a label in that cell.
- Configure the cell properties as follows:
Label For:.warning_msg
Inline Style: display:none; (This value hides the cell; it does not occupy space.)
Cell properties for warning message
Follow this example, adapting it to meet your needs:
var warn_msg ="";//Empty the warning message variable
/*Add a listener function to fetch the warning message from the html*/
if(window.attachEvent)//For Internet Explorer 8 and earlier
window addEventListener('onload', initPage);//For Internet Explorer 9 and later and Chrome and FireFox
/* The function below will fetch the localized value from the warning_msg label that you added to the section of the survey */
var labels = document.getElementsByTagName("label");
for(var i=0;i< labels.length;i++)
warn_msg = labels[i].innerText;
break;// break from the loop when the message is found
/* Add another event listener to the Submit button to clear the warning message so that it is not displayed if the user actually submits the form and does not close it without completing it. You want to show the warning only if the user has not completed the survey */
/*Attach the listener to the window so that it displays a warning message when it is being closed.
//Method to clear the message so that warning message is not displayed on Submit
//Method to show the localized warning message
Using the Localize Application wizard, you import the language ruleset (German, in this example) and follow the remaining steps to create the language pack. When you are done, you have a.zip file of the language translation for use in your application.
- From the User Interface landing page, click
to open the Localize Application wizard.
User Interface landing page > Tools > Translate to New Language
- In the Localize Application wizard, select the application ruleset and version.
Localize Application wizard, Step 1, Select Application Rule Sets
- Wait for the system to verify that localization is enabled for all user interface components of your application.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Verify Localization Is On
- Optionally, perform manual tasks outside of the wizard to update the rules, properties, and portals as needed.
Localize Application wizard, Step 3, Manual Tasks
- Select the language that you want for localization, for example, German.
Localize Application wizard, Step 4, Select Languages
Check for the language pack, selecting the option that applies to your application:
Acquired the Pegasystems language pack
Add all PRPC field values to my application translation pack
Already translated the PRPC field values or not using out-of-box components
In this example, the first option is selected: Acquired the Pegasystems language pack.
Localize Application wizard, Step 5, Check for Language Pack
Set the options for handling an existing translation of the field and providing sample files and base field values from any rulesets.
Localize Application wizard, Step 6, Set Options
Export the translation by clicking the language to create the translation pack.zip file.
Localize Application wizard, Step 7, Export Translations
When prompted, save the translation pack.zip file to a local folder.
Prompt to open or save the language pack.zip file
Close the Localize Application wizard.
In the downloaded language pack, you work with the TextToTranslate.xml file to apply the localized message to your application. Then you return to the Localize Application wizard to work with the translation that is in progress. You import the translated language ruleset, upload the language pack, and view the results of the translation.
- Extract the downloaded language pack and open the TextToTranslate.xml file to see the English language label.
- Browse the folder to find the TextToTranslate.xml file.
Downloaded language pack TranslationFiles lists the TextToTranslate.xml file
Open the TextToTranslate.xml file and find the localized English label.
Remember to open the TextToTranslate.xml file in Microsoft Excel because this is the format that is required for modifying and delivering the language pack.
In the Translation column, enter the Translated Warning message. Save and close the file.
Translation column holds translated warning message
Archive the folder again: Create a.zip file again of the extracted folder.
In PRPC, from the
landing page, click.
User Interface landing page, Tools, List Translations in Progress
Select the language, for example, German.
Wizards In progress, Open, Import German translations
In the Localize Application wizard,
, specify the German language ruleset and version.
Important Make sure that the language ruleset version matches the base ruleset version. If the language ruleset does not match the base ruleset, the Field Value rule is not selected for translation.
Localize Application wizard, Step 1, Select Import Rule Sets
Upload the translation pack.zip file that contains the German translations by browsing and selecting the file.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Upload Translation Pack
See the confirmation message: File uploaded successfully.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Successful upload of translation pack
Click Next to complete the Localize Application wizard.
Localize Application wizard confirmation of completion
You verify the translation results by changing the Locale Settings in your application.
- Change the browser locale setting to German to see the warning message in German.
- From the
landing page, click.
User Interface landing page, Tools, Locale Settings
- In Locale Settings, the Use Locale field, select Deutsch.
Locale Settings, Use Locale Deutsch
- Run the flow to see the warning message in context when you close the survey.
Warning message translated to German
In this example, the browser locale is set to English and the PRPC application locale is set to German. The text of the Windows security dialog box remains in English, which is the locale set by the browser for this test case. The text of the warning message, however, displays the German translation of the English text for the PRPC application. When you and other users click the link directly in the application, you can see the entire message displayed in the language set for your locale in your browser.
- Repeat Steps 1 and 2 to test the translated warning message in another locale, for example, English or Hindi.
Test English locale setting
Test Hindi locale setting


1. Using 3/4-in. flat paintbrush, apply three coats of MagiKote to each ball, ensuring that you coat inside the indentations as well. Allow two-three hours dry time between each coat.
 2. Sand the entire surface to remove any rough edges.
 3. Using 3/4-in. flat paintbrush, paint entire ball Americana White Wash for the baseball and/or soccer ball, and Americana Cadmium Orange for the basketball. Paint a second coat when first has dried.
 4. Use a pencil to lightly draw the lines where the baseball stitches will go. Also draw on the soccer ball sections. After the painting step and the paint has dried, excess pencil marks can be easily erased.
 5. Use liner paintbrush to paint the lines of the basketball and the soccer ball using Americana Lamp (Ebony) Black. Using the same brush, paint the baseball stitches using Americana Berry Red.
 6. Use a flat paintbrush to fill in the black sections of the soccer ball.
 7. Erase any excess pencil marks.
 8. Use 3/4-in. flat paintbrush to add two coats of Starlight Topcoat.
 9. Cut a piece of sturdy string to 12-in. in length. Holding the two open ends together, tie ends in a knots, inserting the head end of a stick pin just before tightening. Insert pointed end of stick pin into the top of the ball. Before pushing the pin all the way in, add a dot of hot glue around the pin, then push the pin all the way in.
 NOTE: If you find that using a marker is easier for you than paint and a liner brush, you can substitute using this method.
Sports DIY Ornaments Craft c/o Country Woman's featured blogger Amanda of Crafts by Amanda.
To read more about Amanda and her blog, check out our blog and craft spotlight.


Timestamp Ripper
Rips and displays a web page's last modification date (using the page's HTML header). Beware of dynamically generated pages, where the date stamps will be the time of retrieval.
Enter a list of URLs. The input box works the same as the Issuecrawler harvester: dump text and the URLs are fetched out. Note only http:// and www. URLs are recognized. Launch the tool and the script retrieves timestamps for URLs inputted.
Sample project
Open Google.com. Set Google Preferences to: 'Number of results: display 100 results per page'. Save preferences.
Query Google.com for site:.gov.ig. Scroll down to the bottom of the results page. To check the number of available results, click results page 10. Here one notes whether there are 1000 results available (the maximum served by Google Web search) or fewer.
Copy and paste all 10 pages of results in a file and save the file. Input the text in the Harvester. Select 'Only return hosts' and 'Only return uniques.' Launch Harvester. Copy paste the result in a file and clean up the list for URLs that are aberrant, i.e. URLs that are not.gov.iq. For a more exhaustive list, please also query Google for inurl:.gov.iq and just.gov.iq. Repeat data cleaning procedure as above, where duplicates and non-Iraqi URLs are removed.
Enter the URL list in the timestamp ripper and launch the tool.
One notes the different levels of attention paid to the governmental sites. Whereas certain sites are 'fresh', most likely through the use of dynamically generated content, other Iraqi governmental sites are stale, with page timestamps up to a year and a half old.
Take care also to visit the front pages of the Websites under analysis, and check their status. In the example of the Iraqi Web, the oldest homepage, noc.gov.iq (the North Oil Company) is a splash page, where the user chooses English or Arabic. The English and Arabic front-pages have these URLs, respectively: _URL_ and _URL_ Entering those two pages into the timestamp ripper shows that the Arabic page is fresher (4 November 2008) than the English (24 September 2008), and that overall both pages are 1-2 months old.
Topic revision: r5 - 18 Jun 2013, ErikBorra
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A breath-holding spell is an episode in which the child stops breathing involuntarily and loses consciousness for a short period immediately after a frightening or emotionally upsetting event or after a painful experience.
Breath-holding spells occur in 5% of otherwise healthy children. They usually begin in the first year of life and peak at age 2. They disappear by age 4 in 50% of children and by age 8 in about 83% of children. The remainder may continue to have spells into adulthood. Breath-holding spells do not appear to be risk factors for true epilepsy but may be associated with an increased risk of fainting spells in adulthood. There are 2 forms of breath-holding spells:
Both forms are involuntary and readily distinguished from uncommon brief periods of voluntary breath-holding by stubborn children, who invariably resume normal breathing after getting what they want or after becoming uncomfortable when they fail to get what they want.
During a cyanotic breath-holding spell, children hold their breath (without necessarily being aware they are doing so) until they lose consciousness. Typically, the child cries out, exhales, and stops breathing. Shortly afterward, the child begins to turn blue and unconsciousness ensues. A brief seizure may occur. After a few seconds, breathing resumes and normal skin color and consciousness return. It may be possible to interrupt a spell by placing a cold rag on the child's face at onset. Despite the spell's frightening nature, parents must try to avoid reinforcing the initiating behavior. As the child recovers, parents should continue to enforce household rules. Distracting the child and avoiding situations that lead to tantrums are good strategies. Cyanotic breath-holding has been found to respond to iron therapy, even in the absence of anemia, and to treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (when present).
During a pallid breath-holding spell, vagal stimulation severely slows the heart rate. The child stops breathing, rapidly loses consciousness, and becomes pale and limp. If the spell lasts more than a few seconds, muscle tone increases, and a seizure and incontinence may occur. After the spell, the heart speeds up again, breathing restarts, and consciousness returns without any treatment. Because this form is rare, further diagnostic evaluation and treatment may be needed if the spells occur often. Simultaneous ECG and EEG can help to differentiate cardiac and neurologic causes.
Last full review/revision March 2013 by Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD
Content last modified March 2013


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Robin Hanbury-Tenison, President
Robin Hanbury-Tenison (b. 1936) is a founder and the President of Survival International. He conducted the first field investigation for Survival, visiting dozens of Indian peoples in 1971 at the invitation of the Brazilian government. His conclusions laid the groundwork for the international campaign for Brazilian Indians which continues to this day.
Robin has been on over 30 expeditions, including as leader of the Royal Geographical Society's largest expedition, taking 115 scientists to study the rainforests of Sarawak. He is the author and editor of numerous books, including 'A Question of Survival for the Indians of Brazil', 'The Seventy Great Journeys in History', 'The Oxford Book of Exploration' and two autobiographies: 'Worlds Apart' and 'Worlds Within'.
If you would like Robin to speak about his work for Survival and tribal peoples, please contact us.
Speaker fee on request.
Speaker fee in aid of Survival International.
Stephen Corry, Director
Stephen Corry (b. 1951, Malaya) was projects director of Survival International from 1972, and has been its director general since 1984. He has worked with tribal peoples in the Indian subcontinent, Africa and, particularly, western South America, mainly Amazonia.
In the 1970s, he promoted 'self-determination' in the debate about indigenous peoples which was then largely polarised around the poles of 'assimilation' or 'preservation'. In the 1980s, he pushed to popularise tribal peoples' issues. In the 1990s, he led the opposition to ideas such as the 'rainforest harvest', which threatened to confuse economic issues with human rights.
He was involved in the campaign to defend the land rights of the 'Bushmen' of Botswana, a country where he has been (wrongly) described as 'public enemy number one'. His work now is centred around building a groundswell of support for tribal peoples, significant enough both to endure for decades and permanently change the false and harmful assertion that they are backward remnants, destined to disappear.
If you would like Stephen to speak about his work for Survival and tribal peoples, please contact us. Speaker fee on request.


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The Non-Conforming American – 1955 – Past Daily Reference Room
Click on the link here for Audio Player: The Non-Conforming American – March 12, 1955
During the era of the 1950s a gradual, unmistakable undercurrent of social upheaval was starting to take place. Brought on largely by the Cold War, the threat of Nuclear annihilation, the stringent social mores and arch conservatism that swept the country during the Eisenhower years and the beginnings of protest movements, most notably Civil Rights and the seismic social upheaval in the form of Rock n' Roll.
All these elements combined to cause some people to question just what was so important about maintaining uniformity, achieving status and material wealth; about not questioning our value system.
And so the whole question of non-conformity became the topic of talk shows and magazine articles. In short; what did these people want? Who were they? Where did they come from? Was it a good thing? What exactly was non-conformity?
On this radio program, Conversation – which billed itself as "dedicated to the art of good talk", host Clifton Fadiman asked a panel, which included Adlai Stevenson and Alistair Cooke what the definition of non-conformity was and what was it's affect on society?
Originally broadcast on March 12, 1955, it seems rather strange now that this subject should be taken so seriously. But fifty-eight years ago it was a different world. The panel struggles in places, not quite sure if non-conformity is the by-product of protest or an emotional/mental problem.
What is interesting is how prevalent this shift in our thinking became over the coming years. It's clearly evident even in advertising of the period, which slowly gave way from the traditional and conforming stereotypes to non-conforming messages and brash imagery. And how it grew and continued, and even flourished in what were commonly referred to as "fearful times".
And if you think the social/sexual explosion of the 1960s just happened overnight – think again. It was a decade in brewing.
- 5 Ways To Practice Non-Conformity In The Matrix (zen-haven.com)
- Romanticism's Claim on Individuality (thomascotterill.wordpress.com)
- Archives: The Days of Fins and Rockets (motortrend.com)
- The Way We Were: 1955 (motortrend.com)
~ by gordonskene on March 13, 2013.
Posted in 1950's, Americana, Beat Generation, Broadcasts, Civil Rights, Civil unrest, Cold War, Commentators, Conflicts, Corporate America, Counterculture, Day in history, Disconnect, Disputes, Eisenhower, Generation Gap, Interviews, Mc Carthy era, Mid-Century America, Middle Class, Past Daily, Past Daily Reference Room, Politics, Pop Music, Popular Culture, Post World War 2, Protest Movements, Quality of Life, Racial unrest, Radio, Red Scare, Rock n' Roll, Social Commentary, Society, Uncategorized, Weekend Talkshows Past
Tags: Alistair Cooke, Behavior, Clifton Fadiman, Cold War, Conformity, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Nonconformism, United States


Considering what we know about the key ingredients for life's formation on Earth, here are three explanations for how this process may have occurred on our sister planet.
Phosphene molecules and Venus
Phosphene molecules recorded in the atmosphere of Venus suggests some sort of living microbes may be present on the planet. Image from Shutterstock
The recent discovery of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus is exciting, as it may serve as a potential sign of life (among other possible explanations).
The researchers, who published their findings in Nature Astronomy, couldn't really explain how the phosphine got there.
They explored all conceivable possibilities, including lightning, volcanoes and even delivery by meteorites. But each source they modelled couldn't produce the amount of phosphine detected.
Most phosphine in Earth's atmosphere is produced by living microbes. So the possibility of life on Venus producing phosphine can't be ignored.
But the researchers, led by UK astronomer Jane Greaves, say their discovery "is not robust evidence for life" on Venus. Rather, it's evidence of "anomalous and unexplained chemistry", of which biological processes are just one possible origin.
If life were to exist on Venus, how could it have come about? Exploring the origins of life on Earth might shed some light.
The ingredients for life (as we know it)
Understanding how life formed on Earth not only helps us understand our own origins, but could also provide insight into the key ingredients needed for life, as we know it, to form.
The details around the origins of life on Earth are still shrouded in mystery, with multiple competing scientific theories. But most theories include a common set of environmental conditions considered vital for life. These are:
Liquid water
Water is needed to dissolve the molecules needed for life, to facilitate their chemical reactions. Although other solvents (such as methane) have been suggested to potentially support life, water is most likely. This is because it can dissolve a huge range of different molecules and is found throughout the universe.
Mild temperatures
Temperatures higher than 122°C destroy most complex organic molecules. This would make it almost impossible for carbon-based life to form in very hot environments.
A process to concentrate molecules
As the origin of life would have required a large amount of organic molecules, a process to concentrate organics from the diluted surrounding environment would be required – either through absorption onto mineral surfaces, evaporation or floating on top of water in oily slicks.
A complex natural environment
For life to have originated, there would have had to be a complex natural environment wherein a diverse range of conditions (temperature, pH and salt concentrations) could create chemical complexity. Life itself is incredibly complex, so even the most primitive versions would need a complex environment to originate.
Trace metals
A range of trace metals, amassed through water-rock interactions, would be needed to promote the formation of organic molecules.
So if these are the conditions required for life, what does that tell us about the likelihood of life forming on Venus?
Photo of Venus
Venus has 90 times the atmospheric pressure of Earth. NASA
It's unlikely today …
The possibility of life as we know it forming on the surface of present-day Venus is incredibly low. An average surface temperature above 400℃ means the surface can't possibly have liquid water and this heat would also destroy most organic molecules.
Venus's milder upper atmosphere, however, has temperatures low enough for water droplets to form and thus could potentially be suitable for the formation of life.
That said, this environment has its own limitations, such as clouds of sulfuric acid which would destroy any organic molecules not protected by a cell. For example, on Earth, molecules such as DNA are rapidly destroyed by acidic conditions, although some bacteria can survive in extremely acidic environments.
Also, the constant falling of water droplets from Venus's atmosphere down to its extremely hot surface would destroy any unprotected organic molecules in the droplets.
Beyond this, with no surfaces or mineral grains in the Venusian atmosphere on which organic molecules could concentrate, any chemical building blocks for life would be scattered through a diluted atmosphere – making it incredibly difficult for life to form.
… but possibly less unlikely in the past
Bearing all this in mind, if atmospheric phosphine is indeed a sign of life on Venus, there are three main explanations for how it could have formed.
Life may have formed on the planet's surface when its conditions were very different to now.
Modelling suggests the surface of early Venus was very similar to early Earth, with lakes (or even oceans) of water and mild conditions. This was before a runaway greenhouse effect turned the planet into the hellscape it is today.
Computer generated surface view of Eistla Regio region on Venus.
This is a computer-generated picture of the Eistla Regio region on Venus's surface. NASA
If life formed back then, it might have adapted to spread into the clouds. Then, when intense climate change boiled the oceans away – killing all surface-based life – microbes in the clouds would have become the last outpost for life on Venus.
Another possibility is that life in Venus's atmosphere (if there is any) came from Earth.
The planets of our inner solar system have been documented to exchange materials in the past. When meteorites crash into a planet, they can send that planet's rocks hurtling into space where they occasionally intersect with the orbits of other planets.
If this happened between Earth and Venus at some point, the rocks from Earth may have contained microbial life that could have adapted to Venus's highly acidic clouds (similar to Earth's acid-resistant bacteria).
Rendered image of meteorite hitting Earth.
If rocks from Earth containing microbial life entered Venus's orbit in the past, this life may have adapted to Venus's atmospheric conditions. Shutterstock
A truly alien explanation
The third explanation to consider is that a truly alien form of life (life as we don't know it) could have formed on Venus's 400°C surface and survives there to this day.
Such a foreign life probably wouldn't be carbon-based, as nearly all complex carbon molecules break down at extreme temperatures.
Although carbon-based life produces phosphine on Earth, it's impossible to say only carbon-based life can produce phosphine. Therefore, even if totally alien life exists on Venus, it may produce molecules that are still recognisable as a potential sign of life.
It's only through further missions and research that we can find out whether there is, or was, life on Venus. As prominent scientist Carl Sagan once said: "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence".
Luckily, two of the four finalist proposals for NASA's next round of funding for planetary exploration are focused on Venus.
These include VERITAS, an orbiter proposed to map the surface of Venus, and DAVINCI+, proposed to drop through the planet's skies and sample different atmospheric layers on the way down.
Luke Steller, PhD Student, UNSW and Martin Van Kranendonk, Professor and Head of School, UNSW
The Conversation


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Thanks so much for stopping by today! I would like to share with you a few sets of cards that are PERFECT for your guided reading block! These cards are great for students that are ready to stretch words, blends words and those working on identifying sounds (beginning, medial and final). Below you can watch a super QUICK video of me explaining each set! I will also explain them individually below. You will be able to download all THREE sets of the cards for FREE! Perfect, right?
The first set I shared in the video are my PSF stretchers cards! I actually have these cards in one my very first TPT products, Phoneme Segmentation RTI! I get a lot of emails from teachers that explain that there students are able to stretch words, but that they do have a few that are unable to blend the entire word. A lot of times these students will drop the final sound like- /b/, /a/, /g/, bat. We know that students should be confident in the "hearing" of sounds before "seeing" them. I do feel though that if they are struggling with hearing that final sound then the PSF stretchers cards are a great tool to try. With these cards, the students are able to truly SEE the sounds in the words after stretching.
These cards are great as a warm up for guided reading or your morning word! You can print them on cardstock and laminate them for the best repeated use. You can hold them as the teacher but I prefer to have them in their hands so they can tap each sounds. At the guided reading table you can pass one card around and have each student stretch the word. (This would be best for students that are in the early stages of stretching sounds and would help with confidence.) You can also place several cards in the middle of the table and have them reach in to grab one, stretch it out, place it back in the middle and grab a new one.
If you do quick "check-ins" during the day then these would be great for that as well! You can take them with you to the hallway and have students state one before entering the restroom!
You can download these FREEBIE cards HERE or clicking below!!
Up next are the sound cards! These can be really used through the year as your students build their knowledge of sound identification and even sound manipulation.
"Can you tell me the first sound in this word?" (Teacher taps the green dot.)
"Can you tell me the medial sound in this word?" (Teacher taps the yellow dot.)
"Can you tell me the final sound in this word?" (Teacher taps the red dot.)
"Boys and girls, I would like you to change the first sound (Teacher taps the green dot.) to a 'b'. What is the new word?"
I feel that these are more teacher driven cards and the teacher would be holding them. However, I'm most certain that you can also find use in them for the students to try themselves. You could possibly hand them out during guided reading warm up and the students stretch the words sound-by-sound and then write the word on their whiteboards!
You can download these freebie cards HERE or clicking below!!
How about the word builder cards? These are perfect when we are teaching students to attack words! The students will also work on blending in a little different kind of approach (onset and rime). You can print these double-sided and use them as a warm up for your guided reading block! They are also perfect to use on "the run" when assessing students through the day. You can download these freebie cards HERE or clicking below!
Check them out in action below!
Below leaving you today I wanted to talk briefly about my KinderReaders program! KinderReaders™ is a leveled guided reading program. The program has kindergarten aged students in mind but is great for any students at levels NR-D! KinderReaders™ is equipped with scripted lesson plans for each book. This will offer a path for those new to guided reading and still at that, a possible new way of thinking for those experienced guided reading teachers! **You will be able to download a FREE preview directly below!**
KinderReaders™ is a program designed to assist teachers, paraprofessionals, ELL staff, RTI teachers, home-school parents and any other individual striving to teach reading to a young child. KinderReaders™ is a systematic program. What does this mean? Each text of KinderReaders™ is given the same materials and presented to the students in the same manner. This allows for student growth because new routines are not being taught, only new concepts like new texts in this case. The program includes all of the necessary pieces and is designed in a way that allows you to simply print, prep the materials and add in students!
What exactly is included in each level?
– 20 simple "print and teach" scripted lesson plans
– 20 running records
– 20 easy readers
– 20 *INTERACTIVE ENGLISH READERS*
– 20 *INTERACTIVE SPANISH READERS*
– Reader strips for level NR and AA books
– "Mix and Fix" student sentences for all levels
– Picture cards for all 20 themes
– Word cards for all 20 themes
– Color and Black/White versions of the student materials
– Helpful video for printing easy readers
Each of the English and Spanish books are also available in an interactive format! They can be used on Ipads, computers, interactive whiteboards, etc!
If you are interested in trying KinderReaders, you try it for FREE!!!! I've compiled all of the material for Level D, Let's Go Swimming! You can click HERE to download or on the image below! Note that this is a zipped file and will most likely need to be downloaded on a computer!
You can click on the images below if you're interested in purchasing KinderReaders!
Thanks so much for joining me today!


Re: Perfect and Subjunctive/Future
Carlton L. Winbery (
Mon, 9 Sep 1996 19:39:28 +0400
akio itou wrote;
>>*elhluquian* is the perfect active participle modifying BASILEIAN. It
>>asserts that "they will see the Kingdom having come (present) in power."
>>The participle like and verbal adjective describes the Kingdom which they
>>see as present.
>That solves the question about the perfect tense, but how is it related to
>*hEWS AN IDWSIN*, which seems to imply the future time for the coming of
>the Kingdom.
"Until they see the Kingdom of God having come with power." At the time of
the seeing the coming is an accomplished fact, a reality.
The whole thing is in the future because of hEWS AN, "Until".
>>>The other is *apolesei* in Mk 8:35. Am I supposed to take this a variant
>>>form of subjunctive, or a case of the indicative future fomr used for a
>>>subjuctive? What are opinions of those eminent Greek scholars?
>>*apolesei* appears to me as a prediction, "he will destroy it (his life).
>>The subjunctive is QELHi used with the particle EAN. This construction is
>>part of an indefinite relative clause, "Whoever wishes to save his live".
>>This relative clause serves as the subject of the future verb APOLESEI.
>Sorry, I did'nt quote the sentence. The *apolesei* I am talking about is
>the other one in the same verse: *hOS D'AN APOLESEI THN YUCHN AUTOU...*
There is a textual variation associated with this APOLESEI. In the N-A27
the variant is given as APOLESH supported mostly by Byzantine witnesses but
also by f13, 28, and theta. The future tense is supported by mostly
Alexandrian including apparently P45, and also f1 and some minuscules with
non-byz. tendencies.
The primary reason to go with the reason in the text is that it is the more
difficult reading though the use of the future in a place where the aorist
subj. is expected happens in the NT and some other Hellenistic Greek.
Hence I would agree that this the the future used with the AN which usually
takes a verb in the subjunctive. This is not strange since all
subjunctives are in some way future.
Carlton L. Winbery
Prof. NT & Greek La College


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Time of coping files
I have two hard drives and I want to determine time of copying files from one to other.
So, I do:
1) Create file system on the second HDD and mount it
2) Copy set of files from / to folder mounted on step 1
3) Call sync to write all data to disks
3) Repeat step 2-3 10 times to make results more smooth
So, results are too strange:
The first time is a much greater that other 9, for example:
1000 51 50 49 52....
I don't have reasons why the first time is mutch greater than other 9: May be on first copying allocated internal structures of file system on the second HDD, or may be sync works on asynchronous manner, it started to write memory buffers to disk, and exits, this process continues then first copying is already started.


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June 24, 2011
Contact: John Ascenzi, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
The Center for Applied Genomics at CHOP contributed important scientific analysis to a recent international study of the rare brain disease progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), published on June 19 in the journal Nature Genetics. In this article, genetics researchers reported that a genome-wide association study discovered new gene mutations that raise the risk of PSP and provides clues for potential treatment strategies for the currently untreatable disease. The multicenter effort was the largest genetics study of this devastating neurodegenerative brain disorder, which causes abnormal movements similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease. PSP is a form of frontotemporal dementia caused by an abnormal buildup of tau protein, which also plays a role in Alzheimer's disease.
CHOP's Center for Applied Genomics, directed by Hakon Hakonarson, MD, PhD, received a $580,000 grant from the CurePSP Foundation to perform DNA sequencing (genotyping) and analysis of thousands of DNA samples, and to compare them to control samples in the CAG's database. Leading the current study was senior author Gerard Schellenberg, PhD, of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Schellenberg said the research increases scientific knowledge of the underlying cause of PSP, and may also increase understanding of more common, related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. One of the newly identified genes affects how proteins fold, which can be toxic if it happens abnormally. Thus researchers may investigate ways to intervene in this process with a goal of treating PSP.
For more details, see the Penn Health press release: _URL_


text:
the end of the steady-state phase of the fretting.
Since the contact interface in engineering is not completely smooth, sliding and friction between two rough surfaces are important
. In sliding contact problems, where sometimes friction needs to be reduced
, and sometimes friction needs to be exploited
, the traditional Cullen's law of friction is not applicable in all cases
. Despite the long history of tribological research and the great progress made in recent years in the contact mechanics of rough surfaces, there are still many open topics in the field of friction on rough surfaces
. The friction analysis based on statistical models is still the most commonly used in current friction studies on rough surfaces
In fact, the physical processes that determine friction characteristics are complex: there are contact interactions
, adsorption, adhesion
, material properties, etc. It is difficult to predict the friction coefficients of actual friction pairs by means of simplified numerical models and to really understand what the main control parameters are. Therefore, it is necessary to take the simplified friction model commonly used in two rough surface sliding problems as an example to reveal the influencing factors of interfacial sliding and friction coefficients from theoretical, simulation, and experimental perspectives by releasing the assumptions of traditional friction models for material and interfacial sliding criteria.
Most current theoretical and simulation studies on interfacial sliding and friction mechanisms investigate the plastic effect in a fully adhesion model or local slip in a Mindlin framework. There are few studies on the mechanism of the transition from plastic yielding to full slip at the early stage of sliding, and an accurate prediction of it is still lacking. Therefore, models are needed to analyze the competing mechanisms between these two factors and provide a quantitative friction diagram; and investigate the slip transition process from complete slip to full plastic yielding by comparing the evolutionary relationship between plasticity and slip. For the common simplification of the sliding friction model for two rough surfaces, the current study lacks the analysis of the whole sliding process for two hemispheres in the case of lateral contact, as well as the theoretical analysis of hemispheres and planes in the state of complete sliding, and the related predictions need to be supported by friction experiments, and the corresponding friction phenomena need to be analyzed by theoretical models.


text:
Many teens have questions about drugs. On Drug Facts Chat Day, NIDA scientists get to listen in and answer these questions from students all across the country.
Here's one from "zippy do da" from Kingswood Middle School in New Hampshire:
Why do teens who smoke think they are so cool?
There could be many reasons why teens who smoke think they're cool—maybe their friends smoke, maybe their parents told them not to smoke, maybe they think it gives them an edgy look, or a temporary high. But the truth is, as far as your health goes—smoking is so not cool.
And who defines cool anyway? What's cool to one person may not be cool to another. Just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, coolness is an individual decision. Not everyone thinks that doing something illegal or unhealthy because your friends are doing it is cool. Lots of teens would say its cooler to hold a pen, paintbrush, or drum stick between your fingers, instead of a cigarette.
When our parents were younger, many of them thought "the Fonz" from the hit TV show Happy Days was the epitome of cool. Pretty dorky now.
Today it seems like a lot of teen smokers are figuring out that smoking is not very cool at all. How do we know? Because according to a 2007 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 50% of all high school smokers are actively trying to quit. And, according to the recent NIDA-funded Monitoring the Future Study of 8th, 10th and 12th graders, smoking among American teens is at an all time low.
Coolness is a funny thing. Some things are cool one year (or one minute!), and not the next. Other things are cool no matter how much time has passed. What's cool is also influenced by your gender, age, where you live, and, most of all, by who you are. Check out how one high school student examined the cool factor as a science fair project—it even won her a cool prize. But don't take our word for it—you decide.


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The addresses are in once column, and the only seperator between addresses is an empty row. I have 5000 addresses and each has approx 4 - 6 fields seperated by rows. The data is pre-formatted from another system.
Anyone know if this can be seperated out into columns per address? I was thinking a macro may do it, but I think the problem is too complex for text-to-columns or any other basic formula.
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You might be able to use RealCool Import Manager to do this. It lets you identify recurring fields in a text file (see this screenshot) as fields, then parse the file to extract them into separate Excel columns.
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text:
While the world continues efforts to distance itself from the ravages of COVID 19, this experience is not as unique as we may have previously believed. Deadly epidemics have been challenging the populace since the earliest settlers came to American shores. You can research and read first-hand accounts of American infectious diseases using Accessible Archives' latest collection: Quarantine and Infectious Disease Control in America Series. Newspapers: _PHONE_; Books: _PHONE_
Refine these databases by:
Queer Pasts is a collection of primary source exhibits for students and scholars of queer history and culture. The database uses "queer" in its broadest and most inclusive sense, to embrace topics that are gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender and to include work on sexual and gender formations that are queer but not necessarily LGBT. Each of the document collections in the database will include a critical introductory essay that helps explain the significance of the primary sources in historical terms and in relationship to previous scholarship. We ask our project editors to address the strengths, limitations, and characteristics of their archive and to explore the ways in which archives are constructed, constrained, and contested. This database seeks to broaden the field of queer history, including projects that focus on the experiences and perspectives of under-represented historical groups, including people of color, trans people, and people with disabilities.


Safe Haskell
Safe Haskell, David Terei, Dvid Mazieres, Simon Marlow, and Simon Peyton Jones, Haskell Symposium 2012.
Though Haskell is predominantly type-safe, implementations contain a few loopholes through which code can bypass typing and module encapsulation. This paper presents Safe Haskell, a language extension that closes these loopholes. Safe Haskell makes it possible to confine and safely execute untrusted, possibly malicious code. By strictly enforcing types, Safe Haskell allows a variety of different policies from API sandboxing to information-flow control to be implemented easily as monads. Safe Haskell is aimed to be as unobtrusive as possible. It enforces properties that programmers tend to meet already by convention. We describe the design of Safe Haskell and an implementation (currently shipping with GHC) that infers safety for code that lies in a safe subset of the language. We use Safe Haskell to implement an online Haskell interpreter that can securely execute arbitrary untrusted code with no overhead. The use of Safe Haskell greatly simplifies this task and allows the use of a large body of existing code and tools.
Simon Peyton Jones,


text:
Late Basketmaker Period
The Late Basketmaker Period, dating from about AD 400/500-700, is represented by some 200 sites recorded in the park. It is likely that many of the later Pueblo Period sites may overlay (and obscure) evidence of earlier remains. Some sites dated to this period are exposed in arroyo banks, but have almost no surface expression. Given the difficulty of site identification, there may be up to 400 or more sites in the park dating to this period. This time period is characterized by many important cultural changes, including the replacement of the atlatl with the bow and arrow, the appearance of villages with multiple semi-subterranean pithouses, and the development of a ceramic tradition. These changes were brought about, in part, by a shift to at least a seasonally sedentary economy that focused more and more on agriculture. Late Basketmaker sites are located throughout the park, on mesas, on ridges and talus slopes, and on the canyon floor. Most of the sites that have definitive Late Basketmaker occupations are composed of clusters of from 1 to 20 pithouses. Some sites are simply hearths or cists that may suggest more limited, specialized uses such as gathering or processing camps or storage areas. The "type site" for this period, Shabik'eshchee Village, located near the park's southern boundary, has a great kiva -- the earliest evidence in the park of this important Puebloan Period cultural marker.
Did You Know?
The climate of Chaco Canyon 1,000 years ago was very similar to the climate in the park today, with annual precipitation of only eight to nine inches. The Puebloans constructed water control features like dams, canals, and headgates for farming in such a dry environment.


text:
Spectrum Synthesis Modeling of the X-Ray Spectrum of GRO J1655-40 Taken During the 2005 Outburst
Kallman, T. R.
Bautista, M. A.
Miller, J. M.
MetadataShow full item record
The spectrum from the black hole X-ray transient GRO J1655-40 obtained using the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating in 2005 is notable as a laboratory for the study of warm absorbers, and for the presence of many lines from odd-Z elements between Na and Co ( and Ti and Cr) not previously observed in X-rays. We present synthetic spectral models which can be used to constrain these element abundances and other parameters describing the outflow from the warm absorber in this object. We present results of fitting to the spectrum using various tools and techniques, including automated line fitting, phenomenological models, and photoionization modeling. We show that the behavior of the curves of growth of lines from H-like and Li-like ions indicate that the lines are either saturated or affected by filling-in from scattered or a partially covered continuum source. We confirm the conclusion of previous work by Miller et al., which shows that the ionization conditions are not consistent with wind driving due to thermal expansion. The spectrum provides the opportunity to measure abundances for several elements not typically observable in the X-ray band. These show a pattern of enhancement for iron peak elements, and solar or subsolar values for elements lighter than calcium. Models show that this is consistent with enrichment by a core-collapse supernova. We discuss the implications of these values for the evolutionary history of this system.


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