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The Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering focuses on the application of engineering principles to the design, manufacturing, and functionality of aerospace vehicles such as aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft, to include autonomous and semi-autonomous unmanned aerial systems. Students gain an in-depth knowledge of aerodynamics, aerospace materials, structures, propulsion, flight mechanics and stability and control while being briefly exposed to orbital mechanics, control, space structures, and rocket propulsion.
Fully offered at:
The university affirmatively strives to provide educational opportunities and access to students with varied backgrounds, those with special talents and adult students who graduated from high school three or more years ago.
Admission to the Aerospace Engineering major is selective.
Freshmen Students: Admission into the Aerospace Engineering major requires a minimum 3.0 high school GPA; and a minimum 24 ACT composite score (minimum 24 ACT sub-scores in both English and math) or a minimum 1160 SAT score (minimum 580 sub-scores in both mathematics and evidence-based reading and writing); and placement directly into MATH 12002 (or its equivalent). (The old SAT scores for admittance was 1100 SAT score with minimum 550 sub-scores in both mathematics and critical reading.)
Students who do not meet these requirements may apply for admission to the Aeronautical Systems Engineering Technology concentration within the Aeronautics major and request to change their program to the Aerospace Engineering major after their freshman year if they meet the following criteria: minimum 3.200 overall Kent State GPA and minimum B grade in both MATH 12002 and PHY 23101.
English Language Proficiency Requirements for International Students: All international students must provide proof of English language proficiency (unless they meet specific exceptions) by earning a minimum 525 TOEFL score (71 on the Internet-based version), minimum 75 MELAB score, minimum 6.0 IELTS score or minimum 48 PTE Academic score, or by completing the ELS level 112 Intensive Program.
Transfer Students: Admission into the Aerospace Engineering major requires minimum of 12 credit hours in college-level coursework with a minimum of 3.200 overall GPA and a minimum B grade in both MATH 12002 and PHY 23101 (or their equivalents). Transfer students who have completed fewer than 12 credit hours of college-level coursework will be evaluated on both collegiate and high school records and must submit a final high school transcript and an ACT or SAT score.
Program Learning Outcomes
Graduates of the program will be able to:
- Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.
- Design and conduct experiments, and analyze and interpret data.
- Design a system, component or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability and sustainability.
- Function on multidisciplinary teams.
- Identify, formulate and solve engineering problems.
- Understand professional and ethical responsibility.
- Communicate effectively, via both written and verbal means.
- Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental and societal context.
- Recognize the need for, and able to engage in life-long learning.
- Be aware of contemporary issues in the aerospace industry.
- Use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
Major Requirements [BS-AERS]
Major Requirements (courses count in major GPA)
- AERN 15300 Introduction To Engineering Analysis Using Matlab®
- AERN 15500 Introduction To Aerospace Engineering (min C grade)
- AERN 20000 Professional Development In Aeronautics I
- AERN 25200 Statics
- AERN 25400 Dynamics
- AERN 25500 Aerodynamics For Engineers (min C grade)
- AERN 30000 Professional Development In Aeronautics II
- AERN 35200 Thermal Fluid Engineering
- AERN 35201 Thermal-Fluid Engineering Laboratory
- AERN 35300 Aerospace Vehicle Performance
- AERN 35400 System Dynamics And Control
- AERN 35500 Signals And Circuits
- AERN 35501 Signals And Circuits Laboratory
- AERN 35600 High-Speed Aerodynamics
- AERN 45121 Aerospace Propulsion For Engineering And Engineering Technology
- AERN 45360 Professional Development In Aeronautics III
- AERN 45600 Aircraft Stability And Control
- AERN 45601 Aircraft Stability And Control Laboratory
- AERN 45700 Aircraft Design (ELR)
- AERN 45850 Aircraft Design II (WIC)
- AERN 45900 Aeroelasticity
- TECH 13580 Engineering Graphics I
- TECH 20002 Materials And Processes
- TECH 33111 Statics And Strength Of Materials
- Aeronautics (AERN) Electives
Additional Requirements (courses do not count in major GPA)
- CHEM 10050 Fundamentals Of Chemistry (KBS)
- ECON 22060 Principles Of Microeconomics (KSS)
- MATH 12002 Analytic Geometry And Calculus I (KMCR)
- MATH 12003 Analytic Geometry And Calculus II
- MATH 32051 Mathematical Methods In The Physical Sciences I
- MATH 32052 Mathematical Methods In The Physical Sciences II
- PHY 23101 General University Physics I (KBS) (KLAB)
- PHY 23102 General University Physics II (KBS) (KLAB)
- UC 10097 Destination Kent State: First-Year Experience
- Kent Core Composition
- Kent Core Humanities and Fine Arts (minimum one course from each)
- Kent Core Social Studies (cannot be from ECON)
- Kent Core Additional
- Minimum Major GPA: 2.750
- Minimum Overall GPA: 2.500
About the School
The College of Aeronautics and Engineering (CAE) is one of the eleven colleges of Kent State University, with approximately 1,000 students and near double-digit growth in recent years. As one of its f... Read More


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Kinsale is a town steeped in history and colour and a popular tourist destination. Kinsale was the battlefield site where the English forces defeated an Irish/Spanish force in 1601.
Charles Fort, which is a now a popular location for events, dates back to 1677. Charles Fort is a fortification that guards the entrance to Kinsale harbour – naturally it was built to protect the harbour from enemy attacks from France and Spain. On the other side of the cove you will find James's Fort near the Castlepark peninsula.
On May 7, 1915 when the German U-boat sunk the RMS Lusitania, the survivors were brought to Kinsale and the subsequent inquest on the bodies recovered was held in the town's courthouse. In light of the sad tragedy, you will find a statue in the harbour commemorating the effort.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Daikoku VulkanDaikoku is a sumbarine volcano with a conical summit in the Japanese Volcano Islands chain. It sits on an elongated E-W-trending ridge SE of Eifuku submarine volcano and rises to within 323 m of the sea surface. It has a crater with a black pool of liquid sulfur discovered in 2006.
Daikoku submarine volcano is one of about a dozen submarine volcanoes displaying hydrothermal activity in the southern part of the Izu-Marianas chain.
Beschreibung:A steep-walled, 50-m-wide cylindrical crater on the north flank, about 75 m below the summit, is at least 135 m deep and was observed to emit cloudy hydrothermal fluid. During a NOAA expedition in 2006, scientists observed a convecting, black pool of liquid sulfur with a partly solidified, undulating sulfur crust at a depth of 420 m below the summit of Daikoku. Gases, particulate with the appearance of smoke, and liquid sulfur were bubbling up from the back edge of the sulfur pool.
(Smithsonian / GVP volcano information)


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Iminosugars as glucosylceramide processing enzymes inhibitors: design, synthesis and evaluation
This Thesis describes the design, synthesis and evaluation as glycoprocessing enzyme inhibitors of focused libraries of iminosugars.
- Liu, B.
- 13 december 2017
- Thesis in Leiden Repository
This Thesis describes the design, synthesis and evaluation as glycoprocessing enzyme inhibitors of focused libraries of iminosugars. In the studies described, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), and its known N-alkylated derivatives, served as starting points. DNJ modifications presented here include alteration of the substitution pattern of the piperidine core structure; variation in the N substituent, or a combination of the two. Biological evaluation of the synthesized compounds focused on the glycoprocessing enzymes involved in glucosylceramide metabolism: glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), lysosomal glucosylceramidase (GBA1) and neutral glucosylceramidase (GBA2), and in all examples presented the inhibitory potency of newly synthesized compounds are compared with that of literature compounds.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Purpose and Goals
The eMath Project is both a research study and an instructional intervention, directed Arthur B. Powell, Department of Urban Education, Rutgers University, Newark (see Bairral, Powell, and dos Santos, 2007; Powell and Lai, in press). As a pedagogical project, eMath involves diverse high school students in developing their mathematical reasoning through online collaboration. The research portion of eMath aims to understand the following:
 1. How students use online technology to collaborate synchronously and asynchronously to solve open-ended but well-designed mathematical problems that are cognitively demanding and that promote the construction of problem-solving schema?
 2. What resulting mathematical ideas, heuristics, and reasoning do students develop?
To accomplish these aims, the study has the following five objectives: (1) create online conditions in an informal learning environment that elicits mathematical reasoning and the building of convincing arguments; (2) trace the development of that reasoning by studying patterns of discourse that emerge as students work online on mathematical tasks; (3) document and study the nature of student-to-student online communication as they make sense of each other's ideas and reasoning; (4) understand and evaluate the affordances and constraints that the computer and Internet tools we provide have on students' use of different representations; and (5) create social, intellectual networks among students in urban, suburban, and rural communities, here and abroad. Students in the study are racially and ethnically diverse high school students from six different urban and suburban communities in the United States and Brazil with a mix of school districts with highand low-socioeconomic status. In the US, high schools with which eMath has partnered or intends to do so include University High, Science Park High, East Side High, and West Side High, Newark, NJ; Rutgers Preparatory School, Somerset, NJ; and Long Branch High, Long Branch, NJ.
The tasks on which students are invited to work come from three areas of mathematics: (1) algebra–sequences and patterns, (2) combinatorics and probability, and (3) geometry. The tasks are challenging in the sense that students initially are not aware of procedural or algorithmic tools to solve the problems but are invited to develop tools in collaboration with their teammates through an online, problem-solving context. In addition, the tasks invite students within their teams to negotiate interpretations of the tasks, analyze heuristic options, and debate other aspects of their work as they coalesce toward a solution. Furthermore, by collaborating on the tasks, students engage in important cognitive and discursive aspects of mathematical problem solving such as employing heuristics, making connections, specializing, generalizing, explaining, reflecting, conjecturing, justifying, and posing new problems. Students work on the tasks in teams of four, sometimes all teammates are within their school and at other times half of their teammates are located at a remote school site. To support their collaboration, students have available a variety of computer tools to search for information, represent their ideas, and present their reasoning, including a multi-modal, online tool–VMT-Chat, developed by the Virtual Math Teams project of The Math Forum at Drexel University (see Stahl, in press, 2006).
Bairral, M. A., Powell, A. B., & dos Santos, G. T. (2007). Análise de interações de estudantes do ensino médio em chats [Analysis of high school students' online chat interaction]. Educação e Cultura Contemporânea [Education and Contemporary Culture], 4(7), 113-138.
Powell, A. B., & Lai, F. F. (in press). Inscription, mathematical ideas, and reasoning in VMT. In G. Stahl (Ed.), Studying virtual math teams. New York: Springer.
Stahl, G. (Ed.). (in press). Studying virtual math teams. New York: Springer.
Stahl, G. (2006). Supporting group cognition in an online chat community: A cognitive tool for small-group referencing in text chat. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 35(2), 103-122.


How many standard drinks can you have before driving if you are under 20 years old? How many standard drinks can you have before driving if you are under 20 years old?
 - A. One
 - B. Two
 - C. Three
 - D. None
 The correct answer is D
 The legal limit is 0 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood. A drink consumed before driving will almost certainly put you over this limit. So you must not drink just before driving if you are under 20 years old as there is a zero alcohol limit.
How to calculate if you are over the legal drink driving limit
You cannot calculate your blood alcohol level because it depends on a large number of variables such as your age, weight, gender, general health and fitness, the amount of alcohol you've drunk, the type of alcohol you've drunk, and whether you've eaten (how much and how recently).
A small drink could put you over the limit. If you're stopped and your breath alcohol reading is between 30-150mcg per litre of breath you could be fined and given 50 demerit points. That means you are half way to being disqualified. You will receive a notice from NZTA that you have accumulated 50 demerit points and if this total exceeds 100 within a 2-year period you will be disqualified.
If you are caught with more than 150mcg of alcohol per litre of blood then you could be fined up to $2250 and sent to prison for up to 3 months and be disqualified from driving for at least 3 months, plus you'll still get 50 demerit points. If you are disqualified you may be able to apply for a special licence with zero alcohol or an alcohol interlock requirement.
If you blow over the limit you may be asked to provide an evidential blood or breath test. It is an offence to refuse consent.
Younger drivers tend to have less ability to cope with alcohol intake. Add to that their lack of experience and you can understand why the risk of having an accident is increased dramatically.
Read more about alcohol limits, including fines and penalties, in this article.


Kids love to do things with their parents.
So when we're all sitting sharing a meal, especially if it's the same food, I point it out by saying "${Food} Buddies". This makes eating fun and reinforces good eating habits!
Examples: "Bacon Buddies", "Cereal Buddies"
It also helps if you say "Buddies" in a cute, loving voice.
You can extend to areas like "Reading Buddies"


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The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources engaged Deloitte to conduct a
review of any duplication of effort and unnecessary costs caused by agricultural and veterinary (agvet) chemicals complying with both work health and safety (WHS) and agvet chemical legislation.
The WHS legislation requires many agvet chemical labels to include additional hazard and precautionary statements based on the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).
Deloitte's review incorporated a desk-top assessment of approaches to implementing the GHS for agvet chemicals in several overseas jurisdictions. The countries examined were the United States of America (USA), Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. This work is reflected in the report:
Other findings from Deloitte's review are provided in its
Chemical Labelling Duplication Review report.
Summary of Findings
All countries examined have adopted the hazard-based GHS for chemicals generally and operate risk-based regulatory systems for agvet chemical labelling. New Zealand allows both risk and hazard-based approaches for agvet chemicals.
Deloitte concluded that the USA, Canada and Japan do not apply GHS label statements to pesticides. However, in the USA, safety data sheets (which incorporate GHS information) are captured by the legal definition of labelling when they accompany a chemical product; this has caused some issues due to potential inconsistencies between the information provided on the label attached to the package and that on the safety data sheet.
Deloitte found no evidence that the USA, Canada or Japan require GHS labelling for veterinary medicines.
Deloitte noted that New Zealand provides a degree of flexibility to allow for both risk and hazard-based labelling of agvet chemicals and that GHS label statements are optional in New Zealand. New Zealand legislation also recognises labels from Australia, the USA, Canada and other jurisdictions as meeting its labelling requirements for agvet chemicals.
Deloitte also found that the GHS envisages that competent authorities would continue to implement and maintain risk-based regulatory approaches for chemicals (such as that applied to agvet chemical regulation in Australia). It noted that risks associated with the use of veterinary medicines are not part of the GHS. Deloitte also concluded that few additional benefits for agvet chemicals in Australia are likely to arise from international harmonisation under the GHS.
If you need further information about:
- GHS labelling requirements for hazardous workplace chemical products in your state or territory, contact the work health and safety authority near you.
- National GHS labelling requirements, contact Safe Work Australia
- Mandatory labelling requirements for agricultural chemicals and veterinary medicines, contact the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
- Australian policy for access to safe agvet chemicals, contact the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources on Ph: +61 2 6272 3324.
Information about the United Nations' Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is available at UNECE.


The horizontal location of an origin relative to an object, e.g., a Billboard. For example, the horizontal origin is used to display a billboard to the left or right (in screen space) of the actual position.
staticconstantHorizontalOrigin.CENTER :Number
The origin is at the horizontal center of the object.
staticconstantHorizontalOrigin.LEFT :Number
The origin is on the left side of the object.
staticconstantHorizontalOrigin.RIGHT :Number
The origin is on the right side of the object.


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is needed.
Evaluating Student Participation in Team Learning
Teachers may find it difficult to accurately assess grades in a team situation. Here are some techniques you may use to evaluate student's work and make certain students do their fair share of work during a project.
1. Create learning contracts with each student team. A learning contract is an agreement between team members and the teacher. The student team members contract with the teacher for a grade. The contract should include the following items:
- A description of the project the students will undertake;
- A list of products that the team will provide as tangible evidence that the project is completed (e.g., our team will produce a fifteen-minute video on the U.S. POW experience in Vietnam); and
- The students' criteria for success, for example:
- We believe criteria for an "A" grade includes:
- consulting six primary sources;
- explaining what POWs experienced on a daily basis;
- making the experience come alive for our classmates;
- explaining what North Vietnam thought of American POWs; and
- consulting international treaties specifying how POWs were to be treated.
2. Help students create ground rules for team behavior and shared responsibility.
- Ground rules describe how the team will work together and what the team thinks "working together well" looks like (e.g., we will attend all meetings and complete team assignments at agreed upon deadlines).
- Discuss the concept of "social loafing" with your students. Social loafing occurs when some team members shoulder the load for the team, and other team members do not do any work.
- Ask the teams how they will deal with social loafing.
- Serve as a consultant to all teams, and be available for students to discuss and solve team problems.
3. Require each team to keep a written record of team meetings. The record should document all team decisions and work assignments.
4. Have team members grade each other for teamwork and shared participation. Factor these grades into the team's final grade.
Enter your search term below


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The testing site „Nitrosamine Analytics„ (NA) is competent under the terms of DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025 to perform the analysis of material and air samples for contamination with nitrosamines.
The focus of the testing site "Nitrosamine analysis" (NA) is the analysis of material samples such as articles of daily use, vulcanisates, compounds or building materials and air samples for their contamination with nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are formed in the production of rubber articles mainly during vulcanization by reaction of secondary amines which are released from vulcanization accelerators with nitrosating agents. These nitrosating agents can be contained in the rubber compound itself or they can be incorporated from the atmosphere. A portion of the formed nitrosamines can be emitted to the working environment during vulcanization or during the storage of the manufactured articles and thus lead to a contamination of the ambient air and potentially also of the building stock. The nitrosation of emitted amines from vulcanisates with ubiquitary nitrogen oxides contribute to the contamination of air with nitrosamines, too. Ca. 90% of all nitrosamines are classified as carcinogenic according to the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances and TRGS 552 so that the monitoring, prevention and reduction of the exposition of employees and consumers is necessary and compulsory according to applicable directives.
We offer the following tests:
Hazardous substance testing of elastomers and material samples:
Testing of air samples:
Please find Information relating to the DIK quality management and accreditation here.


Mocking Xamarin.Essentials
If you never heard about Xamarin.Essentials you should get familiar with it as soon as possible! It is a great collection of APIs that is very easy to use and integrate to your projects. You can find more information in the official documentation.
In order to keep the things as simple as possible and easy as possible to pick up for new contributors, all the APIs are written in a static way. The first reaction of developers would be to immediately raise their eyebrows and ask: "Why so? How are we going to unit test that?". The answer in most cases is easier than you may think at first. Continue reading "Mocking Xamarin.Essentials"
Anatomy of Code snippets in Visual Studio for Mac
Code snippet is a shortcut that can be used to generate a code from a specific template. Example of a built-in code snippet:
Type cw and double press the Tab key will result in Console.Writeline();
Thats a pretty simple example, however we pressed only 4 keys instead of 19 (ignoring the autocompletion of IntelliSense). In more advanced cases it might be a code snippet to generate a BindableProperty or a simple property in a ViewModel that should notify the binding engine about updates. Sounds like we can increase our performance by letting the code snippets generate boring repetitive code for us.
Visual Studio for Mac is shipped with a default code snippets that can be used as a great example. Let's take a look on the cw code snippet. First let's open the editor by clicking on Visual Studio > Preferences > Text Editor > Code Snippets. Now select the cw code snippet under C# group:
Screenshot 2018-11-29 at 00.26.55
#1. Shortcut – is the shortcut we have to type in order to generate the code from the template. In this example it is cw (Console.WriteLine).
#2. Group – there are different available groups including F#, Python and Razor.
#3. Variables – on the screenshot #3 appear twice to demonstrate the definition of the $SystemConsoleWriteLine$ variable and its properties.
#4. Default – stands for the default value of the variable. Please note that in order to avoid confusion we should also provide a namespace.
#5. Function – we can apply built-in functions like GetSimpleTypeName("System#Console.WriteLine"). It will make sure to remove the namespace before Console.WriteLine if using System is already in place otherwise it will use the default value (#4). The list of supported functions can be found here.
The template is just a XML file that live in ~/Library/VisualStudio/{version}/Snippets directory, which means that you can easily import and export code snippets that you create.
Earlier today I created a GitHub repository with a couple of handy code snippets for Visual Studio for Mac and especially for Xamarin. You are welcome to check and contribute by sharing your own code snippets!
Immutable Models in MVVM
10-22-04 025
Source: flickr/ Jeff Attaway
The first M stands for Model – an implementation of the application's domain model that includes a data model along with business and validation logic. Examples of model objects include repositories, business objects, data transfer objects (DTOs), Plain Old CLR Objects (POCOs), and generated entity and proxy objects.
definition source
In object-oriented and functional programming, an immutable object(unchangeable object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created. This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created.
definition source
Why bother?
Imagine the next simple situation, your application downloads a JSON, deserialises it to an object and then presents the downloaded data. You would expect the downloaded data to be one-to-one to the data on the remote server, however the data can be accidentally or intentionally mutated. Continue reading "Immutable Models in MVVM"
The ultimate guide to Emojis 🤹♂
This slideshow requires JavaScript.
It is very common nowadays to express ourselves by using emojis. Instead of typing few words, we prefer to send one emoji that will express our feelings and emotions. Not sure that the other side will always get what we mean by sending a 🧞 , but that is another story.
In this article we will learn:
 1. How to use emojis in static content like Labels and Buttons
 2. How to define and use emoji in XAML only
 3. How to define and use emoji using C#
Continue reading "The ultimate guide to Emojis 🤹♂"
Entity Framework DB First and Computed Columns
Imagine you have a lovely DB first approach in place. There is a table "Fruits" with a column "WikiLink". This column is getting populated on insert, using a trigger on the DB level. Can you spot "the" problem here?
Let's try to understand how EF returns the DB generated entity Id from the DB right after the insert. The code below demonstrates a standard way to insert a new entity with EF:
var fruit = new Fruit { Family = "Rosaceae", Name = "Apple" };
await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
// fruit.Id is auto-generated on the DB level and accessible after insert
// fruid.WikiLink is null
The Id column marked as identity, therefor it is recognised as a value generated on DB level. If you will use a DB profiler you will actually see:
— T-SQL Pseudocode for -> dbContext.Fruits.Add(fruit);
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Fruits] (Family, Name)
VALUES ("Rosaceae", "Apple")
It is insert and select in one query. Now back to our problem with 'WikiLink'. What we would like to achieve is:
VALUES ("Rosaceae", "Apple")
When you use a code first approach, you have an option of explicitly marking an entity's property as db generated with an attribute:
public string WikiLink { get; set; }
However, with DB first approach you don't have that option, and since there is a trigger behind this column, there is no way for EF to understand that it is generated on the DB level.
Unfortunately, it is not easily solvable with DB first approach. There are a couple of workarounds we could think about:
 1. We can try to manipulate "manually" the auto-generated edmx file and set the "WikiLink" to db computed. Which is a bad idea, because this change will get lost with the next model update as it is being regenerated on each change.
 2. Another option will be to query the DB right after the insert, to get the full row data:
await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
await dbContext.Entry(fruit).ReloadAsync()
// fruid.WikiLink is not null anymore
The disadvantage is obvious – additional db query:
VALUES ("Rosaceae", "Apple")
— T-SQL Pseudocode for -> await dbContext.Entry(fruit).ReloadAsync()
SELECT FROM * [dbo].[Fruits]
WHERE Id = 99;
However, it could be good enough for some projects.
If you can modify the DB scheme, the solution is quite simple – replace the trigger by a computed column:
— T-SQL Pseudocode for
alter table [dbo].[Fruits]
add [WikiLink] as concat(N'_ttp://', Id )
This way you may gain more performance. Since you may have a 'RowVersion' column which will be calculated twice because of the trigger. Not to mention that the DB structure is much more readable, compare to unnecessary trigger.
There might be another workarounds for this issue if you don't have access or you can't modify the DB. I would like to hear about your experience, so please share via comments.
Web.API 2 centralised model state validation
Model state validation is easy with DataAnnotations. However, you will find repeating the next line of code very soon:
if(!ModelState.IsValid) return BadRequest(..);
Luckily, there is a pretty simple solution – to use ActionFilter:
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web.Http.Controllers;
using System.Web.Http.Filters;
namespace MyAwesomeWebApi.ActionFilters
///
/// Returns 400 if the ModelState is invalid.
///
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All, AllowMultiple = false, Inherited = true)]
public class ValidateModelAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
public override void OnActionExecuting(HttpActionContext actionContext)
if (actionContext.ModelState.IsValid)
actionContext.Response = actionContext.Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, actionContext.ModelState);
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Http.Description;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespace MyAwesomeWebApi.Controllers
public class ValuesController : ApiController
public IHttpActionResult Post(MyModel model)
var valService = new ValService();
var result = valService.Create(model);
return Created($"api/values/{result.Id}", result);
public class MyModel
public int Id { get; set; }
view raw ValuesController.cs hosted with ❤ by GitHub
All you have to do is to add the ValidateModel attribute to your controller methods that require model state validation.
Entity Framework Database First Generalising Timestamps
Using Entity Framework is extremely easy and straight forward unless you have a large amount of entities and business rules to apply. You are lucky if you have a code first approach, however some times database first approach is in place and there are some limitations. For example,


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I wanted to check the load that a ferrite core with a secondary winding presents to the common mode current carrying conductor (the outside of a coax) when set up as a current transformer. The coax runs thru center, the secondary winding could be one or several turns loaded by a R+jø load. (+jø load but the windings of the secondary will give some +jx component).
I did the following three S11 measurements with the VNA (M1, M2, M3):
M1) No secondary winding is present but the single turn is running thru the core
M2) A shorted two turn secondary and an open two turn secondary (winding is pulsed in and out off to be able to better detect a difference). The time domain is captured by the slow scan and sampling rate of the VNA.
M3) Only the primary winding is attached to the calibrated S11 measuring plane. (to measure the self inductance of the single turn in itself. This is an air-core measurements.)
Above is a similar test setup. The core is an "unknown" Amidon toroid core. The red conductor is the simulated coax common mode current path (a one turn loop). The green conductor is the secondary winding. The load could made by paralleling several resistors in series with the secondary (the blob on the left side, right picture). Note that the measurements below were done with a one turn loop and a short – no resistor. The measurement device is a VNA from DG8SAQ calibrated by O S L references in the S11 measuring plane (the SMA in the end of the coax from the TX port).
The left picture shows measurement 1) The mid picture shows measurement 2) the right picture shows measurement 3)
Edited: What is interesting to see is that the image to the left shows that this core has some resistive loss as can be seen on the blue trace. The Q is quite low. When there is a secondary winding present, the loss is shorted out but the inductancechanges since the inductance of the secondary is reflected into the S11 measurement plane. On the right image it can be seen that there is no resistive loss and a linear inductive reactance caused by the air core inductor (no appreciable drop off or frequency dependent effects, in the measuring frequency range)
What this tells me is that this core setup probably is not too well suited as a high current measuring setup for frequencies above 160m because it will affect the measuring circuit too much. Not in terms of the R element but because of the +jX element. The R is low to the RF current passing thru the core (in the common mode), but the +jX element will present a reactance to the RF current and thereby giving you lower current than should be expected without the core. My analysis says that another core type should be selected or that a frequency compensation technique should be used. Alternatively that a lower turns ratio should be tried. However looking at the plot to the left, it can be seen that below 30 Mc*s^-1 the +jX component is too high. Perhaps this core has a too large permeability and that a lower permeability core should be used. The primary turn with secondary loading should give a low reactance on the primary. The voltage given over Rt would then be lower but the gain of the detector could be adjusted. (I may be wrong). Please comment if you have comments or suggestions.


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We take a real-time embedded system to be the control system of a plant in an open environment, where the control is realized by computation in digital or analog form. The key characteristic of a real-time embedded system is that computation is interleaved or in parallel with actions of the plant and events in the environment. Various models for real-time embedded systems have been proposed in recent years, most of which are extensions of existing concurrency models with delays or time bounds on transitions. In this paper, we present a different approach to modeling real-time systems. We take the overall system as a dynamic system, in which time or event structures are considered as an intrinsic dimension. Our model, called the Constraint Net model (CN), is capable of expressing dynamic behaviors in real-time embedded systems. It captures the most general structure of dynamic systems so that systems with discrete as well as dense time and asynchronous as well as synchronous event structures can be modeled in a unified framework. It models the dynamics of the environment as well as the dynamics of the plant and the dynamics of the computation and control. It provides multiple levels of abstraction so that a system can be modeled and developed hierarchically. By explicitly representing locality, CN can be used to explore true concurrency in distributed systems. With its rigorous formalization, CN provides a programming semantics for the design of real-time embedded systems. It also serves as a foundation for specification, verification, analysis and simulation of the complete dynamic system.
If you have any questions or comments regarding this page please send mail to _EMAIL_.


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LANCASTER, PA – Armstrong Ceilings has created an interactive Environmental Impact Calculator on its Web site to demonstrate the difference that recycling old ceiling tiles can make.
By simply entering the number of square feet of ceilings to be recycled, visitors are able to view the environmental impact, including the pounds of waste diverted from landfills, tons of virgin raw materials saved, kilowatt hours of energy saved, gallons of potable water saved, and kilograms of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases avoided.
The Calculator can also display the impact in terms of everyday analogies, such as the number of tires diverted from landfills, pounds of carry-on luggage not carried on, months of electricity needed to power a home, loads of laundry not washed, and miles not driven.
An Alternative to Landfill Disposal
Armstrong introduced the industry's first ceiling recycling program in 1999. Since that time, the company, working in conjunction with its customers, has recycled more than 80,000,000 square feet of discarded ceiling tiles. This represents more than 11,000 dumpsters full of construction waste that would have normally been taken to landfills.
The closed-loop program enables building owners to ship ceilings from renovation projects to an Armstrong ceiling plant as an alternative to landfill disposal. As part of the program, the company even pays freight costs for shipping the old ceilings, which it uses as raw materials in the manufacture of new ceilings.
To access the Environmental Impact Calculator, visit _URL_
To obtain more information on the Ceiling Recycling Program, visit _URL_
Armstrong World Industries Inc. is a global leader in the design and manufacture of floors, ceilings and cabinets. Based in Lancaster, PA, Armstrong operates 37 plants in nine countries and has 11,000 employees. For more information, go to _URL_.


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1. How can I tell when an electrical outlet is not safe or needs to be replaced?
The plug falls out of the outlet without touching it, or the outlet is not secure and will move easily when touching it. When the outlet is warm or hot to the touch, you need to immediately take care of the issue by unplugging the device and calling Viper Electric. Any time your electrical work is hot to touch, it can result in a fire.
2. Why would I need a new electrical circuit?
If you are installing any new appliance, you should always consider getting a new circuit. This can be anything from installing new generators, dishwashers, refrigerators, heaters, pools and hot tubs. A new circuit installation can ensure that you won't overload your electrical panel or not have enough power to run your appliances.
3. What do I do if my circuit keeps overloading?
Sometimes the fix can be as simple as moving a frequently used item or small appliance to a different, less used area. If this is a constant problem, you should definitely consider getting a new electrical circuit installed to be able to handle your home's electrical demands.
4. Why does a breaker in my panel feel hot to the touch?
This means your breaker is overheating, and probably needs to be replaced. Call Viper Electric for help upgrading your electrical panel before any serious problems arise!


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2013 Scientist Registration
Photograph by Karine Aigner
A BioBlitz is a unique combination of taxonomic inventory, public outreach, and science education. At its core, the BioBlitz is a species inventory in which teams of volunteers, each led by an expert scientist, find, identify, and map as many species as possible within a 24-hour period. While the inventory is not exhaustive, it can nevertheless yield valuable biogeographic information. With your expert help we have the opportunity to greatly extend scientific (and public) understanding of biodiversity patterns across deltaic coastal wetland landscapes. Recent BioBlitzes have revealed new species of insects and bacteria in the middle of city parks! New county records and other indices of species distribution are also common.
BioBlitz is a wonderful opportunity to share your knowledge with students and the general public as well as to inspire people to protect the planet and maybe become scientists themselves!
Formal expert registration is now closed
The science page will be updated regularly with FAQs; logistics information; any permit instructions; and other useful resources as we near the May 17-18 event.
The science page will be updated regularly with FAQs; logistics information; any permit instructions; and other useful resources as we near the event.
See photos of what happened when more than 5,000 people participated in a 24-hour species count in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Five thousand volunteers at the 2011 Saguaro National Park BioBlitz added over 400 species to park lists.
The first ever marine BioBlitz took place in Florida's Biscayne Bay.
In the Spotlight
Meet these visionary, young trailblazers from around the world.
The National Geographic Society has issued 10,000 grants funding research and exploration since 1890—including ten National Geographic grant projects that, according to an internal panel, "have made the greatest difference in understanding the Earth."


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The work of a local student is headed for the Smithsonian museum in Washington, D.C.
Miriam Carlson just got her driver's license, but the Rockford teen is more excited about an exhibit on communism and the palmer raids.
"You don't hear a lot about it. It's kind of a sore subject people just want to forget about it," says Miriam.
But this ambitious home schooled 16-year-old dug it all back up and found an interesting Rockford connection. In the 1920's, the U.S. government arrested more people per capita for alleged communist involvement in Rockford than anywhere else in the country.
"I learned that the government overreacted to this and they should have just let the democratic government work things out," says Miriam.
Miriam's turned the research into an exhibit that's earned her national recognition from the state and now on a national level.
"It's wonderful, exciting. The technique that she used worked finally in the end. But I was a little skeptical of her vision that she had. But she pulled it off," says Betsy Carolson, Miriam's mom and teacher.
Miriam's work will be displayed at the Smithsonian in June where she'll compete with 99 other U.S. students in National History Day.
"They're writing history rather than just reading about history," says Betsy.
Miriam's says she's learned a lot by researching the past and she knows her hard work will bring a brighter future.
Miriam will take her exhibit to D.C. from June 15 through19 for the national competition. She tells us, in the early 1900s, 183 Rockford residents were arrested for alleged communist activity. Most were Swedish immigrants, several who went to hold prominent positions in the community.


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PhilaretArticle Free Pass
Philaret, also spelled Filaret, original name Vasily Mikhaylovich Drozdov (born Dec. 26, 1782, [Jan. 6, 1783, New Style], Kolomna, near Moscow, Russia—died Nov. 19 [Dec. 1], 1867, Moscow), Russian Orthodox biblical theologian and metropolitan, or archbishop, of Moscow whose scholarship, oratory, and administrative ability made him the leading Russian churchman of the 19th century.
Upon his graduation from the Trinity Monastery, near Moscow, in 1803, Philaret was appointed as a teacher there and, in 1806, as a monastery preacher. In 1808 he took monastic vows and also was named professor of philosophy and theology, and subsequently rector, at St. Petersburg's Theological Academy. Rising rapidly in his church career, he became a member of the Holy Synod in 1818 after serving with numerous ecclesiastical-reform commissions, was named archbishop of Tver in 1819, and in 1821 was transferred to Moscow. An activist, Philaret quickly established himself as a power in church and state. Considered as charismatic by the Russian Orthodox, he served as the final authority in theological and legal questions, his decisions eventually being published in 1905 with the title "Views and Comments."
By 1858, having overcome extended opposition, Philaret successfully directed the translation of the Bible into modern Russian. His chief theological work was the "Christian Catechism of the Orthodox Catholic Eastern Greco-Russian Church," treating the 4th-century Nicene Creed, the theology of prayer, and the Mosaic Law. First published in 1823, Philaret's "Catechism" was subjected to several revisions to expunge its Lutheran influences, but after 1839 it exercised widespread influence on 19th-century Russian theology.
What made you want to look up "Philaret"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Crude Oil Market Volatility
There are two commonly referenced measures of market price uncertainty: historical volatility and implied volatility. Historical volatility measures how much prices have varied in the past, and implied volatility uses options prices to measure how market participants believe prices will vary in the future. In the Brent crude oil market, implied volatility is currently higher than historical volatility because of continuing market uncertainties (Figure 1). Implied volatility is expected to remain high until these uncertainties are resolved.
Historical volatility is calculated from the daily price movements of the front month futures price, typically for a 30-day period. It provides a snapshot of the magnitude of recent up-and-down price movements, but by definition is a backwards-looking metric.
Implied volatility is calculated from the prices of call and put options traded on futures contracts. The Black-Scholes option pricing model is widely used to price crude oil futures options based on a number of factors: the current trading price of the crude oil futures contract; the strike price of the option contract; the time until the option contract expires; and the expected future volatility of the price of the underlying crude oil futures contract. The only one of these variables that is not immediately observable is expected future volatility. By using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the known values of the crude oil futures contract, the strike price of the option, the time until the option expires and the current trading price of the option contract, it is possible to calculate the future volatility that is implied by the relationship of the known values, hence "implied volatility."


Bocce (RIP)
We used to have a bocce court, but well, it's a long story. We had to move the greenhouse and the bocce court was the only place to move it so bye bye bocce for now. I may be able to fit another court in so don't give up hope.
A little history
Bocce is the Italian version of lawn bowling. The earliest known form of the sport was a game played in the Italian Alps, early in the Christian Era, in which stones were tossed at a target stone--not necessarily to hit it, but to land as close as possible to it. This was a major amusement for Roman soldiers, who spread it through the empire. Balls were eventually substituted for the stones and they were usually rolled rather than tossed. Bocce, also known as boccia, derived its name from the Vulgar Latin word for ball, bottia. Italian immigrants brought bocce to the United States. Its original centers of popularity were New York City and San Francisco because of their large Italian-American populations. But, as newer generations grew away from the sport, bocce declined and seemed in danger of extinction in this country. The center of the sport in the U. S. is Martinez, California, which has more than a thousand competitors in league play and many more who simply play for fun. The U. S. Bocce Federation says there are about 1 million players in the United States.


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Using a Color Picker or Eye Dropper in PowerPoint 2011 for Mac
PowerPoint 2013 comes with a nice Eye Dropper feature that let you pick any color from the design and get the RGB values. This way you can create slide designs based in the corporate identity or using the colors you want.
There is an application called DigitalColor Meter that you can use to grab any color from object on screen. Using DigitalColor Meter you can pick a color and then assign the same RGB values to a PowerPoint presentation background or shape.
Using Digital Color Meter you can easily grab any color from the screen and get the RGB values. There are some other alternative tools that you can install in your MacBook Pro or Mac computer, however Digital Color Meter comes with OSX Maverick ready for you to use.
Then go to PowerPoint and let's say you want to change the background color to match the grabbed color. You can go to Slide Master and change Background properties using Format Background dialog box. Then choose Solid color (or Gradient) and then click Color button. Now click More Colors and then enter the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) values that you picked with the tool.
In this example you can see we created a themed version of our _URL_ website as a PowerPoint background.


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|Guidelines for small-scale fruit and vegetable processors. (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 127) (1997)|
|Part 2 - Processing for sale|
|2.6. Contracts with suppliers and retailers|
Many small scale processors buy fruits and vegetables daily from their nearest public market. Although this is simple and straightforward, it creates a number of problems for a business: for example, the processors have little control over the price charged by traders each day and because of the large seasonal price fluctuations that characterise these raw materials, this makes financial planning and control over cashflow more difficult (Section 2.3.4). The processor is also unable to schedule the raw materials in the quantities required and it is common for production to fail to meet a target because there are simply not enough fruits and vegetables for sale on a particular day. Additionally, the processor has no control over the way fruits and vegetables are handled during harvest and transport to the markets and therefore no influence over the quality of the raw materials that are available (see also Section 2.7.2).
To address these problems, a processor can arrange contracts with either traders or farmers, in an attempt to have greater control over the amount of raw materials available for processing each day and their quality and price. This is not a common arrangement at present in most developing countries, possibly because commercial food processing is a relatively recent activity and there is no history of collaboration and formal contracts. However, where this has been done, there are benefits to both processor and suppliers, provided that the arrangements are made honourably and there is mutual trust. The benefits to farmers are a guaranteed price for their crop, based on a sliding scale of quality and a guaranteed market when it is harvested.
However, the traders who tour an area to buy crops provide a number of benefits to farmers that processors should not ignore when arranging contracts: for example the traders frequently buy the whole crop, regardless of quality and either sort it themselves for different markets or sell it on to wholesalers who do the sorting. From the farmers perspective, they receive payment at the farm, without having to worry about marketing their crop or disposal of substandard items. Although farmers have a guaranteed market by selling to traders, they have virtually no control over the prices offered and can be exploited, particularly at the peak of a growing season when there is an over-supply of a particular crop.
Traders also provide a number of other services that farmers may find difficult to obtain elsewhere: traders may be the only realistic source of farming tools and other inputs such as seeds; they are also a source of immediate informal credit, which farmers may require to buy inputs or for other needs such as funerals and weddings. Although the interest payments on such loans may be much higher than those charged on commercial loans, farmers often have no access to banks or other lenders and in practice have no choice. In many countries, large numbers of farmers are permanently indebted to traders for their lifetimes and are only released from the debt by sale of land.
When processors begin to negotiate contracts with farmers, they should therefore be aware that farmers may be unwilling to break the existing arrangements with traders, either because of genuine fears that they will lose the services provided or because they are indebted to traders and have no ability to make other arrangements. The local power of traders should not be under-estimated and may range from a refusal to offer further loans to farmers, a threat not to buy the crop again if sales are made directly to processors, a demand that farmers repay loans immediately and in extreme cases, physical violence.
Despite the problems described above, there are possibilities for processors to agree contracts to supply fruits and vegetables of a specified variety and quality with individual farmers or with groups of farmers who may be working cooperatively.
Typically a specification would include the variety to be grown, the degree of maturity at harvest, freedom from infection etc. The price paid for the crop is agreed in advance and may be set between the mid-season lowest point and the preand post-season high points. Alternatively a sliding scale of prices is agreed, based on one or more easily measurable characteristics such as minimum size or agreed colour range, with an independent person being present to confirm the agreement in case of later disputes. The agreement may also specify the minimum or maximum amount that will be bought. In a formal contract, these agreement are written down and signed by both parties, although such formal contracts are rare in most developing countries.
Processors should also consider the other forms of assistance that could be offered to farmers. For example, in some other larger scale processing such as tea and coffee production, processors offer training and an extension service to address problems with the crop as they arise throughout the growing season. Although this may be beyond the resources of small scale processors, more limited types of assistance may include purchasing tools, fertilizer or other requirements in bulk with the savings being passed on to farmers. Alternatively, part-payment for the crop can be made in advance so that farmers can buy inputs without the need for credit and the consequent indebtedness.
The advantages to the processor are greater control over the quality of raw materials and the varieties that are planted, some control over the amounts supplied and an advance indication of likely raw material costs which assists in both financial control and production planning (Sections 2.3.4 and 2.7.1). The advantage to the farmer is the security of having a guaranteed market for the crop at a known price, together with any other incentives that may be offered by processors.
However, this type of arrangement can only operate successfully when both processors and farmers honour their side of the agreement. In the authors experience, there have been a number of occasions when these forms of agreement have been tried, but have failed because one party breaks their part of the contract. Typically, this can be farmers who sell part of their crop to traders at each end of the season, when the price is higher than that offered by the processor. The expected volume of crop is not then available to the processor and planned production capacity cannot be achieved, seriously damaging both sales and cashflow. Alternatively, the processor delays payment to farmers, resulting in the need for them to take another loan and greater indebtedness. The processor may also fail to buy the agreed amount of crop and farmers are left to find alternative markets without the option of supplying traders who may refuse to buy it or may offer an insignificant price.
A slightly different approach is that in which a processor takes a greater degree of control over production of the crop and specifies the types of fruit or vegetable to be grown, supplies seeds and other inputs, even including labour. In effect farmers are paid by the processor for the use of their land. Although this involves greater organisational complexity and higher operating costs for the processor, the benefits of an assured supply of raw materials having the correct qualities for processing may outweigh the disadvantages, particularly in situations where the demand for a crop outstrips the supply.
A further development of the approach is for the processor to rent or buy land and set up a separate operation to supply the processing unit. This often happens in reverse when an existing farmer diversifies into processing but retains the farm. In either case the processor hires the labour and supplies all inputs needed to operate the farm. The bulk of the produce supplies the processing unit with any excess being sold in local markets or to traders.


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'Gathering ideas – innovation' page 19. You have done some fantastic unicorn research so far. Well done. I think you are ready to help Professor Dame Folklore write another page for her book 'Unicorns Uncovered'. The 'Introduction' is also intact, and it lists the following chapters: 10. Storm Unicorn 11. Frost Unicorn 12. Rainbow Unicorn 13. Fire Unicorn 14. *Unreadable entry* 15. Mountain Unicorn 16. *Unreadable entry*
You could write about one of the unicorns from the missing chapters or make up your own unicorn.
What is your unicorn called? Think about its body, mane, horn and tail. You could also think about its special features and magical powers. Draw and label your unicorn below. Unicorns can be hard to draw unicorns so there is an outline provided to help you. If you don't want to use this, draw it on separate paper.
Remember to choose an activity from the Topic web.


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New research shows that the terminology used in the labelling of plant-based food and meat analogues could have a considerable bearing on how well it sells.
The authors of a new study published this week in the Journal of Experimental Psychology were able to shows that labelling products 'vegetarian' or 'vegan', as opposed to 'plant-based', increased sales by a striking 24%.
The study team, from the Department of Psychology, University of California, says that while plant-based foods offer great promise for improving environmental sustainability, getting people to replace meat based meals with plant-based meals is often challenging. When the team considered the role of terminology in this area they identified a "knowledge gap" in the scientific literature. Comparatively little is known, they say, about which descriptor for plant-based foods – calling them plant-based or vegetarian/vegan – is the most likely to encourage people to make more plant-based choices.
Through a 10-week field experiment, which analysed over 160,000 consumer decisions, the team investigated how different 'frames' for vegetarian and vegan menu items influence consumer behaviour in a real-world setting.
The authors write: "We randomly varied whether vegetarian and vegan items on a restaurant's menu were referred to as 'vegetarian' and 'vegan vs. 'Plant-based'. Throughout the experiment, we tracked 167,637 consumer decisions. Items were 24% more likely to sell when they were marketed as vegetarian/vegan than when they were marketed as plant-based. These findings highlight the potential for frames to promote plant-based food choices, offering a subtle strategy for changing consumer behaviour and supporting sustainability efforts.


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of the proposed techniques.
Often the best performing deep neural models are ensembles of multiple base-level networks. Unfortunately, the space required to store these many networks, and the time required to execute them at test-time, prohibits their use in applications where test sets are large (e.g., ImageNet). In this paper, we present a method for compressing large, complex trained ensembles into a single network, where knowledge from a variety of trained deep neural networks (DNNs) is distilled and transferred to a single DNN. In order to distill diverse knowledge from different trained (teacher) models, we propose to use adversarial-based learning strategy where we define a block-wise training loss to guide and optimize the predefined student network to recover the knowledge in teacher models, and to promote the discriminator network to distinguish teacher vs. student features simultaneously. The proposed ensemble method (MEAL) of transferring distilled knowledge with adversarial learning exhibits three important advantages: (1) the student network that learns the distilled knowledge with discriminators is optimized better than the original model; (2) fast inference is realized by a single forward pass, while the performance is even better than traditional ensembles from multi-original models; (3) the student network can learn the distilled knowledge from a teacher model that has arbitrary structures. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10/100, SVHN and ImageNet datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our MEAL method. On ImageNet, our ResNet-50 based MEAL achieves top-1/5 21.79%/5.99% val error, which outperforms the original model by 2.06%/1.14%. Code and models are available at: https://…/MEAL
Generative adversarial networks are a class of generative algorithms that have been widely used to produce state-of-the-art samples. In this paper, we investigate GAN to perform anomaly detection on time series dataset. In order to achieve this goal, a bibliography is made focusing on theoretical properties of GAN and GAN used for anomaly detection. A Wasserstein GAN has been chosen to learn the representation of normal data distribution and a stacked encoder with the generator performs the anomaly detection. W-GAN with encoder seems to produce state of the art anomaly detection scores on MNIST dataset and we investigate its usage on multi-variate time series.
Neural networks can achieve extraordinary results on a wide variety of tasks. However, when they attempt to sequentially learn a number of tasks, they tend to learn the new task while destructively forgetting previous tasks. One solution to this problem is pseudo-rehearsal, which involves learning the new task while rehearsing generated items representative of previous task/s. We demonstrate that pairing pseudo-rehearsal methods with a generative network is an effective solution to this problem in reinforcement learning. Our method iteratively learns three Atari 2600 games while retaining above human level performance on all three games, performing similar to a network which rehearses real examples from all previously learnt tasks.
In this paper, we show that standard feed-forward and recurrent neural networks fail to learn abstract patterns based on identity rules. We propose Repetition Based Pattern (RBP) extensions to neural network structures that solve this problem and answer, as well as raise, questions about integrating structures for inductive bias into neural networks. Examples of abstract patterns are the sequence patterns ABA and ABB where A or B can be any object. These were introduced by Marcus et al (1999) who also found that 7 month old infants recognise these patterns in sequences that use an unfamiliar vocabulary while simple recurrent neural networks do not.This result has been contested in the literature but it is confirmed by our experiments. We also show that the inability to generalise extends to different, previously untested, settings. We propose a new approach to modify standard neural network architectures, called Repetition Based Patterns (RBP) with different variants for classification and prediction. Our experiments show that neural networks with the appropriate RBP structure achieve perfect classification and prediction performance on synthetic data, including mixed concrete and abstract patterns. RBP also improves neural network performance in experiments with real-world sequence prediction tasks. We discuss these finding in terms of challenges for neural network models and identify consequences from this result in terms of developing inductive biases for neural network learning.
Recurrent neural networks for session-based recommendation have attracted a lot of attention recently because of their promising performance. repeat consumption is a common phenomenon in many recommendation scenarios (e.g., e-commerce, music, and TV program recommendations), where the same item is re-consumed repeatedly over time. However, no previous studies have emphasized repeat consumption with neural networks. An effective neural approach is needed to decide when to perform repeat recommendation. In this paper, we incorporate a repeat-explore mechanism into neural networks and propose a new model, called RepeatNet, with an encoder-decoder structure. RepeatNet integrates a regular neural recommendation approach in the decoder with a new repeat recommendation mechanism that can choose items from a user's history and recommends them at the right time. We report on extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets. RepeatNet outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on all three datasets in terms of MRR and Recall. Furthermore, as the dataset size and the repeat ratio increase, the improvements of RepeatNet over the baselines also increase, which demonstrates its advantage in handling repeat recommendation scenarios.
We design two learning algorithms that simultaneously promise differential privacy and equalized odds, a 'fairness' condition that corresponds to equalizing false positive and negative rates across protected groups. Our first algorithm is a simple private implementation of the post-processing approach of [Hardt et al. 2016]. This algorithm has the merit of being exceedingly simple, but must be able to use protected group membership explicitly at test time, which can be viewed as 'disparate treatment'. The second algorithm is a differentially private version of the algorithm of [Agarwal et al. 2018], an oracle-efficient algorithm that can be used to find the optimal fair classifier, given access to a subroutine that can solve the original (not necessarily fair) learning problem. This algorithm need not have access to protected group membership at test time. We identify new tradeoffs between fairness, accuracy, and privacy that emerge only when requiring all three properties, and show that these tradeoffs can be milder if group membership may be used at test time.


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THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC FACTORS AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOME POTATO VARIETIES GROWN ON SANDY SOILS
Less favorable conditions on sandy soils in southern Oltenia limited number of
species and varieties grown in the area. Drought and high temperatures in recent yearsÂ (maximum 430 C in air, ground 700 C) acted as dehydrating forces on plants, disruptingÂ their metabolism.
Very high air temperature in July and August at 30 to 38.40 C relative humidity decreasedÂ to 25%, high soil surface temperature and lack of rainfall during the growing season,Â producing an imbalance of the water balance of plants.
Excessive sweating can dehydrate plants leaf level, close osteolele and diminish gas
exchange in photosynthesis.


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The vast movement of people that followed the Norman Conquest
of 1066 brought the Whatlie family name to the British Isles. They lived in Somerset
, at the village of Whatley.
Early Origins of the Whatlie family
The surname Whatlie was first found in Somerset
in the village and manor of Whatley near Frome, where they are conjecturally believed to be descended from the possessor of those lands, at the taking of the Domesday Survey
in 1086, John the Usher, from Glastonbury Abbey. The Wheatley variant can be found throughout England
, specifically: Wheatley, Oxfordshire; Wheatley Lane in Lancashire; and North and South Wheatley in Nottinghamshire
. The two latter villages are listed in the Domesday Book
as Watelei and Wateleie. CITATION[CLOSE]
Williams, Dr Ann. And G.H. Martin, Eds., Domesday Book A Complete Translation. London: Penguin, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0-141-00523-8)
Literally, Wheately means "clearing where wheat is grown," from the Old English "hwaete" + "leah." CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
Early History of the Whatlie family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Whatlie research.Another 259 words (18 lines of text) covering the years 1330, 1582, 1768, 1686, 1742, 1747, 1801, 1753 and 1784 are included under the topic Early Whatlie History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Whatlie Spelling Variations
Anglo-Norman names are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations
. When the Normans
became the ruling people of England
in the 11th century, they introduced a new language into a society where the main languages of Old and later Middle English had no definite spelling rules. These languages were more often spoken than written, so they blended freely with one another. Contributing to this mixing of tongues was the fact that medieval scribes spelled words according to sound, ensuring that a person's name would appear differently in nearly every document in which it was recorded. The name has been spelled Whatley, Whatly, Whately, Wheatley, Whetly, Whettell and many more.
Early Notables of the Whatlie family (pre 1700)
Another 43 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Whatlie Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Whatlie family to the New World and Oceana
For many English families, the political and religious disarray that plagued their homeland made the frontiers of the New World an attractive prospect. Thousands migrated, aboard cramped disease-ridden ships. They arrived sick, poor, and hungry, but were welcomed in many cases with far greater opportunity than at home in England
. Many of these hardy settlers went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations in which they landed. Among early immigrants bearing the name Whatlie or a variant listed above were: Richard Whately, who settled in Barbados in 1670; David Whatley settled in Pennsylvania in 1772; J. D. Whatley settled in San Francisco, Cal. in 1850.


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Scripts vs. Functions
Program files can be scripts that simply execute a series of MATLAB® statements, or they can be functions that also accept input arguments and produce output. Both scripts and functions contain MATLAB code, and both are stored in text files with a.m extension. However, functions are more flexible and more easily extensible.
For example, create a script in a file named triarea.m that computes the area of a triangle:
b = 5;
h = 3;
a = 0.5*(b.* h)
a =
function a = triarea(b,h)
a = 0.5*(b.* h);
a1 = triarea(1,5)
a2 = triarea(2,10)
a3 = triarea(3,6)
a1 =
a2 =
a3 =
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What is big HATRED or LOVE??
If it was love that was big then how can a person leave another person, because then ego just drops, and then there are not two entities, there's only one!
And, if it was hatred that was big, then there should be no longing after the person has left!
If the longing still persists after the person has left, then does it mean that the person was just confused to decide or take decision?
But if a person claims that he/she is not confused, and still longs for that person, then it means the ego has not been dropped! And, since two entities did not become one, then there was no love AT ALL?


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AUSTIN — With peak boating season around the corner, Texans recreating on the coast are likely to spot iconic coastal birds like brown pelicans, roseate spoonbills, black skimmers and reddish egrets nesting in dense colonies, called rookeries, which can consist of thousands of birds and a multitude of other species on barrier islands and smaller islands in Texas bays. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department is encouraging Texas boaters and anglers to watch out for these nesting birds while on the coast, so they aren't disturbed during this sensitive time.
"With too many disturbances, an entire colony of thousands of birds may abandon an island and give up on breeding for the year. Over time, this can potentially lead to drastic population declines," says Trey Barron, a Diversity Biologist with Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. "When approached too closely by boaters or people wading nearby, birds are frightened off their nests, leaving eggs and chicks exposed to rapidly overheat in the summer sun and allowing opportunistic predators like gulls and grackles to quickly swoop in and feed on them."
Colonial nesting waterbirds, whose nests, eggs and chicks are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and by Texas Parks and Wildlife Code, typically nest from late February through August. The islands in which the birds nest are often tiny, including spoil islands, and may only appear as large sandbars. This puts them at a greater risk of encountering people as recreational use by coastal anglers, boaters, birdwatchers, and wildlife photographers, among others, is highest. Of the 25 or so species considered to be colonial nesting waterbirds in Texas, over half are experiencing major population declines.
These birds, and their habitats, are valuable to Texas. Black skimmers, the species featured as the logo for the TPWD Great Texas Coastal Birding Trail signage, have experienced a severe decline, approximately 70%, since record-keeping began with Texas waterbird surveys in 1973. Similarly, the reddish egret, a state threatened species, attracts birders from all over the world. More reddish egrets nest in Texas than almost anywhere else in the world.
"The black skimmer might be the next bobwhite, a bird which was once widespread in Texas but has disappeared from nearly 83% of its U.S. range," says Cliff Shackelford, a Nongame and Rare Species Biologist with Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. "Many people now miss hearing the bobwhite's sweet whistle, and soon saltwater anglers and boaters may miss the graceful waterbird that skims the surface in search of a meal.
The Texas Colonial Waterbird Society, a large partnership of federal and state agencies, universities, and non-profit organizations, recommends that people fish, swim and play from 50 yards away from rookery islands to minimize unintentional and potentially illegal disturbance. While the nesting islands are often attractive spots for kayakers and other boaters, it's important for humans, and their pets, to keep a safe and respectable distance.
"The habitats that waterbirds use are the same habitats in which we, including myself, enjoy fishing, hunting and photographing wildlife," Barron said. "We just have to remember to give them their space, especially during the nesting season, and pick up after ourselves. If you're out on the water, look for the yellow signs that identify rookery islands and keep your distance. We can all enjoy the same places as long as we do it responsibly."
For more information visit _URL_


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Exploring Nonlinear Mechanical Behaviour of Rocks at LANCE
SMARTS - Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress
Atomic-scale stress-strain information obtained from the neutron Rietveld data indicate that the strain experienced by the crystalline quartz is ~1/5 of the macroscopic strain (the rest taken up by the grain contacts and bonds in the rock). No hints of nonlinearity whatsoever are evident in the neutron data.
Conclusion? The grain bond system (a small fraction of the total rock) is responsible for all the peculiar quasi-static nonlinearity we see.
Beamlines at the LANSCE (Los Alamos Neutron Science Center)/Lujan Center - LANSCE produces intense sources of pulsed protons and spallation neutrons from a tungsten target. Proton beam currents during all the experiments varied from 100 to 110 µA.
The Neutron Powder Diffractometer has the unique capability of simultaneous high-Q Rietveld and pair-density function analyses, enabling determination of the average and local structures of complex materials with high accuracy. The questions these experiments are designed to answer are (1) can neutrons "see" the grain bond system and if so, (2) can neutrons help to ascertain the role(s) of intergranular bonds vs. the bulk crystalline volume in the nonlinear behaviour of rocks? Results below show evidence of non-crystalline silica in a pure quartz sandstone.
Above - Rietveld analysis shows an excellent match with crystalline quartz; there are no other crystal phases in Fontainebleau sandstone.
Above - A revised model adding ~7% amorphous silica to the crystal model makes a greatly improved fit.
Above - When the PDF data (red crosses) is compared to a perfect quartz model, there is a large discrepancy in the nearest neighbor peaks.
Above - PDF data (red) of amorphous silica shows that only the nearest neighbor peaks are sharp and correspond with those of the crystal (blue).
HIPPO's proximity to the neutron spallation source and its numerous detectors mean it can watch atomic plane structures change in real time. Counting for 1 minute or less is sufficient for a Rietveld analysis of the scattering data. Scattering experiments were performed to observe the crystalline structure of sandstone samples undergoing periodic temperature changes. Modulus (resonance frequency) and temperature was tracked as a function of time. Neutron results -unit cell volumeshow none of the peculiar macroscopic nonlinear behavior.
History - Modulus drop observed after a temperature change IN either direction for a sample of Berea sandstone
Sandstone sample in holder, thermocouples, and a piezoelectric source and receiver all mounted in an isothermal temperature chamber and mylar thermal radiation shielding.
Corresponding shift of frequency as temperature changed.
Plot of temperature and unit cell volume during the experiment.
Work supported by Office of Basic Energy Sciences, DOE, with Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Support.
HTML conversion by Jeff Simpson.


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Published on 5th December 2019 by LeighanneM
Neurons cells concept
Joining us this week: artificial neurons, new contraceptives, and cholesterol.
Artificial Neurons
Artificial neurons have been developed to provide new methods for repairing the human body.
Neurons (nerve cells) carry signals to and from the rest of the human body. Scientists at the University of Bath have used a combination of maths, computing and chip design to replicate in a circuit what neurons do naturally. For example, the group have replicated the response of respiratory neurons using bio electronics that are small enough to be implanted.
What can we learn from this?
Producing artificial neurons that respond to electrical signals from the nervous system has been a long-time goal in medicine. Challenges have included designing the circuits and finding the parameters that make the circuits behave like real neurons. In certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, neurons degenerate and die. By transferring the electrical properties of brain cells on to synthetic circuits made of silicone, it may be possible to reverse such disorders.
Question to think about: Discuss the possibility of using this technology to repair damage elsewhere in the body.
New Contraceptives
A "once-a-month" contraceptive pill has been developed that may give women more choice over their fertility.
A pill that is designed to resist immediate attack from strong acid and remain in the stomach until fully broken down after several weeks. Whilst in the stomach, the new pill will slowly release hormones to prevent pregnancy, much like those currently available.
The new pill uses a star-shaped drug delivery system packaged in a easy-to-swallow dissolvable capsule. Upon reaching the stomach, the star unfolds and begins releasing the hormone housed on its six arms. The star is too big to immediately exit the stomach and will remain there until it can be broken down and excreted.
What can we learn from this?
The contraceptive pill is used by millions of women globally and should be 99% effective however, studies suggest that nearly half of all users will miss a dose or take the pill at the wrong time. This reduces its efficacy to 91%, meaning that 9 out of every 100 women will get pregnant. At the moment, there are longer lasting contraceptives available, such as injections and coils, however there is currently no monthly alternative. Providing a monthly alternative for the contraceptive pill may produce better results in terms of efficacy.
Question to think about: Discuss the likelihood of a monthly contraceptive pill increasing the effectiveness of using a contraceptive pill to protect against pregnancy.
Research suggests that cholesterol should be tested in everyone from their mid-twenties.
The comprehensive study looking at the long-term health risks of having too much "bad" cholesterol for decades has suggested that cholesterol levels at this stage of life could be used to predict lifetime risk of heart disease and stroke. This information could help to inform young people about their current health and risk of future disease, and could encourage those with higher levels of unhealthy cholesterol to improve their lifestyle, incorporating more exercise and less unhealthy fats.
What can we learn from this?
Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in some foods and also produced in the liver. It is required in order to make essential hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone, as well as vitamin D and other compounds. There are two types of cholesterol: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). LDLs can be dangerous as they can clog the arteries.
Question to think about: Talk about how you could encourage someone to live a healthier lifestyle, and the sort of information you might provide them with.
Words: Nea Sneddon-Jones
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Network design with configuration
Main purpose of this assignment is to enable student to configure networking devices for a given business case study and understand limitations of a network design. After successful completion of this assignment, students should be able to:
a. Investigate and resolve appropriate design and solutions for medium sized organisations.
b. Analyse and report on the current and future state of the management of internetworking infrastructure and its applications.
c. Discuss a roadmap process to use internetworking architecture to support long-term business goals.
d. Implement a process to support the administration and management of internetworking.


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Our newest PaperTigers' issue is now live and focuses on cats and dogs in multicultural children's literature – a topic that was suggested by my 12-year-old daughter, who is animal fanatic.
Among the many highlights in the issue is our interview with Aboriginal elder and storyteller Gladys Milroy, in which she discusses her children's book Dingo's Tree, co-authored with her daughter Jill Milroy, who is currently Dean of the School of Indigenous Studies at the University of Western Australia. Dingo's Tree is published by Magabala Books, Australia's oldest independent Indigenous publishing house, and is PaperTigers' Book of the Month. Look for our review of the book soon and in the meantime enjoy this wonderful review that Emma Perry at My Book Corner has graciously allowed us to reprint.
Located in Australia, My Book Corner provides book reviews on an entire assortment of children's literature and is a great place to visit and find out what is hot in the world of Australian kid and YA lit. We reprint some of My Book Corner's reviews under the reviews tab of the PaperTigers website.
Gladys Milroy and Jill Milroy,
Magabala Books, 2012.
Reviewed by Emma Perry at My Book Corner
Divided in to four short chapters entitled Dingo's Tree, The Raindrop, The Tree That Walked and The Last Tree this is a poignant story about man's destruction of the landscape and its impact on the landscape, natural resources and the animals who depend on them for survival.
Penned and illustrated by mother and daughter team Gladys Milroy and Jill Milroy this is a picture book which gives voice to the very real threats on Australia's landscape. Mining. The beauty of its narrative, combined with the Milroys' warm illustrations ensure that Dingo's Tree will leave a lasting impression.
This deceptively simple yet powerful parable begins when Dingo is unable to find a tree of his own. He draws one and so begins the magical yet sad centre of this parable. The tree grows and grows too tall even for the moon to view the top, then in the aftermath of a cyclone it disappears. As a single, beautiful raindrop appears on a tiny tree, arguments ensue as to who owns it, however a much more pressing matter soon emerges.
The selflessness of crow who flies for miles each day to supply Little Tree with water, is set in parallel against man …
"mining is cutting too deep for the scars to heal. Once destroyed, mountains can't grow again and give birth to the rivers that they send to the sea."
The character of the Dingo continues to emerge as one of wisdom and reason, the rain drop must be reserved, saved for Dingo who will know when the time is right.
The ending is gorgeous and poignant, you can not fail to be moved by the final poetic lines followed by Dingo and Wombat's final conversation…
An ever timely message about environment and man's role in preserving and maintaining it.
Dr Anita Heiss' review of Dingo's Tree can be enjoyed here.


National Geographic Society
 - Connect:
American Behemoth
Missouri River, MO, USA: Host Zeb Hogan holds a recently netted paddlefish on the Osage River in Central Missouri.
Check your local listings.
One of the oldest and most bizarre-looking freshwater fish on the planet can be found in the American Midwest. That's where Dr. Zeb Hogan travels to find the paddlefish. It once teemed throughout the Mississippi and Missouri River systems, but its population has plummeted  disappearing from four states and rapidly decreasing in others. Zeb teams up with biologists and conservation officers to better understand what's causing the decline of this American behemoth.


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Imagine a car which body also serves as a rechargeable battery. A battery that stores braking energy while you drive and that also stores energy when you plug in the car overnight to recharge. At the moment this is just a fascinating idea, but tests are currently under way to see if the vision can be transformed into reality. Volvo Cars is one out of nine participants in an international materials development project.
Among the foremost challenges in the development of hybrids and electric cars are the size, weight and cost of the current generation of batteries. In order to deliver sufficient capacity using today's technology, it is necessary to fit large batteries, which in turn increases the car's weight.
Earlier this year, a materials development project was launched by Imperial College in London that brings together nine European companies and institutes. Volvo Cars is the only car manufacturer participating in the project. With the help of 35 million SEK (approx. 3.5 million EURO) in financial support from the European Union (EU), a composite blend of carbon fibres and polymer resin is being developed that can store and charge more energy faster than conventional batteries can. At the same time, the material is extremely strong and pliant, which means it can be shaped for use in building the car's body panels. According to calculations, the car's weight could be cut by as much as 15 percent if steel body panels were replaced with the new material.
Volvo Cars contributes its expertise
The project will continue for three years. In the first stage, work focuses both on developing the composite material so it can store more energy and on studying ways of producing the material on an industrial scale. Only in the final stage will the battery be fitted to a car.
"Our role is to contribute expertise on how this technology can be integrated in the future and to input ideas about the advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost and user-friendliness," says Per-Ivar Sellergren, development engineer at the Volvo Cars Materials Centre.
Initially, the car's spare wheel recess will be converted into a composite battery.
"This is a relatively large structure that is easy to replace. Not sufficiently large to power the entire car, but enough to switch the engine off and on when the car is at a standstill, for instance at traffic lights," says Per-Ivar Sellergren.
Immense interest in the project
Many people have visited the Imperial College website, which contains information about the project, and have seen the video on YouTube. Per-Ivar reads the visitor comments with immense interest.
"Almost daily I read new ideas about how this technology could be used or further developed. The potential is enormous and it's great that so many people are interested," he says.
If the project is successful, there are many possible application areas. For instance, mobile phones will be able to be as slim as credit cards and laptops will manage longer without needing to be recharged.


Random Seed in JavaScript and Node.js
 - March 26, 2021
 - 2 min read
Random seed is a method of initializing random number generators using an initial seed value. Random generators with the same seed will output the same pseudo-random results.
I found this method to be particularly useful when developing a game I'm working on, which has a random 'Daily Challenge'. In this case, random seed can be useful to select a random game using the current date as a seed.
So, here's how to create a random seed in Node.js, using the seedrandom NPM package:
// In Node.js
const seedrandom = require('seedrandom');
const generator = seedrandom('[your seed here]');
const randomNumber = generator();
And if you're on the client-side:
// On The Browser
const generator = new Math.seedrandom('[your seed here]');
const randomNumber = generator();
In both of these code snippets, the generator function will return a new random number each time, given the seed the generator was initialized with.
If you're running on Node.js, download the seedrandom package as follows:
npm install seedrandom
Or using Yarn:
yarn add seedrandom
If you're writing client-side code without webpack, you can either download the file from seedrandom's GitHub repository, or use a CDN by adding the following code snippet at the end of your tag:
Random seed is one of a few features that is present in most major programming languages but is not available out-of-the-box in JavaScript. It can be incredibly useful in a wide array of cases, both on the web and running on the server-side using Node.
I hope this helps, and thanks for scrolling.
— Gabriel Romualdo, March 26, 2021


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Definitions of pray
n. & v. - See Pry. 2
v. i. - To make request with earnestness or zeal, as for something desired; to make entreaty or supplication; to offer prayer to a deity or divine being as a religious act; specifically, to address the Supreme Being with adoration, confession, supplication, and thanksgiving. 2
v. t. - To address earnest request to; to supplicate; to entreat; to implore; to beseech. 2
v. t. - To ask earnestly for; to seek to obtain by supplication; to entreat for. 2
v. t. - To effect or accomplish by praying; as, to pray a soul out of purgatory. 2
The word "pray" uses 4 letters: A P R Y.
No direct anagrams for pray found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after pray (in bold), or to apry in any order:
d - pardy e - apery payer repay g - grapy h - harpy n - pyran o - payor r - parry s - prays raspy spray t - party
List shorter words within pray, sorted by length
All words formed from pray by changing one letter
Browse words starting with pray by next letter


text: case study design, multiple qualitative methods were implemented including photography, videography, observations, and interviews. The participants included four athletes (one female and three male; three with autism spectrum disorder, one with mild intellectual disability), three fathers, a coach, a program coordinator, and an administrator. Analyses were guided by interpretivism and the quality parasport participation framework. The findings highlight how the limited staff training and preparation, the complexity of providing such a program, and parental hidden labor in their adult children's sport involvement influence the social environment. Implications for coaching practices include the importance of communication strategies and coach education.


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It's safe to assume nearly all people are eager to find a way to grow their income. Why? Because they're aware more money would help them afford a healthier lifestyle. It should come as no surprise that data shows that health is directly correlated with income and wealth. The good news is even though low-income can negatively impact one's health, that means increasing one's wealth could improve it. Easier said than done, right? Well, it actually be more achievable than you think.
Spending More Money on Health
The amount of money being spent on healthcare has been on the rise for many consecutive years. That means more countries and more individuals are spending money trying to get better after falling ill. The projected healthcare expenditure has been estimated to increase every year by 5.5% from 2018 to 2027. Ideally, it would be great if more people were spending money to stay healthy instead of trying to get better. Again, this would require implementing solutions that would allow more people to increase their annual income.
Be Inspired by the Numbers
According to an Urban Institute study from April of 2015, there's a noticeable decline in percentage of adults who report being in fair or poor health as their annual income increased from less than $35,000 up to $100,000 or more. By simply having a higher income, more American adults would lower their risk of having heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and other chronic diseases.
In short, greater access to resources that protect and improve health would significantly improve with greater income. Many individuals and families would be spared from experiencing the following health challenges:
 - Higher infant mortality rates
 - Higher rates of disease
 - Living in areas that lack stable jobs and better schools
 - Inability to afford regular and nutritious meals
 - Higher rates of anxiety and depression
 - Lower life expectancy
All of these factors have been proven to be directly influenced by having a lower income. The only way to reduce the risk of experiencing these health-related challenges is to increase access to opportunities with higher income potential.
Start by Increasing Annual Income
Establishing more opportunities to increase one's income is a big step in the right direction to help empower more people to improve their health. Increasing one's wealth to create generational wealth is the other half of the solution. Rates of illness and shorter lifespans can be avoided by future generations when a new cycle of wealth is passed down by the previous generation. Creating generational wealth will ensure the growing population of people suffering from health issues will start declining in the years ahead.
Improving Health with Sustainable Wealth
What if there was a company that offered everyone the opportunity to earn income while improving their health? And what if that company offered an opportunity to earn income for inspiring others to improve their health? Well, a company like that exists, and that company is LifePharm. The company's mission is to offer healthy living and sustainable income for everyone through its unique health products and business opportunity. LifePharm wants to help others live long and healthy lives by increasing opportunities for both better income and more wealth.
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Your long-term health and the lifestyle you'll enjoy when you retire is greatly influenced by your economic status. It is not too early or too late to start making a difference on your current financial status.
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