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lowTEMP4districtheat - Reduction of the system parameters of heating networks for the integration of renewable heat sources using soft sensors
Starting point / motivation
The new version of the EU guideline "on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources", which will come into force in Austria in 2021, will require heating network operators to know the utilization of their heating network in detail in the future.
Based on this knowledge, decisions have to be made as to whether and under what circumstances a lowering of the network temperatures is possible and whether and when decentralized heat generators can feed into the heating network.
So far, dynamic network simulations, which are absolutely necessary for the analysis of hydraulic interventions in the network, have been based on the largest possible databases of historical data and real-time data from the heating network. In practice, however, many (sometimes outdated) heating networks in Austria have an inadequate measuring infrastructure.
Furthermore, the General Data Protection Regulation created additional hurdles with regard to data acquisition. This means that detailed dynamic network simulations are often not possible.
Contents and goals
In order to enable a quick and detailed analysis of a heating network despite insufficient data, lowTEMP4districtheat uses a new, cost-effective approach with soft sensors. Soft sensors have been used in the process industry for many years in order to use simulations to record the operating states at various locations of reactors in real time, where conventional measurements are not possible.
This simulation approach supplements selective real measurements and can also be used for heating networks. The use of soft sensors saves extensive and cost-intensive measurement infrastructure and enables simple retrofitting of existing heating networks.
LowTEMP4districtheat aims to develop a real-time measurement strategy based on soft sensors for existing heating networks (retrofit) and network simulation with low computing power requirements.
Furthermore, operating and control solutions for a differentiated network management with heterogeneous network parameters (temperatures, pressure levels etc.) as well as possibilities for the conversion of heat consumers to lower system parameters are examined and recommendations for action for the reduction of the network parameters are derived.
After a survey of the technical framework and the elaboration of modeling approaches for different network types and sizes, mathematical basics of thermohydraulic modeling of heating networks using soft sensors are developed. The simulation model is then set up, with ongoing validation using real data from reference networks.
Based on the results of simulations of various applications, control strategies are developed with real-time control algorithms that are compatible with selected controller modules available on the market.
The combined results form the basis of discussions in an expert workshop, which in turn form the basis for recommendations for action.
- Real-time measurement strategy based on soft sensors for existing heating networks (retrofit).
- Network simulation based on soft sensors with low computing power requirements.
- Operating and control solutions for differentiated network management with heterogeneous network parameters (temperatures, pressure levels, etc.).
- Recommendations for action for lowering the network parameters and the related conversion of heat consumers.
4ward Energy Research GmbH
Project or cooperation partners
- Hoval Gesellschaft m.b.H
- Energieagentur Obersteiermark GmbH
- Prozess Optimal CAP GmbH


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In digital circuits, a shift register is a cascade of flip flops, sharing the same clock, in which the output of each flip-flop is connected to the "data" input of the next flip-flop in the chain, resulting in a circuit that shifts by one position the "bit array" stored in it, shifting in the data present at its input and shifting out the last bit in the array, at each transition of the clock input. More generally, a shift register may be multidimensional, such that its "data in" and stage outputs are themselves bit arrays: this is implemented simply by running several shift registers of the same bit-length in parallel.
Shift registers can have both parallel and serial inputs and outputs. These are often configured as serial-in, parallel-out (SIPO) or as parallel-in, serial-out (PISO). There are also types that have both serial and parallel input and types with serial and parallel output. There are also bi-directional shift registers which allow shifting in both directions: L→R or R→L. The serial input and last output of a shift register can also be connected to create a circular shift register.
Serial-in, serial-out (SISO)
Destructive readout
These are the simplest kind of shift registers. The data string is presented at 'Data In', and is shifted right one stage each time 'Data Advance' is brought high. At each advance, the bit on the far left (i.e. 'Data In') is shifted into the first flip-flop's output. The bit on the far right (i.e. 'Data Out') is shifted out and lost.
The data are stored after each flip-flop on the 'Q' output, so there are four storage'slots' available in this arrangement, hence it is a 4-Bit Register. To give an idea of the shifting pattern, imagine that the register holds 0000 (so all storage slots are empty). As 'Data In' presents 1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0 (in that order, with a pulse at 'Data Advance' each time—this is called clocking or strobing) to the register, this is the result. The left hand column corresponds to the left-most flip-flop's output pin, and so on.
So the serial output of the entire register is _PHONE_. As you can see if we were to continue to input data, we would get exactly what was put in, but offset by four 'Data Advance' cycles. This arrangement is the hardware equivalent of a queue. Also, at any time, the whole register can be set to zero by bringing the reset (R) pins high.
This arrangement performs destructive readout - each datum is lost once it has been shifted out of the right-most bit.
Serial-in, parallel-out (SIPO)
This configuration allows conversion from serial to parallel format. Data is input serially, as described in the SISO section above. Once the data has been input, it may be either read off at each output simultaneously, or it can be shifted out and replaced.
In cases where the parallel outputs should not change during the serial loading process, it is desirable to used a latched output. In a latched shift register (such as the 74595) the serial data is first loaded into an internal shift register, then upon receipt of a load signal the state of the shift register is copied into a set of output registers.
Parallel-in, Serial-out (PISO)
This configuration has the data input on lines D1 through D4 in parallel format. To write the data to the register, the Write/Shift control line must be held LOW. To shift the data, the W/S control line is brought HIGH and the registers are clocked. The arrangement now acts as a SISO shift register, with D1 as the Data Input. However, as long as number of clock cycles is not more than the length of the data-string, the Data Output, Q, will be the parallel data read off in order.
The animation below shows the write/shift sequence, including the internal state of the shift register.
One of the most common uses of a shift register is to convert between serial and parallel interfaces. This is useful as many circuits work on groups of bits in parallel, but serial interfaces are simpler to construct. Shift registers can be used as simple delay circuits. Several bidirectional shift registers could also be connected in parallel for a hardware implementation of a stack.
SIPO registers are commonly attached to the output of microprocessors when more output pins are required than are available. This allows several binary devices to be controlled using only two or three pins - the devices in question are attached to the parallel outputs of the shift register, then the desired state of all those devices can be sent out of the microprocessor using a single serial connection. Similarly, PISO configurations are commonly used to add more binary inputs to a microprocessor than are available - each binary input (i.e. a button or more complicated circuitry) is attached to a parallel input of the shift register, then the data is sent back via serial to the microprocessor using several fewer lines than originally required.
Shift registers can also be used as pulse extenders. Compared to monostable multivibrators, the timing has no dependency on component values, however it requires external clock and the timing accuracy is limited by a granularity of this clock. Example: Ronja Twister, where five 74164 shift registers create the core of the timing logic this way (schematic).
In early computers, shift registers were used to handle data processing: two numbers to be added were stored in two shift registers and clocked out into an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) with the result being fed back to the input of one of the shift registers (the accumulator) which was one bit longer since binary addition can only result in an answer that is the same size or one bit longer.
Many computer languages include instructions to'shift right' and'shift left' the data in a register, effectively dividing by two or multiplying by two for each place shifted.
Very large serial-in serial-out shift registers (thousands of bits in size) were used in a similar manner to the earlier delay line memory in some devices built in the early 1970s. Such memories were sometimes called circulating memory. For example, the Datapoint 3300 terminal stored its display of 25 rows of 72 columns of upper-case characters using fifty-four 200-bit shift registers, arranged in six tracks of nine packs each, providing storage for 1800 six-bit characters. The shift register design meant that scrolling the terminal display could be accomplished by simply pausing the display output to skip one line of characters.
One of the first known examples of a shift register was in the Colossus, a code-breaking machine of the 1940s. It was a five-stage device built of vacuum tubes and thyratrons. A shift register was also used in the IAS machine, built by John von Neumann and others at the Institute for Advanced Study in the late 1940s.
See also
- linear feedback shift register (LFSR)
- Ring counter
- Serial Peripheral Interface Bus
- Shift register lookup table (SRL)
- _URL_ DataPoint 3300 Maintenance Manual, December 1976.
- Shift Registers at AllAboutCircuits.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


COVID-19 Updates Health Today Patient Awareness Protocol for Emergencies
Know The Secret To Staying Fit During Lockdown!
Know The Secret To Staying Fit During Lockdown! - PharmEasy
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We are all confined within our homes to avoid exposure to COVID-19 and flatten the curve.
But what many people have not considered is the threat lockdown poses to your body weight. This is because you will largely be living a sedentary lifestyle inside your home during the lockdown.
Lockdown and the possibility of weight gain
We can't go out except to buy essentials. That means, right now we are all having to follow a sedentary lifestyle. Our movements are constrained within the boundaries of our home.
Leading a sedentary life is one of the primary causes of weight gain.
Secondly, since we don't have much to do, people are binge-watching TV shows every day. And what is that one thing we do when we are watching our favourite shows? We eat unhealthy snacks. People also eat to fight off boredom.
The dangers of gaining weight
So, inactivity and binge eating will make us gain weight during the lockdown. Once you start putting on weight, it can spiral. Soon you will be faced with health issues like diabetes and heart disorders.
But did you know that you can also easily keep your weight down during the lockdown?
Preventing weight gain during the lockdown
Many people exercise outside. They work out in the gym or they like to go swimming, jogging, walking, cycling etc. But since we have to maintain social distancing, you can't go to gyms or parks to exercise.
So what should these people as well as people who never work out do? Well, improvise by working out without much equipment inside the house!
There are many free hand exercises that can prevent weight gain and help to lose weight. The exercises are –
 1. Jumping rope or skipping
A full-body exercise that will shed weight from all parts of the body and keep the bones strong.
 1. Burpees
Another cardio exercise that works out all parts of your body. They are also good for strengthening the muscles of arms and legs.
 1. Squat jumps
Intersperse your rope jumps or burpees with squat jumps. They are good for your knees and keep the whole body flexible.
 1. Dancing
There are many cardio-based dance routines you can learn on YouTube. Besides, dancing is fun and entertaining too.
 1. Spot jogging and high knees
A great way to reduce belly weight.
Mix up the different cardio exercises. Do a single workout session for 20-30 minutes including all of these exercises. Do them at least 5 times a week.
Apart from exercising, try to stay active as much as possible inside the house by doing household chores.
Read More: 7 Health Benefits of Exercise
Eating healthily
Exercise is effective but to enhance the benefits of exercise, you have to eat right.
 1. Control your calorie intake
Since you will not be burning many calories, you have to moderate your calorie consumption. Focus more on foods containing fibre and protein that keep you full for a long time such as pulse and fruits with their skin.
 1. Opt for whole grains
Choose multi-grains or whole-grain wheat and whole-grain brown or black rice. Whole grains keep your metabolism active.
 1. Hydrate yourself
Drink 8-10 glasses of water daily. Water suppresses appetite and speeds up metabolism as well.
 1. Veggies are your best friend
Eat fresh vegetables as they give your body vital nutrients without adding unnecessary calories.
Snacking healthily
If you feel hungry between meals or want to munch on something while you watch Netflix, opt for-
 1. A few slices of fruits like apples, bananas, grapefruits or you can eat citrus fruits and berries.
 2. Multigrain digestive biscuits.
 3. A small portion of cheese or a cube of dark chocolate.
 4. A few healthy nuts like almonds, peanuts, brazil nuts, etc.
 5. Yoghurt or curd.
What not to eat-
 1. Oily and fried foods
 2. Sugary drinks like store-bought fruit juices
 3. Desserts and candies
 4. Too much of starchy foods like rice or potatoes
 5. White bread
 6. Chips and soft drinks
 7. Pastries and cakes
Keeping portion sizes small
Many people continue to gain weight despite exercising because they are eating too much. That is why doctors recommend eating three small meals. Make sure you don't fill your tummy entirely during a meal.
If you feel hungry later on, you can always eat a few healthy snacks.
A disciplined exercise routine and restraint when it comes to food can keep you in shape during the lockdown. Besides, healthy food and workout will also improve your immunity against COVID-19.
Above all, stay at home to protect yourself.
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How to Manage Ecommerce Back-Office Operations
With more and more companies rushing to move from offline to online, we find ourselves in a modern-day gold rush. But just like the gold miners, there are winners and losers when finding success online.
While sales and marketing are critical pieces to online omnichannel success, there's an often-overlooked piece missing from the equation — operations. Because if back-end operations aren't included as a pillar of your omnichannel strategy, you risk burnout and declining sales.
Today, many businesses use a combination of spreadsheets and legacy software to manage back-end operations: tracking inventory, planning, ordering, etc. However, these manual processes and disparate systems fall apart quickly.
So what should you do? How can you manage inventory, plan for product demand, and get the right product to the right customer? The answer, of course, depends on what you're trying to do.
In this post, we'll review the different types of back-office systems to help you determine exactly which one you need — and get you on the path to automation.
4 Types of Ecommerce Back-Office Systems
The most popular back-office systems for managing ecommerce operations include:
Each one has a specific functionality that can drive efficiencies, and selecting the right one, hinges on the needs of your specific business.
1. Order Management Systems (OMS).
Let's kick things off with order management systems (OMS). At its most basic level, order management means how you handle orders from the moment the customer completes checkout until they receive their item (and sometimes when they send the item back to you). And the system is whatever method, or methods, you choose to complete the process.
This means your OMS will manage the processes tied to orders and their fulfillment, such as:
Brightpearl does an excellent job of breaking it down even further if you want to get more granular details on what an OMS does. They also highlight the different types of systems for order management, including:
Manual order processing: This might look like printing a CSV spreadsheet, then, placing an order with your warehouse, printing a shipping label, and finally, picking and packing the order for shipment.
Managing orders through your ecommerce platform: If you only sell direct-to-consumer through your website, you can use your ecommerce platform to keep track of orders. However, if you're selling on other channels, such as Walmart, or through social media, like Instagram, this can lead to trouble.
Order management software: For smaller businesses who don't have a large tech stack, order management software can work well, especially if you can integrate it into your existing ecommerce platform. Some great examples include SureDone and Sellbrite.
The most important thing to keep in mind is that OMS software, unlike manual processes and ecommerce platforms, will help you automate. And automation is key when you're looking to sell more and grow your business.
2. Inventory Management Systems (IMS).
Now, let's move on to inventory management systems (IMS). Inventory management (sometimes called inventory control) is about monitoring the quantities and locations of your products. It accounts for the entire product lifecycle — whether it's sitting on a warehouse shelf with your distributor, currently being fulfilled, or in the process of being returned by a customer.
So when you can effectively track your inventory, you know exactly how much of each item you have, which items are running low, and when you need to replenish them.
Brightpearl has another excellent guide devoted to inventory management for more details, but some of the benefits they highlight of effective inventory management include:
When it comes to inventory management systems, they're very similar to the ones for order management:
Manual systems: This could include keeping track of inventory using a ledger or spreadsheets. However, these methods are very prone to error, especially when multiple people are involved.
Inventory management software: Software systems automate time-consuming manual processes and offer many features, such as low stock notifications and real-time stock reporting. Even better, cloud-based software can integrate with your existing tech stack.
For example, Shopventory can all easily integrate seamlessly with BigCommerce. This automated connection is particularly advantageous for saving time if you're selling through multiple third-party marketplaces, like Walmart and Amazon, in addition to your ecommerce store.
The only downside to dedicated inventory management software is that it can get complicated for businesses with multiple technology systems that need to work together.
3. Warehouse Management Systems (WMS).
So if you already have an IMS, why would you need a warehouse management system (WMS)? While some people use IMS and WMS interchangeably, there is a key difference in the latter — it's specific to warehouse operations.
As SkuVault explains, a WMS is an important element of your supply chain that manages inventory, picking processes, reporting and auditing. Your WMS can work with your IMS to track items as they move throughout the process of storage, picking and packing.
Additionally, a WMS can oversee multiple warehouses and centralize the information to facilitate the distribution of goods. Some warehouse management software can also help you automate the kitting and bundling process, which can potentially increase your sales.
SkuVault also shares the core components of a WMS:
So when you want to automate the receiving and sending of goods, warehouse management systems, such as the ones offered by SkuVault and Scout TopShelf, are an excellent choice.
Though these days, some inventory management systems also offer this functionality, along with a host of other features including order management, stock visibility and purchase order (PO) generation.
4. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).
Finally, we've reached enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. ERP systems encompass many of the functionalities mentioned in the systems above — and then some.
In fact, another term for ERPs is business management system, for the very reason that they can manage multiple areas within your ecommerce back-end operations.
ERPs offer a bit everything, from inventory and orders to payments and warehouse operations — and can eventually become the single source of truth for your data. For instance, access to accurate data was a big reason why BigCommerce merchant Saddleback Leather switched to Acumatica for their ERP.
"I find more people are using Acumatica because it's intuitive, makes sense and is so easy to use. We don't have spreadsheets flying around and people have access to the same data all the time," said Dave Munson, Saddleback Leather Founder and CEO.
However, not all ERP systems are the same. Legacy systems with limited functionality can actually inhibit your ecommerce growth. Acumatica provides a helpful checklist to help you evaluate the features you'll need for your business, which include:
Additionally, due to their scope of capabilities and centralization, ERPs are best for larger companies (both B2B and B2C), fast-growing DNVBs, and complex use cases, such as selling on multiple sales channels, including online and in-store.
So if you're looking for a place to start evaluating ERPs, BigCommerce works with several, including Acumatica, Brightpearl, NetSuite, Microsoft and Sage.
Key Takeaway: Automate Your Back-Office Operations
At the end of the day, whether you're a small business just getting off the ground or a global enterprise, it's imperative that you automate your ecommerce back-end operations. Because when you do, you unlock the keys to better customer experiences, less wasted time, greater efficiencies and so much more.
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Today, all organizations need new employees to produce a specific level of quantitative ability in order to solve and deal with day-to-day issues. CAT is not the only competitive exam that tests the Quantitative ability of the candidate. Many competitive exams other than CAT analyze the candidate's quantitative ability.
Now we will explain why a high score in Quantitative ability CAT is so vital for management schools as well as business organizations.
An aptitude test is designed to determine the likelihood of the success of the candidate in their career. In this way, the quantitative ability CAT score determines the odds of the success of a candidate in a management career.
The aptitude quiz is also normally used as a standard practice in various organizations to screen job applicants. Aptitude tests assist in measuring your strengths and weaknesses on different parameters. It is a means to test the analytical ability and awareness of the aspirant.
Quantitative ability analyses numerical and problem-solving skills. It forms a basic section in all competitive exams in India as well as many abroad, such as in CAT, CMAT, IIFT, XAT, MAT, GMAT, GRE, and so on.
An applicant with great Quantitative Aptitude is likely to identify and process numerical to perform elementary arithmetic methods and perform calculations. The applicant is likely to be fast in analyzing cases based on the provided information and shows an extraordinary level of concentration in solving difficulties.
A good score in the quantitative aptitude in CAT proves that you are well-equipped in the following areas:
- Mental sharpness: Quantitative ability CAT score is a measure of your mental sharpness. You will come across several expected and unexpected challenges as part of your daily work life. Successful business organizations need to be wary of other businesses in the same domain. They always need to be aware of every step of others.
- Problem-solving: Enterprises have several departments or divisions for different operations such as finance, strategy, legal, human resources, etc. There are many difficulties to encounter in the world of business every day. You need to be able to identify, think over, and find solutions quickly. A high Quantitative aptitude number shows that the applicant is has a talent for thinking critically and resolving problems.
- Analysis: One implication of proficiency in quantitative ability is reliable analytical abilities. Data Analysis forms the backbone of any business operations in this digital economy. It helps a firm decide on short-term and long-term plans that are essential for growth. An employee with high quantitative ability is appropriately suited for these duties.
Recruitment is not only about the candidate's desires but also about what the company desires. This is why almost 80% of all the competitive exams in the world have some of the other variations of quantitative ability.
An inadequate worker could probably be the best use of the company's resources and may be inadequate for the company's goals. A better role will be good for the employee themselves as they will have more opportunities to grow.
In lieu of so lakhs of applications in CAT, the entrance exams need to be designed in such a way so they can differentiate between so many candidates.
CAT or the Common Admission Test, is a necessary step for admissions into any management course in India. The format of the CAT is such that it tests the candidates in several different fields. The main purpose of the CAT or the common admission test is to predict the likelihood of how successful the candidates' careers would be. Almost all management institutions in India shortlist and call applicants on the basis of their CAT scores.
CAT is a computer-based test. It has 3 different sections:
- Quantitative Ability (QA)
- Verbal Ability (VA) & Reading Comprehension (RC)
- Data Interpretation(DI) & Logical Reasoning (LR)
The Quantitative ability or simply quant(QA) has questions on elementary arithmetic, based upon 10 + 2 level. Questions come from various topics such as Number systems, Geometry, Algebra, circles for CAT, coordinate geometry, statistics, simple and compound interest, etc. The purpose is to examine the candidate's ability to use basic math skills to find solutions.
The Verbal Ability (VA) has puzzles that test the candidates' knowledge of the English language and systems of grammar. Verbal Ability questions analyze the candidate's linguistic knowledge in the form of questions such as arranging paragraphs in proper order, determining the tone of the passage, and fill in the blank.
The DILR (Data Interpretation, Logical Reasoning) section has puzzles that come in different sets. There are usually 4-5 sets. Each set contains a group of data and has 3-4 questions. Data Interpretation questions check how the applicant makes use of the available data to make logical conclusions and solve problems.
The Common admission test was started by the IIMs to screen candidates seeking entry into their management colleges. Different IIMs make the papers every year. Over time, CAT scores began to be used by almost every management school including the ones in IITs(SJM school of management) and IISc.
The marking scheme in CAT is like this. Each correct answer awards 3 marks to the candidate. A wrong answer decreases 1 mark.
It is expected that more than 2.5 lakh students will register for CAT 2022. This is a lot of competition and a good percentile in CAT is required to get a seat in the most sought-after management institutions like the IIMs.
A high CAT percentile ensures a great learning atmosphere in any college you choose. You form a large and valuable corporate network, which is the envy of many. You get to sit and talk with the biggest industry leaders and prominent economists. You get a great start to your career. The topmost B-schools present great internship opportunities and even possess a 100% placement history.
Why an MBA is important?
MBA is very important if you want to begin your management career. It has benefits not just for your career but also for your personality. Let's discuss them one by one.
- It provides credibility: An MBA from a top business school provides you credibility in your circles. You are expected to uphold the standards of your university.
- It enhances your personality: As you act on projects with great partners, both inside the institute and outside, you develop confidence and realize your value and worth. You become a professional.
- Many skills are transferable skills that you learn from your team members at the college. Some of these skills are communication, time management, confidence, selling techniques, and so on.
- You can join any industry be it automobiles, banking, start-up, entertainment, arts, sports, or even politics.
- Strategic thinking is another major skill you get better at. This is a gift that is extremely valuable where you learn to examine the advantages and disadvantages of any decision.
- You grow and get better at communication. Management is all about communication. Communication of thoughts, ideas, plans, strategies, and so on. Effective communication is absolutely essential. It gets the job done. As a manager, you will have many learnings on different communication styles with different kinds of people.
- Discipline. To keep pace with your course, you need to attend many lectures, events, complete assignments within strict and tight deadlines, do projects, join in the study sessions. All the exercises require hard mental and physical labor and discipline.
- Time management. This follows from the previous point. You learn to manage your time effectively. You become productive and efficient. You waste less, perform more. You learn to utilize every chunk of time in a day.
- Broaden your perspective. MBA provides you with a window to the real world. You discover so much about the concerns in society. You learn how small pieces fit together to make a complex world.
- Besides all these skills, an MBA from a prime business institution provides you the best asset of your life in the form of a large and valuable business network. You meet numerous industry leaders and professors who are prominent economists and policymakers.
- An MBA sometimes can revive your stuck and shaky career. It happens oftentimes that a company does not promote some employees to a higher managerial role despite good performance, because they do not have an MBA degree.
- Thinking creatively and looking for novel solutions is another skill that many do not discuss when considering the benefits of an MBA program. Creative thinking is crucial in businesses like it in the arts and entertainment field.
Now you know why an MBA is so important for your career.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The following interview with James Robinson, Research and Policy Associate at RAFI, answers these three questions and provides further information on RAFI's work with climate change:
1. As a North Carolina-based organization, what are some of the biggest challenges and opportunities your region faces from climate change?
2. How are the farmers you work with rising to climate change and extreme weather challenges?
3. What policies – local, state, or federal – would RAFI like to see in response to climate change?
Help for family farms in crisis is the core of RAFI's work. More than half of RAFI's staff spend time on farm crisis cases. RAFI's Farm Advocates often sit down at the kitchen table with struggling farmers, approximately 100 each year, and work to create a plan that keeps the farm family on their land.
All other programmatic work at RAFI is an effort to make systemic change that reduces the number of farms in crisis and increases their long-term sustainability. To achieve this, RAFI empowers farmers to earn a fair and dependable income, ensure a safety net, and create an environment where the right choice for farmers is also the right choice for the environment and rural communities.
In North Carolina and across the country, farmers are looking for practices that both reduce or eliminate their impact on climate change and increase their resilience in the face of a climate change. In other words, farmers are looking for innovative practices that are both good for the planet and good for their farm. For example, implementing a cover crop rotation will result in more stable yields during drought years but also achieve carbon sequestration. In fact, increasing cover cropping rotations present an opportunity to have a significant impact because current adoption rates are low, approximately 3 to 7 percent of farms nationally, and the South is no exception.
Adoption rates have been low because cover crop adoption can be costly. In fact, cover crop adoption is often more costly per acre than crop insurance, which presents an obvious challenge. Creating an environment where the right choice for farmers is the right choice for the environment requires changing that equation. Cover crop adoption should be the financially easy choice rather than the hard choice. While this is a challenge, it does present an opportunity. Potential solutions include expansion of EQIP funding or providing additional crop insurance subsidies to cover part of cover crop adoption costs.
While working toward these needed policy changes, RAFI is not waiting for them. Through RAFI's Agricultural Reinvestment Fund grant program, farmers are taking on the challenge of climate change. For example, Spellcast Farm in Lincolnton, NC recently used an ARF grant to convert an acre into native cover crops for grazing, which will be rotated to include vegetable production. Such a farming system will sequester carbon but also increase diversification, a key tool that can be used to achieve resilience.


text: Katie E. Wetzel is a doctoral candidate in English at the University of Iowa, studying nineteenth-century literature and ecocriticism. She holds an M.A. in English Literature from the University of Kansas. Her work primarily engages with the intersections between social movements from the nineteenth century and representations of urban landscapes, but she is also interested in contemporary pedagogy, trauma studies, and social justice. Katie has taught both composition and literature courses, but currently teaches first-year Rhetoric at the University of Iowa. Her courses involve service-learning, the digital humanities, and collaborative student learning.


altMethod R is a fast, effective, commonsense approach to optimizing a system. It was first documented in the book Optimizing Oracle Performancealt by Method R founding members Cary Millsap and Jeff Holt.
Method R prescribes four simple steps:
 1. Identify the task that's the most important to you.
 2. Measure its response time (R). In detail.
 4. Repeat until your system is economically optimal.
Method R was first described in courseware written in 1999 through 2002 by Method R founder Cary Millsap and chief scientist Jeff Holt, before they finished the bookalt in 2003, for which Cary and Jeff were named Oracle Magazine 2004 Author of the Year. Method R is described in Chapter 1.
Method R has been used extensively at Oracle sites throughout the 2000s, with tremendous success.
Although Method R was first documented in an Oracle context, its usefulness extends far beyond that Oracle context. In fact, the definition of Method R does not refer specifically to Oracle, databases, or even computers.


text:
Surviving A Disaster DVD
|Item # VC102DVD|
NFPA®'s Surviving A Disaster DVD shows your community what could happen...and prepares people to make critical decisions when every second counts!
Dramatic news accounts of recent devastating disasters set the stage for this compelling program that introduces people to risks we all face -- from severe weather to terrorist acts -- and how to protect our families and homes. NFPA's Surviving A Disaster DVD gives fire departments, schools, and community-based safety and civic organizations a way to communicate basic survival strategies to a broad audience.
Reliable facts are presented in the familiar style of local emergency event coverage.
During and after a natural or man-made disaster, emergency assistance from local officials and relief workers could be hours or even days away. Surviving a Disaster emphasizes the importance of thorough planning as the primary survival strategy for any type of disaster event -- and details how an emergency readiness and evacuation plan will help with safety, security, and comfort.
Life-saving steps that could apply in all types of disasters include:
- Knowing whether to shelter in place or evacuate
- Following the instructions of local emergency personnel
- Assembling a family disaster supplies kit
- And other practices that safeguard the public against loss of life from large and small-scale events
Make sure residents know how to survive!
Use this program as part of your local emergency management strategy. (Grade 6+, Family, 15 min. DVD, Presenter's Guide)
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text:
Choose one state from my country study project (CODE 81584093) and create an annotated timeline based on one of the issues included my country study. The timeline should be no more than three pages (single spaced, 12-point font, with two spaces between each entry), presented as a Word document.
Include the following components in the timeline:
1. The timeline should include a list of dates, along with a sentence or two that describes the importance of each date. The timeline is meant to show how the issue evolved and the significant junctures in its history.
2. The list of dates should have at least 10 separate annotated entries. Do not use more than 15 entries. Try to group smaller events into larger categories if there are many events to consider.
3. Give the timeline an appropriate title, such as "Women's Political Activism in Chile, 1973–2010." Make sure that it is evident which state you are using for the timeline.
4. Design a format for the timeline, and be consistent in its use. For example, most timelines place the date at the left margin with the annotation directly next to it, separated by a colon or a dash.
5. For each annotation, include information about the key actors or the key actions, and the significance of each. A single sentence should be sufficient for the annotation, as it is meant to be brief. Write in proper sentences. Do not abbreviate words, and use complete sentence structures.


text:
Child and Youth Health
This page provide links to Child Health and Youth Health
Child HealthA good start in life is important to the health and wellbeing of children. This page outlines many of the activities being undertaken to enhance child health and wellbeing. More information on Child Health is available on this Web Site.
Youth HealthDespite Australia's increasing wealth and generally high level of education, many indicators of developmental health and wellbeing are showing adverse trends amongst children and adolescents. More information on Youth Health is available on this Web Site.
The National Framework for Universal Child and Family Health Services (The Framework) - The Framework outlines the core services that all Australian children (from birth to eight years) and families should receive at no financial cost to themselves, regardless of where they live, and how and where they access their health care. The Framework was developed through a strong partnership between the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments and the non-government sector.
Children and Young People in Out-of-Home Care - The National Framework for Protecting Australia's Children 2009 – 2020 was endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments on 30 April 2009. It represents a long-term, national approach to help protect all Australian children and was developed through a strong partnership between governments and the non-government sector.


Watershed Management
Redmond City Council approved the Citywide Watershed Management Plan on December 3rd, 2013. The primary goal of the plan is to focus resources and efforts into specific watersheds (5 total) to recover in-stream habitat within decades. This will include capital investment planning, design, and construction, in addition to programmatic efforts.
2013 Redmond Watershed Management Plan – Final
Washington Department of Ecology has approved Redmond's Citywide Watershed Management Plan as an alternative approach to stormwater management minimum requirements detailed in NPDES Municipal Stormwater Permit.
Washington State Department of Ecology Approval Letter
Using a watershed approach to achieve healthy aquatic habitat has been a long-standing policy detailed in the City of Redmond Comprehensive Plan and is recognized by stormwater and surface water restoration practitioners as the recommended approach to accommodate healthy streams in an urbanized landscape.
The stormwater utility is now in the process of implementing the plan. This includes developing transparent tracking systems, detailed engineered implementation plans for select watersheds, effectiveness monitoring development, and regional collaboration on this approach.
Contact: Andy Rheaume, Senior Watershed Planner
 Public Works Department, Natural Resources Division
 _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
What is a watershed?
What is a Watershed
A watershed is an area of land -- regardless of size -- where snowmelt and rainwater drain from higher areas into lower lying areas and then into a single water body; such as a wetland, stream, river, lake or ocean. Watersheds are separated from each other by elevated features such as ridge tops, hills, or roads.
When precipitation increases rapidly and surface water flows across flat or impervious areas, it can cross over watershed boundaries. For example, if the upper Sammamish River Valley experienced a 100-year storm, stormwater runoff would most likely flow across the boundaries of the City's smaller watersheds and flood areas of the Sammamish Valley floor.
Interesting Facts About Redmond's Watersheds
 - The City of Redmond has designated approximately 87 different watersheds, either wholly or partly included within city limits.
 - The smallest of these watersheds is 1.6 acres; the largest is 1,685 acres.
 - The majority of the city watersheds (approximately 66) occupy less than 200 acres; another 13 occupy between 200-400 acres; and only eight watersheds are larger than 400 acres in size.
 - Total Impervious Surface (TIS) as a percentage of total watershed area, varies among these watersheds from a low of 2% to a high of 89%.
 - Only two of the 87 watersheds have less than 10% TIS. Twenty-seven watersheds have 10-40% TIS; and the remaining 58 watersheds have impervious surfaces exceeding 40%.
(Large-scale land cover data is available for all of Redmond's watersheds on King County's website: King County Land Cover 2001)
Why Focus on Watershed Management?
What is a Watershed
In the past, project development and land management decisions have often been approved project-by-project, jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction and regulation-by-regulation. This singular approach does not identify the significant cumulative impacts to watershed functions and processes when viewed as small, seemingly harmless, projects.
What happens when, instead, you look at things from a watershed perspective? Because so many watershed functions and processes are closely interrelated, it becomes harder to look at a single project or management issue in isolation. Landscape linkages become more obvious and several issues can be dealt with together--cumulative impacts to a wider area become clearer and may be addressed in a more equitable and cost efficient manner.
Adopting a broader watershed perspective encourages the development of solutions to environmental issues that can satisfy several regulatory requirements simultaneously. For example, compliance with the Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, or possible hazardous waste and toxics cleanup. Watershed plans will also enable us to make better choices about how to plan, maintain, and construct our drainage systems so they can better meet the community's many needs.
Watershed management solutions can only be effective with support from policymakers, elected officials, and the public. These groups are encouraged to adopt a long-term, broad-based watershed perspective.
What does stormwater have to do with watersheds?
What is a Watershed
As urban areas grow, we dramatically alter the way water flows through developed areas. As natural vegetation is replaced with impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots, buildings, and rooftops), runoff from rainfall increases, flushing sediment and pollutants into nearby wetlands, streams, and lakes. This in turn impacts our surface water quality--one of the toughest environmental challenges facing all cities. Redmond has adopted a watershed management approach to address these environmental challenges.
Using the watershed as our vantage point, we can craft better stormwater management techniques and meet the needs of businesses, residents, and wildlife.
What watersheds does Redmond manage?
What is a Watershed
Historically the US Geological Survey, Washington Department of Ecology, and King County have monitored the larger main-stem rivers and streams in Redmond (Sammamish River, Bear and Evans Creeks), as well as Lake Sammamish. When Redmond started its water quality monitoring program in 1995, it focused on the smaller streams and watersheds that drain into these larger water bodies.
Redmond's Watershed Map
What is a Watershed
Watershed Map
The Watershed Map provided above identifies the 20 watersheds, and associated water bodies, within Redmond's city limits. Each watershed is color coded based on the strategy needed to restore a healthy water body in each watershed. Green color coded watersheds are in good shape, yellow watersheds are the most likely to become healthy with investment (programs and projects), orange watersheds are likely to become healthy with investment over a longer period of time, and red watersheds are heavily impacted and will take substantial time and investment to become healthy. No water body will be allowed to get worst, but improvements to existing impacts will be focused as much as possible in the yellow color coded watersheds.


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LEWISTON, N.Y. - From the street it looks like a normal house, but the view from the river reveals a series of four basements. It was this site that, for possibly hundreds, represented freedom.
Amos Tryon built the home in 1830 for his wife. He added the elaborate series of cellars with the idea that it was make it easier to transport goods up from the river to the house level.
It quickly became known as Tryon's Folly when Amo's wife decided she did not want to move from the village and the house sat empty.
It was empty until Amo's brother Josiah found another use. Josiah was a tailor in the village, but also an elder at the Presbyterian Church. The church became very active on the Underground Railroad. Josiah was known as a "station master".
With the help of Amo's idle home, Josiah was able to sneak possibly hundreds of escaped slaves down the gorge wall, to the river and row them across to Canada and freedom.
Josiah's efforts and Lewiston's role in the Underground Railroad was immortalized in the 1969 novel, "Freedom Crossing". The book became the most popular Underground Railroad book of all time.


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Studying Hamilton's harbour invaders
A team of students in Sigal Balshine's Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab is working to better understand the invasive round goby fish found in Hamilton Harbour.
The students, both undergraduate and graduate, catch gobies at several locations around the bay and in Cootes Paradise. They then record the area in which the fish were caught, vital statistics such as their sex and size and water quality information.
The Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Lab researches the evolution of cooperation, parental care and breeding, sperm competition, species introductions and extinctions and the effects of contaminant exposure.
Pauline Capelle, in her third year studying biology and psychology, blogs about the lab's work as part of the School of Graduate Studies' new blog series.


Test.
Sometimes, a module that has gone through some changes, or has been designed as a drop-in replacement for another module, will have a compatibility interface that mimics another module or another version. These alternate interfaces make it easier to move up to the new module without changing existing code.
However, these additional interfaces can get confusing. They can also preserve older-style constructions and habits, and make it harder to move ahead to well-factored, orthogonal code. Finally, such constructions are often an additional burden on the module maintainer, and may be dropped in future module releases. It's a good idea to update your code to use a module's primary interface.
With longer programs, it's important not to try to make all interface changes at once. Change the interface for a small section, test it, check it into CVS, and repeat. Once you've removed all of the old interface from a file or module, you can change the 'use' statement to avoid importing the functions that you no longer need. Make sure that you run tests afterwards.
CGI is a good example. The CGI module has a compatibility interface with the old routines which make it easier to start using CGI in old code. Once you've updated to CGI, you can go through the code and update the interface in small steps. Once you think you've eliminated all of the code using the old ReadParse/%in interface, you can remove the ':cgi-lib' from the 'use CGI' declaration. Testing the code after that will tell you whether you've gotten rid of all of the old calls.
Change If/Then to Hash Lookup
Condition: You have a series of if/then/elsif statements mapping one set of values to another
Resolution: Build a hash table mapping the two sets of values, and turn the set of if/thens to a subroutine lookup.
if ( $fruit eq 'lemon' ) { $color = 'yellow'; } elsif ( $fruit eq 'orange' ) { $color = 'orange'; } elsif ( $fruit eq 'tomato' ) { $color ='red'; }
changes to:
our %Fruit_Colors = ( lemon => 'yellow', orange => 'orange', tomato =>'red', ); $color = $Fruit_Colors{$color};
 1. Build hash mapping conditionals to values.
 2. Replace conditional statements with hash lookup.
 3. Test.
Frequently, programmers moving to Perl from other languages will have to map one value to another. Unused to the power of Perl's hashes, they will build huge chains of if/then statements-- if $foo is 'doogie', set $bar to 'howzer', or if $foo is'michael', set $bar to 'knight', etc. These huge clusters are impenetrable to the eye. Plus, if at any time you need to alter these values, you need to go spelunking into lightless code-caverns, searching for just the right conditional.
The idiomatic Perl solution is to use hashes any time one is mapping one set of values to another set of values. With a hash, it's easy to see what maps to what. Even better, you can put the hash at the top of your file, where it's easy to find and alter without messing around deep inside the code.
Build a table. Start at the top of your conditional block and add one line similar to michael => "knight" for each conditional. Then you can replace the conditional block with a simple hash lookup.
Other Refactorings
Refactorings by other users.
Other lists of refactorings:
 - dws's homenode.
Thanks to:
 - tadman for a fix on "Replace Global With Subroutine"
 - "Update Interface" was inspired by a message conversation with another monk, but I don't remember who. If it was you, please /msg me again and I'll credit you properly.
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As soon as you join a Zoom meeting, it automatically enables your mic and camera to share your audio and video with other participants. However, not many of you might be comfortable with this approach. Therefore, we are here with a simple guide on how you can turn off your video camera on Zoom, be it during a meeting or before joining a meeting.
Turn Off Your Video Camera on Zoom
There are a total of three ways you can disable your video camera on Zoom. You can do it either before starting a meeting, while joining one, or during an ongoing meeting on the platform. Below are the detailed steps for bothZoom's PC Client and mobile app.
On Zoom for PC
Before Starting a Meeting
Turn Off Your Video Camera on ZoomTo disable your video camera before starting a meeting on Zoom:
 1. Open the Zoom client on your computer.
 2. Click the down-facing arrow beside the 'New Meeting' button.
 3. Un-check the "Start with video" option.
The meeting icon will now show a diagonal line through it, meaning that the video has been turned off by default for meetings you start from now onwards.
While Joining the Meeting
Turn Off Your Video Camera on Zoom
If you want to join someone's Zoom meeting without showing your video to others:
 1. Open Zoom and tap the 'Join' button.
 2. Enter your Meeting ID and Name.
 3. Before clicking on Join, check "Turn off my video."
During a Meeting
Want to take a break during the meeting? Here's how you can easily disable your camera:
 1. While in the meeting, hover your mouse over the app for options to appear on the screen.
 2. Click the 'Stop Video' button on the bottom left corner.
 3. You can further disable your audio by using the 'Mute' button next to it.
On Zoom Mobile App
The steps to disable the video camera are more or less similar for Zoom's mobile app on Android and iOS.
Before Starting a Meeting
 1. Open the Zoom app on your Android or iPhone.
 2. Click on 'New Meeting.'
 3. Now, disable the toggle for 'Video On.'
You can now start a meeting without worrying about showing your video.
While Joining the Meeting
 1. Open Zoom and click 'Join.'
 2. Enter the Meeting ID and your name.
 3. Enable the toggle for "Turn Off My Video." You can also tick "Don't Connect To Audio" to disable your audio.
 4. Tap 'Join Meeting' to connect with the camera off.
During a Meeting
 1. While you're in a meeting, tap anywhere on the screen to see available options.
 2. Tap 'Stop Video' on the bottom left corner to disable your video.
 3. You can further click on 'Mute' to turn off your audio.
As you stop the video, Zoom will replace it with your profile picture. However, if it shows your name initials, here's how you can show your profile picture instead of video.
Wrapping Up
So, this was a quick guide on how you can turn off your camera on Zoom, be it on your phone or PC. Don't forget to check out our other tips and tricks on Zoom. Also, feel free to reach out in case of any doubts or queries.
Also, readHow to Use Snapchat Filters in Zoom Meeting
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Competitive Dance Appropriateness: Time to Class It Up!
competitive dance
For years, I have watched an uncountable amount of dances performed at dance competitions. There have been amazing dances, passionate performances, and, unfortunately, routines that felt uncomfortable to watch because of inappropriate content, music selection, costuming, and/or choreography. When an inappropriate routine performs, it shakes the room, leaving parents, studio owners, instructors, and the competitive dance infrastructure unsettled.
While most competitions have statements of appropriateness, it is rare for a routine to receive a disqualification. The lack of reinforcement is frustrating, but the bigger issue is: how do these dances make it to the competitive dance stage? In order for the routine to make it to this phase, the routine has to pass through an instructor/choreographer,the studio owner, and the performers' parents. At some point, prior to competition, accountability and integrity should prevail.
For this season, let's commit to raising the standards of the competitive dance industry. Let's take ownership of the routines we place on stage and recognize that every performance represents the values, culture, and brand of our studios, and as a by-product, each and every one of our studio families.
In preparing for competition, consider the following:
1. LyricsListen to the Lyrics and know what they mean. Eliminate curse words, but also be aware of inappropriate and overly mature or suggestive content. If a song is from a show or a musical, know the context.
2. Themes: When you are conceiving a piece, it is important that themes are appropriate for your dancers' ages and maturity levels. Could an audience member misinterpret your piece or perceive it as inappropriate? Is the piece too serious or too dark? How can your students relate to the story that is being told?
3. Costuming: Does your costuming match the theme of the routine? Will it be perceived as classy or trashy? We must take ownership and responsibility of how we costume our students. Sexy is not how we should describe our costuming choices. Dress your dancers appropriately.
4. Choreography: The choreography should fit the theme of the routine. Movement should be age appropriate and representative of the lyrics, costuming, and themes.
5. Your Dancers' Ages: Make sure ALL of your choices are appropriate for your dancers' ages. Having young dancers perform a mature song/routine may result in inappropriate costuming, choreography, and thematic choices.
Share your standards with your instructors and guest choreographers. Build parental trust that you will always have your dancers' best interests at heart.
Set your standards high, and do not waiver or succumb to trends or peer pressure.
Via competitive dance, we have an opportunity to positively influence and motivate our dancers, but we need to safeguard our choices and commit to presenting classy material that is representative of the dancers' age and maturity. That is something that everyone can appreciate, respect, and look forward to seeing on stage.


Gist of the law: Eliminating "non-Aryans" from these profession
Document Number: 1400-PS
Date: 30 June 1933
Reichsgesetzblatt-Page:?
Signed by: Hitler, Frick, Schwerin von Krosigk
Law Changing the Regulations in regard to Public Officers, June 30, 1933
Chapter 2
Article la
1. Only such persons may be appointed Reich officials who possess for their career the prescribed education or customary training or who have special qualifications for the office about to be given, and who guarantee that they will support the Reich at all times without reservation.
2. Women may only be appointed Reich officials for life when they have completed the 35th year.
3. Anyone of non-Aryan descent, or married to a person of non-Aryan descent, may not be appointed a Reich official. Reich officials of Aryan descent who marry a person of non-Aryan de-scent are to be discharged. The question of who is of non-Aryan descent is to be decided by regulations decreed by the Reich Minister of the Interior.
* * * * * * *
4. If urgent requirements of the administration so necessitate, the highest Reich officials may make exceptions in individual cases —exceptions from the provisions of (2) with the approval of the Reich Minister of Finance, exceptions from the provisions of (3) with the approval of the Reich Minister of the Interior.
* * * * * * *
Article 6
1. The provisions are also to be applied to the civil service regulations of the states, local communities, and of the other bodies, institutions, and foundations of public law * * *.
2. The German State Railways, the Reichsbank, the public-legal religious societies, and the confederations are empowered to issue similar regulations.
Chapter 3
* * * * * * *
Article 7
2. When the economic status of a female official appears to be permanently secured because of a family income, the officials * * * may order a dismissal. The conditions for dismissal are always present when the husband is a permanent official not subject to dismissal.
Chapter 8
* * * * * * *
Article 40
1. The states and the bodies of public law not supervised by the states are empowered and compelled to lower the incomes of their officials insofar as they are higher than the incomes of Reich officials of equal rank. The Reich ministers and the Reich chancellor are to be considered as Reich officials within the scope of this I chapter. Sentence 1 is not applicable to university teachers; for them the special rules of Section 44 apply. Similarly, the Reich Government or the state governments may make different rules in other cases in which the scholarly or artistic significance of an office requires a special evaluation.
2. The local communes, and the other bodies of public law which are under the supervision of the state officials are empowered and I obligated to reduce the salaries of their officials, insofar as they are higher than the salaries of state officials, of corresponding rank.
* * * * * * *
Article 44
1. The state governments are empowered to alter or annul the assurances given to university professors before this chapter be-came effective. They are not bound hereby to agreements, compromises, legal judgments or arbitration decisions.
* * * * * * *
Chapter 13
* * * * * * *
Article 77
1. Insofar as the execution of the provisions of this law requires it, deviations from the Reich constitution and from the state constitutions are permissible.
Berlin, 30 June 1933
The Reichschancellor
Adolf Hitler
The Reichsminister for Finance
Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
The Reichsminister of the Interior
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text:
Current understanding of the co-evolution of bats and moths has been thrown into question following new research reported today in Current Biology.
Dr James Windmill from the University of Bristol, UK, has shown how the Yellow Underwing moth changes its sensitivity to a bat's calls when the moth is being chased. And in case there is another attack, the moth's ear remain tuned in for several minutes after the calls stop.
Dr Windmill said: "Because the moth cleverly tunes its ear to enhance its detection of bats, we must now question whether the bat in turn modifies its calls to avoid detection by the moth. In view of the vast diversity of bat calls, this is only to be expected.
"To date, this phenomenon has not been reported for insects or, in fact, for any other hearing system in the animal kingdom. These findings change our understanding of the co-evolution of bats and moths and have implications for the hearing of many other animals."
It has been known for over 50 years that moths can hear the ultrasonic hunting calls of their nocturnal predator, the bat. Previously it was thought that these ears were only partially sensitive to the sound frequencies commonly used by bats and that bats would make their hunting calls inaudible to moths.
But now it appears that even though moth ears are among the simplest in the insect world - they have only two or four vibration sensitive cells attached to a small eardrum - moths are not as deaf as previously thought.
As a bat gets closer to the moth, both the loudness and frequency (pitch) of the bat's calls increase. Surprisingly, the sensitivity of the moth's ear to the bat's calls also increases. This occurs because the moth's ear dynamically becomes more sensitive to the frequencies that many bats use when attacking moths.
This multidisciplinary work involved engineers, biologists and physicists; biological measurements are accompanied by a mathematical model explaining the basis for the unconventional behaviour of the moth's ear.


text:
Costume and Textiles
Shawl (Rebozo)Made in Mexico, North and Central America
Late 18th century
Artist/maker unknown, Mexican
Silk plain weave with resist dyeing and silk and gilt thread embroidery in darning, satin, and outline stitches; knotted fringe
Currently not on view
1939-1-19Gift of Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, 1939
LabelThe rebozo, or shawl, was used by all Mexicans during the colonial period, regardless of class and ethnic lines. Rebozos were not only utilitarian, but were presented to young women to mark special occasions, such as their entrance into a convent. This example, made around 1790, is typical of Mexican colonial embroidery in that the back is as finished as the front. The figures depicted in the embroidery, including members of the clergy, Indian women, and Creole and Spanish elites, are engaged in leisure activities popular in Mexico City such as dancing, boating, and dining outdoors.


What is Red Wine Vinegar?
A glass container of red wine vinegar.
Red wine vinegar is used to make tangy salad dressings.
Red wine vinegar can be made from any variety of red wine.
A solution of red wine vinegar and water sprayed on produce helps prevent the growth of mold.
Red wine vinegar can be used for cooking in a variety of ways.
Quality red wine vinegar is aged in wooden barrels.
Article Details
 - Originally Written By: Mary McMahon
 - Revised By: C. Mitchell
 - Edited By: O. Wallace
 - Last Modified Date: 17 July 2015
 - Copyright Protected:
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 - Print this Article
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Red wine vinegar is vinegar made from essentially any variety of red wine. Many of the more expensive versions are made from specific types of wine, like merlot or pinot noir, though most of the vinegars available for sale are made from wine blends that might not be as appealing to drink. Vintners often set leftover and run-off wine aside for vinegar production as a way to make it useful, and people usually buy vinegar more for its general flavor than for the nuanced taste that wine is often famous for. In vinegar form, red wine is highly acetic, virtually calorie-free, and completely non-alcoholic. Cooks use it to add flavor and tang to salad dressings, sauces, and marinades, and it can also be used in pickling and preserving.
Popularity in Cooking
Cooks in many parts of the world keep both red and white wine vinegar as "staple" ingredients in their pantries. Red versions are used in a variety of different ways, but are perhaps most popular in vinaigrette-style salad dressings and in marinades for meat and vegetables. The vinegar has a distinctive "zip" and tang that can bring out the flavor of many different dishes.
Red wine vinegar can also act as a pickling agent, preserving foods while enhancing their overall taste. A vegetable picked in this as opposed to standard white vinegar will have a much more pronounced taste, for instance, and meats preserved this way often have a deeper, richer flavor. Cooks may also use the vinegar to deglaze pans when frying or roasting foods over high heat. Heat causes fats to stick to the bottom of skillets and roasting pans, and adding a splash of vinegar or other liquid can be a good way for cooks to keep things from burning.
Most people use the condiment for savory foods, but more adventurous cooks sometimes also use it in desserts to balance out the sweetness of baked goods and other confections. It can be drizzled on top of almost anything or boiled down into a more concentrated reduction that people can use like a syrup on sliced fruit, ice cream, and more.
Medicinal and Health Uses
Red wine vinegar may also have a number of health properties. Medical authorities in ancient cultures often prescribed the liquid for indigestion and used it as a salve for wounds and as a medication for a range of blood disorders or conditions. Modern experts don't usually credit the vinegar with having these "cure-all" properties, but most agree that it can promote good health in many cases. It is a known antioxidant, for instance, and is very low in cholesterol. Most versions are actually capable of lowering a person's blood cholesterol, too, thanks to flavanoids, naturally occurring chemicals that scientists believe can promote health and wellness.
How It's Made
Making red wine vinegar is usually very easy, and many people believe that the first examples were actually made by accident. In most cases, red wine will turn to vinegar on its own if exposed to oxygen. Leaving a bottle open long enough will produce a rudimentary version, though most manufacturers use a more streamlined process that gets more consistent and controlled results.
When wine comes into contact with the oxygen in the air, the alcohol molecules ferment and turn into acetic acid. This takes a considerable amount of time, so cooks and wine connoisseurs who leave a bottle uncorked on a counter for a week or so don't usually need to worry. Fermentation is generally slow, and often takes at least a month to get going. The end result is a red liquid that looks a lot like wine, but tastes very sour or bitter as a result of the alcohol's conversion to acid.
Fermentation Process
Fermentation is a natural process that happens when bacteria in the air interact with an energy source, in this case the sugars found in alcohol. Normal air contains a lot of different microscopic bacteria, including acetic acid bacteria. When these bacteria come into contact with alcohol, they eat and digest the natural sugars and convert them to acid. This is how wine vinegar contains virtually no calories — it has no sugar — and also how it is non-alcoholic.
Commercial manufacturers don't usually want to wait for fermentation to happen on its own, and as a result have come up with a couple of different ways to streamline the process and speed it up. Adding concentrated acetic acid bacteria is one option; putting the wine in a barrel or vat with a controlled flow of oxygen is another. Manufacturers will sometimes also agitate or constantly mix the wine to be fermented, which speeds up oxygenation.
Keeping things controlled usually leads to more consistent and predictable results, which people in the business of selling vinegar often find desirable. It's important for a certain brand to have more or less the same product from place to place and year to year, for instance, and major distributors usually need to be able to consistently produce a certain volume. Rapidly fermenting large quantities of wine is one of the best ways to be able to predict in advance when things will be done and how much will be available.
Importance of Aging
Red wine vinegar is a lot like red wine in that it is usually better the longer it ages. Aging allows different flavors to develop and can improve the overall taste, making it more mellow and less acidic. Many manufacturers age wine vinegar in oak barrels, though it can also be stored in metal, glass, or even plastic. Some people add in things like spices or herbs to enhance the vinegar's flavor, but not always. A lot depends on the individual manufacturer, as well as how the product is intended to be used. Vinegar destined to be sort of an all-purpose addition to cooking isn't usually aged with much care, whereas a bottle made by a more "designer" wine label may require a bit more care.
Shelf Life
In most cases, red wine vinegar doesn't ever really go bad, and it will usually retain its freshness for at least a year. Cooks can comfortably leave an opened bottle in their pantries or cupboards without worrying about spoilage or flavor deterioration. Refrigeration isn't required, though most experts recommend keeping the condiment in a relatively cool, dry environment. Bottles that are left in the sunlight may grow mold, and freezing the liquid can make its flavor fade.
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Discuss this Article
Post 7
Does Red Wine vinegar contain any traces of alcohol? The label certainly does not say so.
Post 6
Just went to Vons and was going to get a bottle of red wine vinegar until I saw a sign.
The sign said "Red Wine Vinegar and Balsamic Vinegar on these shelves contain lead known to cause cancer"
Can anyone explain this?
I love the red wine vinegar but I just did not know that it has lead in it. Were does that come from? Thank you, Michael.
Post 5
please can you tell me, is red wine vinegar safe for diabetics and high blood pressure. Thank you. --Jean
Post 4
How long is "too long" for meat to marinade in red wine vinegar?
Post 3
Vinegar doesn't expire. Vinegar is a preservative. Depending on how the vinegar was made and especially aged it can be mildly hot. this tames with age. Standard mustard is aged for several months because fresh mustard is very hot. Wine vinegars mellow with age.
Post 2
I used red wine vinegar in a salad and was hot. Does that mean it has expired?
Post 1
What about the expiry date/period of red wine vinegar?
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Webster Central School District
Per-Diem Substitute Teacher--Webster, NY
- Manage classrooms and small groups of students during the absence of assigned teachers.
- Support students in developing strategies for individual needs and classroom group dynamics.
- Communicate effectively with educators from various grade levels.
- Promote good behaviors by using the positive reinforcement method.


Six Degrees of Separation Test | Mid-Book Test - Medium
Buy the Six Degrees of Separation Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Who tells Paul to leave the condo in this section?
(a) No one
(b) Ouisa
(c) Flan
(d) The Hustler
2. Which of the following characters tries to leave in the chaos of applying first aid to Paul?
(a) Ouisa
(b) Geoffrey
(c) Flan
(d) Paul
3. Who does Paul jokingly say he will test on Catcher in the Rye?
(a) Geoffrey
(b) Ouisa
(c) Flan
(d) His advisor
4. What does Paul compliment about Geoffrey after the latter comments on dinner?
(a) His nose
(b) His etiquette
(c) His eyes
(d) His buds
5. What negative world does Ouisa repeat over and over throughout the first couple minutes of the play?
(a) Horrific
(b) Terrifying
(c) Ghastly
(d) Awful
Short Answer Questions
1. Who is not onstage in the last moments of this section?
2. How much money does the Dean and Deluca customer leave for his purchase in Flan and Ouisa's story?
3. What does Paul's thesis conclude is "God's gift" to us (34)?
4. How much money does Flan give Paul for his assistance with Geoffrey?
5. When Paul enters the scene, where does he announce that he attends school with the Kittredges' daughter?
Short Essay Questions
1. What does Ouisa discover when she wakes Paul in this section?
2. How does Dr. Fine deal with Paul's deception?
3. How does Paul describe his father?
4. How is Geoffrey's financial situation strange?
5. Why is Flan in awe of his children's second grade teacher?
6. What event breaks the relative silence after the Trent Conway revelation?
7. How does Paul describe the Kittredge children?
8. What conclusion do the five duped parents reach regarding what they have in common?
9. Why does Geoffrey call at the end of this section?
10. What is Flan's attitude toward the art he sells?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 712 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Six Degrees of Separation Lesson Plans
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New machine learning method generates unique faces for video game characters
Researchers from the Netease Fuxi AI Lab and the University of Michigan have created a machine learning method called MeInGame that can automatically generate faces by analyzing a single portrait.
We offer an automatic method for creating a character's face that predicts both face shape and texture from a single portrait. It can be used for most of the existing 3D games.
Research text
In order for 3D Morphing Face Models (3DMMs) to accurately reproduce the profile of a person, they must be trained on large sets of image and texture data.
Compiling these datasets can be quite time consuming. Also, such a system can only work stably with the regular loading of new data. To overcome this limitation, the authors of the work, Lin, Yuan and Zou, did not use generated photographs, but images of real people.
They first reconstructed the face based on a 3D face morphing model (3DMM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and then transferred the shape of the 3D face onto a grid of templates. As a result, the network receives a face image and an unrolled UV texture map as input, and then it predicts the light factors.
The authors tested their deep learning technique in a series of experiments: they compared the quality of the game characters with other generated models.
Author: John Kessler
Function: Director
128 number 0.245335 time


Alien invasion in the fens could destroy our wetlands experts warn
BOB Riches had never seen anything like it. Plodding through the mud was the strangest creature he d ever set eyes on, in all his 79 years in the Fens. What looked like something from another planet turned out to be an alien invader which can threaten na
BOB Riches had never seen anything like it. Plodding through the mud was the strangest creature he'd ever set eyes on, in all his 79 years in the Fens.
What looked like something from another planet turned out to be an alien invader which can threaten native species and even increase the risks of flooding.
Retired farmer Mr Riches from Denver, near Downham Market, saw what looked like a giant crab when he went to check his cattle on the Ouse Washes, near Welney.
"We own some grazing land out near the washes I went to check all was well when something moved strangely in the mud," he said.
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"It was a frosty morning, I thought that's something strange. I could see it was some peculiar sort of crab, so I popped it in a potato sack to take home to show my grandchildren."
Mr Riches' two young grandchildren wouldn't go near the crab. His daughter Sandra Florido said: "We were shocked when he brought it home, it was still alive. It looked like a horrible, gruesome thing."
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Mrs Florido called Hunstanton Sea Life Sanctuary, to see if they could identify the creature. When experts saw its furry claws, they realised it was a Chinese mitten crab.
Sanctuary manager Nigel Croasdale said: "We think the crab must have scuttled up one of the underground tunnel ways used to let water from the River Ouse wash over the cattle's grazing land every summer.
"We're extremely concerned at what this could mean for the Ouse Washes nature reserve. Chinese mitten crabs are an alien species to our British waters, and multiply extremely quickly, causing chaos and landslides when they burrow in their hundreds into riverbanks."
Mr Croasdale said if the crabs multiplied in the area, they could threaten rare birds such as the terns which breed on the washes. But conservationists said the creatures' burrows posed a greater danger.
Lee Marshall, reserve warden for the Wildfowl and Wetland Trust's reserve at Welney, said: "They're on the washes, they're in the river and they're in quite a few other places.
"We get the odd one or two, they're not causing a problem at the moment but we're monitoring the situation."
While the crab's wanderlust helps it rapidly colonise new pastures, its fondness for a stroll on dry land would also make it vulnerable to the otters and birds of prey which also inhabit the washes.
Graham Elliott, the RSPB's Fens area manager, said the crabs were not believed to pose a threat to birds. "The main concern is that they can undermine the banks and damage watercourses," he added.
Environment Agency surveys have found the crabs as far inland as Holywell, near St Ives. After spending half their lives marching upstream, the crabs do a U-turn and head for the sea to spawn.
Natural England marine specialist Paul Gilliland said: "By burrowing into muddy banks, they end up causing the banks to collapse if there are loads of them. They end up like a bar of Aero with holes everywhere."
A mitten crab caught by an angler on Heacham Beach last year was carrying thousands of eggs. Mr Croasdale urged anyone seeing one to report it.
"This could be an isolated incident, but we would ask those visiting the area to be vigilant and get in touch if they see any more Chinese mitten crabs out on the washes," he said.
"If the tunnels are providing the crabs a route to invade, we will need to examine our options as a community."
Eriocheir sinensis - the Chinese mitten crab - is among the world's most invasive species.
It colonised the Thames after being carried in the bilges of cargo ships from the Far East.
The first recorded sighting was in 1935.
Since then, the crabs have spread as far north as the Humber and are becoming increasingly common in the Great Ouse and its feeder rivers.
Last year an army of the crabs, several hundred strong, was found marching along the Thames.
They can survive walking several miles across dry land in search of food or fresh rivers to populate.
They've even been found in swimming pools.
Mitten crabs burrow deep into riverbanks with their powerful claws, to hide from predators and avoid drying out in warm weather at low tide.
There are fears this could weaken the banks which protect low-lying areas of the Fens from being flooded.
Banks being breached - by the weather, not by crabs - caused thousands of hectares to flood in the winter of 1947, ruining the potato crop and sparking food shortages.
Pike anglers have had large fish baits ripped in half by greedy crabs. Coarse fishermen have been warned not to rinse their hands in the river after mixing groundbait.
Naturalists fear mittens will eat fish spawn, small mammals and amphibians; upsetting the natural ecology of our rivers.
Scientists are investigating whether the invasion can be stemmed by trapping the crabs commercially.
In China they are called moon crabs and considered a delicacy. One solution could be exploiting the interlopers as a food source - like their fellow invader the American signal crayfish.
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text:
This toutorial will show how to take out a hard drive from a computer.
Step 1: Step 1:Plce Computer One the Side With the Opening Flap Faicing the Upwards
Its really important, and makes the job easier at the end
Step 2: Step 2: Open the Computer
you open the computer by lifiting the flap, then lifting it upwards. When you open it you need to also slide it to the front.
Step 3: Step 3: Unscrew the Security Flap Off
Step 4: Step 4: Lift the Security Flap Off
Step 5: Step 5: Take Hard Drive Out
Once lifted, take out the hard drive disk. You do this by pressing on the green locks at the same time and lifting it. Before that, however, you need to unplugge the wires conneting to it


View Full Version : Vesta Mappers
 1. Welcome to Asteroid Mappers: Vesta Edition!
 2. S-curve and crinkled shapes on Vesta?
 3. Cinder Cone on Vesta?
 4. Hello
 5. About confirmed markings
 6. A sugesttion about boulders
 7. Vesta and then Ceres
 8. How are completed images to be read?
 9. Muted, buried craters -- the limit?
 10. Image counts
 11. New Blog Post about Vesta Mappers
 12. Question on image
 13. Auto log off problem
 14. New Tools
 15. Problem with Tools
 16. Why can't I see any marks in "Gallery"?
 17. Geomorphological Features
 18. New Asteroid Mappers video tutorial
 19. what is that black circle in the right hand side of 05946f1w-c5.png?
 20. How can I get the certificate for participating in the vesta mapper challenge?
 21. Scale of images
 22. Image/Crater Count
 23. NASA's Vesta Trek
 24. Having trouble registering for Asteroid Mappers


text:
How to Verify Identity on Cash App?
Before you can use a Cash App, you need to verify your identity. You can do this by taking a picture of a government-issued ID card. Then, you should read the app's terms and conditions. It will then verify Cash App account within two to three days. Once it's verified, you can use the Cash App to make cash transfers.
Another reason why you should verify your identity on Cash App is to prevent fraud. Fraudsters often use the Social Security Number of someone else. This can compromise your sensitive information. Make sure you only use a genuine SSN. If you cannot provide a valid SSN, you can still verify your identity with a driving licence or other ID.
The first thing you need to do before using Cash App is to verify your identity. This will prevent you from receiving money from unverified users.
The verification process will also prevent you from sending money to unverified users. However, you should be aware of the reasons why this verification process may fail.
For example, you may be under 18, or your scanned ID may not be valid. You can call the Cash App Support Number for assistance in these cases.


text:
Michael Tonry (University of Minnesota – Twin Cities – School of Law) has posted Fairness, Equality, Proportionality, and Parsimony: Towards a Comprehensive Jurisprudence of Just Punishment (Penal Censure (Anthony E. Bottoms & Antje Bois-Pedain, eds., Oxford: Hart, Forthcoming)) on SSRN.
Here is the abstract:
The retributive conception of punishment as a process for censuring blameworthy conduct is an important component of a complete theory of punitive justice, but by itself is not enough. Nor are 'mixed' theories that incorporate traditional retributive ideas as constraints on pursuit of consequentialist crime prevention goals. If punishment were unidimensional, involved only first offenders convicted of a single offence, and based solely on censuring blameworthy behaviour, theorizing would be easier: offenders should be censured, and punished, precisely as much as they deserve relative to the censure and punishment of others convicted of the same and different offences. In mixed theories, punishments of individuals should never exceed what is deserved relative to the punishments of others. All that would be needed is a sufficiently discriminant ordinal scale of offence seriousness tied to proportionate punishments. Theories of punitive justice, however, cannot be unidimensional. Nor can they be premised on the situations of first offenders, on single offences, or on a single overriding value such as censure. More is at stake. A complete theory of punitive justice must also satisfy the requirements of independently important principles of fairness, equal treatment, and human dignity.


text:
Additional functionality available on larger screens. This is a multi-page resource.
- House bill number 600, a bill to be entitled an act to rewrite article 31 of chapter 106 of the general statutes of North Carolina, the same being, "The North Carolina seed law."
Seed industry and trade
- Original Format:
- Handwriting (unpublished)
- 21 p.
- Item identifier:
- Royster, Fred Stovall more info on Royster, Fred Stovall
- Brown, Frank Hamilton more info on Brown, Frank Hamilton
- Created Date:
- House bill number 600 Session 1949
- Digital Project:
Living Off the Land
- Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Libraries
- North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Crop Science Records, 1939 - 1989 (UA100.016) held by Special Collections Research Center at NCSU Libraries
- Note field:
- Not all materials from the physical collection may have been scanned. Images may have been enhanced for web access.
- For questions about copyright and permissions, please refer to our Reproduction, Use, Citation, and Copyright page (_URL_
- Digitization of this material was made possible, in part, through the support of the North Carolina Farm Bureau, the North Carolina Tobacco Foundation, and the North Carolina Tobacco Research Commission.


text:
In Spanish, giving birth is "dar a luz", which actually means "giving to light". In cartoons and comic strips, when someone has an idea, a lightbulb appears above their head. In religious iconography, one of the most powerful images of the Holy Spirit is Bernini's stained glass depiction of a bird emanating sunlight.
Light is a very important concept for us, and sunlight even more so.
When you stand in the vineyards of Ica, Peru, the sun rises from the mountains' side. In contrast to the lush green valley where the vineyards grow, the mountains are bald, clear, and light coloured. As a result, when the sun rises from behind them, they look like they're made of light. They are the reason why our pisco is called Monteluz: mountains of light.
When you hold our pisco up to your eyes, you notice just how bright and reflective it actually is. It, too, looks like it is made of light.
Yet it is only when you finally bring our pisco to your lips that you realise that you are, in fact, drinking sunlight, as the scent and taste of a million delightful sunrays tickle your senses. Pisco Monteluz truly is sunlight in a bottle.
To make great pisco, you must understand light. Every aspect of it: the seen and the unseen. Visible light and invisible light, such as ultra-violet and infra-red light, which are responsible for the grape's ageing and ripening, for the sugar levels in the juice, and for the components of the skin that will turn it into wine.
Once you understand light, you can control it: use it when you need it, take it away when you don't. Making pisco is a little bit like photography in that way, the way it used to work with film rolled up inside the camera. It's all about light and absence of light. Once you have captured the sunlight in the grapes, exposing their juice and the wine to the light is like exposing your film to the light when you take it out of the camera. |
Just as photographers used to work in darkrooms to process their film and print their images, we believe as little light as possible should get to the juice once the process of skin maceration and fermentation has begun. And just as the finest prints will fade with time if you leave them out in the daylight, so it is with pisco. Store your pisco away from sunlight!
And then, of course, there is the connection between light and heat. For example, most distilleries transport their grapes from the vineyard in large trucks that heat up to 40 or even 50 degrees in the sunlight. This heat, combined with the shaking and sheer weight of the grapes, is fatal: it kickstarts a process of fermentation while the grapes are still in the truck, and it is the catalyst for a transfer of bitter flavours from the grape's seeds to the juice.
A simple way to overcome this is to do the grape picking before sunrise, when the air is so much cooler. It might look weird, but extraordinary things come from unusual methods.


SQLConfiguration SQLConfiguration
SQL Server «Prev
Console Root Enterprise Manager
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is a tool that presents a common interface for managing different server applications in a Microsoft Windows network. Server applications provide a component called an MMC snap-in that presents MMC users with a user interface for managing the server application. SQL Server Enterprise Manager is the Microsoft SQL Server MMC snap-in.
SQL Server Enterprise Manager is the primary administrative tool for SQL Server and provides an MMC-compliant user interface that allows users to:
 1. Define groups of SQL Server instances.
 2. Register individual servers in a group.
 3. Configure all SQL Server options for each registered server.
 4. Create and administer all SQL Server databases, objects, logins, users, and permissions in each registered server.
 5. Define and execute all SQL Server administrative tasks on each registered server.
 6. Design and test SQL statements, batches, and scripts interactively by invoking SQL Query Analyzer.
 7. Invoke the various wizards defined for SQL Server.
The highest level of objects within the Enterprise Manager is the Console Root
Below the console root is a list of SQL Servers; each with its own folder. Most often, you will want to look at the database foler.
Under the Databases folder, you see every database that you have created on a specific server.
If you drill down the database, you will see the hierarchical list of objects contained within it.


text:
By Will Dunham
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – From the monkey puzzle tree in Peru to the Tasmanian blue gum in Australia, from the baobabs in Madagascar to the giant sequoias in California – the world is blessed with an abundance of tree species. How many? A new study has the answer.
Researchers on Monday unveiled the world's largest forest database, which includes more than 44 million individual trees in more than 100,000 locations in 90 countries – helping them calculate there are approximately 73,300 species of trees on Earth.
This figure is about 14% higher than previous estimates. Of that total, it's estimated that about 9,200 exist based on statistical models but have not yet been identified by science, with a large portion of them growing in South America, the researchers said.
South America, home to the vastly biodiverse Amazon rainforest and vast Andean forests, has been home to 43% of the planet's tree species and the largest number of rare species at around 8,200.
Trees and forests are much more than mere oxygen producers, said Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, professor of biodiversity and conservation at the University of Bologna in Italy and lead author of the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Without trees and forests, we would not have clean water, safe mountain slopes, habitats for many animals, fungi and other plants, the most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems, sinks for our excess carbon dioxide, purifiers of our polluted air, etc.," Gatti said.
"Indeed, our society often regards forests as just pieces of wood and trees as natural resources, ignoring their fundamental role for humanity in providing ecosystem services that lag behind purely economic – albeit important – wood, paper and pulp production. It is from trees and forests that humanity derives inspiration, relaxation, spirituality and essentially the meaning of life," Gatti added.
It has been determined that there are about 27,000 known tree species and 4,000 yet to be identified in South America. Eurasia has 14,000 known and 2,000 unknown species, followed by Africa (10,000 known/1,000 unknown), North America including Central America (9,000 known/2,000 unknown), and Oceania including Australia (7,000 known/2,000 unknown).
"By setting a quantitative benchmark, our study can contribute to tree and forest conservation efforts," said study co-author Peter Reich, a forest ecologist at the University of Michigan and the University of Minnesota.
"This information is important because tree species are becoming extinct due to deforestation and climate change, and to understand the value of this diversity, we need to know what's even there before we lose it," Reich said. "Tree species diversity is key to maintaining healthy, productive forests and important to the global economy and nature."
That study didn't count the total number of individual trees worldwide, but a 2015 study led by one of the co-authors put that number at about 3 trillion.
The new study identified global tree diversity hotspots in the tropics and subtropics of South America, Central America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It was also found that about a third of the known species can be classified as rare.
The researchers used methods developed by statisticians and mathematicians to estimate the number of unknown species based on the abundance and presence of known species. Tropical and subtropical ecosystems in South America could support 40% of these yet-to-be-identified species, they said.
"This study reminds us how little we know about our own planet and its biosphere," said study co-author Jingjing Liang, professor of quantitative forest ecology at Purdue University in Indiana. "We still have so much more to learn about the Earth so we can better protect it and preserve natural resources for future generations."
(Reporting by Will Dunham, Editing by Rosalba O'Brien)


text:
Adult in breeding plumage
The Chinese Pond Heron, Ardeola bacchus, is a wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae, found in shallow fresh and salt-water wetlands and ponds in China and East Asia. A stray bird stopping over on Saint Paul Island, Alaska August 4-9, 1997, was the first recorded occurrence of this species in the USA (AOU 2000).
The Chinese Pond Heron is typically 47cm long with white wings, a yellow bill with a black tip, yellow eyes and legs. Its overall colour is red, blue and white during breeding season, and greyish-brown and flecked with white at other times. The Chinese Pond Heron lays a clutch of 3-6 blue-green eggs, often in mixed nests with other herons. Its diet comprises or insects, fish, and crustaceans.


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shakespeare by Mind Map: shakespeare
1. his first name is William
2. his plays often have sad endings
3. there is a theatre in England named after him
4. he has brown eyes
5. he wrote a total of 38 plays
6. he added about 3000 words to the English language
7. boys acted as girls in his plays and girls acted as boys
8. there are more than 80 variations on how to spell Shakespeare's name
9. he has brown hair
10. he has performed in front of Queen Elizabeth
11. he has 7 siblings


text: Auguste Pavie, French vice consul in Luang Prabang in 1886, was the chief agent in furthering French interests in Laos. His intrigues, which took advantage of Siamese weakness in the region and periodic invasions by Chinese rebels from Yunnan Province, increased tensions between Bangkok and Paris. When fighting broke out between French and Siamese forces in Laos in April 1893, the French sent gunboats to blockade Bangkok. At gunpoint, the Siamese agreed to the cession of Laos. Britain's acquiescence in French expansionism was evident in a treaty signed by the two countries in 1896 recognizing a border between French territory in Laos and British territory in Upper Burma.