text:
2018 Spring Meeting
MATERIAL PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATIONZ
Scanning probe frontiers in molecular 2D-architecture world
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) remains a central tool to gain atomistic details of molecular surface assemblies. For weakly adsorbed species, the formation of a 2D monolayer is mostly driven by intermolecular lateral interactions. SPM can reveal such subtle features to facilitate the engineering of 2D crystal with designed functional properties.
The main scope of this symposium is about gathering the international community involved into the development and advancement of an atomic scale description of molecular assemblies through scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. SPM are mostly used to describe structural properties of assemblies, but they are also used to probe more specific properties and to support strategies for building 2D molecular systems with new functionalities. The property description with SPM may go from the simple structural imaging of a molecular island on a surface to a more accurate determination of the intermolecular energy within the units of this island, and possibly its growth mechanism. The emergence of SPM techniques that are coupled to a spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, XPS, etc.) probe may reveal additional information related to electronic, electrical, magnetic or vibrational properties of assemblies at the atomic scale. The improving knowledge and understanding of intermolecular interactions obtained from SPM also contribute directly to the strategy for creating more specific molecular building blocks, for designing and producing well defined assemblies, and for predicting the influence of new functionalities of modified molecular building blocks. This symposium will strongly encourage the presentation of experimental and theoretical works that explore and contribute to extent the limits of SPM techniques.
Hot topics to be covered by the symposium:
- New approaches in SPM
- Supramolecular 2D frameworks
- Multilayer architecture
- Molecular surface pattern origami
- SPM in nanometrology
- High speed high resolution imaging
- Atomic and molecular manipulation
- Dual SPM-spectroscopy techniques.
List of invited speakers:
- Markus Lackinger (TUM, Germany)
- Saw-Wai Hla (ANL, USA)
- Matthew Zimmt (Brown Univ., USA)
- Johann Coraux (Néel Institute, France)
- Dong Wang (ICCAS, China)
- Federico Rosei (INRS, Canada)
- Bruno Grandidier (IEMN, France)
- Willi Auwärter (TUM, Germany)
- Fabrizio Cléri (IEMN, France)
- Muriel Sicot (Unv. Lorraine, France)
- Dimas Oteyza (EHU, Spain)
- Laurent Limot (Univ. Strasbourg, France)
- Meike Stohr (RUG, The Netherlands)
- Dmitrii Perepichka (Mcgill Univ., Canada)
- Guillaume Schull (Univ. Strasbourg, France)
- Christian Loppacher (IM2NP, France)
- Andrew Mayne (Paris Sud, France)
- Peter Grutter (McGill Univ., Canada)
- Gwénaël Rapenne (CEMES, France)
- Johannes Barth (TUM, Germany)
- Philippe Leclère (Univ. Mons, Belgium)
- Ruben Perez (UAM, Spain)
- Nian Lin (UST, Hong Kong)
- Sylvain Clair (IM2NP, France)
- Trolle Linderoth (INano, Denmark)
- Wei Xu (Tongji Univ., China)
- Shengbin Lei (Tianjin Univ., China)
- Mauro Sambi (Univ. di Padova, Italia)
- Mathieu Abel (IM2NP, France)
- Peter Beton (University of Nottingham, U.K.)
- Steven Tait (Indiana Univ., USA)
- Roberto Otero (UAM, Spain)
- Fabrice Charra (CEA, France)
- Giovanni Costantini (Univ. Warwick, UK)
List of keynote speakers:
- Angelika Kuhnle (Mainz Univ., Germany)
- Paolo Samori (Univ. Strasbourg, France)
- Yoshito Tobe (Osaka Univ., Japan)
- Werner Hofer (Newcastle Univ., UK)
- Roman Fasel (EMPA, Switzerland)
- Gregory Lopinski (NRC, Canada)
- André Gourdon (CEMES, France)
- Mauro Sambi (Univ. di Padova, Italia)
- Xavier Bouju (CEMES, France)
- Steven de Feyter (Leuven, Belgium)
- Frédéric Chérioux (FEMTO-ST, France)
- Alain Rochefort (PolyMTL, Canada)
- Nian Lin (UST, Hong Kong)
- Willi Auwärter (TUM, Germany)
|Start at||Subject View All||Num.|
Session 1 : Frédéric Chérioux (FEMTO-ST, France)
Authors : Roman Fasel
Affiliations : EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Resume : On-surface chemistry has attracted great interest as a complement to the traditional solution-based route to the fabrication of covalently bonded nanomaterials. This novel bottom-up approach aims at the fabrication of low-dimensional covalently bonded nanomaterials directly on a solid substrate surface (hence in 2D) under dry conditions (mostly UHV) via the covalent coupling of suitably functionalized molecular precursors. In this presentation, some recent developments, with a focus on the structural and electronic characterization of the fabricated nanomaterials by means of scanning probe techniques, will be discussed. In a first part, I will briefly review the on-surface synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), which relies on the two most prominent on-surface reactions, dehalogenative aryl coupling and (cyclo)dehydrogenation. A more recent addition to the toolbox of on-surface chemistry is the oxidative ring closure involving methyl groups to establish new 5- or 6-membered rings, as e.g. in the formation of indenofluorene polymers or GNRs with zigzag edges. Methyl-substituted precursors also allow for the addition of short zigzag segments to the edges of armchair GNRs (AGNRs), which opens a synthetic pathway to a family of zigzag edge-extended AGNRs hosting topological electronic phases. Finally, I will show that the surface-assisted photochemical deprotection of?-diketone bridged acene precursors provides a novel approach to the synthesis of higher acenes.
Authors : Federico Rosei
Affiliations : INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Varennes, Canada
Resume : The adsorption and self?assembly of organic molecules at surfaces has recently been investigated extensively, both because of the fundamental interest and for prospective applications in nanoelectronics and organic electronics. It is now well established that molecule?molecule and molecule?substrate interactions can be tuned by appropriate choice of substrate material and symmetry. Upon molecular adsorption, surfaces typically do not behave as static templates, but often rearrange to accommodate different molecular species. We discuss recent experiments using Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and complementary surface sensitive techniques, providing new insights into fundamental processes ranging from the formation of ordered patterns driven by non-covalent bonds to the realization of robust structured held together by covalent bonds. In particular, we will focus on recent advances in using the substrate as catalyst for surface confined polymerization reactions, emphasizing Ullmann coupling as key example.
Authors : P.H. Beton*, V.V. Korolkov, J.R. Kerfoot, M. Alkhamisi, R.Jones, I. Lesanovky, B. Olmos-Sanchez, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanbe, N. Besley, E. Besley, A. Nizovtsev, M. Baldoni, I.G. Timokhin and R. Haubrichs
Affiliations : School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ; School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. ; National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, _PHONE_, Japan. ; CristalTech Sàrl, Rue du Pré-Bouvier 7, CH-1242 Satigny, Switzerland.
Resume : The deposition and organization of monolayers, multilayers and heterostructures of organic molecules on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and black phosphorus (bP) is studied using ambient atomic force microscopy. It is possible to exploit the two-dimensional nature of extended supramolecular arrays of molecules stabilized by hydrogen bonding to form heterostructures by sequential deposition of one supramolecular layer on another. This can be achieved using both solution deposition and sublimation. These arrays can be used to passivate the surfaces of reactive materials, such as bP, and, also, to modifiy their optical properties. We also investigate the dependence of the fluorescence peak energy on in-plane spatial ordering of molecules, and, also, on interactions with the substrate. In particular, we find a dependence of the fluorescence energy on the refractive index of the substrate. The bi-component array melamine cyanurate provides a particularly versatile substrate supporting the orientationally-controlled epitaxial growth of ter


Reducing labor through streamlining production - EHPEA
Reducing labor through streamlining production
Spring is in full swing in Michigan greenhouses. Growers are busy receiving young plants and shipping others to markets that have opened due to the recent warm weather. Recruiting and maintaining sufficient labor remains a major challenge in the greenhouse industry as the unemployment rate in Michigan is around 4 percent. More greenhouses than ever are using the H2A guest worker program, while others are considering the program in the future. In visiting with growers through the winter months, the Michigan State University Extension floriculture team has seen growers using a variety of strategies from high-tech equipment to streamlining their product lines for greater efficiency. Here are some of the strategies that growers are using to reduce labor costs at their facilities.
Direct sticking plant material into finished containers
A common practice among the greenhouse industry is to germinate seedlings and root vegetative cuttings in plug or liner trays. This production practice maximizes greenhouse space and increases efficiency. However, many greenhouse operations are opting to reduce the number of times that each plug (seedling), rooted cutting (liner) or container is handled thereby reducing labor costs. Therefore, growers have started to direct unrooted or callused cuttings into their final containers.
Reducing number of skews by transplanting into final decorative container
In contrast to many European plant growers, American ornamental plant growers are expected to produce hundreds (or even thousands) of species or cultivars so that they can become a one-stop shop for a plant retailer. While most growers in Michigan are still producing many plant species and cultivars, they have streamlined their efficiency by limiting the types, styles or sizes of containers. One Michigan grower who markets their plants in elaborate, decorative pottery or other unique containers has streamlined production by growing succulents in all 4-inch pots, which will be directly placed into the decorative container prior to shipment. Therefore, the high-value container is less likely to become damaged or show signs of wear and tear during production and it increases the efficiency.
Allowing for drop-in containers
Greenhouse growers who produce larger combination planters or bowls have started implementing place-holder containers. This allows growers to produce plants that have different environmental and cultural requirements or schedules in separate containers outside of the combination planter and then transplanted into the final combination planter as needed. For instance, growers plant the outer plants, e.g., "fillers and spillers" then place an empty container in the center for the "thriller" thereby reducing labor when transplanting the central plant. When the central plants arrive, which may be a tropical foliage plant produced outside Michigan or are finished in the other growing conditions, the growers remove the place-holding container and transplant the center plants.
Chemical pinching
Greenhouse growers use plant growth regulators to chemically pinch plants. Spraying, drenching or sprenching reduces the need for hand pinching plants. Pinching off the apical meristem increases lateral branching and therefore enhancing the overall quality of the plants.
Using conveyor belts
Conveyor belts are used especially during sticking of unrooted vegetative cutting, transplanting of plugs or liners or during times to streamline plant material out into the growing areas, thus increasing the efficiency of production. Growers have also implemented conveyor belts in some facilities and ease the movement throughout the facility and reduce the number of staff needed to complete a task.
Boom irrigation systems
Boom irrigation reduces the number of employees needed to hand water plants. Growers can also apply various chemicals through irrigation booms to reduce the amount of single applications. Boom irrigation systems are best used in facilities where plants are grown on the floor with wide ranges and walkways.
Robotic vegetative cutting sticking machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants have made the investments into robotic vegetative cutting sticking machines, such as the Visser Autostix system (Photo 10). The vegetative cuttings are placed into biodegradable clips (Photo 11) which helps improve the performance of the robotic transplanter and allows for it to process some of our more delicate cuttings species. The sticking machine reduces the number of employees needed on the sticking line and reduces the time to stick cuttings.
Robotic transplanter
Some growers invested in automated transplanters to transplant plugs from trays into larger containers. This robotic system also reduces labor needed on the transplanting line.
Automated grading/sorting machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants, especially perennials or woody ornamentals, use grading or sorting machines. Especially in longer production cycles, perennials and woody ornamentals differ in growth rates or quality throughout the production period. Those selling young plants often need to grade those for shipment or replant those that need more production time.
Mechanical pruning, shearing or trimming machines
Growers of woody ornamentals needed to prune, shear or trim plants in order to increase rooting and control extension growth during long production schedules. This custom-made trimming machine (Photos 14, 15) allows for employees to trim plants quickly while disposing of the growing tips along the aisles which can easily be cleaned up.
Michigan State University Extension recommends growers take note of processes that decrease efficiency or require heavy staffing during this season. Once the season is over, greenhouse owners or managers can seek to input labor-saving strategies for next year.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Have shapefiles for provinces in several countries in an Asian region, but currently trying to plug in animal population data for each province with graduated symbols displayed the data. Am trying to work off a Microsoft Excel Chart that I have made with the data (basically with one row for provinces and the other row for populations)- however, importing via a delimited text layer isn't working. I'm pretty new to GIS, and am wondering if there as an elementary error I am making - do I need to enter vector data for each province in my excel file before these will display? Is there an easy way to elicit this from the shapefile(s) that I have that display the provinces in the country?
Thank you so much for your time - I'm trying to learn this as well as I can!
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Try reformatting the file so it's columns instead of rows (im assuming this is how the attribute data is organised in the Shapefile?) make sure the field names:
 - Don't contain spaces
 - Are less than 64 characters
 - Special characters (stick to letters)
Arc doesn't like these.
Now what you want to do here is use the 'Add Join' function (located in the Data Management toolbox) to link the Excel Spreadsheet table to your Shapefile. The tool will add animal population data to the shapefile attribute table, assuming that the you join by country names and the country names match up exactly.
I would explain how to use the tool but i think the official documentation will do a better job than me! : _URL_
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Problem structuring in decision-making processes
This contribution presents insights on problem structuring based on a literature review and experiences from a case study. Another deliberation tool aimed to involve stakeholders in a decision-making process is described in the Stakeholder analysis section.
Complex, unstructured problems
Water management issues are typical examples of complex problems. They are part of a natural and human system (Kolkman 2005) which consist of many diverse, interdependent elements e.g. upstream events influence the water system downstream, different interdependent government layers manage the water system, and multiple stakeholders use the water system (see e.g. Geldof 2001, Natural variability in Coastal Ecosystems and The state of the art of public participation in Europe). If problems are part of a complex natural and social system, they are often unstructured. Complex, unstructured problems are characterized by: uncertain knowledge, disagreement about normative elements (e.g. values, norms or objectives) and disagreement about cognitive elements (e.g. research or information) (Van de Graaf and Hoppe 1996; Hisschemöller and Hoppe 2001). A problem results from an observed gap between a normative yardstick and an existing or expected situation. Problems are thus not objective givens, but social constructs (Dery 1984; Van de Graaf and Hoppe 1996). Actors may disagree about a problem because they behold divergent perceptions. A perception comprises the images actors have of their environment and the problems and opportunities within it. Objectives are concrete translations of perceptions and used to determine an actors' strategy. Strategies are used to influence other parties or the content or process of problem formulation (Koppenjan and Klĳn 2004). See also stakeholder analysis.
Policy processes and decision-making processes
A decision-making process is often embedded in a policy process and aims to solve a concrete problem. Currently, a shift is visible from a purely analytical approach to solve problems towards a process management approach. Characteristics of an analytical approach are a central steering actor who determines the objectives. This approach assumes that problems occur within a single-actor setting and that it is possible to solve a problem analytically. A process management approach recognizes the multi-actor setting of policy problems, the divergence of perceptions and the need for interaction and communication to solve these problems (Edelenbos et al. 2003). Because for complex, unstructured problems a purely content-directed approach is not possible, a process-directed approach should be adopted (De Bruijn et al. 2002). Criticism to the process management approach is that it neglects substantive aspects. Recent literature on process or network management pays explicit attention to the importance of interweaving process and content. Although a process management approach assumes that an objective problem formulation and knowledge does not exist, this does not imply that substance does not matter in this approach (De Bruijn et al. 2002; Edelenbos et al. 2003 ; Koppenjan and Klĳn 2004).
The shift towards a more process-directed approach resulted in the development of empirical, descriptive models. These models aim to provide an alternative for the widely used phase-model. The phase-model describes policy processes as subsequent, interrelated phases with a clear beginning and end. Common phases of policy formation are problem formulation, generating alternative solutions, and policy design. Teisman (1992) developed an alternative model, the rounds model. Actors are the focal point of analysis in the rounds model. Problems and solutions are only relevant to the policy process if they are presented by an actor. Policy formation does not stem from an intended course of action formulated by one actor, but results from a series of decisions taken by different actors in different rounds of interaction. Rounds of decision-making can only be determined in retrospective by determining the most crucial decisions. Decision-making rounds are characterized by dynamic combinations of sets of problems and solutions, represented by different actor. Thus, problem formulation always refers to a problem-solution combination (Teisman 2000). The basic principles of the rounds model provide useful insights to understand problem structuring. The rounds model is also used as a basis to explain problem solving as a policy game in a network context (Koppenjan and Klĳn 2004) and to explain the function of knowledge in decision-making processes (Van Buuren 2006).
Hisschemöller (1993) uses the term problem structuring in the context of policy processes to refer to an approach which focuses on the integration of the most divergent views with respect to the problem situation. Problem structuring prevents from addressing the wrong problem, because it is not solution oriented but oriented to problem finding. Instead of using the term problem structuring to develop a normative framework, we developed a conceptual model to describe problem formulation in the context of participatory policy processes. This conceptual model bases on insights about problem typologies, policy processes, process management and problem structuring.
If problems are unstructured, no clear problem formulation exists. Because different stakeholders behold different perceptions about the problem and knowledge is uncertain, interaction between stakeholders is necessary to formulate a joint problem and its solutions. Complex, unstructured problems are characterized by uncertainty and diverging perceptions. Uncertainty might result from a lack of knowledge, but also because different people interpret and value information differently (ambiguity) (Koppenjan and Klĳn 2004). Formulating a problem and its solutions implies that uncertainty, ambiguity and disagreement need to be reduced. The development of stakeholders' perceptions and knowledge are central elements to create a joint problem formulation. Ideally, the outcome of problem structuring is 'negotiated knowledge', this is knowledge which is agreed upon and valid (De Bruijn et al. 2002; Van de Riet 2003). The content developed during a participatory process should not be seen as final or permanent. Adoption is the consolidation of a problem formulation over a longer period of several decision rounds (Teisman 2000). How problem structuring develops is also summarized in Figure 1.
Experiences from case study research indicate that the presented framework is very useful to analyze the development of substantive outcomes for participatory processes. Important lessons are that problem structuring is not a clear-cut process which takes place in a vacuum. Furthermore, it appears to be mainly useful to interactive policy-making processes which are open to all problem formulations and in which stakeholders (i.e. not the general public) are involved.
An example of problem structuring is described in the section with experiences of evaluation and case studies.
More information on the design of problem structuring processes and evaluation can be found in literature from M. Hisschemöller. A variety of problem structuring methods (PSM) have been analyzed and developed by J. Rosenhead.
The presented theory is used to analyze two case studies. For these case studies, see also: De Kruijf, J. (2007). Problem structuring in interactive decision-making processes: How interaction, problem perceptions and knowledge contribute to a joint formulation of a problem and its solutions, Master's thesis, University of Twente, Enschede. This report is also available as TNO-report, ref. nr 2007-I&R-065-KFJ-PEM.
For more information on interactive water management, see e.g. work from J.A. Van Ast.
- ↑ Kolkman, M.J. (2005), Controversies in water management: frames and mental models. Febodruk BV, Enschede, The Netherlands
- ↑ Geldof, G. D. (2001). Omgaan met complexiteit bij integraal waterbeheer, PhD thesis, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Tauw bv, Deventer
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Van de Graaf, H., and Hoppe, R. (1996). Beleid en politiek : een inleiding tot de beleidswetenschap en de beleidskunde Coutinho, Bussum
- ↑ Hisschemöller, M., and Hoppe, R. (2001). Coping with Intractable Controversies: The Case for Problem Structuring in Policy Design and Analysis. In: Knowledge, Power, and Participation in Environmental Policy Analysis, M. Hisschemöller, R. Hoppe, W. N. Dunn, and J. R. Ravetz, eds., Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick and London, 47-72
- ↑ Dery, D. (1984). Problem definition in policy analysis, Lawrence, Kansas : University Press of Kansas.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Koppenjan, J. F. M., and Klĳn, E. (2004). Managing uncertainties in networks : a network approach to problem solving and decision making Routledge, London [etc.]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Edelenbos, J., Monnikhof, R., and Van de Riet, O. (2003). A Double Helix approach: a proposal to forge a better integration of analysis and policy development. International Journal of Technology Policy and Management, 3(1), 1-21
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 De Bruijn, H., Ten Heuvelhof, E. F., and In 't Veld, R. J. (2002). Process management: why project management fails in complex decision making processes, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
- ↑ Teisman, G. R. (1992). Complexe besluitvorming: een

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Ethereum Hashrate Chart
The Ethereum hashrate chart provides the current Ethereum hashrate history in graph format with an option to expand the Ethereum global hashrate chart time frame back to 2016.
Ethereum Hashrate Now: 310.15 TH/s
Nov 30, 2020 02:55 AM UTC - 310,154,397,355,106 H/s
Loading Ethereum network hashrate chart Loading Ethereum network hashrate chart
The Ethereum network hashrate chart can be used to visualize Ethereum mining hashrate increases and decreases viewable in segment options of daily, weekly, monthly, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and all time.
What is Ethereum Hashrate?
Ethereum hashrate is a calculated numerical value that specifies an estimate of how many hashes are being generated by Ethereum miners trying to solve the current Ethereum block or any given block.
Ethereum hashrate is represented in Hashes per Second or H/s.
The global Ethereum network hashrate is a calculated value and is measured in hashes per second (H/s). The calculation uses the current mining difficulty and the average Ethereum block time between mined blocks versus the defined block time as variables to determine the global Ethereum network hashrate.
As the Ethereum network hashrate goes up - the ETH hashrate numbers get so large that abbreviations must be used.
The current Ethereum hashrate is 310.15 TH/s, representing the global Ethereum network hashrate with a mining difficulty of 3.72 P at block height 11,359,735.
View the Ethereum hashrate chart for all time historical hashrates.
Hashrate Unit/s Hash Hashes Per Second
H/s (Hash) 1 One
kH/s (KiloHash) 1,000 One Thousand
MH/s (MegaHash) 1,000,000 One Million
GH/s (GigaHash) 1,000,000,000 One Billion
TH/s (TeraHash) 1,000,000,000,000 One Trillion
PH/s (PetaHash) 1,000,000,000,000,000 One Quadrillion
EH/s (ExaHash) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Quintillion
ZH/s (ZettaHash) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Sextillion
YH/s (YottaHash) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Septillion
It is important to point out the Ethereum hashrate does not determine how quickly or slowly each block is solved.
This timing, called the block time is enforced by the Ethereum mining difficulty value, which is adjusted upwards or downwards during each block difficulty retarget to keep blocks being solved at a constant time frame.
For more information about the Ethereum difficulty re-target visit the Ethereum mining page.
You can calculate Ethereum mining profits using the current ETH hashrate difficulty and our Ethereum mining calculator.
What is the Current Ethereum Hashrate?
The current Ethereum hashrate (ETH hashrate) is 310.15 TH/s at block height 11,359,735 with a difficulty of 3,721,852,768,261,272.00.
Ethereum Hashrate Stats
Current Ethereum Hashrate
Ethereum Global Hashrate
310.15 TH/s
Ethereum Hashrate All Time High
Ethereum Hashrate on Nov 29, 2020 at block 11,353,567
314.62 TH/s
How to Calculate Ethereum Hashrate
The Ethereum hashrate is calculated using the current Ethereum difficulty, the defined Ethereum block time, and the average block time of the last (X) number of blocks.
Most full Ethereum nodes will have an option to see the current Ethereum global hashrate using the "getnetworkhashps" command in the console window.
Ethereum getnetworkhashps
Given the fact that the Ethereum difficulty value determines statically how many hashes are needed to solve the next block, it is recommended to use the current mining difficulty to determine the statistically accurate number of Ethereum that can be mined in a given time frame.
Once again we recommend using our Ethereum mining calculator as the current Ethereum difficulty is preloaded, along with the latest Ethereum price.
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text:
The Amos Block was built on the site of the Empire State Mills Building in 1878,
and may have incorporated the remains of that earlier property. Immediately
adjacent to the Amos Block were warehouses, wholesale establishments, and light
manufacturing companies, while space in the building itself was allocated for
wholesale grocery businesses at street level, and storage on the upper stories.
Steam packets loaded and unloaded freight on the canal side, while the elaborate
Romanesque facade on West Water Street enticed passersby to patronize the
wholesale grocery businesses inside.
Jacob Amos, whose surname appears on the parapets of the building, served
as mayor of Syracuse for two terms (_PHONE_). During that time he
concerned himself with improving the appearance of the city. The
installation of sewer systems, street paving, and the completion of
Syracuse City Hall were among his principle accomplishments. Jacob Amos
was also a businessman. Aside from owning and renting out space in the
Amos Building, he also owned a flour mill, a portion of which survives
today on Walton Street, south of the Amos Block.
The Amos Block was
J. Lyman Silsbee, a prominent Syracuse architect who also designed the
Syracuse Savings Bank and the White Memorial building. In the Amos
Building, Silsbee abandoned the Gothic for the Romanesque. The Amos Block
is the only known Romanesque structure in Syracuse designed by Silsbee.
Following his work here, Silsbee moved to Chicago, where he worked with
Frank Lloyd Wright, and specialized in designing residential buildings in
the shingle style.
The commercial structure, with its distinctive Romanesque facade, was
sited next to the old Erie Canal where it became an important component of
the developing downtown business district during the last quarter of the
nineteenth century. The block, which measures approximately 55 feet by 145
feet, is comprised of a full basement and four stories with an additional
half-story is located above the center portion. The seven separate street
level bays are most easily delineated on the West Water Street or southern
elevation. The six westernmost comprise a single homogeneous architectural
unit commonly known as the Amos Building. Silsbee designed the facade in
1878, incorporating an earlier, smaller structure. In the process, he
added a half-story to the two center bays, erected the two western bays,
and altered the roof line of the two eastern bays. The easternmost portion
of the block, which is detailed somewhat differently than the main block,
dates to about 1910, and exhibits narrow rectangular openings and a
cast-iron front on the first story.
The exterior of the first story has early twentieth-century rusticated
concrete block facing while the second, third and fourth stories exhibit a
variety of Romanesque style openings in different groupings accented by
variations in surface texture, with brick corbelling at the cornice line.
The two center bays rise to a parapet gable, effecting an interesting
verticality to the otherwise horizontal orientation of the building. The
east and west elevations are plain brick bearing walls. Adjoining
buildings on either side have been demolished in recent years. The north
facade – which more people drive by today -- is also
plain because the elevation faced the canal.
In the 1970s this old
commercial block, then empty and dilapidated, was scheduled for demolition
as part of the Chandler Plan – the name for the doomed project that would
have turned much of Clinton square into the urban version of a highway
interchange. The Amos Block was saved, and it is now listed on the
National Register of Historic Places. In recent years it was best known as
the home of Syracuse Suds – the most visible of the city's recent
breweries. In 1999, Syracuse Subs moved nearby to the former Neal & Hyde
building on Franklin Street, and now the Amos Block sits empty once again.
The Syracuse Downtown Committee and others are working hard to find a new
use for the building.


text:
Fiducial markers have been playing an important role in augmented reality (AR), robot navigation, and general applications where the relative pose between a camera and an object is required. Here we introduce TopoTag, a robust and scalable topological fiducial marker system, which supports reliable and accurate pose estimation from a single image. TopoTag uses topological and geometrical information in marker detection to achieve higher robustness. Topological information is extensively used for 2D marker detection, and further corresponding geometrical information for ID decoding. Robust 3D pose estimation is achieved by taking advantage of all TopoTag vertices. Without sacrificing bits for higher recall and precision like previous systems, TopoTag can use full bits for ID encoding. TopoTag supports tens of thousands unique IDs and easily extends to millions of unique tags resulting in massive scalability. We collected a large test dataset including in total 169,713 images for evaluation, involving in-plane and out-of-plane rotation, image blur, different distances and various backgrounds, etc. Experiments on the dataset and real indoor and outdoor scene tests with a rolling shutter camera both show that TopoTag significantly outperforms previous fiducial marker systems in terms of various metrics, including detection accuracy, vertex jitter, pose jitter and accuracy, etc. In addition, TopoTag supports occlusion as long as the main tag topological structure is maintained and allows for flexible shape design where users can customize internal and external marker shapes. Code for our marker design/generation, marker detection, and dataset are available at _URL_
updated: Wed Apr 15 2020 09:58:06 GMT+0000 (UTC)
published: Mon Aug 05 2019 02:57:50 GMT+0000 (UTC)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Take the 2-minute tour ×
A column of troops one km long is moving along a straight road at a uniform pace. A messenger is sent from the head of the column, delivers a message at the rear of the column and returns. He also moves at a uniform pace and arrives back at the head of the column when it has just covered its own length. How far did the messenger travel?
I can't get any ideas on how to start.
Thanks for any help.
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How far did the messenger travel means the distance traveled or the displacement? If its displacement then the answer should be 1km. – Saurabh Jul 3 '12 at 6:10
It means distance. – Matt Jul 3 '12 at 6:12
You just need to organise the information carefully and use distance = speed x time. Write down what you know about the movement of the column - say speed $u$ and the messenger say speed $v$ taking total time $t$. Split the movement of the messenger into two obvious parts. Then identify the total distance $d$ you want to find, and use the information you have to find an equation for $d$. – Mark Bennet Jul 3 '12 at 6:19
A trivial answer to the question would be $1$km, the length of the column. After all, the messenger starts out at the head of the column, and ends up again at the end of the column, at the point in time when it has covered its own length, and she then has advanced as much as the column has. This is probably not what the question intends, but it could be made clearer. – Marc van Leeuwen Jul 3 '12 at 6:50
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3 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Let us assume that the speed of the column is $1$ km per unit of time. For convenience, call that unit an hour. The column took $1$ hour to cover its own length.
Let $v$ be the speed of the messenger. When she is travelling to the back, the combined speed of approach of the messenger and the column rear is $v+1$, so the time it takes is $\frac{1}{v+1}$. Going the other way, the speed at which the messenger gains on the head is $v-1$, so the time it takes to gain the whole $1$ km is $\frac{1}{v-1}$. The whole task took $1$ hour, and therefore $$\frac{1}{v+1}+\frac{1}{v-1}=1.$$ This gives $v=1+\sqrt{2}$. The time taken is an hour, so the distance travelled is $1+\sqrt{2}$.
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Let the speed of troop is $u$ kmph and that of messenger is $v$ kmph.
So the relative speed when messenger is going backward is $v+u$ kmph.
And relative speed while going forward is $v-u$ kmph $(v>u)$.
So the total time taken is $$t=\frac{1}{v+u}+\frac{1}{v-u}$$ but in this time troop had moved $1$km so the $t=\frac{1}{u}$
$$\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{v+u}+\frac{1}{v-u}$$ $$v^2-2uv-u^2=0$$ which give us the following relation $$v=u(1+\sqrt2)$$
so the distance traveled is $$\begin{align*} d= &\underbrace{\frac{v}{v+u}}_{backward}+\underbrace{\frac{v}{v-u}}_{forward}\\ &=\frac{2v^2}{v^2-u^2}\\ &=\frac{2v^2}{2uv}\\ &=\frac{v}{u}=1+\sqrt{2}\text{ km}\end{align*}$$
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Mostly ok, but why did you give the answer using units of speed? Mind you, I've never seen it abbreviated "kmph". At least locally "km/h" is the only way to write it. This is different from, e.g. U.S.A., where "mph" is always used. I guess there are local variations :-) – Jyrki Lahtonen Jul 3 '12 at 7:27
_USER_ Oh that was a mistake.I have corrected it.Thanks – Saurabh Jul 3 '12 at 7:32
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Let $x$ be the troops' speed and $y$ be the messenger's speed.
Total messenger travelling time is $1/x$ (as the troops moved 1km forward).
In the troops frame of reference, the messenger first moved backwards with the speed of $y+x$, and then moved forward with the speed of $y-x$ so that in the $1/x$ total time he returned to the initial position.
Let $z$ be the time messenger spent to reach the rear of the column. Obviously, $z = 1/(y+x)$ (as messenger moves with the speed of $y+x$ relative to the column and has to travel $1$ km relative to the column to reach its rear).
From the other side, we have $z \times (y+x) + (1/x - z) \times (y-x) = 0$, from which follows $2zx + y/x - 1 = 2/(y/x+1) + y/x - 1 = 0$.
Note that the total messenger travelling distance is $d = y/x$. From the previous equation we get $2/(d+1) + d - 1 = 0$, $d^2-3 = 0$, and thus $d = \sqrt{3}$.
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as the relationship between contingency and necessity. If you've ever tried to train a dog, you may have noticed that it's easier when you already have other trained dogs around, because your new dog can copy what it sees the other dogs doing. The concept of social systems is central to the study of sociology. Quick Reference (DSP) The view that humans are superior to other all other species, the Earth provides unlimited resources for humans, and that progress is an inherent part of human history. We'll begin by looking at some fundamental frames of reference, called paradigms, that underlie social theories and inquiry. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. Examples of Crises Leading to Paradigm Shifts At the end of the 19th century, the inability to detect the ether—an invisible medium posited to explain how light traveled and how gravity operated—eventually led to the theory of relativity.
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NEW YORK (REUTERS)-
A new exhibit featuring massive statues, dragon-shaped roof ridge ornaments and art from the Yuan dynasty gives visitors a glimpse of ancient China that the first Westerners would have seen 700 years ago.
"The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty," at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
features 200 works of art. Many are being shown outside of China for the first time.
It focuses on the era spanning the birth in 1215 of Khubilai Khan, Gengis Khan's grandson and the Mongol founder of the Yuan dynasty, to its fall in 1368.
"As you enter the galleries, you'll discover the extraordinary world of Khubilai Khan, in a sense, as Marco Polo did," said Thomas Campbell, the director of the museum.
Khubilai Khan was the emperor who welcomed Marco Polo to China in 1275.
The show, which opens on Tuesday and runs through January 2, is the museum's largest exhibit about Asian art since "China: Dawn of a Golden Age" in 2004.
Two 10-foot (3-meter) tall, 8,000-pound (3,636 kg) statues of Yuan dynasty officials welcome visitors to the exhibit, which includes paintings, sculptures, gold and silver, tapestries, ceramics and religious and secular pieces meant to give visitors a flavor of everyday life.
All of the pieces illustrate a taste in ancient China for fine art, such ceramic containers for transporting wine and elaborate jewelry.
The eclectic styles reflect the unification of China under the Yuan dynasty, which Khubilai Khan founded in 1271, and the influx of artisans from across the Mongol empire. The Yuan dynasty included what is now modern day Mongolia, Tibet and North China.
"This is the culmination of many years of work, and is certainly among the most complex exhibitions ever presented by the museum," Campbell said of the show, which took seven years to organize.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art collaborated with other museums including the Beijing Art Museum of Stone Carvings and the Palace Museum in Beijing, to assemble the exhibit. Many items are from relatively recent archaeological finds in China.
One of the most striking elements of the show is the depiction of the Yuan dynasty as a religious melting pot tolerant of Daoists, Nestorian Christians from Syria, and Indian traders, who were able to build Hindu temples.
The show includes the model of a stage, showing the enthusiasm people had for the performing arts, and the influence of ancient plays on modern Chinese opera.
(Reporting by Phil Wahba; Editing by Patricia Reaney)


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the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head, Burntwood only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book. There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of 'The Old Ferryboat Inn', Holywell, Cambridgeshire, may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.
The Bingley Arms, Leeds, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.
- Longest Name
The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn in Stalybridge has the longest pub name in the UK.
Cultural associations
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.
Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.
The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie and is known for the number of present-day celebrities that have patronised it. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was also used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick-up victims.
In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.
The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.
Oxford and Cambridge
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.
Television soap operas
The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One, while The Bull in the Radio 4 soap opera The Archers and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale are also important meeting points. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink.
Pubs outside Great Britain
Although "British" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world.
In Denmark—a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing—a number of pubs have opened which eschew "theming", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, in order to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.
In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of "The Troubles" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. This refitting was driven by the need to expand seating areas to accommodate the growing numbers of tourists, and was a direct consequence of the growing dependence of the Irish economy on tourism.
As in other Commonwealth of Nations countries, pubs have always been very popular in English Canada and more recently in French Canada. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life. The gastropub concept has also caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are plenty of pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater mainly to tourists but authentic pub fare is prized by most Canadians.
See also
- Campaign for Real Ale
- Pub crawl
- Public houses in Ireland
- List of award-winning pubs in London
- List of microbreweries
- Public House Britannica.com; Subscription Required. Retrieved 03-07-08.
- "Scottish pubs". Insiders-scotland-guide.com. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
- Cronin, Michael; O'Connor, Barbara (2003). In Barbara O'Connor. Irish Tourism: image, culture, and identity. Tourism and Cultural Change 1. Channel View Publications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-873150-53-5. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
- Australian Drinking Culture Convict Creations. Retrieved 24-04-11.
- "Great British Pub".
- "The history of the pub".
- "Company History".
- Pub


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paramagnetism n (Physics) the phenomenon exhibited by substances that have a relative permeability slightly greater than unity and a positive susceptibility. The effect is due to the alignment of unpaired spins of electrons in atoms of the material Compare →
electron paramagnetic resonance
n (Physics) another name for →
electron spin resonance (Abbrev.)
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Heron-Centric: Ruminations of a Language Designer
Download the Cat
by Christopher Diggins
May 27, 2006
There is now a downloadable interpreter with source for the Cat programming language written in C#.
Cat is a stack based functional language inspired by the Joy programming language Like Joy, Cat is a cross between Forth and the FP language.
A prototype Cat interpreter, has been released into the public domain, and is available for download with C# source code at
Characteristics of Cat
Cat has no variables, no arguments, no constants, and no side-effects. Every Cat program takes a single stack as input, and returns a single stack as output. A Cat program is made up of a sequence of sub-programs. A sub-program may be user-defined or atomic programs.
A Nip of Cat
In Cat every operation, program, and literal, is a stack transform function. It takes a stack and returns a new stack. The following are examples of Cat programs:
 42; // pushes 42 onto the stack
 1 2; // pushes the value 1 and then the value 2 onto the stack
 1 2 swap; // pushes 2 and then 1 onto the stack.
 1 2 +; // pushes 3 onto the stack
 1 + 2; // increments the top value of the stack, then pushes 2 onto the stack
 pop; // removes the top item of the stack
 dup; // duplicates the top item on the stack
 [1 2 3]; // pushes a list of functions onto the stack
 [1 2 3] $; // pushes a list of values onto the stack
 [] 1 cons; // pushes a list containing the "1" function
There is a more detailed introduction to Cat available here.
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Alabama DUI Look Back Period
Question: What Is a Look Back Period? What Is the Look Back Period for a DUI in Alabama?
Answer: In DUI jurisprudence, the look back period is the term used in how far back a sentencing court can look at a person's record to determine the number of prior DUI convictions they have to then be used to increase the person's sentence if they're convicted or plead guilty. In Alabama, the current law as of July 2018 says that a court can look back ten (10) years for mandatory sentence enhancement; however, a sentencing court can look at a person's entire lifetime record from a discretionary standpoint. In terms of the look back period, you go by the date of conviction not by the date of arrest to determine the number of convictions within the look back period. → Right-click here to download the audio for this question.
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- DUI Impact of Fever on Breath Test


Mark Overmeer > MailTools > Mail::Header
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Module Version: 2.14 Source
Mail::Header - manipulate MIME headers
 use Mail::Header;
 my $head = Mail::Header->new;
 my $head = Mail::Header->new( \*STDIN );
 my $head = Mail::Header->new( [<>], Modify => 0);
Read, write, create, and manipulate MIME headers, the leading part of each modern e-mail message, but also used in other protocols like HTTP. The fields are kept in Mail::Field objects.
Be aware that the header fields each have a name part, which shall be treated case-insensitive, and a content part, which may be folded over multiple lines.
Mail::Header does not always follow the RFCs strict enough, does not help you with character encodings. It does not use weak references where it could (because those did not exist when the module was written) which costs some performance and make the implementation a little more complicated. The Mail::Message::Head implementation is much newer and therefore better.
Create a duplicate of the current object.
$obj->new( [ARG], [OPTIONS] )
Mail::Header->new( [ARG], [OPTIONS] )
ARG may be either a file descriptor (reference to a GLOB) or a reference to an array. If given the new object will be initialized with headers either from the array of read from the file descriptor.
OPTIONS is a list of options given in the form of key-value pairs, just like a hash table. Valid options are
 -Option --Default
 FoldLength 79
 MailFrom 'KEEP'
 Modify false
FoldLength => INTEGER
The default length of line to be used when folding header lines. See fold_length().
See method mail_from().
Modify => BOOLEAN
If this value is true then the headers will be re-formatted, otherwise the format of the header lines will remain unchanged.
"Fake" constructors
Be warned that the next constructors all require an already created header object, of which the original content will be destroyed.
Empty an existing Mail::Header object of all lines.
Extract a header from the given array into an existing Mail::Header object. extract will modify this array. Returns the object that the method was called on.
$obj->header( [ARRAY] )
header does multiple operations. First it will extract a header from the ARRAY, if given. It will then reformat the header (if reformatting is permitted), and finally return a reference to an array which contains the header in a printable form.
$obj->header_hashref( [HASH] )
As header(), but it will eventually set headers from a hash reference, and it will return the headers as a hash reference.
 $fields->{From} = 'Tobias Brox <>';
 $fields->{To} = ['you@somewhere','me@localhost'];
Read a header from the given file descriptor into an existing Mail::Header object.
$obj->fold_length( [TAG], [LENGTH] )
Set the default fold length for all tags or just one. With no arguments the default fold length is returned. With two arguments it sets the fold length for the given tag and returns the previous value. If only LENGTH is given it sets the default fold length for the current object.
In the two argument form fold_length may be called as a static method, setting default fold lengths for tags that will be used by all Mail::Header objects. See the fold method for a description on how Mail::Header uses these values.
This specifies what to do when a 'From'line is encountered. Valid values are IGNORE - ignore and discard the header, ERROR - invoke an error (call die), COERCE - rename them as Mail-From and KEEP - keep them.
$obj->modify( [VALUE] )
If VALUE is false then Mail::Header will not do any automatic reformatting of the headers, other than to ensure that the line starts with the tags given.
$obj->add( TAG, LINE [, INDEX] )
Add a new line to the header. If TAG is undef the tag will be extracted from the beginning of the given line. If INDEX is given, the new line will be inserted into the header at the given point, otherwise the new line will be appended to the end of the header.
Returns the header as a single string.
Remove any header line that, other than the tag, only contains whitespace
$obj->combine( TAG [, WITH] )
Combine all instances of TAG into one. The lines will be joined together WITH, or a single space if not given. The new item will be positioned in the header where the first instance was, all other instances of TAG will be removed.
Returns the number of times the given atg appears in the header
$obj->delete( TAG [, INDEX ] )
Delete a tag from the header. If an INDEX id is given, then the Nth instance of the tag will be removed. If no INDEX is given, then all instances of tag will be removed.
$obj->fold( [LENGTH] )
Fold the header. If LENGTH is not given, then Mail::Header uses the following rules to determine what length to fold a line.
$obj->get( TAG [, INDEX] )
Get the text from a line. If an INDEX is given, then the text of the Nth instance will be returned. If it is not given the return value depends on the context in which get was called. In an array context a list of all the text from all the instances of the TAG will be returned. In a scalar context the text for the first instance will be returned.
The lines are unfolded, but still terminated with a new-line (see chomp)
$obj->print( [FILEHANDLE] )
Print the header to the given file descriptor, or STDOUT if no file descriptor is given.
$obj->replace( TAG, LINE [, INDEX ] )
Replace a line in the header. If TAG is undef the tag will be extracted from the beginning of the given line. If INDEX is given the new line will replace the Nth instance of that tag, otherwise the first instance of the tag is replaced. If the tag does not appear in the header then a new line will be appended to the header.
Returns an array of all the tags that exist in the header. Each tag will only appear in the list once. The order of the tags is not specified.
$obj->unfold( [TAG] )
Unfold all instances of the given tag so that they do not spread across multiple lines. If TAG is not given then all lines are unfolded.
The unfolding process is wrong but (for compatibility reasons) will not be repaired: only one blank at the start of the line should be removed, not all of them.
This module is part of the MailTools distribution,
Copyrights _PHONE_ Graham Barr <> and 2001-2007 Mark Overmeer <>.
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In this groundbreaking book, world-renowned psychiatrist and researcher Gene D. Cohen takes us to the wellspring of genuine human vitality, the unique creative power generated by age and experience, and shows us how to tap this inner source to enrich, even transform our lives through middle age and beyond. A pioneering physician and respected international authority on aging and creativity, Dr. Cohen weaves history, scientific research, inspiring true-life stories, and his own fresh insights to journey into the previously uncharted territory of human potential in the "second half" of life.
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What is the balanced equation for zinc hydrogen carbonate solid when it is heated until it decomposes?
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When you apply heat to a metal hydrogen carbonate (frequently known as a metal bicarbonate as HCO3- is a bicarbonate ion), it will decompose into the corresponding metal oxide, carbon dioxide gas, and water vapor. The balanced reaction for the decomposition of zinc bicarbonate is as follows:
Zn(HCO3)2(s) --> ZnO(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(When you write out the reaction, heat is written as a delta or triangle above the arrow in the equation.)
The zinc bicarbonate decomposes to form solid zinc oxide, gaseous carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The water vapor is gaseous as it is formed but may condense at the opening of the test tube.
This is a general rule for metal bicarbonates. However, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) will decompose to sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon dioxide when heated instead of going to the metal oxide. The carbon dioxide formed is what causes baked goods to rise in the oven (in the presence of heat).
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Districts are an important unit for administrative purposes, but they vary little in their impact on students' attainment, at least in the UK. Further, government attempts to raise attainment are often disappointing. The project described in this article aimed to engage schools in reform to change students' attainment and attitudes in schools across a whole district. The intervention, peer tutoring, has a good research pedigree in small-scale studies, but scaling it up to district-level implementation has not been rigorously evaluated. Over 2 years, 129 elementary schools in 1 Scottish district were randomly assigned to different interventions. The implementation was not perfect, but the results were positive with respect to cross-age tutoring, which had effect sizes of about 0.2. Despite limitations, the study demonstrates that it is possible to carry out a clustered randomized controlled trial (RCT) on a large scale working with districts and suggests that peer tutoring has promise when scaled up.
- peer tutoring
- school reform


text:
Social impact: Creative projects bring together people of diverse backgrounds. They offer opportunities for artists to share their creative practice to deepen community connections and create a shared vision for change. They can inspire residents to transform a neighborhood in ways that reflect their own sense of beauty, history and identity.
Physical impact: Creative placemaking transforms the physical environment in ways that make it distinctive, recognizable as home to a unique culture. Renovating, repopulating and embellishing spaces can nurture new connections and other types of revitalization. Murals, street art, and community designed transit enhancements bring as sense pride to a neighborhood and can deter negative impacts on the built environment.
Economic impact: Creative placemaking supports the livelihood of local artists as cultural innovators and entrepreneurs. It fosters the development of arts-related business clusters and artisanal manufacturing. It creates opportunities for neighborhood businesses to grow by highlighting the unique culture of place through festivals and events. Once enhanced with art and bustling with activity, a neighborhood draws more commerce and foot traffic, which in turn stimulate investment and create jobs.


text:
Common Names: American giant millipede, North American millipede, worm millipede, iron worm
In general, bodies of millipedes are long and cylindrical, with many segments that are covered by a cuticle consisting of three layers. Two pairs of legs per segment. Length up to 4 inches. Colors are red/orange and black/brown.
Found in forests and agricultural areas in the soil-litter layer interface under rocks, boards, dead trees, and piles of moist dead leaves. They are also found in urban and suburban areas.


updatearea; /* Represents the area to update. */
 short usehalftone; /* True if screen has a halftone. */
 WindowPtr window; /* The window of the view port. */
 gxViewPort parent; /* The parent's view port. */
 gxViewPort screenview; /* The view port to buffer. */
 gxShape page; /* The shape that we're asked to */
 /* draw. */
 gxRectangle bounds; /* The offscreen's bounds. */
 gxMapping invmap; /* The inv offscreen view port */
 /* map. */
 gxPoint viewdelta; /* The last delta for the */
 /* offscreen. */
typedef struct viewPortBufferRecord viewPortBufferRecord;
You don't need to understand all of the fields in the viewPortBufferRecord data structure to use the library. However, if you start having problems getting things to work inside your application and find that you need to modify the screen buffering library, see "The viewPortBufferRecord Data Structure" for some additional helpful information.
The following is an accounting of all of the fields of the viewPortBufferRecord data structure.
 - group, device, view -- These are the three elements of an offscreen drawing environment in QuickDraw GX. We need one of each to draw offscreen.
 - buffer, bits, storage -- These objects represent the bits of the offscreen device in decreasing order of abstraction. The field buffer is a bitmap shape that represents the "screen" of the view device. The field bits parallels the contents of buffer and is used to keep information about the offscreen bitmap around between invocations of DrawShapeBuffered, the routine that draws the buffered shape. Finally, the storage field is the handle in Temp Mem (the MultiFinder temporary memory heap) that contains the offscreen data.
 - offxform, on_xform -- These are QuickDraw GX transform objects. offxform has a view port list that contains just the view port for the offscreen device. on_xform has a view port list for the parent of the view port that's being buffered. You may expect that the view port list would be the view port being buffered and not its parent, but when drawing onscreen we've already taken into account all of the transformation and clips of the view port we're buffering, and we just need to copy the end result to the screen. This is why we use the view port's parent and not the view port proper.
 - eraser, marker -- These are the auxiliary shapes used to erase the offscreen buffer and to draw the incoming shapes. The shape eraser is of type gxFullType (a "full" shape) and is the color of the background. The marker (so named to complement eraser) is a picture shape that will be used to draw into the offscreen buffer. The reason for using the marker rather than swapping in the transform of the incoming shape to be offxform (thereby causing the shape to draw offscreen) is that the swapping operation would invalidate the caches for the incoming shape. Instead we use the property of picture shapes of redirecting any drawing to their view port list instead of the shape's own in order to cause incoming shapes to render offscreen. Furthermore, if the incoming shape is the same for every invocation of DrawShapeBuffered, we can test for it and not change the contents of the marker.
 - updatearea -- This is a rectangle shape used to compute the size of the offscreen buffer that is to be generated and what devices it falls on.
 - usehalftone -- This is a Boolean indicating whether to use a halftone in the offscreen buffer.
 - window, parent, screenview, page -- These fields hold incoming parameters to the library. The window field is the window in which drawing will occur. The parent field is a cache for the parent of the view port being buffered (see page 7-18 of Inside Macintosh: QuickDraw GX Objects to learn more about view port hierarchies). The screenview field indicates the view port that will be buffered. The page field is a reference to the last shape passed to DrawShapeBuffered.
 - bounds -- This field indicates the visible area of the screenview in the coordinate space of that view port.
 - invmap -- This is a mapping for translating between the coordinate system of the shapes being drawn in the window and the space of the window itself. If your view is zoomed in at 2x magnification, this mapping will be at 1/2 scale.
 - viewdelta -- This is the position of the upper left corner of the area being buffered, in the local coordinate system of the window. This parameter is used to adjust the drawing in the offscreen buffer so that only the correct part of the shape being buffered is drawn, and to position the content of the offscreen buffer when it's being transferred onto the screen.
In general terms, the code works by allocating a number of QuickDraw GX objects and reusing them as required. Memory for the offscreen buffer is allocated from the MultiFinder temporary memory heap (Temp Mem). Allocation of the storage block is postponed until the last possible moment, and the block is kept locked and nonpurgeable only during the drawing operation. That is, after the resulting image has been transferred to the screen, the block is unlocked and marked purgeable but not disposed of. This permits the same block to be reused in case the memory for the buffer isn't purged.
While most users will keep their windows entirely within the bounds of one screen, it's important to handle the case where a window spans more than one device. Each time the DrawShapeBuffered routine is called (as described later), the code walks the device list checking to see if the area that needs to be buffered intersects a given screen. If it does, the code creates a buffer with the right settings and draws into that device. The process is repeated for each screen.
You'll need one view port buffer for each window in your program. To create a view port buffer, use the NewViewPortWBuffer routine.
viewPortBuffer NewViewPortWBuffer(WindowPtr window,
 gxViewPort view, const gxColor *backgroundColor);
Look at the Initialize routine in the file "flicker free.c" for an example of how to use NewViewPortWBuffer. Here's a description of the parameters:
The window that the buffering code should draw into.
The view port created by your application to draw into the given window. Note that this is different from the object obtained by calling GXNewWindowViewPort, in that this view port should have the window view port set to be its parent.
A pointer to a gxColor data structure indicating which color should be drawn to erase the offscreen buffer. Passing nil is equivalent to specifying white as the background color.
Let's look at what it takes to create an offscreen buffer in the NewViewPortWBuffer routine (Listing 1). In QuickDraw GX, the place where drawing occurs (for example, the screen or an offscreen buffer) is described by a view device, so the primary purpose of the routine is to create a view device and store it in the device field of the viewPortBufferRecord data structure. Because we want the offscreen device that we specify to be as close as possible to the one into which we will eventually be drawing, you might think that we would go ahead and set all of the attributes of the view device now. But in fact, all that we want to concern ourselves with right now is allocating the gxViewDevice object. Later, when we get to the drawing part, we'll check the screen and our offscreen device and update the gxViewDevice object accordingly.
Listing 1. NewViewPortWBuffer
viewPortBuffer NewViewPortWBuffer(WindowPtr window, gxViewPort view,
 const gxColor *backgroundColor)
 Handle sbHdl;
 if (sbHdl = NewHandleClear(sizeof(viewPortBufferRecord))) {
 gxInk background;
 gxHalftone halftone;
 viewPortBufferRecord *sbPtr;
 sbPtr = * (viewPortBufferRecord **) sbHdl;
 sbPtr->window = window;
 sbPtr->screenview = view;
 sbPtr->parent = GXGetViewPortParent(view);
 /* We don't allocate storage until we need it. */
 sbPtr->storage = nil;
 sbPtr->buffer = GXNewShape(gxBitmapType);
 sbPtr->group = GXNewViewGroup();
 sbPtr->view = GXNewViewPort(sbPtr->group);
 sbPtr->device = GXNewViewDevice(sbPtr->group,
 if (sbPtr->usehalftone =
 GXGetViewPortHalftone(view, &halftone))
 GXSetViewPortHalftone(sbPtr->view, &halftone);
 sbPtr->offxform = GXNewTransform();
 GXSetTransformViewPorts(sbPtr->offxform, 1,
 sbPtr->on_xform = GXNewTransform();
 GXSetTransformViewPorts(sbPtr->on_xform, 1,
 background = GXNewInk();
 if (backgroundColor)
 GXSetInkColor(background, backgroundColor);
 else {
 gxColor backcolor;
 = gxRGBSpace;
 backcolor.profile = nil;
 = 0xFFFF;
 GXSetInkColor(background, &backcolor);
 sbPtr->eraser = GXNewShape(gxFullType);
 GXSetShapeIn


The Study of Language 2
Course code EPHUMA249Units 10English Language & Foundation Studies Centre
This course builds on and extends the principles introduced in EPHUMA149 The Study of Language 1 as it provides students with further insight into the human language system and the language choices we make every day.
Topics include how people convey meaning in language, Australian Aboriginal languages, how Australian English developed and how it differs from other varieties of English, the sounds of language and how they are used, how language, culture and society are related, how words and languages are created, how gender plays a role in language, and how the brain is vital to language.
The topics and assessment items aim engage the students' learning experience through a variety of approaches, allowing for different learning styles. As with EPHUMA149 The Study of Language 1, skills necessary for undergraduate study are emphasised and further developed in this course.
Available in 2014
Callaghan CampusSemester 2
On-Line from CallaghanSemester 2
OurimbahSemester 2
ObjectivesBuilding upon the course objectives for EPHUMA149The Study of Language 1, at the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. accurately utilise and demonstrate an advanced understanding of linguistic terminology and concepts
2. evaluate theoretical aspects and relate those to applied aspects of linguistics at a higher level than for EPHUMA149
3. demonstrate an awareness of interpersonal and social aspects of language, particularly in relation to meaning
4. illustrate theory and concepts with original examples to show understanding at a more sophisticated level than for EPHUMA149
5. apply skills in relevant technology
6. use research and academic writing skills for tertiary study
Content1. How we express meaning with language
2. The sounds of language
3. The origins and development of Australian English
4. How we structure and create words
5. How languages are born
6. Australian Aboriginal languages
7. Gender differences in language use
8. The brain's capacity for language
Industrial Experience0
Assumed KnowledgeEPHUMA149
Modes of DeliveryDistance Learning : IT Based
Internal Mode
Teaching MethodsLecture
Assessment Items
Essays / Written AssignmentsShort-answer questions
Essays / Written AssignmentsEssay
Examination: FormalShort-answer questions, paragraph and essay
Other: (please specify)Exercise
Timetables2014 Course Timetables for EPHUMA249


chatbotAI FAQ Chatbot chat_svgHuman Agent
HTML Factors
Time to first byte:
Time to first byte is a analysis which is the marker of the receptiveness of a webserver or the other network resource.
TTFB measures the time from the client requesting an HTTP request to the very initial byte of the webpage being received by the client's browser.
This time is made up of the socket connection time, the time taken to answer or send the HTTP request, and the time to get the initial byte of the web-page. It should not be mistaken as a after-DNS calculations
The main key aspects of TTFB are as follows:
1) sending a request to the end server from a client browser
2) process and transform that particular request on the server and provoke a response,
3) sending the output response to the client from the server.
Response times are generally measured in the milliseconds, ms.
A good server response time will be not higher than 300ms.This varies through the client's request location. A response time greater 300 ms, or extreme variations, are both warnings that there are issues with the server and needs to be fixed.
Avoid a Character Set In the Meta-Tag
Character set is defined as the group of characters each of the character defined by a number. Using character set in the meta-tags create nausance in the browser rendring and the crawling search engines. These character-sets are used in order to find what should be shown on a web-page. A typical meta tags looks like these The major cause of using meta-tags is information duplicacy. Most of the browsers that we use automatically send these headers so there is chance that they may be overridden. Most of the servers like apache/nginx already uses inbuilt in their configuration or.htaccess files. e.g Apache.htaccess file
AddType 'text/html; charset=UTF-8' html
Nginx.config file
http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; charset UTF-8;... }
Avoiding meta-tags will led to increase our page-load time and skip any information duplicacy that the browser may cause.
Webpage Redirection
Url Redirecting makes a web-page to load slower because requests conversion takes a lot of time from one url to other.Many websites suffers a lot of speed issues because of this. Avoding any redirects and keeping the original url will he If you do not use any redirects, you are serving your content significantly faster. Total Time taken on loading a page depends on the number of redirects the site has. Redirects are likely the one single most time waster in your code especially when you consider mobile networks. They dramatically affect your page speed in a noticeably bad way. Redirects affect mobile users a great deal as they are using less reliable mobile networks than your desktop users.
Avoid E-Tag Status
Enitity tags are a way to determine weather component in the browsers's cache is matched against that of the backend server. That component can be either an image,css,scripts,stylesheets etc. Sending Etags everytime in the header takes a lot-of time for the requests to process and corresponding status is sent back to server.A sample ETag looks like this:
Etags provide a flexible validation model and you do not know how to use it in its core, we should not use Etag Header and remove it altogether.
IP-6 Enabled
When talking about the network protocols IPv6 is far better in terms of speed and stability than the IPv4, Big Giants like Facebook and the Linkedin found 30% improvements in the locations of Europe by changing their protocols from v4 to v6. IPv6 addresses each contain 128 bits and use hexadecimal digits. That means instead of zero through 10, they can use zero through 10 plus 'a' through 'F' (base 16).That gives a total of 340 undecillion possible combinations, so we do not need to worry about running out of IPV6 addresses anytime soon. This gives us a total range of 340 undecillion (3.4 x 10^28) possible combinations. We won't have to worry about running out of IPv6 addresses any time soon So Web Analyzer recommends switching from IPv-4 to IPv-6 for better speed performance.
Total Page Requests
Every time when we visit a webpage on the web, the web browser pings the server which is hosting hosts that webpage.It requests the server that send it to the server-files containing the content for that website. These files consitutes the text, the images, and the videos or multimedia that exist on that webpage.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol for allotted, collective, hypermedia knowledge systems. It is the base foundation of data communication for the WWW( World Wide Web )
That request is known an HTTP request. HTTP stands for "Hypertext Transfer Protocol," in which a web browser sends a request for a document or file, and the server transferring that particular document or file to the browser.
Page Size
The first web page was live way back in August 6, 1991. With years of fast tech development and user-interface becoming prominent, the actual sizes of pages have significantly increased. In 2010, the average web page size was 702kb and in 2017 it was 3422kb.So the challenge lies how to show all the dynamic content without making compromising the speed.
The overall size of a web-page is calculated by various number of components. Keep in mind that the actual size of the text is rarely a factor and is negligible. The most important are the java-scripts, the images, the graphical content and icons, and the videos..
You can read how to better server Javascript,CSS,Images in the web-page.An average page size should be around 200k.Also with page number total number of http-requests are also important. Having a web-page weighing only 200k but the http-requests excedding 100 is probably worse off than a 500k page with only 20 http-requests.
DNS LookUp
DNS is defined as Domain Name System schema which keeps reference to which domain name maps to which Internet Protocol(IP).Precisely, its a process to know which IP the domain or the url belongs to.Browser mainly handles all the look-ups for the DNS.Web Analyzer recommends no more than 15 unique domains for good speed.On an average, a DNS lookup takes between 20-120ms to complete.
Also, DNS records can be cached to improve the network speed. The DNS cache tries to boost up the process by magaing the name resolution of already /recently visited addresses just before the request is sent out to the internet.
Page Load Time
Page Load Time is a performance criteria that tells how much time it takes for a webpage to fully render. Its the direct factor that impacts user-engagement and business's bottom line When a user makes a request to a webpage and until the entire content of that page is displayed on the requesting browser, this time is Page Load Time WebAnalyzer recommends less than 3 seconds web-page load time as a good metrics, above than that you must think about taking instant measures to correct. Page Load Time depends on TimeForFirstByte i.e how fast a web server respond, all the static files including images,css,js.
Render Blocking Sources
Render-blocking resources are the factors that takes the maximum time delaying the page load time.So, removing these extra nauicance should be removed at the very first. Now the question is how do we find these resources.Webnalyser helps in giving the waterfall for all the resources against their time taken to load.So one can easily capture those resources either it will be css,js or an broken image. These resources can be removed by following these steps:
 - Properly calling the CSS and JS files - using genioun link tag instead of using _USER_
 - Reducing the number of CSS files in the head tag
 - Removing any tag in the head
 - A link without async attribute
Removing these factors will make our page load fast and result in higher user engagement, more pageviews.
Use Gzip Compression
GZIP is used for file compression and decompression. It is generally enabled server-side, and it allows the HTML reduction in size.One can check if the server has Gzip enabled by checking for response headers "content-encoding: gzip". If the header is detected,it servers with the compressed files.It is one of the general and common ways to serve files with GZIP compression.Web-Analyzer helps to detect that by checking on website response and let you know the outcomes.
Connection-Keep Alive
Keep alive is a way to allow the same TCP connection persists for HTTP conversations instead of opening a new connection with each new request.It is also called persistant connection. One can check for "connection: keep-alive" header in response for a webpage request.One can enable keep-alive in Apache config file for a typical apache web-server.
Vary Header
The Vary header tells the server HTTP cache that which of parts of the headers other than the path and the Host header, to take into account when trying to find the right object. It does this by listing the names of the relevant headers, which in this case is Accept-Encoding. In case there are more than one or multiple headers that influence the response, they would all be listed in a single header, separated by a comma. A typical response for a Compressed response should look something like:e: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 3458 Cache-Control: max-age=86400 Content-Encoding: gzip Vary: Accept-Encoding


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 5. Hair Dye Allergy: Everything You Need To Know + Ayurvedic Solutions
Do you dream of sporting blonde or brunette hair some day? Well, a vast majority of adults use hair dyes either for a makeover or to cover their greys. But the ingredients present in the dye can irritate your scalp and lead to an allergic reaction!
So, does that mean you can never colour your hair? Not really. Because Ayurveda has several remedies for hair dye allergies. You just need to know how you can treat it naturally.
In this article, we have explored in detail what a hair dye allergy looks like and how you can prevent it by understanding the Ayurvedic prakriti of your hair. Keep reading.
How Common Is It For Hair Dyes To Have An Allergic Reaction?
As many as 42% of people who dye their hair report mild reactions like headache and itchiness in the scalp. Of these, 67% experience the symptoms within an hour of using the hair dye [1].
Another aspect is that hair dye allergies are more common in individuals over 50 years of age [2]. This is because the body's immunity to fight allergens reduces as we grow old and the skin becomes more susceptible to react to foreign elements.
Most people develop a full-blown allergic reaction to hair dyes during its second or third use as by then, the skin becomes sensitized to the harsh chemicals. So, while you might not think anything of general itching at first, localized discomfort is definitely a preliminary sign of potential allergy.
On the other hand, people severely allergic to hair dyes can have a bad reaction after the first use itself. If you are among this small group, there is nothing to worry about. A good way to be ahead of the allergy is by knowing your Ayurvedic hair type.
How Can You Tell If You Are Allergic To Hair Dye?
The most common symptom of a hair dye allergy is contact dermatitis. This is a condition where people with sensitive skin and hair start developing the following problems after coming in contact with harmful chemicals.
1. Itchiness and angry rashes
2. Inflammation, dryness, and redness
3. Stinging or burning sensation
4. Irritation in the neck, ears, and eye area
5. Swollen or blistered skin
6. Skin discolouration
The symptoms can show on your face, ear, scalp, and neck within 48 hours of first applying the colour. Apart from these areas, hair dyes also usually end up on your hands and arms while applying. So make sure you wash it off to eliminate the possibility of a bad spread.
In rare cases, hair dyes can cause anaphylaxis, which is a fatal allergic reaction. Its symptoms include feeling dizzy and nauseous, swollen limbs, eyes, lips or tongue, raised bumps on the skin, and a drop in blood pressure.
Since the symptoms spread to the entire body, Anaphylaxis can become life-threatening (leading to coma or even heart failure) if not immediately treated. In such a case, you must go to an emergency room [3].
To make sure you don't dismiss any obvious symptoms of hair dye allergy, you can also take stock of your Ayurvedic prakriti by ascertaining your dominant dosha(s). For example, if you have a Vata body type, your hair has high porosity and thus, is more prone to damage by absorbing toxic chemicals from hair dyes.
Which Ingredients In Hair Dyes Cause An Allergic Reaction?
hair dye with ingredients
Hair dye allergies are caused when your skin does not respond well to the chemical ingredients present in the synthetic colour, the main allergen of all being para-phenylenediamine (PPD).
When PPD comes in contact with your scalp, it becomes partially oxidized. Your immune system forms antigens and tries to fight the foreign substance. This triggers allergic reactions in your body [4].
PPD is present in over 65% of commercial hair dyes. The chemical penetrates the hair shaft and clings to the protein in your skin. Notably, PPD becomes safe to use once it is fully oxidized.
Other chemicals in hair dye that work as allergens or lead to contact dermatitis are:
1. Cobalt
2. Glyceryl thioglycolate
3. Para-toluenediamine sulfate (PTDS)
4. Ammonia
5. Resorcinol
6. Peroxide
How To Do Hair Dye Allergy Test?
It is always a good idea to conduct an allergy test to see how your skin reacts to chemical products. Here are the steps to conduct a patch test:
1. Visit your doctor or dermatologist. They will place a patch on your skin containing potential allergens.
2. The patch is removed after 48 hours.
3. You could experience minor redness or small bumps, if any. They may or may not be an allergic reaction.
4. After four days of initial placement, the doctor determines the final reactions that have taken place and tells you if they are allergies or not.
5. You can then crosscheck your list of possible irritants against the ingredients of the hair dye you want to use.
If you want to do an allergy patch test at home, take a small amount of hair dye and apply it behind your ear. Let it dry and observe if you feel any irritation or skin discomfort in that area within the next 2-3 days.
How Do You Get Rid Of An Allergic Reaction To Hair Dye?
According to the ancient principles of Ayurveda, your body is composed of three vital energies or doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Each individual is governed by one or two prominent doshas. Being aware of them can help you tap the root cause of why hair dye allergies are a common occurrence with certain hair types.
Here are some of the easiest ways to deal with hair dye allergies:
1. Ayurvedic Home Remedies To Control Hair Dye Allergy
preparing ayurvedic medicine
A. Honey
Put a few drops of honey on a cotton ball and dab it on your skin to reduce inflammation. A traditional remedy with immunomodulatory (modulating the immune system) properties, honey heals skin conditions caused due to contact dermatitis [5].
B. Aloe Vera
Aloe vera gel can heal wounds and reduce swelling with its anti-inflammatory properties. Just make sure you scoop out fresh aloe vera directly from the plant. Due to the gel consistency, you can apply it on the skin overnight as well. This will reduce itching and redness.
C. Coconut Oil
Massage the affected scalp and skin areas with coconut oil. An age-old remedy for skin problems, it has analgesic (pain reducing) properties which will soothe your irritated scalp. It is also a great moisturizer [6].
D. Chamomile Tea
Make a cup of chamomile tea and let it cool down. Wash your hair with the cooled down tea for reduced inflammation in the scalp. This has a counter effect on PPD.
E. Olive Oil
Apply olive oil to the affected area 2-3 times a day. Rich in antioxidants, you can also mix it with honey to make a hair mask and let it work its magic on your scalp overnight. It heals skin problems and fights allergens.
F. Sesame Oil
Massage the affected area with sesame oil for fast relief. The sesamin in the oil has anti-inflammatory properties. Its medicinal effect also prevents greying of hair [7].
G. Witch Hazel
Apply witch hazel (a herbal shrub) extract on the affected area. This is an excellent remedy for hair dye allergies. Its bioactive compounds like tannins and proanthocyanidins help soothe rashes and eliminate itchiness and swelling.
H. Yogurt
Mix a cup of homemade yogurt with 3 spoons of lemon juice and apply as a hair mask. Lemon juice has anti-inflammatory properties, while yogurt has lactic acid which calms down your scalp.
I. Oatmeal
Soak uncooked oatmeal in lukewarm bathwater for 15-20 minutes and then shower with it. It reduces irritation and itching. As surprising as this breakfast cereal remedy may sound, it can work wonders.
J. Basi
Apply the fresh juice from basil leaves on the allergic reaction. The herb has thymol and camphor, known for their anti-itching properties.
K. Mint
Boil fresh mint leaves for 10 minutes and let it cool. Strain out the leaves. You can either rub the concoction as is on the irritated areas, or freeze it and rub mint ice cubes on your skin for fast relief.
For effective results of these remedies, you need to assess your current Ayurvedic dosha levels. By checking your dosha imbalance, you can follow the Ayurvedic regimen best suited to your overall body prakriti.
You can also wash your hair with an Ayurvedic shampoo to remove excess dye from your scalp. Mix some baking soda and water in the shampoo to make a paste. Leave it on your hair for 30 minutes before rinsing thoroughly. This will remove all residue of the hair dye and help you with fast recovery.
2. Ayurvedic Medicines To Control Hair Dye Allergy
Ancient Ayurveda suggests two types of medicinal solutions to hair dye allergies. These are proven herbal concoctions and pastes that are perfectly safe for all age groups, including children and senior citizens.
A. Internal


text:
Lift-off of methane jet flames in O2/CO2 atmospheres
MetadataShow full item record
Turbulent jet diffusion flames and flame lift-off have been the topic of a great deal of research due to its complexity in combining both turbulent flow and combustion. The mechanisms controlling flame lift-off however, are not yet properly understood and is still an active field of research. In this report, experimental studies of lift-off characteristics for oxy-fuel combustion with methane have been conducted for oxygen concentrations ranging from 34% to 50%. Three different fuel nozzles were used, with diameters of of 2mm, 4mm and 5mm. In addition to oxy-fuel combustion, experiments were carried out in air, and oxygen enriched air, as a reference case.The goal has been to observe how oxy-fuel flames differ from regular diffusion flames burning in air with regards to lift-off. Lift-off heights and velocities were found to be strongly dependent on oxygen concentration, with increasing concentration causing shorter lift-off heights and higher lift-off velocities. It was also discovered that the combustion chamber wall temperature seemed to have a great impact on flame stability. Higher wall temperatures had a stabilizing effect on the flame, probably due to lower heat loss and higher burning velocities.Results from the air cases were compared to data from other studies, and were found to deviate some, most likely due to the presence of co-flow.


The IT Law Wiki
Network segment
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Definition Edit
A network segment is a portion of a computer network wherein every device communicates using the same physical layer.
Overview Edit
Devices that extend the physical layer, such as repeaters or network hubs, are also considered to extend the segment. However, devices that operate at the data link layer level or higher create new physical layers and thus create rather than extend segments.
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