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What to Do with Doggy Doo
Americans haven't always been so concerned about cleaning up after their canine companions. Until fairly recently, people let their doggies do their thing, and then left the doo on the streets and sidewalks. A few conscientious souls did take the time to curb their dogs. In doing so, they were following the advice of experts. But what exactly is curbing?
Curbing is the polite term for a canine waste disposal method that really should be called the Shove-It-Into-the-Sewer approach. A curbed dog is one who's been taught to poop in the street, right by the curb, so that the next rainstorm can sweep his deposits into the nearest gutter. Once in the gutter, the poop and lots of other waste wind their way through a city's sewer system and, eventually, into nearby creeks, streams, and rivers. Those final destinations are one reason curbing is a questionable canine waste disposal method.
Scientists have discovered that dog poop is a major cause of water pollution, and that such pollution poses a significant hazard to human health. In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says pet waste is a significant cause of water body contamination in areas where there are high concentrations of dogs.
Canine waste contains lots of nasty bacteria with almost unpronounceable names: fecal streptococcus and fecal coliforms are just two examples. In sufficiently high amounts, these bacteria can make people sick — sometimes very sick. For example, E. coli bacteria often causes gastrointestinal infections, as well as infections to the ear, eye, and throat. Another bacteria, campylobacter, can cause diarrhea in humans. Still another form of poop-loving bacteria, salmonella, can cause infections that trigger fever, muscle aches, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dog waste also contains other not-so-lovely disease-transmitting organisms such as roundworms. These parasites can cause their human victims to lose their vision temporarily, as well as trigger coughs and fevers.
Never thought your dog's doo could do so much damage, did you?
Curbing also jeopardizes a dog's safety. Forcing your dog to do his business in the street puts her dangerously close to fast-moving cars, buses, and trucks. A careless driver or spooked dog can easily trigger a traffic accident that would seriously injure or even kill not only the dog, but also human bystanders, passengers, and drivers.
The quickest, easiest way to get rid of a dog's poop is to put it in a plastic bag and either drop the bag in a trash can or flush the bag's contents down a toilet.
You might think that this method would have a high gross-out factor. And it does — if you use the wrong size bag. There's nothing more disgusting than using a teeny-tiny bag to pick up a great big piece of dog poop and having some of that poop end up on your hand instead of in the bag. But that doesn't have to happen. There are two keys to effective bagging: using the right size bag and developing the proper bagging technique.
For all but the tiniest dogs, a sandwich-sized bag or smaller just isn't big enough to pick up poop. It's far better to choose a larger size, such as an empty bread bag or the plastic bag that your morning newspaper was delivered in. Both these types of bags also carry a second advantage: They're oblong, which greatly eases your ability to get the poop into the bag instead of on yourself.
Before you use your bag, though, check to make sure that it doesn't have any holes. Picking up a bunch of dog doo only to have it hit the ground again is a surefire recipe for frustration.
After you have a large enough bag, it's easy to gather up the poop. Here's how:
1. Pull the plastic bag over one hand like a glove.
If you're cleaning up while walking your dog, loop the leash around your wrist and pull the bag over the leashed hand.
2. Pick up the poop with your bagged hand.
3. With your other hand, grasp the open end of the bag and pull the bag inside out.
The poop will now be inside the bag.
4. Knot the bag and drop it into the nearest trash can.
Alternatively, take the bag inside and flush the contents down the toilet. Throw the plastic bag in the trash.
Of course, if there's no trash can nearby, you'll need to carry the bagged poop until you find a suitable receptacle. But take heart. Soon, not even the thought of having to tote your dog's poop around town will gross you out. It'll just be a fact of life.
If you simply can't bear the idea of handling your dog's poop — even if there's a bag between the poop and your hand — you may want to consider using a pooper-scooper. These devices consist of various long-handled rakes, shovels, and/or spades that enable the owner to scoop up that poop without having to bend down and get close to it.
Pooper scoopers are a good choice for owners whose dogs confine their defecating to their own yards. Even though pooper-scooper laws don't apply to dogs who eliminate on their owners' property, it's still a good idea to pick up your dog's doodoo. That way you'll avoid stepping in it while you're gardening, mowing the lawn, or running to catch an errant toddler (and the toddler won't step in it, either). However, scoopers aren't as good as bags for owners whose dogs potty while walking, because the scoopers are relatively cumbersome to carry.
Pooper scoopers generally cost between $15 and $25. They're available at most pet stores, at pet product Web sites, and in pet supply catalogs.
If you don't want to put your dog's poop in the trash, or if you like the idea of high-tech waste disposal, you may want to acquire a waste digester system. These small, in-ground systems work the same way septic systems do: They liquefy any dog poop deposited there and drain the liquid into the surrounding soil.
The digester system has two parts: the digester unit itself (including the lid), and the digester mix. Here's how to use them:
1. Find a convenient but out-of-the-way spot in your yard to install the digester.
2. Dig a hole that's about 48 inches deep.
3. Install the digester and lid in the hole. The lid should be just a little bit above the ground.
4. When your dog poops, bring the poop to the digester, remove the lid, and place the poop inside.
5. Add some digester mix and some water and replace the lid.
The digester will then do its thing.
Digesters are a good option for the same people who go for pooper scoopers: owners whose dogs do most of their pooping in their own yards. In fact, the two methods can be used together: Use the scooper to transport the poop to the digester and use the digester to process the poop. Look for digesters at pet stores, in pet supply catalogs, and on pet retail Web sites. The cost, including both the digester unit and the digester mix, ranges between $50 and $75.


William T. Grant Foundation Invites Applications for Research Grants on Reducing Inequality
The William T. Grant Foundation is inviting applications for its Research Grants on Reducing Inequality program, which supports high-quality field-initiated studies from a range of disciplines and methodologies relevant to policies and practices that affect the lives of young people between the ages of 5 and 25 in the United States.
Through the program, grants of up to $600,000 over up to three years will be awarded in support of research that aims to build, test, or increase understanding of programs, policies, or practices that can reduce inequality in the academic, social, behavioral, or economic outcomes of young people. Descriptive studies that clarify mechanisms for reducing inequality or elucidate how or why a specific program, policy, or practice operates to reduce inequality are welcomed.
The foundation prioritizes studies focused on reducing inequality on the basis of race, ethnicity, economic standing, language minority status, or immigrant origin. It also supports studies from a range of disciplines, fields, and methodologies and encourages investigations into various systems, including justice, housing, child welfare, mental health, and education. Competitive proposals often incorporate data from multiple sources and often involve multidisciplinary teams. In addition to financial support, grantees receive significant time and capacity-building resources from the foundation. Projects led by African American, Latinx, Native American, and Asian Pacific American researchers are encouraged.
Letters of Inquiry are due August 4. Upon review, selected applicants will be invited to submit a full proposal.
See the William T. Grant Foundation website for complete program guidelines, application instructions, and descriptions of previously funded projects.
View another RFP related to children / youth
Deadline: January 27, 2021


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ANN ARBOR, Mich. Carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that kills thousands of Americans every year, could turn out to be a life-saver for patients recovering from organ transplants, strokes or heart attacks, according to new research from the University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center.
In a recent study, U-M scientists found that inhaling small amounts of carbon monoxide for several weeks after transplant surgery prevented the development of a lethal inflammatory reaction in experimental mice receiving transplanted trachea, or windpipes.
If carbon monoxide therapy works as well in human patients as it does in mice, it could prevent an inflammatory response, called obliterative bronchiolitis, which develops in nearly 50 percent of all patients who receive a lung transplant from an unrelated donor. OB is the most common complication following a lung transplant in humans and the most deadly. It occurs when the patient's immune system rejects the transplanted lung and sends an army of T cells to attack and destroy the foreign tissue.
"No one is sure exactly how it happens, but the small airways in the lung swell and become progressively smaller until the patient cannot breathe," says David J. Pinsky, M.D., the J. Griswold Ruth, M.D. & Margery Hopkins Ruth Professor of Internal Medicine and chief of cardiovascular medicine in the U-M Medical School, who directed the research. "Currently, we have no effective treatments for OB. Unless the patient receives a new lung transplant, the outcome is generally fatal."
Results of the U-M study were published July 18 in the most recent issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine (JEM).
Pinsky's research team focuses on the relationship between carbon monoxide and nitric oxide two poisonous gases produced by different types of cells in the body. U-M research findings suggest that a patient's c

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Optimizing mental clarity, focus, and memory with CGM
Article highlights
 - Research suggests that large swings in glucose can lead to worse memory and fact recall.
 - Early signs of metabolic dysfunction are related to worse cognition.
 - It is possible that elevated glucose levels can have a direct negative impact on the part of the brain associated with memory (the hippocampus).
 - Continuous glucose monitoring can help develop a more nuanced understanding of how food and lifestyle decisions affect cognitive performance, and highlight opportunities for improvement.
[Click below to listen to an audio version of this article.]
Is it possible to feel more mentally sharp and clear-headed by tracking and controlling our glucose? Research suggests yes.
How often do we blame ourselves for not being able to focus? How often do we associate an inability to focus on the task at hand as a personal failure? How many extra cups of coffee do we drink every week to try to steamroll past the mental fog and accomplish our goals?
Many individuals may be living life at a cognitive disadvantage, which may stem from a lack of metabolic awareness, a variable that many of us aren't focusing on. If we aren't aware of how our body and brain respond to what we eat and how glucose affects mental clarity, we'll be shooting blame darts in the dark, unnecessarily adding more stress into the equation.
Glucose and Mental Clarity
Mental clarity refers to the ability to think clearly and maintain mental focus and attention. Interestingly, these traits all have more to do with metabolic health than we might think. The sensations of fatigue, reduced alertness, and an overall feeling of your energy being sapped have all been linked to volatile swings (both spikes and dips) in our glucose levels, as well as elevated fasting glucose levels.
If your glucose levels are too low, you may feel shaky, hungry, anxious, dizzy, and even nauseous. If your glucose levels are too high, you can feel fatigued, experience weight gain, mood issues, and have trouble remembering things.
Ultimately, we want to keep our glucose fairly stable and in a healthy range. By doing this, we "train" the body to be efficient at using glucose and fat for stable energy and mental clarity, a process called metabolic flexibility. If glucose levels are frequently high because of our dietary and lifestyle decisions, our body doesn't get the opportunity to "learn" how to harness fat for energy efficiently. This puts us in a position where we may feel lethargic and mentally foggy if we don't have constant access to glucose.
We may be most familiar with these sensations in the "post-meal energy slump," a plummeting of focus and energy levels that comes after eating a massive carby meal.
What Does the Research Say?
Research has established that type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diseases associated with impaired glucose regulation, are tightly linked to cognitive impairments.
The question becomes, as people progress from normal metabolic function, to impaired glucose tolerance and prediabetes, to diabetes, does the cognitive dysfunction creep up as well?
We know that even healthy individuals whose fasting and post-meal glucose levels fall into the non-diabetic range can still display patterns of less optimal glucose control, such as big swings in glucose, rising fasting glucose levels, and sustained glucose elevations after meals.
In recent history, we've understood some of these more nuanced patterns of glucose responses to foods thanks to the emergence of continuous glucose monitors. Studying whether these dynamic glucose response patterns are clinical indicators of early dysfunction is an active research area.
We know from the research that it doesn't meet the absolute clinical criteria for diabetes to show early signs of metabolic dysfunction and associated cognitive impairment.
A 2010 study noted that individuals with evidence of insulin resistance, but not yet diabetes, performed worse on cognitive function tests that included assessments such as declarative memory and executive functions such as utilizing higher-level cognitive skills to coordinate behavior and resources to reach a goal.
Additionally, a 2011 study of young non-diabetic participants showed that people who had the worst glucose responses to a glucose-loaded drink were more likely to do worse on memory tests. In the study, 122 young adults were given the glucose drink and then categorized into three groups based on their response: "better glucose regulators," "average glucose regulators," and "worse glucose regulators."
The "worse glucose regulators" category, defined by those who had the slowest rate of glucose recovery after a glucose peak (i.e., a more sustained glucose elevation), did the poorest on a variety of verbal memory tests, which included assessments like word list recall, paragraph recall, and word order recall.
The study concluded that decreases in cognition can be seen in young, nondiabetic adults, even before meeting any clinical criteria for metabolic dysfunction.
One interesting facet of the research is that the "worse glucose regulators" also had similar baseline glucose levels as the other two groups. Still, their 30-minute and 60-minute glucose levels were substantially higher than the other two groups, demonstrating they had higher post-drink glucose peaks and were slower to get their glucose levels back down after ingestion. These participants also had higher insulin levels after the glucose drink consumption, which suggested they exhibited the early stages of insulin resistance.
Taken together, the data from this study suggests that we would be wise to be tracking more than just a yearly fasting glucose level as a true measure of metabolic health.
As we can see, more detailed, dynamic measures of glucose responses to food may hold hints to early underlying problems that we can intervene on. What's more, it suggests that tweaking our diet and lifestyle to improve our glucose responses and metabolic fitness could sharpen our mental clarity.
A Note On Fasting
Fasting has been called "exercise for your brain." It has been credited with improving the "plasticity" of the brain's synapses, increasing the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and impacting how quickly brain cells respond to information. Certain fasting regimens like "16-8" (16 hours fasting and 8 hours eating in a 24 hour period) are also credited with stabilizing glucose levels. With continuous glucose monitoring, individuals can track the progress of their fasting and see how glucose levels respond, and connect this with whether there is a change in mental clarity.
Mechanisms: How Might Glucose Regulation Affect Cognition
There are multiple potential mechanisms for how glucose regulation might affect cognition.
It is possible that elevated glucose levels can directly negatively impact the part of the brain associated with memory: the hippocampus. What's more, research has shown hippocampal shrinkage in non-diabetic older people with impaired glucose tolerance.
Additionally, glucose dysregulation may lead to problems with insulin sensitivity, which can affect cognition. Studies have shown that memory processing leads to the increased genetic expression of insulin receptors in the brain's memory centers (hippocampus), presumably because more activity requires an increased intake of glucose for energy. Research has shown that insulin transport into the brain is reduced in chronically high insulin levels (which is seen with poor glucose regulation states). While not fully established yet, there is evidence that the association between poor glucose regulation and decreased cognition may be related to decreased insulin in the brain or dysfunction of the brain's insulin receptors.
Final Thoughts
Data suggests an opportunity to improve our cognitive performance by keeping our metabolic health and insulin sensitivity as sharp as possible. Gaining insight from CGM into how glucose patterns are associated with feelings of mental clarity or mental fog can help build intuition and awareness that serve as the foundation for optimizing our choices.


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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2012)|
There are a number of geographical and taxonomical species to which flounder belong.
- Western Atlantic
- European waters
- European flounder - Platichthys flesus
- Northwestern Pacific
- Olive flounder - Paralichthys olivaceus
Eye migration
In its life cycle, an adult flounder has two eyes situated on one side of its head, while at hatching one eye is located on each side of its brain. One eye migrates to the other side of the body as a process of metamorphosis as it grows from larval to juvenile stage. As an adult, a flounder changes its habits and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor as protection against predators. As a result, the eyes are then on the side which faces up. The side to which the eyes migrate is dependent on the species type.
Flounder ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of 10,916 meters (35,814 ft) and were surprised to discover sole or flounder about 30 cm long.
A flounder's diet consists mainly of fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish. Flounder typically grow to a length of 12.5–37.5 centimeters (4.9–14.8 in), and as large as 60 centimeters (24 in). Their width is about half their length. Male Platichthys are known to display a pioneering spirit, and have been found up to 80 miles off the coast of northern Sardinia, sometimes with heavy encrustations of various species of Barnacle.
World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 19% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry. Current estimates suggest that approximately 30 million flounder (excluding sole) are alive in the world today. In the Gulf of Mexico, along the coast of Texas, research indicates the flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution.
- Fairchild, E.A. and Howell, W.H, E. A.; Howell, W. H. (2004). "Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 65 (Supplementary A): 69–87. doi:10.1111/j.0022-_PHONE_.00529.x. July 17, 2004. Accessed 2009-06-08.
- Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN
- Myers, Ransom A. and Worm, Boris. "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities." Nature 423, 280–283 (15 May 2003).
- Dalton, Rex. 2006. "Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse."
- "Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - All Seafood List". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
|Look up flounder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Common names containing "flounder" at FishBase
- Video of a Fresh Water Flounder
- Fishing Reports Flounder FishBrain


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HAZARD – Unemployment in nearly every Kentucky county dropped again in June, according to the latest data from the state, though here in coal-rich southeastern Kentucky a downturn in the coal market has helped fuel a sharp increase in joblessness.
These increases, however, do not seem to be affecting the state's western coal counties in the same fashion. While unemployment has risen in most of the top coal-producing counties in Eastern Kentucky over the past year, jobless rates in the top producing counties in the western part of the state have in some instances significantly decreased.
In Perry County, the state's second top producer of coal, the rate of joblessness increased more than two points, from 10.4 percent in June 2011 to 12.8 percent in 2012, according to figures from the Office of Employment and Training. The state's top coal producer, Pike County, increased from 9 to 9.8 percent in 2012. Increases were also recorded in Knott, Leslie, Letcher, Harlan and Floyd counties.
In stark contrast are those counties in the Western Coalfields. Hopkins County, the third largest producer of coal in the state, saw a decrease from 8.4 percent in 2011 to 7.8 percent this year. Henderson and Union are both border counties on the Ohio River, and both saw significant decreases in their unemployment over the past year. Henderson fell from 9.3 to 7.6, while Union fell from 8.2 to 6.6, with dips in joblessness also noted in Muhlenberg, Webster and Ohio counties.
In addition to their coal economies, the western counties are similar in both demographics and population to their eastern counterparts. So, why are jobless rates in the eastern counties increasing while western coal counties are enjoying a decrease in theirs? For one, according to reports, coal in the Illinois Basin, where the western counties are located, is in higher demand than Appalachian coal because advances in filtration technology make burning their lower cost, higher sulfur coal more cost-effective.
But there are actually several more factors at play, according to Ron Crouch, director of research and statistics at the Office of Employment and Training in Frankfort, who noted the usual culprits of a higher demand for natural gas and a mild winter which is leading to a lesser overall demand for coal. But he also pointed to economic diversity.
"The western Kentucky economies are more diversified," Crouch said.
When comparing employment trends in the eastern and western parts of the state, in some of the western coal counties, the coal industry has not remained the largest private employer over the years. In Hopkins County in 2010, which are the latest figures available from the state, four other private employment sectors offered more jobs than mining, including manufacturing, retail and health care.
In Henderson County, mining was the 11th largest employer in 2010, behind manufacturing, construction, finance and insurance, retail trade and professional services among others. The coal industry also wasn't the largest employer in Muhlenberg, Ohio, Webster or Hancock counties.
Here in Perry County in 2010, prior to the current downturn, coal mining was by far the largest private employer with 2,294 jobs, outpacing retail trade jobs by nearly 500. There were no other sectors with more than 1,000 jobs in the county.
The same can be said for other eastern counties, including Knott, Leslie and Letcher. In other words, the western counties have been better suited to absorb job losses in the coal industry, whereas here in Eastern Kentucky, by and large coal mining has remained the main economic driver.
In Henderson County, where in 2009 just over 3.1 million tons of coal were produced (Leslie County produced about 3.6 million by comparison), that diversification began about two decades ago when the coal industry there suffered a bit of a downturn, noted Brad Schneider, president of the Henderson Chamber of Commerce.
"There was a concerted effort to pursue other types of businesses, especially industrial, and we had some success," Schneider said.
Though manufacturing jobs in Henderson County significantly decreased over the last decade, by 2010 the county had managed to retain more than 4,100 jobs in that sector. Since then, Schneider noted, the local coal industry has taken hits due to the overall lack of demand for coal. Patriot Coal recently shut down a mine in the region, but there are positive signs in the Western Coalfields. Alliance Coal recently opened a mine in nearby Uniontown, and in the manufacturing sector the resurgence of the auto industry has led to the re-hiring of employees at local plants where car parts are made.
Counties like Henderson and Union also have their geography working for them. Henderson is located on the Ohio River, near other manufacturing towns like Evansville, In., and there are topographical benefits there as well. The land is flat, unlike the mountainous eastern region of the state.
But at the same time, Schneider noted that officials several years ago put money into recruiting other business to the region, forming an organization dedicated to doing just that, and saw some success doing it. But even so, he added, business leaders in the western part of the state also recognize the importance of the local coal industry and remain cautious that strict federal regulations like the ones coal operators in Eastern Kentucky are facing could one day make their way to the western part of the state.
What to do now
That some of western Kentucky's coal counties have a more solid manufacturing sector over the eastern counties isn't for a lack of effort from leaders in this region. Several years ago here in Perry County, for instance, local leaders formed a regional industrial park in Chavies that attracted several new businesses to the county, and by 2005 more than 750 manufacturing jobs were located here. By 2010, in the midst of the economic recession, that number had dwindled to 197.
Retail trade and health care remain strong sectors in Perry and other counties such as Pike and Floyd, but by and large, the economies in other coal counties like Knott, Leslie and Letcher are overwhelmingly propped up by the coal industry.
There has been a need for several years now a public discourse on how the Eastern Kentucky region is going to rebound in the event of a declining Appalachian coal market, said Jason Bailey, research and policy director for the Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED) in Berea. And so far, he added, that conversation hasn't happened.
"It's really important that we have a public conversation about the economic future of the region, particularly now given what's going on with coal," Bailey said. "There doesn't seem to be that conversation happening."
There is no silver bullet that will replace the hundreds of coal jobs lost in the past few months, Bailey continued, but there is an opportunity to develop different strategies that could help further diversify the local economy.
"Entrepreneurship is something we have put a lot of effort into, and in and of itself is not a silver bullet, but there could be more local businesses providing local services, localizing more things that are now exported or that people go elsewhere to spend their money at," he said.
If the federal health care reform law is fully upheld, Bailey said there could be local opportunities as a lot of resources will be put into primary and preventative care, and there will be more people on the Medicaid rolls who are basically paying customers for health services.
MACED has also put a lot of work into identifying opportunities in the area of the energy economy and how it's changing, and also areas of energy efficiency and managing forest resources.
"There is not any one thing that in and of itself is going to replace coal, so it's going to be a lot of different strategies, and that's sort of what we work from," Bailey said.
While manufacturing should also be a part of the overall strategy to diversify, the type of recruitment that Henderson County saw success with a couple decades ago hasn't been as successful in Eastern Kentucky, largely because of a lack of access to transportation hubs and interstates, Bailey continued. Additionally, manufacturing has been in decline in recent years, with more jobs being shipped overseas, or productivity has gone up while the number of jobs have decreased.
"We're not saying we shouldn't have a manufacturing strategy," he said. "But a lot has been put into that with less success."
Bailey also touched on tourism in the region. Similar regions topographically in North Carolina or Virginia are enjoying a robust tourism industry, and there is room for growth in that sector in Eastern Kentucky.
There are other options moving forward, including the formation of a fund utilizing coal severance taxes for future development, but at present, while the eastern coal counties continue to face job loss, or reduced hours for those miners who have retained their jobs, Bailey noted that one of the most pressing issues is the formation of a regional strategy to build a diverse job market in Eastern Kentucky. But at present, he's unaware of any such strategy.
"It seems like an really important time for us to have a conversation about what's next," he said. "We've been needing to have that conversation for a long time anyway."


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There's evidence and there's evidence in the debate about obesity. There's 'research' by a company manufacturing a natural alternative sweetener, NatVia, sold in competition with cane sugar. There's research by Atomik who provide 'business insights that support decisions' and 'research that hits nationwide headlines.' Or, there's research by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The last of the three published peer-reviewed research in May 2018 which offered evidence that the childhood obesity increase in Scotland was likely to flatten out and even reduce, unlike that elsewhere in the UK. The researchers also explicitly credited Scottish Government policy initiatives and resource allocation strategies for this improvement. At the time BBC Scotland misrepresented this report to remove any whiff of that credit.
Needless to say, the Express went for the first two, partisan, non-peer-reviewed, surveys to produce fake news for their Scottish readers. Based on the NatVia study:
'Scottish children risking obesity with high sugar intake: A third are already too fat. Scottish children risk a lifetime of ill health by exceeding their daily recommended sugar intake in treats alone, a survey has found. They are eating 45g of sugar – the equivalent of 10 teaspoons every day – double official guidelines for the youngest age group.'
'According to the Atomik Research survey of 2,000 people, children north of the Border attend an average of 10 birthday parties a year where they gorge on 2,670g of sugar. Easter weekend sees them consume an average of 392g of sugar, 259g at Hallowe'en – and 1,628g over Christmas.'
© JANE BARLOW/PA WIRE:
I'm saying nothing. I won't be accused of an abusive ism.
Finally, and irony-free, we got this:
'Scottish Tory health spokesman Miles Briggs said: "Public attitudes to sugar are changing, but we need consumers, industry and both of Scotland's governments to work together. This year, the UK Government led the way on tackling the obesity problem with a high sugar content levy. "We now need to see the SNP match that ambition – and bring forward real action to improve the health and nutrition of young Scots."'
So, to the reliable research, ignored because its findings didn't fit the agenda.
Based on research led by Laura Webber of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine:
'Under current trends it is predicted that 11 per cent of the population in Wales will be morbidly obese in 2035, roughly 340,000 adults, while Scotland is likely to plateau at about 5 per cent and England will rise to about 8 per cent.'
The researchers offer a surprisingly clear, confident and simple explanation for the significantly slower growth in Scotland – Scottish Government policy initiatives and resource allocation:
'The government [Scottish] put a massive push on developing a route map for how we can actually combat this. They put together resources from the NHS [Scotland] that were proving to be effective. They did put a lot of work into it.'
Further evidence of the effectiveness of the above initiatives:
'However, almost no 15-to-24-year-old males in Scotland are expected to fall within this category, compared to 6% of the same group in England, the data shows.'
Some Scots must be buying the Express. The English medieval soldier in the banner is clearly an attraction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Its source is Georgios, a Greek name meaning "Farmer."
This boy's name is used in Russian.
St. George was named Patron Saint of England in the 14th century. The story of his 4th-century martyrdom in Palestine was brought back to Britain by Crusaders, and embellished with the legend of his fighting the devil in the form of a dragon.
However, the name was not enthusiastically adopted by English speakers until the ascendancy of King George I in the early 18th century.
George I's grandson, George III (known to Americans as the tyrant condemned in the Declaration of Independence), was loved and celebrated in the United Kingdom for his interest in agriculture. As if to emphasize the irony of a king whose name means ''farmer,'' he became known as ''The Farmer King.''
Use of the name in America owes a great deal to one of George III's opponents, George Washington.


How Prairie Winds Affect Wood Trusses in Kansas
prairie winds in Kansas
Storm Clouds SaskatchewanKansas is notorious for its prairie winds. Engineers have always had to take these winds into account when designing structures across the state.
Prairie winds can be downright dangerous if you're working with the wrong building materials.
Every day, truss designers need to take a variety of factors into account when building for the prairie winds in Kansas. Here are some important things to know about how truss systems are affected by Kansas prairie winds:
Truss builders need to calculate wind pressures using two blended methods
There are two broad ways to calculate wind pressures: Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and Components & Cladding (C&C).
MWFRS applies to a structural frame or an assembly of structural elements that work together to transfer wind loads to the ground.
C&C applies to components that directly receive wind loads – like wall coverings, roof coverings, fasteners, and girts. Components and Cladding are typically exposed to higher wind pressures than MWFRS elements.
Trusses fall into both categories. Thus, the industry-standard practice is to design the truss to handle both MWFRS loads and C&C loads.
Truss builders need to consult wind maps to identify correct wind speeds
Building codes typically require the use of a 90-mph wind speed for inland areas of the United States. However, you'll need to consult local wind maps and government building codes for region-specific information.
Experienced builders don't settle with just the 90-mph wind speed standard. Experienced builders increase the durability to handle wind speeds around 100 and 110 mph. With wood trusses in Kansas, increases wind speed durability is a major consideration. All trusses must be designed to withstand substantial wind, more than the average structure.
Building usage affects wind pressure calculations
Buildings fall into a number of different usage categories. Specifically, there are three broad categories of building usages:
-Category I: A building that will have a low hazard to human life if it fails
-Category II: A building that presents a substantial hazard to human life if it fails
-Category III and IV: Buildings that are critical facilities or present a substantial hazard to human life in the event of a failure.
Different building exposures affect truss design
Buildings located on empty, flat land are more affected by wind pressure than buildings surrounded by trees and other buildings.
Building codes classify these buildings in four different ways:
Exposure A: Buildings located in downtown areas or city centers.
Exposure B: Urban and suburban buildings that are surrounded by similar-sized buildings and trees.
Exposure C: Buildings in an open area with scattered obstructions.
Exposure D: A building exposed to unobstructed wind for at least one mile over flat land.
Good truss builders take all of these factors into account
Ultimately, truss builders have a lot of responsibility. In Kansas, flat plains let wind travel unobstructed for hundreds of miles. Rural buildings and even many suburban buildings are rarely protected against substantial wind.
To take truss manufacturing to the next level, Timberlake TrussWorks builds wood trusses capable of withstanding strong winds. The key to a sound structure requires the builder to guarantee trusses are fastened tightly against the wall. This is accomplished by installing TimberLOK Screws, which we happily provide.
These screws are hurricane ties – able to withstand the brunt force of harsh winds caused by severe storms. TimberLOK Screws keep trusses and roofs stable and secure during harsh weather conditions experienced on the plains of Kansas.
If you're shopping for wood trusses in Kansas, then you can't settle for average. Kansas's prairie winds chew up average wood trusses and quickly reduce the lifespan of structures. If you're looking for wood trusses in Kansas that offer a higher level of quality and longer-lasting support, then order from Timberlake TrussWorks today.
Related Posts


Table of Contents
Overview of Seven-day Learning Sequence
The video you will watch is an overview that includes segments from a seven-day learning sequence about liquids. The learning goals for this lesson are for students to
 1. Discover through exploration and discussion that liquids can be described by their properties. Some properties are unique to specific liquids, but all liquids share the common property of taking the shape of the container, as well as flowing.
 1. Use the exploration as a context for speaking and listening, writing, and reading to deepen their understanding of liquids.
The teacher used an instructional tool called a 5E Instructional Cycle to plan this seven-day lesson. Take a moment to review her completed 5E lesson cycle.
Time to View
The video includes segments of days one and two. As you view the video, take note of strategies the teacher uses to engage students in exploring and explaining their understanding of the properties of the liquid, as well as the expectations the teacher has for students speaking, listening, and reading.
Open this link to note-taking chart #1 before viewing the video to assist you with writing your observations. The chart may be printed or saved to your desktop.
The next video sequence is a summary of the strategies used to support student acquisition of academic language. As you view the video, take notes on strategies the teacher uses to support the CA CCSS Speaking and Listening Standards (SL1.1a, SL1.5, SL1.6) and Language Standards L1.1j, L1.6, which provide a context for Writing Standard 1.2. You can use note-taking chart #2 to record your notes.


One of the biggest concerns our newbie customers have is how to use our Counter Culture DIY Stick Tight and Quick Coat. These two products are highly recommended if you are working with materials that may repel your epoxy. They are specially formulated so your finished product can have that glass-like finish.
What is Stick Tight?
Stick Tight promotes adhesion between smooth surfaces and has the ability to bridge over contaminants that may be present in spray or marble paint. (REMEMBER: This product will not work on porous surfaces such as Stone, Concrete, Glitter or Media that has not been first coated with a resin or sealer).
As a side note, if you have already used a layer of epoxy and have had fish eyes or dimples, you can sand it and follow the steps below to salvage your project.
 How to Use:
 1. Prepare your work station. You will need a bowl with water, a bowl, and a chip brush.
 2. After your marble or spray paint has fully dried, pour a small amount of stick tight into a bowl.
 3. Use a 3-inch chip brush to apply the stick tight. Be sure to coat the entire surface. Use your chip brush to get into every area of your tumbler.
 4. After you've completely covered the surface with Stick Tight, don't wait for it to dry. Rinse immediately with water using the same brush to remove all the Stick Tight.
 5. Once you've finished rinsing, dry the tumbler with a clean, lint-free towel. When the cup is dry, you are ready to apply the Quick Coat.
What is Quick Coat?
Quick Coat is a VOC free clear, non-yellowing sealer. Quick Coat will seal your project before resin application. Quick Coat "seals" in the contaminants that could repel your resin.
 How to Use:
 1. After doing the steps above, pour a small amount of Quick Coat in a cup.
 2. Using a chip brush or gloved finger, apply a thin layer of Quick Coat to 100% of the tumbler surface.
 3. You can use a hairdryer to make Quick Coat dry faster.
 4. Once the first layer of Quick Coat is dry, it's time to apply a second thin layer. Use the same method in steps #2 and #3.
 5. Your tumbler is ready for epoxy when the Quick Coat completely dry.
If you need a video tutorial on how to use Counter Culture DIY Stick Tight and Quick Coat, view it here. Don't forget to join us on Facebook for updates, promos, and awesome tips from fellow artists!


Honey Products
Flower Honey, also known as blossom Honey is a true pleasure product!
Blossom Honey is a sweet, viscous liquid food, dark golden in colour, made by honey bees using nectar from various flowering plants. Nectar's main ingredients are natural sugars: sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Flavour, aroma and colour are determined by the flowers from which the nectar is gathered.
Since ancient times, honey has been used as both a food and a medicine as it has a lot of wellbeing and health benefits; it contains some nutrients and many important antioxidants. When applied to the skin, it can be part of an effective treatment plan for burns and wounds and it can also help suppress coughs.
This sticky ingredient is a delicious natural healthier alternative to sugar. From grilling to roasting, honey can be used with just about any cooking method, and it can be used in sweet and savoury recipes served either hot or cold.
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Sentence Functions: The Four Tops
In addition to classifying sentences by the number of clauses they contain, you can pigeonhole sentences according to their functions. There are four sentence functions in English: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative.
Declarative sentences state an idea. They end with a period. For example:
- The first toilet ever seen on television was on Leave It to Beaver.
- The problem with the gene pool is that there's no lifeguard.
Exclamatory sentences show strong emotions. They end with an exclamation mark. For example:
- What a mess this room is!
- The cake is ruined!
Interrogative sentences ask a question. As you would expect, they end with a question mark. For instance:
Which type of sentence often omits the subject? Imperative sentences, because the subject is often understood, as shown in these examples: "Clean up this mess" or "Help!"
- How you gonna keep 'em down on the farm when they've seen Paris?
- Why is it possible to tickle someone else but not to tickle yourself?
Imperative sentences give orders or directions, and so end with a period or an exclamation mark. For instance:
- Sit down and listen!
- Fasten your seatbelts when the sign is illuminated.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style © 2003 by Laurie E. Rozakis, Ph.D.. All rights reserved including the right
of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by
arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group
To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the
Penguin USA website
or call _PHONE_. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.


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A type is LessThanComparable if it is ordered: it must be possible to compare two objects of that type using operator<, and operator< must be a strict weak ordering relation.
|X||A type that is a model of LessThanComparable|
|x, y, z||Object of type X|
Consider the relation!(x < y) &&!(y < x). If this relation is transitive (that is, if!(x < y) &&!(y < x) &&!(y < z) &&!(z < y) implies!(x < z) &&!(z < x)), then it satisfies the mathematical definition of an equivalence relation. In this case, operator< is a strict weak ordering.
If operator< is a strict weak ordering, and if each equivalence class has only a single element, then operator< is a total ordering.
|Name||Expression||Type requirements||Return type|
|Less||x < y||Convertible to bool|
|Less||x < y||x and y are in the domain of <|
|Irreflexivity||x < x must be false.|
|Antisymmetry||x < y implies!(y < x) |
|Transitivity||x < y and y < z implies x < z |
 Only operator< is fundamental; the other inequality operators are essentially syntactic sugar.
 Antisymmetry is a theorem, not an axiom: it follows from irreflexivity and transitivity.
 Because of irreflexivity and transitivity, operator< always satisfies the definition of a partial ordering. The definition of a strict weak ordering is stricter, and the definition of a total ordering is stricter still.
Revised 05 December, 2006
|Copyright © 2000||Jeremy Siek, Univ.of Notre Dame (_EMAIL_)|
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at _URL_


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Wax Seal Wedding Invitations was posted at October 23, 2017 at 5:03 am. This article is uploaded at the Wedding Invitation category. Wax Seal Wedding Invitations is tagged with Wax Seal Wedding Invitations, Wax, Seal, Wedding, Invitations..
Waxwax1 (waks),USA pronunciation n.
- Also called beeswax. a solid, yellowish, nonglycerine substance allied to fats and oils, secreted by bees, plastic when warm and melting at about 145°F, variously employed in making candles, models, casts, ointments, etc., and used by bees in constructing their honeycomb.
- any of various similar substances, as spermaceti or the secretions of certain insects and plants. Cf. vegetable wax, wax insect.
- any of a group of substances composed of hydrocarbons, alcohols, fatty acids, and esters that are solid at ordinary temperatures.
- a resinous substance used by shoemakers for rubbing thread.
- See sealing wax.
- a person or object suggesting wax, as in manageability or malleability: I am helpless wax in your hands.
- whole ball of wax, [Slang.]
- the entire or overall plan, concept, action, result, or the like: The first ten minutes of the meeting will determine the whole ball of wax.
- everything of a similar or related nature: They sold us skis, boots, bindings, poles—the whole ball of wax.
- to rub, smear, stiffen, polish, etc., with wax: to wax the floor.
- to fill the crevices of (ornamental marble) with colored material.
- to make a phonograph recording of.
- to defeat decisively;
drub: We waxed the competition.
- pertaining to, made of, or resembling wax: a wax candle; a wax doll.
Sealseal1 (sēl),USA pronunciation n.
- an embossed emblem, figure, symbol, word, letter, etc., used as attestation or evidence of authenticity.
- a stamp, medallion, ring, etc., engraved with such a device, for impressing paper, wax, lead, or the like: The king took the seal from his finger and applied it to the document.
- the impression so obtained: It was unmistakably the royal seal on the document.
- a mark or symbol attached to a legal document and imparting a formal character to it, originally wax with an impression.
- a piece of wax or similar adhesive substance so attached to an envelope, folded document, etc., that it must be broken when the object is opened, insuring that the contents have not been tampered with or altered.
- anything that tightly or completely closes or secures a thing, as closures or fastenings for doors and railroad cars, adhesive stamps and tapes used to secure the flap of an envelope, etc.
- something that keeps a thing secret: Her vow was the seal that kept her silent.
- a decorative stamp, esp. as given to contributors to a charitable fund: a Christmas seal.
- a mark, sign, symbol, or the like, serving as visible evidence of something.
- anything that serves as assurance, confirmation, or bond: She gave the plan her seal of approval.
- a small amount of water held by a trap to exclude foul gases from a sewer or the like.
- the depth of the part of the water that actually excludes the gases.
- set one's seal to, to give one's approval to;
endorse: Both families have set their seal to the marriage.
- the seals, [Brit.]the tokens or signs of public office.
- to affix a seal to in authorization, testimony, etc.
- to assure, confirm, or bind with or as if with a seal: They sealed the bargain with a handshake.
- to impress a seal upon as evidence of legal or standard exactness, measure, quality, etc.
- to close by any form of fastening that must be broken before access can be gained.
- to fasten or close tightly by or as if by a seal: She was sealing envelopes. My lips are sealed.
- to decide irrevocably: to seal someone's fate.
- to grant under one's seal or authority, as a pardon.
- [Mormon Ch.]to make (a marriage or adoption) forever binding;
- to bring (a plug and jack or socket) into locked or fully aligned position.
- seal off:
- to close hermetically: to seal off a jar.
- to block (an entrance, area, etc.) completely so as to prevent escape or entrance: The police sealed off the area after the bomb threat was received.
Weddingwed•ding (wed′ing),USA pronunciation n.
- the act or ceremony of marrying;
- the anniversary of a marriage, or its celebration: They invited guests to their silver wedding.
- the act or an instance of blending or joining, esp. opposite or contrasting elements: a perfect wedding of conservatism and liberalism.
- a merger.
- of or pertaining to a wedding: the wedding ceremony; a wedding dress.
Invitationsin•vi•ta•tion (in′vi tā′shən),USA pronunciation n.
- the act of inviting.
- the written or spoken form with which a person is invited.
- something offered as a suggestion: an invitation to consider a business merger.
- attraction or incentive;
- a provocation: The speech was an invitation to rebellion.
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A brief history of aerial photography
With the advent of web applications such as Google Earth, it is a common misconception that aerial photography is relatively new. Admittedly because of these websites it is now more commonplace, but in fact aerial photography has been around since the mid nineteenth century. A Frenchman called Nadar, whose real name was Gaspard Felix Tournachon, took the very first aerial photograph (Fig. 1).
He was a French writer, caricaturist, photographer and tireless innovator. In 1855 he patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and surveying. It was not until 1858, however, that he was able to make a successful aerial photograph, the world's first, from a balloon. The oldest surviving photograph taken by Nadar was of the Arc de Triomphe in 1868 (Fig. 2). His cameras were bulky and he even took a darkroom with him!
On October 13, 1860, James Wallace Black, accompanied by Professor Sam King, ascended to an altitude of 1200 feet in King's balloon and photographed portions of the city of Boston. A cable held the balloon in place. Black, the photographer, made eight exposures of which only one resulted in a reasonable picture. This is the oldest conserved aerial photograph (Fig. 3).
In April 1861, Professor Thaddeus Lowe went up in a balloon near Cincinnati, Ohio, to make a weather observation. Whilst in Britain in 1862 The Royal Society began to do the same. Further experiments took place over the next 40 years in Paris, England and Russia. Unfortunately very few of these photographs have survived.
In 1903, realising the danger involved in the use of balloons, very light cameras were attached to carrier pigeons (Fig. 4). These cameras took a picture every 30 seconds as the pigeon winged its way along a straight course to its home shelter. Pigeons were certainly faster than balloons, but their flight paths were unpredictable.
Kites were also a popular method of taking aerial photographs at this time. In 1906 George R Lawrence used a kite to take a panoramic view of the ruins of San Francisco after the earthquake (Fig. 5). He sold prints for $125 each and made a total of $15,000 from just one photograph.
The military were quick to realise the benefit of using cameras on balloons to spy on what was happening in adjacent valleys and monitor enemy troop movements. But soon it was clear that the aeroplane was the best platform from which to take aerial photographs. Wilbur Wright was the first pilot in remote sensing history that took photographs from an aeroplane. Wilbur's passenger, L. P. Bonvillain, on a demonstration flight in France in 1908, took the first photograph from an aircraft.
As with most technological innovations, major advances were made with the onset of war. The First World War saw the introduction of roll film to replace the glass plates. Aircraft were also adapted and designed to maximise coverage and optimise quality, by being fast and stable. Early in 1918 French units were printing as many as 10,000 photographs a night during periods of peak activity. The UK, US and Germany all had sophisticated aerial reconnaissance units, and many technical hurdles had been overcome. It was however not without its problems; from above, identifying one soldier from another was not easy. One time a German observer indicated that an English unit was running around in great disarray and appeared to be in a state of panic. The English were playing football. Tens of millions of photographs had been taken by the end of the war in 1918 (Fig. 6).
Following the war many companies were set-up to use the newly found skills and techniques for more peaceful purposes, namely mapping. Some of these companies are still going to this day, in the UK, US and Germany.
At this time the UK was well mapped and aerial photography was not taken too seriously as an aid to mapping; however it proved invaluable in poorly mapped parts of the world that were at the time under British control. For example Hong Kong was photographed in 1924. From 1930 Germany started to map the country at 1:25,000 scale, and the towns at 1:10,000 scale. From the 1930 aerial photography had become relatively commonplace and aerial surveys were regularly practiced. In 1934 The American Society of Photogrammetry was founded to advance the field of aerial photography.
The rate of technical development and innovation increased once again during the Second World War and the importance of aerial survey was by now appreciated in the UK. Following the conclusion of the war in 1945, unlike after the First World War, the Air Force was put to work in the UK before demobilisation. The aim was to capture the entire country at six-inch scale (1:10,560), with the cities at higher scales. It was called Operation Review or Revue.
In the 40s and 50s huge surveys were undertaken by the US, UK and Russian military, including huge areas of mainland Europe, for example the DDR and Poland. Much of this was done in secrecy because of security issues and the onset of the Cold War. In the 1950s the major post-war Government-sponsored projects and secret Military surveys (Fig. 7) came to an end except for occasional urgent situations such as the flood disasters of 1948 and 1953, and the Aberfan tragedy. Of course, the Military continue secret reconnaissance probing to this day.
Aerial photo surveys carried out on behalf of local and central government, utilities and large civil engineering projects became routine as well as essential. These were done by commercial organisations during the 60s, 70s and 80s. During the 80s the transition was made from black and white film to colour film. Throughout this time many of these surveys were often used on a 'one-off' basis, i.e. they were flown for one client who had one use for them. Resale of the photographs did happen, but, it was still a relatively specialist subject, so it was not big business. Many films and boxes of contact prints languished in dark rooms deep within local authorities. Relatively little improved in this time.
It was in the mid to late 90s that the resale value of aerial photography was really acknowledged. The shift was made from the survey companies carrying out a survey on behalf of a client, to the survey company actually investing in speculatively acquiring photography and making a commercial business from selling the photos multiple times. Aerial photography had entered the digital age. It was now easy to scan and reproduce the photos, and therefore distribute them as large digital seamless mosaics. The range of products and applications of photography also increased, Digital Elevation Models, orthophoto and 3D building modelling became far easier to produce and at a lower cost. As technology improved so did the scale (and therefore resolution) of the photos being taken. The users wanted to see more and more detail.
In 2004 the first large format digital aerial survey cameras became commercially available. The take up of these cameras was swift in the UK and Europe. By 2007 the majority of aerial photography in the UK was taken digitally. These cameras are often fitted with GPS and Inertial Measurement Units, which improve the accuracy and time to create the orthophotos.
Technology is going to continue to improve and so will the quality of aerial photography. Web portals such as Google Earth are making the photography (as well as other GIS data) available to the general public, globally. Who knows where the next ten years will take us?


- WordNet 3.6
 - n orifice an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart"
 - ***
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
 - Interesting fact: The homan mouth contains more bacteria than any other orifice in the body.
 - n Orifice A mouth or aperture, as of a tube, pipe, etc.; an opening; as, the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound. "Etna was bored through the top with a monstrous orifice."
 - ***
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
 - n orifice An opening; a mouth or aperture, as of a tube, pipe, or other similar object; a perforation; a vent.
 - n orifice See the adjectives.
 - ***
Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary
 - n Orifice or′i-fis something made like a mouth or opening.
 - ***
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
F., from L. orificium,; os, oris, a mouth + facere, to make. See Oral, and Fact
Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary
Fr.,—L. orificiumos, oris, mouth, facĕre, to make.
In literature:
Far overhead, through the great round orifice, darted a tremendous shape, pointed, glittering.
"Pirates of the Gorm" by Nat Schachner
Towards the pyloric orifice, less disease.
This key he inserted in a tiny orifice in the ball atop his head.
"The Mind Master" by Arthur J. Burks
No man appeared at the orifice, I say; the gate might have been unguarded for any sentinel I could espy.
"The House Under the Sea" by Sir Max Pemberton
There was an expanse of volcanic terrain and a round orifice of tremendous size, where the sunlight cast black shadows.
"The Finding of Haldgren" by Charles Willard Diffin
The plug which fits in and closes the orifice of the filling tube in the cell cover.
"The Automobile Storage Battery" by O. A. Witte
Quickly they removed a metal disk fastened to his arm, exposing a small orifice like an unhealed wound.
There was a soft light in the cave, streaming out from an inner chamber, access to which was through a narrow orifice in the rock.
"The Paliser case" by Edgar Saltus
In poetry:
The flowering all inward and womb-fibrilled;
And but one orifice.
"Figs" by D H Lawrence
Disgusted, mother put me
on the potty. She was good at this.
My father was fat on scotch.
It leaked from every orifice.
"Cripples And Other Stories" by Anne Sexton
In news:
The orifice in standard accumulators is larger than those in heat pump accumulators.
Cult of the Dead Cow's (cDc's) BOPEEP plugin lets Back Orifice 2000 (BO2K) hijack the remote video display, as Screen A shows, and the console and keyboard.
As common as flow measurements are using orifice plates, there are various thoughts regarding design, application, rules of thumb, and field practice.
New Test Method for Determining Airtightness of Large and Multi-zone Buildings Using an Orifice Blower Door.
Upstream and downstream piping requirements for flow conditioning are similar to those for orifices.
Diameter, single orifice restrictor uses the same technology as larger sizes.
The 156 Lee Jet single orifice restrictor has 0.156 in.
The product tapers down from the orifice to form a sharp ridge at the tip.
They say they don't know why she bleeds from every orifice, from her hands and feet, but she does and they took her to the hospital.
A statue of the Virgin Mary bleeds profusely from an unusual orifice.
Therefore, when measuring the output of an orifice plate meter, a venturi meter, or pitot tube, square root extraction is necessary to linearize the output for use in the control system.
It means she produces well over a gallon at the beginning of the season, but, it takes quite a while to milk her because the size of the orifice prohibits a big flow of milk.
In science:
We now describe our experimental apparatus as shown in Fig 3. A supersonic beam of Neon is created using an Even-Lavie supersonic valve 31. We demonstrate the operation of our decelerator using metastable neon atoms excited by a dielectric barrier discharge32mounted near the orifice of the valve.
A Moving Magnetic Trap Decelerator: a New Source for Cold Atoms and Molecules


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What Will Power the Future of Trains – Hydrogen or Batteries?
Trains may seem outdated to some, but they're one of the most eco-friendly modes of transportation. Even diesel trains produce fewer emissions per passenger per kilometer than cars and planes. Electric trains are also gaining popularity, with both battery-powered and hydrogen options available. Given current climate concerns, the move to electric trains is inevitable. It's not a question of whether railroads will go electric, but rather how they'll do so. Both hydrogen and batteries show significant promise, but which technology will become the standard for future locomotives? The hydrogen-versus-batteries debate isn't a new one, and it likely won't go away … Continue reading


Nuchal Cord: Umbilical Cord Wrapped Around Baby's Neck
A nuchal cord is a complication that occurs when the umbilical cord wraps around the baby's neck one or more times. This is common and occurs in about 15 to 35 percent of pregnancies.
Often, nuchal cords do not impact pregnancy outcomes. However, certain types of nuchal cords can pose a significant risk to the baby.
Nuchal cords can interrupt normal blood, nutrients, and oxygen exchange. This can lead to a variety of birth injuries, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a form of brain damage caused by oxygen deprivation around the time of birth (1).
If a nuchal cord is present, doctors should carefully monitor and manage this condition. In some cases, babies with a nuchal cord may still be delivered vaginally (there are specific maneuvers that can help to prevent complications). However, there are circumstances under which a C-section or emergency C-section is necessary (2).
Jump to:
What is a nuchal cord?
A nuchal cord is a common but potentially dangerous complication in which the umbilical cord wraps around the fetus' neck.
What is a double nuchal cord?
A double nuchal cord, or nuchal cord x 2, occurs when the umbilical cord wraps around the baby's neck two times. This is also relatively common, occurring in about two-seven percent of births. It is also possible for a nuchal cord to be wrapped more than twice.
Even when the cord is wrapped multiple times, the baby may still be born healthy. However, babies with multiple nuchal cords may be at a slightly higher risk of complications such as impaired fetal growth and fetal heart rate abnormalities (1).
Can the umbilical cord strangle the baby?
Although rare, the umbilical cord can 'strangle' a baby by cutting off oxygen flow through the neck to the brain. This may involve compression of the carotid artery. Additionally, the umbilical cord may become compressed against itself or the fetal neck, which reduces the flow of oxygenated blood through the umbilical cord. This can also be very dangerous to the baby (1).
Umbilical cord asphyxia
The umbilical cord is responsible for supplying the baby with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood, and carrying deoxygenated, nutrient depleted blood back to the placenta. If a nuchal cord interferes with these processes by compressing the umbilical cord, or restricts arteries and veins in the fetal neck, this can lead to birth asphyxia (fetal oxygen deprivation).
Types of nuchal cord
The likelihood of birth asphyxia and other birth injuries is influenced by the type of nuchal cord.
Nuchal cords are classified into two main types:
Type A Nuchal Cord: "Unlocked"
When the end of the umbilical cord connected to the placenta crosses over the end connected to the baby. This may be called an "unlocked" nuchal cord, and is likely to spontaneously disentangle when the baby moves in-utero.
Type B Nuchal Cord: "Locked"
When the end of the umbilical cord connected to the placenta crosses under the end connected to the baby. This may be called a "locked" nuchal cord, and it is less likely to spontaneously disentangle.
When the cord is wrapped around the baby's neck, either in a type A or type B true knot pattern, the baby can be deprived of oxygen by the following mechanisms:
 1. The cord is compressed, which means the vessels in the cord are impinged upon or occluded, thereby halting the flow of blood to the baby;
 2. The cord is so tight it restricts flow in major blood vessels in the baby's neck;
 3. The nuchal cord causes venous blood to be congested, or backed up, which decreases circulation in the baby.
As previously mentioned, a nuchal cord may also contain single or multiple loops; multiple loops may pose a greater risk of fetal complications.
Additionally, the risk of birth asphyxia depends on how tight or loose a nuchal cord is. If the cord is wound tighter, the risk of asphyxia may be greater. It is important to note that fetal movement can sometimes cause an initially loose nuchal cord to tighten (1).
Nuchal Cord and Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
A nuchal cord with resultant fetal hypoxia
Birth injuries caused by a nuchal cord
Potential complications and birth injuries resulting from a nuchal cord include the following (1):
 - Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): HIE is a neonatal brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation and limited blood flow to the baby's brain at or near the time of birth (i.e. birth asphyxia). Some children with HIE develop disorders such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and intellectual/developmental disabilities.
 - Fetal death
 - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): Babies who are abnormally small are at higher risk for brain damage during the birthing process, and must be managed very carefully.
 - Meconium in the amniotic fluid: If the baby takes their first bowel movement while still in utero, the meconium (stool) can pose a serious threat to their health. Unborn babies swallow amniotic fluid, and if this fluid contains meconium, it can cause a dangerous complication called meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).
 - Fetal heart rate abnormalities, which can increase the risk of operative delivery (use of tools like forceps and vacuum extractors).
 - Umbilical artery acidemia
 - Neurodevelopmental abnormalities
Risk factors for a nuchal cord
A nuchal cord may be more likely to form under the following circumstances (1, 2, 3):
 - The fetus is very active/moves around a lot
 - There is a long umbilical cord
 - The umbilical cord has insufficient Wharton's jelly
 - The umbilical cord is poorly structured
 - The pregnancy involves twins/multiples
 - There is too much amniotic fluid surrounding the baby (polyhydramnios)
As the baby's gestational age increases, so does the likelihood of a nuchal cord.
Signs and symptoms of a nuchal cord
Usually, pregnant women do not experience any symptoms from a nuchal cord. If the nuchal cord is affecting the baby's oxygenation, then the baby may begin to show signs of fetal distress such as an abnormal heart rate on the fetal monitor (1).
Diagnosing a nuchal cord
Fetal Ultrasound - Preventing Birth Injuries
Nuchal cords are often identified during an obstetrical ultrasound. To identify a nuchal cord, physicians look at multiple views of the fetal neck. A nuchal cord is diagnosed when the umbilical cord is seen encircling at least three-quarters of the fetal neck. At term, the sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting nuchal cords is about 70% for gray-scale imaging, and 83% – 97% with color Doppler (1).
What happens when medical professionals detect a nuchal cord?
Nuchal cords are very common. The can form at any time, disentangle and reform. During prenatal testing, a nuchal loop may be recognized with an ultrasound or it may be suspected if the baby is showing signs of distress during a nonstress test or biophysical profile
During labor and delivery, the fetal heart rate monitor will pick of oxygen deprivation in the baby, which manifests as nonreassuring heart tracings. Once these tracings occur, the baby should be promptly delivered, usually by emergency C-section
Sometimes during delivery, the physician will try to slip the cord over the baby's head to decrease compression while attempting to deliver the shoulders or body.
Or the physician may try to use a technique that involves slipping the cord over the baby's shoulders or another maneuver that allows the baby to be born in a somersault. Whatever the approach, the medical team should start making preparations for an emergency C-section in case the baby cannot be quickly and safely delivered via the vaginal route. A nuchal cord is an obstetrical emergency that requires close monitoring of the baby's heart rate and prompt delivery at the first signs of distress.
Failure to diagnose nuchal cord
Failure to recognize birth asphyxia and nonreassuring heart tracings during prenatal testing or labor and delivery is negligence. Failure to quickly deliver a baby who is experiencing birth asphyxia is also negligence. If this negligence causes permanent injury in the baby, it is medical malpractice. Birth asphyxia often causes neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, which can cause permanent brain damage and cerebral palsy.
Treatment of a nuchal cord
The main goal in managing a nuchal cord is to prevent umbilical cord compression during delivery. Preserving an intact nuchal cord will depend on how tightly it is wrapped around the baby's neck. A loose nuchal cord can usually be easily slipped over the baby's head to decrease traction during delivery of the shoulders or body. If this is not possible due to tightness, there is a technique wherein the physician may be able to slip the cord over the infant's shoulders and deliver the


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Shoefresh: how it works
- Why do shoes smell?
- How does the Shoefresh tackle smelly shoes?
- What is Active Oxygen (ozone)
Does the Shoefresh also remove the smell of old shoes?
Yes, the smell of old shoes is also hugely decreased with the Shoefresh. Usually the insoles of old shoes smell the worst. Therefore we advice to replace the old insoles with our specially developed Shoefresh insoles with bamboo.
- Why does the fan continue to spin for another 10 seconds when the program has finished?
- Does the Shoefresh need refills?
- What is the difference between the Shoefresh and other shoe dryers?


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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
The focus of this detailed paper is ancestry - a question that has only been asked in two Australian Censuses: in 1986 and 2001. Between those years, significant research, testing and refinement have resulted in the 2001 question content and format shown in Section 2.3 2001 Census question format.
This detailed paper analyses ancestry data quality in terms of question design, field operations, and processing issues, with a particular focus on areas that underperformed in 2001 and require further improvement. To provide a comparative measure, this paper makes regular statistical references to 1986 data. Together, information from the two snapshots provide an insight into the changing backgrounds of the Australian population. Differences between question phrasing, coding, or the classification structure have been noted.
A complementary Census Paper, titled 2001 Census: Ancestry - First and Second Generation Australians (03/01a) (ABS Cat no. 2932.0) is also available from the ABS.
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Effective, Successful, Happy Academic
As you contemplate 2022, move your learning zone from that which is easy to what is hard: learning about yourself.
Impoverished role-based definitions of leaders are endemic across universities, but we need to reclaim 'leader' as a gift word.
The time-work conundrum means you'll never feel in control of your work or time but that's okay – it's what you do that matters most.
It's what you do each day and ultimately contribute that matters most, not how much you do, or how long it takes.


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You might think that departing from the pattern at a non-towered airport is simple, and it usually is. However, there is a standard way to do it that is safer than the alternatives.
See this diagram from the Aeronautical Information Manual.
For our purposes, we are only interested in #6. Notice the only two ways out of the pattern are straight ahead, or a 45 degree turn to the left. This is what the AIM says about it:
From AIM 4-3-3 If departing the traffic pattern, continue straight out, or exit with a 45 degree turn (to the left when in a left−hand traffic pattern; to the right when in a right−hand traffic pattern) beyond the departure end of the runway, after reaching pattern altitude.
It's pretty clear from this that there is only one real way out of the pattern.
When can you turn?
The AIM recommends a straight out departure, but you will need to turn at some point unless you happen to be going where the runway points.
Continue on your straight out or 45 degree departure until you are outside of the normal traffic pattern (2 miles from the airport).
Make a plan that helps you to maintain clearance from the traffic pattern if you need to pass back over the airport. This means being at least 500 feet above pattern altitude before passing over any part of the pattern, including the inbound 45 degree leg.
Why not depart from downwind?
Have you ever heard the story of the high wing airplane flying just under the low wing airplane, and neither can see the other. This kind of thing can really happen, and downwind is where it would occur. If you are climbing through the pattern while others are maintaining altitude in the pattern you are inviting this type of setup.
Conversely, it is hard to imagine this occurring on a straight out departure leg. Keeping traffic separated based on activity makes the pattern safer by making it easier to anticipate where planes are and what they are doing.


otutab command
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otutab command
See also
Defining and interpreting OTUs
 OTU /denoising analysis
 OTU commands
The otutab command generates an OTU table by mapping reads to OTUs.
OTU table output
See OTU table output options.
Normalizing the table
After generating the table,I recommend using the otutab_rare command to normalize all samples to the same number of reads.
Query dataset
The query file can be in FASTQ or FASTA format. Every query sequence must be labeled with a sample identifier. The fastx_get_sample_names command can be used to check that your sample names are formatted correctly.
Query sequences are typically raw reads, i.e. reads after paired read merging, if applicable, but before quality filtering. Low-quality reads and singletons can often be mapped successfully to an OTU, so including them accounts for a larger fraction of the reads (see OTU coverage). The fastx_uniques_persample command can be used to find the unique sequences and abundances for all samples. This compresses the input data and makes the otutab command somewhat faster but probably not as much as you might expect (typically, the compression is only ~2x).
OTU database
The search database is either a set of OTU sequences or "ZOTU" sequences, i.e. denoised sequences. Each query sequence is mapped to the closest database sequence. Ties are broken systematically by picking the first in database file order. A udb database can be used. Database sequences must be labeled with OTU identifiers. The database file is specified by the -otus or -zotus option. Use -zotus if the OTUs are denoised, -otus otherwise.
Identity threshold for mapping
The -id option sets the minimum fractional identity. Default is 0.97, corresponding to 97% identity. Denoised OTUs also use a 97% identity threshold by default to allow for sequencing and PCR error. See defining and interpreting OTUs and mapping reads to OTUs for discussion.
By default, reads are assumed to be on the same strand as the OTU sequences. You can use -strand both to search both strands.
Other output files
Standard output files are supported for reporting hits.
The -mapout option specifies a tabbed text file name with two fields, 1. read label and 2. OTU label. You would get the same output by using -userout with -userfields query+target with -top_hit_only.
The -notmatched option specifies a FASTA filename for sequences which are not assigned to an OTU.
The -notmatchedfq option specifies a FASTQ file for unassigned sequences (input must be FASTQ).
Multithreading is supported.
usearch -otutab reads.fq -otus otus.udb -otutabout otutab.txt -biomout otutab.json \
 -mapout map.txt -notmatched unmapped.fa -dbmatched otus_with_sizes.fa -sizeout


Discover the meanings of thousands of Biblical names in Abarim Publications' Biblical Name Vault: Hadassah
Hadassah meaning
Source: _URL_
🔼The name Hadassah: Summary
From the noun הדס (hadas), myrtle.
🔼The name Hadassah in the Bible
There's only one person named Hadassah in the Bible. It's the Hebrew name of Esther, who became the wife of king Ahasuerus and thus queen of Persia in place of Vashti.
The name Hadassah occurs only once in the Bible, in Esther 2:7, which reads: "...and he [Mordecai] was bringing up Hadassah, that is Esther, his uncle's daughter..".
🔼Etymology of the name Hadassah
Scholars agree that the name Hadassah is a feminized form of the word הדס (hadas), meaning myrtle:
Excerpted from: Abarim Publications' Biblical Dictionary
The noun הדס (hadash) describes the myrtle tree. It occurs in several related languages but it's unclear where it originated and from which verb it derived. That means that we don't know what action this tree was named after, and thus, essentially what the noun really means.
In the Bible this tree has nevertheless an important symbolic role, from booths made from myrtles to angelic horsemen standing among them, and a holocaust-averting empress who was named after them.
🔼Hadassah meaning
BDB Theological Dictionary, NOBSE Study Bible Name List and Jones' Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names unite in rare agreement and read Myrtle for the meaning of the name Hadassah.


be almost half of the distance between the smaller and the larger circle. Shade and then it should be finished.
 - Make your character related to you, or maybe have the same interest as you.
 - Sketch your lines lightly or you won't be able to erase them.
 - Be careful not to plagiarize another anime or manga.
 - Try not to make your character's eyes too big.
 - Don't make their weapons huge! You don't want your character to be carrying around five feet wide swords all the time! Make it simple. Just make it big enough so they can defend themselves well.
 - Escaping into a fantasy world tends to drive us away from real social interaction. If you decide to get invested in the anime or manga world, try to join a club to make sure you keep having interactions in the real world.
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Lead Exposure in Maine's Workforce
Tens of thousands of Maine workers are consistently exposed to lead on the job, a known toxic chemical that creates long-lasting health risks. Regardless of this understanding, few are screened for lead exposure and an unacceptable number is continously exposed. Maine needs to adjust and adapt its public health policies to address this challenge. This report examines how.


problems after Gastric Sleeve Surgery
Gastric sleeve surgery is safe, effective and reliable for the majority of patients. It is less complex to perform than gastric bypass and duodenal switch procedures which avoids the risks associated with bypassing parts of the intestine. However there are still potential problems to be aware of.
There are no ideal and perfect bariatric procedures and no one fits all approach. Each procedure has it's pros and cons including different outcomes, risks and side effects and must be considered taking into account each patient's individual circumstances.
Mr Krishna Epari
Weight loss surgeon Perth
Which problems may arise after a sleeve gastrectomy procedure?
Staple line leak is the most feared complication following sleeve gastrectomy surgery. The outside curve of the stomach is removed using a special stapling device. Three rows of tiny metal staples hold the stomach together whilst it fully heals which usually takes a few weeks. If a section of the staple line doesn't heal properly, it can break down resulting in a hole in the stomach much like a ruptured ulcer with leakage of stomach contents into the abdominal cavity.
"This can be a life-threatening complication if not recognised early and appropriately managed. There are many factors that affect the risk of a leak including the expertise of your Surgeon and issues that impair the healing process including smoking, poorly controlled diabetes and immunosuppressive medications. Due to the high pressure within the narrow stomach tube, managing sleeve leaks can be extremely difficult."
Mr Krishna Epari
Bariatric Surgeon Perth
There is no single effective treatment for all sleeve leaks which may require a variety of endoscopic, surgical and radiological procedures to manage and may require prolonged hospitalisations, intensive care and repeat procedures. Prevention is always better than cure. In expert hands and with thorough assessment and preparation the risk of a leak should be under 1 in 200. You should therefore choose your Surgeon wisely.
Problems after Gastric Sleeve
Sleeve Gastrectomy has risen in popularity over the last 10 years and has now become the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in Australia. However there are still potential problems to be aware of.
Other potential problems after gastric sleeve
Portal vein thrombosis is the formation of blood clots in the vein which passes from the bowel, under the stomach and to the liver. It is rare following other types of abdominal surgery but has been observed following sleeve gastrectomy in about 1 in 300 cases. It is thought that restricted intake, dehydration and a genetic susceptibility to clotting may contribute. Management usually requires blood thinning medication for up to 6 months whilst the clot(s) dissolve. You should advise your Surgeon if you have a history or family history of blood clots as an extended period of preventative blood thinning medication may be required following surgery.
Some degree of acid reflux is common following sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Creating a long narrow tube shaped stomach increases in pressure inside and can exacerbate existing reflux symptoms. We routinely assess all our patients with an endoscopy before any surgery so we can recognise and manage any potential issues.
"We use anti-acid medication eg Somac in all patients for a period of time after surgery because it helps with the healing process. Patients previously suffering with reflux symptoms may find the reflux improves with weight loss whilst those without prior reflux symptoms may require ongoing medication after surgery."
Mr Sanjeeva Kariyawasam
Bariatric surgeon Perth
Reflux symptoms can often be managed with anti-acid medication but if reflux is troublesome or not controlled with standard anti-acid medication then further investigations should be done to determine the cause.
A hiatus hernia can develop after surgery where the junction between the food pipe (oesophagus) and stomach slides up above the diaphragm into the chest. Hiatus hernias decrease the effectiveness of the valve mechanism that protects against reflux. Previous hiatus hernias repaired with simple sutures can recur as tissues heal or weight is lost. Subsequent repairs will almost certainly require formal hiatal dissection and may ocasionally require reinforcement with mesh like we do for other hernias to reduce further recurrences.
Difficulty swallowing or tolerating solid foods is not expected after the initial recovery transition diet and may indicate a problem. This could include development of a hiatus hernia, twisting of the stomach, or a narrowing of the sleeve. Investigation may involve a gastroscopy, CT scan and/or contrast study to help diagnose the problem.
Stricture or narrowing in the stomach tube can be a technical issue in the creation of the sleeve or form as a result of inflammatory scarring. A stricture may be amenable to stretching using a balloon (Endoscopic dilatation) which often needs to be repeated several times. Resistant strictures may require surgery such as dividing adhesions or a stricturoplasty or occasionally a conversion to a gastric bypass.
Gastric volvulus or twisting of the sleeve can occur as the attachments to the outside curve of the stomach have been removed. Some patients have very floppy, stretchy tissues which can increase the risk. This usually requires further surgery to straighten out the stomach tube and to try and fix it in a better position (Gastropexy). If that doesn't work then conversion to gastric bypass may be required.
Bile reflux can be especially troublesome even in patients who haven't had surgery. Bile is made in the liver and passes from the bile duct into the duodenum where it is usually carried downstream in the intestine.
"Occasionally bile goes the other way back up into the stomach where it can be very irritative to the stomach lining causing pain and exacerbating reflux symptoms. Unlike acid symptoms we don't have very effective medications to manage bile reflux. If conservative measures are not successful, then revision surgery to prevent bile reaching the stomach and oesophagus may be the most effective solution."
Mr Krishna Epari | Bariatric surgeon Perth
Barrett's Oesophagus is a change in the lining of the lower oesophagus in response to increased acid and/or bile reflux. It can lead to pre-cancerous changes (Dysplasia) and increases the risk of developing Oesophageal Cancer. Recent studies claim up to 15% of patients may develop Barrett's Oesophagus after sleeve gastrectomy. This has not been our observation at Upper GI West. We have previously documented a Barrett's rate of 8% during pre operative work up of our patients. The overall risk of developing cancer is very low but the only way to identify Barrett's Oesophagus is to have an Endoscopy and Biopsies taken of the lining of the oesophagus.
If you have confirmed Barrett's Oesophagus then we recommend having repeat Endoscopy examinations every 3 years to monitor for further changes. In addition you should continue taking anti-acid medication which may help protect the lining. If pre-cancerous changes (dysplasia) are detected then we may be able to remove the affected area using an endoscope (Endoscopic mucosal resection) and/or treat the area with radiofrequency energy (HALO ablation) and we would instigate more regular follow up endoscopies as per recommended protocols.
Obstruction caused from previous gastric bands can cause permanent damage to the valve mechanism above the stomach contributing to ongoing reflux. If simpler methods such as medications and repair of hiatus hernia (if present) are not effective the conversion to gastric bypass may be required. This can also occur with minimiser rings/bands which some Surgeons are placing around the top of a gastric sleeve to try and increase weight loss and reduce weight regain. They can however cause similar problems to gastric bands and may require removal and further revision surgery.
A proximal pouch can occur if the top of the stomach hasn't been fully mobilised before sleeving which is more challenging to do well after previous surgery such as gastric banding. Leaving a pouch at the top of the sleeve usually causes reflux and difficulty eating solid foods. The pouch will also dilate with time and may lead to weight regain. Excessive pouch at the top of a sleeve may be amenable to re-sleeving or plicating; occasionally the only option may be conversion to a gastric bypass.
Obesity is a risk factor for gallstones and gallbladder disease. Gallstones will often form during periods of significant weight loss. Patients with gallstones often develop pain under the right ribs, around the right side or back and is often exacerbated by eating. Once gallstones start to cause symptoms the gallbladder should be removed, or more serious complications can occur. Gallbladder removal can usually be done by keyhole surgery even after bariatric surgery. It usually requires an overnight stay in hospital.
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies can occur especially if you do not take the recommended daily supplements. After sleeve gastrectomy the commonest problems are low iron which can cause anaemia, low vitamin D which is required for healthy bones and low vitamin B12 which can cause nerve damage. The best way to avoid potentially serious problems is to take the recommended supplements every day and to have blood tests performed annually.
Inadequate weight loss and/or weight regain can occur following any bariatric procedure. The sleeve is currently the preferred primary procedure for most patients because it is reliable and effective for the majority of patients, but some patients, especially the super obese may require a more powerful procedure with additional hormonal and metabolic effects. Obesity is a chronic disease process and some patients may require more than one operation during their lifetime to maintain control. The sleeve whilst not reversible allows for the widest variety of revision/conversion options. Before undertaking further surgery, it is important to address all issues that may have contributed including not following the recommending dietary and lifestyle changes and underlying psychological issues.
Diabetes usually improves with weight loss


Sporting Provinces of South Africa
This article is about the provinces as they were before 1995 - all the affiliated Provinces of the South African Amateur Swimming Union (SAASU), their Towns and Swimming Pools, and Schools that compete in aquatic sports.
Since the creation of the first two provinces - Western Province and Eastern Province in the 1890's, South African aquatic sports competitions were held on an inter-provincial basis. In 1995 the provinces were abolished by the new ANC government, and the national championships are now held on a club basis.
At its founding in 1900, the SAASU provinces were both in the Cape Colony. After the Boer War ended in 1902, the other colonies - Orange River Colony, Transvaal and Natal also affiliated. In time the number grew to 13 competing provinces. Very little information about the history of these has been found, and no effort made by the new governing body to recognise the history from before 1995.
This article lists the Provinces, their towns, schools, and aquatic sports facilities. The few schools in each province that participate - or did - in aquatic sports are shown, with their facilities, where these are available.
Click here to read about the peculiar geography of the country, and the various swimming pools and other places where aquatic sports history has been made.
From its establishment in 1910 until 1994, South Africa was a country created out of four political entities - the two former British colonies of the Cape and Natal, and the two Afrikaner republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. For sporting purposes, these were divided into smaller provinces.
Each province is distinct in its economy, geography, and history. For example, Transvaal was a densely populated and industrialized province. Its main centre was the city Johannesburg, with numerous big schools and municipal swimming pools. In contrast, the Orange Free State was a large and sparsely populated province with few large towns. The majority of Free State dorpies with one school in each - and an unheated municipal swimming pool. Many of those facilities are now dead pools.
The geography of the sub-continent played a big role in the history of aquatic sports. The Pools and other Places - the swimming pools, rivers, beaches, dams - are defined by their location. Heated pools - and indoor pools - were few and far between. The inland provinces were on the highveld, which is up to 1500m above sea level, and where winter temperatures dropped below freezing. Along the sub-tropical coast, the swimmers from Natal could train outdoors for most of the year
Each province had its own education department, rooted in its particular history. The whole country, outside the cities, was largely Afrikaans speaking, while cities had more English schools. Notable exceptions were the wealthy rural English private schools found in Natal and the Eastern Cape. Aquatic sports are traditionally favoured by English schools, while Afrikaans schools dominate the rugby and netball rankings in 2020.
South African urban development started with Cape Town in 1652. In 2020 there are about 10 centres that might be described as cities, with the vast majority of towns being small rural settlements. The towns generally had one high school and often a 33,3 yard unheated outdoor municipal swimming pool. Due to changes in demographics and municipal mismanagement, many of these schools and municipal swimming pools have become derelict and swimming is no longer a social activity.
See the map for the location of the schools and swimming pools →