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Geshe Thubten Wanggyel
Geshe means "good knowledge" in Tibetan
Geshe ; Lit. a spiritual preceptor. A man learned in ecclesiastical law, 'a kind of Doctor of Divinity' (Tucci).
The degree is emphasized primarily by the Gelug lineage, but is also awarded in the Sakya and Bön traditions. Geshe (ge-xi): Title equivalent to a PhD in a Tibetan monastery.
Geshe is the highest academic title one can attain in the Geluk Sect of Tibetan Buddhism with the title Larampa Geshe being a distingished geshe.
Literally, a virtuous friend; derived from the Tibetan ge-wai she-nyen. The title conferred on those who have completed extensive studies and examinations at Gelug monastic universities. The highest level of geshe is the lharampa.
One must memorize a vast amount of Buddhist material and must pass certain debates before one can attain such title. It usually requires at least twenty years of study.
For example, a "Lharampa Geshe" graduated with great honors and was among the top of his class. It is primarily a title referring to academic excellence and degree of training in the Buddhist philosophical texts.
The geshe curriculum represents an adaptation of subjects studied at Indian Buddhist monastic universities such as Nālandā. These centers disappeared around the time of Islam's arrival in India, leaving Tibet to continue the tradition.
The Geshe curriculum consists of the "Collected Topics" (Tibetan: བསྡུས་གྲྭ་, Wylie: bsdus-grwa) which were preliminary to the syllabus proper, as well as the five major topics, which form the syllabus proper.
 1. Perfection of WisdomPrajñā Pāramitā (Perfection of Wisdom, Wylie Tib.: phar-phyin)
 1. Madhyamaka (Middle Way, Wylie Tib.: dbu-ma)
 1. Logic (pramāṇa Wylie Tib.: tshad-ma)
 1. Vowed Morality(vinaya, Wylie Tib.: dul-ba)
Conferral of the Degree
In the Gelug school, the degree may not be earned by laymen (though some monk recipients later give up their robes), or by women (including nuns).
The Gelug curriculum, which lasts between 12 and 40 years, centers around textual memorization and ritualized debate, and is invariably taught through the medium of the Tibetan language.
At the conclusion the abbot assigns each candidate to a category of geshe according to his ability.
There are four such categories:
Lharampa being the highest.
After this, in order to qualify, the geshe candidates are not allowed to miss even one of the three daily debate sessions during the subsequent eight months.


Memory Lapses Treatments
While some women will retain crisp memory retention as they approach menopause, many will begin to suffer from memory lapses. One study shows that women nearing menopause are 95% more likely to experience memory lapses than younger women who are not yet at this stage in life, which typically occurs around age 50. This is because the hormonal imbalance present in a woman's body during menopause can affect her mental functions and cause memory lapses.
Menopausal memory lapses affect around 60% of women in their forties and fifties, and can cause real frustration and worry. Much of the time, memory lapses are caused by hormonal imbalances during perimenopause, and these can often be corrected over time with specific medicinal remedies, such as herbal teas.
Concentration levels and mental ability can decrease during menopause; however, simple mental exercises can be practiced which can help improve cognition and concentration levels. Find information on five of these types of exercise, including yoga, reading, Sudoku, and breathing techniques. It is important to seek your doctor for a healthcare advice.
Fortunately, because memory lapses are a consequence of fluctuations in hormones such as estrogen, it is possible to treat this imbalance. Though it used to be in vogue to prescribe hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to treat memory lapses caused by this fundamental imbalance, persistent links to breast and ovarian cancer, along with heart disease and blood clots, have caused most healthcare professionals to rethink this drastic option. Many agree that the most effective approach to treating memory lapses is to combine a few changes in lifestyle with alternative treatment options.
Three Approaches for Treating Memory Lapses:
Three levels of approaches can be considered for treating memory lapses. These are categorized as: (1) lifestyle changes, (2) alternative medicine and (3) Medications.
It is recommended to begin with the least risky option for treating memory lapses, which is lifestyle changes, before progressing up to the next stage of treatment. Medications should be used only in extreme cases where memory lapses have a negative impact on a woman's daily life and other options are providing little or no relief.
1. Lifestyle Changes for Memory Lapses
Memory lapses changes in dietThis primary level of treatment for memory lapses involves the least amount of risk, though conversely it requires the highest amount of self discipline. Many times some simple changes in lifestyle can reap huge benefits in fighting memory lapses and achieving a higher overall level of health. Fundamentally, techniques for stress reduction, such as yoga or meditation, combined with regular exercise and an improved diet, can do a woman great service in coping with memory lapses. Diet in particular is key. Studies have shown that diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids aid mental functioning. Fruits and vegetables are good for obtaining antioxidants that can help improve memory. Nuts and seeds are a good source of B vitamins that can also help curb memory lapses.
Puzzles: boost memory capacity and can help curb memory lapsesGames and puzzles can act as exercise for the brain and can help curb memory lapses. There are specific games meant to boost memory capacity, but any game that stimulates the mind will serve a person's memory well. Some games that will help with memory lapses are crossword puzzles, Sudoku, and memory tasks.
Simple lifestyle changes for memory lapses
- Avoid caffeine/alcohol
- Sleep seven to eight hours per night
- Consume vitamins B,C,D, and E
- Practice breathing exercises
- Eat a balanced diet
- Exercise regularly
- Stay hydrated
Making lifestyle changes is easier said than done, especially if one is accustomed to a certain routine. In addition, while these changes will help alleviate memory lapses, they do not address the problem directly at the hormonal source and so further treatment may be necessary. Alternative medicine has proven to be excellent for treating memory lapses in a safe and natural way.
2. Alternative Medicine for Memory Lapses
Alternative approaches involve little to no risk and can be an extremely effective way to treat memory lapses. This level of approach can involve several different therapies. Herbal supplements are the most prominent, though in addition women may turn to such techniques as acupuncture, biofeedback, or aromatherapy. All of these can be valid and effective options for treating memory lapses, though most women find that herbal supplements are the easiest and safest alternative treatment to follow, as the others require a greater time and monetary commitment.
In the case of herbal supplements, there are two types of herbs that can be used for treating memory lapses: phytoestrogenic and hormone regulating herbal supplements. Phytoestrogenic herbs (e.g. black cohosh) contain estrogenic components produced by plants. These herbs, at first, do treat the hormonal imbalance by introducing these plant-based estrogens into the body. However, as a result of adding outside hormones, a woman's body may become less capable of producing estrogen on its own. This causes a further decrease of the body's own hormone levels and can actually increase the incidence of memory lapses.
Non-estrogenic herbs: considered the safest way to treat memory lapses naturallyBy contrast, hormone regulating herbs, as the name suggests, don't contain any estrogen. These herbs stimulate a woman's hormone production by nourishing the pituitary and endocrine glands, causing them to more efficiently produce natural hormones. This ultimately results in balancing estrogen levels that are largely responsible for memory lapses. Herbs supplements like Macafem can be considered the safest way to treat memory lapses naturally as the body creates its own hormones and doesn't require any outside assistance.
From "Nature and Health Magazine", Dr. Chacon Says:
"Macafem nutrients help restore natural hormones in women. Unlike hormone drugs, which are basically taking synthetic hormones, Macafem acts totally different in your body. It nourishes and stimulates your own natural hormone production, by inducing the optimal functioning of the pituitary and endocrine glands". Click on the following link if you want to read and learn more about Macafem.
A combination of approaches is usually the most effective way to treat memory lapses. Lifestyle changes combined with alternative medicine will most likely be the best way to regain a keen memory. However, for some women, their memory lapses will be more severe than others and require a more drastic treatment. In taking the leap into medications, side effects are inevitable, yet sometimes they can be worth it if the benefits will outweigh the risks.
3. Medications for Memory Lapses
Interventions at the third level involve the highest risk and often the highest costs. The most common drug therapy for treating memory lapses in the United States is HRT. This may be a quick and strong way to combat hormonal imbalance; but, unfortunately, it entails serious side effects and increases the risk of different types of cancer among women, as the following study has proven.
Drugs: HRT therapy is the most common drug therapy for menopausal memory lapsesIn 1991 The National Institute of Health (NIH) launched the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), the largest clinical trial ever undertaken in the United States. The WHI was designed to provide answers concerning possible benefits and risks associated with use of HRT. This study was canceled in July 2002, after it was proven that synthetic hormones increase risks of ovarian and breast cancer as well as heart disease, blood clots, and strokes. The findings were published in JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, and to this date have not been disputed.
There are a host of drugs that claim to cure memory problems. If memory lapses are at the level of severity that a woman is still considering this final option, it is wise to speak with a healthcare professional for guidance.
These three levels of approaches for treating memory lapses are not mutually exclusive. A woman may use different approaches at different times or any combination of them, depending on the frequency and severity of her memory lapses. Today more and more women find that dealing with memory lapses is best accomplished via a combination of healthy lifestyle and alternative treatments.
A Safe Way for Treating Headaches
Hormone-regulating herbal supplements for treating hormonal imbalance, as seen in the second approach, are considered to be the most effective solution. Low costs and the non existence of side effects are only some of the reasons why this treatment option is preferred.
Macafem, for example, is an excellent hormone regulating herbal supplement. It's simple: rather than putting hormones from the outside into the body artificially, Macafem stimulates hormone glands into producing the necessary hormones naturally. This is what makes Macafem so unique. Click on the following link if you want to learn more about Macafem.
More About Memory Lapses
Treatments for Memory Lapses
34 Menopause Symptoms


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Study Supports Link Between Obesity, Cavities in Homeless Kids
MONDAY, Nov. 19 (HealthDay News) -- Among homeless children, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cavities, a new study indicates.
The findings provide further evidence of the link between the two conditions in children living below the poverty level, according to the researchers from Case Western Reserve University and the University of Akron, in Ohio.
For the study, the investigators looked at 157 children, aged 2 to 17 years, who were living in an urban homeless shelter. Most of the kids were from single-parent families headed by women, with one or two siblings.
The children's obesity was calculated using body mass index (BMI), a measurement of body fat based on height and weight. The investigators included missing, filled or injured teeth in their cavity count. As BMI increased with age, so did the number of cavities, Marguerite DiMarco, an associate professor at the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing at Case Western Reserve University, and colleagues explained in a university news release.
The researchers said their findings support reports from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that obesity and poor oral health have doubled in the United States since 1980, increasing the risk of health problems such as diabetes, as well as self-esteem issues.
Poor families have difficulty getting dental care, but poverty also adds to dental health problems in other ways, such as making it difficult to obtain nutritious food and a lack of refrigeration to keep food fresh, DiMarco pointed out in the news release. Some homes even lack running water, she added.
"There are no easy solutions, especially with the homeless population," DiMarco said.
The study was released online in advance of print publication in the Journal of Pediatric Health Care.
While the study found an association between obesity and poor dental health in homeless kids, it did not prove a cause-and-effect relationship.
The Nemours Foundation explains how to keep your child's teeth healthy.
SOURCE: Case Western Reserve University, news release, Nov. 13, 2012

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Class 6 | Mathematics | Chapter 4| Basic Geometrical Ideas | Exercise 4.3
Question 1. Name the angles in the given figure.
Answer 1: The angles in given figure are : ∠ABC, ∠ CDA, ∠DAB, ∠DCB
Question 2. In the given diagram, name the point(s)
(a) In the interior of ∠DOE
(b) In the exterior of ∠EOF (c) On ∠EOF
Answer 2 : (a) Point interior of ∠DOE is A
(b) Points exterior of ∠EOF is C, A, D
(c) Points on ∠EOF is E, O, B, F
Question 3. Draw rough diagrams of two angles such that they have
(a) One point in common.
(b) Two points in common.
(c) Three points in common.
(d) Four points in common.
(e) One ray in common.
Answer 3 :

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


We're Not Worried
A poem
Danish astronomers have just discovered sugar
— simple molecules of glycolaldehyde — floating
in the gas around a young, sun-like star, four hundred
light years away. The molecules are falling
a binary star, a system of two bodies,
primary, one companion, orbiting about
a common centre of mass. This space sugar, they think,
helps replicate DNA. We too orbit. Tonight
it's ice cream at The Boathouse Tea Room, noticing where
the Speed River's melting and, more urgently, the sides
of cones. We choose chocolate and vanilla, measure
the deviations. An old lady is feeding geese.
Astronauts wanted neapolitan for their trips
to the moon. Freeze-dried prototypes proved impractical.
Crumbs were dangerous to microgravity, like bird
parts in plane engines. Now they sell it at the NASA
gift shop, so we can all travel to outer space too.
There are more choices than stars. Scientists are making
breakthroughs in slowing down melt, though can't make it healthy.
You can't take sugar out because of the role it plays
The chemical structure girds against dismantlement


How to Perform Administrative Research On Journal Articles
Administrative research may be performed on academic journal articles for a variety of business purposes. Examples include background research for grant proposals, and research on marketing trends, demographics and public relations techniques. Whatever the field and whatever the purpose, administrators who are conducting research should keep in mind that the end goal is to share their findings. The process should be tailored to that end.
Acquiring Information
Find the journal articles necessary for the subject at hand. Go to the local college or university library, for instance. If a research stipend is available, search for databases online and pay subscription fees. These costs can accumulate quickly, however. Start out the search generally, then narrow it to find the information needed.
Use jargon in academic articles found in more general searches to specialize the search. For instance, if you are looking for an article on the psychological effect of the color red in marketing, the general search might be for "psychological effect of color" and "marketing." This might lead to the discovery of a term used to refer to this phenomenon, such as the "red effect" (for example only). Searching for the academic term might lead to more specific information on the color red.
Save time by reading the abstracts and conclusions of all the articles you find. Quickly discard those that obviously have no use for the business purpose at hand. This way, you will start reading articles that are usable right from the start. It also saves time by eliminating extra information that can make a researcher lose focus.
Develop an outline of the report, proposal or presentation after scanning your initial findings. After hours of reading academic articles, it can be difficult to get distance on a subject.
Take notes. Remember, your administrative research will need to be explained to co-workers. Throughout your reading, write down any questions you have in the margins. It is likely co-workers will have the same questions. Once you find the answers, fill them in.
Using Information
Find your questions in the margins, after all notes are taken, with the answers already filled in. Type up a page of these questions and answers that you can easily refer to at a group meeting.
Keep the purpose of the research in mind. For example, if the research is for a grant proposal, keep the foundation's mission statement and grant proposal guidelines handy. Refer to them when you get stuck.
If you reach a dead end in your research, for instance, glancing at the grant requirements and seeing that the foundation requires a thorough explanation of the social implications of a given problem might lead to a productive keyword search using "social implications."
Take out the outline again after all the reading is done. Modify it based on the information you now have acquired about the subject. Then proceed to fill in the outline, write a rough draft and edit.


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Long before the dinosaurs, hefty herbivores called pareiasaurs ruled the Earth. Now, for the first time, a detailed investigation of all Chinese specimens of these creatures - often described as the 'ugliest fossil reptiles' - has been published by a University of Bristol, UK palaeontologist.
Pareiasaurs have been reported from South Africa, Europe (Russia, Scotland, Germany), Asia (China), and South America, but it is not known whether there were distinct groups on each of these continents.
In a new study published today in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Professor Mike Benton of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences shows there are close similarities between Chinese fossils and those found in Russia and South Africa, indicating that the huge herbivores were able to travel around the world despite their lumbering movement.
Professor Benton said: "Up to now, six species of pareiasaurs had been described from China, mainly from Permian rocks along the banks of the Yellow River between Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. I was able to study all of these specimens in museums in Beijing, and then visit the original localities. It seems clear there were three species and these lived over a span of one to two million years."
Pareiasaurs were hefty animals, two to three metres long, with massive, barrel-shaped bodies, short, stocky arms and legs, and tiny head with small teeth. Their faces and bodies were covered with bony knobs.
It is likely the pareiasaurs lived in damp, lowland areas, feeding on huge amounts of low-nutrition vegetation. No stomach contents or fossilized faeces from pareiasaurs are known to exist, but in Russia, pareiasaurs have been found with evidence they had made wallows in the soft mud probably to cool off or coat themselves in mud to ward off parasites.
The new study confirms that the three Chinese pareiasaur species differed from each other in body size and in the shapes of their teeth.
Professor Benton added: "My study of the evolution of pareiasaurs shows that the Chinese species are closely related to relatives from Russia and South Africa. Despite their size and probably slow-moving habits, they could walk all over the world. We see the same sequence of two or three forms worldwide, and there is no evidence that China, or any other region, was isolated at that time."
Pareiasaurs were the first truly large herbivores on Earth, and yet their tenure was short.
As in other parts of the world, the species in China were wiped out as part of the devastation of the end-Permian mass extinction 252 million years ago, when 90 per cent of species were killed by the acid rain and global warming caused by massive volcanic eruptions in Russia.
Without forests, landscapes were denuded of soils which washed into the seas. Shock heating of the atmosphere and oceans as a result of the massive release of carbon dioxide and methane also killed much of life. The end-Permian mass extinction killed off the pareiasaurs after they had been on Earth for only 10 million years.
'The Chinese pareiasaurs' by Michael J. Benton in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society


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There is a plethora of scientific evidence to indicate that lifestyle habits affect brain function. Chronic medical conditions that are not well-managed negatively impact neurocognitive functioning. For example, untreated high blood pressure is a common risk factor for vascular disease and/or vascular dementia. However, chronic medical conditions that are well-managed help prevent the adverse effects that these chronic medical conditions may have on brain function. In addition, physical exercise, good sleep hygiene, activities that reduce stress, and healthy eating habits have been noted to have beneficial effects on brain health.
Please see the "Assessment Information" link for a list of factors that affect neurocognitive functioning.


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Educational ELA Tablet Game for iOS
Sentence Sensibility is a word game that encourages players to learn varied, complex grammatical structures. The game has two modes. In the first mode, players are given a set of words with which they must form as many sentences as possible within a time limit. Players score more points for longer, more complex sentences. In the second mode, players use a set of words to recreate a quotation from a great work of literature. Both modes encourage experimentation with word order and syntax while providing immediate, corrective feedback to hone grammar skills
Role: Creative Direction
Published by Amplify
Developed by Schell Games
Available in the App Store.


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pets, but normally not the adult heartworms in the blood vessels.
Pyrantel is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic belonging to the chemical class of the tetrahydropyrimidines that was introduced in the 1960s (by PFIZER → ZOETIS). It is effective against roundworms and a few tapeworms (depending on the dose) in the gut, but not against those in other organs (e.g. the lungs, the skin, etc). It adds efficacy against important dog worms such as the roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. It is used a lot in pets and horses but rarely in livestock. There are dozens of products for pets with generic pyrantel.
Oxantel is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic introduced in the 1970s (by PFIZER → ZOETIS) that belongs to the chemical class of the tetrahydropyrimidines. It is particularly effective against whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), but usually not sufficiently effective against other nematode species. Oxantel is scarcely used in pets, and not used at all in livestock or agriculture. Oxantel is not effective against tapeworms.
Praziquantel is a veteran isoquinoline anthelmintic introduced in the 1970s (by BAYER). It is still the most effective and most vastly used parasiticide against tapeworms, but without any efficacy against roundworms, fleas or ticks. Praziquantel adds efficacy against tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia pisiformis, etc.) but has no efficacy whatsoever against roundworms, hookworms or whipworms. It is the anthelmintic most vastly used against tapeworms in pets. There are hundreds of antiparasitic brands for pets containing praziquantel.
Pyrantel, oxantel and praziquantel have no residual effect, i.e. they act against the worms during a few hours after administration but are quickly metabolized and excreted. For this reason treatment must often be repeated for certain indications.
For an overview and a list of the most popular pet wormers click here.
This article IS NOT A PRODUCT LABEL. It offers complementary information that may be useful to veterinary professionals and users that are not familiar with veterinary antiparasitics.
Information offered in this article has been extracted from publications issued by manufacturers, government agencies (e.g. EMEA, FDA, USDA, etc.) or in the scientific literature. No guarantee is given on its accuracy, integrity, sufficiency, actuality and opportunity, and any liability is denied. Read the site's DISCLAIMER.
In case of doubt contact the manufacturer or a veterinary professional.


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Amberley War Memorial is of c1920 date and comprises a limestone tapering column with a carved wheel cross, set in a stone plinth and stepped platform.
Reason for Listing
Amberley War Memorial, Gloucestershire is designated at Grade II, for the following principal reasons:
* Historic: it has strong cultural and historical significance within both a local and national context;
* Communal: it forms a poignant reminder of the effects of tragic world events on this local community;
* Architectural: although a simple monument, it is an elegant and dignified memorial that contributes to its setting in an historic village with the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This war memorial was commissioned by Amberley War Memorial Committee, founded in 1919, and is shown on the Ordnance Survey Map of 1922. The War Memorial Committee later became the Amberley branch of the Royal British Legion which, in 1949, added to the memorial the names of the nine men killed in World War II.
A war memorial of c.1920 date. It is constructed of local limestone with a copper bolted band around the power part of the column. It comprises a carved wheel cross atop a tall, octagonal, tapering column, approximately 4.5 metres in height. Below the cross is a carved collar with a geometric pattern. The base of the column is square and set on a larger square plinth with moulded corners. The north face of the plinth is inscribed: OUR GLORIOUS DEAD _PHONE_. The other three faces of the base are inscribed with the names, ranks, and regiments/services of the 21 commemorated dead of World War I. The plinth sits on a three-stepped platform. On the north face of the upper most step is inscribed _PHONE_. The remaining three faces of this step are inscribed with the names, ranks, decorations and regiments/services of the 9 commemorated fallen of World War II.
Source: English Heritage
Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


Wood Flooring Grades
Grading is determined by the appearance of the wood and is an indication of aesthetics rather than quality or durability.
Wood that exhibits similar attributes such as character, length and milling tolerances are grouped together in a grade. The grades were established by the National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA) in conjunction with manufacturer associations to create consistency among different mills and provide the consumers and distributors with more defined expectations for their purchases. This instills confidence in all parties and helps to maintain fair pricing.
Keep in mind that sometimes grades are combined (Select & Better, Second and Better, etc.) or are a mix of two standard grades (No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, etc.).
Mill Run (also known as Run of the Mill) is typically a mix of grades and has longer pieces. True to its name, this type of hardwood flooring is unique to the mill. This is an economical option for consumers and manufacturers alike.
Click through to read detailed descriptions and photos for each species:


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A Quick Reference For How To Take A Soil Test
by Marissa Caminiti, UMaine Extension Administrative Specialist, Cumberland County
What does a soil test from the Cooperative Extension do?
A soil test will tell you:
-Nutrient levels in your soil
– Soil pH levels
– Presence of lead contamination, if any
Why should I test my soil?
A soil test will help you to optimize your garden or lawn by providing the information you need to make
your soil healthy for a given crop. Test results also provide recommendations for amendments.
When do I take a soil test?
Soil can be tested any time of year when the ground is not frozen. However, the results of your soil test are
intended to provide recommendations for the following growing season. If you are testing your soil to grow
a garden, then it is most useful to test soil in very early spring, immediately after thaw, or fall in order to
allow time before the growing season begins. You can expect to receive test results in 2-4 weeks.
How do I take a soil test?
We supply soil test kits for free. They come with an order form, instructions, and a collapsible cardboard
box to put your soil sample in. Be sure to read the instruction form carefully. Choose your "analytical
service" and a 3-digit crop code so that you will receive the specific recommendations for your desired
Where do I get a soil test?
There are 3 ways to get a soil test:
1. Visit our office at: 75 Clearwater Drive, Falmouth, ME 04105
2. Call our office at _PHONE_ to request it in the mail
3. Use our online form to order a soil test
How do I mail a soil test?
Mail soil tests to our soil lab in Orono:
Maine Soil Testing Service
5722 Deering Hall
Orono, ME 04469-5722
Include payment for the amount listed for the service(s) you have chosen. In most cases the
standard test, $18 is sufficient for the Home Gardener.
What if I don't understand my soil test results?
When you receive your soil test results, you can call our office _PHONE_ for assistance with interpreting your results and recommendations.


A Day in the Life
We received a suggestion to write a post about what a typical day looks like for Zack and me.So what does our typical day look like? Honestly, our schedule varies every day. Some days we find ourselves buried in language learning activities, others meeting friends and local partners in the city, and others doing practical office type work. But most days include a blend of a lot of different things.
So here is a glimpse at what a typical weekday might look like while we are not taking language classes (maybe I'll do another post once we're back in language school)…
6:25: Jenn wakes up, packs the boys' lunches, gets breakfast going
7:00: Zack and the boys get up, get dressed
7:20: breakfast, devotions, prayer
8:00: boys walk to the bus station
8:00: watch the news (great language practice!)
9:00: work out
9:30: emails, office work
10:30: clean up, language learning time
12:00: this can vary: lunch, time in the city, appointments, errands, work stuff
2:50: leave to pick up the boys from school
3:15: back home, snacks, homework
From here, it can go a lot of different directions. Sometimes we have to eat dinner at 4:00 or 4:30 because of football practice, appointments in the city, or house church. Sometimes we relax a little, eat dinner later, and then do something as a family (play cards, read a chapter from a book, play Wii, watch a TV show, etc). The boys typically go to bed at 8:00 (Daniel) and 9:00 (William).
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The Chandrasekhar H-function plays an important role in a wide class of problems of analytical radiative transfer theory. The H-function is the solution of well-known integral equations, both non-linear and linear. The physics of a particular problem under consideration determines the form of the so-called characteristic and dispersion functions, Ψ(μ) and T(μ), respectively. They appear in H-equations and determine their solutions. We show that Ψ(μ) and T(μ) can be restructured in such a way that the solutions of H-equations transforms from H(μ) to Hn(μ),n=2,3,4,… provided Ψ(μ) and T(μ) are replaced with Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ). The structure of the non-linear and linear H-equations does not change under this transformation. The basis of this restructuring is a recursion relation that gives Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ) in terms of Ψ(μ) and T(μ).
|Журнал||Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer|
|Состояние||Опубликовано - мая 2020|
Предметные области Scopus
- Атомная и молекулярная физика и оптика


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Hearing gossip about people can change the way you see them â€" literally.
Negative gossip actually alters the way our visual system responds to a particular face, according to a study published online by the journal Science.
The findings suggest that the human brain is wired to respond to gossip, researchers say. And it adds to the evidence that gossip helped early humans get ahead.
"Gossip is helping you to predict who is friend and who is foe," says Lisa Feldman Barrett, distinguished professor of psychology at Northeastern University and an author of the study.
Barrett is part of a team that has been studying how gossip affects not just what we know about an unfamiliar person but how we feel about them. The team has shown that getting secondhand information about a person can have a powerful effect.
But Barrett and her team wanted to answer another question: Once hearsay has predisposed us to see someone in a certain way, is it possible that we literally see them differently?
That may seem like a strange thing to ask. But it makes sense when you consider that the human brain has a whole lot of connections between regions that process visual information and areas involved in our most basic emotions, Barrett says.
So the team brought in volunteers and had them look at faces paired with gossip. Some of these faces were associated with negative gossip, such as "threw a chair at his classmate." Other faces were associated with more positive actions, such as "helped an elderly woman with her groceries."
Then the researchers looked to see how the volunteers' brains responded to the different kinds of information. They did this by showing the left and right eyes of each person very different images. So one eye might see a face, while the other eye would see a house.
These very different images cause something called binocular rivalry. The human brain can only handle one of the images at a time. So it unconsciously tends to linger on the one it considers more important.
And the researcher found that volunteers' brains were most likely to fix on faces associated with negative gossip.
"Gossip doesn't just influence your opinions about people, it actually influences how you see them visually," Barrett says.
The finding suggests we are hardwired to pay more attention to a person if we've been told they are dangerous or dishonest or unpleasant, Barrett says.
Other scientists say that makes sense from an evolutionary perspective.
"I was actually pretty excited to see this paper," says Frank McAndrew, a professor of psychology at Knox College in Galesburg, Ill. "For years, people like me have been saying that our intense interest in gossip is not really a character flaw. It's part of who we are. It's almost a biological event, and it exists for good evolutionary reasons."
Even when primitive humans lived in small groups, they needed to know things like who might be a threat and who was after a particular mate, McAndrew says. And learning those things through personal experience would have been slow and potentially dangerous, he says.
So McAndrew says one shortcut would have been gossip.
"People who had an intense interest in that â€" that constantly were monitoring who's sleeping with who and who's friends with whom and who you can trust and who you can't â€" came out ahead," he says. "People who just didn't care about that stuff got left behind."
And it makes sense that our brains pay special attention to negative gossip, McAndrew says.
"If somebody is a competitor or somebody is higher than you in the food chain, you want dirt about them," he says. "You want negative information, because that's the stuff you can exploit to get ahead."


pumpkinseed sunfish
The pumpkinseed is one of the most colorful of the North American sunfish. Pumpkinseed sunfish have an orange or reddish breast and belly.
The back and sides are brown to green, marked with patterns of orange, yellow, blue, and greens. Speckling of the flanks is interspersed with a pattern of dark vertical bands and wavy stripes.
Pumpkinseed are usually found in shallow areas of farm ponds, small lakes and slow moving creeks. Like most sunfish, pumpkinseed seek out aquatic vegetation or submerged brush and are seldom found in open water.
Groups of young pumpkinseed sunfish school close to shore, but adults tend to travel in groups of 2-4 in slightly deeper areas where cover can be found.
Pumpkinseed are known for developing a home territory. If fish are captured and moved within a body of water, adults often migrate back to their original location.
Sunfish Poster
Related Information
Fish Species
What Do Sunfish Eat?
Hybrid Sunfish


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I'm finding lots of 2-3k line files, and it doesn't really feel like they should be that big.
What is a good criteria to objectively call a source code file "too big"?, is there such thing as a maximum amount of lines a source code file should have?
share|improve this question
Your peer tells you after reviewing the code. "You cannot determine this yourself because you know more as the author than the code says by itself. A computer cannot tell you, for the same reasons that it cannot tell if a painting is art or not. Hence, you need another human - capable of maintaining the software - to look at what you have written and give his or her opinion..." – gnat Nov 24 '12 at 14:22
Some compilers used to have weird limits on source code size: max line length or max number of lines. When compiler complains, this is an objective indicator that code is too big (or that it is time to upgrade). – mouviciel Nov 25 '12 at 11:17
Split as much as possible, but without breaking the integrity of files. Each file (or pair of header/source files) should always be a rounded whole, independent of the internal implementation of other files. If this means some files will be large because they implement something complex, so be it. – Ambroz Bizjak Nov 25 '12 at 11:25
3 Answers 3
up vote 3 down vote accepted
As an ideal model I use the following criteria (with a similar rationale to what Martin Beckett suggested, i.e. to think in terms of logical structure and not in terms of lines of code):
Rule 1
One class per file (in C++: one class -> one header and one implementation file).
Rule 2
Seven is considered the number of items that our brain can observe at the same time without getting confused. Above 7 we find it difficult to keep an overview of what we see. Therefore: each class should not have more than 7-10 methods. A class that has more than 10 method is probably too complex and you should try to split it. Splitting is a very effective method because every time you split a class you reduce the complexity of each individual class at least by a factor of 2.
Rule 3
A method body that does not fit in one or two screens is too big (I assume that a screen / editor window is about 50 lines). Ideally, you can see the whole method in one window. If this is not the case, you only need to scroll up and down a bit, without forgetting the part of the method that gets hidden. So, if you have to scroll more than one screen up or down to read the whole method body, your method is probably too big and you can easily lose the overview.
Again, splitting methods using private help methods can reduce method complexity very fast (at every split the complexity is at least halved). If you introduce too many private help methods you can consider creating a separate class to collect them (if you have more private methods than public ones, maybe a second class is hiding inside your main class).
Putting together these very rough estimates:
 - At most one class per source file.
 - At most 10 public method per class.
 - At most 10 private method per class.
 - At most 100 lines per method.
So a source file that is more than 2000 lines is probably too large and starting to be too messy.
This is really a very rough estimate and I do not follow these criteria systematically (especially because there is not always enough time to do proper refactoring). Also, as Martin Beckett suggested, there are situations in which a class is a large collection of methods and it does not make sense to split them in some artificial way just to make the class smaller.
Anyway, in my experience a file starts to get unreadable when one of the above parameters is not respected (e.g. a 300 line method body that spans six screens, or a source file with 5000 lines of code).
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Disagree with #2: what about overloads? For example ostream << operator in C++ has a large number of similar methods, but fundamentally all do the same thing (write to the stream). – JBRWilkinson Nov 26 '12 at 12:00
_USER_: See the paragraph towards the end of the answer. – Giorgio Nov 26 '12 at 13:39
No - not in terms of lines of code. The driver should be logical grouping. There certainly shouldn't be multiple classes in one large file for example
If you had a class that legitmately had a few hundred methods (not impossible in say 3D modelling) it would be a lot less convenient to split that into arbitrary files. We used to have to do this when memory was scarcer and processors slower - and it was a pains, constantly searching for the function definition.
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_USER_: usually, but not always. – whatsisname Nov 24 '12 at 2:26
_USER_ - common in say gis/3d modelling to have lots of operations you can perform, and then have them overloaded for 2d,3d,4d,3d+signal,then float/double/integer etc - templates help a little but for efficency lots of operations are often better than a pretty class heirarchy – Martin Beckett Nov 24 '12 at 3:01
_USER_ - either irony, or we have found the reason behind Microsoft Bob – Martin Beckett Nov 24 '12 at 23:19
_USER_ - and you use a small font so they don't take up as much space? – Martin Beckett Dec 3 '12 at 16:10
_USER_ - you use different classes? Doesn't that make it complex remembering the names? – Martin Beckett Dec 4 '12 at 5:13
When the code in it becomes unmaintainable. i.e: you can't tell just by watching the code if the method/class/function you're looking for (and have to edit/debug) is in there, or not, and if so, where it is.
Your IDE/Editor choice and features will influence this upper limit's actual quantification, though. Code folding, function/method listing, and lookup will postpone the moment this development scenario presents.
But when it does, it's time to split it.
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Dennis Drabelle: "The Great American Railroad War"
The Central Pacific Railroad, America's first Transcontinental Railroad, revolutionized the way Americans traveled, communicated and did business. But it was also a hotbed of corruption and greed. A new book tells the story of two American writers who took on the Central Pacific with the power of the pen. Journalist Ambrose Bierce, nicknamed "Bitter Bierce," exposed the railroad's corruption using satire and wit. And Frank Norris, a novelist, wrote of the warring relationship between California wheat farmers and the railroad trust. Together, they revealed the dark side of this American powerhouse. Diane talks with the author about this nineteenth century monopoly and two writers who challenged it.
author and contributing editor and mysteries editor for The Washington Post Book World.
Read An Excerpt
Excerpt from "The Great American Railroad War" by Dennis Drabelle. Copyright 2012 by Dennis Drabelle. Reprinted here by permission of St. Martin's Press. All rights reserved.


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The information collected could vary, but tahrir defterleri typically included details of villages, dwellings, household heads (adult males and widows), ethnicity/religion (because these could affect tax liabilities/exemptions), and land use.[1] The defter-i hakâni was a land registry, also used for tax purposes.[2] Each town had a defter and typically an officiator or someone in an administrative role to determine if the information should be recorded. The officiator was usually some kind of learned man who had knowledge of state regulations. The defter was used to record family interactions such as marriage and inheritance. [3] These records are useful for historians because such information allows for a more in-depth understanding of land ownership among Ottomans. This is particularly helpful when attempting to study the daily affairs of Ottoman citizens.
 1. ^ Cosgel (2004). "Ottoman Tax Registers (Tahrir Defterleri)". Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 37 (2): 87–100. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
 2. ^ Barnes (1987). An introduction to religious foundations in the Ottoman Empire. Brill. p. 151. ISBN 978-90-04-08652-4.
 3. ^ Cleveland, W. L. (2004). A history of the modern Middle East. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
 4. ^


First published in September 2020.
When people envision social distancing, they typically think about the "6-foot rule."
It's true that staying 6 feet from other people can reduce the chance of a coronavirus-laden respiratory droplet landing in your eyes, nose or mouth when someone coughs. Most of these droplets are too tiny to see, and people are expelling them into the air all the time – when they shout, talk or even just breathe.
But the 6-foot rule doesn't account for all risks, particularly indoors.
Think about walking into a room where someone is smoking a cigarette. The closer you are to the cigarette, the stronger the smell – and the more smoke you're inhaling. That smoke also lingers in the air. Over time, it won't matter where you are in the room; the smoke will be everywhere.
Cigarette smoke comprises particles that are similar in size to the smaller respiratory droplets expelled by humans – the ones that linger in the air the longest. While it's not a perfect analogy, picturing how cigarette smoke moves through different environments, both indoors and outdoors, can help in visualizing how virus-laden droplets circulate in the air.
As professors who study fluid dynamics and aerosols, we have been exploring how COVID-19 circulates and the risks it creates. The 6-foot rule is a good benchmark that's easy to remember, but it's important to understand its limitations.
Aerosols and an 86-year-old rule
The 6-foot rule goes back to a paper published in 1934 by William F. Wells, who was studying how tuberculosis spreads. Wells estimated that small respiratory droplets evaporate quickly, while large ones rapidly fall to the ground, following a ballistic-like trajectory. He found that the farthest any droplets traveled before either settling or evaporating was about 6 feet.
While that distance can reduce exposure, it does not provide a complete picture of infection risk from the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
When people exhale, they expel respiratory droplets with a wide range of sizes. Most are smaller than 10 microns in diameter. These can quickly decrease to approximately 40% of their original diameter, or smaller, due to evaporation.
The droplets will not completely evaporate, however. This is because they consist of both water and organic matter, potentially including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These tiny droplets stay suspended in the air for minutes to hours, posing a risk to anyone who comes into contact with them. When suspended in the air, these droplets are commonly referred to as aerosols.
Computer models show how respiratory droplets move under different conditions. / Credit: K. Liu, J. Salinas, M. Allahyari, N. Zgheib and S. Balachandar – University of Florida
Indoors or outdoors: Ventilation matters
Infection risk is highest right next to a person who has the virus and decreases with distance. However, the way respiratory droplets mix in the air and the resulting concentration influence the distance needed to safely avoid exposure.
Outdoors, the combination of physical distancing and face coverings provides excellent protection against virus transmission. Think again of being near a smoker. Smoke can be carried by the wind much farther than 6 feet, but high concentrations of smoke do not usually build up outdoors because the smoke is quickly diluted by the large volume of air. A highly effective strategy to avoid breathing smoke is to avoid being directly downwind of the smoker. This is also true for respiratory droplets.
Indoors, the picture is very different.
Very light room air currents from fans and ventilation units can transport respiratory droplets over distances much greater than 6 feet. However, unlike being outdoors, most indoor spaces have poor ventilation. That allows the concentration of small airborne respiratory droplets to build up over time, reaching all corners of a room.
A simulation shows the trajectories of droplets emitted by someone in a room with mixed ventilation. / Credit: Goodarz Ahmadi and Mazyar Salmanzadeh – Clarkson University
When indoors, the infection risk depends on variables such as the number of people in the room, the size of the room and the ventilation rate. Speaking loudly, yelling or singing can also generate much larger concentrations of droplets, greatly increasing the associated infection risk.
It's not surprising that most "superspreader" events that have infected large numbers of people involved indoor gatherings, including business conferences, crowded bars, a funeral and choir practice.
Strategies for staying safe
In pre-COVID-19 times, few people worried about respiratory infection from small virus-laden droplets accumulating indoors because their virus load was usually too low to cause an infection.
With SARS-CoV-2, the situation is different. Studies have shown that COVID-19-positive patients, even those who are asymptomatic, carry a high load of the virus in their oral fluids. When airborne droplets emitted by these patients during conversation, singing and so on are inhaled, respiratory infection is possible.
In addition, masks or face coverings should be worn at all times in public indoor environments. They both reduce the concentration of respiratory droplets being expelled into the room and provide some protection against inhaling infectious aerosols.
Finally, because the risk of infection increases with exposure time, limiting the amount of time spent inside public spaces is also important.
The 6-foot social distancing guideline is a critical tool for combating the spread of COVID-19. However, as more activities move indoors with the arrival of cooler weather this fall, implementing safeguards, including those you might use to avoid inhaling cigarette smoke, will be essential.🔷
Byron Erath, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Clarkson University.
Andrea Ferro, Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University.
Goodarz Ahmadi, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Clarkson University.
Suresh Dhaniyala, Bayard D. Clarkson Distinguished Professor of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University.
The Conversation
[This piece was originally published in The Conversation and re-published in PMP Magazine on 15 September 2020, with the author's consent. | The author writes in a personal capacity.]
(Cover: Pxfuel.)


text:
Orion Power Group cogeneration CHP products are a great way for schools and colleges to gain independence from rising energy prices, and to significantly reduce their carbon footprints.
Educational facilities are ideal candidates for CHP systems because their spaces are often large with 24/7 operations, central plants, and steady thermal and electric requirements.
Applications for educational facilities include: K-12 school districts, community colleges, and large colleges and universities.
Main Advantages of Cogeneration for Educational Facilities
- Significant energy cost savings can be over 50%
- Quick and sustainable Return on Investment
- Independence from rising energy prices
- Full cost control
- Highest reliability and efficiency
- Stable operation in case of power outages within the utility grid
- Fulfills highest environmental standards
- Compliance with governmental carbon emission regulations


Food & Eating
15 Everyday Foods that may be Toxic
As an emetophobic, I'm always on the lookout for what food may make me sick. After discovering that candlenuts were toxic, I went to do some search on other foods that may be toxic if eaten the wrong way or certain parts, so here's the list.
This fruit is mostly found in Jamaica and can be very toxic if they're unripe. Also, certain parts of the fruit such as the arils and seed also contain toxins.
Apple Seeds
There's a small amount of cyanide in apple, a lethal poison, but is usually protected from that hard coat found on the seed. If you eat a whole apple seed, it will probably just pass through, though chewing the seeds will make you become exposed to the poison. However, your body can easily detoxify small amounts.
Apricot, Peach & Plum Seeds
The large seeds (also known as stones or pits) of apricots, peaches and plums also contain cyanide, the same poison found in apple seeds. Eating small doses continuously may result in a weaker immune system and if the entire seed is swallowed whole, it will probably just cause a stomach ache as the coat of the seed is shielding the poison.
Raw Candlenuts
Do not eat raw candlenuts, period because it is toxic. Eating even up to nine nuts can make you severely ill. The symptoms of candle nut poisoning is nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting.
Cherry Seeds
Similar to apple seeds, cherry seeds also contain cyanide and if eaten in large doses can be very toxic.
Wild Mushrooms
Only trust mushrooms bought in the supermarkets, others are evil! Remember that. Mushrooms, no matter how edible they look in the wild, are likely to be poisonous. The Death Cap mushroom is one of them, which is lethal. Also, mushrooms that look very beautiful can be even more deadlier.
Elderberry Leaves and Stems
Stay away from elderberry leaves, seed, flowers, roots, bark and even unripened elderberry fruits, as they're poisonous.
Green Potato Sprouts
Potatoes that are sprouting contain solanine, which can be very toxic even in small amounts. Only eat potatoes that's not green and had all sprouts thoroughly removed, otherwise you may experience horrible symptoms of diarrhea, fever, cramps, vomiting and paralysis.
High Doses of Nutmeg
Adding a sprinkle of nutmeg to your favourite dish is great, but when you eat them in large doses, there's a min-altering compound called myristicin, which can cause hallucinations.
Puffer Fush/Fugu
A deadly poisonous fish that if prepared slightly the wrong way, can kill people. In Japan, only specially trained chefs who own a license can prepare these.
Raw/Undercooked Kidney Beans
Raw or undercooked kidney beans contain a toxin called Phytohaemagglutnin, which will cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and all kinds of effects. It's said that red kidney beans contain the most, and when cooked in low temperature in a slow cooker, can be 4 times more toxic. Do not eat raw or prepare it in a slow cooker. Be sure to at least cook for 10 minutes in boiling water.
Raw Lima Beans
Raw lima beans contain limarin, which can make someone violently ill if you only eat a handful, so they must be cooked very well. Same as kidney beans, be sure to at least cook in boiling water for 10 minutes and never toss it in a salad raw.
Cassava (Manoic Root/Yuca)
Cassava roots are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, but it's only safe to eat if it's peeled and cooked thoroughly. Again, cyanide is the culprit behind the poisoning, and as little as two cassava roots prepared incorrectly can be fatal.
Rhubarb Leaves
Rhubarb stems/stalks may be edible but not hte leaves, as they contain toxic substance called oxalic acid and may cause breathing difficulties, nausea, vomiting, seizures and stomach pain.
Tomato Leaves and Stem
The tomato itself is absolutely fine, but be careful of the leaves and stem. It contain alkaloid poisons which can give you an upset stomach, headaches, make you dizzy. Do not eat green tomatoes either, as they may contain some of the poison.
Important to Remember
The purpose of this article isn't to scare you away from eating certain food, but just help you get an understanding of what foods may cause problems and to be careful when you prepare them.
Remember to trust your instincts. Your taste buds are smarter than you think and trust that they know what they're doing. Have you ever tried biting into a green tomato or raw bean? I bet it tasted so disgusting you couldn't continue eating it anymore. That's because your body is trying to protect you from toxic foods. A great example was a few years ago, my mother brought home candlenuts and I didn't know they were toxic when eaten raw. I had one bite which wasn't even half of a nut, and hated the taste so much I could not continue eating more. Good thing I didn't because they would've made me severely ill afterwards, whereas my mother also didn't like the taste but still ate it because she didn't want to waste it. Here's when I tell you: TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS RATHER THAN WORRYING ABOUT MONEY! Your safety is more important than a couple of dollars.
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UY1: Calculation of moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell
Derivation of moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell
A thin uniform spherical shell has a radius of R and mass M. Calculate its moment of inertia about any axis through its centre.
moment of inertia of sphere
Note: If you are lost at any point, please visit the beginner's lesson (Calculation of moment of inertia of uniform rigid rod) or comment below.
Initial ingredients
Notice that the thin spherical shell is made up of nothing more than lots of thin circular hoops.
Recall that from Calculation of moment of inertia of cylinder:
$$\text{Moment of inertia for a thin circular hoop}: I \, = Mr^{2}$$
$$ \begin{equation} dI = r^{2} \, dm \end{equation} \tag{1}$$
In order to continue, we will need to find an expression for $dm$ in Equation 1.
$$\begin{aligned} dm &= \frac{M}{A} \, dA \end{aligned} \tag{2} $$
,where $A$ is the total surface area of the shell – $4 \pi R^{2}$
Finding $dA$
If $A$ is the total surface area of the shell, $dA$ is the area of one of the many thin circular hoops. With reference to the picture, each thin circular hoops can be thought to be a thin rectangular strip. The area for each hoop, $dA$, is the product of the "length" (circumference of the hoop) and the "breadth" ($dx$ in the picture or known as the arc length). [Recall: The equation for normal arc length is $R \theta$.]
$dA$ can be expressed with:
$$\begin{aligned} dA &= \text{length} \times \text{breadth} \\ &= \text{circumference} \times \text{arc length} \\ &= 2 \pi r \times R \: d \theta \end{aligned} \tag{3}$$
Now, in Equation 3, notice that you will have different $r$ for different hoops. Hence, we have to find a way to relate $r$ with $\theta$.
Relating $r$ with $\theta$
Consider the above picture, notice that there is a right-angle triangle with angle $\theta$ at the centre of the circle. Hence,
$$ \text{sin} \: \theta = \frac{r}{R}$$
$$r = R \, \text{sin} \: \theta \tag{4}$$
Hence, using Equation 4 in Equation 3, $dA$ can be expressed by:
$$dA = 2 \pi R^{2} \text{sin} \: \theta \: d \theta \tag{5}$$
Substituting the Equation 5 into the Equation 2, we have:
$$dm = \frac{M \text{sin} \: \theta}{2} d \theta \tag{6}$$
Substituting Equation 6 and the Equation 4 into Equation 1, we have:
$$dI = \frac{MR^{2}}{2} \text{sin}^{3} \: \theta \: d \theta$$
Integrating with the proper limits, (from one end to the other)
$$I = \frac{M R^{2}}{2} \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin^{3}{\theta} \: d \theta$$
For those who knows how to integrate $\sin^{3}{\theta}$, you're done with this post. For those who needs a little bit more help, read on.
Now, we split the $\sin^{3}{\theta}$ into two,
$$I = \frac{M R^{2}}{2} \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} \sin^{2}{\theta} \: \sin{\theta} \: d \theta$$
$$I = \frac{M R^{2}}{2} \int\limits_{0}^{\pi} (1 – \cos^{2}{\theta}) \: \sin{\theta} \: d \theta$$
Now, at this point, we will use the substitution: $u = \cos{\theta}$. Hence,
$$I = \frac{MR^{2}}{2} \int\limits_{1}^{-1} u^{2} – 1 \: du \tag{7}$$
Final Result
I'm pretty sure you can handle the simple integration in Equation 7 by yourself. Hence, we have:
$$I = \frac{2}{3} MR^{2} \tag{8}$$
Back To Mechanics (UY1)
Derivation Of Moment Of Inertia Of Common Shapes:
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Mini Physics
37 thoughts on "UY1: Calculation of moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell"
 1. Hello, This is a great content and I love it.
 I have a stupid question to ask if you don't mind.
 That derivation of sin^3 over there looks like a magic to me.
 2. Don't you need to multiply the final integral by 2 because you've only integrated between pi and 0 (not 2 pi). Because sin^3(x) integrated between pi and 0 is 2/3 right?
 - pi r squared is the area of a circle isnt it? this is just a hoop and a hoop is just the edge circle with a slight thickness. so the area of this hoop is just the circumference of a circle x thickness
 3. I do no understand why does the change in area, dA = R dθ * 2(pi)r, how is the circumference of the hoop(cross section) related to the dA? Thanks
 4. I did similar integration but instead of using angle I did the integration over x, and then it holds r=sqrt(R^2-x^2), and dA=2rpi*dx, but i got 3pi/16mR^2 instead of 2/3mR^2. I checked the calculation several times and it seems to be correct. Why is there a difference and when is it made? Is my whole idea wrong or is it something else?
 5. why dm=m/A *dA i made it dm= (den)*2*PI*r*R*d0 because dm=(den)*dv, dv=2*PI*r*dL, dL=Rd0
 and r=Rsin0 but the result with me wasnt 2/3 m*R^2
 6. Uhhhhh, this might sound silly but 2 questions:
 Where did the sin go when we substituted with u?
 Wouldn't the last integration give us a 0?
 - When you use integration by substitution, u = cos theta becomes du = -sin theta d(theta). Hence, the sin theta d(theta) in the original integral is substituted by du.
 The last integration gives 4/3. I do not see how you got 0. Maybe you could share the steps for the integration that you did so I could take a look.
 7. I have understood this solution but why don't you use the same method in finding the moment of inertia of the solid sphere
 dm = (M / A ) r. dx
 since r = sqrt ( R^2 – x^2 )
 I used this method but the result was I = ( 3 pi / 16 ) MR^2 and i don't know why?
 - I believe you meant dm = surface area density * area of a hoop? In this case, your original equation for dm should be dm = (M/A) 2 pi r dx.
 However, you cannot use this method to find the moment of inertia of the thin spherical shell. You are trying to find the area of a thin hoop by visualising it as a hollow cylinder with height dx and radius r. Consider moving the thin hoop closer and closer to the poles of the shell. (in this picture above, it will be towards the right) You will see that the dx is no longer the "height" of the hollow cylinder. This is because at the right pole of the sphere, the surface becomes horizontal. Hence, 2 pi r dx is not surface area of the hoop when x is ~ R.
 The equation for dm breaks down at the poles and no longer describes the situation properly. Hence, you are unable to obtain the correct result.
 - dx canot be used bloc dx is a perpendicular to the axis while d theta is an arc length which actually vary with thé shell.dx cant be use blc it is not parallel to the axis
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text:
The continuing success of the Hunter Education Program demonstrates the impact of these volunteer efforts. Hunting-related incidents in New Hampshire have decreased from more than 24 per year when the program started in the 1960s to an average of about four per year in the current decade
-- a remarkable figure in light of the fact that about 78,000 people hunt in the state each year.
The number of lost hunters has also dramatically decreased as a result of the program. As recently as the early 1980s, nearly 30 hunters a year became lost or disoriented and required a costly search to be rescued. Thanks in large part to the emphasis on orienteering taught in hunter education, the number of lost hunters requiring a search and rescue mission has averaged just over four per year for the last five years


text:
Following the indications governed by the security traffic light implemented by the Government of Guatemala to control contagions and according to this, some of our services may be restricted.
It is our commitment to take care of our guests
1. Suites and apartments are 100% desinfected.
- Due to safety reasons, all rooms remain unoccupied for one day after check-out, following this period they are cleaned and can be used by another Guest.
- The room's cleaning is methodical, after check-out each space is properly disinfected with specific products, using equipment such as quaternary ammonium sprayers and ozone generators.
- We have removed all the fabric items that cannot be washed periodically such as rugs and cushions, as well as all paper items that cannot be sanitized: menus, magazines, etc.
- The air conditioning filters are cleaned and disinfected after each check-out.
- After cleaning and disinfection, the room is sealed so that no one can enter. Each guest will find the room sealed and the seal must be removed to have access.
2. The beds are clean and desinfected for each new guests.
- The pillows and mattresses are disinfected after each check-out.
- The linens (sheets, duvets and towels are changed for each client), professionally cleaned and disinfected at high-heat temperature and with suitable detergent products.
- Sheets are periodically changed during each stay, packed and sealed from the laundry to avoid contact.The entire staff is aware of the importance of fighting the virus and keeping everything clean and desinfected.
3. In addition to general cleaning, common areas are periodically desinfected.
- The entrance and reception are disinfected daily with quaternary ammonium.
- The hotel facilities are disinfected weekly with powerful anti-viruses and bactericides.
- The elevators are cleaned and disinfected three times a day with quaternary ammonium.
4. We keep the building well ventilated
- We prefer that the hotel be kept ventilated with fresh air; therefore the air conditioning equipment in the common areas has been disconnected.
- We recommend that guests keep fresh-air circulation in their rooms, preferably before using the air conditioning.
5. Access to the hotel is permitted only for guests and their visitors.
- The body temperature is checked and access is denied to people with fever.
- There is dry-disinfection of footwear in all the entrances, as well as hydro-alcoholic gel.
- Couriers or delivery staff cannot enter the building. Their dispatches are received in a security checkpoint to later be disinfected.
- The luggage is disinfected before entering the facilities.
- The rules of social distancing are duly displayed at the entrances.
6. The hotel's restaurant remains temporarily closed.
- We encourage our guests to use their kitchenettes to prepare or heat their food.
- Guests can order delivery-food and it will be received at the gate for pick up.We are prepared for any unexpected event.
7. We reserve the right of admission.


text:
Home / Store / Journals / Electronic Articles / Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 48 / Number 1 / Pages 673-679
Sylver Heinze, Thibaut Stolz, Didier Ducret, Jean-Claude Colson
Fusion Science and Technology / Volume 48 / Number 1 / Pages 673-679
Format:electronic copy (download)
Radioactive decay of tritium contained in tritiated water leads to the production of gaseous helium and, through self-radiolysis, to the formation of molecular hydrogen and oxygen. For safety management of tritiated water storage, it is essential to be able to predict pressure increase resulting from this phenomenon. The present study aims to identify the mechanisms that take place in self-radiolysis of chemically pure liquid tritiated water. The evolution of the concentration of hydrogen and oxygen in the gas phase of closed vessels containing tritiated water has been followed experimentally. Simulation of pure water radiolysis has been carried out using data from the literature. In order to fit experimental results, simulation should take into account gas phase recombination reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. A simplified system has been extracted from the complete chemical system used to simulate radiolysis. This system allows identifying the basic mechanisms that are responsible for tritiated water self-radiolysis.
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Contiguous Cache Example
QVariant RandomListModel::data(const QModelIndex &index, int role) const
 if (role!= Qt::DisplayRole)
 return QVariant();
 int row = index.row();
 if (row > m_rows.lastIndex()) {
 if (row - m_rows.lastIndex() > lookAhead)
 else while (row > m_rows.lastIndex())
 } else if (row < m_rows.firstIndex()) {
 if (m_rows.firstIndex() - row > lookAhead)
 else while (row < m_rows.firstIndex())
void RandomListModel::cacheRows(int from, int to) const
 m_rows.insert(i, fetchRow(i));
while (row > m_rows.lastIndex())
while (row < m_rows.firstIndex())
And thats it. A perfectly reasonable cache, using minimal memory for a very large list. In this case the accessor for getting the words into the cache generates random information rather than fixed information. This allows you to see how the cache range is kept for a local number of rows when running the example.
QString RandomListModel::fetchRow(int position) const
 return QString::number(rand() % ++position);
It is also worth considering pre-fetching items into the cache outside of the application's paint routine. This can be done either with a separate thread or using a QTimer to incrementally expand the range of the cache prior to rows being requested out of the current cache range.


"Wingbone Turkey Call" by Frank Miniter
Outdoor Life April 1998
The wingbone turkey call dates back to antiquity, when North American Indians made yelpers form the bones in a turkey wing (they also used turkey spurs for the tips of their arrows and the bird's feathers for fletchings). Early settlers quickly caught on and modified the calls to their liking, with wooden tubes or even bones from other animals.
If anything, the wingbone call's age can be an advantage on hard-hunting birds. That's because its unique notes of love are not instantly associated with danger by gobblers who think they've "heard it all." Beside, there's just something special about using natural materials to call in your prey. Like rattling with a pair of shed antlers from your hunting grounds, this "organic" call brings more life to the hunt.
The traditional wingbone yelper is made from a wild hen's wing. The wing bones of a domestic bird are just too thin and fragile for the call-wing bones from jakes taken in the fall have similar problems.
Wild toms have large bones that emit deeper tones that better imitate gobblers-as a result, it's better to call with them in autumn, while hunting gobbler flocks.
Not only are there differences in male and female bones, but the bones from different hen's yield individual pitches and volumes. Some hunters even swear that a young turkey's bones (being small) will sound like a young turkey, and so on.
The radius, ulna and humerus are the bones most commonly used in calls-with the radius as a mouthpiece, the ulna in the middle and humerus at the end. All three bones are found in the wing. Different constructions can also be used. Some hunters prefer to omit the humerus, but a few inventive souls will substitute some other hollow object, such as an old brass shotshell.
Cooking does not ruin the bones for calling purposes; just don't crunch down to hard at Sunday dinner, because bones that have been cooked are drier and can crack or splinter more easily.
It's best to remove and clean both sets of wing bones from your turkey. This will give you more options later, if you want to combine bones for different sounds or styles.
Materials Needed
 - Knife, steel wool or sand paper
 - Tapered file or hacksaw
 - Small rifle-bore brush or piece of wire
 - Dish detergent, bleach or other cleaning material
 - Epoxy, glue or other type of adhesive
 - Saucepan (for boiling bones)
I. (A) Radius, need for the mouthpiece. (B) Ulna, Commonly used as the midsection. (C) Humerus, the largest of the three bones, it is used as an end piece. The humerus is optional. Some hunters prefer a two-bone call, and others attach substitute hollow objects to the end of the call in place of the humerus for cosmetic purposes.
II. Remove the bones from the wing with a knife and scrape clean. Cut the bones with a hacksaw where the straight section meets the knob on the end. Make sure the marrow-filled center is completely exposed in the round section of the bone. Keep the diameter of the cut ends as close to the diameter of the rest of the bone as possible. III. Push a small rifle-bore brush or a piece of wire through the center and push out as much marrow as possible, being sure to go completely through. Boil the bones in water, and add a tablespoon of dish detergent to soften up the marrow. Boil until all of the marrow can be extracted--add bleach to avoid discoloration.
IV. Fit the bones together, placing the ulna over the radius and the humerus over the ulna. Cut and sand the bones as needed to obtain a tight fit. Turn the bones to achieve a shape that feels most comfortable to you when cupped in your hands. Epoxy the bones together, being careful not to block the passageway. V. The wingbone turkey call is ingeniously simple. Once the call is mastered you will find that turkey sounds can be made from almost any small hollow tube, including a straw or a pen. The different bones in the yelper vibrate different speeds and bring the air down increasingly small shafts, giving it surprising versatility and sound. And its tone remains the same whether wet or dry.
The wingbone call is used by sucking air through the call with puckered lips and letting air escape at desired intervals. There's no question that it takes practice to master the wingbone, but what better way to satisfy the anticipation of the hunt than to drive your family to madness by smacking your lips against a handful of dried turkey bones?
Hand position on the call is key. Place the larger end of the call at the top of your palm between your index finger and thumb. Put the top of your other palm onto the bottom of your pinkie. Bring your lower thumb up and curl your top pointer-finger down to the base of the thumb with the rest of your fingers following in suit one atop the other. Tighten your hands into a cupped position. You can then use your cupped hands to direct and control the airflow.
Sound is made by the vibration of your lips when you suck air out of the call. It will be hard at first, but as you smack your lips against the call it will begin to make sounds. When your lips are good and sore and you're hearing sounds that are "sort of" like a turkey, it's time to move on to the next step, which is working on the tone.
Begin by trying to make sustained notes. They probably won't sound much like a turkey's at this point but they'll help you learn how to maintain a steady note. After that requisite is mastered, the fun really starts-it's time to try shattering window with high notes and making the floor shake with low notes. Developing a wide span of sounds will help you pinpoint the turkey's tones within that range.
Finally, learn to use your throat instead of smacking your lips on the call. This technique helps to keep the sounds constant, while you do a long series of notes. Remember that volume is controlled by the amount of air that is sucked through, while pitch is controlled by the tightness of your lips. Eventually it will all come together, and squeaks and squawks will turn into yelps and putts.
A rubber faucet washer can be slipped over the radius bone (mouthpiece) to give you lops something to feel and to ensure that the call is positioned correctly each time. You can also use the base of a shogun shell (without the primer), twine, cork or something out of your own ingenuity to improve a mouthpiece.
A lanyard can be fixed to the call in any number of ways, First, measure and cut a piece of twine or leather shoelace to the proper length. The lanyard should be just long enough to hand the call from your neck without undue flopping around, while still being comfortable enough to use when it's brought to your mouth. A fly-rod guide or bent wire can be glued to the ulna and then a strap run through, or the lanyard can simply be tied on. If you're really into "primitive hunting," use a round piece of the radius that was cut off while fitting for the lanyard. Find the middle of your lanyard, fold it together at that point, push it through the short, hollow piece of bone, then slip it over the call and sure it with an overhand knot.


#!/usr/bin/env python # example helloworld2.py import gtk class HelloWorld2: # Our new improved callback. The data passed to this method # is printed to stdout. def callback(self, widget, data): print "Hello again - %s was pressed" % data # another callback def delete_event(self, widget, event, data=None): gtk.mainquit() return gtk.FALSE def __init__(self): # Create a new window self.window = gtk.GtkWindow(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) # This is a new call, which just sets the title of our # new window to "Hello Buttons!" self.window.set_title("Hello Buttons!") # Here we just set a handler for delete_event that immediately # exits GTK. self.window.connect("delete_event", self.delete_event) # Sets the border width of the window. self.window.set_border_width(10) # We create a box to pack widgets into. This is described in detail # in the "packing" section. The box is not really visible, it # is just used as a tool to arrange widgets. self.box1 = gtk.GtkHBox(gtk.FALSE, 0) # Put the box into the main window. self.window.add(self.box1) # Creates a new button with the label "Button 1". self.button1 = gtk.GtkButton("Button 1") # Now when the button is clicked, we call the "callback" method # with a pointer to "button 1" as its argument self.button1.connect("clicked", self.callback, "button 1") # Instead of add(), we pack this button into the invisible # box, which has been packed into the window. self.box1.pack_start(self.button1, gtk.TRUE, gtk.TRUE, 0) # Always remember this step, this tells GTK that our preparation for # this button is complete, and it can now be displayed. self.button1.show() # Do these same steps again to create a second button self.button2 = gtk.GtkButton("Button 2") # Call the same callback method with a different argument, # passing a pointer to "button 2" instead. self.button2.connect("clicked", self.callback, "button 2") self.box1.pack_start(self.button2, gtk.TRUE, gtk.TRUE, 0) # The order in which we show the buttons is not really important, but I # recommend showing the window last, so it all pops up at once. self.button2.show() self.box1.show() self.window.show() def main(): gtk.mainloop() if __name__ == "__main__": hello = HelloWorld2() main()


Lucy Locket
By Lucy Locket
One noticeable difference between an amateur swing and a professional swing is the posture and rotation used by the professional, that creates effortless power. Pros work and train hard to allow them to swing the club that way, but many amateurs, stuck in an office all day, lack the correct posture in their golf swing.
In this video, Scott Cranfield explains how you can improve your posture and how it can help you swing the club better.
Long Back = Long Shots
Many of us spend lots of time each day shortening the length of our spines, by sitting in an office chair or driving a car. When it comes to the golf swing, the longer you can make your back/spine, the greater base you have for rotating around and producing longer shots. Posture and rotation are key to a golf, efficient golf swing.
Testing Your Posture
Scott suggests a simple test you can do to gauge the importance of posture. Sitting down, cross your arms and place them on your shoulders. Now slouch your shoulders forward and arch your back, imitating poor posture. From there try and rotate your shoulders, mirroring your back swing. You will find that this compresses your chest and your ability to breath. Try this with good posture and it is much easier. That same idea is mirrored in the golf swing.
Rooting Yourself To The Ground
Whilst lots of discussion on posture centres around a golfer's back, it starts with the lower body. To get an idea of how your legs can help, Scott recommends you imagine your legs are trees that a rooted into the ground. The roots spread away from your feet giving you a strong, stable connection to the ground. From that balanced position, you can effectively lengthen your back and have excellent posture in your swing.


text:
Stainless Steel Sheet Coil Wide range of applications
We know that stainless steel is of excellent quality and characteristics, it is because of its quality, so that its application has become more and more widely, and in the global scope of stainless steel production and demand has been continued to grow the trend. The 304 stainless steel sheet as a general type of corrosion-resistant materials, it is only after cold rolling can get high-performance products, and a wide range of products, including food industry equipment, kitchen utensils and electronics industry and other fields.
Due to the different uses of stainless steel in various fields, this is not the same as the performance requirements of cold-rolled stainless steel 304, especially when the thickness of stainless steel is small, and then it can find its comprehensive cold processing performance is also very important. By analyzing the impact of rolling and annealing processes on its properties and organization, we will now examine the effects of production process parameters on its organization and performance, and optimize the production and improve the performance of the site to provide experimental data.
This laboratory material is a 304 stainless steel plate produced by a factory. Its chemical composition includes: 0.0528C, 0.5166Si, 0.03P, 1.1983Mn, 17.016Cr, 0.0016S, 8.0061Ni, 0.083Mo, 0.1989Cu, 0.0087Sn. The samples were then subjected to annealing at different temperatures (1060, 1080 and 1100 ° C) for different times (2,5 and 8 min). And then use the electronic universal test machine to carry out the tensile test, etc., so that it can determine its strength and calculate the n value and r value. The quality of a stainless steel rod surface depends on the pickling process after the heat treatment, but if the surface of the previous heat treatment process formed by the surface oxide thickness, or uneven organization, it will lead to uneven steel plate surface. Therefore, in the heat treatment heating, be sure to let him maintain a uniform and thus the formation of scale. So to do this request, mainly to do the following.
(1) If the surface of the workpiece is attached to the surface of the workpiece, the thickness of the scale of the oil adhering portion and the thickness and composition of the other parts are different. And the base metal under the oxide will be carburized by the erosion of the acid. Therefore, the operating staff do not hand to direct contact with stainless steel parts, do not let the workpiece stained with new oil. You must wear clean gloves.
(2) If the stainless steel workpiece on the surface of debris, then, must wait until the organic matter or ash attached to the workpiece, the heating will naturally have an impact on the scale.
(3) gas or oil flame direct contact with the stainless steel surface and no contact with the place where the oxide is a certain difference. Therefore, it is necessary to make the handling member not directly in contact with the flame at the time of heating.


text:
Subject and Keywords:
The author of the article asks the question whether there is still space for codes in the form in which they were created in the nineteenth century. The conditions for the creation of codes have changed. Lawyers do not require codes in order to completely regulate a given field of social life. The occurrence of decodification is very strong. Lack of cooperation between legal science and the courts makes it difficult to create new codes. However, in the author's opinion, codes can still play an important and symbolic role. The most important function of codes is to create the axiological foundations of a given branch of law.


text:
to do.
Say you are using a CM5-LT in a diesel application and you require a pressure sensor that can measure up to 100 PSI or even 150 PSI of boost. Say also, that you don't want to constantly calibrate for atmospheric pressure and you decide to use a vented gauge-type sensor with a 0-5V output that always represents the actual boost without regard for variations in atmospheric pressure.
Note: You should only use sensors whose output is approximately 0-5V. Never use sensors that are capable of outputting more than 5V as that could damage the CM5's MAP Sensor analog input.
Say that you've narrowed your choices down to something like the Honeywell MLH100PGB06A (100PSI) or MLH150PGB06A (150PSI).
Assume that you finally decide on the 100 PSI sensor and that it has the following output characteristics:
0.5V at 0 PSI
2.5V at 50 PSI
4.5V at 100 PSI
The first thing to note is that this pressure sensor, just like all the others, is defined in terms of its voltage output with respect to applied pressure, not in terms of ADC counts that TorqTune requires.
The conversion between Volts and ADC Counts is quite simple:
To convert Volts to ADC Counts multiply Volts by 204.6
To convert ADC Counts to Volts multiply ADC Counts by 0.00488759
The output characteristics of the 100 PSI sensor above can be rewritten as:
0.5V * 204.6 = 102.3 ADC Counts at 0 PSI
2.5V * 204.6 = 511.5 ADC Counts at 50 PSI
4.5V * 204.6 = 920.7 ADC Counts at 100 PSI
Although you can do this by hand using very simple math, the quickest way to obtain this sensor's line equation is with Excel.
Open a new Excel sheet and enter the boost values in the column A and enter the ADC Count values in the column B. Don't reverse this order or the end result will be wrong.
Select the values entered and go to Insert -> Scatter Chart.
A scatter chart should appear that has the boost values on the horizontal (X) axis and ADC Count values on the vertical (Y) axis.
Right click on one of the points and go to Add Trendline
In the Format Trendline window that pops up ensure that the following options are selected:
- Display Equation on chart
Now the chart should now be showing a straight line and an equation.
The number beside the x is the Slope, the number right of the + sign is the Intercept. Since this sensor is a gauge-type sensor we can assume that at 0 PSI it will generate an output equal to 102.3 ADC Counts, as we have calculated before. Since TorqTune only accepts whole numbers in its Atmosphere fields, let's round down to the nearest whole number which is 102.
So for this particular sensor we would use the following parameters:
Then we would follow the same procedure described above under "What if you got a new MAP sensor or what if you accidentally overwrote your MAP sensor's parameters with say the TorqTune default ones?" to apply the new values to TorqTune and upload them to the unit.
If you are working with a sensor that you know puts out 0-5V, but are you are not sure what its line looks like and/or you have absolutely no technical information about its characteristics, there is still hope.
You will need a set-up where you can vary the pressure to the sensor and read that pressure from a known-good pressure gauge (probably mechanical). This gauge should be "trusted" as being accurate. If this gauge is not accurate this procedure will produce unusable results.
You will have to connect the sensor to your CM5 and launch TorqTune.
Enable the data streaming by clicking the Live Updates button ensuring the LED beside it turns green.
On the Live View tab change the way the data is displayed in the drop down menu from Physical Units to RAW Decimal.
This will force TorqTune to display ADC Counts instead of PSI in the field where the MAP sensor pressure is normally shown.
Now that you can view ADC Counts for your sensor, you should first write down the ADC Count value that is displayed when the sensor is just seeing atmospheric pressure (i.e. no boost). This will be your third parameter -> Atmosphere.
After that's done start to slowly vary the pressure applied to the sensor in small increments. This is best done with a decent manual pressure regulator. Pause every so often and write down the pressure reading (in PSI) from your mechanical gauge as well as the corresponding ADC Count value from TorqTune's live view. The more points you collect the more accurate your sensor line equation will be.
When the ADC counts get to about 900 or so you should stop the test. Note the mechanical gauge's reading in PSI. That is around the upper end of the pressure range that this sensor is able to measure.
When you have collected enough points, enter them into Excel and have it generate a line equation as described above. From that line equation you can extract the other two parameters you'll need - the Slope and the Intercept.
Use the procedure above and upload the new values to the unit and to apply them to TorqTune. Don't forget to File -> SaveAs to create a.ttini configuration file.


text:
A great way to augment exercise is to use Manual Resistance immediately after exiting a training device. This approach to strengthening can further target the muscles involved in the movement. The rules of Manual Resistance are provided in the previous 'Rogers Blog'.
Example: The Pendulum Squat Pro followed by Manual Outer Thigh.
Begin this routine by doing a set on the Pendulum Squat Pro. The weight you select can be part of your normal fitness routine. If you are doing multiple sets follow the final set of that movement with a manual exercise that further targets the previously trained area.
Manual Outer Thigh following the Squat Pro


text:
Slavery and the Law in Virginia
SLAVE LAWS PASSED IN VIRGINIA:
_PHONE_: The Critical Period: Custom to Law when Status Changed to "Servant for Life"_PHONE_: Slave Laws Further Restrict Freedom of Blacks and Legalize Different Treatment for Blacks and Whites
- 1639/40 -- Blacks excluded from the requirement of possessing arms.
- 1642 -- Black women counted as tithables (taxable).
- 1662 -- Possibility of life servitude for Blacks._PHONE_: Slave Laws Reflect Racism and the Deliberate Separation of Blacks and Whites. Color becomes the Determining Factor. Conscious Efforts to Rigidly Police Slave Conduct.
- 1667 -- Baptism does not bring freedom to Blacks.
- 1669 -- An act about the "casual killing of slaves" establishes that "if any slave resist his master and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that his death not be accompted Felony."
- 1670 -- Servant for life: the "normal" condition judged for Blacks.
- 1670 -- Forbade free Blacks and Native Americans, "though baptised," to own Christian servants.
- 1680 -- Prescription of thirty lashes on the bare back "if any negroe or other slave shall presume to lift up his hand against any Christian."
- 1680s -- Development of a separate legal code providing distinct trial procedures and harsher punishments for negroes.
- 1680s -- Status of the child is determined by the status or condition of the mother.
- 1680s -- Severe punishment prescribed for slaves who leave their master's property or for hiding or resisting capture.
- 1691 -- Banishment for any white person married to a negroe or mulatto and a systematic plan to capture "outlying slaves" is approved.
- 1705 -- All negro, mulatto, and Indian slaves are considered real estate.
- 1705 -- Dismemberment of unruly slaves is made legal.


text:
NucleoSpin RNA Virus is designed for the isolation of viral nucleic acids from serum, plasma, or any cell-free biological fluids. The kit features a special type of membrane which has a high binding capacity for viral RNA or viral DNA. The procedure is rapid and easy. The lysate is incubated for 5–10 min and applied to the NucleoSpin column. After two washing steps to remove contaminants, the viral RNA or viral DNA can be eluted with water or low-salt buffer. The kit contains all necessary buffers, spin columns, and detailed protocols.
Generally, NucleoSpin RNA Virus is suited for the simultaneous purification of viral RNA and DNA (support protocol). For example, isolation of HBV DNA is performed with an additional Proteinase K digest (enzyme not included in the kit). For isolation of viral DNA with the highest sensitivities, the NucleoSpin Blood kit is recommended.
NucleoSpin RNA Virus F is designed for the processing of larger volumes of starting material, avoiding successive loadings and decreasing the risk of cross-contamination. The funnel column of the kit allows handling of up to 1 ml serum or plasma with only one loading step. Due to the small diameter of the membrane, the elution volume is still between 50–100 µl, resulting in a highly concentrated sample directly suitable for any amplification process. The funnel column can be centrifuged in a 50 ml polyethylene tube (included in the kit) and can be closed separately. Elution tubes are fitted directly onto the funnel column. Cross contamination is eliminated because all steps are performed in a closed system. Eight or twelve samples (depending on the centrifuge rotor used) can be processed in 30 minutes.