What Are Oil Tankers? Type, Sizes, Working And Construction
With the need to fill the supply and demand gap for oil and gas; came the monster we all humbly call Oil tankers. An oil tanker or petroleum tanker is a large ship designed to transport refined and raw petroleum.
With the recent introduction of tankers in shipping; it soon becomes a common norm to carry cargo in bulk. It's after the 19th century when we started to carry liquid cargo in bulk.
In recent times an oil tanker is refereed to those tankers which carry liquid petroleum; whether crude or in refined form. Since tankers are designed to transport cargo in bulk; oil tankers ensure a continuous flow of oil to industries and your home.
Based on the type or grade of petroleum products it carries; oil tankers are divided into two main types i.e crude oil tanker and the product tanker. While crude oil tanker deal with a large sum of unrefined petroleum; product tankers carry refined petroleum ready for consumption.
Also with the ever-growing demand for black gold bigger and bigger tankers came into the picture. They are from the smaller coastal tankers to the mammoth ship's ( Supper Tankers ) carrying 700,000 tones of liquid cargo; something we will discuss in detail later in this article.
Design Characteristic's Of Oil Tankers
The specific design characteristics of oil tankers vary based on their size and type. But in general, all tankers are somehow divided into three main zones; the cargo area, the fore, and an aft end.
The fore-end is responsible to cut through the water and ensure the ship's stability through forepeak ballast tanks.
The aft end is where all the accommodation, bridge, pump, and engine room is located. It's basically the heart of the ship from which it is operated. The real deal is the cargo area where the oil is stored in dedicated tanks.
These dedicated tanks are further divided into mini subsection using bulkheads and frames to prevent sloshing of fluids in cargo tanks. If remained unchecked they can dangerously affect ship stability.
For those who don't understand what sloshing means; its the movement of liquid from one side to another under the influence of rolling and pitching.
Cofferdams are provided in between the cargo space and the engine room to isolate and protect against possible hazards.
These cofferdams run from top to bottom throughout the forward engine room bulkhead; thus dividing the ship's structure into hazardous and non-hazardous zones.
Ship Structure
While small and medium-sized oil tankers use a combination of a longitudinal and transverse frame structure. Large tankers are made of a longitudinal frame structure.
In the system longitudinal frames run across the entire length of the ship; with intersection or support from transverse bulkheads.
These longitudinal frames provide protection to the ship's bottom shell from buckling due to hogging and sagging.
Together with the side shell, bottom structure, keel, and deck plating they form the trunk. It's basically a raised structure that runs across the ships providing a designated role of an area such as cargo space.
The trunk basically consists of longitudinal frames, transverse bulkheads, brackets, side frame/shell, sheer strake, stringers, longitudinal bulkhead, and deck plating.
The brackets add up to the stress bearing capacity of ship by transferring stress on side shell or frame to the bottom structure.
The stringers on the other hand help to improve the strength of transverse frames. This allows reducing the depth and width of the frame needed thus adding up to cargo space.
Ship Structure - Oil Tankers
Evolution in Construction of Oil Tankers
The first successful oil tanker was constructed in the latter years of the 19th century named Zoroaster. It was not until the dawn of 20th-century modern oil tanker came into the picture.
These ships consist of dedicated cargo tanks at forward and aft of the engine room with pipes connecting them.
Glückauf ( Name of German Ship ) was the first modern oil tanker with the facility to fill cargo holds with the help of deck cargo lines.
Earlier the ships were of riveted construction with engine room and accommodation situated at its midsection.
This lead's to leakage of oil through the shaft and to the pump and engine room compartments.
Latter to tackle leakage of oil to the sea via shaft clearance; accommodation and engine room were taken to the aft of the ship.
Now with bigger tanks and stricter regulations oil tankers switched from riveted to welded construction.
This allows for bigger and better ship designs with the introduction of cofferdam between hazardous and non-hazardous areas.
Furthermore in accordance with stricter and stricter rules based on past accidents double-hull design were introduced on oil tankers. Under the law, all single-hull tankers are to be phased out before 2026.
Difference Between Double Hull And Single Hull Design
Most oil tankers in the world are of the double hull type, thanks to the accelerated phasing out of the single-hull design.
Following the catastrophic oil spill of 11+ million gallons of oil in Alaska, the united states passed the "Oil Pollution Act 1990".
The law governs the necessary changes to be implemented to reduce such spill in future.
But with growing accidents such as with Nissos Amorgos, Sea Empress, and Sanchi tanker leading to acute damage to marine life and environment; the IMO took step to revise Marpol regulation 1 to phase out all single-hull tankers till 2026.
Now since the hull is the major component of ship structure they were revised to double hull structure. But how are they different from single-hull construction and helps protect the environment; let's learn in below one on one analysis.
Single Hull Vs Double Hull Characteristics
 Single Hull Tanker
 Double Hull Tanker
 1. It is a ship with single hull structure which carry oil from one point to another.
 1. It is a ship with double hull construction which carry oil from one point to another.
 2. Provide single layer protection in form of water tight layer surrounding ship structure.
 2. Provide double layer protection with separate layers of watertight hull plating with space in between.
 3. More dangerous to marine environment in event of accident.
 3. Less dangerous to marine environment in event of accidents.
 4. No such Arrangement.
 4. The space between the two hull plating is used for ballasting and deblasting purposes.
 5. Less surface area to clean, maintain and repair.
 5. Three times more surface area are available to be repaired, cleaned and maintained due to double hull structure.
 6. Cost effective
 6. More Costly
 7. Comparatively More Stable
 7. Comparatively Less Stable
 8. Less susceptible to structural failures.
 8. More susceptible to structural failures.
 9. Provide No Protection against Impact of any kind.
 9. Provide protection against low intensity impact.
 10. Ballast space are less accessible.
 10. Ballast space are more accessible.
Types of Oil Tanker Based On Their Size
Condition Leading To Development Of large Tankers
Oil Production vs Price Comparison – 1880 To 2019
1 ) Condition Leading To Development Of large Tankers
Crude oil is a major factor in driving industrial activity across the globe right from power, industrial to the consumer sector.
It's been a powerhouse for the growth of nations for quite some time and is going to remain that way for some time.
While almost all countries in the world need oil for industrial activity; there are only a few to provide them.
This leads to the gap between supply and demand for crude oil and leads to a price hike.
The demand for oil has gone from less than a billion-barrel per year in 1900 to more than 30 billion barrels of oil each year in 2019.
On the other hand, the price of oil rises from less than 5 dollars per barrel to around 80 dollars per barrel in 2019.
After the second world war, the huge gap in demand and supply of oil leads to the development of bigger and better oil tankers.
The large size of the ship's provide large sum of oil; to be carried at a time for relatively similar cost of operation.
Thus by the 1950s, first supper tankers start to arrive in the form of Suezmax. The large ships can navigate through the Suez canal.
But due to overgrowing demand and oil prices with temporary closure of Suez canal in 1956; open the gates for the construction of large super tankers.
These large super tankers in the form of VLCC and latter ULCC were able to transport more than 300,000 DWT of oil in one voyage. These large ships can carry up to 4,000,000 barrels of oil at any given time.
2 ) Classification Of Tankers Based On Their Size
An oil tanker can be of six major types based on its size and amount of cargo it can carry. The most common type of oil tankers used today is the VLCC and ULCC types.
In comparison, modern oil tankers such as VLCC and ULCC are longer in length than aircraft carriers. The largest ship used in navy to support the take-off and landing of aircraft.
 1. Regular Tankers: These are the ships that came under the small and mid category of oil tankers with 10,000 to 60,000 tonnes of dead weight. They are usually tankers that run in coastal reason load and unload cargo from large tankers in case of sallow port or harbor.
 2. Panamax Tankers: The largest oil tanker which can pass through the


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In this recipe, you'll create a query that uses your existing ticket data to forecast an estimate of how many tickets you'll receive in future years. To be able to forecast results, Explore needs at least two cycles of data. A cycle is a period of time broken down into multiple periods. For example, if you are reporting by year, you'll need at least two years of data to generate a forecast.
This article contains the following sections:
What you'll need
Creating the query
To create the query
- In the Metrics panel of your blank query, click Add.
- From the list of metrics, choose Tickets > Tickets, then click Apply.
- In the Columns panel, click Add.
- From the list of attributes, choose Time - Ticket created > Ticket created - Year, then click Apply.
- Explore generates a chart showing the number of tickets created each year since you began collecting data. From the visualization type menu (), change the chart type to Line. You'll end up with something that looks like the following:
- Now, you'll add the forecast to your chart. From the result manipulation menu (), choose Forecast.
- In the Forecast menu, select Calculate a forecast on the result.
- Leave all other values in the menu at their default values. Explore regenerates the chart showing one year into the future. The forecasted portion of the line chart is shown as a dotted line, for example:
- Click the New query text, then enter a name for the query like Ticket volume forecast.
- Save your query.
You've now finished creating a simple forecasting example. In the next section, you'll dig a bit deeper into the forecasting options and customize the chart you just created.
Exploring forecasting options
In this section, you'll start with the ticket volume forecast chart you created and explore how the different forecasting options affect it.
To open the forecasting menu
- Open the Ticket volume forecast query you created previously.
- From the result manipulation menu (), choose Forecast.
The Forecast menu contains the following options:
Calculate a forecast on the results
Select this checkbox to turn on forecasting.
You can calculate the forecast based on the columns, or the rows in your chart. However, whichever you choose must contain a date-based attribute. In the example in this article, you added the Ticket created - Year attribute to the Columns panel, so in the Path drop-down list, select On rows.
If you want to test how the path works, try dragging the Ticket created - Year attribute from the Columns panel into the Rows panel. Then, change the path to On rows. You'll end up with a table (instead of a chart) showing the ticket volume by year with the forecast.
The Method drop-down list selects the type of calculation that Explore uses to calculate the forecast. You can choose from two methods, each of which might return different results.
Explore uses the Holt Winters model as a forecasting method. Explore uses two sub-models that fit most use-cases, the AA and AM models which also take into account seasonal variations. If you want to read more about Holt Winters and the two models, see Using forecasting to predict results.
For this example, choose Additive trend and additive season.
Values to predict
Choose the number of values that you want to predict. In our example, when this was set to Auto, Explore looked one year ahead.
Choose Custom and then set Specify the number of values to predict to 5. This will make the forecast look five years ahead.
Values per cycle
Finally, this setting configures how many forecasts to make over each time period. In our example, when this was set to Auto, Explore forecast one result each year. Increasing the values per cycle increases the detail of your forecast.
Choose Custom and then set Specify the number of values per cycle your data contains to 6. This will take 6 forecasts throughout each year.
You'll end up with a chart that looks something like this example:
For in-depth information about how forecasting works in Explore, see Using forecasting to predict results.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Evolving Possibilistic Fuzzy Modelling|
|Abstract:||This paper suggests an evolving possibilistic approach for fuzzy modelling of time-varying processes. The approach is based on an extension of the well-known possibilistic fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering and functional fuzzy rule-based modelling. Evolving possibilistic fuzzy modelling (ePFM) employs memberships and typicalities to recursively cluster data, and uses participatory learning to adapt the model structure as a stream data is input. The idea of possibilistic clustering plays a key role when the data are noisy and with outliers due to the relaxation of the restriction on membership degrees to add up unity in FCM clustering algorithm. To show the usefulness of ePFM, the approach is addressed for system identification using Box & Jenkins gas furnace data as well as time series forecasting considering the chaotic Mackey-Glass series and data produced by a synthetic time-varying process with parameter drift. The results show that ePFM is a potential candidate for nonlinear time-varying systems modelling, with comparable or better performance than alternative approaches, mainly when noise and outliers affect the data available.|
|Subject:||Possibilistic Fuzzy Clustering|
Fuzzy System Models
|Editor:||Taylor & Francis Ltd|
|Appears in Collections:||Unicamp - Artigos e Outros Documentos|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


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Wed 25 Feb 2009
The International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ), a 500+ member organization, has shared a copy of a letter that they sent to the administrators of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania regarding the planned dissolution of the Museum's Applied Science Center for Archaeology (MASCA). The decision to close this major scientific laboratory and lay off 18 researchers, was motivated primarily by financial reasons, and has received strong criticism from parts of the research community about the apparent abruptness of the decision [see the dedicated blog for a history of articles and statements]. So far I haven't found any public statements from the Penn Museum to justify this action, and when I do, I'll link to those.
In sending this letter, ICAZ joins the outpouring of support for MASCA shown by colleagues worldwide [for example, see the online petition/open letter, which has over 3600 signatures as of today]. The web has played an important role in this issue by allowing for members of global organizations like ICAZ to quickly communicate and take collective action, as well as providing transparency to the issue of academic funding choices. [Please note: While I think the way the researcher community is using the web as a communication tool in this dispute is interesting, as a signatory on this letter, my opinion here isn't neutral.]
I have copied the body of the letter and the names of those who signed it on behalf of ICAZ. Note the diversity of countries and continents represented by this organization's governing members, demonstrating a truly global show of support.
The International Council for Archaeozoology learned with much concern of the University Museum's proposal to close down MASCA (the Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology), by May 2009, thus eliminating the posts of three archaeological scientists, Drs. Patrick McGovern, Naomi Miller, and Kathleen Ryan. As a world-wide organization, it is our responsibility to summarise the views of all 31 members of our International Committee.
Losing MASCA would create a sad precedent weakening the University of Pennsylvania's excellent reputation within the archaeological and paleobiological community as well as the entire field of interdisciplinary archaeological research. For example, DNA studies combined with more traditional morphological analyses have revolutionized our understanding of the origins of domesticated animals. Remote sensing allows the exploration of sites without extensive excavations. Organic residues have revealed the beginnings of winemaking and dairying. The research carried out by Drs. Ryan, Miller, and McGovern is very much at the cutting edge of these multidisciplinary endeavours.
As an international organization – also represented in many developing countries – we are especially concerned about the future of research by Dr. Kathleen Ryan, a leader in the study of pastoralism and dairying in East Africa. She has collaborated with her African colleagues, including Karega-Munene, and she has received a multi-year NSF grant to support her research.
However, while in principle voicing our opposition to your proposal we understand that financial reality exerts mounting pressure on organizations such as the University of Pennsylvania, a private institution dependent on income from endowments, charitable donations, tuition and overheads charged to granting agencies. We are well aware that these sources have all been affected by the current economic downturn.
We are, of course, unaware of the details that have led to the unfortunate proposal to eliminate MASCA. We would, however, like to note the following based on the considerable international experience of the ICAZ membership as a whole:
Archaeological science cannot be 100% self-funding. While grants may pay some salaries and expenses, there is also a need for continuing institutional support of personnel, equipment and collections management. This is especially the case in a museum setting, because research does not generate income directly and has to compete with the institution's marketable public activities.
Financially, the elimination of a program that looks expendable may seem to make more sense than small cuts that weaken multiple programs. However, basic research needs continuity. Once disrupted, the loss is generally irrecoverable.
As members of ICAZ, we are naturally most concerned about the impact of this decision on Archaeozoology (Zooarchaeology). However, MASCA also represents the intellectual goals of the University as a whole. US universities, as well as the National Science Foundation, stress the importance of research that incorporates different disciplines and approaches to material phenomena, thereby creating scholarly ties across a campus as well as among researchers from different parts of the world. These values are cherished well beyond the borders of the US, and ICAZ wholeheartedly stands for them as well.
For these reasons we urge you to reconsider the drastic step of eliminating MASCA entirely, and encourage you to retain core members who can provide a continuing presence of this important research while still helping to meet the economic goals that led to the decision in the first place.
We appreciate the challenge that a reassessment of your proposal may pose. We still hope, however, that a more academically viable solution can be found, representing a compromise between short-term needs and the long-term scholarly interests of the University of Pennsylvania, interests which are identical to those of the academic community internationally, because interdisciplinary archaeological science, including archaeozoology, represents the future of archaeology as the window on most of our past.
ICAZ Executive Committee Members:
László Bartosiewicz, President [Hungary]
Pam Crabtree, Treasurer [USA]
Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales [Mexico]
Heather Lapham [USA]
Richard H Meadow [USA]
Arturo Morales-Muniz [Spain]
Luís Alberto Borrero, Vice-President [Argentina]
Umberto Albarella, Secretary [UK]
Sebastian Payne [UK]
Elizabeth J. Reitz [USA]
Jean-Denis Vigne [France]
Sarah Whitcher Kansa [USA]
ICAZ International Committee Members:
Atholl J. Anderson [Australia]
Guy Bar-Oz [Israel]
Zbigniew Bochenski [Poland]
Simon Davis [Portugal]
Keith Dobney [UK]
Jon Driver [Canada]
James Enloe [USA]
Donald K. Grayson [USA]
Ana Fabiola Guzman [Mexico]
Hitomi Hongo [Japan]
Roel Lauwerier [The Netherlands]
Christine Lefèvre [France]
Terry O'Connor [UK]
Ina Plug [South Africa]
Wietske Prummel [The Netherlands]
Richard Redding [USA]
Jörg Schibler [Switzerland]
Wim Van Neer [Belgium]
Jing Yuan [China]
Melinda A. Zeder [USA]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Cursor stability
In the absence of locking, no guarantees are made about the stability of cursors in different threads of control. However, the Btree, Queue and Recno access methods guarantee that cursor operations, interspersed with any other operation in the same thread of control will always return keys in order and will return each non-deleted key/data pair exactly once. Because the Hash access method uses a dynamic hashing algorithm, it cannot guarantee any form of stability in the presence of inserts and deletes unless transactional locking is performed.
If locking was specified when the Berkeley DB environment was opened, but transactions are not in effect, the access methods provide repeatable reads with respect to the cursor. That is, a DB_CURRENT call on the cursor is guaranteed to return the same record as was returned on the last call to the cursor.
In the presence of transactions, the Btree, Hash and Recno access methods provide degree 3 isolation (serializable transactions). The Queue access method provides degree 3 isolation with the exception that it permits phantom records to appear between calls. That is, deleted records are not locked, therefore another transaction may replace a deleted record between two calls to retrieve it. The record would not appear in the first call but would be seen by the second call. For readers not enclosed in transactions, all access method calls provide degree 2 isolation, that is, reads are not repeatable. A transaction may be declared to run with degree 2 isolation by specifying the DB_READ_COMMITTED flag. Finally, Berkeley DB provides degree 1 isolation when the DB_READ_UNCOMMITTED flag is specified; that is, reads may see data modified in transactions which have not yet committed.
For all access methods, a cursor scan of the database performed within the context of a transaction is guaranteed to return each key/data pair once and only once, except in the following case. If, while performing a cursor scan using the Hash access method, the transaction performing the scan inserts a new pair into the database, it is possible that duplicate key/data pairs will be returned.


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An interview question that caught me completely off guard.
Q. Consider a infinite square field in which you are standing at origin of the coordinate system. The field is populated with some trees that you are allergic to, such that the trees are point sized and are placed on integer coordinates tree(x,y) where x,y ∈ set of I. You have to escape from the field in straight line without touching any tree.
Ans: In an initial look at the problem it seems completely impossible to escape the field as it is an infinitely large field and the gut feeling says any line should extended indefinitely will go and touch some tree (bias from real world), also if there is any such line they should be very few. But like it is always said to gather some data.
First lets consider the cases when the line from origin touches(goes through) the tree. Coordinates of any tree T are X,Y. The equation of a line is of the form y=mx+c where m is the gradient of the line.
m =(Y-0)/(X-0) i.e m =Y/X
but we know that Y and X ∈ I, AHA we solved it you see the gradient is ratio of integers that are also coprime ( you cannot reach any x,y that are not coprime as you will stop at the first tree that you encounter on that line)to each other which satisfies the condition of a rational numbers. So we simply set the gradient of our line from origin to be an irrational no as it will never pass though any integer coordinates.
So it turns out the lines that allow escape are infinitely more than those keep us trapped in the field


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Posted by Admin on August, 02, 2023
Red chilli flakes are a versatile and widely used spice that adds a fiery kick to countless dishes. Whether you prefer mild or intense heat, red chilli flakes offer a convenient way to add flavor and spice to your culinary creations. In this article, we will delve into the world of red chilli flakes, exploring their origins, culinary uses, health benefits, and tips for incorporating them into your favorite recipes.
1. Understanding Red Chilli Flakes
Red chilli flakes are made from dried and crushed red peppers, typically from varieties such as cayenne, Aleppo, or Korean gochugaru. They are known for their vibrant red color and varying degrees of spiciness. The heat level of red chilli flakes is measured on the Scoville scale, with milder varieties typically rating lower and hotter varieties ranking higher.
2. Culinary Uses of Red Chilli Flakes
The product offered by the red chilli flakes exporters adds a punch of heat and flavor to a wide range of dishes. Here are a few popular culinary uses:
- Seasoning: Sprinkling red chilli flakes onto dishes like pizzas, pastas, and soups is a popular way to infuse them with a spicy kick. The flakes distribute evenly, ensuring each bite is packed with flavor.
- Marinades and Rubs: Red chilli flakes can be mixed with other spices, herbs, and oils to create flavorful marinades and rubs for meat, poultry, or seafood. They add depth and complexity to grilled or roasted dishes.
- Homemade Sauces and Dressings: Incorporating red chilli flakes into homemade sauces and dressings can elevate the flavor profile and add a touch of heat. They work well in recipes like hot sauce, salsa, vinaigrettes, and marinara sauce.
- Pickling: Red chilli flakes are a common ingredient in pickling brines. They add heat and flavor to pickled vegetables, enhancing their taste and texture.
3. Health Benefits of Red Chilli Flakes
Beyond their flavor-enhancing properties, red chilli flakes offer several potential health benefits:
- Boosts Metabolism: The compound responsible for the spicy heat in red chilli flakes, called capsaicin, has been shown to increase metabolism and promote fat burning. This can aid in weight management and may have a positive impact on overall health.
- Provides Antioxidants: Red chilli flakes are rich in antioxidants, which help combat free radicals and protect the body from oxidative stress. These antioxidants have been linked to numerous health benefits, including reduced inflammation and a lower risk of chronic diseases.
- Supports Digestive Health: The spiciness of red chilli flakes can stimulate the digestive system, promoting healthy digestion. Capsaicin has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially benefiting those with digestive disorders.
- Relieves Pain: Applied topically, capsaicin found in red chilli flakes can provide temporary relief from pain. It is commonly used in pain-relief creams and patches for conditions such as arthritis, muscle soreness, and neuropathic pain.
4. Tips for Using Red Chilli Flakes
Here are some tips to help you make the most of red chilli flakes in your culinary endeavors:
- Start with a small amount: Red chilli flakes can vary in spiciness, so it's best to begin with a conservative amount and gradually increase to your desired heat level. You can always add more, but it's challenging to reduce the spiciness once it's too hot.
- Experiment with flavor combinations: Don't be afraid to experiment with different spices and herbs to complement the flavor of red chilli flakes. Cumin, garlic, oregano, and paprika are just a few examples of spices that work well with the heat of red chilli flakes.
- Store properly: To maintain the flavor and freshness of red chilli flakes, store them in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. It's best to keep them away from direct sunlight and moisture, as these can affect their potency.
- Customize your heat level: If you prefer a milder heat, you can remove some of the seeds from the chilli flakes before incorporating them into your recipes. This allows you to control the spiciness according to your preference.
In conclusion, red chilli flakes exporters offer a versatile spice that can take your culinary creations to new heights. Whether you enjoy a mild kick or a fiery explosion, the varying heat levels of red chilli flakes offer a customizable experience. Beyond their flavor-enhancing qualities, red chilli flakes also provide potential health benefits. By incorporating red chilli flakes into your cooking repertoire and experimenting with different flavor combinations, you can confidently spice up your dishes and embark on a flavorful journey of culinary delights.
This entry was posted on August, 02, 2023 at 10 : 45 am and is filed under Red Chilli Flakes. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response from your own site.


Brain-wave Belt
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Brain-belts, perhaps?
It is briefly mentioned in the Keen 3 ending sequence that Mortimer had been using some Brain-wave Belts to control the Vorticons and keep them in mental slavement. Nothing else is known about them. During their time of slavery, dark paintings with letters "GI" could be found in Vorticon homes. It can be guessed those were paintings of The Grand Intellect, and in the paintings, he has some sort of blue waves pulsating around his head — perhaps those are the brain-waves emitted by the belts.


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Development as Freedom (2000) is Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen's book on his groundbreaking work on development studies. Sen argues and urges in this intellectually compelling tome to go for comprehensive view on economic development rather than just identifying development purely on the basis of per-capita income or per-capita GNP. Development, Sen contends, should be seen in the perspective of freedom; development should be seen as an expansion of people's freedom.
The prospect of identifying Development as freedom is not new to the literature of economics. Adam Smith in his various works emphasized the importance of expanding people's capabilities and freedoms as the "ends" of economic development. Sen's work develops on smithian economics. Development is seen as a process of expanding the real freedom that people enjoy instead of expanding the per-capita income or the aggregate utilities enjoyed by the people. Sen appreciates the instrumental value of income or utilities in expanding the freedoms and capabilities of people. But he is also perturbed by how focus on income as the measure of real development can be misleading. He throws persuasive examples, in the developed, developing and the third world alike, to emphasize how focus on income can deceive the policy makers into a sense of complacency.
Sen moves on from the constitutive importance of freedom to the intrinsic importance of freedom. He delineates freedom into its various realms namely social, political, and economical and cogently puts how expansion of freedom is at the same time "the end" we seek and "the means" to it. In this expanded and comprehensive perspective, previously unattended domains like Healthcare and education gets importance in the measurement of real development. Sen explains how expansion of freedom in one domain is instrumental in expanding the freedom of the other. In this context he notes how female literacy helps in bringing down fertility rates and stalls infant mortality, with persuasive samples of data from some Indian states like Kerala and Tamilnadu.
Once both the intrinsic and the constitutive importance of freedom are well established in the minds of the readers, Sen brings the notion of how democracy and market economics cater to the expansion of people's capabilities. He draws examples of market reformation from the developing world (mainly India and China) to bring forth the merits and demerits of market economics and the need for state intervention in fields like education and Healthcare. He notes the importance of democracy and public discussion in bringing about social changes like reducing fertility in India or reducing the instances of famine. A whole insightful chapter has been dedicated to the study of how famines are entirely preventable if it is seen as the victim's loss of capability to get proper food rather than just a reduction of national food-output. Any pessimism regarding the democratic situation in India melts away in these elegant passages. Sen ends his book with his "ideas of social justice" in which he vouches for a more practical view of justice by trying to remove manifest forms of injustice instead of focusing to form a ideally just society. In principle, the last chapter serves as an inadvertent prelude to his latest book "The Ideas of Justice" and gives us a glimpse of his latest work. Though Sen appeals for breaking away from the traditional perspective of development and start focusing on freedom and capabilities of people, he doesn't provide us a concrete instrument to shape economic policies in this changed perspective. Or as Sen himself emphasizes in the preface of this book, the motive is not to make any serious judgements, but to initiate further public discussion in this regard. For without public discussion, Sen believes, we will never know what people want and value in their life.
The book shines as an important work in the literature of economics, but it is also written in a language easily accessible to layman. Sen's lucid text never overwhelms itself and thus remaining comprehensible even when explaining the most intricate insights. The book can thus cater to a wide range of audience, including those who are not even remotely interested in economics. Policy makers can get some rare insights in dealing with problems facing democratic nations like corruption, famine, et al. Students of Economics and Development studies will find the book enlightening. In short, "Development as Freedom" is an essential read for policy makers and common man alike.
[Image courtesy: _URL_


Springtime is baby time in nature
Baby orangutan -- The Hot Mess Press
Spring adds new life and new joy to all that is. — Jessica Harrelson
Wherever you are in the world, when springtime comes around, nature's boastfulness is almost arrogant. It is also the time for baby animals to arrive. Why? Because spring weather brings rising temperatures and fewer harsh-weather risks. Furthermore, food becomes more abundant, and the longer days allow parents more time to find food for their precious babies.
My cover photo shows a baby orangutan. These young ones remain with their mothers into their teens. Orangutans have the longest childhood dependence of all animals. The females do not give birth more than a few times in their lives, with intervals of about 8 years. The boys leave their mothers when they're about 10 years old, but the girls stay longer to learn from their mothers how to care for the young.
A baby elephant can weigh as much as 200 pounds
Mother and child elephants
A 200-pound baby is massive, and to get that heavy, the gestation is 22 months. Although these little creatures can walk within about an hour, they rely on their mothers to teach them survival skills. They feed on their mothers' milk for up to 10 years before they get weaned. Only then can they survive on grasses and other solid vegetation.
Baby rhinos do not have horns
Mom and child Rhino
Female rhinos carry their babies for 18 months. They weigh between 60 and 120 pounds at birth. The rhino calves don't have horns at birth, but their front horns start showing after one to two months. The back horn grows slower, and it only becomes visible after approximately three months.
A baby giraffe falls about 6 feet at birth
Mama and infant Giraffe
Mama giraffe carries her baby for 14 months. Giraffes are the tallest land mammals, standing about 14 to 19 feet high and weighing between 1,750 and 2,800 pounds. Giraffes' legs are about six feet long, and the females give birth standing up, which means the baby drops about six feet to the ground. The baby giraffe falls on its head, but instead of hurting, it makes the baby take its first deep breath. These little long-legged critters can walk on their own after about an hour.
Mama rabbits feed baby bunnies only once a day
Baby Bunnies
The pregnancy of rabbits is only four to five weeks. Their litters can be from seven to 15 baby bunnies. The mother's milk is rich enough to sustain the babies for 24 hours. They rarely feed their little ones more than once per day.
Raising a baby otter is a family affair
Baby otters
Baby otters are born blind. They only open their eyes after 40 days. Otters show their intelligence by the way they care for their young. Mom and dad gather and stock up piles of food before the birth to allow dad to protect the vulnerable mom and baby after the birth, instead of foraging for food.
Baby deer have 4 teeth at birth
Baby deer and mother
Baby deer are born one or two at a time, each with four baby teeth. They develop premolars and baby incisors through the next few months. They never grow upper teeth. Deer can run as fast as 30 miles per hour, and whitetail deer can jump up to 14 or 15 feet.
Foxes have 6 to 11 pups once a year
Fox siblings
Female foxes carry their pups for 53 days. The babies are blind for the first nine days. During that time, the mother takes care of them in the den while the father and siblings gather food to bring to them.
Hedgehog babies have soft spines
Newborn hedgehog
Hedgehogs give birth to up to seven babies at a time. The babies have soft spines, which become stiffer, harder, longer and sharper over the next three weeks. By that time, their eyes have opened, and they can join mommy and start exploring nature.
A baby Panda is the size of a pencil at birth
Baby Panda
Baby pandas are the smallest newborn mammals relative to the mother's size. Adult pandas' average weight is 220 to 250 pounds. Their little pink babies weigh between three and four ounces at birth, and they are about the size of a pencil. The gestation period is three to five months.
Domestication of goats started 11,000 years ago
Baby goat and Mother
Goats carry their babies for about five months, and they often have twins or triplets. They don't have upper jaw teeth. Instead, they have powerful upper dental pads. Goats can see between 320 and 340 degrees in their periphery because they have rectangular pupils.
Female sheep give birth after about 5 months
Baby lamb and sheep
Sheep have interesting traits. For example, like goats, they have rectangular pupils, and their fleece never stops growing. Most interesting though is the fact that sheep are more inclined than any other animals to be homosexual. About 8% of domestic sheep flocks show same-sex preferences for life — even when there are fertile females available.
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Question: Where Did All The Coal Come From?
What existed before trees?
16: "Before trees were common, the Earth was covered in giant mushrooms." With more than 6.8 million followers, this is one of the more popular fact pages on instagram..
How did trees get on earth?
The very first plants on land were tiny. This was a very long time ago, about 470 million years ago. Then around 350 million years ago, many different kinds of small plants started evolving into trees. … Since then, many different kinds of plants have evolved into trees.
Where does coal come from and how was it formed?
Why almost all coal was made at the same time?
Answer: Large tree-like plants evolved before fungi evolved the ability to break down the fibrous lignin that helped give the plants structure. With nothing to make them decay, their remains were free to pile up and yield thick coal deposits.
How did coal form on Earth?
Coal formed millions of years ago when the earth was covered with huge swampy forests where plants – giant ferns, reeds and mosses – grew. … Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes in the plant layers which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon deposits.
What are the 4 types of coal?
Is coal made from dead trees?
Fossil fuels consist mainly of dead plants – coal from trees, and natural gas and oil from algae, a kind of water plant. Your car engine doesn't burn dead dinosaurs – it burns dead algae. Oil, gas, and coal deposits are really remnants of ancient muddy swamps.
What products are made from coal?
Ammonia gas recovered from coke ovens is used to manufacture ammonia salts, nitric acid and agricultural fertilisers. Thousands of different products have coal or coal by-products as components: soap, aspirins, solvents, dyes, plastics and fibres, such as rayon and nylon.
How long is coal formed?
approximately 300 million yearsMost coal formed approximately 300 million years ago from the remains of trees and other vegetation. These remains were trapped on the bottom of swamps, accumulating layer after layer and creating a dense material called peat.
Was all coal made at the same time?
Was all Coal made at the same time or not is an ongoing debate with coal geologists. … Mould suggests most of the coal on earth was created during a single short period of geological history 300 million years ago. It's called the carboniferous period. Watch Mould below to find out why coal production stopped so abruptly.
Who discovered coal first in the world?
Coal was one of man's earliest sources of heat and light. The Chinese were known to have used it more than 3,000 years ago. The first recorded discovery of coal in this country was by French explorers on the Illinois River in 1679, and the earliest recorded commercial mining occurred near Richmond, Virginia, in 1748.
Where is coal mostly found?
The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, Australia, and India. In the United States, coal is mined in 25 states and three major regions. In the Western Coal Region, Wyoming is the top producer—about 40% of the coal mined in the country is extracted in the state.


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10 Ways to Take Education on the Road: Learning During a Road Trip
Apr 20, 2012
You've heard of homeschooling, but what about 'road schooling'? Yes, you can turn any road trip into an educational experience if you know how. And the best thing is, you can keep it fun and engaging even while your children are learning. Here are ten ways you can take education on a road trip.
Encourage your kids to bring along books to pass the time. You can also have them read road signs. And since you're traveling, you'll likely have a map with you; now's the perfect time to teach them how to read a map. Have the kids map out different routes to your destination.
2. A Numbers Game
Select specific numbers and have your children look for them on license plates and road signs. Or you can have them choose a color and count the number of cars that correspond with their color (highest number wins). You might also have them use math skills to figure out distance and time or gas mileage.
3. Stop 'n Learn
If you're on a long car trip, you'll likely be taking breaks. If so, make a stop at a museum, zoo or national park. This a great way for children to learn about art, history or nature while they're having fun.
4. Writing it Down
Bring along a notepad and pen and have your child write down his or her thoughts about the trip. They can write about attractions they've seen or an interesting landmark you might have passed. They can also draw pictures or maps.
5. Put the 'Smart' in Smartphone
Many kids will undoubtedly want to pass the time playing games on their smartphones or iPads. Strike a deal: for every half hour spent playing 'their' games, they must spend an equal amount of time on an educational game. There are plenty of apps that help with math, science, history, art and language.
6. Ditto for the DVD Player
If you have a DVD player in the car, make the same rule as for video games: one educational DVD for each movie watched.
7. Picture This
Hand the kids the digital camera and have them take pictures of anything that interests them along the way. During or after the trip, go over the images and have them write descriptions and recount what they were doing and feeling when they took each picture.
8. Play Time
Keep their brains engaged. Games like I Spy, Scavenger Hunt, the License Plate Game (find plates from as many different states as you can) or 20 Questions might be good for grammar practice and use of descriptive language.
9. Physical Activity
Your child's school curriculum likely includes physical education; if you're bringing education along on your trip, remember that it's just as important to exercise the body as well as the mind. Take frequent breaks and go for walks or even hikes, if possible.
10. Life Skills
Going on a road trip can also provide a great opportunity to teach your children some life skills. For instance, have them pack their own luggage, help to pack up the car or contribute to decisions concerning where to eat or lodge. Just the family bonding alone can be an education they will carry with them for the rest of their lives!
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If you have a child in elementary, middle or high school, then you've likely heard plenty of stories about bullying. Even if your child is not the target of bullying, he or she could still be affected by it. As a parent, you'll certainly want to make your kids aware of this persistent and growing problem in schools across the...
Let's face it: moving from kindergarten to first grade can be an overwhelming experience; so can transitioning from elementary school to middle school, or middle school to high school. In many ways, kids can be totally unprepared for what to expect as they move from one grade level to the next. So how can parents help with this...
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Tagged as "stonewall"
Sunday, June 21, 2009
Around this time all over the world, LGBT and Allied people celebrate Pride with special festivals, parades, and events. These celebrations happen each year to commemorate something called the Stonewall Rebellion - viewed as a turning point for LGBT equality.
The Stonewall Rebellion was a series of riots - spontaneous, violent conflicts between lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and allied people and police, that took place for several days beginning in June 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City. This was one of the first times that LGBTA people fought back against overt discrimination and violence in the United States. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall Rebellion.
Forty years ago, there were no out LGBT elected officials, no laws banning discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, no Will and Grace, no L Word, no LOGO Channel, no civil unions, no controversy over gay marriage (because there was no gay marriage), and no campus-based LGBT Centers anywhere in the country. (The first campus-based center came along two years after the events at the Stonewall Inn. A little pop quiz - anyone know at which institution of higher education this first occurred?)
Though there were other major clashes, as well as peaceful demonstrations, that took place in American cities before Stonewall, Stonewall is usually cited as the birth of the modern LGBT rights movement.
Celebrate Pride 2009 by learning more about pre-Stonewall events as well as the Stonewall Rebellion. The film "Screaming Queens: The Riot at Compton's Cafeteria" (shown on campus as part of the "Out of the Closet and Onto the Screen" film series) can be previewed here. The film documents events that took place in San Francisco's Tenderloin neighborhood in 1966. And for a bit of east coast history, Philadelphia had been observing "Annual Reminder Day" each year for several years before Stonewall. The city of Philadelphia has erected a historic marker commemorating the Annual Reminder Day and its organizers, and has a special section of its tourism website devoted to Philadelphia LGBT history.
To learn more about Stonewall, the program In the Life has created a special podcast episode commemorating the 40th anniversary of Stonewall. Also this year, a plaque listing the names of 40 current day people engaged in the continuing quest for full LGBT equality will be placed at the Stonewall Inn next week.
To find a Pride event closest to where ever you are this summer, consult an online pride calendar. And no matter where you are this month, happy Pride! Have pride in who you are, in our communities, and in all that has been accomplished over the last forty years!


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The places characters live in the Lands Beyond totally define who those people (or creatures or objects or… you get the point) are.
Let's take a closer look. Everyone who lives in Dictionopolis – particularly King Azaz, the cabinet members, the Spelling Bee, and the Humbug – value words and language more than anything. In contrast, those who live in Digitopolis, like the Mathemagician and the Dodecahedron, value numbers.
The list goes on: Alec Bing, who lives in the Forest of Sight, specializes in seeing things as they actually are, while the Soundkeeper, who lives in the Forest of Sound, is focused on sounds: what they are, where they come from, and how they should be catalogued. The Lethargarians, who can barely pull themselves together to do nothing, live in the Doldrums. Question-asker Canby keeps finding himself on the Island of Expectations. Meanwhile, the only folk who live in the Mountains of Ignorance are the various and terrifying demons.
We think that's enough examples, how about you? Bottom line: you are where you live.
The Phantom Tollbooth lives up to its allegory status in one major way: characters' names frequently tell us about who they are. The biggest examples of this are Rhyme and Reason, who represent, well, rhyme and reason (harmony, rationality, and together, balance).
Of course, the Dodecahedron tells Milo flat out that, in Digitopolis, things are always named what they are. Because he is a Dodecahedron, that's what his name is. His name indicates that he will have twelve faces, and he sure does. (For other examples – and there are tons of them – check out the "Character Analysis" section.)
In the Lands Beyond, what people eat says a great deal about them, and usually indicates what is most valuable to them. In Digitopolis, people treat food the opposite of how we do in our world. They start eating when they're full and keep going until they're not. They eat things like Subtraction Soup. Sure, we non-Lands Beyond humans need food to survive: the people of Digitopolis need numbers.
The people in Dictionopolis don't eat the same way we do, either. They eat their words. Literally! Individual letters have their own tastes, like fruits and veggies, and people have to eat whatever they say when they're ordering meals (this doesn't turn out so well for Milo, who doesn't know this rule). So, we can tell that the Humbug thinks of himself as a classy guy because he orders classic dishes like "roast turkey" (7.44), while the King is fancier than anyone else at the banquet: he's the only one to order his meal in French. Ooh la la.
(For more on the importance of food in The Phantom Tollbooth, see "Symbols, Imagery, Allegory: Meals.")


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The Qinling Mountains are a major mountain range located mainly in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country, and support a huge variety of plant and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.
The Northern side of the range is prone to cold weather, while the physical barrier of the mountains mean that the land to the South enjoys a sub-tropical climate, with the rich, fertile landscape supporting a wealth of wildlife and vegetation. The mountains also acted as a natural defense against nomadic invasions from the North, as only four passes cross the mountains. In the late 1990s a railway tunnel was completed, thereby easing travel across the range. The highest mountain in the range is Mount Taibai, (3,767 meters), which is around 100 kilometers west of the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an.
Ideal Home for Flora and Fauna
The region is home to a large number of rare plants, of which around 3,000 have so far been documented. Plant and tree species native to the region include Ginkgo, thought to be one of the oldest species of tree in the world, as well as Huashan or Armand Pine, Acer miaotaiense and Chinese Fir. Timber harvesting reached a peak in the 18th century in the Qinling Mountains.
They are home to the Qinling Pandas, a sub-species of the Giant Panda, which are protected in the region with the help of the Changqing and Foping nature reserves. Around 200 pandas live in the region, estimated at around a fifth of the entire wild panda population. The mountains are also home to the Golden Takin (a species of Ox), Golden Snub-nosed Monkey, Temminck's Tragopan, Crested Ibis, Golden Eagle, and Clouded Leopard.


text: This study develops a new inverse analysis technique for estimating damage patterns in notched composite laminates using an embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. The damage pattern near the notch was investigated by using a layer-wise finite-element model with cohesive elements for cracks and delamination. The reflection spectrum of the FBG sensor was simulated from the strain distribution obtained along the gage length. We approximated the typical damage pattern (splits, transverse cracks, and delamination) near the notch using some variables; these were then estimated through mathematical programming by minimizing the differences of spectrum shapes between the inputs (e.g. experiments) and the estimations. This damage identification procedure was applied to numerical examples, i.e. simulation results, for a notched CFRP cross-ply laminate. The damage patterns estimated from the calculated reflection spectra were almost identical to those obtained by the simulation. Finally, we estimated the damage pattern of a notched laminate from a measured reflection spectrum of an embedded FBG sensor and demonstrated the capability of the developed identification procedure for practical applications.


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Raven is automatically gesturing too often Follow
If your Raven is mounted too close to your steering wheel, too close to the dash, slanted downward or is moving due to a loose mount this could cause frequent unintended gestures (short videos). If alignment is not an issue, the device may be gesturing due to an adhesive layer that needs to be peeled off. Follow the mounting directions below to rectify the issue.
Do not stack anything between the mount, adhesive, and dash:
Do not tilt Raven downward:
Incorrect: Tilted Correct: Level
If adjusting the location and view of Raven does not fix the gesturing issue, there may be a hidden plastic film on Raven's screen. Indications of an additional plastic film include:
- Under bright lighting Raven's screen does not look shiny and black
- Tiny bubble(s) on the bottom left corner of the screen. (See below)
- The screen easily scuffs
To remove the plastic film:
- Using a firm but non-abrasive tool, such as a business card, lift the corner of the film.
- Peel the remainder of the film off with your fingers.
*Proximity sensors on Raven are located in the center just above the displays on the front cover. If there is an object directly in front of the proximity sensor (within 10") then false gestures might be detected.


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San Francisco Bay PCBs TMDL Project
In 1994, California issued a sport fish consumption advisory cautioning people to limit their consumption of fish caught in San Francisco Bay. The advisory, updated in 2011, was issued because of concerns about high levels of several pollutants in San Francisco Bay fish. Some of the more serious of these pollutants are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs were manufactured in the United States and widely used from the late 1920s through the 1970s. They are of particular concern because they are toxic, persist in the environment, and accumulate in the tissue of fish, wildlife and humans.
For more, click on our fact sheet:Cleaning up PCBs in San Francisco Bay, June 2012 (PDF file).
TMDL Approved by USEPA
On March 29, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved a Basin Plan amendment incorporating a TMDL for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in San Francisco Bay and an implementation plan to achieve the TMDL. The Water Board is now implementing the TMDL on the variety of fronts described below.
The San Francisco Bay PCB TMDL was considered and adopted by the Regional Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) at hearings on September 17, 2007 and February 13, 2008. It was adopted by the State Water Resources Control Board on October 20, 2009.
- The TMDL is set forth in this Basin Plan section.
- The TMDL was adopted by the Water Board in Resolution R2-2008-0012
- Supporting documentation is contained in the Final Staff Report (pdf, 5MB)
- February 13, 2008 Water Board Meeting Minutes, Item 8 (adoption of the TMDL)
- Transcript from the September 17, 2007, Water Board meeting (consideration of the TMDL)
- The TMDL was adopted by the State Water Resources Control Board in Resolution R2-2009-0076
The implementation plan includes actions for municipal wastewater treatment plants and industries that discharge wastewater to the Bay, and for municipal stormwater agencies. This section summarizes how key implementation actions are carried out.
Watershed Permit – Discharge permit for municipal and industrial wastewater sources of PCBs
The Watershed Permit requires both municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater dischargers to take certain actions to reduce PCB discharges to the San Francisco Bay. Adopted on March 9, 2011 (Order No. R2-2011-0012, hearing materials, see Item 6), it amended the NPDES permit adopted by the Water Board in 2007 to implement the mercury TMDL. Some of the Watershed Permit's requirements are: identify and manage controllable sources of PCBs; use best management practices to maintain optimum performance for solids removal; use updated analytical methods to test for PCBs; and undertake a program to reduce the health risks for people who eat San Francisco Bay fish contaminated with PCBs and mercury.
Municipal Regional Permit – Permit for municipal stormwater sources of PCBs
The NPDES Municipal Regional Permit (see Provision C.12), adopted October 14, 2009, requires municipalities in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties and the cities of Fairfield-Suisun and Vallejo (Pemittees) to reduce controllable sources of PCBs that can be mobilized by stormwater runoff and transported to receiving waters. The Permit takes a phased approach by requiring several pilot-scale projects, which will be evaluated for effectiveness in reducing loads of PCBs. These include:
- Evaluate managing PCBs in construction materials, such as caulk, that can be released to the environment during demolition and renovation. Click here for the project page.
- Identify and abate areas with high PCB concentrations.
- Evaluate enhanced sediment removal and management practices for stormwater conveyances, such as city street sweeping, pump station cleaning.
- Evaluate on-site stormwater treatment retrofits,
- Evaluate diversion of dry weather flows and first flush runoff for treatment (e.g. at a wastewater treatment plant).
Click here for a summary of these five projects.
Also, Permittees are developing a comprehensive monitoring program with fixed stations at the bottom of several key watersheds that will be monitored several times per year. The data will be used to estimate loads of PCBs and other contaminants from local tributaries and stormwater conveyances and to track these loads over time.
Finally, Permittees are required to undertake a program to reduce the health risks of people who eat PCBsand mercury-contaminated San Francisco Bay fish; this project is described below. You can access reports submitted each year under the Municipal Regional Permit by clicking here.
Fish Consumption Risk Reduction Activities
Both the Watershed Permit and Municipal Regional Permit require dischargers to undertake a program to reduce the public health impacts of exposure to PCBs and mercury in San Francisco Bay fish. The dischargers are jointly funding the California Department of Public Health to lead efforts to engage stakeholders, such as local agencies, tribes, and community groups, in improving communication to the public about how to reduce their exposure to PCBs and mercury from consuming SF Bay fish. Further information can be found here: San Francisco Bay Fish Project.
Ongoing Monitoring of Fish and the Bay
To track progress on how PCB concentrations in the Bay and its fish are changing over time, the Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) measures PCBs (and many other contaminants) in water, sediment, and fish tissue collected at several locations around the Bay each year. You can view and download these data for yourself using their versatile web query tool.
The RMP has monitored contaminants in prey fish (small fish consumed by birds or larger fish) for several years, because these small prey fish, which tend to stay in localized areas, provide useful information on the spatial and temporal patterns of contamination in the Bay. Moreover, these prey fish are consumed by many birds and larger fish, so they provide an early warning for contamination higher in the food web. Small fish monitoring data and interpretation are contained in a summary report.
Since 1994, the RMP has also been monitoring the concentrations of PCBs and other contaminants in sport fish, which are commonly consumed by humans. A recent report comparing the concentrations of contaminants in sport fish caught in the Bay to those caught offshore is also available. The figure below shows how PCBs concentrations in sport fish change through time in different parts of the Bay and how these concentrations compare to the 10 parts per billion fish tissue target from the TMDL.
Health Information, Fish Consumption Advisories, and Outreach to Consumers of SF Bay Fish
- PCBs Toxicological Profile for PCBs (ATSDR)
- Guide to Eating San Francisco Bay Fish & Shellfish (CA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment)
- Full report describing the San Francisco Bay advisory and safe eating guidelines OEHHA May 2011
- Non-technical fact sheet for San Francisco Bay fish and shellfish OEHHA May 2011
- San Francisco Bay Fish Project – Outreach Project
Information about PCBs in Caulk
Proposition 13 Grant-Funded Studies: Urban Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs)
This project's goal was to assist municipalities in implementing the San Francisco Bay mercury and PCB TMDLs through the development of specific information on drainage systems, sediment loads, distribution of mercury and PCB contamination, urban runoff loads, and BMP function in relation to trapping or removing mercury and PCBs. Click here for the project web site.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
For more information contact:
Water Resource Control Engineer
San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board
1515 Clay St., Suite 1400
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_


How Much Power It Takes to Create a Bitcoin
A close up of a bitcoin
-•• Science Picture Co / Getty Images
Bitcoin may be a useful way to send and receive money, but cryptocurrency isn't made for free. The computer-based miners who create bitcoins use vast amounts of electrical power in the process. The energy-heavy process leads some experts to suggest that bitcoin harms the environment.
The process, known as "mining," requires computers around the world to complete rapid calculations to try to solve the same puzzle. It always takes 10 minutes, and the winner is rewarded with some digital bitcoin. Then a new puzzle is generated, and the whole process repeats for another 10 minutes.
In August 2018, a Princeton University associate professor expert in cryptocurrency testified at a hearing of the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
The testimony said that bitcoin mining accounts for nearly 5 gigawatts—or about 1% of the world's energy use. That is slightly more than what is used by the entire state of Ohio.
Electricity must be made from other sources. The process creates large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. These allow sunlight to enter the Earth's atmosphere, but then trap the heat. So, the more electricity produced, the hotter the planet gets.
Powered by the People
As more people learn about bitcoin and mining—and as the price of bitcoin increases—more are using their computers to mine bitcoins. As more people join the network and try to solve these math puzzles, you might expect each puzzle to be solved sooner, but bitcoin is not designed that way.
The software that mines bitcoin is designed so that it always will take 10 minutes for everyone on the network to solve the puzzle. It does that by scaling the difficulty of the puzzle, depending on how many people are trying to solve it.
The more people mining, the harder the puzzle gets. That is why it always will take 10 minutes.
In other words, although the time taken to produce a bitcoin doesn't vary, the computing power used to produce it does. As more people join the bitcoin network and try to mine bitcoins, it becomes harder, and more computing power and electricity are used for each bitcoin produced. The best bitcoin mining software doesn't just let you participate. It minimizes downtime, so you can mine more efficiently. That means a near-constant cycle of electricity use.
Calculating the Cost
To understand how to calculate the electrical energy used to power the bitcoin network, you'll need to learn how bitcoin creation works. First, you calculate how many sums are conducted per second to solve the puzzles. Then find out how much electricity it takes to do each sum.
These sums are called "hashes." There are so many, you must think in terms of millions (known as megahashes) or billions (gigahashes) to make any sense of them. In early 2020, the computers on the bitcoin network were cranking out close to 120 exahashes per second.
One terahash is a trillion hashes per second, One petahash is a quadrillion hashes per second, and one exahash is one quintillion hashes per second. (That's a one followed by 18 zeros.)
There are various bitcoin-mining computers out there, but many companies have focused on Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) mining computers. These use less energy to conduct their calculations. Mining companies running lots of ASIC miners as businesses claim to use only one watt of power for every gigahash per second of computing performed when mining for bitcoins.
If this data is correct, the bitcoin network in 2020 consumes 120 gigawatts (GW) per second. This converts to about 63 terawatt-hours (TWh) per year. Here's how energy use relates to hashtag volume.
One Gigahash Per Second = One Watt
One Terahash Per Second = One Kilowatt
One Petahash Per Second = One Megawatt
One Exahash Per Second = One Gigawatt
This amount of power equates to 156 million horses (1.3 million horses per GW) or 49,440 wind turbines (412 turbines per GW) generating power at peak production per second.
One watt per gigahash per second is fairly efficient, so this is likely a conservative estimate. Media outlets and bloggers have produced various estimates of the electrical energy used in bitcoin mining, so the accuracy of reported power use is sketchy at best. Many residential miners use more power.
Bitcoin Mining Costs Vary by Region
To calculate the cost of how much power it would take you to create a bitcoin, you need to know a few things first. First, what is the cost of electricity where you live? Second, how much power would you consume? More efficient computer equipment uses less power, which means lower power bills. The lower the price of electricity, the less cost there is to miners. This increases the value of the bitcoin to miners where the costs are lower to produce.
Bitcoin's exchange rate has moved wildly up and down during its history. If the price stays above the cost to produce a coin, doing the work in an area where energy costs are very low is important to make the practice worthwhile.
Is It Worth the Environmental Cost?
The price that bitcoin extracts in terms of energy use and environmental impact depends on how useful it will be to society. Judging an ever-moving target is hard. The interest in Bitcoin continues to rise, which in turn leads to more power used to serve more people in the market. Whether Bitcoin mining will ultimately be worth the cost to the environment is an open question.


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A study was conducted for two consecutive years (2016–17 and 2017–18) to understand the relative role of weather parameters and humid thermal ratio (HTR) on population dynamics of thrips, T. tabaci, in bulb onion. Counts were made at five randomly selected spots, consisting of five plants in each spot. Results revealed that the highest peak of 65 thrips per plant was observed during fourth standard meteorological week (SMW). Further, irrespective of the years, higher numbers of thrips were observed during third to sixth SMW. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.587*) with HTR and a significant negative correlation with maximum temperature (r = –0.628*) and minimum temperature (r = –0.566*). The linear and logarithmic regression analysis between HTR and thrips population had explained 50 % of variation. Thus, the present study suggests that apart from temperature, prevailing humid thermal ratio during the growth period could have an impact on occurrence of thrips in bulb onion.
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Vol. 27 • No. 2


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December 7, 2022
SC LAMP is a co-sponsored ministry of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus
Diana Pinto – Executive Director, South Central Los Angeles Ministry Project (SC LAMP)
Did you know that children of color living in low-income households are less likely to be diagnosed with developmental delays at an early age? Why is this important? Studies show that the sooner a child gets an assessment, the more likely s/he will be able to succeed in life. Early intervention services can have an enormous impact on a young child's ability to learn and grow.
This reality is why South Central LAMP's two-generation approach is huge for families in our community. Each child in our program receives an assessment completed by his/her teacher, allowing on-site professionals to observe if the child is developing within a "normal" range and reaching their developmental milestones. When we see a child not falling within the "normal" range, we can provide referrals and resources to specialized agencies for added support to the family.
Because we approach this matter holistically, our parenting classes include workshops on what "normal" development looks like. The class provides parents with a safe space to reflect on their children, ask questions, and better understand their children's developmental stages. Often these classes are where moms start to seek support or learn to be more open to referrals because the discussions allow them to see other moms dealing with challenges as well.
South Central LAMP families have a "village" to help them navigate the complexities of developmental diagnoses. The support we provide has empowered many parents to make better medical decisions for their children and learn how to best support them.


text:
alm OS-based handhelds and smartphones are powerful, pervasive computing devices that have changed the lives of many users through the applications they house. As a Java developer, why not tap into this widely used platform? You can develop applications for Palm and this article shows you how. Learn how to create a small Java application (more specifically, a MIDlet) and deploy it to an emulated Palm device. The instructions assume that you are familiar with MIDlet programming.
To create a J2ME application for the Palm OS, you need to convert your MIDlet to a PRC (Pilot Resource Code). This article first walks you through the creation of a simple MIDlet and then onto the MIDlet-to-PRC conversion.
Set Up Your Palm OS Emulator
Before you begin programming, set up an environment that emulates the Palm-powered handheld. Download
the PalmOS Emulator, Palm OS Emulator Skins, and the ROM images. In order to download these, you need to join the Palm OS Developer Program (a free process). The Palm OS Emulator is available for Windows, MacOS, and Unix. The emulator download includes a PDF document "Using Palm OS Emulator" that breaks down how to install and use the Palm OS emulator.
To get started, unzip the emulator and ROM zip files into a directory of your choice. Unzip the skins file to a subdirectory called Skins under the directory you created and then run Emulator.exe. Next, choose the option to start a new emulator session, as shown in Figure 1.
|Figure 1: Starting a New Emulator Session|
In the subsequent New Session screen (see Figure 2), use the GUI to point to the ROM file that you extracted.
|Figure 2: Pointing the Session to a ROM File|
After pointing to the ROM file, you will see which devices are supported under the ROM file (see Figure 3). Also, pick a Skin that you would like to use. I chose the Standard-English Skin as shown in Figure 3. Next, click OK.
|Figure 3: Specifying More Options for Your Emulator Session|
At this point, you should see the emulator running as shown in Figure 4.
The emulator you see runs Palm OS. To run Java programs, a Palm device (emulated or the real thing) needs to have a J2ME application runtime environment installed. You will install one next. Keep the Palm emulator running for now.


text:
Here are the key exhibitor trends we are seeing:
- Tradeshows, events, and conferences retain a prominent place in marketing budgets. Average company allocates 40.3% of annual marketing budget.
- Senior marketing managers are demanding more accountability for tradeshow spending.
- Identifying tradeshow performance and financial metrics to show how the exhibit program supports core business objectives and delivers financial value is on the rise.
- Companies are moving from and event perspective (3 days at a show) to an "end to end" campaign perspective.
- Companies are doing a better job of targeting their ideal visitors and using selective attraction strategies to engage them.
- Because of the clutter in the email inbox, many companies are bring back direct mail as a key part of their pre-show marketing campaign.
- Companies are thinking beyond the booth by bringing in experts to speak, hosting private educational sessions, inviting customers to focus groups.
- Use of interactive technologies like tables and touch screens are providing more personalized in-booth experiences.
- Digital signage is replacing static signage.
- RFC and NFC technologies are being used for tracking attendee behaviors.
10 Exhibitor Trends


text:
Periodic Safety Update Reports, also called PSURs, are pharmacovigilance documents aimed at providing an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of a medicinal product. They are to be submitted by a marketing authorization holder at predefined deadlines during the post-authorization phase, including a comprehensive, concise and critical analysis of the risk-benefit balance of a medicinal product, taking into account all new or emerging information, in relation to the context of the overall information available on the drug.
Directive 2010/84/EU introduced the principle of single European assessment of PSURs (PSUSA procedure), for medicinal products containing the same active substances or combinations thereof and established the creation of a single list of active substances and associated Data Lock Points (EURD list). Compliance with the recommendations and conclusions of the PSUSA procedures is a legal obligation for AIC holders, also including medicinal products exempted from participation in the procedure but containing the same active ingredients.
ARE YOU INTERESTED IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE TRAININGS?
Sign up for 3 courses and you'll get a 15% discount*, while if you choose 5 courses you'll get a 20% discount*. You may choose from these trainings:
- Periodic Safety Update Report (PSUR)
- The Pharmacovigilance system and its local applications according to legislation and Eudravigilance
- Safety Data Exchange Agreements (SDEA) in Pharmacovigilance: training course + workshop
- Pharmacovigilance peer-reviewed literature: strategies for an effective research and analysis
- Building a compliant Pharmacovigilance Quality System
- Risk Management plan & Risk Minimization Measures in Pharmacovigilance
- Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF)
- HIGHLIGHTED COURSE – Audit and Inspection in Pharmacovigilance
- The digital evolution of pharmacovigilance
- HIGHLIGHTED COURSE – Signal Detection
(*) discounts apply to full prices and cannot be combined with other promotions. The promotion is valid for the enrollment of the same attendee in 3 or 5 courses among those proposed.
Key points of the training
- Reference legislation for the PSUR
- How to develop the plan of PSURs (requirements and submission frequencies)
- What is the format of the PSUR and what information should be submitted and analysed?
- What interactions with other business departments may be necessary in drafting the document and its submission
- What are PSUSA and PSUSA FU procedures and what actions may result from them
09:00 – 13:00 COURSE SESSION
- European regulatory framework and guidelines
- PSUR submission timings and drugs exempted from PSUR submission: creation of the PSUR plan (Eurd List monitoring, consultation of other lists, …)
- PSUR format and document contents (including information to be requested from other departments). Key concepts will be described and which relevant information should be included and discussed in the document will be clarified
- Cross references with other documents and activities (RMP, signal analysis,…)
- Submission to PSUR repository (general description of steps)
- PSUSA procedure: what it is, which steps, examples of assessment reports and requests from the assessor, output of the procedure and regulatory consequences
- PSUSA Procedure FU
Personnel of pharmaceutical companies involved in the following departments:
> Regulatory Affairs
The course provides the theoretical foundations necessary to undertake the drafting of a PSUR and provides indications regarding the management and planning of the PSURs to be submitted.
The course will be carried out through live lectures. Practical examples will be showcased, providing delegates with real life examples to be applied in their daily job life.
For online trainings the access link will be sent 2-3 days before the start of the training.
5% discount for registrations within 1 month before the start of the training, 10% discount for registrations within 2 months before the start of the training. VAT not included. Please inquire for discounts for multiple registrations. Discounts are not cumulative.
In order to cancel enrolment to an event, please email _EMAIL_ within 2 weeks before the starting date of the event. Once this term will be expired, the entire fee will be charged.
It is possible to replace a participant attendance without additional cost, simply by contacting _EMAIL_. It is asked to notify the participant replacement request within 5 days before the starting date of the course/event, specifying the full name and surname of the enrolled participant as well as the full name and surname of the substitute.
If the minimum number of participants is not reached, Pharma Education Center reserves the right to cancel or schedule the event for another date. Formal communication will be given within 5 days before the event date. In this case Pharma Education Center will refund the registration fee in full and without additional charges. Alternatively, the participant can request a spendable coupon for participating in another PEC event scheduled in the current year.
Senior Drug Safety Officer
Senior Drug Safety Officer
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Product Knowledge
Several Points in the Rotor Installation Process of the Impact Crusher
author:dahua1 time:2018-10-31
1. The installation and construction personnel should have an understanding of the structure, performance and technical requirements of the impact crusher, and determine the appropriate installation process according to the specific conditions of the equipment.
2. At the installation site, hoisting equipment with sufficient lifting capacity is provided. Carefully check the reserved space of the equipment foundation and the coordinate position of the anchor bolt reserved hole to make it conform to the general plan of the equipment and the relevant basic design data. The vertical and horizontal basic coordinates (longitudinal and transverse curves) of the equipment are the center line of the equipment and the rotor axis line, and the difference between the center position of each reserved space and the anchor bolt reserved hole shall not exceed ± 10 mm.
3. The vibration absorbing material should be filled between the equipment and the foundation to prevent the equipment foundation from being weak after the formal production, which will affect the progress of the project.
4. When installing the machine body, the machine face should be flat, and the intersections between the machine body and the foundation should not leak dust. The anchor bolts should be tightened repeatedly, and there should be enough space in the lower part of the foundation for the installation of transportation equipment and equipment maintenance.
Luoyang Dahua Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd.
5. After the motor of the impact crusher is installed, it should be equipped with a transmission belt cover according to the actual situation of the installation.
6. There are sometimes radial cross-over gaps on the rotor. Therefore, the gap width between the counter-rack and the plate must be no less than 20mm after the first use of the new machine to ensure that the plate and the rear frame do not collide.
7. The gap between the counter plate and the plate hammer should be gradually reduced according to the work requirements. It is recommended to use several rotations of the hand rotating rotor after adjustment to check whether there is collision. After adjustment, lock the sleeve nut to prevent the counter plate from sliding down and colliding with the plate hammer.
8. The outlet of the impact crusher is in the lower part, the installation height and how to cooperate with the feeding and discharging devices, all should be considered in the installation process.


text:
**Building Construction Basics**
There are two basic type of building that can be built, Terrain buildings and City buildings.
Terrain building are buildings that require some sort of terrain resource like forests for a lumber mill or just space for a farm. City buildings are buildings that don't take up map space and mostly modify other buildings or the general city itself, IE a church or a bakery. When you build a building the costs don't just cover the actual building it also covers any tool costs or such things. materials to build a building are in units (basically to simply things and make my life easier) be they wood stone or whatever. if a building is not staffed completely but has more then half the needed workforce it works as a building one grade lower. (a large farm only produces 80 food instead of 160).
Construction Units(abbreviated as CU from here out) is the amount of work one untrained laborer can do in one day. (changed the name to avoid the confusion we where making between the man-hours/man-days issue. and it sounds a lot better the man-days)


DPS 2001 meeting, November 2001
Session 33. Outer Planet Magnetospheres
Oral, Chair: R. Gladstone, Thursday, November 29, 2001, 3:30-4:20pm, Regency GH
[Previous] | [Session 33] | [Next]
[33.03] Spatial and temporal variations of the Jovian auroral electrons deduced from HST-STIS ultraviolet spectroscopy
J.-C. Gérard, J. Gustin, D. Grodent (LPAP Univ. de Liège, Belgium), J.T. Clarke (DACSP Boston University)
Jovian auroral spectra have been observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer (STIS) in both hemispheres since 1997, including during the recent Cassini Jupiter millenium campaign. The time-tagged G140L STIS spectra used for this study cover the _PHONE_ {Å} range which includes the Lyman (B-X) bands and continuum and the Werner (C-X) bands. Time-dependent spectroscopy with spatial resolution along the 25 arcsec slit makes it possible to follow spectral and temporal variations in different regions of the aurora. FUV images observed on the same HST orbit were obtained to put the spectral data into the global morphology context. Synchronous observations of spectral domains absorbed or not by CH4 and other hydrocarbons are used to determine the FUV color ratio and the depth of the auroral emission relative to the methane homopause. Large variations of the color ratio across the auroral oval are observed. The time evolution of the mean electron energy and its possible correlation with the precipitated energy flux are investigated. It is found that the mean electron energy generally positively correlates with the auroral brightness. In contrast, flares occasionally observed in the polar cap can correspond to a softening or a hardening of the precipitation. The mean electron energy associated with the Io trail is approximately constant and shows less hydrocarbon absorption than the higher latitude aurora.
[Previous] | [Session 33] | [Next]


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The wavelength treshold for photoelectric emission from a sodium surface is 683 nm. Calculate the energy of the electrons which are ejected when a sodium surface is illuminated by light of wavelength 500 nm. If the intensity of the light is 2.0 W/m^2 and if 1 per cent of incident photons produce photoelectrons, estimate the number of electrons emitted per second from a sodium surface of area 2*10^-4 m^2 when it is illuminated by light of the wavelength 500 nm. 2. The attempt at a solution The treshold wavelength corresponds to a treshold frequency of 6E14 Hz, which in turn corresponds to a electron binding energy of 2.91E-19 J. This means that the energy of the electrons which are ejected is K = 1.1E-19J. Next, we observe that since the surface area is 2E-4 m^2, the total effect is 4E-4 W, and hence 4E-4 J of energy hit the surface each second. Since 1 per cent of this energy produces photoelectrons, the total photoelectron energy per second is 4E-6 J. Since each photoelectron has energy 1.1E-19, my estimated number of photoelectrons is 4E-6/1.1E-19 = 3.6E13 photoelectrons. My book says 1.0E13. What have I done wrong?


text:
PyChecker is a cool tool for checking Python scripts for bugs. It works with Python 2.0 – 2.7. In this article, we will write some crappy code to see what PyChecker can pick up on. Then we'll improve the code according to what we find until the code checks out. According to PyChecker's website, it can detect the following problems:
- No global found (e.g., using a module without importing it)
- Passing the wrong number of parameters to functions/methods/constructors
- Passing the wrong number of parameters to builtin functions & methods
- Using format strings that don't match arguments
- Using class methods and attributes that don't exist
- Changing signature when overriding a method
- Redefining a function/class/method in the same scope
- Using a variable before setting it
- self is not the first parameter defined for a method
- Unused globals and locals (module or variable)
- Unused function/method arguments (can ignore self)
- No doc strings in modules, classes, functions, and methods
We won't test everything that it can detect, but we can make some pretty messy code for PyChecker to check. Let's start coding!
import sys ######################################################################## class CarClass: """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, color, make, model, year): """Constructor""" self.color = color self.make = make self.model = model self.year = year if "Windows" in platform.platform(): print "You're using Windows!" self.weight = self.getWeight(1, 2, 3) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def getWeight(this): """""" return "2000 lbs"
This code doesn't really do much of anything and is only for illustration purposes. According to PyChecker, there are four problems with this code. Can you see the issues? If not, then let's find out how to use PyChecker to expose them! Once you have installed PyChecker and put it on your path (see PyChecker's documentation), you should be able to do the following command:
C:\Users\Mike\Documents\My Dropbox\Scripts\code analysis>pychecker bad.py
Note: The above only works if you have pychecker on your system path on Windows. Technically, on Windows you will be using pychecker.bat
If you do this, you'll end up with something like the following:
Hopefully you can tell what that all means, but we'll break it down just in case you don't. There are four problems that it has identified. The first issue it found is that we import the sys module, but we don't use it. The second issue is the opposite of the first. We refer to the platform module, but it's not actually imported! Thirdly, we call our getWeight method and it reports that we passed it too many parameters. I think PyChecker may have a bug here as our method should accept one method, not zero. The "this" parameter must confuse PyChecker. Fortunately, the last problem it finds is that getWeight doesn't have self as the first parameter. This kind of rectifies the bug I mentioned. While the first method doesn't require us to name it "self", that is the normal naming convention for the first parameter in a class method.
PyChecker doesn't just work on the command line. You can also use it directly in your code! All you have to do is import PyChecker at the top of your module, like this:
This will make PyChecker check all the following imported modules, although it won't do the main module. What does that mean? It means that if you stick that line in the example we used, you won't see any errors related to that code. The PyChecker documentation says that you can also set PyChecker's option via os.environ. Here's an example:
os.environ['PYCHECKER'] = 'command line options here'
Speaking of which, here are the common command line options:
[table id=2 /]
If you'd like a full list of commands, type the following: pychecker -h
NOTE: PyChecker's docstring checking is off by default, so if you want it you need to pass the "-m -f" commands. This only found the class module's empty docstring. There seems to be a minor bug with "-f" in which it thinks empty doc strings are ok. I have alerted the PyChecker team to that.
I think PyChecker is pretty cool and it looks like it could be a handy tool. Give it a try and see what you think!


text:
In 2011 CCRC chose to honour Les Horne's lifetime of achievement and commitment to children by presenting his family with a Child Rights Champion award in his memory.
CHILD RIGHTS CHAMPION: LES HORNE
Les Horne lived out his respect for the rights of children in a lifetime of work with children and fighting for changes when they were treated unfairly. Les pioneered in: giving children a voice in what happens to them in child welfare and youth justice; treatment in community homes instead of institutions; individualized plans for young people with many needs; and putting children first in government policies. Among other achievements, Les Horne was the first provincial Children's Advocate in Canada and he was a leader in getting the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted.