Why not add this page to your internet bookmarks so you can find it easily next time you need to convert your ingredients from grams to cups. I treated a cup of flour as 124 grams for one loaf and 144 grams for the other. how many cups is 250 grams of white spelt flour, 250 g (gram) of white spelt flour Equals = 2.5 cups of white spelt flour. ›› Quick conversion chart of cup to grams. I kept everything else exactly the same. Please note that I do not pack my brown sugar into the cup measurer. From my research, I have found that the United States is one of three nations (Liberia and Burma being the others) that have not adopted the metric system as their official weights and measures system. 1/8 cup=30 grams 1/4 cup=55 grams … All-purpose Flour and Confectioners' Sugar (Icing or powdered Sugar) Cups to Grams. Making a conversion of rice flour from ounce and pound to cups amounts. Wenn euch die grobe Umrechnung von Cups zu Gramm nicht reicht: Auf dieser Seite findet ihr eine genaue Auflistung, wieviel so-und-soviel cups einer Zutat in Gramm ergeben (Buchstaben A bis J, K bis P, Q bis Z).Das ist hilfreich, wenn ihr öfter amerikanische Backund Kochrezepte übersetzen wollt oder müsst! Die Amerikaner (und auch die Engländer) backen nicht wie wir mit Waage und Grammangaben. How Many Cups is 125 Grams? Convert oven temperatures. Volume ⇀ Weight Weight ⇀ Volume. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. from grams measure > to cups butter volume to read your results. Das große Problem hier: die Mengenangaben. 1 cup to grams = 236.58824 grams ⭐ US Cups abmessen.. Fraction : 2 3/4 rice flour – in US cup size measure. The flour in cups is equal to the grams divided by 125. Rice flour amount from 15.5 ounces ( oz ), Equals: 2.75 cups of rice flour. A half a cup of butter is equal to 113.5 grams. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! For example, the weight of 1 cup of all-purpose flour varies from about 100 grams if sifted to 150 grams if scooped. Volume methods for measuring amount of flour produce various results. A block of butter of dimensions Width 75mm x Depth 50mm x Height 35mm weighs exactly 125 grams. 1/2 cup cake flour weighs 58 grams; 1/3 cup cake flour weighs 38 grams; 1/4 cup cake flour weighs 29 grams; NOTE: The above conversions also apply to chestnut flour and chopped nuts; Sugars Baking conversions for granulated sugar & brown sugar (not packed) from cups to grams. Use our calculator to find the equivalent in grams of 1 US cup of white whole wheat flour or any of many other ingredients. So einfach geht's. Use this page to learn how to convert between cups and grams. 125 grams equals 0.53 cups of water or there are 0.53 cups in 125 grams. 1/2 cup of butter = 113 g. Dry Goods. For sugar, 1 cup is equal to around 200g. Breadcrumbs 115 grams. Ingredient:? → pint; fl. Jetzt nicht mehr! or T. → tablespoon ; tsp. Use this page to learn how to convert between cups and grams. Use our calculator to find the equivalent in grams of 1 US cup of almond flour or any of many other ingredients. Note To Measuring 1 2/3 cups flour in grams. Inputs? Other cooking materials have different gram measurements when they are measured into one cup. The conversion factors are approximate once it is intended for recipes measurements. In many cases you can substitute almond flour/almond meal interchangeably but because of their slight differences in weight the recipe may be affected. 1/2 US cup of coconut flour equals 61.5 grams (*) Volume to 'Weight' Converter. For example, here's how to convert 500 grams to cups using the formula above. If you push it harder into the cup for instance, consequently the weight gets much higher, easy as that. This weight to volume converter for recipes will show you the quantity of grams contained in 1/2 US cup of cake flour, as well as, in many other cooking ingredients and other weight units. And that's 5.66 or 5 2/3 cups per 1.5 pound or 680 grams of flour, 2.2 pounds into 1 kilogram (1000 grams) or 22pounds to 10Kg for larger batch of dough. You can view more details on each measurement unit: cups or grams The SI derived unit for volume is the cubic meter. Everything else was the same. → fluid ounce; tbsp. So the number of grams in a cup varies based upon the ingredient. Our cups to grams converter lets you easily convert American recipes into UK recipes to make at home. 1 us cup of buckwheat flour in ounces equals to = 4.23 oz of buckwheat flour or in fraction 4 23/100 oz or ~4 1/5 oz, 4 47/100. For example, for flour, 1 cup is equal to around 125g. The loaf on the left used the higher measurement and the loaf on the right used the lower measurement. Hier findet ihr eine Übersicht aller wichtigen Lebensmittel mit Cup und Gramm Angaben. We assume you are converting between cup [US] and gram [water]. calories in 1/2 cup white spelt flour = 181.62 Cal ( 182 calories ). 1 1 / 2 US cups = 240 grams: 1 2 / 3 US cups = 267 grams: 1 3 / 4 US cups = 280 grams: 2 1 / 16 US cups = 330 grams: 2 1 / 8 US cups = 340 grams: 2 1 / 4 US cups = 360 grams: 2 1 / 3 US cups = 373 grams : References: Baking Conversion Table; Density Database Version 2.0 - FAO; Sample Recipes Volume to Weight Conversions. Block of butter with sizes of 75mm x 50mm x 35mm. As the loaves were going through their second rise, I already had my answer. Umrechnungstabelle von Cup in Milliliter und Gramm  So viel Flüssigkeit sind 3, 2 Cups sowie 1, 3/4, 1/2 oder 1/4 Cup in ml. 1/8 cup=15 grams 1/4 cup=30 grams 1/3 cup=40 grams 3/8 cup=45 grams 1/2 cup=60 grams 5/8 cup=70 grams 2/3 cup=75 grams 3/4 cup=85 grams 7/8 cup=100 grams 1 cup=110 grams. Cassava is often called also tapioca (unground organic product is called tapioca pearl), aipim, boba, macaxeira, mandioca, manioc, … 500 g = (500 ÷ 125) = 4 c or t. → teaspoon; Capacity Metric Unit Conversion. 1 2/3 cups flour in grams is exactly 208 grams. Granulierter, Superfeine oder Feinster Zucker) Granulated, Superfine or Caster Sugar Cups to Grams. 1 us cup of buckwheat flour in grams equals to = 120g of buckwheat flour. Cups to grams. 4.) Wow! Please note that measuring 1 2/3 cups flour in grams can vary slightly by room temperature, quality of flour etc. A cup of all-purpose flour weighs 4 1/4 ounces or 120 grams. oz. This is well known in culinary arts practice. 115 grams. 1 cubic meter is equal to 4226._PHONE_ cup, or _PHONE_ grams. Cassava flour grams in a measuring cup amount (US measuring cup and Metric si cup) US cup = 122 grams = 4.3 ounces net weight Metric cup = 129 grams = 4.6 oz net wt. Raisins 115 grams Sultanas 115 grams. Notes: the results in this calculator are rounded (by default) to 3 significant figures. This chart is a quick reference for volume, ounces, and grams equivalencies for common ingredients. We assume you are converting between cup [US] and gram [water]. How many grams in a cup of my product? Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Convert all purpose flour (apf) measuring units from US cups ( us cup ) into grams ( g ), volume vs weights measures, including dietary information and nutritional values instantly. Sondern mit Cups - kleinen Messbechern, die sie quasi für alles benutzen. Granulated sugar: 1 cup = 200 grams Brown sugar: 1 cup, packed = 220 grams Sifted white flour: 1 cup = 125 grams White rice, uncooked: 1 cup = 185 grams White rice, cooked:


text:
Taking safety to extremes
By Michael Zwaagstra
Safety first, common sense last. That seems to be the motto when it comes to public schools these days. Earlier this month, the principal of Earl Beatty Public School in Toronto sent a letter to parents informing them that hard balls such as soccer balls, volleyballs, tennis balls, and footballs were now banned from school property.
"Any balls brought will be confiscated and may be retrieved by parents from the office. The only kind of ball allowed with be nerf balls or sponge balls," explained the letter.
Although the Earl Beatty principal's decision is extreme, it is typical of the lack of common sense in public schools. Such an overarching emphasis on student safety makes little allowance for any activity that involves some level of risk and results in nonsensical decisions such as the one described above.
The trend toward safer but blander school playgrounds reflects an obsession with safety. Most adults today probably remember playing on the merry-go-round and teeter totter when they attended school. Unfortunately, these devices have been removed from most playgrounds over concerns that they are too dangerous. Swings, slides, and monkey bars have not been spared. While they still remain at some schools, they have been redesigned to be safer and more boring.
The exaggerated emphasis on safety has unhealthy consequences. A recent article by psychologists Ellen Sandseter and Leif Kennair argues that experiencing moderate levels of risk and danger helps children overcome their natural fears. These psychologists suggest that we can expect "an increased neuroticism or psychopathology in society if children are hindered from partaking in age adequate risky play."
There are legitimate health concerns. The focus on safety also affects what students may eat in school. Given the prevalence of allergies to peanuts among students, many schools have been declared "nut-free." In these schools, parents are told to make sure their children do not bring to school lunches that contain peanuts or peanut products. While such rule can be frustrating for those who like peanut butter sandwiches, the life threatening nature of some nut allergies makes it understandable to enact this ban.
However, the decision of a school board in London, Ontario, last month to ban peanut butter substitutes is simply ridiculous. Although it tastes exactly like peanut butter, WowButter is a product developed by Hilton Soy Foods that has no peanuts in it. Nevertheless, the school board decided to ban WowButter from schools because students and teachers might mistake it for real peanut butter.
It's one thing to ban peanut products from a school out of a desire to protect allergic students from exposure to peanuts. It's another thing entirely to ban a peanut-free product from the school because it looks like peanut butter. This type of ban does nothing to make anyone safer and frustrates parents who simply want to provide healthy lunches for their children.
While it would be nice if the situations I just described were merely isolated examples, the overemphasis on safety can be found at schools right across North America.
The Manitoba government has joined in. It has expanded the scope of the Workplace Safety and Health Act so that it now applies to all school divisions in the province. As a result, every school division must establish a workplace health and safety committee with representation from each of its employee groups. At least four health and safety inspections of each workplace must take place every year.
Along with their many other responsibilities, Manitoba school principals are now swamped in safety rules regulating everything from the proper placement of extension cords in classrooms to the use of microwaves during lunch. Apparently, students can no longer be trusted to do something as simple as heat up their own lunch in the microwave without an adult supervisor standing right next to them.
There seems to be no end to examples of safety silliness. Some elementary schools in the United States have banned playing tag because students might get injured if they bump into each other. Even skipping ropes have been subjected to bans in some schools.
When students aren't allowed to kick a soccer ball, play a game of tag, heat their lunch in the microwave, or use a skipping rope, then we know that a safety-obsessed culture has gone off the rails.
While safety is important, so is common sense. It's time we bring some common sense back to our schools.
Michael Zwaagstra is a research associate with the Frontier Centre for Public Policy and a Manitoba high school teacher. He is co-author of What's Wrong With Our Schools and How We Can Fix Them.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal
April 16, 2013
Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal
Playing simple games using words and pictures can help people to learn a new language with greater ease, researchers from The University of Nottingham have shown.
Their study, published by the scientific journal PLOS ONE, revealed that using fun, informal ways of not only helped complete novices to acquire a new language but also made more traditional methods of language learning more effective.
PhD student Marie-Josée Bisson of the University's School of Psychology, who led the study along with Drs Walter van Heuven, Kathy Conklin and Richard Tunney, said: "The results of this study have implications not only for language learning and teaching, but also for anyone interested in improving their knowledge of a foreign language.
"They show that informal exposure can play an important role in foreign language word learning. Through informal exposure, learning can occur without intention, in a more effortless manner. Anyone attempting to learn another language would benefit from activities such as simple games using foreign language words and pictures, or foreign language films with subtitles where they can enjoy the activity without focusing on trying to learn the words. The results of this study suggest that these kinds of informal activities can facilitate language learning, even days afterwards."
There are many advantages to learning a foreign language, such as a better understanding of another culture or better in an increasingly multilingual society. However, picking up another language can be a difficult process.
Many believe that informal learning—for example, watching a foreign language film or spending time in another country immersing oneself in the culture—is helpful for learning the lingo.
This has now been validated by the results of the Nottingham study, which used spoken and written words along with pictures depicting their meaning to measure foreign vocabulary learning in complete novices.
In the first phase of the study, English speakers who did not know any Welsh, viewed Welsh words on a computer screen and were asked to indicate whether a particular letter appeared in each word. While viewing the word, they also heard the word being spoken and saw a simple picture showing its meaning. Importantly, the pictures and spoken words were irrelevant to their task and they had not been asked to 'learn' the Welsh words.
In the second phase of the study, English speakers were explicitly asked to learn the correct translations of Welsh words. They were presented with pairs of written English words and spoken Welsh words and had to indicate each time whether the English word was the correct translation of the Welsh. Information about whether or not their responses were correct was provided so that they could learn the correct translations. Importantly, half of the Welsh words had been presented in the first phase of the study.
Results indicated that participants performed better on the Welsh words they had previously been exposed to, indicating that during their informal exposure they had started to learn the meaning of the Welsh words.
Better performance in the explicit learning task was found immediately after the informal exposure as well as the next day. The researchers found that participants retained knowledge unintentionally learnt during the informal phase even as much as a week later following further explicit learning of the Welsh words.
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The field of Feminist Ethics can be applied to pain management to understand the perspective of both the patient and nurse. Three concepts derived from Feminist Ethics are applied to the care of people in pain including relationship, compassion, and respect. Through narratives of patients, nurses, and family caregivers this paper explores the experience of pain.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Advanced and Specialized Nursing

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Oregon Certified Court Interpreter Credential via Reciprocity
Oregon allows examination reciprocity for interpreters who have taken examinations in some other Consortium member states or who have taken the Federal Court Interpreting Examination. Oregon also allows examination reciprocity for RID ASL interpreters holding the Specialist Certificate: Legal (SC:L) who are not Oregon residents. Examination reciprocity is the first step leading towards certification reciprocity and is met by interpreters who have achieved an appropriate score on the:
- Federal Court Interpreting Examination (FCICE) or,
- Court Interpreting Oral Examination or,
- RID Specialist Certificate: Legal Examination
and meet the following requirements:
- All segments of the examination must be passed in one sitting,
- The examination must be administered and rated in accordance with Oregon requirements,
- The minimum scores on each section must meet Oregon requirements, and
- The candidate must not have tested in another state for certification during the previous 12 months.
Each candidate who has met the requirements for examination reciprocity above must also meet the following requirements:
- Submit verification that the interpreter remains in good standing in the Consortium state, the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, or with the RID.
- Pass a criminal history check.
- Attend an Ethics Orientation conducted by CLAS.
- Achieve a passing score on the Ethics Examination.
- Complete and submit documentation of at least 150 hours of court interpreting services during the 12 months prior to application in courts of record in Oregon or Consortium member states, federal courts of record, or where the interpreter is sworn in and the record can be presented into evidence.
- Complete the application process.
- Take the Interpreter's Oath administered by an Oregon State Court Judge.
Prior to completing the Application for Oregon Reciprocity Certification, or the Application for Oregon Reciprocity ASL Certification, contact the Certification and Training Program by emailing _EMAIL_ to ensure that you meet the reciprocity requirements.


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Adrian Hazzard was a member of the 2010 cohort, and his thesis defined a framework for the composition of dynamic musical listening experiences that respond to spatial exploration.
Whilst this work focused on locative, real-world, walking experiences there are also rich opportunities to transfer these guidelines to other 'virtual' media experiences that also engage with 'space' and 'music', namely computer games and virtual reality, with the latter currently receiving significant industry and academic investment.
To date, the application of these guidelines has yet to be adopted beyond the author, so therefore this research impact project therefore intends to both propagate the guidelines and provide opportunities for their adoption and scrutiny by a range of practitioners.
Adrian will therefore use this impact grant to:
- Develop a set of targeted workshops or negotiated activities with recruited practitioners to scrutinise, develop and further extend the existing guidelines, which include the exploration of symbolic representation (notation) of dynamic musical experiences. These will take place between October and December 2017.
- Facilitate opportunities to apply the guidelines within new public experiences from 3-4 commissioned practitioners. An emerging collaboration is to stage an annual computer game and film music festival across multiple sites in Nottingham, and to deliver a range of exploratory public experiences including the University of Nottingham, the National Videogame Arcade and the Nottingham Royal Centre, during early Spring 2018.
- Chart and disseminate the activities on a publicly accessible online portal that contains both resources and guidance for composers, alongside a record of the experiences that utilise them (to be completed in March 2017).


Nearest-neighbor interpolation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Nearest neighbor interpolation)
Jump to: navigation, search
Nearest neighbor interpolation (blue lines) in one dimension on a (uniform) dataset (red points).
Example of nearest neighbor interpolation of a random set of points (black dots) in 2D. Each coloured cell indicates the area in which all the points have the black point in the cell as their nearest black point.
Nearest neighbor interpolation on a uniform 2D grid (black points).
Nearest-neighbor interpolation (also known as proximal interpolation or, in some contexts, point sampling) is a simple method of multivariate interpolation in one or more dimensions.
Interpolation is the problem of approximating the value of a function for a non-given point in some space when given the value of that function in points around (neighboring) that point. The nearest neighbor algorithm selects the value of the nearest point and does not consider the values of neighboring points at all, yielding a piecewise-constant interpolant. The algorithm is very simple to implement and is commonly used (usually along with mipmapping) in real-time 3D rendering to select color values for a textured surface.
Connection to Voronoi diagram[edit]
For a given set of points in space, a Voronoi diagram is a decomposition of space into cells, one for each given point, so that anywhere in space, the closest given point is inside the cell. This is equivalent to nearest neighbour interpolation, by assigning the function value at the given point to all the points inside the cell. The figures on the right side show by colour the shape of the cells.
See also[edit]


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Sigmund Freud: Interpretation of Dreams
"Sigmund Freud, drawing largely from his own memories and dreams, published what he regarded as his most important work, The Interpretation of Dreams, in effect a record of his [four year] self-analysis. The book was published in 1899 but Freud had the publisher mark the date as 1900. He wanted it to usher in the 20th Century. No one noticed. The dream book, containing ideas that would shape the modern era, sold just 300 copies in six years."


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3D model of Pipettes
The same as real ones, 3D Pipettes are commonly used in molecular biology, yet in 3D molecular biology. So, the 3D Pipettes help 3D medical staff do 3D medical tests. 3D Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass 3D pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic 3D pipettes like this particular 3D model. Many 3D pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense.
- Media Type:
- 3D Model
Available File Formats
- 3D Studio (.3ds)
- 3ds Max 9.0 (.max)
- OBJ (.obj)
Copyright © 2009-2010 3D Rivers S.A. All Rights reserved.
No part of this website may be reproduced unless for personal use without prior permission from 3D Rivers S.A.
3D Rivers S.A. 13, chemin de la Vieille Fontaine, CH-1233, Geneva Switzerland
General Inquiries: e-mail:_EMAIL_
Please note: We sell 3D models, not real objects!


Preparing the Land
In preparing the land, the Gather By team has to ensure that the seedlings are put in an environment where they can blossom to their full potential. Unfortunately, a huge threat to this is kikuyu grass, which is an invasive pest that interconnects underground and takes all the vital nutrients out of the plants around it. In order for these plants to blossom, the Gather By team has to implement necessary yet environmentally friendly measures to get rid of the kikuyu grass while ensuring minimal harm is caused to the leptospermum, surrounding plants, and to the bees. We found it beneficial to use organic pelargonic acid combined with the use of weed mats as you can see from the images below. The weed mats were put down early in the planting process with pelargonic acid to cut out light to start the first of bioregion plantings.
With the help of individuals, like Gavin Smith, we were able to connect with new people and we were able to bring in volunteers who shared our passion for bush regeneration and conservation. This was our first volunteering session, which has become an integral part of the Gather By model.
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How to Find Good Fruits for Potency?
effective fruits for potencyIn the life of every man, even the strongest one, there are times when he needs help. And not only moral or material help is meant. Sometimes help is needed that, in general, is considered to be the embodiment of male power. When it is early to ask for medical treatment, it is reasonable to reconsider your diet, which is responsible not only for weight and overall health, but also potency. Traditionally, it is believed that fruits are good for erectile dysfunction. They bring only benefits and are necessary for human health at any age. What fruits increase potency in men and how to consume them properly in order to get male strength and health, not indigestion?
Seasonal plant products are always present on any table in a particular amount, but they are not enough to be eaten once in a while. Fruits for potency are needed to be eaten regularly as it is aimed at reproductive function. In addition, bad habits, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol and smoking almost nullify the positive aspects of nutrition. Therefore, the number of useful components should be doubled at times, if you want to feel the positive effect.
What Fruits are Good for Male Potency?
Sure, fruits are good for erectile dysfunction and everybody knows it. Not all fruits are equally useful. And it is especially relevant for male health. However, all of them contain vitamins and minerals that somehow have a positive effect on health, increase immunity and resistance to bacteria and viruses. This has a positive impact on male sexual activity too, because, first of all, a good erection is a sign of good health. Sometimes it is enough to put fruits and vegetables that increase potency into your diet to notice an improvement.
First you need to find out what fruits affect the potency of men. They should contain ascorbic and folic acids, tocopherol and the whole complex of vitamins and minerals will not be superfluous:
 1. best fruits for potencyAny citrus. Whether you like tangerines, lemons or oranges, it's all serve as a source of vitamin C that's digested well in these fruits. It not only accelerates the digestive processes and helps the substances to be better absorbed, but also has a special effect on the skin, which increases the level of sensitivity in the genital area. It helps you to increase the sensation of sexual intercourse. The same feature is found in kiwi, mango and pomegranate.
 2. Some fruits help increase testosterone levels in men, including grapes, pineapple, peaches, persimmons and pears.
 3. Bananas must be included in the diet. In addition, they have a fairly rapid effect. It is enough to eat a few bananas in a row to feel cheerful and energetic.
 4. Avocado is not so frequent guest on our table. This type of fruit is exotic and often of poor quality, which is why its taste is bad. But it contains a huge amount of folic acid, avocado helps to improve erection, prolonging sexual intercourse.
 5. Apricot is often referred to as a truly male fruit, it is a powerful aphrodisiac and promotes male libido. Apricots affect not only the number of sexual acts, but also their quality.
Natural fruits for erectile dysfunction that increase potency in men do not end there, a number of them are difficult to buy in our country, for example, durian, which not only has a unique taste, but contains a huge amount of vitamins and minerals. Fruits that increase potency in men should not necessarily be taken all together every day. They can be consumed in a separate form daily. One day you have a bite of grapes, the next day you have apricots. The main thing in this matter is diversity and consistency.
Fruit for the Potency of Men. How to Use them?
It is understood, what fruits increase potency. Now we'll clarify how to use them. Why may it seem that this is not clear? Just eat fruit, that's all. It is best to eat as much as possible before lunch, as most of them contain sugar and carbohydrates, which is necessary for the body in the morning.
Fruits that increase potency have a complex benefit to the whole body, and not just increase male power. In addition, such enrichment of the diet will additionally play a positive role in improving health. It is enough to eat one portion of fresh fruit to improve the body. Fruit useful for potency will have additional benefits for the whole body, like:
 - good fruits for potencyimprove immunity;
 - clean the gastrointestinal tract;
 - speed up metabolic processes;
 - fill the body's need with nutrients: vitamins and minerals;
 - help the body become less susceptible to bacteria and viral infections, including reproductive system infections;
 - help to speed up blood circulation, slowing down those that leads to stagnation, which provoke male diseases.
As we can see, eating fruits is good for erectile dysfunction. So take up this habit and enjoy your sexual life.
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Question: What Happens If You Miss The Black Ball In Pool?
Can you chip the ball in pool?
Any miscue when executing a jump shot is a foul..
What does an 8 ball stand for?
An 8 ball is one eighth of an ounce of a drug (usually cocaine). It can also refer to a mix of crack-cocaine and heroin as well as the malt-liquor brand Olde English 800. Sometimes, it can act as a derogatory term for a black person.
What balls can you hit after a scratch?
Tournament rules are "ball in hand", which means that if you scratch the ball your opponent can place the cue ball anywhere on the table, without any restrictions. By contrast, bar rules require you to put the cue ball in the "kitchen", which is the area behind the head spot where you break.
What happens if you miss the 8 ball?
When playing the 8-ball, you scratch. Note: If you are shooting at the 8-ball and miss it altogether without scratching, you have fouled and your opponent has ball-in-hand, but you don't lose because of this foul. f. A game is forfeited if you alter the course of the 8-ball or the cue ball in a game losing situation.
Do you lose if you scratch on the break in Pool?
If you scratch on the break, your opponent gets ball-in-hand. … On the first shot after the break, the player at the table (the breaker if a ball was pocketed; otherwise the opponent) has the option to "push out," where the cue ball can be hit anywhere, with or without contact with object balls or rails.
Can you jump a ball in pool?
In all pocket billiard games, when a stroke results in the cue ball or any object ball being a jumped ball off the table, the stroke is a foul. All jumped object balls are spotted (except in 8 and 9-Ball) when all balls have stopped moving.
What happens if you hit the 8 ball first?
What happens if you miss a ball in pool?
The primary two rules of a legal shot are: you must hit one of your balls first and then any ball (including the cue ball or opponent's ball) must either hit a rail or go in a pocket. If you don't make a legal shot, the other player gets ball in hand, meaning they can put the cue ball anywhere on the table.
Is not hitting a ball in Pool A scratch?
When a player fails to hit any object ball with the cue ball, it's considered a table scratch. The same goes for an object ball that fails to touch either a cushion or a pocket. The cue ball must hit at least one object ball and the object ball must hit a cushion or a pocket.
What happens if you don't call your pocket in pool?
Can you hit opponents ball first in 8 ball?
note the 8 ball is never neutral, so it can only legally be hit first when it's your last ball. the cue ball is not ever considered an object ball. combo's you must hit one of your balls first. an opponents ball or the "8″ can be in the middle of a multi ball combo but you must pocket your ball.
Do you lose in pool if you miss the 8 ball?
Missing the 8 ball, not hitting the 8 ball first or even sinking the cue ball on a shot at the 8 ball is NOT a loss under official 8 ball rules (unless you also sink the 8 ball) despite popular belief.
Do you lose if you hit the 8 ball in?
Do you have to hit your ball first in Pool?
You don't have the right to hit the other player's balls first. The first ball that you hit must be one of your own color, or the black if you have no balls left on the table. If you fail in doing this, it's a fault (SCRATCH). You don't have the right to put the white ball into a hole.


Blog Challenge Day 8 – Google Calendar to do Daily Reflections
One thing that can help greatly in the classroom is to reflect daily on your teaching practice. Reflect on well the lesson went, how the students did with the content for the day and how the class flowed. It is important to take time to reflect in order to make sure that we are constantly improving. If we just teach and then move onto the next day, we stand to repeat all of the mistakes we made in class again and again, we fail to truly create a great learning environment.
Finding the time to reflect and then organizing those reflections so that we can use them again in the future seems to be a problem for many teachers. Instead of doing a full blog, a teacher could easily just put in a new entry each day into their Google Calendar. They could either do a whole day event or put down an event for each type of class they teach. Writing down a 2-3 sentence reflection and then being able to go back and see exactly when that reflection was made can be really helpful for us to be able to make the changes necessary in order to become a truly effective teacher. Using Google Calendar means that we can have quick access to it using any device and it is saved online so we do not have to worry about misplacing it, something that happened to me a lot with my legal pad full of notes and reflections. Heck, you could even share the calendar with another teacher in order to get a different perspective and work with that person in order to collaboratively grow as a teacher.
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How long does child support last?
Child support rules are set by individual states, so there is no universally set age at which child support ends. However, the purpose of child support is to ensure that a child enjoys a standard of living comparable to his parents and that the child is financially supported by both parents and this helps determine how long support must be paid.
When Child Support Ends
While the laws vary between jurisdictions, there are some common milestones that set standard ages and are applicable in many states. For example, many states dictate that a parent is only responsible for child support until the child's 18th birthday. Similarly, other states may require support until either age 19 or 21. Aside from age, another common milestone used to determine the duration of child support is graduating from high school. In this case a state will require child support to continue until the child graduates high school, regardless of age.
There may also be special circumstances or provisions in place if a child is disabled or will require care beyond the period of normal childhood. These rules are also determined on a state level and may vary greatly.
Other Situations
Aside from ending when a child reaches the age of maturity, as set by the state, child support can also be terminated in the event of the child's death, if the child goes on active duty in the armed forces, or if the child becomes emancipated or self-supporting.


Stay healthy, keep playing
To play and perform means keeping yourself healthy and safe. Whether you're transporting a heavy instrument, holding a lighter instrument in the same manner for an extended period of time, or engaged in a repetitive action, playing music can have an impact on your body. Check out the following information to keep yourself going strong for the long haul.
Protect yourself against injury and make work easier. Take a moment to consider what you are going to lift or move before jumping into the task. Over time, safe lifting technique can become a habit.
Lift with the legs & more
 1. Size up the load and check overall conditions. Don't attempt the lift by yourself if the load appears to be too heavy or awkward. Check that there is enough space for movement, and that the footing is good. "Good housekeeping" ensures that you won't trip or stumble over an obstacle.
 2. Make certain that your balance is good. Feet should be shoulder width apart, with one foot beside and the other foot behind the object that is to be lifted.
 3. Bend the knees; don't stoop. Keep the back straight, but not vertical. (Tucking in the chin straightens the back.)
 4. Grip the load with the palms of your hands and your fingers. The palm grip is much more secure. Tuck in the chin again to make certain your back is straight before starting to lift.
 5. Use your body weight to start the load moving, then lift by pushing up with the legs. This makes full use of the strongest set of muscles.
 6. Keep the arms and elbows close to the body while lifting.
 7. Carry the load close to the body. Don't twist your body while carrying the load. To change direction, shift your foot position and turn your whole body.
 8. Watch where you are going!
 9. To lower the object, bend the knees. Don't stoop. Make sure your hands and feet are clear when placing the load.
*Make it a habit to follow these steps when lifting anything--even a relatively light object--and you'll be in good shape for your next performance.
Health & safety resources
Brains, brawn, & bones
Basic protection steps for all musicians
*Note: This information has been adapted from the NASM-PAMA documents on Musicians' Health and Safety.
Additional info on musculoskeletal health
Andover Educators - Body Mapping
A Painful Melody:Repetitive Strain Injury Among Musicians
Musician's Health
Janet Horvath - Playing Less Hurt
Gia Publications - Literary Resources
Musicians and their Health Care - A Musical America Special Report
The Musician's Way
Musician's Health Collective
Alexander Technique
Stretching Activity Guide Aimed at String Players


» News » 'India was never, ever homophobic'
'India was never, ever homophobic'
By Syed Firdaus Ashraf
September 06, 2018 14:57 IST
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'Societal acceptance is the surround-sound of the socio-economic political compass that we live in. This is the first step.'
IMAGE: LGBT activists celebrate the Supreme Court verdict striking down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. Photograph: Shailendra Bhojak/PTI Photo
'History owes an apology to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender community for denying them their right and compelling them to live a life of fear,' Justice Indu Malhotra said as the Supreme Court struck down Section 377 -- a colonial relic that criminalised gay sex between two consenting adults.
As the archaic law was struck down, a community rejoiced and tears of happiness and relief could be seen across the nation.
Among them was senior journalist Sunil Mehra, one of the petitioners who challenged Section 377, enacted in 1860.
The Supreme Court verdict "re-establishes human values and restores humanity," Mehra tells's Syed Firdaus Ashraf in a telephone interview.
Your first reaction?
This verdict was a long time coming; it is long overdue; the judgment establishes human values. It restores humanity and compassion.
In society, how can you discriminate against people because they love differently?
Do you think that with the verdict, Indian society will see a greater acceptance of the LGBT community?
It is a gradual process. Societal acceptance is the surround-sound of the socio-economic political compass that we live in. This is the first step.
You have to nurture and create an environment where people transcend these things and look beyond because there are more important issues like hunger, poverty, starvation, caste, brutality and this will happen as compassion leads in the society.
It also depends on the ruling polity.
Nothing happens overnight. Everything is a process.
This judgment is a process in the right direction and we hope it takes its natural course now.
The tag of being a 'criminal' must have been too much to bear.
It is passé, outdated and silly.
We were hanging on to a colonial law which was outlawed by the very people who drafted it.
The law flies in the face of triumph, flies in the face of psychology, flies in the face of any tenet that you hold up for empirical study.
It was long coming and also in a sense you were repudiating your own societal fabric.
India is a great country. India was never, ever homophobic to the best of my knowledge.
Our mythology is replete with it and there was never any castigation.
Hinduism, per se, has never castigated homosexuality.
WATCH: Celebrations in Bengaluru after the Supreme Court legalised homosexuality.
But we see Hindus saying homosexuality was never part of Hindu society.
In a society we will always have mavericks and mad people. We always have people whose minds have been colonised. They don't think before they speak and they think they are right, so that is all right. That is the nature of the beast.
It hurts and there has been lot of collateral damage.
A lot of people like Navtej Johar (one of the co-petitioners in the case and Mehra's long-term partner) and me were protected by class, education, money and privilege, but that was not the case for a child growing in Sawai Madhopur, Madurai and other places. He is suffering.
We need to create a society where people can realise they are full of selves, without fear, without dread, a society where violence can't be imposed upon.
Was this review petition your last hope for seeking justice?
This is just a blip on the landscape.
One should never give into despair; sometimes you give into despair politically, sometimes socially -- the whole thing is a confrontational approach never works.
There is always room for dialogue and for reason.
Can you share your emotional journey in this case?
Emotions apart, we had to put names and faces on a petition like this one. It was sheer absurdity.
The illogic and manifest injustice of it in the times we live in. It flies in the face of any rules on humanity.
It is a huge (judgment) for the nation.
We have had individuals making statements like 'Homosexuality can be cured by yoga'.
Like I told you, there will always be mavericks in a society. It is like saying honour killing is the way to correct societal wrong. These are the fringe who will always prevail till better reason prevails.
Did your lawyers present anything in court stating that ancient Shastras permitted homosexuality?
I am not a theological expert, but to the best of my knowledge and from the little I know and what I have lived, there is no tenet in the Hindu faith that castigates homosexuality.
In fact, our mythology is replete with people who are like that. Indian society is very tolerant always.
This is Western culture which was superimposed on us, essentially a live and let live society.
We were pretty much regretting who you were rather than who you became or were made to become.
The Constitution says we must have a scientific temper. Nevertheless it took the highest court in the land to intervene in such a case.
Section 377 is not an exception. Don't you see so much else is happening as we speak, as there is communal hatred, gau-rakshaks. You think this is divorced from that?
It is sole ill-informed hatred.
It is sole illogic and absurdity.
It is all cynical manipulation that informs such moves.
This is all policing of morality and society.
The harassment, the stigma that the LGBT community has endured for so long, do you think it will come to a halt now?
Obviously, you made people very miserable. You made a society which was giving, a compassionate society into a heteronomic one, so people were under pressure.
People were killing themselves and marrying under pressure. How unfair was that?
What will change for you from tomorrow?
For me, nothing changes from tomorrow.
I have lived my life. I hope it makes a change for someone else.
This is for youngsters who are out there who are in pain.
We were insulated and we have been fine.
In terms of society, as people learn to see the absurdity of the issue. That is important.
Karan Johar, the film-maker, wrote in his memoir that he could not say he was gay as he feared arrest.
People were blackmailed and sodomised by the police.
People would be picked up in cars. Extortionists would assail them.
This would happen whenever you put anything undercover, maleficent happenings.
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The War Against Coronavirus
The War Against Coronavirus


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Reports & Briefings
Briefing: EU gas infrastructure and EFSI: time for change
- Category: Reports & Briefs
- Published: 22 February 2017
This briefing shows that further public investment in EU gas infrastructure is likely to represent bad value for money, given:
- the very limited need for new gas investment for security of supply;
- the change of the market where gas demand is falling;
- the failure to test new gas infrastructure against EU climate and energy targets;
- the opportunity cost of not investing scarce EU public funds in other more productive areas, notably energy efficiency, renewable energies and electricity grids.
As a result, funding for new gas infrastructure under the EFSI 2.0 should be phased out. This would send a powerful signal that the EU will properly implement the Paris Agreement and create a much needed international precedent.


OOS 20-8 - Eucalyptus phylogenetics: How traits, evolution, and the environment influence the distribution of a diverse genus
Tuesday, August 4, 2009: 4:00 PM
Brazos, Albuquerque Convention Center
Laura Shirley, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Peter Vesk, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
The species-rich genus Eucalyptus dominates Australian overstorys, often with closely related species occurring in the same communities. How did Eucalyptus radiate so prolifically? How do closely related species coexist in communities despite the likely role of competitive interactions? Recent developments including finely resolved phylogenetic hypotheses, sophisticated distribution modelling tools, and improved understanding of plant functional traits have revived interest in such classic questions. We combined the following information in an attempt to reconstruct plant assembly for Eucalyptus species: a species phylogeny, species distribution models created with Boosted Regression Trees, and plant trait data. Data were collected from field plots spanning elevation gradients in the Grampians National Park, Victoria, Australia.
We found evidence that the relative contribution of processes controlling the distribution of plants varied along an environmental gradient. In higher elevation, exposed rocky outcrops, coexisting plants tend to be closely related and share similar functional trait values such as specific leaf area (SLA), tree height, and seed size. These traits are likely important in conferring the ability to thrive in harsh environments. In lowland areas with deep soils and more favorable temperatures, coexisting species are more distantly related. These species contain similar values for traits that are important for habitat partitioning (SLA and tree height), but may differ in traits that lessen the effects of competition (flowering time). Traits important for habitat partitioning are conserved and traits contributing to competitive interactions are more labile through evolutionary history. Our work provides a baseline model, which can be extended to additional eucalypt-dominated systems.
Copyright ©. All rights reserved.
Banner photo by Flickr user greg westfall.


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See the user manual of your device to ensure that it supports the video format that you are trying to share. We have found that the codec support varies quite a bit between devices.
- I cannot connect to WLAN (WiFi) access point with my Lumia phone. What can I do?
- What is the Ringtone Maker application on my Nokia Lumia device?
- Why does my Lumia only show phone number of caller or SMS sender, although the contact name is listed in People hub?
- Which version of Windows Phone does my Lumia have?
- Can I print messages and documents from my Lumia phone?


LINGUIST List 11.621
Sun Mar 19 2000
Qs: Ling Terminology/Eng, Vocabulary Trainer
Editor for this issue: Karen Milligan <>
 1. Jorge Guitart, Entificacion II
 2. Judith S., Qs Vocabulary trainer
Message 1: Entificacion II
Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2000 00:12:49 -0500 (EST)
From: Jorge Guitart <>
Subject: Entificacion II
Many thanks to those who responded to my posting in Spanish. Actually it
was meant for a Spanish-language list and I mistakingly sent it to this
I was asking whether there was a term for treating events as if they were
entities (entification?) My example was 'We can place the destruction of
the Jews by the Nazis among the worst catastrophes of the millenium that
just ended."
Some people responded that the term is reification. Someone reminded me
that in Spanish is cosificacion ('thingization'). I agree that either
applies to the example.
However, I had something else in mind for which my example was not
illustrative at all: the case in which an event is seen as agentive or
causative (metaphorically). For instance, in English,
'The drop in the Dow made my hair stand on end' (or in Spanish, 'El bajon
de la bolsa me puso los pelos de punta'). I find it difficult to see that
as just reification. Surely it is a thing, but a thing that does
something. Is there a term for that?
Message 2: Qs Vocabulary trainer
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2000 01:45:43 +0100
From: Judith S.
Subject: Qs Vocabulary trainer
Dear Everybody,
For my PhD thesis I'm looking for on-line or off-line vocabulary
trainers (English being L1 or L2), ideally for advanced learners
or/and with the possibility to enter data yourself, but any other
digital vocabulary trainer would be of interest too. The
programme does not necessarily have to be a multi-media


text:
Article ID: 930842 - View products that this article applies to.
Important This article contains information about how to modify the registry. Make sure that you back up the registry before you modify it. Make sure that you know how to restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up, restore, and modify the registry, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(_URL_ )Description of the Microsoft Windows registry
This article discusses the following Microsoft SoftGrid Management Console 4.x logging options:
Warning Serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly by using Registry Editor or by using another method. These problems might require that you reinstall the operating system. Microsoft cannot guarantee that these problems can be solved. Modify the registry at your own risk.
Log file locationThe SoftGrid Management Console log file (Sftmmc.log) is in the following location:
%ProgramFiles%\Softricity\SoftGrid Management Console\sftmmc.log
Logging level values and description
Collapse this tableExpand this table
How to configure the logging levelTo configure the logging level, exit the SoftGrid Management Console if it is running, and then follow these steps:


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Oculomotor selection exerts a fundamental impact on our experience of the environment. To better understand the underlying principles, researchers typically rely on behavioral data from humans, and electrophysiological recordings in macaque monkeys. This approach rests on the assumption that the same selection processes are at play in both species. To test this assumption, we compared the viewing behavior of 106 humans and 11 macaques in an unconstrained free-viewing task. Our data-driven clustering analyses revealed distinct human and macaque clusters, indicating species-specific selection strategies. Yet, cross-species predictions were found to be above chance, indicating some level of shared behavior. Analyses relying on computational models of visual saliency indicate that such cross-species commonalities in free viewing are largely due to similar low-level selection mechanisms, with only a small contribution by shared higher level selection mechanisms and with consistent viewing behavior of monkeys being a subset of the consistent viewing behavior of humans.
Keywords: human macaque comparison; low-level salience; oculomotor control; overt visual attention.
© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.


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Quantitating DNA - How they did it back then? (Feb/15/2009 )
We now know that DNA with a concentration of 50ug/mL has an OD of 1.0 at 260nm and this value helps us determine our sample's DNA concentration.
Can anyone shed light or provide links as to how scientist arrive at that relationship? If it's by a standard curve, how did they prepare their DNA concentrations to plot the graph?
I'm willing to tack the challenge.
But why dos it matter?
Why don't you take it for granted?
Do you check every math axiom before using it?
Maybe they measured the weight of DNA. The DNA pellet should have mass right?
Then using that, they dissolve in fixed volume and look at Ab260.
Work it out in reverse: take a range of DNA samples with different ODs, then determine how much DNA (weight) is in each.
or you can run an agarose gel electroforesis, with serial dilutions to to compare the concentration with another method


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The problem of providing connectivity for a collection of applications is largely one of data integration: the communicating parties must agree on thesemantics and syntax of the data being exchanged. In earlier papers [#!mp:jsc1!#,#!sg:BSG1!#], it was proposed that dictionaries of definitions foroperators, functions, and symbolic constants can effectively address the problem of semantic data integration. In this paper we extend that earlier work todiscuss the important issues in data integration at the syntactic level and propose a set of solutions that are both general, supporting a wide range of dataobjects with typing information, and efficient, supporting fast transmission and parsing.
Chains of Recurrences (CRs) are a tool for expediting the evaluation of elementary expressions over regular grids. CR based evaluations of elementaryexpressions consist of 3 major stages: CR construction, simplification, and evaluation. This paper addresses CR simplifications. The goal of CRsimplifications is to manipulate a CR such that the resulting expression is more efficiently to evaluate. We develop CR simplification strategies which takethe computational context of CR evaluations into account. Realizing that it is infeasible to always optimally simplify a CR expression, we give heuristicstrategies which, in most cases, result in a optimal, or close-to-optimal expressions. The motivations behind our proposed strategies are discussed and theresults are illustrated by various examples.
Complete presentations provide a natural solution to the word problem in monoids and groups. Here we give a simple way to construct complete presentations for the direct product of groups, when such presentations are available for the factors. Actually, the construction we are referring to is just the classical construction for direct products of groups, which has been known for a long time, but whose completeness-preserving properties had not been detected. Using this result and some known facts about Coxeter groups, we sketch an algorithm to obtain the complete presentation of any finite Coxeter group. A similar application to Abelian and Hamiltonian groups is mentioned.
Monomial representations and operations for Gröbner bases computations are investigated from an implementation point of view. The technique ofvectorized monomial operations is introduced and it is shown how it expedites computations of Gröbner bases. Furthermore, a rank-based monomialrepresentation and comparison technique is examined and it is concluded that this technique does not yield an additional speedup over vectorizedcomparisons. Extensive benchmark tests with the Computer Algebra System SINGULAR are used to evaluate these concepts.
Groups can be studied using methods from different fields such as combinatorial group theory or string rewriting. Recently techniques from Gröbner basis theory for free monoid rings (non-commutative polynomial rings) respectively free group rings have been added to the set of methods due to the fact that monoid and group presentations (in terms of string rewriting systems) can be linked to special polynomials called binomials. In the same mood, the aim of this paper is to discuss the relation between Nielsen reduced sets of generators and the Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration procedure on the one side and the Gröbner basis theory for free group rings on the other. While it is well-known that there is a strong relationship between Buchberger's algorithm and the Knuth-Bendix completion procedure, and there are interpretations of the Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration procedure using the Knuth-Bendix procedure for special cases, our aim is to show how a verbatim interpretation of the Todd-Coxeter procedure can be obtained by linking recent Gröbner techniques like prefix Gröbner bases and the FGLM algorithm as a tool to study the duality of ideals. As a side product our procedure computes Nielsen reduced generating sets for subgroups in finitely generated free groups.


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from Future Blogger:
An article by Rosabeth Moss Kanter was just published today on the Harvard Business Review website, titled On Twitter and in the Workplace, It's Power to the Connectors. In it, she highlights the fact that there is an organizational trend moving away from the hierarchical networks of the 20th century, and towards complex, distributed, non-hierarchical structures of business organization and leadership.
She also points out that success today is based on a person's ability to leverage power and influence within their social networks, to act as "connectors" between people and information, and in turn build social capital. [ Read On ]


Photo by Josh Sorenson from Pexels
7 Major Carpet Cleaning Mistakes Made by Pet Owners
We love our furry family members, but, as all pet owners know, they can create some serious messes on our home carpets. Unfortunately, when it comes to cleaning those messes, there are a lot of mistakes made by pet owners. This leads to old stains on the floors and unwanted smells permeating the household, which, let's be honest, no one wants to see or smell when they enter the door. So here is a list of common cleaning mistakes made by pet owners so that you can learn, apply, and make your guests happy when they come to visit.
1. Not cleaning it up immediately
This is a fundamental mistake that can cause many problems later. It can be easy to get caught up in finishing what you were doing rather than dealing with the mess. Or, another common excuse, you were running out the door for an engagement and decided that you could clean it up later. Big mistake. The rule of thumb here: the longer the mess stays there, the harder it is to clean. To add to that, if it sits there long enough, it can become impossible to clean, will continuously release unwanted odors into the home, and your only solution will be to remove and replace the carpet. When you come to that realization, taking the five minutes to clean up the mess in the moment sounds a lot better than being forced to replace your carpet, doesn't it?
2. Using rags or paper towels to scrape up the mess
Many of us are guilty of this. It really does seem like the right thing to do. However, what most people are not aware of is that it can actually push the mess deeper into the carpet which is the opposite of what you want. The goal here is to remove it, not force it in. So what's a pet owner to do? Get a putty knife from your local hardware store (they're cheap!) or a dustpan that is dedicated to this use only and scrape it off the carpet gently. You'll be surprised to see less of it remain when using these tools rather than paper towels or rags!
3. Not extracting the urine first
If you're dealing with urine, you need to pull that out of the carpet before you start treating the spot. Otherwise you'll end up just spreading it even more, or worse, leaving it behind because your cleaning solution had too much to work on. Carpets are extremely absorbent so you want to get as much out as possible. While a handheld extractor will provide the best results (check out this bundle that includes cleaning solutions), if you're on a tight budget, you can throw down some paper towels and blot gently. It's fine to use paper towels in this instance because you're dealing with urine, not solid matter that you're mashing down into the carpet fibers. What this means though is that you will have to be very thorough in your treatment of that carpet.
4. Scrubbing the carpet
Do not scrub at your carpets, please. We point this out for the same reason we advise not to use rags or paper towels to pick up the pet mess. All it will do is force the material deeper into your carpet and possibly into your padding and subflooring which is even harder to clean. Basically, it will make the mess worse. If you're dealing with only urine and using paper towels, BLOT gently. Gently is the key here. Do not stomp or scrub (no matter how frustrated you may be)!
5. Using home remedies with vinegar or baking soda
We know, this defies everything your mom taught you about cleaning the carpet. However, there are some very good reasons for this. For one thing, they only mask the smell for a short time. You'll basically be stuck in a never-ending cycle of rinse and repeat until you get fed up and replace the carpet. Another reason is that if the smell comes back, it can actually encourage your pet to go to the bathroom on that spot, even more, further reinforcing that cycle of rinse and repeat until you replace the carpet. See the expensive pattern here?
Here's a way you can avoid that expense: look for products with enzymes, especially for the small surface stains. These actually break down the unwanted material in the carpet without damaging the carpet, and if there is no pet mess lurking in your carpet fibers, there's no smell. Funny how that works! Most of your average carpet products only have a carpet detergent and an odor-masking solution in it, but they don't treat the source. Bio-enzymatic cleaners (think the ones you see at the pet store) actually neutralize and break down the uric acids and eliminate the proteins and starches leftover in the carpet. One of those cleaners that is strongly recommended is Nature's Miracle Urine Destroyer (about $15 per quart from your local pet store). For the larger stains that have set in for a period of time, look for cleaners with bacteria, enzymes, and an oxygen booster. It should also be noted here that you should never treat the mess with steam cleaners! That heat only infuses the stain into the carpet fibers and will make it worse!
6. Not cleaning a larger area than the original stain
Carpets are very absorbent, remember? So, believe it or not, that liquid has spread farther than you can see on the surface. This makes the area that you need to treat with a solution much bigger than what you visibly see! So when you're cleaning up, make sure you hit a bigger radius around the stain to ensure that you've treated all of it. That way you don't leave it behind to set in and generate those horrible smells later.
7. Not vacuuming regularly
Although this is not normally considered to be a "mess" that your pet leaves, it actually is. Pet hair and dander can build up in the carpet faster than your own hair and dander. Why? They have more of it and they spend a lot more time on, near, and rolling around on the carpet than you do. The build up in your carpet and upholstery can actually cause odors and trigger allergies in your family members or guests, so this is an important item to be mindful of as well. Regular vacuuming is an essential part of owning pets, so treat it as such! There are alternatives to getting the fur out of the carpet with a vacuum. You can take an old paint roller and wrap the roller end with masking tape. Roll it over your carpet to lift off the hair. You'll still need to follow up with a vacuum, but with less hair to pick up, you won't have to empty the bin or bag as often! Another alternative is to buy what's called a carpet rake! Yes, this is a thing. Essentially it's a rake with rubber bristles as the end instead of the normal plastic or metal teeth you find on your average garden rake. The rubber bristles will pull the hair out of that carpet surprisingly well. Also, a lesser known trick is to apply the same concept to your upholstery, but without the rake bit. If you are trying to remove hair off of your couch or chairs (or even the cloth interior of your car), put on a rubber kitchen glove and wipe your hand across the surfaces. The rubber is a really good at attracting the fur and extracting it from surfaces!
Now that you're armed with the proper knowledge and tricks to take care of those messes, you don't have to be worry and wonder if your house smells like urine or smelly pets (unless those pets need a bath--there's really only one way to take care of that issue). Not only will your house smell fresh, you'll extend the lifespan of your carpets, which will save you a lot of money in the long run. We like to call that a win-win!


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Richmond: For the Birds & More
After covering the impact of geological, glacial and human forces on the Richmond landscape, the highly popular Richmond Geographic series ended with two looks at Richmond's natural world today.
On May 23 at the Town Center, Walter Poleman, the UVM natural history professor who put the series together, showed slides of many of the birds that call Richmond home at various times of the year. Poleman demonstrated the value of learning to identify birds by their songs, as many species stick to the treetops or underbrush, well out of sight.
Poleman also led local teachers and representatives of town boards on an outing to local birding hot-spots, where in less than four hours 51 species were either spotted or heard.
Closing the series on May 13, Poleman covered the broad mix of natural communities that can be found in Richmond because, as he noted, "the town sits astride two physiographic regions of the state - the Champlain Valley and the Green Mountains."
Using slides and vivid descriptions, he described the widely diverse combinations of plants and animals found in different places in town - about 25 distinct natural communities in all.
Poleman explained how the Winooski River's annual flooding has produced the forest of silver maples, poplars and ostrich ferns that graces its banks - one of the largest such forests left in Vermont. He showed Bob Low's slides of a 200-year-old hemlock stand overlooking Gillett Pond's alder swamp and cattail marsh - three entirely different types of communities. And he described why the soils found at the base of the Snipe Island Cliffs are so rich, and why botanists find the plants making up that community to be so fascinating.
Interested in exploring the natural communities of Richmond on your own? Poleman recommends Wetland, Woodland, Wildland, a new book by Elizabeth H. Thompson and Eric R. Sorenson.
Though the lectures are over, several teachers in the Chittenden East school district will continue learning about "what makes Richmond Richmond" at a UVM/Shelburne Farms summer workshop organized by Poleman. Following its success in Richmond, the program will be rolled out to other towns in the fall.
The 51 birds seen or heard on a four-hour, four-site tour of Richmond*:
Alder flycatcher, American crow, American goldfinch, American redstart, American robin, Baltimore oriole, bank swallow.
Also, barn swallow, barred owl, black-and-white warbler, blackburnian warbler, black-capped chickadee, black-throated blue warbler.
Also, black-throated green warbler, blue jay, bobolink, brown-headed cowbird, chestnut-sided warbler, chimney swift.
Also, chipping sparrow, common grackle, common merganser, common yellowthroat, eastern bluebird, English sparrow, European starling, gray catbird.
Also, hairy woodpecker, least flycatcher, mallard, mourning dove, northern waterthrush, ovenbird, pine siskin, purple finch.
Also, red-eyed vireo, red-winged blackbird, ring-billed gull, rock dove, rose-breasted grosbeak, ruby-throated hummingbird, savannah sparrow.
Also, scarlet tanager, song sparrow, spotted sandpiper, tree swallow, turkey vulture, veery, warbling vireo, wood thrush, yellow warbler.
*Last month, a team from the Audubon Nature Center team identified 86 species in a 24-hour expedition through Huntington and Richmond.


Previous Next Contents Index Navigation Glossary Library
Rule Based Enterprises
The rule-based enterprise is typically a highly structured environment in which all aspects of work and remuneration are well organized and regulated. Common examples of this type of enterprise are found in government, education, health and other public sector industries. A key feature of this type of enterprise is the concern with managing positions, or posts. Positions exist, and are managed independently of people in post.
You can picture the role type organization as a 'Greek temple', which rests its strength in its pillars. These pillars are the specialist functions or departments that exist within the enterprise. They are strong and almost independent organizations. For example, the Finance department would have very little involvement in the working of the HR department.
Coordination between the groups takes place at the top of the structure by a narrow band of senior management - the pediment. In this environment it is assumed that this should be the only personal coordination needed. "If the separate pillars do their job, as laid down by the rules and procedures, the ultimate result will be predictable."
Roles are usually more important than individuals. People are selected for satisfactory performance of a role, which is described so that a range of individuals could fill it. Reward systems are likely to be role or rule-based.
Often, clearly defined procedures exist for every task and process within the enterprise. For example, job descriptions and job evaluation procedures define individual roles and positions of authority. Also, it is common to find that procedures exist to govern communications, such as colored and numbered forms, committee reports, and so forth.
Representing Positions
'Positions' are most appropriate for this type of enterprise and provide the finer detail on work structure and line management that is needed in a fixed establishment. Employees are assigned to a position, and by definition to the organization and job for that position.
Because you are focussing on the use of positions and position hierarchies you define organizations to show only the major divisions in your enterprise. You can model the details of these departments and sections using your position hierarchies. (If you also define detailed organizations and hierarchies, you are defining the same structural information twice.)
In this situation, jobs provide an additional level of information for positions, which is independent of any specific organization. For example, you might want to define job types of 'Managerial', 'Executive' or 'Clerical' so that you can identify skill requirements and levels of benefits for each job.
Position Name
In this environment you should consider using the segments of the position name to hold other key information about the position. For example you might want to consider using the following as segment values:
Note: You can use the Additional Position Details descriptive flexfield to hold this type of information about positions if you do not want the information to be visible to all users.
Management Reporting Lines
You can define a primary position hierarchy to show the management reporting lines for all of your positions. You should find that most of your security and reporting needs are based on this primary hierarchy. Groups are identified by selecting a manager and all the positions that report to it in this hierarchy.
Other Management Issues
When you consider this environment there are other areas your decisions may affect:
Remuneration Policies Individual compensation and benefits are often regulated, or based on union negotiated agreements.
Reward systems are usually based on the role performed rather than on personal or performance assessment. This may mean that you have to define detailed eligibility rules for compensation and benefits.
Comparative Grades and Positions Valid grades are defined for positions and it is common to use grade steps and progression points.
National or union pay scales establish actual rates of pay for a grade and this is independent of performance. An employee is paid the rate for his or her grade and step. Incrementing rules, which determine progression to the next step, are usually part of the plan and are often time-based.
Job evaluation methods exist to compare roles across the industry with agreed grading structures and rates of pay.
Budgeting Headcount or full-time equivalent budgets are usually set for each position.
You can calculate your Salary budgets from the position budgets, combined with valid grades and progression point information.
In an HR environment you would calculate actual salary costs, at any time, from the current salaries of assigned employees.
In an environment including Oracle Payroll, you would calculate actual salary costs directly from payroll run results.
See: Salary Budgeting
Vacancies and Recruitment There is an automatic vacancy when an employee terminates employment. The position exists even when there are no holders.
The stages of the recruitment process and the procedures surrounding these are probably well defined and regulated.
Standard letters for each stage of the process are also likely to be well established.
In this environment people are recruited for their ability to perform a role. You would hold job descriptions and skill requirements for each position using attachments for text and the Special Information Type for structured data.
Standard Reports Typically there is a well defined set of standard reports needed in this environment. Often these are required by government.
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Chapter 2. Modelling Practice
This chapter deals with the practicalities of building, testing, deploying and maintaining models. It gives specific advice for each phase of the modelling cycle. To do this, a modelling framework is introduced which covers: problem and model definition; model conceptualization; model data requirements; model construction; model solution; model verification; model validation and finally model deployment and maintenance.
Within the adopted methodology, each step is discussedthrough the consideration of key issues and questions relevant to the modelling activity. Practical advice, based on many years of experience is providing in directing the reader in their activities.Traps and pitfalls are discussed...


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Does anyone care what happens to women prisoners in jails?
Locked up behind iron bars, stuffed into the darkest corners of prison complexes, women prisoners in India face discrimination every day. From something as simple as recreation to something as complex as harassment and assault, many women prisoners live a life that is oppressive in most Indian jails.
Does anyone care what happens to women prisoners at jails?
The death of an inmate in Mumbai's Byculla prison raises many questions on whether anyone really cares what happens to women prisoners within the walls of Indian prisons. As in the case of Manjula Shetye, what if the jail staff are the perpetrators? Who do the women go to? We tried to find out.
"Any concerns that the women prisoners have should immediately be conveyed to warders. They are constable-like hail staff. Next level of escalation in head warder. If issues are not resolved then jailers and assistant superintendents may be approached. Senior jail officials go on routine visits. I make it a point to interact with the inmates to understand their concern and they can voice it out," said Roopa D, DIG, Prisons, Karnataka.
The senior IPS officer also added that social workers, NGO staff and members of missionaries and institutions like the Art of Living also visit jails. "We get information from social workers who visit jail as well," she said.
What if protectors are predators?
The protocol demands that prisoners raise any concern with jail authorities or inform senior police officers when they visit for inspection. But is it too little too late? Especially like in the case of Manjula Shetye where the perpetrators were none other than jail staff? There are no complaint boxes that allow women prisoners to fearlessly voice out their concerns.
"Women prisoners are not safe from harassment or assault in jails, be it physical or sexual. Where will they go? Some of the inmates are hand in glove with the prison authorities and allow exploitation. If anyone speaks up, they are threatened with consequences. They are denied food, clothes. We have heard from inmates stories of how they are stripped naked and are paraded, simply because other inmates want to have'some fun'," said a woman activist attached with an NGO that visits the prisoners. She requested for her identity to be protected to ensure that the NGO does not face problems visiting prisons.
Their living conditions
The rules are well defined, unfortunately, they are in the books. "Incidentally, even in prisons, the first priority is given to male prisoners. Women have a smaller place, perhaps because they are also small in number but the place accorded to them is generally in one corner of the prison complex. Naturally, it is darker and there are lesser air and sunlight. Women prisoners run a higher risk of health problems," said IPS officer, Roopa D, DIG, Prisons, Karnataka.
She also highlighted how undertrial inmates in male prisons are allowed to play cricket every evening but women have little or no recreational facility. "Women prisoners play no cricket or volleyball. Most times there is no space to engage in physical activity. Some prisons do not have simple board games like Ludo and Snake and Ladder. Some prisons give women chess and carrom but these are skill games and not everyone can play," she added.
With practically nothing to keep their minds preoccupied with, the women, most who are victims of harassment themselves, are allowed to get further depressed.
Health is a concern too
Prevalence of HIV among some women prisoners and lack of medicines in prison hospitals is also a concern. While prisons doctors are appointed on a permanent basis and are expected to be on call like in any other hospital, the reality is different. In most prison hospitals, at least 3 or 4 doctors are appointed on a permanent basis. However, may prisoners have complained about how they work in shifts and abuse the system.
"Medicines are not available at times in the prison hospital. They are supposed to maintain a stock at any given point in time but much like any government office, loopholes exist," said a prison official.
Correctional attitude is missing
Yoga, reading, handloom weaving, basket weaving gardening, baking, ornament making, tailoring and beautician courses are prescribed for women inmates in jails across the country. However, most jails lack facilities to train these women in basket and handloom weaving. The tailoring and beautician courses serve no purpose since there are no clients who avail their services. While most prisons have no space for gardening, the library is underutilised since most convicts either have no habit or reading or the educational qualification is a limitation.
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is a term that is applied mostly to jazz improvisation
. Technically, it can be applied to any style in which there is improvisation
, but it is most commonly used in a jazz
Trading fours usually means that two soloists 'trade' four bars each. So one of them improvises for four bars and then the other improvises for four bars, and so on, until the latter ends the 'duet'. Any instruments can trade fours, but it is commonly done either between two lead instruments (saxophone, trumpet, etc.) or between a lead instrument and drums.
The concept of trading fours, like many elements of jazz, comes from the work songs of African slaves. Often, these songs incorporated a 'call and response', when the leader would sing a phrase and the rest would chorus it back. This 'question and answer' is the founding structure of the blues, and is also the main idea behind trading fours. Good jazz players will turn their trading fours into a conversation. It shouldn't sound like two seperate entities, but rather two players responding to each other. Sometimes it sounds like one solo played on two instruments (listen to Sonny Rollins and Sonny Stitt trade eights and then fours on The Eternal Triangle - see if you can even tell when one stops and the other starts). Sometimes (more often) it sounds more like a question and answer (Sonny Rollins Quartet in Blue Seven).
You do not have to trade fours. It is possible to trade any number of bars. The most common after fours is eights, which I already briefly mentioned. This means that the soloists play eight bars each. This is usually done on up tempo tunes (Dave Weckl, Softly, as in a morning sunrise). Also, it is possible to change the amount of bars you are trading. This almost always comprises of shortening the amount of bars that are traded, as this builds up intensity. The first time I heard this was on Charlie Mingus' No Private Income Blues from Mingus in Wonderland, where Booker Ervin and John Handy trade fours, then twos, then play one bar each, and then just two measures each. Wow!
Often, a lead instrument will trade fours with a drummer to allow the drummer a solo without the drummer going into a whole chorus, which can be a bit long. It is sometime difficult for the audience to listen to a long drum solo, so this is a good way for the drummer to express himself.
Usually, the solos are played in the regular fashion, i.e. if a saxophone plays a solo, the whole rhythm section accompanies him/her, and if the drummer plays a solo, s/he is left alone. Sometimes, though, both players can be left alone, with the rhythm section staying silent, or the rhythm section plays a vamp, over which the soloists trade. It is also possible for more than two players to trade fours, playing four bars each in succession (for example - piano, drums, bass, piano, drums, bass... - Bill Evans, Twelve Tone Tune, from Blue In Green - Bill, Eddie Gomex and Marty Morell trade 12 bars each this way). The possibilities are endless!
Things to pay attention to when trading fours:
- When trading fours on songs whose length isn't divisible by 8 (i.e. four bars each), be careful, as the cycle doesn't complete in one chorus. Trading fours almost always ends after the second player's solo, so however many choruses you trade, you have to make sure that the second player ends it. For example, on a twelve bar blues, if a trumpet trades fours with the drums, the trumpet plays four bars, then the drums, then the trumpet. We have now completed one chorus. But this would be a bad time to play the head, as it doesn't feel complete. They must trade another chorus (drums, trumpet, drums), and then the trades end on the drummer.
- When trading fours with a drummer, it is nice to play rhythmic phrases, to let him respond to.
- Listen to the other player! You are having a conversation, not each one speaking separately. If you don't listen, that's exactly what it will sound like.
* trading fours is referred to in many languages other than English as four / four.


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Facts about HSUS
In recent years we have experienced a sharp increase in the challenges facing animal agriculture from animal rights and environmental activist groups. One of the groups that challenges animal agriculture the most is HSUS. HSUS is the largest and most well-funded animal rights organization in the U.S. Contrary to how it inaccurately portrays itself as a mainstream animal care organization, HSUS is neither affiliated with any of America's more than 10,000 hands-on pet shelters, nor is it an animal care organization. Despite the omnipresent dogs and cats in its fundraising materials and television commercials, it's neither an organization that runs spay/neuter programs, nor does it take in stray, neglected, and abused pets.1 It works through the courts, the legislative process, mass education, and the media. Claiming to be a more moderate, mainstream animal "welfare" organization, HSUS has sought to abolish modern livestock and poultry farming, hunting, circuses, rodeos, horse and dog racing, animal dissection, the keeping of marine animals in aquariums, hunting of seals, whales and elephants, trapping and raising of fur bearing animals, and the commercial breeding of dogs. 2 Quite unlike the common image of animal protection agencies as cash-strapped organizations dedicated to animal welfare, HSUS has become the wealthiest animal rights organization on earth. While most local animal shelters are underfunded and unsung, HSUS has accumulated $162 million in assets and built a recognizable brand by capitalizing on the confusion its very name provokes. 3 This misdirection results in an irony of which most animal lovers are unaware: HSUS raises enough money to finance animal shelters in every single state with money to spare, yet it doesn't operate a single one anywhere. 4 HSUS is an organization that is inexperienced when it comes to livestock operations and livestock care. HSUS would create sweeping policy changes—with dangers of unintended consequences—in an industry where it offers opinion but no expertise. HSUS appeals to consumer's emotions, while ignoring science, human and animal welfare and safety considerations, and the hardships it could cause farmers across the United States. 5
HSUS's campaign strategy is aimed primarily at states with ballot initiative processes. They use compelling, yet misleading, situations and exploit misinformation in their advertisements to appeal to the voting public, and, ultimately, increase contributions to the organization. HSUS has recently campaigned for legislation in the ballot initiative states of California, Florida and Ohio. There are two types of initiatives–Direct and In-direct. There are 24 states with some form of initiative6; however, Direct initiative states are most at risk of HSUS intervention because they do not require prior review by the state legislature. "Direct Initiative is when constitutional amendments or statutes proposed by the people are directly placed on the election ballot and then submitted to the people for their approval or rejection (the state legislature has no role in this process)."7 At present, there are 15 states with direct amendment and 14 states with direct statute processes in place. 8
The Wrong Idea
In a February 2010 poll conducted by Opinion Research Corporation, 71% of Americans agreed that the Humane Society of the United States "is an umbrella group that represents thousands of local humane societies across America." 9 This is not true. The Humane Society of the United States is not affiliated with any local animal shelters. That poll also shows that 59% believe the group gives "most of its money" to local pet shelters. That's false, too. In fact, hands-on dog and cat shelters at the local level received less than 1% of the $86 million HSUS raised in 2008. 10
HSUS's grants to pet shelters in the 50 United States between the years of 2006 to 2008 can be found in HSUS's tax filings with the IRS, documents which are kept in public record. 11 For the years 2006 to 2008, HSUS total grants to hands-on U.S. pet shelters was $6,892,205, which was only 2.49% of their $277,009,635 in total spending. 12 In 2008, the most recent tax year for which nonprofit IRS filings are available, HSUS raised $86.7 million from the public, spent $99.7 million—an $8 million increase over 2007—and ended the year with $162.2 million in assets. 13 Of this $99.7 million operating budget, HSUS paid out $4.7 million in grants to other organizations and individuals in 2008. However, only $450,000 of this consists of checks that HSUS wrote to organizations doing hands-on sheltering of dogs and cats–the functions its TV ads suggest are HSUS's main focus. 14 This means it shared less than one-half of one percent of its 2008 operating budget with legitimate "humane societies" and other pet shelters. 15 If an individual took up HSUS on their infomercial offer of "just $19 a month" to help take care of animals, they would be donating $228 over the course of a year, with just $1.03 of that reaching an actual hands-on pet shelter. 16 By comparison, HSUS had 555 employees, and paid them $37.8 million in 2008. This includes over $2.5 million contributed to employee pension plans. HSUS' Chief Executive, Wayne Pacelle, made just over $251,000 in salary and benefits. 17
Shelter Support Reality
During the 2006-2008 period, HSUS donated zero dollars to hands-on pet shelters in five states: Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, South Dakota, and Wyoming. 18 HSUS made zero donations to Ohio pet shelters in 2007 and 2008, and gave just $5,200 in 2006. This year, however, the organization is gearing up to spend millions of dollars in Ohio on the anti-livestock farming ballot initiative. 19 In 2008, HSUS made donations to pet shelter organizations in only 15 states—down from 24 states in 2007—even though its overall budget increased by more than $8 million. HSUS routinely spends far more on state-level political fights than on pet shelters in those same states. 20 For example, HSUS spent ten times more money in passing "Proposition 2" in California—a ballot initiative to create new livestock farming regulations—than on pet shelters there. 21 Even some of the grants from the "less than one-half of one percent of the budget" seem dubious. For example, David Mastio of The Washington Times wrote that HSUS in Iowa gave $9,044 to a shelter in Fairfield. According to the shelter's web site, the money was used to give HSUS animal rights propaganda to grade school teachers. This material asked the children to pressure their schools to use only cage-free eggs and write to their congressmen. 22
HSUS raised $34 million in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, supposedly to help reunite lost pets with their owners. However, comparatively little of that money was spent for that purpose. In 2009, Atlanta ABC affiliate WSB-TV reported that public disclosures of the disposition of the $34 million in Katrina-related donations added up to less than $7 million. 23 A 2008 Los Angeles Times investigation found that HSUS receives less than 12% of the money raised on its behalf by California telemarketers. In 2008, HSUS collected more than $86 million in contributions, but spent more than $24 million on fundraising. 24 Beginning on the day of NFL Quarterback Michael Vick's 2007 dog-fighting indictment, HSUS raised money online with the false promise that it would "care for the dogs seized in the Michael Vick case." The New York Times later reported that HSUS wasn't caring for Vick's dogs at all, and HSUS President Wayne Pacelle told the Times that his group urged government officials to "put down" the dogs rather than adopt them out to suitable homes. 25
Are you are as outraged as we are about the false claims HSUS is making against agriculture? Join Farm Bureau, the Voice of Agriculture, and help us protect the future of our food supply in the United States.
Wayne County Farm Bureau - Fairfield, IL
Copyright 2010-2011 All rights reserved.


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The Birth of the Advertising Agency
Claims vary, but it seems that the term "advertising agency" popped up somewhere between 1850 and the turn of the century. (Volney Palmer is popularly credited with coming up with the term in 1850.) Whatever they were called, these firms offered an indispensable service to marketers across the nation. It wasn't long before agencies began expanding their roster of services to include artwork, copy and layout production. N.W. Ayer and J. Walter Thompson, who both vie for the distinction of oldest American agency, also contend for the title of first full-service agency: N.W. Ayer had a full-time staff for planning, creative duties, production and placement in 1875. JWT's claims lies in its performance of the same duties, alongside specialties such logo and package design. Among those crafting copy for the campaigns around the turn of the century were literary icons such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Marquand.
According to Advertising Age magazine, in 1900, marketers spent the modern day equivalent of $450 million on advertising. That year there were 3,500 magazines alone being published in the U.S., reaching an audience of about 65 million. By now, placement commissions were becoming standardized, which helped to legitimize the industry. Price competition was finally eliminated in 1921, after the American Association of Advertising Agencies (the Four As) lobbied to establish a 15 percent fixed commission on media billings. Once the standard was set, agencies shifted their focus to marketing. Instead of simply creating ads, they began offering strategic advice on branding, new product development, and packaging pricing.


For this discussion board you will use the following documents
The Benning speech in the module folder
Any two secession documents (listed by state) in the module folder
The provided list of Lincoln quotes in the module folder
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Prompt: You are working as a teaching assistant for HIS 131. In a few days, you will give a lecture to students on Secession. The class is covering the documents listed above. Your Powerpoint lecture should address the following questions
(1) What were Benning's main justifications for Georgia's choice to secede? (what complaints do you see most often? Do his grievances fit into any clear categories or themes?)
Do NOT rest in general statements. You should be clear here about his specific objections/grievances. Statements like "he was angry the north had too much power" will not fair well on the rubric. Power to do what? Be specific and cite evidence from your required sources.
(2) What arguments did Benning use to convince Virginia delegates to secede? Which of his arguments do you think were best received by the assembled delegates? Explain your answer.
(3) How do Benning's arguments connect with the two secession documents you chose? How do they differ?
(4) Compare the Lincoln quotes on slavery with the Benning document and the secession documents.
(a) What was Lincoln's view on the political issue, and institution, of slavery? Did it change over time? If so, how?
(b) What does that comparison add to your understanding of the breakdown in the American political system in the 1850s?
Remember a discussion requires the use of parenthetical citations– even though this is in PowerPoint. The documents all contain numbered paragraphs to making citation easier, make sure to use the titles and numbers, i.e., (Mississippi 6).
Your slides should contain a mixture of your own concise analysis, explanation, and brief quotes/evidence from the sources.
Slide Requirements:
1 title slide (think of a creative or interesting title but also relevant)
At least THREE (3) slides on question 1
At least THREE (3) slides on question 2
At least FOUR (4) slides on question 3
At least TWO (2) slides on question 4(a)
At least ONE (1) slide on question 4(b)
At least ONE (1) slide to act as a conclusion
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The reason for using a hood is to block light rays from elements outside of the actual frame (stray light) to enter into the lens and degrade the image quality (lowering contrast). Effectively, it "shades" the lens from these rays. Since a sensor is rectangular, valid light rays that fall on the corners arrive from angles larger than light rays that fall on the middle of the sensor's edge. This is why many hoods have the "petal" form. Otherwise you will suffer from either vignetting at the frame corners, or lower effectiveness in blocking invalid rays.
With increasing focal length, the petal shape becomes less required and there is a transition to circular shape. Another reason for circular hoods is rotating front elements of the lens, where the hood is mounted. When focusing, the element (and hood) rotates so if you use petal hood it will lose its alignment with the sensor.


The payment transaction code indicates the type of the payment transaction, such as incoming or outgoing. This information is used to summarize and report payment transactions.
 1. Click Bank> Setup> Payment transaction codesto open the Transaction codeform.
 2. In the Payment transaction codefield, enter a code to identify the type of payment transaction.
 3. In the Descriptionfield, enter a description for the payment transaction type.
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