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Intertidal zone
The area of shoreline between high and low tides
The bottom surface of a marine habitat
Benthic animals that move about the surface of the sea bottom are firmly attached to it
A member of the epifauna that lives attached to a substrate
A term referring to an organism that has lost its body moisture
Vertical Zonation
Noticeable horizontal bands of organisms living within a certain range in the intertidal zone
Ecological Succession
A gradually increasing occupation of new organisms into a specific area
Organisms that live under the sediment of an ecosystem
What is the main reason for the fact that there is such a diversity of life in the intertidal zone?
It has the greatest variation of environmental factors
What are the varying abiotic conditions under which an intertidal organism must live?
Intertidal organisms must protect themselves from desiccation, temperature, and salinity fluctuations
What benefit does a sessile organism have over a mobile organism in the intertidal area? What is a drawback of being sessile?
Sessile organisms can attach themselves to protected areas during low tide and are more likely to survive. If the organisms are attached to an exposed area however, they do not survive.
What are the two major ways that organisms can prevent desiccation in upper intertidal areas?
1) Move to protected areas
2) Seal in moisture
A marine biologist measures thesalinity of a tide pool at low tide. He finds the salinity to be much lower than that of the ocean. What may have happened to cause the lower level?
Salinity levels in tide pools decrease with rain because of the fresh water.
How do sessile intertidal organisms deal with increases in sunlight exposure, which can cause large increases in temperature?
Attach themselves from the larval stage to a protected area
Why do organisms living in the lower areas of the intertidal zone have less of a problem feeding than organisms living in the upper area?
The lower intertidal zone is usuallybut not alwaysentirely submerged underwater. This allows for slow moving animals to feed all the time. Organisms in the upper zone have a bigger chance of becoming the meal.
Most sessile organisms in the intertidal produce planktonic gametes. Why?
They become attached from the larval stage to a certain surface/substrate
Explain why waves usually reach a shore nearly parallel to it.
As the waves go closer to shore the majority of the wave is moving slowly, but the edge farthest from the shore is moving more quickly to 'catch up.' But it isn't perfectly parallel
What do mussles produce that allow them to attach to a substrate so strongly?
Byssal threads.
Why do the fishes in the intertidal zone rarely have swim bladders?
Instead of a swim bladder, most fish in the intertidal zone have suction cup-shaped pelvic fins.
What events can cause new space to become available in an intertidal area?
Some of the biotic factors clear spaces by removing organisms such as mussels. Abiotic factors i.e. heavy surf, driftwood, and tumbling rocks push organisms off of the substrate and create new living spaces.
What types of factors (abiotic or biotic) determine the upper limit of living space for an intertidal organism? What about the lower limit?
The upper limit is determined by abiotic factors. The lower limit is usually determined by biotic factors.
Why is the upper intertidal zone sometimes called the "splash zone?" Why is it sometimes called the Littorina zone?
The "splash zone" is rarely fully submerged in water. Organisms in this zone are very tolerant of temperature changes.
There are many vertical zones within the middle intertidal zone. Why?
The seasonal variation of seasonal tides results in many smaller divisions within the middle intertidal
What abiotic factor mostly determines how high barnacles can live in the middle intertidal zone? What two biotic factors mostly determine how low they can live?
The abiotic factor which determines how high barnacles can live in the middle intertidal zone is exposure to air. The two biotic factors which determine how low they can live are competition with other creatures for living space and the threat of predators.
In the middle intertidal zone of a rocky intertidal beach, a large area is found to have mostly chitons feeding on macroalgae growing there. Would this be considered a climax community?
In the middle intertidal, one rock is covered with mussels, while another is covered with algae. Which boulder was more recently cleared of its living organisms?
The one covered with algae.
Which zone of the rocky intertidal has the greatest diversity of organismsthe upper, middle, or lower?
What is the limiting resource (or resources) of each of the three intertidal zones? What are the dominant organisms in each.
UpperLimiting resource is water and dominate organisms are cyanobacteria and lichins
MiddleLimiting resource is space/air and the dominating organisms are barnacles
LowerLimiting resource is light and dominating organisms are sea stars
Place these sediment types in order from smallest to largest: sand, silt, and clay. Which two materials make up "mud?"
Clay and silt
Why must most organisms living in a muddy intertidal area live buried near the surface of the mud?
Areas of mud and clay have less oxygen. Therefore, organisms living in the muddy intertidal must bury themselves within reach of the surface
Why do so many organisms in the muddy intertidal zone eat detritus?
There is more detritus than anything else
Which area will have greater zonation: sandy intertidal or muddy intertidal? Why?
Sandy zonation.
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text:
The Nature Conservancy's successful island restoration and innovative conservation practices have inspired countless scientists and conservationists around the world. And now, Santa Cruz Island has motivated novelists as well. Best-selling author T.C. Boyle—author of such works as The Women, The Tortilla Curtain, and A Friend of the Earth—has written a new novel principally set on Santa Cruz Island and inspired by The Conservancy's and the National Park Service's scientists work. The story of Santa Cruz Island—and its incredible return from the brink of ecological collapse—is nothing short of remarkable. The Conservancy is announcing a contest to win a trip to this iconic place.
Come meet the scientists who are saving Santa Cruz Island and learn more about our work firsthand. You and a guest could win a trip to see animals like the Island fox that exist nowhere else on Earth and stay overnight at a historic ranch. To enter the contest to win an island adventure got to _URL_ or text "TNC" to 5055.
At 96 square miles, Santa Cruz Island is the largest and most biodiverse of California's eight Channel Islands. It is graced with a nearly unimaginable 77-mile stretch of California coastline surrounding two mountain ranges which flank a central valley. Often referred to as the "Galapagos of North America," Santa Cruz Island is home to animals and plants found nowhere else on Earth, including the island fox and island scrub-jay.
Author T.C. Boyle was inspired by his own trip to Santa Cruz Island with The Conservancy. View his interview at _URL_
Boyle's new book, When the Killing's Done, tells the fictionalized tale of the island's restoration. What isn't fictional is the conscious struggle scientists universally face as we attempt to exert control over the natural world for the good of the whole. This has been a real challenge for The Conservancy's scientists both personally and professionally on Santa Cruz Island.
"It's our job to preserve nature, but sometimes that requires making hard choices. There is nothing pleasant about having to kill an animal," said The Nature Conservancy Santa Cruz Island Director Lotus Vermeer. "My love of nature is what brought me to this job in the first place. But what is very clear to me is that when native plants and animals like the Santa Cruz Island fox are at risk, and natural systems are threatened, we are morally obligated to take responsibility for undoing the damage that we have caused."
The Nature Conservancy is proud to be featured in this book, which highlights our collaborative work with our partner the National Park Service on Santa Cruz Island. Since 1978, The Nature Conservancy has achieved extraordinary restoration success on Santa Cruz Island, including the re-establishment of bald eagles, removal of all feral sheep and pigs, vaccinating island scrub-jays against West Nile Virus and bringing the native Santa Cruz Island fox back from the brink of extinction.
- To enter the contest visit _URL_ or text "TNC" to 5055
- Official contest rules—_URL_
- To learn more about the Conservancy's Santa Cruz Island work—_URL_
The Nature Conservancy is a leading conservation organization working around the world to protect ecologically important lands and waters for nature and people. The Conservancy and its more than 1 million members have protected nearly 120 million acres worldwide. Visit The Nature Conservancy on the Web at _URL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The statgrab library provides a cross-platform interface to getting system statistics. Each of the function calls to grab some statistics returns an array of structures. Functions which return always a fixed number of array entries (typical one) won't take an additional parameter to store the number of array entries, others will. Anyway, if the information isn't available anymore, you can call sg_get_nelements(). See the manual page for each individual function for more details on usage.
For each statistic type there are two functions available to fetch the data: sg_get_STATTYPE (e.g. sg_get_cpu_stats) and sg_get_STATTYPE_r (e.g. sg_get_cpu_stats_r). The difference between both interfaces is the ownership of the returned statistic structures: while the (well known) sg_get_cpu_stats returns a pointer to a memory area owned and controlled by the statgrab library, sg_get_cpu_stats_r will return a pointer to a memory area owned and controlled by the caller. Storage owned by the statgrab library will be reused in follow-up calls to the same statistic grabbing function within the same thread. The memory is freed when the thread ends. This could result in dangling pointers when you exchange those pointers between threads. Storage which is owned by the caller must be freed by the caller when it's not used any more.
sg_init() must be the first function you call before you start to use libstatgrab; it performs all the one-time initialisation operations that need setuid/setgid privileges. For instance, on *BSD it opens a descriptor to be able to read kernel structures later on, and on Solaris it reads the device mappings that in some cases are only accessible by root (machines with a /dev/osa). To handle this, each statgrab module has a private initialisation routine called by sg_init(). sg_init() takes an argument to tell whether initialisation errors of components shall abort the library initialisation process or not. Regardless of this value, the failing module initialisations will usually lead into (partially) unusable statistics. Once sg_init() has run, most of the other libstatgrab functions no longer need elevated privileges (some Unices require higher privileges to access command line argument of processes owned by other users, Linux doesn't deliver some network card information to unprivileged users, etc.). It is therefore a good idea to call sg_drop_privileges(), which discards setuid and setgid privileges, immediately after you call sg_init(), unless your application has a reason for needing setuid or setgid privileges.
sg_shutdown() should be the very last statgrab library function you call. You shouldn't invoke this function when any thread is still existing which had made calls to the statgrab library. If you don't invoke sg_shutdown(), it's done automatically at_exit().
Both, sg_init() and sg_shutdown() use a counter to prevent to early destruction of libstatgrab in a process where more than one component uses libstatgrab. This counter is guarded by a mutual exclusion semaphore when thread capabilities are built in.
sg_init(), sg_shutdown() and sg_drop_privileges() return SG_ERROR_NONE on success, and any other on failure.
For proper thread support, sg_lock_mutex() and sg_unlock_mutex() are available to allow locking system functions which aren't thread safe. While it's generally not the wisest idea to mix calls to the statgrab library and similar calls to the system library, it is possible to protect known unsafe functions. There's currently one system API known to be not thread-safe: accessing
utmp. The other non-threadsafe functionality used by the statgrab library is the global component management during initialisation (e.g. counting the number of calls to sg_init() to prevent first call to sg_shutdown() leaves the library in an unusable status).
Mutex name: statgrab
Protects: statgrab library globals
Mutex name: utmp
Protects: accessing login records
There's currently no way to get a list of used mutex names, so beg that any author which adds more semaphores to guard implementations is fair enough to add them here.
It is the intended practice that whenever a libstatgrab function is called and subsequently fails that an appropriate error will be set. Please use sg_get_error() and associates to get informed about the individual circumstances of the error condition.
libstatgrab(3) sg_get_cpu_stats(3) sg_get_disk_io_stats(3) sg_get_fs_stats(3) sg_get_host_info(3) sg_get_load_stats(3) sg_get_mem_stats(3) sg_get_network_io_stats(3) sg_get_network_iface_stats(3) sg_get_page_stats(3) sg_get_process_stats(3) sg_get_swap_stats(3) sg_get_user_stats(3) sg_get_error(3) sg_internal-intro(3)
sg_comp_init(3), sg_internal-intro(3), statgrab(3).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Does Our Treatment Work?
Is There Scientific Evidence to Support the Treatment Delivered at the Austen Riggs Center?
A consistent and explicit psychodynamic framework guides the Austen Riggs Center's treatment approach. We integrate a range of interventions, including individual psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, family work, case management, nursing care, and a therapeutic milieu with groups and activities, into a structured treatment approach that offers enough built-in flexibility to meet varying needs while encouraging individual choice and self-expression. In addition, it allows patients to bring their troubled ways of relating, seeing, and interpreting the world to light in order to promote understanding, stimulate development, and encourage more adaptive ways of relating. Though this kind of holistic, integrative approach is widely viewed as clinically helpful – and even essential – when treating complex psychiatric patients, most research necessarily focuses more narrowly on separate techniques and modalities. However, there is ample relevant evidence for the efficacy of aspects of our treatment, broken down into specific topic areas detailed below.
- What Evidence is There to Support the Usefulness of Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Treatment?
- Is There Specific Evidence to Support Using Psychodynamic Treatment in a Residential Setting Like Austen Riggs?
- Is There Evidence to Support the Emphasis on the Treatment Relationship at the Austen Riggs Center?
- Is There Scientific Evidence to Support the Underlying Principles That Guide Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Used at Austen Riggs?


text:
Asphalt paver is a complex linear road-building machine. Asphalt pavers are designed for laying layers of asphalt concrete covering, including distribution and preliminary compaction of asphalt-concrete mixture on the underlying layer of pavement. Usually works in tandem with a truck supplying a mixture for it.
Automatic leveling for pavers
Asphalt paver with automatic leveling
The design of all modern asphalt pavers provides the ability to automatically control the processes of feeding, distributing and laying pavement material. Qualitative construction of the coating can not be done without using a leveling automatizer for controlling the working body, except for small areas with small areas. When constructing non-complex objects, the stacker is installed, at a minimum, with sensors for controlling the supply of material to the distribution auger, a slope sensor that controls the slope of the slab to the horizon, one or two height sensors that control the thickness of the layer to be laid. On responsible sites, especially on the laying of a wide strip of pavement, with the slab extended, more sophisticated leveling automation systems are used. ACS for asphalt pavers and other SDM by the method of transmission and processing of the control signal are divided into digital and analog. Digital devices are created taking into account the maximum use of the latest advances in computer technology. Automation systems for leveling, completed on their basis, are universal, multifunctional, provide the possibility of using different combinations of sensors, for example, an ultrasonic contactless height sensor and a sensor-receiver of laser planes can enter into one set of automated control systems.


text:
Special Committee on the Structure of the University Records, _PHONE_ (mostly _PHONE_)
Princeton University. Library. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections
The 1960s was a tumultuous decade in the history of the United States. Prominent on a landscape of political assassinations, civil rights, and the fight for gender equality was the prolonged conflict in Vietnam. Although discontent was growing against the war in Southeast Asia, the largest and most vocal expression against America's involvement was compellingly articulated on college campuses throughout the nation. Author Thomas Powers notes that the war in Vietnam was, for America, "one of those things that come along once in a generation and call entire societies into question, forcing people to choose between irreconcilables." One of those irreconcilables, for the Princeton community of students and faculty, was their exclusion from university decisions that involved everything from university parietals to Princeton's association with the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA). In response to student demonstrations and faculty protests, Princeton President Robert F. Goheen established the Committee on the Structure of the University to examine Princeton University's governance and explore how it could be more inclusive of the university community in making decisions. The Kelley Committee, as it came to be known, would be responsible for the introduction of perhaps the most sweeping administrative changes in the University's history and establishing the Council of the Princeton University Community (CPUC).


text:
Richard H. Thaler
University of Chicago - Booth School of Business; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Cass R. Sunstein
Harvard Law School
John P. Balz
University of Chicago - Political Science Department
April 2, 2010
Decision makers do not make choices in a vacuum. They make them in an environment where many features, noticed and unnoticed, can influence their decisions. The person who creates that environment is, in our terminology, a choice architect. In this paper we analyze some of the tools that are available to choice architects. Our goal is to show how choice architecture can be used to help nudge people to make better choices (as judged by themselves) without forcing certain outcomes upon anyone, a philosophy we call libertarian paternalism. The tools we highlight are: defaults, expecting error, understanding mappings, giving feedback, structuring complex choices, and creating incentives.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 17
Keywords: Behavioral Economics, Public Policy, Nudge, Psychologyworking papers series
Date posted: April 2, 2010
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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text:
Example 4: An antenna tower is held in the vertical position with the help of three cables. The tensile force in cable AB is 2,000 lb, in AC is 2,500 lb, and in AD is 2,200 lb. Based on the geometry shown below, determine
Solution: We begin the analysis by drawing the known force vectors acting through point A for clarity.
Part a: We are given the magnitude of tension in each cable, but not its direction. So we begin by first calculating the unit vector associated with each force. To do this, we make use of the position vector measured from point A to each of the three base support points in xy plane. Knowing the coordinates A(0,0,100), B(-8,-30,0), C(25,40,0), and D(-35,10,0), we get
Next, we divide each position vector by its magnitude to find the corresponding unit vector.
With each unit vector known, we can express the tension in each cable as
Now, a simple vector addition will give us the resultant force vector
The magnitude of the resultant force is found as
The direction of the resultant force can be defined in terms of the unit vector in the same direction.
The unit vector indicates that the resultant force is very close to being completely in the -z direction. To check the validity of this result, we can go back and take a look at the individual forces found previously. When we look at the three forces, we find that not only all three have a negative z component, but that the z component in each case is much larger that the other two.
Part b: To find the angle between cables AB and AC, we use the dot product between any vector along AB with any vector along AC. Recall that the dot product between two vectors can be expressed as
where represents the angle between vectors and. Using the position vectors along AB and AC we find the desired angle as
Modification of Antenna Tower Design: Having done the force analysis, we can determine whether the tower will be held in the vertical position as was originally intended. And if not, what modifications can be made to it to keep it vertical.
A tower of this type is usually supported at its base by a ball and socket so that there is no moment at the base, and the cables can be adjusted to position the tower in the desired orientation.
Therefore, to keep the tower vertical, the direction of the resultant force has to be completely vertical (in the z direction). To achieve this objective, we must adjust the support cables. Since a force vector consists of both magnitude and direction, we can either adjust the magnitude of forces in the cables, or move the base end of one or more cables to change the direction of the resultant force.
Alternative 1:Let's consider the case of adjusting the tension in the cables with the help of turnbuckles. Also let us assume that a resultant force of 6,300 lb is acceptable in this case. Therefore, we can proceed as follows. The intent is to have the resultant force vector be defined as
Since we are keeping the direction of each cable force the same, we can write the cable force vectors as
we can write
This system of linear equations can be expressed in matrix form as
The solution of this matrix equation gives
As can be seen, a considerable tension increase in cable AB is needed to meet this objective.
If we find this change unacceptable, as the tension in cable AB may be greater than what it can handle, then we must consider moving the base point of one or more cables as discussed next.
Alternative 2: In this case, we will keep the cable forces as originally stated, and consider changing the location of point B to a point in xy plane such that the direction of the resultant force will be in the z axis.
We can start from the scalar equations
We know the magnitude of force in each cable. We also know the unit vectors in direction of AC, AD and R. Making the proper substitutions gives
In addition to the above equations we know that
From the solution of these four equations we get
Having found the components of the force vector in cable AB, we can express the unit vector along that cable as
Recognizing the equality of corresponding terms in the right sides of the two equations and the fact that point B is in xy plane, we can write
Comparing the new location of point B to that specified in the original problem, we see that it needs to be moved 1.56 ft more in the x direction but 37.12 ft more in the y direction.
It is important that we always be aware of such design issues as discussed in this example, and make rational decisions in modifying the design based on proper engineering analysis.


Lowest common denominator
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In mathematics, the lowest common denominator or least common denominator (abbreviated LCD) is the least common multiple of the denominators of a set of vulgar fractions. It is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each denominator in the set. The term has entered popular culture with a different non-mathematical meaning which indicates the least sophisticated element in a particular situation.
'Lowest common denominator' is often used as a figure of speech meaning the most basic, least sophisticated level of taste, sensibility, or opinion among a group of people. The phrase also appears in other places, particularly in engineering, referring to the minimum requirements or common attributes between systems. This can be useful for making different systems compatible, by taking the minimal amount of necessary features, allowing them to communicate or connect. [1]


Ooze Tube
picture of ooze tube
This toy will mesmerize you. When inverted, the gooey fluid flows down slowly from top to bottom. Watch as the fluid begins to flow down, and touches bottom, and from there it gradually piles up. As the name suggests, it oozes down. This slowly moving fluid is called, in physics terms, highly viscous, because of how slowly it flows from one place to another. Water, on the other hand, is much less viscous because of how much easier it flows from one place to another. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation. Viscosity is due to the friction between fluid particles as the fluid moves.
Check out a video of the Ooze Tube:
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text:
- The first major battle
- Finding out where he comes from
- The journey to discover what awaits him
Background: The world was once a seemingly perfect utopia but unknown to it inhabitants, there was trouble brewing within a small, but reasonably powerful faction hidden in the shadows. This faction was unhappy with the balance of power. To deal with this imbalance the set off an Electro-Magnetic Pulse in which the world has ever seen before, effectively sending the once thriving futuristic world decades into the past. The crashing of every server in the Citadel caused a ripple effect, shutting down all other infrastructures connected to it. It has been 15 years since the incident and society is in shambles but is slowly progressing.
Technology: The technology of this world is at least a few decades ahead of anything we have today. There is power but everything must now be created by hand and only with previously held knowledge or that knowledge must come someone who knows how to do it or a primary source. However not many textbooks are left in the world and no one knows exactly why. Rumor has it the faction collected them all to keep any one person from knowing too much. Knowledge is power after all.
Inhabitants: The inhabitants of this world are humans, animals and anything else typically found on Earth except with the added possibility of cybernetic and genetic enhancements.
Main Story/Pitch: As people are trying to rebuild and develop a new society to replace the one they've lost, orphan Jeremy Reese Taylor is on another one of his famed expeditions to the outskirts of the settlement he lives in. JRT starts to hear stories about his parents and they might have had something to do with the world going to hell. Intrigued and never one to miss out on an adventure he grabs his two friends Rhiannon and Harrison and set off on a fact finding mission. Little does he know what awaits him might be too much to handle. Conspiracy, Betrayal, Adventure and Horror awaits JRT and his friends. Will they survive? Will they find the answers they seek? Are JRT's parents really dead? Play the game to find out.
- In your own words, explain the difference between a parser interactive fiction game and a choose your path interactive fiction game.
Interactive Fiction games have a set story that the player navigates whereas Choose your Own Path games allow the user to change the story based on their in game choices.
- Name an example of a parser game.
- Name an example of a choose your own path game.
The Warlock of Firetop Mountain, Sugarcane Island
- Why does she say interactive fiction virtually died out in the mid-1990s?
- Why does she say poetry is an important element of interactive fiction writing? What example does she use?
Poetry is important because all you have is world to build they world and the story. S The example she uses is With Those We Love Alive.
- Why does she say that ambiguity is not only unavoidable but also necessary?
Ambiguity is necessary because the game world is in the players mind do the story cannont be too rigid.
- What's important about complicity?
Allows the player to insert themselves into the narrative. Not that it happened to them but the player did it themselves.


text:
Eco Cycle Strategy - An important element in work on eco‐cycles is sustainable waste management.
InformationLocation: Sweden Sectors: Green industry, material efficiency and waste minimization; By: SwedenType: NationalSource: UNCSD Secretariat (2010) Questionnaire for the Member States on Experiences, Success Factors, Risks and Challenges with Regard to Objective and Themes of UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)Year: 1993
Eco Cycle Strategy
An important element in work on eco‐cycles is sustainable waste management.Eco Cycle strategy is aimed at bringing about a society with non-toxic and resource-efficient cycles. This includes prevention of waste, changed patterns of consumption, more efficient production methods and waste management with a greater focus on recycling. The natural cycle strategy looks at materials and products throughout their lifecycle in order to provide as complete a picture as possible of their environmental impact. Consumption of energy for a product also has to be weighed into the assessment. Sweden considers it necessary for the volume of waste to decrease if we are to come close to sustainable management of waste. Producers must already take account of a product?s environmental impact in a lifecycle perspective when it is manufactured. Design and material selection, as well as energy consumption in manufacturing and use must be taken into account. In addition, sustainable cycles can only be achieved if a greater proportion of waste can be reused and recycled. This saves both materials and energy, while also reducing the use of hazardous chemicals and environmental problems in waste management.


PDFBear: File Conversion Without Hassle and Stress
excel to pdf
Because of the circumstances that we are in today brought by the pandemic, we are forced to do things the digital way. One aspect that was impacted the most is how we do our work. If before we did things at our workplace, because of the pandemic, we now accomplish our tasks at our computer. Even our way of receiving and sending work-related documents changed.
But sometimes, we encounter problems when handling these files because their formats are not appropriate for what we want to accomplish. One great example is Excel and PDF. These formats have both pros and cons; that's why we tend to do file conversion. So today, we are going to know how and why you should use PDFBear for your file conversion needs.
Excel V.S. PDF
Before diving into file conversion, it is necessary to understand what PDF and Excel formats are and why you should use them. This will help you identify which format is more suitable for your work before converting your file from Excel to PDF or vice versa.
How does Excel work?
Excel is an ideal file format when it involves basic math problems. This is because excel solves math problems automatically. That's what sets Excel apart from other formats; there is such ease in calculating basic equations. This is helpful when dealing with a lot of numerical data because you don't have to pause and calculate because Excel will do it instantly.
Aside from performing mathematical problems, it is a convenient tool in managing and interpreting statistical data. With Excel, you can quickly generate charts and graphs to represent the data you have gathered. If you want to save many hours in manual labor, this is the perfect format.
How does PDF work?
PDF is a file format designed mainly for viewing purposes. This file is not an easy format to edit because, like what I have said, it is used primarily for viewing purposes. But there are still advantages to using this format. In some cases, it becomes an advantage because it is hard to edit, which ensures that your file content will not be altered or changed.
PDF reduces the complexity of your file. Unlike other kinds of file formats, PDF can keep the original formatting of your file even when sending it to many people. Another PDF advantage is its size because it simplifies the data your file contains and minimizes your file size. So if you need a compact and hard-to-edit format for your file, you should convert your files to PDF.
How to convert with PDFBear?
You have first to prepare the things you will need to convert your file with PDFBear. First, you need your file, computer device, and a stable internet connection. Yes, you've read it right! It will not require you to download any application because PDFBear is entirely web-based. That means that you can convert your file using any web browser available on your device.
Step 1. Choose the service you want to perform
Before converting, you must decide what file format you want to convert from and to. You should determine what file format is the best for your task. You can find all the options on the web page of PDFBear.
Step 2. Upload your file
You can upload your file in two easy ways. The first one is by simply pressing the "Select file" button. After choosing that button, you will be redirected to your file folder. Then, all you have to do is locate the file you want to convert and click open. The second method is dragging your file from the file folder and dropping it in the allocated space on the webpage.
Step 3. Start the converting
Once you upload your file to the website, a convert file button will appear on your screen. You should press on that option for the converter to analyze your file and proceed with the conversion process.
Step 4. Download the converted file
The conversion process will not take a long time to complete. After a few seconds or, in some cases, a minute, a download button will appear on your screen. To get a copy of your newly converted file, you should click on the download button. With just a few easy-to-follow steps, you can now enjoy your new and improved document.
Technology is indeed a blessing to all of us because it helps us accomplish even the most complicated tasks. But just because it is beneficial doesn't mean it's perfect. But don't worry, a problem with technology can also be solved by technology. When it comes to your dilemma in file conversion, PDFBear is the solution.
It is the best file conversion on the web today because it is efficient, accessible, user-friendly, and much more. There is such ease and confidence in using this platform because it provides everything you need to manage your precious files.


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London 2012 marks new ties between Paralympics and Special Olympics
Did you know 120 athletes with intellectual disabilities have qualified for London 2012 Paralympics competing in track & field, aquatics and table tennis.
It was nearly 25 years ago when the IOC first recognized Special Olympics with a Protocol of Agreement during the 1988 Winter Olympics. In 2009, the IPC membership voted to include athletes with intellectual disability in competitions, including the Paralympics, starting with the 2012 London Summer Games. This reversed a decision made for the 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games to exclude athletes with intellectual disabilities from the Paralympics and other IPC sanctioned competitions.
People often ask the question "What is the difference between Special Olympics and Paralympics?"
Special Olympics, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee are complementary organizations, each one a testimony to the power of sport. As Tim Shriver, Chairman of Special Olympics International puts it: "We are both trying to use the power of sport to change the way the world sees people who have differences"
Each is a pillar of the Olympic movement charged with fulfilling the Olympic vision in a distinct way.
Special Olympics welcomes all athletes with intellectual disabilities (age 8 and above) of all ability levels to train and compete in 32 Olympics-type sports.
Paralympics welcomes athletes from six main disability categories: amputees, cerebal palsy, intellectual disabilities, visually impaired, spinal injuries and Les Autres (French for "the others", a category that includes conditions that do not fall into the categories mentioned before). To participate in Paralympic Games athletes need to fulfill certain criteria and meet certain qualifying standards.
It is our sporting philosophy that differentiates us the most.
Special Olympics believes deeply in the power of sports to help all who participate to fulfil their potential and does not exclude any athlete based upon qualifying scores, but rather divisions the athletes based on those scores for fair competition against others of like ability.
For Special Olympics athletes' excellence is personal achievement, a reflection of reaching one's maximum potential-- a goal to which everyone can aspire.
To participate in the Paralympic Games, athletes have to fulfil certain criteria and meet certain qualifying standards in order to be eligible.
These criteria and standards are sports-specific and are determined by the IPC Sports Chairpersons, the Sports Technical Delegates and the relevant international sports organizations. The Paralympics are about elite performance sport, where athletes go through a stringent qualification process so that the best, or highest qualified based on performance, can compete at the Games.


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|Brain of human embryo of four and a half weeks, showing interior of fore-brain. (Cephalic flexure visible at center top.)
||subject #184 737
The mesencephalic flexure or cephalic flexure is the first flexure, or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain. In human embryos it generally occurs at the end of the 3rd week/beginning of 4th.
By means of it the fore-brain is bent in a ventral direction around the anterior end of the notochord and fore-gut, with the result that the floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost antiparallel with that of the hind-brain.
This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its dorsal surface corresponds with the convexity of the curve. As a consequence, the cardiac plate, which was previously anterior to the forebrain, approximates its adult location in what will become the thoracic region.
External links
This article incorporates text from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy.


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Computer Science homework help
CIS 462 Week 4 Assignment 1: IT Security Policy Framework
Establishing an effective Information Technology Security Policy Framework is critical in the development of a comprehensive security program. Additionally, there are many security frameworks that organizations commonly reference when developing their security programs. Review the security frameworks provided by NIST (SP 800-53), ISO / IEC 27000 series, and COBIT. Assume that you have been hired as a consultant by a medium-sized insurance organization and have been asked to draft an IT Security Policy Framework.
You may create and / or assume all necessary assumptions needed for the completion of this assignment.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
1. Select a security framework, describe the framework selected, and design an IT Security Policy Framework for the organization.
2. Describe the importance of and method of establishing compliance of IT security controls with U.S. laws and regulations, and how organizations can align their policies and controls with the applicable regulations.
3. Analyze the business challenges within each of the seven (7) domains in developing an effective IT Security Policy Framework.
4. Describe your IT Security Policy Framework implementation issues and challenges and provide recommendations for overcoming these implementation issues and challenges.
5. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment.
Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Identify the role of an information systems security (ISS) policy framework in overcoming business challenges. Design a security policy framework. Use technology and information resources to research issues in security strategy and policy formation. Write clearly and concisely about Information Systems Security Policy topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions


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The "Verbally Readable!== Quicker Comprehension" argument on _URL_ is really potent and interesting. I and I'm sure others would be very interested in evidence arguing against this. There's clear evidence for this and I believe it. People naturally think in images, not words, so we should be designing languages that aren't similar to human language like English, French, whatever.
Being "readable" is quicker comprehension. Most articles on Wikipedia are not readable as they are long, boring, dry, sluggish and very very wordy. Because Wikipedia documents a ton of info, it is not especially helpful when compared to sites with more practical, useful and relevant info. Languages like Python and CoffeScript are "verbally readable" in that they are closer to English syntax. Having programmed firstly and mainly in Python, I'm not so sure this is really a good thing.
The second interesting argument is that CoffeeScript is an intermediator, a step between two ends, which may increase the chance of bugs.
While CoffeeScript has other practical benefits, this question specifically requests evidence showing support for the counter-case of language "readability"
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As a Python developer I feel insulted by you using CoffeeScript and Python in the same sentence :p – ThiefMaster Oct 6 '12 at 9:57
Dropbox's response to that article (TLDR: they looked at it, thought about it and went with CoffeeScript anyway): tech.dropbox.com/?p=361 – user16764 Oct 6 '12 at 16:32
On the subject of comprehension: what exactly is your question? – Peter Taylor Oct 6 '12 at 19:53
As a JavaScript developer I'm just offended by the existence of CoffeeScript. Also, I don't see how Python more closely resembles English than any other language aside from the logical operators which seem kind of sensible to me. I thought the like-English thing was supposed to be VB's schtick. – Erik Reppen Oct 12 '12 at 1:10
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5 Answers
I think the Article has a point as far as JavaScript vs. CoffeScript is concerned.
I personally find JavaScript quite readable and I just do not see the point of sticking another layer of syntax on top.
I have similar experiences with Java/Groovy, Groovy is just great: highly expressive, cuts out a lot of useless tedious typing compared with Java, the "extras" like native SQL support are really worth having. BUT the last time I used it debugging was painful, you end up stepping through endless obscure internal Groovy classes before you get back to your own code.
Python on the other hand is a complete self supporting environment, it is it's own language and is not tacked on top of another language (although Python itself is written in C and has excellent integration with anything written in C or C++). It has its own debugger so for the most part you are debugging the python code you wrote.
The designers of Python obsess over the expressiveness of the language and consistency of syntax. Once you get the hang of it it is very readable. You genuinely write much less code in Python compared with using other languages to solve the same problem, and, well written Python code is clear and unambiguous.
The only downsides are that in common with most dynamic languages it does not play well with IDEs, and, all that lovely high level expressiveness is not interpreted into a lean mean execution.
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"Python itself is written in C" - techically CPython is only one implementation, and there are more (like IronPython for.NET). There's also PyPy. – Kos Oct 6 '12 at 9:40
The point of CoffeeScript is not primarily to make JavaScript more readable, but to remove the boilerplate (which has increased readability as a side effect). – tdammers Oct 6 '12 at 10:07
"Once you get the hang of it it is very readable." — But only once you get the hang of it. The same applies to Perl, but getting the hang of it is a steep initial investment. No wonder, therefore, that newbies gravitate toward something like PHP which seems on the surface easier to "get the hang of". – Timwi Oct 7 '12 at 6:29
If you know JavaScript, JavaScript can be used to eliminate boilerplate in JavaScript. – Erik Reppen Oct 12 '12 at 1:18
"Debugging Groovy is painful, you end up stepping through endless obscure internal Groovy classes before you get back to your own code." That's the breaks when using dynamically-typed languages on the JVM. – Vorg van Geir Apr 3 '13 at 14:43
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I find the argument about symbols and structure communicating more (and more quickly) than natural words quite compelling, but then my all-time favourite language is Scheme, so I would.
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I would answer "somewhat".
To be fair I think we have to first factor out our personal bias (ie. familiarity with keywords, syntax, and constructs) and only judge languages that we have never seen before. (To judge the more popular languages we can only accept answers from new programmers as they are introduced to a the language for the first time.) Then, given an identical implementation in several languages, the question posed should be "which of these is easier to understand"?
I would guess that the more there is a syntax hurdle the less likely a language will score well in this scenario, and that favors languages with a cleaner and more obvious syntax.
Much more likely to communicate the programmer's intent will be the choice of variable names and of course the comments that were included, and that transcends nearly all languages.
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People naturally think in images
The author of that article shouldn't speak for everyone. Some people naturally think in images, others are more verbal/symbolic. Besides, his examples are of verbal versus symbolic. Neither && nor and is a picture; both are symbolic rather than pictorial, and both are processed by the same side of the brain. Symbolic reasoning is much closer to verbal reasoning than it is to spatial reasoning.
I for one am not a big fan of pictorial programming. It doesn't communicate to me. I never did like flow charts. I absolutely loathe UML diagrams as they inevitably bring out the worst in both worlds. Pictures make nice cartoons, great for presenting ideas to management. They're not so good for doing meaningful work in programming, mathematics, or physics (all of which are largely symbolic).
Sometimes pictures just don't cut it. Symbols are more powerful than pictures. Try drawing a picture of an infinite dimensional Hilbert space.
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In my work on a.NET obfuscator, I found it quite useful to visualise IL code as a flowchart. There is something to be said about seeing loops and conditional branches in a spatial way. I don't know what it would be like to actually code in this though, since I've never really come across such a graphical programming environment. – Timwi Oct 7 '12 at 6:34
(Wait, that's not completely true :) I have written code in an arguably flow-chart-like language :) ) – Timwi Oct 7 '12 at 6:40
I think APL established that there are at least limits to the degree that symbol usage is helpful. – Erik Reppen Oct 12 '12 at 1:20
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I don't read code; I see patterns.
Eventually this applies to all the languages I learn.
The window where'readable' matters is very short, a few days at most, even for idiomatic languages.
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Exception: Perl still looks like gibberish even after several years of using it. ;) – Steven A. Lowe Oct 7 '12 at 1:32
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What is the difference between RAM and cache memory?
Cache memory and random access memory both place data closer to the processor to reduce latency in response times. Learn why cache memory can be the faster option.
One response to the difference between RAM and cache memory question might be one of a real estate agent's old...
favorites: "Location, location, location!"
Cache is usually part of the central processing unit, or part of a complex that includes the CPU and an adjacent chipset, while memory is used to hold data and instructions that are most frequently accessed by an executing program -- usually from RAM-based memory locations.
In the classic von Neumann computer, RAM was the "chalkboard" where processors did the math of a program. Placing this data store closer to the processor itself, so data requests and responses didn't have to traverse the motherboard bus, reduced the wait time or latency associated with processing and delivered better than average latency and faster chip performance.
RAM, by contrast, tends to include permanent memory embedded on the motherboard and memory modules that the consumer can install into dedicated slots or attachment locations. These memories are accessed via the mainboard bus (channels or conduits etched into the motherboard that interconnect different devices and chipsets).
Cache defined
The term cache generally refers to hardware or software used to temporarily store recently and frequently accessed data. It provides a faster way to access data, but tends to be more expensive than other types of memory and storage in a computer, including hard drives and SSDs.
CPU cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to the CPU request.
The cache provides a small amount of faster memory that's local to cache clients, such as the CPU, applications, web browsers and OSes, and is rapidly accessible. Cache memory is usually volatile memory where data will not persist if power is lost.
All types of cache memory are used to reduce data access times and latency while also improving I/O. Because almost all application workloads depend on I/O operations, caching improves application performance. By speeding up data access and I/O, the cache also improves computer performance.
The relationship between cache memory and RAM
Cache memory includes extremely fast L1 cache, which is built directly into a computer's CPU. L2 cache is also sometimes built into the processor. However, L2 cache is more frequently placed on a chip adjacent to the CPU, as is L3 cache. As a result, L2 and L3 cache can be somewhat slower than L1.
Cache memory
See how cache memory works.
Dynamic RAM, or DRAM, on the other hand, is the main memory in a computer where the OS, applications and data in use are temporarily kept to enable the CPU to access them quickly. RAM is built into the motherboard and is accessed by the CPU across a motherboard backplane.
Speed and cost
When it comes to speed, there's a good bit of difference between RAM and cache memory. Because it's built into the CPU or on a chip adjacent to the processor, CPU cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to the CPU request. When the CPU accesses RAM across the computer's motherboard, the system bus limits its speed. RAM data access is, however, faster than read-only memory and mechanical storage devices, such as hard disks and tape. Magnetic media delivers I/O at rates measured in milliseconds.
RAM vs. Cache memory
Cache memory's greater speed comes at a price. Another key difference between RAM and cache memory is that cache memory is more expensive than RAM.
It should be noted that slower flash memory is being used to provide an additional cache at the magnetic media level -- on disk controllers -- in an effort to change the latency characteristics of disk, especially as disks expand in capacity and access to data increases. Considerable ink has been spilled to suggest that flash -- or SSDs -- will at some point in the future displace magnetic hard disks altogether as a production storage medium.
Cache technology is used to make computer operations more efficient. With cache memory, the CPU gets faster access to frequently used instructions for the operation of programs and to frequently accessed data. Because it's built directly into the CPU, cache memory provides the fastest possible access to memory locations, supporting faster CPU performance. Adjacent chips that hold L2 and L3 memory usually have a direct pathway to the CPU to optimize performance.
A key difference between RAM and cache memory is RAM is used as a place to keep the OS, applications and data that are in use. RAM provides the CPU with quick access to those programs and data.
But RAM has its limits. Once a computer's RAM fills up, its processor must create virtual memory to compensate for the shortage of physical memory. Virtual memory is created by temporarily transferring inactive data from RAM to disk storage, using active memory in RAM and inactive memory in hard drives to form contiguous addresses that hold an application and its data.
Next Steps
How to choose the right type of server-side flash
How to avoid problems when using SSD for write caching
See how memory sizing and CPU capacity affect application performance
Dig Deeper on Flash storage for applications


, and can still protect an undocumented immigrant accused of a criminal offence. So, if in addition to being taken to a deportation hearing, the immigrant is also facing criminal charges, the criminal charges may be dropped if the evidence collected during an illegal arrest is suppressed. This is important because criminal convictions and plea bargaining can affect a person's future chances at a deportation hearing or when seeking a change of legal status.
This difference between criminal law and immigration deportation hearings does not mean that undocumented immigrants do not have rights. Constitutional rights apply to everyone equally. When dealing with police officers, immigrants still have the right to remain silent and keep from answering questions that could affect both a criminal case and a deportation proceeding. If an undocumented immigrant is not near a border or a port of entry, he or she does not have to answer questions about how long he or she has been in the country or got into the country in the first place.
If immigration agents ask for immigration papers, the immigrant usually has to produce them. This is true of both legal immigrants in the U.S. on a visa, and illegal immigrants. If a person does not have papers on him or her, it is best to keep quiet and not try to explain his or her way out of the situation. Remember, the statements made to the agents can be used in a deportation hearing even if the arrest that led to the asking for papers was illegal.
Let Us Help You
Your immigration attorney can always present evidence that supports you in your efforts to avoid deportation. In some situations, some immigrants have sued in civil court for compensation after being illegally arrested by police officers or detained for long periods of time.
If your loved one has been arrested and is facing deportation, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California for a consultation.
What Happens to Children Who are U.S. Citizens When Their Parents are Deported?
We recently wrote about undocumented immigrants with U.S. born children making arrangements for others to care for their children in case the parents are deported. Many parents take steps to legally give power of attorney over their children to U.S. citizens or other immigrants who are in the country legally. Unfortunately, this is not a choice that is available to all parents, either because they have no one to turn to who is willing to care for their children, or because they are deported before they can make plans.
When undocumented parents of underaged children are deported without notice, the most likely outcome is that the children end up in foster care. The parents often cannot challenge the placement of the children in foster care because the parents are in detention or already deported. When the parents are deported, there is no requirement for their children to be deported along with them because the children are U.S. citizens. The children are taken into the state's foster care system, and in some cases, eventually put up for adoption after parental rights are terminated.
The termination of parental rights does not have to be voluntary, and in some cases, if the court finds that a parent has abandoned the children, even when the parent is absent against his or her own will, parental rights can be terminated. The criteria for what makes someone an unfit parent is not always clear, and it is easy for a parent's illegal immigration status to be used as an excuse to terminate parental rights.
Deported parents can fight for their children from their home countries after deportation, but that is often a difficult situation. They also may not be able to see their children and may be restricted in other forms of communication.
In some rare situations, it is possible for parents who are primary caregivers to their children to avoid being deported on humanitarian grounds. However, if the children have another parent in the U.S. who is not subject to deportation, the undocumented parent is likely to be deported even if he or she is the primary caregiver.
Fortunately, in most states, a sibling can take on the role of guardian to younger siblings if his or her parents are deported. This can be the best way to ensure that the children stay together and they can be eventually reunited with their parents.
Undocumented immigrants who are married to U.S. citizens or who have children who are over the age of 21 years old who are U.S. citizens should explore the legal options available to them to change their status. The process may often be expensive and may require the undocumented immigrant to return to his or her home country for a period of time.
In the past, not every undocumented immigrant who had an avenue to apply for legal status did so because of the expense and the lengthy process. However, under changing immigration policies, it is best for undocumented immigrants to take advantage of any legal option that can lead to legal status, instead of waiting for immigration officials to come knocking.
Contact us for Legal Assistance
If you are an undocumented immigrant who may be eligible for legal permanent residence or naturalization through a family member sponsoring your application, contact us for more information about eligibility and the application process. Contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
How an Arrest or Conviction Affects Immigration Status
Contact us for Legal Assistance with Your Immigration Issues
ICE Agents Making Arrests in California Courtrooms
Following reports that United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents are now going to courthouses to arrest undocumented immigrants, attorneys, and prosecutors are worried about the chilling impact this could have on people's willingness to report crimes or come forward to testify in a judicial proceeding. The issue has attracted the attention of the chief justice of the California Supreme Court, who has written a letter to federal officials asking them to reconsider the tactic in light of the risks.
Whether or not a person is in the country illegally, he or she can file for protective orders to keep abusers away, appear as a witness in various criminal proceedings, be a complainant in criminal cases, and even be a plaintiff in lawsuits. The ability to access the judicial system in this way can be a life saver for a group of people who may otherwise be victimized or taken advantage of with no recourse. This is why this ICE tactic is seen as being so dangerous to communities.
This is not the first time ICE has engaged in this kind of policing and arresting tactic, but in the past, it was used mainly as a last recourse in cases where no home or work address could be found on a certain person, or where the risk of making the arrest elsewhere was high for the ICE agents. However, now it seems that it may be applicable in more situations.
Immigrants Assisting in Criminal Prosecutions
This tactic has support from some people because there is an assumption that at least some of the immigrants arrested in courthouses are there as criminal defendants. While this is true, there is also the risk of deporting those who are helping prosecute criminals regardless of their immigration status. The federal government has long recognized the role that can be played by immigrants in assisting law enforcement agents solve crimes and prosecute high level criminals, for example through the use of the U-Visa program.
Generally, non-U.S. citizens who are victims of certain crimes, who have suffered mental or physical abuse, and who are willing to help law enforcement officials in the investigation and prosecution of criminal activity are eligible for a nonimmigrant visa known as a U-Visa. This visa was introduced as a way to protect crime victims and ensure that crimes from domestic violence to human trafficking could be effectively investigated with the help of victims who are not U.S. citizens. While U-Visas are generally only applicable to immigrants who are admissible into the U.S., those who are inadmissible may apply for a waiver in order to meet the requirement.
Be Prepared
It is difficult to know what areas may be targeted by ICE agents for raids to arrest undocumented immigrants for deportation proceedings. It is important to remember that you still have rights when it comes to immigration agents coming into your home to make an arrest, and a warrant is generally required.
If you are arrested at a protest rally, courthouse, church, or any other unexpected location, it is important to have a contingency plan in place if you have young children, remain calm at all times, do not resist arrest, and always carry a number for an immigration attorney just in case.
Contact Us for Legal Help
For legal assistance with your immigration issues, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California for a consultation.


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'sea silk' tag.
Luxury fiber is a strange thing. Linen comes from flax (which has some legitimate claims to being the first domesticated plant). Silk is derived from the cocoons of lepidoterans. Qiviut comes from the undercoats of musk-oxen. One of the rarest of all luxury fibers comes from an even more peculiar source. "Sea silk" is produced by collecting and spinning the long micro filaments or "byssus" secreted by several kinds of bivalve mollusks–expecially Pinna nobilis (a large saltwater clam once widespread in the Mediterranean ocean). Pinna nobilis can grow up to a meter (3 feet) in size and anchors itself to the ocean floor with an extremely fine fiber it excretes from a land in its foot.
The fiber was mentioned in various Greek, Egyptian, and Roman sources (and an analog seems to have existed in ancient China) but differentiating sea silk made from mollusk fibers from similar luxury fibers like cocoon silk, or fine linen seems to be more a matter of context rather than of terminology. Sea silk is finer than the true silk produced from silkworm cocoons. It was said that a pair of ladies' gloves made of sea-silk could be folded into one half of a walnut shell because the fiber was so profoundly delicate. Sea silk was warm and durable but it was infamous for attracting clothing moths. A few pieces have survived in museums including the extraordinary mediaeval chasuble of St. Yves pictured below.
Unfortunately the Pinna nobilis clams which are the source of byssus fibers have declined rapidly in number thanks to overfishing, pollution, and the general decline of the Mediterranean sea-grass beds. Other fibers like seaweed based cellulose or watered silk have adopted the "sea silk" name further confusing the issue. Today the sea silk industry only barely survives in Sardinia where a handful of aging practitioners keep it alive–more for tradition's sake than economic reward.


Strategy Spotlight: Citizen Science
Several conservation organizations are developing ways to use technology to engage citizens in support of science-based conservation, while also compiling valuable data on fish and wildlife species and habitats. By participating in citizen science programs, which are designed to meet specific informational needs, the public's sense of investment in public lands conservation should grow, resulting in stronger expectations and accountability for government conservation programs. These investments of personal time and resources by engaged citizens may then lead to growing public support for establishing substantial and reliable funding for science-driven conservation.
Citizen science projects result in data that can be used to fill data gaps in managing and understanding fish and wildlife species and their habitats. The Conservation Strategy recognizes citizen science as an extremely useful method for collecting data on Strategy Species. Data collected within citizen science projects have been incorporated into several ODFW projects, including the ODFW Crucial Habitat Assessment and the 2016 Conservation Opportunity Areas revision analysis.
Many partners recognize eBird as a powerful way to connect the birding community with both the conservation of species of greatest need and concern, and efforts to keep common birds common. Avian Knowledge Northwest has partnered with Pacific Northwest eBird in an effort to engage citizen scientists as a broad and supportive constituency for bird conservation, integrate monitoring into bird management and conservation practices, coordinate monitoring programs among organizations, and maintain monitoring data in modern data management systems for more effective data delivery.


Cuckold… Why He Is Scared To Tell
Can you believe it? Cuckold is…Wow! It's the second highest heterosexual porn search term.
You've heard the term "cuckold" and know it's "kinky" … but what is it? How does it cuckolding, cuckold relationship, couples blogs, sexy blogswork? And most importantly … is it for you? Cuckolding is just one of the many kinks people have but do not fully understand.
We have a few answers to some of your curious questions about this kinky ancient marriage practice:
1-A cuckold marriage … what exactly is it?
I describe cuckolding as a marriage where the husband derives sexual pleasure from watching his wife have sex with a man who has a more massive penis.
The couple forms an agreement in their marriage allowing the act of cuckold, which can vary in degree from role play for some couples to a lifestyle of actual cuckolding (the wife engages in sex with other men in front of her husband). This knowledge and tolerance of the wife's activities with other men makes the husband in such relationships a "wittol," properly speaking.
2-But, where did the term cuckold come from?
The female equivalent "cuckquean" first appeared in English literature in 1562. Cuckold refers to the fact that the man being cuckolded is the last to know about his wife's infidelity.
3- But really, What happens in a cuckold relationship?
In modern cuckolding, the husband watches his wife engage in sexual activity with other hotwife,cuckold,sexy blogsmen either right in front of him, or she tells him about her experiences after. The husband feeling like a victim of the cuckold is a significant element of the kink.
In the fetish cuckolding subculture, the female is typically sexually dominant while the man takes on a submissive role, only becoming involved with her or her lover when the wife permits it — sometimes he remains completely celibate in the marriage altogether. The main ingredient in cuckolding marriages is humiliation and denying the husband sexual release until his wife decides to allow him to climax. In some relationships the husband may even wear a male chastity belt, further allowing his wife control over his orgasm.
4- Is cuckolding the same as swinging or having an open marriage?
Often people confuse cuckolding with swinging or polyamory, but cuckold is different in that the husband is loved by his wife only. He allows her to experience pleasure with another man, but he does not want her to fall in love with the other men, only just receive pleasure from them.
5-. Is "shame" the only way the wife makes the man submissive to her?
6- Is the desire for cuckolding common (and is it normal)?
In other words, a man who wants to feel submissive to his wife and have her shame him — but who lives in fear of anyone knowing — may not be as uncommon as we think.
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The sexiest party of the year will take place on board the $40-million-dollar mega yacht SEAFAIR in the Biscayne Bay facing Bayfront Park. This is where all of the NYE festivities take place, including a huge concert (Pitbull performed the last 3 NYE's), a spectacular fireworks display and the famous Miami Orange drop from the Intercontinental Hotel directly at midnight.
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Leprosy: urgent need to end stigma and isolation
Myanmar, 6 February 2003 - The world is making great progress towards the goal of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem. But serious concerns remain in several countries, including India, Nepal and Brazil. This was the message delivered at the opening of the annual gathering here of leprosy endemic countries and partners sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Myanmar itself, despite many obstacles in terms of resources, security problems and geography, is close to meeting the target of leprosy elimination. The country has managed to bring down the number of cases from more than 53 per 10,000 population in 1987 to very slightly over one per 10,000 at the end of 2002.
Elsewhere, however, a combination of lack of political commitment and social and organisational problems remain, holding back progress.
The global health community agreed in 1999 to create the Global Alliance to Eliminate Leprosy (GAEL) with a target of eliminating leprosy as a public health problem by the year 2005. Elimination has been defined as less than one case per 10,000 people. Much progress has already been made towards this goal, and almost all of the countries where leprosy was a major public health problem at the end of the 20th century are now on track to hit the elimination goal.
Among the 122 countries where the disease was considered endemic in 1985, 108 have now reached the goal of elimination at the country level. Today, 90% of cases are found in India, Brazil, Nepal, Madagascar, Mozambique and Myanmar (in order of importance).
GAEL brings together key partners working to detect and treat all persons affected by leprosy and thereby eliminate the disease from all countries by 2005. Key to reaching this goal is to diagnose and treat leprosy just like any other disease, without stigma or isolation.
"Diagnosing and treating leprosy through the public health system is vital if we are to avoid continuing stigma and prejudice against leprosy patients," says Dr David Heymann, Executive Director in charge of Communicable Disease Programmes at the World Health Organization. "Continuing to treat leprosy patients through expensive and separate programmes has been shown to be the wrong approach - for health systems and for the patients they look after."
In recent years access to leprosy diagnosis and treatment within general health services has been greatly improved. Mass media campaigns have also helped create awareness of the availability of free and effective treatment as well as to dispel fear about the disease.
The reasons why India and one or more other countries may miss the 2005 deadline are complex and include the delay in improving access to - and coverage of - leprosy treatment particularly in highly endemic areas. The continued existence of specialized leprosy services also tends to hinder the full integration of leprosy services into the primary health care system.
This conflict of interest has been encountered in many countries but is gradually being brought under control as more and more countries appreciate that the only effective and sustainable way to diagnose and treat leprosy is within the communities where it is found, using the staff and resources of the local primary health centres.
This is also a point of contention between several international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and GAEL. Some of the NGOs do not believe that leprosy can be treated through the public health system, just like any other disease. GAEL says, however, that this approach does work and will continue to work.
Since 1995, leprosy patients in all countries have had access to free drug treatments, first through a donation by the Nippon Foundation and now through the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. This highly effective multi-drug treatment has contributed greatly to the success of bringing down the rates of leprosy infection around the world.
"Novartis is fully committed to ensuring that every leprosy patient in the world receives high quality drugs free of cost. We will continue our support to the programme as long as it is required," said Dr Daniel Vasella, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Novartis.
The Nippon Foundation, which has been supporting the programme for the last 28 years, reaffirmed its commitment to support this global effort to eliminate leprosy at the meeting.
"The elimination of leprosy as a public health problem is only the first stage of humanity's fight against this age-old disease," said Mr. Yohei Sasakawa, President of The Nippon Foundation and Special Ambassador for the Global Alliance. "This is an honourable mission that calls for a united effort by all the stake-holders. We have reached the last mile of our 100-mile journey. But this last mile will be the most difficult to travel. We must keep moving and not falter."


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"Dip Chip" Technology Tests Toxicity On-the-Go Monday, May 14, 2012
Biosensor warns of toxicity in real time, says TAU researcher
From man-made toxic chemicals such as industrial by-products to poisons that occur naturally, a water or food supply can be easily contaminated. And for every level of toxic material ingested, there is some level of bodily response, ranging from minor illness to painful certain death.
Biosensors have long been used to safeguard against exposure to toxic chemicals. Food tasters employed by the ancients acted as early versions of biosensors, determining if a meal had been poisoned. More modern examples include the use of fish, which may alter their swimming characteristics if a toxic material is introduced into to the water. But although current warning systems are more sophisticated, they require equipment and time that a soldier in the field or an adventurer in the wilderness do not have.
Now Prof. Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Vice Dean of Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Engineering, along with Prof. Shimshon Belkin of the Institute of Life Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has married biology and engineering to produce a biosensor device called the "Dip Chip," which detects toxicity quickly and accurately, generating low false positive and false negative readings. The Dip Chip contains microbes designed to exhibit a biological reaction to toxic chemicals, emulating the biological responses of humans or animals.
Converting biological response to electricity
The biological reaction is converted into an electronic signal that can be read by the user. When perfected for commercial applications, the chip might be easily plugged into a mobile device to determine toxicity, says Prof. Shacham-Diamand.
The new chips are based on genetically modified microbes developed in Prof. Belkin's lab. When the modified microbes are exposed to toxic or poisonous materials, they produce a measurable biochemical reaction — and this is where Prof. Shacham-Diamand's work begins.
"In my lab, we developed a method for communicating with the microbes, converting this biological response to electrical signals," he explains. The device, which looks like a dip stick, immobilizes these specially-produced microbes next to the sensing electrodes. Once the microbes come into contact with a questionable substance they produce a chemical signal that is converted to an electrical current by an device that can interpret the signals, producing a binary "toxic" or "not toxic" diagnosis.
In the future, Prof. Shacham-Diamand hopes that smaller versions of the Dip Chips might be plugged into existing mobile electronic devices, such as cell phones or tablets, to give the user a toxicity reading. This would make it an economically feasible and easy-to-use technology for people such as campers or for military purposes.
Reading any toxic material
One of the chip's advantages is its ability to identify toxicity as a biological quality instead of specific toxic chemicals. There are already excellent detectors to identify specific toxic materials, says Prof. Shacham-Diamand. The Dip Chip, however, is designed to alert the user to overall toxicity. And because the chip measures general toxicity, it will pick up on any and all toxic materials — even those that have not been discovered or invented yet.
Beyond their ability to find toxic chemicals in the field, these chips can also be put to use in the cosmetics or pharmaceuticals industries, says Prof. Shacham-Diamand. They could be used to detect the toxicity of new compounds, minimizing the controversial use of lab animals. Using the same technology, the researchers have also developed a larger-scale device which allows water to flow continuously over the sensor, making it appropriate for online, real-time monitoring of water supplies.
The results of their research have been published in a number of journals, including Electrochimica Acta and Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical.
For more environment and ecology news from Tel Aviv University, click here.


Edith Snoek Visual artist
Edith Snoek
Danielstraat 21,
4424 AX Wemeldinge
Edith Snoek is working on various series. Especially known are her girls and young women. Vulnerability, beauty and alienation are her starting point. She often achieves this by painting several almost identical "portraits" side by side. The models are not real persons, but because of their way of painting they are abstract and universal. They seem hypothermic, in thought, dreamy, in themselves.
Since Edith started living and working in Zeeland in 2019, she has started painting landscapes. Because of Corona she had plenty of time to take long walks, explore the landscape and put all her impressions on canvas in her studio. Silent canvases were created, often wide and empty. Sometimes with people, sometimes not. Vulnerability is also the theme here.
In addition to the substantive side, Edith is also interested in the painterly aspect within her work. She does not shy away from experimenting, paint is applied pasty but also or glazed in many layers. Cleaning, sanding, scraping and breaking are part of the process. Her color palette is almost always "ton sur ton" The series Women portraits originated next to the landscapes. The girls became young women, their skins a game of paint.


Can a deaf person sing? 2 success stories that prove they can
Some people live their day to day life not realizing that being able to use their five senses is a blessing on its own.
Imagine you woke up one day and couldn't hear anything around you, how would you feel? Some people wake up like that every single day.
Being deaf is challenging, yet it doesn't stand in the way of achieving dreams. But what if that dream was to become a singer? Can a deaf person sing even when they can't hear their own voice?
It isn't common for deaf people to become famous singers, otherwise you wouldn't be asking this question. However, that doesn't mean it's impossible.
Mandy Harvey and Marko Vuoriheimo are two perfect examples that a deaf person can indeed create amazing songs, so let's learn more about their stories.
Can a deaf person sing if they lost hearing at later stages of their life?
Mandy Harvey wasn't born deaf. When she was a child, she had hearing problems and underwent many surgeries to try and correct them. Despite those efforts, she gradually lost her hearing due to a connective tissues disorder called EDS.
Her talent as a singer was discovered in her childhood, and she used to sing a lot as a child. That's why losing her hearing had a negative impact on her at first and made her quit college where she was studying vocal music education.
However, this stage didn't last. Mandy decided to go back to singing and fight for her dreams. Today, she's a successful singer, songwriter and motivational speaker.
She wrote a book called "Sensing the Rhythm: Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound" in which she tries to help others pursue their dreams and hopes.
Here's one for her amazing songs:
This song is very special and has a very touching part: at around 2:10 the sound goes out, which invites us to live her own experience of how life is for her.
Mandy is full of talent and a living proof that a deaf person can sing and excel at it, but we can't deny that she had an advantage: she wasn't born deaf. According to her, she relies on her near perfect pitch mixed in with muscle memory from when she used to sing before in order to sing now.
But what about people who were born deaf?
Can a deaf person sing if they were born without hearing?
This one is more challenging, but it's also not impossible. Marko Vuoriheimo (aka Signmark) is a living proof of that.
He was born deaf but his childhood dream was to become a singer. Despite so many people doubting him, he never lost hope.
With his hard work and dedication, he was able to land a record deal with an international music label and became the first deaf person in the world to do that.
Signmark is a proof that music is not only for those who hear: even a deaf person can have success in the music industry. He was fascinated with hip-hop and started releasing his own hip-hop songs.
Signmark's songs and lyrics are so powerful and amazing, and here's one example:
In this song, he tells the story of his life as a deaf person and emphasizes an important message:
Damn right we can't hear, but I don't care
We ain't disabled here, I use sign language yeah
A person being deaf doesn't mean they're less capable of achieving their dreams. Everything's possible with enough hard work and dedication.
But how can a deaf person sing if they can't hear anything?
It relies on two factors: the person and the people around them. That's how both Mandy and Signmark succeeded.
When singing, they can sense music through touch. They feel the vibration of the drums and bass, and that's what helps them follow the beat.
In Mandy's case, her muscle memory was also a helping factor.
In addition to this, the encouragement and help of the people around them can play a huge role in helping them succeed (as was the case for Signmark).
These two success stories shed the light on an important thing: it's usually the barriers that we create for ourselves that stop us from achieving our dreams.
Even the smallest goals like camping above the clouds or crossing off all the items on your bucket list can't be achieved if you don't believe in yourself.
Can a deaf person sing? Definitely, if they put enough dedication in it. It's a hundred times more challenging, but not impossible. Everything in life is the same. Sometimes, a goal can be more challenging to you, but that doesn't mean you can't achieve it.
Stay strong, and always chase your dreams!
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Using the SMPH Departmental VPN
Running and adding users to the VPN used by SMPH departments for access to network resources
SMPH has created a mechanism to allow each department to provide a dedicated VPN service that allows users in that department to access some network services. After an individual has their NetID added to the appropriate Manifest group and then connects to the SMPH VPN portal they will be allocated an IP number in a range that allows access to departmental resources. There are a few steps involved:
Step 1: Configure access by the department:
Each department is assigned a Manifest group that is used to control which users are allowed to connect to that department's VPN service.The groups are in a path created for SMPH VPN access.The department IT manager adds (or removes) NetIDs to the Manifest group members as needed:
Step 2: Users run the Global Protect VPN client and authenticate to the SMPH VPN portal ( using their NetID:
Global protect
Step 3: Check status of clients connected to SMPHSF. If you have read access to the Palo Alto find the SMPHSF gateway on the Network tab and click on Remote Users:
VPN portal users
Information on connected clients is shown as follows:
user clients


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In the fall of 2000, Dr. John Berezowski of the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Saskatoon, Canada) sent out a survey to identify what diseases affect the deer industry in Canada and the United States. Some 167 deer/elk farmers (32% of the total sample) and 8 veterinary labs returned the surveys. The total numbers of deer/elk upon which the results are based was approximately 5,200.
The study found the following death rates - 22% among fawns, 5% among yearlings and 4% among adults.
Deaths occurred during birthing - 2.9% among adult does, 2.2% among yearlings and 27% in assisted births. Assistance is necessary during problem births, so it should be expected that there will be some mortality.
The study found that fawn survival rates were 89% to one month, 82% to weaning and 78% to one year of age. When fawns die, some 49% do so within the first month. From a production standpoint, care for fawns during their first month is critical to ensure high survival rates.
According to this study, there were two major causes of death in deer and elk - emaciation and trauma.
The major causes for emaciation were:
- improper nutrition
- parasites - brown stomach worm (important to de-worm)
- behavioural causes - the "pecking" order
- problems with teeth
- unspecified disease
- capture myopathy
- MCF - possibly a new strain of virus
- grain overload
- other - usually some infectious diseases.
The study found that deer and elk farmers need to pay more attention to handling of animals. Too many animals are injured or killed during handling. Farmers must have facilities that reduce risk of injury or death to the animals. Training is also important - for both the farmers and the animals. "Trained" animals are easier and safer to handle.
The study found that mortality due to capture myopathy was 6% among fawns, 12.5% among yearlings and 20.6% among adults.
Capture myopathy (or white muscle disease) is a response by the deer to stressors in its environment. The type of response to stress is affected by several factors - species, age, previous experiences, general health, genetics and learned/innate behaviour.
The immediate reaction to stress is the "fight or flight" syndrome. The adrenals secrete adrenaline. Persistent stress raises reaction to a dangerous level.
The mid-term effects of stress are: a) release of ACTH from the pituitary gland, b) the animal is on high alert, c) the animal becomes worn out, and d) the deer becomes susceptible to disease.
Severe stress over days or weeks can cause chronic corticosteroid production and adrenal exhaustion. The secondary effects include metabolic upset, loss of body condition, loss of reproduction, and increased susceptibility to stress and death.
Stress causes anaerobic metabolism, which results in chemically stored energy, lactic acid and cramping and muscle damage. Lactic acid damage contributes to capture myopathy.
Capture myopathy is a syndrome of acute or chronic degradation resulting from stressful activity such as a pursuit of the susceptible animal. It can occur without exercise (animal does not have to be chased). Capture myopathy can occur both during physical and chemical restraint. It occurs in most animals, but especially in ungulates. It has been reported in birds and even fish.
Fear and anxiety plus excessive body heat plus too much adrenaline will result in capture myopathy.
The clinical signs of capture myopathy include sudden death within 24 hours, depression, rapid shallow breathing, and failure to recover from anesthesia. Death can occur after several hours of symptoms, or from cardiac arrest. The animal may also appear to recover, but has heart damage. It may die at the next stressful event.
Other symptoms include stiffness or lameness, swollen muscles and brown urine (due to myoglobin excretion which may lead to damage of the kidneys).
There is no treatment for capture myopathy. Therefore, prevention is critical. This can be done through good planning, good facilities and trained animal handlers.
Minimize the time of restraint. Some vets use anti-psychotic handling drugs. Long lasting tranquilizers are useful for translocation and prolonged handling. Keep the duration of immobilization as short as possible, and reverse it.
Selenium and Vitamin E deficiency can contribute to capture myopathy. Be sure that your animals are getting adequate amounts in their diet.
Don't handle or immobilize animals in the heat of the day. This significantly increases the risks. Also, if you have to redo immobilization, then just quit, the risk is too great.
Good production and management techniques require the minimization of animal mortality. Addressing the issues discussed will assist farmers to increase production and the profitability of their operations.


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'Hairy Ball Theorem' (Topology)
1. "You can't comb the hairs on a coconut."
2. "There exists a calm point on earth where there is no wind."
Both 1 & 2 are 'Hairy Ball Theorem'.
If we have a ball with hairs sticking out from each point on it, then impossible to comb the hairs flat with a continuous movement without leaving at least one hair sticking up vertically (typically, at the center of a swirl). Not applicable to doughnut.
=> Wind pattern:
Ball = Earth
Combed down hairs = wind
Length of hairs = wind's force
=> there must be a place on Earth where there is no wind at all.


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September 10th, 2010
When the boys and girls of Spirit Lake, Iowa, load their backpacks for classes this fall, each child in grades 5 to 12 will be packing a lap top computer provided by the school district.
This bit of good fortune was funded by a special initiative. But it is not the first time Spirit Lake has stepped up to embrace new technology. In 1993 – when "renewable energy" was not widely discussed — it became the first school district in the nation to install a wind turbine, a move that has saved the district some $200,000 in energy costs.
When that pokey Wind World 250 KW turbine, financed by the state and a federal grant, was paid off, Spirit Lake put up another turbine, this one a hefty 750 KW NEGMicon, in 2001.


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At Toronto Home Care Assistance, our revolutionary approach to care, The Balanced Care Method, encourages seniors to engage in regular physical activity and eat a healthy diet, but also stresses the importance of living a life with purpose in the golden years. Studies show that seniors who live with a sense of purpose enjoy numerous physical and emotional benefits that lead to longer, healthier, and happier lives.
- Reduced Risk for Illness – Scientists have found that when an individual strives to live with purpose, a biological process is activated within the body that boosts immune functioning. By striving to live a purposeful life after retirement, seniors are better able to fend off illness and are also less likely to suffer from heart attacks, strokes, and other stress-related conditions.
- Cognitive Preservation – Seniors who live with a sense of purpose have also been found to be 2.4 times less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. Plaques and tangles, the protein deposits responsible for damaging the brain when an individual has Alzheimer's, are much less common in the brain of those who feel they have purpose in life.
- Greater Motivation – Older adults who live purposefully also tend to gravitate towards healthier activities because they want to remain healthy enough to retain their independence and regular routines. Purpose in this situation provides seniors with the motivation and energy needed to keep healthy habits. As overall health improves, so does their expectancy.
- Enhanced Confidence – When a senior is able to make meaningful contributions to a friend, family member, or the community, he or she is able to feel a sense of purpose that allows him or her to enjoy higher levels of confidence and self esteem which experts say are necessary to lead a long and healthy life.
Finding purpose in late-life doesn't mean that a senior must radically change his or her daily activities. Starting a new hobby, volunteering in the community, making an effort to connect with friends and family on a regular basis, and caring for a plant or pet are just a few of the many ways in which seniors can enjoy a heightened sense of purpose in their everyday lives.
To learn more about ensuring a safe, healthy, and high life quality for a senior in your life, call _PHONE_ and learn more about in-home care from Home Care Assistance of Toronto. Although we are recognized as the Toronto live-in care experts, we also provide hourly care for seniors who need help on an as-needed basis. Find out how our caregivers can benefit your loved one by scheduling a complimentary, no-obligation consultation today!