How an 18th-century farmer's advice can help you to lower your risk when investing
Posted on June 10, 2021 at 11am
If we told you that a farmer's advice can help you to protect your investment portfolio, you might wonder if we've been watching too much Countryfile lately. But as strange as this might sound, it's also true.
To best understand this, we're going to step back in time to the 18th century, when a growing British population meant agriculture needed to rapidly change.
Some of the key lessons that they learned in this period can also be applied to the modern day. Read on to find out what an 18th-century farmer can teach you about protecting your investments.
Farmers increasingly diversified their crops to protect them from harvest failures
In the 18th century, the UK underwent a population boom, growing from around eight million in 1700 to more than 10 million in 1800. This growth meant that there were a lot more mouths to feed and so farmers had to adapt their methods.
Not only did they need to increase their yields, but they also had to reduce the likelihood of harvest failures, which were a significant issue at the time. Unlike in the modern day, because travel was so slow, it often wasn't possible to simply ship in food from another country when blight or bad weather affected their produce.
One of the ways that farmers began to adapt was to grow a more diverse selection of crops. Prior to this, many people had typically only grown monocultures of grains, such as wheat.
The obvious problem with this is that while you may get a strong harvest when times are good, they were also putting all their eggs in one basket. If the weather was not ideal for wheat to grow, or the region was impacted by a blight, then they ran the risk of all their crops failing.
Gradually, more and more people began to experiment with their practices to make their farms more resistant to harvest failures.
Instead of growing only one type of grain, they switched to growing several at once – where they used to grow only wheat, they switched to a mix of wheat, rye, and barley.
By diversifying what they grew, farmers could significantly reduce the risk of harvest failure, as a blight would only impact part of their crops. While rye bread may not be as tasty as bread made from wheat, it was definitely better than an empty stomach.
Working with professional agriculturalists helped many farmers to modernise
Another way that farmers benefited in this period was from the increasing professionalisation of agriculture. This was a period when farming became a science, and this meant that many farmers could benefit from others' knowledge.
Agriculture became increasingly professionalised in this period, particularly by scientists such as Charles Townsend, Robert Bakewell, and Jethro Tull, the latter's name you may recognise as the inspiration for the 60s rock band.
While many farmers could individually experiment with their practices, the work of these agriculturalists helped to speed up the process by adding a touch of professionalism.
They championed the widespread adoption of new fertilisers and encouraged farmers to grow nitrogen-fixing plants, such as beans and legumes, to improve soil quality. These helped improve yields and maximised the returns that farmers could get from a piece of land.
The professional agriculturalists also helped farmers to avoid amateur mistakes that were affecting their harvests.
For example, many farmers used had previously sown seeds by throwing them over lightly tilled soil. While this may have seemed like a good method, many of those seeds were lost due to being eaten by birds while others were planted too close together or too shallowly.
Instead, the professionals recommended the use of new seed-planting drills, which involved using machines to distribute the seeds evenly and plant them at the correct depth. This helped to ensure that the sowing gave the maximum yield.
Working with a professional can be the most effective way to grow your investments
While there isn't typically much overlap between farmers and investors, except perhaps for a shared love of bull markets, there are still some useful lessons to be learned.
One of them is the importance of diversifying your assets in order to protect your portfolio from market shocks. By spreading out your investments across different sectors, and different geographical areas, you can lower the risk that an economic downturn wipes them out.
Another important lesson is that working with professionals can be very useful. Like the farmers who took the advice of expert agriculturalists, by working with an adviser you can invest in a more effective way, helping you to grow your wealth faster.
Furthermore, while amateur investors can sometimes see strong returns, they don't typically do it as reliably as people who work with a professional. According to research by the International Longevity Centre, clients who sought professional advice were better off by £47,000 over a period of 10 years, on average.
This is because advised clients had a greater understanding of investing and so felt more confident in their ability to take risks, which led to higher returns.
As we discussed in our previous blog about the risks of investing based on unsubstantiated advice, one of the most important ways that working with an adviser can help is by acting as a sounding board. This can help you to get useful feedback about your investments, allowing you to make properly informed decisions to grow your wealth.
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Clear and Colored Acrylic Contact Balls
Clear and Colored Acrylic Balls
The most common type of contact ball is made from acrylic plastic. It comes in three types: clear, colored or ultraviolet (black light-activated). The Renegade acrylic balls are made to a high-quality standard. Perfectly round, without inclusions, scratches or blemishes. Contact jugglers often select colored acrylic balls or stage balls if they are going to be used outdoors. A clear acrylic ball can act as a magnifying glass and burn your hands if used in direct sunlight.
- Clear and colored acrylic balls made in small sizes (41mm, 52m, 64mm 70mm) are mostly used for multi-ball contact juggling or by people with small hands.
- Clear and colored acrylic balls in larger sizes (76mm, 82mm, 95mm, 100mm, 120mm) are for singlehand manipulation.
- Ultraviolet (UV) balls are made with a special pigment so they illuminate when under black lights. The balls glow with a bluish tint.
- Stage balls are a great way to learn contact juggling. They are cheaper than acrylic balls and do not make a noise when dropped.
Pro tips (advanced and intermediate contact juggler)
There is a big quality difference between brands of acrylic balls. The vast majority of contact balls are made of recycled acrylic. This affects the clarity of the ball. Using lower-grade material will result in a ball with a slight grey tint, which is from dust or dirt from the factory. The best balls are made from recycled acrylic produced by a Japanese automated factory that molds with new material. The worst balls come from Chinese factories, which are dirty and use recycled source material. Balls made with new acrylic are have the best clarity by far but cost at least twice as much. Our acrylic contact balls are made from Japanese regrind.

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PhD and Postdoc
The Department of Mathematics and Computer Science awards the academic degree of Dr. rer. nat. (doctor rerum naturalium / Doktor der Naturwissenschaften / = PhD in natural sciences) according to departmental guidelines and regulations. The PhD provides a special scientific qualification exceeding the regular university degree. This is achieved by profound research work which includes a scientific thesis (dissertation) and an examination colloquium (disputation) in the PhD field of Mathematics and Computer Science. The PhD concludes either a student's postgraduate studies (Aufbaustudium) or PhD studies (Promotionsstudium).
On 8 January 2007 new PhD regulations entered into force. They differ from the former PhD regulations in the following points:
 - Candidates holding a Bachelor's degree in one of the PhD relevant subjects can be admitted to PhD proceedings after passing a "Feststellungsprüfung" (entrance examination) in their area of specialisation and the adjoining subjects.
 - Restrictions concerning the subject of the oral examination have been lifted.
 - Doctoral candidates/Postgraduates who are neither registered students nor employees at the Freie Universität Berlin need to enrol here as PhD students.
 - A PhD can be obtained in cooperation with foreign universities.
Vacant positions of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science are usually announced in the FU Stellenanzeiger.
Postdoc / Habilitation
= postdoctoral university degree with lecture qualification
The Habilitation (postdoctoral university degree with lecture qualification) provides the qualification for scientific teaching at universities (=Lehrbefähigung) in the chosen subject (=Habilitationsfach). Possible subjects at this faculty are mathematics or computer science. Demands on candidates are:
 1. The submission of either an all-embracing monograph (Habilitationsschrift) which must be a significant scientific contribution exceeding the standards of a dissertation, or a publication of one's latest research results which represents an equivalent to the above "Habilitationsschrift".
 2. A public lecture in the chosen subject, followed by a scientific discussion.
 3. Documented lecturing activity (Lehrtätigkeit) at a scientific university in a subject relevant for the postdoctoral university degree.
Habilitation procedures follow the Habilitation Regulations of 4 October 1999.


As evidenced by our name, Village Leadership Academy is committed to developing leaders. At VLA we believe that, "Tomorrow belongs to the children who are prepared today." Our richly diverse leadership development programming is designed with that in mind.
GrassRoots Campaigns (GRC)
GrassRoots Campaigns are service-learning projects geared toward developing leadership skills wherein students work together to help solve a societal problem that is affecting individuals in their community, nation or world. Through their participation, students develop essential leadership skills by: thinking critically, developing public speaking abilities, and planning for and executing programs, presentations and interdisciplinary activities. The leadership capabilities that are gained from participating in the GrassRoots Campaign process are invaluable for our students and put them firmly on the road towards becoming 21st century leaders and innovators. All students in every grade level, Kindergarten through eighth grade, engage in a GrassRoots Campaign each academic year.
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The social justice curriculum aims to empower and develop a key set of knowledge, critical thinking skills and drive for justice in our students as they seek to better their communities, nation and world. The spiraling curriculum is student-centered, in which they uncover lessons of justice from their lives, global history, and current events. Students learn to embrace their own cultural heritage while respecting the many cultures and histories of the world. Students at every grade level participate in a social justice class four times weekly. This unique and innovative course replaces a more traditional social studies or history class.
Tabura, in the African language of Kiswahili, literally means 'drill' or 'training', as in a drill training team. We use the term to describe the discipline we practice and implement to build and teach practical leadership skills. With this ancient African discipline, we assist our students to challenge themselves to not only be leaders, but to be disciplined leaders, ready to take on whatever challenge they are presented with to move their communities forward. This course is offered to all students in first grade and above.


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Rising Damp Treatment Guide
What is Rising Damp?
Rising Damp is caused by moisture rising from the ground into the walls of a building. Damp is able to rise up the walls because most construction materials contain tiny pores. These pores 'suck' water from the ground, causing moisture to rise up the wall in the same way that oil rises through the wick of a lamp.
Dryzone damp-proofing cream works by preventing moisture rising through these pores.
How high does it rise?
The height to which rising damp will rise up a wall depends on a number of factors including the size of the pores in the wall, the type of wallpaper or paint on the wall, and the degree of dampness in the ground. In most cases, rising damp is unlikely to rise above 1.5 metres. However, in extreme cases (e.g. where the wall has been covered with an impervious membrane) moisture can rise more than 2 metres up the wall.
How do I know if I have Rising Damp?
Dryzone is specifically designed for the treatment of rising damp, so it is important to be certain that this is the cause of dampness before treatment begins. Other types of dampness that affect buildings (e.g. condensation, lateral damp, penetrating damp) are treated in different ways.
Further information about diagnosing rising damp can be found in our free publication "Rising Damp and its Control" which can be downloaded free of charge from HERE.

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Do Markets Reduce Prices? Evidence from the U.S. Electricity Sector
60 Pages Posted: 26 Feb 2021 Last revised: 20 Jun 2023
Date Written: June 19, 2023
We construct a novel dataset on electricity generation, wholesale transactions, and retail sales to assess the shift from cost-of-service regulation to deregulated, market-based prices in the context of the U.S. electricity sector. Consistent with earlier studies, we find that the costs of generation fell in deregulated markets. However, despite lower generation costs, wholesale prices increased along with utilities' overall expenses on energy. The resulting increase in utility costs can explain a substantial portion of the increase in downstream retail prices. Overall, we estimate that the increase in wholesale markups more than offset the efficiency gains, which can occur when markets are not perfectly competitive.
Keywords: Deregulation, Markets, Markups, Market Power, Electricity
JEL Classification: L51, L94, D43, L13
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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BBC Buildings - Bush House
The iconic home of BBC World Service
Designed by Harvey Corbett, Bush House was built in 1923 with further wings added between 1928 and 1935. This quintessentially British building was actually commissioned, designed and originally owned by American individuals and companies. The building was originally constructed for an Anglo-American trading organisation headed by Irving T. Bush, after whom it is named.
It opened in July 1925, and later that decade was declared the 'most expensive building in the world, having cost around £2 million.
Bush House occupies a dramatic position at the bottom of Kingsway in central London, connected to the Strand on its southern façade. Its particularly impressive portico is flanked by two male statues symbolising Anglo-American friendship, sculpted by the American artist Malvina Hoffman. Over a Celtic altar at the centre of the portico is the inscription 'Dedicated to the friendship of English-speaking peoples'. The BBC's foreign language broadcasting service began in 1938 from Broadcasting House in Portland Place. After this building was bombed during the Second World War, the service was re-located to Bush House in 1941 – beginning with the European Service, then followed by the rest of the Overseas Service in 1958. This building in turn suffered bomb damage and the statue representing America lost its left arm. It was restored in 1977.
Over many years all the BBC's foreign language services gradually invaded Bush House, penetrating each wing in turn. It has broadcast to and from Bush House for almost 70 years – covering events that have changed and shaped the world, from De Gaulle's broadcasts to the Free French in the Second World War through Hungary's despearate call for help as Russian tanks rolled into Budapest to the genocide in Rwanda and war in Kosova.
However, the BBC has never owned Bush House. Its owners were variously the Church of Wales, the Post Office and now a Japanese-owned organisation, but for millions of overseas listeners it remains the building which most represents the BBC.


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Testing the operation of all door and window contacts, and motion detectors.
Step 1: Verify that the alarm system is in "READY" mode. Do not arm it!
Step 2: Open each protected door or window, one at a time.
Step 3: Check that the keypad displays the door or window you are testing is open.
Step 4: Close the respective door or window. The keypad should display "ZONE OPEN".
Step 5: Repeat this procedure for each sensor in the system.
Testing the signal transmission to ADT monitoring center.
Step 1: Call ADT Customer Service at 03-9236 1827 and ask that your alarm system be placed in "TEST" mode. Be ready to give your monitoring account number and password to the operator.
Step 2: Arm your system as usual and set it off by opening a door or window, or by tripping a motion detector. Allow the alarm to sound for at least one minute.
Step 3: Turn off your system and reset it to "READY" mode.
Step 4: Verify that the signal was received by the Monitoring Center.
Step 5: Call ADT Customer Service at 03-9236 1827 to take alarm system off test.


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Steve Chien, Russell Knight, Andre Stechert, Rob Sherwood, and Gregg Rabideau
The majority of planning and scheduling research has focused on batch-oriented models of planning. This paper discusses the use of iterative repair techniques to support a continuous planning process as is appropriate for autonomous spacecraft control. This allows the plan to incorporate execution feedback - such as early or late completion of activities, and over-use or under-use of resources. In this approach, iterative repair supports continuous modification and updating of a current working plan in light of changing operating context..


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Art as Meaning of Confidence: Bridging the Gap between Child Art and Adult Art
All children draw and paint with great enthusiasm. Ironically, most persons after childhood tend to feel a lack of confidence when asked to perform in these areas. Many adolescents look on their art work as childish, naïve, and lacking in finesse. Something seems to happen between childhood and adulthood that makes many individuals in our society shy away from the visual arts. From survey, there are only ten percent of all secondary students enrolls in art classes. Obviously, this is a critical time concerning visual art expression. There are two reasons that enrollment in art class at the secondary level is low. First, when children reach the age of eight or nine, awareness emerges of visual and spatial qualities such as distance, shadows, and texture is probably the result of an increased differentiation at that time. Adolescents feel they cannot do art and will avoid this area if the art work does not come up to their expectation, which are usually realistic, if not photographic. Secondly, the attitude of society toward arts. The art teacher can generally expect adolescents to find little or no support for their attempts at making art from the adult world unless certain outstanding abilities are evident in their work. How to bridge the gap between child art and adult art? First, the art teacher should make the adolescent art student aware of the world of adult art and do not look at their work with the critical eyes of adults. Secondly, a collection of reproductions or slides showing a great diversity of styles, schools, and individual artists should be introduced to students who have lost confidence in themselves and their own art. Thirdly, a persuasive teacher can convince students of their uniqueness by pointing out how a particular quality is reflected in their own work, thereby developing confidence and acceptance of their own art expression.
Keywords: Child Art, Adult Art, Visual Art, Confidence
Affiliation not supplied


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If you are a smaller Not-for-Profit, it is likely that your organization has been driven from its inception by individuals strongly motivated with a passion for their cause or humanitarian goal. As a result, it is also possible that the leadership has little interest in developing the administrative technology infrastructure that is necessary for any organization to function in the internet age.
Failure to understand and focus on technology can damage an organization's growth and success. However, NPO leadership has to be laser focused on the day-to-day struggles of the organization such as seeking funding, keeping the doors open, and pursuing the mission. As a consequence, technology infrastructure may be cobbled together as an afterthought; resource limitations may lead to short term tech decisions that can be wasteful and more expensive in the long term.
An NPO, with its tight budget margins, is an excellent example of an organization that could benefit from outsourcing its fundamental tech needs to a MSP. A MSP can determine short and long term needs, assess possible solutions, and propose the most cost effective tech solutions to ensure a stable, long-term tech infrastructure. Without the time or stomach for administrative distractions, NPOs may continue to use the break/fix model, making less informed tech decisions that may ultimately waste precious resources. Good and careful planning with a professional can mean a better strategic use of organizational resources far into the future.


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that long periods are needed for equilibrium. In the case of erythrocyte folate, theoretically the erythrocytes have to turn over completely (approximately 90 days). Study design should allow for examination of the effects of initial status on response to maintenance or depletion and repletion
Intakes used in repletion regimens should bracket the expected EAR intake to assess the EAR more accurately and to allow for a measure of variance. In addition, an accurate assessment of variance requires a sufficient number of subjects.
A relatively new and increasingly popular approach to determining requirements is kinetic modeling of body pools using steady-state compartmental analyses. This approach is unlikely to supplant depletion-repletion studies because it has a number of drawbacks; for example, assumptions that cannot be tested experimentally are often needed and the numbers obtained for body pool sizes are inherently imprecise. Even if accurate assessments of body pools were possible and were obtained, such information would be useful in setting a requirement only if the size of the body pool at which functional deficiency occurs could be established.
For all the B vitamins and choline, there is a serious lack of data useful for setting Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) for children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. Studies should use graded levels of nutrient intake and a combination of response indices and should consider other points raised in the preceding section. For some of the B vitamins (e.g., folate), studies should examine whether the requirement varies substantially by trimester of pregnancy. The nutrients and life stage and gender groups for which studies of requirements appear to be priorities from a public health perspective are vitamin B12 requirements of the elderly and folate requirements by trimester of pregnancy. In addition, priority should be given to the identification of indicators on which to base vitamin B6 requirements.
This short list does not imply that studies of requirements of other nutrients or age groups are not important, merely that it seems less likely that such studies will produce results that will have significant benefit on the health of the U.S. or Canadian populations. Research


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La Amistad International Park
La Amistad, Panama
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The La Amistad International Park, or in Spanish Parque Internacional La Amistad, formerly the La Amistad National Park, is an Transboundary Protected Area in Latin America, management of which is shared between Costa Rica (Caribbean La Amistad and Pacific La Amistad Conservation Areas) and Panama, following a recommendation by UNESCO after the park's inclusion in the World Heritage Site list.
The park area is equally split between Costa Rica and Panama, as part of the former La Amistad Reserves of the Talamanca mountain range. It covers 401,000 ha of tropical forest and is the largest nature reserve in Central America and together with a 15 km buffer zone it represents a major biodiversity resource at a regional (ca 20% of the regions species diversity) and global level. This is recognized in its strategic position in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor and its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its cross-frontier position gives it unique potential to improve bioregional planning. The park's buffer zone includes coffee and beef producers and indigenous subsistence farmers. A consequence of the difficulty of the terrain, the park is relatively unexplored and the only substantial scientific explorations deep into the park have been led by the Natural History Museum London, INBio and the University of Panama in the last 6 years (2003–2008).
In 2006 the UK's Darwin Initiative funded a three year collaborative project led by the Natural History Museum, London, INBio (Costa Rica) and ANAM (Panama). The aim of which was to generate baseline biodiversity information for the park and a map of the biodiversity. This involved a series of seven multi-disciplinary and international expeditions to remote parts of La Amistad during which over 7,500 plant, 17,000 beetle and 380 herpetological collections were made and deposited in the national collections of Costa Rica and Panama. These expeditions also lead to the discovery of 12 plant species, one dung beetle species, fifteen amphibian and three reptile species new to science.
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KCTS 9 Workshops/Promoting Language Development in Infants and Toddlers
Promoting Language Development in Infants and Toddlers
Language development is the foundation for a child's ability to interact with the world, and babies rely on everyone else to interpret their needs. This workshop focuses on how young children start developing language and how we can help them express themselves.
Sample Themes and Tips
- Respond to sounds infants make. Look at them, smile, copy their sounds or say a few simple words back.
- Be a verbal label-maker by naming objects and actions that children see or experience. You can even say the words in more than one language. Use the language that is most natural to you when talking to your baby.
- Read to infants and toddlers. It is never too early to begin reading aloud to children. Sometimes infants like to look at books together and have the adult name things.
- Be a good listener by listening for a baby's attempts to communicate and respond accordingly. When possible, give children your undivided attention by getting down to their level and making eye contact.


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Author(s): Schulingkamp RJ, Pagano TC, Hung D, Raffa RB
Abstract Share this page
Abstract Insulin receptors are known to be located on nerve cells in mammalian brain. The binding of insulin to dimerized receptors stimulates specialized transporter proteins that mediate the facilitated influx of glucose. However, neurons possess other mechanisms by which they obtain glucose, including transporters that are not insulin-dependent. Further, insulin receptors are unevenly distributed throughout the brain (with particularly high density in choroid plexus, olfactory bulb and regions of the striatum and cerebral cortex). Such factors imply that insulin, and insulin receptors, might have functions within the central nervous system in addition to those related to the supply of glucose. Indeed, invertebrate insulin-related peptides are synthesized in brain and serve as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. The present review summarizes the structure, distribution and function of mammalian brain insulin receptors and the possible implications for central nervous system disorders. It is proposed that this is an under-studied subject of investigation.
This article was published in Neurosci Biobehav Rev
and referenced in Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism


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Duijff, P. and Kuip van der, F.J. (2011) Morfeemfinale r-deleesje yn bûgingen, ôfliedingen en gearsettingen. Us Wurk. Tydskrift foar frisistyk, 60, 44-59. ISSN 0042-1235.
|PDF - Published Version |
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
Official URL: _URL_
In all Germanic languages, weakening or even deletion of r is possible. In Frisian, r-deletion before consonants is even rather common. Since about 1900, r-deletion in Frisian has often been discussed in linguistic literature, but a complete picture of this phenomenon is still lacking. The aim of this article is to present a complete description of r-deletion in Frisian at the end of morphemes in derivations as well as in compounds. Taking as point of departure our own pronunciation of Frisian, we will describe the realisation of r in different linguistic environments: before inflectional and derivational suffixes, at the end of prefixes and at the end of the first part of compounds. Every individual realisation will be compared with those given in relevant linguistic literature. We will conclude with a sketch of a pattern of r-deletion, which turns out to be obligatory if there is no syllable boundary after r and optional before a syllable boundary. Moreover, r-deletion is more predictable after a long vowel than after a short one. The exceptions to the rule will be discussed at the end of the conclusion.
|Deposited On:||08 Sep 2011 02:00|
|Last Modified:||10 Jan 2012 11:37|
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Research out of York U creates new model for errors in visual response
New findings out of York University show that during a visual task, errors accumulate during a memory delay with more errors arising in the transition from memory to action. The research comes from Professor Doug Crawford's Visuomotor Neuroscience Lab, with biology PhD candidate Amirsaman Sajad as first author.
The study, published April 16 in the online journal eNeuro, shows how neural activity in the frontal cortex initially reflects the visual goal accurately, but errors accumulate during a memory delay, and further escalate during the final memory-to-motor transformation.
"Think of all the times you see something and plan to act on it, but after only a short delay you make a mistake," explains Crawford. "For example, before my morning coffee kicks in, I'm great at making silly mistakes, like putting the honey away in the fridge, instead of the peanut butter."
The researchers recorded signals in the frontal cortex during the delay between target-related visual activity and intended gaze-related motor activity. The visual response and memory activity for the time in between was then analyzed.
"We looked at what happens from vision to memory to action, and how does the spatial code change through time in the frontal cortex," says Crawford.
What they found, he says, was that frontal eye field delay activity shows a progressive transition through intermediate target-gaze codes. Further to that, they recorded the coding of the intended gaze position with no delay response. The analytical comparison identifies errors accumulating during the memory delay, and increased errors in the memory to motor function.
The findings are of particular significance to research in diseases affecting frontal cortex function, says Crawford, because "if errors accumulate in healthy individuals, the accumulations would be much worse with diseases that affect frontal cortex function".
This type of finding, he says, can be used as a model for pharmacological research to see the influence of manipulating these same cells on error accumulation at the behavioral level.
The team continues to investigate and analyze data by recording from other parts of the brain, and looking at the outcomes when the brain endures more errors.
By Ashley Goodfellow Craig, YFile deputy editor


Society for Science and the Public - Alumni Brunch and Public Day during Broadcom MASTERS 2019
Broadcom MASTERS = Math, Applied Science, Technology, and Engineering for Rising Stars. The program is sponsored by Society for Science and the Public and it aims to encourage middle school students to pursue their passions within these fields. In the long run, a lot of these students end up in very successful careers in STEM. All and all, the students took home more than 100k in award prize money!
So what does a photographer look for when photographing such a special networking brunch and public day?
1. Telling the story from beginning to end, from an attendees perspective: what do I see when I walk in? Signage, the check-in desk, lanyards and schwag. I see old friends and quickly meet new ones. An airy space with beautiful decor topped with an artistic display of food.
2. Key timely moments: is anyone speaking at the event? Is there any group photos that need to happen at a certain time? Are their VIPs that will only be there for a short window?
3. Interactions and candid moments: know if your client prefers candid or posed, and then place emphasis on either. This takes patience. Don't be afraid to linger without being intrusive until your subject(s) offer up some emotion for the camera. Not everyone is going to be smiling or laughing as soon as you get to them with your camera. You want to frame very carefully and be sure that especially the subject of your photo is well lit and the photo is taken from a flattering angle.
4. Remember the purpose of the photographs: where will the final product be used? Do you need to leave room for cropping? Do you need to leave any room for text to be overplayed on the photo? * Details, details, details: taking photos of that year's brochure and schwag can really help date the event and give details about how this year was different from last. It also adds some graphic variety to the mix of faces.
5. Overall ambiance: How did it feel when you first walked in? How can you convey the emotion of the room in just a few images? Do you need to grab a ladder and get higher or look for a set of stairs to get a better overall photo? Do you possibly need a photo of the outside of the vicinity?
* Follow up: About ten minutes before I am off the clock I like to be specific with my client about what I captured and ask if there's anything else they need. Leave the event knowing you got everything you need to save yourself a headache!
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Breakthroughs in Literacy: Teacher Success Stories and Strategies
This book contains stories from teachers who overcame challenges with underperforming and struggling learners—many of them special needs students—to make significant breakthroughs in reading and writing instruction.
The teachers reveal their trials, errors, and triumphs in how they discovered particular instructional strategies or incorporated modeling and motivational techniques that best addressed students' learning needs and opened paths to success. It also includes some unusual and surprising approaches for connecting with students, including books that made a difference.
The book contains 29 stories from real-world teachers who have had success in teaching literacy. It also has summary sections which focus on key breakthrough strategies, lessons learned, reflection questions, actions tips, and recommended resources.


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This course, designed primarily as a laboratory science elective for non-science students, examines a wide range of environmental issues from a biological perspective. Basic principles of ecology are developed and the impact of modern society on the environment is assessed. The overall focus is global, however, basic ecological principles are developed using British Columbian and other Canadian examples. Major environmental issues relevant to Canada are also stressed. Major topics include ecological concepts, conservation and endangered species, air pollution and global warming, water resources, and water pollution.
BIOL 105 is an approved Science and Technology course for Cap Core requirements.
BIOL 105 is an approved Science course. BIOL 105 is an approved Lab Science course.
|Fall 2018 onwards|


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Curiosities of Ball Games
Ball playing was popular among the Romans, and they often spent their morning exercises playing games on the fields (palaestra) or ball-courts (sphaerista). The Romans enjoyed a variety of ball games, including Handball (Expulsim Ludere), Trigon, Soccer, Field Hockey, Harpasta, Phaininda, Episkyros, and certainly Catch and other games that children might invent, like Dodge Ball. An additional game called Roman Ball is theorized to fill some gaps. see more (_URL_
|Romans Playing Ball
This fresco shows several young men playing at ball. It is from an
underground tomb in Rome, 1st century AD. The one wearing just the tunic may be throwing the ball but it is difficult to judge for sure. They are barefoot like athletes, but which ball game this picture actually represents is not certain, except that it does not appear to be Trigon.
This marble relief from the National Museum of Archeology in Athens shows a Greek athlete balancing a ball on his thigh, supposedly demonstrating a training technique to the boy. The ball is clearly a folis, an inflated ball. The Greeks surely played a form of soccer, since the game was popular in the streets of Rome, but the Greeks left us no descriptions. The boy may possibly be bouncing another ball, or
carrying it or a cloth.
The Greek game "episkyros", relatively little of which has been handed down, was much livelier, as was the Roman game "Harpastum". The latter was played with a smaller ball with two teams contesting the game on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and a centre-line. The object was to get the ball over the opponents' boundary lines. The ball was passed between players and trickery was the order of the day. Each team member had his own specific tactical assignment and the spectators took a vociferous interest in the proceedings and the score. The role of the feet in this game was so small as scarcely to be of consequence. This game remained popular for 700 or 800 years, but, although the Romans took it to England with them, it is doubtful whether it can be considered as a forerunner of contemporary football. see more (_URL_
Some researchers believe that the ball game was invented in Teotihuacan and from there it spread to other villages in Mesoamerica. Chichén Itzá's Ball Court is the largest in Mexico and one of the most beautiful. see more (_URL_
|The Ball Court built _PHONE_ A.D. Maya Toltec Architectural Style|
|Illustration of Maya ball game, the goal of which was to propel a rubber ball through the stone ring without the use of hands.|
Ball Courts were part of almost every Mayan city. The courts were designed very much like today's soccer fields. Raised stone hoops were placed at each end. The Mayans would play a game very much like a cross between soccer and basketball. A hard rubber ball (the Mayans had rubber in this era) was played with. The teams were supposed to keep the ball in play using everything but their hands, and score by putting the ball through the hoop. The Chichen Itza Ball Court measures 272 by 199 feet, about the dimensions of a football field. After the invasion of the Toltecs, the Ball Court took on a more somber note, with the losing team often being sacrificed. Chichen Itza must have been home to the finest athletes due to the size of their court. The size of it often indicates that many important games were played at Chichen Itza. see more (_URL_


The Best Alternative For Tampons When Swimming on Your Period
It's summertime! You might be planning to hit the beach or the swimming pool soon but what if Aunt Flo suddenly makes a visit?
Swimming during your period might make you queasy and worried. What if you leak in the pool? What if you leak on your new white bathing suit? What if you shouldn't swim during your period?
Relax, it's safe! You can swim during your period! Contrary to popular belief, swimming doesn't make your period stop sooner than it should and swimming during your period is also absolutely safe for you. ""
How so? Swimming just pushes a pause button on your period. It doesn't make it stop completely. When you're in the water, the water pressure keeps your body from releasing menstruation blood. That means you don't have to worry about leaking in the water. You only have to worry about leaking when you leave the water. But why?
When you step out of the water, you're also stepping out of the water pressure, so your period starts right back up again. This is why you should still wear menstrual products even when you're swimming on your period. Unless you're cool rushing to the nearest changing room or bathroom, you shouldn't stop wearing your tampons or pads even when swimming. But this poses a lot of questions, like which is better for swimming, tampons or pads?
Here are the pros and cons of using a tampon and a pad when swimming on your period. First of all, for tampons and pads, both give you the added assurance that you won't leak in public. Using tampons and/or pads during swimming gives you major relief knowing that you won't have to worry about making a mad dash to the bathrooms once you step out of the water.
The problem is, not all ladies use tampons. But even for those who do use tampons, the worry that your string might be showing or the tampon even absorb more than just period blood can be a constant source of stress. As for pads, they lose their adhesive backing because the water dissolves it. The pad then ends up separating from your swimsuit, which can be a humiliating situation in itself. Also pads, because they're made of highly absorbent material, can absorb not only period blood, but also water. The end result? You get a soggy pad between your legs that may or may not slip from your underwear at anytime. Ugh.
Worried? There's an alternative you should start to consider, which is using period swimwear. They are the types of swimwear that have built-in absorbent material particularly designed for ladies swimming during their period. For the ladies who use pads during their period, period swimwear have a discreet, "pocket"-like gusset for your pads, making sure that they remain in place in the bottom of your swimwear.
Period swimwear are making waves these days. They come in pretty colors and designs too! Plus, you don't have to worry about having to wear shorts over them, since this leak-proof swimwear is enough to back you up.
So the next time you go for a swim on your period, it will help a lot if you're prepared. Grab one or two pieces of period swimwear and whether you use a tampon or a pad, remember to change them before you swim and right after you leave the water to stay hygienic. Happy summer, girls!
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Controversial topics abound in agriculture from GMO's (genetically modified organisms) to climate change. Communicating scientifically-credible information to help farm managers plan for the future or make short-term decisions can be challenging when intertwined with diverse perceptions that are part of the decision-making process. This webinar will present some of the principles of communicating science-based information and will present case studies and examples of effective (and not effective) messaging related to controversial agricultural topics. An application for continuing education credit for Certified Crop Advisors (CCAs) and members of the American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists (ARPAS) has been submitted.
- Martha Monroe, University of Florida
- Crystal Powers, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
- Paul Vincelli, University of Kentucky
Find out more about this webcast
and future webcasts
by the Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Center (LPELC)


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April 19, 2006 - Refuge fire crew assists Stillwater NWR with emergency prescribed burn
Heavy rains and increasing snow melt resulted in pressure for quick measures to move large quantities of water through Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge has a series of canals designed to facilitate just such an effort, however a major section was thickly overgrown with tule reeds and posed a risk of clogging and potential flooding. A crew from Klamath Basin traveled to Fallon, NV, and burned nearly 10 miles of canals, significantly reducing the thick vegetation and increasing flow ability. Weather and holding conditions permitted the crew only two days of burning before new rains inundated roads and limited access. Refuge managers report the burns increased their ability to safely deliver water through the refuge.
See pictures from the burn on the Stillwater NWR Stills page.


Optimizer estimates
RUNTIMESTATISTICS show the optimizer estimates for a particular node. They show the optimizer's estimated row count and the optimizer's "estimated cost."
The estimated row count is the query optimizer's estimate of the number of qualifying rows for the table or index for the entire life of the query. If the table is the inner table of a join, the estimated row count will be for all the scans of the table, not just for a single scan of the table.
The estimated cost consists of a number, which is a relative number; it does not correspond directly to any time estimate. It is not, for example, the number of milliseconds or rows. Instead, the optimizer constructs this number for each possible access path. It compares the numbers and chooses the access path with the smallest number.
Related concepts
Statistics timing
Statement execution plan
Optimizer overrides
Understanding XPLAIN style database tables


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Combining essential hematology content with the diagnostic features of an atlas, Veterinary Hematology: A Diagnostic Guide and Color Atlas delivers all the information you need to accurately assess and diagnose the blood diseases of common domestic animals — including dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and llamas. This all-in-one resource utilizes a clinically-oriented and user-friendly approach to guide you through the processes of selecting relevant diagnostic tests, collecting and preparing samples, interpreting sample results, and determining their clinical significance. High-resolution photomicrographs, full-color illustrations, and excellent schematic drawings, tables, and quick-reference algorithms help you clearly visualize these concepts and procedures.
- Two books in one gives you the information of a user-friendly, clinical textbook and the diagnostic features of a color atlas in a single reference.
- Practical, clinically-relevant text is comprehensive and yet concise in its delivery of vital information such as:
- Principles and procedures that are employed in recognizing normal, abnormal, and artifactual features of blood and bone marrow samples and developing accurate diagnoses
- Common cytochemical stains and summary charts for interpretation
- Sample collection, staining procedures, and diagnostic techniques
- Differentiating features of malignant and benign hematologic disorders
- Miscellaneous cells and blood parasites and their significance in the evaluation of blood smears
- Hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic neoplasms
- Highresolution photomicrographs and excellent schematic drawings, tables, boxes and quick-reference algorithms aid your understanding of basic clinical concepts and differential diagnostic considerations.
- Over 800 full-color illustrations help you clearly visualize the concepts and clinical features of the blood and bone marrow — from normal cell maturation to the development of various pathologies.
1. Introduction to Veterinary Hematology
2. Hematology Procedures
4. Evaluation of Erythrocytes
5. Evaluation of Leukocytic Disorders
7. Evaluation of Hemostasis: Coagulation and Platelet Disorders
8. Bone Marrow Examination
9. Disorders of Bone Marrow
Appendix I. Tables
Appendix II. Algorithms
Appendix III. Case Studies
John W. Harvey, DVM, PhD, DACVP, Executive Associate Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL


Author Topic: Witnesses back Hicks on chemical torture (Read 1264 times)
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Witnesses back Hicks on chemical torture
« on: September 17, 2012, 12:58:06 PM »
Witnesses back Hicks on chemical torture
 September 16, 2012 - Natalie O'Brien
New evidence supports claims of forced injections and abuse
Just what drugs were being administered in some cases may never be known. Medical records are apparently incomplete, with names and dosages of some drugs removed.
Stephen Kenny, one of the first lawyers allowed into Guantanamo Bay and who acted initially for Mr Hicks, has called for a full inquiry.
''If they were genuine medications then why does the name of the drug need to be removed?'' asked Mr Kenny, who is also a spokesman for The Justice Campaign.
Further evidence of forced druggings by injection at Guantanamo has been revealed in a previously secret US Department of Defence intelligence report into allegations of the use of mind-altering drugs to facilitate interrogation. The report obtained under freedom of information laws by the independent US news outlet, Truthout, uncovered evidence that ''pyschoactive medication was administered to detainees for mental health purposes and that these injections were sometimes forced with unco-operative detainees''. It also found that ''chemical restraints were used on detainees that posed a threat to themselves'' and detainees being treated with psychoactive drugs that impaired their mental functions were interrogated while under the effects of the medication.
Such forced druggings and abuse handed out to Mr Hicks and other detainees was to be at the heart of his defence against the Australian government's legal action to stop him receiving proceeds of crime by collecting royalties from his book Guantanamo: My Journey.
After 6½ years in detention, Mr Hicks made an Alford plea - which is not recognised in Australia - meaning that he acknowledged the evidence but did not make any admissions. It meant he was convicted in the US of providing material support for terrorism but he was allowed to go home and serve a seven-month prison sentence.
The 37-year-old lives in Sydney and is working as a panel beater, but claims that the pain he suffers as a result of the druggings means that he now relies on painkillers.
On July 24, a week before his case was due to go to trial in the NSW Supreme Court, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions dropped the case, saying it would have been unable to satisfy the court that any admissions made by Mr Hicks at Guantanamo should be relied upon and that Mr Hicks had served evidence not previously available.
A statement released by the CDPP said Mr Hicks had challenged the admissibility of the evidence against him, including the certificate of conviction from the Guantanamo military court and the transcripts of the court's hearings.
''If, at any stage in the conduct of legal proceedings by the office, there is a concern as to the sufficiency of available evidence, then the office will review the matter regardless of what stage the proceedings have reached in the court process,'' the statement said. A spokesman for the Attorney-General, Nicola Roxon, declined to comment, saying it was a matter for the CDPP.
When Mr Hicks returned to Australia and was serving the seven-month term in Adelaide's Yatala prison, he requested blood tests be taken to determine what drugs he had been given. He was refused, and by the time he was released it was too late to detect traces in his system.
Mr Hicks's lawyer, Steven Glass from Gilbert and Tobin, said: ''The only thing David has wanted since he was first detained in 2001 was to have the allegations against him determined by a properly constituted court applying the rule of law. The trial in the NSW Supreme Court would have been the first time he had that opportunity.''
Mr Hicks said he had mixed feelings about the case being dismissed.
''Preparing for the case brought back memories of my ordeal in Guantanamo and interfered with my life terribly. But I am disappointed that the case was dropped because it was the first time I could have my day in court and the Australian people could have heard what actually went on,'' he said.
The opportunity to see previously classified documents has been lost.
''During the period leading up to the trial, proposed evidence was exchanged between the parties, including evidence that had been provided to the Australian authorities by the US authorities at Guantanamo,'' Mr Glass said. ''We were planning to rely on that evidence at trial.''
Known drugs administered to Hicks
A gastro-intestinal mix of drugs that is supposed to contain liquid antacid, similar to Mylanta, and a mild anaesthetic such as lidocaine. But Mr Hicks said that after taking it, he became so drowsy he couldn't stay awake.
Read more:


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Why would you set-up a backup?
In the case that you lose your data you can easily import your backupdata back into Salesforce. To generate backup data, Salesforce offers an automated backup export on a weekly or monthly basis depending on your edition. You can export all your organization's data into a set of comma-separated values (CSV) files.
What to take into account before setting up an automated backup
- Users with the "Weekly Export" permission can view all exported data and all custom objects and fields in the Export Service page. This permission is granted by default only to the System Administrator profile because it enables wide visibility.
- Selecting 'Include images', documents, and attachments' and 'Include Chatter files and Salesforce CRM Content document versions' increases data export processing time.
How to setup an automated backup export
- From Setup, enter Data Export in the Quick Find box, then select Data Export and Schedule Export.
- Select the desired encoding for your export file.
- Select Include images, documents, and attachments and Include Chatter files and Salesforce CRM Content document versions to include these items in your export data.
- Select Replace carriage returns with spaces to have spaces instead of carriage returns or line breaks in your export files. This selection is useful if you plan to use your export files for importing or other integrations.
- If you're scheduling your export, select the frequency (only available for organizations with monthly exports), start and end dates, and time of day for your export.
- Under Exported Data, select the types of data to include in your export. We recommend that you select Include all data if you are not familiar with the terminology used for some of the types of data. Note the following:
- Formula and roll-up summary fields are always excluded from exports.
- If your organization uses divisions, data from all divisions is included in the export.
- If your organization uses person accounts and you are exporting accounts, all account fields are included in the account data.
- If your organization uses person accounts and you are exporting contacts, person account records are included in the contact data. However, the contact data only includes the fields shared by contacts and person accounts.
- For information on field limitations, see the Salesforce Field Reference Guide.
- Click Start Export or Save.
Salesforce creates a zip archive of CSV files and emails you when it's ready. Exports complete as soon as possible, however we can't guarantee the date and time of completion. Large exports are broken up into multiple files. Follow the link in the email or click Data Export to download the zip file. Zip files are deleted 48 hours after the email is sent. The 48-hour time limit doesn't include weekends, so if your download file is ready on Thursday at 4 p.m., that file isn't deleted until Monday at 4 p.m.


text:
Background: The increasing complexity of medical care environment, and medical education and practices made understanding
the principles and concepts of training, development, and the related concepts and disciplines necessary for doctors practicing at
almost any level in a healthcare system. The aim of this paper is to identify the essential training knowledge needed by physicians
working in the field of professional training and development (Professional trainers) and medical schools' instruction. These
essential knowledges should include in the content of any training of the trainer (TOT) courses conducted for physicians.
Materials and methods: More than 100 relevant publications were identified and reviewed.
Results: The essential training knowledge needed by physicians working in the field of professional training and development
(Professional trainers) included adequate knowledge about accreditation of a training course, the need for professional training,
training and development in a healthcare organization, domains of change during training, the influences of professional training
and development, the training process (Stages of the training process, training needs, training needs analysis methods, training
needs analysis methods, Setting SMART training objectives), designing an effective training course, Popular training methods, What
a professional trainer needs to understand and do before and during a training course development,,how to conduct a professional
training course, the main principles of training course evaluation, the evaluation of a training course using Kirkpatrick's four
levels of evaluation, the commonly used methods of instruction and training, training and instruction effectiveness, training and
instruction effectiveness evaluation, participants learning assessment during training and instruction, learning process for trainers
and instructors, VAK learning model, VARK learning model of Neil D. Fleming, the 4MAT learning model of Bernice McCarthy, the
application of learning theories in training and instruction, the cognitive (knowledge-based) domain of learning and training,
Bloom's taxonomy and its practical value in training and medical schools' instruction, behaviorist model of learning (The operant
conditioning), the ideas of John Dewey relevant to training and instruction, constructivist learning theory, Jean Piaget's cognitive
theory, the practical applications of Jean Piaget ideas in training and instruction, Lev Vygotsky ideas' practical application in training
and instruction including the zone of proximal development, the concept of Instructional scaffolding suggested by Jerome Seymour
Brunerm, the fundamental principles of learning relevant to training and medical schools' instruction, the fundamental principles
of learning relevant to training and medical schools' instruction, the principles of Adult learning (Andragogy) suggested by Malcolm
Shepherd Knowles, the principles of the constructivist's approaches for adult training and instruction, the main principles of adult
training and instruction that distinguish adult learners from children and youth, the principles of making presentation, what a TOT
course is all about and he need for TOT courses.
Conclusion: This research article provided a compendium of the essential training knowledge needed by physicians working in
the field of professional training and development (Professional trainers).
Keywords: Professional training; physician development; medical schools' instruction; TOT courses


text:
Panther Paint Job
Watch a 57-year-old warbird go from Winona rags to Blue Angel royalty.
- By Michael Klesius
- AirSpaceMag.com, November 17, 2009
Wings held high, the Panther appeared ready to take flight like a bird flapping its wings. The wings folded to maximize space aboard aircraft carriers in the early 1950s, and were usually positioned nearly vertical. On this day, the staff was testing special wing struts they had fabricated from an original piece. Numerous patches were visible on the airplane where holes and dents had been filled with an aluminum epoxy compound, then sanded.


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Ligne de Cerdagne
The Ligne de Cerdagne, often called the Yellow Train (French: Train Jaune, Catalan: Tren Groc), is a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) railway that runs from Villefranche-de-Conflent to Mont-Louis in France. It was started in 1903 and the section to Mont-Louis was completed in 1910, followed by an extension to Latour-de-Carol in 1927.
It is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long and climbs to 1,593 metres (5,226 ft) at Bolquère-Eyne, the highest railway station in France. There are 19 tunnels and two bridges, one of which is, unusual for a railway bridge, a suspension bridge. The trains are powered by electricity at 850 volts DC, supplied by third rail. The power comes from hydro-electric generators on the River Têt.
It is named after its yellow and red colours, derived from the Catalan flag.
List of stations
- Nyer (halte)
- Mont-Louis la Cabanasse
- Béna Fanès
In 1911, railway workers reported a fireball on the third rail between kilometres 28 and 40. A similar phenomenon occurred again when a train was hit by one of these fireballs during a thunderstorm. Lightning rods were installed where these events had occurred, the phenomena has not been reported since installation.
- Pourageaux G (2008), Les cent ans du Train Jaune, Editions La vie du rail. (French)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ligne de Cerdagne.|
- Train Jaune (Yellow Train) official SNCF page
- The Little Yellow Train of the Pyrenees route, sightseeing, practical information and photos
- Journeys on the Yellow Train and practicalities
- History of the Yellow Train


Frac sand washing machine for producing shale oil fracturing proppant | LZZG
Frac sand washing machine for producing shale oil fracturing proppant
date icon
frac sand
What is frac sand
Fractured sand is high-purity quartz sand, with super strong pressure resistance and extremely high roundness. It is made of natural quartz sand through multiple processes and fine processing, and is used in the petroleum industry. Especially in the application of hydraulic fracturing, that is, the high-pressure water pump is used to inject fracturing fluid into the oil and gas reservoir, and the reservoir is crushed to obtain oil and gas resources. Fracturing quartz sand is an indispensable substance. Part of the fracturing quartz sand comes from high-purity quartz sandstone, which is processed through multiple processes such as crushing.
The petroleum proppant enters the formation along with the high-pressure solution to fill the rock fissures, and plays the role of supporting the fissures not to be closed due to stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, making the oil and gas smooth, and increasing production. The performance requirements of petroleum proppant: 1. The proppant must have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance, can withstand the strong pressure and friction during injection, and effectively support artificial cracks. 2. The relative density of proppant particles should be low to facilitate pumping downhole. 3. The proppant particles do not chemically interact with the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid at a temperature of 200 degrees. The maximum allowable value of acid solubility should be less than 7%.
At present, the commonly used proppants mainly include quartz sand, bauxite ceramsite sand and resin-coated composite particles. Because quartz sand has low cost and low density, it is easy to pump and is widely used. However, quartz sand has a low strength bottom and poor sphericity, which reduces fracture conductivity and is not suitable for deep wells with high closed pressure.
screw frac sand washing screening machine
This frac sand production line include stone crusher, screw sand washer, sludge thickener, filter press, blet conveyor, VSI sand making machine.
Frac sand project has annual production capacity of 400,000 tons of oil and gas. The total investment of the project is 100 million yuan, and the designed annual production capacity is 400,000 tons.
The fracturing sand is subjected to soft hydraulic friction cleaning and fine sieving to produce a fracturing sand proppant that meets the needs of oilfield fracturing production, which meets the needs of the unconventional oil and gas exploitation of Mahu Oilfield in Buxel County.
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Minor in Arabic
The minor in Arabic is for students who seek to become proficient in the Arabic language and acquire a good grasp of Arab cultural trends. Our curriculum of CAS LY courses emphasizes Modern Standard Arabic (the variety of the language understood by educated native speakers and used in media and official communications across the Arab world) while providing some exposure to Levantine Colloquial and other dialects. We use the most widely taught textbook series, Al-Kitaab, supplemented with authentic materials (videos, songs, advertisements, magazines and newspapers, menus, etc.). After completing the prerequisite four semesters of language work, Arabic minors take three to four semesters of additional language courses and one to two courses in Arabic literature or Arab culture. They may also take one non-LY course in a relevant second language or some aspect of Arab politics or culture. Students are encouraged to study abroad in Rabat (Morocco) or elsewhere. Graduating Arabic minors have gone on to jobs in government, in nonprofits such as the Arab-American Chamber of Commerce, and to graduate programs in Arabic and Near Eastern Studies.
Six courses with a grade of C or higher. With advisor's approval, students may include up to three transfer courses from other colleges, universities, or non-BU study abroad programs. At least three courses must be taken on the Charles River Campus. Internships taken through Boston University or other study abroad programs may not be credited toward the minor offered in Arabic.
Unless otherwise noted, all required courses are 4 credit hours.
 1. CAS LY 303 and LY 304 (unless equivalent proficiency is shown, in which case the advisor will determine substitute courses).
 2. one or two additional Arabic language courses numbered CAS LY 214 or above (may include LY 572; may include LY 350 if not also counted for literature).
 3. One or two of the following literature and culture courses: CAS XL 223, LY 284, LY 341, LY 350, LY 441, LY 470, LY 471, XL 540.
 4. at most, one related non-LY CAS course to be approved by the minor advisor. This non-LY course should focus substantially on a relevant second language (e.g., Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, French, or an African language), on linguistics (with an LX number), or on the art, religion, history, politics, etc. of the Arab world.


text:
An Injector Component Model for Complete Microfluidic Electrokinetic Separation Systems
R. Magargle, J.F. Hoburg and T. Mukherjee
Carnegie Mellon University, US
Keywords: microfluidic, electrokinetic, cross, injector
This work presents a closed-form, numerically derived model of a key microfluidic electrokinetic separation system component, the cross injector. The model fits into a framework such that it can be combined with a network of other component models, such as a mixer, reactor, separation channel, and detector, to model a complete microfluidic separation system. The model is based on a reduction of the full 5-dimensional parameter space to a manageable 2-dimensional parameter space. The resultant model is valid for Peclet numbers ranging from 10 to 5000 and shows a worst case variance equal to the channel width squared.
Nanotech 2004 Conference Technical Program Abstract


text:
Richards, M. P. and Schulting, R. J. and Hedges, R. E. M. (2003) 'Sharp shift in diet at onset of Neolithic.', Nature., 425 (6956). p. 366.
The introduction of domesticated plants and animals into Britain during the Neolithic cultural period between 5,200 and 4,500 years ago is viewed either as a rapid event1 or as a gradual process that lasted for more than a millennium2. Here we measure stable carbon isotopes present in bone to investigate the dietary habits of Britons over the Neolithic period and the preceding 3,800 years (the Mesolithic period). We find that there was a rapid and complete change from a marineto a terrestrial-based diet among both coastal and inland dwellers at the onset of the Neolithic period, which coincided with the first appearance of domesticates. As well as arguing against a slow, gradual adoption of agriculture and animal husbandry by Mesolithic societies, our results indicate that the attraction of the new farming lifestyle must have been strong enough to persuade even coastal dwellers to abandon their successful fishing practices.
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|Last Modified:||21 Jul 2010 16:58|
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3
second = 5
third = asdf
first = 4
second = 5
third = asdf
first = 5
second = 5
third = asdf
Nifty, I know.
Wrapped Subroutines
Aside from currying, it is possible to have fun with subroutines in another manner: by defining a function wrapper that is executed when sub is called. Wrappers basically allow you to write fairly polymorphic/generic functions, and wrap them with a specific functionality using full Perl 6. It's important to note though, that this wrap actually modifies the function itself; it doesn't return you an anonymous function in a Scalar or somesuch (we'll get to this in a sec.)
All Routine's have a.wrap method. It expects one argument of type Code (a block of code, essentially.) This parameter may have the special expressions callsame,callwith, nextsame and nextwith within it. These all call the original Routine, but you may specify different parameters, etc..
pugs> sub wrapexample($a) {
....> say 'in middle; value passed == '~$a;
....> }
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == asdf
pugs> $h = &wrapexample.wrap({say 'beginning'; callwith(42); say 'end';});
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == 42
The id returned by a.wrap method can later be used to.unwrap the method. A call to.wrap replaces the previous routine definition with what you supply as your Code block, and you may have multiple wraps. Therefore, it's wise to get the return value of.wrap so you may unwrap it later:
pugs> &wrapexample.unwrap($h);
pugs> wrapexample "asdf";
in middle; value passed == asdf
(addendum: so far,.wrap doesn't work like above on pugs r16525; ergo, the above is fabricated, but accurate. It is however documented in S06 and will most likely be implemented sometime in the near future [hopefully.])
Well, in this article I roughly covered subroutines in Perl 6. There're quite a few changes, so you need to adjust to them; none are too daring to accept, however. Next round, I think we'll cover Object-orientation in Perl 6, before moving to Grammars and rules.
Dave Rolsky said...
It's tenets, not tenants. Perl 6 is not a building full of people.
riffraff said...
I think a clarification is needed in the text: "if you do not define parameters explicitly, they will be given as read-only (just copies, not a reference) in _USER_:" shouuld be "if you don't define them as read-write". See S06.
In current pugs though, it will work partly:
sub f($a) {$a++} # raise an error
sub f($a is rw) {$a++} _TAG_ as expected
sub f(_USER_) {_USER_++} # does side effect but should not, I believe
Ben said...
Should definitely think about covering macros too at some point. I played around with them on Pugs a few months ago and they were working then so I'm sure they're suitable material for this series.
austin seipp said...
_USER_: It's on the to-do list, so don't worry. :)
Right now I'm thinking of an interlude however, to look at more functional examples of Perl 6. But Macro's are going to be covered at one point or another.
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text:
NASA to work on approved sci-fi books
Will feature a manned US space programme
NASA is working with a publisher to create a series of sci-fi books inspired by NASA's work.
The US space agency has inked an agreement with Tor-Forge Books to work on "NASA Inspired Works of Fiction" that will contain stories relating to current and future missions and operations.
NASA's space shuttle programme came to an end last month, removing a large part of the US manned space programme. Though flights to the International Space Station will continue using Russian Soyuz ships, in the meantime surplus Earthbound 'nauts are helping put pen to paper - or fingerstroke to ebook, perhaps.
"Ultimately this agreement will benefit the public, as we look for innovative ways to communicate our past and current achievements, while focusing on the needs of the future," said the Goddard's Space Flight Center's Nona Cheeks.
NASA noted that some people who work at the space agency often ended up there after consuming lots of sci-fi in their formative years.
It looks like the books will also be intended to help educate earthlings about the "significant role" played by NASA in everyday lives (memory foam was developed by NASA's Ames Research Center to improve the safety of aircraft cushions, for instance).
All of the books will be checked by NASA experts to ensure that, although fictional, they are scientifically accurate. NASA scientists and engineers will be paired with Tor-Forge writers to collaborate on the series of books.
The agency hopes that, through the warm-the-cockles-of-any-geek-heart medium of sci-fi, it will attract and retain students who study science, technology, engineering and mathematics. ®


text:
The Community-Based Drinking Water Monitoring Program aims to raise awareness of environmental health hazards regarding water, food and vector borne illnesses, including health problems associated with indoor air quality. The program identifies and defines health risks, monitors environmental conditions and their risks and supports activities in the following areas:
Drinking water and sewage
Facilities health inspections
West Nile Virus
The Community-Based Drinking Water Monitor is a liason between community members and Health Canada.


text:
To enable the use of fine-grained Attributed Based Access Control (ABAC) model within the Spring framework, Axiomatics introduced the XACML PEP SDK for Spring Security.
In this refresher webinar, we cover the basics of the integration and go into the details of what has changed, and been enhanced in the SDK, based on direct customer feedback derived from real-world usage scenarios.
- Basic understanding of authorization capabilities in Spring Security
- Understanding an externalized and attribute-based approach to access control
- Extending Spring Security to use an ABAC model for access control
- Recent enhancements in the SDK


Narrowing down GTF trace output
The General Trace Facility (GTF) in MVS is useful for identifying problems, but narrowing down GTF trace data can be daunting. This tip offers a how-to on narrowing down GTF trace output to simplify debugging.
MVS' General Trace Facility (GTF) is one of those tools that makes you glad to work on the mainframe. When started, a GTF trace can record all sorts of system events and provide detailed diagnostic data for those hard-to-find bugs. Of course, the formatted output is prodigious, which makes gleaning the nuggets of information necessary to debug the problem harder than finding a liquor store in Waco. However, a little REXX combined with a less-traditional debugging tool can help discover the gold from a GTF trace.
GTF traces for SVCs
One useful GTF feature is the ability to capture supervisor call (SVC) instructions that problem programs use to access system services. Imagine, for instance, we have response time problems because we suspect an application is issuing operating system waits instead of using CICS' application programming interface (API). A GTF trace for wait SVCs (SVC 1) will collect, among other things, the instruction addresses of the service call. The instruction addresses, combined with a dump of the region, can quickly pinpoint the program issuing the non-CICS waits.
Below are some sample parameters for GTF. Note that years ago GTF got its parameters from the console. You can see this historical context below, where "prompting" options (the ones that end in "P") do little else except tell GTF to expect the actual parameters later in the input stream. Thus, the SVCP parameter points to the SVC option listing the SVC numbers to be traced. Similarly, JOBNAMEP refers to JOBNAME to be traced.
Formatting the GTF trace
IBM's Interactive Problem Control System (IPCS) can format the raw GTF trace data. Pasted below is some sample output, where you can see lots of useful information about the circumstances under which something issued the WAIT.
**** GTF TRACING ENVIRONMENT ****
 Release: SP7.0.9 FMID: HBB7740 System name: SYSP
 CPU Model: 2097 Version: 00 Serial no. 015EFF
SVC..... 001 ASCB.... 00FC0880 CPU..... 0002 JOBNAME. CICSPROD OLD-PSW. 078D0001 95113178
 TCB..... 00A98E00 MODN.... DFHKETCB R15... F918ABD8 R0... 00000001 R1... 1E19D328
 PLIST... 1E19D328
 GMT-01/27/2010 18:27:46.321507 LOC-01/27/2010 12:27:46.321507
 SVC..... 001 ASCB.... 00FC0880 CPU..... 0001 JOBNAME. CICSPROD OLD-PSW. 078D0001 95112F3C
 TCB..... 00AF8680 MODN.... DFHKETCB R15... BE06CECE R0... 00000001 R1... EA99C000
 PLIST... _PHONE_ 000408B8 0022AB64 00054C8C 80054BE4
 GMT-01/27/2010 18:27:46.321775 LOC-01/27/2010 12:27:46.321775
Now we have a great pile of diagnostic information consisting of a dump and a GTF trace. The challenge is to separate legitimate waits executed by the CICS system code from the application issued SVCs. The brute force method would dictate going through each trace entry and matching Program Status Words (PSWs) with load modules in the CICS dump. That might take a while.
Boiling down GTF trace data with REXX and Excel
Fortunately, a little REXX that can convert GTF trace output into a command separated value (CSV) file suitable for importing into Excel. I included an example REXX program below.
/* REXX */
parse arg input
"del 'user01.gtfsvc.csv'" /* Delete and reallocate output file */
"alloc fi(csvout) da('user01.gtfsvc.csv') unit(sysda) space(15 15)",
 "track new catalog lrecl(60) blksize(18000) recfm(f b) release"
csvout.1 = "SVC,Job Name,PSW,TCB" /* Write column headers */
"execio 1 diskw csvout (stem csvout."
"EXECIO 1 DISKR gtfin (stem gtfin." /* Top of input loop */
do while(rc = 0)
 if index(gtfin.1, 'SVC.....') > 0 then, /* Beginning of an entry */
 firstWord = 2
 if word(gtfin.1, 1) = '1' then, /* Deal with page ejects */
 firstWord = 3
 svc = word(gtfin.1, firstWord) /* Get SVC, job name and PSW */
 jobname = word(gtfin.1, firstWord+6)
 psw = word(gtfin.1, firstWord + 8) ||'' || word(gtfin.1, firstWord+9)
 "EXECIO 1 DISKR gtfin (stem gtfin." /* Get next line for TCB address */
 if word(gtfin.1, 1) = '1' then, /* Again with the page ejects? */
 tcb = word(gtfin.1, 3)
 tcb = word(gtfin.1, 2)
 csvout.1 = svc || ',' || jobname || ',' || psw || ',' tcb
 "execio 1 diskw csvout (stem csvout." /* Build and write output */
 "EXECIO 1 DISKR gtfin (stem gtfin." /* Get next line */
queue /* It's all over, go home */
address tso
"execio * diskr gtfin (finis)"
"execio * diskW csvout (finis)"
"free fi(csvout)"
Disclaimer: This is "fair weather" sample code that may or may not work with your GTF report.
This script's one parameter is the name of a DD statement pointing to a dataset containing the GTF report. It writes the output CSV file to dataset userid.GTFSVC.CSV. The CSV output contains four columns, which include the SVC number, the job name, the PSW of the instruction that issued the SVC and the Task Control Block (TCB) of the thread. It writes the header labels as the first row in the CSV file.
Now it becomes a simple matter to import the CSV file into Excel. The resulting spreadsheet looks like this:
Click to enlarge.
Auto-filtering the spreadsheet gives us the ability to get a summary list of the columns. The auto-filter option appears in the Excel "Data" pull-down menu.
Once the spreadsheet is filtered, we can do things like click on the PSW header button and get a summary list of addresses that issued the wait SVC.
Click to enlarge.
Now, instead of wading through hundreds of trace entries, we have a list of five PSWs to check against the dump.
More ways to analyze GTF trace data
When I think of debugging, Excel doesn't usually spring to mind. However, its data analysis abilities make it a good secondary tool to make sense out of the blizzard of data produced by MVS. Other enhancements to this REXX might include capturing the trace timestamp or parameter list. The same principle may also be applied to other forms of GTF trace output.
Dig Deeper on IBM system z and mainframe systems


text:
In Cambodia, the trees are alive with the sounds of monkeys, according to a recent survey by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). The report reveals surprisingly large populations of two globally endangered primates in one of this Southeast Asian country's protected areas.
Scientists from WCS together with the Royal Government of Cambodia's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries searched an area of 300 square miles within the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area. They counted 42,000 black-shanked doucs and 2,500 yellow-cheeked crested gibbons. The estimate represents the world's largest known populations for both species. The researchers believe total populations within the 1,150-square-mile landscape surrounding Seima may be even bigger.
The WCS scientists who worked on the census include Tom Clements, Nut Meng Hor, Men Soriyun, Edward Pollard, Hannah O'Kelly, and Samantha Strindberg.
Prior to this discovery, the largest known populations of the two primate species were believed to live in adjacent Vietnam, where black-shanked doucs and yellow-cheeked crested gibbons number at 600 and 200 respectively. Their total population figures remain unknown.
The Cambodian census took place in a former logging area where the two primates were once extensively hunted. In 2002, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries declared the region a conservation area and began working with WCS on site management and planning for conservation and local development. In the years since the joint program began, the primates began to recover. Their populations have remained stable since 2005.
The primates have also benefited from a cessation of logging activities, a nation-wide gun confiscation program implemented in the 1990s, and a habitat where there is plenty to eat.
But WCS researchers in Cambodia remain concerned that looming threats could jeopardize recent successes.
"Despite this good news in Cambodia, the area still remains at risk from conversion to agro-industrial plantations for crops, including biofuels, and commercial mining," said Tom Clements, the lead author of the report. "WCS is therefore committed to continuing to work with the Cambodian government to ensure that these globally important primate populations will remain secure."
WCS has worked with the Royal Government of Cambodia since 1999, helping to establish the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area and developing landscape-level conservation programs in the Northern Plains and Tonle Sap Great Lake.
WCS work in Cambodia has been supported by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Great Apes Conservation Fund, MacArthur Foundation, and Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundation. The Great Apes Conservation Fund and all the U.S. government funding to support global priority species and their habitats is at risk of being cut in the Fiscal Year 2009 federal budget. Although the budget process in Washington has stalled, WCS is calling for Congress to restore and grow these programs by completing work on the Fiscal Year 2009 budget before the end of September.


text:
Reducing Power Fail Issues in Industrial Flash Memory
As embedded applications increasingly rely on solid state drives rather than traditional hard disc drives, the need to manage power fail issues has become central to ensuring data integrity. Delkin Devices designs solid state drives, or SSDs, that incorporate multiple levels of data protection should a power fail event happen, alongside the other features you expect from Delkin embedded applications, including small footprints, reduced power consumption, increased reliability, and high-level performance.
Power Fails in Flash-Based SSDs
Power fails that affect flash storage can occur in a number of different instances, including power outages, brownouts, power surges, and power spikes. They can also occur if the SSD itself is removed manually without powering off. Power fails that occur during idle times or during read operations are generally not problematic. The issues arise when a failure happens during a write operation.
When a power loss occurs in the midst of a write operation, it can cause data loss. This is because the data that was being written to the storage was not completely saved, so it could be lost. This kind of power failure data loss is also called a write-abort failure.
Although only a small amount of data may not have been written when a power failure occurs, it can cause significant ongoing problems, including fatal corruption of the entire system. It can also cause inefficient use of memory capacity, which can dramatically shorten the lifespan of the embedded flash storage.
Reducing the Risk of Power Fail Issues
Taking steps to reduce external sources of power loss is important for mitigating the risk of power fails. These steps include using surge protectors and avoiding overloads of power systems. However, you cannot always prevent a power fail from occurring, so internal protections are essential for reducing the risk of data loss.
For flash memory systems that handle critical data, it is necessary to have built-in power loss controls, including systems for monitoring power supply and the ability to recover data after a power loss that occurs during a write operation. Although these systems cannot always prevent a small amount of data loss, they can prevent complete system corruption and the loss of large data stores.
For engineers and OEMs, considering the power fail protection systems that are integrated into industrial flash memory and how these systems impact performance are key factors when selecting an SSD storage solution. Delkin specialists are available to answer questions about power fails. A White Paper on Power Failure is also available for download from Delkin.


> ~/.cedit/cooledit.completion
 cat 'find $TEXDIR -follow -regex '.*\.tex'' | \
 sed -e's/[A-Za-z0-9]\\/&\
 \\/g' | \
 sed -e's/\\$//g' | \
 sed -e's/[^A-Za-z0-9\\]/\
 /g' | \
 sed -e's/\\\\*/\\/g' | \
 sed -e's/^[A-Za-z0-9].*$//g' \
 -e's/^\\$//g' \
 -e's/^\\[A-Za-z0-9\\]$//g' \
 | cat -s | sort -u >> ~/.cedit/cooledit.completion
 Cooledit supports the XDND drag and drop protocol versions 0 through 2.
 Cooledit used to support the Dnd, up to version 3.6.3. To copy or move
 text, highlight it with the mouse, then click somewhere in the middle
 of the text and drag. The cursor will change to indicate that you are
 dragging. The text will be copied to the window that you release the
 mouse button on. If you drag with the left button, text will be copied
 while if you drag with any other button, text will be moved. If you
 drag a file-name to an edit window from the file browser, that file
 will be inserted into the text at the position you release the mouse
 button. You can also drag from the man page and from any text box. If
 you find drag and drop to not work with other applications, then check
 that they support the same protocol.
 The Scripts menu has a list of commands that can be executed from hotkeys. You can create your own scripts by clicking on New script and
 filling in the various fields of the dialog. Several predefined examples are given in the menu. To get a feel for how this works click on
 Edit a script and select a predefined script from the list. The
 switches you see in the dialog box are self explanatory. They cause
 cooledit to perform various functions before and after the execution of
 the script and provide for seamless interfacing between cooledit and
 compilers or shell commands. The script text may also contain the %
 character to substitute for the editor's file-name, path, etc. For instance, if %f is found in the script, it will be, before execution, replaced with the file-name of the file you are currently editing. The
 complete list of substitutions is as follows:
 %d The current directory as set from the Command menu.
 %f The full file-name of the file you are currently editing, without the path.
 %n The file-name without the extension.
 %x The file-name extension only.
 %p The full path of the file-name without the trailing slash.
 %t The name of a temporary file if needed.
 %b The name of the block file.
 %c The name of the clipboard file.
 %e The name of the error message file.
 %a The string typed in by the user if they where prompted.
 %F The current font, or 8x13bold if the current font is a proportionally spaced font - use for terminal apps.
 %O The current font regardless of its size.
 %% Inserts a literal %.
 Typically commands will process the editor file, or some highlighted
 text, and then output error messages to the error file, which might be
 displayed for viewing. Studying the examples will give an explanation
 of this. Note that the options "Display script's stdout/err continuously" must not be set simultaneously with "Insert stdout/err on completion". If both are set, the former take precedence. Also, if the
 script runs in the background, none of the on completion options will
 have effect.
 If the Auto paragraph formatting option is on (Select General from the
 Options menu) then paragraphs will be reformatted as you type. The Word
 wrap line length option specifies the paragraph's maximum width. The
 key Alt-p ('Paragraph_Format' in the Define keys dialog) will force a
 paragraph to be formatted when Auto paragraph formatting is off, and
 will find a paragraph between the illegal lines defined below. A paragraph start and end are specified by two consecutive newline characters. A "non"-paragraph is one of the following (non-paragraphs are not
 formatted except with with Alt-p):
 - Paragraphs containing any line that begins with the characters:
 - Paragraphs containing any line (other than the first line) that
 begins with a space or tab character. The first line may contain
 an indent for example.
 This means that all contiguous blocks of text can be bordered by a
 blank line, and they will be nicely paragraphed. Because of the above
 rules, you can pretty much leave paragraph formatting on even when programming, since program text will break these rules every time. One
 difference though is that pressing 'Enter' in the middle of a line will
 properly break a paragraph with a double newline, unlike normal mode,
 where a only a single newline is inserted.
 One other nifty feature is the formatting of fully indented paragraphs.
 If a paragraph's lines are all identically indented (like a quote),
 then the indent will be retained, while normal formatting occurs. This
 may be a problem when you are trying to type something that must be indented, but must not be paragraphed, like a postal address. In this
 case you can make one line begin with an illegal character, or make one
 line be indented more or less than the other lines.
 See also the command-line option "--auto-paragraph", above.
 The input widget can be found in most dialogs and allows the editing of
 one line of text. By pressing Shift-Up or Shift-Down, you can see a
 history of previous entries. This is the same as pressing the input
 widget's button.
 Pressing Meta/Alt Ins in the editor will show you a history of
 cuts/copies you made to the X buffer. Pressing Space or Enter will insert the selected selection.
 The quote key Ctrl-q can be used to insert any decimal or hexidecimal
 number. Ctrl-q and then an ordinary key press interprets that key literally, eg. Ctrl-q then Ctrl-m inserts an ascii Carriage Return or 13
 decimal. This is useful to convert DOS text files to Unix and back.
 Just do a search and replace with Ctrl-q Ctrl-j Ctrl-q Ctrl-m as
 one string, and Ctrl-q Ctrl-j as the other. You can insert any
 character from 0 through 255 by exploiting the following: Ctrl-something AND's something with 011111Binary, and Alt-something OR's something with 010000000Binary, eg. Ctrl-q Ctrl-Alt-a inserts a 129.
 You can also type out a three digit decimal number after Ctrl-q to insert that number. Hexidecial numbers can be inserted by typing the two
 digit number and then pressing the h key. E.g. Ctrl-q 0 6 4 inserts an
 @ symbol decimal 64; the sequence Ctrl-q 1 4 2 or Ctrl-q 8 e h inserts
 an 8E hexidecimal.
 To cut and paste to and from the Midnight Commander's internal editor,
 you can save a block to the clip-file and then do an insert file. To
 copy text to an xterm, highlight the text with the mouse, and then
 click on the xterm with button 2 as usual. To copy from an xterm, highlight in the xterm and then press Shift-Insert in the editor.
 To define a macro, press Ctrl-R and then type out the key strokes you
 want to be executed. Press Ctrl-R again when finished. You can then as


text:
Identifying the writer's view or simply the true or false and not given
question is probably the most difficult to answer in IELTS academic reading.
This type may ask whether the given statement agrees with the view or claim of the writer, or whether the statement agrees with the information in the text. The purposes of these question types are to determine the examinee's ability to identify opinions or ideas or to recognize particular points of information that a passage conveys. In this type, the candidate is usually confused on which answer to give.
What is the best approach to break this confusion?
One way is to find the keywords in the statement. These keywords will help you to identify the area in the passage that possibly contains the answer. Then, skim the passage and read the first statement carefully and thoroughly. Having done this, scan the passage again for the area that will confirm (true) or deny (false) the given statement.
In the case of not given, this would probably your answer if the information in the passage neither confirms not denies the statement.
This question type may be hard but there is one thing that you should be happy about. The areas in the passage that confirm or deny or neither of the two (not given) are in order in the passage.
So you will save much time because you don't need to return at the beginning to check each statement.