text:
LLB (Human Rights Law) Courses, Eligibility, Admissions, Syllabus, Frequently asked Questions.
Overview and About the Course LLB in Human Rights Law:
After completing the 10+2 test or a recognised board, students can pursue a five-year professional undergraduate degree known as the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law, or BA LLB. To enrol in a BA LLB programme at the college of their choosing, people may need to take the BA LLB admission tests.
The BA LLB curriculum is offered by more than 150 colleges in India. Around the country, it is a highly sought-after degree. Applicants who want to work in law and the courts frequently select the BA LLB programme.
A postgraduate diploma programme called the Diploma in Human Rights Law lasts one to two academic years, depending on the university. Students can learn about the legal consequences of breaking the law as well as the rights that people have. Some institutions provide an integrated course with their Bachelor's degrees, while others offer a separate Diploma programme in human rights law.
Based on your performance on admission tests taken at the federal, state, or university levels, you can apply to the BA LLB programme. The CLAT, or Common Law Admission Test, is one of India's most well-liked BA LLB legal admission examinations. Individuals who succeed in the CLAT can enrol in BA LLB programmes at prestigious Indian legal institutions. The others include the LSAT India, AILET, DUET, and other well-known entrance tests for legal schools. A few law schools admit students into the BA LLB programme through a written test, personal interview, or group discussion. Several law schools choose BA LLB candidates based on merit. Merit-based entry is available for a select few universities that offer the BA LLB curriculum. Several law schools in India admit students based on their performance on the 10+2 exam or an exam equivalent from a recognised board. As a consequence, candidates for the BA LLB programmes at these colleges are shortlisted after taking into consideration their marks from the 12th grade.
Why to do the course?
- Professionals with a BA or LLB degree can work in a range of positions and make a solid living.
- Although many Indian students choose to continue their study after finishing the BA LLB degree, there are several employment choices available to those who complete the programme.
- Due to the huge enterprises' global development through mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, and consolidations, legal advisors, attorneys, and lawyers are in great demand.
- A BA LLB professional may serve in a range of roles depending on their area of specialisation, such as providing legal counsel to a business, organising and assembling crucial court papers, or handling all litigation-related tasks such as investigation, pleadings, discovery, etc.
- As technology develops and our legal system gets more sophisticated, there will be an exponential increase in the demand for legal practitioners worldwide.
Eligibility Criteria Required for the Course LLB in Human Rights Law:
- Applicants must have completed class 12 in physics, chemistry, and mathematics with an overall grade point average of fifty percent or more in order to be eligible to apply for admission.
- Applicants must have graduated from a recognised Indian board of education.
- Candidates must receive at least 75 percent of the possible points in their class 12 in order to be admitted to IITs and IISc.
- Applicants must take the admission exam and pass it with the necessary score.
Highlights of the B.Sc. in LLB in Human Rights Law Course:
Full name of the course
Legum Baccalaureus in Human Rights Law
Duration of the course
Type of the course
50% to 60% from a recognised College
INR 1 lakh to 4 lakhs
Top Recruiting Company
Trilegal, Desai & Diwanji, Singhania & Partners, Titus & Co, Wadia Ghandy & Co, Economic Laws Practice, Vaish & Associates, Khaitan & Co, Luthra & Luthra,
Institutions of higher education, courts and the judiciary, law firms, telecom, multinational corporations, banks (legal departments), business houses, legal consultancies, news channels, the judiciary, and the sales tax and excise departments.
Top Colleges for doing the course, LLB in Human Rights Law:
College Name & Location
Symbiosis Law School, Pune
ILS Law College, Pune
DES SNFLC, Pune
Sinhgad Law College
Symbiosis International University, Pune
Admission Process for the LLB in Human Rights Law course:
Several procedures at various colleges are part of the LLB in Human Rights Law admissions process.
- To register, students must go to the college website.
- If the institution offers an admission exam for their programme, they must apply.
- the admission exam, get ready.
- Wait for the college to reveal the cut-off lists before continuing the admissions process.
Syllabus to be Study in the duration of the course LLB in Human Rights Law Course:
|In First Year :|
|· State of Human Rights in India|
|· Refugees, Displaced Persons, Immigrants and Asylum|
|· International Relations, Democracy and Human Rights|
|· Human Rights in Global and Regional Perspectives|
|· Culture, Wisdom, Religion, and Human Rights|
|· Introduction to Human Rights|
|· Principles and Theories of Human Rights|
|· Organisations related to Human Rights|
|· Instruments of Human Rights and Covenants|
|· 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action|
|In Second Year:|
|· Refugee Specific Themes in Human Rights|
|· Refugee Protection and Plan of Action|
|· Refugee Laws and UNHCR|
|· Refugee Problems and South Asia|
|· Refugee Status and Humanitarian Assistance|
|· Population and Human Rights|
|· Child and Human Rights|
|· Religion and Human Rights|
|· Women and Human Rights|
|· Legislation Specific Themes in Human Rights|
|· Regional Human Rights Provisions|
|· National Human Rights Provisions|
|· Indian Constitution and Human Rights|
|· Violation Specific Themes in Human Rights|
|· Torture, Custodial Violence and Disappearances|
|· Pretrial detention. Undertrials and Prisoners|
|· Role of Judiciary, Public Interest Litigation and Media|
|· Study Report|
|· Master's Thesis|
|· Expanding Economic, Social and Cultural Agenda|
|· Rethinking and Redesigning Human Rights|
|· Establishing Linkages with Other Disciplines|
|· Role of Amnesty, Red Cross and National Human Rights Commission|
|· Implementation, Enforcement and Realisation of Human Rights|
|· Action Specific Themes in Human Rights|
|· Expanding Environment and Development Agenda|
|· International Humanitarian Issues, Laws and Assistance|
|· Human Rights Activism and Role of NGOs|
|· Human Rights Activism and Role of NGOs|
|· Human Rights Education, Teaching and Training|
|· Human Rights, Peace, Non-Violence, and Conflict Resolution|
|· Human Rights and Police|
|· Human Rights during Emergency|
|· Issue Specific Themes in Human Rights|
|· International Human Rights Provisions|
|· Implementing Human Rights Standards and Required Legal Aid, Remedies and Reforms|
|· Case Study Report|
|· Field Report|
Frequently Asked Questions:
No. Although one's specialty may change, the range of knowledge should not.
Some of the top law schools in India that offer LLBs in human rights are National Law Institute University, Bharati Vidyapeeth, New Law College, Amity Law School, Post Graduate College of Law, Osmania University, and Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law.
A specialised course in itself, the LLB in Human Rights. The LLB programme does provide a variety of specialisations, including Corporate Law, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, and others.
The curriculum for the LLM Human Rights course is created to provide students with both academic and practical understanding of numerous laws, rules, and human rights. This course covers topics including criminal justice, the Indian Constitution, human rights, and more.
After earning an LLB in Human Rights, students can find employment in a number of fields, including public prosecutors, judicial services, NGOs, and legal consulting businesses.


From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Jump to: navigation, search
Category Dessert recipes
Servings?
Time?
Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | Dessert | Brazilian Cuisine
Brigadeiro is a simple Brazilian chocolate fudge candy created in the 1920s. It is named after Brazilian airman Brigadeiro Eduardo Gomes. It's commonly served with soda, coffee or milk.
 1. In a heavy saucepan, mix the milk, cocoa powder and butter. Stir to dissolve the chocolate.
 2. Put over low heat and stir constantly to avoid formation of lumps.
 3. Continue stirring for 10-12 minutes, or until you are able to see the bottom of the pot for one second when you scratch it side-to-side with the spoon. (caution: the more you cook, the harder the resulting candy will be - it may vary from liquid fudge to hard candy)
 4. Allow to cool.
 5. Butter your hands and roll the mixture into small balls (around 2cm in diameter) and roll them over the chocolate sprinkles.
(should you accidentally get hard candy, fill the pot with water and leave to rest - the candy will dissolve completely and the pot will be easy to clean)
You can substitute the cocoa powder for 100g of baking chocolate. If you want a lighter candy use powdered chocolate (such as Nestlé Quick). You can also put raisins or nuts in the center of the candy. You can decorate with powdered sugar instead, or cocoa powder.
Brazilian brigadeiros also have gourmet varieties. Some references are available in specialized houses in Brazil: Maria Brigadeiro and Brigadeiríssimo and Brigadeiro Gourmet


text:
Family History Library Catalog Place-name SearchEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Introduction to the Family History Library Catalog > Place-name Search
Do a Place-name Search when you want to find records in the collection of the Family History Library by the name of a place (locality) where an ancestor lived. Microfilms located through this search can then be ordered through your local Family History Center.
Steps to Search by Place-name
The following steps will help you find records for a specific locality in the Family History Library Catalog.
- 'Go to theHistory Library Catalog'.
- ("Place-name" is the default search option. If it does not appear, select it from the drop-down menu.)
- Type the locality. The catalog orgainzes places from the largest jurisdiction in a place-name to the smallest. Generally, the pattern is country, state or provice, county (where applicable), city or town. Places in the United States and Canada do not have a country level. The locality can be entered in reverse order to obtain the same results.
- Click Search (even if the locality was selected from the drop-down menu).
- Click a topic, such as Church records. (See also Locality Subject Subdivisions.)
- Click a title to see more details.
Strategies for Using a Place-name Search
The names of countries are in English. The names of states, provinces, regions, cities, and other jurisdictions are in the language of the country.
Consider that records are kept at different jurisdictional levels. Search for the town or city if you are looking for records specific to that jurisdiction (cemetery, church, directories, town histories, etc.). Search for the county for records that would cover more than one town or that might be kept by the county government (vital records, court records, land and property records, county histories, etc.). Many important records might be located at the state or provincial level (census, military, state histories, etc.), or even at the country level (census, federal land, citizenship, etc.).
To search for a county, do not type the word "County" as a part of the search term. For example, to find Fairfax county, Virginia, type Fairfax Virginia or Virginia Fairfax in the search field.
If you do not know how to spell the place-name, truncate (shorten) the name or use a wild card character to replace letters you are not sure of.
If a place-name has more than one word, you do not need to type all of the words. Nor do you have to type them in exact order. The computer automatically finds all places with the word or words that you type, no matter where in the place-name they appear. For example, if you type Barton, the computer would find Barton Mills, Barton-on-Irwell, Great Barton, and so forth.
What If I Do Not Find the Place I Want?
You may not find the place you want for various reasons. Before you conclude that the catalog does not have records for that place, try the following strategies:
- Be sure you typed the place-name correctly.
- Search for records using a different jurisdictional level. For example, if you cannot find records for a town, search for county records.
How Do I Find Related Places?
Sometimes a catalog entry is linked to more than one place. For example, an entry may be linked to several neighboring towns. To find out if a catalog entry is linked to another place, display the title details for the record of interest. If another place is listed, click on it to see information about that place.
The following suggestions work with the previous FamilySearch.org catalogPlace Search.
From the topics page, click the View Related Places button. This displays:
- The "Part of" field, which lists the jurisdiction that this place is part of. For example, this could be a county for a city, or a state or province for a county.
- The "Contains" field, which lists places contained by the place you searched for. For example, if you search for a county, the "Contains" field lists cities in that county.
Introduction to the Family History Library Catalog < Previous | Next > Surname Search
- This page was last modified on 29 December 2011, at 22:31.
- This page has been accessed 18,391 times.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What we don't know can hurt us and others—and unconscious bias, along with racial anxiety, can unwittingly affect our responses and behavior. The examples revealed in provocative new research may surprise you—embedded stereotypes, it concludes, are experienced by people of color and whites alike. Understanding these biases is critical, especially for people in positions of power where critical decisions are made-in the classroom, in the court room, and in the doctor's office.
Rachel Godsil, Director of Research at the American Values Institute and Alan Jenkins, Executive Director of The Opportunity Agenda, will present some of the most recent research and reports on this topic.
This event is part of OSI-Baltimore's Talking About Race Series, co-sponsored by the Enoch Pratt Free Library, which continues to explore the many different facets of this complex subject.
This event is free and open to the public.
Enoch Pratt Free Library, Wheeler Auditorium, 400 Cathedral Street, Baltimore


text:
All New! Free Download! With over two years of development and prototyping behind it, the E4 Complete Edition compiles the revised, updated and polished versions of all 32 E4 vocabulary lessons, plus an all-new introduction, into one convenient PDF eBook. (173 pages, 23.4MB)
Everyday learning in the classroom requires the asking of a variety of questions. A teacher asks students to answer a difficult math problem. Students ask the teacher to clarify instructions for a writing assignment. A student may ask another student about a homework assignment.
As illustrated in the word web, the word ask can be used in a multitude of ways. How the word is used in a sentence provides the framework for the meaning of the word. These different uses should be emphasized for English Language Learners.
Some synonyms of ask can imply emotion or meaning. For example, a person begging for money, or mercy, indicates desperation. To merely ask for something doesn't suggest an emotion. Ask is a neutral term. Look at the synonyms of ask and see if there are other words that convey feelings or special meaning.
The word ask comes from an Old English word, ascian, for "to seek." The Spanish word for to ask is preguntar. Ask and preguntar are not cognates. However, some synonyms for ask do have Spanish cognates.


text:
Published: August 12, 2008
Thomas Nelson Community College is launching a major campaign to raise awareness about the importance of recycling on our campuses. Called Think Green… Recycle, the campaign strives to reduce the amount of waste the College produces by increasing the amount of material TNCC recycles. The goal is to help conserve the environment.
The effort seeks participation from students, faculty, staff and administrators alike with everyone using the large blue bins that have been placed throughout campus for recyclable items? newspapers, magazines, steel/tin and aluminum cans, unwanted mail, phone books, books, cardboard, plastic and glass bottles. Desk side recycle containers are also available for office areas upon requests to the College's Night Operations Manager Jerry Golden.
Also as part of Think Green… Recycle, electronic waste such as batteries, printer cartridges, and other hazardous materials will be collected for recycle but not in the blue bins or regular trash cans. TNCC's Buildings and Grounds Supervisor John Mason can answer questions about the proper disposal of College generated hazardous materials.
"Recycling is something everyone can help with to ensure that the College becomes more environmentally friendly," says Mason. "There are three magic words that the College community should live by whether it is at work, at school or at home to help the environment: reduce, reuse and recycle."
In addition to helping the environment, recycling can also result in significant monetary savings for the College, adds Mason. "It costs less to dispose of recyclable materials because a business can make a profit by separating and selling the waste. Regular waste just sits in a landfill." Recyclable containers are picked up at a much lower cost than regular waste containers.
Mason says the goal for next year is to increase the amount of material TNCC recycles by 25 percent. An informal Green Team Recycling committee comprised of TNCC employees who are concerned about the environment meets throughout the semester to brainstorm and implement new recycling initiatives. Anyone interested in joining the committee may contact Human Resources Director Lisa Johnson at _PHONE_.
The committee is working in conjunction with other departments on special activities to support the College's green initiatives. Among the events planned for this upcoming academic year are:
1. Green Day – Wear Your Green to Work
All College Day – Aug. 18
2. Green Beverages for All College Day
Meals provided during the event will feature an array of green drinks such as Gatorade and Green Tea.
3. 40th Anniversary Tree – August 11, 2008, 11:00 a.m.
President Charles A. Taylor will participate in the tree planting ceremony. tree will be planted behind Moore Hall in honor of the environment to serve as a reminder of the importance of conserving energy, water, recycling and other measures to take better care of our planet.
4. Commemorating 40th Anniversary by planting 40 Plants & Trees – August 14, 9:00 a.m. Templin Hall
Forty perennials will also be planted outside of Templin and Hastings Halls.
5 Pledge your support to the Think Green Campaign and receive an "I Recycle" memento to place on your desk.
6 The E-Flagstaff will carry a "green tip of the week" promoting environmentally friendly practices.
7 Marketing materials that promote the Think Green Campaign will also be generated.
|Category: General News||Tags: awareness, campaign, environment, recycle, think green|


text:
|— Neighborhood of Boston —|
|Nickname(s): Southie, Sobo|
|Annexed by Boston||1804|
|Time zone||Eastern (UTC-5)|
|Area code(s)||617 / 857|
South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. One of America's oldest and most historic neighborhoods, South Boston is most popularly known as Southie and is today often called Sobo by the young urban professionals who now own the neighborhood. Although formerly known as a working class Irish-American neighborhood, it is also home to the Boston area's small but vibrant Polish and Lithuanian communities and its demographics are rapidly changing. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate during the American Revolutionary War. In addition to being home to some of the oldest housing projects in the United States, South Boston has also more recently seen property values join the highest in the city.
Geographically, Dorchester Neck was an isthmus, a narrow strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of Dorchester with Dorchester Heights. Landfill has since greatly increased the amount of land on the eastern side of the historical neck, and widened the connection to the mainland to the point that South Boston is no longer considered separate from it. South Boston gained an identity separate from Dorchester, but the two were annexed by Boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870.
It was here on Dorchester Heights, during the American Revolutionary War that George Washington placed his cannon and forced the evacuation of the British troops from Boston on March 17, 1776. The British evacuated Boston and Fort William and Mary for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fort William and Mary was replaced with a brick fortification known as Fort Independence. That fort was replaced by a granite fortification (bearing the same name) prior to the American Civil War, and still stands on Castle Island as a National Historic Landmark. Edgar Allan Poe was stationed at Castle Island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write The Cask of Amontillado based on an early Castle Island legend.
In the 1990s, South Boston became the focus for a Supreme Court case on the right of gay and lesbian groups to participate in the Saint Patrick's Day (Evacuation Day) parade. The case was decided in favor of the parade's sponsors when the United States Supreme Court supported the South Boston Allied War Veterans' right to determine who can participate in their annual St. Patrick's Day parade. In 1996, local Dorchester author Paul Walkowski and Attorney William Connolly detailed the case in their book "From Trial Court to the United States Supreme Court".
"Southie" is home to what is thought to be the first Vietnam veterans memorial in the United States. It predated the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., by 13 months. It was dedicated on September 13, 1981 and is located at Independence Square, which is more commonly called M Street Park.
In recent years, the reality of South Boston has changed drastically as property values, especially in the City Point neighborhood near Castle Island, have risen to the level of some of the highest in the city. The City Point area of South Boston, labeled "East Side" by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown Boston and gentrification. The "West Side" of South Boston, also known as the "lower end" by lifelong residents, though slower to begin the gentrification process also benefits from the proximity to not only downtown but also the popular South End. Additionally, the West Side is home to the first green residence (Gold LEED certified) in Boston — the Macallen Building which was featured in the movie The Greening of Southie. The City of Boston is investing in the West Side through developments like the ~150,000-square-foot (14,000 m2) mixed use (residential and commercial) building being developed by the Boston Redevelopment Authority on West Broadway.
Waterfront redevelopment
The section of South Boston north of First Street is targeted for massive redevelopment by the administration of Mayor Thomas Menino and the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA). As of September 2010, the Seaport Square project was expected to cost $3 billion and replace parking lots between the federal courthouse and convention center with a 6,300,000-square-foot (590,000 m2) mixed-use development. Construction was expected to begin in 2011.
Initially referred to as the "Seaport District" by the BRA, this area was officially restyled the "South Boston Waterfront" after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including City Council President James M. Kelly. The Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) Project, also known as the Big Dig, has created a completely new transportation network for this area and quite a few new hotel and office projects have come online in the past few years. The Boston Convention and Exhibition Center straddles D Street, the Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center is located on Commonwealth Pier, and a new home for the Institute of Contemporary Art hangs over Boston Harbor just north of Northern Avenue.
According to the Boston Waterfront Guide the South Boston Waterfront now has 55 restaurants, 4 hotels, 9 major attractions and continues to grow. The latest restaurant to open in nearby is Ming Tsai's Blue Dragon Restaurant in the old A Street Deli Building.
MassChallenge has its headquarters at One Marina Park. Fish and Richardson is also presently at One Marina Park
Public schools are operated by Boston Public Schools.
- South Boston High School, which is now divided into two different high schools all within the same building, 1st floor is Excel High School which focuses on public safety studies, 2nd floor is also Excel High School, which focuses on computer technology, 3rd floor is Boston Green Academy, which focuses on science studies (9-12).
- James Condon Elementary School (K-5)
- Joseph P. Tynan School (K-5)
- Michael J. Perkins School (K-5)
- Oliver Hazard Perry School (K-8)
- UP Academy Charter School of Boston (6-8)
- St. Peter Academy (K-8)
- South Boston Catholic Academy (K-8) (formerly St. Brigid's School and Gate of Heaven which were combined)
- Julie's Family Learning Center (P,K,Montessori)
Cultural and language schools
- Szkola Jezyka Polskiego w Bostonie (John Paul II Polish School for Children and Teens)
- Wood's School of Irish Dance
Places of worship
Catholic Churches
- Our Lady of Czestochowa (Polish)
- Saint Monica - Saint Augustine (currently closed)
- Saint Peter (Lithuanian)
- Saint Vincent de Paul
- Our Lady of Good Voyage
- Saint Brigid
Albanian Orthodox Churches
- St George Cathedral: Located near the intersection of East and West Broadway, St George is the largest Orthodox Christian house of worship in Massachusetts. As the mother church of the Albanian diocese, the Cathedral serves as episcopal seat of His Grace, Bishop Nikon, Bishop of Boston, New England and the Albanian Archdiocese.
- Albanian Holy Trinity Church, Kisha Shqiptare e Shen Trinise: Located at 245 D Street Boston, Massachusetts 02127.
- St John the Baptist
- St Matthew and the Redeemer (former)
Community resources
- South Boston Neighborhood House
- Boys and Girls Club of Boston
- Labouré Center
- South Boston Branch Library
- South Boston Community Health Center
- South Boston Action Center
- The Paraclete Center
- Tynan Community Center
Castle Island, Pleasure Bay, M Street Beach and Carson Beach
Fort Independence, a pentagonal five-bastioned, granite fort built between 1834 and 1851, is the dominating feature of Castle Island. This 22-acre urban park is connected to the mainland by both pedestrian and vehicular causeways. Pleasure Bay, the M Street Beach and Carson Beach form a three-mile segment of parkland and beach along the South Boston shoreline of Dorchester Bay. Carson Beach offers some beautiful views and great public amenities: a rehabilitated Mothers' Rest, public restrooms, exhibit space, first aid and lifeguard functions, while the outdoor courtyards allow space for passive recreation. Carson Beach also features a walkway which allows one to walk, bike, or run along the water's edge from Castle Island to the Kennedy Library.
Fort Independence and Castle Island are on the State and National Registers of Historic Places, and the fort is a National Historic Landmark. Fort Independence is open from Memorial Day to Columbus Day, hours vary. Fort tours are conducted by the Castle Island Association in the summer months and there is interpretive signage for self-guided tours. The principal program theme, the History of Castle Island, stresses the role of the fort in harbor defense."
Dorchester Heights (Thomas Park)
Atop the Dorchester Heights hill sits a tall monument commemorating the Patriot battery that drove the British out of Boston. A popular site to view the Fourth of July fireworks, the Thomas Park (the oval drive around Dorchester Heights) area is one of the most attractive areas in South Boston.
Medal Of Honor Park (M Street Park)
Between M and N streets and north of Broadway, the M Street Park was one of the most desirable addresses in Boston in the late 19th century, and the brownstone buildings overlooking the park on the south side of the park remain some of the


text:
A massive shark that can grow up to 20 feet long and lurks beneath the chilling waters of the sub-Arctic ocean might be the longest living vertebrate. Scientists say the Greenland shark could easily live to 400 years old, or more than twice as much as Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise from the island of Saint Helena, which holds the record for the oldest terrestrial animal at 183 years of age.
A giant that lurks beneath the ocean
Julius Nielsen, a marine biologist at the University of Copenhagen, estimates the oldest of the Greenland Sharks freely swimming in the open ocean might be anywhere between 272 and 512 years old. Despite the broad range, even the lowest estimate clearly positions the shark as the most longevic vertebrate.
Though very large, rivaling the Great White in size, and known to eat animals like the polar bear, horse, moose, and reindeer these venerable sea beasts are quite non-aggressive and harmless to humans — unless you eat them. And because of its range and habitat, the Greenland shark is still a mysterious species for scientists. Of the 465 known species of sharks, only eight live in the Arctic, among them the Greenland shark which can grow to 6.5 meters (21 feet) in length and reach 900 kilos in weight. That makes it the biggest fish in the Arctic.
[ALSO SEE] World's tiniest vertebrate
The sluggish Greenland Sharks can rarely be spotted, often choosing to live in deep waters, often as deep as 400-600 meters below the water's surface. Which is why Nielsen and colleagues had to rely on specimens retrieved as by-catch in fishing expeditions. Fishermen don't actively pursue the Greenland Sharks but catch them by mistake while setting their nets for more agreeable prey like cod or trout. They have a good reason, too — the Greenland Shark's flesh is packed with toxins and eating it is considered highly poisonous.
The team managed to retrieve 28 female sharks measuring 31 in. to 16.4 ft. (81 cm to 502 cm). Typically, to determine the age of fish scientists study the growth bands in a calcified tissue located in the ear called the otolith, sort of like measuring the rings of a tree trunk to see how old it is. Since sharks don't have this tissue, the researchers turned to a very unconventional proxy: the lenses of their eyes.
Eyeing the oldest vertebrate
Shark lenses are formed in the uterus, which means whatever the shark mother ate made its way into the offspring. This means that by measuring the radiocarbon isotopes found in the core lens, we can determine what the environment was like before a shark was born and, hence, its age. For instance, the late 1950s saw thousands of atomic bomb tests which caused a spike in the amount of radiocarbon that eventually made its way into the sea — this is known as the 'bomb pulse'. If a shark had high levels of Carbon-14 in its core lens, on par with bomb pulse readings, it clearly means the animal is at least 60 years old.
In our case, two of the smallest sharks had a post-bomb pulse isotopic reading making them at most 50 years or younger. The third smallest shark though had radiocarbon levels right at the onset of the bomb, making it 60 years old. The rest of the 25 sharks all had pre-bomb pulse readings suggesting they were all at least 60 years old.
By comparing these readings with known levels of radiocarbon in the ocean from various years published in a database, scientists could then estimate the age of the sharks. To make the estimates a bit better, the researchers also assumed that the larger the shark the older it was. When this was factored in, they found that the largest shark they studied, a 16-foot specimen, was about 392 years, give or take 120 years.
Not only is the Greenland shark perhaps the longest-living vertebrate, it might also be a terribly difficult one to breed. Some of the smallest sharks studied measured 31 inches, making them juveniles — at age 50 to 60 years! Since Greenland sharks are known not to reach sexual maturity until they grow to 13 ft. (400 m), this means that this shark would have to wait for around 150 years before it's ready to become a parent. Clearly, that makes them very vulnerable to extinction. Luckily they're poisonous and smell really, really bad — this makes them very uninteresting for humans. Maybe they're lucky.
"Greenland sharks are among the largest carnivorous sharks on the planet, and their role as an apex predator in the Arctic ecosystem is totally overlooked. By the thousands, they accidentally end up as by-catch across the North Atlantic and I hope that our studies can help to bring a greater focus on the Greenland shark in the future," Nielsen said.
The groundbreaking paper was published in the journal Science.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Anglers see effects of 2011 floodAs good as fishing has been on the Missouri River and Lake Oahe in the past three of four years, it could be that bad in the coming three or four years. Or more.
By: By Brian Gehring, Associated Press, The Jamestown Sun
BISMARCK — As good as fishing has been on the Missouri River and Lake Oahe in the past three of four years, it could be that bad in the coming three or four years. Or more.
Anglers know well the ups and downs of fishing the river and Oahe. In 1997, high water on Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota from record snows in the state led to high releases from Garrison Dam. Often referred to as "the big flush," millions of rainbow smelt were washed downstream through the Oahe Dam in South Dakota, and it took years for the walleye fishery to recover.
Paul Bailey, fisheries biologist for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department, said the effects of the most recent flooding, in 2011, were evident as the fishing season wore on this past summer.
"Anglers saw firsthand the poor condition of the walleyes," he said. "We were starting to see the impact of the forage situation on both the river and on Lake Oahe."
Bailey said the Game and Fish Department does a couple of different surveys of the fish populations on the Missouri River and Lake Oahe each year.
Lake Oahe has three surveys done each year — a spring spawning survey, an adult population survey and a fall production survey in September.
On the river, two electro-shocking surveys are done to track populations, one in the spring and one in the fall.
In 2011, fish on the river and on Oahe were dealt a double-whammy of sorts: cold and windy weather during the spring spawning period followed by record flows on the river during the summer.
"Those two things combined to make 2011 one of our poorest production years," Bailey said.
After the 1997 "flush" so many smelt were lost to entrainment, the term biologists use to describe fish flushed through dams. Following that event, South Dakota increased daily and possession limits on walleyes because of the lack of a food base below the Oahe Dam.
Even with more liberal limits, there was still a lot of mortality.
Similar measures are being considered now for the South Dakota portion of Lake Oahe, which extends into North Dakota.
Bailey said how good — or bad — fishing will be on the river is dependent on several factors.
On the plus side, smelt are not the only forage source for walleye, northern pike and other game fish. Going back to 2009, which was a phenomenal year for production on the river, there were good numbers of other fish like crappie, white bass, suckers, perch and shiners to go around.
"We do have a diverse forage base on the river," Bailey said.
But a lot of those fish were lost to last year's flood.
"This summer a lot of fish were caught," Bailey said. "Anglers were able to take advantage of what was placed in front of them."
In other words, there are a lot of hungry fish.
"We've never had more mouths to feed than we did in 2011," he said.
In an effort to restock the cupboards, so to speak, gizzard shad were stocked in Beaver Bay in North Dakota and in seven locations on Lake Oahe in South Dakota.
Gizzard shad found their way into Missouri River waters following 1997 and to some measure, provided an alternative food source in the river and in the reservoir.
Bailey called the stocking efforts this spring a "moderate success." Some larval gizzard have been found in Beaver Bay and in other areas of Oahe, but because they are not very tolerant to extreme cold, they don't provide a long-term solution.
The other factors that ultimately dictate how the fish will rebound in the next few years are, by and large, out of the hands of biologists.
With the record releases from last year's flood, the makeup of the river itself changed dramatically. The river has become more channelized — the sandbars that were around pre-flood have shifted or are gone completely — and tons of sand sediment has been deposited elsewhere.
Many of the shallow side channels and backwater bays that are critical spawning areas for many species are now gone.
"We've lost a lot of that habitat," Bailey said.
Anglers discovered that for themselves over the course of the summer.
A lot of the smaller sandbars that provided current breaks where walleyes lie waiting to ambush forage fish are gone.
The areas that held fish this summer were bigger holes, and it turned into a situation where the small "honey holes" have disappeared and the fish are now relating to bigger community fishing holes.
"It used to be easy to find those current breaks," Bailey said. "There are fewer places to find fish."
And, Mother Nature will have a big hand in determining how the river and Lake Oahe will bounce back.
Oahe now is at a low level where boat ramp access is a concern. The main ramp at Beaver Bay is high and dry and if there is much more of a drop, ramps at Cattail and Langoliers bays will be questionable.
The Army Corps of Engineers said last week it could well be another drier-than-normal winter with less-than-average snowfall in the Rocky Mountains. If that turns out to be the case, any spring rise could be short-lived.
The corps has adjusted, favoring holding back water this coming spring on Lake Oahe, although Lake Sakakawea was to be given preference.
Even if there is a good spring rise, Bailey said, it would have to be fairly substantial to make a dent in spawning success. Ultimately, it will come down to precipitation and how that precipitation is managed.
"If we don't get the precipitation, this recovery is going to take a while," Bailey said.
One thing is almost certain, though.
"It's going to be a much different fishing year in 2013."


text:
Our Buzz Survey show who Twitter is talking about, not necessarily who Twitter supports. However, the conversation gravitates to the topic or person perceived as most important and drifts away from the least important. Subsequently, the Buzz Tracker can predict a rise or fall in polls.
Methods are discussed below. Trend lines have been included.
Methods: Tweets mentioning the candidates' _USER_ are collected using the Twitter API and designated either a mention or a retweet. Only tweets containing the _USER_ are considered and only actual mentions are used – retweets are excluded. Next we correct for spammers and overly-enthusiastic supporters who might otherwise affect the outcome. Then, we calculate the percentage of total mentions each candidate has received for the day and the results are put in a graph spanning 14 days.
Why mentions only? Mentions are an indication of importance – a portion of the conversation is inevitably drawn to each candidate in order of their perceived importance.
State polls by nature include less data than the national polls. Less data leads to significantly wider day-to-day variance so we display linear trend lines for ease of interpretation.


text:
The following eight standards serve as the guiding principles by which the educator preparation programs are measured:
Missouri Baptist University prepares licensure candidates who:
- Consistently demonstrate the content, pedagogical, and pedagogical content knowledge necessary to facilitate learning for all students, and to demonstrate the knowledge, skills, competencies, and dispositions defined as appropriate to their area of responsibility.
- Analyze and reflect on their practice using a variety of assessment strategies, including action research and are committed to continued professional development.
- Observe and practice solutions to problems of practice in diverse clinical settings and with diverse PK-12 student populations.
- Use their self-awareness and knowledge of diversity to create learning environments that support their belief that through active hands-on and minds-on learning all students can learn challenging curricula.
- Demonstrate and promote the strategic use of technology to enhance learning and professional practice.
- Support schools, students, and community through leadership, service, and personal involvement.
- Develop effective and supportive relationships that enhance communication among students, parents, and colleagues to facilitate learning.
- Through the lens of their faith, exhibit empathy for and sensitivity to students and colleagues who practice the profession's ethical standards.
Drawing from a rich combination of broad-based experiences and academic preparation, the professional education faculty seeks to facilitate in each student:
- The development of an educational posture which is child-centered, experientially and authentically based, and consistent with a Christian perspective;
- The enhanced awareness of Christian moral and ethical responsibilities relative to education in a diverse and changing society;
- The development of critical thinking and effective problem-solving skills through a variety of traditional technologically-based experiences;
- The application of experiential and research-based theories into the pedagogical process.
This program fosters in students a reflective and problem-solving heuristic (model) so that Missouri Baptist University graduates are able to make informed decisions as professional educators.
The program consists of a planned integrated system (pattern) of coursework and authentic learning (field) experiences designed to enable the student to acquire a strong knowledge base and core of subject competencies, as well as to develop constructive social and personal attitudes to serve as a reflective professional in the education field.
Education Division Handbook Revised 1.2.12


text:
Print version ISSN 0104-6632
On-line version ISSN _PHONE_
Braz. J. Chem. Eng. vol.24 no.3 São Paulo July/Sept. 2007
FLUID DYNAMICS; HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER; AND OTHER TOPICS
H. JinI, *; J. ZhangII; B. ZhangII
ISchool of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Phone: (0086) (10) 81292074, Fax: (0086) (10) 69241846, Beijing 102617, China. E-mail: _EMAIL_
IIInstitute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
The effects of vibration parameters, operating conditions and material properties on bed voidage were investigated using an optical fiber probe approach in a vibrating fluidized bed with a diameter of 148 mm. Variables studied included frequency (0-282 s-1), amplitude (0 mm-1 mm), bed height (0.1 m-0.4 m) as well as four kinds of particles (belonging to Geldart's B and D groups). The axial and radial voidage distribution with vibration is compared with that without vibration, which shows vibration can aid in the fluidization behaviors of particles. For a larger vibration amplitude, the vibration seriously affects bed voidage. The vibration energy can damp out for particle layers with increasing the bed height. According to analysis of experimental data, an empirical correlation for predicting bed voidage, giving good agreement with the experimental data and a deviation within ±15%, was proposed.
Keywords: Vibrating fluidized beds; Voidage; Vibration intensity.
The vibrating fluidized bed has been widely employed in a variety of physical and chemical processes (Bratu and Jinescu, 1972; Gupta and Mujumdar, 1980). The advantages of the vibrating fluidized bed over the conventional fluidized bed include increased efficiency of gas-solid contact, reduced minimum fluidization velocity and fluidization pressure drops and increased homogeneity and stability of the fluidized bed layers. These advantages can be used in drying, cooling, heating, separating and mixing processes, chemical reactions, etc.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in utilizing mechanical vibration to improve the performance of a fluidized bed for group C powder or wet powders in the processing of particles. Mori et al. (1990) studied fluidization characteristics of group C particles in a vibrofluidized bed and found that bed expansion with vibration could be obtained at low superficial gas velocities. Jataiz et al. (1992) estimated the interparticle forces for fine particles based on expansion and pressure drop experiments. Marring et al. (1994) studied the effect of vibration on fluidization behavior of cohesive potato starch that did not fluidize in a conventional fluidized bed. Noda et al. (1998) gave the flow patterns of fine particles in a vibrating fluidized bed under atmospheric or reduced pressure. Mawatari et al. (2002b, 2003) examined the effects of vibration and particle diameter on flow patterns and fluidization characteristics, including minimum fluidization velocity, voidage and the bed expansion ratio for group A and C powders. Meanwhile, the minimum fluidization velocities for the vibrating fluidized beds of group A and C particles were predicted. Silva-Moris et al. (2003) studied the fluidization behavior of dry adipic acid with 75-600 µm particle diameters using mechanical vibration for different sample loads. Tatemoto et al. (2005) adopted the discrete element method to simulate cohesive particle motion characteristics in vibrating fluidized beds. Wang et al. (2000, 2002) analyzed the resonance characteristics and bed wave propagation process and reported the energy transfer mechanism in a vibrating fluidized bed.
However, there are few studies of the effect of vibration on bed voidage for large particles in the literature. Chenvilank et al. (1979) obtained the correlation of bed voidage in a vibrating fluidized bed using a capacitance probe, which only included fluidization velocity and vibration parameters. Erdesz and Ormos (1983) simply described the relationship between the bed expansion and vibration parameters. Hunt et al. (1994) studied the relationship between expansion ratio and vibration parameters in a shallow vibrated bed. Mawatari et al. (2002a) studied the void fraction at the minimum fluidization velocity and the expansion ratio for group A. The effect of vibration on bed voidage of dense medium in separation processes of mixtures decides the separation efficiency and the moving direction of particles (Jin et al., 2004, 2005; Liu et al., 1998). Therefore, bed voidage is one of the important factors in designing and scaling-up the vibrating fluidized bed. In this study, the effect of vibration on bed expansion characteristics is presented using a PC-4 optical fiber probe. The profile of voidage is observed for large particles under certain experimental conditions. The vibration parameters and operating conditions have some significant effects on the bed expansion characteristics.
The experiments were carried out in a steel column with 0.148 m diameter and a 1.20 m height as shown in Figure 1. Air was supplied through the distributor, consisting of a perforated steel plate and a sheet of textile. The perforated steel plate was 1.2 mm thick with 2 mm diameter holes and a free area of 9.16 percent. The textile was of type 120-7 and 1.42 mm thick. A hydraulic vibrator under the bed generates a sinusoidal waveform. The vibration frequency was determined by an inverter (Japan Sanken Corp, SSF-552) and the amplitude was measured by an optical microscope (± 0.02 mm). The experimental conditions are summarized in Table 1.
The vibration radian frequency (w) could be calculated with the equation w =2p f. Vibration intensity (K) can be defined as the ratio of acceleration of vibration to that of gravity, as follows:
where a is amplitude, g is gravitational acceleration, w is angular frequency and f is frequency of vibration.
The local voidage signals were collected by a data acquisition system consisting of an optical fiber probe (PC-4, Institute of Process Engineering, CAS), an analog/digital converter and a personal computer. The optical fiber probe was suspended from the top into the fluidized layer, which decreased the effect of vibration on the experimental data. The data used to derive the axial local voidage was sampled at different fixed fluidization velocities and vibration intensities.
The sampling time was about 30-40s at a sampling frequency of 150 Hz. Several materials with different vibration parameters and different operating conditions were used in the experiments. The physical properties are listed in Table 2.
The bed voidage of the vibrating fluidized bed is measured by a PC-4 optic fiber probe. The probe has two bundles of fibers. One transmits light from the light source and projects it onto a swarm of particles; the other transmits light reflected by the particles to a photomultiplier where the light signals are converted into electrical signals. The voltage output is proportional to the intensity of the reflected light. The electrical signals are then transformed into concentrations, which are displayed or stored in the computer. This allows the fluctuating deviations of bed voidage to be compared. Each bundle of fibers is composed of some thousands of optic fibers, which are 16 µm in diameter. Prior to the experiments, the probe was calibrated using the methods described by Qin and Liu (1982).
The PC-4 optic fiber probe made measurement at six levels: 50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm above the top of the distributor 37 mm and +37 mm from the axis at 100 mm and 200 mm static bed heights, respectively. For the 300 mm and 400 mm static bed heights, eight points were measured. For radial voidage, the probe measured at three levels: 0 mm, 37 mm and 70 mm from the axis. For every experimental condition, 4500 points or 6000 points were sampled at a sampling rate of 150 Hz. The signals were either stored on a hard disk or processed online. The sensor signals were later used to analyze the voidage behaviors of the bed. In order to reduce the fluctuating effect on bed voidage during vibration and fluidization, each point was measured three times and the mean concentration of particles was obtained by averaging.
The Correction of Overall Bed Voidage
In classical fluidization, some researchers found that bed expansion depended on the function of fluidization velocity, = f(u). But in vibrating fluidization, the fluidization velocity may impede the bubbles and improve particle motion. Meanwhile, the bed height and properties of the particles can also directly affect the transfer of vibration energy and the bed layer stability. Besides the fluidization velocity, there are the effects of vibration parameters and bed height on bed expansion. The bed expansion should give the following relationship: = f(u, H0, A, w). From the additional height at fluidization and the height at the minimum fluidization, the bed expansion ratio can be obtained as follows:
To use these parameters, which include the vibration intensity (K), the fluidization velocity ratio (u/umf), and the ratio of vibration amplitude to static bed height (A/H0), an expansion ratio is defined
When u=umf without vibration, = emf. The energy transfer is damped out with an increase in fluidization velocity, and the bed expansion ratio directly increases. This reflects that the relationship of parameters in the corralation is


text:
Casey has anxiety about his first day of 5th grade. As the player, your child will help get Casey successfully through the day. As your child chooses the correct responses, the visuals change to reflect your answer. This app is optimal to do with your child so you can discuss the responses.
What I love about this app and the other apps that Ruby Cube Inc creates is that the visuals are clear and not overstimulating. I also like that the child gets to choose their own "yes" and "no" sounds which makes it motivating and familiar. Casey's Big Day targets and helps to recognize appropriate behavior when beginning school, feelings, and being in a group when it's noisy and crowded.
Mealtime is an optimal time to discuss your child's school day. Discuss why certain behaviors are inappropriate and help problem solve with your child on how to improve behavior and language in a specific situation. For example, ask your child, "Would you put your backpack on teacher or on the coat rack?". Discuss how your child and others would feel about certain behaviors (e.g. "How would your teacher feel if you told him his shirt was ugly?"). What I have learned as a parent is that it is much easier to talk about certain behaviors when they are not happening in front of you at the moment!


text:
1) Virtual instruments. The touch-screen piano is a cheesy novelty without touch response. For it to be truly useful, of course, pre-hoc feedback will be necessary, but pressure sensitivity will be one component that advances the touch screen instrument.
2) Hover effects. Previously afforded only to devices with a mouse and cursor, the hover effect is essential to tooltips, link-testing, and a sort of visual substitute for tactility, that is an electronic equivalent of running your fingers over something to probe and test it.
3) Replacing double clicks or push-holds. The double click is mechanically incompatible with a touchscreen. A double-tap on a touchscreen requires a user to physically lift their finger off the screen and re-engage it; it's simply too slow to work. Meanwhile a push-hold where a user holds their finger on a control for slightly longer inevitably feels wrong. Even if the requisite delay is well calibrated, such as on BlackBerry X, it is an intrinsically unsettling feeling. Rather than making it a difference of time, then, pressure-sensitive screens can allow a difference of force. A tap can activate a lighter function and a press can activate something more consequential.
Specific applications include dragging objects, renaming or editing, and popping up context menus.


text:
For discussing the functions of different structures of all organisms.
Sure. That condition gives a feedback signal to nerves in brain that gives us a hungry feeling, and also gives an impulse to nervus vagus which one of its target is stomach. Then we decided to eat to get more energy, which will improve the blood circulation, which then will send more oxygen to brain.
i have a question, when we are to much get oxygen in our brian we should get dizzy and maybe lost of control, right? not make our hunger felling dissapear, right?
the explanation of Dr. Stein " Sure. That condition gives a feedback signal to nerves in brain that gives us a hungry feeling, and also gives an impulse to nervus vagus which one of its target is stomach. Then we decided to eat to get more energy, which will improve the blood circulation, which then will send more oxygen to brain. " is quite reasonable, but from that i'm will thinking that if the enough oxygen in brain not occurs, we will get hungry.
hey why do not you make the detailed explanation. i mean the effect for those 3 factor on hunger felling.
so that no one will thinking that if the three factor not occurs the hunger felling won't arise in our head.
hey, if we are lact of oxygen do not we will take a deep breath to get the oxygen? not eating some thing?
Do you think that by taking a deep breath is enough to supply the oxygen? Even if it is enough, you need some energy to contract and relax your respiratory component. How can you provide energy if you do not have enough source? How can they be converted into energy if you do not have oxygen? This is a circle thing that you cannot split it into pieces.
Why did not I make explanation in detail? Because none asked me to do, then I thought everyone knows about it. If I am not mistaken, some friends already describe it somewhere and I see that is enough. Why do not you try to explain it for us?
the source is our body self. if we do not body to be our source of energy -i.e.muscle, any living organ except bone and nerve cellwe won't alive, right? that's why docter give oxygen first before infuse because the passient have body.
hey now you want me talking about energy.(T_T)
correct, but i think when human already has body the second step is air(oxygen)
back to hunger felling.
okay i only detailed and modified your 3 answers above.
first is no more food in our stomach, so that no new glucose is gained.
then this make a low level of glucose that stimulate hypotamus to make "hunger" (there are sensor in our body, i cannot describe it for you because of my few knowlegge, but i can said this evidence has relation with our cell. when blood is lact of glucose the intersitium also lact of glucose. then our cell won't runs properly, i mean it is not fast as normal. as the result the cell will known by sensory that it is not work properly (this is a complex mechanism, for futher info pls read book titled by receptor)nervous system is trying to solve this matter by "hunger".
keyword are homeostasis, internal sensory, metabolism (maybe C-RNA are involve)). this is the most take part for arise hunger felling. but, when we are trying to hang on to not to eat something the felling,hunger, will dissapear for a few minutes. maybe we use our hormone to avoid the lact of glucose in our blood-glikogen in lever is converted to glucose.
after several time HCl in our stomach hurt our self, so that the hunger felling increases.then if this goes for a long time we get maag.(the same as me) yes, that why we eat at periodical time. our stomach produce HCl at those time where is the time we often eat.
about Oxygen, as your and my post above it is still needed to do aerobic metabolism. but, if Glucose is converted the CO2 will occurs. CO2 is can attract hemoglobin more good than oxygen, so our brain will lact of oxygen. you know that our nerveous cell is the most active so it has more mitocondria, because has many mitocondria the cell need more oxygen to do metabolic reaction-aerob. the suplay is from our breath.
again we have body as our source of energy.
so no food, lact of glucose is the main part that makes us fell hungry, so i think your answer is good but too much. about oxygen, when we are not hungry then we do not get any oxygen are we fell hungry? no, i think.lact of oxygen makes us breath not eat
am my first post today makes you angry?
i do not want any one angry... so i'm sorry.
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 0 guests


text:
How to make fluorescein strips
Fluorescein strips are an essential diagnostic tool in eye care. They are useful for performing a number of procedures, such as measuring intraocular pressure, assessing dry eye and detecting corneal abrasions. Unfortunately, this basic item is not commonly available in many resource-limited settings. Here we describe how we make fluorescein strips at Mbarara University and Regional Referral Hospital Eye Centre.
What you will need
- Sterile filter paper (e.g., Whatman no. 1)
- A sterile bowl, such as a kidney dish
- Fluorescein sodium powder (20 g)
- Distilled sterile water (100 ml)
- A pair of scissors
- Empty injectable vials or any other small, sealed containers
- A sterile surface
- Sterile gloves, mask and apron.
- Assemble all the materials on a clean tray
- Put on sterile gloves, mask and apron
- Prepare a 20% fluorescein solution by dissolving 20 g of fluorescein sodium powder in 100 ml distilled, sterile water
- Cut the filter paper into rectangles of approximately 5 cm wide and 8–10 cm long
- Pour a small amount of fluorescein solution into the bowl. Be careful not to spill, as fluorescein leaves stains
- Dip the long edge of the filter paper in the fluorescein solution and immediately remove it, as the solution spreads very quickly through the paper (Figure 1)
- Place the dipped filter papers onto a sterile surface to dry
- Once they are dry, use a pair of scissors to cut the paper into strips, with the dipped edge at one end (Figure 2)
- Store the strips in a sterile, sealed container (Figure 3).


text:
This presentation overviews the different meanings of caching and highlights the techniques and tricks available to improve the performance of the Symfony2 web application. It also covers the importance of keeping an eye on what's happening within the wider system.
The presentation begins with a description of the caching mechanisms that are currently included within the Symfony2.2 standard edition – such as the app/cache folder, the cache of doctrine and twig, proposed solutions for the HTTP caching, file system, query, assets(ic)s, php, and sessions. The first part of the presentation concludes with a section on 'tricks' and the best practices used to optimise web applications.
The second part of the presentation focuses on data analysis, how to track and measure applications and why the use of software metrics that push information are essential.
Delegates will be shown practical examples of how Terravision uses Statsd, Sentry versus Graylog for the error behavior analysis of users, applications, operating systems and web servers.
The final part of the presentation concludes with methodologies of advanced scalability, events, messages and queues.


How hard is it to move from Java into c++ game development?
So I wasn't quite sure where to post this however my question is that I have experience in Java, now how hard would it be to start game development in C++, so basically what im asking is how similar are the how similar are the two languages?
Hello wfisom!
First off, if you are familiar with OOP, and C++ syntax and how it works, it should be quite seamless from Java to C++.
If you are not familar with C++, I would recommend learning some bare bones C++ (especially OOP, pointers, structs, enums, etc.). Understanding base C++, OOP, and Data structures, it helps in the long run with making the projects bigger and more organized.
Also it comes to understanding the Unreal API as well. Thank heavens for Blueprints, it's quite easy to give a few tutorials a try to get the hang of how the API works when jumping in for the first time. If you go from Blueprints to C++, the accessors and mutators names will look very familiar. Also understanding the actual structure of the API will make sense(example: the big tree of inheritance from UObject… UObject->Actor->etc etc).
It's not much, but I hope this helps
I would say that language syntax won't be very difficult at all.
What you'll want to focus more of your time on is probably learning how Unreal Engine works and how everything comes together. Some really basic goals I would start with are:
What is an Actor?
What is a Component?
What is a GameMode?
What is a PlayerController?
I'm a C++ programmer and by studying the Unreal Engine for some months I can tell you there is not a lot of C++.
I was expecting more, but the Engine really makes everything easier to achieve (sometimes it won't).
As a C++ programmer the most difficult thing in Unreal Engine is figuring out how it works (Game Framework) and not the C++ language itself.
Let's say, C++ is a very difficult to learn and master programming language, full of traps around the code mostly due to pointers and memory leaks.
When it's about games (hence, huge applications) it might become really difficult not to fall into the shaft, and here Unreal Engine helps you a bit; it most likely avoids to put you in hard situations.
Many times a C++ programmer doesn't face so many difficulties switching to Java, but the inverse could not be true.
So, when speaking about Unreal Engine, you really don't want to get into the C++ details.
Just learn the basics.
Nice to say, but how practical is that advice in reality?
You can't really get through the full-life-cycle of project in UE4 without needing to know something about C++ or fighting the language's overbearing-syntax: pointers, headers, macros, virtual-funcs, mem-management, weird compiler probs etc… What if you have to tweak the engine source before finally shipping a product? Is it really practical and realistic to think you'll get by with just Java knowledge? I don't believe that it is… Plus, Tim S seems to confirm this here:
At the time I got certified there were house-moms, retirees and art-students in the class. That's Java for you! … But this is C++, and its an unwieldy beast even in UE4…
I would do lots of reading on this topic _USER_. There are many related ongoing threads including this one right now…
If you're new to game dev, there is a huge amount of information to soak up. So better to not underestimate the challenge.
Since Unrealscript and Java are quite close you might find this short migration guide interesting: UE3 to UE4 Transition Guide
Ok thanks for all the helpful replies _USER_ [MENTION=1362]Solid Snake[/MENTION] _USER_, _USER_, there is more of a significant difference than I expected but I'm sure I can cope.
Learning C++ is not as hard as understanding the Unreal API (which class to use to achieve xxxx)


text:
Pretend you are shipwrecked on an island. Now use your imagination:
- What foods would you wish for?
- What animals would you pretend were nearby?
- What do the fish in the water look like?
- What flowers can you see?
- When you go to the beach try and collect shells, feathers, small smooth pieces of glass, dried starfish, small pebbles
- Identify each if you can, and then display them in a wide necked jar or small bowl filled with water to keep them shiny


text: Egyptians enjoy snacking on this tangy, marble-sized fruit – and their season is just beginning. Harankush is the fruit of Physalis peruviana. The plant is native to Central and South America but has been grown in Egypt for decades. Other names for the fruit include cape gooseberries, golden berries, and ground cherries – to name a few. The picture above is what the fruits look like before their papery husks have been removed. It takes awhile to remove them all, but the reward of a bowl of beautiful orange fruit is worth the effort! Those pictured in the bottom photo are about to become Harankush Crumble – our favorite way to feast on these fruit!


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
2001, Anthony J. Biancull, Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century, ISBN _PHONE_:
lowball (plural lowballs)
- The position of the ball on an American railroad ball signal that indicated Stop.
- (poker) A form of poker in which the lowest-ranking poker hand wins the pot. Usually the ace is the lowest-ranking card, straights and flushes do not count making the best possible hand being A, 2, 3, 4, 5 regardless of suits (in contrast to deuce-to-seven lowball.)
- A form of cribbage in which the first to score 121 (or 61) is the loser.
- An unmixed alcohol drink served on ice or water in a short glass.
- (transitive) to give an intentionally low estimate of anything, not necessarily with deceptive intent.
- (transitive) To give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate that one has no intention of honoring or to prepare a cost estimate deliberately and misleadingly low.
- (transitive) To make an offer well below an item's true value, often to take advantage of the seller's desperation or desire to sell the item quickly.


text:
What I am trying to do is discover servers on the same subnet.
I believe that multicast UDP is the standard sort of way for solving this problem. (At least that's what I've done before, and IIRC it's what JINI service discovery is based on). It's really simple (and fast). Your server just broadcasts a small id-string on a pre-determined multicast group on a periodic basis (i.e. once every 250ms). Clients join the group and listen for a second or so to pick up any id-strings being broadcasted. That's it.
Actually with Jini it's more the other way around. The client sends a multicast request for the next lookup service, with it's ip address in the source address field. The lookup services (the servers) are listening for these requests and will send back a unicast answer.
The 255.255.255.255 isn't a multicast, but a global broadcast. You can send and receive broadcasts by setting the broadcast property on a DatagramSocket.
Using the global broadcast address usally works but is regarded as BadStyleTM
The real broadcast adress is the highest address of your subnet. So the actual value depends on you netmask. For a class C net, having a netmask of 255.255.255.0, the broadcast address is x.x.x.255. The host part of their address is: Addresses in this subnet minus one. (256 -1).
A net with a netmask of 255.255.255.224 (only the last five bits of the ip address are host adresses) uses a broadcast address of (x.x.x.x & 255.255.255.224) + 31.
The differences between broadcasts and multicasts are:
- Broadcasts will not be routed. They are restricted to one subnet. Multicasts can be routed if the router is configured to do so.
- Broadcast are read by every network card. To receive a multicast packet you will have to join the corresponding multicast socket beforehand.
If you are to program a server discovery algorithm in Java, take a look at Jini _URL_
. Gives you all this and more. Don't be intimidated by the'more', the core is very simple to handle.


keying each point, remind yourself about the "fast page" of the random moves (which I'll discuss below), and discuss block technique.
You will be able to go faster if you aren't pushing each other around and knocking each other off balance. Ideally, after each point is keyed, everyone gets their balance, cracks her/his move, stops right in the correct place, and then takes grips. I highly suggest taking grips so lightly that you don't move your teammate even an inch. If you find yourself moving at all, make the correction by flying your own body rather than pushing or pulling on your teammate. If you all are disciplined enough to do this religiously, you'll find that your speed will drastically increase. If you decide to listen to just one piece of advice written in this article, make this be it.
Getting from one point to the next can be confusing since the four team members all have at least slightly different ideas about what angle the next formation in the sequence of a dive should be built on. One way to avoid this confusing predicament and to reset from a poorly built point is to build things on the line between the center point (belly-button) of the Point and Tail. We call this the "Long Axis." This puts a lot of responsibility on the IC and OC, and they should be playing close attention to where the point and tail are as they are deciding where to move for the next point. If done well, the Point and Tail should only have to rotate in place and move towards or away from the center of the formation a little bit (if going from a long formation like CATACCORD ("G") to STAR ("M") for example), then the Point and Tail would have to squeeze together down the line or expand if the dive had you go from "M" to "G."
If you're having trouble figuring out a specific move, sometimes it's helpful to build the point you are going to and do the move in reverse.
For every block there is at least one middle picture to aim for. For some it is the halfway point and for some there are two or three "pictures" along the way. Just like hitting different points in a good landing pattern under canopy, you should be moving to specific places as you work through each block. Get a coach or experienced 4-way gal/guy to talk you through these.
Breakdowns and busts are often caused by either one person or the whole team getting sucked into a rhythm. While some people and some great coaches encourage this, our team has found that we go faster and score better when we stick to "the steps." Here are the steps we follow. There's so many that you'll think we're crazy to do all of them for every point, but they happen quickly and have become second nature to us. Here they are from the "key" of one point:
 - Flash to show separation and help "back up" the key to anyone who can't see it.
 - Make sure you are balanced.
 - Read the axis and crack your move with confidence.
 - Stop your move.
 - Pick up grips, following your grip plan:
 a. Look at the first grip you are taking.
 b. Take the first grip.
 c. Look at the second grip you're taking (if there is one).
 d. Take the second grip.
 - Look at the key person knowing where you are going for your next move and ready to flash OR (if you are the key person):
 a. feel the grips on you that need to be and be sure they are on,
 b. check any grips you are responsible for seeing, and
 c. get eye contact (or "eyes" as we call it) from anyone you need to
 d. key the point by "flashing" off grips (no need to tug, pull, or nod).
In most skydives (unless it is all blocks) there is at least a short series of randoms and you should have the intention of moving through this section with speed, precision, and vigor. We call this "the fast page." When you get to any Block(s) in the jump though, take just a bit longer to build it right and calmly execute the moves. Ideally, each time you do a specific block, it should feel identical and routine. As you are dirt diving, creeping, and/or walking the skydive, move quickly through the random page taking light grips and following the key plan. Then slow down the block move to remind yourself to execute it smoothly and consistently. Don't forget to close off the block, while remembering that it is important to freeze and show the completed point to the judges, and also that it is the beginning of the fast page.
If your team is doing well enough to get through all the points and start over again, you should start to focus more explicitly on learning and seeing what's going on the first time through. This tip (courtesy of Pete Allum) is priceless. If a particular move is smaller, larger, or just needs to be different from how you planned it on the ground, learn from the botched move the first time through (or "lock-in" the correct move if you nailed it) so you can crank up the speed as the dive continues. Don't be so anxious to score points that you keep making the same mistakes through a whole jump – slow things down just a little bit the first time through, then once everyone "gets it", you can ramp up the intensity and power.
After you decide how many jumps and how much tunnel flying you can do, come up with a plan of how to use the jumps and time most effectively. The suggestions below for how to use your jumps uses percentages with the hope it'll serve as a guide, whether you are doing 40 – 400 jumps.
Getting to a tunnel is worth it – however, don't get suckered into cramming all four team members in there if you aren't proficient as individual flyers. You are much better off using the tunnel to hone individual and two-way skills than you are bouncing off the walls just to do "4-way". Work on center point turns, adjusting fall rate, grip taking and flashing drills, side sliding, forward and backward movement, and superpositioning (sliding and turning at the same time).
For your actual jumps, I suggest the following phases:
Figure out what your team fallrate should be and get the right amount of weight in weight belts for the slow fallers on the team. The person that falls fastest should get in comfortable arch and other folks should wear enough lead to keep up. It's a pain to wear weight, but your team won't reach your potential if anyone is struggling to stay up with the formation. I suggest just moving through three points SIDEBODY ("P"), STAR ("M"), and OPEN ACCORDIAN ("F) as you sort stuff out.
Repeat this jump as many times as you need to sort out fall rate, focus on good eye contact and physical communication, and to follow "the steps" above as you move from point to point.
Pick three point random skydives and get used to working together for the first 25% of your planned jumps. Using eye contact and good cross-referencing, as well as looking to the person directly across the formation from you to help make fallrate adjustments and stay together will help you get the most out of these jumps.
Even if you don't have many jumps in your budget, try to see each block at least once, you can put two together in the same jump. Focusing just on blocks for 25% of your jumps will probably serve you well, but you might want to sneak in one random jump once a weekend just so you don't go crazy!
After you've got a good taste of the blocks, add in a random or two. Do this for the next 25% of your jumps paying attention to "the fast page" of random moves and the "clean" execution of the single block in each jump.
Too often teams don't practice doing actual meet draws. For the last quarter of your training, take draws from the National Skydiving League website,, and do those actual jumps. You should do this so you can see how you are scoring against other teams in the country and help emulate what it'll be like at real meets. Obviously, try to compete in as many local NSL meets (or other meets if there is a league in your area) as possible.
4-way is fun but difficult. Remember that everyone is doing their best and that mistakes are inevitable. A good rule of thumb for debriefing is to give everyone a chance to debrief themselves and take responsibility for any mistakes they made before pointing things out to one another. I highly suggest getting video on every jump (once you can stay within the frame and within ten vertical feet of one another) and watch the video before you try to start fixing things or telling people what they did wrong. Whenever I critique teammates in the landing area, the video inevitably shows that I was the one screwing things up.
Get a trusted local 4-way guru or coach to provide outside perspective whenever possible. This goes for prepping and debriefing. Even if they say the same thing that a teammate would have, words just seem to get heard a bit clearer and with less bad blood when they come from a knowledgeable person who isn't a member of the team.
Have fun and make it a point to be social at the end of the day or training camp.
Don't hesitate to contact members of Mass Defiance or Perris Fury through the forums if you have any questions for us! Our team websites are Mass Defiance and Perris Fury.
Mass Defiance Performance Designs Perris Fury United Parachute


text:
Clicking on the Visibility tab allows you to configure the lots view able per bidder. For example, un-checking the box for 'Visibility' next to a lot means that the selected bidder won't be able to see that lot.
There are two ways to configure the data:
- Online - Click on the 'edit' button next to your chosen bidder and modify the visibility for each lot.
- Offline - download an Excel version of this screen by clicking 'Download'. Make your changes in Excel, save the file, and then upload it using the 'Upload' button.
Changing Lot Visibility
Changing the lot visibility means that you want to show or hide a lot from a bidder. By default, all lots are visible to all bidders. To change the visibility:
- Online - Select the edit button next to the desired lot and then modify the lot visibility and adjustments (as shown below):.
- Offline - Use the word 'FALSE' in the 'Visibility' column to hide a lot ('TRUE' means that the lot is visible).
Apply Bonus/Malus (Adjustments)
Click on the Bonus/malus tab to apply adjustments to bid values per bidder. You can also use the '% Bonus/Malus' and 'Turnover Bonus/Malus' columns, both online and in Excel, to favor or penalize bids from certain bidders for specified lots:
- % Bonus/Malus: This is expressed as a fraction, such as 0.50 (50%). A positive value favors the bid by reducing it by that percent. A negative value, such as -0.50 (-50%), penalizes the bid by increasing it by that percent.
- Turnover Bonus/Malus: This is expressed as a currency value, such as 100.00. A positive value favors the bid by reducing it by that number. A negative value, such as -100.00, penalizes the bid by increasing it by that value.
On the bidder-side screens, the adjustments impact the feedback, which will be based on the adjusted bid. For example, if two bidders enter a bid of $100,000 but Bidder 2 has a malus of 20% (-.20) then, because of the adjusted bid of $120,000 (see Figures 1 and 2 below, both showing feedback for the same bid value - except that the bidder in Figure 2 has the malus applied):
- Bidder 2 won't see the winning icon (the default 'Low Cost Baseline' scenario will award to the other bidder instead).
- Bidder 2 will see a lot rank of 2 instead of a rank of 1.
- Bidder 2 will not meet a reserve price/feedback target of $100,000 with a bid of $100,000 (the reserve will be compared to the adjusted bid).
- The difference to next rank/first rank will appear as $16,666.67 (16.67%) since a bid of $83,333.33 is needed to equal the other bidder's bid of $100,000 ($83,333.33 * 1.20 = $100,000).
- The minimum bid decrement and maximum next bid feedback will be affected if the target value is based on the next ranked lot bid or first ranked lot bid.
As mentioned above, scenario allocations will also be impacted by any bidder adjustments for lots.


Being, Knowing, and Doing—Part 3: Relationships (Marriage)
Ken Boa moves into discussing relationships as the first sub-series in his Friday morning men's study (Momentum) series "Being, Knowing & Doing: How Godly Principles Strategically Affect Men's Everyday Lives." Other relationships to be explored include the parent/child relationship and friendships.
Regarding marriage, in this and subsequent sessions, Ken will cover key questions like:
 - How does marriage reflect the image of God?
 - What is God's purpose for marriage?
 - What are the implications of Genesis 2:24 for marriage? (This verse involves three commands: leave, cleave, and become one flesh.)
Live in the area and want to join us? See details here about the location and time of this study.
Series Navigation<< Being, Knowing, and Doing: Introduction, Part 2Being, Knowing, and Doing—Part 4: Relationships (Marriage) >>


text:
If you're a CPA, you have vast knowledge of complicated standards and strategies and know how to apply them to complex business situations. But how well do you know the history of the CPA profession?
This 10-question quiz should give you some idea. These questions aren't as difficult as the CPA exam, but they're not easy.
1. Which law first gave CPAs official recognition by the federal government as a class of professionals?
2. By how many different names has the AICPA been known? (Give yourself extra credit if you can name the predecessor organizations.)
3. Which CPA received 107,929 votes in his run for president of the United States in 1956?
4. In what year was the first CPA bill enacted?
5. Which major firm designed and installed a computer-based payroll system for General Electric in the mid-1950s to create one of the first business systems applications of a computer?
6. Who was the first chief accountant of the SEC?
7. What was the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting, which issued a 1987 report on reducing the "expectations gap" between auditors and the public, popularly known as?
8. How many members did the AICPA have when it was formed in 1887?
9. Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, permitted a federal income tax?
10. The first two state societies of public accountants were formed in 1897. In which states were they formed?
1. The Revenue Act of 1924, which President Calvin Coolidge signed into law.
2. Four. It began as the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA) in 1887. In 1916, the AAPA was succeeded by the Institute of Public Accountants, which changed its name to the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) a year later. That name was retained in 1936 when the AIA merged with the American Society of Certified Public Accountants. The AIA renamed itself the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in 1957.
3. T. Coleman Andrews, who had resigned after two years as IRS commissioner and ran for president as a third-party candidate for the States' Rights party in 1956. (Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won reelection, defeating Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson.) Andrews won the AICPA's gold medal for distinguished service in 1947.
4. In 1896, New York Gov. Levi P. Morton signed the first CPA bill into law.
5. Arthur Andersen.
6. Carman Blough.
7. The Treadway Commission.
9. The 16th Amendment.
10. New York (New York State Society of CPAs) and Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Institute of CPAs).
—Ken Tysiac is a JofA senior editor. To comment on this article or to suggest an idea for another article, contact him at _EMAIL_ or _PHONE_.


Are There Secret Writings About Jesus?
In 1945 a discovery was made in Upper Egypt, near the town of Nag Hammadi. Fifty-two copies of ancient writings, called the Gnostic gospels were found in 13 leather-bound papyrus codices (handwritten books). They were written in Coptic and belonged to a library in a monastery.
A few Gnostic scholars have gone so far as to assert that these recently discovered writings are the authentic history of Jesus instead of the New Testament. But does their faith in these documents square with the historical evidence? Let's take a deeper look to see if we can separate truth from fiction.
Secret "Knowers"
The Gnostic gospels are attributed to a group known as (big surprise here) the Gnostics. Their name comes from the Greek word gnosis, meaning "knowledge." These people thought they had secret, special knowledge hidden from ordinary people.
As Christianity spread, the Gnostics mixed some doctrines and elements of Christianity into their beliefs, morphing Gnosticism into a counterfeit Christianity. Perhaps they did it to keep recruitment numbers up and make Jesus a poster child for their cause. However, for their system of thought to fit with Christianity, Jesus needed to be reinvented, stripped of both his humanity and his absolute deity.
In The Oxford History of Christianity John McManners wrote of the Gnostics' mixture of Christian and mythical beliefs.
Gnosticism was (and still is) a theosophy with many ingredients. Occultism and oriental mysticism became fused with astrology, magic. … They collected sayings of Jesus shaped to fit their own interpretation (as in the Gospel of Thomas), and offered their adherents an alternative or rival form of Christianity.1
Click here to continue reading "The Gnostic Gospels"


text:
Adenosine receptor antagonism affects regional resting vascular resistance during rat peritoneal sepsis
Background. To identify vascular beds where endogenous adenosine plays a significant role as a mediator of resting perfusion alterations associated with sepsis, we tested the hypothesis that adenosine receptor blockade would cause differential regional increases in vascular resistance during intraperitoneal (ip) sepsis in the rat. Materials and methods. Rats (250-350 g) were catheterized and randomized to septic or nonseptic groups. Sepsis was induced with an ip injection of cecal slurry (150 mg/kg in D5W; 5 ml/kg), and baseline hemodynamics, cardiac output (CO), and blood flows (microspheres) were measured 24 h later. Animals then received the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PTH; 10 mM, 1.5 ml/kg), its vehicle (1.5 ml/kg), or normal saline (1.5 ml/kg), iv, and measurements were repeated. Results. Septic animals treated with 8-PTH had a significant increase in skeletal muscle, hepatic portal, and cerebral vascular resistance with concomitant decreases in CO when compared with vehicle at 1 min. No significant resistance changes were observed in the renal, adipose, or coronary vasculatures. Adenosine receptor blockade caused a significant increase in +dP/dt and -dP/dt during sepsis, indicating that the reduced CO was not secondary to myocardial depression. Conclusions. These data suggest that adenosine receptor-mediated actions during sepsis affect vascular beds selectively and indicate a significant role for adenosine in resting perfusion redistribution in sepsis.
Journal of Surgical Research
Motew, S. J.; Sam II, A. D.; Mourelatos, M. G.; Sharma, Avadhesh C.; Alden, K. J.; Ferguson, J. L.; and Law, W. R., "Adenosine receptor antagonism affects regional resting vascular resistance during rat peritoneal sepsis" (1998). PCOM Scholarly Papers. 949.


Showing posts from November, 2020
Hemp Cream: The Power of the Hemp Plant
 Hemp Cream: The Power of the Hemp Plant We exist in a period where many diverse commodities are shoved in our faces left and right. On the television, on Instagram, at the newspapers and magazines, or even at some random billboard on the road. One of those exciting additions is the popularity of hemp and hemp cream. Common reasons for the developing interest in hemp are its versatility and beneficial properties. One striking example of this is topical applications for hemp products, commonly known as hemp cream, used as conventional beauty products and pain relief. But first things first, what is it? What is Hemp Cream? Hemp Cream is specifically obtained from the hemp plant, a relative of the marijuana plant. Yes, marijuana. However, the hemp plant is different from the latter because it does not have that effect that everyone knows regarding marijuana. This intoxicating feeling, we hear of (or some have experienced) is caused by THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about vagrants. For other uses, see Tramp (disambiguation).
A romanticized tramp depicted in an 1899 U.S. poster
A tramp is a long-term homeless person who travels from place to place as a vagrant, traditionally walking all year round. The word tramp became a common way to refer to such people in 19th-century Britain and America.
Tramp is derived from the Middle English as a verb meaning to "walk with heavy footsteps" (cf. modern English trample) and to go hiking.
In Britain the term was widely used to refer to vagrants in the early Victorian period. The social reporter Henry Mayhew refers to it in his writings of the 1840s and 1850s. By 1850 the word was well established. In that year Mayhew described "the different kinds of vagrants or tramps" to be found in Britain, along with the "different trampers' houses in London or the country". He distinguished several types of tramps, ranging from young people fleeing from abusive families, through to people who made their living as wandering beggars and prostitutes.[1]
In the United States, the word became frequently used during the American Civil War, to describe the widely shared experience of undertaking long marches, often with heavy packs. Use of the word as a noun is thought to have begun shortly after the war. A few veterans had developed a liking for the "call of the road", others may have been too traumatised by war time experience to return to settled life.[2]
Main article: Vagrancy (people)
Wanderers have existed since ancient times. The modern concept of the "tramp" emerges with the expansion of industrial towns in the early nineteenth century, with the consequent increase in migrant labor and pressure on housing. The common lodging house or "doss house" developed to accommodate transients. Urbanisation also led to an increase in forms of highly marginalized casual labor. Mahew identifies the problem of "tramping" as a particular product of the economic crisis of the 1840s known as the Hungry Forties. John Burnett argues that in earlier periods of economic stability "tramping" involved a wandering existence, moving from job to job which was a cheap way of experiencing adventures beyond the "boredom and bondage of village life".[3]
The number of transient homeless people increased markedly in the U.S. after the industrial recession of the early 1870s. Initially, the term "tramp" had a broad meaning, and was often used to refer to migrant workers who were looking for permanent work and lodgings. Later the term acquired a narrower meaning, to refer only to those who prefer the transient way of life.[2] Writing in 1877 Allan Pinkerton said:
"The tramp has always existed in some form or other, and he will continue on his wanderings until the end of time; but there is no question that he has come into public notice, particularly in America, to a greater extent during the present decade than ever before."[4]
Author Bart Kennedy, a self-described tramp of 1900 America, once said "I listen to the tramp, tramp of my feet, and wonder where I was going, and why I was going."[5][6] John Sutherland (1989) said that Kennedy "is one of the early advocates of 'tramping', as the source of literary inspiration."[6]
While tramps may do odd jobs from time to time, unlike other temporarily homeless people they do not seek out regular work and support themselves by other means such as begging or scavenging (see Waste picker). This is in contrast to:
 - bum, a stationary homeless person who does not work, and who begs for a living in one place.
 - hobo, a homeless person who travels from place to place looking for work, often by "freighthopping" (illegally catching rides on freight trains)
Tramp as promiscuous woman[edit]
Perhaps because female tramps were often regarded as prostitutes, the term tramp came to be used to refer to a promiscuous woman. Initially this was a distinctively American usage.[8] According to Kate Burridge, the term shifted towards this meaning in the 1920s, having previously predominantly referred to men, it followed the path of other similar gender neutral words (such as "slag") to having specific reference to female sexual laxity.[9]
The word is also used, with ambiguous irony, in the classic 1937 Rodgers and Hart song The Lady Is a Tramp, which is about a wealthy member of New York high society who chooses a vagabond life in "hobohemia".[10] Other songs with implicit or explicit reference to this usage include Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp and Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves. The use of the word with the explicitly sexual meaning is especially common in hip hop culture.[11]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - The Morning Chronicle : Labour and the Poor, 1849-50; Henry Mayhew - Letter XXX".
 2. ^ a b Todd DePastino (2005). Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America. Chicago University Press. pp. 1–48. ISBN _PHONE_.
 3. ^ Burnett, J., Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, _PHONE_, Routledge, 2002, p.128.
 4. ^ Pinkerton, Allan (1877). Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives, New York: G.W. Carleton & Co.
 5. ^ Kennedy, Bart (1900). A man adrift: being leaves from a nomad's portfolio. Chicago: H.S. Stone. p. 161.
 6. ^ a b John Sutherland. "Kennedy, Bart" in Companion to Victorian Literature. Stanford University Press, 1989.
 7. ^ DePastino, Todd. Citizen Hobo: How a Century of Homelessness Shaped America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003: 157
 8. ^ "tramp definition, meaning - what is tramp in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus - Cambridge Dictionaries Online".
 9. ^ Kate Burridge, Blooming English: Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p.60.
 10. ^ Gary Marmorstein, A Ship Without A Sail: The Life of Lorenz Hart, Simon and Schuster, 2013, p.298>
 11. ^ Forman, M & Neal, M.A., That's the Joint!: The Hip-hop Studies Reader, Psychology Press, 2004, p.279.
External links[edit]


text:
range of social classes, those Sh'dai found in the Mortal Realms tend to either be cadet branches of various noble and merchant families, or are nobles and merchants from the Shadowlands themselves because others simply do not have the ability to travel easily. Those Sh'dai in the Mortal Realms not fortunate to be born into the middle and upper classes are often firmly established with the lower classes where they find their nature suited towards any number of professions generally considered unsavory.
Darkvision: Due to their heritage from the Shadowlands the Sh'dai have superior Darkvision. They can see in dim light up as if it were normal, bright light. They can see in darkness as if it were dim light, not seeing colors, only varying shades of grey.
Fell Reputation: Sh'dai also have fell reputations within the Mortal Realms and can be the target of prejudice with some regularity though outright attacks are rare because they are often assumed to be mages or clerics of darkness. They all have the Intimidation skill.
Psychic Resistance: Sh'dai have Resistance to Psychic and Necrotic damage.
Life of Intrigue: Sh'dai all have the Perception Skill and Resistance to poison.
Legacy of the Unborn: All Sh'dai have the Thaumaturgy and Prestidigitation Cantrips. Upon reaching 3rd level they may cast Hellish Rebuke once per day and upon reaching 5th level they may cast Blur once per day as well. For spellcasters these spells are also always considered memorized and may also be cast using regular spell slots – and are always cast as if at the highest level of effect that the spellcaster can produce.
Unborn Blessing: Sh'dai may also wear Ultra Light, Light, and Medium non-metallic armors and cast Arcane spells, or enchanted metallic armors.
Sh'dai Weapons Training: Sh'dai are trained in the use of Assassin's Blades, Razornails, Warfans, and Fighting Chains.
Special Vulnerabilities: Used to the Shadowlands, Sh'dai have Disadvantage on attack rolls and visual Perception checks when they or the target they are trying to attack or perceive are in bright light or direct sunlight. They are also Vulnerable to Radiant damage.
Death: Upon death, the spirit of a Sh'dai travels to the Realm of the Dead where they continue the War Without End. If Reincarnated they may only come back as an Sh'dai.