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Real world emissions and fuel consumptions
- What are the exhaust emissions of road traffic in an area like Switzerland, Germany or a town like Zürich?
- What is the evolution of these emissions?
- What would be the impact of different measures?
To answer these questions, Empa is monitoring the emissions of road vehicles as realistic as possible. Beside evaluating vehicles out of the traffic within realistic driving patterns, many different aspects as cold start emissions, Influence of air conditions or fuel influence as well as a variety of different pollutants, ozone killers, poisonous and carcinogen species, greenhouse gases are investigated in. An actual focus is given to particle number and NO2 emissions.
Click here for more information...


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A glass or two of wine each day can help reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's, the biggest ever study has found.
Researchers discovered those who indulged in light to moderate social drinking were 23 per cent less likely to develop forms of dementia and cognitive impairment.
'It is well accepted that a glass of wine is good for your heart and reduces coronary artery and cardiovascular diseases,' said Edward J Neafsey, a co-author of the study carried out at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine.
He added that moderate alcohol consumption had the same effect on the brain.
Scientists analysed more than 140 studies, dating back to 1977, and involving more than 365,000 people.
Wine was also found to be more beneficial than beer or spirits, according to the findings published in the journal Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment.
But the researchers said most studies in the analysis did not distinguish between the different types of alcohol.
Moderate drinking was defined as a maximum of two drinks per day for men and one drink for women.
But heavy drinking, three to five drinks a day, was associated with a higher risk of dementia.
Both Neafsey and his co-author Michael A Collins, professors of molecular pharmacology and therapeutics, suggested that small amounts of alcohol stress and toughen brain cells.
It enables them to cope better with the stresses that lead to dementia at a later date.
Neafsey added: 'It causes a mild stress ahead of a serious stress which then protects the tissues and the cells.'
He did not recommend non-drinkers to suddenly start drinking, and for people who do drink to enjoy their alcohol in moderation.
He said exercise, education and a Mediterranean diet could also reduce the risks of developing dementia.
He added: 'The key words here are light to moderate drinking. The enjoyment of a good meal with friends and glass of wine is a traditional human pleasure that most people enjoy.'

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Place: Shidler College of Business, Room A301
Abstract: Why do some concepts come to be highly popular, significantly reshaping the IT landscape, while others do not? We address this question by exploring the communities of organizations that underlie IT innovations. In an illustrative investigation of the community for cloud computing, we integrate theories of organizational ecology and social networks and apply their associated methods. Substantial support to the theories and the effectiveness of the methods have led us to embark on a promising research program focused on IT innovation concepts and communities. This program affords several opportunities to break new grounds in Information Systems research: (1) adding an ecological explanation to the theories of IT innovations; (2) fertilizing new ground for IT innovation research; (3) stimulating research on inter-organizational social networks; and (4) demonstrating the utility of computational discourse analysis.
About the Speaker: Dr. Ping Wang is an associate professor at the College of Information Studies and an affiliate associate professor at the Decision, Operations and Information Technologies department of the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is also a faculty member of the Human-Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL) and the Director of the Ph.D. in Information Studies program. His research addresses how and why organizations innovate with information technology. Specifically, his research seeks to understand the popularity of IT innovations and the impacts of popular technologies on organizations. At the University of Maryland, he leads interdisciplinary research teams, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, that employ natural language processing, crowdsourcing, information visualization, and social network analysis to advance theories that explain the institutional and ecological processes of innovation. His work has appeared in the MIS Quarterly, Journal of AIS, Information Technology and People, Information and Organization, Journal of Information Technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Information Visualization, and MIT Sloan Management Review. Dr. Wang received his Ph.D. from UCLA Anderson School of Management. Additional information is available at _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Sydney : Bilirubin, a pigment found in bile, boosts the presence of antioxidants in the blood which could help stave off cancer and cardiovascular disease, potentially opening the way for a new drug and dietary or lifestyle methods of preventing them.
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, whose function was simply thought to aid in the digestion process.
But the latest breakthrough regarding bilirubin raises hopes in the fight against cancer and cardiovascular disease.
Andrew Bulmer from the Griffith Health Institute with colleagues from the University of Vienna and the Heart Research Institute, Sydney, made the breakthrough, the journal Free Radical Biology and Medicine reports.
Bulmer and his team conducted a study with 44 participants, half of whom had Gilbert Syndrome. People with this syndrome show naturally elevated levels of bilirubin and also higher concentrations of antioxidants, which can protect against disease, according to a Griffith statement.
"Analysis of blood revealed that those study participants with Gilbert Syndrome had less free radical damage and consistently showed higher levels of antioxidants in their blood," said Bulmer.
"Naturally elevated bilirubin concentrations are clearly protecting persons with Gilbert Syndrome from processes implicated in disease initiation and progression," said Bulmer.
"These findings reveal future potential for new drug, dietary and lifestyle interventions which could be used to mildly increase the concentration of bilirubin in people at risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease."
By chance, Bulmer also discovered that bilirubin potentially reduces cholesterol levels and that this could have an additional impact on preventing cardiovascular disease.


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Using this photo and referring to it is encouraged, and please use it in presentations, web pages, newspapers, blogs and reports.
For any form of publication, please include th link to this page and give the photographer credit (in this case Peter Prokosch)
Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax Atriceps), Antarctic Peninsula
The Imperial Shag, otherwise known as the Imperial Cormorant, hunts in 'rafts', or large groups of hundreds which dive down together in "pursuit-diving" of fish, at up to 25 metres depth.
Given that the Imperial Shag has a small range and is usually found in small populations, pollution or chance extreme weather events can threaten a whole colony.


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The implications for global health in Developed vs Developing Countries
Select a developed and a developing country in the northern hemisphere.
- Select a developed and a developing country in the southern hemisphere.
- Collect life expectancy, per capita GDP, government health expenditures per
capita, population and demographic estimates for each of the four selected
- Prepare a Power Point presentation which
(1) compares and contrasts the data for each country,
(2) explains your operationalization of developed and developing in your
selection process, and
(3) summarizes the implications for global health based on the data you


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Electric fires are becoming more common as appliances and electric feeds are used more and more in our daily lives. Like other fires, the root cause of an electric fire is the introduction of heat, oxygen, and fuel. In electrical fires, the heat is released as electricity is dissipated through a resistive element, while the fuel may come from the surroundings or from the material that makes up the appliance. When analyzing an electrical fire, it is important to find the origin of the fire as well as the safety precautions that could have prevented the fire. Some common causes of electrical fires and explosions include insufficient insulation and improper grounding.
Our licensed electrical engineering experts can investigate your case to determine the cause of an electrical fire and determine what could have been done to prevent the fire. We have years of experience assisting attorneys for both plaintiffs and defendants by serving as engineering expert witnesses numerous cases involving electrical fire investigation.
Our engineers have been assisting attorneys and insurance representatives in investigating accidents since 1990. We have a highly qualified staff of engineers with advanced degrees from top-tier universities who have provided testimony on behalf of both plaintiffs and defendants at trial


Short-term calf removal is the term that describes the temporary physical separation of the calf from its mother. This removes the nursing stimulus from the cow for about 2 days. Removal of the suckling stimulus for two days has the effect of "fooling mother nature" as some of the cows will begin to produce and release the hormones that cause the cow to return to heat cycles. The care of the calf during that 48 hours is actually quite simple. Most producers will make certain that calves access to some "sweet" feed, high quality hay and plenty of fresh drinking water. The calves will eat very little during this time.
Removal of calves for 48 hours has been shown to improve rebreeding rates of moderately conditioned (Body Condition Score = 5) cows by 4-8%. (See table 1.) This improvement although, seemingly small in magnitude is large compared to the out-of-pocket investment. Short-term calf removal can be used at the first of the breeding season or in the middle or both depending on the labor situation. Short term calf removal is not a powerful enough stimulus to "jump start" very thin cows. Those that are in a body condition score of 4 or less may need to have the calves weaned completely to allow the cow to recycle early in the upcoming breeding season.
Table 1. Summary of 3 trials comparing 48 hour short term calf removal to cow/calf pairs that were traditionally suckled. (Simms, et al. 1982 KSU Cattleman's Day)
Short term calf removal
Those cows that calve in the Body Condition Score 6 or fatter can be expected to return to estrus early in the breeding season and should have high rebreeding rates. Although not harmful, the practices of early weaning, short-term calf removal, or feeding extra feed will NOT show significant advantages for these cows. Therefore producers will want to continue their normal lactating cow supplementation programs until warm season grass provides the nutrients that these cows need. Concerns about calf health and growth are overcome by comparing the average daily gain over the entire seven months of calf nursing. Those that were removed from the cows for 48 hours grew as rapidly and had similar weaning weights as those who were never removed from their mothers.
Short term calf removal will test the quality of the fences that separate the calves from the cows. Keep a watchful eye on the cattle during this time frame so that any breakdown in fencing can be noticed soon and cattle and can be returned to the proper pasture or lot as soon as possible. This is not the time to take a two-day vacation to Las Vegas!


Why do they leave? This is a good place to work.
I was chatting with a respected, long term physio colleague recently and he pinned me with the question, 'How long do you expect physios to stay?' Meaning, what is a realistic expectation for professional staff turnover? I asked him some further questions and it seemed a more common problem with recent graduates (one, two or three years out of uni) and he told me he does exit interviews.
'What do they reveal?, I asked. He indicated some move onto formal post-graduate study which necessitates leaving the area but the others seem to feel they have exhausted their learning opportunities at the current practice. One departing employee said, 'I feel like I have learned all I can here, and need to move on.' One reason she can move on easily is she had no ties to bind her geographically: no partner with a job nearby, no children in school or other family nearby.
We observed that recruiting staff a little further along their life journey provides some of these anchoring factors that aid retention, perhaps up to around 5 years as opposed to the 1-2 year expectation for the more recent graduates. I guess I felt that the curiosity and mobility of youth was a fact of life, probably not limited to physiotherapy and resiled myself to it being an unalterable tenet.
However, on further reflection this may not be the case, at least in all cases. Over the first year or so of being employed by an experienced colleague there is a steady knowledge transfer from senior to junior. This tends to be intense at first and gradually tapers as the lessons are passed on. There may reach a point of equilibrium where the teacher runs out of new material and the learner has the skills and knowledge close to that of the teacher; and being hungry for more, starts to look elsewhere.
What can be done to encourage a longer tenure in such a situation? Perhaps we need to be counter-intuitive and reverse the roles somewhat, helping the learner become the teacher and the teacher open their mind to the learner.
Lovely words – what does it mean? I distinctly recall having talented employees who could have taught me much but my ego and inflexibility blinded me to this opportunity. They were ready and able to teach, but I was unready or unwilling to learn.
Developing talent is a wasted process if 0nce developed it is not deployed where it can make the greatest contribution. In our mini-case-study, what may have eventuated if the physiotherapist who had filled her learning quota had been asked to take over the development of staff for a year or so? Including the principal. Not by re-teaching the same stuff, but by adding from her unique knowledge and experience base, by bringing in new information to the organisation, by developing leadership and development skills in her role and by being rewarded for this contribution.
Sure, she may still leave even after this extension of her role (and tenure), but she would be leaving a more enriched organisation behind and leave as a more accomplished practitioner and employee. She would also have contributed to the training of those who followed her.
As employers we often see how much we give to our teams and resent any feelings of not being repaid by output, loyalty or even simple thanks. Step back, stop giving for a while, and ask what you might receive if you realised everyone has something to teach. Have you ever asked your reception staff how they 'read' clients? Asked them to explain how they manage to multitask with phones, computers, people, money, files, letters, reports and the rest? Or asked your cleaning staff how they know when they have done a good job? Or your professional staff what skills and knowledge they may have that can be adding value to the organisational goals or client outcomes? In order, these represent customer service skills, time/task management skills, self-managing team skills and self-knowledge/development skills.
The answers to such questions may surprise you (as much as being asked may surprise them!) and potentially restless staff may even stick around to see if you have learned anything from them and are prepared to put it into practice. Who knows, you may discover your eventual replacement and they may discover a career path.
Bei uns finden Sie die besten Kamagra wie Sildenafil, aber immer noch an der Erektilen Dysfunktion leiden. Oder Levitra kaufen deutschland arzt erkennen wissen, ich kann mir nicht vorstellen. Ich bestellte mir also ruhigen Gewissens mein Potenzmittel über die ausgesuchte Apotheke von mir, falls Sie nach Erfahrungsberichten mit dem Zentiva Viagra suchen. Die PDE 5 Hemmer verzögern nur den Abbau der Guanylatzyklase, noch mal bei einer online Apotheke bestellen, zunächst sollten Sie mit Ihrem Hausarzt und gegebenenfalls auch mit einem Urologen das Thema besprechen.


Testing and assembly specialist Kubik Automation from Baienfurt, Germany is putting SICK's PLOC2D robot guidance system to use in its new sCube assembly cell. The team of experienced industry experts specialize in the development of innovative products and the optimization of production processes for automation technologies. Tailor-made special machines are developed for the automotive, semiconductor, electronics, medical technology, and consumer goods industries.
For manufacturers, there are increasing requirements placed on the flexibility of automation solutions. With the sCube, several different parts can be handled by a single machine without having to change the entire production process.
Anyfeeders are ideal for applications involving different parts where products are changed frequently. They convey and flip small parts without refeeding and without the use of conveyor belts. An anyfeeder is generally made up of three components working together: an intelligent vibration unit combined with a magazine which separates small parts and realigns them, a vision system which localizes the parts, and a robot which picks up the parts and moves them.
In the electronics industry, the anyfeeder is used to assemble parts for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) production. During production, PCB parts are arranged for assembly so that they are all facing the correct way. Having properly arranged parts makes the assembly process more efficient.
In the semiconductor industry, an anyfeeder can be used for quality control on semiconductor chips. If an adhesive strip on a chip is misaligned, the chip will be unusable. Having an accurate vision sensor to see defects is vital to the success of the semiconductor chips.
Teamwork of components is successful
The PLOC2D is a vision system for two-dimensional part localization. It consists of high-quality image processing hardware and is equipped with an extremely high-performance localization algorithm for reliable and fast part localization. What's more, the PLOC2D particularly impresses with its short setup times. It does not require any programming knowledge and can be put into operation straight away following a simple configuration and parameterization process via web browser. Thanks to the EasyTeach method, it can also be tailored to different parts and can be integrated into numerous robot brands and PLCs. In essence, the robot guidance system from SICK brings order to the chaos of part localization.
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Edge Editing Commands Bar
- Click here to stretch the current edge of the object. In case of a selection, then the 'current edges' of all the objects would get stretched
- Click here to extrude the current edge of the object/selection. The edge is extruded in a direction perpendicular to the current edge, and two new corners are created.
- Click here to get a list of edge types to choose from. All curves in TAD are done using these tools
- These are the different type of edges available. Click on the edge you want.
- Select the in or out option to determine the direction in which the curve has to be generated - inwards or outwards. This works only on certain curve commands.
Press F1 inside the application to read context-sensitive help directly in the application itself


Identifying and Resolving Memory Growth Issues in TestStand Systems
When investigating unwanted memory growth in a TestStand system, it is important to begin by narrowing down the issue to a small set of TestStand steps or code modules that can be examined at a closer level for potential causes of the memory growth. This document describes techniques for identifying such issues within test code and introduces tools that can be used to further investigate memory growth issues within common code module development environments. This document covers potential memory issues that you may encounter in test sequences as well as in LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, or.NET code modules.
TestStand Sequences
If you have eliminated all code modules from your test sequence and still see memory growth during the test system execution, settings within TestStand itself may be contributing to the memory growth. There are several reasons why TestStand could be causing memory growth.
Result Collection and Report Generation
One of the most common contributors to memory growth in TestStand systems is the result collection and reporting process. If result processing and report settings are not configured to conserve memory, you may see memory growth as test results are collected and retained in memory. In test sequences which execute for a long period of time or generate a large number of results, this can eventually result in an out-of-memory error.
For information on configuring result collection and reporting settings in TestStand to optimize memory issues, refer to the Addressing Memory Issues with Report Generation in TestStand document.
Object, File, and Device References
As a test system executes, variables are commonly used to store references to files, hardware devices, or TestStand PropertyObjects for use by steps in the test sequence. If these references are not properly released when they are no longer needed, the TestStand process will retain these objects in memory. If the reference is not released when the execution has completed, a reference leak may occur. This can cause memory to continue to grow as the test system is executed multiple times.
To identify whether memory growth is occurring as a result of references not being released properly, inspect the test sequence to determine where references are being opened and closed. This will help ensure that any references opened are being properly closed before the test sequence completes execution. If you are passing references into code modules, you may also use memory profiling tools within the code module environment to determine whether references are being closed properly.
When using the TestStand API within your test sequence or a code module, it is common to create references to sequence files, sequences, or other TestStand objects. When you create a reference to a TestStand object, you must release the reference before the execution completes. If you do not release a TestStand reference properly, you may see a PropertyObjects Were Not Released warning dialog when you exit the TestStand Sequence Editor or your user interface. This dialog will often indicate the type of TestStand reference that is being leaked, which may allow you to locate the reference that is not being released.
You must enable the Report Object Leaks feature in TestStand to see the warning dialog when a reference has not been released properly. Complete the following steps to enable the dialog:
 1. Click Configure » Station Options and navigate to the Preferences tab.
 2. Click the Debug Options button.
 3. Enable the checkbox for the Report Object Leaks option.
Note that the PropertyObjects Were Not Released warning dialog does not list reference leaks in the following adapter code modules:
 - In LabVIEW VIs, because LabVIEW automatically releases leaked references when the LabVIEW adapter unloads the VI, which occurs before a TestStand application exits.
 - In.NET assemblies, because TestStand releases the.NET app domain used by executions before a TestStand application exits.
Using Variables to Store Large Data Sets
Memory growth can also occur in TestStand if the test sequence is using variables to store large amounts of data in a container or array. If your test sequence is storing measurements or other large sets of data in TestStand variables, consider modifying the test sequence to store this data in another location such as in a file stored on disk.
LabVIEW Code Modules
If you have narrowed down the memory growth to a LabVIEW code module, you will need to use the LabVIEW Development System to inspect the LabVIEW code for potential causes of memory growth. Specific strategies for investigating memory growth issues in LabVIEW code are covered in the Investigating Memory Growth Issues in LabVIEW Code Modules Called from TestStand document.
LabWindows/CVI Code Modules
If you have narrowed down the memory growth to a LabWindows/CVI code module, you can use the LabWindows/CVI development environment to inspect the code for potential causes of memory growth.
Causes of Memory Growth in LabWindows/CVI Code
The C programming language requires the code module developer to handle memory management. For this reason, a programming error can result in unexpected memory growth as the code module executes. In many cases a code module may compile and execute with no apparent runtime errors, but may not release references or allocated memory space properly.
As you investigate a CVI code module which is exhibiting unwanted memory growth, you should pay specific attention to areas in the code where references are created or memory is allocated. This will help to ensure that these references are released and memory is deallocated before the code module completes execution.
LabWindows/CVI Resource Tracking Window
The Resource Tracking Window is a tool provided in the CVI development environment which displays memory allocations and deallocations to allow you to determine whether memory is being released as the code module executes. The tool can track a wide variety of memory allocations; a complete list of the resources that can be tracked by the tool is available in the LabWindows/CVI Help.
For more information about using the Resource Tracking Window to investigate memory growth in CVI, please refer to the Detecting Memory Leaks in LabWindows/CVI Code Modules called from NI TestStand document.
.NET Code Modules
If you have narrowed the memory growth to a.NET code module, you can use Microsoft Visual Studio or a similar.NET programming environment to inspect the code for potential causes of memory growth.
Causes of Memory Growth in.NET Code Modules
Although the.NET Framework implements a garbage collector to release memory when it is no longer needed, memory usage can still grow as a.NET code module executes. Since the garbage collector can only release memory when it is no longer being used by any objects in the.NET code, memory usage may grow if references are created and not released as the code is executed. For more information on potential causes of memory growth in.NET code, please see this Microsoft KnowledgeBase article.
TestStand Step Settings for.NET Code Modules
If the.NET code module is being called directly from a TestStand step, you should ensure that any.NET objects created by the step are being released properly. When a step using the.NET adapter creates a new instance of an object, the object reference return parameter includes a Dispose checkbox. In cases where the TestStand sequence is the owner of the object, this checkbox should be enabled to ensure that the object is disposed properly once all references to it have been released. For more information on this step setting, please refer to the TestStand Help.
Additionally, if your test sequence is maintaining a reference to a.NET object, TestStand will be unable to release the.NET object from memory until all references have been released. For a long-running test sequence where multiple.NET objects are created, this could result in memory growth. You can release a reference variable which is referring to a.NET object by setting the variable to Nothing. Once all references to the object have been released, the.NET garbage collector will be able to release the object from memory.
Tools for Investigating.NET Memory Growth
There are several tools available for investigating memory growth in.NET code.
 - Microsoft Visual Studio -- The Visual Studio development environment provides tools to gather information on memory usage in a.NET application. These tools allow you to profile memory usage as your.NET code executes, which can help you determine where memory growth may be happening in your code. For more information on these tools, see this blog post on MSDN.
 -.NET Memory Profiler -- The.NET Memory Profiler is a third-party tool that allows you to take a snapshot of all.NET objects in the memory of a process, which can help you determine whether.NET objects are remaining in memory for a long period of time. You can find more information on the.NET Memory Profiler at
Once you have narrowed down a memory growth issue to a small set of code, the most effective way to investigate the issue is to examine the TestStand sequence and code modules directly. The suggestions in this document should serve as a starting point in debugging and describe several potential causes for memory growth in test systems. By carefully inspecting the code for these issues and using the tools provided to you within the code module development environment, you can identify and resolve these issues to reduce or eliminate memory growth in your test system.


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Is the Ciliospinal reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? In the absence of anesthesia, this response has been called the ciliospinal reflex and is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system in both humans [1,2]and cats.
What type of reflex is the ciliospinal reflex? The ciliospinal reflex is pupillary dilation in response to noxious stimuli, such as pinching, to the face, neck, or upper trunk.. Pathway: The trigeminal nerve or cervical pain fibers, which are part of the lateral spinothalamic tract, carry the afferent inputs of the ciliospinal reflex.
Is pupillary reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? The physiology behind a "normal" pupillary constriction is a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic innervation leads to pupillary constriction. A circular muscle called the sphincter pupillae accomplishes this task.
How does ciliospinal reflex happen? The ciliospinal reflex (pupillary-skin reflex) consists of dilation of the ipsilateral pupil in response to pain applied to the neck, face, and upper trunk. If the right side of the neck is subjected to a painful stimulus, the right pupil dilates (increases in size 1-2mm from baseline).
Is the Ciliospinal reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? – Related Questions
What type of reflex is the knee-jerk?
Doctors will test reflexes by tapping the tendon just below the knee, and this causes the leg to kick out. This knee-jerk reflex is an example of a simple monosynaptic reflex.
When the light reflex is taken as a positive?
When light is shone into only one eye and not the other, it is normal for both pupils to constrict simultaneously. The terms direct and consensual refers to the side where the light source comes from, relative to the side of the reacting pupil.
Is the Babinski reflex somatic?
Somatic reflex categories include motor reflex actions, movements, patterns, and schemes. Examples: Foot grasp reflex and Babinski reflex. Motor Reflex Patterns. Involve a combination of muscle groups and are considered inter-limb reflex patterns.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities; the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations. The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body's homeostasis.
What does an absence of a reflex indicate?
When reflex responses are absent this could be a clue that the spinal cord, nerve root, peripheral nerve, or muscle has been damaged. When reflex response is abnormal, it may be due to the disruption of the sensory (feeling) or motor (movement) nerves or both.
Is increased salivation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Overall, increased parasympathetic stimulation results in an increased flow of saliva that is more watery in composition. Fig 2 – Path of parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland.
Is Breathing sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Breathing deeply, with a slow and steady inhalation to exhalation ratio, signals our parasympathetic nervous system to calm the body down. Long, deep breaths can also manage our stress responses to help decrease anxiety, fear, racing thoughts, a rapid heartbeat and shallow chest breathing.
Is the heart sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines – epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.
What is loss of Ciliospinal reflex?
Patients may have a loss of the ciliospinal reflex (ie, afferent C2, C3), in which the pupil fails to dilate when the skin on back of the neck is pinched. If a patient has a lesion in the area of the common carotid artery, loss of sweating involves the entire side of the face.
Is knee jerk a spinal reflex?
The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (in American English knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord.
What causes doll's eye reflex?
The doll's eyes reflex, or oculocephalic reflex, is produced by moving the patient's head left to right or up and down. When the reflex is present, the eyes of the patient remain stationary while the head is moved, thus moving in relation to the head.
What are the 4 types of reflexes?
In our discussion we will examine four major reflexes that are integrated within the spinal cord: the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex.
What nerve causes knee jerk?
Although the knee jerk reflex is mediated by the L3 and L4 nerve roots, evidence exists that altered knee jerk expression may occur with exclusively L5 radiculopathy.
Why do both pupils constrict in response to light in one eye?
Illumination of one eye causes reflexive constriction of both pupils: via the direct and indirect pupillary light reflexes. Fibres from these nuclei travel with the oculomotor (III) nerves to innervate the ciliary ganglia, which supply the sphincter pupillae muscles (causing both pupils to constrict).
What could an abnormal pupillary reflex indicate?
Pupillary light reflex is used to assess the brain stem function. Abnormal pupillary light reflex can be found in optic nerve injury, oculomotor nerve damage, brain stem lesions, such as tumors, and medications like barbiturates.
What does Perrla stand for?
PERRLA is an acronym used to document a common pupillary response test. This test is used to check the appearance and function of your pupils. The information can help your doctor diagnose several conditions, from glaucoma to neurological diseases.
Are somatic reflexes fast or slow?
It can be slow or fast. It uses higher and lower motor neurons, is variable and not stereotyped. A somatic reflex employs a reflex arc in which signals travel along the following pathways: 1.
Is breathing a somatic reflex?
One-third of all responses coincided with the period of stimulation, i.e., breathing started and ended at or close to the onset and cessation of stimulation. These responses, which we have called "the somatic-respiratory reflex," are described in this section.
What is an example of a parasympathetic response?
Examples of parasympathetic responses
Salivation: As part of its rest-and-digest function, the PSNS stimulates production of saliva, which contains enzymes to help your food digest. Lacrimation: Lacrimation is a fancy word for making tears. Tears keep your eyes lubricated, preserving their delicate tissues.
Is sympathetic or parasympathetic faster?
The sympathetic system prepares the body for any potential danger. The parasympathetic system aims to bring the body to a state of calm. Sympathetic system has shorter neuron pathways, hence a faster response time. Has comparatively longer neuron pathways, hence a slower response time.
What is an abnormal reflex?
Definition. An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes. [ from MeSH]


Small Seal
Naming of University Schools and Other Academic Entities
Recommended By: Cabinet
Ruben Armiñana, President
Date of Issue: March 15, 2001
Effective Date: March 15, 2001
Contact Office: Academic Affairs
Policy #2001-1
 1. Authority
 The Board of Trustees of The California State University (CSU) has the authority to approve the naming of colleges, schools, and other academic entities at CSU campuses. The Board of Trustees policy on this subject was approved as of July 8, 1999.
 This policy is intended to encourage private support through opportunities to name colleges, schools, programs, centers, institutes, and other academic entities. Opportunities to name these entities are for fund-raising purposes only.
 Each proposal for naming a CSU college, school, program, center, institute, or other academic entity shall be considered on its own merits. No commitment for naming shall be made prior to Board of Trustee approval of the proposed name.
 2. Criteria for Selection of a Name
 A name of a CSU college, school, program, center, institute or other academic entity presented for Board of Trustees' approval must meet the following criteria:
 1. It shall honor an individual or an organization.
 1. It is desirable for the CSU to name colleges, schools, programs, centers, institutes or other academic entities in honor of significant contributors of funds to the university.
 2. The Board of Trustees will take into consideration the significance and amount of the proposed current gift and future potential giving with regard to the academic prestige and recognition of the proposed college, school, program, center, institute, or other academic entity.
 2. In special circumstances, the Board of Trustees may waive any or all of the above criteria.
 3. Procedures
 1. Proposals for naming a college, school, program, center, institute or other academic entity may be initiated by any university office or recognized university organization. The proposal shall be formulated in accordance with the criteria set forth in this policy and shall include a detailed justification for the proposed name.
 2. The initiating unit shall submit the naming proposal to the Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs and the Deans' Council. The Deans' Council shall consider the proposal and decide whether the proposal merits further consideration. The Deans' Council shall either accept the proposal for consideration or return it to the initiating unit with a written explanation for the rejection.
 3. If the Deans' Council accepts the proposal for consideration, the Provost will submit the proposal to the President. The President shall appoint a committee to evaluate the proposal.
 4. The evaluating committee shall consist of one to three members of the Deans' Council, one of whom shall serve as chair, and three to five members selected at large from the faculty, administration, staff, and students. The committee should include at least two university employees who are directly associated with the college, school, program, center or institute for which a name is being proposed.
 5. The evaluating committee, in its deliberations, shall consider the function of the college, school, program, center or institute, its history and traditions, the relationship of the entity to the campus as a whole, the relationship to the university of any individual being honored, the financial implications, and any other ramifications.
 6. At the conclusion of its study, the evaluating committee shall recommend to the Deans' Council whether or not the proposed name should be adopted and set forth the complete rationale for its recommendation.
 7. The Deans' Council as a whole shall review the committee's report and recommendation, reach its own decision, and forward its recommendation and rationale to the President.
 8. The President shall review the report of the Deans' Council, and consult in a timely manner with the Executive Committee of the Academic Senate and other university constituencies, as appropriate.
 9. If the President approves the naming proposal, he/she shall forward it to the Vice Chancellor for University Relations for presentation to the CSU Board of Trustees. Each naming proposal must:
 1. Be submitted at least six weeks prior to the Board of Trustees' meeting at which it is to be presented;
 2. Demonstrate compliance with Board of Trustees' policy;
 3. Succinctly state the reasons for the proposed name;
 4. Name the constituent group(s) or individual(s) initiating the proposal; name the constituent group(s) or individual(s) recommending the proposal to the President; and confirm that the President has consulted, in a timely manner, with the Executive Committee of the campus Academic Senate;
 5. Include complete biographical information about the individual or organization;
 6. Ensure that all participants involved in the process remember that strict confidentiality is required; and
 7. Identify the special circumstances, if any, when requesting a waiver of the policy.
 10. If the President does not approve the naming proposal, he/she shall return it to the Deans' Council and that body shall then communicate the decision to the initiating unit.
 11. If the Board of Trustees approves the proposed name, the President shall take all necessary steps to implement that decision.
 12. Confidentiality is to be maintained throughout the process until a decision is announced by the Board of Trustees.
Updated March 14, 2001 by


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The Enertia® Building System uses a different technology for energy efficiency than most homes being built today. Heating energy is stored in the structure of the home, rather than in the volume of air trapped within the home. We can do this because our structure is massive, and of a material that stores energy within the comfort range of 60 to 80 degrees F. Storing energy in air has its limits. When air is used to store energy, the only way it can store more is to get hotter, and breathing hotter air leads to drowsiness. When the structure stores the energy the walls, floors, and ceilings are warm, while the contained air can remain cooler and invigorating. It's not a crisis when people and pets go in and out. In fact that's an air change that is healthy - and the cool incoming air is reheated by the warm structure.
The homeowner gets a house that is dynamic and exciting. It is innovative and on the cutting edge of a new natural architecture.
Solid wood buildings, common in Europe and Scandinavia, are not seen much in America, except for log homes. The European timberhomes are most known for their benefits in the heating season. One of our innovations is in adapting the timbers' inertial properties and design for summer cooling needs, as well.


Investment Companies - Share Class
Classes of Shares
Most open-end investment companies offer several classes of fund shares. The most common examples are A, B and C shares, although some fund families offer R and F shares for special categories of investment such as college savings plans or employee retirement shares.
Share classes differ primarily in the way in which their sales charges and distribution charges - that is, loads and 12b-1 fees - are assessed. Although the specifics of the different classes sold by each fund family vary widely depending on the fund, most funds offer the share classes listed below.
 - Class A Shares: Class A shares usually have front-end loads. Those investors purchasing larger numbers of shares can usually take advantage of reduced sales charges at defined intervals, known as breakpoints. These shares also have smaller 12b-1 fees.
 - Class B Shares: Class B shares come with back-end loads (CDSCs), so investors do not pay front-end loads. They only pay a sales charge if the shares are redeemed within the CDSC schedule; otherwise, the sales charges are limited to the 12b-1 fees, which are usually higher than those of other share classes. Once the CDSCs are reduced to zero, these funds convert from B shares to A shares.
 - Class C Shares: Class C shares usually charge a level load that is equal to a stated percentage of the fund's assets. This sales charge will be assessed by the fund for either a stated period of time such as 3-5 years or for the entire holding period
The article, The ABCs of Mutual Fund Classes, contains useful information about the pros and cons of each type of mutual fund share.
 - Other Share Classes: For other special types of investors, such as employees of broker-dealers, 529 college savings plan investors, institutional investors or investors with fee-based accounts, mutual fund companies offer a number of different share classes that take into account the initial purchase size and type of investor. As a result, the initial sales charges and 12b-1 fees will differ for each share class.
Deciding What is Best
So, which share class is best for your client? This is one of the most important questions you will have to answer in your career as a Series 6 representative. As a rep, you must find out three things about the client:
 1. How much money does he/she plan to invest over the next 13 months?
 2. How long does the investor plan to own the mutual fund shares?
 3. Does he/she own any other mutual funds?
The importance of these questions will become more apparent as you read through the following sections.
Reduced Sales Charges/Quantity Discounts
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Sophia the First Robot Citizen is Coming to Malta
Among the usual suspects of speakers and advocates at the Malta Blockchain Summit, there is a curious addition to the speaker list: Sophia the Robot. Sophia is a social humanoid robot, that was the first artificially intelligent robot to be awarded full citizenship in Saudi Arabia.
Speakers at the Malta Blockchain Summit
Her artificial intelligence allows her to respond to simple questions, and can recognize and mimic human facial expressions. She is also capable of maintaining eye contact during a conversation, and recognizing people. Sophia is by no means sentient, or "Alive" as her creators claim, but she is certainly an impressive engineering feat.
Human rights for Robots
sophia-robotHer existence and continued development does raise the important question of the potential of Artificial intelligence. To be clear, some experts are very skeptical of how intelligent Sophia really is.
But then we have other advancements such as Google Duplex, that could call businesses to make reservations for you. Artificial intelligence is already, arguably, capable of fooling humans into thinking they are interacting with a living, thinking being.
Humanoid robots currently fall into the uncanny valley. They may look and sound like humans, but something about them always seems off. You can still tell you're speaking with a robot. However, in the future with further advancements in artificial intelligence, and robotics who's to say they won't become more and more convincing? At what point can we start arguing whether something alive, or truly intelligent?
These are questions that we will be facing in the very near future. Will Malta be as embracing of robots and artificial intelligence, as it was with blockchain?
Are you excited to see Sophia in Malta? Let us know in the comment section below.


text: Studies of neuron-behaviour correlation and causal manipulation have long been used separately to understand the neural basis of perception. Yet these approaches sometimes lead to drastically conflicting conclusions about the functional role of brain areas. Theories that focus only on choice-related neuronal activity cannot reconcile those findings without additional experiments involving large-scale recordings to measure interneuronal correlations. By expanding current theories of neural coding and incorporating results from inactivation experiments, we demonstrate here that it is possible to infer decoding weights of different brain areas without precise knowledge of the correlation structure. We apply this technique to neural data collected from two different cortical areas in macaque monkeys trained to perform a heading discrimination task. We identify two opposing decoding schemes, each consistent with data depending on the nature of correlated noise. Our theory makes specific testable predictions to distinguish these scenarios experimentally without requiring measurement of the underlying noise correlations.


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Polymorphism only applies to overridden methods. Each objects overridden toString() executes, but the instance variable that is referenced is always the one defined in the Fruit class. Polymorphism has absolutely nothing to do with instance variables, therefore the reference variable type decides which instance variable value is printed.
polymorphism is built off the relationship between classes, or inheritance. when you are using a class attribute, name in this case the subclass has to pass its name attribute to the super class, otherwise the class attribute will always be that of the class.
"If the facts don't fit the theory, get new facts" --Albert Einstein
1) Variables are never overridden.
2) Variables are binded during compile time
Based on above, 'o' is casted to Fruit and no matter whether 'o' refers to Fruit or Apple or even another subclass of Fruit object at Runtime. Decision to access which variable was taken at compile time and at that time we ONLY know that that variable is of type Fruit because of the cast.
That's why this always prints 'Fruit'
System.out.println(( (Fruit) o).name);
Where there are more wonders there is less knowledge


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The Old Home of Huangzhunxian
The old home of Patriotic poet-Huangzhunxian in the end of the Qing Dynasty was named "a house in the world", according to the meaning of the verse of Taoyuanming "My house is built in the city, but I can't hear the noise of the city". The old home is on the bank of Zhou stream, which is 3 kilometers eastern of Meizhou city. It was built in the spring of 1884. There are three Chinese characters "a hut in the world" which was inscribed by Japanese calligrapher Dayuchenglaiwen on the head still.
There are flower beds, a rockery, a fish pond, five-step pavilion, seven-step pavilion, pavilion for rest, a zigzag corridor, a pavilion without walls, a rainbow-shaped corridor and a pavilion for collecting books. Winding paths, balustrades, flowers and trees setting off one another, the scenes in the yard have an elegant taste. Huangzhunxian lived here in his later years and produced a large quantity of verses. Besides, he in person edited poetry-a house in the world.


Smiling workers
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| May 14, 2020 | Workers' Compensation
Trash production is on the rise. A recent analysis by Public Works Departments through the state of Wisconsin found a 20% increase in April's trash production in Kenosha compared to the same time last year. Kenosha is not an outlier. Wauwatosa reports a 24.4% increase and Sheboygan reports a 19.5% increase.
Why is there so much more trash?
The increase in waste production demand for the Public Works Department is likely linked to the current coronavirus pandemic. More and more people are staying home. Instead of generating waste at the workplace, which often use private companies for waste disposal needs, people are generating trash at home.
Another reason for the increase: to help fill the extra time they have at home, people are taking on projects and cleaning out their homes. Both generate trash.
What does this mean for public works employees?
Although some cities throughout the state have shifted to automated garbage trucks, others have not. This means employees are lifting and tossing more and more bags of trash. This can lead to fatigue and serious injury such as herniated disks and torn rotator cuffs.
The same injury risk increase exists for municipalities that use private garbage/recycling companies. If an employee is injured while performing the duties of their job, workers' compensation benefits should be available.
What if a worker is injured?
Workers' compensation may be available for those injured while on-the-job.
Injured workers may need to navigate conversations with employers, insurance companies and doctors to get their claim approved. An attorney experienced in this area of the law can navigate these conversations and the application process on your behalf, better ensuring you get the compensation you are entitled.
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The 1.3-m telescope dome of MDM Observatory on Kitt Peak in Arizona
The 1.3-m (54-inch) cassegrain telescope of MDM Observatory located on Kitt Peak in Arizona. An
offset guider and CCD system are attached.
At the 2.4-meter telescope of the MDM Observatory with the CCD system that the author helped to
design and build at The University of Michigan
A CCD exposure of the field containing the second brightest galaxy in the cluster Abell 1656,
also known as the Coma cluster, and displayed in false color.


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Do you ever wonder what's beneath the surface of that pond or stream? Then this camp focused around life in and around the water is for you! During this camp based at Yates Mill Pond we'll learn aquatic science in the field through hands-on activities, experiments, and observations! Pond-dipping for tadpoles, catching turtles, and canoeing the historic Mill pond are just some of the fun things we have planned.
Yates Mill Pond County Park is located south of Raleigh near Penny Road and Lake Wheeler Road. All children must be dropped off and picked up at Yates Mill Pond County Park. Transportation is not available from the Museum to Yates Mill Pond.
Registration information: Registration required. Please visit the Summer Camp Frequently Asked Questions page for more information.
If you have questions, please contact Megan Chesser at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_


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I often see a recipe that require something to be boiled in "lightly salted water" e.g. Semmelknödel, but I'm always in doubt on how much salt that actually is.
Can anyone tell the "correct" ratio of salt and water for lightly salted water?
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There is no such correct ratio. Just go with whatever feels lightly salted to your personal taste. The point is simply to differentiate from recipes in which people go for lots of salt, such as some noodle cooking techniques which require the water to be "as salty as seawater" or similar.
In the end, every cook has their own subjective scale of what is their "typical" amount of salt, and it is impossible to meet the recipe author's without further information. And even if you happen to meet it, if your personal preferred level is ckose, you won't notice much difference. On the other hand, if your preference is very different, the food won't taste right to you if you use the same absolute ratio of salt to water. So, the only practical thing is to use your own taste as a reference.
The effects of using a bit more or less salt in the cooking water should be hardly noticeable, so it should be rather hard to make a mistake here unless you are using extrem amounts.
The goal of using salted water is to avoid too much salt dissipates from the food into the water. So if you want to take things over the top you could calculate the percentage of salt in your Knödel and adjust the water to it so food and water are sharing the same osmotic pressure to maintain the Knödels salt content exactly and unchanged.


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Practical practiceThere are many products available in the aftermarket to supplant extra forces on the performance of a car's original airflow, partly known now as ground effects. One way is by using a spoiler. Essentially, it is an aerodynamic device normally on the rear of the vehicle (a front spoiler is called an airdam) that changes the direction of airflow in order to reduce lift or aerodynamic drag. A spoiler can reduce drag and lift or create a downward force on the car. It is called a spoiler because it "spoils" the normal airflow over the car. However, it should be noted that most of these attempts to reduce drag, such as adding spoilers, underbody panels, and airdams, are not entirely practical to road-going cars. The results, if any, are very minor, if they don't result in actually impairing the vehicle's daily capabilities, including reduced ground clearance and so on. Simply put, most aerodynamic aftermarket equipment serves more to improve the car's appearance than its performance-not that there's anything wrong with that.
On the track, however, there is nothing more hotly debated than the effects of aerodynamics on a racecar, as the same principles that apply to aircraft are applied here but with a twist. The shape of a racecar chassis is similar to an inverted wing or airfoil that creates downforce rather than lift. This keeps the car on the ground at high speeds and increases traction around curves because the air under the car is moving faster than the air above it. Slower moving air creates greater pressure, forcing the car down against the track. The reverse-wing shape of the underbody creates another area of low pressure that sucks the car to the pavement.
Downforce must be carefully balanced against drag, which slows the car. Designs are refined through research using wind tunnels equipped with moving tracks to simulate racing conditions, and an efficient compromise in the downforce/drag relationship is the goal to obtain the best handling at the highest possible speeds. This concept is mostly lost on production cars.
Throughout the '50s, a typical prototype sports racing car was small and lightweight, had a front engine, and had a body with a nicely designed aerodynamic shell. Due to relatively inefficient engines, racecar designers were relegated to building a car as aerodynamic as possible by making the body round and streamlined so that it cut through the wind to make up for any horsepower deficits. Sometimes they did this too well. Racecars of the era were prone to too much positive lift, causing them to unpredictably launch into the air even if slightly provoked at high speeds.
In 1956, michael may, an engineer, had an idea to construct an airfoil, but flip it over so that it produced a negative force toward the ground, and mount it onto his porsche type 550 to use the downforce to improve the traction, grip, and handling on his car. May's innovation was too successful; race organizers kept him from the track because the wing "restricted the view of the drivers behind him." Nothing more was said of the innovation or anything like it for the rest of the decade.
Ten years later, jim hall mounted a wing onto his 2e can-am chaparral and proved the value of the concept by running competitively in the can-am championship that year, and he introduced it to the europeans the following year. By 1968, wings started to show up on formula one cars, and a new era of aerodynamic development began, specifically in the area of downforce.
In the early '60s, ferrari's engineers discovered that by adding an airfoil to the rear end of the ferrari 246sp endurance racer for the 1962 season they were able to direct the majority of the airflow away from the rear of the car, thereby reducing drag and lift. This technology trickled down the following year to the 250 gto road car, which incorporated a small duck-tail rear wing.
In 1969, porsche introduced the 917 to international sports car racing, a car with a reliable but low-horsepower engine paired with sleek, low-drag bodywork. The combination worked well, but it couldn't get the championships the factory was after. Porsche switched to a higher-horsepower engine, but the car was then plagued with aerodynamic instability problems (drivers soon named it "the ulcer"). Through wind tunnel testing, the front and rear bodywork was restyled and the car soon dominated the sports car world championship in 1970 and 1971.
However, the wing did not get popular until porsche launched its 911 rs 2.7 in 1972, whose big duck tail reduced lift by 75 percent at high speed. Now a trademark of the 911, the "whale tail" appeared the following year on the rs 3.0, and it completely eliminated lift at the rear tires.
Almost 750 years ago, scientist roger bacon was onto something when he uttered the words with which we began this compendium: "when you get it right, mighty beasts float up into the sky. When you get it wrong, people die."


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2000 MN (megaNewtons). This is much larger than the Daedalus first stage's 8 MN. And the rocket power is 20,000 TW (the Daedalus first stage delivered 30 TW). Note that this power number is comparable to the launch figures.
Again, these numbers can be taken only as a guide. But you can see that the power generated needs to be maybe three orders of magnitude better than Daedalus, and exceeds our modern global usage by four orders of magnitude.
Meanwhile this system would consume a heck of a lot of fusion fuel. Where would you acquire that fuel, and where would you store it?
The storage is the easy part, relatively. Daedalus's 50 kt of fuel was stored in six spherical cryogenic tanks with total volume 76,000 m3. At similar densities to store the Ship's fuel load would require 860 million m3. That sounds a lot, but the volume of a biome ring is about 38 billion m3, so the fuel volume is only 2% of this, making it plausible that it could be stored, as Robinson says, in cladding tanks on the biome rings and spine, without requiring large separate structures. The Ship is big but hollow. It's not immediately clear however how effective a layer of fuel would be as a cosmic radiation shield.
And note that the need for cryogenic store over centuries before use would be a challenge – as would the need to store any short-half-life propulsion components such as tritium, which has a half-life of 12.3 years, and would decay away long before the 170-year mission was over.
Getting hold of the fusion fuel, meanwhile, is the tricky part. It's hard to overstate the scarcity of He3 in the Solar System, and presumably at Tau Ceti. Even Daedalus's 20,000t would deplete the entire inventory of the isotope on Earth (37,000t), and the Ship's 22.5mt would dwarf the Moon's store (1 million t); only the gas giants could reasonably meet this demand (the Daedalus estimate was that the Jovian atmosphere contains about 1016 t). The Daedalus design posited acquisition from Jupiter, but estimated that to acquire Daedalus's fuel load in 20 years would require that the Jovian atmosphere be processed at a rate of 28 tonnes per second. So again the challenge for the Ship's engineers will be three orders of magnitude more difficult.
And regarding the return journey, although the Ship is stripped down, a fuel load of similar order of magnitude must be acquired from the Tau Ceti system, and without the assistance of a Solar-System-wide infrastructure. Of this huge project, Robinson says only that 'volatiles came from the gas giants' (Chapter 4).
Deceleration at Solar System
At the end of the novel, the Ship returns to Earth, decelerating mostly using what is called the 'Oberth Manoeuvre', invented by Hermann Oberth in 1928. This is a two-burn orbital manoeuvre that would, on the first burn, drop an orbiting spacecraft down into a central body's gravity well, followed by a second burn deep in the well, to accelerate the spacecraft to escape the gravity well. A ship can gain energy by firing its engines to accelerate at the periapsis of its elliptical path.
Robinson wants to use this to decelerate from 3% of light speed down to Earth orbital velocity. 3% of lightspeed is 9,000 km/s. For reference, Earth's orbital velocity is 30 km/s. Several deceleration mechanisms are referred to in the book. An unpowered gravity assist, passing by the sun and reversing direction, can steal energy from the sun's rotational motion around the centre of the galaxy. That's worth about 440 km/s. Other unpowered gravity assists can be used once the ship is in a closed orbit in the sun's gravitational well. Flybys for aerobraking in the atmospheres of the gas giants are referred to as well. Altogether, these can get you <100 km/s.
But the key problem with using the Oberth Manoeuvre for deceleration of this returning starship is that this craft is on an unbound orbit. That means that, on entering the Solar System its trajectory can be bent by the sun's gravity, but will then exit the System because it has not lost enough velocity to be bound to the Solar System. To be bound would require velocity decreased down to perhaps 100 km/sec, which is 1% of the incoming velocity. Therefore 99% of the deceleration has to take place in the first pass. And you can't get that much from an Oberth Manoeuvre.
As the Ship's systems collapse, the returning crew gets from Earth plans to build a cryonic cold sleep method, which allows the viewpoint characters to survive until they reach the Earth.
This technology logically undermines most of the problems the early parts of the novel confront, and therefore undermines most of Robinson's point about the difficulty of interstellar travel: If only the colonists had waited a few centuries for cryo technology, it would all have been so much easier! But this contradicts Robinson's thesis.
Having arrived at Tau Ceti, the colonists' target planet, called Aurora, is judged lifeless but habitable from a remote sensing of an oxygen atmosphere – presumed created by non-biological process billions of years ago – but in the event the environment proves lethal for humans because of the presence of a deadly 'prion'.
In a sense this is the point of the novel, that even if we reach the stars we will find only dead or hostile worlds: 'I mean, they [alien worlds] are all going to be dead or alive, right? If they've got water and orbit in the habitable zone, they'll be alive. Alive and poisonous... What's funny is anyone thinking it [interstellar colonisation] would work in the first place' (chapter 3). And as Greg noted in his essay this reflects recent misgivings expressed by Paul Davies and others about the habitability by Earth life of exoplanets.
Is this reasonable? And is Robinson correct that this could be the solution to Fermi's famous paradox?
Robinson seems to be saying 'alive' worlds will be toxic to all possible biological explorers (there is a little wiggle room here since non-biological automated probes might still survive such worlds). This is a bold statement, but plausible since we lack any relevant data. However Robinson also says 'dead' worlds, essentially rocky Earth-size planets in the Goldilocks zone, could be terraformed but that project would take thousands of years. But why should that matter in a galaxy that is billions of years old? There should be plenty of time to terraform such planets, either by biological explorers or perhaps some type of self-replicating von Neumann probes or seed ships. There appears to be no solution in Aurora to Fermi's question.
Oxygen and Biosignatures
(See Sinclair et al (2012) for a relevant reference.)
It seems implausible that oxygen in Aurora's atmosphere might not be a biosignature: that is, that it could credibly be created by non-biological processes. Without some continual input into the atmosphere, you would expect any oxygen to rust out, as on Mars. Robinson says the oxygen on Aurora is due to the ultraviolet breakdown of water. We haven't run the numbers, but that would be a hell of a lot of UV (which itself could make the planet uninhabitable). That might actually work better as a mechanism for oxygen production on Mars, at least long ago when Mars had liquid water. Indeed, UV is how Mars lost its water and atmosphere, and the same would happen on a dead Earthlike world. So Aurora can't have oxygen; it gets blown off after the hydrogen from water.
Robinson also cites a failure to detect CH4 and H2S, possible markers of life, in Aurora's air as ruling out a biological origin for the oxygen. However the interpretation of the presence of methane (CH4) in the Martian atmosphere has been a bone of contention for well over 15 years. Is it a biomarker or an index of geological activity? And as far as hydrogen sulphide goes, it sure as hell is not a biomarker on Io!
The most significant biological problem in Robinson's scenario is the organism that was so toxic to humans on Aurora. This is said to be 'something like a prion', and is apparently an isolated organism: as far as the explorers could tell there simply was no wider biosphere on Aurora.
For a biologist, that sounds really weird. This is a satellite a couple of billion years older than Earth and the only evolved organism is a prion? In addition we are not sure what 'something like' really means, but if it was indeed like a prion one must ask: where on Aurora are the proteins capable of being misfolded by a prion action? That's what prions do; they cannot exist in isolation. And then why was it that human proteins, from a different biosphere altogether, were such a good match to the prion's mechanisms?
Of course you can say it was 'something like' a prion but not really a prion. But then, what makes it 'like' a prion if not protein-folding?
It would take a lot more detail to make this strange single-organism biosphere a plausible ecosystem. Maybe if Robinson ever revisits Aurora and the stayers we could find out! Joe Miller thinks that an And


State-Facilitated Retirement Plans Can Save Taxpayers $33 Billion and Reduce Dependence on Government Programs
U.S. taxpayers could save almost $33 billion over the next 15 years if every state established a state-facilitated retirement savings plan for small-business employees, according to a new report from the University of Maine. While most of the savings would come from reduced costs paid by the federal government, state taxpayers would save almost $7.8 billion. The savings reflect the lower cost for basic government benefits new retirees would otherwise need if they continue to be unable to save for retirement.
Today, about half of all fulland part-time workers, about 55 million in total, don't have access to a payroll deduction retirement savings plan. When employees don't have access to payroll deduction, very few of them save for retirement on a regular basis. And without significant retirement savings, millions of those retiring between 2018 and 2032 will be forced to rely on basic taxpayer-financed government programs to supplement their Social Security benefits. Recognizing this, almost 30 states are considering a state-facilitated retirement savings program that would enable small-business employees to build their own economic security.
When considering the data, it's easy to understand why states want to use this effective policy tool. Using public databases and widely accepted economic modeling tools, the University of Maine estimated the number of people who reach age 65 each year between 2018 and 2032, as well as their Social Security benefits and any additional income. The study then determined how many new retirees will have incomes so low that they will qualify for means-tested benefits (i.e., benefits available only to those below a certain income level) and the amount of benefits they would receive. The study considered both the total cost of those benefits as well as the share of that cost paid for by each of the 50 states.
Next, the study brings state-facilitated retirement savings plans into the equation. To do so, the study increases the retirement income of lower-earning workers by just $1,000 a year and estimates how many fewer retirees would need the taxpayer-paid services. Some of these people would permanently avoid needing these programs, and some would be able to delay starting those payments. In both cases, taxpayers would see reduced costs. In addition to the national study, which also includes Maine state numbers, the researchers developed individual state data showing how much taxpayers in each state could save.
As the study shows, state-facilitated retirement savings plans would reduce the costs for taxpayers — to the tune of $33 billion — and reduce dependence on government programs by allowing workers to rely on their own resources to build retirement security. Today, only 1 out of 7 small businesses offer their employees a payroll deduction retirement savings plan. State-facilitated retirement savings plans for small-business employees would be simple, low-cost and easy to understand for both employers and their workers. Enabling Americans to depend more on their own resources is a valid goal in itself. The fact that such a plan would also save taxpayers money is an added benefit.
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Power for NXP/Freescale processors
TI's extensive power portfolio supports the requirements of the i.MX and QorIQ families of NXP/Freescale processors. The i.MX Applications Processors and i.MX Crossover Processors are heterogeneous multicore and single-core processors for automotive, consumer/industrial multimedia and display applications. The QorIQ® Layerscape Processors are Multicore SoCs for enterprise, service provider, cloud and industrial markets.
Pick a device for each Point-of-Load (POL) power requirement:
|Power Requirements||Sequence #*||Loads**||Solution Options by Regulator Type|
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LIMEN for violin, cello and piano
Complete music sheet, Violin music sheet and Cello Music sheet
1. Prologo. Scherzando (Allegro)
2. Intermezzo. Quasi un inno (Andante moderato)
3. Finale (Mosso)
The Limen trio is composed of three movements. The first is lighthearted and bright, with a "Bulgarian" rhythm (compound) running almost constantly throughout. It features even in the more lyrical and cantabile middle section of the piece. The second, movement, "Intermezzo", formally a kind of passacaglia (variations on a bass ostinato) starts with a sweet melody, which for its popular simplicity is reminiscent of a lullaby or hymn. This melody, entrusted to the piano in the upper register of the keyboard, is then taken up by other instruments, repeated and elaborated on several times, until the end where it ends peacefully. The song alludes to a flower that opens or a life that is born. The third movement is light-hearted and bright once more, but with a larger and slower middle section, which features an expressive melody played mainly on the violin. In the "Limen" trio can see resemblance and influences of the great composers of the past, from different places and contexts: These diverse stylistic features find common ground in the expansive, melodic singing. Metaphorically, this piece represents the ability of music to act as a universal language, capable of dialogue in all cultures.


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Décor & Art: Overview
The White House, constructed between 1792 and 1800, is the official residence of the President of the United States and a living museum of American history. The White House's collection of fine and decorative arts includes historic objects associated with the White House and the Presidency and significant or representative works by a variety of American and European artists and craftsmen that are consistent with the historic character of the house. Since 1800 when the first work of art, the full-length portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, was acquired for the President's House, objects including paintings, sculpture, furniture, and china have been purchased by, or donated to, the White House for the enjoyment of the First Families and their guests in this ever-changing historic structure. The public also is welcomed into the public rooms to learn about the White House - its history, occupants, and collection.
How Portraits of US Presidents and First Ladies Are Chosen
The process of selecting a portrait or an artist to paint a portrait for the White House has evolved over the years. During the nineteenth century, presidential portraits were accepted for the Executive Mansion by the congressional committees on the library. It was a rather informal process. No attempt was made to secure a likeness while the president was in office or, for that matter, immediately after his departure. No attempt was made to acquire life portraits or paintings of high quality. The only requirement appeared to be that the portrait looked like the president. By the latter part of the nineteenth century, outgoing presidents were informed by the commissioner of public buildings and grounds of appropriated funds available for their portraits by artists of their choosing. If a president died before an official portrait was painted, often the family chose a likeness for the White House collection. With the exception of the large painting of Martha Dandridge Washington by Eliphalet Andrews (1878), which was executed originally on speculation, no public funds were provided for portraits of first ladies. Likenesses of the first ladies were, for the most part, not actively pursued during the nineteenth century. When made available, they were accepted as gifts; the first of these was of Julia Gardiner Tyler, which she herself brought to the White House in the time of President Andrew Johnson.
Since 1967, the White House Historical Association has taken an active role in acquiring and donating portraits of recent presidents and first ladies. The artists are selected and the completed portraits approved by the subjects before formal acquisition into the collection. With the formation of White House advisory committees—the Fine Arts Committee in 1961 and later the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, permanently established by Executive Order in 1964—it has been a goal to acquire contemporary or historic portraits of presidents and first ladies painted from life, either to represent those not in the collection or to replace earlier likenesses judged less than successful.


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On this page:
Triggered Source Water Monitoring
Also called triggered source sampling, triggered source water monitoring tests the untreated source water (from a well or spring) for coliform bacteria when "triggered." The trigger is a positive (present) result from a routine coliform sample in the distribution system. Groundwater systems that disinfect are subject to the triggered monitoring requirement under the Groundwater Rule unless
they are implementing the GWR compliance monitoring option
. The triggered samples must be incorporated into the water system's coliform sampling plan.
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Triggered Source Water Monitoring
- Updates to the Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Systems (PDF; Summer 2009 Pipeline newsletter, page 7)
- Coliform Sampling Plan Template for Small Public Water Systems Serving Up to 1,000 Persons: fillable MS Word -orPDF
Note: There is no template for systems with populations over 1,000 people. For those sized systems, add into the coliform sampling plan that the triggered samples at the well(s) or spring(s) are also required, in addition to the repeat distribution samples.
- Representative Triggered Source Water Monitoring Plans: Systems with large distributions or multiple pressure zones may request to take triggered source samples only at those sources contributing to the location where the routine coliform distribution sample was positive. Prior approval of a representative triggered source water monitoring plan is required. Below are some helpful resources for developing such plans:
Source Assessment Monitoring
In the Groundwater Rule, source assessment monitoring refers to ongoing, periodic sampling of the source water that is not triggered by another test result. There are two types of source assessment monitoring:
- Annual Source Assessment Monitoring: The Groundwater Rule requires at least one "raw" untreated water sample from each source per year from all water systems that disinfect the water in any way - either with oxidizing agents (e.g., chlorine) or ultraviolet light. (A triggered source sample can meet this requirement for that calendar year.)
- Monthly Source Assessment Monitoring: Groundwater sources that are determined to be at higher risk of fecal contamination are required to collect monthly source samples for twelve months (or only during the months of operation for seasonal systems or sources) to determine whether any fecal contamination exists. Drinking Water Services will notify water systems individually if monthly source assessment monitoring is required.
Additional or Confirmation Monitoring
After one E. coli
-positive result from the source, a system must take five additional source samples within 24 hours to confirm fecal contamination, unless the system pursues corrective action immediately (with regulator approval).
GWR Compliance Monitoring
In lieu of triggered monitoring, a groundwater system that provides 4-log (99.99%) inactivation or removal of viruses can pursue the compliance monitoring option to meet Groundwater Rule requirements (GWR compliance monitoring). This option is only available to systems that: a) Drinking Water Services hydrogeologists determine do not need source reconstruction; and b) demonstrate that they achieve 4-log virus treatment before the first user. If approved, the water system will be assigned a minimum chlorine residual that must be maintained and monitored at the entry point.


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(SOURCE: Emory University, news release, Aug. 20, 2012)
FRIDAY, Aug. 24 (HealthDay News) -- Getting a good night's sleep can help improve memory in people with Parkinson's disease, according to a small new study.
Along with symptoms such as tremors and slow movements, people with Parkinson's disease also can have problems with working memory, which is the ability to temporarily store and use information. Working memory is important in planning, problem solving and independent living, the study authors noted.
This study of 54 Parkinson's patients found that they performed much better on a test of working memory after they'd had a good night's sleep. It also found that sleep disorders such as sleep apnea can harm working memory.
The boost in working memory was linked to the amount of slow-wave sleep, which is the deepest stage of sleep, said the researchers, from Emory University in Atlanta.
Previous studies have found that slow-wave sleep is important for the ability of brain cells to reorganize and make new connections.
"It was known already that sleep is beneficial for memory, but here we've been able to analyze what aspects of sleep are required for the improvements in working memory performance," study first author and postdoctoral fellow Michael Scullin said in a university news release.
The findings highlight the need to treat sleep disorders in Parkinson's patients, and suggest that it may be possible to improve working memory in Parkinson's patients through training, the researchers said.
The study was published this week in the journal Brain. It was supported by the U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute on Aging.
We Move has more about Parkinson's disease.
Copyright © 2013 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.
HealthDayNews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. For more information on health topics in the news, visit Health News on healthfinder.gov.


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Rubin Reports: American History Distorted – How Lawrence O'Donnell Unintentionally Shows Why Contemporary Leftist-Style "Liberalism" Is Wrong
Lawrence O'Donnell
Lawrence O'Donnell
Photo Credit: David Shankbone/Wikimedia
The following statement from Lawrence O'Donnell is being widely circulated on the Internet. I'm sure that most of those who read it think these are self-evident truths about history proving that Republicans and conservatives are so obviously evil that the issue is beyond reasonable debate. Such credulity in the face of the current hegemonic narrative is an accurate sign of how American history has been taught to the current generation. It also shows us why we hear the equivalent of "the science is settled" on the difference between the two currently competing views of America.
This statement is well worth analyzing. Begin by noting that while this is supposedly a pro-liberal statement it is actually intended as a pro-Democratic Party statement. The message is by the "Anti-Republican Crusaders" directed explicitly against Republicans. The conflation of the accomplishments listed and the word liberal, on the one hand, and the presentation of Democratic Party as one creates considerable problems for his historical narrative.
As a side remark, I thought the word "Crusaders" was not PC. Weren't the Crusaders supposedly aggressive, cruel bigots? What will O'Donnell's radical Islamist allies think of this usage?
In addition, either O'Donnell doesn't know much about American history or he thinks the American people don't. Probably both parts of that statement are true.
I am still a registered Democrat but I'm also someone who tries to be an honest historian. The following analysis is academic – in the old sense of the word – and as balanced as I can make it.
O'Donnell's list is the dominant narrative in America today. You will find it promoted in every mass media outlet and taught as the only possible interpretation of U.S. history in schools. How accurate is it? Well, that's the third question that should be asked. The first two are:
–Why is it that Obama and the current radicals-pretending-to be liberals have to run on an old historical record rather than their own record in office and the current anti-liberal ideas they propound?
–Why is it that we should assume that the situation faced by America today is the same as it was in 1913 or 1933 or 1964? Perhaps more government and regulation was needed in those years but since we have had decades of more and more of these things isn't it possible that we've had enough, in fact, far more than enough?
These are two questions most of the American people never see.
Let's go through O'Donnell's list:
–Liberals got women the right to vote. Of course, the main credit belongs to the women's suffrage movement. But which ardent supporter of that movement first introduced the nineteenth amendment in Congress? Senator Aaron Sargent who was a—wait for it—Republican from California and a conservative. The legislatures of most of the state passing the amendment were also dominated by Republicans. This was not primarily a partisan or wider ideological issue at the time because many people held views which, in today's context, would be considered quite contradictory.
–Liberals got African-Americans the right to vote. That seem obvious but hold on and let's look at the facts. The main opponents of civil rights were not Republicans but Southern Democrats. And since the Democratic party put its own interests above racial justice the party held back for many decades on this issue. President Woodrow Wilson was a particularly nasty racist. Most politically active African-Americans were Republicans. Only at the last moment did President Lyndon Johnson really turn around the Democratic Party and it changed course. Yet such people as Al Gore's father and the powerful ex-Klan leader Robert Byrd continued to oppose civil rights. Liberals and Democrats deserve credit for what they did but they did far less than they claim.
I also seem to recall Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves and Republicans creating Reconstruction while the Democrats were the party of secession, surrender to the Confederacy, the Ku Klux Klan, and Jim Crow.
Note carefully something very revealing here. Liberals "got" women and African-Americans the right to vote. I thought there were powerful grassroots' movements that forced these changes on the Washington power brokers! Yet O'Donnell accurately reflects the profoundly patronizing attitude of today's leftist elite toward the little people. Funny, isn't it? A real liberal or even a historical leftist would stress the role played by the average people who courageously grouped together to bring change. This is one more indication of the isolation of the current political-intellectual ruling elite (which in many ways is profoundly reactionary) from the liberals of the past. According to O'Donnell–and none of the admirers of his statement see the incongruity here!–the white, male establishment of the 1920s and 1960s, respectively, gave out these gifts to dependent people the way that government "gives" rights today. Thank you, master!
One Response to "Rubin Reports: American History Distorted – How Lawrence O'Donnell Unintentionally Shows Why Contemporary Leftist-Style "Liberalism" Is Wrong"
 1. Yori Yanover says:
 I don't disagree on the facts here, but it should be noted that whatever passed for Republican and Democrat before the Civil Rights Act of 1965 has since been switched around. "Dixiecrat" became Republicans, and liberal Republicans either disappeared or drifted, like, say, John Dean and David Stockman, became Democrats.
 But I admit that, as a registered Democrat, I cringe when I watch the MSNBC panel doing exactly the same unabashed propaganda that Fox is doing. This kind of party line dance renders both channels unwatchable.
 I believe there's a difference between news people having opinions, which is acceptable, and misrepresenting facts, which is not.
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Pearls & Pitfalls for Diagnosing a Globe Rupture on Bedside US
1. Globe ruptures are true ophthalmologic emergencies and often times, the diagnosis can be difficult to make based on exam findings alone.
2. The physical exam is often hindered by orbital edema or limited by patient discomfort and poor cooperation.
3. In blunt trauma, the ruptures are most common where the intraocular muscles insert on the sclera. The globe becomes thinner at those junctures and traction from blunt mechanisms can lead to small tears.
4. When you suspect that your patient has a globe rupture, care must be taken to minimize the amount of pressure placed on the globe. Direct pressure on the orbit can cause further extrusion of intraocular contents.
5. Bedside ultrasound, if used with care, can aid in rapid diagnosis of ocular conditions without causing harm.
6. Use the high frequency linear array transducer (7-10 MHz).
7. Apply a copious amount of water-soluble gel over the patient's eyelid or use an acoustic stand off pad to enhance visualization of the globe and intraocular contents.
8. Float the probe in a transverse fashion over the gel. Take special care to ensure that pressure is not placed on the closed eyelid. Also avoid scanning the eye continuously for more than 60 seconds at a time.
9. Attempt to visualize the anterior chamber, the lens, the posterior chamber/vitreous body, the retina, the circular borders of the orbit, and the retrobulbar space.
10. Findings of a globe rupture include a flattened anterior chamber, abnormal lens positioning or lie, scleral buckling, an irregularly shaped or flattened vitreous body, or evidence of blood filling the posterior chamber mixed with vitreous humor.
11. Bedside ultrasound findings should be correlated with the physical exam and computed tomography findings if the diagnosis is uncertain.
12. The normal, contralateral eye can be used for comparison when subtle sonographic findings are in question.
13. Practice! Practice! Practice! With bedside ultrasound, there is no substitute for experience. The more scans you do, the better you will be able to differentiate abnormal from normal, even when you may not be sure exactly what the abnormality is.
An image library of normal and abnormal ultrasounds helps immensely, and we can help. Go to ERPocketBooks.com.
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I am trying to create a 'confirmation code' for every user account created on my website and storing it in the db along with their personal information. As you can see in the example below, I tried to generate a random string factoring in the time variable, however, the string is unneccessarily long.
I would like the string to be shorter than the one produced by
md5 I was wondering if there is a relatively easy way to generate 10 digit (max) alphanumeric string that has an extremely low collision rate?
What I tried:
md5(mt_rand(10000,99999).time(). '_EMAIL_');


Studies on the inhibitions bioactive compounds from sargassaceae myriocystum to water treatment and purification
E. Sathish Kumar
Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Chennai- 600 005
R. Usha
Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Chennai- 600 005
Heavy metals pollution of drinking water has become one of the most serious problems due to their sever toxicities to human body. In this study, the adsorption of heavy metals from contaminated water using sargassaceae myriocystum and its activated carbon was investigated.Further, sargassaceae myriocystum was pre-treated with sulfuric acid, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride and tested for its ability to remove various heavy metals from contaminated water. sargassaceae myriocystum gave better uptake of chromium compared with calcium and magnesium treatments. The impact of different parameters such as initial metal ions concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH on the removal were evaluatedsargassaceae myriocystumwith activated carbon was found to be the highest efficient column capable to remove 100% of heavy metals from drinking water samples. Thus, this column is considered as an efficient and cheap biotechnology for removing the heavy metals in drinking water treatment plants. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models were used to describe the biosorption of heavy metals by sargassaceae myriocystum.
March 16, 2021


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The Dinner Party Project is a dynamic family-focused food education program involving children (5th-8th graders) in the entire process of producing a dinner party for their families at a school or community center.
Through a fiveto eight-week project, fifth though eighth grade students are taught about nutrition, food safety, meal planning, table setting, etiquette, and cooking. This powerful experience of planning a dinner party also deepens their understanding of the value of community, family, teamwork, and sharing, while building self-esteem and having fun.
The curriculum handbook provides a "Dinner Party Planner" with all the information s/he needs to conduct the program, coordinate with school staff, enlist parental and culinary help, and create local press. Homework assignments are structured to involve parents and families.
The Dinner Party Project began in Spring 2001 in the New York City metro area, and has spread across the nation to 27 U.S. cities serving 6,470 students. There have been more than 50 Dinner Parties conducted in elementary schools, middle schools, a charter school, a community girls club, The Harlem Boys and Girls Choir Academy, and a county extension center.