Financial Structure
DEFINITION of 'Financial Structure'
The specific mixture of long–term debt and equity that a company uses to finance its operations. This financial structure is a mixture that directly affects the risk and value of the business. The main concern for the financial manager of the company is deciding how much money should be borrowed and the best mixture of debt and equity to obtain. The financial manager also has to find the least expensive sources of funds for the company to use.
Also referred to as capital structure.
BREAKING DOWN 'Financial Structure'
Financial structure is divided into the amount of the company's cash flow that goes to creditors and the amount that goes to shareholders. Each business will have a different mixture depending on its needs and expenses. Therefore, each company will have its own particular debt-equity ratio. For example, a company could issue bonds and use the proceeds to buy stock or it could issue stock and use the proceeds to pay its debt.
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Home / Cover Art / Plane Crashes, the Libyan Desert, and Children's Literature
Plane Crashes, the Libyan Desert, and Children's Literature
Published: December 5, 2009
There's an interesting story connecting the Second World War and The Fantastic Mister Fox — the animated movie just released by Twentieth Century Fox (no relation).
The connection was made by Roald Dahl, the best-selling author, and the Saturday Evening Post, and it began with British Flying Officer Dahl being "Shot Down In Libya."
"Shot Down Over Libya"by Roald DahlAugust 1, 1942
"Shot Down Over Libya"
by Roald Dahl
August 1, 1942
He survived the crash, but suffered multiple injuries and months of blindness. Eventually he was sent to Washington to work with the British novelist C. S. Forester. Forester and Dahl were working to promote the interests of Great Britain during the war. Forester, at the time, was writing adventure novels in his Captain Hornblower series at this time. He had also published several stories in the Saturday Evening Post. He encouraged Dahl to write of his own experiences as a fighter pilot. The Post published Dahl's first work in its August 1, 1942 issue. For reasons of military security, Dahl could not identify himself or his fighter unit, so the article appeared anonymously.
His first publishing encouraged Dahl to continue writing. After the war he produced several works, including highly successful children's books: James and the Giant Peach, Matilda, The Witches, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (which gained fame as Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.)
By coincidence, another plane crash in the Libyan desert inspired another children's author, Antoine de Saint Exupéry.
In 1935, Saint Exupery was flying from Paris to Saigon when his plane went down in the North African wilderness. He and his navigator were barely clinging to life when they were rescued after four days with almost no food and water. Seven years later, while living in the United States, Saint Exupery wrote the very popular novella The Little Prince. The story involves several fantastic characters, but centers around a pilot who is struggling to stay alive after his plane has crashed in the desert.
Read the original story (pdf).
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"They tell me that isn't right," Harding said.
Judy Ellinghausen, archivist at The History Museum in Great Falls, agreed, calling such an account "unlikely." In all the reading she has done on the 1908 flood, she has seen no references to serious flooding in the center of town.
Great Falls was not the only community affected by the precipitation in June 1908.
Lewis and Clark County commissioners estimated the Helena area lost $100,000 worth of its roads and bridges, while the Tribune quoted a Fort Benton resident as saying the water had never been as high in that historic town along the Missouri as it was in 1908.
Great Falls still sports one clear public reference to the Flood of 1908 — a plaque located on a railroad overpass pier next to 6th Street North between Park Drive and River Drive North. The plaque on the east pier shows the peak water level of the June 1908 flood.
Based on that high-water mark, floodwaters would have intruded only a short distance into the Lower North Side residential area. However, the West Side was inundated with water in 1908, just as it was in 1964, another disastrous flood year for west Great Falls.
Harding said the worst recorded flooding on the Sun River, which runs through the West Side and connects to the Missouri River near the Meadow Lark Country Club area, occurred in 1964.
"The 1908 (flood) always was the granddaddy of them all until '64," Harding said. Along the Sun River, water levels were higher in 1964 "by about a foot and a half," than they were in 1908, he added.
Other notable floods in Great Falls occurred in 1953 and 1975, which gave rise to a theory that big floods took place in Great Falls every 11 years.
Before 1986 rolled around, much of west Great Falls formed a flood district, and contractors built a thick earthen dike to keep out any flooding.
Sun River dikes in Great Falls have yet to be seriously tested.
Reach Tribune Staff Writer Richard Ecke at _EMAIL_, or at _PHONE_ or _PHONE_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Rowing at the 2012 London Summer Olympics
The moment that humans began putting oars to water to propel their boats, the sport of Olympic rowing was born. Archeological artifacts indicate rowing contests were common in ancient Egypt, and champion oarsmen were revered and honored.
The more modern, organized version of rowing as a sport developed along the River Thames in the 1700s. The oldest public rowing club still in operation is England's Leander Club, founded in 1818. Rowing became very popular among British university teams in the mid-1800s, with schools such as Cambridge and Oxford building fierce rivalries that are still alive and well today.
Rowing debuted as an Olympic sport at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris and has been a part of every Summer Olympics since then.
Olympic rowing basics
There are many different types of rowing competitions throughout the world, but official Olympic rowing is conducted in the standard, side-by-side lanes racing format. The winner of a race is the athlete or team (usually called a crew) whose boat crosses the finish line first.
Here's what you can expect to see:
Rowing competitions can be conducted on nearly any body of water (ocean, river, lake, or man-made reservoir) that has adequate space for the type of race. There are two basic types of Olympic rowing competitions:
Sculling: Sculling races are typically between individual athletes or a crew of two or four scullers. In crew events, the scullers are lined up one behind the other in the long, narrow boat. Each rower has one oar in each hand that extend out from either side of the boat.
Sweeping: Sweeping races are generally contested with pairs of two, four, or eight crew, with the pairs seated side by side in rows. Each rower uses both hands on the same oar, and rows only on one side of the boat.
In both types, the rowers are seated facing the rear of the boat; they move the oars in an elliptical motion so the tips enter the water near the back (stern) of the boat and pull toward the front (bow).
This motion literally pushes the boat across the surface of the water.
In sweep races, an additional team member called a coxswain (cox) sits at the stern and helps to steer and direct the crew, since the rowers cannot see the path ahead of them.
Rowing is, in fact, the only sport in which competitors cross the finish line facing backward — intentionally, anyway!
Regardless of the format, a crew must work in precise, coordinated motion to provide a strong, powerful, stroking pattern that propels the boat forward with amazing speed. Successful rowing athletes have significant upper body strength and exceptional cardiovascular endurance. Greater height and extended arm reach provide a competitive advantage as well.
Olympic lightweight rowing events
A special type of rowing race is a lightweight event. Lightweight races limit the weight of both each individual athlete as well as the team. The boats used in lightweight events are also not as heavy as those used in other races. This makes for some lightning-fast speeds and some very exciting thrills for spectators.
In Olympic men's lightweight rowing, each rower may weigh no more than 72.5 kilograms, and the average weight of the full crew cannot be greater than 70 kilograms. For women, a single rower's maximum weight is 59 kilograms, and the average weight of the team cannot exceed 57 kilograms.
Olympic rowing medal competition
Rowing events at the 2012 London Summer Olympics will be held July 28-August 4 at Eton Dorney in Buckinghamshire, about 25 miles northwest of London, near the River Thames where it all began. Olympic rowing races at Dorney Lake are 2,000 meters long, and the course has eight racing lanes.
In the Summer Olympics, there are 14 medal events:
Men's Single Sculls
Men's Double Sculls
Men's Lightweight Double Sculls
Men's Quadruple Sculls
Men's Lightweight Four
Women's Single Sculls
Women's Double Sculls
Women's Lightweight Double Sculls
Women's Quadruple Sculls
Each medal event includes a series of qualifying races (called a repechage), a semifinal round, and ultimately the final race for the gold.
Each country may enter a total of 28 male and 20 female athletes. A total of 550 athletes will compete in London (353 men and 197 women).


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I want to use the Python field calculator to remove the hyphen from a field column. For example, I would like to parse out the hyphen from an entry like "123-45-6789" and read "123456789".
share|improve this question
Why the down votes? – Nathan W Dec 26 '12 at 2:28
2 Answers 2
Use the built-in str.replace method accessible on all string objects.
Put this in the Expression box (replacing "FieldName" with your own):
share|improve this answer
The sub method in Python's regular expression module should do the trick.
import re
no_hyphens = re.sub('-','','123-45-6789')
This will replace any instance of a "-" with an empty string.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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Frequently Asked Questions
Select a question to view the answer.
- How do the different environmental labels and schemes compare?
Some labels are specific to a single issue, such as forest certification labels (e.g. the FSC label refers to the origin of fibre and does not consider manufacture). Other labels, such as Nordic Swan, are used on product and indicate that defined production standards have been met, whereas environmental management systems (ISO14001 and EMAS) relate to the manufacturer rather than the product. Other schemes, such as Paper Profile, are designed to provide information only. See the glossary for further information on individual labels and schemes.
At a glance
Refers to the sourcing of fibre from well-managed forests:
- FSC 100%
- FSC Mixed Sources
Refers to there being a high proportion of recycled fibre:
- NAPM Recycled Mark
- Blue Angel
- FSC Recycled
Refers to environmentally responsible manufacture:
- Nordic Swan
- Blue Angel
- EU Eco-Label
Provides an overview of environmental information:
- Paper Profile
- Robert Horne's Green Bible Sheets
- What is the Forest & Trade Network?
The WWF-UK Forest and Trade Network (FTN) is the UK arm of the Worldwide Fund for Nature's Global Forest and Trade Network. It strives to improve forest management, link certified forest products with markets, provide support to local and indigenous forest communities and create demand for certified forest products. In short, it aims to ensure that forest products, including paper, come from responsibly managed sources.
As a member of the FTN, Robert Horne is committed to a Responsible Paper Purchasing Policy, to increasing how much is know about the origin of fibre in paper products and to ensuring that it comes from well-managed sources.
- What are WEEE and RoHS?
WEEE and RoHS are associated pieces of legislation relating to electrical and electronic equipment and the components (including casing and labels) that they are made from.
WEEE stands for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and requires producers of electrical and electronic equipment to finance the collection and recycling of such items. Producers are also required to provide information about how to recycle their products.
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) require producers to restrict the use of lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in electrical and electronic items. Robert Horne can provide a selection of RoHS compliant substrates.
- What are the benefits of using recycled paper?
With the growing commitment to responsible forest management, preventing trees being cut down is becoming less of a key incentive for buying recycled paper. However, it is still true that continuing demand for recycled fibre products will relieve pressure on the world's forest resources.
Today the main reason for buying recycled is to generate demand for waste paper that would otherwise go to landfill sites where it would break down and release methane and carbon dioxide, both greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
Generally, the production of recycled pulp has less environmental impact than producing virgin fibre pulp. Making recycled pulp produces less air pollution and most types of emissions to water are less. Recycled pulp production usually requires less water and less energy (although virgin pulp production can be energy self sufficient by incinerating wood by-products such as bark).
Contrary to some beliefs, the ink is not bleached out of the fibre but is removed by soaps. So, it's not true that the amount of bleach required is more for recycled pulp.
The actual papermaking process will be the same whether the pulp contains virgin or recycled fibre.
- What is carbon offsetting?
Businesses can reduce their carbon emissions (and so help to reduce climate change) through energy efficiency and switching to renewable energy sources. The remaining emissions of CO2 or equivalent can be calculated and the business can pay to 'offset' these emissions by planting trees (which will absorb an equivalent amount of carbon) or by investing in energy-efficient technologies, often in developing countries (which will reduce the carbon emissions of others by the appropriate amount).
Carbon offsetting is not in itself a solution to climate change and it is sometimes criticised for masking the underlying problem of excessive energy consumption. Therefore to be credible, carbon offsetting should be part of a comprehensive energy policy that has a focus on energy efficiency.
A growing number of companies are becoming carbon neutral (at least in part), including HSBC, Sky, Barclays Bank, BT, Avis, Honda and O2.
- Which plastic has the best environmental credentials?
All plastics have environmental impacts in terms of raw material use, energy use, emissions and waste from manufacture and potential difficulties in disposal of the end of life product. Positive aspects are the longevity of plastic products, versatility and cost effectiveness, the social or health benefits (e.g. blood bags and cling film), lighter packaging and the possibility of recycling.
There are few objective sources of information about the environmental attributes of plastics. Some environmental groups have raised particular concerns about PVC, although these are disputed by the industry. Degradable plastics are not yet commercially viable for most uses and there are concerns that growing crops for use in plastics may not be an appropriate use of land. For some applications (such as point of sale displays), paper-based products are becoming popular alternatives, as they are predominantly made from renewable resources and relatively easy to recycle.
When making a choice of material it can be useful to take a holistic view and consider issues such as the environmental impact of the substrate and how easily it can be recycled, efficient design and production of the job, the technical requirements of the application and the commercial considerations.
- What is PEFC?
PEFC stands for the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes and is an international, non-profit organisation that is primarily made up of representatives of the forest products industry. Unlike the FSC, it does not set specific standards but is an umbrella brand that incorporates different national forest certification schemes (e.g. the national scheme in Finland is endorsed by the PEFC). This is intended to make the forest certification easier and more applicable to different types of forests. While it continues to make improvements, the PEFC scheme is still sometimes criticised by environmental groups for being too variable from country to country and not always addressing conservation and social issues satisfactorily. PEFC certified products have therefore been less in demand from end-users than FSC certified grades.
However, Robert Horne supports the principle of forest certification, and as some suppliers want to bring PEFC labelled products to market, we have achieved PEFC Chain of Custody.
- Can I use the FSC logo?
To use the FSC logo (or make any reference to FSC) on a printed job, an FSC certified paper must be used and the supply chain – e.g. paper mill, merchant and printer – must all have FSC Chain of Custody certification.
There are three distinct types of labels featuring the FSC logo (FSC 100%, FSC Mixed Sources and FSC Recycled), the selection of which will depend on the paper being used.
Robert Horne can provide a choice of FSC certified papers and there are a growing number of printers that are certified to use the logo.
- What is Chain of Custody?
Chain of Custody (CoC) is the means of tracing a paper product up through the supply chain back to the fibre source. It includes all the operations that take physical or legal ownership of the paper or physically alter it (with the possible exception of retailers and the end user).
This means that in practice, a product that bares a forest certification logo (such as FSC or PEFC) can be tracked through every link in the chain, so that buyers can be guaranteed that the fibre originated from a forest managed according to the relevant forest management standards.
In order for printers to get CoC, an independent assessor will visit and check the printer's ability to prevent certified paper becoming mixed up with unapproved material. They will want to look at documentation and records relating to certified material bought and sold and will also examine the handling of incoming material, how it is processed and how it is dispatched. In particular, they will be investigating 'critical control points' where there is the greatest risk of material becoming mixed. The FSC and PEFC schemes require separate CoC certification but it is possible to be audited for both at the same time.
- Does Robert Horne's paper come from sustainable forests?
The short answer is yes; the forests are sustainable, in the economic sense, as they are managed with trees being replanted to replace those cut down. However, there is now a greater understanding that a truly 'sustainable' forest requires consideration for much broader environmental and social (as well as economic) factors. Defining exactly what these factors should be and properly evaluating them is a complex task requiring considerable expertise.
The problem with the term 'sustainable forests' is that it is not always clear what this means or how such a claim can be proven. To avoid any confusion, Robert Horne has phased out the use of the term in product information.
To try to ensure that products originate from well-managed sources, Robert Horne has developed a stringent Responsible Paper Purchasing Policy (publicly available on the website) and is working towards achieving targets agreed with WWF. To meet these targets extensive evaluation of suppliers and their products is undertaken.


A Step-by-Step Guide to Product Discovery & Understanding Customer Needs
Product discovery is one of the best strategies you have for scaling your knowledge of customers and the problems they face every day.
How can you really know what a customer needs? So much of their experience happens behind closed doors, internalized and influenced by their own perceptions of value. It's a little easier when you have a group of people together who share a similar experience or have similar needs. But you're always working with imperfect data.
And it can become even more challenging to gain that understanding of customers at scale. That's why 42% of startups fail — their products don't address an existing need in the market. Integrating product discovery into your team's product development process ensures you don't end as a part of that group.
Product discovery is how you build a comprehensive understanding of customer needs. It helps you systematically approach the way you research, conduct interviews, and document your findings. With this knowledge, it's not only easier to build engaging products for your audience — it's also simple to prioritize the way your team builds those products.
Whether you're updating existing functionality in your service or rolling out a brand new feature for your target customers, product discovery can help.
What Is Product Discovery?
Product discovery is a strategic approach to building out your team's understanding of customer needs and desired outcomes. It helps you create an organized system for learning about the customer experience and helps you turn that knowledge into a product concept that solves real problems for your target audience.
When you integrate discovery into the product development lifecycle, it significantly reduces your risk of building the "wrong" product. It helps you determine when your product plan makes sense and ensures your product development strategy aligns with the customer's needs. This confidence allows you to build engaging products that are valuable for both your audience and your business.
You put a lot of time, hard work, and resources into developing these products for consumers, so every release has to help you accomplish your company's goals.
A well-defined product discovery process also helps your team build empathy with the customer's real-world experiences through documented interviews. This documentation helps you share high-level takeaways and interesting stories throughout the discovery process and makes it easy to see why customers need particular features or services. Instead of just spending time working through daily tasks and losing sight of the impact that work has, your team will stay connected to your product's value and its effect on people.
This knowledge also makes prioritizing your product roadmap simple by providing real-world customer data you can use to anticipate customer needs or upcoming shifts in the market expectations.
7 Steps to Defining Your Product Discovery Process
Rolling out a product discovery process for your team requires visibility into all the different types of work that go into expanding your customer knowledge. When everyone on the team understands how to use product discovery to learn about customers, it helps them connect with the process on a deeper level.
The product discovery process follows seven basic steps, each building on the previous to help you refine your understanding of existing problems in the market:
1. Align with Your Team
Before you can start building any process for your team, you need to make sure you have alignment on specific tasks and objectives. The first step of product discovery helps you define key stakeholders throughout your organization, gather their input on essential processes, and determine who's responsible for rolling product discovery out to the rest of the team.
2. Research the Market
Once everyone understands their responsibilities, it's time to move into preliminary research. This is the step of the process where you do market research and competitor analysis to better understand customer perceptions of value in the market. It's also the point in the process where you start nailing down resources for subsequent steps.
3. Interview Your Customers
This is the meat and potatoes of product discovery — talking to your customers. These interviews not only help you connect with individuals on a more direct level, but they also enable you to find out how they feel about your current product offering. Interviews also let you drill down on what they want vs. what they actually need, which can be two entirely different things.
4. Analyze the Data
After researching your market and talking to your customers, you need to analyze your data. This step of product discovery is where you take all the inputs from customers, market, and team and document them. Working through the documentation process helps you identify trends in customer feedback, which are areas of opportunity for your business to innovate.
5. Define Your Product Concept
With everything documented and visible to your team, your next step in the product discovery process is to start coming up with ideas for how to solve the problems you've identified along the way. Ideation is where you narrow down areas of opportunity and identify where your team can make the most impact. It's also the point that traditionally connects with the product planning process and more execution-based product development tasks.
6. Validate and Test Your Idea
Once you've come up with an idea for your new product or feature, it's important to validate the concept with your customers. You'll revisit your conversations with interviewees and reach out again to see how they feel about your new idea. This step is also a great time to bring back your stakeholders to update them and get their feedback.
7. Iterate, Iterate, Iterate
This step happens after the product development process is complete and you have a real product on the market. Iteration is where you look back at each of the previous steps of your product discovery process and walk through them again with any new information. It's your chance to refine the product experience and add continual value for your customers.
By defining exactly what happens at each stage of product discovery, who's responsible for doing the work, and why it matters for your business, you build empathy for the customer as your team evolves. It's natural to get mired in day-to-day tasks and responsibilities — which is why product discovery is so valuable for your team as they work through more complex or challenging tasks.
Product Discovery Techniques That Build Empathy Throughout Your Team
Once you've defined the product discovery process for your team, it's time to move on to the more practical side of things. There are a lot of moving parts — each one with a unique skill set. These product discovery techniques will help you level up the way you collect, analyze, and act on customer data as a team.
Start by mapping out the customer lifecycle. Every member of your team should understand the customer experience, from when someone becomes aware of your product to when they make a purchase and start using it. Conceptualizing the customer journey in this way helps you identify friction at critical touchpoints along the way and tailor your solutions to address those problems directly.
Make sure to include audience targeting at this point as well. The modern customer journey spans multiple channels — and understanding what makes each experience unique helps you position your solution more effectively.
It's necessary to coach your team on proper interviewing and user research strategies as well. Being able to capture salient insights via these interviews is the most effective product discovery technique you have at your disposal. Plus, the better you are at interviewing, the easier it is to understand what people tell you they want vs. what they actually need.
These interviews are also a great way to build stronger, more engaged relationships with your brand, which is why you need to document your findings in a centralized location. Your team should be able to review customer insights and documentation throughout their daily tasks and workflows. This visibility makes it simple to integrate discovery into the product development process as a whole.
Defining a product management framework that you'll use for this process helps you act on product discovery data more effectively as well. The right framework systematizes the way you collect and present data, making it easier to prioritize your work based on customer needs.
The entire goal of product discovery is to build empathy with the real-world problems your customers face every day. And prioritizing these problems into a roadmap for your team is the next step toward delivering continual value with each release.
Product Discovery Makes Solving Customer Problems Easy
A well-defined product discovery process helps your team connect with customers and gain insight into their unique experiences with your product. That knowledge helps you anticipate their needs, communicate the value of your product, and provide proactive support throughout the customer journey. When so much of the customer relationship rides on your ability to solve real-world problems, product discovery helps you nail down which issues matter most.


TY - JOUR AU - Karina Szafrańska PY - 2017/07/28 Y2 - 2021/09/24 TI - The Issue of Loneliness and Isolation of Adolescents JF - Resocjalizacja Polska JA - rp VL - 0 IS - 13 SE - Research Reports DO - 10.22432/pjsr.2017.13.13 UR - _URL_ AB - Alienation in the initial phase of adolescence is common and understandable, given a stage of development. It can be regarded as a phenomenon that is to forge a young man's identity and to make them gain autonomy. Fromm shows that overcoming alienation is an element that makes the subject more efficient and can enable them to get answers to important existential questions (E. Fromm, 1996). A certain level of loneliness fosters personal maturity and integration. It is important for young people to contact with their friends and peers when they look for answers to their questions. However, they also need some time tothink everything over and to have intellectual reflection in solitude. While charting their own pathway, they learn to satisfy two seemingly conflicting needs: autonomy and intimacy with others. On the one hand, they need to be together and on the other hand, they need to move away from social relations. Erikson states that the period of adolescence requires overcomingthe so-called intimacy versus isolation crisis (E. H. Erikson, 2000). Adolescents who have already found their own identity, start looking for opportunities to join it with the identity of others. Communal behaviour of young people characterised by cordiality, closeness and openness is connected with a positive solution to the intimacy versus isolation crisis, and thus with a willingness to engage in certain relationships and communities. A sense of alienation among adolescents can be explained by development and a normative crisis. However, the natural alienation tendency of adolescents, when they feel detached and have a sense of strangeness to some external or internal reality, should be temporary. The negative consequences of not solving the developmental crisis, together with a deep sense of isolation and lack of adequate social support, are connected with the cognitive and emotional spheres of an adolescent and may lead to psychosocial consequences. If they are intense, they significantly modify the psychosocial development and functioning of an adolescent. The article describes the results of research on the sense of isolation of pupils of the Youth Educational Centres in Mazovia Province. ER -


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Students count the number of objects in each square. Then they trace the written number word, cut it out, and paste it under the objects. Next to the pasted number word, they write the word on their own.
Students first cut, assemble and read The Twelve Days of Christmas Booklet that contains text and images from the traditional 12 Days of Christmas song. They then sketch and create their own version using the text only template.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Read the Notes for the rules on how to play. A whole class game for revising defintions. This version reviews definitions for terms associated with number concepts such as denominator, multiple, etc. The words can be easily changed.
The Golden Rectangle is a plot created by starting with a rectangle, chopping off successive squares, and drawing quarter circles with a radius equal to the side of the square that was cut.
A versatile number line flash program for whole numbers and decimals. From Ambleside Primary.
A lovely hundred board from Ambleside Primary. Click on the [Ideas] tab to get some suggestions on how it might be used.
Here is another. You can drag the yellow bars to cover numbers:
Here is a 1 to 100 board that you can write on, using the mouse:
A series of flipchart pages to enhance learning about pi.


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Tungsten: the essentials
Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Tungsten has the highest melting point and lowest vapour pressure of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidises in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids.
Tungsten: historical information
Tungsten used to be known as wolfram (from wolframite, said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi, because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin). The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that they succeeded in reducing to the elemental metal with charcoal.
Tungsten: physical properties
Tungsten: orbital properties
Isolation: coming soon!
WebElements now has a WebElements shop at which you can buy periodic table posters, mugs, T-shirts, games, molecular models, and more.


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The Center for Education at BIDMC offers a Teaching Consultation Service for all interested faculty. Consultations are conducted by Center for Education faculty members, who have been undergone extensive training on the principles of adult learning, curriculum development, feedback and evaluation, and peer review of teaching.
Consultations are provided on a range of topics including:
- Curriculum development
- Preparation of educational materials
- Provision of feedback and evaluation to learners
- Dealing with challenging interactions with learners
- Teaching in lectures
- Teaching in small group sessions
- Teaching at the bedside
- Teaching in the ambulatory setting
In addition, individuals may request peer observation of a teaching session to receive formative assessment on educational strategies and instructional skills. Videotape recording of teaching sessions is available and recommended to aid in the feedback process.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center is the first academic medical center in the nation to implement a teaching consultation service. This program, funded by the medical center, is a reflection of the commitment of BIDMC to improving education for our students, residents and fellows.
To request a teaching consultation or to inquire about specific services offered, please email _EMAIL_.
|Center for Education
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
330 Brookline Avenue, ES-200
Boston, Massachusetts 02215


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How Old Are You? (8/3/12)
If we did not know our age, some of us would appear to be very young, and some of us would seem very old.
Sometimes, people use age as a convenient excuse. "I'm too old to start something new", or, "I couldn't learn that at my age." Other people, though, go on to achieve their greatest accomplishments in life in later years.
Take, for example, Colonel Harland Sanders who started franchising his chicken outlets when he was 65 years old. Up to the age of 90 years old he traveled 250,000 miles a year visiting KFC franchises. He not only overcame personal and business adversities, but more importantly, he didn't let age stand in his way!
Feelings lead to attitudes, attitudes become beliefs, and beliefs become the basis for actions.
It is not important how old you are;
it is how you feel, how you think,
and what you do that is important.
To quote Satchel Paige, "How old would you be if you didn't know how old you was?"


text:
This article is written for users who have deployed Virtual Appliances but they are not registered on the Dashboard. No errors are apparent on the Virtual Appliance Console.
- Virtual Appliance is not showing up in Sites & Active Directory.
- The Virtual Appliance Console is not reporting errors and is showing the status is ok.
- Devices on your network pointed to the Virtual Appliance are able to resolve DNS queries but your AD policy or Internal Networks policy is not being applied as expected.
This error is most commonly the result of an Umbrella Administrator in your organization deleting the Virtual Appliances from the Dashboard which results in them running without registration to an organization. This may also be caused by cloning a Virtual Appliance. Registration for the Virtual Appliance is completed on initial deployment. Virtual Appliances that are cloned or left running in an organization will not re-register themselves.
In order to resolve this issue, you will be required to re-deploy your Virtual Appliances.
- Power off the Virtual Appliances on your VM Host machine.
- Delete the Virtual Appliances from the VM Host machine.
- Re-download the Virtual Appliance components from the Umbrella Dashboard.
- Re-deploy your Virtual Appliances.


_USER_{Muller2007dimensions, abstract = {The importance of knowledge and innovation in modern economies justifies the in-creasing interest that scholars are taking in studying knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The objective of this paper is to track the evolution of the key dimen-sions on which scholars have based their analyses through a literature review. More specifically, three main issues are addressed: (1) how KIBS are defined in the litera-ture; (2) how KIBS have been investigated empirically by researchers; and (3) how the analysis of KIBS has evolved over time. As a major assumption, the analysis catego-rises the research topic into three key conceptual dimensions: (i) knowledge; (ii) inno-vation and (iii) spatial proximity. The major hypothesis is that the way KIBS are seen, studied and perceived by the research community resolutely changed over time and that this evolution can be tracked by observing modifications in the key dimensions associated with the analysis of KIBS.}, address = {Karlsruhe}, author = {Emmanuel Muller and David Doloreux}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {330; KIBS; Knowledge; Innovation; spatial proximity}, language = {eng}, note = {urn:nbn:de:0011-n-549957}, number = {U1/2007}, publisher = {Fraunhofer ISI}, title = {The key dimensions of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) analysis: a decade of evolution}, type = {Arbeitspapiere Unternehmen und Region}, url = {_URL_ year = {2007} }


text:
Performance of Randomly selected Soybean Lines with Semideterminate and Indeterminate Growth Habits1
- D. E. Green,
- P. F. Burlamaqui and
- Richard Shibles2
To compare their performance, 60 lines (30 indeterminate and 30 Semideterminate) of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) from each of two crosses were grown in row spacings of 30 and 100 cm in 1972 and 1973. The narrow rows averaged 33% higher in seed yield than the wide rows. In one cross the Semideterminate and indeterminate lines were of equal maturity, and gave equal seed yields. In the other cross the indeterminates were higher yielding than the semideterminates, probably due to a later maturity and longer reproductive period. An expected yield advantage of the Semideterminate lines in narrow rows was not borne out by the data. Advantages of the Semideterminate lines were shorter plant height and less lodging.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
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Teacher Nature Poems | Nature Poems About Teacher
These Teacher Nature poems are examples of Nature poems about Teacher. These are the best examples of Teacher Nature poems written by international PoetrySoup poets
Details | Free verse |
Who Am I
A new photograph floats to the surface
Playfully dressing up as the world around me
Hat, striped socks and all
Tiptoeing at the top for one last sweet moment
Before sinking back into my ocean mind.
One after another they arrive
Single file,
Steeping my eyes in the world
As the minds shutter, ever fluttering
Strings together this conscious stream I play in.
My photographs fade in time's wrinkled arms.
Joining their brothers and sisters at the ocean floor,
Who am I?
Jacob Reinhardt
Details | Haiku |
Haikus About God: III
Beauty of nature
Why condense it down to God?
Isn't life enough?
Details | Rhyme |
Respect Comes with Age
My father and my mother sat me down one day
 to tell me how wonderful that I was growing O.K.
The years passes by as I got to be a teenager
 with high hopes of becoming the first young manager
Life turns out a manager job is not for me
 so I kept things to a minimum working hard you see
My family had taught me with all do respect
Like queens and kings we bow our head
 to the people who is wiser in age even when dead
Life as our guide the time we have aged
 is what we leave behind that we are gaged
In prospective we are the stars and we are the earth
 because we age and leave behind a new birth
To those that seek such blessing of heart
 remember this age is respect for living from the start
Do you remember your father, mother, and teachers
 they are the ones cheering you on, sitting on those bleachers
Details | Verse |
I am alson't lying
Today was the day of judgment,
All children were excited and pleased,
But when the result was declared,
Tutor called student; one by one in the office,
And appreciated each of them,
Who got good marks in the tests.
But suddenly, a cried break out amusement',
Why did a teacher, beat up a student so badly?
Who wrote in the exam,
The sun was rising in the river,
Fishes were jumping over the clouds,
And climbing up on the palm trees.
Head teacher came out and asked the boy,
Where did you read all this?
When my dad goes fishing, he told.
I always think, why fishes have white colour,
I understand when we were acrossing the waves,
Fishes must eat coconut.
A teacher not beaten up a student only,
Also he failed because of not following his lesson,
That was from a book,
Dad, I wasn't wrong, a child was sobbing,
If book isn't lying,
I am also not lying.
Details | I do not know? |
The Teacher Tree
all of them sustain,
some wilted,
all vital,
each a part of the teacher tree.
speaking different parables,
humming different songs,
each falling its own way in the end.
tell me, tell me teacher tree,
why they have to die?
some too soon to truly live,
struggling and suffering.
the sun will scorch,
the winds will dry,
each one of your sacred leaves.
the teacher tree won't answer,
and all the leaves will try
to tell you why they matter.
every living one does matter,
and was made so all could exist.
the teacher tree stays silent,
but answers every one,
and every fallen leaf
is one with him,
forever and forever.


text:
There's a new "race" to keep alfalfas free from a fungal disease that has been called one of the U.S.'s major limiting alfalfa diseases on poorly drained soil.
Actually, the race is being made by alfalfa companies — to provide resistance to another devious form of aphanomyces root rot.
"A number of new alfalfa varieties are coming on the market that are resistant to race 2 aphanomyces," says Dan Undersander, University of Wisconsin extension forage specialist.
About 15 years ago, Undersander says, aphanomyces was identified as a fungal disease that can infect, stunt and cause alfalfa seedlings to yellow before they wilt and die. It differs from phytophthora root rot and pythium, which tend to kill seedlings quickly before they turn severely yellow.
Aphanomyces also causes yellowing and stunting in established stands — and reduces yield, he says.
"If you planted an alfalfa variety that is highly resistant to phytophthora and still see the yellowish stunting, the field is likely infected with aphanomyces. It may also increase winter/spring root heaving damage to alfalfa."
Although alfalfa companies have bred aphanomyces resistance into their varieties over the years, they have recently had to work to develop resistance to a second race.
Race 2 aphanomyces is probably geographically widespread over southwestern and central Wisconsin, Iowa, Kentucky and the East Coast. It occurs in combination with race 1, Undersander says.
"Growers with poorly drained soils should consider planting race 2-resistant varieties," he advises. "These varieties are also resistant to race 1 aphanomyces."
Check Hay & Forage Grower's 2004 Alfalfa Variety Guide, starting on page 13 of this issue, for the column indicating which varieties offer race 2 aphanomyces resistance.


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The simple act of baking bread has sustained tummies and delighted palates since ancient times, and modern bread-making has become both an industrial-scale venture that defines commercial enterprise as well as a small-batch artisanal movement aimed at filling urban areas with steaming loaves, wherever hipsters sip lattes.
Yet for all our love of the simple slice, we have never had a solid understanding of much of the science behind squishy dough, like the interplay between a dough's microstructure and its rheology -- the way in which it deforms and flows. Understanding this science would help bakers improve bread recipes intended for ovens both big and small.
This month, during The Society of Rheology's 87th Annual Meeting, which is being held Oct. 11-15, 2015 in Baltimore, Md., a team of researchers from Belgium and the Netherlands who really know bread will describe how gluten and starch affect the overall dough behavior, as well as the optimal amount of glucose oxidase enzyme to use to enhance bread-making performance.
"Wheat flour dough consists of a continuous gluten protein phase in which starch particles, lipids and gas cells are all dispersed," explained Mathieu Meerts, a Ph.D. researcher within the Department of Chemical Engineering at KU Leuven, a university in Belgium.
Large disparities often exist in the bread-making performance of wheat flours, which usually gets blamed on the gluten proteins. "When mixed with water, gluten proteins swell and interact to form a gluten network," said Meerts. "This network requires sufficient strength to retain the carbon dioxide gas produced by the yeast during fermentation, which leavens the dough. But the network needs to retain some flexibility because excessive network strength doesn't allow the gas bubbles to expand, which leads to small-volume breads."
So the team searched for ways to optimize the gluten network's properties to "contain long protein molecules for sufficient strength, but also shorter protein chains for flexibility," Meerts noted. Both the quantity and size distribution of the gluten proteins appear to be important.
Baking tests tend to be time consuming, so the food industry has developed alternative tests to quickly assess wheat quality. While generally successful, these tests don't yield fundamental insights into the material's structure or behavior. Meerts and his colleagues took a different approach.
"In our lab, we closely simulate the deformations dough experiences during the bread-making process," Meerts said. "For example, during fermentation and oven rise, the dough is subjected to large extensional deformations. These can also be simulated with empirical tests, but the extension of dough occurs over a long period of time and can't be captured in a fast stretching test."
At the outset of their work, the team wanted to learn how the gluten network affects dough behavior. Is the gluten network the prevailing factor in determining the performance of any given wheat flour? And, if so, are there ways to improve wheat quality by changing the gluten network?
"Our experiments show that under large deformations -- which occur predominantly at the end of the fermentation step and during baking -- the gluten network does indeed determine the dough behavior," Meerts said. "Stretching of pure gluten samples yields a response very similar to dough samples. It was also possible to see clear differences in the stretching behavior of flours of different qualities."
Yet, at smaller deformations, the presence of starch particles also contributes to dough behavior. "Starch particles constitute the majority of the dough structure, so are likely to dominate the dough behavior and can mask differences in the gluten network," he added.
So two balls of dough with dramatically different gluten network characteristics might feel surprisingly similar if you kneaded one in each hand on the dough board -- even though one would bake up into a beautiful loaf and the other would fall flat. Testing dough for its "large deformation" characteristics, as the team pioneered, would clearly show the difference.
The team also delved into ways to improve the quality of gluten. The food industry uses the enzyme "glucose oxidase" to catalyze the oxidation of glucose -- sugar present in the flour -- because its reaction leads to the formation of additional crosslinks within the gluten network.
"This improves the network strength, but lowers its extensibility," said Meerts. "Too much glucose oxidase results in a gluten network that's too strong to rise sufficiently during fermentation. We were able to find the optimal amount of glucose oxidase by exploring the strain-hardening effect of the gluten network."
Think of the strain-hardening effect by picturing the gluten network as an entangled mass of long chains -- like spaghetti. "The entanglement points fix the position of the chains at specific locations, but in between the chains are able to move freely," explained Meerts.
When this structure is stretched, the chain segments located between entanglement points will need to be realigned. "Initially, this doesn't require much force," Meerts noted. "But as the system is stretched, more of the realigned chain segments become stretched, which requires more force. This increased resistance to further stretching is called'strain-hardening,' which only occurs when a material has already been stretched to some extent."
The degree of strain-hardening "shows an optimum for intermediate concentrations of glucose oxidase, and might be a reliable performance indicator," said Meerts. "If so, the food industry can use stretching tests to gain an idea of the degree of strain-hardening of any given flour system, which can be used to predict its bread-making performance."
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text:
Level A1 - Practice Cards - Adding Interrogative Words to Questions
Practice adding question words to questions formed with est-ce que and inversion
Level A1: 100 Practice Cards - Adding Interrogative Words to Questions
This is a set of 100 cards for practicing forming French questions using est-ce que and inversion. All of the cards prompt you to transform a sentence into a question using an interrogative word: qui, que, quand, où, comment, pourquoi, à quelle heure, combien de, de quoi, avec qui, à qui.
All of the cards are written in the present tense, and some include negation. Here are the verbs used in this set of practice cards: aimer, préférer, aller, commencer, apprendre, regarder, acheter, avoir, partir, faire, manger, finir, vouloir, parler, étudier, savoir, déjeuner, adorer, travailler, appeler, être, prendre, donner, arriver, et ranger.
- 100 practice cards
- Answer key
This French resource is included in my money saving FRENCH COURSE FOR SELF-LEARNERS.
Jennifer is originally from Louisiana, and has been teaching French for over 20 years. She has been living in France with her husband and children since 2013, and continues to teach French both online and locally. She completed a BA in French and English, and taught French and moved to France for a year before completing an MA degree in French literature and language. While living in the US, she taught French for 15 years at Saint Louis University High School, a Jesuit college preparatory school for young men.


preserved if they are for nodes being created. However, when a name
 label is input for a node that already exist in DNS data being
 augmented or updated, the situation is more complex. Implemenations
 may retain the case first input for such a label or allow new input
 to override the old case or maintain separate copies preserving the
 input case.
 For example, if data with owner name "foo.bar.example" is input and
 then later data with owner name "xyz.BAR.example" is input, the name
 of the label on the "bar.example" node, i.e. "bar", might or might
 not be changed to "BAR" or the actual input case could be preserved.
D. Eastlake 3rd [Page 6]
INTERNET-DRAFT DNS Case Insensitivity
 Thus later retrieval of data stored under "xyz.bar.example" in this
 case can easily result is obtaining data with "xyz.BAR.example". The
 same considerations apply when inputting multiple data records with
 owner names differing only in case. From the example above, if an "A"
 record is stored under owner name "xyz.BAR.example" and then a second
 "A" record under "XYZ.BAR.example", the second MAY be stored with the
 first (lower case initial label) name.
 the results of inconsistent capitalization in a Master File are
 unpredicatable output capitalization.
4.3 Wildcard Matching
 There is one additional instance of note, which reflects the general
 rules that output case reflects input case unless there is
 conflicting capitalization in the DNS database or the output case is
 hidden by name compression. This is when a query matches a wildcard
 in the DNS database at a server. In that case, the answer SHOULD
 reflect the input case of the label or labels that matched the
 wildcard unless they are replaced by an indirect label which MAY
 point to a name with different capitalization.
5. Internationalized Domain Names
 A scheme has been adopted for "internationalized domain names" and
 "internationalized labels" as described in [RFC 3490, 3454, 3491, and
 3492]. It makes most of [UNICODE] available through a separate
 application level transformation from internationalized domain name
 to DNS domain name and from DNS domain name to internationalized
 domain name. Any case insensitivity that internationalized domain
 names and labels have varies depending on the script and is handled
 entirely as part of the transformation described in [RFC 3454] and
 [RFC 3491] which should be seen for further details. This is not a
 part of the DNS as standardized in STD 13.
6. Security Considerations
 The equivalence of certain DNS label types with case differences, as
 clarified in this document, can lead to security problems. For
 example, a user could be confused by believing two domain names
 differing only in case were actually different names.
D. Eastlake 3rd [Page 7]
INTERNET-DRAFT DNS Case Insensitivity
 DNS. It could be used as a case sensitive index into some data base
 system. Or it could be interpreted as binary data by some integrity
 or authentication code system. These problems can usually be handled
 by using a standardized or "canonical" form of the DNS ASCII type
 labels, that is, always map the ASCII letter value octets in ASCII
 labels to some specific pre-chosen case, either upper case or lower
 case. An example of a canonical form for domain names (and also a
 canonical ordering for them) appears in Section 8 of [RFC 2535]. See
 also [UNKRR].
 expectation that case will always be preserved. For example, although
 this would be quite rare, on a system with case sensitive email
 address local parts, an attempt to store two "RP" records that
 differed only in case would probably produce unexpected results that
 might have security implications. That is because the entire email
 address, including the possibly case sensitive local or left hand
 part, is encoded into a DNS name in a readable fashion where the case
 of some letters might be changed on output as described above.
D. Eastlake 3rd [Page 8]
INTERNET-DRAFT DNS Case Insensitivity
Normative References
 [ASCII] - ANSI, "USA Standard Code for Information Interchange",
 X3.4, American National Standards Institute: New York, 1968.
 [RFC 1034, 1035] - See [STD 13].
 [RFC 2119] - "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
 Levels", S. Bradner, March 1997.
 [RFC 2136] - P. Vixie, Ed., S. Thomson, Y. Rekhter, J. Bound,
 "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", April 1997.
 March 1999.
 [RFC 3007] - B. Wellington, "Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic
 Update", November 2000.
 [STD 13]
 - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - concepts and facilities", RFC
 1034, November 1987.
 - P. Mockapetris, "Domain names - implementation and
 specification", RFC 1035, November 1987.
 [UNKRR] - Andreas Gustafsson, "Handling of Unknown DNS RR Types",
 draft-ietf-dnsext-unknown-rrs-05.txt, March 2003.
Informative References
 Delegation", March 1994.
 June 1999.
 [RFC 2929] - D. Eastlake, E. Brunner-Williams, B. Manning, "Domain
 Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations", September 2000.
 [RFC 2671] - P. Vixie, "Extension mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)", August
 [RFC 2673] - M. Crawford, "Binary Labels in the Domain Name System",
 August 1999.
 [RFC 3454] - P. Hoffman, M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
 Internationalized String ("stringprep")", December 2002.
D. Eastlake 3rd [Page 9]
INTERNET-DRAFT DNS Case Insensitivity
 [RFC 3490] - P. Faltstrom, P. Hoffman, A. Costello,
 "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", March 2003.
 [RFC 3491] - P. Hoffman, M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile
 for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", March 2003.
 [RFC 3492] - A. Costello, "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
 for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", March
 [UNICODE] - The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
-02 to -03 Changes
 The following changes were made between draft version -02 and -03:
 1. Add internationalized domain name section and references.
 2. Change to indicate that later input of a label for an existing DNS
 name tree node may or may not be normalized to the earlier input or
 override it or both may be preserved.
 3. Numerous minor wording changes.
Author's Address
 Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
 Motorola Laboratories
 155 Beaver Street
 Milford, MA 01757 USA
 Telephone: _PHONE_ (w)
 _PHONE_ (h)
 EMail: _EMAIL_
Expiration and File Name
 This draft expires September 2003.
 Its file name is draft-ietf-dnsext-insensitive-03.txt.
D. Eastlake 3rd [Page 10]


text:
mm. There is a dry period with less than 20 mm rainfall per month from November to March; the mean annual temperature is moderate, approximately 17ºC. Figure 5 shows the mean temperature variation together with monthly rainfall in Cape Town for a time record of 73 years (_PHONE_). The prevailing southeast trade winds in summer are replaced by northwest anti-trade winds in winter, the latter spelling rainy weather. Very strong winds are frequent and characteristic of the Cape Flats area.
Yearly precipitation data for a time period of 165 years, from _PHONE_, show strong fluctuations between 229 mm and 1 037 mm; the mean annual precipitation over this period is 619 mm (Fig. 6). Summer temperatures are mild, with an aver age maximum of 26ºC. The long-term variation air temperature in Cape Town is presented in Fig. 7(a) and (b). The winter months are cool, with an average minimum temperature of 7ºC. About 80% of the annual precipitation occurs in winter time.
From the analysis of climate data in Cape Town, the highest amount of precipitation was recorded in 1892 with 1 037 mm, the lowest in 1935 with 229 mm. The maximum downpour is in June, while precipitation is in its minimum in February. Moreover, positive and negative trends become evident when the entire time series is examined in segments of 50 years. The first 50 years (_PHONE_) in the time series show a significant positive trend, whereas a significant negative trend is noted when the 50-year segment is taken at the end of the record (_PHONE_). A change of mean was obvious when the average of annual rainfall for the entire record was calculated by decades. The pattern and variability of the precipitation in Cape Town is as follows: the average of annual rainfall was increasing until 1891; from 1892 the trend showed continuous decrease up until 1941, but there was a 'climatic jump' about _PHONE_. Such a 'climatic jump' occurred much later in the Sahel of Western Africa, about _PHONE_, as reported by Hubert and Carbonnel (1987). This coincided with the period when the probability of a sudden change in the mean reached a maximum.
The fluctuations in Cape Town rainfall are further illustrated by the 'rising' and 'dropping' 10-year means in Fig. 6. The figure shows the 2 decades from _PHONE_ as relatively dry periods; least annual rainfall of 229 mm was recorded in 1935. A similarly low rainfall was observed from _PHONE_, with the exception of the year 2001 (with up to 784 mm). This fluctuation in the rainfall pattern has implications for groundwater recharge and, consequently, water management issues in the area.
The surface water hydrology of the Cape Flats area is represented by the Eerste River, Kuils River and the Diep River, as well as Zeekoevlei and other open water bodies (Fig. 8). Other streams and creeks are Lourens, Elsieskraal, Lotus Hout, Sout, Liesbeek, and Sir Lowry's Pass, which are mostly tributaries discharging into the main rivers. In several depressions, flat marshy sites - locally named 'vleis' (Schalke, 1973) - are present, which sometimes contain open water and are connected by a river with the sea. The drainage towards the south takes place by the Eerste River and by the Zeekoevlei into False Bay, whereas in the north the Sout and Diep River drain into Table Bay.
In the study area, runoff measurements are limited. There are gauging stations on Diep and Eerste River while Kuils River is a tributary of Eerste River and no longer has a gauging station (Table 2). Small-scale irrigation ponds and canals are available in the farming areas around Otery and Philippi. These and other minor drains covering a small area were not quantified.
The parameters of the hydrological balance are shown in Table 3 and are results of the analysis of available runoff data as well as estimates using the Thornthwaite and Mather (1957) method.
According to Gerber (1981), the maximum flow rate of the Lotus River at its entry point into Zeekoevlei - using manual measurements (winter of 1980) - was 11 000 m3/h in response to a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/d at the height of the rainy season. The corresponding figure for the upper stretches of the Elsieskraal River, at its crossing with Hein road, was estimated at 2 000 m3/h (Gerber, 1981). The 'baseflow' component of the Great Lotus River was in the range of 400 to 1 000 m3/h.
The parameters of water balance for the year 2002-2003, such as precipitation, surface runoff, estimates of actual evapotranspiration together with recharge, are listed in Table 3 for 3 selected stations, based on the method of Thornwaite and Mather (1957). If the groundwater recharge is low, a large part of the precipitation is lost to evapotranspiration and vice versa. The recharge value is in the proportion of 16 to 47% of precipitation.
In field observations, irrigation may be significant to water balance as the farmers in the area irrigate their crops during the dry summer months, but there are no data to show the extent of water use for irrigation in the study area. Assuming a conservative value of 1 000 mm mean annual rainfall over the study region of 630 km2, the total volume of rainfall is 6.30×108 m3/a. There are 211 irrigation permits within the study area (as at 2006). Assuming a conservative, 60-day long irrigation season, the total amount of returned irrigation water is 1.03×105 m3/a or 0.0163% of the rainfall. If the irrigation season was 365 days long, irrigation water would only amount to 0.1% of the rainfall over the study area.
The Sandveld Group (which is essentially Cenozoic sediments) forms an extensive sand aquifer that is hydrogeologically divided into 4 main units (Meyer, 2001):
The Cape Flats aquifer unit
The Silwerstroom-Witzand unit in the Atlantis area
The Grootwater unit in the Yzerfontein region
The Berg River unit in the Saldanha area.
Analysis of about 500 boreholes in the Sandveld Group indicates that 41% of boreholes yield <0.5 /s while 30% yield >2 /s (Meyer, 2001). The potential yield within the different units of the Sandveld Group is shown in Table 4. The presence of intermittently flowing springs reveals the occurrence of aquifers of low potential, which are possibly formed only within fractured zones or locally within the weathered zone. Detailed hydrogeological investigation of the Cape Flats aquifer is presented and discussed in the following section.
The well distribution in the Cape Flats area which was used in the present study is shown in Fig. 9. The wells exploited and few boreholes used for pumping tests are included and indicated in the figure. A log-log plot of drawdown versus time for 2 pumping test sites is given in Fig. 10.
In the Malmesbury aquifer the drawdown plot for Borehole 5 at University of the Western Cape (UWC 5) shows a fairly straight line suggesting linear flow. The overlying weathered horizon provides storage for the bedrock aquifer. For Borehole 4 (UWC 4) the curve can be fitted to a Theis type curve suggesting a radial flow pattern and indicating homogeneous conditions in the Cape Flats aquifer. It is, generally, hydraulically similar to that of a porous medium and good storage characteristics in the deeply weathered zone.
In spite of similar pumping rates in the 2 wells, results of tests conducted on the Cape Flats aquifer and the underlying Malmesbury shale aquifer have shown that the transmissivity is higher in Borehole 5 than in Borehole 4 (Fig. 10). Figure 10(a) shows pumping test results from boreholes in different locations (from UWC test site, Bellville and iThemba Labs, Faure) all tapping the Cape Flats aquifer; while Fig. 10(b) illustrates the close agreement between 2 pumping tests on UWC5 conducted in 2 different seasons (November and March, respectively). Figure 10(c) compares pumping test data from the 3 boreholes.
In order to determine the aquifer parameters, data sets from 4 pumping tests from the 2 sites, UWC and iThemba, were interpreted by manual and by Excel-fitted curve methods. Figure 11 shows a sample of the plots for pumping and recovery tests conducted during the study while the results of aquifer test interpretations are presented in Table 5.
The hydraulic conductivity of the Cape Flats aquifer has been evaluated in earlier studies (Gerber, 1976; Vandoolaeghe, 1989). For example, from the work of Gerber (1976; 1981) a transmissivity distribution map (Fig. 12) has


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(C) Fiscal Services Function
Shown here is a sample of Fiscal Services and associated sub-functions. Typically, human services agencies have fairly complex fiscal systems. This particularly relates to revenues that often come from multiple government and private funders and through numerous insurance and other payers reimbursing services related costs. Additionally, these multiple funding sources frequently require separate reporting processes and audit procedures.
· Oversee budgeting and fiscal planning, including developing and monitoring SSIs budget, planning for future agency requirements, and projecting future resources and expenses. Additionally, separate funders normally require budgets and financial projections related to their particular funds or grants. Beyond these needs, budgeting and fiscal planning activities are reflected in annual reports, promotional materials, development materials, and numerous other SSI documents and processes.
· Oversee and manage receivable and payable activities, including accessing and tracking grant and other external funding streams, billing appropriate payers for agency services, paying agency expenses, managing payroll and taxes, tracking use of credit cards and other staff generated expenses, and managing audits and required documentation and reporting for all fiscal activities.
· Develop processes for and manage cost accounting including development and management of strategies and processes to track and measure the cost of providing services. SSI tracks and accounts for all of its resources on a complete, detailed, and continuous basis, including knowing the cost of each aspect of its operation.
As is the case with Administrative Services, Fiscal Services are transparent to SSI clients and visitors, and generally transparent to SSI staff. Like any other well-managed secondary function, Fiscal Services support and sustain the primary Service Function without interference or calling attention to itself. The internal SSI eco system functions smoothly and quietly. Anything less than efficient, effective Fiscal Services represents noise or static disrupting the quiet functioning of the SSI eco system. It would be but another example of the negative energy discussed in Chapter Four. As noted there, the agency eco system is relatively fragile and its tolerance for static and negative energy is quite low.
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Survey Research Methods
The study of voting behavior generally relies on information from sample surveys. Aggregate election statistics from states or counties, another common type of election data, are useful for examining the patterns of election results, such as differences in the presidential vote among the fifty states, but such data are not suitable for an analysis that focuses on the individual voter. In order to investigate the factors that affect how people vote, we need information on individuals. Such information commonly includes data on voting behavior, attitudes and beliefs, personal characteristics, and so on. Since it is impractical to obtain this information for each member of the electorate, the common procedure is to draw a sample of people from the population and interview these individuals. Once collected, survey data are usually processed and stored in a form allowing for computer-assisted data analysis. This data analysis generally focuses on describing and explaining patterns of political opinion and electoral behavior.
A. This Dataset
The data for this instructional package are drawn from the 2008 American National Election Study (ANES), conducted by the Center for Political Research at The University of Michigan. These data are available for download as ICPSR Study Number 25383. Based on a very large sample (over 2,000 people), the study interviewed respondents both before and after the election. Only a portion of all the information collected by the study is contained in this dataset, and the selected data have been prepared especially for instructional purposes.
Efficient data analysis requires that the data be recorded, coded, processed, and stored according to standard procedures. Essentially, this involves representing all information by numeric codes. For example, the information that John Smith is an evangelical Protestant would be stored by recording a value of "2" (evangelical Protestant) on variable 179 (religious affiliation) for respondent "907" (John Smith). This numerically coded information is placed on a storage medium–such as a memory stick–allowing the data to be analyzed with the aid of a computer. In the past, many large surveys were analyzed with larger "mainframe" computers; nowadays, powerful microcomputers make it possible for data analysts to analyze data on personal computers.
B. Codebook
In order to use a dataset, a codebook is needed. The codebook describes the dataset by providing a list of all variables, an explanation of each variable, and a description of the possible values for each variable. The codebook also indicates how the data are stored and organized for use by the computer. A codebook can thus be thought of as a combination of a map and an index to the dataset.
C. Survey Sampling
Many people ask how it is possible to make any generalizations about the American public on the basis of a survey sample of about 2000 individuals. The truth of the matter is this–it is not possible to do so unless some methodical type of sampling scheme is used. If we just stood on a street corner and asked questions of the first 2000 people who walked by, we could, of course, not draw any conclusions about the attitudes and opinions of the American public. If however, we have some kind of sampling scheme, a similar size sample can yield quite accurate generalizations about the American public.
A full explanation of the theory of survey sampling is beyond the scope of this instructional package. However, we can introduce some basics. The goal of any social science survey is to reduce the error in making generalizations about the population. Error can have two origins –systematic and random. The goal of proper sampling is to reduce both of these. Systematic error is much more serious than is random error, so we are especially concerned about it.
We can reduce error in a survey through good sampling.
The most basic form of sampling is the simple random sample. This involves drawing a sample from a list of all members of the population in such a way that everybody in the population has the same chance of being selected for the sample.
Simple random samples are not appropriate for most social science applications. Often, we want samples in which we are sure there are a similar number of sub-groups (women, Southerners, union members, etc.) in the sample as there are in the population. A simple random sample will not guarantee this. Stratified probability sampling comes closer to this guarantee.
Simple random samples are impractical in national surveys for two main reasons:
 - There is no national list of American adults
 - The sample would be scattered all over the US, making it very expensive to conduct face-to face interviews
Therefore, a form of stratified probability sampling is used in national surveys.
The actual form of sampling depends on whether the interviews will be conducted in person or by telephone or in some other way.
D. Sources of Error in Surveys
Potential sources of error in national surveys include:
 - the sampling procedure itself. Since surveys are based on samples and not the entire population, there is a certain amount of random sampling error in any survey. For a properly constructed national sample such as the ANES with about 2000 respondents, the margin of error is less than ±3 percentage points;
 - certain unavoidable systematic errors–the ANES does not interview in Alaska and Hawaii, for example;
 - survey non-response as a result of not being able to contact a potential respondent;
 - refusals to cooperate with the survey by potential respondents. As the number of surveys and polls has increased in recent years, respondents have displayed what has been called survey fatigue, and non-response has increased over time;
 - lack of candor by respondents on questions that have socially acceptable answers (Did you vote in the election?) or socially unacceptable answers (Did you cheat on your income tax last year?);
 - the inability of respondents to remember past behaviors (Who did you vote for in the last presidential election?);
 - respondents misconstruing survey questions as exams and so providing answers to questions that they really have not thought much about (non-attitudes);
 - badly trained interviewers who might give respondents cues as to how to answer questions, or who mis-record respondents' answers, or who falsify data, and so on;
 - errors in the preparation, coding, and processing of the survey into a computer data file.
Where these and other errors are random in nature, they are annoying, but when the errors are systematic they can cause great trouble. We can reduce systematic error in a survey through proper training of interviewers and adherence to proper norms of developing and conducting surveys, such as those developed by the American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR).
It is important to be aware of the potential sources of error when working with survey data. Small differences in percentages may be the result of error and so be virtually meaningless.
E. The 2008 ANES Data
The 2008 American National Election Study was conducted entirely face-to-face utilizing Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) technology (PDF).1 Great care was taken in identifying the sample, training interviewers, and in the actual conducting of the interviews. Each interviewer was given a laptop computer that had survey questionnaire software pre-installed so that the interviewer could enter the respondent's data as the interview proceeded. The care that ANES takes in conducting surveys results in data of a very high quality, but it also is expensive. Face-to-face surveys are more expensive to conduct than are telephone surveys since face-to-face surveys require interviewers to be sent out into the field while telephone interviewers can all sit in one room. To insure that face-to-face interviews are high quality, the field interviewers must be very highly trained since there is little supervision when they are out of the office. Many researchers feel that face-to-face interviews yield 'richer' data; the interviewer can ask a variety of follow-up questions, can spend adequate time making the respondent feel comfortable in answering sensitive questions, and can note any special circumstances about the interview that might have affected the answers given.
All respondents in the 2008 ANES were interviewed in the fall of 2008 by RTI International before and after the election. The response rate for the pre-election survey was approximately 60%. Some 2,323 people were interviewed before the election and 2,102 of these were successfully interviewed after the election. The dataset for this instructional package includes only the 2,102 respondents who were interviewed both before and after the election.
The data for this instructional module are weighted. Weighting a dataset is a technical procedure to correct the data for several basic factors. The goal of weighting is to produce a dataset that is more demographically representative of the population. When the data are weighted, some respondents count for more than one person (they have a sample weight greater than 1.0) and some count for less than one person (they have a sample weight less than 1.0). You need not be overly concerned about weighting, as the dataset is designed to be automatically weighted when you open it, and you will only sometimes notice that are you working with weighted data. Some small anomalies that you may occasionally notice will be the result of working with weighted data. This point is discussed in greater detail elsewhere on this website.
1For the 2008 survey, ANES allowed–for the first time–a portion of the study to be self-administered. This portion of the data are not utilized in the 2008 SETUPS but those interested in the topic can read more at [Site no longer available; this portion of the data is not utilized in the 2008 SETUPS.]


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Te Papa Research Fellow Patrick Brownsey was recently contacted about a population near Levin of the very rare Ophioglossum petiolatum.
Ophioglossum are odd looking ferns, as befits a common name of "adder's tongue ferns". We don't have a picture of O. petiolatum (stalked adder's tongue fern), but the related O. coriaceum is similar; O. petiolatum has a rounder leaf and a longer fertile spike than shown in the drawing below.
Ophioglossum petiolatum has a Nationally Critical conservation status in New Zealand. More details and photos from the Plant Conservation Network.
Pat saw the Hokio population about 30 years ago, and wrote an article about it. A local landowner wanted to know if the population still persisted. Primary Science Teacher Fellow Wendy Hogg and I joined Pat for the hunt, but we were unsuccessful. The area is much changed, and it seems unlikely (but not impossible) that O. petiolatum survives near Levin. 1985 article about Ophioglossum petiolatum at Hokio (2.3 MB pdf).
However, we did find the unusual, floating liverwort Ricciocarpos natans. Although only a centimetre or two across, it is very distinctive. It has a Nationally Endangered conservation status, but it is probably under-collected, and may be more common than appreciated. Please look out for it amongst the "duckweed" on your local ponds!


I used simple knife for cutting colocasia roots, while cutting them scab starts on my hands. I can used coconut oil on my hands before start cutting them but it was not effective tell me some methods to avoid this
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 Is it caused by an irritant substance or by the roughness of the surface? Either way disposable gloves would help, but in the latter case they would have to be more robust than the typical ones for food use, so it makes a difference – Chris H Dec 3 '18 at 16:37
 - Do you mean blisters start forming on your hands? If so, is it from the friction of working the knife on those roots? – UnhandledExcepSean Dec 3 '18 at 18:57
The colocasia root (also known as the taro root) has calcium oxalate near the surface under its skin. This makes it toxic to eat uncooked and can irritate the skin.
Common methods to avoid skin irritation are oiling the hands (which isn't working for you), peeling them under running water, which rinses off the irritants quicker, and lastly is wearing gloves.
I would recommend getting a box of food grade latex gloves, that should keep your skin from coming into contact with the irritants. Doing it under running water also wouldn't hurt.
Your Answer


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We've seen hacks for the Kinect from the very start, and even some that suggested one like this might be possible: a Kinect being moved around like a camera, recording the depth of everything it sees and building up a full-3D map of the room and every object in it. They call it KinectFusion, and it's really quite fascinating to watch. I've re-hosted the video here, since the original is a bit cramped and not everyone wants to download the whole thing.
The position of the camera is constantly tracked by monitoring the depth of known objects in its view, and with that information known, the 3D data recorded can be given absolute measurements, producing a static map of the room. And it all happens in real time. Watch just the first demonstration and you can see the system "painting" a 3D model of the room as quickly as the researcher can move the Kinect around.
It tolerates change, as well: move objects in the scene and it'll update the model. It "knows" whether an object is moving or the camera itself is. And by combining this new model with the normal capabilities of the Kinect, the room or object can be interacted with, as they demonstrate in the video by "throwing" gobs of little paintballs at things in real time, and picking up a real-life teapot that is also being mapped in 3D. Absolutely extraordinary that this is being done with an off-the-shelf device, a common PC, and some clever programming.
Among the applications for this suggested by the Microsoft Research team: "extending multi-touch interactions to arbitrary surfaces; advanced features for augmented reality; real-time physics simulations of the dynamic model; novel methods for segmentation and tracking of scanned objects" — and I'm sure you can think of a few yourself. Turning the Kinect into a user-controlled tool instead of a passive user-monitoring tool opens up a huge amount of possibilities, as other hacks have demonstrated as well.
KinectFusion is a team effort between Microsoft Research Cambridge, Imperial College London, Newcastle University, Lancaster University, and the University of Toronto. The project was demonstrated at SIGGRAPH yesterday, but this video really shows it off much better. Hopefully we'll see a code release soon and people can play around with this amazing tool.


Devika Mohanty
The Story of Buddha
By Devika Mohanty
Price: $4.99 USD. Words: 10. Language: English. Published: May 24, 2012. Category: Nonfiction
This book is about Prince Siddhartha Gautama, born twenty five centuries ago in modern day Nepal. He was the prince of Kapilavastu, a small kingdom at the foothills of the Himalayas. He attained a state of enlightenment and became the Buddha. The Story of Buddha is the journey of his life from a prince to the enlightenment.
Devika Mohanty's tag cloud
almighty blessed buddha buddhism buddhist devotion dharma divine ebook god god like holy karma lumbini mystical prayer religion sacred sangha siddhartha gautama spiritual supernatural


2)
_TAG_=>array([1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 3, 4])
Array Concatenation and Splitting
Concatenation (joining) of two arrays in NumPy, can be accomplished using the np.concatenate, np.vstack, and np.hstack.
For one dimension array: Screenshot (114).png
It can also be used for two-dimensional arrays: Screenshot (115).png
Spiliting Of Arrays
Splitting of arrays in NumPy, can be accomplished using the np.split, np.vsplit, and np.hsplit.
Note: Split an array into multiple sub-arrays of equal size. Screenshot (116).png
If you don't want to split the array in equal size then you should mention integer in square brackets.
x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,11,8,9])
_TAG_=>[array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 8]), array([9])]
Sorting Array,
We have come to the last section of this article.
 - np.sort()
 - np.argsort()
Let's define new array with random numbers,
x = [4,9,55,34,12,3,67]
 1. np.sort() : Returns the sorted array
 _TAG_=>[3, 4, 9, 12, 34, 55, 67]
 2. np.argsort(): Returns the indices that would sort an array
 _TAG_=>array([5, 0, 1, 4, 3, 2, 6]
 So, That's it for this article. I hope you learned something new. Please comment down if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
Lahiru Chathuranga's photo
Greatly summurize useful tips in numpy. recently, I am learning numpy too. Bookmarked.
Bhavya B Mudhaliyar's photo
Thank you for your words! I am glad you found it useful! 😅😄
Kishore Singh's photo
Well explained. 👏🏻👏🏻


TiO2 and China
TiO2 and China
The story of Pangang Group, of China, a State Owned Enterprise in China, Walter Liew and Robert Maegerle of California ended in March with the two individuals being convicted of espionage. It also marks the first time a Chinese State Owned Enterprise was specifically named in commercial espionage. China had as a national priority to get access to and to duplicate the formula for Titanium Dioxide and they have succeeded.
Liew paid former DuPont employees like Maegerle to reveal trade secrets that would help the Chinese company, Pangang Group, develop a white pigment called chloride-route titanium dioxide, known as TiO2. The pigment is used to make a variety of white-tinted products, food stuffs, paper, paint, plastics, and other coatings. It is a very widely used chemical and in fact millions of tons are used each and every year, just in the US. The DuPont's market is over 17 billion dollars per year.
According to court filings this appears to have begun when Liew attended a banquet in 1991 with a number of Chinese officials. The banquet was hosted by LuoGan, a high-ranking official of the Communist Party of China Central Committee now a member of the nine-member Standing Committee of the Politburo. LuoGan gave Liew directives at this meeting, and two days later Liew received a list of target projects including TiO2. According to testimony and court documents, China buys more TiO2 from the West than it makes and that is of an inferior grade. China's leaders had declared that duplicating—or getting its hands on—DuPont's recipe was a national economic and scientific imperative. Pangang's factory is the only facility in China known to be producing titanium oxide the DuPont way, which uses chlorination. Ultimately Pangangpaid Liew's company $28 million for his success in obtaining, by theft, what Pangang could not buy.
The couple recruited DuPont scientists, including Maegerle, who worked for DuPont from 1956 to 1991 before joining the Liews. Prosecutors said that it was Maegerle that provided the Liews with detailed information about DuPont's Taiwan factory.
Some parts and facts came from newser.com and the USGS.
What is interesting is the clear chain of events leading up to the theft. A member of the Politburo, at the time a lower but significant figure, specifically gave directions of the technology desired. The Chinese national living in the US than specifically recruited a retired employee of the target company to cough up the information. The means being used by China – and I am sure by others, are ruthless and focused. I am also certain that with the large amount of money even the best current and former employees would buckle and sell out.
This is why the need for OPSEC is so important not just for the big companies but even more so for the smaller companies. DuPont will survive, but what if this was the only product made? What if this was the only product produced and now a Chinese firm has the secret and will enter world wide competition. With a lower overhead for labor, pensions, insurance and regulatory permission, plus the backing of the Chinese government. Industry world wide is under the most significant and sustained assault by their competitors than ever before.
As many times as I attempt to scream this from the tallest podium, the technology guys and gals just stare at me. The typical response is "Yeah, but they are not after us, or we are smarter than they are." 1. Many companies are after all US technology; no ifs, ands or butts. 2. Yes, you geniuses are smarter than the thieves are, but they have more money and will pay someone to steal the information.
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Effective management of the wheel/rail contact is an important aspect of rail infrastructure operations. All the influencing factors have to be taken into account as they interact closely. For example, measures used to reduce wear, such as lubrication, can influence fatigue and adhesion, and the measures used to increase adhesion, such as sanding, can have a detrimental effect on wear. A fine balance has to be found in determining maintenance schedules and lubrication regimes to keep railway networks running smoothly. Another important aspect is maintenance of the optimum wheel and rail profiles (through grinding) that can help avoid the onset of damage mechanisms.
This session aims at bringing together researchers and experts from various fields reporting on the current state of wheel/rail contact research. The discussion will promote interaction and collaboration among universities, research centres, railway operators and industry in order to propose solutions and indicate directions of future research.
The session will cover, but not is limited to, the following topics:
- Wheel/rail contact mechanics
- Wheel and rail material wear, rolling contact fatigue and other damage mechanisms (corrugations, squats, etc.)
- Management of wheel/rail friction (use of friction modifiers, lubricants etc.), including effective measurement of friction
- Causes of and overcoming low adhesion problems (traction gels etc.)
- Third-body layer analysis and the role of oxides in friction levels
- Noise and vibration generated by the wheel/rail contact and their mitigation
- Rail grinding: techniques, strategies, effects on noise, and rail failure mechanisms


text: This study aims to maintain and improve the value of urban parks in the changing paradigm as part of an effort to propose concepts and study directions. In order to achieve this, there was an intention to derive characteristics of each current operating agencies of park marketing through a comparative analysis, to allow early stages of active park marketing development in the future to become a precedent and, to lead as indicator of new direction. This method was used to organize the yet unfamiliar principle of park marketing from one's perspective and to recognize the importance earlier on and observe overseas exemplars highly applicable to the study. As basis of the aforementioned method, well-regarded examples of urban parks-Seoul Forest, World Cup Park and Olympic Park-, which demonstrate excellent marketing, were selected as study sites to examine the current park marketing strategies and characteristics of each operating agencies. This study suggests and analyzes new concept of park marketing, which are insufficiently examined, in a new perspective. In addition, it is significant in the analysis of the current status of national and international exemplars. However, more specific and professional marketing proposals are desired to improve the completeness of this study, and personal perspective on park marketing and insufficient number of samples in the surveys might hinder objectivity of this study. In addition, more extensive research on the park users who can verify the effectiveness of the marketing strategy is required to support the findings in this study.