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For an American, I'm pretty good at UK dialects. I can immediately tell an Irish or Scottish accent from a typical (educated, Londoner) English accent. But I'm on shaky ground with Welsh accents, which I hear are also distinctive.
 - What phonological characteristics are distinctives of a Welsh accent?
 - Are there any good recordings I can listen to in order to hear the difference between Welsh and English accents?
Edit: To clarify, I'm not asking about the Welsh language, but about the English language as pronounced by people from Wales.
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There's a wikipedia article dedicated to this en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_dialect#Pronunciation as well as a youtube video youtube.com/watch?v=6iB29OUnfhE – Peter Olson Apr 6 '11 at 15:39
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
If you're into phonetics, Omniglot's Welsh language, alphabet and pronunciation guide seems like a good place to start. IDEA's Dialects and Accents of Wales has some thorough recordings. The text transcriptions are particularly useful as they mention features of that specific accent sample.
From a more pop-culture perspective (read: American), Catherine Zeta-Jones is Welsh and sometimes uses her Welsh accent in interviews and such. It is sometimes possible to detect the Welsh coming through when she speaks with an intentional American accent in movies.
From my experiences speaking with my UK friends about accent stereotypes, a Welsh accent could be considered the cultural equivalent of what a "country" accent is here in America. But we'd probably need a real, live Brit to corroborate or elaborate further.
As an aside, detecting the difference between an Irish and Scottish accent qualifies as pretty good? Come back when you're picking out Liverpool from Leeds. Okay I kid, but only slightly. :)
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Also Tom Jones. There's also quite a bit of difference between the the North and South Wales accent. +1 I agree being able to pick out a Scottish or Irish accent hardly qualifies as pretty good. How about Lancashire or Cornwall (both wonderfully differnt accents). – Sam Apr 6 '11 at 16:00
I've found that I'm quite partial to a Yorkshire accent, partly because Last of the Summer Wine is played almost incessantly on public television in Nashville. – HaL Apr 6 '11 at 16:04
The Welsh language is a red herring. Many Welsh people do not speak Welsh, but nevertheless have a distinctive Welsh accent in their English. – Colin Fine Apr 6 '11 at 16:56
Ha ha about being "pretty good" :). I judge myself only by the standards of most other Americans, for whom all non-North American accents are "English", even if the accent in question is in fact Australian or South African. – JSBձոգչ Apr 6 '11 at 18:10
_USER_: No true Scouser has a garden (all their houses were built back to back... anyone claiming to be "garden variety" is clearly from the Wirral ;-) – psmears Apr 6 '11 at 19:53
If you want a lot of Welsh accent to listen to, find a recording of 'Under Milk Wood' by Dylan Thomas, preferably read by Richard Burton. You don't get more Welsh than that, and it may help you close down on a welsh accent.
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Two great accents, but not much range between the two, given that Thomas was from Swansea and Burton from Port Talbot. Two fairly close places – Danger Fourpence Mar 26 '12 at 1:23
It should also be noted that if you want to pick out a Welsh English speaker, there are a few lexical items to listen out for, borrowed from the Welsh language (e.g. mam, cwtch, dwt etc.) But there are a few phonological aspects too, such as a rolled Rs (and even rhoticity - pronouncing the is car - in certain Welsh varieties of English)
If you want to go even deeper into this, a Cardiff accent is pretty notable amongst Welsh English varieties due to the notable pronunciation of the vowel in the words Cardiff, Arms Park and smart where, to give you an orthographic representation, they would sound more like "Cerdiff", "Erms Perk" and "smert" but this is a very stereotypical, broad pronunciation.
But I'd have to agree with the above posts that the best thing to do would be to go on youtube and listen to some Welshmen and women. The comedian Rhod Gilbert, from Carmarthen, has a fairly broad Welsh accent but people do normally think of Tom Jones when thinking of a Welsh English speaker - but it's not unusual.
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protected by RegDwigнt Jun 8 '12 at 8:54
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Staying in touch with us. Whether you're trying to solve a complex transportation risk scenario or just have a simple question, we're always ready to help.
Trivia – If you dare!
Get your gears turning about your transportation knowledge. Check out this trivia:
- What is a road train and in which country are they used?
- 90% of trucking companies have fewer than this many trucks?
- Who was the first licensed female truck driver and what year was she licensed?
- Which President signed the Pacific Railway Act in 1862?
Answers: 1. A tractor with 4 trailers attached, Australia 2. Six 3. Lillie Elizabeth Drennan, 1929 4. Abraham Lincoln

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A zettabyte describes a unit of data or information that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. The term is equal to a billion terabytes and the symbol ZB represents it. Zebibyte (ZiB) describes a measurement of data using the power of 1024. A single zettabyte is equivalent to 1,024 exabytes and is used prior to the yottabyte unit of measure. Due to the zettabyte's large size, it is rarely used in industry to describe data storage or network throughput capacity.
Examples of Zettabyte Use
Over the past year, the total amount of global data stored exceeds a single zettabyte of information. To put the size of the term in perspective, the conversations of all human speech ever stored would be approximately 42 zettabytes in size if digitized at 16 khz and 16 bit audio. Another way to look at the sheer volume of a zettabyte would be to examine the amount of data sent on Twitter. If the past year's worth of twitter data is added up, it would take approximately 100 years of this same data rate to equal a zettabyte of data. With the exponential growth rate of network throughput capacity and data storage technology, however, how consumers perceive a zettabyte today may be similar to how the gigabyte was perceived just 15 years ago.
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Persuasion Architecture
Persuadability is the capacity that an online presence has for causing a user to take action and become a subscriber, lead or customer.
The Spanish acronym "persuabilidad" is made up of the terms "usabilidad" (usability) and persuasion. Usability is the discipline which facilitates user access to the content of a website and persuasion is the process through which people can be guided to adopt an idea, attitude or action through rational arguments and emotional factors.
Key elements
7 key elements have been defined for assessing a website's level of persuadability:
 1. Positioning: how a website is positioned and differentiates itself from the competition.
 2. Credibility and reliability: what elements a website uses to generate the necessary level of trust in the user so that he believes what it is telling him.
 3. The architecture of persuasion: how, through a website's architecture, each page attempts to achieve an objective.
 4. Content and functions: what elements users need to convince themselves that a specific product or service is the one they need.
 5. Copy: how to draft a website text so that each word manages to persuade.
 6. Calls to action: if each page has an objective, the call to action is the key which should lead to it.
 7. Sensation of urgency: how certain marketing techniques are applied to lead to action at that point.
Measurement and persuadability
Persuadability focuses on results: increasing rates of conversion.
Conversion rates indicate the percentage of users who enter the website and finish the process it proposes: whether this is purchasing a product, making a donation, filling in a registration form, etc. As a result, measurement tools are the key to measuring the success of persuadability.
Measurement tools like Google Analytics or Google Website Optimizer – to perform multi-variable tests – help us to learn more about how the users behave on websites. Thanks to these tools, we can glean very useful information on the users of a website: where they come from, what key words they use to reach the site, what links interest them most or where they leave the site.
This data is analyzed to identify the problem and find a solution with one clear objective: increasing conversion rates.


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Military Records in Hispanic Research
From Ancestry.com Wiki
The number of peninsular troops stationed in a colony and the extent of the organization of provincial units varied depending on the time period and the colony. Study the history of the military in a colony to better understand an ancestor's involvement.
Service Sheets (Hojas de Servicios)
These military service records are found in all Hispanic military organizations. Generally, the name of the officer or soldier, the date and place of birth, and the names of his parents are at the top of the sheet. The body of the record is a detailed, date-by-date list of the various assignments and ranks of the soldier's military service. This may be brief and occupy only single page, as in the attached image, a service sheet for a Spanish officer who served in Louisiana in 1792, or it may contain many pages.
Personal Files or Petitions (Expedientes Personales)
These were generally petitions compiled for a specific purpose, such as to request permission to marry or to request and prove worthiness for a special promotion or pension. In many archives, these expedientes personales may be arranged in special sections, such as expedientes de academía (academy files), expedientes matrimoniales (marriage files), or expedientes de pensión (pension files), or they may be arranged alphabetically with the various petitions for a particular soldier or officer filed together under his name.
Military Parish Records
The various units of the Spanish army, being overwhelmingly Catholic, had their own capellanes (chaplains). These military priests performed sacraments for officers and soldiers and their families, and recorded those sacraments in special parish registers. A soldier had the option of having the sacraments for himself and his family performed by the military chaplain or the local ecclesiastical authorities. It is possible, therefore, to find for a single family within the same generation some baptisms, marriages, and last rites performed by local priests and others by military chaplains.
In Spain, access to the military parish records kept by the Vicariato General Castrense in Madrid requires permission from military and ecclesiastical authorities. Inquiries concerning consultation of these records should be addressed to the Vicario General, Secretaria General del Ejército, Alcalá 9, Madrid, España. This collection covers not only records for Spain itself but also those for colonial military units in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. In Mexico, the presidios (forts) had their own chaplains; those records are not found in military archives but in local church and civil archives.
Published Transfers and Promotions
It was customary in the Spanish army to maintain promotion lists in accordance with tenure as an officer. In addition, at least annually, the official promotion lists were given in published form as orders, which were distributed throughout the military. These lists have been bound into books and are available in several of the military archives. Generally, they apply to the nineteenth century and include officers serving in the military in the colonies as well as in Spain.
These are the individual listings (in some cases on separate sheets called hojas de filiación) of the soldiers in the army, as distinguished from the officers. This is the record that is more likely to exist for the common soldier, while the hoja de servicios and/or the expediente personal is more likely to exist for the officer. Generally, filiaciones have the names of the soldier, his parents, his birthplace, place of residence, religion, whether or not he is married, and a physical description. In some cases, these records will also contain information, such as the hoja de servicio, which shows the various places where the soldier served. Unfortunately, unless arranged alphabetically as part of the initial filing, these filiaciones are much less likely to be indexed and therefore are not easily accessible to the researcher. For this reason, when dealing with a non-officer, it is important to note any information concerning military service found in local or family records. The location of enlistment or the regiment in which a particular soldier served may be the key to finding his record. An excellent collection of those serving during the American Revolutionary period in areas that are now part of the United States has been compiled by Granville Hough.
Censuses (Padrones) and Review Lists (Listas de Revistas)
Frequently, especially in outlying areas, censuses were taken of military personnel and their families, both officers and enlisted men, serving at particular posts. In addition, it was common to review all the members of a unit in frontier areas, such as in the southwestern United States, where censuses of the presidios (frontier posts) frequently included all of the citizens under the responsibility and protection of the unit, as well as the soldiers. Such censuses are found not only in military archives but also in national archives housing government records of the colonial period.
Locating the records of ancestors who served in the military may require some diligence but is well worth the effort. The major difficulty in searching for a military record is that the records tend to have been preserved in archives that correspond to the type of military service. The records of those who served in colonial areas in the Spanish regular army or who served as officers in the provincial or militia units are likely to be found in the archives of Spain. For enlisted personnel in colonial regiments and for national armies after independence, as well as for all military units in some cases, the records will be found in national archives other than those of Spain. In addition, those for militia units may be found in provincial or state municipal archives.
Military census records, reports, promotion lists, and other administrative records were frequently prepared in duplicate or triplicate during the colonial period. One copy was kept locally, a second was sent to the regional capitania general, and the last one was sent to colonial administrators in Spain. Although this pattern may make it somewhat difficult to determine with certainty the archives in which the records may be filed, it has nevertheless proved helpful in areas where local archives have been destroyed. Some Latin American military records that were primarily local in nature can be found in Spanish national archives. Excellent examples are the military records of the Spanish American Southwest, which are preserved in the Archivo General de las Indias in Seville.
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Two-year-old Emma was born with anthrogryposis (AMC), a rare congenital disease that affects muscle strength. At a family conference, Emma's mother learned about the Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton (WREX), an assistive device made of hinged metal bars and resistance bands that enables people with underdeveloped arms to play and feed themselves.
Tariq Rahman and Whitney Sample of the Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children had created an early prototype of the WREX, that worked for children as young as six. But the device was attached to a wheelchair and some children with AMC, including Emma, had use of their legs. The early version of the WREX was just too large and heavy for a child of Emma's size.
Rahman and Sample found that, with the use of 3D printers, they were able to create a lightweight and flexible working prosthetic for Emma, that is customizable with easily replicated broken parts. The custom exoskeletons are printed in ABS plastic and attached to a plastic vest. Because of the ease of manufacturing, the exoskeleton can grow with the child which makes 3D printing especially exciting for those working in pediatric care.
Currently, fifteen children now use a custom 3D printed WREX device. Watch the full video of Emma's story after the jump.


text: A marvel of exquisite craftsmanship, this small, gold-mounted rock-crystal salt cellar, which rests on a high, knopped stem above a tapered, conical base, is a rare example of Early Gothic goldsmiths' work. The crystal salt cellar is meticulously carved with a pointed prow, a flat yet sloping stern, a keel that is rectangular in profile, and simple notching for the double oarlocks. Three interconnected hollows in the interior are arranged symmetrically along the boat's axis. The upper surface of the rim of the vessel is decorated with seed pearls, and emeralds; below is a border of tiny ivy leaves. One-fourth of the hinged lid can be lifted by means of a tiny handle in the form of a serpent. The gems and pearls in combination with the serpent probably had an apotropaic meaning, as serpents' tongues were thought to warn against poison by breaking out into a sweat.The form of The Cloisters' object recalls that of two reliquaries of the Holy Thorn, preserved in the Treasury of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune in Switzerland and in the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi. Both are believed to have been made in Paris—the first, about 1262, and the second, before 1270. Consequently, a date in the mid-thirteenth century is certain for The Cloisters' work, and a Paris localization for its manufacture is indicated. The capital's goldsmiths' center of activity was the Grand-Pont. The Parisian guild regulations also include crystal carvers, cited in Étienne Boileau's "Le Livre des métiers," of about 1268. The diminutive scale and costly materials suggest that this luxury object served as a receptacle for a precious commodity for the table, such as salt or a spice. Ecclesiastical salt cellars, used in the sacrament of baptism and for the hallowing of water, appear only rarely in medieval inventories, but such a usage for this object cannot be excluded. Indeed, it is possible that these works may have been made first for an aristocratic or royal table and were later to be transferred as a gift or a bequest to a church for ecclesiastical use. Information gleaned from early inventories does suggest that such prestigious objects, made of gold and crystal and enhanced with gems, emanated from royal patronage, ownership, or presentation.In any case, few Early Gothic secular table furnishings have survived intact. Many works were buried, destroyed, or melted down during the long periods of looting, war, and revolution.


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Collision Tomography: Physical Properties of Possible Progenitors of the Andromeda Stellar Stream
Miki, Yohei, Mori, Masao, & Rich, R. Michael
To unveil a progenitor of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream, we investigate the interaction between an accreting satellite galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy using an N-body simulation. We perform a comprehensive exploration of the properties of the progenitor dwarf galaxy, using 247 models of varying mass, mass distribution, and size. We show that the binding energy of the progenitor is the crucial parameter in reproducing the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream and the shell-like structures surrounding the Andromeda Galaxy. As a result of the simulations, the progenitor must satisfy a simple scaling relation between the core radius, the total mass and the tidal radius. Using this relation, we successfully constrain the physical properties of the progenitors to have masses ranging from 5× \10\$^8$\M\$_☉ $ to 5× \10\$^9$\M\$_☉ $ and central surface densities around \10\$^3$ \M\$_☉ $ \\pc\\$^-2$. A detailed comparison between our result and the nearby observed galaxies indicates that possible progenitors of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream include a dwarf elliptical galaxy, a dwarf irregular galaxy, and a small spiral galaxy.


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Abstract nature photography is strikingly beautiful; it often ends up on the walls of art collectors and galleries. But what actually is it? And how can you create gorgeous abstract nature shots of your own?
In this article, I share everything you need to know to get started, including:
- A handful of abstract nature photo ideas
- Simple techniques to make your nature shots look more abstract
- Plenty of examples!
Ready to let your creativity run wild? Then let's dive right in, starting with the basics:
What is abstract nature photography?
Abstract nature photography is all about portraying natural subjects in unrecognizable ways. Abstract shooters use various tools – such as close-up lenses, interesting light, and clever framing – to detach a physical subject from the viewer's perception of it.
For instance, a standard photographer, when presented with ice on a window, often captures an image that clearly says, "This is ice on a window." But an abstract photographer makes creative choices that show the ice in a different light. For instance, they might use shallow depth of field effects and a sideways angle to highlight individual pieces of ice. Or they might use a macro lens to capture a whole world of tiny detail, as I did here:
Contrary to popular belief, abstract nature photos are not all blurry and shadowy. It's true that abstract art is a space for impression and imagination, but the photos themselves can be bright, clear, and sharp.
Note that, by creating a distance from the world's physical content, abstract images open up a space to explore associations, feelings, and reactions. Through detachment from the concrete, the viewer can find their own meanings in each photo!
The best subjects for abstract nature photography
While you can technically capture abstract nature shots of just about any subject, it often helps to find items with clear patterns and/or plenty of tiny detail.
For instance, photographers love to capture close-ups of ice and snow. A macro lens will help you highlight the intricate detail present in each tiny snowflake or ice crystal; hence, it's possible to create breathtaking images of ice on windows, snow on trees, dripping icicles, and so much more.
Water is another great abstract nature subject. I recommend using a telephoto lens to ensure you fill the entire frame with water. And head out in the morning or evening. That way, you can capture plenty of beautiful water reflections (which are produced by the low sun).
You can also use a macro lens to create abstract flower and leaf shots. The closer you can get to your subject, the better; aim to highlight various details, such as the line of a flower petal or the veins of a leaf. It often helps to use a shallow depth of field, which will create pleasing bokeh and put emphasis on the in-focus areas.
Abstract nature photography: the basics
To create abstract photos, you must start with a concrete subject. After all, if you don't have a subject, you'll have nothing to photograph!
Once you've found your subject – and I shared lots of ideas in the previous section – analyze it for a few moments. Recognize the conventional ways you can take a photo. And then do what you can to go in another direction.
For instance, you might:
- Find a new vantage point (down low or up high)
- Get in close (via a macro lens or another macro technique)
- Shoot from above (using a drone or a helicopter)
- Wait for the light to create interesting shadow patterns (usually in the early morning or late evening)
- Try a creative technique (such as intentional camera movement)
(Note: If you're curious about any of these techniques, I explore several in greater depth throughout the article.)
You can use my suggestions, or you can try out ideas of your own. What's important is that you spend time testing out creative approaches. Don't be afraid to fail, either; abstract photographers often capture many misses for each hit.
And as you go along, make sure you frequently check your images on the LCD. That way, you can ensure you've nailed the exposure, plus you can evaluate whether you've successfully abstracted each subject. If the results aren't quite what you hoped, then make some tweaks to your approach and try again!
How to capture beautiful abstract nature photos: 5 tips
In this section, I share a handful of tips and techniques to help you take amazing abstract shots.
1. Distance makes a huge difference
Abstract nature photographers have plenty of options, but one of the quickest ways to start producing stunning abstractions is by changing your distance. In other words, get very close to your subject, or get very far away.
If you can get up close, you can show the viewer all sorts of details that are barely visible to the naked eye. And they'll have an intense experience as your photo reveals a whole new natural world.
The best way to do close-up abstract nature photos is with a macro lens; it'll offer outstanding sharpness, beautiful all-around image quality, and excellent handling. Unfortunately, macro lenses are pretty expensive, so if you're on a budget, I'd encourage you to consider other close-up techniques, such as reverse-lens options. The image quality won't be quite as good and the handling can be tough, but you can still capture pro-level shots, especially if you lean into the optical defects introduced by the process.
Getting far enough away from your subject to create an abstract shot is more difficult. You'll generally need a drone, though a helicopter is another good option. Here's an image of the ocean taken from high above:
The key is to get high enough so that your subject is no longer recognizable. Then create compositions using the patterns and geometry that are visible from high above.
2. Don't be afraid to miss focus
Not all abstract nature photos are out of focus…
…but if you do get the focus wrong on purpose, the results can be incredible.
For this, you'll need to switch your lens over to manual focus. Find a subject – the more colorful, the better – then turn the focus ring until you've created a beautiful effect:
It also helps to use a longer lens and a wider aperture; that way, you get plenty of blur. I'd recommend working with at least a 50mm lens, and a 70-200mm lens is another great choice (plus it'll give you more framing options).
If you're struggling to find potential subjects, try squinting or defocusing your eyes. It'll give you an idea of how the scene might look when out of focus. And once you locate a good subject, be sure to take plenty of shots (remember, abstract photography can be very hit and miss!).
3. Experiment with different shutter speeds
Time is always of the essence when it comes to photography, and abstract nature photography is no exception. More specifically, by carefully choosing your shutter speed, you can create gorgeous abstract art.
For instance, if you lengthen the shutter speed to 1/30s or greater, you can capture a beautiful moving-water blur. You can also photograph slightly moving subjects – like flowers trembling in the wind – and get stunning results. And by changing up your shutter speeds, you can create a series of very different shots with the same moving object.
Another option is to move your camera instead of the subject. Pick a longer shutter speed, hit the shutter button, and drag your camera right to left or up and down. It's a great way to photograph flowers, ocean scenes, and forest landscapes. It's how I captured this flower shot:
4. Use a shallow depth of field
The wider your aperture, the shallower the depth of field – and the more interesting the result.
By dialing in an aperture of f/2.8, f/1.8, or even f/1.4, you can take photos with a tiny focus plane. The viewer can anchor themselves on that tiny sliver of sharpness, and they can appreciate the impressionistic blur in the foreground and background.
When working with a shallow depth of field, I generally recommend shooting handheld. Because it's very easy to accidentally miss focus, take lots of photos (you can even try using your camera's continuous shooting mode). And I'd also encourage you to try focusing manually; it'll help you set your point of focus in the perfect spot.
5. Look for color combinations
When you're just starting out in abstract nature photography, it makes sense to focus on creative techniques. You must learn how to capture your subjects in a whole new way – by using lengthy shutter speeds, by getting up close, and by working with a shallow depth of field.
But once you become skilled in creative techniques, you should focus on another key element: color.
You see, by carefully choosing and combining different colors in your photos, you can create different moods. You can add balance or tension, emphasize contrast or unity.
I'd recommend starting with the basic color wheel. Learn how opposite colors, such as red and green, produce contrast. Learn how similar colors, such as blue and purple, produce harmony. Then look into more advanced color combinations.
Then, when you're out shooting, look for different colors. Don't forget about creative techniques, of course, but instead incorporate the colors into your abstract shots. Let the colors enhance your images. Make sense?
Abstract nature photography: final words
If you're just getting started with nature photography, an abstract approach will help you get to know your camera, try out different techniques, and capture beautiful photos in the process.
If you're a more experienced nature shooter, an abstract approach will help you explore and expand your creativity.
Regardless, remember the tips I've shared. Don't be afraid to adjust your focus, carefully choose your shutter speed, and pay attention to color.
And have plenty of fun


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Published: 19 Jan 2023
On 19 December 2022, the High Court judged that the government's migration and economic development partnership policy is compatible with the UK's obligations under international and domestic law.
We remind all public bodies discharging immigration functions to comply with the Public Sector Equality Duty set out in the Equality Act 2010, as well as with the Human Rights Act 1998.
It remains vital that the government takes action to reduce the serious threat to human life posed by trafficking and small boats crossing the Channel. We support the government's commitment to reducing these risks and to establishing safe migration routes.
However, some genuine asylum seekers cannot access the safe routes currently available. Accordingly, we urge the government to improve the availability of such routes, including through providing for the ability to seek asylum prior to entry, not least to reduce the demand for people smuggling.
Following careful consideration of the High Court judgment we have identified four specific issues that we will press the Home Office to address:
- The UK and Rwanda have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to govern relevant operational arrangements. We urge both parties to ensure that procedures and practices remain compliant with international human rights law and we will liaise with our counterparts overseas on this if we deem it necessary.
- The UK government has provided limited detail on the eligibility criteria for the scheme. We welcome the exemption for unaccompanied minors but we urge the government not to remove young people where there are doubts as to whether or not they have reached the age of 18.
- The eligibility criteria require decision makers to 'take into account' the position of members of other vulnerable groups, including pregnant and disabled people, people with mental health conditions, and LGBT people. We urge the government to provide more specific protections to ensure the safety and security of these groups, bearing in mind the particular risks that they face.
- The UK government recognises that 'there are concerns over the treatment' of LGBT individuals in Rwanda and there is 'evidence of ill-treatment of those who have undergone gender reassignment'. We ask the government either to exempt this group from transfer or to clarify the circumstances in which they would deem a transfer feasible.
The Home Office must consider individual facts and circumstances when determining immigration outcomes. Decision making must be compliant with equality and human rights law, and include a careful assessment of the circumstances of the person concerned, including any specific vulnerabilities such as their protected characteristics.
On these and other matters relating to equality and human rights, we will continue to provide advice to the Home Office and UK Government on their legal obligations, and on how risks can be mitigated, in line with our statutory remit and responsibilities.


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Refitting track rods and ball joints
Use the nut to pull the tapered stud home.
Remove protective grease or other material from new parts. Compare them with the old ones to find which is left and which is right. Trying to screw on the wrong joint would damage both joint and rod.
To refit a ball joint to a track rod, grease the thread and screw the joint into place, giving it exactly the same number of turns as when the old joint was removed. Or screw it up to a mark you made earlier.
Do not tighten the locknut yet. Make sure the ball-joint stud is pointing straight up (or down, as appropriate) when in the middle of its travel, as the joint is flexed.
If not, twist the whole joint on the rod to bring the stud into line. Push the stud carefully through the bore in the steering arm.
If the stud revolves as you tighten the nut, jam it with a lever. Use a torque wrench later, for final tightening.
Fit the washer and locking nut to the stud, and tighten the nut to pull the tapered stud into the bore.
If a self-locking nut was used, replace it with a new one: a self-locking nut should not be used twice.
If the threads are stiff, the nut may make the stud turn so that it does not screw up.
Hold the stud by levering against the other side of the joint with a bar resting on the inside wheel rim.
Finish tightening the nut with a torque wrench set to the correct loading. If you cannot obtain the correct setting from a service manual or your local dealer, 25 lb ft (3.5 kg m) is about right.
If a castellated locknut is used, tighten it more, not less, to align one of its cut-outs with the hole for the split pin. Always use a new split pin. Insert it, prise it apart with a small screwdriver and bend the two halves opposite ways around the nut.
Hold the joint firmly while tightening the locknut.
Tighten a ball-joint locknut while you hold the ball joint firmly with a spanner or self-locking grips to stop it from turning. Otherwise the joint will be damaged.
Check that the toe-in or toe-out of the wheels is correct (See Adjusting toe alignment on wheels ). The setting is usually given in the car handbook. This check should be done by a garage if you do not have the equipment for it.
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A: Booting Hyper-V VMs via the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) requires booting that computer from its network card, and specifically a legacy network adapter. Recall that a Hyper-V VM can use either a legacy or a "regular" network adapter. First, a legacy network adapter must be added to the VM; then, the Startup order in the BIOS must be rearranged to start the OS first from that legacy network adapter.
What makes this process confusing is that it's possible to rearrange the Startup order to use the legacy network adapter when no such adapter has been configured for the VM.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
luminesce to emit light at a fairly cold temperature; be or become luminescent.
luminescence the production of light not caused directly by heat, as by chemical reaction. (Cf. incandescence.) [2 definitions]
luminescent of or characterized by luminescence.
luminiferous producing or transmitting light.
luminous giving off light; glowing. [3 definitions]
lummox (informal) someone who is especially clumsy, slow, and unintelligent.
lump a mass or pile, esp. a small one. [7 definitions]
lumpen designating uprooted and disenfranchised people who have come to be regarded as the lowest in their social class.
lumpish resembling or having the characteristics of a lump. [3 definitions]
lump sum a sum of money, esp. a total amount, that is paid at one time rather than in installments.
lumpy full of or covered with lumps. [2 definitions]
lumpy jaw see actinomycosis.
Luna in Roman mythology, the goddess of the moon; Selene.
lunacy mental derangement; insanity. [2 definitions]
luna moth a large pale-green North American moth with a crescent-shaped spot on each wing and long tail-like projections on the hind wings.
lunar of or relating to the moon. [2 definitions]
lunar caustic silver nitrate, used in medicine to cauterize tissues.


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State of Washington Classified Job Specification
<< Classified Job Listing
Class Code: 520F
Category: Science & Engineering
Performs a variety of entry-level technical and scientific fish culture duties, and maintenance of facilities in a fish hatchery.
Distinguishing Characteristics
This is an in-training class designed to provide guidance and professional experience. Upon successful completion of the fish culture training program positions will advance to the Fish Hatchery Specialist 2.
Typical Work
In a learning capacity under the direction of a higher-level position, performs the following:
Performs fish marking techniques for identification and recovery of species; identifies, sorts and process's marked broodfish; compliles and records data for biological analysis;
Administers the correct dose of drugs and anesthetics to fish by injection or immersion, calibrates, cleans, and sterilizes inoculation equipment; calculates, applies, monitors, evaluates, and records therapeutant levels to control pathogens;
Collects biological samples of fish tissue and fluid samples for Fish Health Specialists and Aquatic Animal Health Veterinarians without contaminating samples;
Conducts fish trapping and spawning operations, including successful transport and placement of gametes, and setting up equipment.
Identifies and sorts for spawning individual adult fish according to species, gender, condition of maturity, or other defined characteristics; removes and collects eggs and sperm to ensure viable, uncontaminated gametes and genetic variability;
Identifies and removes weak or dead eggs, and shocks eggs; influences the rate of development of eggs and fry by temperature manipulation of water; applies thermal marks for otolith differentiation; sterilizes groups of eggs with heated water; acclimates eggs to new water source temperature regime;
Calculates daily feed requirements, feeding frequency, and delivery rates based on species, densities, fish size, temperature, flows, turbidity, dissolved oxygen levels, and fish health and desired growth rates;
Monitors fish behavior and records mortalities, examines mortalities for clinical signs of fish pathogens, monitors water quality and rearing environments, and notifies supervisor and fish health specialist when abnormalities occur;
Collects, monitors, and records weather and water quality parameters which include temperatures, flow, turbidity, dissolved oxygen/total gas, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), and settleable solids (SS); monitors, adjusts, and maintains water treatment systems;
Liberates various sizes and species of fish to the waters of the state, using airplane, backpack, barge, horseback, truck, forced release, and volitional release methods; operates vehicles equipped with fish tanks of various sizes in compliance with state and federal laws; maintains a valid Commercial Driver's License, as needed;
Makes scheduled and emergency repairs to structures such as buildings, docks, rearing vessels, and net pens; operates, monitors, maintains, and repairs mechanical or electrical systems for chemical delivery, domestic and hatchery water supplies, power and lights, feed delivery, filters and hatchery intakes, sewage, and ventilation; operates, inspects, adjusts, maintains, and repairs pumps and pump motors, gas and diesel generators, small engines, fork lifts, compressors, crowders, hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, and heating systems;
Designs and fabricates needed hatchery equipment such as fish racks, weirs, intakes screens, fish transfer equipment, adult fish gates, etc. using metal, aluminum, plastic and wood.
Operates, monitors, and responds to all alarms that provide security and protection;
Wears and uses employee safety equipment as directed; inspects, cleans, and repairs employee safety equipment; tests employee safety equipment and records respirator cartridge use and results of respirator tests;
Collects, compiles, and stores data on a variety of activities pertaining to fish rearing;
Performs the work of Fish Hatchery Technician;
Performs other duties as required.
Knowledge and Abilities
Knowledge of: fish species and gender identification, fish culture methods and techniques, basic biological principles, hydrology, fish ecology, river ecosystem, spawning protocols, math, scientific terminology and techniques, mechanical equipment repair; methods, equipment, and supplies used in maintenance of hatchery structures and grounds.
Ability to: successfully complete agency supervised training program, work out of doors in all weather conditions, perform strenuous physical activities, perform basic mechanical tasks using power and hand tools, follow instructions and complete assigned tasks, gather and compile data, use sound judgment.
Legal Requirement(s)
Some positions may require a valid driver's license, and/or a Class A or Class B Commercial Driver's License.
Desirable Qualifications
Associate degree in fisheries technology, biology or closely allied field.
Three years of education towards a Bachelor's degree in fisheries, biology or closely allied field.
Successful completion of a fish culture program from a vocational school.
Three years of experience performing a variety of fish culture duties in a hatchery will substitute for the required education.
NOTE: Employees shall be advanced to Fish Hatchery Specialist 2 after successful completion of a 12-month in-training plan, which includes on-the-job and classroom training. If the employee completes all of the components of the training plan early, they may be advanced to the Fish Hatchery Specialist 2 level early, but not less than six-months.
Class Specification History
New class consolidates (formerly 92592 Fish Hatchery Specialist 1; 4760 Fish Hatchery Technician II ) Adopted May 11, 2007 Effective July 1 2007.
Revised definition, distinguishing characteristics, typical work, knowledge and abilities, and desirable qualifications, adopted June 13, 2019, effective July 1, 2019.


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Stock Photography. Licensed and Royalty Free Photographs
HISTORY OF TOWNELEY HALL
Art Gallery and Museum
Hall and Pond
Suit of Armour
To give you an idea of the history and complicated architecture of the house I will attempt to briefly outline the Halls origins.
It is recorded that Towneley first became the home of the ancient Catholic family during the lifetime of Richard of Towneley who died in 1295. However the present building construction probably started around 1400, although it has to be said little remains of this, apart from the sandstone wall (six feet thick at one part) on the courtyard side of the South East Wing. Close observation of the walls also reveals a half hidden window at ground level that tells us that the level was raised at some time, probably in the 1700s. An internal wall running between the kitchen and family dining room is also six feet thick and was, during mediaeval times, an external wall. At one time there were four wings to the House, but the fourth side was demolished between the years _PHONE_. Towneley Hall also boasts secret rooms, known as Priest Holes, that were used as hiding places during the persecution of Catholics in Elizabethan times. One such hide still exists and can be viewed through a hole in the floor of a room near the Long Gallery.
There has been a Chapel at Towneley since the early 13th century and the present gothic Chapel was probably built around 1515 by Sir John Towneley (_PHONE_) on the fourth wing, but was moved to its present site, using the original materials, when the wing was demolished. The ceiling of the nave is carved with the initials of members of the Towneley family. The early 16th century Alterpiece is a magnificent example of Flemish craftsmanship and was installed during the late 1700s. Until the building of the Catholic Church in Burnley in 1846, the Chapel would have been used by staff and worshippers from the surrounding area.
Towneley Private Chapel
The first major changes to the mediaeval building were undertaken during the 1600s by Richard Towneley (_PHONE_). The kitchen was altered, however the two large archways that were the original fireplaces used for cooking, still exist. The Little Dining Room was added. The oak staircase was built. And the eighty-four feet Long Gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. The rectangular panelling of the Long Gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the Hall was sold to Burnley Corporation.
16th Century Bedroom
Inscriptions on the panelling can still be seen recording the family members during the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1846, ninety two paintings hung in the Long Gallery. The bedrooms, adjacent to the Gallery, were used by guests and closed off when not in use as the Towneley family slept in the other wing.
The 1700s saw even greater alterations, when a great entrance hall with elaborate plaster work decoration replaced the mediaeval great hall. In fact the entrance hall is perhaps the finest example of the Baroque style in the country. The cantilever staircase, Chapel vestibule, brew house and main entrance arch, to name but a few, were also added at this time. These alterations were carried out by Charles (d.1712), Richard (_PHONE_), William (_PHONE_) and Charles Towneley (_PHONE_). The pond was probably constructed in 1800, as it does not appear on Turners drawing of Towneley Hall in 1798 but is included in the plans of Charles Towneley around that period.
In the 19th century, Peregrine Towneley (d.1846) inherited the Hall and it was he who employed the services of the renowned architect Jeffry Wyatt who enhanced the mediaeval appearance of Towneley Hall by elevating the South-East wing and adding battlements and turrets. Wyatt, was also the creator of the Red Drawing Room and the Blue Dining Room (situated in the oldest part of the Hall), and the external passage running beneath the porch which allowed the servants to carry food quickly from the kitchen to the dining room without having to pass through the entrance hall.
Family Dining Room
Staff Dining Room
The Long Gallery, in need of serious renovation, was also repaired in the 1800s. Eventually the house was inherited by Peregrines son, Charles (_PHONE_), who made the last alterations, including a north tower. His successor, Alice Mary Towneley, was unable to maintain the Hall and eventually it was sold to Burnley Corporation in 1901, who opened it up to the general public in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. The brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the Towneley Hall Society, and converted into a Museum of Local Crafts and Industries. What was left of the stables was made into a cafeteria for visitors.
The architects and craftsmen that have been associated with Towneley Hall are; Joseph Bonomi _PHONE_ (Architect), John Carr of York _PHONE_ (Architect), Richard Hayward _PHONE_ (Sculptor), Francesco Vassalli and Martino Quadri (Stuccoists) and Sir Jeffry Wyatt _PHONE_ (Architect).
The Towneley family has many renowned members amongst its ranks, including several High Sheriffs of Lancashire, a Member of Parliament, several Knights, a Governor of Carlisle, several military Colonels and one unfortunate Francis Towneley, who was beheaded.
As I mentioned this is only a brief account of the Halls history and does not do it true justice, but I hope it has whetted your appetite for more.
There are woodland walks and nature trails to follow, squirrels to feed (and capture on camera). The park includes two golf course, play areas, ornamental gardens, pitch and putt, tennis courts, sports pitches, a bowling green, picnic areas and facilities for football and cricket. And if this wasnt enough there is also a souvenir / gift shop, cafeteria and an organic community garden. Infact the only thing Towneley Hall doesnt appear to have is a ghost. Unless you know different....? (SEE BELOW!)
It is a house rich in history and art as the photographs testify. So why not pay them a visit? They will be glad to see you and Im sure you wont be disappointed.
CURRENT OPENING HOURS, ADDMISSION, AND CONTACT DETAILS
The Hall is open Sat to Thurs 12-5 pm. Closed on Fridays (but open on Good Friday)
Admission to Towneley Hall is £3.50 for adults but free for children, students and Burnley residents.
Address: Towneley Hall Art Gallery & Museums, Towneley Park, Burnley, Lancs. BB11 3RQ
Tel: 01282 424213
Fax: 01282 436138
Towneley Hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: go to Susan Bourne, Curator of Towneley Hall, for allowing me access to photograph.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This illustrated article, (including photographs) is Copyrighted ©
2001 by Janet Wood. All Rights Reserved. And must not to be reproduced without
permission from the author. If you copy the text and/or
images from this page and use them on your own web site, publish, or include
this article in any collection without the authorís permission, you are in
violation of international copyright law.
PLEASE NOTE: This copyright notice does not affect any website owner who would like to add an external link to this webpage from their own website. Also, if you feel that your website content would compliment this article please email us and we will be only too happy to consider placing a reciprocal link back to you.
All our library stock photography is represented by Alamy.com
who provide image buyers with a single source for all their photographic needs, supported
by innovative technology and strong customer service.
Stock photography by Mike and Janet Wood at Alamy
Ancient Egypt Photos by Mike and Janet Wood at Alamy
Royalty free images by Mike and Janet Wood at Alamy


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In the ever-evolving landscape of online commerce, the significance of mobile optimization cannot be overstated. With a growing number of consumers using smartphones and tablets for their shopping needs, businesses need to ensure that their WordPress E-Commerce websites are not only visually appealing but also accessible to a diverse audience. In this article, we will explore the importance of mobile optimization for WordPress E-Commerce platforms and delve into the critical aspect of designing for accessibility.
The Mobile-First Imperative:
The rise of mobile devices as the preferred platform for online activities, including shopping, has led to a paradigm shift in web design. Google's emphasis on mobile-first indexing underscores the importance of providing an optimal user experience on smaller screens. WordPress E-Commerce websites must prioritize mobile optimization to cater to the changing habits of consumers and to enhance their overall satisfaction.
Why Accessibility Matters:
Accessibility in web design ensures that all users, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, can access and interact with a website seamlessly. When it comes to E-Commerce, accessibility is not only a legal and ethical requirement but also a business necessity. By designing for accessibility, businesses can tap into a broader customer base, improve user satisfaction, and enhance their brand reputation.
Key Considerations for E-Commerce Mobile Optimization:
- Responsive Design:
Implement a responsive design that adapts to various screen sizes, ensuring a consistent and visually pleasing experience across different devices.
- Mobile-Friendly Navigation:
Simplify navigation for mobile users with a clean and intuitive menu structure. Easy navigation is crucial for users with disabilities who rely on screen readers or other assistive technologies.
- Page Load Speed:
Optimize images, minimize HTTP requests, and leverage browser caching to improve page load speed. A faster website not only benefits user experience but also positively impacts search engine rankings.
- Touch-Friendly Interfaces:
Design touch-friendly buttons and elements to facilitate easy interactions on touchscreens. Consider the size, spacing, and placement of buttons to prevent accidental clicks.
- Readable Content:
Ensure that text is legible on smaller screens. Use a readable font size and maintain proper contrast between text and background colors. Consider users with visual impairments who may rely on screen magnifiers or high-contrast modes.
Designing for Accessibility:
- Alt Text for Images:
Include descriptive alt text for images to provide context for users who cannot see them. This is particularly important for users with visual impairments.
- Semantic HTML:
Use semantic HTML to structure content in a meaningful way. This benefits users who rely on screen readers, as they can navigate through the page more efficiently.
- Keyboard Navigation:
Ensure that all functionalities can be accessed and operated using a keyboard. This is crucial for users with motor disabilities who may not use a traditional mouse.
- Form Accessibility:
Design forms with accessibility in mind, including proper field labels, error messages, and validation. This ensures that users with disabilities can easily fill out forms.
In the competitive world of E-Commerce, mobile optimization is not just a trend; it's a necessity. By embracing a mobile-first approach and prioritizing accessibility in design, WordPress E-Commerce websites can deliver a superior user experience to a diverse audience. As businesses strive to reach and engage customers in the digital realm, ensuring that their online presence is inclusive and accessible is key to long-term success.
Information Process Solutions and Services (IPS USA) is your premier destination for a wide spectrum of digital solutions. With over 15 years of invaluable experience in website development and digital marketing, we bring a profound dedication to detail, result-driven strategies, and a unique value proposition. Our expertise encompasses WordPress website development, Shopify store design, SEO optimization, lead generation, and brand awareness enhancement. What sets us apart is our commitment to excellence, offering free website and SEO (T&C). We stand behind our work with a free moneyback guarantee, ensuring your satisfaction and success. At IPS USA, we're not just a service provider; we're your dedicated partner in achieving your online goals.


Enel Green Power (EGP) has secured a €160mn loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to source renewable and alternative energy sources.
This is the second and final tranche of a €600mn loan package that was approved in 2010. The first tranche of €440mn was signed two years ago.
The financing will be used to implement Enel's four-year plan, which aims to increase the amount of electricity generated from renewable sources by developing a range of innovative technologies involving solar, photovoltaic, wind and geothermal energy as well as hydro power.
According to EIB, the operation is one of its priority areas as it involves financing energy projects that will help to increase the amount of power generated from renewable sources.
Diversifying the sources of production will improve the impact on the environment and increase overall efficiency, while ensuring the security and sustainability of energy supplies over time, EIB says in a statement.
The operation will also contribute towards implementing the European Union's 2020 strategy, which has the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 20% over the next few years.


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Asthma is a worldwide public health problem affecting about 300 million
people. The majority of persons living with asthma are in the developing world where there is limited access to essential drugs. The financial burden for
persons living with asthma and their families, as well as for healthcare systems and governments, is very high. Inadequate treatment and the high cost of medications leads to disability, absenteeism and poverty. Despite the existence of effective asthma medications and international guidelines, and progress made in the implementation of such guidelines over the last decade, the high cost of essential asthma medications remains a major obstacle for patient access to treatment in developing countries.The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease has evaluated this problem and created an Asthma Drug Facility (ADF) so that countries can purchase affordable, good quality essential drugs for asthma. The ADF uses pooled procurement along with other purchasing and supply strategies to obtain the lowest possible prices. Accompanied by the implementation of standardized asthma management, the increased
affordability of drugs provided by the ADF should bring rapid and significant health and cost benefits for patients, their communities and governments.


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Do you struggle with teaching the various strategies for adding and subtracting decimals?
Using visual models in addition to just teaching the standard algorithm can be a bit tricky, but I'm going to show you a few quick tips to make this easier.
Check out my tutorial videos that will take you step-by-step through a sample problem for both adding and subtracting decimals using the standard algorithm and a visual model. Keep reading past the videos to see my process and find out how you can share this information with the parents in your class.
Materials Used in the Videos
- dry erase pocket* – get a class set
- Expo dry erase markers (thin)*
- blank adding and subtracting decimals sample page
*Amazon Affiliate Links
Do You Want the Template From the Video?
Are you getting ready to introduce this skill to your students?
Get the parents in your class prepared (especially if they will need to help their child at home during remote learning) by sending them a quick parent guide. This will provide them with links to the two tutorial videos so they can be in the loop. It's a single-page PDF, so you can send it in an e-mail, newsletter, or post it on any site you use to send information to students and parents.
How I Teach Adding and Subtracting Decimals
When I introduce adding and subtracting decimals, I teach the visual model in conjunction with the standard algorithm. My students see what the decimal looks like when it's represented in a hundredths grid as part of a whole.
- I begin with guided notes. They have step-by-step instructions and graphics on how to create a visual model as well as the standard algorithm.
- We go through an example problem together. I have a student demonstrate by annotating over the notes page on the Promethean Board while the others complete it in their composition book.
- Students then work independently creating visual models for adding and subtracting decimals. Then, they solve each of the problems using the standard algorithm. Finally, they compare their answers from both strategies to make sure they match.
- After they've started to show mastery over a few days, I have them work with a partner using our Task Tents™ review activity.
- I assess their understanding with a quiz.
I have a resource that gives you everything you need. You get an introduction, guided practice, independent practice, Task Tents™ for review, and an assessment.
Teaching remotely? *Digital Version*
This skill can be taught and assessed during remote learning. Find out how you can teach adding and subtracting digitally.
Looking for More?
Check out some of these resources that use various strategies, including visual models, to teach common math skills:
- adding and subtracting decimals (digital and printable options)
- multiplying decimals (digital and printable options)
- dividing decimals (digital and printable options)
- adding and subtracting fractions (printable option – digital coming soon)
- multiplying fractions (printable option – digital coming soon)
- dividing fractions (printable option – digital coming soon)
- order of operations with grouping symbols (digital and printable options)


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In a finding that may open new approaches to treating heart disease, Swedish scientists have succeeded in measuring a highly controversial property of the human heart: the rate at which its muscle cells are renewed during a person's lifetime.
The finding overturns what has long been conventional wisdom: that the heart cannot produce new muscle cells and so people die with the same heart they were born with.
About 1 percent of heart muscle cells are replaced every year at age 25, and that rate gradually falls to less than half a percent per year by age 75, a team of researchers led by Jonas Frisen of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm concluded.
The upshot is that about half of the heart's muscle cells are exchanged in the course of a normal lifetime, the Swedish group calculates. Its results were to be published on Friday in the journal Science.
"I think this will be one of the most important papers in cardiovascular medicine in years," said Charles Murry, a heart researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle. "It helps settle a longstanding controversy about whether the human heart has any ability to regenerate itself."
If the heart can generate new muscle cells, researchers can hope to develop drugs that might accelerate the process, since the heart fails to replace cells that are killed in a heart attack.
The dogma that the heart cannot generate new muscle cells has been challenged since 1987 by a somewhat lonely skeptic, Piero Anversa, now of the Harvard Medical School. Anversa maintains that heart muscle cells are renewed so fast that a person dying at age 80 has replaced the heart four times over. Many other researchers have doubted this assertion.
Cell turnover rates can easily be measured in animals by making their cells radioactive and seeing how fast they are replaced. Such an experiment, called pulse-labeling, could not ethically be done in people.
But Frisen realized several years ago that nuclear weapons tested in the atmosphere until 1963 had in fact labeled the cells of the entire world's population.
The nuclear blasts generated a radioactive form of carbon, known as carbon-14. The amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere has gradually diminished since 1963, when above-ground tests were banned, because it has been incorporated into plants and animals or diffused into the oceans.
In the body, carbon-14 in the diet gets into the DNA of new cells and stays unchanged for the life of the cell.
Because the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere falls each year, the amount of carbon-14 in the DNA can serve to indicate the cell's birthdate, Frisen found.
Four years ago he used his new method to assess the turnover rate of various tissues in the body, concluding that the average age of the cells in an adult's body might be as young as seven to 10 years. But there is a wide range of ages — from the rapidly replaced cells of the blood and gut to the mostly permanent cells of the brain.
Frisen has successfully applied his method to the heart muscle cells, but had to navigate a series of technical obstacles created by the special behavior of the cells. Many have two nuclei, instead of the usual one, and within these double nuclei the DNA may be duplicated again.
"I was really impressed at the level of rigor they put into this analysis," Murry said, calling it a "scientific tour de force."


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Bel +31 (0)70 – 205 11 62
based on 124 ratings on Legalscore
- Economically inactive visa for long term residents from other EU countries
- How can elderly parents immigrate to the Netherlands (or the European Union)?
- New IND policy: residential address requirement for EU long term permit holders
- The New Integration Act: its impact on permanent residence and Dutch citizenship applications
- Non-EU family members of an EU citizen: how to get a permanent residence permit
- Two Types of Permanent Residence Permits in the Netherlands: This is What You Need to Know About Them
- Unemployed Highly Skilled Migrants: Eight Options to Extend Your Legal Stay in the Netherlands
- The benefits and potentials of the Dutch American Friendship Treaty: American students in the Netherlands
- What "main residence" is, and why it is important for your right of stay in the Netherlands
- Economically inactive residence: how to apply and renew It?
- Children of Highly Skilled Migrants: How much tuition should I pay?


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Demographic information on Fire inspectors in the US. The average age of male Fire inspectors in the workforce is 47.3 and of female Fire inspectors is 42.2, and the most common race/ethnicity for Fire inspectors is White.
Data on the critical and distinctive skills necessary for Fire inspectors from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fire inspectors need many skills, but most especially Critical Thinking, Active Listening, and Reading Comprehension. The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) shows that Fire inspectors need more than the average amount of Operation and Control, Science, and Persuasion.
Projections on wages and job growth for Fire inspectors from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The ten-year national workforce is projected to grow 7.4%, but Fire inspectors are expected to see a growth of 9.7% over the same period. This occupation is expected to grow faster than the national average.


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Fetal Model Soft, Placenta, Cord, Chorion and Amniotic Sac is a popular tool for childbirth educators and midwives.
The Fetal Model represents an average-sized full-term baby. Made of soft, yet durable cloth, the body flexes to show all presentations and positions.
The Fetal Model:
- Has palpable anterior and posterior fontanelles.
- The soft and durable cloth body bends to allow for presentation of all positions.
- Generic light brown colour.
- 47.5cms in length.
The Placenta, Cord, Chorion and Amniotic Sac:
- Complete with a drawstring to close the sacs, enclosing the fetal model
- It has a clip to attach the umbilical cord to the soft fetal model
- The amniotic and chorionic membranes are accurately detailed in two colours.
- The placenta is 17.5 x 20cms in size.


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- For Teachers
How much it is common?
Do Americans understand what it means?
This is very common in UK and Raymott is correct
It's not a word I'm familiar with, and I'm a lifelong American from the Midwest.
I've never heard this either. Is it common in the UK? A "bog" is a marshy place you grow cranberries. Is it a toilet in the UK? In Australia?
I'm not a teacher, but I write for a living. Please don't ask me about 2nd conditionals, but I'm a safe bet for what reads well in (American) English.
'The bog(s)' was a common word for the lavatories among boys when I was at school in the fifties and sixties; bogroll was provided, if one was lucky. It was still being used by schoolboys in the nineties; I don't know if it is common today.
Context is important. Please provide enough for us to be able to deal effectively with your question.
Your thread title should include all or part of the word/phrase being discussed.
If you just want to know the meaning of a word, try OneLook Dictionary Search first.
Born and raised in USA, never heard this.


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Infant Deaths Associated with Cough and Cold Medications --- Two States, 2005
Cough and cold medications that contain nasal decongestants, antihistamines, cough suppressants, and expectorants commonly are used alone or in combination in attempts to temporarily relieve symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in children aged <2 years. However, during 2004--2005, an estimated 1,519 children aged <2 years were treated in U.S. emergency departments for adverse events, including overdoses, associated with cough and cold medications.* In response to reports of infant deaths after such events, CDC and the National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) investigated deaths in U.S. infants aged <12 months associated with cough and cold medications. This report describes the results of that investigation, which identified deaths of three infants aged <6 months in 2005, for which cough and cold medications were determined by medical examiners or coroners to be the underlying cause. The dosages at which cough and cold medications can cause illness or death in children aged <2 years are not known. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved dosing recommendations for clinicians prescribing cough and cold medications do not exist for this age group. Because of the risks for toxicity, absence of dosing recommendations, and limited published evidence of effectiveness of these medications in children aged <2 years, parents and other caregivers should not administer cough and cold medications to children in this age group without first consulting health-care provider and should follow the provider's instructions precisely (1). Clinicians should use caution when prescribing cough and cold medications to children aged <2 years. Moreover, clinicians should always ask caregivers about their use of over-the-counter combination medications to avoid overdose in children from multiple medications that contain the same ingredient.
In January 2006, NAME, in collaboration with CDC, initiated an e-mail inquiry, requesting reports of deaths in infants aged <12 months for which cough and cold medications were determined as the underlying cause. To identify additional cases, CDC examined media and medical-journal reports of infant deaths suspected to be linked to cough and cold medications during 2005. A total of 15 local medical examiners in 12 U.S. states and Canada responded to the NAME survey. However, no cases other than those from media and published reports were identified. From these reports, CDC identified three cases of infant deaths in two states during 2005 that were determined by a medical examiner or coroner to have been caused by cough and cold medications (Table 1).
The three infants ranged in age from 1 to 6 months; two were male. All three infants had what appeared to be high levels of pseudoephedrine (a nasal decongestant) in postmortem blood samples. The blood levels of pseudoephedrine ranged from 4,743 ng/mL to 7,100 ng/mL. One infant (patient 2) had received both a prescription and an over-the-counter cough and cold combination medication at the same time; both medications contained pseudoephedrine (Table 1). The other two infants also had received pseudoephedrine-containing medications (one prescription and one over the counter). Two of the infants (patients 1 and 2) had been administered prescription medications containing carbinoxamine (an antihistamine), although neither had detectable postmortem blood levels of carbinoxamine. Two of the infants (patients 2 and 3) had detectable blood levels of dextromethorphan (a cough suppressant) and acetaminophen (an antipyretic and analgesic).
All three infants were found dead in their homes. Autopsy and medical investigation records were obtained. A medical examiner or coroner determined that cough and cold medication was the underlying cause of death for each of the three. None of the deaths were determined to be intentional. On autopsy, two of the infants (patients 1 and 2) had evidence of respiratory infection; no abnormalities in cardiac pathology were revealed in any of the infants.
Reported by: Pediatric Toxicology Committee and Data Committee, National Assoc of Medical Examiners. A Srinivasan, MD, D Budnitz, MD, N Shehab, PharmD, Div of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases (proposed); A Cohen, MD, EIS Officer, CDC.
Cough and cold medications (Table 2) are in widespread use to treat children, and the overall incidence of reported adverse events has been low. An estimated 1,519 children aged <2 years were treated for adverse events from such medications during 2004--2005; infant deaths, although rare, also have been reported (2--4). The cases described in this report suggest that such deaths continue to be reported and underscore the need for clinicians to use caution when prescribing and caregivers to use caution when administering cough and cold medications to children aged <2 years.
In children aged >2 years, FDA approval of the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medications is based on review of safety and efficacy data by an external advisory review panel. However, in children aged <2 years, systematic reviews of controlled trials of over-the-counter cough and cold medications have concluded they are not more effective than placebo in reducing acute cough (5) and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (6). Because of the unproven efficacy of the cough suppressants codeine and dextromethorphan in young children and the potential for adverse events, in 1997 the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a policy statement advising that parents should be educated regarding the lack of antitussive effects, risk for adverse events, and potential for overdose in children from these medications (7). In 2006, the American College of Chest Physicians released clinical practice guidelines for management of cough, advising health-care providers to refrain from recommending cough suppressants and other over-the-counter cough medications for young children because of associated morbidity and mortality (8).
In addition to advising caregivers and health-care providers regarding the risks of administering cough and cold medications to children aged <2 years, public health officials have taken steps to improve the safety of these medications. On June 8, 2006, FDA took enforcement action to stop the manufacture of carbinoxamine-containing medications that had not been approved by the agency; FDA noted that many of the medications were inappropriately labeled for use in infants and young children despite safety concerns regarding use of carbinoxamine in children aged <2 years (9). Although manufacturers were required to cease production by September 6, 2006, some products might still be in distribution. In another action, the availability of pseudoephedrine-containing medications has been affected by the federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act, which was signed into law March 9, 2006. This act bans over-the-counter sales (but permits behind-the-counter sales in limited amounts) of cold medications that contain pseudoephedrine, which can be used to make methamphetamine. Because of this act, pseudoephedrine has been removed as an ingredient in many cough and cold medications and replaced with other nasal decongestants. However, some pediatric cough and cold medications containing pseudoephedrine still might be sold behind the counter. As an alternative to pseudoephedrine and other nasal decongestants, caregivers might consider clearing nasal congestion in infants with a rubber suction bulb; secretions can be softened with saline nose drops or a cool-mist humidifier.
Few data exist regarding the therapeutic or toxic levels of cough and cold medications in children aged <2 years (2,3,10). Blood levels of cough and cold medications revealed in postmortem studies might not reflect levels in the bloodstream at the time of administration (1). However, in this report, the blood levels of pseudoephedrine found in the three patients aged 1--6 months were approximately nine to 14 times the levels resulting from administration of recommended doses to children aged 2--12 years.
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, because no universally accepted criteria exist for attributing deaths to cough and cold medications, the cause of death in these cases was based on the report of the medical examiner or coroner. However, the actual cause of death might have been overdose of one drug, interaction of different drugs, an underlying medical condition, or a combination of drugs and underlying medical conditions. Second, the findings are limited by the low response rate and absence of identified cases from the NAME survey, which might underestimate the number of deaths in infants attributed to cough and cold medications.
No FDA-approved dosing recommendations exist for administering over-the-counter cough and cold medications to children aged <2 years, and proper dosing for children in this age group has not been studied. Instructions on over-the-counter medications advise consumers to "consult a doctor" for children in this age group (1). Suggested dosing for some cough and cold medications can be found in parenting and prescribing guides, and clinicians commonly extrapolate a dose based on the weight or age of children aged <2 years from dosing guidelines for adults and older children (7). Such extrapolation is based on the assumption that the pathophysiology of the disease and the effects of the drug are similar in adult and pediatric patients.
Caregivers and clinicians should be aware of the risk for serious illness or fatal overdose from administration of cough and cold medications to children aged <2 years. Caregivers should only administer cough and cold medications to children in this age group when following the exact advice of a clinician. Clinicians should be certain that caregivers understand 1) the importance of administering cough and cold medications only as directed and 2) the risk for overdose if they administer additional medications that might contain the


What is a demand letter in a personal injury claim?
A demand letter is where the victim presents their case of the car accident to the insurance company. This is where the victim will present all the facts and details of their injuries and the medical treatment received, as well as any future treatment, the injuries require. The initial amount "demanded" in the letter should be higher than the actual settlement the victim is willing to agree to. This allows for negotiation.
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text:
Victorian Theme Wedding Planning
The Victorian era wedding ceremony is usually governed by the religious formularies of the church to which the bride and groom may belong, which chooses the clergyman for its performance.
The bride has typically two bridesmaids, and the groom the same number of groomsmen. However, it is possible to alter the number of bridesmaids and groomsmen. It is merely a guideline not a law, and it may be modified. The appropriate Victorian ceremony is normally performed at 12 o'clock in the day, at the church, which is first entered by the bride resting on the arm of her father, uncle, or the person is to "give her away." Next comes the groom along side the mother or closest female relative. The groomsmen and bridesmaids, arm in arm follow the bride and groom. The closest relatives complete the procession to the altar, where the bride and groom take their places in advance, with the parents closely following, and the rest gathered in a group around them.
The groom is responsible for presenting the wedding ring, and have it in readiness at the appropriate moment when called upon to place it on the brides ring finger. The ring is placed on the third finger from, but not counting the thumb of the left hand.
After the marriage ceremony is complete, the question now and then arises whether the bride is to be kissed by the groom. Historically, the kiss is considered improper behavior, but it is, of course, common practice today. In conclusion, friends and family in the church congratulate the bride and groom. Elderly relatives may kiss the bride in congratulation. Queen Victoria herself was kissed by the Duke of Sussex, but not by Prince Albert.
The newly weds then return to the bride's house together, taking precedence of all, and, on arrival, assume a standing position at one end of the reception-room and await the coming of the invited guests, who, as they enter, are presented by the groomsmen to offer their congratulations. The usual breakfast or dinner closes the Victorian marriage ceremony.
Related Victorian Articles


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What makes a successful conservation project? Is it enough to have thorough scientific understanding of the ecological and biological threats facing a species or habitat or do we need to devote significant focus to the human dimension of conservation? Over what time frame should we consider a project successful? What goes into defining a project as being sustainable over the long run so that the perpetuation of the species is guaranteed? How does human economic well-being relate to conservation 1:We improve our conservation strategies by integrating traditional knowledge and practices into the project, and thereby make the project more appropriate for the area and local culture. By cultivating informed, supportive, and involved local communities, the root cause of some of our most pressing conservation problems can be addressed by many more people. With more people involved in the struggle to save endangered species, our projects are more likely to be successful and sustainable.


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I am trying to create a backup mechanism for our server, so that if my system crashes, I should be able to create the whole system by running a single script
After going through Amazon documentation, this is my understanding of creating a backup and restoring
 1. Create a AMI Image (this can be updated monthly)
 2. Create a snapshot (This can be done using a daily script creating a snapshot)
Restore (A script to)
 1. Create an EBS instance using AMI
 2. Attach the EBS volume to Instance created
Now my Questions is
 1. Is it the best way to take a backup and restore?
 2. Do we actually need to backup 2 things, AMI and EBS volume (using snapshot), Can we just keep snapshots?
 3. I understand this cannot work for a local instance store instance, as there is no snapshot functionality. So how can I create a backup and restore process for local instance store instances?
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Use only EBS based instances and simply snapshot the EBS – Guy Dec 12 '12 at 19:03
5 Answers 5
I would suggest to use Auto Scaling in addition to EBS snapshots. If Instance is dying because of Hardware failure or it's scheduled for retirement by Amazon, Auto Scaling will start new Instance automatically.
But in this case, you have to setup NAS for your dynamic data. Depending on Server Load, the number of running Instances will be different and all your scaling servers must mount NAS storage which is shared across them.
Your Database should be on separate server or servers as well. Or you might want to use Amazon RDS as it has great auto-backup / Point-In-Time-Restore features, but you have to pay extra for that.
share|improve this answer
EBS Snapshots are an excellent way to create backups.
You can perform frequent Snapshots of your EBS Volumes via scripts. Weekly, Daily, Hourly, or as frequently as your Credit Card will allow. The only limit is around how many simultaneous snapshots you can be doing - when you hit that, the EBS API will start giving back errors until a few of the in-flight operations complete.
Snapshots can also be copied from Region to Region in order to provide backup against a catastrophic event.
When you snapshot an EBS volume, that snapshot is of the entire volume. Even if it was created from an AMI, your snapshot contains everything you need to create a new instance of the volume. You can pretty easily try this yourself.
share|improve this answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
As I could not find any better alternative, I am sticking with the initial approach
Create a AMI Image (this can be updated monthly)
Restore (A script to)
Create an EBS instance using AMI
Attach the EBS volume to Instance created
For instance store, I am only keeping the application (no database) so no need to keep a backup of that
share|improve this answer
If your instances are Linux based, there is no need to create an AMI is you're taking snapshots. You can create the AMI on the fly, from the snapshots, when you need to recover. If you got that process automated, it's pretty easy to do.
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A few things I learned while trying to recover: Make a note of the Kernel ID from the original instance. You'll probably need to start your future AMI with the same kernel or it may not boot. Other metadata that may be useful to have available are any User-data, Security Groups, secondary IP's, instance-type and architecture. You could store some of that data in the Snapshot's description or tags. – Martijn Heemels Jun 25 at 10:13
_USER_ The only problem is making note of the Kernel ID is that they are not the same across regions - so if you are copying a snapshot to a different region, it's more complicated :/. – Martin Konecny Oct 14 at 18:09
1) Yes.Snapshot is best way to backup and restore EBS volumes.
2) Depends, if you have the root volume as EBS backed AMI, then you can snapshot them as well and improves the manageability
3) Rsync and AMI is the option available for instance store
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text:
Abstract 19717: Cardiac Structural and Sarcomere Genes Associated with Cardiomyopathy Exhibit Marked Intolerance of Genetic Variation
Background - The clinical significance of variants in genes associated with inherited cardiomyopathies can be hard to determine as a result of uncertainty regarding population genetic variation and the recent finding of a surprising amount of tolerance in the genome even to loss of function variants. We hypothesized that genes associated with cardiomyopathy might be particularly resistant to the accumulation of genetic variation.
Methods and Results - We analyzed the rate of single nucleotide genetic variation in the coding regions of all known genes sequenced from the exomes of over 5,000 individuals from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Exome Sequencing Project (ESP), as well as the rates of structural variation from the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV). Most variants were rare, with over half being found in only one individual. Cardiomyopathy associated genes exhibited very low rates of variation. Nonsense variants in particular were extremely rare in these genes, appearing at a rate 96.1% lower than in other Mendelian disease genes, and 98.7% lower than genes without Mendelian disease association. We tested the utility of in-silico algorithms to predict variant pathogenicity using a set of variants in MYBPC3, MYH7, and TNNT2 with strong evidence for disease causality compared with variants from the ESP data. Algorithms based on conservation at the nucleotide level (GERP, PhastCons) did not perform as well as amino acid level prediction algorithms (Polyphen-2, SIFT). Variants previously judged causal for disease were found in the ESP data at a prevalence higher than expected.
Conclusion - Genes previously associated with cardiomyopathy carry very low rates of population variation. The existence in population data of variants previously held to be causal suggests that even for Mendelian disease genetics, a probabilistic weighting of multiple variants may be preferred over the 'single gene' causality model.
- © 2012 by American Heart Association, Inc.


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Lykerna, the City of Light, is a city of Tyrion's worshippers in the Realm of Light hidden within mountains and its light concealed from the nearby plains. The city was a sanctuary throughout the Age of Chaos protected by magical maze that nobody but the native-born of this city could traverse. The people of this city believe that the blind are blessed to share the burden of Tyrion.[1]
The khornate lord Graunos, a lost son of Lykerna, led his warband into the city in order to get revenge for his blindness being considered a blessing, rather than acknowledging his plight.[1]


text: Book Description: The amazing tale of a resourceful and unscrupulous early-19th-century American adventurer who forges his own kingdom in the wilds of Afghanistan. In the year 1838, a young adventurer, surrounded by his native troops and mounted on an elephant, raised the American flag on the summit of the Hindu Kush and declared himself Prince of Ghor, the heir to Alexander the Great. Josiah Harlan, the first American to set foot in Afghanistan, would become the model for Kipling's 'The Man Who Would be King', but the true story of his life is stranger than fiction. A soldier, spy, doctor, naturalist and writer, Harlan set off into the wilds of Central Asia after a failed love affair in 1820. Following a brief stint as a surgeon in the East India Company's army, he joined the court of the deposed Afghan monarch Shah Shujah, and then slipped into Kabul disguised as a Muslim priest to foment rebellion. For the next two decades he would play a pivotal role in the bloody politics of the region. Using a trove of newly discovered documents, including Harlan's long-lost journals, Ben Macintyre has followed Harlan's footsteps to uncover an astonishing, untold chapter in the history of the Great Game. If you enjoyed William Dalrymple's 'Return of a King', 'Josiah the Great' should be on your reading list.


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Capsicum chinense, commonly known as "yellow lantern chili", is a species of chili pepper native to the Americas. C. chinense varieties are well known for their exceptional heat. Some taxonomists consider them to be part of the species C. annuum.
Despite its name, C. chinense or "Chinese capsicum" is misleading. All Capsicum species originated in the New World. Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727–1817), a Dutch botanist, erroneously named the species in 1776, because he believed they originated in China.
Within C. chinense, the appearance and characteristics of the plants can vary greatly. Varieties such as the well-known habaneros grow to form small, compact perennial bushes about 0.5 m in height. The flowers, as with most Capsicum species, are small and white with five petals. When it forms, the fruit varies greatly in colour and shape, with red, orange, and yellow being the most common final colours, but colours such as brown are also known. Another similarity with other species would be shallow roots, which are very common.
C. chinense is native to Central America, the Yucatan region, and the Caribbean islands. In warm climates such as these, it is a perennial and can last for several years, but in cooler climates, C. chinense does not usually survive the winter. However, it will readily germinate from the previous year's seed in the following growing season.
Cultivation and agriculture
C. chinense peppers have been cultivated for hundreds of years in their native regions, but have only recently been introduced to areas of Asia, where they are also farmed. They are popular with many gardeners for their bright colours (ornamental value) and for their fruit in vegetable gardens.
C. chinense and its varieties have been used for centuries in Yucatan and Caribbean-style cooking to add a significant amount of heat to their traditional food. They are mainly used in stews and sauces, as well as marinades for meats and chicken.
Western food at times also uses some of these chiles. For example, habaneros (a group of C. chinense varieties) are commonly used in hot sauces and extra-spicy salsas, due to the popularity of Tex-Mex and Mexican cuisines in Western culture.
Common C. chinense varieties
Like C. annuum, C. chinense has many different varieties, including:
- 7-Pot chili (Trinidad)
- 7-Pot cultivar 7-Pot Primo
- Adjuma (Suriname)
- Ají Panca (Peru)
- Arriba Saia (Brazil)
- 'Carolina Reaper' (South Carolina)
- Datil (Florida)
- Fatalii (south central Africa)
- Habanero chile (Caribbean, Central America and Mexico)
- Habanero cultivar 'Red Savina'
- Hainan yellow lantern chili (Hainan Island, South China)
- 'Madame Jeanette' (Suriname)
- Bhut jolokia (Assam)
- Bhut jolokia cultivar 'Dorset' Naga pepper
- Scotch bonnet (Jamaica, Trinidad)
- Trinidad moruga scorpion (Trinidad)
- Trinidad moruga scorpion cultivar Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T'
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capsicum chinense.|
- "The Plant List".
- "Rikke's Plants Capsicum Chinense". Rikke's Plants. Rikke's Plants. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- "Capsicum chinense". Tropicos.
- Eshbaugh, W.H. (1993). "History and exploitation of a serendipitous new crop discovery". In J. Janick and J.E. Simon. New crops. New York: Wiley. pp. 132–139.
- Bosland, P.W. 1996. Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop. p. 479-487. In: J. Janick (ed.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA.
- "Chinense Species". Capsicum Species. TheChilliMan.biz. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- Webster, Valerie. "Habanero Hot Sauce - Cure for Common Cuisine". Caribbean Coice Recipes. Caribbean Choice. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
- "Mexican American culture". Kwintessential Publications. Kwintessential. Retrieved 7 May 2011.