Boogieboard vs. Paipo
What's the difference between a paipo and a boogieboard?
We get quite a few questions asking how our Paipos compare with the modern day boogie boards. Truth be told, there isn't much comparison. But if that were all to the story, then there wouldn't be much reason to keep writing! While paipos and boogie boards both share a common ancestor, they differ drastically in construction methods, maneuverability, and actual use. Hopefully this article will answer your questions and help you transition from your sponge to a rigid paipo.
Paul showing off the thickness of the solid fiberglass construction.
HPD Paipos don't float like boogieboards
Unlike foam-core bodyboards and boogie boards, HPD Paipos are rigid in construction. Made from solid fiberglass, HPD Paipos do not retain any air within the fiberglass material. Instead, we rely on the relative density of our boards to allow our paipos to rise to the top of the water column when released under water. This is a primary principle of HPD Paipos that makes our boards super durable.
Paipos use hydrodynamic properties to push the board to the surface and stay "afloat" while under speed. Much like an airplane uses air to stay flying, an HPD Paipo is curved in such a way to force water underneath the board, pushing the board upward. When water is no longer flowing over the board (like after a wipeout), the board is no longer able so surf, so it will stop not far away from the wipeout, and slowly rise to the surface. This is why many old timers never went out with leashes, as their boards usually weren't far away.
On the other hand, boogie boards rely on encapsulated foam to retain air within the structure. This of course makes paddling very easy, and launching on waves a no-brainer, but it is very difficult to duck-dive under sets. And forget about riding one without a leash.
Paipo XL bottom turn at Pipeline.
HPD Paipos are durable
Thanks to their solid fiberglass construction, HPD Paipos last pretty much forever. Back in the 90's Paul would drive his truck over the boards in the parking lot, and take videos slamming the boards into a coconut tree. We'll try and dig these up and post them, but be warned they are definitely cringe-worthy!
HPD Paipos are FAST!
Like we mentioned before, HPD's rigid fiberglass construction allows our Paipos to maintain shape under high-speed and stress. Foam boogieboards "squish" down when under stress, or under a heavy rider. This can deform the boogieboard and slows it way down in the water.
A Swimaster Duck Feet ad thought to be from the 1970s, showing the Voit/Swimaster UDT Duck Feet fins that were popular among paipo riders.
Wear Fins!
You might not need fins with a boogieboard on the small stuff, but everybody knows having powerful fins is a must when bodyboarding on large wave. Good fins provide thrust to help catch surf, and make swimming in strong current possible. Without fins, it will be an exhausting and frustrating day.
We used to use the UDT Duck Feet fins back in the day, and I still own a pair today. They are stiffer than normal fins, and really long to provide lots of thrust. Just google VOIT UDT Duck Feet and you'll be able to find them for a decent price online.
Taking Off
Catching a wave on a paipo is not the same as a boogieboard. Since flotation is minimal, the secret to catching waves on a Paipo is to push the board out infront of you, and make yourself as long as possible.
This is where nice, powerful fins come in handy. When the board is way out in front of you, start kicking and build up speed.
Once you feel the wave start to pick you up, pull the board in towards your chest and you will feel the speed pick up. This is very counter-intuitive coming from a boogieboard background, where flotation assists in catching waves. Getting the hang of this process might take a few tries, but once you figure it out, it becomes second nature, and catching waves gets easy.
Still Have Questions?
We love talking to our riders and helping them get used to our bodyboards. If you have any questions, just give us a call. We're here to help!
2 thoughts on "Boogieboard vs. Paipo"
 1. I bodyboard, make my own the past 10 years. I have made several boards, usually a foam core, shaped like a surfboard, 4 ft long with a 4 inch rocker in front and usually quad fins. Some I've fiberglassed like a surfboard and some I've made like a soft top surfboard. Can't use fins anymore, see below, is why the longboard for better float, speed paddling, etc.
 I basically use what you suggest is a paipo technique while surfing. In big waves and in air drops I also push the board way out ahead. The technique eliminates what surfers call "perling", or digging the nose in and wiping out. Once i've reached the bottom, I pull the board in and start the bottom turn. It's only a technique necessary when dropping straight down the wave. Not necessary in small or when I'm already in the wave moving parallel to it.
 The most dangerous board I surfed was a solid, balsa wood bodyboard a friend made for me in Ecuador. In my ignorance I used a leash and tore up both rotator cuffs when the leash was in front like a bodyboard, and destroyed both knees when I switched the leash to my ankle like a surfboard. I now have replacement knees. I'm 76 and usually surf everyday. Cheers, mate.
 Love the article. Was my first time on your site.
 1. Aloha Jimmy! That's why I've never had a Paipo with a leash. I've borrowed a few boogie boards over the years tho and I cannot stand being leashed on to something that floats so much. Sounds like you were really charging the big waves though! Mahalos for the stories. Be safe and stay salty!
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text: The history of research into psychophysiological measurements as an aid to detecting lying, widely known as the 'lie detector' or polygraph, is the focus of this review. The physiological measurements used are detailed and the debates that exist in regards to its role in the investigative process are introduced. Attention is given to the main polygraph testing methods, namely the Comparative Question Test and the Concealed Information Test. Discussion of these two central methods, their uses and problems forms the basis of the review. Recommendations for future research are made specifically in regards to improving current polygraph technology and exploring the role of the polygraph in combination with other deception detection techniques.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Best Historic Towns to Visit Throughout Brazil
The historical town of Olinda is next to Pernambuco's coastline
The historical town of Olinda is next to Pernambuco's coastline | © Marinelson Almeida / Flickr
Photo of Sarah Brown
15 June 2018
With Portuguese colonizers arriving in the 1500s bringing with them enslaved Africans, and the indigenous population prevailing before then, in addition to the waves of foreign immigration years after, Brazil is rich in history, to say the least. Take a glimpse back in time by visiting these incredible historic towns in Brazil.
Salvador is the capital of Bahia and one of Brazil's most historically significant towns with a striking mix of colonial architecture from the Portuguese settlers and a deep-rooted Afro-Brazilian culture. Known as a central port for the incoming enslaved Africans in the 16th century, Salvador eventually became strongly influenced by African cuisine, dance, and music, which have enrichened the local history. One of the city's most famous neighborhoods is Pelourinho in the city center, known for its large squares, colorful architecture, and baroque-style churches.
Colorful Pelourinho, the historic city center in Salvador | © Eduardo Pelosi / Flickr
Ribeirão da Ilha
Located on the west coast of Florianopolis in the south of Brazil, Ribeirão da Ilha is a small yet picture-perfect village with a laid-back atmosphere and classic Portuguese colonial architecture. Its historical city center was founded in the mid 18th century and is one of the oldest Azorean colonization settlements. Several of the houses and churches there are recognized for their historical significance and are protected by law.
A church in Ribeirão da Ilha | © Otávio Nogueira / WikiCommons
Located in the north of Brazil in a state called Pernambuco, known for its tropical scenery and consistently high temperatures, Olinda is recognized as one of the best-preserved colonial cities in Brazil. Its historical city center received the UNESCO World Heritage Site title and is full of intriguing art galleries and imperial architecture. It's best known for its traditional Carnival, which is celebrated through hundreds of street parties with African-influenced dance and dozens of different Brazilian genres.
The historical town of Olinda is next to Pernambuco's coastline | © Marinelson Almeida / Flickr
Antonio Prado
In the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul is Antonio Prado, a town built by an Italian community who settled there in the early 19th century. Many of the houses in the town are made from wood complete with criss-cross beams on the facades and fairytale fretwork lining the roof. The local Municipal Museum holds a precious collection of archives and artifacts of the town's history over the past 100 years.
Antonio Prado in Rio Grande do Sul in the south of Brazil | © Marinelson Almeida / Flickr
Minas Gerais (a state in Brazil) is packed with historical towns, yet arguably the most historical is Mariana, the first city and capital of the state. It played a key role in the Brazilian Gold Rush and today has the largest gold mine, open to the public, in the world. With miles of cobbled streets, colonial houses, and baroque-style churches, it's one of the most picturesque cities in Minas Gerais.
The colonial town of Mariana is known for its historical significance | © pratiproy / Flickr
Porto Seguro
For many tourists, Porto Seguro is a classic beachside holiday destination with flour-white shores, warm turquoise waters, and rows of palm trees lined up along the coastline. Yet the town is remembered for a distinct event in history; it was the first landing spot of the Portuguese colonizers who arrived there in 1500.
One of the first beaches the Portuguese colonizers saw when they arrived in Brazil over 500 years ago | © IRegiões Brasil / WikiCommons
Ouro Preto
A town famed for its colonial houses, cobbled streets, and baroque churches, Ouro Preto is one of the best-known and popular cities in Brazil, capturing tourists' hearts with its charming architecture, friendly residents, and wholesome local food. It once played an important part in Brazil's Gold Rush and was also the place where the Inconfidência Mineira happened, an unsuccessful attempt to claim back Brazilian independence from the Portuguese in 1789. At the heart of the revolution was leader Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, otherwise known as 'Tiradentes' who was later captured by the Portuguese authorities, hung, and dismembered for his involvement in the riot.
The picturesque and historical city, Ouro Preto, in Brazil | © Leandro Neumann Ciuffo / Flickr
A small and charming town in the south of Rio de Janeiro state, with a creative and peaceful setting, Paraty is a popular tourist hotspot and artist hub. Once a thriving port for gold exports between Brazil and Portugal, nowadays it's better-known for its Portuguese colonial architect, cachaça distilleries, and surrounding untouched natural attractions.
The colorful colonial streets of Paraty | © Florian Höfer / WikiCommons
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text:
Under the GMDSS, all cargo ships of 300 gross registered tonnes and upwards, and all passenger ships engaged on international voyages, must be fitted with radio equipment that conforms to international standards as set out in the system. The basic concept is that search and rescue authorities ashore, as well as vessels in the immediate vicinity of the ship in distress, will be rapidly alerted through satellite and terrestrial communication techniques so that they can assist in a co-ordinated search and rescue operation with the minimum of delay.
Ships fitted with GMDSS equipment are safer at sea - and more likely to receive assistance in the event of a distress - because the GMDSS provides for automatic distress alerting and locating when ship's staff do not have time to send out a full distress call. The GMDSS also requires ships to receive broadcasts of maritime safety information which could prevent a distress from happening, and requires ships to carry satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs), which float free from a sinking ship and alert rescue authorities with the ship's identity and location.
The GMDSS was adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), a United Nations specialized agency responsible for ship safety and the prevention of marine pollution. The GMDSS was adopted through amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. The amendments, contained in Chapter IV of SOLAS on Radiocommunications, were adopted in 1988 and entered into force on 1 February 1992 but provided for a phase-in period until 1 February 1999.
Implementation of the GMDSS requirements is the responsibility of Contracting Governments to SOLAS - that is the Administrations of individual countries that have ratified the GMDSS requirements into their national law. In practice, it also means that individual shipowners are responsible for ensuring their ships meet GMDSS requirements, since they must obtain certificates from their flag State certifying conformity with all relevant international regulations.
All ships subject to SOLAS Chapter IV have to fit GMDSS equipment. In general, this means all cargo ships over 300 gross registered tonnes and all passenger vessels on international voyages. However, many national administrations have made it compulsory for their larger fishing vessels to carry GMDSS compliant equipment.
The Inmarsat Maritime Safety Services department liases with all entities involved in the operation of the GMDSS to ensure that they function without any problems.
Specific equipment requirements for ships vary according to the sea area (or areas) in which the ship operates. The GMDSS combines various subsystems - all of which have different limitations with respect to coverage - into one overall system, and the oceans are divided into four sea areas: A1 - A4. A1 is close to the shore generally within VHF range (20-30 nautical miles); A2 within range of MF coastal stations (about 150 miles); A3 within range of Inmarsat provisions and A4 the remaining areas (those not covered by Inmarsat, mainly Arctic areas).
Coastal vessels, for example, only have to carry minimal equipment if they do not operate beyond the range of shore-based VHF radio stations, but they may also carry satellite equipment. However, some coasts do not have shore-based facilities so, although the ship is close to shore, the area counts as Area A2 or A3. Ships that do go beyond Sea Area A1 have to carry MF equipment as well as VHF - or Inmarsat satellite equipment. Ships that operate beyond MF range have to carry Inmarsat satellite equipment in addition to VHF and MF. Ships that operate in area A4 have to carry HF, MF and VHF equipment.
If ships are travelling only in coastal areas served by VHF coast stations with continuous digital selective calling (DSC) available, they need only carry VHF equipment. However, they may use satellite communication in addition to or instead of terrestrial radio links.
One of the main reasons for false distress alerts is improper use of GMDSS equipment by untrained or inadequately trained personnel. They are probably also caused by the lack of practical experience of GMDSS equipment onboard ships by trained personnel. IMO has issued guidelines on avoidance of false alerts and has introduced a standard button design, which means that the distress button has to be protected and must be held down for at least 3 seconds to be activated. There are problems with equipment design and poor training. EPIRBs have to be sensitive, because they have to be able to float free, and this sensitivity can sometimes lead to false alerts. But information from manufacturers and coastal states indicate that, on average, there is only one false alert every 50 years from each of the alarms now available.
At the same time, the GMDSS system makes it possible for the ship in distress to be contacted, to check whether the alert is real or false, before search and rescue operations begin.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Containment Methods for Odor Control Systems in Wastewater Plants
Containment and processing of odors, as well as emissions of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and HAPs (hazardous air pollutants), whether regulatory-driven or good neighbor-/community-driven, are forcing municipal and industrial wastewater facilities to evaluate and re-formulate their processes so they can achieve the mandated or desired atmospheric emission levels. Obviously the choice of any specific method of containment will have a significant effect on the cost, performance and success of the odor control system installed.
The 1990 Clean Air Act specifies and lists the HAPs and VOCs and requires the USEPA to set maximum allowable emission standards for all major sources of emissions. To date, the most prominent regulations have been CFR 40 part 61 NESHAP (National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants), with standards for specific industries and applications being continually issued and modified.
Compliance with the new regulations will affect the economics of wastewater treatment facilities in a substantial way. The impact will be in the form of
- Costly upgrades and installation of major equipment.
- Training, monitoring and compliance with new regulations.
- Process changes to achieve reduction, containment and processing of the offending components.
- Significant increases in operational costs.
The types of covers over process units and the method of containment selected can have the most significant impact on these costs and will affect
- Air volumes, which will in turn influence process equipment capacity, type of media, and electric power consumption.
- Whether spaces and areas will be subject to safety-related regulations, such as confined space rules and their effect on costs and operations.
- Process access and equipment maintenance, which will further influence operational costs.
Containment and downstream processing of the offending elements would appear to be the corrective path of choice. Not only is the technology to accomplish this available, in many cases it would allow for capacity increases in existing plants. Facilities that have been forced to lower throughputs and slow down aeration and other process rates to avoid or reduce undesirable emissions, potentially can reverse these actions through appropriate containment and process technology.
Various regulations affect the need, method and other aspects of containment of hazardous emissions from wastewater facilities. The Clean Air Act defines areas and processes that require containment measures; OSHA deals with safety-related issues of contained and covered areas. NFPA 820 deals with fire protection, explosion potential, and ventilation of covered and non-covered areas. These regulations must be incorporated into projects that consider containment alternatives.
Setting the goals for a wastewater emissions containment project must take into account the myriad of regulations that exist. They must be evaluated and balanced in a total sense, so that compliance with all, and not just some, is achieved. The relationships among economics, efficiency and successful plant operation also have to be weighed into the final solution.
While the containment system chosen may represent only a fraction of total project cost, the method of containment and the covers specified will significantly influence other components or factors. A successful design project will attain the following goals:
- Containment: Offending areas must be totally contained efficiently.
- Air Handling: Maximize the efficiency of the air handling systems through the reduction of the total volume to be handled.
- Contain air as close as possible to the water level.
- Reduce ventilation rate by eliminating requirements associated with routine entry into process spaces.
- Install a system free of cracks, gaps, and other unnecessary openings that will limit its ability to maintain a slightly negative internal pressure.
- Worker Safety: Eliminate dangerous working conditions such as unsafe platforms and confined spaces.
- Accessibility: Ensure that covered areas are easily accessible for monitoring the treatment process. Provide easy access to equipment for preventive maintenance and repair tasks.
- Plant Operations: Make provision for minimum interruption of plant operations by any cover-related activity. Eliminate permitting and training needs, access restrictions, unsafe platforms, or special equipment/personnel requirements to facilitate cover removal.
Factors Affecting the Selectionof a Containment System
Controlled ventilation and air flow rates are absolutely essential in a properly functioning emission and odor control system.
Large volumes of low pressure, constantly flowing air are required in wastewater treatment plants. Once volume and pressure requirements have been determined, the handling equipment can be selected after the air volumes, leakage rates and air exchange rates are established. Most emission sources in wastewater systems are treated by means of an actively ventilated system using a fan or blower to induce air movement over the process area, conveying the air either to other parts of the plant or through a process unit. This requires a constant low negative pressure. Typically, air is replaced so that flow rates and pressure can be regulated.
The source and method of air replacement is extremely important. Ideally, air is to be replaced through controlled ventilation points and vacuum relief openings. An effective active ventilation system must take into account the negative air pressure requirements of the emission source as well as the desired maximum VOC concentration within the system. Insufficient negative pressure may allow fugitive emissions to escape to atmosphere, as well as improper air exchanges that could lead to fire or explosion hazards. Improper air exchanges and dead air pockets will cause severe corrosion problems, particularly in the case of concrete. Dead air spaces cannot be allowed to occur or large chunks of concrete will be eroded away by high concentrations of sulfuric acid formed by hydrogen sulfide gas. Too high a negative pressure will cause excessive air flow and increases the cost of treating the emissions. Proper control of the air flow's volume and velocity are imperatives if the system is to run successfully.
Ideally, airflow should be maintained at the point where the maximum safe concentration of VOCs is delivered to a control device, and at the minimum negative pressure to produce an in-draft condition at all wastewater flow rates. Normally, either VOC concentration or the negative pressure requirements will dictate the design flow. If the air flow rate is set by the negative pressure, then sealing gaps and cracks is essential. If VOCs determine the air flow rate, then the system must be regulated to ensure that adequate air is drawn into the contained space to dilute the VOC concentrations. In any event, it is imperative that the system's air flow and tightness be regulated and controlled.
The size of the air handling equipment in wastewater applications can be reduced in the following ways:
- Reduce the leakage rate of the system.
- Reduce the air volume by designing a system that requires the least volume of air and area to be treated.
- Change the system configuration to reduce the number of air exchanges mandated by regulation.
NFPA 820 and OSHA 1910.146 concern themselves with the rate of air exchanges within these contained and covered areas, for the sake of air quality and breathing and asphyxiation considerations, as well as concentrations of explosive gases. Areas that require entry for routine equipment and process monitoring not only, by design, have a larger volumetric space, but require air to be exchanged a minimum of 12 to 16 times per hour. At the same time, areas not requiring entry will need four to six air exchanges per hour. As a rule, covered areas where entry is neither allowed nor needed will require air to be exchanged at a rate that is 50 to 75 percent lower than areas that must be entered for process control and maintenance activities.
Large volumes of air will result in additional one-time costs for larger air handling equipment (fans, blowers, scrubbers, ducts, etc.) along with heavier in-plant power transmission and switchgear requirements. Operational costs will be the greatest cost factor. The larger volumes of air will affect maintenance costs, as well as disposable air filtration products such as carbon and scrubber media. Since wastewater treatment facilities typically operate continuously around the clock and on a year-round basis, even the most modest gains in air moving efficiency can have significant financial benefits. A design combining lower volumes, a minimum number of air exchanges, a high degree of containment, and minimal air leakage clearly approaches the conditions required for the ideal cover and containment system.
Safety concerns should be carefully addressed. Covers, particularly flat covers, should be sturdy and not require railings or other accessories which might restrict access. Designers should provide access in the form of hatches, vents and ports. Flat covers should be lightweight and not exceed 150 lb per unit, within the 75 lb maximum lift for a single person as allowable under OSHA regulations, while not requiring special lifting equipment. Forward looking designers should limit cover weight to 100 lb per unit in anticipation of newly-contemplated OSHA workplace regulations limiting maximum allowable lifting weight to be 50 lb per worker. These requirements for strong lightweight clear-span covers should favor marine grade corrosion resistant aluminum as the material of construction.
Containment systems incorporating raised structures should be evaluated to determine if they might be defined as confined spaces. Once a space has been designated as confined, considerations other than air handling must be taken into account. One-time equipment costs in the form of, for instance, safety suits, portable air breathing apparatus, lights, alarms, gas and air quality monitoring equipment, and premiums paid for explosion-proof motors and junction boxes should be be factored into the initial purchase price. The added operational costs associated with confined spaces will far exceed any differential in initial equipment costs. Permitting and record keeping tasks, training and safety drills, and hole watch requirements are but three of the mandated functions that are bound to influence costs significantly. The requirement that an attendant be present outside each time an entry is made into the confined space is the costliest requirement of all. The advantages of dealing with a covered area that is not designated a confined space can amount to substantial operational savings that may dwarf the initial equipment cost.
Operation & Maintenance
While raised spaces, particularly domes, offer convenient access to some equipment, particularly center drives on basins with rotating arms of some type, they do have drawbacks. Scum wells, collection boxes and weirs may not be


text: _URL_ is a microfinance website for kids, with fun games and a virtual market, as well as lesson plans for teachers and librarians. The website is based on a children's book about a real boy in Africa who gets a loan to buy a hen, which over time turns into a thriving business - all because of a small loan to buy one brown hen. On the website kids can read the story, and read and see pictures and videos of real microentrepreneurs around the world in countries like Ghana, Brazil, Mexico and even immigrants in the U.S., and play games such as memory. Kids can donate "beads" won from the games to actual microentrepreneurs in developing countries through the virtual market, and as kids contribute they will see virtual businesses grow before their eyes. It's a beautifully designed website that aims to inspire good in kids while providing entertainment, and has great materials for teachers to teach their kids about topics ranging from world geography to community service to African culture to math to economics to business to global citizenship.


text:
DALLAS, July 14 -- As temperatures across the U.S. increase because of global warming, the prevalence of kidney stones is expected to grow, researchers suggested.
Assuming a mean temperature increase of 2.38Â° C, climate change is expected to create 1.61 to 2.25 million new cases of nephrolithiasis by 2050, an increase of 7% to 10.4% from 2000, Margaret Pearle, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center here, and colleagues reported online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
That would add $947 million to $1.33 billion in annual healthcare costs, according to the researchers' calculations. This represents a 25% increase over the $5.3 billion spent in 2000.
The warming temperatures would expand the so-called "stone belt" of the Southeast, in which the prevalence of nephrolithiasis is as much as 50% higher than in other parts of the country.
Two different models predicted that the highest risks of kidney stones in 2050 would either be in a band covering the southern half of the U.S. or the upper Midwest.
"There is a known geographic variation in stone disease that has been attributed to regional differences in temperature," Dr. Peale said. "When people relocate from areas of moderate temperature to areas with warmer climates, a rapid increase in stone risk has been observed."
Rising temperatures are believed to be associated with a greater risk of kidney stones, perhaps because of increased dehydration, the researchers said, although the link hasn't been proven.
To explore the potential effect of global warming on rates of nephrolithiasis, the researchers combined climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change with estimates of the prevalence of kidney stones. They limited the analysis to upper tract stones because they are more likely to be influenced by the environment than lower tract stones.
They created two separate models -- one assumed that the risk of kidney stones would increase linearly with temperature and one assumed that there was a threshold temperature (13.4Â° C) at which risk would increase dramatically.
Using the linear model, the proportion of the U.S. population living in areas with an elevated risk of kidney stones compared with the Northeast would increase from 41% in 2000 to 56% in 2050.
The percentage could rise to 70% in 2095, the researchers said.
The "stone belt" would spread from the Southeast northward into the Midwest, covering much of the southern half of the country and all of California by 2050. New cases would be clustered in the South and Midwest.
In the non-linear threshold model, the "stone belt" would also spread northward, comprising a band of states from Virginia to the upper Midwest to northern California, but spreading as far north as New York and Pennsylvania.
The maximum climate-related risk increases would be found in cities such as New York, Detroit, Chicago, Salt Lake City, and Sacramento. New cases would occur mostly in the Midwest and Northeast.
The authors acknowledged several limitations of the study, including the uncertainty of the relationship between temperature and kidney stones and of climate models in general.
In addition, they said, it is difficult to determine the prevalence of nephrolithiasis, which is most likely underestimated. This would have a significant effect on the estimates of healthcare costs.
Finally, neither of the models could account for any future improvements in the treatment of kidney stones, which could potentially alter cost estimates.
"Regardless of these limitations," the researchers concluded, "climate-related increases in the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the U.S. appear likely."
"These changes are likely to cause notable perturbations in the magnitude of stone interventions, with corresponding stresses in healthcare delivery and economics," they said.
|The authors made no disclosures.|
Primary source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Brikowski T, et al "Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the U.S." PNAS 2008; DOI: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_.


Why Become StormReady?
Once officially recognized as a StormReady community, we will coordinate a recognition ceremony with you. This ceremony usually involves media coverage that highlights the community's efforts and announces its accomplishments. Officials from the StormReady community will also be presented with two StormReady signs and a StormReady certificate.
Here are a few benefits a community will realize once it becomes StormReady:
 - Improves the timeliness and effectiveness of hazardous weather warnings for the public
 - Provides detailed and clear recommendations that will help local emergency managers establish and improve effective hazardous weather operations
 - Help justify costs and purchases needed to support hazardous mitigation and emergency response plans
 - Rewards local hazardous weather mitigation programs that have achieved a desired performance level
 - Provides a means to possibly acquire additional Community Rating System points assigned by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
 - Provides an image incentive to communities, which once recognized, can identify themselves as being StormReady
 - StormReady can help ensure your community is prepared for other civil emergencies.
 - A personalized weather page just for your county will be created and added to this site


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St. Platonida of Syria
Commemorated on April 6
St. Platonida was at first a deaconess, but afterwards withdrew into the Nisibis Desert, where she organized a women's monastery.
The Rule of her monastery was known for its strictness. The sisters partook of food only once a day. When they were not praying, they spent their time in monastic labors and various obediences.
St. Platonida was for all the sisters a living example of strict monastic asceticism, meekness, and love for neighbor. Having reached a great old age, St. Platonida died peacefully in the year 308.
By permission of the Orthodox Church in America (


How to Read a Manitowoc Serial Number and Model Number
Reading Time: 5 minutes Ice Machines 101
Manitowoc serial number
There are many different models and styles of Manitowoc ice machines on the market. From ice dispensers, and nugget ice makers, to air cooled ice machines, there are a lot Manitowoc ice machine options out there. The Manitowoc ice machine serial number and model number can help you identify if a machine is under warranty or specifics about the ice machine.
In this article, we'll teach you how to read a Manitowoc ice machine's serial number and model number nomenclature.
How to Read a Manitowoc Ice Machine Serial Number
Manitowoc serial numbers on post-2006 have two numbers that identify the date the machine was manufactured and warranty information the manufacturer uses to identify if there are any ice maker components under warranty.
You can find a Manitowoc serial number's location on the back of the ice machine.
Commercial Ice Machine Leasing – Revolutionized!
Manitowoc Serial Number Date Code
Manitowoc serial number date
In post-2006 models, the date the ice machine was produced is not included in the serial number. You can find the date listed above the serial number listed as "MFG DT". A Manitowoc serial number's nomenclature is easy to decipher. The four-digit code is listed as year followed by the month of production. For example, in the example above the label reads MFG DT 1809, the machine was manufactured in September 2018.
In pre-2006 models, the date is included in the serial number. This code uses the same nomenclature as newer models but places he four-digit code right before the serial number. For example, if the serial number is 160868304, the "0508" would mean the machine was manufactured in August 2005.
Manitowoc Serial Number Usage
Manitowoc serial number
The rest of a Manitowoc serial number is important because it provides the manufacturer with valuable information about existing warranties on their machines. If you're running into ice machine issues and want to see if your particular Manitowoc commercial ice machine model is under warranty, you'll likely need to provide this number to Manitowoc customer service.
Ice machine technicians may also need this number to see if any ice machine repairs are covered by the manufacturer – which saves you money in repair costs.
The number is listed on the back of the machine under the label SERIAL NO.
Information Found Inside a Manitowoc Ice Machine Model Number
Reading a Manitowoc ice machine's model is different than how you would read a Manitowoc serial number. This 8-digit alphanumeric code tells you everything about the machine, from the ice type to the type of refrigerant it uses.
A Manitowoc model number will tell you:
 - Model Version
 - Ice Type
 - Refrigerant Type
 - Production size
 - Type of Condenser
 - And more
Model numbers are different between brands. For example, a Hoshizaki model number provides much of the same information, they're just presented differently.
Model Version
Just like cars, ice machines go through changes and upgrades to stay up to date with emerging technology.
Manitowoc ice machines come out with new models every few years. Currently, the Manitowoc Indigo NXT ice machine is the most recent. Past models include the Q series. As new models come forth, look to see that letter change to reflect the newest technology.
A Manitowoc commercial ice machine model number uses the first letter to signify the newest model.
Ice Type
The ice type is the shape of ice the ice machine makes. Manitowoc has 5 different ice types in their machines, Half-dice, Dice, Regular, Flake, and Nugget.
In a Manitowoc ice machine model number, the ice type is found directly after the model version.
Here is a list of the types of ice below:
Refrigerant Type
Some Manitowoc Indigo NXT ice machines use a different type of refrigerant than others. This is to meet federal guidelines for a more energy-efficient ice maker (some refrigerant is more energy-efficient than others).
In a Manitowoc ice machine model number, the letter following the ice type signifies the type of refrigerant the machine uses.
There are two types of machines that use different types of refrigerant.
 - T = R10A refrigerant
 - F = R404A refrigerant
While many ice machine owners aren't concerned with the type of refrigerant their ice machine uses, it is important information for an ice machine technician to know.
Production Size
The Manitowoc ice machine model number will also let you know the maximum amount of ice an ice machine can produce. This is normally signified by a four-digit number, signifying the amount of ice an ice machine will produce in 24 hours. In the US, the number is in relation to pounds.
The Manitowoc ice machine production size is listed after the dash following the refrigerant type.
Type of Condenser
Manitowoc ice machines have three condenser types available on their ice makers: air-cooled, water-cooled, and remote. The type of condenser lets users know how the machine cools itself down.
Air cooled machines use the surrounding air to cool condenser coils. Water cooled ice machines use water to cool down. Remote ice machines place the condenser outside, away from the ice maker machine.
In a Manitowoc ice machine model number, the type of condenser is shown in the letter directly following the production size.
Here is a list of Manitowoc condenser types:
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2 Comments on "How to Read a Manitowoc Serial Number and Model Number"
 1. I have an older Manitowoc ice making machine Model S570. Is this an air cooled or water cooled machine. I am looking to replace it and wondering what Manitowoc model is relatively similar?
 1. Hello Ron,
 Thank you so much for reaching out. The model you provided looks like the model number for the bin, which is what holds the ice. There are a few different models that can fit on that bin size, so it would be best to locate the model number of the machine itself. This is an 8-digit alphanumeric code that generally looks something similar to this: IYF-0600A. The 0600 in this case represents the production of the machine (approx. 600 lbs), and the "A" represents air-cooled machine.
 A = Manitowoc air cooled ice machines
 W = Manitowoc water cooled ice machines
 N = Manitowoc remote cooled ice machines
 Here are some Manitowoc ice maker models that you can use to reference.
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I have the following code:
Object.defineProperty(LineSegment.prototype,'hasPoint',{ value:
 function (point) {
 if (typeof point!= 'object' ||!(point instanceof Point)) {
 throw new TypeError('LineSegment.prototype.hasPoint requires a point value.'); }
 var m = (this.y1 - this.y2) / (this.x1 - this.x2);
 return (this.y1 - point.y) / (this.x1 - point.x) == m; }
It works fine for lines, but not line segments. How would I check if the point is out of bounds, and apply it to JavaScript?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
The easiest and fastest answer can only be used if x1 < x2. In that case, the following return statement:
return (this.y1 - point.y) / (this.x1 - point.x) == m && point.x >= this.x1 && point.x <= this.x2;
The first part checks if the point is on the line, the two next conditions check if the x coordinate is between x1 and x2 (inclusive).
Note: if x2 < x1, you can simply add a condition in the constructor to swap the two points. You could also change the point in the form p+q*v (where p is the first point of the line, q the second and v a scalar value, this is only possible if the point is on the line). If v is between 0 and 1 (inclusive), the point is on the line segment.
EDIT: Just a warning, your method won't be very reliable, because of the way computers handle doubles. See the wikipedia page for some examples: _URL_
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Thanks, I ended up using: return ((this.y1 - point.y) / (this.x1 - point.x) == m && ( point.x >= this.x1 && point.x <= this.x2 || point.x <= this.x1 && point.x >= this.x2)) || (this.y1 == point.y && this.x == point.x);, I'll look into something to deal with the float issue later, probably a 9e6 type solution. – Not a Name Feb 2 '11 at 2:18
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Signs of the Times? 60,000 Antelopes Mysteriously Die in Four Days
09/08/2015 10:18
Half the saiga population mysteriously died within a few weeks.
At first, the saiga deaths didn't seem that strange. After all, there were a few limited die-offs in previous years.
The problem escalated when it didn't stop at just a few saigas; according to news reports, an entire herd of 60,000 died off within four days. It wasn't just one herd either—multiple herds were afflicted. 148,000 were dead within a few weeks.
When the month of June came, the saiga die-off stopped just as quickly as it began. The remaining population behaved normally. And scientists were left with a complicated situation to figure out.
Geoecologist Steffen Zuther told LiveScience, "The extent of this die-off, and the speed it had, by spreading throughout the whole calving herd and killing all the animals, this has not been observed for any other species. It's really unheard of."
Some scientists have speculated that bacterial overgrowth, caused by eating too much greenery, might be the culprit, but recent analysis has not supported this theory.
Another theory is that mothers' milk may have become toxic; that would explain high levels of female and young calf deaths.
Recent research have identified the toxin Pasteurella multocida in the animals. At first glance, this toxin appears to have caused massive internal bleeding, which led to the herd's death. There's only one problem: Pasteurella is typically harmless and even common among saigas.
Furthermore, none of the available theories explain why any infection would have spread so quickly and been so abnormally fatal.
Richard Kock, a wildlife veterinarian who accompanied the research team, was mystified. He told Nature, "'I have worked in veterinary diseases all my career and I have never seen 100 per cent mortality." Charisma
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This collection of gauss weapons use rare earth magnets to accelerate projectiles to damaging speeds. They work using the same concepts as a coil gun, but instead of just one projectile travelling along a length of guide track, there are many projectiles that work in a chain reaction. A series of magnets are placed at equal distances along the track. Each has a couple of large ball bearings on the muzzle side of the magnet. The first ball bearing is fired using mechanical force – like a spring mechanism – and accelerates as it approaches the magnet due to the attractive force of that magnetic field. When it impacts the magnet it sends one of the ball bearings on the opposite side down the track where it will accelerate when it nears the next magnet in the chain. The weapon above achieves a final projectile speed of about 68 miles per hour, breaking six fluorescent tubes in a row on at the right side of the apparatus.
Still prefer rail guns that use electromagnets? Check out this gauss pistol kit that is about as powerful as a BB gun.


Intercultural Ministry seeks to connect with churches in 'sanctuary' jurisdictions
Church of the Brethren Newsline
February 25, 2017
A letter from the Church of the Brethren Intercultural Ministry, signed by director Gimbiya Kettering, is part of a new effort to connect with congregations located in areas considered to be "sanctuary" jurisdictions across the country.
Opening with verses from Matthew 25: 34-35–"Then the King will say to those on his right, 'Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in….'"–the letter invited prayerful discernment of "how we are called to witness, as members of the Church of the Brethren, how we feel called to stand with those who come to our communities seeking refuge."
The letter invited congregations to join a denominational conversation about what it means to be a congregation in a sanctuary jurisdiction, to consider how congregations can articulate and act upon their convictions, and to share resources, stories, and experiences with one another.
"You are part of a community that has declared itself to be a sanctuary," the letter said, in part. "While there is no official definition of a sanctuary city, town, county, or state, it is a continuation of our Judeo-Christian culture, national history, and our denominational witness in the wider world."
The letter noted ways the Brethren have connected to the biblical vision of sanctuary and safety for those who are endangered, including the post-World War II effort to encourage each congregation to welcome and care for a refugee family, as early as the 1980s recognizing the injustice in efforts to deport and deny refugees from conflicts in Haiti and South and Central America, and more recently bringing Chibok girls from Nigeria to the US for healing and new opportunities.
"We, too, sought sanctuary when the Brethren of the 1700s fled religious persecution in Germany," the letter noted.
Among other foundational statements, the letter referenced the Annual Conference statement of 1969, "Obedience to God and Civil Disobedience." Kettering also urged readers, as individuals and congregations, to study and prayerfully consider the following Annual Conference resolutions and statements: "Making the Connection," 1986; "Providing Sanctuary for Latin American and Haitian Refugees," 1983; "Undocumented Persons and Refugees in the United States," 1982; and "Action in the Refugee Crisis of Southeast Asia," 1979. Find Annual Conference statements online at .
To talk directly with Gimbiya Kettering in the Intercultural Ministry office of the Church of the Brethren, call _PHONE_ or e-mail .


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Is your home PC used by a number of people in your family, especially kids? Then it might make sense to password protect internet access with a password. It is not always possible to monitor kids when they are happily clicking away. You can never be sure of what websites they are surfing through, until you check the web history, and by then it is usually too late. If you keep your internet browser protected with a password, you can at least be sure that your kids cannot browse the internet, unless it is under your supervision.
So, let's see how you can password protect your Internet Explorer 8 (IE8), so that nobody can surf the internet unless they know the password. The process is not at all complicated. Here's how you can get it done:
- Run Internet Explorer.
- On the top menu bar, click on Tools, and then on Internet Options.
- Click on the tab named Content.
- In the section named Content Advisor, click on the button named Enable.
- A new pop up window will instruct you to enter the supervisor password. Enter the password in the field named Password. Then, enter the same password in the second field, named Confirm Password. Note that these two passwords have to be exactly the same. The passwords are also case sensitive, so make sure that the Caps Lock key on the keyboard is turned off.
- You will see a box named Hint under the Confirm Password box. If you have entered a rather complex password, then it is a good idea to add a hint here that will help you remember the password in a jiffy. However, make sure that you do not enter the actual password in this field. Some users have been found to actually make that fatal mistake.
- Click on the OK button when you are done.
- Close the Internet Options box and restart IE8.
That's all you have to do. Now, whenever attempts to connect to the internet from your PC, the browser will ask him/ her to enter the supervisor password. Without it, nobody will be able to browse the internet from your PC. One may argue that this won't apply to other browsers in your system, but if you have only IE8 web browser in your PC, then this trick will work like a charm. Anyone trying to download another browser will also have to get it through IE only, anyway.


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's strategic goals and drives decisions for both the state and its colleges and universities;
- Public Trust in the institutions and undertaking of higher education;
- Performance Indicators that measure how well institutions and systems accomplish their mission;
- Data-Driven Decision Making that pulls a variety of sources into a comprehensive and unified system to help inform decision making; and
- Engaged Stakeholders
Fifty years after California's master plan for higher education helped the state to catapult to the top tier of public college and university systems in the world, the state of California began looking for ways to improve and expand upon its mission. In considering the steps they might take in improving higher education in the state through accountability and sustainability, one of the places they sought answers was, perhaps unsurprisingly, Texas.


Distran releases the world's first ATEX certified ultrasound camera for gas leak detection
Distran Ultra Pro X detects gas leaks of any gas type in industrial facilities. It pinpoints the location of the sound source — i.e., the source of the gas leak, from up to a 50-meter distance. Gas leaks from gases commonly found in power plants and oil and gas facilities such as hydrogen, methane and compressed air can all be found by Ultra Pro X.
As an ATEX certified ultrasound camera, the Distran Ultra Pro X represents a revolutionary technology for surveying areas with potentially explosive gases. Instead of scanning each potential point of leak, Ultra Pro X allows to detect leaks from a safe distance outside of hazardous areas and to inspect closer once the area is deemed safe. The ATEX certification allows operators to improve their safety.
Like Distran's existing ultrasound camera, Ultra Pro X is a single handed ultrasound camera that captures ultrasounds emitted by gas leaks. The acoustic information detected from its microphones is overlaid in real-time onto an optical image obtained by a high-resolution camera, offering a clear pinpointing of leaks. The leak rate quantification is also indicated in real time, allowing users to classify leaks and prioritize maintenance operations. Looking for gas leaks is an essential task within industrial plants, to increase operators' safety to gas, ensure environmental safety and keep high availability.


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"Tactical" is also an Army adverb describing things that are done in the field on exercises or in combat, as opposed to strategic things that are done at long distance or for organizations higher up the food chain than the corps. It can be a term of praise; someone who always knows what to do and when in the field will be referred to as "fucking tactical" or in extreme cases, "fucking hardcore tactical", although one usually only heard that in reference to Rangers, Green Beanies, and other species of snake-eaters.
As applied to ASA units, tactical indicates units that are either in direct support of maneuver units (for example, the 340th ASA Company (Regimental Support) assigned to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment) or general support of such units, such as the 331st ASA Company (Ops Forward). These units would receive tasking from the division G-2 staff or regimental S-2. Strategic units, such as Field Station Berlin, received tasking from NSA at Fort Meade and were generally uninterested in tactical intelligence.


'3D Studio MAX'
'The Making Of Porsche '
by Karabo Legwaila
Cut in the green edges and adjust vertices to round off the top of the light. Chamfer the red edges by about 0.7 or so.
You have to adjust the light so that it curves with the body of the car. Add an "FFD 4x4x4" modifier to the geometry. This creates a lattice around the object. You can use the lattice to adjust the shape of the object. Expand the lattice sub-objects and select "Control Points." Now as you move the control points, the geometry will change shape. Use the control points to adjust the shape of the geometry so that it lies perfectly on the car geometry. The reason I chose to use a lattice for this is because it's a lot easier than than moving vertices and also, if you mess it up or you don't like what it looks like, you can hit the reset button and it will revert the way it was so you can try again.
When you get it looking the way you want it, collapse the stack and then select the polys shown and delete them. Hide the detached polys, leaving just the base for the light.
Select the polys shown in light blue and extrude them inwards. Chamfer the blue edges. Now unhide the geometry you just hid and put a "Shell" modifier on it then chamfer the edges.
Modelling the Car
Making the Accessories
Page 15
Making the Interior
Modelling the Wheels
3D Total Homepage


What is an Outdoor Computer?
Back to Glossary
What is an Outdoor Computer?
An outdoor computer is designed to withstand the elements—whether it is an outdoor kiosk in a national park that helps tourists or a monitoring system designed to track motorists' license plates. It is generally part of a larger system which may include a display. Many outdoor computers have NEMA 4 enclosures. NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturer's Assocation) sets standards for grades of electrical enclosures and NEMA 4 is rated as watertight. Outdoor computers must have displays that are easily visible in all lighting conditions.
Important Features for an Outdoor Computer
As an outdoor computer is required to operate 24/7, it must be extremely reliable. Many are fanless, as fans are moving parts that can break down, and are passively cooled instead. To protect against dust and water, an outdoor computer is entirely enclosed, which can cause a problem in regards to overheating. An outdoor computer is often subject to power useage limitations and thus must be able to run with less power.


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Tackling the Laws of Rugby
Part of the Rugby For Dummies Cheat Sheet
Rugby is governed by laws, not rules. The laws of the game are designed to produce an entertaining and free-flowing contest for possession in an attempt to score the most points.
The laws of rugby are constantly evolving and are the same all over the world, wherever the game is played. In general, the laws governing play are straightforward about what's allowed, but three crucial parts can be somewhat confusing: the tackle situation, advantage, and offsides:
In a nutshell, when a tackle is made in rugby the requirements are that the tackler releases the tackled player, who then releases the ball so that players who are on their feet can use it.
Advantage simply means that when one team makes an error the other team can try to capitalize on it, instead of the referee immediately stopping the action. If the players can't capitalize on the error, play restarts where the original mistake took place.
Specific offsides laws exist for different phases of play, but essentially players can't be involved if they're in front of a teammate who last played the ball or are behind the ball when the opposition has it.


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Authors: Susan Shaheen, Mollyanne Meyn, and Kamill Wipyewski
Date: October 10, 2003
Abstract: Shared-use vehicle services provide members access to a vehicle fleet for use on an as-needed basis, without the hassles and costs of individual auto ownership. From June 2001 to July 2002, the authors surveyed 18 U.S. shared-use vehicle organizations on a range of topics, including organizational size, partnerships, pricing, costs, and technology. Although survey findings demonstrate a decline in the number of organizational starts in the last year, operational launches into new cities, membership, and fleet size continue to increase. Three growth-oriented organizations are responsible for most of this expansion. Several factors were explored that challenge shared-use vehicle growth, such as high capital investment (or start-up costs), dramatic insurance rate hikes, and scarcity of cost-effective technologies. Although findings of early niche markets are encouraging, the ability of this emerging sector to actualize its total environmental, economic, and social goals may be limited without the collective support of private industry (e.g., automobile manufacturers, insurance providers, technology producers); public agents (e.g., transit and governmental agencies); and shared-use vehicle programs. Indeed, public-private partnerships and cooperation among shared-use vehicle providers may play a key role in addressing insurance and technology costs and ensuring the long-term viability of this market.
The full article can be found here.


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One Book One School Professional Development
- What is a OBOS program?
- How will the students will benefit from this program?
- Describe how the OBOS program will be incorporated into the school.
- Inform teachers of their responsibilities.
- Provide resources for teachers to effectively implement this program into their classrooms.
- Provide literacy strategies for teachers and students.
- Briefly talk about The Hunger Games.
Science Lesson PlanGenetically Modified Organisms
Read aloudCh. 22
*Focus QuestionWhat does GMO stand for?
*Direct InstructionGMO's
*Collaboratecreate your own definition of GMO
*Making connections to the bookJabberjay and Mockingjay
*Partner research timepros and cons t-chart
*Create your own GMO and its hybrid
*Decision timedecide where you stand on the subject of GMO's and use support from your research and the lesson.
ELA Lesson Plan – Persuasive Letter
*Students will create a short persuasive letter (3-4 paragraphs) to President Snow
*Students will convince President Snow to end the Hunger Games by using information from the text to support their reasoning
*Students will collaborate with their peers to formulate ideas for their letter before they begin writing independently
*This is a writing workshop, and the letter is to be completed by the end of the 75-minute class period
*Students are provided with a rubric outlining the expectations for this writing piece
Math Lesson Plan - Functions
*Students will be able to: define the term, function, identify and evaluate the function that represents the number of times each name appears in the Hunger Games lottery according to age, and create a graph that represents the data from the evaluated function.
*Pre-Assessment: Students will demonstrate their understanding of a function by writing the definition and providing an example by either drawing a generic table or graph.
*Teacher Led, Group Discussion about what each variable in the function represents.
*Post-Assessment: Students will create a graph that represents the data that they collected from the evaluated function.
Field trip to The Hunger Games PREMIERE!
The purpose of going to see The Hunger Games is to stimulate class discussion of comparing the book to the movie. Furthermore, each content area will connect the movie content to their subject area.
The schedule for the day will be as follows:
11:00 am load buses
11:15 am pull off parking lot
11:30 am arrive at movie theater
12:00 pm the movie will start playing
2:30 pm the movie will end
2:45 pm load buses and leave theater parking lot
3:00 pm arrive back at school


Silkworm Diseases
The mulberry silkworm is susceptible to various diseases and is attacked by parasites and pests. Various types of silkworm diseases of larvae are caused by virus, bacteria, fungus and protozoa. These diseases of larvae cause great trouble and loss to the silkworms. So each and every of the silkworm diseases are to be treated seriously, otherwise can create epidemic. There are four major diseases that are caused by parasites and these diseases are :
(i) Pebrine
(ii) Flacherie
(iii) Grasserieand
(iv) Muscardine.
It is a dangerous disease to the silkworms and the causative organism is the Nosemabombyc is belonging to the phylum protozoa. During the year 1865-70, this disease is first diagnosed by the great Bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. This silkworm disease is transmitted through the egg of the mother silkworm and also through ingestion of contaminated food.
Symptoms of Pebrine:
Pebrine disease
Pebrine disease
(i) Infected eggs are lacking adhesive gum and so they are easily detached from the card board.
(ii) The larvae become sluggish and dull.
(iii) They have poor appetite and stop feeding.
(iv) The larvae in a rearing tray are of various sizes due to unequal growth.
(v) Infected larvae are lacking lusture.
(vi) In the advanced stage of the disease, there are irregular black spots as pepper grains on the body of the larvae. So the disease is named as pebrine.
Prevention and Control of Pebrine :
(i) After laying of eggs the female moth is crushed and the fluid of the moth is examined under the microscope ; if the spores of the Nosernabombysisare ovserved in the fluid then all the eggs are to be destroyed to control these silkworm diseases.
(ii) Disease free eggs are dipped in a 2% formalin solution for few minutes and then washed in running water for rearing.
(iv) Disinfection of rearing room, frequent inspection of larvae in the rearing tray and destruction of diseased larvae are the general preventive measures.
This disease generally occurs in the mature larvae and caused mainly by bacteria like streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
Symptoms of Flacheria :
Flacherie infected silkworm
Flacherie infected silkworm
(i) In this case there is loss of appetite in the larvae.
(ii) The larvae become sluggish and grow slowly.
(iii) The skin of larvae becomes inelastic and softening of body take place.
(iv) In the advance stage of the disease, the larvae vomit liquid material and evacuate loose bowel.
(v) The larvae become motionless, discolored and flaccid.
(vi) The body becomes black and then death occurs.
Prevention and Control of Flacheria:
(i) The diseased silkworms should be isolated from the rearing tray and then destroyed.
(ii) Maintain normal temperature, humidity and ventilation of the rearing room, supply healthy and good leaf as food, avoid overfeeding, avoid overcrowding in the rearing room etc. are necessary to prevent such silkworm diseases.
This disease is caused by a virus.
Symptoms of Grasserie:
(i) In such case of infection the larvae lose its appetite and become yellow.
(ii) The body becomes swollen and shiny.
(iii) The blood of the larvae becomes turbid like pus and when the skin is broken, milky pus flows out which is known as jaundice of the silkworm.
Prevention and Control of Grasserie:
(i) The diseased larvae should isolated from the rearing tray and subsequently the larvae
(ii) Suitable leaves, proper ventilation and spacing are selected for the rearing of silkworm.
These silkworm diseases are caused by a fungus known as Beuveriabassiana.
Symptoms of Muscardine:
Mascardine infection
Mascardine infection
(i) In such infection the diseased larva loses appetite and as a result it becomes sluggish.
(ii) The body of the larvae becomes stiff.
(iii) The body is covered with white powder like material.
(iv) The larva ultimately becomes dead and appears like a chalky white stick.
Prevention and Control of Muscardine:
(i) The infected larvae are removed and destroyed.
(ii) Good ventilation and normal humidity are to be maintained in the rearing room.
Except such silkworm diseases there have also some enemied of silkworm such as rats, ants, house lizards etc., whenever they got opportunity, they utilize the silkworm as their food material. But these enemies are of minor importance in comparison to pests. The most dangerous enemy of silkworm is the parasitic fly which is commonly known as 'Uzi' fly (Tricholygabombycis). If this fly enters inside the rearing room, the female fly lays eggs on the silkworm larva and after hatching the young maggots of the fly feed on the silkworm larvae. Thus the parasite kills its host and causing heavy damage.
Prevention is to use fine wire-net is to be fitted in the windows and door of the rearingroom, so that the fly cannot enter inside the room. This is only preventive measure against such fly.


_USER_ {jopera:2008:icac, title = {Automatic Configuration of an Autonomic Controller: An Experimental Study with Zero-Configuration Policies}, booktitle = {5th International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC 2008)}, year = {2008}, month = {June}, pages = {67-76}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Chicago, IL, USA}, abstract = {Autonomic control managers can remove the need for manual system configuration in order to achieve good performance and efficient resource utilization. However, simple controllers based on reconfiguration actions tied to thresholds, or {\textquoteright}if-then{\textquoteright} rules, themselves need to be configured and tuned in order to adapt the controller behavior to the expected workload characteristic. In this paper we present an experimental study of zero-configuration policies that can be automatically tuned based on analytical models of the system under control. In particular, we have designed and implemented a threshold-free self-configuration policy for a distributed workflow execution engine and compared it with a standard PID controller. The experimental results included in the paper show that using such a policy the controller can tune itself in addition to reconfiguring the distributed engine and the proposed policy out-performs simpler policies that require manual and error-prone tuning of their parameters.}, keywords = {analytical models, automatic configuration, automatic control, autonomic controller, control system synthesis, distributed workflow execution engine, PID control, resource management, resource utilization, workload characteristic, zero-configuration policies}, doi = {10.1109/ICAC.2008.29}, author = {Thomas Heinis and Cesare Pautasso} }


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How to Animate Photos
While several computer programs allow you to turn still photographic images into animated films, the process is also possible using simple handheld devices. Optical toys popular in the 19th century brought to life still photographic images. The thaumatrope (a card that spins), flip book, and zoetrope (a drum that spins) depend on the persistence of vision to blend individual images, thereby creating the illusion of continuous motion.
In our web resources, How to Make a Zoetrope provides detailed information to build a zoetrope drum and animation strips. You can watch examples of thaumatropes and flpbooks in Photographic Flip Books and Photographic Thaumatropes, and can view historic and contemporary stereo cards in Stereo Cards.
The Reframing Photography book provides step-by-step instructions for making thaumatropes and flip books. For additional resources and examples of pre-cinematic animation devices, check out the Pre-Cinematic Animation Devices page in our Resources > Topics section of this website.


10; more capacitors can be connected if required), ensuring that there is a relatively constant reservoir of power even when the AC input signal is in the opposite half of the wave and no new power is being supplied. These capacitors are good at removing low frequency noise and stabilising variances in the DC voltage. The total capacitance of this reservoir depends on the amount of load you expect to put on the power supply. Here is how to calculate how much capacitance you may need:
According to the datasheet, the 12V regulators need a minimum input voltage of 14.5V to be able to provide a stable 12V output. Since 16.3V is the maximum voltage provided by our transformer and rectification circuit, under full load we are aiming for an average DC input voltage (VDC) of 15.4V and maximum voltage ripple (p%) of 5.8%.
Next we need to calculate the effective resistance of the load. Since the regulator can output a maximum current (IDC) of around 1A, this means that the equivalent load resistance (RL) is 15.4 ohms. The power dissipated (PD) across the regulator (in the form of heat) is 3.4W. The regulator can only dissipate ~1W on its own, so we definitely need to attach a heatsink to it to remove the excess heat.
P_D = (V_{DC}-V_O )(I_{DC})\newline=(15.4-12)(1)=3.4W
We can then calculate a minimum capacitance value (Cs) which can provide the desired voltage ripple. The formula I am using assumes that the capacitor discharge is approximately linear and that the AC frequency is 50Hz. The value turns out to be around 11,000µF! We theoretically would need to connect 3 of the large 4700µF capacitors together in parallel so that the power regulator could reach its maximum output current of 1A. With only one 4700µF capacitor the maximum output current is probably around 0.4A per rail.
C_s=\frac{1}{\rho _\%R_L}=\frac{1}{5.8\times 15.4}=0.011F
\text{If } \quad C_s=0.0047F \quad \text{then:}
R_L=\frac{1}{5.8\times 0.0047}=36.7\Omega
So to summarise… if we want to get a full 1A of output current from our power supply, the combined capacitance value at the input of the regulator needs to be at least 11,000µF.
Half-bridge Rectifier: Further Reading
Testing the half-bridge rectifier out on a breadboard.
b. Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
In a "full-bridge" or "full-wave" rectification circuit, both the positive and negative sections of the alternating waveform are used to power both outputs. This means that the circuit can theoretically drive twice the load compared to a half-bridge rectifier. As can be seen in Schematic 3, most of the circuit is identical to the half-bridge rectifier. The only differences are that two additional rectification diodes have been added, and a transformer with three outputs (called a "Center Tapped Transformer") is used. The central output of the transformer is used as the ground reference, while the other two connections output an identical 12V AC signal, but out of phase by 180°. This means that when one of the outputs is in the positive section of the alternating waveform, the other is in the negative section and vice versa.
This type of circuit is often used in professional equipment, but is not used as much by DIY synthesiser builders. Center-tapped transformers are not available as a pre-packaged wall-plug, so you would need to wire your own. Since one end of the transformer is connected to mains power, building this circuit involves a bit more risk and should only be attempted if you have the right equipment and know what you are doing! When buying a transformer, make sure that the mains voltage input rating is correct for the country you are in.
Schematic 3: Full-wave Rectification Circuit
How does it work?
 1. The transformer takes the mains alternating signal and reduces the voltage, outputing two 12V alternating current signals which are out of phase by 180°.
 2. The four diodes are used to separate the positive and negative sections of the alternating signal, directing the positive halves to the +12V regulator and the negative halves to the -12V regulator. Since both AC signals are out of phase, this results in a continuous supply of power for both polarities.
 3. The rest of the circuit is identical to the "half-bridge rectifier", so you can refer to my description above to see how it works and what each component is doing.
Diagram showing the mains steps of the full-wave rectification process
Full-bridge Rectifier: Further Reading
3. DC to DC Inverting Charge Pump
It is also possible to generate a dual 12V power supply from only one +12V DC power plug. This is useful since DC power plugs are a lot more common and therefore cheaper to buy. It is also easier to find 12V DC plugs which have a high current rating, allowing more synthesiser modules to be powered from the same supply. This type of power supply design is often seen in portable modular synthesiser kits, and small Eurorack-compatible power modules. Since the transformer and rectification circuitry (large capacitors) are all contained within the external plug, the footprint of the electronics used in this design can be made a lot smaller than in the Dual AC-DC rectification circuits.
a. How does it work?
In its most simple form, an inverting charge pump uses a "floating" capacitor to carry charge over from the +12V side to the -12V side of the circuit. The capacitor is charged up from the +12V input being provided by the wall plug. Once full, the capacitor is disconnected from +12V input and the positive lead is instead connected to ground. Since the charge (and therefore voltage drop) across the capacitor remains the same, this means the negative terminal of the capacitor is now at a voltage of -12V. The capacitor then begins to discharge and this is used to power the negative rail. In our power supply, this process of charging and discharging is repeated many times a second. Schematic 4 shows an equivalent circuit, demonstrating how this system works. In a real circuit, the switching of the capacitor is done using an IC chip.
Schematic 4: GIF showing how the charge pump functions; schematic based on the tutorial by Maxim Integrated.
 1. Initially, switches S1 and S3 are closed while switches S2 and S4 are open. Capacitor C1 is connected to Vin and ground, causing the charge in the capacitor to increase.
 2. After a certain interval, the switches S1 and S3 are opened up again while S2 and S4 are closed. The top leg of the capacitor is now connected to ground instead of Vin. Since the charge in the capacitor hasn't changed, there is still the same voltage drop across the capacitor. As a result, a voltage of -Vin is present on the bottom leg of the capacitor.
 3. This switching mechanism is continuously repeated, charging the capacitor C1 with the positive input voltage and de-charging it again on the inverted output. The capacitor is essentially pumping the charge from the positive input to the inverted output.
 4. Capacitor C2 acts as a power buffer/storage, smoothing the voltage on the output and ensuring that a continuous supply is available at the inverted output.
b. Implementing it in practice
Schematic 5: LTspice Test circuit for the inverting charge pump using the LTC1144 IC
In the example circuit show in Schematic 5, we are using the LTC1144 chip made by Analog Devices to do the switching for out inverting charge pump. The capacitor C6 is used to invert the charge, while C5 acts as reservoir so that the negative output has a more stable output. The graphs show how the circuit reacts when it is started up. The current through the capacitor C6 alternates from positive to negative at regular intervals as it charges from the positive supply and de-charges into the negative output. The voltage of the negative output quickly decreases as the reservoir capacitor C5 is charged up, levelling out at -12V over time.
In the LTC1144 chip, the frequency of the switching signal can be increased or decreased by changing the value of the capacitor connected to the OSC input pin. Charge pumps can operate at a wide range of switching frequencies, usually ranging from 1kHz to as high as 200kHz.
Note: I haven't had the chance to try this circuit out in practice, so the capacitor values in Schematic 5 will probably need to be altered to make it suitable for use as a synthesiser power supply. The circuit simulations were done in the free program "LTspice" made by Analog Devices.
If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to leave a comment below!
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OODA Loop: What is it and how can it be used?
OODA Loop by John Boyd - ToolsHero
This article describes the concept op the OODA Loop, developed by John Boyd in a practical way. After reading you will understand the basics of this powerful decision making process tool.
Skill Booster: OODA Loop video
What is an OODA Loop?
John Boyd ddeveloped the OODA Loop based on his experiences as a fighter pilot during the Korean War and later as an instructor.
This decision making process consists of Observe, Orient, Decide and Act. It is a cyclical model, that is used in military strategy, but also in law enforcement and business. By using this OODA Loop you are able to continuously adapt to changing circumstances and use this to draw on your strengths.
In aerial combat, reaction time and split-second decisions and actions are crucial. When response times are too slow, the enemy gets the upper hand. We live in a rapidly changing world. If you do not change with the times, chances are that you will go under.
The OODA Loop explained (video)
Interaction with environment
John Boyd developed the OODA Loop from this key concept. This is the process in which an individual or organization responds to an event, where situational awareness is key. By responding quickly to situations and taking appropriate decisions faster, you can get ahead of your opponent's decision cycle.
He assumed that intelligent organisms and organizations are in constant interaction with their environment. According to him, it causes complexity in an organization when managers and employees become prisoners of their own views. An organization can only survive if it breaks through this impasse by adapting itself to changing external conditions.
OODA Loop Diagram
OODA Loop by John Boyd - toolshero
In the OODA Loop Diagram, John Boyd divided this decision-making process into four interacting and overlapping main processes:
1. Observe
By understanding quickly what is going on, you can observe the changing situation clearly. You will have to look at yourself and the situation as though you were an outsider and not from your own point of view. All senses are used at this stage, as a result of which as much information can be collected as practically possible.
2. Orient
At the orientation step you will know what has to be done. This does not only concern position, but also the possible options you can visualize. John Boyd distinguishes the following factors that play an important role in this stage including genetic inheritance, cultural traditions, past experiences, analysis and new information.
Orientation does not only indicate how you see the world, but also what kind of world you are capable of seeing. The orientation stage is described as the most important process in the OODA Loop. The information from step 1 is organized.
3. Decide
This stage is about learning from experiences. Based on someone's current mental perspective, they make decisions and determine what course of action they need to take. The right decision is taken and actions follow from this.
4. Action
The physical execution of the decision is a fact at this stage. The selected approach is actually carried out. Experiences and/ or consequences of the approach are forwarded to the first stage, observe, after which the loop is complete and the cycle starts over again. It is a very quick process.
The objective is that a potential opponent's OODA Loop does not get the chance to be completed as well, so that the opponent always keeps running behind the facts. The combination of observation and orientation leads to a decision which in turn leads to action. And then the cycle starts over again.
It is a continuous process in which you should always be on the alert in a changing environment. When there is an equilibrium state, there is little chance of survival.
Disadvantages of the OODA Loop
As a military strategist, John Boyd didn't confine himself to any particular discipline and his theories encompass ideas drawn from various disciplines, including mathematical logic, biology, psychology, thermodynamics, game theory, anthropology, and physics.
Unfortunately, Boyd never wrote down his ideas on the OODA Loop in articles or a book, but he mentioned them in his presentations. This is why there are various interpretations of this model. Although the model is detailed and widely used, it does have certain disadvantages:
 1. The model skips 'memory'. When a situation has occurred before, the wheel does not have to be reinvented all over again by going through the OODA Loop again.
 2. The model has not been tested scientifically, so there is no proof that the OODA Loop is correct.
 3. The model does not incorporate an opponent, although we have to reckon with opponents by being faster than they are.
 4. The model does not include the factor 'cooperation' and is based too much on gunfights. By working with teams in accordance with the OODA Loop model, a new outcome is created. Other factors then also come into play, including negotiation, task allocation, hierarchy, human behaviour, motivation, and so on. These are all factors that affect the decision-making process.
It's Your Turn
What do you think? Is the OODA Loop model applicable in today's modern business and personal challenges? Do you recognize the practical explanation or do you have more suggestions? What are your success factors for a good decision making process?
Share your experience and knowledge in the comments box below.
More information
 1. Brehmer, B. (2005, June). The dynamic OODA loop: Amalgamating Boyd's OODA loop and the cybernetic approach to command and control. In Proceedings of the 10th international command and control research technology symposium (pp. 365-368).
 2. Boyd, J. R. (1996). The essence of winning and losing. Unpublished lecture notes, 12(23), 123-125.
 3. Ford, D. (2010). A Vision So Noble: John Boyd, the Ooda Loop, and America's War on Terror. Daniel Ford.
 4. Ullman, D. G. (2006). Making robust decisions: decision management for technical, business, and service teams. Trafford on Demand Pub.
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4 responses to "OODA Loop: What is it and how can it be used?"
 1. Avatar Andy Wagner says:
 The disadvantages discussed reveal a superficial understanding of John Boyd's work and the OODA loop concept itself.
 1. "Orient", in fact, refers to the collective, shared memory of a person within an institution. Orient refers to a sort of "muscle memory" for decision making that unconsciously impacts all of us. In the group setting, it's the institutional memory embedded in how we train and incentivize our people.
 2. I'm not sure how one would test this scientifically, exactly, but it maps well to other time tested processes such as the Scientific Method and PDCA cycle. Are those "scientifically proven"? It also maps well to System I and System II thinking–the inside and outside OODA loops–well documented in cognitive science and psychology (See Daniel Kahneman, "Thinking Fast & Slow".
 3. OODA Loop is exactly and precisely about dealing with an opponent in a conflict–this is the domain that John Boyd had in mind when creating model. The Observation step is grasping the unfolding circumstances and environment inflicted on you by the opponent. The feedback loops are about adjusting your mental models based on your observations of how the opponent changed the environment.
 4. OODA Loop has a great deal to say about cooperation in groups large and small. Boyd's domain was warfare, where large groups of soldiers have to make rapid, independent decisions toward common goals under extreme stress and uncertainty. Much of what Boyd had to say about cooperation lay in the idea of creating a common orientation between different members of a team. And this orientation comes from shared experiences, usually built through training and story telling. Orientation is deliberately embedded in the center of the loop.
 While it's true that John Boyd himself did not publish his own thoughts on the OODA loop, there are several books and countless articles by his various apprentices and friends, and others who have followed in his footsteps.
 - Avatar Gregory Swanson says:
 Andy, it has been a few years since you made your comments. I fully agree that Patty's assessment on the disadvantages of Boyd's OODA loop is based on a surface understanding of the concepts. Particularly, Orientation includes past experience and cultural heritage (thus, memory), and the Implicit Guidance and control can also include past and repetitive experience in decision making. In fact, engaging in the environment produces new knowledge about what impact your decisions and actions had on the outside world. I believe that the "disadvantages" mentioned here completely missed the boat.
 2. Avatar Dojonim says:
 I use OODA to teach children ( 12 to 18 yrs old ) how to respond in a high stress situation such as


text:
To present a surgical strategy for aortoesophageal fistula (AEF).Methods
From October 1999 to May 2017, 27 patients with AEF were treated at Kobe University Hospital. After 9 patients with malignancies or fish bone penetration were excluded, 18 patients who had AEF secondary to aortic lesions were investigated. The mean age was 67.2 ± 10.4 years, and the male/female ratio was 16:2. Twelve patients had a nondissection thoracic aneurysm, and 6 patients had a chronic aortic dissection. Six patients were in shock. Seven patients had a previous thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in the descending aorta, 2 patients had descending aorta replacement, 1 had hemiarch replacement, and 2 had total arch replacement. As the first treatment for AEF, 3 patients underwent TEVAR as destination therapy, 3 patients had a bridge TEVAR to open surgery, 1 patient had an extra-anatomical bypass from the ascending aorta to the abdominal aorta, and 11 patients had an in situ reconstruction of the descending aorta. The esophagus was resected in 16 patients, and an omental flap was installed in 16 patients. Additional procedures were extra-anatomical bypass in 2 patients and in situ reconstruction of the aorta in 3 patients.Results
Hospital mortality was noted in 4 patients (22.2% persistent sepsis, n = 3: pneumonia, n = 1). However, since 2007, only 1 of 13 patients has died (pneumonia). Late death occurred in 5 patients, due to pneumonia, cerebral bleeding, diarrhea, sudden death, and persistent infection. Actuarial survival was 42.4 ± 12.8% at 5 years and freedom from aorta-related death was 59.4 ± 13.5% at 5 years. Nine patients achieved completed reconstruction of the esophagus 172 ± 57 days after initial surgery.Conclusions
Although a comparative study was not performed, 1-stage surgery consisting of resection of an aneurysm and esophagus, in situ reconstruction of the descending aorta, and omental flap installation provided a better outcome in the treatment for AEF. Bridging TEVAR to the open surgery is a useful adjunct in patients with AEF with hemorrhagic shock. Later reconstruction of the esophagus can be performed in the survivors.


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Let $B_t$ be a standard Brownian motion on $\mathbb R$ started at $0$. For $A\subset\mathbb R$ Lebesgue measurable, let $\mu_T(A) = \frac{1}{T} m(t \leq T: B_t \in A)$, where $m$ is Lebesgue measure. Then $\mu_T$ is a random measure on $\mathbb R$. Do the random measures $\mu_T$ converge, in any reasonable sense, as $T\rightarrow \infty$? If so, what is the limit measure?
I know that the event that $\mu_T \rightarrow \mu$ for some fixed deterministic measure $\mu$ is a tail event (it is in the intersection of the $\sigma$-algebras $\sigma(B_t : t \geq s)$). Therefore its probability is either 0 or 1. Beyond that, however, I do not have any real ideas as to how to approach this.
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Show what you tried and the results you know that seem related to the question. (Amazing that after 17 months and 135 questions, you so squarely neglect the procedure...) – Did Feb 11 '13 at 16:35
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Hint: $\mu_T(A)\to0$ for every bounded $A$.
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Your Answer


So far I have been breaking the word into nara (नर) + Ayana (आयन) = home of nara (jiva). But lately I have realized I couldn't break it this way because to make it nArAyaNa (नारायण), nAra (नार) is needed instead of nara (नर). So what is the correct etymology of nArAyaNa? Was I correct anyhow?
 - NAra+ayana=Water+Home means who rest in water. – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 6:21
 - Monier-Williams translates NAra as water. – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 6:34
 - 1
 नार + आयन makes नारायण (न becomes ण with र as per Sanskrit rules). So Narayana = home of water, or one whose surroundings are water. – user14995 Apr 26 '18 at 6:41
I quote the following from the book Manusmriti:
He thought deeply, for he wished to emit various sorts of creatures from his own body; first he emitted the waters, and then he emitted his semen in them. That semen became the golden egg as bright as the sun with his thousand rays; Brahma himself, the grandfather of all people, was born in that egg. 'The waters are born of man' so it is said; indeed the waters are the children of the primordial man. And since they were his resting place in ancient time, there he is traditionally known as Narayana ('Resting on those born of man').
Narayana means resting on those born of man. Water is born of man. Therefore Narayana means resting on water.
The actual verse from Manusmriti:
Verse 1.10 [Meaning of the term 'Nārāyaṇa']
आपो नारा इति प्रोक्ता आपो वै नरसूनवः ।
ता यदस्यायनं पूर्वं तेन नारायणः स्मृतः ॥ १० ॥
āpo nārā iti proktā āpo vai narasūnavaḥ |
tā yadasyāyanaṃ pūrvaṃ tena nārāyaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ || 10 ||
Water is called 'nara,' — water being the offspring of nara; since water was the first thing created by (or, the original residence of) that being, he is, on that account, described as 'nārāyaṇa.' — (10)
Narayana consists of two words as Naara+Ayana. Naara means water and Ayana means home. It is mentioned in Mahabharata, Vana Parva, SECTION CLXXXVIII.
3 आपॊ नारा इति परॊक्ताः संज्ञा नाम कृतं मया
तेन नारायणॊ ऽसम्य उक्तॊ मम तद धययनं सदा
In ancient times I called the waters by the name of Nara; and because the waters have ever been my ayana or home, therefore have I been called Narayana (the water-homed).
There is website Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, that breaks the above shloka and give word by word meaning.
āpo nārā iti proktāḥ saṃjñānāma kṛtaṃ mayā / (3.1)
ap [n.p.m.] nāra [n.p.m.] iti [indecl.] pravac [PPP] saṃjñā [comp.]-nāman [n.s.n.] kṛ [PPP] mad [i.s.a.]
tena nārāyaṇo'smyukto mama taddhyayanaṃ sadā // (3.2)
tad [i.s.n.] nārāyaṇa [n.s.m.] as [1. sg. Ind. Pr.]-vac [PPP] mad [g./o.s.a.] tad [n.s.n.]-hi [indecl.]-ayana [n.s.n.] sadā [indecl.]
 - Is there any subtle meaning available? Maybe philosophical. Why jala tattva here? Is there any specific reason? Et al. –  Apr 26 '18 at 7:32
 - 1
 _USER_. Mahabharata says: "Water was created by (the Rishi) Nara, and it formed his corpus; therefore do we hear it styled as Nara. And because it formed his Ayana (resting-place) therefore is he known as Narayana." – Triyugi Narayan Mani Apr 26 '18 at 8:53
You are correct -- in order to split nArayaNa, you cannot to nara + ayana. One of the correct split is na+ara+ayana. What doe this means? The word 'ara' means flaw (dOSha). When you have 'na' prefix it renders as 'absence of flaw'. Thus, the tatva which is 'ayana' (meaning aashraya/adobe) for flawlessness is called nArayaNa. Hence the philosophical doctrine of nArayaNa/vishNu being dOShavarjittaM (flawlessness) is core concept in Madhva's doctrine. There is a book by Sri.Jalahalli Sreenivasa Tirtha called 'nArayaNa shabdArtha' where some 76 different meanings for 'nArayaNa' word is expounded. Please read if you find a chance.
 - Nara means wind one who stays with wind – Prasanna R Jan 19 '19 at 5:05
 - Nara means Lakshmi one who stays with Lakshmi always – Prasanna R Jan 19 '19 at 5:06
The Aryans didn't know the ocean where they started from - Central Asia. There are even some disputes whether "Samudra" means ocean. At any rate Narayana is absent from Rig Veda.
"ayana" doesn't mean resting place - the word for resting place is "ayatana".
"Narayana" is a Dravidian loan word into Sanskrit - the Dravidians were sea-faring from way back. Also in modern North India, "narayana" has changed to "narain" - showing that it is of a derivation that was strange to descendant of Vedic Aryans.
In the Tamil language, spoken in Tamil Nadu, the word tannir, which is tan (cool) plus nir (water) means cool water. In other Dravidian languages, spoken in south India, the word for water is nira, niru, or nir. But in Sanskrit, the language in which the early scriptures, the Vedas, were written, the words for water are apa or jala, which are completely different. Consequently, one might look to a Dravidian source for the origins of the story of Narayana on the waters.
Also in Tamil, the word ay means to lie down or to go to sleep, and the syllable an is a grammatical masculine ending; this gives the meaning for Narayana as "he lies down or sleeps on the waters."
It would seem to make sense that the south of India, bordered on all sides by the ocean, might be the source of this evocative story of Narayana, who rises from the waters to re-create the world, after the mahapralaya, or great destruction.
 - 3
 People come up with such nonsense etymology all the time, go to quora and search for a person named "ravi sivan" who keeps coming up with such hair splitting etymology acc to him whole Sanskrit is derived from Tamil acc to him. Linguists are shook. – Anisha Apr 26 '18 at 15:45
 - Which words are Indo-European and which words are Dravidian can be usually discerned by how they sound and what happens to them in Hindi. "Hiranya" goes back to Indo-iranian bur "kashipu" is not Aryan and thats why modern day north-indians have to make a special effort to say "hiranyakashipu" instead of what sounds more natural to them "hiranyakashyap". – S K Apr 26 '18 at 15:52
 - 3
 There are no Aryans and Dravidians. Dravida itself is Sanskrit word Dravya + vida (place surrounded by water, which is attribute). This was debunked _URL_ – The Destroyer Apr 26 '18 at 16:43
 - your citation is from 2009. Much water has flown under the bridge since then. It was fairly clear from looking at people like Raj Kapoor, most Pakistani Panjabis et al - but now with affluence, nutrition, exercise etc - that upper caste North Indians are of Caucasian origin is beyond doubt