text:
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sam mitchel herbarium of fungi
The Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi is the largest and best curated mycological collection of the Southern Rocky Mountain Region, with approximately 14,000 preserved and documented specimens of mushrooms and other fungi. The collection includes more than 2,500 species within approximately 300 genera.
We have an excellent, well-documented representation of native Basidiomycetes with a particularly strong collection of the Russulales, as well as the genera Hebeloma, Agaricus and Suillus. Our strengths include gasteroid collections from the prairies and grasslands of Colorado and especially noteworthy colletions of "snowbank" fungi. Many rare cup fungi stand out in our extensive Ascomycete collection. Our collections are supported by an extensive literature collection. Aproximately 250 species of Colorado Mycomycetes are also included.
Our valuable and often unique collections are sought after for loans to other institutions here and abroad. There are 36 TYPE collections of Colorado fungi housed in the Sam Mitchel Herbarium.
The Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi recently received an award from the National Science Foundation - Thematic Collections Network Grant to digitize and image the collections including all the ancillary data such as in-situ images of mushrooms and data cards. To learn more about the grant, The Macrofungi Collection Consortium, which includes 34 other institutions see the National Science Foundation press release. The data from all 35 institutions will be or is available on the new, MyCoPortal, and includes distribution maps and dynamic checklists.
The herbarium staff identifies fungi for the public, Rocky Mountain Poison Center and other researchers. For toxicology experts and other qualified researchers, the collection is available for study and includes vouchered specimens.
The mycology staff and volunteers continually survey the varied habitats of Colorado and adjoining states to collect and document the mycoflora throughout the fruiting season.
- Our research on subalpine and alpine mycorrhizal fungi begins in the spring with trips to the edge of the snowbanks where melting snow and the intense sun support the 'fruiting' of mycorrhizal fungi. Throughout the decades we have documented hundreds of vouchers of these unique fungi, known only in a few parts of the world.
- Collecting in subalpine and alpine areas during the summer months has produced thousands of specimens of mycorrhizal fungi, thus documenting the association of those fungi with their plant associates. Our extensive collection of Gasteromycete - puffballs and their allies - is a particular strength. Most of these saprobes are found in our prairie habitats throughout the season.
- Staff and volunteers actively participate in various intensive inter-disciplinary field studies, known as bioblitzes. Our collections from the Rocky Flats Bioblitz, Soapstone Prairie Bioblitz, Rocky Mountain Park Mycoblitz and the JE Ranch SE Canyonlands Bioblitz have yielded many unique specimens, some previously unknown to the area.


SWI Inquiry: Spelling "Hear" vs "Heard"
My friend, Q., had a question, "Why is "heard" spelled that way?" Hmm. I don't know why! What an interesting question, Q.!!! What we do know is that "heard" is the past of "hear" and we know that it is not spelled hear + ed-> *heared.
What is the reasoning behind the spelling of ?
First, let's look at both words:
We note that although appears in both words, there is a stem vowel shift as we say the words aloud: "hear"/"heard" although they both contain the letter strings ; the words are pronounced differently.
Might this signal that these words come from Old English? I know from my class with Rebecca Loveless that there are Old English-derived strong (showing an action or state of being or feeling) verbs that mark the past tense with a stem vowel shift, such as "eat/ate"; "run/ran"; "sing/sang" and ""grow/grew."
I notice that, unlike the words above, "hear" and "heard" have a vowel shift but not a letter string or grapheme shift. Hmmm. There is another example of am Old English-derived strong verb that has a vowel sound shift without a letter string or grapheme shift:
Present tense: "read"/Past tense: "read"
So, I ponder what, if anything does the "hear/heard" and "read/read" pairings have in common? They are all homophones: read/reed; read/red; hear/here; heard/herd. So, it would have been important for the scribes long ago to follow the homophone principle: "where possible, words that are pronounced the same, but are unrelated, will have different spellings to mark the differences in meaning."
So, it would have been important to have graphemes in that would signal the meaningful connection to while differentiating from .
Now, with those thoughts in mind, I will investigate and using the 4 questions of Structured Word Inquiry (Bowers & Kirby, 2010) to determine if any other new understandings come to light:
So, after considering all my current understandings, my answer to Q.'s question, "Why is "heard" spelled that way?", my hypothesis is that , as an Old English-derived strong verb, is spelled that way in order to show the meaningful connection to while differentiating from . I will continue to refine my hypothesis as I learn. Thank you, Q., for a very thought-provoking question!
Update: I wasn't feeling confident about my analysis about why is spelled that way so I continued to do research. I came across Dr. Peter Bowers' wonderful exploration of and here. His analysis taught me something new: <-d> is a non-productive suffix ( a suffix that is not currently being used to generate new words). In his etymological investigation, was historically replaced by and he is aware of the OE suffix -th (-th, according to Gina Cooke, is a verbal inflection that has been replaced by the <-s> in says. It has an <-eth> variant, like in ) so
saith-> sai + th
If is an earlier version of and <-d> is an earlier, now non-productive, suffix then
sai + d-> said
Dr. Bowers concludes, "our word sum analysis gives us evidence that and do NOT share a base, but the etymological evidence shows that they derived from the same Old English root secgan. "
That makes me update my hypothesis that is spelled that way as a result of + the now unproductive -d suffix hence
hear + d->heard
Based on my updated hypothesis and my current understanding, our word sum analysis gives us evidence that and do NOT share a base, but the etymological evidence shows that they derived from the same Old English root heran.
Thank you, Dr. Bowers, for your illuminative analysis of and for all your scholarship related to spelling and Structured Word Inquiry.
Note from Real Spellers Toolkit (Theme 2D):
 - We know that the homophones < hear > and < here > have different meanings because they are spelled differently. The one that is to do with listening shares a spelling with < ear > because that's what we listen with.
The other word is the one to do with place: < here >. It shares a spelling with the other words that are clearly about place: < there > and < where >, even though the pronunciation is different.
Peter Bowers, Structured Word Inquiry
Rebecca Loveless
Etymology Online
The Noun Project
Neil Ramsden's Mini-Matrix Maker
Real Spellers Forum and Toolbox
Gina Cooke and Lex Exchange
Oxford Dictionary
Embedding "Structured Word Inquiry" Within a Reading Lesson
After a text has been presented and discussed, ask students to select a word that interests them from a text. Guide students through the following 4 questions using the Structured Word Inquiry (Bowers & Kirby, 2010) Framework. (Note: This does not have to be explored during one sitting.)
 1. Meaning?
 2. Relatives? (Etymology)
 3. Structure? (Morphology)
 4. Pronunciation? (Grapheme/Phoneme Correspondence)
Sample Text:
"Sorry, But It Was Beautiful" by Andrew Vecchione (6th Grade Student of Kenneth Koch)
This is just to say
Sorry I took your money
And burned it.
But it looked like the world falling apart
When it crackled and burned.
So I think it was worth it.
After all
You can't see the world fall apart every day.
See the following SWI Thinksheet for a guided exploration of the student-selected word, "crackle":
SWI ThinkSheet:
One of the notable understandings for this investigation is that the suffix <-le>" is represented by the graphememarker and the phonemes /ə/ and /l/.
After the exploration, ask students for their lingering questions or provide extension activities for further study. In this case, an exploration of the -le suffix in the Oxford Dictionary showed that one meaning of this suffix is "a repetitive action." As one collects words with the -le suffix, it was noted that many of those words refer to repetitive sounds. This resulted in a sort of the words with an -le suffix (or ending, as we determined some of the words had as part of the base, not as part of the suffix) into two groups: -le words that referred to repetitive sounds and those that did not.
As a result of this investigation, there was heightened understanding of the -le suffix and future investigations to explore the -le suffix in English as it seems to have evolved (Latin -el?) or be connected to the -el suffix.
From Etymology Online, entry for -el:
-el (3)
derivational suffix, also -le, used mostly with verbs but originally also with nouns, "often denoting diminutive, repetitive, or intensive actions or events" [The Middle English Compendium], from Old English. Compare brastlian alongside berstan (see burst); nestlian (see nestle) alongside nistan). It is likely also in wrestletrampledragglestruggletwinkle, also noddle "to make frequent nods" (1733). New formations in Middle English might be native formations (jostle from joust) with this or borrowings from Dutch.
I am wondering, for example, if a word sum for (from the Middle Dutch praten, "to chatter") which would be expected to be prattle-> prat+le-> *pratle except that is not correct. The "Etymology Online" site notes in the entry for -el that in Modern English the -el suffix is represented by -el. Note that prat(t)+el->*prattel would explain the doubling but is not the correct spelling. At this point I will just consider a base based on my current understanding but I will research the -el/-le connection. (As I feel the pronunciation of the -le suffix, I realize that the first phoneme I hear is the schwa, which is a vowel. Is there any doubling rule that takes into account a suffix that starts with a vowel sound even though the suffix does not start with a vowel?) (Update: After examining the etymology of the words below here, I became aware of a class of verbs called frequentatives with in English marks its verbs with an -le or -er ending and refers to words that show some sort of small or intense repeated action. Read here and here and here. My latest understanding says that for a verb to be frequentative, it must be derived from another word with the addition of the suffix. That doesn't explain why a word like which is most likely frequentative and arising from does not follow the rules for


text:
|To get started, use %hi to display a short, %i
for an int, %li for a long, %G
for a float or double, %LG for a long
double, %c for a char (or %i to
display it as a number), and %s for a string (char * or char
). Then refine the formatting further as desired.
To print a percent sign, use %%.
int printf(const char *format,...)
int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format,...)
int sprintf(char *string, const char *format,...)
The functions return the number of characters written, or a negative value if an error occurred.
The format string is of the form
% [flags] [field_width] [.precision] [length_modifier] conversion_character
where components in brackets are optional. The minimum is therefore a % and a conversion character (e.g. %i).
These can be in any order.
|-||The output is left justified in its field, not right justified (the default).|
|+||Signed numbers will always be printed with a leading sign (+ or -).|
|space||Positive numbers are preceded by a space (negative numbers by a - sign).|
|0||For numeric conversions, pad with leading zeros to the field width.|
|#||An alternative output form. For o, the first digit will be '0'. For x or X, "0x" or "0X" will be prefixed to a non-zero result. For e, E, f, F, g and G, the output will always have a decimal point; for g and G, trailing zeros will not be removed.|
The converted argument will be printed in a field at least this wide, and wider if necessary. If the converted argument has fewer characters than the field width, it will be padded on the left (or right, if left adjustment has been requested) to make up the field width. The padding character is normally'' (space), but is '0' if the zero padding flag (0) is present.
If the field width is specified as *, the value is computed from the next argument, which must be an int.
A dot '.' separates the field width from the precision.
If the precision is specified as *, the value is computed from the next argument, which must be an int.
|s||The maximum number of characters to be printed from the string.|
|e, E, f||The number of digits to be printed after the decimal point.|
|g, G||The number of significant digits.|
|d, i, o, u, x, X||The minimum number of digits to be printed. Leading zeros will be added to make up the field width.|
|h||The value is to be displayed as a short or unsigned short.|
|l||For d, i, o, u, x or X conversions: the argument is a long, not an int.|
|L||For e, f, g or G conversions: the argument is a long double.|
|d, i||Display an int in signed decimal notation.|
|o||Display an int in unsigned octal notation (without a leading 0).|
|u||Display an int in unsigned decimal notation.|
|x, X||Display an int in unsigned hexadecimal notation (without a leading 0x or 0X). x gives lower case output, X upper case.|
|c||Display a single char (after conversion to unsigned int).|
|e, E||Display a double or float (after conversion to double) in scientific notation. e gives lower case output, E upper case.|
|f||Display a double or float (after conversion to double) in decimal notation.|
|g, G||g is either e or f, chosen automatically depending on the size of the value and the precision specified. G is similar, but is either E or f.|
|n||Nothing is displayed. The corresponding argument must be a pointer to an int variable. The number of characters converted so far is assigned to this variable.|
|s||Display a string. The argument is a pointer to char. Characters are displayed until a '\0' is encountered, or until the number of characters indicated by the precision have been displayed. (The terminating '\0' is not output.)|
|p||Display a pointer (to any type). The representation is implementation dependent.|
|%||Display the % character.|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Almost completely self-taught as composer, Wolff studied music under Sultan and Cage, and later studied classics at Harvard University (BA, PhD). Wolff's early compositional work included a lot of silence and was based initially on complicated rhythmic schema and later on a system of aural cues. He innovated unique notational methods in his early scores and found creative ways of dealing with improvisation within his written music. His later pieces often give a degree of freedom to the performers. Some works have an explicit political dimension responding to contemporary world events and broader political ideals. Wolff desire is "to turn the making of music into a collaborative and transforming activity (performer into composer into listener into composer into performer, etc.), the cooperative character of the activity to the exact source of the music, a sense of social conditions in which we live and of how these might be changed."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
If a drone is flying around your house and you are wondering whether it is secretly recording you, there is actually a way to find out. Even if the data is encrypted. Israeli researchers from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the Weizmann Institute of Science explain how this works.
Is the drone recording me? Fluctuations in the bitrate will tell
As it turns out you don't need the decrypt the information at all. If you simply apply a stimulus that you control and you monitor the information stream between the drone and the controller, you can determine if the drone is recording you.
The approach the Israeli researchers followed is actually quite straightforward and was first revealed on The Register and also published in detail on the Cornell University Library. They simply intercept and monitor the bitrate of the video communication between the drone and the controller. In their paper they write:
"We demonstrate how an interceptor can perform a side-channel attack to detect whether a target is being streamed by analyzing the encrypted FPV channel that is transmitted from a real drone (DJI Mavic) in two use cases: when the target is a private house and when the target is a subject."
Researcher Ben Nassi, a student of BGU professor Yuval Elovici, said:
"The beauty of this research is that someone using only a laptop and an object that flickers can detect if someone is using a drone to spy on them … While it has been possible to detect a drone, now someone can also tell if it is recording a video of your location or something else".
As they clearly show in the video below, the researchers take advantage of how the encoding and video algorithms work. If between two frames nothing changes, i.e. no windows that alter their transparency as demonstrated in the video below, then there is not new information that needs to be transmitted. If however, something in the filmed scene does change, then the bitrate will rise and fluctuate, indicating that the drone is recording the changes taking place in the scene that the drone is aimed at.
Watch the video below as it may better explain this concept then I am able to do in writing. It is a clever approach from the Israeli researchers and can prove very useful in certain situations. Let us know what you think about this in the comments below.


text:
Agile software development framework in a small project environment
Agile software development framework in a small project environment / Seiyoung Lee, Hwan-Seung Yong
p. 69-88 ; 26 cm
수록자료: Journal of information processing systems. Korea information processing society. Volume9, Number 1(2013 March), p. 69-88 9:1<69 ISSN 1976-913X 저자: Seiyoung Lee, Software Engineering Center, National IT Industry Promotion Agency E-MAIL: _EMAIL_ 저자: Hwan-Seung Yong, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University E-MAIL: _EMAIL_
Agile methods are highly attractive for small projects, but no agile method works well as a standalone system. Therefore, some adaption or customization is always required. In this paper, the Agile Framework for Small Projects (AFSP) was applied to four industry cases. The AFSP provides a structured way for software organizations to adopt agile practices and evaluate the results. The framework includes an extended Scrum process and agile practices, which are based on agility and critical success factors in agile software projects that are selected from Scrum, XP, FDD, DSDM and Crystal Clear. AFSP also helps software managers and developers effectively use agile engineering techniques throughout the software development lifecycle. The case study projects were evaluated on the basis of risk-based agility factors, the agility of the adopted practices, agile adoption levels, and the degree of the agile project success. The analysis of the results showed that the framework used in the aforementioned cases was effective.


text:
The confluence of the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Saguenay River, where the waters of the Great Lakes, the Saguenay basin and the Atlantic Ocean meet, is recognized as an ecologically exceptional region.
The oceanographic conditions that occur at the confluence of the Saguenay encourage the emergence of life and the concentration of species at the bottom of the food chain.
The uneven underwater topography, the estuarine circulation and the regular upwelling of cold water make it a very distinctive region. The upwelling of cold water at the head of the Laurentian channel is the most important oceanographic process of the Marine Park. This phenomenon brings nutrients and zooplankton to the surface and encourages the water's oxygenation. The upwelling of cold water following the rhythm of the tides somewhat acts as the heart and lungs of the Marine Park.
The abundance of food in the Marine Park's ecosystems attracts many species of birds, whales and seals. As well, numerous types of algae, benthic animals and fish have been observed in the Marine Park. Together, these species form a complex food chain supporting the significant biodiversity present in the Marine Park.


text:
The people at PETA pronounce the name of their organisation in a different way to what one might expect, in my opinion. I have been mispronouncing it for years! Well there it is and now I know. How did I find out? PETA now have a regular podcast and the introduction includes pronouncing the acronym: PETA. Update: about 18 months later I realised why they prefer this pronunciation. It is because they want to avoid the word 'pet' in their acronym. They don't like the use of the word 'pet' to describe companion animals because it encourages the wrong relationship between human and animal.
Please play this short audio file for the correct way to say PETA.


text:
West Greenwich, Rhode Island
Kent county. This town was taken from East Greenwich in 1741, by which it is bounded on the east. It lies 18 miles S.W. from Providence. Population, 1830, 1,818. This town possesses a primitive geological character, and its surface presents a diversity of hills and valleys. Hopkin's Hill affords an agreeable view of the surrounding country. The waters of the town consist of the south branch of the Pawtuxet, which rises here; and of the upper branches of Wood river, which pass through it. There are some manufactures in the town, but the people are generally engaged in agricultural pursuits.


text:
Given that p is prime, when is 8p+1 square?
Let 8p + 1 = k2. As LHS is odd, k must be odd; let k = 2m + 1.
Therefore 8p + 1 = 4m2 + 4m + 1, leading to 2p = m2 + m = m(m + 1).
As m and m + 1 are consecutive integers, one of them must be even. However, after dividing through by 2 we can see that LHS is prime, so RHS must be prime. This can only happen when m = 2; that is, p = 3.
Hence 8p + 1 can only be square when p = 3.
Triangle Search: When is 8p+1 a triangle number?


I've been searching google and stackexchange for quite a while: I would like to access an ADC (MCP3201) via SPI, to do so, I have to use Python and would like to use WiringPi. Sadly it seems impossible to find any documentation on the wiringPi python bindings.
In C, the functions look as follows:
int wiringPiSPISetup (int channel, int speed); //returning filedescriptor int wiringPiSPIDataRW (int channel, unsigned char *data, int len);
They seem to exist (checked with ipython -> 'import wiringpi' -> 'wiringpi.' -> tab pressed twice) as python bindings.
Has anyone ever used the wiringPi SPI functions with python?
If so, please explain to me how to do it or point me into the right direction.
System is: Raspberry Pi 2 running raspbian jessie
Any help is appreciated,
P.S.: So far I tried the following code, executing it returns an error that it only accepts exactly 2 parameters.
import wiringpi
SPIchan = 1
SPIspeed = 800000
wiringpi.wiringPiSPISetup (SPIchan, SPIspeed)
data = 0xAA
numberOfBytes = 2
wiringpi.wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPIchan, data, numberOfBytes)
print "Returned data: " + data
P.P.S: Found the wrapper for the C function: In Python, the wiringPiSPIDataRW() receives the channel and data to send as arguments, and returns the received data. However, using this function with 2 arguments just aborts the python script. Does anyone have any ideas how to get this function to work?
I had the honor to talk to the man himself, Mr. Gadgetoid.
Turns out that (in python) wiringPiSPIDataRW() accepts the 2 values channel (which SPI CE to use) and data. Data has to be a bytes() value (or in python2.7 a chr() or str() type).
So to sum up, the code to send and receive data looks as follows:
import wiringpi
SPIchannel = 1 _TAG_ Channel (CE1)
SPIspeed = 500000 _TAG_ Speed in Hz
wiringpi.wiringPiSPISetup(SPIchannel, SPIspeed)
sendData = str(42) _TAG_ send TWO bytes, a byte 4 and a byte 2
recvData = wiringpi.wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPIchannel, sendData)
_TAG_ now holds a list [NumOfBytes, recvDataStr] e.g. [2, '\x9A\xCD']
_TAG_, to send a single byte:
sendData = chr(42) _TAG_ send a single byte containing 42
recvData = wiringpi.wiringPiSPIDataRW(SPIchannel, sendData)
_TAG_ is again a list e.g. [1, '\x9A']
Thats what works for me in Python 2.7, afaik you can use bytes() instead of str()/chr() in python 3 (not verified yet)
Thanks again to Philip,
Your Answer


text:
Bringing Innovation to Scale
A synthesis of learning from four projects of the Economic Innovations Incentives Fund.
This report synthesizes learning from four Oxfam America projects undertaken with support from the Economic Innovation Incentives Fund (EIIF). The EIIF projects seek to promote institutional learning and develop innovation in climate change adaptation. They are also designed specifically with a view towards scaling up impact: the question of which individual innovations developed with EIIF funding are worthy of scale up, and how that process can take place, was a central concern. Building on research from four country reports, in Mali, Ethiopia, Peru and Cambodia, the report seeks to address the following questions:
- What can we say about approaches and techniques in funding and learning from innovation projects? What was successful and should be replicated and what were some of the less successful areas and pitfalls?
- What were some of the lessons learned around Oxfam's support for climate change adaptation, given our values and mission as well as our operating model?


text:
so I have a matrix A=[20 17 18 24, 12 22 27 11, 30 10 15 23, 28 20 14 11]
and a matrix B filled with zeros, of the same size (4x4).
I want to say that if the values of A are bigger than 18, then change the values in matrix B. Also taking into account the position of the elements, so for example the first element A(1,1) is bigger than 18, then B(1,1) will change to 1.
Edit: What if I have 3 matrixes, and the matrix B. So I want to say that if the values in matrix A are bigger than 18, and the values in matrix C are bigger than 10 and the values in matrix D are bigger than 30, then in Matrix B, change from 0 to 1, the element that meet the three conditions.


text:
Internet message boards often contain threads on Esbit and ways to improve its efficiency. Some have suggested that the distance between the burning tablet and the bottom of the pot is too close with the commercial stoves and that better results were achieved by increasing this distance. This appeals to that kernel of knowledge retained from our high school chemistry class regarding the Bunsen burner; there was a hot spot in the flame at which the beaker bottom should be placed. If the beaker was placed lower than this point, boil times increased. Shouldn't this same concept apply to Esbit?
It's an interesting idea, but I have always been a skeptic when it comes to claims made on message boards. Often people test their ideas in very subjective ways, if at all. In particular, I was not convinced that Esbit's 'hot spot' was significantly higher than the pot height on the commonly available commercial stoves. But at heart I'm a pragmatist and am not married to any particular backpacking method other than a level headed evaluation of what works best in a given situation. In that spirit, a short experiment designed to evaluate Esbit efficiency vs pot height was performed.
The basic idea was to vary the height of the pot, boil some water, and then determine the mass of Esbit consumed. A standard Esbit wingstove was modified by attaching 4" coat hanger wire stands to each wing with epoxy. After each test, the wires were cut to lower the stove and the test repeated. In order to keep the test conditions as equal as possible, the boiling point was determined with a lab grade analog thermometer, the water to be boiled was all drawn from a large basin with a cooking grade measuring cup, and a digital postal scale was used to determine the mass of Esbit consumed.
Result: the efficiency of the heating process increased as the pot
height decreased. I suspect that this is because the 'hot spot' of the flame produced by combusting Esbit is very close to the tablet itself.
Probably the most important conclusion reached in this experiment pertains to people who choose to hunt up rocks with which to suspend their pots over a burning Esbit tablet. These people will quickly lose the weight savings from not carrying a stove to extra Esbit consumed during boiling unless they pay careful attention to the distance between the bottom of their pot and the burning tablet. Unrelated to this experiment but also of concern, Esbit tablets leave a residue on the combustion surface incompatible with the 'Leave No Trace' philosophy. Carry a tablet holder of some sort, be it homemade or commercial.
Commercial Esbit stoves are at a height conducive to an efficient heating process. Homemade solid fuel tablet stoves should be made so that the height of the pot over the burning tablet is similar to that of the commercial stoves.
Have a healthy dose of skepticism for anything you read on Internet message boards. Well-meaning people sometimes spread misinformation at these forums.
This experiment was performed very close to sea level, so the temperature at which a boil was attained was 212*.
Esbit combusts at a temperature of about 1400*F; if you're going to make your own tablet holder stay away from aluminum cans as they cannot withstand such temperatures.
My scale only reads to the 1/10 of an ounce. It should be noted that for the three lowest heights, visually there was more uncombusted tablet as the height decreased.
These tests were conducted inside without environmental conditions like wind and cold that are present in the backcountry. Esbit's efficiency is very influenced by wind.
I condsider Esbit stoves a good choice for fair weather backpacking. When the seasons change, you'll find me with a more powerful stove.


text:
Representing Ars Erotica Foundation we have started in October 2013 a year long SexEd cooperation within the frame of the Pestalozzi Programme of the Council of Europe.
The program has started with an
We gathered first in Strasbourg to share experience, to talk, to learn together and to work out teaching methods, develop ideas about holistic sexuality/sex education in schools. There are participants, teachers, trainers, sex-educators, professionals from all over Europe and I am proud that we are three only from Hungary, Györgyi Séllei, Attila Andics and me. It was a great opportunity to officialy put the Council of Europe's logo on the pussy pillow…
As far as I see, most of the European countries – even if they have different cultural pathways – share many similarities in the public and private discourses about sexuality and sexual education as well as the institutional environment of education. This is probably the most important in this joint project: we understand each other, we have things to share, many times we face very similar problems and challenges. The experiences are so much familiar for many other professionals working in this field coming from Eastern-Central and other parts of Europe.
Every participant had to pilot their training units in their countries. In Hungary we made "Sexuality education in schools – Methods" – in-service training for teachers (grade 5-12).
"Sexuality education in schools – Methods" – IN-SERVICE TRAINING FOR TEACHERS (grade 5-12)
With my Hungarian collegaues we made a 30 hour-long complete pilot training for 20 participants, mainly for teachers and a couple of school psychologists. The main goal of the training was to provide a basic introductory methodology and a set of self-reflection skills for teachers who might deal with sensitive, sex-related topics in schools and similar institutional environments. Our goal was to help participants to find ways to integrate these methods and exercises into their daily work in schools. It is hardly
possible to evaluate specific activities without considering the whole context of the training. The aim of the training was to pilot
how non-formal, self-reflective and "learning by doing" methods can be used in training teachers to deal with sex-related topics
in regular Hungarian schools.
This training unit provides a basic introductory methodology and a set of self-reflection skills for teachers who deal with sensitive, sex-related topics in schools and similar institutional environments. Although participants will also deepen their understanding of the concept(s) of sexuality, this unit focuses on improving teachers' psychological skills that help them to define their own boundaries and make them personally capable to handle intimate issues.
Participants gain skills to reflect on their students' and their own non-verbal behaviour;
Participants learn how to recognize, set up, maintain or move their personal and professional boundaries in a teaching situation in order to keep their competence and confidence and protect both the teacher and his or her students in sensitive situations;
Participants understand better and exchange ideas about the term "sexual culture". How our beliefs, values and cultural norms determine our sexuality. They will also gain an insight to the varieties of sexual cultures;
Participants will be able to define what sexuality means in their particular teaching context, what aspects of sexuality might be relevant in their daily work;
Participants will be able to improve their own pedagogical tools in school sexuality education based on the applied exercises;
Brief description of the training
Participants become aware of how our own norms, values, cultural background influences our sexuality. In a teaching context this awareness is inevitable not only because in many situations it is hardly possible to separate our personal sexual identity (as we are mothers, fathers, singles or lovers, heterosexual or queer, etc.) from our professional one, but because we as teachers are role models and convey many un-reflected messages to our kids as a whole person. Our training unit is based on discussing the main norms and values we share or don't share both in pedagogy and sexuality. The aim is to help improve participants' understanding on the holistic approach and democratic values in sexuality and improve their capacity to accommodate, negotiate, adjust to these differences and to include those in teaching situations in a way that makes them a resource rather than a source of frustration, insecurity or conflict. Since this training unit is mainly focusing on teachers self-reflection skills, their professional and personal identity and self-development, it might be considered to use as an introductory unit combined with other training units such as sexual history, detailed school-sex-ed curricula, etc.
This training unit relies on active, experiential, cooperative learning methods, applying a non-formal approach and using changing-pair exercises, interactive, embodied activities. The activities presented here presuppose an approach that assigns an important role to peer-teaching and to an indirect way of facilitation.


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|Green Fuel from Carbon Dioxide|
Doctoral candidate Elias Frei controls the temperature in the reactor of the catalyst test device. (Credit: FMF)
ScienceDaily (June 13, 2012) — Scientists agree that carbon dioxide (CO2) has an effect on global warming as a greenhouse gas, but we still pump tons and tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every day. A research team at the Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) led by the chemist Prof. Dr. Ingo Krossing has now developed a new system for producing methanol that uses CO2 and hydrogen. Methanol can, for example, be used as an environmentally friendly alternative for gasoline. The goal of the scientists is to harness the power of CO2on a large scale and integrate it into the utilization cycle as a sustainable form of energy production.
In order to produce methanol, Krossing's doctoral candidates combine the carbon dioxide with hydrogen in a high pressure environment, a process known as hydrogenolysis. Doctoral candidate Elias Frei has already been conducting research on methanol for several years. "Our goal is to develop new catalyst systems and methods for accelerating the chemical reaction even more," explains Frei. The researchers at FMF use the metal oxides copper, zinc, and zirconium dioxide as catalysts, enabling the reaction to happen at lower temperatures. In this way, the gases don't have to be heated as much. Together the catalysts form a so-called mixed system of surface-rich porous solid matter with defined properties. If the catalysts consist of nanoparticles, their activity is increased even more.
Frei and his colleague Dr. Marina Artamonova are also testing techniques in which the catalysts are impregnated with ionic liquids, salts in a liquid state that cover the catalyst like a thin film. They help to fix CO2 and hydrogen to the catalyst and remove the products methanol and water from it. This conversion leads to the production of pure methanol, which is used as a component in the chemical industry and as a fuel. When used as an alternative to gasoline it is less dangerous and less harmful to the environment than conventional fuels. In around two years, the researchers aim to be able to produce methanol on a mass scale according to this technique. Then the CO2 will be filtered out of the waste gas stream of a combined heat and power plant and used to produce methanol. When methanol is burned in a motor, CO2 is released again. If the same molecule were used twice, it would theoretically be possible to use 50 percent less CO2 to create the same amount of energy. The amount of methanol that could be converted from 10 percent of the yearly CO2 emissions in Germany would cover the country's yearly fuel needs.
Methanol is also used as a chemical means of hydrogen storage and could thus also be used to power the fuel cells of automobiles in the future. "There is enough energy out there, but it needs to be stored," says Frei. "As a sustainable means of energy storage, methanol has potential in a wide range of areas. We want to use that potential, because the storage and conversion of energy are important topics for the future."
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


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by Staff Writers
Sapporo, Japan (SPX) Mar 31, 2017
An international collaboration involving Hokkaido University's high-voltage electron microscope has solved a puzzle about the atomic structure of metallic glasses that has baffled scientists for four decades.
Unlike crystalline alloys, atoms in metallic glasses are randomly organized, a structure called amorphous. This makes them stronger, more flexible and resistant to corrosion. Due to these excellent physical properties, they are used in sports equipment, medical devices and electricity transformers. But improving their properties requires a better understanding of their atomic structure.
In 1976, researchers used a technique, called differential scanning calorimetry, to measure the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of metallic glass alloys made of palladium, nickel and phosphorous (Pd-Ni-P). As they heated the Pd-Ni-P alloys, they found a thermodynamic inconsistency in the resulting curve that they couldn't properly explain, but it must have had to do with their structures.
Now, forty years later, an international research consortium led by City University of Hong Kong developed a method that combined various measuring techniques, allowing them to directly correlate changes in the structure of Pd-Ni-P metallic glass to temperature changes.
High-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction was carried out while constant heating was simultaneously applied to Pd-Ni-P metallic glass at Argonne National Laboratory in the US. Separately, small-angle neutron scattering was performed at the OPAL reactor at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization.
This was complemented by obtaining high-resolution images and electron diffraction patterns of the material's atomic structure using Hokkaido University's high voltage electron microscope.
The combined measurements revealed that Pd-Ni-P metallic glass has a hidden amorphous phase within a certain temperature range and the thermodynamic inconsistency is the consequence of a phase transition.
"The phase transition was found to involve the changes in how atom clusters were packed together. The atomic structure underwent significant changes over the medium-range length scales as large as 18A," explains Dr. Tamaki Shibayama of Hokkaido University.
His collaborator Dr. Seiichi Watanabe added "This newly verified property appears to be linked to some metals' ability to form glass, which could allow us to manipulate their structures to develop larger and stronger novel materials."
This research was initiated as part of Hokkaido University's "Top-Collaboration Support Project."
Atlanta GA (SPX) Mar 27, 2017
Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology have found a material used for decades to color food items ranging from corn chips to ice creams could potentially have uses far beyond food dyes. In a study published March 23 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers described how a class of water soluble liquid crystals, called lyotropic chromonic liqui... read more
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Like it or lump it
Said of an unpleasant outcome that one has no choice but to accept - one can either endure it willingly or endure it with suffering.
When we are given a fait accompli in a situation in which we would normally expect some sort of choice, we might not be too pleased about it. We may then be told to 'like it or lump it'. Had the expression been coined in the 16th century this is no doubt what Thomas Hobson would have said to his prospective customers when he offered them 'Hobson's choice'.
But how exactly do we 'lump' something? Although 'lump' is almost always used as a noun rather than a verb, there are many meanings of the verb form of 'lump' to choose from:
- To bet all of one's money on a single wager (first recorded in the 19th century)
- To make something into a lump (18th century)
- To classify various things as a group, i.e. lump them together (17th century)
- To slouch along lazily (17th century)
- To look sulky or disagreeable (16th century)
Of course, it is the last of these lumps that is the alternative to 'like it'.
'Lumping' in the sense of mooching about grumpily may well be of Irish origin and is first recorded in Richard Stanyhurst's Treatise Describing Irelande, 1577. The Dublin born Stanyhurst risked the wrath of his contemporaries by suggesting that the English rule in Ireland wasn't the source of all their troubles:
Here percase some snappish carper will snuffinglie snib me for debasing the Irish language: because that by proofe and experience we see, that the pale was neuer in more florishing estate than when it was wholie English, and neuer in woorsse plight than since it hath infranchised the Irish. But some will saie, that I shew my selfe herein as friuolous... They stand lumping and lowring, fretting and fuming.
[Note: Stanyhurst's expressive phrase'snuffingly snib' means'rebuke in a snorting manner'.]
[Note: see also 'Beyond the pale'.]
Soon afterwards, in 1581, Barnaby Rich used the term in Farewell to Military Profession:
She beganne to froune, lumpe, and lowre at her housebande.
Rich was a naval captain and undoubtedly English, but most of his writing related to Ireland and he moved to Dublin to write on his retirement from the Navy.
People had been lumping it for a few hundred years before anyone thought of the phrase 'like it or lump it'. A play on words between the noun and verb usages of the word lump was what brought it about. The early uses of the expression refer to things that have lumps in them, as in this example from the London magazine The Monthly Mirror, 1807, in a piece titled Rules For Punning:
Mrs....purposely sends a dish of tea to a lady, without sugar, of which she complains.
Mr....(Handing the sugar basin) - Well, ma'am, if you don't like it, you may lump it.
The English love of wordplay is long lasting, some might say chronic, and Zadie Smith made the same little joke in her novel White Teeth, 2000:
We're all English now, mate. Like it or lump it, as the rhubarb said to the custard.
The first example that I can find of the precise 'like it or lump it' wording of the expression is in Specimens, 1841, Josiah Shippey's book of morally uplifting essays, which were delivered in the form of tortured rhyming couplets, worthy of William McGonagall:
Yet his merit, though some may be ignorant of it,
And as he by it wishes each one may profit;
Imperiously forces, or like it or lump it,
Himself, honest fellow, to blow his own trumpet.


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The Real-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) Study
REACT (REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission) is a series of studies that are using home testing to improve our understanding of how the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing across England. It is the largest population surveillance study being undertaken in England that examines the prevalence of the virus causing COVID-19 in the general population, involving over 150,000 participants each month.
The findings will provide the government with a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the risks associated with different population subgroups throughout England. The research programme was commissioned by the Department of Health and Social Care and is being carried out by Imperial College London in partnership with Ipsos MORI and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.


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Dima is a bright and colorful picture book for children. It is a story of a young boy whose imagination takes him to the clouds, which he calls Dima, the Arabic word for clouds. In the sky, the boy attends a party with the moon. By the end of the book the boy understands when the moon is full and when it is a half moon.
The Tamer Institute for Community Education, Ramallah - Palestine
Tamer Institute for Community Education - Palestine
Copyright held by - Tamer Institute for Community Education.
This work is made available with the permission of the owner of copyright.
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Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts
Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts
Southern right whale. Credit: Auckland Islands Team 2009, Oregon State University
Researchers say conservation of some of the world's most endangered species needs to take cultural knowledge of the animals into account when working out how best to protect them.
An international group of scientists, including Dr. Emma Carroll from the University of Auckland, have come up with a 'roadmap' to help conservationists make the best decisions when implementing measures to help save them.
Like humans, species such as elephants, chimpanzees and whales learn from each other. For example, meerkat pups learn how to hunt scorpions by copying adults, and whales learn migratory routes from their mothers. Over time, learned behavior can create differences between groups of animals which shape how they forage, migrate and communicate.
Beyond conserving, the authors of the paper published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B argue that understanding these socially learned behavioral differences between groups can guide decisions on how to define units (groups) to protect. It can also inform practical conservation measures, such as teaching anti-predator behaviors, or even seeding migratory routes for animals undergoing reintroduction to the wild.
"By conserving the ability of populations and groups of animals to socially learn, we help ensure they have the ability to rapidly learn how to exploit new food or habitat resources," says Dr. Carroll. "Conversely, some species are culturally 'conservative' which may mean they focus on key resources, like particular types of food that need to be conserved."
For example, socially learned migration routes by may be important to prevent entrapment in sea ice; understanding how crop-raiding behavior in elephants is spread across can assist in the management of these behaviors; and may even provide opportunities for rapid assessment, for example in New Caledonian crows, where vocal dialects may provide'markers' for rapidly mapping variation in tool-assisted foraging behavior.
"Conservation practice has long been guided by genetics and ecology that assess how unique or connected different are" says lead author Philippa Brakes of Whale and Dolphin Conservation. "We show that social learning and animal culture is another important facet of biology that can guide effective conservation strategies."
Explore further
An overview of cultural research in animals and its implications for conservation efforts
More information: Philippa Brakes et al. A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2718
Citation: Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts (2021, April 21) retrieved 17 May 2021 from _URL_
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Formulas on the market vary little in nutritional content because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates all formula, organic or otherwise, to be sure they contain proper amounts of protein, fat, vitamins, carbohydrates and minerals. The main difference between a green formula vs. conventional are ingredients, how you make it, and organic qualities.
Most formulas currently contain DHA and ARA — fatty acids found naturally in breast milk that are essential for healthy baby development. However, be aware that manmade DHA and ARA may not be safe or healthy. There are some extremely serious arguments against feeding your baby fake DHA and ARA. To learn more about the possible cons read The Cornucopia Institute's Replacing Mother – Infant Formula Report.
Look for the USDA Organic label but don't assume that organic equals awesome. You have to read the ingredients. For example, some organic formulas use corn syrup instead of milk lactose or brown rice syrup for their sugar source.
Check the background of the company — for example, do they support healthy children and planet initiatives?
Always buy powdered formula over premade formula. Beyond the significant cost increase of premade, the Environmental Working Group notes that the premade infant formulas they've tested contain significantly high amounts of BPA — more than other canned food items on the market.
Skip making powdered formula with bottled water. If your tap water isn't up to snuff then use a water filter, but bottled water is a serious eco-sin.
Avoid single serve packets of formula and buy the largest size of formula available to avoid excess waste.
MOST IMPORTANTLY: No two babies are alike and thus you need to discuss your baby's specific nutritional needs with your pediatrician. Formula, organic or not, that works for one baby may not work for another.


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Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, _PHONE_: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators None.
BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders are now the leading source of disability globally, and ageing is increasing the burden of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease. We aimed to determine the global burden of Parkinson's disease between 1990 and 2016 to identify trends and to enable appropriate public health, medical, and scientific responses. METHODS: Through a systematic analysis of epidemiological studies, we estimated global, regional, and country-specific prevalence and years of life lived with disability for Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2016. We estimated the proportion of mild, moderate, and severe Parkinson's disease on the basis of studies that used the Hoehn and Yahr scale and assigned disability weights to each level. We jointly modelled prevalence and excess mortality risk in a natural history model to derive estimates of deaths due to Parkinson's disease. Death counts were multiplied by values from the Global Burden of Disease study's standard life expectancy to compute years of life lost. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were computed as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS: In 2016, 6·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·0-7·3) individuals had Parkinson's disease globally, compared with 2·5 million (2·0-3·0) in 1990. This increase was not solely due to increasing numbers of older people, because age-standardised prevalence rates increased by 21·7% (95% UI 18·1-25·3) over the same period (compared with an increase of 74·3%, 95% UI 69·2-79·6, for crude prevalence rates). Parkinson's disease caused 3·2 million (95% UI 2·6-4·0) DALYs and 211 296 deaths (95% UI 167 771-265 160) in 2016. The male-to-female ratios of age-standardised prevalence rates were similar in 2016 (1·40, 95% UI 1·36-1·43) and 1990 (1·37, 1·34-1·40). From 1990 to 2016, age-standardised prevalence, DALY rates, and death rates increased for all global burden of disease regions except for southern Latin America, eastern Europe, and Oceania. In addition, age-standardised DALY rates generally increased across the Socio-demographic Index. INTERPRETATION: Over the past generation, the global burden of Parkinson's disease has more than doubled as a result of increasing numbers of older people, with potential contributions from longer disease duration and environmental factors. Demographic and potentially other factors are poised to increase the future burden of Parkinson's disease substantially. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.


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1. In CRM, in the Service area, click Articles.
2. Select the Unapproved Articles view from the view selector, and select the knowledge base article without opening it.
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Article 3
Schwarzenegger's MLPA Initiative: A Question of Bad Public Policy by Dan Bacher Proponents of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) Initiative constantly gush in generic terms how the controversial process is "open, transparent and inclusive." Anybody who criticizes any aspect of the privately funded initiative is blasted for being against "ocean protection." However, what many critics of the MLPA Initiative are actually opposed to is the parody of marine protection that Schwarzenegger's initiative has become. Many supporters of comprehensive ocean protection point out that the intent of the law, signed by Governor Gray Davis in 1999, has been continually violated under a privately funded process filled with numerous conflicts of interest and violations of state, federal and international laws. The MLPA, as implemented on the South, Central, North Central and North Coasts of California, has completely taken oil drilling, water pollution, wave energy projects, corporate aquaculture, habitat destruction and all other human uses of the ocean off the table other than fishing and gathering. The law, as now implemented, would do nothing to stop an ecological catastrophe like the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico from devastating the California coast. What type of marine protection is this? Many critics of the Initiative believe that the privatization of California ocean and bay management through an initiative privately funded by the Resources Legacy Fund Foundation is very bad public policy. This process has violated the Bagley-Keene Open Meetings Act, the California Public Records Act, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People and other laws. The MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Forces appointed by Schwarzenegger include oil industry, real estate, marina development and other corporate interests whom many believe have clear conflicts of interest in the process. The current marine protected area proposals for Southern California were crafted under the leadership of Catherine Reheis-Boyd, the president of the Western States Petroleum Association and the chair of the South Coast MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force, who has called for new oil drilling off the California coast. In spite of claims by MLPA Initiative proponents that the process is "open, transparent and inclusive," thousands and thousands of Californians feel that their voices are not being heard in the process. In fact, 300 Tribal members, fishermen, immigrant workers and environmentalists felt so left out of the MLPA process that they had to organize a march and direct action to peacefully take over a MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force meeting in Fort Bragg on July 21 so their voices would finally be heard. Those of us who have been involved in creating these marine protected areas under the MLPA Initiative, the citizens who will be locked out of areas in the ocean where we have recreated, fished, and made a living for years, know from personal experience that the most open and transparent process ever, the one with unprecedented transparency and stakeholder involvement -- is anything but, said Jim Martin, the West Coast Director of the Recreational Fishing Alliance, in his recent article in the Capitol Weekly. In fact, the members of 50 Indian Nations and their allies who participated in the historic direct action in Fort Bragg felt so disenfranchised by this allegedly open and transparent process that they are willing to risk arrest to defend their sovereign right to gather and practice their religion as they have done for thousands of years. Thomas ORourke, the chair of the Yurok Tribal Council, told the MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force on July 21, We as an Indian Nation have the right to manage our resources. The people who have managed for the last 200 years havent done so well in managing the land and our coast." It is wise to listen to the people who managed these lands for thousands of years, he continued. We believe in protecting species. We will continue to exercise our right to harvest seaweed and fish as we always have. You have to take us to jail until you go broke and you fix this law. The Yurok Tribe has a representative, Megan Rocha, on the MLPAs Regional Stakeholder group. However, ORourke said the MLPA process has viewed tribes exactly the same as recreational fishermen, even though tribes are sovereign nations. There is nothing more offensive than the lack of recognition we have received from the Initiative, he stated. We are a sovereign government within the State of California and should be treated accordingly. We would like the Blue Ribbon Task Force to do what is morally right and remove tribes from this inappropriate process. "If the MPLA is so 'open, transparent and inclusive,' why are the California tribes continuously being ignored?" emphasized Morning Star Gali, a member of the Ajumawi band of the Pit River nation and IITC (International Indian Treaty Council) community liaison coordinator. Everybody who supports environmental justice and sound public policy in California should support an oversight hearing to investigate the conflicts of interests, mission creep and violation of state, federal and international laws under the MLPA Initiative. Senate Majority Leader Dean Florez last year proposed such a hearing, but Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg apparently squashed it. Assemblyman Wes Chesbro also announced at this springs Legislative Fisheries Form that he planned to hold a hearing on the MLPA. I have challenged MLPA proponents to answer the following questions that cut to the core of the current MLPA process. None have responded to the specific questions, but only continue to repeat their unsubstantiated claims that the Initiative is "open, transparent and inclusive" and that anybody who criticizes the initiative is an opponent of "ocean protection." Here are the questions: Why did the Governor and MLPA officials install an oil industry lobbyist, a marina developer, a real estate executive and other corporate interests as "marine guardians" to remove Indian Tribes, fishermen and seaweed harvesters from the water? Isn't this very bad public policy? Why is Catherine Reheis-Boyd, the president of the Western States Petroleum Association, allowed to make decisions as the chair of the BRTF for the South Coast and as a member of the BRTF for the North Coast, panels that are supposedly designed to "protect" the ocean, when she has called for new oil drilling off the California coast? Do we want to see oil rigs off Point Arena, Fort Bragg and other areas of some of the most beautiful coastline of North America? Why is a private corporation, the shadowy Resources Legacy Fund Foundation, being allowed to privatize ocean resource management in California through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the DFG? Why do the MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force (BRTF) and Science Advisory Team continue to violate the California Public Records Act by refusing to respond to numerous requests by Bob Fletcher, former DFG Deputy Director, for key documents and records pertaining to the MLPA implementation process? Why do MLPA staff and the California Fish and Game Commission refuse to hear the pleas of the representatives of the California Fish and Game Wardens Association, who oppose the creation of any new MPAs until they have enough funding for wardens to patrol existing reserves? Why did MLPA staff until recently violate the Bagley-Keene Act and the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution by banning video and audio coverage of the initiative's work sessions? Why has the Initiative shown no respect for tribal subsistence and ceremonial rights? This is an overt violation of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People. Article 32, Section 2, of the Declaration mandates "free prior and informed consent" in consultation with the indigenous population affected by a state action (_URL_ The MLPA also violates Article 26, Section 3, that declares, "States shall give legal recognition and protection to these lands, territories and resources. Such recognition shall be conducted with due respect to the customs, traditions and land tenure systems of the indigenous peoples concerned." Why are there no Tribal scientists on the MLPA Science Advisory Team and why were there no Tribal representatives on the Blue Ribbon Task Forces for the Central Coast, North Central Coast or South Coast MLPA Study Regions? Why does the initiative discard the results of any scientists who disagree with the MLPA's pre-ordained conclusions? These include the peer reviewed study by Dr. Ray Hilbert, Dr. Boris Worm and 18 other scientists, featured in Science magazine in July 2009, that concluded that the California current had the lowest rate of fishery exploitation of any place studied on the planet. Why does the MLPA Initiative refuse to acknowledge California Indian Tribes as sovereign nations? Finally, why did 300 Tribal members, fishermen, immigrant workers and environmentalists on July 21 feel so left out of the MLPA process that they had to organize a march and direct action to take over a MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force meeting so their voices would be finally heard? Ill leave you with a quote from Frankie Joe Myers, a Yurok Tribal citizen and organizer of the Coastal Justice Coalition: This is about more than a fouled-up process that attempts to prohibit tribes from doing something they have done sustainably for thousands of years. It is about respect, acknowledgement and recognition of indigenous peoples rights. For more information about the tribal perspective on the MLPA process, go to the Coastal Justice Coalition's website: _URL_
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Identical twins are rare, but monoamniotic identical twins, who share the same amniotic sac and placenta, are even more so—they make up just 1% of all twin pregnancies. That's why everyone is so excited that a lucky Ohio mom gave birth Friday to a pair of "mono mono" twins who clutched each other's hands as doctors held them up.
"They're already best friends," said Akron, Ohio, mom Sarah Thistlethwaite, 32.
Twin sisters Jillian and Jenna were each born at around four pounds. Although they avoided umbilical cord entanglement, one of the biggest risks of mono mono pregnancies, they did need some breathing help. They'll stay at Akron Children's Hospital for two to four weeks.
Their mom, a middle school math teacher, is especially excited about their arrival because she's been on bed rest since March. She spent the time on TV, books, "trashy gossip magazines," and YouTube videos about crocheting baby hats.
The twins also have an older brother, Jaxon, who is 1.
[Photo Credit: Akron Children's Hospital]


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Quilted Reactions to Desert Storm
~ quilters reflected their feelings in war related quilts ~
Making quilts during wartime is a long tradition in America. It is easy to assume that these quilts always reflected patriotism and the quilters' approval of the concurrent war. In her research on Desert Storm quilters Armstrong found their purposes and feelings to be far more complex. As we look at the results of this study we realize there was probably more depth to the stories behind the quilts made during wartime in earlier eras as well. Because of lack of documentation on many old quilts we have had to make assumptions that are probably simplified versions of reality.
We discover that some Desert Storm quilts did not look like they were related to a war. It's not always obvious that a quilter is making a quilt in response to a war. This is true of earlier quilts as well. The Dear Jane Quilt made by Vermont resident Jane Stickle, although amazing in its scope and detail, did not have symbols or motifs related to war or patriotism. Yet we know this ambitious quilter had the Civil War very much on her mind as she titled it "In War Time".
Other Desert Storm quilts had a great deal of symbolism and many quilters shared that they had used colors and motifs they had never used before. Symbols are certainly seen in quilts of the past from the quilted eagles of early America to the Blue Star Flags frequently seen in both world wars. Union and Secessionist quilts tended to be highly symbolic making it clear to us years later which side the quilter supported. The symbolism in the quilts made during the first Gulf War display more complex symbolism. Some portrayed the suffering of the innocent and others used yellow ribbons to show their hope that the service men and women would come home safely.
It is interesting to discover that the majority of the women in the study were forty-five or older. My first thought was "Of course, with children grown they had more time to quilt." On second thought it occurred to me that they also had more time to worry. Quilting could have been a way to deal with the anxieties and fears leading up to and during Desert Storm.
Many of these quilters expressed that they made their quilts because they felt they needed to do something positive. One could feel helpless watching the constant TV coverage of the war. Never before had it been possible to watch all the ups and downs along with every tragedy of a war in ones own living room.
Through an in-depth questionnaire a complex picture evolved of why these quilts were made. Armstrong discovered that most of the quilters in her study did not make their quilts as a simple expression of pro or anti war sentiments. About a third of the quilters were divided somewhat equally in favor of or opposition to the war. But most of these quilters expressed mixed emotions about the Gulf War. For example more that a quarter described their quilts as commemorative. These quilters made their quilt to be a memorial of Desert Storm as a deeply felt historical event. Some quilts were made to express sorrow or grief while others portrayed hope for peace and harmony. Many were made in support of the service men and women involved in the war. Even quilters who felt ambiguous about the war still cared deeply about the welfare of the troops. Quilters also worried over the innocent victims, especially children.
As I think of these quilters from both the distant and more recent past, I have to believe most processed a variety of thoughts and emotions as they stitched on their quilted responses to war.
© 2003 Judy Anne Johnson Breneman (Do not reproduce this article without permission from the author)
[ Lone Star Quilts | Quilting to Cope | Patriotic Quilts | Civil War Quilts ]


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What Are the Symptoms of COVID-19?
Schaumburg employment attorneySeveral changes to Illinois laws went into effect on January 1, 2020. This legislation affected many different areas of the criminal justice system, including employment law. Employers are required to follow certain rules and uphold standards in order to maintain a good business standing. Companies are regulated by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which was passed in 1938 to improve workplace conditions. Since that time, there has been a much greater focus on sexual harassment prevention in the workplace. Signed into law by Governor J.B. Pritzker in 2019, the Workplace Transparency Act (WTA) was enacted at the first of the year and is intended to prevent workplace discrimination and harassment while providing greater protections for Illinois employees. Depending on the circumstances, some employers may need to revise certain policies, training, and reporting as they relate to their employees in order to comply with the WTA.
Details of the WTA
Upon their hiring, employees may be required to sign an employment contract that describes the terms of their employment and requires them to follow company policies. The WTA prohibits any contract or agreement that restricts an employee from reporting unlawful conduct or employment practices or testifying about alleged criminal conduct. In addition, the WTA limits the use of non-disclosure or arbitration clauses that would potentially require an employee to waive or mediate a current or future claim regarding an unlawful employment practice.
The WTA allows for confidentiality provisions in employment agreements with prospective and current employees if they comply with specific requirements. Provisions that would be considered against public policy may be included if the employer and the current or potential employee both agree to these terms in writing, and the agreement reflects "actual, knowing, and bargained-for consideration" from both parties. The agreement must also state that the employee has the right to:
Schaumburg employment lawyerOwning your own business and being your own boss can be very rewarding, regardless of the field of work. In the United States, there are certain rules and regulations that control how a company should operate, and these guidelines may be different depending on the industry. All companies that operate under the Fair Labor Standards Act are required to keep specific records for a designated period of time for covered, non-exempt employees. Essential documentation may include an employee's contact information, salary, work hours, and job duties. Record keeping might seem like a basic task, but if it is not done properly, this can lead to significant consequences. An experienced employment law attorney can help a business owner avoid any civil or criminal actions that they could face.
Important Employee Information
For the majority of business owners, their companies are their livelihood. In many cases, the foundation of their success lies in their employees. Therefore, they must make sure to take care of their workers by following standards and procedures that govern their industry. According to the United States Department of Labor, employee payroll information that contains important documents about each employee in your company should be kept for at least three years. Good record keeping practices can help a company maintain a strong reputation, allowing for future growth. Some of the main aspects of employment records should include:
 - The employee's name, address, and Social Security number
 - The employee's dates of employment
 - The employee's regular pay rate (salary or hourly)
 - The amount of wages paid
 - The amount of taxes taken out of an employee's paycheck
 - The amount of overtime paid
 - The employee's job duties
Penalties for Negligent Records Management
A comprehensive records management process can help a company operate in an efficient and effective manner. Improper records management can lead to unorganized documentation, the loss of vital information, and stressed employees and employers. If company owners fail to maintain their employment records, they may face criminal charges or civil lawsuits, depending on the circumstances. Poor record keeping can also result in the following consequences:
Schaumburg employment law attorney for independent contractorsDepending on the industry or field of work, companies may hire employees or independent contractors (often called freelancers) or even a combination of both. Although either type of worker may perform similar job duties, it is important to understand the distinction between them as an employer. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) considers several factors to determine whether a worker is designated as an employee or an independent contractor. Some of the main differences between these types of workers include how they are paid, taxes, and insurance benefits. Every business is unique, and what works for one company may not work for another. If you are an Illinois business owner, it is imperative that you understand the laws and how they relate to your employees. In some situations, utilizing independent contractors may benefit your business in the long run.
Cost Savings
One of the major benefits of using independent contractors versus salaried employees is the cost savings. As a business owner, when you hire a worker who is classified as an employee, you have to pay additional expenses that you would not pay for an independent contractor. These costs include the following:
 - Medical/dental/vision insurance
 - Equipment/supplies/office space
 - Workers' compensation insurance
 - Social Security and Medicare taxes
 - Unemployment compensation insurance
Staffing Flexibility
In some cases, a company may only need workers for certain periods of time throughout the year. During these "busy times," an employer can hire personnel based on fluctuating workloads. This alleviates having regular employees sitting around doing nothing during the "slow times." In addition, independent contractors or freelancers may possess special skills or knowledge related to a project, reducing the time spent training newly hired employees. Using freelancers can also help you avoid potential lawsuits that can accompany layoffs or firings, since it is considered "contracted" or temporary work.
Illinois employment attorney minimum wageIn the state of Illinois and throughout the United States, there are certain protections that are guaranteed to employees. Illinois has specific laws that apply to most employees regarding wages and payment. In addition, the federal government has laws that offer further protections to employees' wages and workers' rights to fairness in the workplace. Though not all employers are required to comply, the vast majority of employers are expected to adhere to these rules. If an employee feels as if they are not being treated fairly in regards to wages, they have the right to file a complaint with the state and/or federal government. This can spell trouble for companies, as they could face serious consequences if they are found to have knowingly violated employment laws. Here are a few Illinois wage laws that all employers should be familiar with to avoid such legal ramifications:
Minimum Wage Law
Both the state of Illinois and the federal government have laws relating to the minimum hourly wage an employee can be paid. While the federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour, Illinois has set its own minimum wage, which, as of January 1, 2020, is $9.25 for any worker who is at least 18 years old. If an employee is under the age of 18, the minimum wage is $8.00. The Illinois minimum wage will increase to $10.00 per hour on July 1, 2020.
Overtime Pay
Overtime hours and compensation can be a gray area for many employers and employees. Both state and federal laws specify that overtime pay is owed to any employee who works more than 40 hours in one workweek. Overtime pay must be "time-and-a-half" of the employee's usual hourly rate. For example, if an employee's normal hourly rate is $10.00 per hour, and they worked overtime, they would be paid $15.00 for every hour over 40 hours that they worked.
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text: The Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) was a fraternal organization which existed from 1866 to 1956. It was composed of veterans of the Union Army, United States Navy, Marines, and Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War. The organization allowed veterans to communicate with one another and plan reunions. At its peak in 1890 it was a powerful organization, supporting the rights of veterans and primarily Republican politicians.


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Fluid Thread Patterns
Thin threads of fluids show how conveyor belt speeds control fluid pattern behavior in both experiments and models. A thin thread of viscous fluid (translucent threads at left) is poured onto a moving belt, creating a dazzling array of intricate patterns. Simulations (gold threads at right) reproduce this rich and complex behavior, confirming the accuracy of a theoretical model developed to describe the phenomenon.
Reporters and Editors
Reporters may freely use this image. Credit format: Image courtesy of Columbia University (2011).


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Nymphing Skinny Water
by George Daniel | March 5th, 2012 9
Success on the stream or in life comes from taking a balanced approach. In the business world, successful CEOs must possess more than one skill set. This balance allows them to overcome obstacles on a daily basis.
The same holds true for successful anglers. Productive fly fishers take a balanced approach—they possess the skills and tools to fish all water types throughout the entire year. That is, they prepare and train to catch fish in all conditions.
From Czech nymphing in whitewater to sight-fishing on glassy flats, fly fishers with a balanced attack not only succeed more often than one-trick ponies, but also have more fun.
In a perfect world, we pick and choose the water we fish, and skip the less productive locations. However, highly pressured streams don't always allow us that luxury, and we are often left with less desirable waters. For example, each year from April through the middle part of June, thousands of anglers descend upon central Pennsylvania's limestone region, seeking world-class hatches. This is not a complaint, but a simple reality where I live.
Traveling anglers plan vacations long in advance, appear on their favorite streams, and stake claims on what they foresee as the most productive water. During prime time, I often find that many of the long, deep runs and pools I intended to fish are filled with anglers, leaving me with the shallow water.
At long range (more than 30 feet), the author greases the curlicue and uses it as a suspension indicator he can see from a distance.
Early in my fishing days, I looked at the situation as a loss, muttering curses to myself, and sometimes heading home without wetting a line. Since then, I have learned a lot about playing good defense: Seek the shallow waters.
Prime holding water only produces for so long until excessive angling pressure degrades normal catch rates. That is, that great-looking run and pool can only produce so many hookups before trout get lockjaw or begin to move out of the most obvious holding water and into the less obvious shallow water. This provides opportunities to target less-pressured fish in skinny water.
Skinny Water
Shallow water can be described as a fast, medium, or slow body of water less than knee deep. Shallow riffles, tailouts of pools, or skinny pocketwater are some of the more popular examples of secondary water types. Shallow water is what most anglers quickly stumble through on their way to better-looking water.
Shallow water holds much of a stream's aquatic life, and therefore a trout holding in shallow water is likely a feeding trout.
However, not all shallow water is productive. For example, a small freestone river in my area is known for its long, flat slate bottoms. Some areas have cracks or depressions where trout hold, but generally a flat slate bottom lacks shelter from the current and food, exposes the trout to predation, and is a place I may not even bother to fish.
On the other hand, in small mountain streams during the late season, I have found brook trout wedged sideways between midstream boulders to avoid swimming in open water. For me, productive shallow water may only be a few inches deep but with some form of depression, substrate, or any variable that will encourage a trout to move in.
Also, seasonal effects including water temperature will determine if trout will be found in shallows. Trout are cold-blooded creatures known for migrating to deeper waters in the winter and early spring to conserve energy. Tailwaters or streams with regulated temperatures, including spring creeks, are exceptions to this rule and can provide shallow-water nymphing year round. Shallow water that is vacant in the winter may become stacked with trout in the summer as water temperatures elevate along with the trout's metabolism, and trout move to the shallows looking for abundant food sources and more oxygenated water.
The Approach
Shallow water dictates a slower approach. Trout holding in shallow water don't possess the same feeling of security of those in more protected lies. Instead, they're on high alert, looking for any reason to bolt into deeper water, under a log, or some other shelter. This means careful wading, darker clothing, lighter-weighted nymphs, and a more careful presentation.
I look at successful shallow water the same way I look at long-term investments—it's going to take a longer time and greater discipline on your part before you begin seeing a return. It may take only a minute to get into position, but sometimes it may take five—you need to have patience.
Think like a heron. Do you see herons running up and down the river? No, they spend more time surveying and slowly moving into position before attacking.
Never step into the water without first making a cast. This has been said for years, but how many of us actually follow this advice? A spooked fish can bolt and send warning signals to others, which can quickly clear an area.
Make sure to place a cast anywhere along the bank that provides cover. A depression where a trout could sit, or a small boulder a fish can wedge itself against are both shallow-water targets.
Quality optics allow you to thoroughly survey the water before stepping in. Good sunglasses and a keen eye allow you to notice small depressions or other obstacles worthy of holding trout. I try to spend at least 30 seconds looking over an area before making my first cast, just like the carpenter's rule: measure twice and cut once. In fisherman's terms: look twice before stepping in the water.
Begin with short casts so as not to line a fish. A trout in shallow water spooks as soon as a line or leader lands over its back, so start short and then add distance. I work in 5-foot intervals, often starting at 15 to 20 feet away and gradually increasing the length of the cast.
An upstream approach keeps you downstream of the trout and out of sight. Also, this position allows you to place your first cast behind the fish, instead of starting by casting over its head.
A trout's lateral line can sense the lightest weighted nymph dropping below it, and cause an instinctive reaction to turn around and search for the fallen morsel. The trout sees the fly first, not the leader, and this is the approach I use when I'm casting to a visible fish.
A lightweight fly is a must, as the fly needs to be in the trout's vision as it turns around. A heavy fly drops too quickly and is out of the trout's vision by the time it turns around and searches for the fallen fly. Very seldom do I use tungsten beads for these conditions, as several wraps of lead wire or a brass bead is all the weight I need.
Ranges & Tools
Close Range. I describe this scenario as where you can reach a position within 30 feet of your target. There are even times you can wade to within 10 feet of a trout holding in shallow water.
For example, trout feeding on emerging insects in shallow riffles tend to let their guard down. Their focused feeding is so intense that they likely won't notice a carefully wading angler. This is similar to when you're so focused on watching television that you fail to notice your wife walking into the room.
At close range, I prefer a longer leader to make short casts, due to the delicate presentation a long leader offers over a floating fly line. A tapered leader weighs less than a floating fly line, creating less disturbance when landing, and therefore spooking fewer fish. For strike detection, I use a straight piece of colored monofilament called a "sighter." This colored section of material is built into the leader butt section to act as a strike indicator, and it functions like any leader material except that it's brightly colored and therefore far more visible, allowing you to easily recognize a change in drift.
My favorite sighter is the Jan Siman Bi-Color Strike Indicator ( in.30 and.35 mm and is a two-tone sighter consisting of fluorescent orange and fluorescent chartreuse monofilament. The two colors provide contrast along with excellent visibility in all light conditions.
Careful wading, good presentation, and a hunter's mentality can produce large trout in "leftover" shallow water on highly pressured streams. This trout was caught in such a place on a high-traffic Pennsylvania spring creek.
Sighters are often used in tight-line tactics where you maintain a tight connection between the rod tip and your nymph (without a suspension device), leading the rig with the rod tip and holding as much of the line and leader (including the sighter) as possible off the water while looking for any hesitation in the leader.
When fishing lightweight nymphs in shallow water, I often prefer to grease the leader, turning the colored monofilament into a suspension device for lightly weighted nymphs. A greased sighter is not designed to float a heavy rig, but shallow water doesn't require a lot of weight, so most of my patterns consist of brass beadhead nymphs—slim in profile to drop quickly to the bottom, but not heavy enough to hang on the bottom.
If your sighter continues to get pulled under the surface, you need to reduce the amount of weight. Focus on the tip section of the sighter and look for any hesitation or movement and strike as soon the drift changes.
Also, grease the fly line tip all the way to the sighter. A high-floating line and leader can be lifted off the surface with less disturbance than a sunken fly line tip. A sunken tip has to be lifted through the surface film, creating a distinct ripple on the water which can


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Radiotherapy: The World Health Organization steps in after countless errors
Radiotherapy is given to around 40 per cent of the 10 million people worldwide who are newly diagnosed with cancer every year.
But it's such a dangerous therapy – and one that seems to create more than its fair share of errors – that the World Health Organization (WHO) has stepped in.
Its World Alliance for Patient Safety wants to set up a series of safer treatment protocols that learn from the mistakes of the past. The most common is a radiation overdose, such as the one discovered by radiologists at the North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary. Around one thousand cancer patients had received overdoses for 10 years before technicians realised how to work the computers properly.
In the non-litigious UK, there have been around 150 negligence claims for radiation damage in the past 30 years.
(Source: British Medical Journal, 2007; 334: 272).E-news broadcast 15 February 2007 No.334


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Encyclopedia - Vickers Gun
Water cooled - via a jacket around the barrel which held approximately one gallon - the Vickers was loaded from a 250-round fabric belt mounted on a tripod. A rubber hose leading to a container condensed steam from the jacket as a means of minimising water wastage.
The gun used standard rifle 0.303-inch ammunition and weighed a little under 20kg; it was thus lighter than both the original Maxim Gun and the German Maschinengewehr 08. It fired some 450 rounds per minute; after some 10,000 rounds had been fired the gun barrel invariably required replacement.
Despite this the Vickers was still considered unwieldy as a battlefield infantry weapon, and could not be readily transported from site to site without great effort. The gun itself was usually operated by a team of six men.
Although the predominant British machine gun in 1914 and for much of 1915 - it remained so for British imperial troops sited on far-flung battlefields, innovations in machine gun design invariably showing up first on the Western Front - it was gradually replaced from late 1915 onwards by the lighter Lewis Gun. Even so it gained a reputation as the 'Queen of the battlefield' by men of the British Machine Gun Corps founded in October 1915 and remained in use long into the twentieth century.
As a measure of the effectiveness and reliability of the weapon, during the British attack upon High Wood on 24 August 1916 it is estimated that ten Vickers fired in excess of one million rounds over a twelve hour period.
The Parados was the side of a trench farthest from the enemy.
- Did you know?


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This is a native North American species, widely distributed throughout the southern half of the three Prairie Provinces.
Leaf, Trunk, Soil
Damage, symptoms and biology
The spring cankerworm is a defoliator of many deciduous trees and shrubs in various types of rural and urban tree stands and plantings.
Damage usually begins in late May when young larvae chew small holes in the developing leaves. As feeding continues, these holes gradually enlarge until only the larger leaf veins and midribs remain. When cankerworm populations are large, starving larvae in search of food may drop on silken threads and become a nuisance around homes or in well-used areas. During outbreaks lasting from 1 to 4 years, trees may be completely defoliated; however, most trees usually refoliate in July, 3–5 weeks after the first attack.
Three or more consecutive years of severe defoliation may cause many of the upper branches to die and affect tree appearance. Severe defoliation may also contribute to tree mortality.
The spring cankerworm has a 1-year life cycle. The larvae are slender and move with a looping motion. The mature larvae overwinter in the soil and pupate in the very early spring. Adult wingless females and winged males soon emerge to mate, and the females climb host trees and shrubs, where they lay eggs in clusters on the stems and lower branches. Mature spring cankerworm larvae are about 20–30 mm long, and they vary in colour from yellowish green to almost black, with a mottled appearance.
A number of natural agents may control cankerworm populations. Parasitic insects attack the egg, larval, and pupal stages of cankerworm life cycles, while other predators (insects, spiders, birds, and small rodents) may attack all the stages. Cold winter temperatures, late spring frosts, starvation, or disease may also cause the collapse of larval populations.
Canadian Forest Service Publications
Diet and feeding behaviour
: Feeds on the leaves of plants.
- Free-living defoliator: Feeds on and moves about freely on foliage.
Information on host(s)
The preferred hosts of the spring cankerworm is Siberian elm but it also attacks ash, basswood, bur oak, Siberian elm, aspen, white birch, and various fruit trees. The spring cankerworm attacks many of the same trees as the fall cankerworm, but prefers Siberian elm.
American mountain-ash, ashes, basswood, black ash, blue ash, bur oak, common prickly-ash, European ash, European mountain-ash, fruit trees, green ash, mountain-ash, northern red ash, Oregon ash, pumpkin ash, siberian elm, Sitka mountain-ash, trembling aspen, white ash, white birch


Unit Converter
Conversion formula
1 in = 1.5782828282828E-5 mi
To convert 3.7 inches into miles we have to multiply 3.7 by the conversion factor in order to get the length amount from inches to miles. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 in → 1.5782828282828E-5 mi
3.7 in → L(mi)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the length L in miles:
L(mi) = 3.7 in × 1.5782828282828E-5 mi
L(mi) = 5.8396464646465E-5 mi
The final result is:
3.7 in → 5.8396464646465E-5 mi
We conclude that 3.7 inches is equivalent to 5.8396464646465E-5 miles:
3.7 inches = 5.8396464646465E-5 miles
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 mile is equal to 17124.324324324 × 3.7 inches.
Another way is saying that 3.7 inches is equal to 1 ÷ 17124.324324324 miles.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that three point seven inches is approximately zero miles:
3.7 in ≅ 0 mi
An alternative is also that one mile is approximately seventeen thousand one hundred twenty-four point three two four times three point seven inches.
Conversion table
inches to miles chart
inches (in) miles (mi)
4.7 inches 0 miles
5.7 inches 0 miles
6.7 inches 0 miles
7.7 inches 0 miles
8.7 inches 0 miles
9.7 inches 0 miles
10.7 inches 0 miles
11.7 inches 0 miles
12.7 inches 0 miles
13.7 inches 0 miles


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Iran Unveils New System for Purification of Wastes Using Nanotechnology
TEHRAN (FNA)- Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad unveiled 'the System for Purification of Garbage Sewage and Special Wastes by Using Nanotechnology' in Nanotechnology Research Center of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology in the Northern city of Babol.
The system has been invented with the support of Mazandaran Governorship and Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council by the experts of Nanotechnology Research Center of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. This system is able to purify 30,000 liters of wastewater every day to the extent that they can be used in agricultural applications. Being made of the combination of the two systems membrane bioreactor and solvent-resistant nanofiltration with the pores of 30-40 nanometers, the system can turn the wastewater into agricultural water in the first stage, and possibly into drinking water in the second stage. Another advantage of the system is its adaptable design and transportation.
According to its manufacturer, the system can be produced limitlessly in capacity with very reasonable price taking into consideration the fact that all membranes used in the system are produced in the country.
The utilization of the technology to build nanofiltration membranes at semi-industrial scale (able to be developed to industrial scale) started in the second half of 2009 in Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. At present, the semi-industrial production of spinal modules for nanofiltration membranes is being carried out.