text:
- The current regime does not impose appropriate obligations of transparency or accountability. There is insufficient transparency around how declared collecting societies are using statutory funds, as well as who benefits from the remuneration paid under the statutory licence.
- Declared collecting societies have an inappropriate degree of discretion regarding how statutory funds will be used.
- There is no effective oversight of declared collecting society compliance in the current governance arrangements. The current triennial Code Review process has been ineffective in addressing concerns that have been raised by statutory licensees.
Declared collecting societies – and in particular, Copyright Agency – have strayed beyond what UA considers to be their appropriate role. Copyright Agency has adopted a commercial, profit-making approach to administering the statutory licence. This approach appears to regard universities' changing copying practices, that have led to universities relying less and less on the statutory licence, as a "threat" to its business model. To address this "threat" Copyright Agency is taking steps to ensure that statutory licensing income continues to increase. While this kind of approach may be appropriate for commercial licences, it is not an appropriate way to administer the statutory licence. It is therefore timely to consider whether operational separation between the commercial and statutory functions of declared collecting societies is needed to ensure that commercial imperatives are not applied to statutory functions, and that statutory funds are not used for non-statutory purposes.
There is currently no effective check on the ability of declared collecting societies to exploit their monopoly position to engage in what amounts to rent seeking from publicly funded entities. The high cost of Copyright Tribunal proceedings has greatly limited the scope of the Copyright Tribunal to play this role. The ACCC should be given an oversight role over declared collecting societies with a view to ensuring that they do not use their market power in a way that is contrary to the public interest.
The shortcomings cannot be fixed through Code of Conduct amendments.
Broad reform is required that includes:
- Legislative obligations for declared collecting societies to have regard to the interests of licensees as well as their members;
- Mandatory guidelines, to be issued by the Minister, that set the standards of transparency and accountability that declared collecting societies are required to meet; and
- An effective mechanism for ensuring compliance with such guidelines.
This role could be played by the ACCC.


ARIA: form role
The form landmark role can be used to identify a group of elements on a page that provide equivalent functionality to an HTML form.

This is a form that collects and saves a user's contact information.
Important: Use an HTML element to contain your form controls, rather than the ARIA form role, unless you have a very good reason. The HTML element is sufficient to tell assistive technologies that there is a form.
A form landmark identifies a region of content that contains a collection of items and objects that, as a whole, combine to create a form when no other named landmark is appropriate (e.g. main or search).
Using the element will automatically communicate a section of content as a form landmark, if it is provided an accessible name. Developers should always prefer using the correct semantic HTML element over using ARIA.
Use the HTML element if possible. The element defines a form landmark when it has an accessible name (e.g. aria-labelledby, aria-label or title). Make sure to have a unique label on each form in a document to help users understand the purpose of the form. This label should be visible to all users, not just assistive technology users. Use the search landmark instead of the form landmark when the form is used for search functionality.
Use the role="form" to identify a region of the page; do not use it to identify every form field. Even if you are using the form landmark instead of , you are encouraged to use native HTML form controls like button, input, select, and textarea
Associated WAI-ARIA Roles, States, and Properties
No role specific states or properties.
Keyboard Interactions
No role specific keyboard interactions
Required JavaScript features
The onSubmit event handler handles the event raised when the form is submitted. Anything that is not a cannot be submitted, therefore you would have to use JavaScript to build an alternative data submission mechanism, for example with XMLHTTPRequest.

It is recommended to use instead.
Accessibility concerns
Use sparingly
Inputs are not forms
You do not need to declare role="form" on every form element (inputs, text areas, selects, etc.). It should be declared on the HTML element that wraps the form elements. Ideally, use the element as the wrapping element and do not declare role="form".
If a form is used to search, you should use the more specialized role="search" value.
Labeling landmarks
Each element and form role that needs to be exposed as a landmark must be given an accessible name. This name will allow an assistive technology user to be able to quickly understand the purpose of the form landmark.
Use an aria-labelledby, aria-label or title on the same element that was given the role="form" to provide it an accessible name.
Using role="form"

Redundant descriptions
Screen readers will announce the type of role the landmark is. Because of this, you do not need to describe what the landmark is in its label. For example, a declaration of role="form" with an of aria-label="Contact form" may be announced redundantly as, "contact form form".
Best practices
Prefer HTML
Using the element will automatically communicate a section has a role of form. If at all possible, prefer using it instead.
Added benefits
Certain technologies such as browser extensions can generate lists of all landmark roles present on a page, allowing non-screen reader users to also quickly identify and navigate to large sections of the document.
Specification Status
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1
The definition of 'ARIA Form Role' in that specification.
The definition of 'Role Form' in that specification.
Screen reader support
See also


Portugal, Sweden and Turkey fighting to secure 'air bridges' with the UK
The countries are all expected to be left off the Government's list of countries Britons can visit without quarantining on their return
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure so-called "air bridges" with the UK
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure the so-called "air bridges" Credit: AP
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are fighting rearguard actions to secure "air bridges" with the UK, as Britain prepares to unveil its list of 50 countries to be exempted from quarantine.
Officials from Portugal, which relies on British holidaymakers for 20 per cent of its tourist income, has disputed claims that the country is facing a second wave of coronavirus in and around Lisbon that could keep it off the list.
It has re-imposed a lockdown in 19 Greater Lisbon parishes with all but supermarkets, restaurants and service stations closing at 8pm in the rest of the city.
Some 70 per cent of the 300 cases currently being reported daily are in Lisbon. But professor Henrique Barros, a leading epidemiologist and president of Portugal's National Health Council, has told his British counterparts the outbreak is "clearly controlled," there is no scientific or empirical justification for excluding Portugal from the list, and that the UK Covid-19 status is "worse".
He said the outbreak is restricted to poorer areas of the city where tourists did not visit. "The places where tourists tend to walk around are the safest in the country. Tourists are not taking the overcrowded metro or train at 6am in the morning to go to work," he added.
"They are using Uber or taxis, they go to the restaurant, they stay in hotels. I mean the risk is almost negligible."
Portugal, where the Algarve is rated among the top three destinations for UK tourists, is understood to be currently classed as "red" on the Government's traffic light system for assessing risk. Visitors to countries rated green and amber will not be required to self-isolate for 14 days on their return.
Countries are assessed on the prevalence of coronavirus, the UK's confidence in the reliability of their data, and "crucially" the trajectory of the disease in the country, say Government sources.
Spain, Greece and France are the only countries so far publicly identified as likely "safe" destinations. Sweden has been identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as suffering a Covid-19 resurgence with 155 infections for every 100,000 inhabitants in the past 14 days, higher than anywhere else in the WHO's defined Europe region, other than Armenia.
Placeholder image for youtube video: aTezGlQrMPg
This week Sweden reported its highest number of daily infections since the outbreak began, with 1,610 on Wednesday. However, Swedish state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell said Sweden was seeing a rising number of infections because it was testing far more than before.
It was "unfortunate", he said, that the WHO was "confusing Sweden" with countries at the start of their epidemic. "The number of admissions to intensive care is at a very low level and even deaths are starting to go down."
The number of new coronavirus cases in Turkey has doubled to 1,492 in a month, after the country started easing lockdown restrictions in late May.
Professor Guner Sonmez, of Üsküdar University, said Turkey gained an initial advantage by the virus arriving late in the country, having a health system that coped and a young population less at risk from Covid-19. However, he feared the Government was losing control after the easing of lockdown.


to link from the planned intervention to the actual intervention record(s).
 There are lots of links across these new domains. These would be facilitated by having unique resource identifiers for each record in each new domain.
 If enough attributes are present for each suggested new domain, I hypothesize that new clinical data requirements can be more easily met using this model. As a next step, I would like to create some domains based on dummy data and explore what adding new data requirements might look like.
 Thank you for reading and for your comments.


1/9 The Dark Knight Rises
This is a great beginner project for anyone new to model lighting. It demonstrates how a basic lighting system can transform a model into an eye-catching display piece.
This light kit is designed for use with the Crazy Toys 1/9 figure as shown, but could no doubt be incorporated for use in many of the Batman display models.
For this lighting project you will need:
1) The pre-wired set available from our store.
2) A 2mm and 5mm drill.
3) Three dot stickers (or equivalent markers).
4) One standard 9v battery.
Step 1
When you have assembled your Batman figure, place it on the display base provided with the kit. There is a small raised dot on the base where the fingers of the right hand should be positioned. From there we need to mark out the position of where each led needs to fit. The two ultra violets are positioned at either side of the model to give the blue-on-black effect. The warm white illuminates the figures face. Use your dot stickers to mark the positions of each led (see photos).
Step 2
When you are happy with each led position, ensure each marker sticker is firmly in place and remove the figure from the base. Although using stickers to mark the positions isn't essential, regular visitors to the site will know that this is my preferred way of doing this task. Firstly it provides an easy visual reference, and secondly - perhaps more importantly - helps provide a "key" for the drill bit.
To drill the holes, first pre-drill each hole with the 2mm drill. The final diameter for each hole needs to be 5mm, but don't attempt to drill this in one go using the 5mm drill - you risk splitting the plastic base. Take your time, and using the 2mm drill, pre-drill each hole using the weight of the drill itself as the downward force. When done, widen each hole to 5mm diameter.
Don't be afraid to connect the battery to the light kit, and position the leds underneath the model to experiment with the different lighting effects that you can get.
Remember, as with all the projects, this is your model build - and there isn't only one way of doing things.
Try your own ideas and experiment with different effects!
A great tip to make positioning the lights easy - ensure the model is in the correct place, and then use either a pencil or screwdriver to show where on the model each led light beam will hit. For example, the warm white led is to illuminate the figures face, so position the pencil in front of the figures face, running down to the base, to get the most accurate placement.
When the 5mm holes are drilled, insert the plastic led clips into each one, and push them fully into place.
Step 3
Turn the model base over, and loosely place each led in position in the fitting clip. Do not try to push the leds into place using the wires, as this risks breaking the connections. Instead, use a flat blade scewdriver to push each led firmly into their holders, placing the blade of the screwdriver between the led wires - see photo.
All done!
Add the 9v battery, turn the base over and re-fit the figure. As you can see, the lighting really enhances this particular model - and now you know how to get Batman "blues" as an effect for future projects :)


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Bootham Park Hospital (formerly York Lunatic Asylum)
Bootham Park Hospital 2008
Just a short stroll out of the city walls through Bootham Bar and along the road called Bootham will be rewarded with a vista of many beautiful Georgian buildings. A few hundred yards along, set back off the road in its own grounds stands what you might mistake for a country house. It is in fact, Bootham Park Hospital, formerly the notorious York Lunatic Asylum.
In 1772 at a meeting at York Castle, the Archbishop of York called together gentlemen of the three ridings of Yorkshire, along with Dr Alexander Hunter and architect John Carr. His intention was to create a lunatic asylum to prevent the mentally ill from being placed in unsuitable institutions like prisons.
Carr's practice was at its peak and the grand building was completed by 1777. With its applied Tuscan columns, pediment and fashionable Venetian windows, it was reported in the press as 'an elegant and expensive affair', but it didn't please everyone. William Mason, a Precentor at the Minster, wrote that its extravagant design was a waste of public money and suggested it should instead be advertised as 'a lunatic hotel'.
It was later discovered that despite its grandiose exterior some patients were held in terrible squalor. Indeed the conditions at the asylum were the stimulus for the foundation of the The Retreat at York which became world renowned for its pioneering treatment of the mentally ill.
The abuses at the York Asylum later became the centre of a great controversy. A national investigation in 1813-14 led to questions in Parliament. Some of the asylum records were burned in a suspiciously timed fire and two different sets of financial accounts were discovered. The resulting scandal led to substantial reforms in the way the hospital was run.
More themes


text:
We are currently engaged in a study and mapping of Molloy DNA in Ireland and around the world.
There are a number of reasons why DNA Genealogy may be helpful in identifying your Molloy ancestors in County Offaly:
1. Connect with existing residents of County Offally - The Molloy Clan ruled Firceall in County Offaly for centuries. If you have been successful in tracing your Molloy ancestors back to a different county in Ireland you can still pursue an even more distant connection with an existing resident of County Offaly.
2. Identify the County Offaly Parish where your Molloy ancestor lived - As a result of the loss of the baptismal records in the Dublin fire, many of the County Offaly church records only go back to the early 1800's. Therefore if your Molloy ancestor was born in Offaly pre-1800 there may no longer exist a church record to reflect their baptism. A match with a Molloy DNA study participant may enable you to identify the parish where your Molloy ancestor lived.
3. Locate the County in Ireland where your ancestor lived - If you have been unable to trace your ancestor back to a particular county in Ireland, a DNA test may connect you with other Molloy's who were born or married outside of Offaly. Many Molloy's were forced out of County Offaly by the Crown in the 1600 and 1700's.
4. For Fun - You may wish to submit your DNA to see how closely you are related to King Niall. The O'Molloys are descended from the famous Niall of the Nine Hostages, High King of Ireland in the fifth century. Following the battle of Druim Deirg in the year 515, the descendants of Niall established control over extensive lands including Firceall, which stretched from north of Tullamore as far south as the edge of Birr. Ownership of these lands remained with the O'Molloy's until the first half of the seventeenth century, when the area was subjected to the plantations of James I and Cromwell.
Paternal Lineage DNA Test
We recommend the yDNA 37 test offerred by Family Tree DNA which costs approximately $170. One to reduce the cost per person is to have several family members share the cost of a single DNA test. The yDNA test is for male participants only as we are focused on tracking the Molloy ancestral history.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
In prefix notation the operator is written before its operands. Therefore, in order to print the prefix expression from an expression tree, preorder traversal is done. I.e., at every non-terminal node we do the following:
While this notation may appear unfamiliar at first, consider the result obtained when we spell out the names of the operators:
plus (div (a,b), times (minus (c,d), e))This is precisely the notation used in a typical programming language to invoke user defined procedures plus, minus, times, and div.


Home » JVM Languages » Scala » Probability distribution for programmers
About Tomasz Nurkiewicz
Java EE developer, Scala enthusiast. Enjoying data analysis and visualization. Strongly believes in the power of testing and automation.
Probability distribution for programmers
This is one of these very simple programming puzzles I came across recently: given a function returning random integers from 0 to 4 inclusive with equal probability, write a function returning random integers from 0 to 6 inclusive.
Of course the solution should also return equally distributed numbers. So let's start from an input function sample definition:
def rand4() = (math.random * 5).toInt
Your task is to implement rand6() by only using rand4(). Give yourself few minutes and continue reading.
The first approach is pretty straightforward but happens to be completely broken:
def rand6() = rand4() * 3 / 2
As simple as that. In ideal solution each output value from 0 to 6 should appear with the probability of 1/7. Can you tell from the code above, what's the probability of rand6() returning 2 or 5? That's right, it's no more than 0, you'll never get these values. I hope it's clear why. So let's go for something more sophisticated:
def rand6() = (rand4() + rand4()) % 7
Looks better, but still pretty far. The code above has two major flaws. First of all the results of rand4() + rand4() expression range from 0 to 8 but we need 0 to 6. The obvious solution is to use % 7 operation. However this results in 0 and 1 being returned twice as often because 7 and 8 are overflowing to 0 and 1. So what about this:
def rand6(): Int = {
 val rand8 = rand4() + rand4()
 if(rand8 > 6)
I hope the recursion (which can easily be turned into loop, but I leave that work to the Scala compiler) is not obscuring the intent – if the sum of two rand4() invocations is above expected result, we simply discard it and call rand6() again. However there is still one subtle but striking bug, quoting Wikipedia on uniform distribution. The sum of two independent, equally distributed, uniform distributions yields a symmetric triangular distribution. If you don't quite get the above, have a look at this live demo in JavaScript using illustrating what Wikipedia means:
This program simply places pixels at random (X, Y) positions on each panel. In the first panel I use one Math.random() * 300 call scaled to fit whole canvas. As you can see the distribution is more or less uniform. But we can't tell that about second and third panels. On the second panel I am using the sum of two uniformly distributed variables, in principle: (Math.random() + Math.random()) * 150). Even though this expression can return anything between 0 and 300, the points are very biased toward the middle of the canvas (triangular distribution). The same behaviour is emphasized on the third panel where ten invocations of Math.random() are used.
The correct answer
The approach I'm taking is based on the observation that rand4() is capable of producing two random least significant bits. So let's start from implementing rand3() with known semantics:
def rand3(): Int = rand4() match {
 case 4 => rand3()
 case x => x
rand3() returns uniformly distributed values from 0 to 3 doing so by rejecting 4 output of rand4(). How will that help us? Well, we now have two random bits, each one being either 0 or 1 with 50% probability. We can easily widen it for larger sequences, e.g. rand15() and rand7():
def rand15() = (rand3() << 2) + rand3()
def rand7() = rand15() >> 1
You should be rather comfortable with the bit fiddling above. Having the ability to produce two random bits I can easily generate 4 and 3. Now rand6() is a no-brainer:
def rand6() = rand7() match {
 case 7 => rand6()
 case x => x
Just to make this lesson a little bit more interesting, let's implement randN(n: Int) on top of rand4(). randN() should return uniformly distributed natural values from 0 to n. I'll begin by implementing helper method atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) returning… at least K random bits:
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int): Int = k match {
 case 0 => 0
 case 1 => rand3() >> 1
 case 2 => rand3()
 case b => (atLeastKrandBits(k - 2) << 2) + rand3()
Alternative implementation with foldLeft():
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) = (0 to (k + 1) / 2).foldLeft(0){
 (acc, _) => (acc << 2) + rand3()
…or if you really hate those to maintain your code:
def atLeastKrandBits(k: Int) = (0 /: (0 to (k + 1) / 2)){
Having any of the implementations above randN(n: Int) is simple:
def randN(n: Int) = {
 val bitsCount = java.lang.Integer.highestOneBit(n)
 val randBits = atLeastKrandBits(bitsCount)
 if(randBits > n)
You might ask yourself a question: why should I even care? If you fail to understand probability distribution your application might produce random output that's actually quite easy to predict. It's not a big deal if you are writing a game and enemies are more likely to appear at some places on the map (but the players will discover and abuse it!) But if you need random numbers for security reasons or you rely on uniform distribution e.g. for load-balancing purposes – any bias might become fatal.
Reference: Probability distribution for programmers from our JCG partner Tomasz Nurkiewicz at the Java and neighbourhood blog.
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One comment
 1. Hello,
 I think you could do with rand4 function only (and some additional function, say F)
 First divide 0..4 to two sets containing 2 arbitrary integers each, e.g {0,1} and {3,4}
 F would return 0 if rand4 returned 0 or 1 and 1 if rand4 returned 3 or 4 (or run rand4 again if there was 2)
 Then you generate binary sequence, and the first 3-element fragment of it different from, e.g 111 (but again, this is arbitrary, but taken for simplicity as it is 7 in binary) is our random number from 0..6. The are of course 8 different 3-element sequences, but all of them are equally probable, 1/8, and we are only interested in space of 7, so (1/8)/(7/8) gives us 1/7
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JR gestures
by Alice Gordenker
Dear Alice, Until recently I lived in Tokyo and commuted on the JR Chuo Sobu Line from Kameido Station. I made it a practice to ride in the last compartment of the train, just so I could enjoy the spectacle of the driver making those sincere hand gestures at each and every station. I've seen the same thing on other train and subway lines, so I'm sure there is a very good reason they do this. But what the heck is it?
Madhu S., Chennai, India
Dear Madhu,
For the benefit of readers who have never been on a Japanese train, or have missed all the fun by riding in the wrong car, I should explain that the trains you used to ride were 10 cars long and operated by two employees: a driver in the front and a conductor in the back. Since you were in the last car, it was actually the conductor you were watching. And I know just what you saw: an employee in a neat uniform and cap, all alone yet apparently engaged in animated conversation while making vigorous gesticulations. It is indeed a spectacle, and anyone witnessing it for the first time might well wonder if there's a madman at the controls.
Fortunately, there's method to the madness. Those odd vocalizations and gestures help keep us safe by heightening workers' mental focus at key points on the job where accidents are likely to occur. This technique for error-prevention is called shisa kanko, although you may hear variants such as shisa kakunin kanko and yubisashi kosho. It's hardly known outside of Japan, but those who do talk about it in English use the term "pointing and calling."
Japanese railway employees have been using this technique for more than 100 years, but the exact origin is a little unclear. One story traces it to the early 1900s and a steam-train engineer named Yasoichi Hori, who was supposedly starting to lose his sight. Worried that he'd go through a signal by mistake, Hori began to call out the signal status to the fireman riding with him. The fireman would confirm it by calling back. An observer decided this was an excellent way of reducing error, and by 1913 it was encoded in a railway manual as kanko oto ("call and response"). The pointing came later, probably after 1925.
To give an example with English calls, let's say your task is to make sure a valve is open. You look directly at the valve and confirm it's open. You call out in a clear voice, "Valve open!" Then, still looking at the valve, you draw your right hand back, point to the valve in an exaggerated way and call out, "OK!" The theory is that hearing your own voice, and engaging the muscles of the mouth and arm, stimulates your brain so you're more alert.
But does it actually work? I posed that question to Kazumi Tabata of the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, who showed me research conducted in 1994 by the Railway Technical Research Institute. Workers asked to complete a simple task made 2.38 errors per 100 actions when no special steps were taken to prevent errors. When told to add just calling or just pointing, their error rate dropped significantly. But the greatest reduction in error — to just 0.38 mistakes per 100 actions — was achieved when workers used both steps together. The combination of pointing and calling reduced mistakes by almost 85 percent.
Pointing and calling has now been adopted by a wide range of Japanese industries and businesses, largely because JISHA has been teaching it since the '80s as part of a comprehensive program to reduce on-the-job accidents. But there hasn't been much interest in pointing and calling overseas.
"The emphasis in Europe and the United States has generally been more on reducing accidents by changing machinery and systems, while in Japan it's been more on improving operator accuracy," Tabata explained. "But you really need to look at both aspects."
In his book "Shippai no Shinrigaku (The Psychology of Error)" (Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 2004), Shigeru Haga, a professor at Rikkyo University in Tokyo, mentioned attempts to introduce pointing and calling in Japanese factories overseas and wrote: "Gaikoku no hito ni nakanaka yatte moraenai yo desu" ("It seems it's difficult to get foreigners to do it"). Haga didn't say why, but my guess is that workers who have never seen pointing and calling feel silly doing it. Even in Japan, companies have to put a lot of effort into getting workers over the initial embarrassment.
My last stop was JR East Japan Railways' headquarters in Shinjuku, because I was desperate to know what the heck I'm hearing when conductors do their calls. Hisashi Satoh, who oversees safety training at JR East, ran me through a few Sobu Line specifics. After the train has stopped, but before the conductor opens the door, you may hear "Jyuryo teishi ichi, yoshi!" which means "Ten-car stop position, OK!" Another call you're likely to hear, just before the conductor activates the door-closing bell, is "Repita yoshi!" literally, "Repeater, OK!" (A "repeater" is a signal in the conductor's position that repeats the signal the driver is seeing at the front of the train.)
Before I made tracks, I asked Satoh about cell phones. Just that morning, news had come out that the driver in the Sept. 12 Los Angeles train accident that killed 26 people had been sending text messages just before the crash. Much to my relief, Satoh said that JR East has a strict rule that employees may not even carry personal cell phones, let alone use them, when working on trains. A driver or conductor found to have used a personal cell phone on the job, he assured me, would be fired.
Now that's a good call.
To learn more about pointing and calling, visit _URL_ where you can watch a free online video in good English. It's in three 15-minute parts (E10, E11 and E12). You can also view the videos from 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on weekdays on the second floor of JISHA's Industrial Safety Museum (5-35-1 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo; (03) 3452-6431). That's near Tamachi Station and admission is free. Puzzled by something you've seen? Send a description, or better yet a photo, to _EMAIL_ or A&E Dept., The Japan Times, 4-5-4 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo _PHONE_.


text:
How to use Toxic-waste in a sentence
The environmental impact of the toxic waste is to create a new breed of more savory locust.
A koi pond should be able to stand-alone for hours without danger of quick suffocation or toxic waste build up.
Wind energy is infinite, pollution-free, and does not produce radioactive or toxic waste.
Non-renewable energy sources also use and pollute water supplies, harm plant and animal life, and increase toxic waste production.
Similarly, the game Toxic Waste seems simple enough.Advertisement
Possible environmental factors, such as mercury exposure, lead poisoning, polluted water, living near toxic waste sites, have been studied.
It was his belief that this toxic waste was to be blamed for weight gain.


Vestibular (Entrance Examination) in Brazil
Several Brazilian universities follow the FUVEST (University of São Paulo's entry exam) pattern, which is divided into two stages or "phases". The first stage consists of 90 multiple choice questions, including subjects such as Portuguese Language, Portuguese Literature and Brazilian Literature; Math, History, Geography, Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Foreign Language. The answers are marked on an answer card, and they are graded afterwards by an automated optical reader. Some institutions establish a cutoff score for the first stage. Students who score below that are automatically eliminated and do not proceed to the second stage, even if the maximum number of candidates has not been reached, although some schools make exceptions in the rare case of most candidates scoring below the cutoff.
In some universities, the Vestibular may include only a single-stage exam where the scores for each subject tested are adjusted by weights depending on the student's course choice. For example, on the brazilians unities of PUC (known as one of the most prestigious private universities in Brazil) has a Vestibular consisting of 45 multiple choice questions, one written question about Chemistry and Biology, one about Maths and Physics, and another about History and Geography, in addition to a student-written essay on a provided theme. All of that is done in one single day. Another example is Mackenzie, considered one of the best private universities in the country: its Vestibular consists of 60 multiple choice questions and a student-written essay.
In some military engineering colleges such as ITA and IME, the Vestibular includes exams in Math, Physics, Chemistry, Portuguese and English only. Those exams are mostly write-in and demand more from the students when compared to ordinary vestibular exams of the same subjects by other universities, being heavily influenced by mathematics competitions questions. In the other hand, colleges with a humanities focused curriculum, such as ESPM, only include Portuguese, English, History, Geography, Math and culture. This is done in order to let the student focus on the subjects of the college's interest while preparing for the exams.
University candidates must choose their majors by the time they sign in for the vestibular, and they cannot change their choice except through a very bureaucratic process of internal transfers within the university. Some exceptions exist, such as Engineering in some universities, where the engineering major is chosen only after a three or four semester period. Language studies is another exception: you sign up for Languages, and choose your focus later on, which could be Portuguese and English, Portuguese and French, Portuguese and Italian, amongst many others.
Throughout the last decades, there has always been a gap between the few vacancies offered and the overwhelmingly high and growing demand for high quality and tuition-free public universities. The competition goes as far as having more than 150 candidates per vacancy for the most sought-after careers, such as medicine.
The Vestibular was implanted primarily as a way to prevent nepotism or some other form of unfair or beneficial selection of candidates. It was considered by law the only authorized selection method until 1996, when the new Education Law was passed.
While the Vestibular is generally considered to be a fair and unbiased system to select students due to the standardized nature of the tests, there are a few controversies surrounding it.
There is some criticism to the alleged standardization of the high school curriculum for the whole country to match the Vestibular agenda. As with most types of academic evaluation, the vestibular suffers from the same limitations as a regular test, that is, factors such as stress come into play. It also seems to favor candidates that come from a wealthier background, who had access to better and deeper education in private schools, as opposed to the comparatively poor public high school educational system, although many university boards claim that it doesn't matter which background the candidates have, since their Vestibular aims to select the best students based solely on their knowledge.
To ease this problem, some universities such as the Federal University of Minas Gerais, provide a 10-15% bonus for students who received their middle and high education in public schools. There is also the alternative of taking classes at cram schools called cursinhos (a Brazilian word that usually means "Vestibular course"). Those are revisions of Vestibular subjects, given through periods of 9 months (the regular year-long one), 6 months (the semi-intensive one), and 3 months (known as intensive). These courses are given usually for the most prestigious schools and can be done after concluding high school or as a complement of the last year of it.
Racial quotas
Racial and social quotas are a very controversial subject in Brazil. They were implemented by the government as an attempt to minimize the gap between students. That way, students who had their high school education entirely at public schools get quotas. Also, African and Indigenous Brazilian descendants gain a small percentage of bonuses on their Vestibular. That is considered an affirmative action policy.
Court challenge
In August 2005, at Universidade Federal do Paraná, a student was granted by a federal court the right to be admitted at the university because she had a better score on the Vestibular than several other freshmen that took advantage of their quotas. In 2012 a law was approved that gave quotas to students who came from public schools. The federal universities (such as UFRJ, UNIFESP, UFPR, UFRGS...) will have to save half of the vacancies for those students. State-owned establishments, such as the University of São Paulo, are not currently forced to abide by this law.
New ENEM (Novo ENEM)
The Ministry of Education and Culture of Brazil (MEC) proposed in 2009 that the universities should use the ENEM (National High School Exam), a non-mandatory national exam, as a standard university entrance qualification test. The "new ENEM", as it is known, is composed of 180 multiple choice questions in five main areas (natural sciences, human sciences, math, Portuguese and either English or Spanish as a foreign language) and an essay.
The proposal's main objective is to democratize access to higher education, opportunities for federal jobs, academic mobility and induce the restructuring of the curricula of high school.
The universities have the autonomy to choose whether or not they want to use the exam, and if they want to, they can also choose the way it is used:
As a single phase, with a unified system of selection, electronic and online;
As a first phase;
Combined with the university's test (using it to admit only part of its students or as part of the overall grade, along with a vestibular);
As a single phase for the remaining chairs.


text:
Oldest Potted Plant's Deep Roots Go Back to 1775
This Eastern Cape giant cycad was brought to the Kew Botanical Gardens in 1775.
CREDIT: RBG Kew
The potted Eastern Cape giant cycad that resides in the U.K.'s Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, has lived through the French Revolution, the invention of the steam engine, both World Wars and man's first walk on the moon, which may have earned it the title of the oldest potted plant in the world.
The Eastern Cape giant cycad (Encephalartos altensteinii) is unique to South Africa. It is a medium-to-large plant with stems that extend up to 16 feet (5 meters) long and are usually 14 inches (35 centimeters) in diameter.
These plants can survive long enough to live to 2,500 years of age. Today, they are rare in the wild and are protected by law.
Kew's plant, which was initially planted at ground level, measures about 14 feet (4.2 m) from the base of its stem to the growing point. This means that the cycad has grown around 1 inch (2.5 cm) every year since it was originally potted in the 18th century.
Kew's first plant collector, Francis Masson, brought the giant cycad back from the Eastern Cape region of South Africa in 1775. It was one of the first plants to be moved to the Palm House when it opened in 1848.
In 1819, the plant produced its first, and last, cone. Regardless, the plant has survived a lot, including some 30 high explosives that fell on Kew during World War II.
In 2009, the year of the Gardens' 250th anniversary, Kew repotted the plant in a specially built box. The transfer took three months of planning as the plant weighs more than a ton.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Rae, David (2005) Entrepreneurial learning: a narrative-based conceptual model. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12 (3). pp. 323-335. ISSN _PHONE_
Full text URL: _URL_
Purpose – Entrepreneurial learning is an important area of enquiry which is not well understood in either the academic study of entrepreneurship or the practical development of new entrepreneurs. The article aims to explore two questions: first, how do people learn to work in entrepreneurial ways – are there significant processes and experiences in their learning, which can be related to existing learning theories? Second, can a useful framework to understand entrepreneurial learning be developed and
applied both in entrepreneurial practice and conceptually by educators?
Design/methodology/approach – The article includes a brief critical review of the theoretical literature in the areas of entrepreneurship and learning. Thematic discourse analysis is used to interpret the life story narratives of three entrepreneurs in the creative industries. Material from their learning experiences is used to support the development of a conceptual model. This demonstrates
connections between the emergence of entrepreneurial identity, learning as a social process, opportunity recognition, and venture formation as a negotiated activity.
Findings – The principal finding is to propose a conceptual framework of entrepreneurial learning as a triadic model, including major themes of personal and social emergence, contextual learning, the negotiated enterprise, and a group of 11 related sub-themes. Practical implications – Applications of the model in entrepreneurship education, work-based learning and practice, are proposed, within and beyond the context of the creative media industry.
Originality/value – The paper develops an original and distinctive conceptual understanding of entrepreneurial learning through analysis of entrepreneurs' experiences, based on a social learning and constructionist perspective.
|Keywords:||Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial learning|
|Subjects:||N Business and Administrative studies > N100 Business studies|
|Divisions:||College of Social Science > Lincoln Business School|
|Deposited By:||Bev Jones|
|Deposited On:||08 Jun 2007|
|Last Modified:||29 Aug 2014 15:26|
Repository Staff Only: item control page


Picture of how to make the simplest electric generator
i will show you how to make a generator easily.for this you will need common and cheap things.ihave given drawn pictures instead of real picture. so it may noybe so clear.with this generator you may not produce that much energy but still it may generate enough electricity to light up a led bulb.
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Step 1:
Picture of
you will need the following things:
1)an iron nail of 15-20 cm.
2)a card board sheet.
3)a strong magnet.
4)copper wire of 28-30 gauge.
5)insulative tape.
6)led bulb.
Step 2:
Picture of
cut two circles of 3-6 cm diametre from the cardboard sheet.and now make a hole in the centre so that the nail can be inserted init.
Step 3:
Picture of
now insert the first circle in the nail,3 cm away from the head.now insert the other circle in the nail in such a manner that the 2nd circle is 3 cm away from the first one.and put a layer of insulative tape on it in between the circles.
Step 4:
Picture of
now on the insulative layer between the circles put some copper wires _PHONE_ times by spinnig.now bring the two ends out.
Step 5:
Picture of
now connect the two ends to a led bulb.
Step 6:
Picture of
now take a magnet keep it almost 3-5 cm away from the nails head.now star to move it in various ways.at one time in a certain type of move the bulb will start to glow.here i have shown circular movement.then any time you may light it with that move.ifit does not work then try by changing the poles of led.i am sure that it is a project that may give you a first prize in science fair.
if i make any mistake inenglish forgive me because i am from a non -english speakin coutry.i am argha halder from naogaon bangladesh.i study in class 7 in biam laboratory school naogaon.
Can I connect a motor to this thing instead of the led light? Can I use the power created by the generator to revolve a magnet around it, so that once we give it a start, it start automatically moving? Anyways it is cool. I think it is magnetic induction, right? You can contact me at my mail -
NeelanshuG2 months ago
Iqbal Samin4 months ago
hey, argha, i am from jessore bangladesh, plz send me a friend request on fb, my name is Iqbal Samin Prithul, and thnx a lot for the instructables
Can you please tell me which kind of magnet should I use
Sniper136 months ago
it is cool
it would help me much THANKS!!
indigo4012 years ago
This is great! Keep up the good work :-)
argha halder (author) indigo4012 years ago
WOW ITS WAS GREAT! THANKS it would help me much
xxxSpox11 months ago
on an average basis....hw much power does it create?.???
argha halder (author) xxxSpox11 months ago
It creates a very low ampere, but a decent voltage spikes around 3-4 volts sometimes. I didn't manage to check the spikes as I don't have an oscilloscope, but anything it produces is only powerful enough to light an led at most...
Hi there. Can you kindly explain more on the turning.How does 2 ends coming out? i have used the cooper wire SWG18. it is quite thick and I can't make the LED function. Please explain it ASAP. Thank you..
argha halder (author) SHARMANATHAN11 months ago
sorry for the late reply,, but when you wind the wire you get the start and end of the wire, so there are two ends.. The wire you used is quite thick, you might try using 26 gauge wires. and wind it at least 1000 times,, not less. Then try it again,, i hope it will work then,, Good Luck!!
Wow like this but can i know from where i can get strong magnet? Any online website
Look for neodymium-iron-boron magnets. You may not need one to demonstrate this project, but they're fun in their own right. For example, if you hold a cylindrical stack of them in your hand and move around, you can *feel* their interaction with the Earth's magnetic field. Additionally, you can demonstrate electromagnetic braking trivially and in a way that becomes immediately clear to anyone observing, by dropping a button magnet down a copper pipe with a slightly larger inside diameter than the diameter of the magnet. I've tried this: it took about 40 seconds for the magnet to drop through a 4 foot pipe.
You don't have to use a powerful magnet. Just any decent size ceramic magnet. You can find them at many different hobby stores, and they even sell these kind shown at Radioshack at a very low price.
Its great but i didnt understand step 6 pic!
argha halder (author) sahaab noor1 year ago
sorry for that, in that step you just have to move the magnets near the nail in any pattern or movement. hope it helps


Future Sync 2020
When the teacher becomes a student: an honest guide to becoming a developer
Some developers always had the ambition to work in tech, others take the more scenic route. Changing or starting a new career can be a hard time. I did this transition over four years while being a secondary school teacher. As a teacher you gain a strong insight into how a diverse group of people learn. When applying these skills to my own career change I picked up lots of tips and tricks for anyone looking to change career or improve their learning. Having a strong knowledge of how to code is not the only thing that gets you and keeps you in a job as a coder but it's pretty important.
Being a student on evenings and weekends, and a teacher as the day job was a very stressful but rewarding time. While it was a lot of (mostly) enjoyable work, having strong foundations in picking up new knowledge was extremely helpful and in an ever changing and evolving profession such as tech this is an invaluable skill. This became even more apparent once I started my role as a junior software engineer in a programming language unknown to me!
The more people that are able to learn effectively the better for everyone. How else are we all meant to keep up with that new JavaScript framework?
Ed is currently a Junior Software Developer at Bluefruit Software, his first tech job. He's been there for half a year and before that spent four years teaching music at a secondary school in London while learning to code in his spare time.
In the journey to becoming a developer Ed also started a podcast, A Question of Code, with the aim of answering some of the more common questions that people ask when learning to code.
Ed Hazeldine
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text:
Plant & zo
The science of plants and more
To access deeper located water enables a plant to better withstand drought. Helpful hereby are longer roots that penetrate deeper into the soil. It is one of the traits that breeders select during the development of drought resilient wheat. Although a big stumbling block is that there is relatively little known about which genes are involved. But now A group of researchers from America, Argentine, China, Israel, and Sweden show that the development of long soil penetrating roots depend on the level expression of OPRIII genes.
Wheat lines that were intercrossed with a rye line for a better root system pointed the researchers to the OPRIII genes. These so-called RS lines had a more expanded root system with better access to water. With as result a higher yield for RS lines in the case of drought.
Closer analysis suggested that the most like genes responsible for the drought adapted root system of the RS lines were the OPRIII genes. To make sure this was indeed the case the researchers developed wheat with extra OPRIII and wheat without any OPRIII. When there was an extra amount of OPRIII present, then the researchers noticed, the wheat plants had shorter roots with more side roots. While absence of OPRIII resulted in wheat plants with extra long roots.
Making the amount of OPRIII determinative for how the roots develop. Although it is not completely clear how OPRIII influences root architecture. It gives breeders a handhold for developing drought resilience lines. By keeping an eye on the OPRIII levels.
Gabay, G., Wang, H., Zhang, J. et al. (2023) Dosage differences in 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE genes modulate wheat root growth. Nature Communications 14, 539 _URL_


text:
Develop Apps Programmatically
Design and edit apps programmatically by coding their layout and behavior using MATLAB functions. Use this method if you want extra control over the structure of your code.
uifigure function creates a figure that is specially configured for app building and serves as the container for your user interface. UI figures support the same types of modern graphics and interactive UI components that App Designer supports. Using the
uifigure function is the recommended way to create new apps programmatically.
If you create apps using the
figure function or export a GUIDE app to a MATLAB file, you can continue to develop, run, and edit these apps, but they will not take full advantage of the features and UI components that are available with UI figures.
- Develop uifigure-Based Apps
Develop apps programmatically using UI figures designed for app building (
- Maintain or Transition figure-Based Apps
Maintain apps created programmatically using the
figurefunction, or apps exported from GUIDE


8 April 2020 9:02 AM (igalia | compilers | firefox | spidermonkey | webassembly | bloomberg)
Hey hey hey! Hope everyone is staying safe at home in these weird times. Today I have a final dispatch on the implementation of the multi-value feature for WebAssembly in Firefox. Last week I wrote about multi-value in blocks; this week I cover function calls.
on the boundaries between things
In my article on Firefox's baseline compiler, I mentioned that all WebAssembly engines in web browsers treat the function as the unit of compilation. This facilitates streaming, parallel compilation of WebAssembly modules, by farming out compilation of individual functions to worker threads. It also allows for easy tier-up from quick-and-dirty code generated by the low-latency baseline compiler to the faster code produced by the optimizing compiler.
There are some interesting Conway's Law implications of this choice. One is that division of compilation tasks becomes an opportunity for division of human labor; there is a whole team working on the experimental Cranelift compiler that could replace the optimizing tier, and in my hackings on Firefox I have had minimal interaction with them. To my detriment, of course; they are fine people doing interesting things. But the code boundary means that we don't need to communicate as we work on different parts of the same system.
Boundaries are where places touch, and sometimes for fluid crossing we have to consider boundaries as places in their own right. Functions compiled with the baseline compiler, with Ion (the production optimizing compiler), and with Cranelift (the experimental optimizing compiler) are all able to call each other because they actively maintain a common boundary, a binary interface (ABI). (Incidentally the A originally stands for "application", essentially reflecting division of labor between groups of people making different components of a software system; Conway's Law again.) Let's look closer at this boundary-place, with an eye to how it changes with multi-value.
what's in an ABI?
Among other things, an ABI specifies a calling convention: which arguments go in registers, which on the stack, how the stack values are represented, how results are returned to the callers, which registers are preserved over calls, and so on. Intra-WebAssembly calls are a closed world, so we can design a custom ABI if we like; that's what V8 does. Sometimes WebAssembly may call functions from the run-time, though, and so it may be useful to be closer to the C++ ABI on that platform (the "native" ABI); that's what Firefox does. (Incidentally here I think Firefox is probably leaving a bit of performance on the table on Windows by using the inefficient native ABI that only allows four register parameters. I haven't measured though so perhaps it doesn't matter.) Using something closer to the native ABI makes debugging easier as well, as native debugger tools can apply more easily.
One thing that most native ABIs have in common is that they are really only optimized for a single result. This reflects their heritage as artifacts from a world built with C and C++ compilers, where there isn't a concept of a function with more than one result. If multiple results are required, they are represented instead as arguments, typically as pointers to memory somewhere. Consider the AMD64 SysV ABI, used on Unix-derived systems, which carefully specifies how to pass arbitrary numbers of arbitrary-sized data structures to a function (§3.2.3), while only specifying what to do for a single return value. If the return value is too big for registers, the ABI specifies that a pointer to result memory be passed as an argument instead.
So in a multi-result WebAssembly world, what are we to do? How should a function return multiple results to its caller? Let's assume that there are some finite number of general-purpose and floating-point registers devoted to return values, and that if the return values will fit into those registers, then that's where they go. The problem is then to determine which results will go there, and if there are remaining results that don't fit, then we have to put them in memory. The ABI should indicate how to address that memory.
When looking into a design, I considered three possibilities.
first thought: stack results precede stack arguments
When a function needs some of its arguments passed on the stack, it doesn't receive a pointer to those arguments; rather, the arguments are placed at a well-known offset to the stack pointer.
We could do the same thing with stack results, either reserving space deeper on the stack than stack arguments, or closer to the stack pointer. With the advent of tail calls, it would make more sense to place them deeper on the stack. Like this:
The diagram above shows the ordering of stack arguments as implemented by Firefox's WebAssembly compilers: later arguments are deeper (farther from the stack pointer). It's an arbitrary choice that happens to match up with what the native ABIs do, as it was easier to re-use bits of the already-existing optimizing compiler that way. (Native ABIs use this stack argument ordering because of sloppiness in a version of C from before I was born. If you were starting over from scratch, probably you wouldn't do things this way.)
Stack result order does matter to the baseline compiler, though. It's easier if the stack results are placed in the same order in which they would be pushed on the virtual stack, so that when the function completes, the results can just be memmove'd down into place (if needed). The same concern dictates another aspect of our ABI: unlike calls, registers are allocated to the last results rather than the first results. This is to make it easy to preserve stack invariant (1) from the previous article.
At first I thought this was the obvious option, but I ran into problems. It turns out that stack arguments are fundamentally unlike stack results in some important ways.
While a stack argument is logically consumed by a call, a stack result starts life with a call. As such, if you reserve space for stack results just by decrementing the stack pointer before a call, probably you will need to load the results eagerly into registers thereafter or shuffle them into other positions to be able to free the allocated stack space.
Eager shuffling is busy-work that should be avoided if possible. It's hard to avoid in the baseline compiler. For example, a call to a function with 10 arguments will consume 10 values from the temporary stack; any results will be pushed on after removing argument values from the stack. If there any stack results, it's almost impossible to avoid a post-call memmove, to move stack results to where they should be before the 10 argument values were pushed on (and probably spilled). So the baseline compiler case is not optimal.
However, things get gnarlier with the Ion optimizing compiler. Like many other optimizing compilers, Ion is designed to compute the necessary stack frame size ahead of time, and to never move the stack pointer during an activation. The only exception is for pushing on any needed stack arguments for nested calls (which are popped directly after the nested call). So in that case, assuming there are a number of multi-value calls in a stack frame, we'll be shuffling in the optimizing compiler as well. Not great.
Besides the need to shuffle, stack arguments and stack results differ as regards ownership and garbage collection. A callee "owns" the memory for its stack arguments; it is responsible for them. The caller can't assume anything about the contents of that memory after a call, especially if the WebAssembly implementation supports tail calls (a whole 'nother blog post, that). If the values being passed are just bits, that's one thing, but with the reference types proposal, some result values may be managed by the garbage collector. The callee is responsible for making stack arguments visible to the garbage collector; the caller is responsible for the results. The caller will need to emit metadata to allow the garbage collector to see stack result references. For this reason, a stack result actually starts life just before a call, because it can become initialized at any point and thus needs to be traced during the entire callee activation. Not all callers can easily add garbage collection roots for writable stack slots, so the need to place stack results in a fixed position complicates calling multi-value WebAssembly functions in some cases (e.g. from C++).
second thought: pointers to individual stack results
Surely there are more well-trodden solutions to the multiple-result problem. If we encoded a multi-value return in C, how would we do it? Consider a function in C that has three 64-bit integer results. The idiomatic way to encode it would be to have one of the results be the return value of the function, and the two others to be passed "by reference":
int64_t foo(int64_t* a, int64_t* b) {
 *a = 1;
 *b = 2;
 return 3;
void call_foo(void) {
 int64 a, b, c;
 c = foo(&a, &b);
This program shows us a possibility for encoding WebAssembly's multiple return values: pass an additional argument for each stack result, pointing to the location to which to write the stack result. Like this:
The result pointers are normal arguments, subject to normal argument allocation. In the above example, given that there are already stack arguments, they will probably be passed on the stack, but in many cases the stack result pointers may be passed in registers.
The result locations themselves don't even need to be on the stack, though they certainly will be in intra-WebAssembly calls. However the ability to write to any memory is a useful form of flexibility when e.g. calling into WebAssembly from C++.
The advantage of this approach is that we eliminate


text:
Pacific DC Intertie
The Pacific DC Intertie (also called Path 65) is an electric power transmission line that transmits electricity from the Pacific Northwest to the Los Angeles area using high voltage direct current (HVDC). The line capacity is 3,100 megawatts, which is enough to serve two to three million Los Angeles households and is 48.7% of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) electrical system's peak capacity.
The intertie originates near the Columbia River at the Celilo Converter Station on Bonneville Power Administration's grid outside The Dalles, Oregon and is connected exclusively to the Sylmar Converter Station north of Los Angeles, which is owned by five utility companies and managed by LADWP. The Intertie can transmit power in either direction, but power flows mostly from north to south.
The idea of shipping hydroelectric power to Southern California had been proposed as early as the 1930s, but was opposed and scrapped. By 1961, US president John F. Kennedy authorized a large public works project, using new high voltage direct current technology from Sweden. The project was undertaken as a close collaboration between General Electric of the US and ASEA of Sweden. Private California power companies opposed the project but their technical objections were rebutted by Uno Lamm of ASEA at the IEEE meeting in New York in 1963. When completed in 1970 the combined AC and DC transmission system was estimated to save consumers in Los Angeles approximately US $600,000 per day by use of electric power from projects on the Columbia River.
The Pacific Intertie takes advantage of differing power demand patterns between the northwestern and southwestern US. During winter, the northern region operates electrical heating devices while the southern portion uses relatively little electricity. In summer, the north uses little electricity while the south reaches peak demand due to air conditioning usage. Any time the Intertie demand lessens, the excess is distributed elsewhere on the western power grid (states west of the Great Plains, including Colorado and New Mexico).
The Pacific Intertie consists of:
- The Celilo Converter Station which converts three phase 60 Hz AC at 235 to 525 kV to ±500 kV DC at Coordinates:.
- The grounding system at Celilo consists of 1,067 cast iron anodes buried in a two foot trench of petroleum coke, which behaves as an electrode, arranged in a ring of 3,255 m (2.02 mi) circumference at Rice Flats (near Rice, Oregon), which is 10.6 km (6.6 mi) SSE of Celilo. It is connected to the converter station by two aerial 644 mm2 steel-reinforced aluminum (ACSR) cables, which end at a strainer situated at.
- A 1,362-kilometre (846 mi) overhead transmission line consisting of two uninsulated conductors each 1,171 mm2 in cross sectional area, containing a steel wire core for strength.
- The Sylmar Converter Station ( ) which converts DC to AC (a process also called inverting) and phase-synchronized with the L.A. power grid.
- The Sylmar grounding system is a line of 24 silicon-iron alloy electrodes submerged in the Pacific Ocean at Will Rogers State Beach suspended in concrete enclosures about one meter above the ocean floor. The grounding array, which is 48 km (30 mi) from the converter station and is connected by a pair of 644 mm2 aluminum conductors, which are in the sections north of Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower at installed instead of the ground conductors on the pylons. It runs from Kenter Canyon Terminal Tower, via DWP Receiving Station U, Southern California Edison Northridge Substation and Rinaldi Electrical Substation to Sylmar Converter Station. On the section between Northridge substation and Rinaldi Street substation one of the two ground conductors of 2 parallel running 220 kV powerlines is used as electrode line conductor.
- The combined wires have a capacity of 3.1 gigawatts in bipolar mode.
The first phase of the scheme, completed in May 1970, used only mercury-arc valves in the converters. The valves were series connected in three six-pulse valve bridges for each pole. The blocking voltage of the valves was 133 kV with a maximum current of 1,800 amperes, for a transmission rating of 1,440 MW with a symmetrical voltage of 400 kV with respect to earth. The line is the DC part of a system of four 500 kV lines that connect the Pacific Northwest with the Southwest; the AC part is Path 15. This is one of two HVDC lines serving Los Angeles, the other is the Path 27.
- In 1972, after the Sylmar earthquake, the Sylmar Converter Station had to be reconstructed due to extensive damage.
- In 1982, the power rating of the mercury arc valve rectifiers was raised by various improvements to 1,600 MW.
- In 1984, the transmission voltage was pushed to 500 kV and the transmission power was increased to 2,000 MW by adding one six-pulse thyristor valve group rated at 100 kV to each pole.
- In 1989, a further increase of the transmission power to 3,100 MW took place by installing a 1,100 MW parallel connected thyristor converter in Celilo and Sylmar, the so-called Pacific Intertie Expansion
- In 1993, one pole of the Pacific Intertie Expansion converter station at Sylmar was completely destroyed by fire. The converter was replaced in 1994/5 by Siemens.
- 2004, Sylmar East station situated at ABB. In parallel with this project, the six-pulse mercury arc valves at the Celilo Converter Station were replaced with Siemens light-triggered thyristors (MARP replacement). was upgraded from 1,100 MW to 3,100 MW (rededicated as the Sylmar Converter Station in 2005). The controls and older converters, including the mercury arc valves, were completely replaced by a single pair of 3,100 MW 12-pulse converters built by
The Pacific DC Intertie along a service road paralleling Highway 395. Many of the towers of the Intertie are of this simple, slender design
The slender tower is supported laterally by four guy-wires
See also
- Sharon Bernstein and Amanda Covarrubias, Times Staff Writers (September 10, 2006). "Heat Wave Caught DWP Unprepared". L.A. Times online. Retrieved 2006-09-11.[dead link]
- Prabha Kundur, Powertech Labs Inc. (October 3, 2003). "Power System Security in the New Industry Environment: Challenges and Solutions" (powerpoint). IEEE. p. 17. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
- "The Pacific Intertie Scheme". Bonneville Power Administration. 2000-11-03. Archived from the original on 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- Compendium of HVDC schemes, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 003, 1987, pp57-62.
- Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls, CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 136, February 1999.
- Christl, N., Faehnrich, W., Lips, P., Rasmussen, F., Sadek, K.,Thyristor Valve Replacement Of The Pacific Intertie Expansion Sylmar East 500 Kv Hvdc Converter Station, IEE Sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission(Conf. Publ. No. 423), 1996.
- ABB Rededicates Sylmar Converter Station, 24 March 2005.
More on the ABB website on Pacific HVDC Intertie:
- aerial photo of Sylmar inverter plant


text:
Eye test – acuity; Vision test – acuity
Definition of Visual acuity test
The visual acuity test is used to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a standardized chart or card held 14 - 20 feet away.
Paul B. Griggs, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. – 1/21/2009


text:
To enable this (for example, for the student role):
- Navigate to Core > Security > Profile Access > Profile Fields
- Select the 'Students' category
- Click 'Edit' at the top right
- Change the 'Password' field to the right-most (edit) radio button
- Click Save
Once this is enabled, then, when a student logs in (not an impersonation) they can:
- Click on the user's profile picture at the top right
- Select 'Settings', which takes them to 'login settings'
- Click on the pencil to the right of 'Password'
- Change the password
- Click 'Save'


Two factor authentication plugin – FAQs
Two Factor Authentication
What are the shortcodes available in the two factor authentication plugin?
The following short-codes are available:
twofactor_user_settings : This short-code will display the whole user configuration. Use this to allow your users to get/set their TFA settings. Alternatively, to design the page yourself, you can use the individual short-codes, following:
twofactor_user_settings_enabled : Display the option to turn TFA on or off. If you supply the parameter style="require_current" then the user will have to enter the current code correctly to be allowed to activate TFA.
twofactor_user_qrcode : Display the user's QR code for scanning.
twofactor_user_emergencycodes : Display the user's emergency codes.
twofactor_user_advancedsettings : Display the user's advanced settings (e.g. selecting TOTP or HOTP).
twofactor_user_privatekeys : Display the user's private keys. Use the 'type' parameter, with values 'full' (default), 'plain', 'base32' or 'base64' to control exactly what is displayed.
twofactor_user_privatekeys_reset : Display a link for the user to reset (change) their private key.
twofactor_user_currentcode : Display the current TFA code.
twofactor_user_presstorefresh : Wrap this shortcode around any HTML that you want to cause the current TFA code (displayed by the twofactor_user_currentcode shortcode) to refresh when clicked. i.e. Use both an opening and closing shortcode tag; and whatever you put inside will cause an update if the user clicks on it. Example:
Example short-code usage
twofactor_conditional : Wrap this shortcode around any content that you wish to be displayed only if the condition is met. The condition is specified by the "onlyif" parameter, with valid values: active, inactive, available, unavailable. The content will be shown depending on whether the user has TFA available (i.e. the administrator has allowed it for their user level)/activated. You can use this, for example, to display notices to your users to suggest that they activate TFA, or to remind them that it is available, etc.
Here are a couple of screenshots of examples of using these shortcodes. In the first, the site owner is using the WordPress page editor to design his own TFA-setup page for users, using short-codes:
Designing your own page for users, using short-codes
In the second is an example of the twofactor_conditional shortcode (make sure that you do not have anything cacheing a page it is used on):
Conditional shortcode example
What is two factor authentication?
How does two factor authentication work?
Since "two factor authentication" just means "a second something is necessary to get in", this answer depends upon the particular set-up. In the most common case, a numeric code is shown on your phone, tablet or other device. This code could be sent via an SMS, but this depends on the mobile phone network working, and is technically easy to hijack (and so is not recommended by security professionals). So, this plugin does not uses that method. Instead, it uses a standard mathematical algorithm to generate codes that are only valid once each, or for only for 30 seconds (depending on which algorithm you choose). Your phone or tablet can know the code after it has been set up once (often, by just scanning a bar-code off the screen).
What if I do not have a phone or tablet?
If your pass-code used to work, but no longer does, then check that the time on your device that generates them is accurate (it needs to agree with the webserver within around 30 seconds; note that time zones are irrelevant to this – what they need to agree on is how many seconds have passed since it became the year 1970 in London).
If you cannot get in and need to disable two-factor authentication, then add this to your wp-config.php file, using FTP, SFTP, shell access or the file manager in your hosting control panel:
define('TWO_FACTOR_DISABLE', true);
Alternatively, if you have FTP, SFTP, shell access or cPanel access to your web hosting space, you can de-activate the plugin; see this article:
What are HOTP and TOTP?
How can I trigger an action when the user saves their TFA settings on the front-end?
When settings are successfully saved, the plugin triggers a jQuery event upon the document:
jQuery(document).trigger('tfa_settings_saved', resp);
So, you just need to add some JavaScript to your site (e.g. using one of the popular plugins for doing this, or using your own hand-coding) to hook that event.
For example, to reload the page after the settings are saved:
jQuery(document).on('tfa_settings_saved', function() {
Can the two-factor code be sent by email?
Our two-factor authentication plugin does not support sending codes by email, because this is not secure. This is because WordPress also sends password reset links by email (via the link on the login form for people who have forgotten their password). Thus, the email account would have access to both the ability to set passwords and read two-factor codes, meaning that it was not truly a second factor. This would be mitigated somewhat if the email itself was protected by two-factor authentication via another mechanism – but in this case a) users are already being expected to use something other than email, so that shouldn't be a problem for WordPress either, and b) it is outside of the control of the administrator of the WordPress website, which would nullify the plugin's features for handing them this control.
Email delivery is also unreliable and often unencrypted, which makes it an unsuitable communications channel to rely upon for time-dependent (two factor codes are time-limited) and security-related functions.
Is any user personal information processed (for GDPR etc.) purposes by the plugin?
No. Logging in, setting up TFA, and all other operations of plugin functionality do not send any data to any remote service.
If you connect the plugin to receive plugin updates using the WordPress plugin update mechanism, then it will periodically request information on update availability from our servers. The information contained in this update check (e.g. the identifier for your account with us, the WordPress and PHP version the plugin is running on) is not processed by us for any further purpose. It does not contain any information on how or by whom the plugin is used (i.e. "telemetrics") beyond the URL of the website it is installed upon. The HTTP request as logged by our webserver may remain in our webserver logs until they are periodically and automatically rotated, up to 6 months later.
I deliberately entered a wrong password, and the Two Factor Authentication plugin let me log in


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The Suriname Dollar (SRD) has been the national currency since 2004. There are coins in denominations of 1,5,10,25,100 and 250 cents, and bank bills of 5,10,20,50 and 100 Dollars. You can view the exchange rates each day in the local newspapers. US Dollars and Euros can be exchanged at all national and local banks. Traveller's cheques can only be exchanged at local banks. Under no circumstances should you ever exchange money on the streets!
You can also use your ATM or credit card. In the interior of the country, this option is obviously not available. If necessary, you can ask your tour guide which destinations within the country will require you to have cash on hand.
There are plenty of ATMs in Paramaribo where you can use your ATM card to pick up cash. Banks are only open in the morning from 8:00 am to 2:00 pm. Exchange offices (Cambios) are often open until 9:00 pm in the evening.
Good monetary prospects for Suriname
Suriname's economy displays economic stability for a number of years. It is very important that the current foundation is developing more.
In 2004, three zeros were scraped from the Surinamese guilder and the name was changed to the Suriname Dollar, the SRD. This decision was taken by the Central Bank of Suriname, because the value of the Surinamese currency was declining. This was the way to make money valuable again.
It can be said today the monetary reserves of Suriname are at peaks. This means that the Surinamese economy is strong and has the reserves to show that. There are three reasons why the monetary reserves are so important for our country:
- The reserves cover the money brought into circulation. When this is not the case then the zeros appear again causing inflation. The Central Bank of Suriname is the only institute that can put money into circulation. And since 2005, the line was tightened. The Central Bank may only spend money if they have coverage.
- The reserves cover the currency accounts of other banks. Banks are at high risk because of the foreign currency management and should be able to pay back customers at all the time. These banks are required to deposit 1/3 of the currency separate to an escrow account so the money is kept safe. The Central Bank of Suriname will back up the banks if they get into trouble and cannot pay their customers.
- The reserves provide a certain amount of credit on the capital market. This is especially necessary now that the development aid is finished. Suriname is now dependent on international capital markets, where there is a need for monetary reserves.
The Surinamese currency is healthy, fully covered and is safe to invest. There is no doubt that there is economic stability, for the purchasing power has together with the Gross National Product doubled in the past five years.


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The IRD is a compensation charge that may apply if you pay off your mortgage prior to the maturity date, or pay the mortgage principal down beyond the amount of your prepayment privileges.
The IRD is based on:
- The amount you are pre-paying; and,
- An interest rate that equals the difference between your original mortgage interest rate and the interest rate that the lender can charge today when re-lending the funds for the remaining term of the mortgage.
Most closed fixed-rate mortgages have a prepayment penalty that is the higher of 3-months interest or the IRD. Most variable-rate mortgages do not have IRD penalties.
Here is a calculator that let's you estimate your mortgage penalty. Edit the figures in yellow and press Tab after each edit.
The "Comparison Rate" (indicated by the asterisk above) is the lender's rate for the term most closely matching your remaining term. For example, if you have 22 months remaining, it is common for lenders to use the posted rate of their 2-year term as the comparison rate.
Things to note…
- The above penalties are approximate. This calculator is a rough guide only.
- Each lender has its own formula for calculating penalties.
- Some lenders do not use the discount you received in their calculation, which decreases the IRD and can lower your penalty considerably.
- When determining the comparison rate, some lenders round up your remaining months to the next longest term. Some round down.
- The Interest Act prohibits IRD penalties on terms over 5 years, after five years has elapsed. In such cases, a maximum 3-month interest penalty may apply. For example, someone who has been in a 6-year mortgage for 60 months or more would pay a 3-month interest penalty (maximum) to break it before maturity.
- A small number of lenders prohibit breaking a mortgage early—regardless of the penalty—unless in the case of an approved bona fide sale.
- The moral: Always contact your lender directly for an exact penalty quote.


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Arriba! The History of Flight in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean
August 31, 1998 - November 30, 1998
Museum: Air and Space Museum
Location: Air Transportation, Gallery 102, 1st Floor, West Wing
35 photographs & 8 models chronicle the development of aviation in Latin America. The exhibition covers such topics as early aviation pioneers, women aviators, military aviation, and the development of commercial aviation and reveals the little-known stories of the colorful individuals who gave flight to Latin America.
- Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian who designed, built and tested more than 20 aerial craft including balloons, airships, biplanes and monoplanes.
- Jorge Chavez, a Peruvian pilot, who made the first aerial crossing of the Alps between Switzerland and Italy.
- Aida D'Acosta, a Cuban-American, who became the first woman of Latin American descent to solo an airship in 1903, when she flew Santos-Dumont's Dirigible No. 9.
- Emma Catalina Encinas, a dance school owner from Mexico, who became the first licensed female pilot in the country. Encinas soloed at Mexico City on Nov. 20, 1932, before a crowd of 4,000.
- Sonora, the Glenn Martin pusher biplane that was piloted by Capt. Gustavo Salinas. It became the first aircraft to carry out an aerial attack against a warship. The action took place at Guaymas, Mexico, on May 10, 1913.
- SCADTA Junkers F 13, one of the first commercial airlines in Colombia. SCADTA (now known as AVIANCA) is the oldest, continuously operating airline in the Western Hemisphere.
- Brazil's 1º Grupo de Aviação de Caça (1st Fighter Group), a Brazilian fighter group that served with distinction alongside the U.S. 350th Fighter Group during World War II. The unit flew Republic P-47D Thunderbolts into combat in Italy and earned a U.S. Presidential Unit Citation.


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U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII. Women affected by pregnancy or related conditions must be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees who are similar in their ability or inability to work.
An employer cannot refuse to hire a woman because of her pregnancy related condition as long as she is able to perform the major functions of her job. An employer cannot refuse to hire her because of its prejudices against pregnant workers or because of the prejudices of co-workers, clients, or customers. The PDA also forbids discrimination based on pregnancy when it comes to any other aspect of employment, including pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, fringe benefits, firing, and any other term or condition of employment.
An employer may not single out pregnancy related conditions for medical clearance procedures that are not required of employees who are similar in their ability or inability to work. For example, if an employer requires its employees to submit a doctor's statement concerning their inability to work before granting leave or paying sick benefits, the employer may require employees affected by pregnancy related conditions to do the same.
Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs. If an employee has been absent from work as a result of a pregnancy related condition and recovers, her employer may not require her to remain on leave until the baby's birth. Nor may an employer have a rule that prohibits an employee from returning to work for a predetermined length of time after childbirth.
Under the PDA, an employer that allows temporarily disabled employees to take disability leave or leave without pay must allow an employee who is temporarily disabled due to pregnancy to do the same. Employers must hold open a job for a pregnancy related absence the same length of time that jobs are held open for employees on sick or temporary disability leave.
Further, under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993, enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor, a new parent (including foster and adoptive parents) may be eligible for 12 weeks of leave (unpaid, or paid if the employee has earned or accrued it) that may be used for care of the new child. To be eligible, the employee must have worked for the employer for 12 months prior to taking the leave and the employer must have a specified number of employees. For more information please see: _URL_
If an employee is temporarily unable to perform her job due to pregnancy, the employer must treat her the same as any other temporarily disabled employee; for example, by providing light duty, modified tasks, alternative assignments, disability leave, or leave without pay.
Additionally, impairments resulting from pregnancy (for example, gestational diabetes) may be disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). An employer may have to provide a reasonable accommodation for a disability related to pregnancy, absent undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense). For example, an employer may be required to provide modified duties for an employee with a 20-pound lifting restriction stemming from pregnancy related sciatica, absent undue hardship. The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 makes it much easier to show that a medical condition is a covered disability. For more information about the ADA, see _URL_ For information about the ADA Amendments Act, see _URL_
Any health insurance provided by an employer must cover expenses for pregnancy related conditions on the same basis as expenses for other medical conditions. The PDA specifies, however, that insurance coverage for expenses arising from abortion is not required, except where the life of the mother is endangered or medical complications arise from an abortion.
Pregnancy related expenses should be reimbursed in the same manner as those incurred for other medical conditions, whether payment is on a fixed basis or a percentage of reasonable and customary charge basis. The amounts payable by the insurance provider can be limited only to the same extent as costs for other conditions. No additional or larger deductible can be imposed.
Under Title VII, benefits can be denied for medical costs arising from an existing pregnancy if a health insurance plan excludes benefit payments for pre-existing conditions. Other laws, however, may apply to the coverage of pre-existing conditions.
Employers must provide the same level of health benefits for spouses of male employees as they do for spouses of female employees.
If an employer provides any benefits to workers on medical leave, the employer must provide the same benefits for those on medical leave for pregnancy related conditions.
Employees with pregnancy related disabilities must be treated the same as other temporarily disabled employees for accrual and crediting of seniority, vacation calculation, pay increases, and temporary disability benefits.


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ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS HAVE NOW CLOSED
Sub‐theme 1: Supporting Clinical Performance
Clinicians are central to achieving high performing, safe, quality health services, but as a group they often report disengagement with system wide efforts to measure, monitor and improve performance. This sub‐theme will attract papers which address methods to engage clinicians in improving clinical performance be it through leadership, teamwork, self‐assessment or peer review processes, or other innovative solutions to supporting clinical performance. Areas such as supporting manager performance, involving consumers in clinical performance and partnerships for performance will also be covered as will the related and tricky issue of clinicians in difficulty. Initiatives to support clinical performance in areas such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health are welcome in this sub‐theme.
Sub‐theme 2: Designing Quality Systems
In this period of health service reform and redesign, it is timely to examine how to design health systems to enable safe, quality care. This sub‐theme will include aspects of the current health reform process such as how the new national approaches to data can enhance performance; international perspectives as well as state based initiatives such as the Four Pillars in NSW and the "Between the Flags" program. Concepts such as service oriented healthcare, pay for performance and consumer involvement in design will be addressed.
Sub‐theme 3: Managing Meaningful Measurement
The health services suffer from the 'Data Rich/Information Poor' problem. This sub‐theme will look at moving beyond 'measurement for measurement's sake' to using measurement to drive quality, to engage clinicians' learning and to empower innovative models of care. The wider issues of public reporting of performance (both at an organisational level and at a clinical level) and the consumer understanding and use of performance data will be canvassed.
Who should submit?
- Clinicians and health managers from all sectors of the health system
- Government and Non‐government organisations
- Academic researchers (including MPH students, PhD students and post‐doc researchers)
- Business/Corporate groups with an interest in health and policy
- General practice/Primary and Aged Care
- Community/Consumer groups
We look forward to your contributions for this stimulating and ground‐breaking event in Sydney in September 2012.


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- Name Groene Wissel
Groene Wissel is the name of several shorter paths in the Netherlands. They usually have their starting point in the center of a city, often a railway station, and from there they explore the outskirts and eventually leave the urban area alltogether. From this outer orbit the trails return to their origin, choosing a different route. Distance is usually between 10 and 20 kilometer.


Bad Heritage: The Vikings in America, Part 3 of 3.
What Geraldine Barnes called the "nineteenth-century 'theatre' of Vinland" began in the 1830s with the publication of Carl Christian Rafn's Antiquitates Americanae and reached its apogee in the 1890s as a kind of counter-programming to the celebration of Columbus's landing. The mania offered its adherents two things, a white heritage and a specifically medieval, embattled white heritage, while also, as I'll conclude, obligating them to protect their whiteness, making them prisoners of their own concocted identity.


Child Born Out of Wedlock
Recognizing Paternity in Indonesia
Last Will and Testament in Indonesia
Will is the most common way for people to state their preferences about how their estates should be handled after their deaths. It is a legal document containing a statement of an individual's wishes and intents to take effect following his death, and which can be revoked. Many people use their wills to express their deepest sentiments toward their loved ones. You can protect the people you love most, choose guardians for minor children, and make gifts to family, friends and charities.
Making a valid Last Will and Testament is the only way to ensure that your property passes to people of your choosing rather than to people chosen by the Courts based on laws that are decades old. Without a will, the estate can be subject to many problems. Relatives may also dispute over property, leading to lengthy court proceedings, and a probate judge who does not know your personal wishes will dictate who gets your property and custody of your children after your death.
By having a valid Last Will and Testament, you will have full control over how your assets (i.e. your estate) are managed and distributed after your death and who will look after your children when you are no longer around to do so. The clear terms of last will require no clarification and in the event they can be interpreted in several ways, the intent of the testator must be determined rather than interpreting the text literally.
Legal Outlook
A last will cannot be made by two or more individuals in one legal document, whether it is in favor of a third party mutual or reciprocal arrangement. Everyone with property who have reached the full age of 18 years are allowed to make wills. The competence of the testator shall be judged based on the condition that he was in at the time that the last will was made. In a last wills, conditions which are unintelligible or impossible, or which violates the laws and good morals, shall be regarded as void. Last wills which made as a result of duress, deceit or cunning shall be invalid.
The Legitimate Portion
The legitimate portion or the legal share of the inheritance is that portion of the estate which the lawful heirs in a direct line are entitled to and which the testator is not entitled to dispose of as a gift during his lifetime or by last will.
In relation to the descending line, if the testator leaves only one legal child, the legal share of the inheritance shall consist of half of the property which the child would be entitled to inherit upon death. In the event that there are two children, the legal share of the inheritance for each child shall be two thirds of whatever they would be entitled to inherit upon death. In the event that the deceased has left three or more children, then the legal share of the inheritence shall be three fourths of whatever each child should have inherited upon death. Children shall include the descendants, in any kind of degree; they shall, however only be regarded as substitutes for the child whom they represent in the inheritance of the testator. Meanwhile, in the ascending line, the legal share of inheritance shall always consist of one half of that which is by law due, upon death, to each blood relative in that line.
For the purpose of calculating the legal share, regard shall be had to those individuals who upon the death of an individual have become heirs to his estate but who have not been named as legatees under his will, and in the event that individuals other than the aforementioned heirs have been granted a share in excess of their legal share by deed during the lifetime of the deceased or by last will, provided that the aforementioned heirs were not present, the devises and gifts may be reduced upon a claim and in favor of the legatees and heirs or those entitled.
In the absence of blood relatives in the ascending and descending line, and of natural, legally acknowledged children, gifts by inter vivo deed or by last will, shall be deemed to be of the entire estate.


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seed germination and fertilizer
bae at oci.utoronto.ca
Wed Feb 1 18:07:08 EST 1995
In article <3gm9hv$777 at newsbf02.news.aol.com> cheesenips at aol.com (CheeseNips) writes:
>hello! I am trying to help a student determine if there is any
>difference in seed germination when fertilizer is used. If anyone can
>help, it would be greatly appreciated. It is science project time.
Pepper (capsicum) seeds are alleged to have faster and better germination
if soaked briefly in a potassium nitrate solution. One idea is that wild
peppers are often eaten by birds and the seeds deposited in a bit of guano,
and the plants are adapted to that.
Your student might want to compare several unrelated species to see which
benefit from a KNO3 soak, and whether this correlates with whether the seed
is borne in a bird-attracting fruit.
Toronto, Ontario Canada
More information about the Plantbio