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Darband Cave is located in the Western Alborz range and contains the first known evidence for Lower Paleolithic cave occupation in Iran. A collection of lithic artifacts and faunal remains was collected by a group of Iranian archaeologists from the Center for Paleolithic Research of the National Museum of Iran and ICHTO of Gilan. The site dates back to the late Middle Pleistocene period.
Biglari, F.; Jahani, V.; Mashkour, M.; Argant, A.; Shidrang, S.; and Taheri, K.
2007 Darband Cave: New Evidence for Lower Paleolithic occupation at Western Alborz Range, Gilan. Paper presented at the 11th Symposium of the Geological Society of Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad
Biglari, F. and S. Shidrang, 2006 "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran", Near Eastern Archaeology 69(34): 160-168


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An x-ray of a man's organ, a Wurlitzer, we think.
Organs are funny the little things that, live inside us and shift food and junk around. Without them we would die, although some people can live without certain ones, while other ones seem to have to be in there and working, or we die.
So anyway we hear that organs are important, so you should probably read this article.
edit Locating one's organs
A very important thing to note about organs is that they can be found absolutely anywhere in the body, many people will swear that one's brain is in one's head, but have you ever cut yourself open to check? Of course not, silly. Thats what doctors do, and then what!
Our perception of organs is based purely on hearsay. For example, one could have a feeling that one's brain is in one's fingers, but having never cut them open with purpose, can one be sure of this theory? And if it is true, is the brain in one finger, or do certain fingers house the certain functions of teh brain? We can't be sure, but it would plausable to assume that the portion of the brain that controls nose picking would be in the index finger.
edit The Heart
The heart is the most famous organ.
It got it's fame from being on a game show called 'Everything Is Made of Custard' (basically you just have to sit on an electric chair and answer questions about custard, it was a piece of shit but some people liked it). After appearing on the adore said show, the heart went on to singing songs in educational children shows.
"I am the heart,
I enjoy a good fart.
The humor in this song is very smart.
I do enjoy a good apple tart."
The heart eventually gave up on this career because the lyics where just so dam tacky. It realized that it's songs, although intended for education, didn't actually teach anything. So the heart became a teacher in fine arts.
Sadly, the heart committed suicide because it got an F--+- in a test
The heart was not teaching in Soviet Russia so being given and F--+- by a student was very confusing and sad. A man/boy/girl/woman (citation needed) called Dr Phill, in memory of the heart, set up an organization that makes clones of the original heart and places them deep inside newborn babies when they are still in the womb. (most of this organization is in jail for something called 'extreme sexual assault' so the newer models of baby do not have this feature.
edit The Spleen
I don't believe the spleen exists so I refuse to write about it. If you believe in the spleen then please add something here.
The spleen is the center of all human collective knowledge. and soon some day in the future we will reach a Utopian state were we can understand the true meaning of the spleen, for did not Shakespeare once write 'The spleen or not the spleen, that is the question'
edit The Stomach
Also called the tummy, but only by babies. (Do you call it tummy? If so you're a baby, follow this link on how to cure it: Baby Eating.)
The stomach is where all our food is stored. It's like a bank, when you eat something nutritious, like asphalt, it get depositeds in your stomach and you receive interest on it over time. So if you eat one pound of asphalt and wait a year you should have two pounds of aspalt in your tummy. (As promised, here is the link to the article on Fingers)
edit Tomatoes
Tomatoes are, technically speaking, fruit, but most people think of them as a vegetable. This is because they are eaten in salads with things like cucumbers, which are strongly believed, in most circles, to be a vegetable. This close association between tomatoes and cucumbers means that they often feature together in things like tomatoe and cucumber sandwhiches.
Tomatoes are technically not considered organs. But a cucumber can be substituted for an organ, if you know what I mean.
edit The Liver
Statistically speaking, all livers have severe alchohol poisoning and are unable to fully function as an organ. This may not be quite true but the confusion shall be explained. The reason that, the statistics say that all livers are damaged is because everyone desperate enough to offer their liver to testing also, by some coincidence happened to be a severe alchoholic. Regardless of this explanation we shall assume that the statistics are true and so therefore this section of the article shall be about liver poisoning...Your liver is evil... it must be punished.
Personal tools


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Choosing the Right Discipline for Youth Projects
Projects funded under Arts Education actively involve youth in standards-based learning activities that: require a substantial and sustained investment of time; have significant curricular impact; and involve sequential and comprehensive arts learning. Projects must offer each of the three educational components of "experience, create, and assess" as defined in the Arts Education description. If one or more of these components is not germane to the project, or if the target audience is intergenerational, then the organization should consider submitting its application directly to one of the artistic disciplines rather than to Arts Education.
Applications for projects for youth where the focus is exposure to or appreciation of the arts -- whether activities take place in school, after school, during the summer, or in community settings -- should be submitted directly to the appropriate artistic discipline in the Art Works category. Such projects may include performances by or exhibitions of professional artists. Arts events may be accompanied by ancillary learning activities (e.g., study guides for teachers and students, artists' visits prior to or following the event, workshops, lecture-demonstrations, or master classes).
Please contact Arts Endowment staff if you have questions.
National Endowment for the Arts · an independent federal agency

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Like many in the corvid family Rooks are attached to many legends, myths, lore and superstitions. In Shropshire, it was believed that rooks never carried sticks to their nests on Sundays or Ascension Day, but simply sat quietly on trees and did not work. It was also believed to be futile to wear new clothes on Easter because the rooks would fly above and poop on them.
Quite the opposite was said to be true as well. Some believed if you were hit by bird poop it was because you did not wear new or nice enough clothes on Easter. It was the Rook that was believed to make the decision if your Easter attire was nice enough. And it was the Rook who would carry out the punishment as well. It was a dirty job but somebody had to keep those English people well dressed on Easter.
Rooks deserting a rookery were (and in some places still are) also thought to be an indication of a death coming. They were also looked to for predicting weather conditions for many. Such was the case in Devon, England where it was assumed that should the Rooks stay in the vicinity of their nests in the middle of the day, or return to the rookery early, then rain would follow, but if they flew far away, then fine weather would follow instead. And in Yorkshire, the saying went that if the rooks congreated on dead branches of trees, rain wuold come before nightfall, but if they perched on live branches it would be fine and dry. ((Tate, Peter (2008). Flights of Fancy: Birds in Myth, Legend and Superstition. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.))
The rook is a predatory bird, cunning and intelligent, it will do most anything to survive. This is true for most corvids. But because of its sneaky nature it has gotten a reputation. The root of its name "rook" means 'to rook' or cheat someone. The distrust for rooks has long since held true in many places. In 19th century London a criminal ladened slums in the East End were referred to as a 'rookery'. This was indicative of the rook's sneaky nature but also a comment on the way they build their nests very close together—crowding in—similar to the slums. The name Rook is descendant of the Latin word frugilegus which means acquisitive. Fitting for the bird as Rooks often like to take objects including twigs and other nesting materials from other nests. ((Tate, Peter (2008). Flights of Fancy: Birds in Myth, Legend and Superstition. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.))

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Rectal cancer history
 Ann Ital Chir ; The purpose of our study was to analyse the immediate and remote results obtained after MOR and to identify rectal cancer history factors that might influence the outcome.
 rectal cancer history hpv definition synonym
 We excluded patients with hepatic metastatic tumors and those who needed pelvic exenteration. Between andin our service, have been treated with MOR patients, being included in our study.
 cancer de colon quimioterapia preventiva viermi de unguent de zinc pentru viermi
 We analysed morbidity, mortality and survival after MOR and the factors that could have influenced the postoperative course. RESULTS: Identified risk factors that negatively influenced the postoperative outcome were: diabetes, personal neoplastic pathologies, associated cardiovascular disease, history of major surgeries, intraoperative blood loss, number of resected organs.
 rectal cancer history papillomavirus symptomes femme
 Survival was negatively influenced by positive resection margins, the presence of lymph node metastases and the presence of complications in the postoperative period. All mentioned above underline the importance of the experience that the surgical team has in this type of surgeries, in order to achieve optimum results.
 colorectal cancer folfox
 This experience must concern the preoperative management, surgical technique and postoperative rectal cancer history.


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TransEcoNet: The landscape functionality assessment
In the last months the main objective was to assess and visualize actual landscape functionality in selected transboundary areas in Central Europe based on parameters such as landscape structure, fragmentation, connectivity and biodiversity. This landscape functionality assessment has generated a series of maps which will provide valuable information for the action plan for sustainable management of ecological networks to be elaborated in 2011.
Further Information: _URL_
Source: TransEcoNet News, Dec. 2010


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By Isaac Sever, Cypress Semiconductor
Stepper motors convert electrical energy into discrete mechanical rotation. They are ideally suited for many measurement and control applications where positional accuracy is important. Stepping motors have the following advantages:
- Full torque when rotation is stopped. This is in contrast to brushed and brushless DC motors, which cannot provide full torque continuously when the rotor is stopped. This aids in maintaining the current position.
- Precise open-loop positioning and repetition. Stepper motors move in discrete steps as long as the motor stays under the maximum torque and current limits. This allows the rotor position to be determined by the control sequence without additional tracking or feedback. High quality stepping motors have three to five percent precision within a single step.
- Quick starts, stop, and reverse capability.
- High reliability because there is no brush or physical contact required for commutation. The life span of a stepping motor is dependent on the performance of the bearings.
- Microstepping mode can be used allowing direct connection to a load without intermediate gearing.
- A wide speed range can be controlled by varying the drive signal timing.
- Inherent resonance can cause noise, jerky rotation, and at extreme levels, loss of position.
- It is possible to lose position control in some situations, because no feedback is natively provided.
- Power consumption does not decrease to zero, even if load is absent.
- Stepping motors have low-power density and lower maximum speed compared to brushed and brushless DC motors. Typical loaded maximum operating speeds for stepper motors are around 1000 RPM.
- Complex electronic controls are required.
Figure 1: Structure of motors.
Types of stepping motors
There are several basic types of stepping motors:
- Variable reluctance motors with metal teeth.
- Permanent magnet motors.
- Hybrid motors with both permanent magnets and metal teeth.
Variable reluctance stepping motors have three to five windings and a common terminal connection, creating several phases on the stator. The rotor is toothed and made of metal, but is not permanently magnetized. A simplified variable reluctance stepping motor is shown in Figure 2. In this figure, the rotor has four teeth and the stator has three independent windings (six phases), creating 30 degree steps.
Figure 2: Simple variable reluctance stepping motor.
The rotation of a variable reluctance stepping motor is produced by energizing individual windings. When a winding is energized, current flows and magnetic poles are created, which attracts the metal teeth of the rotor. The rotor moves one step to align the offset teeth to the energized winding. At this position, the next adjacent windings can be energized to continue rotation to another step, or the current winding can remain energized to hold the motor at its current position. When the phases are turned on sequentially, the rotor rotates continuously.
The described rotation is identical to a typical BLDC motor. The fundamental difference between a stepper and BLDC motor is that the stepper is designed to operate continuously stalled without overheating or damage.
Rotation for a variable reluctance stepping motor with three windings and four rotor teeth is illustrated in Figure 3.
1, 2, 3, 1 → 3 steps → quarter turn
12 steps per rotation
As shown in Figure 3, energizing each of the windings in sequence moves the rotor a quarter turn, 12 steps are required for a full rotation.
Table 1: Variable reluctance stepper motor in Figure 3.
The three steps shown in Figure 3 move the rotor a quarter turn. A full rotation requires 12 steps for a variable reluctance stepper motor.
Typical variable reluctance motors have more teeth and use a tooth pole along with a toothed rotor to produce step angles near one degree.
Figure 3: Rotation control of variable reluctance stepping motor.
Permanent magnet stepping motor
A permanent magnet stepping motor consists of a stator with windings and a rotor with permanent magnet poles. Alternate rotor poles have rectilinear forms parallel to the motor axis. Stepping motors with magnetized rotors provide greater flux and torque than motors with variable reluctance. The motor, shown in Figure 4, has three rotor pole pairs and two independent stator windings, creating 30 degree steps.
Motors with permanent magnets are subjected to influence from the back-EMF of the rotor, which limits the maximum speed. Therefore, when high speeds are required, motors with variable reluctance are preferred over motors with permanent magnets.
Figure 4: Permanent magnet stepping motor.
Rotation of a permanent magnet stepping motor is produced by energizing individual windings in a positive or negative direction. When a winding is energized, a north and south pole are created, depending on the polarity of the current flowing. These generated poles attract the permanent poles of the rotor. The rotor moves one step to align the offset permanent poles to the corresponding energized windings. At this position, the next adjacent windings can be energized to continue rotation to another step, or the current winding can remain energized to hold the motor at its current position. When the phases are turned on sequentially the rotor is continuously rotated.
Rotation for a permanent magnet stepping motor with two windings and three pairs of permanent rotor poles (six poles) is shown in Figure 5.
Winding in sequence:
1 +/-, 2 +/-, 1 -/+, 2 -/+ → 3 steps → quarter turn
12 steps per rotation
Table 2: Permanent magnet stepping motor in Figure 5.
With one winding energized, the three steps move the rotor a quarter turn. A full rotation requires 12 steps for a permanent magnet stepper motor (bipolar) with both windings energized in each step. As shown in Figure 5, energizing each winding in sequence through each polarity moves the rotor a quarter turn. As before, 12 steps are required for a full rotation.
Figure 5: Rotation control of permanent magnet stepping motor, sequencing individual windings.
Another alternative to rotate a permanent magnet rotor is to energize both windings in each step. The vector torque generated by each of the coils is additive; this doubles the current flowing in the motor, and increases the torque. More complex control is also required to sequence the turning on and off of both windings.
As shown in Figure 6, energizing two windings in each step, sequencing through each combination of polarities moves the rotor a quarter turn. As before, 12 steps are required for a full rotation.
Table 3: Permanent magnet stepping motor in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Rotation control of permanent magnet stepping motor using both windings together.
Typical permanent magnet motors have more poles to create smaller steps. To make significantly smaller steps down to one degree, permanent magnet rotors can add metal teeth and toothed windings. This hybrid motor is described in the next section.
Hybrid stepping motor
Hybrid stepping motors combine a permanent magnet and a rotor with metal teeth to provide features of the variable reluctance and permanent magnet motors. Hybrid motors are more expensive than motors with permanent magnets, but they use smaller steps, have greater torque, and have greater maximum speeds.
A hybrid motor rotor has teeth placed on the directional axes. The rotor is divided into parts between constant magnet poles. The number of rotor pole pairs is equal to the number of teeth on one of the rotor's parts. The hybrid motor stator has teeth creating more poles than just the main poles containing windings. The rotor teeth provide a smaller magnetic circuit resistance in some rotor positions, which improves static and dynamic torque. This is provided by corresponding teeth positioning; some parts of the rotor teeth are placed opposite the stator teeth and the remaining rotor teeth are placed between the stator teeth. Dependence between the number of rotor poles, the stator equivalent poles, and the phase number define step angle:
Figure 7: Hybrid stepping motor.
Rotation of a hybrid stepping motor is produced with the same control method as a permanent magnet stepping motor, by energizing individual windings in a positive or negative direction. When a winding is energized, a north and south pole are created, depending on the polarity of the current flowing. These generated poles attract the permanent poles of the rotor and the finer metal rotor teeth. The rotor moves one step to align the offset magnetized rotor teeth to the corresponding energized windings.
Stepping motor control
A step motor is a synchronous electric motor. Its fixed rotor equilibrium position occurs when aligned with the stator magnetic field. When the stator changes position, the rotor rotates to occupy a new equilibrium position.
There are several stepper motor drive modes:
- Full-step mode.
- Double-step mode.
- Half-step mode.
- Microstep Mode.
Stepping motors can be controlled in a variety of ways, trading off implementation requirements with greater accuracy and smoother transitions. Rotation control with full-steps, half-steps, and microsteps is described as follows:
Full-step mode for a permanent magnet and hybrid stepping motor is detailed in the Stepper Motor Introduction. Figure 5 illustrates one-phase full-step mode in which only one winding is turned on at a time. In this mode, the rotor's balanced position for each step is in line with the stator poles. With only half of the motor coils used at a given time, the full torque obtained is limited.
Two-phase, full-step mode shown in Figure 6 uses both windings energized in each step. This doubles the current through the motor and provides 40 percent more torque than when only one phase is used at a time. With two windings energized, the rotor's balanced position for each step is halfway between the two energized stator poles.
The full-step and double-step drive modes can be combined to generate half-steps of rotation for half-step mode. First one winding is turned on, and then the second winding is energized, moving the rotor half a step


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* Prices may differ from that shown
"Hip Hoppin Hundred Mat™ Versatile oversized kinesthetic version of the familiar hundreds board. Reinforces hundreds concepts counting number patterns place value operations problem solving and overall number fact fluency. Double-sided frames let you mark or color-code different kinds of numbers such as even and odd. Includes 2 inflatable cubes for numerals 1—6 (5 L x 5 H) 54 frames Activity Guide with interventions and wipe-clean vinyl mat measuring 4 L x 4 H. Grades K and up"


text:
Free Online Dictionary
|Babylon English English dictionary||Download this dictionary|
organic acid found in animal and vegetable oils (Chemistry)
organic carbon compound occurring naturally in animal and vegetable fats and oils
The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "Fatty Acid", to help you become a better English speaker.
|Wikipedia English The Free Encyclopedia||Download this dictionary|
In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from triglycerides or phospholipids. When they are not attached to other molecules, they are known as "free" fatty acids. Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because, when metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP. Many cell types can use either glucose or fatty acids for this purpose. In particular, heart and skeletal muscle prefer fatty acids. The brain cannot use fatty acids as a source of fuel; it relies on glucose or ketone bodies.
|See more at Wikipedia.org...|
© This article uses material from Wikipedia® and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
|WordNet 2.0 Dictionary||Download this dictionary|
1. any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis; fatty acids are simple molecules built around a series of carbon atoms linked together in a chain of 12 to 22 carbon atoms
(hypernym) carboxylic acid
(hyponym) saturated fatty acid
|Babylon English-Czech||Download this dictionary|
n. mastná kyselina
|NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms||Download this dictionary|
A major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
A Service of the National Cancer Institute.
| Fatty Acid in French | Fatty Acid in Italian | Fatty Acid in Spanish | Fatty Acid in Dutch | Fatty Acid in Portuguese | Fatty Acid in German | Fatty Acid in Russian | Fatty Acid in Japanese | Fatty Acid in Greek | Fatty Acid in Korean | Fatty Acid in Turkish | Fatty Acid in Hebrew | Fatty Acid in Arabic | Fatty Acid in Thai | Fatty Acid in Polish | Fatty Acid in Hungarian | Fatty Acid in Czech | Fatty Acid in Latvian | Fatty Acid in Danish | Fatty Acid in Finnish | Fatty Acid in Romanian | Fatty Acid in Swedish | Fatty Acid in Farsi | Fatty Acid in Indonesian
You think you have ethics... Take the survey NOW!


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Q: Where does the name "Boston Butt" come from, especially considering that the cut comes from the shoulder of the animal?
A: In pre-revolutionary New England and into the Revolutionary War, some pork cuts (not those of high value, like the loin and ham) were packed into casks or barrels for storage and shipment. These barrels were known as "butts." In the Boston area, the cut from the hog's shoulder became known in other regions as the Boston Butt. The name stuck, and today it is still referred to as the Boston Butt almost everywhere in the U.S., except in Boston!


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Relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Hidden Wealth over the period 2000‑2008: An International Study pp259-270
In this paper we show that it is possible to measure the development and management of knowledge in a country using indicators of intellectual capital that consider non visible assets not included in Gross Domestic Product. Using this idea, we obtained a measure of the intellectual capital for 72 countries selected in accordance with the information available for 2000, 2005 and 2008. These measures allows us to verify the hypothesis that knowledge acts as a divergent factor of wealth, that is, that rich countries are richer in knowledge and manage it more efficiently than poor countries. Thus, in a global economy, intellectual capital circulates in the opposite direction to development, that is, from poor to rich countries. In this sense, economic growth in developing countries displays a stronger relationship with intellectual capital. We show how national intellectual capital anticipated the economic crisis before GDP, as real GDP averages increase in all the years considered, whereas national intellectual capital decreased in last year analysed. Moreover, we used a data panel model with common coefficients to emphasize the most influential factor in the recession in order to ascertain the areas where governments must act to overcome a crisis.


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Did you know that you can improve your production and label quality by adding sensors to your process?
Here's a brief overview of how sensors can help you:
– Anticipate roll change-outs to improve run time
– Verify label composition and placement, reducing product rejection
– Increase application reliability and detect jams automatically to reduce waste
1. Conveyor Speed Feedback – Determine conveyor speed and position with an inexpensive rotary magnetic encoder system.
2. Triggering the Process – Apply labels with precise timing and perform quality inspections by implementing a photoelectric sensor designed for the packaging and conveying equipment.
3. Cylinder Position Detection – Monitor the position of the pad assembly using cylinder switches. If the cylinder fails to extend or retract correctly, an alarm is generated.
4. Low Label Roll Detection – Detect label roll running low and alert the operator to change it using a background suppression photoelectric sensor.
5. Label on Pad Detection – Prevent label jams or missing labels with compact sensing heads and remote amplifiers.
6. Label Defects and Orientation – Verify both label orientation and print quality by using a vision sensor.


Be Careful with Dynamic Accessible Names
Many of my clients try to reduce the number of controls on a screen by replacing them with single controls that change their name based on their purpose (what they unironically call reducing complexity).
For example, presenting a download button that also acts as its own progress indicator and completion message. Or a submit button that animates to indicate the process is happening, and then maybe cries a little when it fails.
The challenge is that many of these re-used controls change their accessible name without any consideration of what that means for users who rely on the accessible name — screen reader and voice users.
That new accessible name is not always conveyed to these users, and the results can be problematic.
Don't Trust the Inspector
I am a big fan of using the browser developer tools and their built-in accessibility inspectors to identify potential gotchas. When you see CSS display properties remove semantics from a control, for example, the browser's developer tools can save the day without needing to fire up a screen reader.
The problem is that the accessibility inspectors are an abstraction of the accessibility tree (which gets handed off to assistive technology via the platform accessibility APIs). Which means they may not match.
Here are two examples of where the browser shows us a change has been successfully made to the accessibility properties of a node, but the screen reader is likely getting different information.
Chrome's accessibility inspector shows the accessible name for the control change, but we hear JAWS announce the original value instead.
Firefox's accessibility inspector shows the accessible name for the control change, but we hear NVDA announce the original value instead.
Results of Testing
I threw together a rather simple chunk of code to test how accessible names are reported and supported. It is not thorough.
For example, I do not go through all the variations of the Accessible Name and Description Computation from HTML Accessibility API Mappings 1.0 (no placeholder, no title).
I also do not try many variations. For example, have an image with alt text which provides the accessible name to its , and I have an SVG with aria-label that does the same, but I do not also pair those with other techniques on the same control. The permutations can get big, and mostly I am just here to prove a point.
Screen Readers
Voice Control
I chose accessible names that are hard to speak (because I am a dolt), and some of them are visibly hidden (so they would fail 2.5.3), but for the testing they were passable. I am not a regular voice user, so I recommend testing on your own patterns with skilled users.
If it seems I got a bit lazy there, I did. I could have modified my example code and run at this again, but I still have cookies to bake and this sentence takes less time to write than a whole new set of tests.
The example I used for my testing. You can visit the pen directly at Codepen or try it in the debug view for testing.
See the Pen QWKvQLx by Adrian Roselli (_USER_) on CodePen.
You can fork this, modify it, and run your own tests.
Avoid changing the accessible name of controls on the fly. It may not get conveyed to users, or it may become oddly verbose, confusing users.
I did not test named regions. I don't see dynamic accessible names on those enough to worry. Yet?
Update: 4 January 2021
The research for this post helped inform the pattern in my latest, Multi-Function Button. Essentially I demonstrate how to build a button that acts as a trigger and message container, and how to do it accessibly.
Eight of the different visual styles this button can have based on use.
I refrain from altering aria-label strings exactly for the above reasons. I prefer toggling an aria-pressed prop rather than changing a button's "play" [aria-]label to a "pause" label. I do wonder if setting an aria-live prop on a control would yield any different results.
Neil Osman;. Permalink
In response to Neil Osman. Reply
I should have referenced Sarah Higley's post, Playing with state, where she discusses the specific use case of a play/pause button. She also has a chart of dynamic accessible name support.
In response to Neil Osman. Reply
I've seen aria-live used exactly the way you mentioned to get around this exact problem. It does seem to "work" in the sense that the updated button text is announced, although since the role is not also announced it could be potentially confusing.
I generally stick to Adrian's advice of avoiding the situation entirely, but I think the aria-live approach may work in some situations like the "loading" button—since the main objective is informing the user that the activity is occurring. Still not ideal, of course, but better than nothing.
In response to James Catt. Reply
You are correct that making a control into a live region has inconsistent results. I should have addressed that in my response.
A live region separate from the control can work, and something like a "loading" control could rely on that (since we know aria-busy is effectively useless and which I mention in my post on skeletons).
In response to James Catt. Reply
James, my newest post, Multi-Function Button, shows how you can have a live region along with a control. I was writing that piece when I put this post together but it was not ready yet so I could not reference it.
Leave a Comment or Response


See Also: Aboriginal Mythology
It is important to remember that there were very many different, and isolated, tribes in Australia in the long ago past; therefore there are many gods/goddesses with the same function but different names, and stories, according to each tribe. As is noted, some of these myths are native to New Zealand, some to Australia.
Alinga: Sun goddess.
Anjea: goddess who forms infants from mud and places them into the mother's uterus.
Apunga: goddess of small plants.
Arahuta: (New Zealand) Star goddess. Wife of Maunu'ura, the god of Mars.
Ariki: (New Zealand) A star goddess.
Arohirohi: (New Zealand) Sun goddess.
Biame: The "Great One," or creator.
Bila: The cannibal sun goddess. She provided light for the world by cooking her victims over a giant flame. Lizard Man was appalled by these acts and tried to kill her. She turned herself into a ball of fire and fled, leaving the world in darkness. He threw his boomerang at her, catching her and making her move in a slow arc across the sky. This brought light back to the world.
Boaliri: The younger of the two sister goddesses that created life. The other was Waimariwi.
Bunbulama: goddess of the rain.
Cunnembeille: Wife of Biame. She lives in the heavens with him and his other wife, Birrahgnooloo.
Dilga: goddess of justice. Dilga became very angry when two of her children were killed by the "cat man" and his relatives. Milk flowed from her breasts so copiously it formed a stream that reached to where the murderers lived and drowned them. It also resuscitated her children and brought them back to life. ((gross!))
Djanggawul Sisters: Daughters of the sun, these Australian goddesses unceasingly brought forth living creatures from their endlessly pregnant bodies. Their long vulvas broke off piece by piece with these births, producing the world's first sacred artifacts.
Eingana: The Australian natives call her, Mother Eingana, the world-creator, the birth mother, maker of all water, land, animals, and kangaroos. This huge snake goddess still lives, they say, in the Dreamtime, rising up occasionally to create yet more life. This primordial snake had no vagina; as her offspring grew inside her, the goddess swelled up. Eventually, tortured with the pregnancy, Eingana began to roll around and around. The god Barraiya saw her agony and speared her near the anus so that birth could take place as all creatures now give birth. She is also the death mother. They say Eingana holds a sinew of life attached to each of her creatures; when she lets it go, that life stops. If she herself should die, they say everything would cease to exist.
Gidja: god of the moon.
Gnowee: The sun goddess of an aboriginal people of southeast Australia. The legend goes that Gnowee once lived on the earth at a time when the sky was always dark and people walked around carrying torches in order to see. One day while Gnowee was out gathering yams, her baby son wandered off. She set out to search for him, carrying a huge torch, but never found him. To this day she still climbs the sky daily, carrying her torch, trying to find her son.
Haumia: (/New Zealand) god of wild plants.
Hine titama: (New Zealand) Ancestor goddess who later became the ruler of the underworld. Hine titama fled to the underworld when she discovered that she had married her own father and had borne him children. Ingridi: A "dreamtime" goddess.
Julana: Chief god of the Jumu tribe.
Julunggul: goddess of initiations.
Junkgowa: An ancestor goddess who lived during the "dreamtime". She was a multiple goddess (the Junkgowa Sisters) who created the ocean, and all the fish therein.
Karora: The creator, according to the Bandicoot clan of the Arandan aborigines of Australia.
Lia: A water goddess.
Madalait: A creator goddess.
Makara, The: Seven sisters who became the constellation Pleiades.
Nabudi, The: goddesses of illness.
Palpinkalare: goddess of justice.
Papa: (/New Zealand) goddess of the earth.
Rangi: (/New Zealand) god of the sky.
Rongo: (Maori (New Zealand) god of cultivated plants.
Tane: (Maori/New Zealand) god of the woodlands.
Tangaroa: (Maori/New Zealand) god of the sea.
Tawhiri-ma-tea: (Maori/New Zealand) god of storms.
Tomituka: goddess of rain.
Tu: (Maori/New Zealand) god of war.
Ungamilia: goddess of the evening star.
Walo: The Australian aboriginals called the sun goddess by this name and said that she lived with her daughter Bara and her sister-in-law, the world mother Madalait, far to the east. Each day Walo journeyed across the sky accompanied by Bara, until one day the sun goddess realized that the reason the earth was so parched was their combined heat. She sent her daughter back to the east so that the earth could become fertile and bloom.
Waramurungundi: The first woman.
Wati Kutjarra: This Western Australian term means "two men" and refers to the two male ancestors of mortals who taught the people to keep in touch with Dreamtime. (Dreamtime is always present and is the source of all life.)
Wawalag Sisters: The civilizers of Australia, these two mythic women wandered the continent domesticating plants into edible foodstuffs, evolving language for each territory, and naming all the land's creatures.
Wuluwaid: A male rainmaker.
Wuragag: The first man, and husband to Waramurungundi.
Wuriupranili: This sun goddess was said to light bark into a torch, carrying the flame through the sky from east to west. At the western sea, she dipped it in the water, then used the embers to guide her under the earth to reach her eastern starting point again. The brilliant skies of dawn and dusk, it was said, came from her red-ochre body paints misting up into the sky as she powdered and beautified her body. Wurrunna: A culture hero with many folklore tales of his wanderings.
Yhi: goddess of light
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The Fourth Initiation
lighted path
The Fourth Initiation
~ Enlightenment and the Great Renunciation ~
The Fourth Initiation marks a moment of spiritual triumph. When considering the countless incarnations that an individual will live, this initiatory opportunity can only occur when all personally generated karma has been fully redeemed. The necessity of returning to incarnated life then finally ends and enlightenment is thus achieved.
Broadly considered, karma represents dissonant vibration held by the soul and stored within the causal body. Because of its presence, it inevitably forces the individual to return to incarnate life. Yet at the Fourth Initiation karmic dissonance no longer remains, for it has been entirely transformed and harmonized. Freedom from incarnation is then the soul's sure reward.
The keynote of all initiations is renunciation. At the first initiation the disciple renounces his/her attachment to the powerful urges of the physical body; at the second, the desires of the emotion vehicle give way; and at the third the ungoverned aspects of the mind are forfeited through mental mastery. Yet when compared to the Fourth Initiation, these relinquishments are considered merely preparatory. For it is at this initiation that the causal body itself is repudiated. It is no wonder, therefore, that this initiation has been called the Great Renunciation.
Given this, it may well be asked—why would the causal body, which has acted as the storehouse of wisdom for countless lives, be destroyed? The answer to this mystifying question is found when we consider the evolutionary developments taking place as the Fourth Initiation is approached. During this time, the wisdom contained within the causal body is rapidly being synthesized into the fabric of the initiate's beingness. Because of this, the container that has historically held the soul's wisdom (causal body) is no longer needed. The wisdom it stored is now a part of his/her divine essence, and will be so for eternity.
William Meader


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kalash is a common sight in the Indian household, at the
altar. Any auspicious function has the kalash in place
is a kalash?
earthen or brass pot is a pot with an opening at one end
and is blocked to hold things, usually water. A pot is
empty, but has the potential to contain many a thing!
The pot thus represents the inert body, which when
filled with the water of wisdom becomes a fully
functioning body, capable of fulfilling life's needs!
Kalash is a pot which contains water, on which a few
sprigs of mango leaves are placed at the mouth and
finally a full coconut also placed, with its head into
the mouth and the conical part of the coconut springing
out. Sometimes, this coconut is placed on a cloth
containing rice. A pot is tied with a thread across its
length and breath to form
small diamond shaped pattern.
kumbha (pot) when filled with rice representing
fertility and prosperity is called the poorna kumbha,
signifies completeness. It also could mean that water
and food that are needed to nourish our body.
is decorated with a symbol of swastika and filled with
water too. The 'swastika' a Sanskrit word literally
translates as swasti meaning the well-being of all and
'ka' meaning symbol. The swastika symbol that looks
alike from all directions, also represents the Sun-the
life giver. When portrayed on a pot of water, the kalash
automatically symbolizes power, the water being the
water of wisdom.
means prosperity, wisdom and divine consciousness, as it
is the waters of the seas that brings down the rain,
plants need water, and it is in the seas that in days of
yore, people conducted trades. A ship laden with goods,
even today is considered a fortunate symbol. Thus, the
kalash with water in it and the swastika symbol
decorated outside symbolizes the importance of both sun
and rains for a good yield of crops! The coconut placed
at the mouth of the kalash represents the vegetation
that grows with the help of sunlight and water. Although
some kalash contain a lotus flower, most have a coconut.
coconut trees dot the sea-shore and coastal areas are
incomplete without these trees. Coconut also known as
the Kalpa Vruksha is a tree whose every part is used by
humans. Tender coconut water is as sweet as nectar to
the parched throat and the shells in ancient days were
used to produce fire. The leaves are still used to cover
roofs in huts. The fine stalk in between the many leaves
is collected and toed around to form a broom! Need there
be any mention of the famed coconut oil? Little wonder
then why coconut is placed at the mouth of the kalash!
times, instead of mango leaves, the leaves of peepal
tree (bodhi-ficus religiosa), jackfruit leaves are also
placed. While the Bodhi or peepal tree is associated
with Buddha's enlightenment, the mango is a very sweet
and rare fruit and jackfruit also a prosperous tree.
thread across the pot
length and breath of the poorna kumbha is tied with a
thread, to form a diamond shaped pattern. This thread is
the common thread of love that binds all beings across
the world. A smile is a universal symbol of love,
compassion, acceptance and happiness. A smile and love,
is the thread binding the universe.
wisdom of the four Vedas, the waters from holy rivers
and the blessings of all deities are invoked when
anything auspicious is undertaken. Thus, the couple
united in wedlock, the young Brahmachari boy, whose
spiritual journey begins with the tying of the sacred
thread on his torso, the woman who is blessed for the
smooth delivery of her progeny and the family that
enters into a brand new house, all place the Kalash,
seeking the wisdom of the waters, the fertility and
prosperity of the leaves and rice, the omnipotence of
the coconut, well-being of the swastika and the love
that binds all.


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- New medical imager captures unprecedented 3D images of the human body.
- It's 40 times faster than PET scans, and can use 40 times less radiation.
- EXPLORER scanner makes PET and CT scans look old-fashioned.
What do you get if you combine the technologies on which the two most successful medical imaging devices — positron emission tomography (PET) and x-ray computed tomography (CT) — are based? You get EXPLORER, the stunning new scanner that can capture an amazingly detailed 3D image of the entire human body in 20–30 seconds.
EXPLORER's super-fast capture rate — it can scan a body region in about a second — also allows it to take movies of specially-tagged medications and radiotracers as they make their way through a body.
The development of EXPLORER
EXPLORER was developed at the UC Davis Department of Biomedical Engineering by biomedical engineers Simon Cherry and Ramsey Badawi in partnership with Shanghai-based United Imaging Healthcare (UIH). UIH plans eventually to manufacture and sell the devices worldwide.
Badawi and Cherry first conceived of something like EXPLORER some 13 years ago. In 2011, a $1.5 million grant from the National Cancer Institute allowed them to pull together a consortium of collaborators to work on the idea. The first working EXPLORER was made possible by a $15.5 million grant from the National Institutes of Health in 2015.
The first images Badawi got his eyes on were captured by UIH and the Department of Nuclear Medicine at the Zhongshan Hospital in Shanghai, and they were eye-popping. As he told UC Davis Health:
The level of detail was astonishing, especially once we got the reconstruction method a bit more optimized. We could see features that you just don't see on regular PET scans... And the dynamic sequence showing the radiotracer moving around the body in three dimensions over time was, frankly, mind-blowing. There is no other device that can obtain data like this in humans, so this is truly novel.
Benefits of EXPLORER
EXPLORER is 40 times as fast as a PET scanner, making it more feasible to do repeated studies on an individual, and, of course, there are the movies that can provide an unprecedented look at the in-body progress of radiotraceable agents. EXPLORER'S also 40 times more sensitive than PET scanners, so it will cause patients to be exposed to far less radiation during diagnosis than traditional PET or CT scans.
"The tradeoff between image quality, acquisition time and injected radiation dose will vary for different applications," Cherry told UC Davis Health. "But in all cases, we can scan better, faster or with less radiation dose, or some combination of these."
Doctors will also be able to see, for the first time, what's happening simultaneously in multiple areas of the body, helping them measure dynamic processes such as bloodflow or glucose takeup. The uses for EXPLORER's breakthrough technology seem endless.
The goal right now is to get the first working system up and running at the EXPLORER Imaging Center in Sacramento by June 2019. At that time, the scientists hope to begin using EXPLORER for research projects and for diagnosing patients. Meanwhile, at Zhongshan Hospital, investigation of EXPLORER's potential continues.


text:
- Walking poster presentation
- Open Access
Improved 2D slice-interleaved flow-independent cardiac black blood imaging using Ferumoxytol
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance volume 17, Article number: Q21 (2015)
Double inversion recovery (DIR) is the most commonly used black blood (BB) preparation method. However its single slice nature makes the acquisition inefficient and flow-dependence causes insufficient blood suppression when stagnant blood or in-plane blood flow is present. In this work, we propose to use ferumoxytol, an FDA approved iron oxide particle for treating iron deficiency anemia, as an MR contrast agent to achieve flow-independent BB imaging by taking advantage of its strong R2 relaxivity. As our technique eliminates the need for DIR preparation, we propose to achieve higher scan efficiency by interleaving the imaging slices.
On seven healthy volunteers, we acquired 12 consecutive short axis (SA) slices covering the ventricles and 2 horizontal long axis (HLA) slices, both preand postferumoxytol injection. Conventional ECG gated single-slice breath-held DIR Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) sequence was used for pre-contrast acquisition, with TR=2 R-R interval, TE=37ms, echo spacing (ESP)=5.25 ms, echo train length (ETL)=15 and TI=600ms. Subsequently, ferumoxytol was injected (4 mg-Fe/kg) and the proposed BB imaging shown in Fig. 1 was performed. The elimination of DIR preparation enabled slice-interleaved scan where 12 SA slices were acquired in 4 breath-holds. TR, TE, ESP and ETL were kept the same for the post-contrast sequence. A TE of 37ms was found to be a good balance between suppressing blood signal and maintaining myocardium signal. SNR, CNR and sharpness of the septal wall were quantified and compared using the preand post-contrast BB techniques.
In mid-ventricle SA slices (slice number 7-12), both preand postcontrast images offered satisfactory dark blood contrast. For apical slices (slice number 1-6), post-contrast images showed significant improvement in all 7 volunteers by eliminating stagnant blood signal. In HLA views (shown in Fig. 2), the stagnant blood was evident in pre-contrast images near apex and mid-ventricle myocardium; whereas in post-contrast images, such residual blood signals were eliminated in all volunteers. Average myocardial SNR and myocardium-blood CNR increased after ferumoxytol injection, especially for apical segments (CNR: 6.2±8.13 vs. 22.6±6.4s, P<0.0001). The preand post-contrast BB imaging had similar sharpness values (P=0.877).
Compared to conventional DIR BB imaging, the proposed ferumoxytol-enhanced slice-interleaved TSE technique provides improved blood signal suppression that does not depend on flow and is at least 3X faster than conventional DIR for the same anatomical coverage. It also provides higher SNR and CNR due to signal boost from ferumoxytol.
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, J., Finn, P.J. & Hu, P. Improved 2D slice-interleaved flow-independent cardiac black blood imaging using Ferumoxytol. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 17, Q21 (2015). _URL_
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Short Axis Slice
- Blood Signal
- Turbo Spin Echo
- Echo Train Length


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Hello World in DartPublished on 01 November 2018 (Updated: 15 October 2020)
In this article, we're tackling Hello World in Dart, another great language developed by Google.
How to Implement the Solution
Coming from a Java background, the following snippet of code is downright stripped to the barebones.
void main() => print('Hello, World!');
In order to implement Hello World in Dart, developers need to understand only three concepts like main methods, strings, and arrow functions. But look at the code above, it seems deceptively easy, right?
What is going on is "main()" only does one thing, print the phrase "Hello, World!". We'll dig into how and why all of this happens in a bit. But it's important to step away for a bit and just look at what's there and acknowledge how simple it is.
In a Dart project, only one class would have a main method ("main()"). A main method is how every Dart program knows where to start. Therefore, every program must have exactly one of these main methods implemented. Don't worry too much about the syntax. Just know that we need a main method.
Then we have to output our greeting ("Hello, World!") to the command line. To do so, we have to leverage a static method out of Dart's built-in library. It's the "print" statement. It's a method like "main()" only difference is we put a string inside the parentheses. It tells the computer to take the string and print out so we can read it.
The last concept are arrow functions ("=>"). These are methods like print or, in this case, main that only do one thing. Because they only do one thing, we can use "=>" from the method's definition ("main()") directly to the logic. Other more complex methods may require the use of "return". But that's not required in this case.
How to Run the Solution
- Hello World in Dart on The Renegade Coder


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
A fanzine (also called a zine) is an amateur publication created by fans of a particular cultural phenomena (such as a literary genre or type of music) to address or correspond with others who share their interest. Fanzines are not funded or subsidized by commercial interests; contributors are not paid, and the 'zines are traditionally circulated for a nominal cost (to defray postage or production expenses) or free of charge. Some fanzines have evolved into professional publications, and many professional writers were first published in fanzines.
Fanzines emerged from science fiction fandom; the first fanzine was published in 1930 (The Comet by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago). The term "fanzine" was coined in October 1940 by Russ Chauvenet—"fanzines" were distinguished from "prozines." Prior to that, the fan publications were known as "fanmags" or "letterzines."
Early fanzines were hand-drafted or typed on a manual typewriter and printed using primitive reproduction techniques (e.g., the spirit duplicator or even the hectograph). Only a very small number of copies could be made at a time, so circulation was extremely limited. The use of mimeograph machines enabled higher press runs, and the photocopier increased the speed and ease of publishing once more. Today, thanks to the advent of desktop publishing and self-publication, there is often little difference between the appearance of a fanzine and a professionally produced magazine.
Science fiction fanzines
As mentioned above, fanzines originated in science fiction fandom. Never commercial enterprises, most science fiction fanzines were (and many still are) available for "the usual," meaning that a sample issue will be mailed on request; to receive further issues, a reader sends a "letter of comment" (LoC) about the fanzine to the editor. The LoC might be published in the next issue: some fanzines consisted almost exclusively of letter columns, where discussions were conducted in much the same way as they are in internet newsgroups and mailing lists today, though at a relatively glacial pace.
For several decades, science fiction fans have formed amateur press associations (APAs)—the members contribute to a collective assemblage or bundle called an apazine which contains contributions from all of them. Some APAs are still active, and some are published as virtual "ezines," distributed on the internet.
Comics and Graphic Arts fanzines
By the mid-1960s, several fans active in SF or Comic fandom recognized a shared interest in rock music, and the rock fanzine was born. Paul Williams and Greg Shaw were two such SF-fans turned rock zine editors. Williams' Crawdaddy! (1966) and Shaw's two California-based zines, Mojo Navigator (full title, "Mojo-Navigator Rock and Roll News") (1966) and Who Put The Bomp?, (1970), are among the most important early rock fanzines. Crawdaddy! (1966) quickly moved from its fanzine roots to become one of the first rock music "prozines," with paid advertisers and newsstand distribution. Bomp remained a fanzine, featuring many writers who would later become prominent music journalists, including Lester Bangs, Greil Marcus, Ken Barnes, Ed Ward, Dave Marsh, Mike Saunders and R. Meltzer. Bomp featured cover art by Jay Kinney and Bill Rotsler, both veterans of SF and Comics fandom. "Bomp" was not alone; an August 1970 issue of Rolling Stone included an article about the explosion of rock fanzines. Other rock fanzines of this period include Flash, 1972, edited by Mark Shipper, and Bam Balam, written and published by Brian Hogg in East Lothian, Scotland, beginning in 1974, and in the mid-1970s, Back Door Man and Denim Delinquent. In the post-punk era several well-written fanzines emerged that cast an almost academic look at earlier, neglected musical forms, including Mike Stax' Ugly Things, Billy Miller & Miriam Linna's Kicks, Jake Austen's Roctober, Kim Cooper's Scram, P. Edwin Letcher's Garage & Beat, and the U.K.'s Shindig and Italy's Misty Lane.
Main article: Punk zine
The Punk explosion in the United Kingdom led to a massive upsurge of interest in fanzines as an alternative to the mainstream media that was felt to be too exploitative, capitalist, and essentially uninterested in the Punk Movement and the concerns of disaffected youth. The first and perhaps still best known UK 'punkzine' was Sniffin' Glue, produced by Deptford punk fan Mark Perry, which ran for 12 issues between 1976 to 1977. Other UK fanzines included Blam!, New Crimes, Vague fanzine, Juniper beri-beri and Coolnotes.
In the US, Flipside was an important punk fanzine for the LA scene. Maximum RocknRoll is a major punk zine, with over 250 issues published. Since the explosion of 1994 (when Green Day and Offspring made punk commercial again) a number of other punk zines have appeared, such as Punk Planet, Razorcake, Sobriquet Magazine and Slug and Lettuce.
In the UK Fracture and Reason To Believe have been the main fanzines in the recent past, but both closed their doors in late 2003. Though not technically a 'national' fanzine Rancid News has to a limited degree filled the gap left by these two zines.
Another sizable group of fanzines arose in role-playing games (RPGs) fandom, where fanzines allowed people to publish their ideas and views on specific games and their role-playing campaigns. Role-playing fanzines allowed people to communicate in the 1970s and 1980s with complete editorial control in the hands of the players, as opposed to the game publishers. These early RPG fanzines were generally typed, sold in an A5 format (in the UK) and were often illustrated with abysmal or indifferent artwork. A fanzine community developed and was based on sale to a reading public and exchanges by editor/publishers. Many of the pioneers of RPG zinedom got their start in, or remain part of, science fiction fandom. This is also true of the small but still active board game fandom scene, the most prolific subset of which is centered around play by mail Diplomacy games.
In the UK, most Premiership or Football League football clubs have one or more fanzines which supplement, oppose and compliment the club's official magazine or matchday programme. A reasonably priced 'zine has a guaranteed audience, as is the culture of passion in being a football fan. An example of a UK football fanzine is TOOFIF.
In recent years the traditional paper zine has begun to give way to the webzine (or "e-zine") that is easier to produce and uses the potential of the Internet to reach an ever larger, possibly global, audience. Nonetheless, printed fanzines are still produced, either out of preference or to reach people who don't have convenient Web access. One example of a zine is The Inner Swine. Online versions of approximately 200 science fiction fanzines will be found at the eFanzines site, along with links to other SF fanzine sites.
- An article by critic Roger Ebert describing his involvement with science fiction fanzines in the 1950s.
- An interview with Bomp! publisher Greg Shaw discussing his experience as a teenage SF fanzine and rock zine publisher, and the evolution of zines through the '90s.
- Garage & Beat
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Program Outcomes of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering
Program outcomes focus on those abilities that are measurable at the successful end of a student's academic program in surveying and geomatics engineering at this department. Performance skills, abilities, and special importance are given throughout the 4-year undergraduate program in order to prepare students to be successful engineers and to meet the department's program outcomes,
- Graduates have the proficiency in and the ability to apply the principles of engineering knowledge, mathematics, and science in the analysis of surveying and geomatics engineering and related fields.
- Graduates have the ability to acquire in-depth technical ability in surveying and geomatics engineering
- Graduates have the ability to identify and solve surveying and geomatics engineering problems
- Graduates have the ability to design systems, components or processes to meet the needs and demands of the profession
- Graduates have the ability to function effectively both as individuals and in a group in the capacity of a leader or a team member
- Graduates have the ability to consider social, economic, technological, and environmental aspects to solve problems professionally and logically
- Graduates have the ability to communicate effectively in carrying and spreading widely the knowledge.
- Graduates have the ability to use the techniques, skills and appropriate engineering methods and tools necessary for supportable development
- Graduates can demonstrate an awareness of the need to stay side by side with the latest knowledge and understand present issues in surveying and geomatics engineering
- Graduates have the potential to continue the professional development and advancement through life-long learning.


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Un-acid the rain.
Tell polluters: Refrain!
Help the rain forests gain, not grow smaller.
From "Prayer of the Good Green Boy" in Sad Underwear and Other Complications
By Janice Harayda
Children's books about rainforests are too much with us. Trees are dying for these books at an alarming rate, creating a literary Robin Hood effect.
But children's poems about rainforests are harder to find, perhaps because poets of yesteryear wrote about "jungles" instead. One the few I've found that would suit grades 3 and up is "Rainforest," by the late Australian poet and conservationist Judith Wright, which appears in Classic Poems to Read Aloud (Kingfisher, 256 pp., $8.95, paperback, ages 8–12), an excellent anthology compiled by James Berry.
"Rainforest" consists of 12 lines of iambic tetrameter that celebrate the interdependence of the creatures in natural world. Wright makes an implicit plea for biodiversity in the poem, which begins: "The forest drips and glows with green. / The tree frog croaks his far-off song. / His voice is stillness, moss and rain / drunk from the forest ages long." The most unusual aspect of this poem is that Wright has arranged its lines in the shape of a tree trunk. This is a subtle example of what's known as a pattern poem, a poem in which the words or letters form a typographical picture that relates to the subject.
Apart from that device, "Rainforest" works better as an environmental manifesto than as art. Judith Viorst has more success with "Prayer of the Good Green Boy," found in Sad Underwear and Other Complications: More Poems for Children and Their Parents (Aladdin, 80 pp., $6.99, paperback, ages 7 and up). This witty and ironic poem puts a child's love for the environment in the context of his other concerns, using spirited anapestic lines: "Un-acid the rain. / Tell polluters: Refrain! / Help the rain forests gain, not grow smaller." The poem ends: "And — oh yes — one more thing. / Could you please make me four inches taller?"
Many good poems, if not specifically about rainforests, deal with creatures who may inhabit them. Classic Poems to Read Aloud also has a section of poems about fish, birds, animals, or insects, including some found in jungles. Among them: William Blake's ""The Tiger," Ted Hughes's "The Jaguar" and Randall Jarrell's "Bats." Then there George Macbeth's "Insects," which laments the perils of sharing a household with flies, mosquitoes and other winged creatures. Any rainforest explorer might identify with lines like: "I swat at my forehead, I scratch at my ankles, / Mole and wart, and a rash that rankles."
You may also want to look at a picture book for slightly younger children, Over in the Jungle: A Rainforest Rhyme (Dawn, 32 pp., $8.95, paperback), by Marianne Berkes and by Jeanette Canyon, which I haven't seen it. It begins: "Over in the jungle / Where the trees greet the sun / Lived a mother marmoset / And her marmoset one."
You can also follow Janice Harayda (_USER_) on Twitter, where she often writes about books for children or teenagers.
© 2008 Janice Harayda. All rights reserved.


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The Bump to Baby Diet
The Bump to Baby Diet provides practical advice for mums-to-be on how eating a low-GI diet can help you enjoy a healthy pregnancy, avoid gestational diabetes and give your baby the best start in life.
The authors provide advice on how to optimise your diet – pre-conception, during pregnancy and once your baby has been born to ensure a healthy baby and a healthy mum.
Studies have shown that being overweight when pregnant can increase your risk of gestational diabetes and can also lead to health problems for your child, including childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes. This is particularly important for women with PCOS who are at higher risk of developing gestational diabetes.
The book includes information on:
- why eating a healthy low-GI diet before you conceive is important
- what to be aware of once you're eating for two including key nutrients for pregnancy and food safety
- dealing with common pregnancy problems such as morning sickness and constipation
- how to ensure your weight gain is healthy
- the importance of blood sugars in pregnancy and why gestational diabetes is a big deal
- breastfeeding and introducing solids
- low GI eating guidelines for pregnancy, including sample menu plans
- exercise tips for pregnancy
- 50 quick and easy pregnancy-friendly recipes
Authors: Professor Jennie Brand-Miller, Dr Kate Marsh, Professor Robert Moses
Publisher: Hachette Australia
Published: April 2012


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Governor O'Malley convened a P–20 STEM Task force in September 2008 to discuss the state of STEM Education in Maryland. He charged this Task Force with making recommendations aimed at establishing Maryland as a global leader in the development of its workforce of the future and its STEM-based research and economic development infrastructure. In August 2009, the STEM Task Force released their final report. In this report, the STEM Task Force made seven recommendations in response to the Governor's charge. These recommendations include:
- Aligning P-12 STEM curriculum with college requirements and workplace expectations in order to prepare all students for postsecondary success.
- Tripling the number of teachers in STEM shortage areas who are prepared in Maryland programs, increase their five-year retention rate from an estimated 50% to 75%, and enhance the STEM preparation and aptitudes for elementary and early childhood teachers.
- Ensuring that all P-20 mathematics and science teachers have the knowledge and skills to help all students successfully complete the college and career-ready curriculum.
- Providing STEM internships, co-ops, or lab experiences for all interested high school and college students to jump-start their successful transition to the workplace.
- Increase the number of STEM college graduates by 40% from the present level of 4,400 graduates by 2015.
- Boosting Maryland's global competitiveness by supporting research and entrepreneurship.
- Creating Maryland's STEM Innovation Network to make STEM resources available to all.
Investing in STEM to Secure Maryland's Future


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Journey Through the Jungle
Exhibit open through Dec. 14, 2012
103 Rowe Hall
Central Michigan University
"Journey Through the Jungle: A Fascinating Look at Life in the Rainforest" is on display through December 14th at CMU's Museum of Cultural and Natural History. The exhibit includes photos and displays of plants and animals that live in the rainforest, live critters and a display on rainforest conservation. The exhibit features a large children's section that includes a replica bat cave and tribal hut, passports for kids to earn stickers at each station they visit, and several hands-on activities.
Special groups of no more than 28 students can book the following activities either in addition to their Journey Through the Jungle tour or separate from the tour. Not all activities require the same about of time.
Grades K-2: The Great Kapok Tree
Students will learn that many animals in the rainforest are dependent upon the kapok tree as they listen to and interact with the story, The Great Kapok Tree
, by Lynn Cherry. Students will also learn about the problem of deforestation. This activity can also include a writing experience. This activity takes about 20 minutes without the writing experience.Click to view Educational Standards
Grades 3-4: Plant/Animal Classification
Students will experience classification as something that scientists do and will classify plants and animals individually and in small groups into several different categories. This activity takes about 30 minutes.Click to view Educational Standards
Grades 3-4: Rainforest Food Chain/Food Web
Students will learn how several animals in the rainforest are dependent upon the kapok tree and will form food chains and food webs as they listen to the story, The Great Kapok Tree
, by Lynn Cherry. Students also will learn about the problem of deforestation. This activity can also include a writing experience. This activity takes about 20 minutes without the writing activity.Click to view Educational Standards
Grades 5-6: Rainforest Food Chain/Food Web
This is a much more complex activity than the one for grades 3-4. Students will simulate food chains and food webs, mutualistic relationships, and what happens in the tropical rainforest if a species is removed. This activity takes about 45 minutes.Click to view Educational Standards
Mon. - Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Sat. & Sun., 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Closed during university holidays and breaks.
General admission to the Journey Through the Jungle exhibit is free and open to the public. Teachers and those wishing to book group tours should contact Tricia Kierst at _PHONE_ for scheduling and pricing information.
Location & Parking
Resources for Teachers


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Seems like a quick and easy question but I haven't been able to find exactly what I'm looking for so:
How to calculate a unit length vector that is pointing along the line which is exactly 50% of the angle of two connected line segments?
A picture speaks a thousands words (that are also better than my explanation!)
So basically I want to calculate the blue unit vector given the two red line segments (which are actually 3 points and are therefore guaranteed to be connected)
The red segments are of arbitrary length, and the result doesn't have to be a unit it would just be easier for me.
It would also be handy to have a way to force the resultant vector to point in a certain direction (relative to the input segments), this isn't essential as I think I can work this one out - as the input line segments ultimately form an n-gon.
Any examples would be ideal in C++ please, but other languages welcome.
Many thanks for any pointers.


What Do Snails Need to Live?
Snails need food and oxygen to live.
-•• Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Snails are a group of shelled mollusks with species found in many habitats such as freshwater, seawater and land. Land snails, although better known than other types, represent only a small group. Marine snails are the most numerous and biodiverse group.
All snail species need oxygen, food, water and adequate temperature and humidity to live. Present in human life since ancient times, many terrestrial snails are considered garden pests. Snail eating is common in some cultures and the creatures can be farmed as gastronomic delicacies.
Snail Food
Snails are omnivorous animals, which means they can eat food from plant and animal sources. Snail food can come from a variety of materials, such as decomposing plants and invertebrates, and any type of leaf or algae.
However, different snail species can have distinct food preferences.
The giant African land snails (Achatina fulica) -- which are popular pets in some countries but also serious agricultural plagues and illegal to keep in the U.S. -- can eat any food crop, including lettuce, cucumber and cabbage.
The wood snail feeds mainly on decaying organic matter, nettles and buttercups, while water snails eat small invertebrates and algae.
Like most animal species, snails need oxygen to survive. Most land snails, and some marine and freshwater species, have a single lung, where the exchanges between oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.
Aquatic species have to come to the surface to breathe, in order to take the atmospheric oxygen. Pond snails, bladder snails, ram's horn snails, the common land snail and freshwater limpets are examples of snails that breathe through lungs.
Some snails, such as water nerites, bithynias and mud snails, have gills instead of lungs, and can only take the oxygen dissolved in the water.
Like most living creatures, both land and water snail species need to drink water to survive.
Land snails drink from small puddles formed on leaves or on the ground, but they also get their water from the juicy leaves they eat.
Marine species take saltwater when feeding, but have an excretory mechanism to eliminate excessive salt quantities they ingest.
Adequate Temperatures and Humidity
Optimum temperatures vary according to species, but most land snails prefer warm temperatures from 65 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit and high-humidity environments. Sphincterochila boissieri, which is found in Egypt and Israel, and can withstand temperatures of up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
However, this species lives in a dormant state for most of the time, becoming active only after the rain. Some species of the genera Arion and Deroceras are found in temperate climates, but are also adapted to live in polar climates.
Terrestrial snails, as their name suggests, live on land but that land must be able to meet the snail's needs. Forest floors, gardens and marshes all provide moist conditions for land snails to thrive. Hiding under leaf litter or at the base of leafy plants allows snails to avoid the drying effects of the sun.
Freshwater snails can live in lakes, rivers and even man-made ponds. The bottom sediments, or substrates, of these water bodies influences which snail species can survive there. If you are preparing a pet snail habitat, ensure that the substrate is adequate for your snail species.
From tropical coral reefs to the dark, cold oceans depths, marine snails are found in a variety of saltwater habitats. Here they can feed on algae and decaying marine plants. Some are even carnivorous.
Habitats within the ocean vary by species. Some are free floating, like plankton while others, like the purple sea snail, remain attached to various sea creatures.


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- Postgraduate Researcher
Hilde Koch is a PhD researcher in the iCRAG raw materials research spoke. She graduated in 2016 with BSc and MSc degrees from the University of Tuebingen. For her MSc, she specialised in isotope geochemistry. In 2016, Hilde joined the iCRAG team under the supervision of Prof. Balz Kamber at Trinity College Dublin. Her research focuses on the chemistry of Irish Mississippian bentonite layers and the carboniferous limestones in between. Hilde investigates how they could be used as stratigraphic and tectonic markers relevant for the zinc – lead deposits of Ireland. Her research involves high – precision trace element geochemical methodology, as well as Sr isotopic studies.
Ireland hosts a large number of zinc-lead deposits, of which one is currently exploited at Navan. This mine is Europe's largest zinc producer. The search for additional economic deposits is ongoing. So far, in the Irish ore field there is information missing which could clarify the timing and the position of mineral deposits. Bentonite layers are volcanic ash beds which form widespread deposits. The position of these volcanic layers relative to the zinc – lead deposits of Ireland makes them useful markers, which can be indicative of the presence of zinc-lead deposits. These volcanic layers can show recognizable patterns in diagnostic elements, which characterise the layers and therefore make them distinguishable. Additionally, the chemistry of the ore hosting rock can be used as a secondary marker to test the results from the bentonite layers.
Project title: The chemostratigraphy and petrology of Mississippian volcanogenic clay bands (tuffs) in the Irish Midlands and their relation to potential volcanic centers
There are various volcanogenic clay bands of Mississippian age which occur in the Irish Midlands. Their relative position to the zinc – lead deposits of Ireland makes them extremely important stratigraphic and tectonic markers. The aim of the project is to develop a chemical stratigraphy for the Irish Mississippian bentonite layers and the host carboniferous limestones. With the help of the markers we will be able to clarify stratigraphic correlations and hence the timing of faulting and associated mineralisation.
The first task of the study is to focus on the stratigraphy in and around the Navan ore body. The second component is a regional chemostratigraphic survey of the Irish Midlands. Furthermore, it is proposed that a petrological and geochemical characterisation of the volcanic centres will be undertaken in collaboration with FI Emma Tomlinson.
The research involves major element analysis by ICP-OES, high–precision trace element geochemical methodology using solution ICP-MS as well as Sr isotope measurements. Additionally, a laser ablation ICP-MS method will be developed using the laser as a micromill. Sr isotopes will be measured with a multi-collector mass spectrometer at UCD.
- Postgraduate Researcher
- Earth Resources
- Critical Materials


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Megapomponia merula (Distant, 1905) is a cicada found in Indonesia. Its name was once Pomponia merula, but recently, that changed.
There's a dozen species in the Megapomponia Boulard, 2005 genus. "Mega" refers to their large size.
Species: Megapomponia merula (Distant, 1905)
The image says Pomponia merula but the cicada is now known as Megapomponia merula.
- The illustration and genus description comes from the journal Genera Insectorum, and a specific article from 1913 by W. L. Distant titled Homoptera. Fam. Cicadidae, Subfam, Cicadinae. Read it on the Biodiversity Heritage Library website.
- Species name information/verification comes from Allen Sanborn's Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha).


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Improving business processes at your financial institution
Tom McBride | SVP, Group Executive, FIS
February 10, 2020
As technology-dependent organizations, banks must continually increase efficiency or lag further and further behind their peers. Tasks, technology and tools supporting a process can be redefined, or an entirely new process based on automation can be implemented. Business Process Improvement (BPI) actions, undertaken by subject experts, deliver the insight required to execute more efficiently, create value for customers or enhance revenue for the institution. Or provide all three.
High-performing financial institutions continuously challenge themselves to improve performance and customer experience. They seek out feedback from employees, partners and customers – listen carefully to what they have to say, evaluate their input, formulate improvements if needed, and most importantly, act. This open mindset extends toward every process and every task within the organization. Process improvement yields results, and continuous process improvement yields sustainable results.
The following seven steps describe a methodology banks can follow to improve their business processes.
Step 1 — Know your processes and priority for analysis
In this initial step, the bankers embarking on their improvement journey identify which processes need to be revamped or re-engineered. An assembled team should first inventory all processes. Once the inventory is complete, the 80-20 rule is applied to prioritize the order of process review for improvement.
The list to improve should be identified from an initial inventory of processes with the understanding that 80 percent of the impact of the improvement (the benefit) will come from 20 percent of the causes (the processes)--known as the Pareto Principle (also the 80-20 rule).
Step 2 – Identify improvement opportunities
In priority order, cross-functional team then maps out each of the inventoried processes, detailing the inputs, specific tasks, required decisions and expected outputs. They should also note relevant suppliers, bank staff and customers. This activity occurs for all the business processes targeted for improvement. While mapping the activities within a business process, the team should identify immediate improvement opportunities. These are typically "quick hits" which are easily communicated to process improvement participants and able to be fully implemented in less than 30 days.
Step 3 – Analyze and redesign the process
Two approaches are available when redesigning a business process. The first is an evolutionary approach leveraging the current-state mapping activity (performed in the previous step) to examine workflows and apply the optimal use of existing technology within the bank.
An alternative approach offers a more revolutionary option. This effort requires starting with a white board, or clean slate to remove any preconceived notions. New tools, apps and digital solutions are sought out and applied. It is the preferred approach to deployments of new systems, technologies, bots, artificial intelligence (AI) and future, yet-to-be identified tools and enablers.
Step 4 – Design performance measures
This step encompasses designing the metrics needed to evaluate the degree and amount of effort needed for a new process to attain and maintain optimum performance. Roles and accountability supporting the process are made clear, as well as how to obtain feedback on the performance of the process itself.
Step 5 – Plan and implement
Typically, banks cannot implement all the newly redesigned processes and changes they entail at once. The constraints of people, time and other resources must be factored into a timetable that accounts for the readiness of change for your staff and customers.
Process changes need prioritization based on any impact to your customer's experience, the degree of the change itself and the time to implement them. Weighting of each of these considerations is used to reflect the perceived value of each in driving to the bank's strategic plan.
Step 6 – Establish a control system
Steps 6 and 7 are taken to ensure the new process continually improves and delivers further value over time. Performance measures designed in Step 4 are reviewed for sustainability and applicability over time. Feedback loops from customers, both external and internal, are identified and used to gain further insight on the value of change.
To address any negative variance in expected performance, a corrective action plan gets established to identify:
- How to implement ongoing changes to the process
- Who should participate
- What escalations may be required to push a new change through the organization
Step 7 – Monitor performance
This last step covers establishing ongoing monitoring of new or changed processes through a control system that identifies and addresses any bottlenecks and performance shortfalls before they become issues. The control system uncovers whether a process is performing up to expectations and if not, what course correction may be needed. The monitoring can initially occur daily and then transition to weekly or monthly as a process matures. Monthly is the maximum length of time for performance monitoring of a process, as error detection and correction need to occur with at least that frequency.
Following these seven steps will help advance your bank on the road to continuous process improvement. For further information on the benefits banks can realize from process improvement efforts, consider the paper Why Improve Business Processes at Your Bank.


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In January 2019, the UK Government published its Maritime 2050: Navigating the Future strategy. In the strategy, the government highlighted the importance of digitalisation (with well-designed regulatory support) to achieving its goal of ensuring that the UK plays a global leadership role in the maritime sector.
PETRAS Researchers have released a briefing document, led by Dr. Feja Lesniewska (PETRAS UCL Researcher) that has identified six IoT related security and governance challenges for UK ports.
Ports, the gateways for 95% of UK trade movements, were identified as key sites for investment in technological innovation. The government identified the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT), in conjunction with other information-sharing technologies, such as shared data platforms, and Artificial Intelligence applications (AI), to synchronise processes within the port ecosystem leading to improved efficiency, safety and environmental benefits, including improved air quality and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
The six key challenges identified in the briefing document are:
1. Adaptive Risk Management
2. Interoperability of IoT and Legacy Systems
3. Security Management Accountability
4. Due Diligence and Capacity
5. Alignment and Review
6. The Business Case
You can download the full briefing document here.
If you would to contact the Centre regarding this briefing document, please email Dr Feja Lesniewska at _EMAIL_.


legally binding
Common legal phrase indicating that an agreement has been consciously made, and certain actions are now either required or prohibited. For example, a lease for an apartment is legally binding, because upon signing the document, the lessor and the lessee are agreeing to a number of conditions. The lessor typically agrees to provide the apartment in a certain condition for a certain length of time, and the lessee typically agrees to pay an agreed upon rent and refrain from certain destructive behaviors. The other requirement for an agreement or contract to be considered legally binding is consideration - both parties must knowingly understand what they are agreeing to. If a person is forced, tricked, or coerced into entering into an agreement, it typically is not considered legally binding.
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The Psychology and Politics of the Collective
Groups, Crowds and Mass Identifications
Edited by Ruth Parkin-Gounelas
Routledge – 2012 – 222 pages
What are the psychological factors in operation when we form groups or crowds, and how are these affected by socio-historical circumstances? History offers endless examples of different forms of human collectivity, both private and public, small-scale and large: from the primal horde to the modern nuclear family, from the Athenian polis to virtual internet communities. Within the context of shifting social bonds in global culture, this book brings together debates on the left from political philosophy, psychoanalysis, social psychology and media and cultural studies to explore the logic of the formation of collective identities from a new theoretical perspective. Challenging liberal-capitalist models of individualism, as well as postmodern identity politics, analysts here turn to Continental philosophy (Lacan, Derrida, Agamben, Laclau, Badiou, among others) in order to re-think collectivity in relation to questions of agency, alterity, affect, sovereignty, the national imaginary and the biopolitical. In the aftermath of the great mass movements of the twentieth century (Marxist-Leninism, Mao), which resulted in bureaucratic submission and the cult of the State, the fate of our collective identity today raises urgent questions about the future of collaborative activity, the role of mediating institutions in shaping mass psychology, what is at stake in a radical democracy, and what happens in a crowd.
Introduction Ruth Parkin-Gounelas Part I: Psychoanalysis and the Group 1. Brother Animal's Long Tail: Sigmund Freud, Victor Tausk and Intellectual Influence Mandy Merck 2. Mass Enjoyment and the Society of the Camp: The Revised Case of Dorian Gray Josiane Paccaud-Huguet 3. Interview with Ernesto Laclau Conducted by Ruth Parkin-Gounelas Part II: What's in a Crowd? 4. Crowds, Agency and Passion: Reconsidering the Roots of the Social Bond Stephen Reicher 5. "A Swinish Multitude" versus "A Crowd of Golden Daffodils" Jina Politi 6. The Masses as a "Vanishing Mediator": Class and Politics in Dušan Kovačević's The Professional Sean Homer Part III: Global Networks and Mass Identifications 7. Globality, the Totalitarian Mass and National Belonging Effie Yiannopoulou 8. Geographies of Cultural Globalization and Cosmopolitanisms of the Future Joseph Michael Gratale 9. "Touching Everyone": Media Identifications, Imagined Communities and New Media Technologies in the Case of Madeleine McCann Nicola Rehling 10. Swarm Intelligence: Blogging and On-Line Subjectivities Holger Briel Epilogue: Pluralities to Come Ruth Parkin-Gounelas
Ruth Parkin-Gounelas is a Professor in the Department of English Literature and Culture at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.


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Now we add our implementation of the 2-parameter TO String () overload:
That is all we have to do! Notice how we take the precaution of checking whether format is null before we can an)' methods against this parameter – we want this method to be as robust as reasonably possible. The format specifiers for all the primitive types are case-insensitive, so that's t1!e behavior that other developers are going to expect from our class too. For the format specifier VE, we need each component to be formatted in scientific notation, so we just use String. Format () again to achieve this. The fields x, y, and z are all doubles. For the case of the IJK format specifier, there are quite a few sub strings to be added to the string, so.we use a String Builder object to improve performance. For completeness, we will also reproduce the' no-parameter To String () overload that 'we developed.in Chapter 3.


Silicon powder produces hydrogen on demand
Posted by Kate Taylor
Super-small particles of silicon react with water to produce hydrogen almost instantaneously, University at Buffalo researchers have discovered.
It means that soldiers or campers, for example, need only take a small hygrogen fuel cell and a bag of the powder to power electronics and other devices on the move.
"It was previously unknown that we could generate hydrogen this rapidly from silicon, one of Earth's most abundant elements," says research assistant professor Folarin Erogbogbo.
"Safe storage of hydrogen has been a difficult problem, even though hydrogen is an excellent candidate for alternative energy, and one of the practical applications of our work would be supplying hydrogen for fuel cell power. It could be military vehicles or other portable applications that are near water."
Spherical silicon particles about 10 nanometers in diameter combine with water and react to form silicic acid - which is non-toxic - and hydrogen, a potential source of energy for fuel cells.
The reaction doesn't require any light, heat or electricity - and also creates hydrogen about 150 times faster than similar reactions using silicon particles 100 nanometers wide, and 1,000 times faster than bulk silicon.
The reason's down to to geometry. As they react, the larger particles form nonspherical structures whose surfaces react with water less readily and less uniformly than the surfaces of the smaller, spherical particles.
Though it does take significant energy and resources to produce the powder, the particles could help power portable devices in situations where water is available and portability is more important than low cost.


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Recently published analytical solutions for the remaining strength of a pipeline with narrow axial and axisymmetric volumetric flaws are described in this paper, and their experimental and numerical validation are reviewed. Next, the domains of applicability of each solution are studied, some simplifications suitable to steel pipelines are introduced, and an analytical model for the remaining strength of corroded steel pipelines is presented. This analytical solution is compared with the standards most widely used in the industry for assessment of corroded pipelines: ASME B31G, modified ASME, and DNV RP-F101. The empirical and analytical solutions are compared with respect to their most relevant parameters: critical (or flow) stress, flaw geometry parameterization, and Folias or bulging factor formulation. Finally, two common pipeline steels, API 5L grades X42 and X100, are selected to compare the different corrosion assessment methodologies. Corrosion defects of 75%, 50%, and 25% thickness reduction are evaluated. None of the experimental equations take into account the strain-hardening behavior of the pipe material, and therefore, they cannot properly model materials with very dissimilar plastic behavior. The comparison indicates that the empirical methods underestimate the remaining strength of shallow defects, which might lead to unnecessary repair recommendations. Furthermore, it was found that the use of a parameter employed by some of the empirical equations to model the assumed flaw shape leads to excessively optimistic and nonconservative results of remaining strength for long and deep flaws. Finally, the flaw width is not considered in the experimental criteria, and the comparative results suggest that the empirical solutions are somewhat imprecise to model the burst of wide flaws.
Analytical Assessment of the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines and Comparison With Experimental Criteria
Ocean Engineering Department, COPPE,
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,
Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos,
149, Prédio do CT, Bloco I,
sala 108, Cidade Universitária,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
Contributed by the Pressure Vessel and Piping Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received November 11, 2015; final manuscript received July 29, 2016; published online November 4, 2016. Assoc. Editor: Haofeng Chen.
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Cunha, S. B., and Netto, T. A. (November 4, 2016). "Analytical Assessment of the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines and Comparison With Experimental Criteria." ASME. J. Pressure Vessel Technol. June 2017; 139(3): 031701. _URL_
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Infrared imaging is only one example
of using wavelengths other than visible light to gather
information about Earth. Most satellites today measure
energy at many wavelengths. This is called multispectral
imaging. Images taken at different wavelengths can be
combined to make composite images by displaying the
image for each wavelength as red, green, or blue in
the final image. These composite images result in color
patterns that can be used to identify surface features.
This simulation shows images of San
Francisco, California at three different wavelengths.
Bright areas show higher amounts of energy; darker areas
show lower amounts of energy. You can display each image
in red, green, or blue light, then generate a false-color
composite image for any color combination.
Look for these features in the image:
Water appears dark around land in the center of the
image. Blocky patterns represent buildings and streets.
Park areas on both sides of the Golden Gate Bridge (the
thin line across the water in upper left of image) are
covered with vegetation.
After the page has fully loaded,
click the R (red), G (green), and B (blue) buttons to
assign a different color to the images for each wavelength.
Click Show Composite to combine the information into
one color image.


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Paternalism, the controlling of all aspects of an employee's life by the employer, was characteristic of many nineteenthand early twentieth-century North Carolina mills and factories. The roots of paternalism were evident in an earlier era, when southern slaveholders came to regard taking good care of their slaves as of primary importance. Although partly a humanitarian concern, this focus on slaves'welfare derived mostly from business considerations; sufficient food, housing, medical care, and clothing kept slaves at least outwardly content and enabled them to work more efficiently. This understanding of the importance of the quality of life of one's workforce continued to motivate owners in the tenancy system and later in the creation of mill villages.
Paternalism was the philosophical and fiscal underpinning of many North Carolina cotton mill villages, which were organized as "company towns" to keep workers and their families satisfied and thus loyal and more productive. Paternalistic mill owners also claimed the right to discipline employees. Violators of specific rules and laws were first warned, then fired and made to vacate their house after a second offense. Drunkenness, spouse abuse, sexual immorality, and stealing were some of the most serious offenses, and only a small legal force, usually one man, was needed for the entire village.
World War II essentially brought an end to paternalism, as most North Carolina mill villages and all of their homes, hospitals, libraries, and even community buildings were incorporated into neighboring towns.
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall and others, Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (1987).
Harriet L. Herring, Passing of the Mill Village: Revolution in a Southern Institution (1949).
Oral Histories of the American SouthPiedmont IndustrializationEmployer Paternalism. Doc South, UNC Libraries: _URL_
Free dental dispensary for school children, Erlanger Mills, Lexington, NC, Davidson County, October 1918. From the Dr. George M. Cooper Photograph Collection,North Carolina State Archives, call #: PhC_41_161_4. Available from _URL_ (accessed October 12, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Purcell, Gene


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Making a Rainbow
In school yesterday Mrs Johnson, Mr Bianchi and Miss Young worked with Charlie and Amelia. Mr Bianchi did Joe Wicks PE session first, then we explored outside, looking for signs of spring. In the afternoon Charlie and Amelia painted a rainbow, then found collage materials to match the colours in the rainbow. The children also learned to sing the song using the Makaton symbols. The rainbow is displayed in Mrs Johnson's classroom.
Some more free learning resources