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You can email your Request output to users automatically. You do this from the Specify Output tab of the Workbench window.
Note: If you want to email on a one-time basis, see the emailing section under Managing and Running Requests.
To automatically email your output:
 1. From the Specify Output tab of the Workbench window, check the Email to check-box. This option will be unavailable if the output type is screen or printer.
 2. Enter an email address.
 3. (Optional) Click Options to change any of the options listed below.
 1. Check the "When a group changes…" check-box if you want all the pages for a group in the output to be sent to specific email addresses. Note: If your administrator has set it up beforehand, you will be able to select a data item containing an email address. The group pages will be separated into their own PDF file and emailed to the address designated for that group. For example, say you had a sales report containing sales for each salesman. You could run a report sorted and grouped by salesman name, and then have the pages that pertained to each salesman sent to them via email.
 2. Enter a new Subject.
 3. Add a note which will appear in the body of the email.
 4. (Optional) Uncheck the "Use default email settings" check-box if you want to specify information for another email server. Normally you won't need to change this setting unless you want to e-mail your output from a different address than the one set up by your administrator.
 4. Run the Request. When the Request is run, the file is automatically emailed to the recipient you specified or to the group if you checked the option.
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Working principle of greenhouse motor
Edit：Weifang Liwang Electric Co., Ltd.UpDate：2019-07-04
Greenhouse motorIt is the integration of reducer and motor (motor). This integration may also be called a gear motor or gear motor. The geared motor is a fixed speed motor. Once the speed ratio is selected, the motor is selected and the output speed is fixed.
The greenhouse motor is mainly used for driving the sunshade net and window opening inside and outside the greenhouse. Its working principle is as follows:
The reduction motor drives the drive shaft to rotate, and the drive shaft drives the A-type gear to rotate, and the gear rotation causes the frame to reciprocate. Because the frame and the push rod are connected together, the push rod and the frame move at the same time. The driving side profile and the push-pull rod are connected by a push rod connecting clamp, and one end of the sunshade is fixed on the driving side profile, thereby shading. With the reciprocating movement of the driving edge profile, the curtain can be opened and closed.
The reducer is used to change the speed and output torque to provide high torque and low speed. Reducer speed ratio=input / output speed, if the revolution ratio is 100, the output torque is about 100 times the input torque. (Rotational speed slows down and torque increases)
One of the heavy parts in the greenhouse motor is the limit device. The quality of the limit device directly affects the stability of the geared motor and the accuracy of the positioning of the system such as curtain drawing and window opening. So how can we determine the quality of the limit device? This requires users to try it by themselves. After buying a new geared motor, first try to check whether the limit device is sensitive before use. After connecting the motor power line and limit signal line according to the manual under no-load state, power on to see if the limit device It is important to be able to cut off the power supply of the motor as required and stop it accurately.


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Operational Changes Made for 2010 Position the U.S. Census Bureau to More Accurately Classify and Identify Group Quarters
GAO-10-452T: Published: Feb 22, 2010. Publicly Released: Feb 22, 2010.
The U.S. Census Bureau (Bureau) is tasked with conducting an accurate count of people living in dwellings known as group quarters as part of the 2010 Census. Group quarters consist of college dormitories, prisons, nursing homes, and other facilities typically owned or managed by an entity providing housing, services, or both for the residents. During the 2000 Census, for a variety of reasons, group quarters were sometimes counted more than once, missed, or included in the wrong location. As requested, this testimony will focus on (1) the extent to which the Bureau has strengthened its procedures for counting group quarters compared to the 2000 Census, and (2) particular challenges and opportunities for an accurate group quarters count in Brooklyn. The testimony is based on previously issued and ongoing GAO work in New York and elsewhere.
The Bureau developed and tested new procedures to address the difficulties it had in identifying and counting group quarters during the 2000 Census. For example, the Bureau moved from manual to GPS-generated map spots, which should reduce the chance of human error and of group quarters populations being counted in the wrong jurisdiction; moved from a telephone interview to a field verification approach, which should increase accuracy; and combined the conventional housing unit and group quarters address lists into a single address list, which should reduce the chance of double counting. Moreover, the Bureau implemented a three-pronged approach to locate and count group quarters. The approach consisted of Group Quarters Validation, where temporary census workers visited each group quarter and interviewed its manager or administrator to determine whether the dwelling was a group quarters or some other type of residence. If the dwelling was in fact a group quarters, it was then determined what category it fit under, and its correct geographic location was confirmed. This was followed by the Group Quarters Advance Visit, which is currently under way. Census workers are to verify the location of the group quarters; identify contact officials; and schedule the date, time and other information to help conduct the actual enumeration. The actual count of group quarters residents is conducted during the third phase of the approach, Group Quarter Enumeration from the end of March to mid-May. The effort includes an operation known as Service-Based Enumeration, during which people commonly referred to as homeless are counted. Additional procedures to ensure a complete count of group quarters include a series of quality assurance procedures, such as supervisory review of workers' assignments. Brooklyn presents challenges as well as opportunities. For example, a planning database the Bureau developed to help it target its resources placed Brooklyn on a list of top 50 U.S. counties with the highest number of people living in hard-to-count areas, based on data from the 2000 Census. Factors that contribute to the hard-to-count designation include poverty levels, high levels of non-English speakers, complex household arrangements, as well as a high percentage of rental and vacant units, multi-unit buildings, and crowded housing. In light of these demographic and housing challenges, a successful group quarters count will, at a minimum, depend on how well the Bureau executes the following activities: (1) complete remaining group quarters activities on schedule, (2) implement the group quarters quality assurance procedures as planned, and (3) closely monitor key performance metrics to ensure that the group quarters count proceeds on track and quickly address any glitches. It will also be important for the Bureau to ensure that census workers have knowledge of neighborhood culture and living arrangements, and possess the language skills to reach out to residents with limited English proficiency.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Change-over from Kerosene to LPG use – A Family Case Study, Nigeria
This case study examines the "Improving Access of Women to LPG as a Substitute for Fuelwood in Nigeria" project. The project is designed to expand access to affordable LPG as a substitute for fuel wood. Fuel wood currently is the main fuel for households, schools and small businesses in many parts of Nigeria. The overarching goal is to improve the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the poor and vulnerable, particularly women and children whose health is usually negatively affected by indoor air pollution arising from cooking with fuel wood.
In an attempt to expand clean energy services to poor households, while simultaneously and indirectly addressing the environmental effects of energy production and use. The focus on LPG is to explore its comparative advantages compared to traditional biomass fuels, as well as the abundance of gas and petroleum resources in the country. To this end, Friends of the Environment (FOTE) with funding from the Global Environment FacilitySmall Grants Programme (GEF-SGP) in Nigeria, undertook a survey on LPG Perception and Sales in Lagos State in October 2010. The survey chose a sample frame of Lagos State and a sample size of 250 households from two communities, Badagry and Ojokoro (One Rural and One Urban) in administering the questionnaire in Lagos State.
The conclusions were that making LPG readily accessible to all socio-economic groups could be achieved by locating LPG depots strategically across the country to assure uninterrupted product availability and price stability. Affordability, however, would require the whole gamut of facilitating targeted measures such as lowering the costs for cylinders and equipment by tax and duty exemption, ready access to soft financing and other complementary measures without which the high front-end investments in becoming an LPG consumer will remain a barrier to access to many but especially for women and the poor. Low-cost consumer credit is not common in Nigeria and initiatives in this direction are recommended.
Seedfunding case study Penetrating LPG Use in Lagos State - Download

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Talking to Others
If your child has grown up living with HIV you have probably been the person in control over who knows this information. When children are told their own HIV diagnosis most are told not to tell anyone else. They may be told specific people in the family know and they can talk to them, or they may be able to access a peer support group where they meet other children or young people with HIV.
It is likely there will come a time when your child decides they want to tell a close friend or a partner that they have HIV. Although this may feel a little daunting, you will need to support your child through this. You may have told someone and so can share this experience. If you have decided to not tell anyone, that is your decision, but as your child gets older they may feel differently and they will still need your support.
Your child will need support in making that final decision to tell someone and working out what they will say. They will also need to be prepared for the possible different ways that person may act.
In this area we have a section on telling your child about HIV in the family and you and your child could look at this and use that to help plan this.
You could plan a time where you and your child have a conversation about HIV. For example you could plan something that you both enjoy, and have a general conversation about HIV, ask them how they are managing their medication, how are the clinic appointments going and is there anyone in their lives they are thinking they may want to tell? Do this once or twice a year, having the opportunity to check-in with your child.
From our conversations with young people we know a small number tell friends without telling their parent/carer. This is why it is important you bring this up with them, so they know you will support them in this, even if you feel you do not want to do this yourself.


text: A clear blue ocean, pristine white beaches and lush green forests – that's what many holidaymakers want on a vacation.But an intact ecosystem isn't a given in many tourist destinations. Due to climate change, extreme weather and natural disasters like tsunamis have become more frequent, causing major damage to many popular resorts. This week on Global Ideas, reporter Kerstin Schweizer shows us how tourism is now trying to become greener in a bid to preserve the environment. Seven years after a tsunami destroyed parts of the Pangandaran region on the Indonesian island of Java, there are now initiatives to promote sustainability there and restore the eco-system – a plus for Java's agriculture and tourism sectors. The global logistics industry, too, has a big impact on the environment. In our background article, reporter Franziska Badenschier takes a look at how the transport of goods around the world has affected the climate, and how climate change in turn has impacted logistics as well. Researchers are now looking for ways to make shipping cleaner and greener.


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In this essay we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store 2. Features of Departmental Stores 3. Essential Conditions 4. Organisation Structure 5. Advantages 6. Disadvantages.
Essay on Departmental Store
- Essay on the Meaning of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Features of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Advantages of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Disadvantages of Departmental Stores
Essay # 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store:
A departmental store is a large scale retail business institution having a number of departments, each specialising in one kind of merchandise and expected to show profit for the department while remaining as a component of the entire business unit. It is, in a technical sense, a horizontally integrated retail business house with all departments under one roof.
In it, each department is a speciality shop such as textile department, drugs department, books and stationery department, video cassette department, etc. A consumer can hope to get all that he needs in a big departmental store.
That is why, it is remarked that a big departmental, store is a place where different sections or departments deal in articles ranging from 'pin to plane'. Such departmental stores are usually located in the central places of big cities.
Essay # 2. Features of Departmental Stores:
The main features characteristics of a departmental store are:
1. It is mostly organised as a joint stock company. Its organisational head is the board of directors with a managing director or a general manager entrusted with the implementation and execution of the policies and programmes formulated by the board. The General Manager coordinates the activities of various departments as their overall chief.
2. It is generally divided into several major sections to facilitate smooth working of the stores.
The major sections in it are shown below in a chart:
3. As regards the day-to-day working, the departments enjoy independence and freedom but all are owned, managed and controlled centrally.
4. It concentrates in one place opportunities for the satisfaction of innumerable wants of the consumers.
5. Having been located in the central place or shopping centers of a city, a departmental store can attract people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside.
Essay # 3. Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores:
(1) The organisational structure of a departmental stores must be sound enough to facilitate coordination among the departments.
(2) The departmental managers must be given due freedom with respect to their day-to-day activities.
(3) The policies and programmes for the management and control must be uniform for all departments.
(4) The shopping for the consumers, particularly housewives, should be easy through a provision of a whole range of goods belonging to different lines in the same building.
(5) Certain services outside the scope of ordinary business such as car parking, cafeteria, telephone, recreational facilities, etc. should be provided to attract the customers.
Lastly, attractive show-windows, display of products, skilled salesmen, low operating costs, etc. are also the essential factors for the success of a departmental store.
Essay # 4. Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store:
Essay # 5. Advantages of Departmental Stores:
As a form of large-scale retail business institution, the departmental store possesses the following advantages:
1. Economy in Purchases:
As regards the purchasing function, a departmental store plays the role of a wholesaler. It buys goods in bulk direct from the manufacturers, enjoys discounts and rebates and credit facilities, and thereby incurs lower freight charges. This centralised buying lowers down the unit cost prices of the goods. Employment of expert buyers for the departments is possible with a view to achieving economy.
2. Effective Advertising:
Being large in size and having diversity in different lines of products and services, a departmental store can afford to advertise on a bigger scale through press and other media of publicity. It can also decorate its departments with attractive show-windows for display of goods with a view to attracting customers.
3. Increase in Sales Turnover:
Having been located in central positions and in popular shopping centers, people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside patronise the departmental store. Moreover, the consumers can buy their requirements of varied kinds under one roof. These factors lead to increase in the sales turnover.
4. Non-Business Services:
A modern departmental store does not confine itself merely to the business activities concerning the products being dealt in through the departments. Various non-business services like car-parking, cafeteria, telephone and telex, and recreational facilities provide additional advantages and benefits which are of definite attraction to the customers.
Essay # 6. Disadvantages of Departmental Stores:
Inspite of the above-stated advantages, a departmental store suffers from the following limitations or disadvantages:
1. Locational Unsuitability:
Due to expansion in the urban conglomeration, the limits of a city have widened. The centralised location of a departmental store becomes unsuitable to the vast majority of consumers who live at rather long distances from the central parts of the city.
According to J. Stephenson, a departmental store can obtain the shopping trade by being centrally located but the trade in articles of everyday use, which are frequently wanted at short notices, goes to their smaller rivals who are located near the houses of their customers.
2. High Operating Costs:
High rental for the premises because of central location in a city, excessive and exotic non-business services (e.g. cafeteria, telephone, etc.) provided, high salaries and wages to the officials and staff, -higher costs of decoration and maintenance, etc. increase the burden of selling expenses.
These have great impact on the fixation of product selling prices on account of these cost factors, and a departmental store finds it difficult to sell the products at reasonable prices. Thus the customers are mostly restricted to the well-to-do sections of the society.
3. Lack of Personal Element:
Like small retail shops, a departmental store cannot attend to the customers' needs and fancies as the customers are lost in the multitude that gathers in the store. The customers who are interested in personal attention by the salesmen do not prefer a departmental store and rather make their purchases from smaller retail stores.


Dry Soil May Cause Building Foundation Problems
North Dakota State University
Water the soil around your foundation if the soil is pulling away from the basement walls.
Drought not only affects crops and plants. It also may cause "sticking doors or windows. Cracks in walls or ceilings may be indications that the building is shifting due to soil shrinkage," says Ken Hellevang, North Dakota State University Extension Service agricultural engineer.
The gap between the soil and basement wall also allows water from rain to run down the wall and may result in basement water intrusion.
Because keeping the soil at a relatively constant moisture content is the goal, having a drainage system to remove excess moisture also is important. This includes making sure you have drainage pipe that's encased in granular material along the footing and a drainage plane along the exterior of the basement wall.
You generally can use the size of the cracks in the basement walls to determine if you need to hire a contractor to repair the foundation or basement.
Hellevang suggests you also look for changes in alignment by sighting along the length of the wall to see if it is straight. Alignment problems are more common with soil expansion, but they also can occur when the wall is not supported laterally due to the soil shrinking away from the basement. The amount of distortion in alignment can be used to determine the need for a contractor.
Cracks in the basement wall should be repaired to reduce the potential for water intrusion. You should wait to repair cracks in other walls and ceilings until the soil moisture returns to normal.
"Remember that if the crack occurred due to soil shrinkage, the soil will expand when it gets wet," Hellevang says.
Problems with doors and windows binding may correct themselves when the soil expands as it gets wet.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
In Euclidean space, There is a classic Theorem claims that: The length of every rectifiable curve can be approximated by sufficiently small straight line segment with ends on the curve.
Now, The question is that: Is there a similar thing happen on plane of constant curvature? I.e., Can the length of every rectifiable curve on the plane of constant curvature be approximated by sufficiently small geodesic line segment?
share|improve this question
Yes, this is normally how the length of the curve would be defined, if it is not assumed to be smooth. – yasmar Nov 11 '11 at 18:26
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Containment-Verification Testing For Pharmaceutical Equipment Performance
A Good Practice Guide from the International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineering provides a framework to assess how well pharmaceutical equipment contains hazardous APIs.
May 01, 2013
Volume 37, Issue 5
4X-image/E+/Getty Images
Understanding and evaluating the level of containment achieved by a containment system or equipment is crucial for the processing of APIs, particularly potent pharmaceutical compounds. Based on toxicological evaluations, APIs can be placed into hazard or control bands depending on their potency and toxicological effects. This is the first step in the identification of the hazard potential of the new chemical entity (NCE) or API and the associated exposure controls to ensure personal protection and minimize product cross-contamination. Each hazard/control band should be associated with safe handling guidelines that outline the appropriate facility, equipment, and administrative controls to ensure exposure is maintained below the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for the NCE/API. In general, a potent API is defined as one with an occupational exposure limit (OEL) at or below 10 µg/m3 and a highly potent API as having an OEL below 1 µg/m3 (1).
Good industrial-hygiene practice dictates that engineering controls are the primary means to control personal exposure. Containment equipment, such as isolators, contained transfer systems, and other contained chemical and pharmaceutical process equipment, are examples of engineering controls in use today. Containment systems and equipment with integrated containment systems are being designed and used by biopharmaceutical manufacturing facilities for all pharmaceutical operations (i.e., chemical production of bulk API to product formulation to packaging) and for all dosage forms, including solid, parenteral, and others, including inhalation and dermal, to control personal exposure and minimize cross contamination in a multi product facility.
The process of selecting containment equipment and systems should include:
 - Performing a process review of the process steps, unit operations, and tasks
 - Identifying the APIs, intermediates, and finished products to be handled and processed, including their associated OELs and/or hazard/control bands
 - Setting a containment performance target (CPT) for the process
 - Specifying and selecting the containment equipment based on the task list and the CPT
 - Verifying containment performance by performing a factory acceptance test (FAT) and site-acceptance test (SAT)
 - Evaluating containment performance and occupational exposure to workers during actual operations processing the NCE or API.
To provide consistent and repeatable data to evaluate the equipment and/or containment system prior to installation, upon installation, and during operation, it is crucial that testing be performed following a standard methodology. Because the potential exists for both airborne emissions and surface contamination, industrial-hygiene sampling methodologies for both air and surface sampling are used to evaluate the potential emissions that may be generated during normal processing and cleaning of containment systems and equipment (2,3).
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As an administrator, you can reset the account password to default for individual Learners, which is 1234 by default, for all Learner accounts on Lobster Ink. The four steps below explain this action in more detail.
Step 1: On the administrator portal, select Manage Learners.
Having trouble accessing the administrator portal? Contact us directly at _EMAIL_.
Step 2: Search for the Learner of which you want to reset the password in the search bar under the Learner column of the student list. Then click on Edit to enter the Learner's individual profile.
Step 3: Click on the drop-down menu next to Reset Student Password and select Yes. When you are done updating, click on the Save button at the right bottom of the page to reset the password to default. You will then need to inform the Learner that the password is set to 1234.


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TUESDAY, Sept. 6 (HealthDay News) -- Many first-year medical
students in the United States may have an unconscious preference
for white and upper social class people, but these biases don't
appear to affect patient care, according to the results of a survey
at one medical school.
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine researchers analyzed the
responses of 202 first-year medical students who took part in a
Web-based survey that included the Implicit Association Test (IAT),
used to assess unconscious (or "implicit") preferences.
The survey also included direct questions about the students'
race and class preference, and eight hypothetical patient
assessments, focusing on pain evaluation, informed consent, patient
reliability and patient trust.
The IAT results showed that 34 students (17 percent) had no
implicit race preference, 140 (69 percent) had a white preference,
and 28 (14 percent) had a black preference.
The test also showed that 174 students (86 percent) had an
implicit upper-class preference, 22 (11 percent) had no preference,
and six (3 percent) had a lower-class preference.
However, there was no link between implicit race or social
preferences and the students' performance on the patient
assessments, according to the study published in the Sept. 7
medical education theme issue of the
Journal of the American Medical Association.
Race and socioeconomic status are associated with health care
disparities among patients in the United States, Dr. Adil Haider
and colleagues noted in a journal news release. They said that
medical school could offer a good opportunity to decrease implicit
biases and possibly reduce doctor-related health care disparities,
although discussions with students suggest that may not be
"It has been recommended that medical education curricula focus on integrating cross-cultural education to reduce disparities; however, students have noted the existence of a 'hidden curriculum' in which what is taught about bias in the classroom differs starkly from in-hospital training experiences," Haider's team concluded.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more


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At root, much of the debate hinges on different strategic judgments about the relative costs of (a) allowing Iran to develop a nuclear bomb versus (b) using force to prevent such an outcome. In other words, the debate revolves around whether the benefits of anticipatory military action outweigh its costs.
Political scientists have distinguished between two types of anticipatory action which are often confused: preemption and preventive war. Preemption refers to action taken in anticipation of an imminent, certain threat to your country's interests. A good example is the 1967 Six Day War, in which Israel saw Egypt and Syria preparing to attack and struck first, achieving a dramatic victory. Preemption is commonly viewed as equivalent to self-defense and is typically seen as legitimate under international law and Just War Theory: if you are about to be attacked, you are under no obligation to sit there and "take the first punch," when striking first can reduce your losses.
In contrast to preemption, preventive war occurs when action is taken in anticipation not of any certain imminent threat, but of some likely future threat. Historically, declining hegemonic states have contemplated preventive war against rising challengers so that the war would happen on their terms, while they still had military superiority. Because preventive war targets some future, uncertain threat it is much more controversial, ethically and legally, than preemptive strikes. The post-9/11 "Bush Doctrine," as articulated in the 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States and manifested in the 2003 Iraq War, actually focused on preventive war although it was commonly referred to as "preemption." Given the absence of any imminent nuclear threat from Iran (as all sides acknowledge), the current debate over striking Iran centers on preventive war as well.
What do you think? What would be the consequences of allowing Iran to acquire nuclear weapons? What would be the repercussions of a preventive strike against Iran? Do the costs of preventive war outweigh the benefits in this case? And can a first strike against a country that has not attacked the U.S. directly be justified in moral and legal terms?


vertices is the Cartesian product $V = V_1 \times V_2$, any two of the vertices $(u_1,u_2)$ and $(v_1,v_2)$ being adjacent if and only if either $u_1=v_1$ and $u_2$ is adjacent to $v_2$, or $u_2=v_2$ and $u_1$ is adjacent to $v_1$. For example, any graph is the union of its connected components; a graph known as the $n$-dimensional unit cube $Q_n$ can be recursively defined by the product operation
$$Q_n = K_2 \times Q_{n-2}$$
where $Q_1=K_2$ is the graph consisting of a pair of vertices connected by one edge. These operations can also be defined for intersecting graphs, in particular for subgraphs of a given graph. The addition modulo $2$ of two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ is defined as the graph $G$ with set of vertices $V = V_1 \cup V_2$ and set of edges $E = (E_1 \cup E_2) \setminus (E_1 \cap E_2)$. Other many-place operations on graphs are also employed.
For certain classes of graphs it is possible to find simple operations, a repeated application of which makes it possible to pass from any graph in the given class to any other graph in the same class. With the aid of the operation shown in Fig. A it is possible to pass from any graph to any other graph within the class of graphs with the same set of degrees.
Figure A edge swap
Figure A
The operation shown in Fig. B makes it possible to pass from any triangulation to any other triangulation within the class of planar triangulations (cf. Graph, planar).
Figure B triangulation
Figure B
The description and study of certain classes of graphs also involves operations and sets of graphs making it possible to obtain any graph of a given class. Operations on graphs are also employed to construct graphs with given properties, to calculate numerical characteristics of graphs, etc. (cf. Graph, numerical characteristics of a).
The concept of a "graph" is employed in defining mathematical ideas such as a control system, in certain definitions of an algorithm, of a grammar, etc. The exposition of a number of mathematical theories becomes more easily understood if geometric representations of graphs are employed, e.g. the theory of Markov chains. The concept of a "graph" is widely employed in the formulation and description of various mathematical models in economics, biology, etc.
[1] C. Berge, "The theory of graphs and their applications", Wiley (1962) (Translated from French)
[2] O. Ore, "Theory of graphs", Amer. Math. Soc. (1962)
[3] A.A. Zykov, "The theory of finite graphs", 1, Novosibirsk (1969) (In Russian)
There is as yet no universally accepted terminology in graph theory. In the English literature there are basically three schools of terminology: the French school typified by Berge's books [1] and [a1], the Canadian school typified by the books [a2] and [a3] and the American (especially Michigan) school typified by the books [4] and [a4]. Some of the terminology used in the present article differ from all these.
[a1] C. Berge, "Graphs and hypergraphs", North-Holland (1973) (Translated from French)
[a2] J.A. Bondy, U.S.R. Murthy, "Graph theory with applications", Macmillan (1976)
[a3] W.T. Tutte, "Graph theory", Addison-Wesley (1984)
[a4] M. Behzad, G. Chartrand, L.L. Foster, "Graphs and digraphs", Prindle, Weber & Schmidt (1979)
[a5] R.J. Wilson, "Introduction to graph theory", Longman (1985)
How to Cite This Entry:
Graph. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL:
This article was adapted from an original article by V.P. Kozyrev (originator), which appeared in Encyclopedia of Mathematics - ISBN _PHONE_. See original article


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|Protein-Energy Interactions (International Dietary Energy Consultative Group - IDECG, 1991, 437 pages)|
|Amino acid oxidation and food intake|
The manner in which nitrogen balances vary as a function of protein-N intake in adults is illustrated in the upper panel of Figure 1. Three typical conditions are represented: (A) When common foods are consumed, so that dietary protein is accompanied by carbohydrates and fats to the tune of about 150 kcal/g protein-N (i.e., 17% of dietary energy as protein). When no food is consumed, urinary nitrogen excretion is shown here to be about 10 g/d; this amount varies somewhat, depending in particular on the length of the fasting period. (B) When foods high in carbohydrate, but containing essentially no protein, are consumed in amounts sufficient to cover daily energy needs (i.e., - 1500 kcal/d), nitrogen losses are reduced to some 5 g N/d. This corresponds to the minimal or 'obligatory N loss'. Consumption of increasing amounts of protein in addition to the protein-free foods causes the nitrogen balance to become less negative. With an intake of about 12 g of nitrogen/d, the situation is similar to that where usual foods are consumed in amounts covering daily needs, N balance being achieved with intakes of about 12 g of protein-N/d and about 1800 kcal/d. (C) When only protein is consumed, nitrogen balances are less negative than during total food deprivation, but ingestion of 12 g of protein-N per day is not sufficient to achieve N balance. Nitrogen balance can be approached even while the energy balance remains markedly negative, but substantially higher protein intakes are required. This situation is commonly encountered during a 'protein-sparing modified fast', where, after one week of adaptation, a dose of 1.5 g protein/kg body weight/d is generally sufficient to maintain N balance (LINDNER and BLACKBURN, 1976). In subjects affected by trauma or disease, the three curves are all shifted downward, as these conditions bring about increased protein breakdown to amino acids as well as a more rapid amino acid oxidation (KINNEY and ELWYN, 1983). In protein-depleted individuals, on the other hand, N balances are generally less negative and they become more markedly positive during reconvalescence than in well-fed subjects, so that the three curves shown in the upper panel of Figure 1 are shifted upward in such conditions (WATERLOW, 1987). However, even then, N balances do not rise much above a few grams of protein-N retained per day, regardless of the fact that protein and other nutrients may be consumed (or infused parenterally) in amounts greatly exceeding protein and energy requirements (KINNEY and ELWYN, 1983).
Upper panel: Nitrogen balances in adults as a
function of protein nitrogen intake: (A) when consuming mixed foods (-),
(B) 1500 kcal/d of non-protein energy plus variable amounts of protein (-), or
(C) only protein (---).
Lower panel: Nitrogen excretion rates as a
function of protein-N intakes, as implied by the nitrogen balances shown in the
upper panel. (Nitrogen balance is shown by.....)
Restatement of these quite familiar N-balance patterns allows us to examine what they imply about rates of amino acid degradation (lower panel of Figure 1), of which one is generally less well aware. The thin dotted line shows the conditions for which N excretion matches N intake, i.e. when N balance is equal to zero. It can be seen that on high protein and energy intakes, nitrogen excretion increases in direct proportion to further increments in protein intake. On the other hand, amino acid oxidation rates vary substantially when food intake is restricted, as they are then markedly influenced by the availability of other fuels, i.e., glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and ketone bodies (FLATT and BLACKBURN, 1976). This reflects the fact that maintenance of ATP levels takes priority in all cells, so that any available substrates will be used to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate. Consuming carbohydrate to maintain glucose availability reduces the need to obtain energy by amino acid oxidation. Ingestion of some 100 g of carbohydrate per day reduces N excretion by about half, a phenomenon well known as the 'protein-sparing effect of dietary carbohydrate' (GAMBLE, 1946). Unfortunately, influx of exogenous carbohydrates is much less effective in curtailing N losses in the face of disease, even in high doses (KINNEY and ELWYN, 1983). During prolonged starvation, mobilization of endogenous fat reserves can yield enough substrates to meet almost all of the body's energy needs, thanks to the production of ketone bodies by the liver which can be used by the brain instead of glucose (CAHILL, 1970). However, about two weeks of starvation elapse before circulating ketone body levels rise enough for the combined availability of FFA, ß-hydroxy-butyrate and acetoacetate to allow maximal curtailment of amino acid oxidation. Having learned to recognize the importance of energy metabolism on the nitrogen balance, much attention has been focused on the interactions between metabolic fuels, hormone levels and the protein economy (CAHILL, 1971; FLATT and BLACKBURN, 1974). However, the concepts which have evolved and which shape much of our thinking in this area are based primarily on observations made under conditions of protein and/or energy deprivation. They are of little help in explaining the control of amino acid oxidation under conditions of plenty.


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What Is Appurtenance?
Appurtenance is a legal term denoting the attachment of a right or property to a more worthy principal. Appurtenance occurs when the attachment becomes part of the property such as a furnace or air conditioning unit. Appurtenance can also be an object or privilege associated with status, title, or affluence.
- An appurtenance is a term used to describe an improvement to what is usually a physical property, which then becomes the legal property of what it was improved upon.
- Appurtenance can have many different meanings and applications such as in real estate, natural resources, and even items owned by the wealthy like estates or luxury cars.
- It is important to ascertain the context of which property is being referred to when discussing appurtenances.
Appurtenance is usually applicable to property rights or items that are permanent and are passed along with the sale of the property. An appurtenance is a real property, which has been defined as being immovable or fixed to the land. In this case, appurtenances relate to the land.
When considering legal transactions, appurtenances grant the ownership of certain items to a person who owns the property. For example, once a tenant installs a new water tank into the apartment, they usually can not remove the appurtenance because it would then be considered part of the property.
More examples of appurtenances include in-ground swimming pools, a fence, or a shed that are all fixed to the land. The term can also be used to describe the acreage behind a home. This plot of land, or the backyard, is generally viewed as being part of the property—an appurtenance of the house. Appurtenances also include rights to natural resources found in the land, such as minerals or oil, as well as improvements to the property and easements.
In a Supreme Court of Minnesota ruling, the court defined appurtenance as "That which belongs to something else. Something annexed to another thing more worthy" in the 1919 case of Cohen v. Whitcomb. The case revolved around a debate about ownership of a hot water heater installed at the property by the tenant. The lease stated that any repairs or improvements made by the tenant became part of the property, and therefore, was the landlord's property.
Special Consideration: Alternate Meanings
The idea of appurtenances also appears in the field of psychology. The Gestalt theory likens appurtenances to a sense of belonging or the relationship between two factors that directly influence each other such as fields of color. The two fields of color may, in fact, be different. But the way they interact with one another may appear to the viewer that they should belong together as one.
Appurtenances are also commonly used to describe people who belong to a specific country or region of the world. So the term is synonymous with belongingness. For example, someone from India may describe himself as a desi person, or someone of the land. Similarly, an Israeli is someone who is from Israel, while the word American is used to describe someone from the United States.
People may make references to the appurtenances of wealth or celebrity. These often include sports cars, mansions, and designer clothing. In this case, the items would be considered an appurtenance since they are part of that celebrity's "estate," or image.


Adjusting to Darkness: How Our Eyes See at Night
How Human Eyes Adapt to Light and Color
January 10, 2020
Vision Rods and Cones
It's escaped no one's attention that this year's name is also the term for sharp vision—2020. So let's check out your vision in the sky! Plus, here are some fun facts about how long it takes for our eyes to adjust to darkness and whether your night vision is affected by your eye color.
The human eye is amazing and uses different modes to see during the daytime and to see at night, and can also
Living in Full Color: Photopic Vision
People who move from a city into a rural area are often spooked by the darkness. City streetlights provide enough brightness to let our retina's cone-shaped cells operate. This yields "photopic vision" which lets people see sharply, and in color.
Seeing in the Dark: Scotopic Vision
But at night in the country, we only get to use our rod-shaped cells, which bestows scotopic vision. Scotopic kicks in when things are dim, but its not a great way to perceive the world.
 - First off, rods are colorblind. Next, there's not a single rod lurking in the middle one degree of vision; So in low light situations we suffer a one degree blind spot straight ahead, twice the size of the moon. (There's also a second, better known blind spot present in bright light. But this one's off to the side, and we don't usually notice it: If an object is hidden at the blind spot of one eye it will be seen by the other.)
 - Another quirk of rods is that they're very slow-acting, which is why night sensitivity takes at least 5 minutes. When you first switch off your bedroom lights, you probably see nothing at all. After a few minutes, things in the room become obvious.
 - On top of all these failings, scotopic vision only delivers 20/200, ten times less sharp than photopic vision. You've always sensed the truth of this. Sharp details (like the creases in that shirt you tossed onto the chair), which are so obvious when the lights are on, now become a blur in the dim light. We're so accustomed to it, we probably associate dimness with vagueness. But it's those darn rods again.
This is why beginners who buy telescopes are sometimes appalled at how few details appear on galaxies and nebulae, on top of them being colorless. This is why astrophotography is so important: it brings out stuff the human eye would simply never see, even through the largest telescopes.
Combining Both: Mesopic Vision
Photopic vision and scotopic vision combine in low but not quite dark lighting situations. A full Moon gives just enough light to slightly get the cones going, while rods are still operating. This is called mesopic vision—both. Here, the cones operate only at their place of peak sensitivity, which happens to be blue-green. That's why the natural world in the country will appear that color under this month's full moon.
Suddenly, the night makes sense.
A Few More Fun Facts about Night Vision
 - Can humans see in total darkness? Ever been in a cave when the lights are turned off? Now that's dark! You can't see anything—even your own finger in front of your face. Humans can see in the "dark" only if there is some starlight or, better, moonlight.
 - Does eye color affect night sky vision? According to some studies, there is a slight difference in vision capabilities based on eye color. Light-eyed people (with blue or green eyes) have slightly better night vision because they have less pigment in the iris, which which leaves the iris more translucent and lets more light into the eye. However, dark-eyed people tend to see better in bright sunlight and are less susceptible to glare, because darker irises act like a stronger filter for light.
 - How long does it take to adjust to darkness? It takes some time (20 to 45 minutes) for your eyes to adapt to the night sky or light-light conditions. Best conditions are on a night with no clouds and a full moon (try it!). When dark adapted, you can see only in black and white (no color). If light hits your face, the dyes in your eyes "bleach" and then have recover their dark-adapted vision. That's why astronomers get annoyed when someone carelessly shines a white light in their eyes.
Avoid using a bright flashlight at a star party. Some amateur astronomers use red LED lights to view things without ruining their night vision. Of course, this means your eyes have already adpted to the darkness.
Some star gazers will put on a pair of sunglasses at least 20 to 30 minutes before venturing in the dark to adjust quickly. (Being able to say, "I wear my sunglasses at night" is a bonus.)
Or, you could simply be patient. You'll be amazed to watch the skies darken naturally while the stars come out to shine.
About This Blog


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Animating drag-and-drop sequences (XAML)
Use drag-and-drop animations when users move objects with their fingers, or with an input device such as a mouse or stylus. Common drag-and-drop actions include moving a single item within a list and dropping one item on top of another.
Note Use the drag-and-drop animations only when the user is moving the object. To move the object otherwise, use the reposition animations.
This set of animations consists of the following APIs:
Default drag-support is available in ListView and GridView for XAML. The drag-drop animations are built-in for the items support if you use these in your UI and you don't need to do anything to get these animations. But these animations will be useful if you extend drag-drop functionality into other controls, particularly your own custom controls.
Every drag-and-drop animation sequence begins with a drag start (DragItemThemeAnimation), which is shown when the user begins to drag an object.
This animation modifies the appearance of both the drag source (the object being dragged) and one or more affected objects. An affected object is an object that might change position in response to the drag-and-drop sequence. For example, when you reorder a list, all items in the list other than the drag source are affected objects because their position in the list could change as a result. Affected items are animated to show the user how those items would change position in response to the current action. Note that not all drag sources have affected objects.
The following images show the relation of the drag source to the affected objects in the drag start animation. The first image shows the drag object and its neighbors before the user begins to drag the object.
When the user selects the object and begins to drag it, the dragged object becomes larger and the affected objects become smaller.
The next image shows the case where neighboring objects are not affected.
Every drag-and-drop animation sequence ends with the drag end animation (DropTargetItemThemeAnimation), which is shown when the user drops a dragged object. The drag end animation is never used unless the drag start animation was used first.
The drag end animation places the drag source (the object being dragged) into its final position. At the same time, it removes the visual changes to the drag source and affected items that were applied by the drag start animation. The affected objects in a call to DropTargetItemThemeAnimation are always the same objects used in the call to DragItemThemeAnimation.
The following images show the relation of the drag source to its affected objects in the drag end animation. The first image shows an object before the user drops it into a set of affected objects. The drag source is shown larger than its normal size, and offset from the list. The affected objects are shown smaller than their normal size.
This image shows the case where the dropped object does not affect other objects. The drag source is again larger and offset from the others, but the other objects are shown at their normal size.
Once the user drops the drag source, all objects return to their normal size, repositioned if necessary.
Use the drag between enter animation (DragOverThemeAnimation) when the user drags an object (the drag source) between two other objects that it can be dropped between. This animation shows the user the affected objects that will move apart to make room for the drag source, if the user chooses to drop the drag source in that position.
The following images show the movement of the affected objects in response to the drag source. The first image shows the affected objects before the drag source triggers the drag between enter animation.
In the next image, the drag between enter animation has caused the two objects on either side of the drag source to move apart.
- ListViewItem and GridViewItem: These templates define visual states for drag and multidrag. Drag start states include a DragItemThemeAnimation applied to two parts. Drop target states include a DropTargetItemThemeAnimation. DragOverThemeAnimation is used in reorder hinting visual states, there is one for each direction (bottom, top, left, right) that an item could be dragged in from.
There's base element input event support for drag-drop, and you will need to handle these events in order to define a drag-drop behavior in a custom control. For more info, see UIElement.Drop.
Download XAML ListView and GridView essentials sample and XAML ListView and GridView customizing interactivity sample; run the samples to try the ListView and GridView animations yourself.
See Guidelines and checklist for drag-and-drop animations for design best practices in the use of these animations.
- Animating your UI
- Quickstart: Animating your UI using library animations
- UIElement.Drop event


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By the 1950s, Pristina's main river, Vellusha, started serving as the city's sewer. City planners failed to put in place a proper waste water system and decided to simply cover the river up. The threat of recurring floods and the smell of excrement persuaded the municipal assembly to eventually cover the second river, Pristina, as well. Although Pristina received its first public water system in 1946, the necessary filters to treat the water were never put in place. Even today, the town's sewage water still flows unfiltered into the river Sitnica south of Pristina.
For rock musician Migjen Kelmendi Pristina's covered river was a symbol of a hidden identity. His rock band, Traces, made a song about the City without River. More recently he wrote a book about this theme. The rivers hidden from view disclose the arrogance of communist planning but also remind us that looks can be deceiving. Pristina is a place of secrets, a city more interesting than it might appear at first sight.
To a citizen of Pristina, as much as to a casual visitor, this is indeed a city of secrets. It is hard to find out anything about either the recent past or the present of the city. There are few historical monuments, and those that exist are often hidden from view. There are no signs on any of the buildings and no clues explaining their historical importance. Archives are lost, stolen, burned or difficult to access. On the official website of the municipality, leaving aside the distant Illyrian past, Pristina has no real history. There is hardly a word on the Ottoman period. Nor are there any books on Pristina to be found in any of its bookshops. The rich and colourful past of one of the oldest urban centres of the region, and one of the youngest capitals of Europe, remains as submerged as its rivers.
Historical buildings (opens in new window)


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either side of the shaft, overlapping the circular structure and coming down to
ground level. These housed the original doors. On the east side, but separate
from the main structure there is a second brick ventilation shaft at ground level
with a door and a metal beam to take a pulley for loading large or heavy items
into the tunnels. All the brick is unpainted. This entrance appears not to be
used at present.
Location: At the end of a drive running north alongside Marks and Spencer
car park from Underhill Street, NW1.
Description: The surface 'pillbox' is faced with brick and is almost
circular but has one flat side. It has a square brick ventilation intake shaft
on the roof with two lower brick extensions, at right angles to each other. These
overlap the circular structure coming down to ground level. They originally housed
the doors. There is a brick extension on the east side which now forms the main
entrance. There is a modern sign on the wall that says 'Loading bay'. There is
an open shaft a few yards to the north surrounded by corrugated iron and a metal
beam for taking a pulley to lower large or heavy items into the tunnels. There
is a door with a sign saying 'Danger deep shaft'. All the brickwork is unpainted.
The building is called The Eisenhower Centre.
Location: In Chenies Street, WC1 at the junction of North Crescent.
Description: The building consists of two concrete blocks one circular
'pillbox' and the smaller one octagonal. They are joined by a long thin rectangular
brick building. There is a brick ventilation shaft attached to the rear of this
brick building. It has a door and a beam for carrying a pulley for loading large
or heavy objects into the tunnels. The main entrance is at the front opposite
Alfred Place. There is a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof of the circular
'pillbox' with a small brick extension on the east side of the octagonal building.
The whole structure is painted cream and red.
Location: In Tottenham Court Road, W1 next to Whitfield Memorial Church
and opposite Torrington Place.
Description: The main structure is circular 'pillbox' built of concrete.
There is a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and two lower brick
extensions either side of the shaft coming down to ground level. These were for
the original doors. On the entrance fronting onto Tottenham Court Road there are
the remains of a painted sign which reads' ----D Property ----trance strictly
----ohibited ----out authority'. The sign has been cut in half by the addition
of a later door and may date from WW2 or 50's use. There is a rectangular brick
building behind with a low ventilation shaft on the roof. The roof of this building
has modern railings round it and is used as a play area by the Fitzrovia Children's
Centre in Whitfield Street who also use the building. The west entrance appears
to be unused other than an emergency access to the Eisenhower Centre.
Converted into a trunk telephone exchange in the 1950's and recently sold.
Location: The main entrance was an unobtrusive office entrance on the
north side of High Holborn WC1 just west of Grays Inn Road. The building is currently
being refurbished and the entrance is boarded up. For a picture see page 310 of
War Plan UK.
Location: At the junction of Furnival St. EC 4 and Tooks Court.
Description: An 80 foot long rectangular brick building with two 25
foot ventilation towers, one at each end of the building. There is a drive in
entrance to a walled compound in Furnival Street giving access to the goods lift
and a pedestrian entrance into the building in Tooks Court for the passenger lift.
Location: On an island at the junction of Lambeth Road and Clapham Road,
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox' and a low circular brick
structure on the roof. There are entrances on opposite sides. The 'pillbox' is
painted with a mural, mainly depicting scenes from WW 1. It was painted in 1998
from designs by pupils of Stockwell Park School. This entrance appears to be unused
except for emergency access.
Location: Behind lock-up garages in Studley Road, SW 4.
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox'with small brick extensions
on opposite sides housing the original doors. There is no ventilation shaft on
the roof. The 'pillbox' is painted white. There is an open shaft to one side with
a metal framework around it covered in metal sheeting with a grille on one side.
The tunnels are currently vacant and are available to let. They are advertised
as having 60,000 sq. feet of underground storage accommodation.
Location: On the west side of Clapham Road SW4, opposite 383 Clapham
Road and beside Russell Pickering House (council flats)
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox' painted grey with small brick
extensions on opposite sides for the original entrance doors. There is no ventilation
shaft on the roof. There is also a narrow rectangular brick extension fronting
onto Clapham Road. On the raised platform behind the 'pillbox' is a square brick
ventilation shaft with double doors and a beam for winching. heavy or large items
into the tunnels. Alongside there are a set of modern double doors flush with
Location: In a yard behind Clapham North Station between Bedford Road
and Clapham High Street, SW 4.
Description: It was not possible to gain access to the yard but through
a hole in the fence a square brick ventilation shaft could be seen. There didn't
appear to be room for a circular 'pillbox', there was however a rectangular brick
building with a small vent on the top but this may have been connected with the
Location: Behind hoardings on Clapham High Street SW 4 at its junction
with Carpenters Place.
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox' with a square brick intake
ventilation shaft on the roof. There are brick extensions on either side for the
original entrance doors and a new rectangular brick extension with loading bay
at the rear. There is a separate square brick ventilation shaft in the compound
behind the 'pillbox.'.
Location: Behind hoardings at the junction of Clapham High Street and
Clapham Park Road, SW 4.
Description: A roughly figure of 8 shaped concrete 'pillbox' with a
square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and a 2nd brick ventilation
shaft and entrance adjoined to the rear. Beside this is a small brick extension
with a door. This entrance appears not to be uses other than for emergency access.
Location: On Clapham Common at the junction of Clapham Common South
Side, Nightingale Lane and The Avenue SW 4.
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox' with a semi-circular brick
extension fronting onto the road. There is no ventilation shaft on the roof. There
is a square brick ventilation shaft standing a few yards behind the 'pillbox'.
This entrance appears to be unused other than for emergency access.
Location: On the west side of Balham Hill opposite Gaskarth Road, SW
Description: A circular concrete 'pillbox' with small brick extensions
on opposite sides that housed the original entrance doors. There is a square brick
intake ventilation shaft on the roof. In the compound a few yards to the west
is a second brick ventilation shaft with double doors. When inspected in 1995
the tunnels were owned by Security Archives but it was impossible to get into
the compound this time but the 'Security Archives' name on the side of the 'pillbox'
In the past it has been possible to visit the Chancery Lane shelter ('Kingsway')
with Sub Brit making two visits and GLIAS (Greater London Industrial Archaeology
Society) making one visit. These tunnels have now been sold and it is unclear
if it is still possible to arrange further visits. Sub Brit has also organised
visits to Belsize Park and
Nick Catford 26.12.1999.
Last updated 14th April 2003
© _PHONE_ Subterranea Britannica


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The dl module defines an interface to the dlopen() function, which is the most common interface on Unix platforms for handling dynamically linked libraries. It allows the program to call arbitrary functions in such a library.
Note: This module will not work unless
sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) == sizeof(char *)
The dl module defines the following function:
Return value is a dlobject.
The dl module defines the following constants:
The dl module defines the following exception:
>>> import dl, time >>> a=dl.open('/lib/libc.so.6') >>> a.call('time'), time.time() (929723914, 929723914.498)
This example was tried on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and is a good example of the fact that using this module is usually a bad alternative.


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Climate change will boost global lake evaporation—with 'extreme' consequences
Global lake evaporation will increase 16 percent by the end of the century as a consequence of climate change, a new Yale study finds. But the specific mechanisms that will drive that phenomenon are not quite what scientists expected.
While it is commonly believed that lake evaporation is controlled primarily by incoming solar radiation, the researchers used modeling tools to show that other factors—from shorter ice periods to a "reallocation" of heat energy at lake surfaces—are accelerating the loss of lake water into the atmosphere.
In practical terms this accelerated rate of evaporation over the coming decades will, among other outcomes, trigger stronger precipitation events, researchers say.
According to these findings, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, understanding these complex dynamics will be critical if scientists are to accurately predict the future hydrological response to climate change.
"Typically we focus on the 'top-down' ways that the upper part of the atmosphere triggers feedbacks that enhance warming," said Xuhui Lee, a professor of meteorology at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and senior author of the paper. "But if we want to make accurate predictions of the hydrological changes we'll need to understand what's happening at the bottom of the atmosphere, including what's happening at the surface of lakes. Because those changes are driving the hydrological response to climate change."
According to Lee, the same mechanism applies to ocean evaporation, the main source of water for supporting global evaporation.
The lead author of the paper is Wei Wang of the Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, which is jointly funded by Yale University and Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.
About 85 percent of the world's 250,000 lakes are located in midto high latitudes, where water remains frozen for part of the year. But as global temperatures rise many of these lakes will freeze later in the winter and thaw earlier in the spring. This shortened ice period causes a higher absorption rate of solar heat since the open water, which is darker than ice, has a lower albedo. (Light colors reflect more sunlight back into space than dark colors.)
Warming temperatures will also introduce an increase in energy needed to support the process of evaporation—essentially changing how energy is allocated. The adjustment of lake surface temperature to these changes in energy allocation reflects a feedback effect that can further enhance evaporation.
At low altitudes lakes will warm more slowly than the air as climate warms, leading to lower degree of radiation loss that, in turn, allows more energy available for evaporation. On the other hand, at high altitudes lakes will warm faster than air, which result in higher surface radiation loss.
Using a lake simulator model to evaluate lake-atmosphere interactions for all major lakes in the world, from 2005 to 2100, the researchers found that about half of the changes in evaporation were attributable to changes in surface energy allocations and shortened ice periods.
Another critical factor at regional levels is changes in snowmelt. In cold and polar regions, for instance, reduced snowmelt is the second largest contributor to lake evaporation increases.
These hydrological responses to climate change will have profound impacts in regions with many lakes, creating stronger precipitation events as more water evaporates into the atmosphere (what goes up, after all, must come down).
For drier regions these shifts could also present challenges in freshwater resource management, Lee said. To make long-term management decisions, for instance, one must understand how much water will stay in a lake; if that predictability is diminished it can make it more difficult to plan for drinking water and agricultural demands.
"In dry climates, the increased rate of evaporation may be even higher," he said. "So in some local regions the question of how you conserve water could become an increasingly important question."


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Torresol Energy's objectives are the development and operation of efficient thermosolar plants that contribute actively to the evolution of the electricity generation system towards a renewable and sustainable model.
Torresol Energy is fully aware of its commitment with employees and all others who interact with the company on a daily basis. This commitment has led us to identify excellence in Safety and Health as a priority and highly strategic objective in all our activities, from early planning through to the operating phase.
Integrated Safety is the basic tool that we use for drafting our Occupational Risk Prevention Policy. Our objective is the ongoing improvement of working conditions and levels of protection for everyone that collaborates in the development of Torresol Energy. We are firmly convinced that accidents and occupational diseases may be prevented, a goal toward which we are working steadfastly.
Our commitment is based on the following Basic Principles of Action:
- To promote the participation of everyone that collaborates in the daily development of Torresol Energy
- To promote a culture of risk prevention through information, training and permanent skill-building, to make it clear how our work affects our health and the health of those around us
- To keep risk-prevention plans updated and operational in all our facilities
- To analyze risk situations and accidents that take place, never accepting them as conditions inherent to the job; this analysis should always lead to specific actions geared towards reducing the risks of accidents
- To extend the scope of this management model to all our collaborating investigators towards a common commitment of improving safety and activating effective communication and coordination channels
- Guarantee fulfillment of the applicable legislation in matters of prevention, as well as our in-company requirements, being extremely rigorous in the monitoring of this management model
- To promote the development of new technologies, processes and working methods that entail less exposure to risks for people
- Establish and maintain close collaboration with the different public administrations in order to become a reference in the sector.


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Unlabelled singleand double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively) has been detected at concentrations =10-9?M by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Under appropriate conditions the sequences spontaneously adsorbed to the surface of both Ag and Au colloids through their nucleobases; this allowed highly reproducible spectra with good signal-to-noise ratios to be recorded on completely unmodified samples. This eliminated the need to promote absorption by introducing external linkers, such as thiols. The spectra of model ssDNA sequences contained bands of all the bases present and showed systematic changes when the overall base composition was altered. Initial tests also showed that small but reproducible changes could be detected between oligonucleotides with the same bases arranged in a different order. The spectra of five ssDNA sequences that correspond to different strains of the Escherichia coli bacterium were found to be sufficiently composition-dependent so that they could be differentiated without the need for any advanced multivariate data analysis techniques.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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only act the same if it started at the same number of seconds. Even better, you could take the number of seconds since some fixed time in the past, so you'd get an even bigger difference in seeds. (Entirely by coincidence, computers often use the number of seconds since January 1, 1970.)
- You might try to get a good seed from details of the way the user uses your program. For example, you can look at the exact place the user first clicks the mouse, or exactly how much time passes between pressing keys. They will most likely not be exact, and click a few pixels off or type ever so slightly slower, even if they are trying to do exactly the same thing. So, again, you get a program that acts differently each time. This is called using entropy.
Most of the time, using the computer's built-in clock is okay. But suppose you're making up a code word. It would be very bad if someone could guess your code word just by knowing when you picked it! (They would also need to know how your computer or programming language picks random numbers, but that's not normally kept secret; they can probably find that out pretty easily.) Computer security and privacy often depends on picking unpredictable random numbers — ones that people snooping on you won't be able to guess. In that case, it's important that you use some kind of entropy, and not just the clock. In fact, when security is at stake, you can use entropy to modify the state as well, to make sure things don't get too predictable. Most operating systems have special ways of getting "secure" random numbers that handle this for you.
Another example of entropy:
If you play the game Dragon Warrior for the Nintendo, but use an emulator instead of a real Nintendo, then you can save a snapshot of your game before you fight a monster, memorize what the monsters are going to do, and figure out exactly the right way to respond. When you load the game from the snapshot and try again, as long as you do the same things, the monster will respond in exactly the same way! That's because the snapshot saves the state of the random number generator, so when you go back and load from the snapshot, the computer picks the same random numbers. So if a fight against a monster is going well but you make a disastrous move at the end, you can load your snapshot and repeat the exact same fight up to that point.
The same trick doesn't work in Dragon Warrior 2 (or later ones), though! Why not? Because the company that makes the game started using entropy in their sequel. So now little things like exactly how long you wait between pressing buttons will change the game. Since you can't possibly time everything exactly the same down to hundredths or thousandths of a second, the task is hopeless, and you have to just take your chances and trust to luck.
So as you can see, random numbers can become a very tricky topic. But ultimately it's all just a complicated formula, a seed, and a state.


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Magic, spirits & herbs
Before the Egyptian and Sumerian civilisations, there were no written records, so what we know about diseases and their treatment during prehistoric times has been gleaned either from archaeological evidence, or from interviews with aboriginals whose lifestyles have not changed for thousands of years.
The land was sparsely populated by nomadic hunter-gatherers occupying seasonal camps in caves or rock shelters where food was plentiful. The average lifespan was 25 to 40 years. It was generally believed that all natural things were controlled by spirits, and that illness was the result of evil spirits, sent either as punishment from the gods or as magic from an enemy.
The "cure" was to drive out the evil spirits; this involved witch doctors or healers (shamans) using ceremonial magic.
Archaeological evidence
Study of human remains suggests that the common diseases in prehistoric times were:
 - osteoarthritis (from heavy lifting and carrying)
 - microfractures of the spine & spondylosis
 - hyperextension and torque injuries of the lower back, often associated with carrying latte stones
 - infections and their complications
 - rickets
Mummified bodies have revealed ingested plants and seeds from the Palaeolithic era (60,000 years ago) onwards. These include yarrow (as an astringent to stop bleeding), mallow (as a laxative), rosemary, digitalis, morphine (extracted from seeds as a painkiller), snakeroot (as a mild sedative) and birch polypore fungus (as a laxative).
Some Stone Age skulls have been found with holes cut into them and, in some, there is evidence of the bone "growing back", implying that the individual survived the procedure. This practice, known as trepanning (pictured upper right), has been in use for thousands of years to treat epilepsy, headaches, mental illness and assumed demonic possession, although it may also have been performed as part of a ritual.
Archaeological evidence has been found of geophagy (eating earths & clays). This may have been prompted by watching animals eat earth, either to get essential minerals or when they are unwell.
Evidence from aboriginals
Some aboriginals still practise lifestyles that have not changed for thousands of years. In the late 19th century, a number of interviews were carried out with aboriginal groups in an attempt to understand some prehistoric relics being discovered at that time.
Cave paintings can provide information about the lifestyle of prehistoric nomads. A prime example is the Grottes des Trois-Frères in southwestern France where the cave art dates back at least 13,000 years. There are numerous engravings in the three caves, but The Sorcerer (pictured middle right) is of particular interest in that it may represent a healer with a deer-mask, worn to frighten away the demons causing illness (or simply to impress the patient!).
Some present-day aboriginals still treat fractures using wet clay which then hardens to give support to the limb in the same way as a plaster cast does. Hunter-gatherers were, of course, prone to trauma and fractures because their lifestyle involved significant personal risk whilst hunting and killing large animals.
Prehistoric urology
Although we have no archaeological evidence of urological disease, prehistoric cave paintings of the penis have been found dating back to the Upper Palaeolithic period (12,000 to 40,000 BC). They suggest an awareness of erection, copulation, ejaculation (pictured lower right) and orgasm.
Indirect evidence exists that foreskin retraction and/or circumcision was also performed, and a detailed analysis suggests that other decorative rituals (tattooing, piercing, and scarification of the penis) took place, possibly as group recognition strategies, especially during the Upper Magdalenian period (11,000 to 12,700 BC).
← Back to Time Corridor


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Collagen membranes cross-linked by glycation (GLYM) for guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are used extensively with proven safety and efficacy. Complete GLYM ossification, when placed in contact with bone, was described in a canine jaw model, suggesting that GLYM may serve as an ossification substrate. The purpose of this case series was to histologically evaluate GLYM in GBR procedures in humans.Methods:
We retrospectively selected seven consecutive patients with implant-related bony defects who underwent GBR with GLYM. Six defects had bone grafts, and one had a barrier alone. Selection criteria were primary closure upon post-surgical examination and tissue that was 2- to 3-mm thick over the implant's cover screw. Tissue was removed when the implants were uncovered after20 to 29 weeks. Decalcified sections were stained and analyzed under light microscopy.Results:
In five of seven specimens, GLYM was identified and preserved its barrier effect. The mean membrane thickness was 0.17 ± 0.054 mm. In two cases, the bone grafts under the membrane were embedded in new bone, whereas in five cases, they were embedded in fibrous connective tissue. Formation of new dense bone was observed along the side of the membrane facing the original bone, and various degrees of membrane ossification were evident in all five cases.Conclusions:
GLYM maintained its barrier effect in five of seven cases for 25 weeks and induced dense new bone along its interface with underlying tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on GLYM ossification in humans with direct mineral apposition on glycated collagen and suggests a new concept of tissue-integrated active barriers. J Periodontol 2008;79:1101–1107.


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Climate - The Coast Range is a temperate rain forest with an annual rainfall ranging from 60 inches to over 100 inches at higher elevations. Rainfall occurs mostly from October through June. The coastal climate is affected strongly by the Pacific Ocean. Temperatures near the coast seldom exceed 75 degrees in the summer and snow is rare in the winter. Inland, the ocean influence diminishes and summer temperatures reach the 80s and 90s, and snowfall is common in the higher elevations in the winter.
The Siskiyou Mountains are situated at a latitude that is subjected to weather of both arctic and tropical origin. Snow and rain are common in the winter, and summer temperatures can vary considerably depending on the origin of storm patterns.


Use Selectors in Elementor Widgets to Control CSS
Use Selectors in Elementor Widgets to Control CSS
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Hey! Want to learn more about developer features in Elementor? This one gets only a handful of mentions in the docs. Therefore I believe it's useful to share all I know about it. When creating a control, you may add an optional parameter called selector or selectors that will manipulate CSS of the live preview on the fly. If you ask me, selectors in Elementor is what made this builder what it is today. It's the modern-day interpretation of WYSIWYG, and by leveraging it, developers can save hours of user frustration. Why? Saving the editor and reloading another tab is no longer necessary for every minuscule change, such as:
One can learn a lot from Elementor's code, and that's what I did to gain insight into what's possible with selectors. It is useful for a lot more than you think! With some creativity, it's possible to push the limits to avoid writing additional handlers. In production, more than half of the controls in our SVG Divider for Elementor rely heavily on the selectors parameter. Because of this, I never actually had to use the _content_template() method (to build live the preview with JS). As you might have guessed, this article is for developers of Elementor extensions and requires PHP and CSS knowledge.
Where to add 'selector' or 'selectors' in Elementor?
When you create a Widget, you register controls for it. All the examples here go into the Control Setting array of the add_control() method. See more about creating a new Widget and its Controls at the Elementor developer documentation.
The name of the parameter is selector for Group Controls. It's just a string you'd write in CSS before the declarations in {... }. There is a better one that I focus on: selectors, which is a more elaborate structure, an array of key-value pairs translating to selectors-declarations.
The output ends up in a file, so it's not inlined once the user leaves the editor! Something like:
Curly brace variables
The optional but vital heart of the matter is using dynamic values. These are not part of a template engine, Elementor performs a search and replace on them. You'll see the examples below, but first, a reference table for your convenience.
CSS Selectors (key in the selectors array)
{{WRAPPER}} Behind the scenes, it translates to something like:
.elementor-50.elementor-element.elementor-element-092e113
 - Use it almost always to make sure you select things only in a particular widget instance.
 - It matters whether or not you follow this with a space.
{{ID}} Get just the ID of the Widget (such as 092e113).
Use the selector-declaration pair in the appropriate Media Query. If present, the selector has to start with this.
You mostly only need this when using another setting's value. Responsive Controls resolve this automatically. However, this can apply/disable the effect of an otherwise not responsive setting, on some devices.
It specifies the device to apply the rules at, and on anything smaller (default responsive behavior). However, when suffixed with a plus sign (+), they will apply on at least that device's resolution or larger.
Declarations (value in the selectors array)
You can use these anywhere in CSS properties and values.
{{VALUE}} Many controls return a single value, access it with this. The selectors_dictionary can change this on the fly.
{{SIZE}} and {{UNIT}} Numerical controls give you the size and the unit separately, so these usually appear glued to each other, but not always.
{{CURRENT_ITEM}} Used in Repeater Controls.
Obtain values from other controls using VALUE, SIZE, UNIT, or any named value. Suffixes available are _tablet and _mobile to access responsive data.
It's for each direction value of a Dimensions Control.
{{URL}} or other names Used to access named properties in "Multiple Controls" that return an array, such as Media Control.
{{setting.SIZE || 5}}
{{a_tablet.SIZE || "fallback"}}
{{a.SIZE || b.DEFAULT}}
{{a.URL || b.URL}}
{{a.VALUE || a_tablet.DEFAULT}}
Use a fallback value.
 - The setting must be named: include the dot and add any property from above.
 - The left side works best with controls that become empty when cleared (Slider and URL come to mind). Untouched responsive controls are also empty by default.
 - The right side can be a hardcoded number, string, or a named setting.
 - DEFAULT only works with those controls that have a VALUE. You can tap into mobile defaults if any.
Simple examples
Value from a color picker:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-svg-divider-basic-text' => 'color: {{VALUE}}'
Size with and without unit:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} svg.sde-classic' =>
 'height: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}; stroke-width: {{SIZE}};'
Create padding from dimensions:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-svg-divider-basic-button' =>
 {{TOP}}{{UNIT}} {{RIGHT}}{{UNIT}} {{BOTTOM}}{{UNIT}} {{LEFT}}{{UNIT}};'
Background image of a slide in a slider (using repeater):
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} {{CURRENT_ITEM}}.swiper-slide-bg' =>
 'background-image: url({{URL}})',
Targeting some class on the body, like.elementor-msie, body.rtl or body:not(.rtl) or even.woocommerce:
'selectors' => [
 'body:not(.rtl) {{WRAPPER}}.dialog-close-button' => 'right: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}',
 'body.rtl {{WRAPPER}}.dialog-close-button' => 'left: {{SIZE}}{{UNIT}}',
Values from other settings
It's effortless to obtain values from other controls, once you know how. If two settings are contributing to the same thing, feel free to use the same selectors array, in addition to digging into each other's values.
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}} svg.sde-classic' =>
 'stroke-dasharray: {{dash_length.SIZE}} {{whitespace_length.SIZE}};'
Note that this gets values for specific devices when the target is responsive. Here is an advanced example, based on Elementor pro:
'selectors' => [
 '(desktop).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
 '(tablet).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns_tablet.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
 '(mobile).elementor-msie {{WRAPPER}} .elementor-portfolio-item' =>
 'width: calc( 100% / {{columns_mobile.SIZE}} );
 border: {{SIZE}}px solid transparent',
Dynamic values in CSS properties
In lieu of a better real-world example, the following comes from an Align control with left/center/right options. I know this doesn't look clean, but Elementor core itself used it like this. The margin-center CSS property doesn't exist, so it gets ignored by browsers.
// Somewhere else
$sde_selector = '{{WRAPPER}}.sde';
// In a control
'selectors' => [
 $sde_selector =>'margin: 0 auto; margin-{{VALUE}}: 0;'
The point of this example is to open your eyes. As you see, the dynamic values can form property names as well.
You can re-use selectors by putting them in a variable, especially if they are long. However, you cannot use values from other settings in the CSS selector part, only in the declaration!
(!) The Selectors Dictionary
A better alternative to the above oddity is the undocumented holy grail, the selectors_dictionary property. In a nutshell, it's like a switch statement for selectors! If the value of the control is X, use Z instead. It's incredibly useful when the CSS you want to write has nothing in common with the options of your control.
'selectors_dictionary' => [
 'left' =>'margin-right: auto',
 'center' =>'margin: 0 auto',
 'right' =>'margin-left: auto',
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.sde' => '{{VALUE}}',
That's it. The only caveat is that it overrides the {{VALUE}} curly brace variable, and you can't use the original value anymore (not even in the dictionary itself). If you had another selector-declaration pair that relied on the initial value, you'd be in trouble:
'selectors' => [
 '{{WRAPPER}}.elementor-sde-scale-the-cropped.sde-cropping-allow.sde' =>
 'transform-origin: {{VALUE}} 0;'
Misuse leads to an abomination like transform-origin: margin: 0 auto 0; instead of the original transform-origin: center 0;, so be careful. There is no need to map every possible value, though!
Of course, you can still use the selectors dictionary to translate just the CSS values in the declaration,


Prior Criminal Convictions as a Bar to Employment
Can an Employer use a person's prior criminal convictions as a bar to employment? The answer to that question requires further thought. In some situations, an Employer can use a person's prior conviction as a bar to employment. However, in some situations, the Employer is not allowed to. The reason an Employer is allowed to consider prior convictions in certain circumstances is because of the Pennsylvania Criminal History Record Information Act Handbook ("CHRIA"), also found at 18 Pa. C.S.A. §9101 et seq.
A preliminary background of CHRIA shows that Chapter 91 of the Crimes Code of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated was adopted in January of 1980. The purpose of this Act is to protect criminal history information for all persons in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. This Act says when an Employer may or may not bar employment to a person when such person has a prior criminal background.
18 Pa. C.S.A. §9125 is the Section that allows Employers to use a person's criminal record information in the hiring process. Section 9125 specifically states:
Felony and misdemeanor convictions may be considered only to the extent to which they relate to the applicant(s) suitability for employment in the position for which he has applied.
Id. (emphasis added)
The key to Section 9125 is that a prior conviction may only be considered to the extent to which it "relates to the applicant's suitability for employment." Id. Therefore, the prior convictions have to relate to the applicant's ability to perform the specific job/position to which he/she has applied. To illustrate, my firm recently filed two employment discrimination cases (Ripley v. Sodexo and Gaston et al v. Sodexo) in the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania alleging that the Defendant's use of the Plaintiffs' prior convictions as the main factor for termination was improper. In those two cases, the Plaintiffs' prior convictions (from over 10-30 years ago) did not relate to their suitability to perform their jobs in the food industry, which is why our firm filed employment discrimination suit alleging violation of CHRIA.
However, it is also important to note that there are certain situations where Section 9125 doesn't factor into an Employer's decision to refuse employment to a person with prior convictions. In some professions, an Employer is legally prohibited by law from hiring persons with certain offenses. CHRIA does not even factor into an Employer's decision whether to hire a potential applicant.
For example, aircraft/airport positions (including those with direct access to airplane or secure airport areas) have restrictions. Under 49 U.S.C. §44936, an Employer MAY NOT hire individuals for the above positions if:
The individual, within the last ten (10) years, has been convicted of federal hijacking or other air crimes, murder, assault with intent to murder, espionage, treason, sedition, kidnapping, rape, extortion, armed robbery, weapons convictions, distribution (or intent to distribute) a controlled substance, of felonies involving: a threat, willful destruction of property, information or manufacture of a controlled substance, burglary, theft/fraud, possession or distribution of stolen property, aggravated assault, bribery, or illegal possession of controlled substance punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of more than one year.
Another example is a childcare position. 23 Pa. C.S.A §6344(c) states that an Employer MAY NOT hire an individual if:
The individual has founded child abuse reports within the last five (5) years or with convictions for homicide, aggravated assault, kidnapping, rape, various sex crimes, prostitution felonies, concealing death of child, endangering welfare of child, or pornography ever, or for drug felonies within the last five (5) years.
There are many more examples of professions where, regardless of how qualified an individual is, an Employer literally has their hands tied and cannot hire an individual because of prior convictions. Other professions include, but are not limited to, bank employees, nursing home workers, police, port workers, school employees, etc. These are examples where an Employer is legally bound by law to refuse employment.
However, if an Employer is not legally required to exclude an applicant and the Employer does exclude an applicant because of a prior conviction that has no bearing on the applicant's ability to perform the job in question, the Employer may be facing an employment discrimination lawsuit in violation of CHRIA and various other employment statutes.
More by | Michael Kraemer Michael Kraemer, Contributor


How Do You Get Rid Of A Swollen Uvula?
1 Answers
Anonymous Profile
Anonymous answered
How badly is it swollen and for how long? Can you still eat and drink?
Try maintaining good oral hygiene, such as brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash. If you can't eat and drink food and water, it's time for a dental appointment! Otherwise, it could be something relatively minor.
Answer Question


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Chance2Learn Learning Support Service
Chance2learn is a specialist advisory service which provides assessment, support, advice and recommendation of resources for children and young people with specific learning difficulties (SpLD).
My aim is to :
- support and advice to schools, parents, pupils and other agencies relating to SpLD
- training and support for mainstream colleagues in adapting teaching and learning to facilitate the most effective interventions
- specialist assessments for vulnerable pupils, including students with special educational needs with the aim of identifying their strengths and areas for learning development, including, as appropriate:
- diagnostic and norm-referenced assessments
- written reports with recommendations, strategies, and resources
- advice about target setting, in consultation with school staff
- supporting group /individual skills tuition in literacy and numeracy for pupils at risk of underachieving
- assistance with monitoring the impact of learning interventions.
- support for early intervention, prevention and inclusive practice.
- promoting inclusivity and dyslexia-friendly classrooms
- support and guidance for SENCos
- delivery of CPD
- development of pupil and parent friendly information
Additional Support for schools, pupils and parents
- Support and advice for class staff working with pupils identified as making below expected progress
- Assessment and identification for pupils with additional needs
- Target setting for and evaluation of Group and Individual Education Plans.
- Targeted support for teaching assistants (TAs) and other staff involved in delivering intervention strategies
- Support, advice and liaison with schools' SENCos.
- Liaison with parents, pupils and other agencies
- Advice of differentiated materials.
- Contributions to report writing and attendance at reviews.
- Contributions to SEN workshops, parental workshops and in-service training for staff.
- Contributions to professional development and mentoring of teaching assistants (SEN).
- Provision and information and training for schools and parents with regard to Specific Learning Difficulties and Dyslexia Friendly Classrooms.


Disqualifying Offenses
The District shall obtain criminal history record information on final candidates for employment. All District positions have the potential for contact with students. The District shall disqualify from employment a person whose criminal history indicates that the person poses a threat to students or employees. Consistent with business necessity, the District shall also disqualify from employment a person whose criminal history is otherwise inconsistent with the job duties of the position for which the person is being considered.
Individualized Assessment
The District shall perform an individualized assessment of criminal history record information when determining a person's eligibility for employment in a specific position. The District shall take into account a variety of factors, including the following:
The nature of the offense;
The age of the person when the crime was committed;
The date of the offense and how much time has elapsed;
The adjudication of the offense (e.g., whether the person was found guilty by a trier of fact, pled guilty, entered a no contest plea, or received deferred adjudication);
The nature and responsibilities of the job sought;
The accuracy of the person's disclosure of his or her criminal history during the selection process;
The effect of the conduct on the overall educational environment; and
Any further information provided by the person concerning his or her criminal history record.
The fact of an arrest alone does not establish that criminal conduct has occurred, and the District shall not disqualify a person based solely on an arrest. The District may make an employment decision based on the conduct underlying the arrest if the conduct makes the person unfit for the position in question.
SBEC Notification
If a candidate for a position has a reported criminal history, and the candidate is certified by the State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC), the District shall report the criminal history to SBEC.
Credit History
The District shall obtain credit history information on a candidate for employment only when the credit history is related to the position for which the person is being considered. The District shall comply with the Fair Credit Reporting Act before obtaining a job-related credit history. [See DBAA(LEGAL)]
Rice ISD-Navarro County
DATE ISSUED: 5/20/2013


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Multiplying Feet and Inches
How to multiply feet and inches
- Convert feet and inches to inches by multiplying feet by 12 and adding the number of inches
- Perform the required multiplication to determine the number of inches.
- Convert the inches to feet and inches by dividing by 12.
- The quotient is the number of feet and the remainder is the number of inches.
Example: Multiply 5 feet 7 inches times 4
- Convert 5 feet to inches by multiplying 12 by 5:
12 * 5 = 60 inches
- Add the number of extra inches:
60 + 7 = 67 inches
- Perform the required multiplication:
67 * 4 = 268 inches
- Convert to feet and inches by dividing by 12:
268 ÷ 12 = 22 R 4
- The quotient (22) is the number of feet and the remainder (4) is the number of inches.
- Answer: 22 feet 4 inches