text:
The Church of St. Mary, originally built as the chapel of Charlemagne's imperial palace in Aachen in 786 AD, was part of the emperor's dream of creating a 'new Rome'.
With this building he laid the foundations of one of the most important architectural monuments in Europe. The cathedral's appearance reflects more than 1,000 years of history. Charlemagne's palatine chapel forms the core of the cathedral. The single-nave chancel was consecrated on the 600th anniversary of his death and the bold architecture of the 'glass house', as it is known, is as impressive today as it was then. During the 600 years from 936 to 1531, 30 German kings were crowned in Aachen Cathedral. Today, the cathedral has lost nothing of the splendour of centuries past. The first ensemble of historical and architectural importance in Germany to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list (in 1978), this is a building of outstanding significance.


text:
This topic applies to Caseware Audit
Complete the documents in the Journals entries analysis folder in the following sequence:
- 670 Use of journal entries
Use to determine whether material misstatements (fraud or error) have occurred from the use of inappropriate, fictitious or unauthorized journal entries. If you selected Yes to the question Would you like to use Caseware's AnalyticsAI to assist with journal entries testing in your engagement? in the 010 Planning optimiser, you will be able to use AI-20, AI-30, and AI-40 to assist in completing this checklist. If you selected No you will only use the default procedures in 670 Use of journal entries.
- AI-20 Data completeness
This is a simple table designed so that you can verify that the groupings totals from the trial balance agree with the groupings totals taken from imported transactions. For example, the total sales of goods and services from the trial balance is $404,100, so we want to verify the transactions that make up the sales of goods and services account add up to $404,100. There should ideally be "0" in all areas of the Difference column to indicate there are no issues. In this example there is a difference of (9,156) which indicates the trial balance and supporting transactions do not agree.
- AI-30 Influencers for analytics insights
See Adjust influencers for more information.
- AI-40 Analytics insights
This takes you to the AnalyticsAI functionality. For more information see Test results.
Note: You must import transactions in 501 Analytical procedures for documents AI-20, AI-30, and AI-40 to function as expected.
Complete the documents in the Risk response folder in the following sequence:
- 625 Going concern evaluation, accounting estimates, subsequent events, related party transactions
This is a standard checklist that is optimised based on what is needed for the engagement. By default, only the "Subsequent events" grouping is required. The other three groupings are driven by the following visibility settings:
- Going concern evaluation - Entire grouping is hidden unless on 500 Understanding the entity, you have selected "Yes - see response and comments" on the procedure "Going concern risk".
- Accounting estimates - Entire grouping is hidden unless on 513 Understanding accounting estimates, you have selected an estimate.
- Related party transactions - Entire grouping is hidden unless on 500 Understanding the entity, you have selected "Yes - see response and comments" on the procedure "Identification of related parties". This document also lets you choose between a "Full" and "Memo" format for each section. Full is the standard checklist with all procedures. Memo allows the user to hide all the procedures for that group and have a text entry box instead where they can type up how they will respond to that specific group issue. The "memo" option is intended for simple audits.
- 630 Summary of external confirmations
Use this to summarize the use of external confirmation procedures (CAS 505).
- 640 Client queries - Records and documents
This query document is similar to 030 Client queries - Initial client queries, except this document is used to drive the completion of the Risk Response phase.
- 680 ASPE - Supplementary audit procedures
Use this to obtain the necessary audit evidence relating to the first-time adoption of Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE), financial instruments and employee future benefits in accordance with ASPE.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Montana State University
MSU IT Center
Renne Library Commons
P.O. Box 173240
Bozeman, MT 59717-3240
_PHONE_ |
Chief Information Officer
Jerry Sheehan
MSU List Service FAQ
Where do I go to log in to the web interface?
How do I request a new list?
Complete a New List Request form and send it to MSU List Help. We'll create the list and send a confirmation message back to you with list information and instructions.
Can I still manage my list by sending commands to the list server?
Yes. List owners can still email commands to the list server. Please note that command format and syntax has changed. See Sympa commands for List Owners, for a complete list of command changes, examples, and instructions.
Do list owners still have to send commands to the server in plain text format?
Yes, commands must be sent in plain text format. If you are unsure how to do this use your email program's help link/tab to search for "plain text formatted email message". This will ensure the message will be sent in plain text.
To what address do list owners send commands?
Send commands to
How do I change or add another list owner to my list?
To request a list owner change or addition send a message to and include the following information:
 1. List name
 2. Name/address of new list owner(s)
 3. Name/address of owner to be removed - if applicable
Can the messages to a list be archived?
Yes. Archiving can be requested when a list is created or anytime thereafter. Email with the answers to these questions:
 1. Who should be allowed to access the archives?
 - list owner only
 - list owner & members
 - anyone
 2. Where (how) would you like to access your archive?
 - online via the web
 - via email by sending and receive in plain text
 - both
 3. If your choice includes the email option please indicate how often you would like messages archived?
 - daily
 - weekly
 - monthly
 - quarterly
 - yearly
How can I send a message to the owner of a specific list?
Send an email message to (replacing listname with real name of the list).
How do I subscribe (add) myself to a list?
If a list has an open subscription policy, add yourself by following these instructions:
 1. Send a message to from the address you want to subscribe to the list.
 2. Enter subscribe listname firstname lastname into the subject field of the message (replacing listname, firstname and lastname with your real list and name).
 3. Leave the message body blank.
For example:
Subscribe To image.
A message will be sent to this address confirming your subscription to the list.
Can HTML or other rich text messages be sent to a list?
Yes. Unless the list has been restricted to "text only" messages, any message type can be sent to a list. The restriction on plain text messages only applies to commands being sent to the list server.
Can attachments be sent to a list?
Yes. Unless the list has been restricted to "text only" messages, any attachment type can be sent. If an attachment is large or there are a considerable number of list members, consider putting the attachment on the Web and sending a link instead.


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Indexing is the process of replacing a unique identifier such as the CHI number, or a combination of identifiers such as name, date of birth and post code with a randomly assigned study ID so that records can still be linked but no explicit "real world" identifiable information about an individual is made public. The process uses probability matching of available personal identifiers to a population spine and returning an anonymised unique person identifier specific to the project. For health data where PHS is the data controller eDRIS can perform the indexing, otherwise indexing services are provided by trusted third party indexing services from National Records Scotland (NRS) Indexing Team or PHS CHI Linkage (CHILi) Team as required.
A useful image illustrating the indexing process can be found at the NRS website here.
Data for your study will be linked using established probability matching techniques based on the Howard Newcombe principles. Linkage will be undertaken by a trusted third party and a Population Spine used as an intermediary linkage tool. The Population Spine contains the personal identifiers of all individuals in Scotland who have been in contact with NHS Scotland. The steps describing the process of linking data are detailed below:
- Data Providers will supply personal identifiers (only) plus their own person or record ID number to the indexing team.
- The indexing team will probability match the identifiers to the Population Spine using complex algorithms.
- The Data Provider will receive a file back with their own person or record ID number and a unique person index ID number specific to that dataset. This is generated by the indexing team.
- The Data Provider will attached the received index ID number to the remaining content of the dataset to be provided for linkage and send to their Research Coordinator.
- The Research Coordinator will confirm that the agreed data has been received and send the file to the linkage agent. The linkage agent is an automated computer programme which carries out the linkage.
- The linkage agent will receive 2 files all the datasets and their unique person ID numbers plus a master control file containing a master person ID and all the dataset unique Person index ID numbers.
- The linkage agent will then replace all the dataset unique Person ID numbers with the master Person ID number on each of the content data files.
- This allows the person analysing the data to see all the records belonging to an individual across all the datasets without the need to see the personal identifiers.


- 3 frozen puff pastry sheets
 - 1 egg yolk
 - 2 tablespoons milk
 - 6 eggs
 - ½ bunch chives
 - Rice or peas for weighing down the pastry
Puff pastry bunnies with scrambled eggs
 1. Cut circles in the puff pastry using a 9 cm biscuit cutter and then press into the muffin moulds. Prick the bottoms with a fork.
 2. Cut the baking paper to size, place onto each puff pastry cup and weigh down with rice or peas. Brush the rims of the puff pastry with the egg yolk.
 3. Bake the weighed-down puff pastry cups blind at 180 °C for about 10-15 minutes.
 4. Cut 12 bunny ears out of the rest of the puff pastry using leaf-like biscuit cutters and brush with egg yolk. Place the ears onto a baking tray lined with baking paper and bake until golden brown.
 5. Whisk the 6 eggs with 2 tablespoons of milk, salt and pepper. Add the egg mixture to a frying pan and quickly thicken over a medium heat. Then slowly stir with a spatula until everything has thickened.
 6. Remove the rice and baking paper from the muffin moulds, fill with the scrambled eggs, place the bunny ears onto the scrambled eggs and sprinkle with the chives.


text:
Bristleworms, aquariums don't mix well
A READER sent me an e-mail titled "Thing we found in our tank" and described a "pink worm-like creature with fuzzy hairs." The writer had just added some crabs to the aquarium, along with some new live rocks.
The animal, I wrote back, is likely a free-swimming bristleworm. These marine worms commonly hide inside the cracks and holes of rocks. And introducing a bristleworm to an aquarium is usually introducing trouble.
Some bristleworms, such as the graceful feather dusters, build tube-homes and stay in one place, sifting the water for passing plankton. The bristles on these worms' feet hold them securely inside their tubes.
Others, like my reader's worm, are mobile, and many of those carry poison in their foot bristles. These walkers are called fireworms.
Handling a fireworm is a memorable experience. The bristles break off in human skin, ooze their toxin and cause a nasty rash. There's no effective treatment for these stings, but they aren't medically dangerous and eventually go away on their own.
Carrying poison in their feet is a successful defense for fireworms. Fish don't eat these soft-bodied worms, and humans drop them in a hurry.
Hawaii's fireworms are orange, red, pink, green and often iridescent. But even though fireworms can be handsome, you don't want to expose your invertebrate pets to these creatures. Fireworms are carnivores that eat corals, snails, crabs, starfish or other worms, some of which are benign and quite beautiful.
"How do I get rid of it?" the reader wrote back of her stowaway.
People have designed traps that effectively catch fireworms in aquariums.
And fireworms have built-in traps that effectively catch prey wherever they find it. The front end of the worm looks rounded and harmless, like an earthworm. But when a fireworm sees something to eat, it rapidly everts its throat, which bears two sharp jaws inside. These jaws seize the prey, and then the worm retracts its throat, pulling the food inside.
In Australia, fireworms eat crown-of-thorns starfish, entering through wounds made by harlequin shrimp. It takes about a week for fireworms to kill a starfish.
Such a slow death is awful to imagine, but this is simply the fastest the worms can eat.
Such starfish eating is a good example of the marine food chain in action: Crown-of-thorns starfish eat coral, and harlequin shrimp eat starfish. Sometimes, however, a starfish escapes the shrimp. But if fireworms find shrimp wounds on a starfish, then they eat the starfish. The shrimp and worms, therefore, help keep the starfish population in check, which keeps the coral reefs thriving.
Of her fireworm, my reader wrote, "I don't want anything in my tank that is violent." One animal eating another, however, is not violence. It's the basis of all life on this planet.
Fireworms play an important role in reef ecology, but that doesn't mean you want them performing their act in your aquarium. If you get one, buy the trap.
See the Columnists
section for some past articles.


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The first important task is firming up the required specifications. Normally, this is the first and most important task, however, since power supply specifications cannot be determined until specifications for the entire circuit board are fixed, it is not uncommon that the task of establishing power supply specifications is undertaken only when the end of allotted design time approaches. That said, because the design process cannot move forward unless something is in place, the task is started based on the required voltage and an assumed load current, as provisional specifications. Normally, the following items must be fixed at the start of a design process:
If we take input conditions as an example, 100 VAC would be adequate for sales in Japan. However, if a given product is to be sold overseas, universal input capabilities fit for the voltage in the destination country in which the product is offered, or any voltage across the world, must be provided. Also, in some countries the voltage may be unstable, in which case a wide latitude in tolerance must be taken into consideration. When a large number of such factors must be addressed, selection of parts changes widely. Consequently, it is important to collect as much relevant information as possible at the outset of a design effort. Strictly speaking, a design process cannot be started unless specifications are clearly defined. However, the objective being to design an appropriate power supply within a given timeframe, a flexible posture is also good thing to have.
-Because power supply specifications are often decided upon at the last minute, high-quality design must be accomplished within a short period of time.


Constraint Propagation Algorithms for Temporal Reasoning
Marc Vilain, Henry Kautz
This paper considers computational aspects of several temporal representation languages. It investigates an interval-based representation, and a point-based one. Computing the consequences of temporal assertions is shown to be computationally intractable in the interval-based representation, but not in the point-based one. However, a fragment of the interval language can be expressed using the point language and benefits from the tractability of the latter.


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Both the Sikh and Jewish communities' identities have been shaped by extensive oppression and violence. This past Sunday, members of each community had a chance to come together to learn about one another's histories. Members of UNITED SIKHS and Park Avenue Synagogue gathered to brighten the day of elderly Holocaust survivors here in New York. The afternoon was filled with festive music sung in Hebrew, English and Yiddish, cookies in honor of the recent holiday, Purim, and much conversation.
I want to honor the communication that occurred between the Sikh and Jewish communities at this event, for I believe it is a beautiful example of interfaith action, the goal of the Faiths Act movement: As members of the Sikh community sat down with survivors of the Holocaust, they practiced an often forgotten act that is key to positive human interaction: listening. Listening is powerful. It is intentional, as opposed to the more passive act of hearing, and it holds up and amplifies the voice of the person to whom one is listening. It gives witness to the narrative of an individual or of an entire community. On Sunday, Jejiemder Singh, a Sikh man from Queens, sat down beside an elderly Jewish woman and became a witness to the atrocities of the Holocaust. He said this of his conversations: "When I met the people who escaped Europe in the time of Hitler's control, and after listening to their life stories, I was moved. The fear they were living in was unimaginable."
Jewish and Sikh narratives are, of course, unique. And yet they share common themes: devastating violence, ongoing discrimination, diaspora, value of tradition and love of community. On Sunday, when members of these communities actively listened to one another, these narratives were allowed to flow freely between people, creating relationships and solidarity. It was a moving day of interfaith action for the healing of human relationships.
The Faiths Act movement works for such collaborative activism, and I believe firmly in the power of people of faith coming together to tackle injustice in our broken world. Surely our wrecked human relationships are one of the most visible examples of the fact that our world is not as it is meant to be. On Sunday, I saw steps being taken to build relationship where it was lacking before.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Summary: V1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Math 250 Midterm #2. October 14, 2005
Attention! Please, note that this is the closed book test. You are not allowed to use graphing
calculator. Simple calculators are allowed. Please, show all important steps in you solution but do
not make your solution excessively long.
1. (15pt) Find the parametric equations of the tangent line to the curve
r(t) = sin(t) i + (1 - t)2
t2 + 1 k
at the point t = 0.
2. a) (10pt) Evaluate the two dimensional limit
- 2xy + y2


text:
Visit "Granby Then and Now" created by Mr. Brown's Third Grade Class from a Windows on History grant from the Teaching American History program through the Hampshire Educational Collaborative.
Granby Town History
The Town of Granby is a rural suburban town on the outskirts of the Holyoke metropolitan area. Settled around 1727, the town is dominated in the north by the Holyoke range of hills and has a rugged terrain which hampered agricultural development as the limited water resources hampered industrial development. However, despite these obstacles, settlers developed farms and some limited industries which made up the town's economic foundation. They grew grains, turnips, pumpkins and hops, and small distilleries were open by 1812 using the surplus grain produced. Dairy farming, making buttons and palm leaf hats followed these in economic importance in the 19th century. However, by 1875, local industry was gone and agriculture, primarily dairy farming, was the staple in Granby. The town still retains the huge, well-known milk bottle which houses a dairy bar. Granby retains its original meeting house green and the period character that this section of town gives it as well as a fine neoclassical library and a good stock of Greek revival houses.
Granby Massachusetts Town History Information from Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development.
Granby is surrounded by five colleges - Mount Holyoke, Amherst, Smith, Hampshire Colleges and
the University of Massachusetts and has a diverse selection of cultural and historical experiences.
Granby is about 15 miles northeast of Springfield, 45 miles west of Worcester,
about 85 miles west of Boston, and 150 miles from New York City.
Front row (l to r): William W. Gallup, Dwight Tucker, Eugene Bissell, Eugene Rimbold, Police Chief George Randall
Second row (l to r): Myron Ingham, Adelard Fournier, Joe Lajoie, Edmund Robert
Third row (l to r): Ed Martin, Wilfred Loiselle, Robert Noble, John Baker


With the increasing tendency of information technology (IT) applications, knowledge integration in organization has emerged as an important research topic for both practitioners and researchers, reflecting the magnitude and impact of knowledge resource in distributed environments. Practically, data, information, and knowledge are transmitted via various media, and integration capability is the antecedent of knowledge integration in organizations. However, few literatures research knowledge integration from the comprehensive perspective of transmission media and integration capability. As a complement to previous research, this study proposes a comprehensive theoretical model of knowledge integration (KIM) by incorporating valuable perspectives of media characteristics and organizational capability. This research model provides a new lens for knowledge integration based on transmission media in organizations by integrating relevant research streams. Furthermore, this robust and new model, which has been applied to a knowledge integration practice of e-commerce platform, can be used to explain the most knowledge integration phenomenon in contemporary society.


Image (mathematics)
Get Image Mathematics essential facts below. View Videos or join the Image Mathematics discussion. Add Image Mathematics to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Image Mathematics
f is a function from domain X to codomain Y. The yellow oval inside Y is the image of f.
In mathematics, the image of a function is the set of all output values it may produce.
More generally, evaluating a given function f at each element of a given subset A of its domain produces a set, called the "image of A under (or through) f ". Similarly, the inverse image (or preimage) of a given subset B of the codomain of f, is the set of all elements of the domain that map to the members of B.
Image and inverse image may also be defined for general binary relations, not just functions.
The word "image" is used in three related ways. In these definitions, f : X -> Y is a function from the set X to the set Y.
Image of an element
If x is a member of X, then the image of x under f, denoted f(x),[1] is the value of f when applied to x. f(x) is alternatively known as the output of f for argument x.
Image of a subset
The image of a subset A? X under f, denoted, is the subset of Y which can be defined using set-builder notation as follows:[2]
When there is no risk of confusion, is simply written as. This convention is a common one; the intended meaning must be inferred from the context. This makes f[.] a function whose domain is the power set of X (the set of all subsets of X), and whose codomain is the power set of Y. See § Notation below for more.
Image of a function
The image of a function is the image of its entire domain, also known as the range of the function.[3]
Generalization to binary relations
If R is an arbitrary binary relation on X×Y, then the set { y?Y | xRy for some x?X } is called the image, or the range, of R. Dually, the set { x?X | xRy for some y?Y } is called the domain of R.
Inverse image
Let f be a function from X to Y. The preimage or inverse image of a set B? Y under f, denoted by, is the subset of X defined by
Other notations include f -1 (B)[4] and f - (B).[5] The inverse image of a singleton, denoted by f -1[{y}] or by f -1[y], is also called the fiber over y or the level set of y. The set of all the fibers over the elements of Y is a family of sets indexed by Y.
For example, for the function f(x) = x2, the inverse image of {4} would be {-2, 2}. Again, if there is no risk of confusion, f -1[B] can be denoted by f -1(B), and f -1 can also be thought of as a function from the power set of Y to the power set of X. The notation f -1 should not be confused with that for inverse function, although it coincides with the usual one for bijections in that the inverse image of B under f is the image of B under f -1.
Notation for image and inverse image
The traditional notations used in the previous section can be confusing. An alternative[6] is to give explicit names for the image and preimage as functions between power sets:
Arrow notation
 - with
 - with
Star notation
 - instead of
 - instead of
Other terminology
 - An alternative notation for f[A] used in mathematical logic and set theory is f "A.[7][8]
 - Some texts refer to the image of f as the range of f, but this usage should be avoided because the word "range" is also commonly used to mean the codomain of f.
 1. f: {1, 2, 3} -> {a, b, c, d} defined by
 The image of the set {2, 3} under f is f({2, 3}) = {a, c}. The image of the function f is {a, c}. The preimage of a is f -1({a}) = {1, 2}. The preimage of {a, b} is also {1, 2}. The preimage of {b, d} is the empty set {}.
 2. f: R -> R defined by f(x) = x2.
 The image of {-2, 3} under f is f({-2, 3}) = {4, 9}, and the image of f is R+. The preimage of {4, 9} under f is f -1({4, 9}) = {-3, -2, 2, 3}. The preimage of set N = {n? R | n < 0} under f is the empty set, because the negative numbers do not have square roots in the set of reals.
 3. f: R2 -> R defined by f(x, y) = x2 + y2.
 The fibres f -1({a}) are concentric circles about the origin, the origin itself, and the empty set, depending on whether a > 0, a = 0, or a < 0, respectively.
 4. If M is a manifold and?: TM -> M is the canonical projection from the tangent bundle TM to M, then the fibres of? are the tangent spaces Tx(M) for x?M. This is also an example of a fiber bundle.
 5. A quotient group is a homomorphic image.
Counter-examples based on
f:R->R, x?x2, showing
that equality generally need
not hold for some laws:
f(A1?A2)? f(A1)? f(A2)
f(f-1(B3))? B3
f-1(f(A4))? A4
For every function and all subsets and, the following properties hold:
Image Preimage
(equal if, e.g. is surjective)[9][10]
(equal if is injective)[9][10]
[11] [11]
[11] [11]
Multiple functions
For functions and with subsets and, the following properties hold:
Multiple subsets of domain or codomain
For function and subsets and, the following properties hold:
Image Preimage
(equal if is injective[13])
(equal if is injective[13])
(equal if is injective)
The results relating images and preimages to the (Boolean) algebra of intersection and union work for any collection of subsets, not just for pairs of subsets:
(Here, S can be infinite, even uncountably infinite.)
With respect to the algebra of subsets described above, the inverse image function is a lattice homomorphism, while the image function is only a semilattice homomorphism (i.e., it does not always preserve intersections).
See also
 2. ^ "5.4: Onto Functions and Images/Preimages of Sets". Mathematics LibreTexts. 2019-11-05. Retrieved.
 3. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Image". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved.
 4. ^ "Comprehensive List of Algebra Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-25. Retrieved.
 5. ^ Dolecki & Mynard 2016, pp. 4-5.
 6. ^ Blyth 2005, p. 5.
 7. ^ Jean E. Rubin (1967). Set Theory for the Mathematician. Holden-Day. p. xix. ASIN B0006BQH7S.
 8. ^ M. Randall Holmes: Inhomogeneity of the urelements in the usual models of NFU, December 29, 2005, on: Semantic Scholar, p. 2
 9. ^ a b c See Halmos 1960, p. 39
 10. ^ a b See Munkres 2000, p. 19
 11. ^ a b c d e f g h See p.388 of Lee, John M. (2010). Introduction to Topological Manifolds, 2nd Ed.
 12. ^ a b Kelley 1985, p. 85
 13. ^ a b See Munkres 2000, p. 21
This article incorporates material from Fibre on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
Music Scenes


text:
The ADAM Center laboratory combines a variety of biomechanical
technologies to study movement including computerized motion
and muscle activity analysis.
laboratory is modeled along the lines of similar labs established for the study
of elite performance and injury in professional and Olympic athletes. We use
highspeed cameras, force platform, and telemetered electromyography (EMG) for
rapid 3D kinematic and kinetic analysis of complex movements and postural control.
Computer modeling techniques can be employed to predict the contribution of individual
muscles and joints for a given movement task. The injured individual can be compared
to the "normal" to create a construct of pathology-induced functional
movement loss following musculoskeletal trauma.
Dancer performing a passé for
Passé performance stick
Top: Toe displacement,
For detailed information on biomechanical analysis of human movement
ADAM Center at LIU,
122 Ashland Place #1A,
Brooklyn, NY 11201


text:
Did you know? Even "microwaves" are signposted along Mexico's roads
One of Mexico's best kept travel secrets for people driving their own vehicle is the multitude of road signs all beginning with the word "microondas" (literally "microwaves"). Even visitors with good Spanish and a bilingual dictionary in their glove compartment may puzzle over the meaning of this frequently occurring sign, which invariably seems to lead onto a cobblestone track leading, so far as one can see, absolutely nowhere! There is no distant churchtower, no sign of habitation, but just a radio mast on the distant skyline. And that (rather than microwave ovens) is precisely what the sign refers to: a short-wave communications post!
One of the numerous benefits for the road traveler is that virtually any microondas station offers a short, usually interesting side-trip, ideal for a brief respite from the demands of high speed highway driving. The well maintained, cobblestoned tracks that provide access to the communications towers serve not only engineers, but also enterprising tourists. The access roads may follow devious routes but they eventually reach the gates of a fenced enclosure, invariably situated on the highest point for several miles in any direction. While there is no guarantee of an uninterrupted view, most microondas stations afford tremendous vistas over the surrounding countryside.
Very few vehicles use these excellent sideroads, so they are usually safe and convenient places to stop, take a rest, stretch your legs and enjoy a picnic. As the tracks wind upwards, they often traverse successive vegetation zones, going from oak woodland up into pine forest if the mountain is high enough, for instance. This provides botanists and birders a range of habitats and transition zones worth exploring. Of course, some microondas sit on top of small mounds surrounded by a seemingly limitless flat and monotonous plain, home only to an infinite number of cacti. But others, the jewels of their kind, are in the midst of tropical rainforest looking out over canyons where spider monkeys can be seen leaping fom branch to branch.
In the volcanic central areas of Mexico, microondas stations are commonly perched on crater rims, making many volcanoes fall in the "drive-in" category. Full descriptions of the scenic wonders to be encountered on drives up, for example, Ceboruco volcano or Tequila volcano (the former in Nayarit state, the latter in Jalisco) merit a book unto themselves. To anyone who has never seen the legacies of past vulcanicity at close quarters, what more awesome and eye-opening introduction could there possibly be?
Needless to say, though you're never far from the highway, you mustn't expect to find any tourist amenities at microondas, not even "microwaved" fast-food. But don't let that put you off visiting microwaves, Mexican-style.
So, next time you spy "microondas" on a road sign (or, if you're reading this in the depths of northern winter, the next time you press a button on your microwave!), remember - a short detour along one of Mexico's best-kept travel secrets might well lead you to discover your own favourite stopping place. Someday, somewhere, someone should produce a comprehensive guide to the microondas of Mexico...
Copyright 2001 by Tony Burton. All rights reserved.


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Polar Explorers Died of Starvation
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Andrew McAlister
(mcalista) - F
Polar Explorers Died of Starvation on 07/05/2012 23:13:11 MDT Print View
A Slow Trek Towards Starvation: Scott's Polar Tragedy Revisited
ScienceDaily (June 29, 2012) — On the centenary of Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova expedition to the South Pole, a study to be presented at the Society for Experimental Biology meeting on July 1 has shown that Scott's men starved to death because they were consuming far too few calories to fuel their daily exertion.
The researchers, environmental physiologist Dr Lewis Halsey of the University of Roehampton and polar explorer and physician Dr Mike Stroud, examined the voyage in light of today's knowledge of nutrition and how our bodies respond to extreme exercise, cold, and high altitude. They determined that their rations, which consisted of biscuits, pemmican, butter, sugar, chocolate, cereals and raisins, and were supplemented by pony meat at the start of the expedition, were inadequate.
Dr Lewis Halsey said, "There has been much speculation about what Scott died of. Almost certainly his death was due to chronic and extreme emaciation."
While consuming around 4,400 kcal/day, the men probably burnt nearly 7,000 kcal/day hauling their supplies on sledges across the ice and snow (based on data from Stroud's Antarctic crossing). For comparison, elite cyclists covering 4,900 km over 6 days use around 6,500 kcal/day. So Scott and his men were exhibiting daily activity levels considerably higher than most Olympic athletes in full training, but without consuming the enormous amount of food required to fuel such exertion.
In addition to the calorie deficit, the rations were too high in protein and low in fat to be optimal. Rations with more fat provide more energy for the same weight, which is a critical consideration when supplies must be carried. Although Scott made his rations more fat-rich than other polar rations had been, with 24% fat and 29% protein, today's adventurers eat up to 57% fat with 8% protein.
According to the study, other factors also worked against Scott's team. For instance, vitamins were not yet known about and there was some confusion at the time about which foods would prevent scurvy. While it is not clear whether the men developed scurvy, they probably did not consume enough vitamin C. On the other hand, the team did have a form of cocaine on hand, to help them keep going when they had run out of food.
a b
Scurvy on 07/05/2012 23:48:42 MDT Print View
"They determined that their rations... consisted of biscuits, pemmican, butter, sugar, chocolate, cereals and raisins, and.. pony meat"
Complex Carbohydrate(Biscuits), Fat and Protein(Pemmican), Fat(Butter), simple carbohydrate(sugar), fat and simple carbohydrate (Chocolate), complex carbohydrate(cereal) and some protein with simple carbohydrate(raisins), fat and protein (pony meat).
Yeah.. don't see any Vitamin C anywhere in that diet.. but plenty of go power.
Erik Danielsen
(er1kksen) - F
Locale: The Western Door
No? on 07/06/2012 09:30:03 MDT Print View
Pemmican does contain a useful amount of vitamin C in the raw muscle meat, and many pemmicans are made with the inclusion of berries. Between those and the raisins I don't see why they'd necessarily have to have suffered scurvy. A potential contributing factor, sure, but extreme calorie deficit and possibly the effects of a potent stimulant drug sound like just as significant factors.
Edited by er1kksen on 07/06/2012 09:33:18 MDT.
Gary Dunckel
(Zia-Grill-Guy) - MLife
Locale: Boulder
Other factors on 07/06/2012 09:45:53 MDT Print View
Remember that the weather was uncommonly cold for that time of the year (maybe 20* F colder than usual, down to ~-40* F), with horrific windy conditions. Also, the 2 teams that headed back down before Scott took their alloted stove fuel from the depots. But there wasn't enough fuel remaining for Scott, possibly due to evaporation inside the partially filled containers. The extremely cold and windy conditions, along with the necessity of eating cold meals, no doubt contributed to the inability of Scott's team to maintain a reasonable level of fitness.
Jeremy and Angela
(requiem) - F
Locale: Northern California
Re: Scurvy on 07/06/2012 13:21:26 MDT Print View
There was some incidence, but from a quick perusal it doesn't seem to have been a significant issue. Keep in mind that this was a century after Trafalgar, when the Royal Navy first started issuing lemons, so they may have had some citrus at basecamp. Fresh pony meat also would have helped to a small extent.
The Scott expedition seems to be a good example of how small changes can add up to create a crisis. For example, the doomed team was only 11 miles short of the next supply depot, which had been placed 30 miles North of its planned location. Lt. Evans, sent back with a bad case of scurvy, apparently was unable to relay Scott's order for more dogs to be sent south to meet the party. (So in a way scurvy did help create a significant issue.) The wiki article gives the impression that many aspects (ski/binding design, pony selection) may not have been given sufficient attention in contrast to Amundsen's group, but I'd prefer to read more direct sources on the subject before sharing that conclusion. I think that had things gone only slightly differently (not taking an extra man on the final push, placing supplies where originally planned, had the dogs been sent South, etc.), they likely would have made it out.
Madeline T
(madscot13) - F
vitamin C on 07/17/2012 20:44:15 MDT Print View
Paul McLaughlin
(paul) - MLife
Re: Polar Explorers Died of Starvation on 07/17/2012 22:48:24 MDT Print View
A fairly recent book on the expedition shows through research on weather conditions that the weather was significantly worse than average that year, slowing their progress sunstantially, so much so that in an average year they almost certainly would have made it back alive - despite what we now know to be inadequate rations
Mary D
(hikinggranny) - MLife
Polar Explorers Died of Starvation on 07/18/2012 01:11:37 MDT Print View
Dehydration and cooking both destroy Vitamin C, so it's not all that surprising that they got scurvy.
Laurie Ann March
(Laurie_Ann) - F
Locale: Ontario, Canada
Re: Polar Explorers Died of Starvation on 07/18/2012 07:22:33 MDT Print View
This is all very interesting. I think I'm going to have to buy a book or do some Google research and read more about the expedition.
Mary I did want to address the Vitamin C comment. While cooking and dehydration can destroy some Vitamin C, it doesn't destroy all of it if the time is limited. In 20 minutes of cooking you'll lose half the C and that's why in modern day we recommend the shorter cooking time for fruits and veggies and the reduced amount of water. Dehydration if done at 135°F or lower with modern dehydrators won't destroy all of the C but there will be a reduction. Same with Vitamin A. But back in the early 1900's we didn't know what we know today about everything from vitamin loss to glycemic index.
From what I gather from this discussion - and please correct me if I am mistaken... they were running out of fuel. With the extreme temps that would mean they wouldn't be able to thaw things like the pemmican to where it could be masticated or cook the frozen meat. Perhaps it was the fuel issue that was the biggest contributor?
Edited by Laurie_Ann on 07/18/2012 07:23:39 MDT.


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A mother was regarded as ceremonially unclean after childbirth for seven days; and then for thirty-three days was prohibited from entering a sanctuary or touching anything hallowed. In the case of a female infant, the length of time required for purification doubled (Lev. 12: 5).
The idea of a 'new birth' is used in the NT for the beginning of a life in Christ (1 Pet. 1: 3), and as a theological term called 'regeneration' (Titus 3: 5, AV) was associated in the Church with baptism.


Nature, Adventure and Eco-Tourism
ALINSAYAWAN FALLS (San Carlos City) is approximately 45 minutes away from the city proper, ideal for nature lovers and local tourists.
BAGACAY FALLS AND ASAW ASAW FALLS (Brgy. Mailum, Bago City) are located at a place accessible only by foot; it is an ideal retreat for nature lovers.
BAGACAY CAVE (Calatrava) is about 8 kilometers from the town proper. Mat weaving inside this cave has been a source of living of the residents.
BUSAC-BUSAC SPRING (Brgy. Tinampa-an, Cadiz City) is the main source of potable water in the city. Spouting out of the toe of the hill and adorned by surrounding boulders that transform it into an epitome of natural beauty and environmental attraction.
Bird Watching
Bird Watching in Pulupandan The Water Birds of Pulupandan, Negros Occidental located in Sitio Cavan, Brgy. Tapong, Pulupandan were surveyed from August to September 2009 and February to April 2010. A total of 46 species were known, including the globally threatened species (Vulnerable), the Philippine duck Anas Luzonica. The Northern Pintail, Anas Acuta, an uncommon migrant previously known from Luzon, the Javan Pond Heron, Ardeola Speciosa, a resident from Mindanao, are new records for Negros. Notations were made as to qualification of the area as a wetland of international importance under the criteria of the Ramsar Convention.
Carbin Reef
CARBIN REEF (Sagay City) is a marine sanctuary with its huge, tongue-shaped, creamy white sandbar, and its clear water offers the freshest option for swimming, scuba diving, snorkeling, picnic, boating, or just frolicking in the sand.
CHOCO HILLS (Brgy. Prosperidad, San Carlos City) is visible from the Negros Trans link Ecotourism Highway.
CODCOD RICE TERRACES (Brgy. Codcod, San Carlos City) is visible from the Negros Trans link Ecotourism highway.
Dalinson Falls
DALISUN FALLS (Toboso) is a magnificent waterfall found at Sitio Vergara in Brgy. Bug-ang, cascades from a height of 250 feet. Treasures believed to be that of the Japanese were reportedly found at the top of the falls.
Danjugan Island
DANJUGAN ISLAND (Cauayan) is 177.5 kms. from Bacolod City; 3 hectare reserve marine sanctuary; a virtual marine paradise to lovers of the underwater world.
HAGDANAN CAVE (Kabankalan City) Named so because of the natural formation of stairs made of stone inside the cave leading to the water under it.
ISLA PUTI (Escalante City) is 101 kms. from Bacolod City; immense sand bar islet jutting out of the sea and measuring about 2 hectares in area.
Kampanoy Cave
KAMPANOY CAVE (Toboso) is found at Brgy. Luna, some five kilometers from the town proper. Its spacious interior resembles a large dome cathedral.
Kipot Falls, Bago City
Kipot Falls, Bago City
KIPOT TWIN FALLS (Brgy. Mailum, Bago City) is a big stream separated by a sharp overhang that splits the water into two seemingly identical cascades.
MACAHULOM REEF (Sagay City) is a beautiful sight with its migratory birds flocking to its shore during certain months. Its crystalline waters and pure sea breeze make boat cruise in the area a soulful experience.
MAINIT HOT SPRING (Toboso) is found in brgy. San Isidro, about 12 kilometers from the town proper.
Mambukal Resort
MAMBUKAL MOUNTAIN RESORT (Murcia) is 30 kms. from Bacolod City ; gateway to the Mt. Kanlaon National Park; built as a spa in 1927; situated at an altitude of roughly 2,000 ft. above sea level on the north-western foot of Mt. Kanlaon.
Molocaboc Island
MOLOCABOC ISLAND (Sagay City) is home to fisher folk where big jars, mangrove reforestation, and miracle hole "amatong" fishing is found.
Monkey Sanctuary
MONKEY SANCTUARY (Sitio Palinpon, Brgy. Pagumayon, Calatrava) is home to hundreds of wild monkeys. These monkeys are people-friendly but very territorial in nature. They thrive on the food brought by visitors.
Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park
MT. KANLAON (Natural Park) is one of the mountains found in the north-central portion of the island of Negros. It is the highest peak in Central Philippines, the most dominant and attractive feature of which is the active summit crater of a volcano.
PANAL REEF (Sagay City) is another marine sanctuary which offers the best snorkeling area for tourists to enjoy the colorful corals and marine life.
Patag, Silay
Patag, Silay
PATAG VALLEY TREKKING (Silay City) is 45 kms. from Bacolod City; located 400 meters above sea level between the highlands of Mt. Silay and Mt. Marapara; home of the Philippines spotted deer; highlight of the visit is a skyline ride.
PATING CAVE (Kabankalan City) highest cave found in the eastern part of Bgy.Magballo.
Obong Caves
OBONG CAVE (Hinobaan) is where the late Major Jesus Villamor, hero of World War II landed bringing firearms for the Philippine guerillas aboard the US Navy Submarine Gidgeon in 1942, establishing the first radio contact with General Douglas Mc Arthur based in Australia at that time.
SIT-AN CAVE (Candoni) is a natural marvel that extends about 150m from its entrance to its hindmost part which resembles a church-like cavern with cool natural pool that has overflowing water ranging from knee-high to waistline depth that forms an underground stream running along columns of stalactites that hung like a pendant from its roof.
SITIO GUINTUBDAN NATURE CAMP (La Carlota City) is 36 kms. from Bacolod City; a destination for nature enthusiasts; at the western foot of Mt. Kanlaon at an elevation of 700 meters above the plains of the sugarland.
TAMLANG CAVE (Brgy. Tamlang, Escalante City) was used to be the hideout and headquarters of guerilla forces from the north during the World War.


What Is Cyclical Structure In Literature?
Is real estate cyclical?
Real estate is considered a cyclical industry because its demand side is impacted by economic cycles, and also because demand has historically outweighed supply.
The typical pattern for the real estate cycle is actually quite simple and straightforward..
What are the 5 parts of narrative structure?
What is the opposite of cyclical?
Antonyms of CYCLICAL opposite, direct, noncyclic, noncyclical, paired.
What is an example of cyclical unemployment?
One concrete example of cyclical unemployment is when an automobile worker is laid off during a recession to cut labor costs. During this downturn, people are buying fewer vehicles, so the manufacturer doesn't need as many workers to meet the demand. … High or low cyclical unemployment is only temporary.
What are some characteristics of something that is cyclical?
The definition of cyclical is something that goes in cycles, or something that occurs in a repeating pattern. The change of seasons each year is an example of something that would be described as cyclical. Cyclic. Tending to rise and fall in line with the fluctuations of the business cycle.
What are the five rules of narrative writing?
By observing these basic ideas, you can improve your narrative essay.Clarity. Complex words and syntax are a hindrance to clarity and should be avoided. … Don't describe each and every one of your own movements. … Avoid the second-person narrative. … To interest the reader, dynamic word choice is key. … Limit references.
What is another name for dynamic?
What is another word for dynamic?energeticvitalvigorousactivelivelypowerfulspiriteddrivingelectricforceful225 more rows
What is cyclical growth?
What's circular plot structure?
A circular plot structure is one in which story nodes are connected to other ones in a circle. … A circular plot structure is defined by the fact that each of the story nodes is connected to only one other story node, yet they must go in the same order in the story.
What are the elements of narrative structure?
Storytelling 101: The 6 Elements of Every Complete NarrativeSetting. The setting is the time and location in which your story takes place. … Characters. A story usually includes a number of characters, each with a different role or purpose. … Plot. The plot is the sequence of events that connect the audience to the protagonist and their ultimate goal. … Conflict. … Theme. … Narrative Arc.
What are the 8 elements of a story?
What does cyclical structure mean?
The structure of Of Mice and Men is cyclical – there is a sense of things happening in a certain order and being repeated. This is reflected in the way that the book starts and ends in the same place – the brush by the Salinas River.
What is circular structure in literature?
CIRCULAR STRUCTURE: A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a "conclusion" that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of …
What is another word for cyclical?
In this page you can discover 12 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for cyclical, like: cyclic, isochronal, isochronous, periodic, periodical, recurrent, like-clockwork, repetition, noncyclic, gradual and business cycle.
What are the most cyclical sectors?
What is circular structure English?
A story that ends in the same place it began is commonly called a circular or cyclical narrative. … Although the narrative's beginnings and ends mirror each other, as do the introduction and conclusion of an essay, the narrative almost never leaves characters or events unchanged.
What are the 7 Elements of Literature?
Is Apple a cyclical stock?
Electronics manufacturers – Makers of high-end smartphones, such as Apple, can be considered cyclical because sales are driven by buyers' discretionary income. Makers of flat-screen TVs or other products, such as Sony, would be in a similar category.
What does cyclical mean?
1a : of, relating to, or being a cycle. b : moving in cycles cyclic time.
What is the difference between cycle and cyclical?
As adjectives the difference between cyclic and cyclical is that cyclic is characterized by, or moving in cycles, or happening at regular intervals while cyclical is recurring at regular intervals.
What is repetitive mean?


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Ranch Nature Treasure Hunt
Sunday 9:00 am
Modern Family: Lessons from the Rest of Life
Sunday 8:00 pm
Everyone knows that families are a universal arena in which conflicts of interest can often arise between males and females, parents and offspring, and siblings. Within many animal species, family members may often die for each other, but given the right circumstances, they will also kill each other! What are the rules of nature that govern whether individuals should harm or help each other? Dr. Grosberg presents the basic evolutionary foundations for answering this question, and explores how other organisms (not humans!) behave toward their mates, their parents, and their siblings. And then there's us people. What can we learn from the rest of life about sibling squabbles, teen rebellion, blended families, and other dilemmas of the modern family?
The Birds and the Bees and the Flowers and the Trees: A Morning Walk with an Evolutionist
Tuesday and Wednesday 7:00 am
Becoming a Scientist: Finding the Questions, Not the Answers
Tuesday 5:00 pm
A talk for families (especially kids who think science is "boring"!!) about science as a voyage of discovery and a quest to find the questions that help us understand the world we live in.
Rick Grosberg is an evolutionary biologist and senior professor at UC Davis, where he is the Director of the Coastal Marine Sciences Institute. A Fellow of the California Academy of Sciences and the winner of the UC Davis Prize, one of the nation's most prestigious academic teaching awards, Dr. Grosberg is known both for his groundbreaking research and for his engaging and charismatic teaching style, which connects history, science and personal narrative in a unique way. He is frequently heard on national programs such as NPR's Science Friday, and his work has been featured in publications such as Scientific American, The New York Times, Science and the Huffington Post.


How to Grow Small Weed Plants in Small Spaces
How to Grow Small Weed Plants in Small Spaces
Growing marijuana is a task that is both fun as well as tedious. People prefer to grow their own weed because of various reasons. Some people like to grow their weed themselves because they find it cheaper when compared to buying from the dispensary or even the streets. Then there are people who want to grow their own weed because they find it safer because they know that there's nothing harmful going in the soil or water while they grow their own plants. Finally, there are people who grow their own weed just because they find the process of growing plants therapeutic. No matter which of these categories you fall into, we know that secretly all of you want to grow smaller plants!
In this article, we answer the question of – how to grow small weed plants in small spaces. This is of prime importance to indoor growers, and personal scale growers. This is because people who tend to grow their weed outdoors do not usually have a space restriction, especially if they are doing it on an industrial scale. There are just hectares of land available to them and their plants can grow as tall as they wish for. When it comes to growing your weed indoors, however, there's always a dearth of space. There's only so much height that your room or your grow tent can offer.
What do you do in such a case? How do you make sure that your plant does not grow beyond a certain height? Thankfully there are a number of gardening tips and tricks that you can make use of when it comes to ensuring that your plant's height remains small. Over the course of this article, we shall provide you with all these tips and tricks that you can use while you grow your own plants. Do note that it is always best suited to allow your plants to grow to their natural length, because that is when you get the most yield per square foot ratio. However, if you are really short on space these are some tricks you might want to use.
Before we head into how to grow small weed plants in small spaces, we shall also be taking a closer and detailed look at what is the normal height that a weed plant can grow to. Let us first begin by understanding what the average height is for a marijuana plant:
Marijuana Height: How Tall Do Weed Plants Generally Grow?
Ask any grower out there and they will tell you the one common problem that they tend to face – the plants grow too tall, especially in the blooming phase. When you start off with a tiny seed you have no way of gauging how tall your plant is going to be. You may have an approximate idea but you'll never know! This is just like a human being – when you are a baby, there is absolutely no way to tell if you are going to be 4'10" or 7'3". In some cases, you might be even shorter or even taller! Genetics plays a very important part in determining the height and the same is the case with plants.
Marijuana plants of different genetic strains tend to grow to different heights. There are some plants which constantly remain at a medium height and don't grow too tall. Then there are others which begin slow but then pick up pace as soon as the flowering begins and can grow almost twice their height during the bloom phase. Plants reach about half their height in the vegetative phase and the other half in the blooming phase. The more the height, the more space there is for new branches to pop out, leading to more flowers and more yield for you.
People who are looking for high yielding plants would generally avoid reducing the height of their plants. However, people who are looking for saving out on the space would certainly like to reduce the height, not because they don't want it, but mostly because they don't have the infrastructure. Genetics are the biggest reason behind a plant's height.
Coming to the question at hand – what is the average height that a marijuana plant can grow to, the answer would depend upon the strain. Largely speaking, a regular (non-auto-flowering) Sativa plant can grow to 10 to 12 feet in height under natural conditions. This is the one that most people actually worry about. Indica plants, on the other hand, usually grow up to 6-7 ft at their tallest and are generally under that. These can be easily controlled and even if they attain full height, they usually don't cause much of a problem in a grow room.
What Determines The Height of a Plant?
There are a number of factors that determine how tall your plant is going to be. Let us take a closer look at them point by point:
 - Genetics – The genetic makeup of your plant is very important. If the plant that you are growing is one which comes from two-parent plants which are both very tall, you might end up with a plant that is also very tall. In the case of one tall and one short plant, the dominating strain will show its effect. Generally speaking, Indica plants are considered to be shorter and stockier in comparison to the sativa plants which are way taller. This is why when you buy marijuana seeds from a good seed bank, always make sure you are checking out their genetic makeup to know how tall your seeds are going to grow.
 - Nutrients – the kind of nutrients that you provide your plants are also directly responsible for the height of the plant. There are some booster nutrients and plant food doses which result in the plant suddenly booming in height and thereby increasing the yield. You might want to limit these booster nutrients if you are looking forward towards having plants that are smaller in size. However, take care that you don't end up underfeeding the plant.
 - Temperature and Humidity – Temperature and humidity play a big role in how tall your plant is going to grow. When the temperatures are higher and the humidity is very low or very high, you are likely to get bigger plants because this basically causes 'stress' which results in your plants getting elongated. Keeping the temperatures cool and humidity moderate are two great ways in which you can ensure that your plants are staying safe.
 - Training by the Grower – You also need to make sure that your plants have been trained well – either via low-stress or high-stress training methods. These training methods involve topping, fimming and using Screen of Green (SCROG) methods.
How to Grow Small Weed Plants in Small Spaces?
The biggest question about growing small plants in small spaces is – how do you do it! When it comes to growing smaller plants, these are some tips and tricks that you can make use of:
 - Choose Your Seeds Wisely
When you are buying your seeds from a seed bank, try asking the sellers (or look up the plant description for the details) about how tall the plants are expected to grow. If you already know that you do not want to grow taller plants, try and get seeds which will result in shorter plants! Planning this ahead of time is a great practice. The sellers can tell you (based on the plant strain and genetics) as to how tall the plants that emerge from the seeds are likely to grow, so choose wisely!
 - Get Indica Plants
We have already established that the average height of the Indica plants is lesser than that of sativa plants. Keeping this in mind you might just want to grow indica over Sativa strains. However, this is a matter of personal preference and not every grower might want to grow indica plants because the kind of high you get from them is different. Nonetheless, this is one way to know for sure that you will be getting plants that are smaller in size.
 - Provide Nutrients Slowly
Another thing that you might want to consider is to reduce the plant's intake of some booster nutrients which result in a sudden and rapid growth of the plants. This is doubly true during the flowering stages of the plant's life cycle when booster nutrients generally trend to help the plants get more buds by having them grow taller and have more branches.
 - Provide the Right Humidity and Temperature
Now we come to one of the most important points here. Having the right temperature and humidity are very important for growing plants of the right size. Keeping the temperatures from being too high or humidity from being either too high or too low would keep the plants from growing too tall. As explained above too, when these factors are too high or too low, the plants start getting stressed and as a result, begin to stretch out and grow taller.
 - Intensity of Light
Keeping the light closer to the plants is also a good way to keep the plants from growing too tall. Plants usually tend to grow in the direction of sunlight and as a result, they are always stretching to get more and more light. However, if the source of the light is kept as close as possible to the plants (especially if it is something such as an LED light which operates at cool temperatures), it could actually be beneficial for the growers and prevent the plants from stretching too much.
 - Low-Stress Training
The process of low-stress training basically involves your plants being bent in an angle that the height is reduced. This begins when your plant reaches a height of 6" and is carried on till almost the flowering phase. If done right, this process can help you reduce the height of your plant by up to as much as 2 feet by gently bending it. The top of the plant keeps moving towards the pot. Once you have reached an optimum height you can also use a light string to tie down the plants. One thing that you must keep in mind while doing this is that you will have to apply minimal and gentle pressure so that the stems do not snap or break.
 - Pre-Flower Topping
Topping your


Adjaruli Khachapuri - Gastro Obscura
Prepared Foods
Adjaruli Khachapuri
Economists use this cheesy bread as a metric for cost of living between Georgian cities.
Georgians make khachapuri (pronounced "hatch-ah-POO-ree") all across the country. This cheese bread is so popular that economists at Tbilisi State University actually use the dish as a metric for inflation and cost of living between cities. They divide the average household income by the "Kh-index" (the cost of ingredients, as well as energy like gas or electricity, needed to produce one Imeretian-style khachapuri in a given city). This reveals how many servings the average family can afford to make in each city.
Despite the ubiquity of khachapuri, the details of this dish vary by region. It can be double-crusted, round, square, cheese-topped, or cheese-filled. Georgians incorporate a wide array of cheeses and doughs, and will cook it on a stovetop or in the oven. Some versions contain bitter greens or boiled potatoes, while others are filled with whole eggs.
Adjaruli khachapuri, hailing from the Adjara region on the coast of the Black Sea, has three distinct features: an open-faced boat shape, a raw egg, and a pat of butter on top. Adjarians fill their bread boats with sulguni, a brined cow cheese that's a little bit sour and salty, with the elasticity of mozzarella. Even better, the Kh-index indicates that Adjara is on the up and up. More boat-shaped cheese breads all around!
Need to Know
To properly eat Adjaruli khachapuri, mix the yolk and butter into the melted cheese, then rip off chunks of the bread boat to scoop up the insides. Think of it as an all-in-one fondue.
Where to Try It
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Water Quality Factors Can Affect Your Water Heater
28 January 2021
 Categories:, Blog
Water quality can affect the insides of your plumbing system, and your water heater is no exception. Here are some of the ways that water quality can affect your water heater.
1. Acidic water
Water tends to corrode the insides of water heater tanks since the tanks are made out of metal. If your water heater is well-maintained, it has a sacrificial anode rod that draws the water's corrosive power away from the tank's walls. Water that's extremely acidic can corrode metal faster, which could mean the anode rod needs to be replaced more often.
This anode rod is easily replaceable, whereas if your tank springs a leak, you'll typically need a whole new water heater. So if you have soft water or acidic water, be sure to replace the anode rod often.
2. Hard water
Hard water (water that has a lot of minerals in it) can affect how quickly sediment builds up in the bottom of your water heater tank. The minerals tend to settle out of hot water more quickly than out of cold water, so quite a lot of sediment can build up in the tank over time. Sediment buildup can cause problems such as unevenly heated water.
Good water heater maintenance includes flushing sediment out of the tank every so often. If you know you have hard water, you may want to increase the frequency of this service. Your plumber can help you decide how often the tank needs to be flushed.
3. Softened water
If you decide to put in a water softener to avoid the sediment buildup from hard water, you should be aware that softened water can affect your hot water heater as well. Because the common ion exchange type of softener adds sodium ions to the water, the water becomes more conducive to metal corrosion.
So softened water can have much the same effect that acidic water has; it can make your water heater tank and anode rod corrode faster.
4. Water with iron bacteria
Some water sources naturally contain iron bacteria. These bacteria may thrive in your plumbing system, especially in the warm water part of the system. Although these bacteria won't keep your water heater from functioning, they can make it very smelly. If your water heater (or your hot water) starts to smell of sulfur, you may need to have it treated for bacteria.
Water heaters can produce hot water reliably for years if well cared for. Knowing how different types of water and different water quality factors can affect your water heater can help you ensure that the heater stays in good shape. Talk to your plumber today about whether your water quality could mean that your water heater needs more maintenance and care.
For more information, contact a water heater service.


Jaap's Puzzle Page
Farmland Gear
Farmland Gear Plow Deep Farmland Gear Big Crop Farmland Gear Hay Ride Farmland Gear Feed Lots
Farmland Gears are fairly simple puzzles which consist of two overlapping circular disks, reminiscent of other circle puzzles such as Turnstile, Rashkey, but especially Circle Puzzle because of its 4-fold symmetry. In common with the latter each disk has four pieces around the outside, one of which is shared with the other disk. What makes these puzzles so special is that they have several smaller wheels inside the disks' centres. Turning one disk will also rotate any inner wheel of the other disk that it touches.
These puzzles were invented by Douglas A. Engel, who also invented various other puzzles such as:
The number of positions:
The two centres each have 4 orientations. For a given centre orientation, the 7 main pieces can be rearranged by any even permutation, thus we have 42·7!/2 = 40,320 positions excluding the internal wheels.
There are 3 types of internal wheels these puzzles may have. A small wheel (8 teeth) only has 2 states, normal or reversed, and turning one of these wheels will also affect one of the other internal wheels. A large wheel (11 teeth) can have any of the 11 orientations, and can be twisted in isolation. The'mulcher', which has two small overlapping disks with 5 pieces of 2 colours, can have 5!/(3!2!) = 10 positions. It can also be moved without affecting anything else.
The table below shows the four different variants.
Name Small wheels Large wheels Mulcher Positions calculation Result
Plow Deep 1 1 1 40320 · 2 · 11 · 10 8,870,400
Big Crop 2 2 0 40320 · 22 · 112 19,514,880
Hay Ride 3 1 0 40320 · 23 · 11 3,548,160
Feed Lots 4 0 0 40320 · 24/2 322,560
Let a clockwise quarter turn of the left disk be denoted by L1. A half turn is denoted by L2, and an anti-clockwise turn by L3. Turns of the right disk are denoted in the same way, but using the letter R.
Phase 1: Solve the main pieces.
This part is quite simple, especially if you first solve the top and bottom pieces, and the detailed steps below only make it seem more complicated than it is.
 1. Rotate the disks so that their centres are the right side up.
 2. Find the piece that belongs at the top of the left disk. Do the appropriate move sequence from the following list:
 Top-left: -
 Left: L2 R2 L3 R2 L3
 Bottom-left: L3 R2 L2 R2 L3
 Centre: R2 L1 R2 L3
 Top-right: L1 R3 L3 R1
 Right: L1 R2 L3 R2
 Bottom-right: L1 R1 L3 R3
 3. Solve the top-right, bottom-left, and bottom-right locations. These are done in exactly the same way as step b above - simply hold the puzzle such that the location you are solving is at the top-left.
 4. If the pieces at the left, centre, and right are not correct, then do R2 L2 R2 L2. Repeat this again if they are still not correct.
Phase 2: Solve small internal wheels.
 1. Choose the two little wheels that you want to reverse. If there is only one little wheel that you want to change, use any of the other types of internal wheel as the second of your two wheels.
 2. If the two wheels lie in different disks, then
 1. If the left wheel of the left disk is one of your chosen wheels, do L2.
 2. If the right wheel of the right disk is one of your chosen wheels, do R2.
 3. Do L1 R3 L3 R1 three times to affect only the two wheels near the centre.
 4. If you did an R2 move in step 2, undo it now.
 5. If you did an L2 move in step 1, undo it now.
 3. If the two wheels you want to reverse lie in the left disk, then do R1 L2 R3 L2 three times. Similarly if they both lie in the right disk, do L1 R2 L3 R2.
 4. Repeat the steps above until all the small wheels are correct.
Phase 3: Solve the 'Mulcher'.
 1. If the mulcher's left wheel has a piece of the wrong colour, turn the left disk full circle once or twice to bring that incorrect piece to the centre of the mulcher.
 2. If the mulcher's right wheel has a piece of the wrong colour, do R2, turn the left disk full circle once or twice to bring that incorrect piece to the centre of the mulcher, and then undo the R2 move.
 3. Repeat steps a-b until the mulcher is solved.
Phase 4: Solve large internal wheels.
 1. To adjust a big internal wheel in one disk, rotate the other disk a full circle.
 2. Repeat step a if necessary, until the wheel is correct. After at most 10 full turns, the wheel will be correct.


main article image
(Debashish Sharma/Twitter)
What's The Deal With This Ridiculous Yellow Turtle Found in India?
For the second time in just three months the Indian Forest Service has announced the discovery of a golden flapshell turtle.
Like a slice of cheese, a slab of butter, or the yolk of an egg, this zesty creature with its vivid yellow shell, head, and limbs looks good enough to eat - and has fast become an internet sensation.
While such aberrations of colour are rare in nature, this bizarre phenomenon is more common than many recognise.
Yellow variants of the Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata) - which typically are brown with yellow spots and a creamy white underside - have been discovered a handful of times over the years in various parts of South Asia, where it is one of the most common aquatic turtle species.
The genetic anomaly doesn't happen often, but when it does, it tends to stand out.
In 1997, a turtle with a uniformly yellow body and pink eyes was discovered in Gujarat on the west coast of India, and other similar examples are said to have been found in Myanmar and Bangladesh, although the data are unpublished.
Just this summer, a golden turtle was snapped in Odisha, an eastern Indian state, and when posted on Twitter, a wildlife biologist in India claimed to have found three such individuals the year before.
Even more recently, a paper was published on the first discovery of a golden flapshell found in Nepal.
While there's little information on the most recent finds, the phenomenon is thought to be caused by a lack of body pigmentation.
It's similar to pure albinism - a genetic disorder that causes a complete lack of pigments in the body - but instead of showing up completely white, in certain cases, yellow pteridine pigments can survive to dominate colour production (along with eye pigments).
This is known as chromatic leucism, and among turtles, researchers say it can produce the most "dazzling" colour variants.
While not exactly rare among flapshell turtles, researchers describe the phenomenon as "relatively uncommon".
In July, when the first golden turtle of the year went viral, herpetologists in India explained that in some cases, if a different pigment makes it through, this species can even appear red. That said, examples of such ruby-coloured turtles are almost impossible to find online.
But while turtles sporting such vivid hues might be cherished as viral phenomena and could be highly prised in the pet trade, in nature lacking your normal colouration can be quite the burden.
"For instance, a normally coloured L. punctata is much better camouflaged in the murky, greenish, aqueous environment the species frequents than a gold-coloured individual," explains the paper written on the Nepal discovery.
Very often, these golden creatures are'rescued' from their natural habitats and relocated to new areas or placed in captivity.
In this new case, the golden turtle was accidentally snared in a fishing net, and as herpetologist Sneha Dharwadkar explains on Twitter, this represents a problem.
"Its almost impossible to relocate flapshells anywhere because 1. they are found in most waterbodies…" she writes, "2. Most places have fishing."
"[W]e need to find an alternative to relocating flapshells," she adds
It's not easy being green, but apparently it's a lot harder being yellow.


Atlantic Remote Sensing Land/Ocean Experiment
Project Description
ARSLOE was sponsored jointly by the Coastal Engineering Research
Center (CERC) of the US Army Corps of Engineers and the National
Ocean Survey (now Service) of NOAA; it was conducted from 6 October
to 30 November 1980 in the area off Duck, NC, near the CERC Field
Research Facility. The data were collected using modern electronic
sensors such as EM current meters, waveriders, wave staffs and
pressure gauges. Instrument type and characteristics, position,
mean sea level, initial time, time span of the data sample and
sampling period are reported for each series of measurements.
Depending on the type of instrument used and data collected, data
are reported in eight alternate data records. These contain: 1) EM
current meter data (east and north components); 2) Baylor gauge
data (water level); 3) pressure gauge data (water pressure); 4)
waverider data (wave displacement); 5) wave direction buoy (wave
displacement, east and north wave slope components); 6) wave
spectra (coand quadspectra); 7) wave data (angular Fourier
coefficients); and 8) three-axis current meter data (east and north


text:
Poetry and folk music have a long and rich tradition in Ireland. And since
the turn of the century, many poems and songs have been inspired by the
conflicts in Northern Ireland, and between Britain and Ireland. The selections
below are a brief sample of how Irish poets and musicians have translated the
violence and conflict of their homeland into art.


text:
book is the basis for the German television production Der geheimnisvolle Schatz von Troja (Hunt for Troy) from 2007. He is also the subject of the novel The Lost Throne by American author Chris Kuzneski.
The novel The Fall of Troy by Peter Ackroyd (2006) is based on Schliemann's excavation of Troy. Schliemann is portrayed as "Heinrich Obermann".
See also
- Stefan Lovgren. "National Geographic News". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
- Cornelia Maué,_URL_. "website of schliemann-museum Ankershagen". Schliemann-museum.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- Robert Payne, The Gold of Troy: The Story of Heinrich Schliemann and the Buried Cities of Ancient Greece, 1959, repr. New York: Dorset, 1990, p. 15.
- Payne, p. 70.
- "Schliemann, Heinrich" in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, at de.wikisource. (German)
- Payne, p. 25.
- Payne, p. 30.
- Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
- Leo Deuel, Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann: A Documentary Portrait Drawn from his Autobiographical Writings, Letters, and Excavation Reports, New York: Harper, 1977, ISBN 0-06-011106-2, p. 67; he also mentions meeting President Andrew Johnson, p. 126.
- Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
- Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?". The Classical World 91: 339.
- Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík. University of California Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
- Bernard, Wolfgang. Homer-Forschung zu Schliemanns Zeit und heute at the Wayback Machine (archived June 9, 2007) (in German).
- Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík. University of California Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-520-20868-1.
- Bryce, Trevor (2005). The Trojans and their neighbours. Taylor & Francis. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-34959-8.
- Moorehead, Caroline, The Lost Treasures of Troy (1994) page 133, ISBN 0-297-81500-8
- Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?". The Classical World 91: 341.
- Kenneth W. Harl. "Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor". Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- Lauren Stokes. "Trojan wars and tourism: a lecture by C. Brian Rose". Swarthmore College Daily Gazette. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
Further reading
- Boorstin, Daniel (1983). The Discoverers. Random House. ISBN 0-394-40229-4.
- Durant, Will (1939). The Life of Greece: Being a history of Greek civilization from the beginnings, and of civilization in the Near East from the death of Alexander, to the Roman conquest. Simon & Schuster. OCLC 355696346.
- Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?". The Classical World 91.
- Poole, Lynn; Poole, Gray (1966). One Passion, Two Loves. Crowell. OCLC 284890..
- Silberman, Neil Asher (1990). Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-41610-5.
- Tolstikov, Vladimir; Treister, Mikhail (1996). The Gold of Troy. Searching for Homer's Fabled City. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3394-2.
- Traill, David A. (1995). Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-14042-8.
- Wood, Michael (1987). In Search of the Trojan War. New American Library. ISBN 0-452-25960-6.
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Media related to Heinrich Schliemann at Wikimedia Commons
- American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Heinrich Schliemann and Family Papers at the Wayback Machine (archived October 5, 2007).
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schliemann, Heinrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- "Schliemann, Heinrich". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.


text:
"Apprehend" means to take into custody or grasp mentally. While "apprehend" sometimes means "understand," it is best to use "comprehend" because it's easier for most people to understand. For the purposes of this exercise, always use "comprehend" for "understand." The noun form, "apprehension," means a foreboding or dread of something. Example: Please apprehend the criminal.
"Comprehend" means to grasp mentally or understand fully. Example: Do you comprehend this material? The adjective "comprehensive" means all-inclusive or having a wide range. Example: Final exams are usually comprehensive because they include questions on all the material covered in a semester.
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text:
This is a set of 16 Spanish water cycle vocabulary cards that you can use with your students when teaching science. I created them to look like trading cards and my students LOVE using them! I've also included an enlarged set of these cards that you can post in your room as a water cycle or science word wall or bulletin board.
*Note: This is also available in English. Find it here
SAVE Over 50%
This product is included in my Spanish Science Vocabulary Bundle that includes trading cards + word wall posters for 18 different science topics (276 cards total).
This set includes:
- 16 water cycle vocabulary cards with the word and a picture representing it on the front and a definition and a fact on the back.
- The same 16 water cycle cards with the words on them but blank spaces for students to draw their own picture and room to write their own definitions and facts.
- 8 blank cards that students can use to add more water cycle terms to if they come across them in their discussions, experiences, or studies.
- A template for a labeled box that students can cut out, write their name on and color to store their water cycle cards in.
- A list of ways you can use these water cycle vocabulary flashcards/trading cards with your students that is based on Robert Marzano's "Six Steps to Better Vocabulary Instruction". This list helps me because I can show parents, administrators, other teachers, etc. that I'm using research-based methods in my classroom.
- An enlarged set of these cards that you can post in your room as a water cycle or science word wall or bulletin board.
I print these Spanish water cycle flashcards out double sided on card stock so they look and feel like real trading cards but they work just as well on regular paper.
The 16 Spanish water cycle vocabulary terms included in this set of cards are:
- ciclo del agua
- vapor volcánico
- absorción de la planta
- agua subterránea
Thank you and be sure to check out the other vocabulary cards and games in my store!


text:
From June 1st to November 4th 2013
Ca' Rezzonico, Museum of the 18th century Venice
Among the most spectacular ceremonies Venice used to organise in the past were the regattas arranged by the Serenissima in honour of princes and rulers visiting the city. The most important artists of the 18th century assisted in the making of the extravagant vessels bearing such exotic names as bissone, malgarote, peote: specialists in the field, like Andrea Urbani or the Mauro family, together with leading artists, including Giambattista, Tiepolo, Francesco Guardi, Giambattista Piranesi, Gaspare Diziani and Francesco Zugno.
One of the most important collections of prints and drawings dedicated to this specifically Venetian aspect of ephemeral baroque art is conserved in the Gabinetto dei disegni e delle stampe in Museo Correr, and is now displayed after a long period out of public sight, at Ca' Rezzonico.
For more information: carezzonico.visitmuve.it >>>


text:
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. It forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate:
It is an oxidative carboxylase that catalyses the decarboxylating reduction of 6-phosphogluconate into ribulose 5-phosphate in the presence of NADP. This reaction is a component of the hexose mono-phosphate shunt and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 6PGD are proteins of about 470 amino acids whose sequences are highly conserved. The protein is a homodimer in which the monomers act independently: each contains a large, mainly alpha-helical domain and a smaller beta-alpha-beta domain, containing a mixed parallel and anti-parallel 6-stranded beta sheet. NADP is bound in a cleft in the small domain, the substrate binding in an adjacent pocket.
Recently, 6PGD was demonstrated to catalyze also the reverse reaction (i.e. reductive carboxylation) in vivo. Experiments using Escherichia coli selection strains revealed that this reaction was efficient enough to support the formation of biomass based solely on CO2 and pentose sugars. In the future, this property could be exploited for synthetic carbon fixation routes.
Mutations within the gene coding this enzyme result in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency, an autosomal hereditary disease affecting the red blood cells.
6PGD is involved in cancer cell metabolism so 6PGD inhibitors have been sought.
This EC 1.1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Inside the CBCA Shortlist
Girl on Wire (Penguin Random House) is a highly metaphorical picture book, for older children, where a wire resembles a tightrope. It is a stunning work painted in oils, and the book cover resembles a painting canvas.
In the story an unnamed girl seems to be in a difficult or even threatening situation. She is anxious and fearful. Or, at the very least, she is simply avoiding a task or something she must do. She must take the first step, then continue along to move forward, change and grow.
Where is the girl? What could the wire or tightrope represent? What is hindering and helping her? How does she find courage?
The outstanding illustrations create changing perspectives and atmospheres. Consider how light and shadows are used, how movement is shown, and which part of the girl is focussed on at different times [e.g. feet, back view, from a distance, close-up].
Lucy Estela's website is _URL_
Elise Hurst's website is _URL_
Using the book with children:
Idiom What is another meaning of walking a tightrope? [a careful balancing act of thinking or acting when between difficult, changing or dangerous situations]
Motifs Birds and feathers aren't mentioned in the written text but they are used as motifs in the story. Follow the birds and feathers in the illustrations. Examine how close and far they are from the girl. What is their role?
Read other books by Elise Hurst such as Imagine a City, Adelaide's Secret World and The Night Garden; and Suri's Wall by Lucy Estela, illustrated by Matt Ottley.
Balancing With safe monitoring, children could try balancing on something quite low to the ground (or on the ground) or walking along a balance beam (which could be a plank of wood) or low slackline. They could walk forwards and backwards; over obstacles e.g. beanbags; or through obstacles e.g. hoop. They could begin by looking at their feet and then look at someone in front of them as the girl does in the book. Is it easier to look down or at someone?
Tightrope Cartoons Children could use the online tool Toony Tools to make a cartoon of a character walking a tightrope _URL_
Tightrope Song Older children could listen to the song Tightrope, written by Pasek and Paul, sung by Michelle Williams, from The Greatest Showman movie. How do the lyrics relate to the picture book Girl on Wire?


-- Lincoln's Inaugural Address --
Rives Advice
Abandon Forts
Prior to Lincoln's inauguration, a group of border and upper South delegates to the Peace Convention, headed by the distinguished Virginian, William C. Rives, urged Lincoln to abandon the forts still in federal hands to the Confederacy.
The delegates reasoned that the abandonment of these forts would remove a source of friction that could erupt into civil war. By avoiding war, the administration would encourage unionists throughout the South and prevent the eight slaveholding states still in the Union from leaving to defend their slaveholding brethren. Abandoning the forts would also provide time to find a way to return the secessionist deep South to the fold, whereas war would permanently sever the Union.
Bibliography: Current, Lincoln and the First Shot, pp. 34-35; Potter, Lincoln and His Party, pp. 353-58.
[Main Menu] [Inauguration Home] [Back]... [Calendar] [Notebook]


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If I watch movies directly off my USB Flash Drive, will the many reads somehow cause the drive to deteriorate faster? Or is there any other harm in doing this?
My alternative is copying the movie to my hard drive. Would that be better?
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 21 down vote accepted
A simple check on Wikipedia can help a lot:
The method used to read NAND flash memory can cause other cells near the cell being read to change over time if the surrounding cells of the block are not rewritten. This is generally in the hundreds of thousands of reads without a rewrite of those cells. The error does not appear when reading the original cell, but rather shows up when finally reading one of the surrounding cells.
So indeed reading from a flash memory will cause it to rewrite some blocks every now and then. Writing to a flash memory happens block wise, and every block can only be rewritten a certain amount of times (actual number differs). But considering that this number is quite high, the drive manages (wear leveling) the writes to be evenly spread across the drive, and only every 100th or so read uses a write, your drive will probably die of other reasons before. Or you will just dump it, because it has gotten too small.
So my recommendation would be: As long as the drive is fast enough, use it instead of the hard drive, unless you want the movie on the hdd anyway.
share|improve this answer
No. Reads by themselves do not wear out a flash drive; the limit applies only to write operations. However, repeated read operations may necessitate occasional rewriting as noted by Walter Maier-Murdnelch.
Note, however, that hard drives have faster transfer rates when they do not need to seek, so it may simply be better to watch the video from a hard drive.
As a side note, the number of write cycles a flash memory block can sustain ranges from less than 5,000 to 1,000,000, depending on the process--flash ICs manufactured using processes with smaller nanometer values wear out faster (25nm flash memory is limited to about 3,000 write cycles). To mitigate this limitation, flash drives use wear leveling to spread writes across the flash memory IC to ensure that no one block receives a disproportionate number of writes.
share|improve this answer
No, reading from the flash drive will not degrade it. Writing to it, however, will wear out the flash memory eventually.
A note: make sure that your flash drive reads fast enough to play the movie without buffering.
share|improve this answer
Yes, it is generally better to watch movies from a HDD.
As for the usb lifespan, it is a general rule that everything(!) you do with it, shortens its lifespan. Try buying two sticks and putting one in a safe in a bank, and using the other on a daily basis. The one used will almost certanly have a shorter lifespan ;) Expecially, if it falls and you step on it.
Otherwise, flash drives have a long enough lifespan for all practical purposes, and it is more probable that actual physical harm will come to them, than that they will die from "material wear" in that time.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


(Huffington Post) Approaching the shoreline of Lake Natron in Tanzania, photographer Nick Brandt faced an eerie sight: There, lying on the earth as still and stiff as statues, were calcified corpses of a variety of birds and bats that had met their untimely demise after crashing into the deadly waters.
"No one knows for certain exactly how [these animals] die, but it appears that the extreme reflective nature of the lake's surface confuses them, causing them to crash into the lake," Brandt writes in his new photo book Across the Ravaged Land. "The water has an extremely high soda and salt content, so high that it would strip the ink off my Kodak film boxes within a few seconds. The soda and salt causes the creatures to calcify, perfectly preserved, as they dry."
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To see a step by-step instruction on regular Space size change please check this article: Spaces
In this article we collect various use-cases in real life property management, and give a view on how to solve them using Moderan.
Case: Tenant A had a Space 101. Now this Space is being split to two other Tenants B and C:
 - Tenant B already had neighbor Space 102.
 Physically what has been done is that part of Space 101 was merged to Space 102.
 - The remaining area of Space 101 was given to Tenant C.
Step 1- Ensure the Space was physically rebuilt in a way one part was merged to the other Space.
Normally, when you split a Space in two you create a second one and put to each of the two a corresponding new Size.
In this case we see the Space was not only split - but same time partially merged in the other.
This way, we need to increase the size of Space 102 respectively to the part of Space 101 added, and assign the rest to Tenant C.
Step 2 - Split the Spaces as per the physical changes
1. Increase Space 102 by the part of Space 101 size that was physically added to it
2. Decrease Space 101 by the same part
Ensure both changes are registered for the same date in Moderan
3. Assign Space 102 to Tenant B
4. Assign Space 101 to Tenant C
Ensure both Contracts has rent calculations change for the same date as Space size change
It is important to known the details of actual size reconstructions of Spaces: changes might not be identical to the original Space sizes, sometimes area is remeasured.
Always double check this and the sizes stated in the new Contracts!