Emergency Medicine Book
Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Aka: Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma, Blunt Abdominal Injury in Children, Pediatric Abdominal Trauma
 1. See Also
 1. Pediatric Trauma
 2. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 3. Pediatric Abdominal Pain
 2. Epidemiology
 1. Splenic Rupture and Liver Laceration are the most common blunt abdominal injuries in children
 3. Precautions
 1. See Pediatric Trauma
 2. Children hide hemodynamic instability from Hemorrhage
 1. Children compensate even with Massive Hemorrhage until they precipitously, hemodynamically collapse
 3. Children are higher risk for serious injury following blunt Abdominal Trauma
 1. Compact torso with large organ to body mass ratios (concentrated in a tight Abdomen)
 2. Large organs not fully protected by rib margin, and minimal abdominal fat and musculature
 4. Communication challenges
 1. Preverbal children
 2. Crying or fearful
 3. Adolescents may not be forthcoming of all aspects of injury
 5. Consider Nonaccidental Trauma
 1. Findings not consistent with history of injury
 4. History
 1. Mechanism of injury
 2. Restraints or protective equipment
 1. Review with parents and EMS which restraints were present at the scene (e.g. MVA)
 2. Improper Car Restraint use (e.g. premature transition from Booster Seat) is associated with greater injury risk
 3. Site of impact (e.g. handlebar injury to the duodenum)
 4. Underlying conditions
 1. Bleeding Disorder (e.g. Hemophilia)
 2. Splenomegaly (e.g. Mononucleosis)
 3. Weak or absent abdominal muscles (e.g. Eagle-Barrett Syndrome)
 5. Exam
 1. See Trauma Primary Survey
 2. See Trauma Secondary Survey
 6. Signs: Higher Risk Findings
 1. See Pediatric Trauma
 2. Low systolic Blood Pressure
 1. Ominious finding that may herald imminent cardiovascular collapse
 2. See Pediatric Vital Signs
 3. Kehr Sign
 1. Left Shoulder Pain referred from left upper quadrant and splenic region
 4. Decreased mental status (GCS<15)
 5. Seat Belt Sign
 1. Erythema, Ecchymosis or abrasion across the Abdomen secondary to the Seat Belt restraint
 2. Mildly associated (RR 1.6) with intraabdominal hollow viscus injury (but not solid organ injury)
 3. Intraabdominal injuries in 5.7% of children without Abdominal Pain, tenderness (2% required surgery)
 4. However, Seat Belt Sign is present in only 73% with significant intra-Abdominal Trauma
 5. Mahajan (2015) Acad Emerg Med 22(9): 1034-41 [PubMed]
 6. Peritoneal signs (Abdominal Distention, guarding, rebound, rigidity)
 7. Pelvic instability
 8. Femur Fracture
 9. Abdominal tenderness or pain
 1. Present in most children with Abdominal Trauma and typically non-specific
 2. Correlate with other abdominal findings
 3. Abdominal Pain and tenderness Test Sensitivity for intraabdominal injury drops with GCS
 1. Test Sensitivity 79% for GCS 15
 2. Test Sensitivity 51-57% for GCS 14
 3. Test Sensitivity 32-37% for GCS 13
 4. Adelgais (2014) J Pediatr 165(6): 1230-5 [PubMed]
 7. Labs: Higher Risk Findings
 1. Bedside Glucose (fingerstick Glucose)
 2. Serum Lipase increased
 1. Positive Predictive Value: 75% (highest of the Abdominal Injury markers)
 3. Increased transaminase Liver Function Tests (AST >200, ALT >125)
 1. Negative Predictive Value: 71% (highest of the Abdominal Injury markers)
 4. Hematocrit <30% (initial on presentation)
 5. Urinalysis with Microscopic Hematuria (or certainly Gross Hematuria)
 1. Urine Red Blood Cells (urine RBC) >5 rbc/hpf
 1. Otherwise well appearing child with benign exam
 1. Consider renal Ultrasound (or FAST Exam)
 2. Observe and repeat Urinalysis
 2. Other physical findings or lab abnormalities suggesting Renal Injury
 1. CT Abdomen
 2. Urine catheterization typically yields <5 rbc/hpf
 1. Sklar (1986) Am J Emerg Med 4(1): 14-6 [PubMed]
 6. Other testing to consider
 1. Urine Pregnancy Test (or serum Qualitative hCG)
 8. Imaging
 1. FAST Exam
 1. Helpful if positive (esp. hemoperitoneum)
 2. High False Negative Rate in children
 1. Of those with significant solid organ injury on CT Abdomen, 33% had no free fluid on FAST Exam
 2. Scaife (2013) J Pediatr Surg 48(6): 1377-83 [PubMed]
 2. CT Abdomen and Pelvis (with IV Contrast but no Oral Contrast)
 1. See Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule for indications
 2. See CT-associated Radiation Exposure for risks
 3. False Negatives (esp. hollow viscus injury) if performed early after injury
 4. Normal CT in blunt Abdominal Trauma is reassuring
 1. Negative Predictive Value: 99.8% for significant intraabdominal injury
 2. Lower Test Sensitivity for pancreatic injury or bowel injury
 3. Misses 2 cases in 1000 of intraabdominal injury requiring immediate intervention
 4. Misses 5 cases in 1000 of intraabdominal injury overall
 5. Kerrey (2013) Ann Emerg Med 62(4):319-26 +PMID:23622949 [PubMed]
 9. Differential Diagnosis
 1. Early presentations
 1. Hemorrhagic Shock
 2. Liver Laceration
 3. Splenic Rupture
 4. Diaphragmatic Rupture
 5. Duodenal or jejunal Laceration (esp. handlebar injury)
 6. Pancreatic Laceration
 7. Bowel injury
 2. Delayed presentations
 1. Pancreatic Pseudocysts
 1. Surgery indicated for large cysts (>5 cm), Pancreas rupture, Hemorrhage, infection or gastric outlet obstruction
 2. Duodenal hematoma
 1. May present as Small Bowel Obstruction (confirmed with CT Abdomen)
 2. Nonoperative management with gastrointestinal decompression
 3. Hematobilia
 1. Presents up to 4 weeks after injury with Biliary Colic, Obstructive Jaundice and Upper GI Bleeding
 2. Confirmed with CT Abdomen and managed surgically
 10. Evaluation
 1. CT Imaging indications
 1. See Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 2. Abnormal lab testing (e.g. AST, ALT, Lipase, UA)
 2. Hemodynamic instability findings indicating surgical intervention
 1. Altered Mental Status
 2. Significant Tachycardia
 3. Hypotension
 4. Capillary Refill prolonged
 5. Pallor
 6. Decreased Urine Output
 7. Altered pulse quality (e.g. weak and thready)
 8. Unresponsive to IV fluids
 9. Unresponsive to Blood Transfusions (esp. >40 ml/kg)
 11. Management
 1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma (>90% of cases)
 1. Initial evaluation
 1. Trauma Primary Survey and Trauma Secondary Survey
 2. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST Exam)
 3. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 2. Stable child with a negative FAST Exam and a negative decision rule
 1. Consider observation and serial abdominal


text:
Children benefit immensely from spending time outdoors in the fresh air. A great way to get them outside is to encourage an interest in their garden. Let them get their hands and boots dirty!
Green Fingers and Muddy Boots—with worksheets on the accompanying CD—presents practical and fun activities in the garden for every month of the year, come rain or shine. Activities range from growing flowers and vegetables to spotting birds and tracking the weather and keeping a garden diary.
The activities are suitable for sevento fourteen-year-olds. Although older children will be able to work independently, it can be fun to work together as a family or school class.
This book is based on the original "Plant and Grow" course developed with the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, which has been used successfully by many families and schools for several years.
Ivor Santer was Deputy Principal at Oatridge Agricultural College until his retirement in 2003. He has lectured on agriculture throughout the UK for thirty-five years. In 1998, he began work on a children's gardening course in conjunction with the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, which was finished in 2007 and led to Green Fingers and Muddy Boots.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
NutriBoost 1 20 Liter (1/Cs)
Nutri Boost 1 provides stressed plants with the enhanced natural ability to correct roots damaged by stress, as well as create new roots. Nutri Boost 1 is blended as a replenishment to replace lost growth generating properties that plants lose during stressful periods. A healthy plant produces these boosters naturally to maintain growth, but stressed plants suffer a severe loss of their ability to produce these growth generators. Nutri Boost 1 will help create a strong new rooting system so the plant can regain its vigor.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Hebrew Word for Peace Was First That Bernadotte Learned in Israel; Correspondent Describes lmpression the Count Made at Press Conference -Modesty and Calmness Stressed
By GENE CURRIVAN ();
September 18, 1948,
, Section, Page 2, Column, words
The first Hebrew word that Count Folke Bernadotte, United Nations Mediator for Palestine, learned while in Israel was "Shalom," which is used to mean "Peace be with you." He was quite proud of it because it symbolized his mission.


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The Scottish government has finally approved a major wind farm project on Shetland Islands, adding 370 MW to Scotland's renewable capacity, enough energy to power 175,000 homes — or as much as sixteen times the population of the small island group where it is to be built.
Over 10% of Shetland's Population Objected to the Development of the Wind Farm
The project, which has been named Viking Energy wind farm, has met a lot of resistance from bitter local residents, who have been complaining about the aesthetic impact a project of this dimension has on the local scenery. These residents think that the wind farm should only hold enough capacity for the islanders themselves.
Protection of birds is another key argument in the fight against approval. Although wind turbines are not as hazardous towards birds as many people think, parts of Shetland are nesting grounds for rare birds such as whimbrel and red-throated divers.
The first draft of the project originally consisted of as much as 200 turbines, but this number has been reduced to 103, to ensure safety for the nearby Scatsta airport and the bird life.
Potential to Become the Most Productive Wind Farm in the World
Shetland has one of the "windiest" and most consistent wind resources in the entire world, and it is already a wind power leader in some respects — for example, it already holds the world record for the most efficient wind turbine, which generates electricity at 59% its potential power output.
Chairman of Viking Energy Partnership, Councilor Bill Manson said the following in a press release about the recent approval:
"This is good news for Shetland, good news for Scotland and good news for the fight against climate change."
The development of Viking Energy wind farm will ensure many green jobs, bring in £30 million in earnings every year, and contribute to Scotland becoming a major exporter of renewable energy.
This wind farm comes with at an estimated price tag of £566 million and is planned to be operational sometime within 2017. More than one third of Scotland's energy consumption is already coming from renewables. With the addition of Viking Energy wind farm, this number will increase significantly, and will help Scotland in its goal to get 100% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020.
Mathias studies Energy and Environmental Engineering. In his spare time he writes about solar panels and other renewable energy technologies at Energy Informative. Connect with Mathias on Google+ or send him an email.


text:
a male given name.
[lamp] /læmp/ noun 1. any of various devices furnishing artificial light, as by electricity or gas. Compare,. 2. a container for an inflammable liquid, as oil, which is burned at a wick as a means of illumination. 3. a source of intellectual or spiritual light: the lamp of learning. 4. any of various […]
[lam-pad] /ˈlæm pæd/ noun 1. lamp or candlestick.
[lam-puh-dair, lahm-] /ˌlæm pəˈdɛər, ˌlɑm-/ noun 1. a pedestal of the Empire period for a lamp or candelabrum.
[lam-pahng] /ˈlæmˈpɑŋ/ noun 1. a city in NW Thailand.


A map of our data centers can be found here: _URL_ and they're also
listed on _URL_ sorted by continent. The three-letter code preceding their name
on that list is the IATA code of the nearest major international airport.
To find out which data centre your traffic is currently being routed to please visit the following url _URL_ replacing example.com with your domain name.
fl=21f63 h=_URL_ ip= ts=_PHONE_.494 visit_scheme=http uag=Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.95 Safari/537.36 colo=LHR spdy=off
The above output is what you would see when you visit the URL, the colo section will correspond with the above table, in this example traffic is being routed to London, GB


Physical information
Physical information is a form of information. In physics, it refers to the information of a physical system. Physical information is an important concept used in a number of fields of study in physics. For example, in quantum mechanics, the form of physical information known as quantum information is used to describe quantum phenomena such as entanglement and superposition.[1][2][3][4][5][6] In thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, the concept of physical information is likewise used to describe phenomena related to thermodynamic entropy. (See Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory for an overview of this subject). The concept of information is also important in relativity, since correlations between events in spacetime can be measured in terms of physical information.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
In a general sense, information is that which resolves uncertainty about the state of a physical system at a given moment in time. Information can also be understood as a measure of probability as follows: a physical state with a low initial probability of observation contains a relatively high quantity of physical information, while a state with a high initial probability of observation contains a relatively low quantity of physical information.
When clarifying the subject of information, care should be taken to distinguish between the following specific cases:[citation needed]
 - An embodiment of information is the thing whose essence is a given instance of information.
As the above usages are all conceptually distinct from each other, overloading the word "information" (by itself) to denote (or connote) several of these concepts simultaneously can lead to confusion. Accordingly, this article uses more detailed phrases, such as those shown in bold above, whenever the intended meaning is not made clear by the context.
Classical versus quantum informationEdit
The instance of information that is contained in a physical system is generally considered to specify that system's "true" state. (A realist would assert that a physical system always has a true state of some sort—whether classical or quantum—even though, in many practical situations, the system's true state may be largely unknown.)
When discussing the information that is contained in physical systems according to modern quantum physics, we must distinguish between classical information and quantum information. Quantum information specifies the complete quantum state vector (or equivalently, wavefunction) of a system, whereas classical information, roughly speaking, only picks out a definite (pure) quantum state if we are already given a prespecified set of distinguishable (orthogonal) quantum states to choose from; such a set forms a basis for the vector space of all the possible pure quantum states (see pure state). Quantum information could thus be expressed by providing (1) a choice of a basis such that the actual quantum state is equal to one of the basis vectors, together with (2) the classical information specifying which of these basis vectors is the actual one. (However, the quantum information by itself does not include a specification of the basis, indeed, an uncountable number of different bases will include any given state vector.)
Note that the amount of classical information in a quantum system gives the maximum amount of information that can actually be measured and extracted from that quantum system for use by external classical (decoherent) systems, since only basis states are operationally distinguishable from each other. The impossibility of differentiating between non-orthogonal states is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics,[citation needed] equivalent to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.[citation needed] Because of its more general utility, the remainder of this article will deal primarily with classical information, although quantum information theory does also have some potential applications (quantum computing, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation) that are currently being actively explored by both theorists and experimentalists.[13]
Quantifying classical physical informationEdit
An amount of (classical) physical information may be quantified, as in information theory, as follows.[14] For a system S, defined abstractly in such a way that it has N distinguishable states (orthogonal quantum states) that are consistent with its description, the amount of information I(S) contained in the system's state can be said to be log(N). The logarithm is selected for this definition since it has the advantage that this measure of information content is additive when concatenating independent, unrelated subsystems; e.g., if subsystem A has N distinguishable states (I(A) = log(N) information content) and an independent subsystem B has M distinguishable states (I(B) = log(M) information content), then the concatenated system has NM distinguishable states and an information content I(AB) = log(NM) = log(N) + log(M) = I(A) + I(B). We expect information to be additive from our everyday associations with the meaning of the word, e.g., that two pages of a book can contain twice as much information as one page.
The base of the logarithm used in this definition is arbitrary, since it affects the result by only a multiplicative constant, which determines the unit of information that is implied. If the log is taken base 2, the unit of information is the binary digit or bit (so named by John Tukey); if we use a natural logarithm instead, we might call the resulting unit the "nat." In magnitude, a nat is apparently identical to Boltzmann's constant k or the ideal gas constant R, although these particular quantities are usually reserved to measure physical information that happens to be entropy, and that are expressed in physical units such as joules per kelvin, or kilocalories per mole-kelvin.
Physical information and entropyEdit
An easy way to understand the underlying unity between physical (as in thermodynamic) entropy and information-theoretic entropy is as follows:
Entropy is simply that portion of the (classical) physical information contained in a system of interest (whether it is an entire physical system, or just a subsystem delineated by a set of possible messages) whose identity (as opposed to amount) is unknown (from the point of view of a particular knower).
This informal characterization corresponds to both von Neumann's formal definition of the entropy of a mixed quantum state (which is just a statistical mixture of pure states; see von Neumann entropy), as well as Claude Shannon's definition of the entropy of a probability distribution over classical signal states or messages (see information entropy).[14] Incidentally, the credit for Shannon's entropy formula (though not for its use in an information theory context) really belongs to Boltzmann, who derived it much earlier for use in his H-theorem of statistical mechanics.[15] (Shannon himself references Boltzmann in his monograph.[14])
Furthermore, even when the state of a system is known, we can say that the information in the system is still effectively entropy if that information is effectively incompressible, that is, if there are no known or feasibly determinable correlations or redundancies between different pieces of information within the system. Note that this definition of entropy can even be viewed as equivalent to the previous one (unknown information) if we take a meta-perspective, and say that for observer A to "know" the state of system B means simply that there is a definite correlation between the state of observer A and the state of system B; this correlation could thus be used by a meta-observer (that is, whoever is discussing the overall situation regarding A's state of knowledge about B) to compress his own description of the joint system AB.[16]
Due to this connection with algorithmic information theory,[17] entropy can be said to be that portion of a system's information capacity which is "used up," that is, unavailable for storing new information (even if the existing information content were to be compressed). The rest of a system's information capacity (aside from its entropy) might be called extropy, and it represents the part of the system's information capacity which is potentially still available for storing newly derived information. The fact that physical entropy is basically "used-up storage capacity" is a direct concern in the engineering of computing systems; e.g., a computer must first remove the entropy from a given physical subsystem (eventually expelling it to the environment, and emitting heat) in order for that subsystem to be used to store some newly computed information.[16]
Extreme physical informationEdit
In a theory developed by B. Roy Frieden,[18][19][20][21] "physical information" is defined as the loss of Fisher information that is incurred during the observation of a physical effect. Thus, if the effect has an intrinsic information level J but is observed at information level I, the physical information is defined to be the difference IJ. Because I and J are functionals, this difference defines an informational Lagrangian. Frieden's principle of extreme physical information (EPI), which is analogous to the principle of stationary action, states that minimizing the quantity IJ yields equations that correctly describe the evolution of a given physical system over time. However, the EPI principle has been met with considerable criticism within the scientific community.[22] The EPI principle should not be confused with the more conventional principle of maximum entropy used in maximum entropy thermodynamics.
See alsoEdit
 1. ^ Vedral, Vlatko. (2018). Decoding Reality : The Universe as Quantum Information. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881543-3. OCLC _PHONE_.
 2. ^ Entangled world : the fascination of quantum information and computation. Audretsch, Jürgen, 1942-. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2006. ISBN 978-3-527-61909-2. OCLC 212178399.CS1 maint: others (link)
 3


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A Bone to Pick
A Bone to Pick
Using Height Inequality to Test Competing Hypotheses about Political Power
The frameworks of modern economics demonstrate how stature and sexual dimorphism can be used to model inequality among human populations. The authors synthesize a wide range of data from archaeological and historic contexts to characterize stature variation during the Neolithic and the Industrial revolutions. First, they find that the shift from foraging to farming widely introduced inequalities significant enough to affect the distribution of health and stature and was fundamentally linked to the invention of coercive sociopolitical mechanisms. Second, a rise in sexual dimorphism that accompanies intensive agriculture and may often reflect both a society's more efficient allocation of nutrition and a drop in female bargaining power related to increased sexual division of labor and gendered inequalities. Third, political structures deeply shape nutritional outcomes. As economists, they engage a literature and measures of inequality that are foreign to most archaeologists. Aside from the substance of their findings, this chapter represents a valuable cross-disciplinary contribution.
Florida Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.


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According to a new study conducted by the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, it was revealed that may be obese teens are more intense with risky behaviors such as smoking, drinking and use of drugs; they also have risky sexual and suicidal behaviors.
The study, which was conducted by Zeller and colleagues, involved almost 9,000 teens.
The study is unexpected of the thoughts that social seclusion and shame does not let them involve in such stuff. Even, the study revealed that girls are more likely to have sex while they are drunk and high.
The study explained that obese girls are more likely to indulge in smoke and tobacco in comparison to the healthier girls.
Researchers urged physicians to take some steps for the prevention of obese people from the risky behaviors. They explained that obese teens need a better understanding of their mental and physical states.
Meg H. Zeller, Ph. D., said, "It's critical to understand them in the broader context of adolescence and what kind of care they're going to need in the long term".
The study explained that overweight girls before the age of 13 may get involve in sex with multiple sexual partner.


Google translate
"For there is nothing covered, that shall not be revealed; neither hid, that shall not be known..."
 Luke 12.2
Did the Builders knew the meter?
Not quite...
And the answer to this question is simply AMAZING!
The Master of the meter
June 16, 2015, It is 7:08 and I can not sleep for 48 hours.
I was an exhausted man, with lots of energy.
We just finished with Fabien Pardo decoding a new message of the Builders.
I am once again astounded by such intelligence, their ability to transmit information with incredible accuracy, without writing a single letter or even a figure! Only angles, stars and mathematics, just as my article "My Last Truth" that reveals the date of return of Planet X, where emotion invaded me.
It was the third time...
 It took me this new decoding to understand the unthinkable...
The meter, the true, the only, not of our world!
Do not run away you'll understand everything :-)
In my previous article on the secret of the meter, which I kept, I explained that the meter was a creation of Builders because certain measures or calculate distances, make appear very precise values in meters, far too strange for be a coincidence.
This hypothesis was not me, but I had included in my article, as it was for me the best explanation, until now.
And to explain it, I'll tell you the story of three people from distant countries who are discovering the pyramid of Cheops first and undertake measure to try to solve the mystery hidden behind these stones...
 " The first man was intelligent and loved math, he came from a country whose yardstick: the palm and which was worth 9.5 times our meter.
With his palm he measured the pyramid, and realized that the perimeter of the pyramid divided by twice the height, giving Pi palm! It was amazing! He hastened to announce the news of his village, because the builders knew π in palm!
 The second man was very intelligent and also very strong in mathematics, in his country, the yardstick was the bamboo and was worth 3.8 times our meter.
He also decided to measure the pyramid, and found that twice the sides of the pyramid, divided by the height was equal to π/2!
Incredible, the builders knew the value of Pi!
The third person was not a man but a little child; he knew nothing about math!
Him what he liked to do well, he was playing with his strings! It was the king of the string! It measured, compared, cutting, marking a node, nothing escaped him.
 Afficher l'image d'origine
He had the string of the height, and laid the ground for fun, planted a nail to the ground, and traced with a big circle!
The circle was so beautiful, he decided, with one string, copy it to have it in his pocket with the string of the perimeter.
He notices that his pockets were filled with the same...
He unrolled the two strings and noted with amusement that the two strings were identical and returned in the evening to his house, shouting:
"Mom, mom, the square is like the circle! "
Mom surprise "The square is a circle? Really, I should take you to school!!"
She did not understand, but he did not care and he carefully put away, the two strings...
"The square is like the circle..."
France March 26, 1791
The new definition of the meter.
"The meter is officially defined by the Academy of Sciences as the ten-millionth part of the meridian half (or quarter of a great circle passing through the poles), or the ten-millionth of the distance to go by the shortest way from one pole to a point of équateur3. It turns out that size is almost identical to the meter clock set to 45 ° latitude and sea level since celuiit was worth 0.993977 m of the new unit "
Our meter (1 m) is a quarter of a great circle 4 passing through the poles.
The meter is also the one side of a square 4.
"The square is like the circle..."
If I trace on Earth with a string, a diameter of a circle 1 / Pi is about 318 m, I have to get logically
a circumference of circle 1000 m...
Yes, but no... because there is a small problem...
The Earth is not a sphere.
If the official meter is based on an ellipsoid, you can not have on earth, a circle of 1000 m, based on a universal theoretical space.
The earth is flattened at the Pole, and enlarged at the equator due to the centrifugal force exerted on it, the rotation of our planet.
This flattening of our planet was calculated precisely by Isaac Newton, thanks to his discovery of universal gravitation.
This interesting website of the Higher Normal School of Lyon, gives us the rate of flattening calculated by Isaac Newton: 1/230 or 0.00434082
I divide by 4 for the meter (¼ of the circle)
Soit 0,00108695 / m
I multiply by 1000 to be in proportion to our example:
1,08695 / 1000 m
Here are the dimensions of the pyramid of Cheops.
The perimeter of the base, is the circumference of the circle of radius h (height of the pyramid).
"The square is like the circle..."
Now here is the rate of flattening of our planet.
flattening rate = 1,08695
Here now, the pyramid dimensions taking into account the flattening rate...
The Cheops pyramid, becomes a circle and a perfect square around 1 m!
1000 m + 1
The pyramid is the Earth nearly 1m...
It's amazing because it shows that all my work is correct.
I found in my decoding an incoherence of 1 cubit that was too much.
I wrote a full article on this code of +1 more than a year, and that one code +1 was the " Language of the Builders. " their signature. (_URL_
 This code + 1 comes from the pyramid and was included in all the monuments built by the Freemasons, and prove that they knew the code +1 of the builders of the pyramid...
Go 9'
A riddle...
Who can achieve perfection of a circle 1?
 Only π can achieve the perfection.
For the builders π and God are linked.
Apocalypse 1:8
This symbolizes the circle and therefore π.
But there is also another value...
THE 1 .
 Apocalypse 1:8
The first unit, the smallest element, the first particle, which is at once as in my article where I said that the Pyramid of Cheops symbolized both: square, circle and triangle
I was right...
The God of the Builders is the God of Einstein "He who does not play dice", which governs all laws of the universe, of a flower, the stars, through the heart of men.
It was my God...
It was my belief, the beauty of a rainbow sky, the geometry of a snowflake, all this could not be a coincidence... there was something...
This is what Jesus said, God is in us! It does not belong to the privileged, a people or a race, it is in everything...
1 Corinthians 3 16
Who is closest to God?
" The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit..."
The Universal message...
I cut three sections 1/1 / 1.14
I move the pieces with a 360 ° rotation (circle) for 1.14
I move the pieces, even with a total rotation of 360 ° (180 ° + 90 ° + 90 °)
Matthieu 6 22
Perfection is not of this world, but in heaven, which is inaccessible to us, and allows me to ask you a riddle; If we follow this logic reasoning, what can we assume?
If it is consistent, all pyramidion built by builders and placed at the top to symbolize the sky, inaccessible and therefore the divine, should logically have higher dimensions of 0.87% to 1% of 0.88% because only God is perfect...
(0.87% = factor flattening Isaac Newton 1 m + 0.87% = 1,087 m)
Here is the pyramidion of Snefru.
(vidéo 25')
Here is a circle of radius 1 m.
Remember, "The square is like the circle..."
1.57 m + 0.87 % = 1.5836 m
Here are its dimensions... you can check in the video.
This is my second proof...
And have this standard of 1.087 m, it was closer to the Divine.
The first evidence was once again before our eyes, Just like in my video: "Atlantis, the truth"
and the House...
 (about it I discovered the irrefutable proof that Atlantis was located in the tip of Africa, I would show you in a future article, with the explanation of the equator of our ancestors and visible in this video if you understand french)
Remember the flattening factor?
The evidence was once again before our eyes...
The builders


This is what use to get a circle:
GeometricShapeFactory shape = new GeometricShapeFactory(gf);
 shape.setCentre(new Coordinate(40.748754,-73.985460));//Empire Sate Building
 shape.setSize(2* (10*0.009));//expect 10km radius
 final Polygon circle = shape.createEllipse();//createCircle deprecated
What I get is a weird ellipse. I know that closer to the equator we get'more perfect' circle but still, is it valid circle for radius of 10km with ESB as a center point?
ellipse generated by jts over nyc
Reading Dr. Ian Turton posts, github repo, and other great materials he shares, I know that I can use geotools and do that differently but I would like to stick with that approach.
I am writting an application. In MySQL I store malls with their location (spatial type Point). What I want to do is to get malls from db that are in a certain circle (via ORM). In order to do that I have to create a Polygon(circle, linearring) in which orm will look. And Instead of using complicated calculations (and additional library). I thought I can use GeometricShapeFactory from jts lib I am already using. But because I am less than beginner what it comes to these things, all I wanted to ask, is whether or not the vertical ellipse generated by jts is valid for my purposes or not?
I am using google maps (as basemap).
My question: Based on the fact that my ellipse is just wrong (considering given radius it should be a perfect circle - _USER_ comment), how can I generate a proper Polygon(circle, linearring) based on radius and center point? (I am going to use it in hibernate-spatial: (...).add(SpatialRestrictions.within(Mall.LOCATION, getCircle(centerPoint, 10)));)
 - 1
 Please Edit the question to be less opinion-based and more problem-oriented. You need to include crucial information -- the projection of the basemap -- because the answer to "Why is my geodetic circle elongated on a Web Mercator map" is "Because it's Web Mercator". – Vince Jan 20 '18 at 14:14
 - 1
 Your code generates the circle in longitude/latidude units. You expect wrong that 10*0.009 degrees is about 10 km in both N-S and E-W directions when you location is at latitude of 40 degrees N. Just check what the E-W distance would be as kilometers at 80 degrees N. Nothing weird at all. – user30184 Jan 20 '18 at 16:52
 - You still haven't stated what basemap your graphic uses. – Vince Jan 20 '18 at 16:54
 - _USER_ I used _URL_ – user3529850 Jan 20 '18 at 17:04
 - 1
 Please edit the question to clarify it. It's not fair to those who would answer to need to mine the comments for critical information. – Vince Jan 20 '18 at 17:57
My first approach was giving me wrong results (wrong circle - a vertically elongated ellipse). It is not the right one because (to quote _USER_):
"Because Mercator projections are conformal, a small circle (and 10 km radius is very small compared to the globe) should appear on the map as a circle, period".
After _USER_ help/comment/suggestion, I think I got something, that can be called an answer. Snippet about conversion from geogrpahic to projected coordiante system is taken from here. This code gives me a perfect circle over NYC:
final GeometricShapeFactory shape = new GeometricShapeFactory(new GeometryFactory());//INFO :jts lib
final PointWrapper circleCenterPoint = getCircleCenterPoint();
final Coordinate centreInUTM = new Coordinate(projectedToGeographic(circleCenterPoint.getLatitude(),
shape.setSize(2 * getRadiusInMeters());
//WGS 1984 is a geographic coordinate system, and UTM is a projected coordinate system
Polygon polygon = new GeometryFactory().createPolygon(Arrays.stream(shape.createEllipse().getCoordinates())
 .map(c -> geographicToProjected(c.getOrdinate(X),
criteria.add(SpatialRestrictions.within(Mall.LOCATION, polygon));//INFO :hibernate spatial
private Coordinate projectedToGeographic(double latitude, double longitude) {
 LatLong latlong = LatLong.valueOf(latitude, longitude, NonSI.DEGREE_ANGLE);
 UTM utm = UTM.latLongToUtm(latlong, ReferenceEllipsoid.WGS84); //INFO :jscience lib
 double cX = utm.getCoordinates()[0];
 double cY = utm.getCoordinates()[1];
 return new Coordinate(cX, cY);
private Coordinate geographicToProjected(double easting, double northing) {
 UTM utm = UTM.valueOf(18, 'T', easting, northing, METRE);//INFO :18T UTM for NYC
 CoordinatesConverter utmToLatLong = UTM.CRS.getConverterTo(LatLong.CRS);
 LatLong latLong = utmToLatLong.convert(utm);
 double cX = latLong.getCoordinates()[0];
 double cY = latLong.getCoordinates()[1];
 return new Coordinate(cX, cY);
This essentially comes down to a choice as to how accurate you need your circle to be versus how much effort you want to expend calculating the circles.
The reason you need to make this choice is that the Earth is spherical and you want to draw your map on a flat screen (or paper). Thus this, and all other maps are a compromise. It is impossible to accurately portray a curved shape on a flat map and preserve its shape and area.
You have chosen a "quick" and "dirty" method to calculate your circle by assuming that lengths are the same in the N-S direction as the W-E direction. This is not the case in your chosen projection (Web Mercator, EPSG:3857) so you end up with an ellipse. This is the smaller ellipse in the picture below.
If you had used the GeoTools code I gave in the other question you refer to then it would have transformed the point into a projection where lengths were the same in both directions, calculated the circle and transformed it back to lat/lon (EPSG:4326). This is the solid circle shown in the picture.
The other dotted ellipse is what you get if you take the average of 10km N-S and E-W and use that distance for a simple buffer.
enter image description here
But if we switch the map to EPSG:4326 (Lat/Lon degrees) we get:
enter image description here
Now the "simple" circles look closer to round and the "real" circle looks elliptical, but they are all enclosing exactly the same points on the map.
 - I think that the problem was in believing that the distances in N-S and W-E directions are the same if EPSG:4326 degrees are converted into meters. EPSG:3857 is almost conformal and circles remain almost round but the size of the circle would be nonsense _URL_-mercator-and-comparisons.html. – user30184 Jan 22 '18 at 13:40
 - 1
 Your assertions about impossibility misinterpret the facts. It not only is possible to map a spherical circle with perfect accuracy of shape and area, it's easy to do so. No compromise is necessary. What is not possible is to map all shapes on an intrinsically curved surface with perfect metric accuracy. The distinction is important, because it helps us understand what we may reasonably hope to accomplish with a map. – whuber Jan 22 '18 at 18:30
double latitude = 40.748754d;
double longitude = -73.985460d;
double diameterInMeters = 20000d; //20km
GeometricShapeFactory shapeFactory = new GeometricShapeFactory();
shapeFactory.setNumPoints(128); // adjustable
shapeFactory.setCentre(new Coordinate(latitude, longitude));
// Length in meters of 1° of latitude = always 111.32 km
// Length in meters of 1° of longitude = 40075 km * cos( latitude ) / 360
shapeFactory.setWidth(diameterInMeters / (40075000 * Math.cos(Math.toRadians(latitude)) / 360));
Polygon circle = shapeFactory.createEllipse();
 - As the user _USER_ said in other place, keep in mind that JTS uses longitude first, so the new Coordinate when setting the center should be inverted. – sebasira Feb 25 at 13:26
Your Answer


text:
Thermal Fluid, Steam, & Glycol Process Skids
Thermal Fluid Systems, Inc. offers custom design of thermal fluid, steam, and glycol process skids, providing heating and cooling operations and accurate control of temperatures to ± 1°F (0.5 °C). Heating media includes thermal fluids such as Chevron, Dowtherm, Essotherm, Texatherm, and Therminol, along with steam and glycol. Cooling media includes water, chilled water, air, and other methods. The process skids are composed of controls, secondary loops, pumps, and valves. Customers can choose from field installation or pre-built assembly, as well as customized mounting or completely skid mounted units.
All custom-engineered process skids are built to exacting standards, upholding the rigorous industrial regulations for quality and functionality. Our designs are flexible, meeting the particular specifications for customer applications. All products uphold the rigorous standards of quality and performance set by industry regulatory boards, including ASME, FM, and ASI, along with our internal quality assurance protocols.
Thermal Fluid Skid System
Our customized thermal fluid skid systems are used in a wide variety of industries to provide thermal energy for process heating, space heating, or cooling. Thermal fluid skid systems consist of a pump, heater, and cooler connected by piping to a heat exchanger. The pump circulates the thermal fluid through the system and is heated or cooled as needed by the heater and cooler.
Thermal fluid skid systems are an efficient and cost-effective way to provide thermal energy for a variety of applications. Thermal fluid skid systems are easy to install and maintain and can be customized to meet the specific needs of your application.
Glycol Skid System
Glycol skid systems are used in a variety of industries to provide a safe and efficient way to transfer glycol from one location to another. A few key components make up a glycol skid system, and understanding how each one works is essential to ensuring the system runs smoothly.
- Pump: The pump is responsible for moving the glycol from one location to another.
- Piping: The piping is responsible for connecting the various components of the system, and it must be made of materials resistant to corrosion.
Different types of pumps, tanks, and pipes can be used in a glycol skid system. It is essential to consult with an expert to determine which type is best for your specific application.
Glycol skid systems are an essential part of many industries, and understanding how they work is crucial to ensuring that they operate correctly. These systems are designed and built with a variety of different components, each of which plays a vital role in the overall operation of the system. Pumping glycol from one location to another. and connecting the various components together with piping are all essential aspects of these systems. Consulting with an expert to ensure that you select the right components for your specific application is necessary to ensure that your glycol skid system runs smoothly.
For more information about the design and supply of custom thermal fluid, steam, and glycol process skids or the other value-added capabilities available, please see the table below or contact us directly.
Thermal Fluid, Steam & Glycol Process Skid Capabilities
- Heating Media
- Cooling Media
- Maintenance Inspection
Check all Operating and Safety Controls
Check Heater Ancillary Equipment
Review Operating & Maintenance Procedures
- Operating Temperature
200 to 750°F
- Design Temperature
- Operating Pressure
Pumping Pressure (No Internal Pressure)
- Design Pressure
U to 300 psi
- Thermal Fluid Type
Mineral Oil, Synthetic or Specialty
480 to 575 V
50 to 60 Hz
- NEMA Rating
- Additional Services
- Production Volume
Prototype to complete production system
- Lead Time
3 to 4 months
- Industry Focus
- Intended Applications
Wood Board Plants
- Industry Standards
- File Formats


text:
Associated Press file photo
Associated Press file photo
Even though we are weathering a few heavy March snows in Durango, spring is definitely in the air. One day it suddenly hits us that the chill is gone.
Of course, that means we have mud season to look forward to until real spring arrives, but it is the time of year where even a big snow won't stay on the ground for more than a day. Bluebirds and swallows are returning, and soon crocuses will be lifting their heads.
At the Nature Center, March is as muddy as can be expected. We have had it closed since November to rejuvenate. The end of March is when we open it for our spring volunteer training and spring school programs.
However, before we get there, other inhabitants are stirring. Kids who visit the Nature Center in the spring and summer look forward to being greeted by our renters, a colony of prairie dogs that inhabit the land leading up to the entrance. As cars and buses drive into the center, prairie dogs standing and barking along the sides of the roads welcome them. March is the month that prairie dogs give birth, and by the end of the month, young prairie dogs will be running around celebrating the real arrival of spring.
Prairie dogs are burrowing rodents that are very social. They are one of the most interesting species to watch because they are very affectionate and playful with each other. They also have many different sounds for communicating, including what looks like a kiss as a form of identifying each other.
Prairie dogs form towns, or colonies, underground with as little as 10 members or as many as hundreds. Connected burrows are up to 7 feet deep and 16 feet long and usually consist of a male, several females and their offspring. They consist of different rooms, including nurseries, listening posts and even bathrooms. Several volcano-shaped entrances exist around a colony, which are formed to shed water and catch wind for ventilation.
Prairie dogs are very efficient diggers. In fact, using their heads and shoulders, they can displace as much as 480 pounds of dirt when they form a new colony. Because of this, they are controversial in Colorado. They eat grass and disrupt farmland and ranchland; therefore, many colonies have been destroyed through poisoning or bulldozing. It is now thought that prairie dogs occupy only 5 percent of their original habitat in Colorado, although they are resilient and resourceful and continue to survive.
It is also thought by many that they are a "keystone species" because their colonies create islands of habitat that benefit approximately 150 other species including coyotes, eagles, badgers and the critically endangered black-footed ferret. They even help aerate and fertilize the soil, allowing greater diversity of plants and insects. Additionally, colonies funnel rainwater into the water table, which helps prevent erosion.
Given that we run a Nature Center, we look at them as a good omen to greet visitors. Perhaps the Nature Center has a greater variety of animal life because of our prairie dog colony, which in their playful way, reminds us of the kids who spend their time there. Like the prairie dogs that are emerging from the ground and bringing new life, soon students and campers will be flocking to the Nature Center, reminding us that it is spring.
_EMAIL_ or _PHONE_. Sally Shuffield is executive director of Durango Nature Studies.


VOA Special English - Olive Oil May Protect Our Brain
Olive Oil May Protect Our Brain
 10 July, 2017
 The health value of a Mediterranean diet is widely known. Fruits, vegetables and fish are main foods in this diet.
 Extra-virgin olive oil is also a major part of the Mediterranean diet. And new research shows that it may protect the brain from losing its ability to work properly.
 Researchers at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania say extra-virgin olive oil "protects memory and learning ability." Extra-virgin olive oil, also called EVOO, can reduce the formation of poisons in the brain that are signs of Alzheimer's disease.
 But how does it do it?
 Researchers say olive oil reduces inflammation in the brain. It also activates a cleaning process. This process is called autophagy.
 Autophagy is when cells break down waste and poisons found between cells and remove them from the body.
 There are two substances in the brain most closely linked to memory loss in Alzheimer's patients: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary, or tau tangles.
 What are amyloid plaques and tau tangles?
 For definitions of both amyloid plaque and tau tangle, we go to experts at New Jersey's Rutgers University and the U.S.-based Alzheimer's Organization.
 Amyloid is a protein normally found throughout the body.
 However, the experts say when amyloid grows abnormally it creates a sticky build-up called plaque outside the nerve cells, or neurons. This abnormal amyloid plaque slowly kills the cells.
 Tau proteins are common in the central nervous system.
 Tangles form inside dying neurons. Tangles are twisted fibers of tau protein.
 Experts from both organizations explain that, normally, every neuron contains long fibers made of protein. These proteins hold the neuron in its proper shape. They also help to transport nutrients within the neuron.
 However, in brains with Alzheimer's disease, these fibers begin to tangle. This causes the neuron to lose its shape. The neuron also becomes unable to transport nutrients. Over time, it dies.
 The recent Temple University study
 Domenico Praticò is the lead researcher of the Temple University study.
 He says, "brain cells from mice fed diets enriched with extra-virgin olive oil had higher levels of autophagy" and lower levels of the poisons -- the amyloid plaques and tau tangles.
 For their study, the researchers looked at mice that had three traits of Alzheimer's: memory loss, amyloid plaques, and tau tangles.
 They put the mice into two groups. Researchers gave one group a diet with extra-virgin olive oil. They gave the other group a diet without EVOO.
 The olive oil was given to the mice when they were only six months old. This was before any symptoms of Alzheimer's had set in. At age 9 months and 12 months, the mice in the olive oil group performed considerably better on tasks that tested the mice's memory and learning ability.
 And, the scientists reported differences in the brain tissues of the two groups.
 The brains of the olive oil group showed a great increase in nerve-cell autophagy. This cell-cleaning process is responsible for the lower levels of the poisons we talked about earlier -- the amyloid plaques and tau tangles.
 Praticò says that "one thing that stood out immediately was" the strength of the synapses.
 A synapse is the connection between neurons. It is how they communicate. The synapses in the mice on the EVOO diet were stronger than those in the other group.
 What's next for these researchers?
 The researchers say their next step is to see what happens to mice who are given olive oil at 12 months. At that time, they will have already begun to show signs of dementia.
 Praticò says that patients usually have dementia when they visit a doctor to investigate signs of the disease. He says the researchers "want to know whether olive oil added at a later time in the diet can stop or reverse the disease."
 The researchers published their findings online in the Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology.
 And that's the Health & Lifestyle report.
 I'm Anna Matteo.
 Words in This Story
 autophagy n. digestion of cellular constituents by enzymes of the same cell
 enriched v. to improve the quality of (something) : to make (something) better
 trait n. a quality that makes one person or thing different from another
 fiber n. a long, thin piece of material that forms a type of tissue in your body
 tangle n. a twisted knot of hair, thread, etc.
 stood out phrasal verb : to be easily seen or noticed


text:
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
This glossary is a list of all general terms used in the Pokémon Trading Card Game.
The Active Pokémon is the Pokémon that the player has chosen as their main lead. During the player's turn, they are able to attach Energy cards, Pokémon Tools and Technical Machines to their Active Pokémon, evolve it, use a Level Up card on it, attack with it or retreat it. The Active Pokémon is also sometimes referred to by the opponent as the Attacking Pokémon or, if affected by an opponent's attack, the Defending Pokémon.
A Baby Pokémon is a type of Pokémon card introduced in Neo Genesis to be treated as a Basic Pokémon. Baby Pokémon are pre-evolved forms of existing Basic Pokémon, such as Pichu is to Pikachu, and thus are able to evolve into their respective Basic Pokémon (which are then treated as Evolved Pokémon). Up to Skyridge, the opponent was also forced to flip a coin when attacking a Baby Pokémon: if tails, the attack would fail. As of EX Sandstorm, Baby Pokémon are officially Basic Pokémon, and instead have a Baby Evolution Poké-Power to allow them to evolve into their respective evolutions.
Basic Energy card
A basic Energy card is one unit of Energy required for a Pokémon to use an attack. There are eight types of basic Energy card: Grass; Fire; Water; Lightning; Psychic; Fighting; Darkness; and Metal. The exact unit of Energy is required in order to use the attack, unless any Colorless Energy are required for the attack, as any type of Energy can be used in place of Colorless Energy. For example, if an attack requires one Lightning Energy to be used, a Grass Energy will not allow the player to use that attack, but it will allow the player to use any attacks that require Colorless Energy. In Diamond & Pearl, basic Darkness Energy and basic Metal Energy were introduced, as well as attacks which require no Energy to be used.
A Basic Pokémon is a form of Pokémon which does not evolve from any other Pokémon. A Basic Pokémon can be placed directly into play, either as the Active Pokémon at the start of the game or as a Benched Pokémon any time during play. Some Basic Pokémon, such as Mewtwo, do not evolve; some, such as Bulbasaur, do; and some, such as Pikachu can evolve from Baby Pokémon, either classified as a Baby Pokémon or with the Baby Evolution Poké-Power. In these cases, Basic Pokémon that are evolved from Baby Pokémon or other Basic Pokémon are considered to be Evolved Pokémon.
During play, any Pokémon that are not considered to be the Active Pokémon are put onto the Bench. These are classed as Benched Pokémon. They cannot attack or retreat, but they may be able to use Poké-Powers and Poké-Bodies if they do not state that the Pokémon must be Active to use them, and they can also be switched out into the Active position if the current Active Pokémon retreats. Some attacks allow a Pokémon to deal damage to the opponent's Benched Pokémon (and some even deal damage to the player's own Benched Pokémon): in these cases, Weakness and Resistance are not applied to the Benched Pokémon. Unlike Active Pokémon, a Pokémon LV.X card cannot be played in order to Level Up a Benched Pokémon.
When an Active Pokémon attacks, the attack they use may specify an amount of damage to be done to the Pokémon being attacked. Damage is tallied up, by way of damage counters, in order to Knock Out an opponent's Pokémon. Each damage counter counts as 10 damage, so, for example, if a Pokémon had 120 Hit Points and had twelve or more damage counters on it, it would be Knocked Out. Damage done by attacks may also be affected by the Weakness or Resistance of the Pokémon being attacked.
When attacking, the effect of an attack may mention the Defending Pokémon in the event that is being affected by a Special Condition or other effect. The Defending Pokémon is the opponent's Active Pokémon at the time that the attack is used.
When cards are taken out of play, they are moved into the discard pile. Either player can look at the cards in their own discard pile, as well as those in their opponent's. When a Pokémon is Knocked Out, it, along with all cards attached to it, is moved to the discard pile. When a Trainer card is used, it is immediately moved to the discard pile after being used. Similarly, a Supporter card is moved into the discard pile at the end of the turn in which is was used. Some cards also allow the player to recollect cards from their discard pile.
Evolution cards, split into Stage 1 Pokémon and Stage 2 Pokémon, are types of Pokémon which evolve from other Pokémon. Both the player's Active Pokémon and their Benched Pokémon can be evolved during their turn. Stage 1 Pokémon are placed onto Basic Pokémon (including those evolved from Baby Pokémon) and Stage 2 Pokémon are placed onto Stage 1 Pokémon. A Pokémon cannot be evolved more than once during a turn. Pokémon that are resurrected from Fossils, such as Omanyte and Kabuto, are Stage 1 Pokémon, as their respective Fossil Trainer cards, Helix Fossil and Dome Fossil, are classed as Basic Pokémon. Some cards, such as Rare Candy, even allow the player to bypass a Stage 1 Pokémon by evolving a Basic Pokémon directly into a Stage 2 Pokémon.
Hit Points, shown on a Pokémon card as HP, represents the health of each Pokémon card and the amount of damage it can take before being Knocked Out. Most Pokémon in the Trading Card Game have between 30 and 140 HP, and some, such as Pokémon-ex and Pokémon LV.X, usually have between 100 and 200 HP. Some Poké-Bodies and Pokémon Tool cards will increase the number of Hit Points a Pokémon has, although these effects are usually temporary and only give an extra 10-20 HP. The lowest used HP value on Pokémon is 30 HP, cards like Magikarp, Baby Pokémon, and other 'lower level' Pokémon; while Wailord ex, Wailord and Wailord are tied with the highest Hit Points - 200 HP. Certain Trainer cards also have HP, like Clefairy Doll and Mysterious Fossil having only 10 HP while Dance! Neo Imakuni? has the highest value - 2000 HP.
The Lost Zone is an area considered to be a more advanced form of the discard pile. Unlike cards in the discard pile, cards moved to the Lost Zone are kept face-up and are considered to be "outside" the play area due to the fact they are not kept on the playmat if one is used. As such, cards moved to the Lost Zone are no longer considered to be in play, and cannot be retrieved at any time, or by any means, during gameplay.
A Poké-Body is a type of Pokémon Power that is active for as long as the Pokémon which has it is in play. A Poké-Body is sometimes reminiscent of that Pokémon's in-game Ability, such as Ludicolo's Rain Dish Ability. Poké-Bodies have a vast amount of different effects and can affect almost any aspect of gameplay.
A Poké-Power is a type of Pokémon Power that the player is able to use during their turn. In a similar fashion to Poké-Bodies, Poké-Powers can affect almost any aspect of gameplay, and can often be used once during the player's turn, before their attack. Some can be used multiple times and some are designed to cause an after-effect to the Pokémon with it being Knocked Out.
Pokémon Powers are additional effects that the card's player can trigger once or multiple times during their turn, before they attack. However, before the Expedition Base Set, some cards, such as Base Set Charizard, had Pokémon Powers that were always active. After the release of Expedition, Pokémon Powers were split into two groups: Poké-Powers and Poké-Bodies. Poké-Powers are special effects that the player must trigger or announce using. A Poké-Body's effect is one that is in effect regardless. Both, however, are still officially considered to be Pokémon Powers.
A Prize card is a card taken by a player for Knocking Out one of their opponent's Pokémon. When using the regular 60-card deck, six prizes are put down at the start of the game: however, three are put down if using a 30-card half deck, and four are put down if using a 40-card prerelease deck. The first player to take all of their Prize cards wins the game. When a player Knocks Out one of their opponent's Pokémon-ex, however, they take two Prize cards instead of one.
- Main article: Public information (TCG)
Public information is information related to match that is readily accessible by either player at any time, as long as such requests are not used for stalling. Public information includes all cards in play, such as: Pokémon cards, including any evolutionary stages underneath Active and Benched Pokémon; Energy cards and Trainer cards attached to Pokémon and in the play area; the cards in each player's discard pile; the number of cards in a player's hand; and the number of remaining prize cards of each player.
If a Pokémon has Resistance to a certain type, it means that if it is attacked by a Pokémon of that type, it will receive less damage. While not exceedingly rare, Resistance isn't very common either - most Pokémon don't have any. An example of a Pokémon with Resistance is Ditto in the Fossil set. An example a Pokémon without is Grimer in the Aquapolis set. The EX Dragon


text:
The Growing Popularity of Eco-Friendly Funerals
Over 50 million people die, worldwide, each year and unfortunately most of their funerals are damaging to the environment in some way. With global warming and the destruction of natural habitats becoming a bigger issue in our society, more and more people are turning to eco-friendly funerals.
For a funeral to be defined as 'eco-friendly' it should follow these broad criteria:
- No cremation
- The burial plot shouldn't visibly impact the environment
- The burial should, if possible, serve a purpose to nature
- Coffin or shroud should be made from natural, biodegradable materials
- Burial site shouldn't be personalised or marked
The guidelines are quite simple, focused on combatting CO2 emissions created through cremation and giving the body a final purpose, and there is a host of different ways you can follow them to hold a more eco-friendly funeral. Here are a few ways to make your last act on earth safer for the planet.
Organic burial pods
It is possible to 'grow' yourself into a tree using organic burial pods. The body is placed in the foetal position in a 'pod' and buried underground. A seed is then planted above the pod and, as it grows, is nourished by the body, with a tree growing to mark the burial spot and improve the environment.
Become part of a coral reef
Even though cremation isn't the most eco-friendly method, you can help make up for it by transforming your cremated remains into a reef ball. The world's coral reefs are depleting fast - half of the Great Barrier Reef has vanished in the last 30 years. Your remains could be used to support the ever-diminishing reef life, added to the concrete mix which is being used to encourage coral growth and give future generations the chance to enjoy the coral reefs.
Recycle yourself into a usable object
You can, within reason, choose to have your ashes transformed into almost any object. This could include a small diamond, a pencil, a vinyl record, a vase, wine - the list is potentially endless. This form of memorial can be particularly poignant, as your ashes can be tailored into something your loved ones will cherish such as a favourite song, a beautiful ornament or even memorial jewellery.
Biodegradable shrouds and coffins
You may prefer an environmentally friendly leaf shroud and a cardboard coffin - the latter of which is made from factory waste. There are many types of eco-friendly shrouds available including cotton, wool and banana leaves. If you really would prefer a wooden coffin then there are models available that use 80% recycled wood and 20% FSC certified wood with an eco-friendly cotton lining.
It's important to remember to uphold your eco-friendly stance at the events around the funeral, including the wake. This could mean holding a vegetarian or vegan wake or sourcing food from local farms using the Food Assembly or your local independent shops. The Food Assembly has boomed in popularity in the past five years in the UK so there's likely to be a regular event in your area.
Some people also choose not to have any flowers at their funeral, instead, asking mourners to donate to a favourite charity. For anyone looking for a UK-based environmental charity, Golden Charter has supported the Woodland Trust for over 20 years, raising more than over £1 million in that time and helping to plant 300,000 trees across the UK.
There are many ways you can ensure your funeral is eco-friendly and many of the funeral directors in Golden Charter's network can offer advice on eco-friendly funerals, from green coffins to woodland burials. To find out how we can help with your later life planning needs, request a free info pack, or call us on 0800 _PHONE_.


text:
This fellowship stimulates Indigenous research students and their supervisors to consider how new media forms of dissemination, such as image/sound, film, exhibition and digital media, may form culturally appropriate alternatives or adjuncts to the linear, written thesis form. The website explores concepts associated with alternative dissemination and provides resources, exemplars and more ideas.
The Resource Library contains a collection of higher education learning and teaching materials flowing from projects funded by the Commonwealth of Australia including those from the Australian Learning and Teaching Council.
Results may be sorted filtered by keywords.
6 resources found for 'film'.
Assessing graduate screen production outputs in nineteen Australian film schools
Developing a collaborative national postgraduate research program for 22 Australian film schools
Physclips II - Waves and sound: an integrated set of multi-level multimedia resources and laboratory experiments: Website
Physclips II - Waves and sound: an integrated set of multi-level multimedia resources and laboratory experiments: Final Report
New Media Resources for Indigenous Researcher Training
Creative & Performing Arts Learning and Teaching Academic Standards Statement
Academic standards covering programs of study for bachelor and coursework masters degrees in creative writing; dance; drama and performance; music and sound; screen and media; and visual art. These standards were developed as part of a demonstration project funded by the Australian Government in 2010 and facilitated by the Australian Learning and Teaching Council. Academic institutions and teachers, professional bodies, accreditation bodies, employers and graduates participated in the development of minimum threshold learning outcomes for the discipline.


Abusing Forced Inline Part 2: Breakpoints
Table of Contents:
In the last blogpost we've discussed Forced Inline, and how one could use
it to obfuscate binaries (without obfuscating the source code itself.)
For a complete introduction to all of the basics that will be referenced
to in this article (as well as the first three methods of obfuscation),
go ahead and read the
first part of this post.
Throughout the next three paragraphs we will discuss three methods which
do not obfuscate, but make debugging harder.
Finally, we present the source and binaries of the methods explained here.
In a few days to a week, a crackme (which combines the six methods
discussed so far), will be released, so make sure you understand
everything :)
Method IV: Ensuring Memory Integrity
This technique is actually not meant to obfuscate source code further,
instead it's a simple, but very effective, method which detects
modifications to our machine code. In other words, when a Reverse Engineer
is analyzing your binary dynamically (that is, using a debugger), then the
Reverse Engineer will usually set so-called Software Breakpoints
[1]. When a Software Breakpoint
is set on a particular address, the byte at this address will be replaced
by an interrupt three instruction ("int 3″, or 0xcc in machine code.) Note
that it is possible to use other machine code representations to achieve
the same effect, but 0xcc is by far the most commonly used one.
Now we know this, we can implement a very easy check which hashes a part
of memory. If we, for example, hardcode the correct hash, then we can
check the calculated hash against the hardcoded hash. If they don't match
then that means that the memory was altered, e.g. a Software Breakpoint
was set. From here on one would usually do something like terminating the
process, or crashing it by reading from an invalid address, etc.
As usual, a snippet says more than a 1000 words, so here we go.
void calculate_data(int in, int *out)
 // stores five times the input 'in' into 'out'
 *out = in * 5;
FORCEDINLINE void calculate_data_obf(int in, int *out)
 static unsigned long hash = 0;
 // calculate the hash of the calculate_data function
 // and whatever is behind it (e.g. main)
 unsigned long h = calculate_hash(&calculate_data, 0x200);
 // first time we check?
 if(hash == 0) {
 // then set the hash
 hash = h;
 // hash doesn't match?
 else if(hash!= h) {
 printf("memory has been altered (in: %d, out: 0x%08x)!\n",
 in, out);
 // hash checks out, call the original function.
 calculate_data(in, out);
void overwrite_function()
 // windows only, doh.
 DWORD old;
 VirtualProtect(&calculate_data, 1, PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE, &old);
 // overwrite the first instruction of 'calculate_data' with a
 // return instruction, this way the 'out' variable will not
 // be set.
 *(unsigned char *) &calculate_data = 0xc3;
_TAG_ calculate_data calculate_data_obf
int main(void)
 for (int i = 0, out; i < 25; i++) {
 calculate_data(i, &out);
 printf("%d -> %d\n", i, out);
 // the 10th time we will patch the function
 if(i == 10) {
The interesting stuff happens in the calculate_data_obf function,
as you can see. In this function a hash is calculated based on the machine
code of the calculate_data function. The first time the hash is
calculated, it will be stored. If the function is called at a later time,
and the hash doesn't match, then a printf call is executed and the
original calculate_data function call is omitted.
Before we proceed, let's take a look at the output of this program.
$./memory_integrity
0 -> 0
1 -> 5
2 -> 10
3 -> 15
... snip...
9 -> 45
10 -> 50
memory has been altered (in: 11, out: 0x003afcf8)!
11 -> 50
memory has been altered (in: 12, out: 0x003afcf8)!
12 -> 50
memory has been altered (in: 13, out: 0x003afcf8)!
... snip...
23 -> 50
memory has been altered (in: 24, out: 0x003afcf8)!
24 -> 50
What happened here is the following. The first ten times the calculated
hash was correct, however, the 10th iteration we called the
overwrite_function method which overwrites the
first byte of the calculate_data function. This results in an
invalid hash being calculated by the calculate_hash function, and
we land at the printf call.
Although the
snippet above uses a hash calculated the first time it is ran, one would
normally use a hardcoded value, or even better, do a mathematical
calculation with it and use the result as address to read from, etc.
This technique can be really effective when used correctly, e.g. one could
do memory checks on other memory checks so a Reverse Engineer cannot
easily alter hardcoded hashes, etc.
You can make it as complex as you like ;)
Method V: Defeating Hardware Breakpoints
Yet another method to defeat Breakpoints, this time targetting Hardware
Breakpoints [2]. Hardware
Breakpoints are different compared to Software Breakpoints. Where Software
Breakpoints alter the machine code, Hardware Breakpoints alter the Debug
Registers. Besides that, Debug Registers are specific to one thread
(they're registers after all), there is only place for four breakpoints
(per thread), and you can only read or set them using an API.
Unfortunately this brings us some limitations, for example, because we
need an API to read the Debug Registers, these registers can be spoofed
(by hooking that particular API.) In a future post we will be discussing
techniques to bypass these kind of hooks (as far as usermode goes), but
for now we will stick to the normal API.
So, now we have learned the basics about Hardware Breakpoints, time for
some example code.
void calculate_data(int in, int *out)
 *out = in * 5;
FORCEDINLINE void calculate_data_obf(int in, int *out)
 // check if any hardware breakpoints were set
 // Debug Register 7 contains the flags (type of breakpoint
 // and amount of bytes), so checking that against nonzero
 // provides enough information for us
 if(GetThreadContext(GetCurrentThread(), &ctx) == FALSE ||
 ctx.Dr7!= 0) {
 printf("No Hardware Breakpoints please.\n");
 // no hardware breakpoints were found, let's
 // continue with the real function.
 calculate_data(in, out);
_TAG_ calculate_data calculate_data_obf
int main(void)
 calculate_data(i, &out);
 // the 5th time we set a hardware breakpoint
 if(i == 5) {
 ctx.Dr0 = (DWORD) &calculate_data;
 ctx.Dr7 = 0x00000001;
 SetThreadContext(GetCurrentThread(), &ctx);
This example has the same structure as the example snippet from
Method IV, so most of the code should be
fairly obvious. The only difference is that this example checks for Debug
Registers in the inlined obfuscation handler, and that it enables a
Hardware Breakpoint after the fifth iteration. If you'd like to know more
about the magic value that initializes Dr7 please check out
these few functions.
The Dr0 Debug Register contains the address that we want a
hardware breakpoint on.
We will omit the example output, as it is very similar to that of Method
It should be noted as well that the example snippet above will not work
out of the box, in order to actually use the Hardware Breakpoint an
Exception Handler should be installed. In order to do this one could use
From there code to process the thrown exceptions (Hardware Breakpoints
throw exceptions when they're hit) can be implemented.
Method VI: Beating Page Protection
Besides Software and Hardware Breakpoints there is yet another method to
trap memory access (that is, execution as well as reading and writing.)
technique utilizes the Access Protection
of a page. In windows, pages
usually have a size of 4KB, and one can specify different access
protection for each of these pages. It is, for example, possible to set a
page to read only, execute only, exception on access, etc.
Therefore we have to check these access protections. As the code is, yet
again, fairly easy, we go straight to the example snippet.
void calculate_data(int in, int *out)
 *out = in * 5;
FORCEDINLINE void calculate_data_obf(int in, int *out)
 // by default the code section is read+execute
 if(VirtualQuery(&calculate_data, &mbi, sizeof(mbi)) == FALSE ||
 mbi.Protect!= PAGE_EXECUTE_READ) {
 printf("O


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Control Over Your Lights With Distance
Keywords: flash, studio, lighting, filter, guides, tips
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Part 4
In my article on Apparent Light Size, we saw the differences in light produced by large and small light sources. I demonstrated this by starting with a flash in a small softbox set up very close to a small object, therefore making a large light source. I then moved the light farther and farther away, thereby simulating a smaller light source. The actual light size didn't change, but its apparent size did in relation to the subject. I noted at the end of the post that as the light source got farther away, the background began to get brighter. The reason for that is something that I've struggled with in learning to light, and it's called the inverse square law.
Now before you go surfing away I'm going to put out there that math and me are not friendly. Seriously, I jumped the shark in tenth grade algebra, so the minute this little aspect of lighting came up it was a challenge for me to grasp. Fractions. Equations. Physics...I just wanted to make photographs.
But here's what I'll tell you. Read about the inverse square law here and on the web and don't let it confuse you. Just get familiar with it. Then bust out your camera and flash, set up somewhere where you have a good working distance, and start shooting. You'll get it. I promise. Why? Because if you leave the fractions for the academics to ruminate over and just pay attention to what you're seeing in your photographs, it will make sense.
The gist of it:
By definition, "an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity." Huh?
Well, for you math-minded folks, that probably makes sense. For the rest of us, what that means is that there is a way to calculate how much light fall off occurs as a subject moves farther away from a light source.
Now I'm not going to try and explain the math behind this, but the basic idea is that if a subject is one foot from the light source, the subject will receive 100 percent of the light's intensity - the square of one is one, and the inverse is 1/1, or, 100 percent. Move the subject two feet away, doubling the distance, and now they receive 50 percent of the light's intensity. Ha, fooled you. This is where the inverse square law shows up. The square of two is four, and the inverse of four is 1/4, or, 25 percent. So that one-foot difference means you lose 75 percent of the light's intensity at your subject's position.
But of course it's math, so it gets a little bit more complex than this. That first one-foot change in distance equaled a huge loss of light. But that rate of loss isn't constant. In fact, the farther you subject gets away from the light source, the less fall off you have between two distances. For example, at 9 feet from the light, the square is 81, the inverse is 1/81, and rounded to the nearest whole number you have 1 percent of the light. Move the subject to 10 feet - square is 100, inverse is 1/100, rounded to the whole number is....1 percent. The diagram below shows the rounded percentages of fall off for subjects positioned between one foot and ten feet from a light source (disregard the actual light color, I didn't calculate the proper gradient steps).
Distance Diagram
From a practical point of view, if you're photographing a subject at one foot from the light source at f/16 and he or she moves a foot back, your subject will be drastically underexposed, and to correct that, you'd use a larger aperture, say f/11. That will get you the additional light you need. Now, if that subject is at nine feet and you're at say f/4, if he or she steps back to ten feet, there's very little difference in light intensity, and your f/4 aperture can stay the same to get a correct exposure.
Imagine now photographing a group of people in two rows. If row one is positioned one foot from the light, and row two is somewhere between two and three feet from the light, there's a one to two stop difference between correct exposure for the front and back rows. The solution here would be to move the entire group back to the eight to ten foot from light source area, thereby equalizing your exposure between the rows.
Below is an example of five photographs of the same subject lit with an SB600 fired through an umbrella at 1/4 power. Shutter speed was 1/250, ISO 100, aperture at f/4.5.
Distance Comparison
So, from one foot away the side of the subject closest to the light is properly exposed. At two feet, there's a quick drop off to underexposure. At four feet, it's very underexposed. At 8 feet, you can barely make out the subject, and the same applies at 10 feet. And that's the crux of it. The difference in exposure between eight and ten feet is barely discernible, as opposed to the difference in exposure between one and two feet, which is very noticeable.
(3 Votes )
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Originally written on November 2, 2012
Last updated on December 7, 2017
User User
stephen sheoskie (sheo2859) on August 29, 2015
The visual diagram really opened my eyes to the fall off,great job.
Richard Luse (DaddySS) on November 10, 2012
Thanks Josh. Very helpful.
User on November 6, 2012
These are very helpful postings Josh. Having just attended a one day Kelby course called One Light Two Light by Joe McNally, your additional detail really puts the icing on the cake so to speak. Looking forward to the next installation Doug
User on November 6, 2012
Good to hear, Dale. I was wondering how the workshop went for you. ~Josh
Dale Maas (marnigirl) on November 6, 2012
Donor Ribbon awarded for his generous support to the Fundraising Campaign 2014 Donor Ribbon awarded for his very generous support to the Fundraising Campaign 2015 Ribbon awarded for his generous contribution to the 2017-2018 fundraising campaign
Thanks Josh, Things are beginning to sink in. Your tutorial dovetails with a class I took over the weekend at Arizona Highways Magazine. Between the two, I am actually beginning to get a 'flash' of understanding!! Dale
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Integrating Go with C: the ZooKeeper binding experience
ZooKeeper is a clever generic coordination server for distributed systems, and is one of the core softwares which facilitate the development of Ensemble (project for automagic IaaS deployments which we push at Canonical), so it was a natural choice to experiment with.
The experience of integrating ZooKeeper with Go was certainly valuable on itself, and worked as a nice way to learn the details of integrating the Go language with a C library. If you're interested in learning a bit about Go, ZooKeeper, or other details related to the creation of bindings and asynchronous programming, please fasten the seatbelt now.
Basics of C wrapping in Go
Creating the binding on itself was a pretty interesting experiment already. I have worked on the creation of quite a few bindings and language bridges before, and must say I was pleasantly surprised with the experience of creating the Go binding. With Cgo, the name given to the "foreign function interface" mechanism for C integration, one basically declares a special import statement which causes a pre-processor to look at the comment preceding it. Something similar to this:
// _TAG_
import "C"
The comment doesn't have to be restricted to a single line, or to _TAG_ statements even. The C code contained in the comment will be transparently inserted into a helper C file which is compiled and linked with the final object file, and the given snippet will also be parsed and inclusions processed. In the Go side, that "C" import is simulated as if it were a normal Go package so that the C functions, types, and values are all directly accessible.
As an example, a C function with this prototype:
 void *context, struct Stat *stat);
In Go may be used as:
cstat := C.struct_Stat{}
rc, cerr := C.zoo_wexists(zk.handle, cpath, nil, nil, &cstat)
When the C function is used in a context where two result values are requested, as done above, Cgo will save the well known errno variable after the function has finished executing and will return it wrapped into an os.Errno value.
Also, note how the C struct is defined in a way that can be passed straight to the C function. Interestingly, the allocation of the memory backing the structure is going to be performed and tracked by the Go runtime, and will be garbage collected appropriately once no more references exist within the Go runtime. This fact has to be kept in mind since the application will crash if a value allocated normally within Go is saved with a foreign C function and maintained after all the Go references are gone. The alternative in these cases is to call the usual C functions to get hold of memory for the involved values. That memory won't be touched by the garbage collector, and, of course, must be explicitly freed when no longer necessary. Here is a simple example showing explicit allocation:
Note the use of the defer statement above. Even when dealing with foreign functionality, it comes in handy. The above call will ensure that the buffer is deallocated right before the current function returns, for instance, so it's a nice way to ensure no leaks happen, even if in the future the function suddenly gets a new exit point which didn't consider the allocation of resources.
In terms of typing, Go is more strict than C, and Cgo-based logic will also ensure that the types returned and passed into the foreign C functions are correctly typed, in the same way done for the native types. Note above, for instance, how the call to the free() function has to explicitly convert the value into an unsafe.Pointer, even though in C no casting would be necessary to pass a pointer into a void * parameter.
The unsafe.Pointer is in fact a very special type within Go. Using it, one can convert any pointer type into any other pointer type in an unsafe way (thus the package name), and also back and forth into a uintptr value with the address of the memory referenced by the pointer. For every other type conversion, Go will ensure at compilation time that doing the conversion at runtime is a safe operation.
Watch callbacks and channels
One of the most interesting (and slightly tricky) aspects of mapping the ZooKeeper concepts into Go was the "watch" functionality. ZooKeeper allows one to attach a "watch" to a node so that the server will report back when changes happen to the given node. In the C library, this functionality is exposed via a callback function which is executed once the monitored node aspect is modified.
It would certainly be possible to offer this functionality in Go using a similar mechanism, but Go channels provide a number of advantages for that kind of asynchronous notification: waiting for multiple events via the select statement, synchronous blocking until the event happens, testing if the event is already available, etc.
The tricky bit, though, isn't the use of channels. That part is quite simple. The tricky detail is that the C callback function execution happens in a C thread started by the ZooKeeper library, and happens asynchronously, while the Go application is doing its business elsewhere. Right now, there's no straightforward way to transfer the execution of this asynchronous C function back into the Go land. The solution for this problem was found with some help from the folks at the golang-nuts mailing list, and luckily it's not that hard to support or understand. That said, this is a good opportunity to get some coffee or your preferred focus-enhancing drink.
The solution works like this: when the ZooKeeper C library gets a watch notification, it executes a C callback function which is inside a Gozk helper file. Rather than transferring control to Go right away, this C function simply appends data about the event onto a queue, and signals a pthread condition variable to notify that an event is available. Then, on the Go side, once the first ZooKeeper connection is initialized, a new goroutine is fired and loops waiting for events to be available. The interesting detail about this loop, is that it blocks within a foreign C function waiting for an event to be available, through the signaling of the shared pthread condition variable. In the Go side, that's how the call looks like, just to give a more practical feeling:
// This will block until there's a watch available.
data := C.wait_for_watch()
watch_data *wait_for_watch() {
 watch_data *data = NULL;
 if (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 data = first_watch;
 first_watch = first_watch->next;
 return data;
if stat == nil && err == nil {
 event := <-watch
 // Use event...
This entry was posted in Architecture, Article, C/C++, Go, Project, Snippet. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to Integrating Go with C: the ZooKeeper binding experience
 1. Cody Schafer says:
 The code for waiting on the condition variable is incorrect, the condition is not garunteed to be true on return from the pthread_cond_wait function, thus
 if (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 should be
 while (first_watch == NULL)
 pthread_cond_wait(&watch_available, &watch_mutex);
 I apologize if someone has already pointed this out or you are otherwise aware of the issue.
 2. Hi Cody,
 I actually thought about this, but decided to implement this way because there's a single consumer, which means the only way to make a non-empty queue empty again is with this lone thread.
 Since you mentioned it, though, I decided to dig a bit deeper, and found out that the thread can be awaken *without signaling*, which indeed would break this logic. Here is a link if someone else is interested:
 I'll fix it, thanks.
 3. Patrick says:
 Thanks very much, this will help me get started
Leave a Reply


text:
We are committed to school equity as a means for creating a stronger community. To achieve these goals, we've developed a short list of principles Montgomery County Public Schools can follow to help close the achievement gap. This isn't a complete list, and we always welcome suggestions.
- EQUITY. Allocate resources according to educational load to ensure that each child receives instruction and supports according to her needs in order to receive a world-class education.
- LEADERSHIP. Competent and effective leadership at all levels, with commitment to accountability, transparency and results.
- ACCESS. Ensure that all students are able to access the excellent opportunities MCPS has to offer, according to ability and desire, and are actively recruited and encouraged to achieve.
- DIVERSITY. Promote hiring practices so that professional staffing reflects student population.
- COMMUNITY. Stimulate (support) use of school facilities as a center of community activities.
- PARTNERSHIP. Actively seek to establish and maintain partnerships with businesses and non-profits for the benefit of students.


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Standardized Glossary
This glossary is intended to be a comprehensive, standardized list of Kubernetes terminology. It includes technical terms that are specific to Kubernetes, as well as more general terms that provide useful context.
Filter terms according to their tags
The inner components of Kubernetes.
Related to Kubernetes open-source development.
A resource type that Kubernetes supports by default.
Supported customizations of Kubernetes.
Relevant for a first-time user of Kubernetes.
Starting and maintaining Kubernetes.
Keeping Kubernetes applications safe and secure.
How Kubernetes applications handle persistent data.
Software that makes Kubernetes easier or better to use.
Represents a common type of Kubernetes user.
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text:
K - 3
Grades K-3 (Ages 5-9)
The Flying Jazz Kittens
by Sherry Luchette
The Flying Jazz Kittens Book/CD set contains music and ideas to explore jazz style rhythms and beginning improvisation activities for children in the elementary music classroom, PreK-8.
It is designed for the elementary music teacher who is looking for some fun, hands-on activities in the area of jazz music to incorporate into their curriculum. No prior jazz experience is necessary. All of the activities in this book have been tested in the music classroom and edited with the help of other music teachers, jazz musicians and many classroom experiments.
Freddie the Frog® and the Flying Jazz Kitten
by Sharon Burch, illustrated by Tiffany Harris
Freddie the Frog® finds adventure again when some cool jazz cats fly their plane to Treble Clef Island to pick up a new horn. With the help of the Flying Jazz Kitten and a swingin' beat, Freddie becomes a jazz sensation. Freddie the Frog® and the Flying Jazz Kitten introduces children to jazz through interactive scat. The enclosed audio CD includes the dramatized story, sing-along songs and an instrumental blues track to create your own special scat. Ages 4-9.
Now's the Time
Teaching Jazz to All Ages and the companion CD
By Doug Goodkin
Music educator Doug Goodkin makes a compelling case for including jazz in every child's education and offers a sequential approach for teaching it to all ages. Combining theory and practice, this book includes:
- Integration with the Orff approach to music education
- A developmental sequence for children between 3 and 14 years old applicable to beginners of all ages
- Games, songs, speech pieces, body percussion and movement activities
- Roots music, jazz blues, jazz standards and jazz compositions arranged for Orff instruments and other ensembles
- Essential jazz theory and key historical, cultural and aesthetic background
- A Middle School jazz curriculum with sample student work.
By Shelly Berg, Margaret Fitzgerald, and Kimberly McCord
Chop-Monster Jr. is a teacher's handbook that clearly outlines how to teach jazz to elementary classroom music students. No prior jazz experience is necessary for teachers or students. Imaginative call-and-response activities, movement, and circle games teach young people how to sing and play JAZZ! Students will be able to groove to and play jazz "swing" beats; vocalize and play swing eighth-notes; communicate musically through call-and-response; scat-sing and improvise one-, twoand three-note phrases; independently perform kid-sized jazz works.
Jazz it Up!
By Susie Davies-Splitter and Phil Splitter
This collection features 10 songs by Susie Davies-Splitter and Phil Splitter, Australian music and jazz educators. K-8 students will sing, improvise and move to these jazzy tunes. The songs use a variety of elements of jazz - call-response, scat singing, improvisation, rhythm and blues with accompaniments by Australian music educators Susie & Phil. Activities are provided for each song at a variety of levels, so that the songs can be used for K-6. The songs can be performed with the performance/accompaniment CD, or the students can play many of the accompaniments using the Orff arrangements that are given. The collection includes reproducible vocals making this a very economical way to purchase vocal jazz music for your K-6 classroom or your elementary choir.
Jazz Cats Recorder
By Brad Keller and Bonnie Rossa
This illustrated collection of 6 easy-medium jazz pieces for beginning and intermediate recorder players will teach your students about various jazz styles by playing jazzy pieces on the recorder. The kit includes reproducible song sheets, coloring pages for each song, a performance/accompaniment CD, and PowerPoints.
Jammin' With The Jazz Cats
By Brad Keller and Bonnie Rossa
Jamin' With the Jazz Cats Orff book and CD's systematically teaches 3rd-5th grade students to improvise stylistically correct solos. The songs and teaching processes internalize the unique rhythmic vocabulary of jazz. The 9-13 CD tracks for each song provide teachers with an easy and foolproof modeling and practice experience for their students. The teaching process and comprehensive CD tracks ensure that teachers without any previous jazz experience will confidently and effectively teach their students to improvise and perform.
Exploring the Blues
Composer: Bradley Shank
Composer: Tom Anderson
Here is a valuable all-in-one resource that will help you introduce your students to this great American art form. Originally developed for Music Alive magazine, each topic includes a reproducible student article, reproducible activity pages (including listening maps, worksheets and other enrichment ideas), and a detailed National Standards-based lesson plan. All musical examples are included on the enclosed CD. Topics include: Birth of the Blues (W.C. Handy), Early Blues Guitarists (Charlie Patton, Robert Johnson and others), Women and the Blues, Now and Then ("Ma" Rainey, Dinah Washington, Aretha Franklin and others), The Blues Begin to Rock (Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Eric Clapton and others), Blues Across America, and a special section on blues greats: Bessie Smith, John Lee Hooker and B.B. King. Available: Book/CD Pak (w/ reproducible pages).
Click here for Jazz Books and Storybooks for Grades PreK-6
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text:
is a rededicated degree-granting institution in San Diego, California. Several John Paul II Catholic Centers may be found on college and university campuses around the world, usually serving students and staff as Roman Catholic chapels. Several elementary and secondary schools also use the name John Paul II or John Paul the Great, like John Paul the Great Catholic High School in Prince William County, Virginia, administered by the Dominican Sisters of Saint Cecilia or "Nashville Dominicans." (The cornerstone and tabernacle of the school were blessed by Pope Benedict XVI during Mass at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. on 17 April 2008.)
Several national and municipal public projects were named in honor of the Pope. Rome's main railway station, the Roma Termini station, was dedicated to Pope John Paul II by a vote of the City Council, a first municipal public object in Rome bearing the name of a non Italian. International airports named after him are John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice — one of the principal airports of Poland — and the João Paulo II Airport in the Azores. The Juan Pablo II Bridge is located in Chile, while John Paul II Square in Bulgaria denotes the Pope's visit to Sofia in 2002. Estádio João Paulo II (John Paul II Stadium) is a football (soccer) stadium in Mogi-Mirim in Brazil. Parvis Notre-Dame - Place Jean-Paul II is a centerpiece of one of Paris' neighborhoods. Pope John Paul II Park is a feature of Boston, Massachusetts while Pope John Paul II Drive serves residents of Chicago, Illinois.
Of international interest, Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands was named in honor of the Pope. The Antarctic landmark recognizes his contribution to world peace and understanding among people.
The Pope was named Time Magazine's Person of the year in 1994. In 2000, he was also made an honorary Harlem Globetrotter. In February 2004 Pope John Paul II was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize honoring his life's work in opposing Communist oppression and helping to reshape the world.