to buy these things (such as gem stones, planks of wood etc.) from stores.
Once you have decided whether to buy them or gather them yourself, you must decide what types you are going to use. I will begin with wood. If you choose tree branches, you must decide what trees, all the same or different ones, and whether to break off live ones or dead ones. It is generally believed that dead wood provides for dead runes, but this view differs. If you choose fruit trees, you must now decide what fruit tree (apple, orange etc.) and whether to take it while the tree is still bearing fruit or not. The same applies to tree trunks (same or different; dead or alive), and bark. Obviously, if you choose to buy wood, you won't be able to use branches, or choose to get the wood from a fruit tree. Considerations with stone are whether to get all the same types or different types, whether to make sure they are all the same size and shape or different shapes and sizes, and where to gather them from (if you decide to gather them). Buying them from a store has one other consideration, and that is that they may be unnaturally polished or varnished.
Choosing a Method
You're almost ready to get started, you just need to choose how to go about making them now. There three ways to do this:
This is really just personal preference here, carving them makes it no stronger or better than painting them, just as carving and painting makes it no stronger than doing one or the other. If you've chosen stone, carving may be difficult. The best method there is using an engraving drill with a diamond bit, but even with that it may be blunted, and diamond bits are expensive. Wood and bone is a whole lot easier, so it may be better off choosing both methods.
If you choose painting, you must choose what you are going to use:
 - Type: Will it stick to my medium? Will it last?
 - Colour: Do I want to use traditional ochre red? What colour feels right?
 - Bond: Do I mix my blood in with it to bond it to me?
Making the Set
 1. First take your medium. If it needs cutting, cut it into as many segments as there are runes in your system. You should have already made up your mind as to whether or not they will be equal segments by now. It is best to cut them into small pieces (about 3cm high, 2cm wide is perfect, but it is up to you).
 2. Spread your medium out across the table and have a sheet with your rune system nearby (the best site to print a reliable list from is _URL_ Clear your mind, mutter thanks to your God(s), pray to them, toast them, whatever - so long as you acknowledge their workings in this process.
 3. Look at the first rune in your system, then carefully choose your first medium. It doesn't have to be the left most one, the right most one, the upper or lower, just choose the one you feel is right for it (this matter less if all your mediums are the same).
 a. If you not carving skip to 3b. Carve the rune into your medium. Repeat step 3 until all runes in your set have been carved.
 b. If you are not painting skip to 4. Depending on the size of your mediums, it is best to use a thin brush. Paint the rune on your medium. Repeat step 3 until all runes in your set have been painted.
 4. If you did not paint, skip to step 5. Leave the runes to dry (time will vary depending what you used to paint them).
 5. Put your runes in a pouch and carry them around with you for the next week. Don't allow them to be too far away from you at any time during this week. After the week they will be sufficiently bonded to you, and ready for use.
Practicing Runic Magic
As I mentioned earlier, there are two ways to practice Runic Magic, Runecasting and Runescribing. The two go hand in hand, but that does not mean you cannot specialize in one or the other. I shall now describe the practices of these seperately.
Runecasting is the practice of using runes for divination. This does not mean fortune telling, clairvoyance or seeing the future in any way. According to our religion, such a thing is impossible. However, we can analyse the occurances of the past, the happenings of the present and the possibilites of the future. This works on a deep psychological and mystical level, using religious and metaphysical concepts. The best way to explain this is with the Asatru concept of the universe and the actions we take within it.
Wyrd, roughly translated, means universe. In Asatru, the Wyrd is like a huge spider web, and we are all spiders on this web, crawling across it. Even the Gods are spiders on this web, and each movement we make - each action - send a ripple across the spider web, not only affecting us, but others around us. Yes: this does mean that we mortal men can affect the Gods, just as they can affect us. Why then do the Gods affect us so much? Well, they are much bigger spiders, and send off much bigger ripples than us.
In Asatru, fate is not a simple pre-determined destiny; fate is the path that we choose to take. Sometimes our fate will be altered as we catch the ripple of another's action, but we can always regain control of our fate and steer it back on the path that we choose. We are never in bondage, we are never controlled by anyone else, we are where we want to be. Why then, you may ask, is Ragnarok all pre-determined? Because the Gods know their fate, and they choose not to stop walking that path.
Using Runecasting with Wyrd and Fate
We cannot see the future, because the future is muteable. If someone were to tell you that tomorrow you would win a million dollars off the lottery, what happens if you choose not to buy that ticket? Do you still win? Of course not. You cannot see the future, but you can see where your path, your fate, is leading you at a given time. This is what Runecasting is about, it allows you to see what path you have taken to this point in life, what path you are currently walking, and what may happen in the future if you remain on this path. If this is a negative thing, you may choose to alter your path, alter your fate.
Thus, if you were to Runecast on a subject today, and it told you that this would lead to unhappiness, you may choose to alter your fate. If you do so choose, the next day, were you to Runecast on the same subject, it would tell you that your fate would lead to something new. Runecasting is not about seeing the future, it is about understanding your fate and guiding your fate. Of course, as I mentioned earlier, others, especially Gods, can alter your fate, but with Runecasting you can identify these changes and correct it. It may not be simple, it may not be easy, but our religion is not for the weak. You must persevere to reach your goals. Now that you understand the concepts, you may begin Runecasting.
Methods of Runecasting
There is no one way to Runecast, and Runecasters usually don't learn one and stick with it. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses; some are better for a certain subject than others; some you will find yourself more comfortable with than others. Regardless, all should be learnt and practiced if you wish to get the most of of Runecasting. There are two types (unordered {Cast} and ordered {Layout}) and a total of eight methods.
Simple Cast
This is the simplest method, and can be used for moderately broad or simple questions. Think of a question, keep it in your mind and reach into your pouch and grab a handful of runes, then cast them onto a small white cloth. Ignore any that lay on their side or land outside of the cloth. Those facing towards you are working with you, or are currently in effect, those facing down are working against you, or are no longer in effect/not yet in effect. You must interpret these runes yourself, it is completely subjective. The meanings of the runes are important, and you must learn them well, but their meaning in relation to the question you asked must be discovered for yourself.
Norns Cast
This method calls specifically on the Norns, the three minor Godesses Urdh, Godess of the Past, Verdhandi, Godess of the Present, and Skuld, Godess of the Future (these Goddesses are not Aesir or Vanir, and are relatively obscure). This is a fairly simple method also and can only answer fairly simple questions. Close your eyes and hold your question in your mind, then draw a rune from your pouch. Do not open your eyes, and place the rune on your white cloth. Repeat another two times, then, leaving your eyes closed, choose a rune and place it to the left of your cloth, choose another and place it next to the first, then place the last next to this.
Open your eyes and look at the order you placed them in. The first rune is Urdh's,


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The Content Collection in Learn
Behind every course on Learn, there's an area hidden from students called the Content Collection. The main idea Learn is built around is that you:
(1) Upload documents to the Content Collection
(2) Link to these documents from the part of Learn that your students see
This applies to PDFs, Word docx files, PowerPoint pptx files – just about all of the files most lecturers need to upload to Learn.
This separation between the Content Collection on the one hand, and the visible pages that students see on the other, is unfortunately not immediately obvious due to the idiosyncratic way in which Learn was designed.
If you'd like to know more about this, we've written a quick explainer here:
Why should I care about this?
1. Keeping your section of the Content Collection tidy makes your Learn pages easier to manage
For example, imagine you want the same document to appear on several Learn pages.
You can upload the document once to the Content Collection, and then link to it from the pages where you want it to appear. This is better than having lots of identical files called:
- Worksheet(2).pdf (etc.)
2. Uploading files to Learn one-by-one is a pain
By dealing with the Content Collection directly, you can upload files in bulk. This can be a massive time-saver.
There are two ways to do this:
(a) Use Learn's Upload Multiple Files tool
You can drag and drop multiple files into Learn using the steps described here:
(b) Set up a Web Folder
You can have a folder on your computer which is in sync with the folders that you deal with in the Content Collection.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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ART procedure?
- In general, is an ART cycle more likely to be successful if more embryos are transferred?
- Are percentages of transfers that result in live births affected by the number of embryos transferred for women who have more embryos available than they choose to transfer?
- How long after egg retrieval does embryo transfer occur?
- In general, is an ART cycle more likely to be successful if embryos are transferred on day 5?
- Does the number of embryos transferred differ for day 3 and day 5 embryo transfers?
- In general, how does the multiple-infant birth risk vary by the day of embryo transfer?
- For day 5 embryo transfers, are percentages of transfers that result in live births affected by the number of embryos transferred for women who have more embryos available than they choose to transfer?
- How do percentages of transfers that result in live births for women who use gestational carriers compare with women who do not use gestational carriers?
- How is clinic size related to percentages of ART cycles that result in live births?
Section 3: ART Cycles Using Frozen Nondonor Eggs or Embryos
This section focuses on cycles using embryos that were developed from the woman's own eggs and frozen for later use. Two important questions are answered using graphics and data from clinic reporting.
- What is the percentage of transfers that result in live births and singleton live births for ART cycles using frozen nondonor embryos?
- What is the risk of having a multiple-fetus pregnancy or multiple-infant live birth from an ART cycle using frozen nondonor embryos?
Section 4: ART Cycles Using Donor Eggs
This section is useful for those considering use of donor eggs. It answers these key questions.
- Are older women undergoing ART more likely to use donor eggs or embryos?
- Do percentages of transfers that result in live births differ by age for women who used ART with donor eggs compared with women who used ART with their own eggs?
- How successful is ART when donor eggs are used?
- What is the risk of having a multiple-fetus pregnancy or multiple-infant live birth from an ART cycle using fresh donor eggs?
- How do percentages of transfers that result in live births differ for ART cycles between women who use frozen donor embryos and those who use fresh donor embryos?
Section 5: ART TRENDS
In this section you will find answer to questions about—
- Is the use of ART increasing?
- Are there changes in the types of ART cycles performed among women who used fresh or frozen nondonor eggs or embryos?
- What are the changes in the types of ART cycles performed among women who used fresh or frozen donor eggs or embryos?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in live births among women who used fresh or frozen nondonor eggs or embryos?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in live births among women who used fresh or frozen donor eggs or embryos?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in singleton live births among women who used fresh or frozen nondonor eggs or embryos?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in singleton live births among women who used fresh or frozen donor eggs or embryos?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in live births for all ART patients or only for those in particular age groups?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in singleton live births for all ART patients or only for those in particular age groups?
- Has the number of embryos transferred changed in fresh, nondonor cycles?
- Has the number of embryos transferred changed in fresh, nondonor cycles for women younger than age 35 who have more embryos available than they choose to transfer?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in live births, by number of embryos transferred?
- Have there been changes in percentages of transfers that resulted in live births for women younger than age 35 who have more embryos available than they choose to transfer?
- Have percentages of multiple-infant live births changed?
- Have percentages of multiple-infant live births for ART cycles using fresh nondonor eggs or embryos changed in particular age groups?
Elective single-embryo transfer (eSET) is a procedure in which one embryo, selected from a larger number of available embryos, is placed in the uterus or fallopian tube. The embryo selected for eSET might be from a previous IVF cycle (e.g., cryopreserved embryos (frozen)) or from the current fresh IVF cycle that yielded more than one embryo. The remaining embryos may be set aside for future use or cryopreservation.
eSET is a relatively new choice available to ART patients. It helps women avoid several risks to their own health that are associated with carrying multiples. It also helps families achieve success while preventing some risks known to be associated with giving birth to twins or what is called "high order multiple births" (three or more children born at the same time). Infants born in multiple births are more often born early (preterm), are smaller (low birth weight) and experience more adverse health outcomes than singleton infants. There is consensus among experts that the desired outcome of ART is a healthy singleton infant.
eSET, which is based on findings from research, assesses the chances of success (pregnancy and live birth) based upon the number of embryos transferred during an ART procedure. This research found that among women with a good chance of success with ART, those who chose to have a single embryo transferred had a similar number of live-birth deliveries compared to those who chose to transfer multiple embryos, but almost all of the infants they delivered were singletons.*Single embryo transfer is now considered appropriate for patients with good prognosis, usually women aged 35 years or younger and with eggs or embryos of good quality.
What if I have waited and tried many times to get pregnant unsuccessfully?
The desire for childbearing and parenthood can be compelling. There are so many decisions to make as you determine whether ART is the right option for you and identify clinics that provide services. Remember, the best decisions are knowing your options and selecting one compatible with your with your beliefs and values about pregnancy, childbearing, and parenting.
Women experiencing infertility or wanting to have another child may find having multiples to be an "acceptable risk" when considering ART services. But as you see in our videos, circumstances and thoughts may change as you go through this journey. We also find that many who call CDC mention feeling pressured to make the "right" decision in a short period of time, perhaps without adequate time to talk through the outcomes of your decision with a partner. We urge you to consider the value of single embryo transfer as option BEFORE starting ART services.
What are the risks associated with multiple births?
- Multiple births increase the risk of premature birth and low birth weight in infants. This can affect survival and well-being of newborns. These babies may require special care immediately after birth and at times, can face life-long problems such as developmental disabilities and delays.
- Women who carry multiples may be more likely to need Caesarean sections which may require a longer period of recovery, and at times, can increase the risk of hemorrhage during and after delivery.
- Some who become pregnancy with multiples may find one or more cannot survive to term or even a premature birth. This may lead to a medical need to perform fetal reduction.
- Women older than age 35 have an increased risk of pregnancy complications, some of which could be life threatening. Carrying multiples adds to this risk.
Do you have any advice?
Every person is different and every effort to begin or expand a family is different. Here are some suggestions that you might consider:
- Take a few moments to review what are the "practical" and personal limits related to your choice. For example, women who wish to breastfeed may find it even more challenging when they are mothers of multiples. Others speak of the difficulty in finding affordable and reliable child care options outside or in the home. Even the logistics of transporting multiples can be daunting to some, especially for keeping well-child appointments, seeking emergency care, or taking care of routine housekeeping duties.
- Identify the network of support you need now and will need during and after pregnancy.
- What can your employer or your partner's employer provide in benefits (e.g., sick pay) or work options (e.g., alternative work schedules, telecommuting)?
- What would be the extra demands that multiples might place on your lifestyle?
- Do you have friends and family who can help, if needed?
- How long can you count on them to help?
- Discuss single embryo transfer and other options for infertility care with a trusted friend or family member. If you find it difficult to have this discussion, find a peer support group or a health care provider who can provide truthful and accurate information.
- In addition to talking with your infertility specialist, consider consulting the obstetrician who will help you through your pregnancy and the pediatrician who will take care of your children. You may want to discuss what to expect during the pregnancy, at delivery, and after giving birth if you have a multiple pregnancy, and use that information in deciding whether to ask for eSET.
Then what can I do?
If eSET seems appropriate to your circumstances, here are some things you can do.
- If you are using insurance or other benefits for infertility care, check with your carrier to determine if they have a "case manager" or "benefits counselor" who can guide you through understanding coverage or special considerations for eSET services.
- When selecting an ART provider, ask for information about the clinic's policy and practices, as well as resources for decision making (e.g., counseling, case management).
- Ask when you must make choices, or will have time to re-consider decisions, and how long you will have to make the decision


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10/18/2022 5 things you may not have known about Bearing Clearance Monitoring
Liebherr will showcase around 100 exhibits and numerous innovations at Bauma 2022. We have selected some special exhibits that you shouldn't miss during the trade show. Here are 5 exciting facts about digital wear measurement of slewing bearings, Bearing Clearance Monitoring (BCM). Would you have known everything?
1. Digital monitoring system for slewing bearings
Anyone who works with Liebherr machines knows how large slewing bearings are. The gigantic steel components enable, among other things, the rotation of cranes and uppercarriages. The Bearing Clearance Monitoring (BCM) digital wear measurement system allows these giants to be monitored remotely via an app. BCM is used, for example, in mining equipment and material handling technology or in maritime applications.
2. Focus on occupational safety
When a construction machine is in daily use, highly stressed components are subject to wear. Naturally this wear has to be monitored. With many wear measurement methods, the monitoring is, of course, done manually. Service technicians mount dial gauges or other measuring devices directly on the slewing bearing. This is not always easy, because they also have to work in dangerous areas, for example under excavators. With the BCM system, the measuring devices are already permanently installed in the bearing. The measurement by the installed sensors is triggered via the app. Safety first.
3. A small helper with a big effect
More than three hours can pass if a mining excavator is at a standstill due to manual wear measurement. But what does that mean? The mining excavator cannot load about 60 trucks during this time. So time and money are lost. The digital BCM system comes in handy here. Through its regular use, replacement intervals can be optimally planned and spare parts ordered accordingly. The measurements with the BCM system help to identify what the condition of a bearing is, whether it needs to be replaced or whether further measures are necessary to preserve the bearing. This way, downtimes can be greatly minimised since, with a measurement duration of 30 minutes, only 10 trucks cannot be loaded by the mining excavator.
4. There's technology inside
How does BCM work in the first place? It's all about the combination of preicse technology and the optimal connection. The sensor connection box receives the data from the sensors attached to the slewing bearing and supplies power to the entire BCM system. This sensor data is stored in the gateway, i.e., the hardware used for the BCM, and updates for the BCM can also be installed there. The sensors then transmit the data to the app users.
5. No reception? No problem!
Not every location has an Internet connection. BCM can even be used autonomously in regions without a data connection. This is the case in mines, for example, because they often do not have the necessary reception. A direct connection via Bluetooth makes the measurement process possible from a safe distance and without a network connection.
Bearing Clearance Monitoring can be found at the Liebherr booth A326 in Hall A4.


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I transposed "you" and "everyday" at the beginning of the sentence. Is that not allowed in a question?
It is alright, but word order does have a subtle effect on the focus and perspective of the speech, which somehow I think we can ignore first at beginner/intermediate stage.
2019-01-21: I used "你每天都几点回家" and it was marked wrong.
Can a native speaker clarify the nuances between using "每天" and "每天都"?
Does "every day" always have to be before "what time"? I flipped those and got it wrong.
Is it always just biggest to smallest increments of time, or is this some other rule?
Why there's no 都 after 每天in this sentence?
Any reason why we can't use 每天都 instead of just 每天 in this sentence?
It is also acceptable. 都 adds emphasis, but it's used quite often.
i love you


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The atlas of the contaminated sites is to provide maps that illustrate the areas of waste deposits or subsurface contamination that threaten either the human health or the environment. Contaminated areas are mapped and listed with their unique ID, priority, status, area, and location. The question now arises: could the contamination be restricted to a limited circumscribed area?
The example of Fischer-Deponie - ID:72143, an area located in the agricultural area of Theresienfeld suggest a paradigm of subsurface contamination but also of groundwater contamination. The landfill was created from a gravel pit in the well drained-bed of the Mitterndorfer Senke, one of the largest reservoirs in Central Europe. However, around 550,000 cubic meters of various types of waste were deposited in an area of around 70,000 square meters without any measures to protect the groundwater. In 1972 the Waxina company deposited poisonous barrels and the latter tenant Johann Fischer, industrial and commercial waste. The operations were taking place from 1972 until 1987, when the authorities managed to enforce the final closure and rehabilitation of the landfill.
Groundwater investigations revealed significantly higher levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons (especially 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethene) and aromatic hydrocarbons. The massive contamination of the groundwater affected a groundwater body that plays a vital role in the drinking water supply in Easte Austria. Thus, a row of barrage wells was built to treat the extracted groundwater.
The subsoil in the area of the contaminated site is made up of well-drained, Quaternary gravel, which is partially solidified. In the depth of 20 to 25 m, there is a slightly permeable, fine-grained sediment layer, a low-permeability intermediate layer. The groundwater, over the entire length of the dump flows over this layer. The groundwater in the immediate outflow is collected by means of a barrier well and, after cleaning, is drained away again further downstream. A waterworks upstream of the Fischer landfill has been partially shut down due to the supra-regional pollution of the groundwater. The former old deposit is currently not in use.
As a result of the pollution that has already occurred, water supply systems in the area of the Mitterndorfer Basin had to be abandoned. The Fischer landfill, as one of the causes of groundwater pollution, posed an acute threat to a groundwater resource of supraregional importance. The old deposit posed a significant threat to the environment and was to be assessed as a contaminated site in the sense of the ALSAG.
In 2007, after procedures of redevelopment and renovation by the company BALSA GmbH, the Fischer landfill assessed renovated since the remediation foals have been fully achieved and that there are no longer any significant effects on the protected groundwater from the former Fischer landfill and are not expected in the future.
← Back to Lexicon
The atlas of the contaminated sites illustrating the location of Fischer Landfill and the tab of its information.


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(verb) deny or contradict (a fact or statement) "it was difficult to gainsay his claim"
(verb) speak against or oppose (someone) "none could gainsay her"
Gainsay meaning in Hindi (English to Hindi Dictionary)
विरोध करना, चुनौती देना, खण्डन करना, प्रतिवाद करना, अस्वीकार करना
- Middle English: from obsolete gain- 'against' + say.
Gainsay in a sentence (word usage in recent newspaper)
- "There is no gainsay from such statements," Mr. Diwan pointed out.
- "There is then no gainsay in the fact that transgenders enjoy basic human rights including protection from violence and discrimination.
- He was a perfectionist, but he will gainsay it for that's what invariably makes him a perfectionist.
- If these demanding practices help Muslims find peace and God, no one has a right to gainsay them.
- But he also makes points that officials struggle to gainsay.
Mnemonic trick to remember the meaning of gainsay
- gainsay = gain weight?? say it… don't deny… don't gainsay


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With support from dedicated readers, NCSU College of Design, and AIANC, TMH researched NC women architects active before 1970.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Who was the first woman to graduate in architecture from the NCSU School of Design? Lib Lee. #2 was Jean Hookanson. #3 was Dott Abernethy (see profiles below).
Who was the first woman to practice architecture, licensed or unlicensed? Harriet Irwin (see profile below).
Who was the first woman to be licensed as an architect by the State of North Carolina? Georgina Pope Yeatman (see profile below).
Today there are many women professionals in North Carolina architecture. But from the 1940's through 1970, it was another story. The design schools and the industry were heavily dominated by males, many of whom did not want women in roles other than wives and secretaries. It was "Mad Men" -- for real. According to Charlotte V. Brown, there were only seven women out of 325 architects in North Carolina in 1950.
According to Professor Gail McMillan,"In 1870 the United States census listed only one woman among more than 2,000 architects. Only 101 architects were from the South and only five were Virginians, the fewest of the southern states. Potential professionals would have been discouraged in a variety of overt ways but also when they read in the 1876 American Architect and Building News that "The planning of houses … is not architecture at all…"
"In 1886 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) inducted its first female member, Louise Bethune. The 1890 census was the first to record women in the building trades, but less than two-percent of the architects, designers, and draftsmen counted were women. More than half a century later, in 1950, the AIA reported only that only 1.2 percent of its members were women. Potential professionals continued to be discouraged by distinguished Fellows of the AIA such as Pietro Belluchi who is often quoted as having said, "I cannot, in whole conscience, recommend architecture as a profession for girls… the obstacles are so great …" Half a century later potential architects continue to be dissuaded from formal practice through the educational systems.
By 1980, there were 68 women, 20 of whom were black, among the state's 1909 architects, according to Charlotte V. Brown.
The AIA Survey of 2000/2002 revealed female membership at 13 percent, though 37 percent of the architecture students at that time were women. "
In 2007, the New York Times reported: "Women make up roughly half of all students in American graduate schools of architecture. Yet according to the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the professional association for practitioners, women accounted for only 13.3 percent of its members last year, an improvement from 1.2 percent in 1975 but a depressing figure nonetheless. And the number who have entered the ranks of international stars is minuscule." Here's what the AIA says from their own survey: "Women now account for over a quarter of all architecture staff at firms, and this share has been slowly increasing. However, there has been very little change in the composition of firm principals and partners or in other licensed architects by gender. Rather, most of the change has come in other positions, as the female share of nonlicensed architects increased from 30 percent to 33 percent between 2005 and 2008, while their share of interns increased from 36 percent to 40 percent."
Help us locate the following notable NC women pioneers.
HARRIET ABIGAIL MORRISON IRWIN
Harriet Irwin was born in 1828 in Mecklenburg County NC. Her education included home schooling by her father, the Reverend Robert Hall Morrison, who was the first president of Davidson College. Later, she attended the Institute for Female Education in Salem NC (now Salem College). After graduation and some traveling in Europe, she married James P. Irwin in Alabama and moved to Charlotte.
Irwin was a mother of nine. Although Irwin never received any formal architectural education, she studied on her own and redesigned her house after the Civil War. She came up with the idea of a hexagonal house -- where space was used more efficiently. It eliminated the problem of sharp corners that are difficult to dust and clean.
In 1869, Irwin became the first woman in the US to patent an architectural innovation. She published a novel, The Hermit of Petraea, and is buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Charlotte -- but not under a hexagonal-shaped tombstone as is widely written.
Her hexagonal house, left, stood at 912 West Fifth Street in Charlotte, now destroyed. Irwin designed two more houses in Charlotte, also destroyed.
Source: Women In Architecture
King is among the very few NC women in the 19th century to be identified as an architect. She was the daughter of George C. Bonniwell, a manufacturer, builder, and architect who trained three of his children in his business--Norma, Josephine, and James Gaither. Norma liked design from a remarkably young age. Although she evidently worked with her father in Bonniwell and Daughter, Norma had her own identity as an "architect" and had clients in several towns in the western Piedmont and foothills.
The first such reference appears in the March 19, 1892, Manufacturer's Record, which reported that "Miss Norma Bonniwell has prepared plans for the erection of $25,000 building at Lenoir College" in Hickory. In 1893 she designed an elaborate Queen Anne style residence in North Wilkesboro, the Thomas B. Finley House, for which the client's family recalls signed plans.
A few years later, The Landmark in Statesville noted on February 23, 1897, "Miss Norma Bonniwell, an architect of Hickory, was in town last week looking after the matter of drawing plans for residences for Messrs. R. L. Poston, C. W. Boshamer and W. A. Thomas. She is now preparing plans for Mr. Poston's house, which is to be built on Mulberry street, next Mr. Geo. H. Brown's." A few of these houses have been identified. The W. A. Thomas House, located at 302 West End Avenue in Statesville, is one of the most distinctive Queen Anne-style houses in that city. A Poston house (no longer standing) of Gothic Revival style was located at 123 S. Mulberry Street in Statesville. She may also have done other work in the Hickory area. Norma Bonniwell and her sister Josephine evidently moved to Raleigh about 1899, as did their father, George. They were both listed in 1900 as boarders living at the White residence in Raleigh, both working in an "architect office."
The architecture firm of Pearson and Ashe hired Bonniwell as a draftsman in 1899, and it is likely that Josephine worked at the firm with her sister. On November 20, 1901, Norma Bonniwell married William Peele King, and they settled in Windsor NC. She did not return to her architectural practice.
Sources: Authors: William B. Bushong and Angela Clifton. Contributor: Laura A. W. Phillips. Updated by Catherine W. Bishir as found at NC Architects and Builders.
IDA BROWN ADELBERG WEBSTER, AIA (_PHONE_)
She is given solo credit for a house at 11011 Baronet Road, Owings Mills MD,
although it is highly likely she was the prime designer for many of the firm's
GEORGINA POPE YEATMAN (_PHONE_)
Born in 1902 in New York, Georgina Yeatman came from an English family who immigrated to America. Her father Pope Yeatman, a successful geologist for the Guggenheims, was unusually supportive of her independence and professional goals. For example, Yeatman wanted to be an airplane pilot. She learned to fly in Philadelphia and by 1921, her parents built her a landing strip at their farm in Jaffrey NH.
Yeatman attended the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining an AB degree in 1922 at just 20 years old. There she played field hockey and basketball and founded the Women's Athletic Association. She continued on to pursue a BA degree and by 1924, she was the first woman to complete coursework in architecture. She did not graduate, however. The University of Pennsylvania refused to issue an architecture degree to a woman. Undaunted, Yeatman enrolled at MIT, which had no problem with gender. There she earned a BS in Architecture in 1925.
In 1928, she worked for Bissell and Sinkler and was the the first woman to practice architecture in Philadelphia. When that firm struggled financially, they asked her to take over as President. She joined the AIA in 1930. From _PHONE_ she was the City of Philadelphia's first woman Director of Architecture. In 1937, feeling guilty, the University of Pennsylvania finally awarded her the degree she richly deserved.
Nothing held her back. She travelled widely. According to her daughters Barbara and Mel, she also travelled to Panama, India, Egypt, and Africa. While flying over North Carolina, she admired the land north of Beaufort and starting in 1936 began accumulating property. She began with an

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


ActionsDifferent tools that the customer can use e.g. to save their products or add content into the canvas.
Bounding BoxA bounding box is a rectangular area. You can define bounding boxes by setting the position (top, left) and size (width, height) of the box or you can use another element in the same view as bounding box by using the title of this element.
The canvas is the working surface in which elements are added to. The canvas has fixed width and height in pixels.
Cross Sells ProductsA function that advertises the customers design on different types of products.
An element can be an image or text object. These elements can be customized depending on the defined properties.
Different Layers of the product that are placed on top of each other to create the customizable product (e.g. a colored base and a shadow overlay of a t-shirt).
MaskA tool that only shows designs inside a provided svg path.
ModulesChoose between different modules such as images, text, designs or drawings to create your custom interface for the product configurator.
The parameters defining the properties of the elements.
Product Builder
The tool that is used to set up a fancy product.
A code snippet that is used to insert predefinded content on a website.
A small preview image that represents the product.
UI Composer
A tool that lets you create the Layout of the customizer shown in your website.
Upload ZoneA rectangular area tin which customers can upload their images.
ViewA fancy product can have different views that shows the product out of different angles.
The views can also be used to represent different pages of a book.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from ENSI)
Jump to: navigation, search
Ensí (spelled PA.TE.SI in Sumerian cuneiform, hence occasionally transliterated as patesi; possibly derived from , "lord of the plowland";[1] borrowed into Akkadian as iššakkum) is a Sumerian title designating the ruler or prince of a city state. Originally it may have designated an independent ruler, but in later periods the title presupposed subordinance to a lugal (King/Emperor).
For the Early Dynastic period (about 2800–2350 BC), the meaning of the Sumerian titles EN, ENSI and LUGAL cannot be differentiated clearly: see Lugal, ensi and en for details. Énsi may have originally been a designation of the ruler restricted to Lagash and Umma.[2] The énsi was considered a representative of the city state's patron deity.[3] In later periods, an énsi was normally seen as subordinate to a lugal (king). Nevertheless, even the powerful rulers of the Second Dynasty of Lagash (circa 2100 BC) such as Gudea were satisfied with the title énsi.
In Ur III times (about 2100–2000 BC) énsi referred to the provincial governors of the Kingdom. These exercised great powers in terms of government, tax revenue and jurisdiction, but they were supervised, installed, and dismissed by the King (lugal) of Ur. Although the office could be inherited, all énsi had to be endorsed by the King. No independent foreign policy or warfare was allowed.[4]
In the city state of Ashur, the hereditary ruler bore the Akkadian language version of the title énsi, while the patron deity was regarded as šarrum ("King").
They held most political power in Sumerian city states during the Uruk period (c.4100-2900 BCE).[5]
 2. ^ Horst Klengel (Hrsg.): Kulturgeschichte des alten Vorderasiens. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1989.
 4. ^ Dietz Otto Edzard: Geschichte Mesopotamiens. C.H. Beck, München 2004.


text:
(x) in Eq. (1), and the other determines y by employing G2(y/x) in Eq. (1). Thus, if a probability density is uniform (and equal to two) over the triangle bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1 and is zero elsewhere, then
and two four-digit random numbers, 5402 and 1770, determine the observation (.3220,.1200). The direct generalization of this procedure will determine observations from multivariate populations.
The tables of random digits and normal deviates comprise very large files, so only a sample page of each is included here.
Access to the complete tables in compressed format is provided on the document's main page.
1. Kendall, M. G., and B. B. Smith, Random Sampling Numbers, Cambridge University Press, 1939.
2. Juncosa, M. L., Random Number Generation on the BRL High-Speed Computing Machines, Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 855, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 1953.
3. Meyer, H. A., L. S. Gephart, and N. L. Rasmussen, On the Generation and Testing of Random Digits, WADC Technical Report 54-55, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1954.
4. Moshman, Jack, "Generation of Pseudo-random Numbers on a Decimal Calculator," J. Assoc. Computing Machinery, Vol. 1, 1954, p. 88.
5. The Monte Carlo Method (Proceedings of a Symposium held in 1949), National Bureau of Standards Report AMS 12, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C., 1951.
6. Curtiss, J. H., "Sampling Methods Applied to Differential and Difference Equations," Seminar on Scientific Computation, International Business Machines Corp., New York, 1949.
7. Kahn, H., and A. W. Marshall, "Methods of Reducing Sample Size in Monte Carlo Computations," J. Operations Res. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 1, 1953, pp. 263-278.
8. Kahn, H., Applications of Monte Carlo, The RAND Corporation (to be published).
9. Horton, H. B., and R. T. Smith, "A Direct Method for Producing Random Digits in Any Number System," Ann. Math. Statistics, Vol. 20, 1949, pp. 82-90.
10. Mann, H. B., and A. Wald, "On the Choice of the Number of Class Intervals in the Application of the Chi-Square Test," Ann. Math. Statistics, Vol. 13, 1942, pp. 306-317.
11. Tables of Probability Functions, 2d ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1948.
 References are listed on page xxiv.
 For readers who are not statisticians: The (chi-square) test is a standard statistical criterion used to measure discrepancy from expectation. The probability value associated with the criterion ranges between zero and one. A small probability value, e.g., less than.05, indicates the possibility of a discrepancy or bias. For very large samples, such as is the case here, with 125,000 digits, the test is extremely sensitive and will result in a small probability value even though the bias may be quite trivial from a practical standpoint.
 Some issues concerning discrepancies in the numbers presented here are discussed in an addendum prepared in April 1997.
 RAND has a table of deviations for Gaussian-Markov chains with a discrete time parameter. There is one chain of 10,000 observations for each of the correlations:.600,.800,.900,.950,.970,.980,.990,.995.
Copyright © 1955 by The RAND Corporation
All rights reserved. Permission is given to duplicate this on-line document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes.
RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve public policy through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.


Mobility Versus Flexibility: What's the Most Important?
And while we're at it: the difference too
Leg, Footwear, Arm, Joint, Photography, Hand, Smile, Leisure, Shoe, Gesture,
When it comes to achieving your workout goals, knowing what you should be doing can sometimes feel like a total minefield.
This is especially true when you try and get your head around certain terminology. Case in point: mobility and flexibility. We know both play a crucial part in health and fitness but how exactly is a little less clear. In fact, contrary to popular belief, these terms don't actually mean the same thing. To get to the bottom of this we asked the experts.
Scroll down for their advice.
First up, what's the difference between flexibility and mobility?
'Flexibility is the range of motion available to a person while mobility is the range they have control over,' Luke Worthington, Elite Trainer at Third Space, told WH. 'Flexibility is passive while mobility is active,' he added. Put simply: flexibility comes down to the ability of the muscle to stretch whereas mobility involves the strength to hold this flexibility.
For example, you may be able to touch your toes while sitting on the ground in a forward fold (that's your flexibility) but to touch your toes while your leg is raised in the air you would need mobility. 'You need the flexibility to get into certain positions, like a deep squat, but you wouldn't be able to maintain the correct form without sufficient mobility,' David Hastie, Physical Therapist at Twenty Two Training, explained.
Confused? Think about it this way. How many times in a yoga class have you managed to wrestle your arms between your legs so you're in a yogi-squat only then, for everything to collapse inwards when you try to exit the pose? Your body can get there [the pose] but it can't control itself in that position.
What's more important, flexibility or mobility?
Instead of focusing on improving one or the other, Luke encourages his clients to concentrate on closing the gap between flexibility and mobility. 'You want to be able to maintain strength throughout your range of motion right up until your maximum point of flexibility,' he explained. Essentially, this means trying to become equally mobile and flexible. Thinking again about the deep squat, someone with equal mobility and flexibility would not just be able to get into that deep position but also lower in and out of it with control while keeping the correct form.
What are the benefits of improving your flexibility and mobility?
While doing the splits may look impressive on Instagram, there are no real physical benefits to such extreme levels of flexibility (unless you're training to be a dancer). However, closing the aforementioned gap between your flexibility and mobility is key in preventing injury. For most women this involves working on upping their mobility. As Luke points out, 'the majority of women have adequate flexibility but are lacking in mobility.'
'You are more prone to injury if your flexible range is bigger than your active range,' David told us. 'For example, this is often why you see people injuring their ankle. If you are flexible in the ankle joint but don't have the strength to back it up, when you use that flexibility you can end up putting that joint in an exposed position and damaging the ligament.'
Twisted ankles aside, in the long term it's important to work on your mobility to keep your joints in good nick and prevent wear-and-tear. 'In day to day life, most of us are pretty sedentary. Simply moving from sitting to standing uses a very small percentage of your body's full joint range,' David said. Mobility training, and expanding the movement you do, will ensure these joints are kept moving and healthy.
How can you improve your mobility?
If you're looking to improve your mobility, simple stretching (say touching your toes or rolling your arms) isn't going to cut it. 'Passive stretching simply stretches out the tissue and increases your flexibility whereas dynamic stretching (where you engage the muscle) will increase mobility,' Luke said.
To improve your mobility range, David encourages clients to include active (aka dynamic) stretching within their training program or exercise regime. When stretching this means engaging the muscle (tensing) when you reach the furthest point of your flexibility range.
What are the best mobility exercises?
The best exercise always depends on what you need to work on - weakness is generally unique. That said, there are a few common problem areas that you can address either in the gym or at home.
Swimmer exercise
 - Lay on your front with your arms outstretched and your palms resting on the floor
 - Lift your hand off the floor and move it around your body to rest on your lower back
 - Hold for 10 seconds
 - Focus on working your back muscles not your traps
 TRX chest stretch
 - Press your hands into the TRX straps
 - Squeeze your back muscles to activate
 - Try and let go of the straps while keeping the stretch
 - Deepen the stretch and repeat
 Hip flexor stretch
 - Kneel in a forward lunge with your back foot resting onto a Swiss ball
 - Squeeze your glute to tuck your pelvis underneath you
 - Hold for 10 seconds
 - Next, squeeze your quad and push your foot into the ball
 - Hold for 10 seconds
 If you want to dedicate more time to mobility, classes such as reformer pilates, barre or dynamic yoga help too. Or sign up to Stretch Lab, a class dedicated to improving mobility created by Luke which will be running at Third Space from the end of October.
 For daily exercise inspiration try downloading ROMWOD (Range of Motion Workout of the Day). This app offers daily video based stretching routines designed specifically to improve overall mobility.
 Your body will thank us, promise. In fact, research from the University of Wyoming that looked at college-level wrestlers over a four week period found that when they completed dynamic stretching warm-up routines prior to exercise they saw their power, speed, agility, muscular endurance, flexibility, and strength increased.
 Feeling inspired? Try out these at-home Pilates workouts, or swot up on the difference between yoga and pilates.
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text:
Recognizing Sexual Grooming
By Michael A. Patterson and Donald F. Austin
School districts that want to protect students from sexual misconduct by staff should consider ways to prevent "sexual grooming," a task that is difficult because such grooming often is only evident after the fact.
In most sexual misconduct cases, a form of "grooming" takes place. Preventing it can be very difficult, in part because sexual grooming can be quite subtle and similar to innocent behavior. In fact, many experts are not willing to label conduct as "sexual grooming" until intent has been established by actual molestation. However, the best way for school districts to prevent the grooming is by stopping inappropriate boundary invasions.
Even though this makes common sense, it's a fairly novel idea in both law and schools. Only one state -- Texas -- and a handful of school districts have specific board policies addressing boundary invasions.
Our recommendations for dealing with this issue are based on hundreds of litigated cases involving allegations of childhood sexual molestation and listening to testimony of victims and experts such as Timothy Kahn, a private clinician who specializes in sexual behavior and deviancy and is recognized as an expert in court cases relating to sexual predators. It also is based on the experiences of other sexual offender counselors who have listened to hundreds of offenders tell their stories.
State regulations on professional conduct, combined with board policies and practices, can accomplish the goal of stopping inappropriate boundary invasion behavior. Boundary invasion concepts are important to understand because of personnel situations, collective bargaining investigations, and instances in which board members and superintendents need general advice and guidance.
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July 2013 Women's
History Calendar
Jill Tarter previous week next week
Jill Tarter (1944–)
Are we alone in the universe? Dr. Jill Tarter is one of the first astronomers to devote her career to answering that question. A former NASA research scientist with a Ph.D. in astronomy from UC Berkeley, Tarter led Project Phoenix for the SETI Institute, which observed 800 star systems for radio signals that might indicate the presence of intelligent life. She continues her involvement with the Institute and its Allen Telescope Array, a group of radio antennas with powerful search capabilities. Tarter's hunt for alien life was the inspiration for the book and 1997 movie Contact.
Read more
A passion for discovery: California women trailblazers
in science, technology, engineering and math


text:
RWJF Priority: Use pricing strategies—both incentives and disincentives—to promote the purchase of healthier foods
Prices can significantly affect family food choices and are emerging as an important strategy in the movement to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, when healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are more affordable, children are less likely to gain excess weight. And leading health authorities, including the Institute of Medicine, recommend new policies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are one of the top sources of calories in the American diet.
The resources below, from RWJF grantees and partners, explore the possible health and economic impacts of using pricing strategies to promote consumption of healthy foods and beverages and discourage consumption of unhealthy products.


<-- back
Decision Trees and Random Forests
Draft version. Last update: 20 July 2015
Adaptive basis function models are useful models as they allow us to represent non-linear relationship between input and output spaces.
They include models such as neural networks, decision trees, bagging, random forests, boosting or generalized additive models.
We're going to talk here about a few classification and regression trees which quickly became the state of the art method in many domains.
CART (Classification and Regression Trees) have a great history in various sub-fields of science such as medicine, physics or mechanical engineering. Random forests are responsible for the discovery of the Higgs Boson at CERN in 2012. Trees attractiveness lies mainly in their flexibility and their easy interpretation.
Decision Trees
Decision trees are simple and useful for interpretation. They can be applied to both regression and classification problems. Even though their accuracy can be quite poor, they are the foundation of more effective and sophisticated algorithms such as bagging, random forests or boosting.
Decision trees work by recursively partitioning the input space. Each one of the resulting input spaces represent a local model. The local models can be expressed in diverse ways (e.g. point estimates such as means or densities distributions). At each step, the algorithm selects a feature and a threshold (i.e. regression setting) that best minimizes a cost function. In the classification setting, we generally store the distribution over class labels in each leaf.
As we go down in the tree, the splits contribute less and less significantly to the minimization of the cost function.
We can conclude that the complexity of the models is expressed via the amount elements contained in each one of the leafs in the tree. (i.e. input space regions) The depth of the tree can be approximated via cross-validation.
Let's say we want to predict the salary of new graduate students given inputs such as their grades, ages and sex. The steps will go as follow:
 1. Divide the predictor space into two distinct regions by selecting a feature -that is, ages, grades or sexthat minimize at best our cost function.
 $(j,t) = \arg\min\_{j \in {1,...,D}}\min\_{t \in T\_j} cost({x\_i,y\_i : x\_{ij} \leq t}) + cost({x\_i,y\_i : x\_{ij} > t})$
 where $j$ is the best feature and $t$ is the best threshold value.
 2. Check the stopping criterion and repeat the split step in the resulting regions.
The recursion stopping criterion can take many forms:
 - The reduction in loss function becomes too small.
 - The depth of the tree is too large.
 - The resulting regions are homogeneous enough.
 - The number of examples in each one of the regions are small enough.
_A simple regression tree._
The model can be expressed in the following form:
$f(x) = \mathbb{E}[y|x] = \sum\_{m = 1}^{M}w\_m\mathbb{I}(x \in R\_m) = \sum\_{m=1}^{M}w\_m\phi(x;v\_m)$
where $R_m$ is the $m$'th region, $w_m$ is the mean of the region. (i.e. regression setting)
Decision trees shows several non-negligible advantages:
 - They are non-parametric. They can model arbitrarely complex relations between input and output without prior assumptions.
 - They handle heterogenous data. The input space can be easily represented as a mix of quantitative and qualitative values.
 - They are easy to interpret and naturally implement feature selection.
Random Forests
Random forests answer several disadvantages of the decision trees. In fact, decision trees accuracy can be poor. They are also quite unstable. A little change in the input space generally implies important change in the structure of the tree.
Random forests reduce the variance by constructing multitude of trees over randomly generated subsets of data with replacement. They are very similar to another technique known as Bagging but provide improvements by operating over randomized and smaller subsets of input variables in order to decorrelate the trees.
TODO(rzagabe): …
Random forests are widely used in the industry for broad range of problems. The body pose recognition of the popular Microsoft's Kinect sensor is a fine example. (i.e. Shotton et al. 2011)


Why Are my Matters Not Assigned Sequential Client Numbers?
 - Why are Client Numbers being skipped?
 - Clio Manage
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Can I Change the Client Number That's Used in Matter Numbering?
The Client Number component in Matter Numbering pulls from a number that is assigned to each Contact when they are added to Clio. If a Contact does not have a Matter, their number will be skipped.
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How to Get Rid of Rust Stains on Cotton Fabric
Many clothes, towels and bed linens are made of cotton. These fabrics get rust stains when they come into contact with rusted objects. Rust mostly forms on metals so power tools, cast iron cookware and appliances can all get rusty. The rust then transfers to the clothes or the linen.
Getting rid of rust stains on cotton fabric is doable, but it does take time. The best course of action is to remove rust stains from around the home because they are transferred to cotton fabrics.
 1. Place a towel or paper towels on a flat surface like a table.
 2. Place the cotton fabric with the rust stains on the towel or paper towels.
 3. Pour bottled lemon juice on the rust stains. Completely saturate them. Lemon juice is a bleaching agent. Another option is to use white vinegar.
 4. Sprinkle a little table salt into the wet rust stains.
 5. Take the cotton fabric (with the underlying towel) outdoors. Place it directly in the sunlight. Keep the fabric in the sun until the lemon juice or white vinegar dries.
 6. Wash the cotton fabric as usual in the washing machine.
 7. Examine the fabric afterward to make certain all the rust is gone. If the cotton is still rusty and you place it in a hot dryer, the heat will set in the rust stains, making them harder to remove.
 8. Repeat Steps 3 to 7 if the rust remains on cotton fabric. Once the rust stains are gone, throw it is the dryer.


text:
What is Nutrient Pollution?
Nutrient pollution is quickly becoming Teton County, Wyoming's most widespread, costly, and challenging environmental problem, and is caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Nutrient pollution has impacted many streams, rivers, lakes, bays, and coastal waters across the nation for several decades resulting in serious environmental and human health issues, and impacting the economy. Climate change, population growth, and increased development exacerbate the issue of nutrient pollution through warmer waters and more nutrient loads from fertilizer, wastewater, and urban land use.
Nutrient Pollution & Algae
When too much nitrogen and phosphorus enter the environment – usually from a wide range of human activities – water can become polluted. Too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water causes algae to grow faster than ecosystems can handle. Excess algae, called algal blooms, result in a myriad of negative impacts, including:
- Harm to water quality, food resources and habitats.
- Severely reduced or eliminated oxygen in the water, leading to illnesses and even death in fish and other aquatic life.
- Elevated toxins and bacterial growth that can make people sick if they come into contact with polluted water, consume tainted fish, or drink contaminated water.


text:
Solving mysteries of the interstellar medium
It is one of the most intriguing questions in astrochemistry: the mystery of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), a collection of about 400 absorption bands that show up in spectra of light that reaches the earth after having traversed the interstellar medium. Despite intense research efforts over the last few decades, an assignment of the DIBs has remained elusive, although indications exist that they may arise from the presence of large hydrocarbon molecules in interstellar space. Recent experiments at the Max Born Institute lend novel credibility to this hypothesis.
Among the hydrocarbons that are possible carriers of the DIBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be particularly promising. The presence of PAH molecules was previously inferred in many astronomical objects, as well as in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way. However, within the astronomical community, the linewidths of the DIBs, which are indicative of the lifetimes of the excited states that are involved in the absorption process, are often considered as an argument that speaks against the PAHs. The new experiment was performed in collaboration with scientists from the university of Lyon and aided by theoretical input from scientists at the universities of Heidelberg, Hyderabad and Leiden. It has been shown that the lifetimes of excited states of small to medium-size PAHs are consistent with the linewidths that are observed for the DIBs.
In the experiments, a series of small to medium-size PAH molecules (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene and tetracene, containing 2-4 benzene-like aromatic rings), were ionized by an ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) laser pulse. As a result of electron correlation, the absorption of an XUV photon not only led to removal of one of the electrons, but furthermore to electronic excitation of the molecular ion left behind. The lifetimes of these excited cationic electronic states were monitored by probing the ions with a moderately strong, time-delayed infrared (IR) laser pulse. When the ions are formed, the electronic excitation is at its highest, and only one or a few IR photons are needed to remove a second electron. However, a little later, when the ion relaxes and energy is transferred from the electronic to the vibrational degrees of freedom, more IR photons are needed to remove the second electron. In other words, monitoring the formation of doubly-charged ions as a function of the time delay between the XUV and IR laser pulses allowed extraction of the lifetimes of the states formed by the XUV ionization process. As it turned out, and as was further supported by high-level calculations, these lifetimes of a few 10s of femtoseconds are well within the range of what is required for potential carriers of the DIBs.
Beyond the implications for the DIBs, the new experiments have implications for the further development of attosecond science. One of the most sought-after goals in attosecond science at the moment, is the observation of charge migration, i.e. ultrafast (attosecond to few-femtosecond) motion of an electron or hole through a molecular structure. It has been proposed that charge migration may provide new opportunities for control of chemical reactivity, a goal that is as old as the chemical research itself. First indications that attosecond to few-femtosecond time-scale dynamics can be observed in polyatomic molecules were obtained by researchers at the university of Milano last year. The PAH molecules that were investigated in the experiments at MBI represent the largest molecular species yet to which ultrafast XUV-IR pump-probe spectroscopy has been applied. Besides the insights into ultrafast electronic relaxation obtained from the current work, the theoretical work performed in order to interpret the experiments suggests that PAH molecules are also ideal candidates for observing attosecond to few-femtosecond timescale charge migration. Such experiments will therefore be attempted next.
Source : Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB).


text:
e.g. decode and store incoming KEELOQ® RF data).
 Turning now to FIG. 14, the main synch task 1202 (see FIG. 12) can set a variable at step 1400 equal to the value of the timer 1048 (see FIG. 11), so that it can be determined at decision steps 1402A and 1402B whether a maximum number of timer overflows has been exceeded. These decisions can be based on a difference between the value recorded at step 1400 and the respective timer values at steps 1402A and 1402B, and whether that difference exceeds a maximum overflow threshold. Exceeding this maximum overflow threshold can cause an appropriate timer overflow event to be triggered at steps 1404A and 1404B.
 Following step 1400, an expansion bus link task can be conducted at step 1406, and this expansion bus link task is detailed in FIG. 15. In FIG. 15, the expansion bus link task can begin at step 1500 by polling the flag set by the I2C interrupt service routine as discussed above. If the flag is not set, then the expansion bus link task can be skipped. Otherwise, a determination can be made at decision step 1502 whether an address byte is observed. If so, then expansion bus timer variables can be set to record the last two timer 1048 values so that these values can be compared to determine rate failure in the main synch task 1202 (see FIG. 12) at step 1408 (see FIG. 14). Then, depending on whether a read or write is being made, as determined at decision step 1506, further determinations can respectively be made, at decision steps 1508 and 1510, regarding whether the expansion bus receive queue contains a packet that needs to be dealt with, or whether the expansion bus transmit queue contains a packet that needs to be transmitted. For example, steps 1508 and 1510 can be accomplished by checking flags set to indicate these statuses. If it is determined at step 1508 that the receive queue already contains a packet, then the newly received packet can be ignored at step 1512. Otherwise, the new packet can be read and stored to the receive queue at step 1514, and the flag can be set to indicate that the receive queue contains a packet at step 1516. If it is determined at step 1510 that the transmit queue does not contain a packet already, then null values can be sent to all at step 1518. Otherwise, the packet in the transmit queue can be sent at step 1520, and the flag can be set at step 1522 to indicate that the transmit queue is empty.
 Returning now to FIG. 14, following the expansion bus link task conducted at step 1406, a determination next follows, at decision step 1410, whether the flag is set to indicate that there is a packet in the receive queue. If not, then decision step 1402 determines whether excess overflow of timer 1048 (see FIG. 11) has occurred. If so, then the timeout event is triggered at step 1404A, and processing returns to step 1400. Otherwise, processing returns to step 1406. However, if decision step 1410 is passed, then the timer values are compared at step 1408 as discussed above to determine whether the rate of communication is within an expected range. If so, and if a determination is made, at decision step 1412, that a retry flag is set to prevent a retry, then a rate event is triggered at step 1414, LEDs are operated to show a fail status at step 2000 (see FIG. 20), and at step 2002 (see FIG. 20), a motor relay is disabled and a flag is set to indicate that the motor is not enabled.
 If it is determined at decision step 1412 that a retry flag is not set to prevent a retry, then the retry flag can be set at step 1416 to prevent a retry attempt. Then, following step 1408 in the event the rate was in the acceptable range, and following step 1416, a determination can be made at decision step 1418 whether a sequence number is valid. If so, and if a CRC is also determined to be valid at decision step 1420, then the retry flag can be set to allow a retry attempt at step 1422, and an expansion bus request can be handled at expansion bus request handling step 1424.
 Turning briefly to FIG. 16, the process for carrying out the expansion bus request handling step 1424 (see FIG. 14) can first determine what kind of request is being handled. For example, determinations can be made at steps _PHONE_ whether the request is: a door status request (i.e., step 1600); a light command (i.e., step 1602); an alarm siren (i.e., step 1604); an STB error lockout command, thermal overload, or force error (i.e., step 1606); a module identity request (i.e., step 1608); a voltage/current read request (i.e., step 1610); or a get uninitiated packet request (i.e., step 1612). Processing of the request can vary depending on these conditions. However, if the request is not recognized at all, then a message can be queued at step 1648 for delivery over the expansion bus to indicate that the request was unknown, followed by setting expansion bus status flags at step 1624 to indicate that the expansion bus is ready to transmit, and that it is not ready to receive.
 In the event of a door status request at step 1600, a further determination can be made at decision step 1614 whether the barrier is opening. If so, then the motor can be enabled at step 1616; if not, then the motor can be disabled at step 1618. Disabling the motor at step 1618 can involve setting a flag to indicate that the motor is disabled, and also disabling a motor enable pin. In contrast, enabling the motor at step 1616 can involve setting a flag to indicate that the motor is enabled, but without turning on a motor drive pin. In either case, steps 1616 and 1618 can both be followed by step 1620, at which flags indicating a STB operator user interface fault and/or a force operator user interface fault can be cleared. Then, a response message can be queued at step 1622 that indicates completion of the request, and the expansion bus status flags discussed above can be set at step 1624.
 In the case of a light command at step 1602, the light control globals can be set at step 1626, and the light can be turned on or off as requested at step 1628. Step 1628 can be followed by step 1622 and step 1624 as described above. Similarly, in the case of an alarm siren at step 1604, the alarm control globals can be set at step 1630, and the alarm can be turned on or off as requested at step 1632. Step 1632 can also be followed by step 1622 and step 1624, as described above. However, in the case of an STB error lockout command, thermal overload, or force error at step 1606, the operator UI fault can be cleared at step 1634. Then, if it is a force error or STB error lockout command, the motor can be disabled at step 1636, which can entail disabling the motor drive pin and setting a motor enable flag to indicate that the motor is not enabled. Then, step 1636 can be followed by step 1622 and step 1624 as described above.
 In the case of a module identity request at step 1608 or a voltage/current read request at step 1610, appropriate response messages can be queued respectively at step 1638 and step 1640, and these steps can be followed by step 1624 as described above. However, in the case of a get uninitiated packet request at step 1612, a further determination can be made at decision step 1642 whether there is an uninitiated packet in the queue. If so, then the uninitiated packet can be queued at step 1644 for delivery over the expansion bus. Otherwise, a response message containing no data can be queued at step 1646 for delivery over the expansion bus. In either case, step 1644 and step 1646 can be followed by step 1624 as described above.
 Returning now to FIG. 14, following step 1424, an expansion bus link task step 1426 can be preformed. This expansion bus link task step 1426 can be the same procedure performed at step 1406, as described in detail above with reference to FIG. 15. Then, a determination can be made at decision step 1428 whether the expansion bus transmit flag is set to indicate readiness of the expansion bus to transmit. If not, then the master sync task step 1202 (see FIG. 12) can be complete. Otherwise, processing proceeds through step 1402B and step 1404B as described above, and thereafter returns to step 1400 as also described above.
 Another branch of processing can be followed after step 1418 if the sequence number is not determined to be valid. In this


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Re: New alvarezsaurid
> Anything that allows an animal to control its motion while
>airborne, no matter how slightly, becomes a flight characteristic or
I guess it just depends on your definition of flight. Me, I would say
that anything that allows an animal to control itself during gliding or
parachuting is a gliding or parachuting adaptation.
>Flapping flight is a specialized form of flight that evidently appeared
>in the evolution of birds well after numerous flight features had
>evolved--indeed, it's not yet clear whether _Archaeopteryx_ itself was
>flapping flier. I would certainly agree that many flight adaptations
>for reasons other than flapping flight; but I would tend to disagree
>evolved for reasons other than flight (for the most part), as I have
Why would it appear that flapping flight is a characteristic that
evolved late in bird evolution?
I think that it is quite clear that Archaeopteryx was a flapping flier.
It has characteristics that are only seen in volant, flapping birds:
1) Assymetric flight feathers.
2) Curved remiges.
3) Ventral furrow on the shaft of the flight feathers.
4) Hypertrophied furcula that has not degenerated or formed an obtuse
5) Elongate coracoid that faces posteriorly.
6) Heart-shaped ulnarae.
Basically I think that volant adaptations must have evolved for reasons
other than flight for flight to evolve and only after flight has evolved
have some of the more advanced flight features evolved (strut-like
coracoid for example).
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What is THE DIAMETER OF A CO2 MOLECULE?
Is carbon dioxide a covalent molecule? Yes, carbon dioxide is a covalent molecule. It consist of a carbon atom, which forms a double covalent bond to two oxygen atoms around it.
An Introduction to Molecules; Chemistry Basics: The Krebs Cycle for Dummies; How to Find a Circle's Diameter From Circumference; How to Find the Circumference of a Circle From Its Diameter
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Here, however, where we are dealing only with the question of general magnitudes of the diameter of molecules, the observed condensation behavior is completely adequate.... such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, that is,...
A simple science experiment can be used to determine the diameter of a molecule. The size of a molecule factors into the overall size of a group of molecules. For example, a...
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The cube root of the volume is an estimate of the diameter of the atom. For carbon, the molar mass is exactly 12, and the density is about 2 gm/cm^3. The estimated volume is then. and the estimate of the carbon atomic diameter is the cube root of that.
ChaCha Answer: The diameter of a glucose molecule is about 1 nanometer. soon! About ChaCha. ChaCha. My Profile ; Notifications. Logout ; Sign In / Create Account. Entertainment; Auto;... Each glucose molecule consists only of carbon, hydrogen,...
What is the size of a glucose molecule? A glucose molecule is one nanometer (or one billionth of a meter) in diameter. The molecule is made of six carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure,...
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On the other hand, at 50°C NH3 molecules adsorbed on the silica improved NH3 -permselectivity by blocking permeation of H2 molecules without... CH4, N2, and SF6 decreases steadily with kinetic diameter. Hydrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide follow an activated transport mechanism through...
What is the diameter of one molecule of water? ChaCha Answer: The size of a water molecule is 1 nanometer, which is 0.000 000 001 met...
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Measure and record the outer diameter of the dish by making several measurements of the maximum outer diameter.... Assuming that the length of a stearic acid molecule is approximately the same as that of a hydrocarbon molecule containing 18 carbon atoms,...
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... No. of molecules per unit volume n = 250 X 10poewr(12... But much of research was done in the determination of size of air molecule and the value of the diameter of the molecule is determined as... Many more interesting topics are presented by me on carbon dating and on planetory...
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Largest molecule diameter... water is always composed of a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, and ethyl alcohol or ethanol is always composed of carbon,... en.wikipedia.org. Water (H 2 O) is the most abundant compound on Earth's surface, covering about 70 percent of the planet.
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... Carbon Dioxide, and other fluids, were spewed out of volcanoes. The Carbon Dioxide was used by Cyanobacteria, or Stromatolites(sp?),in photosynthesis,... The diameter of a oxygen molecule is approximately 3.6 Angstroms. 1 Angstroms = 10e-10meters.
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In this video, we will discuss the potential future of decentralized social media platforms. We'll look at the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, and what needs to be done to make them viable.
Decentralized social media platforms are a relatively new concept, but they offer some unique advantages over traditional social media platforms. Most notably, they are more secure, as user data is not stored on a single server, but is instead distributed across multiple computers. This means that if one computer is compromised, the data is still safe.
Additionally, decentralized social media platforms offer greater privacy and control over user data. Users have the ability to control who has access to their data, and can even choose to share only certain parts of it. This is a significant improvement over the current centralized social media platforms, which can often be vulnerable to data breaches and misuse.
Finally, decentralized social media platforms have the potential to create a more equitable system of communication. By eliminating the need for a central authority, users are free to interact with each other without relying on any single party. This could lead to a more democratic system of communication, with greater freedom of expression and less censorship.
Despite these advantages, decentralized social media platforms have several challenges that need to be addressed before they can become fully viable. For one, they require a large amount of computing power, which can be expensive and difficult to access. Additionally, they are difficult to scale, as the number of users grows, the platform must become more complex.
Finally, there is the issue of trust. Decentralized social media platforms rely on users trusting each other to maintain the system, which can be difficult to achieve. Without trust, the platform will be vulnerable to malicious actors, who could potentially abuse the system for their own gain.
Despite these challenges, decentralized social media platforms have the potential to be a major force in the future of digital communication. If these issues can be addressed, these platforms could be a viable alternative to traditional social media platforms, with the potential to reshape the way we communicate.


Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II)
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Andronikos Komnenos
Spouse(s) Eirene
Noble family Komnenos
Father John II Komnenos
Mother Piroska of Hungary
Born c. 1108
Died 1142
Andronikos Komnenos (or Andronicus Comnenus) (Greek: Ανδρόνικος Κομνηνός) (c. 1108–1142) was the third child and second son of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos and his Hungarian wife, Piroska (Eirene).
Andronikos was made sebastokratōr at an unknown date. He was one of two sons of John II Komnenos to predecease that Emperor,[1] the other being Alexios, whose body Andronikos was charged,[1] along with the third brother, Isaac,[citation needed] with bringing back from Attalia to Constantinople in 1142. Andronikos died during the return voyage.[1]
Andronikos Komnenos was married ca 1124 to a woman named Eirene (Aineidasa or Aineiadissa ?) (d. 1150/1151), by whom he had several children, these were:
 1. ^ a b c Cawley 2011, Andronikos Komnenos (Balabista in Macedonia [1108]-Autumn 1142) Cites Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, pp. 135-6.
 2. ^ Cawley 2011, MARIA Komnene Cites: Niketas Choniates, Liber VII de Rebus Gesti Manuelis Comneni, 1, p. 68; Ioannes Kinnamos Liber III, 9, p. 109.
 3. ^ Cawley 2011, IOANNES Doukas Komnenos Cites: For the wife (Rüdt-Collenberg (1975) [no book title given], p. 125, footnote 30; and other sources); For the daughter (RHC, Historiens occidentaux I, Historia Rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum ("L'estoire de Eracles Empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer") XX.I, p. 942).
 4. ^ Cawley 2011, THEODORA Komnene Cites: For the marriage (Annales Mellicenses 1149, MGH SS IX, p. 504; and other sources)
 5. ^ Cawley 2011, EVDOKIA Komnene Cites Niketas Choniates, Liber III Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 2, p. 135; Niketas Choniates, Liber IV Rerum a Manuele Comneno Gestarum, 1, p. 1; Ioannes Kinnamos Liber V, 8, p. 226.
 6. ^ Choniates, p. 293.


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The working set of an application is trimmed when its top-level window is minimized
Article ID: 293215 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q293215
When an application's top-level window is minimized through the Minimize command from its System menu or a click on its Minimize button, the operating system will trim the working set for the process. This is done to free up RAM for foreground applications. As a result of this trimming, a process may experience significantly poorer performance because its memory pages are being faulted back into RAM.
If an application minimizes its top-level window programmatically by calling the ShowWindow() API with the SW_MINIMIZE command, the working set of the process will be trimmed. However, the working set will not be trimmed when the window is programmatically minimized through the use of ShowWindow() with the SW_SHOWMINIMIZED command.
The working set of a process is the set of memory pages currently visible to the process in physical RAM. Access to this memory is very fast because the pages are resident and available for an application to use without triggering a page fault.
A process can explicitly trim its own working set by calling the SetProcessWorkingSetSize() API while passing "-1" for both the dwMinimumWorkingSetSize and dwMaximumWorkingSetSize parameters. This is essentially how the system trims the process when its top-level window is minimized. This does not mean that the memory pages used by the process are immediately discarded from RAM. In fact, these pages may remain resident for quite a while. They are simply flagged so that the system can use them for other processes as necessary. This is significantly faster than waiting on the system's standard trimming algorithm.
When a window is minimized through the Minimize command from its System menu or the Minimize button, the window is sent a WM_SYSCOMMAND message with the SC_MINIMIZE command. If the window procedure passes this message on to the system's default window procedure by calling DefWindowProc(), the default procedure will handle the message by calling ShowWindow() with the SW_MINIMIZE command. As stated earlier, this will cause the process working set to be trimmed.
You can write an application that can be minimized without having its working set trimmed. To do this, the window procedure for the top-level window should intercept the WM_SYSCOMMAND message and respond to the SC_MINIMIZE command by calling ShowWindow() directly with the SW_SHOWMINIMIZED command. It should not pass the SC_MINIMIZE command on to DefWindowProc().
Sample CodeThe following code demonstrates how to write a window procedure that intercepts the WM_SYSCOMMAND message to bypass the default window procedure and prevent the process working set from being trimmed:
Article ID: 293215 - Last Review: November 21, 2006 - Revision: 5.1


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Codeswitching in its function as a marker of ethnicity within the same speech community has so far mostly been illustrated with case studies involving closely related codes (e.g. dialect/standard) rather than distinct standard languages. The purpose of this article is to show in how far Afrikaans-English codeswitching reflects in its grammatical forms ethnic divisions within the Afrikaans speech community. In order to answer this question, Muysken's threefold taxonomy of insertions, alternations and congruent lexicalization is used to categorize and quantify forms of Afrikaans-English codeswitching in the informal speech of three age cohorts distributed across seven samples of White and Coloured Afrikaans speakers from South Africa and Namibia. The analysis reveals that codeswitching patterns differ across the ethnic divide not only in terms of relative proportions of insertions, alternations and congruent lexicalization, but also in terms of specific grammatical or syntactic characteristics which these codeswitching types may assume. On the basis of some of these specific characteristics the conclusion is drawn that codeswitching practices remain to some degree conditioned by perceptions of ethnic group membership rather than by histories of language contact or typological distance between Afrikaans and English. KG.
|Number of pages||26|
|Journal||International Journal of the Sociology of Language|
|Publication status||Published - 1 Sep 2009|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Language and Linguistics
- Linguistics and Language


Do You Know What Your Food Cost "Should" Be? – Why It's Important You Know
One of our surveys revealed that cost control, food cost in particular, is a top priority of many independent operators today.
Most operators indicated that they track their food cost each week, or at minimum, every month. They know that keeping close tabs on their food cost can alert them to potential problems when the cost is higher than expected.
Spikes in cost percentages set in motion the usual investigation process of reviewing controls for monitoring waste, receiving procedures, cost increases, theft, etc. Yet, even with proper controls, some operators are never able to "hit" their target food cost percentage.
Maybe your "food cost target" needs reviewing. When was the last time you costed out your menu? Whether you use recipe costing software, spreadsheet, or even handwritten computations, you should keep the cost of each menu item up to date. Once you know your food cost in each menu item, take one more step and compute your ideal food cost based on the sales mix report from your POS.
Depending on your menu, cost percentages can fluctuate materially from menu item sales fluctuations particularly on high-cost dishes like steaks or seafood. But that doesn't mean you have a food cost problem.
A cost control problem is when there is an unacceptable difference between the ideal and actual cost for a given period.
A 2% variance for a restaurant that does $30,000 a week in food sales amounts to $600 a week. That's over $30,000 a year! However, if the targeted cost is inaccurate then you'll be left scratching your head looking for a food cost problem that doesn't exist.
Here are some tips on how to know what your ideal cost should be:
 - Accurately cost out each menu item.
 - Make sure that each menu item has its own POS key. (so you can track the unit sales of each item)
 - Create a spreadsheet that calculates the cost of each menu item times the number of items sold from the POS report to give an 'Ideal Cost'.
 - Compare the Ideal Cost to the Actual Cost calculation from your P&L.
 - For many operators who regularly compare their "Ideal" to their "Actual" food cost, a variance of greater than 1% of sales indicates a food cost problem.
Article shared from Restaurant Owner.


Home » Health » 7 Foods You Should Never Eat When You're Sick
7 Foods You Should Never Eat When You're Sick
The truth is when you are battling the flu or a stomach bug, food is definitely not the first thing on your mind. Here are 9 foods and drink you should avoid when you are sick:
1. Sugary foods
Avoid sugar like the plague if you have the plague (or any other illness.) According to Dr. Arthur,eating refined sugar can suppress your white blood cells' ability to fight off bacteria.
Your immune system becomes weaker after snacking on cookies, candy, or sugary cereal for hours. The result is that the immune system is less efficient at fighting off the germs that are making you sick.
"Sugar tends to pull fluid out of the GI tract, which can lead to loose, watery stools and diarrhea," Dr. Arthur says.
2. Soft drinks
In general, you shouldn't drink soda, but especially when you're sick. Just like coffee, caffeinated sodas are dehydrating. They alsoconsist of sugar that suppresses your immune system and messes with your GI tract.
Dr. Arthur advises that if water is not appealing, you should try a lower-sugar drink with rehydrating electrolyte, just like a sports drink or coconut water.
Diet soda is off-limits, too. Dr. Arthur says that a lot of artificial sweeteners are large molecules, which cannot be broken down and digested well, which causes bloating, cramping, and even diarrhea.
3. Crunchy foods
If you're coughing or have a sore throat, crunchy stuff shouldn't be eaten. As per Dr. Bhatia, the abrasive texture of snacks like potato chips, granola, or even crispy toast will feel like sandpaper on your raw throat.
The truth is that the more you irritate your throat, the longer it will take to heal, too. So you can end up prolonging your misery.
4. Fried foods
These foods are especially bad when you have a stomach bug. Dr. Bhatia says: "Fatty foods take longer to move through the digestive system, which can make nausea worse and trigger acid reflux."
They can make diarrhea worse, because they also cause muscle spasms in your intestinal tract.
5. Dairy
Milk should be avoided when you have congestion of any kind. Maybe you have heard that you should not drink milk when you are sick because it makes you produce more mucus or phlegm.
According to Dr. Arthur, there is no clear evidence that reducing milk will reduce mucus. But, many people find that dairy makes their phlegm thicker and more unpleasant. In case it bothers you, you should go ahead and cut it out until you are feeling better.
6. Spicy food
You've probably heard that spicy foods help clear your sinuses. Well, hold on! Capsaicin is a compound in chili peppers and hot sauce that can irritate your nasal passages and make your nose run.
But, on the other hand, when you are stuffed up, it might break up your mucus so you are temporarily less congested.
7. Alcohol
Skip alcohol when you have any illness of any kind, especially a stomach bug. Alcohol, like so many other items, is a diuretic that can worsen illness-related dehydration, Dr. Arthur says.
Dr. Arthur says that alcohol can be the reason for watery stool or diarrhea.
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