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Geomembranes are meant to provide a practically impermeable barrier for large scale containment of liquids and gasses. Therefore geomembrane liners are manufactured for the lowest possible permeability, depending on the application and chemicals involved.
However, the amount of seam welding, patching, and other fieldwork that is carried out during their installation can play a significant role in the liner's long-term performance. So what are the benefits of using factory pre-fabricated geomembrane liners?
A Note on Geomembrane Liner Installation
At first glance, geomembrane liner installation is a somewhat straightforward process. A properly prepared site surface is lined with the geomembrane material appropriate for the application. However many conditions in the field can introduce variability, making successful installation more challenging than it initially seems.
Geomembrane liners may arrive at the installation site in smaller pieces to be welded on the spot, or larger pieces pre-welded in the factory (factory fabricated). The latter provides superior results both in terms of leakage prevention, seam testing requirements, time and labor required for installation and lifespan of the geomembrane installation.
Factory vs Field Fabricated Geomembrane Liners
Field fabrication of geomembrane liner refers to performing most of the welding of geomembrane seams on the spot at the site during installation. It doesn't take much to realize that this situation provides less than ideal welding conditions, e.g. terrain morphology, steep slopes, temperature variability, rainfall, wind, and dust particles, to name a few. Moreover, this procedure results in greater time and labor required, increasing overall installation costs.
Factory Prefabricated Geomembrane Liners
Contrary to field welding, factory prefabricated liners are welded in controlled environmental conditions, resulting in consistent welding with guaranteed results. Quality vendors take into account factors like temperature ranges, slopes, and membrane expansion or contraction. According to those factors, they take steps to reduce the occurrence of localized stresses and minimize the chances of liner damage or leaks, for example by increasing the width of the seam or adding reinforcements.
Another primary benefit of factory prefabricated geomembrane liners is their low installation time. What's more, factory-fabricated geomembrane liners transfer most of the quality inspection costs and labor to the manufacturing supplier, rather than the installation site crew. That's because the larger panels are certified at the factory and arrive on site as a single panel requiring that only the perimeter welds be QC tested in the field. These factors provide more consistent results, overall cost savings for the installation stage, as well as lifetime increase and maintenance cost reduction of the geomembrane liner.
Choosing a Geomembrane Liner Manufacturer
As demonstrated, factory pre-welded liners provide more consistent results. The basis for a successful liner, however, is using a reliable, high-quality geomembrane. Connect with a member of the E² team for more information.


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Australians among first to test Alzheimer's drug
The Melbourne trial would be the first opportunity for Australians to test a potentially preventative drug.
Australians will be among the first in the world to test new drugs hoped to ward off Alzheimer's disease after doctors discovered the illness takes decades to develop in people's brains before symptoms appear.
Director of nuclear medicine at the Austin Hospital, Professor Chris Rowe, said Australians aged over 60 were now being invited to trial drugs which could prevent the build-up of proteins in the brain believed to cause the disease.
Trials on participants whose scans show early signs of dementia are likely to begin in Melbourne later this year.
The call for volunteers comes as a study by Professor Rowe and his colleagues revealed the build-up of these proteins could be seen on scans of people's brains over about four years, allowing doctors to model the natural development of the disease before it becomes detectable.
The findings pave the way for preventative drugs that would act like anti-cholesterol or blood-pressure drugs that help prevent heart disease.
Professor Rowe said although post-mortem studies suggested the build-up of this destructive protein, known as amyloid beta, occurred over several years, his study was the first to use brain scans on a large group of people to show Alzheimer's disease was a 30-year process.
"If we put it into a patient scenario, if someone develops dementia at the age of 75, our study shows that the amyloid which is thought to be the cause of Alzheimer's disease started building up at the age of 45 and by the age of 60, there was enough to detect it with an amyloid PET scan. Then at the age of 70 – about five years before dementia – the patient would have started to notice their memory beginning to fail and if you did an MRI scan at that time, you would start to see shrinkage of the brain. Over the last five years there would be fairly rapid decline of memory and worsening of the brain shrinkage to the point where they develop dementia," he said.
The study, which was part of the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing, involved 200 people in Victoria and Western Australia aged 55 to 89. The participants included healthy people with no symptoms of dementia, some with mild cognitive impairment and some with Alzheimer's disease. The results were published online in The Lancet Neurology medical journal on Friday.
Professor Rowe said mapping the natural progression of Alzheimer's disease was crucial for testing preventative drugs which dozens of pharmaceutical companies were working on.
He said if the drugs, which are showing positive results in animal studies, could clear the amyloid beta or adjust the production of it in people's brains, they could prevent dementia.
"The good news about this study is that it gives us a large window for therapy," he said.
Professor Rowe said while one or two clinical trials were already starting in other parts of the world, the Melbourne clinical trial inviting participants now would be the first opportunity for Australians to test a potentially preventative drug. He said although animal studies suggest the drugs were safe, he could not say if it would cause side effects in humans.
"They seem fine in animals but it can be a different story once you start doing large-scale trials in lots of people," he said.
Participants would have a PET scan to map levels of amyloid beta in their brains. The scan involves an injection of a small amount of radioactive material which will stick to the protein so it can be seen on a CT scan. If someone qualifies for the study, they may be selected for the drug treatment over several years.
In the US, people are paying about $3000 for PET scans to find out if they are likely to get Alzheimer's disease, but Professor Rowe said this was discouraged in Australia until there was a treatment available. While more educated people and those with bigger brains seemed less likely to get Alzheimer's disease or to get it later than others, he said evidence showed physical exercise, particularly in mid-life, was associated with a reduced risk, along with controlling risk factors for heart disease including cholesterol and high blood pressure.
About 280,000 Australians have dementia, however almost 1 million are predicted to have it by 2050 as the population ages. The World Health Organisation estimates that worldwide, 35.6 million people have the illness.
People interested in the study can call the Austin Hospital on 9496 3326 or 9496 5953.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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In transportation infrastructure design the route is defined based on its axis (centreline) – the alignment model. This simplified abstract model is designed in such a way to clearly define the principle course of the infrastructure project.
For most of the transportation means the infrastructure alignment design is split into two main two-dimensional complex strings: the horizontal alignment and the vertical alignment.
The horizontal alignment consist of three types of elements:
- Line segments – straights
- Circular arcs
- Transition curves
The movement of the transportation vehicle over circular elements is generating lateral accelerations, dependant on the speed of the vehicle and on the radius of the curve. In order to avoid the sudden change of these accelerations when passing from a curve to a different curve or a straight, the horizontal alignment includes transition curves. These curves have a continuous variation of curvature, ensuring the smooth transition between the horizontal alignment elements of constant curvature.
The most well-known transition curve is the Clothoid. In its real world application the clothoid enables a car driver to ride smoothly by turning the steering wheel with a constant speed, defining a clothoidal spiral, a continuous and linear curvature variation.
A curve with so many names …
The clothoid equations were first defined by Leonhard Euler; this is why, in general Physics the curve is often called Euler spiral. The French physicists Augustin-Jean Fresnel and, later, Alfred Cornu, rediscovered the curve and defined its parametric equations – hence the curve is sometimes called Fresnel or Cornu spiral.
(source of the image: Levien, R. (2008) The Euler Spiral: A mathematical history.)
In 1890, Arthur N. Talbot, Professor of Municipal and Sanitary Engineering at the University of Illinois, defined for civil engineering the "railway transition curve" (Talbot – 1912), with similar equations as Euler did for elasticity and Fresnel and Cornu for optical applications.
The name clothoid was suggested by the Italian mathematician Ernesto Cesàro. The word clothoid comes from klothos, the Greek word for spin (wool) the shape of the curve thread that wraps around the spindle. The same root appears in the name of Clotho (The Spinner), one of the three Fates who holds the thread of human destiny.
Clothoid geometry and (some) math
The clothoid equations can be defined starting from the condition of linear relation between radius and length:
This defines an infinite spiral, starting from the origin (x=0, y=0, R=∞, L=0) and spinning in two infinite loops to two points where R=0 and L=∞:
The constant A is called flatness or homothetic parameter of the clothoid.
The clothoid coordinates and the majority of the other characteristic elements of the spiral can be defined based on this essential parameter. For example, the clothoid curvature gradient is 1 in A².
In road design, an alignment developed to have all the transitions with practically the same A is seen as an optimum design, providing similar comfort conditions from the point of view of the variation of the lateral acceleration across all the transitions of that route. Some of the national road design standards are considering this criteria together with superelevation and aesthetic conditions (TAC – 2009).
In railway design an alignment developed with constant A is providing constant rate of change of the Equilibrium Cant (the sum of the rates of change of cant and cant deficiency). If this is done together with a constant E/D ration across all the curves, that alignment will provide practically the same comfort conditions over all the transitions and also similar wear conditions for top of railhead.
The angle αi, measured between the tangent in the current point i of the clothoid and the initial direction (where R = ∞), is called direction angle and is computed dependant on the length of the clothoid arc to the current point Li, and the current radius Ri :
where L is the total length of the clothoid and R its final radius.
The Cartesian coordinates of the clothoids can be defined starting from the above equation; using Euler (Fresnel) integrals for sine and cosine, these coordinates are:
Both equations have infinite terms. For railway track and road design, only a part of the clothoid can be practically used – the arc starting from origin to the area where the deflection angle α ≈ 90°.
For this section of the clothoid arc the first 4 terms of the equations provide sufficient accuracy to allow the site tracing of the transition curve.
Before the introduction of the Computerised Aided Design (CAD) in the alignment design for road and railway, the clothoid coordinates were computed based on a set of tables defined for a reference clothoid (usually the one defined by Aₒ = 100) and using the following relation:
Any other clothoid can be defined based on this property (called homothety relative to the origin O) :
As the clothoid spiral develops, the circle defined by the radius R is gradually shifted away from the x axis. This shift is defined as:
The first term of this equation defines the shift for the cubic parabola.
(to be continued)
Later edit: (09/10/2016) The direction angle equation was added based on the blog comments.
Cope, G. (1993) British Railway Track – Design, Construction and Maintenance. Permanent Way Institution, Echo Press, Loughborough.
Racanel, I. (1987) Drumuri moderne. Racordari cu clotoida. (Modern roads. Clothoidal transitions). Editura Tehnica, Bucharest. Romania.
Radu, C. (2001) Parabola cubica imbunatatita (Improved cubic parabola). Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest.
Radu, C., Ciobanu, C. (2004) Elemente referitoare la utilizarea parabolei cubice imbunatatite (Elements related to the use of the improved cubic parabola). Third Romanian National Railway Symposium, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest. Romania.
TAC (2009) Geometric Design Manual for Canadian Roads. – Volume 2. Transportation Association of Canada

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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tonestro, as you probably know, is the world's first playful practicing app for wind musicians which gives you constructive feedback while playing and connects musicians worldwide. Simply put, it efficiently improves your skills without costing a thing.
How is this achieved?
This is done through the instant feedback feature. This is the process in which the user (you) downloads the right app (find yours here), plays the desired instrument (the recorder, to say), and gets immediate feedback on how they can improve.
In this blog post, We'll unveil the secret behind our signal processing and algorithm work while one is practicing. Let's take the recorder, for example.
Imagine you're rocking it. Each tone you are playing is inherently just a sound wave. We are able to extract information from the waves by using different methods, i.e. Fourier. Each information is prepared differently depending on the instrument. Thanks to our signal processing and algorithm, the app will analyze your performance, derive insights from it, and present them to you in a timely manner.
"And how does this work?" I presume you're asking yourselves right now.
Through intelligence algorithm, of course. The intelligent analysis algorithm is capable of digesting large chunks of data and breaking them down into insights.
The algorithm is comparing your pitch, rhythm, articulation and dynamic to what the system knows is correct for the given instrument and song.
The given feedback is:
- Delivered in a timely manner
It has the ability to turn underground wind instrument enthusiasts into perpetuated worldwide-renowned musicians.
This is our superpower! What's yours? If it is rocking your audience with wind instruments, you've come to the right place.


text: with a separate -sub_umbrella option. -lazy_framework name[,suffix] This is the same as the -framework name[,suffix] except that the linker will construct glue code so that the framework is not loaded until the first function in it is called. You cannot directly access data or Objective-C classes in a framework linked this way. -upward_framework name[,suffix] This is the same as the -framework name[,suffix] but also specifies that the framework is an upward dependency. -Fdir Add dir to the list of directories in which to search for frameworks. Directories specified with -F are searched in the order they appear on the command line and before the default search path. In Xcode4 and later, there can be a space between the -F and directory. -all_load Loads all members of static archive libraries. -ObjC Loads all members of static archive libraries that implement an Objective-C class or category. -force_load path_to_archive Loads all members of the specified static archive library. Note: -all_load forces all members of all archives to be loaded. This option allows you to target a specific archive. Options that control additional content -sectcreate segname sectname file The section sectname in the segment segname is created from the contents of file file. The combination of segname and sectname must be unique D there cannot already be a section (segname,sectname) from any other input. -filelist file[,dirname] Specifies that the linker should link the files listed in file. This is an alternative to listing the files on the command line. The file names are listed one per line separated only by newlines. (Spaces and tabs are assumed to be part of the file name.) If the optional directory name, dirname is specified, it is prepended to each name in the list file. -dtrace file Enables dtrace static probes when producing a final linked image. The file file must be a DTrace script which declares the static probes. Options that control optimizations -dead_strip Remove functions and data that are unreachable by the entry point or exported symbols. -order_file file Alters the order in which functions and data are laid out. For each section in the output file, any symbol in that section that are specified in the order file file is moved to the start of its section and laid out in the same order as in the order file file. Order files are text files with one symbol name per line. Lines starting with a # are comments. A symbol name may be optionally preceded with its object file leaf name and a colon (e.g. foo.o:_foo). This is useful for static functions/data that occur in multiple files. A symbol name may also be optionally preceded with the architecture (e.g. ppc:_foo or ppc:foo.o:_foo). This enables you to have one order file that works for multiple architectures. Literal c-strings may be ordered by by quoting the string (e.g. "Hello, world\n") in the order file. -no_order_inits When the -order_file option is not used, the linker lays out functions in object file order and it moves all initializer routines to the start of the __text section and terminator routines to the end. Use this option to disable the automatic rearrangement of initializers and terminators. -no_order_data By default the linker reorders global data in the __DATA segment so that all global variables that dyld will need to adjust at launch time will early in the __DATA segment. This reduces the number of dirty pages at launch time. This option disables that optimization. -macosx_version_min version This is set to indicate the oldest Mac OS X version that that the output is to be used on. Specifying a later version enables the linker to assumes features of that OS in the output file. The format of version is a Mac OS X version number such as 10.4 or 10.5 -ios_version_min version This is set to indicate the oldest iOS version that that the output is to be used on. Specifying a later version enables the linker to assumes features of that OS in the output file. The format of version is an iOS version number such as 3.1 or 4.0 -image_base address Specifies the perferred load address for a dylib or bundle. The argument address is a hexadecimal number with an optional leading 0x. By choosing non-overlapping address for all dylibs and bundles that a program loads, launch time can be improved because dyld will not need to "rebase" the image (that is, adjust pointers within the image to work at the loaded address). It is often easier to not use this option, but instead use the rebase(1) tool, and give it a list of dylibs. It will then choose non-overlapping addresses for the list and rebase them all. This option is also called -seg1addr for compatibility. -no_implicit_dylibs When creating a two-level namespace final linked image, normally the linker will hoist up public dylibs that are implicitly linked to make the two-level namespace encoding more efficient for dyld. For example, Cocoa re-exports AppKit and AppKit re-exports Foundation. If you link with -framework Cocoa and use a symbol from Foundation, the linker will implicitly add a load command to load Foundation and encode the symbol as coming from Foundation. If you use this option, the linker will not add a load command for Foundation and encode the symbol as coming from Cocoa. Then at runtime dyld will have to search Cocoa and AppKit before finding the symbol in Foundation. -exported_symbols_order file When targeting Mac OS X 10.6 or later, the format of the exported symbol information can be optimized to make lookups of popular symbols faster. This option is used to pass a file containing a list of the symbols most frequently used by clients of the dynamic library being built. Not all exported symbols need to be listed. -no_zero_fill_sections By default the linker moves all zero fill sections to the end of the __DATA segment and configures them to use no space on disk. This option suppresses that optimization, so zerofilled data occupies space on disk in a final linked image. -merge_zero_fill_sections Causes all zero-fill sections in the __DATA segment to be merged into one __zerofill section. Options when creating a dynamic library (dylib) -install_name name Sets an internal "install path" (LC_ID_DYLIB) in a dynamic library. Any clients linked against the library will record that path as the way dyld should locate this library. If this option is not specified, then the -o path will be used. This option is also called -dylib_install_name for compatibility. -mark_dead_strippable_dylib Specifies that the dylib being built can be dead strip by any client. That is, the dylib has no initialization side effects. So if a client links against the dylib, but never uses any symbol from it, the linker can optimize away the use of the dylib. -compatibility_version number Specifies the compatibility version number of the library. When a library is loaded by dyld, the compatibility version is checked and if the program's version is greater that the library's version, it is an error. The format of number is X[.Y[.Z]] where X must be a positive non-zero number less than or equal to 65535, and.Y and.Z are optional and if present must be non-negative numbers less than or equal to 255. If the compatibility version number is not specified, it has a value of 0 and no checking is done when the library is used. This option is also called -dylib_compatibility_version for compatibility. -current_version number Specifies the current version number of the library. The current version of the library can be obtained programmatically by the user of the library so it can determine exactly which version of the library it is using. The format of number is X[.Y[.Z]] where X must be a positive non-zero number less than or equal to 65535, and.Y and.Z are optional and if present must be non-negative numbers less than or equal to 255. If the version number is not specified, it has a value of 0. This option is also called -dylib_current_version for compatibility. Options when creating a main executable -pie This makes a special kind of main executable that is position independent (PIE). On Mac OS X 10.5 and later, the OS the OS will load a PIE at a random address each time it is executed. You cannot create a PIE from.o files compiled with -mdynamic-no-pic. That means the codegen is less optimal, but the address randomization adds some security. When targeting Mac OS X 10.7 or later PIE is the default for main executables. -no_pie Do not make a position independent executable (PIE). This is the default, when targeting 10.6 and earlier. -pagezero_size size By default the linker creates an unreadable segment starting at address zero named __PAGEZERO. Its existence will cause a bus error if a NULL pointer is dereferenced. The argument size is a hexadecimal number with an optional leading 0x. If size is zero, the linker will not generate a page zero segment. By default on 32-bit architectures the page zero size is 4KB. On 64-bit architectures, the default size is 4GB. The ppc64 architecture has some special cases. Since Mac OS


DakhaBrakha – Feature Article
Hailing from Kyiv, Ukraine, World music outfit DakhaBrakha see themselves as ambassadors for their culture, which influences everything from their name ("Give/Take" in Ukrainian) to their outfits. They aim to keep Ukrainian musical and storytelling tradition alive by making it more accessible to a younger, international audience. The result – a musical melting pot described as "ethno-chaos" – bursts at the seams with rhythms, instruments and stylistic effects from across the globe. The question is, have they forsaken their goal in pursuit of this international sound?
Ukraine, as a country, hasn't had the easiest time of it. Formed in 1917 at the tail end of the First World War, it sits next to Russia amidst constantly changing borders and turbulent shifts of power. Despite gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 the nation remains divided, with a largely western faction relishing independence while many in the east yearn to rejoin the USSR.
Ukrainian's culture remains largely off the map. Once the musical heartland of the Soviet empire, its contribution to music remains somewhat unacknowledged and even within the country folk songs are sometimes eschewed by traditional ensembles. Many within Ukraine see their cultural identity as being under threat, a situation not helped by Russian attitudes towards their independence.
"We thank God and all the generations of people who have fought for our independence and took part in keeping of our songs, language and our traditions."
While DakhaBrakha choose to stay away from overtly political themes, their simple goal of having Ukraine's voice be heard could be considered rebellious by certain countries. 'Considering that Ukraine has a big neighbour which thinks that even the existence of our country is a historical misunderstanding' collaborator Marko Galanevych says, 'every one of our concerts abroad can be regarded as a political act in itself.' DakhaBrakha certainly make a statement with their appearance, donning striking head-to-toe outfits based on various ethnic cultures.
"For over three hundred years Ukraine didn't exist on the political world map… The task we set ahead of us now is to reveal Ukraine to the world and more importantly to ourselves – Ukrainians."
The theatrical aspect of DakhaBrakha comes from their origin. They formed in 2004 under the mentorship of theatre director Vladyslav Troitskyi and were initially just the house band at the avant-garde Dakh theatre in Kyiv, an experience to which they attribute to the darkly theatrical tone of their first two albums. Since then they've toured the globe but still regard the Brakh theatre as their spiritual home and primary rehearsal space.
Despite incorporating an international plethora of instruments from African drums to the Didjeridoo, DakhaBrakha remain firmly rooted in the sound of Ukraine, featuring instruments like the harmonica, Garmoshka (an accordion typical of the surrounding areas) and Zhaelika, (a single-reed horn instrument that sounds not unlike the bagpipes). They also incorporate the Ukrainian vocal style known as "white voice", a singing style that utilises the tight register at the top of the chest with an open throat to create a uniquely resonant tone.
[To view this article in full, along with links to audio samples and videos, visit the webpage or download a PDF of the article.]


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Battle of Diu (1509)
The Battle of Diu sometimes referred as the Second Battle of Chaul was a naval battle fought on 3 February 1509 in the Arabian Sea, near the port of Diu, India, between the Portuguese Empire and a joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut with support of Ottomans, the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik).
The Portuguese victory was critical: Mamluks and Arabs retreated, easing the Portuguese strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean to route trade down the Cape of Good Hope, circumventing the traditional spice route controlled by the Arabs and the Venetians through the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. After the battle, Portugal rapidly captured key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire and setting its trade dominance for almost a century, until it was taken during the Dutch-Portuguese Wars and the Battle of Swally won by the British East India Company in 1612. It marks the beginning of the European colonialism in Asia. It also marks the spillover of the Christian-Islamic power struggle, in and around the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East, into the Indian Ocean which was the most important region for international trade at the time.
Since Vasco da Gama arrived in 1498, the Portuguese had been fighting Calicut while allying with its local rival Kingdom of Cochin, where they established their headquarters. The northern region of Gujarat, mainly Khambhat, was even more important: the Gujarat Sultanate was an essential intermediary in east–west trade, between the Red Sea, Egypt and Malacca: Gujarati were important middlemen bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China, and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs.
In 1505, the King of Portugal, Manuel I, sent his first viceroy, Dom Francisco de Almeida with twenty one vessels to strengthen the fledgling Portuguese empire in East Africa and India. When Portugal threatened his field, Sultan Mahmud Begada of Gujarat allied with the Kozhikkodu Samutiri (anglicised to Zamorin of Calicut). He then asked his trade partners, the Mamluk Sultanate, for help.
In 1507, Portuguese forces under command of Afonso de Albuquerque had conquered Socotra in the mouth of the Red Sea and, for a short time, Ormuz in the Persian Gulf. Portuguese intervention was seriously disrupting trade in the Indian Ocean, threatening Muslim as well as Venetian interests, as the Portuguese became able to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe. The Mamluks and their European trade partners, the Venetians, had become wealthy from monopolizing the flow of spices from India to Europe. Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court. Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese, and suggested that "rapid and secret remedies" be taken against the Portuguese. The sovereign of Calicut, the Zamorin, had also sent an ambassador asking for help against the Portuguese.
Egyptian Mamluks soldiers had little expertise in naval warfare, and Portuguese often attacked and stole supplies of Malabar timber from India, so Mamluk Sultan, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri appealed to Ottoman support. The Ottoman Sultan, Beyazid II - whose navy had helped Spanish Moors and Sephardic Jews expelled by the Spanish Inquisition in 1492- supplied Egypt with Mediterranean-type war galleys manned by Greek sailors and Ottoman volunteers, mainly Turkish mercenaries and freebooters. These vessels, which Venetian shipwrights helped disassemble in Alexandria and reassemble on the Red Sea coast, had to brave the Indian Ocean. The galley warriors could mount light guns fore and aft, but not along the gunwales because these cannon would interfere with the rowers. The native ships (dhows), with their sewn wood planks, could carry no heavy guns at all. Hence, most of the coalition's artillery was archers, whom the Portuguese could easily outshoot.
The Egyptian-Ottoman fleet, whom the Portuguese called under the generic term the "rumes", was sent for India to support Gujarat in 1507. First they fortified Jeddah against a possible Portuguese attack, it then passed through Aden at the tip of the Red Sea, where they received support from the Tahirid Sultan, and then, in 1508, crossed the Indian Ocean to the port of Diu, a city of at the mouth of the Gulf of Khambhat.
In March 1508, commanded by Mamluk admiral Mirocem (Amir Husain Al-Kurdi) or Admiral (Husain Al-Kurdi), the Egyptian Mamluk fleets arrived at Chaul in India where they surprised a Portuguese fleet commanded by Lourenço de Almeida, son of the Portuguese viceroy. Joined by Gujarat admiral Malik Ayyaz, governor of Diu, they fought over three days and won the Battle of Chaul. The Egyptian fleet isolated Lourenço de Almeida's ship, but let the others escape, taking nine captives back to Diu. The Mirat Sikandari, a Persian account of the Kingdom of Gujarat details this battle as a minor skirmish. Having taken the prisoners they headed to Diu. Enraged at the death of his son, the Portuguese viceroy Francisco de Almeida sought revenge.
Precursor to the battle
Diu was a critical outpost in the overall spice trade from India. The Portuguese attempt to establish trade with India would require the breaking of this strongly defended and lucrative trade network. In addition to enforcing Portuguese rule, the battle was undertaken as a personal issue by Portuguese viceroy Francisco de Almeida to avenge the death of his son Lourenço at the hands of the Mirocem (Amir Husain Al-Kurdi). He was so enraged at this death that he is supposed to have said, "He who ate the chick must also eat the rooster, or pay for it". Francisco de Almeida had rushed to chase the Egyptian fleet because Afonso de Albuquerque arrived on 6 December 1508 with orders from the King of Portugal to replace him as the next viceroy. His plan was such a personal issue that he threw Afonso de Albuquerque in jail after being informed of the King's orders, then advancing to the battle.
Aware of the danger facing his city, Malik Ayyaz prepared his defense and wrote to appease the viceroy, stating that he had the prisoners and how bravely his son had fought, adding a letter from the Portuguese prisoners stating that they were well treated. The viceroy answered Malki Ayyaz (referred to as Meliqueaz in Portuguese) with a respectful but menacing letter, stating his intention of revenge, that they better join all forces and prepare to fight or he would destroy Diu:
|"||I the Viceroy say to you, honored Meliqueaz captain of Diu, that I go with my knights to this city of yours, taking the people who were welcomed there, who in Chaul fought my people and killed a man who was called my son, and I come with hope in God of Heaven to take revenge on them and on those who assist them, and if I don't find them I will take your city, to pay for everything, and you, for the help you have done at Chaul. This I tell you, so that you are well aware that I go, as I am now on this island of Bombay, as he will tell you the one who carries this letter.(in Portuguese)||"|
In a double bind—Malik Ayyaz fearing the destruction of his city, and Mirocem beset in it—they faced the Portuguese forces.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2011)|
The Portuguese had eighteen ships commanded by the Viceroy, with about 1,500 Portuguese soldiers and 400 local combatants from Cochin. The Allied side had one hundred ships, but only twelve were major vessels; the rest were small shallow-draught craft. After detecting the Portuguese, who approached from Cochin to the north, and fearing their technical superiority, the Egyptians decided to take advantage of the port of Diu and its fort, which had its own artillery. It was therefore decided to stay anchored at the port and await an attack from the Portuguese. This may also have been due to the training of the Egyptians, who were used to the more sheltered bays in the Mediterranean. There they also relied upon land-based artillery reinforcements to defeat the enemy. The Portuguese started the battle with a massive naval bombardment using their on board artillery, followed by hand-to-hand combat in the harbour of Diu.
These Portuguese ships had guns of greater caliber, better artillery crews, and were better manned and better built. The Portuguese naval infantry also had an advantage over the Egyptians, not only because they were heavily armed and equipped (armour, arquebuses and a type of grenade made of clay with gunpowder inside), but also because they were seasoned professional seamen.
The tough state-of-the art multi-rigged Portuguese carracks and smaller fast caravels had been developed over the previous decades to cope with the storms


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Gold 23.8 carats: the gold is burnt into the glass at 600 degrees, and supports the stabilisation of the immune system. Recommended for children and depressed people. Flower des Levens The Flower of Life is considered to be one of the most powerful natural symbols of sacred geometry. She is an ancient metaphor for the connection of all life in the universe. In many world civilizations this 'Flower of Life' is known; it is mainly used to revitalize and stabilize food products. The form and symbol power is transferred and starts to resonate in fluids. Normal tap water has been weakened by excessive tap pressure and by the fact that it flows into the same pipes. Only three minutes in the Nature's Design Character is enough to upgrade weakened tap water. The research results come from the E.F. Braun CH3628 Laboratory in Uttigen, Switzerland. The 'Alladin' carafe of Nature's Design is the basic version in a series of various designs, colours, symbolism and text. They promote a responsible recognition of one's own capacities and possibilities. The stepped structure of six consecutive sections, with the volume of each section corresponding to one of the first six numbers of the universal Fibonacci series, which is in line with the geometry found everywhere in nature. Revitalized water shows a six-sided crystalline structure that corresponds to an increased degree of energy and vitality. The cavity resonance of the Alladin carafe corresponds to the sound frequency of the tone F. This frequency is the data carrier of a vertical flow of energy, comparable to the energetic movements in trees. ProductionTraditional manual labour is required for the production of the products. All carafes are mouth-blown and shaped by pre-processed moulds. This makes each carafe unique. The flower pattern is burnt into the soil at about 600º Celsius. The glass used by TC consists of approximately 400 quartz sand and is therefore a high-energy medium. The glass raw material is free of lead and other heavy metals. Nature's Design KaraffenWhen liquid (water, wine) has been revitalized in our carafes, the stability of this charge remains intact for a whole week, without further deterioration. The effect of Nature's Design glass products is guaranteed as long as the geometric shape and the corresponding symbolism remain intact. Science describes the material effect that Nature's Design products have on the biological vitality of water and other fluids as 'coherence'. Scientists know that coherence between different parts of a system, or between different parts of information, ensures harmony and a strengthening of the total. When using Nature design glass products, no other energetic influences (electronic, magnetic, spiritual or otherwise) are necessary to achieve the effect.
© 2021 Spiru


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A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care
In 2010, 1.58 million patients received services from hospice in the United States; of these patients only 8.9% were African American (African Americans make up 12.6% of the US population), compared to 77.3% Caucasians. The purpose of this study was to assess African Americans' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about hospice care. Three 3 focus groups were conducted with a total of 27 people participating (12 males and 15 females).All focus groups were audio taped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded using an apriori coding scheme and entered into an Excel file. Consensus and triangulation methods were used to help investigators assess themes based on strength within and across focus groups. Five major themes emerged: 1) knowledge of hospice 2) attitudes and beliefs 3) decision making process 4) barriers to hospice use and 5) raising awareness about hospice in the African American community. This study supports findings from previous literature that examines the key factors that contribute to the underuse of hospice services by members of the African American community. A new barrier to hospice use, "family discord" also emerged in the focus group discussions In order to overcome hospice barriers the unanimous recommendation is to increase knowledge, awareness and access to culturally appropriate educational materials. Based on the thematic analysis findings, the next step is to develop a culturally tailored hospice photonovel to raise awareness about hospice care among African Americans. An initial meeting has already been conducted with an advisory committee that was formed from participants from the three focus groups. The 1st draft of the phot novel script has been written based on the advisory committee's decisions. Work will continue with the advisory group and funding to be sought for creation and printing of the photonovel.
Presentation: 29 minutes
Recommended CitationReed, Stephanie, "A Qualitative Assessment of African Americans' Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Hospice Care" (2012). Master of Public Health Thesis and Capstone Presentations. Presentaion 63.


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THE PROBLEM OF INSULAR MAPS IN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ATLASES
ON THE BACKGROUND OF AN INTEGRATING
Austrian Institute of East and Southeast European Studies
Insular maps in the sense of maps on which only a selected area is mapped in full or of maps on which detail does not extend over the whole map face are frequent and even the preferred mode of representation in national and regional atlases. This is understandable, since national and regional atlases as well as atlases of large-scale regions (1) focus on a state or a region with the intention to highlight it and (2) wish to avoid as much as possible comparable data collection also for adjacent areas of neighbouring countries or regions, which can be rather tiresome, even if only a small part of this neighbour country or region is shown on the map face. The rendering of adjacent areas may (3) also urge the involvement of experts from these other countries or regions or may (4) even have political implications in some very specific cases.
representation on topographic as well as on thematic maps has, however, also a
couple of disadvantages depending on and varying with map themes. The most
obvious is the lack of comparability of the country/region highlighted with its
neighbourhood. This disadvantage is mostly deliberately accepted in exchange
for the benefits mentioned before. There are, however, also disadvantages much
less taken into consideration. A very serious among them is the fact that
insular maps do not reflect the full scope of locational relations of places
nearby the border or in border regions right in the country/region portrayed.
This fact has grown in importance in an integrating
The paper will hint at this and other problematic aspects of insular representation by examples of recent national and regional atlases of European countries differentiating between map themes. It will in this way throw a glance into a rather grey field in atlas cartography and contribute to a "cook book" for atlas editors to be conceived in the framework of the ICA Commission on National and Regional Atlases.


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ASK A QUESTION Hi, What is there a difference between "Me gusta" and "Me gustan"?
What is there a difference between "Me gusta" and "Me gustan"? Is one use of the words for speaking properly and the other for casually speaking? Could you give me some examples how the two phrases would be used?
Gusta is used is a singular conjugation of the verb and requires a subject that matches it in number.
Gustan is a plural conjugation and requires a subject that matches it in number
Me gusta el libro
Me gustan los libros
Here is a link to the reference article for this topic Gustar like verbs
Your question can be answered by watching Lesson 1:6 of the Learn Spanish video series.
For now, I will tell you that the difference has nothing to do with being formal or casual. Rather, it has to do with the fact that one is singular and one is plural.
Me gusta means that something is pleasing to you. For example: "Me gusta bailar", which means dancing is pleasing to me. In this case, dancing is singular, so the third person singular conjugation of "gustar" is used.
The second example would be "Me gustan los animales." In this example, animals is plural, so the verb "gustar" is conjugated to the third person plural.
I know this is a very short explanation and I hope it helps. However, you would be much better off having Paralee explain it for you in the video. Believe me, she does a much better job.
They mean the same thing except one refers to a singular topic and one refers to a plural topic.
Me gusta la banana.
Me gustan las frutas.
That was the same question i had about 3 days ago.


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< Browse to Previous Essay | Browse to Next Essay >
Congress establishes the first federal forest reserves on March 3, 1891.
HistoryLink.org Essay 5322
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On March 3, 1891, Congress establishes the first forest reserves, which will become a system of National Forests. The law preserves water resources until forested lands can be opened for settlement and exploitation, but is part of a growing conservation movement to preserve natural resources for future generations.
By the 1890s, an increasingly urbanized nation began to appreciate the importance of preserving natural resources. Congress established a number of national parks including Yellowstone in Wyoming, and Yosemite and Sequoia in California. At the same time, Congress realized that the Timber Culture Act of 1873 (allowing title to land to anyone planting trees) had resulted in fraud. Scientists and the American Forestry Association advocated better management of the nation's forest reserves. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 had mixed purposes -- to protect watersheds from erosion and flooding, and to preserve the nation's timber supply from over-exploitation.
Despite a lack of guidance from Congress as to the management of the new program, the Department of the Interior conducted surveys of public-domain lands and recommended a number of reserves. Management of the lands was handled by Deputy U.S. Marshals and agents of the General Land Office. On February 22, 1897, President Grover Cleveland established the Washington and Mount Rainier Forest Preserves, along with 11 others around the country.
In 1897, Congress passed the Forest Management Act, which laid out purposes for the reserves and conditions of use. The purpose was to preserve a water supply, preserve the forests, and provide a supply of timber. Timber would be managed and auctioned with the proceeds going to the government.
In 1905, Congress moved the reserves from the General Land Office in the Department of the Interior to the new Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. Gifford Pinchot (_PHONE_) became the first Chief Forester. Pinchot drafted instructions on managing the reserves, stating, "All of the resources of the forest reserves are for use... under such restrictions only as will insure the permanence of these resources" ("Pinchot National Forest: Early History").
In 1907, the forest reserves were designated National Forests.
Dave Pease, "The First Hundred Years: From Oxen to Computers," Forest Industries, October 1990, pp. 14-18; Mark DeLeon, "A Short History of the Okanogan National Forest," Okanogan National Forest website (_URL_ "Giffort Pinchot National Forest: Early History," Gifford Pinchot National Forest website (svinet2.fs.fed.us/gpnf/heritage/early1.html); "The Evolution of the Conservation Movement: _PHONE_," Library of Congress American Memory website (memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html).
Travel through time (chronological order):
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The complexity science research is the research of the ontological structures and the taxonomies of adaptive systems.
The Unicist Standard for complexity research was developed based on the characteristics of adaptive systems considered in their complexity, some of their characteristics are:
1) Open boundaries
2) Biunivocity of its components
3) The existence of conjunctions without disjunctions
4) The inexistence of observers
It differs from systemic research because it needs to be part of a real, non-simulated, functioning adaptive system. It does not allow making artificial experimentation.
Applicative research ends with the definition of the Unicist Standard.
Request more information: _EMAIL_
Expert System Manager
NOTE: The Unicist Research Institute is the major research organization in the world in its specialty based on more than 3,000 researches in complexity science applied to individual, institutional and social evolution. The applicative researches are based on the discovery of the Ontogenetic Intelligence of Nature and the consequent Unicist Theory of Evolution.
Access a Free Trial:
If you would like to receive monthly information on this blog, please register here.


How To Upload Videos To Myspace
 1. From a desktop computer go to the upload section for videos
 2. Select Upload videos or simply drag and drop the file(s) into the designated area
 3. Select the file(s) from your computer
 4. Fill out the required fields
 5. Select Save
Before uploading you may want to review the FAQ and Video Upload Guidelines section


1.An adult female person; a grown-up female person, as distinguished from a man or a child; sometimes, any female person.
- Gen. ii. 22.
2.The female part of the human race; womankind.
Man is destined to be a prey to woman.
- Thackeray.
3.A female attendant or servant.
Woman hater
one who hates women; one who has an aversion to the female sex; a misogynist.
- Swift.
v. t.1.To act the part of a woman in; - with indefinite it.
2.To make effeminate or womanish.
3.To furnish with, or unite to, a woman.
Noun1.Womanwoman - an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted"
Synonyms: adult female
adult male, man - an adult male person (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus"
2.woman - women as a class; "it's an insult to American womanhood"; "woman is the glory of creation"
Synonyms: womanhood
3.woman - a human female who does housework; "the char will clean the carpet"
4.woman - a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; "he was faithful to his woman"
man - a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man"
(tool)woman - A replacement for the Unix man documentation browsing command. Version 1.157 of woman runs under/on 386BSD, OSF, Apollo Domain/OS, BSD, HP-UX, IBM RS-6000, Irix, Linux, Solaris, Sony NEWS, SunOS, Ultrix, Unicos.
Posted to comp.sources.reviewed Volume 3, Issue 50 on 05 Jul 1993 by Arne Henrik Juul, archive-name woman-1.157.
FTP USC, USA. FTP Imperial, UK.
To see a woman in your dream, represents nurturance, passivity, caring nature, and love. It refers to your own female aspects or may also represent your mother. Alternatively, it may indicate temptation and guilt. If you know the woman, then it may symbolize the concerns and feelings you have about her. To see an old woman in your dream, indicates aging and growing old. To see a group of women talking in your dream, refers to some gossip. To see a pregnant women in your dream, symbolizes abundant wealth.Eve, Frau, adult, better half, common-law wife, concubine, dame, daughter of Eve, distaff, distaff side, domina, donna, dowager, doxy, fair sex, female sex, feme, feme covert, femininity, femme, frow, gentlewoman, girl, goodwife, goody, grown man, grownup, helpmate, helpmeet, kept mistress, kept woman, lady, lass, legalis homo, little, major, man, married woman, matron, mature man, milady, mistress, no chicken, old lady, old woman, paramour, playmate, rib, second sex, softer sex, squaw, unofficial wife, vrouw, wahine, weaker sex, weaker vessel, wedded wife, wife, womanhood, womankind, women, womenfolk, womenfolks
Translate Woman to Spanish, Translate Woman to German, Translate Woman to French
Wollaston prism
Wollaston's doublet
Wollaston's goniometer
Wollemi pine
Wolstonian glaciation
Wolverine State
-- Woman --
woman chaser
woman hater
woman of the house
woman of the street
woman's body
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
woman's doctor
woman's hat


text:
Original post by: jayeff,
Hi, Not certain of the circuitry of your music player. Try the following: Connect music via Bluetooth, (output low as it is). Can you hear the music in both speakers or only one? If only one then which one left or right? Next, leaving the Bluetooth music playing, plug a jack into the socket, it doesn't have to be connected to anything at the other end. If the music stops it proves that the socket disconnects the Bluetooth music to the amplifier. Depending on whether you did hear the Bluetooth music in only one speaker and which one will influence what you may look for next. With a lot of sockets there are changeover contacts connected to both the 'tip' and 'ring' connecting springs of the socket. This means that when a jack is inserted these contacts break the existing input circuit to the amplifier section (in your case the Bluetooth music) and connect the jack input to the amplifier circuit. The convention is that the left speaker is connected to the 'tip' connection and the right speaker is connected to the 'ring' connection. The 'tip' is the end of the jack furthest away from the cord and the 'ring' is the next one after the insulating spacer. The last connection is known as the'sleeve' which is closest to the cable and is used for the 'common' for both left and right speakers. So if you are not hearing music in the left speaker and your socket ''does'' have the changeover contact configuration you need to check the connections to both these contacts associated with the tip connector. The same goes for if you have no music in the right speaker you need to check the ring changeover contacts connections. If the music is in both speakers and connecting the jack does not stop the music you may have the other type of socket where there is only a single contact used which either makes or breaks when the jack is inserted and this is used to "tell" the amplifier to switch the input source from the Bluetooth to the socket. It may be that you will have to trace back the circuit from the amplifier input, (following where the tip and ring connections from the socket go will probably lead you to the input) then see if there are other paths that hopefully will lead you to the Bluetooth output and that you may spot the problem. Perhaps a broken connection or a dry joint. Sorry I cannot be more exact and that hopefully it is of some help.


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Why Raw Almond Butter is So Healthy
Many people are trying to find simple health solutions that they can incorporate into everyday life. For example, making subtle diet changes, such as replacing red meat with turkey, can make a huge difference. These kinds of diet changes have led a lot of people to using raw almond butter for sandwiches and spreads instead of things like peanut butter. The health benefits support doing things like this and simple changes can add up to make a big difference.
The reason why almond products are so healthy is because they are made from almonds. Almonds contain plenty of important vitamins and antioxidants, and some scientific studies even claim that almonds can help with memory loss, and should be investigated further as a way to reduce certain types of cancer. They are also high in fiber and other things of that nature that we normally do not get enough of. The health benefits of almonds have been recognized by different cultures for a long time, making them undoubtedly one of the healthier food out there.
Almond butter is also hypoallergenic, meaning for people with peanut allergies this is the perfect solution. People often switch from peanut butter to these products for that allergy reason. Raw almond butter also contains monounsaturated fats, which is a much healthier alternative to saturated fats that are common in foods like peanut butter. All of these health benefits are big reasons why families are switching to almond products over peanut butters.
The way raw butter out of almonds is made also helps to make it healthy. You want to concentrate on things like raw almond butter, which keep the almonds uncooked. When fruit and vegetables are cooked they often lose their nutrition value. Because of the cooking process of low heat, raw butters keep all of the nutritional value of almonds, a big plus for health conscious individuals.
Taking small steps like switching foods can make a big difference in your health. Almonds taste great, and almond type butter is a great replacement for higher fat and less nutritious items. Picking the right almond products is important, but recommended for people trying to make a little bit of a difference to their health.
And for more information about Raw Almond Butter, please visit the link provided. Additional information about organic raw almond butter can be found by clicking on the following link: Raw Almond Butter.
Article Source: _URL_


As for the profession, he has traveled a long journey of 19-years which took him to three different cities and various professions.
However, the strenuous effort finally helped him realize that it was the profession of teaching and learning which was close to his heart.
Resultantly, he has been associated with the teaching profession for more than 6-years now mainly focusing on teaching of the subjects of economics and business studies to IGCSE classes.
Teaching may seem to be a simple task to some who may not have been attached to it directly.
However, experience over the years taught Iseem that teaching involves learning and applying a host of theories and arts ranging from psychology, philosophy, management, moderation, facilitation, tactfulness, compassion etc. etc.
This website entails a snapshot of the life and journey of Iseem Mumtaz over the treacherous years of life he has spent so far.


text:
In renal glucosuria (glycosuria), glucose (sugar) is excreted in the urine, despite normal or low glucose levels in the blood.
Normally, the body excretes glucose in the urine only when glucose levels in the blood are very high. In most healthy people, glucose that is filtered from the blood by the kidneys is completely reabsorbed back into the blood. In people with renal glucosuria, glucose may be excreted in the urine despite normal or low levels of glucose in the blood. This happens because of a defect in the tubular cells that decreases the reabsorption of glucose. Renal glucosuria may be a hereditary condition.
Renal glucosuria has no symptoms or serious consequences. A doctor makes the diagnosis when a routine urine test detects glucose in the urine even though glucose levels in the blood are normal. In a small number of people, renal glucosuria may be an early sign of diabetes mellitus. No treatment is needed.
Last full review/revision December 2006 by Peter C. Brazy, MD


text:
New book chronicles Cold War America
Feb. 21, 2003
KALAMAZOO -- It's a story of numbers. That's the opinion of Dr. Ross Gregory, Western Michigan University professor of history, when talking about his recently released reference book, "Cold War America, _PHONE_," published by Facts on File Inc.
"I'm almost tempted to say there was too much to learn when researching this period," says Gregory. "The acquisition of knowledge due to educational and technological change was remarkable."
The book chronicles all segments of American society, from economics, weather, communication and government to sports and religion. It has entries on all 50 states, 40 biographical sketches and dozens of essays on the period, as well as excerpts from such historical documents as John F. Kennedy's inaugural address.
Gregory sees the book's theme as the change in the country's size--in terms of both raw numbers and economic power. From 1946 the country went from a population of 140 million with a gross domestic product of $212 billion to a population of 252 million and a GDP of $5.5 trillion by 1990.
"I would also cite 1970 as a watershed year in terms of the country's growth in diversity," he says. "From that point on, much more attention was given to issues of race, gender and ethnicity,"
But it is the little stories of which he is most proud. In the book, he delved into such topics as the 1960s domination of Volkswagen in the foreign car market and America's love for pizza.
"I would argue it's the most significant new food in the last half century, considering most people hadn't heard of it in the 1950s," he notes. "We now have more pizza franchises than all other fast-food franchises in the country."
A WMU faculty member since 1966, Gregory teaches history with an emphasis in 20th-century American history. He completed his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees at Indiana University. He is a past winner of the Frederick Jackson Turner Prize given by the Organization of American Historians and the author of numerous articles and books, including "American 1941: A Nation at the Crossroads" and "The Origins of the American Intervention in the First World War."
"Cold War America" is 688 pages in hardcover and includes 109 black-and-white photographs and illustrations and eight maps. It is part of the Almanacs of American Life series and is available through the Facts on File Web site at .
Media contact: Matt Gerard, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_


How can I register my child for the Preschool Program?
The preschool program is both state and federally funded. It is designed to service at-risk children in the community. When a parent calls to register their child their name and the child' s name is put on a list for a screening date in the spring. The screening is done by the pre-school teachers using the Denver Developmental Test and at the same time the guidance counselor does a social assessment with the parent. Each class has a maximum of 15 students of which 7 have special needs. The remaining slots are divided between regular ed and students for whom English is their second language.
What are the school hours?
 - A.M. Session: 7:35 a.m. - 10:15 a.m.
 - P.M. Session: 11:10 a.m. - 1:50 p.m.
 - Half Day A.M. Session: 7:35a.m.-10:20a.m.
 - Half Day P.M. Session: 11:05-1:50p.m.
 - Full Day: 7:35 a.m. - 1:50 p.m.
Tuesday is an early release day (A.M. Sessions only) 7:35 a.m. - 11:15 a.m.


text: Art Brokerage: David Schluss Israeli Artist: b. 1943. David Schluss, born in Israel in 1943, began studying art at an early age. He attended school in the ancient city of Jaffa, the historical seaport in central Israel. It was there that the mystical walls of the city and the austere religion of historic churches, temples and monasteries captivated him. It was during these early years in Israel that Schluss sensed his overwhelming desire to paint. Influence from great masters such as Chagall, Miro, and Botero inspired Schluss to create his own individualized style and technique of painting. He began experimenting by painting with his hands, using no paintbrush or spatula. He says, "With the palm of my hands I can get a play of light that I could never achieve with a brush. I start with the abstract, and figures emerge."


text:
Medical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma is usually difficult and ineffective. Surgical resection of aspergilloma is likely to result in a complete cure, however it is technically challenging owing to dense adhesions, indurated hilar structures and high chances of intraoperative and early postoperative bleeding. The mortality following surgery is also significant. There has been a constant evolution in search of the appropriate surgical approach for pulmonary aspergilloma. Minimally invasive thoracic surgery for such cases has been reported in literature with many centres around the world now adopting video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) pulmonary resections in selected cases. However robotics for management of aspergilloma of lung is unheard of. Through this video we will share with you our experience of a robotic assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy in a 55-year-old male with an aspergilloma in a post-tubercular fibrocavitary lesion in the right upper lobe causing recurrent hemoptysis.
The patient was operated in left lateral decubitus position under general anesthesia with single lung ventilation and using extra long ventilator tubings and lines. Double lumen intubation was done in the lateral position and a Fogarty catheter was placed on the non-affected side to prevent spillage of fungus to the normal lung. Incisions and ports were placed as shown in Figures 1,2.
Following the incisions and port placement a 4-arm DaVinci Robot was docked to the patient and adhesiolysis started (Figure 3). The superior pulmonary vein was first dissected and divided using an endoscopic stapler, which was followed by the division of upper lobe bronchus. All arterial branches to the affected lobe were carefully dissected & divided later. Dense adhesions of the apex to the upper lobe were then divided. They were purposely not taken down initially for two reasons. Firstly they act as a good retraction for the lobe and secondly as they are highly vascular, lysing them early on in the procedure leads to blood loss and obscured vision. The robot was then undocked and subsequently one of the incisions was extended to facilitate the removal of the specimen from the chest, which was extracted out in an endobag (Figure 4).
A number 28 intercostal chest drain was placed after ensuring hemostasis and connected to a digital suction device.
Traditionally surgical approach for aspergilloma is through a liberal thoracotomy. However the last decade has seen a rise in the number of VATS pulmonary resections performed for aspergilloma.
Gossot et al. have shared their experience of 15 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), and they showed that full thoracoscopic resection (including lobectomies) of these fungal infections is possible with less postoperative morbidity (2). Whitson et al. have described a successful thoracoscopic lingulectomy for IPA (3). A recent retrospective study (4) compared VATS in the treatment of simple mycetoma and complex mycetoma. They concluded that VATS can be safely applied to simple aspergilloma and complex aspergilloma without infiltration of the hilum and allows for an early postoperative recovery.
With the advent of robotics in thoracic surgery, case volumes for robotic pulmonary resections has increased significantly during the last few years, and thoracic surgeons have been able to adopt the robotic approach safely.
Recently Kent et al. made a comparison in outcomes between robotic, open, and VATS procedures, using the State Inpatient Databases (SID). They advocate that robotic lung resection appears to be an appropriate alternative to VATS and is associated with improved outcomes compared with open thoracotomy (9).
However no data exists in literature where non-oncologic lung resections, especially of infective etiologies have been carried out with robotics. Encouraging results of thoracoscopic surgery or VATS in management of pulmonary aspergilloma and our growing comfort with the robot for pulmonary resections led us to start our series of robotic resections for pulmonary aspergilloma
Robotic technique allows excellent 3D visualisation and good dexterity for easier and safe dissection of adhesions. The 360 degree freedom of movement of the endowrist offers effective and precise anatomical lung resections for pulmonary aspergilloma because of easier dissection around the broncho-vascular structures. It appears to be superior over conventional techniques in terms of pinpoint intra-operative visualization, filtering of tremors around crucial structures, less bleeding and less post-operative air leaks and hence early removal of chest drain, less postoperative pain, minimal or no wound infections, reduced hospitalisation and excellent cosmesis. Disadvantages of the robot are the initial long learning curve, availability and cost.
It is extremely important to not hesitate and quickly convert to a VATS or thoracotomy whenever facing intraoperative difficulty.
The safety and efficacy of robotic lung resections for pulmonary aspergilloma however needs to be established through a study with large number of patients.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
- Khan AZ, Ali K, Khandelwal S, et al. Surgical video of a robotic right upper lobectomy. Asvide 2016;3:108. Available online: _URL_
- Gossot D, Validire P, Vaillancourt R, et al. Full thoracoscopic approach for surgical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:240-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Whitson BA, Maddaus MA, Andrade RS. Thoracoscopic lingulectomy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Am Surg 2007;73:279-80. [PubMed]
- Ichinose J, Kohno T, Fujimori S. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010;10:927-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Park BJ, Melfi F, Mussi A, et al. Robotic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): long-term oncologic results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;143:383-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:740-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:19-25. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Melfi FM, Mussi A. Robotically assisted lobectomy: learning curve and complications. Thorac Surg Clin 2008;18:289-95. vi-vii. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kent M, Wang T, Whyte R, et al. Open, video-assisted thoracic surgery, and robotic lobectomy: review of a national database. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;97:236-42; discussion 242-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
Cite this article as: Khan AZ, Ali K, Khandelwal S, Agarwal N, Jamaluddin MF, Khanna S, Roy P. Robotic assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy for post tuberculosis aspergilloma. J Vis Surg 2016;2:51.


The peak of summer and the peak of winter are when most people are focusing on their holidays and the work slows down. It doesn't have to be a time to sit there twiddling your thumbs, there is always plenty to do.
Here are some ideas to keep you and your team engaged during the slow down.
Bring work forward
Is there anything in your schedule for later in the week or next week that can get started now? If not, don't worry there's plenty more things to try, but project managers will love being able to bring work forward if they can.
Prepare for your next project
If you have a project scheduled but can't start it yet, consider preparing for it. Code up a demo of some cool loading or block animations you can bring to the kick off meeting. Catch up with the project team and see where the project is at and (if welcomed) chip in with some suggested improvements.
Work through your team tasks
I previously discussed the idea of creating a Trello board (or task list) of things your team can improve. Want to try out a new technology or way of doing things? Add it to your team task lists and work through them when you have some down time.
Write an article
If you work for an agency, chances are they have their own website with a blog to make themselves look like experts in the field. Why not take advantage of this and start writing articles based on your experience? If you're a designer, write about how colours subconsciously affect user decisions. If you're a UI developer, write about how important accessibility is. If you're a backend developer, write about automated testing and how it improves the end product. They also say teaching is the best way to learn, so start by sharing your knowledge.
Level up your skills
Join an online corse to level up in your field. You have the time, use it wisely.
There are plenty of things to do when you have some downtime, so why not try one of the above. Let me know if you do something that's not on the list.


author Wuzzy
Thu, 27 Apr 2017 15:54:28 +0100
changeset 998 f6ed8749f20b
parent 749 db0eeafa0cdf
child 1422 a6f2064e67a5
permissions -rw-r--r--
GearTypes: Add gtDuck
_TAG_ Importing an SVG into Hedgewars
= Importing from SVG files =
== Introduction ==
This is a quick and dirty description of converting an SVG into hedgewars HWMAP format. It is not at all pretty. Hopefully someone will make a prettier process. It currently makes use of Inkscape, vim, perl, g++ and a bit of manual labour. It looks best in 0.9.18+ which makes use of the variable brush size (the examples below use the second smallest size, 16px wide)
== Details ==
Open Inkscape.
Go to File->Inkscape Preferences and make sure that
 * SVG Output->Allow relative coordinates is unchecked
 * Transforms->Store transformation is set to Optimized
Open an SVG. Ideally one of simple line art, without too much use of fill or filters.
1) Select all in the image and choose ungroup, then combine all paths in the drawing (select them, then choose Path->Combine).
Note. I had some difficulty doing that with some images even after repeated use of ungroup. I ended up just going into the SVG file and deleting all the groups. This usually happens if there are filters in place. Removing all the g tags but keeping the paths inside the groups in the SVG in a text editor might be faster than cleaning up in Inkscape.
Also, some paths might be worth eliminating altogether. In order to get a better idea of what it'll look like, try: View->Display Mode->Outline. To simulate occluding, you can try combining individual paths first, and using union to combine into larger groups. This takes a bit more work. If it still doesn't look right, you're going to have to go in and delete nodes, and generally rework the shape to simulate occlusion.
2) Go to File->Document Properties and specify 4096 for W and 2048 for H. You may want to then reposition the art to be more centred vertically or horizontally.
3) Click on the path, and choose dimensions for W and H that would look good in the game (no more than 4096 for W and 2048 for H). The Lock button may be helpful here. Generally resize it and reposition it using the document white area as a guide to how it will look on the in-game drawing area, then save and quit.
4) Open in a text editor and verify there is one path. Change sodipodi:namedview's ID attribute to id="base" - this is to work around a bug in the current stable Inkscape ( extensions tool which was crashing it. This is probably fixed in 0.48.4. Note that I haven't tested this workaround. su_v says this is the correct way to do it because apparently id="base" is a reserved name for namedview in sodipodi - which seems like a rather common and collision-likely name. I had misread him and changed the path's id to base, and that seemed to work fine. If changing namedview doesn't work, try renaming the path instead.
Make sure all those groups are removed.
5) Open the file in Inkscape again, Click on the path again, then go to Extensions->Modify Path->Flatten Beziers and flatten out the curves to your taste. Default of 10 seems fine most of the time, but for small curved objects you might want something like 5. Keep in mind, the more the approximation, the more points that Hedgewars has to draw, which can be rough on the engine and network communication, then save and quit.
6) Edit the file, and delete everything but the path data. You should have a one-line file starting with something like M1234.3 456.78L3298.3 9023.34 and so on.
If instead you have a format like M 1234.678,9875._PHONE_.0,123.45 - you'll want to convert if you want to try the crude script in (10) - otherwise a smarter script would be needed. Here's some Vim commands for that syntax {{{s/\(\d\) \(\d\)/\1 L\2/g}}} and {{{s/,/ /g}}} and {{{s/\([LM]\)\s*/\1/g}}}
The coordinates should now be rounded for use by the crude script in (10) unless you plan to handle that yourself in some way. Here is a vim one-liner to do it.
Also, it is probably a good idea to remove duplicate points. Here's a regex for that. {{{s/\(L\d\+ \d\+ \)\1/\1/g}}} - you should run that a couple of times, then {{{s/M\(\d\+ \d\+ \)L\1/M\1/g}}}. That just cuts down on a bit of redundancy. If these regexes match anything, you probably should rerun them.
Since this page is a mass of hacks, here's one more redundancy reducer, in bash this time.
{{{rm dupes.txt;PREVXY=(99999 99999);sed's/\([LM]\)/\n\1/g' inputfile | while read f;do read -a XY <<< "${f:1}";if [ "${f:0:1}"!= "M" ];then if((${XY[0]}-${PREVXY[0]}<3&&${XY[0]}-${PREVXY[0]}>-3&&${XY[1]}-${PREVXY[1]}<3&&${XY[1]}-${PREVXY[1]}>-3));then echo "$f" >> dupes.txt;else echo $f;fi;else echo $f;fi;PREVXY[0]=${XY[0]};PREVXY[1]=${XY[1]};done | xargs > inputfile.dedupe}}}
If dupes.txt has anything in it, you probably should run it again. Anyway, running these reduced a complex test trace from ~8800 points down to ~6500.
7) Convert the path data. Here is a crude script to do that. Note this one uses a line size of 1 (that's the 0x01 business).
If you want larger lines you can pick anything between 0x00 and 0x3F. That's 6-636. See the [DrawnMapFormat] wiki page.
# just a one-line list of points. at least, it had better be one-line
open FILE, $ARGV[0];
 s/([LM])(\d+) (\d+)\s*/point($1,$2,$3)/eg;
sub point
 ($t, $x, $y) = _USER_;
 $y+=0; # just in case
{{{script pointdata > hwpointdata}}}
8) qCompress the data.
{{{g++ -I /usr/include/qt4 -I /usr/include/qt4/QtCore qcompress.cpp -lQtCore}}}
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
 QFile fromFile(argv[1]);
 QFile toFile(argv[2]);
 if( &&
{{{./a.out hwpointdata hwpointdata.Z}}}
9) Convert to base64 and you're done! (whew)
{{{base64 -w0 hwpointdata.Z > mynewhedgewars.hwmap}}}
Here are some example hwmap files from the process above. They look better in 0.9.18+ due to the added size support, allowing thinner lines.


text:
(PhysOrg.com) -- Using a recent development in speech recognition, it is possible to search through television news programmes provided the recognition system has been trained beforehand. PhD candidate Marijn Huijbregts from the University of Twente (Netherlands) has, however, taken things even further: he has developed Spoken Document Retrieval for audio and video files that the speech recognition system has not yet been trained to deal with.
This version of speech recognition works well even if there is a great deal of unexpected background noise. Huijbregts received his doctorate from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science on 21 November.
Information can be retrieved from text very quickly using, for example, an index in a book or a search machine such as Google. However, it is much more difficult to search in audio and video files, as they do not have an easily searchable index. You can use speech recognition to simplify this process as most of the information in audio and video files comes from speech. By recording via speech recognition, you can transform speech into text. To do this, you need a Spoken Document Retrieval (SDR) system; this makes it possible to search directly in audio and video materials, just as if you were searching in ordinary text documents. In other words, a sort of Google for audio and video.
Evening news on television
The Human Media Interaction group at the University of Twente had previously developed an SDR system for an evening television news programme. Search terms could be used to look for specific topics, the system being specially trained using newspaper texts and 20 hours of news programmes. The SDR for the evening news programme worked well because, in that situation, it was more or less known what was going to be said and there was little background noise. If you tried applying this system, without any training, to other video files, it did not perform well. Huijbregts then wondered whether he could develop a SDR system for which almost no training data would be needed, but which could nevertheless deal with unknown audio and video files satisfactorily.
With unknown audio and video files, it is not clear beforehand what is going to happen: who is speaking, what is being said and what sort of background noises are present. Huijbregts therefore developed an SDR system that was robust enough to deal with these unknown situations. It is called SHoUT (this acronym corresponds to the Dutch version of 'Speech Recognition Research at University of Twente'). SDR can be described as robust if it can deal with all audio and video files under all sorts of circumstances, such as background noise or if people are not speaking clearly.
SHoUT is divided up into three stages. Firstly, the system distinguishes between speech and other sounds. For example, background music is filtered out from speech. Secondly, the system identifies different speakers and gives them labels. Then finally the automatic speech recognition takes place: the system transforms speech into text. You can now search the text file for relevant topics using key words, just as Google searches through text files on Internet.
The first version of SHoUT is already available, but Huijbregts is developing it even further. SHoUT and other demonstrations of SDR systems can be found on the website of Huijbregts (_URL_.
Provided by University of Twente, Netherlands
Explore further: No room for wrong notes


A Doll's House Short Essay - Answer Key
Buy the A Doll's House Lesson Plans
1. What example does Torvald give Nora, to try and show her why borrowing is bad?
Torvald asks Nora what she would do if she borrowed money and spent it all by Christmas, and then before Torvald could start his job, he died.
2. What is Nora's reaction to Torvald's example?
Nora is horrified at the idea that Torvald could be killed and says that, if he were gone, she wouldn't care about money at all.
3. Where is Torvald when Nora comes home, and what is its significance?
Torvald is in his study, working, and he doesn't want to be disturbed. Torvald focuses on his work, more than being interested in his wife.
4. What do Torvald's pet names for Nora say about his attitude towards her?
Torvald calls her a little squirrel and a spendthrift. He is condescending to Nora, considering her thoughtless and unable to face serious tasks or ideas.
(read all 60 Short Essay Questions and Answers)
This section contains 2,461 words
(approx. 9 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the A Doll's House Lesson Plans


text:
Diagnostic Immunology Testing for the Hematologist
Assessing immune reconstitution and immune competence post-hematopoietic cell transplantation
Featured Topic Archive
Updated: December 2014
Published: December 2012
The Impact of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation on the Immune System
Hematopoietic cell transplantation recalibrates every component of the hematopoietic system, in addition to resetting the clock on the immune system. Therefore, immunology testing is clinically and financially effective because it helps monitor the adequate numerical and functional recovery of the immune system.
Problems playing the video? View it on Mayo Clinic's YouTube Channel.
Why is Assessment of Immune Reconstitution and Immune Competence post-Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation so Important?
A systematic process of evaluating immune recovery post-transplant will ensure appropriate and accurate interpretation of the laboratory and clinical data. Serial immune monitoring should include pretransplant (preconditioning, followed by predefined and regular posttransplant) immunological analyses, with a selection of tests relevant to time from transplant.
Immune monitoring is important to:
- Verify all components of the immune system (innate and adaptive) are effectively reconstituted (numerically and functionally) within an expected time interval. This determines successful immune competence and impacts long-term outcomes such as infection susceptibility and adequate tumor surveillance.
- Identify individuals at higher risk for cytomegalovirus primary infection or reactivation and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder and assess impact of adoptive immunotherapy or preemptive or prophylactic treatment.
- Determine a personalized schedule for posttransplant vaccination based on an individual patient's immune competence and reconstitution profile rather than a universal (one size fits all) and empirical protocol and ensure competent postvaccination response to vaccines.
- Identify markers associated with acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and response to treatment for GVHD.
- Assess successful immune competence in correlation to maintenance of remission (for malignancies or autoimmunity) or correction of original defect for primary immunodeficiencies.
- Potentially identify markers associated with long-term graft failure or incomplete immune recovery.


text:
Seismic Acquisition and Processing in the SCOOP Play, OK
DownUnder Geosolutions (DUG)
The SCOOP Play (South Central Oklahoma Oil Province) is an oil and liquids-rich province with one of the thickest, highest quality shale resource reservoirs in the United States.The play covers Stephens, Carter, Grady, and Garvin Counties which are considered to be the top oil producing counties in Oklahoma with 3.2 BBo produced, and comprising 60 reservoirs.These primary targets include the Springer, Hoxbar, Caney formations; while the Woodford is the most drilled strata historically.
In 2016 Silverthorne Seismic, LLC completed a wide azimuth, high resolution 3D survey over the southern end of the SCOOP where the Ardmore, and Anadarko basins meet. Expected dips were ranged from 70 – 90+ degrees, with some beds being overturned.
The survey was acquired by Dawson Geophysical utilizing the GSR system.Given the structural complexity of the southern end of the SCOOP play, it was decided that a 55 foot bin spacing would be used, in addition to a 30 line recording patch comprising 360 stations per line.When all available stations were utilized, the patch would give us approximately 40,000 feet of offset.
Given the history of oil and gas production in this area, there a substantial amount of infrastructure to navigate through; particularly in the Velma and Sho-Vel-Tum oil fields.This required reducing buffers from IAGC standards. Utilizing active PPV Vibration Monitoring (PPV), vibrator trucks were able to get within 150 feet in some cases. PPV testing showed that 45 feet was the closest proximity to any pipeline or well-head however, no source point was placed closer than 125 feet.Due to these buffers, there were areas where signal to noise dropped due to lack of near offsets.
The wide azimuth data acquired using modern acquisition parameters was then processed and imaged to form a high-fidelity image of the subsurface. Key aspects of the time processing sequence included the derivation of an appropriate refraction statics solution, tailored amplitude-friendly noise attenuation and high-fidelity interpolation. Multiple noise attenuation algorithms were applied in different domains with a strong focus on signal protection and bandwidth preservation. Careful quality control was required to design the appropriate sequence, significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio while preserving the very steep dips present in the area (see figure 1). After deconvolution, this leads to a broader reliable bandwidth, key to producing a high-resolution image of the subsurface. The interpolation step then further improved the data by compensating for the acquisition coverage irregularities, especially in the shallow subsurface.
The velocity model building strategy relied on integrating all available information to form a geologically and geophysically consistent model. The tomographic refraction statics solution was utilized to form the shallow section of model. The well data were also integrated to ensure a good fit between the seismic velocities and the well velocities and help derive the anisotropy field. Several passes of highresolution anisotropic reflection tomography were then performed to update the model. The careful integration of these techniques leads to a geologically consistent model, flat gathers and an excellent match between well and seismic data. The final image obtained using pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration (see figure 2) showed significant uplift when compared to legacy datasets.
Careful quality control during the time processing and a geologically and geophysically consistent model building approach are key to leverage the benefits of modern land seismic acquisition and generate an enhanced, highresolution, image of the subsurface for interpretation.
Chuck Diggins began his career as Research Geophysicist with Western Geophysical in 1978. Since then he has focused on development, training and services associated with reflection and refraction statics software at companies such as Green Mountain, Maverick, Renegade and XtremeGeo.
Chuck has taught classes in 30 countries, consulted on statics issues worldwide, and provided statics services for both oil and geophysical companies. He has also chaired several SEG technical sessions and workshops.
Chuck recently served as Center Manager for Sterling Seismic Services' Houston office. In 2015, Chuck and Yvonne Diggins created Statics Rocks, LLC, dedicated to all things statics: services, consulting, teaching, programming, etc.
In 2017, Chuck joined DownUnder Geosolutions (DUG) as Principal Geophysicist. Chuck lives in Louisville, Colorado and enjoys biking and photography.


Web-design informational articles
Clear aim using color - web-design
Color is all over and conveys a idea even if we don't achieve it. While this communication can vary by civilization it pays to know what flag "say" in your own bend of the universe, and even what color means to your aim market.
If you don't think that color speaks just absolute this sentence, "red means ---- and green means -" even a child will know what red means stop and green means go. If such down-to-earth ideas work for all of a given civilization or advertise what could it mean to the diagrammatic aim of your website, brochure, or consequence if you know some of this information.
First let's start with the basics. The color wheel. We've all seen it. The color wheel shows the basic colors, each wheel is altered in how many shades of each color is shown, but they are effectively the same.
Color harmony, insignia that go as one well. These will be ensign that are next door to each other on the color wheel. Such as blue and green. In character reference to clothes these flag match each other. Impulsively most of us know which ensign go all together when we dress ourselves every morning.
Color complements, ensign that set each other off, they complement each other. These are flag that are contradictory on the color wheel. Such as blue and orange.
Color depth, flag can decline or jump forward. Bear in mind that some flag seem to fall back such as blue, black, dark green, and brown. Other ensign will seem to step advance such as white, yellow, red, and orange. This is why if you have a brainy ginger backdrop it may seem to fight with any text or metaphors that you place on it. The red will constantly seem to move forward.
Now you have the basics so let's go further. Just since to flag go as one or complement each other doesn't mean that yo essentially want to use them on your project. I opened this critique with the connotation of flag now here is an example, keep in mind this is one case from western culture.
Color Survey: what respondents said flag mean to them.
Happy = Yellow Inexpensive = Brown
Pure = White Powerful = Red (tomato)
Good Luck = green Dependable = Blue
Good tasting = Red (tomato) High Attribute = Black
Dignity = Purple Nausea = Green
Technology = Silver Deity = White
Sexiness = Red (tomato) Bad Luck = Black
Mourning = Black Favorite color = Blue
Expensive = Gold Least desired color = Orange
So in crafty your cast it's crucial to know what insignia mean. You can now see why a black back broken up with green type would be bad, away from being near awkward to read, if your aim advertise thinks that black represents bereavement and green makes them sick. There are exceptions to every rule of course.
So you may want to consist of some examine in what insignia mean to your aim at market. Ensign that would get the awareness of a teen would maybe annoy an older character and the insignia that allure to the older character wouldn't get a back up look from a young person.
Color may be one of the most overlooked aspects of design.
Copyright 2004 Kelly Paal Kelly Paal is a Self-employed Character and Landscape Photographer, exhibiting nationally and internationally. In recent times she ongoing her own affair Kelly Paal Cinematography (www. kellypaalphotography. com). She has an edifying backdrop in photography, business, and business-related art. She enjoys applying decorative blueprint and camera work doctrine to her web design.
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Color Schemes for Web Design University Herald
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text:
1955 – The Making of the English Landscape published
Throughout his time at what was then University College Leicester in the 1930s, WG Hoskins studied the villages around Leicester, both topographically – by walking and cycling the lanes – and historically, by ploughing through boxes of long-ignored parish documents. As new information was revealed to him and new ideas were suggested, he would present his findings to the adult education classes in history and archaeology which he taught in the evenings at Vaughan College – a protozoic example of the University's distinctive 'synergy of teaching and research'.
Ironically, Hoskins was not at that stage employed as a historian but was actually Assistant Lecturer in Economics in the Department of Geography and Commerce. During the war he was sent to London as a Civil Service statistician where, separated from the pure research of countryside landscape and dust-covered file boxes, he was able to consider the work he had done at Leicester and conceived a radically new way to piece together the evidence he had amassed.
'History' as an academic subject was seen as the grand story of kings and countries, wars and laws. The population of England at any time were viewed as horizontal strata: peasants, merchants, nobles, servants, priests. 'Local history' was little more than a hobby, the personal chronicles of notable families. Hoskins' great insight was the realisation that populations could be categorised by location, a sequence of vertical divisions which grouped together whole communities – from peers of the realm to Piers Plowman - and linked them to the town, village or estate where they lived and worked.
By considering how economic, agricultural and industrial developments contributed to (and derived from) the population of a place, the 'Leicester Approach' revolutionised both academic and public understanding of the history of England. When Hoskins returned to Leicester in 1946 the country's first Department of English Local History was created around him. Finally able to devote himself full-time to this new academic discipline, Hoskins continued the research which led, in 1955, to his seminal work The Making of the English Landscape.
In 2013, the University of Leicester's Centre for English Local History continues to apply the 'Leicester Approach' to local history, not just in Leicestershire but throughout the UK, while also teaching the MA in English Local History which Hoskins set up in the 1960s. The Making of the English Landscape was republished in May 2013 and remains as powerful, relevant and fascinating as ever.