Five charts that show Manchester is a city of the future
Manchester has all the attributes a city needs to thrive in the knowledge economy.
In this short, visual article we present five charts that show why Manchester is such a rich, vibrant and economically prosperous city. Our view is that the ingredients of connectivity, culture, talent, scale and scientific heritage make the city well-equipped to thrive in the coming years and decades.
Manchester's cultural and scientific heritage
Before we look forward, let's reflect on the past. Manchester has been a hub of creativity and innovation for centuries.
1653 - The UK's first free public library built.
1783 - Richard Arkwright set up the first mill to use steam power.
1803 - John Dalton's atomic theory.
1830 - The world's first passenger railways started operating.
1850 - The first law in thermo-dynamics was discovered by James Prescott Joule.
1853 - John Benjamin Dancer invented micro-photography and microfilms.
1896 - The first purpose built industrial estate was created at Trafford Park.
1908 - The first British plane was designed and flown by A V Roe.
1917 - Ernest Rutherford discovered how to split the atom.
1948 - The first computer with a stored program and memory was developed.
2005 - First 3D printer of human tissue developed.
2010 - Scientists awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their work on Graphene.
2016 - The first UK city to be awarded the prestigious accolade of European City of Science.
A magnet for talent
Access to talented and creative people is to modern business what access to coal and iron ore was to steel-making. Large agglomerations of highly skilled people are therefore critical to a city's prospects. Manchester has over 100,000 students across four universities, producing 28,000 graduates a year. 51 per cent of students choose to remain in the city.
Number of full-time students and number of students who remain in city after graduation
Source: HESA, Liberty Living. Shaded areas denote graduates retained
The clusters that drive Manchester's growth
Being part of a cluster provides companies with easier access to information and technology, while providing efficiencies in sourcing inputs such as labour. This enables a city's firms to be more productive. Manchester was consistently identified as having one of the top three largest sectoral agglomerations in the UK by the government (2017).
Illustrative map of key clusters which drive central Manchester's economy
Source: Aviva Investors
The UK's largest regional city economy
Agglomeration benefits exist when firms and people locate near one another as co-location makes the exchange of goods and ideas easier and cheaper. The larger the agglomeration, the greater the benefits. Greater Manchester has a population of 2.7 million and the deepest pool of highly skilled labour in centres outside of London. The area has access to more commuters than any regional conurbation in the country: seven million people live within an hour's drive of the city centre.
Average commuter distance using a car to the centre of Manchester
Source: OpenStreetMaps, Aviva Investors
Globally renowned as a city of culture
Manchester is home to two of the world's richest football clubs, bringing the city to the attention of a global audience. It is also famous for its vibrant musical heritage – from the Bee Gees to Joy Division, Happy Mondays to Harry Styles – and the Manchester International Festival, a cutting-edge arts event. These cultural attractions are part of the reason why the city is the third most popular among tourists to the UK.
The most listened to bands from Greater Manchester on Spotify and Deezer
Source: Spotify, Deezer, as at February 13, 2020
A highly connected city region
Good connectivity within a city provides access to larger labour pools and facilitates density. More than 5.6 million journeys are made across Greater Manchester's transport network each day.
Greater Manchester accessibility levels by area
Source: Transport for Greater Manchester 2019
Important information
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text:
Aug. 9, 2012 The sought-after equanimity of "living in the moment" may be impossible, according to neuroscientists who've pinpointed a brain area responsible for using past decisions and outcomes to guide future behavior. The study, based on research conducted at the University of Pittsburgh and published August 9 in the professional journal Neuron, is the first of its kind to analyze signals associated with metacognition -- a person's ability to monitor and control cognition (a term cleverly described by researchers as "thinking about thinking.")
"The brain has to keep track of decisions and the outcomes they produce," said Marc Sommer, who did his research for the study as a University of Pittsburgh neuroscience faculty member and is now on the faculty at Duke University. "You need that continuity of thought," Sommer continued. "We are constantly keeping decisions in mind as we move through life, thinking about other things. We guessed it was analogous to working memory, which would point toward the prefrontal cortex."
Sommer predicted that neuronal correlates of metacognition resided in the same brain areas responsible for cognition, including the frontal cortex -- a part of the brain linked with personality expression, decision making, and social behavior. Sommer worked with Paul G. Middlebrooks, who did his research for the study at Pitt before he received his Pitt PhD in neuroscience in 2011; Middlebrooks is now a postdoctoral fellow at Vanderbilt University. The research team studied single neurons in vivo in three frontal cortical regions of the brain: the frontal eye field (associated with visual attention and eye movements), the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation), and the supplementary eye field (SEF) involved in the planning and control of saccadic eye movements, which are the extremely fast movements of the eye that allow it to continually refocus on an object.
To learn where metacognition occurs in the brain, subjects performed a visual decision-making task that involved random flashing lights and a dominant light on a cardboard square. Participants were asked to remember and pinpoint where the dominant light appeared, guessing whether they were correct. The researchers found that while neural activity correlated with decisions and guesses in all three brain areas, the putative metacognitive activity that linked decisions to bets resided exclusively in the SEF.
"The SEF is a complex area [of the brain] linked with motivational aspects of behavior," said Sommer. "If we think we're going to receive something good, neuronal activity tends to be high in SEF. People want good things in life, and to keep getting those good things, they have to compare what's going on now versus the decisions made in the past."
Sommer noted that defining such concepts related to metacognition, like consciousness, has been difficult for decades. He sees his research and future work related to studying metacognition as one step in a systematic process of working toward a better understanding of consciousness. By studying metacognition, he says, he reduces the big problem of studying a "train of thought" into a simpler component: examining how one cognitive process influences another.
"Why aren't our thoughts independent of each other? Why don't we just live in the moment? For a healthy person, it's impossible to live in the moment. It's a nice thing to say in terms of seizing the day and enjoying life, but our inner lives and experiences are much richer than that."
So far, patients with mental disorders have not been tested on these tasks, but Sommer is interested to see how SEF and other brain areas might be disrupted in these disorders.
"With schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, there is a fracturing of the thought process. It is constantly disrupted, and despite trying to keep a thought going, one is distracted very easily," Sommers said. "Patients with these disorders have trouble sustaining a memory of past decisions to guide later behavior, suggesting a problem with metacognition."
Funding for this research was provided by the University of Pittsburgh, the joint University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
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- Paul G. Middlebrooks, Marc A. Sommer. Neuronal Correlates of Metacognition in Primate Frontal Cortex. Neuron, 2012; 75 (3): 517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.028
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Chogyal of Sikkim
Former Monarchy
Seal of Sikkim color.png
Seal of Sikkim
First monarch Chogyal Phuntsog Namgyal
Last monarch Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal
Official residence Gangtok, Sikkim
Monarchy began 1642
Monarchy ended May 16, 1975
Current pretender(s) Wangchuk Namgyal
The Chogyal (Tibetan: ཆོས་རྒྱལWylie: chos rgyal) were the monarchs of the former kingdoms of Sikkim and Ladakh, which were ruled by separate branches of the Namgyal family. The Chogyal, or divine ruler, was the absolute potentate of Sikkim from 1642 to 1975, when monarchy was abrogated and its people voted in a referendum to make Sikkim India's 22nd state.
However, Chogyal meaning "Dharma Raja" or "Religious King" is a title which was also conferred upon a special class of temporal and spiritual rulers.
In Bhutan the Chogyal were also known as the Dharmaraja, or Kings of Dharma, and Shabdrung. In this context, the Chogyal was a recognized reincarnation (or succession of reincarnations) of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, the 17th Century Tibetan-born founder of Bhutan. A position of supreme importance, the Bhutanese Chogyal was above both the highest monastic authority, the Je Khenpo, and the highest temporal ruler, the Deb Raja or Druk Desi.[1] The Tibetan Dzogchen teacher Namkhai Norbu holds this title as a recognized reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyel, and there is also a line of claimed reincarnations in Bhutan and India. The remainder of this article deals with the Chogyal of Sikkim. For Bhutan, see Shabdrung.
Padmasambhava or Guru Rinpoche, Sikkim.
From 1642 to 1975, Sikkim was ruled by the Namgyal Monarchy (also called the Chogyal Monarchy), founded by the fifth-generation descendants of Guru Tashi, a prince of the Minyak House who came to Sikkim from the Kham district of Tibet.[2] Chogyal means 'righteous ruler', and was the title conferred upon Sikkim's Buddhist kings during the reign of the Namgyal Monarchy.[3]
The reign of the Chogyal was foretold by the patron saint of Sikkim, Guru Rinpoche. The 8th-century saint had predicted the rule of the kings when he arrived in the state. In 1642, Chogyal Phuntsog Namgyal was crowned as Sikkim's first ruler in Yuksom. The crowning of the king was a great event and he was crowned by three revered lamas who arrived there from three different directions, namely the north, west and south.
List of Chogyals of Sikkim (_PHONE_)[edit]
Flag of Sikkim (_PHONE_)
Flag of Sikkim (_PHONE_)
Flag of Sikkim (_PHONE_)
# Reign Portrait Ruler Events during reign
1 1642–1670 No image.png Phuntsog Namgyal Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim. Made the capital in Yuksom.
2 1670–1700 No image.png Tensung Namgyal Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom.
3 1700–1717 No image.png Chakdor Namgyal His half-sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor, who fled to Lhasa, but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetans.
4 1717–1733 No image.png Gyurmed Namgyal Sikkim was attacked by Nepalese.
5 1733–1780 No image.png Phuntsog Namgyal II Nepalese raided Rabdentse, the then capital of Sikkim.
6 1780–1793 No image.png Tenzing Namgyal Chogyal fled to Tibet, and later died there in exile.
7 1793–1863 No image.png Tshudpud Namgyal The longest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim. Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong. Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim. Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835. Two Britons, Dr. Arthur Campbell and Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849. Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed, in which Darjeeling was ceded to British India.
8 1863–1874 No image.png Sidkeong Namgyal
9 1874–1914 Thutob Namgyal.jpg Thutob Namgyal Claude White appointed as the first political officer of Sikkim in 1889. Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894.
10 1914 Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal.jpg Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal The shortest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim, ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914. Died of heart failure, aged 35, in most suspicious circumstances.
11 1914–1963 Tashi Namgyal.jpg Tashi Namgyal Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950, giving India suzerainty over Sikkim.
12 1963–1975 Palden Thondup Namgyal.jpg Palden Thondup Namgyal The 12th Chogyal, Indian sovereignty post plebiscite.
The son from the first marriage of Palden Thondup Namgyal, Wangchuk Namgyal, was named the 13th Chogyal after his father's death on 29 January 1982, but the position no longer confers any official authority.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Norbu, Namkhai (1988, 2000). The Crystal and the Way of Light: The Teachings of Namkhai Norbu. (Snow Lion Publications) pg.20 and Notes.
 2. ^ States and Territories of India series. Online: [1] (accessed: May 14, 2008)
 3. ^ Buyers, Christopher (2002). The Namgyal Dynasty: Brief History. Online [2] (accessed: May 14, 2008).
External links[edit]


Unit Converter
Conversion formula
The conversion factor from cubic feet to liters is 28._PHONE_, which means that 1 cubic foot is equal to 28._PHONE_ liters:
1 ft3 = 28._PHONE_ L
To convert 107 cubic feet into liters we have to multiply 107 by the conversion factor in order to get the volume amount from cubic feet to liters. We can also form a simple proportion to calculate the result:
1 ft3 → 28._PHONE_ L
107 ft3 → V(L)
Solve the above proportion to obtain the volume V in liters:
V(L) = 107 ft3 × 28._PHONE_ L
V(L) = 3029._PHONE_ L
The final result is:
107 ft3 → 3029._PHONE_ L
We conclude that 107 cubic feet is equivalent to 3029._PHONE_ liters:
107 cubic feet = 3029._PHONE_ liters
Alternative conversion
We can also convert by utilizing the inverse value of the conversion factor. In this case 1 liter is equal to 0.00033004361282437 × 107 cubic feet.
Another way is saying that 107 cubic feet is equal to 1 ÷ 0.00033004361282437 liters.
Approximate result
For practical purposes we can round our final result to an approximate numerical value. We can say that one hundred seven cubic feet is approximately three thousand twenty-nine point nine zero three liters:
107 ft3 ≅ 3029.903 L
An alternative is also that one liter is approximately zero times one hundred seven cubic feet.
Conversion table
cubic feet to liters chart
For quick reference purposes, below is the conversion table you can use to convert from cubic feet to liters
cubic feet (ft3) liters (L)
108 cubic feet 3058.219 liters
109 cubic feet 3086.536 liters
110 cubic feet 3114.853 liters
111 cubic feet 3143.17 liters
112 cubic feet 3171.487 liters
113 cubic feet 3199.804 liters
114 cubic feet 3228.121 liters
115 cubic feet 3256.437 liters
116 cubic feet 3284.754 liters
117 cubic feet 3313.071 liters


text:
Une inévitable solitude: Varlam Chalamov et la tradition idéologique
AN INEVITABLE LONELINESS: VARLAM SHALAMOV AND THE IDEOLOGICAL TRADITION / This paper explains the reasons for the painful return of Shalamov to the Muscovite world, and analyses the various conflicts he had to face, regarding both his new and his former, detention, comrades. In this way, we can understand the impact that his first arrest in 1929 had on the construction of his existential model as well as on his aesthetic choices. Among these choices, can be considered his loyalty regarding politics and poetic engagement for the generation of 1920s, as he had interpreted it. On this basis, this paper investigates a number of ways of interpreting literary history made possible by some recent finds concerning the Shalamov's biography, and analyses the rupture between Shalamov and Solzhenitsyn.
Key words: painful return; politics and poetic engagement; generation of 1920s; Shalamov's archives

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Laser Printers Buying Guide
Laser printers have long been used by medium to large businesses, but they are now much more affordable for small businesses and home offices as well. These days, monochrome laser printers can be bought for as little as $100, while decent colour laser printers start from around $600. Laser printers are still more expensive than their inkjet counterparts but they also offer advantages like faster print speeds and, often, lower running costs.
There are a number of factors you should consider when looking to buy a laser printer.
Printer consumables
Laser printers' consumables are typically cheaper than inkjets'. However, the cost of running a printer will still far outweigh the initial price tag in the long run, so considering the costs of a particular model's consumables is a good first step.
Toners are the biggest cost, as you'll need to replace them most frequently. They aren't the only consumables, though: you might also need to replace the printer's drum, fuser unit and waste toner unit.
The best way to compare different models' consumable costs is to calculate their cost per page. You can do this by finding the cost of the printer's individual consumables as well as their lifespan, which is often quoted in page yield (the number of A4 pages it will last). Then use this formula:
Cost of consumable / Page yield = Cost per A4 page
Calculate this for individual consumables then add them together to get the overall cost per page. Page yields aren't always accurate, but the cost per page is still a good comparative point between models, particularly from the same manufacturer.
It's worth checking if you can pick up a remanufactured toner cartridge from Cartridge World or similar stores. Printer manufacturers discourage buying third-party consumables but it can be a more cost effective way of purchasing toners.
You can always try to lengthen the lifespan of consumables by printing at lower resolutions or using toner-saving modes where available. The reduction in document quality is sometimes minimal and you will use less toner powder.
Print resolution
The quality of a printer's output is partially indicated by the number of dots per square inch (dpi) that it can distribute across a sheet of paper. This figure depends on the accuracy of the printer's hardware, and you can usually expect of range of 600 to 2400 dpi on monochrome and colour laser printers depending on their price. It isn't always necessary to go for the highest possible resolution — in most cases you can produce good quality text documents using 300 or 600 dpi. However, for graphics a higher print resolution can mean greater detail.
Printer manufacturers may also quote an "optimised" print resolution, which uses both printer hardware and software to smooth images for better quality results.
High-end text laser printers also offer halftone printing, which can produce increased shades of grey, and lines per inch (lpi) quality settings, which determine how detailed halftone graphics are. This is mainly important if you're looking for the highest possible text quality or plan to print lots of graphics from a monochrome printer.
A high print resolution doesn't necessarily mean that text documents will look fantastic or that colours will be accurate. Ultimately, the best way to compare is to find a store that offers sample printouts and examine them, as well as read independent reviews that rely on real-world tests (like PC World's).
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Rokeby Houses
Rokeby boys love their Houses. They provide a sense of belonging and a healthy competitive spirit uniting our boys with one goal: to win the house shield!
We have four houses: Bazalgette, Galsworthy, Moody and Olive.
Bazalgette is named after a former pupil who was awarded the VC in the Second World War; Galsworthy is named after the author John Galsworthy whose family owned the Rokeby building in the 19th Century; Moody is named after a former Headmaster; and Olive is named after the founder of Rokeby, Charles Olive.
There are regular, lively and enjoyable competitions between the Houses in a variety of sporting and non-sporting activities. These are, in the autumn term, House Football and Athenaeum; in the spring term, House rugby, cross-country, basketball, swimming and the House 'sing off' as part of 'Arts Week'; in the summer term, House cricket and athletics (Sports Day).
House points are also accumulated through academic endeavour as well as kindness and chivalry.
Each House has a noticeboard. The boards are a place where House achievements are displayed along with photographs of House activities. Boys take an active role in maintaining these boards.
There are four staff House Leaders and House Captains and Sports Captains are appointed from amongst the Year 8 boys and are members of the School Council.


text:
Bangladesh to hold massive cholera vaccine trial
Health officials in Bangladesh are due to launch the world's largest trial of an affordable cholera vaccine which could save tens of thousands of lives.
The study involves nearly 250,000 people near the capital, Dhaka.
If the results are positive, the programme can be replicated in other countries where cholera is a big problem, officials say.
Cholera outbreaks every year during the monsoon season kill hundreds in Bangladesh.
But many oral vaccinations are considered too expensive for millions of people in this impoverished country.
The latest initiative aims to test an affordable version of an oral vaccination, which is one-tenth of the cost of the current available vaccines.
Two-thirds of the 250,000 people involved in the trial will receive two doses of the Indian-made vaccine.'At high risk'
The remainder will not receive the medicine and the two groups will be monitored over the next four years.
"It is a study that will demonstrate that we can deliver the vaccine to the population that needs it the most, the people at high risk of cholera," Firdousi Qadri, one of the scientists involved in the project said.
"At the same time it will be a test of the existing immunisation mechanism that we have in this country," she said.
One of the broader aims of the project is to get a better idea of how many people die each year from cholera.
If the programme proves successful, then the authorities will go for a mass immunisation of the entire country.
The results are likely to trigger interest from other developing countries, like Haiti, which have had outbreaks of cholera.
But critics say that modern-day drugs do not offer long-term protection against every cholera strain.
Some experts say that along with mass vaccination, investments in improved water and sanitation infrastructure can help reduce the impact of cholera.


fbq('track', 'ViewContent');
If a flashback is a backwards jump in narrative time, and a time jump is a forwards jump, then head hopping is usually a sideways jump. Another possibility is to have two or more narratives running concurrently, often from different time periods. We've all read novels in which these techniques have been used successfully, which encourages us to have a go at them ourselves. This isn't always advisable.
I have seen responses from editors, agents and publishers that have indicated a blanket dislike for anything that isn't a simple, linear narrative. Head hopping seems to be particularly frowned upon. So why are publishers so often dead set against switches in perspective, and why do writing courses generally advise against them? Probably because they've seen them done so badly in the past.
An ordinary linear narrative featuring the perspective of one character is difficult enough to get right. As soon as you bring other timelines or perspectives into play, you are making the storytelling that much harder for yourself. You are also courting the risk of losing your reader's interest. Once you have established a narrative and got it ticking along nicely – hopefully building momentum and encouraging the reader to keep turning pages – you need a very good reason to interrupt that.
For inexperienced writers, it is almost never a good idea to break up your narrative momentum by adding a flashback, or switching to the perspective of another character. Flashbacks can inserted into a Prologue without much difficulty, and a forward time-jump can usually fit comfortably into an epilogue. But when you try to shoehorn them into the fabric of the novel you often run into trouble, unless you have considerable experience. If there is information about the narrative past or about a character's thoughts and feelings that you need to convey in order to move your story along, there are other ways to do it. Dribbling that kind of information into the text by means of dialogue and back story can be very effective.
'Dribbling' is the operative word here. It is seldom a good idea to hit your reader with a thick wedge of dialogue that exists for no other purpose than to catch the reader up on the back story. The same goes for big blocks of retrospective in the narrative. As soon as you do that, you are straying into the territory of the information dump, about which I have written more here.
There are certain genres where time jumps and head hopping are inevitable. If you write romance, for example, you will have noticed how fashionable it is to use dual perspectives to give the reader insight into the emotions of both halves of a romantic couple. One way to do this is to add a minor cliffhanger to the end of each person's chapter. This leaves the reader wanting more and feeling reluctant to leave that particular character's section. Then you start the next character's section on a strong and intriguing note so that the reader immediately becomes immersed in their world. That way you keep up a nice tension between eagerness and regret as the reader flips from one character to another. As long as the reader keeps turning pages, you are doing your job.
If you have more than one perspective, make sure your characters 'speak' in different voices. This applies to first-person narrative, but also to deep third-person. Your characters' interior lives should not be indistinguishable from each other. They should each have their own distinctive phrasing and ways of reacting to situations that mark them out as individuals.
Epic fantasy and inter-generational sagas are also almost impossible to sustain without multiple perspectives, different locations, and a sweep of decades, or even millennia. Again, mild cliff-hangers can leave the reader wanting more. But if you are abandoning a time period for good, make sure you have ended it on a satisfying note, trying up most of the loose ends. At the same time, try to leave some unanswered questions that pertain to the next time period. These should be intriguing enough for the reader to want to follow you into that time period, rather than putting the book down to watch Game of Thrones instead.
Chapters are the obvious way of breaking a story up into sections, but 'Parts' come into their own when time jumping and perspective swapping are involved. A great way to separate your Victoria era from your 21st Century, for example, is to divide your book into a Part 1 and a Part 2. 'Parts' should be used sparingly however, and only to create a more significant break than that indicated by a chapter. If you overuse them, they lose their effectiveness and degenerate into glorified chapters.
As always where writing fiction is concerned, there are no rules, only guidelines. But it is a good idea to know where those lines are before you decide to colour outside them.


text:
view a plan
Dance your way into learning about Earth Day with the book "Earth Dance"
1, 2, 3
Title – Earth Day Celebration: Earth Dance!
By – Jodi Hough-Garlie
Primary Subject – Language Arts
Secondary Subjects –
Grade Level – First thru Third
Name/Title: Earth Day Celebration: "Earth Dance"
Academic Content: Language Arts with physical movement incorporated.
Purpose of Event: To imitate action sentences from the book, "Earth Dance", with the game
1. Explain what is Earth Day and why we celebrate it?
2. The class needs to have the book "Earth Dance", by Joanne Ryder, read to them by the classroom teacher.
Grade Level: 2 to 3
Resources needed: "Earth Dance", by Joanne Ryder
Large area in room or if nice go outside.
Physical Activity: Rhythmic and locomotor movements with Move/Freeze Game.
- Cognitive: SWBAT understand and know the meaning of Earth Day and why we
- Affective: SWBAT follow directions and rules to the Move/Freeze Game. SWBAT be
socially conscious of Earth Day.
- Psychomotor: SWBAT move in rhythmic and locomotor movements while playing the
Motivation: The teacher will walk to the front of the class with a stick with a poker on the end, in one hand, and a garbage bag in the other while singing, "I'm going to wash that pollution right out of this earth". (To the tune of, "I'm going to wash that man right out of my hair")
1. Motivation – as stated above.
2. Prerequisite – Read book and explain "What is Earth Day and why we celebrate it".
3. Explain the Move/Freeze Game rules and directions. The rules are as follows:
- No talking/mouth sounds
- No running
- No climbing under or over anything
- Hands to yourself
Directions: The teacher will say move in such a way (i.e. a happy second grader). The students will move as stated and after a few seconds the teacher will say freeze. The students should stop moving when the teachers says freeze. The students should freeze in the position that they stopped in. If the students are still moving in anyway (moving head, feet, or hands) the students that were moving will have to go to the designated "refrigerator" chill out spot for a few turns.
4. Demonstrate the Move/Freeze Game. Such as; the teacher will move around the area acting like a queen. The teacher will say freeze and stop moving and freeze in that position.
5. Do three trial runs with the students. Pick three movements that the students are familiar with. Such as; walk like you are walking through snow or act like a baby. Have students move for a few seconds then say freeze. Call the names of any students that are still moving(even wiggling hands or head turning to look at teacher). If playing the game for real these students would have to go to the "refrigerator" to chill out for a couple turns but during the trial runs they can stay. Once the three trial runs are complete then play the real thing.
6. Once they get good at different movements, start incorporating the book, "Earth Dance". Explain to them that they will listen to a sentence of the book and once the teacher is done reading the sentence the students can move to create the sentence. Such as; "Move as if you are the earth, your arms are stretched out wide and you are slowly spinning". Let the students move for a few seconds and say freeze.
7. Continue through the book and play the Move/Freeze Game. Every time they hear the teacher say "move" in the sentence that is their cue to get ready to play.
8. Ask students how they feel or felt as they were pretending to be the earth.
9. Conduct cognitive assessment (as follows in assessment outline.) For the affective and psychomotor the teacher will be observing throughout the game and letting other students be the reader of the "Earth Dance". (Or caller).
- Cognitive: Students will know the meaning of Earth Day. Each student will write a three sentence statement of what they can do to help protect the earth from pollution.
- Affective: Students will follow rules and directions while playing the Move/Freeze Game. Students will take turns watching the class to be sure everyone is following the rules and directions. If not, students will be sent to the "refrigerator" to chill out for one to two turns. Students will actively participate in cleaning the school grounds. (Socially conscious).
- Psychomotor: Students will play the Move/Freeze Game and move when the teacher states a movement and create the movement with their bodies. The students will freeze or stop when the teacher states freeze.
E-Mail Jodi Hough-Garlie!


text:
By Thomas Catenacci
A coalition of more than 130 organizations and companies signed a petition Monday, urging the federal government to require hydropower utilities to report emissions data.
"By reporting emissions from dams and reservoirs, we can develop smarter climate policies at the federal, state, and local levels," Michael Hiatt, a senior attorney with Earthjustice, said in a statement. "The Biden administration has prioritized addressing methane pollution and building a clean energy future."
"It is imperative that we better understand methane emissions from dams and reservoirs, and that we do not pursue energy sources that are not actually clean," Hiatt said.
The petition, led by Earthjustice and outdoor apparel company Patagonia, asked the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to initiate a rulemaking procedure that would add dams and reservoirs as a source category under the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GGRP). The coalition argued that hydropower facilities are exempt from reporting requirements despite being a producer of harmful methane emissions.
The GGRP is an EPA program that requires greenhouse gas emission sources, fuel and industrial gas suppliers to publicly disclose how much pollution they emit on an annual basis. The agency shares the data in an annual October report.
"This petition matters in the fight against climate change because you can't solve the biggest problem facing humanity without good information," Patagonia CEO Ryan Gellert said. "The EPA counts greenhouse gas emissions from more than 8,000 sites. It doesn't make sense to exclude dams and reservoirs that are emitting methane, a greenhouse gas twenty-five times as potent as carbon dioxide."
But groups such as the National Hydropower Association (NHA) have argued that the power source is essential to ensuring a carbon-free future. The group has described hydropower as a "climate solution."
Overall, hydropower accounted for about 2.65% of the total energy consumed in the U.S. in 2020, the latest year with data, according to the Energy Information Administration. By comparison, solar produced 1.32% and wind accounted for 3.12%, the data showed.
In July 2021, Democratic Washington Sen. Maria Cantwell and Republican Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski introduced a bill that would create new federal tax incentives to encourage hydropower development. The bipartisan legislation maintained the importance of ensuring the availability of "emissions-free, affordable electricity" to Americans.
"Recognizing the importance of the health of our rivers and hydropower, Senators Cantwell and Murkowski are moving forward a critical piece of a negotiated proposal between conservation groups, dam safety organizations, and the hydropower industry for investment in the rehabilitation, retrofit, and removal of dams," four industry groups — American Rivers, the NHA, The Nature Conservancy and Low Impact Hydropower Institute — said in a joint statement after the bill was introduced.
Green groups have also taken issue with both solar and wind power on environmental grounds. They have also opposed mining projects in the U.S. despite the importance of critical minerals for developing clean energy technology.
Content created by The Daily Caller News Foundation is available without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. For licensing opportunities for this original content, email _EMAIL_.
8 thoughts on "Environmental groups attack hydropower over large emissions profile"
The problem with methane (CH4) is that there is no problem. The reason why is that the absorption spectrum of water vapor (H2O) masks most that of methane. Which means the GHG effects of methane are insignificant as most radiation which methane might absorb have already been captured by water vapor. Also the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere is very slight, averaging about 1800 ppb compared to CO2 at 400 ppm and H20 at 10000 – 20000 ppm.
Fine. If they think hydro power producers are hiding CO2 emissions, especially when compared to solar and wind, they're in for a rude awakening. All this legislation would do is add more bureaucratic costs for the consumer. On the other hand, Hydro Quebec, for example, already publishes its emissions data. And it still sells its power for less than half the cost of solar and wind. And the Seabrook nuclear power Vermont buys on an on-demand basis emits no CO2 and still costs only pennies more than HQ power.
This article seemed to concentrate more on methane. So, is this the beginning of the end for livestock. Is this how we're made to transfer to an all plant based diet.
Hydro Quebec (HQ) emission data also includes methane. When reservoirs are first created, because of the organic material initially submerged, methane emissions are relatively high. But over time they diminish significantly. Most of HQ's generating capacity comes from reservoirs created years ago in which methane emissions have declined.
Re: "So, is this the beginning of the end for livestock."
This is the crux of the current environmental panic. Any living thing that digests green plants (directly or indirectly) interferes with the carbon sequestration cycle (i.e., photosynthesis). When taken out of context, it appears to some that we're destroying the planet by our mere existence. This social pathology (some now call it Mass Formation Psychosis) grows as population and mass-communication driven stress increases. I suspect we're witnessing more and more chronic depression, self-hatred, feelings of inadequacy, guilt (original sin), and low self-esteem, resulting in the further breakdown of social norms, including pansexual and aggressive behavior, declining birth rates and, in extreme cases, more instances of the Jonestown "messiah" disorder.
My opinion: It's nature's way. Praemonitus praemunitus.
I want all these environmentalists to be smart test cases for their wants. Give them all smart meters that turns off their power when the sun doesn't shine or the wind doesn't blow, or the load exceeds what the green sources can produce. After a year of living like that, they can report back to what they like about it. — How come not a single one of them wants to live like that.
Think these "environmentalists" should go out to evaluate methane releases from beaver dams, swamps and vents for septic tanks. Don't return until you have fully documented and written a report on all sources.
"we do not pursue energy sources that are not actually clean,"
"emissions-free, affordable electricity"
Seems to me that you can wish all you want, but now and for the foreseeable future, these things do not exist.
Comments are closed.


text:
Due to icy conditions on campus, A-B Tech will have a delayed start of 10 a.m. today for students and employees.
Clinic Coop Or Shop Hours
This course introduces computer programming using the C++ programming language with object-oriented programming principles. Emphasis is placed on event-driven programming methods, including creating and manipulating objects, classes, and using object-oriented tools such as the class debugger. Upon completion, students should be able to design, code, test and debug at a beginning level. This course has been approved to satisfy the Comprehensive Articulation Agreement for transferability as a pre-major and/or elective course requirement.


text:
Letters are very special. There are only 26 letters in the English language, yet they hold infinite potential as they are the building blocks of words. So, as we all know, letters form words and words create language. But could letters, as special as they are, build something in addition to words. How about furniture?
Joel and Elmy thought letters could become pieces made to assemble into word furniture. So they took the alphabet, and built letters into a CHAIR, TABLE, and LAMP. Each piece is created by the letters of the word that is the object. So the letters C, H, A, I, and R, actually make a chair.
The design is brilliant and fun, and each piece brings the indispensable elements of language into furniture. Now words aren't just words.
The Alphabet series is not available everywhere, but you can order it online, and the design of the plywood letters allow for cheaper, flat-packed shipping.


EXCLUSIVE: Mace to discuss mental health innovation at Employee Benefits Live 2017
Judith Grant
EXCLUSIVE: Judith Grant (pictured), associate director, health and wellbeing at construction organisation Mace, will discuss how employers can take an innovative approach to mental health at Employee Benefits Live 2017.
Her session, titled 'Getting proactive with mental health at work', will form part of the health and wellbeing conference stream on Tuesday 10 October, which is also World Mental Health Day.
Presenting alongside Claire Douglas, health and wellbeing manager, Europe at Pitney Bowes, Grant will supply practical tips and ideas on how HR and benefits professionals can be more strategic when implementing a mental health programme.
Grant will highlight how a successful mental health strategy should reach beyond the provision of employee assistance programmes (EAPs), occupational health services, and health insurance to also include workplace conversations. She will explain how this can help organisations take a proactive approach to encourage employees to talk about their mental health concerns earlier and therefore improve outcomes. Grant will also draw on her experience in the construction sector, where suicide is a prevalent issue among staff, and explain why there needs to be more discussion about suicide and mental health at work.
Grant will also look at the importance of internal collaboration when developing an all-encompassing mental health approach in order to ensure that the best results for employees can be achieved.
She said: "Managing mental health at work or supporting mental health at work needs to be far-reaching, so thinking about do [employers] need to train or support people to have better conversations at work? People [who] feel they can talk about their issues earlier on, maybe don't need to go to the employee assistance programme, or rely on the health insurance. Actually having a conversation and talking about how they feel and getting help earlier might prevent a whole lot of pain for that individual and obviously cost for the business as well.
"It is about collaborating with as many different people across the organisation so [employers] can sell the idea of wellbeing in as many different corporate languages as possible so that it lands to whoever it's reaching."
Employee Benefits Live 2017 will take place on Tuesday 10 and Wednesday 11 October at Olympia National, London.
For more information or to book your place.


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Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Pritchardia remota ssp. aylmer-robinsonii (H.St.John) R.W.Read
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii is a species of palm tree that is endemic to the island of Niʻihau, Hawaii, United States. It inhabits coastal dry forests at an elevation of 70–270 m (230–890 ft). P. aylmer-robinsonii reaches a height of 7–15 m (23–49 ft) and a trunk diameter of 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in). Harold St. John discovered this species in 1949, and the specific epithet refers to Aylmer Francis Robinson, a member of the family that owned the island. P. aylmer-robinsonii has been reintroduced to the Makauwahi Cave Reserve on Kauaʻi, where the species is believed to have previously ranged.
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Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


School History
In late 2008, Heather Fish began discussing the idea of founding a new martial arts school within her community of friends and martial artists. The founding members came together to create and support a new community where individual martial artists could not only train together, but actively support each other as they grew as a martial artists and as people.
Polaris Fellowship incorporated as a Michigan Nonprofit in 2009.
Polaris is named for the North Star. This symbolizes that as we study and learn together, we develop the tools which allow us to better find our individual paths. Polaris is deeply rooted in fellowship and the school actively works to build a supportive martial arts community for its members.
The school's symbol, the pole star, was designed by Scott Wilhelm.


text:
Tissue harmonic imaging: why does it work?
Thomas JD; Rubin DN
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998 Aug;11(8):803-8
The recent utilization of harmonic frequencies in the imaging of both tissue and contrast
agents has dramatically improved echocardiographic image quality. In contrast
harmonics, the harmonic frequency energy is generated on reflection from the
microbubble contrast agent. In tissue harmonics, the harmonic frequency energy is
generated gradually as the ultrasonic wave propagates through the tissue. Critical to the
utility of tissue-generated harmonic frequencies is their origin beyond the chest wall and
their nonlinear relation to the fundamental frequency energy strength. These two
characteristics of tissue-generated harmonics ensure that the echoes most likely to
produce artifact are least likely to produce harmonic waves. Armed with an understanding
of how these images are produced and with data emerging as to their clinical utility, we
anticipate that harmonic imaging will become the standard for assessing regional and
global left ventricular function in technically difficult studies.
Back to E-chocardiography Home Page.


Grieving Process Compared to a Pinball MachineA person working through the different stages of grief may unpredictably bounce around from one stage to another, popping back and forth between emotions such as shock, anger or depression.
This process can be compared to the workings of a pinball machine, said the researchers of a new study published in the Mental Health Practice journal.
Margaret Baier, Ph.D., of Baylor University and Ruth Buechsel, Psy.D., of Brooke Army Medical Center in Texas, explain that researchers are not trying to portray the stages of grief as a game or downplay the experience, but that the comparison can help people understand that grieving is not a linear process.
Similar to a pinball machine, there are triggers which can extend or even restart the grieving process. For example, a trigger could be the anniversary of a death or a special event that a grieving person once shared with their deceased loved one.
This pinball model can be used by healthcare professionals during therapy to show grieving people that their emotions are normal. It may also be adaptable to help those suffering through a separation, divorce, loss of employment or financial loss, said the researchers.
In the literature, the authors highlight various models and factors considered helpful with coping and adjusting during bereavement. However, they add, many of the models are misinterpreted as linear.
Patients suffering through the death of a loved one often report feeling as though they are "bouncing" from one stage to another, which elicited the image of a pinball.
The researchers say their model illustrates the grieving process in a way that helps bereaved people see and understand the emotional process they are experiencing, which in turn helps them normalize and move through the grieving experience.
This normalization may help people relax and better process grief, while offering them a sense of assurance in a seemingly chaotic time. It also helps them be prepared when grief is triggered by other events or prolonged, as in the process of complicated grief.
Source: Mental Health Practice


up. Like the Rorschach ink blot tests that psychologists use to probe a person's psyche, claims about the Face on Mars tell us more about humanity's desire not to be alone in the universe than about Martian geology.
There is another region on Mars that looks like Kermit the Frog. On the planet Venus, there is a volcanic feature that resembles the face of Miss Piggy (minus one ear). Taken together, and using the same logic as proponents of the Face on Mars, these two features would seem to prove that there once was a group of intelligent aliens who traveled from planet to planet, and worshipped Muppets! Most people would agree that is just a little absurd.
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text: Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and as a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to barley and wheat. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, some whiskies, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries, or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats. Rye is a cereal and should not be confused with ryegrass which is used for lawns, pasture, and hay for livestock. Malting is a process applied to cereal grains, in which the grains are made to germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further by drying/heating with hot air. Thus, malting is a combination of two processes: the sprouting process and the kiln-drying process. These latter terms are often preferred when referring to the field of brewing for batches of beer or other beverages as they provide more in-depth information. The term "malt" refers to several products of the process: the grains to which this process has been applied, for example malted barley; the sugar, heavy in maltose, derived from such grains, such as the baker's malt used in various cereals; or a product based on malted milk, similar to a malted milkshake (i.e., "malts"). Whisky or beer made from malted barley or rye can also be called malt, as in Alfred Edward Housman's aphorism "malt does more than Milton can, to justify God's ways to Man."


text:
The Excel IMSQRT function returns the square root of a supplied complex number.
The syntax of the function is :
Where the inumber argument is a complex number.
In the example below, the Excel Imsqrt function is used to calculate the square root of different complex numbers.
The spreadsheet on the left shows the formulas and the spreadsheet on the right shows the results.
More details and examples of the Excel Imsqrt function are provided on the Microsoft Office website.
If you get an error from the Excel Imsqrt Function, this is likely to be one of the following:
|_TAG_!||-||Occurs if the supplied inumber argument is not recognised as a complex number|
Occurs when Analysis ToolPak add-in is not enabled in your Excel.


4 Signs You Need a New Dryer Blower Wheel
A white drying machine.
 - 1 hours
 - Intermediate
 - 45
What You'll Need
Blower Fan
The blower fan is a vital component in your clothes dryer. In a gas dryer, this component consists of a drum-shaped fan that is connected to the motor by an axle. In an electric dryer, it is usually a plastic wheel that draws air over the heating element into the dryer drum. The wheel works in synchrony with the motor and creates a powerful air current. It draws air from outside the machine and circulates the air inside the drum to dry clothes. It then expels the air outside the machine through an exhaust vent. Whether yours is a gas or electric dryer, a bad blower wheel needs to be replaced. Below are 4 signs that indicate it's time to replace this component.
1. High Pitched Noise
You may hear a loud squealing or high-pitched noise from your dryer when you run it. In most cases, this can be traced to a faulty blower wheel. The blades of the wheel may become bent with time. They could also develop cracks or wear out at certain points. A faulty wheel strains as it spins which can cause high pitched noises to emanate from your dryer.
2. Loud Vibrations
A laundry room with a dryer.
Your dryer may vibrate loudly soon after the drum begins to move or right after it stops moving. It may even sound like there's a pair of shoes inside the dryer. Sometimes the machine may also rumble when in operation. A likely cause of this noise is a worn out or damaged blower wheel. A damaged wheel spins out of sync with the motor. This may cause the dryer to rumble as it runs. However, sometimes the wheel may just be clogged with lint which can also cause noise when you run the dryer. Remove all dirt from the wheel and test it to see if the dryer is still noisy. If the noise persists, you'll have to replace the wheel.
3. Dryer Doesn't Dry Clothes Properly
An open dryer door.
Perhaps your dryer fails to dry clothes completely. You may feel some wet or damp areas when you remove your clothes from the dryer. This is usually traced to a damaged blower wheel. If the wheel is damaged or worn out, it is likely to create poor airflow within the dryer drum. The wheel will be unable to efficiently expel air and moisture from within the drum into the exhaust vent. This means that even when you set the dryer to run for a full cycle, your clothes will not dry completely. This calls for a wheel replacement.
4. Several Cycles Necessary to Dry a Load
This may be caused by poor or slow airflow through the dryer. Poor airflow is usually caused by a worn-out wheel. Most blower wheels have a D-shaped hole in the center. With time, this hole gets stripped out. This loosens the tension of the wheel as it spins on its axle. The wheel spins out of sync with the motor which causes poor airflow through the dryer. Poor airflow lowers the efficiency of the dryer.
If any of these issues are happening with your dryer, it may be time for a new blower wheel.


.
See: Rip
Tape is used for many purposes on a flying trapeze. Athletic (or Zinc Oxide) tape is the most common and is used to add friction to metal parts of the trapeze for extra grip (in particular the fly bar).
The timing of a particular trick refers to the moment at which the flyer leaves the platform in order to arrive at the right time to make a catch. Many different factors impact the timing.
A machine which pulls on/tightens a wire rope or cable. It is usually used to pull the net tight.
See: Peak
A horizontal bar hung between two cables.
Trapeze Artist
Someone who does flying trapeze. Could be the flyer or the catcher.
To move forwards or backwards while in the air.
A position or skill on the trapeze
A trick where the flyer turns around on the bar while holding onto it. They usually end up facing the other way.
A device for adjusting the tension or length of cables or wire ropes. Used to secure the cables supporting a flying trapeze rig.
Rotation about a vertical axis (running through the top of the head and down to the toes) while in the air.
Twisting Belt
A bulky variation of the standard safety belt that allows the user to spin while keeping the safety lines attached.
See: Poles
Wrist Wrap
Usually fabric or tape wrapped around the wrists to provide extra grip between the catcher and the flyer.
See: Wrist Wrap


text:
In creating their own maps, as well as analyzing a historical map of China, students will identify key elements of a map (scale, kinds of features, symbols, orientation), functions that inﬂuence its creation, and how it serves as a resource.
What can maps tell us about how its maker perceives his or her place in the world?
One class period for drawing maps; one class period for discussion, comparisons, and written analysis
Materials and Handouts
11" x 14" sheets of white drawing paper for maps
Paper and pencil for peer analysis
Ming Dynasty map
Neighborhood maps, discussion response, written analysis of classmate's map
1. Distribute the Map of Imperial Territories and ask the students what maps can tell us about how its maker perceives his or her place in the world?
2. Have students use colored markers to draw a map of their neighborhood.
3. Post neighborhood maps around the room and ask students the following questions in relation to several maps:
- What is at the center of the map?
- Are some things depicted larger than others?
- Which part of the map is depicted in detail?
- Was everything in your neighborhood included in the map?
- How did you decide what should be included?
4. Return to the Map of Imperial Territoriesand discuss the following:
- What is at the center of this map?
- Are countries other than China shown?
- In looking at the map, would one be able to gather much information about countries outside of China?
- What might this say about how the people that made and used this map felt about countries outside of China?
- The Chinese word for China is Zhongguo, meaning "central states" or "middle kingdom." Does this map convey these meanings? How?
5. Have students write an analysis of one of their classmates' maps, identifying the kind of information that seems to be valuable to the student who made it. Have students describe how the mapmaker depicted his or her home in relation to the neighborhood.


text:
The Jay Heritage Center (JHC) is pleased to announce the generous gift of an original manumission document for its African American History collection. The word "manumission" means to emancipate or free from bondage. Manumission documents like this one issued by a New York slaveholder are rare.
The public will get a chance to see the document for the first time on Sunday, October 21, at 3pm in connection with a free lecture by noted Lincoln historian, Harold Holzer. Holzer will speak about "Images of the Emancipation Proclamation" as part of JHC commemoration of the 150th Anniversary of the Civil War.
In this instance, the signatory freeing a slave known only by the name of "Lewis," is identified as Richard Hatfield, Jr. Hatfield was the son of a leading lawyer, Richard Hatfield, Sr. (1750 -1813) a delegate to the NY State Convention that ratified the constitution. It is recorded that he inherited land (and presumably slaves) that stretched "from the Scarsdale or "Indian Line of Marked Trees" to, or almost to, the then Road to Rye Neck, (now Old Mamaroneck Road, Gedney Way and Mamaroneck Avenue). His property would have passed to his son, Richard Hatfield, Jr. who was an attorney as well.
Instruments like this one were often recorded in the Libers of Conveyances in the Recorder's Office of the City of New York, usually at the request of the freed slave as an added protection. Another signature on the paper that merits interest is that of Richard Riker (_PHONE_) who served as NY Recorder, prior to and after John Jay's eldest son, Peter Augustus Jay. But unlike Jay and Jay's fellow members of the NY Manumission Society who actively fought to end slave trafficking, Riker is rumored to have been complicit in the kidnapping of freed blacks for purposes of selling them back into slavery. This document helps vividly narrate a chapter in African American history when freedom was not only hard won but also uncertain to last; even elected officials could not be trusted to abide by legal writs.
The document was donated by Carol Ubosi nee Smith of the Purdy, Bell and Potter families who have resided in Westchester County since the 1700s. It was found in the 1980s by Ms. Ubosi's mother, May Potter Smith, amongst several nineteenth century items in the attic of their family home in Harrison. Although this important story was carefully preserved in a family bible, it is still not known how "Lewis" was connected to the Purdy/Bell family of Harrison. A search for further information and context is ongoing.
Last fall, after contacting JHC president, Suzanne Clary for research help about the historic African Cemetery in Rye where her ancestors are buried, Ms. Ubosi expressed her interest in making the gift to JHC where it could be made available to area schools and scholars. Ms. Ubosi grew up in Mamaroneck and New Rochelle and lives in Silver Spring, Maryland. She attended Central State University in Ohio and has taught in White Plains and Silver Spring. She is presently working on a book about the genealogy of her family with Dr. Alesia McFadden, a historian of African American History. As an educator, Ms. Ubosi hopes this manumission document will shed some light on the rich history of African-Americans living in Westchester and inspire others to explore and share their own family heritage.
The Jay Heritage Center is equally delighted that this primary source will be shared with the many middle school history classes who regularly come through its doors to learn about African American History in New York and Westchester. "When students ask us, 'What does manumission mean?' says Clary, "this remarkable document will tangibly show them one man's transition from servitude to freedom almost 200 years ago. The mere fact of its existence demonstrates how precious this paper was to its owner and his descendants. For those families who will see it firsthand at our site it will prompt the necessary questions that are central to an ongoing discussion about the evolution of social justice in our country." The Jay Heritage Center has been a member site of the African American Heritage Trail since 2004; John Jay and his family played active roles in abolishing slavery in New York.
Reservations for the event are required. Please contact JHC Program Director Heather Craane at _PHONE_ _EMAIL_ to reserve your seat.


text:
for a review of ASCRG:
- to ensure the classification is up-to-date for use in the 2016 Census
- to reflect changes to the coverage of Australian religious and spiritual beliefs
- to make some changes to coding assignment in the classification
- to improve the coding index used to code responses to the religious affiliation question.
A review of ASCRG was undertaken in 2016 to address these issues. It was deemed necessary to expand broad group seven of the classification to reduce the reliance on supplementary codes which have in the past been used to collect data reflecting spiritual beliefs which do not fit neatly into the six major groups used to list the recognised World religions.
An assessment of the conceptual model underpinning the classification was out of scope of this review.
How it was done
Analysis of responses to the 2011 Census of Population and Housing Religious Affiliation question was conducted to identify:
- new religious groups
- religious groups whose number of affiliated persons had significantly increased
- religious groups whose number of affiliated persons had significantly declined
- other spiritual beliefs and practices which would be better placed in an expanded broad group seven rather than relying on supplementary codes.
Extensive research was conducted to:
- confirm the appropriate terminology to be used for categories in the classification
- supplement the Census of Population and Housing data and stakeholder comments
- assess the accuracy of coding of religious groups.
Consultation was undertaken with a range of users and stakeholders, and experts in the field. Although, stakeholders were generally satisfied with the classification some matters were identified for update and further analysis.
The classification was updated where data, external research and stakeholder analysis indicated necessary or appropriate changes were needed.
What has changed
Summary of changes
The 2016 review of the Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG) has resulted in changes made at the broad, narrow and religious group levels of the classification.
Changes at broad group level
The purpose of broad group 7 has been expanded and subsequently the broad group name has been changed from 'No Religion' to 'Secular Beliefs and Other Spiritual Beliefs and No Religious Affiliation'.
Changes at narrow group level
The narrow group for Miscellaneous Religions had originally been assigned a three-digit code (699) which enabled a maximum of eight religious groups to be separately identified in this narrow group of the classification. This had reached capacity, but new religions which meet the criteria of this narrow group have been identified. The 2016 review has changed the narrow group coding to two-digits enabling more religious groups to be added to the narrow group.
Narrow groups included in the expanded broad group 7 have been allocated two-digit codes.
Changes at religious group level
There have been a number of changes at the religious group level, including the addition of several new religious groups and other beliefs as a result of the expansion of broad group 7. Several group name changes have been identified and a small number of groups have been deleted from the classification.
Religious groups added to the classification
The review added 20 new religious groups to the classification.
One new religious group to narrow group 207 Catholic:
- Syro Malabar Catholic (code 2076)
Seven new religious groups to narrow group 24 Pentecostal:
- Acts 2 Alliance (code 2416)
- Christian Church in Australia (code 2417)
- Pentecostal City Life Church (code 2418)
- Revival Fellowship (code 2421)
- Victory Life Centre (code 2422)
- Victory Worship Centre (code 2423)
- Worship Centre Network (code 2424)
Three new religious groups to narrow group 28 Other Protestant:
- Christian Community Churches of Australia (code 2811)
- Methodist, so described (code 2812)
- United Methodist Church (code 2813)
Two new religious groups to narrow group 69 Miscellaneous Religions:
- Mandaean (code 6901)
- Yezidi (code 6902)
The expansion of broad group 7 has enabled the inclusion of the following groups previously coded to supplementary codes:
- Multi Faith (code 7301)
- New Age (code 7302)
- Own Spiritual Beliefs (code 7303)
- Theism (code 7304)
Three 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) codes have been added to the classification:
- Anglican, nec (code 2019)
- Secular Beliefs, nec (code 7299)
- Other Spiritual Beliefs, nec (code 7399)
Religious groups which have been renamed or re-described
Several religious group names have been changed to align with updated group names identified through research. The majority of name changes have been for Pentecostal groups in narrow group 24. In most cases, to enable easier identification of these groups, the former names have been included in brackets:
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (code 2151)
- Australian Christian Churches (Assemblies of God) (code 2402)
- Bethesda Ministries International (Bethesda Churches) (code 2403)
- C3 Church Global (Christian City Church) (code 2404)
- International Network of Churches (Christian Outreach Centre) (code 2406)
- CRC International (Christian Revival Crusade) (code 2407)
- Full Gospel Church of Australia (Full Gospel Church) (code 2412)
- Grace Communion International (Worldwide Church of God) (code 2915)
- Rastafari (code 6994)
Changes to the code assignment
The following changes to code assignments have been made:
- No religion, so described, 7101 (previously No Religion, 7010)
- Agnosticism, 7201 (previously 7011)
- Atheism, 7202 (previously 7012)
- Humanism, 7203 (previously 7013)
- Rationalism, 7204 (previously 7014)
- Unitarian Universalism, 7305 (previously Unitarian, 2914)
Religious groups which have been removed from the classification
The following religious groups have been removed from the classification:
- Christian Life Churches International (formerly coded to 2405)
- Faith Churches (formerly coded to 2408)
- Pantheism (formerly coded to 6134)
Changes to the coding index
Changes to the coding index will reflect changes across the classification including appropriate entries for responses previously coded to supplementary codes.
Those groups which have been removed from the classification have been assigned the following codes:
- Christian Life Churches International is coded to Acts 2 Alliance (code 2416; formerly coded to 2405)
- Faith Churches is coded to Christianity, nfd (code 2000; formerly coded to 2408)
- Pantheism is coded to Theism (Code 7304; formerly coded to 6134)
Comparing current and previous editions of the ASCRG
Correspondence tables are available in the ASCRG data cube if users need to convert data from the third edition to second edition Revision 1 of ASCRG.
Generally, the religious groups (base-level units) of both editions of the classification retain a one-to-one relationship. The correspondence table itemises the code linkages between the religions, details the links between the broad groups and the narrow groups, and indicates movements within the structure of particular religious groups. In some instances, there is not a direct relationship between the religions or religion groupings of the structures of the two editions. Partial linkages within the structure are indicated by including the word 'part' after the code of the religion or religious group concerned.
Building the classification
The Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG) has a three level hierarchical structure that consists of broad groups, narrow groups and religious groups.
The broad group level is the highest and most general level of the classification. Seven broad groups have been formed by aggregating narrow groups, and hence religious groups, which are broadly similar in terms of the classification criteria.
Broad group 7, 'Secular Beliefs and Other Spiritual Beliefs and No Religious Affiliation', comprises entities which are identifiable and useful groupings which, while not satisfying the criteria of a religion, are necessary to enable the capture of the full range of responses to questions on religious affiliation.
The narrow group level is the middle level of the classification and comprises 34 narrow groups that comprise religious groups which are similar in terms of the classification criteria.
The third and most detailed level of the classification consists of base units known as religious groups. The classification consists of 131 religious groups. Some religious groups are residual categories, or 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) categories, which contain entities that are not listed separately in the classification.
|Broad group||6||Other Religions|
|Narrow group||611||Japanese Religions|
Classification criteria and their application
The classification criteria are the principles by which the base level units of the classification are formed into classification categories which may be aggregated to form broader or higher-level categories in the classification structure.
Three classification criteria are used in the Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG) to form the various levels of categories of the classification:
- similar religious beliefs;
- similar religious practices; and/or
- cultural heritage.
Religious groups, the most detailed level of the classification, are combined to form narrow groups (the middle level of the classification) on the basis of their similarity in terms of these criteria. Although the religious groups are not necessarily identical in any particular characteristics, the narrow groups formed are relatively homogeneous in terms of the set of classification criteria.
The most general level of the classification, the broad groups, were developed in a slightly different manner. On the basis of the number of


Basketball Traveling Rules
Basketball Traveling
What is a Travel?
Traveling is a violation in basketball that occurs when a player takes too many steps without dribbling. The usual rule of thumb is that a player may only take two steps without dribbling; three steps is a travel. However, in reality this rule is much more complicated.
When Does a Travel Occur?
Traveling may occur when a player receives the ball while moving or stationary, or when a player starts dribbling. When a player receives the ball, they must establish a pivot foot.
Pivot Foot
Basketball Pivot Foot
A pivot foot is the foot that must remain in the same spot on the floor. The other foot is allowed to move in any direction any number of times, as long as the pivot foot remains put. If the pivot foot moves or leaves the ground, it will result in a travel.
If a player receives the ball with two feet on the ground, either foot may be used as a pivot foot. If a player receives the ball in the air, whichever foot touches the ground first is the pivot foot. If a player receives the ball in the air and both feet hit the ground at the same time, either foot may be used as the pivot. This is known as a jump stop.
A jump stop counts as one step. A player is allowed to use a pivot after a jump stop unless there was a step before the jump stop.
The pivot foot may move when passing or shooting, but the ball must be released before the pivot foot touches the ground again. A player can also move their pivot foot when dribbling,however, the ball must be released before moving the pivot foot to avoid a traveling violation.
Other Traveling Situations
There are other specific situations in basketball that are traveling violations:
 - If a player in possession of the ball falls to the ground, it is a travel.
 - If a player on the ground, holding the ball, stands up without dribbling, it is considered a travel. However, a player retrieving a loose ball is allowed to slide on the court without being called for a travel.
 - If a player receives the ball while running, they are allowed up to two steps before either stopping, passing, or shooting;if the player wishes to dribble in this scenario, they must release the ball before their second step. Any more than two steps will result in a traveling violation. For example, a player going for a layup is allowed two steps on their way to the basket. If three steps are taken, the player will be called for traveling and the shot will not be counted.
Calling Traveling
basketball referee hand signal traveling
The penalty for a traveling violation is a turnover to the other team. The other team will receive the ball at the out of bounds point that is closest to the spot where the travel occurred. A referee calls a traveling violation while simultaneously signaling the violation with circular arm movements. You may see fans, players and coaches may mimic this motion when they believe their opponent has committed a traveling violation.


DATA steps to create and merge the parameter values, but I like visualizing the location of the estimates relative to the parameter values. Click on the image to enlarge it.
/* visualize sampling distribution of estimates; overlay parameter values */
data Param;
 Intercept = 2; x1 = -4; x2 = 1; /* parameter values */
data PE2;
 set PE Param(in=param); /* append parameter values */
 if param then Beta = "True Value"; /* add ID variable */
 else Beta = "Estimate ";
ods graphics / reset ATTRPRIORITY=none;
title "Parameter Estimates from Logistic Regression";
title2 "&NumSamples Simulated Data Sets, N = &N";
proc sgscatter data=PE2 datasymbols=(Circle StarFilled);
 matrix Intercept x1 x2 / group=Beta markerattrs=(size=11);
The scatter plot matrix shows pairwise views of the sampling distribution of the three regression coefficients. The graph shows the variability of these estimates in a logistic model with the specified design matrix. It also shows how the coefficients are correlated.
By using the techniques in this post, you can simulate data for other generalized or mixed regression models. You can use similar techniques simulate data from other kinds of multivariate models.
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Simulating data for a logistic regression model
In my book Simulating Data with SAS, I show how to use the SAS DATA step to simulate data from a logistic regression model. Recently there have been discussions on the SAS/IML Support Community about simulating logistic data by using the SAS/IML language. This article describes how to efficiently simulate logistic data in SAS/IML, and is based on the DATA step example in my book.
The SAS documentation for the LOGISTIC procedure includes a brief discussion of the mathematics of logistic regression. To simulate logistic data, you need to do the following:
 1. Assign the design matrix (X) of the explanatory variables. This step is done once. It establishes the values of the explanatory variables in the (simulated) study.
 2. Compute the linear predictor, η = X β, where β is a vector of parameters. The parameters are the "true values" of the regression coefficients.
 3. Transform the linear predictor by the logistic (inverse logit) function. The transformed values are in the range (0,1) and represent probabilities for each observation of the explanatory variables.
 4. Simulate a binary response vector from the Bernoulli distribution, where each 0/1 response is randomly generated according to the specified probabilities from Step 3.
Presumably you are simulating the data so that you can call PROC LOGISTIC and obtain parameter estimates and other statistics for the simulated data. So, optionally, Step 5 is to write the data to a SAS data set so that PROC LOGISTIC can read it. Here's a SAS/IML program that generates a single data set of 150 simulated observations:
/* Example from _Simulating Data with SAS_, p. 226--229 */
proc iml;
call randseed(1);
beta = {2, -4, 1};
/* 4. Simulate binary response. Notice that the
 "probability of success" is a vector (SAS/IML 12.1) */
call randgen(y, "Bernoulli", mu); /* simulate binary response */
/* 5. Write y and x1-x2 to data set*/
varNames = "y" || ("x1":"x2");
Out = X; Out[,1] = y; /* simulated response in 1st column */
create LogisticData from Out[c=varNames]; /* no data is written yet */
append from Out; /* output this sample */
close LogisticData;
The SAS/IML statements for simulating logistic data are concise. A few comments on the program:
 - The design matrix contains two continuous variables. In this simulation, one is uniformly distributed; the other is normally distributed. This was done for convenience. You could also read in a data set that defines the observed values of the explanatory variables. See the discussion and examples in Simulating Data with SAS, p. 201–205. (Notice also that I used the RANDFUN function in SAS/IML 12.3 to generate these variables.)
 - The linear model does not contain an error term, as would be the case for linear regression. Instead, the binary response is random because we called the RANDGEN subroutine to generate a Bernoulli random variable.
 - The parameter to the Bernoulli distribution is a vector of probabilities. This feature requires SAS/IML 12.1.
 - So that the program can be extended to support an arbitrary number of explanatory variables, I copy all of the numerical data into the Out matrix, which is a copy of the X matrix except that the intercept column is replaced by the simulated binary responses. This matrix is written to a SAS data set.
What do the simulated data look like? The following call to SGPLOT produces a scatter plot of the X1 and X2 variables, with "events" colored red and "non-events" colored blue:
proc sgplot data=LogisticData;
scatter x=x1 y=x2 / group=y markerattrs=(symbol=CircleFilled);
The graph shows that the probability of an event decreases as you move from X1=0 (where there are many red markers) to X1=1 (where there are few red markers). This makes sense because the model coefficient for X1 is negative. In contrast, the probability of an event increases as you move from negative values of X2 to positive values. This makes sense because the model coefficient for X2 is positive. In general, most events (red markers) are in the upper left portion of the graph, whereas most non-events (blue markers) are in the lower right portion.
For small samples, there is a lot of uncertainty in the parameter estimates for a logistic regression. In this example, 150 observations were generated so that you can run PROC LOGISTIC against the simulated data and see that the parameter estimates are close to the parameter values. The following statement uses the CLMPARM=WALD option to compute parameter estimates and confidence intervals for the parameters:
proc logistic data=LogisticData plots(only)=Effect;
 model y(Event='1') = x1 x2 / clparm=wald;
 ods select CLParmWald EffectPlot;
t_LogisticSim LogisticSim
Notice that the parameter estimates are somewhat close to the parameter values of (2, -4, 1). The 95% confidence intervals include the parameter values. (Re-run the program with N = 1000 or N = 10000 to see whether the estimates get closer to the parameters!) The graph shows the predicted probability of an event as a function of X1, conditioned on X2=0.1, which is the mean value of X2. You could request a similar plot for the predicted probability as a function of X2 (at the mean of X1) by using the option
 plots(only)=Effect(showobs X=(X1 X2));
This article shows how to generate a single sample of data that fits a logistic regression model. In my next blog post, I will show you how to generalize this program to efficiently simulate and analyze many samples.
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Creating ODS graphics from the SAS/IML language
As you develop a program in the SAS/IML language, it is often useful to create graphs to visualize intermediate results. I do this all the time in my preferred development environment, which is SAS/IML Studio. In SAS/IML Studio, you can write a single statement to create a scatter plot, bar chart, histogram, and other standard statistical graphics. (For an overview of IMLPlus graphics, see the documentation chapter "Creating Dynamically Linked Graphs." For a longer discussion of IMLPlus programming, see Chapter 7 of Statistical Programming with SAS/IML Software.)
If you are writing a SAS/IML program by using a programming environment such as the SAS Windowing environment or SAS Enterprise Guide, then the IMLPlus graphics are not available. However, recall that you can call SAS procedures from the SAS/IML language. In particular, you can generate ODS graphics without leaving PROC IML by using the SUBMIT and ENDSUBMIT statements to call the SGPLOT procedure.
To give an example, suppose that you recently read my blog post on the new RANDFUN function and you decide to try it out. You call the RANDFUN function to simulate 1,000 observations from a normal distribution with mean 10 and standard deviation 2. Because you have never used that function before, you might want to create a histogram of the simulated data to make sure that it appears to be correct. No problem: just use the CREATE statement to create a SAS data set from a SAS/IML matrix, then use the SUBMIT/ENDSUBMIT statements to call PROC SGPLOT:
proc iml;
call randseed(1);
x = randfun(1000, "Normal", 10, 2); /* X ~ N(10,2) */
/* graph the simulated data */
create Normal var {x}; append; close Normal; /* write data */
 proc sgplot data=Normal;
 histogram x; /* histogram */
 density x / type=normal(mu=10 sigma=2); /* overlay normal */
The graph overlays a normal density curve on a histogram of the data. The graph indicates that the data are normally distributed with the specified parameters.
This technique is very powerful:


text:
The Istanbul BRT system is providing quality service and time savings to over 600,000
passengers per day. The local BRT system brings about a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions
of 623 tons per day in through modal shift.
Key pollutants that Istanbul's Metrobus removes from the air each year include 78.5 tons
of carbon monoxide, 282.7 tons of nitrogen oxide, 7.3 tons of fine particulate matter and 25
tons of hydrocarbons.
Overall, 250 Metrobuses carry more than one million passengers a day. From the outset, riders
only had to wait 70 seconds for the next Metrobus on certain routes during rush hour, but now
they need wait only 30 seconds. Thus, for riders, the length of their daily commute on public
transport has been reduced to a maximum of 40 minutes compared to an hour and a half in the
past. This has reduced in-vehicle travel time by about 50 per cent and increased use of
public transport helping to improve the quality of life for the people of Istanbul. Metrobus
has also helped to relieve traffic congestion on main arteries by introducing a dedicated bus
To ensure high frequency, reduced travel time and passenger safety, the authorities decided
on completely segregated bus lanes that never merge with regular traffic. Special signs have
been installed along the way to tell drivers how fast they can drive. There are also
directions indicating when to brake slowly and carefully to ensure maximum rider comfort.
Overall the benefits to the community are as follows:
- Savings on Travel Time (Per passanger): 52 min. a day; 316 hrs. a year
- Savings on Vehicle used (Removed from service): 133 İETT, 76 POB, 1.296
- Fuel Savings on Public Transportation: 242 tones fuel
- Environment: Reduction of 80.000 vehicles from roads; Daily 623 tones CO2
- Customer Satisfaction: 90 per cent Customer Satisfaction.
Istanbul's first BRT project was a pilot located in the median of the D‐100
motorway, the main East ‐West passage in Istanbul. With the pilot proving to be a
success, the city decided to create a major East‐West public transport corridor
stretching 50 km along the D‐100 motorway. And they decided that it should be a BRT
corridor. In 2009 operations began on the Asian expansion. The 43 km system, which operates
24 hours/day, is operating at or above capacity from 7 in the morning till 8 at night during
weekdays with time savings exceeding 1 hour/direction. Construction of the 10 km westward
expansion into Beylikduzu is began in 2011 and is anticipated to carry 175000 passengers, in
addition to the 600,000 passengers the corridor was already carrying. Subsequent plans are
for the network to be expanded throughout the city with the addition of 5 more corridors.
Success of the BRT has helped bring about a mindset change in the thinking around urban
transport. As a result, the city is shifting its investment away from road infrastructure
development to expanding its public transport system. In addition to the D‐100
corridor, the plans are in place to create a BRT network integrated into the existing and
planned rail and ferry infrastructure, and which extends throughout the city. Where a
full‐blown BRT system is not feasible, dedicated bus lanes are being developed.


Programmed to Need Urban Nature
Amigos da Rua Goncalo / Wikimedia Commons
Steven Snell's picture
We desire character, complexity and freedom to move in our urban parks. We prefer wild to "human formed" landscapes. We enjoy a sense of mystery, a sense of discovery as we pick our way and wander through non-concrete environs.
In their research to identify factors that cause open areas to be favoured or rejected Swiss Federal Research Institute researchers revealed that our desire towards the natural world is both biological and cultural. Our programmed need to interact with nature appears both determined by our genes and what we learn as we grow and age.
Reviewing the literature, the researchers cite geographer Jay Appleton's prospect refuge theory. The hypothesis holds that we are biologically programmed to desire expansive landscapes that provide areas of protection. The thinking is that our evolutionary need for survival was founded within open landscapes that allowed for refuge from predators and routes of escape yet also provided enclosure from which to hunt from.
Biological programming also points towards the necessary requirements of life that nature provides us: clean air and water; the provision of soil and nutrients; regulation of local climate and extreme events. As place evolved for life, so did life evolve to exist in that place.
Our brains tell us we need nature. Our emotions make it feel right. Our cultural trigger to need nature can be tied to the link between our awareness of nature's provisions and our actions towards preserving it. If we experience nature, if we're oriented towards it, we tend to want to be in it, and being in it tends to encourage our actions to protect it.
Culturally programming is further illuminated by placemaking fashions, by landscape design trends, by what's hip, trendy, etc. The historical inclination of Europeans was to tame wild nature, to conform it to mathematic and geometric shapes. More recently we have moved towards conservation. And now we have parklets and pop-up parks and yard naturalization projects that further indicate our need to see green, to be in green—to have less concrete, less sterility in the places we encounter. We need to protect our large urban parks and wedge in green wherever it might be appropriate (but arguably not always appropriate for all).
The research consistently reveals that our need for wild places is a blend of genes and being—pre-determined programming and programming through action, through living. As we continue to become a more urban species, it will be vitally important that our cities exhibit nature; that natural landscapes remain open, accessible and properly managed.
Although urban dwellers tend to perceive nature as out in the country, in the hills, the lakes and the mountains (something to travel to on weekends and holidays), cities can be areas of wild complexity. Ensuring these areas perpetuate in our built environments, as well as providing outreach and education to enable our connection to them, will be vital to ensuring our cities remain in our human interests. Cities must expand nature to be human.
Connect with me on Twitter _USER_ or Facebook stevenpsnell.
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City Necklaces


text:
Volume 8, Issue 1 (2022)
The Spring 2022 issue of the Journal of Educational Leadership in Action (ELA) is now available. This focused issue of ELA centers on leadership during a pandemic and the allocation of resources. The issue provides research and perspectives on supporting the mental health needs of Latina/o students during the COVID pandemic, the pandemic's impact on principal self-efficacy, and the role of school principals' practices with resource allocation. We welcome and value your readership and encourage you to submit for future publication(s).
- Editor, Robyne Elder, EdD
Leadership Matters: Supporting the Mental Health Needs of Black and Latina/o Students in a Post COVID-19 World
Larry Walker, Michelle Sullivan, and Nicola Stewart-Walker


text:
Radiation-induced damage to brain tissue reversed by oxygen starvation in mice
Treating brain tumors with whole brain radiation therapy can damage healthy brain tissue, but a new study in mice reveals that limiting the oxygen supply, or hypoxia, can alleviate some of the cognitive impairment caused by the radiation. The results are reported in the Jan. 18 issue of the online journal PLoS ONE.
The researchers, led by William Sonntag of University of Oklahoma, exposed the mice to a clinically relevant regimen of radiation, which caused progressive deterioration of spatial learning starting about two months post-radiation.
However, when mice were treated with chronic hypoxia for about three weeks, beginning one month after radiation exposure, they showed significant improvement in this area, which was maintained for at least two months after returning to normal oxygen levels.
The radiation treatment also caused an early decline in contextual learning and memory, but these deficiencies were transient and dissipated within three months post-radiation.
More information: Warrington JP, Csiszar A, Mitschelen M, Lee YW, Sonntag WE (2012) Whole Brain Radiation-Induced Impairments in Learning and Memory Are Time-Sensitive and Reversible by Systemic Hypoxia. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30444. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_
Provided by Public Library of Science
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Classical and Quantum Mechanics via Lie algebras
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thick and thin
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
thick and thin (uncountable)
 1. Both thickets and thin woodland; (through) all obstacles in a path.
 - c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Reeve's Tale", Canterbury Tales, Ellesmere ms:
 Toward the fen / ther wilde Mares renne / fforth with wehee / thurgh thikke and thurgh thenne []
 His tyreling Jade he fiersly forth did push / Through thicke and thin, both over banck and bush []
 2. (idiomatic) Both good and bad times.
 "I must follow him through thick and thin." - Miguel de Cervantes[1]
 - Hudibras
 Through thick and thin she followed him.
 - Coleridge
Derived terms[edit]


text:
Hilary Benn, Britain's Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs announced Britain's new food strategy in a report, Food 2030, at the annual Oxford Farming Conference (Jan 4-6, 2010). The strategy unveils a national 20-year food-security manifesto aimed at improving the environmental and economic impact of food production.
The report supports crop technology, stating that science will be very important in developing crops that are less dependent on water, fertilizer or chemicals. Furthermore, the policy was created with the belief that "agriculture needs to produce more food, and impact less."
In the report's introduction British Prime Minister Gordon Brown says, "We need to produce more food without damaging the natural resources – air, soil, water and marine resources, biodiversity and climate – that we all depend on. We need to feed more people globally."
This groundbreaking report from the UK represents an increasing number of countries that are supporting science like agricultural biotechnology because of its environmental and economic benefits.