text:
Goodbye in Spanish = Adiós!
You can pronounce is like = ah-dee-OS!
This is a word that once you use once, whether you're trying to speak Spanish or not, you'll end up using it the rest of your life in your normal language just because it's such a cool word! Saying Goodbye in Spanish is one of the easiest words for your brain to stick with and remember and the action of leaving a person, event, conversation, etc, is such a common everyday event that we just keep thinking of the word over and over. But did you know there are other ways to say goodbye in Spanish? In this lesson we're going to talk about a few different ways to say goodbye in Spanish and also few ways that folks from various countries specifically say goodbye in Spanish. This will help you understand what someone is saying when you're visiting various Spanish speaking countries.
Another really common way to say goodbye in Spanish is also a form of Italian. I actually use this word more than using the word adiós. This words is Chau! Its a great quick way to say goodbye in Spanish and it kinda mixes Italian into it which I like as well. You can always combine the either of those forms of saying bye with including the subject of your conversation:
"señor," "señora," or "señorita" and so on.
But I'm sure you've heard of phrases in Spanish that also mean goodbye in Spanish too, right? Often times you'll here folks say something that doesn't really mean goodbye in Spanish but it means something relational to your health, your luck, or seeing you again in the future. So how do you say all of those? Great question!
One of the most common words you'll here in the Spanish language is the word hasta. Hasta can actually be used to describe directions or a situation or a time that goes "up until" a certain point. You could think of the word hasta as up until. Here are some great examples of how to use the word hasta.
- Hasta mañana. (Until tomorrow.)
- Hasta luego. (Until later.)
- Hasta pronto. (Until soon, see you soon.)
- Hasta entonces. (Until then.)
- Hasta más tarde. (Until later.)
- Hasta siempre. (Until forever. Although well known, this phrase has a very strong connotation of permanence. It might be used when a couple is separated by death). We don't recommend using this phrase much since it might not sound sincere due to its strong meaning.
Another really common phrase that I use a lot, especially if I plan on seeing someone again that day or at a specific event, is the phrase nos vemos. The word "nos" stands for "we" and the word "vemos" if the conjugated form of "ver" which means "to see". Vemos is the conjugation of "us" so the phrase actually means "we see us" referring to a point in the future. I know, it sounds we're when you think about it in English because you're thinking it's missing a few words and things seem out of place. Welcome to Spanish 🙂 Don't think of phrases or sentence structures as wrong but just different and correct in their own way. Your best bet is to just accept it for what it is and then start to use it as much as possible until it sounds natural and your brain accepts it.
Hopefully this articled help you learn a little bit about the different ways to say goodbye in Spanish. If you're wondering about some other simple Spanish phrases, check out my other articles on how to say good morning in Spanish and how to say hello in Spanish.


text:
C# String Theory—String intern pool
|Visual C# Tutorials|
String intern pool
The string intern pool is a table that contains a single reference to each unique literal string declared or created programmatically in your application. The Common Language Runtime (CLR) uses the intern pool to minimize string storage requirements. As a result, an instance of a literal string with a particular value only exists once in the system. For example, if you assign the same literal string to several different variables, at runtime, the CLR retrieves the unique reference to that literal string from the intern pool and assigns it to each variable.
String.Intern (string) method searches the intern pool for a string equal to the specified value. If such a string exists, its reference in the intern pool is returned. Otherwise, a reference to the specified string is added to the intern pool and that reference is returned.
In the following example, the string,
declared with a value of "Intern pool" is interned; because, it is a string literal. The string
built is a new string object with the same value as
declared but generated by the
System.Text.StringBuilder class. The
Intern method searches for a string with the same value as
built. Since the string already exists in the intern pool, the method returns the same reference that is assigned to
declared and assigns that reference to
built compare unequal because they refer to different objects, while references
interned compare equal because they refer to the same string.
String declared = "Intern pool"; String built = new StringBuilder().Append("Intern ").Append("pool").ToString(); String interned = String.Intern(built); Console.WriteLine ((Object)built==(Object)declared); // different references Console.WriteLine ((Object)interned==(Object)declared); // same reference
When trying to reduce the total memory allocated by your application, remember that interning has two unfortunate side effects. Firstly, the memory allocated for interned
String objects is unlikely to be released until the CLR terminates: the CLR's references to interned
String objects may persist after your application or application domain terminates. Secondly, to intern a string, a string must first be created. Thus, despite the fact that the memory will eventually be garbage collected, the memory used by the
String object will still be allocated.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Text can easily be converted from uppercase or lowercase to sTudLYcAPs by entering it into the form and using the Studly caps converter. The tool creates text written in Studly caps, a text case where the capitalization of letters varies randomly. This form of text notation requires additional effort to manually type, so the converter is very helpful. Studly Caps is also known as Toggle Case, or Sticky Caps.
Results will be displayed here.
Example for Studlycaps
The Studly caps Converter converts text to StUdLyCaPs.
THe sTUdLy cAPs coNVertEr CoNveRts Text TO stUdLycAps.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Citizens of poorest countries are happiest in the world
Gallup, The American Institute of Public Opinion, conducted a study to find out which country had the happiest citizens. The survey results were striking as it was discovered that citizens of the poorest countries were the happiest. The list of the happiest countries was topped by El Salvador, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Trinidad and Tobago. What is the secret of Hispanic happiness?
Specialists of the Gallup Institute released data from a study conducted back in 2011. Experts conducted a survey in 148 countries around the world to find out in which countries people were more likely to experience positive emotions. People were interviewed in person and on the phone, and each person was asked five questions, all about the ways they spent the previous day.
Social scientists asked whether the respondents felt joy, whether they felt rested, and how often they laughed and smiled. In addition, the researchers asked whether their interviewees felt respected by their peers, as well as whether they learned something new the day before.
According to the Gallup, the happiest people on the planet were the citizens of El Salvador, Panama and Paraguay. These three countries were the "happiest". The top ten included 7 countries in Latin America - in addition to the above, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guatemala and Costa Rica made the list. Russia, however, did not even make it to the top one hundred of the happiest countries, occupying one of the lowest spots (along with Iran and Algeria).
First place in the ranking was occupied by a small equatorial country in Latin America - Panama, whose population is only 3.4 million people (according to 2010 census). However, despite the relatively small size of the country and small population, the standard of living in the country is relatively high. According to the studies, the birth rate in the country is 20 per thousand - 96th place among other countries. The mortality rate is low at about 4.5 people per 1000.
Panama's mortality rate is among the lowest -196th. The average life expectancy is impressive as Panamanian men live on average 74 years, women - 80. In Panama, the vast majority of the population lives in urban areas - 73 percent. The country earns its income exploiting the Panama Canal, as well as tourism, insurance, and banking. Two-thirds of the population is employed in these sectors. According to UN statistics, the per capita GDP in 2009 was nearly 12 thousand dollars, which is not bad for a small country whose level of production was only 18 per cent of annual GDP.
World analysts note that Panama is a country where people can be quite happy with their living conditions. UN experts believe that the standard of living in the country is comparable to that of North America - the United States and Canada, only the price of goods and services is several times lower. For example, a meal at an upscale restaurant is only 50 U.S. dollars, and a taxi ride anywhere in the capital is $2.
The level of health care in the country is also high, noted the experts from the International Committee of the Red Cross. Hospitals and clinics boast state of the art equipment and doctors are highly skilled, which is key to the high level of health care in the country. Incidentally, nearly all of Panama's qualified doctors have been trained in the U.S. The cost of health insurance in the country does not exceed $800 dollars, and the price of medical services is two times lower than in the United States.
Of course, the Gallup experts noted that the infrastructure of the country and high quality of life were not the only factors that influenced the extent to which its citizens were happy. The country's favorable climate plays a significant role. The temperatures remain virtually unchanged all year round at the level of 25-28C degrees in the afternoon. Panamanians never see snow, which is not surprising, as the country is located near the equator. Dry and rainy seasons do happen on the country's territory.
In 2005, Panama won the first place in the global index of the most comfortable countries in the world. Retirees tend to move to Panama because it has one of the most developed pension systems in the world. According to the American Association of Retired Persons and the organization "International Living", the United States recognized Panama as one of the four of the world's best countries to live outside the U.S.
Despite the fact that El Salvador and Paraguay took the second and third places in the Gallup ranking, experts still say that the standard of living in these countries is low. The urban population in these countries is under 60 percent, and the economy is based on agriculture. The unemployment rate in these countries is somewhat higher, but it is easier to find a job here than in Panama - mainly in logging, and cotton and sugar cane plantations.
Average life expectancy in other Latin American countries, however, is the same as in Panama - 73 years for men and 79 for women. However, the level of health care in these less developed countries is poor. For example, this year, Paraguayan doctors sounded the alarm as the country faced an epidemic of yellow fever. According to the Associated Press, in 2012, the state government appealed to various international health organizations asking for 600,000 vaccines for prevention of yellow fever.
The results surprised the researchers from the Gallup Institute as it turned out that the happiest people live in poor countries of Latin America. If the standard of living in Panama is comparable to that of developed European countries, residents of such countries as El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago cannot boast similar conditions. Scientists explain this by historically formed mentality of these people who see happiness in things other than material goods. According to them, people in poor countries can find joy in the moral satisfaction that often is not available to citizens of the developed countries.
Some of the world's media cited an example of two attitudes - a successful and wealthy businessman from Singapore and a poor woman who sells tea in the streets of Paraguay. "We keep working and don't get paid enough," complained the 33-year Singaporean Richard Lowe. "Wealth does not bring happiness, but only problems. Life is too short, and there is no place for sadness," said Maria Solis of Paraguay.
Singapore, Iraq and Armenia closed the list of the happiest countries in the world. It may be true that it is not the standard of living in a particular country, but the attitude of the citizens that matters.


text:
Cod, Atlantic – US Gillnet
Atlantic Cod are a species of groundfish that can live more than 20 years. They are found throughout the North Atlantic, and have been heavily fished for centuries driving some populations to historic low levels.
In the U.S. Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank, the abundance of Atlantic Cod is low. Management measures are in force in both populations to increase population size.
Commercial fishermen use a variety of fishing gears to catch Atlantic Cod including gillnets. In 2007, the sink gillnet fishery landed around half of all Atlantic Cod in the northwest Atlantic. Gillnets result in little damage to the seafloor, but frequently catch marine mammals.


Regulation Z
The Truth in Lending Act was originally Title I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, Pub.L. 90–321, 82 Stat. 146, enacted June 29, 1968. The regulations implementing the statute, which are known as "Regulation Z", are codified at 12 C.F.R. 226. Most of the specific requirements imposed by TILA are found in Regulation Z, so a reference to the requirements of TILA usually refers to the requirements contained in Regulation Z, as well as the statute itself.
Case Study
Mortgage Lending Expert in APR Calculation
A mortgage lending expert in APR calculation was needed for class action litigation alleging violations of the Truth in Lending Act, also known as Regulation Z.


text:
This article is from an earlier edition of the Rat Health Care booklet. Current editions have this information in chart form. Order one today! Check out the info at Rat Books
by Debbie "The Rat Lady" Ducommun
First aid is care given in an emergency. Sometimes, first aid is not enough, and your rat will also require veterinary care. If you must rush your rat to the vet, be sure to call first to let them know you're coming. That way they'll be prepared to help as soon as you arrive.
A rat can experience respiratory distress without any warning, whether or not she has had previous respiratory symptoms. The signs of respiratory distress are gasping through the mouth, or dashing about in a panic. Severe labored breathing can also be considered respiratory distress. The rat may or may not have blue extremities. Respiratory distress is extremely unpleasant—one of the most distressing experiences there is—and must be treated immediately.
One of the first things to try is to get the rat to breathe air moistened by a humidifier or a shower running in the bathroom. You can also boil water on the stove, but do not let the rat inhale the steam directly, as that can burn the lungs. Hold the rat at least 3' away from the steam.
If it seems like the rat might have mucus in the throat that is blocking the free passage of air, see choking (below).
If the rat is still having trouble breathing, and the problem is constricted breathing passages (like asthma) a bronchodilator will help. The best treatment is a subcutaneous (subQ) injection of aminophylline, which will expand the breathing passages. In most cases, this will stop the respiratory distress within a matter of minutes. It is also recommended that the rat be given a subQ injection of dexamethasone to reduce inflammation in the lungs.
If aminophylline isn't available, you can try an asthma inhaler. You can buy an asthma inhaler called Asmanefrin over the counter. Or you can use an inhaler that you or a friend has on hand. Take an empty cardboard toilet paper roll and put the inhaler on one end and the other over the rat's face. Put one puff of the medication in the tube. Try to keep the rat there for as long as possible to make sure she inhales the medicine.
If a bronchodialator doesn't help within 15 minutes, you can try an injection of furosemide, a diuretic that will quickly flush excess fluid out of the lungs.
If none of these treatments work, the rat must be put in oxygen. If the rat doesn't improve on oxygen it means her lungs are no longer able to work and she should be euthanized. If the rat does improve on oxygen, then you have some time to wait for other medications to work.
Once you get the rat out of respiratory distress, she should be put on both amoxicillin and Baytril or doxycycline. She may need continued treatment twice a day with aminophylline, an anti-inflammatory (either prednisone or an NSAID), furosemide, and perhaps even enalapril and atenolol for congestive heart failure.
Because of the arrangement of the rat's throat, true choking is rare. If your rat appears to be choking the most likely cause is a piece of food or other substance stuck in her throat. This can cause gagging and drooling. A rat who is gagging will open her mouth wide and pull her ears back.
As long as the rat can breathe, don't do anything accept try to comfort her. Anything you try to do to stop the gagging may make the situation worse. The offending food will eventually pass down in most cases. You might try offering your rat a small piece of bread to see if that will help push the food down, but do not use doughy bread which might make things worse.
If your rat is having real trouble breathing, and not just labored breathing, you can try doing the Heimlich maneuver, by pressing sharply up and in underneath your rat's ribcage.
Or you can do a procedure called "the fling" which uses centrifugal force. Hold your rat firmly around the neck with one hand, and by the base of the tail with the other to hold her securely. Make sure there are no objects within an arm's length. Lift the rat overhead and bring her down in a rapid arc, so that at the end of the path she's tail up and head down. This can be repeated 3-4 times, then give the rat a rest, check her breathing, and see if anything is visible in the mouth. This is extremely effective in dislodging objects or mucus in the throat.
If neither of these techniques helps, you can put your mouth over the rat's mouth and try sucking the obstruction out. Be sure you do not cover the rat's nose. If the rat is still having trouble breathing, try a shot of dexamethasone.
If choking or gagging persists for more than 6 hours, take your rat to the vet. There may be an object lodged in the throat too big to pass down, or there might be a tumor or some other problem. Sometimes respiratory disease can cause gagging and choking due to swelling of the airway and/or too much mucus.
If your rat gags frequently, she may have mega-esophagus, a problem where the nerves to the esophagus are defective. In this case the rat must be put on a liquid diet. Offer free choice of Ensure adult nutritional drink or a similar product. Also give the rat a liquid vitamin B supplement to supply 1 mcg of B12 daily. Be sure keep all paper away from the rat as eating paper can cause a fatal blockage.
Head Tilt and Rolling
These symptoms are usually caused by an inner ear infections, which is fairly common. The infection mayt be caused by mycoplasma or a secondary bacteria such as Streptococcus moniliformis or Pseudomonas. The infection causes inflammation in the inner ear, affecting the rat's balance. This will cause the rat to hold his head tilted to one side. Without treatment, the loss of balance can get so bad the rat will roll over and over and is unable to eat. An inner ear infection can result in a permanent head tilt, especially if the symptoms are untreated. An inner ear infection can also cause facial paralysis (see page 41 in my Rat Health Care booklet.)
An inner ear infection requires immediate treatment. I recommend using either enrofloxacin and amoxicillin together, or chloremphenicol. An anti-inflammatory, either a steroid or an NSAID, must also be given to reduce the swelling in the ear. Prednisone, which is the most effective, can be given at 1 mg/lb twice a day, or ibuprofen at 15-60 mg/lb 2 to 4 times a day.
Other possible causes of a head tilt are a pituitary tumor or stroke, but the treatment for either is the same as for an inner ear infection.
Lethargy in rats is a serious symptom that needs immediate attention. Give your rat a full exam to look for other signs, especially dehydration and lumps in the abdomen. Even if your rat is not dehydrated, he might have low blood sugar or an electrolyte imbalance. Try to get him to drink some juice, a sports drink, or sugar water with a pinch of salt. If your rat is dehydrated, try to get him to drink 1-2 ounces. If he refuses to drink, warmed saline solution for injections must be given under the skin.
One rare cause of lethargy is pesticide poisoning. This will also cause the pupils to be constricted so they do not expand in the dark. If your home has recently been sprayed with pesticides you'll need to rush your rat to the vet for an injection of atropine.
If the sugary drink does not cause your rat to improve within 30 minutes, it is very important that your rat be treated with amoxicillin ASAP. One of the main causes of lethargy in rats is a secondary bacterial infection. Mycoplasma is the primary bacterial infection in most rats but does not usually cause symptoms of lethargy. In my experience (of over 23 years) the best treatment for secondary infections in rats is amoxicillin. Baytril, which most vets prescribe for rats, is not as effective for most cases of secondary infection in rats, and doxycycline, which can be quite effective in treating mycoplasma, is absolutely not effective for secondary infections. I know of many many cases of rats who seemed to be dying who recovered within just a day or two of treatment with amoxicillin, while I also know of many cases of rats who died within 12-24 hours of exhibiting lethargy that went untreated. For this reason, I recommend that all rat owners have amoxicillin capsules on hand. For more information on using amoxicillin see _URL_
Another possible cause of lethargy is heat stroke. See more info below toward the bottom of this article.
you suspect poisoning in your rat (or other pet), here is the phone number for
You must have a credit card to use this number and you'll be charged $65 per case. This number is active 24 hours a day. Be ready to provide:
1. your name, address and phone number;
2. the species, breed, age, sex, weight and number of animals involved;
3. the


text:
Double Torah Portion
I enjoy attending synagogue every Shabbat morning. When it comes to the weekly Torah reading, sometimes we read two parshas. Why is that?
The Aish Rabbi Replies:
The Torah is split up into 54 portions, called parshas. The entire Torah is completed once per year, which works out to approximately one per week.
More precisely, though, there are 54 weekly portions in the Torah, but only 50 or 51 Shabbats in a year. In addition, there are at least two, and sometimes as many as 4 or 5, times when Shabbat falls on a holiday, and the normal weekly portion is not read that week. How are the calendars and the Torah reconciled?
The normal Jewish year (i.e. not a leap year) is generally 354 days long. 354 divided by 7 is 50 weeks, with a remainder of 4. In other words, there are 50 or 51 Shabbats during a normal Jewish year.
There are also certain times when the normal weekly portion is not read on Shabbat. Such instances are during Passover and Sukkot, when at least one day of the holiday happens on Shabbat, and other holidays which sometimes fall on Shabbat. Thus, there are at least two times during the year where the normal weekly portion is not read on Shabbat.
So now we're down to approximately 48 Shabbats each year when the weekly portion is read. (Actually, we only read 52 of the 54 portions on Shabbat: The first portion of the Torah, Breishis, is always read on the Shabbat immediately following Simchat Torah. The last portion is always read on Simchat Torah, even though that holiday can never fall on Shabbat.)
The way these problems get reconciled is that certain portions can be combined:
- Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1–38:20) and Pekudei (Exodus 38:21–40:38)
- Tazria (Leviticus 12:1–13:59) and Metzora (Leviticus 14:1–15:33)
- Acharei (Leviticus 16:1–18:30) and Kedoshim (Leviticus 19:1–20:27)
- Behar (Leviticus 25:1–26:2) and Bechukotai (Leviticus 26:3–27:34)
- Chukat (Numbers 19:1–22:1) and Balak (Numbers 22:2–25:9)
- Matot (Numbers 30:2–32:42) and Masei (Numbers 33:1–36:13)
- Nitzavim (Deuteronomy 29:9–30:20) and Vayelech (Deuteronomy 31:1–31:30).
Some of these seven pairs of portions are combined each year to reconcile the number of Shabbat readings with the need to complete the annual Torah cycle.
During a Jewish leap year, an extra 30-day month is added to the year in the winter. This allows for at least four more weeks in the year, meaning that there is still a need to combine portions, but not as many as in a regular year.
Thankfully, all this is determined by a pre-set calendar, so there is no guesswork involved. If you're interested to see how this plays out over many years, you can download user-friendly Jewish calendar software at _URL_


text:
Zhao, Z.; Tang, J.; Mi, L.; Tian, C.; Zhong, G.; Zhang, G.; Wang, S.; Li, Q.; Ebinghaus, R.; Xie, Z.; Sun, H. (2017): Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the lower atmospheres and surface waters of the Chinese Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River Estuary. Science of the Total Environment 599–600, 114–123, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.147
Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in the forms of neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the gas phase of air and ionic perfluoroalkyl substances in the dissolved phase of surface water, were investigated during a sampling campaign in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River estuary in May 2012. In the gas phase, the concentrations of neutral ∑ PFASs were within the range of 76–551 pg/m3. Higher concentrations were observed in the South Yellow Sea. 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) was the predominant compound as it accounted for 92%–95% of neutral ∑ PFASs in all air samples. Air mass backward trajectory analysis indicated that neutral ∑ PFASs came mainly from the coast of the Yellow Sea, including the Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces of China, and the coastal region of South Korea. The fluxes of gas phase dry deposition were simulated for neutral PFASs, and neutral ∑ PFASs fluxes varied from 0.37 to 2.3 pg/m2/s. In the dissolved phase of the surface water, concentrations of ionic ∑ PFASs ranged from 1.6 to 118 ng/L, with the Bohai Sea exhibiting higher concentrations than both the Yellow Sea and the Yangtze River estuary. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant compound accounting for 51%–90% of the ionic ∑ PFAS concentrations. Releases from industrial and domestic activities as well as the semiclosed geographical conditions increased the level of ionic ∑ PFASs in the Bohai Sea. The spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) were different significantly. The Laizhou Bay was the major source region of PFCAs and the Yangtze River estuary was the major source of PFSAs.


It is a situation that a guy on the ground asking another one who is climbing on a bed staircase with this sentence.
And he replied with this one.
おお よかろうしっかり手｛て｝足｛あし｝をおさえておけっ。
おけ is the imperative form for おく. You can ignore the っ at the end as it carries no meaning, only to show an abrupt end of the sentence.
The second sentence mean:
Oh, hold (his/her) arms and legs tightly!
Your Answer


Shimazdu Presents the HPV-X2, a 10 Million fps Video Camera
Shimazdu has launched the Hyper Vision HPV-X2, an ultra high speed camera that can record 10 million frames per second. It features an FTCMOS burst image sensor, which makes it 6 times more photosensitive that its predecessors. The outstanding sensitivity and speed allow observation of varied biological and industrial processes invisible to the human eye.
The Hyper Vision HPV-X2 has an improved light sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. It can ve synchronized with other cameras to view a sample from different viewpoints. Shimazdu has developed an accompanying software for camera control and data analysis, but other imaging and analytical softwares are compatible too.
How does the Burst Method allow recording 10 million fps?
Conventional camera: memories are located outside of the sensor.
02In normal cameras, images are stored in memories located outside of the image sensor. This means that the image signals must be transferred to the memory. The problem comes when the number of pixels to transfer is enormous compared to the number of signal output taps, given that the process has to be sequential. In practice, this hinders ultra high-speed recording. Shimazdu solved the problem developing an image sensor with built-in memories, as many as frames to be recorded per second. Memories and pixels are connected one-to-one for parallel transfer of information.
The new Burst Image Sensor is based in CMOS technology. Instead of locating memories contiguous to the pixels, which is typical of CCD sensors, CMOS sensors spatially separate pixels and memories, avoiding signal leakage from the pixels to the memories.
The Hyper Vision HPV-X2 video camera has applications in the aerospace, automotive and semiconductor fields, and also in the manufacture of industrial equipment, advanced medical equipment and consumer electronics.


text:
Murder in the Cathedral: Theme Analysis
In its assessment of Eliot's importance to modern English literature, A Literary History of England (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967; ed. Albert C. Baugh) argues that a shift from despair to hope-a change from "the 'inert resignation' of those who breathe the small, dry air of modern spiritual emptiness" to something more positive and potentially transcendent-can first be detected in Eliot's "Ash-Wednesday" (1930), "of which the theme is the search for peace found in humble and quiet submission to God's Will" (p. 1587).
This theme, clearly an expression of the Anglo-Catholicism Eliot embraced during his life, appears again throughout Murder in the Cathedral. It informs and breathes through the entire text of the play, as the commentary above has demonstrated. In Murder in the Cathedral, the "inert resignation" of modern life manifests itself in the Chorus' refusal to embrace transcendence: the women of Canterbury are content to go on "living and partly living." As they state, even imploringly to Becket, on several occasions, they "do not wish anything to happen." They do not want the wheel of God's pattern to begin turning. As do all moderns in Eliot's estimation, they "fear the injustice of men less than the justice of God." They are not ready to live, as Becket was, "out of time."
Yet, through Becket as he portrays him, Eliot forcefully argues that such transcendence must be achieved. In keeping with biblical testimony about the nature of spiritual power versus temporal power, however, Eliot posits that transcendence cannot be achieved by force. It arises, not through utilitarian machinations (such as those the Four Tempters propose to Becket in Part I), but by, in the Literary History's words, "humble and quiet submission to God's Will." As Becket himself declares, "I give my life / To the Law of God above the Law of Man." His triumphant affirmation of faith echoes the words of the New Testament: "Whether it is right in God's sight to listen to you rather than to God, you must judge; for we cannot keep from speaking about what we have seen and heard" (Acts 4:19-20); or again, "Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God?" (James 4:4). Only by valuing "friendship"-i.e., a total alignment of mind and soul and will-with the spiritual, with God, over such friendship with the world or the temporal order of the status quo, can "peace"-that elusive goal referred to throughout the play: in Becket's fragile relationship with King Henry; as Becket's greeting to the Chorus in Parts I and II; as the turning of God's wheel of providence-be found.
In this way, the themes of Murder in the Cathedral aptly crystallize the themes of Eliot's own life-long work.


text:
Examine The Extent To Which Practical Issues Are The Most Important Influence When Selecting Research Method And A Research Type
If a sociologist wants to carry out an experiment there are many things they must consider like practical issues. These are things that may get in the way of an experiment. The experiment may have to change and develop to suit these practical issues, this can have a drastic effect on the experiment and may even stop it from been carried out.
For example; ethics. If you research on a person/group it can have a powerfuleffect on their lives, therefore a researcher must consider the impact of the experiment on their lives. The six ethics are: Consent, Deception, Privacy, Confidentiality, Protection and Legality. If these are not followed, the experiment could have serious effects on the person's/group's life. One example where these ethics were not carried out was the "Pygmalia In The Classroom" by Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968). In this experiment, Rosenthal predicted that, when given the information that certain students are brighter than others, elementary school teachers may unconsciously behave in ways that facilitate and encourage the students' success. This is called a self-fulfilling prophecy. All of the ethics were broken; Consent, as the class did not know they were been observed. Deception, as the class were lied to. Privacy, as they kept the results. Confidentiality, as the results were released. Protection, as the students that were told they would do well had an unfair advantage over the other students. And legality, as now-a-days due to charities such as Barnardo's you must have legal rights to observe children.
Another problem is bias. If TESCO were to ask the public what their favourite
supermarket is a biased experiment would be to ask the customers of TESCO instead of people on the street. The customers are a lot more likely to answer TESCO than any other supermarket if they are asked in the store whereas if people on the street were asked it would be much more fair. This can be used in many examples like official statistics where they may attempt to portray the government in a good light eg. Winning the war on crime.
In conclusion, practical issues are a major problem when deciding to carry out an experiment and all the ethic's should be taken into consideration, and cleared. Only after doing so, can you begin to think about selecting a research method and a research type.


Exploring Nonlinear Narratives
Learn the power of nonlinear narratives, and how the best authors this tool to create themes and highlight character arcs!
(By the way, I get into the weeds on this one. So, if your short on time, or just not in the mood, scroll to the bottom for a TL;DR)
Did you know that you can send information backward in time?
No wait, don't leave!
I'm not talking about some metaphysical, open-your-third-eye, stuff. Scientists have observed this phenomenon in something called the Delayed Choice Experiment. I can't really explain the science. I mean, it's quantum physics. I failed regular physics. In high school. I'll link an article at the bottom of the page, though.
Here's my pointIf mother nature feels the need to bend the rules of time every once in a while, then a writer shouldn't be afraid to try it!
Let's talk about nonlinear narratives.
Or nonlinear plots, whatever you want to call them. All you need to know is that nonlinear plots let you throw your timeline into the blender, mix things up, and really excite your readers!
That's not a sufficient explanation, though. So, let's get into the nitty-gritty of nonlinear narratives. First up…
If mother nature feels the need to bend the rules of time every once in a while, then a writer shouldn't be afraid to try it! Click To Tweet
What is a Nonlinear Narrative?
The natural way to tell a story is in chronological order. We recount the events of the story in the order in which they occurred. We track the cause and effect of each event in a natural progression until we reach the endpoint.
However, there are times a storyteller or author will manipulate the timeline of a story and relay the events out of chronological order. There can be several reasons why a writer would want to tell a story out of order. Like maybe you're looking for a way to give your ending more of a punch. Take this joke for instance:
A father came home from a long business trip to find his young son riding a brand new bike.
"Where did you get the money for that?" he asked.
"It must have cost over 300 dollars!"
"I earned it hiking," replied the boy.
"Hiking? Come on son; tell your Dad the truth. Nobody can make that sort of money hiking. Where did you really get the cash from?"
"It's like I say, Dad. Every night when you were gone, Mr. Jones from the bank would come over to see Mom. He'd give me a 20 dollar bill and tell me to take a hike"!
Ok, that's a lame-ass joke, but it illustrates a point. The way you order events matters in story-telling. If you told that joke in chronological order the audience would know the punchline before the father got a chance to hear it. Instead of a cute anecdote, it would be a sad commentary on marriage.
So, the order of events of a story can greatly impact that story's meaning. And, stories don't have to be in chronological order. Got it? Good.
However, telling a story out of chronological order is not the only flavor of nonlinear narratives. There are also stories where the author uses parallel narratives. Just like parallel lines, parallel narratives never intersect or cross paths. This is because the narratives are set in different time frames.
Godfather II is an example of a story with parallel narratives. We're shown the events of Vito Corleone's rise to power within the mob. But, cut into that story we also see the rise of Vito's son Michael as he takes over the family for his ailing father. The two stories take place decades apart from each other, but the audience experiences them at the same time.
Okay, that explains a little about what they are, but…
Why use a nonlinear narrative?
Well, novelty is one reason. People love to explore unique, and new perspectives. Nonlinear narratives aren't incredibly common in storytelling. When an audience can experience a well-executed nonlinear narrative it's exciting!
Don't abuse this tool, though. When any story device is overused, or there's no apparent narrative purpose behind its use, your audience will lose interest.
Here's the question, thoughWhat's a good purpose behind using a nonlinear narrative?
I'm happy you asked! Let's discuss some ways to take advantage of the nonlinear form.
Use nonlinear narrative to highlight characterization and theme
The nonlinear narrative has been used to highlight character growth by drawing a contrast between multiple characters. This is usually in the service of a broad theme. Let's take a look at a few examples of nonlinear narratives and how they communicate characterization and theme.
Pulp Fiction
Tarantino's was praised for his film's nonlinear plot. But if you rearrange the events of the story into chronological order is Pulp Fiction still a good movie?
Yeah, pretty much.
The story doesn't change, and no plot points are revealed too early. So, why did Tarantino mess with his timeline?
While there are many valid interpretations of the film, we should consider how the nonlinear plot highlights the morality of its three protagonistsButch, Jules, and Vincent. We'll start with Vincent's arc.
We're introduced to Vincent at the beginning of the movie and the entire second act centers around him and his date with Mia. After he saves Mia from an overdose the audience is pretty attached to him. However, early in the third act, Vincent is unceremoniously killed by Butch. Which, for the audience, seems tragic. But, the film plays it as a non-event. Like we should have seen it coming.
Throughout the second half of the movie, you're left with a powerful story question: Why did Vincent die, especially in such a meaningless way? And, if you're paying attention the film answers this question in the story arcs of Butch and Jules.
Butch and Jules both experience events that free them from the grasp of the film's antagonist Marsellus. Let's only look at Jule's arc, though. Jule's story begins in the film's final act after the audience has witnessed Vincent's murder, but chronologically a day before his death occurs.
After a shootout, Jules believes that he and Vincent were saved from certain death by divine intervention. With this in mind, he chooses to spare the lives of two would-be robbers and is able to walk away from his life of crime unharmed.
Vincent sees that same miracle as a freak accident. His attitude about life does not change the way that Jule's does. He continues to devalue life and he is killed by Butch the next day. Now, how does the nonlinear plot play into all this?
Well, the audience already knows Vincent's fate so we can immediately contextualize his decision to ignore Jule's miracle. The message is clearJules is self-reflective and uses the event of the shootout as an opportunity to grow as a person. Vincent remains a static character and, we know, is murdered as a consequence.
So, that's one example of how characterization and theme can play out in a nonlinear plot. Let's take a look at another one from the world of literature.
The Sound and The Fury
It would take a term paper to argue the theme of Faulkner's work. And, since I'm not in college anymore I'm not going to try here. However, I will argue that Faulkner used nostalgia and the fleetingness of time as motifs in his work. The book follows the children of a once prominent southern family, the Compsons. The family has fallen on hard times and we follow each of the children as they grow to young adults.
Most of the book is told from the point of view of one of the three sons of the family, Benjy, Quentin and Jason. Benjy is autistic and pays little regard to any notion of chronological order. As we read Benjy's chapter his thoughts jump from one moment to another across the span of twenty years.
Quentin, the oldest brother, spins his chapter mostly lost in his memories of the past. He's obsessed with his sister who he loved. However, she's had a child out of wedlock making her impure in his eyes. Jason is the only brother who's rooted in the present yet, he spends his days mourning lost opportunities.
In The Sound and The Fury, Faulkner deploys a style of narration called stream of consciousness. The thoughts of the POV character are relayed directly to the reader with no additional comment. It's like you're reading the character's mind. This adds to the book's nonlinear plot as characters cycle through memories in their mind, and also address what is happening to them in the present. Putting the reader directly in the mind of a character establishes a strong empathy for that character.
The story illustrates the decay of the Compson family through the memories of its children. It does this by jumping back and forth in the timeline via each of the boy's memories. Faulkner demonstrates to the reader that all things, no matter how great, will decay and crumble. Time devours everything in the end. His story alludes to the words of Shakespeare's Macbeth-
"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day… The way to dusty death"
Time, for the Compsons, is the antagonist. With a nonlinear plot, Faulkner emphasizes time's importance to the text.
Full disclosure- I spelled this M-o-m-e-n-t-o


text:
|A meta-analysis of the effects of psychological interventions in pediatric oncology on outcomes of psychological distress and adjustment
|Pai A L, Drotar D, Zebracki K, Moore M, Youngstrom E
The authors concluded that psychological investigations show promise in improving parent adjustment and decreasing parent distress. However, effects for child distress and adjustment are minimal. This was generally a well-conducted review and the conclusions are likely to be reliable.
To evaluate the impact of psychological interventions on psychological distress and adjustment in parents and children in paediatric oncology.
MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Digital Dissertations and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from 1967 to 2005 for articles published in English; the search terms were reported. Four relevant journals were handsearched and citations in identified studies and review articles were checked.
Studies of psychological interventions in paediatric oncology were eligible for inclusion. Treatments that were exclusively medication, bibliotherapy, art therapy or music therapy were excluded. The interventions evaluated in the included studies were educational, behavioural/cognitive-behavioural, social-skills training, relaxation, written disclosure and social support. The number of sessions delivered ranged from 1 to 8 and the duration of a session ranged from 20 to 120 minutes. Both group and individual interventions were evaluated in the included studies. Studies of children aged 18 years or younger with a diagnosis of cancer and/or studies of families with children diagnosed with cancer were eligible for inclusion. The majority of studies included were of children with a range of cancer diagnoses, sites of malignancy and treatment regimens. One study was exclusively of children with brain tumours, while another targeted families of children undergoing bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. The included studies targeted patients across the cancer course: from newly diagnosed, in treatment and survivor phases. The included studies were of younger children, adolescents and younger adults. Where reported, the majority of participants were Caucasian (range: 45 to 95%) and participants from low social economic status (SES) groups were well represented (range: 22 to 62% in the lowest SES category). Studies of parent or child distress, or adjustment which reported sufficient data to calculate a raw effect size statistic, were eligible for inclusion. The included studies used a wide range of standardised tools to measure outcomes, and outcomes were categorised as self-reported child distress, self-reported child adjustment, self-reported parent distress, self-reported parent adjustment, parent-reported child distress and parent-reported child adjustment. The included studies had a mean follow-up period of 4.35 months (range: 5 weeks to 9 months).
The authors did not state how the studies were selected for the review, or how many reviewers performed the selection.
Assessment of study quality
A modified version of the Jadad scale was used to assess validity. Each study scored up to a maximum of 5 points for randomisation, description of randomisation, numbers and reasons for drop-outs, use of a control group and monitoring of treatment fidelity. Aspects of study quality were also discussed in the text. The authors did not state how the validity assessment was performed, or how many reviewers performed the assessment.
Mean control group or baseline scores and mean treatment group or post-intervention scores were extracted. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for each study using either between groups or pre-test post-test comparisons. Where subscale scores were reported, only total scale scores were extracted. Where studies included more than one measure for the outcome studies, mean effect sizes were calculated across multiple measures of the same construct. Authors were contacted for further data where necessary.
Two reviewers independently extracted the data. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using the κ coefficient.
Methods of synthesis
The data were combined using a weighted least-squares approach and a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic. Further information on study characteristics and differences between the studies was evident from the table.
Results of the review
Twelve studies (n=1,158) were included in the review: 9 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 2 quasi-experimental designs and a within-subjects design (n=13). There was insufficient information to determine the number of participants in the RCT and quasi-experimental groups.
Nine studies scored 3 or higher on the Jadad scale for quality. Five studies used a treatment fidelity check, but only two used an attention control group.
Psychological interventions had a small but significant positive impact on parent adjustment (5 studies; weighted mean effect size 0.23, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.07, 0.40, p<0.05) and parent distress (7 studies; weighted mean effect size 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.49, p<0.05). There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity. Psychological interventions did not significantly impact on self-reported or parent-reported measures of child adjustment and distress in between-group studies. There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity for any of these outcomes except parent-reported child adjustment (QT = 5.66, p=0.02).
The within-group study reported significant medium effects of psychological interventions on self-reported child distress (effect size 0.64) and self-reported child adjustment (effect size 0.56), and significant small effects of psychological interventions on parent-reported child distress (effect size 0.22) and parent-reported child adjustment (effect size 0.32). No p-values were reported for this study.
Psychological interventions in paediatric oncology show promise in decreasing stress and improving adjustment of parents of children with cancer. However, they have minimal impact on child distress and adjustment.
The review addressed a question that was clearly defined. Several relevant sources were searched and attempts were made to identify unpublished material. The search was restricted to articles in English, therefore language bias might have been introduced and relevant data missed. Appropriate methods were used to minimise bias and error at the data extraction and analysis stages. However, it is unclear whether similar steps were taken in the study selection and validity assessment processes, therefore error and bias cannot be ruled out. An appropriate validity assessment was carried out and the results were reported, though not in detail. The quality of the included studies was generally good. Given the considerable clinical heterogeneity between the studies, the review might have benefited from a narrative synthesis. Furthermore, the combination of randomised, quasi-experimental and within-subjects research designs limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the meta analysis. This was generally a well-conducted review and the results are likely to be reliable.
Implications of the review for practice and research
Practice: The authors did not state any implications for practice.
Research: The authors stated that further research with attention control groups, long-term follow-up periods and the reporting of effect sizes is required.
National Institutes of Health Ruth L Kirchstein National Research Service Award; Lance Armstrong Foundation Center for Survivors of Pediatric Cancer at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital.
Pai A L, Drotar D, Zebracki K, Moore M, Youngstrom E. A meta-analysis of the effects of psychological interventions in pediatric oncology on outcomes of psychological distress and adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006; 31(9): 978-988
Subject indexing assigned by NLM
Adolescent; Child; Depressive Disorder, Major /epidemiology /etiology /therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms /epidemiology /psychology; Psychotherapy /methods; Social Adjustment; Treatment Outcome
Date bibliographic record published
Date abstract record published
This is a critical abstract of a systematic review that meets the criteria for inclusion on DARE. Each critical abstract contains a brief summary of the review methods, results and conclusions followed by a detailed critical assessment on the reliability of the review and the conclusions drawn.


text:
Most historic textiles are made of organic
fibers including wool, cotton,
linen, and silk. Modern textiles are made of natural and synthetic
fibers such as nylon and polyester.
Antique silk from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries must
be handled very carefully. The
silk may be chemically unstable due to a process called "weighting."
Metallic salts were added to the silk in order to add weight
and body to the fabric because the fabric was sold by weight
not length. The addition of the metallic salts accelerated the
degradation of weighted silk leaving it brittle and fraying.
Textiles can be made using many different
technologies such as weaving, knitting,
and stitching. They can be decorated using embroidery, appliqué,
beading, and dying.
Textiles objects include:
Slant Boards for


text:
Last Update: 28 March 2012
Note: or material is highlighted
In this document, I hope to provide an answer along the lines of the innocent question that I asked, and that many of my students now ask. The deeper question I will leave for another time, though I will provide some references.
First, an "intuition pump": Extensionality is like the "bottom line" in accounting: If A owes $1 to B, who owes $1 to C, then
We'll begin with two easy cases.
There are two ways to describe a set (or a relation): When a set is described by listing its members:
When a set is described by giving a property that all and only its members have:
have the same members. Thus, they are "extensionally equivalent", even though they are "intensionally distinct".
There is a subtle difference between these two ways of characterizing sets. Consider the following set-in-extension (T1), representing all the items on a certain table:
Similarly, properties (as opposed to sets of objects) and relations (as opposed to sets of ordered n-tuples of objects) are said to be intensional entities, whereas the sets (of ordered n-tuples) are said to be extensional entities (if described extensionally, of course!).
The meanings of terms and expressions are sometimes called "intensions" (see Montague 1974). Similarly, "intension" is sometimes used as a synonym for Frege's senses (see Frege 1892).
Intensionality is a term sometimes used for the following phenomenon of "non-substitutibility": Suppose that my 4-year-old son, Michael, believes that the morning star is a planet. He might believe this because I showed him the morning star (the last star visible in the morning before the sun becomes too bright) and told him that it was really the planet Venus. Now, the morning star is the evening star (or so astronomically-oriented philosophers claim). But, despite the logical principle that equals can be substituted for equals (4 is the square of 2; 4=3+1; therefore, 3+1 is the square of 2), it does not follow that Michael believes that the evening star is a planet; for example, he might never have been allowed to stay up late enough to know that there is an evening star, so that he has no beliefs about it at all. This phenomenon is also called "referential opacity" (see Chisholm 1967) or, less commonly, "propositional transparency" (see Castañeda 1970; see also Rapaport, Shapiro, & Wiebe 1997).
Many philosophers, notably Willard Van Orman Quine (1956, 1980) dislike such intensional entities, preferring their extensional counterparts.
Other intensional entities include:
"Intentionality" was proposed by Franz Brentano as the mark of the mental; i.e., all and only mental phenomena, he claimed, exhibited intentionality. Intentionality, in this sense, is the phenomenon of being "directed to" an object. A few examples should make this clear: All (and only) mental acts have an object; e.g., when I think, I must always think of something; when I believe (or know, or judge, etc.), I must always believe (or know, or judge, etc.) that something is the case; when I wish, I must always wish for something, and so on. (See Chisholm 1967, Aquila 1995.)
Moreover, the object of my mental act of thinking or believing or wishing, etc., need not exist or be true: I can equally well think of my son Michael or of Santa Claus; I can equally well believe that 2+2=4 or that unicorns exist, etc.
There is another, distantly related, sense of "intentional", as when we say that an act I perform was done intentionally, or that I have an intention to do something (more commonly, that I intend to do something). But this is not usually contrasted with "intensional" with an "s". (See Aune 1967, Castañeda 1975.)
|Sheryl:||Stop hitting the bench!|
|Dominic:||But they're hitting the bench!|
|Sheryl:||They're playing a game.|
|Dominic:||No they're not.|
How would Dominic know whether Michael and Marielle were indeed playing a game? From an extensional point of view, they were indeed hitting the bench, and that's what Dominic saw (that's all that he could see). But from an intensional point of view, they were indeed playing a game, though only Michael and Marielle (and Sheryl) had knowledge of that.
For more information on intensionality and intentionality, see: Dennett & Haugeland 1991, Deutsch 1995, and Guttenplan 1994.
On "the metaphor that underlies the words "intention" and "intentional" ", see Geach 1967.


text:
To this point, we have only subdivided each beat in two or four equal parts. However, it is also possible to divide a beat in three equal parts, with the use of triplets. Triplets are notated by writing the number 3 above the group of notes that will form the triplet. Note how, as in the second example, we can join two of the eighth notes that are part of the triplet, forming a quarter note inside the triplet:
Translated by Dan Román, revised by Sue Talley.


text:
The RV awning is an indispensable part of our camping because it creates shade to prevent UV rays and rainwater. The awning is designed from many components including torsion springs. It's one of the most important gears to maintain the device's tension. After few years, the springs can be degraded and cause stagnant problems for the awning when we open it. Hence, we should change them to a new one to prevent damages for your RV awning. In this article, I am going to introduce steps on how to replace the torsion springs:
Prepare Tools And Supplies
Before replacing the torsion springs, you should prepare these items below to achieve a good result:
- 3/18 inches and 1/8 inches drill bits
- 1/8 inches pop rivets
- Step ladder
Steps on How to Replace the Torsion Springs
Remove the Awning from a Coach
If your awning was installed on a coach, you should follow these steps to remove it from your RV before assembling torsion springs.
Step 1: Find a clean and smooth place to start working.
Step 2: Unscrew and remove the ½ inches TEK screws from both sides at the end of the awning fabric. Then, remove the top brackets on the awning rail.
Step 3: Unscrew the brackets to remove the patio feet and extend the adjustable arms.
Step 4: Pull the awning fabric or roller cover away from the awning rail.
Unwinding Torsion Assembly Springs
Step 1: Use a vise grip to clamp into the top casting on the awning. Then, unscrew the ¼-20 x ½ inches hex head screw from the top casting.
Step 2: Pull the top casting away from the main support arm carefully. To let the spring can be unwound, make sure that turn clockwise of the cam lock lever.
Step 3: Wait until the torsion spring can unwind completely. Then, move to the opposite side and repeat Step 1 and Step 2.
How to remove and replace torsion springs
Step 1: The torsion springs should be relieved of its tension before pulling them out. Mark the positions of the end cap and the fabric on the roller tube.
Step 2: Use a drill with a 3/16 inches drill bit to remove two rivets on the torsion assembly and the rivet bodies on the roller tube.
Step 3: Then, pull the torsion assembly away from the roller tube.
Step 4: To reduce the responsibility of the poly rope impacting on the cam lock lever, you should cut off the valance poly rope on the right-hand torsion. In this case, we have two types of roller tubes so you need different ways to cut off the rope:
- Steel roller tube: With this type of roller tube, you should cut the poly rope when pulled toward the valance groove. Remember leaving enough length of the rope to fold it behind the valance groove.
- Aluminum roller: You should cut and leave two inches length of the poly rope. It must be pulled toward the center position and locked in the notch of the roller tube.
Step 5: Install a new torsion spring in the roller tube. Be careful to align the rivet places and the holes in the roller tube.
Step 6: Change the opposite side of the roller tube to trim the poly ropes in the same as the above steps.
Step 7: Use 3/16 x 3/8 inches steel rivets to secure torsion springs.
Rewinding Torsion Assembly Spring
Step 1: Prepare a step ladder if you want to rewind the torsion assembly, which is attached to the coach. Otherwise, if you have extended the awning and locked the opposite side rafter, you can stand on the ground. This step will keep you safe so please performing it.
Step 2: Use a vise grip and clamp it tightly on the top casting.
Step 3: Find the number of turns based on the Torque Chart (indicated as below) and rewind the torsion assembly the same as this number.
|Awning Length (Ft.)||Standard||Heavy Duty|
|Number of turns||Number of turns|
Step 4: Between the end cap and torsion rod will have a hole, so you will need to put a 1/8 inches cotter pin through that hole. This action will reduce the speed of the top casting when installing the awning.
Step 5: Install the awning on a coach.
Those are entire steps on how to replace and install the torsion springs for RV awning. To achieve a good result, you should read them carefully and our instructions step by step.
Did you find these steps helpful for you?
Let us know in this comment below!
Please share them with other campers once you are successful.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The Thomas-Fermi equation with dimensionless variables is identified as; $$ \frac{d^2\phi}{dx^2} = \frac{\phi^{3/2}}{x^{1/2}} $$ with the boundary conditions as $$ \phi(0) = 1 \\ \phi(\infty) = 0. $$ There are many series approximation solutions available to this equation. I am interested in finding the integral representation for the solution of this differential equation. Are there any literature sources available in this direction?
share|improve this question
Related: math.stackexchange.com/q/806472/11127 – Qmechanic May 26 at 18:00
1 Answer 1
You have lectures notes on Density Functional Theory by Andrei Postnikov that may answer your question, in particular chapter 1 eq (1.16) _URL_ it is
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Copland may refer to:
- Copland (surname)
- Copland River in New Zealand
- Copland (crater), a Mercury crater
- 4532 Copland, an asteroid named after Aaron Copland
- The unreleased Copland operating system project at Apple Computer
- Aaron Copland, American 20th-century composer
- Copeland (disambiguation)
- Cop Land, a 1997 movie starring Sylvester Stallone, Robert De Niro and Harvey Keitel
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Copland.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


text:
- For Teachers
Are the following questions (B:) natural if we ask someone to repeat something we don't hear it or understand it?
A: Do you like bungee jumping?
B: Do I like what?
A: Have you been to Norwich?
B: Have I been to where?
A: Have you tried bungee jumping?
B: Have I tried what?
They only work, of course, if the only part of the sentence you didn't hear or understand was the end.
If you misheard a different part of a sentence, you would ask a different question (or simply say "Pardon?")
Have you ever spotted Bill Clinton?
Have I ever whatted Bill Clinton?
Note that "to what" is obviously not a verb but in BrE you might hear it used only in that context.
Remember - correct capitalisation, punctuation and spacing make posts much easier to read.


text:
Ritual Wine Container (Lei)
Chinese, Eastern Zhou Dynasty
Ritual Wine Container (Lei), 8th-7th century B.C.
Gift of Mrs. F. Harold Daniels
With loop handles cast onto its wide shoulders and a broad, everted mouth rim, this flat-bottomed ritual bronze vessel is thought to have held wine. Its shape evolved from that of pottery in the late Western Zhou period (1111-770 B.C.). The decoration, organized in two bands of large, interlocking dragons, heralds a change in taste in the early Eastern Zhou dynasty. In the following centuries such designs became denser and more regular in their arrangement of complex, repeated abstract patterns. That the decoration may not have had specific symbolic meaning can be inferred from inscriptions on some Zhou bronzes indicating that they commemorated military victories and gifts of land or titles.


Sign up ×
I am working on a HTML5 Project.There is a drawing graphics API to draw Rectangle (fillRectStrokeRect).But how can i draw a SQUARE. I have tried the following way to draw it CODE
x2=mx; y2=my;
var width=endX-startX;
var height=endY-startY;
var centerX=width/2;
var centerY=width/2;
var radius=width/2;
annCanvasContext.arc(centerX+5, centerY+5, radius, 0, 2 * Math.PI, false);
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Use fillRect or strokeRect with the width and height being equal.
var x = 0, y = 0,
 side = 10;
ctx.fillRect(x, y, side, side);
As you say in the comments, if you want to fit the largest square in a circle, it's more Math related than about code. I'll trying explaining it to you, but you'll probably find better, more visual explanations elsewhere on the Internet.
Draw the diameter of the circle in a way that it divides your square into two equal parts. Now one part is a right angled triangle, which has two of its sides equal. We know the diameter. Using the Pythogorean theorem, you get this equation: side^2 + side^2 = diameter^2.
Let's find the side now.
2(side^2) = diameter^2
side^2 = (diameter^2)/2
side = Math.sqrt( (diameter^2)/2 )
Now, to turn this into code.
 radius = 20;
ctx.canvas.addEventListener('click', function (e){
 ctx.fillStyle = 'black';
 ctx.arc(e.pageX, e.pageY, radius, 0, Math.PI*2, false);
 ctx.fillStyle ='red';
 var diameter = radius * 2;
 var side = Math.sqrt( (diameter * diameter)/2 );
 ctx.fillRect(e.pageX - side/2, e.pageY - side/2, side, side);
}, false);
This would draw a square inside a circle wherever you click on the canvas.
share|improve this answer
Thanks Amaan. But i want to draw circle inside a square at run time. – Shanky Sep 7 '12 at 4:43
_USER_ Added that to the answer. – Some Guy Sep 7 '12 at 11:00
See how I got how to find the side? Manipulate the equation. You should get this: radius = Math.sqrt(2(side^2))/2 – Some Guy Sep 12 '12 at 15:30
_USER_ What the are you trying to do? Either the side or the radius have to be fixed. You said you want to calculate the raduys according to the height or width. The height / width of a square is the side. Make the side variable whatever you want and then calculate the radius – Some Guy Sep 13 '12 at 14:57
_USER_ No, I can't. – Some Guy Sep 17 '12 at 11:03
Your Answer


text:
HEATMAP displays a matrix as an image whose color intensities reflect the magnitude of its values. In addition, it enables you to specify the following properties:
* X- and Y-axes tick labels:
Display the row/column indices or any other numeric or text labels. X-axis tick labels can even be rotated.
* Text labels:
Overlay the heatmap image with formatted text labels. The text labels can be derived from the original numeric matrix or a different matrix or cell array for displaying another dimension of data. You can control the font size and font color of the labels. The labels update automatically with zooming, panning or resizing the figure.
* Custom color maps:
Use MATLAB's default color maps or specify your own. The function provides two additional color maps - "money" (shown in the example image) and "red" (a color map of red color intensities). Specify Linear or Logarithmic color maps and the number of color levels. You can even use different color maps for different heat maps within a figure.
* Other configurable parameters such as grid lines, color bars.
For detailed examples, see the associated document heatmap_examples.m
NOTE: If using rotated tick labels, HEATMAP will resize the axes to make room for the tick labels. When overwriting existing heatmap plots with a new heatmap, use CLF to first clear the figure. See heatmap_examples for an illustration.


text:
Bar codes are printing with variable line width. Part of the bar code prints with thicker lines.
This is caused by another object overlapping the bar code object. Even if this object has a white background and cannot be seen on screen it can cause variable line width on bar codes. This is especially true if you are using the Nice Label software. (See Below)To fix this issue, remove the overlapping objects from bar code objects. Click on an object to reveal the object boundaries.
Bar codes are identified by the driver so that quality compensation can be applied. This compensation is necessary to provide better scanning bar codes. If overlapping objects are present, the bar code cannot be properly identified in those overlapping areas. The compensation cannot be applied resulting in thicker lines printing in the overlapping areas.


DIY The Web Pendant Jewelry Making Tutorial
Here is a tutorial that for sure you'll have fun creating!
The Web Pendant will teach you how to perfect your wrapping techniques by creating a web-like weaved wires. You'll also learn how to make loops and use these techniques in creating various designs for wire jewelry.
4 x 8cm (3 inches) 0.6mm (22ga) wire
0.3mm (28 ga) wire
8pcs 0.4mm beads
4pcs 0.3mm beads
Step 1: The web frame
Cut 4 pcs of 3 inches 22ga wire.
Step 2:
Pick up 2 wires and bend each one in half like a "V" shape.
Step 3:
Take the wires and insert in between the bent area like so.
Wrap one "V" shaped wire by bending the wire in opposite directions like shown in arrow. By doing so your wire will interlock.
Step 4:
Then try to straighten the wires with your fingers.
Step 5:
Pick up one more 3-inch wire as your 3rd wire and bend in half. Insert the wire in between the first 2 wires.
Then wrap once by bending the wires in opposite directions like shown in arrow.
Fire Mountain Gems and Beads
Step 6:
Pick up your 4th 3-inch wire and bend in half. Insert again in between the interlock wires, perpendicular to your 3rd wire.
Step 7:
Then bend the wires in opposite directions.
Step 8: Securing the wires
Bend the rest of the wires in opposite direction to ensure the wires are locked in place.
Step 9: Weaving the web
Take your 28ga wire. Working directly from the spool wrap the wire twice onto the web frame.
After wrapping twice bring the wire up and under then wrap again twice onto the next web frame.
Then bring the wire up and over then wrap again twice onto the next web frame.
Step 10:
Wrap neatly, until you can trim the ends of the web frame and have about.60 inches or 1.5cm left.
Step 11:Slide in a 0.4mm bead then bend the wire like so.
With your nose pliers, grip bent wire and make a full turn until you create a loop.
Step 12:
Repeat Step 11 for the rest of the web frame.
Step 13: Covering the knots.
Take 4 x 0.3mm beads and with your 28ga wire wrap and weave it onto the center of the web to cover the knotted wires.
Lastly, attach a jump ring and you're done!
For the complete tutorial you can DOWNLOAD A FREE PDF COPY HERE
Find Lots Of Jewelry Making Lessons & Tips
Jane Chew
 Leave a Reply


text:
This should be moved to themes.tiki.org
Note: This info seems out of date for Tiki 15. Check themes.tiki.org for up to date info.
Table of contents
- Customizing Themes
- How to create a custom theme
- Theme file locations
- How to modify template (.tpl) files
- The layout of Tiki
- Overriding templates
- Multiple themes with a common custom template set
- Overriding global special-purpose CSS files
- Theme Options
- Overriding icons
For an overview of existing themes, see themes.
- The application layout (basic structure)
- The presentation of elements in the layout (style)
- Pick a name for the theme. Check the styles directory to make sure there's not an existing theme with the same name.
- For this example, we're going to create a theme called screensite.
- Using the theme name you chose in the first step, create a.css file in the styles directory. If you are using an existing theme as the base for the new theme, copy that theme's CSS file and rename it. Alternatively, you can start with the CSS file at _URL_ which contains (hopefully all, but at least) most of the current CSS selectors along with placeholder properties.
- If your theme needs more radical changes than can be accomplished with CSS alone, then custom templates may be necessary. In this case, using your new theme name, create a sub-directory in the templates/styles directory.
- For example, create templates/styles/screensite. Having custom, theme-specific template files is not encouraged, because this makes updating your Tiki installation more difficult, as the files will probably need to be updated to stay in sync with the default versions.
- Copy the default or other theme's template file(s) needing to be modified to your new theme directory.
- See _URL_ for more information.
At this point, your new theme has been created! If you go to User Preferences and check the drop-down menu for Theme, you'll find your theme listed (e.g., screensite.css). Of course, if existing-theme files were used as the base and no editing was done yet, your new theme will look just the same as the theme you based it on.
See also Theme layout schema.
The specific template files will differ based on which pre-existing theme you choose, but some of the commonly used files are:
- tiki.tpl: the main template defining the layout of the whole application
- tiki-show_page.tpl: this displays wiki content in the center of the page (replaces $mid_data in tiki.tpl). Similarly, there are other templates with names reflecting their purpose, such as tiki-view_blog_post.tpl. These generally match the names of the PHP file in the URL when the section is being viewed.
- error.tpl: used to display errors in Tiki versions prior to 2.0.
- header.tpl: contains the HTML head section.
- tiki-site_header.tpl: "Look and Feel" page heading
- tiki-top_bar.tpl: varies according to theme, but may contain top navigation bar, etc.
- tiki-bot_bar.tpl: bottom icons, credits, etc.
- the template files with names like tiki-print.tpl are used for printable representation of objects so you usually don't want to change them.
As you can see, it easy easy to modify the layout of the whole tiki application by just changing the stylesheet or possibly a template file or two.
As we saw above, the template files for a custom theme live in a directory named something like templates/styles/screensite. Theme-specific versions of default template subdirectory files live just one directory below there, in templates and its subdirectories, notably:
This technique works on files in the subdirectories, too. E.g., to change the application menu in your theme, copy the file mod-application_menu.tpl from
When creating a theme you can override any template file. You just need to put a modified template file in the directory templates/styles/screensite or its subdirectory, as appropriate.
(A theme name with one of these characters.- has special behavior. See below 'To have multiple.css with only one templates set'.)
For example, if we wanted to modify the forum listing in our screensite theme, and wanted to modify it more extremely than can be done with CSS, we'd copy the file tiki-forums.tpl from
Then we'd edit then new, moved copy of the file.
Tiki will substitute whatever is in your custom theme directory for the same template files in the default directories.
W3C provides tutorials and other tools for learning CSS principles: _URL_
- Start with the stylesheet shown at _URL_ for a theme that uses the *litecss layout method (common in Tiki 2 and default in Tiki 3), or choose an existing theme and find its CSS file in the styles directory. Please note that the CSS files are not in the templates directory tree. In a default Tiki installation, there are two directories named styles under the Tiki root:
- styles (for CSS files)
- templates/styles (for the custom-theme sub-directories, into which you put template files--as we just did above)
- Copy the CSS file, rename it as your new theme name, and keep it in the styles directory with all the other CSS files. For example, screensite.css.
- Edit it to produce a style for your theme--selecting things like fonts, background colors and the behavior of hypertext links.
- If you wish to add images to your CSS style, it's best to create a subdirectory for them beneath the styles directory--giving it your theme's name.
- For example, styles/screensite
Theme options provide for variations of a theme, for example, changing colors, column widths or other details. A theme's option CSS files, if it has them, are in the styles/themename/options folder. These files can be named anything, but only one (or none) is active at any given moment, and will override the main CSS rules.
The icon file must be in styles/your_style directory
For instance if you want to overwrite pics/icons/module.png and pics/icons/omodule.png(the two icons used for module flipping), put the images to be used in styles/your_domain/your_style/pics/icons.
- your_domain is only to be used if you are in a multitiki setting.
- your_style is a substring of your current style - if you current style is my_look-2009.css, your_style must be my_look (the part after the hyphen is considered a variant).
- The new icon images must be the same pixel size as the ones specified by the template (les icons doivent avoir la meme taille que celle specifiee dans le template) (default: 16x16).
Since you can change the CSS file and you can override any template your themes can make your Tiki site look like anything you want. The only limit is your imagination.


Get More Great Stuff!
No spam, ever. Enter your email here:
Which college freshmen end up making more money 20 years later?
The happier ones:
…how happy individuals were as college freshmen predicted how high their income was nineteen years later, regardless of their initial level of wealth.
He's citing this study:
This longitudinal study examines the influence of dispositional affect, defined as self-rated cheerfulness at college entry, on 3 job outcomes (current income, job satisfaction, and unemployment history) assessed about 19 yrs later. Analysis using data from the 1976 "College and Beyond" survey of 13,676 freshmen shows that individuals with a higher cheerfulness rating at college entry have a higher current income and a higher job satisfaction rating and are less likely ever to have been unemployed than individuals with a lower cheerfulness rating. Although cheerfulness generally has a positive effect on current income, this effect is curvilinear, with current income increasing more rapidly at lower than at higher cheerfulness ratings; the effect is also moderated by parental income, with the increase in current income between any two cheerfulness ratings becoming greater as the level of parental income increases. The effect of cheerfulness on current income is not moderated by sex; the effect of cheerfulness on job satisfaction and on unemployment history is not moderated by either sex or parental income.
Source: "Dispositional affect and job outcomes" from Social Indicators Research
Related posts:
8 ways that money can buy happiness
What are your relationships worth, in dollars?
At what annual salary does money stop making us happier?
About Eric Barker


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Have a numbered list in 2007 Word. Everything was fine until item 100.
At 100 and on, the margin between the number and the text is very large.
How do I make it normal? Thanks!
98. texttexttexttexttext
99. texttexttexttexttext
100. texttexttexttexttext<--Can't get just one space between number and text?
101. texttexttexttexttext
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The default hanging indent value (i.e., how far in the text begins) isn't wide enough for the 3-digit numbers. (Default seems to be for the number itself to be indented 0.25", and the following text indented 0.5", which leaves only 0.25" for the number.) When it's not wide enough, then, Word has to move the hanging text over to the next tab stop.
You can fix this as follows: select the entire numbered list, right-click and select Adjust List Indents, and then set Number position and Text indent to whatever you want.
share|improve this answer
interesting problem, nice solution, thnks – mmc18 May 20 '13 at 13:20
add comment
I have got the steps for fixing the Numbering Issue of Microsoft Word 2007. Just follow the steps so that your text and numbers will be aligned correctly :
From the numbered list, select all of the items. Then click the drop-down arrow at the right of the Numbering tool in the Paragraph group, on the Home tab of the ruler. You will find that Word displays a palette of options. Click the Define New Number Format option. Word displays the Define New Number Format dialog box, and all the options in the dialog box should match whatever was set in the numbered list you selected in step 1. Choose the Right, using the Alignment drop-down list. Finally click on OK.
share|improve this answer
Sure, but what if he does want the numbers to be left-aligned, just that the following text should always be indented the same distance from the page margin? – Alex Feb 12 '10 at 17:51
add comment
Your Answer


text:
An intramuscular (IM) injection is a shot. The needle goes into the muscle to deliver medication. This is usually done by a doctor or nurse. Sometimes, your doctor may teach you to inject yourself. IM injections are deeper than injections given under the skin.
Reasons for Procedure
Some medications are better absorbed when given in the muscle. Other medications may be given in the muscle if you are unable to take them by mouth.
Some examples of medications given using an IM injection:
Complications associated with IM injections are:
- Bleeding, soreness, or redness at the site
- Allergic reaction to the medicatiom
- Rarely, the site may become infected
What to Expect
Prior to Procedure
- Make sure you have all of the items that you will need in front of you.
- Make sure that you have the right medication and that it has not expired.
- Wash hands with warm, soapy water before giving the injection.
- Select a site for injection. This should be an area on your body with a large muscle, such as the thigh.
- Cleanse the area with an alcohol wipe.
Description of Procedure
To inject yourself:
- Remove the needle cap.
- Smooth the skin with one hand.
- Hold the syringe the way you would a pencil. Insert the needle at a 90° angle to the skin. The needle should be completely covered by skin.
Hold the syringe with one hand. With the other, pull back the plunger to check for blood in the syringe.
- If you see blood, do not inject. Withdraw the needle and start again at a new site.
- If you do not see blood, slowly press down on the plunger until it stops.
- Remove the needle from the skin.
- If there is bleeding at the site of injection, apply a bandage.
- Immediately put the syringe and needle into a container that is puncture-proof.
- Find out what services are available in your area for disposing of biological waste.
Will It Hurt?
Depending on the medication, there is usually some discomfort at the injection site. Soreness in the muscle is also common.
Tips for minimizing pain include:
- Inject medication that is at room temperature.
- Remove all air bubbles from the syringe before the injection.
- Relax the muscles in the injection area.
- Quickly break through the skin.
- Do not change the direction of the needle as it goes in or comes out.
- Do not reuse disposable needles.
Care After Injection
Follow your doctor's instructions for general care.
Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if any of the following occur:
- Difficulty giving yourself the injection
- A lot of pain
- Medication is injected into the wrong area
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the injection site
- Rash or hives develop
- Difficulty breathing
If you think you have an emergency, call for medical help right away.
- Reviewer: Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 05/2013 -
- Update Date: 05/22/2013 -


text:
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
19th-century Polish literature
Mickiewicz was the greatest Polish poet and the leader of the Romantic period. His two-volume Poezye (1822–23; "Poems") was the first major literary event of the period. The second volume included parts two and four of Dziady ( Forefathers' Eve), in which he combined folklore and mystic atmosphere to create a new kind of Romantic drama....
discussed in biography
Mickiewicz's first volume of poems, Poezye (1822; "Poetry"), included ballads, romances, and an important preface explaining his admiration of western European poetic forms and his desire to transplant them to Polish literature. The second volume of Poezye (1823) contained parts two and four of his Dziady (...
What made you want to look up "Poezja"? Please share what surprised you most...


text:
VACCP, TACCP and Food Defence – what does it all mean?
The amount of jargon being used around this topic isn't reducing and is still causing confusion. I'm going to try to clear this up for you…here goes!
What is VACCP and TACCP?
VACCP (Vulnerability Assessment and Critical Control Points) and TACCP (Threat Assessment and Critical Control Points)
These terms have been around a while now, but I'm really not a fan of these acronyms for 2 reasons;
- Firstly, they refer to CCPs (Critical Control Points) but we don't use CCPs to manage threats. It's vital that CCPs remain purely focused on food safety (especially after all the time and effort we have put in to getting HACCP right). There may well be established CCPs that contribute to threat management such as foreign body detection systems for deliberate sabotage, but they are still primarily there for food safety reasons.
- Secondly, threats (TACCP) and vulnerabilities (VACCP) are not two separate assessments they must be considered together. A threat being a deliberate act to cause harm or for financial gain and vulnerability being a measure of how exposed the business is to the threat having an impact. So the two must be considered as part of the same assessment.
The general accepted scope of these acronyms is that VACCP covers threats in the raw material supply chain, and TACCP covers threats from raw material intake through the rest of the product supply chain to the consumer. But you may well see differences in the defined scopes, hence the confusion. At the start of every food defence training course, I always ask the question 'so what do TACCP and VACCP cover?' The response is usually a room of blank faces!
Food Defence is a better term to use
The vocabulary has a much clearer meaning from the outset. We really don't need to shoehorn theses new terms into unhelpful acronyms.
In the 2nd edition of our book, 'Assessing Threat Vulnerability for Food Defence,' by Adele Adams and Kassy Marsh, with a foreword from Professor Chris Elliott, we have defined food defence simply as 'to protect food products, raw materials and processes from threats'. We really don't need to overcomplicate this. Here's an extract from our book to explain our thinking:
"It is logical to view and use the term 'food defence' as an overarching term to describe and encompass all the activities carried out to protect food from threats. Other methodologies use the term food defence to merely focus on sabotage and use the term 'food fraud' to cover supply chain threats. However, it is the authors view, that this leads to similar issues being managed in different systems or silos and hence a lack of joined-up thinking.
- Food fraud
- Food terrorism
- Food sabotage
The following diagram illustrates the different elements of a food defence plan".
Some of these terms may be more pertinent to particular parts of the end-to-end supply chain, for example, food fraud may be more prevalent in the raw material supply chain, and food sabotage may be more likely during the manufacturing process. However, it would be a dangerous error to see them as exclusive to either part of the supply chain and they should be considered throughout.
The term 'food defence' is now being introduced as a requirement in the BRC Global Standard for Food Safety Issue 8.
This is a further build on the site security requirements from issue 7. It is good to see this term now being used by BRC, however I do think joining the two halves (raw material threats and product threats) of the end-to-end supply chain together under an overall banner of 'food defence' makes much more sense. All of these issues (food fraud, adulteration, substitution, sabotage, terrorism) are deliberate acts i.e. threats, hence considering them under one umbrella term of 'food defence' should help to simplify the assessments.
These two risk assessments may well still sit separately and should be carried out by differing teams, hopefully with some core members across both for consistency, however we need to think of the end-to-end supply chain in its entirety to ensure we are protecting the consumer from all plausible potential threats throughout it.
Understanding Food Defence
We're busy creating a series of videos for you on Food Defence, the first part we've released is 'What is food defence and why do you need it?' This handy short video can help your site to briefly understand what food defence is and why it shouldn't just sit with the technical team. Why not use it in your next food defence meeting?
What is food defence and why do we need it? Video – Part 1 Transcript:
I'd like to tell you a little bit about Food Defence, to give you an understanding of what it means and how we can help you to protect your product and systems. This is the first video in the series, what is food defence and why do you need it?
Here at Adele Adams Associates, we have developed new methodology for assessing food defence threats and you can find more about this in the book we have written and the course we run. There will be details at the end of this video. So what does food defence mean? It's about protecting food products, raw materials, and your processes from threats. And a threat, it's a deliberate act to cause harm or financial gain. So this is where your food fraud assessment would differ from HACCP. HACCP deals with accidental and is focused on food safety, whereas we're talking about a deliberate act.
Food Defence is made up of 3 different elements.
You've probably heard a lot of this jargon being banded around. The first is food fraud – which you may see more examples of in the raw materials side of the supply chain. This is where someone is setting out to make money from either counterfeit, adulterated, or substituted raw materials. The second is food terrorism, which is a scary thought. It could happen at site level, but more likely in the raw materials supply chain. Although the protection measures can be limited at site level, we do need to have that on our radar. And finally, food sabotage, which is the deliberate actions of individuals, such as disgruntled workers on site, to sabotage a product or a process. The motivation for this may differ; it may be driven through unhappiness or a need to seek revenge.
How do we go about a food defence plan?
The food defence assessment has to cover the whole end-to-end supply chain, right from source of raw materials through to the consumer. And this can be split into two parts, the green part of this illustration shows you the supply chain, looking back from your intake bay, up through the raw material supply chain for deliberate threats. This could mean that the raw material isn't what it should be when it arrives at your back door.
Followed by the red part of the diagram, which shows you product threats in your factory box and throughout the rest of the distribution process until the product reaches the consumer. This is where we may see deliberate acts of sabotage happening.
So let's have a quick look at raw materials.
Here are some examples of the most fraudulently seen raw materials, olive oil would be no surprise, honey, spices, fish, coffee, milk, and orange juice.
Here are some headlines from 2013:
When we saw the horsemeat scandal starting a need for a food defence plan, and pushing it up the agenda for the industry and enforcers. But it's not just horsemeat, and that wasn't in itself a food safety issue, we've seen others such as illegal dyes in spices and other foods, and allergens in spices which could cause harmful food safety reactions as well.
Product threats, where we mean threats to actual product you produce in your factory or throughout the downward distribution chain, so it's harder to quantify the cost and impact of these but it could and does happen. Here are a couple of examples. A disgruntled worker spreading peanuts throughout a factory and an issue for Morrison's where metal pins were inserted into green beans. And there are many more examples through a quick online search.
Why do we need a food defence system?
A food defence system protects you, it protects your brand and the consumer. It also helps to link up all the stages in the end to end supply chain, to make sure we've got the correct protection measures in place. Is it what you say it is on the pack?
To summerise this There is a lot to think about. Food Defence in split into three different segments, food fraud, food sabotage and food terrorism. We need the whole site to have this mind-set for looking out for threats and being switched onto food defence as a topic, its not just a technical thing.
Want to find out more about food defence?
Visit our website adeleadmasassociates.co.uk and click on Food Defence VACCP/TACCP link in the menu which will take you through to our courses, where you can book onto a public course or ask us for dates on our on-site courses for up to 12 people. Or purchase a hard copy or download our book "Assessing Threat Vulnerability for Food Defence" by Adele Adams and Kassy Marsh.