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The UMobile ATEP Learning Over Time Policy spells out that a student must first be taught a proficiency in a didactic class and practice in the laboratory component of that class before he/she can practice or apply that proficiency in a clinical setting under the direct supervision of the clinical supervisor (Preceptor). The UMobile ATEP Policy and Procedures Manual lists which proficiencies are taught in which course, and in which course they are to be practiced and evaluated. Additionally, all Preceptors receive a biweekly electronic newsletter that updates them on what the athletic training students are covering in class during that period. A final fail-safe mechanism to assure the Learning Over Time and appropriate learning level concepts is the site visit conducted at least twice each semester to the clinical sites by the Program Director or Clinical Coordinator. During these visits, clinical expectations and progress on proficiencies is a required topic of discussion and, if not in line with Program expectations, the issue will be addressed and solved at that time.
In accordance with the University of Mobile Athletic Training Education Program's commitment to Learning Over Time, a pre-professional student or an athletic training student will be evaluated numerous times through various methods until the Program Director, Clinical Coordinator, Preceptor certifiy that the athletic training student has met the criteria listed above. The athletic training student shall have the right to challenge any evaluation by notifying the Director of the Athletic Training Education Program in writing. The Program Director will then assign another Preceptor to repeat the evaluation. The general progression of a student's learning process involves teaching the material in the class, clinical courses, integrating the material into practical experiences at each designated site and, finally, the ability to apply all information learned into a concise evaluation. It is the goal of the University of Mobile ATEP to provide endless learning opportunities for students to become proficient in the skills needed to be a competent certified athletic trainer.
Clinical Education Component
The clinical component allows a hands-on approach to understand these concepts and skills and follows a natural course of learning. For example, HPE 225 Lower Body Intensive teaches components of every aspect of the ankle, knee, and hip. Students learn to demonstrate range of motion exercises, bony landmarks, manual muscle testing, goniometry, special tests, and functional drills to return to activity. In the HPE 325 course students learn the contraindications, indications, and protocols for modalities that are designed to facilitate healing. The ATS learns what each athlete will feel in regards to the modalities they prescribe and what they should expect with each treatment setting. The purpose of every clinical class is to provide each student with a safe and productive environment for learning outside the rigors of the real world. These clinical courses also have written assignments that are due throughout the semester as a means to further measure the student's progression of learning. These written assignments allow the instructor to continually add material into the course without worrying about not getting all the information to the student within such a short time frame. The students will practice skills numerous times throughout the semester, but must master the competencies prior to completing the course.


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English Language Revision Guidance Videos
School – St Richard Gwyn
Subject – English Language UI
Language – English
Title of resource – English Language Revision Guidance Videos
Age – KS4
Length of activity – 1-3 hours
Unit – U1 and U2
Description including blended learning activities
A sequence of videos and PowerPoints providing guidance to students about ways to approach the GCSE English language papers. Encourage pupils to pause the video to note down important tips. Ensure work is set checks if these tips have been understood and followed.
Click on the titles to expand.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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WebMD Medical News
Laura J. Martin, MD
Dec. 12, 2011 -- Against heavy odds, the world's tiniest and the fourth-smallest surviving infants have had normal childhood development, a new study shows, although the girls' heights and weights still lag behind other kids the same age.
Little information is available to doctors and parents on how extremely low-birth-weight babies develop and grow as toddlers, school-age children, or into young adulthood. So a report like this offers a rare glimpse at the long-term health and growth of two of the world's teeniest premature babies as they get older.
Rumaisa Rahman, a girl who holds the Guinness Book of World Records title of "World's Smallest Surviving Baby," is at her five-year follow-up doctor's visit.
Born at just 26 weeks after her mother had severe preeclampsia, a serious condition involving high blood pressure and other abnormalities during pregnancy, Rumaisa was a twin. She weighed 9.2 ounces. She was roughly 9 inches long. Rumaisa spent 142 days in the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit.
Madeline Mann is now a 22-year-old college senior. She was born at nearly 27 weeks into the pregnancy, also to a mother who had preeclampsia. She weighed roughly 9.9 ounces and was also about 9 inches long. Madeline was hospitalized for 122 days as a newborn before going home.
Her case is the first 20-year follow-up for one of the world's smallest surviving infants reported in the medical literature.
Few babies born at birth weights of less than 14 ounces survive, so cases such as these are very rare. But the numbers of these "micro-preemies" who survive are on the rise.
The research appears in the Dec. 12 issue of Pediatrics.
Both girls, who were born at the same Illinois hospital, showed normal language skills and hit normal milestones for walking and toilet training. Rumaisa's movement skills -- writing, grasping for toys, and getting dressed -- are mildly delayed, while Madeline's are described as normal.
Both girls remain small for their age for weight and height. Rumaisa is in first grade with an individualized education plan.
At 20, Madeline stood 4 feet, 7 inches and weighed about 65 pounds. Her growth has been consistently far below other girls her age.
"We tell parents of babies born this small not to expect their children to be super tall," says researcher Jonathan Muraskas, MD.
Even so, he credits three main reasons for the girls' relatively normal development. The first, says Muraskas, is that number of weeks of the pregnancy is much more important than birth weight for a child's growth and brain development.
A second is that female preemies do better than males. "But we don't know why," says Muraskas, a professor of neonatal and perinatal medicine at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Ill.
And a third reason is that both mothers were given steroids before birth. These medications help the baby's lungs and brains mature faster and lower the risk of bleeding in the brain.
Muraskas points out that the two girls' outcomes are not typical. Many micro-preemies either do not survive or grow up with disabilities from conditions such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and blindness.
While the researchers caution against considering their results as an expected outcome, it's important for parents of these babies to recognize that there's some hope.
"Good outcomes are possible even for the smallest babies," says Edward Bell, MD, a neonatologist at the University of Iowa Children's Hospital in Iowa City. He also says that for these tiny infants, the number of weeks spent inside the mother's uterus affects their chances of survival more than their birth weight.
In 2000, Bell started a Tiniest Babies Registry when he realized he didn't have good answers for parents' questions about these babies who were born very premature.
Although information remains scarce, the registry has more than 100 babies who have survived weighing less than 14 ounces at birth.
"Most of them are doing pretty well," Bell tells WebMD.
But this case report is not the norm, says Leslie Kerzner, MD, a neonatologist at MassGeneral Hospital for Children in Boston. "[Rumaisa and Madeline] are two remarkable, isolated cases of survival of very low-birth-weight babies."
It's much more common for babies of this size to not survive or to have medical problems. "While these two girls may be the lucky ones, so many more suffer from hearing loss, vision, and movement problems, and [mental] delays," Kerzner tells WebMD.
She says we still don't know the long-term effects of the preemies' long hospital stays. Nor do we know how much the babies' discomfort and pain from their early-in-life medical care affects them later on.
Also, Kerzner says the report was not clear about how much special education or tutoring the girls need in school.
SOURCES:Muraskas, J. Pediatrics, published online Dec. 12, 2011.Jonathan Muraskas, MD, professor of pediatrics and neonatal/perinatal medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill.Edward F. Bell, MD, neonatologist, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City.Leslie Kerzner, MD, neonatologist, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston.
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For many people, including many relationship scientists, the last stage of relationship dissolution is termination of contact. It seems much easier to hate your ex rather than being friend with her/him. However, more and more studies revealed that the phenomenon of post-dating friendships is common. So why are some former romantic relationships redefined into friendships? And how is it possible?
Foley and Fraser (1998) suggest that romantic relationships that no longer fulfill the romantic needs of partners may undergo a transformation to friendship. To the extent that the resources exchanged continue to be of value to the former partners, the relationship is likely to be maintained in the form of a friendship. Hill, Rubin, and Peplau (1976) found that premarital partners were more likely to stay friends when the breakup was male initiated or mutual. Metts, Cupach, and Bejlovec (1989) found that being friends prior to initiation of a romantic relationship was a significant predictor of maintaining a friendship post breakup. In addition, people whose partners used a positive tone in expressing their desire to end the relationship were more likely to remain friends than those who used such withdrawal strategies as avoidance. Also, those who perceived their former partner as more desirable were more likely to remain friends post breakup (Banks et al., 1987).
Recently, Busboom and colleagues (2002) used social exchange theory framework to examine whether resources and barriers influence the quality of friendship with a former romantic partner. The findings of their study suggested that the more resources people receive from their former partners, the more likely they will be to experience a high quality friendship after breakup. In addition, one's level of satisfaction with the resources received may also contribute to friendship quality. Lastly, there are several obstacles that can get in the way of a postdating friendship, such as lack of support from family and friends for a post-dating friendship, the participant's involvement in a new romantic relationship, and the use of neglect as a strategy to end the relationship were all significant predictors of lower friendship quality.
Busboom, A.L., Collins, D.M., Givertz, M.D., & Levin, L.A. (2002).Can we still be friends? Resources and barriers to friendship quality after romantic relationship dissolution. Personal Relationship, 9, 215-223.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of Integrated Circuits
Published By Manyara on 2012-09-04 8664 Views
An integrated circuit is a chip in that contains all the amenities of a normal circuit board. These components include capacitors, resistors, transistors and many others. These components are condensed into a single chip in micro-electronics.
Integrated circuits were invented to solve the problems that were observed in discrete circuits. Discrete circuits are the normal type where distinct or separate components are interconnected using wires or plated conductors on motherboards. The two major problems in discrete circuits were too many soldering joints due to interconnections causing unreliability. The second problem was that of space, discrete circuits occupied a lot of space due to the hundreds of components that were used.
Since initiation in the 1950s, integrated circuits have had a success. Here are some of the advantages observed in integrated circuits;
1. Since the soldering joints are not used in integrated circuits, this means that they are more reliable than discrete circuits. This is due to the reduction in number of interconnections between components.
2. Due to fabrication of the various components on the integrated circuits, the components became much smaller. This makes integrated circuits much lighter than discrete circuits. The integrated circuits thus consume much less space than discrete circuits.
3. Integrated circuits are encapsulated with a silicon oxide layer during manufacture. This layer is tough and resistant and thus gives the integrated an ability to operate at extremes of temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions.
4. Integrated circuits are constrained to minimize the number of external connection. This has greatly simplified the layout of these circuits and makes them easier to use.
5. Integrated circuits have been notice to use less power for operations.
Integrated circuits have a lower cost of production than that of discrete circuits.
On the other hand integrated circuits have had a flipside too. They have had some limitations. Here are some of the disadvantages that occur in integrated circuits;
1. If one component in an integrated fails, that means the whole circuit has to be replaced.
2. Integrated circuits have limited capacitances. This calls for external components if the capacitance needs an extension.
3. It is impossible to fabricate transformers or any other kind of inductor onto the integrated circuits and again calling for a discrete circuit.
4. Power that integrated circuits can produce is limited and calls for extension.
5. Integrated circuits are not flexible. Their components cannot be modified and neither can the parameters of operation.


What is the reception range of the device?
The reception range is 10m. The distance would be shortened if the Bluetooth device is covered by a metal material (such as a metallic iPhone protective case).
Music streaming would be affected by obstacles between the device and the Bluetooth device, such as a wall, or a nearby device that operate in the same frequency.
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The report server is accessible through URL requests. URL requests contain parameters that are processed by the report server. The way in which the report server handles URL requests depends on the parameters, parameter prefixes, and types of items that are included in the URL. For more information about specific parameter prefixes, see Using Parameter Prefixes in a URL.
You can use URL access to embed hyperlinks to reports and other report server items in the applications that you develop. Report server URLs adhere to the URL formatting guidelines as proposed by the joint World Wide Web Consortium W3C/IETF draft standard. Reporting Services URL functionality is compatible with most Internet browsers or applications that support standard URL addressing.


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Students focus on the specific issues facing Maciene School, in particular the education and experience of female students.
How are students going to help improve education for girls in Mozambique?
- To learn about the experience and education of female students in Maciene school
Main activity 1
Introduce the theme using the Girls in Maciene Powerpoint Girls at Maciene School U2L3
Pupils discuss the following questions:
Why do you think orphan girls leave school earlier than boys?
How much do you think it will cost to educate someone for five years?
The teacher then reveals the answers and the pupils give their responses to this:
- Girls leave earlier for a number of reasons but mostly because of cost meaning that they can't afford to live but also because they get pregnant.
- It costs £200 to educate someone for five years (£40 per year)
Main Activity 2
Pupils design a leaflet to advertise a fundraising activity which will help girls get access to education in Mozambique. They must make the poster/leaflet eye catching, factual and colourful.
Students share their examples of leaflets. They then THINK/PAIR/SHARE their ideas for how to increase awareness
- All students will be able to give one reason why girls leave School earlier than boys at Maciene
- Most students will be able to advocate for the girls at Maciene
- Some students will be able to come up with innovative ways to raise awareness for girls at Maciene
Resources and Points to Note
Girls at Maciene PPT Girls at Maciene School U2L3
- Cultural differences in gender identity & morality
(Jesus' inclusion of women cf. their exclusion in cultural context/ Paul 'there is neither male nor female in Christ' – Galatians 3.28)
- Gender equality
(Above plus: Genesis 1.27)
- Competing choices for education
(e.g. Mary and Martha – Luke 10.38-42)


Feedlot performance, feed efficiency, and profitability of cattle fed either a complete mixed ration or allowed to voluntarily select their diet.
Project Overview
Project Type: Professional + Producer
Funds awarded in 2012: $49,967.00
Projected End Date: 12/31/2013
Region: Western
State: Utah
Principal Investigator:
Beth Burritt
Utah State University
Annual Reports
 - Animals: bovine
 - Animal Production: animal protection and health, feed formulation, feed rations
 - Education and Training: demonstration, extension, participatory research
 - Farm Business Management: agricultural finance
 Cattle in feedlots are typically fed a total mixed ration (TMR). However, feeding a TMR may lead to lower feed efficiency, reduced gains, and increased stress when compared to offering cattle a choice of feeds in the TMR. We determined how cattle offered a choice of foods or a mixed ration of those same foods would affect the performance and profitability of cattle. In year 1, heifers were fed a mixed ration (70% corn, 19.2% alfalfa pellets, and 10.8% haylage) or free choice of the three foods. Cattle given a choice of foods ate 69% corn, 26.9%, alfalfa pellets, and 4.1% haylage. No differences were detected in intake, gain, feed efficiency, or cost of gain. In year 2, heifers were fed a mixed ration (60% corn and 40% chopped alfalfa hay) or a choice of corn and hay. Heifers offered a choice of feeds ate 74.3% corn and 25.7% alfalfa hay. Cattle given a choice of foods ate less feed but gained at the same rate as those fed the mixed ration. Feed to gain ratio and total intake were lower for choice than mixed. Cost per pound of gain was similar for the two groups of heifers. Offering animals a choice of feeds may be a viable way for producers to finish their cattle because offering a choice of feeds compared to a mixed ration: 1) eliminates the need to mix feed and for a nutritionist to balance the ration; 2) animals of different sizes and ages can be fed together; 3) gives producers flexibility when marketing their animals; 4) may improve feed efficiency and cost of gain while decreasing stress and illness.
 Finishing cattle prior to slaughter typically entails feeding total mixed rations (TMR) nutritionally balanced for a group of cattle. Group feeding a TMR is thought to be the best method to feed animals concentrate rations. Under a TMR feeding system the ration is balanced for the nutritional needs of the average animal. Unfortunately, this practice doesn't consider importance of individual variation in need for nutrients. Past research shows that as many as half of the animals within a group may have different nutritional needs or tolerances when compared to the "average" animal (Provenza et al., 1996; Villalba and Provenza, 1996; Scott and Provenza, 1999). Thus, feeding a TMR may negatively affect the productivity of some animals fed a TMR formulated to meet the needs of the "average" animal.
 Offering livestock a choice of foods likely allows them to select a diet that meets their individual needs. Choice also provides animals with variety. Animals prefer variety to monotony. Herbivores often select a variety of foods that vary in nutrients, even though one food seems to best meet their needs. Lastly, offering animals a choice of foods reduces their stress.
 Numerous studies have shown that providing animals a choice of foods can increase intake, improve feed efficiency, and decrease costs compared to feeding a TMR. However, only one study on offering cattle feed choice has been conducted in the U.S. Most studies on feed choice have been conducted on sheep or goats outside the U.S.
 This project tested if allowing cattle to voluntarily select feeds that differ in nutritional value will improve livestock performance. Growing heifers were assigned to two groups and fed a 1) TMR or 2) choice of feeds. They were fed in a GrowSafe feed system that measures individual animal intake via RFID ear tags. Heifers were to be evaluated for weight gain and individual feed intake during the test period. Daily gain, feed efficiency, and residual feed intake (RFI) were to be individually calculated to determine if feeding method will improve performance and feed conversion. Profitability of the two feeding systems were to be compared by contrasting feed costs, including costs associated with diet formulation, equipment, labor, gains achieved, feed efficiencies, and net income received.
 Project objectives:
 1. To determine if ADG, feed efficiency, and RFI of cattle fed a total mixed ration differs from cattle allowed to self-select their dietary ingredients.
 2. To compare the profitability of cattle fed TMR to cattle allowed to self-select their dietary ingredients.
 3. In collaboration with producers participating in the project, create "producer-friendly" web and print resources to help relay the impacts of the project to other livestock producers.


Mini Schedules
Are you looking for special education resources to help your student or child gain more independence as they navigate their day-to-day routines?
Do you create a daily schedule for your student or child with the tasks you expect them to complete that day? If you need additional reinforcement for a particular task or portion of the schedule, you may choose to create a mini-schedule. A mini-schedule is an abbreviated list of tasks within a larger schedule.
For example, if your goal is to help your child get ready for school independently, you may use a mini-schedule in which each step in the morning routine is outlined using either visual representations of each task or written prompts as appropriate for your child.
In this example, the mini-schedule may contain steps such as: brush your teeth, get dressed, eat breakfast, get your backpack, put on your coat, etc.
Mini-schedules can be fully customizable and made to fit any situation!
Learn how to use mini-schedules to increase independence and promote on-task behavior.
This resource was authored by Watson Institute Special Education Consultant, Teresa O'Brien, M.Ed.


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- Southern Africa
- Investment - Health
Swaziland: Soon to become a no man's country
40% of population unemployed, a quarter affected by HIV/AIDS
A quarter of Swaziland's workforce is absent from work because of HIV/AIDS, says a report by the International Monetary Fund. The disease in Swaziland, which has the world's highest HIV/AIDS prevalence and is also one of the poorest, has shaved about 1.3 percent from its annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth, the IMF said.
About 40 percent of the country's one million people are thought to be unemployed; Swaziland would require annual growth of 3.6 percent to prevent worsening poverty, but currently struggles to achieve 2 percent, the IMF said.
"Over any 30-day period, at least 25 percent of workers in a survey did not go to work," said the IMF's annual assessment survey of the state of the nation's economy, and the effects of HIV/AIDS.
The IMF attributed job absenteeism to people suffering from HIV/AIDS as well as those staying home to care for people sick with the disease. According to UNAIDS, about 26 percent of Swaziland's sexually active population are infected.
"The impact on Swaziland's businesses is significantly larger than in comparative countries that also suffer from HIV/AIDS," the IMF report noted.
While 25 percent of Swazi workers said they had missed work for varying lengths of time during a one-month period, less than 20 percent of workers in Botswana (23.9 percent HIV/AIDS prevalence) and Namibia (15.3 percent), named HIV/AIDS as the reason for job absenteeism.
"According to a World Bank investment climate assessment survey [of Swaziland], over 50 percent of company managers reported much higher worker absenteeism due to sickness than other countries in Southern Africa," the IMF said.
The cost of replacing ill or deceased workers is expected to increase as the disease progresses from HIV to AIDS. Citing projections compiled by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the IMF report said by 2016, eight percent of Swaziland's GDP would be devoted to training workers to replace those who have died from AIDS.
"For a country that is struggling to achieve a two percent GDP growth rate annually, AIDS has made the difference between prosperity and economic regression," said Samuel Fakudze, a Swaziland-based economist.
HIV/AIDS makes investors think twice
The IMF calculated that the cost of replacing teachers alone would be R2.3 billion (US$230 million) in the next seven years. The Swaziland National Teachers Association acknowledged there was a rise in teachers' deaths, but was unable to provide statistics on how many were HIV/AIDS related.
"In Swaziland, denial about AIDS is one factor that has made it almost taboo for families to admit their loved ones passed away from an AIDS-related illness. You won't find AIDS listed as the cause of death on death certificates, and so we have no official number to work with," a union official, who declined to be identified, declared.
Swaziland's HIV/AIDS prevalence is an unspoken but real concern for foreign investors. "With the global economy reducing investments everywhere, any detrimental factor will harm a potential investment destination," said Emmanuel Myeni, an operations manager at a trucking firm located in Matsapha, near the country's commercial hub of Manzini.
"One of the unstudied areas of public health is to what extent unemployment contributes to AIDS in Swaziland. People without jobs have more time to engage in sex, and don't have money for health care or proper nutrition." Myeni said his company lost an average of six truck drivers each year to the disease - a third of the drivers.
Fakudze said, "It's a chicken and egg situation: Which is needed first – a healthy workforce to attract FDI [foreign direct investment], or new job creation to boost the health of workers by giving them an occupation and income?"
Along with basic fiscal and structural reforms, the IMF recommended that government place a greater emphasis on combating HIV/AIDS. The local media reported that King Mswati III, the last absolute monarch in sub-Saharan Africa, made no mention of the disease when he opened parliament earlier this year.
In a press statement, Prime Minister Sibusiso Dlamini, who was appointed by Mswati, said the king's speech reflected general policy and was not specific about government programmes.


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Although a new epoxy floor coating certainly won't stay in pristine condition forever, proper maintenance will extend its life and preserve its appearance over the long run. That said, not all floors require the same level of care. Because of the non-porous nature of coatings, a coated floor will require less maintenance than an uncoated concrete floor.
Maintenance frequency for your epoxy floor coating will depend on a variety of factors, including the work environment and how much dirt and soilage has accumulated. Dust and dirt are abrasive, while liquids can easily stain and damage the finish—ultimately decreasing your floor coating's life in the process. The greater the accumulation of soilage and the harsher the environment, the more frequently your floor coating should be cleaned.
In order to maximize the life of a new flooring investment, you should develop a routine epoxy floor coating maintenance program. As you do so, consider these six tips to keep your floors in good condition:
1. Sweep Your Floors Daily
Sweep your floors daily with a broom or mechanized cleaning equipment in order to prevent dust and dirt from accumulating. If using a mechanized sweeper, be sure to use a soft bristle brush. Stiff brushes may scratch the floor coating, causing a loss of gloss. Another best practice is to place mats near any entryways in order to minimize dirt and moisture accumulation.
2. Give Your Epoxy Floor Coating a Good Scrub Weekly
Scrubbing frequency ultimately depends on the amount and type of soilage that typically plagues your epoxy floor coating. However, it is best to scrub all floors at least once a week, and high-traffic areas daily, using the proper brush and detergent. Areas in which oil and grease are prevalent will also require daily attention. Be sure to use a mop and bucket or, for greater productivity, a mechanized scrubber.
3. Clean Up Spills Immediately
Clean up all liquid spills immediately, before they have a chance to damage the floor finish or cause a safety hazard. Additionally, the longer that harsh liquids such as caustics, acids and solvents remain on a floor, the more likely they will soften, discolor or remove a coating/sealer altogether. If chemicals are prevalent in the area, be sure to consult the coating manufacturer for a guide to the chemical resistance properties of the floor coating.
4. Repair Any Scratches & Gouges to the Floor Coating
It's also critical to repair any large gouges or scratches to the floor coating as soon as possible. Avoid scraping, sliding or dropping heavy machinery, pallets or sharp objects across the floor without proper protection, as this can cause deep cuts and gouges. These damaged areas allow moisture to seep under the coating and can result in peeling. Additionally, avoid using stiff bristle brushes and caustic cleaning solutions on your floors.
In order to repair damaged areas in your floor coating, follow these steps:
- Clean the area of any grease, oil and soilage using TSP detergent
- Sand the scratches/gouges by hand using 100-grit sandpaper, then feather the edges until smooth
- Rinse the floor thoroughly and allow it to dry fully
- Repair the damaged area using the original coating material, per the instructions
5. Stay on Top of Stain Prevention & Removal
If stains occur on your epoxy floor coating, begin your removal process with a mild solution and move on to more powerful removers until the stain disappears. Always be sure to wear rubber gloves and proper eye protection when working with any chemicals.
Grease & Oil Stains:
Grease and oil may stain your floor coating, particularly if these substances remain on the floor for more than 24 hours. When a spill occurs, it's important to promptly scrub the area with TSP and follow the instructions on the detergent labels.
Dried Spills & Stubborn Stains:
If you don't catch a spill in time and it dries in place, it may end up leaving film or a difficult-to-remove stain on your floor coating. To alleviate this, use a plastic tool to remove any residue, taking care not to scratch the coating. Then, wet a clean cloth with an ammonia household cleaner and wipe down the stained area.
6. Remove Any Rubber Burns From the Floor Coating
Forklift and other vehicle tires can often leave rubber burns in the floor coating. In order to remove these rubber burns, follow the steps below:
- Spot the stained area with a citric acid cleaner, then agitate it with a stiff brush or mechanical scrubber (NOTE: Dispose of waste in a sanitary sewer or per local regulations—never in storm sewers. Be sure to follow all label directions carefully.)
- Add TSP or detergent and water to form an emulsion
- Scrub the floor coating thoroughly
- Rinse thoroughly with water
By establishing a routine epoxy floor coating maintenance program, you will not only minimize scratching from abrasive dust and limit soilage buildup, but ultimately extend the life and appearance of your floor for many years to come.


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"The United Nations General Assembly has declared 2012 as the International Year of Cooperatives, highlighting the contribution of cooperatives to socio-economic development, particularly their impact on poverty reduction, employment generation and social integration."With the theme of "Cooperative Enterprises Build a Better World," the International Year of Cooperatives has three main objectives:
- Increase awareness: Increase public awareness about cooperatives and their contributions to socio-economic development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.
- Promote growth: Promote the formation and growth of cooperatives among individuals and institutions to address common economic needs and for socio-economic empowerment
- Establish appropriate policies: Encourage governments and regulatory bodies to establish policies, laws and regulations conducive to cooperative formation and growth.
By raising awareness about cooperatives, the Year will help to encourage support and development of cooperative enterprises by individuals and their communities."
United Nations' website: _URL_


Roche Abbey
To see Roche Abbey in Superzoom click the link below
Unusual in that the site was gifted to the Cistercian order by two benefactors, Roche was one of the first abbey churches to be built completely in the new Perpendicular Gothic style, and was said to be astonishingly beautiful.
Founded in 1147 building in stone probably began around 30 years later from the adjacent magnesium limestone which was of very fine quality. Indeed Roche stone was so highly prized it was used in the construction of Winsdsor Casle.
Situated over Maltby Beck between the former great forests of Sherwood and Barnsdale the monastry was close to the castles of Tickhill and Conisbrough in what is now South Yorkshire. There is a legend that Robin Hood came to Roche for mass, and indeed the abbey is central to the area recorded in the very early ballards.
The house was originally colonised by monks from Newminster Abbey in Northumberland, which itself was the daughter house of Fountains Abbey, near Ripon, so Roche was itself affiliated to Fountains. The abbey never developed extensive holdings but still played a role in important national affairs.
Surrendered in 1538 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries it was pilaged and ransacked by the local population before it could be dismantled by the King's commissionaries.


Bandwidth-Limited Communication Channel Modeling
This example shows how to model a communication system that sends frames of video data over a channel. By dropping frames that wait too long to reach the end user, the model also illustrates how to use timeouts to implement point-to-point timing constraints.
Structure of the Model
The model includes the sections listed below.
 - Video source - Attaches frames of video data to entities at a constant rate using matrix-valued attributes of the entities. The source also uses the Schedule Timeout block to establish each frame's time-to-live (TTL) value, which is the duration until the channel drops that frame if it has not yet reached the end user.
 - Bandwidth-limited communication channel - Buffers the incoming frames and delays them for a period of time. If the TTL for a given frame elapses before it has reached the end user, then the channel discards the frame. Removing outdated video data from the system results in an improved quality of service because the channel focuses on newer data that is more relevant to the end user.
 - Video end-user - Buffers the received frames and forwards them to a viewer block at a constant rate.
Watching the Video Viewer
When you run the simulation, the Video Viewer block opens to display the received video. You can observe the following behavior:
 - The viewer is initially blank and does not start to display the video until T=10. The reason is that the block labeled Flow Control changes its output value from 0 to 1 at T=10, which enables the periodic release of frames to the viewer.
 - The video repeats a few times, but has a discontinuity near T=37. Also, between approximately T=31 and T=36, the plot of timed-out entities rises steeply. Frames time out when they experience a delay in the channel equal to their TTL value. Around T=31, accumulated delays cause many consecutive frames to time out, leaving a gap in the video data. Even when the channel resumes sending frames to the end user, you notice the gap when you watch the video in the viewer.
Results and Displays
Scopes in the model plot the following quantities to help you understand its performance:
 - The size of the input buffer shows how many frames are waiting in the channel. Frames accumulate in the input buffer until they either progress through the channel or time out.
 - The size of the reception buffer shows how many frames are waiting in the receiver. Before T=10, frames accumulate in the reception buffer because the block labeled Flow Control keeps the path closed between the receiver's buffer and the video viewer.
 - The status of underflow events in the receiver has a value of 1 whenever the Release Gate block permits a frame to advance from the reception buffer to the video viewer, but no frame is present. For more about this, see Experimenting with the Model below.
 - The communication delay per frame shows how long the channel delays each frame that has advanced beyond the input buffer. In this model, the delay is periodic.
 - The number of timed-out entities shows how many frames have timed out in the channel. The end user does not receive these frames and can observe a gap in the video if many consecutive frames time out.
Experimenting with the Model
To vary the simulation behavior, decrease the initial delay in the end user's viewing by changing the Step time parameter from 10 to 3 in the block labeled Flow Control. As a result, the simulation has some instances at which the gate opens to let a frame advance, but the reception buffer is empty. You can see values of 0 in the plot of the reception buffer's size and values of 1 in the plot of underflow events.
Note: To run this simulation, you must have a license for the Computer Vision System Toolbox™ product.


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volatile organic compounds (VOCs) after only a few hundred bed volumes, yet continue to adsorb PCBs for many thousands more. Different grades and types of activated carbon have different capacities for the same contaminant as well as various contaminants, which means that one must be very careful and specific in making comparisons.
Freundlich carbon isotherm
Chemists have developed a standard procedure for comparison of adsorption (capacities, called an isotherm. A Freundlich carbon isotherm is determined by preparing several identical bottles of powdered activated carbon suspended in water. (In German, "eu" is pronounced "oi," so Freundlich sounds like "Froindlich.") Varying amounts of a contaminant are added to the bottles, and all are mixed until adsorption has reached equilibrium under those conditions of temperature and pressure. Then the carbon is filtered out and the solutions are analyzed to find how much contaminant remains unadsorbed in each one. The Freundlich equation is used to calculate the amount of contaminant that was adsorbed per milligram of carbon, and each data point is graphed on logarithmic graph paper with the carbon capacity in mg/g on the Y-axis and the final equilibrium concentration in mg/L on the X-axis. Finally, the "average" line representing all of the data points is drawn. That average line on the graph paper is called the isotherm for that contaminant and that carbon under those conditions. But that line covers a range of capacities; the one value used for comparison purposes has been designated by international agreement to be the capacity in mg/g of carbon on the Y-axis that corresponds to the value of 1.0 mg/L on the X-axis. If the isotherm does not cross the 1.0 mg/L point, the line is artificially extended ("extrapolated") to that level for the purpose. The Freundlich Equation can be represented as:
Ce = concentration of contaminant in solution at equilibrium (X-axis value)
K = a constant
1/n = another constant
The Ce is determined by analysis; the qe is calculated using equation and the two Freundlich constants that were determined by the chemist who published the data.
By convention in our industry, chloroform, the main THM, has been selected as the least adsorbable contaminant that activated carbon can be claimed to adsorb effectively – any contaminant that has a Freundlich isotherm qe value less than that for chloroform cannot be said to be removed by carbon adsorption. We "draw the line" at chloroform; anything less adsorbable than chloroform is deemed not worth the trouble. Example: in one test series, the Freundlich capacity for chloroform is 2.6 mg/g GAC (the isotherm passes through 1.0mg/L above the X-axis at the point where the Y-axis reads 2.6 mg/g GAC), while the equivalent value for trichloroethylene is 30 mg/g GAC. That is a much higher value, meaning that the particular GAC will adsorb trichloroethylene much more easily than chloroform. However, in the same data set, the capacity value for methylene chloride is only 1.3 mg/g, and thus we say that methylene chloride cannot be adsorbed efficiently by that GAC. The carbon's capacity for it is too small to make an economically viable product. See the example below.
It is important to remember that carbon capacity figures derived from Freundlich isotherms are to be used only for comparisons – e.g., carbon A is better than carbon B, or contaminant X is easier to remove than contaminant Y. they should not be used as concrete capacities to calculate how long a filter should last. The reason is that the isotherm data are produced at equilibrium, which may take several days of stirring in the lab to achieve. But a bed of GAC or a filter cartridge operates on a dynamic, flowing basis, and equilibrium conditions may not be achieved even after a weekend downtime.


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Natural and man-made disasters cause immediate harm and can also have an impact for months or years afterward. This article offers basic recommendations for preand post-disaster leadership, planning, preparation, and action to mitigate a disaster's effect, expedite your institution's recovery, and maximize the financial recovery process. Start with the premise that disasters do occur and pose serious challenges and problems for institutional leadership.
Historically, disaster planning, response, and recovery responsibilities were relegated to buildings and grounds and public safety departments. Campus leaders now recognize that disasters pose institution-wide challenges. Presidents and chief financial officers (CFOs) are uniquely positioned to provide the leadership, management, and support needed for coping with disasters. If your institution lacks a disaster plan, it is recommended that you take a leadership role to ensure that a current, effective disaster plan is created, so your institution is prepared to respond to disasters before they occur.
Exercise proactive leadership. Plan for potential hazards, employ the procedures and processes necessary to prepare your institution to act and to prevent or mitigate disaster damage where feasible.
Proactive leadership engages institutional stakeholders in the preparedness process and ensures that disaster planning and preparations are perceived as vital. While most leaders cannot dedicate time to doing the actual task of planning, they can initiate, lead, delegate, and direct the process.
Possible first steps are:
- Organize an ad hoc discussion group of stakeholders (faculty, staff, students, trustees, community representatives) to discuss disaster planning. They should develop lists of hazards, and formulate strategies for implementing the disaster preparedness and management effort.
- Establish a working group to act upon these discussions and strategies. Select a chairperson who has, or can acquire, a basic knowledge of disaster planning.
- Consider using outside resources to assist the working group. (Note: FEMA and educational organizations are now providing information, publications, and resources for higher education. For example, "FEMA 443, Building a Disaster Resistant University," is available at _URL_
- Develop partnerships with government, businesses, and organizations to be able to respond to and mitigate emergency situations. (The contractor constructing your new buildings probably has portable generators and more. Ask them to commit resources in the event of a disaster.)
- Formulate a written plan and post it on the campus website. Allow the campus and local communities to comment and critique the plan. (Disaster planning and management has positive potential for town-gown relationships. FEMA has a useful planning guide available on their website at _URL_
- Once agreement on the plan is reached, activate and practice the plan to test and refine it—and to continually communicate it.
Traditionally, preparation has focused on identifying emergency shelters, establishing stocks of emergency supplies, etc. Your disaster preparations should include:
- Developing emergency communication and contact systems with off-site backups (phones and the internet may not be available);
- Establishing "disaster teams" of essential personnel;
- Selecting a director of emergency management;
- Creating emergency payroll, procurement, purchasing systems, and standby contracts;
- Developing and communicating closure and evacuation policies;
- Designating/equipping an emergency operations center.
Disaster damages can often be prevented by pre-disaster hazard mitigation from the simple act of installing hurricane clips on roofs to complex solutions involving dry flood-proofing and installing submarine doors for high-risk buildings. Building construction, repairs, or renovation projects offer excellent opportunities for hazard mitigation. Engineering/maintenance personnel, architectural/engineering firms, contractors, consultants, FEMA, state and local emergency officials are valuable resources for mitigation ideas.
Should a disaster occur on your campus, activate your plan and people. Based on the disaster's magnitude, all normal institutional functions may cease for a period of time. Leadership will provide oversight for the response and prioritize the necessary recovery steps. The emergency director and operations center will manage the day-to-day response operations. As you respond, keep these basic priorities in mind:
First: provide for human health and safety;
Second: protect property to mitigate the damages.
Disaster recovery begins immediately and overlaps the disaster response phase. Recovery requires the identification and documentation of damages and losses, the quantification and cost of repairs, and the preparation of submissions to insurance carriers and/or FEMA. If the disaster is federally declared, colleges and universities are normally eligible applicants under FEMA's Public Assistance Program, which provides a minimum of a 75 percent federal share, 10 percent state share, and 15 percent applicant's (your institution's) share for reimbursement of eligible losses. Additional hazard mitigation dollars are also available.
Ensure that your damages are properly identified and documented (photographs, if possible). Public insurance adjusters, who represent clients to their insurance companies, are very useful in professionally documenting and presenting your insurance claims. For FEMA's Public Assistance Program, disaster recovery consultants can assist in a similar manner to help your institution maximize its recovery reimbursement and benefits.
Similar to the need for strategies to prepare and respond to disasters, strategies for recovery are also required. While disasters are tragic events, they can also provide opportunities to rebuild our institutions to be better and stronger. When you lead, plan, prepare, prevent, respond, and recover intelligently and strategically, your institution benefits in the long term.
Dan S. Ramsey is senior consultant and project manager at Adjusters International Inc.


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Radiology Image Transfer
Leg Length Discrepancy
Leg Length Discrepancy
What is a leg length discrepancy?
Leg length discrepancy means one leg is longer than the other. Discrepancies as small as a few centimeters can set off a chain of events, causing your child to walk and stand differently, which can lead to hip, knee, and/or ankle problems, and can lead to functional scoliosis (a curve in the spine caused by an underlying condition). Leg length discrepancies can be congenital (from birth). They also can be caused by bone disease, bone tumors, the treatments used to eliminate bone tumors, injuries that don't heal properly, and a number of other causes.
There are generally two kinds of leg length discrepancies:
- Structural discrepancy. This occurs when a leg bone is shorter than its corresponding bone in the other leg. For example, the thigh bone (femur) or the shin bone (tibia) is sometimes shorter in one leg.
- Functional discrepancy. This occurs when a condition above the leg causes the discrepancy. For example, a hip dislocation can cause this kind of discrepancy.
What are the symptoms of a leg length discrepancy?
Because children's bodies respond differently to leg length discrepancies, symptoms can vary. Common symptoms include:
- Obvious differences in length. While a discrepancy is not always obvious, if you are aware of a discrepancy, consult a physician.
- Problems with posture or gait. This might include limping, rotating the leg while walking, or toe-walking.
- Pain. The pain may occur in the ankle, knee, hip, or back.
How is a leg length discrepancy treated?
There are some nonsurgical treatments, such as orthotics, but often surgery is necessary to correct the discrepancy. Because children are still growing, the goal of surgery is not to correct the leg lengths for the current height of your child but to ensure leg lengths will be equal when your child is finishing growing. Often, this means your orthopaedic surgeon will need to take a series of measures over the course of 1-2 years in order to accurately predict your child's future height.
Each type of surgery for leg length discrepancy has its advantages and disadvantages. Options include:
- Epiphysiodesis. In this surgery, a bony ridge is fastened to the growth plate of the longer leg, preventing the leg from growing more and allowing the shorter leg to catch up.
- Epiphyseal stapling. In this surgery, staples are inserted into the growth plate of the longer leg, which slows down its growth.
- Bone resection. In this surgery, a section of bone is removed from the longer leg in order to match the size of the shorter leg.
- Leg lengthening procedures. Procedures to lengthen the shorter leg provide a child with the ability to reach his or her maximum height, but they also are technically difficult procedures, involving extended and painful physical rehabilitation and sometimes involving complications, such as wound infections, dislocations of the hip or knee, and other problems.
The best surgery for your child will depend on many factors, such as the size of the discrepancy, whether your child is finished growing, and other factors. Your orthopaedic surgeon will work closely with your family to help you make the best decision for your child's unique needs.
About surgery for leg length discrepancies at Children's
The surgeries for leg discrepancies are performed by the accomplished pediatric orthopaedic surgery team at Children's. Orthopaedic surgery teams at Children's provide next-generation care to children from throughout the Upper Midwest and consistently perform some of the most cutting-edge surgical procedures available, including minimally invasive surgery, when appropriate. Leg discrepancy surgeries are performed at Children's – Minneapolis and Children's - St. Paul.
- If you are a family member and you'd like to make an appointment at our clinic locations in Minneapolis or St. Paul, please call Children's Orthopaedic Clinic main line at _PHONE_.
- If you are a health professional looking for a consultation or referral information, please call Children's Orthopaedic Clinic main line at _PHONE_.


Psychology Wiki
Margaret Kennard
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Margaret Alice Kennard (September 25, 1899—December 12, 1975)[1] was a neurologist who principally studied the effects of neurological damage on primates. Her work led to the creation of the Kennard Principle, which posits a negative linear relationship between age of brain lesion and outcome expectancy.[1]
Schooling and studiesEdit
She earned a Rockefeller Traveling Fellowship for study in Western Europe from 1934 to 1936.[2] She also studied the effects of stimulants and cortical depressants on monkeys with brain damage.[2]
Kennard PrincipleEdit
File:Kennard Principle.jpg
The observation that young brains reorganize more effectively than adult brains was first articulated by Kennard in 1936. Consequently, the notion that how well a brain can reorganize itself after damage as a function of the developmental stage is now known as the "Kennard principle".[3] This research led to one of the earliest experimental evidence for age effects on neuroplasticity.
She worked closely with John Fulton in her famous infant brain studies.
 1. 1.0 1.1 Dennis, Maureen, Margaret Kennard (1899–1975): Not a 'Principle' of brain plasticity but a founding mother of developmental neuropsychology, Cortex, Volume 46, Issue 8, September 2010, Pages _PHONE_, ISSN 0010-9452.
 2. 2.0 2.1 Finger, Stanley. Margaret Kennard on Sparing and Recovery of Function: A Tribute on The 100th anniversary of Her Birth. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. Vol. 8, Iss. 3, 1999.
 3. Freberg, L. Discovering biological psychology. 2nd. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2009. 251. Print.
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Housing equity for health equity: a rights-based approach to the control of Lassa fever in post-war Sierra Leone
Poor quality housing is an infringement on the rights of all humans to a standard of living adequate for health. Among the many vulnerabilities of those without adequate shelter is the risk of disease spread by rodents and other pests. One such disease is Lassa fever, an acute and sometimes severe viral hemorrhagic illness endemic in West Africa. Lassa virus is maintained in the rodent Mastomys natalensis, commonly known as the "multimammate rat," which frequently invades the domestic environment, putting humans at risk of Lassa fever. The highest reported incidence of Lassa fever in the world is consistently in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, a region that was at the center of Sierra Leone's civil war in which tens of thousands of lives were lost and hundreds of thousands of dwellings destroyed. Despite the end of the war in 2002, most of Kenema's population still lives in inadequate housing that puts them at risk of rodent invasion and Lassa fever. Furthermore, despite years of health education and village hygiene campaigns, the incidence of Lassa fever in Kenema District appears to be increasing. We focus on Lassa fever as a matter of human rights, proposing a strategy to improve housing quality, and discuss how housing equity has the potential to improve health equity and ultimately economic productivity in Sierra Leone. The manuscript is designed to spur discussion and action towards provision of housing and prevention of disease in one of the world's most vulnerable populations.
The complete article is available as a provisional PDF. The fully formatted PDF and HTML versions are in production.


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Leafy, bright green hay is visually appealing, but hay color alone doesn't tell you a lot about forage nutrient content or quality. Nevertheless, color is a great indicator of harvest and storage conditions. Hay that was cured quickly and stored properly is usually a bright green color while hay that was cured slowly or damaged by rain after partial drying may be pale yellow or brown because of bleaching and/or leaching. Visual evaluation of hay is very important first step in assessing forage quality. In addition to evaluating hay color, you should also inspect for weeds, assess maturity, leafiness, texture, moisture content, and odor. However, true forage quality can only be determined by laboratory analyses.
Before you can effectively interpret laboratory analysis of forage, you need to have a basic understanding of plant cell structure and components. The soluble components of the plant are contained within the boundaries of the cell wall and include sugars, starches, fats, protein, and pectin (see diagram), all of which are easily digested. Leaves contain more cell solubles than stems. In comparison, the cell wall contains structural components, which provide rigidity to the plant and are generally highest in the stem. These components, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, referred to collectively as fiber, are not as digestible as the cell solubles. As a plant matures, the cell wall becomes more prevalent.
Laboratory analyses and interpretation
For more accurate analyses, forages should be sent to laboratories that are certified by the National Forage Testing Association (NFTA). These laboratories have proven abilities to produce accurate test results using established reference methods. A list of these laboratories can be found by searching the internet.
A typical forage analysis will determine dry matter, crude protein (CP), and fiber, which includes neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Other calculated values, such as total digestible nutrients (TDF) or relative feed value (RFV), may also be included.
Dry matter (DM) is the weight of the forage after moisture has been removed. Laboratories usually report nutrient compositions on a DM-basis, which removes the dilution effect of water and simplifies ration balancing, especially if ingredients vary widely in moisture content. An animal will eat enough forage to satisfy its DM needs, thus, intake increases with increasing moisture content.
Crude protein (CP) is a mixture of true protein, which contains essential amino acids, and non-protein nitrogen. Crude protein is the nitrogen content of the forage multiplied by a factor of 6.25. Forage quality is partially dependent on CP level, but using this number alone for assessing quality can be misleading. Other analyses, such as neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, should also be used to appraise forage quality.
The fiber content of a forage is related to the composition of the plant cell wall (see diagram) and can be broken down into the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) component, which includes hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, and the acid detergent fiber (ADF) fraction, which contains cellulose and lignin. Higher levels of NDF reduces voluntary feed intake of forage while higher concentrations of ADF decreases total forage digestibility. Therefore, knowing the composition of NDF and ADF in your forage will significantly aid in evaluating quality.
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) may also be included on your forage analysis report. Both TDN and RFV are values that are calculated from the nutrient analyses. TDN estimates the proportion of forage that can be utilized while RFV is an index that combines estimates of digestibility and intake.
In summary, an excellent hay usually smells great and is bright green in color, but the most effective method to assess forage quality is to have the hay analyzed by a NFTA certified laboratory.


Index Option Strategies - Buying Index Puts to Hedge the Value of a Portfolio
Investment decisions should not be made based upon worksheet outcomes.
Who Should Consider Using Index Puts to Protect a Portfolio?
 - An investor who owns a portfolio of mixed stocks and wants to protect its value on the downside.
Protective puts are commonly used by equity investors for protection on the downside of the value of underlying shares they own. Index puts may used for the same type of insurance on portfolios of mixed stocks, providing limited loss in case of a market decline. The degree of protection depends on the put strike price selected. As the index goes down, the value of the protective puts can increase, with profits on the options at least partially offsetting any losses seen in the value of the portfolio.
Index puts can be a very useful hedge to protect the value of a portfolio of mixed stocks in case of a market decline. Just as the way protective equity puts work, long index puts can increase in value with a declining underlying index, the degree to which depending on the put strike price chosen. Potential profits on the puts can be realized by either selling the contracts or exercising them if in-the-money, with these gains at least partially offsetting any decline in portfolio value. The puts limit the portfolio loss to a specific level depending on their strike price in relation to the underlying index level when the protective option position is established. On the upside the portfolio's profit potential is unlimited, but any profits are at least partially reduced by the initial cost of the puts. The break-even point on the upside will be the current portfolio value when it is insured plus the cost of the puts.
Index puts are generally employed to protect unrealized profits from an investor's portfolio. The index option class chosen should have an underlying index that very closely tracks the performance of the portfolio itself, or at least at a consistent correlation, or beta. There are many option classes available from which puts might be chosen to provide the downside protection a portfolio might need.
Index Puts as a Hedge
 VIX Snapshot
*Third Party Advertisement


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Название: Random Walk on Distant Mesh Points Monte Carlo Methods
Авторы: Dimov L., Tonev O.
A new technique for obtaining Monte Carlo algorithms based on the Markov chains with a finite number of states is suggested. Instead of the classical "random walk on neighboring mesh points," a general way of constructing Monte Carlo algorithms that could be called "random walk on distant mesh points" is considered. It is applied to solve boundary value problems. The numerical examples indicate that the new methods are less laborious and therefore more efficient.


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The site of Fort Mitchell is located in Russell County, less than one mile west of the Chattahoochee River. The fort was established in late 1812 along the site of a horse path through the Creek Nation that allowed white settlers to cross Creek land while traveling from Georgia to the Mississippi Territory in the early 1800s; it was abandoned in 1840. The site was excavated by archaeologists in the early 1970s and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1990. Today, visitors can tour an interpretive facility that includes a reconstruction of the fort and other exhibits.
During the autumn of 1812 and winter of 1813, Gen. John Floyd, a commander in the Georgia Militia, established a settlement known as Fort Mitchell in Creek territory, on a trail that would soon become the Federal Road. The settlement was named for David Brydie Mitchell, a former governor of Georgia. Allied with some Creek towns, Floyd used the fort as a base to attack unfriendly towns, including Atasi (Auttose) and Talasi (Tallassee). Floyd remained at the fort for a year and left in 1814. The original troops stationed at Fort Mitchell were charged with keeping open that section of Federal Road running through the Creek Nation. In 1817, an Indian trading house, or "factory," was moved to Fort Mitchell from its original site at Fort Hawkins, near present-day Macon, Georgia. Starting in November 1818, the factory housed a post office, but the facility was abandoned in 1820.
Col. John Crowell, an Indian agent to the Creek Nation, arrived at Fort Mitchell in 1821 with his brothers Thomas and Henry to establish an Indian agency. By 1825, Thomas Crowell was the proprietor of a tavern on the grounds at Fort Mitchell and reportedly entertained the Marquis de la Lafayette there that spring. The U.S. Army's Fourth Infantry Regiment arrived in July and constructed a new fort that autumn. The tavern and existing buildings were converted to officers' quarters. The fort was described as being square with 12-foot-high pickets and diagonal corners and having a blockhouse, but little is known of its exact dimensions.
Fort Mitchell was occupied by the Fourth Infantry from 1825 to 1840 to manage tensions between settlers and the local Creeks, essentially preventing squatters from taking Creek land. Francis Scott Key, the author of the "Star Spangled Banner" lyrics, stayed there in the winter of 1833, sent by Pres. Andrew Jackson to investigate land disputes between the Creeks and squatters and reportedly finding fault with his Americans. In 1836, generals Thomas Jesup and Winfield Scott stayed at the fort during the Second Creek War. Also that year, when the Creeks were removed to present-day Kansas and Oklahoma, the fort served as an assembly point for the trek that became known as the Trail of Tears.
After the Creeks had been removed from the area, there was little reason for the federal government to continue to support Fort Mitchell. From monthly status reports submitted to the federal government, however, historians have gleaned that morale was low, the fort had its own stockade, and life was probably unpleasant for soldiers who suffered from outbreaks of malaria, typhus, small pox, and influenza. The last federal troops left the fort in the spring of 1840. About 20 years later, the Fifteenth Alabama Regiment assembled for drills in the nearby fields during the Civil War. After that, the land was left to nature and the buildings fell to ruin.
Given its location near the Chattahoochee River, the border between Alabama and Georgia, Fort Mitchell was the ideal site for settling disputes between citizens of the two states, typically in the form of duels. The first notable duel occurred in 1828 between George E. Crawford and Thomas Burnside. Burnside was the unfortunate loser in the conflict, and Crawford later became governor of Georgia. Another duel, between Gen. Sowell Woolfolk and Maj. Joseph Camp, resulted in Woolfolk's death.
Very little of For Mitchell's structures remained when the Alabama Archaeological Society began excavating the site in 1971.
That effort uncovered a variety of ruins, including gravesites, a hospital, the old fort, outbuildings, offices, barracks,
and storage rooms. The findings were published in a 1974 report. Fort Mitchell was designated a National Historic Landmark
in 1990 and is supported by the Fort Mitchell Historical Society, the Russell County Historical Commission, and the Lower
Chattahoochee Regional Development Center. The site now includes a visitors' center and the Chattahoochee Indian Heritage
Center to honor Creeks who suffered during their removal west, as well as reconstructions of the original buildings. In 1987,
the Fort Mitchell National Cemetery was established for veterans in the Southeast and Gulf Coast states and is part of the
property listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Chase, David W. Fort Mitchell: An Archaeological Exploration in Russell County, Alabama. Moundville, Ala.: Special Publications of the Alabama Archaeological Society, 1974.
The Heritage of Russell County. Clanton, Ala.: Heritage Publishing Consultants, 2003.
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Published October 25, 2010
Last updated September 6, 2012


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This Placement and Organization of Employment Ads lesson plan also includes:
- Join to access all included materials
Students locate the classified section within a newspaper, find the employment ads, and examine how the employment ads are categorized and arranged. Lastly, they locate ads for specific jobs.
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It's that time of year. You've committed to that diet. This will be the year you stop drying laundry on the treadmill and start running on it. And you're going to start paying more attention to recycling. But how about a new year's resolution related to adoption?
Words can be very powerful things. Although you may not know it, some of the adoption language commonly heard today can actually have a very negative effect on adoption, as well as adopted children, adoptive families and birth parents.
The way we speak about adoption helps others form their opinion of adoption. It can also impact how an adopted child feels about their adoption and their identity. For example, referring to your child as your "adopted son" or "adopted daughter" could make them feel as if they don't truly belong to your family, a feeling that could greatly impact a child's self-esteem.
In addition, one very commonly used phrase regarding birth parents is that they "gave up" or "gave away" their child for adoption. This negative term implies that the birth parents didn't care about their child – when, in reality, birth parents choose adoption out of nothing but love for their child. Instead of this negative language, say that a birth parent "placed their child for adoption" or that they "made an adoption plan." This positive language more accurately reflects the situation, without painting a negative picture of birth parents.
According the U.S. Census, 1 in 25 households with children has at least one adopted child. An even greater ratio of people have certainly been touched by adoption through friends and extended families.
That's why we're promoting the use of positive adoption language as a new year's resolution. It's up to us to change the conversation among our friends and families and in our schools and communities. Below is a list of some commonly used negative adoption language and the positive phrases that should be used in their place:
Negative: Real parent
Positive: Birth parent, birth mother, birth father
Negative: Give up/give away child for adoption
Positive: Place child for adoption, make an adoption plan
Negative: To keep
Positive: To parent
Negative: Unwanted child
Positive: Child placed for adoption
Negative: Is adopted
Positive: Was adopted
Negative: Adoptive parent
Positive: Child with special needs
Positive: Born to unmarried parents
Make 2012 the year that the adoption conversation changes!


Les Riches Douaniers
Les Riches Douaniers
French group of media artists
Interview: 10 questions
1. Tell me something about your life and the educational background
Les Riches Douaniers is a organisation composed of two artists initially very miscellaneous. Anecdotally, one attended the first international exhibition of video at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in March 1975, while the other was not born.
2. When, how and why started you filming?
We have teamed up to produce sounded film in 2000 under the name of Les Riches Douaniers.
3. What kind of subjects have your films?
We have always made digital movies, without a camera, sometimes abstract. Our first films were CD-Clips. Today most of our films are machinima to various topics that evoke the problem of the hero: heroes wandering aimlessly, hero who commits suicide, kamikaze, mostly violent heroes, etc …
Initially, the principle has always been to reveal images through listening. In our abstract films, processing of the image was very slow, the music created the awaiting and depicted the progression of images. In our machinima music continues to have a special place. We play on extreme music that we produce by a system that we developed through the study of the sound spectrum. We play on the presence of silences. In one of our machinima films made in 2006, music was performed live.
5. Tell me something about the technical equipment you use.
We need especially high-speed computers, softwares like Photoshop, Premiere, etc., as well as game consoles and video games.
We create only new media kind of film, as we work with digital images into 3D. We work now in HD. We believe that the role of new media is growing constantly in the everyday world of cinema. For example, we have been approached by a festival in the Philippines (Cinemanila), wich used to be a classic movie festival.
7. How do you finance your films?
Sometimes it is commissioned work ( like festival Diése in 2007 in Dijon, for example). Also, at the present time we work for a musician for film on which the people are tell to play music for one hour. But it still exceptions.
We work in partnership, rendering images, and building musics, and sounds. But sometimes we ask singers to help. Since the creation of Les Riches Douaniers we have never worked individually.
As we work from games, they effect us. For example, in our latest film "Kamikaze", the player is climbing on an industrial building, because we found the opportunity to do so by playing. So we work like Godard where such instantaneous inspired him.
We are working on a feature film whose music is performed live by an orchestra. We would have time and money to conduct more full-length high-definition for example through the ZKM in Karlsruhe.


Bigger Brain = Social Media Success
Orbital Prefrontal Cortex and social skillsHiring a social media manager or a salesperson? Maybe you should have the finalists' brains scanned in an fMRI.
The study looked at "intentionality," summarized in the paper as, "the ability to explain and predict the behaviour of others by attributing to them intentions and mental states." It's a measure of social skill, and in this study the researchers gave subjects stories to read and then asked them about the mental states of various characters in the story:
The subject's own mind state was defined as first order intentionality, and the mind state of each protagonist from the story included in a question added successive levels of intentionality. A 6th order intentionality question thus involved tracking the mind states of five individuals in the story, as well as the subject's own mind state. [From Neuropsychologia – Orbital prefrontal cortex volume correlates with social cognitive competence
One oversimplified view is that a socially skilled person could correctly assess what Bill was thinking in a situation, but how Sally was interpreting Bill's actions, etc.
Individual Differences
The study found that the subjects who demonstrated the highest levels of intentionality had larger orbital PFCs, as determined by fMRI scans. While one might assume that the volume of this region is more or less unchanging for an individual, the study didn't look at whether changes could occur with extensive socialization or specific training. We do know that brain changes can be occur through learning processes, such as long hours of practicing the violin. This study, though, looked mainly at the evolutionary aspect, i.e., growth of this structure in humans appeared to be related to their increased level of social skills compared to other primates.
The orbital PFC isn't the only brain area associated with social skills. As I described in The Twitter Spot in Your Brain, another study found that larger amygdalas correlated with more friends and more complex social networks.
Nature Tops Nurture?
I don't really expect hiring managers to start scanning the brains of job candidates, but the study does confirm what we already know from experience: some people have inherently better social skills than others, and that training alone may not be enough to close this gap.
 1. Meredith says
 This is really cool!! However, I'm curious. Sometimes I find that the most successful social media/community manager types are actually quite awkward in real life situations. People who prefer to stay behind a computer, build relationships online, definitely have different personalities than those that like getting out there and meeting people. Thoughts?
 1. Roger Dooley says
 I think that there can be a divide between face-to-face and virtual socialization, Meredith, but it appears that our brain capacity limits both varieties in much the same way. Duncan's number, for example, has been demonstrated both in the real world and in social media. It's not an absolute, of course.
 2. Aj says
 Nature vs nurture is always an interesting debate. In my opinion, nurture always wins, and I think it does in this context as well. Some people may exhibit better social skills than others, but that could be due to a number of reasons such as public speaking training, family structure, confidence, intelligence etc.
 I am naturally a more quite and reserved person. However, I have been through public speaking training etc etc and that has greatly helped my social and communication skills.
 Awesome blog concept though! The brain is so fascinating!
 1. Roger Dooley says
 I do believe training can do a lot, Aj. Some people might have great capacity for social reasoning, but be awkward speakers or networkers.
 I knew it! My addiction to Hoot Suite directly stems from my huge noodle.
 4. Jessica Kihara says
 Amazing. I love learning about how the brain works and why people act the way they do in social settings.
 5. Dwee says
 I have two kids, raised the same, but very different. They have traits, personality quirks, habits, ideas, near identical to grandparents they spent very little time with. Things you would never think are "wired in" definitely are.
 We spend a lifetime getting to know ourselves and learning how to work within those inheirited abilities and limitations. We do not spend a lifetime becoming who we are, though we like to believe we have that ability. Nature defines, nurture refines.
 1. Roger Dooley says
 Well said, Dwee. It's never nature OR nurture, it's always nature AND nurture.
 6. [… alone may not be enough to close this gap….]. Great opinion.
 Most of the time, companies spend so much money to train their employees without effective results. Maybe this finding explains the reasons.
 7. Faissal Alhaithami says
 This is an interesting piece of information. It's interesting to know how brains of different people work differently when it comes to socializing or establishing social relationships online.
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How do you determine uncertainty?
Uncertainty of a measurement can be determined by repeating a measurement to arrive at an estimate of the standard deviation of the values. Then, any single value has an uncertainty equal to the standard deviation. However, if the values are averaged, then the mean measurement value has a much smaller uncertainty,...
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We already have wireless internet at home and Wi-Fi outside the home. Why not a personal wireless connection for different medical implants like pacemakers in our bodies too? William Scanlon and Gareth Conway have recently filed a patent for a wireless antenna system. It is able to send signals along human skin to help all the devices work together.
The small, patch-like antenna is incredibly power efficient, much better than current technologies like Bluetooth which consumes a lot of battery power. Medical devices need long energy life spans. What makes these antennas different is the signals are made to travel sideways along the body instead of away from the body.
How the researchers at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland did this was by turning the design upside down, which then sends the signals along the skin as "creeping waves". These waves are the reason why both your ears hear a sound rather than only in the ear closest to the origin of the sound.
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What is the meaning of the phrase throw him under the bus?
When someone "throws another person under the bus" it means to sacrifice a person by allowing that person to get into some form of trouble or bad situation so that another person can gain personally or because they just want that other person to suffer.
Example of "throw him under the bus" in a sentence
An example of how the expression is used will help you understand it's usage.
"Joe and Nate were caught by the police doing drugs.
Joe decided to throw Nate under the bus by telling the
police that Nate is also a drug dealer."
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What The Hell Is Lead Scoring And Why Do I Need To Know About It?
"The leads are weak!" shouted Shelley Levene in the movie Glengarry Glen Ross.
You see, not all leads are created equal, and salespeople know it. Time is a salesperson's scarcest resource and of course, your sales team wants to invest its time talking with premium leads. Shoveling even more leads into the sales pipeline won't be of any help if you're already operating at capacity, unless you can help your team identify the premium leads within the lot. This is where lead scoring comes into play, as it allows you to prioritize incoming leads.
What exactly is lead scoring?
Lead scoring is the quantitative measurement of the predicted (or perceived) value of a lead, based on a predefined set of rules. A good lead scoring program generally includes two types of information: explicit data and implicit data. Explicit data is what you collect using forms, surveys (or simply by talking to your prospects!) and implicit data is what you gather by tracking online events and behavior using analytics tools.
Which rules should I include in my score?
Marketo identified 250 rules that you could use in your lead scoring formula, but in reality you only need a handful of them. There is no magical formula for lead scoring because it has to be tailored to your business needs and should be constantly improved based on results and feedback from your sales team.
When selecting the ingredients for your score, ask your organization these questions:
 - What do current customers have in common? (buyer personas)
 - Who makes the buying decision for your product? (job title)
 - What event usually happens right before upgrading to a customer? (last interaction attribution model)
 - How many emails did your current customers opened or clicked before upgrading? (warming up leads)
 - What is a prerequisite for using your product? (technological integration)
 - Etc.
Both sales and marketing teams should be involved in defining the set of rules for your score. Since the sales team talks with prospects daily, they're usually in the best position to know what makes a good lead. Start with assumptions and use data to verify if there is a correlation between a criterion and turning from a lead to a customer.
What are the next steps?
Once you have defined a formula for your lead scoring program, you need to decide what is the minimum score before a lead is passed to the sales team. There must be a balance between the sales readiness of your lead and the capacity of your sales team to follow up.
The best practice is to automate the process so the score is automatically updated and available for all. You will also need to alert the sales representatives when a lead enters the sweet spot or when a current opportunity's score move significantly.
Using the right software will make everything easier. For example, at Uberflip we use our own content marketing platform to collect the data and our marketing automation software automatically computes the score. Our sales team can access the score using the CRM and are alerted of incoming leads.
The last step — but not the least — is to frequently review your lead scoring program. It may take a while before you can measure the performance of your program because of the length of your sales cycle, but you can still tweak your formula based on the feedback you receive from your sales team.
What are the key benefits?
The benefit of a lead scoring program with a strong buy-in from both the sales and marketing team is a better alignment between departments. The marketing team will know exactly what type of leads they should be bringing in from their activities and they will ask them the right questions in order to move them up the scale and uncover the premium leads. The sales team, on their end, will spend more time talking to the right prospects and less time sorting out lists of hundreds of unqualified leads. How does that sound?
Improve sales and marketing alignment by implementing the metrics from our free eBook, "10 Metrics To Close The Gap Between Marketing And Sales."
About the Author
Francois Mathieu is a Marketing Consultant and Entrepreneur based in Toronto, Canada. He is the Co-Founder of Hōjicha Co., a specialty tea distributor and retailer.
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Mathematical English Usage - a Dictionary
by Jerzy Trzeciak
[see also: apart from, besides
for all n except a finite number
for no x except the unique solution of......
[Note the difference between besides, except and apart from: besides usually "adds'' something, except "subtracts'', and apart from can be used in both senses; after no, nothing etc., all three can be used.]
Then G is differentiable except for a jump at x=0.
Except for these two lemmas, we make no use of the results of [4].
That is---except the use of relaxed controls---precisely the stochastic Bellman equation.
Then F is invertible except possibly on an at most countable set.
Thus, F is invertible except where x=0.
Hence F is invertible except at countably many points.
The desingularization of f is X except when Q and Q' have a common factor, in which case......
We have not required f to be......, and we shall not do so except when explicitly stated.
 The trivial cases when the family consists of only one set are excepted.
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What are the 3200 in feet? How tall is 3200 km to feet? In this article, you will learn how to convert 3200 km in feet using simple calculations.
Here we will let you know how to use our free online and handy calculator to convert the km to feet using different conversion methods. Use our page to convert the centimeter into feet.
feet are the measuring units to measure the length or height of an object or a person. The km to feet converter uses the correct formula to get accurate results every time. If you want to convert 3200 km to feet
A 3200 km to feet is a unit used to measure the length in the international system of units.
It is a non-SI unit of length. The definition offeet was also defined as equivalent. If we have the measurements in km then we can convert them intofeet to illustrate the height. It is used to measure the height of a building, tower, or person.
Converting 3200 km equals tofeet is easy by simply using the calculator or applying the formula to change the length 3200 km.
For every decimal number, it has 3200 as the denominator. So to convert 3200 km in feet as a fraction. The numerator is 3200 km in feet as a decimal and 3200 as the denominator and then begins the simplification. The below is the answer to 3200 km in feet as a fraction in its easiest form:
You need to use this resource for converting measurements because the converter is completely online. You don't require space on your computer or mobile device for installing any application. This converter can be used for multiple unit conversions. The converter will be constantly updated so that you can use it whenever you need it.
This is detailed information about 3200 km to feet. If you want more information on km, see our km to feet page that can be found in the title menu. Here you can convert 3200 km to feet.
We will describe briefly the possibilities of converting 3200 km with our calculator. Our conversion Table mentioned earlier will explain how the converter works and you can have all these calculations in one approach by downloading and installing software. It will be easy and effortless when you follow the instructions properly.


SEL, P. (2018): Resource Recovery from Waste. Business Models for Energy, Nutrient and Water Reuse in Lowand Middle-income Countries. Oxon, UK: Routledge URL [Accessed: 21.02.2020] PDF
Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes
Optimization of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and transportation through source separation becomes one of the major concerns in the MSW management system design, due to the fact that the existing MSW management systems suffer by the high collection and transportation cost. Generally, in a city different waste sources scatter throughout the city in heterogeneous way that increase waste collection and transportation cost in the waste management system. Therefore, a shortest waste collection and transportation strategy can effectively reduce waste collection and transportation cost. In this paper, we propose an optimal MSW collection and transportation scheme that focus on the problem of minimizing the length of each waste collection and transportation route. We first formulize the MSW collection and transportation problem into a mixed integer program. Moreover, we propose a heuristic solution for the waste collection and transportation problem that can provide an optimal way for waste collection and transportation. Extensive simulations and real testbed results show that the proposed solution can significantly improve the MSW performance. Results show that the proposed scheme is able to reduce more than 30% of the total waste collection path length.
DAS, S. and BHATTACHARYYA, B. (2015): Optimization of municipal solid waste collection and transportation routes. In: Waste Management: Volume 43, 9-18.
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Today we published a translated English version of the first paper ActiveHistory.ca "Why is Vietnam Recovering, while Cuba is Sinking?" written by Yves Montenay, and translated by Michael Poplyansky. Here is the abstract:
Before going their separate ways, Vietnam and Cuba followed similar political and economic paths, making the impact of economic freedom on each country's development very clear, both directly and comparatively. This paper will not discuss full employment, because in Communist Vietnam, as in today's Cuba, everyone theoretically had an assigned job—even if it was not the job that one hoped for, or at the location that one preferred, much less at the salary that one wanted. Nor will I evaluate the progress of "liberalism", since the term implies political freedom; I will simply examine the consequences of legalizing formerly banned economic activities. Click here to read full paper. Click here to read the original French version.


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Research on Refinement
This is a description of my research on refinement, and how I see it fitting
in to the 'big picture'.
To help keep things simple, I use the simply-typed lambda calculus as
an idealised functional programming language. Suppose we start with a program
logic, such as an equational theory for describing the input and output
of functions. Some natural questions are
Some semantic questions are
What is a suitable specification language, based on the program logic,
for the purposes of program development?
How can we formalise specification testing, that is, checking whether the
specification guarantees any program which satisfies it to have certain
properties? This is a form of prototyping.
What minimal extensions to the lambda calculus can give a refinement calculus?
In my thesis, I address these questions by showing how to get a specification
language and refinement calculus from the logic in a canonical way, and
similarly for the semantics, giving a class of concrete (set-theoretic)
models for which an applied refinement theory is indeed complete. Each
model is induced in a straightforward way from a model of the programming
language and program logic.
From a model of the programming language and the program logic, can we
get a model of the refinement calculus?
Can we describe a class of models for which the refinement calculus is
that is, the calculus proves a refinement if and only if it is true in
all the models?
A key feature of my approach is that I construct the refinement calculus
in a modular fashion, as the combination of two orthogonal extensions to
the underlying programming language (in this case, just the simply-typed
lambda calculus). These subcalculi are interesting in their own right as
they provide separate analyses of structured specifications and what might
be called 'pure' refinement or (non-logical) decomposition of stubs. Formally,
we introduce the concepts of refinement term and refinement type.
Refinement types are a formalisation of structured specifications, and
refinement terms are a formalisation of abstract programs, that is, programs
with stubs for code yet to be written. 'Full' refinement, then, can be
factored into logical reasoning and decomposition.
The full refinement calculus is a combination of these two systems, and
will be published soon.
Extending a programming language with stubs gives an internalisation
of the stage of program development. The language of refinement terms is
studied in the paper
Extending the program logic to give a structured specification language,
where the formal specifications are refinement types is carried out in
Refinement Types for Specification.
An earlier and more comprehensive version is
Some Refinement Issues
Here are some of what I see as important and interesting issues relating
to refinement. Some of these have been studied extensively and others have,
as far as I know, not been studied at all.
I think each of the above is within reach. A more fantastical aim is to
develop a common logical and semantic framework for the formalisation of
the entire software life-cycle, including program development, optimisation,
maintenance, analysis (program comprehension) and reengineering (reverse
engineering). This is not likely soon, but I do believe there's a Theory
of Everything out there!
Are there substantial differences between refinement calculi for different
computational paradigms, such as functional and imperative languages?
Automated code generation : Although the program development process can
never be fully automated, it could be partially supported by theorem provers.
A theorem prover for specification and refinement should be induced by
one for the underlying logic.
It goes without saying that an integrated environment for specification,
testing and development is necessary. A tool should be able to record and
manipulate entire derivations.
Extension to richer computational scenarios : The work described here is
complicated enough (for me) yet is restricted to the simplest possible
situation. It should be possible to extend it in a systematic way to account
for other computational features, such as concurrency, exceptions, probabilistic
nondeterminism. A further problem is how to combine logics to give a 'heterogeneous'
Recording and manipulating derivations : By treating a derivation as a
first class object, we can facilitate program comprehension and reengineering
(reverse engineering). By recording the insights that went into developing
the program, the code is more easily understood.
Refinement between specifications in different formalisms : Information
systems can be specified using many different formalisms, especially at
different stages of the software development life-cycle. Examples are data
flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, and algebraic specifications.
It is important to be able to relate these different forms of specification.
This is especially important for ensuring that a functional specification
matches the requirements specification. Semantic methods, notably category
theory, should help here. I don't think a 'mother of all type theories'
approach will help.
A notion of refinement for general information systems (such as databases).
Software reuse : One of the main advantages of a refinement framework is
that keeping a record of the development of a program will help when using
the code to implement a different specification.
Object-oriented analysis and design : There are three main classes of popular
analysis and design methods : process, data and object-oriented. The two
main kinds of refinement are program and data refinement. A corresponding
notion of object refinement does not, however, appear to have been extensively
studied. This would be especially interesting because iterative prototype
development in OOD has similarities to refinement.
modified: Fri May 15 11:24:40 BST 1998


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PaperCut includes Find Me printing which solves the problem of locating the closest printer from a host of available devices. It is a roaming print service that allows print jobs to find users based on their physical location. It is sometimes referred to as "Pull Printing", "Push Printing" or "Follow Me" printing. It is an ideal solution for large sites operating a common printer fleet.
Users simply print to a single global virtual queue then go to a print release station and release their print job(s).
Printer Load Balancing
Printer load balancing automatically distributes print jobs between two or more printers. Load balancing is generally used to equally distribute print jobs across a pool of printers saving valuable time in document output for the user and at the same time balancing the wear and tear among printer devices. Load balancing can be implemented in PaperCut as part of Find Me Printing or separately without the need for release stations in a direct printing environment.
Clustering allows your organisation to ensure your printing services are not affected if anything should happen to your main server. PaperCut is a cluster compatible application and is supported under Windows (Microsoft Cluster Server / MSCS, Microsoft Failover Cluster Manager / MSFCM, Vetitas Cluster Server / VCS) and Linux (Novell Cluster Services / NCS, Linux-HA) at all levels of the application, including:
- Clustering at the print spooler service layer by integrating with clustering services
- Failover based clustering at the Application Server layer using clustering services
- At the database layer by utilising cluster aware databases such as Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL or Oracle