Structured Light vs Microsoft Kinect
Posted: 26th February 2012 by hackengineer in Computer Vision
Tags:,,,
So why use Structured light? Turns out there is a tradeoff between depth resolution vs refresh rate. Structured light can provide lots of depth detail (dependent on camera/project resolution) but doesn't work well with fast moving scenes. Kinect, on the other hand, provides decent depth maps and can handle dynamic scenes. So if you want high resolution depth maps of relatively static scenes, SL can be a great option.
Structured Light
Structured Light in action
Structured Light in action
Structured light uses a set of temporally encoded patterns that are sequentially projected onto the scene. The animation above illustrates SL in action. This example shows two pixels of interest. The yellow pixel is physically located on the background behind the red pixel and is 314 pixels from the left in the captured images. The red pixel is 392 pixels from the left in the captured images. Lets say white light is a 1 and black light is a 0. Follow the example and watch the algorithm decode the structured light.
The resulting 9 bits are in gray code. Gray code is used to reduce any errors while decoding the captured SL images. For example did any of the pixels from the example look grayish? If the wrong choice was made using a binary encoding a single error in the MSB would result in an error of 2^9! Binary code has a great property that only single bit changes at a time. Imagine a vertical bar progressing from left to right through the image below. Each step only changes in one location. As a result if any pixel is decoded as the wrong value, the error is limited to +/-1. The result needs to be translated into binary before depth can be calculated. The process is straight forward and the details can be found in the code.
Once we have decoded every pixel we have all the information we need to calculate depth. To be clear we have the column number for each pixel of the captured image (0 = first pixel on left and 480 = last pixel on the right) and the decoded projector column (calculated above). To calculate depth we will use simple geography. The technique is called depth from disparity and the math is surprisingly really simple. In the illustrations below the box on the left represents the projected set of SL images and the box on the left represents the captured images. The line running through the middle of the boxes is called a scan line. As the surface moves closer, the reflected light will be captured by pixel further to the left on the image sensor. To calculate this disparity we subtract the decoded projector pixel from the corresponding camera pixel. Turns out the depth is inversely proportunal to disparity(the difference between the two)!
Take a look at the illustration and notice the projector and camera are positioned side by side. When setting up the hardware it is important to keep them level with eachother and spaced apart by a few inches. This will greatly simply the math, otherwise a homography will need to be created.
Below is a step by step depth calculation for the yellow and red pixels in the example above. Notice that the yellow pixel depth (z) is larger than the red pixel. Physically this means that the yellow pixel is further away from the camera. The depth will likely not be proportional to the x and y axis. This depends on the focal length of both the camera and projector. To fix this either both the camera and projector need to be calibrated or with trial and error. This project used trail and error by scaling the depth value until the results matched the scene.
Kinect uses a static spacially endcoded IR pattern projected onto the scene similar to that of a QR code. The image on the right illustrates the set of dots scattered on the scence. The pattern is deformed as it falls onto the objects. The camera then captures an image of the scene and decodes the result. This method calculates a single depth reading to a group of projected pixels (it takes multiple spacially encoded pixels to map back to unique camera pixels). As a result there is a loss of depth resolution. The advantage is depth can be calculated with only one capture.
While the hardware used in this project was designed for portability and small form-factor, the algorithm parameters can be easily updated for high resolution hardware. In this project build, the pico projector is the limiting factor running at HVGA (480 x 320).
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A pilot survey of teenage girls has been studying the feasibility of tracking them with GPS-enabled mobile phones.
In what has to be the least ground-breaking news of the week the study discovered that a group of teenagers liked to have their phones with them at all times, and used their phones to track them – presumably with some kind of permission in place.
Researchers on the report, published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, say the information won't be used so parents can keep a Big Brother-esque eye on their offspring, but instead to focus on the health risks that teenagers face.
Orwellian nightmare
The phones' GPS facilities can, "Help us better understand where adolescents spend their time and what they're doing," Dr Sarah E Wiehe told Reuters.
Apparently, the ultimate goal is to be able to intervene when a child is most likely to take a health risk like smoking or drinking.
TechRadar wonders if this means that the chastened teen will be confronted by AA every time they venture near a bus-stop, or sent an MMS of Nick O'Teen when they are tracked to the school bike shed.


Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center: Indiana University Bloomington
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text:
Authors: Evgenija D. Popova
Addresses: Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 8, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract: A new interval model of linear equilibrium equations in mechanics is based on the algebraic completion of classical interval arithmetic and provides more realistic and accurate models involving interval uncertainties. It replaces straightforwardly a linear deterministic model by an interval model in terms of proper and improper intervals, fully conforms to the equilibrium principle, and provides sharper enclosure of a resultant force than the methods based on classical interval arithmetic. The present paper presents the interval algebraic approach to linear equilibrium equations and discusses its applications to some interval models of structures.
Keywords: static equilibrium; structures; interval arithmetic; proper and improper intervals; overestimation.
International Journal of Reliability and Safety, 2018 Vol.12 No.1/2, pp.218 - 235
Accepted: 09 Apr 2018
Published online: 13 Jun 2018 *

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Malayalam is the language of Kerala and is one among the 22 official languages in India. About 35 million people speak malayalam and stands in eighth position depending upon the total number of speakers. The people who speak malayalam are called malayalees. The natives of Lakshadweep which is a union territory on the western coast also speak malayalam language. The meaning of the word 'Malayalam' is 'land of mountains'. It is derived from two words 'Mala' and 'Alam' where 'Mala' means mountain and 'Alam' means land. The spelling of 'Malayalam' in English forms a palindrome. In Malayalam language there are 53 characters out of which there are 37 consonants and 16 vowels. In writing, there are two lipis. The old and the new. The new lipi replaced the old one in 1981. The number of characters in new lipi is less compared to that of the old.
History of Malayalam
The five main languages that form the South Dravidian family are malayalam, tamil, kota, kodagu and kannada. Malayalam is not an ancient language instead it is the youngest of all the other in the Dravidian family. The malayalam language is almost similar to tamil language and it took around four to five centuries to become a distinct language from its Tamil-Malayalam variant. The language used for administration and scholarship were Tamil and Sanskrit. These languages have influenced the malayalam language for its development. Some Indo-Aryan features were also used by malayalam after the coming of the Brahmins.
The Malayalam vocabulary has taken words from a large number of languages. It took words from Tamil and Sanskrit. The coming of the Europeans has influenced the malayalam language and so it has taken words from English, Portuguese, Dutch etc. Out of the words borrowed from other languages, Sanskrit has the first position followed by English. At the same time some malayalam words have been used in other languages also. Some of the words like coir, copra, catamaran etc are originally malayalam words.
Malayalam Scripts and Writing Malayalam
VazhappaLLi inscription is the oldest among malayalam records. Kolezhuthu is the Malayalam script and it is derived from the Grandha Script. Malayalam language has 37 consonants called vyanJanam and 16 vowels called swaram. The new lipi was used to type the Malayalam words using typewriter. This lipi has lesser number of characters. There are numbers in Malayalam language but are not used nowadays.
The pronunciation of Malayalam in various regions is also different. The accent, grammar, vocabulary etc of a person of one region is different from that of another from a different region. Malayalam is a regional language spoken by the people of Kerala and the total population who speaks malayalam is less compared to other languages. Even then there are 170 newspapers, 235 weeklies and more than 550 monthly periodicals published in Malayalam. Malayalam newspaper is the most circulated regional language daily newspaper in India.
Today there is a great trend for the people from Kerala to migrate to other countries. This has helped to spread the language to abroad as well. Malayalam language is taught in educational institutions outside Kerala.


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Textbooks for training, learning and learning about the sport of billiards
What can you play billiards when you punch a ball, some say, others when you win a lot of games.
This is exactly what our books are about here. They show how to properly hold the cue, that is the stick with which you push the balls, to position yourself optimally to push the balls, to move and to hit the balls. But there is much more to it than that, only posture and standing do not make a good billiard athlete. It is more about mastering the cue ball (usually the white ball), getting it into position to scorch the next ball
The aim of our specialist books is to learn the sport of billiards properly. In addition to "how do you hold a queue" and how do you stand, the goal is to achieve a straight, reproducible push and the next position. Reading the game, developing a game plan, training positions as shown by our authors for pool billiards, three cushion (carom) and snooker.


Comparison Between Offshore Structural Engineering Design and Building Design
Comparison Between Offshore Structural Engineering Design and Building Design
Introduction to offshore structural engineering design
Platform diagram
Offshore structural engineering is a relatively new field of engineering concerned, particular mainly in the design and installation of fixed offshore platforms for various purposes. It was in year 1947, when the first steel structure was installed in the middle of ocean of the Gulf of Mexico. It was differ from the conventional structural engineering (building structural engineering) mainly in the problems which have to be considered in the transportation phase of the structure to the offshore construction site, installation method of the structure, the ability of the structure to withstand the specific design loading, mainly the severe environmental loading during its intended life. The primary driving force behind this technology was come from the oil and gas industry, which was one of the largest energy resources industries in the world. This industry needed fixed platform for exploitation of the extensive hydrocarbon which deposited deep below the sea bed. However, the offshore engineering not limited solely to the oil and gas industry, but also for the important applications for the military and navigational purposes.
An offshore structure is usually specified simply as a requirement at a designated offshore site for an operational deck having a prescribed minimum working area and carrying a prescribed minimum weight loading. Normally in oil and gas industry, offshore structures can be categorized into three types based on its function, which are oil drilling platform, processing platform, and living quarter platform. Oil drilling platform usually is the largest and most complicated platform among the three. It contains the machineries and power supply plants needed to perform oil drilling. Processing platform is mainly dealing with the processing of the raw oil and gas materials come from the oil drilling platform, while the living quarter platform provides shell and living facilities for the workers working for the offshore oil drilling. Living quarter platform normally been built nearby the oil drilling platform for the convenience of the mobility of the workers. Despite, sometimes there will be bridges connecting living quarter platform to the oil drilling platform.
For the offshore structural engineering design, environmental loading is one of the most critical issues in compare to building structure. Unlike building structures, offshore structures have to withstand the very strong wind force (wind force in the middle of ocean is much stronger than the wind force acted on the onshore building structures), current and waves, possibly with the hazards from floating ice and earthquakes, and the changes of tides. Besides environmental loading, dead imposed loads of the platform have to be considered in detail during the design phase. The operating load is very critical to be considered particular in designing oil drilling platform. The oil drilling machine will produce a very large impact on the platform during its operation. In addition, the design process has to consider the installation method and transportation of the structure to the offshore construction site. Due to the location of the construction site, which is in the middle of the ocean, there are many factors needed to be considered in the platform design, for example, method of transporting the platform and jacket to the construction site, weather condition, wave and current, method of installation, and method of conducting piling foundation.
Loading factor
Before proposed offshore structure design can be analyzed, it is necessary to have quantitative estimates of all significant loadings that the structure is likely to be experienced and withstand mainly environmental loadings and dead loads.
During the storm conditions, overwater wind is significant in the design of offshore structures because of the very large forces it induced on the upper exposed parts of the structures, which is the platform. Wind speed during the hurricane conditions can exceed 100mph, which can cause 100kips or more of horizontal forces on a platform structure.
Surface waves during storm condition are also of major importance in the design of offshore structures because of the large forces produced by the water motion on the submerged parts of the structure, which are the jacket legs. Wave height is the difference between maximum and minimum elevations of the water surface. During storm condition, the wave height can exceed 50ft, with associated water motion, it can induce horizontal forces of few hundred kips or more on an offshore structure.
Currents can contribute significant impact to the total forces exerted on the submerged parts of the structure. Currents generally refer to the motion of water that arises from sources other than surface waves. There are 4 types of currents:
1. Tidal currents = Currents which arise from astronomical forces exerted on the water surface.
2. Wind drift currents = Currents from the drag of the local wind on the water surface.
3. River currents = Currents from the discharge of the rivers
4. Ocean currents = Currents from the drag of large-scale wind systems on the ocean
During the storm conditions, currents of the ocean at the water surface can exceed 2ft/sec or more, which can contribute rise to the horizontal structural forces about 10% or more, of the wave induced forces.
Wind force
The wind force exerted on a structure depends on the size and shape of the structural members in the path of the wind, but more importantly, it depends on the speed of the wind blowing. The greatest wind speed at a particular site can be estimated from the analysis of local daily weather records. However, because of the fluctuations of wind speed over any measuring time, such records necessarily consider averaged wind speed measurement over a finite of time. For general structural design purposes, 50-year recurrence interval is used, but for offshore structures, to avoid the possibility of unusually high loss of life and property in extreme condition, 100-year interval is normally been used. Table below shows that 100-year return period of wind speed assumed (referenced to 10.0m above MSL) in construction of BLB wellhead platform which located in the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (MTJDA).
(m/s) Direction
1-hr mean 20.0 19.8 19.0 14.5 18.4 17.4 17.0 16.0 20.2
1-min mean 23.6 23.3 22.4 17.1 21.7 20.5 20.0 18.8 23.8
3-sec gust 26.6 26.4 25.3 19.4 24.5 23.1 22.6 21.3 26.9
The wind speed assumed for offshore structures design is normally about 10% greater than those nearby coastal stations, which act as a station to measure the wind speed of the particular area, for conservative purpose.
However, wind speed varies with height above MSL. Therefore, it is necessarily to calculate the wind speed in different height. For BLB wellhead platform design, the formula for calculating the wind speed at different height is based on the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard.
VH = VR x [ 1 + C x ln (H/HR) ]
C = 5.73 x 10-2 x ( 1 + 0.0457 x VR )1/2
VH = Wind velocity at specific height (m/s)
VR = Wind velocity at reference height usually 10m above MSL (m/s)
HR = Reference height, usually 10m above MSL (m)
H = Height above MSL (m)
Wind force


text:
Use this kids Sunday school lesson for Thanksgiving to help kids be thankful for the bodies God gave them. Find more great Sunday school lessons to help kids grow in their faith.
1. Make-A-Body-*Say: Today, we're going to celebrate Thanksgiving by celebrating a gift that God has given us every day-our bodies.
Give each child a sheet of paper. Have each child draw a gingerbread-cookie-type person and then draw arrows from different parts of the body to the outer rim of the paper. From the head, have them write words that describe what they like to learn about. From the hands, things they like to do. From the feet, places they like to go. From the stomach, things they like to eat, and so on.
2. Hopping-Popping Thanks-Read aloud Psalm 139:14. Help the children better understand this verse by using their bodies to express the information on their gingerbread cookie papers. Have children think about kernels of popcorn. As it gets to just the right heat, each kernel bursts open into popcorn, but the kernels don't do it all at the same time. Invite children to burst open with their answers as each part of the body is mentioned.
*Say: We thank God for our minds to think about… Have children jump up at different times and respond. After all the children have popped up and answered, go to the next body part.
3. Body Benders-Have children lie on the floor. Encourage them to imagine what it would be like if their bodies could not bend. Have them do these actions without bending any part of their bodies: get up, walk, talk, run, and sit down. Reread Psalm 139:14 at least four times.
4. Snack-You'll need: For every four children, you'll need a one-quart jar with a tight-fitting lid, 1 3/4 cups milk, and one small package of vanilla instant pudding. You'll also need small cups and spoons.
Directions: Put the milk and instant pudding in the jar and close it tightly. Have children pass the jar around the circle and shake it until it becomes pudding. This usually takes around three to five minutes. Encourage students to think about how they're using their bodies to help each other. Serve the pudding in small cups.
5. Circle of Thanks-Form a circle and have children link arms. Have kids say in unison, "I am fearfully and wonderfully made!" Then have children raise their hands and close in a prayer of thanks for the wonderful bodies God has given us. End with a group amen!
Bobbie Bower is a children's ministry consultant in Kansas.
TEACHER TIP You may have children with physical disabilities in your class. If you do, be sensitive to their feelings of not having perfect bodies. Help them focus on all the parts of their bodies-internally and externally-that work perfectly. Encourage them to thank God for these parts of their bodies.
Also check out these 22 Thanksgiving ideas for Sunday school!


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- One of the signs of tetany seen in hypocalcemia.
- An abnormal reaction to the stimulation of the facial nerve.
- When the facial nerve is tapped at the angle of the jaw (i.e. masseter muscle), the facial muscles on the same side of the face will contract momentarily (typically a twitch of the nose or lips)
due to hypocalcaemia (ie from hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D) with resultant hyperexcitability of nerves.


text: The BOREAS AFM-03 team used the NCAR Electra aircraft to make sounding measurements to study the planetary boundary layer using in situ and remote-sensing measurements. Measurements were made of wind speed and direction, air pressure and temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, mixing ratio of H2O, CO2 concentration, and ozone concentration. Twenty-five research missions were flown over the NSA, SSA, and the transect during BOREAS IFCs 1, 2, and 3 during 1994. All missions had from 4 to 10 soundings through the top of the planetary boundary layer. This sounding data set contains all of the in situ vertical profiles through the boundary layer top that were made (with the exception of "porpoise" maneuvers). Data were recorded in 1-second time intervals.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Join students Sophie, Tomás, Emma, and Marcus during Fifth Period! This STEM comic strip chronicles the exciting and often hilarious adventures of a close-knit group of four friends as they learn about science, technology, engineering, and math from their kooky, inspiring, off-the-wall science teacher, Mr. Kepler. When they're not in class, these kids love to explore the vast world of STEM on their own, launching weather balloons, programming computer games, and cataloging insects, sometimes with unpredictable and highly entertaining results!
Check back on the first and third Friday of every month for a new Fifth Period strip!
Marcus Puts the Spin on Force
How is Marcus able to turn a bucket of water over his head without getting soaked? The same way someone can throw a ball over his head without it dropping on him. Objects that are moving want to keep moving in a straight line. Because gravity acts on objects all the time, though, they will follow an arc as they travel through the air on their own. If they move very fast, the arc looks almost straight, and if they move slowly, it looks more...archy.
In this case, Marcus uses the bucket to pull the water toward himself to make the water go around in a circle instead. The faster it goes, the harder he needs to pull toward the center (called a centripetal force) to keep it moving in a circle. Unfortunately for Mr. Kepler, the bucket handle breaks when it's Emma's turn, and both the water and the bucket "go ballistic" (remember that?) following the arced path instead...that leads to his head.
Try it yourself!
Next time you're at a playground, take a spin on the merry-go-round. Notice how you need to pull yourself toward the center to keep your body going around in a circle, and you have to pull harder the faster you spin? You're using centripetal force!


text:
Jong-Hoon Nam received his BS and MS degree from Seoul National University in South Korea and PhD degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Tech in 2005. After postdoctoral period at Virginia Tech and University of Wisconsin, he joined the faculty of mechanical engineering and biomedical engineering departments at the University of Rochester in 2010. His research area is mechano-biology of the inner ear. Through computational analysis and experiments, he seeks to understand the biophysical properties and mechanisms of the inner ear sensory organs that enables them to select and amplify mechanical stimuli such as sound, gravity and acceleration.
Our laboratory investigates how inner ear sensory systems work - how the inner ear selects and amplifies external stimuli. Inner ear sensory cells are called mechanoelectric transducers because they are mechanically stimulated by surrounding soft tissues or fluid to generate electric signals. We focus on the mechanical interaction between the inner ear sensory cells and their surrounding structures. Computational and experimental methods are combined for our research. Various engineering/biological principles are incorporated such as structural acoustics, micro-fluidics, microelectromechanical systems, and electrophysiology.
Our goal is to contribute to understanding sensorineural hearing and balance disorders and provide new insights for the design of biologically inspired mechano-transduction sensors and prosthetics.


Subject: Re: union fs changes
To: der Mouse
From: Bakul Shah <>
List: tech-kern
Date: 12/30/1994 13:20:15
Der Mouse writes:
% You certainly could. It might even happen relatively often. As
% someone else already noted, if you modify a file, you then have the RO
% copy in the lower layer and the new copy in the upper layer. If you
% then rm it, the upper-layer copy is blown away and a whiteout created.
% Then when you unwhiteout() it, the lower-layer file reappears. I would
% expect undelete() to resurrect the upper-layer copy - ie, what was
% there before the unlink().
One more problem: having to use two steps to make the lower
layer file reappear seems counterintuitive. I'd expect
unlink() to just remove the upper layer file so that the
lower layer file instantly reappears. This is clean and
simple. Why not use whiteout() if you want whiteout?
There'd even be a symmetry between whiteout() and
Jan-Simon Pendry writes:
 operation remove create remove create
 name name whiteout whiteout
 unlink yes - - possibly
 rmdir yes - - possibly
 open(CREATE) - yes possibly -
 "undelete" - - yes -
 mknod(WHT) - - - yes
 rename yes possibly possibly possibly
I really really wish that unlink, rmdir, rename do not
automagically create whiteout. What happens if you have
*no* write access in the upper layer but *do have* write
access on the lower layer? (Assuming you can have more
layers), what happens if you have write access on one of
the intermediate layers? How does one remove a file from
a lower layer?
> suppose we have a filesystem which supports "unremove" - ie the total
> inverse to "remove". the real problem to be solved is how to name
> the file and how to get from the name to the flat-store representation.
More problems: what happens when you remove a file, then
create another file of the same name in the same directory
and now want to ''unremove'' the old file? What happens
when you create a new file of the same name and remove it?
Do you get back only one old copy back? Ideally you want
all old versions so that you can examine them and restore
the right one. But unlike under VMS, I don't normally want
to see all the old versions of a file.
Actually, instead of unremove I'd prefer transaction support
from the kernel (sort of like the way Tolerant Systems
implemented it). This would solve so many problems... (but
at some cost).
> go for approach #2. any file remove converts the file to
> "removed" status. some cleaner process would need to garbage
> collect whenever free disk space gets low.
I'd just leave the file in the same dir. and add a normally
illegal char in its name. A cleaner can periodically
remove or backup old versions. I'd also add an 'archive'
attribute that is ON by default but gets turned off for
files that you don't want to save.
This is useful but will open up a security hole.
Der Mouse writes:
> I've wished for flink multiple times already. (Another call that would
> into a fantasia on everything I've ever wanted in a filesystem :-)
This too is a security hole in that it defeats the purpose of
controlled access through path names.
There was some discussion of next generation filesystems on
one of the freebsd groups. May be we should setup a
separate mailing list for FS:NG that is not biased towards
any particular Unix-like system. Either that or
Bakul Shah


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Report: Arkansas Most Improved In Anti-Human Trafficking Laws
LITTLE ROCK — A group that advocates for tougher laws against human trafficking says Arkansas is the most improved state in addressing the crime.
In a report released Wednesday, Washington-based Polaris Project praised Arkansas for passing legislation this year to allow forfeiture of traffickers' assets, provide law enforcement training on human trafficking, mandate posting of the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hot line number and provide victim services, among other things.
The group graded states on their anti-trafficking laws and gave Arkansas a score of 10.5 points, with 12 being the highest possible score. Washington state and New Jersey each received 12 points and Mississippi received 11.
Arkansas' score was up 8.5 points from its 2012 rating, a bigger increase than any other state received.
Arkansas was one of 39 states that passed anti-trafficking laws this year, the group said.
"Over the past year, the momentum among advocates, legislators, and state officials to pass robust laws combating human trafficking has been inspiring," Polaris Project CEO Bradley Myles stated in a news release. "We've witnessed a historic turning point now that all 50 states have passed laws criminalizing human trafficking.
"However, criminals are trafficking women, men and children from coast to coast at horrendous rates. In every state, we need to give prosecutors and law enforcement the right tools to stop traffickers, and state agencies must have the ability to protect survivors and help them reclaim their freedom," he stated.


text:
significant effect on the model dynamics. In contrast, in Volvox the degree of differentiation between germand soma-like cells does correlate with the colony size : species with small colonies (8–32 cells) show no cell differentiation, in species with intermediate colonies (64–128 cells) incomplete germ-soma differentiation is observed, and differentiation is complete in species forming large colonies (500–5000 cells). However there is a number of biological factors not included in the model explicitly but acting in real cells and colonies which should result in a positive relationship between the colony size and the degree of differentiation. First, one can reasonably argue that a sufficiently large colony size is necessary for the existence of sufficiently strong gradients in the external environment to which the regulatory genes can react to. Second, increasing the colony size should result in some spatial heterogeneity between cells in their ability to perform different functions. For example, inner-layer cells are likely to be less important in contributing towards the colony motility than the outer-layer cells. Such heterogeneity should decrease the cost of loosing certain functions for some parts of the colony and make the evolution of cell differentiation easier. Third, the total number of cells performing a particular function in very small colonies may be too small to guarantee an appropriate level of performance especially if the probability of breakage per cell is not small.
A potentially important role for developmental plasticity in the evolution of differentiated multicellularity was emphasized earlier by Schlichting (; see also ) but from a different perspective. Schlichting's argument was that cell differentiation started as a by-product of random environmental effects translated into new phenotypic forms via pre-existing reaction norms. Then later favorable phenotypic differentiation became canalized and stabilized via genetic assimilation process. In contrast, in the scenario considered here developmental plasticity is absent initially and emerges later as a direct result of selection.
Few additional points and connections are worth to be made. First, the model assumes the existence of undifferentiated multicellular colonies. Undifferentiated multicellularity has a number of advantages (e.g. size related) over single-celled organization and is expected to evolve relatively easily,,,,. Second, empirical data show a strong positive relationship between the number of cells in an organism and a number of cell types,,. The classical explanation of this pattern is that increasing the number of cells changes fitness landscape (e.g. due to physical constraints) in such a way that differentiation and specialization become necessary for optimizing the efficiency of organisms,,. In our simple model, the fitness landscape is unaffected by the number of cells in the colony so the model in its current form cannot be used for addressing the question about the relationsips between the number of cells and cell types. Third, the model is also relevant to ongoing work and discussions on the importance and evolution of modularity, i.e. the separability of the design into units that perform independently, at least to a first approximation –. Although there is an emerging agreement that organisms have a modular organization, one of the major open questions is whether modules arise through the action of natural selection or because of biased mutational mechanisms. In the model considered here, the modules (e.g. germ and soma) clearly emerge as a result of selection for reduced fitness trade-offs. Finally, I should mention some parallels between the model's structure and dynamics and the arguments on "groundplans" – according to which the patterns of labor division in complex organisms and societies are built upon simple changes in the regulation of conserved ancestral genes affecting reproductive physiology and behavior.
The model presented here is expandable in a number of directions including the emergence of multiple cell types, complex organs, or casts of eusocial insects. For example, the emergence of multiple cell types can be modeled by considering additional cell functions and introducing additional regulatory genes. The evolution of casts of eusocial insects can be explored by explicitly accounting for regulatory genes that react to the external stumuli (e.g, food level or pheromones) affected by the colony's composition. The majority of existing models of the division of labor in eusocial insects focus on individual worker flexibility in task performance,. In contrast, the approach introduced here concentrates exclusively on genetically predetermined roles that do not change in time. Note that genetic variation present in some insect colonies (e.g. due to polyandry, ) will result in reduced genetic relatedness and, thus, is expected to make conditions for the evolution of the division of labor more strict.
The main result that complete cell differentiation evolves relatively easily and fast supports the view that the transition to differentiated multicellularity, which has happened at least two dozen times in the history of life, is in a sense actually a minor major transition,,,.
Fitness, carrying capacity, and invasion fitness
It is natural to define fitness as the expected number of offspring colonies in the next generation for a cell starting a colony. Then, for a cell characterized by viability and fertility, fitness is(1)In the model, the number of colonies of cells with viability and fertility changes approximately according toTherefore the number of colonies evolves towards the carrying capacity(2)Assuming that the ecological dynamics (i.e. changes in the population size) occur on the faster times scale than the evolutionary dynamics, the (invasion) fitness of a mutant cell in a resident population is given by eq.1 with given by eq. 2 corresponding to the resident population. Simplifying,where the approximation is good only if. Note that the derivative of the invasion fitness function (with respect to a particular independent variable) evaluated at the resident population values can be written as
Evolution of major loci
With only major gene effects and evolving (and minor gene effects and set at zero), the corresponding invasion fitness gradients areAt an equilibrium (i.e., at a singularity),. From the first equation, it follows that at equilibrium and that as. From the second equation, it follows that at equilibrium and that as. Eliminating the term from the equalities, one finds that at equilibriumwhich is greater than for. If, then with given by a solution of equation which simplifies toNote that stays above decreasing to it only asymptotically as. If, the equilibrium values of and can still be found numerically from the above system of equations.
Evolution of minor loci
In the general model, fertility and viability of a monomorphic colony can be written aswhere and are fertilities and and are viabilities of the proto-germ and proto-soma cells (as defined in Table 1), and is the proportion of proto-germ cells in the colony.
Multidimensional invasion analysis requires one to consider four invasion fitness gradients: and. Some analytical progress can be achieved if the colony size is very large (). Under this condition, both major locus effects evolve to (see the previous subsection). Then we can study the stability of the equilibrium with no gene regulation (i.e., with minor locus effect ) to introduction of mutants with small and. The corresponding invasion fitness gradients are approximated by equations linear in and :where. Assuming equal genetic variation maintained in both genes, standard linear stability analysis shows that an equilibrium with no gene regulation is locally unstable ifand is stable otherwise. Figure 4 in the main text illustrates this result.
By considering the four invasion fitness gradients simultaneously (while still assuming that ), one can show that if, there exists a singular point at which and. This suggests that if costs of developmental plasticity are not too big (i.e., if, then maximum possible gene suppression evolves (). Overwise, the minor gene effects stay at intermediate values (i.e., between 0 and 1). Note that with and, the predicted values of and are which is very close to the values observed in numerical simulations with (see the legend of Figure 4).
Unfortunately, similar simple approach cannot be used for an arbitrary because the equilibrium values of the major locus effects cannot be found explicitly.
In numerical simulations I used all possible combinations of the following parameters: fitness trade-off coefficients, costs of developmental plasticity ; mutation rates ; number of divisions (so that the colony size was ); proportion of the proto-germ cells. Mutational standard deviation was set to. The maximum carrying capacity was chosen so that the population with no developmental plasticity (i.e. with ) evolved to a state at which the number of colonies was close to. For example, with, was set to, and for and, respectively. First, I run the model 3 times for each parameter combination each for generations. Then for parameter values resulting in no differentiation, I did one additional run for generations.
Supporting information details.
(0.01 MB DOC)
Numerical results for S = 16 and p = 1/4.
(1.57 MB PDF)
Numerical results for S = 16 and p = 3/4.
(1.57 MB PDF)
Numerical results for S = 32 and p = 1/4.
(1.61 MB PDF)
Numerical results for S = 32 and p = 3/4.
(1.60 MB PDF)
Numerical results for S = 64 and p = 1/4.
(1.62 MB PDF)
Numerical results for S = 64 and p = 3/4.
(1.63 MB PDF)
I am grateful to E. Akcay, B. M. Fitzpatrick, M. González Forero, S. Sadedine, N. Shulakova and the anonymous reviewers for comments.
Conceived and designed the experiments: SG. Performed the experiments: SG. Analyzed the data: SG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SG. Wrote the paper: SG.
- 1. Buss LW (1987) The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton


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Sir Redvers Henry Buller
Buller, Sir Redvers Henry (bŭlˈər) [key], 1839–1908, British general. His military career began in China, and he later took part in the suppression of the Red River Rebellion (1870) in Canada. In Africa he fought in the Kafir and Zulu wars (1878–79), against the Boers in the Transvaal (1881), and against the Mahdists in Sudan (1884–85). As adjutant general (1890–97), Buller reorganized the army's supply and transport services. He was made commander in chief of troops in the South African War in 1899, but his initial failure to relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith led to his supersession (1899) by Lord Roberts of Kandahar.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: British and Irish History: Biographies


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Winged greek Phrygian helm, from 400 bc.
The spider helmet was a late type of head protection, its "legs" were designed to protect the head and face from sword slashes, and could be folded up when not in use.
A video made for the Museum of Cluny, and its "The Sword: Uses, Myths and Symbols" exhibit. It tries to dispel some of the beliefs that are still prevalent today about the weight and mobility of fighters in plate armor and show some of the techniques used in combat against armored opponents
German bicoque helmet, from 1440
The sword of Svante Nilsson (ca. 1500) is one of the few swords found in tombs of medieval Sweden.
Armor of Pierre Bruner, a Swiss knight in the service of the french crown. ca. 1600


Next:, Previous:, Up: Capture - Refile - Archive [Contents][Index]
9.4 Protocols for external access
You can set up Org for handling protocol calls from outside applications that are passed to Emacs through the emacsserver. For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using capture (see Capture). Or you could create a bookmark that will tell Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are looking at with the browser. See for detailed documentation and setup instructions.


text: Happy New Year! For our first show of 2009, we take on your science questions. We find out how earthworms can get airborne, why people get cramp and why Dr Chris' hypnic jerk frightens people on the bus. We also listen to the flirtatious duet between two mosquitoes, find out how rocks are arranged on Mars, and how stem cells bring sight back to blind mice. Plus, we find out how to make indoor snow and explain why all of these snowflakes are identical, and in kitchen science Dave explains the science of sneezing on your computer screen!


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Canadian artist Aganetha Dyck has a grand appreciation for both art and bees. Driven by her innate fondness, she manages to combine the two in an interspecies collaboration that results in porcelain sculptures cloaked in honeycombs. The artist provides her buzzing little friends with custom-designed apiary feeder boards and hive blankets, where she introduces the figurines and allows the bees to transform them with their hexagonal cells of wax.
Through her series of work, Dyck also draws attention to the escalating decline and mysterious disappearance of bees across the globe. The phenomenon known as colony collapse disorder, in which colonies of bees have gone missing, affects everyone, as they are a great source of pollination for crop farmers. In fact, the bee population is said to have decreased by 30-50% in North America. Some bee farmers have even reported an 80% loss of their bees.
The artist, who values the importance of environmental issues, works with honeybees to produce each time-consuming piece, reflecting the power of combined efforts between different species and exhibiting the importance of bees in the world. Dependent on the passage of time, whether it be weeks or months, the figurines are adorned or cloaked in the waxy structures built by the diligent insects.


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Combining microfluidics and FT-IR spectroscopy: towards spatially resolved information on chemical processes
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes. FTIR spectroscopy gives access to the microscopic chemical composition of samples, which can be correlated with their macroscopic properties. This approach is widely used in chemistry or biology to get insights into reactive media. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of flow chemical reactors offers many advantages such as the small amount of products used or the versatility of the reactors. Coupling these two approaches creates major opportunities for the analytical field, although it raises additional challenges. Emphasis is placed on the most recent developments and limitations concerning the integration of infrared spectroscopy techniques within microfluidic devices, while current applications and future opportunities will be discussed.


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The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) is a long-term program of scientific research and training dedicated to advancing the understanding of the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem along the U. S. west coast. PISCO conducts monitoring and experiments along 1,200 miles of coastline incorporating oceanography, ecology, chemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and mathematical modeling to gain novel insights that apply to conservation and resource management issues. The program is led by OSU marine biologist and new head of NOAA, Dr. Jane Lubchenco, and involves scientists at OSU, Stanford, UC Santa Cruz and UC Santa Barbara who lead local, regional, national and international initiatives for marine environmental planning. Since 2005, core funding has been provided by The David and Lucille Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
The program focuses on three important ecosystem components: rocky shores, coastal currents, and kelp forests. PISCO's data on kelp forests are online for the world to see. New interactive maps on the PISCO Web site enable users to explore several years of data on fishes, invertebrates, and algae. Web visitors can select a species and see PISCO's monitoring data on the species' abundance, size, and geographic distribution at sites along California's southern and central coasts. The site includes photos, video, and description of the research methods. The maps are linked directly to the PISCO database, so they automatically display the most up-to-date information.


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Creation of the Latent Image on the Film
An emulsion holding grains of photosensitive chemical compounds called silver halides is spread over a film or other material. Light coming through the camera lens from an object being photographed strikes certain areas of the film, rendering the silver halide grains in those areas unstable. This creates an invisible, or latent, image of the object on the film. The areas of the latent image that receive the most light contain the largest number of unstable grains. Upon development they become the darkest areas of the visible image. Conversely, areas that receive little light form the bright parts of the visible image.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on photographic processing Creation of the Latent Image on the Film from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Technology: Terms and Concepts


Why is Texas the Lone Star State?
Texas is called the Lone Star state because of their state flag! It consists of a 3 colored sections, (blue on the left side, white on top half, red on bottom half) and one LONE STAR that is in the middle of the blue section on the left. To find more information click here:


Get Abs and Burn Fat with Ab Cuts Pills
Abs? Who doesn't want them? What are you willing to do to get abs like the Rambo? For how long are you willing to do it? These are the questions that must be answered to judge your craving for a better look.
Most people prefer to work at the gym long hardworking hours for weeks and weeks. Very few make it to the finish line and the rest give up on the way, because it takes too much of an effort and time. But once you achieve it, it's all worth the wait and effort.
What happens is when you work out, layers of fat dissolve and are replaced by muscle throughout your body. There are two ways of doing it
 1. Increase the temperature of the body and melt the fat gradually.
 2. Break and dissolve the excess fats using any possible method
Ab Cuts PillsAs the saying goes "abs are not made in the gym, they are made in the kitchen." Hence it is very necessary to eat right and for faster results support your diet with pills. Most people do not understand it; instead of supporting they replace their diet with pills and expect results.
What those pills do is they burn the existing fat. Hence an improper diet with pills may in fact harm the user because of the mismatching. Although a diet with 20% fat is somewhat acceptable.
Ab cuts pills have two essentials fatty acids that have a history of dissolving excess fats and building lean muscles. Omega fatty acid is also found is most of abs cuts pills that have been proven to be good for heart.
One thing to be kept in mind at all times is that they support fat burning; they speed up the process and do not work independently. You have to put in a bit of effort as well. The muscle does not build itself, irrespective of your protein intake. Abs like John Rambo might still be time consuming though, but the result is always worth it.
These pills contain oils and fast that may range from 25 to 500 mg, depending on their importance and effectiveness. It also has Vitamin E, but that might be just to save them from spoiling.
There are some limitations for diabetes patients; they should refer to a doctor as the pills contain CLA which does alter your body insulin.
With a regular use you can lose up to 2 grams per meal, without working out. That is your daily routine and no gym but still a massive 0.2kg per month. Without any real exercise or any effort, 0.2kg is something substantial.
So basically, on average 30 min in the gym for 5 days a week supported by your pill and no excessive calorie intake. Result would be a massive 1 to 2 Kg per month weight loss.
Less fat means easy muscles, not that easy though, but still. Once the abdominal muscles (abs) are there, they can be easily hidden under another layer of fat, so maintaining them is another job, but that's a piece of cake really. It's not really an issue if you reward yourself for the efforts once in a while though.


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The emoji "Man Artist" depicts a male character who is portrayed as an artist. This emoji can have multiple interpretations, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some possible explanations for the meaning of the "Man Artist" emoji:
Creativity and Artistry: The "Man Artist" emoji represents the world of art and creativity. It can be used to symbolize an individual who is passionate about artistic expression, such as painting, drawing, sculpting, or any other form of visual art. It suggests talent and an appreciation for aesthetics.
Representation of Artists: This emoji serves as a representation of real-life artists, whether professional or amateur. It can be used to acknowledge and celebrate the artistic endeavors of someone, or simply to express admiration for their artistic skills.
Self-Expression and Individuality: The "Man Artist" emoji can represent the idea of self-expression and embracing individuality. Artists are often seen as individuals who think outside the box and challenge norms. This emoji can be used to convey a similar spirit of non-conformity and uniqueness in one's own personality or actions.
Passion and Inspiration: Using the "Man Artist" emoji can imply a strong passion for art and the ability to inspire others through creative expression. It can be used to convey a sense of inspiration or admiration toward someone's artistic work and talents.
Art-related Conversations or Events: This emoji can be employed in conversations related to art shows, exhibitions, art classes, or any other art-related topics. It can be used as a shorthand to indicate the involvement of artists or to express one's interest in the subject.
It is important to note that the exact interpretation may vary from person to person and depending on the specific context in which the emoji is utilized.
Google Noto Color Emoji
|U+1F468 U+200D U+1F3A8


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Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
Many different notions of property of interest and methods of verifying such properties arise naturally in programming. A general framework of Specification Structures is presented for combining different notions and methods in a coherent fashion. This is then applied to concurrency in the setting of Interaction Categories. As an example, we present a type system for concurrent processes strong enough to guarantee deadlock-freedom, and expressive enough to allow the treatment of some standard examples from the literature. This is illustrated using the classic Dining Philosophers problem.
|Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID:||Gay, Dr Simon|
|Authors:||Abramsky, S., Gay, S., and Nagarajan, R.|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science|
|College/School:||College of Science and Engineering > School of Computing Science|
|Journal Name:||Lecture Notes in Computer Science|


PPDL Picture of the Week
September 4, 2018
Hallowheart of Watermelons
Wenjing Guan, Clinical Engagement Assistant Professor-SWPAC, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University
Hollowheart of watermelons is a physiological fruit disorder. Flesh separate inside of the fruit, typically forming three gaps (Figure 1 and 2). In severe cases, hollowheart could cause watermelon load rejection.
Watermelon fruit that has hollowheart tends to be triangular shaped. Poor pollination is the primary reason causing hollowheart. Scientists were able to approve that seedless watermelons are more likely to develop hollowheart when the pollenizer plants (diploid watermelons) are located further away from the seedless plants. The study found hollow heart incidence started to increase when the distance between the seedless plant and the pollenizer plant is more than 6 feet.
Cold weather and the lack of bee movement during pollination period also cause poor pollination. Some growers use mixed pollenizer plants with different flowering peaks to ensure availability of pollens matching the blooming period of seedless plants. Bumblebees, in addition to honeybees, are used. This is partly because bumblebees are relatively more active at relatively low temperatures and low light intensity conditions.
In addition to poor pollination, water and fertility management are also believed to affect the incidence of hollow heart. The assumption is that hollow heart is caused when the fruit inner cells can not keep pace with the expansion rate of the rind, and this situation is more likely to occur on 'forced' plant, for example, planting with excessive fertilizers.
Incidence of hollowheart occurs more frequently in crown-set fruit compared to lateral-set fruit, part of the reason is that crown-fruit have larger intercellular spaces with fewer and larger cells. It could also because crown-fruit set earlier in the season when environmental factors such as low temperatures are more likely to affect pollination.
Although hollowheart symptom was observed on both seedless and seeded watermelons, seedless watermelons tend to have more hollowheart than the seeded watermelons. Under the same environmental conditions, yellow and orange-fleshed watermelon varieties tend to have the most severe hollowheart symptoms. Among typical seedless watermelon varieties, a negative correlation existed between watermelon flesh firmness and the ratings of hollowheart. Firmer fleshed-watermelons have lower hollowheart ratings.
Click image to enlarge


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What is a Rule?
A rule is a function or action that enables dynamic form content. An example would be a barcode rule, where a unique barcode is created for each form based on a number that changes like an order number or sales order number.
If not contained within a parent element like a table cell, both constants and rules can be clicked and dragged to any location in the form, independent of the flow of the document.
Adding a Rule: 1D Barcode
1. Right Click –> Add Rule –> 1D Barcode.
2. Name the Rule, select the variable to base the barcode on.
3. Select Barcode color, size and type.
4. The result is a barcode that's value is linked to a variable and will change as the variable changes.


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Anticipatory Anxiety Automatic Thought Record Worksheet
Worksheet updated on May 11th, 2018
Anticipatory anxiety is a struggle for many people. Often we see things like catastrophizing when people experience anxiety about upcoming events. When it comes to anticipatory anxiety the thought of the worst case scenario is enough to have a patient be overcome with worry, which will sometimes affect performance and their mental and emotional health. That's why it is important for a patient who has a tendency to catastrophize or experience anticipatory anxiety to be able to rationalize their expectations with the evidence they know to be true.
About This Worksheet
This ATR walks patients through their worries and brings to light their active catastrophizing tendencies. This worksheet serves as great practice for breaking down cognitive distortions, anxiety reactions, and triggers. It also helps the patient see and understand how their anxiety affects how they make expectations about the future.
It first asks the patient to identify the worry, rate the worry on a scale to one to 10, and identify what triggered the worry. It then has the patient list the evidence to support and not support the expectation for the most adverse outcome. Finally, after working through the worry with a logical break down of what the patient already knows, the patient is asked for the most likely outcome and asked to re-score their anxiety.


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National Aviation Day Recipe Ideas
Celebrate National Aviation Day with a recipe! A recipe? That's right. When you think of this aircraft themed holiday, food probably isn't the first thing that pops into your mind. Making paper airplanes, visiting an airport or taking a tour of a historic airfield museum might all seem like activities that are more connected to this day than cooking. But, that doesn't mean you can't get into the kitchen (with your kids!) and create a few National Aviation Day themed treats.
Create a bento box style mini meal that looks like what you'd get on a plain. Pick a few fun finger foods, such as double-stacked sandwiches (cut into bite-sized pieces), carrots and celery or crackers and cheese. Place the food into a compartment-style lunch container or make your own out of a shallow cardboard box (use extra pieces of cardboard as dividers).
Rice Cereal Treats
Mix up a batch of rice cereal treats (you'll need the cereal, butter and marshmallows). While the mix is still warm, spoon it into airplane-shaped cookie cutters. Let the treats cool, and then use icing to decorate them.
Turn a few crackers, some fruit and cheese into a creative airplane snack. Make the body of the plain from a block of cheese. Add crackers underneath as wings. Cut another cracker in in half diagonally to make a tale and use grapes to make wheels.


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I remember when I was in elementary school, I always looked forward to science projects. We were told to make volcanoes that erupted goop everywhere. When I saw the goop making its way down my volcano, I got this feeling inside that I succeeded and my idea worked.In eighth grade, my science project was to study the moisture in dirt from a specific area and create a five minute presentation explaining what I observed.That definitely doesn't sound as exciting as an erupting volcano, now does it?
Why is it that science projects get duller as you get older? I'm not saying that an erupting volcano is going to be as exciting to a high school student as a kid in elementary school. But how is studying the moisture in dirt going to boost creativity in a student? Why can't creativity still be displayed in science projects no matter how old you are? Why don't we make science project options the students'choice? It will boost their creativity by having to come up with their own idea and following through.


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Today my laser like wrapping focus is on burlap. I am slap bang and very happily in the middle of Mother's Day wrapping and there have been more than a few requests for a burlap touch. Burlap is not my go to fabric but I have seen it used really well and when it works, it really does have a certain presence.
Burlap is also known as hessian is many parts of Europe because it was in wide use in Germany when that country was called "Hesse" and Germans were called Hessians. Who knew? Some Germans fought against the American rebels in the American Civil War and they fought in burlap uniforms – now that would be none too comfortable. That could explain why in religious rituals where one is denied pleasure, clothing is inevitably burlap, jute or even hair shirts.
Burlap is coarse because it is made of the skin of the jute plant. The fibres of a jute plant are high in cellulose and lignin which creates an almost hybrid cloth wood or wood cloth. Jute is strong, durable, resistant to heat and water seepage, and dyes well. Jute is also a good insulator and is anti-static. C'mon Jute – now you are showing off! If this natural fibre is speaking to you, I can recommend a great overview called From Jute to Hessian
Because Jute grows in standing water, it is typically grown in countries where the is a monsoon such as India, Nepal and Myanmar and Bengal in Bangladesh. Jute was once known as the "Golden Fibre of Bangladesh".
Like many natural fibres before it, Jute how has many synthetic competitors. Which is a shame for many reasons but most interestingly because one hectare of jute can consume about 15 tons of carbon dioxide while creating 11 tons of oxygen per year, making it a great anecdote to global warming.
You really can use burlap for all sorts of wrapping and decoration from burlap ribbon of various widths to table runners and chair sashes. There's jute twine, jute webbing and jute wine bags. Where to start? Even though I love some of the pastel coloured burlaps out there, I am going a la naturel and staying with a burlap ribbon on a Lia Griffith patterned wrapping paper and gift tag. I do, however, reserve my rights to revisit some fabulous pink dyed burlap whenever the moment takes me.


When Joint Disease Is Eligible for Disability Benefits
Joint pain is typically not enough to receive SSDI benefits. You usually must demonstrate that your joint pain is a disability which has interfered in your daily life. Sometimes you may need to show that your fine motor skills have been affected by joint pain or that you have encountered difficulties walking. While the Social Security Administration does not list specific causes of joint pain, it does offer indications about the severity of your symptoms. Your joint pain generally needs to be accompanied by stiffness, limited motion or deformity. You are usually more likely to qualify for SSDI if your condition meets the requirements of the SSA.
There are many ways you can apply for disability benefits. According to the Social Security Administration, you can typically apply over the phone or online. If you are unsure about whether or not your joint pain qualifies for benefits, you may want to peruse an information kit which can answer some of your questions about the required information and documents. It is recommended that you apply for disability benefits when you realize that you are unable to work because of your joint pain.
When you apply for disability benefits, you typically need to show that your disability is medically documented. This means that you cannot file a claim because you have had severe joint pain. Instead, you generally must show X-rays and other images which show how your joints have been affected by a degenerative condition. More information about SSDI eligibility and application processes is available on our webpage.


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A MAN needed to have the end of his penis amputated after doctors spotted that it was rotting away during a routine check-up.
The 43-year-old patient, who hasn't been named, was having dialysis treatment for kidney failure at a hospital near Adelaide, South Australia.
But during his examination, medics noticed that the end of his penis had turned white with black spots.
Surgeons quickly realised that it was gangrenous and the dead flesh needed to be sliced off urgently to prevent it from spreading.
Writing in an article, published in BMJ Case Reports, medics explained that the man had developed a rare disease called penile calciphylaxis.
It's a build up of calcium deposits in the small blood vessels, causing them to narrow and cut off circulation.
This can lead to the tissue dying and if it's not caught quickly, it can cause gangrene which can spread quickly and is incurable.
Calciphylaxis can be caused by chronic kidney disease because the organs stop filtering the calcium out of the blood.
Lucky to be alive
In this case, the medics, led by Dr Rowan David, said that the man was lucky to have survived the condition, which kills around six in 10 patients.
He wrote: "The majority of patients who develop penile calciphylaxis progress to gangrene and sepsis".
The patient was taken for an emergency operation to remove the rotting flesh but his wound got worse and he needed further surgery to remove the entire tip.
They managed to reconstruct it with a skin graft four days later but he was left with what they described as a "penile stump".
Despite his ordeal, the man appeared to be doing well when he returned for his two-month check-up.
What is calciphylaxis?
Calciphylaxis is a rare, but serious, kidney complication.
The condition causes calcium to build up inside the blood vessels of the fat and skin.
Calciphylaxis is also called calcific uremic arteriolopathy.
It's most often seen in people with advanced chronic kidney disease, or people with kidney failure who are on dialysis or have had a kidney transplant.
In dialysis, a machine filters and purifies the blood because the kidneys are unable to do so on their own.
Calciphylaxis results in the formation of very painful skin lesions. It often causes serious infections that can be fatal.
Symptoms of calciphylaxis include:
- body aches
If you have any concerns, see a GP immediately.
MORE ON HEALTH
However a year after the operation he was back for more emergency surgery - this time for a perforated bowel.
Medics said this was as a result of calciphylaxis developing in other parts of his body, including his large intestine.
They wrote: "The patient remains alive at his last follow-up over a year following his initial diagnosis of penile calciphylaxis."


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Download full lesson document below as an Adobe PDF or Microsoft Word
PDF: 144 K (Full lesson)
Word: 36 K (Full lesson)
Investigation 2.3: Researching Local Knowledge
Interview with members of local community who have knowledge of
ice and subsistence activities, Richard Glenn and Harry Brower,
as well as wild life biologist, Craig George, about impact on wildlife
and subsistence hunting.
Upon completion of this activity, students will:
- Understand the interdependence between living things and their
- Understand that a small change in a portion of the environment
may effect the entire environment.
- Acquire cultural knowledge through active participation and
meaningful interaction with elders.


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From Ancestry.com Wiki
| Institution and Organization Records
This article is part of a series.
|Civilian Conservation Corps|
|Coroner or Medical Examiner Records|
|Prisons and Penitentiary Records|
This article originally appeared in "Business, Institution, and Organization Records" by Kay Haviland Freilich, CG, CGL, and Ann Carter Fleming, CG, CGL in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
The records of schools, colleges, and universities in the United States have gradually developed into valuable sources of genealogical information. School records provide a more personal glimpse of our ancestors than many other types of records. They are available from the 1700s until current day and include everything from elementary education through college, professional school, military academy, or special education training. Any of these facilities may have records that provide information about your ancestor. Among the types of school records available are report cards, class photos, class lists, administrator's records, and rosters of teachers. As with most other records in the United States, school records became more comprehensive after the turn of the twentieth century.
Primary and Secondary Schools
A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.
Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from McDuffie County, Georgia, refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?
Teachers' salaries were set by the number of students in attendance rather than by the number of school days taught.
In many cases, school records are held at the state's archives. While a large percentage of the records deal with the business of running a school or school district, records involving individuals are also available. For example, the Wisconsin State Archives holds teachers' contracts from Brown Deer, Granville, and River Hills among other towns. Records of Durham Hill School include teachers' registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students.
One good starting point when searching for school records is the Family History Library Catalog using the topic "schools" in a known location. Another is a Web search that focuses on the place of residence, the known name of a school, or the catalogs of the state or local archives or historical societies. Researchers should remember to check sources at the local public library, where they might find newspaper articles about school activities and a collection of yearbooks from the local public schools. The county clerk or the current school board may be able to tell a researcher what records still exist and where they are housed.
Many colleges, universities, prep schools, and boarding schools have directories, while listings of local primary schools are more difficult to locate and usually pertain only to a specific area. County histories often mention the early county schools and sometimes list students of a particular graduating year. Local or state historical societies may also have information about an area's early schools. Internet sources may lead you to useful records. The website called Southern California Yearbooks has posted images from many high school and college yearbooks from throughout the twentieth century online.
Modern school records are protected by privacy laws, but family members are sometimes able to obtain the information or photocopies of the documents in the files. Because state, local, and school policies govern the availability of school records, you should write to the local school of interest to determine what procedure to follow.
Among family heirlooms and papers, a researcher might find an old report card. From this, the researcher can determine an approximate age, based on the grade level indicated on the report card, as well as learn what subjects the ancestor studied—and how well the student did in his studies. In addition, the school may also have maintained a record book of all grades issued.
Student lists come in a variety of forms. Teachers might have kept a list of their pupils that includes courses studied and grades achieved. A school census might include the student's age as well as a birthplace. See for example, the Custer County, Colorado, Pupil Register for District #3, 1891–96 at _URL_
Many metropolitan and rural schools received funds from the local government to cover the cost of educating poor children. Records of children receiving an education at government expense can be found in court records, school board minutes, or town meeting records. The information—name, age, and sex of the child—is typical of all early school records.
Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.
Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.
Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.
Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.
One of the best-known black schools is Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. Some of the many records pertaining to this institution are online, including the 1915 Class Roster with updated biographical information at _URL_
Colleges and Universities
The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.
Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript CollectionsNUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.
The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.
If you know or suspect that an ancestor was a student at England's Cambridge University, you will definitely want to search the alumni database. Alumni Cantabrigieness was compiled by J. A. Venn, a former president of Queen's College and offers information from the university's earliest records of about 1261 through 1900. Many of those students later immigrated to America. Each entry offers biographical information including birth date and place, parents' names, siblings' names, occupation, and notable accomplishments.
Some of the best early primary school records were kept by private preparatory and boarding schools whose students were from the region's wealthy families. References to children's parents, residence, curriculum, and activities, as well as individual and class photographs, can more often be found in these school records. Some private schools are operated by religious institutions, and these records may appear with the church records.


text:
Privacy in Statistical Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7556
Georgia Southern University faculty member Anna Oganian co-authored "Hybrid Microdata via Model-Based Clustering" in Privacy in Statistical Databases.
Chapter Summary: In this paper we propose a new scheme for statistical disclosure limitation which can be classified as a hybrid method of protection, that is, a method that combines properties of perturbative and synthetic methods. This approach is based on model-based clustering with the subsequent synthesis of the records within each cluster. The novelty is that the clustering and synthesis methods have been carefully chosen to fit each other in view of reducing information loss. The model-based clustering tries to obtain clusters such that the within-cluster data distribution is approximately normal; then we can use a multivariate normal synthesizer for the local synthesis of data. In this way, some of the non-normal characteristics of the data are captured by the clustering, so that a simple synthesizer for normal data can be used within each cluster. Our method is shown to be effective when compared to other disclosure limitation strategies.
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg


Logic Models and Outcomes for Youth in Transition to Adulthood (Research Brief)
Publication Date:
January 01, 2007
This Research Brief describes the key components of a logic model, identifies why logic models are useful, discusses different types of logic models, the formats that they take, and the resources available to programs for creating them.


text:
Lack of proper housekeeping on the job is one safety hazard common to all construction projects. Good housekeeping is one item that can help improve not only the safety on the job, but also the morale and productivity of the workers.
House keeping is everyone's job, every worker, every trade, every supervisor and is something that must be done on a continuous basis.
The first rule is to perform your work neatly, then clean up after yourself. Good housekeeping prevents injuries, saves time and prevents tool and equipment damage and loss.
Safe Practices and Behaviors
- If you see a mess, take care of it. Don't wait for someone else to clean it up especially if someone could get hurt.
- Keep all waste debris in neat piles and away from the immediate work area.
- Do not allow trash and debris to build up. Remove it from the job on a regular basis.
- Keep aisles, stairways and walkways clear.
- Store materials properly and only in the designated areas.
- Place trash barrels where needed to eliminate food rubbish.
- Keep tools and equipment stored neatly.
- Coil extension cords, hoses, leads etc when not in use.
- Keep extension cords or hoses from crossing walkways. If necessary, run them overhead.
- Keep exits free of obstructions.
- Prevent minor injuries like cuts and punctures
- Prevent major accidents like slips, trips, falls and fires.
- Increase job productivity by speeding up the movement of workers and materials on the job.
Remember: Good housekeeping can have a significant impact on others and makes it easier for everyone to perform their work safely. We are all dependent on each other for safety. It's up to each of us to keep our worksite clean and orderly to make the entire site a safer place to work.
- Pre-read the Toolbox Talk. Your comfort level and confidence will be higher if you know your topic.
- Discuss related tasks, work areas or events that make the Toolbox Talk relevant to your job site.
- Involve the workers by asking questions and input that drives discussion.
Question for Discussion
- In what areas of this project do we need to work on housekeeping?
- Whose responsibility is it to clean these areas?
- What do you need to be able to keep your work area clean?


A Peter, Paul and Mary song about the loss of childhood innocence, not drugs as urban legends have often asserted. The most common variant of the story is that the song refers to marijuana, supposedly because of the following things in the lyrics:
 - "Puff" is a smoking reference
 - "magic" means that something more interesting than ordinary tobacco is being smoked
 - "dragon" = "drag in" or inhale
 - the name of "Jackie Paper" refers to rolling papers
 - "autumn mist" is supposed to be either clouds of smoke or the fog of the drug user's mind
 - "the land of Honah Lee" is supposed to be a village in Hawaii, called Hanalei, where particularly strong marijuana was grown
Other versions of the story include the interpretation of "sea" as "C" for "cocaine" and the idea that "Honah Lee" is some sort of slang for heroin.
The song's lyrics are based on a poem by Leonard "Lenny" Lipton, a college friend of Peter Yarrow, the "Peter" of Peter, Paul and Mary. Lipton was inspired in 1959 by the Ogden Nash poem "The Tale of Custard the Dragon" to write his own poem featuring a dragon. He has pointed out that in 1959, drugs were unknown at Cornell, the institution they attended. Yarrow is supposed to have found Lipton's poem in his apartment's typewriter and written a tune for it, along with making some additions during the adaptation. Both authors are adamant that the song is about the loss of childhood innocence and not drugs.
Peter, Paul and Mary's version was number 2 on the U.S. pop charts in 1963. It was some time later that the rumor became well-known, possibly originating but at least being spread by an article in Newsweek magazine about coded drug references in songs. (Different sources give this article as being anywhere from 1965 to 1967.) Yarrow says he was later told that reporters for the magazine had said they purposely made up the drug references for "Puff" as the most innocuous possible song, and one has since apologized to him. Because the song's biggest popularity had passed before the article, it did not suffer the radio bannings that songs like the Byrds' "Eight Miles High" did when they were current. But the story lived; even the 2000 movie "Meet the Parents" refers to it.
Peter, Paul and Mary have been known to poke fun at the story by performing "The Star-Spangled Banner" in concert with pauses to explain how the U.S. national anthem can also contain drug references if you interpret it that way.
Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea
And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee
Little Jackie Paper loved that rascal Puff,
And brought him strings and sealing wax and other fancy stuff, oh!
Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea
And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee
Puff the magic dragon lived by the sea
And frolicked in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee
Together they would travel on a boat with billowed sail
Jackie kept a lookout perched on Puff's gigantic tail
Noble kings and princes would bow whene'er they came
Pirate ships would lower their flag when Puff roared out his name, oh!
A dragon lives forever but not so little boys
(Yarrow now sings this line "Not so girls and boys")
Painted wings and giant rings make way for other toys
One grey night it happened; Jackie Paper came no more
And Puff, that mighty dragon, he ceased his fearless roar
His head was bent in sorrow; green scales fell like rain
Puff no longer went to play along the cherry lane
Without his life-long friend, Puff could not be brave
So Puff that mighty dragon sadly slipped into his cave, oh!
(chorus, sadly)
(more upbeat version they perform live)
Puff the magic dragon lives by the sea
(in a live performance I saw, the singers shout "Present Tense!" at this point)
And frolicks in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee
Puff the magic dragon lives by the sea
And frolicks in the autumn mist in a land called Honah Lee!
The song (variously credited as "Puff, the Magic Dragon," "Puff (the Magic Dragon)," or just "Puff") has appeared on numerous Peter, Paul, and Mary albums:
 - Moving (1963)
 - In Concert (1964)
 - In Japan (1967)
 - Ten Years Together (1969)
 - Peter, Paul and Mommy (1969)
 - Peter, Paul and Mommy Too (1993)
 - Around the Campfire (1998)
 - The Collection (1998)
 - Carry It On (2004)
In 1978, a half-hour children's TV cartoon based on the song was released, in which Jackie Paper learns the value of communication and courage from Puff; Burgess Meredith did the voice of Puff, and Peter Yarrow voiced Jackie's father. It was followed the next year by Puff the Magic Dragon in the Land of the Living Lies.
The nickname given by US ground troops in Vietnam to the venerable Douglas DC-3 (aka C-47, aka Dakota, aka Gooney Bird) in its close air support role.
First used in Vietnam in October 1964, the planes were fitted with side-firing General Electric MXU-470/A 7.62-mm Minigun pods at the midship door stations. Rocket pods and other ordnance were often aboard, but the miniguns were the main event, because of their ability to put a bullet into every square foot of a football field every minute. Able to carry prodigious amounts of ammunition and to loiter where needed better than jet aircraft, the planes often flew at night, for their own safety and because that was when ground troops most desperately needed support.
To troops dug in at night and facing an unseen enemy, the arrival of Puff in a snarling drone of electrically-fired guns spitting tongues of fire and trailing tails of smoke and falling brass was the most welcome sight imaginable.
(and probably quite a show if you were on the local chronic - every fifth round a tracer)
The nickname was less frequently applied to the Dakota's more sophisticated successor, the AC-130 Spectre gunship.


Gerberga of Saxony
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Gerberga of Saxony
Gerberga of Saxony
Gerberga depicted in the Ottonian family tree in the Chronica St. Pantaleonis
Queen consort of France
SpouseGilbert, Duke of Lorraine
Louis IV, King of France
Lothair, King of France
Matilda, Queen of Burgundy
Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
FatherHenry the Fowler
MotherMatilda of Ringelheim
Gerberga of Saxony (c. 913 - 5 May 968/9 or 984?) was a French queen who ruled as regent of France during the minority of her son Lothair in 954-959. She was a member of the Ottonian dynasty. Her first husband was Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine. Her second husband was Louis IV of France. Contemporary sources describe her as a highly educated, intelligent and forceful political player.
Gerberga was born c. 913. She was the second daughter of Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, and his second wife, Matilda (after Hedwig of Saxony, three years her senior). Her older brother was Otto I of Germany.
First marriage
In 929, Gerberga married her first husband, Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine.[1] They had four children:
 1. Alberade of Lorraine b. about 929. Married Renaud (originally as Ragenold), a Viking chieftain who became the Count of Roucy.
 2. Henry, Duke of Lorraine b. about 932
 3. Gerberge of Lorraine b. about 935. Married Adalbert I of Vermandois.
 4. Wiltrude, b. about 937.
Jocundus, a Lotharingian chronicler writing in the 1070s, recorded that Gerberga was the driving force behind Gilbert's decision to support her younger brother Henry when he rebelled against her older brother Otto I c. 936.[2] Gilbert was defeated by Otto I in 939 at the Battle of Andernach and, while trying to escape, drowned in the Rhine.
Second marriage
When Gilbert died, Gerberga was about 26 years old. She married secondly Louis IV of France in 939. They were parents to eight children:
 1. Lothair of France (941-986)
 2. Matilda b. about 943; married Conrad of Burgundy
 3. Hildegarde b. about 944
 4. Carloman b. about 945
 5. Louis b. about 948
 6. Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (953-993)
 7. Alberade b. before 953
 8. Henry b. about 953
As regent
Louis IV died on 10 September 954. At this time, his son and heir with Gerberga, Lothair of France, was only thirteen. Gerberga took action to ensure that Lothar could succeed his father. She reached an agreement with her brother-in-law Hugh the Great, who had been an adversary to Lothair's father.[3] In exchange for supporting Lothair's rule Hugh was given rule over Aquitaine and much of Burgundy.[4] Gerberga did not seek the support of her brother, Emperor Otto I, because the interference of the East-Frankish emperor in West-Frankish affairs would have placed the West-Frankish kingdom in a weak position politically, and angered the West-Frankish nobles.
After the death of Hugh the Great in 956, Gerberga and her sister Hadwig (who was Hugh's widow) were the heads of the two most powerful dynasties in West Francia. Along with their brother, Bruno, who was both archbishop of Cologne and duke of Lotharingia, Gerberga and Hadwig ruled the kingdom, until Lothair came of age.[5]
As abbess
In 959, after Lothair had come of age, Gerberga became abbess of the Benedictine monastery of Notre Dame in Soissons. Nevertheless, she remained politically active. In 961 she was involved in choosing the new archbishop of Reims, Odalric. In 965 she was present at the imperial court in Cologne, when her son Lothair married Emma of Italy, the step-daughter of her brother Emperor Otto I.
There is some debate about when Gerberga died.[6] She is last documented in May 968. Since necrology records indicate that she died on 5 May, her date of death is often given as 968 or 969,[7] The death date of 5 May 968 is not possible since Gerberga was still alive on 17 May 968 so her death date could only be in 969 or later some maintain that Gerberga did not die until 984.[8] She is buried in the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, Champagne.
 1. ^ On Gerberga's marriage to Gilbert, and their children, see Glocker, Verwandten, pp. 28-33.
 2. ^ Jocundus, Translatio, pp. 123f., but Glocker, Verwandten, p. 32 argues against this view.
 3. ^ The Annals of Flodoard of Reims, 916-966, eds & trans. Steven Fanning: Bernard S. Bachrach (New York; Ontario, Can: University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. xix
 5. ^ Glocker, Verwandten, esp. pp. 37-45.
 6. ^ For an overview, see Glocker, Verwandten, p. 272.
 7. ^ Hlawitschka, 'Gerberga,' Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine p. 256; Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, table 10
 8. ^ e.g. Thiele, Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln, table 11.
 - Bouchard, Constance Brittain, Those of My Blood: Constructing Noble Families in Medieval Francia (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
 - "Women in power _PHONE_" from Guide2womenleaders.com, last accessed January 13, 2007
 - Jocundus, Translatio sancti Servatii Tungrensis episcopi et miracula, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS 12 (Hannover, 1856), accessible online at: Monumenta Germaniae Historica
 - W. Glocker, Die Verwandten der Ottonen und ihre Bedeutung in der Politik. Studien zur Familienpolitik und zur Genealogie des sächsischen Kaiserhauses (1989).
 - D. Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln Neue Folge Band I. 1
 - A. Thiele, Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band I, Teilband 1
External links
Preceded by
Emma of France
Queen of Western Francia
Succeeded by
Emma of Italy
Music Scenes


text:
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|Titel:||Cerebrocortical Beta Activity in Overweight Humans Responds to Insulin Detemir|
Hennige, Anita M.
Schäfer, Silke A.
|Zusammenfassung:||Background Insulin stimulates cerebrocortical beta and theta activity in lean humans. This effect is reduced in obese individuals indicating cerebrocortical insulin resistance. In the present study we tested whether insulin detemir is a suitable tool to restore the cerebral insulin response in overweight humans. This approach is based on studies in mice where we could recently demonstrate increased brain tissue concentrations of insulin and increased insulin signaling in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex following peripheral injection of insulin detemir. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied activity of the cerebral cortex using magnetoencephalography in 12 lean and 34 overweight non-diabetic humans during a 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (each step 90 min) with human insulin (HI) and saline infusion (S). In 10 overweight subjects we additionally performed the euglycemic clamp with insulin detemir (D). While human insulin administration did not change cerebrocortical activity relative to saline (p = 0.90) in overweight subjects, beta activity increased during D administration (basal 59±3 fT, 1st step 62±3 fT, 2nd step 66±5, p = 0.001, D vs. HI). As under this condition glucose infusion rates were lower with D than with HI (p = 0.003), it can be excluded that the cerebral effect is the consequence of a systemic effect. The total effect of insulin detemir on beta activity was not different from the human insulin effect in lean subjects (p = 0.78). Conclusions/Significance Despite cerebrocortical resistance to human insulin, insulin detemir increased beta activity in overweight human subjects similarly as human insulin in lean subjects. These data suggest that the decreased cerebral beta activity response in overweight subjects can be restored by insulin detemir.|
|Enthalten in den Sammlungen:||PsyDok|
Dateien zu dieser Ressource:
|Tschritter_PLOS.pdf||186,62 kB||Adobe PDF||Öffnen/Anzeigen|
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text: Discover how the fight, flight, or freeze response influences your performance in Muay Thai and learn practical strategies to overcome the psychological impact of getting hit hard. In this insightful article, we delve into the science behind the physiological and psychological reactions triggered by powerful blows. Explore techniques rooted in self-compassion, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety calming to restore your confidence and presence in the ring. Uncover the power of resilience and discover how to navigate past setbacks, embracing them as opportunities for growth. Gain valuable insights to optimize your training, enhance your mental fortitude, and unleash your inner strength in the world of Muay Thai.