How to remove string character using index in Dart
Introduction :
Sometimes we need to remove one character from a string using its index. The string is immutable. We can't modify it. The only way is to create one different new string from the old one.
In this post, I will show you how to remove one character from a string using its index in dart.
How to solve it :
To solve this problem, we will create two substrings from the original string. One from index 0 to just before the character that we are removing and another from the character just after the character that we are removing. We will join these two substrings to get the final required string.
For example, if our string is Helllo and if we want to remove the character at index 2, we will join two substrings: the first one from index 0 to 1 and the second one from index 3 to the end.
substring method :
Generating a substring from a string is easy. Dart provides one method called substring that returns one substring from a string. This method is defined as below :
substring(startIndex, [endIndex])
Here, startIndex is the starting index of the string that we will get the substring from. endIndex is optional. If we don't provide it, it will take the substring to the end of the given string.
Below is the final program :
void main() {
 String givenStr = 'Helllo';
 int i = 4;
 String finalStr = givenStr.substring(0, i) + givenStr.substring(i + 1);
It will print the below output :
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The Haj Test | Mid-Book Test - Easy
Buy The Haj Lesson Plans
Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Where does an Arab attack a woman in 1925 that causes everyone to worry about a revenge attack?
(a) A kibbutz.
(b) The town center.
(c) A synagogue.
(d) Mecca.
2. What number wife is Hagar for Ibrahim?
(a) Three.
(b) They aren't married.
(c) Two.
(d) One.
3. What does Gideon tell his friends and family to do after his first visit with the Arabs in Tabah?
(a) To start a fire.
(b) To get guns.
(c) To build a fence.
(d) To go home.
4. What does kibbutz of Shemesh propose to Ibn Yussuf?
(a) They will market his oil.
(b) They will refer all their customers to him.
(c) They will give him half their crops.
(d) They will can his oil.
5. What does Kabir promise Farouk after the war if he stays in Tabah?
(a) One third of the land.
(b) A leadership position.
(c) Forty-thousand dollars.
(d) Five new brides.
6. Where do Ibrahim and his friends and family listen to the news on the radio as Germany begins taking over countries?
(a) At city hall.
(b) At Gideon's.
(c) At the library.
(d) At Ibrahim's shop.
7. When Ibrahim tells the people of Tabah to evacuate, what is Farouk responsible for bringing with him?
(a) Clothing.
(b) Grains.
(c) Books.
(d) Livestock.
8. What business do Ibrahim and his brother Farouk own?
(a) A hotel.
(b) An after-hours restaurant.
(c) A theater.
(d) A coffeehouse.
9. How old is Ishmael when he leaves school?
(a) Nine.
(b) Ten.
(c) Twelve.
(d) Eleven.
10. When Ibrahim and Gideon meet in Part 2, Chapter 11, how long has it been since they last met?
(a) Three years.
(b) Two years.
(c) One year.
(d) Four years.
11. While on his deathbed in Chapter 1, what does Ibrahim's father give him?
(a) A cloak.
(b) A book.
(c) A dagger.
(d) A ring.
12. Why does the Arab well not have any water in it?
(a) Ibrahim broke it.
(b) Kabir sold the rights to water.
(c) It has been a very dry year.
(d) The well was filled with cement.
13. What is the name of the King of Jordan's army?
(a) Arab Power.
(b) Arab Legion.
(c) Arab Secret Forces.
(d) Arab Blockade.
14. Where does Farouk go to make marriage arrangements between Ibrahim and Ramiza?
(a) Gaza.
(b) Tabah.
(c) Walid Azziz.
(d) Tel Iviv.
15. What are the Wahhabi known for?
(a) Being wise with their money.
(b) Being converted to Christianity.
(c) Being great warriors.
(d) Being led by women.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is the name of Kaukji's rebel group?
2. Why does Heuseinni have to move around the Middle East so much?
3. After meeting daily with Ben-Gurion, what compromise does Gideon reach?
4. In Chapter 5, why do sirens go off near the Jewish settlement?
5. What do the Mufti do to cause Arabs to attack the Jewish Quarter?
(see the answer keys)
This section contains 503 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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Abstract The ecological impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on phenological events such as reproductive timing is increasingly recognized. In birds, previous experiments under controlled conditions showed that ALAN strongly advances gonadal growth, but effects on egg-laying date are less clear. In particular, effects of ALAN on timing of egg-laying are found to be year-dependent, suggesting an interaction with climatic conditions such as spring temperature, which is known have strong effects on the phenology of avian breeding. Thus, we hypothesized that ALAN and temperature interact to regulate timing of reproduction in wild birds. Field studies have suggested that sources of ALAN rich in short wavelengths can lead to stronger advances in egg-laying date. We therefore tested this hypothesis in the great tit (Parus major), using a replicated experimental setup where eight previously unlit forest transects were illuminated with either white, green, or red LED light, or left dark as controls. We measured timing of egg-laying for 619 breeding events spread over six consecutive years and obtained temperature data for all sites and years. We detected overall significantly earlier egg-laying dates in the white and green light versus the dark treatment, and similar trends for red light. However, there was a strong inter-annual variability in mean egg-laying dates in all treatments, which was explained by spring temperature. We did not detect any fitness consequence of the changed timing of egg-laying due to ALAN, which suggests that advancing reproduction in response to ALAN might be adaptive.
Artificial light at night, in interaction with spring temperature, modulates timing of reproduction in a passerine bird

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


their code and includes references to each core asset used rather than copying the asset into their project. The CM role establishes and evolves the basic structure and is responsible for "baselining" deliveries, which only requires creating a branch for the build scripts and making variable references in the script to the latest versions of assets into fixed references to specific versions of those assets instead.
Release management – The role of release manager carries both responsibility and authority. Once a delivery date is set and the scope of the release is negotiated with all development streams, the release manager has the authority to remove a feature from a product if including that feature puts the delivery date at risk. The manager also has the responsibility to ensure that any included features have been appropriately tested and have satisfied quality requirements. The release itself is based on the baselined build scripts that have been used from initial development through testing and now to release.
These infrastructure roles are important to the success of any software development effort but they are particularly critical in a software product line organization. The role definitions and training for each role need to be sharply focused and we need to push for trained personnel in each role. In the event that two or more of these roles are assigned to the same person, controls should be put in place to ensure even-handed and competent treatment in each of the three areas.
Running through this entire discussion is the notion of automation. There are many tools that can be used make building, change management, and product release much more repeatable and robust. Most of these tools support a variety of process structure and styles but most also make the lines between the three roles much more discernable.
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Ghana Rent Law
This post, authored by Emmanuel Mate-Kole, Managing Partner at M&O Law Consult originally appeared on It details all the Ghana rent laws and is a great reference for anyone looking for more information on real estate in Ghana. This post on Ghas been slightly edited for context and clarity.
Rental property is a property from which a landlord receives payments from a tenant. Rental properties may be either residential or commercial. The rights and obligations of both the landlord and the tenant in a rental property can be found in a lease or tenancy agreement. These documents are subject to statutory and common law rules.
In this article, I will show you the statutory and common law rules that every lease or tenancy agreement is subject to whether oral or in writing and how a landlord or tenant can use these rules to protect their interest or seek legal redress.
I will start by identifying the relevant common law rules and statutory rules.
1) The Common Law Rules
Rent Advance Laws in Ghana illustration by Vector Juice
Illustration by vectorjuice
The common law rules are implied. That is, they are included as part of the lease or tenancy agreement although they are not expressly stated. These include:
a) covenant for quiet enjoyment;
b) the obligation not to derogate from the grant;
c) the obligation to pay rent;
d) the obligation not to commit waste;
e) the landlord's right to enter to view the state of repair;
f) the safety or fitness for habitation
Please note that the common law rules are also implied by the Conveyancing Act. The difference is that the covenants implied by common law may be implied if there is no express provision in the lease or tenancy dealing with the issue.
However, the covenants implied by the Conveyancing Act if it is an absolute one, will apply invariably regardless of the express terms of the contract. For instance, it is an implied covenant in the Conveyancing Act that a landlord cannot contract out of the implied covenant by removing his personal liability.
Thus if a landlord attempts to remove his personal liability by stating in the tenancy agreement or lease that "he shall not be liable if the land conveyed is encumbered", such a covenant will be void because it removes the landlord's liability.
The upside of the covenants implied by common law is that they apply if the lease is oral and if it was not created for valuable consideration but the covenants implied by statute apply only if the lease is in writing and was created for valuable consideration.
2) The Statutory rules
The statutory rules are contained in various statutes namely:
 - the Rent Act, 1963 (Act 220);
 - the Rent Regulations, 1964 (L.I. 369);
 - Limitation Act, 1972 (NRCD 54);
 - the Conveyancing Act, 1973 (NRCD 175);
 - the Rent Control Act, 1986 (PNDCL 138);
 - the Courts Act, 1993 (Act 459);
These rules include:
a) Scope of application of the Rent Act
The first rule is that the Rent Act does not apply to vacant lands. Therefore if you have been given vacant land to build on, the provisions of the Rent Act will not apply to you.
b) The requirement for a lease or tenancy agreement
The second rule is that for a lease or tenancy to be valid, admissible in court and enforceable, it must have the following characteristics:
 - be in writing;
 - signed by the landlord or by his agent who is duly authorised in writing to do so;
 - stamped; and
 - registered.
Below are some exceptions to the above rule. These leases are permitted to take effect without meeting the above requirements. These include:
 - Leases by operation of law;
 - Leases by operation of the rules of equity; and
 - Leases where the lessee is in possession for a term not exceeding three (3) years.
c) The applicable rent
The third rule is that the Rent Act allows a landlord or tenant of premises or any person interested in premises to apply to a rent officer for an assessment of the recoverable rent of those premises.
Recoverable rent is the maximum amount that a landlord may lawfully receive for premises. For the purpose of the recoverable rent, premises are classified as furnished and unfurnished, and different formulae are applicable to them.
Section 10 of the Rent Act provides that, a landlord or tenant of premises or any other person interested in the premises can apply to a rent officer to assess the amount of recoverable rent of those premises.
Unless under very limited situations specified under the Rent Act, the rent officer cannot entertain an application for an assessment of a premises. The limited situations specified in the Rent Act include if an assessment has been made previously by him or the appropriate Rent Magistrate.
According to the courts in Andrew v. African Automobile [22/12/2004] Suit No. L249/98, the power of the rent officer in assessing recoverable rent is limited to the four walls of the lease and there is no room for any interpretation outside the lease.
That case was about a rent officer who had attempted to interfere with the terms of the lease in spite of an express rent review clause because he found the existing clause unconscionable in the light of the inflationary trends then. The courts agreed that the rent together with the review clause had become "insignificant and unconscionable".
That notwithstanding, the court held that the rent officer in assessing the recoverable rent had no mandate to vary the terms of the lease. It further held that the power to interfere with a term of a lease was not with the rent officer but with the courts.
d) Variation of the terms of a lease or tenancy agreement
The fourth rule is that section 18 of the Conveyancing Act affords a landlord or tenant the right to go to court to seek a variation of the terms of a lease on grounds of exorbitance. Therefore in Andrew v. African Automobile above the landlord in seeking to vary the terms of his lease because he believed he had been cheated should have gone to the courts for redress and not the rent officer.
e) Recovery of possession of premises and ejectment
The fifth rule is that section 17 of the Rent Act allows an order of ejectment or recovery of possession to be made against a tenant on the following grounds:
 1. non-payment of rent;
 2. breach of obligations in the Rent Act;
 3. nuisance or annoyance to adjoining premises;
 4. immoral or illegal use of premises;
 5. deterioration of premises owing to acts of waste;
 6. notice to quit by the tenant;
 7. premises required by the landlord; and
 8. effluxion of time.
For a landlord to invoke section 17 of the Rent Act for a tenant's ejectment, he must comply with the statutory and the common law rules. In other words, under the common law, there must be an express provision in the lease for re-entry and forfeiture for all the grounds except (i) above.
For a landlord to eject a tenant on grounds of non-payment of rent, the rent must be lawfully due. Rent cannot be lawfully due if it is rent in excess of the recoverable rent or if the tenant failed to make an advance payment of rent of one year in a yearly lease because the law permits the payment of only six months rent advance.
Also, the Conveyancing Act provides that a right of re-entry or forfeiture under a provision in a lease for a breach of a covenant, condition or an agreement in the lease is not enforceable, by action or otherwise, until the lessor serves on the lessee a notice, specifying the particular breach complained of and requiring the lessee to remedy the breach, if the breach is capable of remedy, the lessee has knowledge of the fact that the notice has been served, and the lessee fails, within a reasonable time after the service of the notice to remedy the breach, if it is capable of remedy.
f) Statutory tenant
The sixth rule is that the law protects tenants whose lease or tenancy has expired but who remain in possession of the rented premises. The statute which confers such protection on the tenant is the Rent Act.
There is however a limitation on this right of a statutory tenant in the Rent Act. The Act provides that the statutory tenant's right is a personal right to retain possession of the premises and it cannot be assigned nor does it pass on to his personal representatives upon his death.
The effect of the determination of a statutory tenancy on a sub-tenancy was stated in the case of Dhalomal v. Pupulampu [1984-86] 1 GLR 341-366 where the court held that "when a statutory tenant sub-lets part of the premises, he does not thereby confer any estate or interest on the sub-tenant. When the statutory tenancy comes to an end, the subtenant's right automatically comes to an end unless there is some statutory protection afforded him.
g) How a subtenant can become a tenant of a superior landlord
The seventh rule is that where a rented premises has been recovered from a tenant or an order or judgment for ejectment has been obtained against a tenant, the recovery of possession or ejectment of a tenant shall not affect the right of any subtenant to whom the premises or any part thereof were lawfully sublet before the proceedings for recovery of possession or ejectment were commenced to retain possession and every such order or judgment shall declare whether it shall be enforced against a subtenant or


text:
Have you ever been tempted to assume that families with the same surname were related because they lived near each other? Well, you might want to think again before making assumptions about family relationships based on proximity.
The 1850 Federal Census for Independence County, Arkansas illustrates this pitfall very well. There were no less than 64 individuals with the surname Reeves, Reaves, or Reves, living in 11 households in the predominately rural county in 1850. Four households consisted of descendants of Jordan Reeves Jr (born about 1773 in North Carolina), four of descendants of William Reeves (born 1766 in Grayson County Virginia), and three of descendants of Miles Reeves (born about 1760-70, birth state unknown).
For years, the descendants of Miles Reeves assumed that he was a son of Jordan Reeves Sr (born 1747 in North Carolina), based on very little evidence other than the migration of his sons between 1837 and 1846 to Independence County where Jordan Reeves Jr had moved in 1825. Because of this assumption, investigation of the origins of Miles Reeves languished.
DNA analysis ultimately proved that the sons of Miles Reeves were not related to Jordan Reeves. Likewise, the William Reeves descendants are not related to either Miles Reeves' or Jordan Reeves' lines. Descendants of Jordan Reeves have tested in DNA Group 8 in the Reeves DNA Project while descendants of William Reeves' brothers Jesse and John have tested in Group 6. A Miles Reeves descendant who had his DNA tested did not match anyone in the DNA project.
Documentary evidence supports the DNA findings. No connections among the three families have been found other than the fact that they all lived in the same county for several years.
Similar situations abound in Reeves genealogy. Though today the surname "Reeves" is the 358th most common surname in the US, it seems sometimes that Reeves were everywhere in colonial America.
If you are researching a Reeves line, consider finding male descendants to do the Y-DNA testing. It could help narrow your research to specific families. And you will find cousins you never knew you had.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
An 1847 manual of oil painting explains: "When the lights of a painting are so arranged that they seem to be in masses, and the darks are massed to support them, we have what is called breadth of effect, which is mainly produced by the coloring and chiaroscuro."
The painting "Blessing of the Young Couple Before Marriage" by Pascal Dagnan Bouveret is a good example of breadth. The white of the bride's dress joins with the table cloth, the shaft of light, and the other women's dresses to make a single large shape. Meanwhile, two groupings of dark-clad figures join to form larger masses.
The painting manual says that the quality of breadth applies to both design and coloring, and that it is indicative of a master. Indeed it's difficult to achieve, because one must overcome the natural inclination to separate and define shapes throughout the composition.


text:
Made from approximately 14,000 pieces, Bloom is the first architectural application of a laminated metal material that includes nickel and manganese with a bit of iron.
Architecture has long been valued for its static nature and sense of permanence. Increasingly, however, architects are working to make buildings more responsive to their users and to the climate. Often this is accomplished through mechanical means, but architect Doris Kim Sung, principal of LA-based DOSU studio architecture, is looking at how building materials themselves can be responsive, integrating changeability into the structure itself.
The dramatic shell-like form of her recent pavilion, called Bloom, suggests, at first glance, that Sung is interested in cutting-edge digital design. While this is certainly the case, Bloom's true innovation happens more slowly, through the bending of its metal panels according to heat levels generated by the sun.
Commissioned by LA's Materials and Applications gallery, the project had to be lightweight, not touch the adjacent buildings, and not produce any harmful glare for neighbors. Despite its considerable dimensions—20 feet high by 25 feet wide by 40 feet long—Bloom weighs approximately 500 pounds. "Our bigger concern ended up being up-lift from the wind," she said.
Made from approximately 14,000 pieces, Bloom is, according to Sung, the first architectural application of the laminated metal material, which includes nickel and manganese with a bit of iron. The material is typically used in industrial applications. Sung first learned of this laminate metal after seeing it used for a lampshade by a Japanese designer. "I started thinking to myself, 'if this designer used it for a lamp, where the heat from the bulb causes it to curl, why couldn't it be responsive to the sun?'" she said. "As an architect, I'm always thinking about how buildings will perform."
The two metals have different heat coefficients, which cause the material to curl when heat is applied. Sung specified material that would begin to curl at 70 degrees (temperatures above 400 degrees will begin to pull the laminate apart). The outer side of the tiles has a higher percentage of manganese and iron, which quickly weathered into a rust color, while the inner side has a greater amount of nickel, giving it a silvery finish.
To generate the form, Sung worked with a variety of software, including Rhino for the initial design, which she then refined through the Rhino SMART Form plug-in to make the design as thin and light-weight as possible. From there, she used Ecotech to model how solar heat would move across the surface as well as the surface temperature of the structure. She then imported the design into Grasshopper, which allowed her to break the structure down into its thousands of component parts. She used LS-DYNA to model Bloom's structural integrity.
The 14,000 metal tiles have the same basic cruciform shape, however, the thickness and length of the "tails" varies, allowing differing degrees of curvature, and therefore differing levels of shade underneath the structure (depending, again, on how and where the solar heat hits the surface).
Sung worked with two different laser cutting facilities, which typically work for the aerospace industry, to fabricate the tiles: Precision Waterjet and Serra Laser Cutting. Volunteers and students then began the several month process of assembling the tiles into panels—by hand using rivets and nuts and bolts—which were then affixed to a lightweight aluminum frame. The frame and the panels support each other, creating a monocoque structure with a load-bearing skin.
For Sung, Bloom is just the beginning of what responsive architecture could be. Harnessing digital technology, advanced fabrication, and new materials point to dynamic new possibilities for the discipline.
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Hertz to Megahertz - Hz to MHz
How to convert from Hertz to Megahertz
The conversion factor between Hertz and Megahertz is 1.0E-6. To convert an amount in Hertz in Megahertz, multiply the the desired amount in Hertz by 1.0E-6:
Amount(Hertz) × 1.0E-6(Conversion Factor) = Result(Megahertz)
Definition of units
Let's see how both units in this conversion are defined, in this case Hertz and Megahertz:
Hertz (Hz)
Megahertz (MHz)
Hertz to Megahertz conversion table
Below is the conversion table you can use to convert from Hertz to Megahertz
Hertz (Hz) Megahertz (MHz)
1 Hertz 1e-6 Megahertz
2 Hertz 2e-6 Megahertz
3 Hertz 3e-6 Megahertz
4 Hertz 4e-6 Megahertz
5 Hertz 5e-6 Megahertz
6 Hertz 6e-6 Megahertz
7 Hertz 7e-6 Megahertz
8 Hertz 8e-6 Megahertz
9 Hertz 9e-6 Megahertz
10 Hertz 1e-5 Megahertz


text:
Endoscopic system for sexing day-old chicks
Sexing day-old chicks is very important for poultry production. Females are used exclusively for commercial layers, whereas males are preferable in commercial broilers due to their fast growth.
Several methods of chick sexing have been developed, the most popular method being vent sexing, which is performed just by looking for the presence or absence of a rudimentary male sex organ. Although this method is fast and accurate, it requires the observer to be well trained and to have a great deal of practice.
Another method is feather sexing, which uses sex-linked feather characteristics genes. Although this method is easy in practice, it can be applied only to a limited number of chicken breeds and cross breeds.
High accuracy with endoscope sexing
Molecular sexing techniques, which are accurate, but difficult to apply to large number of chicks, are available as well. A modified endoscope system for small animals, based on the 'Chick tester'; a monitor probe to be inserted into the intestine of a chick, used in the 1960-70s, was developed to determine the sex of day-old chicks quickly and accurately.
The probe of the endoscope was inserted from the cloaca into the intestine of a chick, and the presence of testes or ovary was observed through the wall of the intestine. Tests were performed in White leghorn and Rhode Island red chicks using this new system. The accuracy of sexing was 91.1% in White leghorn chicks and 88.3% in Rhode island red chicks, overall accuracy of sexing was 90.2% Data were confirmed by observing gonads after laparotomy or appearances at 80 d of age. Accuracy of sexing male chicks (95.0%) was higher than that of female chicks (86.0%). It is expected that the accuracy would be improved by continuous training in the handling of the endoscope.
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I have an acyclic digraph that I would like to draw in a pleasing way, but I am having trouble finding a suitable algorithm that fits my special case. My problem is that I want to fix the x-coordinate of each vertex (with some vertices having the same x-coordinate), and only vary the y. My aesthetic criteria are (in order of importance):
 1. Ensure no two vertices are too close together
 2. Minimize edge crossings and near misses
 3. Make a reasonable use of the entire drawing space
I have tried several (modified) force-directed algorithms, but they haven't met my expectations on at least one of these - usually too many edge crossings.
Has anyone come across a problem like this, or can you point me to some good papers that deal with restrictions like this?
share|improve this question
I'm curious, do the x-coordinates reflect the graph structure (as mentioned by David) or are they an independent variable? And do you have rough estimates for the number of nodes and edges? – Martin M. W. Nov 12 '09 at 22:06
Yes, they reflect the structure of the graph - to be specific, the x axis is time. The graph currently has about 86 nodes and 74 edges, but it will be growing. I estimate a total for both nodes and edges somewhere between 400 and 500. – Brent Hagany Nov 13 '09 at 1:21
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
If the x-coordinates are compatible with the acyclic structure of your DAG (that is, for an edge u->v, the x coordinate of u should always be less than that of v) then this is a standard problem in graph drawing, known as Sugiyama-style layered drawing. (Usually it is the y coordinates that are fixed but that makes no difference.) Some versions of the problem (e.g. finding the exact minimum number of edge crossings) can be NP-hard but effective heuristics are known. See e.g. chapter 9 of Di Battista, Tamassia, and Eades, "Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs", Prentice-Hall, 1999.
Searching Google scholar for "layered graph drawing" should also turn up some more recent references, but be careful that some of them (including mine) which use the term to mean something unrelated.
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Excellent, thank you! I think I am more familiar with the other meaning of layered graph drawing - it would have never occurred to me to search for that. I'm not too concerned about finding the absolute minimum number of crossings, so I think I should be able to avoid any NP-hardness. Anyway, I appreciate it. – Brent Hagany Nov 13 '09 at 1:30
The documentation for GraphViz (a software package that does this sort of thing) has a number of papers on the subject included.
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How to Use a Laptop Dell ePSA Error Code to Solve the Problem?
Understanding ePSA Codes
The ePSA codes are a set of information that tell the user about errors in the computer system. The ePSA error code is basically a number that contains the error information.
Various error codes are different explanations and solutions. If you have no idea about the ePSA error codes, or if not a will is found, it is advisable to consult the technical support phone number from Dell.
You can also talk to computer professionals by 4210 _PHONE_ choose.
CPU error
The error code for this problem is ePSA 2000-0111. This is a problem that appears on the computer's motherboard. Moreover, it causes the processing unit to malfunction.
Update your system BIOS
If the update does not help, replace the motherboard or processor.
Computer battery error
Here, the error code is ePSA is 2000-0131; This involves the malfunction of the system battery. To resolve this issue, you must turn off the computer. Make sure the system power source is turned off.
Open the box of your computer and throw the battery
Replace the battery in place. Even if the error still exists, then replace the battery and pull your service account number.
The failure of the hard disk (HDD)
The error code is now ePSA 2000-0141, it is certainly a hard drive failure. Even if the hard disk is inserted correctly, yet can not be read by the system. This error occurs if no hard disk is installed.
If you have a laptop, then put only the hard disk. If you have a desktop computer, connect the data cable and power cable to the hard disk.
If the above solution does not work, replace the hard drive. If you still have the problem, do not hesitate to call the toll free number.
The error of the optical drive
Another common problem is the optical drive, the error code for this problem is ePSA In this scenario, insert you the 2000 to 0147th whenever a CD in the optical drive, the drive fails to read the disc. Turn off the computer to avoid any electrical connection
Identify faulty optical drive and unplug the device and the connections and wires. If the optical drive still shows an error, then call the customer support number for further assistance.
Understanding patterns beep AMI
If the code AMI beep is short, then this can lead to DRAM failure. During the three short beeps occur if a RAM error. Moreover, the failure timer system is connected with four short beeps. Examine the technical support number for assistance.
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Global Warming Linked to Caribou-Calf MortalityMay 2nd, 2008 in Biology /
Fewer caribou calves are being born and more of them are dying in West Greenland as a result of a warming climate. Credit: Eric Post, Penn State
Fewer caribou calves are being born and more of them are dying in West Greenland as a result of a warming climate, according to Eric Post, a Penn State associate professor of biology. Post, who believes that caribou may serve as an indicator species for climate changes including global warming, based his conclusions on data showing that the timing of peak food availability no longer corresponds to the timing of caribou births.
The study, which was conducted in collaboration with Mads Forchhammer at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, will be published in the 12 July 2008 issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Caribou -- which are closely related to wild reindeer -- are dependent on plants for all their energy and nutrients. Throughout the long Arctic winter, when there is no plant growth, they dig through snow to find lichens; however, in spring they rapidly switch to grazing on the new growth of willows, sedges, and flowering tundra herbs. As the birth season approaches, they are cued by increasing day length to migrate into areas where this newly-emergent food is plentiful.
But this routine, which has worked for millennia, is faltering because caribou are unable to keep pace with certain changes that have occurred as a result of global warming. When the animals arrive at their calving grounds now, pregnant females find that the plants on which they depend already have reached peak productivity and have begun to decline in nutritional value. According to Post, the plants -- which initiate growth in response to temperature, not day length -- are peaking dramatically earlier in response to rising temperatures. "Spring temperatures at our study site in West Greenland have risen by more than 4 degrees Celsius over the past few years," said Post. "As a result, the timing of plant growth has advanced, but calving has not."
The phenomenon, called trophic mismatch, is a predicted consequence of climate change, in which the availability of food shifts in response to warming, whereas the timing of demand for those resources does not keep pace. Trophic mismatches have been documented in birds -- with the most famous example being the study on Dutch birds and their caterpillar prey that was highlighted in former Vice President Al Gore's film An Inconvenient Truth -- but, until now, the phenomenon had not been observed in terrestrial mammals. "Our work is the first documentation of a developing trophic mismatch in a terrestrial mammal as a result of climatic warming," said Post. "And the rapidity with which this mismatch has developed is eye-opening, to say the least."
While Post and Forchhammer think it is possible that caribou will respond to a warming climate by advancing the timing of their reproduction, they are not convinced that the species will be able to compensate fully for the rapid rates of temperature change that are yet to come. "They're a little behind the game already and future warming will make it even harder for them to catch up," said Post. "This factor is just one of many related to climate change -- such as thaw-freeze cycles, ice-crust formation, and severe storms -- that may make it difficult for caribou populations to persist at their former abundance."
Source: Penn State
"Global Warming Linked to Caribou-Calf Mortality." May 2nd, 2008. _URL_


Pre-processing and Drying Woody Biomass
Pre-processing and drying woody biomass are important issues to address in every situation. They particularly affect transportation costs and combustion efficiency at the end-use location. Both should address four critical characteristics of biomass: particle size, moisture content, grit contamination, and wood quality. Woody biomass is typically pre-processed during or after a timber harvest operation and may be dried after a harvest but before transport to facilitate efficient transport, material handling, and utilization. While there are a number of woody biomass pre-processing and drying method options, optimum treatment of the biomass depends on the characteristics of the material, the end-use, and site management requirements. This fact sheet provides a brief description of the various pre-processing and drying technologies. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
Comminution. The most common woody biomass pre-processing operation is comminution by chipper, grinder or shredder. The choice and location of a comminution device in the woody biomass fuel supply chain are among the most important components of a processing supply system for woody biomass (1). Factors affecting comminution choices include customer requirements for the raw material, total woody biomass volume, forest stand characteristics and nature of the road network, accessibility and equipment at the end-user reception facility, and feasibility of creating terminals for efficient handling and storage without incurring excessive additional haul distances.
The end user defines the desired particle size of woody biomass. A rule of thumb is that the size must be small enough to be conveyed without the material binding up or bridging. These problems occur when comminuted material, particularly wet or green material, mats together, making it hard for a chip van's moving floors to work properly. Several biomass power plants in the U.S. have material specifications that provide for nominal, 3-inch material. Almost all of the material pieces are three inches or less in any dimension.
Chippers. Chippers cut woody material with a slicing action. They make up most of the woody biomass size-reduction equipment in use today and are characterized by high output, high-speed cutting knives. Most chippers have the capacity to blow chips into transport trailers for hauling (Image 1). They rely on sharp knives and, unfortunately, are susceptible to knife wear from high soil content, metal contamination, rocks, and stone. Chippers are well integrated into existing timber harvesting systems.
Image 1. In-woods Chipper source: Michael Westbrook, University of Georgia
Chippers are customarily placed either off-road, at the timber harvest landing, or on-site at the mill or plant. Chippers placed at the landing are often mounted on trucks. Loading custom chip vehicles at the landing is a highly sensitive and costly system because the material being shipped has a high moisture content. Chipping relies on the smooth functioning of all steps in the woody biomass supply chain. Downtime is costly when a delay occurs at the chipper, on the truck or at the facility. This problem is greatest when a container system or custom chip vehicle is used.
Off-road woody biomass chipping is an alternative method. Piles of logging residues left by the harvester or feller/buncher are chipped in late summer or early autumn at the logging site. This method is used to moderate the supply of wood chips during periods of low demand that often exist in the southern U.S. It produces high-quality biomass at a competitive cost because the biomass is allowed time to dry. Off-road woody biomass chipping is not practiced very much in the Southeast because it is a capital-intensive, two-pass system with high operational and transportation costs. However, it may provide a niche opportunity for independent contractors, separate from the conventional harvest, specializing in the recovery of woody biomass.
Use of a large mobile or stationary woody biomass chipper or crusher at the end use plant is another option. This method can save two-thirds of the cost associated with conventional off-road chipping at the logging site because of economies of scale, and powerful equipment can be used (2). Offsetting the advantages are increased noise levels at the plant, and the need for storage of uncomminuted woody biomass. (Image 2)
Image 2. Stationary Chipper source: Dale Greene, University of Georgia
Grinders. Grinders reduce woody biomass particles in size by repeatedly pounding them into smaller pieces through a combination of tensile, shear and compressive forces. Most are derivatives of hammer mills and include horizontal feed grinders (Image 3). Grinders accept a wider range of piece sizes. They will even accept short, non-oriented pieces including stumps, tops, brush, and large forked branches. Grinders rely on hitting a piece of wood often enough to finally break it into the desired size, usually with high speed rotating hammers. They require more energy than chippers per ton of output. Additionally, excessive soil contamination can increase internal wear.
Image 3. Horizontal Grinder source: Dale Greene, University of Georgia
Shredders. Shredders are slow-speed rip/ shear devices, used widely in comminuting trees removed at residential and commercial construction sites. Material is pinched between rotating devices and ripped apart or sheared (Image 4). Shredders are used where significant contamination is evident because the internal parts are slow moving. It avoids damage due to metal, rock, or concrete. They are not widely used in woody biomass operations because their capital cost is high and the particle size is larger and less uniform than a chipper can achieve. Material from shredders may require further size reduction if used as a biomass product.
Image 4. Shredder source: Ben Jackson, University of Georgia
Bundler and Composite Residue Log (CRL) Operations. Bundlers collect, compress, and bind forest residues into cylindrical bundles about 2 feet in diameter and 10 feet long (Image 5). This simplifies handling forest residues by compacting loose slash into a form that resembles a log. The bundling process enables forest residues to be shipped to conversion centers for more efficient size reduction. Woody residue material needs to be properly deposited on the ground to allow efficient bundling. While forest residue bundling is an attractive alternative, it is not currently cost effective. Please see "Forms of Biomass Feedstock for Bioenergy and Bio-based Products" for additional information about CRLs.
Image 5. John Deere 1490d Energy Wood Harvester source: Bob Rummer, USDAForest Service
After felling, the moisture content found in woody biomass depends largely on post-harvest handling and storage conditions. Moisture may be lost by transpiration drying, through foliage or open wood surfaces. The rate of woody biomass drying depends on many factors, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, season, rainfall pattern, tree species, and tree size. In the South, the best season for drying is usually the summer.
Transpiration drying, also known as "leaf seasoning" and "biological drying," occurs when felled trees are left for several weeks with the tops, branches, and leaves intact (3). The foliage continues to pull water out of the bole through transpiration until it dies and falls completely off the tree. Such drying can be successful with most tree species. Excessive precipitation or low temperatures may hinder the efficiency of transpiration drying, if on-site storage is extended to late fall or even until winter in temperate countries (4). Additionally, there are added costs in allowing woody biomass to dry before processing. Capital is tied up in the drying material. Moving equipment to the site is expensive to collect, pre-process, and transport the woody biomass.
An additional step to facilitate faster woody biomass drying is the use of a prototype roller crusher. The machine crushes smaller diameter stems and facilitates drying by opening the biomass to the transpiration drying effect. This step is costly financially. Additionally, crushing introduces a significant amount of dirt into woody biomass, which can affect pre-processing and conversion.
Summary and Conclusions
A variety of possibilities exist for pre-processing and drying. Table 1 summarizes some of the advantages and disadvantages of each system.
Table 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Comminution Systems
1 Hakkila, P. 1989. Utilization of residual forest biomass. Berlin: Springer: 568p.
3 Stokes, B.J.; McDonald, T.P.; Kelley, T. 1993. Transpirational drying and costs for transporting woody biomass — a preliminary review. IEA/BATask IX, Activity 6: Transport and Handling. New Brunswick, CN: IEA: 76-91.
4 Lehtikangas, P.; R. Jirjis. 1993a. Storage of softwood logging residues in windrows under variable conditions. Report No 235. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet : Institute for Virkeslara: 45 p.


1C:Enterprise 8.3. Practical Developer's Guide. Lesson 16 (1:50). Accounting. Understanding accounting registers
Understanding accounting registers
The Accounting register configuration object is intended to describe the data accumulation structure used for storing accounting data based on a chart of accounts. Based on the Accounting register configuration object, the platform creates database tables that accumulate accounting data.
An accounting register looks very similar to an accumulation register. It also has resources, and it can have dimensions and attributes.
Dimensions allow you to break down accounting data (for example, you can use the Company dimension to keep records for multiple companies).
Attributes serve as flags that allow you to distinguish between various register records (for example, you can use a document journal number as an attribute, which allows you to select postings that have similar purposes).
The main difference between an accounting register and an accumulation register is that the former is tightly linked to a chart of accounts. Therefore, each accounting register record contains additional fields that are defined by the chart of accounts settings.
For example, a register record can contain additional fields to store corresponding accounts, amounts, analytical accounting objects (extra dimensions), quantities, currency types, and so on.
Another distinguishing feature of an accounting register is its support of double-entry accounting, where each register record has fields for specifying debit and credit accounts.
Learn more! For details on the structure of 1C:Enterprise script objects intended for accounting register operations, see section Quick developer reference. Accounting registers.
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What minimum information is required before I can calculate a payroll deduction?
For each type of payroll deduction calculation (Regular Salary/Pension/Bonus/Retroactive Pay/Commission), there are different required information fields that must be completed by the user before a payroll deduction calculation can be done. For all types of income except Commissions, the user must specify a Pay Period definition - i.e. weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, etc. For ALL calculations, the user must also specify the Quebec TP1015_3V - Total Claim Amount. For Commission income, the user must specify additional information from the commissioned employee's federal TD1X form. Any required information for a payroll deduction calculation will be documented in the QPTL documentation included with the QPTL API/SDK package. The user must ensure that valid information is provided in these required fields before sending requests to the QPTL library method(s).
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NOAA Coastal Storms Program
Stormwater and Salmon - Pre-spawn Mortality of Coho Salmon in Restored Urban Streams
The discovery of die-offs among coho spawners (adult salmon moving upstream to lay eggs) in urban streams throughout the Puget Sound region have sparked a collaborative investigation into the causes and extent of this mysterious phenomenon. This case study leads you through the investigation. Follow the links below to explore these sections
Pre-spawn mortality coho discovered during a site visit
- Setting the Stage
- Opening Statement and Objectives
- Cracking the Case: A Forensic Investigation
- The Scene: Study Sites
- Lines of Evidence: Preliminary Results
- Forecasting: What Does This Mean for the Future?
- Products and Resources
Proceed to Setting the Stage for information on salmon to help better understand the activities of this investigation.


Significant Changes to Approved Protocols
Changes to Approved Animal Use Protocols
Approved on October 16, 2014 (Download)
Background: Federal regulations require review and approval by the IACUC of Significant Changes in any activity involving the use of vertebrate animals; federal regulations also require administrative review and handling of some other changes that are not considered significant. On August 26, 2014 the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare at NIH released new guidance regarding changes to animal activities, specifically addressing how Significant Changes and Other Changes are defined, reviewed and approved. The newly revised UW Policy on Significant Changes, as well as other changes to animal use protocols, is described below, and brings the University of Washington into alignment with the new guidance. We recommend that you contact the Office of Animal Welfare (OAW) to inquire if there is any question about whether a requested modification to a protocol constitutes a Significant Change.
Principal investigators are responsible for ensuring that members of their staff who work with animals are familiar with all relevant procedures and details specified in the protocols.
In addition, supervision of work performed on animals must be adequate to ensure that approved protocols are being followed and that Significant Changes are not implemented prior to approval.
Policy: This policy defines three categories of 'Significant Changes' and outlines the procedures used to review and approve such changes. This policy also identifies some changes that are not significant, and describes the procedures for handling these. Based on current guidance there are 3 defined ways of approving a Significant Change to an animal use protocol depending on the nature of the Significant Change (Sections A, B, C). Some changes are not significant but still require administrative approval (Section D). Some changes are not significant and do not require administrative approval (Section E). Each change will be assessed on a case by case basis, using the criteria below, to determine the appropriate category for approval.
A. A Significant Change that must be reviewed and approved using the standard approval methods described in the PHS Policy IV.C.2.—i.e. full committee review or designated member review—includes any proposed modification of an IACUC-approved protocol that results in any of the following:
 1. changes in surgical procedures:
 - from not involving surgery to involving surgery;
 - from non-survival to survival surgery;
 - from minor surgery to major surgery;
 - from a single surgical procedure to multiple surgical procedures;
 2. changes resulting in greater pain, distress, or degree of invasiveness from what was either specified or presumed to occur when the protocol was originally reviewed;
 3. changes in euthanasia to a method not approved by the AVMA;
 4. changes in housing and or use of animals in a location that is not part of the animal program overseen by the IACUC;
 5. changes in species;
 6. changes in study objectives or overall aims;
 7. changes in Principal Investigator (PI);
 8. changes in animal numbers greater than specified in Section C below, or due to morbidity or mortality not described in the IACUC-approved protocol,or due to the addition of a new experiment or experimental group; and
 9. changes that impact personnel safety
B. A Significant Change that can be reviewed and approved by the University of Washington Attending Veterinarian, or designee, includes the following:
 1. changes in anesthesia, analgesia, sedation, or experimental substance that do not result in greater pain, distress, or degree of invasiveness;
 2. changes in euthanasia to any method approved in the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals; and
 3. changes in duration, frequency, type, or number of procedures performed on an animal that do not result in greater pain, distress, or degree of invasiveness.
The veterinarian reviewing and approving such changes will confirm that the requested change is in alignment with this policy and does not change any of the items listed in Section A, is in alignment with all relevant IACUC policies (e.g., Analgesia in Research Animals), conforms with sound professional judgment, and should not require training that cannot be provided to the investigative group at or before implementation of the change. Furthermore, the veterinarian, for any reason, may refer any Significant Change request to the IACUC for approval as described in Section A. The veterinarian and PI are responsible for ensuring that the approval is routed to the OAW for inclusion in the PI's animal use protocol.
C. A Significant Change in animal numbers can be reviewed and approved administratively by the OAW if:
 1. the animals are being requested to replace animals that could not be used (note that requests for additional animals for a new experiment that is not described in the approved protocol cannot be handled administratively); and
 2. the number of additional animals is not more than 10% of the number of animals initially approved, or not more than one animal, in the case of an experiment for which fewer than 10 animals were initially approved.
 If additional animals are needed due to unexpected morbidity or mortality associated with an IACUC-approved experiment, the adverse event(s) must be reported to the IACUC. In this case, an increase in animal numbers requires IACUC approval as described in Section A.
D. Changes that may be handled administratively by the OAW include:
 1. correction of typographical errors;
 2. correction of grammar;
 3. contact information updates;
 4. changes in personnel, other than the PI, if such personnel meet the UW training requirements and are enrolled in Occupational Health and Safety programs; and
 5. changes in rodent strain if the new strain has no increased morbidity or mortality, and the new strain will require no additional monitoring.
E. Investigators may use fewer animals than approved. This does not require IACUC or OAW approval, notification, consultation, or administrative handling.


ARXPSAngular Resolved X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
References in periodicals archive?
Nondestructive ARXPS can be a valuable tool for measuring thin films on metals, surface segregation in polymers, the amount and depth that surface treatments impart on metals and polymers, as well as clarifying the presence of contaminants on a surface that would disrupt bonding.
In this case, ARXPS cannot be utilized to measure layer thickness, and destructive methods such as sputter depth profiling need to be employed to determine chemical composition as a function of depth.
Besides measuring the chemistry at the top surface, nondestructive ARXPS, sputter depth profiling, and ULAM techniques can be employed to probe the chemistry deeper into a material.


On The Limitations of ARM vs. x86 for Mac OS, Windows
By Norman Chan
Two articles worth reading that explain the differences between running a desktop operating system on ARM and X86 chips.
John Brownlee's feature on CultofMac about why he doesn't believe that Apple will ever sell Macs that run solely on ARM is getting passed around a lot this week, and it does an OK job explaining the differences between (and inherent architectural advantages of) ARM and x86 processors.
While he simplifies the differences between RISC and CISC processor design (and I'm no expert), his point basically boils down to the assertion that ARM chips just aren't powerful enough to run full desktop operating systems without losing their power efficiency advantage:
It's a debatable point, as the comments to his article will attest, but one thing stuck out to me: the omission of any reference to Microsoft and Windows on Arm (WOA)--which we know will have a fully-operational Desktop and Desktop programs (Office 15 and Explorer, at least). Related and also worth reading: Ed Bott's explanation of why Microsoft is including the Desktop on WOA in the first place. Bott's rationale makes sense--the Desktop is needed to to perform traditional (and more complex) computing operations like running multiple windows and drag-and-drop file management. That's exactly the type of functionality that Brownlee is claiming that current-generation ARM chips can't run. Except that WOA is scheduled for release this year, and will run on those very chips.


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Protocol 2 annexed to the Universal Copyright Convention as signed at Geneva on 6 September 1952 concerning the application of that Convention the works of certain international organizations
|Date of Text:||Adopted on September 6, 1952 at Geneva|
Entry into Force on September 16, 1955
|Host Institution:||United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)|
|Subject Matter:||Copyright and Related Rights (Neighboring Rights)|
This Protocol entered into force on 16 September 1955. It subsequently entered into force for each State at the date of deposit of that State's instrument, except in cases of notifications of succession, where the entry into force occurred on the date on which the State assumed responsibility for conducting its international relations.


Backstreet Boys Quiz: questions and answers
Backstreet Boys Quiz: questions and answers
My score
Backstreet Boys was one of the most popular boy bands of the last decade of the XX century. Since the beginning of their music career, they were the idols for many girls all over the world.
Backstreet Boys quiz includes some interesting questions and answers about the history of the band.
Test yourself
Found a mistake? Select it and press Ctrl+Enter
1. When was Backstreet Boys formed?
2. Where was the band formed?
3. Who was never a member of the band?
4. What was the band's debut album?
5. When did the boy band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?
6. How many Grammy Awards were Backstreet Boys awarded?
7. Who had left the band in 2006 and returned back in 2008?
8. What was the first concert tour of the band?
9. What is the title of the documentary film about Backstreet Boys released in 2015?
10. How many members are there in Backstreet Boys?


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In this figure above showing white dresses one can see the different styles, with added accessories and patterns. Using the color 5 element theory these dresses can be described as:
- Metal & Wood Pattern
- Red Belt – Fire
One can begin to be aware of the elements in the colors and shapes they are wearing and learning what accessories to use and when by becoming familiar with the qualities of the 5 elements and their cycles of harmony and disharmony.
One can also learn their primary nurturing element and begin to explore applying these principles to their wardrobe to dress for harmony and success. Using Chinese Cosmology find your Kua Number. This will give you your element and corresponding color palette. If at first you are not drawn to your elements color range explore what elements support your primary nurturing element. For example in the 5 element theory wood supports fire. If the fire range is too strong a range for you, consider the wood palette as wood supports fire!
Learning your element, one can then begin to explore the 5 element cycle of harmony or disharmony to accessorize their outfit to express the experience they are wearing. An example is in the first figure in frame one of the white dress that is in a metal color, water shape and accessorized with a red belt which reflects fire. In 5 element theory metal creates water so the style and color are in harmony yet the contrasting belt is fire which is considered to melt metal. The belt is a nice contrast for too much metal and water!
- Read more on Expression of the 5 Elements
- What 5 element are you? Fire, Earth, Metal, Water or Wood
- More about yellow in Design


Date in the task pane it will open the recurrence settings window as well:
2. Correspondence of the next occurrence date and recurrence pattern
If you have set the date of the next occurrence with a weekly pattern, this date must correspond to the specified day of the week. If there is a discrepancy, the program will warn you that this day is not, for example, Tuesday. In this case, you can accept the suggested option of auto-correction or manually change either the date or the day of the week.
The similar thing is with monthly and yearly recurrence patterns. For example, if the date is set on the 1st day of the next month, and the recurrence is "every first working day of the month" - this date should be exactly the first working day of the month.
3. Do not set time and reminders if the option "Regenerate new task..." is selected
The recurrence with the "Regenerate new task..." on will occur exactly within the specified period after the task is completed.
If you take this example, the first time the reminder will work at 3 p.m. And if you click to complete the task at 3:24 p.m., then the next reminder will work as early as 3:24 p.m. of the following day.
You should set time and reminders only for tasks with the recurrence of every day, week, month and year.
Please note that in the "Hourly" pattern the only option we can set is "Regenerate next task x hours after each task is completed".
Let's sum up
The options for task recurrence in the MyLifeOrganized task planner are able to reflect any life situations, any cycles with all sorts of corrections. Should your situation not fit into the possibilities of MLO recurrence, write about it in the comments — we will discuss it and find a solution!


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Hyperlinked video is video in which specific objects are made selectable by some form of user interface, and the user's interactions with these objects modify the presentation of the video. Identifying and tracking the objects remains one of the chief difficulties in authoring hyperlinked video; we solve this problem through the use of a video tracking and segmentation algorithm that uses color, texture, motion, and position parameters. An author uses a computer mouse to scribble roughly on each desired object in a frame of video, and the system generates a segmentation mask for that frame and following frames. We have applied this technique in the production of a soap opera program, with the result that the user can inquire about purchasing clothing and furnishings used in the show. We will discuss this and other uses of the technology, describe our experiences in using the segmentation algorithm for hyperlinked video purposes, and present several different user-interface methods appropriate for hyperlinked video.
In this paper we describe elements of an ubiquitous vision system - a system that enables viewers to observe a remote dynamic scene from any viewing perspective at any time instant. This integrated framework has the potential to achieve real-time generation of many 3D virtual views concurrently with high-dynamic events in the scene, by not utilizing 3D model. The paper presents a brief overview of the system including its requirements, components and preliminary results of acquiring 3D range estimation and virtual view generation.
This work describes a new method for locating moving lips in digital video sequences and applications for this technology in multimedia information retrieval and robotics. The capture on digital video of groups of speakers is very common. Determining which person in such a group is speaking is useful in many applications, including robot navigation, speaker identification and video segmentation for the purpose of retrieval in recorded proceedings.
In order to assist the people who have a tendency to wander away, a human tracking system using wireless multimedia technology was studied. This system consists of a compact mobile unit which can be carried in one's pocket and a base unit at home, both of which are connected through mobile public network. The positioning performance can be realized using GPS. In this paper first a tracking system structure and a performance principle are described. From the fundamental experiments, such as position measurement and position data transmission, the system can be modified to be used as human tracking system. Moreover, several subjects, such as compactness of the mobile unit, improvement of position precision, and high reliability of human tracking continue to be studied.
This paper presents the future multimedia standard MPEG-4 and discusses its potential use for broadband applications. After an introduction into MPEG-4, scenarios for broadband MPEG-4 sessions are described and some examples are presented. At the same time, the structure of a decoder terminal is explained and the relevant parts from the broadband key issues of the standard are presented in more detail.
In this paper, we present an implementation of an MPEG-4 decoder using Java for dynamic processing, i.e. providing flexibility and extensibility. The advantage of Java is its platform independent paradigm using a virtual machine. This enables us to provide downloading of tools and also dynamic configuration of already downloaded tools. However, the disadvantage of Java is its low performance. Therefore we propose a hybrid implemented approach using Java implementations only for flexibility and extensibility. All the rest of the decoder is implemented in native code, providing the high performance necessary for real time issues. We use Java only where Java is necessary. To integrate Java with the native code implementations we utilize the Java native interface (JNI). We use the JNI to create an instance of the Java virtual machine (JVM) in the running MPEG-4 application. This JVM instance handles all Java decoder tool implementations as well as incoming Java bit streams. All the other data streams are handled by the native implemented part.
MPEG-4 is meant to be the integrating standard concerning multimedia in the future. This paper wants to highlight experiences from the participation in the EU project EMPHASIS the authors within a research institution being involved mainly in application definition and system integration. Based on this a general framework for system design comparison is outlined.
Soon the days of separate transmission facilities for video will be over, and video will be just another traffic type in a multipurpose network. These networks today employ a variety of transport mechanisms, for historical as well as technical reasons, and, at least experimentally, enterprises, network operates, and service providers are sending video over these networks with their associated transport mechanisms. But video is not just a random bit stream, so it is natural to ask how well the transport mechanisms perform when transporting video. In this paper we examine what video needs for capture to playback and how these can be provided by the end system or the network using the MPEG transport stream, asynchronous transfer mode, and the Internet Protocol. We concentrate on the Internet Protocol because of the opportunity for networked video applications that its pervasion provides.
In this paper, we address the issue of error control in transmitting MPEG-2 encoded video streams over broadband fixed wireless access networks for broadcast or multicast services. Because of the error-prone nature of wireless channels, error control is mandatory when MPEG-2 video streams are transported over wireless access networks to end user. To prevent overloading the reliable wireline networks error control has to be applied locally. FEC is a must for broadcast or multicast services. Because of the important role of MPEG-2 control information in the decoding process, it must be given priority service in the form of excess error protection in order to achieve the desired QoS. In this paper, a header redundancy FEC (HRFEC) strategy is introduced and an implementation of it (type-I HRFEC scheme) is described. The overhead and delay jitter associated with the type-I HRFEC is also estimated. Simulation results on the performance of type-I HRFEC indicates that it improves the reception statistics of MPEG-2 control. As a direct, the quality, measured in terms of objective grade point and PSNR of the reconstructed video sequence, is improved.
The transmission of video over variable bit rate channels is a challenging problem. The requirements for an acceptable video quality are typically negotiated between the application layer and the network. The encoder of a variable bit rate video application can adjust several of its parameters to meet the requirements of the network. The main aim is to decrease the loss, delay variation. Network resources have to be properly assigned to meet a required service request. Network buffers need to be controlled carefully, since buffers are responsible for delay and loss distribution. On the other hand, during video transmission, the state of buffers at the encoder output, and decoder input are also very important. Since a buffer overflow or underflow indicates inappropriate resource distribution, it is essential to know when and how buffer overflow and underflows occur. The proposed research is based on the encoder and decoder buffer boundary definitions introduced in Nguyen et al. 97. The bit rate of the video is adjusted so that the encoder and decoder buffers neither overflow or underflow at any instance during the transmission. This is guaranteed by estimating the state of the decoder buffer at a fixed frame rate, which in turn is derived for the variable channel rates for the duration of transmission. Both the encoder and decoder buffer fullness information is used as a feedback to the encoder. The encoder, upon receiving this state information adjusts the bit rate for the subsequent frames. This research uses the analytically proven boundaries for the variable bit rate encoder and decoder provided and the behavior is simulated using several video sequences. Simulation results provide a better understanding of the boundary definitions and their practical applications. In addition to understanding the dynamic behavior in terms of the bit rates, this investigation also addresses the impact of the changes in the frame rate and other scalability factors controlled by the encoder. The results show that the boundary definitions, which in turn are used for rate control of the encoder and decoder, improve the quality of the video received.
An enhancement of the Piecewise Constant Rate Transmission and Transport (PCRTT) algorithm for reducing the burstiness of a video stream based on smoothing constant intervals is proposed. the two algorithms are compared by testing 12 compressed video streams according to the Motion-JPEG format. The new algorithms called e-PCRTT is shown to construct transmission rate-plans with smaller buffer sizes compared to the original PCRTT. Alternatively, for the same buffer size e-PCRTT reduces the number of bandwidth changes compared to PCRTT. In addition, e-PCRTT produces a rateplane with smaller initial playback delay, which applications based on. We also introduce a new scheme for multiplexing several smoothed video traces, into a single constant-bit-rate channel that are synchronized nd have fixed-size intervals.
We are concerned about the transmission of delay-sensitive Variable Bit Rate Video (VBR) MPEG-2 sources over the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. VBR sources allow the use of statistical multiplexing in the network to improve bandwidth utilization. In order to allow for an efficient multiplexing in the network, video sources must be well characterized in order to provide a precise estimation of the network resources needed by the source to achieve quality of service (QoS) requirements. The VBR-rt transfer capability defined by the ATM forum and the ITU-T uses two couples of leaky-bucket parameters as traffic descriptors for the VBR traffic: (the Peak Cell Rate, and CDVT) and, (the Sustainable Cell Rate, the Intrinsic Burst Tolerance). In previous works, we have shown that these traffic descriptors are too conservative and could allow only a very poor network utilization. We have also shown that an efficient multiplexing of VBR video sources could be achieved if the source rate distribution is modeled by a Gamma distribution characterized by the source mean rate and variance. We present in this paper an algorithm that allows the translation of the leaky-bucket parameters into the mean rate and variance needed for efficient video multiplexing. Therefore, for


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Visual Learning: Human Anatomy: An illustrated guide for all ages (Barron's Visual Learning) (Paperback)
Not on our shelves, but available to order.
Barron's new Visual Learning series breaks down complex science concepts into clear, captivating illustrations for the visual learner!
With large, colorful graphics, including maps, diagrams, and labeled illustrations and clear supporting text, Visual Learning: Human Anatomy is an invaluable resource for readers of all ages who want to learn science in an easy and engaging way.
Learn key Anatomy topics including:
- Body systems and tissues overview
- Cell structure and skin
- Skeleton and joints
- Muscular system
- Nervous system and senses
- Cardiovascular system
- Immune/lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine system, and more
About the Author
About the Author
Ken Ashwell, Ph.D. (Sydney, Australia)
Dr. Ashwell is a professor of anatomy in the School of Medical Sciences at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He has been teaching anatomy to medical, healthcare, exercise, and science students for more than 30 years, and maintains an active involvement in research on brain development and brain evolution.
About the Publisher
In the 1930s, Manuel H. Barron opened a bookstore in Brooklyn, New York.
People from the community asked Mr. Barron about books that might be available to help their children study for the New York State Regents exams. After realizing there wasn't anything available, Mr. Barron created his own study guides.
80 years later, Barron's has helped millions of people prepare for their next step.


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Home / Kid's Yoga Lesson Plans / Outer Space Adventure Based Yoga Lesson Plan Outer Space Adventure Based Yoga Lesson Plan$7.00 Kids Yoga Adventure Story lesson plan for an Outer Space exploration! Pretend to go on an adventure that is outof- thisworld and filled with movement and fun. A fully scripted yoga lesson plan in digital PDF format for kids that includes: 20 full-sized yoga poses and descriptions Introduction Warm-up activity Breathing/mindfulness activity Opening questions and facts Fully scripted adventure story with how to do each pose Visual sequence of the poses in order Guided meditation Art activity Teaching tips Everything you need to teach a 30-60 min kids yoga lesson to children ages 5-13! A fun way to learn about or expand your knowledge on outer space and the solar system through movement, mindfulness, and fun! Outer Space Adventure Based Yoga Lesson Plan quantity — OR — Add to cart Category: Kid's Yoga Lesson Plans Description Reviews (0) Description Are you teaching your students about the solar system or outer space? Would you like to learn a little about outer space with your kiddos while practicing movement, yoga, and mindfulness? Check out this fun adventure story lesson plan that goes out of this world to learn about the solar system! Use this lesson plan at a school, library, studio, at home, or in any setting where you work with kids. This is a full kids yoga lesson plan, recommended for ages 5-13. It is good for such a wide range of kids because there are lots of question prompts of varying levels and tons of material that you can add or omit depending on the age of kids. The lesson can last from 20-60 minutes, or more, depending on how much you choose to include. The Outer Space Adventure themed kids yoga lesson has a greeting, introduction, breathing/mindfulness activity, warm-up activity, game, scripted story of the adventure with yoga poses woven in, images of the kids yoga poses, guided meditation in resting pose, plus an optional craft activities at the end! Everything is written out in easy-to-read language for teaching kids of any age. Your downloadable lesson comes with 20 yoga poses within the lesson plan, AND in full-size printable format, plus pose descriptions. The entire document is 40 printable pages. This is a digital download in PDF format; please make sure you have the software to use this product. You will NOT receive a physical copy in the mail. Reviews There are no reviews yet. Be the first to review "Outer Space Adventure Based Yoga Lesson Plan" Cancel replyYour rating * Rate… Perfect Good Average Not that bad Very poor Your review *Name * Email * Δ This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Related products Kids Yoga Lesson Plan – My Many Colored Days0 out of 5 $7.00 Add to cart Kids Yoga Lesson Plan – The Giving Tree0 out of 5 $7.00 Add to cart Kids Yoga Lesson Plan – The Great Kapok Tree0 out of 5 $7.00 Add to cart Kids Yoga Lesson Plan–Journey by Aaron Becker0 out of 5 $7.00 Add to cart
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The migration of the naturally derived antimicrobial (AM) agents, linalool, carvacrol, and thymol, from\ud low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films containing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer into the food simulants,\ud isooctane and various ethanol/water mixtures, was studied with a view towards examining the applicability of a\ud first-order kinetic approach as well as a diffusion model approach for describing these systems. The results suggest\ud that the proposed models adequately describe the release of AM agents. The combination of kinetic and diffusion\ud analyses can provide additional information about the release process using the same data set. The analyses suggest\ud that the release of linalool from LDPE/EVA depends on the EVA content in the formulation and that an optimum\ud level of EVA is required to minimize the rate of release. A modification of the existing "idealized diffusion" model\ud is proposed that enables the model to be applied to systems that demonstrate a departure fromlinearity when subjected\ud to conventional analysis. The applicability of the idealized diffusion modelwas compared with the "simulantlimited"\ud model and the results suggest that the formermodel is appropriate for describing most real systems when\ud the simulant (or foodstuff) is favored in the partitioning of the AM agent between the film and the simulant
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.


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Cells are the ultimate ensemble cast members, but they can also deliver soliloquies—if the cells ever get the chance to have the stage to themselves. To give individual cells their turn in the spotlight, an international team of scientists has built a sort of microfluidic theatre, complete with a gold-coated glass stage and a nanoplasmonic lighting system.
With the right stage management, individual cells can be induced to reveal their innermost motivations, the signals they would transmit to other cells while playing their parts—heroic or otherwise—in dramas as varied as infection, immune disorders, inflammation, sepsis, and cancer. By listening intently to cells and designing the appropriate therapeutic interventions, scientists may be able to direct cellular actors toward happier endings.
That's the hope that has been expressed by scientists based at RMIT University in Australia, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in Lausanne. These scientists reported that they have developed an optofluidic device that contains a chamber that is around one one-thousandth the size of a raindrop.
The chamber accepts a single cell, which may then be observed in real time while its environment remains undisturbed by molecular labels, which are common in other venues such as fluorescenceand colorimetric-based systems, and which tend to interfere with cell integrity and compromise temporal resolution. Without these distractions, a cell's chemical secretions come through more clearly and continuously.
Details appeared May 28 in the journal small, in an article entitled "Label-Free Optofluidic Nanobiosensor Enables Real-Time Analysis of Single-Cell Cytokine Secretion." This article describes what happened after the cellular casting call went out to single lymphoma cells, which were evaluated for cytokine secretion, which the scientists noted, must be monitored if the heterogeneity of cellular functionalities is to be understood, and if novel therapies for multiple diseases are to be developed.
"An innovative label-free optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor is introduced for single-cell analysis in real time," the article's authors wrote. "The nanobiosensor incorporates a novel design of a multifunctional microfluidic system with small volume microchamber and regulation channels for reliable monitoring of cytokine secretion from individual cells for hours."
The biosensor was shown to work for 12 hours straight, but it could, the authors argued, function much longer, offering researchers a powerful and innovative selection tool.
"Different interleukin-2 secretion profiles are detected and distinguished from single lymphoma cells," the article continued. "The sensor configuration combined with optical spectroscopic imaging further allows us to determine the spatial single-cell secretion fingerprints in real time."
The nanophotonic biosensor developed by the researchers is a glass slide coated with a thin gold film, perforated with billions of nanopores arranged in a precise pattern. A small chamber, whose walls are made of porous membranes, is placed above the slide. The chamber receives a steady flow of water and nutrients through tiny microfluidic channels. Temperature and humidity are carefully regulated. The device contains valves that let scientists insert a cell into the chamber, in which ligands or antibodies are positioned to recognize and capture specific molecules secreted by the cell.
A broadband light source shines on the chamber. Thanks to an optical phenomenon called plasmons, the nanopores let only one light-wave frequency or color through. When a cell secretes a molecule, it attaches to the antibodies, thereby changing the frequency transmitted by the nanopores. This is how minutes of specific molecules can be identified.
Developed by the Australian–Swiss research team, the technology offers researchers unprecedented insights into how individual cells behave—something that scientists are discovering is far more complex than previously thought.
"We know a lot about how groups of cells communicate to fight disease or respond to infections but we still have a lot to learn about individual cells," said Arnan Mitchell, Ph.D., director of RMIT's MicroNano Research Facility. "Studies have recently shown that you can take two cells of the same type and give them the same treatment, but they will respond very differently.
"We don't know enough about the underlying mechanisms to understand why this happens and we don't have the right technologies to help scientists figure it out. Our solution to this challenge is a complete package—an integrated optofluidic biosensor that can isolate single cells and monitor the chemicals they produce in real-time over at least 12 hours.
"It's a powerful new tool that will give us a deeper fundamental understanding of cell communication and behavior. These insights will open the way to develop radically new methods for diagnosing and treating disease."
Human cells communicate that something is wrong in complex and dynamic ways, producing various chemical substances that signal to other cells what they need to do. When an infection is detected, for example, white blood cells will spring into action and release special proteins to fight and eliminate the intruders.
Understanding how individual cells interact and communicate is critical to developing new therapies for serious diseases, to better harness the power of the body's own immune system or precisely target defective cells.
The new biosensor has many potential applications. For example, it could be used to identify the most aggressive cancer cells in a tumor and decide exactly which treatment to administer to the patient.


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How Does a Garbage Truck Work?by Dale Devries
In 1938 the Load Packer was introduced by Garwin Industries, which revolutionized the sanitation industry. It was the first true compacting garbage truck. The trucks at that point could carry twice as much as before because they could compact the trash while driving through the city. By the 1950s there were many of these garbage trucks in use, and other manufacturers also started making them. By the late 1950s and early 1960s they started to manufacture industrial-strength compacting trucks. These trucks could handle larger objects and compacted better, allowing them a 25 percent larger load.
How the Compactor Works
The trucks are loaded by sanitation engineers along neighborhood streets. The trash is loaded into a hopper in the back of the truck of rear loaders. Hydraulic cylinders operate the compacting mechanism, which takes the trash out of the hopper and places it into the body of the truck. As more trash is placed into the body, the more it gets compacted. Because the compacting unit is on the outside of the body of the truck, it keeps the trash from falling out of the truck when it is full or moving. When the truck is full the driver takes the trash to the dump. The rear of the truck tilts up like a dump truck and the hydraulic cylinders move the compacting panels out of the way. The trash is then dumped out of the truck and the back hosed out.
Other Types of Garbage Trucks
There have been many variations of the garbage truck since its invention. The front-loading truck has a hopper in the front of the truck at about waist level to the workers. They load into the hopper and it takes the garbage up over the top of the truck and dumps it into the body. It is then compacted and this truck dumps the same as the rear loader. Recycling trucks also come in various versions. Some are side loaders in which the hoppers are on the sides and lift up into the truck. Some have separate hoppers for each type of recyclable material. There is even one type that has a robotic arm that grabs the can from the side of the street, goes up a conveyor, dumps the material and places the can back on the street. This is a similar operation to the commercial garbage bins you see outside of restaurants and other businesses. These trucks normally collect the bin from in front of the truck, lift it over the truck and dump into the body of the truck. These types of trucks take away the need for more workers.


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Susanti, Triana (2004) Illocutionary acts "In the telltale nations". Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this repository.
Communication between people may not often run smoothly as expected. It happens because the hearer does not know exactly what the speaker means. The research is interested in analyzing speech acts, which takes an important rule in communication, especially in illocutionary acts. For the data, the writer chooses legal English TV Series?The Telltale Nations? season seven episode six. Because there are many illocutionary acts that can be found in conversations between the participants in the courtroom. The scope of her study is pragmatics and she uses Searle (1969) is theory. The writer also uses World Wide Web to search the transcript for the data. For collecting the data, the writer transcribed the film and to classify the utterances she used types of illocutionary acts like in the theory. In addition, to analyze the data the writer identified several different courtroom scenes. After that she analyzed the utterances based on the context, and illocutionary acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives types are found in every scene. As a conclusion, the writer concludes that the language used in the courtroom which may contain stating utterance is the dominant type because a defendant in the legal court must make a good argument for supporting his or her claim of not being guilty and, try to avoid accusation by rejecting it of being guilty by making alibi.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Bachelor)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||illocutionary acts, the taletale nations|
|Date Deposited:||23 Mar 2011 18:48|
|Last Modified:||30 Mar 2011 10:19|
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Objective: Opioid-based analgesia is routinely used in clinical practice for the management of pain and alleviation of suffering at the end of life. It is well-known that opioid-based medications can be highly addictive, promoting not only abuse but also life-threatening overdoses. The scope of opioid-related adverse events (AEs) beyond these well-known effects remains poorly described. This exploratory analysis investigates potential AEs from drug-drug interactions between opioid and nonopioid medications (ODIs).
Materials and methods: In this study, we conduct an initial exploration of the association between ODIs and severe AEs using millions of AE reports available in FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). The odds ratio (OR)-based analysis and visualization are proposed for single drugs and pairwise ODIs to identify associations between AEs and ODIs of interest. Moreover, the multilabel (multi-AE) learning models are employed to evaluate the feasibility of AE prediction of polypharmacy.
Results: The top 12 most prescribed opioids in the FAERS are identified. The OR-based analysis identifies a diverse set of AEs associated with individual opioids. Moreover, the results indicate many ODIs can increase the risk of severe AEs dramatically. The area under the curve values of multilabel learning models of ODIs for oxycodone varied between 0.81 and 0.88 for 5 severe AEs.
Conclusions: The proposed data analysis and visualization are useful for mining FAERS data to identify novel polypharmacy associated AEs, as shown for ODIs. This approach was successful in recapitulating known drug interactions and also identified new opioid-specific AEs that could impact prescribing practices.
Keywords: adverse drug effects; opioid; opioid-drug interaction.
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association.


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UK-Teaching and learning key skills
The importance of developing skills that enable individuals to improve the quality of their learning, work and performance has long been on the educational agenda and is now firmly embedded within the 14-19 agenda.
Importance of Key Skills Employers have taken a lead in promoting the need for schools and colleges to equip young people with skills such as the ability to communicate effectively, to know how to solve a problem and to work confidently with others.
A knowledge base is important but in an increasingly competitive and changing market the ability to demonstrate such skills provides an individual with a pathway into more sustainable employment. Equally, for those individuals progressing onto further or higher education, there is a growing recognition that in order to succeed, individuals need to be able to apply, with increasing autonomy, a range of interpsersonal, language, numeracy and IT skills.
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Un-Book Clubs and Un-Conferences
lead to Un-Leading
Sandy Cameli, EdD • Educational Specialist • Hawaii Dept. of Education
Anymore, Leadership has become an embedded component of the Educational landscape for teachers, and to suggest otherwise may seem absurd, even ludicrous to some. Yet, ask most educators what the term Teacher Leader conjures up and they still fall back on traditional titles like mentor, coach, coordinator or chair. However, it's the day-to-day, informal gatherings, impromptu conversations and un-leading that move initiatives and people forward - and, usually by someone other than a designated leader. Below are some examples of how non-traditional leading can be highly effective while adding value to the profession through innovative interactions.
Inspired by the work of former colleagues, the concept of an Un-Book Club takes the pressure of the one-size-fits-all book club off of participants' already full plates, and opens up conversations to authentic, relevant discussions with goals and outcomes applicable to all. The basic premise starts with an idea, theme or issue proposed ahead of time to participants, then when the group gathers to discuss said topic, peers share a reading, TED talk, podcast, conference take-away or own experience (the list is endless) with colleagues. Dialogs often start with the whole group and then break into spinoffs, or simultaneous discussions, based on the trajectory or momentum of the conversation. Depending upon time constraints or scheduling, the group can wrap-up a sessions with summary statements and next-steps proposed to continue the dynamic exchange of ideas. George Bernard Shaw's quote sums up an Un-Book Club:
Un-Sessions for Professional Development
Loosely based on the concept of Un-Conferences and Open-Space Technology events, an Un-Session imbeds the tenets of choice, time and ownership into professional learning opportunities. For educators unfamiliar with the structure of a full Un-Conference, the Un-Session introduces participants to the ideology and practice through a snapshot experience. Topics are generated on-the-spot and drive the direction of discussions; interactions are fluid and follow the law-of-two-feet principle; and the range of participants' takeaways can be as specific or general as desired. For teacher leaders, participation in an Un-Session models an effective way of engaging colleagues at the school level, while invigorating (possibly dry) professional learning experiences. And, while participants may initially be weary of the activity and outcomes, most find ways to incorporate the practice into their own learning environments once exposed to the range of possibilities!
Un-Leading as a Teacher Leader
Sheryl Sandberg, FaceBook's COO, has been quoted with stating, "Leadership is about making others better as a result of your presence, and making sure that impact lasts in your absence"; not unlike Thomas Carruthers who also shared, "A teacher is one who makes himself progressively unnecessary". In both statements, the ultimate goal is for the leader to help the followers find their own way by setting up opportunities for success and ongoing growth - even after one's original influence has passed. Likewise, teacher leaders - many of whom prefer to remain in the classroom or at the school level rather than pursue administration - are eager to share insights, innovation and enthusiasm with others who value common goals.
So in order to lead - or in this case un-lead - one must first identify goals and outcomes for professional growth. By determining a starting-point, a teacher leader can expand his/her wings into opportunities which will influence others, while adhering to the philosophy of: Leadership is never about the role, it's always about the goal!
Queries to ponder for Un-Leaders:
- Who else is willing to share expertise and collaborate for professional growth?
- Where can I find opportunities to showcase best practices, while also adding others' talents to my own bag of tricks?
- As I identify effective leadership traits in others, what skills/experiences can I incorporate into my own work to hone these attributes?
- How can I broaden my communication skills to include various audiences and situations?
- Where can I experience structures/models for effective learning in order to replicate at my own school level?
By beginning with queries, similar to those above, an individual will start to seek out resources and opportunities to grow, and, expand one's circle to incorporate networking with other like-minded professionals. From there, the lead-by-example model filters through a school or learning environment for others to observe, emulate and eventually begin their own query journey.
Un-Leading may not be common in the lexicon of educational conversations, but un-leading is easily visible in dialogs between colleagues, debates within professional circles and think-tank-type discussions aimed to move learning forward. And, if un-leading can support, empower and validate one's ability to advocate for stellar educational experiences, then let's not let syntax or language rules get in the way!