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Deputy Director Job NGO Kenya
Position: Deputy Country director, Somalia Mission.
Action contre la Faim (ACF) was founded by a group of prominent French figures in response to the emergency caused by Afghan refugees fleeing to Pakistan to escape fighting in 1979, with the aim of eradicating hunger in a more global, lasting and effective way worldwide.
The organisation focuses its activities on an integrated approach, taking various aspects into account: "Nutrition, health and healthcare practices", "Food security and livelihoods", "Water, sanitation and hygiene" and "Advocacy and awareness-raising"
Location: Somalia mission based on Nairobi
Incorporation date: April 2011
Overall Objectives:
Continuous analysis of the humanitarian context and definition of strategic programming:
* Collect Information and analysis from external sources and from technical coordinators
* Ensure information is analyzed and provide relevant future propositions for geographic and sectoral interventions throughout the country to Country Director (CD) in a timely fashion.
* Identify humanitarian needs, brief the mission team and design potential responses within the operational country strategy
* Lead the definition of the framework and orientation of strategic programming in collaboration with the CD and the Desk
* Contribute to the identification of potential funding opportunities
* Produce the program related part of the mission situation report
* Contribute to the design and implementation of the Missions advocacy strategy
Overall management of implementation, design and reporting of Somalia programs
* Initiate and supervise design and development of WASH and Food Security programs in Somalia until such Programs would require dedicated HR
* Ensure integration and synergy of ACF programming at coordination and base level through promotion of regular coordination meetings and information sharing between field and coordination office
* Ensure program objectives are met and timelines, budgets, donor guidelines are respected by the Program Staff and Coordinators
* Ensure APR are delivered on a monthly basis for each project
* Compilation and pre-final validation of programmes sections of proposals and reports (donors and authorities).
* Supervise the design and implementation of tools to launch needs assessments and initiate new programs in a remote management setup
* Supervise the design and implementation of tools and procedures to monitor and evaluate ACF field activities in a remote management setup.
* Extensively train and coach Base Officers on ACF programming approach, PCM and program monitoring tools
* Lead ACF technical planning for contingency and emergency response programs with other stakeholders
* Liaise and coordinate with stakeholders on ACF activities when necessary
Human Resources Management and Capacity Building
* Provide training and guidance to all program staff on operational management of programs
* Contribute to the career development for Program Staff in collaboration with the HR department in order to identify needs of training and develop training plans
* Conduct regular evaluations of Technical Coordinators / Program Managers and contribute to regular evaluations of Base Officers (in collaboration with CD)
* Revise all job descriptions for technical positions in collaboration with coordinators and CD as needed
* Deliver induction to all incoming staff on projects' status and background country program strategy
* Overall responsible for providing the Human Resources Budgeting input to the HR Coordo with the support of the technical coordinators
* Initiate disciplinary measures where needed in accordance with HR regulations and under the authority of CD
Acting CD in the absence of the CD
* Be the acting CD in his/her absence and ensure the continuation of overall mission management under direct supervision of the Desk Officer.
* Participate in the management of Mission Security & Safety in conjunction with the Security Coordinator and under direct supervision of the Desk Officer.
* Be the focal point at mission level for external contacts such as Partners, Stakeholders, Donors and Media in the absence of the CD.
* Significant experience in humanitarian and emergency/early recovery program management.
* Minimum 5 years humanitarian work in developing or emergency context.
* Minimum 3 years humanitarian experience in a senior management / coordination role.
* Experience with ACF is desirable
* Excellent human resource management skills.
* Advanced knowledge of donors' guidelines/procedures.
* Experienced in working with private funding and foundations.
* Excellent organizational, leadership and motivation/training skills.
* Able to set own deadlines and meet them consistently.
* Proven experience in proposal writing and budget development.
* Fluent in oral and written English (professional English required).
* Excellent communication skills.
* Excellent writing and analytical skills.
* Excellent training skills – proven competencies in providing Training of Trainers
* Excellent business management and representation competencies.
* Long-term contract, provided by ACF according to the French legislation.
* All expenses paid on the field: travel out/return, collective or individual accommodation depending on position, meals and hygiene expenses
* ACF will pay for the family living depending on position and mission
* Program Managers: Monthly salary ranging from €1800 to €2425 (depending on relevant experience)
* Allowance of €200 paid on the mission
* Social benefits: Medical, life and accident insurance provided by the institution
* 25 days of annual paid leaves
* 20 days of extra leaves per year (taken as recovery time breaks of one week every 2 or 4 months depending on the mission) + break allowances
* Pre departure training of two weeks, at the HQ in Paris
How to apply
Please, send your CV and cover letter to Camille DARDE under references DEPUTYCD-0211:
Closing date: 22 Apr 2011
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Eid Mubarak: What to do in Istanbul over the Bayram
qurban bayram in turkey
Eid al-Adha is the day that marks the conclusion of Hajj, which is a kind of compulsory pilgrimage for all capable Muslims. The festival of Eid al-Adha is expected to be celebrated on 21 July 2021 and so the holidays in Turkey begin on the 19th of this month. This four-and-a-half day is considered to be the longest national holiday in Turkey where many natives combine the weekend's preceding and following the holiday to take their vacation.
Importance of Qurban Bayram
Though primarily remembered for its long-standing tradition of animal sacrifice, Qurban Bayram in Turkey is a time for connecting with family and the community as a whole, as well as empathy and charity.
1) Feast of Sacrifice:
The Feast of the Sacrifice commemorates Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael to show his faithfulness to Allah. This festival is all about charity and community. The majority of Turks as the tradition sacrifice a farm animal for consumption during this festival and distribute it among their neighbors, friends, and those in need.
2) Traditions:
The whole city lights up with bright lights, and people especially kids are dressed in colorful dresses while visiting their relatives. This is a tradition where young children go to their elders, kiss their hand, and wish them a happy Bayram, in exchange, the elders gift them a small amount of money to buy their favorite toys and sweets.
3) Busy City:
The nightlife in Istanbul literally balloons up during the Bayram. The streets of Taksim, Besiktas, or Kadıkoy will be filled with sugar-rushed holiday revelers. Moreover, this is the time where public transportation will be supremely busy in Istanbul.
4) Best time to hang out:
You get a lot of delicious food during the Bayram, and this is the best to take your friends and go embrace the chaotic city or even visit the beauty of the rural area.
Places to Visit while Celebrating Eid holidays in Istanbul:
1) Grand Bazaar:
One of the largest and oldest covered markets in the entire world.
2) Süleymaniye Mosque:
This mosque is one of the most popular sights in Instanbul, made by Sultan Suleyman.
3) Hagia Sophia:
First used to be a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral, then converted to an Ottoman mosque, and now it is known to be one of the most popular museums in the world.
4) Prince Island:
A series of quaint and picturesque islands in the Marmara Sea.
5) 360 Istanbul:
Known for its great food, design, and atmosphere.
6) Trip to Antalya:
This coastal city is the second most visited city in Turkey and is known as the gateway to Turquoise Beach or the Turkish Riviera.
7) Taksim Square:
The city's main pedestrian boulevard, connected to a huge web of side streets that contain rooftop restaurants, bars, antique shops, etc.
8) Topkapi Palace:
A complex of kiosks and pavilions was the principal residence of sultans.
Istanbul is one of the most beautiful world's great cities and therefore there are so many wonderful reasons why you should visit this city this Eid.
Happy Eid and Happy Holidays!
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Turn A Photo Into A Collage Of Polaroids With Photoshop
In this Photoshop Effects tutorial, we'll learn how to take a single photograph and turn it into a collage of polaroids, with each polaroid containing a small section of the overall image.
You can use this effect with lots of different types of images, whether it's a photo of one person or several people. It's great for photos of family or friends, vacation photos, or even as a creative effect for wedding photography. This is a very easy photo collage effect to create, and as we'll see later in the tutorial, much of the work is simply repeating the same few steps over and over again until you're happy with the results.
This version of the tutorial is for Photoshop CS5 and earlier. Photoshop CS6 and CC (Creative Cloud) users will want to follow along with our fully updated Collage Of Polaroids tutorial.
Here's the image that I'll be working with in this Photoshop tutorial:
And here's what the image will look like when we're done:
This tutorial is from our Photo Effects series. Let's get started!
Step 1: Duplicate The Background Layer
The first thing we need to do for this effect is duplicate our Background layer. With our image open in Photoshop, we can see in the Layers palette that we currently have just one layer, the Background layer, which contains our original image:
To quickly duplicate the layer, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+J (Win) / Command+J (Mac). Photoshop creates a copy of the Background layer for us, names it "Layer 1", and places it above our Background layer in the Layers palette:
Step 2: Add A New Blank Layer Between The Two Layers
Next, we need to add a new blank layer between our Background layer and the copy of it that we just created. Currently the copy is selected in the Layers palette (we can tell the layer is selected because it's highlighted in blue). Normally when we add a new layer, Photoshop places the new layer above the layer that's currently selected, but we want our new layer below "Layer 1", not above it. To tell Photoshop to place the new layer below "Layer 1", hold down your Ctrl (Win) / Command (Mac) key and then click on the New Layer icon at the bottom of the Layers palette:
Photoshop adds a new blank layer named "Layer 2" between "Layer 1" and the original Background layer:
Step 3: Fill The New Layer With Black
We're going to use black as the background for our effect, so let's reset our Foreground and Background colors if needed by pressing D on your keyboard. This sets black as your Foreground color and white as your Background color, as we can see in the Foreground and Background color swatches near the bottom of the Tools palette:
Now with black as our Foreground color and the new blank layer selected in the Layers palette, let's fill the new layer with black using the keyboard shortcut Alt+Backspace (Win) / Option+Delete (Mac). Nothing will appear to have happened to the image itself, and that's because "Layer 1", which contains a copy of our original image, is blocking "Layer 2" from view. But if we look at Layer 2's thumbnail in the Layers palette, we can see that we've filled the layer with black:
Step 4: Add A New Blank Layer
With "Layer 2" (the layer we just filled with black) selected, click once again on the New Layer icon at the bottom of the Layers palette:
Photoshop will add a new blank layer between the black-filled layer and the copy of the original image above it:
Step 5: Drag Out A Rectangular Selection As The Inside Of Your First Polaroid
Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool either from the Tools palette or by pressing M on your keyboard:
Then, with the Rectangular Marquee Tool selected, drag out a selection inside your image which will become the inside of the first polaroid (the part which contains the photo). I'm going to drag my selection around the baby's face. It doesn't really matter where you make this selection since you'll be able to move it anywhere you like later:
Step 6: Fill The Selection With Black
We need to fill the selection with black at this point. Technically, it doesn't matter which color we fill the selection with, but to keep things simple and since black is currently our Foreground color, let's use black. Make sure you have the new blank layer selected in the Layers palette, and then use the keyboard shortcut Alt+Backspace (Win) / Option+Delete (Mac) to fill the selection with the Foreground color, which is set to black. Again, nothing seems to have happened in the document, and that's because the image on "Layer 1" at the top is still blocking everything else from view, but if we look at the thumbnail for the blank layer in the Layers palette, we can see that the selected area has indeed been filled with black:
Step 7: Create A Clipping Mask From The Filled Selection
We're going to use the selection we just filled with black to create what's called a clipping mask for the layer above it. What this means is that the layer above it, "Layer 1" which contains the copy of our image, is going to be "clipped" by our filled selection on the layer below it. In other words, the only part of the image on "Layer 1" that will remain visible is the part directly above the section filled with black. The rest of the image will become hidden from view.
To create our clipping mask, click on "Layer 1" to select it in the Layers palette. Then go up to the Layer menu at the top of the screen and select Create Clipping Mask. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Alt+Ctrl+G (Win) / Option+Command+G (Mac). Either way, Photoshop "clips" the image on "Layer 1", keeping only the area above the black-filled shape below it visible and hiding the rest of the image, revealing our black background on "Layer 2" in its place:
If we look in the Layers palette now, we can see that "Layer 1" is indented to the right with a small arrow pointing downward on the left. This indicates that the layer is being clipped by the layer below it:
Step 8: Add Another New Blank Layer Above "Layer 2"
We need to add another new layer, and we need it between the black-filled layer ("Layer 2") and the layer containing our filled selection ("Layer 3"). To do that, click on "Layer 2" to select it and then click once again on the New Layer icon at the bottom of the Layers palette:
Photoshop adds the new layer between "Layer 2" and "Layer 3" and names it, surprisingly enough, "Layer 4":
Step 9: Drag Out Another Rectangular Selection As The Border Of The Polaroid
With your Rectangular Marquee Tool still selected, drag out another rectangular selection, this time around the outside of the original selection, which will become the white border of the polaroid. Keep in mind that polaroid photos have some extra space at the bottom of the border, so add some extra space at the bottom of your selection:
Step 10: Fill The Selection With White
Since the border of a polaroid is usually white, let's fill our selection with white. Make sure that you have the new blank layer, "Layer 4", selected in the Layers palette. Then, since white is currently our Background color, let's use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Backspace (Win) / Command+Delete (Mac) to fill the selection with the Background color (white). Press Ctrl+D (Win) / Command+D (Mac) when you're done to deselect the selection. We now have our first polaroid in our image:
Step 11: Add A Drop Shadow Layer Style
We have our first polaroid, and we're going to use it to easily create as many polaroids as we want. But before we do anything else, let's add a slight drop shadow to it. We won't be able to see the drop shadow just yet, since we're using a black background, but we will see it once we start piling polaroids on top of each other. To add our drop shadow, with "Layer 4" selected, click on the Layer Styles icon at the bottom of the Layers palette:
Select Drop Shadow from the list of layer styles:
This brings up Photoshop's "Layer Style" dialog box set to the Drop Shadow options in the middle column. I'm going to set my shadow Angle to about 120° and then lower the Opacity value at the top all the way down to about 30% so my shadow isn't too intense:
Click OK to exit out of the Layer Style dialog box. As I said, we won't be able to see the drop shadow just yet thanks to our black background, but don't worry. We'll see it soon enough.
Step 12: Rotate The Polaroid
I'm going to rotate my polaroid to add a bit more interest to it. In order to do that, I need to select both layers in my Layers palette which make up my polaroid. I already have "Layer 4" selected, which makes up the outside of it, but I also need "Layer 3" selected, which makes up the inside, so with "Layer 4" selected, I'm going to hold down my Shift key and click on "Layer 3", which will select both

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The quote "knowledge is power" applies to fashion, too. You don't have to be a scholar to look fashionable, but the more you know about the fashion terminologies, the better you get a grip on your style. Because we believe 'fashion' is an expression that should be communicated with appearance and words. Here, we have picked 15 fashion terms that all men should know about.
Let's dig into it one by one.
Related Post: 89 Best Fashion Quotes For Men In 2020
15 Fashion Terminologies That All Men Should Know :
1. Prêt-à-porter :
Ready to wear or Prêt-à-porter often abbreviated as RTW, "off-the-rack" or "off-the-peg"( in casual use). This is a term usually used for factory-made clothing that is sold in finished condition and in standardized sizes. In the fashion industry, ready-to-wear clothing is mass-produced without having any significant alteration. In order to keep the sizes and fits the same for most people, standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques are used to keep the costs low, compared to a custom-sewn version of the same item.
2. Haute Couture :
Haute translates literally to "high" and Couture translates from French as "dressmaking", sewing, or needlework. Haute couture is the term for high-end fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish. Haute couture garments are made from high-quality, expensive, often unusual fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most experienced sewers.
Haute couture garments are always made for individual clients, tailored specifically for the wearer's measurements and body. Today in modern France, haute couture is a protected name that may not be used by any firm that doesn't meet certain well-defined standards.
3. Avant-Garde :
This French word avant-garde is used for people or work that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. Across every creative field, from the fine arts to music, there is invariably an avant-garde movement, and Fashion is no different.
However, the use of this term avant-garde is slightly misleading. It literally means, "ahead of the guard"; but, in the context of the arts, it doesn't imply being ahead of trends. In fact, to be considered avant-garde is to exist outside of the established norms and confines of a discipline. Avant-garde designers are not ahead of trends—they're immune to them.
4. Atelier :
Atelier refers to a private workshop or studio of a professional artist, where a principal master and a number of assistants, students, and apprentices can work together producing pieces of fine art or visual art released under the master's name or supervision. Let's not forget this is essential among fashion terms that all men should know about.
5. Bespoke :
Bespoke is derived from the verb bespeak, meaning to "speak for something". However, in Fashion its contemporary usage as an adjective that has changed from describing first tailor-made suits and shoes, and later, anything commissioned to a particular specification (altered or tailored to the customs, tastes, or usage of an individual buyer), and finally to a general marketing and branding concept implying exclusivity and limited runs.
6. Black Tie :
The Black tie is a semi-formal Western dress code for evening events. This dress code is often referred to as the dinner suit or dinner jacket. The suit is a black, midnight blue, or white two or three-piece suit, distinguished by satin or grosgrain lapels and similar stripes along the outseam of the trousers. It is usually worn with a white dress shirt with standing or turndown collar, cufflinks, black bow tie, a waistcoat or a cummerbund, and black patent leather dress shoes.
7. White Tie :
The White tie is called a full evening dress or a dress suit, which is the most formal in the traditional evening western dress codes. It consists of a black dress coat with tails worn over a white shirt, Piqué waistcoat, and a white bow tie worn around a standing wingtip collar. High-waisted black trousers and patent leather oxford or optionally court shoes perfectly complete the outfit. Sometimes accessories like a top hat, white gloves, a white scarf, a pocket watch, and a boutonnière add some extra points to it.
8. Silhouette :
A Silhouette is basically a dark shape or an outline of something. In fashion terminology, it is the outline of an outfit. It is a commonly used term among fashion terms that all men should know about. A few popularly known silhouettes are Straight, regular, asymmetrical, etc. When you wear the right silhouette based on your body type, it can work pretty well for your body frame.
9. Ensemble :
Yet another Fashion term borrowed from the French is Ensemble, it is essentially something where all parts are counted together. The French word, ensemble is a common term used by couturiers and Fashion designers. It's not unusual if you might have heard or read it before. In simple words, Ensemble is a term that is referred to as an entire outfit as a whole, which also includes accessories, jewelry, etc. It is one of the most popular fashion terms that all men should know about.
10. High Street Fashion :
When we say High street Fashion, it comes from the UK. It is different from couture, and as the term suggests, it literally means clothes picked from the UK high street or a main street in any city. These are mostly brands that mass-produce clothes that are more affordable. High street fashion is used on a day to day basis in Britain, they are mostly ready-to-wear and switch every season.
11. Faux :
The next among fashion terms that all men should know about, is "Faux". Yet another term that comes from the French. It translates to fake, or imitation. Like Faux Fur or Faux Diamonds, mean it's an imitation of the real one.
12. Fad :
A Fad is a trend that has short-lived popularity. They are trends that gain sudden and quick-spreading popularity. As opposed to classic trends that are always in Fashion, Fads come and go but never stay. It is another important term among fashion terms that all men should know about. These Fad fashion trends are always romanticized momentarily, but in reality, they don't last the test of time.
13. Dapper :
A dapper look essentially means a neat and trim appearance. It is a commonly used term among the various fashion terms that all men should know about. Among other discussed fashion terms, A "dapper" is typically used in conversation with men. It appeals to their dressing and appearance. It's also a term that describes the manners of a gentleman.
14. Vogue :
Most men would be familiar with the term "vogue". It essentially means the prevailing Fashion at the current time. When you hear the phrase, "something is in vogue" it means that it is in trend at that period of time. In Vogue, means Fashion in the particular season.
15. Suede :
Among all the fabrics, most men are familiar with Velvet, or Leather, but they often miss out on the essential "suede" It is a term used in generality to describe any fabric that has a velvet-like finish to it. You will find that most loafers or formal shoes and jackets in your closet would be made with this fabric.
These are a few among many fashion terms that all men should know about. These may not apply on a day-to-day basis, but they will help you shop better, or to recognize fashion in a better way. Have we missed out on any other commonly used Fashion terms for men? Let us know in the comments below.
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What Is the Tone of Voice in Advertising?
To effectively develop a brand through marketing, you must build your brand's personality. An important part of brand personality is the tone of voice in advertising. The tone of voice in marketing means not only what your advertisements say about your brand, but how they say it.
Because advertising tone of voice is meant to convey a brand's personality, a successful tone of voice will clearly communicate the values of your brand. For example, if you are selling home improvement supplies, you may want your brand's tone of voice to communicate that your company is competent, knowledgeable and helpful. If you are selling clothing to teens, the tone of voice might suggest that your brand is fun and popular.
Vocabulary, Grammar and Style
In both written and spoken advertising, the vocabulary, grammar and style you decide on will define your tone of voice. For instance, a friendly tone of voice might use a warm style of speaking and informal language and grammar. A company that wants to project its brand as knowledgeable might use a detached or professional style, proper grammar and more formal language.
Whatever tone of voice you want to represent your brand's personality, consistency is the single most important value in building it. Advertisements that deliver a consistent tone of voice build a believable brand personality that consumers feel they can trust. In contrast, advertisements that switch between contrasting tones of voice can create a sense of discomfort in consumers, just as unpredictable personalities can be alienating in real life.
Although consistency in tone of voice is crucial, it also is important to know when to vary your style within your brand's established tone of voice. For example, while your advertisements uniformly project a fun tone of voice, advertisements aimed at children might use one set of vocabulary, while those aimed at adults use another. Similarly, different types of media require somewhat different styles; you may find that a successful newspaper advertisement demands different grammar than an advertisement on a social media website.


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I have the same relay on a breadboard and in a perf board and it seems to be soldered together the same way. When it is in the breadboard, the relay and diode on its coil works.
If it works in one situation and not the other then it is not wired in the same way even though it "seems" to be. Otherwise physics falls apart and that will never do.
As you have the board only you can find out what is wrong but it is wired up wrong in the circuit that doesn't work.
any other trouble shooting approaches?
1) Use test equipment and be comfortable with what it is telling you.
2) Trace a signal from origin to the final component, where you fail to find it your mistake is between there and the last good point.
3) Never make a measurement without having an expectation of what the answer should be.
4) Get an oscilloscope and learn how to use it, electricity is invisible an oscilloscope is your eyes.
5) When something simply can not be happening it isn't. You are misinterpreting something.
6) Most important to learn - all the mistakes are yours - even after 45 years I can make a mistake wiring up.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Black Spots On Cats Gums
Posted on
Black pigment can be normal on the nose, lips, and gum tissue. When lentigo first appears in cats, it often pops up on the lips as tiny dots, before spreading to the eyelids, gums, and nose.
Im at my happiest when I can convince her to cuddle with
Small black spots that appear often appear on red cats lips or nose that can be up to 9 mm in diameter.
Black spots on cats gums. You will notice that the black spots develop on the upper parts of the dog's skin. Ginger and tortie cats often have black staining on mouth and gums, which is quite harmless. This pigmentation is especially common in orange tabby cats.
If this is the case and other are no other symptoms, you have nothing to worry about. Black spots on the gums in association with periodontal disease generally indicate that the teeth, roots of the teeth, or even the gums themselves are decaying. For more information on cancer as a possible cause of black gums in your older cat, you can contact dr.
Ideal cat gum color "when it comes to your cat's gums, the key is to think pink!" begins dr. This is only a concern if the color of the gums has changed suddenly. This is a harmless condition known as lentigo, and is perfectly normal.
Personally i'd get your cats to the vet for a quick check up. They cause the cats no harm; The darkness on the gums is just freckles.
Is your cat a tortoiseshell, orange tabby, flame point or calico? Any cat that has the genes for red coloring frequently develops black "freckles". As the cat ages, more black pigment is deposited many times around or inside the mouth, eyes and ea.
As the cat ages, the spots will become more widespread and may grow larger. Often, a small cluster of spots will grow together to form a large patch of pigment. Hi again, and you're most welcome;
What diseases can affect the gums? Anecdotal evidence suggests that black tongue most likely is the result. Cat world explains that black spots that appear in a cat's mouth are caused by an increase in the number of melanocytes, or pigment producing cells.
If your cat's gums have recently turned black it probably has an infection, like gum disease or something. Have your cat examined by a veterinarian if these spots are a new finding or other symptoms appear. It is my pleasure to be of help to you and your kitty!
Your cat's gums should also not appear to be swollen. These are benign changes and cosmetic only. A number of people who keep cats are concerned that their cat has black gums.
Here is a veterinarian's guide for gum color in cats. A cats gums are supposed to be a pinkish red color. Unfortunately, unlike lentigo, black spots on the gums that signify periodontal disease are a serious sign that your cat's health is at risk.
Gum disease can affect cats of all stripes. While some cats may have been born with a few black spots on the gums here and there, if a cat's gums are mostly black or brown and are accompanied with bad breath, Flat, black spots can occur on the gums, especially in orange of silver cats.
A healthy cat will have firm pink gums, not an angry red, white, and/or black or brown color. Black tongue in cats can happen with injury, but it is more likely a result of an immune dysfunction which can be caused by yeast overgrowth or more serious infections. All my cats had small black bits around.
Alternatively you can have a quick chat with a vet online now, which is both a cost and time savings. Cats taken from the street often suffer from vitamin deficiencies, and the owners may not immediately understand what is the cause of lethargy and sleepiness of the pet. And part of the roof of his mouth is black too following a similar sort of pattern.
Pellagra in cats is manifested by points on the mucous membranes of the mouth, sometimes by the spots on the tongue, nose and ears. Gum disease, also known as gingivitis, is chronic inflammation of the gums that worsens over time and occurs where the tooth and gum come together, says dr. A few years back my abbie had small black spots around her mouth and was diagnosed with feline acne.
Called age spots, aging can also lead to black spots on the body of your dog. Some cats develop changes throughout their lives which can be completely normal, one of those is ginger cats who develop black spots on their gums and nose. The dog will secret melanin when exposed to the sun for long periods to protect its skin.
Black spots on dog's gums can also mean something is going on with your dog's health, which should be discussed with your vet soon. The ill cat has black dots on tongue. The color of a cat's gums can tell a lot about your pet's health.
Burmeselinda new cat chatter posts: Lentigo is an asymptomatic condition characterized by one (lentigo) or more (lentigines) flat macule(s) on the gums or lips or patch(es) of black skin. A common explanation for black gums in cats is lentigo simplex.
Jules benson, bvsc, and vp of veterinary services at petplan pet insurance. Black gums on a black cat aren't anything to worry about, but any gum changes should be reported to your veterinarian right away. If your cat has black spots on his gums he will mostly like be a ginger cat and will have the condition known as 'orange cat lentigo'.
This is a harmless condition, most commonly associated with older, orange felines. Take it to the vet right away. For some reason, orange cats are also prone to developing harmless freckles (known as lentigo simplex) on their noses, lips, gums and inside their mouths.
The literature does suggest the direct cause of black tongue by a specific agent like an injury or burn; Other causes of pigmentation can be secondary to bleeding/bruising, wounds, burns, and oral masses.
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Islam's Electoral Divide
How to reform the Islamic world will be among the topics NATO's leaders will discuss in Turkey next week. Both President Bush and the European Union have proposed bold democratization initiatives in the region. Can such initiatives succeed?
Islam and democracy are frequently presumed to be bitter antagonists. A careful study of the world's 47 Muslim-majority states, however, shows that Islam and democracy can and do co-exist. The real gap is narrower: it is the Arab world, not Islam, which seems at loggerheads with democracy.
This conclusion is based on comparing Muslim countries' "electoral competitiveness." If a government sprang from reasonably fair elections and the elected government is able to fill the most important political offices, the country is deemed "electorally competitive."
Electorally competitive countries are not necessarily democratic: some do not fully control the state's territory; others violate both their constitutions and human rights. But electoral competitiveness is always a necessary condition for democracy - and therefore a central consideration when evaluating a country's prospects for democratization.


Peace and purity: why sitting in the aircraft blue
Boarding can be quite a stressful event. Since you are very busy, you may not notice things like the color scheme of the cabin. This writes the Reader's Digest.
Спокойствие и чистота: почему сиденья в самолете синего цвета
Photo: Depositphotos
Next time, sitting in the plane, you will probably notice that all the seats blue. Of course, there are exceptions to this — for example, red Virgin Atlantic seat and a green seat on Aer Lingus, but in General the seats on the plane usually blue. So why is it so?
Blue easy to keep clean
Between flights typically don't have much time to clean the aircraft, so in the interests of the company to choose colors and fabrics that can withstand heavy traffic. According to Rishi Kapoor, the founder and CEO of Nanak Flight, a seat aircraft blue as stains on them less visible and clean them easier.
Blue — a calming color
Even if passengers do not experience obvious fear of flying, the whole process can cause anxiety even the most seasoned travelers. To counteract this, many airlines choose blue seat, because this color is soothing.
"Despite the fact that traveling by plane is statistically the safest way to travel, many passengers are still afraid to fly, says Kapoor. — This may seem a minor detail, but it helps to make the flight better."
Boeing said about the psychological factor used in the selection of colors during the design of the aircraft, noting that the color blue is associated with calmness. In addition, Boeing chooses the models for the walls of the cabin on the basis of those forms which occur in nature, because "these designs help to create a relaxing environment, such as outdoors," — said in a statement, the Virginia Tripp, the designer of Teague, studying the psychology of color.
It makes you feel better
In airplanes, usually two temperature mode: extremely cold (due to blasting air conditioning) or hot and stuffy. Airlines are struggling to keep cool in the plane and blue seats also play a role.
"Color can also influence the person's perception of humidity, temperature and flavor," explained Tripp. Not only that, the color blue makes people feel better, it also creates the impression of clean and fresh air.
Blue as part of the branding
Sarah Ratner, an expert from NerdWallet, says that in some cases the choice of blue for the seats the airline is just part of the company brand.
"Carriers typically use blue and red in their logos as a tribute to the United States, and the blue seats are a continuation of that," she explains. John Frigo, an expert on digital marketing, says that the color blue inspires confidence is a very important aspect of branding — so many dentists, banks and financial companies use blue color in your logo or color scheme.
Color Psychology, web site which explains the meaning of different colors, confirms this, noting that the blue color helps to instill a sense of trust, reliability and confidence. In addition, a study conducted in 2011 in the journal of the Academy of marketing Sciences showed that the blue color is also associated with competence — which is incredibly important for airlines, given that we give their lives in their hands every time we fly.
So next time when you go by plane, look at the seat — most likely, they will be blue, and ideally, they will do their job, and you will feel calm.


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Skunks might look small and cute, but in reality, these troublemakers are masters of chaos. Not only do they wreak havoc on properties, but stir up emotional distress through their unpleasant, lingering odor. Besides, these creatures can spread the dreaded rabies to you and your beloved pets.
Skunks usually prefer living in the wild, but occasionally they might venture into urban and suburban settlements in search of shelter and food.
When this happens, skunks may establish their dens in barns, under buildings, attics, and other inconspicuous locations in your yard. Since skunks are nocturnal and tend to avoid humans, their invasion might catch you completely off guard.
But, fear not, this article dives into the world of skunk dens and how to identify them. You will also learn the reasons these pesky pests venture into your property and how to get rid of them.
What Attracts Skunks to Your Home?
1. Food Aroma
Skunks have a keen sense of smell and an insatiable appetite. Because of this, they can be drawn to the tempting scent of your delicious meals wafting through the air. But it doesn't stop there! Their finely tuned noses can detect enticing odors coming from your trash cans (garbage bins) or the allure of decaying matter.
2. Shelter and Warmth
Your home can provide an ideal refuge for skunks seeking shelter from adverse weather and lurking predators, i.e. coyotes and foxes. These resourceful pests can nest deep within the cozy confines of your basements or in the gaps beneath your porch or deck.
3. Easy Access
Skunks are tricky creatures with a knack for exploiting your home's external vulnerabilities. These creatures can discover unsecured openings that might provide them an easy way to explore every nook and cranny of your home. From gaps in foundation to uncapped chimneys, these invaders waste no time in seizing the opportunity to venture into your territory
4. Attractive Landscaping
Yes! Your beautifully manicured yard may attract skunks. The lush vegetation and garden beds teeming with grubs or fallen fruits entice these clever foragers to venture closer to your home.
5. Water Sources
Like any other living creature, skunks require water to survive. Therefore, if you have an uncovered pool or leaky outdoor faucets, these cunning infiltrators might be drawn to them.
5 Signs of A Skunk Den
Now that you know what attracts skunks to your property, it's time to learn about the telltale signs of skunk dens.
True, these mischievous animals are masters of disguise, but they often leave behind subtle clues, which sell them away. However, only an individual with an observant eye can identify these clues. So, what are they?
1. A Pungent Odor
If you suddenly find yourself assaulted by an overwhelmingly foul smell reminiscent of rotten eggs or sulfur, chances are you're close to a skunk den. Skunks have scent glands that produce a lingering, pungent odor to keep invaders and predators away.
But here's something interesting:
Skunks can only produce a limited amount of spray at a time. For this reason, these animals save their spray as a last resort. If they encounter a potential threat, skunks will hiss, raise their tails or stomp the ground to appear scary.
Another thing, skunk odors or sprays are sometimes acidic and they might cause intense irritation and burning on exposed skin. If it gets into your eye, the spray can trigger temporary blindness.
In case a skunk sprays you or your pet, you can use the following recipe to eliminate the bad odor.
- 1 quart of 3 percent hydrogen peroxide
- ¼ cup of baking soda
- One tablespoon of liquid dish soap
Mix these ingredients and apply to your skin or your dog's fur for 5 minutes, then rinse. If the smell persists, re-apply the mixture. This chemical solution will break down the structure of the smell compounds and make them easy to wash away.
What about tomato juice?
Well, that is just a myth. The juice does not remove the unpleasant smell, so don't waste your time buying it.。
2. Frequent Nighttime Activities
Skunks are nocturnal creatures, conducting most of their affairs at night. So, if you notice increased movement and rustling sounds around dawn or dusk, chances are skunks have established their den in the vicinity.
3. Disturbed Earth and Digging
Skunks are skilled excavators, using their strong front claws to dig burrows for shelter and protection.
They often create multiple entry points to their dens, allowing for easy access and escape routes. So, if you notice disturbed patches of earth or small holes in your yard, or damaged plants, most likely there's a skunk den nearby.
4. Tracks, Footprints, and Droppings
Skunk footprints and droppings in your backyard could also point to a den nearby.
These creatures have a unique paw print with five toes and claw marks. Therefore, look for these on muddy or soft grounds near potential den areas.
Also keep an eye out for small, cylindrical droppings(scant) with remains of insects or seeds.
5. Damage to Gardens and Lawns
Skunks might trample and disturb your garden plants and green lawn when seeking food sources such as grubs, insects, or fallen fruits.
If you notice a sudden increase in damaged plants, upturned soil, or missing produce in your garden, it could be a sign that skunks are foraging in your area.
Effective Ways to Repel Skunk from Your Home
Once a skunk establishes or finds potential in your home, it's usually permanent. That means it's hard to get rid of these relentless invaders. However, it's not impossible.
There are a few effective strategies you can implement to defend your domains against these visitors.
1. Use of Aromatic Repellents
Skunks have a strong sense of smell, which makes them extremely sensitive to certain scents. Below are a few natural repellants you can use against skunks and other small rodents:
- Cayenne pepper
- Citrus peels
- Dog, coyote, bobcat, or fox urine
- Eucalyptus oil
Additionally, you can use other overpowering smells produced by house deodorizers to repel skunks. The scent of these products will irritate their acute sense of smell, forcing them to seek shelter somewhere else.
Experts also recommend using mothballs, vinegar, or ammonia to discourage skunks from your garden.
2. Installing Motion-Activated Lights and Sprinklers
Skunks prefer to roam in the darkness in a quiet, undisturbed environment while foraging.
Fortunately, you can install motion-activated lights and sprinkles in your yard to create an unwelcome environment for skunks. The sudden bursts of light or water will startle and deter them from entering your territory.
3. Secure Your Waste and Food Sources
Skunks are opportunistic scavengers and are often attracted to easily accessible food. You can starve them by tightly sealing garbage lids and keeping any pet food or bird feeders securely indoors. Also, ensure your yard is tidy to remove potential hiding spots for skunks.
4. Eliminating Hiding Spots
Skunks are notorious for seeking shelter in dark and secluded areas. So, consider removing or securing potential hiding spots such as woodpiles, dense vegetation, or crawl spaces under your porch or deck. By doing so, you can eliminate suitable hiding spots and discourage skunks from settling anywhere in your home.
5. Erect a Fence
Another effective way to keep skunks away is to put up a fence. Whether you use a chicken wire or hardware cloth, ensure the fence extends 3 to 4 ft underground to prevent these pests from burrowing underneath and gaining access to your property. It should also be high enough to fend off climbing skunks.
If you want to take things a notch higher, install an electric fence to deter skunks and other invaders like foxes, coyotes, squirrels, etc.
6. Seal Entry Points
Since skunks can squeeze through small openings, inspect your foundation, walls, and vents for gaps or cracks. Seal off potential entry points with sturdy materials like steel mesh and caulk to prevent skunks from creating dens in these areas. Also, secure open areas above windows and doors with a screen.
7. Install Underground Barriers
By now, it's clear skunks like digging. So, the best way to shield these creatures from burrowing under your shed or porch is to install an underground barrier. You can bury a wire mesh or hardware cloth approximately 1ft deep around your perimeter to deter skunks from accessing your favorite spots. Also, remember to mow your lawn, remove any debris or piles of leaves, and fill in any holes or gaps in the ground that may serve as potential skunk hideouts.
8. Consulting a Professional
Sometimes, skunks may persist in invading your space despite your best efforts. In such a case, seek professional help from your local wildlife control department. Experts from such organizations will handle the skunk removal. They will also offer you a long-term solution to prevent future infestation.
Dear reader, that's all for today! We know this is a lot of information to take in, but now you're equipped with the knowledge to identify potential skunk dens or hide out on your property
On top of that, we have provided you with several practical measures you can take to discourage skunks from transforming your tranquil home into their shelter.
But remember, these unwelcomed visitors are resilient and persistent and will not give up their comfy dens easily. So, consider combining these strategies for the best result


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technology of beetroot nectar:
The beetroot nectar is a vermilion coloured (typical to beetroot), pleasant intensive beetroot smelling juice with a taste characteristic to boiled beetroot. It is produced with 35% vegetable content. It does not contain any preservatives.
The processing of bio-rhubarb takes place in a conserving study-workshop. Production is completed by students of faculty of food processing industry under the guidance of specialist teachers. All operations are carried out punctually, in accordance with hygienic and work regulations. The quantitative receipt of the rhubarb takes place by measuring, the qualitative receipt takes place by considering qualitative specifications.
Washing -> Husking-> Rinse ->
Chopping -> Fine chopping -> Confection of the coction-> Checking -> Glassing -> Sealing -> Tempering
The beetroot nectar is preserved by pasteurizing, tempering under 100 °C. This method is applicable at products under 4,5 pH.


text:
The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 10, No. 2 Fall 1983
John A. Yeakel UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO
THE ACCOUNTANT-HISTORIANS OF THE INCAS
Abstract: The quipu was the ingenious, knotted-string device utilized throughout the Incan empire for recording data within the decimal system. Although quipu experts have often been thought of as managerial or governmental accountants, the writings of the early chroniclers of Peru reveal that quipu specialists were more than accountants. Quipucamayocs were also the historians of the Incas.
Historians usually refer to the quipu as the mnemonic, mathe-matical, knotted-string device that was used throughout the Incan empire for the purpose of keeping careful accounts within the decimal system, even though no writing existed in that culture. Descriptions of the construction, function, and utilization of the quipu have appeared in the literature1 and there has been interest in the quipu in terms of its possible role in the origin of the concept and practice of double entry bookkeeping.2 But not much has been written about the individuals who were responsible for the prepa-ration and the interpretation of the quipus: the quipucamayocs. This article describes the role and the world of these "accountants" of the Incas.
At the outset, we should note that it is rather misleading to think of the quipucamayocs as accountants, as we use the term today. Accounting is generally a matter of recording transactions by means of a common denominator: money. But the Incan civilization had no money, and its vast quantities of gold and silver had no converti-bility in our common-denominator sense. The empire's gold and silver were highly valued because they could be converted into beautiful objects for the rulers to use and to wear.3 Quipucamayocs recorded statistical quantities, not monetary equivalents, as do twentieth-century accountants.
The author gratefully acknowledges the translation assistance of Carol W. Robles in the preparation of this article.


Margaret MacMillan
Professor Emeritus (Non-Budgetary Cross-Appointed)
Fields of Study
Areas of Interest
International history of the 19th and 20th centuries; British empire
Professor MacMillan's research interests include the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and international relations of the twentieth century. Her most recent book is War: How Conflict Shaped Us (2020). Other books include Women of the Raj; Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (2002); Nixon in China: The Week that Changed the World (2006); The Uses and Abuses of History (2008); History's People (2015); and The War That Ended the Peace (2013) and three edited volumes, Canada and NATO: Uneasy Past, Uncertain Future, The Uneasy Century: International Relations _PHONE_ and Parties Long Estranged: Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century.
PhD, University of Oxford


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Randomization is the process of perturbing data points to provide security through information-theoretic uncertainty. It is appropriate in applications where individual data points are to be protected, but statistical information is to be revealed.
We propose that the binary randomization protocol be viewed as a channel for transmitting the information that is to be kept secret. We show that a simple application of the basic theorems of Shannon provides lower bounds on the complexity of successful attacks. We use these bounds to define the privacy provided by a protocol: the (tight) lower bound on the number of queries required to successfully estimate a single attribute. Through the use of Shannon's channel coding theorem, the privacy of randomization is the inverse of the protocol channel capacity.
Gates 4B (opposite 490), 10/22/02, 4:30 PM


August 1, 2021
Jason Mota
BY Jason Mota
Thanksgiving is just around the corner, and as Canadians, we have an incredibly long list of things we should be thankful for.
Some of these we've gradually come to take for granted, like health care, voting rights, education, food and freedom of speech. These are things that people in other countries continue to fight for.
Other countries also face major, complicated crises, like Greece's crumbling economy, Japan's recent massive flooding and Mexico's war on drug cartels, while in Syria and Ukraine, to name just two, there are horrendous human rights violations occurring daily.
We, as Canadian citizens, should be grateful that we are not Syrian refugees, facing terrible treatment at the hands of traffickers, risking everything for a chance at freedom and safety. These refugees, despite trekking hundreds of miles, are being turned away by countries with enough food, water, shelter, money and space to accept them, but without compassionate enough governments. Canada is one of the countries not doing its part.
On Oct. 12 we will sit at our dinner tables, hold hands with our families and give thanks, although for many it will be nothing more than empty words. Some will thank God for their food, but will forget to also thank the farmers around the world who toiled away from sunrise to sunset to bring the food to their tables. We will fail to thank the animals that, often violently, gave their lives for the meal before us.
We will later rest our heads on our fluffy pillows, in our warm homes, browsing our phones and making big deals out of the stupid, little things that occur on our social home front, thinking nothing of the overcrowded refugee camps outside of Syria, ripe with disease and lacking sufficient medical aid, food or space. We will think nothing of the First Nations reserves in our very own province where people fight to maintain a clean source of drinking water.
We will not think of the struggles and strife of our fellow humans.
Does this make us bad people?
This just makes us the same lazy people we always were, who, although we may want to deny it, spend more time making excuses to not make a difference than thinking about how we can.
There are people in this world who are grateful simply for being alive. So this Thanksgiving, please do something, anything, to help someone else in need, whether in your own city, province, country or somewhere in the world. Donate to a food bank, sponsor a refugee, contribute to relief and cleanup efforts in Nepal or Japan, or hand over some loose change.
The list of ways you can help, much like my previous lists, goes on and on and on.
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Configure Network Settings on Gumstix Overo Hardware
You can configure the IP settings of the Overo® hardware by running Linux® shell commands directly on the Overo hardware. Doing so allows the board to communicate over the network to which it is connected.
To inspect and reconfigure the IP settings on a board that already has the new firmware, follow the procedure in this section.
To configure the IP settings while you are replacing the firmware on your Overo hardware, see Replace Firmware on Gumstix Overo Hardware.
You may need to reconfigure the IP settings if your board:
 - Has unknown IP settings
 - Is unreachable using a network connection
 - Is being moved to a network or direct Ethernet connection that uses static IP settings
 - Is being moved from a network that used static IP settings to one that uses DHCP services
There are several conditions under which networks use DHCP or static IP settings:
 - Use DHCP services — If your board is connected to a network with DHCP services, such as an office LAN or a home network connected to the Internet. DHCP is a network service that automatically configures the IP settings of Ethernet devices connected to a network.
 - Use static IP settings — If your board is directly connected to an Ethernet port on your computer or connected to an isolated network without DHCP services.
To configure the board to use DHCP or static IP settings:
 1. Open a serial command-line session, as described in Open a Serial Command-line Session with Gumstix Overo Hardware.
 Alternatively, you can use a terminal window after accessing the Linux desktop as described in:
 2. Display the contents of the /etc/network/interfaces file. Enter:
 cat /etc/network/interfaces
 If the board is configured to use DHCP services (the default configuration), dhcp appears at the end of the following line:
 iface eth0 inet dhcp
 If the board is configured to use static IP settings, static appears at the end of the following line:
 iface eth0 inet static
 3. Create a backup of the /etc/network/interfaces file. Enter:
 If prompted, enter the root password (default: root).
 4. Edit interfaces using a simple editor called nano. Enter:
 sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
 5. Edit the last word of line that starts with iface eth0 inet.
 To use DHCP services, change the line to:
 iface eth0 inet dhcp
 To use static IP settings, change the line to:
 iface eth0 inet static
 6. For static IP settings, add lines for address, netmask, and gateway. For example:
 iface eth0 inet static
 For static IP settings:
 - The value of the subnet mask must be the same for all devices on the network.
 - The value of the IP address must be unique for each device on the network.
 For example, if the Ethernet port on your host computer has a network mask of and a static IP address of, set:
 - netmask to use the same network mask value,
 - address to an unused IP address, between and
 7. Tell nano to exit and save the changes:
 1. Press Ctrl+X.
 2. Enter Y to save the modified buffer.
 3. For "File Name to Write: /etc/network/interfaces", press Enter.
 4. The nano editor confirms that it "Wrote # lines" and returns control to the command line.
 8. Reboot your board for the settings to take effect:
 sudo shutdown -r now
 9. Test the IP settings by logging in to the board over a telnet session.
 Note: You can use the ifconfig command to temporarily change the IP settings. Rebooting the board removes the ifconfig settings and restores the /etc/network/interfaces settings.
 To change the IP settings temporarily, open a Linux command line. Enter ifconfig, the device id, a valid IP address, netmask, and the appropriate network mask. For example:
 ifconfig eth0 netmask
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[plat-n-eyt] /ˈplæt nˌeɪt/
verb (used with object), platinated, platinating.
to platinize.
Read Also:
 - Plating
 [pley-ting] /ˈpleɪ tɪŋ/ noun 1. a thin coating of gold, silver, etc. 2. an external layer of metal. 3. the act of a person or thing that. [pleyt] /pleɪt/ noun 1. a shallow, usually circular dish, often of earthenware or porcelain, from which food is eaten. 2. the contents of such a dish; […]
 - Platini
 1. a combining form representing in compound words: platinocyanic. /French platini/ noun 1. Michel. born 1955, French footballer, manager, and administrator; scored 41 goals in 72 games for France (1976–87); manager of France (1988–92); president of UEFA from 2007; European Footballer of the Year (1983–85) combining form 1. of, relating to, containing, or resembling platinum: […]
 - Platinic
 - Platinic-acid


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HISTORY OF PASCO COUNTY
How It Works
By BUDDY WEEKS
Returning to the days of Cummer Sons Cypress Company in the 1920's and late 1950's, let's follow the steps of a "watchman." Men were hired by companies and businesses then to protect their property. The watchman makes his rounds during that part of a 24-hour day when no workers or personnel are on the immediate premises. To insure that this watchman observes all the area, or areas, that he has been charged with, he is given a night watchman's clock, which he must carry on his body during his appointed rounds. He has a designated route or path that he is required to make during a specified time, usually at night and on weekends, when there is no one around. This is to insure that all territory, property, machinery, material, or equipment, is observed in a timely and scheduled manner. It is especially effective as a "fire watch." All along the route, a station or post is set up and a small metal box is attached to each station, inside this box is a key, affixed to the box with a chain, so that it cannot be removed. Each station is numbered.
With the night watchman's clock hanging from his shoulder by a leather strap, the watchman begins his rounds. He will visit each station, and will open the key box, remove the key, insert it into a keyhole in the clock, and turn the key. By turning the key, he is making an impression on a tape that is inside the clock. This tape is synchronized with the date and time of the clock, making it a record of the time and place of his "watching." He replaces the key in the box and continues on his route, stopping at each station, each with a different number, and performing the same tasks. He must follow this route (or circuit) as required by his instructions, usually every hour.
Upon completion of his work period, he turns the clock in at the main office, and his employer has a record of his nightly observations.
In the case of Cummer, I believe there were two night watchmen. One for the mill complex, and one for the lumber yard which covered an acre or more. I'm not certain of this.


Railroad History
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Railway Express Agency
Yesterday's Federal Express
By George H. Drury
Published: June 5, 2006
One enduring symbol of railroading's past is the red-and-white diamond herald of the Railway Express Agency. Today one finds reminders of REA only at museums or old depots, but it once was a major element of the American scene - the FedEx of its day.
Formation of the REA
Express service is the prompt and safe movement of parcels, money, and goods at rates higher than standard freight rates.
It is generally considered to have been started by William Harriden, who in 1839 began regular trips between New York and Boston carrying such items. Other early names in the express business are those of William G. Fargo, a New York Central freight clerk at Auburn, N.Y., and Henry Wells, a leather worker at Batavia, N.Y., who organized Wells Fargo & Co. in 1853; Henry B. Plant, who formed Southern Express; Alvin Adams; and John Butterfield.
The express business flourished in the latter half of the 19th century, and by 1900 there were four principal express companies: Adams, Southern, American, and Wells Fargo. In 1913 the Post Office introduced parcel post, the first major competition for the express companies. Express business continued to climb until 1920, then remained stable for a decade.
During World War I, the United States Railway Administration took over the nation's railroads. Under the USRA, the four companies were consolidated as American Railway Express, Inc., except for the portion of Southern Express that operated over the Southern Railway and the Mobile & Ohio (and that came into the organization in 1938).
In March 1929, the assets and operations of American Railway Express were transferred to Railway Express Agency. REA was owned by 86 railroads in proportion to the express traffic on their lines - no one railroad or group of railroads had control of the agency.
How it worked
REA's arrangement with the railroads was that they provided terminal space and cars and moved the cars at their expense; REA paid its own expenses and divided the profit among the railroads in proportion to the traffic. Express service in Canada and Mexico was operated directly by the railroad companies.
Express revenues remained at profitable levels into the 1950's, albeit partly because of rate increases - express volume dropped substantially after World War II. The railroads began to view express service as expensive business.
REA negotiated a new contract in 1959 which allowed it to use any mode of transportation, and it acquired truck rights to allow continued service after passenger trains were discontinued. It tried piggyback and containers, but without much success.
In 1969, after several years of deficits, REA was sold to five of its officers and renamed REA Express. By then only 10% of its business moved by rail and its entire business constituted less than 10% of all intercity parcel traffic.
REA sued the railroads and the United Parcel Service for various reasons and became involved in suits and countersuits with the clerks' union, and the Civil Aeronautics Board terminated REA's exclusive agreement with the airlines for air express. REA Express terminated operations in November 1975 and began liquidation - which was complicated by trials of its officers for fraud and embezzlement.
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text:
FAQ: "Our customer has an accessory to do measurements with transparent preforms. My question is how I must to measure dark transparent preforms? On clear preforms, measurement data looks good. However, we could use some advice on darker colors, particularly amber."
The images you sent show that the amber preform is held in our D01-1011-833 Adjustable Preform or Cylinder Holder accessory.
Measuring clear, lighter preforms is fine but amber preforms offer a special challenge as the intention of the amber colorant is to absorb all light in order to protect the blown bottle contents. The same statement can apply to very dark green and blue preforms.
While the pulsed xenon lamp in our HunterLab sphere instruments is very powerful and will blast through most materials, the amber preform sample is a challenge.
In general if you can hold a preform up to a light and see detail on the other side of the preform, HunterLab sphere instruments should be able to measure usable color signal from the whole transparent preform measured in the holder.
For amber preforms, here is how we approach measurement of amber preforms:
- You first mount the D02-1011-833 Adjustable Transmission Preform or Cylinder Holder in the transmission compartment in one of our HunterLab sphere sensors.
- You then standardize the instrument with the first step being to set 0% transmission as the bottom-of-scale using the Light Blocker.
- Then you set top-of-scale with the white tile used to fill in the reflectance port and Air as a reference for 100% transmission.
- If you insert a whole preform into the holder and take a reading, the Y D65/10 transmission value should be > 10% to have a useable color signal. A Y transmission value is equivalent to L* D65/10 value of approximately 40 (L* is calculated directly from Y). It's not that you can't measure less than this, but remembering that a blocked detector or perfect black is 0 if your whole preform is measuring below Y = 10/L* = 40, your signal is very low down in the dark and murky, and it is difficult to separate lot differences when you are measuring so low.
- If Y < 10/L* < 40, one alternative to raise the signal is to cut the preform in half resulting in a thinner sample path length. Just cut down the tube to above the threads and measure a single wall cut-out of the preform. See if the signal is high enough in this form.
- A further alternative is to blow the preform into a test bottle and measure through the bottle or make a single wall cut-out of the bottle and measure that. This form, will have high enough signal strength to differentiate lots. However, it requires more sample preparation time.


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|Dryden Home > Collections > Movies Home > Proteus|
The Proteus is a unique aircraft, designed as a high-altitude, long-duration telecommunications relay platform with potential for use on atmospheric sampling and Earth-monitoring science missions. Designed by Burt Rutan, president of Scaled Composites, LLC, of Mojave, Calif., Proteus is an "optionally piloted" aircraft ordinarily flown by two pilots in a pressurized cabin. However, it also has the capability to perform its missions semi-autonomously or flown remotely from the ground.
The aircraft is designed to cruise at altitudes from 59,000 to more than 65,000 feet for up to 18 hours. It was designed to carry an 18-foot diameter telecommunications antenna system for relay of broadband data over major cities. The design allows Proteus to be reconfigured for a variety of other missions such as atmospheric research, reconnaissance, commercial imaging, and launch of small space satellites. It is designed for extreme reliability and low operating costs, and to operate out of general aviation airports with minimal support.
Proteus has an all-composite airframe with graphite-epoxy sandwich construction. Its wingspan of 77 feet 7 inches is expandable to 92 feet with removable wingtips installed. Proteus is 56.3 feet long, 17.6 feet high and weighs 5,900 pounds empty. Proteus is powered by two Williams FJ44-2 turbofan engines, each rated at 2,300 pounds of thrust.
Flight testing of the Proteus began in the summer of 1998 at Mojave Airport and continued through the end of 1999.
Under NASA's Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) project, NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center assisted Scaled Composites in developing a sophisticated station-keeping autopilot system and a satellite communications (SATCOM)-based uplink-downlink data system for Proteus' performance and payload data.
Flight testing included the installation and checkout of the autopilot system, including the refinement of the altitude hold and altitude change software. The SATCOM equipment, including avionics and antenna systems, was installed and checked out in several flight tests. The systems performed flawlessly during Proteus' deployment to the Paris Airshow in 1999.
NASA has used Proteus as a testbed for a variety of technologies related to maturing unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for use in civil applications.
A small Airborne Real-Time Imaging System (ARTIS) camera, developed by HyperSpectral Sciences, Inc., under NASA's ERAST project, was demonstrated during the summer of 1999 when it took visual and near-infrared photos from Proteus while it was flying high over the Experimental Aircraft Association's "AirVenture 99" Airshow at Oshkosh, Wisc. The images were displayed on a computer monitor at the show only moments after they were taken.
In March 2002, NASA Dryden, in cooperation with New Mexico State University's Technical Analysis and Applications Center (TAAC), the FAA and several other entities, conducted flight demonstrations of an active detect, see and avoid (DSA) system for potential application to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) out of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Proteus was flown as a surrogate UAV controlled remotely from the ground, although safety pilots were aboard to handle takeoff and landing and any potential emergencies. Three other aircraft, ranging from general aviation aircraft to a NASA F/A-18, served as "cooperative" target aircraft with an operating transponder.
In each of 18 different scenarios, a Goodrich Skywatch HP Traffic Advisory System (TAS) on the Proteus detected approaching air traffic on potential collision courses, including several scenarios with two aircraft approaching from different directions. The remote pilot then directed Proteus to turn, climb or descend as needed to avoid the potential threat.
In April 2003, a second series of flight demonstrations focusing on "non-cooperative" aircraft (those without operating transponders), was conducted in restricted airspace near Mojave, Calif., again using the Proteus as a surrogate UAV. Proteus was equipped with a small Amphitech OASys 35 Ghz primary radar system to detect potential intruder aircraft on simulated collision courses. The radar data was telemetered directly to the ground station as well as via an Inmarsat satellite system installed on Proteus. A mix of seven intruder aircraft, ranging from a sailplane to a high-speed jet, flew 20 scenarios over a four-day period, one or two aircraft at a time. In each case, the radar picked up the intruding aircraft at ranges from 2.5 to 6.5 miles, depending on the intruder's radar signature. Proteus' remote pilot on the ground was able to direct Proteus to take evasive action if needed.
Based on the preliminary results of both series of tests, project engineers believe that some upgrades would have to be made to both the Skywatch and the OASys detection systems to maximize their effectiveness as collision-avoidance detection sensors for UAVs. Additional flight tests of other types of detection systems, such as electro-optical infrared devices, may occur in the future under a follow-on program in an effort to establish an equivalent level of safety for UAVs to that now required of manned aircraft.
The ERAST Project is sponsored by the Office of Aerospace Technology at NASA Headquarters, and is managed by the Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif.
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The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale
The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale
by Geoffrey Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale Theme of Death
In "The Knight's Tale," death is closely connected to love on multiple levels. Like love, says Theseus, death is the great equalizer. It's an experience that every human – whether rich or poor, fat or thin, smart or silly – will someday endure. Like love, death makes the characters feel powerless over their fates. Like other stories that fall into the genre of courtly love, "The Knight's Tale" is in the habit of talking about love in terms of death. Yes, Palamon and Arcite seem like drama queens when they complain that their love of Emily "slays" them, that they will "die" if separated from her. But the placement of this metaphor next to very literal (and sometimes gory) deaths brings out the similarities between these two kinds of death in an original way.
Questions About Death
 1. How do Palamon and Arcite connect their love for Emily to death and dying?
 2. In what ways does "The Knight's Tale" portray love and death as similar? Look particularly at Theseus's speeches.
 3. What does Egeus, Theseus's father, have to say about death?
 4. What does Theseus say is the proper response to death? Why? Do you agree with him?
Chew on This
"The Knight's Tale" portrays love and death as similar in the way in which they happen to everyone, and in which we have no control over when and where they strike us.
Theseus's speech about the proper response to death reveals a worldview that values reputation and honor over life itself.
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LAWRENCE — The University of Kansas has announced the foundation of the KU Center for Montessori Research, the nation's first university-based center dedicated to research on Montessori education.
The center will carry out studies specific to Montessori environments and examine the potential influence of Montessori principles on education and human development more broadly. The mission of the center is to build a robust body of knowledge so that Montessori education and philosophy will benefit all children.
Activities of the center will include collaboration, research, evaluation, leadership and dissemination. Collaboration with scholars throughout the Montessori community and the fields of education and psychology will foster connections across disciplines and areas of expertise. High-quality research with a critical perspective on philosophy, practices and outcomes will inform educational practices, improve educational environments for all children and explore opportunities for unique applications of Montessori principles. Evaluation of Montessori-related programs will provide an independent point of view that examines the effectiveness of a variety of programs across the lifespan, from classrooms to national initiatives. To advance high-quality research in the field with resources developed within a major research university, the center will provide leadership among Montessori researchers. Finally, dissemination of Montessori-related research information to a wide audience will create an informed Montessori community as well as a voice for Montessori education in the broader field of education.
Montessori philosophy and pedagogy individualize hands-on instruction with a long-term, whole-child perspective. It is also rooted in a collective sense of well-being and aims to promote peace. Although most popular at the early childhood level, Montessori programs exist from infancy through adolescence, with a growing number of programs serving people with dementia. While Maria Montessori developed her method over a century ago, Montessori education remains popular today, with more than 4,500 Montessori schools in the United States, including 500 public schools.
The new center will be led by Angela Murray, assistant research professor at KU.
"Many people have heard the term Montessori and even have generally positive feelings about it, but misconceptions still exist," she said. "Montessori education is available well beyond the early childhood age groups for which it is most known. Montessori education is not affiliated with any particular religion although some religious schools implement the Montessori Method. And, a growing number of Montessori programs exist in the public sphere allowing a more diverse population of children to access an educational approach that was historically limited to those families who could afford private schools."
Beyond the schools themselves, Montessori education continues to gain momentum as a contemporary influence on and movement in schooling and education around the globe because its fundamental principles apply to diverse environments.
The Center for Montessori Research will be housed within KU's Achievement & Assessment Institute.
"AAI is pleased to add the Center for Montessori Research to our organization," said AAI Director Neal Kingston. "A university affiliation will give Montessori education its rightful seat at the table for important conversations about education in this country."
The Center for Montessori Research represents KU's expanding contributions to Montessori education. The American Montessori Society's Journal of Montessori Research began publication through KU Libraries in 2015, and a national gathering of scholars interested in Montessori education took place on campus in 2017 with plans to convene again in 2018.
"As a leader in the field of education, creating the first dedicated research center focused on Montessori education is a natural fit for KU, which clearly aligns with the School of Education's mission to expand and deepen the understanding of education and to help society respond to educational challenges," said Rick Ginsberg, dean of KU's School of Education.
Leaders in the Montessori community, scholars with a history of studying Montessori education and experts in Montessori philosophy will serve on the center's advisory board. Initial board members include Tim Purnell of the American Montessori Society and Angeline Lillard of the University of Virginia.
The Achievement & Assessment Institute is the umbrella organization for four specialized research centers at KU, including the Center for Montessori Research. AAI's other research centers are:
- Accessible Teaching Learning and Assessment Systems
- Agile Technology Solutions
- Center for Assessment and Accountability Research and Design
- Center for Creativity and Entrepreneurship Education
- Center for Educational Opportunity Programs
- Center for Educational Testing and Evaluation
- Center for Public Partnerships and Research
In all, AAI employs about 500 professionals, all committed to building partnerships, products and programs in educational practice, assessment and evaluation. These initiatives benefit children, adults, communities and publicly funded agencies at the local, state and national levels.
Photo by Laura Kingston
Conference participants get a hands-on example of Montessori education in action at the 2017 National Council on Measurement in Education at KU.


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Police vs Private Investigations: What is the Difference?
Police and private investigation services may seem similar on the surface, but there are several key differences which influence the two roles and impact their scope of delivery.
The first, most identifiable difference, is legal authority. Police officials have the legal authority to detain witnesses and compel testimony, whereas private investigators are not law enforcement professionals. Therefore, private investigators are forced to get creative in their meticulous investigative techniques in order to gather information that can offer their clients sufficient evidence to support or disprove their claims.
Scope of Services
Generally speaking, police investigation services are limited to offences that are identified as crimes in South Africa. This means that private investigators are able to work on a broader scope of services, such as:
- Domestic/matrimonial investigations
- Investigations into individual activity
- Evidence gathering for adultery/infidelity suits
- Substance abuse suspicions
The South African Police Department is limited to an annual, tax-funded budget. This unfortunately means that some cases are not given the required resources needed to solve the case. The amount of cases also plays a big role, as there is often not enough time to be dedicated to individual cases. Private investigators, however, are paid by their clients. This gives them the opportunity to dedicate much-required resources and time in order to handle and solve each and every investigation.
Look no further than D&K Investigations and Risk Consultancy for all your private investigative needs. We provide a specialised range of investigation solutions to help you get the results you need, with zero limitations.


Migrating databases to a new computer
Ready for a new computer and would like to migrate your Pagico data to the new computer? Here's a step-by-step tutorial on the data migration.
Backing up your Database
During this migration process, you should not lose any data. However, now is a good opportunity to make an extra copy of your database just in case.
Migrating the Database
1) Locate your database on the old computer. If you aren't sure where that is, you can launch Pagico and use the menu commands File -> Close database to return to the Welcome screen. There you can see your recent DBs and their paths.
On Mac, your database looks like a piece of paper with a letter "p" on it. On Ubuntu or Windows, your database looks like a folder with an extension name of ".pgco".
2) Copy the entire database (the.pgco folder) to your new computer, perhaps into the Documents folder or anywhere you like.
3) Install & launch Pagico on the new computer. Then use the "Open an existing database" button to open the migrated database.
4) Once you're in, you should see all your data by now. If you previously had workspaces configured for data sync, please read on the steps below to restore the data sync.
Restoring the Workspace Sync
When opening your migrated database, Pagico will notice that this database is no longer on the original computer, so it's going to prompt you this and recommend that you should disabled the workspace sync. You can enable the workspace sync feature but the sync will not work as your have a new computer ID at this point.
5) Go to the Preferences section and sign in with your Pagico ID account, then choose to resume your old identity when prompted. That should finish the connection to your workspace.
You're all set now! Once you've signed in with your Pagico ID account, Pagico will also automatically retrieve your Inbox data for you.
Have more questions? Submit a request


Fix This Page
Text Indexes
MongoDB provides text indexes to support text search queries on string content. text indexes can include any field whose value is a string or an array of string elements.
To perform text search queries, you must have a text index on your collection. A collection can only have one text search index, but that index can cover multiple fields.
For example you can run the following in a mongo shell to allow text search over the name and description fields:
db.stores.createIndex( { name: "text", description: "text" } )
See the Text Indexes section for a full reference on text indexes, including behavior, tokenization, and properties.


Change scan and pattern size
Patterns in an EBSD or EBSDMasterPattern signal s are stored in the attribute as either numpy.ndarray or dask.array.Array. HyperSpy's user guide explains how to access, i.e. index, the data. This section details example uses of scan and pattern indexing specific to EBSD and EBSDMasterPattern objects.
Crop a scan or pattern
A new EBSD or EBSDMasterPattern signal s2 can be created from a region of interest in another EBSD or EBSDMasterPattern signal s by using HyperSpy's navigation indexing method inav. The new signal keeps the metadata and original_metadata of s. Say we, after plotting and inspecting the an EBSD scan, want to create a new, smaller scan of the patterns within a rectangle defined by the upper left pattern with index (53, 82) and the bottom right pattern with index (74, 105):
>>> s
>>> s2 = s.inav[53:74, 82:105]
>>> s2
Or, we want a new EBSDMasterPattern signal with only the 20 keV beam energy:
>>> s
>>> s.axes_manager["energy"].axis
array([10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20.])
>>> s2 = s.inav[-1]
>>> s2
Patterns can also be cropped with the signal indexing method isig. Say we wanted to remove the ten outermost pixels in our (60 x 60) pixel patterns:
>>> s3 = s.isig[10:50, 10:50]
>>> s3
The same pattern in scan s before cropping (left) and in scan s3 after cropping (right).
A new EBSD scan with patterns binned e.g. by 2 can be obtained using the rebin() method provided by HyperSpy, explained further in their user guide, by passing in either the scale or new_shape parameter:
>>> print(s,
>>> s3 = s.rebin(scale=(1, 1, 2, 2))
>>> print(s3,
 uint64
Note that rebin() casts the data to uint64. This means that in this example, each pixel in the binned scan s3 takes up eight times the memory size of pixels in the original scan s. If you want, you can rescale the intensities to e.g. the uint8 data type range.
This also works for EBSDMasterPattern signals.


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Ashirwaad Feeding Program
Remedial programs are designed to close the gap between what a student knows and what he's expected to know. They often target reading or math skills. In many cases, students are removed from their regular classroom and taught in another setting.
Many students require extra help. For example, only 35 percent of fourth graders are proficient readers (reading at grade level), according to the most recent National Assessment of Education Progress. There's a lot of concern about the reading proficiency gap.
When school is out and parents are still at work, children need a safe place to be with their friends, with structured activities, supportive adults, and good nutrition.
After school programs that participate in Arunodaya Trust give children and teenagers the nutrition they need, and draw them into constructive activities that are safe, fun, and filled with opportunities for learning.
At this moment, more than 900 million people worldwide are going hungry. In fact, almost 16,000 children die from hunger-related causes every day that's one child every five seconds. These statistics are tragic. But with your help, we can make a real difference. "Hand of Hope" currently provides more than 75 meals on a regular basis…helping to fight hunger one child at a time.


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The Intelligent Complex Adaptive System Model for Organizations
This paper proposes a new model for organizations that live in a dynamic, complex environment. The model proposes to represent a new theory of the firm, one that starts with the fact that organizations are not metaphors of living systems but are living systems. As such, they have the potential to take advantage of those facets of living organisms that have proven efficacious throughout evolution. By that we mean that evolutionary survival has repeatedly shown that complexity in the form of variety, selectivity and adaptation have been the hallmarks of successful organisms throughout evolution, especially when their environment was changing and threatening.
While emergent properties of complex organizations—arising out of multiple, nonlinear interactions—cannot be controlled, actions can be taken to influence the system's behavior in such a way that the desired emergent properties, or something close to them, will emerge.


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I am Trying to write a program that does the following:
Write a program that simulates the rolling of two dice. The program should use rand to roll the first dice and should use rand
again to roll the second dice. The sum of the two values should then be calculated. [note: each dice can show an integer value from 1-6, so the sum of the two values will vary from 2-12, with 7 being the most frequent sum and 2 and 12 being the least frequent sums] Your program should roll the dice 36,000 times. use a single array to tally the numbers of times each possible sum appears. Print the results in a tabular format. Also, determine if the totals are reasonable (i.e. there are six ways to roll a 7, so approximately one sixth of the rolls should be 7).
Please help me.
Thank you in advance.


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Background. We investigated the occurrence of apoptosis during and after resolution of cardiac allograft rejection. Apoptosis could play different roles in graft survival depending on the target cells; thus, we also determined the cell types involved.
Methods. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens were evaluated during the first 6 months after transplantation as follows: group I, no current or prior rejection; group II, during an episode of moderate rejection; and group III, histologic resolution after an episode of moderate rejection.
Results. Groups II and III showed significantly increased apoptotic activity, indicated by increased caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity; however, activated caspase-3 was undetectable in group I. Activated caspase-3 was detected only in groups II and III. Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was detected in groups II and III but not group I and predominantly in inflammatory cells.
Conclusions. Increased caspase activity and apoptosis of infiltrating cells not only occurs during acute cardiac allograft rejection but persists after histologic resolution. Thus, programmed cell death occurs beyond the period of histologic resolution and may play a role in regulation of the rejection process.
Apoptosis occurs during acute cardiac allograft rejection; however, the question of whether apoptosis is resolved during resolution of the rejection episode is unknown. Furthermore, the major cell type undergoing apoptosis is controversial. Depending on the target cells, apoptosis could play different roles in graft survival (1,2). Some studies show a direct correlation between increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and grade of rejection (3,4), suggesting that apoptosis of the cardiac myocytes contributes to allograft damage and dysfunction, whereas other studies did not show evidence of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, even in regions of cardiomyocyte damage but instead report most terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells among leukocyte infiltrates (5,6). Apoptosis of T lymphocytes could thus be a mechanism to decrease an ongoing immune response. In fact, some immunosuppressive drugs currently used in clinical transplantation such as steroids act, in part, through induction of apoptosis in infiltrating lymphocytes (7,8), suggesting another mechanism of increased programmed cell death in cardiac allografts.
The changes associated with apoptosis are attributable to actions of caspases that play a key role in the regulation and execution of apoptotic cell death (9,10). One of the apoptotic signals is mediated by interaction of Fas ligand with Fas receptor-expressing cells, leading to activation of caspase-8, which then activates downstream effectors such as caspase-3, and leads to the morphologic and biochemical features of apoptosis (10–12). In cardiac transplant rejection, activation of T cells induces expression of Fas ligand (13,14) and is paralleled by increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (2,4).
We performed a comprehensive evaluation of apoptotic activity in human cardiac biopsy specimens. We studied biopsy specimens from allografts with no history of rejection, during an episode of moderate rejection, and after resolution of cellular infiltrates. Our results indicate that the major cells undergoing apoptosis are inflammatory cells and that apoptosis persists despite histologic resolution of the rejection episode. The prolonged elevation of caspase activity and TUNEL-positive staining after the rejection episode is resolved suggests that rejection may be controlled by apoptosis of inflammatory infiltrates.


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Insulin Pens and Insulin Cartridges Must Not Be Shared
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today issued an alert to health care professionals reminding them that single-patient insulin pens and insulin cartridges should not be used to administer medication to multiple patients due to the potential risk of transmitting blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and the hepatitis viruses.
Insulin pens are pen-shaped injector devices that contain a disposable needle and either an insulin reservoir or an insulin cartridge. The devices typically contain enough insulin for a patient to self-administer several doses of insulin before the reservoir or cartridge is empty. All insulin pens are approved only for single-patient use (one device for only one patient).
The FDA is working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and professional organizations to address infection control issues related to insulin pens.


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Use Case Diagrams (UCD) is a high level diagram and it is drawn from End Users perspective. It can be used to describe the functionality of the System and represents only the positive flow.
UCD's have four major component: The Actors, The System, The Use Cases and The Lines.
Actors: They interact with the System to perform the task. It is always represented by Noun. Actors should be placed on outside the system boundary.Actors are of two types:
- Primary Actors Secondary Actors
Primary Actors initiates the system to work and System depends on the Secondary Actors for information.
Primary Actors should be placed on the right side of the System boundary and Secondary Actors should be placed on the right side of the boundary.
Use Cases : This is used for the different business functions. It comes inside the System Boundary and is represented by eclipse.
System : It represents the system as a whole and all the use cases drawn inside the System. It is shown by Rectangular Box.
Lines : Lines are used for relationships between the elements.
Generally 3 types of relationships used in Use Case Diagram:
- It is a kind of relationship.
- Parent class doesn't exist without none of its child class.
- Direction of arrow is based on dependency.
Generalization is of two types:
1.Actor Generalization: It is a kind of relationship between the actor.
Example: If we generalized Customer into Customer and VIP Customer then it is the example of Actor Generalization.
2.Use Case Generalization: It is a kind of relationship between the usecase.
Example: We can do the Payment either by Cash or by Card or by Coupons. Here Parent class doesn't exist without its Child class means we have to opt one mode to do the payment.
- It is a compulsory relationship between the elements.
- Parent class is not complete without its child class.
Example: To transfer Cash it is mandatory to check the availabity of balance in account. It is the mandatory relationship between Transfer Cash and Check balance in Account.
- It is an optional relationship between the elements.
- Parent class exist without child class.
Example: To Withdraw cash from ATM it depends upon the customer to take print out of receipt or not. So we can say that it is optional relationship between Withdraw Cash from ATM and Print Receipt.