Chronic hyperdynamic sepsis in the rat II. Characterization of liver and muscle energy metabolism
L. Mela-Riker, D. Bartos, A. A. Vlessis, L. Widener, P. Muller, D. D. Trunkey
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
42 Scopus citations
Sepsis was induced in male rats by injections of live Escherichia coli No. 4 (or E. coli No. 3) and Bacteroides fragilis organisms into a preformed subcutaneous abscess. Body weight, food and water intake, and cardiac output were measured daily. After 1, 2, or 3 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and blood, liver, and muscle were collected for measurements of plasma glucose and carnitine, mitochondrial respiratory activity, mitochondrial cytochrome concentrations, and tissue adenine nucleotides. Compared with sham controls, no significant differences were found in state 3 respiratory activities of liver mitochondria isolated from rats with moderate (no weight loss, cardiac output increased to 150% of control) or severe (0.5% weight loss/day, cardiac output increased to 200% of control) sepsis at any time. After 1 week of severe, but not moderate, sepsis, pyruvate-supported respiration in muscle mitochondria was significantly decreased, while branched-chain ketoacid and β-hydroxybutyrate-supported respiration remained unchanged. After 2 weeks of severe, but not moderate, sepsis, β-hydroxybutyrate and branched-chain ketoacid oxidation increased severalfold; pyruvate utilization remained depressed. Severe or moderate sepsis did not uncouple mitochondrial respiration at any time. Total muscle carnitine concentration was significantly decreased after long-term but not short-term severe sepsis. Severe short-term sepsis caused a significant increase in liver short-chain acyl and total carnitines. Muscle energy charge was unaltered by either moderate or severe sepsis. These results represent the first demonstration of sepsis-induced fuel shifts at the mitochondrial level in muscle: Severe hyperdynamic sepsis is characterized by the reduced ability of muscle mitochondria to utilize pyruvate with a simultaneous increase in branchedchain ketoacid and ketone body utilization. These changes were not observed in liver mitochondria.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)83-92
Number of pages10
JournalCirculatory Shock
Issue number2
StatePublished - 1992
 - ketoacid
 - ketone body
 - mitochondrial function
 - pyruvate
 - subcutaneous abscess
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
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text: "The Miniature Lightning Box" is made from the insides of a compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) and an old TV flyback transformer. The circuit inside of the CFL can generate high frequency currents that are fed into a high frequency transformer inside the base of the bulb. The high frequency transformer boosts the voltage so the fluorescent bulb can light up. The TV transformer makes high voltage and high frequency current to generate enough electricity to trace the electron beam that lights up the screen. When you take the CFL's transformer and replace the fluorescent bulb for the TV transformer, you can create well over 1,000 volts! this is my version of a high voltage supply/Jacob's Ladder. I love this project because the spring animates along with the electricity.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
FIN454 Capital Structure & Financing
Lead Faculty: Dr. Farhang Mossavar-Rahmani
Overview the factors that affect capital structure decisions. Topics include: risk and return, corporate strategy, capital structure choices, economics, regulatory, and industry effect on capital structure, raising capital and financial distress and bankruptcy.
- Describe the factors affecting capital structure decisions.
- Discuss the relationship between capital structure and corporate strategy.
- Explain how to estimate capital costs.
- Discuss the capital structure theories and Empirical tests.
- Analyze the relevancy of capital structure.
- Estimate continuing value.
- Describe rating agencies and credit insurance.
- Discuss issues related to the financial distress and bankruptcy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This Teacher – Student bonding Love makes us Cry!! Very Emotional Hats off to Teacher. What a Reaction!! Response to love. its called as pure love. Teacher and students heart touching video. Teacher transferred to another school. But Students want to continue this teacher in the same school.
The teacher is the most important persons in everyone life. Teachers are like a friend, brother, Family men, Father to all. if a person is good or bad it depends on the teacher. Every teacher sir Influence will surely show the impact on Everyone life.
Teacher Heart touching video. Love respect and responsibility matter here. A good teacher will make famous a good teacher always wants his students very popular and happy. According to research, few factors in education have a greater impact on a student's educational experience than a caring relationship with his or her teacher. Here this teacher transfer to another school. Video goes viral On the Internet
- Successful teachers expect their students to succeed
- Successful teachers have a sense of purpose and sense of humor
- Great teachers exude passion as well as purpose
- Successful teachers have a positive attitude
- Only Successful teachers know how to take risks
- Good teachers ask good questions
- Successful teachers welcome change in the classroom
- Successful teachers are not threatened by parent advocacy
- Successful teachers never stop learning
Hope government canceled his Transfer order and Continue with his students at the same school. forward and share on all sites. excellent strategy for enhancing student motivation, fostering intellectual agility, and encouraging democratic habits All The best for students. something valuable, they must have a purpose. Consider your goals for each discussion
For more information, Updates about Viral videos, Education, social viral buzz news stay tuned with us. Bookmark us.


Maslow Was Right
Maslow Was Right
Sixty years ago, Abraham Maslow identified that to be happier, we should break away from social conditioning.
In other words, we should be authentic and remain true to ourselves. Acting more according to our values, opinions and convictions rather than according to the dictates of society, our group of friends or even our family.
Easier said than done, since society's influence on our actions and behaviour is surreptitious, insidious, and often happens without our even realizing it. You also need a certain degree of courage and a minimum of self-confidence to be yourself in nearly all circumstances.
Leger's Happiness Index therefore focused on Maslow's affirmation ... and we must admit that he was right. The more people go against their values and convictions, the more their level of happiness is low. The gap is considerable, over 17 points on the LHI! It's no coincidence that authenticity ranks 12th among the 25 factors that influence happiness.
LHI according to whether we go against our values and convictions
We should take some consolation in knowing that only slightly more than 11% of the population acts in this way, while 70% rarely and 19% never do so. We note that the younger you are, the more you tend to go against your values and convictions. The same phenomenon is observed with levels of education and income. The lower they are, the more people lack authenticity.
Finally, it should be noted that more anglophones and allophones go against their values and beliefs.


text:
UBC Theses and Dissertations
Aboriginal forest tenure and governance in British Columbia : exploring alternatives from a Stellat'en First Nation community perspective Weber, Sarah Elizabeth
The purpose of this research is to contribute to the identification of appropriate forest tenure and governance designs that are in congruence with Aboriginal values, interests and rights. The research is highly relevant to current societal deliberations on sustainable forest management as well as to the future of the forest sector in Canada. First Nations culture and ways of life are intimately and inextricably tied to the land. Some eighty percent of Canada's First Nations communities are situated in productive forest regions (NAFA 2003). Even so, First Nations have been largely excluded from forest development and planning activities. Furthermore, the provincial policy emphasis on industrial timber production may not be consistent with Aboriginal forest values. This community-based research takes a participatory approach to forest policy analysis. The work is conducted in partnership with the Stellat'en First Nation and Carrier Sekani Tribal Council in central British Columbia. Stellat'en criteria for forest tenure and governance are identified in a series of workshops and interviews. These criteria are then applied in the analysis of four alternative models: the Community Ecosystem Trust, the Gitanyow joint land use planning model, BC Community Forest Agreements and Aboriginal reservations in the United States. The results indicated that Stellat'en have three main goals regarding forest tenure and governance: protect the traditional territory for future generations, protect Stellat'en culture and support Stellat'en economic self-determination. Implementation of the Stellat'en vision calls for a greater emphasis on ecological and cultural values in forest management, devolution of decision making authority to First Nations, reallocation of harvesting rights and redistribution of wealth generated by forest activities. The Stellat'en perspective emphasizes co-existence and stewardship. Evaluation of the four alternative models provided useful insights for progressive tenure and governance design. All four models had positive aspects to contribute, as well as shortcomings. The models are not mutually exclusive. Since each model addresses different management and institutional functions, they could be combined into a new system for the future.
Item Citations and Data
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International


How to add more memory to PS4 PRO
PS4 PRO is almost the best game console out there in the market, with its powerful features and superb performance, it can easily outrank any other game console as of today. But the primary drawback of PS4 PRO is the limited memory size that's set to 1TB which won't please a wide majority of enthusiasts who want larger memory size for their heavyweight games.
The Need for more memory on PS4 PRO
Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user-accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K, and Macintosh Plus did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage. Each choice has its benefits and drawbacks. PS4 PRO memory can be expanded to whatever size you wish (up to 10tb), but you must first gauge your needs and decide which memory size is best suited for your requirements. Your Operating System is stored on your hard drive, as well as all your software programs, like Microsoft Word. Since there are no moving parts, solid-state drives are much less vulnerable to damage from physical shock. The hard drive was first used in the RAMAC 305 system, with a storage capacity of 5 MB and a cost of about $50,000 ($10,000 per megabyte). The hard drive was built-in to the computer and was not removable.
PS4 PRO internal hard drive
Internal drives have to be physically installed by opening up your computer – something some people are hesitant to do. PS4 PRO memory comes by default in 1TB of capacity, and many fanboys look forward to add more memory to that limited size. The hard drive is actually a few circular disks stacked one on top of the other. The major downside of solid-state drives is that they are a lot more expensive than hard disk drives, although prices are gradually coming down. In 1963, IBM developed the first removable hard drive, having a 2.6 MB storage capacity. But your files and programs are stored directly on your computer; they're always there whenever you need them.
Storing Data on the memory of PS4 PRO
A little arm moves over the disks and writes things to these circular platters, and reads them. Despite the cost, solid-state drives are quickly becoming the preferred type of hard drive for certain types of computers because they are very damage proof and smaller than regular hard disk drives. When trying to store your games on the memory of PS4 PRO, make sure first that you have enough space for that purpose to be accomplished. The first hard drive to have a storage capacity of one gigabyte was also developed by IBM in 1980. External drives are connected to your computer via plug-in cables, such as Backup Plus Portable, or accessed over Wi-Fi, such as Wireless Plus. When you save a file or create a new folder, think of these circular platters being written to and you'll have a basic idea of just what your hard drive is.
adding more memory space to PS4 PRO
For example, the MacBook Air now comes standard with a solid-state drive using flash memory. It weighed 550 pounds and cost $40,_PHONE_ marked the introduction of the first 3.5-inch size hard drive, developed by Rodime. The best memory size we recommend for PS4 PRO upgrade is 2tb, and we have already composed an article that gathers the best 2tb hard drives for PS4 PRO. This lets you take files with you, transfer them to other computers, or instantly add storage to your computer or network without any technical hurdles. A hard drive is given a letter of the alphabet for convenience sake, and in most computers this will be the letter C. The most important characteristic of a hard drive is how much data the hard drive can store, referred to as the storage capacity.
Backup PS4 PRO memory game data
It had a storage capacity of 10 MB. That's why the hard drive is popularly know as the C Drive. A typical internal hard drive for a new desktop computer or laptop has a storage capacity of several hundred gigabytes (GB) up to one terabyte (TB). Before upgrading the internal memory of PS4 PRO, it's mandatory to backup your previous games lest you lose them and be forced to re-download and reinstall them once the upgrade process is done. How large is a terabyte? Seagate was the first company to introduce a 7200 RPM hard drive in 1992. There are other drives on your computer.
use an external hard drive to backup PS4 PRO memory
Consider that a typical song in an MP3 format is in the order of five to ten megabytes (MB). You could store approximately 150,000 songs on a one TB drive. Seagate also introduced the first 10,000 RPM hard drive in 1996 and the first 15,000 RPM hard drive in 2000. Try to use an external hard drive while backing up the PS4 PRO memory, this will make your way much easier. These are the usual drives on modern Personal Computers:There are several different types of hard drives for storing software and data files: hard disk drives, solid-state drives and external drives. Other characteristics are important, too, however. The first solid-state drive (SSD) as we know them today was developed by SanDisk Corporation in 1991, with a storage capacity of 20 MB.
Learn about how they work and how to select the right drive for a particular computer system in this lesson. Adding more memory to PS4 PRO offers new potentials to its fanboys to play more high-end heavyweight games without having to delete them in order to make more space for the new comers. These include the access time, or the time it takes to access a particular piece of data (measured in milliseconds, or ms), and the data transfer rate, or how fast data can be read or written (measured in megabits per seconds, or Mbits/s). Solid-state drives perform better than hard disk drives with respect to these two characteristics: they have shorter access times and higher data transfer rates. PS4 PPO memory upgrade is a process that a wide majority of enthusiasts want to carry out to enhance their gaming experience and gain flexibility of options within PS4 PRO system. However, this was not a flash-based SSD, which were introduced later in 1995 by M-Systems. In order to increase storage capacity for a particular computer you can add additional internal hard drives.


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How to guarantee the quality of insulating glass production
 - Author:fanyumaoyi
 - Source:chinamirrormanufacturer.com
 - Release on:2016-12-06
Insulating glass manufacturers to improve the quality of the insulating glass, in addition to the advanced equipment of insulating glass to control the process, efficient production, if we ignore the following safeguards to produce qualified insulated glass to get market recognition is out of the question. So in the process of production of hollow glass, 5 control measures strictly.
 (1) reduce production time
 Desiccant minimizing contact with the atmosphere of the time, reducing the adsorption loss and give the desiccant has a high adsorption capacity.
 (2) strictly controlled production environment temperature
 Main influence capacity and residual adsorption capacity of the production environment.
 (3) select the appropriate aluminium insulation
 The pore gas seams should be small, reducing the water absorption of zeolite during the operation.
 (4) select suitable desiccant
 To select the desiccant adsorption rate is relatively high and persistent.
 (5) water through the spread of polymers
 Rely mainly on select sealant of low permeability coefficients, determine a reasonable thickness of seal, reducing the temperature difference between inside and outside of the insulated glass (that is controlled in a certain temperature range temperature range of production and not so great).
 These measures through choice of materials, processing, control of all aspects of the environment, control of insulating glass, the quality will be greatly.
 ProfessionalInsulating glassThe production equipment, strict management, scientific process and quality control measures for the production of insulating glass, is a prerequisite for improving the quality of insulating glass.


text:
Analysis of Spatial Distribution Pattern of Reservoir Petrophysical Properties for Horizontal Well Performance Evaluation-A Case Study of Reservoir X
Aidoo Borsah Abraham1, *, Annan Boah Evans1, Brantson Eric Thompson2
1 Oil and Gas Engineering Department, School of Engineering, All Nations University College, Koforidua, Ghana
2 Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Mineral Resources Technology, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana
Building a large number of static models to analyze reservoir performance is vital in reservoir development planning. For the purpose of maximizing oil recovery, reservoir behavior must be modelled properly to predict its performance. This requires the study of the variation of the reservoir petrophysical properties as a function of spatial location.
In recent times, the method used to analyze reservoir behavior is the use of reservoir simulation. Hence, this study seeks to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of reservoir petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability, thickness, saturation and ascertain its effect on cumulative oil production. Geostatistical techniques were used to distribute the petrophysical properties in building a 2D static model of the reservoir and construction of dynamic model to analyze reservoir performance. Vertical to horizontal permeability anisotropy ratio affects horizontal wells drilled in the 2D static reservoir. The performance of the horizontal wells appeared to be increasing steadily as kv/kh increases. At kv/kh value of 0.55, a higher cumulative oil production was observed compared to a kv/kh ratio of 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1. In addition, horizontal well length significantly affects cumulative oil production of the petroleum reservoir studied.
At kv/kh of 0.55, the results of the analysis showed a rapid decrement in cumulative oil production as the horizontal well length decreases. Considering horizontal well length of 3000 ft, 2000 ft, and 1500 ft, a minimum cumulative oil production was obtained from a horizontal well length of 1500 ft.
The geostatistical and reservoir simulation methods employed in this study will serve as an insight in analyzing horizontal well performance.
open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: _URL_ This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Address correspondence to this author at the Oil and Gas Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, All Nations University College, Koforidua, Ghana; Tel: +233243344953; E-mail: _EMAIL_


A young woman, unfamiliar with the city or its cinematic culture, has come to a film studio to return a coat that had been lent to her during a rainstorm. She is holding the coat and a card she found in the coat—on it is the name of a film director. The young woman steps through the studio doorway straight into the film set and is walking a deserted alleyway with lit windows. Silence.
Like clockwork, every year around the spring equinox, as the ducks and egrets return to the rivers and sprigs of green grass begin sprouting in lawns, people in Japan take to the hills to pick mountain vegetables, herbs and other wild foods. As translator and writer Winifred Bird explains in her new book, Eating Wild Japan: Tracking the Culture of Foraged Foods, with a Guide to Plants and Recipes, there is no common Japanese phrase that corresponds precisely to the English terms "wild food" or "foraged food".
Maung Shwe Yon was a highly acclaimed 19th-century master silversmith from Rangoon. Harry L Tilly, the aforementioned British expert on Burmese art, was effusive in his praise for Maung Shwe Yon. He described one of his pierced bowls as 'the best example of this kind of work ever produced' in his 1902 monograph, The Silverwork of Burma.
The vast majority of silverware in Thailand does not possess any reign or maker's mark or other indicator as to date or place of manufacture. Most of the marks found are Chinese "chop marks", stamped onto the underside of the silver object, perhaps with the aim of validating authenticity. Sometimes, the Chinese characters were transliterated into Thai from the Chaozhou dialect although this never became common practice.


MultiMarkdown footnotes in TextMate
Earlier this week, there was a thread on the TextMate mailing list about creating footnotes in text files. It was suggested that MultiMarkdown had a good footnote implementation and that my reference link macro/command/snippet system could be modified to make MultiMarkdown footnotes. As I was going to be spending some downtime this week flying and sitting in airports, I told the list I'd work it out and get back to them. So, thanks to a couple-hour delay at O'Hare, here it is.
The MultiMarkdown way of making footnotes follows the method described in this Markdown mailing list thread. It is apparently the format favored by John Gruber when he writes his Daring Fireball posts even though it hasn't made its way into his version of Markdown yet. Basically, you stick [^x] at the point you want the footnote marker to appear, and [^x]: footnote text at the bottom of the document. The "x" between the square brackets can be any string of characters. The format is basically the same as that for reference-style links, but with the addition of the caret character (^), which cleverly suggests the superscript commonly used for footnote markers.
As with the reference-style link system, the footnote-making system consists of a command that inserts a snippet and a macro that calls the command.
First, we create a new command called "Footnote" in the Markdown category of the Bundle editor and insert the following Perl code:
use List::Util qw(max);
$text = $text. "\n" unless substr($text, -1) eq "\n";
# Get the highest-numbered footnote.
_USER_ = $text =~ /^\[\^fn(\d+)\]: /mg;
$n = max(_USER_) + 1;
# Escape special characters.
$text =~ s/([\$\\'])/\\$1/g;
# Insert the snippet.
print '[^${1:fn'. $n. '}]$0'.
 $text. '[^$1]: ${2:footnote}'. "\n\n";
This command assumes that all the text is selected from the point at which the footnote marker is to appear to the end of the file (that's the $ENV{'TM_SELECTED_TEXT} part). Your Bundle Editor window should look like this:
(Click on the screenshot to see it full-sized.)
We now create a macro that makes that selection and calls the command. Start with a file that has some text and a couple of blank lines at the end. Then:
 1. Put the caret somewhere in the text. (At this point it doesn't really matter where, but to get a feel of how the macro will work, you'll probably want to put it where you want the footnote marker to appear.)
 2. Choose Start Macro Recording from the Automation menu.
 3. Press Command-Shift-Downarrow to select all the text from the caret to the end of the document.
 4. Invoke the Footnote command by choosing it from the little gear-like popup menu along the bottom of the TextMate window.
 5. Choose Stop Macro Recording from the Automation menu.
 6. Click anywhere in the document to deselect the footnote marker and interrupt the snippet.
 7. Press Command-Z to undo the snippet.
At this point, it's probably best to test out the macro a few times by choosing Replay Scratch Macro from the Automation menu. When you're convinced it's working, choose Save Scratch Macro… from the Automation menu and save it with the name "Footnote" in the Markdown section. Use whatever Tab Trigger or Key Equivalent you like (I chose a Key Equivalent of Control-F) and set the Scope Selector to "text.html.markdown." Your Bundle Editor window should now look like this:
To use the macro, put the caret where you want the footnote marker to appear and invoke the macro. The footnote marker, [^fn1], will appear at the caret position with the "fn1" selected and [^fn1]: footnote will appear at the bottom of the document. You can now type a new marker or just hit the Tab key to change the selection to the "footnote" text. When you're done changing the footnote text another press of the Tab key will move the caret back to the end of the footnote marker. If you left the footnote marker as "fn1," the next time you invoke the macro, the marker will be "fn2," and the time after that it will be "fn3," and so on. Please note that, as with the leading number in ordered list items, the number in your marker may not be the number that shows up in the HTML output.
There are two oddities you may be wondering about:
 1. Why [^fn1] and [^fn2] instead of just [^1] and [^2]?
 2. Why is there a blank line after each footnote?
The simple answer to both these questions is that MultiMarkdown won't work otherwise. I haven't looked into the code to see why, but MultiMarkdown doesn't recognize footnote markers with just a single digit after the caret. And it also gets confused by multiple footnotes unless they're separated by a blank line. My first thought is that restrictions are bugs in the implementation, but maybe there's a good reason for them.
One more thing. If you start using footnotes and processing them through MultiMarkdown, you'll soon find you need to create a "footnote" class in your CSS stylesheet. Otherwise, the footnote numbers will not be superscripted. And you'll have to create a "reversefootnote" class if you want the footnotes themselves to have a different style (e.g., a smaller font size) than the regular body text.
Happy footnoting!


text:
Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
The Middle Wildcat Creek watershed is located in central Indiana, draining approximately 121 square miles in Carroll, Clinton, Tippecanoe, and Howard Counties. Major streams included in the TMDL report are Middle Fork Wildcat Creek, Hog Run, Cripe Run, Campbells Run, Harness Ditch, and Whiteman Ditch
A comprehensive survey of the Middle Wildcat Creek watershed was conducted by Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) in 2003. The primary cause of impairment is Escherichia coli bacteria (E. coli). Pollution sources in the watershed include non-point sources e.g. row crop agriculture and pastures, urban and rural runoff, land application of manure, and point sources e.g. straight pipe dischargers, home sewage treatment system disposal, and combined sewer overflow outlets.
TMDLs for the Middle Wildcat Creek watershed are established for Escherichia coli bacteria (E. coli) and address 21 impairments. Some of the recommended solutions to address the impairments include storm water controls, point source controls, manure management, and habitat improvements.
A Kickoff TMDL Meeting was held at the following locations:
A Draft TMDL Meeting was held at the following locations:
The 30-day public comment period for the Draft Middle Wildcat Creek Watershed TMDL began on July 26, 2010, and ended on August 26, 2010.
U.S. EPA under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act approved the Middle Wildcat Creek Watershed TMDL report on September 24, 2010, for 21 impairments. TMDL reports identify and evaluate water quality problems in impaired water bodies and propose solutions to bring those waters into attainment with water quality standards.
The following documents provide additional information on the Middle Wildcat Creek watershed.


text:
In partnership with Rock Hill School District 3, Winthrop initiated the Piedmont Wetlands Project during the summer of 2004. The 1.1-acre area adjoins Winthrop Lake and offers research opportunity for students of all ages and a glimpse of the fast-disappearing Piedmont wetlands. A small island was incorporated to serve as a nesting ground for many area birds including the great blue heron, the little blue heron, the green heron, Canada geese, and song sparrows. Additionally, Winthrop biology faculty and students planted grass as well as 14 species of trees and 10 shrubs to help re-establish plant life typically found in Piedmont wetlands areas. The collaborative project not only provides study opportunity for area teachers and students but also improves the overall health of Winthrop Lake.
- Winthrop biology faculty and students planted the grasses, trees, and shrubs comprising the wetlands.


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From wikipedia:
Equivalently, a set P is a partition of X if, and only if, it does not contain the empty set and:
 1. The union of the elements of P is equal to X. (The elements of P are said to cover X.)
 2. The intersection of any two distinct elements of P is empty. (We say the elements of P are pairwise disjoint.)
I clearly understand that the intersection between partition is empty (point 2), but how can the union of a partition can be the all elements in the set?
If it is a partition, shouldnt they be just a part?
I imagine a set divided in 3 and the elements in the first part are not all the elements of the second part.
How do you explain this?
share|improve this question
4 Answers 4
up vote 6 down vote accepted
The idea of a partition is that you take a whole (the set $X$) and you divide it to parts.
Now if I cut off an apple into slices (and one core) I have several pairwise disjoint parts of the apple, but if I reassemble the parts I get a whole apple again.
Similarly we require this from a partition of a set. We want that the union of all the parts give us the entire set we partitioned.
share|improve this answer
Is the term exhaustive in exhaustive partition redundant? – Kaz Oct 23 '12 at 4:44
_USER_: I never heard this term before... – Asaf Karagila Oct 23 '12 at 18:58
I think the word partition explain itself. it is something to do with parts. so if P are all the parts of X then definitely when you put all the P together it will form X. SO THE UNION OF ALL P IS EQUAL TO X.
share|improve this answer
The examples will help. Examples of partitions of $ \{1,2,3\} $ are \begin{equation} \{1\}, \{2\}, \{3\} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \{1,2\},\{3\} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \{1\},\{2,3\} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \{1,2,3\} \end{equation} \begin{equation} \{2\},\{1,3\} \end{equation}
share|improve this answer
I gave some examples. But I add this if you want. – user29999 Oct 22 '12 at 23:36
The union of all parts gives you the whole set. So if you partition a set $X$ in three parts $P_1$, $P_2$, $P_3$, then $P_1\cup P_2\cup P_3=X$.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Reina P. Cunningham
Schools across the state are in danger of losing their health clinics due to Medicaid non-payment, according to local officials.
"We provide a mini-health department in each school site as kids have access to registered dietitians, environmentalists, epidemiologists, health educators and a wide variety of health care specialists," said Judy LeFevers, the interim public health director. "A school nurse is the only access to any health care for some school children."
Officials with the Bell County Health Department are asking representatives to advocate for the department to be removed from Medicaid billing as a managed care organization (MCO). The issues with Medicaid billing is a direct result of the health department being listed as a MCO.
The health department has obtained and verified almost two thousand signatures on a petition asking for help from elected officials. These signatures came from residents of Bell County, age 18 and over, who see the importance of keeping the school clinics.
All students in the Bell County school system have equal access to the school clinics and are provided services regardless of whether or not they have Medicaid. Each student receives the same treatment as if they do have Medicaid.
Medicaid is an approximate 70-30 percent federal and state matching fund grant. The local health department pays the state's 30 percent match out of local tax money for all Medicaid services provided by local health services. This means the state currently does not have to pay for any of the costs associated with the clinics.
If the health department is forced to close the school clinics and schools have to hire their own nurses, it will have to be covered with local tax money raised by school districts.
The school clinics provide immunizations and preventative health care screenings, as well as dental treatments such as fluoride and varnish.
The school nurses are capable of giving students over the counter medicines when needed and dispensing prescription medicines to students who need to have medication during school hours.
The school clinics are student friendly environments, complete with a "sick bed" for students to rest on while waiting for their parents to pick them up. Posters of popular kid movies and cartoon characters cover the walls at the clinics.
All school nurses are specially trained to be in the school environment. They complete all required continuing education classes.
School clinics have successfully operated in Bell County since 1992. This is when Kentucky launched a three-county pilot program for school clinics.
For information on where you can sign the petition, you can contact LeFevers at _PHONE_.
You can reach Reina Parker Cunningham at _EMAIL_ or by phone at _PHONE_, ext. 205.


it is possible to create an invalid XML tree (for example, by adding two attributes with the same name or by setting attribute/node name to empty/invalid string). Tree modification is optimized for performance and for memory consumption, so if you have enough memory you can create documents from scratch with pugixml and later save them to file/stream instead of relying on error-prone manual text writing and without too much overhead.
All member functions that change node/attribute data or structure are non-constant and thus can not be called on constant handles. However, you can easily convert constant handle to non-constant one by simple assignment: void foo(const pugi::xml_node& n) { pugi::xml_node nc = n; }, so const-correctness here mainly provides additional documentation.
As discussed before, nodes can have name and value, both of which are strings. Depending on node type, name or value may be absent. You can use set_name and set_value member functions to set them. Similar functions are available for attributes; however, the set_value function is overloaded for some other types except strings, like floating-point numbers. Also, attribute value can be set using an assignment operator. This is an example of setting node/attribute name and value (samples/modify_base.cpp):
pugi::xml_node node = doc.child("node");
// change node name
std::cout << node.set_name("notnode");
std::cout << ", new node name: " << << std::endl;
// change comment text
std::cout << doc.last_child().set_value("useless comment");
std::cout << ", new comment text: " << doc.last_child().value() << std::endl;
// we can't change value of the element or name of the comment
std::cout << node.set_value("1") << ", " << doc.last_child().set_name("2") << std::endl;
pugi::xml_attribute attr = node.attribute("id");
// change attribute name/value
std::cout << attr.set_name("key") << ", " << attr.set_value("345");
std::cout << ", new attribute: " << << "=" << attr.value() << std::endl;
// we can use numbers or booleans
std::cout << "new attribute value: " << attr.value() << std::endl;
// we can also use assignment operators for more concise code
attr = true;
std::cout << "final attribute value: " << attr.value() << std::endl;
Nodes and attributes do not exist without a document tree, so you can't create them without adding them to some document. A node or attribute can be created at the end of node/attribute list or before/after some other node. All insertion functions return the handle to newly created object on success, and null handle on failure. Even if the operation fails (for example, if you're trying to add a child node to PCDATA node), the document remains in consistent state, but the requested node/attribute is not added.
attribute() and child() functions do not add attributes or nodes to the tree, so code like node.attribute("id") = 123; will not do anything if node does not have an attribute with name "id". Make sure you're operating with existing attributes/nodes by adding them if necessary.
This is an example of adding new attributes/nodes to the document (samples/modify_add.cpp):
// add node with some name
pugi::xml_node node = doc.append_child("node");
// add description node with text child
pugi::xml_node descr = node.append_child("description");
descr.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value("Simple node");
// add param node before the description
pugi::xml_node param = node.insert_child_before("param", descr);
// add attributes to param node
param.append_attribute("name") = "version";
param.append_attribute("value") = 1.1;
param.insert_attribute_after("type", param.attribute("name")) = "float";
If you do not want your document to contain some node or attribute, you can remove it with remove_attribute and remove_child functions. Removing the attribute or node invalidates all handles to the same underlying object, and also invalidates all iterators pointing to the same object. Removing node also invalidates all past-the-end iterators to its attribute or child node list. Be careful to ensure that all such handles and iterators either do not exist or are not used after the attribute/node is removed.
This is an example of removing attributes/nodes from the document (samples/modify_remove.cpp):
// remove description node with the whole subtree
// remove id attribute
pugi::xml_node param = node.child("param");
// we can also remove nodes/attributes by handles
pugi::xml_attribute id = param.attribute("name");
Saving document
Often after creating a new document or loading the existing one and processing it, it is necessary to save the result back to file. Also it is occasionally useful to output the whole document or a subtree to some stream; use cases include debug printing, serialization via network or other text-oriented medium, etc. pugixml provides several functions to output any subtree of the document to a file, stream or another generic transport interface; these functions allow to customize the output format, and also perform necessary encoding conversions.
Before writing to the destination the node/attribute data is properly formatted according to the node type; all special XML symbols, such as < and &, are properly escaped. In order to guard against forgotten node/attribute names, empty node/attribute names are printed as ":anonymous". For well-formed output, make sure all node and attribute names are set to meaningful values.
If you want to save the whole document to a file, you can use the save_file function, which returns true on success. This is a simple example of saving XML document to file (samples/save_file.cpp):
// save document to file
std::cout << "Saving result: " << doc.save_file("save_file_output.xml") << std::endl;
To enhance interoperability pugixml provides functions for saving document to any object which implements C++ std::ostream interface. This allows you to save documents to any standard C++ stream (i.e. file stream) or any third-party compliant implementation (i.e. Boost Iostreams). Most notably, this allows for easy debug output, since you can use std::cout stream as saving target. There are two functions, one works with narrow character streams, another handles wide character ones.
This is a simple example of saving XML document to standard output (samples/save_stream.cpp):
// save document to standard output
std::cout << "Document:\n";;
All of the above saving functions are implemented in terms of writer interface. This is a simple interface with a single function, which is called several times during output process with chunks of document data as input. In order to output the document via some custom transport, for example sockets, you should create an object which implements xml_writer_file interface and pass it to xml_document::save function.
This is a simple example of custom writer for saving document data to STL string (samples/save_custom_writer.cpp); read the sample code for more complex examples:
struct xml_string_writer: pugi::xml_writer
 std::string result;
 virtual void write(const void* data, size_t size)
 result.append(static_cast(data), size);
While the previously described functions save the whole document to the destination, it is easy to save a single subtree. Instead of calling xml_document::save, just call xml_node::print function on the target node. You can save node contents to C++ IOstream object or custom writer in this way. Saving a subtree slightly differs from saving the whole document; read the manual for more information.
If you believe you've found a bug in pugixml, please file an issue via issue submission form. Be sure to include the relevant information so that the bug can be reproduced: the version of pugixml, compiler version and target architecture, the code that uses pugixml and exhibits the bug, etc. Feature requests and contributions can be filed as issues, too.
If filing an issue is not possible due to privacy or other concerns, you can contact pugixml author by e-mail directly:
The pugixml library is distributed under the MIT license:
Copyright (c) 2006-2020 Arseny Kapoulkine
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
This means that you can freely use pugixml in your applications, both open-source and proprietary. If you use pugixml in a product, it is sufficient to add an acknowledgment like this to the product distribution:
This software is based on pugixml library (
pugixml is Copyright (C) 2006-2020 Arseny Kapoulkine.
1. All trademarks used are properties of their respective owners.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
My application receives a jpeg file as a MemoryStream from a webservice. I need assign the image to image.Source. How can this be done?
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2 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
In here it is described:
void proxy_GetImageCompleted(object sender, GetImageCompletedEventArgs e)
 MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(e.Result);
 BitmapImage b = new BitmapImage();
 imgImage.Source = b;
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The System.Windows.Controls.Image.Source property is of type System.Windows.Media.ImageSource A System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapImage is derived from ImageSource.
And BitmapImage has a SetSource(Stream streamsource) method.
So with the following code you can add an image from a stream:
Stream inStream = [your MemoryStream];
BitmapImage tempImage = new BitmapImage();
YourControlsImage.Source = tempImage;
MSDN links:
Image.Source Property
BitmapSource.SetSource Method
BitmapImage Class
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text:
Advantages of macadamized roads.
Advantages of macadamized roads.(a) They were durable with three layers of small broken stones.(b) They were cheap to construct using stones as the basic material for construction.(c) They had a smooth motoring surface since the gravel layer was bound together by the weight of vehicles.(d) They were straight hence reduced occurrence of accidents.(e) They were easily drained due to their smooth surface and being raised.


10 Keys to a Successful Cultural Transformation
10 Keys to a Successful Cultural Transformation
1. Top-Down
Must be initiated, sponsored and lead by the CEO and carried by the leadership team.
2. Measurement
What you don't measure you can't manage, measure and track regularly.
3. Alignment
Ensure strategic, cultural and structural alignment.
4. Addressed concerns
Understand the fears and concerns that will cause resistance in order to find ways to overcome them.
5. Committed Leaders
Leaders must be committed to transform themselves as well as their teams, which includes setting clear expectations, giving regular candid feedback and having crucial conversations when people don't contribute.
6. Developing Leaders
Support leaders by developing their capability to execute the plan.
7. Engagement
Create high engagement, involvement and identification with the transformation to reach the tipping point.
8. Supportive system
Install rhythms, rituals and high levels of communication to bring the new culture alive
9. Accountability
Create a culture of personal accountability to ensure fast implementation.
10. Celebrate success
Celebrate successes and reward and recognise stewards of the desired culture
About the Author
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Encyclopedia of Sport: Every sport from around the world
Cowboy Action Shooting
Cowboy Action Shooting (CAS) is a shooting sport which involves shooting at targets with a variety of guns that were typical of the late 19th century. The sport originated in the United States and is currently practiced in a few other countries as well.
In competitions, matches consist of several stages, with each stage presenting a different scenario that are typical of the old west. Shooters have to carry four guns for a mach (two revolvers, one shotgun, and one rifle). Each stage requires up to 10 revolver rounds, up to 10 rifle rounds, or up to eight shotgun rounds. Some stages will restrict the use of only one or two types of guns. Targets used are usually steel plates that get knocked down when hit.
cowboy shooting cowboy shooting
Most matches are time based, where each shooter completes the stages individually against a clock. In each stage, targets have to be shot in a specific order. For each missed target 5 seconds, and for targets shot out-of-order 10 seconds, are added to the shooters final time as a penalty. After all deductions, the competitor with the fastest time for all stages combined is declared as the winner.
The most popular competitions for CAS is the National and World Championships where over 700 competitors take part.
Similar Sports
Related Pages
Sport Extra
How to Cite


text:
|Scholarly journal is a peer-reviewed journal in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Scholarly journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The term Scholarly journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals.
Germ cells are the only type of cell that can transmit all genomic information to the next generation. Such cells have unique characteristics, being not only germline-competent but also serving as stem cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila, germ cell lineages are predetermined. In contrast, in mammals, primordial germ cells, which are precursors of germ cells, are induced from multipotentepiblasts via extra-embryonic signaling. In avian species, however, the means by which germ cells are defined remain to be elucidated. Manipulation of germ cells is valuable in studies on germline development and in production of valuable cell lines. In birds, which lack germline-competent stem cells, genomic modulation of germ cells might serve to generate genetically modified poultry for both commercial applications and basic research. (Tae Sub Park, HyungChul Lee, DeivendranRengaraj and Jae Yong Han, Germ Cell, Stem Cell, and Genomic Modification in Birds)


advances per item, that isn't a problem anymore; but the fact that we're summing these integers sequentially is now the limiter.
A working solution is to change the algorithm slightly: instead of keeping a single sum of all integers, we keep two separate sums. One for the integers at even-numbered array positions, and one for the integers at odd-numberd positions. Then we need to sum those two values at the end. This is the algorithm:
 rCurInt = load64(rCurPtr); // LoadEven
 rSumEven = rSumEven + rCurInt; // SumEven
 rCurInt = load64(rCurPtr + 8); // LoadOdd
 rSumOdd = rSumOdd + rCurInt; // SumOdd
 rCurPtr = rCurPtr + 16; // Advance
 if rCurPtr!= rEndPtr goto loop; // Done?
 rSum = rSumEven + rSumOdd; // FinalSum
And the dataflow graph for the loop kernel looks as follows:
Dataflow graph for unrolled array sum, second attempt
Where before all the summing was in what's called the same dependency chain (the name should be self-explanatory by now, I hope), we have now split the summation into two dependency chains. And this is enough to make a sufficiently-wide machine that can sustain 6 instructions per cycle complete our integer-summing task in just slightly more than half a cycle per integer being summed. Progress!
On a somewhat narrower 4-wide design, we are now throughput-bound, and take around 6/4=1.5 cycles per two integers summed, or 0.75 cycles per integer. That's still a good improvement from the 1 cycle per integer we would have gotten on the same machine from the non-unrolled version; this gain is purely from reduction the loop overhead fraction, and further unrolling could reduce it even further. (That said, unless your loop really is as tiny as our example, you don't generally want to go overboard with unrolling.)
Tying it all together
In the introduction, I talked about the need for a model detailed enough to make quantitative, not just qualitative, predictions; and at least for very simple compute-bound loops, that is exactly what we have now. At this point, you should know enough to look at the dependency structure of simple loops, and have some idea for how much (or how little) latent parallelism there is, and be able to compute a coarse upper bound on their "speed of light" on various machines with different peak instructions/cycle rates.
Of course, there are many simplifications here, most of which have been already noted in the text; we're mostly ignoring the effects of the memory hierarchy, we're not worrying at all about where the decoded instructions come from and how fast they can possibly be delivered, we've been flat-out assuming that our branch prediction oracle is perfect, and we've been pretending that while there may be a limit on the total number of instructions we can issue per cycle, it doesn't matter what these instructions are. None of these are true. And even if we're still compute-bound, we need to worry at least about that latter constraint: sometimes it can make a noticeable difference to tweak the "instruction mix" so it matches better what the hardware can actually do in a given clock cycle.
But all these caveats aside, the basic concepts introduced here are very general, and even just sketching out the dependency graph of a loop like this and seeing it in front of you should give you useful ideas about what potential problems are and how you might address them. If you're interested in performance optimization, it is definitely worth your time practicing this so you can look at loops and get a "feel" for how they execute, and how the shape of your algorithm (or your data structures, in the linked list case) aids or constrains the compiler and processor.
UPDATE: Some additional clarifications in answer to some questions: paraphrasing one, "if you have to first write C code, translate it to some pseudo-assembly, and then look at the graph, how can this possibly be a better process than just measuring the code in the first place?" Well, the trick here is that to measure anything, you actually need a working program. You don't to draw a dataflow graph. For example, a common scenario is that there are many ways you could structure some task, and they all want their data structured differently. Actually implementing and testing multiple variants like this requires you to write a lot of plumbing to massage data from one format into another (all of which can be buggy). Drawing a graph can be done from a brief description of the inner loop alone, and you can leave out the parts that you don't currently care about, or "dummy them out" by replacing them with a coarse approximation ("random work here, maybe 10 cycles latency?"). You only need to make these things precise when they become close to the critical path (or you're throughput-bound).
The other thing I'll say is that even though I've been talking about adding cycle estimates for compute-bound loops here, this technique works and is useful at pretty much any scale. It's applicable in any system where work is started and then processed asynchronously, with the results arriving some time later. If you're analyzing a tight, compute-bound loop, cycle-level granularity is the way to go. But you can zoom out and use the same technique to figure out how your decomposition of an algorithm into tasklets processed by a thread pool works out: do you actually have some meaningful overlap, or is there still one long serial dependency chain that dominates everything, and all you're doing by splitting it into tasklets like that is adding overhead? Zooming out even further, it works to analyze RPCs you're sending to a different machine, or queries to some database. Say you have a 30ms target response time, and each RPC takes about 2ms to return its results. In a system that takes 50 RPCs to produce a result, can you meet that deadline? The answer depends on how the dataflow between them looks. If they're all in series, almost certainly not. If they're in 5 "layers" that each fan out to 10 different machines then collect the results, you probably can. It certainly applies in project scheduling, and is one of the big reasons the "man-month" isn't a very useful metric: adding manpower increases your available resources but does nothing to relax your dependencies. In fact, it often adds more of them, to bring new people up to speed. If the extra manpower ends up resulting in more work on the critical path towards finishing your project (for example to train new hires), then adding these extra people to the project made it finish later. And so forth. The point being, this is not just limited to cycle-by-cycle analysis, even though that's the context I've been introducing it in. It's far more general than that.
And I think that's enough material for today. Next up, I'll continue my "Reading bits in far too many ways" series with the third part, where I'll be using these techniques to get some insight into what kind of difference the algorithm variants make. Until then!
One Comment
 1. Nice article :)
 You might want to change : "Because dataflow and data dependencies is because they can be viewed as" to "Because dataflow and data dependencies can be viewed as"
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text:
Boehme, Madelaine; Vasilyan, Davit; Winklhofer, Michael
Habitat tracking, range dynamics and palaeoclimatic significance of Eurasian giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae) - indications for elevated Central Asian humidity during Cenozoic global warm periods.
In: Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, Vol. 342: S. 64-72
Volltext auf 'Open Access LMU' nicht verfügbar.
Environmental fluctuations are a driving force in vertebrate evolution,but cryptobranchids (giant salamanders) show little morphologic changesince the Jurassic. Here we analyze their fossil distribution in theCenozoic of Eurasia and show that morphologic stasis is also maintainedby stable environments, making giant salamanders an ideal proxy-groupfor environmental and palaeoclimatic studies. The climate space ofrecent and fossil cryptobranchids is best characterized by high humiditywith mean annual precipitation values over 900 mm. The recordedpatchiness of their fossil record can be explained by habitat trackingand/or range expansion from higher altitudes into lowland settingsduring humid periods with increased basinal relief. In Central Asiacryptobranchids are recorded from five intervals, four of them areglobal warm periods: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Late Oligocenewarming, Miocene Climate Optimum, and Mio-Pliocene transition. Thisdistribution suggests that during global warmth the Asian cold highpressure zone during winter months may be weak or absent, thus moistwesterly winds penetrate far into the continent. The presence ofcryptobranchids also indicates that the aridification across theEocene-Oligocene boundary as reported from Mongolia and northwesternChina, does not occur in the Zaysan Basin, probably due to increasedupslope precipitation in the rising Altai Mountains.


text:
After modeling, elevations are not yet presentable. Lines will appear between walls and floors, and grade lines may not appear at the elevations. There are other ways to resolve the appearance of elevations, but please consider the following suggestions:
- If you are using an exterior cladding, make sure your floor sketch lines are on the outside line of the cladding, not the core.
- Paint the edge of the floor with the same material as your exterior cladding and then join the floors to the walls. Do not join and then paint, as your lines won't disappear. (If you did this, you can sometimes work around it by joining the walls above and below the floor together, and hitting ok when it warns that the objects do not touch one another.)
- Elevations looks best with the silhouetting turned on. Go into advance model graphics, and override the silhouette lines to Wide Lines.
- If you don't like some of the lines silhouetting, you can override them with the linework tool and the setting.
- Make sure your pad (which carves out a hole for your building in the terrain) is drawn to the outside of your cladding. This will ensure that a grade line appears on your elevations.


text:
old Irish zodiac was obviously heavily influenced by Greco-Latin
ideals, and translated straight into Irish, although it is interesting
that Leo is called 'Cú', The Hound, and not Leon, the Lion.
There is some evidence to suggest constellation groupings like the
were perceived in ancient Ireland. Other constellations which were
recognised as groupings include Orion (which was known in various
forms, most notably Nuadu of the Silver Hand) and Cassiopeia
and the Northern Crown. Cygnus, The
Swan, was probably recognised as a constellation too. The Milky
Way was known as 'The Way of the White Cow, and has led Mythical
Ireland to believe the ancient 'river goddess' Boann (illuminated
cow) was in fact meant to be the Moon, and that Newgrange,
which is known in Irish as Brú na Bóinne, is not just
a construct designed to capture Winter Solstice sunrise, but also
Full Moon rise at certain times of the lunar cycle. Brú na
Bóinne could mean 'womb of the moon'.
Irish Astrology - An Historical Argument: Interesting article
by Peter Berresford Ellis. Note references to Milky Way, Bealach
na Bo Finne.


Scientific Publications
Towards the optimal screening collection: a synthesis strategy.
Publication TypeJournal Article
AuthorsNielsen, TE, and Schreiber SL
AbstractThe development of effective small-molecule probes and drugs entails at least three stages: 1) a discovery phase, often requiring the synthesis and screening of candidate compounds, 2) an optimization phase, requiring the synthesis and analysis of structural variants, 3) and a manufacturing phase, requiring the efficient, large-scale synthesis of the optimized probe or drug. Specialized project groups tend to undertake the individual activities without prior coordination; for example, contracted (outsourced) chemists may perform the first activity while in-house medicinal and process chemists perform the second and third development stages, respectively. The coordinated planning of these activities in advance of the first small-molecule screen tends not to be undertaken, and each project group can encounter a bottleneck that could, in principle, have been avoided with advance planning. Therefore, a challenge for synthetic chemistry is to develop a new kind of chemistry that yields a screening collection comprising small molecules that increase the probability of success in all three phases. Although this transformative chemistry remains elusive, progress is being made. Herein, we review a newly emerging strategy in diversity-oriented small-molecule synthesis that may have the potential to achieve these challenging goals.
Year of Publication2008
JournalAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
Date Published (YYYY/MM/DD)2007/12/13
ISSN Number1433-7851


text:
When making stuffed pasta, the pasta dough should be rolled thinner than when making other pasta because the stuffed pasta requires two layers. Using thinner layers will prevent the edges of the stuffed pasta from becoming too thick. The pasta dough for stuffed pastas should not be allowed to dry before beginning the preparation process. It is best to have the pasta moist so that the layers will stick together better when sealed.
- Fillings can be as simple as one or two ingredients to several ingredients used in special recipes. Ingredients, such as meats, fish, cheese, vegetables, and herbs, are used in preparing fillings for stuffed pastas. It is common for eggs to be used in fillings to bind ingredients together.
- The filling used should be as free of moisture as possible to prevent the pasta from becoming soggy. Remove as much moisture as possible from all ingredients before mixing together.
- If using a moist filling, do not let the pasta set too long before cooking because the moisture from the filling may cause the pasta to stick to the surface where it has been placed.
- Be sure the filling is completely prepared before starting to work with the pasta so the pasta does not dry out while you are preparing the filling.
- When adding filling to pasta, do not over fill because too much filling will not allow enough room for the edges to seal properly.


text:
In an accompanying paper (Journal of Anthropological Research 73(2):149–80, 2017), the authors assess current archaeological and paleobiological evidence for the early Neolithic of China. Emerging trends in archaeological data indicate that early agriculture developed variably: hunting remained important on the Loess Plateau, and aquatic-based foraging and protodomestication augmented cereal agriculture in South China. In North China and the Yangtze Basin, semisedentism and seasonal foraging persisted alongside early Neolithic culture traits such as organized villages, large storage structures, ceramic vessels, and polished stone tool assemblages. In this paper, we seek to explain incipient agriculture as a predictable, system-level cultural response of prehistoric foragers through an evolutionary assessment of archaeological evidence for the preceding Paleolithic to Neolithic transition (PNT). We synthesize a broad range of diagnostic artifacts, settlement, site structure, and biological remains to develop a working hypothesis that agriculture was differentially developed or adopted according to "initial conditions" of habitat, resource structure, and cultural organization. The PNT of China is characterized by multiple, divergent evolutionary pathways: between the eastern and western parts of North China, and between and the Yangtze Valley and the Lingnan region farther south.
This document was originally published in the Journal of Anthropological Research by the University of Chicago Press. Copyright restrictions may apply. doi: 10.1086/692660
Chen, Shengqian and Yu, Pei-Lin. (2017). "Intensified Foraging and the Roots of Farming in China". Journal of Anthropological Research, 73(3), 381-412. _URL_


text:
The efficiency of a solar cell can decisively be increased by a surface
structuring process. A novel laser based technology to structure
organic solar cells has proved itself as a very fast and efficient
process and is thus very promising for industrial applications.
|The direct laser beam interference pattering method (DLIP) transfers nanostructures in one step into metals, ceramics or
In recent years the photoelectric efficiency of organic photovoltaics
has made enormous progress. The technology offers the scaling potential
to large and flexible photovoltaic substrates. Further efficiency
improvements are expected from optimizing the intrinsic properties of
the organic material. Microand nanostructured surfaces are very
advantageous for organic solar cells since they increase the optical
path length for the incoming light within the active material.
The scientists at the Fraunhofer IWS apply a very fast and efficient
technology with short processing times at increased resolutions, the
so-called direct laser beam interference pattering method (DLIP). The
method transfers nanostructures in one step into metals, ceramics or
polymers. Making an interference structure requires at least two
collimated and coherent laser beams, which superimpose on the substrate
surface. Interference occurs throughout the entire superposition volume
of the beams. A single laser pulse can process a surface area of up to
several square centimeters, which leads to an effective structuring
speed of several square centimeters per second.
In close cooperation with the Institute for Applied Photo Physics
(IAAP) of the Technische Universität Dresden the IWS scientists
investigated the influence of the DLIP structuring procedure on the
efficiency improvement of organic cells on PET foils. It proved that
the efficiency of solar cells on structured substrates could be
decisively improved. The superposition of two laser beams results in a
linear structure. This procedure achieves an efficiency increase of
appr. 10 % compared to the non-structured PET substrate. Three beams
that are not within the same spatial plane form a point structure. The
structuring period is defined by the angle between two laser beams and
their wavelengths. Crossed structures are made in a two-step process.
First a linear structure is imprinted and then the substrate is rotated
by 90° prior to repeating the same structuring step. This
technology turns out to be especially advantageous for organic cells on
PET foils and leads to an efficiency increase of 21 %.
For the industrial implementation of this procedure the IWS engineers
developed a compact laser interference system, which enables an inline


My photo
Monday, March 3, 2014
Infección del tracto urinario
ALiEM - By Christina Shanvi, MD PhD | March 3rd, 2014
"It seems like a simple enough question: How do you diagnose and treat uncomplicated UTIs in older adults? The answer is: It depends. Part 1 of this post will discuss diagnosis of UTIs in this population, and part 2 will address treatment.
UTIs are the most common bacterial infection diagnosed in older adults (age 65 and over) and the most common reason for antibiotic use in this population. They account for 5% of ED visits by older adults.
Bacteria in the urine occur on a spectrum from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), uncomplicated UTI, to complicated UTI. It is important to distinguish between these three entities in order to guide therapy and prevent inappropriate antibiotic use."
 - UTIs and ASB are common in older adults, particularly those in long-term care facilities.
 - ASB does not require treatment.
 - To diagnose a UTI the patient should have pyuria, bacteriuria, and some symptoms. In cognitively intact older adults, symptoms are usually GU-related, such as dysuria, frequency, pelvic discomfort, incontinence, and change in the urine. In older adults with cognitive impairment, also consider non-specific symptoms such as altered mental status, functional decline, anorexia, and behavioral changes."


text: Source: (2001) In Restorative community justice: Repairing harm and transforming communities, ed. Gordon Bazemore and Mara Schiff, 173-197. With an introduction by Gordon Bazemore and Mara Schiff. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.Pointing to a number of conferencing programs, Morris and Maxwell observe that there are various models of conferencing. From this, they identify what they consider to be necessary characteristics for successful restorative conferencing. They apply their perspective by reviewing different examples of conferencing to determine their strengths and weaknesses. However, their purpose is not argue for one model of conferencing against other models. Rather, Morris and Maxwell maintain that the essence of restorative conferencing is not in the particularities of any one model; the essence consists in how well a model reflects or achieves restorative values, processes, outcomes, and objectives. Therefore, Morris and Maxwell explore the values, processes, outcomes, and objectives of restorative conferencing. These include, for example, primacy of victims, offenders, and communities of care; collective responsibility; social justice; inclusion in processes and decisions; acknowledgment of responsibility through making amends; restoring connectedness and reintegration; healing victims' hurts; and more. While they include some discussion of victim-offender mediation programs, in general Morris and Maxwell focus on restorative conferencing programs.


Why baloney can bum you out
November 2nd, 2009 | Published in Stumpblog | 2 Comments
From BBC News:
Eating a diet high in processed food increases the risk of depression, research suggests. What is more, people who ate plenty of vegetables, fruit and fish actually have a lower risk of depression. Researchers split the participants into two types of diet – those who ate a diet largely based on whole foods, which includes lots of fruit, vegetables and fish, and those who ate a mainly processed food diet, such as sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products.
After accounting for factors such as gender, age, education, physical activity, smoking habits and chronic diseases, they found a significant difference in future depression risk with the different diets. Those who ate the most whole foods had a 26% lower risk of future depression than those who at the least whole foods. By contrast people with a diet high in processed food had a 58% higher risk of depression than those who ate very few processed foods.
 1. anne says:
 December 1st, 2009at 8:18 pm(#)
 Krista, do you know of any research on depression and diet at the level of macronutrient ratio? Or where to look for such a thing? Thanks! I've been a big fan of your site for years.
 2. Mistress Krista says:
 December 2nd, 2009at 7:13 am(#)
 Anne: Pubmed or Google Scholar would be the place I'd start. _URL_
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News from Europe
Statue of the Virgin Mary to be moved behind a school in France
A statue of the Virgin Mary, that is in the yard of a primary school in the department of Isere, France, will now be placed behind the building so that the children will no longer see it. According to the leaders, this move is necessary to respect the laicity law of 1905.
The statue was erected in the middle of the twentieth century, before the building of the school. The then owner of the property commissioned the statue after he was convinced that he saw the virgin appear at the river of the town.
After his death, a public school was built on the property, but the statue stayed in its place. Later, in the 1990s, the school leaders decided to move the statue to a less frequented spot, next to the building. They used the laicity law of 1905 to justify their actions. According to them, the statue's presence would be justified in a private school, whereas it violates religion's liberty in a public school.
And now, thirty years later, the statue is to be transferred again, to a still less frequented place, behind the school building, so that the children cannot see it, thus respecting their liberty of conscience.
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text:
In this tutorial I'll show you how to create a horror scene based on the movie "The Uninvited". You'll learn how to combine different stock images into a cohesive scene, make a custom window, change the light and shadow, enhance the color, adjust the atmosphere, enhance the depth of field, and more.
The following assets were used during the production of this tutorial:
1. Add the Background and Particles
Create a new 1650 x 1650 px document in Photoshop with the given settings:
Open the background image. Drag this image onto the black canvas using the Move Tool (V).
Go to Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur and change the Radius to 6 px. It helps to increase the depth of the scene.
Go to Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Curves and decrease the lightness. On this layer mask, use a soft round brush with black color (soft black brush) to erase the right part of the scene to keep the lightness on there.
Place the particles image over the main canvas and change the mode to Screen 100%.
To make a ghostly and creepy effect, go to Filter > Distort > Shear and apply the following change:
Continue applying a Motion Blur filter to strengthen the evil look.
Click the second icon at the bottom of the Layers panel to add a mask to this layer. Use a soft black brush to reduce the particles' intensity as shown below.
2. Add the Window
Open the window image and isolate the middle window. Place this window part over the canvas.
Use the Rectangular Marquee Tool (M) to select a part from the original image and add it to the left to fill the missing area there.
The width of the window frames are too big, so they give the impression that the window is too near. To fix it, first use a layer mask to remove all of the window rails (use a hard brush, not soft, to keep the edges' realism).
Select a vertical rail from the original image and add it to the left of existing window after reducing its width. Duplicate this layer and move it to the right. Divide the width of the window into three sections and place the rails in the first and the second places.
Add the horizontal rails using the same method.
There are a lot of unwanted details along the rails and frames. On each
of the window and rail layers, make a new layer and set it as Clipping
Mask. Activate the Clone Tool (S) to fix these indicated details, including the rail shadow in the middle.
In this step we'll add shadow for the vertical rails. Make a new layer
and select the rail shadow area in the middle (you can turn off the
clone layer to see it more clearly).
Choose the clone layer and press Control-C to copy the shadow area and
then select the new layer, hit Control-V to paste the shadow into there.
Move the shadow to the proper position for the first rail.
Duplicate this layer and move it to the right for the second rail.
Select all the window and rail layers and press Control-G to make a group for them. Change this group mode to Normal 100% and create a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer within the group. Reduce the Saturation value to -87:
Add a Curves adjustment layer and increase the light very much. We're aiming to add the main light from the right, so on this layer mask, use a black brush to erase the light on the edges and hidden areas.
Create another Curves adjustment layer to increase the shadow on the edges.
3. Add the Child
Isolate the child from the original background and place him in the
middle of the canvas. Set the child layer under the window group.
Create a new layer above the child layer (set as Clipping Mask) and use the Clone Tool to remove the white text and line on his costume. Also reduce the shadow under the chin and nose.
The light on the background comes from the right, so the child's head
should create a shadow on the body. Make a new layer and use a medium-soft
black brush with opacity about 30-40% to paint it on the left shoulder.
Create a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer and reduce the Saturation value to -62:
Add a Curves adjustment layer and make the child much darker. On this layer mask, use a soft black brush to make the light visible on the contour and reveal the details on his costume.
Create a Levels adjustment layer to darken the child more. Here are the areas you should mask off to keep their lightness and details.
Create a new layer, change the mode to Overlay 100% and fill with 50% gray:
Use the Dodge and Burn Tool (O) with Midtones Range, Exposure about 15-20% to refine the light and shadow on the child and make some wrinkles of his costume more visible. You can see how I did it with Normal mode and the result with Overlay mode:
Time to decorate the eyes. Create a new layer and use a medium-hard
brush with the color
_TAG_, the opacity about 30-35% to paint on the
middle of the eyes:
On a new layer, use the same brush but with a bigger opacity (about 50%) to paint the white pupils inside the eyes.
Use a hard black brush, size 1 px to paint the tiny black dots inside
the pupils. Paint them in the lower parts to make him appear to be looking down.
4. Make the Blood Effect
Open the blood splatter 1 image. Isolate it from the white background using the Magic Wand Tool (W). Add it to the model's face and body and change the mode to Multiply 100%.
Use a layer mask to erase the blood on the forehead and costume.
Add more bloody effects using different parts of the splatter.
Make a group for the blood layers and change the group mode to Multiply 100%. Use a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer to desaturate the red blood a bit:
Open the blood 2 image. Use the Lasso Tool (L) to select a bloody area
on the side of the forehead and add it to the middle of the child's
Change this layer mode to Overlay 100% and use a layer mask to soften the hard edges and make a bloody mouth for the child.
Add more bloody effects to the face, arms, and body using the same method.
Make a new layer on top of the layers, change the mode to Overlay 100% and fill with 50% gray. Use the Burn Tool to create more details and depth for the bloody effects.
5. Create the Glass Effect
Create a Color Fill layer and pick a similar color to the background
#787676). Lower the opacity of this layer to 20% to create a subtle glass effect for the window.
Paint on the edges of the window and rails to make them still in shadow.
6. Add the Curtain
Open the curtain image. First use the Magic Wand Tool to isolate the curtain from the background. After that, select the right part of the curtain (you can choose the left, they're the same) to place in the top right of the window:
Add a mask to this layer and use a soft brush with a low opacity (about
20-25%) to carefully mask off the curtain part covering the window rails. Follow
the wrinkles to make it appear semi-transparent.
Create a Hue/Saturation adjustment layer and bring the Saturation value down to -96.
Make a Curves adjustment layer to darken the curtain. The selected areas show where to paint on the layer mask.
Use the Dodge and Burn Tool to refine the light and shadow on the curtain.
7. The Final Adjustment
Create a Gradient Map adjustment layer on top of the layers and pick the
#06bafd. Lower the opacity of this layer to 60%.
Make another Gradient Map adjustment layer and change the colors to
#00601b. Lower the opacity of it to 20%.
Add a Curves adjustment layer to increase the contrast of the image.
Use another Curves adjustment layer to change the light and color of the scene.
Make a Vibrance adjustment layer to enhance the final effect:
Congratulations, You're Done!
I hope that you've enjoyed my tutorial and learned something new. Feel free to share your ideas or comments in the box below—I'd love to see them. Enjoy Photoshopping!


text:
Stephen can create a new aspect by skimming through a book or listening to a tape. If he does not already have an aspect for that subject, a new one will be created. This process does not require his attention or conscious thought.
Aspects need to be close to Stephen for him to use their information. They cannot affect the real world, so they must tell Stephen their knowledge. However, two aspects who have cell phones are able to communicate information to Stephen through them. J.C. was able to guide Stephen's hand in order to shoot people when Stephen was in danger.
Aspects are able to die. Once an aspect is dead, Stephen can no longer access that knowledge. They can die both by standard human ways to die (e.g. being stabbed) or by turning into a nightmare, which happens when Stephen loses control. Every aspect except Jenny did one of these two things while Stephen was trying to find Sandra.
At the beginning of Legion there were 47 extant Aspects; one was introduced during the case bringing the number to 48. This number excludes Aspects that died or disappeared prior to the series. (marked with a †). When Jenny was created, the number was brought up to 49, until aspects began to disappear.
- Legion (book) chapter 1 Summary: Legion (book)/Chapter_1#
- Legion (book) chapter 7 Summary: Legion (book)/Chapter_7#
- Legion: Skin Deep chapter 16 Summary: Legion: Skin Deep/Chapter_16#
- Legion (book) chapter 6 Summary: Legion (book)/Chapter_6#
- Legion: Lies of the Beholder chapter 13 Summary: Legion: Lies of the Beholder/Chapter_13#
- Legion: Lies of the Beholder chapter 3 Summary: Legion: Lies of the Beholder/Chapter_3#


text:
Pipe organs have worked the same way for nearly two thousand years. Air is blown into the pipe organ, stored in reservoirs, and delivered to windchests upon which the pipes sit.
When an organ's key is depressed, it causes a panel to open in the windchest, allowing air to be blown through a given pipe. In pre-electricity days, air was pumped by hand. Nowadays electric blowers do the pumping.
The pipes, from 32 feet to smaller than a pencil, are made of various materials to produce a variety of tone qualities. The largest pipes that produce booming bass notes are made of wood and metal, and can be up to thirty-two feet long.
The size or scale of the pipe determines its tone quality and intensity. Other pipes are made of different combinations of metals such as tin and lead alloys, zinc and copper.
Some pipes are designed to mimic various instruments. Flue pipes, for example, work like a whistle; air rushing over a lip in the pipe can be made to produce flute-like tones. Reed pipes work like clarinets; air flows by a reed that vibrates to produce sound.
These pipes can be adjusted to sound like anything from a trumpet to a trombone. Pipe organs are assembled by hand in workshops, and no two are exactly alike.


text:
Established during the Western Han Dynasty, a person in this position was the superintendent for all county-level officials who had a stipend in excess of 600 dàn (石) of rice (roughly 775 bushels by today's standards). He was also in charge of inspecting the ancient equivalent of post offices (邮驿) for the county. However, these post offices would have only delivered official government documents. Each Commandery was divided into a number of smaller counties; each of these counties was assigned a postal inspector. This position was abolished in the Tang Dynasty.
督邮 (simplified, Pinyin dūyóu, traditional 督郵)
- "督邮" (in Mandarin), Baidu on-line encyclopedia. URL accessed on 2008-08-26.
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Node services
This document is intended as a very brief introduction to the current service components inside the node. Whilst not at all exhaustive it is hoped that this will give some context when writing applications and code that use these services, or which are operated upon by the internal components of Corda.
Services within the node
The node services represent the various sub functions of the Corda node. Some are directly accessible to contracts and flows through the ServiceHub, whilst others are the framework internals used to host the node functions. Any public service interfaces are defined in the package. The ServiceHub interface exposes functionality suitable for flows. The implementation code for all standard services lives in the package.
All the services are constructed in the AbstractNode start method. They may also register a shutdown handler during initialisation, which will be called in reverse order to the start registration sequence when the Node.stop is called.
The roles of the individual services are described below.
Key management and identity services
The InMemoryIdentityService implements the IdentityService interface and provides a store of remote mappings between PublicKey and remote Parties. It is automatically populated from the NetworkMapCache updates and is used when translating PublicKey exposed in transactions into fully populated Party identities. This service is also used in the default JSON mapping of parties in the web server, thus allowing the party names to be used to refer to other nodes' legal identities. In the future the Identity service will be made persistent and extended to allow anonymised session keys to be used in flows where the well-known PublicKey of nodes need to be hidden to non-involved parties.
PersistentKeyManagementService and E2ETestKeyManagementService
Typical usage of these services is to locate an appropriate PrivateKey to complete and sign a verified transaction as part of a flow. The normal node legal identifier keys are typically accessed via helper extension methods on the ServiceHub, but these ultimately delegate signing to internal PrivateKeys from the KeyManagementService. The KeyManagementService interface also allows other keys to be generated if anonymous keys are needed in a flow. Note that this interface works at the level of individual PublicKey and internally matched PrivateKey pairs, but the signing authority may be represented by a CompositeKey on the NodeInfo to allow key clustering and threshold schemes.
The PersistentKeyManagementService is a persistent implementation of the KeyManagementService interface that records the key pairs to a key-value storage table in the database. E2ETestKeyManagementService is a simple implementation of the KeyManagementService that is used to track our KeyPairs for use in unit testing when no database is available.
Messaging and network management services
The ArtemisMessagingServer service is run internally by the Corda node to host the ArtemisMQ messaging broker that is used for reliable node communications. Although the node can be configured to disable this and connect to a remote broker by setting the messagingServerAddress configuration to be the remote broker address. (The MockNode used during testing does not use this service, and has a simplified in-memory network layer instead.) This service is not exposed to any CorDapp code as it is an entirely internal infrastructural component. However, the developer may need to be aware of this component, because the ArtemisMessagingServer is responsible for configuring the network ports (based upon settings in node.conf) and the service configures the security settings of the ArtemisMQ middleware and acts to form bridges between node mailbox queues based upon connection details advertised by the NetworkMapCache. The ArtemisMQ broker is configured to use TLS1.2 with a custom TrustStore containing a Corda root certificate and a KeyStore with a certificate and key signed by a chain back to this root certificate. These keystores typically reside in the certificates sub folder of the node workspace. For the nodes to be able to connect to each other it is essential that the entire set of nodes are able to authenticate against each other and thus typically that they share a common root certificate. Also note that the address configuration defined for the server is the basis for the address advertised in the NetworkMapCache and thus must be externally connectable by all nodes in the network.
The P2PMessagingClient is the implementation of the MessagingService interface operating across the ArtemisMQ middleware layer. It typically connects to the local ArtemisMQ hosted within the ArtemisMessagingServer service. However, the messagingServerAddress configuration can be set to a remote broker address if required. The responsibilities of this service include managing the node's persistent mailbox, sending messages to remote peer nodes, acknowledging properly consumed messages and deduplicating any resent messages. The service also handles the incoming requests from new RPC client sessions and hands them to the CordaRPCOpsImpl to carry out the requests.
The InMemoryNetworkMapCache implements the NetworkMapCache interface and is responsible for tracking the identities and advertised services of authorised nodes provided by the remote NetworkMapService. Typical use is to search for nodes hosting specific advertised services e.g. a Notary service, or an Oracle service. Also, this service allows mapping of friendly names, or Party identities to the full NodeInfo which is used in the StateMachineManager to convert between the PublicKey, or Party based addressing used in the flows/contracts and the physical host and port information required for the physical ArtemisMQ messaging layer.
The DBCheckpointStorage service is used from within the StateMachineManager code to persist the progress of flows. Thus ensuring that if the program terminates the flow can be restarted from the same point and complete the flow. This service should not be used by any CorDapp components.
DBTransactionMappingStorage and InMemoryStateMachineRecordedTransactionMappingStorage
The DBTransactionMappingStorage is used within the StateMachineManager code to relate transactions and flows. This relationship is exposed in the eventing interface to the RPC clients, thus allowing them to track the end result of a flow and map to the actual transactions/states completed. Otherwise this service is unlikely to be accessed by any CorDapps. The InMemoryStateMachineRecordedTransactionMappingStorage service is available as a non-persistent implementation for unit tests with no database.
The DBTransactionStorage service is a persistent implementation of the TransactionStorage interface and allows flows read-only access to full transactions, plus transaction level event callbacks. Storage of new transactions must be made via the recordTransactions method on the ServiceHub, not via a direct call to this service, so that the various event notifications can occur.
The NodeAttachmentService provides an implementation of the AttachmentStorage interface exposed on the ServiceHub allowing transactions to add documents, copies of the contract code and binary data to transactions.
Flow framework and event scheduling services
The StateMachineManager is the service that runs the active flows of the node whether initiated by an RPC client, the web interface, a scheduled state activity, or triggered by receipt of a message from another node. The StateMachineManager wraps the flow code (extensions of the FlowLogic class) inside an instance of the FlowStateMachineImpl class, which is a Quasar Fiber. This allows the StateMachineManager to suspend flows at all key lifecycle points and persist their serialized state to the database via the DBCheckpointStorage service. This process uses the facilities of the Quasar Fibers library to manage this process and hence the requirement for the node to run the Quasar java instrumentation agent in its JVM.
In operation the StateMachineManager is typically running an active flow on its server thread until it encounters a blocking, or externally visible operation, such as sending a message, waiting for a message, or initiating a subFlow. The fiber is then suspended and its stack frames serialized to the database, thus ensuring that if the node is stopped, or crashes at this point the flow will restart with exactly the same action again. To further ensure consistency, every event which resumes a flow opens a database transaction, which is committed during this suspension process ensuring that the database modifications e.g. state commits stay in sync with the mutating changes of the flow. Having recorded the fiber state the StateMachineManager then carries out the network actions as required (internally one flow message exchanged may actually involve several physical session messages to authenticate and invoke registered flows on the remote nodes). The flow will stay suspended until the required message is returned and the scheduler will resume processing of other activated flows. On receipt of the expected response message from the network layer the StateMachineManager locates the appropriate flow, resuming it immediately after the blocking step with the received message. Thus from the perspective of the flow the code executes as a simple linear progression of processing, even if there were node restarts and possibly message resends (the messaging layer deduplicates messages based on an id that is part of the checkpoint).
The StateMachineManager service is not directly exposed to the flows, or contracts themselves.
The NodeSchedulerService implements the SchedulerService interface and monitors the Vault updates to track any new states that implement the SchedulableState interface and require automatic scheduled flow initiation. At the scheduled due time the NodeSchedulerService will create a new flow instance passing it a reference to the state that triggered the event. The flow can then begin whatever action is required. Note that the scheduled activity occurs in all nodes holding the state in their Vault, it may therefore be required for the flow to exit early if the current node is not the intended initiator.
The NodeVaultService implements the VaultService interface to allow access to the node's own set of unconsumed states. The service does this by tracking update notifications from the TransactionStorage service and processing relevant updates to delete consumed states and insert new states. The resulting update is then persisted to the database. The VaultService then exposes query and event notification APIs to flows and CorDapp services to allow them to respond to updates, or query for states meeting various conditions to begin the formation of new transactions consuming them. The equivalent services are also forwarded to RPC clients, so that they may show updating views of states held by the node.
NodeSchemaService and HibernateObserver
The HibernateObserver


Flickerstrings is a new experimental work created by the developer of FIG and Jump on Mushrooms: The Game. In it, players are required to draw an object to use as a playable character, starting from the brown box and ending when the maximum line length is reached. Once drawn, the shape can be moved around using the cursor keys. This shape turns into an immovable platform when the player attempts to draw another shape from the brown box.
The length of each string is limited, but you can cancel any mistakes by right clicking before the shape is drawn. You can also press the space key to restart a level at any time.
There are a total of twelve stages included in this version.


text:
OCAS is equipped to assess both the short and long term tribological performance of a tool material – lubricant – sheet material combination. We furthermore have expertise in 2D and 3D surface roughness measurements. The combination of 3D roughness measurements with tribology assessment provides a unique added value.
This device can be used to carry out scratch tests to study wear mechanisms. Moverover, oscillating movements in combination with independant XY-motion can create an almost unlimited amount of custom movement patterns. In combination with a wide range of loads and selection of the counterbody, friction situations using lower forces or complex motions can be simulated.
In fact, the device can be used for many specific tests, some examples can be found on the dedicated equipment page
The sample is pulled between two clamping dies with a load up to 25 kN. Traction and normal forces are measured, allowing to calculate the mean friction coefficient. Flexible programming of load/distance/speed and the selection of counterbodies allow to simulate friction situations from heavy industry.
By imposing a horizontal movement and a vertical load on the upper test specimen, while the lower specimen is fixed on a table, the long-term tribological performance is assessed as well as the friction force. The frequency of the oscillating movement is adjustable to perform experiments at a given speed for controlled operating temperatures between 20 and 280°C. This test allows to compare and assess coatings and/or lubricants according to DIN 51834 or using customised parameters.
OCAS can measure 2D surface roughness parameters according to ISO 4287, using stylus or contact-free by means of Coherence Correlation Interferometry (CCI). In addition, 3D surface roughness amplitude parameters Sa, Sz; functional parameters such as Sk, Spk as well as volume parameters Vmp, Vmc, etc. can be determined. The highly accurate 3D mapping of the surface can be used to examine friction surfaces and measure volume loss as well.