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Motorcycle Mechanic Career Information
F ew objects stir as much passion in their owners as motorcycles. They're fast, sound like thunder, and provide an unmatched sense of freedom for those brave enough to ride them. But motorcycles, especially modern ones, are complex machines. They require regular maintenance, and they sometimes break down. That's why motorcycle mechanics are so important. Many bikers just want to ride. So they need passionate and qualified people trained in motorcycle repair to fix up their bikes when things go wrong. If you have what it takes, you could be one of them. You could even wind up with a career in the motorcycle industry that goes beyond just repair.
Is There a Difference Between a Motorcycle Mechanic and a Motorcycle Technician?
No, there isn't a difference. Motorcycle mechanics are also sometimes called motorcycle technicians or motorcycle service technicians. They are all the same thing, although some professionals in the field do prefer to be called motorcycle technicians (especially if they work for a motorcycle manufacturer or national racing team).
What Does a Motorcycle Mechanic Do?
Some people describe the work of motorcycle mechanics as "wrenching" (i.e., merely turning a wrench all day to perform routine maintenance or repairs on bikes). But that kind of description is unfair and too simplistic. Motorcycle mechanics don't just mindlessly use tools; they solve problems—often, complex ones.
Plus, many motorcycle mechanics work on more than just bikes. (They often have the skills to work on ATVs, snowmobiles, and other motorized vehicles powered by small engines.)
Depending on where they work and the level of their expertise, motorcycle mechanics perform duties such as:
- Visually inspecting motorcycles
- Listening to engines for signs of problems
- Conducting tests on generator output, ignition timing, and engine performance
- Test-driving motorcycles to help pinpoint the source of any problems
- Diagnosing mechanical or electrical problems
- Inspecting and testing any malfunctioning parts
- Discussing diagnosed problems, necessary parts and labor, and estimated costs with clients
- Repairing broken parts
- Replacing parts that can't be fixed
- Adjusting or repairing motorcycle subassemblies such as transmissions, drive chains, forks, and brakes
- Dismantling engines or subassemblies
- Reviewing the technical manuals of motorcycle manufacturers
- Performing routine maintenance (e.g., replacing spark plugs, changing oil, lubricating parts, etc.)
- Scraping carbon build-up off of pistons, valves, cylinders, and other parts
- Performing complete engine overhauls
- Hammering out bends or dents in motorcycle frames
- Welding any breaks or tears in motorcycle frames
- Completing any necessary paperwork for warranty or insurance repairs
- Properly disposing of hazardous substances
- Keeping good records of all work performed and parts used
- Ordering spare parts
- Assembling, inspecting, and test-riding new motorcycles
- Fitting custom accessories to new motorcycles
Motorcycle technicians must use a large variety of tools—in different sizes as well as in both metric and SAE standards—to perform their duties. Plus, special tools are sometimes required that only work with specific makes and models. Some of the tools used in servicing motorcycles include:
- Computerized testing equipment
- Long socket wrenches
- Short socket wrenches
- Drive ratchets
- Deep sockets
- Short sockets
- Impact sockets
- Brake line wrenches
- Allen wrenches
- Air tools
- Heat guns
Motorcycle mechanics can become certified to work on (or even specialize in) the bikes of individual motorcycle manufacturers such as:
Where Can Motorcycle Mechanics Work?
With the right skills, knowledge, and experience, motorcycle mechanics can find work with a variety of different types of employers, including:
- Motorcycle dealerships
- Motorcycle repair shops
- Motorcycle racing teams
- Motorcycle manufacturers
- Automotive salvage yards
- Marine dealerships
After plenty of experience, some motorcycle mechanics also choose to open their own repair shops.
How Much Does a Motorcycle Mechanic Make?
Motorcycle mechanics don't get into this field for the money. They do it because they love motorcycles and enjoy the kind of work that lets them use their hands as well as their minds. The reality is that the typical motorcycle mechanic salary is relatively low when compared to some other trades.
So, just how much does a motorcycle mechanic make?
According to national estimates from 2011, the median hourly wage of motorcycle mechanics was $15.58, which translates to $32,410 annually. *
Motorcycle mechanics at the beginning of their careers, however, can expect to earn substantially less until they gain more experience. Starting pay for new technicians tends to be the equivalent of $10 to $11 per hour.
With a little luck, lots of experience, and well-refined skills and expertise, some motorcycle mechanics are able to make $50,000 or more per year.
Here are some other important things to keep in mind about motorcycle mechanic pay:
- Most motorcycle mechanics are not paid a regular hourly wage or salary. Rather, they get paid a flat rate or commission for each client repair or piece of work they perform. This means that they only get paid when there is actually work to do. So when the volume of work in a repair shop decreases, their pay does too. Of course, there are exceptions to this structure.
- Due to the commission pay structure, motorcycle mechanics must usually perform their work quickly. A good paycheck is often dependent on turning around many jobs each day.
- Smaller repair shops frequently cannot afford to offer employee benefits.
- No matter where they work, motorcycle mechanics are usually responsible for purchasing their own hand tools, which can total several thousand dollars for a good set. And because tools gets lost, damaged, or stolen, they typically must purchase at least one new tool every week. In fact, it is common to have to spend $100 or more per week on tools. (Employers generally only provide the more complex and expensive items such as power tools and diagnostic testing equipment.)
- Typically speaking, the average Harley-Davidson mechanic salary is going to be the same as the salary or annual wages of any other motorcycle mechanic. Specializing in only one manufacturer rarely leads to better pay. It's usually more advantageous to have the skills to work on the bikes of multiple manufacturers since only a lucky few get to work directly for a single manufacturer.
What Kinds of Qualifications Does a Motorcycle Mechanic Need?
In most states, a motorcycle mechanic doesn't technically need any formal qualifications to start training or performing work. But it is always best to check with the state you plan to work in to make sure. Some states do impose requirements.
For instance, a few states, such as Michigan and Hawaii, require motorcycle mechanics to obtain special state licensing or certification before they can perform work for the public. Getting state certification usually involves paying a fee and passing a written exam. Even trainees sometimes require a special permit.
Beyond any state requirements, motorcycle mechanics often must obtain individual manufacturer certifications to perform warranty or insurance work on specific makes and models. But it's important to know that there is no professional sanctioning body that certifies all motorcycle technicians. Rather, individual manufacturers award certifications themselves via special classes and workshops (e.g., Harley-Davidson awards Harley certifications and Honda awards Honda certifications). Some employers pay to send their mechanics to such workshops.
Formal education from a post-secondary school isn't absolutely necessary to get started in the industry, but it is usually encouraged by employers as a way to learn the basics of motorcycle repair. Some employers are willing to take on apprentices who have no prior experience, but such opportunities can be hard to find unless you are very persistent, have your own tools, and can demonstrate your commitment and general mechanical aptitude.
At minimum, a motorcycle mechanic usually must have at least a high school diploma to get started, as well as a license for driving motorcycles. Successful motorcycle technicians also tend to possess the following:
- A genuine passion for motorcycles
- Exceptional problem-solving abilities
- Strong hand-eye coordination
- Good hearing
- Basic math skills
- Good reading skills
- A knowledge of basic electronics
- An eye for detail
- Basic computer literacy
- Good hand and finger dexterity
- Physical stamina
- Good listening and verbal communication skills
- The ability to follow detailed instructions
- A strong safety mindset
- Good judgment and reasoning skills
- A persistent desire to learn new things
- Good time management skills
- The patience to push through obstacles
- A practical mindset
- The ability to work independently and under pressure
- A tolerance for grease, chemicals, dust, and noise
Welding is also a great skill to have as a motorcycle mechanic. And if you ever intend to open your own repair shop, then a business degree can be very helpful as well.
Can You Tell Me How to Become a Motorcycle Mechanic?
If you want to know how to become a motorcycle mechanic, then you need to understand that what works for one person might not work for another. You'll need to weigh the options and consider how each one aligns with your own personal circumstances.
Today, the most common way to get started in this field is to attend a post-secondary institution that offers a diploma, certificate, or associate's degree in motorcycle service technology. Most programs take one year or less to complete, except for associate's degree programs which take two years.
Another way to begin a career as a motorcycle mechanic involves finding an employer who is willing to take you on as an apprentice. In this scenario, you get paid as you learn the trade. And some employers will also pay for some formal schooling to help you learn the basics or to gain specific manufacturer certifications. Such employers, however, are increasingly rare in many regions.
Home study courses in motorcycle repair, usually offered online


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By Kevin Perdeaux, CPE
The 'ergonomic' bent-handle shovel is not new to the market, and is a far more popular choice than the traditional straight-handle shovel. However, despite its popularity, why doesn't the ergonomic shovel render the traditional straight-handle shovel obsolete?
The two shovels are designed to provide mechanical advantages in different situations. The bent-handle shovel is designed using the principles of biomechanical stress to the low back for pushing tasks. When push force is applied as the hands move vertically from the hips, either above or below hip level, the off-axis forces create increased strain to the low back. The user applies push forces through the midsection of the trunk to avoid unnecessary low back strain. However, this mechanical advantage is optimal only for pushing the snow, not lifting.
If you have ever used the bent-handle shovel, you may have noticed that the angle of the shaft positions the load such that it is difficult to raise the shovel blade end. When you attempt to lift the shovel, to clear the top of a snow bank for example, the front hand often must lift higher than is required with a traditional handle because of the angle of the shovel shaft. The front hand also bears more of the overall weight due to an inefficient lever created by the handle design. The traditional shovel handle is straight and allows for more optimal hand positioning for easier lifting.
So the next time you are out for a marathon of shoveling, go easy on your back and use the straight-handle shovel for lifting and the bent-handle shovel for pushing. Selecting the right tool for the task is important…even for snow shoveling.
Image courtesy of homedepot.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Can NROC courses be installed in Google Classroom?
Unfortunately, no. Google Classroom is a way to manage web-based content (links), specialized apps, and Google's own tools for the classroom, but it does not allow for the import of course content from IMSCC or ZIP files, nor does it support LTI connections.
All NROC Courses require an LMS that supports IMSCC import or, in some cases, ZIP format. Additionally, both NROC Developmental Math with PreAssessments and NROC English require an LTI connection.
Until Google Classroom supports these industry standards, NROC courses will remain incompatible with Google Classroom. NROC courses can be installed in standard learning management systems that support IMSCC and LTI, such as Moodle, Canvas, Blackboard, Sakai, Schoology, and D2L.
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Year 2 learn about Sikhism
Avani proudly presented a special visitor to our Year 2 class. The visitor was her grandfather, Mr Gill! Mr Gill had kindly come into school to talk about his religion, Sikhism.
Avani and Inisa alongside Mr Gill wore their beautiful traditional costumes. Mr Gill's turban and real dagger certainly raised the children's curiosity!
Mr Gill explained about the ten Gurus (teachers), the holy book (Guru Granth Sahib) and the 5 K's. The children were intrigued to learn about the custom of leaving hair uncut (Kesh), saw and touched the comb and bangle (Kanga and Kara ) and were fascinated by the idea of wearing the special shorts (Kachera. They understood that there are symbolic meanings for the 5 K's.
The children were delighted when Mr Gill handed out homemade sweets (Kara Parshad). Apparently the sweetness symbolises the sweetness of God and the eating together symbolises equality.
According to one parent her daughter could not stop talking about the visit all the way home!


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67. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?
PROJECTION and SELECTION.
68. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?
69. What is RDBMS KERNEL?
Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures.
70. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS.
I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management.
71. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary? How?
Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.
72. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?
The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.


Information not obtained. 3. Prison conditions. *Remissions. While probation procedures can be conducted by volunteer persons or groups, the situation of offender after-care is more formalized. The Rehabilitation Bureau of the Ministry of Justice officially administers the general practices of after-care, such as probation services, parole supervision and community-based treatment. However, in reality, many citizens cooperate with the officers in doing these tasks. In fact, the number of salaried probation officers is only 850 throughout all Japan. This is supplemented with a system of Volunteer Probation Officers (Hogoshi) which involves 48,000 volunteer probation officers who are appointed by the Ministry of Justice. The officers must be qualified, have a confidence and reputation in the community, enthusiasm, time, availability, financial stability and good health. In 1922, the government adopted the volunteer probation officer system for treatment of juvenile delinquency and extended the system's use to adult treatment after World War II. Nongovernmental bodies, authorized by the government organize rehabilitation aid hostels or halfway-houses which provide accommodation for offenders released from penal institutions. In 1992, the number of probationers and parolees totaled 90,419, of which juveniles comprised the majority of clients. *Work/education. In principle, treatment in Japan is based on rehabilitation of offenders, with the objective of individualized treatment of offenders to correct their criminal inclination and secure their reintegration into the community where they will live. A system of scientific classification of offenders has been adopted in order to individualize such treatment. However, this progressive system, in which an offender gradually obtains freedom in proportion to his or her efforts while serving the prison sentence, has become less useful for rehabilitation because it has come to be regarded as an absolute necessity for every prisoner. In general, most Japanese prisons own their own factory. Treatment of prisoners is mainly focused on work in the factory, usually for 8 hours a day. * Amenities/privileges. Information not obtained. EXTRADITION AND TREATIES *Extradition. Information not obtained. *Exchange and transfer of prisoners. Information not obtained. *Specified conditions. Information not obtained. SOURCES Moriyama T., "Citizen Associations and the Volunteer Probation Officer", UNICRI (ed.), (In)formal Mechanisms of Crime Control, 1988. Moriyama, T. "The Response to Delinquency by Formal Agencies in Japan", J. Hackler (ed.), Official responses to Problem Juveniles, the Onate International Institute, 1991. National Police Agency. The Police of Japan, 1991. Summary of the White Paper on Crime 1991 Research and Training Institute of Ministry of Justice. Shkita, M. and Tsuchiya, S., Crime and Criminal Policy in Japan. (Springer-Verlag), 1992. Tadashi Moriyana Associate Professor Takushoku University 3-4-14 Kohinata, Bunkyo Tokyo 112 Japan Fax: 81-424-72-9791


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Turtle embryos find the sunny spot
Wei-Guo Du from the Chinese Academy of Sciences has found that the embryos of soft-shelled turtles "bask" inside their eggs. "People usually think reptilian embryos are immobile," says Du. After all, their limbs are tiny stumps and they have few places to move to. But that doesn't stop them. Du found that the embryos can not only move, but they can snuggle up to the warmest side of their eggs.
He collected 260 eggs from a local turtle farm, placed them in individual jars and warmed them with heat lamps. The eggs were about one degree Celsius warmer on the sides closest to the lamps, and the turtles could sense this. After a few days, they had pressed up against the warmer side. When Du moved the heat lamps around, the embryos followed.
"To our knowledge, no previous study has looked for this ability, presumably because embryos were thought incapable of such behaviour," says Du.
Another good example of why scientists should provide images or video with their papers as often as possible. I would have skipped right over this if not for that great photo.


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(Medical Xpress)—Scientists at Aston University and Russells Hall Hospital have discovered that an extract from a common plant in Pakistan may help cure breast cancer.
The plant, Fagonia cretica, and known as Virgon's Mantlem, is commonly used in herbal tea. It has been traditionally used to treat women in rural Pakistan who have breast cancer, but up until now this treatment has been regarded as something of a folklore remedy. However, patients in Pakistan who have taken the plant extract have reported that it does not appear to generate any of the serious common side effects associated with other cancer treatments, such as loss of hair, drop in blood count or diarrhoea.
Now, scientists at Aston University in Birmingham and Russells Hall Hospital in Dudley have undertaken tests of the plant extract and proved that it kills cancer cells without damage to normal breast cells in laboratory conditions.
Professor Helen Griffith and Professor Amutul R Carmichael who lead the study are now aiming to identify which element or elements of the plant are responsible for killing the cancer cells with a view to eventually begin trails with human cancer patients.
Professor Helen Griffith of Aston University said; "More research is needed to establish the role of the extract in cancer management and It now needs to be demonstrated that this extract is as effective in killing cancer cells inside the body as it is within laboratory. The next steps are to identify which element of the plant is responsible for killing the cancer cells with a view to eventually begin trails with human cancer patients."
Dr Caitlin Palframan, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer said; "Some of the most important cancer-fighting drugs are originally derived from plants. As this research is at the very earliest stage we won't know for quite some time whether drugs derived from this plant will be effective in treating breast cancer but we look forward to seeing any progress."
More information: PLoS ONE 7(6): e40152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_


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Established scientific models are supported by multiple independent lines of evidence.
September 9, 2013
A scientific model can be relied on when it's had its tyres kicked, its log book examined, its mechanics tested, its body checked and it's been taken for many test-drives.
In short…
Scientists have most confidence in models that have been tested from as many different angles as possible. The great bulk of established scientific knowledge consists of such models. Much of the work at the frontiers of science consists of performing additional tests on the more sparsely-supported models.
In order to reach a reliable conclusion about how the world operates it is better to have multiple independent lines of evidence converging on one conclusion. That, of course, requires multiple studies.
Steven Novella, American neurologist, 2012.
Indicators of climate change
What is meant by multiple lines of independent evidence.
In science, no model is accepted until it is tested against the real world. But a single line of evidence (for example, from one particular study or experiment) is not usually sufficient to establish the model beyond reasonable doubt.
The gold standard of testing is 'multiple independent lines of evidence', meaning that the model has been thoroughly tested and supported by many different investigations. If the evidence from these converges and indicates the model is correct, we can have great confidence in the model. In this case, the consensus of the scientific community swings behind the model and it becomes the accepted explanation.
Sometimes, there is a lot of evidence in support of a model, and some other evidence that fails to support it. As long as there is no falsifying evidence, scientists would say that the weight of evidence supports the model.
Why multiple lines independent evidence increase reliability of models.
Convergence of evidence is not the same as replication. Replication is a kind of checking of results, in which an investigation is repeated by researchers who are independent of the original investigating team. Convergence requires that the different lines of evidence come from different types of tests, sometimes from completely different fields of science. The more different and less connected the test techniques, the greater the support they provide by convergence.
 - The discovery that CFCs were responsible for depleting the Ozone layer was made after multiple independent lines of evidence converged. The evidence came from measurements taken at ground stations, via balloons and aircraft, satellite data, and chemical studies.
 - The Plate Tectonic model of the Earth is supported by multiple independent lines of evidence – magnetic stripes in rocks showing sea-floor spreading, the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, comparable fossils found on widely separated continents and satellite measurements.
 - The Anthropogenic Global Warming model proposes that the current global warming and associated climate change are caused principally by human emissions of greenhouse gases. This is supported by multiple independent lines of evidence. For more details, see here.
 - The biological evolutionary model is supported by evidence from many different fields: paleontology, geology, geneticsmolecular biologybiogeographycomparative anatomy and many others. Richard Dawkins relates some of them in this podcast.
 - During the latter half of the 19th century, there was a remarkable lack of convergence in scientist's estimates of the age of the Earth. Geologists argued for an age of perhaps billions of years and evolutionary biologists agreed that such timescales were needed for present lifeforms to evolve. However, physicists had other ideas. The influential physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) used calculations based on energy flows to estimate the age of the Sun at 20 – 60 million years, and the age of Earth at about 100 million years. The disagreement persisted until the discovery of nuclear reactions at the turn of the century. The realization that nuclear energy is responsible for both the Sun's energy and the heat within the Earth changed the nature of the calculations. All evidence now converges on an age of 4.5 billion years for the Earth.
 - The Big Bang model for the origin of the universe is supported by multiple lines of evidence: the expansion of space as described by Hubble's Law, the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation, the distribution and evolution of galaxies, the abundance of light elements in the universe, the large-scale structure of the universe, and many others.
Steven Novella's quote is from A Study Showed…., JREF Swift blog, 2012.
The Climate system graphic is from the Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science, Research and Tertiary Education.
Updated: 2013/09/09
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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Thermoelasticity is the change in the size and shape of a solid object as the temperature of that object fluctuates. Materials that are more elastic will expand and contract more than those materials that are more inelastic. Scientists use their understanding of thermoelasticity to design materials and objects that can withstand fluctuations in temperature without breaking.
Scientists have understood the equations that describe thermoelasticity for over 100 years but have only recently begun stress testing materials in order to determine how thermoelastic they are. By subjecting materials to rising and falling temperatures, engineers are able to predict how much these materials will expand or contract at different temperatures. This knowledge is important when building machines or weight bearing structures with pieces that need to fit closely together. Understanding the principles of thermoelasticity helps engineers design things that maintain their structural integrity for a range of temperatures.
The principles of thermoelasticity have affected the way engineers design a number of different objects. Knowing that concrete expands when it is heated, for instance, is the reason that sidewalks are designed with small spaces between the slabs. Without these spaces, the concrete would have no room to expand, causing a great deal of stress on the material, and leading to cracks, breaks or holes. Likewise, bridges are designed with expansion joints to allow for the components to expand as they are heated.
All materials that are elastic expand when heated and contract when cooled. The expansion that is described by thermoelasticity formulas is caused by an increase in the movement of the atoms in the material. These atoms remain linked to each other as a solid heats but the molecular bonds grow in size, allowing the atoms to move away from each other and causing the material to grow. Conversely, when a material is cooled, the atoms move less and the bonds pull them closer to each other.
The principles of thermoelasticity dictate that the expansion caused by an increase in temperature will cause an object to expand in all directions. Slabs of concrete expand out towards one another, up away from the ground, and down towards the ground when they are heated. Cups or other vessels will expand in all directions as well in such a way that the total volume they can contain increases along with the size of the vessel. Specific formulas are used in the study of thermoelasticity to describe how objects change in shape with changes in temperature.


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Actions setting and modifying a kind of reference or state return (), getting the value is separate, e.g. writeIORef and modifyIORef both return (), only readIORef returns the value in an IORef
A function or action taking a some kind of state and returning a pair consisting of a result and a new state, the result is the first element of the pair and the new state is the second, see e.g. Random
A module defining a data type X has the itself the name X, e.g. StablePtr. For convenience there are modules simply re-exporting modules which are often used together, e.g. Foreign.
When the type Either is used to encode an error condition and a normal result, Left is used for the former and Right for the latter, see e.g. MonadEither.
A module corresponding to a class (e.g. Bits) contains the class definition, perhaps some auxiliary functions, and all sensible instances for Prelude types, but nothing more. Other modules containing types for which an instance for the class in question makes sense contain the code for the instance itself.
Record-like C bit fields or structs have a record-like interface, i.e. pure getting and setting of fields. (TODO: Clarify a little bit. Add examples.)
Although the possibility of partial application suggests the type attr -> object -> object for functions setting an attribute or value, infix notation with backquotes implies object -> attr -> object. (TODO: Add Examples.)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Filled with the Spirit & In The Spirit
Filled with the Spirit Featured Image.001
Filled with the Spirit
Don Ruhl • Savage Street, Grants Pass, Oregon • October 4, In the year of our Lord, 2015
 1. Old Testament Descriptions
 1. What does it mean to be filled with the Holy Spirit?
 1. Does being filled with the Holy Spirit mean being able to work miracles?
 2. Do miracles occur today?
 3. Can we be filled with the Holy Spirit today?
 2. Exodus shows that this was not only a New Testament phenomenon,
 3 "And I have filled him with the Spirit of God, in wisdom, in understanding, in knowledge, and in all manner of workmanship" (Exo 31.3).
 31 "and He has filled him with the Spirit of God, in wisdom and understanding, in knowledge and all manner of workmanship" (Exo 35.31).
 1. Here are men who had ability to work on
 1. Aaron's garments and the tabernacle
 2. as a result of God filling them with the Spirit.
 2. What exactly did they have by the filling of the Spirit?
 1. Wisdom, understanding, knowledge and workmanship.
 2. Did they make these things miraculously?
 3. Being filled with the Holy Spirit did allow some to work miracles.
 1. But remember this is not inherent with the filling.
 2. So, what does it mean to be filled with the Holy Spirit?
 1. We will see that it is a matter of influence.
 2. Moreover, the influence will be in different areas.
 1. The men in Exodus could work on the tabernacle.
 2. Others could do miracles.
 3. Others were following the teachings of the Spirit.
 3. Deuteronomy 34 shows what Joshua had,
 1. What did Joshua have as a result of being full of the spirit of wisdom?
 1. For one thing, he had leadership recognition from Israel.
 2. He obviously used that wisdom to lead Israel, a daunting task.
 3. Did being full of the spirit of wisdom keep Joshua from making mistakes?
 1. Can you think of any mistakes that he made?
 2. How about Joshua 9.1–15?
 3. Having the influence of the Spirit means that it is available, but
 1. a person is not forced into heeding it.
 2. We are still capable of making choices.
 2. Joshua was capable of leadership,
 1. having had Moses lay his hands on the new leader, but
 2. was leading Israel a miraculous work?
 3. Is this merely a disposition of or toward wisdom?
 1. Joshua had the hands of Moses impart this wisdom and
 1. dispositions are not imparted by simply laying on of hands.
 2. Thus, Joshua received wisdom from the Spirit of God.
 3. Did Joshua receive it miraculously?
 1. I do not think the text gives enough information to know.
 2. Somehow he had it.
 2. Isaiah 11 speaks of what Christ would have,
 2 The Spirit of the LORD shall rest upon Him,
 The Spirit of wisdom and understanding,
 The Spirit of counsel and might,
 The Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD.
 (Isa 11.2)
 1. Does this give us anymore insight into Joshua?
 4. Micah 3
 And of justice and might,
 To declare to Jacob his transgression
 And to Israel his sin.
 (Mic 3.8)
 1. A reference to the boldness which he had as the Spirit inspired him.
 2. The Spirit gave the prophet what he needed to stand before a rebellious people.
 2. Filled with the Spirit: Could Refer to Divine Inspiration
 1. Remember to read these verses with the thought of influence in mind,
 67 Now his father Zacharias was filled with the Holy Spirit, and prophesied, saying… (Luke 1.67).
 2. Baptism in the Spirit filled a person with the Spirit, enabling inspiration,
 8 Then Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, said to them, "Rulers of the people and elders of Israel…" (Acts 4.8).
 1. This also shows the ability to speak in tongues.
 2. This was a miraculous activity.
 1. Why was it?
 2. What were they doing when they spoke in tongues?
 3. Evidence that Paul spoke by inspiration,
 9 Then Saul, who also is called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, looked intently at him (Acts 13.9).
 4. However, there is no indication that Cornelius could speak by divine inspiration.
 3. Filled with the Spirit: Not Inherent Reference to Miraculous Ability, but to Accepting the Spirit's Influence
 1. Luke 4 tells how Jesus ended up in the wilderness to be tempted by Satan,
 1 Then Jesus, being filled with the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness (Luke 4.1).
 1. Jesus had the fullness of the Spirit, but
 1. in a sense not experienced by the apostles and other Christians.
 2. If there is no difference,
 1. then what is the significance of Jesus?
 2. Again see how Jesus followed the influence of the Holy Spirit.
 2. The influence may be miraculous,
 1. non-miraculous through His Word,
 2. activities He encourages us to be a part of, or
 3. through His indwelling.
 3. John the Baptist was filled with the Spirit?
 1. Luke 1 explains how soon John would be filled with the Holy Spirit,
 2. Did John the Baptist work miracles during his ministry?
 41 Then many came to Him and said, "John performed no sign, but all the things that John spoke about this Man were true" (John 10.41).
 3. In what way was John filled with the Holy Spirit?
 4. Acts 6 shows that Stephen was full of the Holy Spirit before he could work miracles,
 1. How were the brethren able to see that Stephen was full of the Spirit?
 1. The brethren saw that Stephen was full of the Spirit by holy fruit in his life,
 22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness, self-control. Against such there is no law (Gal 5.22–23).
 2. Initially only the apostles worked miracles (Acts 2.43),
 1. then Stephen and the others had the apostles lay hands on them.
 2. From Acts 8 it appears that this was done to impart miraculous ability.
 5. Other references show a non-miraculous filling of the Spirit,
 24 For he was a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and of faith. And a great many people were added to the Lord (Acts 11.24).
 52 And the disciples were filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit (Acts 13.52).
 1. Not a spiritual parallel to drunkenness, but
 2. a spiritual alternative.
 3. To encourage a Spirit-filled life Paul stated three activities that will do this:
 1. Speaking in spiritual songs (v. 19),
 2. Giving thanks (v. 20), and
 3. Subjecting ourselves to each other (v. 1).
 4. Let us then be filled with the Holy Spirit, bearing the fruit of the Spirit.


text:
(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved. Contact us for information about using this image.
A network of railroads transported people and goods throughout the United States. Farmers in New England had to compete with western-grown meat and grain. The refrigerated railroad car brought in milk and other perishable farm produce as well. Farmers who wished to keep their farms had to embrace more aggressive land use and exploit new markets in order to survive. Many focused on regional specialties such as ice harvesting, growing cranberries, and maple sugar production. The mission of the Eastern States Exposition when it opened in 1916 was to highlight and reward the best of New England agriculture and industry. The success of the Exposition surpassed even the vision of its founders, attracting over a million visitors a year.


text:
The Wage Gap between Francophones and Anglophones: A Canadian Perspective, 1970 to 2000
NBER Working Paper No. 14203
The wage differential between Francophone and Anglophone men from 1970 to 2000 fell by 25 percentage points within Quebec, but only by 10 points Canada-wide, largely because the wages of Quebec Anglophones fell by 15 points relative to other Canadian Anglophones. Accordingly, the Canadian measure of the Francophone wage gap better reflects the changing welfare of Francophones than the Quebec measure. Over half of the reduction in the Canadian Francophone wage gap is explained by rising Francophone education levels. In Quebec, the declining number and relative wages of Anglophone workers is best explained by a falling demand for English-speaking labour.
Supplementary materials for this paper:
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w14203
Published: Albouy, David Y. "The Wage Gap between Francophones and Anglophones: A Canadian Perspective, 1970 to 2000" Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 41, No. 4, November 2008, pp. _PHONE_.
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these:


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Excel Investigation: Planks
Stage: 3 and 4
I have an unlimited supply of planks, of lengths 7 and 9 units. Putting planks end to end, what total lengths can be achieved?
For example, I can make a length of 30 by using three planks of length 7 units and one of length 9 units, but what about a total length of 40?
The Excel file
shows all the possible combinations: I usually right-click on the link, choose "Save Target As", and select where I want the file to be saved.
In one direction (down) are the multiples of 7, including 0, and in the other direction (across) are the multiples of 9. The numbers in the table are the totals achieved with each combination.
If you need help making a table of two independent variables check the
from October 02
Getting to the investigation:
So, is there a value after which all totals must be possible? And if so, was that value predictable?
Notice that the spreadsheet doesn't solve the problem, it just does the calculation - instantly!
If you think there is a value after which all totals must be possible, you will need to reason beyond the numbers that happen to be showing in the spreadsheet.
In fact, no spreadsheet, however many results it shows, can be a replacement for the reasoning process.
Don't move on too quickly. Play lots with the 7 and 9 situation, but when you're ready try to generalise :
Can you predict what can and cannot be done for any pair of plank lengths?
The Excel file
is similar in structure to Planks79 but the plank lengths are now variable.
Look back at October 02 to find out about
They're very easy and let you keep your attention on the numbers instead of the keyboard.
Try to generalise the investigation to cover any combination of plank lengths. Is there always a certain value, after which all totals must be possible? Can you say what that certain value will be?
Suppose the planks were 6 and 9. Remember Excel can do the calculation for you (provided you can say what you want done), but it cannot explain why anything happens (or doesn't happen).
I have also used Conditional Formatting to pick out the particular values I'm looking for at any time. Conditional Formatting is used to make values of interest conspicuous, without the effort of a cell-by-cell inspection. It is explained more fully in the techniques section.
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The NRICH Project aims to enrich the mathematical experiences of all learners. To support this aim, members of the NRICH team work in a wide range of capacities, including providing professional development for teachers wishing to embed rich mathematical tasks into everyday classroom practice. More information on many of our other activities can be found here.
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Reformų valdymo problemos.
The problems of managing of public service reforms are analysed in this article. It is mentioned that the public service reforms are necessary to be made constantly and this process differs only in context, size and term of implementation of the reforms. The experience of different countries is examined and the ways how to use this experience in managing the public service reforms in Lithuania are determined. Great attention is paid to the key management issues: the context of the reforms and management dimensions. The role and functions of the lead agency responsible for the reforms implementation and line ministries are discussed as well. The requirements to the personnel especially to the leader of the core group are examined too. It is mentioned that these requirements are different when goals and strategy of any reform is creating if compared them when reforms are implemented. On the basis of the foreign countries experience mentioned above in managing of public service reforms the conclusions and suggestions how to carry out these reforms in Lithuania are formulated.
- Articles / Straipsniai


The original story of love between a Metis woman, Jane Howse, and Sam Livingston, a flamboyant Irishman, first published as Tell Me, Grandmother in 1985 by McClelland and Stewart, has been updated with new information, a new cover, and approximately additional pictures, both archival and modern.
Why The Ring?
Sam and Jane's romance is symbolized by the ring given to Jane as a token of Sam's undying love. Unusually wrought and engraved with the words IN MEMORY OF, it remains today as a legacy to the many descendants of this remarkable couple.
The ring- p. 137
The Ring appeals to adults and children alike, to people of all ages who are fascinated or curious about their past. It reveals how life can often turn full circle in mysterious ways.
Such is the magic of books that miracles happen. In The Ring you will read how the publication of Tell Me, Grandmother in 1985 changed the life of one of Sam and Jane's descendants and made a huge impact on his family.


{r}';\omega)=\sum_\mathbf{k}\sum_n \frac{\phi_{\mathbf{k}n}(\mathbf{r})\phi^*_{\mathbf{k}n}(\mathbf{r}')}{\omega-\epsilon_{\mathbf{k}n}+ i\eta\mathrm{sgn}(-\epsilon_{\mathbf{k}n}\mathrm{F}}\,,}' [[_TAG_:G0]]
where :math:'{\phi_{n\mathbf{k}}(\mathbf{r})}' and :math:'{\epsilon_{n\mathbf{k}}}' are the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, respectively, of the mean-field system. Here, a natural choice is to employ the solution of the KS equations
often with the local-density approximation (LDA) for the exchange-correlation potential. In this respect, one says that LDA is the ''starting point'' for the ''GW'' calculation. Other starting points are generalized gradient approximation (GGA), LDA+''U'', hybrid functionals, Hartree-Fock, QSGW, et cetera. The explicit form of :math:'{G_0}' enables us to perform the frequency integration in [[_TAG_:P|:math:'{P}']], which yields
:math:'{\displaystyle P\left(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}',\omega\right)=2\sum_{\mathbf{q},\mathbf{k}}^{\mathrm{BZ}}\sum_{n}^{\mathrm{occ}}\sum_{n'}^{\mathrm{unocc}}\phi_{\mathbf{q}n}\left(\mathbf{r}\right)\phi_{\mathbf{q}n}^{*}\left(\mathbf{r}'\right)\phi_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{k}n'}\left(\mathbf{r}'\right)\phi_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{k}n'}^{*}\left(\mathbf{r}\right)\cdot\left(\frac{1}{\omega+\epsilon_{\mathbf{q}n}-\epsilon_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{k}n'}+i\eta}-\frac{1}{\omega-\epsilon_{\mathbf{q}n}+\epsilon_{\mathbf{q}+\mathbf{k}n'}-i\eta}\right)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{S(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}';\omega')}{\omega-\omega'+i\eta\mathrm{sgn}(\omega')}d\omega'\,,}' [[_TAG_:Pexp]]
where the last equality implicitly defines the spectral function :math:'{S(\omega)}'.
The Dyson equation can be rewritten in the form of an effective equation of motion of a single particle, the quasiparticle equation
:math:'{\displaystyle\left\{-\frac{\nabla}{2}+v^\mathrm{ext}(\mathbf{r})+v^\mathrm{H}(\mathbf{r})\right\}\psi_{\mathbf{k}n}(\mathbf{r})+\int \Sigma^\mathrm{xc}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}';E_{\mathbf{k}n})\psi_{\mathbf{k}n}(\mathbf{r}')d^3 r=E_{\mathbf{k}n}\psi_{\mathbf{k}n}(\mathbf{r})}' [[_TAG_:qpeq]]
with the (non-orthonormal) quasiparticle wavefunctions and (complex-valued) quasiparticle energies. It can be shown that the interacting Green function takes the same form as [[_TAG_:G0|:math:'{G_0}']] (Lehmann representation) if the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are replaced by the latter. The fact that this equation of motion is formally similar to the KS equation motivates to use perturbation theory of first order and write the quasiparticle energies as
:math:'{\displaystyle E_{n\mathbf{k}}=\epsilon_{n\mathbf{k}}+\langle\phi_{n\mathbf{k}}|\Sigma^\mathrm{xc}(E_{n\mathbf{k}})-v^\mathrm{xc}|\phi_{n\mathbf{k}}\rangle\approx\epsilon_{n\mathbf{k}}+Z_{n\mathbf{k}}\langle\phi_{n\mathbf{k}}|\Sigma^\mathrm{xc}(\epsilon_{n\mathbf{k}})-v^\mathrm{xc}|\phi_{n\mathbf{k}}\rangle}' [[_TAG_:qppert]]
with the renormalization constant :math:'{Z_{n\mathbf{k}}=[1-\partial\Sigma^{\mathrm{xc}}/\partial\omega(\epsilon_{n\mathbf{k}})]^{-1}}'. Both expressions can be taken to evaluate the quasiparticle energy, the first one is a non-linear equation in :math:'{E_{n\mathbf{k}}}' and requires an iterative solution. We thus have three ways to calculate the quasiparticle energies: (a) by solving the full [[_TAG_:qpeq|quasiparticle equation]], (b) with the [[_TAG_:qppert|non-linear equation]], and (c) using the [[_TAG_:qppert|linearized solution]]. The mathematical complexity, the computational cost, and the accuracy decreases in this order. For example, solution (a) requires the full self-energy matrix (i.e., including the off-diagonal elements) to be evaluated. Once the full matrix :math:'{\Sigma^\mathrm{xc}_{\mathbf{k},nn'}(\omega)}' is known, one can proceed to perform a self-consistent calculation within the QSGW approach. In this approach, the self-energy matrix is ''hermitianized'' and made frequency independent. This self-energy can then be used to replace :math:'{v^\mathrm{xc}}' in the KS equation, defining a new mean-field system. A self-consistent solution of this mean-field system (using a DFT code) is then employed as a new starting point and so on until self-consistency in the quasiparticle energies is achieved.
Interaction parameters (Hubbard ''U'')
Wannier functions
RPA exchange-correlation energy
Spectra (EELS, spin excitation spectra etc.)
The spectral function of response quantities (e.g., [[_TAG_:Pexp|:math:'{S(\omega)}']]) are often related to spectra measured in experiments. The imaginary part of the head element (:math:'{\varepsilon^{-1}_{\mathbf{k},\mathbf{GG}'}, \mathbf{G}=\mathbf{G}'=0}') of the inverse of the dielectric matrix
:math:'{\displaystyle \varepsilon_\mathbf{k}(\omega)=I - P_\mathbf{k}(\omega) v_\mathbf{k}}'
with [[_TAG_:Pexp|:math:'{P(\omega)}']], the identity matrix :math:'{I}', and the bare Coulomb interaction :math:'{v}' is measured in valence electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Note that :math:'{W_\mathbf{k}(\omega)=\varepsilon_\mathbf{k}^{-1}(\omega)v_\mathbf{k}}'. Optical absorption is related to the macroscopic dielectric function :math:'{\varepsilon_\mathrm{M}(\omega)=1/\varepsilon^{-1}_{\mathbf{k=0},\mathbf{00}'}(\omega)}'. We have adopted a pure plane-wave representation. The dielectric function can also be used to calculate the density response function :math:'{R_\mathbf{k}(\omega)=\varepsilon_\mathbf{k}^{-1}(\omega)P_\mathbf{k}(\omega)}', where :math:'{R(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}';\omega)=\delta n(\mathbf{r},\omega)/\delta v_\mathrm{ext}(\mathbf{r}',\omega)}' gives the dynamical linear response of the electron number density with respect to changes in the external potential. In this respect, :math:'{P(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}';\omega)}' gives the linear response of the density with respect to changes in the effective potential, e.g., the effective KS potential.
In photoelectron spectroscopy, one measures the imaginary part of the Green function, which, using the Dyson equation, can be written as
:math:'{\displaystyle A_\mathbf{k}(\omega)=\mathrm{Im} \sum_n \frac{1}{\omega-\epsilon_{\mathbf{k}n}-\Sigma_\mathbf{k}^{\mathrm{xc}}(\omega)}.}'
''GT'' self-energy
......@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ Polarization function
The polarization function gives the linear change in the electronic density of a non-interacting system with respect to changes in the effective potential. It is, thus, a fundamental quantity in the calculation of screening properties of a many


Fibonacci and Lucas Formulas in Python
Picture courtesy of geralt via Pixabay
In this article, I'm going to give a brief introduction as to what recursion is, how it can be used to generate sequences of numbers, and how to perform some of these basic operations in Python. Two sequences of real numbers that will be pertinent to our discussion are the Lucas Numbers and the Fibonacci numbers.
Ultimately, recursion refers to the buildup of a sequence of numbers based on an explicit pattern that is given. This patten comes in the form of an equation known as the recurrence relation. Moreover, any sequence has to have a starting point, known as a base case. In other words, to generate an entire sequence, you must be given both a recurrence relation and a base case; we'll illustrate some examples using Python.
Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
Our first example is the Fibonacci Numbers. The first two numbers are F_1 = 1, F_2 = 1, and all numbers thereafter are generated with the recursive relation
The starting numbers 1 and 1 constitute the base case for this recursion. Without a base case we can't figure out any numbers in the sequence, due to a phenomena called infinite recursion.
This sequence's terms can also be found directly using a non-recursive formula based upon a constant called the golden ratio, though that has nothing to do with recursion, so I won't discuss it further here.
Our other sequence of interest, the Lucas Numbers, illustrate another reason why base cases are important. The base cases are L_1 = 1 and L_2 = 3, and the numbers thereafter are generated with the recursive relation
L_n = L_{n-1} + L_{n-2}
Notice that if we took away the base cases, these sequences would for all purposes be identical. The recurrence relations are the same, apart from interchanging Fs with Ls! And that little thing is merely a naming convention!
Anyway, the heart of this article will be about coding up these recurrences in Python, so let's walk through how to do that now.
Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers in Python
It turns out the Python code for finding Fibonacci Numbers versus Lucas Numbers is very similar. There are only a few important differences that I alluded to in the previous section. That being said, I'll walk through some code to generate Fibonacci numbers in detail, and then show the similar code for Lucas numbers and discuss the differences.
Here is the code for Fibonacci numbers:
The input is a single natural number, n, and the output is the nth Fibonacci number. As before, we use the convention that F_1 = 1 and F_2 = 1 (so then F_3 = 2, F_4 = 3, and so on). In fact, the very first line after the function definition identifies these base cases as such.
After that, we create a list that is initially comprised of n zeros. The reason for this is that our algorithm will involve putting the Fibonacci numbers in a list as we identify them, up to the nth one. Since the first two Fibonacci numbers are 1 and 1, we designate the first two elements of listOfFibs to both be equal to 1. We know there are at least two elements in the list since n ≥ 3. If n were equal to 1 or 2, the function would have returned 1 before reaching this point. And of course, this code is not designed to work if n is not a natural number (this includes 0).
Now we have our for loop. We use the next several slots in listOfFibs to store the next Fibonacci numbers, determining those one at a time with the recurrence relation we listed earlier.
The list called listOfFibs has n elements, and each one is a Fibonacci number, starting with the first. Therefore, the last element in the list will be the nth Fibonacci number, and we call this nthFib. This is ultimately the integer that gets returned from the program.
Now, we show a near-identical program for generating the nth Lucas number. There are only two changes compared to the script for Fibonacci numbers. The first such change is purely cosmetic: I've replaced the name "listOfFibs" with "listOfLucas" for obvious reasons. The second change is in the base case. Since L_1 = 1 and L_2 = 3, we now need two lines to define these base cases. The first such line returns 1 if n = 1, and the line immediately after returns 3 if n = 2.
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statement is not allowed.
CREATE TYPE mytype AS OBJECT (attr1 NUMBER, attr2 NUMBER); ALTER TYPE mytype ADD ATTRIBUTE (attr3 NUMBER), DROP ATTRIBUTE attr2, ADD ATTRIBUTE attr4 NUMBER CASCADE;
The resulting definition for mytype becomes:
ALTER TYPE statement, which attempts to make multiple changes to the same attribute (
attr5), is invalid:
-- invalid ALTER TYPE statement ALTER TYPE mytype ADD ATTRIBUTE (attr5 NUMBER, attr6 CHAR(10)), DROP ATTRIBUTE attr5;
The following are other notes on validation constraints, table restrictions, and assorted information about the various kinds of changes that can be made to a type.
CASCADEoption removes the method from the target type and all subtypes. However, if a method is overridden in a subtype, the
CASCADEwill fail and roll back. For the
CASCADEto succeed, you must first drop each override from the subtype that defines it and only then drop the method from the supertype.
You can consult the
USER_DEPENDENCIES table to find all the schema objects, including types, that depend on a given type.
INVALIDATEoption to drop a method that has overrides, but the overrides in the subtypes must still be dropped manually. The subtypes will remain in an invalid state until they are explicitly altered to drop the overrides. (Until then, an attempt to recompile the subtypes for revalidation will produce the error, "Method does not override.")
INVALIDATE bypasses all the type and table checks and simply invalidates all schema objects dependent on the type. The objects are revalidated the next time they are accessed. This option is faster than using
CASCADE, but you must be certain that no problems will be encountered revalidating dependent types and tables. Table data cannot be accessed while a table is invalid; if a table cannot be validated, its data remains inaccessible.
NOT INSTANTIABLEis allowed only if the type has no table dependents.
INSTANTIABLEis allowed anytime. This change does not affect tables.
FINALis allowed only if the target type has no subtypes.
NOT FINALor vice versa, you must use
CASCADEto convert data in dependent columns and tables immediately. You may not use the
NOT INCLUDING TABLE DATAto defer converting data.
If you alter a type from
NOT FINAL to
FINAL, you must use
CASCADE INCLUDING TABLE DATA. If you alter a type from
NOT FINAL, you may use either
CASCADE INCLUDING TABLE DATA or
CASCADE CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE.
When you alter a type from
NOT FINAL. the
CASCADE option you should choose depends on whether you want to be able to insert new subtypes of the type you are altering in existing columns and tables.
By default, altering a type from
NOT FINAL enables you to create new substitutable tables and columns of that type, but it does not automatically make existing columns (or object tables) of that type substitutable. In fact, just the opposite happens: existing columns and tables of the type are marked
NOT SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS. If any embedded attribute of such a column is substitutable, an error is generated. New subtypes of the altered type cannot be inserted in such preexisting columns and tables.
To alter a user-defined type to
NOT FINAL in such a way as to make existing columns and tables of the type substitutable (assuming that they are not marked
NOT SUBSTITUTABLE), use the
CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE. For example:
CASCADE option marks each existing column as
SUBSTITUTABLE AT ALL LEVELS and causes a new, hidden column to be added for the TypeId of instances stored in the column. The column can then store subtype instances of the altered type.
INVALIDATE option of the
ALTER TYPE statement lets you alter a type without propagating the type change to dependent objects. In this case, the system does not validate the dependent types and tables to ensure that all the ramifications of the type change are legal. Instead, all dependent schema objects are marked invalid. The objects, including types and tables, are revalidated when next referenced. If a type cannot be revalidated, it remains invalid, and any tables referencing it become inaccessible until the problem is corrected.
A table may fail validation because, for example, adding a new attribute to a type has caused the number of columns in the table to exceed the maximum allowable number of 1000, or because an attribute used as a partitioning or clustering key of a table was dropped from a type.
To force a revalidation of a type, users can issue the
ALTER TYPE COMPILE statement. To force a revalidation of an invalid table, users can issue the
ALTER TABLE UPGRADE statement and specify whether the data is to be converted to the latest type version. (Note that, in a table validation triggered by the system when a table is referenced, table data is always updated to the latest type version: you do not have the option to postpone conversion of the data.)
If a table is unable to convert to the latest type version, then
DELETE statements on the table are not allowed and its data becomes inaccessible. The following DDLs can be executed on the table, but all other statements which reference an invalid table are not allowed until the table is successfully validated:
All PL/SQL programs containing variables defined using
%ROWTYPE of a table or
%TYPE of a column or attribute from a table are compiled based on the latest type version. If the table fails the revalidation, then compiling any program units that reference that table will also fail.
The following is a synopsis of the options in the
ALTER TYPE statement for altering the attribute or method definition of a type:
Adds specified method to a type
Drops the method with the specified spec from the target type
Adds specified attribute to the target type
Drops specified attribute from the target type
Modifies the type of the specified attribute to increase its length, precision or scale
Use this option only if you are certain that problems will not be encountered validating dependent types and tables. Table data cannot be accessed again until it is validated; if it cannot be validated, it remains inaccessible.
Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type
Leaves column data as is, associated with the current type version. If an attribute is dropped from a type referenced by a table, then the corresponding column of the dropped attribute is not removed from the table. Only the metadata of the column is marked unused. If the dropped attribute is stored out-of-line (for example,
This option is useful when you have many large tables and may run out of rollback segments if you convert them all in one transaction. This option enables you to convert the data of each dependent table later in a separate transaction (using an
Specifying this option will speed up the table upgrade because the table's data is left in the format of the old type version. However, selecting data from this table will require converting the images stored in the column to the latest type version. This is likely to affect performance during subsequent
Forces the system to ignore errors from dependent tables and indexes. Errors are logged in a specified exception table so that they can be queried afterward. This option must be used with caution because dependent tables may become inaccessible if some table errors occur.
CONVERT TO SUBSTITUTABLE
For use when altering a type from FINAL to NOT FINAL: Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type and then marks these existing columns and object tables of the type
If the type is altered to
'Figure 6-1 graphically summarizes the options for
ALTER TYPE INVALIDATE and their effects. In the figure, T1 is a type, and T2 is a dependent type. Also see the notes beneath the figure.
Notes on the figure:
You can use
ALTER TABLE to convert table data to the latest version of referenced types. For example, the following statement converts the data in table
benefits to the latest type version.
ALTER TABLE statement contains the following options for converting table data to the latest type version:
Converts data stored in all user-defined columns to the most recent version of the column's type. For each new attribute added to the column's type, a new attribute is added to the data and is initialized to NULL. For each attribute dropped from the referenced type, the corresponding attribute data is removed from each row in the table. All tablespaces containing the table's data must be in read write mode; otherwise, the statement will not succeed.
Leaves column data as is and does not update its type version. If an attribute is dropped from a type referenced by the target table, then the corresponding column of the dropped attribute is not removed from the table. Only the metadata of the column is marked unused. If the dropped attribute is stored out-of-line (for example, a varray, LOB or nested table attribute) then the out-of-line data is not removed. To remove the data of those attributes, you can re-submit this statement with
Specifying this option will speed up the table upgrade because the table's data is left in the format of the old type version. However, data selected from this table will require converting to the latest type version, so performance may be affected during subsequent
This option is useful when there are not enough rollback segments to convert the entire table at once. In this case, you can upgrade the table's metadata first without converting the data, and then issue
Since this option only requires updating the table's metadata all tablespaces are not required to be on-line in read/write mode for the statement to succeed.
Specifies the storage for new VARRAY, nested table, or LOB attributes to be added to the table.
A constructor function is used to create an instance of a user-defined type


Project Human Resource Management
Here is a list of sample questions which would help you to understand the pattern of questions on Project Human Resource Management being asked in PMP Certification Exams.
(1) From HR perspective, the project manager's responsibility in the planning role includes:
 1. Hiring the team
 2. Preparing org charts
 3. Developing Staffing management plan
 4. Feedback sessions
 5. Both b and c
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 264 Sec 9.1.3 Plan Human Resource Management: Outputs
(2) Expert power is the power that comes from the amount of knowledge a person has obtained in a specific area. This type of power is:
 1. Critical to a project manager because the PM has to have as much or more knowledge than any of the team members to make sure the project is completed successfully
 2. Used by the PM to influence upper management and the critical stakeholders
 3. Important if the project manager wants to maintain the respect of the project team
 4. Used sparingly if at all by the PM because the PM is not required to be an expert apart from managing the project
Answer: D
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 16, Sec 1.7 Role of the Project Manager
(3) To successfully motivate a team in today's high tech - high demand environment, which motivational theories should the PM use to maintain a happy, productive team?
 1. Expectancy and Theory X
 2. Theory Y and Maslow's Hierarchy
 3. Herzberg's Hygiene Factors and Expectancy
 4. Theory Y, Expectancy and Herzberg's Hygiene Factors
Answer: D
Hint: These theories are finding widespread acceptance in today's business environment.
(4) To successfully manage a project, the project manager must play both a manager and leadership role. In a manager's role, the project manager will do all but which of the following:
 1. Define Roles and Responsibilities
 2. Extend favors to some important team members
 3. Provide feedback to team members
 4. Resolving interpersonal conflicts
 5. Both b and d
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 257, Fig 9-4
(5) To be successful in a functional organization, the PM must rely on:
 1. Referent power
 2. Formal authority
 3. Informal power structure
 4. Broad span of control
Hint: Referent power is based on the authority extended by a more powerful person. A project manager can exercise the power given by project sponsor to take decisions in the project interest.
(6) Which form of power is the LEAST effective from the project manager's viewpoint in terms of influencing functional managers?
 1. Formal power
 2. Expert power
 3. Penalty power
 4. Referent power
Answer: C
Hint: Penalty is the least effective forms of influencing and should not be used at all, if possible.
(7) The Project manager should be able to fulfill the role of:
 1. an integrator
 2. a functional manager
 3. a line manager
 4. a sponsor
Answer: A
Hint: A project manager is responsible for collective project success. Refer PMBOK 5, Page 16, Sec 1.7 Role of the Project Manager
(8) The most successful project manager usually:
 1. Work their way up from assistants in the project office to full-fledged project managers, supplementing that experience with formal education.
 2. Comes right from Harvard's MBA program into managing very large projects.
 3. Are the technical experts.
 4. Have considerable experience as a functional manager before moving into the project management arena.
Answer: A
Hint: A project manager must have experience in working on projects in various roles including the role of a project manager.
(9) Which of the following is an important action that must be taken by top management when implementing project management in an organization?
 1. Completely selling the project management concept to the entire organization.
 2. Choice of the type of project manager.
 3. Choice of the type of project organization to be utilized.
 4. All of the above.
Answer: D
Hint: It is important for project success that all stakeholders agree on the importance of project management concepts and theories.
(10) The project manager has the most authority in the __________________ type of organization.
 1. Project expediter
 2. Matrix
 3. Projectized organization
 4. Functional
Answer: C
Hint: Refer PMBOK 5, Page 22 Table 2-1 Influence of Organizational Structures on Projects; Page 556, Projectized organizatio
(11) The process that organize, manage, and lead the project team for the completion of a project is called
 1. Project Integration Management
 2. Project Scope Management
 3. Project Human Resource Management
 4. Project Communications Management
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 255, 1st Paragraph
(12) For the following Project Human Resource Management Processes
 1. Plan Human Resource Management
 2. Develop Project Team
 3. Acquire Project Team
 4. Manage Project Team
The correct sequence is:
 1. 1-2-3-4
 2. 3-2-1-4
 3. 2-1-3-4
 4. 1-3-2-4
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 255, Fig-9-1
(13) Which of the following techniques is not used in the process of Plan Human Resource Management?
 1. Networking
 2. Pre-assignment
 3. Organizational theory
 4. Meetings
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 257, Fig 9-1, Sec 9.1
(14) The various inputs used while executing the process of Develop Project Team includes all but
 1. Personal Assessment Tools
 2. Recognition and awards
 3. Project Performance Appraisals
 4. Training
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 257, Sec 9.3
(15) The process of Manage project team uses which of the following inputs in its execution?
 1. Issue Log
 2. Resource Calendars
 3. Activity Resource Requirements
 4. Human Resource Management Plan
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 257, Sec 9.4
(16) The process of identifying and documenting project roles, responsibilities, required skills, reporting relationships, and creating a staffing management plan is known as
 1. Develop Project Team
 2. Manage Project Team
 3. Plan Human Resource Management
 4. Acquire Project Team
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 257, Sec 9.1
(17) The information used for the development of the human resource management plan includes all except
 1. The project life cycle
 2. A change management plan
 3. A configuration management plan
 4. Organizational Standard Processes
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 259, Sec 9.1.1
(18) The concept that provides information regarding the way in which people, teams, and organizational units behave is known as
 1. Networking
 2. Organizational Theory
 3. Expert Judgment
 4. None of the above
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 263, Sec
(19) The phase of team building where the team begins to address the project work, technical decisions, and the project management approach is known as
 1. Performing
 2. Storming
 3. Forming
 4. Norming
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 276, Sec
(20) The Conflict Management approach that is used for emphasizing upon the areas of agreement rather than areas of differences conceding one's position to the needs of others to maintain harmony and relationships is called
 1. Collaborate/Problem Solve
 2. Compromise/Reconcile
 3. Smooth/ Accommodate
 4. Withdraw/Avoid
Hint: PMBOK 5, Page 283


text:
ABC Reading Eggs
ABC Reading Eggs was created by a highly experienced team of Australian primary school teachers, writers and developers to help children become fluent and proficient readers. The multi-award winning early learning resource supports your child's learning to read journey. With its fun and rewarding lessons, ABC Reading Eggs teaches preschool and primary school children in Years K-Prep, Kindergarten, Year 1 and Year 2 the core reading and comprehension skills needed to be successful in school.
The ABC Reading Eggs series of activity books, bath books, reading book packs, workbooks, and teaching guides combines highly structured lessons with motivational elements, to keep children engaged and keen to learn.


Storytelling Through Video
Home / Events / Storytelling Through Video
Telling the story of your organization at your event in a compelling and clear way is one of the most important parts of your program. It is vital to tap into the why of your work first, to convey the beating heart of it all. This will pull your donors in and engage them.
While your numbers and programs specifics are incredibly important to your work, they can create distance between you and your event audience. They can also make for a very complicated story.
How you tell your story at your event can create a cohesive narrative for your organization.
The use of video can be an amazing tool to accomplish this task. In a very short period of time you can convey the vision and energy of your organization, show how your programs are a part of that and give your donors access to moments they would not get otherwise.
They can get a true experience of your work and its impact first hand.
This year Camp Fire Columbia took this task head on and created an organizational video for their annual Talent Show event that told a unified story of two programs that had previously felt separate.
Why did video work so well for them?
2015Campfire (36 of 69)Camp Fire offers both school programs and a summer camp for kids. Often people know about one or the other, but not both. The video was carefully scripted and narrated by the new CEO of the organization and grounded the two programs in the common vision of their work: "At Camp Fire we believe that engaged, confident, well-rounded youth build thriving communities."
By setting that as a platform, it became easy for donors to see that whether at Camp or in school, kids were receiving the benefits of education, enrichment and opportunities to find their spark. By utilizing footage in their video from both camp and school programs, they were able to take donors to the front line of the organization's work. Donors could see the amazing activities at Camp and go into the school classrooms and see the faces of youth impacted by this important work.
The result was a spirited narrative that allowed them to communicate the inspiration for their work and show its impact in a very short period of time.
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Hitler's Nephew, Stalin's Daughter and Other Famous Defectors
Here are four defectors whose stories you won't soon forget.
1. Hitler's Nephew
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS
William Patrick Hitler was born in England to a German father, Alois Hitler, and an Irish mother, Bridget Dowling. When William was still a boy, his father moved back to Germany, but his mother refused to go, raising her son alone in England. Alois kept in touch with the family and so, when his famous Uncle Adolf rose to power, young William moved to Germany in the hopes that he would be given a high-profile job. After hounding him for months, Uncle Adolf agreed to give William a cushy position as long as he renounced his British citizenship and promised never to return home. Sensing something wasn't right, William went back to England and capitalized on his famous family by writing an article for Look Magazine called, "Why I Hate My Uncle."
The popularity of the story gave William and his mother (pictured above) the opportunity to travel to America as part of a lecture tour. While there, World War II broke out, and the two were essentially stranded in the United States.
Hoping to do his part in the war effort, Hitler asked for and received special permission from President Roosevelt to enlist in the U.S. Navy in 1944.
According to a newspaper story printed at the time, when he introduced himself at the draft office, the recruiter thought he was joking and responded with, "Glad to see you, Hitler. My name's Hess." a reference to Nazi leader Rudolf Hess.
William Hitler served valiantly in the war and received an honorable discharge in 1947. Then, he simply disappeared.
In 1998, author David Gardner went looking for Hitler's lost nephew and found that, after the war, William and his mother had become U.S. citizens and changed their name to Stuart-Houston. William started a successful medical laboratory business, got married, moved to Long Island, had four boys, and died in 1987. At one point during the interview, William's wife claimed that her sons made a pact never to have children—so the Hitler bloodline would end with them. The oldest son, Alexander Adolf Stuart-Houston, has denied that such a pact exists, though the men never married or had children.
2. The Littlest Defector
When the Polovchak family moved to Chicago from Soviet-controlled Ukraine in January 1980, they hoped to find the American Dream. However, it wasn't meant to be. After less than six months, the family decided to move back home. Well, most of the family did anyway. Young 17-year old Natalia and her 12-year old brother Walter were determined to stay in America. So just days before they were to board a plane, the siblings, with the help of family living in Chicago, filed for religious asylum, claiming they faced religious persecution in the Soviet Union due to their Baptist upbringing.
Because of Natalia's age, her parents couldn't legally make her come home. However, because Walter was still a minor, his parents asked for assistance from the Chicago Police Department to have their son returned to their custody. Under advisement from both the U.S. State Department and Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Chicago PD instead placed Walter in the care of the State of Illinois as a minor in need of supervision.
With their hands tied in the U.S., the rest of the Polovchak family went home without him, but they continued to fight for their son's return through political and legal channels. Before long, everyone from the Soviet Embassy, the FBI, the KGB, and the ACLU were embroiled in the controversial court cases that followed.
Sympathy for Walter caused the U.S. Government to intentionally drag its feet, stretching these court procedures out for six years in order to give Walter enough time to become a legal adult and decide for himself where he would like to stay. He was sworn in as an American citizen just a few days after his 18th birthday and still lives here today.
3. Stalin's Daughter
Svetlana Alliluyeva was born in 1926 to Nadezhda Alliluyeva and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. She was the youngest of Stalin's three children and his only daughter. Her mother died under suspicious circumstances when Svetlana was only six years old, leaving her in the care of nannies for much of her childhood, and only receiving occasional visits from her busy father.
While the two were never close, Stalin still had a forceful hand in his daughter's life, especially her love life. Although it wasn't the official reason, it's believed that Svetlana's first love was sent into exile because of their relationship. She later married another man, but even after the couple had a son and named him after Stalin, the Premier refused to meet his son-in-law.
She married again two years later, to Yuri Zhadanov, son of Stalin's second-in-command, Andrei Zhdanov, but the marriage didn't last. She met her next love, Brajesh Singh, in 1963, 10 years after her father's death. Although the two were never allowed to marry, they often referred to each other as husband and wife. Singh died three years later due to complications from various ailments, and Alliluyeva was allowed to take Singh's ashes to his family in New Delhi, India. With her first taste of freedom, Svetlana went to the United States Embassy and asked for political asylum.
After moving to America, she wrote her autobiography, Twenty Letters to a Friend, denouncing her father's regime and the Communist way of life. While here, she married William Wesley Peters, a top apprentice of Frank Lloyd Wright, and the couple had a daughter. After this marriage also ended in divorce, Svetlana and her daughter moved to the UK, then later back to the Soviet Union, where they were both, surprisingly, granted citizenship. However, they left again and bounced between the UK and the US throughout the 1980s and 90s.
She lived in obscurity until 2007, when filmmaker Lana Parshina tracked her down to record a series of interviews, resulting in the 2008 film, Svetlana About Svetlana. As of 2010, Joseph Stalin's only daughter lives in a retirement home in southern Wisconsin.
4. The Reluctant Communist
In 1965, to avoid deployment to Vietnam, U.S. Army Sergeant Charles Jenkins, stationed in South Korea, surrendered to a bewildered North Korean soldier. Jenkins thought he'd be sent to Russia and then returned to America as a part of a prisoner exchange, but instead, North Korea reported that he had asked for political asylum. In response, the U.S. branded him a traitor and issued a warrant for his arrest. With no way to communicate with the outside world to plead his case, Jenkins had little choice but to stay in North Korea.
Unlike other countries, North Korea did not provide an easy life for defectors. Jenkins was quarantined in a one-room house with other American defectors, where they received political indoctrination under constant threat of violence. In 1972, they were moved to separate homes, but life didn't get much better. Jenkins was assigned professions and given a small ration of food, but otherwise eked out an existence like everyone else. The violence continued as well, most notably when North Korean doctors held Jenkins down and, without anesthetic, removed a U.S. Army tattoo from his arm with a pair of scissors.
Hitomi Soga, a Japanese woman, was 21 years old when she met Jenkins in 1980. Hitomi had been kidnapped by North Korean agents to teach spies Japanese, and was later "given" to Jenkins as a wife to prevent him from "dirtying" the Korean bloodline. While their marriage was arranged - and despite a 20-year age difference – the two actually fell in love and had two daughters. At about the same time, Jenkins and other defectors were ordered to appear in a 20-hour propaganda film, Unsung Heroes, acting as villainous U.S. military leaders. When American intelligence acquired the film, it was the first time they could confirm that Jenkins was still alive.
Figuring they would never be allowed to leave, the Jenkins family made the best of their situation, suffering through the country's most difficult times in the 1980s and 90s. However, in 2002, their luck changed when North Korea admitted that Japanese civilians, like Hitomi, had been abducted. To make amends, abductees and their families were allowed to return to Japan. Jenkins was resistant – he feared North Korea was testing his loyalty, and worried about the American arrest warrant – but he was finally convinced to leave with his family in 2004. Once in Japan, Jenkins offered to have his marriage to Hitomi dissolved, figuring she had only stayed with him before because she had no choice. She refused.
To clear his conscience, on September 11, 2004, Jenkins, at the age of 64, put on his old Army uniform, and reported for duty at Camp Zama, a U.S. Army base near Tokyo. His 40-year absence marked the longest any American deserter had ever gone before turning himself in. Jenkins pleaded guilty to charges of desertion and aiding the enemy, but denied making disloyal statements (those charges were later dropped). Although he could have received life in prison, he was sentenced to 30 days in the brig and a


text:
When a symbol is evaluated, it is treated as a variable. The result is the variable's value, if it has one. If the symbol has no value as a variable, the Lisp interpreter signals an error. For more information on the use of variables, see Variables.
In the following example, we set the value of a symbol with
setq. Then we evaluate the symbol, and get back the value that
(setq a 123) ⇒ 123 (eval 'a) ⇒ 123 a ⇒ 123
t are treated specially, so that the
nil is always
nil, and the value of
t; you cannot set or bind them to any other values. Thus,
these two symbols act like self-evaluating forms, even though
eval treats them like any other symbol. A symbol whose name
starts with ':' also self-evaluates in the same way; likewise,
its value ordinarily cannot be changed. See Constant Variables.


text:
Last Updated on by Sabina
Polydactyl cats, with their unique and adorable extra toes, have captured the hearts of many cat enthusiasts around the world. These charming felines possess a genetic anomaly that results in more than the usual number of toes on their paws. Adding an element of intrigue to their already captivating presence.
The Genetic Wonder: Unraveling the Origins of Polydactyl Cats
Polydactylism, or having extra toes, is a genetic mutation that can occur in cats. Believers attribute the origin of polydactylism to a natural genetic variation that occurred centuries ago. Polydactyl cats can have various numbers of extra toes. Ranging from one or two to as many as seven on each paw. This enchanting anomaly adds to the uniqueness and allure of these extraordinary felines.
Pawful Paws: The Adorable Appeal of Polydactyl Cat Feet
The defining feature of polydactyl cats is, of course, their adorable and sometimes seemingly oversized paws. These paws can resemble mittens or snowshoes, giving polydactyl cats a distinctive and charming appearance. The extra toes do not hinder their mobility or agility; in fact. They often enhance their dexterity. Allowing them to perform remarkable feats with their paws that can amuse and astonish their human companions.
A Rich History: Polydactyl Cats and Their Maritime Connection
Polydactyl cats have a fascinating historical association with seafaring communities, particularly in regions like New England and the British Isles. Sailors highly valued these cats due to the belief that the extra toes on their paws. Provided them with increased balance and dexterity aboard ships. Polydactyl cats are commonly found in coastal areas with seafaring traditions. Where people continue to celebrate them as symbols of good luck and companionship.
Charming Personalities: The Endearing Traits of Polydactyl Cats
Beyond their unique physical feature, people adore polydactyl cats for their delightful personalities, often describing them as friendly, sociable, and affectionate companions. Polydactyl cats possess a gentle and playful nature, and their extra toes seem to amplify their charm. These cats possess intelligence and adaptability, making them wonderful additions to households of all kinds, including families, individuals, and multi-pet households.
Nurturing and Care: Catering to the Needs of Polydactyl Cats
Caring for a polydactyl cat involves providing them with the same love, attention, and basic care as any other cat. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and engaging playtime are essential for their overall well-being. Due to their extra toes, their nails may require more frequent trimming to prevent overgrowth or discomfort. It is also important to provide them with appropriate scratching posts and toys to help keep their claws in good condition.
Polydactyl Cat Breeds
While polydactylism, or extra toes, can occur in any cat breed, there are a few breeds that have a higher prevalence of polydactyl individuals. Here are some polydactyl cat breeds:
The Maine Coon breed has gained recognition for its large size and tufted ears, while also being associated with a higher incidence of polydactylism. Seafaring communities have intertwined their history with polydactyl Maine Coons, highly valuing them for their purported abilities to navigate ships and catch rodents.
Originating in the United States, breeders selectively bred the American Polydactyl breed to maintain and perpetuate the polydactyl trait. Breeders intentionally bred these cats to ensure the continuation of the extra-toe characteristic. They exhibit a range of coat colors and patterns and some cat registries recognize them as a distinct breed.
The Pixie-Bob, a breed that originated in the United States, is known for its wild appearance and bobcat-like characteristics. While not all Pixie-Bobs are polydactyl, some individuals within the breed exhibit this trait, adding to their unique appeal.
While they are less common, one can occasionally find polydactyl Ragdolls within the breed. Ragdolls, admired for their large size, gentle temperament, and semi-longhair coats, are a popular choice among cat enthusiasts.
British Shorthair: While not as prevalent as in some other breeds, polydactylism can occasionally occur in British Shorthair cats. Cat enthusiasts admire this breed for its round face, dense coat, and stocky build, and the presence of extra toes adds an interesting twist to their already charming appearance.
How Rare are Polydactyl Cats
People consider polydactyl cats relatively rare compared to cats with the typical number of toes.The prevalence of polydactylism varies depending on the geographical location and specific cat populations. In some areas, such as certain coastal regions or communities with historical ties to polydactyl cats, the occurrence of polydactylism may be more common.
It's challenging to determine the exact prevalence of polydactyl cats since it can occur sporadically in any breed or mixed-breed cats. Estimates suggest that polydactyl cats make up around 2-5% of the general cat population. However, in specific breeds with a higher incidence of polydactylism, such as the Maine Coon or American Polydactyl, the occurrence may be more frequent.
It's important to note that the rarity of polydactyl cats adds to their unique appeal and desirability for those who appreciate their distinctive physical feature. Many cat lovers find the extra toes of polydactyl cats to be endearing and seek them out specifically for their charm and individuality.


A quantitative form of the twin prime conjecture asserts that the the number of twin primes less than $n$ is asymptotically equal to $2\, C\, n/ \ln^2(n)$ where $C$ is the so-called twin prime constant. A variety of sieve methods (originating with Brun) can be used show that the number of twin primes less than $n$ is at most $A\, n/ \ln^2 (n) $ for some constant $A>2C$. My question is: What is the smallest known value of $A$? I'd also be interested in learning what the best known constants are for the prime k-tuple conjecture?
J Wu, Chen's double sieve, Goldbach's conjecture, and the twin prime problem, Acta Arith 114 (2004) 215-273, MR 2005e:11128, bounds the number of twin primes above by $2aCx/\log^2x$, with $C=\prod p(p-2)/(p-1)^2$, and $a=3.3996$; I don't know whether there have been any improvements.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ I have checked Math Reviews for papers and reviews that cite Wu's paper. As far as I can tell from the reviews, there is no claim of an improvement on Wu's result. $\endgroup$ – Gerry Myerson Aug 9 '10 at 23:32
Your Answer


text:
Darren Pauli writes:
Up to 80 percent of certain anonymous underground forum users can be identified using linguistics, researchers say.
The techniques compare user posts to track them across forums and could even unveil authors of thesis papers or blogs who had taken to underground networks.
"If our dataset contains 100 users we can at least identify 80 of them," researcher Sadia Afroz told an audience at the 29C3 Chaos Communication Congress in Germany.
"Function words are very specific to the writer. Even if you are writing a thesis, you'll probably use the same function words in chat messages.
"Even if your text is not clean, your writing style can give you away."
The analysis techniques could also reveal botnet owners, malware tool authors and provide insight into the size and scope of underground markets, making the research appealing to law enforcement.


School-Safe Puzzle Games
Barbed Wire in a Tree, a picture puzzle
While hiking a wooded trail today, we came across a piece of barbed wire running right through a portion of the tree, about 4 feet above my head. Shot a picture of it, you can see above.
What is the most likely explanation for how it got there?
Answers can be submitted below, will unmask Wednesday!
More picture puzzles. Hidden Object games are very popular right now and while Smart-Kit is working on a custom hidden object game of its own, in the meantime you can check out our free hidden picture puzzles. Many if these hidden challenges come from antique hidden object cards, like Liebig. Or, if you are looking to play games online, Smart-Kit has a large number of excellent smart gamesgames that are great for kids and students looking for some educational entertainment. Parents can rest assured that all our games are kid friendly and good for the brain! Adults wanting some old fashioned fun can play our free daily jigsaw!
7 Comments to "Barbed Wire in a Tree, a picture puzzle"
 1. Mashplum | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 The wire was part of a fence and the tree grew around it. The fence was taken down but the piece of wire was left stuck there.
 2. Hex | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 This link should give an idea:
 3. cheddarmelt | Profile
 The wire was there first, and the tree grew around it.
 4. Shawn | PUZZLE GRANDMASTER | Profile
 Fruits & nuts grow on trees, but barbed wire grows IN trees, usually deciduous hardwoods. Your tree is a rare find, as most free-range wire-producing trees were harvested by the late 1800′s. Sadly, twisted-iron trees now exist only in captivity on large farms. With only ~50 square meters of living space per tree and no international protection groups, their natural nomadic longings go largely unfulfilled. Heartbreakingly, the very barbed wire that is harvested from the trees is used to secure their enclosure; a fence made from the soul of the fenced.
 Such a sad twist of irony.
 5. engjs1960 | Profile
 The tree grew around it.
 6. Falwan | Profile
 Could't see it very clearly..
 Maybe a branch that looks like a barbed wire!
 7. Bobo The Bear | PUZZLE MASTER | Profile
 Probably, several years back, the tree was part of a property line, and had the barbed wire either wrapped around it or nailed to it. As the tree grew, the tree also grew around, and eventually encased, the barbed wire, in addition to lifting it much higher off the ground.
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text:
Investigation of 89 candidate gene variants for effects on all-cause mortality following acute coronary syndrome
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Abstract Background Many candidate genes have been reported to be risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but their impact on clinical prognosis following ACS is unknown. Methods We examined the association of putative genetic risk factors with 3-year post-ACS mortality in 811 ACS survivors at university-affiliated hospitals in Kansas City, Missouri. Through a systematic literature search, we first identified genetic variants reported as susceptibility factors for atherosclerosis or ACS. Restricting our analysis to whites, so as to avoid confounding from racial admixture, we genotyped ACS cases for 89 genetic variants in 72 genes, and performed individual Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. We then performed Cox regression to create multivariate risk prediction models that further minimized potential confounding. Results Of 89 variants tested, 16 were potentially associated with mortality (P < 0.1 for all), of which 6 were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with mortality following ACS. While these findings are not more than what would be expected by chance (P = 0.28), even after Bonferroni correction and adjustment for traditional cardiac risk factors, the IRS1 972Arg variant association (P = 0.001) retained borderline statistical significance (P < 0.1). Conclusion With the possible exception of IRS1, we conclude that multiple candidate genes were not associated with post-ACS mortality in our patient cohort. Because of power limitations, the 16 gene variants with P values < 0.1 may warrant further study. Our data do not support the hypothesis that the remaining 73 genes have substantial, clinically significant association with mortality after an ACS.
BMC Medical Genetics. 2008 Jul 12;9(1):66
Thomas M Morgan et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.


English español
Title: A chemostat approach to analyze the distribution of metabolic fluxes in wine yeasts during alcoholic fermentation
Authors: Quirós Asensio, Manuel; Martínez-Moreno, R.; Morales, Pilar; Albiol, J.; González García, Ramón
Issue Date: 2010
Abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most relevant yeast species conducting the alcoholic fermentation that takes place during winemaking. This biological process can significantly vary depending on a group of variables that include the yeast strain employed and, among others, the concentration of sugar and nitrogen present in the must, parameters that are closely altered by the global warming phenomenon. Unraveling the physiological behaviour and the distribution of the metabolic fluxes of S. cerevisiae under winemaking conditions would allow the development of a metabolic model that would help us to predict the physiological behaviour of yeast under different circumstances. The main goal of the present work is to achieve different steady states using a chemostat approach that mimick the main phases ocurring during winemaking in order to analyze the metabolic state of yeast during alcoholic fermentation.
Description: Manuel Quirós... et al.--Póster. I Congreso Nacional de Biotecnología Enológica. Invinotec. Vinomio. León. 26-31 Octubre 2010.
URI: _URL_
Appears in Collections:(ICVV) Comunicaciones congresos
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