text:
A Guide to Ukulele Strums
Author: Curt Sheller
Publisher: Curt Sheller Publications - (28 pages)
Published: July 01, 2008
Size: 8.5 x 11
Product Code: UKESTRUM1
Product Page: books/UKESTRUM1/index.php
One of the first skills a ukulele player learns is the art and craft of strumming, playing rhythm. This refers to an accompaniment technique suitable for the singer, singer - songwriter or someone who plays a support role for another instrument.
Strumming requires a specific set of skills. They are: 1) Memorization of chords 2) The ability to switch chords smoothly and 3) The ability to choose and execute a suitable rhythmic strum. It is this 3rd skill that is our focus in "A Guide to Ukulele Strums & Rhythmic Patterns".
Though strumming looks natural to the casual observer, it is anything but natural to the beginning ukulele player. Even experienced players have difficulty in identifying and executing certain strums. Though this is one of those topics that is typically taken for granted, there is much to learn about rhythmic feels, accents, dynamics, strum direction, feel, percussive accents, idiomatic styles and tempo variation.
First and foremost, the subject of strumming is inseparably linked to rhythm. Though an ability to read rhythm is helpful, it's not necessary to profit from this material.
"A strum is the execution of a rhythmic pattern — in a specific style"
Each strum is identified with a term that differentiates it from every other strum. This term is typically called a "feel". Drummers learn these terms early in their studies so learning this language is not only helpful to learning the strums, it's also helpful with communications among musicians in general and drummers in particular.
Strumming can be executed with fingers or with a pick. Regardless of your own style of strumming, it ultimately involves combinations of down strokes and up strokes. In the finger style, down strokes can played with the thumb or the nail side of your fingers. Up strokes can be played with the thumb or fingers. Any technique is usable as long as you can differentiate between down and up strokes.
A metronome is helpful to these studies but not mandatory. The purpose of a metronome is to help develop a steady sense of rhythm and to help increase your awareness of tempo in a beats per minute format. Terms like medium or fast tempo are approximate. An expression like "quarter note equals 120" is exact. We'll discuss strumming with and without the aid of a metronome.
All strums can be executed at any tempo.
One strum is different from another based on the stroke direction, the stroke density, the subdivision of the beat and the accent pattern.
Guide to Ukulele Strums by Curt Sheller
Review By Alan Johnson, 4th Peg
Ok.. a bit overdue (hey, I've got a library book from 1974) but a wonderful addition to Curt Sheller's marvelous ukulele lesson books is the Guide to Ukulele Strums. This is the one (and only, in my opinion) book to get to work on your right-hand technique and put some pizazz into your playing.
Curt starts with the basics such as what is a strum and some practice exercises. He proceeds with important items such as what do the symbols in the book mean. Curt moves straight on to the strum patterns showing how the strum are accomplished and gives a brief explanation of each. Strum patterns include basic rock strums, ska and reggae strums and many others. Curt also explains how to use single notes (such as bass notes) along with strums to liven things up. These are invaluable for those who truly want to take their playing to the next level. By the way, on page 21 is a Cut Time Strum. This strum is a staple of Cliff Edwards (Ukulele Ike) and no Cliffy fan should pass this one up.
This is a great learning resource, a bargain of a price and I salute you, Curt! You rock (and reggae.. and waltz.. and mambo..)! Surf on over to Curt's ukulele home on the web and check out his other offerings too.
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All of my (Curt Sheller) books are now available for immediate download. All pdf files can be printed out and are not password protected.
Save off the printed version and get it right away.
Curt Sheller Publications uses PayPal and google checkout for ALL orders.
- Introduction 7
- Some Fundamentals 8
- Preliminary Exercises 8
- Symbols 9
- Quarter Note Strum 13
- Sustain Strum 13
- Rock Strum 14
- Light Rock Strum 15
- 12/8 Strum 15
- Shuffle Strum 16
- Power Shuffle Strum 16
- Double Time Strum 16
- Gallop Strum 17
- Flowing 3/4 Strum 17
- Ska Strum 18
- Bass Note Strum Patterns 19
- 3/4 Strum 20
- Reggae Strum 22
- Broken Patterns 23
- Variations 25
- Modular Phonetic Rhythm 26
- Conclusion 27
Leave Your Comment.
Add Your Comments on this Book
Regarding the Ukulele Chord and Scale Books
Folks, if you haven't stopped by Curt's site, do so right now!..And get his books, they are fantastic. This guy knows his stuff and is able to pass it along too. - - Alan Johnson Proprietor, The 4th Peg
(Regarding QUICKSTART Scale Fingerings for Ukulele) The ukulele book arrived, it must have been chatting with some Christmas cards somewhere.
The books are great!! I am very happy to wrap the books up, and put them under the tree.
My husband and I are both learning to play ukulele and he is also playing a little bit of guitar. Thanks also for sending the full catalogue. These look like some of the best materials that I have found so far!
Thanks, Laura C.
(Regarding QUICKSTART Scale Fingerings for Ukulele)... I was looking for blues chording info but your site came up as jazz chords. I figured soon or later I would need jazzer chords so here I am. Plus nobody else is offering more indepth info on the uke, I liked the scale one the best so far.
Thank you RDGauthier
I can highly recommend Curt's Uke books -- I have four of them and they are excelent.
fatveg - Portland (4th Peg Ukulele forum)
Thank you Curt,
I bought a ukulele a few months back after stumbling across a few people playing it on YouTube. I've been playing around for a while now, and these books are exactly what I need to bring my technique up a level. Your website and books are definitely a great resource that I'll be returning to for ideas and help.
"I agree with everybody about just using guitar chords and dropping 2 strings, but I have found Curt Sheller's book "Scale Fingerings for Tenor and Baritone Ukulele" helpful for practicing scales in different modes." - - dave (davebough, ezFolk Forums)
"Your chord of the week lessons are great! Really opened my eyes as to what I was doing & has allowed me to figure out the best way to play the chords I need, depending on the arrangement. Ive actually only looked at the first 2 weeks so far, then worked out the 3rd week myself.
I especially like the way that each week builds on what was learned the previous, so you are incorporating all the forms into the exercises!" - - S. (sharp21 at 4th Peg "The Parlor Room" Ukulele Forum)
Just a quick note to say, Mahalo for the quick shipping on the Kala Foldup Ukulele Stand. I'm working on my strums with the help of your book. The arpeggio Fingerings are for when I get some of my lessons down pat and I can move on to them. Mahalo for all your time and effort in putting these ebooks and the information you have on your site. I go to you for the most consistent in quality of information.
Me ke aloha pau ole.
Thanks for the quick processing and delivery on my order. Your ukulele publications are the highest quality I have seen.
I'm just a beginner. Never played an instrument in my life. Now, at age 58, it's time to get down to serious learning. Retired, I now have the time.
I wanted to pay you a


text:
Charles H. Hubbell
Clevelander Charles H. Hubbell is undoubtedly the world's best known artist-historian of the Air Age.
An autographed newspaper clipping of Charles H. Hubbell. Caption reads: ''TRADES PLANE PAINTINGS FOR FLYING TIME. Charles H. Hubbell, 2095 Elmwood Avenue, Lakewood, finds his pictures of airplanes popular at Cleveland Airport and has obtained more than 200 hours of piloting time in exchange for them
Excerpts from Aviation's Pictorial Historian by G. Reiss, Charles H. Hubbell _PHONE_ by B. Wilson
Charles Hubbell was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1899. As a boy of 10 he became interested in aviation when a friend gave him an aeronautical magazine and he became an avid model airplane builder. Before he completed high school, he had designed and built many models as well as a man-sized glider. He graduated from the Cleveland School of Art in 1923. He traded his early paintings for flight time, soloing in 1925. He received CAA pilots License number 9792.
Charles worked as a commercial artist for several years painting airplanes mostly as a hobby as there was little demand for aviation art at that time. Cliff Henderson, the director of the National Air Races had seen Hubbell's airplane paintings and had used them on his air race posters and programs. Cliff arranged a meeting with Fred Crawford, Chairman of Thompson Products, who sponsored the Thompson Trophy Races. This was the famous unlimited closed course race that started in 1929.
Henderson suggested that Charles paint the winners each year for a calendar. Fred Crawford agreed with great enthusiasm and sealed the deal with a handshake. That started a 30-year project for Hubbell...painting airplanes for Thompson.
The first calendar was produced in 1939 and consisted of the first nine Thompson Trophy winners and four airliners. On each monthly picture, Hubbell faithfully gave the details of the subject aircraft—its make and type, specifications and performance data, engine and types. Each year thereafter the calendars featured a theme along with a section of Hubbell's paintings. This panorama of aviation history continued through 1969 when Charles retired, followed by an additional four years with a series called the ''Best of Hubbell''. The calendars would become the most authentic and complete history of aviation ever to be assembled so beautifully.
Charles Hubbell was the world's best-known artist-historian of the early air age. He was a stickler for detail and he went to great lengths to assure accuracy, not only for the aircraft, but the backgrounds as well. He would traveled more than 65,000 miles in a single year to obtain technical information to stamp his paintings with authenticity, and to capture the clouds and terrain that set the mood of the many colorful scenes depicted in his work.
During his association with TRW, Hubbell had created 32 calendars and more than 375 individual oil paintings. His watercolors and drawings number over 600. Hubbell's paintings have hung in the white house, in museums, palaces, libraries, and homes of countless thousands of aviation buffs throughout the world.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Say someone purchased clothing on shabbat--knowing that it was a violation--can that clothing be worn?
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1 Answer 1
Since you say the purchaser knows his act was "a violation", I'll assume he's Jewish. For the same reason, I won't discuss here a case in which someone did a prohibited act without knowing that what he was doing was wrong. (The rules are somewhat different in such a case.) Thus, caveat lector: the below is about cases in which the Shabas-violator knew he was violating Shabas.
If something is cooked by a Jew on Shabas the cooked food cannot be eaten on that Shabas, and is forbidden to him forever. (Shulchan Aruch 318:1.) The commentators note that the same is true for other prohibitions, not just cooking.
But Beur Halacha ("אחת משאר מלאכות", quoting Chaye Adam) says that if a forbidden act done on an object did not physically change the object in any way (e.g. something was carried), then it's prohibited only until the close of Shabas, even for the violator. He (still quoting Chaye Adam) adds that if the forbidden act, though it didn't physically change the object, was a divine prohibition then one should not allow himself that lessening of the restrictions, but should consider the object prohibited as per the general rule above.
But buying clothes on Shabas is usually not a divine prohibition. (It can be in some circumstances.) So in most cases, you would not be allowed to use the garment on Shabas, but it would be permitted afterward. Even if a divine prohibition were violated, the garment would be permitted to everyone but the violator.
This is a general discussion based on Shulchan Aruch and others. If the question is relevant to you, consult your rabbi.
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The Impact of Technology on the Human Brain Assignment | Professional Essay Writers
Donte Johnson
Cass Technical High School
12th Grade
The Impact of Technology on the Human Brain
Since I can remember technology has been essential to the world we live in today.
Technology impacts the way we maintain our attention and focus on tasks throughout our day.
Technology has so many pros and cons when it comes to the human brain. Pros include saving
time, much easier ways to communicate, helps improves efficiency. Cons include dependability,
very expensive, most technology today is taking away jobs, risk putting all personal information
of the web, shortens attention span, and dependent on quickly searching information about the
world around us.
Furthermore, research shows that technology has a big part in affecting our brains
including the change in the way we think and process information. Our brains are accustomed to
nonstop visual representations which include text messages, pictures, games, and videos. This
shows that our brains are learning to scan information without fully reading anything including
articles, magazines, novels, essays, etc. Researchers say that technology is helping to lose our
concentration, which is a key skill when it comes to critical thinking and long term learning.
technology has an effect on our sleep cycles, for example, the bright light from our manipulate
our minds into thinking it is still day time and later on affect our wellbeing. Our short term and
long term memory are impacted causing us to depend on Google, GPS, Notifications, and other
applications. Therefore, we depend on our phones, tablets, laptops and other devices to help us
remember people, places, and things.
Technology has also affected a term called cognitive control which helps create meaning
around us. The three roles in cognitive control include help us focus, control our memories, and
manage our goal-setting abilities. All three roles play a huge role in how our brain works and
how we as people function. As we keep engaging with technology we have the ability to be
better at multitasking. Technology is making us incapable of successfully doing several things at
once. As we all know technology can be very addicting or even an obsession. With this
obsession, technology can affect our attitudes including, behavioral problems, stress, and
anxiety. Stress on your brain can lead to so many downfalls including high levels of cortisol that
can wear down the brain's ability to function properly. Stress can kill brain cells and even reduce
the size of our brain by shrinking the prefrontal cortex. This over time can cause severe
emotional stress to the mind and body.
Technology has also affected me personally. Having a cell phone and not being able to
concentrate on a given task has not been easy for me. I find myself easily distracted, and not
being able to finish the present task at hand. This can become a huge barrier if not addressed, and
corrected. For example, when writing this essay I had a hard time meeting the word
requirements. My phone was in my possession but I could not go 5 minutes without checking it.
Even though I can't stay off of my phone or laptop, there are many great ways to learn and retain
information. Ways to retain information including, but not limited to watching helpful YouTube
videos, catching up on trending news and topics. Technology is a great way to communicate
through apps including through email, Snapchat, Instagram, and so many others. The Internet is
also a place where we instantly believe information without any feedback or deep research.
In conclusion, technology is a great way for people to communicate, interact, entertain, and
what we spend all our time today. As stated technology is the way of life and the way we all
receive information. Although technology has so many pros and cons, we as a society still need
technological advances in order to succeed. The best way for us to have a balanced life we must
set aside mobile devices to get rid of those negative downfalls. Taking time off our phones is the
best way to improve our lives.
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Federal Programs
Essex County Public Schools receives funding through federal program grants including Title I, Title IIA, Title III, and Title V. The Title I grant emphasizes improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged. This grant funds supplemental assistance including literacy and mathematics coaches, tutoring, and specialized computer programs. The Title II grant addresses teacher quality. Services provided through Title II include professional development for teachers and administrators, tuition assistance for teachers, and praxis exam fees for additional endorsements requested by ECPS. Title III supports language instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant students through the Parents as Educational Partners program and supplemental instructional materials. The Title V grant is for rural and low income schools. This grant supplements programs at Essex High School.
English Learner Handbook
Career and Technical Education
Annual Parent Letter 2018


Dried Apricots
The Fall 2018 semester is less than 2 weeks away, and so what better time to talk to you about drying some Apricots. This is a very basic problem that I hope many of you can solve on your own. For those of you that cannot, I believe you will be able to understand the solution without too much difficulty.
The 133rd Riddle put out by The Riddler included the following Eternal question about percentages:
You loaded a drying shed containing 1,000 kilograms of apricots. They were 99 percent water. After a day in the shed, they are now 98 percent water. How much do the apricots weigh now?
First of all, you should try this problem on your own. I think you can get it. Before you do, however, at least get a guess. That is the point of the problem, since even I was a little surprised by the answer.
The Solution
I'll talk you through it first, so that you can perhaps follow how a mathematician would do it afterwards.
If 99% of 1000 kilograms is water, than 990 kilograms of the apricots is water, leaving 10 kilograms (1%) of what will eventually be the purely dried-out apricots. These are all the initial values prior to the apricots going in the shed.
Now, they are left in the shed for a day, and some of the water has evaporated out of the apricots. We need to understand that the total weight of the apricots and the weight of the water has both decreased by some amount (the water that evaporated). We also need to understand that the 10 kilograms of dried apricots to-be has not changed.
If we are given that the apricots are now 98% water we want to deduce that the 10 kilograms of dried apricots to-be now represents 2% of the entire weight, rather than the original 1%.
So, 2% of what is equal to 10? That can be quickly found by dividing 10 by.02, which gives you 500. The answer is 500 kg.
Wait, what? The weight decreased by half? Did I do this right?
Indeed, we have, as you can check the answer seeing that both 500-10=490 and 0.98*500 = 490.
A mathematician would have given the unknown and desired quantity of the weight of apricots after a day some variable name, like w. Then, she would have set up the equation .02w=10, and solved for w by dividing both sides by.02.
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Dictionary Results for habituate
1. habituate - verb
· take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely"
Synonym(s): use
2. habituate - verb
· make psychologically or physically used (to something); "She became habituated to the background music"
Synonym(s): accustom
Hypernym(s): change, alter, modify
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Get Repetition essential facts below. View Videos
or join the Repetition discussion
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Borrowed from Latin repetitionem (accusative singular of repetitio; cf. French répétition).
repetition (countable and uncountable, plural repetitions)
- The act or an instance of repeating or being repeated.
- Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.
- (weightlifting): The act of performing a single, controlled exercise motion. A group of repetitions is a set.
- Synonym: rep
act or an instance of repeating or being repeated
- Arabic: m (takr?r), f (?ida)
- Armenian: (hy) (krknut?yun)
- Belarusian: n (pa?tarénnje)
- Bulgarian: (bg) n (povtorénie)
- Catalan: repetició (ca) f
- Mandarin: (zh), (zh) (chóngfù)
- Czech: opakování (cs) n
- Danish: gentagelse (da) c
- Dutch: herhaling (nl) f
- Finnish: kertaus (fi), toisto (fi)
- French: répétition (fr) f
- Georgian: (gameoreba)
- German: Wiederholung (de) f, Repetition f
- Greek: (el) f (epanálipsi)
- Hebrew:? f (khazará)
- Hungarian: (from a transitive verb) ismétlés (hu), (from an intransitive verb) ismétl?dés
- Ido: itero (io)
- Irish: athdhéanamh m, athra (saying again), athsheinm m (playing again), atarlú m (reoccurrence)
- Italian: ripetizione (it) f
- Japanese:? (, kurikaeshi), (ja) (?, hanpuku)
act of repeating an exercise motion
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Translations to be checked
re- + petition
repetition (third-person singular simple present repetitions, present participle repetitioning, simple past and past participle repetitioned)
- To petition again.
- 2011, Anneke Campbell,?Thomas Lizney, Be the Change (page 7)
- The group went through several rounds at different courts, petitioning and repetitioning, losing again and again.
- repetition; the act of repeating

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The STEM Garden has five main areas:
Science: A rain garden with native carnivorous plants anchors the Science area and will educate students on water conservation, filtration, recycling, collection and use, pollution reduction and erosion control. Secondarily this area focuses on insect/plant interactions and digestive processes in a specialized ecosystem by growing and displaying carnivorous plants.
Technology: The Technology garden has two educational areas: a solar powered charging station and a weather station. These emphasize the use of solar energy, power generation/conservation and responsible use, weather prediction, trending and tracking. Show how to use charging station. Weatherunderground app.
Engineering: A donated, working windmill is featured in the Engineering area. In the windmill pond, fish waste nutrient water is pumped through a small hydroponic plant growing farm. Wind energy, recycling of animal wastes and non-soil based farming is emphasized in this area. Nearby is a human sundial. Users can use the sun to tell time and compare ancient to modern concepts of the earth's rotation and relationship to the sun.
Math: The Math area has geometric plantings for use in mass/volume calculations, a Fibonacci patio that introduces this mathematical model and its relationship to nature and a backgammon table. We hope to interest the students in not only the game, but in its mathematical lessons of counting, predication and chance. Supplies available from Cyndi.
Event Space: In the center of the STEM garden is an event space that can be used for educational programming, concerts, weddings, memorial services etc.
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Given is a finite set $S$ of line segments in the plane.
I am interested in finding a line $l$ which splits some segments in $S$ into two, thus yielding a new set of line segments $S'$.
Here splitting means that if $l$ intersects a line segment $xy$ in a point $z$ then $xy$ gets replaced by two new line segments $xz$ and $zy$.
The goal is to chose $l$ such that it minimizes the length of the longest line segment in $S'$.
I would be interested to know if this problem has been studied before. What confuses me is that the problem does seem to be continuous and not discrete.
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Suppose you knew the optimal length $\ell$. Then on any line of length $L \ge 2\ell$, there's an interval (centered at the midpoint) that the optimal line must pass through. Now you have the problem of determining whether a single line can simultaneously pass through a collection of line segments, which can be solved using the dual space (is there a point in the intersection of a collection of double wedges). – Suresh Venkat Feb 1 '13 at 8:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I don't know about whether this specific problem has been studied before but I can point you to a general class of problems that include it and that have been studied: This looks like an LP-type problem (or perhaps even a low-dimensional linear program although I am not quite seeing how to coordinatize it so that works). If so it can be solved by a linear-time combinatorial algorithm.
To set this up as an LP-type problem, we need an objective function mapping sets of line segments to some totally ordered set of solution values. The obvious objective function to use here is the numerical value $l$ that you're trying to optimize (the length of the longest split segment), but I think that's not quite good enough. Instead you should use a lexicographic combination of $l$ with the coordinate vector of a line achieving value $l$. With this lexicographic combination, the problem automatically satisfies the monotonicity and locality properties of LP-type problems: adding another segment to an instance only makes its solution worse, and if a given line is the solution to two sets $A\subset B$ of segments, and adding a new segment $x$ to $A$ doesn't change the solution (because the line cuts $x$ in pieces shorter than $l$) then adding $x$ to $B$ also doesn't change the solution (because the same line cuts $x$ in the same way).
So the main remaining question is whether this problem has bounded dimension, where the dimension of an LP-type problem is defined as the largest size of a minimal instance with a given solution value. So, in any problem of this type, is there a subset of a constant number of the line segments that has the same solution as the whole problem? I think the answer must be yes, because the optimal line must cross some three segments at points that are at distance $l$ from the ends of their segments (else it could be moved continuously to a better solution) and those three segments should determine the solution value.
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This is very helpful to me since I didn't know about LP-type problems before. Thank you very much. – 101011 Feb 1 '13 at 20:07
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Information about Arkansas and Areacodes (501-336)
Why Booneville and Bentonville are various names for the city, you will wonder. Because each city has its own roads, even though they are called the Arkansas state paths, That's. The streets in the region of the state are numbered and named after Clinton, and the counties of Arkansas, namely Jackson, Jones, Boone, Searcy. These counties are also the individuals who gave birth to the country routes which are still used by the nation. The roads in Bentonville and Booneville are numbered and named after the towns as well. By way of instance, the street number one of Bentonville is numbered 62.
The other two major cities in Arkansas are Bentonville and Booneville. While Booneville was founded on January 7, 1788 bentonville was actually based on July 6, 1784. They are found in the area of the state, where the soil is mostly sandy. The region's soil is one of the major factors that made the town inhabitants so significant. Following the discovery of gold, the inhabitants of the city rose even more.
The region of Arkansas offers quite a diverse and rich assortment of wildlife. There are several animal species that may be found all over the place, but a few are rarer than others. By way of instance, the bear, which can be easily spotted from the regions of the country, is very rare in the northern area. However, it doesn't mean that are important. They're just less often seen, though it has been known to happen. The river otter, for instance, is found in the areas. It's not unusual to observe these mammals.
Caller Information for 501-336-#### Phone Numbers
The +1 501 336 #### place code numbers are situated at Conway, Arkansas. This serviced is offered by Southwestern Bell for Landline telephone numbers. Retrieve caller data such as 501336####, we supply a full reverse phone number report for (501) 336 #### numbers in Arkansas. Reverse Phone Number detailed data for 1-501-336-#### phone numbers!


text:
Brookhaven National Laboratory has posted on its Web site a report by expert physicists who recently reviewed speculative disaster scenarios at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
The report summarizes technical discussions that conclude there is no danger of a "disaster" at RHIC.
In July 1999, Brookhaven Lab Director John Marburger convened a committee of distinguished physicists to write a comprehensive report on the arguments that address the safety of each of the speculative disaster scenarios at RHIC. The scenarios are:
"We conclude that there are no credible mechanisms for catastrophic scenarios at RHIC," said committee chair Robert Jaffe, Professor of Physics and Director, Center for Theoretical Physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Accordingly, we see no reason to delay RHIC operation."
Added Brookhaven Director Marburger, "Nature has been creating collisions of energies comparable to those at RHIC for billions of years, and there is no evidence of any kind of disaster related to those collisions. RHIC does not take us beyond the limits of natural phenomena. It brings a rare phenomenon into the view of our instruments so we can puzzle out its inner workings."
On October 4, Brookhaven Lab celebrated the commissioning of RHIC, the world's newest and biggest particle accelerator for nuclear physics research. All together, close to 1,000 scientists from 90 research institutions representing 19 countries will be working on RHIC experiments.
The committee report can be viewed at _URL_ NOTE: This is a PDF file. You must have the Adobe Acrobat reader installed in order to open it. The Acrobat reader is available here for free. If you have trouble opening the file, please see this page for a list of common solutions.
Mona S. Rowe
Media and Communications Office
Brookhaven National Laboratory
PH: _PHONE_


text:
a heavy wood screw having a square or hexagonal head driven by a wrench.
a woodscrew with a square head
[ley-gash] /ˈleɪ gæʃ/ noun 1. an ancient Sumerian city between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, at the modern village of Telloh in SE Iraq: a palace, statuary, and inscribed clay tablets unearthed here.
- Lag correlation
noun 1. (statistics) another name for cross-correlation
[lag-uh n] /ˈlæg ən/ noun, Scot. and North England. 1.. [lag-uh n] /ˈlæg ən/ noun, Scot. and North England. 1. Usually, laggins. the staves at the bottom of a barrel, cask, or other hooped vessel. 2. the inner angle of a wooden dish, formed by the meeting of the sides and bottom.
[luh-jee-nuh] /ləˈdʒi nə/ noun, plural lagenae [luh-jee-nee] /ləˈdʒi ni/ (Show IPA). Zoology. 1. an outpocketing of the saccule of birds, reptiles, and bony fishes corresponding to the cochlear duct of mammals. /ləˈdʒiːnə/ noun 1. a bottle with a narrow neck 2. an outgrowth of the sacculus in the ear of fishes and amphibians, thought to […]


text:
Thursday, Aug. 25, 2011
6:30 p.m. EDT
NIH research model predicts weight with varying diet, exercise changes
Findings challenge one-size-fits-all weight assumptions
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have created a mathematical model — and an accompanying online weight simulation tool — of what happens when people of varying weights, diets and exercise habits try to change their weight. The findings challenge the commonly held belief that eating 3,500 fewer calories — or burning them off exercising — will always result in a pound of weight loss.
Instead, the researchers' computer simulations indicate that this assumption overestimates weight loss because it fails to account for how metabolism changes. The computer simulations show how these metabolic changes can significantly differ among people. Findings will be published Aug. 26 in a Lancet issue devoted to obesity.
However, the computer simulation of metabolism is meant as a research tool and not as a weight-loss guide for the public. The computer program can run simulations for changes in calories or exercise that would never be recommended for healthy weight loss. The researchers hope to use the knowledge gained from developing the model and from clinical trials in people to refine the tool for everyone.
"This research helps us understand why one person may lose weight faster or slower than another, even when they eat the same diet and do the same exercise," said Kevin Hall, Ph.D., an obesity researcher and physicist at the NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the paper's first author. "Our computer simulations can then be used to help design personalized weight management programs to address individual needs and goals."
The online simulation tool based on the model enables researchers to accurately predict how body weight will change and how long it will likely take to reach weight goals based on a starting weight and estimated physical activity. The tool, at _URL_ simulates how factors such as diet and exercise can alter metabolism over time and thereby lead to changes of weight and body fat.
To test the model, the researchers compared predicted weight changes to actual changes in people. "Mathematical modeling lets us make and test predictions about changes in weight and metabolism over time," Hall said. "We're developing research tools to accurately simulate physiological differences between people based on gender, age, height, and weight, as well as body fat and resting metabolic rate."
For example, the team found that people's bodies adapt slowly to changes in dietary intake. They also found heavier people can expect greater weight change with the same change in diet, though reaching a stable body weight will take them longer than people with less fat.
The model also points to a potential simplified method to approximate weight loss in an average overweight person. An adult who has a body mass index (a measure of a person's weight in relation to his or her height) between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. One example: For every pound you want to lose, permanently cut 10 calories from your current intake per day. At that rate, it will take about one year to achieve half of the total weight loss, and almost all of the weight loss will have occurred by three years. This calculation shows how long it takes to achieve a weight-loss goal for a single permanent change of diet or exercise. Researchers can use the web simulation tool to plan for a phase of more-rapid weight loss followed by a weight maintenance phase. People should consult with their physician prior to embarking on a diet plan.
"By using our model to track progress, clinicians can help people re-evaluate their goals and ability to achieve them at the pace they want," Hall said. "It's a good reality check for how long weight-loss takes, and what changes in eating and exercise are required to achieve and maintain goal weight."
Moving toward that goal, a more comprehensive mathematical model of human metabolism was used recently to design an NIH clinical trial that is comparing the effects of reducing fats versus carbohydrates in obese adults. Hall and collaborators also published findings in the May 11 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition illustrating a method for precisely measuring how much a person's eating changed when he or she went on a diet.
"This research illustrates how the interdisciplinary skills of NIH scientists, like a physicist doing obesity research, can help lead to innovative ways to test, understand and treat a major public health epidemic," said NIDDK Director Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D. "Advancing research from the laboratory to the bedside enables us to make the discoveries that can better people's lives."
Coauthors on the Lancet paper include Carson Chow, Ph.D., and Dhruva Chandramohan at NIDDK, and researchers at the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Obesity Prevention at Deakin University in Australia; Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, and Harvard University's School of Public Health. Additional funding came from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research.
The NIDDK conducts and supports research in diabetes and other endocrine and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases, nutrition, and obesity; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases. Spanning the full spectrum of medicine and afflicting people of all ages and ethnic groups, these diseases encompass some of the most common, severe, and disabling conditions affecting Americans. For more information about NIDDK and its programs, see _URL_.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit _URL_.
NIH...Turning Discovery Into Health ®
Reference: "Quantifying the effect of energy imbalance on body weight change" was published in the Lancet on Aug. 26, 2011 (_URL_


text: Schizophrenia is a relapsing and evolving condition, which requires treatment continuity. Increasing evidence shows that antipsychotic discontinuation is associated with relapse in most patients, and that early interventions have a positive impact on long-term outcomes. Poor adherence to antipsychotics is a major factor in the treatment of schizophrenia and a relevant risk factor for relapse. Considerable effort has been made toward improving adherence, including the development of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. LAIs have traditionally been reserved for patients with repeated nonadherence; currently, several misconceptions prevent their more widespread use. The recent introduction of LAI formulations of atypical antipsychotics and the encouraging results in terms of the reduction in relapse rates and avoidance of hospitalization warrant a reassessment of the role of LAIs in the management of schizophrenia. This paper presents the position of a panel of nine Italian schizophrenia experts on the use of novel LAI medications, with a focus on community-based services, the prevailing setting of schizophrenia treatment in Italy. The need to change the attitude toward LAIs – no longer a treatment of last resort, but a component of multimodal strategies leading patients to remission and rehabilitation – is emphasized. The paper also presents recommendations for LAI atypical antipsychotic use in the community setting.


Saturday, 23 March 2013
When to switch the job?
When to switch the job?
There are many circumstances when you get fed up with your job and want to switch the job. There are many things to keep in mind while taking the decision of switching the job. Following are the situations when you consider job switching in search of better career opportunities and mental satisfaction.
1. You are far from your individual goals: We all have goals for ourselves and we all want to reach them at a certain time. But, if you feel that the present can't offer you that opportunity, then it's time to reconsider your options. This is very individualistic and the person must be very clear about his or her vision. One must carefully analyse whether the organization has the ability to offer the right opportunity or not before taking this decision.
2. Work is equal to boredom: If you are always bored at work and you feel that the company is not allowing you to utilize your full potential, then instead of whiling your time and hoping for things to turn around, it's best to look for other options.
3. Colleagues or bosses are bringing down your morale: This is rated as among the top three reasons for job switch. This may or may not be right reason every time. One has to learn to fight their way through and differentiate between personal and professional life. Thus, if the organization has the potential to help you grow, don't blow it away because your have problem with colleagues or your boss. However, if it is affecting your confidence or ability to perform or it's also affecting your health, personal life then it's time to speed up that notice period.
4. Money, money, money: A common reason why people want to quit their jobs. It's valid to a certain extent. More money is always right. Here, the person has to evaluate or draw a balance between personal growth and money. More money in another organization doesn't always mean progress. Sometime if one sticks to an organization, chances are that they may grow faster and eventually make more money.
5. You are an emotional wreck: You are upset with everything – big or small – that's happening at work; you are looking and feeling stressed all the time; you are avoiding people; you are not sleeping or eating well; and your anxiety levels are always high then you have most certainly reached a break point.
 1. nice one..
 Thnaks :-)


Can your science explain why it rains?
Religious fundamentalism vs science in a nutshell
Rain is something we're all familiar with, we've all seen water falling from the sky and we've all got wet when it rains. But when the rain stops and we get drought that's even worse.
What causes rain?
 1. The sun heats water making it evaporate.
 2. Water vapour rises from land, from oceans, from rivers and lakes.
 3. Water vapour ends off high in the air where it cools, condenses round dust particles or salt particles and becomes water again.
 4. First the condensed water makes small droplets that can stay in the air.
 5. If there's enough water in the clouds they become heavy rain clouds. Then water droplets become big drops of water.
 6. The water drops fall out of the rain clouds becoming rain. [1] [2]
Acid rain
Acid rain happens when acid pollutant get into rainwater. Acid rain harms plants and animals, acid rain also damages buildings in towns. [3]
See also
External links


text:
Cimetidine reduces the production of
stomach acid. It helps prevent stomach and intestinal ulcers and treat
existing ones. It can also soothe stomach and esophageal inflammation
and decrease gastric and esophageal reflux. Cimetidine is used in cats,
dogs, horses, and sometimes other animals, including ferrets, rabbits,
small rodents, reptiles, swine, and cattle.
Benefits of Cimetidine:
- Treats current stomach
and intestinal ulcers
- Helps prevent stomach and
- Treats gastritis and esophagitis
- Treats some hypersecretory
- Decreases stomach acid production
- Reduces acid reflux to promote
comfort and prevent internal damage
- Makes your pet more comfortable
- Prescribed for use in a
variety of animals
Use of Cimetidine varies based on the
type of animal, body weight, and the condition for which it is being
used. Use only as prescribed by your veterinarian. Tablets are given
by mouth. Administer the exact dosage prescribed at the prescribed frequency
and for the prescribed duration. Follow all veterinarian-provided instructions.
Store out of the reach of children
Keep Cimetidine at controlled room
temperature, protected from light.
It is a violation of Federal Law
to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
Cimetidine prevents and treats abomasal,
duodenal, and gastric ulcers, as well as esophagitis, stressand drug-induced
erosive gastritis, uremic gastritis, duodenal gastric reflux, esophageal
reflux, and certain hypersecretory conditions. The basic mechanism by
which Cimetidine works is blocking the action of histamine in the stomach,
lessening acid production.
Cimetidine requires a prescription
from your veterinarian.
Cimetidine is only for use in animals
for which it has been prescribed. Not for use in humans.
Do not allow children to handle or
Review all package directions and warnings
Keep this product out of reach of children
and animals. Do not use or store in or near open flame or heat.
Cimetidine is intended only for use
in animals that have a prescription for the medication. Do not use in
other animals or humans.
Administer Cimetidine exactly as prescribed
by your veterinarian.
CAUTION: Not for use in animals
with hypersensitivity to cimetidine. An allergic reaction requires immediate
veterinary care. Signs may include itching, rash, hives, facial swelling,
cold limb, seizures, shock, or coma.
Use with caution in elderly animals
and in those with impaired liver or kidney function.
Cimetidine may interact with a number
of supplements and medications. Make sure your veterinarian knows everything
your pet takes, and always consult before giving your pet any new supplement
This medication can lower the white
blood cell count.
Give Cimetidine 2 hours before or after
antacids and other drugs your veterinarian has approved.
An accelerated heart rate or breathing
may indicate an overdose. If you know of or suspect an overdose, seek
emergency veterinary attention.


text:
To create a query in Access 2013 or 2016:
- Click the CREATE > Query Design button on the Ribbon.
- Choose the tables to include in the query
- Choose the fields to include, and adjust the criteria
- Click the Run button (or just switch to Datasheet view)
The results of the query will be displayed.
You also have the option of saving your query. To save the query, right-click on the query tab. click Save, and name it at the prompt.
To create a relationship in Access 2013 or 2016:
- While viewing a table in Design view, and ensuring that the DESIGN tab is selected, click Relationships from the Ribbon
- A Show Table dialog will appear with a list of tables and queries. Select the tables (and/or queries) that you wish to create a relationship between, and close the dialog
- The Relationships tab will appear with the selected tables. Click and drag a field on top of a field in another table to initiate a relationship.
- The Edit Relationships dialog will pop up containing both fields. Make any adjustments and click OK
This will create the relationship. You will see the tables in the Relationship tab with lines depicting the relationship between the tables.
To add a macro to a form in Access 2013 or 2016:
- Create a macro
- Now, open the form in Design view
- Click the Button icon in the Ribbon (from the DESIGN tab)
- In the Form Detail area, click and drag the cursor so that it forms a square or rectangle (i.e. shape of a button). The Command Button Wizard will pop up. Select Miscellaneous > Run Macro and click Next
- Select the name of the macro you want to run and click Next
- Choose whether to display text or an image on the button and click Next
- Give the button a name and click Finish
To export from Access 2013 or 2016 to Excel:
- Open the table or query that contains the data you want to export
- Click the Excel download icon (from the EXTERNAL DATA tab on the Ribbon)
- Click OK to save the file at the default location. Alternatively, change the location and/or a file name. Select any other options you wish to include under Specify export options
- Click Close
To create a macro in Microsoft Access 2013 or 2016:
- Click Macro from the CREATE tab
- Add actions by selecting an action from the combo box
- Customise the actions if required
- Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each action you want to add
- Save the macro
To create a table in Microsoft Access 2013 or 2016:
- Click CREATE from the Ribbon
- Click Table
Here's what that button looks like on the Ribbon:
Clicking the "Table" icon from the "CREATE" tab creates a new table.
Those two steps create a blank table.
Once you've created your table, you will need to add fields (these will contain the data). You will also need to specify the type of data that the fields will contain (eg, text, number, date, etc).
You can also add extra rules about the type of data that can be entered into each field (eg, that phone numbers should be entered this way, dates should be entered that way, etc), as well as other properties for each field.
In Microsoft Access 2013 & 2016, you can create a database straight from the Welcome screen or from the work area. You can create either a blank database, or a database from a template.
Create a Blank Database
From the Welcome Screen
When you first open Access, the Welcome screen is displayed. You can create your database straight from here.
- Click Blank desktop database
- Name the database at the prompt and click Create
Your new database will have one table called "Table1". You can modify this table to your needs. You can also create new tables and other database objects.


text:
Bonaventura, Luigi and Caserta, Maurizio (2004): An adaptive evolutionary behaviour for the demand-led growth adjustment.
Download (294kB) | Preview
Investment activity produces effects on two different economic variables. On the one hand, it adds to the existing productive capacity, on the other, it represents a component of demand. What is required for demand may not be required for accumulation, and viceversa. As a consequence different adjustment mechanisms have been put forward in the economic literature to make the two aspects of investment compatible to each other. In all cases, a distinction has been made between the fundamentally macroeconomic nature of the demand aspect, and the fundamentally microeconomic nature of the capacity-augmenting aspect. This paper tries to discuss the foundations of a non-perverse adjustment mechanism based on the internalisation of the demand aspect of investment. The adjustment mechanism discussed earlier is based on investment reacting to positive or negative excess aggregate demand. Once it is shown that a collectively efficient equilibrium can be reached even on an entirely arbitrary basis, one may set out to show that a behaviour which gets selected in a small population can be easily extended to a large one.


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Let $G$ be a compact Lie group (or reductive algebraic group over $\mathbb{C}$), and let $BG$ be its classifying space. Fix a prime $p$. Let $\mathcal{A}$ denote the dg algebra of singular cochains on $BG$ with coefficients in a field or characteristic $p$ (or if you prefer the dg algebra of endomorphisms of the constant sheaf). My question is:
Is it known for which primes $p$ the dg algebra $\mathcal{A}$ is formal, that is, quasi-isomorphic to a dg algebra with trivial differential?
I assume / hope that the answer is that this is true if $p$ is not a torsion prime for $G$ (i.e. $p$ arbitrary in types $A$ and $C$, $p \ne 2$ in types $B$, $D$ and $G_2$, $p \ne 2, 3$ in types $F_4$, $E_6$ and $E_7$, and $p \ne 2,3,5$ in type $E_8$.)
Note that we know* that $\mathcal{A}$ is formal in characteristic 0.
Can one then conclude that it is formal in any characteristic in which the cohomology of $\mathcal{A}$ is torsion free?
If so I think this would give the above list of primes.
*) for example because $H(BG, \mathbb{Q})$ is a poynomial algebra, and $\mathcal{A}$ admits a graded commutative model using the de Rham complex -- see Bernstein-Lunts "Equivariant sheaves and functors".
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1 Answer 1
I think that you outlined the proof. In more detail, let $W$ be the Weyl group of $G$, and $T$ its maximal torus. Pick $p$ coprime to $|W|$; this allows to ignore higher $W$ group cohomology in the computation
$$H^*(BG, \mathbb{F}_p) \cong H^*(BT, \mathbb{F}_p)^W$$
Since $W$ is a reflection group, $H^*(BT, \mathbb{F}_p)^W$ is a polynomial algebra, say on $d$ generators. Pick cocycle representatives $x_1, \dots, x_d \in C^*(BG, \mathbb{F}_p)$. Now let $R = \mathbb{F}_p[y_1, \dots, y_d]$ be the free graded commutative algebra on generators $y_i$ in the same degree as $x_i$, and equip $R$ with the $0$ differential. By freeness (and the fact that $d(x_i) = 0$), you get a map $R \to C^*(BG, \mathbb{F}_p)$ of DGA's which sends $y_i$ to $x_i$. You know (because you constructed it that way) that it induces an isomorphism in cohomology, and so $BG$ is formal at the prime $p$.
If you have some other mechanism for ensuring that $H^*(BG, \mathbb{F}_p)$ is a polynomial algebra (e.g., the statement is known integrally, as for $G = U(n)$, $Sp(n)$), the same argument works.
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What worries me here is that cochains with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_p$ is only an $E_\infty$-algebra, and so I'm not sure that you can make the generators honestly commute. I think you'd need to try something like mapping the generators in separately by maps of associative algebras (where a polynomial algebra on one generator is free) and then use the fact that the range is $E_\infty$ to construct a map from the tensor product. – Tyler Lawson Apr 5 '11 at 14:54
That's a good point. Can you say more about how to get the map from the tensor product into the range? – Craig Westerland Apr 7 '11 at 2:30
Yes, this was also my concern. For tori I think one can make this work, but I don't see a priori how it works in this case. (The reason that Bernstein and Lunts develop the whole machinery of the de Rham complex on the classifying space is in order to make a choice of representatives so that they commute.) – Geordie Williamson Apr 7 '11 at 6:27
_USER_: If we were talking honest commutativity, then I'd construct maps of associative algebras $F_p[y_i] \to R$ and then use a composite $\otimes F_p[y_i] \to \otimes R \to R$; this uses that associative algebras are closed under tensor, and for commutative objects the product map is a map of commutative algebras. The same is true in this case, you just have to $E_\infty$-up everything or work with some kind of honest commutative or associative replacements and deal with the model category issues. – Tyler Lawson Apr 8 '11 at 5:54
Your Answer


text:
Government targets for England look to reduce by 40% overall the number of serious injuries and deaths on the nation's roads by 2010, (compared with a starting point - baseline - of the 1994-8 average figures). The target for those aged 15 or under is higher, at 50% reduction.
But when researchers compared police statistics (which the Government uses for its figures), and hospital statistics between 1996 and 2004, they found large discrepancies.
Police figures showed that by 2004, numbers of those killed or seriously injured had dropped by almost a third (from 86 per 100,000 population, to 59 per 100,000). However, the police statistics showed a much smaller decline in the number of people killed than the number seriously injured.
Police statistics showed a 32% drop in serious but non-fatal injuries. However, the researchers found that hospital figures for non-fatal road injuries showed that rates had hardly changed between 1996 and 2004.
The authors suggest the discrepancies are probably down to an increase in under-reporting of injuries in the police statistics and that, if there has been a decline in injuries, it is probably only in those considered by the police to have been minor.
More investigation is needed, say the authors, since the findings cast doubt on whether there has been much progress on the Government's target to date - and on its likelihood of being met by 2010. In practical and policy terms, much more needs to be done to ensure that there are real and substantial reductions in serious injuries on England's roads.


text:
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Reeling In Evidence of Early Fishing
Volume 65 Number 2, March/April 2012
Two 11-square-foot pits dug in Jerimalai Cave on the east end of East Timor, an island nation off northwestern Australia, have provided some of the earliest evidence of fishing technology. Though there is little evidence of fishing activity beyond 10,000 years ago, fragments of fish hooks found in the cave date to between 16,000 and 23,000 years ago, making them the oldest ever recovered. A more complete hook dating to 11,000 years ago was also found at the site.
The inch-long hooks, all of which were made of shells from sea snails, would have been used to catch shallow-water fish, such as grouper and snapper, says Sue O'Connor, an archaeologist at Australian National University, who coauthored a study on the finds in Science. "They would have had a fiber line attached to the shank, and bait put on the hook," she explains. "Then, they would be cast or lowered into the water and left stationary."
Fish bones were also found in the deposits. Offshore species, such as tuna, account for nearly 50 percent of the remains dating to earlier than 7000 B.C. After that, shallow-water and reef species start to dominate, likely due to warmer climate and the proliferation of reef habitat. The variety of the bones depicts the humans of the time as skilled seafarers capable of fishing many species in both shallow and deep water.Share


For time domain CDMA transmitter, how the spreading sequences should look like? Is it necessary to be from $\{ -1,+1\}$ like PN sequences? How will the codes be in frequency domain?
I am confused in spreading codes used for MC-CDMA and CDMA.
If I use a PN sequence $\in \{ -1,+1\}$ and then take FFT, it is MC-CDMA.
Now, If I directly use a DFT matrix as spreading codes, is it equivalent to MC-CDMA?
 - $\begingroup$ PN sequences generally take on values in $\{+1, -1\}$ and not in $\{+1, 0, -1\}$. $\endgroup$ – Dilip Sarwate Apr 4 '17 at 15:43
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Note some interesting similarities between OFDM and CDMA: OFDM can be viewed as spreading with symbols that are the complex roots of unity just like forms of CDMA done with spreading with Walsh Codes (symbols that are +1/-1). In 2 points they converge to the same spreading matrix ([1 1; 1 -1]), so in that sense OFDM is in itself a form of CDMA! But MC-CDMA specifically is a system of using the user's spread data (with PN sequences consisting of +/-1 and assigning each chip in the sequence to a different subcarrier before taking the IFFT to create the transmit waveform (as in OFDM) $\endgroup$ – Dan Boschen Apr 4 '17 at 16:12
The spectrum of DS-CDMA without pulse shaping is equivalent to the sinc function. The Matlab code below illustrates the difference between DS and MC-CDMA. For MC you need the IFFT not the FFT function.
% BPSK data
% 7-chip m-sequence code
c=[1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1];
% etc, better to use a for loop for more symbols
PN Sequence in Frequency Domain will look like what a White Noise should look like. The only difference is that since PN sequence is real valued, hence, the frequency domain magnitude will be symmetric around 0Hz.
This is because single most desirable property of a good PN sequence is that it cross-correlation should $\rightarrow 0$ and its auto-correlation should $\rightarrow$ $\delta[n]$.
I am pasting the plot of GPS L2C Data PN's FFT:
As expected, it is like White Noise and Symmetric.
Your Answer


text: The denaturing aspect of current activity-based protein profiling strategies limits the classes of chemical probes to those which irreversibly and covalently modify their targeting enzymes. Herein, we present a complimentary, affinity-based labeling approach to profile enzymes which do not possess covalently bound substrate intermediates. Using a variety of enzymes belonging to the class of metalloproteases, the feasibility of the approach was successfully demonstrated in several proof-of-concept experiments. The design template of affinity-based probes targeting metalloproteases consists of a peptidyl hydroxamate zinc-binding group (ZBG), a fluorescent reporter tag, and a photolabile diazirine group. Photolysis of the photolabile unit in the probe effectively generates a covalent, irreversible linkage between the probe and the target enzyme, rendering the enzyme distinguishable from unlabeled proteins upon separation on a SDS-PAGE gel. A variety of labeling studies were carried out to confirm that the affinity-based approach selectively labeled metalloproteases in the presence of a large excess of other proteins and that the success of the labeling reaction depends intimately upon the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Addition of competitive inhibitors proportionally diminished the extent of enzyme labeling, making the approach useful for potential in situ screening of metalloprotease inhibitors. Using different probes with varying P(1) amino acids, we were able to generate unique "fingerprint" profiles of enzymes which may be used to determine their substrate specificities. Finally, by testing against a panel of yeast metalloproteases, we demonstrated that the affinity-based approach may be used for the large-scale profiling of metalloproteases in future proteomic experiments.


Home Memory management Java equivalent to... const new delete malloc
What is the Java equivalent of unsigned?
In C and C++, the unsigned modifier can be added to a integer variable declaration. It tells the compiler to treat the value of the variable as an unsigned value in arithmetic operations. Unsigned arithmetic is typically used:
 - when manipulating raw bytes: it's often convenient to treat a byte as unsigned;
 - when performing bitwise operations: that is, cases such as hashing or randum number generation, where the numerical value of the number doesn't actually have much sense, and we're just interested in performing bitwise operations such as XOR, shifts etc and interpreting the number as a "series of bits";
 - where the sign makes no sense, and/or where we'd rather have a larger possible range of positive values than the possibility of negative numbers: such as a memory location or file size.
When an integer is signed, one of its bits becomes the sign bit, meaning that the maximum magnitude of the number is halved. (So an unsigned 32-bit int can store up to 232-1, whereas its signed counterpart has a maximum positive value of 231-1.)
In Java, all integer types are signed (except char). Although a questionable design, even bytes are signed in Java! So what do we do if we want to treat a value as unsigned in Java? In most typical cases in which unsigned values are used, it actually turns out not to be too difficult to get the same result in Java.
Bitwise operations
It's important to remember that the unsigned keyword affects the interpretation, not the representation of a number. In other words, in cases where we aren't interpreting a value arithmetically— so-called bitwise operations such as AND, OR, XOR— it makes essentially no difference whether a value is marked as "signed" or "unsigned".
Signed vs unsigned shifts
An important exception is the right shift operator, represented by two "greater than" symbols: >>. In both C/C++ and Java, this operator performs sign extension: that is, as well as shifting the bits of the number one place to the right, it preserves the sign. Specifically, after performing the shift, it copies the sign bit (the leftmost bit) into the leftmost position.
Now, if we're treating an integer as unsigned, then we don't want to copy the sign bit, because it doesn't actually represent the sign! Instead, we want to leave it as zero. To achieve this, in Java, instead of writing >>, we write >>>. This variant of the shift is sometimes called a logical shift, and the previous variant— which takes account of the sign— an arithmetic shift. At the machine code level, most architectures in fact provide different instructions for the two shifts, and the C/C++ compiler chooses the appropriate one depending on whether we've declared the variable in question as unsigned. In Java, we must explicitly say which type we require.
Example: XORshift random number generator
As an example of unsigned bitwise operations in C/C++ vs Java, we'll look at the XORshift random number generator. Invented by Goerge Marsaglia (2003)1, the function provides a fast means of generating medium-quality random numbers using only a single variable or register. Each pass generates a new random number using two left shifts and one right shift, plus three exclusive or (XOR) operations, all using unsigned arithmetic. In C/C++, we simply declare the variable as unsigned. In Java, we ignore the signedness for the two bitwise operations (XOR and left shift) where it is irrelevant, and explicitly use signless logical shift right:
unsigned int seed =...;
int randNumber() {
 seed ^= (seed << 1);
 seed ^= (seed >> 5); // 2 > symbols!
 seed ^= (seed << 9);
int seed =...;
int randNumber() {
 seed ^= (seed << 1);
 seed ^= (seed >>> 5); // 3 > symbols!
 seed ^= (seed << 9);
Arithmetical operations
By arithmetical operations on unsigned integers, we mean cases where we want the upper bit to represent magnitude. Normally with a (signed) Java int, the result of the following would be a negative number, as we "roll over" past the largest positive integer that an int can store:
int n = 1 << 31;
System.out.println("n was " + n);
n *= 2;
System.out.println("n is now " + n);
n was _PHONE_
n is now -_PHONE_
The usual way of getting round this problem is simply to use a type with a larger size and then "chop" off the extra bits (set them to zero). For example:
 - to store an unsigned int, we would use a Java long;
 - to store an unsigned byte, we could use any other integer type, but an int is generally convenient (it is likely to give faster arithmetic);
 - if we want an unsigned long, we may be a bit stuck, although we could use a BigInteger object.
To "chop off the extra bits", we need to AND with the bits that we are interested in. For example, if we want to end up with an unsigned byte (8 bits), we need to AND with the value 0xff (255 in decimal)— _PHONE_ in binary or in other words, "the first 8 bits set". So the following are essentially equivalent:
unsigned byte b =...;
b += 100;
unsigned int v =...;
v *= 2;
int b =...;
b = (b + 100) & 0xff;
long v =...;
v = (v * 2) & 0xffffffff;
When we eventually want to write the unsigned value, it is OK to simply cast to the appropriate size. For example:
// Example: write an unsigned int (stored in a long)
// to a byte buffer.
ByteBuffer bb =...
long unsignedInt =...
bb.putInt((int) unsignedInt);
64-bit unsigned arithmetic
64-bit unsigned arithmetic is tricker in Java, because there's no "next size up" to go to. This means that in some cases, we need to re-interpret the sign bit ourselves. On the next page, we look at unsigned arithmetic in Java in a bit more detail, focussing on the 64-bit case.
1. Marsaglia, G. (2003) Xorshift RNGs, Journal of Statistical Software 8(13). As discussed in the paper, various values and combinations of shifts can actually be used, each giving a full period of 232-1. The method is generally a good "medium quality" random number generator that passes various statistical tests. Clearly, in order not to get "stuck", this single-variable method can never be allowed to produce the same output value twice in succession (or zero). If range were not an issue, one could always take bits from the middle of the integer as the final output to randNumber(). The method also works with long values to give a greater range and a period of 264-1. If you are mathematically minded and interested in the statistical properties of this generator, see also Panneton, F. & L'Ecuyer, P. (2005) On the Xorshift Random Number Generators, ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation, 15(4).
Written by Neil Coffey. Copyright © Javamex UK 2008. All rights reserved.


The planets and the economy
Specific sectors of a country's economy and its general economic trends are ruled and influenced by the planets and houses in a global chart.
Jupiter rules the financial, banking and business sectors and Saturn rules work, the workforce, natural resources and the farming and mining sectors.
House 2 rules a country's finances; house 6 rules its workforce and labor; and house 10 rules its business sector.
Jupiter and Saturn
Jupiter rules the world's financial system.
He's the planet of capitalism, business, profits, wealth, prosperity, economic growth and luxury items.
He has goods and services to sell and he wants you to buy them.
He's the planet of higher prices.
Saturn rules the workers.
He's the planet of economy and he's very price sensitive.
He's the consumer who wants to buy things at the cheapest possible price.
When he withdraws demand Jupiter's prices fall.
Saturn is the planet of recession, falling profits, poverty, unemployment and scarcity.
Governance, households, business and labor
Governance, the governing authority and special privilege are ruled by the Sun and house 10.
Households are ruled by the Moon and house 4.
The Moon rules the home, family, households, food and groceries.
The business sector is ruled by Jupiter, Saturn and house 10.
Corporations (stock companies), multinational companies and investors are ruled by Neptune.
Mega-corporations with monopolistic power are ruled by Pluto.
Service industries are ruled by Saturn and house 10.
Labor and the work force – the servers and the service they provide – are ruled by house 6.
Trade unions are ruled by Uranus and house 6.
The market, money supply and trade
The market, where traders buy and sell money, stocks, commodities and resources, is ruled by house 5.
The money supply, assets and personal wealth are ruled by house 2.
The amount of debt in the system, the level of foreign debt, foreign investment and foreign borrowings are ruled by house 8.
Inflation is ruled by Neptune.
Trade (an economic stimulus involving the importing and exporting of goods) is ruled by house 9.
Economic expansion is ruled by Jupiter.
Sources of wealth and growth drivers are ruled by the house where Jupiter is located.
Economic slumps, hardship, unemployment, hunger, disease and epidemics are ruled by Saturn.
Relief given to the unemployed and aid – food aid etc – given to those suffering misfortune is ruled by house 12.
Farming and manufacturing
The farming sector – agriculture and the growing of crops for food – is ruled by Saturn and house 4.
The crops on the ground are ruled by house 4 and the stored harvest is ruled by house 6.
The natural environment and weather are ruled by Saturn and house 4.
Manufacturing and the manufacturing sector are ruled by Mars.
The resources – mining – sector is ruled by Saturn and house 4.
Transportation, communication and technology
Local transport is ruled by Mercury and house 3.
Local communication, newspapers and the press are ruled by Mercury and house 3.
Overseas transport – airlines and shipping – is ruled by house 9. Radio, television and the web are ruled by Pluto and house 9.
Tourism is ruled by house 9.
The military and armed forces are ruled by Mars and house 6.
Population growth is influenced by the birthrate ruled by house 5 and the death rate ruled by house 8.
The technology sector is ruled by Uranus.
All the latest mobile devices – smart phones, self-trackers etc – are just Uranus and Aquarius doing their thing.
Neptune rules the pharmaceutical industry, drug networks and drug trafficking.
Pluto rules the black economy, the dark web, crime, organized crime and international crime syndicates.
The world's energy
Different energies are ruled by different planets.
Energy comes from the Sun and energy sources contain solar energy in fossilized form.
Electricity is ruled by Uranus but it has to be produced from some energy source.
Oil and gas are ruled by Neptune.
Oil is the most widely traded commodity.
Iron ore is ruled by Mars; coal is ruled by Saturn.
Wind power is ruled by Mercury, hydropower by the Moon and nuclear power by Pluto.
Astrology for Aquarius – sharing our knowledge
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text:
Pecans, named pakans by Algonquin
Indians because of their hard shell, are a native American nut. They are a
member of the hickory family and grow in temperate climates. The third ranking
crop in the United States, pecans are cultivated in the States of Georgia,
Oklahoma, and Texas. They are at their peak when harvested in the fall, but are
available year round.
A smooth, reddish-brown, one-inch (2.54 cm) long oval shell
encloses two golden-brown crinkled lobes with ivory-colored meat. Pecans have a
buttery, soft-textured, slightly bittersweet taste that is enhanced when
toasted. Place pecans on a baking sheet and bake for 6-8 minutes in a 350
degree F (180 degree C) oven until lightly browned. Cool before using.
Pecans are used in pastries and
desserts such as the famous Southern pecan pie, quick breads, cakes, cookies,
candies, pralines and ice creams.
Pecans are one of the more expensive
nuts and are sold shelled, either coarsely chopped or in halves, or unshelled.
When buying unshelled pecans, look for clean, unblemished, uncracked shells that
do not rattle when shaken.
Their high fat content (over 70%) causes them to
go rancid quickly so store in the refrigerator (3 months) or freezer (6 months)
in airtight containers or plastic bags.


text:
your site. So, if your domain selling went through a marketplace, the marketplace will often assist you in transferring the domain.
Here are some general steps just to give you an idea of what a domain name transfer looks like:
- The seller unlocks their domain and submits an authorization code.
- The buyer initiates the transfer through their marketplace or registrar using the provided authorization code.
- The seller verifies the transfer through an email they receive.
- The buyer waits for the process to complete at their new registrar (this can usually take a couple of days or less if the seller can verify the transfer out from their existing registrar).
The sale is completed once the domain is transferred to the new owner's account and they register their WHOIS information in the domain registry. If you choose to use NameSilo for your marketplace/escrow service, the transfer will be handled directly by us and usually, for most of the sales, buyers will receive the domain immediately.
Although selling a domain name isn't as easy as it might seem, it is possible to make the entire process smooth and ultimately earn additional money for all your unused domains.
Hopefully, this post has made it easier to figure out how the entire process works, and which details you should pay special attention to during the process. And remember: don't get discouraged if your first domain sale doesn't go as planned. Try again and in no time at all, you'll see how financially rewarding it can be!


Why Digital Marketing and Sales Go Hand in Hand
It's a tale as old as time to say the least. It's a story of two business departments not always seeing eye-to-eye. What could we mean? It's the frequent lack of communication between the digital marketers and the sales team.
Why is it that digital marketers and sales professionals don't always seamlessly work together? Both teams are pursuing a similar objective: to develop customer value and drive results. However, we don't have to be afraid that these two departments will never collaborate! There are many ways that the sales and digital marketing teams can come together, share information and reach their goals.
Follow along as we take a look at why digital marketers and sales don't always see eye-to-eye and why collaboration between these teams is crucial for customer acquisition!
The Difference Between Sales and Digital Marketing
First off, we need to take a look at the difference between sales and digital marketing professionals. While each group has similar goals and objectives, their day-to-day roles are different.
A Sales Professional's Duties
An individual working in sales focuses on everything that closes a sale, a signed agreement or contract. Often, sales consists of interpersonal interactions between the salesperson and the customers.
A Digital Marketer's Duties
A digital marketer will plan, implement and analyze a mixture of tactics to bring the target market to a brand's site, social media channels, store or any other online business function of that brand.
Simply put, digital marketing is everything that will reach and persuade potential customers online, while sales is everything that will close the deal. It sounds like these two should be working side-by-side to bring in business, so why aren't they?
Why Sales and Digital Marketing Don't Get Along
As mentioned earlier, sales and digital marketing professional's perspectives often aren't aligned. Digital marketers think along the lines of customer segments, whereas sales thinks of customers as individuals. Digital marketers develop strategies, while sellers focus on implementation. Digital marketers focus on analysis and sellers think of results. We could go on and on, but you get the picture.
It Comes Down to Metrics
Marketing professionals, especially digital marketers, often focus on metrics like click-through rates, video views, conversion rates, email unsubscribes, etc., which are meaningful data points to help analyze trends. However, these metrics don't necessarily align with the sales team, although both groups are trying to move leads through their funnel. A conversation between the two teams can help the digital marketers determine which metrics are most beneficial to the sales team, while the sales team can provide valuable insight into the customer. This conversation can make all the difference in how these two teams communicate with one another.
Why They Need To Get Along
We know sales and digital marketing don't always work together, but let's take a look at why they need to. Digital marketing and sales need each other like Disney movies need a hero. Remember, the team that collaborates together, stays together.
Marketers and sales professionals need to keep in mind that they should be working together to drive business. A lack of communication can lead to lost sales, leads that are neglected and poorly spent advertising dollars. When all this culminates, it leads to wasted resources and unhappy customers.
Building Audience Personas
When digital marketing and sales unite, both groups can better understand one another and the needs of their customer. On the opposite side of the coin, when marketing and sales don't work together, they know different things about the customer, therefore weakening both teams strategies. Working together and sharing insights about the customer allows for both teams to win - digital marketers can create more effective personas and create more thorough strategies around those personas, which generates more leads and potentially more sales.
Advanced Audience Targeting
With the knowledge about optimal customers from sales, the digital marketers can discover creative ways to reach new customers. This is done by creating look-alike or targeted audiences and that can be used in digital efforts ranging from social media to search engine marketing.
It doesn't stop there. Depending on the sales person's knowledge of their customer base, digital marketers can use these audience details to target new customers based on geography, demographics, interests or online behaviors similar to those of current customers or clients. The possibilities are endless!
Funneling Qualified Leads
Both digital marketing and sales responsibilities lay around the customer buying process. Part of a digital marketer's job is to gain insights into their customers needs at every stage of the buyer's journey. Marketers should be passing this knowledge of their prospects to sales so the sales professionals can approach and engage these leads with deeper understanding of their needs.
Furthermore, lead generation, sales collateral development and sales forecasting are among the many tasks that require both digital marketers and the sales team to appropriately execute. Sales needs to help marketing develop sales collateral that addresses the customer's needs and desired messaging, while marketing must urge sales to take the time to strategically implement their marketing plans and follow brand standards.
How to Integrate Sales and Digital Marketing
Believe it or not, the different perspectives gained from your sales and digital marketing teams can be healthy and productive. Different viewpoints can spark creativity and ensure that multiple sides of an issue are addressed.
Find the Right Metrics to Measure
Sure, for a digital marketer, looking at CTR or open rates can help make day-to-day decisions, but those numbers don't do much for a person on the sales team. Instead, work with them to find out which metrics they find most valuable when it comes to reporting and moving leads through the buyer's journey.
Digital marketers should measure which types of campaigns are sourcing leads that are turning into opportunities. While some metrics are incredibly important to digital marketers, when working with sales, focus on where leads drop off and what can be done by both teams to continue customers through the decision making funnel.
Metrics like this are relevant to both the sales and digital marketing teams, plus they can offer strategic insights so both teams can meet (or exceed) their goals.
Create Feedback Channels
The lack of channels to give either team feedback could lead to wasted resources. Give both teams a dedicated time to collaborate and share pertinent information that can make both teams more successful. This can help both teams set group goals and collaborate to achieve them. These meetings should happen frequently, at least once a week, if not more. Plus, these meetings may lead to individuals in both departments feeling more comfortable to interact and solve problems outside of these dedicated times.
Blue Compass Can Work With All Teams
At Blue Compass, we know that teamwork makes the dream work. Each team member relies on one another to be successful in his or her role. Our digital marketing team relies on development to make sure Google Analytics, Tag Manager, Open Graph or the website is working properly, while development relies on us to market the products they work hard to create and to bring users to our websites. And we all rely on our Account Executives and Client Support team to keep us on track!
Want to learn more about Blue Compass? Contact us!
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text:
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)|
A batsman is out bowled if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant as to whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so. Such rules mean that bowleds are the most obvious of dismissals: almost never requiring an appeal to the umpire; a bowled batsman will usually acknowledge the dismissal voluntarily.
If the delivered ball deflects off the bat, and bowls the batsman, then the informal term is known as played on, knocked on or dragged on. If the wicket is put down without the batsman making any sort of contact with the ball, then it is known as clean bowled with variations being 'bowled through the gate', where the ball travels between the bat and pad, or 'bowled around the legs', where the ball goes behind (to the legside of) the batsman and hits the stumps.
A batsman is out bowled even if he could be given out by another method of dismissal instead. For instance, suppose a ball that pitches in line with the stumps, hits the player on the pads in line with the stumps and would, if it had not hit the pads, have struck the stumps. The player could be out leg before wicket. However, if the ball ricochets off the pads onto the stumps, the batsman would be given out bowled instead.
Being out bowled is the second most common method of dismissal after caught. The bowler is credited to have dismissed the batsman if a batsman is given out bowled.


text:
A J2EE Module is the smallest independent unit of deployment in a J2EE application. There are different kinds of J2EE
Modules, as described in Concept: Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Overview.
The number and size of J2EE Modules affects how easy it is to deploy and test a J2EE application. It
also affects the ease in which components can be reused for other applications, and how easily the system can be
adapted to other deployment configurations.
For information on assembling J2EE Modules, see Guideline: Assembling J2EE Modules.
For information on deploying J2EE Modules, see Guideline: Deploying J2EE Modules and Applications.
Identifying J2EE Modules
J2EE Modules are created during integration, but they reflect decisions made in implementation (and actually design).
J2EE Modules are commonly used to package Artifact: Implementation Subsystem, which
commonly map to Artifact: Design Subsystem.
J2EE Modules should contain closely related EJBs and helper classes that are only used by those EJBs. Generally such
relationships are identified in design, and these classes would be grouped into a Design Subsystem. The identification
of Design Subsystems should already have considered the issues of re-use, replacement, and support for multiple
deployment configurations. However, when modules are allocated for deployment to specific nodes, then weaknesses in the
design may become apparent, and changes to the Design Subsystems (and/or Implementation Subsystems) may be needed.
Identify J2EE Modules to contain components targeted to a single container. Web components are packaged in Web modules
and EJB components are packaged in EJB modules, and Application Client components are packaged in Application Client
Regular Java classes that are used by multiple modules should be packaged in separate J2EE Modules. The resulting JAR
files appear in class-path references in the modules that require them (or in the transitive closure of such class-path
In summary, when identifying J2EE Modules, start by identifying one module for each Implementation Subsystem, unless
the subsystem contains components to be deployed to different containers, and then define separate modules for each of
Modeling J2EE Modules
J2EE Modules are represented in the Implementation Model as UML artifacts with a stereotype that
identifies its type: <>, <>, or <>.
The composition of components (such as EJBs or servlets) into a J2EE module can be shown graphically by drawing an
<> dependency from the contained component to the module it is packaged in, as shown in the
following diagram. <> dependencies can also be drawn to show the inclusion of an entire Java
package in the archive.
Another option is to represent the archive as a package and show the contained components within the package as shown
in the following diagram.
In addition to modeling what components are packaged in the archive, you can also model properties of the components,
which are ultimately documented in the archive's deployment descriptor.
An example of how to model some EJB component properties is provided below.
The above diagram shows the assembly of three EJBs, BankEJB, LoanEJB, CustomerEJB, and LoanManagerEJB into the same
module, EJBJARArchive1. Notice the modeling of the EJB method properties, the security roles, and the transactions. In
this example, the CustomerEJB runs under the transaction type specified by CustomerTrans (e.g., "Required"). The source
code uses the role name "user", which is mapped to the "Customer" user role in the deployment descriptor. Also, all
methods in LoanEJB and CustomerEJB are executed with "Customer's" credentials, even if the invoking user belongs to a
different role. Similarly, LoanManagerEJB methods are executed as "Admin". Finally, no methods can be accessed by users
An example of how to model some Web component properties is provided below.
The above diagram shows the assembly of a servlet into a Web module. Notice the modeling of the the security roles and
constraints, where users of type "Customer" run methods in the show results servlet as themselves, subject to security
constraints defined by the properties of WebSecurityContraint1.
The deployment of a J2EE module to a node can be shown in the Deployment Model. See Guideline: Describing Distribution for J2EE Applications
for further discussion on modeling the mapping from modules to deployment nodes.
Each J2EE Module contains a J2EE-standard deployment descriptor, plus zero or more vendor-specific descriptors. The
different kinds of deployment descriptors are described in Concept: Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Overview. In general, the standard J2EE deployment descriptors capture primarily design and implementation
decisions. Decisions that RUP would refer to as "deployment decisions", such as which nodes a component executes on,
and how a component is configured for particular node, is captured in vendor-specific deployment descriptors.
Deployment descriptors serve two separate purposes:
A means of communicating design decisions to the container. For example, the deployment descriptor for a session
EJB has a "session-type" which states whether the session EJB is stateful or stateless. This must be consistent
with the design and code - one cannot simply change this in the deployment descriptor.
A means of tailoring behavior without recompiling code. For example, one can use the deployment descriptor to
define which roles are authorized to call specific methods. This CAN be changed without changes in the EJB's code.
The contents of the deployment descriptor are set when the J2EE Module is created and when it is assembled into a J2EE
Application. For more information on assembling J2EE Modules, see Guideline: Assembling J2EE Modules. For more information
on assembling J2EE Applications, see Guideline: Assembling J2EE Applications.


Asia, Culture
The Brahui: A Tale of the Mountain Dwellers of South Asia
Every place has a story of a past hidden away from the outside world. Obscure from the modern world, the Brahui group is a part of one such fascinating story from the hills of Pakistan.
Source: ancient pakistan
The tribes of these pastoral nomads live in some of the most isolated and harshest regions of Pakistan. Social isolation has restricted the world in knowing about a group that has survived through centuries. So, what is this ancient group we are talking about? Come, let's find out!
The Brahui: A Diverse Ethnic Group Living in South Asia
Source: balochilinguist
The Brahui is an ethnic group majorly found in South-Asian countries such as Balochistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Brahuis are also found in small numbers in Iran and a few other Middle-Eastern states. This Dravidian-speaking group is quite large, with a strength of about 2.2 million people.
Also called Brohi or Brahvi group, these people mainly occupy Balochistan from Bolan Pass to Ras Muari, Karachi. The Bolan Pass is a mountain range through the Toba Kakar Range of Balochistan province in Western Pakistan. Ras Muari or Cape Monze is a beach located off the shore of the Arabian Sea in Karachi. The Brahui group mostly comprises of Sunni Muslims. Sunni comes from Sunnah, which refers to the behaviour of the prophet, Prophet Muhammad.
Brahui: A Life of Superstition and Religious beliefs
They follow religious practices mentioned in the holy book Qu'ran. Brahui group speaks of a culture involving revered saints or pirs. Every family worship a particular holy being. A few people even store mud from the saint's shrine for religious purposes. The Brahui group is quite superstitious and believes in the practices of exorcism involving evil spirits. This group even conducted events to ward off evil whenever a male child is born in a family.
Oral Folk LiteratureStory of the Mulla and Qadi
Source: wikipedia
The culture of Brahuis is quite rich in oral folk literature. One popular story is of Mulla Mansur who worked for a Qadi. Even though the Mulla served the religious leader with utmost dedication and loyalty, he was treated with a beating over very small things. However, after a couple of years, Mansur left working for the Qadi and traveled to different parts of the world. When he went back home after some time, everyone including the king was in awe of his wife's beauty.
The story takes a different turn when the Qadi tries to entice the Mullah's wife into sexual activity but miserably failed in his endeavors. She then publicly condemned the religious leader's actions. This folk tale represents a culture about leaders who claim to be men of god but indulge in unholy practices.
The Rural "Mountain Dwellers" of South Asia
The mountain dwellers living in the rugged mountains of South Asia have always lured historians and writers into their world. One main point of interest is the mystery behind the origins and very little shreds of historical evidence on the Brahuis. Even though the story to explain that the Brahui language belongs to the Dravidian language family is quite fascinating, a few are of the opinion that the ethnic Brahui group are descendants of people of the Indus Valley Civilization.
What's big than the mystery of how one of the world's first civilizations perished. If writers and historians are to be believed, all those who survived the end, migrated to present-day Baluchistan to ensure the continuity of their ancient language. However, one should not believe this because there is no proper evidence to support the theory.
The rise and fall of the Khanate of Kalat
Source: wikipedia
The dusty pages of a history book mention that the Brahuis first came into picture sometime around the 17th century when the Khanate of Kalat was an independent political entity. It existed from 1666 to 1955. Located in the modern-day province of Baluchistan, Khanate of Kalat was founded by Mir Ahmad Khan. The Khanate's last ruler was Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmadzai.
The self-governing state entered into an alliance with British India in 1839. However, after more than 300 years of independent rule, the Khanate of Kalat acceded into the princely state of Pakistan in 1948. It remained a part of the princely state till 1955 when it was incorporated into the country.
A diverse linguistic connection
One unique thing about this group is the diverse languages spoken amongst its people. A few of the groups speak Brahui, a language spoken in the central part of Balochistan, majorly in Kalat, Khuzdar, and Mastung districts. However, according to reports, many people have stopped speaking Brahui. Some Brahuis are fluent in both Balochi (North-western Iranian Language) and Brahui. Although, there also people who speak only Balochi.
Sarawan Barahuis and Jhalawan Brahuis constitute a significant part of the Brahui group. However, there is another small part of Iltazai, Kalandari, Mirwari, Rodeni, Sumalari, Kambrani, Achmadzai, and Gurguari Brahuis.
Origin based on a Hypothesis
There are many contradicting theories about the origin of the Brahui language. According to a few individuals, the "ethnic" language has only recently been a part of Balochistan. Whereas, others believe it is an old part of a family of Dravidian languages. Professor Josef Elfenbein said that the Brahui was part of a Dravidian "invasion" of North-Western India in the 3rd millennium BC.
In addition to this, Elfenbein told that other than the Dravidians who moved to the Southern region, lived in the Jahlawan and Sarawan since before 2000 BC. Brahui is influenced by other languages spoken in the areaPashto, Persian.
Brahui migrated from Central India?
Source: balochilinguist
Another popular belief is that Brahui migrated to Balochistan from the central part of India after 1000 AD. The non-existence of any older Iranian (Avestan- a language of Zoroastrian scripture) in the Brahui language supports this hypothesis. Brahui language borrows a lot of vocabulary from Balochi. It migrated to this particular area from the West only around 1000 AD. However, some people argue that the migration took place sometime between the 13th or 14th century.
Is Brahui not a Dravidian Language?
According to a hypothesis, Brahui is not a Dravidian language. It can still be connected with other Dravidian languages and Elamite (extinct language) to create the Zagrosian language family, which originated in Southwest Asia (South Iran). It was widely spread in South Asia and a few parts of Eastern West Asia before the Indo-Aryan migration.
So, if you are a traveler intrigued by the way the Brahui group lives, works, and adheres to "societal" norms, pack your bags, and head to the rugged mountains of South Asia.
Curated by Ruchit Rastogi