Therapist advises atheists to lie to their kids, pretending there's a god and a heaven
December 8, 2019 • 9:00 am
The Wall Street Journal is of course a conservative venue, but this time it's exceeded even the normal right-wing love of religion. The article below, by psychoanalyst Erica Komisar, is behind a paywall, but I'll give some quotes. And judicious inquiry might turn up a copy.
Komisar's argument is based on a 2018 study showing that church attendance and prayer or meditation are positively associated with some measures of well being in growing children. She concludes that we should tell our kids that there's a god and an afterlife, even if we are atheists. In other words, we should lie to our kids. After all, don't we care about their welfare? Here's the article, which leads to a paywall:
Komar's thesis is based on the paper below from the American Journal of Epidemiology; a free pdf is available by clicking on the screenshot.
I couldn't be arsed to read the whole paper in detail because it's long and tedious, but I did look it over. The authors used longitudinal data from the Nurse's Health Study II and the Growing Up Today Study, enrolling 116,430 nurses aged 24 and 42, and, using questionnaires, assessing their children aged 9 to 14. There were three categories of "religious service attendance": never, less than once a week, or at least once a week. Religiosity (actually spirituality) was measured as answers to the question, "How often do you pray or meditate?", with answers ranging from "never" to "once a day or more". They then correlated these measures with other measurements that, they say, indicate well being.
The authors report that going to church at least once per week was associated with greater volunteering, great forgiveness, less marijuana use, later sexual initiation, and fewer lifetime sexual partners (the last three are clearly considered positive traits). More frequent praying or meditating was associated with greater positive affect, better emotional processing, greater volunteering, a greater sense of mission, more forgiveness, lower drug usage, later sexual initiation, and fewer lifetime sexual partners. However, more frequent prayer or meditation (these weren't separated) was also associated with more physical health problems. But the authors dismiss that result by arguing that those in poorer health may pray more often. They don't consider, however, whether more puritanical or virtuous people might have a tendency to want to go to church or pray more often. In other words, the negative result (poor health) is assumed to drive religiosity, while the positive results are assumed to result from religiosity.
As an alert reader noted (see comment #7 below), the funding for this study came in part from A Usual Suspect:
Based on that work, Komisar simply tells everyone to pretend that there's a god and and afterlife when their kids raise the questions. Presumably we want our kids to be better off (and use less drugs and lose their virginity later!), so why not lie? What's the downside? Here are some excerpts from her article:
Nihilism is fertilizer for anxiety and depression, and being "realistic" is overrated. The belief in God — in a protective and guiding figure to rely on when times are tough — is one of the best kinds of support for kids in an increasingly pessimistic world. That's only one reason, from a purely mental-health perspective, to pass down a faith tradition.
And so the good psychoanalyst concludes that we need to cram religion down the throats of our kids, for it's for their own good:
Religion or spiritual practices can teach children mindfulness, a sense of physical and emotional presence necessary for mental health. No matter how active my children were when they were young, they knew when they entered our temple for services they had to calm their bodies and relax their minds. Though they complained when they were kids, and still complain at times as adolescents, they have developed the ability to calm themselves when overwhelmed.
Today the U.S. is a competitive, scary and stressful place that idealizes perfectionism, materialism, selfishness and virtual rather than real human connection. Religion is the best bulwark against that kind of society. Spiritual belief and practice reinforce collective kindness, empathy, gratitude and real connection. Whether children choose to continue to practice as adults is something parents cannot control. But that spiritual or religious center will benefit them their entire lives.
Now I'm not going to quibble with the J. Epidemiology paper, as it would take too long to scrutinize it carefully, but I invite readers to have a look if they're interested. One thing worth looking at is whether the size of the positive effects are substantial enough to prompt one to interfere in their kids' lives. But let's assume that the effects are real and palpable. Should we then lie to our kids?
The idea that we should pretend that there's a god and a life after death, even if we ourselves reject them, goes against my grain, and I simply can't accept the idea of lying to children about such things, no matter how salubrious the lie. One could say, "we'll discuss that when you're old enough to understand," but even taking a kid to church is roughly equivalent to affirming the truth of church doctrine.
So why do I instinctively reject Komisar's advice to lie? (I don't have kids, so the isn't doesn't really come up for me.) First, if you are an atheist, your kid is going to know it, and see that you don't practice what you preach. That might confuse the kid, and at any rate I don't see Komar telling atheist parents to try to believe. But she does seem to be telling us that we should drag our kids to church and make them pray, which of course is bad for us atheists. After all, if our kids go to church, we have to take them there.
Further, there's no control for other social activities that may foster mental health, like being on sports teams or clubs. It's just religion versus no religion, yet those in nonreligious countries like Sweden probably find well being in other social activities that weren't assessed in this study.
And what happens when the kid grows up and figures out for him/her/hirself that religion is bunk and we go nowhere when we die? They'll not only feel cheated, but they'll realize that you lied to them. And if you're an out atheist, it's even worse, for they'll see you as an arrant hypocrite.
Finally, as I don't want to rant at length, Komisar asserts at the end that if you're religious as a kid because your parents lied to you, then even if you reject religion as an adult, you'll still carry the benefits of your youthful belief. Now where is the evidence for that?
h/t: Dave
116 thoughts on "Therapist advises atheists to lie to their kids, pretending there's a god and a heaven
 1. What's wrong with just telling them that you don't know. After all, hasn't it been agreed the best religious truth is when they're able to decide for themselves.
 1. Sadly, children of the religious do not get "I don't know" as an answer. Those parents think they 100% do know – hence the indoctrination of the children.
 2. There is nothing wrong with saying "I don't know" or " I do not believe". My response was suggesting that kids can get the same social benefits from non religious activities. And also, even if we were to take the advice and lie to our kids.. Lying suggests that our kids would believe and benefit from whatever religion has to offer as opposed to the reality of the cognitive dissonance they would face from atheist parents who put them in a contradictory culture. Also, there is a sense that well being stems from the dogma of the religious rather than placebo of fantasy. If that's the case then the suggestion would be to just give them hope in something supported by others in the community. No dogma necessary.
 3. I wouldn't want to lie to my children.
 I don't know if there's a god or not (I lean towards not) but I am pretty hundred percent certain that, even if there is a god, all of the religions I have come across were invented by humans.
 2. Whenever I see these papers I want to know if they also tested for the positive effects of attending some kind of heavily social group gathering, similar to churchgoing only without the religious element. Like the Scouts. Because if they didn't then the exercise is almost useless.
 Even if they did, the extent to which religion and the church is embedded in society means there really isn't a fair control for them to use. Even joining the scouts doesn't have the same influence and bonding strength of being part of a church. Never mind the baked-in psychological effects of intentionally excluding yourself from a large group that doesn't look on outsiders positively.
 What I'm asking is whether these people even tried to test for whether it was the social aspects of church-going that were helping the children, or whether it was the actual belief in god that was doing it. Because if it's the former then the most you can say as a psychiatrist is 'tell your children to pretend they believe in god, so they can attend church, which is socially beneficial.' Which is about as nakedly cynical as it gets.
 1. As with a scarily


text:
Beijing, Mar 2 (IANS/EFE) Authorities in the central Chinese province of Henan inaugurated a road that is designed to play music as vehicles pass over it, the media said.
Hundreds of narrow ribbons are arrayed across a 300-meter stretch of the road in such as way as to play a tune as vehicles pass.
The vehicles must be travelling at a minimum speed of 40 kph to correctly sound the notes.
The road, located inside the Changge nature reserve, plays either the Chinese national anthem or the traditional favourite "Molihua" (Jasmine), depending on which direction the vehicles are moving.
It is China's first musical road, though similar thoroughfares exist in Japan, South Korea and Denmark, where the idea of turning a road into a musical instrument originated in 1994.
The Danes who built the first tuneful road dubbed it the "asphaltophone".
California once had its own musical road, but authorities had to repave it after area residents complained about constant noise as some drivers were driving back and forth just to make the song play.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Wombat Conservation Project
Steve Irwin and the Australia Zoo team love wombats. It's as simple as that. Why else would you build a one-acre enclosure with large air-conditioned dens and then put just three Common Wombats in it? The Australia Zoo wombats have the best life of any captive wombat anywhere in the world. Almost to prove the point, both of our females have produced offspring in the last two years despite being hand-raised, something that usually prevents breeding in captivity. Their offspring, two female joeys, have also been hand-raised and now share time in the enclosure with their parents. Given that the new enclosure has only had wombats in it for 30 months, the enclosure and husbandry regimes have been enormously successful.
The experience of caring for the adults and producing these Common Wombat joeys has just been the start of an ambitious program by Australia Zoo to aid the critically endangered Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat.
The Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat is one of the most endangered species of mammal in the world. There are currently no more than 113 individuals left in the wild, and this is an ambitious guess based upon random hair-sampling of active burrows. At one point in the 1970s it was thought that the population was as low as 35 individuals, so there has been some progress in stabilising the population.
This species was only ever known to exist in three locations - Jerilderie in western New South Wales, around St. George in south-west Queensland and at Epping Forest near Clermont in central Queensland. Today they are only found in an area that consists of 300 hectares of bush in Epping Forest National Park, having become extinct in the other locations in the early part of last century.
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats have only ever once been brought into a controlled captive environment; a zoological facility in New South Wales in the mid 1990s. Unfortunately this single male animal passed away after a short period, so there was little learned from the time it was cared for. Given how few Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats there are, Australia Zoo has started a husbandry program on the more common Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat.
The Southern and Northern Hairy-nosed Wombats are genetically much more closely related to each other than either of them are to the Common Wombat. They show many similar traits in their life history, and both are specialists in their habitat selection. Both species live in semi-arid areas where the rainfall is sporadic, the summers long and hot and where nighttime temperatures can plummet below zero. Tough for any species to survive, but when you add that usually neither species has access to free standing water, it's easy to see that these animals have to be specialists to survive. The secret to their survival is a combination of behaviour, habitat selection and physiology. Hairy-nosed wombats have an incredibly low metabolic rate and a digestive system that is incredibly slow, allowing every tiny bit of moisture to be absorbed from their food. The behaviour to conserve moisture is simply to spend most of their lives resting below ground, away from hot temperatures. In summer these animals may only spend an hour or so above ground in the cool hours before dawn. Where both species become highly specialised and why historically they never had wide distributions, is in the selection of the soil that they choose to dig a burrow.
Both species live in sandy soil; however, a burrow in pure sand would not be stable and would cause the animals to dehydrate. So hairy-nosed wombats dig in areas and make burrows in sandy soils that will remain humid, so reducing moisture loss. For the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, this means digging burrows along old creek beds or dunes that have a certain clay component to hold moisture. For the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat, animals make burrows under layers of soft rock that is floating in the sandy soils. Wombats will dig right through this rock, as a burrow formed under the rock will retain a much higher humidity.
As part of the Australia Zoo wombat conservation program, we have obtained five orphaned Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats from a property in South Australia that was under extreme drought and has had an estimated 80% decline in its adult wombat population. The five animals being raised were all obtained in March 2004 and were varied in their size and age.
Clare Gover is playing'mum' to these wombats and is raising all five animals together. Clare has a wealth of experience in raising marsupials and is a natural born mother.
The five little wombats have all been named and are pictured below.
Australia Zoo has developed an ambitious four-stage plan for these Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats.
- Collect and transport the animals successfully - done!
- Raise as many to independence as possible -
- Successfully establish the animals onto a captive diet; and
- Display and trial soft release programs.
So far, stage one has been successfully completed and stage two is well on its way. Knowledge from this transportation and raising is already being collated and has been used by researchers in South Australia.
Australia Zoo has a great interest in the conservation of all three species of wombat, a group of animals found nowhere else in the world. The Zoo has already bred and hand-raised the Common Wombat and is now working on the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat. This knowledge will greatly aid the conservation of these two species, and it will no doubt help develop skills that can be used to assist the survival of the Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat


text:
LAWRENCE SCOTTMGeol, FGS
Lawrence has 5-years' experience with Carbon Zero Consulting following a Masters in Geology from the University of Plymouth.
Lawrence now runs the Oakham office, but can normally be found on the road carrying-out our various field activities including:
- Soil thermal conductivity surveys, our novel service to measure in-situ soil thermal properties utilized in the GSHP and power distribution sectors
- Thermal response tests (TRT) utilizing testing systems capable of testing boreholes up to 300m depth
- Water supply and open-loop Borehole testing and water sampling
- Logging of samples during drilling of GSHP and water supply boreholes
- Installation and management of a number of borehole and other data-logging systems to measure water level, temperature, pressure and flow

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Test Your Workout IQ With Our Shoulder Training Quiz!
Think you've mastered the finer points of shoulder training? Test your knowledge with 10 questions on delt exercises, and learn how to perfect your own form!
Test Your Workout IQ With Our Shoulder Training Quiz! banner
Training shoulders usually means combining a multijoint overhead pressing movement with various raises that target the front, middle, and rear deltoid heads individually. That's a straightforward and surefire way to make those muscles grow. Except, of course, when you do it wrong.
We've identified 10 of the most common mistakes and training errors made on shoulder day, and will present each one to you with a pair of photos—one correct and one incorrect. Your job is to pick out the correct way to do each exercise (which we hope is the way you do it). You'll get a score at the end with an explanation of how each exercise should be completed!
Shoulder Training Quiz
Test Your Workout IQ in just A few minutes!
Ready to pump your iron IQ?
Let's get started


text:
A determiner is a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase. It tells you which one, how many or other such information. Common determiners include: the, those, every, my, what, thirty. To distinguish between the category of words listed here, and the function these words often perform in noun phrases, some people call the category determinatives and the function determiners.
This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total.
Pages in category "Determiners"
The following 89 pages are in this category, out of 89 total.


If you walk around a track or do laps on a walking trail, you're probably interested in tracking the number of times you complete the circuit. If you use a long trail, counting laps won't be difficult. But it's easy to lose count if you're walking around a short trail or a quarter-mile track, especially if you're walking and talking with someone, or listening to music. To monitor your walking progress, make sure you're prepared with a foolproof method for counting your laps.
Step 1
Purchase a lap counter, or put a free lap-counting app on your smartphone. Push the appropriate button every time you complete a lap.
Step 2
Tally your laps using a piece of paper. Carry a small notepad and a pencil or pen, then place a mark on the top page every time you complete a lap. Alternatively, write down a number for each lap you plan to walk, then cross them out along the way. For example, if you're going to walk 10 laps, write down the numbers 1 through 10. Cross off the highest number each time you cross the starting line to tell you how many laps you have remaining.
Step 3
Collect some popsicle sticks and place them in a paper cup. Make sure you have a stick for each lap you plan to complete. Put the cup at your starting line, then remove one stick every time you pass the cup. When you lift the final stick, you've achieved your goal. Or do the process in reverse by starting with a bunch of sticks, then placing one in the cup each time you pass the starting line. If you're walking an outdoor trail and don't want to bring anything with you from home, pick up one small stone or pebble for each lap you plan to walk, just before you begin. Toss one pebble back on the ground every time you walk past the starting line. Alternatively, stop and put a small pebble in your pocket after every lap, then count the pebbles when your walk is over.


2021. 01. 28. | Online | 15:00-16:30 CET
Science communication with a Gender Perspective
Mentoring, role models, networking, gender-inclusive programmes, are all measures that have been put in practice to foster and support the presence, inclusion and career development of women in science and technology. For the last 20 years, we have been moving and achieving milestones regarding women in science, gender equality, gender biases, and lately, gendered innovation.
In a social endeavour as science, considered as based on merits, competences and creativity, it's imperative to reflect, talk and take action in order to tackle the equality distortions and injustice. The way we communicate science plays a key role in this.
Save the date: January 28,2021- 15:00-16:30 CET
Register here!: Fill in the form
Helena González and Oriol Marimón, Big Van Ciencia, Barcelona, Spain: Breaking scientific stereotypes in representations through scenic arts
Marianne Achiam, Carmen Fenollosa: What we know so far about communicating STEM with a Gender perspective
Janire Salazar, ICM, Spain: Learnings from the last 5 years of implementing structural changes
Moderator: Annette Klinkert, EUSEA Executive Director


text:
by Mr. Sundial
After you receive your sundial follow these instructions to install the sundial.
How to create an interactive painted sundial:
1) Order a Sundial, on the checkout page include your location as an address or GPS coordinates.
2) Our technology creates a specific template for your exact location on the earth, no two are alike.
3) A full-scale template is cut out of durable Coreplast, which is like corrugated cardboard, only plastic
4) We ship you the complete template. Follow the steps below to create the sundial by painting the sundial on your location.
5) You stand on the Sundial when its sunny, and your shadow will tell the time!
Step 1: Find the geographic coordinates of the location, then create a CAD drawing of the sundial.
Delete or modify, so people can understand they will receive the kit. Then they will follow these steps to install the sundial.
Step 2: Using precision tools cut the stencil to exact specifications.
Step 4: Align to true north.
How are people going to do this step? There are compass apps you can use on your phone. May the instructions can reference a popular app if people do not have this tool. What do you think?
Step 3. Lay the stencil out on the blacktop.
Step 4: Paint the sundial on the location.
Step 5: Tell time.


Psychology Wiki
Tarski's indefinability theorem
34,142pages on
this wiki
Redirected from Indefinability theory of truth
In mathematical logic, Tarski's Indefinability Theorem is a theorem due to Alfred Tarski concerning the foundations of mathematics. Informally, the theorem states that arithmetic truth cannot be defined in arithmetic.
Kurt Gödel discovered his incompleteness theorems (1931) partly by showing how to represent syntax within arithmetic. Each expression of the language of arithmetic is assigned a distinct number. This procedure is called Gödel-numbering or sometimes just coding; more generally, arithmetization. If E is an expression, then let _TAG_ be its code number, and let "E" be the linguistic numeral denoting this code number.
In particular, various sets of expressions are coded as sets of numbers. It turns out that for various syntactic properties (such as being a formula, being a sentence, etc.), these sets of numbers are recursive. And, it is already known that any recursive set X of numbers can be defined by some arithmetic formula. For example, there is a formula Sent(x) in the language of arithmetic which defines the set of sentences of the language of arithmetic.
Can the same be done for semantical concepts, such as truth? Tarski discovered around 1933 (in part after studying Gödel's methods: in particular, arithmetization and the Diagonal Lemma) that in the most interesting cases, the answer is no. Roughly, a sufficiently rich interpreted language cannot represent its own semantics. It follows that, generically, the meta-language must be richer than the object language.
In fact, Gödel himself had discovered the Indefinability Theorem in 1930, on his way to proving the Incompleteness Theorems, and before Tarski's work appeared. Gödel did not publish his discovery, but did describe it in a 1931 letter to John von Neumann.
For arithmetic, this is how it works (the proof can be generalized to any language which is at least as rich as the interpreted language of arithmetic). Let L be the first-order language of arithmetic. Let N be the standard structure for L. So, (L, N) is the interpreted first-order language of arithmetic. Let T be the set of truths in N. Let T* be the set of code numbers of sentences in T. The question is: can T* be defined by an arithmetic formula?
Tarski's indefinability theorem: There is no L-formula True(x) which defines T*.
Proof: By reductio ad absurdum. Suppose that such a formula True(x) existed. In particular, if A is a sentence of arithmetic, then True("A") is true in N if and only if A is true in N. Hence, for all A, the Tarski T-sentence True("A") ↔ A is true in N. But, using Gödel's Diagonal Lemma, we could construct a Liar sentence S such that S ↔ ¬True("S") would be true in N. But this contradicts True("S") ↔ S. Hence, no such L-formula True(x) exists in the language of arithmetic. QED.
Informally speaking, the concept of arithmetical truth is not arithmetically definable. Notice that this states a limit on self-representation. For it is possible to define a formula True(x) whose extension is the set T* of (code numbers of) truths in the language of first-order arithmetic. However, this formula must be in a richer metalanguage, such as the language of second order arithmetic.
Despite some claims to the contrary, Tarski's Indefinability Theorem really is quite general, and is not restricted only to bivalent languages based on classical logic. For example, it can in a certain sense be generalized to interpreted languages based on many-valued logic, such as fuzzy logic, dialetheism, paraconsistent logic, etc. Let us say that an interpreted language is strongly-semantically-self-representational just in case the language contains predicates and function symbols which define all the semantic concepts specific to that language (for example, the semantic valuation function which maps a formula A to its truth value ||A|| and the semantic denotation function which maps a term t to the object it denotes).
Then, Tarski's Theorem generalizes to the assertion that no sufficiently powerful language is strongly-semantically-self-representational.
References Edit
 - Bell, J.L., and Machover, M., 1977. A Course in Mathematical Logic. North-Holland.
 - George Boolos, John Burgess, and Richard Jeffrey, 2002. Computability and Logic, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press.
 - Raymond Smullyan, 2001, "Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems" in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell: 72-89.
 - Alfred Tarski, 1983, "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages" in Corcoran, J., ed., Logic, Semantics and Metamathematics. Indianapolis: Hackett. The English translation of Tarski's 1936 Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen.
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki


text:
Baths of Agrippa
The Baths of Agrippa (Thermae Agrippae) were a structure of ancient Rome, built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the first of the great thermae constructed in the city. In their first form, constructed at the same time as the Pantheon and on axis with it, as a balaneion (βαλανεῖον), they were apparently a hot-air bath with a cold plunge, not unlike a sauna. With the completion of the Aqua Virgo, the aqueduct completed by Agrippa in 19 BC, the baths were supplied with water and became regular thermae, with a large ornamental pool (Stagnum Agrippae) attached. Agrippa furnished his baths with decorations that may have been executed in glazed tiles and with works of art: the Apoxyomenos of Lysippus stood outside. He left the baths to the citizens of Rome at his death, 12 BC.
The Baths of Agrippa were damaged by fire in AD 80 (Cassius Dio, lxvi.24), but were restored and enlarged; they were thronged in the times of Martial, and enlarged under Hadrian and later emperors. Sidonius Apollonaris mentions that the Baths of Agrippa were still being used in the fifth century.
In the seventh century the structure (no longer in use) was being mined for its building materials, but much of the Baths were still standing in the sixteenth century, when the ruins were drawn by Baldassare Peruzzi and Andrea Palladio, among others.
See also
- (LacusCurtius website) Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (London: Oxford University Press) 1929. See also note by William Thayer.
|This article about an Italian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an Ancient Roman building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Definition of University
1. Noun. The body of faculty and students at a university.
Generic synonyms: Body
Group relationships: Academe, Academia
Member holonyms: Grad School, Graduate School
Specialized synonyms: Gown, Varsity
2. Noun. Establishment where a seat of higher learning is housed, including administrative and living quarters as well as facilities for research and teaching.
3. Noun. A large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees.
Generic synonyms: Educational Institution
Member holonyms: College
Specialized synonyms: Multiversity, Open University
Definition of University
1. n. The universe; the whole.
2. n. The universe; the whole.
Definition of University
1. Noun. Institution of higher education (typically accepting students from the age of about 17 or 18, depending on country, but in some cases able to take younger students in exceptional cases) where subjects are studied and researched in depth and degrees are offered. ¹
¹ Source:
Definition of University
1. [n -TIES]
Medical Definition of University
1. Origin: OE. Universite, L. Universitas all together, the whole, the universe, a number of persons associated into one body, a society, corporation, fr. Universus all together, universal: cf. F. Universite. See Universe. 1. The universe; the whole. 2. An association, society, guild, or corporation, especially. One capable of having and acquiring property. "The universities, or corporate bodies, at Rome were very numerous. There were corporations of bakers, farmers of the revenue, scribes, and others." (Eng. Cyc) 3. An institution organised and incorporated for the purpose of imparting instruction, examining students, and otherwise promoting education in the higher branches of literature, science, art, etc, empowered to confer degrees in the several arts and faculties, as in theology, law, medicine, music, etc. A university may exist without having any college connected with it, or it may consist of but one college, or it may comprise an assemblage of colleges established in any place, with professors for instructing students in the sciences and other branches of learning. "The present universities of Europe were, originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen... What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institutions, either theology or something that was merely preparatory to theology." (A. Smith) From the Roman words universitas, collegium, corpus, are derived the terms university, college, and corporation, of modern languages; and though these words have obtained modified significations in modern times, so as to indifferently applicable to the same things, they all agree in retaining the fundamental signification of the terms, whatever may have been added to them. There is now no university, college, or corporation, which is not a juristical person in the sense above explained [see def. 2, above]; wherever these words are applied to any association of persons not stamped with this mark, it is an abuse of terms. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998)
University Pictures
Lexicographical Neighbors of University
universe of discourse
universities of life
university (current term)
university extension
university of life
university student
Other Resources Relating to: University
Search for University on!Search for University on!Search for University on Google!Search for University on Wikipedia!


text:
Digital gaming may be more popular than ever. But if you want to protect your thinking skills as you get older, try taking up chess – or another type of non-digital game. That's the conclusion of University of Edinburgh psychologists, who found people who regularly played board games and cards in their 70s scored better in cognitive tests than those who didn't.
You don't have to be a board game enthusiast all your life to reap the rewards either. The study – published in The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences – found that people who played more during their 70s than when they were younger were more likely to maintain cognitive health as they became older.
The study followed more than a thousand people, testing them on their memory and problem solving skills as well as their thinking speed and general thinking ability. They were tested first at the age of 70, then again every three years until they were 79. The participants were all born in 1936 and are part of a study called the Lothian Birth Cohort. When they were 11 years old they also took part in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947, which included an intelligence test. The researchers analysed the results of all the tests, including those taken in 1947, and took other relevant lifestyle factors into account. And they concluded people who played more non-digital games in later life had less of a decline in their thinking skills in their 70s, particularly memory function and thinking speed.
"These latest findings add to evidence that being more engaged in activities during the life course might be associated with better thinking skills in later life," says Dr Drew Altschul of the university's School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences. ""For those in their 70s or beyond, another message seems to be that playing non-digital games may be a positive behaviour in terms of reducing cognitive decline."
The Lothian Birth Cohort study has one of the longest follow-up times in the world, and researchers have been working with the data since 1999 to assess how thinking power changes over a human lifetime. This latest study was supported by Age UK as well as the Medical Research Council.
"Even though some people's thinking skills can decline as we get older, this research is further evidence that it doesn't have to be inevitable," says the charity's director, Caroline Abrahams.
"The connection between playing board games and other non-digital games later in life and sharper thinking and memory skills adds to what we know about steps we can take to protect our cognitive health, including not drinking excess alcohol, being active and eating a healthy diet."
Can't play chess and don't know how to start learning? Get to grips with the basics on lichess.org – but don't forget to progress to a real-life chess board when you're ready.


text:
Symbolic background of the rover section is " ROUTE"
Young people today find themselves in an interconnected and first changing world. The threats to peace, environment degradation, epidemics such as HIV & AIDS, productivity and standards of living are unfolding during their life time. The economic melt-down is affecting livelihood of young people all over the world. Yet the political system, cultural and societal and gender norms have confined them within invisible boundaries thus curtailing the exploitation of their full potential as members of the interlinked world.The youth will need to push themselves to the limit to cope with the new demands and challenges of acquiring knowledge and skills, mentorship and livelihood. They need to discover challenges and opportunities that face other youth across the world. The Moot program will expose the youth to situations and environment where they will discover how other youths have utilized both talents and natural resources in surmounting their challenges.


text:
Greatest common divisor of polynomials
MuPAD® notebooks are not recommended. Use MATLAB® live scripts instead.
MATLAB live scripts support most MuPAD functionality, though there are some differences. For more information, see Convert MuPAD Notebooks to MATLAB Live Scripts.
q, …) gcd(
gcd(p, q,...) returns the greatest common
divisor of the polynomials p, q,
… The coefficient
ring of the polynomials may either be the integers or the rational
Expr, a residue class ring
a prime number
n, or a domain.
All polynomials must have the same indeterminates and the same coefficient ring.
Polynomial expressions are converted to polynomials. See
poly for details.
The return value is of the same type as the input polynomials,
i.e., either a polynomial of type
DOM_POLY or a polynomial
gcd returns 0 if
all arguments are 0, or if
no argument is given. If at least one of the arguments is -
1 or 1,
gcd returns 1.
all arguments are known to be integers, since it is much faster than
The greatest common divisor of two polynomial expressions can be computed as follows:
gcd(6*x^3 + 9*x^2*y^2, 2*x + 2*x*y + 3*y^2 + 3*y^3)
f := (x - sqrt(2))*(x^2 + sqrt(3)*x-1): g := (x - sqrt(2))*(x - sqrt(3)): gcd(f, g)
One may also choose polynomials as arguments:
p := poly(2*x^2 - 4*x*y - 2*x + 4*y, [x, y], IntMod(17)): q := poly(x^2*y - 2*x*y^2, [x, y], IntMod(17)): gcd(p, q)
delete f, g, p, q:
Polynomial or a polynomial expression.
If the arguments are polynomials with coefficients from a domain,
then the domain must have the methods
"gcd" must return the greatest common
divisor of any number of domain elements. The method
divide two domain elements. If domain elements cannot be divided,
this method must return


text:
benefits the U.S. firms that participate and U.S. consumers who obtain less expensive goods than they would otherwise. It works because different factor prices imply different mixes of labor and capital. Companies are able to carry out the capital-intensive side of the production process in the United States and the labor-intensive side in Mexico. Lucinda Vargas, "Maquiladoras: Impact on Texas Border Cities," in The Border Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (June 2001): 25–29; William C. Gruben, "Have Mexico's Maquiladoras Bottomed Out?", Southwest Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (January/February, 2004), pp. 14–15.
Costs in the Long Run
As in the short run, costs in the long run depend on the firm's level of output, the costs of factors, and the quantities of factors needed for each level of output. The chief difference between longand short-run costs is there are no fixed factors in the long run. There are thus no fixed costs. All costs are variable, so we do not distinguish between total variable cost and total cost in the long run: total cost is total variable cost.
The long-run average cost (LRAC) curveGraph showing the firms lowest cost per unit at each level of output, assuming that all factors of production are variable. shows the firm's lowest cost per unit at each level of output, assuming that all factors of production are variable. The LRAC curve assumes that the firm has chosen the optimal factor mix, as described in the previous section, for producing any level of output. The costs it shows are therefore the lowest costs possible for each level of output. It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that the minimum points of each short-run ATC curves lie on the LRAC curve. This critical point is explained in the next paragraph and expanded upon even further in the next section.
Figure 8.14 "Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Average Total Costs" shows how a firm's LRAC curve is derived. Suppose Lifetime Disc Co. produces compact discs (CDs) using capital and labor. We have already seen how a firm's average total cost curve can be drawn in the short run for a given quantity of a particular factor of production, such as capital. In the short run, Lifetime Disc might be limited to operating with a given amount of capital; it would face one of the short-run average total cost curves shown in Figure 8.14 "Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Average Total Costs". If it has 30 units of capital, for example, its average total cost curve is ATC30. In the long run the firm can examine the average total cost curves associated with varying levels of capital. Four possible short-run average total cost curves for Lifetime Disc are shown in Figure 8.14 "Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Average Total Costs" for quantities of capital of 20, 30, 40, and 50 units. The relevant curves are labeled ATC20, ATC30, ATC40, and ATC50 respectively. The LRAC curve is derived from this set of short-run curves by finding the lowest average total cost associated with each level of output. Again, notice that the U-shaped LRAC curve is an envelope curve that surrounds the various short-run ATC curves. With the exception of ATC40, in this example, the lowest cost per unit for a particular level of output in the long run is not the minimum point of the relevant short-run curve.
Figure 8.14 Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Average Total Costs
The LRAC curve is found by taking the lowest average total cost curve at each level of output. Here, average total cost curves for quantities of capital of 20, 30, 40, and 50 units are shown for the Lifetime Disc Co. At a production level of 10,000 CDs per week, Lifetime minimizes its cost per CD by producing with 20 units of capital (point A). At 20,000 CDs per week, an expansion to a plant size associated with 30 units of capital minimizes cost per unit (point B). The lowest cost per unit is achieved with production of 30,000 CDs per week using 40 units of capital (point C). If Lifetime chooses to produce 40,000 CDs per week, it will do so most cheaply with 50 units of capital (point D).
Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
Notice that the long-run average cost curve in Figure 8.14 "Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Average Total Costs" first slopes downward and then slopes upward. The shape of this curve tells us what is happening to average cost as the firm changes its scale of operations. A firm is said to experience economies of scaleSituation in which the long-run average cost declines as the firm expands its output. when long-run average cost declines as the firm expands its output. A firm is said to experience diseconomies of scaleSituation in which the long-run average cost increases as the firm expands its output. when long-run average cost increases as the firm expands its output. Constant returns to scaleSituation in which the long-run average cost stays the same over an output range. occur when long-run average cost stays the same over an output range.
Why would a firm experience economies of scale? One source of economies of scale is gains from specialization. As the scale of a firm's operation expands, it is able to use its factors in more specialized ways, increasing their productivity. Another source of economies of scale lies in the economies that can be gained from mass production methods. As the scale of a firm's operation expands, the company can begin to utilize large-scale machines and production systems that can substantially reduce cost per unit.
Why would a firm experience diseconomies of scale? At first glance, it might seem that the answer lies in the law of diminishing marginal returns, but this is not the case. The law of diminishing marginal returns, after all, tells us how output changes as a single factor is increased, with all other factors of production held constant. In contrast, diseconomies of scale describe a situation of rising average cost even when the firm is free to vary any or all of its factors as it wishes. Diseconomies of scale are generally thought to be caused by management problems. As the scale of a firm's operations expands, it becomes harder and harder for management to coordinate and guide the activities of individual units of the firm. Eventually, the diseconomies of management overwhelm any gains the firm might be achieving by operating with a larger scale of plant, and long-run average costs begin rising. Firms experience constant returns to scale at output levels where there are neither economies nor diseconomies of scale. For the range of output over which the firm experiences constant returns to scale, the long-run average cost curve is horizontal.
Figure 8.15 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale and Long-Run Average Cost
The downward-sloping region of the firm's LRAC curve is associated with economies of scale. There may be a horizontal range associated with constant returns to scale. The upward-sloping range of the curve implies diseconomies of scale.
Firms are likely to experience all three situations, as shown in Figure 8.15 "Economies and Diseconomies of Scale and Long-Run Average Cost". At very low levels of output, the firm is likely to experience economies of scale as it expands the scale of its operations. There may follow a range of output over which the firm experiences constant returns to scale—empirical studies suggest that the range over which firms experience constant returns to scale is often very large. And certainly there must be some range of output over which diseconomies of scale occur; this phenomenon is one factor that limits the size of firms. A firm operating on the upward-sloping part of its LRAC curve is likely to be undercut in the market by smaller firms operating with lower costs per unit of output.
The Size Distribution of Firms
Economies and diseconomies of scale have a powerful effect on the sizes of firms that will operate in any market. Suppose firms in a particular industry experience diseconomies of scale at relatively low levels of output. That industry will be characterized by a large number of fairly small firms. The restaurant market appears to be such an industry. Barbers and beauticians are another example.
If firms in an industry experience economies of scale over a very wide range of output, firms that expand to take advantage of lower cost will force out smaller firms that have higher costs. Such industries are likely to have a few large firms instead of many small ones. In the refrigerator industry, for example, the size of firm necessary to achieve the lowest possible cost per unit is large enough to limit the market to only a few firms. In most cities, economies of scale leave room for only a single newspaper.
One factor that can limit the achievement of economies of scale is the demand facing an individual firm. The scale of output required to achieve the lowest unit costs possible may require sales that exceed the demand facing a firm. A grocery store, for example, could minimize unit costs with a large store and a large volume of sales. But the demand for groceries in a small, isolated community may not be able to sustain such a volume of sales. The firm is thus limited to a small scale of operation even though this might involve higher unit costs.
- A firm chooses its factor mix in the long run on the basis of the marginal decision rule; it seeks to equate the ratio of marginal product to price for all factors of production. By doing so, it minimizes the cost of producing a


Save Search
 Download PDFDownload PDF
Previous Fragment Next Fragment
Senator Siewert, pursuant to notice of motion not objected to as a formal motion, moved business of the Senate notice of motion no. 3—That the following matters be referred to the Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee for inquiry and report by 30 September 2010:
 (a) what compensation payments are made by Commonwealth, state and territory governments to people adversely affected by government policies, legislation or unlawful actions;
 (b) what is the legal basis for payments, what defines their size and are there variations between the legal basis and amounts paid between state and federal governments;
 (c) what are the principles on which compensation payments should be based in order that they are proportionate, appropriate and easily understood; and
 (d) what opportunities are there for national coordination to ensure equity and consistency where people have been adversely affected by similar government policies, legislation or unlawful actions.
Question put and passed.


text:
Constraints may be added to the causes and effects. These are represented as edges labelled with the constraint symbol using a dashed line. For causes, valid constraint symbols are E (exclusive), O (one and only one), and I (at least one). The exclusive constraint states that both causes1 and cause2 cannot be true simultaneously. The Inclusive (at least one) constraint states that at least one of the causes 1, 2 or 3 must be true. The OaOO (One and Only One) constraint states that only one of the causes 1, 2 or 3 can be true.
For effects, valid constraint symbols are R (Requires) and M (Mask). The Requires constraint states that if cause 1 is true, then cause 2 must be true, and it is impossible for 1 to be true and 2 to be false. The mask constraint states that if effect 1 is true then effect 2 is false. (Note that the mask constraint relates to the effects and not the causes like the other constraints.
The graph's direction is as follows: (XXX: a figure would represent this better)
Causes --> intermediate nodes --> Effects
A cause-effect graph is useful for generating a reduced decision table.


Lightnings taking a ride
by ceinmart
submit your photo
Hall of Fame
View past winners from this year
Please participate in Meta
and help us grow.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
So I was off work one day when the sun was going down, and it was foggy (but clear without much clouds) and I noticed that the setting sun coloured the entire sky with a wide range of shades of orange, creating a beautiful backdrop to the cityscape. Shame that I only saw that when I was driving!
My question is, does fog actually helps create this shades of colours during dawn or dusk, similar to being a gigantic diffuser?
Like many, I always love the scene of a sunrise/sunset, the colour is simply lovely. However I do notice that sometimes the saturation is low and it only showed a tint of yellow before going dark, where sometimes you get this saturated sky with deep orange to golden colours of the sky. How does fog affect the sunlight in these situations?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
The effect is known as Rayleigh scattering. Blue light has a wavelength of around 400 nano meters, which is more likely than red light (650nm) to be absorbed by particles in the sky and radiated toward the ground, leaving the red light to carry on and hit our retinas.
The water vapour in fog, however, are much too large to scatter individual wavelengths and thus scatter the entire visible spectrum similarly (why fog is usually white, or the colour of the source light).
White light itself is merely a bundle of particles/waves of different wavelengths comprising the visible spectrum.
Image from this link...
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
So if I understood it correctly, it was the smaller dust particles but not the water vapour (fog) that is causing such effect? – Gapton Jan 17 '12 at 7:20
Dust in the atmosphere is the main cause of colorful sunrises and sunsets. According to wikipedia sunsets tend to be more colorful due to the presence of more dust in the atmosphere at the end of the day compared to dawn. Dust scatters (Rayleigh scattering) the small wavelengths of light (blues and greens), leaving the reds and oranges to come through.
But water vapor and other larger particles cause Mie scattering which scatter the red and orange (longer wavelength) light further into the sky.
So when you have an intense red/orange sunset but it's localised near the horizon, that's mainly due to dust. When the entire sky seems aflame, that is likely caused by water vapor which is spreading (scattering) some of the longer wavelength light.
I would think that vapor needs to be some distance towards the horizon, and up in the atmosphere to have a great effect. Localised fog probably wouldn't have quite the same effect. But where there is fog, there often would be a lot of water vapour higher up and further out as well to cause the skies to light up.
share|improve this answer
Best coloured sunsets happen a year and a few following years after a big volcanic eruption somewhere (anywhere) in the World. It needs to have been big. – Esa Paulasto Aug 10 '13 at 10:10
Your Answer


text:
The Bloomsbury Children's Camp adheres to the six principles that Little House actively promotes throughout all of our programs and services: Physical Fitness, Nutrition, Socialization, Mental Stimulation, Sense of Purpose and Friendship. The Bloomsbury Group was a collection of influential English intellects and literary figures which held Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster amongst their ranks. They put an emphasis on fulfilling all aspects of life and lived fully by observing the following motto:
"One's prime objects in life are love, the creation and enjoyment of the aesthetic experience and the pursuit of
knowledge." -G.E. Moore
The four disciplinary topics - Gardening, Photography, Lapidary and Art - acutely speak to one or more of the six pillars. Children are exposed to several areas of interest that they wouldn't necessarily receive exposure to at a camp focused solely on one discipline. Furthermore, the time spent on each discipline is consuming enough to be both substantial and immersive. Over the course of two weeks, children will receive eleven hours of instruction on three of the topics and nine hours on the fourth topic. For all disciplines, this provides a suitable amount of time to give a broad overview of the subject as well as to create something tangible to take away from the camp.


text:
This podcast discusses a study about the transmission of Human Metapneumovirus Infection to wild mountain gorillas in Rwanda in 2009, published in the April 2011 issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Dr. Ian Lipkin, Director of the Center for Infection and Immunity and Dr. Gustavo Palacios, investigator in the Center of Infection & Immunity share details of this study. Created: 4/25/2011 by National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases (NCEZID).
Date Released: 5/2/2011. Series Name: Emerging Infectious Diseases.
[Announcer] This podcast is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC — safer, healthier people.
[Maureen Marshall] Hello, I'm Maureen Marshall. Today I'm talking with Dr. Ian Lipkin, Director of the Center for Infection and Immunity and John Snow Professor of Epidemiology at Columbia University, and Gustavo Palacios, investigator in the Center of Infection and Immunity and Assistant Professor of Epidemiology.
[Maureen Marshall] Welcome, Dr. Lipkin.
[Ian Lipkin] Thanks, Maureen.
[Maureen Marshall] And welcome to you Dr. Palacios.
[Gustavo Palacios] Thank you for inviting me.
[Maureen Marshall] Doctors, why are gorillas able to catch human infection?
[Ian Lipkin] Maureen, gorillas share approximately 98 percent of their DNA with us, so it's not surprising that they're susceptible to human pathogens. Increased tourism and growing population densities around the national parks where gorillas live has increased the frequency with which these animals come into contact with humans. Their lack of immunity to human pathogens puts them at risk for disease. As we saw in our study, infection with human metapneumovirus, or HMPV for short, may make them more vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections, further compounding the problem.
[Maureen Marshall] Since gorillas can catch human infections, why are tourists allowed to be near them?
[Ian Lipkin] Good question. Ecotourism, and specifically gorilla tourism, generates jobs in resource poor communities in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It also helps to raise funds for conservation efforts and for park maintenance. Because of this, thousands of people come into contact with gorillas annually in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and Virunga National Park.
[Maureen Marshall] Is anything done to try to limit the gorilla's exposure to infections in the parks?
[Gustavo Palacios] Well, the Congolese Wildlife Authority requires that visitors wear protective masks. Some parks also limit permits to enter the parks. The Uganda Wildlife Authority, for example, restricts the number of visitors to 24 per day at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and eight at Mgahinga Gorilla National Park.
[Maureen Marshall] Tell us about the respiratory infection outbreak in the park in Rwanda in 2009.
[Gustavo Palacios] The outbreak we investigated occurred between June 28 and August 6th, in 2009 among Hirwa gorillas in Rwanda. Eleven of the 12 gorillas in that group had symptoms of respiratory disease, including coughing, runny nose, and lethargy. Two of the gorillas died – an adult female and her male infant. We examined samples from the diseased female and her infant using state-of-the-art molecular methods that we developed in our laboratory, including a sensitive multiplex technique that can screen for up to 30 pathogens in a single experiment, and high throughput sequencing. Our tests revealed metapneumovirus in serum, upper and lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, and vagina of the adult, and in the lung of the infant. We also detected streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the respiratory tract of the adult. By pathology revealed inflammation consistent with severe pneumonia in the adult, as well as inflammation of the umbilical cord and the kidneys of the infant.
[Maureen Marshall] What conclusions have been made about this outbreak?
[Gustavo Palacios] Although the direct source of the metapneumovirus is unknown, genetic analysis indicates that the strain of the virus that we found in the lungs of the sick gorillas was closely related to strains found in South Africa, and that is more than 1,000 miles away, suggesting that visitors may have carried the virus into the parks. The adult gorilla likely succumbed to secondary bacterial pneumonia in the context of an acute metapneumovirus infection. Instead, the infant gorilla presumably died of renal failure due to infection with HMPV.
[Maureen Marshall] Is there anything that can be done to prevent future infection outbreaks?
[Ian Lipkin] Gorillas are clearly at risk for infection with human pathogens. Nonetheless, isolation is impractical given the need to support the parks and the communities that benefit from ecotourism. Therefore, risk must be managed by monitoring human-gorilla interactions and possibly by employing vaccines to induce immunity to human pathogens. An obvious example is measles virus vaccine, which has already been used in zoos to prevent disease.
[Maureen Marshall] Thank you. I've been talking with Drs. Lipkin and Palacios about an article that appears in the April 2011 issue of CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. You can see the entire article online at _URL_ If you'd like to comment on this podcast, send an email to _EMAIL_. That's eid editor – all one word - at c-d-c-dot-gov. I'm Maureen Marshall, for Emerging Infectious Diseases.
[Announcer] For the most accurate health information, visit _URL_ or call 1-800-CDC-INFO, 24/7.


Winberg Oscar
Oscar Winberg is a PhD Candidate at the History Department of Åbo Akademi University, working on modern American political history. Winberg's research focuses on the intersection of entertainment and politics. His dissertation is a political history of the television sitcom All in the Family, the first comprehensive study of how the most popular show on television in the 1970s became a part of the political battles of the decade. Winberg is a part of a research project, organized by the John Morton Center for North American Studies at the University of Turku, on the 2016 United States presidential election. His research interests include American political history, especially the history of conservatism, corporate political activism, the politics of television, and conservatism in post-war swedish-speaking Finland.


»Vti vishi kakor ta odsgoraj«
 - Zmaga Kumer
In the majority of older Slovene song books, only the texts are published and a note added stating that the poem is to be sung to the tune of some other well known song. The publishers have availed themselves of the fact that in folk-songs text and melody are not inseparable but are at times inter changable. (Example I) It appears that the exchange of two melodies sometimes depends on similarities in the beginnings of their respective texts. (Ex. II), provided they are based on the same metric pattern or that their text is such that the metre can be interpreted in various ways according to the peculiarities of the Slovene language, in which the accent is mobile. (Ex. III). Under the same conditions, one melody can be used for songs having different contents and functions, whether they come from the same region or from different regions, with corresponding variations. (Ex. IV–VI) In answer to the question whether any given song has its own particular melody, three songs are quoted, aech with its most characteristic melody, which is found linked to the same text even in places that are geographically widely separated. (Ex. VII–VIII).
Download data is not yet available.
How to Cite
KumerZ. (1965). »Vti vishi kakor ta odsgoraj«. Musicological Annual, 1(1), 77-90. _URL_


text:
If it is indeed nobler to give than to receive, it may also make you happier – even if you're a toddler, according to a new study co-authored by three psychologists at the University of British Columbia.
The study, published in PLoS One, an on-line journal from the Public Library of Science, finds that toddlers under the age of two are happier when giving treats to others than receiving treats themselves. Furthermore, children are happier when they give their own treats away than when they give an identical treat that doesn't belong to them.
These findings support recent research showing that adults feel good when they help others and may help explain why people act pro-socially, even when doing so involves personal cost. This is the first study to show that giving to others makes young children happy.
NB Editors: Watch a video from the study, featuring one toddler participating with a puppet, at: _URL_ See the study at _URL_
"People tend to assume that toddlers are naturally selfish," said Dr. Lara Aknin, who co-authored the study with UBC colleagues Profs. Kiley Hamlin and Elizabeth Dunn. "These findings show that children are actually happier giving than receiving."
During the study, each toddler received some treats, such as Goldfish crackers. A few minutes later, the toddler was asked to give one of these treats away to a puppet. In addition, the experimenter provided an extra treat and asked the child to give this to the puppet. The children's reactions were videotaped and later rated for happiness on a seven-point scale.
When toddlers shared their own treat with a puppet, they displayed greater happiness than when giving a treat provided by the researcher. This contrast underscores the role of personal sacrifice, and rather than finding it aversive, suggests that children find this behaviour emotionally rewarding.
"What's most exciting about these findings is that children are happiest when giving their own treats away," said Aknin, lead author of the study. "Forfeiting their own valuable resources for the benefit of others makes them happier than giving away just any treat."
These findings shed light on a long-standing puzzle: Why do humans help others, including people they've just met? Part of the answer, it seems, is that giving feels good. The fact that toddlers show the warm glow of giving suggests that the capacity to derive joy from helping others is deeply woven into human nature.


text:
09/23/2022: Money Matters In The Classroom
Latest "The JOURNEY" podcast is now available to download wherever you get your podcasts!
This was a wonderful and insightful show this month featuring a long-time partner of Seneca Savings, EverFi. Kassie Soulis of EverFi works as an advocate on behalf of students, teachers, and Seneca Savings to bring financial literacy into the classroom. While financial literacy in schools is not required by New York State (yet), as some other states require, many schools opt into the program to begin to teach students how to better manage their money and prepare for the journey ahead. K-12 students have access to free tools and learning modules learning everything from how to budget, how to open a savings account, what's a credit card, a mortgage, how to manage their cash flow and their credit score. "It's a vital component to helping our students get off on the right foot," says Senior VP of Retail Banking at Seneca Savings, Laurie Ucher. "Often parents have a tough time with many of these aspects because they were never taught. So the cycle continues of kids not really understanding how to create a positive relationship with their money and how to prosper financially in life. These programs we're a part of help break that cycle and help to forge a new path for the students."


text:
November 21, 2012 Leave a comment
Yesterday in the MAKESHOP™, makers of all ages had a brilliant time "light painting", a photographic technique that uses a camera with slow shutter speed to capture images of fast moving lights. With materials you probably have nearby right now, you can have hours of fun experimenting with goofy, dramatic and surprising visual effects!
Below is a slideshow of just a few of the hundreds of light paintings we made yesterday. Send us YOUR favorite at _EMAIL_.
Read on for materials, instructions and inspirations for making your own light paintings!
How does it work? The aperture of a camera works like the iris of your eye. Both expand or contract to allow more or less light into the lens. Grab a flashlight and look at your eyes in a mirror. As you shine the flashlight near them, do you see how your iris expands or contracts? This is how your eye protects itself from too much light or assists you in seeing when it's dark outside. A camera has this, too. Unlike your eyes, you can control this on your camera with a setting. The F-stop setting controls the fraction of light stopped by the aperture. Get it?
In light painting, you let only a little bit of light in through the aperture but for a long time. And by "a long time" … we mean five seconds! Five seconds is a very long time for a camera, since regular photos are taken in only a fraction of a single second. During those few seconds, the lens captures the light as a bright smear, tracking it as it moves.
- Camera (digital or film)
- Lights (flashlights, holiday lights, bike headlamps, cell phones – anything that lights up!)
- Tripod or tabletop to keep the camera still
Settings (based on what we did):
- Shutter Speed: 5 Seconds (this is how long the shutter stayed open and captured the image)
- F-stop: F-29 (the fraction of light stopped by the aperture – remember, like an iris!)
- ISO: 100 (how sensitive the camera should be to light. We set ours as low as we could so that our little tiny moving light didn't blow out the picture and make everything bright white.)
Once your camera is set and you have your lights, begin to experiment. Snap the shutter button and quickly move your light in front of the camera. Can you make a swirl, square or heart? Can you spell your name? Outline your sister? Draw a hat on your dog? (Note: Keep the light moving, so it doesn't burn your lens like an iron left on a shirt!)
Get more ideas about light painting and long exposure photography at these helpful links:
- 10 Great Examples of Light Painting Photography
- Painting with Light
- How to Paint with Light in a Photograph
Stay calm and make on!
© 2012 Children's Museum of Pittsburgh


text:
The experimental analysis of the political economics of fisheries governance
This dissertation combines the features of a regulated common pool resource (CPR) and the political institutions of lobbying to develop a formal model of fisheries governance; designs a laboratory fishery governance institution; and conducts economic experiments to test several hypotheses derived from the formal model. Specifically, the study analyzes how fishing firms invest in efforts to influence fishery regulations and management through lobbying. The study also analyses and compares cooperative behavior in voluntary contribution lobbying and the CPR environments. ^ Experimental results show contributions to change suboptimal fishery regulations that are significantly below subgame perfection. In addition, contributions to raise the cap are significantly higher than contributions to lower the cap toward the social optimum. Results also show that despite an interesting benefit-cost duality and prisoners' dilemma representation of public goods and a CPR, the pattern of cooperation in these two social dilemmas are significantly different. The overall level of cooperation both in lobbying and the CPR are also significantly lower than those reported in the literature. ^ To provide external validity to our experimental findings, we analyze lobbying expenditures in the fishery sector and other comparable natural resource industries in the U.S. We find that lobbying expenditures as a percentage of value added in the fishery sector is not significantly different from what we see in such other natural resource industries as the mining and utilities industries, but that the pattern of lobbying is different. While fishing firms lobby collectively by forming fishery lobby groups, firms in other natural resource industries lobby unilaterally. This suggests that differences in industrial structure, competition and incentives influence the lobbying behavior of firms in the energy and natural resources sectors in the U.S. ^ Theoretical predictions derived from the fishery governance model and experimental findings are generally consistent with the pattern of lobbying in the U.S. fisheries sector. These findings also suggest that heterogeneity drives rent-seeking in the fisheries sector and that fishing firms circumvent political collective action problems by forming associations or lobby groups of relatively homogenous firms. ^
Economics, Agricultural|Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture
Samuel Mulenga Bwalya,
"The experimental analysis of the political economics of fisheries governance"
Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access).


text:
Saint Paul Public Library Collections on Minnesota Reflections
Digitzed images of maps and documents about the history of Saint Paul and the Saint Paul Public Library.
Aerial Photographic Atlas
Aerial photographs of Saint Paul taken between 1925 and 1927 and a corresponding atlas of streets and other features of the city.
Atlas of Saint Paul, 1891 - 1896
Highly detailed plat book of Saint Paul. Published in 1891 and revised with pencil marks and cut-outs through 1896. The atlas is divided into 4 volumes, detailing different parts of the City and the surrounding area.
Central Library Construction
Photographs of the construction of the Central Library and James J. Hill Library, _PHONE_. Besides the library, photographs are rich in other details of the late 1910's.
"The Library Beacon" was published under the direction of Webster Wheelock, Library Director, "to give the people of St. Paul information about their Library -- what it is doing, what it hopes to do, and the many ways it serves individuals, different interests, groups and different activities." Published _PHONE_.
Saint Paul Housing Project: A Plan for Slum Clearance and Low Cost Housing (1935)
Details a proposal for slum clearance and the creation of low cost rental housing at the future site of the Mt. Airy Homes development. Introductory text describe the nature of the project, site selection and district selection, current real estate balance at the time, the development itself, outside housing influences, costs, and personnel. Printed maps provide detail on census enumeration districts, relief cases, tuberculosis cases, delinquency rates, land values, comparative incomes, and comparative rent.
Maps of Saint Paul, Ramsey County and Minnesota
See the list detailing each map, its size, year of publication, and location in the library's map cabinet:
Biography Clippings File
Over 150,000 newspaper clippings from Northwest Publications Inc., former publishers of the Saint Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch, covering the years 1910 to 1945.
Newspapers on Microfilm
Minnesota newspapers available on microfilm at the Central Library.Near complete runs of all Saint Paul newspapers are available.
Visit the Saint Paul Collection
The Saint Paul Collection room at the Central Library is open to the public by appointment during the hours of 10:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday.
Customers are asked to call or email for an appointment 48 hours in advance. Appointments can be made for up to one hour.
To schedule an appointment please call _PHONE_ x5, or email _EMAIL_.
During other hours, staff can retrieve items from the collection for use in the Nicholson Information Commons.
The collection includes:
- City documents, including the charter, code, laws, and ordinances
- City Council proceedings
- City budget materials and annual reports
- Reports from the Schools and Libraries
- Police and Fire Department reports and histories
- Visitor's Guides to Saint Paul and the region
- Biographies of famous St. Paul residents
- Winter Carnival scrapbooks
- High School Yearbooks
- Other materials related to Saint Paul history


text:
Growth and Mahler measures in geometry and topology
01 July - 05 July 2013
Eriko Hironaka, Florida State University
Ruth Kellerhals, Université de FribourgParticipantsParticipants Presentation
The goal of the workshop is to bring together geometers, topologists and number theorists with the aim of exploring
connections between low-dimensional geometry and topology and number theory. In the focus are topics such as growth
of fundamental groups of low-dimensional space forms, cohomological torsion growth,entropy of surface automorphisms,
geometry of Teichmüller space, Mahler measures of A-polynomials and volumes of hyperbolic knots and manifolds.
Closely related are developments in quantum topology and quantum knot invariants.
Key words: Growth, Mahler measure; hyperbolic manifolds; mapping class theory;
Teichmüller theory, knot polynomials; Betti numbers, hyperbolic volume; Salem numbers,
Participation and presentations by invitation only.


this
 1: public class StructureMapBootrstrapper
 2: {
 3: public static void Bootstrap(IContainer container)
 4: {
 5: container.Configure(x =>
 6: {
 7: x.Scan(a =>
 8: {
 9: a.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
 10: a.LookForRegistries();
 11: });
 12: });
 13: }
 14: }
Note that we pass it an instance of IContainer. We could use ObjectFactory (which simply is a static facade for the main container) directly but we want to keep dependencies to our concrete classes to a minimum.
In the entry point of our application we simply call our Bootstrapper and pass it our container.
 1: Configuration.StructureMapBootrstrapper.Bootstrap(ObjectFactory.Container);
In this example we probably wouldn't have needed a LogRegistry since those registrations (as well as the others we've seen before) all could have been registered using the default conventions. Usually what you want is to use the default conventions as much as possible and then do manual registration (using the Registry class) for cases were the convention doesn't cut it.
Switching implementations
For me, one of the great things about using an IoC-container is that it's very easy to change the way your application behaves without having to change the code directly. It's simply a matter of configuration. Let's look at the following example: Our application sends mails via SMTP with the following setup.
 1: public interface ISendMailMessage
 2: {
 3: void SendMessag(MailMessage message);
 4: }
 1: public class SendMailMessageViaSmtp : ISendMailMessage
 2: {
 3: public void SendMessag(MailMessage message)
 4: {
 5: using (var client = new SmtpClient(""))
 6: {
 7: client.Send(message);
 8: }
 9: }
 10: }
 1: public class MailRegistry : Registry
 2: {
 3: public MailRegistry()
 4: {
 5: For()
 6: .Use();
 8: For()
 9: .Use();
 10: }
 11: }
When we're doing our development locally we might not have access to that server or for some other reason don't want to send mail. We could of course do various "hacks" such as comment/uncomment code in the SendMailMessageViaSmtp class but this rarely leads to a solid solution in the end.
Using profiles
There are various better approaches, one of which is using profiles in SM. What this enables is to do is create different configurations for different profiles. For our development machine we've created another implementation that logs the mail to a text file
 1: public class LogMailMessage : ISendMailMessage
 2: {
 3: public void SendMessag(MailMessage message)
 4: {
 5: using(var writer = new StreamWriter(@"MailLog.txt", true))
 6: {
 7: writer.WriteLine(
 8: "Sending mailmessage from {0} to {1} with subject {2}",
 9: message.From.Address,
 10: message.To,
 11: message.Subject
 12: );
 13: }
 14: }
 15: }
In our mailregistry we create a profile call DEBUG and instruct SM to use this class with this profile
 1: For()
 2: .Use();
 4: Profile("DEBUG", profile =>
 5: {
 6: profile.For()
 7: .Use();
 8: });
And then use whatever logic we see fit to switch to this profile when appropriate
 1: _TAG_ DEBUG
 2: ObjectFactory.Profile = "DEBUG";
 3: _TAG_
Using conditional logic
Another way to accomplish switching which implementation to use is by using conditions in our configuration. So, instead of looking at whether we build our application in debug mode or not let's say that we want to switch our mail implementation depending on our machine name. Using conditionals we can accomplish this with the following configuration.
 1: ObjectFactory.Configure(x =>
 2: {
 3: x.For()
 4: .ConditionallyUse(c =>
 5: {
 6: c.If(context => Environment.MachineName.Equals("CNNOTE41"))
 7: .ThenIt
 8: .Is
 9: .ConstructedBy(by => new SendMailMessageViaSmtp());
 11: c.TheDefault
 12: .Is
 13: .ConstructedBy(by => new LogMailMessage());
 14: });
 15: });
Primitive constructor arguments
In some constructors you may have a dependency on some primitive types (string, int etc). A classic example of this is some form of repository class which takes a connection string as a constructor parameter. If we for a moment ignore why this may be a bad idea from an architectural point of view how do you do this using SM?
As it turns out it's as simple as telling SM what we want to use for the parameter in question. Given this repository class
 1: public class Repository : IRepository
 2: {
 3: private string connectionString;
 5: public Repository(string connectionString)
 6: {
 7: this.connectionString = connectionString;
 8: }
 10: public string GetConnectionString()
 11: {
 12: return connectionString;
 13: }
 14: }
we can inject our connection string of choice using the Ctor method
 1: ObjectFactory.Configure(x =>
 2: {
 3: x.For()
 4: .Use()
 5: .Ctor()
 6: .Is("Stefans connectionstring");
 7: });
Since our class only had one constructor parameter of type string SM can figure out the matching. If we've had two we would have to specify which of the parameters belonged with which value. To do this you simply specify a name in the Ctor method. The following code will yield the same result as above but explicitly specifies which constructor parameter to set
 1: x.For()
 2: .Use()
 3: .Ctor("connectionString")
 4: .Is("Stefans connectionstring");
Lists and AddAllTypesOf
Imagine we're building some sort of pluggable part of our framework where 3rd party assemblies want us to execute their code of a certain interface. The somewhat contrived example for this is a HelloService that takes a list of ISayHello and simply loops through them and executes the hello method on each of them.
 1: public class SayHelloService
 2: {
 3: private List helloList;
 5: public SayHelloService(List helloList)
 6: {
 7: this.helloList = helloList;
 8: }
 10: public void SayHello()
 11: {
 12: helloList.ForEach(x => Console.Out.WriteLine(x.Hello()));
 13: }
 14: }
 1: public interface ISayHello
 2: {
 3: string Hello();
 4: }
We can instruct SM to scan assemblies according to some logic and then add all types it can find of a certain interface.
 1: public class SayHelloRegistry : Registry
 2: {
 3: public SayHelloRegistry()
 4: {
 5: Scan(a =>
 6: {
 7: a.AssembliesFromApplicationBaseDirectory();
 8: a.AddAllTypesOf();
 9: });
 10: }
 11: }
So if we have two concrete implementations of the ISayHello interface
 1: public class SayHelloInEnglish : ISayHello
 2: {
 3: public string Hello()
 4: {
 5: return "Hello";
 6: }
 7: }
 9: public class SayHelloInSwedish : ISayHello
 10: {
 11: public string Hello()
 12: {
 13: return "Tjena";
 14: }
 15: }
SM is smart enough to


Wanda Bąk
Łukasz Hawełka
Jerzy Skarżyński
Who is Hyalutidin for?
Your joints require support if:
 - You are in mature age
Even after the age of 25, the body's level of hyaluronic acid production reduces. At the age of 40, the body produces 50%, and at the age of 60 only 10% of hyaluronic acid. The first wrinkles are observed after 10 years of reduced production of hyaluronic acid. Unfortunately, the lack of hyaluronic acid in the joints is not visible. When the joints make themselves known, it is often too late.
 - You are in rehabilitation after musculoskeletal trauma
In order to speed up the rehabilitation process, the deficiencies in synovial fluid components, i.e., hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate should be supplemented. This will allow you to protect the cartilage from degradation and improve joint elasticity.
 - You are overweight, which strains your joints
Each excess kilogram is an additional 5% load on the lower limb joints. 20 kg of excess weight is an additional 100% load on the joints. It is as if the joints of one man must bear the weight of two people. Protect your joints using Hyalutidin HC Aktiv.
 - You are overweight, you want to lose weight and start exercising
Your joints are not just strained by excessed weight, but also a series of physical exercises. To make sure that your workouts do not destroy your joints, use hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, which will protect the joints against degradation of joint cartilage and improve cushioning. A slimmer silhouette does not necessarily mean damaged joints.
 - You actively practice sports
If you train for health, remember to keep your joints in good shape. The deficiencies of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate can be easily supplemented with Hyalutidin HC Aktiv.
 - You train professionally
Breaking life records is the result of intensive training, during which the joints use up very large amounts of hyaluronic acid. To prevent the degradation of articular cartilage it is key to systematically supplement the deficiencies of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate using Hyalutidin HC Aktiv.
 - For children actively practicing sport
The lower nutritional value of food and the rapid growth of children and adolescents have caused that the growth of joint cartilage cannot keep up with bone growth. Add a Hyalutidin HC Aktiv supplement to your child's diet so they can enjoy active practice of sports, without overstressing the joints (see how to dose the supplement in the children's dosing section).
for EVERYONE, why?
One common reasonshortage of synovial fluid
One solution - supplementation of synovial fluid
For whom is Hyaluditin?
We will answer all your questions.
Opening hours
Sat - Sun: closed
Contact us
Phone.: +48 32 226-65-08
+48 793-196-111


text:
Over-the-counter superglue contains ethylcyanoacrylates, which break down in the body to toxic byproducts.
Medical superglues contain a slightly different chemical: octylcyanoacrylates, which don't break down into toxic substances.
In technical terms: "Upon application to living tissues (water or base), the monomer undergoes an exothermic hydroxylation reaction that results in polymerization of the adhesive. The shorter-chain derivatives [ie, the over-the-counter stuff] tend to have a higher degree of tissue toxicity than the longer-chain derivatives [ie, the FDA approved medical glues] do.
Inflammation, tissue necrosis, granulation formation, and wound breakdown can occur when cyanoacrylates are implanted subcutaneously. The process causing the histologic toxicity is thought to be related to the by-products of degradation, cyanoacetate, and formaldehyde. The local concentrations of these breakdown products are proportional to the rate of degradation (an aqueous degradation process) of the parent compound. Therefore, slower degradation rates result in less toxicity to the tissues."
From eMedicine Specialties > Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery > Pharmacology
Wound Adhesives, 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate
Author: Nathan D Schwade, PhD,_URL_
Updated: Sep 17, 2008


text:
MEXICO CITY.- Five footprints from human feet, calculated to be between 4,500 and 25,000 years old, were discovered in the Sierra Tarahumara, in Chihuahua. Specialists said that the foot prints could belong to the first men who lived in this region that is today known as northern Mexico.
These are the first human footprints that have been found in Chihuahua and once their age has been found out, they will be added to the few footprints from the first people that lived in the American continent that are preserved in Mexico, particularly in Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila and in a ranch in Sonora.
The footprints correspond to three adults and a child that probably lived in the caves that are located in the sierra, in the Valle de Ahuatos, eight kilometers from the town of Creel, in Chihuahua.
According to morphoscopic analysis, footprint 1, by its longitude of 26 centimeters, corresponds to the right foot of a male adult, while footprint number 2 belongs to the left foot of another adult, but it being the less defined it has been difficult to identify the sex of the person that made it. Footprint number 3 was made by an infant 3 or 4 years old and corresponds to the right foot with a longitude of 17 centimeters.
Footprints 4 and 5 are from another adult and represent the only pair that corresponds to the same person, which was found two meters away from footprint 1; the fohe left foot print (footprint 4) has a longitude of 23.7 centimeters, while the right (footprint 5) measures 24.5 centimeters, these footprints are significant as they have six toes, which may be due a malformation.
Anthropologist José Concepción Jiménez said that the finding of the human footprints was made by an email that a citizen from Chihuahua sent to the Seminario del Hombre Temprano in Mexico, telling about the existence of ancient human fooprints in the Valle de Ahuatos, in the municipality of Bocoyna.
We explored the surface to verify the information and we couldn't find the footprints, it was very hard to find them because they are not easy to identify.


text:
Because there is no login for the widget, it is very quick and easy to view your own meter. Here are the steps you will need to take:
- Copy your EKM Push User Key, which was emailed to you when you purchased your system (we also included a link to your own widget in this email)..e.g. MTAxMDoyMDIw
- Navigate to the EKM Widget using an internet browser.
- You can start from one of our public examples like _URL_
- After the Widget loads, click the gear icon towards the lower right of the graph.
- Paste your User Key into the text box marked "Key."
- Click the green check mark. This should pull in all of the meters associated to that key.
- Select the meter you wish to visualize from the drop-down menu marked "Meter."
- You can new add a timezone or adjust other settings if you wish.
- Click "Apply."


text:
When I first heard of touchdown PCR, I thought of a landing aircraft, which, as it turns out is not a bad way to think about it.
But despite it's amenability to analogies and dreadful puns (see title), touch-down PCR (TD-PCR), a very useful technique for improving PCR amplification specificity, is trickier that it might seem at first. So in this article I'll provide a primer on touchdown PCR (TD-PCR) and some tips and references for perfecting it.
So let's start with…
What is touchdown PCR?
TD-PCR is a modification of PCR in which the initial annealing temperature is higher than the optimal Tm of the primers and is gradually reduced over subsequent cycles until the Tm temperature or "touchdown temperature" is reached, much like the touchdown of an airplane.
A gradual lowering of temperature to a more permissive annealing temperature during the course of cycling favors amplification of the desired amplicon.
Why does TD-PCR work better?
Optimal annealing temperature is a requirement in PCR. This is normally determined based on the melting temperature (Tm) of the primer-template pair. But, primer Tm is affected variously by the individual buffer components, even primer and template concentrations so any calculated primer Tm value is only an approximation (1). Therefore, it is often difficult to find the right annealing temperature for a given primer/template combination.
To-low annealing temperatures, can lead to primer-dimer formation and non-specific products while too-high temperatures reduce yield due to poor primer annealing.
By using temperatures higher than the calculated Tm in the initial cycles, TD-PCR favours only accumulation of amplicons whose primer-template complementarity is the highest. The stepwise transition to a lower temperature during subsequent cycle guards against lower yields by making use of the desired amplicons in the reaction that now outcompetes any non-specific products or primer-dimers if present.
What are TD-PCR cycling conditions?
The protocol published in Nature Protocols (2) works very well and is a good reference to start off with TD-PCR.
The suggested cycling program has two phases. The first phase of touchdown programming uses a Tm that is approximately 10°C above the calculated Tm. The temperature is reduced by 1°C every successive cycle until the calculated Tm range is reached. This is done for a total of 10-15 cycles.
Phase 2 follows generic PCR amplification of up to 20-25 cycles using the final annealing temperature reached in the touchdown phase.
The cycles and temperature drop during touchdown phase can be adjusted from 1-3 cycles per 1-3°C drop in temperature if non-specific products are still observed or if the yield is low.
General Tips for TD-PCR:
- Keeping all reactions cold until thermal cycling starts is crucial to avoiding non-specific priming even with TD-PCR.
- A hot start setup is preferred. Since the main aim of TD-PCR is to eliminate non-specific interactions during the initial cycles, it is important to use a hot-start set up.
- TD-PCR can address problems with monoplex reactions better than multiplex reactions.
- Total number of PCR cycles, including the touchdown phase should be kept low (below 35). Too many cycles will lead to appearance of non-specific bands in the gel.
- An extra 1 min denaturation cycle at 96°C or 97°C may be extremely useful for difficult templates.
- Roux KH. Genome Research. 1995. 4: S185-194.
- Korbie DJ and Mattick JS. Nature Protocols. 2008. 3(9). 1452 – 1456.


text:
Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century
|Collection homeCompact list of all itemsSearch this collection's 32 items|
|Title:||Presidential timeline of the twentieth century|
"The Presidential Timeline was designed and developed by the Learning Technology Center in the University of Texas at Austin College of Education, in conjunction with the Presidential Libraries and Terra Incognita Productions. The Presidential Timeline project was made possible through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities with additional support from The Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation and The University of Texas Libraries." -- About the Project page.
An interactive timeline of Presidential history, presenting materials drawn from the Presidential Libraries. The Presidential Timeline provides a single point of access to an ever-growing selection of digitized assets from the collections of the twelve Presidential Libraries of the National Archives. These assets include document, photographs, audio recordings and video relating to the events of the president' lives. Civil rights materials cover the integration of Central High School in Little Rock and President Johnson's activities related to civil rights.
The Civil Rights Digital Library received support from a National Leadership Grant for Libraries awarded to the University of Georgia by the Institute of Museum and Library Services for the aggregation and enhancement of partner metadata.
|Types:||Instructional materials | Timelines (chronologies) | Photographs | Government records|
|Subjects:||Hoover, Herbert, _PHONE_ | Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), _PHONE_ | Truman, Harry S., _PHONE_ | Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), _PHONE_ | Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), _PHONE_ | Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), _PHONE_ | Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), _PHONE_ | Ford, Gerald R., _PHONE_ | Carter, Jimmy, 1924- | Reagan, Ronald | Bush, George, 1924- | Clinton, Bill, 1946- | Presidents--United States | Presidents--United States--Archives | Presidential libraries--United States | Civil rights movements--United States | African Americans--Civil rights | School integration--Arkansas--Little Rock | Segregation in education--United States | United States | Little Rock (Ark.) | Pulaski County (Ark.)|
|Institution:||Lyndon Baines Johnson Library|
|Contributors:||Lyndon Baines Johnson Library | Terra Incognita Productions | University of Texas Libraries | National Endowment for the Humanities|
|Online Publisher:||Austin, Tex. : The University of Texas at Austin, Learning Technology Center|
|Persistent Link to Item:||_URL_|


Pin: Password:
Advanced Technician Bus and Coach
The minimum entry requirement is a 3 years industrial experience OR a Level 3 S/NVQ (or equivalent qualification) plus at least one year's experience in a relevant industrial environment.
In order to achieve an irtec licence, a technician must successfully complete both the theory (Under Pinning Knowledge) test, and a series of practical assessments at an irtec-approved assessment centre.
The practical assessments in the Advanced Technician licence are as follows:
 1. Engine Electrical Systems
 2. Mechanical Systems
 3. Braking Systems
 4. Chassis Systems
 5. Electrical Systems
Once candidates have passed the Under Pinning Knowledge (UPK) theory test, they have 12 months in which to successfully complete all the practical assessmets.
Click to download the full overview for this route.


09 August 2018
On the 9th of August, the Middle Group English Debate was held in the Assembly Hall. The motion for the debate was 'This house would abolish the inheritance of property'. The participants of the debate belonged to class VIII and IX. The learners were very enthusiastic and all of them were able to express their opinions with conviction and poise. The debaters came up with innovative and contextual arguments which left the audience in awe of the fact that despite their young age they were able to display such maturity and depth. The Dean of Co-curricular activities Mr. Dhirendra Sharma lauded the students on their unfaltering confidence and encouraged them to participate in such events so that they can further their holistic development. The result for the event were as follows:


Similarities between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin
Topics: Battle, Military strategy, Operation Barbarossa Pages: 2 (413 words) Published: April 12, 2004
Hitler and Stalin: A Comparison
Both Hitler and Stalin were both military geniuses although their evils tend to heavily outweigh their good deeds. They were both expert propogandists and were amoral and willing to do whatever they could to better their country, they were also both quite paranoid and good strategists.
Their expert propoganda skills came into play to allow them to both attain and keep power. Hitler has been described as the world's greatest propogandist saying that he was nearly able to brainwash people with his words. Their propoganda skills were also the reason they were able to commit the atrocious acts they commited without being overthrown. It seems they were very smart to be able to control their people like this.
Another quality they both had in common was their complete and utter lack of morals. Hitler had no grief when he sent millions of Jews to concentration camps, nor did Stain feel any anguish as he killed thousands upon thousands of his fellow countrymen, both of these acts had another thing in common. They were both done for the good of the Mother/Fatherland. This shows that both men had extreme pride in their countries and would do literally anything to make them a stronger country although not necessarily a nicer place to live in.
Another similarity they had between them was their exteme paranoia, with Stalin eradicating most of his commanding officers shortly before WW2. Hitler was plagued with various mental illnesses and temporay spouts of blindness caused by a mustard gas injury he recieved in WW1. This caused Hitler to be quite suspicious of anyone.
While they were both very odd men, no one can say that were not extremely smart in the military operations, both of them running strong, effiecient militaries, which they used to conquer much of Europe, they were both quite found of infantry based warfare, Hitler invented the Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war" which he used to quickly capture a good chunk of Eureope....
Continue Reading
Please join StudyMode to read the full document
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
 - adolf hitler Essay
 - Similarities Between Hitler And Stalin Essay
 - Joseph Stalin Research Paper
 - Hitler and Stalin Essay
 - Adolf Hitler Essay
 - Adolf Hitler Essay
 - Joseph Stalin Essay
 - Adolf Hitler Essay
Become a StudyMode Member
Sign Up - It's Free


text:
Adelberg Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Adelberg Name Meaning
German: habitational name from a place in southwestern Germany called Adelberg, named with Middle High German adel 'noble' + berg 'mountain'. Jewish (Ashkenazic): ornamental name composed of German adel 'noble' + Berg 'mountain'.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Edelberg, Selberg, Melberg, Helberg, Heiberg, Arenberg, Milberg