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Project: Transport: Methods of Improving our Understanding of the Processes by which Transport Choices are made B36
Reference: STP 14/5/15
Last update: 31/12/2009 09:47:28
The objectives of the project are:
to investigate what processes are employed by individuals in making transport choices:
to identify what factors influence the decision process of any given individual:
to examine whether the processes actually employed are consistent with those assumed by the discrete choice models commonly used in transport:
to develop models that offer greater generality in the representation of individual choice behaviour;
to assess the implications, in terms of estimation, forecasting, valuation and appraisal, of mis-specifying the choice process.
How do car drivers choose a route and departure time for travelling to work? How do business or leisure travellers choose what mode to use for a long distance trip? How do car buyers choose between the myriad of cars available on the market? Such questions are fundamental to our understanding of travel behaviour, but it is debatable whether any can be answered with confidence, at least in the longer term. Evidence suggests that the choice processes actually employed by individuals may be inconsistent with those assumed in the models conventionally used in transport. Without an understanding of how people choose and appropriate models for representing choice, however, it is impossible to make reliable forecasts of how policy adjustments will impact upon travel behaviour. This project will address three principal questions. Do the choice processes actually employed by individuals accord with those assumed in disaggregate transport models? If not, does it matter? If it matters, how do we deal with it?
University of Leeds
Institute for Transport Studies, 38 University Road, Leeds, LS2 9JT
+44 (0)113 _PHONE_
Cost to the Department: £49,997.15
Actual start date: 01 October 2002
Actual completion date: 01 December 2003
Transport: 'methods of improving our understanding of the processes by which transport choices are made and the factors which affect these'
Author: Dr Richard Batley and Prof. Andrew Daly
Publication date: 28/11/2003
Summary of results
- This report summarises the findings of a study aimed at improving understanding of the processes by which transport choices are made.
The dominant behavioural paradigm underlying transport choice models is currently that of Random Utility Maximisation (RUM), originating from the work of Block and Marschak in 1960. Substantially developed and made rigorous by McFadden (particularly in his 1981 paper), this theory underlies the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) models which are now used in almost all transport studies. These models are based on a clear assumption of 'rationality', implying utility maximisation by the traveller but a lack of knowledge of the exact choice mechanisms by the analyst who therefore introduces random terms into the model.
In parallel to these developments, Tversky and his associates developed a series of models which are based on a more limited concept of rationality. An important example of these models is the use of elimination strategies which represent choice by the continual elimination of one or more choices which fail to satisfy some criterion until only one alternative remains. A fairly general class of models of this type is the Elimination-By-Aspects (EBA) family. A little-known finding by Tversky is that a simple extension of the assumptions of the model can make it consistent with the RUM paradigm. While Tversky and his associates developed some of the theory for EBA models, there have been very few practical implementations, and procedures for working with the models are not well established.
The EBA family of models can be considered to represent choice as a decision tree, a characteristic they share with all of the GEV models represented in the literature. This commonality and the use of similar probability functions to specify conditional choice has led several distinguished researchers to describe the models as "for all practical purposes indistinguishable" (McFadden), at least for simple cases. The simplest case, which has been studied in particular detail in this study, is the comparison of the hierarchical EBA model (HEBA) with the nested logit model (NL), an important and widely used example of the GEV family.
The initial analysis in this study showed that it is indeed possible to specify HEBA and NL models which imply exactly the same choice probabilities. More generally, EBA models match exactly to a specific class of GEV models, provided normalisation is undertaken to eliminate the differing degrees of over-specification of the two forms. However, these specifications need to be examined in detail to ensure that the fundamental assumptions of EBA and GEV models are maintained.
GEV can be specified to be consistent with a valid EBA, but the requisite specification is invalid as GEV. According to GEV, the utility of an alternative must be derived solely from the attributes of that alternative; otherwise the utility maximisation basis of GEV is destroyed. Consistency with a valid EBA, however, can be achieved only by breaking this rule.
EBA can be specified to be consistent with a valid GEV, but the requisite specification may not be valid as EBA. Choice probability in EBA must be non-negative at each stage in the decision tree, but in achieving consistency with a valid GEV this condition may be violated. (We note, however, that appropriate transformation of EBA/GEV may avoid such violation).
We conclude that the findings of previous researchers concerning this equivalence have been inadequate and that although EBA models may be consistent with RUM, it is not necessary that they are equivalent to the most obviously corresponding GEV model.
Empirical analysis of the two model forms was undertaken on a conveniently available data set which contained features of complexity appearing to make it suitable to illuminate the differences between the model forms. First, assumptions had to be made concerning the practical implementation of the HEBA model and software had to be prepared to estimate its parameters.
The results of this comparison showed that in many cases the HEBA model, with fewer estimated coefficients, outperformed the NL model. Tests were devised for distinguishing between the models, showing that in a number of cases they were indeed significantly different in terms of their parameter values and (therefore) implications for forecasting. Forecasting procedures for EBA models remain difficult to specify. Similarly, it is unclear whether and how attribute valuations can be derived from EBA; though we note that the concept of compensatory choice, which offers a basis for the derivation of valuations, is not clearly precluded by EBA.
Appraisal with EBA models presents a number of problems. Criteria have to be defined that can be extracted from the models - the study suggests some of these but is not able to recommend one strongly over the others. It is difficult to express any evaluation criterion in monetary terms because of the lack of a well-specified cost coefficient in the model. Theoretical issues may also impede the use of EBA models in appraisal.
The strength of the EBA models is in the explanation they give of observed behaviour, which is reported in the literature and has been reproduced in our own findings. This strength makes it worthwhile to continue the investigation of the EBA paradigm, attempting to solve the problems that have been identified and determining whether our results are reproducible on other data.


Trystan Spangler | 3 Sep 18:27 2011
ANNOUNCE: hspec-0.8.0 (command line runner and nested specs)
hspec version 0.8.0, Behavior Driven Development for Haskell, is now available!
This latest release includes a command line runner that can search through directory trees for specs and support for nested specs.
From the hspec specs:
the "describe" function - takes a description of what the behavior is for - groups behaviors for what's being described a nested description - has it's own specs - may be displayed indented
And from the hspec command line runner:
hspec searches through files or folders and runs any top level declarations with a type of 'Specs' or 'IO Specs'. Monadic specs must be fully qualified, list-based specs may be qualified or not. You can specify specific *.hs files or directories to search through or let hspec search the current directory tree for specs to run. usage: hspec [OPTIONS] [TARGET_LIST] -f FORMAT --format=FORMAT Specifies what format to use for output. By default the specdoc format is used. FORMAT can be silent, progress, specdoc, or failed_examples. -o FILE_NAME --output=FILE_NAME Specifies the file to use for output. By default output is directed to stdout. FILE_NAME can be stdout or stderr for those handles. -e REGEX --example=REGEX Only execute examples with a matching description. By default all examples are executed. -c TRUE|FALSE --color=TRUE|FALSE Force output to have or not have red and green color. By default color is only used when output is directed to stdout. --runfile=FILE_NAME Use a specific file to log the last run results. This is read when using the --rerun option. By default the file ".hspecLastRun" logs the last run results. -r RERUNOPT --rerun=RERUNOPT Rerun a specific subset of specs. This looks at the last run file specified by -runfile. RERUNOPT can be "all" or "failed". By default the last run file is ignored and all specs are run. -h, -? --help Display this help. -v --verbose Display detailed information about what hspec is doing. --specs Include the specs for the hspec command line runner itself. When used, the target list will not default to the current directory. A non-empty target list will still be searched though.
Trystan Spangler
Haskell mailing list
Haskell


text:
Click image for caption and other photo
Canola Oil and Fungal Mixture May Help Stop
a Hopper Scourge By Amy Spillman
November 13, 2002
During the summer of 2002, grasshopper infestations in the
western United States were some of the worst reported in more than 60 years.
The insects' numbers swelled so high that the governor of Utah declared a state
of agricultural emergency.
Currently, chemicals such as carbaryl, diflubenzuron and
malathion are the only effective and economical insecticides on the market that
land managers can use to battle grasshopper infestations. Now, however,
scientists with the Agricultural Research
Service and University of
Wyoming-Laramie are studying what could become a less costly and more
environmentally friendly alternative--a mixture of a naturally occurring fungus
and canola oil.
Stefan Jaronski, a research entomologist at ARS'
Northern Plains Agricultural Research
Laboratory in Sidney, Mont., is collaborating with insect ecologist Jeff
Lockwood and others at the university in a large-scale evaluation of
Beauveria bassiana. The all-natural fungus is effective against
grasshoppers and is commercially produced, but it's also expensive, costing
between $16 and $32 per acre of treatment.
In earlier research, Lockwood discovered that grasshoppers are
attracted to canola oil, and Jaronski verified its potential to increase the
effectiveness of the Beauveria fungus in greenhouse tests. Now, the
scientists are coupling the fungus with a canola oil carrier and applying it to
alternate strips of land to determine whether the mixture can be effective
under field conditions. If it is, they will also determine how little of the
mixture is needed per acre for it to remain effective.
Both aerial and ground applications are being used in the
560-acre test, which began in the summer of 2002 and will end in 2004.
According to Jaronski, the first field trial has been very encouraging. If
their final results are also positive, an affordable biological treatment to
stop grasshopper infestations may be on the market in the not-too-distant
The researchers will be presenting the data they've collected so
far at the Entomological Society of
America annual meeting to be held November 17-20 in Fort Lauderdale,
ARS is the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


A viola by the Voller Brothers
19 Oct 2018 - John Dilworth
The name Voller can provoke both excitement and trepidation. The English brothers William, Alfred and Charles have a well-deserved reputation as ingenious copyists, and are the very last words the owner of a treasured old Italian instrument might wish to hear. But once their work is identified, and separated from what might admittedly be a slightly disturbing history, it is time to enjoy the skill and artistry that these naturally reclusive makers very frequently display. Some of their work is undistinguished, admittedly, churned out for quick returns and with little consideration. Often though, an exceptional instrument stops you in your tracks and makes you marvel. This viola is an example. From any point of view it is a distinguished piece of work, carried out with great skill, ingenuity and sensitivity, capturing almost perfectly the essence of an instrument two hundred years older than it is, and the definitive charm of Italian work of the classical period.
What is particularly interesting is that this is a relatively late work by the Vollers; dendrochronology shows that it was made after 1922, the date of the youngest growth of the pine in the front, and therefore after the death of the middle brother Alfred in 1918, at the age of 61. Genuine labels of the brothers are very rare, and almost non-existent after the very earliest period in the 1890s, since their instruments almost invariably bear fictitious dates as well as names. A chronology of the brothers' work is very difficult to establish, but knowing that this viola was the work of William and Charles is very helpful. William died in 1933, aged 79, and his younger brother Charles lived on until 1949, when he died aged 84. Given the vigour and assurance of the workmanship in this Tononi copy, it seems reasonable to attribute it in the main, if not entirely, to Charles.
It is clearly a copy of a Giovanni Tononi, and a model that the brothers used more than once. They must certainly have had access to an original example through their associations with the London trade at that period, from _PHONE_, specifically with George Hart, for whom they worked early in their careers.
Voller Brothers viola
'This viola is a distinguished piece of work, carried out with great skill, ingenuity and sensitivity.'
Voller Brothers viola
The Tononi model is a beautiful one. There are several genuine examples extant, any of which may have been the inspiration for the Voller copy. Typically, the form is Amatise, and the workmanship suitably precise. Giovanni Tononi was by far the best of the Bolognese makers in the eighteenth century, and his viola model an ideal 41cm long, a perfect pattern for modern instruments.
The arching is beautifully rendered, faithfully imitating the comparatively high, rounded curves and emphatic edge channel of the original, with beautifully cut open Amatise soundholes, set characteristically close together and upright. One of the indicators of Voller authorship is that the circles of the 'F's are knife-cut, rather than pierced with a circular cutter as the original would have been.
Another clear indication of their work is the use of ebony for the black veneers of the purfling, again inappropriate for a genuine Tononi. Yet another intriguing point is the tiny 'black spot' that appears on most of the wood surfaces under the varnish. Unobtrusive enough in this deliberately aged and patinated instrument, the tiny irregular marks may indicate acid treatment, which was probably the Voller's method for darkening and visually ageing the wood. Significantly, the head does not show these marks, and it is very possible that it is an older piece, 'salvaged' from a donor instrument, which was also a regular practice of the Vollers. Nevertheless the style and workmanship of the scroll is very much in tune with the rest of the instrument, and the repair to the cheek below the C and G pegs may equally imply that the Vollers simply made use of an already well-aged and darkened piece of wood, despite it having been pierced with a nail in its previous manifestation, like the wood from an old bridge used by Rocca, or the billiard table that Panormo is said to have plundered for violin parts. The cello-style cheeks are however not an authentic Tononi feature. Why the Vollers would have adapted the original design in this way is not clear, but it is not easy to attribute the head to any other hand.
'The arching is beautifully rendered, faithfully imitating the comparatively high, rounded curves and emphatic edge channel of the original.'
One last surprising and, in the circumstances, pleasing feature of the instrument is the fact that it has two labels. One, in the conventional position beneath the bass 'F', is a convincing facsimile of Joannes Tononi, dated 1737. But adhering to the lower treble rib on the inside is another, made out in the name of Pietro Tononi, 1703. Pietro was certainly a member of the Tononi family, born in 1647, but his activity as a violin maker is in doubt. It is a typical gesture of the forger to use the most obscure name consistent with high value and interest. Examples of authenticated Pietro Tononi work are non-existent, making it impossible to compare or dispute the authenticity of the copy. It is a common strategy of copyists in any field. The Pietro ticket is probably the label that the Vollers themselves originally placed beneath the 'F', and is consistent in form with other fictional labels that they printed up. The present, more prominent label is probably the work of a subsequent speculator, who presumably felt that changing the attribution from the little-known Pietro to the more valuable Giovanni, whose work it most clearly represents, would be financially beneficial.
Label inside Voller Brothers viola
Recent Posts


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New Study Evaluates Drug-Related Harm Among Hospitalized Children Category: Child Health News
A study published in the April 2008 issue of Pediatrics found that a new "trigger tool" dramatically increased the detection of adverse drug events in hospital settings. With this tool, the authors found 11.1 adverse drug events per 100 admissions, a much higher rate than previous studies found.
Twelve children's hospitals, convened through the Child Health Corporation of America (CHCA), worked to adapt the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Adverse Drug Event (ADE) Trigger Tool for adults to more appropriately and accurately detect adverse drug events in pediatric hospital settings. The new Pediatric Adverse Drug Events (ADE) Trigger Tool can be found on CHCA's site.
Experts from the National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality (NICHQ) provided both improvement and safety expertise in support of a CHCA collaborative improvement program to reduce the frequency of these events in pediatric hospitals.
Eliminating harm from pediatric care is one part of the bold agenda that NICHQ is leading to improve children's healthcare. Dr. Homer commented on the release of the study:
NBC - Medicine mix-ups put kids at risk (Article and Video)
Please note: Although stated incorrectly by some media reports, neither NICHQ nor Dr. Homer created the pediatric tool nor conducted the study. We applaud the efforts of the investigators and the leadership of CHCA in creating this pediatric tool. NICHQ endorses the widespread use of this tool to detect these events as part of a comprehensive pediatric safety program.


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Please Don't Quote Me
PART II – Some called them by the more elegant "White Bronze" when in actuality they were merely plain old zinc. Their fabrication became known after a short while, however, because when exposed to the air, zinc turns a blue-gray color, zinc carbonate. They are easily identified by their distinctive tint. active too.
Click on the Flag for More Information
world wide web

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Indoor training header image
During quarantine we all learned that indoor training has its own peculiarities. It is not the "typical" training when there's less than ideal weather, but it is the kind that carries with it certain levels of difficulty, requiring a closer look on techniques, duration and specific chamois pads.
So what are the considerations that should be made to make the most of indoor training?
We asked the professors of, Dr. Antonio Paoli and Dr. Giuseppe Marcolin (Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padua), Dr. Andrea Fusaz (athletic trainer CCC Team and technical collaborator of the Cycling Team Friuli, as well as biomechanical owner of the CTF Lab) and Denis Bertoldo (R&D Manager of Elastic Interface®).
The experts will accompany us in various installments of this mini-guide on keeping fit and staying in shape… as we all prepare to go back to cycling outdoors.
In indoor training, sweating increases exponentially. Why is this so?
Dr. Giuseppe Marcolin: Sweating is a mechanism adopted by the body to lower body temperature. Sweating too much indoors is due to the lack of ventilation, which helps to lower the body temperature (convection). While riding, the cyclist performs intense efforts while reaching high speeds (descents) which, due to the effect of the air, reduce body temperature. In the simulated descents of indoor training, one is obliged to keep pedaling while there is no air action, explaining why the cyclist sweats so profusely.
Sudorazione sui rulli
Does cycling indoors fill the environment with CO2, and leave little oxygen?
GM: The time spent on indoor trainer does not significantly alter the concentration of CO2 so much so that it can cause health risks. For better comfort, however, it is preferable to keep a window open or slightly open depending on the outside temperature. This ensures good air ventilation in the room.
Can using a fan prevent heat stroke?
GM: The use of the fan is subjective and can help disperse the heat during exercise on the indoor trainer. If used, it is advisable to operate the fan at low speeds.
What is the recommended duration for an indoor workout?
GM: While there is no ideal duration, an average duration ranges from 45 to 90 minutes depending on the kind of training. Rather than an excessively long session, the training can be broken up into a morning session and an afternoon session. It is also important to define the number of training sessions per week. For an average cyclist, 60 minutes of training every other day is definitely a solid training program. It is advisable to partake in high quality workouts to get the maximum benefit.
In what sense can the body be subjected to "too much" stress in indoor training?
GM: The static sitting position causes greater concentration of pressure on the perineal area compared to pedaling on the road. Not only does indoor training require the cyclist to remain seated most of the time, the lack of bicycle oscillations also make their position more static. Consequently, the pressure on the perineum remains practically confined to the same area for most of the training. To solve this, get up on the pedals at a certain frequency to lift the burden off the perineal area.
It is also useful to change the position of the hands often, even if cycling makes the rider grip the handlebar area near the stem. Doing this helps to significantly change the area of the perineal area in which pressure is concentrated.
In summary:
 - beware of heat exhaustion that can occur due to poor ventilation;
 - maintain a good air exchange in the room;
 - workouts should have an average duration between 45 and 90 minutes;
 - getting up on the pedals at a certain frequency;
 - change the position of the hands often
Infographic indoor training
For the next installment of tech tips we will provide a guide to how to structure your indoor training session, straight from the experts!


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
SPIHT (Set Partition in Hierarchical Trees) is an image compression algorithm that exploits the inherent similarities across subbands in a wavelet decomposition of an image. It implies uniform quantization and bit allocation applied after wavelet decomposition.
The algorithm codes the most important (in the sense of MSE reduction) wavelet transform coefficients in priority, and transmits the bits so that an increasingly refined copy of the original image is obtained with time.
The order in which coefficients are transmitted is recovered on the decoder using information of comparisons and sets being examined for significance during the sort, sets are created using hierarchical tree structure, i.e. Set Partition in Hierarchical Trees.
One of the advantages with SPIHT is that it produces an (optimal) embedded bitstream. This means that the bitstream can be truncated at any instant, and is then guaranteed to yield the best possible reconstruction.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Sodium hypophosphite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaH2PO2. It contains sodium and hypophosphite ions.
It is a white solid. It is a strong reducing agent. When it is heated, it produces phosphine gas and sodium phosphite. It is quite poisonous. It can be oxidized to sodium phosphate.
It is made by heating white phosphorus in sodium hydroxide solution. This makes phosphine gas and sodium hypophosphite.
It is used for nickel plating without doing electrolysis.


Definitions of subjective
 1. ( philosophy) of a mental act; occurring entirely within the mind
 2. Relating to the subject, as opposed to the object; pertaining to the conscious subject as distinct from the object in itself; characterized by the individuality of the author.
 3. Pertaining to the subject as opposed to the object; relating to, or derived from, one's own consciousness; based upon one's own feelings; as, a subjective view of life.
 4. Relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject, opposed to objective.
 5. Subjectiveness, subjectivity.
 6. Relating to the subject; derived from one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; in the phil. of mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, objective what belongs to the object of thought.
 7. That which is due to external conditions.
 8. Subjectively.
 10. Perceived by the individual only and not evident to the examiner, noting certain symptoms, such as pain.
 11. Relating to the subject; pertaining to consciousness or to conscious mind.
 12. taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias; " a subjective judgment"
 13. of a mental act performed entirely within the mind; " a cognition is an immanent act of mind"
 15. Of or pertaining to a subject.
Quotes of subjective
 1. Does not the very word 'creative' mean to build, to initiate, to give out, to actrather than to be acted upon, to be subjective Living photography is positive in its approach, it sings a song of lifenot death. – Berenice Abbott
 2. I have a problem when people say something's real or not real, or normal or abnormal. The meaning of those words for me is very personal and subjective I've always been confused and never had a clearcut understanding of the meaning of those kinds of words. – Tim Burton
 3. Sexual harassment is complex, subtle, and highly subjective – Kathie Lee Gifford
 4. I mean, the competition is really created by the buzz around the Emmys. It's a totally subjective thing. – Michael C. Hall
 5. Most Americans in both red and blue states reject and resent the message being sent by Hollywood and some in the media that values are subjective to be defined by the individual and not by God. – Trent Lott
 6. It is psychological law that whatever we desire to accomplish we must impress upon the subjective or subconscious mind. – Orison Swett Marden
 7. The essayist has to follow a certain intellectual pattern. The novelist has the advantage of using fantasy, of being subjective – Manuel Puig
 8. No sane person should believe that something is subjective merely because it cannot be settled beyond controversy. – Hilary Putnam
 11. Those objecting to the concept of race argue that the taxonomic definitions are arbitrary and subjective – J. Philippe Rushton
 12. Modern culture is constantly growing more objective. Its tissues grow more and more out of impersonal energies, and absorb less and less the subjective entirety of the individual. – Georg Simmel
 13. I'm more concerned with getting them to find and strengthen their original voice as writers rather than imposing my own subjective tastes, judgements or sensibility on the project. – Douglas Wood
 14. The distinguishing characteristics of mind are of a subjective sort; we know them only from the contents of our own consciousness. – Wilhelm Wundt
Usage examples for subjective
 1. The name man is caused by the adname whatever to be twofold subjective case, from its denoting, of itself, one person as the subject of the two remarks. " – The Grammar of English Grammars by Goold Brown
 2. And, if one is to venture into more speculative and subjective arguments, I find it rather hard to think of any lyric poet except Euripides who could have written the Adrasteia chorus or the lines about the Nightingale in the Watchers' Song; of any playwright except Euripides who would have ended a play of gallant martial adventure with the vision of a solitary mother clasping her dead son. " – The Rhesus of Euripedes by Euripedes
 3. In some cases a triviality of thought, the everyday wisdom that is too dull not to seem calm and disinterested, comes to represent the artistic condition in which the subjective side has quite sunk out of sight. " – Thoughts Out of Season (Part II) by Friedrich Nietzsche
 4. These ideas, being then transferred to his subjective mind, exert an unwholesome influence upon his bodily functions. " – Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery by Robert Means Lawrence
 5. What of this new and astonishing revelationnew and astonishing to him, at any ratethat love, to a woman, is not a mere decoction of bliss administered by a powerful and benevolent male, but a highly complicated universe of subjective illusions in which the lover is only dimly seen as a necessary but disturbing phantom of gross and agonizing ineptitudes? " – Command by William McFee
 6. He is an idea, a belief, which gives meaning to our ethical life, a subjective necessity. " – Preaching and Paganism by Albert Parker Fitch
 7. The original and elementary subjective fact in society is the consciousness of kind, writes Professor Giddings,... " – by
 8. It was an argument from the utility of beliefs to their truth; from the fact that certain subjective convictions produced good results, to the correspondence of such convictions with objective reality. " – The Faith of the Millions (2nd series) by George Tyrrell
 9. " I have made endless experiments on this point, and by no effort of the imagination can I persuade myself, when looking at a colour, that the colour is in my mind, and not at a " distance off," though of course I know perfectly well, as a matter of reason, that colour is subjective – Critiques and Addresses by Thomas Henry Huxley
 10. Living more or less in a subjective universe, our rambles in thought were better tonics than medicine to him. " – Edgar Saltus: The Man by Marie Saltus
 11. " Spenser a Subjective Poet. " – Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben P. Halleck
 12. We have seen that everything turns on the obligation of our subjective part to act within the limits of the suggestion which has been most deeply impressed upon it. " – The Creative Process in the Individual by Thomas Troward
 13. Still, the alteration was not wholly in herself; it was not wholly subjective – The Old Wives' Tale by Arnold Bennett
 14. We recognize in our experience two distinct orders, the objective order, the system of phenomena which constitutes the material world, and the subjective order, the order of things mental, to which belong sensations and " ideas." " – An Introduction to Philosophy by George Stuart Fullerton
 15. It is too utterly subjective to please you. " – The Life of Froude by Herbert Paul
 16. It will be observed that for lack of any tangible evidence he very properly makes use of subjective reasoning. " – The Dramatic Values in Plautus by Wilton Wallace Blancke
 17. But under the influence of love she plunges into herself, as it were, and her life for the time being is purely subjective – What Dreams May Come by Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton
 18. Nor is this as easy as it might appear; for, as we saw in our study of the emotions, our feeling attitude toward any object that occupies the mind is largely responsible for the subjective value we place upon it. " – The Mind and Its Education by George Herbert Betts
 19. As the work progresses through the different years, the subjective and creative sides are more and more emphasized, and the study of objects is felt to be merely a means necessary to an end. " – Text Books of Art Education, Book IV (of 7) by Hugo B. Froehlich Bonnie E. Snow


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a smooth function $f:\mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $f(x,n)$, where $n\in\mathbb{N}$, is the truncated Taylor series of $e^x$, namely $1+ x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dotsb + \frac{x^n}{n!}$, in a fashion similar to the gamma function?
share|improve this question
You probably mean not only smooth but analytic? – Slaviks Mar 29 '12 at 5:30
1 Answer 1
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Sure; we have the relationship
$$\sum_{k=0}^n \frac{x^k}{k!}=\frac{\Gamma(n+1,x)}{\Gamma(n+1)}\exp\,x=Q(n+1,x)\exp\,x$$
where $\Gamma(n)$ is the usual gamma function and $\Gamma(n,a)$ is the (upper) incomplete gamma function, and $Q(n,a)$ is the regularized (upper) incomplete gamma function; see that link as well as this link for more on its properties. The expression on the right definitely makes sense not only for integer values of $n$...
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Video: Members of the 69th Remember Fredericksburg
A video statement of what the weekend's Battle of Fredericksburg 150th meant to participants.
Four reenactors portraying members of the 69th New York in the Battle of Fredericksburg Sesquicentennial shared with Patch on video what the weekend meant to them.
The National Park Service marked the anniversary Sunday with a procession from the Rappahannock River to Marye's Heights, following the 69th New York's route of advance. The procession ended along the historic Sunken Road, with a program featuring music, readings, living historians and reflections on the events of 150 years ago.
The 69th New York was one of five regiments that fought with the Irish Brigade, a unit composed largely of Irish immigrants. On Dec. 13, 1862, the regiment joined dozens of other Union regiments in attacking Marye's Heights, losing 128 men, including each of its officers.
Visit Battle of Fredericksburg 150th for Fredericksburg Patch's assemblage of information about and coverage of the week's events.


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Hemi-Sync is a patented, scientifically and clinically proven audio-guidance technology refined with over 40 years of research. Researchers learned that specific sound patterns could lead the brain to various states of consciousness, ranging from deep relaxation or sleep to expanded awareness and other "extraordinary" states.
The audio-guidance process works through the generation of complex, multilayered audio signals, which act together to create a resonance that is reflected in unique brain-wave forms characteristic of specific states of consciousness. The result is a focused, whole-brain state known as hemispheric synchronization, or "Hemi-Sync", where the left and right hemispheres are working together in a state of coherence. Different Hemi-Sync signals are used to facilitate deep relaxation, focused attention, or other desired states. As an analogy, lasers produce focused, coherent light. Hemi-Sync produces a focused coherent mind, which is an optional condition for improving human performance.
Music, with subtle sound effects are conbined with Hemi-Sync signals to strengthen their effectiveness. These recordings do not contain subliminal messages. You are always in control.
Aeoliah's music is a perfect fit for the Hemi-Sync Program because it facilitates higher states of consciousness that are sustained by reosnanct harmonics which are healing, uplifting and transforming.


regenerate your wordlist, do the following:
DELETE FROM search_words;
INSERT INTO search_words (word) SELECT DISTINCT lower(word) FROM (SELECT unnest(regexp_split_to_array(lastname, E'\\\\W+')) AS word FROM people) words WHERE word IS NOT NULL AND length(word) > 3;
What that does is explode the lastname field out into words (in case a lastname is multi-word), where each word is its own record. It also filters out excessively short words (optional). It then inserts these into the search_words table, which has a trigram index. So, now, if you want to fuzzy-match individual words, you can use the search_words table!
Anyway, additional fun can be had by using unaccent to remove accents before all of this processing, or other fun to massage your data however you feel is best. The important thing is that, for all but the most strenuous data sets, we can now keep all of the searching located within the database itself, managed by database tools, without having to rely on external search engines such as Lucene, which take time, management, machine power, and their own sets of headaches. Lucene itself often has to be hand-rigged for large datasets even. I am a big believer in pushing as much data work to the database as possible, and PostgreSQL keeps pushing the bar higher!


Janet 1.8.1-5b6b9f1 Documentation
(Other Versions: 1.7.0 1.6.0 1.5.1 1.5.0 1.4.0 1.3.1 )
Tuple Module
tuple/brackets tuple/setmap tuple/slice tuple/sourcemap tuple/type
tuple/brackets cfunction
(tuple/brackets & xs)
Creates a new bracketed tuple containing the elements xs.
tuple/setmap cfunction
(tuple/setmap tup line column)
Set the sourcemap metadata on a tuple. line and column indicate should be integers.
tuple/slice cfunction
(tuple/slice arrtup [,start=0 [,end=(length arrtup)]])
Take a sub sequence of an array or tuple from index start inclusive to index end exclusive. If start or end are not provided, they default to 0 and the length of arrtup respectively.'start' and 'end' can also be negative to indicate indexing from the end of the input. Note that index -1 is synonymous with index '(length arrtup)' to allow a full negative slice range. Returns the new tuple.
tuple/sourcemap cfunction
(tuple/sourcemap tup)
Returns the sourcemap metadata attached to a tuple, which is another tuple (line, column).
tuple/type cfunction
(tuple/type tup)
Checks how the tuple was constructed. Will return the keyword :brackets if the tuple was parsed with brackets, and :parens otherwise. The two types of tuples will behave the same most of the time, but will print differently and be treated differently by the compiler.


text:
The classic guide for educators of any denomination. What mission calls us to teach? How do societal issues - social oppression, poverty, politics - affect what we teach, how we teach it, and how people learn? Who are our students? What and when are they ready to learn? Once we understand these foundations, how can we facilitate an educational experience that has the power to shape and transform people and communities in life-giving ways of faith? In this classic text, Thomas Groome asks and answers these central questions, providing a comprehensive integration of the history, theory, and practice of modern religious education for a new generation of educators.
Customer Questions & Answers:


text:
For the past 7 years,
This instructable will cover the technique of making masks using this method: from plastilin to plaster, as well as explain some of the artistic thinking behind the process.
As well as providing a general approach for anyone wanting to do their own project using this method, we provide 2 examples (our own work of Halloween 2009) of masks made using this process, detailing the differences in approach that were taken.
The masks we created this year:
DainiusGB: The Joker Thug mask
Aurimasmb: The Ogre mask
So - get out your trusty vaseline, and get ready to create your own high-quality Halloween mask!
Step 1: Preparation
Using a base mass for support, we created a mold from plastilin (a high-end modeling dough) for the shape of the mask. Next, we applied wet plaster of paris gauze/bandage in strips over the mold. Once dry, we removed this plaster shape, trimmed it, pierced eye, nose, and strap attachment holes, smoothed the surface and painted it. For some final touches, hair or other details are applied to the mask, as well as any padding for comfort.
Here are some materials that you'll be needing:
Base mass - This could be anything from a head-shaped rock to a bowl - its purpose is to provide the basic shape on which to apply plastiline and mold the face of your mask. Instead of using wollops of plastiline to fill in empty skull space, use this to do the work for you. Fortunately for us this year, we had access to life-sized, perfectly proportionately correct models of the human heads, complete with nice stands to work on (a plaster head used for academic drawing). Previously I have used whatever I could find lying around the house - bowls, vases, even lobster buoys from the beach. The point is - it has to be about the size of your head.
A plastic bag/wrap/sheet - This is very useful when dealing with getting your plastiline off your base mass and keeping your art teacher's plaster head clean.
Tape - Use this to tape the plastic to your base mass.
2 or more kg of Plastiline - This is one of the most precious artistic materials in existence. It does not need to cure, is infinitely reusable, and actually becomes more malleable when being used because of heat generated by your hands.
Plaster of Paris bandages/gauze or (not recommended) newspapers and papier mache liquid (flour, water.) Plaster bandages can be found at the trusty art store.
Paints or markers for painting and detailing your mask. Its up to you how you want to paint or color your mask - we used acrylic paints.
A bowl of water To dip the plaster bandages into when plastering.
Some tools to work the Plastiline (my personal favorite is a butter knife, knicked from the kitchen)
Hair dryer - Used to help the wet plaster dry.
Handtowel or cloth of some kind - Used to soak up excess moisture during plaster process.
Clear laquer - for making a shiny smooth effect on the mask. The unsmoothed plaster surface can be very rough and bumpy, making it difficult to paint well. Also, if you want a metallic effect, If you spray paint the smoothed mask silver or gold it can look almost like metal.
Hot glue gun - To attach softeners on the inside of the mask or for attaching the bicycle helmet strap.


The beauty of cosmic education
Painting by Anna Lorenz
I am always looking for new challenges, for both my class and myself. This is an idea that worked out just the way I hoped it would…I am proud to present our English spoken digital book: The life of Nelson Mandela in 31 paintings.
It was great to all work together on this project. The integration of history, human rights, culture, arts, English and ICT, makes this project a good example of the endless possibilities of our beautiful cosmic education.
Based on the book Madiba by Angela Machiel-Guépin, the children painted an important moment of Mandela's life. I took photos and uploaded them to the app Explain Everything. Then the children could record their own voice, reading the supporting English text of the painting. Some children were appointed 'pronunciation coach' and helped others practise their lines.
One can make a digital (art) book on any subject. The beauty of a biography however, is that each child is responsible for his/her own part, but every part (child) is needed to make the book (the life story) complete.
The result is wonderful and I am very proud of my class!
Enjoy The life of Nelson Mandela in 31 paintings.
Paintings (acrylic) and voice-over by the children of _USER_ (9-11 year-olds).
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Trade-Volatility Relationship in the light of Nigeria and the Euro Area.
Source: JAES
In this study, the impact of exchange rate volatility on Nigerian exports to Eurozone countries is investigated. Monthly export data from January 1999 to December 2016 was used. This study utilizes the bounds test approach to cointegration to analyze how exchange rate volatility exerts influence on Nigeria's export to the Euro Area. GARCH (1, 1) is employed to measure the volatility of the Naira/dollar exchange rate. In the considered model, Nigeria's export to the Euro Area is taken as the dependent variable, whilst the independent variables include income of the Euro Area, price and the volatility measure Given that the variables are a combination of I (1) upper bound and I (0),(lower bound the bounds test is used to test for cointegration. After confirming the existence of cointegration, the short-run and long-run coefficients are estimated. The shortrun result shows that price and volatility have negative and positive lagged effects on Nigeria's export, respectively. In the long run, coefficients of price and volatility are significantly positive. The income of the Euro Area has no significant impact on Nigeria's exports in both the short and long run. The study recommends that Government subsidies and a floating exchange rate system are implemented
Journal of Applied Economic Sciences
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VegBrain: why vegetarians are more empathic
November 19, 2013 in Lifestyle by BecSanderson | visit BecSanderson's blog
Blog posts: 4
Thumb_brain Test results
The logic is a little silly, but it goes something like this: if people care so much about animal welfare that they would undertake the [difficult and effortful] task of becoming vegan or vegetarian, then they simply can't care so much about other things, like people. This will probably sound ridiculous to anyone who is, or has met a vegetarian. Perhaps you, like me, even fall into the growing group of people who avoid meat largely because of wider concerns about the environment.
So is there any grain of truth in this idea that vegetarians, on average, are generally more concerned about animals than humans?
Of course, some people probably are (a certain horrible stereotype of the elderly cat lady springs to mind), but let's move away from unhelpful stereotypes and look at the facts, because there is some interesting research that has investigated exactly this question.
In 2010, some Italian neuropsychologists got a group of people together with different eating habits - some of them vegan, some vegetarian, and some omnivorous. They were interested in finding out whether "the neural representation of conditions of abuse and suffering might be different among subjects who made different feeding choice due to ethical reasons, and thus result in the engagement of different components of the brain networks associated with empathy and social cognition". To translate that into common English, they were looking at brain scans to see whether vegan/vegetarian/omnivorous people processed animal and human suffering in different ways.
The experiment doesn't sound particularly pleasant. Participants had to sit stuck in an fMRI scanner, which measured their brain activity while they watched horrible scenes of human and animal abuse (including images of mutilation, torture and murder). Bit clockwork orange. But the results are really interesting, because the vegans and vegetarians actually showed higher empathy and compassion towards both the animal and the humansuffering, than the meat-eating group. And, on top of this, both vegans and vegetarians had their own specific brain areas lighting up, that weren't the same in people in other groups. When vegetarians saw pictures of human suffering, for example, they had activity in a part of the brain that helps represent the body and distinguish self from other. And when they saw animal suffering, they had brain activation in an area linked to greater attention and empathic pain. (See the image for how this looked in the fMRI scans – you can see that the responses were slightly different in the three groups).
What does this mean? Well, this evidence suggests that empathy in response to human suffering is both greater and more complex in vegetarians/vegan than it is in meat-eaters. A finding that not only banishes our silly and unhelpful stereotype, but turns it right on its head. The authors of the study back this up by saying that: "vegetarians and vegans, who decided to avoid the use of animal products for ethical reasons, have a moral philosophy of life based on a set of basic values and attitudes toward life, nature, and society, that extends well beyond food choice." Another writer echoes this with the observation that "most animal advocates also care deeply about a broad spectrum of social justice and humanitarian causes."
Again, we're talking about average patterns here, so it won't hold for every vegetarian and meat-eater. And this particular study is rather small, so we should definitely wait for more research before we can take the results as gospel. But, for those of us who may suffer the annoying and illogical reproach 'there are more important issues to worry about than animals!", this might at least provide some nice support in our defense: Yes, many vegetarians and vegans are concerned about animal welfare, but they are often deeply concerned about humans too.
Tags: vegan vegetarian psychology values research
August 22, 2015 06:58
Thank you for sharing. This research will be usefull when typical arguments like "Why dont you care more about humans." comes the next time.
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Coronavirus tests and certificates
 Coronavirus antigen testing at port of Tallinn (D terminal)
 We offer coronavirus testing at Port of Tallinn (D terminal) for travelling, with the issuance of the corresponding certificate.
 If you have symptoms of the disease, please contact 1220 or your family doctor. You must come for the coronavirus test with a face mask.
 Antigen tests determine the presence of coronavirus-specific proteins in a sample. Coronavirus tests are most sensitive when the amount of the virus in the body is at its highest – usually from a few days before to around five days after the onset of disease symptoms. Therefore, a positive antigen test result most likely means that the patient has recently fallen ill and is infectious to other people.
 For whom?
 Coronavirus antigen tests for travel are intended for people who need to rule out infection with COVID-19 so that they are able to travel to countries where coronavirus antigen test results are acceptable.
 How testing works?
 The sample is taken from the nasopharynx using a special cotton swab.
 How quickly are the results available?
 Antigen test results with the certificate are available within 30 minutes.
 Can the results be used as a travel certificate?
 Yes, a certificate for the coronavirus test result will be issued to the e-mail address of the person tested.
 49 €
 5 minutes
 Book an appointment
 Book an appointment


text:
By the tap hole with the ironworker
What sort of grunting noises does the furnace in the Landscape Park make when pig iron is being produced? What blooming surprises do you think you're in for when you set off to explore nature in the park? What happens if the furnace gets a sore "throat"? The guided tours through the Landscape Park are as varied as the former ironworks itself.
Whether it's through the Parklands or the area around Blast Furnace 5 and high up to the viewing platform – a guided tour through the Landscape Park will show you a piece of living industrial and cultural history.
Part of that living history is, for example, the fact that former ironworkers regularly come here to meet up with the Blast Furnace again. Standing in front of the Blast Furnace's run-off chute they talk to visitors about the hot working conditions and give an insight into an ironworker's life. It's especially on the torchlit guided tours at weekends that the works once more gives off a fiery glow just as it did thirty years ago. But please note – on the evening tours a torch is essential!


text:
I investigate how females' genetic backgrounds influence their fertility.
There is a substantial gap in our knowledge of how allelic variants and their combinations influence the mechanisms regulating oocyte development in both humans and mice. The Ovarian Reserve (OR), a major determinant of female fertility and reproductive lifespan, is thought to be influenced by genetic factors. Both the size of the OR and onset of menopause vary among genetically heterogenous women; in such populations, each individual carries a unique set of allelic variants. Difficulties in investigating human ovarian tissue and using a single inbred mouse strain, typically C57BL/6J (B6), for analysis of knockout phenotypes has limited our understanding of how allelic variants regulate the establishment of the OR. To understand the genetic regulation of the OR establishment, we designed a study using genetically diverse mice to better recapitulate genetic variation in the human population. We utilized classical laboratory and wild-derived strains (known as the founder strains) and Collaborative Cross (CC), which are multiparent recombinant inbred lines generated from the founder strains. Together, these strains cover ~90% of variation found in the mouse genome and provide us the power to understand the genetic influence during oocyte development. My study will contribute knowledge to what alleles and mechanisms regulate female egg numbers and quality.


text:
The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze resources and capabilities that distinguish between traditional, slow born‐global and rapid born‐global micro‐firms.
The study uses multiple case study methodology. Three case studies are presented to compare the internationalization pathways of three French micro‐firms.
The paper emphasizes the importance of leveraging between internal and external resources for rapid internationalization of micro‐firms. The rapid internationalization is driving and facilitated by managerial abilities, innovation and network. The study shows that analysis of micro‐firms in terms of resources and capabilities enhances the understanding of internationalization.
Because it is limited to three case studies, the generalization of findings to a broad sample of French micro‐firms will be needed.
The research suggests that two‐level analysis (i.e. individual level and micro‐firm level) should be considered when examining rapid internationalization. Micro‐firm top managers need to be aware of the importance of developing internal resources to facilitate incorporation of new external resources. Their experience and expertise in addition to the micro‐firm's innovation capacity or reputation can be used to expand rapidly abroad.
The distinction between traditional, slow born‐global and rapid born‐global French micro‐firms in terms of resources and capabilities makes this study original.
Hermel, P. and Khayat, I. (2011), "The role of resources: micro‐firms internationalization in the French context", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 298-310. _URL_
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limited


Method lets AI create better original images
Researchers report a new method for controlling how artificial intelligence systems create images.
terms like tree, mountain, person refer to areas of an image. To the right, better and worse examples of image with skier in snow
The new AI method enables the system to create and retain a background image, while also creating figures that are consistent from picture to picture, but show change or movement. (Credit: NC State)
"Our approach is highly reconfigurable," says Tianfu Wu, coauthor of a paper on the work and an assistant professor of computer engineering at North Carolina State University. "Like previous approaches, ours allows users to have the system generate an image based on a specific set of conditions. But ours also allows you to retain that image and add to it. For example, users could have the AI create a mountain scene. The users could then have the system add skiers to that scene."
In addition, the new approach allows users to have the AI manipulate specific elements so that they are identifiably the same but have moved or changed in some way. For example, the AI might create a series of images showing skiers turn toward the viewer as they move across the landscape.
The paper appears in the journal IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.
Source: NC State


text:
- What did Alice say the eleventh day must have been?
- What is the thing Mock Turtle soup is made from?
- What did the Gryphon say the Classics master was?
- Why did Mock Turtle say they call the Old Turtle Tortoise?
martes, 15 de marzo de 2011
Chapter Nine: reading comprehension activities for intermediate (2nd year) and advanced students
Read chapter nine and answer these questions:


XCMSDB(1) XCMSDB(1)
 xcmsdb - Device Color Characterization utility for X Color Management
 xcmsdb [ -query ] [ -remove ] [ -format 32|16|8 ] [ filename ]
 xcmsdb is used to load, query, or remove Device Color Characterization
 data stored in properties on the root window of the screen as specified
 in section 7, Device Color Characterization, of the ICCCM. Device
 Color Characterization data (also called the Device Profile) is an
 integral part of Xlib's X Color Management System (Xcms), necessary for
 proper conversion of color specification between device-independent and
 device-dependent forms. Xcms uses 3x3 matrices stored in the
 XDCCC_LINEAR_RGB_MATRICES property to convert color specifications
 between CIEXYZ and RGB Intensity (XcmsRGBi, also referred to as linear
 RGB). Xcms then uses display gamma information stored in the
 XDCCC_LINEAR_RGB_CORRECTION property to convert color specifications
 between RGBi and RGB device (XcmsRGB, also referred to as device RGB).
 Note that Xcms allows clients to register function sets in addition to
 its built-in function set for CRT color monitors. Additional function
 sets may store their device profile information in other properties in
 function set specific format. This utility is unaware of these nonstandard properties.
 The ASCII readable contents of filename (or the standard input if no
 input file is given) are appropriately transformed for storage in properties, provided the -query or -remove options are not specified.
 xcmsdb program accepts the following options:
 -query This option attempts to read the XDCCC properties off the
 screen's root window. If successful, it transforms the data
 into a more readable format, then sends the data to standard
 -remove This option attempts to remove the XDCCC properties on the
 screen's root window.
 -format 32|16|8
 Specifies the property format (32, 16, or 8 bits per entry) for
 the XDCCC_LINEAR_RGB_CORRECTION property. Precision of encoded
 floating point values increases with the increase in bits per
 entry. The default is 32 bits per entry.
 xprop(1), Xlib documentation
 DISPLAY to figure out which display and screen to use.
 Chuck Adams, Tektronix Inc. Al Tabayoyon, SynChromatics Inc. (added
 multi-visual support)
Man(1) output converted with man2html


text:
Get savvy on how much is a brindle French bulldog as part of proper Bulldog dog breed care.
A Brindle French Bulldog typically costs between $2,000 to $3,000 from reputable breeders. Prices can vary based on factors such as coat color rarity, bloodline, and location. Care tips include feeding them high quality, breed-specific food, ensuring regular vet visits for vaccination and check-ups, maintaining their grooming, and providing them with regular exercise. It's also important to clean their face folds to prevent infections and brush their teeth regularly to prevent dental problems.
If you enjoyed learning about this magnificent creature, you might also be interested in discovering another wonderful breed – the Pied French Bulldog! Dive into a detailed description and understand the ways in which to care for it: Uncover the World of Pied French Bulldogs Now!.
Understanding Brindle: Color Genetics in French Bulldogs
When people ask, "how much is a brindle French bulldog?", they are often referring to a French Bulldog with a specific coat color. Brindle refers to a coat that is dark with lighter colors mixed in, resulting in a striped pattern. This unique pattern is a result of a highly complex range of genetic factors.
In the context of dog coat colors, 'brindle' is a term used to describe a coat color pattern characterized by a brown base color, overlain with dark black stripes. The brindle term is derived from an old term 'brindle', referring to the gray or tawny color of an animal. The genetics of brindle patterning in dogs is complicated because, like most traits, it involves multiple genes interacting with each other.
The brindle pattern in dogs is not a color but a pattern. The gene responsible for this ontogenesis, the K Locus, regulates uniform coat color, brindling, or other unique variations. The output of the K gene directly interacts with the A Locus, a gene that produces the agouti signal protein, affecting the kind of pigmentation a dog's fur has.
- AyAy pups express the fawn or sable coat color since nor of the parents passed on a brindle allele.
- Ayay dogs will also express the fawn or sable color but carry the potential to produce brindle offspring.
- ayay puppies possess the brindle pattern because the brindle marker suppresses the A Locus's fawn/sable presentation.
The rich variety of coat patterns in the French Bulldog breed makes each dog unique and special. It is only after understanding these underlying genetic factors that we can then delve deeper into how much a brindle French bulldog costs.
If you found the genetic variables that contribute to a French bulldog's illustrious brindle coat fascinating, you may also enjoy learning about the health challenges unique to this breed, such as the number of times a female French bulldog can safely undergo a C-section for puppies. Discover the details from our in-depth discussion entitled: Understanding French Bulldog C-Section Requirements.
Price Factors: What Determines the Price of a Brindle French Bulldog?
The question, 'how much is a brindle French bulldog?' cannot be answered with a direct number. Several factors can influence the price of a Brindle French Bulldog, making every single dog unique in terms of cost. The key price factors can be generally categorized into: lineage, breeder reputation, regional variance, and the dog's health.
Lineage plays an important part in determining the price of a French Bulldog brindle. Dogs from high-quality pedigree lines can be priced more due to the value attached to their superior genetic background. The dog's ancestors' accomplishments, show-quality parents, and rare brindle color patterns significantly contribute to a higher price.
The reputation of the breeder also affects the price of a brindle French bulldog. Experienced breeders with decades of expertise in raising well-bred, healthy French bulldogs generally ask for higher prices. Their extensive knowledge, ethical breeding practices, and the exceptional care they provide yield healthy and well-adjusted puppies.
Regional Variance refers to the difference in prices based on geographical location. In areas where French Bulldogs are in high demand or areas with fewer breeders, one might find that the cost of a brindle French Bulldog is relatively higher.
Lastly, the dog's health significantly impacts the price. A brindle French Bulldog that has been health checked, vaccinated, and cleared of potential genetic disorders commands a higher price.
It is crucial that potential owners think about these variables when contemplating how much is a brindle French bulldog. A higher initial cost can often equate to saving thousands down the line in potential vet bills for poorly bred dogs.
Having gained an understanding about the various factors influencing the price of a Brindle French Bulldog, you might now be considering bringing one home. To help you on this journey, we invite you to visit our guide on the essentials of tending to a young French Bulldog in the article "How To Care For A French Bulldog Puppy?".
Average Cost of a Brindle French Bulldog
Understanding how much is a brindle French Bulldog depends on a number of factors and can quite drastically vary. On average, you can expect to pay anywhere from $1,500 to $8,000 for a Brindle French Bulldog from a reputable breeder.
Surprisingly, the unique brindle coat of the dog does not hugely impact the price. However, certain features like a purebred lineage, reputation of the breeder, regional variance, and overall health of the pup play vital roles in determining the price.
It's worth noting that a rare coloration, such as a blue brindle, can hike the price due to its unusual and eye-catching appearance. A rare blue brindle French Bulldog can fetch up to $10,000 in some cases, although this is the exception, not the rule.
It's essential always to remember that the price tag should never compromise the health or wellness of the pup. A higher cost does not always mean a healthier dog, so potential buyers should do their due diligence when researching breeders and the dogs they have available for sale.
Remember, the real question is not how much is a brindle French Bulldog to buy, but do you have the resources to provide the right environment, care, and attention that these charming and affectionate dogs deserve?
If you found the pricing range for brindle French bulldogs intriguing, delve further into the world of extraordinary canine breeds. Discover the cost of another unique variety at What's The Price Of A Merle English Bulldog?.
Adoption as a Cost-Effective Option.
When considering how much is a brindle French bulldog, an affordable alternative is adoption. This route may not only save you money, but it also benefits the wider dog community. Hundreds of dogs in shelters across the country are in search of loving homes, and a significant number of these are French Bulldogs. Even if they aren't puppies, mature dogs can still offer countless moments of companionship and joy.
The price of adoption often includes spaying or neutering, initial vaccinations, and sometimes even microchipping. Therefore, by adopting, you are also saving on these initial health costs. However, keep in mind that an adopted French bulldog may come with an unknown health history and might cost more in future veterinary care.
The adoption fee for a French bulldog usually ranges from $200 to $400. But these prices can vary widely. Factors impacting the cost include the specific rescue organization, the age of the dog, and its health condition.
Furthermore, the indirect advantage of adopting a French bulldog, or any other pet, is the impact it has on animal welfare. You are giving a dog a second chance to live a happy life while freeing up valuable shelter space for another animal in need.
Adoption isn't just about cost, however. It's about giving a deserving animal a loving home. This choice could be ideal if you're less concerned about the exact lineage or color variations and more interested in providing a forever home to a dog in need. So next time you're asking "how much is a brindle French bulldog", consider the priceless value of adoption.
- Adoption brings several benefits, like lower upfront costs and the act of giving a dog a new opportunity for a happy life.
- Remember to consider possible health complications with adopted dogs that may increase the overall cost.
- Adoption fees for a French Bulldog generally range from $200 to $400, but these prices can vary.
- The indirect benefits of adoption – positively impacting animal welfare and freeing shelter space – are priceless.
If you've enjoyed exploring the world of adoption, you might also be interested in learning more about our vivacious four-legged friend, the French Bulldog. Gain valuable insight on their lively nature and effective calming techniques in our article: Understanding the Energetic Nature of the French Bulldog: Calming Techniques Uncovered!.
The Realistic Cost of Owning a Brindle French Bulldog
When considering how much is a brindle French bulldog, it's important to understand that the initial purchase price or adoption fee is just the beginning. Owning any pet, including a French bulldog, comes with ongoing costs that can add up quickly.
Food costs. French Bulldogs, despite their small size, have hearty appetites. Quality dog food, which is crucial for this breed's health, can set you back anywhere from $30 to $100 monthly, depending on brand and package size.
Veterinary care. Just like humans, French Bulldogs need regular healthcare. Annual check-ups, vaccines, deworming, heartworm prevention, and flea and tick treatments all come with a price tag. Expect to spend around $100-$300 yearly for routine care. However, remember that unanticipated illness or injuries can significantly increase this cost.
Grooming. Though French Bulldogs


Inspired by the Joseph Fritzl case this novel moves beyond the gruesome aspects of imprisonment to create a story of love and growing up, says Julie Harvey
Selected for the Man Booker shortlist, Room is the latest novel from Irish writer Emma Donoghue. Though a prolific and award-winning novelist, Donoghue has not been the sort of household name guaranteed to top the bestseller lists. Room should change that.
The novel addresses some broad themes concerning childhood: the innate selfishness of children, how they become aware the world doesn't revolve around them and how we currently bring them up.
The narrator is Jack, a five-year-old boy. He lives with his mother in a single locked room of eleven square feet. For him this
is normality and everything else outside his home is like outer space. He has no concept of other people or the outside world apart from his Ma and Old Nick, their shadowy captor who makes nightly visits.
Even Old Nick is not a real person to Jack; he's part of life but something to be scared of like a fairy tale villain. On TV Jack sees everyday things like dogs, parks and airplanes but to him everything on the screen is a story, no different from Alice in Wonderland or Dylan the Digger.
Ma has managed to protect him from the horrific truth of their lives and give him a 'normal' loving childhood. Together, they make toys from discarded packaging and write letters to cartoon characters on toilet paper. They have structured days of keeping physically active, reading story books together and playing word games – just the sort of activities any parent would need to keep a young child entertained.
Through Jack's eyes we see glimpses of Ma's unhappiness and the strain and boredom of being trapped 24/7 in a small space with a demanding child. We also feel Ma's tremendous patience and the strength of their mutual love and affection, and it's this combined with Jack's enjoyment and creativity with language that makes the book so warm and such a pleasure to read.
When we meet Jack on his fifth birthday all his beliefs are slowly starting to be challenged. It's clear that Ma's constructed truths will not satisfy his curiosity much longer as he starts to ask more complicated questions. He's already growing too big for his makeshift bed in the wardrobe, where he's hidden nightly when Old Nick comes to make Ma's bed creak. Something has to give and it won't be giving away much of the plot to let on that they embark on a plan to escape.
The novel initially sparked controversy when Donoghue announced that she had drawn inspiration from the Joseph Fritzl case. Although the similarities begin and end with the family's imprisonment. Room isn't prurient, it doesn't dwell on the more gruesome aspects of the imprisonment, such as Ma's sexual slavery and the kidnapper and his motives are hardly referred to at all. Rather Jack's innocent gaze redeems the experience into a tale about love and growing up.
Donoghue has skillfully given voice to a five year old in a narrative that is eminently believable – the language is literal and humorous with a child's delight in the contradictions we take for granted.
Some hilarious comic moments punctuate even the most tense scenes. In the end Room is a feel-good novel which in the truest sense of the phrase leaves you optimistic about the human capacity for change and adaptation. Jack's world is magical and full of potential, and leaves the reader disappointed to finish reading and stop seeing things through his eyes.
You can purchase The Room in CultureNorthernIreland's Amazon store.


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Dr. Dimitrios Mastrogiannis, director of the division of maternal-fetal medicine and an associate professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia, said, "Obesity is a different ballgame. Different hormones are playing around in obesity -- fatty tissue produces more female hormones, more estrogens. Other hormones are transformed into female hormones in the adipose tissue."
The research does not suggest packing on pounds to get pregnant, or backing off physical activity completely, he said.
"Exercise is a good thing. It's linked to less cardiovascular disease, less cancers, less diabetes," said Mastrogiannis, noting that physical activity is also linked to better pregnancies, easier labors, less pain and fewer induced births.
The bottom line of the study is that normal, non-obese women who want to become pregnant should stick to moderate aerobic exercise, Mastrogiannis said.
"We recommend our patients get moderate aerobic exercise, akin to 30 minutes a day is usually what we say. Walking is very important," he said.
"If they engage in very vigorous exercise -- running, fast cycling, gymnastics or swimming -- more than five hours a week, it makes them less fertile," Mastrogiannis said.
For more on pre-conception health, visit the American Pregnancy Association.
SOURCES: Lauren Wise, Sc.D., associate professor, epidemiology, Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University School of Public Health; Dimitrios Mastrogiannis, M.D., Ph.D., director, division of maternal-fetal medicine, and associate professor, obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia; March 15, 2012, '/>"/>
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Fresh hops, with their infinite variety, are the key notes in beer's complex flavour, and the understanding and use of their chemical properties brings real art to the science of brewing.
The humble hop, Humulus lupulus, is a one-stop chemistry set for the brewer, containing well over 1,000 complex compounds in the form of resins and essential oils.
The alpha acids and essential oils in hops contribute bitterness and aroma to beer and different styles of hops markedly influence the character of each brew. Choosing which hops to use is only part of the story. Hops can be added at different stages, depending on the effect you wish to achieve on the character of the beer.
This will vary depending on whether the hops are added at the beginning of the boiling stage (kettle hops), late in the boiling stage (late hops) or added to the cask (dry hops).
Hops thrive in temperate climates and in loamy, deep, well-drained soil. They also require long days of summer light to flourish and that makes three British counties ideal for their cultivation: Kent, Hereford and Worcestershire.
Harvesting takes place in August and September. The cut hops have their stalks and leaves removed and dried to 10% moisture in oast houses before being packed into foil-wrapped "hop pockets" to keep them fresh for the brewer.
Shepherd Neame has stepped in as a guardian of the nation's hop-growing heritage, preserving the lifeblood of rare varieties more than a century old. We have put aside an acre of land at Queen Court Farm, near Faversham, to house part of the National Hop Collection and to create a new attraction for the public.


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Groundwater provides nearly 75% of Minnesotans with their primary source of drinking water, as estimated by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). Contamination can limit access to safe and reliable supplies. Monitoring of Minnesota's groundwater by state agencies has found that activities on the land have contaminated our more vulnerable, surficial aquifers with nitrate, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chloride, pesticides, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), perfluorochemicals (PFCs), and viruses. In addition, naturally occurring contaminants are also found in Minnesota's groundwater in certain geologic settings. These contaminants include arsenic, manganese, and radium. As identified in Minnesota's Clean Water Roadmap report, nitrate (human-caused) and arsenic (naturally occurring) are two contaminants prevalent in Minnesota's groundwater. Concentrations of these two chemicals sometimes exceed drinking water standards in the state's groundwater. In recommending strategies and actions to protect groundwater degradation from contaminants, it is important to remember that groundwater and surface waters are part of a single, interconnected hydrological system. So while monitoring, assessment, and protection approaches and techniques may vary between groundwater, lakes, streams, and wetlands, these water resources should not be viewed in isolation from each other. This Minnesota Groundwater Protection Recommendations Report provides a contaminant-by-contaminant summary of the current status and efforts to prevent and minimize contaminant impacts on groundwater quality, followed by recommendations to improve these efforts so that Minnesotans have safe and reliable sources of drinking water. The report focuses primarily on recommended activities to address human-caused contaminants, followed by continued efforts needed to avoid tapping groundwater that contains naturally occurring contaminants. The report also recommends actions to help advance our understanding of Minnesota's complex and varied hydrogeology, and groundwater-surface water interactions. The report recommends actions to continue building groundwater protection capability among government, the private sector, and landowners. All Minnesotans have a stake in sustaining healthy groundwater for drinking, for our economy, and for the integrity of natural systems that support life.
Number of Pages
Minnesota Water Research Digital Library


Article ID : 00197941 / Last Modified : 29/06/2018
The camera doesn't turn on or off after a firmware update.
 After updating the firmware, the camera may become unresponsive or not turn on or off. This may be caused by an incomplete installation of the firmware, or may also be due to a low battery. Follow these steps to address the issue:
 1. Make sure the battery is fully charged. If you have the optional AC power adapter, connect it to the camera and a working electrical outlet.
 NOTE: Batteries discharge faster when used in cold weather conditions.
 2. Check if the USB cable is working properly.
 3. Perform a manual reset on the camera.
 1. Remove the battery from the camera.
 2. Set the power switch to ON.
 3. Press and hold the shutter button for 30 seconds.
 4. Set the power switch to OFF.
 5. Insert the battery back to the camera.
 6. Set the power switch to ON to see if the camera will turn on.
 4. If the camera doesn't turn on, run the firmware again.
 5. If necessary, use a different computer.
 6. If the issue is still unresolved, service may be required.


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Reducing non-target mortality of Henderson Crakes (Porzana atra) during aerial broadcast eradication by selecting appropriate bait colour
Steffen Oppel, Jennifer L. Lavers, Alexander L. Bond, Gavin Harrison
Wildlife Research 43: 298-303 (2016)
Context: Operations to eradicate non-native invasive predators from islands frequently put native species at risk of consuming harmful substances, such as poison bait. The incorporation of certain colours in poison-bait pellets may reduce the risk of bait consumption and, therefore, non-target mortality. Previous work indicated that birds generally avoid blue or green colours; however, there is substantial inter-specific variation in this preference, and more experimental work on species of conservation concern is needed.
Key results: Henderson crakes did not consume any dry pellets, and all trials were conducted with wet bait pellets. We found slightly lower consumption of blue pellets than green pellets, and substantial variation among individuals. Females (n = 17) consumed 24% less blue than green bait, whereas males (n = 5) consumed 77% less blue than green bait


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LibrlSt 721: Special Topics in Liberal Studies
Jeffery A. Smith, Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication
War in the Media Age: Information, Entertainment, and Persuasion
The complex and often devastating experiences of war are represented in ways intended to serve the purposes of the communicator. The meaning-making can be analyzed with media studies concepts such as agenda setting, framing, myth, news management, press freedom, propaganda, professionalism, public relations, self-censorship, and sensationalism.
Students will use skills in research, discussion, writing and critical thinking to investigate how armed conflicts test cultural values and indicate where power actually resides.
Professor Smith is author of War & Press Freedom: The Problem of Prerogative Power (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Curtin Hall 939


Raising the Dead: New Species of Life Resurrected from Ancient Andean Tomb
Ecuadorian scientists have revived a new species of yeast from pre-Incan tomb, illuminating prehistoric life
R. Douglas Fields
More In This Article
QUITO, ECUADOR—Long before the Spanish conquered the Incas in 1533, and centuries before the Incas inhabited this area, the present-day site of Quito International Airport was a marshy lake surrounded by Indian settlements—the Quitus on one shore and the Ipias on the other. Between A.D. 200 and 800 these cultures prospered here, fishing the lake, growing corn, beans and potatoes in the fertile soil, and fermenting an alcoholic drink—chicha—made of a watery corn broth.
In 1980, while clearing land for new construction in a warren of graffiti-covered cinderblock shanties bristling with barbwire and defended by concrete walls tipped with broken glass, workers scraped open a tomb that had been hidden for over a millennium beneath the ramshackle neighborhood. Then, nine more deep-welled tombs were uncovered in the volcanic rock, each containing about 20 bodies. The walls of the shafts were lined with Quitus remains, each one crouched in the fetal position, clothed in the finest textile, adorned with gold jewelry, and surrounded by pottery containing offerings of food and chicha for the afterlife.
Yeast biologist Javier Carvajal Barriga, of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador in Quito, collected scrapings from inside large, torpedo-shaped clay fermentation vessels taken from one of the tombs in an attempt to recover microbes that had fermented the ancient chicha and, if possible, revive them.
» View a Slide Show of Tombs in Ecuador Where Ancient Yeast Was Found
Under the sterile conditions of his laboratory, he scratched away the surface layers from inside the fermentation vessels hoping to collect yeast trapped deep in the pottery's pores. Using a special method that he devised to humidify the desiccated cells, repair their damaged membranes, and jump-start their arrested metabolisms, he coaxed a community of yeasts, which had lain dormant in the entombed vessels since A.D. 680, back to life. Carvajal says he resurrected "a consortium of yeasts" from the containers, but none of the yeasts were Saccharomyces cerevisiae—the type used in modern fermentation. They were primarily strains of the genus Candida, closely related to the well-known yeast that causes skin and vaginal infections. But careful genetic analysis showed that two strains of yeast were a new species of Candida, which he named C. theae, meaning "tea."
These findings confirm 16th-century reports of how indigenous people in the Ecuadorian Andes fermented their chicha. According to Spanish chroniclers, Inca Indians initiated fermentation using animal bones, human saliva and even human feces.
"The most closely related species to C. theae are C. orthopsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C. parapsilosis, all of which are found in human saliva and feces," Carvajal says. Indeed he found human-associated C. parapsilosis, along with C. tropicalis, among the community of yeast in the ancient fermentation vessels. C. parapsilosis is the second-most commonly isolated pathogenic species of Candida infecting people. "Also [there are] the Crytococcus saitoi and C. laurentii that are related to respiratory diseases. They [the Quitus] were chewing and spitting the corn [into the fermentation vessels], so we can assume this population probably had some respiratory problems caused by pathogenic yeasts."
These species of yeast can produce alcohol up to 4 percent in strength but, unlike S. cerevisiae, Candida dies when alcohol levels reach higher concentrations. S. cerevisiae is not common in the South American environment because it is most widely associated with oak trees, which are not indigenous to the region, so the Indians utilized Candida. "It is much better to have 3 to 4 percent alcohol than nothing," Carvajal says.
Caravajal fermented his own chicha from C. tropicalis that he resurrected from fermentation vessels taken from the tomb to relive the experience of these prehistoric Indians. "The flavor was very good. The aroma was very good. The alcohol was relatively good, but the effect was horrible. Just two drinks of this chicha and I had this bad headache typical of aldehydes and esters."
He also recovered Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the ancient fermentation vessels. Although one of the most abundant yeast species, it does not produce alcohol, rather it is associated with flowering plants, evidence that the Quitus folded flowers into the brew for flavor enhancement—and most likely to increase the kick of their low-alcohol drink: Adding plants such as Datura produces psychotropic effects.
"Chicha must be drunk young, while it is still fermenting, because it quickly develops a rancid taste with time," Carvajal says. "But if you drink it too early in the fermentation process, you will experience food poisoning because the bacteria, amoeba and harmful yeasts have not yet been killed off by the alcohol."
After much searching, I was able to sample a modern version of chicha in Mama Clorinda Ecuadorian Food, a Quito restaurant. It was made from cooked corn, cinnamon, orange leaves, coriander and several other ingredients, including rotten pineapple skin added to initiate fermentation in the mix, which was contained in a plastic gallon-size jug. The cloudy yellow brew looked like a drink from an organic juice bar. It smelled of spicy cardamom and cinnamon, and fruity papya and fermented pineapple. It tasted delightful: lightly carbonated, with a sweet pineapple and papaya flavor, and a thick body and a clean finish.
"This is only about 2 to 3 percent alcohol," I was told by the restaurant manager, Roberto Guoma, "because we made it today. By tomorrow it will be 4 to 5 percent." The chef, Nelson Cardenas, who makes the chicha daily, generously provided his recipe for readers interested in brewing their own chicha, which uses rotten pineapple rind to initiate fermentation:
Recipe: Morocho Chicha
 1. 0.45 kilograms of morocho corn flour
 2. 500 grams of brown sugar (panela)
 3. Aromatic herbs (lemon verbena, cedron (quassia family, Simaroubaceae, native to Colombia and Central American), leaves of the orange tree
 4. 10 grams whole cloves
 5. Five grams cinnamon sticks
 6. Five grams allspice
 7. 250 grams white sugar
 8. Skin of one pineapple
1. Boil two liters of water
2. Mix the morocho corn flour in one half liter of water and mix with the two liters of boiling water. Boil for 10 minutes.
3. Boil two liters of water and add the herbs, orange tree leaves, cloves, cinnamon and allspice. Cook for 10 minutes and strain out liquid.
4. Combine the water–corn mix with the water–herb mix. Strain and add the pineapple skin.
5. Ferment for one day.
6. Check the consistency of the drink and add more water as needed. Add the brown sugar and white sugar until sweetened to taste. Add ice and serve.
(Translated by Claudia Alderman)
Global yeast?
Recalling of the movie Jurassic Park, one wonders about the potential dangers of reviving an ancient pathological microbe that could produce a modern plague. "There exists the possibility," he says, but Carvajal thinks that these species have been living with man for thousands of years." Indeed, that suspicion proved to be true.
Simultaneously, on the other side of the globe two cases of bottled tea were found clouded with contamination in 2010. The manufacturer sent the bottles to Ching-Fu Lee at the National Hsinchu University of Education, one of the few yeast taxonomists in Taiwan. He identified the contaminant as a new species of Candida and began to write a paper describing his discovery. During the peer review process, the anonymous reviewer suggested that Lee check the National Institutes of Health GenBank database. There he found the genetic sequence of the new species of Candida that Carvajal had recovered from the ancient fermentation vessel. Lee immediately contacted Carvajal, along with the latter's collaborator Stephen James, a yeast taxonomist at the Institute of Food Research in England, and the three teams of scientists jointly published their paper in the February issue of the International Journal of Food Microbiology.
But how did the identical yeast turn up simultaneously in Taiwan and Quito? "I don't think this is a beverage-related yeast, I think it is a human-related yeast," Carvajal says. "We know now that there were contacts between Polynesians and South American peoples. [Polynesians] departed from Taiwan 6,000 years ago."
Carvajal cites the example of another new yeast he has discovered, C. fodens, to buttress his argument. The yeast was collected in Australia, Costa Rica and Ecuador's Galápagos Islands. Genetic analysis shows that the yeast from all three Pacific locations are identical. "It is very hard to imagine that such a distance was covered by one single strain," he says.


How do we know when we're done, an executive asked me this week. It's a great question. What is our definition of success? When can we stop? So many activities focus on the announcement, the start, the big release, without fully considering the expiration date, the phase out, the closing. It's the summit fever in high altitude mountaineering, the compulsion to reach the peak with too little regard for a safe descent. It's the redundant technology in the work environment or the never-ending career role. It's why garages and landfills get cluttered with objects. Look around…something might need an exit strategy.


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Environmental Justice in Maryland
The mission of the Maryland Department of Environment (MDE), in part, encourages fostering economic development, healthy and safe communities, and quality environmental education for the benefit of the environment, public health, and economy. Embraced in this mission is an encouragement to foster these opportunities in all communities. Environmental Justice (E.J.) at MDE parallels the agency's mission and emphasizes quality of life, economic development, and environmental protection improvements in all communities, particularly those that are disenfranchised and far removed in decision-making. The E.J. policies at MDE are working to improve the quality of life in communities through a vision of partnerships and collaborations.
A primary goal of the policy is to develop an environmental justice tool kit that offers strategies that can integrate the goals of all concerned parties to resolve concerns and assist in revitalization efforts through approaches that are aimed at protecting and restoring our environment, as well as stimulating economic growth and safe, healthy communities. Other key components of the E.J. efforts at MDE include initiating collaborations among government, public and private stakeholders; developing new platforms for public participation, community and business participation; and, creating new and innovative ideas to assist in land and community revitalization.
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Globalization of E-Commerce
Impacts of Electronic Commerce on the Global Networked Economy
- A Multi-Country Study
The Internet and electronic commerce are bringing countries together to create a global networked economy. Internet technology is said to have no regard for national borders, but the people and companies that use the technology function within very different national environments. This research program examines the global diffusion of Internet-based e-commerce, how national environments and policies influence e-commerce use within countries, and the economic and social impacts of e-commerce. It addresses the following general issues:
 - How do global trends such as technology innovation and economic liberalization influence international diffusion of the Internet and e-commerce?
 - What national environmental factors and policies influence the diffusion of e-commerce use within individual countries?
 - What are the social and economic impacts of e-commerce, and how are they affected by national environments and policies?
This project examines the impacts of e-commerce on a multi-country basis. It includes selected country case studies looking at the growth of e-commerce nationally, and also in more detail in three critical industry sectors: manufacturing industry, financial services, and retail. These studies serve as a basis for identifying key environmental and policy factors that influence the diffusion and impacts of e-commerce.
In addition, data is being collected on e-commerce globally in over 40 countries on e-commerce revenues and on environmental factors, such as income, education, telecommunications infrastructure and others, that might have an impact on e-commerce application. This data is being used to identify trends and to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and use. More detailed data is being gathered on the three industry sectors for comparative purposes. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies facilitates the study of new, fast-changing e-commerce innovation in a very fluid market environment.
The project is being carried out by a team of researchers from around the world. The effort is led by the CRITO Institute of University of Irvine, California, but involves collaboration with experts from Brazil (Paulo Bastos Tigre, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Denmark (Kim Andersen, Copenhagen Business School), China (Zixiang Tan, Syracuse University and Wu Ouyang, Center for Information Infrastructure and Economic Development), France (Eric Brousseau, University of Paris X), Japan (Dennis Tachiki, Tamagawa University Tokyo), Mexico (Juan J. Palacios, University of Guadalajara), Singapore (Poh Kam Wong, National University of Singapore), Taiwan (Tain-Jy Chen, National Taiwan University), the United States (John Leslie King, University of Michigan) and Germany (Wolfgang Koenig, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main).
The potential outcomes of the research include: (1) better understanding of the relationship between national environments and the use and impacts of e-commerce (2) benchmarks for future studies of national and global trends, (3) business metrics for global e-commerce markets; and (4) insights for policymakers who seek to maximize the benefits of e-commerce.
The Institute of Information Systems, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt and the University of Arkansas at Little Rock are the national resarch partners for Germany. The project is supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation till 2004. For further information contact Roman Beck.


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9th international conference on smart materials and nanotechnology (smartmaterials2021) welcomes submission of abstracts for original contribution to the field in the following scientific tracks:
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