Backends Go API Overview
The Backend API is deprecated as of March 13, 2014. Although Google will continue to support the Backend API in accordance with our terms of service, it is strongly recommended that all new applications use the Modules API instead.
For information on converting existing apps using the Backend API to the Modules API, see Converting Apps to Modules
Backends are designed for applications that need faster performance, large amounts of addressable memory, and continuous or long-running background processes. They are exempt from request deadlines and have access to more memory (up to 1GB) and CPU (up to 4.8GHz) than normal instances. Unlike normal instances, backends are billed for uptime rather than CPU usage.
A backend may be configured as either resident or dynamic. Resident backends run continuously, allowing you to rely on the state of their memory over time and perform complex initialization. Dynamic backends come into existence when they receive a request and are turned down when idle. Dynamic backends are ideal for work that is intermittent or driven by user activity. For more information about the differences between resident and dynamic backends, see Types of Backends and also the discussion of Startup and Shutdown.
Backends do not automatically scale in response to request volume. Instead, you must specify the number of backend instances you require and change this number by performing an update or configure command. The number of instances is usually set in proportion to the size of a dataset, the degree of processing power required, and your budget for your application.
Backends are configured using backends.yaml. You can list each backend and specify its properties, such as the number of instances, the memory and CPU class, whether it is public or private, and other options. Backends share the handlers defined in app.yaml with the main application version. You can place your backends in a separate application root directory if you want to avoid sharing code or handlers, or simply mark the relevant handlers with login: admin.
 1. Properties of backends
 2. Commands
 3. Backend states
 4. Backend uptime
 5. Addressing backends
 6. Public and private backends
 7. Monitoring resource usage
 8. Administering backends
 9. Billing, quotas, and limits
Properties of backends
The following table compares backend instances to default App Engine instances.
Default Instances
Backend Instances
Deadlines 60-second deadline for HTTP requests, 10-minute deadline for tasks Requests to backends can run indefinitely. A backend can choose to handle '/_ah/start' and execute a program or script for many hours without returning an HTTP response code.
CPU Flexible, billed by instance hours Configurable from 600MHz–4.8GHz, included in the hourly price of the instance uptime. See Instance Classes for more information.
Memory Low memory cap (128MB). Configurable memory limit, from 128MB to 1GB of memory per instance. See Instance Classes for more information.
Residence Instances are evicted from memory based on usage patterns. You can configure backends to use resident instances, which remain in memory, so state is preserved across requests. When backends are restarted, you usually have 30 seconds to finish before shutdown (see Shutdown for more information).
Startup and Shutdown Instances are created on demand to handle requests and automatically turned down when idle. Backends are sent a start request automatically by App Engine in the form of an empty request to '/_ah/start'. A backend that is stopped with appcfg backends stop or using Shutdown in the Administration Console has 30 seconds to finish handling requests before it is forcibly terminated.
See Backend States for more information about startup and shutdown.
Instance Addressability Instances are anonymous. Instances are individually addressable at a URL of this form:
If you have set up a wildcard subdomain mapping for a custom domain, you can also address a backend or any of its instances via a URL of the form
where instance is a small integer identifying a particular instance and where backend_name is the name specified in the backend configuration file.
Alternatively, you can use the URL form:
You can reliably cache state in each instance and retrieve it in subsequent requests.
Scaling App Engine scales the number of instances automatically in response to processing volume. You configure the number of instances of each backend in 'backends.yaml'. The number of instances usually corresponds to the size of a dataset being held in memory or the desired throughput for offline work. A dynamic backend is configured with a maximum number of instances; the number of live instances scales with the processing volume. You can adjust the number of instances of a backend very quickly, without stopping instances that are currently running, using the 'configure' command.
Public vs. Private HTTP Requests Instances can handle private and public requests. Instances handle private requests by default, but you can configure them to handle public requests.
Concurrent Requests Applications can serve a small number of requests in parallel. Applications can specify how many requests to serve in parallel with 'max_concurrent_requests'.
App Engine provides the following command-line tools allowing you to interact with the Backends configured in backends.yaml'.
When running dev_appserver.py, pass --backends to enable backends support.
appcfg backends update [backend]
Creates or updates a backend configured in backends.yaml. You can update a single backend by specifying a backend name, or all of the backends by running this command without specifying a backend. If the backend was in the START state before the update, it remains started after the update; if it was in the STOP state, it remains stopped after the update. Updating a backend causes instances that are currently running to shut down before new instances come up. Instances will not be shut down until the final step of the update, so that any incremental errors during an update do not result in downtime.
appcfg backends rollback
Rolls back a backend update that was interrupted by the user or stopped due to a configuration error. Updates that have been successfully applied are not eligible for rollback.
appcfg backends list
Lists all the backends configured for the app specified in dir/app.yaml.
appcfg backends start
Sets the backend state to START, allowing it to receive HTTP requests. Resident backends start immediately. Dynamic backends do not start until the first user request arrives. Has no effect if the backend was already started.
appcfg backends stop
Sets the backend state to STOP and shuts down any running instances. The stopped backend cannot receive HTTP requests; if it recevies a request, it returns a 404 response. This command has no effect if the backend was already stopped.
appcfg backends delete
Deletes the indicated backend. After issuing this command, requests to the deleted backend (for example, http://backend_name.your_app_id.appspot.com) are routed to the default app version.
appcfg backends configure
Dynamically updates settings in backends.yaml without having to stop the backend. Does not affect any code or handlers. Supports only the following configuration settings:
 - instances
 - options: public
 - options: failfast
Backend states
A backend can be in one of two states: START or STOP. You can view and change the state of a backend using the appcfg or the Backends tab in the Administration Console. The state controls whether a backend instance is considered active and capable of handling requests, or is disabled and shutting down.
Each backend instance is created in response to a start request, which is an empty GET request to /_ah/start. App Engine sends this special request to bring the instance into existence; users cannot send requests to /_ah/start.
Backend instances must respond to the start request before they can handle another request. The start request can be used for two purposes:
 1. To start a program that runs indefinitely, without accepting further requests
 2. To initialize an instance before it receives additional traffic
Resident backends and dynamic backends startup differently. When you start a resident backend, App Engine immediately sends a /_ah/start request to each backend instance. When you start a dynamic backend, App Engine allows the backend to accept traffic, but the /_ah/start request is not sent to an instance until App Engine receives the first user request that invokes the backend. Multiple dynamic instances are only started as necessary, in order to handle increased traffic.
When an instance responds to the /_ah/start request with an HTTP status code of 200–299 or 404, it is considered to have successfully started and can handle additional requests. If it responds otherwise, App Engine terminates the instance and re-issues the start request if necessary. Resident backends are restarted immediately, while dynamic backends are restarted only when needed for serving traffic. You can specify a different start handler for each backend in backends.yaml. This syntax is experimental.
When App Engine needs to turn down a backend instance, existing requests are given 30 seconds to complete, and new requests immediately return 404. The shutdown process may be triggered by a variety of planned and unplanned events, such as:
 - You manually stop the backend using the Administration Console or appcfg backends stop.
 - You update the backend using appcfg backends update.
 - Your backend exceeds the maximum memory for its configured class.
 - Your application runs out of Backends Usage quota.
 - The machine running the backend is restarted, forcing your backend to move to a different machine.
 - App Engine needs to move your backend to a different machine to improve load distribution.
If possible, App Engine notifies the backend


text:
-Claude Van Damme film Inferno, a main character played by Pat Morita is named Jubal Early.
- Ulbrich, p. 1221.
- Early, Ruth Hairston, The Family of Early: Which Settled Upon the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Its Connection with Other Families, Brown-Morrison, 1920, pp. 107-08.
- Resignation of Lewis A. Armistead, January 1836, RG 77, E18, National Archives. Some historians characterize Armistead's departure as a dismissal from the Academy; see citations in Lewis Addison Armistead.
- Gallagher, Struggle for the Shenandoah, p. 21.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Harper's Ferry". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- O.R., Series I, Vol. XLIII, Part 1, p. 1020.
- Lewis, p. 87.
- Gordon, pp. 352-72.
- Gallagher & Nolan, p. 12.
- Ulbrich, p. 1222.
- Early and Gallagher, pp. xxv–xxvi.
- White's Ferry website.
- Early, Jubal A. A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States of America. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 1-57003-450-8.
- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Gallagher, Gary W. Jubal A. Early, the Lost Cause, and Civil War History: A Persistent Legacy (Frank L. Klement Lectures, No. 4). Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-87462-328-6.
- Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Struggle for the Shenandoah: Essays on the 1864 Valley Campaign. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87338-429-6.
- Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan, eds. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-253-33822-0.
- Gordon, John B. Reminiscences of the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1904.
- Lewis, Thomas A., and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Shenandoah in Flames: The Valley Campaign of 1864. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1987. ISBN 0-8094-4784-3.
- Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
- Ulbrich, David. "Lost Cause." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
- U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
- Early, Jubal A. The Campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee: An Address by Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early before Washington & Lee University, January 19, 1872. Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 1872. OCLC 44086028.
- Early, Jubal A., and Ruth H. Early. Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A.: Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War Between the States. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1912. OCLC _PHONE_.
- Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35. OCLC 166632575.
- Leepson, Marc. Desperate Engagement: How a Little-Known Civil War Battle Saved Washington D.C., and Changed American History. New York: Thomas Dunne Books (St. Martin's Press), 2005. ISBN 978-0-312-38223-0.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jubal A. Early|
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
- Jubal A. Early in Encyclopedia Virginia
- General Jubal Early Homeplace Preservation
- "Jubal Early" bio, Blue and Gray Trail
- Works by Jubal Early on Open Library at the Internet Archive

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. Anybody have any suggestions regarding the DAP charting method?
 I learned narrative charting in LPN school, and am working agency right now, and they use DAP, but nobody is really able to explain to me exactly what goes in each section.
 Most of the charting that I have read from the other nurses seems to be a lot of repetition, and I don't think that is exactly what is supposed to be included.
 Any feedback would be greatly appreciated!
 2. 1 Comments
 3. by MRed94
 Found the information at work, after careful searching! Just FYI, in case anybody is interested.
 DAP Charting
 Action Required:
 1. Document on Nurse's Notes form.
 2. Address each Care Plan problem and its components on a rotational basis each month, using DAP format.
 3. Data, Assessment, and Plan (DAP) Documentation:
 Each narrative nursing note entry that addresses either a Care-Plan problem or Clinical Situation will be documented by:
 A. Writing the Date, time of entry, and name of Care-Plan problem/Clinical situation.
 D: Data - 01/01/01 - 1000 - Painful L heel.
 Enter all pertinent subjective and objective information that is gathered. Data collection includes the nursing history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic tests, and information from health team members, the resident's family and significant others.
 A: Assessing - Signs and symptoms of pressure areas.
 This is the analysis, logical examination of, and professional judgment about assessment data used in the diagnostic process of forming an opinion.
 P: Planning - Inform MD of change of skin integrity. monitor skin and pressure areas, and care for skin per MD orders.
 Enter what you plan to do about the problem, based upon your assessment.
 The only time to use terms such as "problem continues: no changes made" is if all areas of the care plan problem remain current.
 In that case, add the word "because" to your statement.
 Example: "The care plan will continue without change because the cognitive function will not improve above present status."
 4. This is the time to make ANY care-plan additions/adjustments. Do not wait for a staffing date.
 5. Sign and title closure of entry.


text:
ureterArticle Free Pass
ureter, one of two ducts that transmit urine from each kidney to the bladder. Each ureter is a narrow tube that is about 12 inches (30 cm) long. A ureter has thick, contractile walls, and its diameter varies considerably at different points along its length. The tube emerges from each kidney, descends behind the abdominal cavity, and opens into the bladder. At its termination the ureter passes through the bladder wall in such a way that, as the bladder fills with urine, this terminal part of the ureter tends to close.
What made you want to look up "ureter"? Please share what surprised you most...


text: The fields of radiation effects in simple polymers and in biopolymers have been largely approached from very different aspects, although there are close analogies in many of these effects. Examples of these similarities in a number of cases include the influence of temperature, of oxygen, of certain additives, e.g., as radiation protectors, and of water with the indirect effect. Lessons learnt from the irradiation of polymers do not always appear to have been applied to more complex biological systems, and in particular the physical changes such as molecular configuration during irradiation, which can be of great importance on its subsequent behavior. The approximately similar G values for radical production as between these two systems, and the considerable difference in doses required may be taken to imply that it is molecular weight and arrangement rather than the behavior of a specific chemical constituent which is a key element in explaining this difference, which is also found in polymers of similar chemical structure but of different molecular weight. One may also consider whether molecular crosslinking as well as main chain scission is the vital factor in determining subsequent vitality of a macromolecular biological system. Linking two macromolecules together at only one point anywhere would greatly limit their subsequent behavior, e.g., separation and duplication, and would not face the same problem as in naturally occurring radiation-induced reaction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Examines the works of one or more important people in religious thought. Lecture 3 hours per week.
GENERAL COURSE PURPOSE
To examine the major works of one important thinker (or perhaps several) who have contributed in a significant way to religious issues. To understand the ideas, issues, and themes that mold this person's thought. To examine the historical and philosophical implications of these ideas.
ENTRY LEVEL REQUIREMENTS
At the completion of this course, students will be able to identify and discuss the important themes, ideas, and issues found in the writings of the selected thinker. Students will have some understanding of the historical situation in which the person wrote and some idea of the significance of the ideas expressed. More specific expectations will be determined in connection with the selection of the specific thinker.
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CONTENT
The specific topics will be further defined by the instructor of the course but must include the examination of the major works of an important religious thinker. Possible topics might include Martin Luther, Thomas Aquinas, Confucius, Buddha, Jesus, Moses, Karl Barth, process theologians, Paul Tillich, Martin Buber, Gabriel Marcel, and Thomas Merton.


text:
Very quickly... Say you have an expression like and you want to find f(2).
Now it's clear that plugging 2 into the expression won't help because you get 0/0 which is undefined.
But if you creep up on it from above, setting x = 3, x = 2.5, x = 2.1, x = 2.01, x = 2.001... and so on, you get a sort of picture of what you think the answer is also trying to creep up on, which (as you'll find out when you try it) is 4. That's approaching the limit from above, and can be written:
You can do the same thing by creeping up on it from below, setting, for example, x=1, x=1.5, x=1.9, x=1.99, etc., which can be written:
(as you'll find out when you try it out).
Now, if it just so happens that your expression works out as the the same whether you creep up on it from above OR below, then you don't need to write which direction you came to it from, and can write:
Okay, so how do we "know" it's 4? Because
but this ONLY HOLDS when because although most of the time, whatever algebraic manipulations you care to play with, you can NOT get to have a value when x = 2, ALL YOU CAN DO is say that it "f(x) tends to a limit of 4 when x tends towards 2."
Does this help?


text:
The Hundred Fowls
Date: 09/29/2001 at 16:14:28 From: Yana Subject: Word Problem A Chinese puzzle found in the sixth-century work of mathematician Chang Chiu-chen called the "hundred fowls" problem asks: If a rooster is worth five coins, a hen three coins, and three chickens together are worth one coin, how many roosters, hens, and chickens totaling 100 can be bought for 100 coins? I tried to figure this problem out algebraically, but what would equal the variable, or how would the equation be set up?
Date: 09/29/2001 at 16:26:59 From: Doctor Jodi Subject: Re: Word Problem Hi Yana, You can solve this problem by trial and error, but it can take a while. I used it in a history of math class for gifted middle schoolers this summer. Since they didn't know algebra, they used a LOT of tables, and the fact that you can't have more than 20 roosters. It turns out that there are three different solutions. If you want to set it up algebraically, first call the number of roosters R, the number of hens H, and the number of chickens C. Then we have two constraints. First of all, the total number of fowl must be 100. So R + H + C = 100. Second, the total COST of the fowl must be 100. The cost of roosters is 5R, the cost of hens is 3H, and the cost of chickens is (1/3)C, right? So what's the total cost of the fowl? 5R + 3H + (1/3)C. So our second equation is that 5R + 3H + (1/3)C = 100. Next you can solve for one of the variables in terms of another. I expect that you'll still need to use a bit of "guess and check" since there is more than one solution. Do write back if you want more help. - Doctor Jodi, The Math Forum _URL_
Date: 09/29/2001 at 21:13:17 From: Yana Subject: Re: Word Problem Thank you for your help but I still have a few questions. From the equations I got the following: 5R + 3H + (1/3)C = 100 divide everything by 5 R + 3H + (1/3) = 20 divide everything by 3 R + H + (1/3) = 6 2/3 divide everything by 1/3 R + H + C = 20 I get stuck at this point and don't know where to go. Please help.
Date: 09/30/2001 at 13:48:30 From: Doctor Jodi Subject: Re: Word Problem Hello again! First of all, remember that if you divide ONE part of the equation by 5 (or 3 or 1/3), you need to divide the rest of the equation by the same number. So we have the equations R + H + C = 100 and 5R + 3H + (1/3)C = 100 Let's solve for C in the second equation. First multiply both sides by 3: 3 * (5R + 3H + (1/3)C) = 3 *100 We get 15 R + 9 H + C = 300. Next we want to subtract 15 R from both sides. 15R + 9 H + C = 300 -15R -15R -------------------------- 9H + C = 300 - 15R Next we want to subtract 9H from both sides: 9H + C = 300 -1 R -9H -9H ------------------- C = 300 - 15R - 9H Now we have solved for the number of chickens in terms of the number of hens and roosters. So we can plug 300 - 15R - 9H in for C in the other equation, R + H + C = 100. This gives us: R + H + (300 - 15R - 9H) = 100. Add the R's and the H's together. This gives -14R -8H + 300 = 100. Now let's subtract 300 from both sides: -14R -8H +300 = 100. -300 -300 ----------------------- -14R -8H = -200 Next we can divide by -2: 7R + 4H = 100 At this point, algebra has done as much for us as it can. Now we need to find solutions to this equation. When we DO find a solution, we can find the number of chickens C using R + H + C = 100. Then the numbers R, H, and C that we have found will satisfy the above equation. How can we find solutions to this equation? We'll have to use guess and check. We can have no more than 14 roosters (since 7*15 = 105). We can pick various numbers of roosters and see how many hens we will need. For instance, if R = 14, then 7*14 + 4H = 100, 4 H would have to be 2, which doesn't make sense. If R = 13, then 7*13 + 4H = 100, so 4H = 9. Again, we don't get an integral answer. You can continue the guess and check for R = 12, 11, etc. to find the solution. Does this make sense? Write back if you have more questions. - Doctor Jodi, The Math Forum _URL_
Date: 09/30/2001 at 16:40:49 From: Yana Subject: Re: Word Problem Thank you so mush for your explanations and help. Through the guess and check method with the use of the equations. So the final result would be either the roosters could equal 12 or 8. Yana
Date: 09/30/2001 at 18:56:24 From: Doctor Jodi Subject: Re: Word Problem Hi Yana, The possible solutions you've found are 12 Roosters, 4 Hens, and 84 Chickens. 8 Roosters, 11 Hens, and 81 Chickens. There's actually ONE MORE. Can you find it? - Doctor Jodi, The Math Forum _URL_
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Ask Dr. MathTM
© _PHONE_ The Math Forum


Monthly Archives: August 2016
Producing HTML links from a CSV Using Python
Recently in work I had to generate a long list of html links from two columns that I had extracted from a MySQL database to a.csv file. The example below shows what steps are needed to generate html urls from a csv file that has the text of the link in one column and the url in the other. The columns that I extracted from the database into a.csv file looked like the following:
Master of Arts in Learning
Postgraduate Diploma in Arts
Postgraduate Diploma in Computing
In the file, there were roughly 400 rows. I needed to add the name of the courses with their link to a website as a list. The list created would allow students to browse for their course and follow the correct link to their course.
I had access to the html so I needed to add roughly 400 html links. To do this manually would take hours. So I decided I would need a script to produce the html. The script I came up with looks like the below:
import csv, sys
sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w')
for row in csv.reader(open('courses.csv'),delimiter=","):
print ("'"' + row[0] + ' ')
 1. Line one in the script; Import csv, sys. imports modules that I needed. The csv module facilitates the opening of.csv files while the sys module allows the redirection of output to a file.
 2. The second line; sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w') Creates and opens a file in write mode called links.txt.
 3. Line three, is a for loop, that opens the courses.csv file and goes through it line by line.
 4. As the loop goes through the file line by line, it prints tag and finally a tag which will insure that each link exists on a new line on our webpage.
When we run our script the output produced to the links.txt looks like:
 Master of Arts in Learning
 Post Graduate Diploma in Arts
 Post Graduate Diploma in Computing
This code can then be copied to our website which will then display a list of links that users can select.


cutter" are more common and more of an official description for such a cutter.
 Plunger – a plunge milling cutter.
 This dual meaning sometimes causes serious misunderstandings.
 PH - precipitation hardening stainless steel.
 Rotabroach drill or simply "Rotabroach" – a trepanning cutting tool (an annular cutter). The origin of "Rotabroach" comes from the company Rotabroach Ltd, who started manufacturing and marketing such tools in the 1980's.
 Ruthenium, ruthenium grade - a cemented carbide alloyed with ruthenium.
 Scalloped edge – a serrated cutting edge.
 Slocombe (Slocomb) drill – a center drill.
 Slotting cutter – Slot milling cutter (see above)
 Superfinish - this word is often used for the extremely high surface finish that can be achieved by a cutting tool. The tool may even be referred to as a "superfinisher". Not to be confused with superfinishing, which is a fine abrasive machining process!
 TiNite/Tinite - Titanium Nitride [TiN]. TiNite is a very hard ceramic material that is used in the protective coating of cutting tools.
 Waterfall edge, waterfall, trumpet - an asymmetrically rounded (honed) cutting edge that, when compared with an edge rounded by radius, has an oval-shaped cross-sectional profile. Depending on the profile positioning with reference to the rake and the relief surfaces of a tool, this profile can be "waterfall" and "trumpet" ("reverse waterfall").
 Weldon - the cylindrical shank of a tool (usually a milling cutter) with one or two side flats for clamping and driving. This type of shank was originally introduced by Weldon Tool Co. in the 1920s.
 Whiskers - whisker-reinforced ceramic.
 Whistle notch - the cylindrical shank of a tool with an inclined side flat for clamping and driving.


text:
|apothecaries' weight||medical dictionary|
An obsolescent system of weights based upon the weight of a grain of wheat. Has been used for centuries in weighing medicines and precious metals (Troy measure). Some drugs which have been available for long periods are still often designated as grains (e.g., 5 grains of aspirin, 1/2 grain of codeine, 1/100 grain nitroglycerin). This weight system has been largely superseded by the metric system (based on grams). One grain is the equivalent of 64.8 milligrams. One scruple contains 20 grains; one dram contains 60 grains; one apothecary ounce contains 8 drams (480 grains); one apothecary pound contains 12 ounces (5760 grains).
(05 Mar 2000)
|Bookmark with:||word visualiser||Go and visit our forums|


text:
The main usage of the tool is to add Wikipedia-tags to OpenStreetMap and to make localisation of names with the help of interwikilinks, but parts of the tool can also be used for other jobs. The tool works in three steps, see below.
Take a look to example that works with streets in Dresden (Germany).
- On the left side you have the wikipedia part generated by CatScan in the background so it goes through a wikipedia category also with subcategories. So user can modify in the form project language, category and the depth of searching in category tree. An additional option on the left side is the question if the user wants to use wikipedia interwikilinks for names in different languages.
- On the right side is the OpenStreetMap part which uses code of Query-to-map projects. So the user can choose a bounding box (BBOX), a key-value combination ("*" for values possible) and a types definition.
The types "points", "lines", "areas" will make a request at toolserver database and downloads everything in this area, so it is relatively slow. The types "node", "way", "relation" will make a request at Overpass API and download only the necessary pobjects so it's faster, especially for large objects. Types="no" that the script jumps directly to Nominatim and is so much faster.
The script will use this parameter to find in the next step matching OSM objects where additionally the name-parameter is matching with the Wikipedia article name founded on the left side. (Parts of the Wikipedia article name in brackets will be ignored.)
As result the user get a table with 3 columns:
- Wikipedia-articles: Is a link to Wikipedia-article
- Interwikilinks: Shows the user how many interwikilinks has this article, is interesting if this links are used to generate "name:language"-Tags for OSM.
- OpenStreetMap: Is a link osm-add-tags tool see below.
This script is looking for matching objects with given parameters. Mostly the parameters are generated by the index.php script (see above but it's also possible to use the script for OpenStreetMap outside of Wikipedia content.)
- key, value, types and BBOX: (see above) to specify complex OSM-objects.
- name: to find at best exactly the right complex OSM-object. If this parameter is "*" the user get a list of all objects and also objects without name. This example gives a list of all restaurants of a city and shows if there is a smoking-tag or not. Some restaurants in this example have no name so they are on the end of the list as "node...".
- without-tag: define a key that is missing on the object of search. Useful to find e.g. restaurants without opening hours or so. (coming soon...)
- addtags: different Tags to add to specified objects. Tags written as "key=value", different tags are separated by "|"
As result the user gets one single object or a list with objects.
This list has links to JOSM/Plugins/RemoteControl with addtags-parameter for JOSM in latest version must run. So it use a local server to control JOSM.
Behind the objects the user can see its size (diagonal length in seconds of degree)
The script works with the toolserver database which is normally used for mapnik, so possibly it is not synchronous or has curious effects. The script finds the nodes, ways and relation numbers in the database and calculates small bounding boxes around each object.
If the result is empty the script asks Nominatim but the users need to be carefully with the results because there is no key-value proving and it gives only the first result back.
For details see: JOSM/Plugins/RemoteControl
With the help of remote control JOSM downloads the area around the defined objects and selects them. In the following dialog box the user can modify selection and tags before applying the changes.
It's helpful to use OSM-tiles (JOSM menue: Imagery) as overview in background.
The idea is to use this Wikipedia-tags later inside the Wikipedia embedded map to highlighting the OSM objects that match to the wikipedia article. So especially complex line and area objects (streets, rivers, districts,...) would be interesting for that. Multilingual maps will profit the translations by interwikilinks, especially city-objects (nodes) should have priority.
The concept behind the tool is also keep the server-side script without graphical map-interface, so it's very easy for other programmers to modify the script and bring there ideas inside the project.


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Suppose now we are trying to explain to students who do not know complex numbers, how do we distinguish $i$ and $-i$ to them? They will object that they both squared to $-1$ and thus they are indistinguishable. Is there a way of explaining this in an elementary way without go into introductory things in complex analysis?
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Roughly speaking you can't. The map that takes $a+bi$ to $a-bi$ is an automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. – André Nicolas Aug 1 '12 at 14:38
$-1$ and $1$ both square to $1.$ Does this means they're indistinguishable? – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:40
_USER_.D. Ah - but there is no automorphism taking 1 to -1. – Old John Aug 1 '12 at 14:50
Does the relationship between $i$ and $-i$ the same with "left" and "right",or "clockwise" and "anticlockwise"? – bigeast Aug 1 '12 at 15:18
First, $1$ and $-1$ are distinguishable because $1$ is its own square, while $-1$ isn't. From this, you also can easily distinguish $2$ and $-2$ because $2=1+1$ and $-2=(-1)+(-1)$. Indeed, it's not hard to extend this to $\mathbb{Z}$, and then to $\mathbb{Q}$. Finally you get all of $\mathbb{R}$ by considering sequences of rational numbers converging to that real number. Thus for each real number $r$ you can uniquely determine which one of $r$ and $-r$ is positive and which one negative. But this doesn't work for $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:24
6 Answers 6
up vote 22 down vote accepted
If you construct $\Bbb C$ as $\Bbb R[X]/(X^2+1)$ the roots are indistinguishable. You just choose one and identify it with the point $(0,1)$ in the Gauss-Argand plane. That chosen one will be $i$.
If, on the other hand you construct $\Bbb C$ as the set of pairs $(a,b)\in\Bbb R^2$ with suitable addition and multiplication, then $\pm i=(0,\pm1)$.
The two constructions are of course isomorphic but not canonically isomorphic, due to the arbitrarity of the choice of a root which is the effect of existence of a trivial $\Bbb R$-automorphism, namely complex conjugation.
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You mean non-trivial $\mathbb{C}$-automorphism instead of trivial $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism, right? Or do you mean one which is trivial on $\mathbb{R}$, though non-trivial on $\mathbb{C}$? – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:02
_USER_ : No, I mean $\Bbb R$-automorphism! If $F\subset L$ are fields, a $F$-automorphism (of $L$) is an automorphism that leaves the elements of $F$ fixed. – Andrea Mori Aug 1 '12 at 15:22
Ah I see, somehow I forgot that term. Thank you. – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:29
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as $\mathbb{R}[X]/(X^2+1)$, then $i$ is the coset $X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$ and $-i$ is the coset $-X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$. – David Speyer Aug 1 '12 at 16:08
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as pairs, then there's initially no $i$,. but only the pairs $(0,1)$ and $(0,-1)$. Therefore you still have the freedom which of them you call $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:33
Simple: there are two distinct values whose square is $-1$, so you choose one of them and call it $i$. The other one, then, is $-i$. It doesn't matter which of them you choose, just as it doesn't matter which direction in space you call $x$.
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Upvoted because OP asked for "explaining this in an elementary way." – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:47
With the proviso that, once you've made your decision, you must stick with it thereafter. – Mark Beadles Aug 1 '12 at 19:14
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ purely algebraically then there is no distinction until you've chosen what $i$ is, and then the distinction is made by the observation that if $x=i$ is one solution to $x^2=-1$ then $x=-i$ is the other.
This is beause we construct $\mathbb{C}$ algebraically as the field $\mathbb{R}(i)$ obtained by adjoining $i$ to $\mathbb{R}$, where $i$ is an abstract root of the polynomial $x^2+1$. But once you've done this, you can declare that $i$ is the point on the Argand diagram lying at unit length 'above' $0$, and this distinguishes it from $-i$. As André Nicolas says in the comments, if you'd chosen $-i$ instead of $i$ then it doesn't matter, since the (unique!) map fixing $\mathbb{R}$ and sending $i \mapsto -i$ is a $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. (Intuitively: choosing the other root changes nothing except labelling.)
In more human terms, you say $i$ is'something' which squares to give $-1$, and then $-i$ is 'the other thing' which does the same.
We can then make the translation to the Argand diagram by identifying this new field $\mathbb{C}=\mathbb{R}(i)$ with the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ by using the following correspondence: $$\mathbb{C} \ni a+bi \leftrightarrow (a,b) \in \mathbb{R}^2$$ with operations $$(a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d)$$ $$(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(ac-bd, ad+bc)$$
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It doesn't matter which one you call $i$; whichever it is, the other one is called $-i$.
I suspect it's not necessary to say more than that. And in a way, to say much more in answer to that question might amount to making the answer seem more complicated than it really is. That doesn't mean you shouldn't say more after saying that; e.g. that the field $\mathbb{C}$ has exactly one automorphism that's not hideously ill-behaved, etc.
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First off, you don't need to know anything about complex analysis in order to understand this. Complex analysis refers to doing calculus with complex numbers, but this is just a question about the basic complex-number system itself.
By way of analogy, let's think for a moment about the way the ancient Greeks conceived of ordinary numbers. Euclid's Elements is actually not just about what is taught today as geometry; it's full of material that today would be considered to be algebra and number theory. For example, what we would represent as multiplication $xy$, Euclid would represent as the area of a rectangle with sides of certain lengths. An identity like $x(y+z)=xy+xz$ would be represented as cutting a rectangle into two smaller rectangles. In Euclid's system, there is no such thing as the real number system, and in fact there is not even a number 1. If I say I'm 6 feet tall, in Euclid's language we would say that we have two different line segments, and their ratio is 6. The small one is arbitrarily chosen as the unit of measurement. But the choice of the unit segment is completely arbitrary, and it can be different if you finish one calculation and start another one.
Similarly, it's completely arbitrary how to label $i$ versus $-i$. For example, a typical application of complex numbers is to describe oscillations. Suppose two cars' windshield wipers are both running. They have the same frequency, say 1 Hz, but they're out of phase with one another by 90 degrees. We can represent the two oscillations as complex numbers whose magnitudes represent the frequency and whose arguments represent the phase. The magnitudes both have to be 1, but it's completely arbitrary whether we use a bigger argument to represent an oscillation with a leading phase, or a lagging one. We have to make an arbitrary choice. There is nothing obliging us to


should be adequately sealed to keep the surrounding production areas safe. Do whatever is necessary to minimize organisms from traveling by air outside of the construction zone.
The HVAC and air handling system in the construction area should also be evaluated for cross-contamination potential. Be sure to close off or divert the airflow to prevent air movement from the construction zone to any production areas. In addition, make sure the system will be able to accommodate additional areas or space after construction is complete and make any upgrades if necessary. Thoroughly clean the HVAC system and filters before the construction process starts.
Similarly, evaluate any drains that are present in the construction zone for cross-contamination potential and take precautions to keep pathogens from passing from the construction area to the food production areas.
Make Contractors Part of Your Plan
While contractors might have years of experience in their trade, they don't know your food safety plan. Schedule a formal food safety training session with the contractor and all members of the construction staff. Don't allow anyone to work in the facility before completing the training. Determine which protective clothing contractors and their team will need, such as frocks, boot covers or hairnets, and provide a separate bag or place to store them during the construction process.
Designating a single entrance for contractors and construction staff will minimize confusion and avoid mistaken entries into prohibited areas. Educate them on the appropriate traffic flow as they arrive, enter the facility, and conduct their work. Their entrance should be separate from those used by office and food production employees. Have quat or alcohol hand and tool sanitizers stationed at the designated contractor entrance, and require them to sanitize any tools, materials or equipment before entering the facility. Emphasize that no mud or other debris should be tracked into the facility. Provide the necessary guidance and monitor the entrance area to prevent that from happening.
Shoe coverings, food safety, construction
Effectively communicate safety plan with all contractors involved.
Construction staff and in-house food production staff should be separated at all times. To prevent cross-contamination, there shouldn't be any direct paths from the construction area to the production area. No material from the construction area should ever be brought into the food production area. Contractors and construction staff should also be prohibited from using the break rooms or restrooms that are used by the facility employees. Because they won't have access to other areas, temporary hand wash sinks may be needed for construction employees to follow frequent hand washing and sanitizing procedures.
Best Practices for Sanitation During Construction
Before demolishing and removing any walls during the construction process, apply a foam disinfectant at 800–1000 ppm without rinsing. If any equipment needs to be moved, or if there will be new equipment brought into the area, clean and disinfect it with quat at 800–1000 ppm without rinsing.
Quat should also be applied heavily on the floors around the designated construction team entrances. Foam or spray contractors' walkways and the construction area floor every four hours at 800–1000 ppm. Allow contractors, forklifts, dollies or other wheeled carts to regularly travel through the disinfectant to keep their feet and wheels sanitized as they move throughout the construction area.
If your construction project involves new equipment installation, discuss the sanitation requirements and restrictions with a sanitation chemical provider before purchasing this equipment to ensure you have the right chemistry on hand. Any new equipment should be cleaned and sanitized, as well as the area where it will be installed, before bringing the equipment into the area. Make sure all the surfaces of the new equipment are compatible with your current cleaning chemistry and that the installation follows proper food safety guidelines. If necessary, upgrade your food safety process to accommodate the new equipment.
Transitioning from Construction to Safe Food Production
Once the construction project is complete, remove all construction materials, tools, debris, plastic sheeting and temporary walls. Seal any holes that might have occurred in the floors, walls and ceilings where equipment was moved, and repair or replace epoxy or other floor coverings. Inspect any forklifts or man lifts used during the construction, and clean and sanitize them.
Clean the HVAC and air handling system and return it to either its pre-construction settings or an updated configuration based on what the new area requires.
Continue cleaning everything in the construction area, from ceiling to floor, including lights, walls, drains, refrigeration units and all equipment following SSOPs. Note that different cleaning products containing solvents may be needed for the initial cleaning to remove cutting oil, welding flux residues, greases, and other elements from the construction process. Be sure to have those cleaning products on hand before you get to this step to avoid delays of a thorough sanitation process. Where necessary, passivate any stainless steel equipment.
Finally, test the environment. Collect a special set of swabs and monitor the results. Apply post-rinse sanitizer and then begin food production. Implement an enhanced environmental monitoring program in all areas disrupted by the construction until the data shows a return to the baseline levels. Revise your facility SSOPs in light of any changes based on the new construction.
Achieving Seamless Productivity
Expansion can mean new capabilities for your business, but lax food safety processes during construction can jeopardize the new opportunities your expansion brings. By having a strong plan in place, following it diligently, educating contractors on your plan, monitoring activity, and using effective sanitizing chemistry, you will be able to expand while protecting your brand and avoiding food safety issues.
Angela Fernandez, GS1
COVID-19 Puts More Emphasis on Supply Chain Visibility and Data Quality: A Conversation with Angela Fernandez of GS1 US
By Maria Fontanazza
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Angela Fernandez, GS1
The food industry is adapting in completely new ways as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. Retailers are scrambling to keep certain items on store shelves and manufacturers are adjusting their production strategies based on realistic and ever-shifting needs. In a recent discussion with Food Safety Tech, Angela Fernandez, VP of community engagement at GS1 US and FST editorial advisory board member, talks about how companies can improve relationships with trading partners in the face of COVID-19.
Food Safety Tech: What issues do you see happening in the supply chain right now?
Angela Fernandez: Our food supply chain is experiencing overwhelming demand. As an organization that collaborates with both the retail grocery and foodservice sectors to solve supply chain challenges, we're working with industry on how we can make our supply chain more efficient in the short term, and make it more resilient in the long term.
Consumers are frustrated by empty shelves and the demand created by the pandemic is changing the movement of products. Right now, products are not always accounted for in transit, there are production issues depending on category, and food produced for foodservice outlets like restaurants, schools, and hotels can't always be easily diverted to a supermarket. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is lifting restrictions on the sale of food so that it is possible for items that may have been produced for foodservice "sale" to be sold in a supermarket.
FST: In what particular areas are you seeing inventory shortages that are impacting retailers and suppliers?
Fernandez: We're seeing a couple of different dynamics. For suppliers that produce products for both retail and foodservice channels, we see a shift in reducing production on foodservice items and an increasing manufacturing on their retail product lines. We're also seeing foodservice suppliers that have not serviced the retail channel previously are now looking to establish new relationships with retailers and recession-proof their businesses. This is not happening as fast as consumer demand for perimeter products like dairy and produce, so we see shortages and products expiring before they can be sold to these new retail customers.
Additionally, food product variation and customization is decreasing. If you think about your own experience going to the grocery store today, or arranging for a delivery, you're seeing fewer flavors of a product available and fewer brand names you're familiar with. Suppliers are continuing to shift back to mainstream production of their core product lines just to keep store shelves stocked. I think that's what we're going to continue to see—the reduction of customized and specialty items.
For retailers, they have a prioritized the focus on ramping up their e-commerce strategy to relieve the pressure on their stores and service more consumers online. This poses a particular challenge when retailers have limited IT resources and a need to set up a new item supplied from a new foodservice manufacturer that is trying to divert their products to the retail channel to support the demand. And in some cases unfortunately, foodservice suppliers maybe unable to redirect some of their products due to the fact they are not marked for individual sale with the traditional U.P.C. and other retailer requirements.
FST: Is there a better way that food companies, retailers and suppliers can work together during this pandemic?
Fernandez: Food companies can improve the way they work together if they focus on supply chain visibility and data quality. Visibility is key as suppliers are ramping up production on those mainstream products and trying to get them to the proper locations when retailers need them. That's where I would look at GS1 Standards such as the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) for product identification and the advance ship notice (ASN) transaction, which lets a partner know when something is ready and being shipped. Global data standards enable the visibility to what delivery a retailer can expect and when, and being able to account for that inventory once it's inside the DC [distribution center] location so that they can update an online platform. This can help ensure that a retailer has accurate information for the consumer and ability minimize the substitutions that can occur.
The second piece is the data quality aspect—making sure we have the right information around those core items that we are trying to keep stocked on the shelves for consumers who are purchasing those items today. The retail grocery and


Crowding out in blood donation: Was Titmuss right?
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Citation: Carl Mellstrom, Magnus Johannesson (2008) Crowding out in blood donation: Was Titmuss right?. Journal of the European Economic Association (RSS)
doi: 10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.4.845
Tagged: Economics (RSS)
Mellstrom and Johannesson try to offer a very clean test of Titmuss' crowding out hypothesis (not called that at the time) offered in his book The gift relationship. In his book, Titmuss argues that the introduction of monetary rewards can reduce the supply of blood donors.
Mellstrom and Johannesson's paper presents a field experiment designed to test this. They use three treatments:
 1. Subjects are given the opportunity to donate blood without any special incentives.
 2. Subjects are given the opportunity to donate blood with a payment of 50 SEK (~ 7 USD).
 3. Subjects who choose to give blood were give the option of accepting 50 SEK or donating the same amount to charity.
The findings in the full sample showed no crowding out. However, when the authors split the sample into men and women, they found a statistically significant effect with women, but not with men. Women were less likely to donate blood when money was offered while they could not conclude that were. The charity option was associated with an increase in the rate of donations for women, but not for men.
There were several important limitations. For one, the authors advertisement for the study (due to ethics boards requirements) explained that the study was on attitudes to donate blood. Second, they do not actually measure blood donation but rather when the people recruited went to a physical exam which in Sweden is necessary to give blood. Apparently, most people who receive these exams will subsequently give blood (~70%).


Definitions for "Snowline"
The lowest point at which snow remains year-round.
The line on a glacier separating the area where snow remains from year to year from the area where snow from the previous season melts.
the elevation above which snow remains on the ground year-round, ie the lower boundary of a permanent snowcap. Sometimes also used to designate the lower elevation boundary of merely seasonal snowfields.
In astronomy, a snowline is a theoretical distance from a star that, during the system's formation, material must orbit outside of in order for a planet core to form.


organización contempla los centros poblados como "Mala Vida", "Cerritos", "Onza de Oro", "Nuevo Pozo Oscuro", "Los Jardines", entre otros.
Finalmente, el equipo de la FDA llevo a cabo una reunión en Sechura con el Ing. Alex Eche Chunga (Gerente de desarrollo económico de la Municipalidad de Sechura) quien manifestó su interés en fortalecer el nivel de organización de estas comunidades para acceder a futuros fondos concursables y el apoyo logístico para continuar con las encuestas durante los siguientes meses.
Meeting for Strengthening Activities in the Sechura Desert
Within the framework of the project "Fishing and farming in the Desert, a platform to understand how to respond to the El Nino in the context of climate change in Sechura, Peru and with the aim of strengthening coordination activities with the communities surrounding the lagoons of Napique and La Niña in the Sechura Desert"; the technical team of the Agrarian Development Foundation (FDA) visited the town of "Chutuque" in the district of Cristo Nos Valga, Sechura. Dr. Jaime Mendo and his technical team met with Mr. Bernardo Ruiz Tume (Chairman of the Committee of users of temporary water for irrigation, livestock, fisheries, tourism and others of the left and right margin of the Piura River, Sechura Province – R.A. No. _PHONE_-MDCNV/A) and Mr. Diego Chunga Morales (Lieutenant Governor "Chutuque").
Dr. Jaime Mendo started the meeting with a brief explanation of the project and its importance for decision-making in the face of the opportunities generated by the El Niño in local economic activities, mainly in fisheries and agriculture. Mr. Bernardo Tume and Mr. Diego Chunga expressed their interest in supporting the project by facilitating interviews with villagers and pledged to support more communities in their organization. They also mentioned that the aforementioned committee has been implementing a project called "LA TAPA DEL CUY" aimed at damming water from the Piura River and being used for family farming; and requested support so that through the university or another institution productive projects such as aquaculture, grape production, management of algarrobo forests, production of artemia and training for the use of technical irrigation can be developed as an alternative to water scarcity.
The FDA team expressed to leaders the importance of community organization in accessing funds for the development of pilot projects, and pledged to contact UNALM teachers to virtually advise and train villagers for the use of technical irrigation in local agricultural production. It is worth mentioning that the leaders have registering the inhabitants in their region and offered to provide the information that is needed. This organization covers the villages of "Mala Vida", "Cerritos", "Onza de Oro", "Nuevo Pozo Oscuro", among others.
Finally, the FDA team held a meeting in Sechura with Ing. Alex Eche Chunga (Economic Development Manager of the Municipality of Sechura) who expressed an interest in strengthening the level of organization of these communities to access future funds and logistical support to continue the surveys over the next few months.


Louisa Enright's Blog
Mainely Tipping Points
Mainely Tipping Points 33: GO WILD!
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Mainely Tipping Points 33
Sandor Ellix Katz's WILD FERMENTATION: THE FLAVOR, NUTRITION, AND CRAFT OF LIVE-CULTURE FOODS arrived last week. I found myself dropping all other activities and reading it straight through.
By noon the next day I had a ball of cloth-wrapped cheese hanging from a kitchen knob, dripping away the last of its whey.
In two days' time I had a quart mason jar filled with fermenting kale leaves, or Gundru, a Tibetan ferment. (You can't imagine how many kale leaves it takes to fill a quart jar once you've wilted them in the sun and pounded them so that they release their juices—the leaves of about eight kale plants.) And now I'm eyeing the crocks over my stove, bought for decorative purposes mostly, and wondering what from the fall harvest I can ferment next.
Katz, who is a charming writer, would say "lots of things." And, indeed, Katz discusses how to ferment vegetables, fruits, beans, dairy, grains and breads, beverages, wines, beers, and vinegars. "Fermentation," writes Katz, gives us many of our most basic staples, such as bread and cheese, and our most pleasurable treats, including chocolate, coffee, wine, and beer" (2).
Microscopic bacteria and fungi, or microflora, are, writes Katz, agents of transformation; they feast upon decaying matter and shift dynamic life forces from one creation to the next (2). That's why "fermented foods and drinks are quite literally alive with flavor and nutrition. Their flavors tend to be strong and pronounced," like "stinky aged cheeses, tangy sauerkraut, rich earthy miso [made traditionally, which can take several years], smooth sublime wines. Human have always appreciated the distinctive flavors resulting from the transformative power of microscopic bacteria and fungi" (5).
But, why should we home cooks ferment anything? First, fermented foods we make for ourselves are guaranteed to be very rich in enzymes.
You might recall me writing in earlier Tipping Points essays about Edward Howell's theory on enzymes. Howell, who died in 2000 at the age of 102, spent his life studying the role of enzymes in health and disease. He posited that if one does not eat enzyme-rich foods, the body has both to use existing stored enzymes and to work harder to digest foods, all of which takes a toll. Ron Schmid, in THE UNTOLD STORY OF MILK, notes Howell's assessment that humans have lower levels of starch-digesting enzymes in their blood than other creatures and higher levels in their urine, which means their resident enzymes are being used up faster. And, as Schmid notes, based on various studies, it's clear that diets deficient in enzymes result in shortened life spans (101-105). Certainly this assessment is a piece of the growing body of information pointing toward the health problems associated with starchy carbohydrate-heavy diets.
Second, fermentation removes toxins from foods. All grains, nuts, seeds, and tubers contain inhibitors (phytic acids) which block human absorption of nutrients. These inhibitors are inactivated by traditional food preparation methods that involve soaking in acids, like whey or lemon juice, which begins a fermentation process, or by sprouting (101-105). Few, if any, commercial foods have been properly prepared so as to inactivate nutrient inhibitors while, at the same time, preserving nutrients. Thus, unless you are properly preparing these foods, your body isn't getting all of the nutrients in these foods and is, to add insult to injury, struggling to digest them.
Fermentation can remove toxins as powerful as cyanide from cassava, an enormous tuber used in tropical regions of the Americas and, now, in Africa and Asia. Other toxins fermentation can eliminate or reduce include nitrites, prussic acid, oxalic acid, nitrosamines, and glucosides (7).
Third, fermentation preserves food because it produces "alcohol, lactic acid, and acetic acid, all 'bio-preservatives' that retain nutrients and prevent spoilage." Hence, highly perishable foods, like vegetables, fruits, milk, fish, and meat, can be stored after harvest for consumption in leaner seasons. Or, as Captain James Cook discovered during his eighteenth century explorations, preserved fermented sauerkraut prevented scurvy during long ocean voyages (5).
"Microscopic bacteria and fungi," writes Katz, "…are in every breath we take and every bite we eat." These microflora are "in a symbiotic relationship" with humans. They "digest food into nutrients our bodies can absorb, protect us from potentially dangerous organisms, and teach our immune systems how to function" (2). Most importantly, writes Katz, "we need to promote diversity among microbial cultures" in our bodies because "biodiversity is increasingly recognized as critical to the survival of larger-scale ecosystems" (11).
Not all fermented foods are alive when you eat them. Bread, for instance, must be cooked. But, the most nutritious fermented foods, such as yogurt, are consumed alive (7). Or, such as sauerkraut, which I make by the half-gallon and keep in our refrigerator as a ready "asset" to compliment a meal. I used red cabbage for my current batch, and it is the loveliest deep ruby color.
 Live yogurt and sauerkraut couldn't be easier to make, and I have time-tested recipes for both in the recipe section of this blog. I have not yet tried Katz's recipe, but it has some really exciting suggested additions. Plus, Katz's sauerkraut lives in a crock in a cool place and does not require refrigeration.
 Fourth and finally, fermenting is a political act, an act that stands in stark opposition to what Sally Fallon Morell of the Weston A. Price Foundation, who wrote the introduction to WILD FERMENTATION, describes as "the centralization and industrialization of our food supply." Real culture, writes Fallon, "begins at the farm, not in the opera house, and binds a people to a land and its artisans." Many commentators, notes Fallon, have said that America lacks culture. But, "how can we be cultured when we eat only food that has been canned, pasteurized, and embalmed?" (xii). Food artisans ferment food, and they are increasingly being regulated out of existence by the government in the name of "food safety"—which is nothing more than industry's power in a so-called "free market" to eliminate all its competitors.
Katz writes the following: "Thinking about mass food production makes me sad and angry. Chemical mono-crop agriculture. Genetic engineering of the most basic food crops. Ugly, inhumane factory animal breeding. Ultra-processed foods full of preservative chemicals, industrial byproducts, and packaging. Food production is just one realm among many in which ever more concentrated corporate units extract profits from the Earth and the mass of humanity" (163).
 Katz encourages us to "draw inspiration from the action of bacteria and yeast, and make your life a transformative process." Wild fermentation, he writes "is the opposite of homogenization and uniformity, a small antidote you can undertake in your home, using the extremely localized populations of microbial cultures present there to produce your own unique fermented foods" (21).
Take back your power, Katz urges, to "use your fermented goodies to nourish your family and friends and allies. The life-affirming power of these basic foods contrasts sharply with the lifeless, industrially processed foods that fill supermarket shelves" (166). Remember that "wild fermentation is a way of incorporating the wild into your body," so that you become "one with the natural world" once more (12).
Don't wait, like I did, to get a copy of Katz's WILD FERMENTATION.
GO WILD now!
Tipping Points 8: Drinking Real Milk
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(You may want to read my essays in order.)
April 26, 2010
Tipping Points 8
Drinking Real Milk
I started drinking real milk as an act of faith four years ago. I can still remember how shocked I was that anyone would risk drinking real milk when my neighbor casually said how lucky she felt to have been able to buy real milk locally for her children. I did not try it right away. I asked other friends if they drank "real milk," began to read labels, and began to notice how much of our milk is now ultrapasteurized. I will confess that I am now addicted to raw milk.
I recently traveled to Norfolk, Virginia, which is a wasteland for the kind of quality food we enjoy in Maine. The best I could do for milk was organic whole milk that was homogenized and ultrapasteurized. To my surprise it tasted bitter, as does milk that has been allowed to boil. And, it had none of the silky smoothness or the energy, the feeling of life held in a living product, that I experience with real


Use your Raspberry Pi on Multiple WiFi Networks
Getting WiFi working on Raspberry Pi must be one of the most searched topics since the popular board was released. Thankfully, this is now a pretty simple process even for beginners! However, as the Raspberry Pi is portable, many people like to take it with them wherever they go. This presents a new challenge, which is providing Internet access without access to a monitor or an Ethernet cable. Like other Internet connected devices, people want to set up Raspberry Pi multiple WiFi networks.
Firstly, did you know that there is a quick way to set up WiFi on your Raspberry Pi before the first boot?
Setup Raspberry Pi WiFi Before Boot
Until recently, you had to boot your Pi with an Ethernet cable connected and then make all the necessary edits to system files to setup WiFi. However, there is now a way to setup WiFi before you power on your Pi for the very first time. In order to do this, you need to create a file called "wpa_supplicant.conf" and then transfer it to the boot folder on your SD card. You can do this in any basic text editing software, but Notepad++ is recommended.
Notepad++ is a free text editor and is a suped-up version of the standard Windows Notepad. However, it is great for creating or editing code because it helps with formatting – such as indentation, brackets and so on. You can download Notepad++ from their website.
WPA Supplicant
First, open Notepad++ and add the following code to it:
You need to add your own details to this document, and they are pretty self-explanatory:
 1. SSID = Your WiFi network name
 2. PSK = Your WiFi password
The last section, "key_mgmt", is set depending on the encryption method your WiFi network uses. If you are using a relatively modern WiFi router, then the chances are it will be WPA-PSK. For the curious, this stands for WiFi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key. Older routers (as in 10+ years) may use WEP, or Wired Equivalent Privacy, but this is no longer recommended as a relatively inexperienced hacker could crack this in a few minutes if they wanted to!
Once you have added your WiFI network name and password, save your file as "wpa_supplicant.conf" (without the quotation " " marks and ensuring it is lower-case). This is what you can now transfer to the boot folder on your SD card. Now when you boot your Pi, it should automatically connect to your WiFi network!
What actually happens is that your Pi copies the "wpa_supplicant.conf" file to the proper location on the Pi itself. This is typically "/etc/wpa_supplicant", and if you want to make any additional changes, you can find the "wpa_supplicant.conf" file here.
Make sure you set "key_mgmt" depending on the encryption method used by your WiFi router!
Make sure you set "key_mgmt" depending on the encryption method used by your WiFi router!
Hang on though!
You have come here because you want to establish Raspberry Pi multiple WiFi networks! To do this, you follow the same steps as above, except you need to add a few more networks to your "wpa_supplicant.conf" file. There is also an additional step required, especially if you want to prioritise the networks so that your Pi prefers to connect to a specific network over another.
Raspberry Pi Multiple WiFi Networks
To do this, you will obviously need to know the details of all the WiFi networks you want your Raspberry Pi to connect to. This may well be your home network, your school or work network and maybe a phone-tethered network (i.e. for when you want to get your Pi online outside the reach of other WiFi networks). Once you have the SSID and passwords for your WiFi networks, you need to add them to your "wpa_supplicant.conf" file:
If you look carefully at the new details above, you may notice a few things. Firstly, we have created three networks – one for home, one for work and one for tethering to your phone's WiFi hotspot. In order to help your Raspberry Pi understand which network is which, we have also added the "id_str" string, which you will notice has been assigned a name – either "home", "work" or "phone". This is a crucial step for Raspberry Pi multiple WiFi networks, as you will need them for the next part, so remember them.
Setting priorities
You may also notice a "priority" string, along with a number. This is pretty self-explanatory – this tells your Raspberry Pi to try and connect to your networks in a specific order. First of all, the numbers associated are not as logical as you would expect! This is because the higher the number, the higher the preference. In the example above, our Raspberry Pi will try to connect to the networks in the following order:
 1. Phone (priority of 3)
 2. Work (priority of 2)
 3. Home (priority of 1)
As a result, our example places the "phone" network at the top because we may want to connect to our Raspberry Pi in the office, but want to avoid connecting to the "work" network if the "phone" network is present. You might want to experiment with the priorities yourself, and you can do this by simply changing the numbers associated with the "priority" string.
Almost there…
There is one more adjustment required to get Raspberry Pi Multiple WiFi Networks, and that is to add a couple of lines to the "/etc/network/interfaces" file, because this tells your Raspberry Pi how to connect to any networks present:
# Include files from /etc/network/interfaces.d:
source-directory /etc/network/interfaces.d
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
iface eth0 inet manual
allow-hotplug wlan0
iface wlan0 inet manual
 wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
allow-hotplug wlan1
iface wlan1 inet manual
 wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
iface home inet dhcp
iface work inet dhcp
iface phone inet dhcp
The key lines here are the bottom three:
 1. iface home inet dhcp
 2. iface work inet dhcp
 3. iface phone inet dhcp
Remember the "id_str" names we added earlier? If not, then it might be worth going back and getting them as this is where we add them to our interfaces file. You now just need to add your "id_str" here, along with the prefix "iface" and the suffix "inet dhcp", especially if your IP addresses are set by DHCP.
Last step!
Once you have added your network strings to the interfaces file, simply save it (do this by pressing Ctrl+X if using Nano) and then reboot your Raspberry Pi! If all goes well, you should have setup Raspberry Pi Multiple WiFi Networks, along with prioritised connections!


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Data Mining for IVHM using Sparse Binary Ensembles
In response to NASA SBIR topic A1.05, "Data Mining for Integrated Vehicle Health Management", Michigan Aerospace Corporation (MAC) asserts that our unique SPADE (Sparse Processing Applied to Data Exploitation) technology meets a significant fraction of the stated criteria and has functionality that enables it to handle many applications within the aircraft lifecycle. SPADE distills input data into highly quantized features and uses MAC's novel techniques for constructing Ensembles of Decision Trees to develop extremely accurate diagnostic/prognostic models for classification, regression, clustering, anomaly detection and semi-supervised learning tasks. These techniques are currently being employed to do Threat Assessment for satellites in conjunction with researchers at the Air Force Research Lab. Significant advantages to this approach include: 1) completely data driven; 2) training and evaluation are faster than conventional methods; 3) operates effectively on huge datasets (> billion samples X > million features), 4) proven to be as accurate as state-of-the-art techniques in many significant real-world applications. The specific goals for Phase 1 will be to work with domain experts at NASA and with our partners Boeing, SpaceX and GMV Space Systems to delineate a subset of problems that are particularly well-suited to this approach and to determine requirements for deploying algorithms on platforms of opportunity.
Small Business Information at Submission:
Michigan Aerospace Corporation
1777 Highland Drive, Suite B Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Number of Employees:


What are gobos?
How do they work?
What do I need?
Custom or stock?
Can I see a proof of my custom gobo?
Glass or steel?
What size gobo do I need?
What are ellipsoidals?
What type of artwork?
What if I need help creating artwork?
How big will the image be?
Whatare beam spreads, beam angles, field angles?
How do I order?
What if I'm in a rush?
What are gobos?
Gobos are a piece of flat steel or glass, which when placed in a lighting fixture projects the image that is on the gobo. The word gobo is an acronym for the phrase "Goes Before Optics". There are specific lighting instruments that can accept gobos. The most common is an ellipsoidal, which are lighting instruments that allow you to focus the light and gobo by moving the lens back and forth in the lens tube. Gobos can be used for multiple projects; for example they can project breakup patterns to create texture on walls or even project your company logo. Most gobos are made of steel but more complex patterns and colors can be achieved using glass gobos.
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How do they work?
A gobo is first placed into a gobo holder or frame. These are necessary and not usually included in your lighting instrument. Holders and gobos vary in size for each type of lighting fixture used. Then the loaded gobo frame can be inserted in to the light or rotator wheel. When your light is turned on - your image will be projected. All that's left is to move the barrel of the fixture to adjust the focus.
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What do I need?
1.) An ellipsoidal style fixture or gobo focusable light
2.) A gobo holder
3.) A gobo - If custom, your artwork or if stock, your stock number
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Custom or Stock?
If you are looking at creating a gobo based off of your company logo or specific text, you will need to order a custom. If you are looking for a gobo that is a general image, you might be able to find what you are looking for in a Stock gobo. There are 1000s of images and patterns pre-made and ready to go at a significantly lower cost than customs.
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Can I see a proof of my custom gobo?
Most gobos when made look exactly like the artwork you send. However due to some size restrictions on certain instruments or limitations in making a steel gobo, changes might occur. In cases where a major change is required, such as an omission of text, we will have a proof sent to you to confirm the changes. However, if you would like a proof made before the full purchase of a custom gobo, you can. Proofs are $35, which is applied to the purchase of a custom gobo, if you approve the artwork and have us make the gobo. If you make changes, however, the $35 will be charged for every revision except the last one - which will then be included in the price of your gobo. Typically, we suggest our customers get proofs if their artwork is very intricate or if they question how it will turn out when made into steel..
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Do I want glass or steel?
There are numerous advantages with glass gobos, one being the absence of tabs required to hold the image together as in a steel gobo (see examples). Another benefit of glass is that complex images can be produced with very high quality. One more benefit is glass will not distort or melt when used continuously.
Steel gobos provide excellent quality imagery at a great price.
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What size gobo do I need?
When ordering gobos we need to know what size you need. This is dependant on the type of fixture you are placing it in. If you do not know the size, tell us what fixture it is to be used in. We will make sure you get the correct size. If your fixture is not a standard size listed on the website do not worry, we can make all sizes. In some cases steel gobos may need to be trimmed to fit your fixture, this is easily done with a pair of scissors.
1). Click here to find out what size your fixture needs
2). Visual Guide to Pattern Sizes
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What are ellipsoidals?
Ellipsoidals are lighting instruments and are a standard in theatre. Each comes with different beam spreads, which would change the size of your projected image. Accessories for these lights can also be bought to spin your gobo or move side to side.
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What type of artwork?
We can make your gobo from any artwork. However, especially in glass, the higher quality of an image you provide us the better your gobo can look. Below are some guidelines that will help.
Postcript Formats
Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
For almost any style design except for photographic images, the preferred, ideal file format is a native Adobe Illustrator file. This kind of vector-based artwork creates the best gobo tooling.
EPS Files (eps)
A close second to Illustrator files are files saved in eps format. This format can be created from many of the popular graphics programs available. EPS files maintain excellent image qualities and allow for moderate resizing without degrading the image quality.
PDF Documents (.pdf)
While there are many advantages to pdf files, ease of use in gobo making is NOT one of them. We may be able to extract the images embedded in pdf files, but they are almost always low resolution and produce poor quality gobos.
Rasterized Formats
Adobe Photoshop (.psd)
Native Photoshop files provide tremendous versatility by allowing all the elements of a design to be edited by graphic designers. This file format maintains text editing (v.5 and higher) and preserves layers. In addition, Photoshop is the ideal format for photographic designs or Hi-Definition Photogobos.
TIFF Files (.tif), BMP (.bmp), PICT (.pict)
Digital cameras and many graphics programs provide means for saving images in TIFF, BMP or PICT format. These files are uncompressed and maintain a very high image quality. However, they are often extremely large, so much so that electronic transfers are difficult. Despite that, these file formats produce excellent gobos.
JPG (.jpg), GIF (.gif)
These file types are commonly found in use on the World Wide Web. In general, they are less well suited as artwork for custom gobos.
GIF files are 72dpi, and contain a limited color table. This means that altering the file in any way - resizing, adjusting contrast, color correcting - is virtually impossible to accomplish without significantly degrading the image. So unless the file provided needs no alteration at all (very uncommon), it is a poor format choice.
JPG files are a compressed file type, which helps to keep even very complex images relatively small. But this compression makes it difficult to alter the image without introducing artifacts, which degrade the image quality. If you will be submitting jpg files, make sure to submit a file that is 2x the size of the finished gobo.
CAD Files (.dxf,.dwg)
CAD files should not be submitted at all. Despite claims by the software companies to the contrary, these file types almost never successfully convert into a usable file format.
Image Size and Resolution Guidelines
First, if you are working in Adobe Illustrator, this section is irrelevant to you. Resizing in Illustrator is accomplished with no loss of detail or quality.
Otherwise, you must decide at what the resolution and size to create your design. Your choice of gobo type will influence this decision. In general, you should create your design at full size, which is 100% of the size of the finished gobo, or larger.
Custom Steel
150 dpi
Line art is not usually degraded by low resolution files. But small text may be difficult to render.
Line Art (B/W)
150-300 dpi
If the design has fine details or gradients, a higher resolution will produce a better quality gobo
Grey Scale / Photographic B/W
600 dpi
Smooth tonal values require high resolution images
Line Art (Multi-Colored)
300 dpi
ColourScenic Hi Res
800 dpi
To achieve smooth color blends and fine details requires a very high-resolution file.
To calculate the pixel size of your design, multiply gobo size (in inches) by the recommended resolution. The result is the recommended size of your artwork.
For example, if you are creating artwork for a multi-colored logo in a B size gobo: 2.54 inches X 300 pixels/inch = 762 pixels. So the artwork you submit to Partech Inc./ Apollo Design Technology should be no less than 762 x 762 pixels, though larger is perfectly fine.
Note that pixel size is independent of resolution and so is a preferred manner of describing file size.
Pixel Size = Size (inches) x Dots (pixels) Per Inch
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What if I need help creating artwork?
We will be happy to assist you in creating your artwork. There will be a flat rate charge of $45 to create or modify your artwork for you.
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How big will the image be?
Image size is dependant on a number of things. None of which has much to do with the gobo it self. It has to do with the beam spread of the lighting fixture you are using and how far away you are from the projection surface.
To calculate this you can use the below formulas:
1. Calculate: BEAM WIDTH of any angle (beam, field or cut-off)
 BEAM WIDTH = ANGLE x.018 x DISTANCE
2.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Of or relating to a style of baroque architecture of Spain and its Latin-American colonies, characterized by elaborate and extravagant decoration.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. Noting an elaborate phase of the baroque style in architecture which originated in Spain in the seventeenth century. The style was transplanted to Mexico, where it became typical. See cut in middle column.
- adj. Relating to a Spanish baroque architectural style that started in the late 17th century to the early 18th century; characterized by flamboyant ornamentation
- adj. having elaborate symmetrical ornamentation
- Named for José Benito Churriguera (_PHONE_), a Spanish architect and sculptor (Wiktionary)
- Spanish churrigueresco, after José Benito Churriguera (_PHONE_), Spanish architect. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"The Cathedral on the Plaza de Armas in downtown Durango is built in a high Baroque style known as Churrigueresque."
The Cathedral on the Plaza de Armas in downtown Durango is built in a high Baroque style known as Churrigueresque. This style came about at the end of the Spanish Renaissance. © Jeffrey R. Bacon, 2009
"Elaborate and extravagant decoration and intricate details — especially in surface ornamentation — characterize Churrigueresque architecture."
"The cathedral represents one of the most important examples of extreme Churrigueresque architectural style in northern Mexico."
"One may observe the Churrigueresque style in the front and side entrances of the cathedral."
"It is an exquisite example of Churrigueresque architecture."
"Construction on the Churrigueresque style church was begun in 1695."
"He brought the ultra-Baroque style of architecture known as Churrigueresque to Mexico, and one of its notable features is the estipite which has been used throughout the country."
"The facade, depicting Christ and the 12 apostles, is one of the finest examples of Churrigueresque architecture in Mexico."
"The church of Santo Domingo, built as a Jesuit church (1746-9) but turned over to the Dominicans when the Jesuits were expelled in 1767, has a particularly interesting interior with 8 Churrigueresque gilded wooden "retablos" or altarpieces, with fine sculptures and paintings."
"You can see it everywhere in Zacatecas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site - in the elaborate wrought iron filigree baloneys, the Churrigueresque style façade of the ultra elaborate pink cantera stone Cathedral with its two peak towers and in the Plaza de Armas, just across the street, a private residence built in 1727 that is now a public building."
These user-created lists contain the word 'Churrigueresque'.
A roster of adjectives that infrequently surface in typical conversation and writing. Many are dredged from scientific or other technical jargon or sieved from examples of disused archaic forms.
Looking for tweets for Churrigueresque.


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The Weath-A-Stic is a new product for controling mist in plant propagation using mist. It automatically keeps the correct amount of mist on cuttings producing optimal plant growth and reducing rot. The device uses 5 different sensors to predict when mist is needed and calls for a 5 second mist. No timers are needed and the surrounding humidity, temperature, light and wind speed determines the moisture evaporation from the plants and when to call for more mist.
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Religion, Politics and Ideology in the Third Reich
By Uriel Tal
Foreword by Saul Friedlander
Routledge – 2004 – 240 pages
In a perceptive analysis of diverse source material, the essays of the late Uriel Tal in this volume uncover the dynamics of the secularization of religion, and the sacralization of politics in the Nazi era. Through a process of inversion of meaning, concepts such as race, blood, soil, state, nation and Führer were brought into the realm of faith, mission, salvation, sacredness and myth, thereby acquiring absolute significance. Within this Nazi worldview, the Jew epitomised the arch enemy, both as a symbol and as the concrete embodiment of all that Nazism sought to negate: Western civilisation, monotheism, critical rationalism and humanism.
1. Political Faith of Nazism Prior to the Holocaust 2. Structures of German Political Theology in the Nazi Era 3. Law and Theology: On the status of German Jewry at the outset of the Third Reich 4. Aspects of Consecration of Politics in the Nazi Era 5. On the study of the Holocaust and Genocide 6. Religious and Anti-religious Roots of Modern Anti-semitism 7. Violence and the Jew in Nazi Ideology 8. Jewish and Universal Social Ethics in the Life and Thought of Albert Einstein
Uriel Tal (d. 1984) was Professor of Modern Jewish History at Tel Aviv University and Fellow at the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies. He lectured widely in the United States and Europe and was visiting professor in several American universities. His work focused on modern Jewish history and European history, primarily the history of ideas and religious thought. His publications include: Christians and Jews in Germany: Religion, Politics and Ideology in the Second Reich, _PHONE_ (1975); Myth and Reason in Contemporary Jewry (1987, Hebrew); Political Theology and the Third Reich (1991, Hebrew).


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Mood rings space quite well-known these days. Castle were an initial introduced in the 1970s through two new Yorkers. Due to the fact that then, mood rings have garnered a many popularity. They are not just limited to brand-new York anymore, you can find different species of the atmosphere rings almost everywhere the world. They make for an remarkable jewelry items that can be bought at a an extremely affordable price.
You are watching: What is a mood ring made of
How carry out Mood rings Function
A the atmosphere ring is simply a crystal thermometer in a ring form. It reflects the present mood that the human being wearing the ring. The rings adjust color according to the mood of the person. Human beings emit a many of power from their bodies. The emission of power depends upon ours moods as well. Human being who are anxious often tend to release more energy as contrasted to civilization who are happy. The atmosphere rings feeling this heat power and readjust colors follow to the strongness of emitted heat. Mood rings have the right to also help you medically. If your mood ring regularly alters to dark colors favor gray or black color then girlfriend should certainly take the seriously. Regular change to dark colour can aid you identify medical issues with her body together well.
The color resonate with the the atmosphere of the person however it's the temperature of the body the acts as a significant player in the ideal functioning of mood rings.
How are Mood rings Made
Mood rings carry out not constantly have initial gemstones. They occasionally use glass or hole quartz stones together well. The stones are filled through thermochromic liquid crystals. Thermo-chromic fluid crystals adjust color through the readjust in temperature. This is why the ring shows different colors during different situations. The lower part of the ring deserve to be made by different varieties of metal including steel, aluminum and other comparable materials. Friend can additionally find luxurious mood ring in the sector that have a stint of gold or silverin it. These rings are reasonably expensive than common mood rings.
The many important component of any mood ring is the hollow rock that holds the thermochromic liquid. The stone works best when the is in direct contact with her skin. This days, atmosphere rings can be found in different shapes and also designs. The shape and design of the atmosphere rings execute not impact their functionality. The stone can conveniently be affixed ~ above different varieties of ring designs.
Mood rings deserve to accurately predict your emotions. They work-related on the simple principle of heat emission for this reason they room bound to constantly show an accurate result. Every emotion and feeling has its own level of energy emission. Some of them are provided below;Green: CalmnessViolet: Excited, HappyBlack: TenseGray: AnxiousAmber: Nervous
One thing to store in mind is that mood rings don't always readjust colors since of the change in your emotions. As soon as you are worn down or if you space walking exterior in cold weather also then the ring might adjust colors.
See more: Which Hemisphere Of The Cerebral Cortex Is Usually Dominant In Language Tasks?
Mood rings are very unique. They are affordable and also can last as much as 5 year without put on down. They not only assist to reflect her mood but can also be an amazing accessory for her jewelry set.


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The 1970 paper of Halmos entitled "how to write mathematics" is a bit old, preposterous to the TeX era, but I think that many of his advices still make sense today. To summarize what he says, "use well chosen words instead of plethora of symbols.".
"Think about the alphabet". And don't hesitate to associate a meaningful symbol to a piece of formula that makes sense by itself, so as to keep your calculation as compact as possible. In particular, when there is some constant at the end of the computation, that comes from an agregation of many constants appearing during the computation, just call it C through the whole calculation, and at the end, give its actual value. "The value of the constant C is..." (I think I read that trick in some paper by Krantz).
"Use words correctly". Explain what is going on. Irrelevancy should be avoided. Writing "Now applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality leads to...", and just giving the result, may be better than actually applying it in the middle of the computation without mentioning it.
Beware of too heavy use of formulae notations. Something like "Now applying (32), we get..." is less helpful than "Let us apply the upper bound on the curvature that was obtained with the help of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem." Give meaningful names to important formulas in your paper instead of refering to them through numbers. The section entitled "resist symbols" in the paper of Halmos gives a few other tricks to replace heavy formalism by well worded sentences.


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There are more than 30 different ways to lace up shoes. Try teaching your children how to lace shoes in this fancy spiderweb style.
What you need:
- 1 pair of lace up shoes with at least four pairs of eyelet holes
Watch the how-to video to find out how to lace shoes in the spiderweb style.
- This decorative method is worn on military boots and looks great on long boots.
- Start on the second eyelet holes from the bottom. Go straight through from one side to the other.
- Now take the end of the shoelace straight down and into the bottom eyelet hole on each side.
- Now cross over and go diagonally up to the next vacant set of eyelets on the opposite side.
- Now go down and hook through the lace directly below, take the shoelace diagonally up to the next vacant eyelet.
- Do the same on the other side.
- Keep going that way, hooking down through the lace below on the outside, then diagonally up and through from the inside of the shoe, until you have laced your shoes to the top.
- See the intricate spiderwebbing you have formed? Cool!


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Homeopet Skin and Itch Relief Natural Remedy for Cats and Dogs (15ml)
Homeopet Skin and Itch Relief provides your pet with natural relief from allergies and pollutants that cause skin irritation and scratching. Typical symptoms are: Constant chewing, itching and scratching, licking and gnawing, Seborrhea, dry flaky skin or oily, greasy coat, or a build-up of ear wax.
Suitable for all animals, with no known side effects.
Homeopathic remedies, in tablet or liquid form can help with a range of problems, such as:
- hormonal problems,
- acute and chronic conditions,
- anxieties and behaviour problems,
- puppy development.
In addition, many dog, cat and horse owners use homeopathic remedies to protect their animals from acute infectious diseases such as kennel cough, cat flu or equine flu and tetanus.


text:
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A member of the succulent plant family, particularly adapted to arid and extremely hot environments, and characterised by spines. Often flowers at night.
A term that refers to alkaline soil, which contains calcium or calcium carbonate.
A plant that favours chalky or calcareous soils.
A plant that cannot tolerate alkaline soil. Described as ericaceous, calcifuges grown on alkaline soils will exhibit symptoms of iron deficiency.
A chemical element (atomic number 20, chemical symbol ca). A soft, grey, alkaline earth metal, essential for living organisms in cell physiology.
A ring or whorl of sepals, which may be coloured and petal-like or green. Helps to protect the flower in bud.
An internal layer of cells between the inner bark and the sapwood of a tree, where growth takes place. It gives secondary xylem and phloem, thereby increasing the girth of the organ.
A long, supple woody stem, often used to support young or fragile plants.
A general term for disease that's characterised by patches of dead cells on the trunk or branches of a tree or woody plant. Also see Anthracnose.