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MISSOULA — To go undetected for wildlife means survival but being small and well camouflaged doesn't make it easy to study an animal.
Small, hidden and well camouflaged are the traits many animals strive for in order to be able to go undetected if a predator is near or to avoid detection by potential prey.
Many of these animals are of conservation concern, and conservation efforts may be hampered by the lack of basic information on their ecological needs. Being small and obscure has its advantages in the animal kingdom but these traits make it challenging to detect and study these species in their natural habitat.
Two elements can give away their position through -- body heat and scent. Innovative methods such as thermal imaging and the use of wildlife detection dogs serve as a fitting means for the detection of such species.
With thermal imaging cameras using heat instead of visible light to create an image they provide accurate vision even when camouflage or darkness renders normal eyesight useless.
Thermal techniques to study wildlife is nothing new to research. White-tailed deer were first tested with this process in the late 1960s and have been used to detect a large array of animals since.
But smaller animals have always been difficult to find on the image. Now, new research and advancements in technology have allowed scientists to pick out those tiny details of heat emission and detect small mammals.
Even with advancements in technologies, there can be some drawbacks to using thermal cameras -- and that's where wildlife detection dogs come in. With their superior sense of smell, detection dogs serve as an alternative method to search for cryptic wildlife.
The hard-working dogs have usually been used to detect the feces of animals like grizzly bears, owls, and even koalas -- but less so to target animals themselves.
To be successful at this the dogs must find the target animal, indicate its find by showing a trained alert behavior and do all of these tasks without harming the target animal, itself, its handler, or any other human or animal.
Dense areas with lots of brush imply the needs for detection dogs while more open areas are considered suitable for thermal detection.
Applying one of these methods to field research can allow for the collection of data that just wasn't accessible before, and ultimately improve the ecological understanding of small camouflaged species.


Dog Dry Heaving or Gagging? Try One of These (Home) Remedies
Last Updated: April 22, 2020
For the most part, occasional vomiting is not something to worry about. Dogs vomit all the time because they ate too fast or ingested something their stomach didn't agree with. Usually, it's a one-off thing and your pup will feel better after releasing the contents of their stomach.
If you're a dog owner, you probably already know what to expect when this occurs. Most dogs even learn to ask to go outside, so you can anticipate these occurrences.
But what if your dog starts dry heaving regularly?
sick Dog Dry Heaving
Dry heaving is similar to vomiting. Dogs make the same wretching noise and look like they're trying to push something out of their belly. The difference, however, is that nothing comes out.
It can be an alarming thing to witness. This is especially true if it occurs suddenly and frequently. Heaving can be a sign of something serious. So, it's important to understand how to identify the signs and what you can do to provide relief.
Here are the most common causes of dry heaving in dogs and what you can do to prevent it from happening.
 5 Common Causes of Dry Heaving in Dogs
1. Heaving Due to Illness
Yes, your canine companion can get the sniffles every once in a while. If your dog has spent some time around other pups, there's a good chance they caught a contagious illness. Some of the most common are Bordetella and Distemper.
Distemper is airborne, making it easy to spread. When your dog catches it, they may start to cough repeatedly. The heaving may also be accompanied by a high fever and yellowish discharge from their eyes and nose.
The good news is that distemper doesn't usually get that serious. Symptoms can subside on their own with a bit of loving care. To prevent future problems, you can get an annual vaccination that keeps your dog protected from the illness.
Bordetella, also known as kennel cough, is another contagious disease. Dogs can get it when kept in confined spaces with other canines. In addition to coughing, it causes dogs to feel lethargic. The coughs are dry, which is what often causes the heaving.
Like distemper, your dog should start to feel better on their own after a few days.
2. Parasitic Infections
It might be a little gross to think about, but parasitic infections are quite common in dogs. The most innocuous thing, such as a single flea, can cause a major infection that affects your pup's entire body!
Roundworms are the most common. Dogs can become infected by licking soil that's contaminated with eggs. These tiny pests can make their way to your pup's lungs and windpipe. It's that constant tickling of worms that causes dry heaving.
Tapeworms may also be the culprit. Dogs can get tapeworm by ingesting an infected flea. While these usually latch onto your dog's intestines to steal nutrients, they have been known to cause a persistent cough.
heartworm in heart
Finally, there's heartworm. Heartworms can be deadly if left untreated. They can migrate through your dog's heart and lungs to wreak havoc. Like roundworms, they can get into your pup's throat and cause dry heaving.
Luckily, parasitic infections are treatable and preventable. For round or hookworms, you don't even need to visit a vet. You can stop by your local pet supermarket and pick up deworming products to get the job done.
They kill the parasites within a couple of days, finally providing your pup with the relief they are after.
Heartworms require a bit more intensive care from a veterinarian. However, you can get monthly heartworm preventatives to ensure that your pup will never have to deal with those parasites again.
3. Foreign Objects in the Airways
Dogs have a penchant for getting into things they aren't supposed to be messing with. They love to chew on small toys, bits of plastic, and pretty much anything else they can get their paws on. Unfortunately, all of those small items pose a significant choking hazard.
You'd be surprised by how many dogs have to get things removed from their throat a year. The heaving is your dog's attempt to dislodge whatever's stuck in their throat on their own. Depending on the size and placement of the item, your dog may be having issues breathing.
It's imperative that you bring your pooch to the vet as soon as possible. Attempting to dislodge the item on your own is risky. If it's an accessible place in their mouth, you may be able to remove it. However, deeper items in the throat require the expert hands of a professional.
Foreign objects can damage the lining. Plus, you run the risk of pushing the item further into their throat and blocking air altogether. It's best to leave this task to the vet.
4. Blocked Air Passages
Your dog might also be dry heaving because of a non-foreign object blocking their airways. For example, your pup could have a tumor in their throat. Tumors aren't always cancerous, so don't panic just yet.
However, they do need to be surgically removed. Tumors can affect breathing and eating, so it's best to take care of them as soon as possible.
Tonsilitis and Pharyngitis can affect breathing, too. These conditions cause swelling of the glands in the back of the throat. The inflammation prevents air from flowing freely. They can also trigger your dog's gag reflex, which causes dry heaving.
5. Bloat
Now, let's move on to the most serious cause of dry heaving in dogs. Bloat, also known as Gastric Dilation and Volvulus, is a potentially fatal condition that doesn't take long to affect dogs.
While bloating in humans is nothing more than a discomfort, the issue is very dangerous in dogs. With GDV, the stomach fills with air and expands rapidly. This causes the stomach to twist and cut off its own blood supply.
Typically, dry heaving is done by dogs in an attempt to let some gas escape. Unfortunately, the twisting of the stomach prevents this from happening.
GDV requires immediate emergency care. Dry heaving is usually accompanied by lethargy, a tender abdomen, labored breathing, and increased heart rate.
Remedies to Prevent Bloat
Bloat can be caused by several things. More often than not, it's contributed to poor eating habits. Dogs who eat a large amount of food in a short amount of time are at a very high risk of bloat. That's because they tend to take in more air than normal as their gobbling down their kibble.
If dogs start running around and playing after they eat, their risks increase as well. Some breeds are also more prone to suffering from bloat than others.
Deep-chested dogs, such as German Shepherds, Great Danes, and Labrador Retrievers, are automatically at a higher risk because of the structure of their internal organs.
Older dogs tend to experience it more as well. While the condition is largely associated with physical activity, genetics may come into play as well. If the dog's parents had a history of GDV episodes, there's a good chance that the child will too.
There are many simple remedies that you can do to prevent bloat and dry heaving. These changes are cheap and can help you be proactive about the issue. It's important to note that these remedies will not treat GDV itself.
If your dog starts exhibiting the signs of the condition, you'll need to visit a vet immediately.
Invest in a Slow Feeder
Dogs get excited about mealtime. There's no way to stop that! However, you can make it more difficult for the pup to swallow food whole!
Slow feeders are unique dishes that contain deep pits and thick grooves. The food falls into these hard-to-reach spots, forcing your pup to slow down if they want to eat.
You can also consider feeding your dog with food dispensing toys that require a bit of work to get into. Whatever you choose, the goal is to create an obstacle your dog has to work around.
Don't worry, they'll still be able to eat. However, they will be forced to take their time and swallow less air in the process.
Limit Activity for Half an Hour
It's important to keep your dog calm and contained for at least 30 minutes after a meal. This can be difficult because the sudden influx of calories creates a lot of energy your pup wants to get rid of.
You may need to invest in a crate or dog gate to stop your dog from running around. Alternatively, you can just change your attitude.
Treat mealtime as calm time. Wait for half an hour to give the food some time to settle before you go outside to take a walk.
Stick to a Feeding Schedule
Free-feeding isn't recommended for dogs susceptible to bloat. Having free reign of all that food is just a recipe for disaster. Stick to a feeding schedule with small portions.
It's better to break their daily calorie requirements into two or three meals a day rather than feeding it all at one time. This prevents bloat as well as excessive weight gain.
No one knows your dog better than you. So, keep an eye on them when they start dry heaving and take the necessary actions to provide relief as soon as possible. Once the episode has subsided, consider changing your dog's lifestyle a bit to prevent future problems from


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So you're in the market for some pickups. You pull up Google and start looking. So many options, so many builders. This one says it has AlNiCo III magnets, this other one says AlNiCo V and yet another says it's loaded with AlNiCo II. What does this mean and what is the difference, really?
Let's start with what the word AlNiCo even means. AlNiCo is an acronym for a metal blend of aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and iron. The number following AlNiCo represents the proportions of each metal in that blend. For example, AlNiCo V contains 8% aluminum(al), 14% nickel(ni), 24% cobalt(co), 3% copper(not included in AlNiCo acronym), and the balance (51%) is iron. AlNiCo III, and II use different proportions to achieve different magnet strengths and properties.
AlNiCo magnets were invented in the 1920's as an alternative to weaker Iron magnets. Iron magnets weakened quickly and lost charge easily with shock or temperature changes. Alnico magnets keep a stronger magnetic field over time and are more resilient to shock and heat.
The most popular AlNiCo magnets you will see in guitar and bass pickups are AlNiCo V, AlNiCo II, AlNiCo III, AlNiCo IV, and AlNiCo VIII. Most commonly you will see AlNiCo V and ceramic (which is a different animal and found in many modern, more aggresive pickups).
Leo Fender started using AlNiCo blended magnets in his experimental pickups as early as 1940. In the Blackguard Book, Nacho Baños writes that Leo used AlNiCo III in the early Broadcasters and Teles. Early P.A.F. humbuckers used AlNiCo V or II. Often, builders used what was available at the time and they changed every few years. Fender was notorious for this.
When shopping for vintage style pickups, you will see alnico II referenced often. This blend is used by many pickup makers for vintage reissue pickups. It is similar to AlNiCo III in that it is weaker than the AlNiCo V we hear so often, but the composition and resulting tone is very different.
Alnico V is by far the most used magnet in our shop with 95% of all pickups produced here using that blend. AlNiCo V has a stronger magnetic pull than AlNiCo II or III. This translates into tighter low end response and a more aggressive, edgy tone.
A good way to imagine the difference between Alnico magnets is to compare them to shocks in a car. Alnico II is like a set of worn in shocks, Alnico V is more like a set of stiff shocks, and Neodymium is like a hardtail Harley, translating every bump in the road.
So what do I use?
There are a few considerations here:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


'At night' versus 'In the night'
1-He works at night.
2- He works in the night.
3- He works nights.
Do all have the same meaning?
Hi Tom,
I would suggest (1) refers to doing work at night probably of a clerical /academic nature because then it's quiet.
I think (2) would refer to someone doing something when the rest of us are asleep but I can only think of Dracula!
(3) would refer to someone who works during the night instead of during the day as part of some shift system and that could be as a police officer or a nurse in a hospital.
I immediately thought of a burglar or some kind of gangster. But on the other hand, Batman works in the night a lot.
Thank you, Alan and Jamie!
All those examples were good but could there be some flexibility in them? :o I mean, Alan, can a student work in the night and a thief at night? In other words, your examples showed that all of the sentences are grammatically correct–could they be interchanged regardless of who is working?
Thanks in advance
In English, you can never say never, but I don't think they would normally be interchangeable.
Hi Tom
I agree with Alan and Jamie. Grammar is only part of language (as you know ;)). You also have to get the meanings and associations right.
My pet barked all night.
In the above sentence, the grammar is correct, but the meaning? What if my pet is a cat? 8)


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Nothing improves the classroom like getting out of it once in awhile, but field trips are always so challenging to organize. So we have decided to do our best in this space to provide dynamic maps and other tools that might help create the best possible "virtual" field trips.
Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery
This custom-made Google Map created by Dickinson College students offers a sweeping study of the rise and fall of slavery in the Atlantic World over nearly four centuries. David Brion Davis's, Inhuman Bondage (2006) provided the source material for this map / timeline, which students enhanced by providing additional links to images, documents and other useful classroom resources.
View Mapping the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery in a larger map

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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One of the most crucial steps in the in the process of making chocolate is defined by this measurement: 30 microns.
That is the width of a chocolate particle that has been adequately smashed and compressed so that it won't feel gritty or rough in the mouth.
An average human hair, on the other hand, is about 100 microns wide.
Chocolate makers spend thousands of hours grinding their chocolate and mashing it with the sugar and milk to completely break down the chocolate particles so the final product is creamy and smooth. Some get the chocolate particles as small as 15 microns across. To do this they use refiners, enormous rollers that crush the chocolate paste into smooth, delicious chocolate.
After this the chocolate is conched, rolled and mixed even more to drive off any remaining moisture. Sometimes the chocolate will be conched for days - swept back and forth by enormous paddles. We were fascinated by both these steps at Scharffen Berger - it was hypnotic watching the grinders stir and mash such huge amounts of dark, fragrant chocolate.


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From airport food that is roughly 100 percent sodium to the roof of the plane potentially coming off to a sleeping air traffic controller guiding a plane, you'd think air travel is getting dangerous.
A new study says it may be. Although not in the convertible-plane or narcoleptic-controller sort of way.
The study, released Monday in the Journal of Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, says that frequent business travelers were more likely to describe their health as "fair" or "poor."
More than 13,000 subjects were studied from data supplied by a corporate wellness program. It looked at three groups: Non-travelers, occasional travelers (80 percent of those surveyed) and "extensive travelers" who run at the George Clooney in "Up in the Air" pace of 20 or more nights a month on the road.
Those Clooney-esque road warriors are not a healthy bunch. And they certainly don't look like him. They are 92 percent more likely to be obese, with high blood pressure and unfavorable cholesterol levels.
Several factors could contribute to this, the researchers said, including poor sleep, fattening foods and long periods of inactivity.
We're no scientists, but we'd guess that doubles-for-$1-extra, migraine-inducing flight delays and blood-pressure-raising bag fees also have something to do with it.
How do you try to stay healthy on the road?


How to Charge a Lithium Screwdriver Battery
A person in modern life is surrounded by many electronic assistants. In everyday life, we use tablets, mobile phones, laptops, etc. At work, we use screwdrivers, portable drills, flashlights, a power bank and start-up batteries for a car. All of these devices use different types of batteries. But most common lithium ion batteries. They have become popular due to their small size and weight combined with high energy intensity. At a reasonable cost, they have a decent life (300-400 charge-discharge cycles). Since these batteries are widely used in different devices that surround us, you need to understand how to properly charge them. Therefore, today's material is devoted to charging Li─Ion batteries.
What is a lithium-ion battery?
Since many users have a vague idea of what a lithium-ion battery is, let's say a few words about its device. If you look at the example of the battery of a mobile phone, then the battery there has the following design.
How to Charge a Lithium Screwdriver Battery
Lithium Ion Battery Design
The battery of a mobile phone in most cases has in its design one battery cell, which is often called a bank. The rated voltage of the can is usually 3.7 volts. In laptop batteries, such elements can be from 2 to 12. But there they are not rectangular, but cylindrical (type 18650). The battery also has a controller, which is a board with a control chip soldered to it. It controls the process of charge and discharge of the can, preventing its overcharging or deep discharge.
Read more: Which Battery Is Better For A Screwdriver
Video: How to Charge a Lithium Screwdriver Battery
Thus, battery manufacturers have already taken care to avoid emergency situations when charging and discharging the battery. And the user can only follow some operating rules, which will be discussed below.
If you are interested, you can read the detailed material about the lithium-ion battery in the article here.
How to charge a lithium-ion battery?
When charging a Li─Ion battery, you need to remember that it is best to maintain a battery charge of 20–80% of the full capacity. Lithium-ion batteries do not like recharge. As mentioned above, the controller controls the degree of charge of the battery cell or cells, if there are several. He will not allow them to recharge. But this does not mean that the battery can be kept charging for days. This is completely useless.
Phone and Charger
In any case, the controller does not allow overcharging and deep discharge of the can. He simply disconnects the can from the outside world. In addition, many lithium ion batteries have built-in overheat protection.
Read more: Where To Pour Oil Into A Hammer
Now we list several options for charging a Li─Ion battery.
 - Regular charger. This is the best and recommended option. Using standard charging, it is recommended to charge the Li─Ion battery. It is safe and as fast as possible;
 - From the computer's USB port. The option is also safe, but quite durable. The fact is that in the case of the USB port, the current is limited to 0.5 amperes;
 - From the cigarette lighter in the car. If this is a standard USB adapter, the process may also take a long time. But now there are quite a few devices on sale that have a set of USB ports with different amperage. There are even models that allow you to charge laptop batteries with a nominal voltage of 19 volts with a current of 4 amperes. You can find out the maximum allowable current for charging the battery of your device from the documentation or look at the standard charge. For battery smartphones usually 1, and for tablets. 2 amperes;
 - "Frog". So called universal chargers. They are commonly used to charge lithium batteries for mobile phones. One such "frog" is shown in the illustration below. The design includes a dock for installing batteries and contacts, adjustable in width for various models. To inform about the end of charging there is an LED indication.


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Disparities in the District of Columbia: Poverty Is Major Cause| November 2nd, 2006 |
By Stacey Rolland
PDF of this Report (15pp.)
Two Measures of Poverty
Poverty can have effects in two ways – family poverty and neighborhood poverty:
Family poverty is when a family or individual has income below the federal poverty threshold. It shapes such factors as nutrition, job stability and adequate housing.
Neighborhood poverty is the share of families and individuals in a neighborhood living in poverty. High neighborhood poverty affects the quality of schools and other social institutions, safety, and peer influence.
Poverty remains persistently high in the District of Columbia, despite a strong economic rebound in recent years. DC's poverty rate — 19 percent in 2004-2005 — is higher than the national poverty rate of 13 percent and even higher than the poverty rate in most major cities. Census data show that poverty in DC has increased in recent years — from 17 percent to 19 percent — as 10,000 more residents fell below the poverty line. Poverty rates are especially high in some DC neighborhoods, resulting in areas of concentrated poverty. The number of high-poverty neighborhoods increased in the District of Columbia in the 1990s, while they were falling in many other cities.
Research shows that numerous social problems — such as poor health, low school performance, violence, and teen parenthood — are tied to family poverty. The impact of poverty reflects the fact that poor families and individuals often live in overcrowded or substandard housing, suffer from poor nutrition, and lack access to health care. The stresses of poverty also are a major contributing factor behind child neglect and other negative behaviors.
The adverse effects of family poverty are compounded when poor individuals and families live in neighborhoods with high-poverty rates. Just as the socioeconomic status of a family matters for their well-being, the economic and social environments of neighborhoods have significant influence on the life course and outcomes of individual residents, even after taking account of their personal and family characteristics.
Research tends to show that both family poverty and neighborhood poverty create hardships. For example:
- Poor children have lower math and reading test scores than more affluent children within the same schools.
- Children at all income levels tend to have lower test scores when they attend schools in low-income neighborhoods than when their school is in a more affluent area. Children from poor families do better when they attend schools in low-poverty neighborhoods.
A review of data covering the District of Columbia — from the Census Bureau and DC government data sources — confirms that residents of high-poverty neighborhoods in the District suffer from a far-greater incidence of serious social ills than do residents of low-poverty neighborhoods. For example:
- Only 20 percent of students in elementary schools in DC's poorest neighborhoods score at or above grade level, while 60 percent of students in schools in the lowest-poverty neighborhoods score at grade level or better.
- Nearly half of all children with substantiated cases of abuse and neglect in the District come from the poorest fifth of its neighborhoods. Children in DC's poorest neighborhoods are seven times more likely than children in low-poverty neighborhoods — and twice as likely as children in moderate-poverty neighborhoods — to have such substantiated cases of abuse.
Neighborhood-level data also show that rates of violent crime and teen births are far higher in DC's poorest neighborhoods than in lower-poverty neighborhoods.
These data are striking because they show a consistently strong correlation between neighborhood poverty and negative social outcomes on a number of indicators. On every measure, DC's poorest neighborhoods face the worst conditions, high-income neighborhoods enjoy the best conditions, and the conditions in moderate-income areas fall between the two. The findings confirm that poverty — and the concentration of poor families in certain neighborhoods — is a major contributing factor to many of DC's largest problems.
These data also confirm that the daily experiences for families living in DC's low-income neighborhoods are vastly different from those living in higher-income areas. High rates of crime, poor quality schools, and other factors create tremendous barriers to success for families in poorer neighborhoods.
Family and neighborhood poverty, of course, are not the only factors behind DC's negative social outcomes. Public services that are inadequate city-wide also play a significant role in many cases. For example, test scores among students in DC Public Schools fall below those in many other urban school districts with similar rates of poverty, suggesting that there are significant weaknesses in the District's public education system.
A multi-pronged approach is necessary to improve the negative outcomes caused by family and neighborhood poverty.
- Boost incomes of low-income families: Steps to raise the incomes of low-income residents such as increasing employment, raising the minimum wage, and increasing public assistance benefits can reduce family poverty — which in turn would reduce neighborhood poverty rates;
- Reduce concentrations of poverty: Steps to prevent the loss of affordable housing in gentrifying neighborhoods and to promote mixed-income housing developments across the city will help create economic diversity and reduce concentrations of poverty;
- Target critical social services to the highest-poverty neighborhoods: Because some high-poverty neighborhoods will persist, targeted services are needed to offset the negative effects associated with high neighborhood poverty rates.
 Paul A Jargowsky, "Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s," Brookings Institution, May 2003.


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Armed with three pieces of information, you can calculate the theoretical top speed of your vehicle, as well as the car's speed at any given engine speed. You only need to know the engine speed in revolutions per minute (RPM), the final gear ratio and the outside diameter of the tires. To determine the final gear ratio, it's also important to know the transmission gear ratio as well as that of the differential gear set.
Things you need
Measure the outside circumference of a tire on the drive axle using a tape measure. In this example, say the tire circumference is 60 inches. A simple way to make this measurement is to place a mark on the bottom of a tire and the ground. Roll the car ahead until the mark on the tire is again on the bottom. Make another mark on the ground at this point, and measure between the two marks on the ground.
Divide the engine RPM by the final gear ratio. For example, if the engine is running at 5,000 RPM and the final gear ratio is 5:1, the result of this math is 1,000 RPM. This is the speed at which the wheel turns.
Multiply the tire circumference by the wheel speed. For our example this math is 60 inches * 1,000 = 60,000 inches.
Divide the result by 12. 60,000 divided by 12 equals 5,000. This is the number of feet travelled in one minute.
Multiply by 60 to determine the feet travelled per hour. 60 * 5,000 = 300,000.
Divide the feet travelled per hour by 5,280 to determine the miles per hour travelled. 300,000/5,280 = 56.8 miles per hour (mph).
Things you need
- Tape measure


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Inauguration of the University
The University of Sydney was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in premises formerly belonging to Sydney College, now Sydney Grammar School. The ceremony was reported in detail in the Illustrated London News on 29 January 1853.
The Governor of New South Wales' chair had a shield bearing the Royal Arms above it, with the arms of Oxford University to the right and those of Cambridge University to the left. Above the chair of Dr Woolley, Principal of the new university, were the arms of his old college, University College, Oxford.
The new university was represented by a blank white shield, bearing the motto "I will achieve." This, in the best traditions of heraldic puns, plays upon the notion of an achievement of arms as well as the idea of attaining a goal. The hope and expectation of achievement is enhanced by the white shield, as if it were a blank canvas ready to be filled.
A common seal, pictorial in nature, had been adopted in 1851, and served as a symbolic representation of the institution until the granting of the arms.


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The translucent Meme Meadows House in Japan is a lovely example of minimalist architecture. More importantly, though, it's an experimental house, built by design firm Kengo Kuma and Associates to test heating methods in extreme climates — with plenty of inspiration from the traditional building methods of the Ainu people.
The Ainu housing style, known as Chise, includes sage or bamboo cladding, a central fireplace that never goes out, and floors covered in cattail mats. According to Kengo, "The fundamental idea of Chise, 'house of the earth,' is to keep warming up the ground this way and retrieve the radiation heat generated from it."
The designers at Kengo Kuma and Associates used modern materials to replicate these ideas. For example, a larch frame is wrapped in polyester fluorocarbon coating on the outside and removable glass-fiber-cloth membrane on the inside. The two-part insulation is filled with plastic made from recycled bottles, allowing light to pass through. This double membrane warms the air and keeps the interior of the house warm. It's been so successful that the researchers have gone days without turning on the radiant heat flooring. The natural light that filters through the walls is the only light available in the house, so occupants have to follow the rhythms of the sun and moon. The lining of the house can be removed for experiments.
The Environmental Technology Institute at the Meme Meadows research facility will use the house to test how different factors affect the thermal qualities of its construction.
Read more about Meme Meadows at Dezeen.


Co-operative living arrangements
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Co-operative living arrangements occur when three or more biologically unrelated people choose to live together and share a common residential structure.
Typically, in these co-ops, several people occupy a single dwelling unit, such as a large house, with each person (or couple) having a private area, including a bedroom and, often, a bathroom. In addition, the common areas of the dwelling usually include a shared kitchen, dining room and living room plus, at times, recreation or outdoor spaces.
The residents of the shared dwelling generally establish some agreements as to what contributions, in terms of time and money, are required from each person. Commonly, the total expenses of maintaining the dwelling, such as rent/mortgage payments, utilities, repairs, etc., are allocated on a per capita basis to each resident. At times, it may be agreed that some residents can provide labor, such as housecleaning or yard care services, in lieu of financial contributions.
In addition to agreements dealing with the allocation of basic household expenses, co-op residents often develop arrangements regarding daily activities, such as food acquisition, meal preparation and clean-up. Frequently, residents will choose to eat at least some meals (e.g., dinners) together in the common dining room. Plans are usually agreed upon specifying duties for each member of the co-op. A common model is to have some sort of rotation in which each resident takes a regular turn in cooking meals for everyone.
Co-operative living arrangements may be developed for many other aspects of life in the shared dwelling. Social/recreational activities, use of common areas, and admission of new residents are topics for which agreements among the co-op members are commonly made. Generally, there is some established process in which members meet, discuss issues/proposals, and reach some decision as to what the policy of the co-op should be. Since most co-op residential groups tend to be egalitarian in nature, the decision making process is often consensual, with a preference for obtaining agreement from everyone before implementation begins.
Members of a co-op living unit tend to have shared values, often based on similar demographics (e.g., all may be university students, retirees, etc.,). As a result of common interests, living arrangements for the group are often easier to establish and maintain than would be the case if the residents were more diverse in terms of age, socioeconomic status, etc. Disagreements over arrangements inevitably occur, however, and most co-op living groups find it necessary to have some sort of conflict-resolution process available when agreement cannot be reached.
Policies and procedures[edit]
For most people, co-op living entails some restrictions on personal freedoms in order to accommodate to the needs and rights of others. Playing loud music in the living room may not be a problem if one is living alone in one's own home but it could be a concern in a co-op residence if others want to have quiet time there. The primary way the wishes of the group get expressed is in the co-op living arrangements that are agreed upon. Members essentially contract to abide by these "house rules" for everyone's benefit.
Agreed-upon arrangements are sometimes informal and based on tacit understanding by the members. Alternatively, arrangements may be codified more formally, into a kind of "policies and procedures" manual, with sign-off agreement required by all members. Most co-op living groups find it necessary to have at least some kind of documentation, such as schedules showing who is to do what, and when. Written statements of operational guidelines are also helpful to inform prospective new members of what is expected of them.
Many city, state and local governments will have restrictions/requirements for changes in land use. Be sure to check with your local governing authorities to make sure you meet all necessary requirements in opening your home to rentals.
Positives, negatives and challenges[edit]
Although the limitations on individual freedom of expression may be perceived as a downside, the trade-off for co-op living members is the enhanced social interaction and support that can be realized in the shared residence. The arrangements themselves create a social structure that often promotes cohesion and bonding among the co-op residents. Joining with housemates in shared meals, clean-up crews, party-planning, etc., can provide interactive opportunities not available to those living independently.
Some co-operative living situations emerge more or less spontaneously. Others are carefully planned with a specific vision in mind. Co-op living units are often created by a core group of people who want to form a kind of voluntary or intentional family in a shared living environment. Start-up decisions must be made regarding how to allocate personal space, what activities to share, what form of tenancy or ownership to adopt, etc. Coping with restrictive local regulations or opposition from neighbors may be issues. A common challenge is to fill vacancies with new members who have prosocial values, interests and abilities which are compatible with the existing group.
Co-operative living is a kind of alternative lifestyle. It represents an option different in significant ways from the traditional model of independent living in which single individuals or couples live alone, each in a fully self-contained dwelling unit. One of the primary motives prompting people to explore the co-op living alternative is the perceived loneliness, isolation and disconnection from others experienced in the nuclear family and by many who live alone, even in a coupled relationship. By creating a family of choice and sharing a residential unit with that intentional ohana, individuals and couples hope to develop a home base of support and social security.
Related concepts[edit]
Although co-op living arrangements can exist at any size, those involving larger groups are often referred to as intentional communities. Co-op living arrangements are generally thought of as occurring within a single dwelling unit, shared by all. Other group-living alternatives, such as cohousing or ecovillages, typically involve multiple dwelling units with some shared structures also.[1][2] Collective housing is another arrangement where members might live in one dwelling, but they pool certain resources such as groceries and utilities to simplify daily chores. A commune may be seen as a special type of co-op living arrangement in which there is often less personal space and more communal ownership of property. Co-op living arrangements need not be based on any specific ideology or purpose other than to share the social and economic benefits of living together with others who are supportive and compatible.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ "What Is Cohousing?". Bothell, WA: The Cohousing Association of the United States. Retrieved August 4, 2010. Cohousing is a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. Cohousing residents are consciously committed to living as a community. The physical design encourages both social contact and individual space.
 2. ^ Global Ecovillage Network. "What is an Ecovillage?". Moffat, CO: Global Ecovillage Network. Retrieved August 5, 2010. Ecovillages are urban or rural communities of people, who strive to integrate a supportive social environment with a low-impact way of life. To achieve this, they integrate various aspects of ecological design, permaculture, ecological building, green production, alternative energy, community building practices, and much more.
 - Scott-Hanson, C.; Scott-Hanson, K. (2005). The Cohousing Handbook: Building a Place for Community (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: New Society. OCLC 57392728.
 - Yeoman, Barry (February 7, 2006). "Rethinking the Commune". AARP: The Magazine (Washington, DC: AARP) (March/April 2006). Retrieved August 2, 2010.
 - Zablocki, B. D. (1980). Alienation and Charisma: A Study of Contemporary American Communes. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-935780-2. OCLC 469664018.
External links[edit]
 - Communities (magazine). Roth, Chris, ed. Communities (Rutledge, MO: Fellowship for Intentional Community). ISSN 0199-9346. OCLC _PHONE_ Retrieved August 5, 2010. Since 1972, Communities has been the primary resource for information, issues, and ideas about intentional communities in North America - from urban co-ops to cohousing groups to ecovillages to rural communes. Communities now also focuses on creating and enhancing community in the workplace, in nonprofit or activist organizations, and in neighborhoods, with enhanced coverage of international communities as well Missing or empty |title= (help)
 - "Communal Studies Association Home Page". Amana, IA: Communal Studies Association (CSA). Retrieved August 5, 2010. Communal Studies: Dedicated to the Understanding and Study of Intentional, Contemporary, Historic and 'Utopian' Communities
Some pictorial examples of cohousing
Duwamish Cohousing (formerly Ciel Cohousing), West Seattle, Seattle, Washington.
Cohousing community illustrating greenspace preservation, tightly clustered housing, and parking on periphery. (Sunward Cohousing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2003)


Workshop: Local Sources
[Collected Material Dwelling #002], Monterrey, México 2005
Plastic bottles are discarded all over the city of Monterrey and constitute an unused material. [Collecting System] was set up and now gathers bottles. Some were used to construct [Collected Material Dwelling #002].
The economy in the area, where [Collecting System] is set up, is based on self-employment and from collecting unused materials. These materials could be used for building temporary dwellings. The bottles also have an economic value and can be sold.
[Collected Material Dwelling #002] is set up in a peripheral zone of the city on occupied land. This land is now in the process of being brought under new regulations.
People gathered to collect bottles made out of the plastic type PET. The PET plastic is common used in production of bottles for soft drinks. These bottles are not included in the deposit system, as glass bottles are.
Laws in México for ownership to land has some "holes", which is being used as substitute for getting ownership to land. After occupation of land for five to ten years, ownership can be proclaimed.
In many areas private companies have taken over the formal -and mainly the informal urban planning and decides the aesthetics in new neighborhoods. Leaving a percentage of space for common areas, for examples roads for connecting to the surroundings.
The economy is lead by concrete, glass, and steel, which is related to the local sources. The use of these materials is resulting in a major changing of the landscape.
People gathered in a workshop to prepare the leftover materials for construction. Material was classified by shape and size. Calculations were made to determine technical issues like width, resistance, and for the best additional methods to be used to make a low-cost construction. This part of the process was informed by the collected experience of different people. Some of them joined the workshop.
Material is classified by shape, and size afterwards calculations will helps to determinate technical issues like width, resistance, etc., and for the best method to be used in a construction. For instance, small bottles make more resistance structures using a method like sew them together making a net with steel wire. Big bottles are better to make filled with sifted sand or water to make it more stable wall, it result a material similar to concrete in strength and resistance, but in a low cost and according to use a collecting system.
Plastic bottles are sewed together into construction units. It has wires in both a vertical and a horizontal direction. This makes the bottles fixed in eight positions and more stable.
Three different methods for give stability/strength to the construction:
1. Bottles with water thigh with steel wire.
2. Bottles filled with compressed sand, gives strength similar to concrete, are more stable also helps for thermal aim.
3. Bottles and concrete, wrap with a steel net, walls can be covered with concrete and obtain a look like a regular house. This also can be useful for seal off the rain and thermal aim.
4. Drawing of a prototype for a 6 sizes construction.
The construction units are stacked on top of each other and tighten to the pillars. Each side can easily be replaced for redesigning the inner space. More modules can be added for expansion. The construction is six-sided to give it the possibility to expand in many directions.
Woven strings of bottles - construction units - are stacked on top of each other and tighten to the pillars.
The dwelling has six sides. Each side can easily be replaced for redesigning the inner space. More modules can be added for expansion.
By using the [Collecting System] the material cost of the dwelling represent approximately ten times less value in relation to an ordinary dwelling made out of concrete.
The construction is covered with concrete. The main reason is to use the local aesthetic for permanent dwellings as camouflage to secure the dwelling for damage and demolition.
[Learning Poster #003 > Collected Material Dwelling]
Archive: [Unused Materials], Monterrey, México 2004
[PET-Bottle Dwelling with Water Collecting Roof, Drawing]
[Collected Material Dwelling, #003], US 2005


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yolanda is a given name, of Greek origin but existing in many languages, meaning Violet. The form of the name in Greek is Iolanthe. In Czech and Slovak the name is spelled Jolantha. It is spelled Jolanta in Polish.
People with the given name Yolanda[edit]
Songs about Yolanda[edit]


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For many amateur golfers, staying balanced throughout the swing is quite difficult. This video golf lesson features a drill that will help correct this problem.
Maintaining balance begins with the proper posture. The weight of the body should feel evenly distributed through the balls of the feet. Bending forward from the hip joint and a slight flex in the knees are is also important.
The drill, often called the "statue drill," will help to ensure that you stay balanced. After setting up with the correct posture, take the shot, and then hold the finishing position until the ball meets the ground. The ability to hold the position without adjusting any parts of the body means that the swing was well-balanced.


World Suicide Prevention Day
Cycling for Wellbeing
Exercise has long been associated with increased wellbeing, physical and mental. What better time to remind ourselves to stay well than the World Suicide Prevention Day.
Combating stress and depression
Not only does exercising combat daily stresses, but it can help address other issues too triggered by stress. Physical activity reduces levels of cortisol (stress hormone) and many people use cycling to de-stress. This can further reduce feelings of depression, which often go hand-in-hand with unhealthy stress levels.
Mindful cycling
Cycling is a great opportunity to be in the 'Here and Now', it's just you and the road. It creates a space for us to focus on our sensations and our surroundings, which can increase feelings of calmness and peace. It can also offer a break from our daily struggles and stresses, for which we might feel better prepared after exercising.
Reducing anxiety
Physical activity increases our levels of endorphins, which reduce feelings of anxiety and increases positive feelings. Endorphins are our 'feel good' hormones and a bike ride can stimulate these and make us feel happier. These 'feel good' hormones coupled with increased strength and stamina that result from exercising can further boost our self-esteem.
A good social opportunity
Cycling can also be an opportunity to spend time with friends with similar interests. This can reduce feelings of isolation, which are common with anxiety and depression.
Physical benefits
Cycling can offer benefits to our physical wellbeing too. It is good for our hearts (cardiovascular benefits), it increases our strength, stamina and energy, it improves agility and flexibility, can improve posture when done correctly, reduces fat levels and combats obesity, and helps prevent Type 2 diabetes, among others.
How can cycling help you today?


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Broken trust, with self and others, takes us into layers of unconscious contracts that keep us suspended out of our own lives. How do we restore trust and self-connection, as well as fully entering the present moment, with the help of relational neuroscience, the healing of trauma, and constellation work?
Constellations are a way of unwinding and unraveling the frozen strands of trauma and buried nervous-system vows from our essential beings, so that we can flourish, live, and contribute our gifts with ease.
This 5-day immersion week will cover the following topics:
- Use constellations to support healing from violations
- take away an understanding of special circumstances for healing violation in constellations.
Recordings will be available for 3 years. Please download and save all videos you would like to keep by September 1, 2024
To learn more about downloading, please visit the FAQ
Please click the lesson to view the recordings


of my dual-citizenship friends have pointed out, renouncing your American citizenship is much more difficult to do than you might imagine. The USA is one of only two countries in the world which levy personal income tax on non-resident citizens. This translates to the fact that Scheer would have had to file an American income tax statement every year. Unlike most dual citizenships, where it is possible to be a dual citizen and rarely think about it, Scheer would have been reminded of his dual citizenship and decided to maintain it every year of his adult life.
Jean, Dion and Mulcair each explained clearly how and why they became dual citizens (always related to family issues) but Scheer has left the explanation murky by simply claiming his father was an American. However, the fact that his father was an American living in Canada does not in itself explain how Scheer became an American. Another step and process were necessary, and Scheer had to undertake the process and annually decided to maintain his American citizenship. As we are stopping to consider how Scheer would do in negotiating with our US neighbours, while maintaining a Canadian identity and culture distinct from the American monolith, we might wonder at the fact that both his sisters are registered Republicans living in the USA.
Sarcasm is the lowest form of irony
Snippets of Scheer's 2005 blog criticizing Michaëlle Jean's dual French/Canadian citizenship have littered the media, but it is worthwhile to consider his entire text (6, 13 Aug. 2005) in context. What dominates and characterizes Scheer's writing is sarcasm. Sarcasm, as I've pointed out elsewhere, is the lowest form of irony. Sarcasm transmits an attitude, usually of disdain, without any clear, explicit content. It tends to be a dissembling, cowardly form of communication--pretending that you will be understood, but without taking responsibility for what you are saying. It demands interpretation but escapes interpretation because with sarcasm the dissembler never explicitly says what he means and can always deny whatever interpretation is given to his words.
Scheer in his own words
In the blog, Scheer rhetorically questions Michaëlle Jean's dual citizenship (though Jean, unlike Scheer, renounced her dual citizenship before taking office), then goes on to mock her claim, that "Having a person like me as governor-general will mean a lot not only to Canadians. I think it will mean a lot for humanity." Scheer replies snidely:
Right, all of humanity is very excited that you've become Governor-General. I can just hear a collective gasp of amazment and happiness from hundreds of millions of people all over the globe who are now inspired because you are the new GG.
All that, and she's modest too.
How can a man who would have us believe that "blackface" is an important issue in this election be self-satisfied mocking a black woman who quite rightly acknowledges that a woman of colour being named Canada's Governor General is a gesture that will be celebrated around the world? Didn't most Canadians relish the brilliance of Michaëlle Jean as our GG and the sea change happening in the world as she greeted President Barack Obama on the tarmac at the Ottawa Airport?
Maintaining his narrow-minded, short-sighted view, in his blog, Scheer goes on to mock the choice of Adrienne Clarkson, only the second woman, the first member of a visible minority and the first Chinese-Canadian ever to be named Governor General. Scheer continues his mockery of "Another CBC broadcaster." Adding: "If the Liberals aren't hiring journalists in the PMO or appointing them to the Senate, they're making them Governor-General." (The Conservative Government in which Scheer was an MP would later appoint two journalists to the Senate: Pamela Wallin and Mike Duffy--both of whom had worked for the CBC and became embroiled in the Canadian Senate expenses scandal.)
When does hypocrisy become outright deceit?
There is a point at which hypocrisy becomes outright deceit. Scheer has certainly played on that point with his campaign mantra that "Justin Trudeau cannot be trusted." Whenever Scheer has been questioned about why he has failed to reveal his dual citizenship, his response has been "No one has ever asked me." Scheer became a Conservative Member of Parliament in 2004. In 2006, when the Conservative Party was provoking a scandal over Stephane Dion's dual citizenship, the CBC launched an inquiry to determine how many Canadian MPs held dual citizenship. reported that
Dion was criticized this week because of his reluctance to give up his French citizenship. He was born in Canada but holds dual citizenship because his mother was born in France.
The Parliament of Canada website shows that 41 of the 308 MPs sitting in the House of Commons were born in 28 countries other than Canada, ranging from Uganda and Malta to China and the United Kingdom.
Many of these MPs qualify for dual citizenship. That puts them in the ranks of the 691,300 people living in Canada who hold dual citizenships, according to the 2001 census. called their offices to check on their current status and found that the following MPs hold dual citizenships:
 - Omar Alghabra (Ontario Liberal), with Syria.
 - Raymond Chan (British Columbia Liberal), with the United Kingdom.
 - Libby Davies (British Columbia NDP), with the United Kingdom.
 - Jim Karygiannis (Ontario Liberal), with Greece.
 - Wajid Khan (Ontario Liberal), with Pakistan.
 - Maka Kotto (Quebec Bloc Québécois), with France.
 - Pablo Rodriguez (Quebec Liberal), with Argentina.
 - Michael Savage (Nova Scotia Liberal), with the United Kingdom.
 - Mario Silva (Ontario Liberal), with Portugal.
 - Lui Temelkovski (Ontario Liberal), with Macedonia.
 - Myron Thompson (Alberta Conservative), with the United States.
Why isn't Andrew Scheer's name on this list? Did the CBC only contact MPs born outside Canada? Such a procedure wouldn't make much sense since Stephane Dion, whose case spurred the inquiry, was born in Canada and his dual citizenship would not be discovered if only MPs born outside Canada were questioned. Could the CBC research have been this shoddy? Should we believe Andrew Scheer's claim that he has never been asked about his dual citizenship? Certainly, he had to be aware that the question was being asked about MPs with dual citizenship, and he decided not to come forward, and to maintain his dual citizenship. Ultimately, the question is "Can Andrew Scheer be trusted?"
Is "Typhoid Mary" Back Among Us?


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Division of Gynecology
Washington University School of Medicine
Dr. Madden studies the effects of different forms of oral contraception and intrauterine devices on the development of bacterial vaginosis. Dr. Madden followed her BIRCWH training by succesfully transitioning into an independent K23 award. She has been extremely productive, publishing more than 30 papers detailing her observational studies, randomized clinical trials, and decision-making and implementation science. She also serves as the Principal Investigator on a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Initiative (PCORI) Research Award for a project implementing patient-centered contraceptive provision into community settings. She is as an Associate Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University.
BIRCWH Scholar from 07/01/2009 until 03/31/2012
Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacteria in Women Using Oral and Intrauterine Contraception
The goal of this BIRCWH Program application is to provide a period of focused mentored research to assist in the transition from junior faculty to an independent and successful investigator in the area of women's reproductive infectious disease. We propose an innovative research project using molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of contraception on rates of bacterial vaginosis.
Normal vaginal microflora is essential for the protection of the vaginal tract from colonization by organisms that cause diseases such as vaginitis and sexually transmitted infections. Bacterial vaginosis results from a shift away from the normal lactobacillus dominated flora of the vagina and is the most common cause of symptomatic vaginal discharge among reproductive-aged women. It is associated with a number of adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of sexually transmitted infection acquisition, pelvic inflammatory disease, preterm labor, and post-surgical infection. The etiology of bacterial vaginosis is complex and remains poorly understood. Limited diagnostic tools are currently available. Therefore, the diagnosis is most commonly made using clinical criteria, which do not provide information about the pathogenic vaginal bacterial species present.
Contraceptive use is widely prevalent in the United States with more than 40% of women reporting visits for contraceptive care annually. Currently less than 2% of women use intrauterine contraception, however this percentage is increasing. Previous studies have reported elevated rates of bacterial vaginosis in women who use intrauterine contraception and decreased rates in women who use combined oral contraception; however, it is not clear if the type of contraception causes a real change in the vaginal microflora. As intrauterine contraceptive use increases in the United States, study of the relationship between bacterial vaginosis and contraception is highly warranted. Further understanding of the possible consequences of contraceptive choice may help avoid the adverse reproductive health sequelae associated with bacterial vaginosis.
Here, we propose to use species-specific16S recombinant RNA (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to investigate the association between the presence of 3 bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterial species (BVAB1, BVAB2 and BVAB3), and combined oral versus intrauterine contraception. We will also investigate the correlation between the presence of BVAB1, BVAB2, and/or BVAB3 and the presence and concentration of three bacterial vaginosis-associated amines with the symptoms and clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.
Our primary hypothesis is that women using intrauterine contraception (IUC) will be more likely to have abnormal vaginal microflora, as measured by the presence of BVAB1, BVAB2, or BVAB3, than women using combined oral contraceptives (COC). Furthermore, we will determine if there is a difference in the incidence of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria between users of copper (Cu-IUC) and levonorgestrel (LNG-IUC) intrauterine contraceptives
1.Compare the incidence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) between users of COC, Cu-IUC, and LNG-IUC. We will monitor women enrolled in our study over the course of 12 months for clinical symptoms of BV and the presence of BVAB1, BVAB2, and BVAB3 using bacterium-specific 16S rRNA PCR assays to test the hypothesis that the use of IUC, particularly Cu-IUC, is associated with the development of BV.
2.Determine the correlation of clinical symptoms and diagnosis of BV and quantitative measures of the presence of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and metabolic markers of anaerobic bacteria. We will test for: 1) the presence of BVAB1, BVAB2, and BVAB3 by 16S rRNA PCR, and 2) elevated concentrations of putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), in women with intermediate vaginal flora or BV by Nugent score to determine the association of these diagnostic tests with the clinical symptoms of BV.
The completion of these two aims will: 1) determine if a true association exists between contraception and bacterial vaginosis, and 2) improve the available diagnostic tools for BV, thereby better informing the diagnosis and treatment of BV.


text:
Prof. Thomas Eagar
Discusses a wide variety of processes and materials from the viewpoint of their fundamental physical and chemical properties. Specific topics: cold welding, adhesive bonding, diffusion bonding, soldering, brazing, flames, arcs, high-energy density heat sources, solidification, cracking resistance, shielding methods, and electric contacts. Emphasis on underlying science of a given process rather than a detailed description of the technique or equipment.
This course meets with the first half of 3.371J in the Fall Term.


text:
Irritable bowel syndrome, frequent indigestion common in people with insomnia
Dec 11, 2004 - 6:15:38 PM
Mayo Clinic researchers report in the current issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings an association between gastrointestinal disorders and sleep disturbances. The association is important because these problems cause significant health issues including greater need for general medical and mental health treatment.
It's estimated that nearly one-half of American adults experience one or more symptoms that indicate sleep disturbances or insomnia, at least a few nights a week.
The authors of the study note that this is the first population-based study, to their knowledge, that assesses the association between sleep disturbances and irritable bowel syndrome, frequent indigestion and frequent heartburn. In the past, studies have reviewed patients, not the general population. Assessing the general population helps physicians better understand an overall cause-and-effect relationship between the various problems.
The researchers looked at the responses to a detailed questionnaire (previously tested and found to be reliable) from 2,269 people. After they adjusted their findings for age, sex and other factors, they determined that irritable bowel syndrome was significantly more common in people with sleep disturbances than those without sleep disturbances. It's uncertain whether GI disturbances and sleep disturbances cause one another or they are caused by another underlying problem.
"We think the findings will generate further research to understand the interactions between emotional or psychological distress and sleep disturbances and GI disturbances," says Santhi Swaroop Vege, M.D., a Mayo Clinic physician and lead author of the study.
The National Sleep Foundation has defined insomnia as any of the following: difficulty falling asleep, waking a lot during the night, waking too early with inability to get back to sleep or waking up feeling tired. Using this broad definition, the 2003 Sleep in America poll, which included 1,506 adults ages 55 to 84 from various parts of the United States, found a prevalence of insomnia in 48 percent.
Researchers who co-authored this report are: G. Richard Locke III, M.D., Amy Weaver, Sara Farmer, L. Joseph Melton III, M.D., and Nicholas Talley, M.D., Ph.D.
A peer-review journal, Mayo Clinic Proceedings publishes original articles and reviews dealing with clinical and laboratory medicine, clinical research, basic science research and clinical epidemiology. Mayo Clinic Proceedings is published monthly by the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research as part of its commitment to the medical education of physicians. The journal has been published for more than 75 years and has a circulation of 130,000 nationally and internationally.
All rights reserved by RxPG Medical Solutions Private Limited ( _URL_ )


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This tutorial shows you how to use the W3C stack of technologies for Linked Data to work with metadata defined using AML.
- JVM: version 7 or higher
- SBT to build the AMF command-line
- Local installation of Apache Jena
You can download the example from the AML project examples repository in Github.
This tutorial assumes you have a working version of the AMF command-line as described in the quickstart tutorial.
Apache Jena is a popular Java library to work with semantic and linked data. It can be used as a programming library, but also contains a number of command-line tools that we will use in this tutorial.
Installing Jena is beyond the scope of this tutorial. For information about installation for your platform, see the Jena site. For example, in Mac OS systems, Jena can be installed using Homebrew
AML documents can be parsed into a graph of metadata using AMF.
This graph is encoded as a JSON-LD document. In this tutorial, we will use Jena to execute a query over this graph of information.
We will generate the resolved graph of information parsing one of the playlist documents in the music example using AMF:
The Jena query command line, needs to get the input data as a set of assertions in the Turtle format. We will use the Jena
riot command line to transform our JSON-LD output file into Turtle and store it in the
Now, we can run a query over the graph after loading it into Jena. The query is going to be expressed in the standard SPARQL graph query language.
We will list 10 songs ordered by song duration and also retrieve the name of the song:
The graph parsed from AML metadata documents can be enlarged by just adding assertions parsed from the graph.
Let's add another playlist to our graph of metadata, parsing the
Now, we will use Jena to transform the JSON-LD document into additional assertions to our playlist.ttl graph:
If we run the same query, we will find additional songs:
We can use use the relationship between playlists and songs in the graph to introduce that information into the query:


has also long been unsupported.
As mentioned above, when rendering 3D geometry the Tile Accelerator would take in lists of geometry, rasterize them, and copy the results to video memory. Normally, the location in video memory was the location of the primary or secondary framebuffer, but it was also possible to copy the results to an arbitrary location in the region of video memory meant for textures.
The use case for this is to render a scene, copy the output to texture memory, and then use that rendered scene as a texture in a subsequent frame. This is what Crazy Taxi (pictured above) does when rendering the pause menu. The last frame (before opening the menu) is rendered to a texture, and when the menu is drawn that texture is used as a background (and the main scene stops rendering). Many racing games also use this technique to render the rear and side mirrors, and games such as Tony Hawk use this to render shadows.
After setting up the plumbing for copying the OpenGL results back to the emulated video memory to support raw framebuffer writes, it was quick work to also support copying the OpenGL results back for render to texture requests.
Multipass Rendering Support
When games pass geometry to the Tile Accelerator, they do so in passes. Each pass can have different geometry sorting rules, and certain operations can be performed between each pass such as clearing the depth buffer.
Previously, these passes were entirely ignored and the geometry was instead merged together as one single pass. Support has now been added to group the geometry by pass, and to perform the inter-pass operations correctly.
Clipping Support
On the Dreamcast, games were able to specify custom rectangles that were used to mask geometry when rendering. These rectangles would either be inclusive, in which case only geometry contained inside of the rectangle was output, or exclusive, in which case only geometry contained outside of the rectangle was output.
Now that these clipping rectangles are supported, the menus of several games have been fixed, and rear-view mirrors in many driving games are now rendered correctly.
Translucent Polygon Fixes
The Dreamcast was known for its hardware level order-independent transparency support.
Because the hardware sorted translucent geometry at a per-pixel level, games themselves did not have to handle sorting the geometry before rendering it. This was great for game developers on the Dreamcast, but a thorn to emulate without taking a hefty performance hit.
Up until recently, redream would sort each triangle strip passed to the PowerVR based on the minimum Z value of any vertex in the strip. As shown in the above screenshot, this wasn't acceptable for most games with large amounts of translucent polygons.
While we want to soon offer an accurate but expensive option for emulating this at a per-pixel level, we also wanted to offer a better solution that remained performant and worked for the majority of games. To this end, we've swapped from sorting at the triangle strip level to sorting each individual triangle in each triangle strip.
Bumpmap Texture Support
Support for bumpmap textures has landed, turning games that used them such as Rayman into an entirely new experience.
Floating-Point Color Conversion Saturation Fixes
Some games specify vertex colors as floating-point values (as opposed to integers) that are typically in the range of [0.0, 1.0]. Before passing these to OpenGL, they are converted to integer values in the range of [0, 255]. When performing the conversion from floating-point to integer, the result was not being saturated, meaning that values less than 0.0 or greater than 1.0 were not being clamped to 0 or 255 respectively.
Specular Lighting Fixes
A small but important fix, some surfaces were incorrectly disabling contributions from specular light sources.
Where Development Is Going
The next milestone for v1.2.0 is just starting to get organized. Some of the current high-level tasks involve save states for premium users, getting the Android app out the door, support for WinCE games and expanding our new user interface.
Join us in our Discord server if you'd like to chat about it!


text:
- Introduction to Effective Communication in Parks and Recreation
- What is Effective Communication?
- Auxiliary Aids and Services
- Planning Programs and Activities in Parks and Recreation
- Providing an Interpreter
- Fees Associated with Auxiliary Aids and Services
- Planning Alternatives for Written Material
- Tapping into Community Resources
A woman walks to the front of the room and begins to communicate in American Sign Language. The hearing participants look at each other in confusion. Worry is displayed on each person's face as they wonder how will they understand the information presented in the class.
For many people with visual, auditory or cognitive impairments, this scenario can be a daily event. Effective communication is essential for an individual to be able to participate and benefit in programs and activities.


text:
Hancock County, AlabamaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 03:40, 28 August 2012 by DiltsGD
- 1850--Hancock County was formed 12 February 1850 from part of Walker County.
- 1850--Renamed 12 February 1850 to Winston County.
For Hancock County records, see Winston County, Alabama.
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Judith's story
Creative Arts Therapist
Imagine you have been told you have terminal breast cancer.
You have a family. You have children. You have a life.
Time stops. Then it starts again, seemingly getting faster with each passing day.
How do you prepare to say goodbye to those you love? And more importantly, how do you impart a lifetime's worth of knowledge, advice, and love to your children and family?
Thanks to people like you, creative arts therapist Judith Gordon is able to offer support and guidance to women with terminal breast cancer as they make memory boxes for their family and friends.
Grief is not about forgetting the person who has died; it's about finding ways to remember them and take their memory forward," Judith said.
It can be difficult for children to hold on to their memories, so by putting together a Memory Box, mums can leave their children with stories, photos, much-loved items and reminders of their life together which they can keep forever.
Judith Gordon, creative arts therapist.
But making a memory box is often a challenging and deeply emotional experience.
"Facing the task of creating mementos for their children, family and friends can feel overwhelming for the mums and it is often hard to know where to start," Judith said.
"The aim of the Mum, Memories and Me program is to support women therapeutically and practically; I'm there to give them the support they need to start the project and to gain some peace around what is happening and how they're going to proceed going forward.
"It can be a challenging and emotional task but I feel like it is an honour to be trusted with such a gift as the opportunity to share in this very important task with them."
Mums often fill their memory boxes with letters/cards/gifts for major birthdays and milestone events, favourite recipes, photos, childhood items, 'mum's favourite things' and letters and messages of gratitude for family and friends.
"I usually like to give our mums little cards that start with a phrase such as "I love you because …" or "Remember when…" as it's often an easy way for them to start; it's quite a daunting process and many don't know how they want to do it," Judith said.
"These cards are also a nice memento of their hand writing. Some mums also write 'how to' manuals with their thoughts and ideas about a whole range of topics they'd want their children to know or their partner to remember when raising their children."
Judith also works with mums to record their biographies.
"Children may want to know things about mum's life before she was a mum and often they don't ask those questions until they're older so we record her story for if or when they want to read it.
"Our mums expressed a desire to create something that will bring comfort and happiness to their children when they need it, and I believe these memory boxes do just that."
Through your generous support, Mater Chicks in Pink continues to offer mothers diagnosed with terminal breast cancer a chance to create their own memory boxes.
Mater Chicks in Pink
By supporting Mater Chicks in Pink you'll be making an immediate impact on women being treated for breast cancer at Mater, by funding tangible and timely support services like counselling and mastectomy bras—at a time when they need it most. Your funds will also support the work of researchers at Mater Research, who are working on the causes of, and developing potentially life-saving treatment for breast cancer.


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A higher power can be said to be an unseen influence which is in control of the entire universe, a power which wields total authority over humans. A good number of people believe in the existence of a higher power. However, not everyone attributes this to God, they simply refer to it as a connection which is shared with all living things.
For recovery, quite a number of people are of the believe that believing in a higher power is one of the fastest ways to recover from an addiction. For instance, people who are hooked on alcohol, have a recovery program which is a set of philosophies containing a set of recovery steps from addiction. It is referred to as the 12-step program. It was meant for alcohol addicts as first, before being adopted by other forms of addiction.
1. Powerless over addiction: Believing in your higher power helps to ensure that you gradually take charge over what you are addicted to.
2. Belief in a power greater than you: The higher power has the capacity to restore sanity in all forms.
3. Decision to surrender your will: Turning your will to the higher power ensures that you are taken care of.
4. Know more about yourself: The higher power helps you to discover more about yourself and how fast you can utilize that to aid your recovery from addiction.
5. Total acknowledgment: With the surrendering to a higher power, you become admitted to yourself and human beings which is the ideal nature of your erroneous doings.
6. Removal of defects: The higher power helps you to ensure that all defects in your character are eliminated.
7. Removal of shortcomings: The higher power also helps to eliminate all your inadequacies.
8. Making amends: With the help of a higher power, it would be easier to amend your ways with people with whom you have had conflicts with in the past.
9. Making direct amends: You would make direct amends except in cases when it would hurt them.
10. Keeping tabs on yourself: You would be able to know if you are deviating from the right path or not.
11. Communication with the higher power: You can do this through prayer and meditation, a regular practice of this would draw you closer to your higher power.
12. Spiritual awakening: With the help of the higher power, you would be more sensitive and practical in evading every form of addiction.


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Odd-parity superconductors with two-component order parameters: nematic and chiral; gapped, Dirac and Weyl
This event is part of the Condensed Matter Theory Seminar Series.
Abstract: Motivated by recent experimental advances, indicating that superconductivity in doped topological insulator materials such as CuxBi2Se3 is characterized by a full odd-parity pairing gap with rotational symmetry breaking, in this talk I will a study of the general class of odd-parity superconductors with twocomponent order parameter. Through a microscopic weak-coupling analysis of a two-component Landau theory, the crucial role of spin-orbit coupling in stabilizing a new class of anisotropic or nematic superconductors is established. The quasiparticle gap structures reveal the origin of this effect, and show that odd-parity superconductors can fully gapped and topological or exhibit point nodes. The nodal gap structures are found to realize either Dirac or Weyl superconductors.


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New in version 2.3.
The so-called CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import and export format for spreadsheets and databases. There is no ''CSV standard'', so the format is operationally defined by the many applications which read and write it. The lack of a standard means that subtle differences often exist in the data produced and consumed by different applications. These differences can make it annoying to process CSV files from multiple sources. Still, while the delimiters and quoting characters vary, the overall format is similar enough that it is possible to write a single module which can efficiently manipulate such data, hiding the details of reading and writing the data from the programmer.
The csv module implements classes to read and write tabular data in CSV format. It allows programmers to say, ''write this data in the format preferred by Excel,'' or ''read data from this file which was generated by Excel,'' without knowing the precise details of the CSV format used by Excel. Programmers can also describe the CSV formats understood by other applications or define their own special-purpose CSV formats.
The csv module's reader and writer objects read and write sequences. Programmers can also read and write data in dictionary form using the DictReader and DictWriter classes.


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London has a particular association with spies: the Special Operations Executive, MI5, MI6, 007, and all that. However, there is more to London's espionage heritage than tuxedoed, suave operatives with a preference for how they like their martinis.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union's KGB had numerous agents at work in London. While some could operate under diplomatic cover, many others did not. These "illegal" agents, after gathering their information, needed some way to pass it discreetly onto their KGB superiors. Their reports would be left at selected drop sites, also known as dead letter boxes.
One such dead letter box was an inconspicuous lamp post in Audley Square, just outside the University Women's Club at No. 2. Starting in the 1950s, agents would leave their documents behind the small door to the rear of the post. To indicate there was a message waiting, a chalk mark was made near the base.
The existence of this dead letter box was only revealed to British Intelligence after the 1985 extraction of their secret agent Colonel Oleg Gordievsky from under the watchful eyes of the KGB in Moscow. In a strange coincidence, back in the early '60s No. 3 Audley Square was used as an office by Cubby Broccoli and Harry Saltzman when they were casting the role of a certain James Bond—all the while unaware of the real-life spies who may have been lurking just outside.


Definitions for hunchhʌntʃ
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word hunch
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
 1. (v.t.)to thrust out or up in a hump; arch:
 to hunch one's back.
 2. to shove, push, or jostle.
 3. (v.i.)to thrust oneself forward jerkily; lunge forward.
 4. to stand, sit, or walk in a bent posture.
 5. (n.)a premonition or suspicion; guess; theory.
 6. a hump.
 7. a push or shove.
 8. a lump or thick piece.
Origin of hunch:
1590–1600; appar. var. of obs. hinch to push, shove, kick, of obscure orig.
Princeton's WordNet
 1. intuition, hunch, suspicion(noun)
 an impression that something might be the case
 "he had an intuition that something had gone wrong"
 2. hunch(verb)
 the act of bending yourself into a humped position
 3. hunch, hump, hunch forward, hunch over(verb)
 round one's back by bending forward and drawing the shoulders forward
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
 1. hunch(noun)ˈʌnʧ
 a feeling, not based on evidence, that sth is true
 I had a hunch that I'd find you here.
 2. hunch(verb)ˈʌnʧ
 to sit or stand with your shoulders curved tightly inward
 people at the bus stop hunched against the cold wind; He sat hunched over a book.
 1. hunch(Noun)
 A stooped or curled posture; a slouch.
 The old man walked with a hunch.
 2. hunch(Noun)
 A theory, idea, or guess.
 I have a hunch they'll find a way to solve the problem.
 3. hunch(Noun)
 A hunk (piece of something)
 4. hunch(Verb)
 To slouch, stoop, curl, or lean.
 Do not hunch over your computer if you want to avoid neck problems.
 5. hunch(Verb)
 To push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Hunch(noun)
 a hump; a protuberance
 2. Hunch(noun)
 a lump; a thick piece; as, a hunch of bread
 3. Hunch(noun)
 a push or thrust, as with the elbow
 4. Hunch(verb)
 to push or jostle with the elbow; to push or thrust suddenly
 5. Hunch(verb)
 to thrust out a hump or protuberance; to crook, as the back
 1. Hunch
 Hunch is a consumer web application that is building the "taste graph" of the internet, mapping every person on the internet to every entity on the internet and their affinity for that entity. An entity could be a web site, a cookbook, a hotel room, a celebrity, a restaurant, etc.Hunch creates a taste profile by asking them a series of questions which range from serious to profound and subsequently can make recommendations personalized to that user, which live in "topics".Topics vary widely, from entertaining subjects like 'Which superhero would you be' to more conventional questions like 'Should I Switch to A Mac?' The system then uses the answers to these questions to offer the user a suggested solution, a "hunch" of what the user would like.
Translations for hunch
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
an idea or belief based on one's feelings or suspicions rather than on clear evidence
I have a hunch he'll be late.
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Share these talks and lectures with your colleaguesInvite colleagues
Organizational BehaviorNavigating the complexities of the modern organization
University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Modern organizations are characterized by uncertainty, rapid change, diversity, globalization, challenging economic environments, and conflicting demands. As such, it is increasingly important to master the skills of organizational behavior in order to understand, predict, and influence our own attitudes and behaviors and those of others.... read more
Some organizational behavior (OB) skills – such as motivating, leading, communicating well, managing conflict, behaving ethically, and dealing with change – have long been recognized as critical. However, other OB skills – such as exhibiting compassion, leading teams, maintaining a satisfying and fulfilling workplace, shaping a positive and productive organizational culture, dealing with diversity, and developing cross-cultural sensitivities and skills, are being recognized as increasingly important. Together, these skills help ensure that the workplace is both rewarding and productive.
The presenters in this series are all top experts in the field of organizational behavior, with extensive teaching, research, and consulting experience. They offer an array of perspectives to provide their audience with current, evidence-based guidelines for successfully navigating the complexities of organizations – and of life.


Q: Recently, you wrote about reheating foods in a microwave and advised against polystyrene or other plastic containers. What is the best kind of container to use in the microwave?
A: Most plastics probably are safe to use when heating liquids. But reheating foods can cause pockets of very high temperatures that can partially melt the plastic and cause the release of potentially harmful chemicals. I recommend using glass or ceramic plates or bowls to reheat food.
Q: My brother had his aortic valve replaced by a mechanical heart valve. He says the warfarin he takes causes him problems — head pain, stomach pain, nausea and joint and muscle aches and pains. Our family is concerned that he may not be taking the warfarin. I know a few people who also take warfarin and they have no such problems. Are serious side effects common on warfarin?
A: Warfarin (Coumadin) is among the most powerful medicines we use, and it can have life-threatening side effects.
Warfarin, an anticoagulant, works by inhibiting Vitamin K-1, and prevents the body from making several of the proteins involved in blood clotting and regulation.
Warfarin also has the potential to interact with many medications through multiple pathways, and needs careful monitoring. Excess warfarin most commonly causes bleeding, but in some people warfarin can cause paradoxical blood clotting when it is first started.
It would be reasonable to wonder why such a potentially harmful medication is ever used. There were 29,000 emergency visits per year due to adverse bleeding events from warfarin, according to one recent study.
The answer is that, as potentially dangerous as warfarin is, there are many situations where not being on warfarin is even worse.
I have written about a common one, atrial fibrillation, where many people with A fib should be on some kind of anticoagulation, most commonly warfarin.
There are some newer alternatives in A fib, such as dabigatran (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), and apixaban (Eliquis). Unfortunately, as in your brother's case, there is no good alternative to warfarin for anticoagulation due to a mechanical heart valve.
Mechanical heart valves put people at a very high risk for blood clot and stroke. The risk of a stroke from a serious bleed into the brain is approximately 4 percent per year without anticoagulation, and there is an additional 4 percent per year risk of a blood clot in the lungs or deep veins. Your brother's doctor is quite right: Not taking the medicine is exceedingly dangerous.
Since there isn't a good alternative medication, I don't have any better advice for your brother than to try to find ways to minimize the side effects. For example, stomach pain and nausea often can be managed with diet.
A bioprosthetic heart valve usually doesn't require long-term anticoagulation: People with known poor reaction to warfarin probably should be given this kind of valve, and not mechanical.
Q: Six or seven years ago, after a longstanding runny nose and cough, I had an allergy test. I was told I had nonallergic rhinitis and that there was no treatment. After seeing a new ENT doctor, I had another allergy test. Those results showed I am allergic to many things — pollen, dust mites, animals, etc. I have been getting five shots per week for more than a year now, and there is no change. My coughing, runny nose, burning and tearing eyes have gotten worse. What do you suggest I do?
A: "Nonallergic rhinitis" is a term given to a group of related medical conditions that share symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion and post-nasal drip.
Eye symptoms are not common in nonallergic rhinitis, and since in hindsight these have become more of a problem, I suspect your second ENT doctor is right, that your condition is allergic.
The symptoms of allergic rhinitis are similar: sneezing, often in groups; runny nose and nasal congestion; but often prominent are eye symptoms, such as watery and itchy eyes. Cough and post-nasal drip also are common.
There is treatment for both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. In allergic rhinitis, avoiding what you are allergic to is common sense, but it's not always possible.
You write that you are getting immunotherapy shots. I am very surprised you didn't tell me about medication therapy, since there are many different classes of effective medications that are normally tried before going on to immunotherapy.
Like any treatment, including medications, not everyone gets a benefit from immunotherapy. A year usually is long enough to begin seeing benefits, but some people continue to improve up to three and even five years after starting treatment.
The most effective single treatment for allergic rhinitis is a preparation of nasal steroids; however, since there are many, many prescription, nonprescription and complementary and alternative approaches, you need to go back to your doctor and discuss your options and whether to continue the immunotherapy.
One treatment I will highlight that is safe, effective and improves other treatments is irrigation of the nose with saline. This can be done before using other medications to help their absorption.
Q: I have been taking Lipitor for high cholesterol. Recently, my pharmacist mentioned that all statins can cause memory loss. I hesitate to stop taking Lipitor, but I don't want this side effect. What do you advise?
A: Your pharmacist is quite right that some users of statins can have the unwanted side effect of memory loss. But this is quite variable: Some people never get this effect, and it can be quite severe in a few.
I wouldn't recommend you stop taking Lipitor unless you are having the side effect.
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(1859 - 1939)
George Elbert Burr (1859–1939) was an American printmaker and painter best known for his etchings and drypoints of the desert and mountain regions of the American West.
Burr was born in 1859 in Monroe Falls, Ohio. He studied at the Art Institute of Chicago for one winter, his only formal artistic training. Nevertheless, he enjoyed early success as a commercial artist, providing illustrations for Harper's, Scribner's Magazine, Frank Leslie's Weekly, and The Cosmopolitan. In 1892, he began a four-year project illustrating a catalog of Heber R. Bishop's collection of jade antiquities for the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. This project, which involved producing etchings of over a thousand artifacts, paid well enough for Burr to embark on an extended tour of Europe with his wife upon its completion. Over the next five years, as they traveled in Italy, Germany, and the British Isles, Burr amassed sketches and watercolors that would provide the source material for his copperplate etchings of European scenes.
A few years after his return to the United States, an attack of the flu prompted Burr to move to Denver for the benefit of his health. It was there, during summers spent in a cabin studio in a steep wooded canyon with panoramic views of the Rocky Mountains, that Burr began to concentrate on the work that made him famous. In 1924 the artist settled in Phoenix, Arizona, where he would remain for the rest of his life. This change of scenery gave him the opportunity to round out his oevure of Western landscapes with expansive views of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts.
Today George Elbert Burr is widely considered to be one of the finest of the early 20th century American etchers. His prints are in a number of prominent collections including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the British Museum, the French National Print Collection, Luxembourg Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, the New York Public Library and the Congressional Library in Washington, D.C.
Seeber, Louise Combes (1971). George Elbert Burr, _PHONE_; catalogue raisonné and guide to the etched works with biographical and critical notes. Flagstaff, Ariz: Northland Press. ISBN 0-87358-067-2.
External links
George Elbert Burr on Artnet
George Elbert Burr at the Smithsonian American Art Museum
George Elbert Burr Papers at the Denver Public Library
Works by George Elbert Burr at Davidson Galleries
Source: Wikipedia
Contributed by Anonymous


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This answer only deals with the most common variety of Density Functional Theory, namely, Kohn-Sham DFT. This is what most people mean by "DFT", but, as noted in the comments, things such as orbital-free DFT exist.
Kohn-Sham DFT was created to solve a historical problem of DFT: The electronic kinetic energy term (as used in the Thomas-Fermi model) was not accurate enough. Kohn and Sham proposed to make use of what is typically called a "fictitious, non-interacting reference", that is, a wave-function whose main purpose would be to yield a density to be used in all other (nucleus-electron attraction, Coulomb, exchange, and correlation energy/potential) and whose secondary function is to provide the kinetic energy, which is accurate from wave-function theory. This wave-function works just like a Slater determinant and is called the Kohn-Sham determinant. See this question for pointers on where to read more: Equivalent of Szabo and Ostlund book for DFT.
As often in DFT, practicality showed a way that was justified later. When implementing this idea, one learns that one can basically use a HF code and replace the exchange term by the exchange-correlation (XC) potential (which is projected back on to the AO basis set). The potential needs to evaluated numerically on a grid, a procedure that yields the XC energy for almost all choices of density functionals. Thus one obtains the energy and the KS operator (the equivalent of the Fock operator) and can perform a SCF procedure in a given basis set. For the mathematical details, see e.g. JA Pople, PMW Gill, BG Johnson Chem Phys Lett 199, 557 (1992).
To answer your questions in this context:
1) The initial density depends on the guess, which is a whole different can of worms, but the same is true for HF calculations. (Procedures based on tabulated atomic densities exist, but the initial guess business is a bit of a dark art, and I don't think this is what you meant by your question.) The basis set and its MO-like coefficients (defining the KS determinant) are used on every iteration to yield the density.
2) Naturally, yes. The MO-coefficients of basis sets change on geometry change for a given system, just like in HF. The procedure and workable algorithms are very similar to HF (because it all is).