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Given a non-negative function $u $ defined on $\mathbb{R}^2 $, and satisfies : $ \Delta u \leq 0 $.
How can I prove that $u$ must be constant? Is there an easy way to do it?
Thanks!
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This is wrong as this is satisfied by u(x,y) = x. – Matthias Ludewig Jul 7 '12 at 8:55
_USER_: your example is not non-negative. (Except perhaps if non-negative function should in this context have a particular meaning unknown to me. In that case, sorry for the noise.) – quid Jul 7 '12 at 9:03
_USER_: Your example is indeed wrong, since it is not non-negative... – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 9:42
3 Answers 3
The function is superharmonic (due to the condition on Laplacian, note that subharmonic is wider spread but this is just a sign-change) and bounded below thus it is constant, by some analog of Liouville's theorem.
Some more details:
Things like this can, as commented by Mateusz Wasilewski, be found in certain complex analysis textbooks. (Though as said subharmonic and bounded above is I think a more common formulation, but this is just a sign change.) Here are some lecture notes that contain an essentially selfcontained exposition; see Theorem 8 and the remark following it (note that the definition of subharmonic is different and things are for the complex plane, but this is fine, compare the page linked above).
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Thanks a lot!!!! – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 14:01
_USER_ mfash: you are welcome! – quid Jul 8 '12 at 1:01
I don't know whether this counts (probably it doesn't) as an easy solution, but you can use Ito's lemma to conclude that $u(W_{t})$ (where $W_{t}$ denotes a two-dimensional Wiener process) is a nonnegative supermartingale, hence it converges almost surely. However, it is known that we can approach every point on a plane by a Wiener process, so $u$ must be constant because the limit is unique.
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_USER_: It's probably a possible solution, but unfortunately I have no idea what Ito's lemma, Wiener process nor supermartingale are... Thanks anyway! ( I was thinking about some PDE method or something) – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 10:21
Apparently it is not true in higher dimensions, so I think that one must play with exact integral formulae for harmonic functions (maybe use elementary complex analysis). As I am far from an expert on that field (and in fact, on any branch of mathematics), I do not guarantee that I can provide an answer along these lines. By the way, my last name is Wasilewski. – Mateusz Wasilewski Jul 7 '12 at 11:50
This is actually pretty cool. Superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^2$ are constant, while there are nonconstant superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n \geq 3$. Here is a proof that doesn't use complex analysis, and only uses that the fundamental solution in $\mathbb{R}^2$ ($\log(|x|)$) is unbounded from above and below, and the maximum principle.
Slide $u$ so that its minimum on $\partial B_1$ is $0$. Take the fundamental solution $f(x) = -\log|x|$, which is $0$ on $\partial B_1$. Since $u$ is bounded below and log is unbounded, $\epsilon f(x) < u(x)$ for $|x|$ sufficiently large (depending on $\epsilon$). By the maximum principle, $u(x) \geq \epsilon f(x)$ in $\mathbb{R}^2 - B_1$ for all $\epsilon$. Taking $\epsilon$ to $0$, we see that $u \geq 0$ outside $B_1$. But then, we see that $u$ takes its minimum in $\bar{B_1}$, and by the mean value inequality any superharmonic function with an interior minimum must be constant!
This result is false in higher dimensions. For a counterexample, just take the fundamental solution $|x|^{2-n}$ and cap it off above in $B_1$ by a paraboloid and smooth it out.
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What do you mean by "smooth it out"? I understand that taking $\min(1,|x|^{2-n})$ resp. $\min(p(x),|x|^{2-n})$ with $p$ a suitable paraboloid can give a superharmonic function in the viscosity sense that is continuous resp. $\mathcal C^1$, but I don't see a way of having such a function that is $\mathcal C^2$. – Laurent Oct 31 '13 at 0:48
Smooth $u$ with a positive mollifier. One sees via integration by parts ($u$ is $C^{1,1}$ on a smooth surface and smooth otherwise) that the mollification is also superharmonic. – Connor Mooney Nov 30 '13 at 5:06
Your Answer


text:
||What is SMS routing?
It is a process that is used to make decision about where an SMS should end
Messages can end up in a mobile network or at a user or an application. The
term SMS routing actually covers two areas: outbound SMS routing and inbound
SMS routing. Outbound SMS routing is used to control which mobile network is
used to send a message to a mobile handset. It is used for mobile terminated
(MT) SMS messages. Inbound SMS routing is used to control which application will
receive an SMS message sent from a mobile phone. It is used for mobile
originated (MO) SMS messages.
Routing decisions are made based on conditions, such as sender phone number,
recipient phone number, sender or recipient phone number prefix, or the content
of the message text. For example a routing decision can be based on a keyword
in the message: e.g.: if the keyword "red" is in the message route it to
destination "A" otherwise route it to destination "B".
SMS routing can only be applied if more then one mobile network connection
(or SMS service provider connection) and more then one SMS application is
available is used in a system.
||What is outbound SMS routing and
how can I use it?|
Outbound SMS routing refers to a process
that is used to decide which SMS service provider connection will be used to
send an SMS message.
Outbound SMS routing is only relevant if more then one SMS service provider
connections are available in your system and each SMS service provider
connection can be used to pass messages to the mobile network. In this case
you can setup outbound routing to achieve various goals. For example you can
configure backup SMS routing, which means
that out of two or more connections one connection will be used only for
backup purposes. Another setup could be used to route messages to the
appropriate connection based on telephone number prefix to save costs.
This is called least cost
routing. You can also use outbound
routing to do load balancing to increase
||What is inbound SMS routing and
how can I use it?|
Inbound routing is a process
that is used to decide which user or application will receive an incoming
Inbound SMS routing is only relevant if more then users or applications are
configured in your system. In this case you can setup inbound routing rules
to define which user or application will receive a copy of the incoming SMS
Inbound routing decisions can be based on sender and recipient phone number
(or phone number prefix) or message content and if you have more then one
service provider connection then, the connection itself can also be used as
the base for decision making.
Inbound routing decisions can be configured in the inbound routing table of an
SMS gateway application.
||How can I send SMS messages reliably
to different global destinations?|
You should setup several SMS service provider connections, and you should
configure backup routing.
When you use multiple service provider connections, each connection has a name.
In the routing table you can refer to this name when you create outbound routes.
Outbound routes determine which connection will be used to send a particular
If you want to increase reliability, you need at least two service provider
For example one can be an IP SMS connection and another can be a GSM
modem connection. To configure the GSM modem connection as the backup connection
for the IP SMS connection, you need to configuring the name of the IP SMS
connection as backedup connection in the routing
rule of the GSM modem connection in the outbound SMS routing table.
Backup SMS routing will
make sure, that if the IP SMS connection stops functioning, the GSM modem
connection will take over and your messages will be sent.
||Is there any way I can tell if an
incoming SMS message is a reply to my previously sent SMS?|
The SMS technology does not provide any way to check if an incoming message is
a reply to a previously sent SMS or not. All you can do is put some identifier
into the message text itself, or rely on the timestamp of the sent and received
messages to do the matching. Of course this matching will probably not be
In most cases keywords are used to distinguish between incoming messages. If you
tell your mobile user to include a certain keyword in the messages text and you
a proper inbound route, with this keyword in Condition #3 (message text), you can
have some clue on which message was replied to. Of course this solution suggests
that the user will include the appropriate keyword in the response SMS.
||Can I change message parameters
You can modify telephone numbers and the message content itself during routing.
This is useful if you want to add certain telephone number prefixes or postfixes
to a number, or you would like to extend the message text with an advertisement.
||How can I reject certain messages
starting with a specified telephone number prefix?|
You have to configure the outbound routing table.
If you want to prevent your customers to send messages to certain destinations,
you have to setup a "dummy service provider connection". For this purpose an
HTTP server SMS service provider connection
is a good choice.
After this connection is setup, you should add a new rule to the outbound
routing table, that will route messages with the defined prefix to this dummy
service provider connection. This way messages, that are destined for the defined
destination, will not go to your normal SMS service provider connection. Instead
they will be routed to this dummy connection and they will be dropped.
To specify the prefix, when you create the new rule in the outbound routing
table, you should define Condition 2 (Recipient phone number). This condition
should match be a regular expression, that matches your telephone number
prefix. For example if you wish to prevent messages to be sent to prefix 123,
put the following pattern into the field:
||How can I change the recipient field
to a fixed mobile number so all texts submitted go to that mobile?
You need to create a route in the outbound
routing table, and you need to define a replace condition for the recipient.
The outbound routing table allows you to modify message content and telephone
numbers on the fly. When you create an outbound route, you can define conditions
for sender, receiver and message text. In the condition field, you can put
a replacement rule, that will be applied to the SMS message, that matches the
given pattern. Information on replacement and content manipulation can be found
in the SMS content modification during routing
To replace the recipient number of each SMS to a specific number (e.g:
to +123456), you should enter the following replacement pattern into Condition
#2 when you create the outbound routing rule: s/^.*/[+]123456/
Is there a way to define outbound
rules by phone ranges. I want to route a certain prefix to a certain carrier,
is this possible?
Yes. You can define phone number prefixes and any other matching pattern
in the outbound routing table using regular expressions.
You can define a regular expression for both sender and recipient phone numbers
in the routing condition. I suspect, that you would like to route outgoing
messages based on recipient phone number prefix. In this case you should put
the following regular expression into "condition 2" when you define an outbound
Note that the condition is surrounded by slashes (/). This tells the Ozeki
software to treat the condition as a regular expression. The first character ^
that the matching should start on the first character. [+] means that the
phone number starts with a + sign and 3620 means that the phone number starts
with +3620. Note that the.* wildchar means that any phone number can follow.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


In our last post, we used the PDT's VMCreator.ps1 script to create all the VMs that are required to setup all System Center components.
Now, we are going to use the Installer.ps1 script to finish the installation.
Installer.PS1 SCRIPT
Start by running PowerShell command prompt as Administrator. Right-click on PowerShell and choose 'Run As Administrator'.
Administrative PowerShell Prompt
In the PowerShell command prompt, change the working directory to where the Installer.ps1 script is located (in my example, in the Downloads folder); for example: cd "C:UsersAdinDownloads".
Before running the script to execute the installation, it is best to run the validation option first, to ensure everything is in place. To do this, run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter, like this: PS C:UsersAdministratorDownloadsPDT2.5.2509>.Installer.ps1 -ValidateOnly. This will initiate the validation, which checks things like the VMs, dependencies, SQL Server installations, and media for installation.
As you can see in my lab example, the Media validation has failed.
You will notice that the Installer.ps1 script is looking for the media in the C:Temp directory. But wait, didn't we download all of the required files by running the Donwloader.ps1 script? Yes we did. Then why is this validation failing?
Simply, the Downloader.ps1 script downloaded all the required files, but rather than placing them into the C:Temp directory, it put them in C:InstallerPrerequisites. If you look at the Variable.xml file, specifically lines #7 and 8, you will see the following:
These lines tell the scripts where path to the source files are, and where (originally) to download those files.
So at this point, we have 2 choices. Either we can move all of the files into C:Temp, or we can change the "SourcePath" directory to match where the files are downloaded to (namely C:InstallerPrerequisites).
In my case, I'll just move the files. But if you want, you could modify the SourcePath variable.
Re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter. The validation for the Media should pass now. However, as you can see in my lab example, I am now getting validation failures on the Service Accounts.
So, how do we fix this? Well, first, I should mention that I am running the PowerShell scripts on my HOST machine; which is NOT a part of the domain. This is why the validation of the Service Accounts fails.
So you have 2 choices, either join your HOST to the domain, or copy the Installer.ps1 script and C:Installer directory to the Domain Controller. Since I like to re-build my lab over and over, I don't prefer to add my HOST to the domain. So, in my lab example I opted to copy the files to my Domain Controller VM, and re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter.
Now, when I did this, I am STILL getting validation errors, but this time with the Server and Access validation.
Why is this? Honestly, I don't know. But I do recall reading/hearing somewhere about possibly having to run these scripts from an Administrator's workstation, and NOT from any of the systems that the scripts are designed to work with. Since I was originally running the scripts on my HOST system that was NOT connected to the domain, that was one issue. Then I ran the scripts from the Domain Controller, which resolved the Account validation.
So, I thought that I would try one last thing. I decided to create an Administrator workstation and run the scripts from there. Now, of course I ran the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter just to see if everything passed prior to actually running the script to perform the installation. And guess what! Everything passed!
So, now that we know everything is green and we won't end up with a partial/incomplete installation, we are now ready to run the Installer.ps1 script, and complete the final part of our installation.
Run the Installer.ps1 script, and the validation will be completed again (as designed), then the installation will be initiated.
Just like the VMMCreator.ps1 script, the display will turn green when each item is completed. Eventually, it will complete all pieces.
Congratulations, you have now successfully used the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit (PDT) to automatically install and configure an entire System Center environment!
One final note. You may not have noticed, but all of the System Center consoles were actually installed onto server RD01. Why is that? It's not the Administrator's workstation. The answer is because that server is the System Center Orchestrator Runbook Designer server, which requires all of the consoles for the interoperability/connectivity to create runbooks, and thus System Center automation.
So, if you are looking for the console for a specific System Center component (i.e. SCOM, SCCM, etc.), you will need to log into the RD01 server and launch it from there. Alternatively, since we had to setup an Administrator workstation, you could install each console on the workstation as well.
I hope this post series on the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit has been helpful. Happy lab-ing.


text:
The resistance within a source of electric current, such as a cell or generator. It can be calculated as the difference between the e.m.f. (E) and the potential difference (V) between the terminals divided by the current being supplied (I), i.e. r = (E − V)/I, where r is the internal resistance.
Subjects: Chemistry — Physics.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Assessing impacts of environmental peacebuilding in Caquetá, Colombia: A multistakeholder perspective
The answers to these questions may vary dramatically depending on which actor is responding. An international peacebuilder may have a different idea on which of the many peacebuilding activities should come first as compared to a local expert or to an expert in natural resource management. To answer these questions, we explored the literature and identified dimensions and mechanisms of peacebuilding to assess the impact of natural resource management in post-conflict contexts. Further, we talked to experts at the global, national (Colombia), and local levels in peacebuilding and natural resource management in the context of a project implemented in Caquetá, located in the Amazon Region of Colombia, which enables sustainable land use systems (SLUS) (e.g. agroforestry) with the goal of both mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable peace.
Land is one of the most important resources in post-conflict situations. This is especially true for land-related conflicts, which are among the most common in the tropics. In that sense, the Colombian case is a good example to gather evidence since it shows the overlapping challenges of climate and conflict risks. In Colombia, the state and the FARC guerrillas (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) signed a peace agreement in 2016 that raised hopes of ending more than 50 years of violent conflict. However, after four years, two enormous challenges to implementing the agreement in the Amazon emerged.
First, the departure of the guerrillas created a power vacuum that the state did not immediately fill. Other illegal groups moved into the territories previously occupied by the guerrillas, increasing the vulnerability of certain population groups. This led to an increase in murder rates of social and environmental activists. Second, deforestation rates increased by up to 40 percent in places previously controlled by the guerrillas. The hypothesis is that the de facto forest management imposed by the guerrillas, which prevented peasants and other actors from cutting down forest, is absent.
Sustainable land use systems offer innovative solutions to achieve national and global climate goals such as reducing CO2 emissions by curbing deforestation, while at the same time providing livelihood alternatives and contributing to sustain peace. The case of Colombia shows that peacebuilding activities that foster socioeconomic inclusion, the creation of functional governance structures, and the building of dialogue capacity and a culture of peace are key to evaluate the impact of SLUS projects on post-conflict peacebuilding. National and local experts - including farmers and indigenous communities - acknowledge that there is a lack of skills for actively starting negotiations and conflict transformation processes (e.g. within a value chain development).
This underlines that environmental conservation alone cannot have the desired long-term impact on peacebuilding if dialogue mechanisms are not established and owned by local communities. In addition, it is important to ensure access to national and global markets to include livelihoods as a mechanism for building peace. This also requires interventions in the value chain, for example for cocoa: from deforestation-free sustainable production to global fair marketing. In the long term, improving the incomes of vulnerable populations and creating a sustainable environment, can help reduce a community's vulnerability to illegal economic activities.
[This blog is a summary of an article published in the International Affairs Journal. Access the full journal article here.]


Skip to content
Deep Earth Energy Production releases FEED report and feasibility study
Deep Earth Energy Production Corp. has successfully completed the front-end engineering and design (FEED) with a corresponding feasibility study and report on its first geothermal power facility in southeast Saskatchewan.
Deep Earth pic
File photo by Brian Zinchuk
A Canadian first, the facility's nominal output is expected to be 32 megawatts (MW) and will produce up to 33.4 MW net power during the winter and a minimum of 20 MW net power during summer, due to seasonal variability in the output of the air cooled binary power plant (lower ambient air temperatures result in higher geothermal power production).
Future construction phases have the capacity to increase power outputs to 160 MW during the winter. Engineering services were provided by Enerpro Engineering Inc. GeothermEx (a
Schlumberger Company) is completing a full review of the FEED and Feasibility study.
Total capital costs for the first facility came within the target range and are estimated at approximately C$8 million per MW. The report details the capital costs and project schedule, highlighting a startup date of Jan. 1, 2024. Costs are expected to be driven down further based on: operational learnings and economies of scale in drilling, manufacturing and construction. Compared to wind or solar, geothermal capital costs are higher, but the non-intermittent (24/7 baseload) characteristic of geothermal creates attractive revenues, offsetting the higher upfront costs.
This facility will eliminate approximately 155,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (tCO2) from the atmosphere each year, the equivalent to removing 34,000 cars off the road every year. For every one MW of clean geothermal energy produced, approximately 1,200 homes can be removed from non-renewable power generation sources.
Geothermal projects are not exposed to rising non-renewable fuel costs and carbon pricing. Using a carbon tax rate of C$65 per tonne of CO2 for 2023 and beyond for the DEEP geothermal project, DEEP says the taxpayers of Saskatchewan will be paying C$10 million less in carbon tax per year (155,000 tCO2/year x CAN$65/tCO2).
This is a big win for Saskatchewan.
The DEEP geothermal power facility will generate power from hot (120-125 C) water produced from open hole "barefoot" horizontal wells drilled into the Deadwood Formation (the deepest sedimentary unit in the Williston Basin). The ORC technology converts heat from these fluids by passing the geothermal fluid through a heat exchanger to transfer its heat to the organic working fluid, which vaporizes and expands through a turbine, generating power.
The working fluid is condensed and reused continuously in a closed loop. After passing through the heat exchanger, the geothermal fluids are re-injected back into the reservoir in locations that are suitably distant from the production wells to sweep more heat from the reservoir over time.
The well field will be completed with 10 horizontal production wells and 8 horizontal injection wells drilled to a vertical depth of approximately 3,500 metres. Each well will have a horizontal length of 3,000-4,000 metres, resulting in a total well bore length of approximately 7,000 metres.
The well pairs will be separated by 750 metres. Each production well will be installed with a down-hole electric submersible pump (ESP). This arrangement is designed to meet the specified target flow rate, minimize capital costs, maintain reservoir pressure and enable heat sweeps.
This globally unique "ribcage" geothermal well field arrangement has been adapted from conventional oilfield design and completion practices and is being advanced by local, world-class oilfield expertise.
This is helping to redeploy a highly skilled workforce into a new clean energy sector for Canada.
Approximately 250,000 person hours of work will be required for the drilling and completions alone, with an additional 130,000 person hours being added during project construction. Essentially, thousands of new jobs will be created by this project in southeast Saskatchewan and across the Canadian prairies. DEEP's geothermal project design could prove to be transformative in deep sedimentary basins around the world, providing a compelling example of how oil and gas technology and people can support the development of clean baseload power.
"We are taking the "best of both industries" by merging highly skilled oil and gas expertise with specialized geothermal reservoir and power generation expertise," said Kirsten Marcia, DEEP president and CEO.
To further reduce GHG emissions, DEEP will use the stranded flare/vent gas that is associated with local oil and gas infrastructure to supply the necessary power for ORC facility loads, mostly pumping power. At nearby oilwells, flare gas is burned as a waste product because the cost to collect it is not economically viable. This waste gas produces GHG emissions into the atmosphere.
Utilizing this otherwise wasted flare gas to power the pumping requirements, and using modern carbon capturing and sequestering technology can power DEEPs pumps and capture an additional 60,000 tonnes of CO2 annually that would otherwise be flared and wasted.
This will also provide the oil producers in the area that are supplying the flare/vent gas real relief from rising carbon taxes, making their operations more environmentally and economically sustainable.
DEEP has a signed memorandum of understanding with a midstream company in the area to secure a long-term feedstock supply of flare/vent gas to power the facility's parasitic power requirements.
DEEP is also considering CO2 sequestration opportunities for other producers and CO2 emitters in the area by using its previously drilled test wells and transferring the carbon credits to those producers to aid in methane and CO2 reduction from oilfield operations. This will provide additional reductions of CO2 emissions in Saskatchewan and provide stability to the royalty generating producers.
In addition to power generation, there are many strategic direct use geothermal heating opportunities currently being explored. Major greenhouse developments can support research into diverse high-value crops to increase farm profitability and also supply locally grown produce. As Canada looks to close offshore open-net salmon farms in British Columbia, there are new opportunities for aquaculture operations and infrastructure in Saskatchewan using geothermal heating.
There is also capacity for a specialized manufacturing, storage and distribution hub. These would all provide major long-term local employment opportunities and address national food or supply chain security concerns. Heat would be sold to these end users with no carbon tax and no commodity price risk.
DEEP's vision to build 100-160 MW of geothermal power and direct heating infrastructure will be what it projects to be a new, green C$1 billion industry for southeast Saskatchewan.


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The energy industry is extremely dynamic, but few fields are more dynamic than wind energy.
While some parts of the world have been utilizing wind farms for many years, the idea of creating a farm of mills to harness the wind was something that was first introduced in the United States in the late 1980's. Since that time, our risk and insurance experts have become the foremost authorities on wind farm risk assessment and protection.
The primary risk challenges that face the wind farm industry are construction issues and government regulations. The government is consistently influenced by the environmental concerns of citizen groups and that can create a series of issues for any wind farm organization.
We have spent the last few decades developing comprehensive experience in:
- Insuring wind farm construction projects.
- Operational risk assessment and insurance.
- Protecting power transit methods from the wind farms to consumers.
After several decades in the wind farm industry, we understand the concerns that wind farm organizations have. It is difficult to maintain that delicate balance between what the public needs and the risk challenges that occur on a daily basis. Our experts have the resources and experience necessary to assess your risk and create comprehensive programs to protect your operations.
We also understand that wind farms are becoming extremely popular in the commercial and industrial worlds. We offer comprehensive risk and insurance programs for:
- Industrial and commercial wind farms
- Onshore utility wind farms
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Each type of wind farm carries its own special set of challenges. Our experts will be the advocates you need to protect your interests and preserve your business needs. We will be the people who help you understand the policy changes that can affect your business. We will get into contract discussions with all of your vendors to make sure that your wind farm is not exposed to any kind of potential loss situation.
When you run a wind farm organization, you need an energy risk and insurance company that understands the constantly changing face of alternative energy supply. We are experts in wind farm risk assessment and we will do whatever it takes to protect your interests and allow your wind farm organization to move forward.


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- Check that common properties are set as prefetched.
- If you don't want to match proxies in your query add a "
AND ecm:isProxy = 0" clause
If you don't use proxy at all deactivate them at the repository level inside the
If you are doing NXQL query that involve custom schema you may need to add custom index to make the request efficient. You can trace the slow NXQL queries using NXP-14845.
- Use groups to manage ACL. Adding a user to a group is free, but adding a user in an ACL at the root level has a cost because optimized read ACLs need to be recomputed.
- Consider disabling the OS swapping (sudo swapoff -a) or try to lower the swapiness (vm.swappiness = 1)
- Check the network latency between the application and the database.
- Configure ImageMagick to use a single thread.
- Monitor everything, JVM, GC, VCS cache hit ratio, database, system.


text:
Part of the book: Infrastructure Design, Signalling and Security in Railway
This paper deals with the relation between European immigration and tourism industry in Atacama Desert. The period studied ranges from 1880 to 1930, coinciding with the greatest boom of the nitrate industry in Chile until the great nitrate crisis and world depression. Europeans arrived in Antofagasta Region between 1895 and 1920, developing different productive activities related to the nitrate exploitation and business, mainly by British, German, and Yugoslavian immigrants, and to a lesser extent by Spanish and Italians. The lodging industry, from hotels to boarding houses, grew tremendously owing to constant migration flows, both European and Latin American. As recreation sites were discovered on the coast, along with unexplored spaces in the hinterland, the possibility of a tourist landscape emerged and sustained by various European photo studios. The publicity of these recreation places was accompanied by gastronomy data and transportation by sea and earth, through different business guides issued since 1894.
Part of the book: Tourism
Climatic conditions modeling the landscape of the Chilean northern region are examined, along with how they could model different strategies to be inhabited by various demographic contingents in time. These experiences have persisted in the different geographic spaces of Atacama Desert, from the Andes at an elevation higher than 2000 m.a.s.l., going through the intermediate depression between 2000 and 500 m.a.s.l., to the coastline panorama. In the various shades of the desert climate and the experiences of several populations, life styles and spatial conceptions were posed in terms of their cosmic dimension from a deterministic view and pragmatic apprehension to a contemplation-like view. These conceptions between man and the landscape have assumed different relations of technology use, natural and energy resources, and a constructive-architectonic design in Atacama Desert, which have remained as monuments in the Chilean southern space.
Part of the book: Landscape Architecture


text:
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
Potato flour is also produced in Germany and other countries, slices of cleaned potatoes being dried, ground, and sieved. In Germany a "potato sago" is produced. The starch cake obtained from the potatoes is crumbled to produce reasonably uniform-size particles that are rounded by tumbling or similar operations, heated to gelatinize the outside layers of the starch, and then dried.
Potatoes are frequently served whole or mashed as a cooked vegetable and are also ground into potato flour, used in baking and as a thickener for sauces. Potatoes are highly digestible. They also supply vitamin C, amino acids, protein, thiamin, and nicotinic acid.
What made you want to look up "potato flour"? Please share what surprised you most...


ontario cows twitter
Ontario dairy cows Tweet about their teats
When dairy cows start tweeting is it safe to say that Twitter is slowly taking over the world? OK maybe not, but a group of 12 dairy cows in Brant County, Ontario, have recently started "teat tweeting" and even have their own website.
It's all thanks to a collaboration between Marcel O'Gorman (head of the University of Waterloo's Critical Media Lab) and Ron Broglio (an English professor from Georgia Gwinnett College in the States). This new social media project, affectionately named the Teat Tweet Dairy Diary, aims to show consumers the often highly technological nature of farming and how the industry is changing.
I for one don't imagine robotic milking machines (effectively creating a self-serve milking bar for the cows) when I think of Ontario's dairy farms, but Voluntary Milking System (VMS) technology is becoming more and more popular among farmers in Ontario and beyond.
Farmer Chris Vandenberg of Buttermine Farms (who's cows are doing all the tweeting) told me that he isn't the only one using this new robotic milking technology, there are about 25 farms using VMS in southwestern Ontario alone. It's even more widely used in Europe, where the technology originated.
The system works by linking the cows to robotic milking pens through an electronic RFID collar. The collar tells sensors at each milking pen when the cow last gave milk, how much she gave, and how long it took. If there hasn't been enough time since the last milking, the robot won't let her into the pen.
The inspiration for the project came to O'Gorman and Broglio through talking to Chris and other farmers using VMS technology. They came to realize how drastically it's changing dairy farming.
With cows able to milk themselves any time they like, farmers using a VMS system act more like information managers than they do farmers. Dairy Diary was conceived as a way to both allow the farmer to regain intimacy with his cows, and allow people to learn more about where their milk comes from.
cows on twitter
So how do the cows tweet? Marcel O'Gorman and the crew at the University of Waterloo's Critical Media Lab didn't want to share all their secrets, but they did tell me that data individual to each cow is pulled from the robotic milking system and that tweets are generated for specific cows based on their interactions with the robots. The messages are drawn at random from a database, sort of like a chatbot.
For example, the sassy bovine Attention Please (_USER_) might tweet something like "I just squirted 11.8 kgs of milk out of my teats in 5:11 seconds. What did you do today?"
Other things the cows share in their tweets? How often they get shot down by the robots (SNAP!), how much they ate while in the milking pen, which of their teats is the slowest, and how good the automated cow brusher feels.
I have been following Attention Please for a couple of months now, and the tweets are often quite funny. The project recently landed itself on The Huffington Post's "9 CRAZIEST things that can Tweet" list.
Dairy Diary was launched back in December and will be running for a year. You can check out pictures and bios of each cow on the Teat Tweet website, and follow them on Twitter (but they all tweet pretty much the same things, so you really only need to follow one): _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_
Photos by Gerbrich Vandenberg.
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Electrical Firing System - Firing Cables
Firing Cables
The type of firing cable used depends primarily on how many conductors is needed. Generally, 16 or 50 conductor cables are used, being this is the most common type of firing system configuration. Some systems are designed with a specific male/female polarity (i.e. one type solely used at firing system end and one type used at field module end) and some use the same sex connector for both ends. The specific polarity design usually used to imply the "direction" of the firing current and/or data signal (computerized system only); however, this is unnecessary in an analog (non-computerized) firing system, where there is not necessarily an "input" and "output" of the field module. In other words, you don't have to worry about which end of the cable goes where in an analog system which uses the same sex connector on both the slave and firing control module, ultimately saving you time during setup. In addition, firing cables can have a separate ground line secured to them for systems which are not internally grounded. See pictures below.
firing cables
fireworks firing cables
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Project 2 Solution
Category: Tag:
This assignment allows students to demonstrate their skills in the area of designing relational databases to satisfy specific business rules and requirements. The deliverables for this assignment include an Entity Relationship Diagram and detailed documentation describing the database design and structure.
In this assignment you will be provided with a description of an application (below) to create an entity-relationship diagram (ERD) and design accompanying table layout using sound relational modeling concepts and practices. The relationships between the entities and the attributes for the entities will be identified and described. This database will provide the foundation for the follow-on assignment. The following paragraphs provide the background and summary of the business requirements.
You are a database consultant with Ace Software, Inc. and have been assigned to develop a database for the Mom and Pop Johnson video store in town. Mom and Pop have been keeping their records of videos and DVDs purchased from distributors and rented to customers in stacks of invoices and piles of rental forms for years. They have finally decided to automate their record keeping with a relational database.
You sit down with Mom and Pop to discuss their business, and watch their operation for about a week. You discover quickly that a video and a DVD are both copies of a movie kept in a separate plastic case that is rented out. They have several copies of each movie they rent; therefore there are several videos and DVDs for each movie title. You learn that in their inventory they have several thousand videos and DVDs, which they get wholesale from about a half dozen distributors. The video and DVD prices to them are based on the quantity of their shipment and the past business they have done with each company.
The price of a DVD for a movie might be different than the price of a video for the same movie, even from the same distributor. Each distributor provides different types of movies (e.g., suspense, horror, mystery, comedy, etc.). A single distributor may provide several different types of movies in both video and DVD format. It is possible to obtain the same movie from multiple distributors, and at different wholesale prices.
Each video and DVD has a unique identification number that Mom and Pop assign in their inventory, in addition to the distributor's serial number for the item. Each movie also has a unique identification number Mom and Pop assign in addition to the title, and any movie IDs the distributors use in their electronic catalogs. Distributors provide electronic catalogs to Mom and Pop and the information from these catalogs must be included in the database.
There must be no limit to the number of video and/or DVD copies of a movie that Mom and Pop can have in their inventory. Video/DVD ID numbers, movie ID numbers, and distributor ID numbers for videos, DVDs, and movies are all different. Also, each movie must be able to have an unlimited number of actors, actresses, directors, and academy awards (i.e., Oscars). Other types of awards (e.g., Golden Globe, People's Choice, etc.) are not of interest for this application. The rental of equipment, sale of videos, DVDs, popcorn, etc., is not to be kept in the database.
Using this information, you should:
 1. Determine and list your entities. Then create relationship sentence pairs between those entities that are related. You should not have any many-to-many relationships.
 1. Create an entity/relationship diagram (ERD) showing all your entities, attributes, and relationships. Sketch your ERD by hand or use a drawing program. Your diagram must be on a single page. All entities should be related to at least one other entity. Your ERD should have all one-to-many relationships and not have any many-to-many relationships.
 1. Create metadata that describes the table created from each entity and the column created from each attribute in the ERD. Particular attention will be given to the proper specification of
all primary key (via "PK") and foreign key (via "FK") columns in the table layouts. These should match your ERD exactly.
Submit everything for the above steps in a single Word or PDF file to the LEO assignment link. Make sure your work is neat and legible and your steps are in order.
Grading rubric
Does Not Meet
Entities and attributes
20 points
0 points
Student identifies a large potential
Major problems with identification of
set of entities and their attributes
entities and their attributes
for the application
Relationship sentence
20 points
0 points
Student properly formats all
Major problem with development of
required relationship sentence
relationship sentences
pairs to describe one-to-many
40 points
0 points
ERD properly includes and depicts
ERD is missing many items and/or has
all entities, attributes and
major problems with relationships
relationships identified
20 points
0 points
Spreadsheet of table specification
Major omissions for table
metadata properly includes all
specification metadata
tables, their columns, and all
required details for the columns
error: Content is protected!!


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It is very common that the perception one forms about her/his own behavioral tendencies, interaction approaches, and communication styles is different from the way people views her/him. We interact on daily basis with various people, on different levels, and while wearing different hats. It is, therefore, undoubtedly crucial to identify and understand how people truly view us to gain better self-awareness and develop our ability to respond appropriately to different social situations based on its nature, needs, requirements, and the challenges it entails.
Why 360 Degree Matters?
When it comes to one's Managerial or Leadership Style, this is particularly very crucial. Stepping up to the mirror and comparing own perception to the perspectives of those with whom one interacts – whether subordinates, peers, or managers – about her/his leadership tendencies and behaviors is critical to maximizing leadership proficiency and effectiveness.
In today's dynamic business environment, being aware of what constitutes our areas of strengths, development, and potential is crucial for improving the impact that we have on maximizing performance and achieving goals from our positions as leaders, managers, or executives. A 360 degree Leadership assessment serves as an effective tool for gaining a bird's eye view on one's leadership style. It identifies how a person sees her/himself as a leader, how others see her/him as a leader, and if there are commonalities or discrepancies between both perceptions.
ASSESS Talent Management is launching a 360 degree Leadership Styles Assessment that determines how the candidate scores across six Leadership styles /approaches as identified by Daniel Goleman; namely: Coercive, Visionary, Affiliative, Democratic, Pace-setting, and Coaching. In this assessment, the candidate responds to various statements based on her/his own self-image and perception about her/his tendencies and behaviors. On the other hand, the candidate's colleagueswhether peers, subordinates, and/or managersalso respond to various statements that reflect their own perception about the candidate's leadership tendencies and behaviors.
How We Can Help?
The 360 degree Leadership Styles assessment provides the candidate with feedback about others' perceptions on her/his leadership styles/approaches; and, thus, help the candidate in comparing the perception s/he has for oneself to that formed/perceived by others. In other words, it provides the candidate with objective and realistic evaluation of her/his capacity, skills, and effectiveness as an executive, leader, or manager.


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Let's see if you can successfully guess the nature of an individual by simply examining a portrait.
Don't click this photo yet. Wait until I've provided a few trivial explanations. I'll let you know when you should click the photo. This woman's name is Aude Oliva. Try to guess what sort of a person she is. For example, what sort of work might Aude do to earn her living?
Now, look closely at the following picture:
As you can see, Aude Oliva actually created this artwork. (Don't jump to the conclusion, though, that Aude is simply a talented graphic artist with Photoshop experience.) Most viewers will agree, I would imagine, that it seems to be a portrait of Albert Einstein. OK? Now, leave this Einstein photo sitting on your computer screen, get up from your chair, and move back about a meter from your computer screen. Does the portrait still appear to be that of Einstein?
If you click on the portrait of Aude Oliva, you'll find her professional titles: Associate Professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and a Principal Investigator in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. And you'll be able to find details about the spectacular so-called hybrid images that she creates.


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The redshift (Z) and Early Universe Spectrometer (ZEUS) is a direct detection, submillimeter echelle grating spectrometer designed to study star formation in the Universe from about 2 billion years after the Big Bang to the present through spectroscopy of distant star forming galaxies. The sensitivity of ZEUS enables spectroscopic studies in many of the most important gas cooling lines. From local (z<0.1) systems, these lines include the CO(J=8-7, 7-6, and 6-5) and 13CO(6-5) rotational lines, and the 370 and 610 um [CI] fine-structure lines which probe the neutral gas and far-UV radiation fields. From distant (z> 1) galaxies, we are using the redshifted fine-structure lines of [CII] 158 um, [OIII] 88 um, [OI] 63 um, and [NII] 122 and 205 um which probe stellar radiation fields and its effects on both the neutral and ionized gas components of the interstellar medium.
ZEUS is diffraction limited, attains sensitivity very close to the background limit on large submillimeter telescopes, and
has a resolving power ~ 1000. It therefore has unsurpassed sensitivity (corresponding to single-side-band receiver
temperatures < 40 K) for detecting broad lines from faint, point sources, enabling exciting new science portions of which we detail
ZEUS is designed for use in the 350, 450, and 610 um telluric windows on large submillimeter telescopes such as the 10.4 m Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), and the 12 m Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope. The ZEUS grating is a 35 cm long echelle with a 5th order blaze wavelength of 355 um operated in near Littrow mode. By tilting the grating we access the spectral range between 333 and 381 microns, and 416 to 477 in 5th and 4th orders of the grating providing near complete coverage of the 350 and 450 micron telluric windows. It is straightforward to access the 610 um telluric window (555 to 636 um coverage in 3rd order of the echelle), but we have not done this to date.
Distant galaxies are essentially point sources compared with the 7-10" diffraction limited beams delivered by 10 m class submillimeter telescopes in the 350 and 450 micron windows. For instance, at the distance of the nearest ULIRG galaxy (Arp 220, d = 72 Mpc) a 7" beam corresponds to 2.4 kpc linear extent. To maximize sensitivity for point source detection given background limited operation, we operate ZEUS with a near diffraction limited slit width. On the CSO we have used 8.7" and 10.8" slits which corresponds to 1.1 and 1.37 lambda/D at the middle of our wavelength coverage (400 um). ZEUS achieves resolving powers between 565 and 1600 depending on the wavelength and entrance slit width over the 350 and 450 um bands. This resolving power is well matched to extragalactic lines widths (~ 300 km/sec), optimizing sensitivity for detection of weak lines. The resolving power is ~ 1200 at 372 microns, sufficient to well resolve the astrophysically important CO(7-6) and 370 [CI] lines that are spaced by only 1000 km/s.
The current ZEUS detector array is a 1 x 32 pixel neutron-transmutation doped silcon bolometer array kept at 220 mK with a dual stage 3He refrigerator. The array was manufactured by S.H. Moseley's group at Goddard Space Flight Center. The 1 mm square pixels are well matched to the slit width so that most of the line flux from a monochromatic point source will fall on a single pixel. The 1 x 32 pixel format yeilds an instantaneous spectrum of 32 spectral elements (instantaneous coverage up to 3% bandwidth) on a single beam on the sky. At present, we have our final bandpass filters located directly in front of the array, so that the 32 element spectrum is split -- one 16 pixel half operates in 4th order, while the other half operates in 5th order of the grating. This eliminates the complexity of a milli-Kelvin filter wheel in the system, and enables simultaneous observations in both telluric windows. A line co-incidence is 12CO(6-5) in the 450 um window can be observed simultaneously with 13CO(8-7) in the 350 um window.
A more detailed design description is found elsewhere on this page (see link) and in our publication list (see link).
ZEUS can accomodate a much larger format array -- about 54 pixels spectrally, and
20 spatially, so that a 54 spectral element spectrum can be delivered for 20 beams on the sky along a long slit simultaneously.
We are creating a multi-color, multi-beam version of ZEUS, ZEUS-2 (see link).
Since late 2006, we have enjoyed five very successful runs with ZEUS on the 10.4 m CSO. We detected the CO(6-5),
CO(7-6), and [CI] 370 um lines from about two dozen nearby starforming galaxies and ultraluminous galaxies. We also
detected the CO(8-7) line from five ULIRGs, 13CO(6-5) from two galaxies, and the redshifted [CII] line emission
from six galaxies at redshifts between 1.1 and 1.8. These lines trace the excitation of the neutral interstellar medium and are
important coolants, enabling cloud collapse to form stars.
First Detection of 13CO(6-5) from an External Galaxy
Our detection of the 13CO(6-5) line from the nucleus of NGC 253 is the first detection of the 13CO(6-5)
line from an external galaxy, and the first detection of any 13CO transition greater than J=3-2 from a source
beyond the Magellanic clouds. We detected the line from the nuclear
regions of the starburst galaxy, NGC 253, where at a distance of 2.5 pc, our 11" beam subtends 275 kpc. We observed the 13CO(6-5)
the 12CO(6-5), the 13CO(6-5), and [CI] 370 um lines from NGC 253, mapping the last three lines (right). The
13CO(6-5) line is bright, at ~ 7% of the line flux in the 12CO(6-5) line indicating optically thick emission
in the latter. We model the observed run of CO and 13CO line emission with J using a large velocity gradient (LVG) method, and find that 35 to 60% of the molecular
gas mass in the nuclear regions is both warm (T ~ 110 K), and dense (~ 10 4cm -3) in support of our prior
work based on the detection of the 12CO(7-6) line (Bradford et al. 2003). We conclude that the gas is heated
by either the cosmic rays from the nuclear starburst, or by the decay of turbulence within molecular clouds,
presumably also driven by the formation of stars. The heating of the molecular ISM by the starburst therefore is
inhibiting further episodes of star formation, so that for NGC 253 the starburst is self-limiting (Hailey-Dunsheath et al.
First Detections of the [CII] 158 um line from the Epoch of Enhanced Star Formation in the Universe
Detailed studies in the infrared to submillimeter continuum Over the past decade have shown that the rate of star formation per unit co-moving volume peaked when the Universe was only 15-45% of its present age (redshifts 1 to 3) at values 30 times the present rate. We have begun a program to study star formation in this epoch using the bright far-IR fine-structure lines as they are redshifted into the submm windows as probes. These lines are important coolants for most of the important phases of the interstellar medium, so that their measure yields important information on the star formation process on galactic scales.
The brightest of the far-IR lines (and indeed, it can be the brightest single line from a star forming galaxy) is the 158 um [CII] line which cools the cold neutral medium, the warm neutral medium, diffuse ionized gas and the photo-dissociation regions (PDRs) formed on the surfaces of molecular clouds exposed to the far-UV starlight from nearby OB stars and/or the general interstellar radiation field. Most of the [CII] line arises in PDRs (see link) where the gas is predominantly heated through the photo-electic ejection of electrons from grains, and cooled through its [CII] line radiation. About 1% of the far-UV energy flux heats the gas in this way, while most of the remainer heats


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James Collier Marshall was born on the eastern shore of Maryland in 1804, among the estuaries of the Atlantic and along a creek named for his family. His birth occurred in the third year of the incumbency of Chief Justice John Marshall, his third cousin (twice removed). Their common ancestor settled in Westmoreland County, Virginia, a matter of miles from the birthplaces of George Washington, James Madison and Robert E. Lee. James Marshall's father took his family east, settling in Maryland, 100 miles from the ancestral home. James, though, joined the great western migration in 1838 or '39. He came to rest at the intersection of Manchester Road and Rock Hill Road in St. Louis County, where he lived until he passed away in 1864.
In 1840, James married Elizabeth McCausland of St. Louis. Over the next quarter-century, James and Elizabeth prospered in St. Louis, acquiring large tracts of land in Rock Hill and where Webster Groves is now. They gave their name to Marshall Road in Webster, and to the Marshall Road in Kirkwood and Valley Park, where they owned land also. They were traders and shopkeepers, and they operated a stagecoach stop on old Manchester Road when it was a major artery to the west. In 1841, they built a home there they called "Fairfax," which still stands (though not at its original location) on Manchester a little east of Rock Hill Road.
Elizabeth McCausland Marshall was the sister of John McCausland, after whom McCausland Avenue in St. Louis is named. The brother was a major landholder in St. Louis, including tracts he owned downtown. Elizabeth and John were part of an extended clan, which included the Kyles of Virginia, who were merchants in Lynchburg before they headed west to St. Louis. John McCausland died in 1843, and his wife Harriet Kyle McCausland followed him in death a month later. Left orphaned were St. Louis-born sons John and Robert, both under ten years of age. The McCauslands hailed originally from Scotland, but for a least a century they lived in County Tyron, Northern Ireland. Elizabeth, who was born there, came to America about 1800 with her parents. She and her 10 siblings were raised solidly in the Presbyterian faith.
Presbyterians were wracked by factionalism in the years before the Civil War, much of it brought on by the issue of slavery. In 1861, the Church split into northern and southern denominations, a rift that did not heal officially until a reunification in 1983. A story from the folks at the Fairfax house – not verified by this author – is that the Presbyterian congregation in Rock Hill split along these lines, so much so that pro-slavery people sat on one side of the church, those opposing slavery on the other. On which side sat the Marshalls is an intriguing, but unanswerable, question.
Artemus Bullard was born in Northbridge, Massachusetts in 1802. He attended Amherst College, as did his brother who roomed with a young man by the name of Henry Ward Beecher. Artemus' sister Eunice married Henry Beecher in 1837. The Bullards and the Beechers were Congregationalists, descended from English Calvinist cousins to the Scottish Presbyterians. Artemus Bullard was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church. In 1838 he accepted a position with the First Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, where he engaged in missionary work. His work led him to establish one of the earliest Presbyterian churches in the "country" that surrounded St. Louis, in Rock Hill. A church was built there in 1845, at the northeast corner of Manchester and Rock Hill Road, on land James C. Marshall donated. Marshall's slaves constructed the church of limestone blocks quarried on his property. Until 2010, the Rock Hill Presbyterian Church was the oldest west of the Mississippi to operate continuously in the same structure.
In 1850, Artemus Bullard built the Webster College for Boys on land donated by James C. Marshall. Named for Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster, the institution predated the town that grew up near it – Webster Groves was named for the school that Bullard and Marshall built. Bullard brought Congregationalist teachers from New England to staff the College, and they in turn were some of the earliest settlers of Webster Groves. The school closed in 1859, but after the Civil War it was reopened as a home for children orphaned in the war. The original building stands where it was built, on the grounds of today's Edgewood Children's Center.
Henry Ward Beecher was a famous, fiery orator and abolitionist preacher in New York whose sister Harriet Beecher Stowe authored Uncle Tom's Cabin. There is in the historic record one brief, early mention of Artemus Bullard's apathy towards the slavery question. All in all though, particularly considering his lineage, one cannot escape the conclusion that Bullard was firmly in the anti-slavery camp of the Presbyterian Church by the 1850s.
James Marshall owned slaves. According to the 1850 census, James held eight men and women in bondage. The oldest slave he owned was 75 years of age at that time, and the youngest, 14. Marshall had been in Missouri 12 years in 1850. He continued to own slaves, seven by the count taken in 1860.
Why then this alliance between the slave-owner Marshall and the Massachusetts-bred minister? The book North Webster: A Photographic History of a Black Community (published by the Webster Groves Historical Society in 1993) points out that James Marshall freed some of his slaves in 1863. Property he gave to them laid the foundation of the historic African American community in Webster Groves. The book claims that Marshall's slaves asked to help in the construction of the Rock Hill church, and attended services there along with whites after it was built. The answer probably lies with Elizabeth. The Presbyterian McCauslands, of the merchant class, transplanted from Ireland just a generation before, likely were neither slave-owners nor slavery supporters. It was Elizabeth, one suspects, who sought to bring religion to the wilds of Rock Hill and who enlisted a minister of her own faith to do so.
What is possible is that Rock Hill holds a story of two southern families growing in their appreciation of human freedom during the years before the Civil War. Certainly, important African American history is rooted here. Presbyterians should consider their old church a shrine.
If there is not enough history for you at the corner of Manchester and Rock Hill Roads, consider John McCausland, the orphaned nephew of Elizabeth Marshall. Most certainly he visited Fairfax in Rock Hill many times as a boy. The house was brand-new when John was five years old. He lived with his grandmother in St. Louis for several years after his parents died in 1843. Then, John and his brother went to live with an uncle in Virginia. He attended the Virginia
Military Institute, and upon graduation became an instructor of artillery reporting to Thomas J. Jackson. He entered the service of the Confederate Army at the beginning the Civil War. Known as "Tiger John" McCausland, he is vilified for the burning of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and revered by the people of Lynchburg, Virginia, which he defended in 1864. When he passed away in 1927, he was the second-oldest surviving General of the Confederate Army. McCausland died in his home "Grape Hill," standing today near Henderson, West Virginia, on an estate he started with the fortune his father made in St. Louis.


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All Massachusetts educators should be familiar with the state's curriculum frameworks and assessments, as these tools are used to drive teaching and learning in the classroom. Spurred by the federal Race to the Top program, many changes in these areas have occurred and will continue to occur. It will be important for AFT MA members to stay involved to ensure that classroom educators have a strong voice in the development of high-quality curricula, assessments, and instructional resources.
Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks (Standards)
In December 2010, the Massachusetts Board of Elementary and Secondary Education voted to adopt new state curriculum frameworks in two content areas: English Language Arts and Literacy and Mathematics.
The new frameworks for ELA and math incorporate the new (national) Common Core Standards, as well as additional standards and features unique to Massachusetts. The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a voluntary, multi-state effort coordinated by the National Governors Association and the Council of Chief State School Officers. To date, more than 40 states have adopted the Common Core standards.
The new Massachusetts curriculum frameworks for ELA and math will be implemented in a phased-in manner, beginning in the 2011-12 school year. Full implementation is expected by 2013-14. The state MCAS assessment (see below) will also be modified over the next several years to align with the new frameworks.
- To access the new ELA and math frameworks and other resources related to the frameworks, visit the Common Core State Standards Initiative web page of the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE).
- To view all of the state's curriculum frameworks, including current frameworks in foreign languages, health, history/social studies, science/technology, and vocational technical education, visit DESE's curriculum frameworks page.
The Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) was designed to meet the requirements of the Massachusetts Education Reform Act of 1993 and is also used to hold districts and schools accountable under the federal No Child Left Behind law and the Massachusetts education reform law of 2010.
Over the next several years, the MCAS will be modified to align with the new curriculum frameworks in ELA and math (see above). The MA DESE has prepared two documents to explain the transition: ELA Assessment Transition Plan and Mathematics Assessment Transition Plan. In the 2011-12 school year, the MCAS will focus on test items where there is content overlap between the old and new frameworks. The MCAS will transition fully to the new frameworks by 2013-14.
Meanwhile, the MA DESE has announced (see press release) that it has joined a multi-state consortium called PARCCto develop a "next-generation assessment system" aligned to the Common Core Standards. According to the MA DESE, the new system will be developed and field tested over the next four years and, if deemed rigorous enough, will eventually replace the MCAS as it is currently constructed. The state's participation in PARCC is not expected to have an immediate impact on the MCAS. Stay tuned for more details on these developments.
Curriculum and Instructional Resources
As all educators know, rigorous standards and curriculum frameworks are just the beginning. They set forth the goals of an education, not the education itself. A more detailed outline of what to teach–and in what order–must be set forth in a well-rounded, content-rich curriculum. In a special issue of the AFT's American Educator magazine, leading scholars such as E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Linda Darling-Hammond, and David Cohen explore the benefits of a common core curriculum (a curriculum shared across schools and classrooms).
Meanwhile, teachers in Massachusetts are leading the charge to develop high-quality curricula by creating a free online lesson bank through the AFT's Innovation Fund program. All the lessons will be arranged in units and tied directly to current state curriculum frameworks. Additionally, each lesson will consist of a comprehensive multi-media PowerPoint presentation and will include all accompanying materials such as homework and classwork. Read more about this pioneering work in a front-page story in the Feb. 2011 edition of American Teacher and in a front-page feature story in the AFT MA's Advocate newspaper. If you'd like to get involved in this effort, send an e-mail to Dan Murphy.


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DEK Electroform Variable Aperture Height Technology (VAHT)
Variable aperture height allows localized paste volume control
PCBs that incorporate both miniaturized and large components can often be difficult to print in one stroke due to the different paste volume requirements. DEK Electroform variable aperture height technology (VAHT) solves this issue with aperture-specific gasket overgrowths that create more height for larger paste volume deposits. Around defined apertures, gasket height can be 1 to 2 mils higher than the base stencil thickness.
- Optimum solution for challenging heterogeneous assemblies
- Greater throughput due to one-pass printing capability
Interested? Talk to our team about DEK Electroform VAHT.


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Since most break-baking professionals tend to emulate French bakers, I thought it might be instructive to post this picture and present some questions I am unable to answer at this time.
We recently spend three weeks in France (in Northern Brittany and Paris), which really raised the bar of my bread baking aspirations. Take the following sour-dough rye loaf I purchased in the "inter-marche" (normal grocery store) in Brittany, France. Notice the shape of the loaf. It is triangular. In France, each bakery has characteristic shapes, sizes, and slashing patterns. This was the only time I ever saw a shape like this. The crumb was light and hole-y, but still had the "cake-like" texture characteristic of good rye loaves. There are a few things I would like to know:
1. How did the baker retain the shape of this loaf while still maintaining hydration?
2. There were no slashes, but the crust was also not broken. How? Is that a feature of hydration and extensibility?
3. In France, to be considered rye, they have to have a certain percentage of rye flour to white. This bread had a crumb that I cannot replicate with the 50:50 rye:white mix I use in my siegle au levain. How did they make a nice dark rye loaf and keep an airy crumb?


on whether the code is related to the user interface or not), but since the same ViewModel is used by both a WinForms view and a WPF view, the ViewModel is not allowed to contain code that is designed for WinForms or WPF or that directly interacts with the UI; such code MUST go into the view.
Also in the MVVM pattern, UI objects should avoid interacting with each other! Instead they interact with the viewmodels. For instance a TextBox would not ask a nearby ListBox which item is selected; instead the listbox would save a reference to the currently selected item somewhere in the viewmodel layer, and the TextBox would query the viewmodel layer to find out what is selected right now. This solves your problem about finding out which button was pushed in one form from within a different form. You just share a Navigation Model object (which is part of the application's viewmodel layer) between the two forms and put a property in that object that represents which button was pushed.
WinForms itself doesn't support the MVVM pattern very well, but Update Controls provides its own unique approach MVVM as a library that sits on top of WinForms.
In my opinion, this approach to program design works very well and I plan to use it on future projects. The reasons it works so well are (1) that Update Controls manages dependencies automatically, and (2) that it is usually very clear how you should structure your code: all code that interacts with UI objects belongs in the View, all code that is UI-related but does not HAVE to interact with UI objects belongs in the ViewModel. Quite often you will split your code into two parts, one part for the View and another part for the ViewModel. I had some difficulty designing context menus in my system, but eventually I came up with a design for that too.
I have raving about Update Controls on my blog too. This approach does take a lot of getting used to, though, and in large-scale apps (e.g. if your listboxes contain thousands of items) you may encounter performance problems due to current limitations of automatic dependency management.
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I am going to answer this even though you have already accepted an answer.
As others have pointed out, I do not understand why you had to use anything static; this sounds like you have been doing something very wrongly.
Anyway, I have had the same problem as you: in my WinForms application I have several forms that share some functionality and some controls. Also, all of my forms already derive from a base form (let's call it "MyForm") which adds framework-level functionality (irrespective of application.) The Forms Designer of Visual Studio supposedly supports editing forms that inherit from other forms, but in practice it works only as long as your forms do nothing more than "Hello, world! -- OK -- Cancel".
What I ended up doing is this: I keep my common base class "MyForm", which is quite complex, and I continue to derive all of my application's forms from it. However, I do absolutely nothing in these forms, so the VS Forms Designer has no problems editing them. These forms consist solely of the code that the Forms Designer generates for them. Then, I have a separate parallel hierarchy of objects that I call "Surrogates" which contain all the application-specific functionality, like initializing the controls, handling events generated by the form and the controls, etc. There is a one-to-one correspondence between surrogate classes and dialogs in my application: there is a base surrogate class which corresponds to "MyForm", then another surrogate class is derived which corresponds to "MyApplicationForm", and then a whole bunch of other surrogate classes are derived, which correspond to each and every different form that my application displays.
Each surrogate accepts as a construction-time parameter a specific type of form, and it attaches itself to it by registering for its events. It also delegates to base, all the way to "MySurrogate" which accepts a "MyForm". That surrogate registers with the "Disposed" event of the form, so that when the form gets destroyed, the surrogate invokes an overridable on itself so that it, and all of its descendants, can perform cleanup. (Deregister from events, etc.)
It has been working fine so far.
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Transformer | Wikitronics | Fandom
Three-phase pole-mounted step-down transformer.
A transformer is a device that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling without requiring relative motion between its parts and usually comprises two or more coupled windings, and, in most cases, a magnetic core to concentrate magnetic flux. A voltage applied to one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other windings. Varying the relative number of turns in the windings determines the ratio of their voltages, thus transforming the voltage by stepping it up or down from one circuit to another.
The transformer principle was demonstrated in 1831 by Faraday, though practical designs did not appear until the 1880s.[1] Within less than a decade, the transformer was instrumental during the "War of Currents" in seeing alternating current systems triumph over their direct current counterparts, a position in which they have remained dominant. The transformer has since shaped the electricity supply industry, permitting the economic transmission of power over long distances. All but a fraction of the world's electrical power has passed through a series of transformers by the time it reaches the consumer.
Amongst the simplest of electrical machines, the transformer is also one of the most efficient,[2] with large units attaining performances in excess of 99.75%.[3] Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge giga VA-rated units used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles and with many similarities in their parts, though a variety of transformer designs exist to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry.
History[edit | edit source]
Michael Faraday built the first transformer in 1831, although he used it only to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic induction and did not foresee its practical uses.[1] Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs, who first exhibited a device called a'secondary generator' in London in 1882 and then sold the idea to American company Westinghouse. This may have been the first practical power transformer. They also exhibited the invention in Turin in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Their early devices used an open iron core, which was soon abandoned in favour of a more efficient circular core with a closed magnetic path. Russian engineer Pavel Yablochkov in 1876 invented a lighting system based on a set of induction coils, where primary windings were connected to a source of alternating current and secondary windings could be connected to several "electric candles". As the patent said, such a system "allows to provide separate supply to several lighting fixtures with different luminous intensities from a single source of electric power". Evidently, the induction coil in this system operated as a transformer.
A historical Stanley transformer.
William Stanley, an engineer for Westinghouse, built the first practical device in 1885 after George Westinghouse had bought Gaulard and Gibbs' patents. The core was made from interlocking E-shaped iron plates. This design was first used commercially in 1886.[1] Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri at the Ganz company in Budapest in 1885, who created the efficient "ZBD" model based on the design by Gaulard and Gibbs. Russian engineer Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky in 1889 developed the first three-phase transformer. In 1891 Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla coil, an air-cored, dual-tuned resonant transformer for generating very high voltages at high frequency.
Audio frequency transformers (at the time called repeating coils) were used by the earliest experimenters in the development of the telephone. While new technologies have made transformers in some electronics applications obsolete, transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical. This advantage was the principal factor in the selection of alternating current power transmission in the "War of Currents" in the late 1880s.[1] Many others have patents on transformers.
Basic principles[edit | edit source]
Coupling by mutual induction[edit | edit source]
An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux in the core
The principles of the transformer are illustrated by consideration of a hypothetical ideal transformer consisting of two windings of zero resistance around a core of negligible reluctance.[4] A voltage applied to the primary winding causes a current, which develops a magnetomotive force (MMF) in the core. The current required to create the MMF is termed the magnetising current; in the ideal transformer it is considered to be negligible. The MMF drives flux around the magnetic circuit of the core.[4]
An electromotive force (EMF) is induced across each winding, an effect known as mutual inductance.[5] The windings in the ideal transformer have no resistance and so the EMFs are equal in magnitude to the measured terminal voltages. In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, they are proportional to the rate of change of flux:
 - and are the induced EMFs across primary and secondary windings,
 - and are the numbers of turns in the primary and secondary windings,
 - and are the time derivatives of the flux linking the primary and secondary windings.
In the ideal transformer, all flux produced by the primary winding also links the secondary,[6] and so, from which the well-known transformer equation follows:
The ratio of primary to secondary voltage is therefore the same as the ratio of the number of turns;[4] alternatively, that the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings.
Under load[edit | edit source]
The ideal transformer as a circuit element
If a load impedance is connected to the secondary winding, a current will flow in the secondary circuit so created. The current develops an MMF over the secondary winding in opposition to that of the primary winding, so acting to cancel the flux in the core.[6] The now decreased flux reduces the primary EMF, causing current in the primary circuit to increase to exactly offset the effect of the secondary MMF, and returning the flux to its former value.[7] The core flux thus remains the same regardless of the secondary current, provided the primary voltage is sustained.[6] In this way, the electrical energy fed into the primary circuit is delivered to the secondary circuit.
The primary and secondary MMFs differ only to the extent of the negligible magnetising current and may be equated, and so:, from which the transformer current relationship emerges:
From consideration of the voltage and current relationships, it may be readily shown that impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio,[6] a secondary impedance thus appearing to the primary circuit to have a value of.
Circuit symbols[edit | edit source]
Standard symbols
circuit symbol Transformer with two windings and iron core.
circuit symbol Transformer with three windings.
The dots show the relative winding configuration of the windings.
circuit symbol Step-down or step-up transformer.
The symbol shows which winding has more turns,
but does not usually show the exact ratio.
circuit symbol Transformer with electrostatic screen,
which prevents capacitive coupling between the windings.
Practical considerations[edit | edit source]
Effect of frequency[edit | edit source]
The time-derivative term in Faraday's Law implies that the flux in the core is the integral of the applied voltage. An ideal transformer would, at least hypothetically, work under direct-current excitation, with the core flux increasing linearly with time. In practice, the flux would rise very rapidly to the point where magnetic saturation of the core occurred and the transformer would cease to function as such. All practical transformers must therefore operate under alternating (or pulsed) current conditions.
Transformer universal EMF equation[edit | edit source]
If the flux in the core is sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms EMF E, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a and peak magnetic flux density B is given by the universal EMF equation:[4]
The EMF of a transformer at a given flux density increases with frequency, an effect predicated by the universal transformer EMF equation. By operating at higher frequencies, transformers can be physically more compact without reaching saturation, and a given core is able to transfer more power. However efficiency becomes poorer with properties such as core loss and conductor skin effect also increasing with frequency.
In general, operation of a transformer at its designed voltage but at a higher frequency than intended will lead to reduced magnetising current. At a frequency lower than the design value, with the rated voltage applied, the magnetising current may increase to an excessive level. Operation of a transformer at other than its design frequency may require assessment of voltages, losses, and cooling to establish if safe operation is practical. For example, transformers may need to be equipped with "volts per hertz" over-excitation relays to protect the transformer from overvoltage at higher than rated frequency.
Energy losses[edit | edit source]
An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. Despite the transformer being amongst the most efficient of electrical machines, with experimental models using superconducting windings achieving efficiencies of 99.85%,[8] energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 95%.[9] A small transformer such as a plug-in "power brick" used for low-power consumer electronics may be less than 85% efficient.
Transformer losses are attributable to several causes and may be differentiated between those originating in


text:
Age of majority
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
The age of majority is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualized in law. It is the chronological moment when children legally assume majority control over their persons and their actions and decisions, thereby terminating the legal control and legal responsibilities of their parents over and for them.
In practical terms, there are certain specific actions which a person who attains the age of majority is permitted to take, which they could not do before. These may include entering into a binding contract, voting, buying and/or consuming alcoholic beverages, driving motor vehicles on public roads, and marrying without obtaining consent of others. The ages at which these various rights or powers may be exercised vary as between the various rights and as between different jurisdictions. For example, the ages at which a person may obtain a license to drive a car or consume alcoholic beverages vary considerably between and also within jurisdictions.


A new survey has found many middle-class UK families want to emigrate as Britain can no longer offer them a good quality of life. Almost two in three families surveyed want to emigrate due to the economy, weather and a loss of national pride.
The research titled 'When the British built Adelaide they wanted to build a better Britain' was conducted by Huddersfield University which polled 1,000 British families.
"The British weather was named as the number one reason to leave the UK (59%), followed by economic downturn (49%), expensive housing (43%), bad manners (35%) and a loss of community spirit and neighbourliness (33%) in British society," reads the report RT obtained from Huddersfield University.
85 per cent of families confessed they wanted their children to grow up in a country "with a stronger sense of community" than they believe exists in the UK. At the same time, nine out of ten British parents said they want their children to live in a country with a less celebrity-obsessed culture and a more optimistic 'can do' attitude.
But when it comes to moving abroad and starting a new life there, Britons prefer to stick with traditions and values they are accustomed to. Nearly two third of families said they would like the country they are moving to have a "sense of Britishness".
Australia was the first country of choice, with almost one in three wanting to move there, followed by the United States (15%), New Zealand (13%), Canada (13%), followed by Spain (10%), France (7%), Italy (3%) and Germany (2%).
The study suggested the reasons behind many opting for Australia, were shared cultural values.
Gravitation towards the community in the South Australian capital Adelaide, hence the title of the study, was particularly highlighted.
"Adelaide was designed in the 1830s by Colonel William Light who had a vision to create a better Britain, so a shared sense of Britishness between the UK and Adelaide seems inevitable," Professor Paul Ward, author of the report and Co-Director of The Academy of British and Irish Studies, explained.
UK's living standards deteriorating
With the economic downturn Britain's living standards have been declining as household bills rise such as fuel, mortgage, and food prices.
According to a new research released by audit firm KPMG this week, nearly 5 million workers in the UK are not earning enough to maintain a decent standard of living.
The study concluded that twenty per cent of the working population receives less than the minimum wage, which is $13 an hour.
It also showed that workers are quite pessimistic about their future.
Almost half (47 percent) think their finances will be in a worse state over the next year, while almost one-fourth (23 percent) believing their job security has deteriorated.


text:
When choosing a drilling method, especially for exploration and grade control, one must consider many factors such as cost, time, environmental impact, depth of drilling and sample quality. Reverse Circulation drilling offers many advantages over other drilling methods, such as Rotary Air Blast drilling or diamond drilling. This article will explain what Reverse Circulation drilling is, its benefits, its health and safety considerations, and why it is the best method of grade control.
1. What is Reverse Circulation drilling?
Reverse Circulation drilling, or RC drilling, is a method of drilling which uses dual wall drill rods that consist of an outer drill rod with an inner tube. These hollow inner tubes allow the drill cuttings to be transported back to the surface in a continuous, steady flow.
Unlike diamond drilling, it compiles sample rock cuttings instead of rock core. The drilling mechanism is most often a pneumatic reciprocating piston called a hammer, which in turn is driving a tungsten-steel drill bit, specifically made to be able to crush hard rock.
The hammer is used to remove rock samples which are pushed through the machine with compressed air. When air is blown down the annulus (ring-shaped structure) of the rod, the pressure shift creates a reverse circulation, bringing the cuttings up the inner tube. When the cuttings reach a deflector box at the top of the rig, the matter is moved through a hose attached to the top of the cyclone.
The drill cuttings will travel around the cyclone until they fall through the bottom opening into a sample bag. These bags are marked with the location and depth of the place where the sample was collected and can be transported directly to the assay lab for analysis.
2. The benefits of RC drilling
Reliable and uncontaminated samples:
When the cutting travels through the bit into the inner tube towards the cyclone, it is not introduced to other areas of the hole, keeping it free of cross-contamination. This creates the possibility of producing large quantities of high quality, reliable samples.
Sample cuttings are easier to catalogue and keep track of. Because the samples collected will have an exact location and depth at which they were found, surveyors and interested parties will be able to locate mineral deposits more precisely.
High drilling penetration rates:
RC penetration rates are comparable to open drilling methods and are often faster at greater depths. Sample velocity through the inner tube can reach speeds of 250 m/sec, making the retrieval of drill cuttings a rapid but safe method requiring fewer man-hours.
Production rates are superior to diamond drilling; rates of 200-300 m/day are routine at speeds faster than 10 m/h. Therefore, results from RC drilling can be revealed to clients much faster because the drilling process takes less time.
Versatile in tough conditions:
RC drilling is fairly straightforward and requires far less water than diamond drilling, making it ideal in places such as Australia, where water may be scarce or costly. RC drilling is also a more cost-effective method than diamond drilling, with operating costs reduced by up to 40% compared to diamond drilling.
Cost reduction is especially noticeable in geologically challenging locations, which would increase the cost of more conventional drilling methods even more. RC drilling will keep those costs down since it is more resilient in harsh environments.
3. Why is RC drilling best for grade control?
Grade control is used to define the ore grades and blocks in the pit. For an exploration program, the quality of the samples is imperative for mine planning and blasting—the samples must be reliably accurate.
RC drilling is the superior method used for grade control in open pit mining operations because:
- samples obtained via RC drilling are free of contaminants
- the samples are collected at the drill and sent directly to the lab to be assessed
- RC sampling requires less handling than other methods
- less handling results in cost reduction and faster turnaround times
The reliability of the cuttings produced during RC drilling is an industry asset. RC grade control is the most cost effective and efficient method to differentiate between waste rock and minerals.
4. Key safety and environmental considerations
Exploration drilling is strictly controlled and regulated when an exploration licence is approved. Most drilling requires further governmental approval, which will demand a thorough environmental survey, proposed methodology, administrative plan, and environmental mitigation.
RC drilling safety regulations will vary depending on location, but there are general precautions to observe. RC drilling has some inherent risks to be aware of.
The sounds of constant hammering of drill bits into rock combined with the use of loud air compressors may cause hearing loss. That's why occupational health and safety laws require workers to wear some sort of hearing loss protection as well as all other appropriate personal protective equipment. This includes not only ear plugs or ear muffs but also respiratory masks, safety footwear, hard hats and industrial work gloves.
RC drilling requires 'Samplers' or 'Offsiders' to process the cutting samples from the cyclone. They may have to manually handle some of the downhole equipment, putting them in a more hazardous situation than in a standard drilling site such as well drilling. They must remain vigilant about a number of hazards such as:
- the physical strain they could receive from manually handling samples,
- the potential of falling objects,
- proximity to compressed air, and
- pinch points or areas around the rig that could be the source of crush injuries.
However, adopted control measures make it more difficult to access potential pinch points, and added interlocks prohibit operation under unsafe conditions.
Because RC drilling has a small rig footprint, it eliminates the need for extensive earthworks. This means RC drilling has a minimal environmental impact.
5. RC drilling best practices
There are many procedures and techniques required to achieve the best possible results from RC drilling. Holes are set up similarly to conventional holes, and the most important element of RC drilling is the sample. The goal is to capture as much sample as possible from the hole, preferably through the inner tube.
High inside sample circulation is achieved by having the appropriate clearance between the bit shroud and the hole wall. This should forge a seal, thereby forcing the sample inside. If there is water in the hole, allow the hole to collar off as this helps to keep the samples dry, making them easier to transport and process.
Since its inception in the early 1970s in Australia, RC drilling has become a preferred method for initial exploration and grade control due to its many advantages:
- the samples extracted by RC drilling are reliable and free of contaminants,
- the method is timely and cost-efficient,
- it is well-suited for difficult terrains,
- it has high penetration rates, and
- it has minimal environmental impact.
Taken together, these positive aspects of RC drilling make it an excellent choice for mining exploration and grade control.


Question: What Is Veal Parmesan Made Of?
What cut of meat is veal parmesan?
Veal is known for its tender texture and delicate flavor, and can be purchased in many of the same beef cuts you're probably already familiar with–roasts, chops, ribs, ground and cutlets. For Veal Parmesan, we'll be using veal cutlets or veal scallopini.
What is a veal cutlet?
Veal cutlets are thin, boneless portions of meat taken from the leg of the animal. Treat veal cutlets how you would any other thin, breaded cutlet (like chicken breast or pork). Season well and use a three-step breading process (flour, egg, then breadcrumbs).
Why is it called veal parmesan?
Firstly the dish is Chicken, Veal, etc Parmigiano, not parmesan. It simply means that the dish originated in the region in and around Parma, Italy. It does not have anything to do with the type of cheese.
How many calories are in veal parmesan?
Veal Parmesan (1 serving) contains 139g of carbs, 102g of protein, 84g of fat, and 1750 calories.
Is veal healthy to eat?
It's healthier, too; it has less fat and cholesterol than beef, and is an even better source of nutrients like protein, riboflavin and B6. Pasture-raised veal has much of the flavor of beef but is leaner and moister. Chefs in particular are enthusiastic about using it.
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What animal is veal?
Veal is the meat from calves, mostly pure-bred male dairy calves. In many countries, including the UK, veal production is closely linked to the dairy industry; male dairy calves cannot produce milk and are often considered unsuitable for beef production.
How are calves killed for veal?
Calves raised to make veal are severely confined. Veal calves live the entirety of their short lives in " veal crates," wooden crates that severely restrict the calves ' movement. These crates are typically only 2.5 feet wide at most and have slatted wooden floors.
Is veal really a baby cow?
What is veal? It is the meat of a baby cow, a calf that has been starved to death so that the meat is pale pink, almost white. The veal calf industry is among the worst of all the kinds of intensive animal agriculture.
What is the most tender cut of veal?
The Veal Tenderloin is one of the most tender cuts on the animal. It is lean and therefore needs to be cooked quickly at a high temperature to maintain moisture. Whole tenderloins can be roasted or grilled and barbequed. Veal Tenderloin portions are cut from a Denuded Tenderloin.
Does veal taste different than beef?
But how does the meat taste different? Well, veal is slightly more tender than beef, due to the muscles not being worked for as long as the muscles of beef and it has a much more delicate flavour. Veal is actually easier for our bodies to digest than beef is because of how much more tender the meat is.
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Is Chicken Parmesan really Italian?
Chicken parmigiana, or chicken parmesan ( Italian pollo alla parmigiana ), is a dish that consists of breaded chicken breast covered in tomato sauce and mozzarella, parmesan, or provolone cheese. The dish originated from 20th-century Italian diaspora.
How many calories is chicken parmesan?
How many carbs are in a veal cutlet?
Classics Breaded Veal Cutlets (1 serving) contains 24g of carbs, 28g of protein, 10g of fat, and 320 calories.
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