text:
Dynamic briefing for building design
The client briefing problem
The process of identifying and clarifying the client's requirements is often described as 'briefing' and is of critical importance to the successful delivery of a construction project (Shen et al. 2004; Bowen et al. 1999).
Poor understanding of the requirements of the client and the need for improvement has been emphasised in industry reports such as the 'Banwell Report' (Banwell 1964), and 'Constructing the Team' (Latham 1994), however ineffective briefing remains an enduring problem (Barrett & Stanley 1999). This was described by Smith et al. (1998) as the 'Client briefing problem' (J M Smith et al. 1998, p.4).
Limitations of current briefing practice in the UK include:
- Inadequate involvement of all the relevant parties to a project.
- Inadequate communication between those who are involved.
- Inadequate handling of changes in requirements (John Kamara et al. 2002).
Research has found that there is little formal education for professionals in briefing and there are no generally accepted procedures (Barrett & Stanley 1999; Svetoft 2005). Not only can poor briefing lead to increased cost and delays, but also long-term inefficiencies for the client. Poor briefing is therefore a problem that concerns all parties to a construction project.
Many different approaches are taken to briefing, however, below is a list in which Kamara (1999) specified the objectives, or information, commonly included in a completed brief:
- Background, purpose, content and desired outcomes of the project.
- Functions of the intended facility and the relationship between them.
- Cost and time targets.
- Instructions on procurement and organisation of the project.
- Site and environmental conditions, safety, interested third parties and other factors which are likely to influence the design and construction of the facility.
The traditional approach to briefing views it as a separate activity that takes place before design starts (Jensen 2011), resulting in the production of a document, set of documents or collection of correspondence material containing the clients requirements (Barrett & Stanley 1999). This approach is driven by an emphasis on the importance of the early stages of development to a projects success (J M Smith et al. 1998; Shen et al. 2004) and the widely acknowledged impact that late changes can have on cost, time and quality, mainly due to the reworking of construction documents and the implementation of additional work. Changes made after the early stages of a construction project are a major source of dispute and litigation worldwide. This has led to a culture that generally views a change order as the failure of a party to fulfil their function in the construction process (Othman et al. 2004).
The static briefing approach emphasises the need to freeze the brief. A commonly used process map for construction, the 'plan of work' developed by the Royal Institute of British Architects, takes this approach, pushing for the development of an explicit and detailed brief as early as possible in the project. The brief is then frozen at the end of the design development stage (2008 edition).
Another popular map, the 'Process Protocol', developed from a manufacturing industry perspective, encourages fixing the brief before the construction phase (Kagioglou et al. 1998). Although it allows development of the brief until a later stage in the process, it can still be considered as leaning towards a static approach.
The limitations of the static briefing approach are based upon the inevitability of changes occurring throughout the project, most significantly when the design has been 'frozen', after the static briefing stage. This is well described by Nutt (1993) who suggested that the traditional (static) briefing process is challenged by the nature and pace of change, that future needs cannot be predicted with confidence and that there is a need for a dynamic process. Extensive research by Othman (2004) supports this theory, identifying 30 unique drivers for development of the brief during later stages, using an extensive sample of case study data. He suggests that this should be embraced using an approach called 'dynamic briefing'.
The dynamic briefing approach has been defined in various ways. Jensen suggested that briefing should be 'a process of feedback to, and dialogue with, all stakeholders' (Jensen 2011, p.2). It has also been defined as 'the process running through the construction project by which means the client's requirements are progressively captured and translated into effect' (Barrett & Stanley 1999, pp.4–5).
'Exposing client values' involves the identification of the needs and requirements of the client, from the level of their mission statement or business outlook, down to their specific needs from the construction project. Green (2010) offers insight into the use of dynamic briefing to expose client values, drawing from the observation by various sources (Bennett 1985; Goodacre et al. 1982) that extensive collaboration over time is required between the designer and client, as clients are often incapable of describing their own needs and objectives without being probed in depth.
Other research also suggests that designers need to conduct a facilitated and guided learning process with the clients and users of a project (Jensen 2011). It is also noted by Barrett & Stanley (1999) that designers can easily misinterpret requirements expressed by the client, however this can be resolved through continuous follow-up and re-visiting of the issues through prolonged client-designer collaboration. The interpretation of the clients requirements and how they corresponds to their real requirements greatly influences the efficiency of the design (Chatzi 2012). Much of this research supports a dynamic approach, suggesting that a continual process of interaction and collaboration is required for effective briefing.
Barrett & Stanley (1999) offer further insights into how a dynamic briefing approach can be effective in exposing client values. Firstly they describe how, as the client's confidence, knowledge and feel for the issues increase throughout a project, their requirements may change from those first given during the early briefing. If these changes are not picked up, the client may become dissatisfied with the project. They describe how the identification of these changes in requirements is dependant on continued interaction with the client throughout the process. 'The briefing process must support the client through this journey from uncertainty to certainty in such a way that aspiration is turned to delight' (Barrett & Stanley 1999, p.15). Sustained interaction is likely to ensure the client's continued satisfaction with the developing scheme and enables them to highlight any potential problem areas before they develop further.
As well as the gradually developing exposure of client values, there are a number of other internal and external influences that can cause late development of the brief. Some of these drivers, which were identified as being highly influential by Othman (2004) included:
- Meeting new technology changes.
- Incorrect construction documents.
- Unavailability of materials.
- Changing of regulations.
- Response to market demand.
- Other unforeseen conditions.
Othman et al. (2004) describe how the dynamic approach to briefing can enable innovative response to these drivers for the benefit of the project.
Although dynamic briefing offers the potential to capture client value, techniques are then required to guide this approach as a design management strategy. Thyssen et al. (2011) described this process as an on-going value conversation or interpretation and suggested that one way of capturing client value is through the use of Value Management (VM). This involves maximising the value of the solution from the concept stage through to building use, by auditing decisions against value systems based on the client's exposed 'values'.
A system developed by Othman (2004) was developed based on the idea that development of the brief not only offers the opportunity to capture value, but also presents a degree of risk. The Value and Risk Management Protocol (VRMP) integrates value and risk management approaches in order to control the development of the brief. The protocol provides a system that tackles brief development in four stages:
- Firstly the problem is identified, then structured and pitted against the client's objectives or values.
- A process of generating, evaluating and selecting the best alternative is then pursued, whereby the value that could be gained is identified, followed by the risks.
- Continuous revision and auditing of these values and risks is carried out in order to select the best course of action.
- Finally the alternative is implemented and its execution is monitored and feedback provided to the client, design and construction teams.
The approaches to dynamic briefing described offer a counter-argument to the view that development of the brief after the early stages of the process is negative. Drawing from a wide variety of research methods and expert insight, the sources present a case that could be seen to support a view given in one working paper that '...conflict is most likely to be productive if handled well; confrontation of ideas can lead to creative solutions' (Ness 2007, p.1).
There are however limitations to the use of dynamic briefing which must be taken into consideration. Feedback from the research by Othman (2004) suggested that if top management lack desire or willingness to use a dynamic briefing management strategy such as the Value and Risk Management Protocol, then its adoption will be limited. Therefore the benefits must be clearly presented to the top management of all parties to gain support. It is also noted that a dynamic brief approach such as this is time consuming and requires a large volumes of information. It is suggested that although this is a disadvantage in an industry where a squeeze on the briefing period already exists, computer software could be used to facilitate input, organising, retrieving, sharing and updating brief development information.
More general limitations are cited by Barrett & Stanley (1999), with regards to


text:
|Sea fans are a form of gorgonian
soft corals that rely on the current for a continuous
supply of food. They may grow up to several feet across,
and are most likely to be found where the current is
strong. As the name suggests, they are broad and flat,
and invariably face the current so as to filter the most
planktonic food. Most soft corals are colored green,
yellow, or brown, due to the presence of single-celled
algae within their tissue.
Though sea fans have a semi-rigid "skeleton" that helps them retain their shape, they are not classified as hard corals, since they lack a hard limestone skeleton. Another simple way to tell the difference between hard and soft corals is by the tentacle count on the polyps; sort corals generally have eight tentacles versus six on hard corals.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Internal Link
What is an Internal Referral (Same Link Referral)?
When a customer commences a search on the internet, call tracking captures the journey from the initial referral, through to the pages that the customer browses, right down to the page that a phone call is made fromproviding Delacon call tracking code is present on all pages.
If the code is correctly implemented, we will see a clear snapshot of the customer journey from start to finish.
If, however one or more website pages do not have the Delacon code, this creates a break in the journey, and only the path re-starting from a page with code (after visiting one without) will be recorded as the new start point of the customer journey. When tracking code is missing from a page on a website, it breaks the chain.
For example, if tracking code is correctly implemented on all pages and a customer types the word "Delacon" into a search engine, clicks onto our Home page, then our Integrations page and then our Contact page– we will be able to capture all details including the keyword/search terms used to initiate the original search, name of search engine and all pages visited on the website before a phone call was made.
If for instance code is present on all pages other than our Integrations page, and the customer follows the same pattern, we will not see any tracking data other than the customer landing on the contact us page, losing valuable insights. The absence of code on a page breaks the tracking of the customer journey.
This is why it's important to ensure all pages contain the correct Delacon tracking code.
Leave a Reply


text:
Phalangeal curvature in a chimpanzee raised like a human: Implications for inferring arboreality in fossil hominins
Posted: May 28, 2020 - 01:00pmDr. Ian Wallace is first author on a recently published article in PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America) entitled: Phalangeal curvature in a chimpanzee raised like a human: Implications for inferring arboreality in fossil hominins. To read the full article, click here.
Arboreal primates such as chimpanzees exhibit pronounced curvature in their hand and foot phalanges, which is assumed to develop throughout life in response to mechanical loads produced by grasping and hanging from branches. Intriguingly, ancient fossil hominins also exhibit substantial phalangeal curvature, which, too, has been interpreted as a direct result of habitual arboreality during life. Here, we describe the phalangeal curvature of a chimpanzee who was raised during the 1930s in New York City to live much like a human, including by having very few opportunities to engage in arboreal activities. We show that the degree of hand and foot phalangeal curvature in this individual is indistinguishable from that of wild chimpanzees and distinct from humans. Thus, rather than being a direct effect of mechanical loads produced by lifetime arboreal activities, phalangeal curvature appears to be shaped largely by genetic factors. An important implication of this finding is that phalangeal curvature among fossil hominins is evidently best interpreted as a primitive trait inherited from an arboreal ancestral species rather than proof of engagement in arboreal activities during life.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This 60 minute eCPD tutorial discusses nursing the critical patient, which requires the veterinary nurse to be familiar with monitoring techniques. It is vital that the veterinary nurse is able to identify changes in clinical parameters and bring them to the attention of the case veterinary surgeon.
The aims of this lecture are to cover the following aspects of critical care nursing:
- What is critical care nursing?
- The type of patients we monitor
- Monitoring equipment
- Parameters that we monitor
Eleanor Haskey BSc(hons), VTS(ECC), VPAC A1, RVN
This tutorial is worth 60 minutes of CPD.
Course notes to accompany this tutorial are included.


text:
GameObjects are the fundamental objects in Unity that represent characters, props and scenery. Basically everything you create in Unity will be a GameObject. There are two main types of GameObject you can use to import Harmony data:
- Create Empty
- Create Other > Plane
To understand the process fully, there are two examples using an empty GameObject and a plane GameObject with the SpaceCat demo file. Everything you do will be based on the GameObject you create to load your Harmony data.


Time Machine
Spin the knob to view movement that can't normally be seen by speeding it up or slowing it down
Spin the knob to speed up and slow down video footage of things that normally happen too quickly or too slowly to see. What exactly happens when a dog shakes itself off? What would a tree look like if you took a picture every day for a year? How about that skateboard trick that happens too quickly to see? Find out!
Montshire Museum of Science Engage the Senses


text:
In the knock-out process, as well as in the preliminary phase of moulding sand reclamation, the issue of energy demand for the process of crushing used sand agglutinations, preferably to single grains, is particularly important. At present, numerical values of moulding sand impact resistance, which would allow energy-related aspects of this process to be forecast, are not known, as such research has not been carried out. It seems that impact resistance tested on very small cross-section samples, which allows us to very precisely reveal some unique features of a moulding sand with organic and inorganic binders, is an important parameter, which so far has not been taken into account for evaluation of mechanical properties of moulding sands. Preliminary attempts to determine impact resistance of moulding sands have been carried out as part of own research of the author. The conducted investigations aimed at determining the relationships between the obtained values of tensile strength and impact resistance of moulding sands. In addition, the effect of holding samples at temperatures of 100oC, 200oC, 300oC on the value of impact resistance was determined, both for sands made with fresh and with reclaimed sand grains.
Go to article


Speysider/Tabber Code
5,375pages on
this wiki
< User:Speysider
This page explains how to generate a userpage with tabs similar to the one used here: User:Speysider
The tabber code is generated by using the following HTML:
You can use as many tabs as you want, but too many will cause the layout to become broken as this site is extremely narrow. This problem may not be present on other wikia's.
One Tab
This is the general usage for a one tab box using tabber.
Name of the tab=Content to appear
For example, if you wanted a tab called About Me, you would do this:
About Me=Hello, my name is X and I do Y on this wiki
This would generate something like this:
More tabs
It's important to note that a special breaker code is required in order to separate the tabs. That breaker code is this:
Every usage of this code will generate a new tab, similar to the | pipe character in a template. This would be the general usage of a multi-tab box.
Name of Tab #1=Content for Tab #1
Name of Tab #2=Content for Tab #2
You would just keep repeating the breaker code for every tab you create. For example, you could create something like this:
Tab #1=This is the content for Tab #1.
Tab #2=This is the content for Tab #2.
The output for that tabber code is this:
This is the content for Tab #1.
This is the content for Tab #2.
I hope this helps anyone wishing to generate a userpage like mine :D
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki


text:
Economists have warned that carbon pricing will damage South Africa's economic growth and global competitiveness.
South Africa's high dependency on fossil fuel-powered energy has earned it a place among the top 20 carbon emitting countries in the world. In this year's Budget Speech, Pravin Gordhan announced the implementation of a carbon tax for 2013-2014. A draft policy is being drawn up for public comment.
Carbon pricing was the topic under panel discussion at the Mail & Guardian's Critical Thinking Forum on Tuesday, hosted by the M&G and BHP Billiton.
Panellists drew a direct link between a carbon tax and rising electricity costs.
As Michael Rossouw, executive director of Xstrata Alloys, argued: "We have not learnt to decouple energy growth from carbon usage". So with energy intensive mining and manufacturing sectors - key drivers of the South African economy - the carbon tax will have a direct impact on the country's gross domestic product (GDP).
Rob Jeffrey, Econometrix managing director, cited a recent study that revealed a carbon tax would reduce GDP by 3% by 2021, a sum that would amount to R88-billion. Job growth would become retarded and the price of electricity would see a 20% rise.
"South Africa makes up 1.1% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions," said Jeffrey. He argued a carbon tax would place South Africa on a global backfoot against other advanced and emerging economies without carbon penalties.
China, for example, has undertaken only to reduce the intensity of its carbon emissions and not its total emissions. Jeffrey said with South Africa's low technical capacity for alternative power sources, such as solar energy, the time was not propitious for a carbon tax.
But Cecil Morden, chief director of Economic Tax Analysis at national treasury, asked: "What will be the cost of doing nothing?"
Richard Worthington, climate change manager at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), said the damage wrought by carbon emissions included weather volatility, which in turn encouraged market volatility. "If we don't do it now," he said, "we know the impact on future citizens will be dire."
A question put to the panel was whether the carbon tax would actually encourage energy suppliers to seek cleaner energy sources. Morden affirmed the power of pricing mechanisms, considering Eskom's recent search for cleaner energy sources a move in anticipation of the carbon tax.
But Rossouw criticised the carbon tax as a piece meal approach to reducing carbon emissions. He advocated a "systems-based approach" that takes a holistic view of environmental protection coupled with economic growth.
The shape of the future carbon tax still hangs in the balance. The manner in which the tax is designed and the revenues distributed will determine how adversely poor households are affected.
Morden considered two mechanisms currently considered. One is to redistribute revenue through normal budgetary processes and another to shift taxes, so lessening the load of others such as VAT's while imposing the carbon tax.
Despite misgivings, the panel broadly agreed that carbon emissions needed to decrease. "I don't think anyone in this room is denying the fact that we have to do something to reduce our carbon footprint," said Rossouw.
But the key questions of when and how a carbon tax is implemented will determine whether carbon pricing will do more harm than good.


text: The purposes of this study are to analyze post liquefaction shear strength and to explore the potential use of wave-based techniques to monitor liquefaction and post liquefaction response. The first part presents a detailed analysis of triaxial test results to identify robust strength criteria. The second part documents experimental data on the characterization of liquefaction events with P-wave reflection imaging and S-wave trans-illumination techniques. The relevance of multiple coexisting temporal and spatial scales is highlighted. The following results are obtained: 1) the post liquefaction shear strength can be estimated within the framework of critical state soil mechanic; 2) the P-wave reflection images obtained before and after liquefaction represent the depression of the soil-water interface; 3) excess pore pressure migration from liquefied deep layers may cause zero-effective stress in dilative shallow layers. P-wave reflection is a valuable tool to monitor the evolution of subsurface structures and S-wave trans-illumination technique can be used to yield a comprehensive picture of the spatial evolution of liquefaction.


text:
How do I know where the resistor would be placed if I were prototyping?
It is all part of the design knowing if you need a resistor to limit any current on not.
Basically the switch resistor is a pull up or pull down resistor, these are needed.
The arduino can not supply enough current to drive a low impedance speaker, the current must be kept below 40mA. So an 8 ohm speaker would give you a current of 5 / 8 = 625mA if connected up directly. This will damage your arduino. So the maximum load on a pin would be 5 / 0.04 = 125 Ohms, therefore you need a 125 - 8 = 117 ohm resistor in line with an 8 ohm speaker. That is going to make the volume very low, but that is another problem.


Report: Aviation Workforce Challenges in the United States and the United Kingdom
March 27, 2019 | Brianne Eby, Paul Lewis
The global aviation industry faces growing workforce challenges. Strong competition for workers, the changing nature of high-skill jobs, and a retiring generation all profoundly affect many countries' modern economies. The problem is especially acute in the United States and the United Kingdom, the largest and third largest aviation markets in the world, respectively. Both countries need to attract new workers to fly and maintain aircraft, manage airports, control air traffic, build and run terminals, and conduct every other job related to advancing a safe, secure, and high-tech aviation industry. Unfortunately, pragmatic policy solutions that comprehensively address workforce challenges across all aviation subsectors are limited.
This report reviews workforce challenges across the critical sectors of the aviation industry in the US and the UK: professional pilots, air traffic controllers, aircraft maintenance and repair, airport workers, flight attendants, and aerospace manufacturing. It finds common themes that are important to understanding how to prepare the industry and its workforce for the future:
 - The aviation industry will face a number of workforce pipeline challenges as demand for air travel grows in the coming years. Though the outlook on worker availability varies depending on the specific occupation, the number of jobs in aviation is expected to grow.
 - The degree to which technology will replace jobs is unknown, but technology will change the nature of jobs across the entire aviation workforce. The industry must ensure that new and existing personnel are trained to utilize new technologies.
 - Workforce demographics are shifting, as a wave of current employees prepares to retire and the generations that replace them are more diverse. To fill future jobs, the industry will need to appeal to a broader demographic.
 - Following a number of challenges that resulted in cost cuts between roughly 2001 and 2009, the aviation industry has since begun to increase wages. The industry has used incentives, signing bonuses, and higher salaries to attract and retain workers.
 - The aviation industry is competing with itself, other professions, and other countries to retain workers. "Workforce bleed" to other industries, offshoring to other countries, and recruiting established personnel from other sectors (e.g. airlines hiring military pilots) are all manifestations of this competition.
Check out our two-page summary of the report.
Be Part of the Conversation
No thanks


Synonyms with examples sentences
Synonyms, antonyms, polysemy, homonym, and homograph.11 fresh ways to say "for example".
Definitions, restatements, examples, synonyms, and antonyms! Ppt.First grade synonyms and antonyms worksheet.
Context clues: rewording ppt video online download.To find synonyms, definitions and example sentences using wordnet.
Academic vocabulary (words #23-28). Ppt video online download.Cohesive devices.
Academic vocabulary (words #23-28). Ppt video online download.Synonym: definition and examples | literaryterms. Net.
Critical reading part 1: sentence completion ppt video online.Using synonyms in a sentence.
Words and definitions.Examples of synonyms.
Meaningful sentences.Wordnet query to return example sentences stack overflow.
I love learning! Synonym a synonym is a word that has the same or.Sentences synonyms, sentences antonyms | thesaurus. Com.
Distinguish between key terms and their synonyms.Synonym wikipedia.
Longman dictionaries online usa.Synonyms and antonyms.
Synonyms clues examples.Avoiding plagiarism paraphrasing | academic integrity at mit.
Meaning, sentences, synonyms and antonyms for ignominy.How to use synonyms effectively in a sentence enago academy.
Complementary » definition, meaning, pronunciation, origin.Synonym | definition of synonym in english by oxford dictionaries.
Context clues grade 7.But (adverb, conjunction, preposition) definition and synonyms.
Example of synonyms choice image example of resume for student.What are some examples of synonyms in sentences? Quora.
Synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions.Synonyms and antonyms for esl: definition and examples.
Context clues you be the detective! Types of context clues 1.Synonym | definition of synonym by merriam-webster.
Wordnet query to return example sentences stack overflow.Automatically suggesting example sentences of near-synonyms for.
Englishlinx. Com | synonyms worksheets.10 synonyms | learn english.
Life is beautiful telugu movie free download 2012 Sound blaster live win7 driver Tiger woods pga tour 09 wii guide Nvidia geforce drivers windows 10 32 bit Beecrypt dll download


it does not (yet) provide control functions. User Interface Layer Graphical Console
The initial contribution includes a GUI that is a rich client, Java Swing-based user interface. We are beginning development of an Eclipse-based GUI alternative; and certainly other, perhaps web-based, alternatives could be developed by the community. Initial Contribution GUI – External Design
The TPC console framework presents a modified Explorer view, in which most navigation activity is performed through the tree control, and most other interaction is perfomed on the right-hand side "work area."
Items in the tree control are grouped under several top-level navigation nodes. The first node, 'Administrative Services', governs items related to the configuration of TPC itself. The second node is currently labeled TotalStorage Productivity Center, and governs functions that span the functional divisions of the product, such as the topology viewer. This node will need to be relabeled as part of the contribution to Aperi, perhaps to a name like "General" or "Core", or even to "Aperi".
The remaining top-level items correspond to the major functional divisions outlined above, such as Disk, Tape, and Fabric (referred to as the 'Disk Manager', etc.). Note that the commercial TPC product contains a node labeled 'Data Manager' that contains, among other things, the functions referred to as 'Filesystem' here. Initial Contribution GUI – Internal Design
The GUI is architected to be relatively lightweight. The only process it connects to is the Data Server (see below); it does not connect directly to the RDBMS or to agents. This is to enforce the responsibility of the Data Server to perform the more complex aggregation and analysis that is implied by agent or RDBMS access, and prevent this load from be shifted onto end-user workstations. In addition, allowing the GUI to connect only to a single server process minimizes the potential impact to firewall configuration at customer sites. It uses a private protocol to communicate with the Data Server; a future work item could include redesigning this protocol, although it is possible to host alternative GUIs (such as web-based GUIs) using the protocol as it is.
The GUI uses JavaHelp for its online help framework. The TPC GUI also uses a licensed third-party component for charting; this component will be replaced in the contribution to Aperi with the Eclipse Chart Engine (from BIRT).
The TPC 3.1 GUI offers an extensibility mechanism that interacts closely with its licensing enforcement scheme. Since licensing is not appropriate for open source products, the TPC licensing scheme will be removed prior to contribution. Eclipse GUI
We are beginning development of alternative GUI for Aperi that uses the Eclipse framework. The initial effort in this area is focused on 'porting' the existing topology viewer to Eclipse, and using Eclipse BIRT as a report designer and viewer. Thus, many existing Aperi reports will be refactored to use BIRT.
Followon work will address the proper Eclipse representation of other functions of Aperi. Our initial thinking is that major functional areas should be organized as distinct Eclipse perspectives, perhaps:
 * Topology
 * Reporting
 * Data Collection
 * Server Administration
 * Alerting
Much work remains to be done to flesh this out. Naturally, the resulting GUI will be extensible in the normal Eclipse manner. Topology
Aperi includes a graphical topology viewer, written using Swing components, that is specifically designed to redner large storage area networks efficiently. This component has extensive'special knowledge' of how to render SANs and also makes use of specially-written database queries for efficiency (in other words, it does not go through database 'helpers'). Because of this special knowledge, the topology viewer is not a general-purpose topology viewing component that could be easily included in other applications, although it may well have portions that could be adapted to such purposes. Command Line Interface
The Aperi Storage Manager should have a command line interface (CLI) program that provides scriptable access to the full functionality of the platform as exposed in the GUI. This CLI is not included in the initial contribution. It can be expected to be a simple Web Services client that invokes Aperi APIs, possibly remotely (it should not be required to run on the server host). Web-based Console
The presence of the GUI layer in the Aperi platform should not be understood as precluding development of alternative user interfaces, such as a web-based console for Aperi functions. All the functions available in the "fat" Aperi GUI are conceivably able to be implemented in a web-based form, although the GUI layer itself is unlikely to provide much leverage in developing alternative forms. However, the remaining layers of the architecture should be usable by any user interface, and in fact IBM has prototyped web-based access to the TPC 3.1 application, which is the foundation of the Aperi platform. Security
A general description of security within Aperi is forthcoming. Installation & Patch Management
Aperi does not include an installer in the traditional sense. At the time of initial contribution, Aperi is distributed as a zip file. After unzipping, the 'cfgaperi' script is run, which configures the system to run properly.
Commercial distributors are expected to develop their own installers, probably using tools like InstallShield.
It is an open question whether Aperi, as an open source project, needs a full-featured graphical installer or if the cfgaperi script is sufficient. Platforms
The primary initial development platforms for the Aperi Storage Manager are Windows and Linux. IBM's TPC provides support for these two platforms as well as AIX (for the server) and many others (for the GUI and host agent). It is not anticipated that any Aperi development work would create a technical limitation to supporting the full set of TPC platforms, or to adding additional platforms. However, at the time of initial contribution, build and test are performed only on those two platforms.
Certainly, the Java code that comprises the majority of Aperi is expected to be easily portable to other platforms. There is a fair amount of C code as well that presents a porting challenge, although in all cases the code has already been ported to at least Windows, Linux, and AIX. This should ease the potential burden of porting to new platforms.


How To Use A Weight Vest
man running
Here is a look at the different ways you can use a weighted vest to make your exercises more effective.
Once you've learned how to use a weight vest, have a look at our weight vest reviews.
Body Weight Exercises
Regular body-weight exercises are great for your health. One of the best things about how to use a weight vest is you can add it to your regular body-weight exercise routine. Simply putting it on can improve your regular exercise by a large margin in terms of what you can achieve through it. A 10-pound weighted vest essentially means you will be doing the same exercises only with the weight of a person 10 pounds heavier than you.
Walks and Hikes
Similar to using it to add to the effectiveness of your regular body-weight workouts, you can make your hikes and walks a lot better. Slip on your weight vest and you will feel you need to put in a little more effort while you are walking and hiking. That extra bit of resistance from the weight vest will allow you to burn more calories during these relatively simple activities.
Ride Your Bike
Another way of how to use a weight vest is to have it on while you are riding a bike. Hitting the trail on your bike with a weighted vest is an excellent strategy to put it to good use. You can switch between standing to a seated position while you're riding a trail uphill to give your body a proper workout. You can even do the same thing while wearing it on a stationary indoor bike.
Household Chores
Wearing the weight vest can make anything a workout, even your regular household chores. Things like taking out the trash, mopping the floors or dusting are all a bit of a workout on their own. If you add a little more resistance, it can make your regular chores help you burn a little more calories and improve your core strength.
Lifting Weights
One of the best ways of how to use a weight vest is to add it to your regular workout routine while you are lifting weights. This will add a little more weight your body has to deal with while you are already lifting weights and make those exercises more intense. You will notice your core, lower back, inspiratory and expiratory muscles working harder for the same exercises and that will improve the overall effectiveness of the workout.
On a parting note, you should remember to be very careful while using a weight vest. It isn't important just to know how to use a weight vest but also when to use it. Weighted vests are something your body will need to get used to. When you start using a weighted vest, make sure you take it easy on the exercises initially before you get back to the regular level you were working out on without using a weight vest. You need to increase your use the weight vest gradually to prevent any injuries caused by overexertion.


Research Article
See allHide authors and affiliations
Science 27 Apr 2018:
Vol. 360, Issue 6387, eaao1082
DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1082
Hop, skip, jump, or massive leap
In biological and engineered systems, an inherent trade-off exists between the force and velocity that can be delivered by a muscle, spring, or combination of the two. However, one can amplify the maximum throwing power of an arm by storing the energy in a bow or sling shot with a latch mechanism for sudden release. Ilton et al. used modeling to explore the performance of motor-driven versus spring-latch systems in engineering and biology across size scales. They found a range of general principles that are common to animals, plants, fungi, and machines that use elastic structures to maximize kinetic energy.
Science, this issue p. eaao1082
Structured Abstract
Mechanical power, whether for launched missiles or running humans, is limited by the universal, physical trade-off between force and velocity. However, many biological systems use power-amplifying mechanisms that enable unmatched accelerations in challenging environments and across a wide range of size scales. How these mechanisms actually enhance power output remains unclear. Power-amplified biological systems are of particular interest because they achieve a trio of combined capabilities that exceed current engineering performance: (i) high accelerations that (ii) can be continuously fueled through metabolic processes and (iii) are used repeatedly with minimal performance degradation throughout the life of the organism. Although engineers have struggled to design lightweight and long-lasting devices that can deliver high power output, biological systems have been performing such feats for millions of years and using these systems for a myriad of functions.
Through a mathematical analysis that is equally applicable to biological and synthetic systems, we investigate how power enhancement emerges through the dynamic coupling of motors, springs, latches, and projectiles and relate the findings to data on existing biological and engineered systems. The model incorporates nonideal behavior of spring and latch systems in a scalable framework using both dimensional and dimensionless approaches.
Motors, springs, and latches all experience force-velocity trade-offs, and their integration exemplifies the cascading effects of power limits. Springs circumvent motor power limits when projectile mass is small and the motor's force-velocity dynamics limit performance. However, springs also exhibit force-velocity trade-offs when their mass, mechanical properties, and time dependence are incorporated. Latches dynamically modulate spring power through variation in latch shape and velocity. Motor-driven and spring-driven movements are distinct in their transitions across performance (power, maximum velocity, and duration), which are largely dictated by projectile mass. When analyzed as a single, integrated system, the necessity for tuning and inherent tunability are evident. Simply increasing the force output of a motor does not enhance performance; the spring and latch capacities must also shift. Simply decreasing the size of the system also does not enhance performance; spring energy storage falls off at smaller scales due to the effects of materials, stiffness, and geometry. With this mathematical foundation of scaling and integration, we apply a new lens to patterns of biological scaling limits and propose new design principles for integrated and tuned systems.
Our model reveals a foundational framework for the scaling, synthetic design, and evolutionary diversification of power-amplified systems. The model enables a straightforward approach to analyzing biological systems, encourages a rich design space and functionality for synthetic systems, and highlights a compelling need for the integrative analysis of spring and latch dynamics in both synthetic and biological systems.
Power-amplified biological and synthetic systems use spring elements to drive motion over a range of size scales.
Mathematical modeling reveals a cascade of power limits and mass-dependent transitions in power delivery that arise from the integration of motors, springs, and latches to actuate movement. Variation of these components creates synergistic effects relevant to the analysis and synthesis of diverse power-amplified systems.
Certain organisms are renowned for their ability to circumvent the force-velocity trade-off of muscle motors through mechanisms of power amplification that greatly reduce the amount of time required to perform a given amount of work (force × velocity = work/time = power) (13). Numerous studies have explored muscular power output and the underlying force-velocity trade-offs (4, 5), as well as the enhanced power output achieved using springs and latches (611); however, these studies have yet to fully explain the limits of mass-specific power output [power density (W/kg)] in these organisms. For example, in many of these systems, the motor does work to store energy in a spring, and then the spring solely actuates the motion. The spring serves as the actuator for the system and, therefore, must operate under its own mass-specific power limits analogous to the motor; however, the power densities of elastic materials are largely unknown for biological and synthetic systems.
We investigate how nonidealized components of power-amplified systems, such as springs and latches, enhance and mediate power output. We apply a modeling approach that is grounded in a simplified power amplification system (Fig. 1), which delineates the limits, integration, and scaling of these systems. Our goal is to formulate the fundamental interactions of mechanical power amplification that apply to both engineered and biological systems. The model is used to successively investigate the role of motors, springs, and latches in mechanical power amplification by addressing four central questions: (i) Under which inertial-loading conditions is a projectile best launched by a motor versus a spring? (ii) What are the implications of spring force-velocity behavior for the generation of power amplification? (iii) How do latches mediate the dynamics of energy release? and (iv) What are the general principles of integrated tuning for power-amplified systems? As we answer each guiding question, we place the findings into an interdisciplinary context and explain trends and limits in existing systems.
Fig. 1 We mathematically model the factors influencing the power output of a projectile driven by either a motor or a spring.
We apply a linear force-velocity trade-off that operates in the same range of force and velocity as a biological motor (muscle) (see Box 1, Glossary, for variable definitions). (A) This linear force-velocity trade-off approximates the output of a biological system and exhibits a maximum force (Fmax) of 20 N and a maximum velocity (vmax) of 5 m/s. (B) Using the force-velocity relationship in (A), the motor (red) directly launches a projectile (purple) with velocity, v, equal to motor velocity (vmot). At the instant that the projectile leaves the motor, the projectile's velocity is defined as its takeoff velocity (vto). The duration from initiation (t = 0) of projectile movement to its launch is defined as launch duration (Δtto). The projectile's displacement, x, is defined such that Embedded Image. (C) The same motor loads a spring (blue) that solely launches the projectile at the velocity of the spring (v = vsp). A latch (green) moving at velocity (vL) controls the timing and release of elastic potential energy.
A foundational lesson from archery
Archery illustrates the benefits and limits of power amplification that emerge from the integration of a motor, spring, and latch. Arm muscles serve as motors that put energy into the bow (the spring). Fingers act as latches that resist the release of the elastic energy stored in the bow and determine the timing of energy delivery from the bow to the arrow. The arrow is launched solely by the bow's stored elastic energy. The addition of a bow has two distinct benefits. First, the bow decouples the arm muscles from the arrow's launch, such that the muscles need not contract quickly. Instead, the muscles contract slowly and forcefully to load the stiff spring. Second, the bow can launch the lightweight arrow without the inertial load of the arm, resulting in higher velocity, kinetic energy, and acceleration than if the arrow had been thrown. Even so, although it is sensible to launch a lightweight arrow with a bow, we would not reach for the same bow to launch a heavy stone. The projectile's size should determine whether the bow yields higher launching kinetic energy than possible from the arm alone (12). To optimize the system, the properties of the elastic bow should be tuned to the force capacity of the arm muscles and the fingers' ability to restrain the bow's release. Just as in archery, the hallmarks of biological power amplification are the spatial and temporal decoupling of motor and spring; the use of slow and forceful muscle contractions; the tuning of muscle, spring, and latch for maximum work capacity; and the reduction of inertial load (6, 7, 13).
The lessons from archery and their manifestation in biology set up a series of questions that we address sequentially, beginning with the major components of power amplification—motor, spring, and latch—and concluding with an analysis of their integration. We formulate a mathematical approach that is equally applicable to biological and synthetic systems. To achieve a general framework, we model the system in the simplest possible terms that enable dimensional (presented here) and dimensionless (see supplementary materials) analyses that define a parameter space for investigation and synthesis across systems and scales.
Launching with a motor versus a spring
Our mathematical model—consisting of a motor, spring, and latch—simulates the launch of projectiles of varying mass, m (see supplementary materials for details). A linear force-velocity relation for the motor is held constant during the simulation (Fig. 1A). We solve the dynamical equations of motion for a projectile launched either by the motor alone (Fig. 1B) or by a spring that is preloaded by that


text:
Sunday, September 25, 2005
Just one in 10 elementary kids walks or bikes to school, a drastic drop from three decades ago when some 60 percent of students relied on the heel-toe express to beat the morning bell.
Some local schools are trying to change that. On Oct. 5, the sixth annual International Walk and Bike to School Day, millions of students from around the globe, including the Chicago area, will use their feet and pedals—rather than mom or dad's minivan—to get to class.
It's all an effort to encourage kids to be physically active, and to remind communities that their streets need to be safe for kids, say local representatives for Safe Routes to School, an international movement that promotes walking and biking to school.
"It is just one day, but our hope is that it kicks off a larger desire to make [walking and biking to school] a routine part of kids' lives," says Melody Geraci, of the Chicagoland Bicycle Federation (_URL_), which heads up Safe Routes to School initiatives in the suburbs.
During the rest of the year, Safe Routes also helps schools teach bike safety, says Beth Gutelius, of Mayor Daley's Safe Routes Ambassadors, which works with Chicago schools.
For some kids, the message is getting through.
"I feel good when I ride my bike to school," says Eddy Jakovec, 12, a sixth-grader at John B. Murphy School in Chicago.
Schools must coordinate and raise money for events encouraging kids to walk and bike to school, but Safe Routes can help. Visit either _URL_ or _URL_ for information.
And while it's work, volunteers say it's worth it. Hinsdale mom Maryann Romanelli organized Community Consolidated School District 181's first Walk and Bike to School Day in 2000, hoping to encourage officials to improve area roads, sidewalks and signs.
Volunteers led clusters of kids to the district's seven elementary schools. The school buses were still running, but they were empty, she says.
On that walk, says Romanelli, one official tripped on a rough patch of sidewalk—a move she couldn't have orchestrated if she tried. Five years later, she still leads the district's walk and bike to school festivities—and says Hinsdale has increased its budget to improve the infrastructure around schools.
If your kids are walking or biking to school, remember to be safe, says Gutelius. Kids under 8 should walk with an adult. Look left, right, then left again before crossing the street. Leave iPods and other earphone gadgets at home to hear approaching cars and pedestrians. In neighborhoods without sidewalks, walk in the street against traffic. However, always ride a bike in the direction of traffic and obey the rules of the road, such as stopping at stop signs and signaling turns. Find more safety tips at _URL_
This article appeared in the
edition of Archives.
Error parsing XSLT file: \xslt\article-detail.xslt


text:
Effect of Online Social Networking on Student Academic Performance
Online social networks (OSNs) have permeated all generations of Internet users, becoming a prominent communications tool, particularly in the student community. Thus, academic institutions and faculty are increasingly using social networking sites, such as Facebook and LinkedIn, to connect with current and potential students and to deliver instructional content. This has led to a rise in questions about the impact of OSN on academic performance and the possibility of using it as an effective teaching tool. To learn more about the impact on academic performance, we conducted a survey of business students at a large state university. Survey results were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between time spent by students on OSN and their academic performance. The time spent on OSN was found to be heavily influenced by the attention span of the students. Specifically, we determined that the higher the attention span, the lower is the time spent on OSN. Further, attention span was found to be highly correlated with characteristics that predict or influence student behavior, such as their perceptions about society's view of social networking, their likes and dislikes of OSN, ease of use of OSN, etc.
Paul, J., Baker, V., Cochran, J. (2012). Effect of Online Social Networking on Student Academic Performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2117-2127.


text:
3 weeks earlier in spring than those grown outside, with about a 25% yield increase.
Most commercial hoophouse strawberries are grown using an annual plasticulture system that includes raised beds, drip irrigation, plastic mulch, and floating row cover. Plugs are planted in late summer on beds covered with plastic mulch, with drip tape beneath the mulch. As the weather gets cold, the young plants are covered with floating row cover to maintain the warmer soil temperatures needed for establishment. The plants grow slowly during winter in the protected environment of the hoophouse; then, as the weather warms, they flower and produce berries for several weeks. The crop is then finished for the year. Strawberry plants can either be removed to make way for other crops; or they can be left to produce a second year if berry prices or other factors justify tying up the space for a year.
Plugs are available from outside suppliers, or they can be produced on the farm in summer. To grow your own, detach unrooted daughter plants (runners) from the mother plant in July and stick them in potting mix in 72-cell flats under intermittent mist until roots protrude from the bottom of the cell. Then place on a greenhouse bench and grow until September, when they can be planted into the hoophouse. Plants that are rooted in July are likely to flower and fruit in fall in warmer climates, but that won't affect their yield the following spring.
For more information on hoophouse strawberries:
Growing Strawberries in High Tunnels in Missouri
Production of Vegetables, Strawberries, and Cut Flowers Using Plasticulture is a book about all aspects of horticultural plastics, and includes extensive information about hoophouse strawberries.


text:
Skip to Main Content
In this paper, we present robust semi-blind (SB) algorithms for the estimation of beamforming vectors for multiple-input multiple-output wireless communication. The transmitted symbol block is assumed to comprise of a known sequence of training (pilot) symbols followed by information bearing blind (unknown) data symbols. Analytical expressions are derived for the robust SB estimators of the MIMO receive and transmit beamforming vectors. These robust SB estimators employ a preliminary estimate obtained from the pilot symbol sequence and leverage the second-order statistical information from the blind data symbols. We employ the theory of Lagrangian duality to derive the robust estimate of the receive beamforming vector by maximizing an inner product, while constraining the channel estimate to lie in a confidence sphere centered at the initial pilot estimate. Two different schemes are then proposed for computing the robust estimate of the MIMO transmit beamforming vector. Simulation results presented in the end illustrate the superior performance of the robust SB estimators.


text:
e-readers:
- 58% of those under age 30 who do not currently borrow e-books from libraries—including 60% of high schoolers and college-aged adults—say they would be "very" or "somewhat" likely to borrow an e-reading device pre-loaded with a book they wanted to read (compared with 46% of all respondents).
- 33% of those under age 30 say they would be "very" or "somewhat" likely to take a library class on how to download e-books onto handheld devices (compared with 32% of all respondents).
- 31% of those under age 30 say they would be "very" or "somewhat" likely to take a course at a library in how to use an e-reader or tablet computer (compared with 31% of all respondents).
- All reports in this series can be found at: _URL_" ↩
- For more information about Americans' reading habits, including e-reading habits, see "The rise of e-reading" (2012). _URL_ ↩
- This includes print books, e-books, and audiobooks. ↩
- "The rise of e-reading" (2012), Part 4: _URL_ ↩
- As the national 2011 survey was in the field from November 16-December 21, 2011, the number of college-aged students who said they were reading a book "yesterday" may be influenced by final exams and holiday breaks. ↩


text:
A new presentation of Joslyn Art Museum's renowned collection of American and American Western art awaits visitors. Debuting August 9, the reinstallation of the Memorial Building's five north galleries highlights the history of American painting from 1750 to 1950, and features a new interpretation of the Museum's collection of art of the American West and Plains Indian cultures.
Support for this reinstallation has been provided by the Gilbert M. and Martha H. Hitchcock Foundation, the Henry Luce Foundation, and The Sunderland Foundation.
Toby Jurovics, Joslyn's chief curator and Richard and Mary Holland Curator of American Western Art, said the galleries offer a new look at familiar favorites as well as important works that have been off view for many years. "Our desire is to offer a more cohesive narrative of the history of American Art, arranging our collection of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts chronologically from the Colonial period to the rise of Modernism in the twentieth century."
The galleries are also rich with new views of Joslyn's nationally recognized collection of art of the American West, including its world-renowned Maximilian-Bodmer Collection. Jurovics noted, "One of our goals was to integrate the history of Euro-American art and exploration of the West with that of the American Indian cultures that inhabited the Upper Missouri River region. Works by Karl Bodmer and Alfred Jacob Miller, as well as key paintings by Charles Bird King and Henry Inman and objects from our collection of American Indian art, present the history of the peoples and landscape of the High Plains in a cohesive fashion for the first time at Joslyn."
: (Above) Karl Bodmer (Swiss, 1809–1893), Síh-Chidä, Mandan Man,
watercolor on paper, Gift of Enron Art Foundation, 1986;
(Right) John Singer Sargent (American, 1856–1925), Portrait of Mrs. A. Lawrence Rotch,
1903, oil on canvas, Lent anonymously, 1987;
(Below) Charles M. Russell (American, 1864–1926), Round-Up on the Musselshell,
1919, oil on canvas, Lent by William C. Foxley, 2006
Reinstallation Overview & Highlights:
Portraits by James Peale (1749–1831) and Erastus Salisbury Field (1805–1900); early American furniture illustrating both a lingering European influence and a newly developing Federalist style; paintings by Thomas Cole (1801–1848) and Thomas Doughty (1793–1856), representing the Hudson River School — the first distinctly American art style. This gallery illustrates the emergence of an American art that reflected the new republic's ideals and growing prosperity following the Revolution.
Across the Wide Missouri
and Faces of the Upper Missouri
Ceremonial and utilitarian artifacts created by Indian tribes of the High Plains; portraits of American Indians done in the field by artist-explorers George Catlin (1796–1872), Karl Bodmer (1809–1893), and Alfred Jacob Miller (1810–1874); and studio portraits of Plains Indians painted by Charles Bird King (1785–1862) in Washington, D.C., and replicated in Philadelphia by Henry Inman (1801–1846). Combined, these installations reflect a vital profile of the peoples and culture of the Upper Missouri region.
An Expanding Presence
Scenes of everyday life by John George Brown (1831–1913), William Harnett (1848–1892), and Eastman Johnson (1824–1906); the rise of a new vision of landscape in paintings by Eanger Irving Couse (1866–1936) and Albert Blakelock (1847–1919); and American artists such as William Merritt Chase (1849–1916), Thomas Eakins (1844–1916), and John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), who were gaining recognition internationally in the latter half of the century. The works in the gallery illustrate the diversity of interests and growing international presence of American artists in the second half of the nineteenth century.
The Romantic Horizon
and The Myth of the West
Grand, dramatic landscapes by Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902), Thomas Hill (1829–1908), Thomas Moran (1837–1926), and Worthington Whittredge (1820–1910), artists who traveled West and created paintings that inspired a nation. The artists in this gallery helped to shape an idealized image of the western landscape as an untouched wilderness that has persisted to the present day.
Artist-illustrators such as Frederic Remington (1861–1909), Charles Marion Russell (1864–1926), Charles Schreyvogel (1861–1912), William Robinson Leigh (1866–1955), and Maynard Dixon (1875–1946). Painters in this gallery created an image of the West as a rough-hewn paradise of rugged landscapes and daring action.
Realism, Abstraction, and Regionalism
Robert Henri (1865–1929) and John Sloan, whose realist work elevated the contemporary city and its inhabitants to the subject of fine art; abstraction and the influences of the European avant-garde in paintings by Stuart Davis (1892–1964) and Raymond Jonson (1891–1982); and the Regionalists Grant Wood (1892–1942), Thomas Hart Benton(1889–1975), and John Steuart Curry (1897–1946). The artists in this gallery reflect the complex and competing themes in American art during the first half of the twentieth century.


46 U.S. Code § 5101 - Definitions
prev | next
In this chapter—
(1) "domestic voyage" means movement of a vessel between places in, or subject to the jurisdiction of, the United States, except movement between—
(A) a place in a territory or possession of the United States or the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; and
(B) a place outside that territory, possession, or Trust Territory.
(2) "economic benefit of the overloading" means the amount obtained by multiplying the weight of the overload (in tons) by the lesser of—
(A) the average freight rate value of a ton of the vessel's cargo for the voyage; or
(B) $50.
(3) "existing vessel" means—
(A) a vessel on a domestic voyage, the keel of which was laid, or that was at a similar stage of construction, before January 1, 1986; and
(B) a vessel on a foreign voyage, the keel of which was laid, or that was at a similar stage of construction, before July 21, 1968.
(4) "freeboard" means the distance from the mark of the load line assigned under this chapter to the freeboard deck.
(5) "freeboard deck" means the deck or other structure the Secretary prescribes by regulation.
(6) "minimum safe freeboard" means the freeboard that the Secretary decides cannot be reduced safely without limiting the operation of the vessel.
(7) "weight of the overload" means the amount obtained by multiplying the number of inches that the vessel is submerged below the applicable assigned freeboard by the tons-an-inch immersion factor for the vessel at the assigned minimum safe freeboard.
Historical and Revision Notes
Revised section 5101
Source: Section (U.S. Code) 46 App. U.S.C. 86a.
Section 5101 contains definitions that are limited to Chapter 51—Load Lines. Existing Section 46 App. U.S.C. 86a (which defines only the terms "new ship" and "existing ship") will be replaced by section 5101. Definitions of technical terms ("freeboard", "freeboard deck", and "minimum safe freeboard") have been added for clarity. The definition of the term "new ship" has been deleted because the term is not used in Chapter 51. The definition of "domestic voyage" includes the phrase "places in or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States." "Places subject to the jurisdiction of the United States" include deep water ports, production platforms, mining sites outside of territorial waters of the United States but within the United States' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) that was established by Presidential Proclamation 5030, dated March 10, 1983, or on the outer continental shelf. The phrases "economic benefit of overloading" and "weight of the overload" have been defined for purposes of establishing a standard method of determining the value of the cargo with which a vessel is overloaded. The value of the cargo will in turn affect the maximum penalty assessed for overloading the vessel. The definition of "freeboard deck" provides the Secretary with the authority to designate as the freeboard deck either the actual deck (on standard vessels) or another structure (on non-standard vessels). Non-standard vessels, for which this regulatory flexibility is necessary, include shelter deck vessels, semi-submersible multi-hull units, container ships, surface effect vessels, and commercial submarines.
Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
19 CFR - Customs Duties
46 CFR - Shipping


text:
March 1, 2010
The celebration of the Year of International Human Rights 2009-10: The Right to Food & Water Continues
Human Rights: Using New Tools to Grow Food and Protect Resources Panel Discussion Featuring Regional Experts
Webster University will host a panel discussion titled "Human Rights: Using New Tools to Grow Food and Protect Resources," Tuesday, March 16, at 7 p.m. in the University Center Sunnen Lounge, 175 Edgar Road, Webster Groves, Missouri. The panel features regional experts who will discuss their work, research, and experience in areas that address the use of technology for food and water issues. The event is free and open to the public.
Participants and their topics include:
Dr. Peter Raven, President, Missouri Botanical Garden and a member of the College of Arts & Sciences Advisory Board, who will speak on "Biodiversity: How India and Underdeveloped Countries Need Technology to Protect Natural Resources." Raven also will be the panel's moderator.
Maureen Mazurek, Monsanto Human Rights Lead, "Monsanto's Human Rights Program"
Dr. Mark Manary, Helene B. Roberson Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, "Importance of Childhood Nutrition." Manary's research interests focus on different aspects of nutrition in populations of developing countries, especially Malawi, Africa.
Dr. Paul Anderson, Executive Director of International Programs, Danforth Plant Science Center, "Biofortified Cassava for Africa." Dr. Anderson served for four years as principal investigator of a program funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to develop biofortified sorghum for arid and semi-arid areas of Africa.
For more information on Webster University's Year of International Human Rights, go to: _URL_


text:
Cyan ( also to be found in the letters cyan) generally refers to a lying to green at the transition from blue hue. The term is used mainly in technical and artistic applications and is very rare in everyday speech. Here lacking a commonly accepted and definable color category cyan ( in contrast to the past to yellow at the transition from red orange). In ordinary language is the common name turquoise, however, the so called, lying between blue and green color in all shades of cyan congruent.
- 3.2.1 color stimulus
- 3.2.2 Hue same spectral
- 4.1 When the color mixing
- 4.2 Complementing
- 8.1 In nature
- 8.2 In everyday
- 8.3 Colour Psychology
Precise significance of the color name only in special applications, such as
- As a colorimetrically defined color, especially as a printing ink in four-color printing (printing cyan) and
- Than a specified computer applications for web color ( cyan Web );
In the article, the meanings should be clarified.
Assigns to print cyan and web Cyan the same hue wavelengths, one obtains the wavelength range from 482 nm to 492 nm in some books -to-find information of a cyan assigned spectral types vary and are only in the particular context useful example for 487 nm to 492 nm at Norbert Welsch or 480 nm to 510 nm at Franz Wenzel.
The word cyan goes back to Greek κúανoς, which is a deep, dark blue called (steel blue, black blue).
As newer language development of the color concept cyan especially through the Euro scale and fashionable design configurations is introduced in German. In the RAL color system, which was in its infancy in the mid-20th century, there is no category cyan hues. However, color names are included in the composition with turquoise. The turquoise colors are incorporated in the category of green.
Cyan defined as colorimetric color
The colors listed below are colorimetrically defined colors, their appearance is set for certain types of lighting and viewing conditions clearly on measured values.
Cyan as the base color in four-color printing
Cyan is the name of the standard ISO 2846 and ISO 12647 ink of the fourcolor printing. It is usually performed as a print or Cyan Process Cyan. Defines the color appearance of the printed color in daylight standard light D50. The appropriate for the physical printing ink pigment is the beta modification of copper, creating a greenish variant of phthalocyanine is formed.
According to ISO 2846-1 pressure has cyan (0 ° / 45 ° geometry) for a 2 ° CIE standard observer at specified pressure process the following color values :
The color is also after any adjustment to the viewing conditions outside the sRGB gamut, so it can not be represented on a computer monitor in the rule. It can only be attempted as much as possible to approximate the appearance of color on the screen.
Representation of color in sRGB
Various visualizations of printing cyan in sRGB can be found (such as a color pattern on white background ), about
If one uses the color model CIECAM02, a gamut mapping can be realized in sRGB by chroma - reduction, which is optimally adapted to the perceived color. When using the software LittleCMS with the parameters
- Source: ( c.whitePoint = ( 85.30, 88.77, 67.90 ) ( paper); c.surround = AVG_SURROUND; c.D_value = 1; c.La = 318; c.Yb = 20),
- Target: ( c.whitePoint = ( 95.04, 100.00, 108.90 ); c.surround = DIM_SURROUND; c.D_value = 0; c.La = 16; c.Yb = 20)
Arises in iterative chroma reduction, the sRGB color with hexadecimal triplet # 0D8BB1.
Same color spectral color
There are different ways of color colorimetrically defined pressure Cyan assign a shade same spectral color. The association in the color model CIECAM02 by increasing the chroma results in a wavelength of 482 nm Assignment by subtraction of white D50 within a physical color space results in a wavelength of 486 nm
Cyan as web color
For the design of web pages exist in HTML4/CSS/SVG a standardization of English color identifiers for defined web colors. The color names cyan and Aqua both stand for the web color sRGB hexadecimal triplet # 00FFFF, ie the additive mixture of blue and green within the sRGB color space, each with the maximum possible proportion. This corresponds to the HSV hue angle H = 180 °.
Particularly on the Internet, the standard color names have such a dominant position that many, even nontechnical authors with the web color Cyan Cyan mine. To avoid misunderstandings are the names web cyan or cyan computer preferable in an unclear context. In English, for this case occurs the use of Electric cyan.
The direct conversion of sRGB color values using the given in the specification of sRGB formulas yields the tristimulus values of the color, which you can view as to D65 adapted relative color. A chromatic adaptation to Bradford provides these values under adaptation to D50.
By using CIECAM02 ( for comparability with the same parameters as above) one obtains the following tristimulus values, which describe the theoretical phenomenon of web - cyan color as printed on white paper:
Same color spectral color
There are different ways of colorimetric color defined web Cyan assign a hue similar spectral color. The association in the color model CIECAM02 by increasing the chroma results in a wavelength of 490 nm Assignment by subtraction of white D65 within a physical color space results in a wavelength of 492 nm ( 491 nm ).
Cyan in color theory
Wherein color mixing
In an additive color space, with the primary colors red, green, blue (RGB color space) means the secondary color cyan, which is formed from the additive combination of green and blue.
In a subtractive color space with three primary colors with a large target gamut, these primary colors usually bear the name of cyan, magenta and yellow ( CMY color model).
As a complementary color
In various color theories Cyan is the complementary color to red
Cyan as a color category and relative tonal range
In many color graduations and color systems cyan is used as a contrasting color name, which is often omitted colorimetric definition of the tonal range. Should include what colors cyan is thus to open up about only by comparison with the surrounding color categories.
There are ( limited to blues and greens ) to find among others the following color classifications:
- Blue, cyan, green ( in both of the additive such as the subtractive color mixing of three primary colors as a list of all the primary and secondary colors )
- Blue, greenish blue, cyan, bluish green, green at Welsch there with actual notice for coloring same wavelength ranges.
- Indigo, cyan ( blue), green in color theory of Helmholtz
- Violet-blue, cyan, green with Harald Küppers
- Violet-blue, ultramarine blue, cyan, green in color theory of Newton
- Ultramarine blue, cyan, blue green, yellow green reflected in the color selection of the 12-part color paint box.
Related color names
Related, the brightness non-limiting color names are about turquoise, aquamarine, blue-green and green blue.
It leads to the following picture of the use:
- If the name is used contrasting, cyan referred to Germans in general a bluer hue than turquoise, aquamarine and blue-green.
- The term Green Blue is rarely used.
For bright colors and pastel colors from the cyan hue range 482 nm to 492 nm, the color names light blue, sky blue and are - to find Aqua - particularly in the textile sector.
For dark color variants of the cyan hue range 490 nm to 500 nm, the color names blue-green or sea green, more recently, the English names Petrol ( fashion area) and Teal are common ( web color ). Teal is the standard name for the web color that comes from web Cyan by reducing the brightness ( sRGB hexadecimal triplet # 008080 ). In English also means Teal Teal, and the color name is probably derived from the color of the eyes of teal.
Classification as blue or green
Cyan is located on the border between blue and green, the web is cyan greenish than the pressure - cyan. Since Cyan is not a commonly used color category, the corresponding colors in everyday life the color categories blue and green (and possibly turquoise ) assigned.
Occurrence and use of color
Cyan occurs in nature due to certain refractions before and sky, water and ice color.
- A medium cyan is often used as Beck color in swimming pools, the popular water color.
- In fashion a bright mid cyan light women tops is popular ( Aqua ).
In color psychology Cyan stands for clarity and openness of mind, but also coolness and aloofness


text:
Lexical cohesion refers to the reader-perceived unity of text achieved by the author's usage of words with related meanings (Halliday and Hasan, 1976). This article reports on an experiment with 22 readers aimed at finding lexical cohesive patterns in 10 texts. Although there was much diversity in peoples' answers, we identified a common core of the phenomenon, using statistical analysis of agreement patterns and a validation experiment. The core data may now be used as a minimal test set for models of lexical cohesion; we present an example suggesting that models based on mutually exclusive lexical chains will not suffice. In addition, we believe that procedures for revealing and analyzing sub-group patterns of agreement described here may be applied to data collected in other studies of comparable size.
Reader-based exploration of lexical cohesion - Springer


Read the judgment here.
1. Dublin cases require the R to undertake a thorough and individuated examination of the situation and circumstances of the person concerned.
2. The ECtHR in Tarakhel v Switzerland [ 29217/12 (GC)] was not purporting to promulgate a general rule or principle that a sending state is required to secure specific assurances from the destination state as to accommodation or the like.
3. In light of the considerable body of relevant background country information considered by the R, it was open to her to find that there was neither systemic deficiency nor serious operational failure in the conditions prevailing in Italy for the reception, processing and treatment of asylum seekers. [Headnote]
Share this


text:
S. Farooq and J. Hohlbein, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 27862, 2015, [link], open access
The achievable time resolution of camera-based single-molecule detection is often limited by the frame rate of the camera. Especially in experiments utilizing single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe conformational dynamics of biomolecules, increasing the frame rate by either pixel-binning or cropping the field of view decreases the number of molecules that can be monitored simultaneously. Here, we present a generalised excitation scheme termed stroboscopic alternating-laser excitation (sALEX) that significantly improves the time resolution without sacrificing highly parallelised detection in total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. In addition, we adapt a technique known from diffusion-based confocal microscopy to analyse the complex shape of FRET efficiency histograms. We apply both sALEX and dynamic probability distribution analysis (dPDA) to resolve conformational dynamics of interconverting DNA hairpins in the millisecond time range.


text:
Here is picture of plant morphology:
Update: For the YouTube video tutorial of this trick on learning plant morphology click here: _URL_
Let's Start With Remembering the Root
- Root - Primary root, Secondary root
It's fairly easy to remember that 'Root' has only two subtypes from the 2 'o's in the word. Primary and Secondary are easy as remembering 1 and 2.
- Shoot - Stem, Branches, Leaves, Flowers and Fruits.
The possible difficulty in memorizing 'Shoot' is that you might not realize if you've written all the parts. To verify if you have written all the parts in shoot you can simply count the number of letters in the word'shoot'
- Number of letters in the word 'Shoot' : 5. So you know how many parts are present in the Shoot
So shoot has 5 parts. And since in morphology the'shoot' starts with the letter 'S'. You can quickly remember the first part is "Stem". ( Click here for the trick to memorize the memorize the Morphology of Plants - Stem )
- 'Shoot' starts with letter 'S'. So you know you have to begin with 'Stem'
- The letter 'h' looks like 'b'. So you can quickly think about 'branches'.
The fruit, flower and leaves are obviously very easy to recollect since these are the first things that come to your mind if you want to draw a plant. Additionally, you can always know how many items are remaining in your list by counting the number of letters in 'Shoot' (that's 5). There you go, now you've easly learned to remember flowering plant morphology!


text:
How do I add a payment method?
To view payment methods:
- Select the 'Settings' button situated on the tab on the left-hand side of your screen (at the bottom of the screen).
- A drop-down list will then open, once loaded select the 'View Settings' button.
- On this page it allows you to set the general settings of your venue and account. Select the icon to expand the 'Payments' section of the menu.
- While remaining on the 'View Settings' page select the button labelled 'Connect with Stripe'.
- Once selected you'll be taken to authorization screen where you'll need to fill out a form.
- Before submitting make sure all fields are correct and that all required (*) fields have been filled in. Once ready to submit your form click the 'Authorize access to this account' button located at the bottom of the page.
- After your form has been submitted you'll be taken back to the 'Payment Settings' page where it will automatically fill your Stripe credentials into the Token and Key fields.
- Save your updated settings by clicking the 'Update Settings' button located in the bottom left corner of the form.


Place:Andlau, Bas-Rhin, France
Alt namesAndelasource: Orbis Latinus (1971) p 19
Andelahense coenobiumsource: Orbis Latinus (1971) p 19
Andlau-au-Valsource: Rand McNally Atlas (1994) I-7
TypeInhabited place
Coordinates48.383°N 7.417°E
Located inBas-Rhin, France
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
this article is translated from Wikipédia
The village of Andlau lies in the valley of the Andlau River, at the foothills of the Vosges mountains. The closest towns are Mittelbergheim to the north-east, Eichhoffen to the east and Bernardvillé to the south.
Research Tips


text:
What is the CLA Licence?
The CLA (Copyright Licence Agency) was set up by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS) and the Publishers' Licensing Society Ltd (PLS) to enable creators and publishers of original work to receive a fair recompense whenever their work is re-used. More details here
The University holds a CLA licence which allows content to be re-used within the legal requirements of copyright law. You can check what is covered here


Every year, the U.S. Census Bureau compiles a data set of the names given to children born per state. In this session, we'll take this publicly available data set and use it to create an epic data story.
You will learn how to identify key data points, visualize them effectively, and create a compelling narrative to present your findings to any type of audience.
So, whether your data story is a history, a tragedy, or a thriller, you'll learn how to tell it in a way that will captivate and enthrall your audience.
Presented by James McGillivray at SQLBits XX


text:
Plants to be Studied:
Tomato, especially Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum pennellii.
- Project Objectives:
Plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. As a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. To understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. This proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern.
- Experimental Approaches:
To elucidate developmental networks, we are using a "genetical genomics" approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines (NILs) where regions of the S. pennellii genome have been introgressed into S. lycopersicum. Importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. We are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome-wide mRNA sequence and SNP information. The resulting data will be used to expand the tomato UniGene set and to develop a dense genome-wide marker database for S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii. The NIL population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light-response traits and characterized for genome-wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short-read sequencing. Construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. The resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.


text:
The n+ and n- are the positive and negative element nodes, respectively. The expr is an expression yielding the inductance in henries. This is the partial derivative of flux with respect to branch current, possibly as a function of other circuit variables. The keyword can alse be given as ''inductance'', or may be omitted since this is the default parameter. Note that the expression can depend on the branch current, in which case the device is nonlinear.
The second form allows specification of a polynomial inductance, which will take the form
Inductance = c0 + c1. i + c2. i2...where i is the current flowing through the device from the positive to the negative element nodes. There is no built-in limit to the number of terms.
The optional initial condition is the initial (time-zero) value of inductor current (in amps) that flows from n+, through the inductor, to n-. The initial conditions (if any) apply only when the uic option is specified in transient analysis.


6.5. Encoding to MPEG format
MEncoder can create MPEG (MPEG-PS) format output files. Usually, when you are using MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 video, it is because you are encoding for a constrained format such as SVCD, VCD, or DVD. The specific requirements for these formats are explained in the VCD and DVD creation guide section.
 -oac copy other_options -o output.mpg
Same, but using libavformat MPEG muxer:
mencoder input.avi -o VCD.mpg -ofps 25 -vf scale=352:288,harddup -of lavf \
 -lavfopts format=mpg -oac lavc -lavcopts acodec=mp2:abitrate=224 -ovc lavc \
 -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg1video:vrc_buf_size=327:keyint=15:vrc_maxrate=1152:vbitrate=1152:vmax_b_frames=0
If for some reason the video quality of the second pass did not satisfy you, you may re-run your video encode with a different target bitrate, provided that you saved the statistics file of the previous pass. This is possible because the statistics file's primary goal is to record the complexity of each frame, which doesn't depend heavily on bitrate. You should note, though, that you'll get the best results if all passes are run with target bitrates that do not differ very much.


text:
Step 24: Tuning
Due to variance in the individual motors / frame, you may need to alter the p and d values in the code above. The variable p controls how much the quadrotor will alter motor speeds to correct for an offset from the desired tilt. The variable d controls how much the quadrotor will resist sudden rotation. An incorrect ratio of p to d could cause the quadrotor to be unstable either by being less responsive than desired or by causing oscillations of increasing magnitude. Scaling up both p and d by the same value would increase the magnitude of the current effects.
Our tuning method involved a lot of trial and error. We would support 2 opposite corners of the quadrotor leaving the other 2 free to rotate. Then we would check for stability by first observing if the quadrotor was keeping itself level, then secondly by injecting disturbances to observe if it would return to a level position. If the p and d values permitted the quadrotor to pass both of these tests, we would repeat the procedure and on the other axis. When the quadrotor was stable on both axis, we then were ready to fly!


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $f(x,y)=0$ and $g(x,y)=0$ be bivariate polynomial equations where the polynomials have the same degree, say, $N\geq 3$. Furthermore, both of them have the same terms but different coefficients. For example, $f(x,y) = a_1x^2y^3 + a_2xy^2 + a_3$ and $g(x,y) = b_1x^2y^3 + b_2xy^2 + b_3$. How may common roots of $f(x,y)=0$ and $g(x,y)=0$ are there? I am not interested in finding the common roots but the number. Can Bézout's Theorem help?
Thanks a lot.
share|improve this question
Bezout's theorem would imply that if $f,g$ had no common factors, then the number of common roots is at most $N^2$. – Mohan May 22 '13 at 17:21
And the resultant $R(f,g)$ would decide if $f$ and $g$ had any common roots at all (in an extension field). Are the polynomials over a field? – Dietrich Burde May 22 '13 at 18:37
Hm, what if you compute the Gröbner basis for such varieties? Do you get anything interesting? (This would be quite nice to experiment with a bit, to get some feeling for the problem). – Per Alexandersson May 22 '13 at 20:03
Since you fix the terms, the Bernstein-Kushnirenko theorem (or Bernstein-Khovanskii-Kushnirenko) would be more precise than Bezout's theorem. – quim May 22 '13 at 20:08
I don't think much mathematical background is needed. The $\Delta_i$ is just the convex hull of the set of exponents of the terms involved in the $p_i$, inside $\mathbb{R}^2$, so in your case they are both equal to the triangle with vertices (2,3), (1,2), (0,0). The coefficients don't matter. Vol denotes "mixed volume" but I think that when all $\Delta_i$ are equal, this is just ordinary volume. Have a look at arXiv:0812.4688. BTW, just as Bezout, this only gives an upper bound on the number of solutions, which is the exact number if the coefficients are "general enough". – quim May 23 '13 at 8:58
1 Answer 1
I reread the previous posts. The answers are very interesting but the question is really hilarious. When we have the same terms in each equation (with different coefficients in a field $K$) then the problem is essentially a linear one. For instance, here, we obtain (generically) a sole solution in $K$ for $x^2y^3,xy^2$. Then a value for $x^2y^4$, then a value for $y$, then a value for $x$.
The moral of the story is that some trivial matters can lead to exciting discussions and take time before downgrading certain issues to stackexchange!
share|improve this answer
The problem is linear only in the sense that finding the roots of the characteristic polynomial of a matrix is linear (that is, not at all). – S. Carnahan Sep 21 '13 at 13:11
Dear Carnahan, I don't understand one word you write. We have a linear system of $2$ equations in the $2$ unknowns $x^uy^v,x^ry^s$. Then we obtain (generically) one solution in $K$ ($x^uy^v=?,x^ry^s=?$). We deduce easily (according to the values of $u,v,r,s$) the solutions in $x,y$, using $p^{th}$ roots. Can you solve a characteristic polynomial with radicals? – loup blanc Sep 21 '13 at 14:02
Moreover, and it is funny, the second part of the calculation is essentially: solving a linear system in $log(x),log(y)$.:) – loup blanc Sep 21 '13 at 14:50
Given the statement of the problem, you always get two linear equations. If there are more terms in the polynomials $f$ and $g$, you will get more unknowns. Your method only seems to work when you have 2 unknowns. – S. Carnahan Sep 21 '13 at 14:52
Your Answer


text:
Definition of legateship
n. - The office of a legate. 2
The word "legateship" uses 10 letters: A E E G H I L P S T.
No direct anagrams for legateship found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after legateship (in bold), or to aeeghilpst in any order:
s - legateships
All words formed from legateship by changing one letter
Browse words starting with legateship by next letter


Mannerism is the term often given to a style of Renaissance art and architecture that began in the courts of Italy in about 1520, then spread throughout Europe and lasted until about 1610. The name comes from maniera, Italian for style. The style is characterised by surprising effects and visual trickery. Decoration is often complex, figures are elongated and given exaggerated poses.


text:
Besides conserving energy, a critical goal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and power consumption to save costs, a datacenter facility also strives to reduce noise – a complex and tricky task.
Datacenters contain thousands of small computer fans, which hum and blow air, creating an ambient noise. Midphase datacenter engineers are always trying to find ways to control and modify the ambient noise using Active Noise Control (ANC) techniques.
Huge cooling fans push cold air over the dense and powerful computing platforms that drive thousands of websites in the Midphase-hosting environment. The noise generated from thousands of these servers and fans can affect both employees and surrounding personnel.
While reducing ambient noise is not considered a top priority, it does improve the overall efficiency of a facility and improves the working conditions of all those who contribute to server uptime.
Working with Dr. Scott Sommerfeldt of Brigham Young University's Acoustics Research Group, C7, data engineers conducted a complex study with a key step requiring a collection of acoustic data present at the server room.
This data was crucial in determining what frequencies contained the most energy and were integral for use in the computational models and the experimental mockups.
Here are some methods and guidelines put into practice by our Utah datacenter engineering teams to reduce ambient noise.
- The materials used must disperse heat well and cannot disrupt air flow on the datacenter floor.
- The room has a concrete and corrugated metal ceiling, a raised floor and hard, flat walls that do not absorb sound well.
- Materials used to control or modify the sound cannot set off the sensitive, very early warning, fire detection systems or other sensors throughout the data center.
- No modifications to the equipment in the room may be made.
- The solution has to be cost effective and easy to implement and maintain.
While ANC won't directly affect your hosting experience it makes happier data center engineers. And we all know, a happy geek is a good geek.


text:
Yesterday I wrote a general introduction to US precancels. Since US precancels are IMHO a wide and interesting topic, lets digg in further…
US precancels can be put to two basic categories:
1) Bureau precancels, which were printed and precancelled by Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, DC.
2) Local (or City-type) precancels, which were (usually) precancelled in the town they were used.
Bureau precancels were used when USPOD (US Postal Offices Department) felt that large quantities of precancels could be prepared cheaper than by hiring local printers. Bureau precancels had to be ordered in lots of at least 500,000 sheet stamps or 250,000 coil stamps, and they were printed only to specific definitive stamps/sets.
Bureau precancels always show single lines above and below the city and state (with the exception of National precancels mentioned yesterday); never bars or double lines. Precancel design is always in the normal position, except on stamps that are wider than they are tall; on these stamps, the precancelation usually reads down.
In a sense Bureau precancels are varieties of U.S. postage stamps made for restricted use, and several varieties (like untagged stamps, meaning absent phosphorescent coating) are known to be issued only as Bureau precancels.
Local (city) precancels
Orders for smaller quantities than 500,000 sheet stamps or 250,000 coil stamps had to be manufactured locally using (usually) government-issued electroplates or by using precancel devices (such as rubberstamps + inkpad) at local post office. Local precancels can be found on virtually any US stamp - most of the local precancels are common, but there are some very rare items too with only a handfull of copies known.
Local precancels can be roughly sorted to 5 main designs, but infinite number of local/plate/typeset etc. varietes exists.
1-2) Typesets and handstamped precancels are easy to identify, since they lack uniform design and come in very mixed quality.
3) Single Line Electro (SLE) precancels were printed by local post offices with Electroplates.
4) Double Line Electro (DLE) precancels were printed by local post offices.
5) Dateds – Starting in 1938, the user's initials plus the month of use was required to be printed on denominations over 6 cents. This practise was put into action to prevent precancelled stamp re-use.
How to collect US precancels
For starters, with precancels the cancel is more important than the stamp itself. Thus even damaged stamps (as shown in some of my pics) are good enough if better quality replacement is not available. But like in traditional stamp collecting, it is wise to strive for stamps that are free from tears, thins etc. faults.
Another difference to traditional stamp collection comes with ordering of stamps. The most common way to order a collection is alphabetical order by state and city of precancel. And if you have plenty of precancels, you can always split these to subcategories by origin (bureau or local) and precancel designs.
US precancels offer plenty to collect with low budget…To obtain a collection of each style of precancel used for each town and state in the US would take about 42,000 stamps (of which about 9,500 are Bureau precancels). If you collected each style and town used on each stamp that would mean a collection of few million stamps. And most of these are very common and low in value, but there are also some rarities with locals.
And finally about the catalogues… The very best US precancel catalogues are by the Precancel Stamps Society. They offer separate books for Bureaus and for Locals with very clear listing of all known stamp-types and precancel overprints.


Layer dialog box
Assigns the selected shape to one or more layers or cancels a shape's layer assignment.
On layer(s)
Highlights the layers to which the selected shape is assigned. To change the layer assignment, click a different layer name. To assign the shape to additional layers, press CTRL and click the layer names.
Preserve group member layers
Specifies that the group's member shapes retain their current layer assignments. This setting becomes active when you assign the group to a layer. Selecting this option has no effect unless the currently selected shape is a group.
For example, you might assign a desk to the furniture layer and a computer to the electronics layer and then group them. If you then assign the group to the den layer, the desk and computer retain their previous layer assignments as well.
If this option is not checked and you assign a group to a layer, all of the group members are assigned to the new layer. Their previous layer assignments are canceled.
Opens the New Layer dialog box, in which you can type a name to create a new layer.
See Also
Add a layer
Need more help?
Expand your Office skills
Explore training
Get new features first
Join Office Insiders
Was this information helpful?
Thank you for your feedback!