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Hanging Temple (Xuankong Si)
Heng Shan (Bei Yue), Shanxi
Heng Shan is one of five sacred Daoist mountains, climbed by emperors to seek blessings from the time of Qin Shi Huang onwards. The spectacular Hanging Temple was first built by the Northern Wei, although its present structures only date from the Qing Dynasty. The long poles, that seem to prop up its buildings, are more for visual effect. The temple is actually cut into the side of the rock, with additional support from cantilevered floor beams that have been socketed into the cliff (closeup).
Xuankong is religiously eclectic. Of the three major halls seen here, the leftmost is Buddhist, the middle is Daoist, and the rightmost is Confucian.


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Nov 21, 2020
36: How Being a 'Beniyaz' Means Not Being In Any Need
Play • 12 min
Note: The difference between the pronunciations of'marz' and'maraz' is colloquial - while the former is technically correct, the latter is present in everyday usage.
In a world where everything is moving so fast, where the sense of impermanence has only become deeper, most of us feel an intense urge to be able to control everything around us - things, feelings, even people. This can be exhausting.
However, good things come to those who wait and keep calm.
In this episode of Urdunama, we read you some mystic poetry by the great Classical poet, Khwaja Mir Dard, and try to understand if being a 'beniyaz', or someone who is not too concerned, could bring us peace and make us calmer. We also learn - with a little help from Zauq, Ghalib, Firaq, and others - the two different contexts of 'beniyazi' in poetry.
Host, Writer, and Sound Designer: Fabeha Syed
Editor: Shelly Walia
Music: Big Bang Fuzz
Listen to these podcasts for a better understanding of the word 'beniyazi':
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[Hiraoka National Flag Sampe Book]
1938 (undated) 10.5 x 12.5 in (26.67 x 31.75 cm)
This is a rare Japanese Pre-World War II era sample flag book published between 1937 and 1940. The sample book containing 25 national flags including Japan, Nazi Germany, Manchukuo, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, England, and the United States, among others. It was issued by the Hiraoka Flag Store (平岡国旗店) of Kyoto. The 25 flags contained in the book are actual cloth flags that have been mounted to cardboard and matted.
The book is undated, but due to the flags included, we can surmise the date based upon the flags as sometime between 1937 and 1940. The swastika flag of Nazi Germany (4) is included, so it must postdate January 30, 1931. The book also notably lacks the KMT Regime flag. Following the Second Sino Japanese War (1937 - 1940), the Japanese puppet regime in Nanjing, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (中華民國臨時政府), instituted the 'Five Races Under One Union' flag, represented here as Flag 3, and did not recognize the KMT. Similarly, the book includes he Manchukuo Flag (2), a puppet regime established by the Japanese that was active from 1932 – 1945.
This book is rare and we are aware of no other examples.
Hiraoka Flag Store (平岡国旗店, 1887 – Present) is a Japanese flag manufacturing company founded in Kyoto in 1887 (Meiji 20). The firm was founded by Shinjiro Hiraoka (初代の平岡新次郎は) who at the time also ran a Kimono business. Recognizing a demand for flags during the Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 1905), Hiraoka focused his energies on the flag business. He remained in operation throughout the Pre-War and WWII eras and, as Kyoto was never bombed, remains in operation today as Hiraoka Flag Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The company remains in the Hiraoka family.
Very good. Minor soiling and edge wear.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In California, there is no statute of limitations for collecting child support. This means that uncollected child support is always enforceable until fully paid.
There is also no statute of limitations for determining paternity. Whenever paternity is determined, child support payments may be sought and enforced until the child turns 18 or graduates high school. If high school graduation occurs after the age of 18, child support payments may be collected until the child turns 19.
In case of a disability (physical or mental) that prevents a son or daughter from finding employment, the parents may agree in a Family Law Court to continue child support for longer.


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Most of us are familiar with the transformational power of Instagram filters such as Amaro and Earlybird, and the magic they can work for our amateur iPhone photography. But what can we learn in an art historical context by making use of traditional camera filters? Multispectral imaging uses cameras that can "see" into the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) wavelengths along the electromagnetic spectrum, allowing us to photograph features of artworks that are not visible to the naked eye. At the Freer|Sackler, I used the conservation department's Nikon D100 camera and Kodak Wratten gelatin filters to create UVIR photographs of the museum's entire collection of watercolors by James McNeill Whistler. These photographs will be used as part of a larger project called Whistler and Watercolor, a collaborative, technical art history research project by an F|S conservator, curator, and conservation scientist.
While most of Whistler's oeuvre has had the benefit of in-depth study, the watercolors have been waiting for their turn in the spotlight. Whistler created more than three hundred watercolors in his lifetime, most of which were executed in the 1880s, during the height of his fame. Museum founder Charles Lang Freer acquired fifty-two of them. Whistler and Watercolor will provide Whistler scholars and enthusiasts with a technical description of the artist's working methods in watercolor. Were his materials and techniques similar or significantly different from the way he used other mediums? How do they compare to watercolors by other artists of the time period? Did he follow the methods taught in watercolor manuals and how-to books of the late nineteenth century or was he more innovative and experimental?
Multispectral imaging using traditional photographic filters can help us answer some of these questions. Look at the three images above for an example of a reconstructed nineteenth-century palette (like Whistler's) photographed normally and then using two gelatin filters with different light sources. Certain pigments exhibit characteristic behaviors in reflected infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence (UV) that allow us to identify them. Cobalt-containing pigments, such as cerulean blue or cobalt green, become transparent and disappear completely in reflected infrared (at approx. 850 nm). With ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence, red madder lake typically emits a red fluorescent "glow" due to the presence of a compound called purpurin. By using photographic filters, as well as a variety of other techniques to back up these visual observations, it will be possible to reconstruct Whistler's use of watercolor pigments in the late nineteenth century to aid future research and study.


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Point of care testing (POCT) is a new concept in laboratory medicine that is widely used at present. It is the new advent that helps ease medical care in the present day. The knowledge on the POCT medicine is very important and necessary for the general practitioner. In this specific book, the author summarizes, presents and discusses on the concept of POCT, its importance and examples of important POCT tools.
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


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Stability of martian water
"Liquid water can be stable against freezing and stable against boiling, but unstable with respect to evaporation. The situation is analogous to Earth's oceans. Liquid water on the surface does not freeze because temperatures are higher than the melting point, and it does not boil because the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the water is less than the surface pressure. Yet the water does evaporate because the atmosphere is not saturated. A similar situation can occur on Mars, though the odds are much more likely for boiling."
"But whether it boils or evaporates, either way the water will cool because of the heat loss and thus it will eventually freeze."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Association of Health Insurance with Use of Prescription Contraceptives
CONTEXT: Given that substantial proportions of women of reproductive age lack health insurance coverage, it is important to assess whether lack of insurance is associated with the use of prescription contraceptives, which are the most expensive but also the most effective methods for preventing pregnancy.
METHODS: Data from 26,674 females aged 18–44 who participated in the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey (representing more than 25 million women in the U.S. population) were used to assess risk of unintended pregnancy, prescription contraceptive use and health insurance status. Logistic regression models tested the likelihood of prescription contraceptive use among insured versus uninsured respondents after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and self-reported overall health.
RESULTS: A significantly higher proportion of insured women than of uninsured women reported use of prescription contraceptives (54% vs. 45%). In multiple regression analysis, women lacking health insurance were 30% less likely to report using prescription contraceptive methods than were women with private or public health insurance. Results were similar across racial, age and income subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS: Lack of health insurance is associated with reduced use of prescription contraceptives. Universal insurance coverage is needed to ensure access to the most effective contraceptive methods for all women in need.
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2007, 39(4):226–230


text: Portable analytical devices based on a gamut of technologies (Infrared, Raman, X-Ray Fluorescence, Mass Spectrometry, etc.) are now widely available. These tools have seen increasing adoption for field-based assessment by diverse users including military, emergency response, and law enforcement. Frequently, end-users of portable devices are non-scientists who rely on embedded software and the associated algorithms to convert collected data into actionable information. Two classes of problems commonly encountered in field applications are identification and screening. Identification algorithms are designed to scour a library of known materials and determine whether the unknown measurement is consistent with a stored response (or combination of stored responses). Such algorithms can be used to identify a material from many thousands of possible candidates. Screening algorithms evaluate whether at least a subset of features in an unknown measurement correspond to one or more specific substances of interest and are typically configured to detect from a small list potential target analytes. Thus, screening algorithms are much less broadly applicable than identification algorithms; however, they typically provide higher detection rates which makes them attractive for specific applications such as chemical warfare agent or narcotics detection. This paper will present an overview and performance characterization of a combined identification/screening algorithm that has recently been developed. It will be shown that the combined algorithm provides enhanced detection capability more typical of screening algorithms while maintaining a broad identification capability. Additionally, we will highlight how this approach can enable users to incorporate situational awareness during a response.


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ring, and so could refer to anything used for making rings. Yahalom is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard, so some people think that it means diamond. The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible – the King James Version translates the sixth stone as diamond, the New International Version translates it as emerald, and the Vulgate translates it as jaspis – meaning jasper. There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to.New Testament scripturesReligious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the Byzantine empire, 12th or 13th century
In a Christian New Testament parable, Jesus compared the Kingdom of Heaven to a "pearl of great price" in Matthew 13: 45–46. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it."
The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21:21, that is, the Pearly Gates. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every gate was of one pearl: and the streets of the city were pure gold, as if transparent glass."
Holy things are compared to pearls in Matthew 7:6. "Do not give dogs what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before pigs, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you."
Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in Revelation 18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"Islamic scriptures
The Qur'an often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:
22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
52:24 Round about them will serve, to them, youths as pearls well-guarded.Other scriptures
The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of Gnosticism.


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Category: Feature of Size
Maximum Material Condition or for short, MMC, is a feature of size symbol that describes the condition of a feature or part where the maximum amount of material (volume/size) exists within its dimensional tolerance. The callout also removes GD&T Rule#2 which states that all geometry tolerances are controlled independently of the feature size.
When you have a feature that Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing is called on:
If it is a hole or internal feature: MMC = smallest hole size
If it is a pin or external feature: MMC = largest size of the pin
In each of these cases, the part will have the maximum amount of material that would be allowed within the part tolerances.
Max Material Condition is one of the dimensional limits on a part. The other side of the tolerance range would be the Least Material Condition.
The only GD&T Symbols where Max Material Condition can be applied are:
Reason for Use:
If you want to ensure that two parts never interfere, or limit the amount of interference between the parts when they are at their worst tolerances, MMC can be called out. Take a shaft that must go through a hole with clearance between the two.
The MMC of the shaft would be the Maximum diameter
The MMC of the hole would be its Minimum diameter
If you made sure that the MMC of the shaft was always smaller than the MMC of the hole, you guarantee there will always be clearance between the parts. This is important for any tolerance stack to ensure that when the tolerances are at their least desirable condition, the part still functions properly.
Gauging Max Material Condition:
Maximum material condition comes in handy when it comes to making a functional gauge for the part. If you want to limit the size of your feature, you can specify the max material condition call out additionally control it with Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing.
For example if you wanted to ensure that a pin always fits into a hole when the hole is at MMC, we could design a pin gauge that
mimics the lower limit of the hole. The gauge that controls the Max Material Condition of a part is called a Go-Gauge (Meaning the Part must always Go into it)
The Go-Gauge for a hole or internal feature would exist of a pin that is just a tiny bit (few microns) smaller than the Maximum Material Condition of the hole. The gauge pin would then be inserted into the hole and as long as the pin Goes into the hole, the part is in spec.
(Note: The pin gauge may be made slightly smaller (a few microns) than the MMC to account for any straightness or tolerance issues that may be inherent in producing the gauge)
*Remember when no GD&T is called on the hole the envelope principal applies – meaning the geometric and size effects of the hole cannot be larger or smaller than the tolerances specified.
Combination Gauging with GD&T Symbols
The true benefit of using the maximum material condition on a feature is the ability to call out GD&T with dimensional tolerances and be able to gauge for them at the same time. When geometric control and material control are used together, they form the true maximum envelope or virtual condition that the part can be in and still be to specification.
For example, you have a pin with a dimensional and perpendicularity call outs. The pin needs to be within both perpendicular enough and small enough so that it doesn't get stuck when inserted into its mating hole at a 90° angle to the face of the part. In this case all you really care about is the pin fits into the hole at the worst case limits (MMC and max perpendicularity tolerance make up the maximum envelope of the part)
The virtual condition can be controlled with a functional gauge. Functional gauges can be a huge benefit to production environments where measuring on the line quickly is critical.
Gauging for MMC with Geometric tolerances:
For the Gauging of a hole with perpendicularity call out:
Gauge Ø (pin gauge)=Min Ø of hole (MMC)–GD&T Symbol Tolerance
For Gauging of a pin with a perpendicularity callout:
Gauge Ø (hole gauge) = Max Ø of pin (MMC) + GD&T Symbol Tolerance
Note on Bonus Tolerance:
When a functional gauge is used for Perpendicularity, any difference the actual feature size is from the maximum material condition would be a bonus tolerance. The goal of a maximum material condition callout is to ensure that when the part is in its worst tolerances, the Perpendicularity and size of the hole/pin will always assemble together. This means that if you make a pin smaller, you make more bonus tolerance for yourself. This bonus can be added to the GD&T tolerance and would widen the perpendicularity tolerance.
Bonus Tolerance = Difference between MMC & Actual condition
Features of Size:
Maximum Material Condition is one of three features of size callouts in GD&T. The other two are Least Material Condition and Regardless of Feature Size. All of these specify the condition that the part or feature must be in to apply the specified geometric tolerance.
Default to Regardless of feature size
When there is not call out to Maximum Material Condition or Least Material Condition, the part, by default, is measured regardless of feature size (RFS). This means there is no bonus tolerance and the envelope of the part is not defined. The part must be controlled geometrically regardless of what size the feature is at.
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Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
facetious not serious; humorous or frivolous.
facial of or pertaining to the face. [2 definitions]
-facient making; causing; bringing about.
facilitate to make less difficult; help in progress.
facsimile an exact copy or duplicate, as of something printed or pictorial; reproduction. [2 definitions]
fact something that has reality, that exists, or that happened or is happening. [3 definitions]
fact checker someone whose job it is to verify the accuracy of facts in a text before publication.
fact-finding involved in the discovery and determination of the facts. [2 definitions]


How serious was the German naval threat before the First World War?
This lesson launches an enquiry in which students work in teams to arrive at their own answer to this question. Following a very brief introduction, students are introduced to the idea of a naval race by running to post images of German and British battleships on the board. This sets up the enquiry, clarified by explaining the historical debate they are going to enter. They are then asked to frame their enquiry. What questions will they need to ask? Which sources of evidence will they need to use? They are shown two sources and answer questions to help them evaluate them before being given access to even more. After they have investigated for themselves, they feedback and are left with an interpretation to reflect on.
This lesson draws heavily on material provided by the Churchill Archive Centre . We are grateful to the collection for permission to use their material in this way. The initial kinaesthetic activity is a variation of the one produced by 'Lesley-Ann' that featured on the Teachers forum of a while ago.
Learning objectives
Students will
 - raise relevant and fruitful historical questions
 - deepen their understanding of the types of sources that might be used
 - compare
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Researchers have demonstrated that certain types of pain coping are correlated with less pain severity and disability and that there are differences between Caucasians and African-American pain patients in their use of specific coping strategies. However, the extent to which racial group differences exist in the associations between pain coping strategies and pain severity, interference, and disability is unclear. Furthermore, the role of education in these associations is uncertain. We recruited a diverse community sample of individuals with chronic pain and their spouses to examine this issue (N =105). Participants completed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Multidimensional Pain Inventory, and Sickness Impact Profile. Results showed that African-American participants reported significantly more pain severity, interference, and disability and reported using diverting attention and prayer and hoping pain-coping strategies significantly more often than Caucasian participants; however, only the racial group difference in prayer and hoping remained when controlling for education. We also examined whether race and education interacted with coping strategies in relating to pain and disability. Significant three-way interactions were found for physical and psychosocial disability, suggesting that educational level should be included in analyses exploring racial group differences. The results suggest the need for pain treatments that take into account the educational and cultural context of pain.
Psychology | Social and Behavioral Sciences
Cano, Annmarie; Mayo, Ainoa; and Ventimiglia, Matthew, "Coping, Pain Severity, Interference, and Disability: The Potential Mediating and Moderating Roles of Race and Education" (2006). Psychology Faculty Research Publications. Paper 2.


Uniform Driver Interface
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The official Project UDI logo
The UDI revival effort maintains an IRC channel on Freenode (irc.freenode.net), called _TAG_. Feel free to join and ask questions.
UDI stands for "Uniform Driver Interface". It is the specification of a framework and driver API / ABI that enables different operating systems (implementing the UDI framework) to use the same drivers. Conceived by several large industry corporations, it has fallen dormant, despite being functional and delivering on its promise.
UDI drivers are binary compatible across all UDI-compliant operating systems running on the same CPU family. They are also source compatible across all UDI-implementing operating systems. This means, a driver only has to be developed once.
While Microsoft Windows gets all the hardware drivers they want, and GNU discourages UDI for philosophical reasons, its advantages for hobbyist OS developers are obvious.
Why UDI?
The Uniform Driver Interface would, should it be widely adopted, provide a common driver framework for implementation across kernels and platforms, enabling drivers to be provided without respect to the target kernel, and to a large extent, the target hardware platform. UDI has several projected advantages over existing driver interfaces which may motivate the reader to adopt it:
 - Portability (both cross-OS and cross-platform), which was mentioned in the above section, is perhaps the primary concern for which UDI was developed in the first place. All we can hope for is that enough operating systems will embrace the model so we can actually take advantage of it.
 - Performance is comparable or better than that of custom, native API drivers for a native UDI implementation. For environments where performance is critical, UDI does not inhibit service quality. UDI is explicitly designed to be non-blocking and lockless, featuring a synchronization model for increased MP scalability without locking and many other high-scalability focused features.
 - UDI can integrate seamlessly into existing kernel environments regardless of the OS architecture (monolithic kernel vs. microkernel, POSIX vs. non-POSIX, etc.) with little or no extra performance overhead.
 - Reliability and stability have been explicitly provided for by the design. UDI tries to eliminate some categories of potential bugs, such as (but not limited to) resource leaks and deadlocks (all interfaces can potentially be implemented without any locking at all).
 - Flexibility is another thing UDI has been designed mind with: not only in the way the specification was conceived (i.e., to be extensible), but also in the sense that it permits system programmers to apply techniques such as driver isolation, shadow drivers, etc. if they see fit to do so.
 - The interface is fully asynchronous, in every respect; high scaling systems are becoming increasingly predominant and asynchronicity is slowly becoming an "expected" feature for modern kernels. UDI moves ahead of the herd to enable a compliant kernel to slowly adopt asynchronous interfaces without having to do major redesign later on.
 - Moderately complex, and it will generally take a while to understand the specification.
 - It cannot simply be ported to immature kernels. A kernel must have a certain minimum level of maturity to reasonably attempt to become UDI compliant.
 - Not at all viable for "casual" projects: requires a significant amount of foreknowledge and prior work.
Core components of UDI Drivers
High level view of UDI environments
An implementation of the Uniform Driver Interface specification is known as a UDI Environment. There is a reference implementation available (see link below) which provides usable code for several existing kernels (Linux, BSD, Solaris), and it can be used the basis for a fresh implementation. Kernel environment implementations are responsible for providing the Service Call interfaces specified by the UDI Standard; a kernel may choose to implement these as native system calls, or via library extensions -- the decision is up to the implementer. There are two types of service calls recognized by the UDI paradigm: synchronous (which will return immediately to the caller - i.e., to the driver) and asynchronous (which work through a callback mechanism).
UDI drivers also actively take part in identifying their child devices and helping to build the host kernel's device tree. Bus drivers enumerate children, and so on. Each of these buses may have several controllers attached. UDI drivers for these devices will interact in a tree-like fashion just as the hardware does. Let's take a closer look at drivers themselves!
Drivers are split into one or more modules, and each module has at least once region. A driver that has been instantiated (executed, so to speak) uses IPC calls ("Channel operations") to communicate between modules and regions. If a driver is used to instantiate more than one device (say, a disk driver used to instantiate two separate disk devices), the choice of whether the actual driver code is mapped using Copy-on-Write, or duplicated in memory, etc is up to the environment.
A module is essentially a single executable code object. Specifically, drivers can be broken into multiple executables. A large driver that may only need to load certain components and may not need all of its code in memory all the time may be implemented as a multi-module driver. This partitioning of the driver code into modules is up to the driver vendor of course. Most UDI drivers are expected to be single-module drivers, but complex drivers such as graphics card drivers, etc may be best implemented as multi-module drivers. For example, if a graphics driver exports an OpenGL 3D API along with a Direct3D API, it is very likely that both front-ends have a lot of code behind them that would occupy a lot of memory should both be loaded. Most kernels will use either OpenGL or Direct3D, so if such a graphics driver was to split its OpenGL and Direct3D implementations into separate modules, this would enable kernels loading that driver to avoid allocating memory for the code and data for the API it isn't using.
Main article: UDI Regions
Regions are nothing more than blocks of related data. For example, a network card may have a set of register states that are specific to its send() function, and a different set of stats and variables specific to its receive() function. Data is explicitly separated into functionality regions in UDI. A region is nothing more than driver-allocated data for its state variables. The most intuitive way to split driver data is into functionality sub-components of the device in question. So a network card driver may choose to have a send region and a receive region. A graphics driver write may choose to partition the driver into a framebuffer writing region, a transformation region, etc, etc. Then IPC request messages can be sent over UDI IPC channels to each region based on the purpose of that region.
Regions also form the unit of concurrent execution in UDI. Since Regions are nothing more than data, they are also the units which must be synchronized against concurrent writes. Generally, this means making sure that no two threads can modify region data at once. The design of the UDI interfaces is perfectly capable of working without the use of locking, and it is left up to the host OS Environment to choose whether it will use lockless algorithms, spinlocks, waitqueues, or some other method to ensure that no two threads modify region data at the same time. See the main article for a detailed explanation of several practically usable UDI synchronization models.
Another attribute of UDI regions is that they are locationand instance-independent, meaning that they can be moved from one place to another without affecting any of the other regions because they share no common state. That is, a driver can be marshaled and moved from one NUMA node to another, or one physical machine to another over a network, or any other similar type of migration. This is particularly interesting in multiprocessor systems (esp. NUMA), and high-scaling compute clusters because an environment may separate regions due to performance and resource constraints. It's worth mentioning that, because of the separate states, the tasks performed by regions are mutually-exclusive (for instance a network driver might have one region that handles sending packets and another receiving). This is a potential area where host OSs can make huge optimizations to remove performance bottlenecks.
Main article: UDI Channels
The only way for regions to communicate is through channels. Channels are an IPC-agnostic abstraction of a bi-directional communication mechanism. Each of the two channel endpoints provide an ops vector, which is a set of entry points. They are referenced via handles of type udi_channel_t (check the definition of handles below). The channel operations along with the associated functionality is defined by metalanguages. Metalanguages are separately defined for each class of drivers, but we'll get to that soon.
Main article: Metalanguages
Metalanguages define extensions to the core specification for various purposes, and can also be used to define custom IPC protocol APIs between modules/regions. An example of a case where a custom protocol API may be needed is where, for example, a network card driver has a "Control" region which takes commands from the kernel for power management ("Go to sleep", "prepare to shutdown", etc), and then it has a Send() region and Receive() region, which handle its send() and receive() functions respectively.
It follows naturally that if the driver receives a "Go to sleep" command from the kernel on its Control region, it would need to send messages to its Send and Receive regions to cause them to cease operation. There is no generic IPC_Send() function defined for IPC across UDI channels -- all IPC must be done according to the protocols APIs defined by a Metalanguage, whether standardized by the UDI spec, or custom-defined. Thankfully, driver writers do not need to define custom protocols for every such case where they want to


Maqui Germination Guide Posted on 18 Feb 21:03, 0 comments
Maqui thrives in temperate locations free of prolonged freezes. The best way to get started in one of these regions is with high-quality seeds in the correct conditions. Seed germination is a simple process that requires some patience, but don't worry. Follow these few steps and you should see your seeds sprouting in as little as a couple of weeks.
 - Sphagnum Moss
 - Plastic zipper bag
 - Heat Source, such as a heat mat, if average temperature is below 28°C (82° F)
 - Easy access to water
 - Grow light or natural light
Step 1: Get the Moisture Right
The key is to give the maqui seeds sufficient moisture without over-hydrating the growing medium. Add water to your sphagnum moss until it is moist but does not drip when squeezed.
Step 2: Package the Maqui and Sphagnum in the bag
Mix the seeds and sphagnum moss evenly. Sphagnum provides the right humidity and lessens the risk of fungus, making it ideal for jumpstarting the germination process.
Step 3: Keep Conditions Stable
Keep constantly warm temps above 28°C for a few weeks. Some light can be given or a few hours with a low power grow light.
Step 4: Transplant the sprouting seeds
Pick the sprouting seeds out of the sphagnum moss and plant in acidic soil. They will be easy to find as they will grow towards light.


It turns out the emperor has no clothes after all.
The report, authored by Unifor economists Jim Stanford and Jordan Brennan, crunches the numbers on Canada's nine Prime Ministers between 1946 and today on issues relating to work, production, distribution and debt, and ranks each according to 16 economic indicators.
Here are six examples of what these data show:
1. Stephen Harper has steered Canada's economy to its lowest levels of growth in 69 years
With an average annual real GDP growth rate of 1.6%, under Stephen Harper's tenure the Canadian economy grew by nearly half the rate it did for his predecessors in the decade before he took office. It was nearly three times worse than Canada's growth rate during the 1950s and 1960s.
Under Harper, real GDP grew "barely enough to keep up with population growth," says Stanford. "And by early 2015, real GDP actually began shrinking."
Harper's 1% annual average growth in employment is "significantly slower than the rate of population growth," Stanford says, adding it is "the slowest job creation of any Prime Ministers since World War II."
Remember Louis St. Laurent?
4. Stephen Harper is kind of a lousy salesman
Since being elected in 2006, Canada's exports have grown by a measly 0.3%, "by far the worst in post-war history."
No wonder Canada keeps experiencing huge trade deficits.
5. It has been good times for Canada's richest 1% under Stephen Harper
Not so much under Harper. On 14 separate occasions since the end of the Second World War, real GDP per capita grew more in one single year than it has during Harper's entire time as Prime Minister.
According to Stanford, Lester B. Pearson's economic performance (1963-68) ranks highest while Canada's three Conservative Prime Ministers in the postwar era (Harper, Mulroney and Diefenbaker) ranked among the four lowest.
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feud between two prominent families, the Nordic Ulfgar and Dunmeri Dalvilu, in the settlement of Bleaker's Way. The Champion murdered the leaders of the two families and planted evidence which implicated the other. The settlement descended into chaos, and the two families fought until only one remained. Mephala then rewarded the Champion with the Blade.[76]
Fourth Era[edit]
In 4E 201, Nelkir, the young son of Jarl Balgruuf the Greater, stumbled upon the locked door to the chamber where the Ebony Blade was kept. Mephala spoke to the child through her artifact, whispering secrets through the door. Word spread through the city of the jarl's "dark child", and the Last Dragonborn was tasked with helping the child. When questioned, Nelkir spoke of the "Whispering Lady". The Dragonborn investigated the "Whispering Door", and was contacted by Mephala. Under the guidance of Nelkir, the Dragonborn obtained a key to the door, and retrieved the Ebony Blade. However, having been locked away for so long, the weapon had lost much of its power. Mephala instructed the Dragonborn to empower the Blade by murdering people who trusted them.[77]
The Ebony Blade (Skyrim)
Ebony Blade[edit]
The Ebony Blade, also known as the Vampire or the Leech, is a Daedric artifact created by the Daedric Prince Mephala. It resembles an ebony katana, and is considered to be an artifact of great evil, having the ability to absorb the life essence of those that it strikes. Part of the damage inflicted flows into the wielder as raw power, draining the victim of their health and sometimes stamina. It has also been known to fortify the wielder's skill at using long blades, magically silence those that it strikes to prevent them from casting spells, and deceive victims. Khajiiti myths do not mention the blade by name, but instead refer to it as 'the killing word of the Spider' and 'the black edge of shadow'.
The Ring of Khajiiti(Oblivion)
Ring of Khajiit[edit]
The Ring of Khajiit, sometimes named the Ring of Khajiiti, is an ancient relic, hundreds of years older than Rajhin, the thief who made the Ring famous. It was Rajhin who used the Ring's powers to make himself as invisible, silent, and quick as a breath of wind. Using the Ring he became the most successful burglar in Elsweyr's history. Rajhin's eventual fate is a mystery, but according to legend, the Ring rebelled against such constant use and disappeared, leaving Rajhin helpless before his enemies.[78]
The Obsidian Husk (ESO)
Obsidian Husk[edit]
The Obsidian Husk is a magical stone associated with Mephala. In appearance it is a transparent black crystal with the Daedric letter "Oht" carved into it. The origin of the artifact is shrouded in mystery. Some believe it to be a fragment of Oblivion, having followed a visiting Daedra from that plane. Others believe it to be magical in nature, containing a trapped shred of Mephala's essence.
The Husk has formidable powers and two known functions, which were discovered and passed down by members of the Spider Cult. Additional spells may be tied to the artifact, but the Husk never stays in the possession of a single individual for long. Members of Mephala's Cult have been known to scheme and battle over it. It can create and control all manner of shades from minor shadowlings to creatures of complexity, aberrant intellect, and untold power. The most powerful Spider Cultists have found that they can use the Husk to enchant others. The afflicted are shrouded in shadow, and granted supernatural agility and strength, but lose their minds—these "shades" follow the beck and call of the Obsidian Husk's master.
The Threads of the Webspinner (Morrowind)
Threads of the Webspinner[edit]
The Threads of the Webspinner are 27 pieces of extravagant enchanted clothing and jewelry associated with both Mephala and Sanguine. The story goes that Mephala sought to reward her devoted followers within the Morag Tong, and turned to Sanguine to create them. Each Thread enhances a single skill, such as weapon skills, speechcraft, and magic.
The Spiral Skein[edit]
The Spiral Skein is the realm of Oblivion created and ruled over by Mephala, the Daedric Prince of Lies. Some portions of the realm resemble a dark, sprawling cavern with a high ceiling, dotted with luminescent mushrooms. Spiders, hoarvors and all manner of crawling creature inhabit the plane, and tall buildings with arches and spires dot the landscape. Crystals of deep red hues jut from the cliffs, ceilings and walls in geometric clusters comprised of prism-like shapes.
The Spiderkith[79] and the temperamental Spider Daedra are her Mephala's servants.[80] Hoarvor Daedra also serve Mephala.[81]
See Also[edit]
 - Vanus Galerion noted that Mephala shares a surface level similarity with Shagrath, the Goddess of Spiders, in that they are both older than Creation and associated with spiders.[82]
 - The Khajiit refer to Sangiin as the God of Death and Secret Murder.[83] The Dunmer associated Mephala with assassination, but Sangiin appears to carry similar themes in Khajiiti faith.
 1. ^ The Book of Daedra
 2. ^ Honorable Writs of ExecutionEnar Dren
 3. ^ Izzara's dialogue during A Marriage in Ruins in ESO
 4. ^ a b c Inexplicable Patron: MephalaDivayth Fyr
 5. ^ a b c Varieties of Faith...Brother Mikhael Karkuxor of the Imperial College
 6. ^ Web-Covered Diary
 7. ^ Vila Theran's dialogue during Kings of the Grotto in ESO
 8. ^ Rumors of the Spiral Skeinthe Derisive Necromite
 9. ^ Ciirenas the Shepherd's dialogue in ESO
 10. ^ a b Gharakul's JournalGharakul
 11. ^ a b Mephala Spidersilk Prayer Shawl item description in ESO
 12. ^ a b Journal, Day 26
 13. ^ a b Requisition OrderDutheil
 14. ^ a b Nelkir's dialogue during The Whispering Door in Skyrim
 15. ^ a b c Mephala's dialogue during A Marriage in Ruins in ESO
 16. ^ a b Contents of An Alternate Offer in Daggerfall
 17. ^ Gamyne Bandu's dialogue during Kings of the Grotto in ESO
 18. ^ a b Skalg's Journal — Skalg
 19. ^ a b Dredena Hlavel's dialogue in Oblivion
 20. ^ Loading screen text regarding Mephala in Skyrim
 21. ^ a b Mephala's dialogue during her quest in Oblivion
 22. ^ Earl Leythen's dialogue during A Necessary Alliance in ESO
 23. ^ a b With Regards to the Ebony Blade
 24. ^ a b c Dark RuinsCyrillo the Deranged
 25. ^ The Monomyth
 26. ^ Oblivion Faction data in Daggerfall
 27. ^ a b The Wandering SpiritsAmun-dro, the Silent Priest
 28. ^ Holidays in Daggerfall
 29. ^ a b The Anticipations — Anonymous
 30. ^ The loading screen for Mephala's Nest in ESO
 31. ^ Mauloch, Orc-FatherRamurbak gro-Abamath
 32. ^ Darkest Darkness
 33. ^ generic dialogue on the topic of the Good Daedra in Morrowind
 34. ^ Eno Hlaalu's dialogue during Belt of Sanguine Fleetness in Morrowind
 35. ^ a b c d Vivec and Mephala
 36. ^ Understanding the Living GodsRigurt the Brash, Nord Cultural Exchange
 37. ^ a b Shando-ri's dialogue in ESO
 38. ^ a b Abode of Ignominy's Loading screen in ESO
 39. ^ The Dark SpiritsAmun-dro, the Silent Priest
 40. ^ Fire and DarknessYnir Gorming
 41. ^ The Lie We Tell OurselvesMirabelle Motierre
 42. ^ Hides-the-Ashes's dialogue during Silk and Shadow in ESO: Shadows of the Hist
 43. ^ Geel-Ma's DiaryGeel-Ma
 44. ^ Tsatva-Lan's dialogue at the end of Silk and Shadow in ESO: Shadows of the Hist
 45. ^ Dranos's DiaryDranos Velador
 46. ^ Persistence of Daedric VenerationLady Cinnabar of Taneth
 47. ^ Ebony Mephala Idol item description in ESO


Daily Lessons for Teaching Saville
Buy the Saville Lesson Plans
Lesson 1 (from Part 1, Chapter 1 | Part 1, Chapter 2)
There is a clear tension between Harry and Ellen. The objective of this lesson is to define and analyze the tension in the Savilles' marriage.
1) Writing assignment: In their journals, student should respond to the following prompt: How would you describe the Savilles' marriage?
2) Class discussion: How does Harry feel about the house outside of Saxton? How does Ellen feel about the house? Why does she feel this way? How does Harry act towards Andrew? How does Ellen act towards Andrew? How do Harry and Ellen parent their son? What is Ellen's relationship like with her family? What does Harry think about Ellen's relationship with her family? What happens when Andrew falls ill? What decision do Ellen and Harry make about Andrew's illness? How do they reach this decision? What things do Ellen and Harry disagree on?
3) Pair work: In pairs, students will create an...
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World Bank Publishes Paper on Inclusive Green Growth in LAC
31 May 2012: The World Bank has released a new publication on inclusive green growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), highlighting experiences in promoting low-carbon growth within the region.
The paper, titled "Inclusive Green Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean," focuses on LAC as a learning lab for inclusive green growth in terms of urban and infrastructure services, as well as natural resources and rural services. The first section of the publication demonstrates how LAC has been the world's testing ground for inclusive green growth through socially-inclusive innovation, for example by adopting the first regional catastrophic risk insurance facility, as well as rapid bus transit systems, payments for ecosystem services and sustainable cattle ranching practices. It indicates that currently, the challenge is for such innovation to become mainstream in sustainable and urban development policies, infrastructure services, and natural resource use.
The second section focuses on green urban planning, the energy sector, water and sanitation services, and urban transport, noting the challenges these sectors face in adopting low-carbon growth strategies especially in low-lying cities vulnerable to extreme weather events. The third section looks at inclusive green growth objectives and progress in a rural context through reviewing issue areas such as rural transport, market access and connectivity, water resource management, and the agriculture sector, in each case highlighting objectives and challenges for the 'greening' of these sectors. [Publication: Inclusive Green Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean] [World Bank Press Release]


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There is considerable evidence that more rational damage criteria need to be generated with regard to low-rise structures subjected to seismic ground motions. There is not sufficient basis for specifying a maximum ground particle velocity criterion, such as 2 in/sec. A peak ground velocity guideline does not currently take into account a number of important parameters, including the predominant frequencies of the ground motion excitation and the structure being excited. Although a number of states have adopted peak-velocity criteria, such criteria have been ruled inadequate in certain legal decisions affecting blasting operations. The development of more rational damage criteria is thus of significant importance. Such criteria must necessarily consider the dynamic characteristics of seismic ground motions, i.e., pertinent and dominant frequency characteristics, response and Fourier spectra, etc. Very little analysis has been done with regard to determining the dynamic characteristics of blasting ground motions, however.
This paper describes a research effort concerned with the determination of these characteristics for a sizeable number of actual blasting records using appropriate theoretical and computer analyses. Peak ground motion versus charge and distance relationships were derived, as well as pertinent response spectra. Statistical representations of the latter were also obtained using some 200 ground motions.


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I'm here to shed light on the captivating science behind Audacity plugins. These remarkable tools employ cutting-edge audio processing techniques, harness neural networks, utilize intricate mathematics for spectral analysis, employ advanced signal processing algorithms, and even delve into the fascinating world of psychoacoustic models.
With this article, we'll unravel the inner workings of Audacity plugins and empower you with a deeper understanding of how they work.
Get ready to take control over your audio creations like never before.
- 1 Understanding the Audio Processing Techniques in Audacity Plugins
- 2 Exploring the Neural Networks Used in Audacity Plugins
- 3 The Mathematics Behind the Spectral Analysis in Audacity Plugins
- 4 Unveiling the Signal Processing Algorithms in Audacity Plugins
- 5 Investigating the Psychoacoustic Models in Audacity Plugins
- 6 Conclusion
Understanding the Audio Processing Techniques in Audacity Plugins
Understanding the audio processing techniques in Audacity plugins is essential for improving sound quality. When evaluating the real-time performance of Audacity plugins, it is important to consider how they impact audio quality. These plugins use various algorithms and methods to modify and enhance audio signals. By examining their impact on audio quality, we can determine whether they are effective in achieving desired results.
Audacity plugins employ techniques such as equalization, compression, noise reduction, and reverb to enhance the sound. Equalization allows for adjustments in frequency response, enabling us to fine-tune specific elements of the audio. Compression helps control the dynamic range, ensuring that loud parts don't overpower quieter sections. Noise reduction algorithms remove unwanted background noise while preserving the clarity of the original signal.
Exploring the Neural Networks Used in Audacity Plugins
Diving into the neural networks used in Audacity plugins reveals their intricate design. These powerful tools employ complex neural network architectures to enhance audio processing capabilities. Here's a closer look at how these networks are designed and trained:
- Neural Network Architecture: The architecture of the neural networks used in Audacity plugins typically consists of multiple layers, including input, hidden, and output layers. Each layer contains a set of interconnected nodes that process and analyze audio data.
- Training Data Sources: To train these neural networks effectively, a diverse range of audio data is utilized. This can include recordings from various instruments, genres, and environments to ensure the plugin can adapt to different scenarios.
- Iterative Training Process: The training process involves repeatedly presenting the network with audio samples and adjusting its internal parameters based on the desired output. This iterative approach helps fine-tune the network's ability to accurately process audio signals.
- Continuous Improvement: Developers continually refine and improve these neural networks by incorporating user feedback and updating training data sources. This iterative cycle ensures that Audacity plugins deliver high-quality audio processing capabilities for users who desire precise control over their sound editing experience.
Further Reading – Unlocking Success: Launching a Lucrative Security Venture in Kentucky
The Mathematics Behind the Spectral Analysis in Audacity Plugins
The mathematics behind spectral analysis in Audacity plugins are crucial for accurately analyzing and processing audio data. These plugins employ advanced frequency analysis techniques to break down audio signals into their constituent frequencies. This allows users to gain insights into the different components of a sound, such as identifying specific harmonics or isolating noise sources.
Spectral manipulation algorithms in Audacity plugins enable precise control over the spectral content of audio signals. By manipulating the frequencies present in a sound, users can alter its timbre, remove unwanted noise, or enhance specific frequency ranges. This is achieved through techniques like filtering, equalization, and pitch shifting.
Understanding the mathematical principles behind these algorithms empowers users to have complete control over their audio processing workflows. By utilizing spectral analysis and manipulation techniques effectively, users can achieve professional-grade results when working with Audacity plugins.
Unveiling the Signal Processing Algorithms in Audacity Plugins
To truly grasp the power of audacity plugins, you need to delve into the signal processing algorithms at play. These algorithms are responsible for the real-time effects and audio restoration capabilities that make Audacity a popular choice among audio enthusiasts. Let's take a closer look:
- Examining the real-time effects: Audacity plugins utilize sophisticated signal processing algorithms to apply various effects in real time. Whether it's reverb, delay, or compression, these plugins analyze and modify the audio signals on-the-fly, allowing users to hear the changes instantly.
- Analyzing the audio restoration capabilities: Audacity plugins also excel in restoring damaged or low-quality audio recordings. By employing advanced algorithms like noise reduction and click removal, these plugins can effectively clean up unwanted artifacts and enhance the overall sound quality.
- Leveraging spectral analysis: Spectral analysis plays a crucial role in many Audacity plugins by providing detailed information about frequency content over time. This allows users to identify specific problem areas in an audio recording and apply targeted adjustments for better results.
- Harnessing adaptive filtering techniques: Some Audacity plugins use adaptive filtering techniques to dynamically adjust their parameters based on input signals. This enables precise control over parameters like equalization or dynamic range without sacrificing performance.
Investigating the Psychoacoustic Models in Audacity Plugins
Have you ever wondered how Audacity plugins utilize psychoacoustic models to enhance your audio recordings?
These plugins are designed to analyze the impact of Audacity plugins on audio quality and examine the role of human perception in Audacity plugin design.
Psychoacoustic models are based on our understanding of how humans perceive sound, allowing these plugins to optimize audio processing for maximum effectiveness.
By taking into account factors such as frequency masking and auditory masking, these models can intelligently shape the audio signal to enhance its quality while minimizing perceived artifacts.
Through careful analysis of psychoacoustic principles, Audacity plugins can provide a superior listening experience by ensuring that the processed audio remains natural and pleasing to the human ear.
Welcome to The Enlightened Era, where innovation meets futuristic technology. Explore a realm brimming with groundbreaking concepts and transformative ideas. With a focus on unlocking unprecedented potential, The Enlightened Era is your go-to platform for all things audacity plugins. Get ready to unleash the power of sound like never before, as we delve into The Science Behind Audacity Plugins.
In conclusion, the science behind audacity plugins is a complex web of audio processing techniques, neural networks, mathematical algorithms, and psychoacoustic models.
These plugins rely on advanced signal processing algorithms to manipulate sound, and use spectral analysis to understand the frequency content of audio.
Additionally, they harness the power of neural networks to enhance and modify audio in intelligent ways.
Understanding these underlying scientific principles helps us appreciate the technological sophistication behind Audacity plugins and their ability to transform our auditory experiences.


Benefits Of everything that matters
Benefits Of Onsite Childcare
Benefits of Onsite Childcare
An onsite childcare facility refers to a place where daycare for a baby is offered either directly at the workplace or next to it. Different from other kinds of childcare that are generally offered in someone's house, onsite childcare is offered in a workplace facility. Through incorporating onsite childcare into a business, the following advantages are gotten.
1. Flexible work schedules
Having an onsite childcare basically means that when employees are placed on varying schedules, it is not going to affect their childcare situations. For instance, if the business needs to change work hours so as to better cater for its consumers or lessen overhead costs, having an onsite childcare facility ensures that this process is easier for both the company and the employees.
2. Enhances employment opportunities
A business with onsite a childcare facility has an additional benefit to provide would-be recruits that another company might not have. If you are looking for the best employees that you can get, offering onsite childcare places your business ahead of other people. Actually, companies that offer onsite childcare have better retention rates.
3. Increases focus
Having a childcare situation miles away that is far away from the place of work can become an enormous distraction to workers if complications arise. However, when the business offers childcare for workers onsite, parents can easily deal with any arising issues with their children directly and then get back to their jobs. Furthermore, onsite childcare also eases the worker's minds as they know that their kids are close to them, reducing employee distraction.
4. Boosts loyalty
When a business opens a childcare facility onsite while offering a reasonable charge to the employees, it assists to build and boost loyalty. It essentially becomes an advantage of employment, just like health insurance.
However, an onsite childcare might appear impersonal and institutional. A child might not have the continuity of childcare from one person, thereby making forming attachments and bonds difficult.
Benefits Of Onsite Childcare
1 User Submission
 1. I agree, that offering childcare for employees in the organization would be a added benefit for any employee. Any parent would love to be able to go see their child during lunch breaks to assure they are ok and be able to return to work without the stress or concerns of wondering if their child is ok. I also believe that onsite child care facitlities would reduce absentism, lateness and increase employess productivity, so I am all for childcare serivice for employees being an added benefit.
Do you think the article can be improved? Share Your Expertise
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Starting Any Method in a New Thread Using.NET
The main problem I encountered was creating a function to accept any function pointer along with an unknown number of arguments. I got around this problem using the ThreadStart and delegate() features in C# (.NET 3.5). First off create your method to take any method as so:
public static Thread StartMethodInNewThread(ThreadStart methodToStart)
 // Do common some stuff before starting the thread, such as logging.
 // Start the task in a new thread
 Thread t = new Thread(methodToStart);
 // Do some stuff after starting the thread, such as more logging.
 // If the caller cares you can return the thread.
 return t;
Now anywhere in your code where you need to start a new method in a thread write the following:
// Example of starting an instantiated object method in
// a new thread.
FooBar fb = new FooBar();
ThreadStart ts = new ThreadStart(delegate() { fb.Foo(1, 2); });
_fooThread = ThreadHelper.StartMethodInNewThread(ts);
// Example of a static method.
ThreadStart ts = new ThreadStart(delegate() { FooBar.Bar(3, "String D"); });
_barThread = ThreadHelper.StartMethodInNewThread(ts);
The secret is the ThreadStart, delegate, and Anonymous Methods features. The ThreadStart object accepts any delegate. The delegate along with Anonymous Methods allows you create a code block that contains just the one method, along with arguments, that you want to execute.
The caller is responsible for creating the ThreadStart object with the method, along with it's arguments, to run in a separate thread along with it's arguments. Once wrapped in the ThreadStart object it can be safely passed to the thread starting method. The thread starting method can do any common actions before and after starting the thread.
You can find a working example at:
Look in the StartAnyMethodInNewThread folder.
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Wikipedia sobre física de partículas
Rapidinho. Me falaram que a definição de física de partículas da Wikipedia era muito ruim. E de fato, era assim:
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle|elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. The field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on Earth. They can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators.
Particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. Scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles.
Mas hein? Partículas que só podem ser criadas em aceleradores? Física de partículas é ensinada junto com física nuclear? A pesquisa produz partículas (essa é ótima!)?
Em que mundo essa pessoa vive? Reescrevi:
Particle Physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. In our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. Most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. The set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the Standard Model and, therefore, Particle Physics is largely the study of the Standard Model particle content and its possible extensions.
Eu acho que ficou bem melhor. Vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da Wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. Atualmente está um saco participar da Wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.


text:
The molecular formula of sodium oxide is Na2O.
To find the number of moles of sodium oxide, use the formula:
n = m / M
Let's calculate the molar mass of sodium oxide:
M (Na2O) = 2 * Na + 1 * O = 2 * 23 g / mol + 1 * 16 g / mol = 62 g / mol.
n (Na2O) = m (Na2O) / M (Na2O) = 50 g / 62 g / mol = 0.806 mol.
Answer: 0.806 mol.
One of the components of a person's success in our time is receiving modern high-quality education, mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. A person today needs to study almost all his life, mastering everything new and new, acquiring the necessary professional qualities.


found on Cerin Amroth in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. This leads to an interesting occurrence: at some point each player gets to talk to a major character, who inspired his class. But while Legolas can teach a lot to a Hunter and Bilbo can show much to a Burglar, Sawmwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.[5] The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at Cirith Ungol and carrying him up Mount Doom). He was one of three Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of The Lord of the Rings. To the modern reader, it seems archaic, as it is extremely class-oriented. Sam's humbleness and "plain speaking" is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's "gentility", and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death.
Tolkienists regard Sam as Frodo's batman. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the First World War) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman — he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:
"My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself"
The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien
Compare to the relation between Don Quixote and his squire Sancho Panza, and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.
Samwise Gamgee
Gamgee Family
Born: 6 April T.A. 2980 Died: After Fo.A. 61
Preceded by:
Frodo Baggins
13-14 March, T.A. 3019
Followed by:
Frodo Baggins
Members of the Fellowship of the Ring
See also
 1. In the second edition of The Lord of the Rings, Sam's year of birth was added to The Tale of Years; it was, however, T.A. 2983. This contradicts both the Longfather Tree of Master Samwise and a later entry in The Tale of Years. The incorrect date has been corrected in the 50th anniversary edition. See also The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 716.
 5. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 131, (undated, written late 1951)


text:
Taco USA : how Mexican food conquered America / Gustavo Arellano.
Author: Arellano, Gustavo, 1979-
Edition: 1st Scribner hardcover ed.
Publisher: New York : Scribner, 2012.
ISBN: 9781439148617 (hbk.)
Description: viii, 310 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subject: Cooking, Mexican History.
Cooking, Mexican United States History.
Food habits Mexico History.
Food habits United States History.
Mexican American cooking History.
Cooking, American Southwestern style History.
Contents: Introduction: what's so cosmic about a burrito? -- You mean Mexico gave the world more than just tacos? -- Whatever happened to the Chili Queens and Tamale Kings? -- How did the taco become popular before Mexicans flooded the United States? -- Who were the enchilada millionaires, and how did they change Mexican food? -- How did Americans become experts at writing cookbooks on Mexican food? -- Whatever happened to Southwestern cuisine? -- Is Tex-Mex food doomed? -- What took the burrito so long to become popular? -- When did Mexicans start making for food for Mexicans? -- How did Mexican food get into our supermarkets? -- Is the tortilla God's favored method of communication? -- How did salsa become America's top-selling condiment? -- Tequila? Tequila! -- What are the five greatest Mexican meals in the United States? -- What happens after the burrito has gone cosmic?


text:
You would never guess that a bunch of tiny little metal balls could turn into mindblowing art. But as this video shows, when all those teeny balls are magnets, they stick together to make amazing shapes. They're called Nanodots. First the hands make lots of hexagons, then stacks them to make an "octahedron" – a 3D shape with 8 faces (just like an octagon is a flat shape with 8 sides). The octahedron is just one of 5 cool chunky shapes you can make where every face is the same shape with all equal edges: it has 8 triangles. Then the hands make a dodecahedron, which has 12 pentagons as faces. Watch to see what else the Nanodots can make!
Wee ones: How many sides does a triangle have? Hold your hands together to make a triangle hole with your fingers and thumbs!
Little kids: How many sides does a pentagon have? Bonus: If you've made 10 of the 12 pentagons to make the dodecahedron, how many more do you need to make?
Big kids: Each triangle in the octahedron has 7 Nanodots in the longest row, with 6 Nanodots above that, 5 above that…all the way to 1. How many Nanodots does one triangle have in total? Bonus: The opening shows 3 octahedrons already made. How many triangle faces do they have altogether?
The sky's the limit: If each octahedron face has 7 Nanodots on the edge, then 6 in the next row up, and so on, how many dots in that triangle aren't on the edge? See if you can figure it out without counting them in the picture!
Wee ones: Make a triangle with your hands! It has 3 sides.
Little kids: 5 sides. Bonus: 2 more pentagons.
Big kids: 28 Nanodots. Bonus: 24 triangle faces.
The sky's the limit: Just 10 Nanodots. Only the 4 middle dots in the row of 6, plus the 3 middle ones above that, 2 above that, and finally the last one (the middle dot in the row of 3).


text:
Rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia increased substantially in six high-income countries during the initial months of the pandemic and remained elevated through 2021, researchers reported yesterday in JAMA Psychiatry.
To examine trends in antipsychotic drug prescribing among people with dementia before and during the pandemic, a team led by researchers from the University of Hong Kong analyzed electronic health record and claims data from eight databases in Germany, France, Italy, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States from 2016 through November 2021. The study included all patients aged 65 years and older who had a diagnosis of dementia, and 365 days of observation, within the study period.
The study identified a total of 857,238 people (58% female) with a diagnosis of dementia. Although reductions were observed in the incidence of dementia and the total number of people with dementia prescribed antipsychotic drugs in the early phase of the pandemic in all countries except Germany, rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing for people with dementia increased markedly in six databases representing all countries.
Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years.
Compared with the corresponding month in 2019, the most pronounced increase was observed in May 2020 in South Korea (rate ratio [RR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 3.02) and June 2020 in the United Kingdom (RR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.09).
The rates of antipsychotic drug prescribing in these six databases remained high in 2021. Interrupted time series analyses revealed immediate increases in the prescribing rate in Italy (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.58) and in the US Medicare database (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.71) after the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions.
"Notably, the antipsychotic drug prescribing rates at the latest available months in 2021 were still among the highest compared with previous years," the study authors wrote. "This suggests that the burden of unmet needs in people living with dementia was substantial and that this population faced continued challenges in care even after the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic."


Saturday, April 10, 2021
Blessed are the meek: the science and theology of humility
 I am giving a talk tomorrow at Theology on Tap in Brisbane, "Blessed are the meek: the science and theology of humility."
I am not giving the talk because I am humble, but rather because I need to be humble. The content I find challenging and helpful. Hopefully, others will too.
Here are my slides.
The talk is based on a chapter that will appear in a forthcoming book, To Whom Shall We Go: Faith Responses in a Time of Crisis, edited by Irene Alexander and Christopher Brown (Cascade, 2021).
Saturday, April 3, 2021
Mindfulness, Christian meditation, and mental health
 For almost 40 years I have struggled with mental health issues, off and on. About twenty years ago, following one particular low, a psychologist introduced me to the practice of mindfulness. In particular, I followed a set of exercises developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn, such as the mind-body scan. These were incredibly helpful. They helped me to learn to control my racing thoughts. A few years ago, I was asked to speak to a counseling class in a Christian theological college in South Asia about my experiences. Here are some of the questions I tried to address.
When I give talks, such as this, about mental health I usually mention how mindfulness has helped me.
One question that I have continued to wonder about was how these practices, which have their origin in Buddhism and secular psychology, are related to a Christian perspective, and Christian practices of meditation and prayer. Hence, I was delighted when I came across the book, Christ Centred Mindfulness: Connection to Self and God by Katherine Thompson. Hence, I recommended it to my theology reading group. We discussed it with animation last Monday. I will give my perspective, both before and after the discussion.
The response of any reader to a book can be shaped by their experiences, prejudices, and hopes. I was naturally predisposed to like this book since I saw it as meeting an important need. It is short, clear, easy to read, comprehensive, and balanced. It covers a lot of ground in less than 200 pages. Overviews are given of the historical background to mindfulness, scientific evidence (or lack thereof) for its effectiveness, different forms of psychotherapy, some Biblical and theological basis for meditation, Christian mystics, modern Christian contemplatives, and many practical mindfulness exercises. This is important because mental health is multi-faceted. There are medical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions.
The greatest strengths of the book may be the following. It fills an important gap in the literature. The comprehensive survey (with many references) provides a good introduction to the relevant topics and issues. Hopefully, it will stimulate discussions and more books on this important topic. In the end, it is very practical. Readers can do the exercises. They are diverse, ranging from mindful connection to nature to Lectio Divina. On this basis, I would happily recommend the book to others.
There were some things that I struggled to understand on my first reading. The author gives a review of several different forms of psychotherapy, including Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Dialectical behaviour therapy, Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). She advocates the latter and goes on to discuss how mindfulness fits well within it, particularly from a Christian perspective. However, I really do not get all the nuances here and could not really explain to you what ACT is.
There are several diagrams and tables, designed to illuminate and contrast different concepts and approaches. They have the potential to be quite helpful, but they needed more explanation.
Stimulated by our discussion about the book, a number of possible weaknesses became more apparent.
Like any book, this one reflects the author's own personal and professional journey. She is trying to bring together her own personal journey of faith, her struggle with chronic physical pain, her PhD in Psychological Medicine, and her professional practice. I wonder if she has worked a bit too hard to put the pieces together in this book. Are mindfulness and Christian faith being "shoehorned" into ACT? Is she trying to give mindfulness and ACT a Christian baptism? Don't both need to repent first? Is there too much dissonance between mindfulness, ACT, and Christian faith and practice?
How do people change? How do people experience healing from mental illness? How can a Christian live by faith and persevere in the midst of suffering? What is the role of human agency? There is significant scientific and theological uncertainty about the possible answers. Any healing is a miracle, whether by modern medicine or by the working of the Holy Spirit. Given this, to what extent are "methodologies" useful? I don't know. Methodologies, whether clinical practices or spiritual disciplines, can have great value. But they do have limitations. They are all constructed by finite fallible humans, embedded in a sinful broken world. How does one find a humble and balanced perspective on and implementation of these methodologies? Again, I don't know.
In spite of my many questions, I think the book is a wonderful contribution and will benefit many.
Another member of the reading group, Chris Brown, has some reflections on the book on the "holy" scribblers blog.
Wednesday, March 3, 2021
Should a follower of Jesus pay taxes to an oppressive government?
''Giving to God and Caesar— the Complicated End of Dualism'' is the title of Chapter 4 of Money Matters: Faith, Life, and Wealth by R. Paul Stevens and Clive Lim. It begins with the following quotation.
In my opinion, the entire problem of life in contemporary culture can be defined as the challenge to understand that saying of Jesus.
The relevant passage is from Matthew 22
17 Tell us then, what is your opinion? Is it right to pay the poll-tax to Caesar or not?' 18 But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, 'You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? 19 Show me the coin used for paying the tax.' They brought him a denarius, 20 and he asked them, 'Whose image is this? And whose inscription?' 21 'Caesar's,' they replied. Then he said to them, 'So give back to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's.'
Stevens and Lim claim (page 45)
In this extraordinary incident Jesus asserted that money can have a holy purpose. He fulfilled the desire to meet a divine purpose and this-worldly obligations at the same time. And teasingly, he left open the question of what "giving to God" means.
I fail to see this. In The Gospel of Matthew: A socio-rhetorical commentary, Craig Keener suggests that this passage may be descriptive not prescriptive. It is mostly showing how great Jesus is. He can easily put the Pharisees in their place.
I also wonder if this story should be read and interpreted in conjunction with the following passage from Matthew 17.
Keener (p. 445) states that the main points of this passage are the following.
Jesus cares about his disciples' social obligations.
The disciples need to be ready to surrender their privileges and rights for the sake of the gospel.
Jesus supplies needs like these as well as other needs
Putting both these interactions about money and taxes together, I would say they highlight how money is tied up with power and questions of allegiance, honour, and authority. People play these silly games with money. Let people play their silly games. Play along. Instead, followers of Jesus should focus on his kingdom.
Much of the chapter is arguing against the dualism of the sacred-secular divide. The authors' state (p.47-8) that
by the fifteenth century only the monk, nun, and priest were regarded as having a calling. Karl Barth's summary is apt: "According to the view prevalent at the height of the Middle Ages [secular work] only existed to free for the work of their profession those who were totally and exclusively occupied in rendering true obedience for the salvation of each and all."
["Vocation," in Church Dogmatics, III/4 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1961), 601]
This is not far from the contemporary idea that business people in the church are "walking checkbooks" needed to support the pastor. But what they do to make this money is not sacred. So what happened?
The Reformation promoted some of the problems of duality, particularly because it led to a dis-enchantment of much of life.
 With the disenchantment of work and exchange, money makes rational calculation and accounting possible but it does this by re-reducing everything to "mere quantities." This is something that the German social philosopher Georg Simmel elaborated in his massive volume. So, as is said of some merchants, they know the price of everything but the value of nothing.
 In summary, the dualism that persists globally among Christian people has multiple sources: the persistence of Old Testament patterns, the Greek philosophical influence, the decline of the holiness of everyday life following the Protestant Reformation, and the influence of other faiths and philosophies.
 So how then do we reconcile both sides of the coin, God and Caesar? How can we give to Caesar what is Caesar's and to God what is God's? This can happen only with a thoroughgoing integration of faith and life. R. T. France, commenting on Matthew 22:15–22, suggests that "this is not the rigid division of life into the 'sacred' and the


text:
Definition of Coffins
1. Noun. (plural of coffin) ¹
2. Verb. (third-person singular of coffin) ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Coffins
1. coffin [v] - See also: coffin
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Coffins Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Coffins
Literary usage of Coffins
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Nippur Or Explorations A. Adventures on the Euphrates: Narrative of the by John Punnett Peters (1897)
"coffins AND BURIAL CUSTOMS. Greek Influence—Clay coffins—The Slipper Shape—Burial in Jars—Tub and Bowl coffins—Double Urns—Arabian Graves—Dates of Burials—..."
2. The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht by Arthur C. Mace, Herbert Eustis Winlock (1916)
"Just as a mummy with a mask might have an actual bead collar sewn on its breast, the coffins had one inlaid or painted there; and as the mummy might wear a..."
3. London by Charles Knight (1843)
"if he suspects it was coffins, he replies, " I cannot say, because the window was blocked up and the door fastened, and I could not see...."
4. Naukratis by William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1888)
"(26) From the third material that was used for coffins, wood,... The coffins themselves were probably of the same shape as one in the Bulak Museum,..."
5. Old Church Lore by William Andrews (1891)
"Concerning coffins. [JHE use of the coffin may be traced back to a remote... Marble and stone were largely used by the Romans, but many lead coffins have..."
6. The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for by Edmund Burke, Benjamin Franklin Collection (Library of Congress), John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) (1793)
"Of Hie coffins anciently ufed, and tie method of embalming... people have their coffins. If the relations cannot afford them,..."
7. Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom by Royal Society of Literature (Great Britain) (1874)
"Ten of the coffins were left in Egypt, but the mummies, with other coffins, the best of the find, were presented by Ismail Pasha, the Viceroy, to the Prince..."


Productive Conversations Require "Key" Elements
productive conversations
Productive conversations are so important to sales, but many reps don't know how to have them. Effective communication requires some thought and effort but will pay off in the long run with increased trust, rapport and sales. "Sales conversations aren't always straightforward, and your ability to nail one rests on a few key elements that aren't necessarily obvious," writes HubSpot's Jay Fuchs. His list of these "key" elements will help reps learn just what makes productive conversations and how to put them into practice.
 1. Know their pain points
 2. Reveal value
 3. Project authority
 4. Keep it conversational, comfortable
Productive conversations require research, thought
Read on for just four of the seven aspects that Fuchs discusses. Remember, it's a combination of all these elements that lead to productive conversations; reps shouldn't cherry-pick when it comes to these!
Know their pain points. This element goes hand-in-hand with research (one of the other necessary aspects noted by Fuchs). Fully understanding your prospects' pain points is necessary preparation for your conversations. By having a clear grasp of what's challenging them, you can effectively craft a dialogue that sheds even more light on how you can help. This preparation can give your talks a boost in the right direction, and if you aren't sure how to start, Fuchs has some suggestions. "Components of your research relating to factors like a company's industry, scale, market position, competitive landscape, current solutions leveraged, and performance should be very telling into the kinds of problems it might be dealing with," he suggests.
Reveal value. Gone are the days when salespeople would rattle off features of their product. Today's buyers want to know what's in it for them, and they want to know as soon as possible. Value is imperative to productive conversations. "What you need is a value proposition and a value statement that explains fully how you help others, how they win, how you serve in terms of the customer, and how that leads to loyal customers and referrals. And a mission statement that matches it," explains Jeffrey Gitomer in a Media Sales Today post. Integrating this into your dialogue leads to productive conversations that move the sales process forward. "Ultimately, your prospects won't care about your solution's features if you can't show how applying those features can improve their companies' operations," Fuchs writes.
Be mindful of your tone and mood
Project authority. It's important that the prospect views you as an authority who can provide insight, knowledge and guidance. But Fuchs warns against coming across as dominating. Productive conversations require a driver (the rep), but the journey also includes others (the prospect(s). Keep this in mind when conversing; you can be assertive but also mindful of sharing the floor with the prospect. Approach these conversations as a leader and a collaborator. As Fuchs explains, "Hear them out, and use your expertise and experience to offer viable, relevant answers to their questions as they come up…Both parties have a stake in the conversation, so make sure there's some give and take."
Keep it conversational, comfortable. Just because you're discussing business doesn't mean you need to leave out warmth and personality. "Prospects want to know you care about their business," Denise Gibson, director of Admall sales, explains. "They can hear passion in your voice. You have to believe in what you are selling." Productive conversations include valuable, important business information, as well as friendly back-and-forth, unscripted remarks and humor. "Prospects are most inclined to buy when they're comfortable," Fuchs adds. "Always keep that in mind when conducting your sales conversations, and tailor your tone, language, and general attitude to put them at ease."
Keep the prospect top of mind
Productive conversations are driven by the salesperson's interest in the prospect and their business. The drive to find a solution for the prospect, and the necessary elements Fuchs discusses, will lead to fruitful, valuable conversations that get results.
Photo by Leon on Unsplash
Jessica Helinski
Jessica Helinski


, and ±10 V.
 Common Mode
Typically provided as channel-to-earth ground, this is the measure of how far the differential signal can stray from earth ground while still providing correct measurements.
 Maximum Working Voltage
The maximum working voltage is determined by taking the signal voltage and them adding the common voltage to it. In most instances where this is specified the maximum working voltage will vary based upon what signal range is currently in use.
The signal range specifies the maximum and minimum values that has been configured to be handled by the ADC. This is a user selectable property when setting up DAQmx Tasks. Providing too small of a range will result in the signal clipping at the maximum and minimum values, while providing too large of a range will result in a worse resolution in the measurement.
 A useful specification when measuring thermocouples, sensitivity defines based on timing mode what the smallest change in temperature can be recorded by the device. This specification is currently only used on the PXIe-4353.
 This specification covers how a variety of specifications can change based on either time or temperature. As a result, this specification will typically alter other specifications based on a temperature difference, or a time since last calibration.
Sample Rates
Sample rate range specifies what values are available for how often an ADC converts data from analog to digital values. Some devices have only one ADC, so the sample rate is shared across channels while other devices have a dedicated ADC per channel. Sample rate is measured in Samples per second (S/s) or Samples per second per channel (S/s/ch) when acquiring from multiple channels.
 - Single Channel Maximum—For a shared sample rate across channels, a single channel can acquire data at a higher rate than allowed when sharing
 - Multichannel Maximum—For a device that shares the sample rate across channels, this is the maximum rate at which all channels combined can acquire data
 - Minimum—The minimum rate at which data can be acquired
Sample and update rates for analog input and output tasks are restricted to discrete values when using an onboard timing engine. The difference in clock periods between two adjacent rates is known as timing resolution. NI-DAQmx will coerce a selected frequency up to the next available frequency if it cannot generate the exact one specified by the user.
The NI PXIe-4300 has a specified timing resolution of 10 ns. This means that it can generate or acquire data at integer multiples of 10 ns. For example, 32,000.00 Hz and 32,_PHONE_... Hz are two adjacent frequencies, as their clock periods are 31.250 µs & 31.240 µs, respectively. To find the next available frequency, add or subtract the timing resolution to a known clock period.
Spectral Noise Density
While it can be shown in 2 different methods, this specification is the representation of noise across the spectral range of the device. It can be shown either based on the current frequency being measured or based on the current range of the module. This specification is typically given in Volts per square root Hertz.
Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
Spurious free dynamic range is the usable dynamic range before spurious noise interferes with or distorts the fundamental signal. Analog input and analog output circuitry both have non-linearities that result in harmonic distortion. SFDR is easily observable in the frequency domain as:
The PXIe-4339 has an SFDR of around 100 dB. Taking the graph above as an example, if the fundamental signal was applied at 0 dB, the next highest spur would occur at 100 dB lower - providing a usable dynamic range without spurious interference.
Total Harmonic Distortion
Due to inherent nonlinearities of ADC and DAC components, harmonic frequencies will appear in the measured or generated signals. The ratio of the sum of these harmonics' powers to the power of the fundamental is known as total harmonic distortion.
The PXIe-4480 has a specified THD of -100 dB when fs = 51.2 kS/s. This means that for a given test signal, in this case a 10 kHz sine wave at full scale, the amplitude of the signal attributed to harmonic distortion is less than 0.001%. Conversely, more than 99.999% of the amplitude that is measured can be attributed to the fundamental tone or signal of interest.
DSA Analog Input Specifications
Cutoff Frequency
The cutoff frequency is the point in the frequency domain at which attenuation is seen in the signal. This can be provided as both the –3 dB point (where the signal is at 50% its original power, or at the –0.1 dB point (the point signifying the leaving of the passband).
Dynamic Range
The dynamic range of a device is the ratio of the largest and smallest signals that can be measured by circuit, normally expressed in dB.
 Dynamic Range in dB = 20 * log10( Vmax / Vmin )
In most cases, the full scale input of a device is the largest signal that can be measured and the idle channel input noise determines the smallest signal that can be measured. National Instruments DSA devices specify Dynamic Range, Idle Channel Noise, and Spectral Noise Density, all of which can be used to calculate dynamic range. The easiest way to measure your device's dynamic range is to take an idle channel noise measurement and convert that measurement to dB full scale, as described in Measure the Dynamic Range of My Data Acquisition Device.
Dynamic range is a very important quantity to consider when choosing a DSA device. Oftentimes, DSA applications require the use of microphones and accelerometerssensors that have very large dynamic ranges. Choosing an appropriate measurement device will allow you to take advantage of these sensors and the fullness of their range.
Idle Channel Noise
Idle channel noise is a measurement of what the noise floor is for a module. It can be calculated for your module by the following steps:
 1. Terminate an input channel, or provide a –60 dB tone
 2. Calculate the offset from the mean for the terminated channel
 3. Convert the offset to Vrms to determine the Noise
Intermodulation Distortion
IMD is another measure of distortion due to non-linearity in the module. IMD is often used to measure the distortion of a module near the high-frequency limit of the module or the measurement system. If the input to the module is a multi-tone signal, the non-linearity present in the module would cause the tones to mix and create new tones in the spectrum which are undesirable. The level of these new signals are defined by IMD.
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise (THD+N)
This specification is the same as THD but includes noise. You can think of THD+N as the total signal distortion due to harmonic signals and noise.
THD + N = √(∑Power (harmonics) + ∑Power (noise)) / √Power (fundamental))
Intermodule ADC Skew
 This is the measurement of what the max difference in time is between two identical signals measured on different ADCs of the same module. This spec also remains valid for other modules within the same chassis when using reference clock synchronization and can be determined for modules in other chassis by adding in the PXI clock distribution potential skew.
SC Express
AI Absolute Accuracy
Accuracy refers to how close to the correct value of a measurement is. Absolute Accuracy at Full Scale is a calculated theoretical accuracy assuming the value being measured is the maximum voltage supported in a given range. The accuracy of a measurement will change as the measurement changes, so to be able to make a comparison between devices, the accuracy at full scale is used. Note that absolute accuracy at full scale makes assumptions about environment variables, such as 25 °C operating temperature, that may be different in practice.
 - Nominal Range Positive Full Scale—The ideal maximum positive value that can be measured in a particular range
 - Nominal Range Negative Full Scale—The ideal maximum negative value that can be measured in a particular range
 - Residual Gain Error—Gain error inherent to the instrumentation amplifier and is known to exist after a self-calibration
 - Gain Tempco—The temperature coefficient that describes how temperature impacts the gain of the amplifier compared to the temperature at last self-calibration
 - Residual Offset Error—Offset error inherent to the instrumentation amplifier and is known to exist after a self-calibration
 - Reference Tempco—The temperature coefficient that describes how accurate a measurement is at a specific temperature compared to the temperature at last external calibration
 - INL Error (relative accuracy resolution)—The maximum deviation from the voltage output of an ADC to the ideal output. Can be thought of as worst case DNL. See also: DNL
 - Offset Tempco—The temperature coefficient that describes how temperature affects the offset in an ADC conversion compared to the temperature at last self-calibration
 - Random/System Noise—Additional system noise generated by the analog front end, measured by grounding the input channel
The NI PXIe-4300 has a range of ± 1.0 V. The absolute accuracy at full scale is calculated with the assumption that the signal being measured is 1.0 V. The absolute accuracy at full scale for the ± 1.0 V range is 575 µV.
See Also
How Do I Calculate Absolute Accuracy Or System Accuracy?
ADC Timing Mode
 High Resolution
Found on SC Express temperature input modules, this timing mode slows down the sample rate of the device to improve performance, through a process called noise shaping.