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1. A way in which two or more objects are connected, associated, or related, or (at a different level) a polyadic predicate symbolizing such a relation. See attribute, predicate logic
[Glossary of First-Order Logic]
2. A subset of the product of two sets, R : A x B. If (a, b) is an element of R then we write a R b, meaning a is related to b by R. A relation may be: reflexive (a R a), symmetric (a R b => b R a), transitive (a R b & b R c => a R c), antisymmetric (a R b & b R a => a = b) or total (a R b or b R a).
See equivalence relation, partial ordering, pre-order, total ordering.
3. A table in a relational database.
Try this search on OneLook / Google


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Ice cream manufacturing business can be initiated as small scale basis with moderate capital investment. Ice cream is defined as a frozen dairy product made by suitable blending and processing of cream and other milk products together with sugar, flavour, stabilizer and incorporation of air by agitating during the freezing process. Ice cream is consumed by all sections of society, particularly children.
Today ice cream may be considered a luxury food item although its popularity is increasing rapidly. Ice cream is consumed more in cities, However occasionally, particularly in meetings and social gatherings, it is being used even in villages and towns. The consumption of ice cream is likely to increase in future. Starting an ice cream manufacturing business can be extremely lucrative, as long as you have researched other ice cream businesses in your area and developed a detailed business plan.
Ice Cream Manufacturing Process
There are 3 stages in an ice cream manufacturing process.Firstly, the raw ingredients mainly milk, added milk powder, sugars and fats such as cream, butter or vegetable-fats, must all be heat treated (cooked) and blended through heating to emulsify the fat in the mix. The mix is heated to a temperature of 65-85°C for a specific time to achieved
Firstly, the raw ingredients mainly milk, added milk powder, sugars and fats such as cream, butter or vegetable fats, must all be heat treated (cooked) and blended through heating to emulsify the fat in the mix. The mix is heated to a temperature of 65-85°C for a specific time to achieved pasteurization which then kills harmful-bacteria present in the pre-heated ingredients. The heat treatment is usually defined in the Food Regulations that apply in the country of production.
Secondly, the heated mix must be cooled rapidly, regulations normally specify this must be done within 1.5 hours, to the required temperature, usually 7°C or lower, and most equipment will usually continue this cooling down to 4°C. Once cooled the mix is allowed to age before flavours such as strawberry, mint, vanilla and other fruit pastes are added.
Finally the chilled mix is frozen to -6°C to -9°C, very quickly within 5-10 minutes in either a continuous or batch freezer by way of a churning/whipping process. During this freezing cycle the complete mixture is poured or pumped into the freezing chamber of the freezer to be frozen. Inside this chamber the mix, now containing sugars, water, fats and proteins is partially frozen incorporating air bubbles, resulting in a finished ice cream similar in consistency to a soft-serve ice cream.
Ice Cream Manufacturing Project Synopsis:
|Plant Capacity: 1000 kg per day||Plant & Machinery: Rupees 13 Lakhs|
|Return: 58.78%||Total Capital Investment: Rupees 98 Lakhs|
|Break Even: 31.65%|
The actual cost of ice cream manufacturing project may change for different assumptions. You can modify the project capacity and project cost as per your requirement.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Japanese Fire-bellied Newt
Japanese fire-bellied newt has a red stomach; hence some call it red stomach newt. It is one of the endemic species of Japan. It lives in slow current water, swimming and tangling itself to water plants. Its breeding season is April to July. The tail of the male turns bluish purple. The male makes his tail form of "S" and shake it in front of the female when courting. The female lays each egg in folded water plants.
When fire-bellied newts hatch, its gills are on the outside. During this period, it lives underwater but as it learns to breathe with its lungs, it gradually comes up on land. Until it becomes an adult, it only lives on land.
Fire-bellied newts can be found all over Kagoshima. On AmamiOshima you can also find swordtail newts, a subspecies of fire-bellied newts.
Creatures of this water tank


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The CAZyome of Phytophthora spp.: A comprehensive analysis of the gene complement coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes in species of the genus Phytophthora
29 Kunkel, Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
BMC Genomics 2010, 11:525 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-525Published: 28 September 2010
Enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism include Carbohydrate esterases (CE), Glycoside hydrolases (GH), Glycosyl transferases (GT), and Polysaccharide lyases (PL), commonly referred to as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). The CE, GH, and PL superfamilies are also known as cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) due to their role in the disintegration of the plant cell wall by bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Phytophthora infestans, penetration of the plant cells occurs through a specialized hyphal structure called appressorium; however, it is likely that members of the genus Phytophthora also use CWDE for invasive growth because hyphal forces are below the level of tensile strength exhibited by the plant cell wall. Because information regarding the frequency and distribution of CAZyme coding genes in Phytophthora is currently unknown, we have scanned the genomes of P. infestans, P. sojae, and P. ramorum for the presence of CAZyme-coding genes using a homology-based approach and compared the gene collinearity in the three genomes. In addition, we have tested the expression of several genes coding for CE in cultures grown in vitro.
We have found that P. infestans, P. sojae and P. ramorum contain a total of 435, 379, and 310 CAZy homologs; in each genome, most homologs belong to the GH superfamily. Most GH and PL homologs code for enzymes that hydrolyze substances present in the pectin layer forming the middle lamella of the plant cells. In addition, a significant number of CE homologs catalyzing the deacetylation of compounds characteristic of the plant cell cuticle were found. In general, a high degree of gene location conservation was observed, as indicated by the presence of sequential orthologous pairs in the three genomes. Such collinearity was frequently observed among members of the GH superfamily. On the other hand, the CE and PL superfamilies showed less collinearity for some of their putative members. Quantitative PCR experiments revealed that all genes are expressed in P. infestans when this pathogen grown in vitro. However, the levels of expression vary considerably and are lower than the expression levels observed for the constitutive control.
In conclusion, we have identified a highly complex set of CAZy homologs in the genomes of P. infestans, P. sojae, and P. ramorum, a significant number of which could play roles critical for pathogenicity, by participating in the degradation of the plant cell wall.


My son is doing online assignments for class which consist of turning very simple English snippets into French. I'm trying to help out but, since I haven't done French myself for forty-odd years, I'm struggling.
The online assignment is asking for the translation of "we like; they like" which is tripping me up, despite aimer being a regular verb, which is supposed to be easy :-)
It appears that this is either 1st or 3rd person plural, which would be nous aimons or ils/elles aiment, based on the French guide we have.
Yet the test is insisting it's on aime. Why is this so? Google Translate state that both on and nous translate to "we" and I don't understand the distinction. And, if they do both mean "we", why is it on aime (1st/3rd singular) rather than on aimons?
Using 'on' as the first person plural has become very common in spoken French, so common that you would be hard pressed to find anyone actually using 'nous' in conversation.
'Nous' is still however very present in written French, for example in story telling or official documents.
In summary: there is no distinction in meaning, just in formality.
 - So, if it's first person plural, why not "on aimons"? – user12859 Feb 13 '17 at 12:07
 - _USER_: "on" is singular, even if it often refers to an undefined group of persons. It may be translated to the English "some", like in "Some like it hot". – Graffito Feb 13 '17 at 12:29
 - I don't know the reason but "on" is a third person singular pronoun : je, tu, il/elle/on, nous, vous, ils/elles. Note that "on" instead of "we" is just one meaning (informal), there are others: anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/… – Destal Feb 13 '17 at 12:29
 - Oh, and if it's in the meaning of "we", the adjective agrees: "on est contents de notre nouvelle voiture". But if it's in the meaning of "one", it doesn't: "on est content quand on achète une nouvelle voiture". – Destal Feb 13 '17 at 12:33
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 _USER_, that actually makes sense as in why they ask for "we like; they like". I (in my literal OCD ways) would just use nous aimons; ils aiment. But the vague-ish "we/they like" is probably better in English as "some like", hence (as per Teleporting Goat's answer that on conjugates like il) on aime. I think I'm going to have to relearn a bit to help my son out but you bods have been a great help. – user12859 Feb 13 '17 at 13:36
I think the website is a little too strict, if they ask for "we like" they should accept both "Nous aimons" and "On aime". If I were a teacher and I could only use one valid answer, I would put "Nous aimons". Honestly I don't understand why the test would be like that, but it's probably consistent with the lessons before the test.
That being said, in spoken language, we use "on" much more than "nous". It's convenient because it conjugates like il/elle, which is often the shortest and easiest conjugation.
Be careful though, when nous is the subject you can always use on instead, but the opposite is not true.
 - Okay, that little snippet (on conjugating like il/elle) is very good to know - it explains why it's on aime. – user12859 Feb 13 '17 at 13:30
The assignment was probably asking for a single sentence that was translating both "we like" and "they like".
If this is the case, there is no other way than use on aime (or better on aime bien.)
On has essentially replaced the first person plural in spoken French but it can also replace all persons, singular and plural, depending on the context.
[Nous,] on aime s'amuser. → We like to have fun.
Alors, on aime s'amuser? → So, you like to have fun?
Ici, on aime s'amuser. → Here, we/they like to have fun.
On is always conjugated as third person singular because it originally means homme:
Homme aime s'amuser → Man likes to have fun.
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No matter what type of shock the patient has, perfusion is impaired resulting in decreased blood flow to all areas of the body.
Create a concept map describing the physiological effects on each body system. Include the signs and symptoms the nurse would expect to see as a result.
You should include a minimum of 3 references. Include a reference page in APA format.
Describe the effects of decreased blood flow to each body system
List the signs and symptoms the nurse would see as a result of the decreased blood flow in each system
APA Reference Page
The post Create a concept map describing the physiological effects on each body system..
Assignment status: Solved by our experts


How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
sugardineSugardine antiseptic is well known to many who deal with horses, however, it is rarely discussed for use in people. Now, read my disclaimer and realize I am not a doctor, so do your own research.
Basically sugardine is an antiseptic that uses the antibacterial properties of both pure sugar and iodine to prevent and kill infections. It is primarily used to treat abscesses and thrush on the hooves of horses, but it can be used in many other ways. As a side benefit to the prepper, it is cheap and easy to make as well as being effective if used properly.
While it is true that a dilute sugar solution will feed bacteria and mold – its how we get all sorts of good alcoholic drinks, when sugar is highly concentrated it sucks the moisture right out of bacteria so that it cannot live. Have you ever had white table sugar grow any bacteria or fungus while it's just sitting out on your counter?
When you add the iodine to make a paste, the iodine provides not only a second line of defense, but holds the sugar together so you can pack it around the wound. Otherwise, just sprinkling sugar on the wound would not hold enough sugar to keep the blood and other fluids from diluting enough so that it would feed the infection instead of killing it.
Basically, if you have a soft tissue would like a cut, abscess, or burn, you would put the sugardine on the wound and cover with a bandage. If the wound is leaking, you want to replace the sugar on a regular basis as if you let it get waterlogged; it will do more harm than good.
When making the sugardine, its best to start with the an amount of sugar close to the amount of finished product you want and slowly add the betadine or Povidone until you get the thick peanut butter texture. Otherwise, you will most likely use too much liquid and have to add sugar repeatedly until you end up with way more sugardine that you intended.
 - Table Sugar
 - 10% povidone iodine (or the more expensive but easier to find betadine)
 1. mix one part 10% povidone iodine to two parts white sugar.
 Add more or less sugar to reach desired consistency.
 It should be like thick honey or peanut butter when all mixed together.
 2. Put the sugardine in a container with a lid.
The mixture will need stirring now and then but it will never go bad.
For more information and as a means to find more resources, please look at the attached article from the American Farriers Journal.
 1. sugardine (0 B)


Take the 2-minute tour ×
A friend (Mainland Chinese, living in Hong Kong) recently posted the following sentence on Facebook:
As I had never seen the "做番" construction before, I asked if perhaps she had mistyped the phrase, and had wanted to use "做返" instead, seeing as the pinyin would be the same for both.
She responded that, in this case, both were OK.
Is her assessment accurate? Why would one use "做番" instead of "做返"? Is there a subtle difference in meaning?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Both 做番 and 做返 are used to represent the Cantonese expression, jouh fāan.
There is a reason why some people choose to write 番 and others write 返. Etymologically speaking, 返 is the correct character to use. However, because the traditional literary pronunciation of 返 is fáan (2nd tone) instead of fāan (1st tone), some people will write 番 instead to make it explicitly clear that the 1st tone reading is intended (even though the original usage of 番 has nothing to do with 返).
Because written Cantonese is not standardized, both characters are typically seen; so your friend is not wrong when she said that both are okay.
BTW, the reason why 返 came to be pronounced in the 1st tone rather than its traditional 2nd tone is most likely due to changed tones, a phenomenon that affects various words in Cantonese (this phenomenon somewhat analogous to how erhua affects various words in Mandarin).
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It's a Cantonese construct, which is why either one is fine - there is no official way to write this in Cantonese.
The equivalent in Mandarin is 做回.
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Can you provide a bit more color on what you mean by "Cantonese construct?" Are you saying that it's a colloquial phrase that is usually not written? – tbaums Dec 20 '11 at 10:57
Yes that's exactly what it is. In Cantonese, 番 is commonly used in the place of 回, generally meaning "to return" - I.E. in your friend's case, "做番中國人啦!" could be loosely translated as "Go back to being Chinese!" – Zannjaminderson Dec 20 '11 at 16:34
While officially there is only one Chinese written language, there are many spoken dialects. This written language is referred to as 白话 (báihuà) and is used across China. The spoken languages (i.e. dialects) can differ significantly from 白话 - both in vocabulary and in grammar. Thus, spoken Cantonese differs substantially from 白话. It is key here to realize that the spoken Cantonese language and the official written language (白话) do not correspond to each other!
There is a trend in certain dialects to actually write down the language as it is spoken, which means the syntax, vocabulary and characters can differ from those found in 白话. For example, the site Canton 168 – 廣東一路發 gives the following example:
Mandarin: 我們明天可以去香港 Cantonese: 我聼日可以去香港
This trend for using written Cantonese is most pronounced in Hong Kong. Because this is not an official written language, people themselves must agree on what characters to use in written Cantonese. Over time, certain characters become more popular than others and thus become the de facto character to be used in a specific word. For 做番 and 做返, 番 and 返 are two competing characters, with some people preferring one and some the other.
做番 and 做返 thus represent written Cantonese, not 白话, and are two different ways to write the same word! As Zannjaminderson pointed out in a comment above, in 白话 the term would be rendered as 做回.
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Just thought you should know that Cantonese speakers in Mainland China often refer to the Cantonese dialect as 白话. This is not widely known to northerners or even to people in Hong Kong, but it's a very common usage in those parts. The official standard language is known as 普通话, which is largely based on the written form of the northern colloquial (which is the more usual sense of 白话). – Bathrobe Jan 11 '12 at 5:01
Sorry, it is probably more accurate to say that 普通话 is largely based on the northern colloquial (the more usual sense of 白话), which developed as a written language in early modern times. – Bathrobe Jan 11 '12 at 5:08
Funny that you'd bandy about 白話 as the synonym for 普通話 as 白話 in Guangdong and HK/Macao are definitely synonym of "Standard Cantonese". When you ask someone to 講白話, you're asking them to speak Standard Canto -- as opposed to Hakka, Mandarin, or their local Canto dialect (some of which are really incomprehensible to outsiders). – dda May 24 '12 at 13:37
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The experimental evidence collected during the last few years has strongly supported the view that the α particle is a charged helium atom, but it has been found exceedingly difficult to give a decisive proof of the relation. In recent papers, Rutherford and Geiger have supplied still further evidence of the correctness of this point of view. The number of α particles from one gram of radium have been counted, and the charge carried by each determined. The values of several radioactive quantities, calculated on the assumption that the α particle is a helium atom carrying two unit charges, have been shown to be in good agreement with the experimental numbers. In particular, the good agreement between the calculated rate of production of helium by radium and the rate experimentally determined by Sir James Dewar, is strong evidence in favour of the identity of the α particle with the helium atom.
The methods of attack on this problem have been largely indirect, involving considerations of the charge carried by the helium atom and the value of e/m of the α particle. The proof of the identity of the α particle with the helium atom is incomplete until it can be shown that the α particles, accumulated quite independently of the matter from which they are expelled, consist of helium. For example, it might be argued that the appearance of helium in the radium emanation was a result of the expulsion of the α particle, in the same way that the appearance of radium A is a consequence of the expulsion of an α particle from the emanation. If one atom of helium appeared for each α particle expelled, calculation and experiment might still agree, and yet the α particle itself might be an atom of hydrogen or of some other substance.
We have recently made experiments to test whether helium appears in a vessel into which the α particles have been fired, the active matter itself being enclosed in a vessel sufficiently thin to allow the α particles to escape, but impervious to the passage of helium or other radioactive products.
The experimental arrangement is clearly seen in the figure. The equilibrium quantity of emanation from about 140 milligrams of radium was purified and compressed by means of a mercury-column into a fine glass tube A about 1.5 cms. long. This fine tube, which was sealed on a larger capillary tube B, was sufficiently thin to allow the α particles from the emanation and its products to escape, but sufficiently strong to withstand atmospheric pressure. After some trials, Mr. Baumbach succeeded in blowing such fine tubes very uniform in thickness. The thickness of the wall of the tube employed in most of the experiments was less than 1/100 mm., and was equivalent in stopping power of the α particle to about 2 cms. of air. Since the ranges of the α particles from the emanation and its products radium A and radium C are 4.3, 4.8, and 7 cms. respectively, it is seen that the great majority of the α particles expelled by the active matter escape through the walls of the tube. The ranges of the α particles after passing through the glass were determined with the aid of a zinc-sulphide screen. Immediately after the introduction of the emanation the phosphorescence showed brilliantly when the screen was close to the tube, but practically disappeared at a distance of 5 cms. Such a result is to be expected. The phosphorescence initially observed was due mainly to the α particles of the emanation and its product radium A (period 3 mins.). In the course of time the amount of radium C, initially zero, gradually increased, and the α radiations from it of range 7 cms. were able to cause phosphorescence at a greater distance.
The glass tube A was surrounded by a cylindrical glass tube T, 7.5 cms. long and 1.5 cms. diameter, by means of a ground-glass joint C. A small vacuum-tube V was attached to the upper end of T. The outer glass tube T was exhausted by a pump through the stopcock D, and the exhaustion completed with the aid of the charcoal tube F cooled by liquid air. By means of a mercury column H attached to a reservoir, mercury was forced into the tube T until it reached the bottom of the tube A.
Part of the α particles which escaped through the walls of the fine tube were stopped by the outer glass tube and part by the mercury surface. If the α particle is a helium atom, helium should gradually diffuse from the glass and mercury into the exhausted space, and its presence could then be detected spectroscopically by raising the mercury and compressing the gases into the vacuum-tube.
In order to avoid any possible contamination of the apparatus with helium, freshly distilled mercury and entirely new glass apparatus were used. Before introducing the emanation into A, the absence of helium was confirmed experimentally. At intervals after the introduction of the emanation the mercury was raised, and the gases in the outer tube spectroscopically examined. After 24 hours no trace of the helium yellow line was seen; after 2 days the helium yellow was faintly visible; after 4 days the helium yellow and green lines were bright; and after 6 days all the stronger lines of the helium spectrum were observed. The absence of the neon spectrum shows that the helium present was not due to a leakage of air into the apparatus.
There is, however, one possible source of error in this experiment. The helium may not be due to the α particles themselves, but may have diffused from the emanation through the thin walls of the glass tube. In order to test this point the emanation was completely pumped out of A, and after some hours a quantity of helium, about 10 times the previous volume of the emanation, was compressed into the same tube A.
The outer tube T and the vacuum-tube were removed and a fresh apparatus substituted. Observations to detect helium in the tube T were made at intervals, in the same way as before, but no trace of the helium spectrum was observed over a period of eight days.
The helium in the tube A was then pumped out and a fresh supply of emanation substituted. Results similar to the first experiment were observed. The helium yellow and green lines showed brightly after four days.
These experiments thus show conclusively that the helium could not have diffused through the glass walls, but must have been derived from the α particles which were fired through them. In other words, the experiments give a decisive proof that the α particle after losing its charge is an atom of helium.
We have seen that in the experiments above described helium was not observed in the outer tube in sufficient quantity to show the characteristic yellow line until two days had elapsed. Now the equilibrium amount of emanation from 100 milligrams of radium should produce helium at the rate of about.03 c.mm. per day. The amount produced in one day, if present in the outer tube, should produce a bright spectrum of helium under the experimental conditions. It thus appeared probable that the helium fired into the glass must escape very slowly into the exhausted space, for if the helium escaped at once, the presence of helium should have detected a few hours after the introduction of the emanation.
In order to examine this point more closely the experiments were repeated, with the addition that a cylinder of thin sheet lead of sufficient thickness to stop the α particles was placed over the fine emanation tube. Preliminary experiments, in the manner described later, showed that the lead-foil did not initially contain a detectable amount of helium. Twenty-four hours after the introduction into the tube A of about the same amount of emanation as before, the yellow and green lines of helium in this case after one day was of about the same intensity as that after the fourth day in the experiments without the lead screen. It was thus clear that the lead-foil gave up the helium fired into it far more readily than the glass.
In order to form an idea of the rapidity of escape of the helium from the lead some further experiments were made. The outer cylinder T was removed and a small cylinder of lead-foil placed round the thin emanation-tube surrounded the air at atmospheric pressure. After exposure for a definite time to the emanation, the lead screen was removed and gested [sic--tested?] for helium as follows. The lead-foil was placed in a glass tube between two stopcocks. In order to avoid a possible release of the helium present in the lead by pumping out the air, the air was displaced by a current of pure electrolytic oxygen. The stopcocks were closed and the tube attached to a subsidiary apparatus similar to that employed for testing for the presence of neon and helium in the gases produced by the action of the radium emanation on water (Phil. Mag. Nov. 1908). The oxygen was absorbed by charcoal and the tube then heated beyond the melting-point of lead to allow the helium to escape. The presence of helium was then spectroscopically looked for in the usual way. Using this method, it was found possible to detect the presence of helium in the lead which had been exposed for only four hours to the α rays from the emanation. After an exposure of 24 hours the helium yellow and green lines came out brightly. These experiments were repeated several times with similar results.
A number of blank experiments were made, using samples of the lead-foil which had not been exposed to the α rays, but in no case was any helium detected. In a similar way, the presence of helium was detected in a cylinder of tinfoil exposed for a few hours over the emanation-tube.
These experiments show that the helium does not escape at once from the lead, but there is on the average a period of retardation of several hours and possible longer.
The detection of helium in the lead and tin foil, as well

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Introduction | Specific Types of Disabilities | Documentation Requirements | How is Documentation Reviewed? | Requests for Further Review | Letter to Faculty Form | Typical Accommodation Requests | Confidentiality | Campus Resources | Other Local Disability Resource Coordinators | Disabilities and the Law | The University of Rochester's Policy
Letter to Faculty Form
Students meet with their access coordinator to review their personal accommodation letters. This letter lists the student's in-class accommodations (i.e., extended time, alternate text location, note taker, FM system, etc.). If students wish to inform any or all of their instructors about these accommodations, they should download the Letter to Faculty Form as a PDF and return it to _EMAIL_. Alternatively, the Letter to Faculty form can be obtained at CETL in 1-154 Dewey Hall.
The Letter to Faculty form must be completed each semester in which a student wishes to inform his or her instructors.


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Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen, Maryland, (in Harford County). Part of the facility is a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 3,116 at the 2000 census.
APG is the U.S. Army's oldest active proving ground, established on October 20, 1917, six months after the U.S. entered World War I. Its location allowed design and testing of ordnance materiel to take place near contemporary industrial and shipping centers. The proving ground was created as a successor to the Sandy Hook Proving Ground, which was too small for some of the larger weapons being tested. At the peak of World War II, APG had billeting space for 2,348 officers and 24,189 enlisted personnel.
Other parts of APG not attached to the main installation include the Churchville Test Area in Harford County, and the Carroll Island and Graces Quarters in Baltimore County, Maryland. The Churchville Test Area is a test track with hills that provide steep natural grades and tight turns to stress engines, drivetrains, and suspensions for army vehicles, including M1 Abrams tanks, Bradley Fighting Vehicles, and Humvees.
Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006.
APG is located at and occupies a land area of 72,962 acres (114.0 sq mi; 295.3 km2). Its northernmost point is near the mouth of the Susquehanna River, where the river enters the Chesapeake Bay, while on the south, it is bordered by the Gunpowder River. The installation lies on two peninsulas separated by the Bush River. The northeastern is known as the Aberdeen Area and the southwestern is called the Edgewood Area (formerly the Edgewood Arsenal).
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.0 square miles (31.1 km2), of that, 11.4 square miles (29.5 km2) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) of it (5.09%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,116 people, 805 households, and 763 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 274.1 people per square mile (105.8/km²). There were 902 housing units at an average density of 79.3/sq mi (30.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 50.5% White, 34.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 1.3% Pacific Islander, 5.7% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races; 11.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 805 households out of which 78.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 84.1% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 5.2% were non-families; 4.3% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.52 and the average family size was 3.63.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 40.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 44.9% from 25 to 44, 4.4% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females there were 113.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,875, and the median income for a family was $40,306. Males had a median income of $26,943 versus $26,194 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,808. About 4.2% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program, as announced in 2005, the APG is projected to lose the Ordnance School and associated R&D facilities with 3862 military and 290 civilian jobs moving to Fort Lee, Virginia. APG will gain 451 military and 5,661 civilian jobs from Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. There is a net loss of 3,411 military jobs under BRAC and a net gain of 5,371 civilian jobs.
In 2005, APG executed an Enhanced use lease (EUL) partnership with Opus East, L.L.C. (a subsidiary of Opus Corporation), a commercial real-estate development company. The EUL allows APG to ground lease "temporarily underutilized" land of the installation to a selected real estate developer. APG uses the proceeds from the ground lease for facility improvements and maintenance on the installation (i.e., new buildings, infrastructure improvements, deferred maintenance, road upgrades on post, etc.). In June 2009, Opus East assigned its EUL development rights to St. John Properties, Inc., a Baltimore-based commercial real estate development firm.
Under the EUL, St. John Properties has entered into a long-term ground lease of federally owned property for the development of commercial office space and research-and-development (R&D) space. The EUL development will provide new, high-quality buildings and facilities for the military/civilian tenants and their supporting government contractors who are relocating to APG because of the 2005 round of the BRAC process. The development of the EUL, known as The GATE Office and Technology Park or "The GATE" project, comprises 416 acres (1.68 km2), 11 land bays, and up to 3,000,000 square feet (300,000 m2) of development potential both inside and outside the secure perimeter of APG. St. John Properties is building new speculative office and R&D buildings for lease to both defense contractors and military/federal agencies.
In addition to office and R&D buildings, St. John Properties is developing an office and retail component just outside APG's security gate. The GATE is being developed to meet anti-terrorism and force-protection standards, and will include sustainable-design elements to achieve LEED Silver Certification. The GATE is strategically located to allow private military contractors (PMCs) doing work for various military commands on APG to be closer to their client. The first building at The GATE was delivered in 2008 to CACI, an information-technology security PMC. In October 2010, L-3 Communications took occupancy of a 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) building at The GATE, as did Raytheon Company, another 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2) building. In 2010, St. John Properties delivered three additional speculative buildings for lease. Complete development of The GATE project is expected to span five to 10 years.
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Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares.
Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame!
Change the target language to find translations.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PATTERN RECOGNITION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, vol.34, no.4, 2020 (SCI-Expanded)
Article / Article
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PATTERN RECOGNITION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Aerospace Database, Applied Science & Technology Source, Business Source Elite, Business Source Premier, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, Computer & Applied Sciences, Metadex, Civil Engineering Abstracts
Middle East Technical University Affiliated:
Boundary extraction is a fundamental post-clustering problem. It facilitates interpretability and usability of clustering results. Also, it provides visualization and dataset reduction. However, it has not attracted much attention compared to the clustering problem itself. In this work, we address the boundary extraction of clusters in 2- and 3-dimensional spatial datasets. We propose two algorithms based on Delaunay Triangulation (DT). Numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithms generate the cluster boundaries effectively. Also, they yield significant amounts of dataset reduction.


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As part of an ongoing theme in our laboratory on reducing morbidity during minimally-invasive intracardiac
procedures, we developed a computer-assisted intervention system that provides safe access inside the beating
heart and sufficient visualization to deliver therapy to intracardiac targets while maintaining the efficacy of the
procedure. Integrating pre-operative information, 2D trans-esophageal ultrasound for real-time intra-operative
imaging, and surgical tool tracking using the NDI Aurora magnetic tracking system in an augmented virtual
environment, our system allows the surgeons to navigate instruments inside the heart in spite of the lack of
direct target visualization. This work focuses on further enhancing intracardiac visualization and navigation by
supplying the surgeons with detailed 3D dynamic cardiac models constructed from high-resolution pre-operative
MR data and overlaid onto the intra-operative imaging environment. Here we report our experience during an in
vivo porcine study. A feature-based registration technique previously explored and validated in our laboratory
was employed for the pre-operative to intra-operative mapping. This registration method is suitable for in
vivo interventional applications as it involves the selection of easily identifiable landmarks, while ensuring a good
alignment of the pre-operative and intra-operative surgical targets. The resulting augmented reality environment
fuses the pre-operative cardiac model with the intra-operative real-time US images with approximately 5 mm
accuracy for structures located in the vicinity of the valvular region. Therefore, we strongly believe that our
augmented virtual environment significantly enhances intracardiac navigation of surgical instruments, while on-target
detailed manipulations are performed under real-time US guidance.
Minimally invasive surgery of the beating heart can be associated with two major limitations: selecting port locations for optimal target coverage from x-rays and angiograms, and navigating instruments in a dynamic and confined 3D environment using only an endoscope. To supplement the current surgery planning and guidance strategies, we continue developing VCSP - a virtual reality, patient-specific, thoracic cavity model derived from 3D pre-procedural images. In this work, we apply elastic image registration to 4D cardiac images to model the dynamic heart. Our method is validated on two image modalities, and for different parts of the cardiac anatomy. In a helical CT dataset of an excised heart phantom, we found that the artificial motion of the epicardial surface can be extracted to within 0.93 ± 0.33 mm. For an MR dataset of a human volunteer, the error for different heart structures such as the myocardium, right and left atria, right ventricle, aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary artery, ranged from 1.08 ± 0.18 mm to 1.14 ± 0.22 mm. These results indicate that our method of modeling the motion of the heart is not only easily adaptable but also sufficiently accurate to meet the requirements for reliable cardiac surgery training, planning, and guidance.
While most currently available minimally invasive robotically assisted cardiac surgical systems do not employ 3D image guidance, such support can be generated using pre operative images such as CT. Previously we demonstrated a virtual model of the thorax with simulated surgical instruments, and a pulsating virtual model of the coronary arteries. In this paper we report the overlay of optical endoscopic images of a beating heart phantom with CT-based dynamic volumetric images of the phantom. Spatial matching is obtained through optical tracking of the endoscope and of the phantom, while time synchronization of the display of the model utilizes ECG gating. The spatial accuracy between the optical and virtual images varies from about 0.8 mm to -2.6 mm, while the time discrepancy depends on the frame-rate at which the virtual model is refreshed, and is typically 50-100 ms. Although the CT-based dynamic images are sufficient for animation of the model, artefacts associated with the image registration prevent seamless animation. Instead, to reconstruct the various phases of heart pulsation, we used a high-quality semi-static image of the diastolic phase of the phantom, and warped it to match the CT-based images corresponding to other phases of the heart pulsation.


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You might check the following:
The fuel pressure regulator (1) is a diaphragm-operated cartridge relief valve with the fuel pump pressure on one side and the regulator spring pressure and intake manifold vacuum on the other. A retainer (2) holds the fuel pressure regulator.
The regulator's function is to maintain a constant pressure differential across the injectors at all times. The pressure regulator compensates for engine load by increasing the fuel pressure as engine vacuum drops.
With the ignition ON leaving the engine off (zero vacuum), the fuel pressure at the pressure test connection should be 415-455 kPa (6O-66 psi). If the pressure is too low, poor performance could result. If the pressure is too high, excessive odor may result.
The engine coolant temperature sensor is a thermistor (a resistor which changes value based on temperature) mounted in the engine coolant passage. Low coolant temperature produces a high resistance 100,000 ohms at -40°C (-40°F) while high temperature causes low resistance 70 ohms at 130°C (266°F).
The VCM supplies a 5 volt signal to the engine coolant temperature sensor through a resistor in the VCM and measures the voltage. The voltage will be high when the engine is cold. The voltage will be low when the engine is hot. By measuring the voltage, the VCM calculates the engine coolant temperature. Engine coolant temperature affects most systems the VCM controls.
The scan tool displays engine coolant temperature in degrees. After engine start-up, the temperature should rise steadily to about 9O°C (194°F) then stabilize when thermostat opens. If the engine has not been run for several hours (overnight), the engine coolant temperature and intake air temperature displays should be close to each other. When the VCM detects a malfunction in the Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor circuit, the following Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) s will set:
DTC P0117 circuit low.
DTC P0118 circuit high.
DTC P0125 excessive time to Closed Loop.
DTC P1114 circuit intermittent low.
DTC P1115 circuit intermittent high.


What Is Direct and Indirect Employment?
Direct employment refers to employment directly related to the production of products or services or when a person is permanently employed in a firm. Indirect employment refers to when the business generates employment in other businesses to supply or produce goods and services or when a firm contracts some work to a person.
1 Additional Answer
Direct employment refers to the total number of persons employed in an organisation and belongs to a certain sector. Indirect employment is employment throughout the chain of production and it refers to people contracted by a firm to provide intermediate components or products or services to an organisation.
Q&A Related to "What Is Direct and Indirect Employment"
An object is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the actions of a verb or a preposition. A direct object receives the action of a verb. An indirect object indicates to or
Indirect employment is when you contract with a search firm to get you work. When you get a job on your own efforts, that is direct employment. Source(s) Former recruiter.
Discrimination occurs when an employer or other institution makes decisions about people based on sex, national origin, race, color, ethnicity, age, disability or religion. This is
So many different possibilities here. In many cases, it's very much cultural - some cultures value directness as politeness in not wasting a person's valuable time. (New Yorkers in
Explore this Topic
A compensation package is a sum of the benefits, direct and indirect, that an employee receives from an employer. Examples of benefits include: salary, allowance...


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Tag Archives: Missouri Council for the Social Studies
Hosted by The Holocaust Museum & Learning Center, Gateway Media Literacy Partners (Cooperating School Districts is an institutional member of GMLP), The Missouri Council for Social Studies, and Big Picture Instructional Design is a free professional development workshop on the film The Last Survivor on June 7th. The film follows the survivors of four genocides and mass atrocitiesThe Holocaust, Rwanda, Darfur, and Congo. The purpose of the film is for viewers to learning from the mistakes of the past in order to inform how we, an an international community, respond to similar issues today.
The event in June takes place at The Holocaust Museum & Learning Center at 12 Millstone Campus Drive in St. Louis, Missouri. From 3-6:30 p.m., participants are invited to screen the film and discuss it amongst the group. In addition, a Holocaust Survivor will be in attendance and will take questions from the audience. Lastly, classroom-ready materials will be shared with the educators.
While this event is free, space is limited (only 100 people can attend), so you must register if you'd like to attend. The film screening & discussion, along with the materials distributed, are focused for educators who teach 7th grade and up. Send any inquiries about the film itself or screening here.
Tags: Big Picture Instructional Design, Congo, Darfur, Gateway Media Literacy Partners, Holocaust, Holocaust Museum and Learning Center, media literacy, Missouri Council for the Social Studies, Rwanda, social studies, The Last Survivor


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The Meaning and Meaningfulness of Corporate Social Initiatives
35 Pages Posted: 10 Jun 2008
In response to pressures to be more socially responsible, corporations are becoming more active in global communities through direct involvement in social initiatives. Critics, however, question the sincerity of these activities and argue that firms are simply attempting to stave off stakeholder pressures without providing a corresponding benefit to society. By drawing on institutional theory and resource dependence theory, we consider what factors influence the adoption of a meaningful social initiative - an initiative that is sustainable and has the potential for a significant positive impact on society - as opposed to a symbolic initiative. In addition, we raise the question of how social initiatives - both meaningful and symbolic - participate in the institutional war over the meaning of corporate social responsibility.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Data and the Buy-Side Trading Desk
(This article first appeared in GlobalTrading magazine.)
With Jacqueline Loh, Head of Trading, AIA Investment Management
How are buy-side trading desks gathering, organizing and utilizing data?
Jacqui Loh, AIA
Hopefully in a structured, consistent way! Data tells a story: in the first chapter we write about what we want to achieve, and the rest of the story just writes itself. The ending might not be one we like, but we can draw valuable insights from it to make our next story a better one.
To make gathering and organizing data as seamless as possible, there should be connectivity and consistency between the order management system (OMS), the execution management system (EMS), and the pre/post trade analytics module. Storing the data in one location is ideal but not always possible. Data should be organized in such a way that it is easy to run several iterations from different perspectives. However, the most difficult part is probably deciding what to store and how much.
What are the main data challenges/ pain points for the buy side?
It would be appropriate to address the issue with a top-down approach, thinking of the end game for data collection/analytics. Data collection and analyses should not be an end in itself, but rather should provide the basis for better decision making.
The main challenge then is to define a best execution process — how to evidence it and how to create a positive feedback loop using data analytics such that trading performance is improving all the time. After the main objective has been clearly defined, it's then much easier to build an end-to-end process involving data collection, data organization, and analytics. This is a more coherent approach than collating a few reports with the view of demonstrating best execution.
One related challenge is the selection of benchmarks. There are always pros and cons associated with each standard benchmark, e.g. volume-weighted average price (Vwap) vs implementation shortfall for equities. But, they should always be chosen to align with the asset manager's management style and measure the matrices important to them.
The success of an end-to-end best execution process, if defined properly, can be measured by a quantitative improvement of the benchmarks.
What are the opportunities for a trading desk to use data as a competitive advantage?
As market environments change ever more rapidly and trading platforms grow in sophistication, buy-side trading desks need to use data to help improve liquidity costs / efficiency in a journey of continued evolution, or else suffer a deterioration in trading performance.
However, for trading teams who use data in a determined manner with the end goal in mind, the prize is that they can gain a lot of technical experience in a shorter time than previously possible. Constant analysis will also make it easier to discern anomalies in counterparty or algorithm behaviours.
On my team, every trader analyses his/her own trading performance for highand low-cost trades on a daily basis. What were the reasons for the high-cost trades and what do we learn from them? For the low-cost trades, what went right and how do we replicate them? This is not construed negatively, but rather viewed as opportunities to pick up changes in trends.
As a three-year-old investment manager, how did AIA IM build its infrastructure to optimize data?
I have the privilege of working in a company that encourages the use of data in decision making. The theme on my trading desk is data-driven execution. We had a clean slate to work with. So once we decided upon our best execution objectives, we were able to proceed with collecting the relevant data in the right format as soon as possible. In addition, volumes were much lower in our first year, making it easier for us to verify the data, clean it and lay the foundation for data collection and data analytics. From then on, as volumes increased year on year, we could run the analyses with the full confidence in our data sets.
I think the main advantage in building a data infrastructure from the ground up is being able to build in flexibility such that customized reports can be run easily and at short notice. This allows us to quickly drill down on
specific issues, e.g. determining the efficacy of a certain algorithm.
What are the data challenges / opportunities unique to equities?
Data challenges are related to the different classes of stock in some Asian markets, and having to map the orders to the right types of stock, e.g. NVDRs and foreign and local stock in Thailand. IPOs and placements are sometimes not tagged correctly. Accuracy of order timestamps is another important factor.
More than one benchmark should be used, and benchmarks should be related to the type of flow to yield meaningful results. For example, if there is a large number of illiquid stocks which take several days to complete, a static benchmark involving the estimation of market impact costs might be more appropriate than VWAP.
The big advantage in equities is that the boundaries of normally accepted trading performance have been established for the standard benchmarks.
There are huge opportunities in the area of data usage for algorithm differentiation. This would involve identifying best-in-class algorithms for various categories and which algorithms work best under particular scenarios, e.g. liquidity-seeking algorithms for illiquid stocks.
What are the data challenges/opportunities unique to fixed income?
Trading-performance measurement is not as established as in equities, and therefore the choice of benchmarks is still up for debate. Norms of performance are also not yet established, so perhaps outperformance / underperformance should be considered as a percentage of spread rather than absolute numbers. The size of spreads should be a function of the portfolio of bonds traded.
Accurate data collection is more difficult as fixed income is an OTC market. There may not be sufficient data for comparison in some of the more illiquid credits.
Here, there are opportunities for counterparty differentiation by sector, country and duration. We have just started to use transaction cost analysis (TCA) in our broker reviews, in the hope that the information will be useful to the sell side too.
What is the future of data management and utilization on the buy-side trading desk?
Traders will have to be more quantitatively inclined. This is because a large part of their jobs will center around data collection, interpretation and application of the results to gain basis-point improvements in liquidity costs and overall trade performance measurement. Automation will be another important development, as traders have to learn to work alongside machine learning algorithms to achieve better results.
Data optimization will involve a lot of work for the industry, but our clients will benefit from the effort.


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The arches were built in 1913 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the village's founding and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
A community founded by Thomas Lake Harris in 1867 is also considered a historic site.
According to a history written by Ed Kurtz Sr., the Harris community members were considered Socialists. In 1875, Harris left the area to found a new community in California and was followed there by many of his members. The Harris house is now privately owned.
Brocton operates its own water, sewer and power plants, and the community is also known as the birthplace of railroad sleeping car inventor George Pullman and Marmaduke cartoonist Brad Anderson.
The state Department of Corrections' Lakeview Shock Incarceration Correction Facility is located within the village's borders.


Kellies Castle
The 100-years-old castle
Kellies Castle
Somewhere near Batu Gajah, suburb of Ipoh, stood the Kellies Castle surrounding by river.
It was intended to be the hub of social life for the area's wealthy colonial planters and administrators - a grand mansion with a six-storey tower, wine cellar, and stately columns. Moorish arches and walls embellished with Greco-Roman designs.
There was to be a rooftop courtyard for parties, a helicopter landing space and even the first shaft lift in the country to connect the underground tunnel up to the top floor.
History of the never completed castle...
William Kellie Smith, born in Dallas, North-Eastern Scotland to a farmer and his wife on 1st of March, 1870. At the tender age of 20, he traveled to Malaya (old name of Malaysia) to seek for his fortune.
This had proven to be a wise choice, since he was soon engaged by an estate owner to help in the construction of public roads in South Perak and gathered some fortune from his share of the venture's profits. With this capital, he bought over nearly 1000 acres of jungle land in the Kinta District, and cleared it to become rubber estate named.
Kellie's Castle
Followed by his success in rubber plantation, the Smith brought over his family to stay at his first mansion in Malaya, Kellas House which built in 1905 as symbol of his prospering rubber estate venture.
Later in 1915 with the birth of a son and heir, Smith decided to build the Kellies Castle (just in front of the Kellas House). It is believed to be a gift for his wife or for the birth of his son - Anthony.
Halt of the construction...
70 tough workers, mostly from Madras, were employed. Bricks and marble were imported from India. But the construction work was not smooth, a mysterious illness (Spanish Flu) broke out and killed many of the workers.
The superstitious Smith was told that a temple must be built to appease the gods. He immediately transferred his workers to build a Hindu temple nearby, and there is an underground tunnel lying beneath the castle to the temple.
This tunnel was discovered accidentally during a road widening exercise at the 6th kilometer stretch of the Gopeng-Batu Gajah road in 2003. An excavator broke through the timber structure and revealed a section of a tunnel. The passageway is about 1.5m height and 1m wide. The tunnel is believed to go under the river and connecting the castle to the Hindu temple.
Anyway, this tragedy didn't stop the construction of the castle. But the sudden death of Smith on a visit to Lisbon in 1926 had made a halt to it. He was died of pneumonia. His wife, Agnes, with a broken heart made the decision to sell out all of the Smith's properties in Malaya and moved back to Scotland sadly.
Me at the Kellies Castle roof top, which suppose to be a courtyard
Myths... legends... rumors...
There have been many myths or legends or rumors spreading around about the mysterious castle.
Some say that the Smith's spirit still wandering inside the castle, especially along the corridors, guarding his great mansion. And that's why much of the structure still intact after so many years.
Some say there are lots of "spirits" wandering around the castle since workers died during the construction and people died during the 2nd world war.
It is believed that there are 4 underground tunnels. One is connecting the Kellies Castle to the Hindu temple 500m in the west, one is connecting to the main gate garage in the south and one is connecting to the road in the east.
How about the last one? It's still undiscovered. There are rumors about this secret tunnel had been used as an execution hub of the Japanese army in World War II. And some say it was the secret tunnel being used by Chen Ping (the famous communist leader in Malaya) in between 50s to 60s.
Some say the Smith's car is parked in one of the tunnels.
The mysterious corridor where Smith's spirit said to be wandering along
All these years faded into memory, the castle has been reconditioned to serve as a visitor spot. It's just about 20 minutes drive from Ipoh.
I just went to Kellies Castle for the third time during Chinese New Year holiday in 2009 to update information for you, such as the ticket price. And I found that I really enjoy the scenery and breeze at the rooftop.
Anyway, just as a reminder, don't forget to look for the information tag on the walls.
Visiting Time: Everyday 9am to 6pm
Ticket Price: Foreign Tourist - RM5
 Adults - RM4
 Students/Children - RM3
Return from Kellies Castle page to Perak Attractions
Return to Explore Ipoh


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Business Maps: Topic Maps Go B2B
Interoperability between ontologies is a big, if not the single biggest issue in B2B data exchange. For the foreseeable future there will not be a single, widely accepted B2B vocabulary. Therefore we will need mappings between different ontologies. Since these mappings are inherently situational, and the context is very complex, we cannot expect computers to create more than a small part of those mappings. We need tools to leverage the intelligence of humans business experts. We need portable, reusable, and standardized mappings. Topic Maps are an excellent vehicle to provide those "Business Maps". (This article presumes a basic understanding of Topic Maps, readers may wish to read A Gentle Introduction to Topic Maps in conjunction with this article.)
We have lots of data and descriptions of data. Take for instance the abundance of vocabularies for B2B exchange: xCBL, FinXML, FpML, etc. Those vocabularies can be seen as ontologies. Older EDI technologies such as X.12 and EDIFACT are also ontologies. There are as of yet no general standards for B2B vocabularies in XML. The ebXML initiative did not have actual business documents as one of its deliverables. Right now work is being done on the Universal Business Language (UBL) to fill this gap. Beside those "industry-strength" solutions, there are lots of tailor-made data exchanges between companies, often using nothing more than simple ASCII comma-separated files. Together with their documentation, those ASCII-files also constitute ontologies. And even within larger companies many different ontologies exist within the different legacy databases of different departments. Those different data sources present huge interoperability problems.
One of those interoperability problems is finding out which data items from different sources are the same. To do that, we need to compare the meanings of those data items. This means we have to look up data definitions for different data sources and compare those data definitions. Comparing human-made definitions is a tough job. Different organizations may come up with very different definitions for things that really are the same, and with very similar definitions for things that are very different in reality.
First of all, hard as we try, mistakes and obscurities occur in our data definitions. Second, in making data definitions we may find that a lot of data aren't that well defined to start with. In other words, when we make data definitions for a data source, it's sometimes the first attempt to define the data at all, and when there already is a definition, it is often not precise enough. Third, when we make a definition like "an employee is a person working at a company", we introduce many new words ("person", "work", "company") from natural language. When meanings in natural language aren't precise, those definitions aren't going to be precise either. We should stop thinking we can fix meanings once and for all in any but the most limited contexts.
Some Solutions and Why They Don't Work
There are some solutions to these problems. The first, which I shall call "the naive approach" is to make a new vocabulary which covers everything, and then let everybody use that vocabulary. It's an easy solution to think of, but it does not work in practice. Multiple vocabularies are a fact of life. Think only of the huge number of existing applications using legacy formats, which won't simply go away. And even for new applications, there are so many different business needs in different contexts that there's a huge drive toward specific, directly applicable vocabularies and away from generic standards which take a long time to evolve. So the main problem should be how to make the different vocabularies interoperate, not how to replace them by a single unifying standard. Developing unifying vocabularies is a good thing; the more success they have, the better. But one should think of them as central pieces in the plethora of vocabularies, not the only ones. The success of new, unifying vocabularies will depend not so much on their inherent capabilities as on their ability to interoperate with existing vocabularies. Interoperability is the shortest route to acceptance.
Another approach to interoperability is the use of Published Subject Indicators (PSIs) as used in Topic Maps. The basic idea is to make public libraries of unique IDs for things. In our vocabularies we incorporate PSIs, and then we can compare the terms in our vocabularies. In an informal example:
Topic: "Last Name"; PSI: familyname Topic: "Achternaam"; PSI: familyname
The PSIs in the English and Dutch topics allow us to conclude that both topics are the same. Note that this really just shifts the problem from vocabularies to public libraries. In general we can say this approach is successful if the problem space consists of clearly delimited entities and there is a widely accepted canonical public library. Examples of areas were this approach will work are for instance ISO currency and country codes. Currently OASIS is working on standards for PSIs in its OASIS Topic Maps Published Subjects TC. Once this work is done, the situation might improve as more PSIs are being published.
In actual mappings between ontologies, we often do not really establish semantic equivalence in a true sense as needed in PSIs. Consider an example. When GigaSellers decides to let Print & Send handle its invoices, invoice information flows from GigaSellers to Print & Send. When we have found we can use GigaSellers "CustomerAddress" as the "invoice_address" in Print & Send's invoicing application, we stop. We do not need to find out whether they are truly equivalent in all circumstances. There is no direct business need to find this out, and therefore the boss doesn't pay for it.
Solutions like PSIs do not work here because PSIs require true semantic equivalence. The interesting observation is that most real world mappings are unidirectional: we translate from a source ontology to a destination ontology for a specific business process. For instance, an order goes from buyer to supplier. It does not go back (though a different document such as an invoice or order confirmation might go back). So for an order only a translation from the buyer's ontology to the supplier's ontology is needed. This unidirectional nature of business exchange means that usually we do not establish equivalence relationships, but subset relationships between ontologies. In the above example, "CustomerAddress" is a subset of "invoice_address". All instances of "CustomerAddress" constitute a valid instance of "invoice_address". We do not know whether the reverse is true. It could very well be the case that GigaSellers requires its "CustomerAddress" to be a physical address where goods can actually be delivered, and Print & Send allows postal boxes as "invoice_address". Further, there is often no true equivalence because the data items are in different formats. GigaSellers may store all its dates in CCYY-MM-DD format, and Print & Send as MM/DD/CCYY. In this case, too, there is no true equivalence, since a transformation is needed.
It might be tempting to conclude that we simply have to make a mapping between every two ontologies we use. That, however, is going to far. Even when we do not always establish true semantic equivalence relationships, the mappings we make can be reusable. What we need to do is capture knowledge about the mapping process itself. We need to store the fact that we can use "CustomerAddress" as "invoice_address" in this particular context. Then, when someone else needs to find out whether "CustomerAddress" can be used as "mailing_address" in a different context, they can use this information. When we store this kind of information, we could facilitate the process of mapping ontologies through the use of semi-automated tools which show existing mappings for items in our ontology that we need to map onto another ontology. The human expert making the mapping can still make all the relevant choices and provide new mappings where existing ones can't be reused. Such semi-automated tools could then generate a new mapping, which also can be stored to provide information for the next one. It would also become much easier to exchange information about mappings without having to provide full one-on-one equivalence relationships.
Pages: 1, 2


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Due to its low maintenance and modest growth under all environmental conditions, pothos is a great houseplant even first-timers can plant.
It's an ideal indoor plant that helps air purification from chemicals like formaldehyde, benzene, and carbon monoxide.
Pothos also lends positivity to your surroundings. If this all isn't enough, pothos is also famous as an odor repellent.
While these benefits will make you bring home a pothos, and its minimal care needs will suit your busy daily regime, it's a no-brainer that even the slightest mistake from your side can harm the plant's health.
One of those is the blackening of the leaves. If not taken care of as it should be, your pothos may develop black spots over the leaves, which can further spread to the entire surface.
Hence, an immediate response is a must, and this article will let you understand that. So, let's first understand what causes the blackening of the pothos leaves.
Why does the pothos leaf turn black?
Before anything else, remember that, unlike other plants, even if your pothos is developing black leaves, some simple efforts from you can annul the above from happening.
However, the treatment will depend upon the cause.
In terms of causes, they include under/overwatering, exposure to direct sunlight, root rot, etc. So, let's understand these in detail in addition to the other causes.
Are you overwatering the pothos? Pothos is a different kind of houseplant with a better or higher drought tolerance than other plants you may know.
Due to this, such plants can survive even without or with very less water for days or weeks.
And doing its opposite can prove to be harmful to them! That is, if you are watering the plant too often without allowing the soil to dry out, you are inviting a whole lot of problems for the plant, whose common symptom is black leaves.
For example, excessive dampness in the soil for prolonged periods usually begins rotting the roots.
As the roots decay or rot, their capacity to absorb necessary moisture, nutrition, and oxygen from the soil reduces, and so does the transportation.
Furthermore, too much water in the soil reduces the amount of oxygen in the soil or blocks the air pockets. In a nutshell, overwatering pothos does more harm than good!
2. Lack of receiving direct sunlight
Again, pothos doesn't require too much light, especially direct sunlight. You must know that sunlight is either best for indoor plants when obtained indirectly or received filtered through a sheen cloth.
Since pothos has lots of green plant cells, direct sunlight tends to damage these plant cells, and this appears as a darkening of the leaves.
Or excessive sunlight can also burn the leaves. However, in the latter case, only the surface exposed to the sun's rays will darken.
Hence, it would help if you refrained from keeping the pothos plant in the way of direct sunlight. Either place the pot in light rooms or under your regular fluorescent tubes.
3. Poor drainage
For the majority of plants, a well-efficient drainage system is a must to survive. It is because of multiple reasons.
For example, proper drainage allows continuous airflow (or oxygen) through the soil. This oxygen is necessary for the roots to breathe and for the rest of the plant to thrive.
However, due to poor drainage, the above isn't possible. Second, the drainage system allows roots to breathe correctly.
If either of the above two doesn't happen, your plant will start exhibiting symptoms like brown spots, blackening of the leaves, wilting stem, etc.
To improve the drainage system of your pothos, make sure there is at least one hole underneath the pot for a quick flow of excess water out of the soil.
4. Too dry soil
Are you watering the pothos less often? Since pothos has a tremendous growing speed, their rate of consumption of nutrients, oxygen, and water from the soil is subsequently high.
Due to this, there is a need to get water as soon as its topsoil appears dry. But you have to take care of how much water you are adding. It becomes more significant on hot days when some water will also evaporate.
5. Temperature and humidity
You might not feel it, but the temperature around your pothos plus the humidity in the air can also take a toll on your plant.
For pothos to thrive and survive, the ideal temperature range is around 50°F to 85°F (or 15-30°C), and the humidity level is 60-70.
If either of these two lies outside these ranges, the plant may behave negatively, and the symptoms will resemble the ones discussed above.
Hence, ensure both the temperature and humidity remains optimal around your pothos plant.
6. Excess use of fertilizers
Do you use fertilizers? If yes, you should either stop using the same or start feeding it with steady hands. If your soil has enough nutrients like phosphorus, manganese, magnesium, sulfur, etc., in sufficient quantities, you should not add any fertilizer to it.
It is because fertilizer is nothing but a mix of the above salts. Since some salts are already present in the soil, additional salts from outside will leave your pothos gasping for health and leading to symptoms like the blackening of leaves.
Hence, don't think about adding fertilizers to the soil if it's not necessary. Instead, always use organic fertilizer and that too once or twice annually.
7. Fungal disease near the roots
Plants are vulnerable to various fungal diseases. These diseases decay the plant and spread to the remaining plant.
Various signs of the outbreak of fungal disease include wilting leaves, weak stems, stunted growth, black spots on the leaves, etc. Out of all the diseases, pothos usually suffers from Phytophthora.
So, these are the common causes of the blackening of the leaves. Let's now understand how to overcome all these.
What to do if your pothos leaves are turning black?
If your pothos leaves are turning black and you know its cause, here are some preventive measures you can employ.
- Before watering your plant next time, ensure to check whether it's dry enough or not. To check this, place your fingers over the soil and try to feel it. If the soil feels too damp or moist, you can avoid watering it at that moment. Plus, water the plant depending upon the weather, pot size, plant size, type of potting soil, etc. As a thumb rule, you can water your pothos once or twice a week.
- While keeping the plant indoors, make sure it's not too close to the windows from where direct light can fall over the plant. Instead, since pothos is fond of darker rooms, choose any darker room with a small provision for natural light to peep in.
- As the soil ages, it develops clots that tend to store more water and are generally the area diseases originate. Hence, if you can see any clots in the soil, loosen them. Keeping in mind the drainage factor, make sure to choose pots with holes at the bottom for the remaining water to pass through them.
- As plants need more water during summers than in winters, adjust your watering schedule accordingly.
- Irrespective of where you have kept your pothos, you have to maintain its ideal temperature and humidity. If the latter isn't sufficient in the atmosphere, you can either use a humidifier or a furnace. Or these days, an easy-to-use pebble tray is also available for enriching the air with humidity. Or you can also group individual plants to achieve the desired humidity all at once.
- You may want to use fertilizer on your pothos, thinking that it's growing slowly without one. However, that's not an ideal way to discern the need for fertilizer. It is because your pothos may also not grow if it's receiving less water or natural light. Hence, resort to adding fertilizer to the plant only when it's necessary to do so.
- Lastly, suppose your pothos has any fungal disease near its roots. In that case, you should immediately remove the plant from that soil, cut the affected roots, wash them, apply any fungicide over the plant, and replant in another pot.
This way, you can prevent any further damage to your pothos plant and revive it.
Blackening of the pothos leaves is a major issue that your plant may experience due to multiple reasons, as described above.
It is also possible with other houseplants. However, it's very much possible to undo the blackening and bring the plant back to its health.
To do so, you have to keep some essential revival tips in mind like watering, light, fertilizer, diseases, and so on.
Additionally, if any of the above fixes don't yield the desired results, you can even propagate the plant.


text:
An Inquisition Before Henry Woltman, Coroner, on the Body of Charles Thomas, May 9, 1879
Judicial and law enforcement structures were rudimentary in 18th-century Britain and America. Coroner's inquests and trials made only haphazard use of investigation and testimony by physicians and surgeons. Coroner's reports were handwritten and usually brief.
In the 19th century, legal codes and investigative procedures grew in complexity. Criminal investigation became institutionalized and increasingly bureaucratic. Police departments and court systems expanded, and coroners began to employ doctors on a regular basis. Advances in pathological anatomy and toxicology gave physicians a more complex understanding of causes of death. The format of the printed form expanded, and so did the content—paperwork proliferated. Coroner's reports (or later medical examiner's reports) came to encompass an investigation's entire record. Their form and content became more technical and standardized. In our time, this trend has continued, aided by computerization.


text: Mrs. York's class had a great time planting their fall garden. The first graders chose the plants they wanted to plant, dug the holes, planted, and watered. The students planted broccoli, red cabbage, kale, lettuce, cauliflower, and brussel sprouts, and radish seeds. This activity was in conjunction with the study of plants in science. The first grade loves going to the Outdoor Classroom.


to calculate percentage. Several replicate measurements are needed to increase precision. Densiometer measurements are influenced by adjacent canopy height and tend to overestimate canopy cover because canopy is viewed at an increasingly oblique angle toward the edges of the mirror. Photos taken with a hemispheric or fisheye lens can be used in a similar fashion, except that canopy cover is evaluated on the images rather than directly in the field. Hemispheric photos have the same biases as spherical densiometer measurements. Bias can be reduced by using a smaller view angle (about a 10 degree arc), which reduces bias associated with oblique viewing angles.
The densitometer provides a point measure of canopy cover. The densitometer is a small sighting instrument with crosshairs and a bubble level that allows the observer to determine whether canopy is present directly overhead. This instrument is sometimes referred to as a moosehorn, and several variants exist. Since the densitometer measures canopy presence at a single point, multiple sample points must be measured to obtain a canopy cover estimate. Sample points can be spaced along a transects (see the example Measurement of canopy cover at the edge of pavement (CCEP)) or arranged in a grid pattern to obtain an estimate for a large area. Using a densitometer is directly analogous to using the dot grid method to estimate canopy cover from aerial imagery. Consequently, sample size considerations are the same as discussed for the dot grid method.
Tree diameter (DBH)
Tree trunk diameter at breast height (4.5 ft height if English units are used) is one of the most commonly measured tree size statistics. However, tree form, ground slope, and other factors can complicate this measurement. We have developed a Simplified guide to measuring DBH that discusses a number of these common issues.
Tree height
There are many methods for measuring tree height. Tree height can be measured directly with a calibrated measuring pole or indirectly through trigonometric relationships by using a clinometer or a similar device. Many websites describe methods for measuring tree height..
Tree condition/health
Evaluating tree condition is always a subjective enterprise, because such evaluations rely on visual assessments made by observers. The simplest scales rate the condition of living trees as good, fair, or poor. If more detail is needed, various aspects of tree condition are independently rated. Certain ratings (e.g., canopy thinning or live crown ratio, decay ratings) provide information about chronic health problems, whereas others (e.g., current season foliar symptoms) reflect recent health impacts. Quantitative rating scales (discussed below) can simplify assessments and reduce variability between different observers.
The USDA Forest Service Inventory and Analysis program has developed detailed standardized methods for rating tree condition and many other tree and plot factors. Illustrated manuals describing these methods in detail are available online. Detailed scales for evaluating tree health and condition developed by The Urban Forests Centre at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, which are part of the Neighbourwoods inventory program, may be available on the Internet. The Neighbourwoods program is designed to minimize bias among different surveyors. This website includes scales and in some cases photographs for evaluating the following conditions:
Hazard trees
Some of the factors listed above relate directly to a tree's hazard rating. An illustrated guide to hazardous trees is available online at the USDA Forest Service St. Paul Field Office web site. ISA publishes a widely-used guide titled "A Photographic Guide to The Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas, 2nd edition". This publication can be ordered from ISA.
Proximity to infrastructure and hardscape damage
Conflicts that develop between trees and infrastructure are often evaluated in ground surveys. The proximity of overhead wires, buildings or other structures, other trees, traffic signs, and sidewalks and curbs can all require management actions to maintain public health and safety or tree health. Distances between trees and various hardscape elements can assessed by measuring distances directly (using tape measures, distance measuring wheels, or rangefinders) or can be rated qualitatively based on visual inspection (not a problem, potential/future problem, current problem). If damage or conflicts are present, the nature and extent of the problem can also be noted and prioritized for corrective action.
Rating scales
Various types of tree assessments do not lend themselves to direct measurement but can be estimated visually. For instance canopy dieback, an important tree health parameter is difficult to measure directly but the percentage of the canopy affected by dieback can be estimated by a trained observer. Other assessments, such as canopy cover, can be assessed using reasonably precise methods, but the amount of time and effort required may not be justified based on the use of the data. In such cases, ocular estimates may be used even though more precise methods are available.
As noted above, visual rating scales can be developed for many of the assessments that are made in ground surveys. Qualitative rating scales can be quite objective if only the presence or absence of a characteristic is noted (e.g., presence/absence of leafy mistletoe). Subjective qualitative scales (e.g., rating mistletoe infection as light, moderate, or heavy) are also commonly used, but it can be difficult to obtain consistent ratings from multiple observers when subjective scales are used. However, such scales can be useful if qualitative categories are augmented with more quantitative explanations (e.g., light mistletoe rating=less than n infections). Photo keys that illustrate different qualitative rating classes can also help make qualitative ratings more objective and repeatable among different evaluators.
Quantitative rating scales are also commonly used. Scales are used to simplify the estimation of quantities such as counts or percents. Different types of scales ay be appropriate for different types of ratings. For instance, when estimating percent cover in small circular area (e.g., within the dripline of a tree), a scale using 25% increments (0-25%, 26-50%, etc.) is typically easy to use and can be rated consistently. For estimating plot canopy cover, canopy dieback, or other quantities that can vary across a wide percentage range, the following 0 to 6 scale is useful:
Rating Percentage range
0 none / not present
1 more than 0 but less than 2.5%
2 2.5% to less than 20%
3 20% to less than 50%
4 50% to less than 80%
5 80% to less than 97.5%
6 97.5% or more
Note that the classes in this scale are not uniform in size and are largest near 50% and smaller near 0 and 100%. Various studies have shown that observers are able to estimate percentages (such as percent cover) that are close to 0 or 100% with greater accuracy than they can estimate percentages near 50%. This makes sense intuitively. For instance, it is easier to distinguish between 2% and 12% cover than it is to distinguish between 45% and 55% cover, even though the absolute difference is 10% cover in either case. The scale above is similar to the Daubenmire (1959) scale except that the class edges have been modified so that the midpoints of the scale increments are equally spaced in an arcsine transformed scale. Percentage data is typically binomially distributed and the arcsine transformation (arcsine of the square root of the percentage expressed as a decimal) is used before this type of data is analyzed using standard parametric statistical tests. By using a pre-transformed scale (Little and Hills 1972), ratings can be statistically analyzed without further transformation.


text:
As the day progresses, the strength of the brain's global signal fluctuation shows an unexpected decrease, according to a study published on February 18 in journal PLOS Biology. The study was conducted by Csaba Orban and a multidisciplinary team of scientists from the faculty of engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and N.1 Institute of Health at the National University of Singapore.
Circadian rhythms govern diverse aspects of physiology including sleep/wake cycles, cognition, gene expression, temperature regulation, and endocrine signaling. But despite the clear influence of circadian rhythms on physiology, most studies of brain function do not report or consider the impact of time of day on their findings.
To address this gap in knowledge, the team analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of approximately 900 subjects who were scanned between 8 am and 10 pm on two different days as part of the Human Connectome Project. Multiple studies have shown that the brain's global signal fluctuates more strongly when one is drowsy (such as after insufficient sleep), and fluctuates less when one is more alert (such as after coffee). Based on known circadian variation in sleepiness, the authors hypothesized that global signal fluctuation would be lowest in the morning, increase in the mid-afternoon, and dip in the early evening.
Instead, they observed a cumulative decrease in global signal fluctuation as the day progressed. This global decrease was most prominent in visual and somatosensory brain regions, which are known for expressing dynamic fluctuations within individuals over time. Across the whole brain, time of day was also associated with marked decreases in resting-state functional connectivity—the correlated activity between different brain regions when no explicit task is being performed.
"We were surprised by the size of the overall time-of-day effects, since the global fMRI signal is affected by many factors and there is substantial variation across individuals. At the present moment we don't have a good explanation of the directionality of our findings. However, the fact that we also observed slight time-of-day-associated variation in the breathing patterns of participants suggests that we may also need to consider clues outside of the brain to fully understand these effects," says Csaba Orban, first author of the study, in a release.
Based on the findings, the authors recommend that researchers explicitly report the time of day of fMRI scans and other experimental protocols and measurements, as this could help account for between-study variation in results and potentially even failure to replicate findings.
"We hope these findings will motivate fellow neuroscientists to give more consideration to potential effects of time of day on measures of brain activity, especially in other large-scale studies where subjects are often scanned throughout the day for logistical reasons," says Thomas Yeo, the study's senior author.
Image: The negative association between time of day and brain signal fluctuations was strongest in visual and somatosensory regions. Credit: Csaba Orban


Server-Side Ad Insertion
Server-side ad insertion (SSAI) places ad video segments inside the playlist (e.g., manifest file). Ad video segments are usually preferred to NOT go through Teltoo. This is to ensure that every ad hits the original ad server. This allows the ad service provider to monitor the ad accurately and collect data.
To keep ads from going through Teltoo, we need to identify which video segments are ads and which are not. Typically, the URL of the ad segments points to the ad origin CDN or server, which is different from the rest. We will configure Teltoo to ignore segments with such a URL pattern.
Video segments that match the Passthrough URL regex will not go through Teltoo. They will be fetched from the origin CDN or server.
The following is an example of how to define a Passthrough URL:*
This only applies to ads that are part of an activated playlist given that other playlist's video segments will never go through Teltoo in any case.
Want to know more?
Talk to an expert


text:
The 157th Indiana Volunteer Infantry served its term of service within the continental United States.
The 157th Indiana Volunteer Infantry, formed around the Third Indiana National Guard, was mustered into service at Indianapolis, Indiana on May 10, 1898. At the time of mustering in, the unit consisted of fifty officers and 972 enlisted men. The regiment was commanded by Col. George Studebaker.
The regiment was first ordered to Camp Mount, at Indianapolis, from whence, after a brief stay, they departed for Camp Thomas on May 15. Camp Thomas was located on the grounds of the Civil War battlefield known as Chickamauga in Georgia. Again, the regiment only stayed a brief time at Camp Thomas before being ordered to Port Tampa, Florida, where it arrived on June 3.
In conjunction with the First Ohio Volunteer Infantry and the Third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the 157th Indiana guarded the government warehouses at the docks until July 29 when they were ordered to Fernandina. The fighting of the war ended on August 12, with the agreement between the United States and Spain on an armistice. The regiment remained in duty at Port Tampa until August 30. The regiment departed Florida, going home to Indianapolis' Camp Mount. The members of the regiment were furloughed from Septemer 10 until October 10.
The regiment was mustered out of service on November 1, 1898 at Indianapolis, Indiana. At the time of mustering out, the regiment consisted of fifty officers and 1,223 enlisted men. During its term of service, the regiment had two officers and sixteen enlisted men die from disease. Another enlisted man was killed in an accident, ten men were discharged on disability and three men deserted.
On December 10, 1898, the Spanish American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
Headquarters of the 157th Indiana. The photo appears to have been taken in Florida as the men appear to be standing on sand. The sign on the tent reads "Headquarters 157th Indiana Volunteers". The regimental and national flags are furled in the foregound, left.
King, Nancy, Info. on George Studebaker, and photo of the headquarters tent.
McCague, Thom, - image of the 157th Indiana.
Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called into Service During the War with Spain; with Losses from All Causes. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899).
Wright, General Marcus J., Wright's Official History of the Spanish American War. (Washington: War Records Office 1900) 319.