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Status: Questions 2 and 4 answered in the negative. Questions 1 and 3 ARE STILL UNANSWERED, despite previous claims.
On the third page of Wolfang K. Seiler's paper "lambda-rings and Adams operations in algebraic K-Theory" (pp. 93-102 in Beilinson's Conjectures), it is claimed that the Grothendieck ring of representations of a given group $G$ over a given commutative ring $A$ modulo exact sequences is a special $\lambda$-ring. Here, "representations" means finitely-generated projective $A$-modules with a $G$-module structure. ("Special $\lambda$-ring" is what most people just call "$\lambda$-ring", as opposed to "pre-$\lambda$-ring".)
1. Does anybody know a proof of this? I don't understand the sketched proof in 1, and I don't have the reference (R. G. Swan, A splitting principle in algebraic $K$-theory, in: Representation theory of finite groups and related topics, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 21 (1971), 155-159) either. I have been told that Atiyah-Tall has a proof, but I am very skeptical about it (and if it has a proof, then I am unable to find it amid all the geometry).
I know how this is proven for the case of a characteristic $0$ field (yes, this is in Atiyah-Tall, but it is trivial using characters). My problem is to show this over arbitrary commutative rings.
2. What if we take the Grothendieck ring modulo split exact sequences (i. e., modulo direct sums) rather than modulo all exact sequences? Is this still a special $\lambda$-ring? What if we work over some field? What if the group is finite?
Update on 2: This is easily seen to be wrong, even if the field is $\mathbb F_2$ and the group is the $2$-element group. In fact, applying Krull-Schmidt and considering the Jordan decomposition of the matrix $\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1&1\\\\ 0&1\end{array}\right)$, we easily see that the $\lambda^2\left(uv\right)=\left(\lambda^1\left(u\right)\right)^2\lambda^2\left(v\right)+\left(\lambda^1\left(v\right)\right)^2\lambda^2\left(u\right)-2\lambda^2\left(u\right)\lambda^2\left(v\right)$ equation is not satisfied if both $u$ and $v$ are the representation of the $2$-element group on $\mathbb F_2^2$ in which the generator acts as $\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1&1\\\\ 0&1\end{array}\right)$.
3. Can we hope for any reasonable results if we replace the group by a cocommutative bialgebra? Note that cocommutativity is required to define the exterior powers of an $H$-module (where $H$ is our bialgebra). What if the bialgebra is Hopf?
4. What if we remove the projectivity condition on representations of $G$? I know that removing the finite-generatedness condition is a very bad idea (in fact, it makes the Grothendieck group collapse because of the Eilenberg swindle), but I have seen nobody talking about the Grothendieck group of finitely generated but not-necessarily-projective modules. Is it that embarrassingly stupid?
Update on 4: Question 4 has now been answered by Ben Wieland in the comments to this post.
Oh, and I have already asked this question over the "field" $\mathbb F_1$. The answer is "no" to all three questions in this case. But I am interested in "real" rings and fields this time.
EDIT: I might be understanding what Seiler is doing in 1, but in this case, he is doing it wrong, so I think I am not understanding him.
If I am understanding him right, Seiler's somewhat cryptic formulation "where the module induced by $M$ itself has a one-dimensional quotient, given by the linear functions on $S\left(M\right)$" means that we consider the surjection $M\otimes S\left(M\right) \to S\left(M\right)$ which sends $m\otimes m_1m_2...m_k$ to $mm_1m_2...m_k$, and its kernel is then a projective $S\left(M\right)$-module with $\lambda$-dimension one less than that of $M\otimes S\left(M\right)$ (because for every exact sequence $0\to U\to V\to W\to 0$ and every $k\geq 0$, we have the equality $\left[\wedge^k V\right] = \sum\limits_{i=0}^k \left[\wedge^i U \otimes \wedge^{k-i} W\right]$ in $K_0$). Unfortunately $M\otimes S\left(M\right)$ and $S\left(M\right)$ are not quite $S\left(M\right)$-modules with $G$-representations, because $G$ does not act $S\left(M\right)$-linearly on them (unless I did something wrong). Also we need a device to conclude that two projective $R$-modules $V$ and $W$ with $G$-module structure are equal in $K_0$ if and only if the corresponding $S\left(T\right)$-modules $V\otimes S\left(T\right)$ and $W\otimes S\left(T\right)$ with $G$-module structure are equal in $K_0$, where $T$ is some projective $R$-module; this looks like it should follow from the gradedness of symmetric algebras, but I don't see how (mostly because I have no idea what equality in $K_0$ actually means in terms of modules).
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4: Finitely generated but not projective (or at least perfect) modules are not closed under derived tensor product. eg, $A=k[t]/t^2$, $M=k$, then $Tor_n(M,M)=k$ for all $n$. So you have a Grothendieck group but it isn't a ring, let alone a $\lambda$-ring. – Ben Wieland Mar 11 '13 at 4:06
Hmm... What is derived tensor product? Why is it important? – darij grinberg Mar 11 '13 at 4:44
Tensor product is not exact, so it is not defined on the equivalence classes in $K$-theory. The main motivation for derived tensor product is to make it exact. One application is that if $A$ is regular noetherian, $K$ of fg $A$-modules is a ring. A more elementary way is to say that $K$ of fg equals $K$ of projective, where the latter has a ring structure by regular tensor product. (I'm not answering the question "what?") – Ben Wieland Mar 11 '13 at 5:04
Ah!! This explains the focus on projectivity. One more question solved, thank you! – darij grinberg Mar 11 '13 at 5:29
1 Answer 1
After wondering about this question, I went and looked up Swan's paper. His argument is basically the one Seiler is trying to say; it also uses a paper by J. Burroughs: _URL_ which I have not looked at. According to Swan, his result only applies to the case when $A$ is noetherian for technical reasons, but that the general case would be discussed more generally elsewhere.
In the case of interest, suppose $C$ is the category of $G$ representations over $A$. Given an object $M$ of $C$, you are supposed to consider a category $C'$. In this case, this is a category of graded $S(M)$-modules with compatible $G$-action; that is the objects are graded $S(M)$-modules $Q$, together with a $G$-action on $Q$ such that the action map $S(M)\otimes Q\to Q$ is $G$-equivariant; here $G$ is acting in the evident non-trivial way on $S(M)$.
Seiler's (and Swan's) map $M\otimes S(M)\to S(M)$ is a morphism in $C'$, so you get a splitting relation of the form $[K]+[S(M)]=[M\otimes S(M)]$ in $K_0(C')$.
Swan then has an argument that the map $K_0(C)\to K_0(C')$, induced by tensoring up, is injective. I find it hard to parse, and don't really understand it.


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First Generation vs. Second Generation
When speaking of American people with respect to immigration, I had always assumed that "First Generation" meant the people who were born elsewhere and immigrated to this country. "Second Generation" in this sense means those who were born in the US from these "First Generation" parents.
But recently I started hearing people use them the other way around. They call those who were born in the US, "First Generation", because they are the first generation to be born in this country. Which is correct?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


U.S. Supreme Court
Can silence before arrest be used against defendant? Supreme Court to decide
The U.S. Supreme Court has agreed to decide whether a defendant who refused to answer an officer's question before a formal arrest can have his silence used against him at trial.
The case is Salinas v. Texas, report the New York Times and the Washington Post. The cert petition (PDF) by Stanford law professor Jeffrey Fisher argues that the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination protects a defendant's pre-arrest silence. State and federal courts are "openly and intractably divided" on the issue, according to the petition.
The case is an appeal by Genovevo Salinas, identified as one of the people who attended a party hosted by two brothers the night before their murders. Salinas accompanied officers to the police station and answered their questions until he was asked whether a shotgun turned in by Salinas' father would match shells at the murder scene. Salinas did not answer.
"When law enforcement agents question someone about his or her potential involvement in criminal activity," Fisher wrote, "the individual has two choices: speak or remain silent. If the latter necessarily creates evidence of guilt, then the right the Constitution grants him to remain silent is little more than a trap for the unwary."
Unusual sentence for would-be juror who Googled murder defendant
Commenting is not available in this channel entry.


Juniperus horizontalis 'Blue Chip'
Tried and Trouble-free Recommended by 3 Professionals
Common Name: creeping juniper
Type: Needled evergreen
Family: Cupressaceae
Zone: 3 to 9
Height: 0.50 to 0.75 feet
Spread: 8.00 to 10.00 feet
Bloom Time: Non-flowering
Sun: Full sun
Water: Medium
Maintenance: Low
Suggested Use: Ground Cover
Leaf: Evergreen
Other: Winter Interest
Noteworthy Characteristics
Creeping juniper is a procumbent evergreen shrub that is native to Canada and the northern U. S. where it typically occurs in sandy and gravelly soils, sand dunes, rock outcroppings, slopes, prairies and stream banks. It forms a low ground cover that generally rises to 6-18" tall but spreads by long trailing branches with abundant short branchlets to form an often-dense, 4-10' wide mat. Foliage is primarily scale-like (adult) with some awl-like (juvenile) needles appearing usually in opposite pairs. Foliage is typically green to blue-green during the growing season, but often acquires purple tones in winter. Fleshy seed cones (dark blue berries) generally mature in two years, but are often absent on cultivated plants. 'Blue Chip' is a prostrate cultivar that features steel-blue foliage throughout the year with purplish tips in winter. It typically grows up to 8-10" tall but spreads to 10' wide.
Garden Uses
A versatile, sprawling ground cover. Rock gardens. Foundations. Slopes. Mass plantings.


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Several phase III clinical studies have shown significantly better results in treating certain cancers when hyperthermia therapy was added to radiation therapy, as compared to radiation treatments alone. At this year's ASCO conference, the results of a 340-patient randomized phase III clinical trial testing the benefit of adding hyperthermia therapy to chemotherapy were reported (abstract 10009).
"This is the first randomized phase III clinical trial ever conducted on the use of regional hyperthermia therapy in combination with standard chemotherapy," said Rolf D. Issels, MD, PhD, who presented the results. "It showed an approximate doubling of disease-free survival and local progression-free survival for high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma patients when hyperthermia therapy was added to chemotherapy, as compared to the results for patients treated with chemotherapy alone."
All hyperthermia treatments performed in the study were conducted using BSD-2000 hyperthermia systems developed and produced by BSD Medical Corp. The use of precision-focused hyperthermia therapy during chemotherapy treatments opens cancer cells to better absorption of chemotherapy drugs by improving blood flow as well as by other biologic mechanisms of action. Hyperthermia therapy also kills cancer cells directly and can be used to improve chemical reactions of some chemotherapy drugs.


text:
Word Origin & History
O.E. cocc, O.Fr. coq, O.N. kokkr, all of echoic origin. O.E. cocc was a nickname for "one who strutted like a cock," thus a common term in the Middle Ages for a pert boy, used of scullions, apprentices, servants, etc. A common personal name till c.1500, it was affixed to Christian names as a pet diminutive,
cf. Wilcox, Hitchcock, etc. Slang sense of "penis" is attested since 1618 (but cf. pillicock "penis," from c.1300); cock-teaser is from 1891. A cocker spaniel (1823) was trained to start woodcocks. Cock-and-bull is first recorded 1621, perhaps an allusion to Aesop's fables, with their incredible talking animals, or to a particular story, now forgotten. French has parallel expression coq-à-l'âne.
in various mechanical senses, such as cock of a faucet (late 15c.) is of uncertain connection with cock
(n.1), but Ger. has hahn "hen" in many of the same senses. The cock of an old matchlock firearm is 1560s, hence half-cocked "with the cock lifted to the first catch, at which
position the trigger does not act."
seeming contradictory senses of "to stand up" (as in cock one's ear), c.1600, and "to bend" (1898) are from the two cock nouns. The first is probably in reference to the posture of the bird's head or tail, the second to the firearm position. To cock ones hat carries the notion of "defiant boastfulness"
also in M.E. cocken (c.1150) "to fight."


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This two-hour webinar will teach participants the following:
- Effective strategies for recruiting a diverse pool of qualified candidates—what's working?
- Strategies for increasing representation from within your community.
- How diverse is your eligible hiring pool and are your recruiting efforts falling short of representing that diversity?
Documenting your day-to-day recruiting efforts and hiring practices to:
- Verify internally that you are engaging in a good faith effort to create a department that reflects the community you serve, and
- Defend your agency against claims of willful discrimination or deliberate indifference if those claims are unfounded.
Long-term strategies for increasing diversity in your agency and in your profession
Matt Dolan is a licensed attorney in the State of Illinois, who specializes in training and advising public safety agencies in matters of labor and employment law. His practice experience focuses on employment discrimination claims brought under federal law, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"). He received his Bachelor's Degree in Political Science from DePaul University and his J.D. from Loyola University Chicago School of Law.
Matt serves as a public safety instructor with Dolan Consulting Group. He has trained and advised thousands of public safety professionals throughout the United States in matters of legal liability related to personnel management.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Safety issue for Price: Increase use of scooters
|Fern Jentges gets around the city thanks to her motorized scooter. Authorities remind residents that the scooters are considered pedestrians and have the right of way at crosswalks.|
Fern Jentges is one of many seniors that is using the battery powered scooter or "motorized wheelchair" to get around town this summer. In Fern's case, like many of the others, the motorized scooter is their only source of mobility.
According to Nancy Bently, director of Active Reentry, "It's either they use the scooter or they wouldn't be able to get around."
Bently points out that with the increasing number of these machines on the streets the public is reminded that these are considered pedestrians and not vehicles. They follow the same rules as people riding bicycles and also face the same safety issues. Only one person is allowed on each scooter and people using this type of machine are required to have attach a red flag.
These people have the right of way at cross walks and vehicle drivers are encouraged to be observant and take extra caution and care when driving around people who are using the scooters.
Another couple safety tips important during the summer include people being extra careful when elderly people are attempting to cross the streets at the cross walks. People who need extra time walking across the streets are reminded to always push the crosswalk button, thus giving them extra time to safely cross the street. Should someone simply walk across the street, when the light changes to green, time will be much shorter, depending on the vehicles approaching in that direction. However by pushing the crosswalk button a few seconds are added to the time allowing the people to safely get across the street.
As always, during the hot periods of the summer people should be aware of their elderly neighbors and friends. It is recommended that elderly people who are living alone be checked on a couple times a day.


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From Bicycle South's e-newsletter:
It's Official! 3 Foot Safe Passing Bill Became The Law On July 1st!
Georgia Bikes! and other bicycle advocacy groups were successful this past Georgia Legislative Sesson in getting a Safe Passing Law that requires motorists to maintain at least 3 feet of distance when passing cyclists. Previously, drivers were only required to keep "a safe distance."
Visit the Georgia Bikes! website for more information, but here is a summary of what the Better Bicycling Bill (HB 101) covers:
- Motor vehicles must provide at least three feet of safe passing distance when overtaking a bicyclist
- Cyclists may move to the center of the lane, i.e. take the lane, when surface obstructions, hazards or debris make traveling to the right unsafe
- Cyclists must travel in the direction of traffic while using a designated bicycle lane*
- Bicyclists have the right of way in a designated bicycle lane
- Designated bicycle lanes must be built according to recognized national design standards
* While the new law only specifies that cyclists in bike lanes must travel in the same direction as traffic, bicycles, as vehicles, must abide by all normal vehicular laws. Wrong way travel in any traffic lane is unlawful and unsafe.
The following image illustrates the kind of elbow room the new law protects:
|Photo courtesy of the GA Bikes! website|


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GENDER: Masculine & Feminine
PRONOUNCED: KLOD (French), KLAWD (English) [key]
Meaning & History
French masculine and feminine form of CLAUDIUS
. In France the masculine name has been common since the Middle Ages due to the 7th-century Saint
Claude of Besançon. It was imported to Britain in the 16th century by the aristocratic Hamilton family, who had French connections. A famous bearer of this name was the French impressionist painter Claude Monet (_PHONE_).
OTHER LANGUAGES: Claudia, Claudius (Ancient Roman), Claudia (Biblical), Klaudija, Klaudio (Croatian), Klaudie (Czech), Claudia (Dutch), Claudia (German), Claudia, Claudio (Italian), Klaudijs (Latvian), Klaudia, Klaudiusz (Polish), Cláudia, Cláudio (Portuguese), Claudia, Claudiu (Romanian), Klavdiya, Klava (Russian), Klaudia (Slovak), Klavdija (Slovene), Claudia, Claudio (Spanish), Gladys (Welsh)
| United States || -|| ||


are towards the right direction I think. Thanks. – StarPinkER Oct 17 '12 at 2:55
I think the best question is "write a reverse hashcode function" – yelliver Oct 17 '12 at 3:04
Actually any old string will do, any hashcode value will do. – StarPinkER Oct 17 '12 at 3:15
add comment
I was wondering if there was a "universal" solution; e.g. some constant string XYZ, such that
 s.hashcode() == (s + XYZ).hashcode()
for any string s. Finding such a string involves solving a fairly complicated equation... which was beyond my rusty mathematical ability. But then it dawned on me that h == 31*h + ch is always true when h and ch are both zero!
Based on that insight, the following method should create a different String with the same hashcode as its argument:
 public String collider(String s) {
 return 0 + s;
If NUL characters are problematic for you, prepending any string whose hashcode is zero would work too... albeit that the colliding strings would be longer than if you used zero.
share|improve this answer
Let me have a try whether the \0 solution will work or not. Thanks. – StarPinkER Oct 17 '12 at 4:28
add comment
Your Answer


Welcome to K C Yan's Singapore Math blog!
Singapore Math
Friday, November 1, 2019
Panda Math
Two-odd years ago, with sporadic news on the low fertility rate of pandas, I cheekily coined "Panda Math":
Panda Math was published on Urban Dictionary before its online presence was cut short.
Like the rabbit and the koala, the panda is much liked and loved by people of all ages and from different parts of the world. It's hard to imagine those who wouldn't like to be around a panda or two if they're given that rare opportunity. What are the odds that someone doesn't like both math and panda?
How could elementary and middle school math teachers leverage on the cute panda bear popular among school children to pose a number of brain-unfriendly math questions to sharpen their problem-solving skills?
Panda Diplomacy and Numeracy
To strengthen diplomatic ties, China loans pandas to countries around the world—a version of its soft diplomacy, aimed at winning hearts and minds abroad.
The practice existed as far back as the Tang Dynasty, when Empress Wu Zetian (625–705) sent a pair of pandas to the Japanese emperor. Giant pandas are very popular among the Japanese, and they symbolize the friendly ties between Japan and China then.
Guesstimate how many more pairs of pandas would be given as diplomatic gifts to other China-friendly nations in the next decade, as President Xi and gang expand their political influence worldwide.
Below are a sample of questions that could be used to spice the teaching of math, especially among panda-and-math lovers.
Philamath embraces the panda.
Sally bought some 50-cent and 65-cent stamps for a total of $5.10. How many 50¢ stamps and how many 65¢ stamps did she buy? Answer: Five 50¢ and four 65¢ stamps.
Chuang Chuang, a 19-year-old giant panda died unexpectedly in a Thai zoo. Assume that giant pandas normally live up to 25 to 30 years in captivity, in human terms, how old would the cute and cuddly bear be?
Adult Math
Let's bring in some biology to hone students' mathematical problem solving.
The Mating Game
On average, a baby panda weighs 100 g, which is only 1/900 of their mother's weight, compared to 1/20 for a human. During the breeding season, when males and females come together for no more than 2 to 4 days, what would be the frequency for a male panda to mate with his partner before a baby bear is born?
What are the chances of a pair of pandas producing baby giant panda twins*? Or even triplets? Are the odds of a female panda giving birth to triplets lower than those of a human being being hit by lightning, or winning the lottery twice?
* In the wild, half of all pandas give birth to twins; however, it is rare for both cubs to survive as the panda mother is only able to raise one at a time and abandon the second twin—she has insufficient milk or energy to care for the twins.
Or, what about getting grades 1–2 students to indulge in some mathematical quickies such as the following?
The total age of Kai Kai and Lin Lin at an unspecified zoo is 14. Kai Kai is 4 years older than Lin Lin. How old is each panda bear? Hint: Not 4 and 10.
At a zoo, all bears are pandas except two, all bears are polar bears except two, and all bears are brown bears except two. How many panda bears are there?
Love at First Sight (or Smell)
Compared to African elephants, which can communicate over distances of one kilometer, or koalas up to 50 meters, pandas can recognize each other within a proximity of 20 meters. However, they can only figure out the gender of a potential mate if they are less than 10 meters away.
Guesstimate the total distance adult pandas in the wild must travel every year before lovemaking can successfully take place.
Bamboo Math
To maintain their energy needs, pandas must consume 12 kg to 38 kg worth of bamboo each day. Estimate how must bamboo forests needs to be allocated to provide enough food to sustain them.
Will the Panda Be Dodo 2.0?
Barring extreme climate change, which would make it pretty hot for the bamboo to grow, what are the odds that with mating and breeding challenges, the giant pandas might suffer the fate of the dodo?
Estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2000 pandas left in the wild. If President Trump and gang are allowed to promote their climate change hoax or "global warring" agenda, are the days of the pandas numbered? How many panda bears would still be around by 2050?
Singapore (Math) and Panda
The intersection is not empty.
On the surface, it looks like there is zero correlation between Singapore and Panda. Once we put on our thinking cap, it's not difficult to come up with a number of parallels between these two items.
For example,
Singapore's fertility rate of 1.14 is presently below replacement level.
Pandas' low fertility rate is a warning sign for possible extinction.
Singapore could have just ended being another Commonwealth developing country in a sea of corrupt, mediocre nations.
The panda could have been just another member of the Bear family, or a mere zoo attraction with hardly any global recognition.
Singapore math is a "success story" in math education: the island state's top rankings in TIMSS and PISA have attracted a fair bit of attention among math educators worldwide.
Breeding panda in captivity is a success story (including a few births in some zoos), and panda diplomacy promotes friendship between China and other countries.
Singapore is a "Disneyland with a death penalty"—economic success and political stability at the expense of political freedom and an aversion to alternative lifestyles.
Pandas are a favorite attraction at zoos, which could be flown back if China's political system is questioned.
The panda is the logo of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), which originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958.
Singapore math is associated with the "bar model method," a powerful problem-solving visualization heuristic to solve challenging word problems.
Products "made in Singapore" are no longer shun away; instead, the Singapore brand is well respected in many parts of the world for quality and honesty.
Pandas are beloved zoo animals around the world, although capitalist China pays lip service to the rule of law and copyrights, and is silent on human rights abuses, kidnappings, and torture.
It's your turn to list another half a dozen similarities between Singapore (or Singapore math) and pandas.
When the panda refuses to remain silent on illegal occupation.
Bibliography & References
Third time lucky? Pandas Kai Kai, Jia Jia get down to 'serious business' _URL_
Giant panda death in Thailand leaves China asking questions _URL_
Giant pandas can tell a mate from their calls _URL_
Panda's habitat'shrinking and becoming more fragmented' _URL_
How did China save the giant panda? _URL_
Yan Kow Cheong, October 31, 2019.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Rabbit Math
Looking at the number of math questions that feature animals and birds, not even man's best friend comes close to the rabbit—the beloved pet of math writers and teachers.
Think of the Fibonacci numbers, published by Leonardo of Pisa in Liber Abaci ("Book of the Abacus" or "Book of Calculating") in 1202, in connection with the rabbit population:
If every month a pair of rabbits produces one new pair, which begins to bear young two months after its own birth, how many pairs of rabbits will there be after a year?
Show that at the end of the twelfth month, there will be a dozen dozen pairs from a single pair.
An e-card I made before someecards banned users from designing their own.
Why Singapore Math Loves Bunnies
Singapore math wouldn't quite stand out from other foreign math curriculums, without its unhealthy number of brain-unfriendly math questions on chickens and rabbits (and goats and sheep). Even the smarter and (arguably) cleaner pigs unfairly lose out vis-à-vis the rabbits, simply because it's politically or religiously incorrect to use "infidel" pets or mammals and "haram" items in Singapore math textbooks, which are primarily targeted at a multiracial and multicultural student population.
Through my dozen-odd supplementary Singapore math books, I'm guilty of contributing to the undue stress inflicted on millions of bunnies and their caring (or mathophobic?) owners around the globe. Below are two elementary math rabbit questions taken from my unpublished manuscripts:
A farmer has some chickens and rabbits.
There are 60 eyes and 100 legs altogether.
How many chickens and how many rabbits are there?
Since both chickens and rabbits each have


Cryptanalysis Exercises
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Cryptanalysis Exercises
More-than-slightly contrived exercises in cryptanalysis with bioinformatics equivalents.
Aimed at an introductory-level class in probability & information theory for compbio.
Information content of a sequence
 - Blog.NumbersStations -- artificial voices reading numbers over shortwave radio, containing coded spy messages from Cuba -- does it get any better?
Data compression
See Data Compression Exercise.
Broken telephone tree
See Broken Telephone Tree.
Compositional analysis
 - Single-character, di-character analysis
 - Embed a signal in noise. Detect by compositional analysis
 - More cunning embedding: try and match the letter frequencies. Countermeasure: use adjacency freqs
 - Bring Bayesian scoring schemes into it somehow...
 - This is a generative model-based approach, following the classic 1949 paper of Claude Shannon: Wikipedia:Communication_Theory_of_Secrecy_Systems
 - General idea, illustrated for a Wikipedia:transposition_cipher:
 - Train an order-N HMM on English (see "compositional analysis" above)
 - Create an MCMC sampler over cipherkeys
 - Let K=cipherkey, C=ciphertext, T=plaintext=T(K,C)
 - You are then sampling from P(T,K)=P(C)*P(T(K,C)) where P(C) = 1/26! which disappears from Hastings ratio
 - Options for guessing the key:
 - Simplest is just to do full MCMC and take the mode
 - Can also do a simulated annealing version (gradually lower the temperature)
 - Lots of cheap & cheerful cryptanalysis can be done this way
 - No direct bioinformatics analogy (I think), but there ARE lots of MCMC algorithms in sequence analysis, so...
Pairwise sequence comparison
 - Pairwise homology detection: try to match plaintext with ciphertext encrypted using a running key cipher with a tabula recta
 - Both key and plaintext have a known frequency distribution (English), effectively yielding a substitution matrix
 - Variation: try to match two ciphertexts encrypted from the same plaintext with different running keys
 - Empirical demonstration: separation of signal and noise score distributions
 - In some cryptanalytic scenarios, evidence of homology may be all you need (can then apply rubber hose cryptanalysis)
 - Another pairwise homology example (better analogy, but not cryptanalysis per se - more like signals/traffic analysis): try to find the pair (or N/2 pairs) of matching transmissions in N noisily-intercepted transmissions
 - the source of randomness here is imperfect eavesdropping by Eve (e.g. line noise), rather than some cipher that can be treated as pseudo-random
 - for example, could have a "substitution matrix for Morse code": dot vs dash errors are like nucleotide substitutions
 - can introduce indels in similar ways
 - can make noise dependent on "length" of wire and thereby attempt to reconstruct topology of enemy network (c.f. phylogeny)... this may be stretching things a bit far, though...
 - Local alignment (ungapped): padded version of pairwise homology detection
Bayesian decision theory
Would be nice to have an example where you use posterior probabilities to maximize your expected reward (i.e. decision theory, specifically expected utility).
Perhaps an example involving industrial espionage?
Historical codes & ciphers; resources
 - Admiralty Secret Cypher S.P. 02105. British Cypher No. 5. (1943) "Recyphering is obligatory when using this cypher."
 - It's interesting how they abandoned the 5-letter alphabetic codewords for the 4-digit numerics, e.g. 9968 instead of ZUROF (meaning: "agitators"). Could this be because the consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel-consonant pattern of the 5-letter words was a giveaway that some sort of code was in use?
Some crypto blogs
Pages on Biowiki
 - Teaching.InformationBiology for general links between biology & information theory.
 - Teaching.RelativeEntropy for some waffle about D(p||q) and data compression
 - Teaching.BrokenTelephoneTree
 - Teaching.EditDistance
Required message lengths
Some perl code to figure out how long X and Y need to be before we can reliably deduce that they are related (plaintext & ciphertext) using a running key cipher with a tabula recta & assuming English plaintext & key, vs a null hypothesis that X is English and Y is perfectly random.
The formulae for the mean & SD of the score are \mu_q = \langle S_{ij} \rangle_q and \sigma_q = \langle S^2_{ij} \rangle_q - \mu^2 where S_{ij} = \log_2 \frac{q_{ij}}{p_{ij}} is the log-odds substitution matrix. (Note that the mean score equals the Kullback-Leibler divergence (relative entropy): \mu_q = D(q||p). Thus the expected score for related symbols is positive.)
On the other hand, if X and Y are in fact unrelated, then their symbols are drawn from p rather than q, so the mean score per symbol is \mu_p and the sd of this is \sigma_p. (Note that \mu_p = -D(p||q) and so the average score for unrelated symbols is negative.)
The mean difference in score between a "hit" (of length L) and a random sequence-pair (also of length L) is (\mu_q-\mu_p) L and the s.d. of this difference is \sqrt{L(\sigma_p^2+\sigma_q^2)}. So a message length of L \sim 4 (\sigma_p^2+\sigma_q^2) / (\mu_q-\mu_p)^2 is required for clear signal-noise separation.
Now let's compute p_{ij} and q_{ij}. Let i-j be cyclic subtraction (modulo the alphabet size A) and let b_i be the background distribution. Then q_{ij} = b_i b_{i-j} and p_{ij} = b_i/A.
curl | grep TR | perl -pe's/<\S+>//g' >lfreqs
cat lfreqs | perl -e 'while(<>){_USER_=split;if(_USER_==4){$t+=$p{$f[0]}=$f[1]}}
 _USER_=sort keys%p;for$a(_USER_){$p{$a}/=$t}$re=0;for$i(0..@a-1){for$j(0..@a-1){
 $d=$j-$i;$d+=_USER_ if$d<0;($ai,$aj,$ad)=map($a[$_],$i,$j,$d);
Result: about 10 characters are required.
This next one treats the case when X and Y are both ciphertexts of the same plaintext, encrypted using different running keys.
Plaintext and both keys are English. Null hypothesis: X and Y both random. So q_{ij} = \sum_k b_k b_{i-k} b_{j-k} and p_{ij} = 1/A^2.
 {$q=0;for$k(0..@a-1){$di=$i-$k;$di+=_USER_ if$di<0;$dj=$j-$k;$dj+=_USER_ if$dj<0;
Result: about 66 chars are required. Note that the only difference between these code snippets is the calculation of p and q. The code to compute L from these is identical in both cases.
-- Ian Holmes - 14 Dec 2006


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Problem : SAP Material documents associated with goods movements can be tracked via SAP Document Flow. Material documents generated via other processes like initial entry of goods into SAP, stock input into SAP cannot be viewed via document flow.
Solution : Use Transaction code MB03. The menu path for the same is [ SAP Easy Access -> Logistics -> Material Management -> Physical Inventory -> Environment -> MB03 Material Document ]
Step 1 : Enter SAP tcode MB03 and Enter/ Search the material document number and Fiscal year
Step 2 : SAP will display the material document number which includes
- The materials associated with the material document
- Quantities, Plants etc
- Also the Accounting documents ( By clicking on the Accounting Documents button in the toolbar) associated with the material movement if any.
This post is also useful for SAP MM training and SAP PP Training students. If you have issues with SAP IDES Access, like expired user id or locked user id, please contact us and mention your SAP ID and name.
Question 1 : What is the significance of "Posting Date" in the material document?
Question 2 : Can you change the material document after it is being posted?
Question 3 : Find out some (random) material documents generated for material M-01 in the FY 2003 and write them down here
Question 4 : Do Material Document types have a Document Type? ( Similar to SAP Sales Document type )


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Last week, we explored market and limit orders and stopped when we got to conditional orders. Let's continue our discussion today.
What Are Conditional Orders
The advance in automation technology and electronic exchanges have created a market that is highly liquid and much more volatile than before. Conditional orders were developed as a way to trigger orders automatically if a predefined condition is met, thereby helping us manage rapid changing of events.
Originally, conditional orders were mainly used by professional traders but more and more retail investors are starting to use these type of orders to limit their risks in a highly volatile market. The most common types of conditional orders are: stop, hidden and trailing stops, contingent, bracketed, one cancels all, one triggers all, and one triggers oco order. Let's look at each one in detail:
Stop and Trailing Stop Orders
A stop order basically tells the brokerage firm to sell the investment if it hits a certain price point. For example, I can set a stop order for stock XYZ at $15 when the XYZ is priced at $16 a share. XYZ can then move up and down but if it ever drops down to $15, the stop order will trigger a sell of the stock.
Another type of stop order is what is known as a trailing stop order. While you set a specific price in a standard stop order for orders to be triggered, a trailing stop order changes the stop price with the movement of the stock. For example, I can set a trailing stop order of $1 below the price of the same stock, XYZ when it was at $16. At the beginning, the stop price would be $15. However, as the stock moves up to $18, the stop price moves up along with the stock price to keep the "$1 below price" rule, making the new stop price $17. Some brokerages even give investors the flexibility of using trailing stop percentages instead of a specific dollar amount, so check carefully for your options before using any of these.
Essentially, bracketed orders are two orders combined into one. This type of order allows you to make sure you get out of your position if either the price meets the upper or lower end. Say you I own shares of XYZ trading at $15. If I place a bracketed order with a trailing stop at $5 and a trigger at $20, I'm saying that I want to sell XYZ when it reaches $20 or if it falls to $10 ($5 below $15).
As the bottom end is a trailing stop at $5, there is one more detail to note. If the stock rises to $18, the new stop price would become $13. Therefore, the bracket shrinks to $13 and $20 where a sell order will be executed when the price hits either end.
Brokerages also let us place orders automatically based on different conditions. Contingent orders can be used to place orders when a specific price for a stock, option or index is met. For example, I can set a contingent order to buy stock XYZ whenever it reaches $20 a share. Not only that, I can also set it up so it automatically executes orders when the Dow goes to 10,000 for instance. This allows me to be away from my computer and still have orders executed.
One Cancels All Orders
Sometimes, we place several orders but only want one of those executed (there could be many reasons, but limited funds would be one). For example, I only have $5,000 but want to buy either 200 shares of XYZ @ $25 or 100 shares of ABC @ $50 per share. I can place an One Cancels All order and enter both of these orders so if either order is executed, the other will be automatically canceled.
One Triggers All Orders
Sometimes, we also want to place a few other orders whenever an order is executed. In those cases, we would place an One Triggers All order. Below are two scenarios where people use this type of order the most:
- Potentially limit the losses so a stop order is immediately placed
- Set a profit target by having another sell limit order placed as soon as the buy order is executed
One Triggers OCO (One Cancels Other) Orders
This type of order is an extension of the One Cancels All order. Basically, an One Triggers OCO Order consists of an order (market or limit), and a group of One Cancels All order. Once the first order is executed, the One Cancels All Order is activated.
Let's use an example to help illustrate. Imagine you place a One Triggers OCO order group made up of the following:
- Primary order – Buy 100 shares of XYZ at a limit price of $15. ABC is trading at $16 per share at the time you place your order.
- Order #1 of OCO group – Sell 100 shares of XYZ at $20.
- Order #2 of OCO group – Sell 100 shares of XYZ at a stop price of $12.
If the share price ever go to $15 and your buy order is executed, the OCO group will be activated. At this point, either order #1 (the sell order at $20) or order #2 (the stop order at $12) being executed will cancel the rest.
What Does This All Mean for Investors
Even though many of these types of orders are used by professional traders, investors have also started to take advantage of the automation and inherit discipline that using these orders help achieve. In most cases, long term investors do not need to use any of these types of orders but it's very important for us to learn these orders to help us when the need arises.
I truly encourage you to spend some time to re-read the explanation of these orders to make sure you understand them because using these will help keep your emotions from affecting investment decisions as orders can be placed ahead of time based on a well thoughtout plan.


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If I play a dwarf wizard, does he have both Wizard weapon proficiencies (e.g. daggers) as well as Dwarf weapon proficiencies (e.g. battleaxes)?
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Yes, the Dwarf Gains Proficiency with Dwarf Weapons and Wizard Weapons.
Unless traded for an alternate racial trait, the dwarf gains the Weapon Familiarity offense racial trait, which reads
This doesn't alter or replace the weapon proficiencies granted from taking a level in the wizard class. As such the typical dwarf wizard is proficient with the battleaxe, heavy pick, and warhammer because the character's a dwarf and the club, dagger, heavy crossbow, light crossbow, and quarterstaff if he's a typical wizard. The typical wizard doesn't gain proficiency with any martial weapons, so the latter part of the Weapon Familiarity racial trait is unaffected.
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Maps Focus History Lesson for Students
Students study maps in Mrs. Allen's and Mrs. Buckner's classroom.
How can maps helps us learn about Iowa history? That's the question students in 7, 8 and 9 year olds at the Downtown School were trying to answer. The question arose during Mrs. Allen's and Mrs. Buckner's Learning Group's study of rocks.
Experts from the DNR came to share how rocks can help tell the history of the Earth. This led the experts into a presentation on landforms in which they brought elevation maps of Iowa. After processing through this information, a new investigation presented itself. Students realized these maps show the history of Iowa from thousands of years ago by understanding the landforms and elevations, so what else could maps tell us?
With that, students determined what they needed to know in order to answer the question. Before they could use a map to learn history, they had to learn how to read a map!
The classes spent time learning the different parts of maps and their uses; and explored various types of maps and how to read them. After that ground work, the students were ready to start exploring Iowa Maps, drawing conclusions, brainstorming questions and researching. All of the students spent many hours gathering information from maps, websites and books. They used the links and maps Mrs. Allen and Mrs. Buckner had placed in their Edmodo project folders to gather their information.
Students present what they learned to their peers and parents.
When it was time to represent, the classes had a discussion on what way would be best. Deciding that every student recreating a map wasn't going to show all they have learned, with the help of their teachers, they explored electronic options.
Using the new revolves, students used a website to create a glog or interactive poster. They were able to include several maps that summed up their learning as well as photographs and diagrams. Once completed, Mrs. Allen's and Mrs. Buckner's Learning Groups shared their learning and hard work with families and community members using the interactive features on the projector in the library.
Throughout the project, students were very engaged in their learning. All of the students not only learned about their topic but were also discussing their learning with others at lunch, recess and any other time.
Using maps was a visual way to help younger students discover, question and learn about history. From there they were able to find, with teacher guidance, and read texts or websites to gather information. This way proved to be engaging and help students build a basic understanding of Iowa history.
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Grapher v15 added the ability to create a scatter plot and color the symbols with a gradient, based on the values in a data column. To display a scatter plot with data-based coloring and show a color scale for these points, complete the steps below:
- Select the scatter plot in the Object Manager.
- Click on the Symbol tab in the Property Manager.
- In the Plot Symbol Properties section, expand the Fill section.
- Set the Color variable.
- Define the desired Colormap.
- Check the box next to Show color scale.
- Now that the color scale exists, you can select it to edit the properties in the Property Manager.
Color scatter plot points based on data values and then display a color scale to display which values represent which colors.
Updated March, 2020


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A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal wick which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel. Typically the fuel is a form of wax with paraffin wax being the most common.
Prior to the domestication of electricity, candles were a common source of lighting, before, and later in addition to, the oil lamp. Due to local availability and the cost of resources, for several centuries up to the 19th century candles were more common in northern Europe, and olive oil lamps more common in southern Europe and around the Mediterranean Sea. Makers of candles were known as chandlers.
Today, candles are usually used for their aesthetic value, particularly to set a soft, warm, or romantic ambience, and for emergency lighting during electrical power failures. Scented candles are common in aromatherapy.
Candles are used in religious ceremonies.
In Christianity, they typically represent the light of Jesus. Votive candles may be lit as an accompaniment to prayer. Candles are lit by worshippers in front of icons in Orthodox and other churches. See also Paschal candle and Dikiri and trikiri.
Candles were traditionally used to light up Christmas trees before the advent of electric lights. They are still, even today, commonly used to decorate Christmas trees in Denmark and other European countries. They are also used in Advent wreaths.
In Judaism, candles are traditionally lit on Friday evening at the start of the weekly Sabbath celebration. The Jewish holiday of Chanukah, also known as the Festival of Lights, is celebrated by lighting a candle in a special candelabrum (menorah) each night during the eight-day holiday to commemorate the dedication of the altar in the Temple in Jerusalem. Candles are also used in remembering a deceased loved one, especially on Yom HaShoah, The Day of the Holocaust.
For Humanists, skeptics, and nontheists (and particularly secular humanists), candles have become a symbol of the light of reason or rationality. This association was inspired by Carl Sagan, who subtitled his 1997 book The Demon-Haunted World with Science as a Candle in the Dark. The Humanist festival of HumanLight often features a candle-lighting ceremony.
With the fairly consistent and measurable burning of a candle a common use was to tell the time, though the accuracy is debatable. Some candles have these measurements, usually in hours, marked along the wax.
In the days leading to Christmas some people burn a set amount to represent each day, as marked on the candle.
Fuel and candle holders
Candles can be made of paraffin (a byproduct of oil refining), stearin (now produced almost exclusively from palm waxes), beeswax (a by product of honey collection), some plant waxes (generally palm, carnuba, bayberry, or soy), or tallow (a rarely used byproduct of beef fat rendering). Candles are produced in various colors, shapes, sizes and scents. The most basic production method generally entails the liquification of the solid fuel by the controlled application of heat. This liquid is then poured into a mold to produce pillar candles, a fireproof jar to produce container candles, or a wick is repeatedly immersed in the liquid to create a dipped taper. Often times scents in the form of a polar or non-polar synthetic oil is added to the liquid wax prior to pouring. Natural scents, in the form of essential oils, can be used, but these are usually only found in premium, small-run candles. Candles may also be colored by the addition of some sort of coloring agent. In practical terms this is almost always an aniline based dye however, pigments can be used in some circumstances.
It is commonly believed candles made of beeswax and/or soy burn more cleanly than petroleum based paraffin waxes. The amount of soot produced by a candle, independent of what kind of wax is used, is generally more dependent on environmental conditions (drafts will often cause sooting) and the type of wick used (a poorly sized wick will lead to sooting). The inclusion of any scents and/or dyes will increase the amount of particulates put into the air by any candle regardless of construction materials. The cleanest burning candles will therefore be unscented, undyed, and well constructed candles burning in a draft free area.
Decorative candle holders, especially those shaped as a pedestal, are called candlesticks; if multiple candles are held, the term candelabrum is also used. The root form of chandelier is from the word for candle, though candles are rarely raised and hung today.
Candles are a major cause of damaging fire in households.
A former worry regarding the safety of candles was that a lead core is used in the wicks in order to keep the wicks upright in container candles. Without a stiff core, the wicks of container candles would sag and drown in the deep wax pool formed. The fear was that the lead in these wicks would vaporize during the burning process and release lead vapours - a known health and developmental hazard. While this was true at one time, lead-cored wicks have not been in common use since the 1970s. While some very small percentage of candles might still be found to have lead cored wicks, these are extremely rare. Most metal-cored wicks use zinc or a zinc alloy. Wicks made from specially-treated paper and cotton are also used to replace metal-cored wicks of any type. Still, caution should be used with candles fabricated overseas, since there is no regulation in the U.S. for the candle industry.
- Timeline of lighting technology
- The candela (symbol: cd, Latin for candle) is one of the seven SI base units measuring the luminous intensity. it supersedes the former candlepower.
- National Candle Association (_URL_ of the U.S.
- Candle Information (_URL_)
|Sources of light / lighting |
|Natural/Prehistoric/Non-electric light sources:|
|bioluminescence (Fireflies, Foxfire, et cetera) | Celestial objects | Lightning|
|Candle | Davy lamps | Fire | Gas lighting | Kerosene lamp | Oil lamp | Rushlight|
|Betalights | Chemoluminescence/Lightsticks|
|Electric light sources:|
|Arc lamp | Incandescent | Fluorescent|
|HMI lamps | Mercury-vapor lamps | Metal halide lamps | Sodium vapor lamps | Xenon arc lamps|
|Electroluminescent (EL) lamps | LEDs | Neon and Argon lamps | Sulfur lamps | Xenon flash lamps|


_USER_{NBERw10739, title = "The Dynamics of Criminal Behavior: Evidence from Weather Shocks", author = "Brian Jacob and Lars Lefgren and Enrico Moretti", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "10739", year = "2004", month = "September", doi = {10.3386/w10739}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {The persistence of criminal activity is well documented. While such serial correlation may be evidence of social interactions in the production of crime, it may also be due to the persistence of unobserved determinants of crime. Moreover, there are good reasons to believe that, particularly over a short time horizon, there may actually be a negative relationship between crime rates in a particular area due to displacement. In this paper, we exploit the correlation between weather and crime to examine the short-run dynamics of criminal behavior. Drawing on crime-level data from the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System, we construct a panel of weekly crime data for 116 jurisdictions. Using the plausibly exogenous variation in lagged crime rates due to unexpected weather shocks, we find that the strong positive serial correlation documented in OLS is reversed. A ten percent increase in violent crime in one week is associated with a 2.6 percent reduction in crime the following week. The corresponding reduction for property crime is 2.0 percent. Additional displacement appears to occur over a longer time horizon. Furthermore, the results do not appear to be driven by persistence in weather conditions over time or displacement of non-criminal economic activity. These findings suggest that the long-run impact of temporary crime prevention efforts may be smaller than the short-run effects.}, }


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May 27, 2009
By David Darlington
Along the lines of Perspectives on History's May 2009 theme issue of history and digital technology, historians may be interested in the web site Henry Hudson 400. This site celebrates the 400th anniversary of explorer Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage to the Americas in search of a water passage to the Pacific Ocean.
Borrowing from the National Archives of the Netherlands, Henry Hudson 400 has taken a selection of rare maps and documents, and in collaboration with Google, overlaid them onto contemporary Google maps of the same areas. The site features 32 historical maps of the 17th-century Dutch trading empire and New Amsterdam. Users will find planning and survey maps of New York City and Amsterdam, historical world maps and illustrations, and charts tracing Hudson's four voyages (1607–11) to the New World. Each of the maps and charts has a paragraph describing its origins and importance. The maps tell the story of 17th-century exploration and the history of the early Dutch settlement of New York. On Hudson's third voyage (1609), ice storms near the North Pole forced a U-turn that led the explorer and the crew on his boat, the Half Moon, to drop anchor along "Manna hata," or "Land of the Hills," which led to the first Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. The overlay of the historic maps over Google allows users to follow Hudson on each of his journeys. Users can also find a short biographical sketch of Henry Hudson on the web site, and, as a part of the map section, biographies of some of the earliest New Yorkers (see the "Origins" tab).
The maps and documents featured on the web site will also be shown at a special exhibit at the South Street Seaport Museum in New York City. The exhibit runs September 13-December 31, 2009. The nonprofit Henry Hudson 400 Foundation has scheduled several other events recognizing the Hudson anniversary throughout the year. Those events can also be found on the web site.


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Give projects a fabulous flower flair with the Flower Power stencils! Use our flower shapes, or create your own unique flower shapes with the petal stencils provided. 1. Cut out the flower and leaf shapes. 2. Glue them onto a thin piece of cardboard, such as a recycled cereal box or file folder. 3. After the glue dries, cut out the shapes. 4. Place your cardboard stencils down on paper, and trace lightly. 5. Use Crayola crayons, colored pencils, or markers to decorate the flowers. Use paint and glitter glue to add colorful centers and stems to your flowers.
STATS ON THIS COLORING PAGE


POE 3.4 Delve: How to Easily Find Hidden Paths
GM2V Date: Oct/07/18 16:26:41 Views: 5663
Within the Delve, the label of the room will appear around the map, but there is no direct passage to go. This demands the use of torches and explosives to explore. But we've got a technique to rule out which roads are likely to result in hidden rooms. This guide will show you tips on how to swiftly obtain the ideal path in restricted possibilities.
POE 3.4 Delve: How to Easily Find Hidden Paths
Start Seeking
We are able to see some hidden nodes when we explore the map, and you will find no apparent paths leading to these nodes.
Some are much more worthwhile, special nodes, like talisman or abyss.
The node asks you to blow up fractured walls to seek out a path to this encounter
It is an encounter just like each other node so far.
This implies that you will be at some point going to escort the crawler to it so as to claim your prize.
Thus, there might be a clear path among some other node and this hidden 1, where the crawler will travel.
So that you can determine where this hidden path is, we need to 1st consider how paths connect to each other. Listed here are some guidelines you'll be able to figure out based on the delve map:
The delve map is a grid
four paths max to a node, 1 each direction, no diagonals.
1 path per non-node square, no overlapping paths
Nodes have either 1, three or four connections, but not two.
2-path nodes have a hidden, third path.
Dead ends never have hidden paths.
The way to uncover the true path
Probable paths
Because the rule: Nodes have either 1, three or four connections, but not 2.
So we are able to rule out the following possibilities
Obtaining the point in the map
Keep in mind that this node will at some point possess a crawler operating to it. This means the cart will lead out of your center checkpoint and towards the side with the map that goes within the proper direction.
The wall will probably be discovered someplace along the predicted path from the crawler.
If you are exploring, most of the time you could just rush into the darkness together with your quicksilver flask or movement ability, fill out the mini-map, then get back into the light and critique the mini-map. You aren't wanting to visually search the region. That little level of exploring might be adequate to find out if it really is there or not.
Do not neglect to upgrade your darkness resistance when you do this, although.
Now let's examine the remaining attainable paths one by one particular.
Path 1
No luck. There does not appear like there's a path within the appropriate path, towards the best proper. Of course, this element is often a straight mineshaft, but for those who don't find anything within around one particular screen of your candle checkpoint, then it is not there. Go to another attainable path.
Path 3
Very same issue. There is certainly no path inside the expected path, within the bottom suitable.
Go to a different achievable path.
Path 2
We discover a path in the major correct? Let's throw down some flares and appear a bit additional!
Good results! Notice the rocky searching mini-map icon. It'll show up when you get close sufficient to it.
Test your findings
Now you might have discovered the wall, you will need to bring flares to survive and a few dynamite to bring it down. Dynamite now one-shots walls every single time. That implies that the number of dynamite is almost certainly one of the most valuable upgrades, although they could apparently be employed to deal tons of harm to mobs/bosses.
Now you might have found the wall, you will need to bring flares to survive and a few dynamite to bring it down. Dynamite now one-shots walls each time. That implies that the amount of dynamite is likely one of the most valuable upgrades, even though they could apparently be made use of to deal tons of damage to mobs/bosses.


Jobs Near SCC
LocationOrange, CA
Highest Degree OfferedAssociate's degree
Average In-State Tuition$864
Average Out-of-State Tuition$4,800
Santiago Canyon College (SCC) is a diverse learning community dedicated to intellectual and personal growth. Our purpose is to foster a learning environment that helps students develop knowledge and understandingcritical thinkingsound decision makingcultural awarenesseffective communication skillsand a commitment to local and global citizenship. Santiago Canyon College offers a comprehensive curriculum that includes university transferassociate degree and certificate programs. In additionwe provide community servicescareer educationcontinuing educationbasic skills developmentand a range of support services for full and part-time studentsincluding those with family and career responsibilities. At SCC we encourage students to planimplement- and evaluate their educational progress through meaningful reflection and interaction with both the college and community.
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text:
This example shows how to construct an automated parking valet system in Simulink® with Automated Driving Toolbox™. It closely follows the Automated Parking Valet MATLAB® example.
Automatically parking a car that is left in front of a parking lot is a challenging problem. The vehicle's automated systems are expected to take over and steer the vehicle to an available parking spot. This example focuses on planning a feasible path through the environment, generating a trajectory from this path, and using a feasible controller to execute the trajectory. Map creation and dynamic obstacle avoidance are excluded from this example.
Before simulation, the
helperSLCreateCostmap function is called within the
PreLoadFcn callback function of the model. For details on using callback functions, see Model Callbacks (Simulink). The
helperSLCreateCostmap function creates a static map of the parking lot that contains information about stationary obstacles, road markings, and parked cars. The map is represented as a
To use the
object in Simulink®, the
helperSLCreateUtilityStruct function converts the
into a struct array in the block's mask initialization. For more details, see Initialize Mask (Simulink).
The global route plan is described as a sequence of lane segments to traverse to reach a parking spot. Before simulation, the
PreLoadFcn callback function of the model loads a route plan, which is stored as a table. The table specifies the start and end poses of the segment, as well as properties of the segment, such as the speed limit.
routePlan = 5×3 table StartPose EndPose Attributes ________________ ____________________ ____________ 4 12 0 56 11 0 [1×1 struct] 56 11 0 70 19 90 [1×1 struct] 70 19 90 70 32 90 [1×1 struct] 70 32 90 52 38 180 [1×1 struct] 53 38 180 36.3 44 90 [1×1 struct]
The inputs and outputs of many blocks in this example are Simulink buses (
classes). In the
PreLoadFcn callback function of the model, the
helperSLCreateUtilityBus function creates these buses.
Planning is a hierarchical process, with each successive layer responsible for a more fine-grained task. The behavior layer sits at the top of this stack. The Behavior Planner block triggers a sequence of navigation tasks based on the global route plan by providing an intermediate goal and configuration for the Motion Planning and Trajectory Generation blocks. Each path segment is navigated using these steps:
Motion Planning: Plan a feasible path through the environment map using the optimal rapidly exploring random tree (RRT*) algorithm (
Trajectory Generation: Smooth the reference path by fitting splines to it using the Path Smoother Spline block. Then convert the smoothed path into a trajectory by generating a speed profile using the Velocity Profiler block.
Vehicle Control: The
HelperPathAnalyzer provides the reference signal for the Vehicle Controller subsystem that controls the steering and the velocity of the vehicle.
Goal Checking: Check if the vehicle has reached the final pose of the segment using
The Vehicle Controller subsystem contains a Lateral Controller Stanley block and a Longitudinal Controller Stanley block to regulate the pose and the velocity of the vehicle, respectively. To handle realistic vehicle dynamics, the Vehicle model parameter in the Lateral Controller Stanley block is set to
Dynamic bicycle model. With this configuration, additional inputs, such as the path curvature, the current yaw rate of the vehicle, and the current steering angle are required to compute the steering command. The Longitudinal Controller Stanley block uses a switching Proportional-Integral controller to calculate the acceleration and the deceleration commands that actuate the brake and throttle in the vehicle.
To demonstrate the performance, the vehicle controller is applied to the Vehicle Model block, which contains a simplified steering system that is modeled as a first-order system and a Vehicle Body 3DOF (Vehicle Dynamics Blockset) block shared between Automated Driving Toolbox™ and Vehicle Dynamics Blockset™. Compared with the kinematic bicycle model used in the Automated Parking Valet MATLAB® example, this Vehicle Model block is more accurate because it considers the inertial effects, such as tire slip and steering servo actuation.
The Visualization block shows how the vehicle tracks the reference path. It also displays vehicle speed and steering command in a scope. The following images are the simulation results for this example:
Simulation stops at about 45 seconds, which is when the vehicle reaches the destination.
This example shows how to implement an automated parking valet in Simulink.
 Buehler, Martin, Karl Iagnemma, and Sanjiv Singh. The DARPA Urban Challenge: Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic (1st ed.). Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2009.
 Lepetic, Marko, Gregor Klancar, Igor Skrjanc, Drago Matko, and Bostjan Potocnik, "Time Optimal Path Planning Considering Acceleration Limits." Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Volume 45, Issues 3-4, 2003, pp. 199-210.
 Hoffmann, Gabriel M., Claire J. Tomlin, Michael Montemerlo, and Sebastian Thrun. "Autonomous Automobile Trajectory Tracking for Off-Road Driving: Controller Design, Experimental Validation and Racing." American Control Conference, 2007, pp. 2296-2301.


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Lockdown vs Student's Mental Health
LOCKDOWN vs STUDENT'S MENTAL HEALTH
The good mental health of a student is very necessary throughout the world since the entire performance depends on it. Disturbances in mental health not only hurt the particular student but also have serious negative impacts on the community, as today's 32 crore students are the future of our country India contributing to its development by serving various roles like teachers, engineers, doctors, nurses, etc. Hence, the mental health of the students has to be given at most importance.
To date, there is no significant scientifically proven treatment to deal with novel coronavirus disease in the market that could control the spread of the virus, though the field of scientists are working hard and we might get some good news in near future, the normalcy of days remain unanswered. As the number of cases was increasing by each day, the lockdown was the only option available to slow down the rate of spreading the infection. In this process, all the educational institutes were also locked down all of sudden. The students were in different phases of their academic year like some are about to complete the academic year, some are about to write their entrance examinations and some were writing their examinations.
Sudden change in a pattern made difficult times for all of us when we heard about the spread of COVID-19 from all over the world, through television, social media, newspapers, family and friends, and other sources and the immediate need to shut down everything very sudden. The most common emotion faced by most was fear. It made us anxious, panicky, and can even possibly make people think, say, or do things that they might not consider appropriate under normal circumstances.
Although some institutes as per the guidelines issued by UGC, promoted the student based on previous performance, some still took the online examination and added extra from the normal days to evaluate students' performance and promote them to the next level, causing them significant distress, anxiety, irritability, and a decrease in mood along with work performance.
According to an online survey conducted by SPIF ((Suicide Prevention India Foundation) across the country, suicide ideation, self-harm, and relapses have all risen. Findings also showed that :
- Self-harm, suicide ideation/death wish increases: Nearly 65% (28.9% said yes and 35.8% responded with maybe) of the therapists have observed an increase in people who have self-harmed. A whopping 71% (28.9% said yes and 42.1% maybe) of therapists said that more people have expressed suicidal ideation or a death wish to them post the outbreak.
- Increased rates of relapse: Nearly 6 out of 10 therapists (57.9%) who took the survey said that individuals who had previously recovered or were making a recovery, have now relapsed.
- More people seeking therapy: 68.6% of the therapists reported an increase in the number of people they see and in the hours, they spend taking therapy after the pandemic hit
- First-time therapy seekers rise: 54.7% of therapists said that the number of people they see who's never sought therapy before have risen since the outbreak of the pandemic
- Common problems: Anxiety (88.7%), job loss or fear of job loss (76.1%) and stress 73.6%), isolation/loneliness and financial insecurity (73% each) top the list of common problems faced by people as reported by therapists.
Many factors played a major role in contributing to the present living conditions. While some of the students found it easier, others have found it harder to cope up with. Depending on the age and the academic year the student is in, and their understanding of the situation, the type of defense/coping mechanism differed from one another. For example, a pre-school student might be affected by the lack of physical activity and social interaction with a peer circle, while high school students might stress upon the career opportunity and college students on how to financially support the family ahead of university. Understanding the environment of the place they are living is also important, an abusive and troublesome family environment can have a significant effect on child health (social, emotional, physical, and psychological). Staying away from home for a few hours and living with friends and enjoying the small portion of life was no longer an option available. While some students who have had suffered from homesickness felt much better staying with family. The change in teaching pedagogy has come up with entirely different challenges. Taking online classes is not everyone's cup of tea. While some students who like to have classroom and interactive face-to-face conversations are lacking behind, and other students who have had social anxiety and are introverts and traveling to campus daily was a big challenge are enjoying it now. While some students easily adapted to the new teaching methods, some of them struggled with internet connectivity in their areas and some didn't have the systems they could take a class upon (not everyone has excess to pc/laptops). This leads the students to show signs of disinterest or loss of motivation, burnout, and them being worried about their academic performance.
To deal with the present state of condition, every educational institution must establish a mental health cell to deal with the issues. Regular online counseling can be planned along with the online classes. It is equally important to counsel the parents along with the students. Regular monitoring of the stress levels using the online tools can be done to prevent the student to enter into a state of depression. Simultaneously the teachers should also be counseled in handling the students during the online classes. Since this is not just a one-way process, all of us must ensure that we must play our part appropriately. Even if we aren't able to help others to deal with the problems, we must make sure not to disturb anyone's mental peace by being a disturbing element, or pressurizing them beyond their actual limit. Students can make certain changes in their lifestyle by adding daily affirmations for staying positive, adapting to yoga, meditation, and relaxation techniques. A daily reminder for a physical workout should be added to the timetable, spending some valuable time with family members must be encouraged, exploring out each other interest areas. Following proper self-care and hygiene is important especially keeping in mind the current situation we are living in.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Consider the following two phrases
 1. Microsoft reports first quarterly loss ever
 2. Microsoft reports first ever quarterly loss
Which of the them is correct?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Either is right and ok.
In both headlines, "ever" is used as an adverb with the meaning of "at any time."
The first, "Microsoft reports first quarterly loss ever," is the same as:
Microsoft reports the first quarterly loss they have ever had.
It emphasizes the meaning that something has never happened before.
In the second, "Microsoft reports first ever quarterly loss," the adverb "ever" is used as part of a longer structure. Similar to:
the + superlative + ever
Ex. The largest ever theme park
It is used to emphasize the comparison being made with the past.
In any case, the difference is minimal and they can be used interchangeably.
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You can just remove the word ever and the phrase will have exactly the same meaning. Tacking "ever" onto the end is akin to tacking "for the first time" onto it.
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Both are correct. Check First Loss Ever, First Ever Loss for reference
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Your Answer


text:
The Hellingly Hospital Railway
was a light railway
owned and operated by the East Sussex County Council
. It was used to deliver coal and passengers to Hellingly Hospital
, a psychiatric hospital
, via a spur from the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
's Cuckoo Line
at Hellingly railway station
The railway was constructed in 1899 and opened to passengers on 20 July 1903, following its electrification in 1902. After the railway grouping of 1923
, passenger numbers declined so significantly that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical, and the service was withdrawn. The railway closed to freight in 1959, following the hospital's decision to convert its coal boilers to oil, which rendered the railway unnecessary.
The route took a mostly direct path from a junction immediately south of Hellingly Station to Hellingly Hospital, past sidings
known as Farm Siding and Park House Siding respectively, used as stopping places to load and unload produce and supplies from outbuildings of the hospital. Much of the railway has since been converted to footpath
, and many of the buildings formerly served by the line are now abandoned.
Construction and opening
In 1897, East Sussex County Council purchased of land at Park Farm, about three miles (5 km) north of Hailsham
, from the Earl of Chichester
, to be the site of a new county lunatic asylum
which would eventually become known as Hellingly...


text:
Curse tablets and magic spells are not entirely unknown, especially when it comes to the scope of the ancient world. The offended Greeks did it to tavern keepers, while the resentful Romans did it out of jealousy (and love). Well, this time around, we are witness to the earliest known evidence of Jewish 'hexing' in sports, pertaining to a rolled-up metal tablet dating from circa 5th – 6th century AD. Originally discovered in Antioch in the 1930s by Princeton University archaeologists, the 9×6 cm tablet was finally unrolled recently (after 1,500 long years). And to their surprise, the researchers came across Aramaic instead of the expected Greek language from ancient Antioch – a major trading hub of the Eastern Romans. Furthermore, the dialect of Aramaic used for the curse was more specific to the Jewish community living in the region.
The research was carried out by the collaborative effort of experts from the Tel Aviv University and the Leiden University, and the project in itself was conducted under the umbrella of a broader scholarly endeavor "Magica Levantina". As for the hexing part, this particular curse was directed at the participants in ancient chariot racing. Now just to provide a context, chariot racing was a big deal in the Greco-Roman world – so much so that the highest paid athlete in all of history was probably a charioteer named Gaius Appuleius Diocles, who might have boasted a total prize money of around $15 billion (if adjusted to modern-day values).
Reverting to the tablet in question here, the object was made of lead – which in itself alludes to the 'villainous' purpose of its owner. Simply put, ancient gamblers, when calling upon gods to do their nefarious bidding, usually avoided precious metals like silver and gold in favor of the lowly lead. In this case, the owner went on to 'reinforce' his already elaborate curse by driving a nail into the tablet. His intent was probably to place the voodoo-like object beneath the race track, so as to supernaturally afflict the horses running over it.
Now historically, as we mentioned before, chariot racing was one of the most popular spectator sports in the Roman realm, which rather saw a period of resurgence during the early Eastern Roman epoch of 5th-6th century, due to the relegation of gladiatorial combats (that were perceived as 'barbaric' by the Christianized emperors). The surge in popularity of such sports could be attested by the fervent fans of two rival stables, the 'Blues' (Veneti) and the 'Greens' (Prasinoi) – many of whom led the disastrous Nika riots of 532 AD that possibly accounted for around 30,000 deaths.
Suffice it to say, with such 'life-and-death' credentials, gambling in these high-profile chariot racing events was rampant as was the existence of fervent support that often bordered on fanaticism – in spite of the tepid opposition from the church. Haaretz correspondent Ruth Schuster put forth her notion –
Justinian [the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565 AD], incidentally, was a Blues supporter and a not particularly benevolent ruler to the Jews, known for imposing several legal restrictions on them. Assuming the scroll dated from his time, this may perhaps explain the hostility of one anonymous Jew from Antioch toward that team.


- Roger D. McKinney
 It's sad to see evangelicals follow religious liberals on economic issues. I'm a Southern Baptist and have watched as my leadership drift that direction also. Why would evangelicals think that liberal theologians are wrong on theology but right on economics issues?
 Although I have an MA in economics, I didn't seriously become interested in the history of capitalism until the late 1990's when I grew weary of Christianity Today continually promoting Marxism. They have softened their stance some since a new editor took over. But they prompted me to search for the origins of capitalism and I spent several years in research. The amazing thing to me was how much confusion reigns on the subject.
 I have concluded that Catholic scholars created the theological and rational basis for capitalism culminating in the brilliant economic analysis of the scholars at the school of Salamanca in the late 16th century. But their ideas were ignored by most religious and secular powers. It took the Protestant Dutch Republic to implement their ideas. The economic ideas of the scholastics were trasmitted to the Dutch by the scholars Lesius and Grotius. By striving to create a Godly system of government based on the principles of the Salamancan school, the Dutch unintentionally created capitalism. The weird thing is that they caught as much criticism for their economic system from other Europeans as do capitalists today.
 Bottom line is that only capitalism, as conceived by the Dutch, fits with Christianity and the Bible. The socialism that evangelical leaders are prostrating before was invented by atheists in the enlightenment.
 - Ronk
 Wonderful post. Great!
 I've been saying it for years. Keep up the good work.


text:
A week's work of super hero themed work on commas in a series.
Super Comma Write the Room: A write the room with slips of paper that students collect/paste to their own, and insert the commas. There were 5 little areas around the room where students reached in a bag and pulled one out at random. (For my class, each bag had two different ones in it because cheating in around the room activities was rampant.) (See the thumbnail for bags. I drew super hero logos, but incorporated something about commas on each one. My kids knew I loved super heroes, so they enjoyed it all the more.)
Comma Cut&Paste PPT: Students got a piece of construction paper, each table got a random chunk of these slides. They had to cut them out and paste them in the right order, and paste on little elbow macaronis where the commas go!
The other three Super Comma files are worksheets we worked on (mostly together). I would have them up on the SMART board and have students help me complete them. We made a game of one of them, where I split the class in two, etc., etc.


text:
Kangaroos Poisoned By Fluoride
HFA came across a short article of the EPA going out of their way to protect kangaroos from fluoride. It seems the fluoride poisons the kangaroos and makes lesions grow on their bones, which renders them lame. A lot of cattle also get sick from the fluoride. So we really have to ask the obvious question. Why does the government try to protect animals from fluoride and force it upon humans? The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) says fluoride from Alcoa's aluminium smelter at Portland is making kangaroos sick.
The EPA's Bruce Dawson says the fluoride is being absorbed by the nearby vegetation which is then being eaten by the kangaroos.
He says the fluoride poisons the kangaroos and makes lesions grow on their bones, which renders them lame.
"Once kangaroos have restricted movement [it] has a significant impact on their welfare. So this is something that needs to be managed and avoided."
He says there is not a lot of information around about the impact of fluoride on kangaroos.
The problem is more common in cattle.
"There was a lot of research done in the 60s and 70s in the United States but this really has just started to emerge in terms of the impacts on kangaroos."
- Harvard Study Finds Fluoride Lowers IQ – Published in Federal Gov't Journal Harvard University researchers' review of fluoride/brain studies concludes "our results...
- Germans & Russians Used Fluoride to Make Prisoners 'Stupid & Docile' "To whom it may concern: I, Oliver Kenneth Goff,...
Related posts brought to you by Yet Another Related Posts Plugin.


Vintage Gas Station Road Maps
As digital mapping systems and GPS devices have become standard, the road map's reign has hit a dead end. Yet these pieces of paper ephemera are only increasing in desirability, as much for nostalgic and aesthetic reasons as their usefulness. Most consider road maps a byproduct of the automobile, but the earliest road maps depicted European routes for horse-drawn vehicles. The first known road map was created by Ehrhard Etzlaub around 1495...Continue Reading


text:
This week we're going to look at how to choose a coordinate system for your database. In PostGIS, this includes the choice of geometry vs geography columns, as well as which projection (if any) to use, and how to interact with it from Rails.
In this article, we'll:
- Review geographic and projected coordinate systems
- Discuss the pros and cons of using the PostGIS geographic type
- See why I typically store data in a projection
- Look at some specific projections I recommend using (or avoiding)
- Learn how to handle projected data in Rails
My original series plan for this week called for a worked example of a location-based web service, bringing together much of the material that we've covered so far. But as I was writing it, I realized there was one more topic we probably ought to cover first. So I'll publish the example next week.
This is part 7 of my continuing series of articles on geospatial programming in Ruby and Rails. For a list of the other installments, please visit _URL_


Determine size of mask opening for membrane etch using KOH
twfr thickness of wafer in µm
tmem thickness of membrane in µm
size size of one side of membrane in µm
sel mask size
Aqueous solution of KOH or pottasium hydroxide is widely used in MEMS to define deep cavities with slanted walls like that of the pressure sensor cavity. KOH based anisotropic etching gives good accuracy and control over the etch profile with very limited lateral etching. Thermal oxide is often used to selectively mask the substrate during KOH etch due to the low etch rate of oxide in KOH.
Etching of a <100> silicon substrate using KOH will produce well defined slanted walls formed by <111> plane at angles of 54.74° to the <100> plane. If the opening of the etch mask is wide enough these slanted walls will form a similar shaped feature at the bottom of the etch pit. If the size of final feature (membrane) is known along with how deep it was etched to reach that pattern, the initial size of the mask opening can be calculated. A square membrane is considered, but for a rectangular membrane, the length of each side of the mask can be found separately using the same interface.
The plot shows the the mask opening required to create membranes of various thickness of the given size for a given wafer thickness. Using the crosshair, the mask size can be directly read off for any membrane thickness.
-The base wafer is assumed to be <100> oriented silicon surface.
-The undercutting of the mask due to etching of <111> planes is assumed to be very small and hence not considered.
-The undercutting of the mask may vary based on doping concentration of the base wafer.
-The temperature and concentration of the etchant remains constant.
-The influence of misalignment of the mask is not considered..
-The thermal oxide mask is assumed to be free of pin holes and defects.
Menu Path
Process > Wet etching > KOH etching > Membrane etch
© MEMSolver.com. All rights reserved.


text:
Acceptable courses include those elementary education courses that would be required in an elementary education major.
Examples include but are not limited to pedagogical content that is primarily focused on:
- methods of teaching in the elementary school
- literacy instruction in the elementary school
- child psychology courses if they focus only on childhood 1-6 education
Six semester-hours (s.h.) must focus exclusively on childhood education. If you have a NYS electronic College Recommendation that appears in your TEACH account for a Literacy Birth-Grade 6 certificate, you will be credited with the requirement.
Unacceptable courses include those that focus on:
- more than one developmental level such as
- life span developmental psychology
- methods of teaching grades K-12
- child and adolescent psychology
- secondary, middle level or early childhood education
- children's literature, child development and child psychology courses that focus on all grade levels.
If you need further clarification you should review college catalogs of institutions that offer childhood education programs leading to certification to learn about the types of courses that focus on the childhood developmental level. New York State colleges that have approved childhood education programs may be identified by using the Inventory of Registered Programs.


rate can even be reduced.
Cashpayers in a car dealership – recognizing advantages
Cashpayers in a car dealership - recognizing advantages
The borrower doesn't care whether he pays bank A or bank B the installments for the car loan. The manufacturer doesn't really care.
Depending on the brand and model, the list price always includes all costs that could arise from the sale of the vehicle. It therefore includes "interest sponsoring" for the interest-free car loan with the desired rate.
There is also an additional discount and risk premiums. Surcharges for costs that arise, for example, when a borrower does not pay. The bottom line is a sales price that the dealership must ask for. About 10 percent discount is included. No matter how well someone negotiates. It is different with cash sales.
Interest sponsorship and most risk premiums become the bargaining chip. According to our research and the research of the SZ from 2017, the car dealership attracts with high discounts for cash payers.
On average, around 30 percent discount is realistic.
Financing from outside – does it pay off at all?
Financing from outside - does it pay off at all?
Almost with "breast milk" we learn to always pay attention to the effective annual interest rate according to PAngV. The view of the "big picture" is quickly lost. After all, every car loan with the desired rate serves a specific purpose. For example, the purchase of a new vehicle.
Appropriately, Bremen merchants shaped a sentence for business success centuries ago. "The profit is in purchasing". Not only credit is purchased, but the vehicle in the next step. The bottom line is that the calculation has to work.
Here is a simple calculation example:
Here is a simple calculation example:
A 28,000 USD car loan from the dealership leads to a 10 percent discount. That is 2,800 USD. Paid, for example over 72 months, means that 25,200 USD are paid interest-free. Financed for 72 months, the car loan costs a monthly rate of 350 USD. The cash payer can expect a discount of around 30 percent. So 8,400 USD off. He thus financed 19,600 USD.
With a term of 72 months, for example at Capital Lender, to take up 2.79 percent effective interest per year according to PAngV. In this case, the monthly rate (despite interest) is 295.65 USD. If the desired rate is to be as small as possible, it is optimally financed online. The figures prove that the calculation works easily in almost every known individual case.
Desired loans online – loan models
Desired loans online - loan models
When buying a car, the eyes are often bigger than the wallet. The discrepancy between car loans at the desired rate is to compensate.
Instead of a classic installment loan, most people with a "tight wallet" prefer to finance with a final installment loan. The final rate is calculated with the maximum amount (residual value of the car at maturity – dealer EK). This loan model offers Car Credit in a loan comparison. A Lite Lender brand.
We still recommend classic financing with constant rates. Instead, choose a longer term. Up to 144 months are possible online. A three-way vehicle purchase loan is not found online. The vehicle is reserved for the dealer when the final installment is due. In return, the car loan with the desired rate of a direct bank offers other advantages that the dealer does not have to offer.
For example, rescheduling other liabilities through cheap car loans.
Car loan – restart of finance
Car loan - restart of finance
The economy in Germany is funded by pump. Hardly any employee has a debt somewhere. The "pleasure" of overdrafts and credit cards is particularly expensive. It is a so-called short-term loan. Taking the term literally saves interest. Auto loan with the desired rate of an online bank can often be used to reschedule existing debts.
It is easy to determine whether the desired provider grants the special condition. Click once on "Product details". The window with the application conditions opens. In addition, on the right side of the field of vision is "Advantages". Special conditions are listed there. If a debt is to be rescheduled with a car loan, the information is there. The option: credit rescheduling is allowed to pay attention to.
The exact wording is flexible.
Preferred loan with initial difficulties – solution
Preferred loan with initial difficulties - solution
Problems with obtaining the desired car loan at the desired rate are rather rare. Of course, there is no guarantee of this. But at the same time, most credit institutions open a way to rule out potential problems in advance. They offer the application with two people. With two solvent borrowers, plus high-quality property security, nothing should go wrong. Nevertheless, every applicant naturally wants to "bother" no other borrower if possible.
If there are doubts as to whether the loan will be approved and who offers the optimal car loan with the desired rate, Cream Bank will take action. Simply send the loan application directly to the portal. Cream Bank reviews the application immediately "neutral". Then the credit experts and the software recommend what is likely to be the best offer.
Car loan with the desired rate – despite credit bureau?
Car loan with the desired rate - despite credit bureau?
Only a few providers are available for credit requests despite credit bureau. When liquidity is scarce, borrowers are particularly concerned about the small rate. The right car loan with the desired rate – for difficult cases – is the extra loan. Up to 144 months are possible. In this way, the rate can be vanishingly none. An alternative to this, with a term of up to 84 months, is the credit private.
In addition, with a term of up to 60 months, the car loan through Best Bank. Common to these options for the car loan with the desired rate, despite credit bureau, is a higher interest rate.
We advise you to clarify the cost of the loan before making an application.
Official Loan – is it worth applying for?
Civil servants are preferred target groups for banks because they have a secure job and are, so to speak, non-cancellable. Banks and credit institutions have targeted special target groups, and civil servants in particular can benefit from low-interest offers.
The conditions for a loan for civil servants are exceptionally favorable and are granted with a long term. The offers for a loan for civil servants have increased in recent years, making a comparison of offers necessary.
The loan for civil servants
The loan for civil servants
Officials are welcome customers at banks. A normal borrower usually has to pay higher interest on a loan with long terms. This is due to an increased risk, which represents the long term. Since civil servants have an open-ended employment contract, they benefit from a long term and with favorable interest rates. The same picture can be seen with higher loan amounts, an official will also receive excellent conditions there. When applying for a loan for civil servants, this should pay attention to the interest.
If a loan comparison is carried out, attention should be paid to the effective interest rate. This depends on the creditworthiness and varies from provider to provider. Just as with normal loans, attention should also be paid to the term and the loan amount. If you choose a long term, you will incur higher borrowing costs, if you choose a loan that is too short, you can expect a high level of liquidity, which can lead to financial bottlenecks in everyday life.
The peculiarity
The peculiarity
The loan form for a civil servant loan can be a loan plus life insurance. This means a loan free of repayment, which is only repaid at the end of the term. Instead of paying installments for the loan, the official pays contributions to life insurance. The credit deposited there will repay the loan at the end of the term. There can also be a profit sharing from life insurance, which also brings in money.
In order for the official to get a loan for civil servants, he should be far from retiring. A civil servant loan is usually up to the age of 53. Loan terms are available between 12 and 20 years. Another condition is the perfect credit entry, which has no negative entries. If other loans still have to be paid, they should be replaced and repaid with the civil servant loan. Current real estate loans are the exception.
The outlook
The outlook
If you want to have your best individual loan offer, you should make use of a loan comparison on the Internet. Several financial portals are offered with a comparison calculator. The comparison calculator shows the possibility of taking individual information into account in a loan. The best offer can be filtered out by the narrowed search with repayment, term, loan amount and also the use.
There are also officials who have a bad credit entry.
For them, the same conditions apply as for a normal borrower. If there are canceled loans, bankruptcies or reminders in the credit entry, no loan will be granted to an official. Here are the foreign banks, which grant a loan without credit entry. Officials are also welcome customers there, despite the bad credit entry. The application is quick and easy. You only need to apply for a loan from a credit broker.
Instant loan without credit score and co-applicant
Getting a loan can be tough if you have no credit, and you may be limited to higher-cost options when borrowing money. Taking steps to establish credit, such as using a secured credit card or taking out a credit-builder loan, could help you build credit before you apply for a loan.
The requirements of customers when borrowing are quite different. While one customer can boast a very good credit score and a high income, the other customer suffers