text:
Ground Water, continued
Character of WaterThe chemical character of the water in Reno County is shown by analyses of 154 samples of water collected from 152 test holes and wells. The results of the analyses are given in Table 5. Partial analyses were made of 78 samples and more detailed analyses were made of 76 samples. In general, the analyses do not indicate the sanitary condition of the water. The analyses were made by Howard A. Stoltenberg, Chemist, in the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the Kansas State Board of Health.
Chemical Constituents in Relation to Use
Dissolved solids--When water is evaporated the residue consists mainly of the mineral constituents given in the table of analyses (Table 5). In addition to the mineral constituents, the residue generally includes small quantities of organic materials and a small amount of water of crystallization. Water containing less than 500 parts per million of dissolved solids is suitable generally for domestic use, except for difficulties resulting from hardness or the presence of iron in excessive amounts. Water containing more than 1,000 parts per million is likely to contain enough of certain constituents to cause noticeable taste or otherwise to make the water undesirable or unsuitable for use.
The dissolved solids in 76 samples collected in Reno County ranged from 152 to 18,200 parts per million; 13 of these samples contained between 500 and 1,000 parts per million and 12 samples contained more than 1,000 parts. Seven of these samples were from test holes and were taken directly above shale bedrock, which fact in part accounts for the high concentration of dissolved solids. Test holes 23-5-21aa, 23-5-15dd, and 23-5-23dd probably are affected by local contamination from industrial wastes.
Figure 16 shows the range in dissolved solids in the water from wells in Reno County. Samples of water from four wells contained more than 5,000 parts per million of dissolved solids. Two of these are Hutchinson municipal wells drilled in the alluvium of the Arkansas River and two are domestic wells drilled into or near to the Permian shales.
Table 6--Dissolved solids in samples of water from wells and test holes in Reno County.
Hardness--The hardness of water, the property that generally receives the most attention, is most commonly recognized by its effect when soap is used with the water. Calcium and magnesium cause nearly all the hardness of ordinary water. These constituents also are the active agents in the formation of scale in steam boilers and in other containers in which water is heated or evaporated.
The total hardness, the carbonate hardness, and the noncarbonate hardness of the water samples from Reno County are given in Table 5 and Figures 17 and 18. The carbonate hardness, or "temporary hardness," is caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates and can be removed almost entirely by boiling. The noncarbonate hardness, or "permanent hardness," is caused by sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium and other salts and cannot be removed by boiling. Carbonate and noncarbonate hardness react in the same manner in relation to the use of soap. Generally, water having noncarbonate hardness forms a harder scale in boilers than water having only carbonate hardness.
The hardness of water samples collected in Reno County ranged from 56 to 9,990 parts per million. Twenty-two of the samples had a hardness of less than 150 parts per million (Table 7). Most of the water from the Arkansas River valley had a hardness of more than 300 parts per million. The softest waters were those from the sandhills area north of Hutchinson and from the southern part of the county (Fig. 19). The hardest water was from test holes penetrating deposits just above the Permian shales. Some test holes south and east of Hutchinson show local contamination by industrial wastes (hardest waters shown in Fig. 19).
Table 7--Hardness of samples of water from wells and test holes in Reno County.
Table 8--Iron in samples of water from wells and test holes in Reno County.
The highest concentration of iron in water is found in the sandhills area north and east of Hutchinson (Fig. 20).
Analyses for chloride were made for 153 samples of water from wells and test holes in Reno County (Table 5). The chloride content of the samples analyzed ranged from 4 to 9,870 parts per million. Table 9 shows the number of samples in various ranges of concentration of chloride. The five samples containing more than 2,500 parts were from test holes.
Table 9--Chloride in samples of water from wells and test holes in Reno County.
The greatest concentration of chloride is in water from the Arkansas River valley, along Salt Creek, and in the northwestern part of the county. The source of the chloride in the northwestern part of Reno County is probably the marsh area in Stafford County. The high chloride in the area south and east of Hutchinson is probably due to local contamination by industrial wastes.
Fluoride--Fluoride in water occurs only in small quantities, but a knowledge of the fluoride content of water used by children is important because of the effect the fluoride has on permanent teeth. The use of water containing fluoride in excess of 1.5 parts per million may cause mottling of the tooth enamel. If the fluoride content is as high as 4 parts per million, about 90 percent of the children may have mottled teeth (Dean, 1936). Although too much fluoride has a detrimental effect, investigations indicate that concentrations of fluoride of about 1 part per million in drinking water lessen the incidence of tooth decay (Dean and others, 1941). The concentration of fluoride in the samples of water collected from wells in Reno County was less than 0.9 part per million.
Nitrate--Recent investigations have caused considerable interest in the amount of nitrate in drinking water. Large amounts of nitrate in water may cause cyanosis in infants when the water is used for drinking and in the preparation of formulas in feeding. Infant cyanosis may be fatal if water containing a high concentration of nitrate is used continually. Water that contains more than 90 parts per million of nitrate is considered by the Kansas State Board of Health likely to cause infant cyanosis (Metzler and Stoltenberg, 1950). Water containing less than 45 parts of nitrate is generally regarded as safe. In Reno County the nitrate content of the samples of water collected from wells ranged from 0 to 447 parts per million. Thirteen samples contained more than 100 parts per million.
Chemical Constituents in Relation to Irrigation
This discussion of the suitability of water for irrigation use is adapted from Agriculture Handbook 60 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The development and maintenance of successful irrigation projects involve not only supplying of irrigation water to the land but also control of the salinity and alkalinity of the soil. The quality of irrigation water, irrigation practices, and drainage conditions are involved in salinity and alkali control. Soil that was originally nonsaline and nonalkali may become unproductive if excessive soluble salts or exchangeable sodium are allowed to accumulate because of improper irrigation and soil-management practices or inadequate drainage.
In areas of sufficient rainfall and ideal soil conditions the soluble salts originally present in the soil or added to the soil with water are carried downward by the water and ultimately reach the water table. The process of dissolving and transporting soluble salts by the movement of water through the soil is called leaching. If the amount of water applied to the soil is not in excess of the amount needed by plants, there will be no downward percolation of water below the root zone and an accumulation of mineral matter will form at that point. Likewise, impermeable soil zones near the surface can retard the downward movement of water, resulting in waterlogging of the soil and deposition of salts. Unless drainage is adequate, attempts at leaching may not be successful, because leaching requires the free passage of water through and away from the root zone.
The characteristics of an irrigation water that seem to be most important in determining its quality are: (1) total concentration of soluble salts; (2) relative proportion of sodium to other principal cations (magnesium, calcium, and potassium); (3) concentration of boron or other elements that may be toxic; and (4) under some conditions, the bicarbonate concentration as related to the concentration of calcium plus magnesium.
The total concentration of soluble salts in irrigation water can be adequately expressed in terms of electrical conductivity for purposes of diagnosis and classification. Electrical conductivity is the measure of the ability of the ionized inorganic salts in solution to conduct an electrical current, and is usually expressed in terms of micromhos per centimeter at 25°C. The electrical conductivity can be determined accurately in the laboratory, or a rough approximation of the electrical conductivity can be obtained by multiplying the total equivalents per million of calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium by 100, or by dividing the dissolved solids in parts per million by a factor of 0.6 to 0.7. In general, water having an electrical conductivity below 750 micromhos per centimeter is satisfactory for irrigation insofar as salt content is concerned, although salt-sensitive crops such as strawberries, green beans, and red clover may be adversely affected by irrigation water having an electrical conductivity in the range of 250 to 750 micromhos per centimeter. Water in the range of 750 to 2,250 micromhos per centimeter is widely used, and satisfactory crop growth is obtained under good management and favorable drainage conditions, but saline conditions will develop if leaching and drainage are inadequate. Use


text:
Development of a Tri-Axial Cutting Force Sensor for the Milling Process
AbstractThis paper presents a three-component fixed dynamometer based on a strain gauge, which reduces output errors produced by the cutting force imposed on different milling positions of the workpiece. A reformative structure of tri-layer cross beams is proposed, sensitive areas were selected, and corresponding measuring circuits were arranged to decrease the inaccuracy brought about by positional variation. To simulate the situation with a milling cutter moving on the workpiece and validate the function of reducing the output errors when the milling position changes, both static calibration and dynamic milling tests were implemented on different parts of the workpiece. Static experiment results indicate that with standard loads imposed, the maximal deviation between the measured forces and the standard inputs is 4.87%. The results of the dynamic milling test illustrate that with identical machining parameters, the differences in output variation between the developed sensor and standard dynamometer are no larger than 6.61%. Both static and dynamic experimental results demonstrate that the developed dynamometer is suitable for measuring milling force imposed on different positions of the workpiece, which shows potential applicability in machining a monitoring system. View Full-Text
Share & Cite This Article
Li, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Fei, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.; Gao, Y. Development of a Tri-Axial Cutting Force Sensor for the Milling Process. Sensors 2016, 16, 405.
Li Y, Zhao Y, Fei J, Zhao Y, Li X, Gao Y. Development of a Tri-Axial Cutting Force Sensor for the Milling Process. Sensors. 2016; 16(3):_URL_ Style
Li, Yingxue; Zhao, Yulong; Fei, Jiyou; Zhao, You; Li, Xiuyuan; Gao, Yunxiang. 2016. "Development of a Tri-Axial Cutting Force Sensor for the Milling Process." Sensors 16, no. 3: 405.
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Do Fish Shed Their Scales?
There are instances where fish do shed their scales but they do not shed them as part of normal growth. If they lost their scales as they grew they would not continue to grow.
The scales would have to be repaired or replaced for the fish to grow. Fish scales mimic the qualities of a human's skin. The scales of a fish will grow as they get older.
The number of scales has is directly proportional to what its age is. The scales are just like the rings of a tree. The scales help to determine their age
Why Does a Fish Shed its Scales?
1. Physical Damage
 - Breeding Season: As they are swimming around trying to mate with the females both species are very active. They will brush up against many objects as they are swimming erratically so this can result in physical damage, which is generally lost scales.
 - Aggressive Behavior of Other Fish: Sometimes the other fish in the aquarium can become aggressive and try to harm the other fish by constantly hitting them. Generally, the fish that was attacked is the one that will lose scales.
 - Decorations: It is okay to add caves and other decorations inside your aquarium but make sure that they do not have any sharp parts.
If you do have aggressive fish in your aquarium it is advisable that you keep them together in one aquarium to help protect the gentler, docile fish from being hurt and losing scales.
fish tail 1
2. Infection
Having an infection will also cause your fish to shed their scales and is the second common reason for a fish to shed scales. There are so many different infections that it is too long of a list to name them.
SEE NEXT: Baby Snapping Turtle Care Guide - Diet & Tank
3. Abrasions
A fish can get an abrasion by coming into contact with hard objects. It is nothing for them to brush up against something as they swim around the aquarium, especially during the breeding season. To help prevent this from happening, be sure that you do not put anything in the aquarium that has a rough surface or a sharp edge.
Scale Shedding Disease
This disease is called infectious protrusion and among aquamarine fish, this is a prevalent disease. It is caused by dangerous bacteria like Aeromonas punctuate and Pseudomonas fluorescens. It this disease is not treated, it becomes fatal.
These bacteria can be found in nature and is brought into the aquarium from natural reservoirs. When the fish that is infected in placed in an aquarium with healthy fish, the disease will spread if the infected fish is not quarantined first.
This disease can get into your aquarium via water, plants, or gravel from an infected aquarium. Another way it can spread is through transmission from equipment used in the infected aquarium.
The main symptoms of this disease is scale rising and scale shedding. In the beginning, the fish will look healthy but you may see some protruding scales. As the disease gets worse, more scales will start to stick up all over the fish's body.
This is because of the formation of the small pustules or bubbles that are full of serous fluid. They form in the places under the skin where the scales are attached to the fish's body. As a result, this leads to scales being shed or lost.
SEE NEXT: Top 5 Bottom Dweller / Bottom Feeder Fish
Because they shed scales, form pustules, and have scales protruding, these young fish will have difficulty breathing. The reason is that they use dermal respiration during that stage of their life instead of using their gill apparatus for exchanging gases. Unfortunately, these two specific symptoms do not always hint towards scale shedding disease.
Sometimes the protruding scales can be caused by bacteria called Mycobacteriosis or Ichthyosporidium. In order to be sure exactly what is causing a fish's scales to shed, you will need to examine the tissue that surrounds it and the scales.
fish scale
This disease can only be treated if it is caught in the early stages. This is when the scales start to stick up in patches. Some of the things that can be used include:
 - Antibiotics: These can include Sulfanilamide, Bicillim-5, and Biomycin
 - Basic Violet K: This can be made to treat fish in separate aquariums.
If a fish shows extensive protrusion of their scales, they are beyond being cured so they should not be kept any longer. They should be disposed of and everything, including the equipment, fishing tackle, and aquarium needs to be disinfected.
To clean and disinfect them, you should use five percent Hydrochloric acid or Sulphuric Acid. You can also use a Chloramine solution. To disinfect the gravel you need to temper or boil it. You should use Bicillin-5 solution to treat any of the plants.
Can a Fish Grow Back Their Scales?
Even if your fish loses a large number of its scales, it is possible that they can normally grow them back but it all depends on the breed of fish. The time for them to grow back will vary according to the species. Some can grow them back in a few weeks while others it may take three to four months.
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It also depends on why they shed their scales in the first place. For example, if it was due to aggressive fish and you have moved the aggressive fish to another aquarium then they should grow back. The same way if it was due to something sharp in the aquarium and it was removed, their scales would grow back or repair themselves.
If the fish are healthy and it was not an infection causing them to shed scales, then they should grow them back or repair them.
 - It is a misconception that fish shed their scales as they grow. If nothing bad happens to a fish they will never shed their scales
 - If the fish have shed a lot of scales they will probably not grow them back, or at least the majority of them.
 - With scale shedding disease, if it is caught in time the fish will recover.
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If one defines force as the time derivative of momentum, i.e. by
$$ \vec{F}= \frac{d}{dt} \vec{p} $$
how can this include static forces? Is there a generally accepted way to argue in detail how to get from this to the static case? If not, what different solutions are discussed?
Edit: I shoud add, that by static forces I mean forces involved in problems where bodies don't move.
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There is no such thing as static and dynamic force. Could you clarify what you mean? I suppose you're talking about multiple forces acting on the same system such that in total they produce zero net force (e.g. gravity vs. reaction from the ground acting on the chair you're sitting on)? – Marek Jul 31 '11 at 17:04
What you are missing here from Newton's laws is the sum of forces. – ja72 Aug 1 '11 at 12:44
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
I don't exactly know what you mean by static forces. But I am going to take a wild guess here and assume that by that you mean forces involved in problems where bodies don't move. I think you assumed that Newton's second law quantifies a force. This is actually wrong. First of all realize that a force is an interaction and it still acts whether the body on which it acts moves or not. Newton's second law quantifies the total effect of all such forces on a body of mass $m$ and not the force itself. For example the Newton's law of Gravitation tells you that the force between two masses is:
$$\vec{F} = G\frac{Mm}{r^2}$$
Now this is practically useless unless you specifies what a force does on a body. That's where Newton's second law comes in. So along with Newton's second law, you have a complete theory of (classical) gravitation.
Also the $\vec{F}$ in Newton's second law is the total force acting on a body having momentum $\vec{p}$. So when bodies don't move the net forces on them is zero. But that does not mean that you can not have forces acting on it.
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Yes I want to take Newton's second law as a definition of Force. I came across this question when studying the Karlsruhe physics course, where force is defined in this way. If I am not mistaken this goes back to Ernst Mach and is used as definition of force in some textbooks as well, for example in the german books by Demtröder or Fließbach. However my problem is that I don't see how one can take this as a definition and also to be able to describe static situations with this concept. – martin Aug 1 '11 at 7:54
_USER_ Ernst Mach defined a force in an entirely different way. According to Mach when two bodies interact (assuming they are the only bodies which do so) the following equation holds: $m_1/m_2 = -a_2/a_1$. Thus it is meaningful to define a force as $m\vec{a}$. But note that this form of the law isn't as useful as Newton's second law as you consider only two particles. And clearly a system containing just two objects won't be static. So Mach's definition (as its normally given) can't be practically used to solve such problems. – Bernhard Heijstek Aug 1 '11 at 12:21
By "static forces" I think you mean forces within a physical system in static equilibrium.
You get static equilibrium out of the kinetic effects of force by noting the sum of the forces at every point is zero and therefore so is the sum of their kinetic effects.
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text:
When graphing a tangent transformation, start by using a theta and tan(theta) t-table for -pi/2 to pi/2. In the case of y=Atan(Bx) or y=Atan(B(x-h)), define Bx or B(x-h) to be equal to theta and solve for x. Now use this equation to create a x and Atan(Bx) or Atan(B(x-h)) table, which will give coordinate pairs to plot.
The previous episode, I graphed the tangent function between 0 and pi over 2. Now I want to extend that graph to the left and to the right, and I'm going to need some facts from before. First of all I have a table of values that I found before. Tangent of 0 is 0, tangent of pi over 4 is 1 and tangent of pi over 2 is undefined. And this is what gives us that vertical asymptote at x equals pi over 2. I also need 2 facts. The identity tangent of -x equals negative tangent x and that tangent has period pi. Now this this fact means that if you take at 2 inputs that have opposite values you get opposite outputs.
So, for example if I plug negative pi over 4 into tangent, I get the opposite output -1. For tangent's an odd function. Of course the opposite of 0 is 0 gives me the opposite output which is also 0 and the opposite input negative pi over 2, it's just it's still going to be undefined. And this helps me complete a single period of tangent functions. Let's go back here and pi over 4, I'm going to have -1 and I'm going to have an asymptote at negative pi over 2, just like I have with pi over 2. So let me draw that really quickly. And I complete the graph like so. Now this gives me one period of tangent because the period of tangent is pi. So I want to duplicate this here and here, at least 2 more periods.
Now let's observe that the key points that I have here, negative pi over 4 -1, 0 0, and pi over 4 1, all line up. So it's really easy to draw them over and over again. They would go here and here. And once you've got them drawn it's super easy to draw the tangent curve. Just remember the shape. And then you can put your asymptotes on. There are going to be asymptotes every pi units. This asymptote is at 3 pi over 2, this one's at -3 pi over 2. That's the great thing about periodic functions because they're periodic, once you have one cycle drawn you just duplicate that cycle as many times as you need to.
So here I have 3 full periods of the tangent function and now that I have that, I can actually apply transformations to the tangent function which I'll do in future episodes.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The slogan "Dua Anak Cukup" ("two children are enough") meets the eye everywhere as you drive through rural Indonesia. An echo of "Hum Do, Hamare Do", the familiar slogan of India's family planning campaign. Indonesia coined its line in 1970, nearly two decades after India started its national family planning programme, in 1952. Today it has a TFR (total fertility rate) of 2.4, according to a 2011 Unicef report, close to 2.1, the replacement level of fertility, that magic number when a country's population starts to stabilize. TFR represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years. India's TFR is 2.5 since 2010, according to a Union health ministry report. While there is not much difference in the figures now, we should remember that Indonesia started its programme 18 years after India and is still ahead of us.
In 1952, India's TFR stood at 5.9. Indonesia's was 5.6 when it launched its family planning programme. In just three decades, it has come to be regarded as the poster child for family planning, with countries like Malaysia and Bangladesh and more recently health officials from Rajasthan looking to gain a first-hand experience of its programmes. So what is Indonesia doing differently?
"We designed a multi-pronged communication campaign involving community volunteers, religious leaders and midwives," says Eddy Hasmi, director, international training and collaboration at the BKKBN (Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional), the national body that manages Indonesia's family planning programme. Religious leaders talking about family planning? That too in an Islamic country? That is the first surprising aspect of this plan.
Pilot programme: Familes at Rajiv Gandhi Nagar in Dharavi, Mumbai.
"We approach it through the lens of reproductive health education," says Wan Nedra, vice-dean at Jakarta's Farsi University and a volunteer leader with the Muslimat Nahdlatul Ulama which, along with the Muhammadiyah, is one of the two main Islamic groups in Indonesia. In their madrasas, locally known as pesantrens, children are given age-appropriate information about contraceptives and sexual rights. Volunteers and leaders of the two groups also work within the local community, advising couples on family planning.
This approach of controlling the birth rate by involving religious leaders has clearly paid off. What also helps a great deal is that family planning is managed by a national body, which ensures a uniform agenda. Something that India lacks, say experts, and has hampered the progress of its programme.
Health being a state subject in India, no uniform methodology is followed. While the Centre does not advocate an incentive-based approach, some states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have done exactly that, offering cash and other incentives to encourage couples to adopt family planning. Tamil Nadu and more recently Maharashtra have adopted a more integrated approach, including family planning in their larger focus on maternal and adolescent health, and are reporting greater success in controlling birth rates. Tamil Nadu, along with Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka, has already achieved the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman.
"State programmes seem to be driven by ideologies rather than evidence," observes Garima Deveshwar Bahl, program director with the non-governmental organization SNEHA (Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action), which runs a number of projects aimed at improving the lives of vulnerable women and children in Mumbai slums.
"This February, I attended a national-level conference where the speakers were all high level and everyone seemed to have a favourite aspect of the problem,'' says Bahl. "Some focused on the need for gender equity in access to contraceptives, yet others talked of increasing the method-mix. No one is following any sort of Indian 'model'. There is an emphasis on the northern states without factoring in migration that is happening to urban sites across the country, particularly Mumbai."
It is among these vulnerable migrant communities at the Rajiv Gandhi Nagar in Dharavi that SNEHA runs a pilot family planning programme in partnership with the Family Planning Association of India and the municipal corporation of Greater Mumbai. A first-of-its-kind initiative, it integrates family planning with its other health projects, given the cross-cutting impact on poverty reduction and maternal health. This sets it apart from other programmes in the country which have looked at family planning in isolation.
The programme, started in early 2010, reaches out to a community of 3,500 households, most of them first generation migrants from Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. It's a mixed community, with most families having up to five children. Rajiv Gandhi Nagar is in many ways a microcosm, representative of thousands of migrants' colonies, found in our urban centres. If the project works here, it could be replicated elsewhere in the country.
The methods used echo the Indonesian experience. A low-cost peer educator model has been developed wherein women from the community are trained and paid a modest amount. Through street plays and door-to-door campaigns, peer educators deliver the message that women can and should plan their babies. A point that decades of government campaigns with their focus on permanent methods like sterilization have failed to deliver effectively, because it left out women and men who wanted to delay babies.
The approach, SNEHA claims, is paying off. "When we started out here, use of family planning methods was just 12%. In a short period of one year with very low-cost solutions, it has gone up to 30%," says Bahl.
What remains unexplored however is working with religious leaders to promote family planning. Indonesia is doing this by working within the framework of Islam, which allows temporary methods, while frowning upon permanent means like sterilization and abortion.
Taking religious leaders on board is equally critical in a country like India where religious and cultural taboos often hinder the ability to make an informed choice. Take the RISHTA (Research and Intervention in Sexual Health: Theory to Action) initiative, started in 2002 by the US National Institutes of Health in collaboration with the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, to prevent HIV transmission among married men and women living in Mumbai slums. The project roped in local imams and priests as gatekeepers, using them as advocates. There was huge opposition initially, according to Rajendra Singh, who managed the six-year project. "It is a big challenge to motivate and involve religious people in sexual health programmes. We took the support of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board and other senior leaders who encouraged people to look at the health effects of unhealthy behaviours."
The findings of the RISHTA project, as yet unpublished, are heartening, with men from the community reporting a better understanding of issues related to domestic violence and women's rights.
"We should definitely learn from Indonesia's experience, on how to work with religious groups in general," says Bahl. It is an approach that could work in India where family planning remains a sensitive topic.
Shai Venkatraman is a journalist, teacher and blogger with a special interest in issues related to health and gender rights. She recently visited Indonesia on a journalism fellowship.
Small idea, big difference is a series that will look at socially relevant health problems and seek to suggest solutions.
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text:
Protocol for Long Term Study of Brain Injury in Children - Blood, Serum, CSF and DNA Repository and Database
Specific aims in this project:
1. Collect Dna for candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SnP) analysis.
2. Determine outcomes of children suffering from TBi with multiple metrics, including rehabilitation assessment/progress notes during inpatient stay and routine outpatient follow-up visits. Data from neuropsychological outcome testing will also be collected and correlated. neuropsychological follow-up occurs at discharge, 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury as standard follow-up care. There will also be a 2 year and 5 year neuropsychological follow-up to evaluate long-term outcomes. The 2 and 5 year follow-up will consist of the same assessments performed for the 6 and 12 month evaluations. Refer to appendix 1 for a list of standard neuropsychological testing at various stages.
3. Correlate outcome data with genetic data stratified by age and gender.
4. Collect outcome data for all study participants, whether or not they consent to the Dna sample collection. This data collection will occur at discharge, 3, 6, and 12 months and at the 2 and 5 year follow-up post-injury, as specified in aim #2.
* Children admitted to Children[Single Quote]s Medical Center Dallas for observation or treatment of a traumatic brain injury caused by blunt force
* Traumatic brain injury must be the primary diagnosis. The Glasgow Coma Scale, which measures severity, must be a 12 or less. Thus, children with moderate (GCS of 9-12), and severe (GCS of 8 or less) traumatic brain injuries will be included.
* Evidence of intracranial injury on head CT or brain MRI
* Newborn to 17 years of age
* Any race or gender
* Parental consent. Assent will be obtained once child is cognitively able to provide assent.


text:
Michael Fowler 10/29/07
As a warm up to analyzing how a wave function transforms under rotation, we review the effect of linear translation on a single particle wave function. We have already seen an example of this: the coherent states of a simple harmonic oscillator discussed earlier were (at t = 0) identical to the ground state except that they were centered at some point displaced from the origin. In fact, the operator creating such a state from the ground state is a translation operator.
The translation operator T(a) is defined at that operator which when it acts on a wave function ket gives the ket corresponding to that wave function moved over by a, that is,
so, for example, if is a wave function centered at the origin, T(a) moves it to be centered at the point a.
We have written the wave function as a ket here to emphasize
the parallels between this operation and some later ones, but it is simpler at
this point to just work with the wave function as a function, so we will drop
the ket bracket for now. The form of T(a)
as an operator on a function is made evident by rewriting the
Now for the quantum connection: the differential operator appearing in the exponential is in quantum mechanics proportional to the momentum operator () so the translation operator
An important special case is that of an infinitesimal translation,
The momentum operator is said to be the generator of the translation.
(A note on possibly confusing notation: Shankar writes (page 281) Here denotes a delta-function type wave function centered at x. It might be better if he had written, then we would see right away that this translates into the wave function transformation, the sign of now obviously consistent with our usage above.)
It is important to be clear about whether the system is being translated by a, as we have done above or whether, alternately, the coordinate axes are being translated by a, that latter would result in the opposite change in the wave function. Translating the coordinate axes, along with the apparatus and any external fields by -a relative to the wave function would of course give the same physics as translating the wave function by +a. In fact, these two equivalent operations are analogous to the time development of a wave function being described either by a Schrödinger picture, in which the bras and kets change in time, but not the operators, and the Heisenberg picture in which the operators develop but the bras and kets do not change. To pursue this analogy a little further, in the "Heisenberg" case
and is unchanged since it commutes with the operator. So there are two possible ways to deal with translations: transform the bras and kets, or transform the operators. We shall almost always leave the operators alone, and transform the bras and kets.
We have established that the momentum operator is the generator of spatial translations (the generalization to three dimensions is trivial). We know from earlier work that the Hamiltonian is the generator of time translations, by which we mean
It is tempting to conclude that the angular momentum must be the operator generating rotations of the system, and, in fact, it is easy to check that this is correct. Let us consider an infinitesimal rotation about some axis through the origin (the infinitesimal vector being in the direction of the axis). A wavefunction initially localized at will shift to be localized at, where So, how does a wave function transform under this small rotation? Just as for the translation case,. If you don't understand the minus sign, reread the discussion on translations and the sign of.
to first order in the infinitesimal quantity, so the rotation operator
If we write this as
it is clear that a finite rotation is given by multiplying together a large number of these operators, which just amounts to replacing by in the exponential. Another way of going from the infinitesimal rotation to a full rotation is to use the identity
which is clearly valid even if A is an operator.
We have therefore established that the orbital angular momentum operator is the generator of spatial rotations, by which we mean that if we rotate our apparatus, and the wave function with it, the appropriately transformed wave function is generated by the action of on the original wave function. It is perhaps worth giving an explicit example: suppose we rotate the system, and therefore the wave function, through an infinitesimal angle about the z-axis. Denote the rotated wave function by. Then
That is to say, the value of the new wave function at (x,y) is the value of the old wave function at the point which was rotated into (x,y).
However, it has long been known that in quantum mechanics, orbital angular momentum is not the whole story. Particles like the electron are found experimentally to have an internal angular momentum, called spin. In contrast to the spin of an ordinary macroscopic object like a spinning top, the electron's spin is not just the sum of orbital angular momenta of internal parts, and any attempt to understand it in that way leads to contradictions.
To take account of this new kind of angular momentum, we generalize the orbital angular momentum to an operator which is defined as the generator of rotations on any wave function, including possible spin components, so
This is of course identical to the equation we found for L, but there we derived if from the quantum angular momentum operator including the momentum components written as differentials. But up to this point has just been a complex valued function of position. From now on, the wave function at a point can have several components, so it is in some vector space, and the rotation operator will operate in this space as well as being a differential operator with respect to position. For example, the wave function could be a vector at each point, so rotation of the system could rotate this vector as well as moving it to a different.
To summarize: is in general an n-component function at each point in space, is an matrix in the component space, and the above equation is the definition of J. Starting from this definition, we will find J's properties.
The first point to make is that in contrast to translations, rotations do not commute even for a classical system. Rotating a book through first about the z-axis then about the x-axis leaves it in a different orientation from that obtained by rotating from the same starting position first about the x-axis then about the z-axis. Even small rotations do not commute, although the commutator is second order. Since the R-operators are representations of rotations, they will reflect this commutativity structure, and we can see just how they do that by considering ordinary classical rotations of a real vector in three-dimensional space.
The matrices rotating a vector by about the x, y and z axes are
In the limit of rotations about infinitesimal angles (ignoring higher order terms),
It is easy to check that
The rotation operators on quantum mechanical kets must, like all rotations, follow this same pattern, that is, we must have
where we have used the definition of the infinitesimal rotation operator on kets,. The zeroth and first-order terms in e all cancel, the second-order term gives. The general statement is:
This is one of the most important formulas in quantum mechanics.
The commutation formula which is, after all, a straightforward extension of the result for ordinary classical rotations, has surprisingly far-reaching consequences: it leads directly to the directional quantization of spin and angular momentum observed in atoms subject to a magnetic field.
It is by now very clear that in quantum mechanical systems such as atoms the total angular momentum, and also the component of angular momentum in a given direction, can only take certain values. Let us try to construct a basis set of angular momentum states for a given system: a complete set of kets corresponding to all allowed values of the angular momentum. Now, angular momentum is a vector quantity: it has magnitude and direction. Let's begin with the magnitude, the natural parameter is the length squared:
Now we must specify direction—but here we run into a problem. Jx, Jy and Jz are all mutually non-commuting, so we cannot construct a set of common eigenkets of any two of them, which we would need for a precise specification of direction. They do all commute with, since it is spherically symmetric and therefore cannot be affected by any rotation (and, it's easy to check this commutation explicitly).
The bottom line, then, is that in attempting to construct eigenkets describing the different possible angular momentum states of a quantum system, the best we can do is to find the common eigenkets of and one direction, say Jz. The commutation relations do not allow us to be more precise about direction, analogous to the Uncertainty Principle for position and momentum, which also comes from noncommutativity of the relevant operators.
We conclude that the appropriate angular momentum basis is the set of common eigenkets of the commuting Hermitian matrices :
Our next task is to find the allowed values of a and b.
The sets of allowed eigenvalues a, b can be found using the "ladder operator" trick previously discussed for the simple harmonic oscillator. It turns out
are closely analogous to the simple harmonic oscillator raising and lowering operators and a.
and have commutation relations with Jz:
and they of course commute with, as do Jz, Jx and Jy.
Therefore, operating on cannot affect the value of a. But they do change the value of b:
so if is an eigenket of Jz with eigenvalue b, is either zero or an eigenket of Jz with eigenvalue, that is, where is a normalization constant, taking the initial to be normalized. Just as with the simple harmonic oscillator, we have to find these normalization constants in order to compute matrix


text:
Names of people enslaved in Virginia, pulled from some of the Virginia Historical Society 's 8 million documents, have been compiled into Unknown No Longer, a searchable database now available to the public.
The online tool includes more than 1,500 names found in letters, wills, court records and other sources. Each name is connected to a digital copy of the original document in which it was found. Society spokeswoman Jennifer Guild said the work of extracting the information began more than a year ago.
"It is possible these names have never been seen before," she said. "This is the first time we have published them."
The database can be searched by keywords such as name, occupation and plantation. "For instance, if all you knew was your great-great-great-grandmother was named Ann and she had been a slave in Virginia, that is enough to begin a search with this database," Guild said. "Or, if all you have is a plantation name, you go to that name and you will find what we have on the slaves who lived there."
It is a continuing work: the society will add new information to the database as it continues to go through the 8 million documents in its collection.
This is the society's first database that specifically compiles names of enslaved people from Virginia and is taken from their own materials. In the past, all that was available to anyone searching the society's holdings online was a list of the titles of books or other published material that contained slave-related information; anyone wanting to know more about what those papers contained would have to go to the society to do the research.


Why Does a Putt Lip Out?
This week's Q&A was published in Dear Frank…Answers to 100 of Your Golf Equipment Questions
Hello Frank,
Can you please explain why a putt lips out of the hole? Is it because it is going too fast or because it is rolling with side-spin instead of end over end? And, of course, how do I keep it from happening?!
– Anne
If the ball is directed toward the center of the hole at the correct speed (approximately 1 1/2 mph), it will fall into the hole, touching the back of the hole-liner on its way to where it truly belongs — i.e., the bottom of the cup. This is our final objective when we tee it up on every hole.
If it is going too fast (above 3+ mph), it will bounce off the back edge of the cup and over the hole. So speed is important; when you practice putting, on your misses the ball should end up about 12 to 18 inches behind the hole on a flat putt, which would indicate that even though you didn't have the right line at least you had the correct speed.
The odds are that if you are short with your putts, they will not go in, so try to get enough speed on the putt to get it at least over the edge of the hole or a little beyond it. If it "dies" in the hole it is going slowly enough to be affected by "precession" (a hard right or left turn at the end of a breaking putt).
Now when your line is slightly off and the ball rolls around the edge only to "lip out," it is because, for that line (an off-center near miss), it was going too fast. If the ball is moving more slowly, it could fall in the 'side door' or even do a 180. It has nothing to do with side-spin, which you may have put onto the ball immediately after impact.
Putts begin with a little bit of backspin or topspin (never pure rolling spin). The ball then skids until it gets pure rolling spin. At this point any side-spin initially applied at impact will be turned into pure rolling spin. So you can forget about the affect of side-spin when the ball gets to the hole.
I recommend that putters have a 4-degree loft, (which I designed into the Frankly Frog Putter) because this will lift the ball out of the depression in which it has inevitably come to rest on the green. A lower lofted putter may drive the ball into the rim of this slight depression and tend to make it jump, which may deflect it slightly off line. A 4-degree loft will control the very small amount of spin off the putter and avoid any inconsistent initial jumping.
For a little better understanding of what happens to the ball after it leaves the putter be sure to check out the "Understanding Your Putter" section of The Fundamentals of Putting
Anne, lip outs are purely a matter of direction and speed and have nothing to do with side-spin. Thank you for asking the question; now you can give your friends, who believe that it has something to do with side-spin, a little lip of your own.
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Painting Common Painting Idioms
A selection of articles related to painting common painting idioms.
Original articles from our library related to the Painting Common Painting Idioms. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Painting Common Painting Idioms.
- The Religious Experience: A Wiccan Viewpoint
- What is religion? Religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. A set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. I have found several different...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- All One People
- Standing in their Circle, a group of people reverently turn to face and address the four directions. They call to their Great Mother and Great Father, giving thanks for their many gifts. The Circle is blessed with sweet smoke from sacred herbs and becomes a...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Archetypal Astrology
- Jungian Psychology | Archetypal Astrology | The Myths The Horoscope What is below is like what is above. And what is above is like what is below, so that the miracle of the One may be accomplished. -Tabula Smaragdina This is not an explanation of all the...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- Story of the Celts: The Ancient Celts
- The Ancient Celts [ 8 ] What is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across Europe the Celts once were. The Celts have been called the "Fathers of Europe," that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
Painting Common Painting Idioms is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Painting Common Painting Idioms books and related discussion.
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- Writing Yourself Into Existence: Tunde Adebimpe And Doseone Discuss Nevermen
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Painting Common Painting Idioms Topics
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text:
"Education for democratic
citizenship" means education, training, dissemination, information, practices
and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills and
understanding and moulding their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to
exercise and defend their democratic rights and responsibilities in society, to
value diversity and to play an active part in democratic life, with a view to
the promotion and protection of democracy and the rule of law.
"Human rights education" means education, training, dissemination, information,
practices and activities which aim, by equipping learners with knowledge, skills
and understanding and moulding their attitudes and behaviour, to empower them to
contribute to the building and defence of a universal culture of human rights in
society, with a view to the promotion and protection of human rights and
Education for democratic citizenship and human rights education are closely
interrelated and mutually supportive. They differ in focus and scope rather than
in goals and practices. Education for democratic citizenship focuses primarily
on democratic rights and responsibilities and active participation, in relation
to the civic, political, social, economic, legal and cultural spheres of
society, while human rights education is concerned with the broader spectrum of
human rights and fundamental freedoms in every aspect of people's lives.
The Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and
Rights Education (Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7)
What is the aim of Education for democratic
citizenship and human rights (EDC/HRE)?
Education for democratic citizenship and
human rights aims to give people the knowledge, understanding, skills and
attitudes that will help them to play an effective role in their community -
be it on the local, national or international level. It shows people how to
become informed about their rights, responsibilities and duties and it helps
them to realise that they can have influence and make a difference.
What is EDC/HRE?
Education for Democratic Citizenship and
Human Rights doesn't just happen in schools during citizenship lessons: it
covers all forms of education, from children up to young adults at college
and university, and through into adult education, vocational training and
the workplace. You can find EDC/HRE through the work of campaigning groups
and on Internet pages aimed at children. It is not just about learning to
vote. It is about learning to sort out problems in the family without
recourse to violence. It is about learning to resolve playground disputes in
a fair and sensible way. It is about neighbours joining together to keep
their environment clean and safe.
Why do we need EDC/HRE?
Democratic citizenship is a skill, and
skills need to be learned. Many schools taught the basic government
structures in the past: not so many taught their pupils how they could have
a voice in the society in which they lived, and why it was important.
Democracy comes from the Greek meaning "of the people". Yet studies show
that most people throughout Europe are becoming disenfranchised from their
political systems. They do not trust politicians, they are confused about
political institutions and they are skeptical about the value of voting.
How does it help young people?
Children and young people may not be old
enough to vote in elections or sit on juries, but they have rights and
duties and they are entitled to have a say. EDC/HRE teaches them the skills
they need for school and family life, whilst giving them knowledge for the
What about adults?
Many adults have lost interest in what
they see as "politics". They are jaundiced by political parties and feel
their political representatives are cut off from them and their way of
feeling. Yet many people are very interested in the world around them -
campaigning for local hospitals, for the environment or against animal
cruelty for example. EDC/HRE can help these people to see how they can gain
influence in society.
There are other obstacles to people being
able to express themselves. Some women do not have the chance to vote or get
involved in society because they come from a background where men dominate.
Disabled people and older people may be impeded because it is harder to get
their voices heard. EDC/HRE works, both to give them confidence and to open
the eyes and ears of the rest of society.
Why is the Council of Europe involved?
The Council of Europe is the oldest and
biggest European organisation. With 47 member states, it covers almost the
whole of geographical Europe and touches the lives of over 800m people
living there. The Council is the watchdog for human rights for Europe's
citizens, and a guardian of democracy and the rule of law: the best
structure to oversee EDC/HRE in Europe.
Some thoughts on Democracy, Human Rights and
"If liberty and equality, as is thought by
some are chiefly to be found in democracy, they will be best attained when
all persons alike share in the government to the utmost." Aristotle (384
BC - 322 BC)
"Education is the most powerful weapon
which you can use to change the world." Nelson Mandela
"You have to be the change you want to see
in the world". "To safeguard democracy the people must have a keen sense of
independence, self-respect, and their oneness." "The spirit of democracy
cannot be imposed from without. It has to come from within. In true
democracy every man and woman is taught to think for himself or herself".
"Voting is one of the few things where
boycotting in protest clearly makes the problem worse rather than better."
Jane Auer, American Author
"The world is a dangerous place, not
because of those who do evil, but because of those who look on and do
nothing." Albert Einstein
"Responsibility does not only lie with the
leaders of our countries or with those who have been appointed or elected to
do a particular job. It lies with each of us individually. Peace, for
example, starts within each one of us. When we have inner peace, we can be
at peace with those around us." The Dalai Lama
Aspects of citizenship
Democratic citizenship is not limited to
the citizen's legal status and to the voting right this status implies. It
includes all aspects of life in a democratic society. Democratic citizenship
is therefore related to a vast range of topics such as sustainable
development, participation of people with disabilities in society, gender
mainstreaming, prevention of terrorism and many other areas.


Finals stress out students
During finals week, students get pushed to the limit with study guides and cheat sheets. Students are expected to study, complete study guides, and create cheat sheets to use on their finals test. If students do this for seven classes, eventually that makes up seven classes to study for, seven study guides to fill out, and seven cheat sheets to create all in five days.
What does this much homework create during finals week? Stress. Stress is a huge factor that comes into play with teens during finals week. Stress can make life seem a lot more hectic than it actually needs to be.
"Finals week is the main reason why I am stressed," said Victoria Uhase, 10.
School work can become a huge factor that can come into play during finals week. Stress is primarily a physical response. When stressed the body starts to fight against itself. This can result in loss of sleep, nausea in stomach, biting nails, and can affect the respiratory system, making it harder to breathe.
During finals week, those who are stressed may feel they need to stay up late studying to finish their study guides, or cheat sheets.
"School makes me so stressed that I will fall asleep before I can even finish studying," said Nicole Quinn, 12.
When students are stressed it affects their brain. Certain stress hormones like cortisol, can damage branches at the end of the nerves in the neural connections of a teenagers brain. This change in the brain structure can create blanks in the brain. Resulting in short term memory loss.
Finals week creates stress and a hectic week for students. It can diminish their brain development and how well they test. Stress during finals week is an exhausting time for teenagers.
Stressed teen cannot decide on what subject he needs to study for first. Photo by MCT Campus


.
4 out of 5 gen Zers believe that more needs to be done in the US while 2 out of 3 believe that more needs to be done in the UK
While previous generations have been quick to point the finger at the US, as we've seen Newsnight's Emily Maitlis do last week in an interview with George the Poet, gen Z is also calling out the UK and other countries as being responsible for systemic racism, too. Ignoring the UK's denial of its own racism is as disingenuous as ignoring the US' police brutality and racism, and doing so only further perpetuates white privilege in the UK.
These statistics portray gen Zers as strong protesters who are aware of systemic issues as well as willing to take action. But admitting and fighting these don't come without its toll on new gen's mental and physical wellbeing.
In the UK, 3 out of 4 gen Zers are concerned about health issues at the protests
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the fight against racism and injustice couldn't wait. While staying home as much as possible is still strongly recommended by governments, protesters have had to make do with their best tool in order to make their voices heard: protesting.
Just yesterday, police officers in London urged Priti Patel to impose an emergency ban on all protests during the coronavirus pandemic, warning officers were being put at risk by a wave of mass demonstrations. Although wearing masks, gloves, and keeping a two meters distance from other protesters are the best ways to avoid risk of getting COVID-19, many protesters are still concerned about their health. The situation, however, has not discouraged the Black Lives Matter movement from fighting back.
1 out of 3 gen Zers said their mental health has been impacted by the surge of online images and videos of the protests
Protesting has never been easy. But now, more than ever, with the constant flow of graphic and harmful content our brains receive through social media platforms, we find ourselves on edge frequently. This has had an impact on gen Z's mental health. As an activist, looking after your mental health is a necessary step in the fight against systemic racism.
1 in 2 British gen Zers feel overwhelmed by the information coming from the _TAG_ on how to take action
This statistic highlights how much more effort we need to make as a generation. Protests must carry on, yes, but we also need to provide more information to anyone that might feel the need to research how to take action. Only by doing so will we start tackling systemic racism.
These protests are made of passionate, non-violent young leaders fighting for a brighter future. Those who previously criticised the new generation for being too connected, too woke or even too sensitive will be compelled to reconsider their stance soon enough.
By Alma Fabiani
Jun 17, 2020
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To change a department name, its parent department and code:
- Open the Users section and go to the Departments tab.
- Select a department and click Edit Department in the top menu.
The second way to start editing a department is select it in the list and right-click on it. In the context menu, choose Edit Department.
- In the Edit Department you can edit the department title and code or choose a new parent department. To apply changes, click Save.


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Fixing the enum in C#
Let's put that superclass through its paces with a few NUnit tests. First off, EnumBase provides a Name() method that returns a string version of the element name:
 class EnumTests
 [Test] public void TestName()
 { Assert.AreEqual("FIRST", TestEnum.FIRST.Name() );
 Assert.AreEqual("SECOND", TestEnum.SECOND.Name() );
A ToString() does the same thing, but ToString() might be overridden in the subclass and Name cannot be overridden, so it's more reliable:
 [Test] public void TestToString()
 { Assert.AreEqual("FIRST", TestEnum.FIRST.ToString());
 Assert.AreEqual("SECOND", TestEnum.SECOND.ToString());
The Enum also provides a way to convert a string to an enum element, which is convenient when you're doing things like reading configuration files that use enum values. This conversion is done with a static ValueOf(string) method:
 [Test] public void TestValueOf()
 { Assert.AreEqual(TestEnum.FIRST, TestEnum.ValueOf("FIRST"));
 Assert.AreEqual(TestEnum.SECOND, TestEnum.ValueOf("SECOND"));
 // test that an exception is thrown if the argument isn't an enum element:
 Assert.Throws( ()=>TestEnum.ValueOf("Can't Exist") );
We sometimes need to be able to use the enum as an array index, so an Ordinal() method (that returns a unique integer value for each enum element) is provided for that purpose. Ordinal values start at 0, and are assigned in declaration order:
 public void TestOrdinals()
 { Assert.AreEqual( 0, TestEnum.FieldOne.Ordinal() );
 Assert.AreEqual( 1, TestEnum.FiledTwo.Ordinal() );
Finally, we need to be able to enumerate across the enum elements. TestEnum.Values() returns an IEnumerable collection of the elements, so a foreach statement works as expected:
 [Test] public void TestValues()
 { ICollection values = new List();
 foreach( var element in TestEnum.Values() )
 Assert.AreEqual(2, values.Count);
The only thing that's missing is a way to do a switch. The Ordinal() method isn't useful for that because the case values have to be constants, so it's not really a solvable problem. In a pinch, you can simulate a switch with a sequence of if/else statements that don't have that restriction.
Implementing EnumBase
The real work is all in the EnumBase class, so let's look at that (This class is in the same listings file as the eariler NUnit tests). Starting at the top with a few field declarations:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Tools
 public class EnumBase where T:EnumBase
 private string fieldName; // = null;
 private int myOrdinal = -1;
 private static readonly Lazy> enumElements = // don't change this name!
 new Lazy>
 ( ()=>
 IDictionary dict = new Dictionary();
 FieldInfo[] theFields =
 typeof(T).GetFields( BindingFlags.Static
 | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly);
 foreach( var item in theFields )
 if( item.IsInitOnly ) // it's readonly. Alread checked for static public with BindingFlags
 var theValue = (T) item.GetValue(null);
 if (theValue.GetType() == typeof (T)) // want an exact match. Don't use "as" or "is"
 dict.Add(item.Name, theValue);
 return new ReadOnlyDictionary(dict);
The field name and the ordinal are self-explanatory. Bear in mind that this class defines the fields and methods of each enum element, so every element carries around it's own field name and ordinal value. We'll look at how they're initialized shortly.
The enumElements field requires quite a bit more explanation. First, I'm using the IReadOnlyDictionary interface and ReadOnlyDictionary class. These are new to.NET, and aren't available if you're using Visual Studio 10. I've provided versions in the listings file in case you need them (simple wrappers around Dictionary that throw exceptions if you try to modify the contents).
The main issue is the use of a Lazy. This class just wraps a reference to another class. It calls the lambda that's passed in as an argument the first time you access enumElments.Value, returning a reference to the encapsulated object. Think of the lambda as a kind of factory method: The factory is invoked at first access to create the object. The factory method is fully thread safe, so you don't have to worry about two threads accessing Value simultaneously.
The enumElements dictionary holds all the enum elements and is indexed by the name of the element represented as a string. The problem that the Lazy is solving is order of initialization. enumElements is a superclass field, but it holds a list of objects that are created by the subclass. C# does define an order of initialization, but it turns out that this order is not always honored by debuggers. The best solution is to hold off on initializing the list until after all construction (both superand subclass, both static and instance) is completed. The object must be completely initialized, of course, when we call a method that accesses enumElements, so that's a safe time to initialize.
Looking at the actual initialization code, I'm getting the names of the enum elements out of the subclass using the magic of introspection. The code is simplified, considerably, by the generic argument T, which represents the subclass. Taking IDictionary dict = new Dictionary(); as an example. Given
 class MyEnum : EnumBase
 public static readonly MyEnum MEMBER = new MyEnum();
T will represent the class MyEnum, so the dictionary is effectively a Dictionary. Without using generics, the superclass's work would be much more difficult.
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Printing Images
When you set the axes Position to [0 0 1 1] so that it fills the entire figure, the aspect ratio is not preserved when you print because MATLAB® printing software adjusts the figure size when printing according to the figure's PaperPosition property. To preserve the image aspect ratio when printing, set the figure's PaperPositionMode to 'auto' from the command line.
When PaperPositionMode is set to 'auto', the width and height of the printed figure are determined by the figure's dimensions on the screen, and the figure position is adjusted to center the figure on the page. If you want the default value of PaperPositionMode to be 'auto', enter this line in your startup.m file.
Printed images may not always be the same size as they are on your monitor. The size depends on accurately specifying the numbers of pixels per inch that you monitor is displaying.
To specify the pixels-per-inch on your display, do the following (in Microsoft® Windows®):
 1. Go into your Display Properties by right-clicking on an empty space on your desktop and choose Properties.
 2. Click the Settings pane.
 3. Click the Advanced button and choose the General pane.
 4. Switch DPI setting to Custom setting and hold a real ruler up to the picture of the ruler on the screen and drag until they match.
Until you do this, neither Windows software nor any other can determine how big images on the screen are, and printed images cannot match the size.
On the Macintosh platform, pixels per inch is hard-coded to 72.
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Reasons not to use VML Graphics
VML graphics can only be seen in IE5.5 and later (up to IE9) running on Windows PCs. Note that IE10, IE11 and later versions, along with Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome etc. cannot display VML graphics; those browsers render a down-level poor quality image if you have allowed that option, or nothing at all. A large number of users (between 20% and 45% [at end November 2009] depending on which statistics you look at) do not use IE.
VML graphics are produced by using text-boxes, WordArt, and any other object produced using the FrontPage drawing toolbar. Due to the restrictions outlined above VML should never be used in a publically accessible web site.
WordArt and ShapeArt
You can make the WordArt or Shapes in Word, then copy and paste into a graphics program (Paint is suitable if you are using Windows XP). Crop and optimise the image, then save for the web as a.jpg or.gif (use a.gif if there are less than 256 colours in the image). Import the image into FrontPage and insert where required.
Note that ShapeArt uses Absolute Positioning, which will result in the objects "moving" as the browser is resized or the browser font-size changed. The shapes may also "move" if the page is edited.
VML Text boxes
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This page has been designed for Internet Explorer 6 running in Quirks mode, with viewport set to 800x600, and Normal text size. The preferred font face is set to Tamoha, size x-small (roughly equivalent to 10pt text in Microsoft Word with 100% zoom - but points do not apply to screen sizes). Other browsers (Netscape, FireFox, Opera etc.) may display the VML objects out of place initially - this is the number one problem with VML graphics: Display in other browsers. Adjusting the text-size and browser viewport will usually, but not always, bring things back into shape. In FireFox 3 (and later versions) be sure to set "Zoom text only" from the View menu.
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- Never allow your fear to gain mastery over you, but drive it into the hearts of your foes.
- Punish insubordination and disorder.
- Hone your combat skills to perfection, whether you are a mighty general or a lone mercenary.
: Skill, War
Bane is less commonly worshipped, but churches and military orders in his name can be found in cities like Galbrador, Belgarand, and Erebain. A single order of the knights of Ivalenta give praise to Bane, though they carry a sinister reputation for it.
Return to Gods of Andrannar


Community cohesion, inclusion and equality
Greater community cohesion, inclusion and equality enhance local democracies and help to lay the foundations in which local areas can flourish.
Councils have role to play in building cohesive communities, which are places that:
 - Offer a common vision and a sense of belonging for all;
 - Positively value diversity;
 - Provide equal opportunities to people from different backgrounds; and
 - Provide an environment where strong and positive relationships can be developed between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in schools and within neighbourhoods.
Promotion of equality is integral to building community cohesion. Local cohesion may be undermined where some groups have different experiences or outcomes to others, especially where linked to a group's protected characteristics (though difference of opportunity may not necessarily be related to protected characteristics alone).
Councils have a role in helping to tackle inequalities and related issues, such as fostering good relations across and between communities and supporting efforts to prevent extremism and tackle hate crime, including against those with protected characteristics.
This page provides resources to support councils in building more equal, inclusive and cohesive communities.


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the volunteers praise and feedback (the psychological equivalent of a salary).
- Use the data volunteers collect.
- Be flexible, open, and realistic with volunteers.
Including these seven basic ingredients in the development of a volunteer monitoring program has produced many success stories across the United States. The latest edition of the National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs (RISG and USEPA, 1994) documents a total of 772 programs currently in operation. The National Directory also provides a list of volunteer organizations around the country engaged in monitoring rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, wetlands, and ground water. The National Directory can be found at _URL_ In addition, EPA's Volunteer Monitoring web site provides information on various monitoring programs as newsletters that contain information on bacterial methods and how they are used by various volunteer groups. This information is currently available at _URL_
A frequent criticism of volunteer monitoring programs is that using the services of volunteers yields data of less certainty than the data obtained when professionals do the job. In general, however, if the seven "basic ingredients" of a successful program are included, data quality should be the same for both groups. Putting this theory to the test for any particular program includes running parallel water sampling tests that compare data collected by professionals those collected by volunteers. Periodic parallel testing serves two purposes. First, it assures the sponsoring agency that volunteers' data are reliable and can be used for the program's purposes. Second, it helps identify areas where the volunteer program can be improved, especially if the results indicate there is a difference in quality between the volunteers' data and the professionals' data.
EPA's volunteer monitoring guide also discusses several other ways to maintain volunteers' interest:
- Sending volunteers regular data reports.
- Keeping volunteers informed about all uses of their data.
- Preparing a regular newsletter.
- Making program officials easily accessible for questions and requests.
- Providing volunteers with educational opportunities.
- Keeping the local media informed of the goals and findings of the monitoring effort.
- Recognizing the efforts of volunteers through certificates, awards, or other means.
- Providing volunteers with opportunities to grow with the program through additional training, learning opportunities, and changing responsibilities.
- RISG and USEPA. 1994. National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs, 4th ed. EPA 841-B-94-001. Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1990. Volunteer Water Monitoring: A Guide for State Managers. EPA 440/4-90-010. U.S. Environmental Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1991. Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 440/4-91-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.


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Departmental Colloquium: Julie Grèzes (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris): Actionand attention-related decisions under social threat
Evolutionary theoretical accounts suggest that emotional displays serve a communicative function, implying 1) that emotional signals have co-evolved with recipient's decoding skills and behavioral responses, 2) that the recipient's behavioral response should reflect the social function of the perceived expression, and 3) the perceived possibilities for action offered by emotional displays are contingent on recipient's states and capabilities. We experimentally address these assumptions and reveal 1) that the neural sensitivity to threat-signaling emotions is enhanced in both ventral face-selective cortices and in action preparation motor cortices 200 ms following face presentation (El Zein et al. 2015); 2) that there is a selective impact of threat-signaling emotions on the recipient's action and attention decisions: anger elicits avoidance behaviors while fear prompts affiliative approach tendencies (Vilarem et al. under review), and finally 3) that the processing of threat-signaling emotions is influenced by recipient's traits and states. Altogether, these results indicate that emotional displays promote the elaboration of adapted perceptual and action-related decisions.


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If you want to go high bandwidth, fiber optics is the way to go. From trans-oceanic cables to the yet-unseen 'fiber to every home,' fiber optics allows a lot more bandwidth than a copper cable. In low-bandwidth applications, fiber optic cable transmits data using one color of light. There's a way to get more bandwidth out of a fiber optic cable, as [Shahriar] found out while experimenting with an RGB LED.
For his experiment, [Shahriar] used a BlinkM programmable RGB LED and a Sparkfun color sensor. In fiber optic lines with one light, it is possible to send many simultaneously using PWM, but noise becomes a problem at high data rates. Using an RGB LED, [Shahriar] sends three levels of Red, Green, and Blue to transmit 9 bits at a time – perfect for sending a byte with a parity check in one quick light burst.
[Shahriar]'s technique is exactly how the pros pump massive amounts of data through a single fiber optic cable. All the tools, code, and MATLAB functions are available on [Shahriar]'s site, ready to be used by anyone wanting to experiment for themselves.
In the video after the break, [Shahriar] breaks everything down, including the tools, theory, and actual circuits. It's an amazing video demo, so thorough we're wondering if [Shahriar] has any teaching ambitions.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To gossip or talk idly.
- n. Gossip; idle talk.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. An obsolete or dialectal form of clover.
- To climb.
- To talk idly or foolishly; talk much and at random.
- n. An idle story.
- n. plural Idle talk; gossip.
- n. A shortened form of claviger.
- n. Scotland gossip, chit-chat
- v. to gossip or chit-chat
- n. UK, Scotland, dialect frivolous or nonsensical talk; prattle; chatter
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. talk socially without exchanging too much information
- Perhaps of Celtic origin. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"A Missouri voter in reply to a comment from claver"
"While claver [clover] blooms white o'er the ley [pasture]"
"Everybody will ken the right wye o 'it, and will claver and gossip, when they wad 'a be better to mind their ain affairs, an' let ither folk alane."
"And he would rather claver with a daft quean they call Diana"
"For everything I did was a fault except just I would be sitting at home with my old mother, and so I just fell in wi 'McGilp, and left the lassies to claver among themsel's for a year or two, for they will have too many cantrips for a simple man."
"Belle's wean might be "a tinker's brat" in whispered corners in byres and hay-sheds, where the wenches could claver out of hearing, but the"
"Thomas took her by the weak side, and usually arrested her "light-horse gallop of clish ma-claver" by some specious story of ghost or hobgoblin adventures, with which he had been detained."
"The craik amang the claver hay, [corn-crake, clover]"
"An 'ye claver sic' nonsense when ye're daft, what would ye say when ye're sane?"
"Hoots wi 'y'r giddy claver," said he, before I had spoken a word; and walking off, he sat down at some distance."
These user-created lists contain the word 'claver'.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
Hecko, words! I'm so happy I've found you. I want to keep you all and never want to lose you again. I hope you like it here.
Selections from Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure and Preposterous Words by Josefa Heifetz Byrne (University Books, 1974). Definitions in the comments when not available elsewhere.
this is a list of words that i wish i could remember to use in my everyday vocabulary, of course, in order to sound really cool; like, movie cool.
Looking for tweets for claver.


text:
Definition of source code in English:
A text listing of commands to be compiled or assembled into an executable computer program.
- If you bought a mainframe, it came with an operating system complete with source code.
- The intruder found some of their proprietary source code, but did not download any of it, the company claims.
- It lives up to its name by making both source code and file formats completely open.
Definition of source code in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


Baruch Dayan Emet: Former PM Yitzchak Shamir, 96
Yitzchak Shamir
Former Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir
Israel's former Prime Minister Yitzchak Shamir has died at the age of 96. He led a full, action-packed life and was one of the founding fathers of the State of Israel.
Shamir fought in radical pre-state undergrounds to oust the British from Palestine, served in the Mossad, was a Knesset member and Knesset Speaker, held several ministerial positions and ultimately served as prime minister.
He oversaw a major immigration of Jews from Ethiopia, reluctantly attended the Madrid peace conference, and memorably kept Israel out of the first Gulf War even after it was attacked by more than three dozen Scud missiles fired by Saddam Hussein.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised him as "one of the founders of the state" and a man of profound loyalty "to his people and to the land."
Shamir was born Icchak Jeziernicky in Belarus in 1915. A member of the Betar Revisionist Zionist youth movement, he moved to pre-state Palestine in 1935, and was active in the militant Irgun Zvai Leumi and Stern Gang pre-state undergrounds, causing him to be singled out and hunted by the British.
Captured and jailed by the British authorities in 1941, he escaped the following year and became a leader of the Lehi — the renamed Stern Gang.
During the War of Independence, Shamir was one of those who approved the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East, Count Bernadotte — one of the actions that led the mainstream nascent Israeli leadership to enforce the dismantling of the Lehi and the establishment of a single Israeli military force.
Shamir was recruited into the Mossad intelligence service in the mid-1950s, where he oversaw the killings of several former Nazi scientists who were working on an Egyptian rocket program.
He entered politics late in the 1960s, joining Herut, the precursor to the Likud, under Menachem Begin. Winning election to the Knesset in 1973, he became Speaker four years later — in which capacity he hosted Egyptian president Anwar Sadat on his first visit to Israel. He was later foreign minister, and then succeeded Begin, who resigned as prime minister in 1983, in the wake of Israel's controversial invasion of Lebanon the previous year.
his failure to quickly draw Israel out of Lebanon was a factor in his failure to win the 1984 elections outright. Instead he entered a "rotation" agreement with Labor's Shimon Peres under which Peres and he held the prime ministership for two years each.
He formed another coalition with Peres in 1988, but after Peres tried and failed to unseat him and then left the government, Shamir headed a right-wing coalition from 1990.
It was during this period that he kept Israel out of the Gulf War, to the relief of the Americans leading the coalition to oust Saddam.
In May 1991, he approved a weekend airlift of 15,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel, rescuing them from a country in the midst of civil war.
Under heavy American pressure, he attended that October's Madrid peace conference, but said later he did not intend to move toward statehood for the Palestinians.
Although Shamir's politics were often controversial, he was widely praised across the political spectrum for his loyalty and devotion to the State of Israel:
"Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel, before and after its inception. He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles," President Shimon Peres said in a statement.
"He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades. May he rest in peace."
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu lauded the former leader, saying that "He was a paragon of loyalty to the Land of Israel and the eternal values of the Jewish people."
"Yitzhak Shamir belongs to a generation of giants, who founded the State of Israel and fought for the freedom of the Jewish people in its land," Netanyahu said. "He led Israel with deep loyalty to both the people and the land."
Opposition Leader Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences over Shamir's death: "He was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state. He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly, as a leader should," she said.
"The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War. He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War. This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership."
Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that Shamir "Contributed greatly to the foundation of the state, which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication.
"He set an example in each position that he held," the foreign minister added. "I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir, and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state."
Defense Minister Ehud Barak added: "His whole life, Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises. He always strived to ensure Israel's freedom.
"His devotion knew no bounds," Barak said, adding that the former leader "always sought what's right for the people of Israel and for the country's security."
Gilada Diamant, Shamir's daughter, said that her father "belonged to a different generation of leaders, people with values and beliefs. I hope that we have more people like him in the future. His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel.
"Dad was an amazing man, a family man in the fullest sense of the word, a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family, not even for a moment. He was a special man," she added.
Baruch Dayan Emet.
יהי זכרו ברוך
One Response to Baruch Dayan Emet: Former PM Yitzchak Shamir, 96
 1. reality says:
 Baruch Dayan Emet. He was a true soldier fro Israel & a real Zionist & he was proud of it. We need more people like him but unfortunately in this generation we fail to produce them. Nowadays people feel the need to apologise for zionist tendencies. If only we could bring back the proud feeling of belonging to & in Israel again
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Activist, Environmental and Social Justice Organizations
Honor the Earth
The Honor the Earth Campaign creates awareness and support for Indigenous environmental issues and leverages needed financial and political resources for the survival of sustainable Indigenous communities. The campaign will develop these resources by utilizing music, the arts, media, and Indigenous wisdom to ask people to recognize our joint dependency on the Earth.


The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) was organized in 1845 as like-minded churches joined forces to accomplish more together for Christ's Kingdom than what they could do by themselves. A distinctive of the denomination is that each church, association, and state convention or fellowship is autonomous, but agrees with basic beliefs (see the Baptist Faith and Message) and gives as led to the Cooperative Program which supports missionaries in North America and missionaries serving in countries around the world.
According to its Bylaws and in practice, the State Convention of Baptists maintains a cooperative relationship with the Southern Baptist Convention in all its work and agencies.
Find out more by visiting the following SBC organizations' websites:


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ade event (like sending stuff to the Citadel or salvaging ruins) have been replaced by objectives tied to the new decision tags (Empathy, Corruption, Loyalty).
- Removed Infused Tools from the game.
- Increased the production speed of Tools from 112/98/84 seconds to 90/75/60 seconds (T1/T2/T3).
- Increased the time limit for all glade events by around 30%.
- Changed the Calming the Forest perk. Now every Glade Event solved by making a decision marked as Empathy lowers Hostility by 40.
- Removed the Forest Mitigation perk and added Frequent Patrols instead. Every Glade Event solved by making a decision marked as Loyalty lowers Hostility by 10.
- Removed the Infused Tools recipe from the Finesmith. Added the Simple Tools recipe instead (tier 3).
- Removed the Infused Tools recipe from the Rainpunk Foundry. Added a Wildfire recipe instead.
- Changed the rewards in 3 Deeds.
- The Scarlet Orchard – removed the experience reward, added the Thorny Reed decoration.
- Bandit Camp – removed the experience reward, added the Cages decoration.
- Trade Baron – removed the experience reward, added the Chest decoration.
- Moved the Tool Hoarder Deed (win a game with Infused Tools in the storage) to the Legacy category (the Deed is no longer active).
- Moved the Meat Specialization perk unlock from level 2 to level 3.
- ⚡ Added small objective icons to some Orders.
- Until now, objectives such as sacrificing, delivering, selling, or producing goods all had the same icon – namely the icon of the resource they were referencing.
- To help players recognize objectives at a glance, we added small, flat icons to the upper right corner of the objective icon.
- There are 7 objective icons right now: changing ingredients, delivering goods, fulfilling needs, fulfilling needs at the same time, producing goods, sacrificing resources, and selling goods.
- ⚡ Added a suffix to Hostility modifiers on the World Map and in the Training/Daily Expeditions UI, explaining that Hostility scales based on the difficulty level.
- ⚡ Added a progress tracker to the Petrified Necropolis modifier.
- ⚡ Changed the name of the Resolve effect applied by the Greater Threat Forest Mystery. It's now also called "Greater Threat" to avoid confusion.
- ⚡ Changed the description of the positive effect from the Converted Altar of Decay to also include leaving villagers (and not just dead ones).
- ⚡ Updated the biome descriptions for the Royal Woodlands and Marshlands.
- ⚡ Added information about how to unlock Rain Engines in the Rainpunk entry in the in-game Encyclopedia.
- Updated the Glade Event entry in the in-game Encyclopedia.
- ⚡ Fixed an issue that caused the game to sometimes crash/freeze when Twitch Integration was active.
- ⚡ Goods sold via trade routes are now correctly counted towards order completion (for objectives that require selling certain resources).
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Destroyed Caravan Glade Event's negative effect being permanent.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the recipe panel not displaying the correct values after loading saved limits (while in search mode).
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Clan Hall rotating by itself when destroyed by lightning.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Master Archaeologist Deed not completing if the game was won by finishing the last Archaeological Discovery.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Blight Infection Forest Mystery being drawn in games without Corruptiona active.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with Orders requiring the fulfillment of certain needs simultaneously not taking unlocked buildings into account.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Night's Embrace effect spawning lesser effects without a name or description on the game's HUD.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with Advanced Herbalism perk being offered to the player even if they didn't have the corresponding building.
- ⚡ Fixed a but with idle Automatons showing an incorrect water type being produced.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Corrupted Caravan tooltip showing incorrect values on the Prestige 10 difficulty.
- ⚡ Fixed an issue with the Lightning Forest Mystery having incorrect information in its description.
- ⚡ Fixed an issue with the Large Baskets perk having an incorrect rarity assigned.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Blight Incantation effect showing an incorrect expected gain value.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Lightning Forest Mystery being drawn in biomes without copper deposits.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with the Converted Altar of Decay missing a "Harmony" tag (and the tag being present on the effect instead of the decoration).
- ⚡ Fixed holes in the geometry of the Open Vault Glade Event.
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with debuff icons above villagers' heads appearing too soon.
- ⚡ Improved the Korean translation of the Move On button in the ESC menu.
- ⚡ Improved the Simplified Chinese translation of multiple lines in the game (multiple perk descriptions, favoring, upgrade descriptions, etc.).
- ⚡ Fixed a few typos in the Portuguese version of the game (tutorial text, Hostility effect).
- ⚡ Fixed a bug with some Chinese characters not being displayed correctly in search bars and text boxes.
- Fixed a bug with smoke effects casting shadows.
- ⚡ Added a new music track to the Coral Forest (during Clearance).
- Added new animations (talking, carrying out rituals, fixing, threatening) to scout units when solving glade events. Also repurposed some existing animations to be used by scouts.
- Changed the name of Simple Tools to just Tools.
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