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Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A character of wheel-like form, supposed to symbolize the sun: it has many varieties, among others the wheel-cross, and exhibits four, five, or more arms or spokes radiating from a circle, every arm terminating in a crescent.
- n. In cotton manufacturing, one of the gears or wheels of the 'differential' or 'equating' or 'jack-in-a-box' motion of a roving-machine, about the orbit of which other gears rotate. Also called a stud-wheel.
"Around it the flames shone through the embedded glass that made up the sun-wheel, an orange light that pulsed over the hooded figures to the wall beyond, illuminating the axe blades and the empty helmets in a flickering orange glow."
"Inlaid on the table was a twelve-spoked sun-wheel, continuing the symmetry of the room to a carved symbol obscured in shadow at the very apex of the design."
"Her nightstand was a rattan cabinet draped with a fall of crimson silk, with a statue of Brigid holding the sun-wheel placed at what he suspected was a precise angle, a tensor lamp, and a book —/It's Not Fair: The Grieving"
"A three legged sun-wheel insignia was worn on the right collar-patch."
"It's the closest thing we come to a "blot", the original norse celebration of the turn of the sun-wheel Christmas is called Jul in Norwegian, which incidentally is almost the same word as for Wheel."
"It was the solar sail which filled most of the screen, like a. turning golden sun-wheel; yet remote vision could also appreciate its spiderweb intricacy, soaring and subtle curvatures, even the less-than-gossamer thinness."
"The symbol used is a rude mandala, a red circle with a thick black cross inside, recognizable as the ancient sun-wheel from which tradition says the swastika was broken by the early Christians, to disguise their outlaw symbol."
"This consists of a fixed sun-wheel A, engaging with a planet-wheel B of the same diameter."
"Prof. Rankine, the consideration of the hypothesis in question is entirely eliminated, and whether it be accepted or rejected, the whole matter is reduced to merely adding the motion of the train-arm to the rotation of each sun-wheel."
"But in attempting to apply this formula in analyzing the action of an incomplete train, we are required to add this motion of the train-arm, not only to that of a sun-wheel, but to that of a planet-wheel."
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Friday, April 1, 2011
 To calculate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa ) using power number correlation.
 The traditional method to determine mass transfer coefficient (KLa ) for large antibiotic fermentor has been based upon log mean relationship between the inlet and exit equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration and the actual dissolved oxygen in the fermentor. The resulting KLa is then related to power unit volume, agitator speed and superficial gas velocity. This method has a number of disadvantages. The dissolved oxygen in the fermentor varies from top to bottom of the fermentor. The KLa value can be determined on-line from O2 analysis and a single dissolved oxygen measurement at any stage of the fermentor. An aerobic cell will be able to utilize a richer carbon source fully only if oxygen can also be maintained at a higher concentration in the direct vicinity of the cell.
 The overall mass transfer coefficient KLa is a measure of the ability of fermentor to supply oxygen to cells.
 The solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions under 1 atm of air and near ambient temperature is of the order of 10ppm. Oxygen is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution and hence gas liquid mass transfer should be increased. Agitation enhances gas liquid mass transfer. KLa depends on power input and power consumption and quantity of air supplied. KLa is highly dependent on the culture conditions, with age, cell concentration and growth rate having a major effect. Consistent KLa values can be obtained at the same point in each run. In low viscosity liquids, KLa is a relatively strong function of gassing rate, with KLa and hold up increasing monotonically with power input and similar values are obtained regardless of agitator type. Increasing viscosity reduces KLa and at the highest viscosities. KLa is independent of the gassing rate, as is the power input. Experiment is conducted in water so that KLa is highly dependant on the physiochemical nature of the solution in low viscosity systems, as shown by the results correlated by Van't reit.
 For pure water he proposed:
KLa = 0.026 (P/V)0.4Vs0.5
And for strongly ionic solutions:
KLa = 0.002 (P/V)0.7Vs0.2
These correlations show how KLa varies and also how the dependence of KLa on the power input and gassing rate varies with a change in ionic strength. This is considered to be due to the change in bubble coalescing properties. In pure water, bubbles coalesce easily forming bubbles of low surface area to volume ratio when ascend stabilized by reducing hold up and interfacial area. In ionic solutions, the interface is stabilized by ions and coalescence is reduced. This maintains smaller bubble sizes and leads to a higher hold up and therefore higher interfacial areas. The power consumption in a bioreactor is reduced by aeration.
 Power number is used to calculate the power required to rotate a given impeller at a given speed. The power number depends on dimensions of tank and impeller, the distance of impeller from the tank floor, the liquid depth and the dimensions of the baffles, if these are used. The number and arrangement of the baffles and the number of blades in the impeller must also be fixed. The variables that enter the analysis are the important measurements of tank and impeller, the viscosity µ and density ρ of the liquid, the speed n, and because the Newton's law applies, the dimensional constant g.
 The various linear measurements can all be converted to dimensionless ratios, called "shape factors", by dividing each of them by one of their number, which is arbitrarily chosen as basis. The diameter of the impeller is taken as Da and of the tank as Dt and the shape factors are calculated by dividing each of the remaining measurements by the magnitude of Da or Dt. Let the shape factors, so defined, be denoted by S1, S2, S3,………..Sn.
When the shape factors are temporarily ignored and the liquid is assumed "Newtonian", the power P is a function of the remaining variables, or
P = ψ (n, Da, gc, µ, g, ρ)
Applying law of homogeneity, we get
Pgc/N3Da5ρ = ψ (nDa5 ρ/µ, n2Da/g) where Pgc/N3Da5ρ power no.
N Da2 ρ/µ Reynolds no
N2Da/g Froude no.
In use turbulent regime, the power input is independent of Reynolds no.
P ∞ n3Da5 : Np is a constant.
Laminar flow relation is given by
P ∞ n2Da3 or Np∞ 1/NRe
The proportionality constant in each case depends on impeller geometry.
The oxygen transfer rate per unit volume is given by
Qo2= KLa (C* - C), where a interfacial area per liquid volume,
(C* - C) Overall concentration driving force.
The ratio of power requirement in aerated versus non-aerated vessels Pg/P versus the aeration no Na can be correlated.
Na = Fg / Ni Dj3 ; Fg air flow rate
Na = (Fg/Dj2)/ NjDj where Na= superficial gas velocity / impeller tip velocity.
The air / gas flow rate can be calculated from the 'vvm'. The overall mass transfer coefficient can also be given by
KLa = k (P/V)K Vsβ
Where (P/V) is the power per unit volume
Vs is the superficial gas velocity.
KLa = 2 ×10-3 (P/V)0.7 (Vs)0.2 S-1.
The studies that will be reported here were conducted on 5l (working volume 2.5lit) reactor. This reactor is equipped with flat four-blade Rushton turbine. Height 265mm, diameter of tank 146mm, diameter of impeller 58mm, inter impeller distance 93mm, distance between last impeller and tank 212mm. The tank has two baffles with a width and height of 16 and 25mm. The impeller is run with 96W(24Volt X4 Amp) motor. The power input to the motor was measured by monitoring voltage and ampere on a multimeter. Effective power was calculated by assuming the efficiency to be 90%. All studies were conducted with water.
Ungassed power number (Np):
The effective power number was calculated from the Rushton power equation
Np = (Peff)g/ N3Da 5ρ
Gassed power number (Pg):
Ratio of Pg/P as a function of aeration number was plotted. Pg /P increased with increase in liquid level below turbine.
Diameter of impeller = 58 mm
Density of water = 1000kgm-3
Viscosity of water = 10-3Pa
Power, P = √3 VI cosф (watts),
where, V = Voltage, Volts
I = current, Amps
Cos ф = phase difference = 0.9
Effective power Peff = 0.9 P watts.
Reynolds number Nre = D2Nρ/µ
Where D = diameter of impeller
 N = Revolution per second
 ρ = Density of water
 µ = Viscosity of water
Power number Np = Peff / N3D5ρ
The KLa values were determined and were found be:
For vvm = 0 ;KLa =
For vvm = 0.5 ;KLa =
For vvm = 1 ;KLa =
For vvm = 1.5 ;KLa =
Ratio of Pg/P as a function of aeration number was plotted. It was found that both aeration number and Pg/ P ratio increase with impeller velocity.
No significant variation was observed in the correlation between Np and NRe for the gassed and ungassed cases.
In a multiturbine fermentor, it would be desirable to be able to estimate the power input of each turbine in the fermentor. Using this information, a modeling approach can be used to relate stage wise mass transfer coefficients to stagewise power inputs. It would then be possible to predict the axial dissolved oxygen distribution of the fermentor and how the distribution reacts to changes in such process variables as pressure, airflow rate, the agitator speed. It would also be possible to optimize the agitator configuration to obtain the most efficient use of power inputs.
The aeration number was plotted against the ratio of gassed to ungassed power absorption. The trend should show that the power drawn decreases to as much as 50% of ungassed power drop during aeration. The ungassed power drawn is important in selecting the appropriate operating speed of agitators, especially for fixed motors. For instance, in certain plants, the nutrient medium is sterilized in the fermentor and as it is necessary to turn the air off during this operation, the impeller would draw maximum power. Also compressor failure causing loss of aeration during operation would increase the power draw to the maximum load at the operating speed. In order to prevent over load of the agitator motors during these conditions, the operating speed must be specified with respect to the ungassed power for fixed speed motors.
 Aeration of a liquid decreases the power consumption during agitation because an aerated liquid is less dense than an unaerated one


have so many different sails, so you can adjust how much wind you catch and how much is aloft.
Luffing up is turning into the wind to reduce pressure on the sails, and is often done in gusts; or you can let fly the sheets in an emergency, allowing the sails to flap freely (though, as SevenSidedDie says, this can have its own dangers).
The usual action taken in heavy gusts is a combination of letting out the main sheet (the rope controlling the mainsail) and luffing up, which is turning the boat towards the wind direction. This is almost a reflex response to heeling from the strong gusts and is the quickest method of keeping control. Not a single word, I'm afraid, but I'm not sure that one exists.
 - It's not a reflex, it's just the way a well-designed sailboat works! As the angle of heel increases, the centre of resistance of the hull shifts forward, which causes the boat to tend to turn upwind (since the centre of effort of the sails hasn't moved). – Ward - Reinstate Monica Sep 10 '12 at 4:46
 - Of course, that's what I meant to say! Having said that, letting out the main sheet is almost a reflex response. And I did say almost. – Tony Balmforth Sep 10 '12 at 21:07
As an emergency measure you can "release the sheets", which are the lines that hold tension on the mainsail boom and the jib corner (clew). Doing this will release most of the wind pressure on them, with the main boom pointing downwind and the jib flapping free in the wind.
This is very fast to do as it only requires releasing two sheets (in a sloop) from a jam cleat or cam cleat.
The general term for reducing the amount of sail area is "shortening sail." Reefing, furling, and changing to smaller sails are specific ways of shortening sail.
More detail:
Using a sloop rig as an example, to reduce power and sail area as the wind increases, you'd typically do the following, in approximately the following order:
 - Without changing the amount of sail area, you can "flatten" the sails (by tightening certain control lines, e.g. _URL_
 - Most boats have multiple jibs (the sail in front of the mast) and as the wind increases you switch to progressively smaller ones.
 - Although jibs can be reefed, in a modern sloop rig, it's generally the mainsail that's reefed. Basically, the sail is lowered part way and secured with reef lines in the new, smaller, lower center of effort configuration. With modern rigging, this isn't slow, but in a storm it can be exciting.
 - "Furling" a sail means to roll and bundle it up for storage. Roller-furling jibs are often used as a way of reefing by partially rolling up the sail. It's not as effective as true reefing because it doesn't lower the center of effort of the sail, and in a strong winds the sail can be stretched out of shape, but it's often a quick solution.
 - To ride out a severe storm, the final step is generally to set a trysail, a small, strong sail that gives you some sail area, but not enough to overpower the boat.
SevenSidedDie mentioned easing... You don't ease sails, you "ease the sheets:" let out the lines that control the sails. This reduces the sail' power in a puff of wind. If you let the sheets out a lot, the sails will luff (flap in the wind) and give you no power, but in a storm that will damage the sails very quickly.
Reefing is appropriate, but as you say isn't easy in a storm. Basics of reefing
A more urgent method of reducing sail is to drop the sails, which basically lowers them quickly to the deck. It appears to be an emergency course of action. How to sail in bad weather
Perhaps this will help:
Bring by the lee To incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when the ship sails large, as to bring the lee-side unexpectedly to windward; and by laying all the sails aback expose her to the danger of upsetting.
 - I think the modern term form this is gybing: if so, it's the precise opposite of what was asked for. – Tim Lymington Dec 22 '12 at 22:48
Your Answer


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Looking for an outdoor adventure to engage Pre-K-12 explorers this school year?
STEM Challenges will give your group the chance to explore and discover the Fort Worth Botanic Garden while providing hands-on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) activities related to a variety of garden spaces. Field trip groups will also receive materials to complete an Engineering Design Challenge, where students will apply their field trip observations and findings to complete an engineering project back in the classroom or at home!
This program is at capacity through July 2023. Self-Guided Field Trips are still available, or we would love to see you in the Fall!
Tuesday – Friday 10:00 am – 12:00 pm or 11:00 am – 1:00 pm
$7 /student $5 /adult
Minimum fee of $140 for groups of 20 participants or fewer
Discounted rates are available for Title One schools. Details available upon submission of a completed date request form, linked below.
Each experience includes:
Spring 2023 is now at capacity, but these STEM Challenges will return in Fall.
-Pre-K – 2nd: Sensational Seeds – Discover the processes and cycles of plants and weather through hands-on STEM activities such as seed dissection and a meteorology station. Then apply your findings to the Engineering Design Challenge back in the classroom!
-3rd – 5th: Ecoregion Exploration – Discover Texas as you explore a variety of ecoregions and habitats including forests, deserts, and prairies in the Fort Worth Botanic Garden! Learners will investigate natural resources and gain a greater understanding of energy conservation and habitat preservation. Then apply your findings to the Engineering Design Challenge back in the classroom!
-Middle/ High School: Sustainable Systems – Discover how our water and soil systems work together! Investigate the Garden to gain a greater understanding of conserving natural resources through sustainability practices. Then, apply your findings to the Engineering Design Challenge and create your very own sustainable landscape back in your classroom!
Education Operations Specialist
STEM Challenges give Pre-K – 12th Grade students the chance to explore and discover the Fort Worth Botanic Garden while providing interactive Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) activities both on-campus and off.

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During this year's currently ongoing DMY festival in Berlin, the German design practice Studio Aisslinger presents its new edition of seating furniture. With 'Network' Werner Aisslinger and his team created light and transparents structures based on the smart combination of high technologies and traditional stitching techniques.
"The volumes are first translated with software into 2d projections of themselves that can be directly programmed into the machines that stitch the pattern into a carrying surface. The carrying surface is then dissolved and the embroidered 2d pattern becomes free to form a 3d object. The objects formed by the stitched honeycomb structures are fixed over a fiberglass mould and impregnated with resin in order to make them rigid and constructive", the designers explain.
'NETwork' was developed together with a traditional German manufacturer in Plauen, a region with a long tradition in stitching and embroidery. The fabrics are made by the Danish manufacturer Kvadrat.


Are you too dumb to make an advance care directive? Some doctors think so
Doctors question ability of patients to make complex medical decisions in advance
Latest in Health
Doctors sometimes doubt the validity of advanced care directives.
Doctors sometimes doubt the validity of advanced care directives.
Think you're capable of making a complex medical decision for yourself? Some health professionals disagree.
AUSTRALIAN doctors sometimes ignore advance care directives not believing in the ability of non-medically trained patients to make complex medical decisions for themselves in advance, according to a new study.
Even though ACDs are legally binding documents some doctors struggle to comply with patient choices and the study findings challenge the widely held assumption that personal autonomy and choice trumps all in medical treatment decision making.
The study led by Advance Care Planning Australia uncovers the complexity and difficulty faced by doctors when enacting ACDs and the deep conflict in weighing up whether to follow a patient's directive.
An ACD can only be made by an adult and says what healthcare treatments a person would like to have or refuse, should they be in a position where they are unable to make or communicate decisions about their care and treatment due to illness or accident.
The research presented 21 doctors from a Melbourne hospital with real-life scenarios to explore how doctors use ACDs to guide medical treatment decision making.
The study found that overall, doctors appeared more motivated to act in what they considered to be the patient's best interests rather than upholding the individual's autonomy of following a legally-binding directive.
The doctors were most likely to rely on their own judgement and override patient choices when:
 - ACDs were not current, were too vague or incoherent
 - ACDs were not easily accessible at the point of care
 - They encounter family opposition
 - Faced with a patient with a condition the doctor deemed to be potentially reversible
The study found that doctors sometimes doubted the validity of ACDs questioning how well equipped non-medically trained people were to make nuanced and complex medical decisions and whether a person could make such important decisions and informed choices in advance.
"The findings suggest that more work needs to be done to support doctors in what can be very ethically and legally complex, challenging and time-pressured decision making,: said Linda Nolte, program director of Advance Care Planning Australia.
"We can't underestimate the real-world dilemmas doctors sometimes face in enacting advance care directives, but equally we can't lose sight of the fact that advance care directives are legally-binding documents.
"Competent adults have the right to make decisions in advance as to how they wish to be cared for. And quite rightly they expect everyone involved in their care will do their utmost to respect their choices.
"The study also highlights the need for people to ensure their advance care planning documents are accurate, up-to-date, complete and easily accessible, other wise the treating doctor may not be able to comply with the directive," said Ms Nolte.
Advance Care Planning offers a free national advisory service for health professionals and the public: 1300-208-582.


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Use constraint in a sentence
- The constraint which it was necessary to impose upon themselves must be equally painful to them both, yet this could not be altered.
- But if she imposed this constraint upon herself, would her love still remain the same?
- My mother and I were cordially welcomed by this couple, on conversing with whom my first feeling of constraint vanished.
This page helps answer: how do I use the word constraint in a sentence? How do you use constraint in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word constraint? It may also be related to grade school elementary school, example sentence, high school, kindergarten school, educate, montessori school highschool, help, and curriculum.
Example sentences with the word constraint, a sentence example for constraint, and constraint in sample sentence.

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Specialist FMCG, retail & labelling editing and proofreading
The editing and proofreading stage of packaging and branding materials is an essential stage before products are introduced to the market.
English Monitor is able to conduct final independent checking of product labels, packaging, branding and informational materials. This is an essential stage in the quality control process to ensure that accuracy, market orientation and cultural subtleties are preserved without diluting or changing the essential content.
Brand image is a key consideration in retail, so internationally traded consumer goods within competitive sectors must develop a strong brand presence adapted to meet the cultural sensitivities, understanding consumer attitudes of the target market to ensure strong product launch and ongoing success.
Whether your product requires editing/proofreading for its retail packaging, labelling (medicines, ingredient lists etc), product descriptions, product operations manuals, flyers, posters or other advertising materials we can adapt and re-orientate them to make your message intentionally targeted to an English speaking audience.
For post-translation editing, a particular example of the need for total and unambiguous accuracy is the case of medicine labelling where dosage and dose frequency translation errors could have very serious consequences with legal implications should inaccuracies be found. Similarly, care labels on garments require particular care during editing post-translation according to the material type and aftercare instructions.
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The origin of the word Blackmail as defined by webster 1913 is from the term mal. This is an Old English word borrowed from the Old Norwegian language. It was carried across to Britain by the Vikings and it originally meant'speech'. The vikings weren't well known for their speeches and since generally the only time they engaged in such activities was to demand something at axeblade the understanding became distorted to mean 'tax' or 'payment in tribute'. The Vikings split in two directions: one branch headed south to Italy and formed the Mafia and the other stopped in Scotland. Here they started their own protection racket on the Scottish border. By this time mal had become spelt'mail'. So if one cherished the value of one's crops, the life of your family or even your daughters virginity, then you paid mail to the neighbourhood chieftains; and the victims, in due course, came to call it black mail.
Blackmail, a certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or the like, anciently paid, in the N. of England and in Scotland, to certain men who were allied to robbers, to be protected by them from pillage. It was carried to such an extent as to become the subject of legislation. Blackmail was levied in the districts bordering the Highlands of Scotland until the middle of the 18th century. In the United States, the word is applied to money extorted from person under threat of exposure for an alleged offense; hush-money.
Entry from Everybody's Cyclopedia, 1912.
Black"mail' (?), n. [Black + mail a piece of money.]
Sir W. Scott.
3. Eng.Law
To levy blackmail, to extort money by threats, as of injury to one's reputation.
© Webster 1913.
Black"mail', v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blackmailed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Blackmailing.]
[U. S.]
© Webster 1913.


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Green Chemistry Education Network
The Green Chemistry in Education Workshop is for educators in the chemical sciences interested in incorporating green or sustainable chemistry concepts into the organic chemistry curriculum and laboratory.
This five-day workshop held on the University of Oregon campus will be a combination of lectures, discussion, and hands-on time in the laboratory. Leaders in the field will address the need for green chemistry in the undergraduate curriculum and provide strategies for designing, adapting and incorporating new green experiments into existing organic chemistry curricula. The primary goal for this workshop is establishing a network of chemical educators who are promoting green chemistry and increasing the number of educators who incorporate green chemistry experiments and concepts into their teaching.
During the lecture sessions, a panel of speakers will introduce green chemistry, discuss the adoption of green organic experiments and lecture materials, address the challenges and opportunities in green chemistry education, and provide advice on developing new green chemistry materials. Ample time will be made available for participants to discuss their own plans for adopting green chemistry with the lecturers and fellow participants.
During the laboratory sessions, participants will have an opportunity to perform and evaluate greener organic laboratory experiments developed at the University of Oregon and elsewhere. Educational materials used in teaching the green organic chemistry lab will be distributed during the workshop, including our recently published textbook, "Green Organic Chemistry: Strategies, Tools, and Laboratory Experiments," by Kenneth M. Doxsee and James E. Hutchison, published by Brooks/Cole. The Workshop speakers will be a diverse panel of scientists and educators who will present the latest trends in the green chemistry field based on their own experiences in either industry or academia. The Green Chemistry in Education Workshop will be held at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.


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Indirect editing is typically used in parametric modeling, or history-based systems. With indirect editing, parameters, dimensions and other intelligence is associated to the 3D model and can be used to define possible transformations and relationships. In a history-based system this intelligence is captured in the history-tree at the time the model is being created. In contrast, with a history-free system the intelligence is captured in the B-Rep model, during or after model creation. In either case (history-based or history-free) this intelligence can be used to specify geometry transformations. The added intelligence describes "what" will change, i.e. the geometry, and "how" it will change, i.e. the transformation.
By modifying and processing this intelligence, the resulting 3D geometry will be different. What geometry is actually changed is completely dependent on how the intelligence is setup and structured. It is "indirect transformation" of 3D geometry.
The benefit of this technology (indirect editing) is that you can capture and/or assign a specific behavior to the model. In a situation where you can predict or anticipate future changes this technology can be very useful. It is also useful if it is important to tightly control relationships between faces, features and parts during edits.
This is the environment that most 3D CAD users are familiar with. It is the standard method of changing 3D geometry in a history-based CAD system. Parameters at the 3D level are managed within the history tree and are structured in a parent/child relationship. Structure, relationships and parameters are always being created and ordered in the tree as the model is being developed. The process of properly organizing and managing this structure is not optional. It is something that every history-based CAD user must learn to be profecient with the tool. With history-based modeling you are either adding structure or modifying structure (indirect editing). When changes are made to the history (sketches, parameters, features, order) the tree/model is regenerated and is solved linearly based on the structure of the tree.
In this case it is important to know what the structure is and how a change will impact any child features. As it is linear there will be a "ripple" effect with this technology and as such it is important to know the structure before getting too aggressive with changes. In many cases the ripple effect is desired and equally in many cases it is not.
History tree in Pro/ENGINEER – ordered and structured
With history-based modeling users are actually editing the process and structure, or "recipe" that was defined at the time the model was created. You do not actually modify 3D geometry, but rather modify the recipe and then let the system rebuild the 3D geometry based on the modified recipe. In this context 3D geometry is always being recreated from the recipe rather than being modified.
As with any indirect editing capabilities, it is certainly possible to drive a change that can invalidate the model. Knowing how to work through these issues is critical to good history-based modeling.
This technology has recently been getting a bit of a facelift with what is called "dynamic" or "Instant" modification. With this capability a user can directly select a face or feature of a history-based model and dynamically modify the intelligence (parameters, dimensions) associated with the selected geometry. The intelligence is still solved linearly, but processing is more real time, or "instant". It looks something like direct editing, but it is still indirect and as with any indirect edit, the results are completely dependant on the structure of the intelligence.
This technology is not new but it is foreign to most CAD users. It provides the ability to indirectly manipulate 3D B-Rep geometry through added intelligence (parameters, dimensions) similar to indirect history-based modeling. However in this case parameters are not captured in a tree structure, but are rather captured, or "tagged" directly to the elements of the B-Rep model, i.e. points, edges or faces. Rather than being solved linearly these relationships are solved synchronously, or "nonlinear". The order in which the parameters are assigned has no influence. With this technology there is no ripple effect based on a parent/child relationship, however one relationship can certainly drive another if desired.
Relations Browser in CoCreate Modeling – no order
With history-free indirect editing 3D geometry is actually being modified rather than being recreated as is the case in history-based modeling. There are several different technologies that can be used to modify B-Rep solid models. When modifications of a B-Rep are driven indirectly, the resulting transformation must not invalidate the B-Rep solid model. As we attempt to drive a particular geometry change through an indirect edit the system needs to be intelligent enough to provide the "expected" result, reliably.
As is the case with indirect history-based editing, changing a parameter will result in some change to the geometry. Knowing how the parameters are structured is important in order to make good use of the intelligence and achieve the desired results. As it is not order dependant (linear) it is relatively easy to manipulate this intelligence.
Today there are not many history-free CAD systems that provide this capability. PTC CoCreate Modeling is one of the few that does provide it. Here is an example of history-free indirect editing in CoCreate Modeling that I posted in a previous article:"Design Intent with History Free Modeling"
There are pros and cons to each; history-free indirect editing and history-based indirect editing. Understanding which one can best support your requirements can be a challenge, but will be worth the analysis.
In the next post we will review Direct Editing.


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Online English Dictionary and Vocabulary Builder
1. [s] containing salt; "a saline solution"; "salty tears"
2. [s] engagingly stimulating or provocative; "a piquant wit"; "salty language"
3. [s] one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of sea water
1. [a] salt
2. [a] stimulating
3. [a] tasteful
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The Province of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Russian: Королевско-Шарлоттская губерния, Korolevsko-Sharlottskaya guberniya), colloquially known as the Queen Charlotte Islands (Острова Королевы Шарлотты, Ostrova Korolevy Sharlotty), and affectionately known as the Charlottes (Шарлотты, Sharlotty); is one of the 18 governorates of Alaska. The insular governorate is located roughly 100 kilometers off the coast of New Caledonia.
Prior to contact with Europeans, the islands were dominated by the Haida people. Though the islands were claimed by several powers, it was the United Kingdom which was able to secure the islands (which named them after the reigning Queen). The discovery of gold in the 1850s further prompted the British colonization and fortification of the islands, which were later solidified following Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. Despite these early successes, the Russian Empire would acquire the colony as part of the Columbia Purchase of 1871 (along with Columbia and Vancouver Island).
As with the rest of the former British colonies, the Queen Charlotte Islands retained much of their original English population under Russian rule. During the Alaskan Wars of the early 20th Century, the islands came under the control of the Doug-controlled Commonwealth of Columbia (with the full backing of the islands' citizens). Despite Columbia's admission into the Alaskan Democratic Federative Republic in 1935, it wouldn't be until the 1940s that the islands were formally organized into their own governorate.
The majority of the governorate's population is comprised of those of English and Haida descent. Those of Finnish, Norwegian, Russian, Scottish, and Swedish ancestry currently form the largest minority groups. Christians make up the majority of the population, with Protestants making up the largest group. Along with Columbia and Vancouver Island, the Queen Charlotte Islands officially recognizes two languages: English and Russian. Most of the population is bilingual, though Russian has seen a steady rise over the past few decades. Politically, the Movement for Peace and Freedom (the main center-left political party) has noted support among the Charlotteans.


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Barbed wire; Tables; Stools; Blackboards; Prisoners; Military personnel; Books
This page in Mitchener's diary from World War II includes a drawing of a POW writing lessons on a chalkboard or blackboard. Above the blackboard, Mitchener has written,"For the sake of knowledge - to ward off monotony." He has listed a number of...
The front plate of William Strickland's European architectural sketchbook. The sketch shows a watercolor drawing of a vine-covered monument with a Latin inscription. The translation reads: "Selected profane and sacred images of Britain and Roman...
Strickland's watercolor sketch of the Temple of Jupiter Stator. The sketch includes the ruins of the temple as well as the remains of archaeological excavations. The ruins are surrounded by Medieval buildings. A goat enters the excavation area.
Mrs. S. A. Vaughan sets forth to address those who deem Latin for girls unnecessary. This four-column argument contains a pencil notation at the top that designates its physical location in the Tennessee Historical Society holdings.
Monuments & Memorials; Basilicas; Popes; Domes; Latin cross-plan buildings; Plazas
William Strickland's watercolor sketch of the Basilica of St. Peter, Rome. Strickland gives handwritten descriptions and dimensions of the building porticoes. He describes the dome as being "decidedly ugly."
Large Butterfly quilt hanging from a clothesline. The quilt has alternating blocks of light and dark green set on point, so they appear as diamonds. A butterfly with brown-and-tan-checked wings is appliqued within each light green square.


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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Assistant Administrator for Water, Benjamin Grumbles, celebrated 30 years of progress under the Safe Drinking Water Act today at the Clayton County, Georgia Water Authority. The Assistant Administrator visited the Clayton County Water Authority to see how the utility is using innovative technology for making drinking water safer in the 21st century.
"We salute the Safe Drinking Water Act and the many Americans who work hard to make sure our water is safe to drink," Grumbles said. "We can all help – by working within our own communities to prevent contamination in the lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers that are the source of our water supply."
Grumbles praised the Clayton County Water Authority for taking action to go beyond regulatory requirements in ensuring that their customers have access to safe drinking water. In addition to conventional treatment, the Authority uses ultraviolet disinfection at all of their treatment plants to provide greater removal of microbial pathogens that can negatively impact human health by causing gastrointestinal illness.
Throughout 2005, EPA will recognize the anniversary of the Act by conducting a campaign focused on four themes: "Community Water Systems: The Backbone of Public Health;" "Protecting Sources of Drinking Water;" "Public Involvement in Safe Drinking Water;" and "Planning for the Future."
Visit _URL_ to view fact sheets created in commemoration of the anniversary and for updates on events and activities.


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Multiple Replace for Excel allows data to be replaced within multiple Excel documents based on multiple and flexible criteria. |
Key features of Multiple Replace for Excel include:
- Simultaneously run find and replace routines on several files or partial files (worksheets).
- Save and download replacement routines as templates for reuse.
- Create an unlimited number of rules for search and replacement of data and their simultaneous implementation.
- Run find and replace operations over all document properties (cells, formulas, comments, hyperlinks, shapes, headers, footers, worksheet properties)
- Set up conditions of the Find and Replace functions using regular expressions and wild cards.
Try It Get It (Pricing is available on the next page)(Updated on 2021-02-01)


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Medication Reconciliation Evidence-Based Practice and the Procedural Essay
- Length: 20 pages
- Sources: 60
- Subject: Healthcare
- Type: Essay
- Paper: _TAG_
Excerpt from Essay :
Evidence-Based Practice and the Procedural Education of Nurses
Medication reconciliation is a critical issue in healthcare reform. Today, improvement in this area of treatment could have a transformative effect on the current practices of nursing and medicine administration. The discussion, literature review and research tests that are conducted hereafter will outline the implications of medication reconciliation; justify the call for improvement in this treatment area; and offer support for the resultant recommendations using the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) template as a guide. The discussion will provide a background discussion on the three primary procedural steps by which medication reconciliation is defined: Verifying Medications by Collecting an Accurate Medication History; Clarifying Information by Ensuring Medications and Doses Are Appropriate, and; Reconciling and Documenting Change. Additionally, the discussion will offer a literature review as a means of providing some comprehensive knowledge of current practices in the field. Subsequently, a research observation conducted in the context of a specifically designated treatment facility will be assessed both in pre-test and post-test analyses. The pre-test analysis will demonstrate that evidence-based practice changes will be needed in order to transform the current educational and procedural standards within the designated facility. The post-test will indicate that creative teaching techniques (power-point, lecture, notes, lecture, feedback) are paramount to bridging the gap between current practice and proper medication reconciliation.
Medication error is among the leading causes of preventable illness, health crisis or fatality within the treatment context. Significant evidence is available to illustrate that the prevalence of medication errors relating to overlooked contraindications, dosage mistakes and a failure to document patient history can lead to tragic and costly healthcare incidences. This denotes a direct correlation between effective procedural control over the prescription, administration and monitoring of medication usage and the protection of a healthcare facility against preventable illness or fatality and the resulting legal consequences of these occurrences.
As this relates to the present study, this suggests the existing demand for improvements in the consistency and appropriateness of medication administration. This process is referred to as medication reconciliation, a concept which drives the discussion and research hereafter. Medication reconciliation is the process by which a patient's full medical and medication histories are evaluated at different points of transfer in the treatment sequence with the intent of eliminating possible medication errors that can lead to negative health consequences. Today, with the field's collective understanding of drug-treatment strategies always improving, there is a need to ensure that incoming generations of nursing professional are adequately educated in the area of medication reconciliation. Thus, a focus of the research hereafter will be the education of Associate and Bachelor Degree-holding nurses in the current best practices of medication reconciliation.
The discussion will examine this subject with an endorsement of improved focus on medication reconciliation, first providing an actionable definition of medication reconciliation based on the three primary steps to its effective implementation; second providing a comprehensive literature review on the subject; and third conducting an observational study of a selected healthcare facility, the Southeastern Acute Healthcare facility (SEAHC), as a way of evaluating the need for effectively streamlined medication reconciliation and consequently, as a blueprint for educating degree-holding nurses. Research imperatives are informed by the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) web portal, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Specifically, educational imperatives for incoming nursing professionals are informed by QSEN's Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for the Nurse Practice Education, which the American Academy of Nursing Practice (AANC, 2008, 2009) endorsed. The recommendations detail the quality and importance of patient safety outcomes. An additional source of importance will be Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses (2008), which provides a delineation of optimal medication reconciliation in a nurse education context.
In 2011, after evaluating medication errors, The Southeastern Acute Healthcare facility identified reconciling medications as a pressing issue. According to (Hayes, Donovan, Smith, & Hartman (2007), approximately 60% of all medical errors occur as a result of inconsistencies either when patients are admitted, transferred between units for assigned for discharge. (p. 1,720). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) goes on to estimate that these inconsistencies are the cause of roughly 1.5 million preventable 'adverse drug effects (ADEs)' in the United States per annum." (Young, 2008, p. 332). This amounts to a troubling average of one medication error per every patient admitted in that same space of teime. The Joint Commission on National Patient Safety Goal is to precisely and absolutely reconcile (merge) how medications are dispensed across the continuum of care (Conley, Love, Kelly, & Bartko, 1999; Ptasinski, 2007; Thompson, 2005). The ultimate goal is to reduce the number of ADEs that occur when responsibility for a patient changes. The present study is intended to produce findings that can be used to improve education of associate and bachelor degree-holding nursing students in the area of medication reconciliation. The hope is that this would help to contribute to a reduction in the number of ADEs occurring among licensed nursing professionals.
The present study is further rationalized by evolving mandates relating to the need for improved medication reconciliation. To this end, the Joint Commission (JC) mandated medication reconciliation as an integral part of patient care in 2006. This is also consistent with the imperatives dictated by the QSEN/AACN doctrine, which among its Essentials of nursing education, indicates that the assurance of safety is of the utmost importance. Further, Essentials dictates the need for nursing professionals to be apprised during the process of their educational development of the complexity of modern healthcare systems with a specific focus on areas such as the transmission of data, the communication of treatment implications and modes of interaction with the populations, communities, families and patients treated. The QSEN/AACN doctrine therefore denotes that it is incumbent upon nurse educators to incorporate these imperatives into education on medication reconciliation. Further, this demonstrates the interconnectivity between education on medication reconciliation and the improvement of patient safety, suggesting that the aim of the present study -- to provide a research-basis for improved nursing education in this area -- could be successful in helping to reduce the frequency of ADEs in the general healthcare context.
Validation of this rationale will be sought through a case study involving the Southeastern Acute Healthcare facility (SEAHC). The purpose of this study is to introduce a quality improvement project to enhance medication reconciliation education among aspiring nursing professionals already holding associate or bachelor's degrees in nursing. The Southeastern Acute Healthcare facility has been selected because it is currently implementing a new power-chart for documenting all medication records. Medication reconciliation forms for each phase of transition have been developed at the state and federal level. To help the Southeastern Acute Healthcare facility (SEAHC) in developing and evaluating its new medication reconciliation education strategy, the discussion here will provide a literature review on medication reconciliation and, subsequently, a pre and post-test analysis of SEAHC's navigation of this important treatment area.
During the processes to uncover relevant articles on medication reconciliation, the researcher searched for articles relevant to the effects of medication discrepancies, reconciliation, adverse events, communication as a process, and patients' knowledge of their medications. The researcher used the MEDLINE (2005-2012), PubMed (2005-2012), and CINHL (2005-2012) to conduct the literature review. No language restrictions were applied. Search terms included medication reconciliation, medication errors, prescribing error, medication systems, adverse drug events, drug utilization review, medication list, medication record, and medications management.
Defining Medication Reconciliation:
Before proceeding to a more extensive literature review or a report on the observations made at SEAHC, it is appropriate to define Medication Reconciliation. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement, (IHI) (2006) defines medication reconciliation as a formal process of collecting and maintaining a complete and accurate list of a patient's current medications and comparing that list to the physician's orders at admission, transfer, or discharge. Vira, Colquhoun, and Etchells (2006) stated that while there are variances in pharmaceutical administration that are appropriate when guided by practitioners but that a great many variances are instead the result of poorly streamlined or regulated processes. These are considered medication errors and can have a range of serious consequences. (p. 122). And because hospitals so frequently must work to overcome poor nurse to patient ratios, problematic labor distribution and long working hours, medication error becomes a greater risk without medication reconciliation strategies in place.
For the purposes of the present research, the process of reconciliation (resolving issues related to medication lists and communication) involves a three-step process: (a) verifying medications by collecting an accurate medication history; (b) clarifying information by ensuring medications and doses are appropriate; and (c) reconciling and documenting every change (Institute for Healthcare Improvement 2006; Young, 2008). The three-step process is designed to avoid the most common types of errors, including inadvertently omitting home medications during hospital stay, failing to resume home medications at discharge, duplicating therapy, and inaccurate dosages. All such errors are known as a medication error event (Young, 2008; IHI, 2006). Fitzgerald (2009) classified medication errors…


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Careers in Psychology
Rehabilitation psychologists are researchers and practitioners who work with people who have suffered a physical deprivation or loss, whether at birth or through later damage such as a stroke. These individuals may also aid someone in adjusting to a physical handicap associated with aging, such as a loss of mobility due to arthritis. Rehabilitation psychologists treat people by helping them to face both the psychological and situational barriers they may encounter, and they thereby facilitate individuals' more effective functioning.
Rehabilitation psychologists tend to work in medical rehabilitation institutes and hospitals. They may work in a medical school or university or serve as a consultant or an administrator for state and federal vocational rehabilitation agencies. Some have private practices serving people who have disabilities.


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Before you read this section, please make sure you read the section which explains dynamic campaigns.
This page will generate a tracking link for each one of your keywords so you can identify which keyword from which engine has generated a sale. The best way to go about doing this is to setup a campaign for each group of keywords that you have. For example, you might have a group of keywords related to selling baby toys, you can create a campaign called baby toys and then use this tool to generate a sub campaign tracking link for each keyword. When you pull up your statistic report, each keyword's activity will be listed in this campaign.
Select a campaign from your list of pay per click campaigns. The subcampaign tracking links will be generated for this campaign
Google Tracking URLs
Click this if you want to generate tracking urls that you can mass import into google.The output will be slightly different then what is described below. It will generate the keywords and tracking links in google format. Once you have the output you can paste it into a microsoft excel file and send it to google.
Shorten Url: Root
Use _URL_.php instead of _URL_.php. This will only work if you opted to move go.php in your root directory during installation.
Shorten Url: WWW
Take out the www. in the tracking url to make it shorter. Use this only if your domain works when you access it without the www.
Enter your keyword list
This is where you input your list of keywords. You can enter your keywords in 4 different ways. How you enter them and what the output will be is described in the table below.
You can submit the parameters in the following format:
Each option is separated by a pipe, "|" character. This table illustrates how to input the data based on what parameters you want to specify.
For keywords and urls there are two pipe "|" characters. This is because you are specifying nothing as the bid, the pipe character still needs to be there.


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How long is one minute? There is the objective answer of sixty seconds, but there is also the subjective personal perception. One minute can feel like a blink of an eye, but it can also last an eternity. When working in the lab, I often experience both perceptions within a workday. The days are always too short, and I regularly wish that I could live in the lab to work into the evenings. However, during each experiment, time often seems to have stopped moving. One experiment can appear to take forever, and I constantly have to prolong the allotted time for the tests. The temporal aspect of making is amplified, and patience is much required to conduct this slow research.
Taking time to manipulate a material is imperative to observe how matter changes its behavior gradually. The quality of the product usually relates to the time spent on the process as well. Almost every experiment I have done on grinding pigments from various natural sources circle back to the issue of time, when the tools I use to grind them remain consistent. Minerals, such as lapis lazuli, take much longer to grind to fine particles due to their hardness, whereas earth pigments like ochres are less time-consuming because they are generally softer. These observations do not come as a surprise, but going through the motion of grinding makes experiencing time much more intense than reading about it in historical recipes. A recent experiment might be able to visibly demonstrate what time does to change a material.
It is known that over-grinding of certain minerals can result in the pigments losing their brilliance and turning the colors dull. However, how long it takes for a pigment to pass the threshold and become over-ground can vary drastically depending on the type of the mineral and the quantity of the pigment. I wanted to see how easy it is to over-grind malachite using the simple technology of a glass muller and a granite slab. To do so, I put on a batch of malachite powder and ground it with water for ninety minutes. The powder was prepared from a previous experiment, in which I simply broke the stone into small pieces, crushed the pieces into coarse powder, ground the powder with the muller and slab until it no longer produced a cracking and scratching sound, and removed impurities through levigation. I took a little pigment out of the batch every ten minutes to see how the sizes of the particles changed during this ninety-minute process.
Time-lapse is a fascinating film technique which condenses a long sequence into a short period of time. The video (Fig. 1/Vid. 1) of me grinding malachite gives a deceptively brisk working pace that appears to be full of energy and excitement. In reality, the process was agonizingly long and taxing. Ten minutes into grinding, I was already losing my patience. The ten-minute marks never arrived fast enough, and there were still so many ten minutes to go. When grinding, there was no highly noticeable visual and tactile difference in the texture of the powder-water mixture. It was smooth and easy to be pushed around. However, the color of the mixture gradually became ever-so-slightly paler in the first half hour of grinding, and it was most observable when placing a small sample of the mixture onto the plate at the end of each ten-minute mark (Fig. 2). The color of the mixture stopped changing around the forty-minute mark, but I continued to complete the full ninety minutes of grinding.
Fig. 1/Vid. 1. Time-lapse of the malachite grinding experiment (or click here to see the video on Flickr).
Fig. 2. Samples of pigment ground for different lengths of time.
I left the pigment samples on the plate to dry and called it a day in the lab. Two days later, I returned to the samples and bound them with gum water to turn them into watercolor paint. Each sample became a small swatch painted over a strip of black India ink to test its opacity (Fig. 3). Immediately, the powder that did not undergo further grinding (0 minute) shows that the particles are too coarse to make a good paint. The sample with ten minutes of grinding time shows an improvement in the paint quality, but still not good. The swatches painted with pigments ground for thirty minutes or longer are more similar, in their colors and the smoothness of the paint surfaces.
Fig. 3. Swatches painted with watercolor paints made from pigment samples ground for different lengths of time.
Despite the change in color to a paler green, I do not think that I have over-ground the malachite. The darker greens have appealing colors, but the paints did not behave well. The higher grinding time resulted in finer particles, but more grinding did not further alter the color of the pigments in a highly visible manner. Rather, pigments with higher grinding time can be more evenly mixed with gum water to make paints with a better flow. Time, in this experiment, is a critical element to produce usable pigments, and it needs to be accompanied by the patience of repeating the same motion for a minimum of thirty minutes.


How to get all your fruits and vegetables for $2.25 a day
Getting all your fruits and vegetables in doesn't have to break the bank...if you choose wisely.
When the USDA revised their recommendations for a healthy diet, they also calculated the average cost per serving for fruits and vegetables (they looked at fresh, frozen and canned) and found that, on average, they cost 50 cents per one-cup serving. For an adult eating 2,000 calories per day, the USDA recommends eating 4½ cups per day (2½ cups vegetables and 2 cups of fruit), which would cost roughly $2.25/day.
Depending on the fruits and vegetables you choose, that number can be much higher…in some cases (as below) it's lower. Here's an example of how you can add in 4 1/2 cups of fruits and vegetables across 3 meals and a snack, to whatever else you eat throughout the day:
—Kerri-Ann Jennings, M.S., R.D.
Next: Breakfast »
Get a full year of EatingWell magazine.


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I am so excited to announce our brand new My Danish Ancestor Activity Book. This 52-page activity book encourages youth to ask questions and delve into the Danish history of their family in a fun way. The "My Ancestors" hands-on workbooks create bonds between generations with hours of activities, puzzles, games, recipes, stories and crafts that can involve the entire family. Timelines, paper dolls, coloring pages, maps, music, dot-to-dots and crossword puzzles combine to give youth ownership of their own genealogy and the send them on a quest to bring their family history to life.
As I've said before, studies have shown that greater knowledge about family history strengthens and empowers youth by creating self-esteem, resilience and a greater sense of control over their lives. Learning about the family's past also strengthens the relationships between living family members by creating a shared experience and core identity that no one else in the world can duplicate. This new children's workbook is designed to help kids gain the benefits of family history and start asking their family members about their shared past.
I have a particularly inspiring Danish ancestor and I'm excited to share this book with my children and someday with my grandchildren. But beyond that, this was our most requested book. These are activities, games, and questions that will help you discover the exciting lives of your Danish Ancestors. You can:
- Make some Danish rye bread and learn about Danish sandwiches
- Sing a Danish Folk Song
- Find some Danish family words
- Complete a dot-to-dot of a famous Danish castle
- Document what you know about your favorite Danish ancestor
- Learn about Danish royalty and Danish crests
- Solve puzzles about famous Danish people
- Make a special Julehjerte to honor your Danish ancestor
- Simple projects, recipes, and worksheets make it easy for your busy family to celebrate their Danish heritage.
You can purchase this book now, through our website. We'll also have plenty of copies on hand at Rootstech. Either way, you cannot go wrong when you use these books to introduce your children and grandchildren to your Danish heritage.


10 marketing acronyms you know but can't define
10 marketing acronyms you know but can't define Drew Hubbard
It's no secret that marketing, as an industry, loves its acronyms. For better or worse (often worse), we'll try to shorten just about any common phrase over a single syllable.
Over-acronyming (totally a word) can cause confusion when the same acronyms come to mean several things or are incorrectly applied. But there's also another danger: acronyms that are so commonly used that we either forget or never knew what they actually stand for. Sure, we might know enough about their usage to get by in conversation. But not knowing the underlying components of an acronym (or, an initialism, if you want to be a grammar nazi about it) can water down your true understanding of a concept and, worse, leave you open to embarrassment should you fail to recognize the complete phrase when used.
Below is a list of acronyms that, on more than one occasion, I've found to be incompletely understood by the people throwing them around. A simple understanding of the words behind the acronym would have gone a long way in our conversations. What would you add to the list?
Wrong: Cuddly Antelope Necks, Suspiciously Positioned Against Morlocks
Right: Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing
Let's start with one that everyone is forgiven for perhaps not knowing. CAN-SPAM, as in The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, changed email marketing forever with its restrictions on when, how, and to whom companies send email. While most marketers at some point have wondered aloud if their tactics are "CAN-SPAM compliant," few recall the massive acronym behind what is now generally regarded as an annoying yet necessary set of restrictions.
But it's worth remembering: More than a decade ago, "pornography" and "marketing" were legislatively lumped together as pervasive societal evils.
Wrong: Consistently Purple Microwave
Right: Cost Per Mille (thousand)
This one makes it onto a lot of lists of confusing acronyms, and rightfully so. Mille? WTF is a mille? Well, Latin strikes again. Mille means a thousand. And many marketers know that a CPM is, in fact, the cost per thousand, even if they don't know or care what a mille is. But in an industry where CP-whatevers abound, it's good to know the backstory on this one.
Wrong: Handy Tapeworm Martyr Laments and eXamines My Life
Right: HyperText Markup Language and eXtensible Markup Language
Look, I'm not going to contend that marketers need to understand the nuance behind every internet-interworkings acronym. There are a lot, and they don't -- and don't need to -- mean much to the layman.
But when it comes to HTML and XML, it's worth having a basic understanding here, especially if you ever talk to developers. Yes, HTML and XML are both markup languages, but they're quite different from one another. When you think HTML, think visual. It's a way to tag information so it displays in a certain way. On the other hand, XML codes information in a way that's meant to be read by both humans AND machines. It indicates what a piece of information is, rather than just how it should look. In fact, RSS feeds are made possible by XML, which leads us to...
Wrong: Ridiculously Shitty Spaceship
Right: Rich Site Summary, originally RDF Site Summary, and now, most commonly, Really Simple Syndication
Yep, this is another one we get a pass on. Three different possibilities? One that includes its own acronym (RDF being "resource description framework")? Sheesh. It's no surprise that the one we use most now is "really simple syndication," since that actually seems to mean something based in reality, while the other two are more technical descriptions.
In short, RSS feeds enable publishers to easily syndicate content. Use of a standard XML file format enables wide compatibility so readers (listeners, etc.) can get updates in their software (or app) of choice, without manually checking sites.
Wrong: Frail Penguin Operation
Right: For Position Only
Even if you didn't know that FPO represented "for position only," you might have known that the acronym serves as a sort of placeholder. These three letters are commonly seen when working with designers, either when an image or block of text is still missing or not in its final form.
Seems pretty straightforward, I know. But the danger comes in when people start throwing "FPO" around as though it's the same as "TBD" (i.e., to be determined). Sometimes it works: "That blank image there is still FPO/TBD." But sometimes it doesn't. Believe it or not, I once had a colleague who started indicating campaign elements such as run dates and target audiences as being "FPO." Nope. He meant TBD. Not interchangeable, dude.
Wrong: Kitten Paw Infection (awww)
Right: Key Performance Indicator
Some people hear "KPI" and think "goal," and that can cause problems. "Are we hitting our KPIs?" That's not really what you mean to ask, and that's when understanding that KPI stands for "key performance indicator" is valuable. A KPI is a metric, not an end result. So yes, establish KPIs. But then set goals alongside those KPIs.
Wrong: Always Plan Indecency
Right: Application Programming Interface
An API is a set of protocols for building software applications. For example, the Graph API from Facebook is the primary way for apps of all kinds to read and write to the Facebook social graph.
APIs are building blocks for programmers, with varied manifestations and uses, and you don't necessarily have to understand much more than that from a technical standpoint as a marketer. But what you should understand is that APIs are neither lofty concepts to feared, nor technicalities to be ignored. If you work with developers in any capacity, you'll hear plenty about API calls, and you might not understand much of it. So don't throw around the term "API" loosely and without understanding. If in doubt, just ask a lot of questions.
Wrong: Clumsy Mouse Spatula
Right: Content Management System
First off, I've seen some folks use CMS to mean "customer (or client) management system," instead of a CRM (customer relationship management) system. So let's knock that off. You're confusing us all. These days, a CMS is a content management system, and it's just a fancy term for the interface you use to update or publish information on websites (or elsewhere). It's not white magic or witchcraft. In most cases, it's a lot less technical than you might think. If it's easier for you, just think "WordPress." But then understand that there are a lot more CMS options out there than WordPress.
Wrong: Itchy Anus Burn
Right: Interactive Advertising Bureau
As with a few others on this list, like CMS, I feel the need to put IAB on this list just to eliminate some potentially awkward or confusing conversations down the line. Or embarrassment among younger marketers. The IAB -- the nonprofit organization that develops standards and provides support for the online advertising industry -- is almost always called "the IAB," so some might fail to recall that there's anything more to the name than that. On the rare occasion you hear someone actually call it the Interactive Advertising Bureau, please make the connection. If you can't fathom the need for this clarification, I'm glad. But experience dictates its inclusion here, I'm afraid.
Drew Hubbard is a social media and content marketing specialist.
On Twitter? Follow Hubbard at _USER_. Follow iMedia at _USER_
"woman talking letters in head coming out of open mouth" image via iStock.
View full biography
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With _TAG_ coming up, I've been busy! So sorry to keep you waiting on what I found out about this type of lettering! To start off, I found out that some people refer to it as "Beveled Prism Lettering", so that's neat.
During my research, I found this video tutorial that really helped me learn the basics. It didn't answer all of my questions and if you look at the worksheet the lady generously supplies, a lot of the letters look just as I would expect them to but some had lines and angles that didn't quite meet up. I wanted to figure out why. But we'll dive into that in a minute. Let's start with the first step:
Draw a bold/block sans serif letter
Draw the letter inline. (Before learning more about this topic, I used to skip this step and go straight to creating the inline triangles. This is a no-no. Don't do it! You'll see why!)
Common mistake: Drawing the inline with corners that don't match the block letters' lines around it. The worksheet that Marzi did has some inlines that do this, specifically on problem letters like 'N', 'M', and 'W'. Geometrically speaking, you can totally do it this way but optically, it doesn't look great IMO. Basically, all I know is that when I compared hers to James Lewis' "Versa Font", I noticed that difference and thought Lewis' just felt better.
3. Draw the crossbars' inline. Connect the crossbar inlines to the exterior lines with diagonal lines. (Have I said the word "line" enough??)
4. Draw your inline triangles at the ends of your stems, if applicable. Draw quadrilateral shapes on the ends where needs be. As you can see with the first example of the 'N', the top and bottom triangles don't align. This is a problem. Geometrically, you can form your letter so the inline triangles do align BUT in order to accomplish this, the top triangle ends up being really short and wide. We don't want that. We want all of our inline shapes to be the same height. Another reason this doesn't work usually, is because as you can see in Example G, the pink lines are longer than the blue lines. This is how most "problem" block letters are formed.
5. Concerning letters with bowls and counters: Most of the beveled fonts I observed didn't have the added separation line in the bowl/counter aligned with the corner lines. (See Example H). I don't know why that is. If anyone does, please let me know!
6. After that, determine where your imaginary light source is coming from to decide which of your fragmented pieces will be shadows vs. highlights. You can do 2, 3, or 4 colors!
7. Add a drop shade and shadow. See Example I.
8. Don't get too discouraged! This kind of lettering takes a lot of precision and practice so don't get down on yourself if you can't get it immediately. I might be saying all this because I'm the one that needs to hear it, lolz! I had the opportunity to chat with James Lewis _USER_ (AKA the King of 3D lettering) about any tips he had on creating this type of lettering and he said that "In basic terms you link up all corners and draw an inline and then decide where the light hits the surface. If you'd like even more examples you can check out my font VERSA. Lettering artists around the world have found it very helpful tracing the forms to give them an understanding of 3D lettering."
Another font that I looked at for reference is called Sandwich. It gives many variations on 3D lettering that's fun and inspiring!
I hope that helps answer any questions you may have had! Looking forward to seeing all of your 3D gloriousness!


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page > Lesson Plans > Math
Maps & Graphs
a Road Trip
Take a Road Trip:
will incorporate map reading, math, library research skills and writing..
Use distant countries requiring more research; communicate with another
class via Internet where each class takes a trip near their city, describing
to the other class what they see and where they go.
|include("/var/www/vhosts/teachnet.com/httpdocs/include/search.txt");?> include("/var/www/vhosts/teachnet.com/httpdocs/include/recent.txt");?>|


text: Vitamin Angels is a charity devoted to ending childhood diseases caused by micronutrient deficiencies worldwide, their primary focus being childhood blindness as a result of Vitamin A defiency. Their Operation 20/20 vows to achieve this goal by the year 2020. This year alone, Vitamin Angels expansive reach will provide 4.5 million children in 18 countries, the necessary nutrients to save their eyesight. The amazing part is that it costs only $1 to save a child's vision! Recently LA Ink's Kat Von D, raised enough money for Vitamin Angels to save 32,000 children from going blind, what a huge accomplishment! To learn how she did it and how you too can help visit vitaminangels.org.


Kubernetes Patterns:
Reusable elements for designing cloud-native applications
Download the e-book
Reading an e-book
To make the most of the cloud, technologists must approach applications in new ways.
The way developers design, build, and run software has changed significantly with the evolution of microservices and containers. These modern architectures use new primitives that require a different set of practices than most developers, tech leads, and architects are used to. In this informative guide, authors Bilgin Ibryam and Roland Huß from Red Hat offer a detailed presentation of common reusable elements, patterns, principles, and practices for designing and implementing cloud-native applications on Kubernetes.
When you are starting to deliver mission-critical services on top of a system like Kubernetes, learning your way via trial and error simply takes too much time and results in very real problems of downtime and disruption… Kubernetes Patterns enables you to learn from the previous experience that we have encoded into the APIs and tools that make up Kubernetes."
Brendan Burns
Cofounder, Kubernetes
Each pattern includes a description of the problem and a proposed solution with Kubernetes specifics. Many patterns are also backed by concrete code examples. This e-book is ideal for developers already familiar with basic Kubernetes concepts who want to learn common cloud-native patterns.
Learn about these 5 Kubernetes patterns:
Covers the core principles and practices for building container-based, cloud-native applications.
Explores more granular concepts for managing various types of container and platform interactions.
Helps you organize containers within a pod—the atom of the Kubernetes platform.
Provides insight into how application configurations can be handled in Kubernetes.
Covers more advanced topics such as extending the platform with operators.
Download this e-book with a foreword by Brendan Burns, the cofounder of Kubernetes.
Kubernetes Patters - Reusable Elements for Designing Cloud-native Applications
Get the Kubernetes Patterns e-book


Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Alta Desigualdad en América Latina: desde cuándo y por qué
Rodríguez Weber, Javier (2018): Alta Desigualdad en América Latina: desde cuándo y por qué.
Download (736kB) | Preview
In recent years, a dense and fruitful debate on the history of inequality in Latin America has developed. The central points of the debate are: 1) the origin of Latin American inequality; 2) the role of the region's colonial legacy; 3) whether the continent went through a period of "levelling" between 1930 and 1980; and 4) the sustainability of the recent trend towards inequality reduction. In this context, this paper has two main objectives. First, to evaluate the merits and empirical base of different positions under debate. Second, and most important, to offer a brief history of income inequality in Latin America based on the best evidence available. Thus, the paper presents an analytical narrative centered on the linkages between peripheral capitalism -to which Latin American economies moved in nineteenth centuryand the institutional heritage, much of it of colonial origin. The main argument is that both changes and persistent features of inequality can be explained by the way in which the price cycles of exports interact with a political-institutional framework.
MPRA is a RePEc service hosted by
the Munich University Library in Germany.


text:
Key stage 1: use of fire
As most books and museum displays about the evolution of human society mention, the mastery of fire was one of the most crucial steps in human development. Cooking, warmth and defense followed – allowing humans to develop in a newly accelerated way. As well as the 'good' things, there was now potential for explosive damage. Matches are a supremely easy and cheap way for everyone to have access to making fire.


Key Technologies for Building Automation Systems
By September 25, 2018December 7th, 2020Connected Buildings
Key technologies for building automation systems
Internet of Things (IoT) devices have made building automation systems more accessible than ever. Thanks to rapidly decreasing hardware costs and world-class networking technology, building automation is no longer a luxury for only the largest buildings. Now, even small and mid-sized apartment complexes can afford to use automation to run more efficient, profitable buildings.
Building automation impacts every utility and system in the building, from security to water usage. As such, numerous technologies that must work together seamlessly. Where do you begin? Let's dive deep into the nuts and bolts of building automation systems.
But First: What is a Building Automation System?
Here is how we defined Building Automation in a previous article:
Building automation allows management to remotely monitor and optimize a building's systems, including HVAC, lighting, and plumbing. Building automation systems (or BAS) are powered by sensors, controllers, and network infrastructure installed throughout the building and managed from a single application. BAS's can also include a building's safety and remote access systems.
The technology behind IoT-powered building automation can be broken down into three main layers, each supporting important functions and infrastructure:
 - Primary Building Systems
 - Network Infrastructure
 - Building Automation Platform
In the IoT era, many formally "dumb" technologies have been brought online and are easily connected to the larger building network. Let's look at the technical components in each layer and the roles they play in a building automation system.
Primary Building Systems
Primary building systems are the vital organs of a building. They include basic utilities as well as security and safety technologies. While IoT technology has changed the way these systems operate and interact with one another, their purposes have not changed much.
According to CenStar Energy, renters spent a significant portion of their income on heating and cooling their apartments, with AC alone ranging from $23-$137 per month. This is one of the largest areas where automated systems can optimize consumption and minimize waste. Smart HVAC systems better regulate climate and costs by using building data to automate usage. Additionally, smart HVAC systems can monitor air quality, making it easier to know when to adjust for humidity or change filters.
Electrical and Lighting
Smart electrical and lighting solutions are another major cost-saving solution for multifamily buildings. Smart lighting optimizes energy usage by learning from both historicalf and real-time building data. New lighting technology like Power-over-Ethernet (POE) lighting reduces the amount of expensive electrical conduit that needs to be installed, further lowering costs and simplifying maintenance.
Water consumption can be a costly resource depending on your location. Ensuring your building is using water wisely can save you thousands of dollars a year. Smart sensors and valves can automate water usage while monitoring quality and detecting issues. For example, smart plumbing systems will shut off the water when a leak is detected before it leads to flooding and damage.
Safety Systems
IoT-powered surveillance systems make it easier than ever for property managers to set up comprehensive security throughout the property. Smart security cameras are simple to install and can automatically detect abnormal movement in the building, even alerting management of potential issues. Automated access control, fire safety systems, and alarm systems are more ways that property managers can keep their buildings and residents safe.
Network Infrastructure
If primary buildings systems are the vital organs, then network infrastructure is the nervous system of a smart building. It is the fabric that enables communication between people, devices, and the network—so it needs to be fast, reliable, and secure.
Today's building automation systems connect via wifi and Bluetooth infrastructure, rendering old and complicated BAS network tech unnecessary.
Wireless internet is the primary network for connecting building automation technologies. As the need for bandwidth increases, it becomes even more important for buildings to have built-in wifi infrastructure. Without wifi, buildings would be forced to rely on spotty and expensive cellular service. A private wifi network provides other benefits as well, like new, incremental revenue channels.
Building automation systems should also utilize a secondary Bluetooth mesh network for use cases that only require a low-power connection. For example, Bluetooth should be used instead of wifi to connect smart light bulbs in an apartment unit.
The falling costs of sensors is a big reason why IoT has exploded in recent years. Sensors serve as the eyes and ears of the building, collecting data and monitoring buildings operations 24/7. Building automation systems rely on numerous types of sensors, including:
 - Temperature sensors
 - Occupancy sensors
 - Smart water valves
 - Light sensors
 - Motion detectors
Once a property is wired with wifi and Bluetooth infrastructure, sensors can be easily added or removed to meet the building's changing needs. This is one way building automation systems can help future-proof your smart apartment.
Optional: Ethernet
Ethernet is no longer a requirement in apartment buildings, but some developers still choose to add it as an amenity for residents and to power technologies like POE lighting.
Building Automation Platform
Tying everything together is the building automation software, also called a smart building platform. The smart building platform allows property managers to control building systems, view analytics, set automation schedules, and schedule manual tasks– all from a single interface. It also makes it easy to install and integrate new technologies or services as they become available.
At the foundation of a smart building platform is a powerful cloud computing service that captures, transforms, stores, and models building data. Property managers can then analyze this data in various ways, generating detailed reports across numerous variables. This offers a much-needed upgrade from traditional building automation systems that require on-site servers and IT support to store and manage data.
While there are numerous building automation platforms for commercial buildings, multifamily properties have a unique set of needs, including rent collection and various user permission levels. We recommend using a platform designed for smart apartments, such as Homebase, that gives you control over every aspect of community and building management.
The New Building Automation
IoT-powered building automation systems are creating a new generation of truly smart buildings. IoT has made building automation more powerful, less expensive, and more accessible than ever before. Not only are these new systems easy to use, but they are also easier to install and implement than traditional BAS's.
Everything from lights and water, to smart locks and security cameras, can be tailored to save time, money, and labor. The future of living is already here, powered by the IoT and controlled by you.
Bryan Larson
Author Bryan Larson
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DIY Audio Data Processing: Wake Word Detection and Sound Classification
 DIY Audio Data Processing: Wake Word Detection and Sound Classification
 We're all used to smart home assistants now: they execute voice commands, alert us about suspicious activities, and tell jokes. Basically, many of us can buy it now – the price range is vast. But wouldn't it be exciting to build one yourself? Well, not the entire assistant, but at least a custom audio processing system no smart assistant can function without.
 In this article, we'll give you a jump-start on how to create your own audio processing system. It includes steps to develop a system that uses an audio stream from a connected microphone and sends out alerts when a keyword was spotted or a target sound (e.g., a baby crying) was detected. Shall we?
 Audio data
 First, let's define audio data.
 According to Wikipedia, sound is a vibration that spreads as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium (gas, liquid, or solid). But for sounds to become audio data, they need to be digitized by sampling them at discrete intervals, aka the sampling rate. The rate for CD-quality audio is typically 44.1kHz, which means that samples are taken 44,100 times/second.
 A sample equals the amplitude of the wave at a certain time frame. The bit depth determines the dynamic range of the signal, meaning that it shows how detailed the sample is. Usually, it's 16bit – 65,536 amplitude values.
 A sound wave, in red, represented digitally, in blue (after sampling and 4-bit quantisation), with the resulting array shown on the right
 Audio dataset
 Existing audio datasets
 When you think about starting an audio processing project, the first thing you think of is where to get the data, especially if you've only worked with tabular data and/or images before. No need to worry – there are plenty of audio datasets that can be used for research purposes. Here are some of them:
 The Environmental Sounds Classification dataset is a goldmine. Also known as ESC-50, this collection of 2,000 labeled recordings of environmental sounds is great for benchmarking different methods of environmental sound classification.
 The dataset consists of five-second-long recordings organized into 50 semantical classes (with 40 examples per class) loosely arranged into five major categories:
 - Animals
 - Natural soundscapes and water sounds
 - Human, non-speech sounds
 - Interior/domestic sounds
 - Exterior/urban noises
 Google Speech Command
 TensorFlow and AIY teamed up to give the world the Speech Commands Dataset – a free dataset beginners can use to train. Where else would you easily get 65,000 one-second long utterances of 30 short words by thousands of people? Thanks to the dataset, you can build basic voice interfaces that include words like "Yes," "No," digits, and directions.
 There's even a tutorial provided by TensorFlow on how to build a basic speech recognition network that recognizes ten different words.
 Creative Commons is a license that allows sharing, using, and altering a work without violating the copyright, and Freesound is a collaborative database that allows just that. You're free to browse, download, and share all sounds on Freesound, from special effects to human voice samples.
 Data collection
 If your task is more specific and requires additional data collection, you can get help on freelancing websites. Quantum needed to collect platform-related voice commands, and we used Amazon Mechanical Turk. Although there was no pre-made audio collection template out-of-the-box, there are plenty of instructions on the web on how to create one.
 Audio processing
 When you have all data ready, it's finally time to start working with it.
 Dataset evaluation
 The first thing you should do in any type of project is to see what data you have and understand it. In the case of audio, you need to listen to what you have in order to evaluate its quality and variety. If the data was collected on a freelance platform, we recommend evaluating every record as the quality of the submissions might not be the best. In case you're using an already available dataset, listening to a couple of samples is also a good idea. Most issues are usually associated with "noisy" data.
 Getting started
 Below are simple examples of where to start with both packages.
 This is how to load an audio file using Librosa. X is a NumPy array representation of the input audio file. It is an (N, SR) shaped array, where N is the number of channels (1 for mono, 2 for stereo), and SR is Sample Rate that defaults to 22100:
 import librosa
 audio_path = 'audio-path'
 x, sr = librosa.load(audio_path)
 And this is how you can use Pydub to load and listen to a file in Jyputer Notebook:
 from pydub import AudioSegment
 audio = AudioSegment.from_file("file.wav", "wav")
 You can use this "data visualization" when filtering files instead of using standard audio players.
 Dataset preprocessing
 The first thing you should do is clear all the target samples of silence. It's easy to do using Librosa, but you need to play with the top_db threshold – the default one didn't work in our case.
 Removing silence
 y, sr = librosa.load(file)
 yt, index = librosa.effects.trim(y, top_db=20)
 y_harm, y_perc = librosa.effects.hpss(yt)
 librosa.display.waveplot(y_harm, sr=sr, alpha=0.25)
 librosa.display.waveplot(y_perc, sr=sr, color='r', alpha=0.5)
 plt.title('Harmonic + Percussive')
 Raw audio:
 Trimmed audio:
 Audio normalization
 Since all data consists of the target sounds only, we can use Pydub to normalize it, just like in classic Machine learning. Here is an example:
 from pydub import AudioSegment, effects
 rawsound = AudioSegment.from_file("input.wav", "wav")
 normalizedsound = effects.normalize(rawsound)
 normalizedsound.export("output.wav", format="wav")
 Raw audio:
 Normalized audio:
 Feature extraction
 When the data is fully filtered and clean, it's time to create features from the raw audio files.
 There are plenty of features available in the Librosa library for that. Here are the ones we chose for our task, but you can choose differently:
 y, sr = librosa.load(audio_file_path)
 chroma_stft = librosa.feature.chroma_stft(y=y, sr=sr)
 rmse = librosa.feature.rms(y=y)
 spec_cent = librosa.feature.spectral_centroid(y=y, sr=sr)
 spec_bw = librosa.feature.spectral_bandwidth(y=y, sr=sr)
 rolloff = librosa.feature.spectral_rolloff(y=y, sr=sr)
 zcr = librosa.feature.zero_crossing_rate(y)
 mfcc = librosa.feature.mfcc(y=y, sr=sr)
 And here is a visual representation of some of the features created:
 If you need the system to run on an embedded device, such as Raspberry Pi, especially along with other modules like Object detection on a video stream, you need to consider the size of the models you use. It was the case for us, so the tested models ranged from Scikit-learn LogisticRegression to simple neural networks.
 Sound classification
 The sound classification task we have as an example is implementing an automated baby monitor-like system that goes off when a baby's cry is spotted. The data we used for this task is the DonateACry corpus.
 Classifying the sound of a crying baby is quite easy since it's distinctive and hard to confuse with anything else. Plus, we wanted to keep this module small for better performance on an embedded device. That is why we applied Scikit-learn Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes and Random Forest Classifier.
 The features taken from audio samples are:
 - 'chroma stft'
 - 'mfcc'
 - 'rolloff'
 - 'spectral bandwidth'
 - 'spectral centroid'
 - 'zero-crossing rate'
 Here are the results for the trained models for sound classification:
 Precision Recall F1-score Time reference* Feature creation time**
 Logistic Regression (all features) 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.0004s 0.050s
 Gaussian Naive Bayes (all features) 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.0005s 0.050s
 Random Forest (all features) 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.5s 0.050s
 * Time that takes to predict 1,000 audio files (for a performance reference)
 ** Time that takes to preprocess an audio file to be a valid model input
 Wake word detection
 There were ~1,500 audio files collected on Amazon MTurk for custom wake word detection. Seven different model architectures were used, and three different model sizes. The models were trained using the Keyword Spotting repository, which is targeted at embedded devices with Arm processors.
 This is the results of training the model on the Google Speech Command dataset alone:
 And here are the test metrics for models trained on collected custom data (medium models only


text:
GBRA Youth Education and Plum Creek School Water Quality Project
To promote youth education and involvement in the Partnership, a water quality monitoring program was initiated in the 2006-2007 school year and is being conducted annually. Thousands of students and teachers from Hays ISD, Lockhart ISD, and Luling ISD schools have participated in classroom instruction and hands-on investigation of water quality in Plum Creek since 2006. The GBRA Ag Fair held each year at the Big Red Barn near Seguin, TX, has provided hands-on educational opportunities for thousands of area elementary students throughout the Guadalupe-Blanco River Watershed, including Plum Creek Elementary Schools. Each year, the Plum Creek WC demonstrates runoff potential and erosion effects for a variety of land uses and land cover types using a rainfall simulator.
Texas Watershed Stewards
The Texas Watershed Steward (TWS) program is a statewide one-day educational program designed to improve the quality of Texas' water resources by educating and informing local stakeholders about their watershed, potential impairments, and steps that can be taken to help improve and protect water quality in their watershed. The program is sponsored by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service and the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board (TSSWCB) and made possible through a Clean Water Act §319(h) nonpoint source grant from the TSSWCB and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The Lone Star Healthy Streams
The Lone Star Healthy Streams (LSHS) program provides rural landowners with education on reducing the amount of bacteria entering Texas water bodies. The program is providing a coordinated and comprehensive education program designed to increase awareness of the bacteria issues associated with grazing and dairy cattle, poultry, horses and feral hogs; and encourages voluntary implementation of BMPs to reduce bacteria runoff, which will ultimately lead to improved water quality. The development of this program was initiated in 2007 by the Texas AgriLife Extension Service and TWRI with funding through CWA §319(h) grants from TSSWCB and EPA. For more information visit the Lone Star Healthy Streams Program.
Healthy Lawns Healthy Waters Program
The Healthy Lawns and Healthy Waters Program (HLHW) aims to improve and protect surface water quality by enhancing awareness and knowledge of best management practices for residential landscapes. At workshops, attendees will learn about the design and installation of residential rainwater harvesting systems and appropriate turf and landscape species based on local conditions. Participants will also receive a free soil test bag and soil test analysis through the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory.