text:
MURRAY, UT (2/7/2011) – One of the most prolific inventors at Intermountain Medical Center has come up with a new invention: a device that could potentially revolutionize diabetes care.
The new device is called a Smart Tray and was invented by Joel Ehrenkranz, MD, director of diabetes and endocrinology at Intermountain Medical Center, flagship hospital for the Intermountain Healthcare system.
The tray includes seven separate sections, each with its own sensitive scale, and is programmed with a database of 7,000 food items
Users can place different foods on the tray, tell the tray what it's holding, and begin eating. The tray will instantly calculate the calories, carbohydrates, protein, and fat being consumed. That information can be relayed wirelessly to a computer, mobile device, or insulin pump and automatically determine the patient's next dose of insulin.
"Right now diabetics don't have access to accurate, personalized nutritional information. It's very timeand labor-intensive to calculate, so it's hard for hospitals and individuals to do. That makes it harder to control the disease," said Dr. Ehrenkranz.
"The Smart Tray gives caregivers and patients precise information, and that will empower them to better manage diabetes," he says.
The Smart Tray can also track things like potassium, cholesterol, and sodium, which will benefit individuals with heart failure,renal failure, high cholesterol, and even individuals who just want to loseweight. The tray is also customizable, so that users can input their familyrecipes.
One major benefit is that the tray works with Intermountain Healthcare's internationally recognized electronic health record system, sothat nutritional information can be streamed into a patient's chart and become part of an extremely complex set of data used to improve care.
The Smart Tray project began at Intermountain Medical Center, with collaboration from Richard Brown, dean of the University of Utah College of Engineering. A patent is pending and The Smart Tray is moving toward production. The goal is to use it in Intermountain hospitals and eventuallymake it available to individuals for use at home.
"This project is the type of research and innovation that is occurring at Intermountain Medical Center on a daily basis," says David Grauer, CEO/administrator of the hospital. "We're very proud to be able to support this kind of work that will lead to significant advancements in the way care is delivered to patients."
Currently, there are more than 500 clinical trials underway at Intermountain Medical Center.
The Smart Tray is the latest in a long list of inventions by Dr. Ehrenkranz, who has developed several drugs and medical devices. One recent example is a simple, inexpensive test for iodine deficiency. The test, featured in the February edition of the journal Thyroid, works like a home pregnancy test, eliminating the need for labs and technicians. It's being used in developing nations to diagnose newborns with iodine deficiency and begin treatment, preventing major public health problems such as goiter.
Dr. Ehrenkranz is a graduate of Stanford School of Medicine and has served on the medical staffs of hospitals on the East Coast, Colorado, and Arizona. He is the holder of seven patents and is widely published in the field of endocrinology. He has served in roles with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health, as well as several professional organizations.
Dr. Ehrenkranz, MD, and a handful of other scientists, were recently honored by the University of Utah for their inventions and contributions to advancing science in the state of Utah.


text: Cooled down within the furnace gradually. The microstructural evaluation of the Geldanamycin References sample was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-TESCAN MAIA3 XMU). The operating parameters were carried out with acceleration voltage: 20 kV, detection: BSE, beam intensity: 16.00, scan step: 200 nm. The component from the boride layer was studied by employing energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) microprobe inside SEM. The presence of borides formed in the layers was confirmed using X-Ray diffraction (XRDRigaku Ultima IV diffractometer) utilizing Cu K radiation, 30 kV, 20 mA (Cu = 0.1540 nm). The investigated angular range was in between three and 90, steps scan of three and counting time of 1 m. The thicknesses of boride layers have been measured with SEM. The micro-hardness (Shimadzu HMV-G series) was measured from the surface to the center within a line having a Vickers indenter using a 50 gr load for 15 s. Table two shows the sample nomenclature. Also, the unborided sample was termed base metal (BM).Table two. List of samples of borided HMS. Temperature ( C) 850 850 850 900 900 900 950 950 950 Time (h) two 4 six 2 4 6 two four six Sample 852 854 856 902 904 906 952 954The adhesion on the boride layers was determined by Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C adhesion test. The Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C adhesion test (BMS 200 RB) is applied according to the VDI 3198 norm, as a destructive top quality test for coated compounds. Diffusion kinetics of borided HMS was calculated with: x2 = D t (1)where x is definitely the depth on the boride layer (mm), t could be the boriding time (s), and D is the development price continual depending on the boriding temperature. The development price continuous, D, may be expressed by an Arrhenius equation as follows: D = D0 exp(-Q/RT) (two)where D0 is really a continual, Q may be the activation power (J/mol), T would be the absolute temperature in Kelvin and R would be the universal gas constant (eight.31434 J/mol K). The surface roughness with the boride layer was examined by a transportable surface roughness tester (Mitutoyo SJ-410 series). At least 3 measurements had been carried out to calculate the typical roughness from the surfaces. The friction coefficient (COF) plots of all samples were obtained during the dry sliding wear tests. The dry sliding put on test was studied on a 3-Hydroxymandelic Acid Autophagy rectilinear reciprocating put on tester (Turkyus POD HT WT). Wear tests were carried out to make use of six mm diameter WC (1917 HV hardness) counter material on a rectilinear reciprocating put on tester because of its high hardness. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of tribotest. The x axis indicates the put on track width, and also the y axis defines the wear ball movement path throughout the tribotest.Coatings 2021, 11,The dry sliding put on test was studied on a rectilinear reciprocating wear tester (Turkyus POD HT WT). Wear tests were carried out to use six mm diameter WC (1917 HV hardness) counter material on a rectilinear reciprocating put on tester as a consequence of its4 high of 21 hardness. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of tribotest. The x axis indicates the put on track width, along with the y axis defines the wear ball movement direction during the tribotest.Figure 1. Schematic diagram of tribotest. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of tribotest.The presence of put on debris at the sliding interface unidirectional motion like pinThe presence of put on debris in the sliding interface unidirectional motion on-disk may be located significantly less than below reciprocating put on test condition because of centrifugal on-disk may be located less than below reciprocating put on test condition because of centrifugal.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
How to play The Sun For The Vampire 2 game:
- On the computer, use the mouse to play.
- On the mobile, touch the screen to play.
- Use your arrow keys to move. Collect the key and get to the door in each level to reach the witch's tower. Can you find the coin in each level?
- Playing this game helps children to be clever with their hands, improve their logical thinking. Besides, this game also helps children explore the world more.


By Kurt Lejaeghere
Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Published on
It is often computationally expensive to predict finite-temperature properties of a crystal from density-functional theory (DFT). The temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient α, for example, is calculated from the phonon spectrum, and the melting temperature Tm can only be obtained from ab initio molecular dynamics. Alternatively, semi-empirical relations already provide good estimates at a significantly lower computational cost. These relations link complex quantities, such as α and Tm, to much simpler DFT predictors, such as the cohesive energy or the bulk modulus. The difference between these semi-empirical estimates and experiment is governed by three sources of errors: the numerical accuracy of the DFT implementation 1,2, the limitations of the exchange-correlation functional 1, and the approximations involved in the semi-empirical relation itself 3. We quantify each of these errors, and find them to contribute according to the order of listing: least for the implementation dependence and most for the effect of the semi-empirical relation. Despite these deviations, some semi-empirical relations do outperform more fundamental methods. An estimate for the Grüneisen parameter that is based on the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, for example, yields better predictions for the thermal expansion coefficient at room temperature than quasiharmonic phonon theory 3.
Sponsored by
 1. K. Lejaeghere, V. Van Speybroeck, G. Van Oost, and S. Cottenier,'Error Estimates for Solid-State Density-Functional Theory Predictions: An Overview by Means of the Ground-State Elemental Crystals', Crit. Rev. Solid State 39, 1-24 (2014). [open access at DOI: 10.1080/_PHONE_.2013.772503]
 3. K. Lejaeghere, J. Jaeken, V. Van Speybroeck, and S. Cottenier, 'Ab-initio-based thermal property predictions at a low cost: an error analysis', submitted to Phys. Rev. B.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
 - Kurt Lejaeghere (2014), "IMA 2013 UQ: DFT-based Thermal Properties: Three Levels of Error Management,"
 BibTex | EndNote
Lind Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN


text:
Nguyen-Widrow layer initialization function
net = initnw(net,i)
initnw is a layer initialization function that initializes a layer's
weights and biases according to the Nguyen-Widrow initialization algorithm. This algorithm
chooses values in order to distribute the active region of each neuron in the layer
approximately evenly across the layer's input space. The values contain a degree of randomness,
so they are not the same each time this function is called.
initnw requires that the layer it initializes have a transfer function
with a finite active input range. This includes transfer functions such as
satlin, but not
whose active input range is the infinite interval
[-inf, inf]. Transfer
functions, such as
tansig, will return their active input range as
activeInputRange = tansig('active') activeInputRange = -2 2
net = initnw(net,i) takes two arguments,
Index of a layer
and returns the network with layer
i's weights and biases
There is a random element to Nguyen-Widrow initialization. Unless the default random
generator is set to the same seed before each call to
initnw, it will
generate different weight and bias values each time.
You can create a standard network that uses
initnw by calling
To prepare a custom network to be initialized with
'initlay'. This sets
net.initParamto the empty matrix
initlayhas no initialization parameters.
To initialize the network, call
The Nguyen-Widrow method generates initial weight and bias values for a layer so that the active regions of the layer's neurons are distributed approximately evenly over the input space.
Advantages over purely random weights and biases are
Few neurons are wasted (because all the neurons are in the input space).
Training works faster (because each area of the input space has neurons). The Nguyen-Widrow method can only be applied to layers
With a bias
With weights whose
transferFcnwhose active region is finite
If these conditions are not met, then
rands to initialize the layer's weights and biases.


text:
Before the official announcement of Apple's iPad several different names were floated for the tablet including iTablet and iSlate. In the many months between the latest rounds of rumors (started in early 2009) and the actual announcement, the likelihood of iPad being the final name was hotly debated and often dismissed by people who were already saying it reminded them of maxipads. When the announcement came down nearly everyone I know either braced themselves for or gleefully awaited the feminine hygiene jokes to come.
However, a small minority of people I encountered didn't understand why iPad immediately brought to mind maxipads. They pointed out that people use words like mousepad and notepad and even the phrase pad of paper every day without devolving into absorbancy jokes. So why is iPad funny? Having given this far, far too much thought, I've been able to identify three key reasons why I think it's happening.
- As the MADtv skit showed, it's long been funny to put the little i in front of words to make fun of Apple's naming conventions. Sure, Apple has been very successful in branding the iProducts, and that's part of why the jokes work. iPad seems like it should be a joke even though it's not.
- Pad is a weak word. Just say it out loud: paaaaaad. That long a doesn't help. Most other iProducts have pretty strong words after the little i. Pod, Mac, Work, Life. They have plosives and hard K sounds and short vowels. Pad needs words associated with it that sound strong or right in order to blend seamlessly into the vocabulary. Mousepad, Trackpad, Notepad, even CrunchPad. And though women refer to Always and etc. as just pads most of the time, that's shorthand. The full word is Maxipad. There are just some words in English that sound somewhat weak on their own, and Pad is one of them. A weak word like this cannot support the little i, therefore the name (regardless of the jokes) just doesn't feel strong or desirable.
- Regardless of the many other uses of the term pad, most of the time when someone asks for a pad they're asking for a maxipad unless in context it makes far more sense that they're asking for a pad of paper. Other than that, how many times have you used the word pad all by itself in normal conversation in a non-specialized context1? The little i is not the most important aspect of iPad, it's so ubiquitous and familiar that, even as we say it, our minds and tongues are gliding right over it to the real word on the other side: Phone, Pod, Mac, Life, Work. That is the whole point of the little i. Therefore, the iPad is just basically Pad, and pads bring very few specific images to most American minds, and one of the prominent ones happens to be maxipads.
So there you have it. This is why I think the iPad name instantly became the butt of jokes or at least disappointment. Apple has some strong reasons for choosing iPad I am sure. I'm also sure they have some smart branding people whose job it is to think about these things. Maybe they had an off day? Maybe they're all men. Maybe they thought that eventually people would stop tittering and just accept it, because none of the alternatives worked for whatever reason.
In the end, it doesn't matter much. They've gone with iPad and have to stick with it. And we'll have to live with it. As others have pointed out, the Wii encountered much the same reception upon release and, lo these many years later, we've all gotten used to it (or over it) and happily use them all the time. I'm sure the same will happen with the iPad. Still, I'm longing for a decal that I can stick on the back to turn my iPad into a maxiPad.
- i.e. it doesn't count if your workplace uses something called a pad for everyday workplace operations. It also doesn't count if you roleplay Star Trek on a regular basis. [↩]


I am new to Solidity, and have a question, that may sound silly, but I can't really figure it out. So, I have this simple function:
function uintTest(uint256 n) returns (uint256) {
 return n;
I thought, the max value for uint256 is 2**256, however, the function does not work for input numbers that have more than 16 digits, and in Remix, throws an "assertion failed" error. I can't understand why.
The max value is 2^256-1. The assertion you're hitting is in Remix. The full error message is:
Error encoding arguments: Error: Assertion failed
The issue is that Remix uses JSON to parse the argument list, and JavaScript only supports numbers up to 2^53-1. The reason you're seeing the issue where you do in terms of number of 9s is because
999999999999999 < 2**53-1 < 9999999999999999
To fix the issue, just put double quotes around the number you're passing in. It's safe to just always wrap your numbers in quotes to avoid such precision issues.
The reason 2^256 is not the correct number is that one of the possible values needs to be reserved for the zero value.
Imagine a 2 bit number - the max value is not 2^2 (= four) but rather 2^2-1 (= three). Brute forcing it:
00 = zero 01 = one 10 = two 11 = three
There are no more possible combinations of 2 bits - so there's no way to express the number four.
Your Answer


text: Castletownbere is the main town on the Beara Peninsula, a working fishing port and focus of commercial activity of this region. It caters well for the traveller in search of sustenance or a place to stay and time spent in this area is rewarded by unforgettable memories. The ancient landscape bears the signs of human settlement from the earliest times and there is something elemental in the interaction of landscape, light, ocean and mountain. Once again the outdoors beckons at every turn, with fishing, hillwalking, cycling and sightseeing being key activities. The old copper mines at Allihies have a fascinating story to tell dating back thousands of years and the museum there is well worth a visit. The first sight of the village itself from a distance is one never forgotten and on a sunny day the nearby beach is a hive of activity for young and old alike.


8 Tips To Get Rid Heart Burn
There are lots of reasons why people experience heart burn. Some of the reasons for your valve malfunction are smoking, eating fatty foods, stress, and lack of sleep.
Here are 10 tips on how to get rid heart burn and prevent it to happen.
[tps_title]1. Drinking Ginger Tea[/tps_title]
Drinking Ginger Tea
The roots of ginger is best in soothing digestive problems. Simple grate ginger root and mix it in a cup of boiling water, drink it and you'll definitely experience its anti-inflammatory effects on your body. It also best in protecting your body against heart burn.


text:
Purification requires the separation of compounds and distillation is a common purification process based on the difference in boiling points between individual components in a mixture. Simply put things that boil at a lower temperature are boiled off while higher boiling point compounds remain behind. As heat and/or vacuum are applied the compounds which have the lowest boiling points are vaporized and flow to the condenser where they are condensed back into a liquid and collected. As the temperature is raised the next set of compounds with a higher boiling point distill after and are condensed, collected in a new receiver flask and so on until the target compound is distilled or is left behind in the boiling flask.
When distilling cannabis extracts the order of compounds are as follows:
(temperatures assume ~100 millitorr and are only a rough estimate)
- Solvents <50°C
- Water 50-70°C
- Terpenes 130-170°C
- Flavonoids 170-200°C
- Cannabinoids 200-240°C
When a sample needs to be separated from its components, we might simply assume that the distillation process would provide the individual components in pure form. No distillation can produce this magic. Components in a sample will exert a vapor pressure at temperatures well below their boiling point. A boiling point is merely the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere surrounding the liquid. It is not an absolute figure and should be considered a range that is maximum at this temperature.
The greater the difference in boiling points between the components in a sample the greater the separation or purification from the resulting distillation. If the difference in boiling points is small then much of the unwanted components will be co-distilled along with the target fraction and must be distilled multiple times to achieve the desired purity. The task of separation usually dictates the type of apparatus required.


text:
"Nothing brings a book of 900-year-old parchment to life as much as realizing that you can still see the hair follicles of the unfortunate beasts who gave up their hides for it. The illuminated "Silos Apocalypse" manuscript may date from 1091, grapple with the end of the world and contain page after page of miniatures depicting devils, foxes, snakes and the angel of the abyss. But it is the marks on that long-dead animal skin that make its history really hit home.
The book is part of the British Library's collection of medieval manuscripts. One of the greatest in the world, it features 25,000 books dating from before 1600, as well as numerous medieval charters and papyri. Some are the sole copy in existence, others are worth millions of pounds (how do you value something that is literally written in gold?). The only way for scholars or the rest of us to view them is via a pilgrimage up the Euston Road in London and into the reading room or gallery."
Please visit the British Library's website to view their collection of digitized manuscript.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Getty: John W Banagan
Farmers voice concern at push for new coal power
On Drive with Sheridan Stewart
Calls by some Nationals MPs for the Federal Government to underwrite a new coal-fired power plant in Queensland are causing plenty of political waves, but they're also causing angst among parts of the farming community.
Verity Morgan-Schmidt is the chief executive officer of Farmers for Climate Action and she says many farmers are worried about the impact of climate change and the impact adding a new coal-fired power plant would have on Australia's carbon emissions.
Ms Morgan-Schmidt says renewables are not only cheaper than coal, but small-scale projects on farms can help provide financial security to farmers and provide an economic boost to their entire community by increasing the revenue coming into the community and providing direct jobs in construction, maintenance, and running the infrastructure.
Duration: 7min 14sec


text:
Elizabeth Barrett 1806-61; Eng. poet: wife of Robert
John Moses _PHONE_; U.S. inventor of firearms
Robert 1812-89; Eng. poet
See Browning in American Heritage Dictionary 4
British poet. Overcoming ill health and the jealous objections of her tyrannical father, she eloped to Italy with Robert Browning and married him in 1846. Her greatest work, Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850), is a sequence of love poems written to her husband.
, John Moses _PHONE_.
American firearms inventor whose designs include repeating rifles, automatic pistols, and a machine gun dubbed "the Peacemaker" that was used in the Spanish-American War and adapted for aerial warfare in World War I.
, Robert _PHONE_.
British poet best known for dramatic monologues such as "My Last Duchess," "Fra Lippo Lippi," and "The Bishop Orders His Tomb." His work, including his masterpiece, The Ring and the Book (_PHONE_), explored new ways of using diction and poetic rhythm.


text:
Two systematic reviews by Frank et al published in the May issue of Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine provide an overview of the effectiveness of conceptual approaches, additional therapies, and basic techniques used in lower limb physical therapy in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
For both systematic reviews, the authors searched 5 electronic databases, extracting literature published between 1995 and 2009. Studies were evaluated using the framework recommended by the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM), which classifies outcomes according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Three independent evaluators rated the strength of evidence of the effects according to the AACPDM levels of evidence classification, and the quality of the studies according to the AACPDM conduct score system.
One systematic review included 37 studies that used conceptual approaches (neurodevelopmental treatment [NDT], conductive education, Vojta therapy, sensory integration, functional training and goal-oriented therapy) and 21 studies that focused on additional therapies (aquatic therapy and therapeutic horseback riding). Level II evidence was found for the effectiveness of therapeutic horseback riding on posture and for NDT and functional training on gross motor function. Goal-oriented therapy and functional training were effective on the attainment of functional goals and participation. With level IV evidence, NDT was effective on all levels of ICF. (J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:396-405.)
The other systematic review examined basic techniques and included 83 studies divided into the following categories: stretching; massage; strengthening; electrical stimulation; weight-bearing; and balance, treadmill, and endurance training. Interventions targeting problems at body function and structure level generally influenced this level without significant overflow to activity level and vice versa. The more recent studies evaluating strength training mainly demonstrated level II evidence for improved gait and gross motor function. There was limited evidence for specific information on intensity, duration, and frequency of training. (J Rehabil Med. 2012;44:385-395.)


text:
WASHINGTON – The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Stop.Think.Connect.™ campaign has announced a new partnership with the Girl Scouts of the USA to help raise awareness among more than 3.2 million youth across the country about the importance of cybersecurity and online safety.
"Today, we are more connected to the Internet than ever before, but increased interconnectivity increases the risk of theft, fraud and abuse," said Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano. "We are proud to partner with Girl Scouts of the USA to help women and girls protect themselves online and do their part to ensure that cyberspace is a safe and secure environment for all Internet users."
"This collaboration between Girl Scouts and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security will empower girls to become leaders and advocates for the safe and responsible use of technology," explains Anna Maria Chávez, Chief Executive Officer of the Girl Scouts of the USA. "We know that girls are online. As adults, it is our responsibility to create an environment that encourages girls to establish healthy online habits."
The campaign will provide the Girl Scouts of the USA with tools and resources to help raise awareness among kids, teens, and young adults about emerging online threats and the importance of cybersecurity. This partnership builds on the campaign's ongoing efforts to highlight curriculum resources available to communities, and to educate America's youth about safer online practices.
Stop.Think.Connect.™ is a national public awareness effort to guide the nation to a higher level of Internet safety and security by educating and empowering the American public to be more vigilant about practicing safe online habits. The campaign encourages Americans to view Internet safety and security as a shared responsibility at home, in the workplace, and in our communities.


brick roof…" this could also verify my point that he had a family before but now he was a tramp.
The tramp also says, he walked from "Land's End to John O'Groats " to prove that he had seen most of the world as these two sites are completely at the opposite ends. He is in a way mocking mankind as he tells them that by being a tramp he has lived life the harder way and he has more knowledge than them.
However, even though he has gained more knowledge than anyone else, he is still worried about here he would die as he says, "…he was worried, where he would die, Land's End to John O'Groats…" this verifies that even in between all his happiness and fantasies he was still sad and worried about what would happen if he was to die.
The poem is uncomplicated and easy as it is written in plain English. the devices used mostly are figurative and descriptive language, "roses in snow", which makes the poem simple yet eye-catching and interesting to read. Visual imagery is a more important element of the poem as the poet wants us to feel and see what the tramp was seeing.
 The poem is written in free verse, but with a rhyme. The general tone of the poem is calm and peaceful, yet with a hint of sadness.
The meter of the poem is steady throughout, which gives the poem a calm tone.
In my opinion the poem is a classic piece of work that is easy to understand yet once analyzed is very deep and powerful due to the fusion of emotions with descriptive language and imagery.
Reason Vs Passion
Being a romantic novel Jane Eyre includes many light and heavy passionate scenes yet at the same time being a realistic autobiography it also includes reason and logic in order to make the novel seem realistic and not very fairytale like. Charlotte Bronte achieves perfect balance between these two contradictory notions by using them alongside each other cleverly disguising one in the other.
Passion and practicality are strong emotions that often control the way people think; passion usually takes the lead when it comes to choosing between passion and reason. Jane and Rochester are faced with many situations where they have to make a decision either sacrificing passion or reason. Jane usually sacrifices passion as she has morals and self respect. She does not want to be a mistress as she does not like being second best and she wants to be an equal. Rochester however acts on impulse and so does not make reasonable decisions.
 In the play, the passion scenes begin when Jane becomes governess of Thornfield and meets Mr. Rochester. The first meeting although it isn't love at first sight leads to the building up of the romance between these two characters. The first scene where passion is shown evidently when Jane rescues Rochester from the fire started by Bertha on his bed and Rochester asks her to stay even after the fire is put out; "what! Are you quitting me already…?" This shows that Rochester was lonely and he saw some kind of a friend in Jane. He asks her to shake hands with him but he is still not familiar with his inner feelings for her. When Jane and Rochester are in the same room together, the fire in the fireplace seems to grow brighter. This reflects their unknown growing passion for each other as even the fire grows unknowingly. Jane feels the passion after she leaves from Rochester's room "a shore sweet as the hills of Beulah;" but her sense takes over and she says "Sense would resist delirium: judgment would warn passion."
Rochester is a very rebellious character as he does everything that is against society and he proves himself once again when he asks Jane to play charades with him Blanche Ingram; "Will you play?" Jane being a governess is not supposed to "play" or "mingle" with anyone from outside but Rochester disregards this society law and asks Jane to play with him. Again Jane turns down this invitation as she knows her place in society and she knows the laws of society and how they should be followed. "I shook my head." This shows Jane is a very reasonable lady and she thinks before she acts which is completely opposite to Rochester's thinking. Jane is very considerate about how the society views her and what they think about her. Used to being rejected by Mrs. Reed and Mr. Brocklehurst Jane finds herself trying to be accepted in society by following the laws of the society and behaving according to how the society expects her to behave.
Rochester's longing for Jane is revealed when Rochester disguises himself as a gypsy and tries to find out Jane's feelings for him and Jane does inquire about Rochester's marriage "is it known that Mr. Rochester is to be married?" this unveils the fact that Jane in fact does care for Rochester as she inquires about him. This also shows that she has some feelings for Rochester but she does not accept it because she knows that Rochester is on a higher level than her and she also knows that she is no match against Blanche Ingram, that's one of the reasons why she is denial of her feelings for Rochester. Jane demands equality and self respect and she knows that she can never be an equal in front of Rochester so she decides to keep her feelings to herself and tries to ignore them as much as possible. When the gypsy tells her about Rochester getting married, she changes the topic "I came to hear my own; and you have told me nothing of it." She gets offended when she finds out that the gypsy woman was actually Mr. Rochester, "It is scarcely fair, sir" as she didn't want Rochester to find out that she inquired about him and she feels very awkward.
Rochester gets more and more desperate as each passing chapter and he gets more frantic when the idea of Jane staying away from him comes, he can't let her go for more than a week; "promise me only to stay a week-"but Jane replies in a diplomatic way saying, "I had better not pass my word: I might be obliged to break it" Rochester again and again proves that he is immature and unruly and Jane keeps proving that she is responsible and has her moral sense in the right place. She doesn't lead Rochester into believing anything has changed which proves that she is smart and responsible.
The time finally comes when Rochester realises that he loves Jane and he proposes to her after she comes back from Gate shed, "I summon you as my wife: it is you only I intend to marry." Jane is shocked at hearing this because once again she thinks that Rochester has took this decision in a hurry and that's the reason she tried to read his face, but when she is completely sure that Rochester loves her, she accepts, "Then, sir, I will marry you." This again proves that Jane does not take any decision in a hurry even if it is something that she wants.
All the scenes in the novel have been fiery passionate scenes that have always been initiated by Rochester, but the last scene when Jane meets Rochester in Fern dean is a very soft, comforting passion scene which is a perfect ending for a romantic novel; "the muted autumnal delicacy of their reconciliation at Fern dean, poised between laughter and tears." This scene brings out the emotional side of both Jane and Rochester and this makes the audience empathise with them.
Rochester being a fiery character always chooses passion over reason without thinking twice. Even when he realises that acting on impulse is not always the best thing to do, he does not learn from his mistakes and this affects his relationship with Jane. Jane meanwhile being neither a cold nor fiery character is perfectly balanced and makes the right decisions on the right time without hurrying into anything too fast. She considers the effect that her decision will have on her and those around her as well and this helps her make reasonable decisions. In the end Jane's moral sense triumphs Rochester's rebellious nature and at the end of the novel Jane finally tames Rochester and lives an imperfect yet happy life.
Analysis of "Nothing gold can stay"
The title of the poem is metaphorical and gold represents value and wealth so when it says nothing gold can stay it means that nothing that is precious or of great value in the materialistic way can stay forever. As gold symbolises materialism it wont last for long and it will give us "fake happiness" and another thing is that gold and other things which are money based can take years to accumulate but can be washed away in a millisecond. On the other hand, things having emotion and sentimental values cannot be bought with money and therefore will remain with us throughout our life.
 The poet personifies nature with a commonly used term as 'mother nature' and I think the hidden meaning behind this is that the poem he has written carries the same message that has been preached for years, yet no one bothers to follow or listen to it.
 The poet says "nature's first green is gold" he compares the colour of nature 'green' with something that can be bought i.e. gold. Maybe he is trying to say that nature's first baby is green that is just as valuable as gold but the he says "her hardest hue to hold" which might mean that green was her hardest hue to hold as it was the most valuable just like gold and it would be taken away from her.
 "…a flower" flower symbolises purity, beauty and nature just like a new born baby, and when the poet says "her early leaf's…" it proves that he is talking about something just born or created. However, he then says, "but only so an hour." which makes evident that the beauty and innocence will only stay for an hour and then fade away. "Eden sank to grief", the Garden of Eden has always been symbolic of Adam


How many people actually call a business after finding it on the web?
In a study of 3,000 people, 61% of mobile users call after a local business search.
Click-to-call makes it easy for your patients, physicians, and website visitors to call your imaging center by simply tapping the phone number on their mobile device.
Some devices may be able to recognize the phone number automatically, but without setting up click-to-call in your HTML code, you'll be leaving many people to have to copy and paste the number or write it down to call. This often means the difference between gaining and missing out on a new patient.
The good news is that your phone number can be optimized in less time than it takes to fill out the new patient paperwork in the waiting room. If you or someone on your team has a little HTML experience, you can knock this out in no time. If not, you can reach out to the company that developed your website to request they add this functionality.
Creating Click-To-Call Using Text
To add click-to-call functionality to your website without a button, you can add the following tag directly into an HTML code, replacing the _PHONE_ with your center's phone number without spaces or dashes.:
Call Us
In this example, the text "Call Us" will be what visitors to your site see. You can replace this with the phone number its self or any other text you'd like to display.
Creating Click-To-Call Using an Image
If you have a phone icon or the number displayed as an image, you can create a click-to-call button using the following code and replace the _PHONE_ with your phone number and also replace the _URL_ with the file path for the image you'd like to use.
 Testing Your Click-To-Call
Anytime you make a change to your site, you'll need to test it. Test your click-to-call function by pulling up the site on a variety of different phones to make sure everything is displayed correctly and of course that the call can be made successfully.
Want more people calling? Getting more online reviews will attract new patients.
Find out how to get better reviews and improve your patient experience.
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I co-founded The Feminine Principle in June 2016 with poet Danielle Allen. After a serendipitous meeting we discovered a shared love of poetry and a belief in the benefits to personal well-being and development it can bring.
The Feminine Principle offers an alternative to the often divisive gender debate, by providing a creative platform for a unifying dialogue on our strengths and commonalities found within the masculine and feminine principles that reside within all of us
We believe in a society of equality.
The Feminine Principle is an ongoing project using poetry and dialogue to provide a space for creativity, open non-judgemental communication and self-reflection.
By harnessing the power of creativity and dialogue we can discover and explore the elements of our identities that may have formed through social conditioning and challenge harmful gender stereotypes. By nurturing both our feminine and masculine energies we can create a well-balanced whole in each of us.
We aim to connect participants on three levels.
Identity: our workshops provide a creative and non-judgemental space for participants to explore their identity and understand how their emotions affect their feelings, values and beliefs, resulting in a stronger sense of authentic identity and emotional resilience.
Society: by participating in engaging personal and group work, supported by creative practices and dialogue, participants will be able to improve their relationships with and understanding of others by developing empathy, awareness and improving their listening skills.
Environment: in a wider context our work aims to contribute to a cultural paradigm shift, with a focus on well-being, sustainability and a deeper connection to the natural world.
"The most important reason why we are out of balance with Nature is the fact that we have lost complete sight of this unifying aspect and have made the feminine principle as well as Life and our Earth our enemy"-The Whole Elephant Revealed, Marja de Vries
We are equally concerned about the impact of harmful gender stereotyping on females, males and those who do not wish to be labelled by gender. By exploring the root causes of gender inequality, and challenging harmful gender stereotypes, within a creative and non-judgemental environment we are able to support individuals and groups on a transformative learning journey.
Our work explores the feminine principle and the innate feminine and masculine energies that exist within all of us regardless of gender. We discuss the qualities of both feminine and masculine energies; explore emotions meaningfully and consider how these influence thinking and behaviour in our lives and society.
Creativity is the key to unlocking knowledge of our inner selves and building strong, open relationships with each other. We believe increasing opportunities for self-knowledge and understanding, and improved relationships will help create a more harmonious and balanced society, allowing us to exist peacefully alongside each other.
Using a variety of poetry and creative techniques, and framed by Bohm Dialogue, the topic is introduced to the workshop participants to be examined on both a personal and group level.
The exercises used ensure that the workshop is accessible to all, regardless of previous creative writing experience or knowledge of the topic. The tone of the workshop is inclusive and informal and the objectives are for it to be thought-provoking, empowering and connecting.


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The Chinese government's abuses of Uyghur and other Turkic and Muslim-majority peoples, which have been deemed crimes against humanity, is embroiling leading apparel brands and retailers in a severe human rights crisis. State-sponsored forced labor is widespread in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Uyghur Region) and intersects with other egregious human rights abuses, including: mass arbitrary detention, mandatory political indoctrination, forced family separation, and pervasive surveillance.
The apparel and textile sector is a focal point of the Chinese government's forced labor program. The greatest risk of forced labor for the global apparel industry lies not at the level of garment sewing, but rather down the supply chain, in the production of cotton and yarn. The Uyghur Region is the source of a significant amount of global cotton output, which translates to a jarring statistic:
In 2020, roughly one in five cotton garments in the global apparel market had content from the Uyghur Region, carrying a high risk of being made with forced labor.
There are four, often intersecting ways that apparel brands and retailers are contributing to the Uyghur forced labor crisis:
- Through commercial relationships with any production facilities located within the Uyghur Region making apparel or other cotton-based goods;
- Through commercial relationships with companies based outside of the Uyghur Region that have subsidiaries or operations located in the Uyghur Region and that have accepted Chinese government subsidies and/or employed workers provided by the government;
- Through commercial relationships with suppliers that have employed, at a workplace outside the Uyghur Region, workers from the Uyghur Region who were sent by the government;
- Through business relationships with suppliers in China and globally that source inputs produced in the Uyghur Region, such as, but not limited to fabric, yarn, or cotton.
Because of the extreme levels of repression and surveillance in the region, the mechanisms that brands and retailers would normally use to ensure that their supply chains are free from forced labor—i.e. labor rights audits—are a practical impossibility in this context. This is because it is not possible for a worker to speak candidly to an independent investigator without the fear of retaliation or reprisal. As such, the only way that apparel brands and retailers can ensure that they are not complicit in Uyghur forced labor is by exiting the region at all levels of the supply chain, from cotton to finished goods, and ending commercial relationships with companies that are implicated in this forced labor crisis.
The WRC is a Steering Committee member of the Coalition to End Forced Labour in the Uyghur Region, a broad and diverse network of human rights, labor rights, and Uyghur rights organizations. This is in addition to the WRC's ongoing work on this issue in the university apparel context.
The Coalition's Call to Action, endorsed by 415+ organizations from 45 countries, asks all apparel brands and retailers to stop all sourcing of cotton, yarn, and other products from the Uyghur Region and to cut ties with companies implicated in Uyghur forced labor.
In December 2021, the Call the Action was essentially codified into U.S. law with the passage of the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA), which went into effect in June 2022. The UFLPA statistics dashboard provides information on reviews and enforcement actions under the law.


Everyone knows that the humidity in the jungle is higher than in the desert. But how much exactly? How much does it fluctuate from morning to evening? How can you regulate it? These questions are important and need to be clarified for each species.
Humidity in rainforest terrariums
With rainforest animals it's no use simply building an irrigation system in your terrarium to permanently achieve 100% humidity! Our measurements during the JBL Amazon Expedition showed that during the day, the humidity dropped to 58% with increasing temperature (12:00 noon) and increased to a maximum of 92% early in the morning (2:00 - 6:00). Our measurements in Venezuela at the Orinoco showed the same trend, albeit with slightly different values: highest humidity of 96% at 6:30 in the morning and lowest humidity of 65% at 13:30 in the afternoon.
In the rainforest terrarium, water sections or a waterfall increase the humidity. The monitoring of the relative humidity and air temperature can, for example, be carried out with the JBL TerraControl.
If the humidity you achieve is not sufficient, an additional spraying with water in the evening or a sprinkler system is advisable.
Humidity in desert terrariums
As in the rainforest, the humidity decreases during the day as the air temperature increases and increases at night with decreasing air temperatures, whether in the Australian outback or in African deserts at about 20% at noon and 80% at night.
Remarkably, there are huge differences within the same region, e.g. in Tanzania/near Mount Meru: Only a few miles apart, we simultaneously found 42 °C with 16 % relative humidity and 34 °C with 44 % humidity at the same time. When aiming to keep the conditions of your terrarium animals close to nature not only the region (e.g. Arusha) but also the microhabitat (steppe, savanna, bush, height above sea level, rainforest, etc.) is important. Equally noteworthy are the differences between day and night: from a day's maximum value of 34 °C with 44 % relative humidity, the values drop at night to 18 °C at 83 % relative humidity. These conditions should also be reproduced for a species-appropriate animal keeping.
Since the humidity is so important for a lot of animal species, e.g. when shedding skin, it also needs to be properly adjusted in the terrarium. And because many desert terrariums contain at least two climatic zones (sun area and cooling area), separate measurements are also needed from both areas. During the day the humidity values should be between 20 and 40%. At night, it might be between 50 and 70%. It is possible to adjust the moisture slightly with the help of a water bowl. The warmer the bowl, the more water evaporates and increases the humidity. In addition, some fine, light spraying may be helpful. Never aim directly at the animals when spraying!
Adding plants to your desert terrarium will increase the humidity as well. The soil introduced stores moisture and the plants also transpire and release water into the air via their stomata.
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Economic Definition of nationalization. Defined.
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Term nationalization Definition: The process of a national government taking over the ownership of a private business or industry, usually in conjunction with a major revolution that establishes a communistic or socialist command economy. Nationalization was a common practice, sort of a fad, during the 1950s,1960s, and 1970s. Even non-revolutionary industrialized countries in Europe jumped onto the nationalization bandwagon. The United States also took at stab at nationalizing passenger train service when Amtrak was established in 1970.


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Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT)Homepage
What are the key issues related to the role of the affective domain in teaching geoscience that you would like to engage at the workshop?
Role of affective domain in learning content; Interplay of students' perceptions and emotions about evolutionary theory (tension between scientific theory and general beliefs that scientific theories are "just" another belief system parallel to religious beliefs)
What expertise or experience (in study of the affective domain or teaching of geoscience) will you bring to the workshop? How would you like to contribute to the workshop?
Doing research focusing on the relationship between motivation, affect (interest, attitudes, self-concept, self-efficacy) and conceptual understanding of high school science. Teaching in the preservice program (middle school and high school) with an emphasis on theory-based program integrating e.g., Nature of Science, equity, and affective dimension of learning scientific concepts.
Essay: A dialectical relationship between students' motives and interest and teaching approaches
The following case study focuses on how students' perceptions about a science course are reflected in their motivation and interest in learning and how this relates to the teacher's teaching approaches. The case study is part of a research project investigating how students' motivation and affects (interest and attitudes toward science) influences their learning of science concepts in a one-year grade 11 Science General course. The study was conducted at an independent university preparatory all boys' school, which has a strong academic reputation. The grade 11 Science General course was being offered at the school for the first time. It was intended to meet the students' need for a senior science credit while providing an alternative to the typical university preparation courses in physics, chemistry, and biology. It is not accepted as a prerequisite for studying science at university. It was also profiled as an environmental science course with an implicit and probably unintended emphasis on its lower status in contrast to the discipline-oriented science courses. Thus, the course was only chosen by students not planning to pursue a career in science.
The course used a curriculum that I developed in cooperation with the teacher. Based on the Ontario Science Curriculum it emphasized the role of science and technology in daily life and in relation to social and environmental issues. The course units included topics such as nutrition, waste management, space and micro-gravity, and technologies in everyday life. Using student-centered teaching strategies the topics were taught focusing on ethical, environmental, and economic issues that involve various societal viewpoints. I collected data using a mixed-methods approach: weekly classroom observation, individual student and teacher interviews and questionnaires administered three times throughout the school year. For this case study, I focus on students' and teacher interviews.
The analysis of the series of students' interviews reveal five major perceptions of the course, which did not change throughout the school year: "Dead-end", "just a credit", "for non-science people", "not a real science course", and "everyday knowledge accumulation". The boys used these perceptions as a justification for why they put only a minimum of effort into it; it does not count as a prerequisite for any of the subjects that they want to study at university; it "only" gets them there. This pragmatic approach is also linked to students' perception of not being able to do the real science. They stressed that if they were capable of doing science, then they would not have enrolled in this "not a real science course" or "course for non-science people"; instead they would have enrolled in any of the discipline-oriented courses. These various themes emphasize how deeply the boys internalized the school's mission of high academic standards valuing only discipline-oriented university-preparation courses positively and viewing them as the standard of imparting academic knowledge. Yet, students' perception also reflects two socioculturally determined public views: First, of science as a subject for only smart people (Bell & Lederman, 2003) and second, that an understanding of environmental or socio-scientific issues (Sadler & Zeidler, 2005) such as global climate change, land-use decisions, cloning or stem cell research as not being real science. However, it was these topics that resulted in a situational change of their interest and motivated them to develop an understanding about topics that had relevance for their future lives. This situational change did not, however, result in a change of the boys' general motivation and interest. Instead, their perception of these topics as easy and everyday, their internalized socioculturally determined view of science, and their internalized school mission were more powerful messages and were incorporated into the students' motivational structure.
The teacher, Amanda, was aware of the boys' dominant perceptions of the course. However, through highlighting the importance of the connections of science to everyday life she was able to challenge their negative feelings towards science sporadically. It was these connections that triggered situational change in students' motivation and interest and at the same time, kept up Amanda's on-going effort and motivation to find interesting activities and topics alive throughout the school year, although by the end her frustration with the course was clearly evident.
These results hint towards a dialectical interdependence of students' individual motives and interests and teacher's teaching approaches. They also suggest the importance of integrating more STS topics in our science curricula or, more radically, teaching scientific concepts through their immersion in STS topics.
Bell, R.l., & Lederman, N.G. (2003). Understanding the nature of science and decision making on science and technology based issues. Science Education, 87, 352-377.
Sadler, T.D., & Zeidler, D.L. (2005). Patterns of informal reasoning in the context of socioscientific decision making. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42 (1), 112-138.


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(Solution) - In one type of mass spectrometer ions having the same
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In one type of mass spectrometer, ions having the same velocity move through a uniform magnetic field. The spectrometer is being used to distinguish 12C+ and 14C+ ions that have the same charge. The 12C+ ions move in a circle of diameter 25 cm.
(a) What is the diameter of the orbit of 14C+ ions?
(b) What is the ratio of the frequencies of revolution for the two types of ion?
The conversion between atomic mass units and kilograms is
1 u = 1.66 × 10?27 kg
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Transcreation consists of grasping the essence of the message and recreating it in another language so that it has the same intent and emotional impact, right tone and most suitable style.
It is well known that the linguistic, semantic and cultural expressions of English are different from those of Italian. Therefore, to convey the essential idea of the original text and evoke the same reaction in the reader, it may be necessary to sacrifice literalism. Translation in these cases becomes creative rewriting.
The transcreative process entails a series of steps (below) that can only be performed correctly by a person with a deep knowledge of the two languages concerned and a profound understanding of the heritage, shared values, customs and traditions of their respective reference cultures. Furthermore, this level of familiarity can only be achieved as a result of many years of experience.
- Deep understanding of every aspect of the concept expressed in the original language, including its emotional charge, cultural allusions and any implicit meanings. The translator must empathize and identify with the author and come to feel that the content of the writing is their own.
- Subconscious assimilation of the message freed from the linguistic structures and words, which constitute a mere formal representation of the ideas and concepts expressed, and reduced to its essential form of pure primitive, instinctual feelings.
- Reworking of the content in all its complexity by the language centres of the brain devoted to English and its re-expression in strict observance of the rules of the target language in order to elicit the same emotions and produce the same effect as the original.
Of course, all this is followed by a formal quality control focusing on integrity, spelling, grammar, syntax, terminology, fluency and layout.


Star Ratings Systems: Is a Zero Stars Rating Needed?
Star ratings systems have, in one form or another, made their way into most aspects of the internet and associated technology. They're a quick and appealing way to visually gauge how others have rated something, and to likewise follow suit.
They're largely borne of the five-point Likert scale:
 - Strongly Agree
 - Agree
 - Neutral
 - Disagree
 - Strongly Disagree
In this sense, the five-point Likert scale is dealing with discrete date. With each point representing an isolated and unique point on the rating scale.
Being discrete data, in the strictest sense, there should not be an averaging of the data points.
For example, if one person selected "Strongly Agree" and another person selected "Agree" then there would be a count of one data point in the "Strongly Agree" category and another count of one data point in the "Agree" category.
An average, such as the mean, should not be used in this instance.
It would be incorrect to add the "Strongly Agree" and "Agree" together to get something in between akin to "Firmly Agree" even if the loose inference may be there.
It is in light of this, that the star ratings systems commonly used on the internet tend to encounter issues. The mapping tends to follow something like:
 - 5 Stars = Strongly Agree
 - 4 Stars = Agree
 - 3 Stars = Neutral
 - 2 Stars = Disagree
 - 1 Star = Strongly Disagree
It is also not uncommon to have the number of stars representing a numerical scale, making it in many ways like continuous data of sorts.
While there is nothing particularly wrong with turning continuous data into discrete data via discretising it into bins of varying sizes in a histogram (graph), it is not without its challenges. Particularly related to the size of the bins, and how much data then goes into them, along with the binning process whereby the size and edges of the bins can be arbitrary which can be used to shift to the focus of the data.
The corollary of turning discrete data into continuous data is even more problematic; it is often simply incorrect to do so.
However, at least with star ratings systems there is an order to the data, in that "5 Stars" is better than "4 Stars" is better than "3 Stars" and so on.
Where things become somewhat muddled by this, pertains to the averaging process typically employed by five-star ratings systems.
The common practice is to take the mean of the star ratings.
For example, assuming there was one rating put into each of the possible star ratings, then the tendency is to do as follows:
5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
Dividing by a count of five ratings entered gives:
15/5 = Average Rating = 3 Stars
In the example, the number was a neat "3 Stars", but it is not uncommon to see average ratings such as "4.73 Stars". This is where the mess with assuming continuous data begins to manifest, because the star ratings systems are often treated as scores, mapping somewhat as follows:
 - 5 Stars = 100%
 - 4 Stars = 80%
 - 3 Stars = 60%
 - 2 Stars = 40%
 - 1 Star = 20%
In which case, the average (via the mean) assuming there was one rating put into each of the possible star ratings, then:
1 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.2 = 3 and 3/5 = 0.6 = 60%
Here, the "average" is not necessarily 'neutral' at the 50 percent mark (typically the minimum point at which a test is passed), but has instead been inflated to the better score of 60 percent.
This ratings inflation can also occur in other ways, such as where those to be rated, provide guidance on how to rate them.
Such as suggesting if "satisfied, please rate us 5 stars" and if "unhappy, please rate us 3 stars" which if followed gives a bare minimum of an average rating in excess of the neutral 50 percent mark.
Note in such examples, there is no "0 Stars" choice provided. Which if given, again assuming there was one rating put into each of the possible star ratings, then:
1 + 0.8 + 0.6 + 0.4 + 0.2 + 0 = 3 and 3/6 = 0.5 = 50%
This now gives a less biased, and more realistically neutral average point estimate of 50 percent.
It may be, however, that people instead treat the typical five possible choices as follows:
 - 5 Stars = 100%
 - 4 Stars = 75%
 - 3 Stars = 50%
 - 2 Stars = 25%
 - 1 Star = 0%
1 + 0.75 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 = 2.5 and 2.5/5 = 0.5 = 50%
Then the "average" is therefore neutral at the 50 percent mark.
Yet anecdotally, this seems inconsistent with how people use and treat five-star ratings systems.
At present, typically the response is to rate something "1 Star" and then turn to the comments to further express dissatisfaction, often the effect of:
"Awful. If I could give it zero stars I would!"
Albeit, often phrased with more colourful language and a lot more exclamation marks.
Another challenge with the five-star ratings systems is whether people view the stars as discrete points or more as each point representing a range of continuous data. Subject to synonyms, it's intuitively understood that "1 Star" is "terrible" and "5 Stars" is "excellent" and that may be enough to be helpful, but it does again become somewhat of a mess with the averaging process typically employed to find the overall average rating for something.
Should the mapping then, be considered more as follows:
 - 5 Stars = 80-100%
 - 4 Stars = 60-79%
 - 3 Stars = 40-59%
 - 2 Stars = 20-39%
 - 1 Star = 0-19%
It's not wholly exact due to rounding and precision with respect to the number of decimal places used, and it also highlights one of the difficulties of discretising data in forming bins for histograms, especially with what happens to the data at the edges of the histogram bins.
Does someone believing something is not "perfect" opt to rate it "4 Stars" instead of "5 Stars", or, do they choose the "5 Stars" option in the belief that the score of what is being rated would be greater than or equal to 80 percent?
It also introduces additional noise, or variability, into things. Which is not to suggest that star ratings systems are pinpoint accurate. There is a level of imprecision inherent in any measurement.
If there's approximately a range of 20 percent with a star rating category, then with the exceptions of at the boundaries of "1 Star" and "5 Stars", then the "average" rating may be as much as plus or minus a whole star either side.
While all of these issues cannot be perfectly solved, what is being suggested is transitioning to a rating system in uthinki of using "0-5 Stars" represented as follows:
 - 5 Stars = 100%
 - 4 Stars = 80%
 - 3 Stars = 60%
 - 2 Stars = 40%
 - 1 Star = 20%
 - 0 Stars = 0%
Which although not perfect, and still subject elements of imprecision, would help to address the discrete versus continuous data issues, including 'neutral' averaging and still allow for this being represented to two decimal places such as "4.73 Stars" within a visual scale of between "0 Stars" and "5 Stars".
Whether the proposed "0-5 Stars" is a better rating system than "1-5 Stars" is open to debate, so comment away below, along with helping by answering the uthinki question:


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Archive for the 'Biobank' Category
Biobank functions similarly to what banks do, but they don't keep money. They collect and store biological material from human beings. You can also find a biobank which keeps animal and plant materials as well. Human being substances such as DNAs, blood, cell samples and tissues are gathered to be used as samples.
The samples are utilized to obtain genetic information that can benefit the medical field. The people's life history is also included so that it can be used as medical references in the future. The origin of a disease can also be detected by analyzing the lifestyle of an individual.
There are many kinds of samples being available in a biobank. Cancer cells, tumour tissues, cord blood and stem cells are some of the material collected in the bank. Body fluids are also kept in the bank and these include urine and sperm.
A biobank collect the samples due to various purposes. Some of the samples are used to find ways on how to cure different kinds of diseases and infections. The samples are gathered either through public volunteering or getting permission from the donor.
In a biobank, specimens can be used to see how diseases can spread in the body. Then, a specific drug is created. The specimen will then be used again to measure the effectiveness of the drug.


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of the bow see diagram.
Repeat this on the other side of the same end of the bow, and then join them. (See below) Repeat this at the other end of the bow. You could also put horn nocks on the ends, you can purchase these or you can make by hand.
Now that you have created the bow and put nocks on it, you need to teach the wood to bend. This is very important, because if you don't teach the wood to bend the first time you draw the bow it will snap (LOUDLY).
To teach the wood to bend, you will need to put a string on your bow that is NOT under tension. (See below) and use a tiller see instructions below to make one.
The way a tiller works, is the bow is placed into the space at the top so that it is horizontal with the back, of the uppermost part of the bow. Then pull the bow string slowly down to the first notch. While the string is in this position, examine the bow checking that it is not pulling to one side and that the overall curve is smooth with no straight areas. Mark these stiff areas with a bit of charcoal, gently release the string to its natural position remove the bow fr-om the tiller unstring it and trim the areas marked with charcoal.
Restring the bow put it back onto the tiller and take it to the first notch again. Repeat this as many times a necessary until no stiff areas remain on the bow and the bow curves smoothly. Once you are satisfied take the string to the next notch and perform the same checks/actions.
It is a good idea to let the wood rest for about 15-20 minutes between visits to the tiller so that the sinews within the wood do not start to break.
Once you have reached the fourth notch on the tiller, you can add a little bit of tension to the string. Repeat the slow progression through the notches of the tiller, checking for and trimming any stiff areas until you once again reach the fourth notch. It is very important that these stages are not rushed, or the wood will strain too quickly, the sinews will start to snap and your bow will not reach its full potential or will simply break in half.
Again add a little more tension to the string repeat the checking until you reach the fourth notch. At this point you can put the string under full tension (see below) and work down the tiller. Once you have reached the draw you required for your bow you can put a couple coats of boiled linseed oil on it to protect it fr-om the weather.
Tensioning the Bow
To have a string that is not under tension, simply extend the string so that it is firmly attached in the nocks at both ends of the bow, but the wood itself does not bend.
Tension can be increased by slightly shortening the string, so that the bow bends a little when strung. It is best to shorten the string an inch at a time to increase the tension slowly.
When the bow is at full tension, the distance between the middle of the bow (i.e. where you hold it) and the bowstring, should be the same as your clenched fist with the thumb stuck out.
When buying bow strings, it is important to remember that three main types are available. These are no loops, one loop and two loops. Personally I have found that one loop strings are best because it is possible for the archer to set the length of the string to be perfect length for their own use. To tie the second loop (for the bottom of the bow) you will need to use a bowers knot (see below). But I prefer to make my own strings.
Testing the Poundage
To test the poundage of a bow, attach a fishing scale to the string while the bow is on the tiller and slowly add weights to it until the string reaches the draw that you require. This will give you the X pounds draw at Y inches required when checking your bow for competition or combat.
If the finished bow is a higher poundage than your require (i.e. you want to use it in combat and it's too strong), then evenly trim the bow and go back through the routine of checking it on the tiller. On the tiller you will need to draw the bow an inch further than your draw length, this is to ensure that when you fully draw the bow it will not snap.
Making a Tiller
A tiller is the piece of equipment used to train the bow to bend without breaking. It is a vertical piece of wood with a number of notches cut into it at fixed intervals with a semi circle cut out at the top which the bow can rest in. The whole thing is supported on a suitable base.
Bellow is a guide to making a permanent tiller, however you can make them simply fr-om a piece of scrap wood, and this would be cut in accordance to the instructions below and then held in a vice.
To make a tiller you will need a hardwood plank (1.5″ x 2″ x 8′) and either screws or dowels to join the pieces together.
The first notch should be 7.5″ fr-om the top of the tiller. There should be a distance of 1.5″ between the top of one notch and the top of the next notch and enough notches to draw it to your draw length.
Join all the pieces together as per the diagram above, except for the 1.5″ x 1.5″ block which is tied onto the base piece to prevent the arm fr-om falling over. If this piece is attached, then the tiller will not fold flat.
Safety Tips for Long Bow handling
- Always remember that a loaded bow is a deadly weapon
- Never show your skill by using a human target or permit someone to hold a target for you
- Be sure no one is standing in front of or to the sides of the archer while bow is drawn
- Shoot only at the target. Try first shots at closer distances until comfortable
- Never use arrows that are too short
- Replace bowstring when it becomes worn or frayed
- Always sting your bow properly
- Always use finger and arm protectors
- Never use a target that cannot stop an arrow
Congratulations, you have made your first bow, go out and enjoy it.
Additional Resources and Further Reading
The very first thing I'd recommend you do if you're serious about bow-making is pick up a copy of Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia: 2nd Edition (you can get it here fr-om Amazon for a nice discount) by Dan Bertalan, it really is not only THE bow-building encyclopedia, but it's precisely what you need if you're just getting started, it's an excellent guide. Another excellent series of books (there are 4 volumes) I recommend is Jim Hamm's "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", here's volume 1 (Amazon has all 4 volumes): The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 1.


text:
Interested in whether your protein uses oxygen to mediate reactions? Wondering if oxygen is keeping your enzyme from its duty? Then what you need as an anaerobic tent!
These tips provide some basic knowledge to help you perform experiments using an anaerobic tent.
What is an anaerobic tent?
Most biologists who work in oxygen-free environments use anaerobic tents. These soft-sided vinyl chambers (and attached gloves) contain an inert mixture of gases and are given shape by a metal frame. They generally have a smaller footprint than glove boxes, and provide a greater range of motion during experiments. In addition, the anaerobic tent's soft sides are more forgiving to changes in internal atmospheric pressure, though they are less sturdy overall.
Items (experimental materials) enter and exit both types of chamber through an attached airlock. Items within the airlock are subjected to multiple 'cycles' of alternating vacuum and repressurization using inert gas to purge as much excess oxygen as possible before they are brought into the main chamber. The interior of the anaerobic tent may or may not be sterile, depending on the needs of its users.
Establishing and maintaining an anaerobic environment is tedious and time-consuming. The misuse of an anaerobic tent, particularly the airlock, can cause both property damage and physical injury. Keeping in mind a few basic safety measures and good etiquette will keep you safe and on the good side of the team who normally uses the anaerobic tent.
Safety with anaerobic tents
1. Know how to cycle items through the airlock
The procedure for bringing items into or out of the anaerobic tent should be posted on or around the pump and gas tanks; regardless, you should still have one of the regular users walk you through the protocol. Save your memory: write down any relevant details that aren't posted.
2. Know where the air monitoring gauges are, and keep an eye on them during your experiment
Ask one of the regular users of the anaerobic system what the expected gas ratios are, and record the appropriate minimum and maximum acceptable numbers. Many systems have alarms to warn users when the oxygen concentration becomes too high. Ask a lab member to demonstrate, but don't depend on the alarm; be aware of oxygen levels during your experiment.
Etiquette for using an anaerobic tent
1. Plan ahead
It takes time for items that have been kept on the shelf in the lab to equilibrate in an anaerobic environment, and it takes time for the anaerobic tent to purge oxygen carried in with each set of fresh items. Plastics usually take a couple of days to 'breathe' off the oxygen adhering to their porous surfaces.
Any equipment (probes, etc.), that you want to use in the tent will also need to be brought in. Make sure that your labmates won't need to use them and there is a power outlet available in the tent. Depending on the equipment's composition, it may also need a day or two to off-gas before you start.
If the anaerobic tent is used as a sterile environment, make sure that it stays that way—prepare your materials appropriately and practice aseptic technique as necessary.
2. Do not leave large bottles of solution open in the tent for an extended period of time
If you won't be using the solution for more than a day or so, stopper the bottle tightly to prevent evaporation. Water vapor can cause mold as well as contribute to oxygen levels.
3. Remove your supplies and experimental waste as soon as possible once you are finished with your experiment
If you are running a multi-day experiment, remove waste materials at least daily to keep the tent clean and minimize the possible contamination sources. Strong acids and bases are not nice to the inside of the anaerobic box, and water evaporates.
4. If you plan to use the tent for more than a few days, offer to help with minor maintenance
Anaerobic boxes require regular upkeep, even when they are not in use. Be sure to ask if there is any light regular maintenance you can perform while using the tent. You may be asked to replace the hygroscopic pellets or palladium catalyst, a task generally performed every few days. You may not need to do anything, but it doesn't hurt to ask.
Pro tips for anaerobic solution prep
If you only need a small amount of solution, check anaerobic solvents already in the tent.
Large-volume solutions (buffers, etc.) created in room atmosphere should have as much excess oxygen removed as possible before they are introduced to the anaerobic tent. Below are details on how to perform this, but don't hesitate to ask a lab member for help with this process!
- Stopper the bottle and run an appropriate inert gas through the solution as it is vigorously stirred. Be sure you provide an avenue for the oxygen to escape!
- Once the bottle has been degassed for an hour or so, seal it (usually with a screw-top lid) and cycle it into the tent.
- Once the system appears stable, let the solution stir in the tent without the stopper for another couple of hours or overnight. Keep an eye on the tent's oxygen levels during this process, and restopper the bottle once you are done.
Performing an experiment under anaerobic conditions introduces many factors into your experiment (including how to handle microcentrifuge tubes while wearing enormous kitchen gloves), but can also provide you with invaluable information about whether your protein requires oxygen or its absence.
These tips should help make sure your experiment is a success!


, returns whether 3 is less than x. Now, if you leave off the parens around the infix operator, you can create a section. There are two kinds:
 (<3) ⟺ \x -> x < 3 -- a right section
 (3<) ⟺ \x -> 3 < x -- a left section
Using sections, you can define functions without variables, for example:
twoToThe = (2**)
halfOf = (/2)
oneOver = (1/)
isZero = (==0)
onePlus = (1+)
Exercise: Describe in English each of the following sections: (>=0), ('mod' 2), (0-), and (++"s").
Higher-Order Functions
There are some neat built-in functions and operators that take functions as arguments or return functions.
 (f. g) x ⟹ f (g x)
 (flip f) x y ⟹ f y x
 (curry f) x y ⟹ f (x, y)
 (uncurry f)(x, y) ⟹ f x y
Prelude> (recip. succ) 7
Prelude> ((+3). (2^)) 3
Prelude> ((2^). (+3)) 3
Prelude> (uncurry min)(9, 5)
Prelude> flip (^) 10 2
And of course, you can write your own:
twice f x = f (f x)
Exercise: Rewrite the definition of twice to use the function composition operator (.).
That let is nice and readable, but you know, it's actually not necessary. After all,
 let x = E1 in E2
is really just
 (\x -> E2)(E1)
For example:
 let x = 7 * 3 in 100 + x
 ⇒ (\x -> 100 + x)(7 * 3)
 ⇒ 100 + (7 * 3)
Check out some different ways to make lists. Haskell has ranges and comprehensions:
Prelude> [5..8]
Prelude> [0,3..21]
Prelude> [x ** 2 | x <- [0..10]]
Prelude> [x | x <- [0..30], x 'mod' 3 /= 0 && x 'mod' 5 /= 0]
Prelude> [(x, y) | x <- [0..3], y <- "ab"]
Prelude> replicate 3 "dog"
Here are some examples of basic list functions:
 null [] ⟹ True
 null [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ False
 head [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 3
 tail [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [5,8,2,1]
 init [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5,8,2]
 last [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 1
 length [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ 5
 take 2 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 drop 2 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,2,1]
 takeWhile (\x -> x < 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 takeWhile (< 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5]
 dropWhile (not. even) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,2,1]
 filter (< 7) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [3,5,2,1]
 filter even [1..10] ⟹ [2,4,6,8,10]
 map succ [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [4,9,6,3,2]
 map (2^) [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ [8,32,256,4,2]
 splitAt 3 [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ ([3,5,8],[2,1])
 zip [1,2] ['a','b'] ⟹ [(1,'a'),(2,'b')]
 concat [[3],[5,8],[],[2,1]] ⟹ [3,5,8,2,1]
 concatMap (\x -> [x,-x]) [1..5] ⟹ [1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4,5,-5]
 all even [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ False
 any even [3,5,8,2,1] ⟹ True
 sum [1..10] ⟹ 55
 product [1..10] ⟹ _PHONE_
 foldl (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ -17
 foldr (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ -7
foldl is fold left, foldr is fold right. Here is how they work:
 foldl (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ ((((1-3)-5)-2)-8)
 foldr (-) 1 [3,5,2,8] ⟹ (3-(5-(2-(8-1))))
Learn more about folds.
Exercise: Why should you never really use foldl? (Hint)
A list is formally defined as being either [] (empty) or an element consed (with the infix ':' operator) to the front of a list.
Prelude> []
Prelude> 3 : []
Prelude> 3 : 5 : []
Prelude> 2 : 3 : 5 : []
Prelude> 5 : [6..8]
Exercise: Research why the : operator is pronounced "cons".
In general, when you define functions on a constructed type, like lists, always use pattern matching on its constructors, and avoid using the extractor functions. For example:
stutter xs =
 if null xs then [] else (head xs):(head xs):(stutter (tail xs))
stutter [] = []
stutter (x:xs) = x:x:(stutter xs)
We'll see more pattern matching soon.
There are tons more cool functions on lists, by the way. Many of them are in the module Data.List, which you need to import. In the REPL, for example:
Prelude> permutations [1,2,3]
error: Variable not in scope: permutations :: [Integer] -> t
Prelude> import Data.List
Prelude Data.List> permutations [1,2,3]
Data.List is a standard module that comes with your Haskell distribution. There are hundreds of functions in it. You should browse the complete documentation now. You should see over 100 functions. Read the docs!
Exercise: Yes, really browse those docs. Also, click on the links so you can see how these functions are implemented.
Now, you may have noticed: Prelude is a module also. See the docs. See the source. Notice how the Prelude module imports a bunch of other modules, but selectively exports only some of the functions in each!
Exercise: Find out which Data.List functions are also in Prelude and which are not.
Laziness, and Infinite Lists
It is time to talk about what it means that Haskell is lazy. This REPL session will hopefully convey the idea:
Prelude> head []
*** Exception: Prelude.head: empty list
Prelude> x = head [] -- No error!
Prelude> t = (5, x) -- No error here either!
Prelude> fst t -- Nor here!
Prelude> snd t
*** Exception: Prelude.head: empty list
Lazy evaluation means expressions are only evaluated when needed. The opposite is strict evaluation. With strict evaluation, all tuple values would be evaluated when the tuple was first defined. And all list elements would be evaluated when a list was defined. And all function arguments would be evaluated before the function was called.
Prelude> x = [5, head [], 10]
Prelude> (\x -> \y -> x) "good" (head [])
Now since list elements are not needed until used, WE CAN MAKE INFINITE LISTS!
Prelude> positives = [1..]
Prelude> nonNegativeEvens = [0,2..]
Prelude> ones = repeat 1
Prelude> turns = cycle [0..4]
Prelude> take 10 positives
Prelude> take 10 nonNegativeEvens
Prelude> takeWhile (<30) nonNegativeEvens
Prelude> take 5 ones
Prelude> take 18 turns
Prelude> 7 'elem' positives
Prelude> nonNegativeEvens!! 17
Prelude> import Data.List
Prelude Data


How humanity learned to go farther (and get there faster)
Humanity's biggest milemarkers.
Wind, horse, and people power enforced strict speed limits for most of human history, but that never stopped us from venturing. By A.D. 400, Polynesians had explored the Pacific so persistently that they'd reached and settled Hawaii—thousands of miles from points of origin in Asia. That wanderlust soon had us itching to pick up speed. Here are some important moments in our journey to go farther—and do it faster.
1522: Around the world
43K miles/5mph
Ferdinand Magellan started the first trip around the globe but died en route. Juan Sebastián del Cano took charge, completing the circumnavigation—which tacked on mileage to curve around continents—in 37 months.
1848: A mile a minute
26 miles/60 mph
Speed gains can be slow; sailboats, for one, top horses by only a mile or so per hour. But trains far outpaced every other mode of their era. "The Antelope" supposedly covered a mile in a minute chugging from Boston to Lawrence, Mass.
1903: The first flight
0.02 miles/7 mph
Our aerial debut didn't get us far: The Wright Flyer managed the pace of a brisk jog for just 12 seconds. But the trip set off a ferocious international race. By the '20s, aviators were pushing into the 200 and 300 mph range.
1904: Speeding to triple digits
0.62 miles/103 mph
It took decades for jets to reach the masses. Cars got travelers off the rails in the meantime. Our species hit the century mark when driver Louis Rigolly screamed down a beach in Belgium in his signature French racer.
1919: Trans-Atlantic triumph
1890 miles/118 mph
British pilots John Alcock and Arthur Brown completed the inaugural nonstop trans-Atlantic flight in a modified WWI bomber plane. They managed to beat the earliest rigid airship crossing (picture a Zeppelin) by a month.
1961: Spin through space
25K miles/17K mph
When Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made history by visiting space, he swiftly orbited the planet—doing in 108 minutes what took del Cano three years by ship. Astronauts on ISS now do it 16 times a day.


SCNA 2011 Part 3: Gary Bernhardt, "Expansion and Contraction"
Also posted at
Gary Bernhardt took the stage to talk about the evolution of programming languages and technologies. He talked about the fact that languages and technologies evolve in waves: first there's a wave of expansion where a new language comes along and increases the number of things we can do, and it is followed by a contraction that reduces the number of things we can do but also removes a lot of confusion and therefore enables us to deliver more reliable software with the new toolset.
So, expansion increases capability – our power to express an idea. Over time abundant resources and confusion drive change and we see a contraction that removes 5% of the capability and 85% of the confusion to enhance suitability – the power to deliver reliable software that works.
Many expansions are initially dismissed by the developer community. For example, looking back at Djikstra's proposal for structured programming, it was met with the following review:
Structured programming is a nice academic exercise, which works well for small examples, but I doubt that any real-world program will ever be written in such a style.
The relational model was met with similar criticism and the same quote can be paraphrased and applied almost universally to new technologies coming out today. Instead of focusing on how something can't possibly be workable, we should consider what larger purpose it may be serving: either by improving capability or suitability.
Here are some examples from history:
 - 1957: Fortran increases capability vs Assembly.
 - 1968: Structured programming increases suitability vs Fortran.
 - 1970: Relational model comes out as more suitable vs flat files.
 - 1985: C++ is more capable vs C by adding object-oriented concepts.
 - 1995: Java is more suitable vs C++ by removing some of the complexity and introducing automatic memory management.
 - 2004: Rails extends the capability vs existing ways to develop web applications.
Rails displays a culture of capability. The focus is on new gems and new features all the time and when something breaks, it's easier to just move on to the new working thing than fix the broken one.
Gary made a point that capable systems generate a lot of activity (for example, the gem explosion in Rails), but then a contraction into more suitable tools creates suitable systems where the real progress happens. He described the difference between activity and progress as a developer who commits code lots of times a day but doesn't necessarily produce a lot of value. That developer is certainly active but may not be making much progress.
So what happens after Rails? Gary suggested that there's frustration building in the developer community and it's likely going to lead to a contraction step. Up next are the functional revolution and outside-in top-down London style test-driven development. Which are, of course, impossible since they are nice academic exercises, which work well for small examples, but no real-world program would ever be written in such styles.


is often set at 15 psi, which means that the water vapor inside the pot must reach a pressure of 2 atm before it can escape. Because water doesn't reach a vapor pressure of 2 atm until the temperature is 120°C, it boils in this container at 120°C. Therefore food cooks faster in a pressure cooker as it attains a higher temperature by increasing the pressure.
This steam saturation curve is extended for higher pressure towards the right as below:
 - The blue saturation curve is where the steam/water mix is saturated, or boils at the different conditions of pressure and temperature. Eg, 100°C at 0 kg/cm2g or 170°C at 7 kg/cm2g.
 - Above the blue line, the temperatures is above saturation temperature and is called the degree of superheat of the steam.
 - Below the blue curve, we have hot water, not steam, and this is called sub-saturated water.
What is the Triple point?
The triple point of water is used to define the kelvin, the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. The number given for the temperature of the triple point of water is an exact definition rather than a measured quantity.
The single combination of pressure and temperature at which water, ice, and water vapour can coexist in a stable equilibrium occurs at exactly 273.16 kelvins (0.01 °C) and a pressure of 611.73 pascals (ca. 6 millibars,.006037 Atm). At that point, it is possible to change all of the substance to ice, water, or steam by making infinitesimally small changes in pressure and temperature. (Note that the pressure referred to here is the vapor pressure of the substance, not the total pressure of the entire system.)
At this temperature of 0°C or 273K the Enthalpy of water is considered to be 0. Enthalpy of all states are easily found with reference to this triple point.
The bell curve - understanding the phase diagram of steam.
Fig. The bell curve
In this graph, ABCD is a constant pressure line, say 3.5 barg. The other lines on top of it are also constant pressure lines, just at higher pressures. It is called a bell curve because of its characteristic shape.
Assume we have 1kg of water held at a constant pressure. This water will be at atmospheric temperature, say 25°C at point M between points A and B lying on the saturated liquid line.
Enthalpy of water (hf)
We start heating the water. The water shows a change in temperature. Therefore this heat is called Enthalpy of water, liquid enthalpy or sensible heat (hf) of water. Remember, enthalpy is the amount of heat available from any medium in its current state. It moves from point M slowly towards point B. Water starts boiling at point B. Here is where the change of phase from liquid to vapour starts.
Enthalpy of evaporation or latent heat(hfg) Our sample of water, now is a mixture of two phases, water and steam (also called sub-saturated water) and moves along line BC changing into vapour as more heat is applied.
While moving from B to C say at point X, the temperature of the two-phase mixture does not change, as the extra heat applied to this mixture, is being absorbed by the water which evaporates into steam. What this means is that the heat being applied is only being used for a phase change to occur. This heat is the Enthalpy of evaporation or latent heat (hfg).
Like the phase change from ice to water, the process of evaporation is also reversible. The same amount of heat (hfg) that water absorbs to change to steam is released back to its surroundings during condensation, when steam meets any surface at a lower temperature. Steam then changes state from gas to liquid (water) by giving up its Enthalpy of evaporation (hfg) to the process and is called condensate. Thus, Enthalpy of evaporation is the most useful part of heat, as it is the only part of heat which is extracted by the process when steam condenses back to water.
At point C there is no water (liquid) left. We are left with 100% saturated steam or, 100% dry steam. Our water sample has converted to 1 kg of steam. This is the saturated vapour line.
Our aim is to use steam as close to point C, on the saturated vapour line as steam is driest at this point
Superheated steam. If we continue to provide more heat to the steam we move from point C to D. Steam is now 100% dry (dryness fraction =1) and it absorbs the extra heat to show a change in temperature as there is no phase change possible any more. This heat is also'sensible' heat as the temperature of the steam starts to rise. The steam now is called superheated steam.
Producing Steam at Higher pressure from a boiler. If the steam is able to flow from the boiler at the same rate that it is produced, the addition of further heat simply increases the rate of production. But, if the steam is restrained from leaving the boiler, and the heat input rate is maintained, the energy flowing into the boiler will be greater than the energy flowing out. This excess energy raises the pressure say, to 10 barg, in turn allowing the saturation temperature to rise to 184°C, as the temperature of saturated steam correlates to its pressure. Now we are on the line AB'C'D'.
Fig. Bell curve - higher pressure line
So, at pressures higher than atmospheric, more heat must be added to water (hf') before it can turn to steam. Increasing the pressure increases the temperature of the phase change, and increases the total amount of energy ( hg' ) the water/steam can carry. But, the Enthalpy of evaporation ( hfg' ), which is the most useful part of heat, actually reduces!!
Wet steam. In between the saturated liquid line and saturated vapour line - a mixture of steam + water exists. This is wet steam. Only water exists to the left of the saturated liquid line, and only superheated steam exists in the region to the right of the saturated vapour line.
Critical point. The critical point is the highest temperature at which liquid can exist. This is the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapour lines meet. The enthalpy of evaporation keeps decreasing as the pressure increases and it becomes zero at the critical point. Water changes directly into saturated steam at the critical point. Above the critical point only gas may exist. In gaseous state the molecules have an almost unrestricted motion, and the volume increases without limit as the pressure is reduced. For steam the critical point is at 374.15°C and 221.2 bara.
Enthalpy of saturated steam, i.e. total heat of saturated steam
The total energy in saturated steam is simply the sum of the enthalpy of water and the enthalpy of evaporation.
hg = hf + hfg
hg = Total enthalpy or total heat of saturated steam (kJ/kg)
hf = Liquid enthalpy (Sensible heat) (kJ/kg)
hfg = Enthalpy of evaporation (Latent heat) (kJ/kg)
In tobacco drying, we start providing heat to dry the moisture laden leaves.
First stage: the process uses sensible heat to raise the temperature of the tobacco. ie, the temperature of process rises.
Second stage: More heat is supplied, but the temperature of tobacco doesn't rise. The water now uses this heat to change state to steam (latent heat) and evaporates from the tobacco.
Steam Tables and how to read them
All of the information just discussed has fortunately been compiled into steam tables. This is the table for the properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water. It shows us the correlation of data for various pressures and temperatures.
Please make sure you are converting between absolute and gauge pressures as needed.
There are other tables which give you the properties of superheated steam, but we are only concerned with the Saturated steam and water tables, for now.
Example 1.
1 kg of water heated from 0°C to 100°C contains 100 kcals (100°C - 0°C) per kilogram. To go from 100°C water to 100°C steam at atmospheric pressure requires another 540 kcals per kg. This extra heat which has to be added to convert 1 kg of water to 1 kg of steam is the 'Latent Heat of Evaporation'. This huge energy that water absorbs while changing state is the most important part of steam. This is the the part of heat that steam transfers to process. Remember, while this Latent heat is being added, the water and the steam released are both at the same temperature, 100°C.
Example 2.
These drawings show how much heat is required to generate one kg of steam at 10 kg/cm2g pressure. Note the extra heat and higher temperature required to make water boil at 10 kg/cm2g pressure than at atmospheric pressure. Note, too, the lesser amount of heat required to change water to steam at the higher temperature.
Example 3.
Suppose that we have water vapor (or steam) in a closed container at 120°C and 1 atm. Since the temperature of the system is above the normal boiling point of water, there is no reason for the steam to condense to form a liquid. Nothing happens as we slowly compress the container thereby raising the pressure on the gas until the pressure reaches 2 atm.


text:
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. Measurement (of cloth) by the ell.
- n. A duty paid for such measurement.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also, a duty for such measurement.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. A measuring by the ell; specifically, official inspection and measurement of woolen cloth for the purpose of laying duties on it. Also spelled alenage, ulnage.
Old French alnage, aulnage, French aunage, from Old French alne ell, of Germanic origin: compare Old High German elina, Gothic aleina, cubit. See ell. (Wiktionary)
Sorry, no example sentences found.