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Tue April 3, 2012
Florida's History Of Race-Related Violence
NEAL CONAN, HOST:
Earlier this year in the run up to the primary election, political analysts explained that Florida really isn't a Southern state anymore and would not vote the same way as Alabama or Mississippi or Georgia. Then the shooting death of Trayvon Martin prompted some to argue that nothing's changed in a part of the state steeped in racial violence. In a way, both statements hold up.
Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel Wilkerson notes that Central Florida is very different today than even 20 years ago, and she also says that the death of Trayvon Martin reminds us of a caste system that shaped this part of the state. Isabel Wilkerson joins us from Atlanta. She's the author of "The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration," and a winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Nice to have you today on the TALK OF THE NATION.
ISABEL WILKERSON: Oh, great to be here.
CONAN: Those of us who associate Florida with beaches and theme parks might be surprised by its racial history.
WILKERSON: Yes. It has a very long and fought racial history that goes back in the area where Trayvon Martin was killed, actually, just outside of Orlando and Sanford. In 1920, there was a massacre of African-Americans who were burned out of their homes when two black men tried to vote. This is going very well back in our history.
CONAN: And how does that past shape the present and the future?
WILKERSON: Well, in some way, this has been a biracial area for so long, meaning a binary world of African-Americans and whites who were living in a caste system during much of the 20th century. And with the changes in the demographics of both the country and of that part of the South, you see it becoming an area that has the introduction of Latinos, who, in many parts of the divisionally binary populations, actually are now overtaking the black population. And so this is all part of, in some ways, the growing pains of an area that's in change.
CONAN: Not merely overtaking the black population, almost double the black population.
WILKERSON: Yes. In Seminole County, which is where Sanford is, the population of Hispanics has - of Latinos has gone up to 17 percent, whereas for African-Americans, it's about 10 percent. It's fallen a bit over the last decade.
CONAN: In your book, one of the characters whose story you follow comes from Sanford, Florida, and has to leave.
WILKERSON: That's right. In fact, the very place where Trayvon Martin lost his life was the same town where one of the characters in the book, George Starling - and this is nonfiction, so this is true, this is real people - he actually had a standoff in the groves because he was, at that time, working in the citrus industry, which was primarily African-American pickers at that time, and he was attempting to organize the pickers to press for better wages and better work conditions. And he had a standoff in the groves which led to a plot to have him lynched. And he had to flee for his life in 1945, and he headed to New York.
CONAN: And part of the great migration that you document, yet in recent years, interestingly enough, we have seen a number of African-Americans returning to the places where their parents or grandparents originally left from. Does that include places like Sanford, Florida?
WILKERSON: Absolutely. In fact, much of the growth in the South has been attributed to the multiple parallels, streams of people coming from different places that are now adding to this new mix of people that are now converging into an area that's very - has a long, long history, which I think a lot of people may not be aware of until they get there.
CONAN: And when they do get there - I mean, I assume everybody knows that there is history, but when you hear about the specific incidents, how does that change a town over time?
WILKERSON: Well, the one thing I want to mention is that, you know, a lot of people do have the sense of Florida being a place of condominium - beach condominiums and palm trees, but, in fact, it is truly - especially that part of Florida, north and central part of Florida, have traditionally been as Southern as any other part of the South. In fact, Florida was the third state to secede from the Union in the months leading up to the Civil War. So this is a history that a lot of people who might be new to the state may not even be aware of.
CONAN: Yet as you also note, a great deal has changed.
WILKERSON: A great deal has changed. I mean, the, you know, the laws that kept the caste system in place for so long are no longer in place. However, some of those same assumptions and stereotypes still persist to this day and a lot of the data are showing that.
CONAN: Why would - why do you think people outside the region maybe continue to associate a place like Alabama or Mississippi or Georgia with the racial violence that we all got familiar with, too familiar with back in the civil rights struggle and back from the days of Jim Crow and not Florida?
WILKERSON: I think a lot of the attention that accrued to the civil rights movement occur, you know, occurred in those states that you've mentioned and Mississippi. We think of - and then Selma, Alabama. We often think of those places as the focal points for civil rights movement. And, in fact, it's true that many of the great battles of the civil rights movement occurred in other states, but Florida has - the histories of - the history of Florida and the events and circumstances that occurred there occurred in the 1940s, the 1950s, and I think our memories tend to be much shorter when it comes to that. And also because Florida has changed so much economically. It's now got Disney World and it has so much development in the southern part that I think that that's kind of overshadowed our vision and image of what that state really is.
CONAN: Isabel Wilkerson, author of "The Warmth of Other Suns." You're listening to TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. And as the Latino population moves in to that part of the state and, indeed, overtakes the African-American population in terms of numbers by quite a bit, then there is no longer that binary relationship. How do these new immigrants, these new arrivals, I should say, how do they enter the equation?
WILKERSON: Well, what scholars are discovering is that they - the new arrivals are coming from parts of Latino America, meaning parts of Central and South America, that are different from the traditional ones that we often associate with Florida, meaning Cubans coming in. And so the people who are the newer arrivals are coming from other parts. They're coming from Guatemala. They're coming from parts of Mexico that had not been part of the sending states before into the United States. And so they are actually bringing with them the hierarchies, the social hierarchies that they had in their home regions. And that means they come in with the assumptions about who is on top and who is on the bottom in this country.
CONAN: And those assumptions, do they reinforce the old caste system?
WILKERSON: They actually do reinforce the caste system that had been in the South and much of the rest of the country for so long. It turns out that those attitudes are showing up in recent studies. There's a study out of Durham, North Carolina, in which it was found that 78 percent of Latino respondents said that they felt they had more in common with whites, and 53 percent of them said they had the least in common with blacks. And so they also had more negative views of African-Americans than did the native white population in those places.
CONAN: And does this - do these attitudes affect younger people in the same way they might affect older people who may remember the history?
WILKERSON: Well, this is often passed down from generation to generation. The assumptions have a lot to do with the survival in an often difficult economic situation, changing demographics, and everyone positioning oneself in order to be able to survive, and it's a survival mechanism and it's quite human, unfortunately.
CONAN: And things have been tough in this part of Florida as, indeed, they have been throughout the state.
CONAN: And as you look ahead, the Trayvon Martin case has focused attention on Sanford, Florida. The city itself, well, we've heard about some of the problems in the very recent past. You've illuminated some of the problems that have been talked about through the 20th century, indeed, but it's going to be a very different place in years to come.
WILKERSON: Well, it is going to be a very different place, and a lot of it will be determined by how these different groups find a way to learn from what we know and what has gone on before. If there's a way that people can find that they actually do have linked fates, that they actually - that how one group fairs, the other groups will fair. And that means all of these - the traditional mix that had been in these states before and the newcomers as well. I mean, there has to be a way that they have to find in order to coexist.
CON


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|This report is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information|
Publication Number: FHWA-HRT-05-138
Date: July 2006
Shared-Use Path Level of Service Calculator
A User's Guide
PDF Version (1298 KB)
PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®
During the last 20 years, there has been an explosion in shared-use path construction across the United States and Canada. These new paths take many forms–rail-trails, greenway trails through linear parks, waterfront paths along beaches and oceans, and side-paths along road corridors. These paths serve a wide variety of nonmotorized travelers–bicyclists, skaters, scooters, runners, walkers, people with disabilities, people pushing strollers, children, the elderly, and others. Many of these paths have become extremely popular and well used, especially in urban and suburban communities. Some shared-use paths are popular to the point of suffering from their success, i.e., periodic crowding and user conflicts begin to affect user enjoyment and safety.
In general, there are a variety of reasons why trail use is on the rise. Trail activities remain high on the list of most popular outdoor recreation activities, and U.S. participation levels in trail activities continue to trend upwards. For example, between 1994 and 2000, participation in the following trail activities increased considerably: walking (35 percent increase); running (43 percent increase); bicycling (50 percent increase); and day hiking (52 percent increase).(1) As more trails are built in urban and suburban communities, they increase the population's access to close-to-home recreation and enable people to participate in trail use more often. Trail users and equipment continue to diversify, encouraging new constituencies. Finally, the purposes for trail use are expanding, as urban and suburban trails are used for utilitarian and commuting transportation, as well as for recreation.
In many communities, shared-use paths are an integral part of the multimodal transportation system. As transportation planners and decisionmakers have focused increased attention on trail development, concern about trail safety and the management of high user volumes has risen as well. However, trail and nonmotorized transportation planners have had few tools and little data to guide them in managing higher volumes and the increasingly diverse trail user modes. It remains unclear as to how many users are too many for any given trail width, or how user flow can be optimized using trail design or operational techniques. Research is needed to provide trail planners, designers, and managers with additional tools that can be used to make the best trails possible.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
This guide is intended primarily for trail planners, designers, and managers, which include professionals from a wide variety of disciplines–planners, landscape architects, transportation engineers, bicycle and pedestrian transportation specialists, and park and recreation planners and managers. It may also be useful for trail, bicycle, and pedestrian advocates; elected officials; planning and park commissioners; and other members of the public–especially those who find themselves involved in trail planning efforts or in situations involving trail user conflicts that stem from high volumes and diverse mode mixes. These conditions are increasingly common on trails located in urban, suburban, and high-use recreational areas.
The purpose of this guide is to introduce practitioners and others to: 1) the findings of our study on the quality of service on trails; 2) a new analytical tool called the Shared-Use Path Level of Service (LOS) Calculator, and 3) potential implications for trail design. The tool can be used for a variety of trail planning tasks, where quantitative evaluation is needed to assist in solving design or management problems, as for example:
Other important findings of this research include the development of baseline data to which trail data from all parts of the country and from many different settings can be compared, including:
Readers of this guide may understand the term shared-use path (or multiuse trail) to be applicable to a very wide range of facility types and settings. It is important to note that the analytical tool introduced in this guide and the research behind it were not developed to apply to every type of shared-use path. The list below describes the limits of the study and the applicability of its findings.
FOR WHAT TYPES OF SHARED-USE PATHS IS THIS STUDY APPLICABLE?
This guide is divided into six chapters following this introduction.
Chapter 2 summarizes the purpose and objectives of the research, its approach, and its basic findings. It provides definitions for key terms used in the guide and a list of various factors studied during data analysis. Findings include a summary of characteristics found on the study trails, user perception survey results, and the development of a data profile for an average trail. Appendix A provides a full data profile for the 15 study trails.
Chapter 3 provides an introduction to the concept of LOS and describes how it has been applied to shared-use paths. It provides a brief description of the mathematical model used to create the Shared-Use Path LOS Calculator and describes how trail LOS grades should be interpreted. It concludes with a table of LOS scores and grades for the 15 trails examined in this study.
Chapter 4 describes how to apply the Shared-Use Path LOS Calculator to various trail planning and design issues. Data requirements are discussed, as well as model assumptions and default values. This chapter concludes with an introduction to the quick reference, "Look-Up Tables," where a range of typical trail widths, volumes, and mode mixes are listed, with corresponding LOS scores and grades. The look-up tables are provided in appendix C.
Chapter 5 provides a step-by-step guide to using the Shared-Use Path LOS Calculator.
Chapter 6 discusses possible implications of research on trail design. Topics discussed include trail width, striping options, and use of separate treadways for select user types. Trail operation and management decisions may also be informed by analysis conducted with this tool.
Chapter 7 includes two fictional case studies that describe diverse applications of the calculator to real-life situations: first, to evaluate the performance of an existing trail to determine how much trail widening may be needed, and second, to determine the appropriate width when planning the cross section of a new trail.
OTHER REPORTS AND PRODUCTS GENERATED BY THIS STUDY
This Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) publication, FHWA-HRT-05-138, Shared-Use Path LOS Calculator–A User's Guide, and the associated Shared-Use Path Level of Service Calculator are two of the products resulting from this research project. Other products include FHWA-HRT-05-137, Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared-Use Paths–Final Report and an accompanying TechBrief.
Previous | Table of Contents | Next
Topics: research, safety, operations, human factors, pedestrian & bicycle safety
Keywords: research, safety, path, trail, bicycle, shared-use, LOS, width, pedestrian, in-line skater
TRT Terms: Pedestrian facilities design--United States, Pedestrian areas--United States--Planning, Cycling paths--United States--Planning, Traffic surveys--United States, Calculators, Level of service, Pedestrians

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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கருத்தெழுதிய அனைவருக்கும் மிக்க நன்றி...
இந்திய நடுவண் அரசின் மத்திய நீர்வள அமைச்சு(Ministry of Water Resources), முல்லைப் பெரியாரின் பிரச்சனையை பற்றிய புள்ளி விவரணையை இணையத்தில் வெளியிட்டுள்ளது... அதனை இங்கே பார்வைக்கு இணைக்கிறேன்..
Mullai Periyar Dam issue
On 29-10-1886 a lease indenture for 999 years was made between Maharaja of Travancore
and Secretary of State for India
for Periyar irrigation works by another agreement in 1970, Tamil Nadu was permitted to generate power also.
2. The Mullaperiyar Dam was constructed during _PHONE_ across Periyar River in the then Travancore state (now Kerala) territory after said indenture. The Periyar Dam with full reservoir level of 152 ft. provides for diversion of water from the reservoir through a tunnel to Vaigai basin in Tamil Nadu for irrigation benefits in 68558 ha.
3 In 1979, reports appeared in Kerala Press about the safety of Mulla Periyar Dam. On 25th
November, 1979 Chairman, CWC held discussions at Thirvananthapuram regarding strengthening Periyar dam with officers of Irrigation and Electricity, Deptt. of Kerala and PWD of Tamil Nadu. In the meeting, emergency measures to be completed before next monsoon (1980), medium term measures and long-term measures for strengthening of Periyar Dam were decided. One of the emergency measures was to keep the shutters of spillway raised fully to lower the reservoir level to 136 ft.
4. A second meeting under the Chairmanship of Chairman, CWC was held on 29th
April 1980 at New Delhi and it was opined that after the completion of emergency and medium term measures in the form of cable anchoring,
the water level in the reservoir can be restored up to 145 ft.
As per the Memorandum on the Rehabilitation of Mulla Periyar Dam prepared by CWC and forwarded to Tamil Nadu on 25th
March, 1986, emergency measures were implemented.
In the aforesaid Memo, CWC gave its recommendation about peak flood and size of additional vents to be added in the spillway for implementing remaining emergency measure of providing additional spilling capacity. It also gave its recommendation about the design details of concrete backing on the downstream face of the dam.
Besides this, CWC suggested The Government of Tamil Nadu to examine the possibility of raising the top of RCC parapet by another two feet apart from few other suggestions.It was opined in the forwarding note that after completion of the proposed strengthening measures, provision of other additional vents and implementation of other suggestions, Periyar dam would be competent to hold water upto FRL of 152 ft.
6. The matter became subjudice
with several petitions in the Kerala and Tamil Nadu High Courts. All these cases were transferred to the Supreme Court which heard the matter and desired in its order dated 28.4.2000 that Honorable Minister (WR) may convene a meeting of the Chief Ministers of both the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu to amicably resolve the issue..
7. Honorable Minister (WR) convened the Inter-State meeting on 19.5.2000 and as decided in the meeting, an Expert Committee under Member (D&R), CWC with representatives from both States was constituted in June 2000 to study the safety of the dam with respect to strengthening of dam carried out by The Government of Tamil Nadu on the advice of Central Water Commission and advise regarding raising of water level in the reservoir beyond 136 ft as a result of strengthening of dam.
8. The Committee in its report of March, 2001 opined that with the strengthening measures implemented, the water level can be raised from 136 ft. to 142 ft. without endangering safety of the dam. Further raising of water level to 152 ft. will be considered after balance strengthening measures are implemented.
9. In the case of Transfer Petition (Civil) No. 779-783/1998 Dr. Subramanian Swamy Vs Tamil Nadu, the Report of the Expert Committee was filed in the Honorable Supreme Court on 31.8.2001 and also sent to the State Governments of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
10 In writ Petition ( C) No. 386 of 2001 (Mulla Periyar Environmental Protection Forum Vs Union of India and Ors) the Supreme Court in its Judgement dated 27.2.2006, permitted the Government of Tamil Nadu to raise the water level of Mulla Periyar dam from 136 ft. to 142 ft. and take up the remaining strengthening measures.
11. Consequent to the aforesaid orders of the Supreme Court of India, the Kerala Government passed the Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act 2006 which received the assent of the Governor on 18th March 2006 which prohibited the raising of water level beyond 136 ft. in the Mulla Periyar Dam as Mullaperiyar Dam was placed under the Schedule of "Endangered Dams".
12. The Government of Tamil Nadu filed a suit No. 3 of 2006 - State of Tamil Nadu v/s State of Kerala and Union of India in the Honorable Supreme Court on 31.3.2006 praying for -
- Declaration of Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act 2006 passed by Kerala Legislature as unconstitutional in its application to and effect on Mulla Periyar Dam.
- Pass a decree of permanent injunction restraining Kerala from application and enforcing impunged legislation enforcing with or obstructing Tamil Nadu from increasing the water level to 142 feet and from carrying out the repair works as per judgment of Supreme Court dated 27th February 2006.
13. A Review Petition filed by the State of Kerala on 3.4.2006 was dismissed
by the Supreme Court on 27.7.2006.
14. In the matter referred to in para 13 above, the Honorable Supreme Court has passed an order on 25.9.2006 stating the two State Governments independently or with the intervention of the Union of India may try to sort out the dispute, if possible.
15. The Honorable Union Minister (WR) convened an inter-State meeting of the Chief Ministers of States of Tamil Nadu & Kerala on Mulla periyar dam issue on 29.11.2006 at New Delhi. Honorable Union Minister (WR) further discussed matter with the Minister (WR/PW) from the States of Tamil Nadu & Kerala on18.12.2006. The States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala reiterated their respective stand
in the meetings and no consensus could be reached regarding a solution acceptable to both States. The matter is now subjudice.
16. Subsequently, Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu met Honorable Prime Minister on 18.12.2007 and Honorable Prime Minister suggested him to have a meeting with Honorable Chief Minister of Kerala on Mulla Periyar issue. Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu met Honorable Chief Minister of Kerala on 19.12.2007 in presence of Honorable Union Minister of Water Resources. Further a letter dated 20.12.2007 was received from the Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu mentioning that in the above meeting, Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu suggested to oversee the seepage measurement of the dam by Engineers not belonging to either of the two States through CWC and Honorable Chief Minister of Kerala agreed to consider them.
17. Later, the Govt. of Tamil Nadu forwarded a letter dt 22/1/08 of Honorable Chief Minister of Kerala addressed to Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu wherein it is mentioned that in the meeting dt 19/12/2007 he suggested a joint mechanism to monitor the seepage. The Govt. of Tamil Nadu also enclosed a letter dated 4/2/2008 from Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu addressed to Honorable Chief Minister of Kerala wherein it is mentioned that joint monitoring was not discussed in the meeting.
18. CWC was requested to suggest a suitable mechanism for monitoring the seepage and possible structure of the Committee to monitor it. They suggested a ninemember Committee headed by a Chief Engineer, Central Water Commission having representatives from both States for Monitoring the seepage of Mulla Periyar Dam. The composition of the Committee along with terms of reference was sent to Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu and Kerala vide letter dated 28.4.2008 for


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The control of neurological networks supporting social cognition is crucially important for social interaction. In particular, the control of imitation is directly linked to interaction quality, with impairments associated with disorders characterized by social difficulties. Previous work suggests inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) are involved in controlling imitation, but the functional roles of these areas remain unclear. Here, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to enhance cortical excitability at IFC and the TPJ prior to the completion of three tasks: (i) a naturalistic social interaction during which increased imitation is known to improve rapport, (ii) a choice reaction time task in which imitation needs to be inhibited for successful performance and (iii) a non-imitative control task. Relative to sham stimulation, stimulating IFC improved the context-dependent control of imitation-participants imitated more during the social interaction and less during the imitation inhibition task. In contrast, stimulating the TPJ reduced imitation in the inhibition task without affecting imitation during social interaction. Neither stimulation site affected the non-imitative control task. These data support a model in which IFC modulates imitation directly according to task demands, whereas TPJ controls task-appropriate shifts in attention toward representation of the self or the other, indirectly impacting upon imitation.
Original publication
Journal article
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci
Publication Date
1003 - 1009
imitation, inferior frontal cortex, mimicry, mirror system, temporoparietal junction, transcranial direct current stimulation, Attention, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mirror Neurons, Nerve Net, Parietal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex, Reaction Time, Self Concept, Social Perception, Temporal Lobe, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Young Adult


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Community Biocultural Protocols
The Potato Park communities in Peru are deeply committed to the conservation of biocultural resources, associated knowledge, and indigenous rights, and undertook this research to further investigate the role of customary norms and institutions in the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) and resources.
The development of a Biocultural Protocol, in the form of the Inter-community Agreement for Equitable Access and Benefit Sharing, is the result of their efforts. In addition to providing a valuable example of effective community-based protection of TK and genetic or biological resources in praxis, this initiative is also one of only a handful of examples worldwide of working models that stem directly from customary laws and norms.
Given the present international paucity of models that adequately value and protect indigenous and local community rights, biodiversity and customary norms and practices in relation to benefit sharing and access to resources and knowledge – the present initiative may further serve as an example of best practice in relation to the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.
- Spanish translation forthcoming.


This is an excerpt from my course Reusable Components
We all want to write less code, but get more done.
To make this happen, we build our components so they can be reused more than just once.
Some components only need basic reusability.
Others need far more complex techniques to get the most out of them.
I've identified 6 different levels of reusability, but there may be more that I've missed.
Here is a basic overview of the levels. My course, Reusable Components, explores each one and how to get the most out of them.
1. Templating
Instead of copy + pasting code around everywhere, with this technique we wrap it up inside it's own component.
When we reuse the component — and not the code directly — it gives us two benefits:
 1. Making changes in the future is much easier to do, since we only have to do it one place
 2. We don't have to remember the dozens (or hundreds) of places we've copied that code to
This is the most basic, and most often talked about form of reusability.
But the higher levels get a lot more interesting...
2. Configuration
With some components we'll need to have variations on how they work.
A Button component might have a primary version, as well as an icon-only version. But instead of creating entirely new components for each of these versions, we use props to switch between the different types.
Adding in these props doesn't usually add much to a component, but gives us far more flexibility in how that component can be used. Neat-o.
Here's a video on using configuration from my course, Reusable Components.
Note: This is different than using props for state or data, such as a loading prop or a disabled prop.
3. Adaptability
The biggest problem with configuration is lack of foresight. You need to anticipate future needs and build them into the component by putting in those props.
But if you make your component adaptable, it can allow for use cases that were never even thought of — without needing to change the component.
We do this by passing a chunk of markup from the parent to the component using a slot.
For example, instead of using a text prop in a Button component, we can use the default slot:
 class="btn btn--default"

Now we're not limited to just passing a string or number in.
If we wanted to add in a loading spinner without having to modify our Button component, we can do that:
 Click Me
4. Inversion
Instead of passing a complete chunk of markup to our child component, we can pass a set of instructions for how to render.
This is like following a recipe instead of ordering takeout. When you follow a recipe it's a little more work, but you have total control over what you're making. You can tweak things as you go, or throw out the recipe altogether.
We use scoped slots to add even more flexibility to our components.
5. Extension
With Adaptability and Inversion we have the necessary techniques to maximize the reusability of our components.
The next step is to apply these techniques all throughout our component so we can more easily extend it's behaviour.
We use named slots to add in one or more extension points in our component. Where Adaptability and Inversion on their own only give us one option to extend behaviour, having multiple extension points gives us many different options.
Here we have a Modal component with a header, default, and a footer:

 {{ title }}

This is a fairly simple example of Extension, but we already have several options for extending this component:
 1. Just override the default slot to add in our content
 2. Add in content but also override the header slot
 3. Content and just the footer slot to add different buttons
 4. Content and both header and footer slots for something more custom
(We could add more if we didn't use the default slot, but that's unlikely here)
You don't have to extend the behaviour of this component, or you can extend parts of it. Either way, you get a lot of flexibility and a lot of code reuse.
6. Nesting
We'll take Extension to it's conclusion by passing these extension points through one or more layers of components.
It may sound crazy at first, but it's extremely useful, especially in medium to large applications.
You start with a base component that's fairly general in what it does. The next component is a little more specific, extending the base component in a few ways. Then on and on until you have the final component that does the real work.
It's exactly how we go from a very general Animal to a more specific Mammal and then Dog and eventually land on a Poodle. If all we need is a Poodle component, we're wasting our time here, but in large applications we need lots of variations on the same basic idea.
We can extend the Dog component to get a Corgi and a Beagle component. Or extend the Mammal component to get a Cat component, which lets us then add in Tiger and Lion components.
This is the most advanced application of reusability that I have come across. I use this technique a lot in my own work.
These are the 6 levels of reusability that I've come across.
I might have missed some, and I certainly wouldn't say that this is an exhaustive list, but it's complete enough to be useful.
A short article like this doesn't do them justice, but I go into them in much more depth in my course, Reusable Components.
Subscribe to my email list in order to get weekly updates and previews of the course!


Quick Answer: What Apple Is In Season Now?
What month are apples ready?
Apples and crab apples can typically be classified as early summer (July to mid August), mid-summer (mid-August to early September) or fall apples (mid-September to October).
If you don't know the variety, no problem, there are plenty of other ways to judge ripeness..
Are Granny Smith apples in season?
Ida Red, Granny Smith, and Northern Spy apples all ripen by mid to late October. These are the best of the best for baking a pie or making an apple crisp.
What months are strawberries in season?
Because of that, and the varied locations where they are grown, the national strawberry season is said to run January through November. In the Deep South, when to harvest strawberries will usually be late April and May. In the middle part of the country, at Eckert's, May and June are typically best.
Why are Pink Lady apples so expensive?
12 •Why is Pink Lady® often more expensive than other apples? Growing Pink Lady® requires more time and more trained technicians than other varieties. Pink Lady® is the first apple to blossom and the last to be harvested.
How much is a Pink Lady apple?
$39.00 ($29.00-$39.00 choose a size)
What fruit is seasonal right now?
What Apple is the sweetest?
Why are the apples falling from tree to early?
Often, a period of stress (a long, hot summer with very little rain) will cause a tree to abort its fruit in order to conserve energy. Apple trees require deep watering during drought. Lack of pollination can result in pea-size fruit that falls off prematurely.
Why are green apples called Granny Smith apples?
The Granny Smith is a tip-bearing apple cultivar which originated in Australia in 1868. It is named after Maria Ann Smith, who propagated the cultivar from a chance seedling. … The apple goes from being completely green to turning yellow when overripe.
What is the best time of year for strawberries?
JuneFor most of the country, June is prime time for strawberries. You might also see them in the fall at some farmers' markets, thanks to ever-bearing varieties that can produce until nearly the first frost.
What season do strawberries grow in?
summerStrawberries flower and fruit in the cool months, around October to February. It is important that you take good care of your plants during summer. Do note that strawberry plants continue to be productive for at least 2-3 years but will need to be replaced thereafter.
When should I pick Fuji apples?
Get them while you can in September! Early Golden Delicious type apple, with smoother skin and higher flavored than its parent. Early sports of Fuji that ripen 6 to 8 weeks before its parent.
Where can I pick Macoun apples?
Enjoy a day in the country at Tougas Family Farm in Northborough, MA. Macoun, Cortland, McIntosh, Gala, and Golden Delicious are now picking. Fresh baked apple crisp, pies, cider donuts, and other treats are available at the Farm Kitchen.
What is the season for Pink Lady apples?
Pink Lady® has an incredibly long growing season – 200 days long! This variety is one of the first to blossom (around mid-April) along with our early-ripening variety, Rave® and the last to be harvested in mid-October.
Are Granny Smith apples healthy?
Researchers also found that eating Granny Smith's can help combat against chronic inflammation, which can lead to diabetes. "Apples are an excellent source of fiber and vitamin C, but are also high in water content — which can help you stay full, not to mention hydrated," says London.
Do Granny Smith apples turn red?
A: Since Granny Smith is a green apple, it's hard to determine ripeness by color.
What months are avocados in season?
Mexican avocados are in peak season! Now is the best time to include rich, creamy avocado goodness in your meals wherever you can. Avocados are available year round like most agricultural commodities these days, but January through March is the best time of year for flavor.
What time of year are Fuji apples in season?
Apple Varieties Guide by Harvest Date – Which Apple to Pick and Why!NameRipening Date Dates are approximate and vary CONSIDERABLY with weather, location and more!Apple SauceEvercrispmid October until frost (November)Very GoodYatesmid to late OctoberAutumn Crispmid to late OctoberFujimid to late OctoberBEST54 more rows


left to right: Best Choice's manager, assistant, and Unlad's Executive Director, May-an Villalba, reminisce about Best Choice when it first stared
The idea is to arm returning migrants with the knowledge, skills, and support required to operate a successful business so they can be part of revitalizing the local economy instead of becoming a victim of it.
Successful Unlad projects include Best Choice, a coconut husk processing plant, a biodynamic farm, a rice center, and food processing as well as virgin coconut oil processing enterprises.
Social Entrepreneurship & Human Trafficking
You may be wondering what this has to do with human trafficking (trafficking). Why, if I am conducting a study on trafficking, would I spend my time interviewing an organization that deals not with migrants who have been enslaved, abused, and exploited but instead with those who have finished their overseas contracts and are returning home looking for ways to maximize their earnings?
Trafficking is the product of a number of factors including poverty, poor education, lack of jobs, feminization of migration, organized crime syndicates, government corruption, and low awareness of trafficking at all levels of society. One of the major factors driving migration, and as a result creating a large population that is susceptible to trafficking, is the lack of local job opportunities. Many communities in the Philippines are rife with unemployment, not from lack of demand or motivation but from lack of jobs. The urban centers such as Manila in the north and Davao in the south offer some possibilities, but the demand for jobs far outweighs the supply.
While jobs can be scarce in the Philippines, particularly to those who have not attended a big name university, the global market is hungry for low-skilled, low paying jobs such as domestic and agricultural work that may be viewed as undesirable to those living in the developed world. Globalization has brought countries and economies across the world closer together. A country like the Philippines, who's economy is based largely on exporting labor, has reacted to this increased connectivity by meeting international demand for these low-skilled jobs.
While this provides opportunities for the unemployed, it also creates a large population of migrants who are vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation at the hands of dishonest recruiters, corrupt government officials, and scheming employers. Further, the nature of jobs like domestic work, where a woman is placed into the home of a family and potentially cut off from the outside world, creates a risky environment for the maid who can be abused by the employer away from the public eye.
Percentage of the Filipino population living below poverty line in 2003, by province. Provinces with darker shades have more people living below the poverty line. Source: Wikipedia
Trafficking is a problem that reflects a variety of issues in a culture and an economy such as a patriarchal society and widespread corruption. This is why a holistic approach to combating trafficking that includes social entrepreneurship is needed. Anything less would be incomplete.
While donations and charity are still needed to address socio-economic issues, social entrepreneurship and the services offered by Unlad are integral in stimulating the local economy and combating trafficking, potentially putting more than 10 billion dollars worth of annual remittances to productive use that could benefit individuals, communities and, if effective on a large enough scale, the country.
Transforming Waste into Profit
Three hours from Best Choice, down dirt rounds, past lines of banana and mango trees and blue-domed mosques with peeling paint, past countless posters promoting local politicians and the projects they have sponsored to drum up support for the coming election in May, past the eyes of countless vigilant cocks confidently strutting and curious half-clothed children, past military check points complete with guards armed with what looked like M-1 Garrands from the second world war, there lies a factory that has taken a formerly useless waste material and converted it into pure profit.
The material in question is coconut, the husks to be exact. Coconuts are harvested for their meat and juice, not for their hard shells, which traditionally are discarded to form heaps of what resemble brownish skulls.
Macabre imagery aside, Davao Oriental Coco Husk Social Enterprise Inc. (Davao Enterprise) is generating serious business. Processing coconut husks into fiber which is used to make anti-erosion nets (for which Unlad won an Ashoka Changemaker Award in 2005), handicrafts, wallpaper, bed fillings and more, Davao Enterprise has found a truly productive use for an abundantly cheap resource that was previously discarded and left to rot.
Launched in 2004, Davao Enterprise was incubated by Unlad and a local development NGO, Kalumonan Development Foundation. It is an example of an enterprise that corresponds to Unlad's vision of social entrepreneurship: economically sustainable, gender-fair, protects the environment, practices accountability and transparency, and promotes the community's health and well-being.
Photo by Bernice Roldan
With an onsite staff of 70, an additional 30 home-based artisans, and plans to expand, Davao Enterprise has been able to provide jobs in a community that has few other employment opportunities. Unlad was instrumental in getting Davao Enterprise off the ground and to this day continues to monitor the business and assess opportunities for growth and ways to further streamline the production process and improve efficiency.
Photo by Bernice Roldan
With production nearing 100 tons a month, demand for processed coco fiber is showing no sign of slowing—something that has not gone unnoticed by others. Indeed several other coco-processing factories have sprung up in the past few years, including one started by a local government official, giving Davao Enterprise a run for its money; however, the migrant-supported facility has managed to keep its edge through faster production. China has been one of the main destinations for this processed fiber where it is used to fill mattresses, although a market has emerged for coco fiber handicrafts and anti-erosion nets as well.
100% coco fiber handicrafts
Anti-erosion nets for which Unlad won an Ashoka Changemaker Award in 2005
Photo by Bernice Roldan
The processing plant is a lively place. Women laugh and gossip as they spin thread from the coco fiber. Nearby a dozen men are busy throwing coconuts onto a conveyor belt that moves slowly towards a grinder. Dust fills the air. Shirts cover mouths. Thousands of coconuts sit in patient silence, awaiting their turn. Trucks arrive sporadically with fresh shipments of husks. Processed fiber is packed into bales and stacked on top of one another like giant cubes of shredded wheat cereal.
Inside the factory store, rows of multi-colored handicrafts, from bowls to purses, fans to hats, fill the shelves, each with its unique blend of colors. The texture of the processed fiber is almost rubbery: soft and malleable to the touch yet with enough firmness to hold shape.
May-an, the Executive Director of Unlad, chats with the staff about equipment upgrades and maintenance work. There is discussion about renting an extra machine that will increase production but the plant will be essentially breaking even. This will, however, allow more people to work at the plant. "We should rent the additional machine," says May-an. After all, this business has two forms of profit: monetary and social. The more staff are employed, the more money flows into the community: supporting families, putting food on the table, supporting education.
This is social capital
Keeping production constant and increasing processing speed will be integral to staying competitive. There is no shortage of husks. The key is maintaining the machines so they can continue to produce ton after ton of processed fiber.
The processing plant bumps and shakes through the window of my van. The cracking and grinding of husks fade into the distance. It is time to head back. The drive home is spent discussing social entrepreneurship as a tool for social change: everything from blogs to online social networks, biodynamic farms to animal manure, apathy to activism, and dedication, delusion, and romanticism was touched on.
Photo by Bernice Roldan
Two Examples, One Blueprint
I sit in the lounge of my business hotel (free Wi-Fi) in downtown Davao after a day of visiting two Unlad-supported businesses. Sipping a San Mig Light (the Filipino equivalent of Bud Light) and pecking away at my laptop, my head spins from the possibilities and the excitement of seeing such an idealistic concept in the flesh. In many ways social entrepreneurship is idealistic, but this does not mean unrealistic. The concept is based on finding creative ways to address social issues. One interpretation would be running a business whose profit is measured not only in net monetary gain, but also social capital. Other examples of social entrepreneurship include reforming the school curriculum in India to reinforce the cultural identity of minority ethnic groups, working to provide electrical energy to impoverished rural areas in Brazil, or, like Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus, using microfinance as a gateway out of poverty for the poor in Bangladesh and beyond.
For Unlad, social entrepreneurship brings with it the promise of using migrant savings to revitalize the Filipino economy, inject much needed cash to poor communities, and create employment alternatives to the exodus that is labor migration.
Of course, like anything else, there are obstacles. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, ninety five percent of small businesses in the U.S. fail within the first five years. For Filipino migrants, who return home with their savings, generally to unemployment and with few viable options beyond reapplying to work abroad, sending a son/daughter who is old enough to be a nurse, domestic worker, or seafarer to the Middle East, Europe, Asia, or the United States, or depending on a


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Collins, Alan (2012) England. In: The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 182-210. ISBN 9780195366556Full text not available from this repository.
The domains of academic inquiry, management of practical problems, and popular engagement with psychological ideas have each contributed to the establishment of psychology in England. The mid-nineteenth century saw the emergence of a set of conditions that allowed psychology as a separate discipline and practice to emerge. This chapter examines those conditions before considering the moves to institutionalisation of psychology in the early twentieth century. However, even by then psychology's presence in England was precarious and it was not until the years between the two World Wars that it gained a more established position in universities, in places such as schools and factories, and in the popular imagination. The chapter examines how this was achieved and concludes with a brief review of the conditions immediately post-World War II that allowed for the large expansion of psychology in England that took place in the last third of the twentieth century.
|Item Type:||Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings|
|Subjects:||B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Psychology|
|Deposited On:||03 Sep 2012 10:55|
|Last Modified:||03 Sep 2012 10:55|
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Evidence for compromised metabolic function and limited glucose uptake in spermatazoa form the teratospermic domestic cat (Felis catus) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)Scientific Papers
Cheetahs and certain other felids consistently ejaculate high proportions (≥ 60%) of malformed spermatozoa, a condition known as teratospermia, which is prevalent in humans. Even seemingly normal spermatozoa from domestic cat teratospermic ejaculates have reduced fertilizing capacity. To understand the role of sperm metabolism in this phenomenon, we conducted a comparative study in the normospermic domestic cat versus the teratospermic cat and cheetah with the general hypothesis that sperm metabolic function is impaired in males producing predominantly pleiomorphic spermatozoa. Washed ejaculates were incubated in chemically defined medium containing glucose and pyruvate. Uptake of glucose and pyruvate and production of lactate were assessed using enzyme-linked fluorescence assays. Spermatozoa from domestic cats and cheetahs exhibited similar metabolic profiles, with minimal glucose metabolism and approximately equimolar rates of pyruvate uptake and lactate production. Compared to normospermic counterparts, pyruvate and lactate metabolism were reduced in teratospermic cat and cheetah ejaculates, even when controlling for sperm motility. Rates of pyruvate and lactate (but not glucose) metabolism were correlated positively with sperm motility, acrosomal integrity, and normal morphology. Collectively, our findings reveal that pyruvate uptake and lactate production are reliable, quantitative indicators of sperm quality in these two felid species and that metabolic function is impaired in teratospermic ejaculates. Furthermore, patterns of substrate utilization are conserved between these species, including the unexpected lack of exogenous glucose metabolism. Because glycolysis is required to support sperm motility and capacitation in certain other mammals (including dogs), the activity of this pathway in felid spermatozoa is a target for future investigation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The observations in geodetic networks are measured repetitively and in the network adjustment step, the mean values of these original observations are used. The mean operator is a kind of Least Square Estimation (LSE). LSE provides optimal results when random errors are normally distributed. If one of the original repetitive observations has outlier, the magnitude of this outlier will decrease because the mean value of these original observations is used in the network adjustment and outlier detection. In this case, the reliability of the outlier detection methods decreases, too. Since the original repetitive observations are independent, they can be used in the adjustment model instead of the estimating mean value of them. In this study, to show the effects of the estimating mean value of the original repetitive observations, a leveling network that contains both outward run and backward run observations were simulated. Tests for outlier, Huber and Danish methods were applied to two different cases. First, the mean values of the original observations (outward run and return run) were used; and then all original observations were considered in the outlier detection. The reliabilities of the methods were measured by Mean Succes Rate. According to the obtained results, the second case has more reliable results than first case.


What Is Scalping?
Definition & Examples of Scalping
Day trader considers his options for using a scalping technique
Tetra Images / Getty Images
Scalping is a short-term trading strategy that emphasizes profiting from the volume of trades placed, rather than focusing on maximizing the capital gains on each trade.
Learn how scalping can be used to collect significant profits through many small-profit trades.
What Is Scalping?
Scalping represents the shortest-term trading style—even shorter than some other forms of day trading. It got its name because traders who adopt the style—known as scalpers—quickly enter and exit the market to skim small profits off of a large number of trades throughout the trading day. Ideally, these small profits ultimately add up to what the trader would've earned making a single, more profitable day trade.
How Does Scalping Work?
Scalpers believe that it's easier and less risky from a market volatility perspective to profit from small moves in stock prices rather than taking the risk of relying on large moves. This involves setting tight trading windows, both in terms of price movement and timeframe.
Scalping comes with the opportunity cost of bigger gains, so it requires discipline. Scalpers get out of trades once the profit target has been hit, rather than waiting to see if they can earn more. The same goes for exiting trades when the predetermined loss level has been hit, rather than waiting to see if the trade turns around. If you would struggle with accepting those opportunity costs, then scalping might not be for you.
Market Analysis for Scalping
Traders who adopt this investment style rely on technical analysis as opposed to fundamentals analysis. Technical analysis is a type of market analysis that focuses on a security's past price movements, usually with the help of charts and other data analysis tools. With historical price information in hand, scalpers can observe daily time and sales patterns and predict the security's future movements—setting up support and resistance levels based on moving averages and using them to enter and exit trades.
In contrast, fundamental analysis usually involves using a company's financial statements, discounted cash flow modeling, and other tools to assess a company's intrinsic value. Understanding the actual worth of a company can help traders manage risk and exit long positions at the right time.
Fundamental analysis is more suitable for long-term investing, while technical analysis works better for short-term strategies like scalping.
Scalpers may trade on news or events that drastically affect a company's value immediately after its release. In some cases, they use short-term changes in fundamental ratios to scalp trades, but they focus mostly on technical charts. Since these charts indicate what occurred in the past, they lose value as the time horizon increases, which makes technical analysis more suitable for the short-term nature of scalping.
Scalpers can be either discretionary or systematic traders. Discretionary scalpers quickly make each trading decision based on market conditions, and it is up to the trader to decide the parameters of each trade (timing, profit targets, etc.). Systematic scalpers rely little on their own instinct and instead create computer programs that automate scalping strategies and conduct trades without individual trading decisions. When the program sees a trading opportunity, it makes a trade without waiting for the trader to assess the particular details of that trade.
Discretionary scalping introduces bias into the trading process that can pose a risk. Emotions may tempt you to make an ill-advised trade or fail to take action at the appropriate time. Systematic scalping, in contrast, provides virtually no human control over trading decisions, which makes it unbiased.
Scalping vs. Day Trading
Scalping vs. Day Trading
Scalping Day Trading
Is always a day trade May or may not use scalping tactics
Positions are often held for a matter of seconds, rather than hours Positions can be held as long as the markets are open on a given day
Often automated using systematic trading systems May use either systematic or discretionary trading strategies
Day trading and scalping are similar concepts but they aren't necessarily describing the same thing. Scalping is always a form of day trading, but not all forms of day trading are considered scalping.
Day trading positions can be kept open as long as the markets are open. A day trader could open a position right when markets open at 9:30 a.m. EST and then close it right before markets close at 4 p.m. That would still technically be a day trade, even though the position was held open for more than six hours. A scalper, on the other hand, rarely holds a position open for more than a few minutes. Usually, a scalper's timeframe can be measured in seconds.
To operate within such small timeframes, scalpers often use computer programs that automate these trades. A day trader who uses longer-term strategies may be less likely to use these kinds of automated programs, though they may choose to use them, as well.
Key Takeaways
 - Scalping is a day trading strategy that involves making many small-profit trades rather than fewer large-profit trades.
 - Scalping is one of the shortest-term trading strategies, and many positions last only seconds or minutes.
 - Scalping requires discipline—once a set profit or loss has been reached, the scalper needs to exit the trade.
 - Some scalpers use their own discretion to place trades while others create computer programs that automate their trading strategies.


Simplified Chinese
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Simplified Chinese is a simplification of Chinese characters that was adopted as the official orthography of the People's Republic of China in 1949. It is also used in Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters remain in use in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Malaysia. The characters were simplified in may ways, including using commonly used abbreviations, retaining only part of a traditional character, replacing the phonetic element with a simpler one, and replacing several traditional characters with one simplified character.[1]
 1. Simplified Chinese characters


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Charles Benedict DavenportArticle Free Pass
Charles Benedict Davenport, (born June 1, 1866, Stamford, Conn., U.S.—died Feb. 18, 1944, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), American zoologist who contributed substantially to the study of eugenics (the improvement of populations through breeding) and heredity and who pioneered the use of statistical techniques in biological research.
After receiving a doctorate in zoology at Harvard University in 1892, Davenport taught there until 1899, when he left to join the faculty of the University of Chicago, where, from 1901 to 1904, he was curator of the zoological museum. He directed the department of genetics (1904–34) for the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and also founded and directed the Eugenics Record Office (1910–34).
While teaching experimental morphology at Harvard, he used statistical methods in population studies. Partly as a result of breeding experiments with chickens and canaries, he was one of the first, soon after 1902, to recognize the validity of the newly discovered Mendelian theory of heredity. In Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911), he compiled evidence concerning the inheritance of human traits, on the basis of which he argued that the application of genetic principles would improve the human race.
Davenport was editor of Genetics (from 1916) and the Journal of Physical Anthropology (from 1918). Davenport's other important works include Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Biological Variation (1899), Eugenics (1910), and Body Build and Its Inheritance (1923).
What made you want to look up "Charles Benedict Davenport"? Please share what surprised you most...


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The exhibit illuminates the cross cultural connections between the two continents as well as the rich diversity that makes each country unique. Although both have roots as British colonies, the British influence on children's books has manifested itself in different ways. In Australia early picture books strongly reflected English and European flora and fauna, evident in Outhwaite and Maltby. The pictures portrayed a romanticized version of what was seen. In America, however; European influence is represented by the importation of foreign books, including elaborately illustrated "gift" books by Rackham, Dula and Nielsen. N. C. Wyeth was the first illustrator to depict American settings with the same romance, richness and sense of drama as the European "classics" in books like The Last of the Mohicans and Rip Van Winkle.
A significant change took place in both Australian and American children's books in the 1940s. Picture books began primarily to reflect the native landscape and people of each country in everyday settings—in a meadow, on Main Street, at the public garden. Instead of offering children romanticized and exotic views of the world, they could now see and read about people and animals "in their own backyard." Dorothy Wall stands out as an early pioneer in these indigenous reflections of Australian settings. In America, Robert McCloskey and Lois Lenski lovingly portrayed a variety of settings across the country. This appreciation for domestic, regional settings has continued with many contemporary American and Australian illustrators like Barbara Cooney, Wendell Minor, Tomie De Paola, Alice and Martin Provensen, Julie Vivas, and Robert Ingpen.
In the 1960s, for the first time, a few books began to portray racially mixed neighborhoods or focused on families from different racial and ethnic backgrounds, reflecting significant social movements that were taking place at the time. Another noteworthy trend has occurred in the last decade with a virtual explosion of books reflecting a wide range of cultures within each country. Not only is there an awareness of people from different backgrounds but, more significantly, an appreciation and celebration of the rich tapestry of a multicultural society. In the work of Brian Pinkney, Carmen Lomas Garza, Lin Onus, and Pat Torres, one can see a pride in both contemporary and traditional life styles.
The exhibit offers an intercontinental journey through the rich heritage of children's book illustration in Australia and America, featuring intimate moments and vast landscapes, the quiet beauty of rural settings and the vitality of city life, and even some fantasy places that exist only in the artist's imagination.Dodd Research Center


ME Faculty Study How COVID-19 Spreads Indoors
ME faculty members Jiarong Hong and Suo Yang are researching how COVID-19 particles float in indoor settings, hoping to answer questions about how the virus spreads in different spaces. Hong and Yang received two grants to study how aerosols spread indoors through speaking and breathing. Their research shows how ventilation and location impacts the risk of virus transmission.
Their study included looking at elevators, small classrooms, and grocery stores, finding that 98% of aerosol particles are still present after 50 minutes of an instructor lecturing in a classroom. This helps inform how to ventilate spaces to avoid hot spots.
"There are a lot of practical guidelines we can derive from this research, and one important thing is...we need to actually optimize how we ventilate," said Hong. "So in the classroom setting with just ventilating air from one particular location, that is not very efficient."
Up next: the team will work with the Minnesota Orchestra to study how airflow moves through instruments and in concert halls to improve ventilation and minimize risks for players and concertgoers. They also plan to study restaurants and other common indoor settings.


What Do Marcus Smart's College Numbers Tell Us About His NBA Future?
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One of the most popular parlor games surrounding the NBA draft is finding comparisons for this year's prospects. Is Andrew Wiggins the next Kevin Durant or the next Corey Brewer? Which NBA player represents the best-case scenario for Jabari Parker? Who represents the worst-case scenario for Joel Embiid?
These types of comparisons aren't about scouting as much as they are a shorthand for true scouting. Comparisons can give you an idea about the game of a certain player, but they can also leave out a lot of information, missing nuance or inadvertently implying things that simply aren't true.
Even with those flaws, looking for draft-prospect comparisons is a useful tactic to begin building context around a player's skills while starting to dig into what type of player they might be in the NBA.
In an effort to leverage these comparisons into their most useful form, I borrowed a technique from Basketball-Reference to build a statistical model for making these comparisons.
Draft prospects from each season are compared across 21 different statistical categories, weighted equally, to draft prospects from previous seasons. Unfortunately, this method only works for comparing apples to apples, so the system is limited to collegiate draft prospects and doesn't include any international players.
The output of the model is a Similarity Score between 1-1000, representing how similar the player's statistical profiles are. For example, when we run Marcus Smart through the system these are the three closest profiles we find:
Player Similarity Score
Iman Shumpert 903
Tyreke Evans 892
James Harden 880
Iman Shumpert, Tyreke Evans and James Harden would seem to be a fantastic blend of potential career paths for Smart. Obviously, there is a wide gap between Harden and Shumpert, but if Smart's ultimate NBA path where to fall somewhere in between those two, whoever selects him in the draft would be assured of landing a pretty good player.
However, these Similarity Scores are not a projection; that is to say they are not directly indicating that Smart's NBA career will be similar to Shumpert's. They are simply a snapshot of what each player accomplished in college.
If we dig further into the numbers, we can start to add some context and really begin to suss out what they are telling us about Smart.
For example, while the talent level is strong in this set of comparable players, none of them actually play point guard in the NBA, which is Smart's listed position. All three were primary ball-handlers in college and frequently play with the ball in their hands in the NBA, but none of them play the same position as Smart.
In fact, if we extend the list to his 10-closest comparable players, we add the likes of Dominique Jones, Frank Williams, Dwyane Wade, Willie Warren, Tony Allen, Ronnie Brewer and Brandon Paul. Again, there is plenty of talent there, but of that list only Williams was actually a point guard.
The implication then is that there are some pieces of in Smart's statistical profile that make him more similar to other wing players than NBA point guards.
If we focus solely upon Smart's rebounding numbers (split into offensive and defensive rebounds per 40 minutes), here are his three-closest comparisons:
Player OREB/40 DREB/40 Percent Match
Marcus Smart 1.6 5.1 -
Gerald Henderson 1.7 5.0 98.6%
Corey Brewer 1.5 5.0 98.6%
Kareem Rush 1.6 4.8 98.2%
The percent match column shows how close of a match these players would be if we just looked at just the rebounding numbers instead of all 21 categories that make up the Similarity Scores. As you can see, Smart is a much better rebounder than most point guards, with numbers that compare favorably to wings and small forwards.
We see the same pattern with his defensive numbers—steals, blocks and personal fouls per 40 minutes:
Player STLS/40 BLK/40 PF/40 Percent Match
Marcus Smart 3.3 0.7 3.4 -
Iman Shumpert 3.3 0.2 3.3 95.2%
Victor Oladipo 3.0 1.1 3.4 93.8%
Dion Waiters 3.0 0.5 3.1 92.1%
Here, we again see Smart's numbers matching more closely with wing prospects. The good news is that they place him alongside some of the best individual defenders to come into the league in the past few drafts. Although Waiters has been mediocre defender so far in the NBA, he was a ferocious on-ball defender in college.
Between his steals and his fouls, Smart has the resume of a high-pressure defensive presencea resume that is more than supported by actually watching him play. Mike Schmitz of DraftExpress.com highlighted some of the same points in his draft profile for Smart:
Smart is prone to gambles and off-ball mistakes, but there is no doubt that he will be able to play NBA-caliber on-ball defense right away.
If we move into his passing numbers, we again see some distance between Smart and the players we would think of as true point guards. Looking at just those numbers—assists per 40 minutes, assists per field-goal attempt and turnovers per possession—here are his three-closest comparable profiles:
Player AST/40 AST/FGA TO/POS Percent Match
Marcus Smart 5.5 0.38 0.16 -
Reggie Jackson 5.4 0.35 0.16 98.1%
Sherron Collins 5.4 0.37 0.17 97.1%
Ben Hansbrough 5.0 0.36 0.16 97.1%
Of the three, only Jackson has been able to carve out an NBA career, and he is as much of a scorer as a shot-creator. The bottom line is that Smart's assists and ratio of assists-to-field-goal-attempts are both fairly low. Both of these things are influenced by his collegiate role at Oklahoma State and the scoring demands that were put on him. But they raise some questions about his ability to effectively facilitate in an NBA offense.
Lenny Ignelzi/Associated Press
The last two groups of stats to look at are Smart's scoring and shooting numbers. Here are the three-closest comparable profiles focused on scoring:
Player USG% PTS/40 FTA/40 3PA/FGA PTS/POS Percent Match
Marcus Smart 23.8% 20.5 9.2 0.42 1.06 -
Elliott Williams 23.3% 21.5 9.0 0.42 1.15 93.5%
Willie Warren 23.1% 20.2 7.5 0.40 1.03 93.2%
Iman Shumpert 23.2% 20.7 6.8 0.35 1.07 91.6%
Here are the three-closest comparable profiles based solely upon shooting percentages:
Player 2PT% 3PT% FT% Percent Match
Marcus Smart 51.4% 29.9% 72.8%
Jrue Holiday 52.8% 30.7% 72.6% 97.1%
Tyreke Evans 52.1% 31.1% 74.1% 97.0%
Dominique Jones 51.4% 27.4% 71.1% 96.8%
These are a less than inspiring group of comparable profiles on both accounts, particularly on the shooting side. Holiday has become a respectable shooter, but the lack of an outside shot continues to be Evans' Achilles' heel, and Jones is out of the league.
The good news is what the numbers appear to say about Smart's ability to get into the lane, draw fouls and finish around the basket. He accumulated free throws at a prodigious rate in college and clearly has the ability to make things happen off the dribble.
Those numbers temper some of the discouragement that comes with the players he compares to as a passer. Smart has the ability to break down a defense, but at Oklahoma State his offensive balance leaned slightly toward creating for himself. However, the potential would seem to be there for him to develop into a more effective shot-creator in the NBAif the team he winds up with helped nudge him in that direction, of course.
Having sifted through all of these different smaller categories, a clearer picture of Smart as a draft prospect emerges. Even as a rookie, he should be able to make a significant impact as a defender and rebounder, as he possesses the potential to make elite contributions as a point guard in both categories.
On offense, things are slightly more murky. His outside shooting is questionable, and while he has tremendous off-the-dribble ability, he hasn't channeled as much of that ability into shot creation for his teammates as you would normally see from a point guard.
But when you put the puzzle pieces back together, we arrive at that initial list of comparisons: Iman Shumpert, Tyreke Evans and James Harden. Obviously, there are no sure things when it comes to the NBA draft, but the numbers seem to be saying that Marcus Smart could be "good


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Department of Agronomy, Panhandle State University, Goodwell, Oklahoma 73939, and Department of Agronomy, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
Five cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) were grown in the field under two ridge-and-furrow irrigation treatments in the Panhandle of Oklahoma to determine if yields could be increased by applying irrigation water at different times in the spring than it is normally applied. The plants grown under the "modified" irrigation schedule received 15.2 cm of irrigation water in the spring added in 7.6-cm increments on 20 March and 24 April, while the plants grown under the "normal" irrigation schedule received 22.8 cm of irrigation water added in 7.6-cm increments on 20 March, 3 April, and 24 April. Control plants were grown dryland. Plant water potential, osmotic potential, stomatal resistance, and leaf temperature were monitored monthly in the spring on plants under the three watering regimes to quantify plant water stress.
Yields were highest for the modified treatment (average yield: 4470 kg/ha) and were 23% more than yields for the plants under the normal irrigation schedule (average yield: 3640 kg/ha). Average yield of dryland plants was 1660 kg/ha. After March, plants grown under the modified treatment showed more plant water stress than plants grown under the normal irrigation treatment. Dryland plants showed more stress than irrigated plants throughout the experiment. Yield and water use efficiency were maximum when irrigation water was applied under the modified regime, which received 7.6 cm less water, than under the normal regime.
Wheat farmers in the High Plains of Oklahoma often over-irrigate and lose precious ground water, which is being depleted from the Central Ogallala Formation (9, 10, 11, 13, 18). Yet other farmers are abandoning the land because they no longer can afford to pump water from the deepening ground water source. Irrigation water must be conserved and applied at times which will maximize yield.
Most wheat farmers in the High Plains irrigate in the following manner (5, 8, 15). They apply one irrigation in the fall before planting wheat in September or October. After planting, they apply another irrigation. In the spring, they apply two to three irrigations, starting about the first part of April and ending before harvest in late June or early July. In the Panhandle, flowering occurs midto late May. Total amount of irrigation water used is 30.4 cm or 7.6 cm per irrigation (furrow irrigation). Similar irrigation practices are used on small grains other than wheat (17).
Irrigation scheduling often is based on meteorological factors, such as evapotranspiration rate. However, determination of evapotranspiration rate is not always an accurate method with which to plan irrigations. Research on corn, for example, shows that an irrigation early in the flowering period greatly increases yield, but this timing is not indicated by evapotranspiration measurements (2). For high yield, therefore, irrigation water should be added when the plant needs it, and not at times based on meteorological conditions.
It is generally believed that flowering (anthesis) is the stage at which water should be applied to wheat to insure high yields (8, 15, 16). However, work in Egypt suggests that, if enough water is applied at planting to establish the wheat, yields are maximum if irrigation water is applied at the time of stem extension rather than at flowering (1). Flowering was the second most critical period in the Egyptian study. Stem extension for wheat in the Panhandle starts about mid-March.
Little information has been published concerning irrigations in the Panhandle. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an alternate irrigation schedule on wheat yield in the Panhandle of Oklahoma. Yield was compared to plants grown under the normal
irrigation regime for the region. Plants under the normal irrigation regime received 7.6 cm more water than did plants under the modified regime. Wheat also was grown without irrigation water ("dryland" treatment). Plant-water measurements (leaf water potential, osmotic potential, and stomatal resistance) were obtained to quantify plant water stress under the three watering conditions.
The experiment was carried out at the Panhandle Research Station, Goodwell, Oklahoma during the _PHONE_ growing season. Certified hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) seed was planted in east-west rows on 13 Oct. 1977, for the three treatments (normal irrigation schedule, modified irrigation schedule, and dryland). The land for each treatment measured 90 meters long and 4.3 meters wide. The treatments were adjacent to each other. The normally irrigated plots were on the north side of the experimental area receiving the modified irrigation schedule. The dryland plots were on the south side of the experimental area receiving the modified irrigation schedule. A John Deere DRB-20-8 grain drill was used to plant the seeds. There were 20 cm between the rows. Six rows of wheat were planted between each two irrigation furrows. There were three beds (three ridges of plants) for each treatment and each bed was 142 cm in width. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the rate of 110 kg/ha. An application (0.6 kg/ha) of an ester of 2,4-D was made on 17 March for the control of tansy mustard (Descurainia pinnata).
Each of the three plots was divided into five subplots, each containing a cultivar of wheat commonly grown in the Panhandle. The five cultivars were: 'Centurk' (CI 15075), 'Scout 66' (CI 13996), 'Tam W101' (CI 15324), 'Triumph 64' (CI 13679), and 'Vona' (CI 17441). The cultivars were randomly distributed within each treatment. The plots receiving the normal and modified irrigation schedules were planted with 30.5 kg seed/ha and the dryland plots were planted with 15.3 kg seed/ha. The soil type was a Richfield clay loam (12), which is classified as a Aridic Argiustoll.
The plots receiving the normal and modified irrigation schedule were irrigated on 20 September 1977 (pre-planting irrigation), and on 3 November 1977 (post-emergence irrigation), each time with 7.6 cm water. In the spring, these plots received water, as follows:
|Treatment||Amount and Date of Water Added|
|Normal irrigation schedule||7.6 cm water, 20 March
7.6 cm water, 3 April
7.6 cm water, 24 April
|Modified irrigation schedule||7.6 cm water, 20 March
7.6 cm water, 24 April
|Dryland||See Table 1 for rainfall|
Therefore, the plants under the modified schedule received 7.6 cm less irrigation water than did the plants under the normal irrigation schedule.
On four days in the spring (13 March, 12 April, 10 May, 5 June), measurements of height, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, stomatal resistance, and leaf temperature were taken between 08:00 and 10:00 hr on three plants in the center bed of each cultivar within each of the three treatments, as follows. [The center of the bed was measured to avoid border effects (19).] First, height was measured from the ground to the top of the tallest leaf. When heads emerged (midto late May), height was measured to the tip of the head, excluding the awns.
Second, leaf temperature of the upper surface was measured using a hand-held, fine-wire thermocouple unit (chromelconstantan, 0.0762 mm diameter, Omega Engineering, Inc., Stamford, Conn.). The hand-held probe was attached to a Keithley Model 155 Null Detector-Microvoltmeter (Keithley Instruments, Cleveland, Ohio). The leaf-temperature measuring device is described by Perrier (14). Air temperature was measured with a thermometer at the top of the canopy.
Resistance of the stomata on the upper leaf surface was measured, immediately after leaf temperature was measured, with a calibrated stomatal diffusion porometer (7) (Model LI-60 and Sensor LI-15S, Lambda Instrument Corp., Lincoln, Neb.).
After stomatal resistances were measured, leaves were sampled for potential measurements. Water and osmotic potentials were determined with thermocouple psychrometers designed by Dalton and Rawlins (3), using the technique described by Ehlig (4). Leaves used for potential, stomatal resistance, and temperature determinations were flag leaves for the May and June measurements.
The wheat was harvested on 26 June 1978, 256 days after planting, with a Hege Model No. 125 combine which cut four rows (90 cm). Three 3-meter samples were taken from each subplot to provide three replications. The center bed of the three beds in each treatment was sampled to avoid errors due to edge effects on rows bordering different treatments. At harvest, height, test weight, and yield were determined.
Meteorological data (Table 1) were provided by the official weather station located 351 m northwest of the plots at the Panhandle Research Station (20). Data in Table 1 also were obtained directly at the field plots on the four days of measurements in the spring. Wind


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1. Exploratory Data Analysis
1.3. EDA Techniques
1.3.6. Probability Distributions Estimating the Parameters of a Distribution
Maximum Likelihood
The reliability chapter contains some examples of the likelihood functions for a few of the commonly used distributions in reliability analysis.
Advantages The advantages of this method are:
 - Maximum likelihood provides a consistent approach to parameter estimation problems. This means that maximum likelihood estimates can be developed for a large variety of estimation situations. For example, they can be applied in reliability analysis to censored data under various censoring models.
 - Maximum likelihood methods have desirable mathematical and optimality properties. Specifically,
 1. They become minimum variance unbiased estimators as the sample size increases. By unbiased, we mean that if we take (a very large number of) random samples with replacement from a population, the average value of the parameter estimates will be theoretically exactly equal to the population value. By minimum variance, we mean that the estimator has the smallest variance, and thus the narrowest confidence interval, of all estimators of that type.
 2. They have approximate normal distributions and approximate sample variances that can be used to generate confidence bounds and hypothesis tests for the parameters.
 - Several popular statistical software packages provide excellent algorithms for maximum likelihood estimates for many of the commonly used distributions. This helps mitigate the computational complexity of maximum likelihood estimation.
Disadvantages The disadvantages of this method are:
 - The likelihood equations need to be specifically worked out for a given distribution and estimation problem. The mathematics is often non-trivial, particularly if confidence intervals for the parameters are desired.
 - The numerical estimation is usually non-trivial. Except for a few cases where the maximum likelihood formulas are in fact simple, it is generally best to rely on high quality statistical software to obtain maximum likelihood estimates. Fortunately, high quality maximum likelihood software is becoming increasingly common.
 - Maximum likelihood estimates can be heavily biased for small samples. The optimality properties may not apply for small samples.
 - Maximum likelihood can be sensitive to the choice of starting values.
Software Most general purpose statistical software programs support maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in some form. MLE estimation can be supported in two ways.
 1. A software program may provide a generic function minimization (or equivalently, maximization) capability. This is also referred to as function optimization. Maximum likelihood estimation is essentially a function optimization problem.
 This type of capability is particularly common in mathematical software programs.
 2. A software program may provide MLE computations for a specific problem. For example, it may generate ML estimates for the parameters of a Weibull distribution.
 Statistical software programs will often provide ML estimates for many specific problems even when they do not support general function optimization.
The advantage of function minimization software is that it can be applied to many different MLE problems. The drawback is that you have to specify the maximum likelihood equations to the software. As the functions can be non-trivial, there is potential for error in entering the equations.
The advantage of the specific MLE procedures is that greater efficiency and better numerical stability can often be obtained by taking advantage of the properties of the specific estimation problem. The specific methods often return explicit confidence intervals. In addition, you do not have to know or specify the likelihood equations to the software. The disadvantage is that each MLE problem must be specifically coded.
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Should there be a crucifix in the sanctuary?
Full Question
Our church has a large cross with a figure of the risen Christ attached but no crucifix. Even the processional cross has the risen Christ. Shouldn't there be a crucifix near the altar?
The General Instruction of the Roman Missal instructs that there must be a cross (with a crucified corpus) on or near the altar, "positioned either on the altar or near it, and... clearly visible to the people gathered there" (GIRM 308). In the case where a crucifix is not in the sanctuary, the processional cross with the figure of Christ crucified upon it would be an option.
Peggy Frye


Qualitative property
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Some engineering and scientific properties are qualitative. A test method can result in qualitative data about something. This can be a pass/fail, Go/no go, conform/non-conform, categorical result or Binary classification. It can sometimes be an engineering judgement.
Qualitative properties in businesses[edit]
Some important qualitative properties that concerns businesses are:
Human factors, 'human work capital' is probably one of the most important issues that deals with qualitative properties. Some common aspects are work, motivation, general participation, etc. Although all of these aspects are not measurable in terms of quantitative criteria, the general overview of them could be reviewed quantitative.
Environmental issues, since the time of the 80's a growing aspect for businesses. Although a lot of these aspects are regulated by law (and this is increasing) and quantitatively measurable, there are properties that are qualitative e.g.: environmental friendly production, responsibility for the entire life of a product (from the raw-material till scrap), attitude towards safe/efficient/minimum waste production and acting in order to achieve this.
Ethic issues closely related to environmental and human issues. Things like child-labour, illegal dumping of waste, etc. are considered under the name of ethic issues. These topics are for more formal aspects covered in the corporate governance.
The way a company deals with its stockholders (the 'acting' of a company) is probably the most obvious qualitative aspect that people generally deal with. Although behaviour of something measuring in qualitative terms is difficult, most people can (and will) make a judgement about the behaviour on the basis of how they (feel) treated. This indicates that qualitative properties are closely related to 'the way how things feel or be felt', emotional impressions prevail ratio.
See also[edit]


text:
AUDITING/ ETHICS/ INTERNAL CONTROL
GRADE 12 : E4
1. Which income and expense items should the internal auditor focus on?
2.1. Sales & Cost of Sales
* One of the most important figures for a business is the Sales figure. The current year's sales figure sits at R3 230 000 which is R670 000 less than the previous year's figure of R3 900 000 i.e. a decrease of 17.18%. The reason for this could be a lower percentage mark-up. The business could also be at a stage of lower economic activity. This can be seen as suspicious and the internal auditor would need to investigate a possibility of fraud or error as will be discussed below.
* The cost of sales account has decreased substantially by R790 000 to R1 810 000 in the current year from the previous year's figure of R 2 600 000 i.e. A decrease of 30.38%. This indicates that the business had a worrying decrease in economic activity in the past year.
The remarkable decrease in the cost of sales figure, somewhat justifies the dramatic decrease in the sales figure. Although these trends do correlate, the internal auditor would still be required to identify where the cause of the downturn in economic activity.
* The profit percentage of sales for 2005 is 44%, a 10.7% increase from 33.3% in 2004. This trend would suggest that the business has grown because profitability has increased. However, judging by the Sales and Cost of Sales figures, the business has not grown in terms of economic activity.
Testing to see whether the business has maintained its the profit margin:
2005: Profit Mark-up = Gross Profit/ (Sales – Cost of Sales) x 100 Cost of Sales
= 3 230 000 – 1 810 000 x 100 1 810 000
2004: Profit Mark-up = Gross Profit/ (Sales – Cost of Sales) x 100 Cost of Sales
= 3 900 000 – 2 600 000 x 100 2 600 000
This increase in the mark-up on stock is worrying for the business, and if true, can be the cause of the sudden decrease in economic activity. In most businesses, the mark-up stays relatively constant or does shift marginally either way. There must be some errors/or fraud in the calculations of the sales and cost of sales accounts.
* The Net profit figure has shown an increase by R11 000 from R381 000 in 2004 to R392 000 in 2005, even though there was a decline in economic activity (sales and cost of sales figures decreased, but profit increased). The auditor must address the going-on concern principle to the directors of the company and find out if they wish to sell their business within the near future. It would be a good idea to raise profits if they intend to sell. However, if this is not the case, then inflating profits means additional taxes to SARS.
Though we may not be able to prove that the figures are inaccurate, we can conclude that an auditor needs to investigate these accounts to identify why the financial indicators are producing conflicting results.
It is highly plausible that internal control measures in place for proper recording of sales are not up to standard. What this means is that perhaps the staff that records & processes Sales are either incompetent or dishonest. In the scenario where a sale is made in an emergency situation (power failures, computer crashes), it gets recorded on a piece of paper known as a Delivery note. In a big company it often occurs that this note gets 'misplaced' either in error or fraudulently. These sales may never be processed. If fraudulently, then a staff member may benefit from the 'undeclared' sale. The internal auditor must check whether the Delivery note...