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itself you can also make a separate BFS partition yourself and then copy over the contents of the image to that partition. You will need a platform supporting BFS to do that obviously, which leaves you with two possible options. Either you use a version of BeOS to do the setup with DriveSetup or mkbfs or you use Haiku itself with the Installer or DriveSetup. Once you've created and initialized the target partition you can mount the image (using tools like Mount Image or through the Terminal) and copy over all the files. If you are under Haiku, you can just as well use the Installer to make a duplicate of your currently booted installation.
3. Getting Bootable
Now that you have installed Haiku in some way or another there might remain steps to take to actually make this installation bootable. As you saw above, there are quite a few things involved when booting an OS. Some of the parts differ between OSes, not everyone might split boot loader and kernel, but essentially the steps are the same. Most of the things can and will be further automated when Haiku will be released, but others are more complicated and not within the power of Haiku.
3.1 Making the Partition Bootable
If you built from source directly to a partition the build system has most probably done the required steps to make the partition bootable automatically. If so you can skip this point and continue with configuring the boot manager below.
When you just create a plain partition and initialize it to a BFS filesystem or if you copy over a complete Haiku image, this doesn't necessarily make the partition bootable. The partition boot record may be missing, or the partition offset could be misconfigured. The prebuilt images for example contain a partition offset of 0 for example, since they are not actually partitioned. They only consist of a direct BFS filesystem, so the offset to that is 0. This will work in exactly one case, where you don't actually put it into a partition. If you for example copy such an image directly to a USB drive starting from 0, overwriting the MBR (destoying all partitions already there), then this will boot. If you however copy an image to the first partition on your harddisk, this will not work out of the box, as the boot code in the partition boot record won't find the desired filesystem at offset 0 (that's where the MBR still is).
To make sure a partition boot record is there and it contains the right partition offset, you can use the tool "makebootable". Makebootable will do both, write the partition boot code to the beginning of the partition and detect and write the partition offset to where it is needed. You can use the makebootable from BeOS if you have a BeOS installation that has access to the partition in question. To do that, mount the volume you have Haiku installed to and use:
Where "/HaikuMountpoint" is where you have mounted your Haiku volume to. Note that the BeOS makebootable can be used, because the partition boot record does only load the zbeos boot loader. As Haiku does provide a zbeos as well and there is no information passed from the partition boot code to the boot loader, this is compatible between BeOS and Haiku and you can use a BeOS makebootable with a Haiku boot loader and the other way around.
If you already have some Haiku medium capable of booting Haiku (like a USB drive) you could also boot into Haiku and run makebootable from there. Note that there is currently a bug in makebootable that will require you to run it from the location it resides in like so:
If you are on Linux or another build platform that has support for makebootable and have the sources available you can run:
jam run ":makebootable" /dev/sdaX
Where the "/dev/sdaX" is the partition that is supposed to be made bootable. Under Windows this is currently not possible.
3.2 Configuring the Boot Manager
When the partition itself is bootable, i.e. contains a partition boot record and the correct partition offset, there needs to be a way to get it executed. If you installed Haiku by copying an image to the complete beginning of a disk or USB drive, this will already be the case. There is no boot manager and no MBR at all, but straight the partition boot code, which should then work out of the box. So if you have it installed this way, go right ahead and boot.
If you use a boot manager like GRUB however, you need to instruct it to load from that partition. You do that for GRUB by adding an entry to its menu.lst usually located at "/boot/grub/menu.lst". The following would instruct it to switch to the partition and then just chainload the partition boot record:
That would work if you installed to disk "0" and partition "3". Note that the GRUB naming is one-off the Linux one, so if you have it installed to "/dev/sda4" that would translate to disk "0" (sda == 0, sdb == 1,...) and partition "3" (4 - 1).
In case you are using the BeOS boot manager, just re-run the "bootman" command and add the new Haiku partition to the boot menu.
If you have another boot manager consult its documentation on how to chainload partitions, most should support such a thing, possibly named a bit different. In doubt just add an entry for the partition, probably this will cause it to chainload, even if not explicitly named so.
4. Easy Installation through USB Drives
The above steps should get you going in most cases, but maybe sound a bit scary or involved. My personally recommended method that should work on most current hardware would be to make a dedicated USB drive like a USB memory stick to boot Haiku. To do that, you can take a relatively small USB drive that has enough space to fit the image onto. Then you just copy that image directly to the raw drive, not to a partition, replacing everything including the MBR, destroying all the partitions that were on there (see above as to tools to use). This is destructive and you can't use anything after the image size of that drive, but if you get some cheap small USB memory stick just for that purpose it's certainly one of the easiest ways to boot Haiku. Once you've booted Haiku you can also do an installation from there, initializing partitions with BFS using DriveSetup and using the Installer to do a proper installation. Note that you cannot currently create partitions under Haiku. Use your preferred partition tool to create a dedicated partition before booting Haiku. Note also that the Installer doesn't have a link in the Haiku menu, therefore just run it from the Terminal. If you additionally execute it from "/bin" this works around the makebootable problem, giving you the commands:
That should work and be pretty usable to boot devices that you have no other means to put Haiku onto otherwise. This works for example out of the box on the Asus EEE, but really should work for every USB bootable x86 machine. If it doesn't, please make sure that your issue is documented in a bug report at our bug tracker. We cannot fix it if we don't know that it's broken.
I hope this clears up some things. If nothing else this should get you a better starting point for troubleshooting if it indeed doesn't boot.


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Design student James Auger has built a robotic digital clock that draws its energy from common house flies that it traps and "consumes." It's a simple design: unsuspecting insects get ensnared on a sticky conveyer belt (basically mechanized fly paper). The conveyer belt then draws the insect down towards a blade which scrapes the catch into a Microbial Fuel Cell (MCF) where the fly carcass is slowly digested by bacteria, creating a steady stream of chemical energy to power the clock's LCD and tiny motor (see the video below).
To summarize: science has produced a self-sustaining robot that is designed to trap, kill, and consume living creatures for energy. As far as flies are concerned, the robot apocalypse has already begun.
This meat-eating roboclock design was inspired by previous work from the Bristol Robotics Lab, which has developed MFCs to extract electricity from bacteria as they breakdown various forms of biomasseverything from unrefined sugars to fruits to insects.
The killer clock, however, represents a new evolution in carnivorous hardware. Unlike the Bristol bots, which needed to be fed by researchers, the clock can feed and sustain itself.
Overall, this form of renewable, fossil fuelfree tech will probably prove to be a good thing. As robot motor skills improve, we can expect to see all manner of self-powering bots that will hunt, kill, and consume creatures that humans consider "pests." Besides, I can't think of any reason why this may cause a problem down the road, can you?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


14. Chin up.
Sort of a gesture of a proud body language, but be proud of being confident. Don't be arrogant. Know the difference between confidence and arrogance; you'll be hated for being arrogant and loved for being sure. Keep your chin high to retain your body language of confidence.
15. They are watching your feet too.
Don't think that nobody else is watching them if you aren't. Trust me, they are, and it's of huge, immense importance. It tells them where your interest lies if you're in the presence of more than one.
Also, take long, confident steps when you walk, don't lose your balance, and keep them aligned with your hip for the same.
The power of body language is tremendous as it plays a crucial role in creating rapport and reputation. In your journey to success, it's vital not to skip or neglect this aspect of your personality
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My daughter is doing a Biography of a famous person for her 3rd grade class. She chose Jean Nicolet because he is her 11th great grandgather. The information I see on the internet is conflicting, different dates illegitimate or not etc. Does anyone have any corrections to the timeline we put together?
1598 born to Thomas Nicolet and Marguerite Delamer
1618 to Quebec was assigned that winter to live with the Algonquins on Allumette Island in the Ottowa river
1620 Returned to Quebec and made his report on the Algonquins then was sent to contact the Nippisings
1620 1st european to cross lake Michigan, fox river to an Indian village west of lake Winnebago, made a treaty, of peace with the tribes
1628 Illegitimate? Daughter born mother: Jeanne Nipissing (une sauvagesse de Nipissing, meaning "a Nipissing Indian woman") Madeline or more specifically Euphrosine Madeleine Nicolet
1629 July 19, Quebec fell to England, he fled with his daughter to the safety of the Huron country. He worked from there against English interests until the French were restored to power.
1633 July Returned toTrois-Riveres in Quebec
1634 Sent West Wi area 1st european to cross lake Michigan ascended Green bay and Fox river to an Indian village west of lake Winnebago, and made a treaty, of peace with the tribes.
1635 Autumn Returned to his clerking position in Quebec
1637 October Married Marguerite (daughter of Guillaume Couillard and Guillemette Herbert) with whom he had a daughter and a son
1637 may 23 he and Oliver Letardif jointly received a grant of 160 acres in the outskirts of Trois-Rivieres
1640 Child Ignace son
1642 Oct 27 he was drowned while hastening to Three Rivers to prevent the death of a captive, belonging to a tribe in alliance with the Iroquois, whom the Algonquins were torturing.
1642 Child Marguerite daughter
1642 October, 1642, he was named commis général of the Company of One Hundred Associates during the absence of Le Tardif.
1643 Quote from Father Vimont
1910 Nicolet's landing at Red Banks is commemorated by a 1910 mural at the Neville Public Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
1950 a statue of him was erected and is now located at Wequiock Falls County Park along Wisconsin Highway 57, about 10 miles northeast of Green Bay and a mile from where it is believed he landed.
1955 Nicolet High School in suburban Milwaukee is named after him. Also he (nicollet) had help by a few friends from France.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Working Memory Performance
MetadataShow full item record
Working memory is the temporary storage mechanism that underlies our ability to hold and process information over a brief period of time. It is a pre-requisite for the long-term storage of information, reading, problem-solving and language comprehension. Research examining the relationship between working memory and socioeconomic status remains inconclusive. The present study brings together educational, cognitive ageing, intelligence and socioeconomic status (SES) research in order to determine whether, in a large, adult sample, working memory performance differs across SES. Data were obtained form an Internet test attempted by ~480,000 people on the Science pages of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) website. This data included tests of working memory, short-term memory and some demographic information on participants. A subset of participants who provided the necessary demographic information and were aged between 30 and 45 were selected. Participants' postcodes were linked to Geoplan® (2011) SES data, and working memory performance was assessed across SES. Tests of measurement invariance identified a single latent working memory factor that was being measured consistently across SES. It was not possible to constrain means equal. Therefore differences in mean performances across SES could be considered to reflect differences in the latent working memory construct. Factor scores on this latent variable were computed and used as a measure of participants' general working memory performance. A series of ANOVAs demonstrated that working memory performance differed from SES group AB to C1 (p=0._PHONE_), and from AB to D (p=0._PHONE_). When education was introduced as a covariate, there was a significant difference between the working memory performance of participants in SES groups AB and C1 (p=0.004), AB and D (p=0.003), and C1and D (p=0.012). Performances on individual working memory tasks were either significant or almost significant in comparisons between AB, C1 and D. In all analyses, there were no significant differences observed when SES grade E was included in pairwise comparisons. Results indicated that SES influences level of working memory performance, with those in a higher SES grade scoring higher on average than their lower SES counterparts. Implications for further research are discussed with a focus on SES measurement and conception, as well the problems associated with demographic composition of the present sample.


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A recent research has revealed that a woman's resting pulse rate is a good predictor of her heart stroke and heart attack risks, regardless of other risk factors such as a lack of physical activity, obesity, unhealthy eating habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, high blood pressure and family history.
The research was conducted on 10,000 postmenopausal women who had no history of cardiovascular problems. Their pulse rates were measured at the start of the research and their heart beats were regularly recorded every week for the next eight years. The scientists found that women who had 75 or more beats per minute were more susceptible to a heart attack than the women with 60 beats per minute or less.
A normal pulse rate can be maintained by avoiding nervousness, stress, depression, alcohol use and tobacco use. Moreover, maintaining a healthy body mass index and engaging into a regular physical activity also help maintain normal heart beats.
It also makes a good idea to take a dietary supplement that helps maintain the health of your heart. Kwai HEARTCARE OAD is a popular brand that is made from highest quality grown Chinese garlic cloves which are slowly dried to remove the water only. Each tablet is coated 60 times for odour control and contains 300mg of Garlic. This supplement helps maintain a healthy heart and blood circulation. You should take one Kwai Garlic OAD tablet daily. Consult your doctor before using if you are pregnant, breast feeding, suffer from an underlying medical condition or suffer from allergies.


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Wisconsin soldiers who served in the Black Hawk War (1832)
Wisconsin Muster Rolls from the Black Hawk War, 1832
During the Black Hawk War against the Sauk and Fox Indians, residents of Wisconsin were assembled into local militia, regular U.S. Army troops were deployed from St. Louis, and fighting units of Menominee and Potawatomi warriors were organized under white leadership. The lists linked below show the names of all soldiers in the 18 companies of "Iowa" militia [i.e., Iowa Co, Michigan Territory; present-day southwestern Wisconsin], plus the Menominee and Potawatomie units and one militia company raised at Green Bay. Not included here are soldiers from the militia of other states or in the regular U.S. Army; the Illinois State Archives lists soldiers from that state.
The rosters of 18 companies of Iowa Co. volunteers are listed first, followed by three Menominee and two Potawatomi companies, and finally by the single company of Green Bay militia. Altogether they total about 600 names on 67 pages.
The original muster rolls from which these typed versions were made are in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., misfiled under "Iowa." These lists were created as soldiers mustered out at the end of the conflict; occasional footnotes contain supplemental information from a parallel set of payroll records for each unit. The originals have not been microfilmed, and are published here for the first time. These transcriptions were made by Wisconsin Historical Society genealogical librarian James L. Hansen in 1980. They may be browsed in the left-hand frame of the viewer, and individual names may be searched in the box directly above it.
Territory to Statehood|
The Black Hawk War
Treaty Councils, from Prairie du Chien to Madeline Island
|Creator: ||U.S. General Accounting Office.
|Pub Data: ||Unpublished typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
|Citation: ||"Wisconsin Muster Rolls from the Black Hawk War, 1832." Typescript of original muster rolls in the records of the General Accounting Office (Record Group 217) at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/18/2013


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A heuristic aproach to solve disassembly lot sizing problems
Tutor / directorAmodeo, Lionel
Document typeMaster thesis
Rights accessOpen Access
In disassembly lot sizing problems the final objective is organize the schedule for disassembly operations in order to recover parts from an initial product in order to satisfy a given demand. This kind of reverse logistic procedures are becoming more and more important every day mainly as a consequence of environmental issues. When a product has arrived at the end of its life their parts can be recycled or used again but we need to organize the operations required in order to obtain the maxim profit and to respect some important constrains. The one studied is a two levels problem without commonality parts. In this project we propose two different methods to solve this disassembly lot sizing problem. The method 1 is divided in three different stages. During the first one, an initial solution is obtained using a fix-and-optimize heuristic. Since the solution after this algorithm can be feasible or not, an algorithm to fix it is proposed in the second stage. In the last stage we propose a tabo research in order to improve the solution. We have used another method which includes exact resolution with integer relaxation and simulated annealing to improve this initial solution. In the last section we show how both methods perform and we compare them.
DegreeMÀSTER UNIVERSITARI EN ENGINYERIA INDUSTRIAL (Pla 2014)


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VAND's Vision is to optimize Vermont's health through food and nutrition. To achieve this Vision, Vermont Dietitians need to be able to influence nutrition policy and promote the unique contributions the RD can make in the arena of food and nutrition. The majority of our work is volunteer driven but proposed areas of support include:
- Supporting and helping local communities in their efforts to address the childhood obesity epidemic either through working to improve school nutrition programs or helping promote community fitness programs.
- Helping combat hunger in Vermont through nutrition programs
- Support sustainable and local agriculture
Our local events are designed to help educate our members to further our Vision and Mission.
VAND Annual Events:
- March: Legislative Day: Please join us in an education day at the State House in Montpelier.
- March: National Nutrition Month: Look for events in your area
- March: National Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist Day
- April: Annual Meetingcheck the event calendar for details
- Summer: Annual VAND 5K Wallk/Run - check calendar for details
- October: Food Day-check event calendar for events in your area


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Primary beta islet insulin ELISA Measured in Cell-Based System Using Plate Reader - 2061-09_Inhibitor_Dose_DryPowder_Activity
This assay measures glucose-induced insulin secretion, the gold standard for beta-cell function. The insulin stimulatory index can be measured by ELISA, after 1-hour incubation with "high glucose" (typically 16.7 mM) in the experimental buffer, in comparison with "low glucose" (typically 1.67 mM). The rat INS-1E cell line is derived from a clone selected for high levels of insulin secretion in more..
BioActive Compound: 1
Keywords: insulin, beta cell, ELISA, primary human pancreatic beta islets
This assay measures glucose-induced insulin secretion, the gold standard for beta-cell function. The insulin stimulatory index can be measured by ELISA, after 1-hour incubation with "high glucose" (typically 16.7 mM) in the experimental buffer, in comparison with "low glucose" (typically 1.67 mM). The rat INS-1E cell line is derived from a clone selected for high levels of insulin secretion in response to glucose, and thus serves as a good model of beta-cell function. Beta cells treated with cytokines lose their insulin secretory response to glucose. Small molecules that can promote beta-cell survival should restore insulin secretion.
Cell and Human Islet Culture. Human islets were obtained through the Islet Cell Resource Consortium (_URL_ and through the National Disease Research Interchange (_URL_ The purity and viability of human islets are reported to be 70-93% and 70-98%, respectively, and the average age of cadaveric donors was 40.7 +/- 9.0 y (range 32-57 y; n = 6). Islets were washed with PBS and incubated in CMRL medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ug/mL streptomycin. Islets were gently dissociated into a cell suspension by incubating in Accutase (37 deg C, 10 min), and seeded in 96-well plates containing extracellular matrix secreted by the HTB-9 human bladder carcinoma cell line.
Primary human islets were incubated for 6 days in 100 uL of fresh RPMI containing 1% FBS and the cytokine cocktail, in the presence or absence of compounds. Media was refreshed after 3 days. Cells were washed and incubated for 2 h in KRBH (135 mM NaCl, 3.6 mM KCl, 5 mM NaHCO3, 0.5 mM NaH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 1.5 mM CaCl2, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.1% BSA) without glucose. Cells were subsequently incubated with KRBH containing 2 or 15 mM glucose for 1 hour. The supernatant was taken for measurement of released insulin. Insulin was measured with a rat insulin ELISA kit (Alpco).
ALPCO INSULIN ELISA PROTOCOL
Bring all reagents and microplate strips to room temperature prior to use. Gently mix all reagents before use. A standard curve must be performed with each assay and with each microplate if more than one is run at a time. All standards, samples, and the control should be run in duplicate.
1. Ensure that microplates are at room temperature prior to opening foil pouch. Designate enough microplate strips for the standards, desired number of samples, and control. The remaining strips should be stored at 2-8 deg C in the tightly sealed foil pouch containing the desiccant.
2. Pipette 5 ul of each standard, reconstituted control (see Reagent Preparation), or sample into its respective wells.
3. Pipette 75 ul of Working Strength Conjugate (see Reagent Preparation) into each well.
4. Incubate for 2 hours, shaking at 700-900 rpm on a horizontal microplate shaker at room temperature (18-25 deg C).
5. Wash the microplate 6 times with Working Strength Wash Buffer (see Reagent Preparation) with a microplate washer. Alternatively, use a wash bottle to fill the wells, and then discard the liquid, inverting and firmly tapping the microplate on absorbent paper towels between washes. After the final wash with either the microplate washer or wsah bottle, remove any residual Wash Buffer and bubbles from the wells by inverting and firmly tapping the microplate on absorbent paper towels (See Microplate Locking Diagram below).
6. Pipette 100 ul of TMB Substrate into each well.
7. Incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature (18-25 deg C) on a horizontal microplate shaker (700-900 rpm).
8. Pipette 100 ul of Stop Solution into each well. Gently shake the microplate to stop the reaction. Remove bubbles before reading with microplate reader.
9. Place the microplate in a microplate reader capable of reading the absorbance at 450nm with a reference wavelength of 620-650nm. The microplate should be analyzed within 30 minutes following the addition of Stop Solution.
PRESENCE OF CONTROLS: Neutral control wells (NC) and positive control wells (PC) were included on every plate. The positive control condition was absence of cytokine.
EXPECTED OUTCOME: Active compounds result in increasing readout signal.
ACTIVE CONCENTRATION LIMIT:
For each sample, the highest valid tested concentration (HVC) was determined and the active concentration limit (AC_limit) was set to equal (10)(HVC).
A standard curve run was run on each assay plate using reference material provided in the ELISA kit. Background-subtracted absorbance values were calculated for each well as (Abs450 - Abs620), and used to extrapolate quantity of insulin secreted in micro International Units (uIU) from the standard curve. No further data normalization methods were applied.
PATTERN CORRECTION: No plate pattern correction algorithm from Genedata Condoseo (v.7.0.3) was applied.
MEASUREMENT USED TO DETERMINE ACTIVE CONCENTRATION(AC): AC50
AC values were calculated using the curve fitting strategies in Genedata Screener Condoseo (7.0.3).
AC values were calculated up to the active concentration limit described for each sample.
Activity_Outcome = 1 (inactive) when:
a) curve fit is constant where activity is > -30% and < 30% at all tested concentrations, or
b) AC > AC_limit, or
c) compound shows activity but in a direction opposite to the expected outcome
in these cases, values describing curve fitting parameters (Sinf, S0, Hill Slope, log_AC50, log_AC50_SE) are set to null
Activity_Outcome = 2 (active) when:
AC <= AC_limit
Activity_Outcome = 3 (inconclusive) when:
a) Curve fitting strategy resulted in a constant fit with activity >= 30% but <= 70%, or
b) The fit was not valid due to poor fit quality.
PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = 0 when PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_OUTCOME = 1 (inactive) or 3 (inconclusive)
PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = (-10)[Log(AC)], where AC is in molar, when PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_OUTCOME = 2 (active)
Scores relate to AC in this manner:
120 = 1 pM
90 = 1 nM
60 = 1 uM
30 = 1 mM
0 = 1 M
PUBCHEM_ACTIVITY_SCORE = 100 when the curve fit is constant and showing full inhibition at all tested concentrations.
The individual dose data point columns ('Activity_at_xxuM') reported here represent the median of valid (unmasked) replicate observations at each concentration. These values are the inputs to a curve fitting algorithm.
All other data columns represent values which are derived during the curve fitting algorithm; this may sometimes include automatic further masking of some replicate data points.
Occasionally this results in perceived inconsistencies: for example, between the derived 'Maximal_Activity' and the apparent most active data point.
Categorized Comment - additional comments and annotations
* Activity Concentration. ** Test Concentration.
Data Table (Concise)


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When Devil's Throat (see current photos below) was first explored in 1923, the modern paved Chain of Craters Road did not exist. Instead of an easy five-minute walk from the road to the pit crater that exists today, early explorers had to walk 5 km through a "jungle of ferns and trees" along a narrow, winding trail from the summit caldera to the crater. In 1923 the opening of Devil's Throat was only 10 m across, and the floor was hardly visible. The first descent into the crater was undertaken by an exploration party led by C. W. Scribner. On 25 June, 11 people and "a balky mule and a dependable horse" departed Kilauea's summit to explore the crater. Scribner's account of the trip is summarized in a pamphlet written in 1932 by Park Naturalist John Doerr.
"Arriving at the Devil's Throat at noon we began cutting 'Ohi'a trees
which were used in building a shear legs or A-frame. This frame with a block
attached to the top was leaned out over the pit and fastened in position by guy
ropes attached to nearby trees and boulders. We made a boatswain's chair to
which a single block was attached, passing our long line from the shear legs
through the block on the chair. The end of the rope was then fastened to a clump
of 'Ohi'a trees situated directly opposite the A-frame. A quantity of burlap
sacking was used to prevent chafing of the rope where it went over the edge of
"In order to test the strength of our equipment several bags of sand were lowered into the pit. Hauling up the sand bags was accomplished by taking a turn of the rope around the pommel of the saddle on the horse. Hauling up the bags was a simple matter; however, during this process the horse stumbled. We decided to dispense with his services when pulling up a person for fear that he might stumble again or balk. While making preparations several people expressed opinions concerning probably gases at the bottom of the pit. To test the air a lighted lantern was lowered to the bottom. Leaning over the pit we watched the lantern burn for twenty minutes during which time there was no indication of foul air."
"Everything was ready for Sinclair's descent into the Devil's Throat. He got into the boatswain's chair at the edge of the pit. We let him done the sag in the line across the pit by means of a light rope until he hung in the middle of the opening. We let him down slowly. The spread of the double line was sufficient to prevent any spinning."
"After what seemed to be a much longer time than it actually was, we felt a slack in the rope; those of us on the end of the rope knew he was safely on the bottom. We learned later that Sinclair was standing on the top of a cone-shaped pile of rocks thirty-five to forty feet high. Owing to the large size of the boulders it took Sinclair nearly twenty minutes to get from one side of the pit to the other. We were obliged to direct him from right to left to keep him on a straight line as it was difficult climbing over the large boulders."
"At the end of an hour Sinclair was ready to ascend. Those of us on the pulling end of the rope soon realized that our troubles were just beginning. There were hardly enough of us for the long haul. With everyone pulling we managed to raise Sinclair to a pint near the top when he heard someone say, 'I can't pull much longer'. We finally passed him a line with which he was pulled safely out of the Devil's Throat. By the time we had picked up our gear it was dark and we were ready for a good meal at the hotel."
Sinclair was the first to observe the crater's conical shape, which in these days had a floor six times larger than the opening. He discovered a number of small lava tubes intersecting the crater walls. Both Sinclair and Scribner seem to have enjoyed their adventureScribner ends his account with the following offer to Park employees: "If there are any more craters or pits you wish explored just call on Bill Sinclair and myself and we shall be glad to do so at the earliest opportunity."
|Aerial (left) and ground (right) views of Devil's Throat pit crater on the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano. The crater is about 40 m in diameter. Chain of Craters Road is visible in lower left corner of the aerial photograph.|
C. W. Scribner and J. E. Doerr, Jr., "Exploring the Devil's Throat", Hawai'i National Park Nature Notes, vol. II, no. 3.


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IPL Photofacial is used for the treatment of pigmented and vascular lesions on the face, as well as the arms, chest, and other large areas. The process is able to clear sunspots, rosacea, telangiectasias, and other conditions, in order to improve skin tone.
Frequently Asked Questions
How does pulsed light therapy work? Natural Look uses specialized handpieces which filter light to target blood vessels and pigmented lesions. Each band of the spectrum has a wavelength that is ideal for different treatments, such as sunspot removal and vessel clearance.
The Palomar photorejuvenation handpiece emits pulses of light into the skin. The light is absorbed by the pigment in sunspots and the blood in visible vessels, which typically fade from view within two weeks.
How is pulsed light different from a laser? Pulsed light systems and lasers are very similar, but Palomar Pulsed Light Systems use a much larger treatment window than most lasers. This spreads light over a wider area of skin and allows faster coverage of the skin and as a result, quicker treatments.
What body areas can I get treated? Most areas except directly around the eyes. The face, neck, chest, arms, back and legs can all be treated.
What are Rejuvenation treatments like? Your treatment provider at Natural Look will move the handpiece over your skin, pulsing it all the while. Each pulse will send a beam of light through your skin. A flashing light, an audible tone, and a mild sensation on the skin will tell you when the handpiece is being pulsed.
What should I expect after the treatment?
- Immediately after treatment, you can expect a mild sunburn-like sensation, possibly accompanied by some minor swelling. This usually lasts 2-24 hours, and can be soothed with cold gel or ice packs.
- Sunspots/Sun Damage: The sunspots will darken after treatment and be naturally shed from the skin within 1-2 weeks.
- Rosacea: Skin tone will typically benefit from less pronounced redness within a week after treatments.
- Spider Veins: Vessels may disappear after treatment or they may appear darker and then fully or partially fade within 10-14 days.
- Typically, a few visits will be necessary to treat sunspots, rosacea, and vessels.
Other Palomar Treatments Dr. Mobley has chosen a Palomar Pulsed Light System because it offers the most versatile, effective, and comfortable aesthetic treatments available. In addition to photorejuvenation, Palomar Systems offer such applications as permanent hair reduction, infrared skin tightening, and fractional resurfacing.
The Photorejuvenation process If you want to improve your skin tone, we are leading the way in making skin look more beautiful.
Palomar's photorejuvenation process offers comfortable and effective photofacials for the treatment of sun damage and unsightly veins, and can make visible improvement in your appearance.
Treat Multiple Conditions The photorejuvenation process uses pulses of concentrated light to treat:
- Sun Damage: Wide areas of pigmentation on face, neck, chest, and other areas.
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Safe, Comfortable, and Fast! Our photorejuvenation process provides the most skin-safe, comfortable, and effective photofacials available, with little to no downtime. Photorejuvenation appointments are quick, and you can return to work or other activities - looking and feeling great!


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A Contrastive Lexicology of Greeting and Food Terms of English and Ogu Language: Its Pedagogical Implications
Keywords:lexical variations, lexical difficulties, structural semantics, contrastive analysis, second language (L2).
This paper is a contrastive study of two semantic fields of English and Ogu language namely greeting terms and food terms with the aim of identifying how lexical variations in the two semantic fields affect the learning of English by Ogu second language (L2) learner. The paper observed that the internal differentiation of human societies is reflected in the two languages, and responsible for some learning difficulties of Ogu English learner, especially in the lexis, which is considered as more culturally generated. The theoretical framework for the study is anchored on structural semantics, Sapir-whorf hypothesis and contrastive analysis principles. Twenty (20) subjects, who are Ogu/English bilinguals were purposively selected and interviewed with specific questions from the two semantic fields under study. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural and geographical realities of each speech community accounts for their vocabulary and naming of words. The paper thus recommended proper understanding of the learner's culture for proper translation of texts, design appropriate module for teaching and learning English, and a practical classroom approach to learning of second language vocabulary as some of the ways of resolving the learning problems confronted by Ogu learners of English.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Taofeek Olanrewaju Alabi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


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Performance Characterization of Cooperative Localization and SLAM
The goal of this project is to provide theoretical tools for characterizing the accuracy of robot localization. In particular, our work focuses on three classes of localization problems:
1. Cooperative Localization (CL)
2. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
3. Cooperative SLAM (C-SLAM)
Mobile robot teams have attracted the interest of the robotics community, because of the increased efficiency and reliability resulting when multiple robots cooperate for performing a task. In particular, localization (CL, SLAM, and C-SLAM) has been the most active research area of mobile robotics for the past two decades. This is due to the fact that it permits accurate pose estimation in unknown environments necessary for autonomy.
However, most of the research work on CL, SLAM, and C-SLAM has focused on implementation techniques and on addressing the problem of computational complexity. The issue of analytical evaluation of performance has been largely ignored in the literature, with only few exceptions of limited scope. As a result, questions such as "How much more accurate will the position estimates become if the odometry noise variance is reduced by 50%?", or "Will a particular set of sensors allow a robot to achieve localization errors smaller than 1m after 1h of operation?" can only be answered after extensive simulations and/or time-consuming experimentation. Clearly, this is a significant obstacle for efficient robot design. Our work aims at providing analytical means for answering such questions.
The primary contribution of this work is the derivation of theoretical tools for evaluating the performance, in terms of positioning accuracy, of CL, SLAM, and C-SLAM. In particular, we present analytical expressions that determine the guaranteed accuracy of localization, as a function of the following system-design parameters:
These expressions predict the localization accuracy a given robot design and facilitate the process of selecting the appropriate sensors for meeting the accuracy requirements of a given task. Moreover, the availability of analytical results enable one to study the properties of positioning errors during CL, SLAM, and C-SLAM and develop an intuitive understanding of the interaction between the system parameters. This knowledge will lead to design rules, which will reduce the time and effort required for new robot designs. Prior to this work, experimentation and numerical simulations were the only tools available for studying the trade-offs between selections of such parameters. These time-consuming methods become necessary only after a design has been finalized merely for validation purposes.
- the accuracy of the robots' sensors
- the number of robots and features
- the structure of Relative Position Measurement Graph (RPMG) that describes the measurement topology between the robots and/or landmarks
- the statistical properties of the robots' trajectories
- the spatial distribution of features, in SLAM and C-SLAM
Our specific goal is to study the properties of the state covariance matrix during pose estimation, since this matrix is a concrete measure of the uncertainty. The main challenge with this problem is that the models describing both the motion and the measurements of robots moving in 2D and 3D are generally nonlinear. As a result, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), rather than the linear Kalman filter, is applied for state estimation, and the Riccati recursion, which describes the time evolution of the covariance, is time-varying. For this Riccati no closed-form solution exists in the general case.
Therefore, in order to analytically study the properties of CL for robots moving in 2D, we resort to the derivation of upper bounds for the covariance of the position estimates. In particular, in our work we derive upper bounds on
Email Updates: In the latter case, prior information about the statistical properties of the robot's trajectories (and of the features' distribution, in the case of SLAM), is utilized.
- the worst-case uncertainty of the position estimates, and
- the expected uncertainty of the position estimates
In order to compute the upper bounds on the worst-case uncertainty, our approach is based on deriving a "bounding" LTI system, whose covariance at every time step is provably an upper bound of the covariance in the original, nonlinear system. This is achieved by determining upper bounds on the system noise covariance matrix and the relative position measurement covariance matrix. By obtaining the steady-state solution of the Riccati corresponding to this LTI system, we are able to predict the guaranteed asymptotic accuracy of localization. A similar approach, based on defining a different "bounding" LTI system, whose covariance is provably an upper bound to the expected uncertainty of the original nonlinear system, is followed for characterizing the expected performance of the system.
The performance of this algorithm has been demonstrated in both in real-world experiments, and in extensive simulation tests. We here describe the results of: (i) a large-scale experiment in an uncontrolled urban environment, and (ii) an experiment in a typical office environment.
For the outdoor experiment an IMU/camera sensor payload was mounted on top of a car moving in a residential area of Minneapolis. The car traveled a total distance of approximately 3.2 km, over a time period of 9 min. The camera used for this experiment is an IEEE 1394 camera, recording images of resolution 640 x 480 pixels at a rate of 3 Hz, while the IMU is an Inertial Science ISIS IMU, recording inertial measurements at 100 Hz.
Some example images from the recorded dataset are displayed below:
As shown in the above example images, several moving objects appear in the image sequence, and moreover, the leaves of the trees move due to the wind. Despite these challenging conditions, the filter was able to successfully and accurately track the position, velocity, and attitude of the vehicle. The estimated trajectory, superimposed on a satellite map of the area, is shown below:
In addition to the satellite map, we also superimpose the estimated trajectory on a street map:
Even though ground truth for the entire trajectory is not available, from the above plots we can conclude that the estimated trajectory closely follows the street layout. The final position error is known, and it is approximately 10 m (i.e., approx. 0.3% of the traveled distance). This excellent position accuracy is achieved without loop closing, and without using prior information about the motion (for example, nonholonomic constraints or a street map). It is also worth noting that even though images were only recorded at 3Hz due to limited hard disk space on the test system, the estimation algorithm is able to process the dataset at 14Hz, on a single core of an Intel T7200 processor (2GHz clock rate). During the experiment, a total of 142903 features were successfully tracked and used for EKF updates.
In addition to the above outdoor experiment, we have also tested the algorithm's performance in an indoors experiment. In this case, the IMU/camera system moves in a typical office setting (the main MARS lab office). Some example images from the sequence are the following:
Note that for this experiment we have used a wide-angle lens, which creates the black areas at the periphery of the images. Here is a snapshot of the 3D trajectory estimate:
The trajectory in this case is approximately 84m long, while the final error is less than 40cm (i.e. error less than 0.5% of the traveled distance).
- Relevant Publications
- C1. A.I. Mourikis, S.I. Roumeliotis: "A Multi-state Constraint Kalman Filter for Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation," In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, April 10-14 2007, Rome, Italy, pp. 3565-3572.
This work was supported by the University of Minnesota (DTC), the NASA Mars Technology Program (MTP-_PHONE_), and the National Science Foundation (EIA-_PHONE_, IIS-_PHONE_).


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How Can You Prove Negligence in Your Motorcycle Accident Lawsuit?
February 10, 2021
Even people who have never been to law school have heard the word negligence. Most of them understand what it means. Negligence is another way of saying that somebody didn't behave the way they should have and, as a result, somebody else was hurt. As familiar as someone may be with the term, they probably don't know what it really means, not from a legal perspective. And why should they? Your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer knows exactly what the term means. They also know it's a lot harder to prove negligence than many people would think.
Just because you're in a motorcycle accident, that doesn't mean you're automatically entitled to a ton of money. In order to get you any money at all, your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer has to prove two things in order to win your case. First, they have to prove that the defendant was responsible for your accident. The second thing they need to do is prove that you suffered damages. It's not enough to say that you were in a horrific motorcycle crash. Your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer has to prove a lot more than that if you're going to be compensated for your injuries.
What is Negligence and How Can Your Boston Motorcycle Accident Lawyer Prove It?
As mentioned earlier, negligence is when somebody doesn't act the way a reasonable person would have given the same circumstances. For example, if a doctor notices that their patient is displaying symptoms of an illness, they should run the necessary tests to diagnose their illness. That's what's expected of a licensed physician. If, instead of doing this, a doctor sends the patient home and tells them to take a few aspirin, he could be found negligent. If that same patient dies from a heart attack that night, it's not a far stretch to point to the doctor. Had they done the necessary tests, like a normal doctor would, they probably could've prevented the heart attack.
In a motorcycle accident, it's a little different. However, it's still negligence. Your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer will have to prove the following:
 - The other driver owed you a duty of care – All motorists owe a duty to other drivers. At a minimum, they're expected to follow all traffic laws.
 - The defendant breached their duty of care – Your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer has to show that the other driver didn't behave the way a reasonable driver would have. For example, if they are speeding, they aren't following the speed limit. That would constitute a breach of duty.
 - You were hurt – It isn't enough that you're involved in a motorcycle accident. Your Boston motorcycle accident lawyer has to show that you actually suffered some sort of injury. This could be a physical injury. But it could also be things like lost wages, property damages or medical bills.
 - Your injuries were caused by the defendant's breach of duty – You also have to show that your injuries (losses) were caused by the defendant's actions. For example, imagine you sue the defendant for damage to your motorcycle. If the defendant's lawyer can prove the damage was there before the crash, you won't be able to recover damages.
What Happens if You're Partially at Fault?
It's important to keep in mind that it's very rare for any one driver to be 100% at fault in a motorcycle crash. Even if the other driver caused the crash, you may have done something that contributed to the accident. Maybe you were going a few miles above the speed limit when the defendant rear-ended you. Or perhaps your brake light was out, and the other driver didn't see you coming to a stop. Some car accident victims fear that this could prevent them from collecting damages. That isn't necessarily true. This is because Massachusetts follows the comparative negligence rule. As long as you're less than 51% at fault, you can still demand compensation. However, your damages will be reduced by your percentage of fault. So, if your damages are $100,000 and you're 20% at fault, your damages will be reduced by 20%.
Reach Out to an Experienced Boston Motorcycle Accident Lawyer Right Away
If you're hurt in a motorcycle accident, it's a good idea to contact an experienced motorcycle accident lawyer in Boston, MA. This way, they can worry about proving negligence while you focus on getting better. Call our office and schedule your free, initial consultation today.
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 Frensis P.


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Why do some people give freely while others are cold hearted?
Why do some people cheat and steal while others you can trust with your life?
Why are some husbands more faithful than others—and why do women tend to be more generous than men?
Could they key to moral behavior lie with a single molecule?
From the bucolic English countryside to the highlands of Papua New Guinea, from labs in Switzerland to his campus in Souther California, Dr. Paul Zak recounts his extraordinary stories and sets out, for the first time, his revolutionary theory of moral behavior. Accessible and electrifying, The Moral Molecule reveals nothing less than the origins of our most human qualities—empathy, happiness, and the kindness of strangers.


Workers' Compensation Enhancement: Telephonic Workplace Injury Triage Coming Soon
March 04, 2020
Nurse on phone call smiling to cameraStudies have shown that the day of injury is the most critical point at which positively to influence medical care, claim costs, return to work outcome and employee satisfaction for work-related injuries. Because MCIT recognizes the importance of an employee's receiving prompt, convenient and appropriate medical attention when he or she sustains an injury at work, the Trust is introducing a telephonic workplace injury triage service later this spring.
Determining Appropriate Care Is a Challenge for Supervisors
Responding to injuries in the workplace can be equally challenging for an injured worker and his or her supervisor:
Employees who work alone, at a small site, nontraditional business hours or remote locations may have limited access to immediate medical assistance in the event of an injury.
Supervisors who respond to injuries often lack proper medical training or experience to determine the seriousness of the injury and the appropriate response.
Minor injuries, such as strains and sprains, that would respond favorably to on-site first aid are often referred off site for care, which is more expensive and time consuming but not more effective.
Triage Service Removes Barrier to Prompt Care
To remove barriers to prompt and appropriate care for injured workers, MCIT has contracted with Medcor to provide a telephonic injury triage service. By calling a dedicated hot line for MCIT, the injured employee and supervisor have immediate access 24 hours a day, seven days a week to a nurse who recommends the appropriate care for the injury, whether it be first aid or a medical referral.
After the call, the nurse submits a report to MCIT, which acts as the first report of injury and begins the claim handling process.
Injured workers who choose to self-treat can call back for further advice if their conditions change or worsen.
With the knowledgeable intervention of a trained registered nurse at the time of injury, the injured employee obtains needed and appropriate medical treatments sooner than with the current system. This often means a quicker and better recovery while avoiding unnecessary and costly emergency room visits.
This service is not designed to deal with an emergency or to provide advice if the injured employee has already received medical attention.
As the activation date approaches for telephonic injury triage, the hot line number, information and educational materials will be provided to share with all supervisors and employees.


text:
Looking for something?Close
White throat patch and white spots. Dark dorsal stripe and band over muzzle. Noticeably long tail compared with other deer species.
Feral chital deer are a small-medium sized species. Their coat colour is variable, but is often dark to rusty red with uniformly marked white spots in lines along the body. They have a distinctive white throat patch and a dark muzzle. The coat colour of the inner legs and underside of the belly is white-beige. This species is often found in medium to large groups. Mature males have antlers that are smooth and slender with usually three tines on each, though the number of tines is influenced by animal condition. Antlers may be 70-75cm in length. Males are larger in size and weight than females. Chital have a distinctive high-pitch alarm call when disturbed. Scats are small cylindrical pellets sometimes with an indentation at one end.
Chital deer were initially introduced to Australia from Sri Lanka and India in 1802 but did not survive. They were later successfully released into Queensland. Chital deer are herbivores that browse on a variety of grasses, fruit and leaves. They are gregarious and can form groups of more than 100 individuals. They do not havea defined breeding season, and are capable of producing three offspring in two years. Chital deer will eat their shed antlers if their diet is lacking the vitamins and minerals. Females will separate from the herd during birthing and rearing of young.
Feral chital deer occur in many areas throughout Queensland, small areas in NSW, and the south-east of South Australia. They are absent from other regions.
They can be found in a variety of habitats, including open grasslands, open and closed woodlands, thick forests and heavily timbered farmland.
Feral chital deer are a growing pest threat. They can cause significant browsing damage to native vegetation, damage sensitive habitats and compete with livestock for pasture. They can damage forestry plantations and ornamental gardens. They are not often found in close proximity to humans but they do present a serious motorway hazard. Feral chital deer may carry and spread livestock diseases that can cause production losses and increased management costs.
Techniques used to control chital may include aerial and ground shooting, exclusion fencing, and trapping / yarding. In some circumstances, sprays and sonic repellents may also be used but their effectiveness is unclear.
Peter West, 2018. Identifying chital, axis or spotted deer (Cervus [Axis] axis). Identifying hog deer (Cervus [Axis] porcinus). Information used with permission from 'Guide to introduced pest animals of Australia'. CSIRO Publishing. PestSmart website. _URL_ accessed 17-01-2121


Understanding Human Communication 9th edition
Understanding Human Communication 9th edition 9780195178333 _PHONE_
Details about Understanding Human Communication:
Now in its ninth edition, this classic book retains the features that have made it the best-selling introductory human communication text in the field: an engaging and reader-friendly style; an inviting visual design that includes high-interest marginalia on virtually every page; up-to-date information on technology, gender, and cultural diversity; and everyday applications based on solid research and theory. Maintaining the quality of presentation and student-focused pedagogy that have characterized previous editions, Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition, incorporates updated examples and coverage of current communication theory. It continues to equip students with effective communication skills that will make a difference in their everyday lives.
New to the Ninth Edition:
* New material on mediated communication, personal listening styles, deceptive communication, and informative speaking
* A revised section on the Cumulative Effects Theory and more applications of communication in the workplace, within the family, and at school
* Updated research and examples on negative/positive language and gender influences on communication
* Improved design and pedagogy: case studies at the opening of each part, highlights at the beginning of each chapter, and completely annotated full speech outlines with accompanying sample speeches
* Additional teaching and learning resources: Student Success Manual, Student Resources Disc, expanded Instructor's Manual and Test Bank, Instructor's Disc, and an extensive web site
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Garden Hills, home to an average of 500 students for 6 grades (K-5), is an International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Program (PYP) school. We also house 2 Georgia Pre-K classrooms.
We hold our students to the highest academic standards while providing them with the direction, support, and encouragement they need to be successful. We provide a positive learning environment designed to help children reach their full potential – both as students and individuals. Our school has a well-earned reputation for effectively and creatively meeting the needs of each child. We maintain our standard of excellence by providing our students with model foreign language programs, gifted education options, rigorous and challenging academic programs, innovative art and music classes, physical education and special needs.
Georgia has joined the majority of states in formally adopting a set of core standards (Common Core State Standards) for kindergarten through high school in English language arts and mathematics. Garden Hills has well positioned itself to incorporate the principles of the Common Core standards into the framework of the IB program. The Common Core State Standards provide clear and consistent learning goals to help prepare students for college, career, and life. The standards clearly demonstrate what students are expected to learn at each grade level, so that every parent and teacher can understand and support their learning. Garden Hills also utilizes differentiated teaching. The Differentiated Instruction is a framework for effective teaching that involves providing different students with different avenues to learning, often in the same classroom.
At Garden Hills Elementary, students benefit from student-centered learning environments focused on promoting unity and long lasting friendships. Our children are taught respect for the individual and are empowered to go out into the world with compassion and caring for others.


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The Theory Sound and light sensitivity
Can our hypothesis also explain the sound and light sensitivity of brain fatigue?
The brain has limitations in how much can be processed and reach conscious areas at a time. Therefore, proper sorting or filtering systems are needed. When repeating information, nerve cells in the healthy brain will reduce their intensity in signalling after a while and, for example, the sound is no longer recognised. We talk about adaptation of the signalling. This does not work for persons suffering from brain fatigue. They describe that everything is recognised, important as well as unimportant information, and that it becomes very tiring and difficult to handle all the impressions. The signalling does not adapt which explains why the affected are very easily disturbed and they cannot maintain focus. If the astrocytes' handling of glutamate is impaired, it means that incoming information becomes more nonspecific and is perceived as new. It is then not filtered out but reaches up to higher brain centres for processing. In this context, it is important that we are aware that today we know very little about the way the brain works.


Tuesday, October 31, 2006
Comparing and Merging two XML files
Comparing and Merging two XML files
The problem :
I have a xml file conversion program. It converts first.xml to target.xml. I have also written a program to convert target.xml to first.xml.
The problem is to preserve the changes made to target.xml. The user is allowed to edit the target.xml manually. For example he can add an element, modify attributes etc..
The file conversion from first.xml to target.xml is not a one-one conversion. There are scenarios like one element in first.xml is equivalent to 25 elements in the target. Further the first.xml does not capture all attributes and data needed to generate target.xml. So there are lot of values which are defaulted during initial conversion. Hence we need a round trip solution. The system should be able to import target.xml and export target.xml while preserving all changes made in target.xml
The current system
xslt is used to generate target.xml from a given first.xml. Conversion of target.xml to first.xml is again handled by xslt. Does not support round trip. ie current system looses most of the changes made manually. Other technologies used XMLBeans, JSF
The approach
Following are the list of feature needed
a) Export first.xml to target.xml
b) Import target.xml to first.xml
At a concept level the import solution can be modeled as follows
Retain the current convertion logic ( ie, extract as much as data needed for first.xml)
Generate a delta of changes.
Use the delta and merge it with the target.xml generated in export process
Activities planned
1) Identify appropriate Java based solutions
2) Evaluate each solution
3) Design the final solution
4) Implement the solution
Solutions evaluated
2) XMLBeans
4) XMLUnit
5) The "3DM" XML 3-way Merging and Differencing Tool
6) DOM
7) X-Diff
8) XML Diff and Merge Tool(Alpha works)
The initial though process is to generate the target.xml. Compare it with the one used during import. (instead of storing the delta store the whole document). Copy/overwrite/ignore the delta to the newly generated target.xml. Hence I started evaluating various options available to deeply compare the xml tree. Features needed are
a) Compare the whole document
b) Compare the elements selectively
c) Comprision has to be smart enough to ignore -- spaces, return characters, alteration of sequences, changes in positions of attributes etc..
1) XSLT --- very complex. There are couple of code fragments available out there. But I felt it was too complex to understand and maintain. Also xsl tends to be too lengthy.
2) XMLBeans -- There are two methods defined in XMLObject compareTo( Object) and compareValue(XMLObject).
public int compareTo(Object obj)
Impelements the Comparable interface by comparing two simple xml values based on their standard XML schema ordering. Throws a ClassCastException if no standard ordering applies, or if the two values are incomparable within a partial order.
public int compareValue(XmlObject obj)
This comparison method is similar to compareTo, but rather than throwing a ClassCastException when two values are incomparable, it returns the number 2. The result codes are -1 if this object is less than obj, 1 if this object is greater than obj, zero if the objects are equal, and 2 if the objects are incomparable.
There is also an implementation availble in XMLObjectBase.java. This method does not work. I downloaded the source code and trid to fix it. I was not going any where. One of the response from bea says that these methods can handle ony simple type( what ever it is) and need developers to code for handling schema based comparision.
The story with jaxb is almost the same as xml beans. The interfaces have compareTo(Object ). But there is no implementation.
4) XMLUnit
Comparing xml files is very easy in XMLUnit
Diff myDiff = new Diff(controlDocument, testDocument); XML Unit can identify similar, identical and also print all differences found with element name and attribute names. The limitation is the API is built around DOM ie, it works with org.w3c.dom.Document which represents the whole xml document. XML Unit does not support our B requrement
This project is still in alpha
6) DOM
DOM 3 has defined the behaviour for isEqualNode(). I tried the default parser in JDK 1.5 and also Xerces-J-bin.2.8.1. In either case it throws an exception saying DOM 3 implementation needed. Even Oracle parser has DOM 3 but i wonder if they have implemented isEqualNode(). The conclution is DOM 3 isEqualNode() is not yet there
7) X-Diff
No files released
8) XML Diff and Merge Tool(Alpha works)
This seems to be targeted to GUI applications. Not suitable for our requirements.
It seems comparing XML is still an under developed technology. This raises few more questions.
What happened to the do any thing and do in anywhere promise of XML. Or is this impression I got coz my exploration is limited to java world.
How does mature technologies like RDBMS handle this kind of requirements.
After-all RDBMS does handle these problems. The solution in RDBMS world are much simpler. It does not have deeply nested hierarchies. So these type of requirements are handled by manual coding. Probably we will not need sophisticated tools as in XML world.
After this exercise I had changed my approach. The new approach is use manual coding. I used XMLBeans as binding framework. Manipulate each element as java objects appropriately to handle the export and import functions.
Monday, October 30, 2006
Hello World
Hello world!
I have just started blogging, but there have been many attempts previously. Hope i will hold on to this longer :)


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Amnesty International priorities at the Human Rights Council
In addition to general priorities outlined below, Amnesty International focuses on specific thematic as well as country-related issues at each session of the Council. The organization believes that action by the Council could contribute to enhancing respect for human rights in those areas.
Amnesty International's key priority is to ensure that the Human Rights Council takes effective action to promote and protect human rights. An important part of this is lobbying on institutional and procedural aspects of the Council to ensure that it is as effective and authoritative a human rights body as possible. Amnesty International does this through activities such as:
Election of Member States to the Council: Amnesty International considers that the election of Council members that are genuinely committed to human rights is an essential prerequisite for an effective Human Rights Council.
Appointment of Special Procedures mandate-holders: The appointment of independent, impartial, competent and expert women and men from all regions of the world is essential to ensuring an effective system of Special Procedures.
Universal Periodic Review (UPR): In order to contribute to the Council's efforts to promote and protect human rights in all countries, the UPR must focus on key human rights challenges in countries under review and propose concrete measures to enhance respect for human rights.


Build a Low Cost Wheeled Robot Toy
Introduction: Build a Low Cost Wheeled Robot Toy
About: Just a hobbyist...
In this instructable, lets make a simple low cost wheeled robot toy that you can make for yourself or your kids. I can guarantee you, your kids will remember it for life that you made a toy for them. Toy will look something like attached image and you will drive it through a controller with two switches.
Let's get started.
To make a wheeled robot, you are going to need following parts.
 1. A chassis or body to hold everything together.
 - We will use cardboard for this purpose, this will also help us in keeping the cost low.
 2. Wheels and motor to drive them, this includes balance or castor wheels(it is third wheel that provide balance to the robot).
 3. A motor driver to interface motors with rest of the electronics safely.
 4. Batteries and power regulators.
 - We will use 6 AA battery cells to power this toy and we will need a cell holder.
Step 1: Video
Take a look at quick fun video for the view of complete process.
Step 2: First Create the Body
The body holds the robot together, it is fundamental to the decision of how robot is made. We will be using cardboard as the body/chassis of toy as it is cheap and easily available.
Here are little steps to create body for the toy-
 1. Cut a cardboard to the dimension of 11 cm by 13 cm, you can use simple paper cutter or a scissor.
 2. If not already done purchase 2 plastic gear DC motor using link in the supplies.
 3. Use any adhesive like hot glue or Fevicol to adhere plastic gear motors to the cardboard, paste them towards the edges of one side with motor axis pointing outside as shown in attached image or video in previous step.
 4. Use adhesive to paste castor wheel at the center of tow motors at the opposite end, as shown in the attached image.
 5. Attach wheels to the shaft of motors, shafts are tapered on side for wheels to fit properly.
That's it, this should make one strong cheap body for the toy.
Step 3: Power for the Toy
Robot needs power for the motors to function. DC motor i.e. Direct Current motor gets actuated once a constant voltage is applied between its terminals. If the terminals are reversed, motor reverses its direction.
We will use 6 AA battery cells to power up this toy, get yourself a 6 AA battery cell holder with a DC jack and place 6 AA cells in it. You should get a voltage of around 9 volt across this battery holder.
Step 4: Power on the Body
Follow below mentioned steps to attach battery pack to the body of the toy.
 1. Paste double sided tape on the back of battery pack.
 2. Peal off the cover on double sided tape and paste the battery pack towards the motor end of the toy.
 3. Cut a small cardboard of the size of battery pack.
 4. Paste double sided tape on one side of the small cardboard.
 5. Peal off the cover on double sided tape and paste the cardboard on top of the battery pack.
Step 5: Motor Controller
Motor controller allows us to control the motor i.e. it helps us stop and move the motor. There are many DC motor control modules available in market. They tend to have two channels to control 2 motors. Cheap ones tend to be based on L293D chips. We will be using an L293D based break out module for this purpose and attach a female barrel jack. Attached images contain the schematic and implementation of the same using a breadboard and the driver module. You will need few male to female jumper wires to implement the circuitry.
Once the circuit is implemented, Use a double sided tape to adhere driver module on top of the battery pack. Put a double sided tape under small bread board too.
Step 6: Connect Motors to the Driver
Motor driver will have contact points for connecting to motors, normally they are in the form of screw terminal. Connect motor to the driver module and secure them using a screw driver.
Step 7: Remote for the Toy (part 1/2)
To drive around the toy car we need a remote. For this toy car we will design a wired remote. Follow below mentioned steps to create parts of the remote.
 1. Get 4 wires of at-least 1 meter in length.
 2. Peal off their ends using a wire stripper.
 3. Attach them to a Single Pole Single Throw switch.
 4. Use solder to secure the connections.
Step 8: Remote for the Toy (part 2/2)
Once the switch is connected to long wires.
 1. Cut out a piece of cardboard to look like a house with 2 windows of the size of switch.:)
 2. Pass switch wires through these holes.
 3. Fix switches in the holes.
Once done connect switch to the bread board according to the attached schematic and power up the toy by connecting battery pack to the motor driver.
Step 9: Thats It
Your toy is ready, play with it and let me know how was the experience.
let me know if you have any doubts.
Thanks for reading and happy making.
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I've recently moved apartment again. One of my housemates in my apartment had always planned to move in with his wife at the end of the lease. I didn't want to be a third wheel (or a fifth wheel), so I'm moving on.
Another way to refer to being a person who accompanies a couple, usually awkwardly, is to say they're a gooseberry. Which seems quite unfair to gooseberries, as they're just innocent fruit. Where does this association come from?
Well first, let's look at where gooseberries get their name from. No-one's actually really sure of the precise etymology. Some people believe it might be a translation of Old French (grosele) or Germanic terms, and therefore not actually related to geese at all. That's unlikely though, as plant names that refer to animals are usually very deliberately chosen for the link between the two. So while we can't be sure exactly what the link between geese and gooseberries is, we can be pretty confident that the berry was named after the bird.
The term gooseberry first came to be used to refer to people in the early 18th century, generally meaning fool. This is probably simply an extension of the association of geese with foolishness or silliness. Which again, seems a bit unfair. Geese aren't particularly silly, are they? But then when a form of the word was first applied to geese, it probably didnt mean silly as we know it now.
Silly is derived from the Old English gesælig, which originally meant happy or fortuitous. The word gained slightly different meanings over the years, each one evolving from the last, so that at one time it could mean innocent or pious. I think it's the latter that people had in mind when they first started calling geese silly, considering the way they walk around with the heads help up in the air.
But the association of geese with silliness/foolishness stuck, and I think when people started to refer to someone accompanying a couple as a gooseberry, it was because they looked or felt foolish by doing so.
So the word has nothing to do with the berry, but is rather more directly related to geese, and the image we have of them being silly, probably because an earlier form of the word silly was used to refer to them as pious, but that meaning's been lost now.
Like the origins of a lot of words, it's a pretty convoluted thread involving subtle shifts in meaning over time, until the link between the term we use now and the original meaning which led to its current use has long been lost. It's interesting though, that we continue to use the word gooseberry in this way, even though there's no logical link between the literal and metaphorical uses of the word. Maybe it's the sound of the word, or maybe on some unconscious level we draw the connection between being the odd one out alongside a couple, and the silliness of a goose.
Or maybe it's just because nobody likes gooseberries!
8 thoughts on "Gooseberry
 1. Very interesting! This must be a totally British thing. In all my years I've never once heard or read gooseberry used to refer to anything but the fruit. "Silly as a goose", yes, I've heard that now & then.
 Perhaps the origin of gooseberry was that geese were wont to get into the patch and eat the berries? Or maybe cooks tossed them in the stuffing for roast goose? I can't really see a twist that would turn groseille (a currant) into goose, but maybe it derived from grosse baies (fat) berries
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text: Multilevel modeling is a data analysis technique used to analyze nested data. Nested data refers to data wherein units of analysis at one level are nested within units of analysis at higher levels. Multilevel data are observed in cross-sectional designs which sample individuals nested within groups. An example of this type of multilevel data is patients (level 1) nested within hospitals (level 2). Multilevel data are also found in repeated measures designs (e.g., multiwave longitudinal or experience sampling designs) which sample repeated reports nested within individuals. An example of this type of multilevel data is an experience sampling study where repeated reports of pain (level 1) are nested within individuals (level 2). In multilevel modeling, level thus refers to the structure of the data. The lower level (level 1) represents the most detailed unit of analysis and has the greatest number of data points. Level 2 represents the higher level within which level 1 observations are nested.


text: the equations above, the concentrations may be considered as their extrapolations to the center of the Janus particle or the mean concentrations at that position in a dilute suspension of Janus particles. Similarly, may also be considered as the mean gradients of concentrations at the location of the Janus particle in a dilute suspension.


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and computing from it the difference between each subject's position for interest in the elementary-school period (column 1) and its position for ability in the same period (column 2), we have:
Mathematics 0
History 0
Literature 0
Science 0
Music 0
Drawing 0
Other hand work 0
These facts are repeated in the first column of Table 4. Similar facts for this same individual, for the differences between the order for interest and the order for ability in the high-school period and in the college period are given in the second and third columns of Table 4.
Table 4
Differences Between El. Interest and El.
Differences Between
H. S. Interest and
H. S. Ability
Differences Between
C. Interest and C.
Mathematics 0 1 2
History 0 1 0
Literature 0 1 1
Science 0 3 1
Music 0 2 2
Drawing 0 2 1
Other hand-work 0 0 1
If at any period an individual has greatest ability in the subject which is most interesting to him, next greatest ability in the next most interesting subject, and so on, the sum of the seven differences for that period will be zero. If the order of ability was as unlike as possible to the order of interest this sum would be 24, and if the relation between interest and ability was that of mere chance this sum would be 16. Any quantity below 16 as the sum of a column in Table 4 then means some positive relation or resemblance between the individual's degrees of interest and his degrees of ability.
For the hundred individuals studied this figure is on the average approximately 5, being practically the same for the elementary-school period, for the high-school period and for the college period. This average result may be expressed as a coefficient of correlation of.88. Nearly three fourths of the individuals show records between 2 and 8, inclusive—that is, correlations of from.70 to.98.
If, in the case of any individual, we add together the three ranks for each subject in interest at the three periods and do likewise for its ability-ranks, we have measures of the general order of the seven subjects


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I am making an image to be printed on a 3x4 foot poster.
I am worried that the image will be pixelated after being printed. Should I use svg to make this poster? Is this even a valid concern?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 6 down vote accepted
You want your image to have the correct source resolution for the print. If your print resolution is going to be 300 dpi (dots per inch), then for a 36×44 inch poster, you need a 10800×14400 pixel source document.
I wouldn't print a document with a resolution of less than 300 dpi. So, unless your source image has 10800 by 14400 pixels, then you will see pixels in the output, because you have to upscale it.
It depends on your source though: So, let's say you have a photo from a digital camera that is 1080 by 1440 pixels, then you have to upscale it by a factor of 10 to even get to the print resolution. Most upscaling algorithms will try to "blur" the image a bit*, so you don't get pixels, but rather a smooth transition. This however will make your result look a bit unsharp.
If your source is just text or graphics created in your graphics program directly (e.g. Photoshop), then you don't need to upscale anything and can work with the huge resolution right away.
Also note that the size of such an image is huge (raw 445 MB as you can see in the screenshot), and not all computers will easily handle such a high resolution.
* Actually, they will interpolate pixels, not blur it. See here: Image Scaling.
SVG graphics on the other hand are vector graphics. You can upscale vector graphics as much as you want, and it won't be pixelated when printed, simply because there are no pixels involved.
However, your source has to be a vector graphic too. You can't turn a photo into a vector graphic — simple graphics like logos and text however work fine, but you need to have them as a vector source already. Many companies or designers will provide sources as SVG or EPS files, which are vector-based.
And, as I mentioned before: Text and graphics created in Photoshop or similar programs are handled as vectors internally. Before you finally render your image, you can always change the dimensions of lines, squares, fonts, etc. (unless you specifically choose to "raster" them, which means turning the vectors into pixels).
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Your Answer


a five-point U-turn
Discussion in 'French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais' started by elmingo, Sep 1, 2011.
 1. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 It's about someone doing a U-turn with his car. Does it mean it is like three-moves, drawing a five-point star from above? Or something else?
 Thanks for your help
 2. jann
 jann co-mod'
 English - USA
 This is a three-point turn, named for the three lines of motion involved (forward, reverse, forward).
 If space is very limited, or if the driver is incompetent, you can imagine that it might take a little extra maneuvering to turn around... forcing the driver to make "five point" turn instead (forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward). Neither of these turns are technically "U-turns," but the point is that they all reverse the direction of travel by 180°.
 3. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 Thanks a lot for the explanation, jann.
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Animal Imagery
By Mary Nooter Roberts
University of California, Los Angeles
Nigeria; Benin Kingdom artist
L. 69 cm (27 3/16")
National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria, 52.13.1, 52.13.2
Photo by Dirk Bakker
Animals provide apt metaphors for leadership and power in African thought and expressive culture. The representation of an animal can empower a hunter or evoke the authority of a king. Regalia frequently depict animals in scenes of domination, such as a leopard eating an antelope; these images are intended to declare a king's might. In other cases, animal imagery refers to a state of liminality.


text:
One of the decisions facing the 2013 session of the Legislature will be whether to lift a sunset date for the state's "clean fuels" initiative, otherwise known as the Oregon Clean Fuels Program.
The initiative, intended largely to help combat climate change, means well. But it's not clear at all whether it will have any impact on greenhouse gas emissions, and the likely downside is significant: A hefty increase in the amount consumers and businesses will pay at the pump.
When the Legislature enacted the program in its 2009 session, it set a sunset date of 2015. That date still stands, unless the Legislature takes action in this session to remove it.
The Legislature should keep the sunset date in place.
Already, the program has imposed a batch of new paperwork regulations onto businesses: The state Environmental Quality Commission earlier this month gave a green light to the first phase of the program, which requires that fuel distributors begin reporting the carbon content of car and truck fuel used in the state. The department itself figures the cost of compliance with these regulations at more than $2 million a year for fuel producers and importers, and our guess is that the estimate is low.
Guess who will be picking up that tab.
And these regulations are the cheap half of the Clean Fuels Program.
The department will approach the 2013 session about the second half, in which fuel providers and importers would be required to cut the carbon content of that fuel by 10 percent a gallon by 2025.
The goal is to push alternatives to gasoline and diesel — options such as ethanol, biodiesel, natural gas and electricity. A side benefit might be to give a boost to Oregon's nascent biofuels industry.
But the almost certain result between now and 2025 would be to hammer consumers and businesses at the pump.
The program does contain a mechanism that would, in theory, serve to protect consumers from ruinous price increases, but the mechanism is so convoluted and cumbersome that it seems unlikely to provide any timely relief.
Gov. John Kitzhaber has said the state won't go ahead with the second half of the program unless the Legislature removes the 2015 sunset date.
Here's a case where legislative inaction likely is the best course.


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How do I determine whether or not two lines intersect, and if they do, at what x,y point?
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It might help to think of the edges of the rectangle as separate lines instead of the complete polygon. – Ryan Graham Feb 18 '09 at 22:53
You might find some useful information in the question I previously asked about this very topic (but with GDI+) at stackoverflow.com/questions/153592/…. – Robert S. Feb 19 '09 at 3:20
Do you want to know (A) where two line segments intersect or (B) whether or not two lines intersect (C) whether or not two line segments intersect (D) where two lines intersect? Could you please make your title consistent with your question? – moose Feb 23 '13 at 15:29
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16 Answers
There's a nice approach to this problem that uses vector cross products. Define the 2-dimensional vector cross product v × w to be vx wy − vy wx (this is the magnitude of the 3-dimensional cross product).
Suppose the two line segments run from p to p + r and from q to q + s. Then any point on the first line is representable as p + t r (for a scalar parameter t) and any point on the second line as q + u s (for a scalar parameter u).
Two line segments intersecting
The two lines intersect if we can find t and u such that:
p + t r = q + u s
Formulae for the point of intersection
Cross both sides with s, getting
(p + t r) × s = (q + u s) × s
And since s × s = 0, this means
t (r × s) = (qp) × s
And therefore, solving for t:
t = (qp) × s / (r × s)
In the same way, we can solve for u:
(p + t r) × r = (q + u s) × r
u (s × r) = (pq) × r
u = (pq) × r / (s × r)
To reduce the number of computation steps, it's convenient to rewrite this as follows (remembering that s × r = − r × s):
u = (qp) × r / (r × s)
Now there are five cases:
 1. If r × s = 0 and (q − p) × r = 0, then the two lines are collinear. If in addition, either 0 ≤ (q − p) · rr · r or 0 ≤ (p − q) · ss · s, then the two lines are overlapping.
 2. If r × s = 0 and (q − p) × r = 0, but neither 0 ≤ (q − p) · rr · r nor 0 ≤ (p − q) · ss · s, then the two lines are collinear but disjoint.
 3. If r × s = 0 and (q − p) × r ≠ 0, then the two lines are parallel and non-intersecting.
 4. If r × s ≠ 0 and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, the two line segments meet at the point p + t r = q + u s.
 5. Otherwise, the two line segments are not parallel but do not intersect.
(Credit: this method is the 2-dimensional specialization of the 3D line intersection algorithm from the article "Intersection of two lines in three-space" by Ronald Goldman, published in Graphics Gems, page 304. In three dimensions, the usual case is that the lines are skew (neither parallel nor intersecting) in which case the method gives the points of closest approach of the two lines.)
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This is essentially the same technique as mine, but I use the dot product instead of cross product. In this case, I believe the efficiency is approximentally identical. – Jason Cohen Mar 15 '09 at 17:00
Excellent solution. Thanks Gareth for your valuable answer. – Wodzu Nov 29 '09 at 13:19
_USER_: No. The first line segment runs "from p to p + r" so when it's represented in parametric terms as "p + tr" then the segment corresponds to 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Similarly for the other segment. – Gareth Rees Jan 31 '12 at 17:48
For those interested, here is a simple C# implementation, taking PointF start and end coordinates for lines, that seems to be working: _URL_ – Matt Dec 17 '12 at 0:42
I put together a JavaScript implementation following _USER_. I made corrections for the errors pointed out by Tekito. – pgkelley Aug 29 '13 at 4:10
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FWIW, the following function (in C) both detects line intersections and determines the intersection point. It is based on an algorithm in Andre LeMothe's "Tricks of the Windows Game Programming Gurus". It's not dissimilar to some of the algorithm's in other answers (e.g. Gareth's). LeMothe then uses Cramer's Rule (don't ask me) to solve the equations themselves.
I can attest that it works in my feeble asteroids clone, and seems to deal correctly with the edge cases described in other answers by Elemental, Dan and Wodzu. It's also probably faster than the code posted by KingNestor because it's all multiplication and division, no square roots!
I guess there's some potential for divide by zero in there, though it hasn't been an issue in my case. Easy enough to modify to avoid the crash anyway.
// Returns 1 if the lines intersect, otherwise 0. In addition, if the lines
// intersect the intersection point may be stored in the floats i_x and i_y.
char get_line_intersection(float p0_x, float p0_y, float p1_x, float p1_y,
 float p2_x, float p2_y, float p3_x, float p3_y, float *i_x, float *i_y)
 float s1_x, s1_y, s2_x, s2_y;
 s1_x = p1_x - p0_x; s1_y = p1_y - p0_y;
 s2_x = p3_x - p2_x; s2_y = p3_y - p2_y;
 float s, t;
 s = (-s1_y * (p0_x - p2_x) + s1_x * (p0_y - p2_y)) / (-s2_x * s1_y + s1_x * s2_y);
 t = ( s2_x * (p0_y - p2_y) - s2_y * (p0_x - p2_x)) / (-s2_x * s1_y + s1_x * s2_y);
 // Collision detected
 if (i_x!= NULL)
 *i_x = p0_x + (t * s1_x);
 if (i_y!= NULL)
 *i_y = p0_y + (t * s1_y);
 return 1;
 return 0; // No collision
BTW, I must say that in LeMothe's book, though he apparently gets the algorithm right, the concrete example he shows plugs in the wrong numbers and does calculations wrong. For example:
(4 * (4 - 1) + 12 * (7 - 1)) / (17 * 4 + 12 * 10)
= 844/0.88
= 0.44
That confused me for hours. :(
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Thanks Gavin - the solution you mention is the one that works best for me too. – Shunyata Kharg Jan 4 '10 at 12:12
function getLineIntersection(p0_x, p0_y, p1_x, p1_y, p2_x, p2_y, p3_x, p3_y) { var s1_x, s1_y, s2_x, s2_y; s1_x = p1_x - p0_x; s1_y = p1_y - p0_y; s2_x = p3_x - p2_x; s2_y = p3_y - p2_y; var s, t; s = (-s1_y * (p0_x - p2_x) + s1_x * (p0_y - p2_y)) / (-s2_x * s1_y + s1_x * s2_y); t = ( s2_x * (p0_y - p2_y) - s2_y * (p0_x - p2_x)) / (-s2_x * s1_y + s1_x * s2_y); – cortijon Dec 19 '12 at 15: