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There are numerous titles available that cover a wide range of techniques and styles.
Some popular books include "The Complete Photo Guide to Cake Decorating" by Autumn Carpenter, "Cake Decorating For Dummies" by Joe Locicero, and "The Contemporary Buttercream Bible" by Valeri Valeriano and Christina Ong. These books not only provide step-by-step instructions but also delve into more advanced topics like sugar flowers, modeling chocolate decorations, or airbrushing techniques.
For those who prefer a more hands-on approach, attending workshops or classes can be a great way to learn new cake decorating skills. Many local bakeries or culinary schools offer classes specifically focused on cake decoration. These opportunities allow you to learn directly from experienced instructors who can provide guidance in real-time. Additionally, working alongside other aspiring decorators provides an environment for sharing tips, ideas, and inspiration.
In conclusion, learning how to decorate cakes at home is a valuable skill that can bring joy and creativity to your life. With the essential tools and equipment outlined in this article, you have everything you need to embark on your cake decorating journey. By properly preparing your cake for decorating and mastering icing and frosting techniques, you can achieve smooth and professional-looking results.
From basic cake decorating techniques to more advanced ideas, there are limitless possibilities for expressing your creativity through cake decoration. Whether it's creating decorative borders or sculpting intricate designs, the options are endless. Additionally, themed cake decoration ideas for special occasions provide the opportunity to personalize your designs and make them truly memorable.
While challenges may arise during the cake decorating process, the troubleshooting tips provided in this article will help you overcome any obstacles. Remember to have patience with yourself as you learn and practice. By utilizing the recommended resources for further learning and improvement, such as online tutorials, books, or workshops on cake decoration, you can continue to enhance your skills and expand your repertoire of techniques.
Frequently Asked Questions
How to decorate homemade cake at home?
Decorating a homemade cake at home can be a fun and creative process. Start by preparing your cake with a smooth layer of frosting as the base. To add some pizzazz, consider using simple yet effective techniques, such as applying colorful sprinkles or edible glitter on top of the frosting.
You could also try piping beautiful swirls or rosettes using a plastic storage bag with the corner snipped off if you don't have any piping bags available. Another option is to decorate your cake with fresh fruit or chocolate shavings for an elegant touch. Overall, the key is to experiment with different decorations and let your creativity shine through!
What is the easiest way to decorate a cake?
If you're looking for an easy way to decorate a cake, one technique that requires minimal effort but still delivers great results is using ready-made cake toppings and decorations. These can include pre-made sugar flowers, edible pearls or beads, or even themed cake toppers that you can easily find in baking supply stores or online.
With these instant decorations, all you need to do is place them strategically on top of your frosted cake according to your desired design. This method is ideal for those who want to achieve visually appealing cakes without investing too much time or effort into intricate decorating techniques.
How do you decorate a cake for beginners without tools?
Beginners can still decorate a cake beautifully even without tools specifically designed for decorating purposes. One simple method is using everyday kitchen items like spoons, forks, or butter knives to create various patterns on the frosting surface of the cake. For example, you can use the back of a spoon to make gentle waves by dragging it lightly across the frosting in a curving motion.
Alternatively, take a fork and gently press it into the frosting before lifting it up quickly to create spikes or lines in the design. Additionally, if you have fruit at hand, fresh berries can add an attractive pop of color and texture when placed on top of the cake strategically.
Hello, lovely readers! I'm Sheila Collins, and I'm delighted to be your trusted guide on this exciting journey of home improvement, design, and lifestyle. As the founder and editor-in-chief of Home Guide Blog, I'm passionate about all things related to homes, and I'm here to share my knowledge, experiences, and insights with you.


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Behavior of mesenchymal stem cells in the chemical microenvironment of the intervertebral disc.
Wuertz K., Godburn K., Neidlinger-Wilke C., Urban J., Iatridis JC.
STUDY DESIGN: Responses of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from 2 age groups was analyzed under chemical conditions representative of the intervertebral disc (IVD) (low glucose levels, acidic pH, high osmolarity, and combined conditions). OBJECTIVE.: To determine the microenvironmental conditions of the IVD that are critical for MSC-based tissue repair and to determine whether MSCs from different age groups respond differently. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: MSCs offer promise for IVD repair, but their potential is limited by the harsh chemical microenvironment in which they must survive. METHODS: MSCs were isolated from bone marrow from mature (4-5 month old) and young (1 month old) rats and cultured in monolayer under IVD-like glucose, osmolarity, and pH conditions as well as under a combination of these conditions and under standard media conditions for 2 weeks. The response of MSCs was examined by measuring gene expression (real-time RT-PCR), proliferation (MTT assay), and viability (fluorescence staining). RESULTS: Culturing under IVD-like glucose conditions (1.0 mg/mL glucose) stimulated aggrecan and collagen-1 expression and caused a small increase in proliferation. In contrast, IVD-like osmolarity (485 mOsm) and pH (pH = 6.8) conditions strongly decreased proliferation and expression of matrix proteins, with more pronounced effects for osmolarity. Combining these 3 conditions also resulted in decreased proliferation, and gene expression of matrix proteins, demonstrating that osmolarity and pH dominated the effects of glucose. Both age groups showed a similar response pattern to the disc microenvironment. CONCLUSION: IVD repair using MSCs requires increased knowledge of MSC response to the chemical microenvironment. IVD-like low glucose enhanced matrix biosynthesis and maintained cell proliferation whereas IVD-like high osmolarity and low pH conditions were critical factors that reduced biosynthesis and proliferation of young and mature MSCs. Since osmolarity decreases and acidity increases during degeneration, we speculate that pH may be the major limitation for MSC-based IVD repair.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


An assignment stores a new value into a variable. It's syntax is quite straightforward:
variable = expression
As a result of the assignment, the expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to variable. If variable did not exist before the assignment, it is created. Otherwise, whatever old value it had before the assignment is forgotten.
It is important to notice that variables do not have permanent types. The type of a variable is the type of whatever value it currently holds. For example:
foo = 1
print $foo ⇒ 1
foo = "bar"
print $foo ⇒ bar
foo = ( User-Name = "antonius" NAS-IP-Address = )
print $foo ⇒ ( User-Name = "antonius" NAS-IP-Address = )
Another important point is that in radtest, assignment is not an expression, as it is in many other programming languages. So C programmers should resist temptation to use assignments in expressions. The following is not correct:
x = y = 1
Finally, if the variable name coincides with one of radtest keywords, it must be enclosed in single quotes:
'case' = 1


text: ALPINE ADVANCED MATERIALS INTRODUCES HX5® BILLETS FOR FASTER AND MORE EXACT PROTOTYPING As Manufacturers Convert from Metal, Alpine Hones Prototyping of Advanced Materials to More Quickly and Affordably Deliver Accurate Samples for Testing and Analysis DALLAS (July 2021) – Alpine Advanced Materials has introduced billet manufacturing to significantly reduce the costs of and time needed to produce exact prototypes. With more clients converting from metal to advanced materials, Alpine has answered the call with HX5® billets in various sizes that can be machined just like metal without the expensive outlay of creating an injection mold. Traditionally, designers wanting to convert from metal have been hesitant to pursue new material options, especially when injection molding is involved. While cost effective for production, injection molds aren't efficient for prototyping and are only viable after a design is finalized. And because manufacturers lack the experience of converting from metal to advanced materials like Alpine's flagship HX5, they may not fully understand the opportunities for design improvement, such as part consolidation. Alpine expects billet manufacturing will cut costs, timelines, and uncertainties, inspiring more clients to embrace the environmental and operational benefits of lightweight parts and components by using advanced materials. "Converting parts from metal creates weight savings that presents one of the greatest opportunities to make actual cuts in emissions, we're not talking carbon credit offsets here," said Roger Raley, president of Alpine Advanced Materials. "The great majority of emissions are generated through the ongoing operation of heavy industries like aerospace that can be easily addressed by cutting weight. Further, the beauty of lightweighting is that it also increases performance, meaning the costs of conversion are quickly recuperated, whether it be through reduced fuel usage, increased payloads, or extended range. Using our new billet manufacturing to prototype means we can affordably and accurately help our clients realistically pursue conversion from metals." With shortages becoming more apparent in supply chains due to global interruptions in shipping and demand supply, the discussion about converting to more reliably sourced materials is also timelier than ever. HX5, a lightweight aviation-grade thermoplastic nanocomposite, was engineered to replace machined aerospace-grade aluminum at half the weight. With a high strength-to-weight ratio, thermal stability, environmental resistance, and manufacturing flexibility, it can be injection molded, formed, extruded, or machined like aluminum. When price and availability of materials proves unreliable and unstable, it is imperative for manufacturers to ensure that the materials parts are made of are both readily available and can be affordably sourced. Domestically produced advanced materials like HX5 are not only predictable and advantageous for supply chains, but also allow for more complex but strong shapes. These more carefully thought out components can be readily manufactured and mass-produced in weeks versus the months typically needed for machined metal parts. "We cut our teeth working with advanced materials like HX5, a material developed by Lockheed Martin Skunks Works® to be the highest performing, most versatile thermoplastic out there," added Raley. "With over a decade of test data to support it, HX5 is one of the most highly characterized materials available. We know how HX5 performs through moldflow and finite elemental analysis, and have become unparalleled experts in designing better parts, and better parts start with better prototypes." # # # About Alpine Advanced Materials Alpine Advanced Materials is a leading expert in the design and manufacture of custom-engineered parts and products for the world's most demanding aerospace, defense, energy, space, and outdoor applications. The company commercializes high-performance materials originally developed and qualified by top defense contractors, including its flagship HX5™ military aviation-grade thermoplastic nanocomposite. Engineered to replace machined aluminum, HX5 is half the weight and has been both tested and proven against the harshest environments in the world. HX5 is currently in use on jet fighters, high-speed helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, amphibious transport vehicles, rockets, and satellites, and is highly adaptable without sacrificing strength or performance. Its customization and unrivaled manufacturability here in the U.S. combined with its high tolerance and dimensional stability make it an ideal alternative to the cost and production challenges associated with aluminum. For more information, visit _URL_.


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Memory Courses, Memory Training Course, Powerbrain memory course,
The Powerbrain Memory Course teaches thinking methods to improve your memory, and is designed to improve concentration levels and build up stronger links between the left and right side of your brain so that you can use more of your brain to achieve better results in tests, exams and everyday situations.
The memory training course has been successfully run at numerous schools, universities, and companies over the past 16 years, and has received exceptional feedback from hundreds of attendees.
The course teaches the basic tools of memory, as well as applications to remember names and faces, remember lists of items and to spell correctly.
, Memory Training Course
, Powerbrain memory course


Revision as of 13:14, 20 May 2011 by DerCisco (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Security features in session handling == This page gives an overview of the security features of OX session handling, and the ways to configure them. Since a session represen...")
Security features in session handling
This page gives an overview of the security features of OX session handling, and the ways to configure them. Since a session represents an authenticated user it's important that we make sure a session is only used by the person having created it. We ensure this in a variety of ways.
This is probably the most important hint. When using HTTPS the traffic between the browser and backend is encrypted, and unless someone has the servers private key on hand, no one can snoop around in the headers and body of the request. Also when using HTTPS the OX server marks its cookies so that they may ONLY be transferred using an HTTPS transport. This will protect the Session Secret, and, when using autologin, the Session ID from being read by others.
When the IP Check is enabled, the OX server records the IP address of the client that created the session. Only requests coming from that IP address may then use the session. This is great for protecting the session from being taken over by someone else. It falls a little short when the accesses are bundled up by a proxy and becomes a nuisance when the client frequently changes IP addresses (mobile phones that roam a lot being the canonical example). In any case we suggest leaving the IP check active. The file server.properties contains the configuration for this:
HTTP Only Cookies
Normally code running in the browser may access the cookies for the domain the page was loaded from. To urge a browser not to pass cookies on to javascript code, cookies may contain the Http-Only flag. Since the OX cookies are only relevant for the communication of the browser with the server (the frontend need not know their content), it's wise to set this flag. Sometimes, though, browsers may balk at this property, so you have the option of turning this off, though normally, you shouldn't be required to do so. Again, this can be configured in the server.properties:
Cookie Hash
The cookie hash has a dual role:
 1. It prevents OX cookies from overwriting each other when two clients use the same cookie store (e.g. the browser itself and a browser plugin)
 2. It serves as a fingerprint of the client
The cookie hash is usually calculated using the client parameter and the User-Agent header. The client is then stored along with the session in the OX backend. When another request comes along, the hash is recalculated using the User-Agent header of the new request and the stored client value. It therefore verifies that the User-Agent header is the same. You can finetune this process a bit.
The first thing you can influence is, which headers are used in constructing the cookie hash. User-Agent is a given, further headers can be added using the com.oopenexchange.cookie.hash.fields parameter. It contains a comma separated list of header names to be included in the hash calculation. Say, for example, your apache configuration creates a client fingerprint and sets the header X-Security-ClientFingerprint (a hypothetical example), and you want to OX server to use this when verifying the session integrity. Open up the server.properties and set the following configuration option:
The OX server will then use the User-Agent header, the client parameter and the X-Security-ClientFingerprint header to ensure the session is only used by the same client.
The second thing you can configure is whether the hash value should be calculated and checked on every request. In essence setting this property to anything else than calculate removes the second role of the cookie hash. It might be needed if you use an exotic authentication mechanism, where sessions are created by a different client than the one using the session, or if clients for one reason or another switch the value of the User-Agent header during a session. The configuration parameter com.openexchange.cookie.hash can be set either to calculate (the default), meaning the fingerprinting mechanism will be used or remember meaning only the first role will be fulfilled. Again, this can be set in the file server.properties:


Talc Powder (Talcum Powder, Hua Shi)
talcDo you know what is baby powder made of? Currently about 90% of them are talc baby powder, to tell you the truth. Talc powder, a finely ground powder from highly soft talc mineral, is an important ingredient used in making cosmetics, body powder, and bath powder today. Nevertheless, the most popular use of talcum powder is to make talc baby powder. As a matter of fact, there is talc free baby powder available on the market too, which however only accounts for about 10% of the market share. More than that, talc, also known as Hua Shi, is also a very important mineral medicine in TCM remedies mainly for the treatments of strangury, diarrhea, eczema, and other ailments. In addition, this herb is frequently found in the prescriptions for lithiasis treatment thanks to its powerful healing properties. So, it is necessary to get better acquainted with talc if you do care the answers to a series of related questions – what is talc powder used for? Is talc powder safe? How to use talc powder for the best health benefits? Does talc powder cause cancer?
What is talc powder?
This is a common silicate mineral with the chemical formula of Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. It is extremely soft and with a creamy texture. People ever picked out 10 minerals to represent 10 mineral hardness levels, namely the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. And the Mohs hardness scale of talc is 1. Its crystal is a tri-octahedral layered mineral. Single crystal in the shape of false six-party flake is rare and usually they are dense massive, leaf-like, fibrous or radial aggregates. They are white, yellow white or bluish gray, and with wax-like luster. It has no moisture absorption and won't break up when placed in water. And it is odorless and tasteless. Medicinally it needs to remove the mud, sand, and other miscellaneous stones for better medical quality. It is usually found in metamorphic rocks, limestone, dolomite, magnesite, and shale. In China it is mainly produced in Jiangxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Liaoning and other places.
Main chemical constituents are magnesium silicate, including 31.7% MgO, 63.5% silica, and 4.8% of water. Part of MgO is usually replaced by FeO. Besides, it also contains other impurities like alumina.
Talc powder benefits
As one of common Chinese herbs, it is mainly used for treating stranguria by promoting diuresis. That's to say, it covers a variety of stranguria due to its mild property. It is called Hua Shi, literally translated as creamy stone, because it has a greasy feel after ground into fine powder. However, this is only associated with its physical traits rather than its medicinal uses. From the perspective of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is widely used for all stranguria as long as it is of heat-damp nature. And In this regard its pharmacology seems more persuasive than the experience.
Modern pharmacological actions of talcum powder
1. It has adsorption and astringency, which can protect the intestinal wall by taken orally;
2. It can form a protective film by spreading on the wound. Thus it can protect the surface of a wound, absorb secretions, and promote the growing of scab;
3. In vitro 10% talc powder has inhibition on Salmonella typhi and paratyphi.
Proven talcum powder herbal remedies
In the light of Chinese Materia Medica, it is sweet and thin in flavor and cold and non-toxic in properties and covers two meridians of stomach and bladder. Basic functions include treating stranguria by alleviating water retention, eliminating summer-heat by cooling, and astringing dampness to heal boils. Principal talcum powder uses and indications are syndrome of dampness-heat of bladder, fidget and thirst due to hot summer weather, inhibited urination, diarrhea, strangury, eczema, bleeding from five sense organs or subcutaneous tissue, beriberi, and skin erosion. Recommended dosage is from 9 to 24 grams in decoction, powder and pills. And wrapping with gauze is preferred before the decocting.
1. Ba Zheng San. From Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang (Formulas of the Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary), this formula is normally made for difficult urination, heat strangury, and uroschesis due to damp invasion of lower energizer. Other main herbal ingredients are Mu Tong (Akebia Caulis), Che Qian Zi (Plantago Seeds), Qu Mai (Dianthus), and so on.
2. Liu Yi San. From Shang Han Biao Ben (The Manifestations and Root of Cold-induced Disorders), this prescription combines this herb with Gan Cao (Licorice Root) for summer heat induced polydipsia and scanty dark urine.
3. San Ren Tang. From Wen Bing Tiao Bian (Systematic Differentiation of Warm Disease), this recipe is primarily formulated for the early stage of damp-heat and warm disease in summer accompanied with dampness. Other major herbs are Yi Yi Ren (Seeds of Job's Tears), Bai Dou Kou (Round Cardamon Fruit), Xing Ren (Apricot Seed), and more.
4. Hua Shi San. From Sheng Ji Zong Lu (Complete Record of Holy Benevolence), it uses this herb along with Akebia Caulis for the treatment of heat stranguria, difficulty urinating, pain when urinating, and burning after urination.
5. Hua Shi Bai Yu San. From Jin Gui Yao Lue (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer), it is exclusively used for difficult urination. Other two herbs are Luan Fa (tousle) and Bai Yu (silverfish).
Talcum powder side effects and contraindications
It was ever reported that it might be associated with ovarian cancer. However, so far there is no evidence that can support this claim though The American Cancer Society has conducted relevant studies. However, it is true that talcum powder has its disadvantages when used as medicine. Clinical experience has confirmed that it may cause granulomas in the rectum, vagina or wounds, etc. In addition, people often use it as contraceptives and perineal powders, which may increase the chance of developing ovarian cancer by 3 times than those who do not use it. Therefore, long-term use is not recommended since it may contain asbestos. TCM wise use it with care during pregnancy and it shouldn't be used in the cases of deficient spleen and weak vital energy, night emission, and body fluid impairment in pyreticosis.
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Four Action Internal Control Model
What is it?
Internal control systems make sure that an organization's financial resources are protected. They protect these assets from misuse and manage internal risks. Internal controls ensure that an organization's resources are used for the purposes intended and are utilized effectively and efficiently.
An effective internal control system also protects staff involved in financial tasks. If an organization and a project have strong internal controls, it helps remove any suspicion of misuse, and temptation or opportunity to misuse resources.
FMD Pro recommends the four-actions internal control model. This guides a team as it establishes a system of internal control, including policies, procedures, and practices that control fraud, theft and errors before, during and after they occur.
The four components of the model – direct, prevent, detect and correct – provide a framework for designing internal controls to minimise the risk of errors, omissions, fraud and theft
· Direct actions – set clear guidance and expectations for good financial practice in advance of project activities being implemented.
· Prevent actions – establish systems and processes that will reduce the opportunity for theft and minimize the risk of losses due to errors or incompetence during project implementation.
· Detect actions – implement processes and procedures to identify where things have gone wrong after an activity or process has taken place
· Correct actions – update and improve internal control systems as the team learns from experience, correcting errors and providing continuous improvement to reduce risks.
How do I use them?
The following scenario from UNITAS demonstrates how the four-actions internal control model is used in its Capacity Building Project.
UNITAS decided to use the four-actions model to reduce the risk of misuse of its resources. During the project launch, Amira, as Project Manager, leads a team meeting setting out each of the four components of the model and mapping the policies and practices that will be implemented in each of the four action areas.
The results of the meeting are documented below:
Once the four-action model internal control activities are identified, they are implemented through the life of the project. The model is revisited on a regular basis to ensure the internal control system remains strong and effective in protecting resources and staff.
When do I use them?
The four-actions model sets the policies, procedures and practices that must be followed by the project team throughout the life of the project. These internal control actions are shared with the project team during project launch, setting a firm foundation of internal control for the project.
As the project moves into implementation, the team uses the direct, prevent, detect and correct actions to ensure project resources are protected and utilized efficiently. Results are monitored and the system continues to evolve and improve – building on lessons learned and reinforcing areas of strength.
Who is involved?
The project manager needs to ensure that all members of the project team are familiar with and accountable for the implementation of the internal control policies, procedures and practices. Many of these internal controls are derived from the organization's Finance Manual.
Internal controls are important to pick up errors and omissions in the accounting records, not only to detect fraud or deliberate misuse of resources. These errors can be addressed with correct actions.


Global Case Study
Opcenter (Preactor) APS
PPG Fine Chemicals
Opcenter APS (formerly Preactor) provides the key ingredient for fine chemicals giant
PPG Fine ChemicalsPPG Fine Chemicals is a global leader and manufacturer of custom organic chemical products and general-use fine chemical products used in pharmaceuticals, agricultural applications and many others. With facilities in the United States, Europe and Asia, the company provides its customers with pharmaceutical fine chemicals ranging from starting materials to advanced GMP intermediates through to complex APIs.
The company's production flow process follows seven main steps: Reaction; Crystallization; Filtration; Crushing; Drying; Evaporation; and Distillation. While the company's everyday production processes were reliable, it increasingly recognized that in order to be as effective as possible in terms of utilizing machinery and personnel to maximum advantage, it would need to source a state-of-the-art Finite Capacity Scheduling software package. This is when the company forged a relationship with Preactor.
PPG set about determining what software solutions were available on the market. It then determined whether they met a strict series of criteria. These included: the need to replace and to improve the company's old scheduling system; to improve its customers' views about scheduling; improve work flow and to reduce work in progress; optimize equipment productivity; quickly integrate different constraints; be able to simulate different scheduling routes; and generate efficient production plans and promote better overall communication.
After surveying the market, PPG quickly realized that many software solutions were not flexible and adaptable enough to simulate the company's complex fine chemical process procedures.
However, when it looked at Preactor it soon recognized the system's suitability and level of flexibility. The implementation of Preactor at the PPG Sipsy site in Avrille largely involved in-depth communication between a PPG interlocutor, and the Preactor reseller and consultancy Segula via phone and email.
Since going live with Preactor, PPG has enjoyed a number of improvements to its everyday operations. In terms of stock control, net parts needs are calculated by Preactor. A specific net-needs calculation is also provided in order to recalculate parts needs after scheduling. This method allows Preactor to allocate or remove batches to balance net parts needs (pegging). A parts list modification (adjustment of the required quantities) generates another calculation of needs which can change the constitution of batches.
As regards operations creation, this is done during the importation of the production plan into Preactor, but also during needs calculation if extra batches are necessary. Batches can be manually added or removed by the user where necessary. In terms of routing, Preactor can work out the optimum use of various machines during production. Before the use of Preactor the company's routing procedure was often not as efficient in terms of time and resources. With regard to the Gantt charts with Preactor, a simplified Gantt generating one task per campaign was developed for a better readability.
A locking module was introduced in order to preserve certain campaigns already scheduled. Very precise rules are linked to these campaigns especially concerning calculation of net requirements and their fluctuation. Excel reports were developed in order to analyze the production per week or per month. A separate tool was also implemented to allow the comparison of specific schedules. Sequencing is made by campaign which as a mode of management makes the scheduling process even more complex because the examination of the equipment's availability must be made over a much larger period than if scheduling was made batch by batch.
However, Preactor quickly points out the optimum scheduling route on the shop floor. In terms of rework, the complexity of the managed constraints required the development of an extra tool based on a given configuration to generate a coherent result taking into consideration all constraints. This phase was named Schedule Reparation and consists of maintaining the campaigns' order on each piece of equipment and shifting the order if necessary, so as to make the schedule coherent in terms of tasks and stock etc.
Since using Preactor, PPG has enjoyed many benefits. In particular the company cites the system's swiftness in generating schedules on the shop floor, and its ability to generate quick, accurate reports. The company also recognizes Preactor's ability to provide the best view of PPG's workload over often long production periods.
Opcenter (Preactor) Advanced Planning
Opcenter (Preactor) Advanced Scheduling
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Rendering LaTeX using KaTeX and Jekyll
 06 December 2014 │
 LaTeX, Jekyll
So as a Ph.D. student who studies in Computer Science, using LaTeX to render the equations in my blog is inevitable. In general, I hope the render can support the following features:
The most popular way to render LaTeX within Jekyll is using MathJaX. There are lots of blogs (e.g. this) to show you how to configure it. But MathJaX has a huge shortage on rendering speed. It's slow, not for a bit, but so slow that you can see the web page refreshing itself.
Recently, I came across a new project KaTeX. It's fast as you can see the comparison below in which KaTeX is on the left and MathJax is on the right.
KaTeX vs Mathjax
So how to make KaTeX work in the Jekyll? Will Drevo offers a comprehensive manual to make it work. However, it requires us to write LaTeX code inside HTML div block. And I found this blog to explain how to use KaTeX with JavaScript. Combining both of these works, and with some extra effort, I find the approach to use KaTeX seamlessly inside Jekyll.
First of all, we need to configure Jekyll using Kramdown as markdown parser and MathJax as Kramdown's math engine. In result, inline math equation will be rendered into a script block with "math/tex" as type. Like this: tex code . Similarly the display style math equation will turn into a script block with "math/tex; mode=display" as type. Like this: tex code .
Secondly, let us put the required resources into the HTML head.
Finally, with the power of jQuery and KaTeX, we replace all the TeX code block to rendered high quality equations fast. But remember, this JavaScript should be loaded at the end of HTML file.
Here's the final result of rendered equation in below. Also you can do whatever custom you want in CSS file using class inline-equation and equation.
P(x)=1σ2πe(xμ)22σ2 P(x)=\frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma ^2}}


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Health Tip: Caring for a Newborn's Umbilical Cord
- Once a newborn's umbilical cord is cut just after birth, the remaining piece needs proper care to prevent infection.
The American Pregnancy Association offers these suggestions:
- Keep the area around the cord clean. Ask your doctor what is recommended -- perhaps cleaning regularly with rubbing alcohol, or just water and a gentle cleanser.
- Make sure the cord area stays dry. Use a newborn diaper with an area cut out to expose the cord. Also, let your baby wear a short t-shirt and a diaper when possible to help air get to the area.
- Don't give your baby a full, submerged bath -- just a sponge bath -- until after the cord has fallen off.
- Never pick or pull at the remaining cord, but let it fall off on its own.
Posted: February 2008

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Thursday, June 13, 2013
Gut Bacteria, Bach Flower Remedies, and Monsanto
Everyone involved in the world of flower essence therapy knows that flower essences were invented by Edward Bach, a respected immunologist who previously invented vaccines and later homeopathic nosodes from gut bacteria. His extensive research led him to flower essence therapy through the belief that the internal system of every human being works synergistically with the bacteria in the gut. He invented his homeopathic nosodes to address the specific states of mind and emotional issues connected with overgrowth or undergrowth of both beneficial and not so beneficial bacteria.
Every emotional state releases a flood of neurochemicals and hormones, changing the biochemical balance in our bodies in minute ways for a certain period of time. But states repeated too often can create problems. Chronic states change the bacterial environment by killing or inhibiting the growth of some and exciting the growth of others. You could think of it as a chemical soup that some bacteria hate and others go crazy for. Over time this lack of balance leads to inflammation and all sorts of illnesses including gastrointestinal disorders, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, depression, autism, infertility, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
Bach was successful with this work as a medical doctor and as a homeopathic researcher. And this led to him quitting his practice to focus on research for the rest of his life using plants to addressing particular states of mind. That's what flower essence remedies are for but anyone who uses them for any period of time learns that when a painful emotional state is released physical symptoms one carries frequently resolve themselves as well.
In recent weeks my Facebook newsfeed has seen a torrent of posts from people upset about the monopolistic and dangerous influence Monsanto has had in the production of food in this country (and worldwide). Many of their GMO seeds are designed to work in conjunction with pesticides and their well-known weed killer Round-up. Round-up, in particular, has been in the newsfeed because the active ingredient in that is Glyphosate and research shows that this chemical has profound effects on people despite Monsanto's assertion that it couldn't be harmful because the mechanism of action it uses to kill weeds is absent in animals. This is true but it IS present in your gut bacteria and that's where the trouble starts.
I downloaded the entire research paper on this from the peer reviewed scientific journal Entropy and read it thoroughly. It makes a very convincing case that many of the most insidious modern diseases including autism and others that were far less prevalent before Round-up was in such extensive use are most likely exacerbated or even potentially caused by the use of the food products glyphosate residues are most prevalent in— sugar, corn, soy and wheat, all the main staples of an American diet.
That's why I've been signing petitions and joining with others to repeal the so-called Monsanto Protection Act, to fight to have GMOS labeled and ban them from the marketplace.
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Stylizing stylization: The case of Aigia Fuxia
SourceMultilingua-Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication
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MetadataShow full item record
This paper examines language stylization in Aigia Fuxia (The Fuchsia Goat'), a highly popular Greek Cypriot sitcom, where the (imagined) linguistic and socio-cultural'self' of a dialect-speaking community is subjected to extreme and aberrant stylization. The overarching filmic and generic trademark of Aigia Fuxia is its consistent pinpointing of its intertextual relations to well-established Cypriot comedic media genres, in which the language and the lifestyle of the 'rural' part of the speech community is performed following specific generic and linguistic conventions. Aigia Fuxia dismantles these conventions through the artful deployment of a medley of content, generic, and filmic choices and, crucially, through extreme dialect stylization, ultimately a 'de-authenticizing' move, especially as it goes hand-in-hand with other linguistic choices, which are dissonant both in terms of genre and in terms of the series' baseline stylized dialect register. In this paper we show that such bricolage generates rich interpretive potential.. from a filmic perspective, the use of techniques which may befuddle viewer expectations regarding the genre cunningly pinpoint the processes whereby generic and narrative conventions are constructed; from a sociolinguistic perspective, the extreme stylization of the Cypriot Greek dialect may be seen as performative destabilizing of dominant folk linguistic constructs about standard language and dialect in a context of dialect leveling and emergent diglossia resolution.


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Backups / Restore page consists of screenshots from the Backups/Restore Screen in Backup Bank WordPress Plugin.
This page gives an idea about the how to create and manage the following backups :
- Existing Backups : Existing Backups provides ability to manage the Existing Backup.
- Start Backup : Start taking Backup with different Backup Options & Compression Types.
- Schedule Backup : Schedule Backup can schedule backups to either run at a different time or to run repeatedly.
You can perform extra following actions in Existing Backups :
- Apply Button
- Start Backup
- Schedule Backup
- Purge Backups


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Infusion reactions (IRs) create a translational hurdle for many novel therapeutics, including those utilizing nanotechnology. Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) are a novel class of therapeutics prepared by rational design of relatively short oligonucleotides to self-assemble into various programmable geometric shapes. While cytokine storm, a common type of IR, has halted clinical development of several therapeutic oligonucleotides, NANP technologies hold tremendous potential to bring these reactions under control by tuning the particle's physicochemical properties to the desired type and magnitude of the immune response. Recently, we reported the very first comprehensive study of the structure⁻activity relationship between NANPs' shape, size, composition, and their immunorecognition in human cells, and identified the phagolysosomal pathway as the major route for the NANPs' uptake and subsequent immunostimulation. Here, we explore the molecular mechanism of NANPs' recognition by primary immune cells, and particularly the contributing role of the Toll-like receptors. Our current study expands the understanding of the immune recognition of engineered nucleic acid-based therapeutics and contributes to the improvement of the nanomedicine safety profile.
Keywords: NANPs; Toll-like receptors; immunotoxicity; infusion reaction; interferon; nanoparticles; nucleic acids.


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Haudenosaunee Lessons in Peace
Freida Jacques (Onondaga, Turtle Clan) will discuss philosophies of peace and their relevancy today.
LocationArt Exhibit Room, Macmillan Hall
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was united by the great Peacemaker over 1,000 years ago. The philosophies of peace that were adopted by the Haudenosaunee long ago continue to hold important lessons for promoting peace in today's world.
Freida (Whatwehni:neh) is a Clan Mother and works at the Onondaga Nation School as a Home/School Liaison. She is a bridge between Onondaga culture and many educational institutions in Central New York. Freida has been a leader for Onondaga Nation for over 30 years and has several published essays: "Discipline of the Good Mind," in Northeast Indian Quarterly, Cornell University Summer 1991, "Use the Good Mind" in Winds of Change, Spring 1997, and "Beyond Healing: A Gift to the World," in Indian Country Today, April 5, 2000.
This talk is free and open to all; it is sponsored by the Juliana James Native American Scholar Fund which honors the memory of Juliana James and her activism for social and economic justice for women.


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Setting up WePay as your payment processor on Classy will enable you to start processing donations. To get started, you'll need to visit the Payment Processor Portal under your Classy Settings tab.
In this article, you'll learn how to set up WePay as your payment processor:
1. Open the Settings tab
2. Click on Payment Processor Portal
3. Click on WePay4. Click Authorize WePay
5. Fill out the sign up form in the pop-up that appears to create a WePay account
- Click Log In on the form if you already have a WePay account
Verify Your Information
Note: The last 4 digits of your Social Security number are needed to verify your identity and confirm that you are authorized to act on behalf of your organization. To learn more, view this WePay help article.
From here, you can connect a bank account.1. Choose how you would like to receive your funds
2. Enter your banking information into the text blocks
3. Click Save
From here, you'll be taken to an Active Payment Method screen. The Status will display Active to show that your payment processor is connected.
Note: You must enter your banking information within 30 days of setting up WePay. If you do not complete this process, your donations will be refunded by WePay.


text: Background: The production of triterpenes from plants for pharmacological purposes varies in concentration, due to genetic and environmental factors. In vitro culture enables the control and increase of these bioactive molecules. Objective: To evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators and elicitors in the induction of calli and the production of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) in Lepechinia caulescens. Materials and Methods: Leaf explants were exposed for the induction of calli at different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid were used as elicitors. High-performance liquid chromatography method was used to quantify UA and OA content in each treatment. Results: Treatment with 3.0 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L of BAP produced the best results for calli induction and production of UA (1.57 mg/g dry weight [DW]) and OA (1.13 mg/g DW). Both elicitors facilitated the accumulation of triterpenes. Conclusion: The combination of auxins and cytokinins showed favorable results for the induction of calli. Variation concerning the accumulation of UA and OA was observed between treatments. MJ increased the production of triterpenes five times after 8 h of exposure, compared to control treatment. There is a greater accumulation of UA (16.58 mg/g DW) and OA (1.94 mg/g DW) in leaves of wild plants.


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MOTORCYCLE TYRE LOAD & SPEED MARKINGS
Radial, bias belted, and diagonal cross-ply tyres have markings to indicate their load and speed capabilities.
It is important that tyres are suitable for the maximum speed capability of the motorcycle. In some overseas countries this is a legal requirement.
Tyre speeds are shown in accordance with an alphabetical list of symbols indicating speeds at 10 km/h increments.
The relevant speed symbol is positioned near the size designation in conjunction with a load index: e.g. 120/90-18 65S, where '65' is the load index and 'S' the speed symbol. In the case of speed symbols 'V' and 'ZR', these are shown within the size designation, e.g. 120/90-V18. The size designation for 'V' and 'ZR' normally omits the load index. Details of speed symbols and load indices are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1: TYRE SPEED MARKINGS
TABLE 2: TYRE LOADING INDICES AND RELATING MAXIMUM LOADS


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Nutritional immunology is a rapidly growing field which aims to harness the immunomodulatory effects of nutritional ingredients, to support meat and milk production, or high performance. Recently, the microbiome has emerged as a critical piece to the puzzle, which moderates the relationship between feed and health/performance. Increasing evidence demonstrates the interdependence of the gut microbiome and the immune system, raising the possibility that dietary interventions could be used to target gut microbiota composition.
Understanding the relationships between diet, microbiota composition and animal health/performance is now a major area of interest. Such studies have the potential to unlock strategies to manage intestinal health, strengthen immunity and improve feed efficiency. To this end, prebiotics, direct fed microbials, and other nutrients are being explored for their health benefits via optimisation of the gut microbiome.
What BaseClear offers:
At BaseClear, our state-of-the-art metagenomics sequencing pipeline and downstream processes are specifically designed to support the exploration of interventions and their effects on microbiota composition in animals. We accurately characterize the taxonomic profiles in your samples, down to a species-level, and have the bioinformatics expertise to help you identify relationships between microbiome characteristics and health/performance indicators. Our offerings include guidance from study design to data analysis and reporting, allowing you to gain deeper insights on the effect of novel nutritional interventions.
Get in touch!
Get in touch with the BaseClear experts to discuss your specific project.


Place:Libreville, Estuaire, Gabon
Coordinates0.375°N 9.417°E
Located inEstuaire, Gabon (1500 - )
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
The area was inhabited by the Mpongwé tribe long before the French acquired the land in 1839. In 1846, L'Elizia, a Brazilian ship carrying slaves for sale, was captured by the French navy near Loango. The slaves were freed and founded Libreville (French for "Freetown") in 1848. It was the chief port of French Equatorial Africa from 1934 to 1946 and was the central focus of the Battle of Gabon in 1940.
In 1910, French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF) was created, and French companies were allowed to exploit the Middle Congo (modern-day Congo Brazzaville). It soon became necessary to build a railroad that would connect Brazzaville, the terminus of the river navigation on the Congo River and the Ubangui River, with the Atlantic coast. As rapids make it impossible to navigate on the Congo River past Brazzaville, and the coastal railroad terminus site had to allow for the construction of a deep-sea port, authorities chose the site of Ponta Negra instead of Libreville as originally envisaged. Construction of the Congo-Ocean Railway began in 1921, and Libreville was surpassed by the rapid growth of Pointe-Noire, farther down the coast.
Libreville was named in imitation of Freetown and grew only slowly as a trading post and a minor administrative centre to a population of 32,000 on independence in 1960. It only received its first bank branch when Bank of West Africa (BAO) opened a branch in 1930. Since independence, the city has grown rapidly and now houses nearly half the national population.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Libreville. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.


Back to Journals » International Journal of Nanomedicine » Volume 13 » T-NANO 2014 Abstracts
Effective heart disease prediction system using data mining techniques
Authors Singh P, Singh S, Pandi-Jain GS
Received 18 October 2016
Accepted for publication 2 January 2017
Published 15 March 2018 Volume 2018:13(T-NANO 2014 Abstracts) Pages 121—124
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Dr Lei Yang
Poornima Singh,1 Sanjay Singh,2 Gayatri S Pandi-Jain1
1L. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Gujarat Technological University, 2Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Abstract: The health care industries collect huge amounts of data that contain some hidden information, which is useful for making effective decisions. For providing appropriate results and making effective decisions on data, some advanced data mining techniques are used. In this study, an effective heart disease prediction system (EHDPS) is developed using neural network for predicting the risk level of heart disease. The system uses 15 medical parameters such as age, sex, blood pressure, cholesterol, and obesity for prediction. The EHDPS predicts the likelihood of patients getting heart disease. It enables significant knowledge, eg, relationships between medical factors related to heart disease and patterns, to be established. We have employed the multilayer perceptron neural network with backpropagation as the training algorithm. The obtained results have illustrated that the designed diagnostic system can effectively predict the risk level of heart diseases.
Keywords: data mining, neural network, multilayer perceptron neural network, backpropagation, disease diagnosis
Among various life-threatening diseases, heart disease has garnered a great deal of attention in medical research. The diagnosis of heart disease is a challenging task, which can offer automated prediction about the heart condition of patient so that further treatment can be made effective. The diagnosis of heart disease is usually based on signs, symptoms and physical examination of the patient. There are several factors that increase the risk of heart disease, such as smoking habit, body cholesterol level, family history of heart disease, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of physical exercise.
A major challenge faced by health care organizations, such as hospitals and medical centers, is the provision of quality services at affordable costs.1 The quality service implies diagnosing patients properly and administering effective treatments. The available heart disease database consists of both numerical and categorical data. Before further processing, cleaning and filtering are applied on these records in order to filter the irrelevant data from the database.2 The proposed system can determine an exact hidden knowledge, ie, patterns and relationships associated with heart disease from a historical heart disease database. It can also answer the complex queries for diagnosing heart disease; therefore, it can be helpful to health care practitioners to make intelligent clinical decisions. Results showed that the proposed system has its unique potency in realizing the objectives of the defined mining goals.
The experiment was carried out on a publicly available database for heart disease. The dataset contains a total of 303 records that were divided into two sets, training set (40%) and testing set (60%). A data mining tool named Weka 3.6.11 was used for the experiment. Additionally, multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) with backpropagation (BP) was used as the training algorithm.
MLPNN is one of the most significant models in artificial neural network. The MLPNN consists of one input layer, one or more hidden layers and one output layer.3 In MLPNN, the input nodes pass values to the first hidden layer, and then nodes of first hidden layer pass values to the second and so on till producing outputs as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Multilayer perceptron neural network.
BP network
The BP algorithm has served as a useful methodology to train multilayer perceptron for a wide range of applications.4 The BP network calculates the difference between real and predicted values, which is circulated from output nodes backwards to nodes in previous layer. The BP learning algorithm can be divided into two phases, propagation and weight update.4
First, this learning algorithm provides training data to the network and compares the actual and desired outputs. Then, it calculates the error in each neuron. Based on this, the algorithm calculates what output should be for each neuron and how much higher or lower output must be adjusted for desired output and finally adjusts the weights. The overall process is done to improve weights during processing.
Results and discussion
In order to predict the probability of patients having heart disease, a confusion matrix (Table 1) was created, where A denotes patients with heart disease, and B denotes patients with no heart disease.
Table 1 A confusion matrix
Abbreviations: TP, true positive; FN, false negative; FP, false positive; TN, true negative.
A confusion matrix contains information about real and predicted classifications done by a classification system. The data in the matrix are evaluated to know the performance of such systems.
The confusion matrix contains the following four entries:
*TP (true positive): The number of records classified as true while they were actually true.
*FP (false positive): The number of records classified as true while they were actually false.
*FN (false negative): The number of records classified as false while they were actually true.
*TN (true negative): The number of records classified as false while they were actually false.
The overall process of effective heart disease prediction system (EHDPS) is based on the following three steps:
 1. Data collection
 2. Data pre-processing and
 3. The classification of data.
The data are collected from a standard dataset that contains 303 records. The 15 parameters, such as age, sex, chest pain type (CP), and cholesterol (chol), with some domain values associated with them, considered to predict the probability of heart disease are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Description of 15 used parameters
The collected data were used to create a structured database system. The pre-processing was done by identifying the associated fields and removing all the duplications. After that, all the missing values were filled, and the data were coded according to the domain value.
After applying neural networks on training dataset, the results show that there are zero FN or FP entries (Table 3), suggesting that the system predicts heart disease with 100% accuracy. Figure 2 shows the actual work done by Weka 3.6.11 tool.
Table 3 Results for neural network showing 100% accuracy
Figure 2 Results showing accuracy for 15 parameters using Weka tool.
In this study, an EHDPS has been presented using data mining techniques. From ANN, an MLPNN together with BP algorithm is used to develop the system. The MLPNN model proves the better results and assists the domain experts and even the person related to the medical field to plan for a better and early diagnosis for the patient. This system performs realistically well even without retraining. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the system predicts heart disease with ~100% accuracy by using neural networks.
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Palaniappan S, Awang R. Intelligent heart disease prediction system using data mining techniques. Int J Comput Sci Net Secur. 2008;8:343–350.
Sayad AT, Halkarnikar PP. Diagnosis of heart disease using neural network approach. Int J Adv Sci Eng Technol. 2014;2:88–92.
Gudadhe M, Wankhade K, Dongre S. Decision support system for heart disease based on support vector machine and Artificial Neural Network. In: Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), 2010 International Conference on, 2010:741–745.
Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, Williams RJ. Learning representations by back-propagating error. Nature. 1986;323:533–536.
Download Article [PDF]


Finds SIMD intrinsics calls and suggests std::experimental::simd (P0214) alternatives.
If the option Suggest is set to non-zero, for
_mm_add_epi32(a, b); // x86
vec_add(a, b); // Power
the check suggests an alternative: operator+ on std::experimental::simd objects.
Otherwise, it just complains the intrinsics are non-portable (and there are P0214 alternatives).
Many architectures provide SIMD operations (e.g. x86 SSE/AVX, Power AltiVec/VSX, ARM NEON). It is common that SIMD code implementing the same algorithm, is written in multiple target-dispatching pieces to optimize for different architectures or micro-architectures.
The C++ standard proposal P0214 and its extensions cover many common SIMD operations. By migrating from target-dependent intrinsics to P0214 operations, the SIMD code can be simplified and pieces for different targets can be unified.
Refer to P0214 for introduction and motivation for the data-parallel standard library.
If this option is set to non-zero (default is 0), the check will suggest P0214 alternatives, otherwise it only points out the intrinsic function is non-portable.
The namespace used to suggest P0214 alternatives. If not specified, std:: for -std=c++20 and std::experimental:: for -std=c++11.


ahandrewh teaches IAT-334interface design
Reading reflection #5 (due June 22)
Remember you only need to complete five reflections over the term. There are ten available.
The "Who Are the Users? (Chapter 2)" (Sharon, 2016) reading is very long: It is approximately 9400 words, or about 47 minutes of reading. In the table of contents please highlight the headings for the sections you think are most important for you to read. Select at least three sections and read those sections.
Once done highlighting, please:
 1. Explain why you selected the highlighted sections for reading.
 2. Explain what you took away from the sections you read.
Your responses can be submitted anytime before the lecture on June 22 to the reading reflection on Canvas.
This reading reflection is worth 4% (4 points) of your final grade.


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In science and engineering, when we have a number of data points obtained by sampling and experimentation, it
is possible to construct a function that closely fits those data points. Interpolation can be regarded as a special
case of curve fitting, in which the function must go exactly through every single data point.
Estimating the size of a mineral field available for extraction using exploration results, calculating the estimated
amount of mineral contained within the field are the domain of reserve mineral estimation. Numerical interpolation
algorithms provide a way to maximize the knowledge of known ore occurrences and the method of their formation and determine potential
areas where the particular class of ore deposit being sought may exist.
There are various techniques for the solution of interpolation problems and here at Keystone Mining Post will show methods using Cubic Spline and Newton Divided Difference
interpolations. These methods are based on Taylor series expansion of a function of f(x) about a specific
value of x0.


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This week, we begin a new feature at Class Action Countermeasures. Much as I occasionally look at classic class-action cases, I'm also going to look at classic scholarship once per month. That scholarship will have to have some connection to class actions or other kinds of aggregated litigation. And I'll be mining these articles for what they can tell us about the modern class action.
First up, a Harvard Law Review Note from 1955, titled The Challenge of the Mass Trial. This Note is occasionally credited with influencing the 1966 Advisory Committee's revisions to Rule 23, which created what we consider to be the modern class action.
The increased frequency of mass litigation due to the large scale on which American social and economic activities are organized has had a pronounced impact on the judicial system. A train crash or an antitrust prosecution, for example, may involve hundreds of claims or litigants, and courts on both trial and appellate levels may be faced with a choice between separate trials with the possibility of considerable expense and delay or a single trial with the risk of prejudice to one or more of the parties. Terming this "an acute major problem in the current administration of justice," a committee of federal judges has recently set forth suggestions to assist the court in its conduct of mass trials without a jury. This Note will focus upon the mass single trial or consolidated action in which a jury is being used, and it will outline methods of procedure which may be available to the trial judge in dealing with mass litigation.
(Internal footnotes omitted.)
According to the Note, there are three possible elements to a mass trial: "multiple parties, multiple issues, and complex fact situations." These elements create obvious case management difficulties. Leaving aside the time (and expense) it takes to try multiple, complicated factual issues involving multiple parties, trying them in front of a jury runs a very high risk of hopelessly confusing the jurors. As the Note author observed:
Finally, the sheer volume of the single mass trial multiplies the possibility of error beyond that found in the ordinary trial, particularly in criminal cases, where there is always the danger of guilt by association.
(Emphasis added.) The Note also contains a discussion of what may be the first modern mass trial, Gwathmey v. United States, in which the
appellate court concluded that the trial court had abused its discretion and had denied the defendants due process of law since, under the circumstances, the jury could not possibly have had an informed opinion.
Gwathmey continues to be a useful precedent for those facing mass tort cases, where mass trials are still a possibility under certain circumstances, and so where defendants still must be wary for how trying complex cases may prejudice their rights.
The Note also makes a number of suggestions about how to improve mass trials; among them:
- allowing jurors to take notes;
- allowing for consolidation of issues;
- using a "model trial" (bellwether trial) to work out issues for subsequent plaintiffs; and
- using a commission rather than a jury to find facts.
What is particularly interesting is how many of these proposed improvements are still good ideas today, 55 years later. While the Note itself was written before the modern revisions to Rule 23, it's surprisingly applicable to modern mass torts. And that makes it one of the earliest examples of classic class-action scholarship.


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Shipping address plays a major role in business as it sends products and services to a specific location of a client or customer. However, there can be instances when you have to edit or change the Ship To address for a particular customer in QuickBooks. If you want to know the same, learn with us how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks. Along with this, we will teach you to edit or change the default Ship To address in QuickBooks. So, let's get straight to the guide.
How to Edit Ship To Address in QuickBooks?
There can be different reasons for which you may need to change the Ship To address However, now everyone is aware of the right procedure. If you want to learn how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks, we will teach you.
To change the shipping address on a purchase order, all you have to do is open the Vendor menu, select the Create Purchase Order, look for the Ship To option, and pick your customer whom you wish to edit the shipping address.
You can pursue these instructions to edit the Ship To address on a purchase order in QuickBooks Desktop:
- First of all, open the "QuickBooks" program on your computer.
- Then, go through the "Vendor" menu.
- After this, you have to click the "Create Purchase Order" menu.
- Here, you can find the "Ship To" or "Drop Ship To" fields. Make sure you locate them in the "Purchase Order" category.
- Once you found the shipping address, you can choose the relevant customer by clicking on the drop-down menu. Make sure you pick the customer to whom you are changing this address.
- After you pick your customer, move to the "Ship To" field and add the updated address.
After saving the new address in the Ship To field, you can close the tabs. Thereafter, you will be using the updated address and the orders will be shipped to that address only as long as you are not changing it.
How to Change Default Ship To Address in QuickBooks?
A lot of users prefer to add multiple addresses to one account. However, one of the addresses is usually being used the most. If it is required then you can set that address as the default one so that you don't need to choose an address every time you send the product.
If you wish to change the default Ship To address, you have to navigate through the Lists menu. Thereafter, you can open the purchase order template. This can be found in the Templates section. After this, look for the Transaction and Company Information tab. Here, you are required to update the address in the Ship To Address section.
One has to ensure that the details you are entering are correct; the Ship To address should match your Company Information.
Now, in order to change the default Ship To address, you can follow these steps:
- Launch the "QuickBooks" program on your computer.
- Move to the "Lists" menu.
- Then, go to the "Templates" tab.
- Now, you can start looking for the "Purchase Order" template.
- After you spot the purchase order template, double click on it.
- Now, switch to the "Company and Transaction Information" tab.
- Here, select the "Update Information" option.
- At this point, you can choose the "Ship To Address" option. You can find it on the right side of the screen.
- After this, you can check if the "Ship To Address" detail is the same as your "Company Information". If required then update the information.
- Once done, press the "OK" button to update the details.
As you follow these aforementioned steps, the default shipping address will be changed successfully. Now, you can continue using the updated address as your default address.
A shipping address is basically a location to where one sends the product or would like to get their order shipped. If you ever wish to change the address, you can do that easily. In this guide, we have shared easy steps for how to change Ship To address in QuickBooks. We also learned to change the default Ship To address in QuickBooks. Hope you find this blog useful.


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Abstract - Introduction of Prescribed Burning to Wind Cave National Park
Lovaas, Allan L. 1976. Introduction of Prescribed Burning to Wind Cave National Park. The Wildlife Society Bulletin 4. pp. 69-73.
Because of the poor fire control reputation at Wind Cave National Park, due to heavy fuels and past conflagrations, initiation of prescribed burning was prudently delayed until 3 years after prescribed burning was introduced into the Black Hills in 1970 by other agencies. The introduction provoked minimal negative public reaction, although a fire that escaped immediate control was widely publicized. The success of the introduction to the Black Hills and the park was attributed to the unity of the land management agencies, effective public relations, participation by ranchers, and control of the burns. Citation from J. Studdendieck & G. Wilson, "An Identification of Prairie in National Park Units in the Great Plains," p. 173, NPS 1986 (BEOL).
Did You Know?
The scientific name for the Stemless Hymenoxys is Hymemoxys acaulis. Acaulis means "stemless" and referes to the leafless stalks which bear the flower heads. More...


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Threat abatement plan
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, May 2009
- Background paper for the threat abatement plan for the impacts of marine debris on vertbrate marine life (PDF - 1.71 MB) | (RTF - 558 KB)
- Threat abatement plan for the impacts of marine debris on vertbrate marine life (PDF - 1.56 MB) | (RTF - 370 KB)
About the plan
In August 2003, 'Injury and fatality to vertebrate marine life caused by ingestion of, or entanglement in, harmful marine debris' was listed as a key threatening process under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).
The Threat Abatement Plan (TAP) for the impacts of marine debris on vertebrate marine life aims to provide a coordinated national approach to the implementation of measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of harmful marine debris on vertebrate marine life.
Detailed information supporting this TAP is provided in the Background Paper, which describes in more detail the key threatening process and its management via prevention, removal and mitigation.
- Key threatening process - Injury and fatality to vertebrate marine life caused by ingestion of, or entanglement in, harmful marine debris
- Impacts of plastic debris on Australian marine wildlife - June 2009
- Research on the impact of marine debris on marine turtle survival and behaviour: North east Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia - April 2009
- Pilot investigation of the origins and pathways of marine debris found in the northern Australian marine environment - July 2008
- Key threatening processes information sheet - Harmful marine debris - 2003
- Finding solutions: Derelict fishing gear and other marine debris in Northern Australia - 2003


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When arriving at Kathmandu airport the arrival form contains an interesting feature.
Along with the options of male and female under the category of gender, there is a third option: 'other'. The story of how this option came into being is linked to the personal story of the author of this Discussion Paper, and that of a Nepali non-governmental organization, the Blue Diamond Society.
Over recent decades, the inclusion of rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersex (LGBTI) groups in national constitutions has increasingly been seen as an indicator of the strength and consolidation of democracy. However, LGBTI advocates do not have sufficient access to resources providing guidance on how to engage with the constitution-building process or frame demands for equality of rights and recognition in constitutional texts.
Working mostly with leaders of advocacy campaigns themselves, International IDEA has developed detailed accounts of struggles for constitutional equality for sexual orientation minorities in Bolivia, Fiji, Grenada, Kenya, Ireland, Nepal and South Africa. Building on the experiences and knowledge, International IDEA will develop an advocacy guide for LGBTI advocates of constitutional change in other countries. In anticipation of the guide we are making available a selection of national case studies.
1. The country first, our rights second: joining the movement for democracy
2. The legal battle to establish our identity
3. Engagement with political parties in Nepal's first elections to the constituent assembly
4. Participation in Nepal's first constituent assembly, 2008–2012
5. Next steps: the second constituent assembly
Conclusion: advice to other activists
About the author


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MC: Why were so many British soldiers attracted to the prospect of adventures in Latin America?
MB: The first thing to remember is that only about a third of the adventurers had actually been soldiers or sailors before they travelled to Colombia. The vast majority were artisans, labourers, aristocrats – a real cross-section of society, seduced by dreams of the gold and land and freedom that they expected to find in South America. Of those who did have some military experience (around 2,000 of the 7,000 foreign adventurers in total) there were a lot of Irish Catholics who thought they had a better chance of promotion in the Colombian service than in the British Army, and lots who saw that military opportunities had dried up at home after the demobilisation that came after the end of the Napoleonic Wars from 1815. It is a combination of push factors and pull factors, giving people a reason to leave Britain and Ireland, as well as giving them a reason to go to South America.
MC: What sort of background were these soldiers from?
MB: 319 adventurers recorded their previous profession, trade or occupation in a document preserved in the Archivo Histórico de Guayas in Guayaquil, Ecuador. 148 described themselves as labourers. The next most popular occupation was 'Weaver' (twenty-six). In descending order, eleven volunteers said that they were shoemakers, and another eleven were tailors. Seven were bakers, seven were mariners and six were musicians. There were five carpenters, and four each of book-binders, breeches-makers, and painters. There were three respondents each for bricklayer, butcher, hatter, miner, servant and watch-maker. There were two respondents each for accountant, chandler, clerk, cloth-cutter, cordwainer, craftsman, farrier, gardener, glass blower/stainer, glazier, hairdresser, potter, printer, silk-maker and water-man. There was one apothecary, a basket-maker, a blacksmith, a boat-maker, a cabinet-maker, a cooper, a cotton spinner, a courier, a draper, a founder, a gunsmith, a ham-beater, a horseman, a lawyer, a lightman, a machinist, a mason, a merchant, a miller, a papermaker, a poulterer, a roller, a rope-maker, a saddler, a sawyer, a shearer, a slater, a soapmaker, a stocking-maker, a stone-cutter, a tanner, a tin-man, a varnish-maker, a wood-cutter, a wood Merchant and a woollen draper.
All this material is included in my online database of the soldiers. Some of the officers, of course, came from rather grander backgrounds. There were a couple of lords in there, the sons of aristocratic families. Many of the officers, however, exagerated their social standing back home in order to gain a higher rank in the Colombian army – this was a source of much tension, conflict and amusement once the campaigns got going. It also meant that there were quite a few high-ranking officers who didn't have the faintest idea how to command soldiers or win battles.
MC: How were relations between Britain and Spain at the time?
MB: Britain was neutral in the conflict between Spain and its American colonies. This was because it had needed the Spanish alliance against Napoleon's France but also because it didn't want to support the idea of other powers piling into colonial conflicts on the side of rebels – this had happened in the United States' War of Independence in the late eighteenth century, and Britain had enough of its own problems in the rest of its empire without worrying if any rebels would get support from Spain, France, Prussia or Russia, for example. So Britain had a public policy of neutrality. Nevertheless, lots of the British public were in favour of Spanish American independence because it chimed with their ideas about liberty, freedom, down with tyranny, and so on. Also, many British merchants and their friends in parliament and government were keen to have access to these new markets in Spanish America, which had hitherto been very difficult to get into because of the trade barriers erected by the Spanish colonial regime. The enlistment of adventurers, in London, to fight in Colombia, kicked a great hole in the middle of this delicate balancing act. Spanish officials in London were incandescent that ships moored on the River Thames could be so bare-faced about recruiting men. That's why the 'Foreign Enlistment Act' was brought in in 1819, and after that the recruitment of adventurers did rather dry up. The British policy of neutrality survived, independence was eventually achieved, and the merchants did indeed get access to the new markets. So, everyone won (except for the Spanish, who had lost all their American colonies by 1826, apart from Cuba and Puerto Rico).
MC: What were the differences in armoury between the British and the Royalist fighters?
MB: That is a good question. Military historians have rooted round in archives trying to answer this question, and archaeologists have unearthed surviving weapons from the period. Broadly speaking the weapons being used on either side were quite similar. Bayonets, rifles and lances were the principal weapons. Obviously each new expedition, either from Britain or Spain, brought new weapons with it. Many of the British officers spent a lot of time teaching recruits how to use them, for example the rifles, but the vast majority of battles were fought using weapons like swords, daggers, knives and lances. The battle of Junín, in Peru in 1824, was famously silent, with no gunfire at all, given the topographical difficulties in dragging cannons up and down the Andean mountain ranges, and without getting the gunpowder wet.
MC: Did the British soldiers respect the leadership of Bolivar and Sucre?
MB: I think on the whole the answer here was yes, but not always. Bolívar had a certain charisma which appealed to his British soldiers, and they played a crucial part in transmitting his revolutionary image across the Atlantic. Sucre got on well with most of the British and Irish officers. Francisco Burdett O'Connor, an Irish adventurer, has a lovely anecdote in his memoirs, published in Spanish as Independencia americana, about he and Sucre tossing a coin in order to decide which should of them should be allowed to court a particular woman. Clearly there was a lot of mutual respect there. Of course not all leadership was respected: British and Irish soldiers deserted all the time (rates of 10% per year were not unknown) and the Irish Legions staged a famous rebellion at the Caribbean port of Riohacha in 1820. (I have an article on the Rebellion at Riohacha in 1820 and its consequences). They made a real mess of the town, caused a load of havoc and got themselves a really bad reputation.
MC: And I was wondering if it was possible for you to give a couple of other reasons, non-military, how the British influenced the independence of the nations which temporarily became Colombia.
MB: Crikey: that's a big question. I suggest you read The Role of Great Britain in the Independence of Colombia, the volume edited by Malcolm Deas, published by the Colombian Embassy in London. All in all, you have the military assistance, the diplomatic neutrality, the arms sales, the public support and solidarity as well as the provision of a cultural and political model (as argued by the historian Karen Racine in her article 'This England, This Now': British Cultural Independence in the Spanish American Independence-Era', Hispanic American Historical Review (2010). That's quite a lot of British influence, but independence was still, clearly, primarily the work of Colombians, Venezuelans and Ecuadorians, who fought, wrote, died, thought, argued, saved and battled for their independence – with a little help from their friends.
 This paragraph is taken from my book, Matthew Brown, Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2006), 28.


text:
Max M. Louwerse, Scott Crossley
Speech act classification remains one of the challenges in natural language processing. This paper evaluates a classification system that assigns one of twelve dialog acts to an utterance from the Map Task Corpus. The dialog act classification system chooses a dialog act based on n-grams from a training set. The system's performance is comparable to other classification systems, like those using support vector machines. Performance is high given the fact that the system only considers an utterance out of context and from written input only. Moreover, the system's performance is on par with human performance.
Subjects: 13. Natural Language Processing; 13.1 Discourse
Submitted: Feb 13, 2006


When do I need "struts.jar" on my classpath?
Ted Husted
When you are compiling an application that uses the Struts classes, you must have the "struts.jar" on the classpath your compiler sees -- it does not have to be on your CLASSPATH environment variable. Why is that an important distinction? Because if you are using a servlet container on your development machine to test your application, the "struts.jar" must not be on your CLASSPATH environment variable when running the ontainer. (This is because each Web application must also have their own copy of the Struts classes, and the container will become confused if it is on the environment path as well.) There are several general approaches to this issue:
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Word Sorter
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Re: XHTML 2.0: Suggestion for and to replace
From: Jukka K. Korpela
Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2003 01:17:04 +0200 (EET)
To: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
On Mon, 1 Dec 2003, Christian Wolfgang Hujer wrote:
> since and as well as and are
> counterpart for quotes or listings, I suggest to replace with
> and .
That would be logical in a sense, though one might question the very idea
of having inline and block versions of elements. Isn't the distinction
basically presentational?
Besides, what's the point in in the first place? It's an old
element, which has been widely used against its definition: it has been
used in general for addresses, not for contact address of the _document's
author_. And we really cannot blame authors for this confusion, since the
name is particularly poorly chosen.
If we think that previous poor uses of words as element names are not a
problem in XHTML 2.0 design, then could well be used to stand
for what it says: _any_ address information for someone or something.
However it might be better to define some internal structure for it,
instead of mere line structure. Or it might be named just ,
for specifying a physical address, whereas various Internet address
are, in a natural way, covered by the elements for linking.
If it is desirable to have an element for specifying information about the
author (of a document or part thereof), then an element could be
defined, and it in turn might contain an element (and any other
information about the author that would seem appropriate).
On the other hand, it might be better to treat author information as
metadata (which might or might not be made part of the rendered content of
a document).
In any case, as a legacy element is rather pointless. It has
often been argued that it could be used for automatically collecting
authorship information. But I don't think any spider does that.
And what would they do with "address" information that has no standardized
Received on Monday, 1 December 2003 18:17:21 UTC


text:
As the Evolang deadline approaches, Bart de Boer and Tessa Verhoef have announced a workshop on the evolution of signals, speech and sign which will take place just before the main conference. The deadline for papers to the workshop is October 10th.
We are looking for contributions that address the evolution of modern humans' abilities to produce, perceive and learn the extended range of (combinatorial) signals that form the physical basis of human language. Signals in our definition form the physically observable manifestation of language, and they can exist either in the articulatory-acoustic modality (speech) or in the gestural-visual modality (signs) and perhaps in other modalities.
The event is intended to be complementary to the main conference in the sense that we look for contributions that explicitly focus on future research. We therefore seek contributions that not only present research results, but that for example also explore possibilities of interaction between fields, that pose new research questions or that make an inventory of areas in which research may be lacking.


Balaram Varma II
10 May 2019 Fri
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma also known as Bala Ram Varma II had ruled the princely state Travancore from 1912 CE to 1991 CE. He was the last ruling Maharaja of Princely State Travancore. He became the Maharaja of Travancore at the age of 12, after the death of his uncle. The reign of Balaram Varma II had witnessed much progress in Travancore. During his reign, he had passed the famous Temple Entry Proclamation in the year 1936 CE. He had also established the University of Travancore (now the University of Kerala) in 1937 CE. According to the one of the journal 'Samyukta' it had recorded that during this reign 40% of the revenue was set apart for education.
After Independence of India in 1947 CE, Bala Ram Varma II chose his domain as an independent country. As this was unacceptable to the Government of India, so some negotiation was held between Indian representative and Maharaja Bala Ram Varma II. In the year 1949, a final agreement was made where Bala Ram Varma agreed to merge Travancore as a part of Union of India.
Image Courtesy: Todywalla Auction
Knowledge Base


CICERO - Senter for klimaforskning
Can conditional commitments break the climate change negotiations deadlock?
Arild Underdal, Jon Hovi, Steffen Kallbekken, Tora Skodvin
Can a conditional commitment by a major actor (for example, the European Union) induce other major actors (such as the USA, China, India, or Japan) to do more to mitigate global climate change? We analyse this question by first estimating the impact of emission reductions by one of these actors on the mitigation costs of the others and, second, by exploring how domestic politics influence the willingness of the European Union and the USA to contribute. We find that an emission cut by any actor will reduce mitigation costs for all the others and thereby expand the settlement range. These cost reductions seem, however, insufficient to induce significant unilateral policy change. Emissions trading can cut aggregate costs further, but also redistribute wealth. Domestic politics tend to add weight to the concerns of powerful actors that stand to lose from more ambitious mitigation policies.
Mer detaljer


The Soul of Venice is still alive
Via Venetian Rowing I have known people who hold valuable treasures Stories and traditions to pass down through generations to help to save the delicate balance and identity of a city that is unique in the world. – Gloria Rogliani – Rowing Champion.
A short distance from the historic centre and the streets frequented by mass tourism, another Venice offers visitors who a chance to discover the lagoon eco system an environment which is no less historic, no less Authentic Venetian. This is 'the Venice of the smaller islands, a wide expanse of water and earth semi-emerged where the silent landscape is consistent with the flow of the tides. The traditional lagoon boats resist the noisy aggressiveness of the motor engines, colours of water earth and sky mix with the red brick of human construction and where the sandbanks offer homes to the inhabitants of the lagoon : egrets, herons, gulls, hawks, kingfishers.... It 'a Venice where the nature is intact, but where traces of man and his passing tell an old story: a world miraculously remained intact, similar to that in the sixth century welcomed residents from Aquileia, who fleeing from Attila and the Huns, would later founded Venice.
معلومات تشغيلية إضافية
Rowing Camp and Laguna Baby is primarily an adventure for the children (pre-school to elementary and middle school) It is a camp which is a mixture of fun and culture, with a chance to discover in an original way the "life" in Venice making new friends, sharing a new experiences that will help our children to develop their own self esteem and their autonomy.
Through sport they will get to know the culture and traditions of the lagoon of Venice, also having the opportunity to meet many amazing people with stories to tell. The fishermen of Burano, with their strong hands, the farmers of St. Erasmus cultivating the "gardens" of Venice who produce genuine products of local tradition. They will get to know carpenters in local boat yards, makers of forcole and oars, these people are keepers of knowledge essential to preserve the culture of rowing. They will see glass masters at work on the island of Murano, become friends of those who keep alive the lagoon and the city. They will meet champions of the Historical Regatta who will tell stories reliving races so beloved by the Venetians. We'go in the "bragosso" a typical Venetian boat motor, between the no longer inhabited islands in the lagoon. Educational material is always given during the sessions to help children to understand the origins of Venice
Sport activities: Venetian rowing with typical Venetian boats, kayaking, dragon boating, SUP, canoeing, basics of survival, Orienteering, fishing, and venetian rowing races.
The exceptionality of Voga Camp and Laguna Baby is supported by highly skilled staff who aim to make the holiday in Venice wonderfully unique and unforgettable.
Ability to change schedules and itinerary
Visit our website: _URL_ and _URL_
 - cannaregio
 venezia (VE)
The Polisportiva Venexiana was created as a necessity to transmit the tradition of Venetian rowing, the history of Venice and its lagoon for the future generations.
Through the experience of a champion rower Gloria Rogliani, president of the Polisportiva Venexiana she transmits the knowledge of the territory so deeply rooted in Venetian rowing to encourage the value of its history, culture and environmental protection and to maintain the tradition of the lagoon ecosystem.
الأعمال الاتصال
Cannaregio 567
30121 - Venezia (VE)
+39041722818 _URL_
مزيد من المعلومات
Understanding Venice from the water helps you to become protagonists in the current time reinventing the ancient gesture of rowing technique.
The Venetian rowing has antique origins linked to folk festivals since the thirteenth century and has always involved citizens of Venice and strangers.
In ancient waterways were essential for the residents but also a challenge between boatmen and gondoliers reaching the maximum with the most significant event in the city : The Historical Regatta
Through the attachment of Venice to the Kingdom of Italy, the races became the celebration of the glorious past of the Venetian Republic.
In 1899, with a proposal from the mayor of Venice, Count Filippo Grimani the regatta added the 'history' – Storica.. Up until now l the rowing season involves all the islands and each island has its own race ( regatta) and its champion.
Each event has its own Venetian water parade since the year one thousand.
The lagoon area features treasures of inestimable historical value, islands that have disappeared once a testimony of history and culture, this side Venice is often unknown to both the resident of the city and tourists.
The Polisportiva Venexiana with a champion rower at the helm , wants to make this territory known by :
 Using the technique of Venetian rowing to pass on the tradition of conservation and the lagoon ecosystem ;
- promote starting from ancient gestures of Venetian rowing,ecological tourism to help environmental protection and the 'civitas' Venetian ;
- to understand the beauty and exclusivity of Venice and its lagoon islands observing this through culture and traditional oar movements that areuniquely Venetian.
التقويم معرض فينيتو
نظرا لحالة الأداء
انقر يوم الفائدة لإضافة واحد من الأحداث الخاصة بك.
1 البيانات غير متوفرة 1 التواريخ المتاحة 1 التسجيل الفائدة


text:
The amount of product produced by electrolysis is limited by Faraday's law. Therefore, as I understand it, the amount of product produced depends on the amps rather than on the volts (although the minimum voltage for a given reaction plus overvoltage must be met).
For example, lets say you have a reaction that requires at least 0.3 Volts (0.3 volts includes the necessary overvoltage) to run. Instead of using 0.3 Volts you decide to double the voltage to 0.6 Volts. Volts X Amps = Watts, and Watts can be converted directly into Joules. Therefore, according to my calculations, it would require twice as much energy (IN JOULES!!!) to produce the SAME AMOUNT of product at 0.6 Volts than at 0.3 Volts EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVE DOUBLED YOUR ENERGY INPUT.
I want to know if this is really true. In other words, does increasing the volts beyond what is absolutely necessary really cause an increase in inefficiency (more energy input for the same amount of product)?
Please do not answer unless you are sure that you understand my question and know the correct answer based on experience.
Please understand I am NOT asking how to calculate the amount of current required to perform a given reaction. I am just asking about the efficiency of electrolysis IN JOULES, NOT CURRENT!!!
According to Faraday's law,
amount of substance (mols) deposited is proportional to current * time
(leave z and F as they are constants)
When you use 0.3v, let I1 be the current flowing through the circuit and A1 be the amount deposited and T1 be the time.
So, A1 proportional to I1 * T1 or take A1 = K*I1*T1 where K is a constant
when you use, 0.6volts, the current also doulbes according to Ohm's law I = V/R, R is a constant...
The solution provides and easy to follow explanation of the concepts and gives all mathematical steps wherever necessary.


text: The 144-kDa lambda2 protein is a structural component of mammalian reovirus particles and contains the guanylyltransferase activity involved in adding 5' caps to reovirus mRNAs. After incubation of reovirus T3D core particles at 52 degrees C, the lambda2 protein became sensitive to partial protease degradation. Sequential treatments with heat and chymotrypsin caused degradation of a C-terminal portion of lambda2, leaving a 120K core-associated fragment. The four other proteins in cores--lambda1, lambda3, mu2, and sigma2--were not affected by the treatment. Purified cores with cleaved lambda2 were subjected to transmission cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction. Reconstruction analysis demonstrated that a distinctive outer region of lambda2 was missing from the modified cores. The degraded region of lambda2 corresponded to the one that contacts the base of the sigma1 protein fiber in reovirus virions and infectious subvirion particles, suggesting that the sigma1-binding region of lambda2 is near its C terminus. Cores with cleaved lambda2 were shown to retain all activities required to transcribe and cap reovirus mRNAs, indicating that the C-terminal region of lambda2 is dispensable for those functions.


text:
Shall I Build A House
after the War?
How Many Houses Will We Need?
many houses will America need after the war? The answer to that question isn't
easy since it depends on many factors, some of which must be guessed at. Let's
try to estimate the size of the housing market when building materials become
available after the war. The 1940's began with a great backlog of demand
for better housing, despite the fact that there were about 1,400,000 vacant nonfarm
dwelling units in the United States. During the depression and the immediate prewar
years, not enough new houses were built to take care of the demands. The number
of nonfarm homes built in 1925 reached a peak of nearly a million. In 1933 there
were less than one hundred thousand. A gradual recovery started after that, however.
In 1941, about three-quarters of a million dwelling units were constructed, but
the war put a stop to the building boom.
Owing to the shortage of housing,
we can assume that in most war centers nearly all houses in livable condition,
including those that were vacant in 1940, are now being occupied. Thus, we will
probably start the postwar era with almost all our present supply of houses in
use. There probably won't be many vacancies.
A large number of additional
houses will be needed to shelter the new families that are started each year when
couples get married. Also, many thousands of dwellings will be required to take
care of families migrating from one part of the country to another-for example,
war workers moving back to their. home towns and war veterans seeking opportunities
to make a living in new localities. Finally, it will be necessary to build houses
to take the place of those that have simply worn out—become absolutely unlivable-since
Taking all these things together, and studying the building and
replacement rates of the past, it looks as though we probably will need over a
million nonfarm dwelling units a year, including apartments-for at least 10 years
after the war. Also, there should be a heavy demand for new farm dwellings and
for repairs and alterations.
What Will Be Spent on Housing?