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This document contains a mixture of information, advice and examples. It is intended to be a recommendation of best practices for Commons components. The instructions provided here are consistent with, but not a replacement for the ASF Release Guidelines.
The Apache Commons project uses the Nexus installation at the Apache Software Foundation to stage Maven artifacts before the release and later publish them; the Commons Parent POM contains all the necessary configuration. This guide covers deploying to Nexus using Maven. For alternatives see the ASF wide documentation. If this is the first time you are publishing to the ASF's Nexus instance you'll need to prepare your development environment.
The examples below assume that preparation is being made to release version 1.2 of component Foo.
Build Environments
Commons components are expected to use Maven to build the project website. Components may choose to use either Maven or Ant to build the actual jar and tar/zip files to be distributed, although it is recommended that Maven be used for this. Both approaches are covered below. The version of Maven used is assumed to be Maven 3 throughout. At a minimum, Commons releases must include full source distributions packaged in tar and zip archives.
This document assumes that the release is being prepared on a linux/unix system, and that steps are being executed from the command-line. The principles are the same, however, for a release prepared on other operating systems.
Select a Release Manager
A commons committer (normally one of the development team) should post an email to the development list proposing that a release be made and nominating a release manager. Typically, the proposer volunteers as the release manager and it passes by lazy consensus.
Update KEYS file if necessary
If the release manager has not yet performed a Commons release, they may need to add their public key to the Commons KEYS file, which is located at: _URL_ Note that the SVN directory contains the current releases of all "proper" Commons components, so use a command such as the following to check it out without downloading every Commons project:
 svn co --depth=files _URL_
The public key should also be uploaded to a public keyserver.
Create a Release Plan
A release plan should also be prepared, in which the tasks remaining to be done before the release are listed. It may be useful to prepare draft release notes before proposing the release, so that others can see what changes are expected for the new release.
Using a Release Branch
Consider whether a release branch is needed before preparing for the new release. In general, Commons components are small enough that there is no need for a release branch, but if active development will continue on the next version while a release is being made then trunk should be branched to allow this.
All components using git should always use a release branch.
If a release branch is taken then work will be required to merge any changes back into the trunk.
Creating a release branch with SVN
The description below assumes a release is being prepared using the code in trunk for SVN based components. The process is nearly identical when preparing from a release branch: only the directory in which the work is performed is different.
 cd to the project's base directory in your subversion working copy.
 svn update trunk
 svn cp trunk branches/foo-1.2-release
 svn commit -m "Creating foo-1.2-release branch" branches/foo-1.2-release
Note that the "svn update" step is necessary in order to ensure that the directory being copied does not have a mix of files at various revisions; even if the files haven't changed since the last svn update this can cause "svn log -v" on the new directory to report files as having been (R)eplaced.
Alternatively, use "svn cp URLsrc URLtag"
 svn cp -m "Creating foo-1.2-release branch" \
 _URL_ \
which will copy files internally within the repository without using the local working copy: this always ensures a clean copy is made.
Creating a release branch with git
All git specific commands in the description below assume that you're on the release branch.
 git checkout -b release
Check Compatibility
Consult the Commons Versioning Guidelines and check that the current level of compatibility is suitable for the proposed version number. Check the current level of compatibility in the code. Tools like Clirr and JDiff are very useful. Both support Ant and Maven.
Check Javadocs And Code Style
Ensure all new classes and methods have _USER_ tags. Compatibility reports produced in the last section may prove helpful.
Ensure no errors or warnings are reported by the Javadoc tool. Check that the Javadocs have the correct version number.
If the code is targetted at Java 7 or before, check that the Javadoc can still be created using Javadoc 8. Javadoc 8 is a lot stricter about the syntax. Ideally fix all the syntax errors. However if this is not feasible in the time-scale, consider adding a temporary profile to the pom to disable the stricter checking:

If the component uses checkstyle, findbugs or PMD tools, examine the reports and fix all problems.
Configure the Build to Generate a Complete Set of Release Artifacts
For builds using Maven, the contents of the source and binary distributions are configured in assembly descriptors. By convention, these are stored in src/main/assembly and named src.xml and bin.xml, respectively. Names and locations for these files are specified in the maven-assembly-plugin configuration in the pom. Make sure that all (and only) files that should be included in the source and binary distributions are included in the fileset elements of the descriptors. Look at some recently released components' descriptors for comparison. At a minimum, both source and binary distributions must include the release notes, license and notice files.
Update the version numbers in pom.xml and build.xml to the new release version, in this example, 1.2. For Maven builds, make sure that the build properties are properly set. Review the properties section of the pom:
 <-- properties not related to versioning -->
 Encoding of Java source files: ensures that the compiler and
 the javadoc generator use the right encoding. Subprojects may
 overwrite this, if they are using another encoding.

Make sure that the release version is set to the new release and that the compile and source targets are set correctly. Generate and check in a new download page for the component:
 mvn [-N] commons:download-page [-Dcommons.release.version=m.n]
 svn commit -m "Updated download page in preparation for 1.2 release." src/site/xdoc/download_foo.xml
Or when using git:
 git commit -am "Updated download page in preparation for 1.2 release." src/site/xdoc/download_foo.xml
Note that the target directory must exist beforehand, and that for a multi-module project the -N (non-recursive) parameter should be specified on the mvn command line. The release version can be overridden with -Dcommons.release.version=m.n if you want to create the new file without updating the pom (e.g. before creating the tag)
When using Ant, typically the Ant "dist" target produces the source and binary distributions. Included files are specified in the target or sub-targets and should be verified similarly to above.
Test the "Ant dist" or "mvn assembly:assembly" command and inspect the tars/zips and jars produced. Verify that
 1. "Ant dist" or "mvn site" succeeds from the unpacked source distribution.
 2. The jar manifests include LICENSE and NOTICE files and the contents of these files are correct.
 3. The jar manifests contain X-Compile-Source-JDK and X-Compile-Target-JDK entries set to the correct values.
 4. The jar manifests include correctly set OSGi bundle properties (ask for help verifying these on commons-dev if necessary).
 5. The jar manifests include the following required properties, set to the correct values(*):
 Extension-Name: org.apache.commons.foo
 Specification-Title: Apache Commons Foo
 Specification-Vendor: The Apache Software Foundation
 Specification-Version: 1.2
 Implementation-Vendor-Id: org.apache
 Implementation-Title: org.apache.commons.foo
 Implementation-Vendor: The Apache Software Foundation
 Implementation-Version: 1.2
 Built-By:
 6. "mvn site" generates the documentation correctly and all links are working.
Do not proceed with tagging or cutting RCs until you have a fully working build that produces a good set of distribution artifacts. If your component supports both Ant and Maven builds, make sure that the build succeeds using both on all supported JDK versions. If you have access to multiple platforms, test the build(s) on as many as you can.
(*) The default configuration of the build will use the name of the current logged in user as value for the Built-By MANIFEST header. Use -Duser.name= to change this.
Creating a Release Candidate
Resolve Bugs
Resolve all bugs on that version! They can be resolved by:
 - fixing
 - marking them as INVALID or WONTFIX


text:
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHOD
Basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. This would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. At the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. On the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. The terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. It refers to research motivated by a scientist's or person's curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. Applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems.
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHOD The Series of Essay 1 ESSAY ONE Basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. This would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. At the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. On the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. The terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. It refers to research motivated by a scientist's or person's curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. Applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. Basic research whether in business research or any other field has as its basic goal, to expand one's knowledge. Basic questions such as, "How can we increase production and save money at the same time", might be a question for business. If, we increase production, we also increase the cost of payroll by hiring additional production employees. "How can this save money?" Curiosity lies at the heart of all business and it is this curiosity, which causes business to constantly ask questions that require research. Today modern business uses research techniques and the latest technology to achieve these goals. Basic research aims to enhance the understanding of problems that commonly occur across a range of organisations while an applied research is done with the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. One person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. It is the type of question which determines the nature of the research. Applied research is solutions designed from basic research information, aimed at the solution of business problems within the company. The goal of applied research is change for the better, improvements in business management and practice aimed at improving the human condition. Regardless of the type of business, applied research has as its goal in business to improve production, increase sales, control losses, restore efficiency and establish solid financial investment in the future. 2 Basic research has understanding as only goal. Basic research does only promise a contribution to question, not to anything else, but it can give the most unexpected applications. Therefore as researcher, we can draw a borderline between basic and applied research by sorting questions into those with or without knowledge as to be achieved. As any business theory is based upon an idea or mental plan for creating a successful business, investigation into what others are doing and using what is known to discover new and better ways to solve the unknown answers in business is an ongoing process. Using innovative technology and modern developmental processes paved the way for industry development in today's modern world. As conclusion, historically basic research has led to the application of basic research to improve and develop our modern world of business industries world wide. Good concepts of basic or applied research in the context of business policy must be inspiring for the individual in any research group. REFERENCE C.C Beri (2000) Marketing Research. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tuckman, B. (1999). Conducting Educational Research (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 3 ESSAY 2 The research process should be understood as one of ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, synthesis, revision, and learning. According to Sekaran. U (2001), research is a process of thoroughly studying and analyzing the situational factors surrounding a problem in order to seek out solutions to it. Therefore research process is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. In the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making. It can be in the form of marketing research, product research or SWOT analysis. The reasons and times at which the company or organization might consider performing research varies, but the general purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. There are plenty of little steps along the way of research process. Each of those steps fits into one of the six major steps of the research process. They are: 1. Identifying the Problem This step is always the first of the research process. At this point, the problem will have been recognized by at least one level of management, and internal discussions will have taken place. Sometimes, further definition of the issue or problem is needed. The most common tools are internal and external secondary research. Secondary research intelligence consists of information that was collected for another purpose, but can be useful for other purposes. Examples of internal secondary research for a marketing research consist of sales revenues, sales forecasts, customer demographics, purchase patterns, and other information that has been collected about the customer. Often referred to as data mining, this information can be critical in diagnosing the problem for further exploration and should be leveraged when available and appropriate. The amount of internal secondary information that can be applied is typically limited. External secondary research is typically far more available. Most external secondary information is produced via research conducted for other purposes, financial performance data, expert opinions and analysis, corporate executive interviews, legal proceedings, and competitive intelligence firms. 4 2. Research Approach Once the problem is better defined, researcher can move onto developing the research approach, which will generally be around a defined set of objectives. Any clear objectives will lend researcher to better marketing research approach development. Developing the approach should consist of honestly assessing the research skills, understanding the environment and its influencing factors, developing an analysis model, and formulating hypotheses. 3. Research Design and Strategy Research design and strategy is the most encompassing of all steps in the research process, requiring the greatest amount of thought, time and expertise. Since the intelligence eventually gained from the research is so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. Research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement and scale selection, questionnaire design, sample design & size and determining data analysis to be used. 4. Research Data Collection The research data collection (often called survey fielding) is the point at which the finalized survey instrument is used in gathering information among the chosen sample segments. There are a variety of data collection methodologies to consider. Any research data collection typically begins with field testing the final questionnaire with a small portion of the sample taken to make sure it is gathering information correctly. Then data collection can be fairly automatic throughout the remainder of the research data collection process. When quota groups and/or sample subgroups are being screened for, data collection will require more oversight, maintenance time and cost. Regardless of the data collection methodology chosen, the data collection process often takes half of the total time needed to complete a research project. 5. Survey Data Analysis Any survey data analysis will depend on how the survey questionnaire was constructed. Less complex survey data analysis can be handled with any of a number of office suite 5 tools, while more complex questionnaire data analysis requires dedicated research analysis programs. Types of statistical survey data analysis that might be performed are simple frequency distributions, cross tab analysis, multiple regression (driver analysis), cluster analysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping (multidimensional scaling), structural equation modeling and data mining. The more complex the needed level of statistical data analysis is, the more time and cost it will take to execute. 6. Research Reports Any critical information and knowledge that comes from the research findings will be limited by how the research reports are presented to decision makers. Once research information is collected and analyzed, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. The data gathered was created to help guide the business decisions, so it needs to be readily accessible and understandable to the decision makers. As conclusion, building a framework process for a research is very important. Equally important is to establish links between research type of approach, theoretical framework, and process involve during research and results of a research finding. In addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 REFERENCE C.C Beri (2000) Marketing Research. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Hudson, W. & Nurius, P. (1994). Controversial Issues in Social Work Research. Boston, MA:Allyn and Bacon. Sekaran, U. (2000). Research Methods for Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tuckman, B. (1999). Conducting Educational Research (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 7 ESSAY

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904).
Number is the positive real number for which you want the natural logarithm.
LN is the inverse of the EXP function.
The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.
How to copy an example
- Create a blank workbook or worksheet.
- Select the example in the Help topic.
Note Do not select the row or column headers.
Selecting an example from Help
- Press CTRL+C.
- In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.
- To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the results, press CTRL+' (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.
||Natural logarithm of 86 (4.454347)
||Natural logarithm of the value of the constant e (1)
||Natural logarithm of e raised to the power of 3 (3)


text:
Objective of the drill:
Improving reactive speed and observing surroundings in order to do tasks correctly.
Explanation of the drill:
Two teams are on the floor facing each other on two sides of the net. By connecting commands to tasks, the players have to think before they do something. As can be seen in the video, the coach can link numbers to a team and make them work with volleyballs.
Duration of the drill:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
no news in this list.
Kusatsu-Shirane volcanoKusatsu-Shirane volcano is a complex of overlapping cones and 3 lake-filled craters (Karagama, Yugama, Mizugama) at the summit. It is located 150 km NW of Tokyo.
All historical eruptions have consisted of phreatic explosions from the acidic crater lakes or their margins. There are fumaroles and hot springs around the flanks of the volcano, and many rivers draining from the volcano are acid. Similar to Ijen volcano, the crater was the site of active sulfur mining for many years during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Background:The andesitic-to-dacitic volcano was formed in 3 eruptive stages beginning in the early to mid Pleistocene. The Pleistocene Oshi pyroclastic flow produced extensive welded tuffs and non-welded pumice that covers much of the east, south and SW flanks. The latest eruptive stage began about 14,000 years ago.
Yugama crater ("hot-water cauldron") contains the most active vent. Its lake is 270 m wide and up to 27 m deep and contains highly acidic (pH = 1.2 ) and salty (app. 1% salt) water.
The surface temperature of the lake is heated by vents at the lake bottom. In the interval 1910 to 1918, water temperatures reached a maximum of 100°C. Subaqueous fumaroles with molten sulfur pools exist in the center of the lake.
- Smithsonian / GVP
- B. Takano, K. Watanuki (1990) "Monitoring of volcanic eruptions at Yugama crater lake by aqueous sulfur oxyanions", Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 1990, Pages 71-87
A small hydrothermal explosion likely occurred at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano on 7 February 1996.
Broken pieces of the ice sheet 20-30 cm in diameter were found washed ashore and discolored water was observed at the NW part of the lake. Probably, a sudden sudden discharge of fluid or a minor hydrothermal explosion was the cause.
A small eruption occurred from Yugama crater on 6 January 1989. It produced small amounts of volcanic ash on the frozen surface of the crater lake.
Kusatsu-Shirane volcano had 5 phreatic eruptions during 1982-83. Eruptions occurred on 26 October 1982, 29 December 1982, 26 July 1983, 13 November 1983, and on 10 December 1983. The water temperature at Yukama crater lake increased strongly and reached to 55.5 deg C after the first eruption, but did not increase further during the later eruptions.
(Source: GVP/monthly reports)
A phreatic eruption occurred at Mizugama Crater on 2 March 1976. A new crater 50 m in diameter and 10 m deep was formed in the NE part of Mizugama Crater.
The only event interrupting 34 years of quiet at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano between the eruptions in 1942 and 1976 was a small phreatic explosion in 1958.
An eruption occurred in 1942 and was unusual as it came from a different location than most activity at the volcano. A cluster of small craters was formed on the north flank of Mizugama Crater. A second group of craters formed on the south flank of Yugama Crater.
The largest historical eruption at Kusatsu-Shirane volcano was in 1932. It producing a 20 cm ash deposit reaching up to 2 km east of Yugama Crater.


can be opened and access is given to solutions and to the help system.
Part 2
All functions that can be used for modelling are located in the so called function tree or function repository. The tree is expandable and organized to model a common data analysis workflow. Starting with data IO and exploration of the data, followed by preprocessing steps and analysis. Further, functions to create plots and graphs can be found in group 'Visualisation'.
Part 3
The middle of the screen shows open projects in different tabs. Each project runs in its own environment and thus, several projects can be used in parallel.
Part 4
The right side of the user interface shows project specific settings, configuration values for selected function cells and their results.
Having a closer look at the function tree, one can see that dotplot addresses a wide group of users. The first groups of the tree are ready made functions that can be used easily also by unexperienced users. We will see how easy these functions can be used in one of my next posts. The last group 'Packages' is especially made for R experienced users and provides visualisation for R packages. R functions can be used in exactly the same way as in R, but within a graphical modeller.
Getting started
To get started with dotplot designer, it is recommended to make the interactive tutorial that can be started directly from the welcome dialogue or from the help menu in the top toolbar.
But generally, using dotplot designer is pretty easy and straight forward. Functions can be add to the project canvas by either a double click or by drag and drop. For a first test of the application, I suggest using one of the datasets provided by dotplot. You will find them in the 'Data Management / Data Repository' group of the function tree:
Screen Shot 2014-01-01 at 21.01.22
Functions typically have inputs and outputs to plunge in data, do some processing on it and providing the generated results as output nodes. To plot a histogram for example, we add the iris dataset and connect the output of the cell to the input of the histogram function. Some functions require specific parameters to be set in the function configurations in part 4 of the interface. The generated model could look like this:
Screen Shot 2014-01-01 at 21.10.19The resulting plot can be seen in the result window on the bottom right of the screen. Or by double clicking the Histogram's output node.
Screen Shot 2014-01-01 at 21.11.57
And here you go, that's all you need to do. Drop a dataset and connect it to some statistic functions. Of course, there are much more functions and statistic or data analysis tasks that require a more complex model. But I hope that little introduction gave a good overview of how dotplot designer works and why its worth trying it. Have fun with it!
Howto Write a Thesis using LaTeX: Custom commands
The command of this text part is looking like
psychological stress during writing your PhD thesis leaves a disorder
Howto Write a Thesis using LaTeX: Algorithms
\caption{See how easy it is to provide algorithms}
\STATE $b = 0$
\STATE $x \leftarrow 1:10$
 \STATE $b = b+a$
Algorithms can be referenced like an image, by calling:
at the position you want the list to appear.
 \caption[Short caption]{Detailed caption}
Howto Write a Thesis using LaTeX: Excel to LaTeX Table
1. Install Software
The generated code for the example table looks like:
% Table generated by Excel2LaTeX from sheet 'Tabelle1'
 \caption{Add caption}
 Maria & 23 & 1 \\
 Thomas & 21 & 0.78 \\
 \textit{Alicia} & 19 & 0.27 \\
 Mark & 31 & 0.45 \\
 & & \\
Note that you also might want to update the table caption:
Howto write a thesis using LaTeX, Part 3: Tips and Tricks
We've already seen in part 1 and part 2 of this tutorial, how to install and set up software components and howto organize folders and files. Also, we have created a basic structure of our thesis. In this final part 3, I will give you some tips and tricks that made my live easier while creating my PhD thesis.
To be easier found by search engines, I'm gonna create a separate post for each single tip, trick or hack, whatever name you prefer. But, in order to preserve the scope of this tutorial, we will see how to include the generated stuff into our test thesis.
So, here you go, a list of tips, tricks and hacks helping you with your thesis:
Assume you have generated an image like described in the link above, you can use the following code to include it to your thesis:
An example figure is shown in Figure??.
 \caption[Short caption]{Detailed caption}
And of course, we need to import the graphicx package in the preamble of the Thesis.tex file:
Source files generated within this tutorial can be download here:
Thesis Template
If you are a student of the faculty "Biologie und Vorklinische Medizin der Universität Regensburg" in Germany, you can also download the predefined title page:
Thesis Template with UR title page included
I hope you enjoyed reading this tutorial. Now you are all set, you are prepared to write a thesis so fancy that you supervisor is forced to give you the best mark available without reading even a single word of you've written. I'm just kidding, of course, content is most important, but at least, you do not have to figure out every problem with LaTeX on your own and you can invest your time on writing text.
If you like this tutorial, please recommend it and leave a command, if you don't like, tell me what you want me to improve or just don't tell anybody 😉


text: Apache Gossip is a system which can be used to build a distributed peer-to-peer network using the gossip protocol. Currently Apache Gossip is under its initial development stage where it supports basic data replication with CRDT, fault detection and multiple datacenter support. One of the requirement for this project is to support event based model to notify whenever the per-node data or shared-data get changed. Furthermore, the system is required support distributed locking mechanism in order achieve various tasks. For example dividing a task between nodes or electing a temporary leader. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to design and implement the above mentioned functionalities to Apache Gossip project.


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KeySpline Property
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Expand the table of content
SplinePointKeyFrame.KeySpline Property
Gets or sets the two control points that define animation progress for this key frame.
Namespace: System.Windows.Media.Animation
Assembly: PresentationCore (in PresentationCore.dll)
public KeySpline KeySpline { get; set; }

Property Value
Type: System.Windows.Media.Animation.KeySpline
The two control points that specify the cubic Bezier curve that defines the progress of the key frame.
Identifier field
Metadata properties set to true
To understand how a KeySpline works, it is helpful to understand cubic Bezier curves. A cubic Bezier curve is defined by a start point, an end point, and two control points. The two coordinates in the KeySpline define those two control points. When describing key splines, the start point of the Bezier curve is always 0, and the end point is always 1, which is why you define only the two control points. The resulting curve specifies how an animation is interpolated during a time segment; that is, the curve represents the rate of change in the animation's target attribute over the time segment. To better see the relationship between animation progress and a Bezier curve, see Key Spline Animation Sample.
This example shows how to animate the value of a property that takes a Double by using key frames.
The following example moves a rectangle across a screen. The example uses the DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames class to animate the X property of a TranslateTransform applied to a Rectangle. This animation, which repeats indefinitely, uses three key frames in the following manner:
 1. During the first three seconds, uses an instance of the LinearDoubleKeyFrame class to move the rectangle along a path at a steady rate from its starting position to the 500 position. Linear key frames like LinearDoubleKeyFrame create a smooth linear transition between values.
 2. At the end of the fourth second, uses an instance of the DiscreteDoubleKeyFrame class to suddenly move the rectangle to the next position. Discrete key frames like DiscreteDoubleKeyFrame create sudden jumps between values. In this example, the rectangle is at the starting position and then suddenly appears at the 500 position.
 3. In the final two seconds, uses an instance of the SplineDoubleKeyFrame class to move the rectangle back to its starting position. Spline key frames like SplineDoubleKeyFrame create a variable transition between values according to the value of the KeySpline property. In this example, the rectangle begins by moving slowly and then speeds up exponentially toward the end of the time segment.
using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Media;
namespace Microsoft.Samples.KeyFrameExamples
 ///
 /// This example shows how to use the DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames class to
 /// animate the position of an object.
 /// Key frame animations enable you to create complex animations
 /// by specifying multiple destination values
 /// and controlling the animation's interpolation method.
 ///
 public class AltDoubleAnimationUsingKeyFramesExample : Page
 public AltDoubleAnimationUsingKeyFramesExample()
 Title = "DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Example";
 Background = Brushes.White;
 Margin = new Thickness(20);
 // Create a NameScope for this page so that
 // Storyboards can be used.
 NameScope.SetNameScope(this, new NameScope());
 // Create a rectangle.
 Rectangle aRectangle = new Rectangle();
 aRectangle.Width = 100;
 aRectangle.Height = 100;
 aRectangle.Stroke = Brushes.Black;
 aRectangle.StrokeThickness = 5;
 // Create a Canvas to contain and
 // position the rectangle.
 Canvas containerCanvas = new Canvas();
 containerCanvas.Width = 610;
 containerCanvas.Height = 300;
 Canvas.SetTop(aRectangle, 100);
 Canvas.SetLeft(aRectangle, 10);
 // Create a TranslateTransform to
 // move the rectangle.
 TranslateTransform animatedTranslateTransform =
 new TranslateTransform();
 aRectangle.RenderTransform = animatedTranslateTransform;
 // Assign the TranslateTransform a name so that
 // it can be targeted by a Storyboard.
 "AnimatedTranslateTransform", animatedTranslateTransform);
 // Create a DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames to
 // animate the TranslateTransform.
 DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames translationAnimation
 = new DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames();
 translationAnimation.Duration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(6);
 // Animate from the starting position to 500
 // over the first second using linear
 // interpolation.
 new LinearDoubleKeyFrame(
 500, // Target value (KeyValue)
 KeyTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3))) // KeyTime
 // Animate from 500 (the value of the previous key frame)
 // to 400 at 4 seconds using discrete interpolation.
 // Because the interpolation is discrete, the rectangle will appear
 // to "jump" from 500 to 400.
 new DiscreteDoubleKeyFrame(
 400, // Target value (KeyValue)
 KeyTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(4))) // KeyTime
 // Animate from 400 (the value of the previous key frame) to 0
 // over two seconds, starting at 4 seconds (the key time of the
 // last key frame) and ending at 6 seconds.
 new SplineDoubleKeyFrame(
 0, // Target value (KeyValue)
 KeyTime.FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(6)), // KeyTime
 new KeySpline(0.6,0.0,0.9,0.0) // KeySpline
 // Set the animation to repeat forever.
 translationAnimation.RepeatBehavior = RepeatBehavior.Forever;
 // Set the animation to target the X property
 // of the object named "AnimatedTranslateTransform."
 Storyboard.SetTargetName(translationAnimation, "AnimatedTranslateTransform");
 translationAnimation, new PropertyPath(TranslateTransform.XProperty));
 // Create a storyboard to apply the animation.
 Storyboard translationStoryboard = new Storyboard();
 // Start the storyboard after the rectangle loads.
 aRectangle.Loaded += delegate(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
 Content = containerCanvas;

For the complete sample, see KeyFrame Animation Sample.
For consistency with other animation examples, the code versions of this example use a Storyboard object to apply the DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames. Alternatively, when applying a single animation in code, it is simpler to use the BeginAnimation method instead of using a Storyboard. For an example, see How to: Animate a Property Without Using a Storyboard.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 4, 3.5, 3.0
.NET Framework Client Profile
Supported in: 4, 3.5 SP1
Community Additions
© 2015 Microsoft


text:
There are many different triggers that lead customers to make investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements, and programs need to be designed accordingly. A few of these triggers or "transaction points" include the following:
- Emergency equipment replacements can happen in any market segment when a key piece of heating or cooling equipment fails suddenly. To address this need, a short turnaround time for loan processing is critical. Loans will often be unsecured with smaller average loan amounts.
- Major planned retrofits are larger, longer-term projects that are done in most market segments. These projects tend to be more expensive and benefit from longer financing terms.
- Basic business renovations usually include upgrades to lighting and other quick-payback energy improvements. Speed of loan processing is important, as are turn-key solutions that business owners can easily sign up for without extensive analysis required.
- Home purchase or refinancing can be an opportune time to roll the cost of energy enhancements into the mortgage. However, if the improvements must be made before or soon after the mortgage is approved this can be tricky due to the many moving parts at time of purchase.


Electrical Grids Term Paper
Pages: 4 (1507 words) · Bibliography Sources: ≈ 5 · File:.docx · Level: Doctorate · Topic: Energy
Florida Electrical Power Grid
Florida's Electrical Power Grid
Electrical power is the most reliable and available source of power used worldwide. It is produced from two broad categories of energy resources, renewable and non-renewable sources. Non-renewable sources are fossils fuels and nuclear fuel while renewable sources include wind, solar, geothermal and hydroelectric power. For the production of electricity, these sources undergo a series of energy transformations (Kirkland, 2007, pg 56).
Source of energy
Energy transformations
Hydroelectric power
Potential energy? kinetic energy? mechanical energy? electric energy
Chemical energy? heat energy? kinetic energy? electric energy
Potential energy? electric energy
Potential energy? Kinetic energy? mechanical energy? electric energy
Table 1. Energy transformations in the production of electricity
This context primarily focuses on the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electricity in Florida.
Sources of power in Florida
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Energy economy in Florida is mainly derived from the electric energy. It contributes to the development of the entire state. The fuel sources in relation to electricity generation in Florida from non-renewable sources is coal, natural gas and nuclear while renewable sources include hydroelectric and petroleum. Natural gases contribute to over half of the total percentage of electric generation in Florida having a share of 54.2%. The gases, in liquid state, are delivered and supplied in the states' power plants through pipeline channels.
TOPIC: Term Paper on Electrical Grids Assignment
Coal is the second most popular as it has the higher percentage use when it comes to electricity generation in Florida. Florida State has no account that relates to coal mining but coal industry has recently been powerful. The coal used in this state is imported from Illinois, West Virginia and Kentucky. In the year 2005, Florida had amounted to 30 coal stations that generate electricity. This was 18.8% share of the total electric engendering capacity. In March 2010, the use of coal as a source of generating electricity rose to 30%, this being as a result of increase in demand of electricity in the state. Currently, the use coal's utility in generating electricity has reduced to 24.9% due to the supremacy and availability of natural gases as Florida has a considerable oil as well as natural gas stores offshore (I.E.R, 2009).
Major power plants and substations
Power plants are electricity generating facilities. Florida has quite a number of power plants across the state whereby each produces a substantial amount of megawatts of electric energy consumed. There are five leading companies that have established different power plants across the state. They are JEA, NextEra Energy Resources, Inc., TECO Energy, Progress Energy and Florida Power & Lighting Company. NextEra Company has and operates five main nuclear power plants and three solar power plants in Florida. Florida Power and Lighting Company comprise other plants throughout the state and apparently one found in Georgia (F.E.A, 1994, pg 325).
A power substation is a subsidiary of a power plant. The relevance of substations is the reduction of voltage transmitted from the power plant to lower levels appropriate for local use. There are a number of completed substations in Florida's grid system. Some of the substations are FPL substation in Melbourne, Kissimmee Electric, Firehouse in Miami, Eden in Jensen Beach, and Ryder in Palm Beach Gardens among others (F.E.A, 1994, pg 325).
Components of power plants and substations
Electrical power stations are of different varieties. The power plants require stabilized components in order to produce and distribute the power in a reliable way. These components are the main equipments that form and make necessary energy transformations in electricity production.
A crucial component found in a power station is the boiling unit, regardless of the source of energy. Depending on the initial source used, the boiler unit is either used to superheat water, incinerate waste, combust fossils fuels or split nuclei. The end product of these reactions in the boiling unit is the production of heat energy that helps to run machinery such as turbines that in turn produce electric energy. Another main component is the generator. It possesses mechanical and electromagnetic energy. The combinations of these two forms of energy turn the generator's blades, which consequently, turn the generator's coils of wire across magnets. Rotational movements of the magnetic coils eventually generate the electric power. Another component in power plants is the cooling system. The fossil plants in Florida require a cooling system such as large disseminating water pumps; they provide the condenser with cooling water and large funs that enhance water circulation in the boiler. The nuclear plants also use the same mechanism to cool their condensers. Power plants also have a hefty battery banks that provide support power in controlling the plant components. The plants also consist of a large charger that charges the back up batteries (Castleberry, 2008, pg 3).
Unlike the power stations, substations have more components due to its role in the regulation of power distribution, control of power surges, ac to dc conversions and vice versa and stepping up and down of voltages. The electric components that achieve these functions are lightning arresters, switches, distribution buses, circuit breakers, current and power transformers, isolators, conductor systems, insulations, overhead line terminations and bushings.
Power generation, transmission and distribution in Florida
The generation of electrical power in Florida is indirectly proportional to its demand. It is, therefore, necessary to ensure that there is a well-organized allotment of electricity in the power grid to address the energy gap. The state has also made the power affordable to its consumers in order to maintain the state's healthy economy.
Power generation in Florida is substantially from vast sources and counts as 16% of the national's production. It is mainly generated from fossil fuels as compared to other states. Florida also has an organized waste collection that is used to generate a little production that contributes to the state's generation. A lot of companies have invested and planned power generation across Florida, making it a fast growing state in terms of economy (I.E.R, 2009).
The transmission of power is through an elaborate grid system that runs from the major power plants to the substations and eventually to the consumers. However, in Florida, the transmission sector of electricity has encountered mishaps that energy companies need to streamline for efficient power transmission. A lot of blackouts have been experienced due to the deregulation of electricity infrastructure. Transmission equipments are below the standards, making it expensive to survive the blackouts. Underground transmission cables, fault current limiters, transformers, motors, SMES and generators are the few introductions to be induced in providing efficient electricity power transmission in Florida (Lynch & Schwartz, 2003, pg 9).
The level of consumption in Florida is high especially in families due to the electric appliances, followed by commercial and industrial sectors. The state has had a projected growth since the consumption rate has recently increased by 3.6%. Statistics show that the incorporation of transmission infrastructure will further increase the consumption by 43% by 2030.
Comparison of power plants
A basic comparison to all power plants efficiency in Florida is that they produce electric energy. Power plants and their subsequent companies across Florida have had a significant role in ascertaining that the environs are cared for by the generators and consumers of the power. The electricity companies have raised awareness though education on the importance of grading the environs. Some plants have come up with ways of recycling, reusing and refurbishing the wastes produce in electric energy production. The machinery used in the power plants is almost similar since they all have major components despite the resources of energy used.
Contrast of power plants
Power plants mainly differ in the efficiency of the sources of power used in electricity production. As discussed earlier, some use renewable sources while others utilize non-renewable sources. Some of the power plants across Florida emit large quantities… [END OF PREVIEW]... READ MORE
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The House system at Bushey Meads builds on the strong, caring, family atmosphere that exists at the school. Whilst students are very much part of a 'horizontal' year group, they also enjoy 'vertical' house assemblies and special house activities throughout the year alongside students from Years 7 – 13 who are in their house. Student Leadership opportunities are available through the new House system and students are encouraged to become House Representatives, House and Deputy House Captains and be part of the Student Parliament that helps to run the school.
The House system theme is trees and the colours and leaders of the Houses are as follows:
The House system is designed to give a sense of identity and belonging to students within the larger school community. Each student remains in the same House and Tutor Group throughout the whole of his or her school career.
The Houses play an important part in the life of the school. They are the basis for competition in work, sporting events, drama and music. They are also meaningful and important social units in themselves. There are House Assemblies every half term with the older students helping to support the younger students in the same House. The Head of House and Form Tutors strive to develop positive attitudes and self-awareness amongst the students. During the week of House Assemblies we also operate a "vertical tutoring" system.


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What is a rhombille grid?
A rhombille grid is a tessellation of the plain in identical rhombi. (The term was coined by John Conway in his book The Symmetries of Things. He also created The Game of Life.)
One of the earliest games that used an isometric view, Q*bert (1982), used a grid like this to simulate a limited 3D environment. Indeed, with appropriate shading, the tiling resemble a stack of 3D cubes. At the time, the game was praised for its innovative graphics.
Another game that uses a rhombille grid is Rhomboid Slitherlinks, a set of puzzles created by Jim Bumgardner, using tilings supplied by Lars Huttar (Edit: I previously only credited Jim. Lars explains in a comment below how the puzzles came about. I apologize for the omission.). A Slitherlink is a puzzle where the goal is to draw in edges of a grid so that they form a single, continuous line that does not cross itself. Some cells have numbers; these indicate the number of edges of that cell that are part of the solution line.
The rombille grid has another feature that makes them useful for games. Rhombille grids are the edge-grids of hexagonal and triangular grids. In other words, if we are interested in the edges of these types of grids, we could consider them the faces of appropriate rhombille grids. For instance, if we use a rhombus tile with the long diagonal of the rhombus drawn in, the resulting grid will be a triangular grid. If we use tiles with the short diagonal drawn in instead, the resulting grid is a hexagonal grid.
There are not many examples of games played on the edges of these types of grids. There is a version of Dots for hexagonal grids, and hexagonal Sliterlink puzzles. The Settlers of Catan has a road-building mechanic on the edges of the hexes. Another interesting game is Vertex Dispenser, where players play on the edges (really, from vertex to vertex) to gain territory, similar to Dots. Unlike the other examples, this game uses grids on 3D shapes.
When you work with edges for hex or tri grids, there are several advantages to work with rhomb tiles instead of tris or hexes:
- It is easier to draw the edges, since you are not near the edge of the tile. This gives you more freedom to play with the lines.
- Since each edge has it's own tile, you only have to use one tile. In a tri grid such as the one below, you would need two different tiles.
- It is easier to make the edges clickable.
There are many ways in which we can assign coordinates to the cell in a rhombille grid. One technique that works well is to group the rhombi into groups of three, where each group forms a hexagon. We can then make a coordinate from the hex coordinate, and an index that indicates the orientation (and hence also which of the three rhombi in the group we mean).
This is the scheme followed in the image at the top of this post. You will notice that groups of three rhombi with the same colors make up a hexagon (or a cube). The first part of the rhomb coordinate is the hex-coordinate of the hex that it is part of (see Amit Patel's article on grid math for more detail on hex coordinates). The last part is an index indicating it's orientation.
The neighbors of a cell in a rhombille grid is complex.
In the image above, the blue cell has four 1-neighbors (the green cells), four 2-neighbors (the yellow cells) and ten 3-neighbors (the red cells).
If we view the rhomb grid as a edge hex-grid, then the 1-neighbors of a cell are all the edges connected to the edge in that cell. If we view the rhomb grid as a edge tri grid, then the 1-, 2- and 3- neighbors of a cell contain the edges connected to the edge in that cell.
In Q*bert, only "flat" cells are accessible. In this case, neighbors do not share an edge or even a vertex.


I am curious as to what describes the following distribution. If we were to record some data which are all from a normal distribution, but the standard-deviation changes for blocks of points recorded. For example, in the following plots we can see normally distributed data where each colour represents a different values of $\sigma$.
enter image description here
In the histogram all of the data have been plotted, which forms something that vaguely resembles a Student-T distribution -- although I don't think this is representative. I have also plotted the PDF's of each parent distribution on top of the histogram.
It clearly isn't a convolution of Normal distributions as the convolution of normal distributions, should itself be a normal distribution.
If I however sum the four normal distributions, the result perfectly envelopes the entire histogram:
enter image description here
That is to say $$\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i = 1}^{N}G(\mu, \sigma_{i})$$ where each $\sigma_{i}$ represents different standard deviation. In the example I have shown here $\mu = 0$ for all cases.
Is there a name for this distribution?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ There is a reason such mixtures of Normal distribution may resemble $t$ distributions: see stats.stackexchange.com/questions/52906. $\endgroup$ – whuber Oct 11 '20 at 15:52
 - $\begingroup$ Thanks whuber, that's quite useful. Is there such a distribution as I wrote with my expression? $\endgroup$ – Q.P. Oct 11 '20 at 15:57
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, as I wrote earlier: It's called a "Gaussian mixture" or "Normal mixture" distribution. At stats.stackexchange.com/a/451862/919 and stats.stackexchange.com/a/429877/919 I posted proofs that such mixtures are never Normal unless they have just one component. It's even easier to show that any finite mixture of Normals can never be exactly a $t$ distribution (because the mixture has finite moments of all orders but no $t$ distribution has all finite moments). $\endgroup$ – whuber Oct 11 '20 at 16:09
 - $\begingroup$ This is extremely useful. Thanks. Do you know of any approximations that can describe a Gaussian mixture, if one is not sure of how many Gaussian are mixed. I essentially would like to demonstrate that my data is Gaussian mixed. $\endgroup$ – Q.P. Oct 11 '20 at 17:34
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ That is going to be very difficult because the uncertainties are huge. I don't see how anyone could make such a demonstration: the best you can hope for is to estimate the components and show that the mixture is a usefully accurate approximation. $\endgroup$ – whuber Oct 11 '20 at 18:51
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


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Supply Chain Assessment
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing rapid transformation and the product supply chain represents just one facet of that change. In today's global world starting materials, excipients, intermediates, APIs, packaging materials and drug products crisscross continents. Visibility, integrity, safety and reliability throughout the process is paramount to assuring patient health and product success.
With our collaborative approach, we help strengthen supply chains, either by working within your existing resource planning and quality systems, or by building stand-alone, risk-based tools to model and challenge the processes under varying business scenarios.
Our services include:
- Supply chain mapping
- Production planning and ramp evaluation
- Supplier capabilities evaluation (on-site or virtual)
- Supplier relationship management
- Supply chain risk assessment modeling and tracking
- Inventory and distribution optimization
- Risk mitigation strategy development
- Package integrity solutions
A thorough map of the supply chain will help identify where the greatest risks lie. Assessing the probability of failure at any point in the chain, and weighing the impact on safety and product delivery, will allow you to identify priorities. Analysis of the priorities by a broad working group allows for thoughtful and robust mitigation plans. A control mechanism is needed to tracks progress of mitigation efforts and to re-evaluate risk as new information arises.


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who are short on time:
For coaches of
kids aged 5-8:
For coaches of
kids aged 9-11:
For coaches of
kids aged 12-15:
For coaches of
who need warm-ups:
soccer goalkeepers guide to communication and
|As well as teaching positioning, how
to save shots and start the next attack, you must teach and encourage your goalkeepers to
communicate with the rest of the team.
Silence is definitely not golden
Good, timely communication is a habit that needs to be formed early in your goakeeper's
career but don't expect seven, eight or even nine-year-olds to be able to organise
defensive walls and warn team mates that they've left an attacker unmarked.
Spotting when a defender loses track of an attacker, when defenders are watching the ball
instead of watching opposition players or when they are leaving big gaps that forwards can
run into requires experience that can only be gained by playing lots of matches.
You should, however, encourage even very young players to claim the ball by shouting
"KEEPER!" in the loudest voice they can muster when the ball rolls into the box
and they are in a position to pick it up.
As she gains experience, your goalkeeper should also be calling "KEEPER!" when
the ball is crossed into the penalty area and she should also be telling her defenders to
get the ball by shouting "AWAY!" when the ball is in the box and she can't get
By the time your players are 10 or 11, your goalkeeper should be telling her team mates -
loudly and specifically - where to go at corners and be able to organise a defensive wall.
The key words at this age are "loud" and "specific".
It's not much use whispering "mark up".
If your 'keeper doesn't shout her instructions in a loud voice, the likelihood is nothing
will happen but if someone does hear her, they will just look around in confusion.
Instead, defenders should be told - by name and in a very loud voice - what to do.
E.G. "CHLOE - watch the player on your left!" or "JOE - mark the number
How to practise
Good communication can be encouraged and ingrained in your goalkeepers by playing short
4v4 matches in which they are given the objective of giving two or three instructions to
What to say to your goalkeeper:
"Tell your defenders what to do."
"If you want the ball, shout 'KEEPER!' in a very loud voice."
Goalkeeping can be tough, especially on young players who are just starting to learn the
skills they need.
They will make mistakes and they will let in shots that, next season, they will save
That's if they are still a goalkeeper next season. The pressure on children to give up the
position of goalkeeper is hard to resist if they are criticised by their team mates in
their first few weeks or months.
So you have to make sure that your players know that criticism of team mates is not
allowed. We all make mistakes - it's part of the learning process - and to have a go at
any player because they miss a shot, mistime a tackle or fumble a save is unfair and
At the same time, tell your goalkeeper(s) that you expect them to make mistakes, that no
one expects them to keep every shot out of the net and when they do make an error they
should try to forget it straightaway.
If they are allowed to dwell on what's just happened they will probably make another
mistake... and another.
But it's just as important to make sure your 'keeper doesn't blame her team mates for
allowing the other team to shoot at her - if she gets into the habit of blaming others
when the team concedes a goal, she can come to believe that goals are never her fault and
she doesn't need to improve.
What to say to your players:
"Goalkeepers never let goals in, it's the team that concedes a goal."
Coaching very young goalkeepers
Four and five-year-olds can practise the basics of goalkeeping by playing throwing,
catching and kicking games.
Simple games like Sit Down are ideal:
- Put your players in a tight circle and toss the ball to each other.
- If a player drops the ball, they kneel on one knee. If they can catch the ball next time
it comes round, they stand up again but if they drop it for a second time they kneel on
both knees. Catch it next time and they stand up but a third drop means they have to sit
There's no winner, just play for a few minutes and congratulate everyone.
There are plenty more games for young goalkeepers on footy4kids.
Who's in goal today?
While I suggest you get all your players to have a go at being in goal during practice
sessions, putting the more nervous or younger players in goal during matches may be a step
too far for some of them.
If a player really don't want to go in goal, don't make them. An unwilling 'keeper won't
do much except stand on the goal line hoping the ball stays at the other end of the pitch
and when they do get a shot to save, they will probably freeze and watch the ball hit the
net. And that's no good for anyone.
Finally, please remember that young kids have a short attention span and may be watching a
butterfly, a bird or even a worm while the ball is rolling into the back of the net. Don't
let this bother you.
"Hey coach... I want to go in goal!"
You will find it much easier to find a player who wants to go in goal if you make the job
of shot-stopper a desirable one by:
Buying smart goalkeeper playing kit.
Allowing goalkeepers to play outfield - in a position of their choice - several times a
Making sure all your players - especially your 'keeper - know that the position of
goalkeeper is the hardest one on the team.
- Making the time to deliver dedicated goalkeeper coaching sessions.
For more soccer coaching tips and products visit Soccer Coaching Club.


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Geodon (Ziprasidone) is an atypical antipsychotic that was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has since been approved to manage both manic and mixed states of bipolar disorder. In some cases, the drug is used as an antidepressant augmentation strategy for the treatment of refractory depression, as well as for various types of anxiety disorders.
In comparison to other antipsychotics, studies demonstrate that it is less effective than Zyprexa, but roughly the same efficacy as Seroquel. The drug functions primarily as an antagonist of the D2 dopamine receptor, but also tends to inhibit the 5-HT2A receptor. Its effects on the D2 receptors result in reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It also inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin, which may help with negative symptoms.
Geodon and Weight Changes
Geodon differs from other antipsychotics in that it is very unlikely to cause weight gain. This is likely due to the fact that the drug doesn't affect the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mACh), resulting in no anticholinergic side effects. The most likely side effects that you'll experience while taking this medication include: sedation and orthostatic hypotension. A majority of medical professionals regard this drug as being "weight neutral" in that no studies link this drug to significant weight gain.
Geodon is a "weight neutral" antipsychotic
Many people that are concerned about gaining weight on an antipsychotic end up trying Geodon. Although a small percentage of individuals may still end up gaining weight, another small percentage of individuals actually end up losing weight. The majority of people do not report any significant weight change throughout treatment with the drug, therefore it should be considered "weight neutral."
The hormone "leptin" has been found to not increase after 4-week trials of Geodon. The hormone leptin is responsible for appetite stimulation and regulation. When taking other atypical antipsychotics, it tends to increase, resulting in significant appetite increase as well as weight gain. Since Geodon doesn't tend to increase leptin levels, this is likely reason (in part) as to why weight gain is uncommon.
Could Geodon Cause Weight Gain?
Despite the fact that research suggests Geodon is unlikely to cause weight gain, some people still end up gaining weight throughout their treatment. Even though the medication isn't likely to cause a weight increase, some people still end up gaining weight… Below is a list of reasons as to why you may still gain weight.
- Appetite increase: If the drug increases your appetite, you may end up eating more overall food than you did before. It can be difficult to control yourself when a drug significantly increases your appetite. This tends to be more of a problem with other antipsychotics, but could still happen while on Geodon.
- Cravings: The drug-induced changes to neurochemical processes in the brain can lead some people to crave food. If you start craving foods while on Geodon, it's probably an individualized reaction (and may be temporary). These cravings make it difficult to resist unhealthy foods and often lead to overeating.
- Eating out: If the medication is working well to control your symptoms, you may end up feeling more comfortable in public and may be more likely to dine out with friends or family. Feeling more comfortable in social situations could lead to more frequent meals with friends. Eating out is typically a cause of weight gain due to the fact that portions tend to be larger and foods are usually unhealthier.
- Hormones: This drug may affect various levels of hormones throughout the body, which could cause weight gain. It may increase the hormone prolactin, while decreasing testosterone levels in men, leading to muscle loss and an increase in body-fat. If you start gaining weight, it could be a result of a medication-induced hormone alteration.
- Sedation: At some doses (generally lower ones), Geodon can be very sedating. If you feel sedated, it can be difficult to get out of bed, let alone get proper exercise. Assuming your diet has remained stable (and/or increased), you are likely to gain weight as a result of the sedation.
- Slowed metabolism: This medication is unlikely to slow your metabolism, but may have different effects based on the individual. If you notice that your exercise habits and portion sizes are the same during treatment as they were prior to taking the drug, and you've gained weight – it could be a result of metabolic slowing.
- Taste improvement: You may notice that your taste improves as a result of taking this medication. Some people respond to the neurotransmitter tweaks made by Geodon with an increased appetite and improved taste. When food tastes better, you're probably going to end up eating more.
Could Geodon Cause Weight Loss?
In some cases, people may end up losing weight throughout their treatment with Geodon. Weight is most commonly lost when a person switches to this medication from a different antipsychotic like Zyprexa, a drug that is known to cause weight gain. Even if you aren't switching from another medication, you may experience various side effects that lead to temporary weight loss.
- Appetite decrease: Some people may notice that their appetite decreases while taking this drug. If your appetite decreases, you probably aren't going to eat as much food, leading to weight loss. Although it's not that common for appetite to significantly decrease, it does happen to some people.
- Diarrhea: This is a side effect that some people experience while taking this drug. It's not a common side effect, but if you end up with diarrhea, you'll likely lose some weight. Once your body adapts to the drug and the diarrhea subsides, the weight loss shouldn't continue.
- Energy increase: At certain dosages, this drug tends to be more activating than sedating. This could lead to more physical activity and productivity. If you have increased energy, you're more likely to engage in some sort of exercise. Exercise helps keep your metabolism high and is known to burn excess calories.
- Nausea: If the drug makes you feel nauseous, it may be difficult to eat enough food. Nausea tends to subside after several weeks of treatment, but while occurring, may interfere with your ability to eat. If you are overly nauseous, your appetite is likely to temporarily decrease – resulting in weight loss.
- Vomiting: A side effect associated with psychotropic drugs is that of vomiting. If you start vomiting while on this medication, you're going to lose some weight. Fortunately most weight loss as a result of vomiting is "short-term." Vomiting generally subsides once your body has adapted to the effects of the drug; this can take several weeks.
Factors that influence weight changes on Geodon
There are several other factors that may be responsible for weight changes you experience while taking Geodon. These include things such as: genetics, your personal habits, how long you've been taking the drug, your dosage, as well whether you take other medications.
Realize that each person has different reactions to medications in part due to their genetics. Although most people aren't going to experience major weight changes while taking Geodon, those that do may have certain genetics that trigger these changes. Fortunately there are now tests like "GeneSight" available that analyze your genetics and predict your ability to tolerate psychiatric drugs like Geodon.
Before you assume that the drug is causing your weight to fluctuate, evaluate your lifestyle and habits. Do you make an effort to eat healthy and/or get regular physical activity? Do you get enough sleep at night? Are you overstressed from work or relationships? All of these factors can influence weight changes independent of the medication.
It is important to consider something as simple as lack of sufficient sleep can cause certain people to gain weight. Always take an objective look at your lifestyle and determine whether your habits are contributing to weight gain. Also keep in mind that some people change their routine after they start this medication, which may result in weight change.
3. Duration of treatment
The duration over which you've been taking Geodon may play a role in determining weight gain. Those that have been on the drug for an extended period of time are more likely to experience some degree of weight change. This is due to the fact that after a long-term of being medicated, the drug will have altered various homeostatic physiological functions within the body.
Many of these physiological functions may help regulate appetite, hormones, and metabolism. If you notice that you've lost or gained weight over the long-term, it may be due to the fact that you are further from your baseline, homeostatic functioning. Also keep in mind that some people may experience weight changes over the short-term as their body adapts to the drug. Short-term weight changes tend to subside once a person stabilizes on the medication.
For medications that cause weight change, there is often a relationship between degree of weight change and dosage strength. For some medications, the greater the dose, the more inclined a person will be to gain weight. On other medications, there is no apparent relationship between dosing and weight change. With Geodon, it is believed that different doses have different effects based on the individual.
- Low doses: Some have suggested that lower doses of Geodon tend to be more sedating than higher ones. If the sedation causes you to become lazier and you end up maintaining your current appetite, metabolism may slow, ultimately leading to weight gain. Others would argue that the lower the dose, the easier it is to prevent weight change of any type. This is because at lower doses, the drug has less influence over your physiology. Therefore, it is always recommended to


Stephen Hales
(redirected from Hales, Stephen)
Also found in: Medical.
Hales, Stephen,
Hales, Stephen
Born Sept. 7, 1677, in Bekesbourne, Kent; died Jan. 4, 1761, in Teddington. British botanist and chemist, member of the Royal Society (1718) and of the French Academy of Sciences (1735).
Hales studied the flow of sap in plants (using the quantitative method) and the phenomenon of spring transpiration in plants, and he discovered the existence of root force and established its significance for the flow of sap. On the basis of his research, he concluded that the blood circulation in animals was different from the movement of sap in plants, which always went from the roots to the leaves, where evaporation occurred. This view was opposed to the one generally held at the time. Hales believed that plants received part of their nourishment from the air, at the same time absorbing "light matter." In his experiments with animals he showed that various chemical substances affected the contraction and expansion of capillaries.
Vegetable staticks …. London, 1727.
Haemastaticks, 4th ed., vols. 1-2. London, 1769.
Serebriakov, K. Ocherki po istorii botaniki, part 1. Moscow, 1941.
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About The Author - Lida Logan
Lida Logan grew up in Bournemouth, the Isle of Wight and Devon with unconventional and resourceful parents.
After leaving home at seventeen for a bedsit in London and a typing job, she married early and had a son, Steve. In the mid-sixties she persuaded a small computer programming firm to train her as a computer programmer, and worked for 14 years in the computer industry in its early days.
In the'seventies she bought her own house which she and Steve shared with others as a co-operative household. This was the time when self-sufficiency was all the rage, and hoping to join the movement she moved to the country where for seventeen years she offered vegetarian bed and breakfast, grew vegetables, tried her hand at carpentry, sold vegetarian ready-meals, and taught vegetarian cookery and bread-making.
She met her second husband at a creative writing class in 1978, but although she had kept a journal since 1971, writing did not begin to play an important part in her life until 2002.
Since 1982 Lida has followed a spiritual path embracing Indian philosophy, as exemplified by the Bhagavad Gita, and also modern spiritual masters such as Eckhart Tolle, Thich Nhat Hanh and Byron Katie, and this is an essential part of her life.
Lida lives in North Norfolk with her husband and two grey cats.
a collage of four photos, including the author, the author's cottage, a buddha statue and a cat in a doorway


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Converting the FileSystemObject's Column Property
Windows PowerShell
Definition: When reading through a line in a text file one or more characters at a time, Column contains the current character position within the line.
PowerShell reads file contents into an array, so the character position can be determined by the array item.
This example returns the character at column 4 (item 3 in the array):
$b = "a string"
An example that more closely maps to the intent of Column would be an example that reads through a line in the text file. Again, the column will be the array index plus 1 (because arrays start at 0).
$a = get-content c:\scripts\test.txt -totalcount 1
for ($i = 0; $i -lt $a.length; $i++)
 "Column is " + ($i + 1)
Note that this solution works only on a single line at a time.
See conversions of other FileSystemObject methods and properties.
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© 2014 Microsoft


text:
The 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
The 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions entered into force on 5 August 1998. An effects-based approach, the critical load concept, best available technology, energy savings, the application of economic instruments and other considerations was applied in the preparation of the Protocol. This has led to a differentiation of emission reduction obligations of Parties to the Protocol. The effects-based approach, which aims at gradually attaining critical loads, sets long-term targets for reductions in sulphur emissions, although it has been recognized that critical loads will not be reached in one single step.
Adjustment to annex II (amended December 2007)


text:
Like wings, eyes have evolved multiple times in different lineages of animals. According to a new study, humans and cephalopods evolved the same eyes through tweaks to the same gene -- even though their eyes arose independently of ours.
Many genes are responsible for making the eye. One holds instructions for making light-sensitive pigments, another provides information for making the lens, and then there are genes that orchestrate it all, telling various parts when and where they need to be assembled. These are called master control genes, and for eyes, the most important one Pax-6. The ancestral Pax-6 gene controlled the formation of a very simple eye: a few light-sensing cells working together in a primitive organism living in the Cambrian period.
Over time, the number of instructions that arose from a single Pax-6 gene increased, with today's more complex version directing the formation of compound eyes in insects as well as the "camera-type eye" found in all vertebrates. That is, an enclosed structure with the iris and lens, a liquid interior, and an image-sensing retina. Cephalopods -- which include octopus, cuttlefish, and squid -- have a camera eye similar to ours, even though they belong to a different clade altogether.
So, a team led by Atsushi Ogura from Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology in Japan examined Pax-6 variations in the pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) and Japanese spear squid (Loligo bleekeri). Specifically, they analyzed RNA splicing. That's when a piece of the code is removed and the ends are stitched together. In vertebrate eyes, developmental processes are controlled by four Pax-6 splicing variants, with each influencing different genes downstream.
They found five types of Pax-6 splicing variants used to create the camera eye in cephalopods. They acquired their Pax-6 splicing variants completely independently of vertebrates, though they used these variants in the same way to create a very similar camera eye. Pretty remarkable considering how we last shared a common ancestor 500 million years ago.
The work was published in Nature Scientific Reports in March.
[Via The Conversation]


text:
DARPA looks to nanotechnology to target illnesses
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency hopes to develop intracellular platforms to fight diseases in warfighters.
The research agency issued a solicitation on June 8 for help developing In Vivo Nanosensors for Therapeutics (IVN:Tx) that would fight diseases on a cellular level rather than relying on disease-specific medicines that require expensive and expansive storage and shipment. It said the new platform is needed because research like that done by the Military Infectious Disease Research Program has shown more warfighters are hospitalized each year for infectious diseases than are wounded in combat.
The negative effects of warfighter illness and downtime multiply when extended across the military, it said. Numerous medicines have to be transported to military treatment facilities around the world, soldiers must be trained to fill new roles, and in some cases operational plans must be modified or even postponed, it said.
The rapidly deployed and adaptable IVN:Tx platform to treat military-relevant disease may reduce logistical burdens and increase operational readiness, it said. The platform looks to revolutionary treatment methods to get sick warfighters back on their feet, fast. The agency's solicitation calls for development of nanoplatforms that treat a variety of diseases, including nanoparticle therapeutic platforms that could be rapidly modified to treat a broad range of diseases, but based on safe and effective technologies.
The civilian medical community has been using small-molecule therapeutics to treat diseases for years, it said, because traditional drugs are often effective against only one disease, can have significant side effects and are very expensive to develop. "Doctors have been waiting for a flexible platform that could help them treat a variety of problematic diseases," said Timothy Broderick, physician and DARPA program manager. "DARPA seeks to do just that by advancing revolutionary technologies such as nanoparticles coated with small interfering RNA (siRNA). RNA plays an active role in all biological processes, and by targeting RNA in specific cells, we may be able to stop the processes that cause diseases of all types—from contagious, difficult-to-treat bacteria such as MRSA to traumatic brain injury."
The agency said safety is a key factor to the many potential technical approaches for IVN:Tx. Nanoplatforms, it said, must be biocompatible, nontoxic and designed with eventual regulatory approval in mind.
The IVN:Tx approach of treating illness inside specific cells may also minimize dosing required for clinical efficacy, limit side effects and adverse immune system response, it said. Similar to today's medicines, the therapeutic nanoparticles will move throughout the body in a natural, passive manner, it added.
The agency noted that IVN is a technology demonstration and human trials wouldn't be funded. However, it encouraged proposers to submit plans for testing that would result in a clinical protocol prepared for approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA will be engaged with the IVN:Tx team throughout the program lifecycle by reviewing proposals, participating in Proposers' Day meetings and participating in government review boards, it said.


text:
dependent, so in every edition of ARWU the gains change as a result of the chosen methodology. However, given the stability of the raw scores of the best performers in the previous editions of ARWU, the change is relatively small from year to year.
A comparison with the combined events scoring system analysed in Section 3.2 will provide considerable insight into the dynamics of the Shanghai ranking. In practice the Shanghai ranking procedures follow similar guidelines to the IAAF scoring system, although obviously with a different set of parameters and non-linear conversions. Let and be the raw points and the ARWU score on the indicator of university, respectively. Certainly no inversion of the type used in the running events in track and field is required since all the scores in ARWU point in the same direction. No other offsets are needed for the first four indicators, since the minimum raw score is. Perhaps an offset might be considered for the PUB indicator, but this would open questions relating to institutional size. Therefore, there is no need in ARWU for the first addition stage in Figure 3.
Consequently the offsets are set to and the powers to for all the indicators. For the computation of the gains it is necessary to first identify the best performer on each indicator. Let then be the raw score achieved by the best performer on the indicator. The gain would then be
The gains in ARWU have been chosen to equalize the peak performance on each indicator. Had the gains been chosen instead to equalize the average scores on each indicator, then obviously the gains of the indicators in which the scores are non-zero for most universities (PUB and to a lesser extent S&N) would have taken a lower value. This would be inconvenient, given the gap already created by the first two indicators. The price ARWU pays for this simplification is that the scores become best-performer dependent. We show in the next section that ARWU could expunge this undesirable feature.
We conclude this section by stating that ARWU is a truly score-driven table with many features also found in the IAAF combined events scoring system. The difference, besides the values of the parameters, is that the gains in ARWU change on a yearly basis, according with the performance of the highest ranked university on each indicator.
6 Removing the best performer-dependence in ARWU
The normalisation of each ARWU indicator serves only to tie down the meaning of the relative indicator weights. Without some form of normalisation the meaning of the weights would evolve capriciously. However the normalisation does not need to be to the peak in any year, nor does it need to vary from year to year to achieve this aim. Indeed in the decathlon the increase of points corresponding to the world record (from around 8,000 in 1955 to more than 9,000 in 2012) is an important feature of the cultural history of the sport, and one that could be usefully reflected in the ARWU procedures.
By adopting a normalisation to the peak for the year in question great importance is attached to the annual variation of performance of Harvard University which sets the yearly normalization gains in 5 out of 6 indicators. Therefore, a lower (higher) performance of Harvard in a particular indicator means that the ARWU ranks are rebalanced to apply a higher (lower) effective weight to the population on that indicator. This dependence could be alleviated if a number of universities were used to establish the picture of relative shifts from one indicator to another. As a matter of fact this possibility should be explored by ARWU to cope with the recently announced changes in the methodology for identifying highly cited researchers (Thomson-Reuters, 2012).
One way of avoiding the best-performer dependence would be to tie down the normalisation factors by considering a basket of universities and averaging over a few years, and to use those factors to normalise every year in the future. This would provide the means for year-on-year comparison of global performance improvement by the world's universities, something of considerable interest to stakeholders. It would be like tracking the inexorable improvement of human sporting achievement by competing against a world record that can be repeatedly broken.
To show that a procedure with fixed gains is workable with the minimum reshuffling of the ARWU list, let us first identify the first five indicators:
ALUMNI=1; AWARD=2; HICI=3; S&N=4; PUB=5
Again, let be the raw score for university in the indicator. For example, a university with 2 affiliated HCR will have and a university with one paper having a first author on Science or Nature during the period of analysis will have.
We will set the gains for the first five indicators by averaging the actual gains used in 2011 and 2012:
The computation of the PCP indicator following the general procedure outlined in Figure 3 necessitates distinguishing between cases where FTE is known or unknown. Let us begin with the majority of universities (more that 80% of the institutions included in the ARWU list) for which FTE data are used in ARWU. For those universities, let be the number of full-time equivalent faculty of university. We need to generate the 'signal' to activate the operations in Figure 3. Docampo (2013) shows that raw scores,, on the PCP are obtained as follows:
In the case of universities focused on the social sciences, the weights are a little different:
From there, we use the average gain used in 2011 and 2012,, and apply Equation 3.
When the data on FTE are not available for an institution, it can be shown that ARWU procedures are equivalent to assigning a single dummy FTE number to all such institutions. The computation of the PCP indicator in ARWU is based upon the scores on the five indicators according to the procedure described in (Docampo, 2013). We summarize here the details: First, the weighted squares of the scores are added:
Let be the quotient of and the of the best performer (Caltech in 2011 and 2012). Then:
If the FTE number is known, then:
If the FTE number is not known, then:
The parameter is not discussed in the ranking explanatory documentation, although its values has been found empirically from a regression analysis on the actual PCP scores in ARWU 2011 (Docampo, 2013). In 2011,. We have done the same regression analysis using the data from 2012 and found that the value of changed to. Over the years of existence of ARWU, the value of this parameter has been consistently set around, but has never remained constant.
Now, the dummy value of FTE can be recovered from the two formulas for PCP (with and without explicit FTE numbers), as follows:
Now, by using the values of and in 2011 and 2012 we get the dummy values of FTE, and, respectively. We thus adopt in Equation 4 the value as the FTE number of universities for which explicit data on FTE are not available.
Finally, we use the weights adopted in ARWU to aggregate the final score,, for standard institutions or the ones concentrated on the social sciences, respectively:
If that procedure had been used in ARWU 2012, the results for the first 100 universities would have almost been the same, since the gains chosen are close to the ones actually used in 2012 (see Figure 4). The suggested scoring procedure would reveal the year-on-year evolution of the performance of all the universities in the ARWU list. Given the stability of the best performers in the past, no further adjustments of gains would be necessary. If the gains were held at agreed constant values, any university could in principle calculate its ARWU indicator scores (but obviously not rank) without recourse to the delays and complexities introduced by ARWU processing.
We have shown how the Shanghai ranking can be correctly classified as a score-driven table. We have also suggested that ARWU involves regressive indicators, and now turn to a deeper analysis of this question. Specifically, we conjecture that every non-composed sub-scale of ARWU constitutes a regressive indicator and that this is appropriate, as distinct from IAAF combined events tables that have constructed to be mildly progressive.
Physical human performance, so contingent on anatomical and physiological constraints, is arguably characterized by progressively greater difficulty in improvement close to the highest achieved performance limits. On the other hand, research performance is arguably characterized by regressively lower difficulty in pushing the limits. In each of the ARWU non-composed indicators, a substantial number of institutions at the top achieve high raw scores that are nevertheless separated by significant margins of difference. Below the top echelon, there is a larger number of very good achievements separated by narrower margins of difference. Just as physical constraints shape the progressive character of human achievement, it is likely that resource constraints shape the regressiveness of university achievments. At the institutional level, outstanding research achievements justify and attract additional investments in research infrastructure and foster team-building and collaboration within the institution, driving ever higher performance. Moreover, institutional performance is composed of the efforts of individuals and teams, and abundant resources act as a magnet for outstanding researchers further intensifying institutional performance.
Ultimately, the regressive or progressive character of the scoring system for any competition aims to signal the degree of difficulty faced by a contestant who strives to improve in points and rank. While a small improvement in a raw score in a progressive sporting event does not lead to substantial rank advancement except the top of the ranking, publishing even one or two more papers in Science or Nature may represent a significant advance for a low


Linked by Thom Holwerda on Sat 17th May 2008 19:19 UTC
Original OSNews Interviews BeOS (and Haiku) has a very powerful filesystem, thanks mostly to its extensive use of attributes and live queries to search through these attributes. In order to access these powerful features over a network, you need a network file system that also supports attributes and queries - cue BeServed, Kevin Musick's network file system. A few weeks ago, the code to BeServed was donated to the Haiku project as open source under a MIT license, so HaikuNews and OSNews decided to interview Kevin Musick together. In addition, Haiku launched the Haiku Code Drive 2008.
Thread beginning with comment 314950
To view parent comment, click here.
RE: The Cue Rabies
by deathshadow on Tue 20th May 2008 18:13 UTC in reply to "The Cue Rabies"
Member since:
1. anything said or done, on or off stage, that is followed by a specific line or action: An off-stage door slam was his cue to enter.
2. anything that excites to action; stimulus.
3. a hint; intimation; guiding suggestion.
4. the part a person is to play; a prescribed or necessary course of action.
5. a sensory signal used to identify experiences, facilitate memory, or organize responses.
6. Archaic. frame of mind; mood.
- verb (used with object)
7. to provide with a cue or indication; give a cue to; prompt: Will you cue me on my lines?
8. to insert, or direct to come in, in a specific place in a musical or dramatic performance (usually fol. by in or into): to cue in a lighting effect.
9. to search for and reach (a specific track on a recording) (sometimes fol. by up).
IMHO Thom's use falls under #1 and #4, possible #8 - the first sentance sets up the scenario, which is the indication for the item after to 'enter the stage'... on top of which it is written in conversational prose, where such uses are commonplace and acceptable.
Dictionary man, dictionary. I would suggest the use one instead of google 'define' - combined with a understanding of grammatical prose styles - before complaining about someone elses command of the language.
I mean hell, at least it wasn't "speaking the engrish moist goodry" like most sites and posters these days.
Edited 2008-05-20 18:16 UTC
Reply Parent Score: 2


Question: How Many Environments Are There?
What are the main elements of environment?
Constituents of EnvironmentPhysical elements constitute space, landforms, water-bodies, climate, soils, rocks, and minerals.
Biological elements include plants, animals, micro-organisms, and man.Cultural elements include economic, social and political conditions which are largely man-made features.More items….
How do I create a comfortable work environment?
Here are four ways you can improve your work environment and, in turn, employee engagement.Hire great team members (and don't be afraid to let bad ones go). … Improve the lighting. … Make the office comfortable. … Improve communication.
What ecosystem do we live in California?
The ecoregions of California can be grouped into four major groups: desert ecoregions (such as the Mojave Desert), Mediterranean ecoregions (such as the Central Valley), forested mountains (such as the Sierra Nevada), and coastal forests.
How many types of environments are there?
How many major natural environments are there?
What is a good working environment?
A positive working environment is a workplace that promotes employee safety, growth and goal attainment. … Companies can achieve a positive working environment by focusing on their overall culture, supporting employee growth and making employees feel safe and comfortable.
What is a positive environment?
What is meant by a positive environment is a happy place. A happy environment is a setting that has structure and routine so that children can rely on a secure environment. … A positive environment can also help to stimulate children and in affect make the children want to learn more.
Which ecosystem do we live in?
Is nature and environment the same?
Nature is the natural, physical, or material world or universe. Nature can refer to the phenomena of physical world, and also to life. Environment refers to external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population. Thank You.
What are the 4 types of environment?
Gisbert has divided environment into four types: (a) Natural Environment, (b) Artificial Environment, (c) Social Environment, and (d) Psychological Environment, (iv) Kimbal Young divided it into only two types: (i) Geographic Environment, and (ii) Social-Cultural Environment.
What are the five types of environment?
They are direct aspects of how human society conceptualizes the geography of the Earth. Geographical environment is also called a natural environment as it interacts with nature. The earth surface, rivers, mountains, deserts, land, water, oceans, volcanoes, etc. come under the natural environment examples.
What is a bad working environment?