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Date of this Version
Ripening field corn lost to wildlife was measured in fall 1993 in 10 midwestern states that have produced 83% of the field corn in the United States over the past 10 years. Sampling of damage was stratified by producer expectation of likely wildlife damage or unlikely wildlife damage. Damage was assessed immediately before harvest. Two plots that measured 4.5 m x 2 rows were assessed in each selected field. Of assessed fields, wildlife damage was present in 340 of 1,259 (27.0%) likely damaged fields and 108 of 1,243 (8.7%) unlikely damaged fields. As a percentage of harvested production, birds (Aves) damaged an average of 0.19% of field corn while deer (Odocoileus spp.) damaged an average of 0.23% of field corn. Unidentified wildlife caused the loss of an additional 0.27% of corn. The average yield loss was 1.73 + 0.17 bu/ha. Loss rates were greater where producers had expected damage (3.7 bu/ha) than where damage had not been anticipated (1.5 bu/ha). Among states, yield lost to all wildlife differed among 3 groups of states. Wisconsin and Missouri had the greatest wildlife-caused loss rates. Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio had intermediate loss rates. Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and South Dakota had lower loss rates. In total, an estimated 35 + 4 million bushels of corn were lost to wildlife in 1993 when harvested field corn production for the 10 selected states totaled 5.14 billion bushels. Total estimated value of field corn lost to wildlife was $92 + 9 million, when the harvested corn crop was valued at $13.3 billion in the 10 states.


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Environmental law is a compound and interlocking body of treaties, conventions, statutes, regulations, and common law that goes to regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human activity. The subject may be divided into two major subjects:
(1) contamination control and remediation
(2) resource conservation and management.
Laws dealing with contamination are often media-limited – i.e., pertain only to a single environmental medium, such as air, water (whether surface water, groundwater or oceans), soil, etc. and control both emissions of pollutants into the medium, as well as liability for exceeding permitted emissions and responsibility for cleanup. Laws regarding resource conservation and management generally focus on a single resource – e.g., natural resources such as forests, mineral deposits or animal species, or more intangible resources such as specially scenic areas or sites of high archeological value – and provide guidelines for and limitations on the conservation, disturbance and use of those resources. These areas are not mutually exclusive – for example, laws governing water pollution in lakes and rivers may also conserve the recreational value of such water bodies. Furthermore, many laws that are not exclusively "environmental" nonetheless include important environmental factors and incorporate environmental policy decisions. Municipal, state and national laws regarding development, land use and infrastructure are examples.
Below are some of the Environmental Laws in the Philippines:
- Republic Act No. 8550
- Philippine Biodiversity Laws
- Republic Act No. 9147
- Republic Act No. 7586
- Republic Act 9072
- Republic Act No. 8371
- El Nido Marine Reserve
- Caribbean Waterpark And Resotel
- Mercedes Fishtival
- Grand Regal Hotel Davao

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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MetadataShow full item record
The project name: Readers Forum Location: Bait-Wazan/ Nablus/ Palestine Site according to the center of Nablus and An-Najah University. The object of the project was to change the stereotypical idea people have about libraries of them being huge, closed buildings. This lead to the idea of breaking up the building into several smaller ones and creating a separate "forum" in each one. In each forum, discussion circles for various books are held where people exchange different types of information. Green areas can be noticed between these buildings to create a comfortable and relaxed atmosphere for readers. The "Axis" that the forums create together assist in highlighting the importance of library.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


FundsIndia explains: What is benchmark?
March 21, 2016. Mutual Fund Research Desk
Do you remember back in school, when you went back to your parents with your exam results? If it was a particularly hard paper and you scored 60%, your first line of defence would be to bring up the toughness of the paper. Then you may have backed this up by saying that most of your friends scored lower or that the class topper, who scored 68% wasn't very far off from your own score. You would have called it unfair if your parents didn't listen to your arguments and chastised you for your low marks.
Man with magnifying glass looking for coinsNow think about your large-cap mutual fund that is down 8.7% in the one-year period. Would it now be fair to say it is a bad fund? Like you measured your performance against your classmates, a mutual fund's performance should also be compared to a standard. That standard is called the fund's benchmark.
What is it?
By simple definition, a benchmark is a yardstick or standard against which something can be measured. For a fund, the benchmark is a stock market or bond market index whose returns the fund aims at beating.
For example, if the fund is a large-cap equity fund, it will choose a large-cap index as its benchmark. This can be the Sensex, the Nifty 50, or the BSE 100 or the Nifty 100. An MIP will have the CRISIL MIP Blended index as its benchmark. So taking the above example – the fund that lost 8.7% would be perfectly good if its benchmark lost 11.8%. Because an index is a nothing but a collection of stocks and securities, remember that the benchmark can also incur losses.
Why is it useful?
The benchmark is useful in two ways. The first way is as explained above – it is the standard to which a fund is held and its performance measured. The benchmark gives meaning to a fund's returns. A fund has performed well if it beats its benchmark consistently. A fund's performance will come in by its stock selection and its sector weightage relative to its benchmark.
The second way a benchmark is useful is that it gives an idea of where a fund invests, or the type of portfolio it will have. Consider SBI Bluechip and Franklin India Bluechip. They are both large-cap funds. SBI Bluechip's benchmark is the BSE 100 and the Franklin fund's benchmark is the Sensex. The BSE 100 (which represents the top 100 stocks by market capitalisation) is broader than the Sensex (which represents the top 30 stocks by marketcap).
Thus, Franklin India Bluechip is more constrained in where it can invest and will have much larger stocks in its portfolio than SBI Bluechip. Sometimes, large-cap funds can have even broader benchmarks such as the BSE 200, meaning that the universe of stocks the fund can invest in is that much more. Similarly, Birla Sun Life Dynamic Bond index is benchmarked against the CRISIL Short Term Bond index, suggesting that it will more or less stick to instruments with a short maturity profile.
Note that a fund can and does deviate from its benchmark. It can, for example, have stocks outside the benchmark index or have different sector weights. What the benchmark does is broadly indicate how the fund's portfolio will be.
So next time, don't dismiss the benchmark. Use it!
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Sorry Guys, But Women's Brains Mature Faster
A new study discovers brain networks reorganize their connections throughout life to improve efficiency. Investigators discovered the process begins earlier in girls, which may explain why they mature faster during the teenage years.
Newcastle University scientists studied individuals 40 and younger and found that the brain re-organizes connections throughout our life. Dr. Marcus Kaiser and Sol Lim found that while overall connections in the brain get streamlined, long-distance connections that are crucial for integrating information are preserved.


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USB powered gas leakage detector alarming system analysis
Published: Mon, 5 Dec 2016
USB powered gas leakage detector alarming system can be used in residential and commercial premises to detect the leakage of the gas and give early signs under less severe conditions and must active the alarm in case of emergency situations in order to safeguard the occupiers and users of those premises, all these can be done through by MQ5 gas sensor and pic18f1320 circuit.
When the gas leakages from the monitoring area then MQ5 gas sensor activates and sense the gas and pass the variable voltage to pic18f1320 circuit. If the gas level normal (1.2 volt to 4 volt) then two led and a buzzer is activated in slow mode for early warning, and if the gas level goes high (volt is high from sensor more than 4 volt) then a led and 2 buzzer is activated in fast mode by the help of pic18f1320 Circuit
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
– According To Specific Gravity Of Natural Gas, Its Specific Gravity Is Lighter Than The Specific Gravity Of Air, And So Natural Gas Suspends On The Ceiling. Therefore, The Alarm Should Be Installed in the Small Area Which is 0.3~1.2 Meter Less than The Ceiling and within Radii 1.5 Meter far From Gas Leakage.
Liquid petroleum Gas: It's Specific Gravity Is Higher than Air, So It Sinks down on the Bottom. Therefore, the alarm should be installed in the area that is 0.3~ 1.2 meters far from ground and within radii 1.5 meter far from gas leakage.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT: –
The aim of the project is to save The People from Gas Leakage Accident used in places like Canteen, Houses, Hotels, & Restaurants, as well as in the various industries where Gas is very important for the people who come to Lunch & dinner as well as processes involved in the manufacturing and service industry.
According to the Gas Leakage Detector can be Save Lots of Problems. By using this system, we can also adjust the Regulation of the Gas using Mq5 and.
1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
I used MQ5 gas sensor with the experimental kit. The sensor detect the gas and pass the variable voltage to pic18f1320 and If the gas level is normal lies between 1.2 volt to 4 volt, I activated two led's and a buzzer in slow mode for early warning then if the gas level goes high then I activated a led and 2 buzzer in fast mode it is for high level of gas so I done it for that.
1.3- System Features:-
Type of the various gas detectors:-
Analyzers: Continuous monitoring of toxic gases at ultra low ppb levels directly integrated into life safety systems Fire & Gas: Flame, smoke & gas detectors coupled with sophisticated control solutions for offshore and industrial applications.
Fixed Controller Systems: The control systems behind integrated 'plant-wide' fire and gas detection.
Personal Gas Detection: Effective personal protection from gas hazards, when and where it's needed.
Domestic Gas Detectors
We are engaged in the manufacturing of domestic gas detectors. These products are used in homes for detecting gas leaks & avoiding accidents. Easy to install, these wall-hung detectors have an audio-visual alarm that alerts the client when the gas leak concentration reaches a dangerous level. This gives adequate time to take the necessary actions towards avoiding loss of lives and property. Following are some of the salient features of these detectors
Features: Integral concussion-proof boot Continuous LCD shows real-time gas concentration with backlight in low light (auto); in alarm (auto) and on demand
Waterproof IP 66/67 rating up to 3 ft fully submerged Provides 85 dB tone and bright LED indication on alarm (typical) 3-year battery life (9,000 hours) Available with internal vibrating alarm Equipped with plug-in, replaceable sensor Simple auto-zero and calibration procedure Peak value displayed on command (in ppm or %) TWA (time weighted average) values are recorded and displayed.
Mulit Gas Detection
We have the most advanced handheld volatile organic compound (VOC) detector on the market. Its Photo ionization Detector's (PID) extended range of 0 to 15,000 ppm makes it an ideal instrument for applications from industrial hygiene, to leak and HazMat detection.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2.DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
LPG Gas Sensor (MQ5)
It Extensively Used In Homes, Cars, Service Stations and Storage Tank. This Sensor Can Be Easily Installed Into An Alarm Unit. The Equipment Provides Visual Indication Of The Combustible Gas or LPG Concentration. It Can Be Iso-butane, Propane, LNG and Cigarette Smoke. We Hold Expertise In Offering Wireless Gas Leak Detectors For Home security systems. Given below are few highlighting features of our productsImprovement Of Products & Its Features Is A Continuous Process.
MQ-5 Semiconductor Sensor for Combustible Gas
Sensitive material of MQ-5 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the
Target combustible gas exist, the sensor's conductivity is higher along with the gas concentration rising.
MQ-5 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Methane, Propane and Butane, and could be used to detect
both Methane and Propane. The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas especially
Methane, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.
* Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range
* High sensitivity to Methane, Butane and Propane
* Long life and low cost
* Simple drive circuit
* Domestic gas leakage detector
* Industrial Combustible gas detector
* Portable gas detector
Influence of Temperature/Humidity
Structure and configuration
Structure and configuration of MQ-5 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 3, sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer,
Measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-4 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.
1 Following conditions must be prohibited
1.1 Exposed to organic silicon steam
Organic silicon steam cause sensors invalid, sensors must be avoid exposing to silicon bond,
Fixtures, silicon latex, putty or plastic contain silicon environment.
1.2 High Corrosive gas
If the sensors exposed to high concentration corrosive gas (such as H2Sz, SOX¼ŒCl2¼ŒHCl etc), it will not only result in corrosion of sensors structure, also it cause sincere sensitivity attenuation.
1.3 Alkali, Alkali metals salt, halogen pollution
The sensors performance will be changed badly if sensors be sprayed polluted by alkali metals salt
especially brine, or be exposed to halogen such as fluorine.
1.4 Touch water
Sensitivity of the sensors will be reduced when spattered or dipped in water.
Do avoid icing on sensor' surface, otherwise sensor would lose sensitivity.
1.6 Applied voltage higher
Applied voltage on sensor should not be higher than stipulated value, otherwise it cause down-line or
heater damaged, and bring on sensors' sensitivity characteristic changed badly.
1.7 Voltage on wrong pins
For 6 pins sensor, if apply voltage on 1/3 pins or 4/6 pins, it will make lead broken, and without signal when apply on 2/4 pins.
2 Following conditions must be avoided
2.1 Water Condensation
Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will effect sensors performance lightly. However, if water
Condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain period, sensor' sensitivity will be decreased.
2.2 Used in high gas concentration
No matter the sensor is electrified or not, if long time placed in high gas concentration, if will affect sensors characteristic.
2.3 Long time storage
The sensors resistance produce reversible drift if it's stored for long time without electrify, this drift is
related with storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in airproof without silicone gel bag with clean air.
For the sensors with long time storage but no electrify, they need long aging time for stability before using.
2.4 Long time exposed to adverse environment
No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for long time, such as
high humidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc, it will affect the sensors performance badly.
Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then rapture. In transportation or assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine can lead this vibration.
If sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.
For sensor, handmade welding is optimal way. If use wave crest welding should meet the following conditions:
2.7.1 Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine
2.7.2 Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute
2.7.3 Warm-up temperature¼š100±20â„ƒ
2.7.4 Welding temperature¼š250±10â„ƒ
2.7.5 1 time pass wave crest welding machine
If disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will be reduced.
Lpg level Sensor With Mechanical Reading By Means Of A Gauge Fitted On The Multivalve, Tank Level Indication From Empty To Full Is Shown. The Sensor Trans


text: This interactive diagram is based on the energy flow diagram produced by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2009. The data are from the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE/EIA-0384(2008), June 2009). Hydro, wind, and solar electricity inputs are expressed using fossil-fuel plants' heat rate to more easily account for differences between the conversion efficiency of renewables and the fuel utilization for combustionand nuclear-driven systems. This enables hydro, wind, and solar to be counted on a similar basis as coal, natural gas, and oil. For this reason, the sum of the inputs for electricity differs slightly from the displayed total electricity output. Distributed electricity represents only retail electricity sales and does not include self-generation. The efficiency of electricity production is calculated as the total retail electricity delivered divided by the primary energy input into electricity generation. End use efficiency is estimated as 80% for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, and as 25% for the transportation sector. Totals may not equal the sum of components due to independent rounding.


That is the question by a recent paper in by Baugh et al. (2020) in JAMA Open. The authors surveyed nearly 300 current college football players from 4 teams in the 5 most competitive NCAA football conferences. They found that:
Of the 265 participants for whom all relevant data were available, 111 (42%) underestimated their risk of concussion (χ2 = 98.6; P = .003). A similar proportion of athletes (113 [43%]) underestimated their risk of injury, although this was not statistically significant (χ2 = 34.0; P = .09). An alternative analytic strategy suggested that 241 athletes (91%) underestimated their risk of injury (Wilcoxon statistic, 7865; P < .001) and 167 (63%) underestimated their risk of concussion (Wilcoxon statistic, 26 768; P < .001).
Overall, the answer seems like that answer is 'yes', athletes are underestimating their risk of concussion, but not at widely low rates. This study does not, however, get at whether individuals perceive the severity of a concussion accurately. In expected value terms, football's risk involves likely probability of injury times the expected injury levels conditional on the event occurring. The Baugh et al. study only deals with the first issue. A follow-on study should examine whether football players are accurately understanding concussion severity.
An important topic to insure that football players and their families internalize risks and benefits of playing this game.
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kids encyclopedia robot
Congress of the Republic of Peru facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
(Redirected from President of the Congress of Peru)
The Congress of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Congreso de la República) is the unicameral body that is legislative power in Peru.
The current Congress of Peru, sworn in after the 2020 elections, was elected after the dissolution of the previous Congress by President Martin Vizcarra.
Congressmen serve for a five-year term and can be re-elected as many times as they want even though this is very rare. Elections for congress happen at the same time as the election for president.
In 2020, Mirtha Vásquez was elected President of the Congress.
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Congress of the Republic of Peru Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


Author Topic: Trinity between Paganism and Christianity (Read 2218 times)
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Trinity between Paganism and Christianity
« on: December 05, 2017, 06:08:44 AM »
Though Christianity was supposed to have come to complement the previous heavenly messages, combat and replace the polytheistic paganism, we observe that the contemporary Trinitarian Christianity in its current form and since the Council of Nicaea held in 325 A.D. up to date is nearer to the polytheistic paganism and farther from the monotheistic heavenly messages, including the previous ones, mainly Prophet Moses' message (Judaism), and the final message of (Islam) brought by Prophet Muhammad.
The Heavenly Messages' Attitudes towards the Trinity
We do not come across any origins of the contemporary doctrine of the Trinity in the divine messages of the previous prophets or the subsequent message of Prophet Muhammad in the light of the Jewish scriptures, especially the Hebrew Bible called "Tanakh", the Muslim holy book, namely the Qur'an and even the Christian scriptures called the "Bible" including the Old Testament and the New Testament.This false doctrine is foreign to the true religion of God as introduced by prophets every time and everywhere according to the current scriptures despite the distortion caused to the Jewish and Christian scriptures. In the Tanakh, the Qur'an and the Bible itself, we only find out a clear-cut, explicit call to pure monotheism. The examples of such a frequent call is even too numerous to be enumerated here.However, about pure monotheism in the Tanakh, for example, we read: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord." (Deuteronomy 6:4)About pure monotheism, in the Qur'an, for example, we read:And your god is one God There is no deity [worthy of worship] except Him, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful (Al-Baqarah 2:163)
About pure monotheism, in the Bible itself, for example, the New Testament quotes Jesus as saying: "Get thee hence, Satan! For it is written: 'Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and Him only shalt thou serve.'" (Matthew 4:10)Accordingly, it becomes clear that the alleged doctrine of the Holy Trinity has no scriptural basis either in Judaism, Islam or Christianity itself. It originates only from the blind Christian tradition which derived this false creed from the Council of Nicaea and the subsequent ecumenical councils.Regardless of the scriptural basis, this bizarre doctrine contradicts the simplest axioms of logic and reason. The following are the most basic questions to be asked in this regard:Does it sound reasonable that God did not tell His servants from Adam to Jesus that He has three persons, including Jesus himself, and that those three persons deserve worship?Does it sound logical that humanity remained ignorant of the alleged three persons until the First Council of Nicaea was held in 325 A.D.?How come the Christian clergymen differ at all early ecumenical councils over the divinity of those three persons?Is it palatable that God dropped the two persons of "the Son" and "the Holy Spirit" from the final message of Islam brought by Prophet Muhammad?What about the millions of human beings who lived and died before the advent of Jesus' message and did not know that God allegedly has three persons, including Jesus himself, and that they had to worship those three persons?What about the millions of human beings who have come after the advent of the final message of Islam brought by Prophet Muhammad and found out that the alleged three persons have no basis except in the sight of the followers of only one heavenly message, namely the contemporary Christianity, out of numerous heavenly messages, none of which makes any mention of those persons?Let's plunge into the depths of history in order to explore the historical roots of the alleged doctrine of the Holy Trinity, of which the three main heavenly messages are devoid, in the light of their current scriptures despite the distortion caused to most of them.
The Historical Roots of the Trinity
Jesus' message was preached in time and space polarized by two main theistic belief systems, one of them is monotheistic and heavenly, namely Judaism, which is a mixture of the heavenly messages revealed to the prophets of the children of Israel, especially Prophet Moses. The other was polytheistic and idolatrous, namely the paganism with which the earth, including the Roman Empire itself, was rife at the time.Jesus' message was supposed to be such a monotheistic extension of the previous heavenly messages which was expected to alleviate the materialism which characterized the children of Israel and, at the same time, combat the polytheistic paganism which was dominant on the earth at the time.However, unfortunately, the universal norm of change on earth applied. Thus, Jesus' message was subject to the corruption and alteration to which the previous messages were subject. But, in this time, several factors played a very dangerous distortive role which brought Jesus' message out of its monotheistic context and aligned it with the false polytheistic, pagan faiths.The stated factors include the miraculous factor which beset Jesus' life both upon his birth without a human father and his Ascension without the end of lifetime.Those factors also include the figurative factor which characterized his statements and his message in general. This caused his followers to misunderstand many of his statements and misinterpret many of his acts.The last factor is that of the polytheistic pagan environment which was predominant during and a long time after Jesus' mission.However, the true shift from the original monotheistic Christianity to the polytheistic Trinitarian paganism took place only when the Roman Empire under Constantine I's command procured the last factor, that is, the environment factor as represented by the milieu supporting the polytheistic Trinitarian paganism in its war against the original monotheistic Christianity in the Council of Nicaea held in 325 A.D.Up to that point of time, there was strong presence of such Christianity which was closer to monotheism and of believers in the same. However, from this time on, such Christianity began to lose ground, whereas the pagan Trinitarian Christianity began to gain ground, thanks to the pagan background of the Roman Empire at the time.The Roman Empire was a polytheistic pagan realm which never professed monotheism in most if not all of its times. Such an idolatrous dominion used to embrace polytheism, as this was a prevalent belief in most of the Roman territories, as well as the neighboring and contemporaneous countries and civilizations both in the East and the West.No wonder, this belief was bequeathed by the past empires and civilizations. Therefore, monotheists, mainly the Jews, were very few in number vis-à-vis multitudes of polytheists including pagans and idolaters as represented by most of the then peoples, civilizations and cultures.In particular, belief in a triad rather than tetrad, pentad or the like has deep historical roots in the Roman heritage. Historical evidence for the Roman belief in a triad is uncountable.Ancient Trinitarian temples still exist in Rome, the historical metropolis of the Roman Empire, as conclusive evidence for the dogmatic plagiarism and the religious shift which took place from the original monotheistic Christianity to the contemporary Trinitarian Christianity.The most prominent historical evidence which may be given here is the "Capitolia" (singular Capitolium) and other older temples which were established to worship holy triads in the Roman history. Some Capitolia were demolished and turned into churches when the Roman Empire converted to Christianity, while others survived and still exist up to date like the Capitolium which still stands at the Capitoline Hill in Rome, the Capitolium of Brixia, and the Temple of Jupiter, Capitolium or the Temple of the Capitoline Triad in Pompeii.There is no denying that such Capitolia used for the worship of pagan triads were widespread across the Roman domain. No wonder, the Trinity was a predominant belief in the Roman Empire for long stretches of time, including the timespans preceding and coinciding with the profession of Christianity by the Roman Empire, not to mention the fact that belief in the Trinity was commonplace in neighboring, contemporaneous and even past cultures and civilizations.
Instances of the Trinity in the Roman History
The Romans did not believe in the Trinity in only one point in their history, but at several, successive points of the Roman history as follows:
The Archaic Triad
The earliest known triad in which the Romans believed was "the Archaic Triad" which consisted of: 1- Jupiter: the king of gods, 2- Mars: the god of military prowess and a war deity, and 3- Quirinus: the enigmatic god of the Roman populus ("people").This triad antedated the establishment of the Roman Empire. The exact time this triad was worshipped is unknown.
The Capitoline Triad
The Capitoline Triad was a group of three deities who were worshipped in the ancient Roman religion in an elaborate temple on Rome's Capitoline Hill (Capitolium).This triad consisted of: 1- Jupiter: the king of gods, 2- Juno: a goddess believed to be Jupiter's wife and sister, and 3- Minerva: a goddess believed to be Jupiter's daughter and the goddess of wisdom.Jupiter, Juno and Minerva were honored in


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How to Memorize the 12 British Monarchs
How to Memorize the 12 British Monarchs 10X Faster
If you'd like to remember and recall all the British monarchs, this video will make you do exactly that in only a few minutes.
Human memory is predominantly visual, and you can take advantage of that by visualizing what you need to remember and connecting it to something you already know. And that's what I'll do in this video. Picture each image in your head, and I'll connect them for you using a crazy story.
When you want to recall the names of all the British monarchs, here's what to visualize.
Picture the royal throne where the monarch sits. You know it's the throne of the British monarch because the British flag – the Union Jack – is on the wall behind it.
- Sitting on the throne is a queen ant. The first British monarch after the mergers of the kingdoms of England and Scotland was Queen Anne. Queen ant sounds very similar to Queen Anne, so when you picture the ant sitting on the throne, that will link in your mind straight away to Queen Anne, the first British monarch.
- The second British monarch was King George, or George the 1st. George one sounds like judge nun. Imagine a judge walks up to the queen ant and introduces a nun. He's a traditional English judge wearing the long black gown and white wig, and the nun is wearing the traditional black and white habit. When you visualize the judge and nun talking to the queen ant, you'll remember George I.
- After George the 1st was George the 2nd or George 2. Two sounds like shoe, so let's visualize the judge pulls off one of his shoes, and places it on his head. The shoe is all the colours of the rainbow, very bright. Kind of a weird thing to do when you're in the presence of the queen, but at least now when you picture the judge holding a shoe on his head – judge shoe – you'll remember George II.
- You'll never guess who came after George the 2nd – it was George the third. The judge takes the shoe off his head and throws it through the air and it hits another judge sitting in a tree. Why is this other judge sitting in a tree? Because judge tree, sounds like George 3, and that's how you'll remember George the 3rd.
- The line of King George's continued on and the next British monarch was George the 4th or George 4. That sounds like judge door, so we'll use that. The judge falls out of the tree and lands on the ground in front of a door. The door is covered in ornate decorations, and is bright pink, just to make it stand out in your mind. Create a clear mental image of the judge landing on the ground in front of the door – judge door – and you'll remember George IV.
- After George 4th was William 4th or William four. This time we'll use will-yam-snore. The bright pink door bursts open to reveal a yam with arms and legs, holding a long will. It's a will yam. The will yam is standing up but it's asleep, and there's a speech bubble with 'zzzz' because the will yam is having a snore. Now when you imagine that will yam having a snore, that will link in your mind to William IV.
- The next monarch after William the 4th was the iconic Queen Victoria. To remember Victoria, we'll link it to victory. The yam wakes up and climbs onto the top step of a podium, where it has a winner's wreath put around its neck, and holds its fingers in the V-for-victory sign. It is victorious. Clearly imagine this scene of victory, and it will prompt you to recall Queen Victoria.
- Following Queen Victoria was Edward 7th or Edward seven. To remember that we'll use head wood heaven. Out of the sky falls a head made of wood. It hits the yam and knocks it to the ground, and then the wooden head settles on the podium. Behind the head are clouds and pearly gates, like the stereotypical description of heaven. Visualize in your mind an image of the head of wood with heaven in the background – head wood heaven – and you'll remember Edward VII.
- Next, we're back to another King George again, George five this time. Another judge picks up the head, tucks it under his arm and takes a big dive through the air. Dive rhymes with five. Imagine the judge diving through the air, judge dive, and you'll remember George V, or King George the 5th.
- After George the 5th was King Edward the 8th or Edward 8. Let's go with head wood plate. The head of wood grows arms and legs, escapes from the clutches of the judge, and jumps on a plate that flies through the air like a magic flying carpet. Create a clear mental image of the head of wood on a plate – head wood plate – and that will prompt you to recall Edward VIII, or King Edward the 8th.
- Continuing on, and the next British monarch was King George the 6th. For George 6 we'll use judge bricks. Yet another judge appears in our story and throws bricks at the wooden head on the plate. Not a particularly friendly thing to do. Bricks rhymes with six, so when you imagine the judge throwing bricks, you'll be reminded of George VI.
- Following King George the 6th was Queen Elizabeth the 2nd. Elizabeth two sounds similar to lizard bed shoe, and that's what we'll visualize. The bricks thrown by the judge crash into the bed of a lizard. The lizard is lounging back in bed, and it's wearing a shoe on its head. Picture that little scene – lizard bed shoe – and you'll instantly recall Elizabeth II or Queen Elizabeth the 2nd.
And there you have it, you've just memorized the names of the 12 British monarchs from Queen Anne to Queen Elizabeth the 2nd.
Now, when you think of British monarchs, you'll picture the royal throne with the British flag, the Union Jack, behind it.
- Sitting on the throne is a queen ant, reminding you of Queen Anne
- A judge walks up to the queen with a nun – judge nun – George I
- The judge takes off a shoe and puts it on his head – judge shoe – George II
- The shoe is thrown through the air and hits another judge in a tree – judge tree – George III
- The judge falls out of the tree and lands on the ground in front of a door – judge door – George IV
- The door opens to reveal a yam holding a will and having a snore – will yam snore – William IV
- The yam climbs to the top of a podium to receive the spoils of victory – victory links to Victoria
- A head of wood falls out of the sky and lands on the podium, with heaven behind it – head wood heaven – Edward VII
- A judge picks up the head like a football and takes a big dive – judge dive – George V
- The wooden head escapes and jumps on a flying plate – head wood plate – Edward VIII
- A judge starts to throw bricks at the plate – judge bricks – George VI
- And the bricks crash into a lizard bed where the lizard is wearing a shoe on its head – lizard bed shoe – Elizabeth II
The 12 British monarchs, memorized in only a few minutes.
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This session examines more inclusive and conscientious practices actively managing classroom voices and professional identity formation. Embedding voice and video learning tools in legal education pedagogy can better prepare students for the dynamic, client-centered, and community-centered practice of law. New learning products, such as VoiceThread and Flipgrid, allow students to engage in voice and video class assignment submissions. These tools offer dynamic pedagogical enhancements preparing students for the practice of law within the existing infrastructure of prepared problems and content. These tools uniquely allow every student voice to address a practice problem or client hypothetical. In so doing, students learn to layer both substantive legal rules and other critical lawyering and communication skills, such as tone, empathy, clarity, and cultural competencies. These tech tools offer an efficient and sustainable pedagogy reform that modernizes existing simulations and practice problems in law school classrooms. These tools also respond to the worrisome wellness malaise of law students and the marginalizing of certain student communities within existing pedagogies. These tools are both symbolic and substantive improvements.
Jamie R. Abrams is a Professor of Law at the University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law. She teaches Family Law, Torts, Women & the Law, and Legislation. Her research focuses on gendered violence, reproductive decision-making, immigrant justice, and legal education pedagogy. Her most recent works have appeared in the Harvard Law & Policy Review, Richmond Law Review, and the Florida State Law Review. She received her LL.M. from Columbia University and her J.D. from the American University Washington College of Law, receiving the highest academic honors from each. She was awarded the law school's Teacher of the Year Award and the Presidential Exemplary Multicultural Law Teaching Award at the University of Louisville.


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Expression of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and β2-microglobulin is associated with decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells
Source: Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Number 8, August 1998, pp. 2246-2251(6)
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Abstract:Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules play a central role in the immune system through either presentation of endogenous antigen and activation of T lymphocytes or functional emergence of natural killer (NK) cells. Various types of immune cells are present in the human endometrium and are believed to be involved in reproductive function and/or immunological reaction. However, little is known about the expression status and function of HLA class I molecules in the human endometrium. We therefore examined mRNA expression of HLA class I. In addition, we analysed gene expression and localization of β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), which is the non-variant chain of all HLA class I molecules. Compared with non-decidualized tissues, mRNA expression of both HLA class I and β2-MG was significantly higher in decidualized endometria in the late secretory phase, under progestin treatment and during early pregnancy. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that β2-MG was localized in decidualized endometrial stromal cells, indicating that the distribution of β2-MG is topologically correlated with that of CD56bright+ NK cells. In-vitro culture of human endometrial stromal cells demonstrated that HLA class I mRNA was induced during the decidualization by progesterone. Accordingly, the expression of HLA class I molecules is transcriptionally activated along with decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells, and may represent an immuno-endocrine function of the endometrium.
Keywords:β2-microglobulin/decidualization/endometrial stroma/HLA class I/NK cell
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: August 1998
- Human Reproduction features full-length, peer-reviewed papers reporting original research, clinical case histories, as well as opinions and debates on topical issues. Papers published cover the scientific and medical aspects of reproductive physiology and pathology, endocrinology, andrology, gonad function, gametogenesis, fertilization, embryo development, implantation, pregnancy, genetics, genetic diagnosis, oncology, infectious disease, surgery, contraception, infertility treatment, psychology, ethics and social issues. The highest scientific and editorial standard is maintained throughout the journal along with a rapid rate of publication.


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Ants have been quite successful, evolutionarily speaking. They are found on every continent, apart from Antarctica. They fill a range of ecological niches, from the tops of towering rain forest trees to kitchen floors. One reason for this success is their social organisation, with related ants working together in densely packed colonies.
But as humans have also found, living together brings costs as well as benefits. One of these costs is an increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, which can spread rapidly because of regular contact with each other. This becomes critical, especially when dead bodies remain undisposed.
Humans have developed elaborate rituals for the disposal of dead bodies, which in part relate to the need to reduce the spread of diseases. As a result of this, in many cultures the collection and disposal of bodies falls to a particular profession who specialise in this process.
In a paper in Animal Behaviour, Belgian researcher Lise Diez and her colleagues investigated whether ants, like humans, needed specialists to dispose of their dead.
Researchers collected colonies of the common red ant Myrmica rubra from the wild and brought them into a lab. Ant corpses were then presented to these colonies, and the worker ants that chose to collect and transport these corpses were marked (with tiny plastic printed discs). The behaviour of these marked ants was then recorded to see if they were any different from the ants that had not been seen to carry corpses.
The researchers found that corpse-carrying ants were not just undertakers, they also foraged for food. In fact, when the rates of corpse removal for individual ants were measured over periods of up to two weeks, if an ant had carried a corpse, then it was no more likely than other ants to carry another corpse. So it seems that corpse carriers are just foragers that have been temporarily diverted from their usual activities. But some ants showed short-term specialisation on corpse removal, repeatedly carrying corpses during short periods of time (less than one hour).
Why not have full-time specialists? Diez suggests this might be because corpses are not very common in and around nests in the wild. Instead of having a small number of committed formicine undertakers, who might have to hunt around for long periods of time for a corpse, it is more efficient for any ant that encounters a corpse to transport it. This tactic also has the advantage that the colony is able to swiftly respond when there are a large number of dead ants, since the whole workforce is available for a clean-up operation.
The researchers also found that the corpse-carrying ants were much more likely to be found outside the nest. Even those corpse carriers that were observed inside the nest tended to loiter near the nest entrance, rather than making their way into the nest interior. This means they are less likely to encounter the eggs and larvae of the colony, which are vulnerable to disease. After all, you would not want undertakers trooping through your nursery.
The fact that corpse carriers, which are at risk since they are potentially exposed to disease, are part of the foraging "caste" makes sense, since these tend to be older ants, which are more expendable for the colony. Foraging workers may also have more active immune systems since they need to deal with pathogens during food collection, which would help them to deal with the risks associated with corpse collection.
We should not think ourselves unique in having specialised members of society to deal with our dead. Both ants and humans have a need to dispose safely of dead bodies. Ants do it without making too much of a fuss.
Explore further: Swimming ants don shades to save their eyesight
More information: "Who brings out the dead? Necrophoresis in the red ant, Myrmica rubra." Lise Dieza, Hélène Le Borgnea, Philippe Lejeuneb, Claire Detraina Animal Behaviour Volume 86, Issue 6, December 2013. _URL_.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.030


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State, Scientists and Citizens: Conserving Lake Magenta and Dragon Rocks, Western Australia
Historical Records of Australian Science
25(2) 202 - 216
Published: 11 November 2014
AbstractThe story of efforts to establish two major nature reserves in the south-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia illuminates some of the many factors shaping the interaction of citizens, scientists, land management bureaucracies, and other stakeholders around the creation of conservation reserves in a semi-arid region in the mid-20th century. This article highlights the significance of citizen scientists as well as professionals in the reservation process, and traces the increasingly strained relationship between Lands and conservation bureaucracies in the context of the rise of the new environment movement. It also points to the importance of international ideas about conservation aims and methods, and suggests that although shifting appraisals of the productive potential of the land were critical to the outcome of negotiations over the proposed reserves, in this period these semi-arid lands were increasingly valued for their scientific and intrinsic qualities.
© Australian Academy of Science 2014


Baby Animals at the Brevard Zoo
The Brevard Zoo in Florida welcomed a newborn white-faced saki monkey on May 18. The baby monkey is currently clinging to mother Chuckette. Soon the baby's father Yuki and sister Watson will also start carrying the little one. By six months, the young monkey will be independent.
White-faced saki monkey
The baby white-faced saki monkey clings to mother Chuckette. Photo by David Saylor, Brevard Zoo.
In the wild, white-faced saki monkeys are found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela.
Four days after the birth of the saki monkey, the zoo celebrated yet another birth! Two male and two female rock hyraxes were born, and within an hour, they were walking around with their parents.
Rock hyrax
One of four baby hyraxes at the Brevard Zoo. Can you believe this animal is related to the elephant?
Although they look like rodents, rock hyraxes are actually more closely related to elephants. They share a few similar features with elephants such as tusk-like incisors, toenails, sensitive foot pads, and excellent hearing and memory.
They inhabit areas in Africa and the Middle East that have rock crevices, which help provide protection from predators. Hyraxes typically live in groups of 10 to 80. Similar to meerkats, hyraxes use sentries, a system where one or more animals take up position on a vantage point and issue alarm calls on the approach of predators.


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Whipple disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) is the result of a rare bacterial infection that damages the lining of the small intestine and may involve other organs of the body.
Whipple disease affects mainly white men aged 30 to 60. It is caused by an infection with the organism Tropheryma whippelii. The infection usually involves the small intestine but can affect other organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, joints, and eyes.
Symptoms of Whipple disease include diarrhea, inflamed and painful joints, fever, and weight loss. Other common symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness caused by anemia, cough, and pain when breathing caused by inflammation of the membrane layers covering the lungs (pleura). Fluid may collect in the space between the pleural layers (a condition called pleural effusion—see Pleural and Mediastinal Disorders: Pleural Effusion). The lymph nodes may become enlarged. In some people, the skin becomes darker. People with Whipple disease may develop heart murmurs. Confusion, memory loss, or uncontrolled eye movements indicate that the infection has spread to the brain. If left untreated, the disease is progressive and fatal.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A doctor can make the diagnosis of Whipple disease by identifying bacteria in the small intestine or an enlarged lymph node. To identify the bacteria, doctors remove tissue (biopsy) from the small intestine using an endoscope (a flexible viewing tube equipped with a light source and a camera through which a small clipper can be inserted) or remove tissue from an enlarged lymph node. The tissue is then examined under a microscope.
Whipple disease can be cured with antibiotics. Usually people are given ceftriaxone or penicillin initially by vein, followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole taken by mouth for at least 12 months. Symptoms subside rapidly. Despite an initial response to antibiotics, however, the disease can recur.
Last full review/revision January 2013 by Atenodoro R. Ruiz, Jr., MD


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If the number entered at the prompt has a 'g' suffix (e.g., 123g), then Lynx will make the link corresponding to that number the current link, paging as appropriate if the link does not appear in the currently displayed page. The 'g' suffix is inferred (need not be entered) for form fields in Form fields are numbered or Links and form fields are numbered mode.
Alternatively, if the number is given a 'p' suffix (e.g., 123p), Lynx will make the page corresponding to that number the currently displayed page, and the first link on that page, if any, the current link. The 'g' and 'p' suffixes thus convert the Follow link (or goto link or page) number: feature to an advanced navigation aid.
Finally, a user may add a + or - suffix to a number command to indicate jumping forward or back relative to the current link or page. For example, typing 1g+ followed by RETURN will move the current link to the next numbered link, skipping any intervening pages or unnumbered links; 1ggoes to the preceding numbered link. On a page without links, 3g+ goes to the 3rd link following the page. 5p+ skips ahead 5 pages, and so on. You can also enter 5+ or 5-, which will activate the 5th link ahead/behind where you are currently positioned. Note that typing 1g+ is different from typing a down arrow in that 1g+ skips pages containing no links, or intervening non-numbered links, such as form fields when form fields are not numbered. It also differs from the command in that 1g+ does not skip over whole textareas, unless form fields are not numbered.
NOTE: 1+g 1-g 1+p 1-p are all recognized as equivalent to 1g+ 1g- 1p+ 1p-. Any other (mistyped) characters end the formula: e.g. 1gh+ is treated as 1g.
If the user has set Keypad mode to Numbers act as arrows, then only '0', rather than every number, will be treated as an F_LINK_NUM command for invoking the Follow link (or goto link or page) number: prompt. The '0' will not be treated as the first digit for the number, or number plus suffix, entry.
Numbers are associated with form fields only when Form fields are numbered or Links and form fields are numbered mode has been selected. If you have selected Numbers act as arrows or Links are numbered mode, you can seek form fields in the document via WHEREIS searches for strings in their displayed values. If they are INPUT or TEXTAREA fields with no values as yet, you can use two or more underscores as the search string, because underscores are used as placeholders for form fields in the displayed document.
When you have invoked a popup window for a list of OPTIONs in a form's SELECT block, each OPTION is associated with a number, and that number will be displayed in Form fields are numbered or Links and form fields are numbered mode. In any keypad mode, the F_LINK_NUM ('0') command will invoke a Select option (or page) number: prompt, and you can enter a number, and optionally a 'g' or 'p' suffix, to select or seek an OPTION in that list. If only a number is entered at the prompt, the corresponding OPTION will be selected and the popup will be retracted. If the 'g' suffix is included, then you will be positioned on the corresponding OPTION in the list, paging through the list if necessary, but it will not be treated as selected unless you enter the ACTIVATE (RETURN or right-arrow) command when positioned on the OPTION. For purposes of paging (e.g., in conjunction with the 'p' suffix), a page is defined as the number of OPTIONs displayed within the vertical dimension of the popup window. Finally, the + and - suffixes can be used to move forward or back from the current option or page in a popup menu, similarly to the way they are used for links For example, while viewing a popup window, the user can type 3p+ and RETURN to skip ahead 3 pages, and 50gwill move the current selection back 50 options. This will work whether or not keypad mode is Form fields are numbered or Links and form fields are numbered since options are numbered internally. If form field numbering is turned off, the option numbers won't appear on screen, but the user can still navigate using these commands.
Note that HTML can be structured so that it includes hidden links, i.e., without a visible link name intended for ACTIVATE-ing the link. Such links may be created, for example, by making an IMG element the sole content of an Anchor element, and including an ALT="" attribute name/value pair to suppress access to the link when the browser does not have support for image handling available. They also can be created by having truly empty Anchor content, in cases for which the value of an Anchor's HREF attribute is intended as a navigation aid for robots (typically indexers) and not as content for a browser's rendition of the document. With the -ismap command line switch, Lynx will additionally treat a link to a server-side image maps as hidden if there also is a client-side map for the same image. Finally, in some cases links that are not intended to be hidden may effectively become hidden links because of bad HTML. The hidden links differ from Anchors that have only a NAME or ID attribute name/value pair (intended as positioning targets from other links which do have HREF attributes and values that include a fragment).
Lynx respects instructions for hidden links and normally does not include them in the rendition of the document. However, if the command line switch -hiddenlinks=merge is used, such links will still be numbered in sequence with other links which are not hidden, and if Links are numbered mode is also on, link numbers will appear for them in the displayed text (except for links to image maps which are hidden because of -ismap). If -hiddenlinks=listonly or -hiddenlinks=ignore is in effect, hidden links will not be shown in the text even in links are numbered mode. Not using a -hiddenlinks flag at all is equivalent to -hiddenlinks=listonly.
If a document includes hidden links, they will be reported, with appropriate labeling, in the menus created for the LIST ('l') or ADDRLIST ('A') commands, unless -hiddenlinks=ignore is used. They can then be ACTIVATE-ed via those menus. Also, if a link was hidden because of an ALT attribute in an IMG element, it will be converted to a visible link whenever the IMAGE_TOGGLE ('*') command is used to create links for SRC attribute values of IMG elements, because this indicates that the user does have some form of image handling enabled via a helper application, or wishes to download files for subsequent use with a graphic browser or other suitable software.
HTML forms also may have fields with a HIDDEN attribute, indicating that a name/value pair for the fields should be included in the content submitted for the form, but the value should not be displayed in the rendered form. Lynx respects this attribute as well, and neither displays the HIDDEN field, nor assigns it a number for the F_LINK_NUM ('0') command and Form fields are numbered or Links and form fields are numbered keypad mode handling, nor includes an entry for it in the menus created for the LIST ('l') or ADDRLIST ('A') commands. However, the HIDDEN name/value pairs are included in any displays of submitted form content in the Information about the current document that is invoked by the INFO ('=') command.


Chegg Guided Solutions for Principles of Microeconomics 4th Edition: Chapter 17
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 - Step 1 of 2
 Calculating the CPI:
 a. The cost of the basket in the base year is $200 + $600 + $100 + $50 = $950. In the subsequent year the same basket of goods costs $220 + $640 + $120 + $40 = $1020. The CPI in the subsequent year equals the cost of the basket in that year relative to the base year:. Since the CPI in the base year is 1.000, the rate of inflation (equal to the percentage increase in the CPI) between the base year and the subsequent year is 7.4%.
 - Step 2 of 2
 b. The family's nominal income rose by 5%, which is less than the increase in the family's cost of living. The family is thus worse off in terms of real purchasing power.
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Create Amazing Alebrijes
Ages: Toddlers, preschoolers
Materials: Paper, pencil, crayons, markers, colored pencils
In the 1930s, Mexican artist Pedro Linares became very ill. During his sickness, he dreamt of strange creatures like a donkey with the wings of a butterfly, a rooster with an eagle's head, and other weird animal combinations. He called these creatures "alebrijes" because they were scary like nightmares. When Pedro was well again, he created papier mache sculptures that combined features from different animals, just like the creatures he had seen in his dream.
Meet the world's first giraphant!
Above is an example of a giraphant, a combination of a giraffe and an elephant. The giraphant's trunk is useful for reaching things on the ground and high in the air. It doesn't strain its neck when it bends to reach items on the ground. Its giraffe body makes it fast so it can run from predators. Its big ears allow it to hear predators coming from far away. It's great to have a giraphant in the neighborhood. It can help you rescue kittens out of trees or wash the house. But it's almost impossible to find a car big enough to take a giraphant to the vet.
Create an alebrije with your children
1. Ask them what animals they wish to combine. (They can name their favorite animals or choose from the drawings below.)
2. Encourage them to use their imaginations to draw and color their very own alebrije.
3. Ask your children to describe their unique creature—what is its name, what are some of its interesting characteristics, what makes it unique, etc.
This activity is a great way to develop your children's artistic skills and expand their imagination!


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Is voltage higher in series or parallel?
The series circuit has a higher voltage than the parallel circuit. The voltage is not increased. Is this true? In a series circuit, we have a constant amount of current flowing through each component and a constant amount of voltage across each component, which adds up to make it equal to the particular voltage of a whole circuit.
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text: Discharges from historic and current coal mines frequently generate waters low in pH (<3), high in heavy metals (e.g. Fe, Al) and cover streambeds in metal precipitates. The present study investigated periphyton communities at 52 stream sites on the West Coast, South Island, New Zealand, representing a range of impacts from acid mine drainage (AMD). Taxonomic richness was negatively related to acidity and metal oxides and biomass was negatively correlated with metal oxides, but positively related to acidity. Streams with low pH (<3.5) had low periphyton richness (14 taxa across all sites) and were dominated by Klebsormidium acidophilum, Navicula cincta and Euglena mutabilis. As pH increased, so did taxonomic richness while community dominance decreased and community composition became more variable. Canonical correspondence analyses of algal assemblages revealed patterns influenced by pH. These findings indicate that streams affected by AMD possess a predictable assemblage composition of algal species that can tolerate the extreme water chemistry and substrate conditions. The predictability of algal communities declines with decreasing stress, as other abiotic and biotic factors become increasingly more important.


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Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a form of indirect data capture whereby a laser scanner mounted either within a aircraft or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is used to capture surface data over large areas. From targeted sub-centimetre surveys to larger landscape based surveys, this data can be used to accurately map minor topographical variations - cutting through thick vegetation to reveal a wealth of archaeological detail.
Airborne LiDAR data has revolutionised the way in which archaeologists understand and manage the historic environment
Typically capturing a 3D measurement every 10-200cm LiDAR can be used to reconstruct complex three dimensional data for the chosen area within a Geographic Information System (GIS).Such models can be used for analysis and interpretation, as LiDAR captures minute variations within the elevation of the ground surface even features with relatively little surface expression, invisible to the naked eye, can be easily identified.
We have extensive experience of applying LiDAR data within archaeological survey and assessment. Using such data our staff can rapidly assess large areas for archaeological potential, create detailed visualisation and setting models and derive detailed topographic information relating to sites.


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Simplify a Geometric Series
Date: 05/06/2003 at 16:51:02 From: sharath Subject: Formula needed Can you please tell me the formula for x^n + x^(n - 1) + x^(n - 2) +... + x^(n - n) I don't know how to condense this formula. I came to it while trying to find out the 'inflation' effect on each year's savings. Thanks.
Date: 05/07/2003 at 02:54:25 From: Doctor Luis Subject: Re: Formula needed Hi Sharath. If you look at your equation carefully, you'll notice that n-n = 0. In fact, the exponent decreases as you keep adding more terms. You can rewrite them like this: x^0 + x^1 + x^2 +... + x^(n - 2) + x^(n - 1) + x^n Of course, x^0 = 1, and x^1 = x This sum is generally known as a geometric series. Finding a simpler form of this formula is easy, although a little tricky. First, you name the sum: S = 1 + x + x^2 +... + x^(n-2) + x^(n-1) + x^n Then you multiply by x, xS = x + x^2 +... + x^(n-1) + x^n + x^(n+1) That looks kind of similar to S. In fact, you can see the similarity more closely if you write it like this: xS = -1 + 1 + x + x^2 +... + x^(n-1) + x^n + x^(n+1) = -1 + (1 + x + x^2 +... + x^(n-1) + x^n) + x^(n+1) The terms inside the parenthesis are just S. Therefore, xS = -1 + (1 + x + x^2 +... + x^(n-1) + x^n) + x^(n+1) xS = -1 + S + x^(n+1) This last equation can be solved for S, which will give a much simpler condensed form for the geometric series. I hope this helped! Let us know if you have any more questions. - Doctor Luis, The Math Forum _URL_
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Focuses on the role of the individual in creating a civil society leading toward the advancement of peace, human rights and democracy. A main premise is that the individual and society have a reciprocal influence: societies nurture and shape the individuals that comprise it; but individuals also have the power to change society in significant ways. The dynamic of social change from the point of view of both the society and the individual are explored, and ways are suggested for individuals to contribute to this social dynamic. Special topics include nonviolent societal transformation, institutional barriers to growth and change, and revolutionary techniques for the resolution of conflict. Falls. (SSDI)
*All course information is from the 2013-2014 Catalog.


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New experiments, new insights into stress corrosion cracking
High stresses combined with a corrosive environment can cause critical components inside power plants and other systems to crack and fail, sometimes with little warning. MIT researchers now have new insights into how such "stress corrosion cracking" may be affected by nanoscale disruptions in the crystalline structure of metallic materials. Using novel experimental methods, they showed that mismatches between adjacent crystals can create regions with altered mechanical properties, including hardness. In addition, those defects can change the electronic properties of the surface in the region, making reaction with oxygen more likely and accelerating the pace of corrosion. Ultimately, the MIT researchers hope to define nanostructures that can help prevent this pervasive, insidious form of material degradation and failure.
Nuclear power plants are designed for decades of operation. But finding materials that age well in the extreme environment inside an operating plant is difficult. A major problem is stress corrosion cracking, which combines chemical attack in the form of corrosion with stress from mechanical loads. "Corrosion causes a material to age in a particular manner and speed, and stress causes it to fracture after a certain period of time," says Bilge Yildiz, associate professor of nuclear science and engineering. "But when you have those two processes together, they interact, and both processes are accelerated." Worse still, the damage often is not obvious, so failure can be both unexpected and catastrophic. Stress corrosion cracking has been blamed for failing power plants, exploding natural gas pipelines, collapsing bridges, crashing airplanes, and more.
One challenge is that local structures in a material can make it more vulnerable to both fracture and chemical attack. Many of the most advanced materials for power plant components are polycrystalline, that is, made up of many tiny crystals, or "grains." The atoms inside each grain are lined up in a regular pattern. But neighboring grains within a solid may be oriented in different directions, so rows of atoms can be misaligned where two or more grains meet. According to one hypothesis, misalignments at those grain-to-grain interfaces—the "grain boundaries"—can affect the material's local response to stress and can create dislocations in the crystalline structure nearby that are more chemically reactive with oxygen and are thus more likely to corrode.
Yildiz, head of MIT's Laboratory for Electrochemical Interfaces, notes that carefully controlled processing conditions can produce materials with grains of pre-defined sizes and orientations. "So if we had a better understanding of the relationship between grain-boundary structure, response to mechanical stress, and resistance to corrosion, we might be able to create a surface structure or texture that would help inhibit stress corrosion cracking," she says.
But even after decades of corrosion research, there is still no conclusive picture of the processes going on at the grain boundaries. Part of the problem is that the effect is extremely local. "A grain boundary extends over only one or a few nanometers, so it's a confined medium," says Yildiz. "And it's a coupled chemical-mechanical degradation mode. So we needed new, high-resolution tools to reach the mechanical as well as chemical properties of these localized structures."
Looking for weakness
Yildiz's first task was to determine whether — and how — well-defined grain boundaries affect the mechanical properties of a material. She used a technique called nanoindentation, which involves pushing a hard tip into a solid sample while carefully controlling and monitoring the downward pressure of the tip. The relationship between the applied load and the volume of deformed material beneath the indenter serves as a measure of the material's hardness.
To perform the experiments, Yildiz and graduate student F. William Herbert of materials science and engineering worked with Krystyn Van Vliet, the Paul M. Cook Career Development Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, director of MIT's Laboratory for Chemomechanics, and an expert in nanoindentation.
As their test material, they used Inconel 690, a nickel-based, corrosion-resistant superalloy especially suited for nuclear applications. They fabricated a sample with a variety of grain orientations and then made 200 nm-deep nanoindentations, spaced 2 microns apart and running in diagonal lines across the grain boundaries. These nanoindentations measured increasing force (or load) while monitoring the changing displacement as the diamond probe pressed into the metal surface.
One measure of interest is the "pop-in" load. In general, the gradually increasing force of the probe will elicit uniformly increasing penetration into the metal surface, with growing displacement of material. But at certain loads there are sudden bursts in displacement called pop-ins. The team defined the pop-in load as the first load that caused a displacement of more than 5 nm.
The figure above shows pop-in loads for indentations made more than 5 microns from any grain boundary (left bar)—so that deformation occurred "far" from a boundary, within a single grain—and those made within 1 micron of two types of grain boundaries. In a high-angle boundary (center bar), rows of atoms in the adjacent grains are oriented at a high relative angle. In a twin boundary (right bar), the atoms in the two grains are aligned at an angle that minimizes the interfacial energy at the boundary.
The series of tests shows that pop-in loads are significantly lower near both types of grain boundaries than away from the boundaries. In addition, the pop-in load is lower near the twin boundary than near the high-angle boundary, suggesting that the specific structure of the boundary may have an impact on how much resistance a given grain boundary has to permanent deformation.
Thus far, the researchers cannot conclude unequivocally that the observed difference in pop-in load is related only to the grain-boundary structures. More work is needed to understand other factors that may affect the outcome, for example, possible differences in the local chemical makeup or in the direction of the indenter during the test. Their novel tests to date do, however, confirm that resistance to stress is lower near grain boundaries than within grains, an outcome with implications for local vulnerability to stress corrosion cracking.
Creating defects, testing corrosion susceptibility
The next question is: Do dislocations associated with grain boundaries increase chemical reactivity, accelerating corrosion susceptibility even without changes in chemical composition? To find out, the researchers created their own well-defined dislocations on a pure surface and then tested for differences in chemical reactivity with oxygen near and away from the damaged regions.
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can map the atom-by-atom topography across a surface and also determine the electronic structure, that is, the energy levels of electrons at a single location — a good indicator of how chemically reactive or passive a material is. So a single instrument can determine both the physical structure and the chemical reactivity on a surface within an extremely localized region.
By adapting an STM in Yildiz's lab, the team added one more capability: the ability to create well-defined dislocations by indenting the surface with the STM tip. In normal operation, the tip of the STM must continually hover very close to the surface but never touch it. "Usually if you crash the tip into the sample, you do it by mistake," says Yildiz. "But with our customized STM tip, we can do it in a controlled manner, and it works as a very local, shallow indenter."
To begin the experiments, the researchers fabricated a single grain of pure nickel and polished it until it had an absolutely smooth, pristine surface. Using their customized STM, they then made indentations of varying depths between 0.5 and 20 nm. With the same instrument, they took images of the surface topography (see example below) and probed the energy levels of the electrons in the material both near and away from the damaged zones created by the indentations.
Their measurements showed that it is easier to transfer electrons from the surface to oxygen in the region of the dislocations than it is in the damage-free, flat regions. "So from an electronic structure perspective, the dislocations are likely to provide preferential nucleation sites for oxidative chemical reactions," says Yildiz. That finding supports the hypothesis that surfaces with dislocations will experience enhanced oxygen adsorption and subsequent formation of nickel oxide—the first steps in corrosion.
The next step was to look for physical signs of corrosion. The researchers exposed their nickel surface to ultra-pure oxygen and then used the STM to take atomic-level images of various regions of the surface.
Sample results are shown above. The top two images show the surface near the indentation, first in ultra-high vacuum (left) and then after exposure to oxygen (right). The left image shows smooth contours—the result of dislocations created by the indentation. In the right image, an added protrusion is evident. The bottom pair of images shows the undamaged surface. No noticeable bumps are present either before (left) or after (right) oxygen exposure.
The curves at the right show the height of the surface measured along the white arrows in the images at the far left. In the bottom figure—the pristine surface—there is essentially no change in level, either before (top curve) or after (bottom curve) oxygen exposure. In the top figure, the oxygen-free surface shows a small swelling indicating surface damage. When oxygen is present, the trace of the sample surface shows an added protrusion about 0.15 nm tall.
Work by other researchers has shown that nickel oxide initially forms in protrusions that are 0.15–0.2 nm tall. The new MIT images showed protrusions of precisely that height, consistent with early-stage nickel oxide formation. "And the protrusions formed preferentially on and along dislocations," says Yildiz. "So while theory has suggested that dislocations should be sites of faster corrosion, our images provide direct proof of it."
While continuing their experimental work, Y


text:
|14 May 2012
Ancient Swedish stone structure spurs debate
Ancient Scandinavians dragged 59 boulders to a seaside cliff near what is now the Swedish fishing village of Kaseberga. They carefully arranged the massive stones - each weighing up to 1,800 kilograms - in the outline of a 67-meter-long ship overlooking the Baltic Sea.
Archaeologists generally agree this megalithic structure, known as Ales Stenar ('Ale's Stones'), was assembled near the end of the Iron Age, as a burial monument. But a team of researchers now argues it's really 2,500 years old, dating from the Scandinavian Bronze Age, and was built as an astronomical calendar with the same underlying geometry as England's Stonehenge.
Nils-Axel Moerner, a retired geologist from Stockholm University, co-authored the paper published in March in the International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Moerner says his team observed that the sun rises and sets at specific points around Ales Stenar at the summer and winter solstices. They also observed that certain aspects of the stone ship's geometry matched those of Stonehenge.
Swedish archaeologist Martin Rundkvist, managing editor of the archaeology journal Fornvaennen, has another view. "The idea that the stone ship might have been an astronomical calendar has no supporters among academic archaeologists".
The Swedish countryside is home to many similar megalithic structures, known as stone ships. Most of them date to Sweden's Late Iron Age (approximately _PHONE_ CE), and serve as burial monuments, Rundkvist explains.
Archaeologists using radiocarbon dating have calculated that Ales Stenar was built about 1,400 years ago - long after the date estimated by Moerner's team. "This was the world of Beowulf," says Rundkvist.
Edited from LiveScience (18 April 2012)
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Using AI to Tap into Emotional Drivers
of Healthcare Providers
How Fine Research utilized CRIS by Delvinia as input to a large-scale quant study on the impact of COVID-19 across Latin America
Research Challenge
Fine Research, a leader in market research in Latin America, was launching a large-scale quantitative study to understand healthcare professionals' perspective on the pandemic across Latin America. They wanted qualitative insight as input to the questionnaire to ensure that the project would be able to examine the problem from every possible angle, but this was proving challenging. Time was of the essence as this pro bono research's main purpose was to contribute data and evidence to support the general public, HCPs and decision makers, but these tight timelines did not allow for traditional qualitative research.
Research Solution
To solve the qualitative challenge, Fine Research turned to CRIS, an AI enabled virtual moderator that is able to conduct interviews with participants in a text chat format. Fine Research had doctors from Brazil in their Latin American physician panel participate in short individual interviews with CRIS. These interviews were able to be conducted anywhere and any time that suited the participating doctors, and Fine Research got the results within a few days.
By using CRIS, Fine Research was able to conduct qualitative interviews with over 80 doctors in just 5 days. The speed and scale of the tool allowed them to reach their project goals, but there were additional unexpected benefits. The interviews with CRIS unveiled important emotional dimensions. For instance, Brazilian doctors were having a difficult time calming the anxieties of their patients surrounding the pandemic, an insight that would have been difficult to derive from a purely quantitative survey. Additionally, the specific kinds of fears physicians were experiencing became apparent and these insights are extremely valuable in supporting healthcare professionals.
The participant experience was also extremely positive, with 71% of the doctors rating their experience with CRIS "Very Good" or "Excellent".
Results from the qualitative phase with CRIS informed the quantitative survey which included over 10,000 healthcare providers across Latin America. This study was a pro bono initiative spearheaded by Fine Research in association with Dynamed, ESOMAR Foundation, and Save the Children.


The baseball side of Kerouac
Author obsessively wrote fantasy games
Jack Kerouac created team cards for a fantasy baseball game he invented and a broadsheet for his fantasy horse-racing circuit. (New York Times News Service)
 Jack Kerouac
NEW YORK – Almost all his life, Jack Kerouac had a hobby that even close friends and fellow Beats such as Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs never knew about.
He obsessively played a fantasy baseball game of his own invention, charting the exploits of made-up players such as Wino Love, Warby Pepper, Heinie Twiett, Phegus Cody and Zagg Parker, who toiled on imaginary teams named either for cars (the Pittsburgh Plymouths and New York Chevvies, for example) or for colors (the Boston Grays and Cincinnati Blacks).
All of these "publications," some typed, some handwritten and often pasted into old-fashioned composition notebooks, are part of the Jack Kerouac Archive at the Berg Collection of the New York Public Library. The curator, Isaac Gewirtz, has written a 75-page book about them, "Kerouac at Bat: Fantasy Sports and the King of the Beats," to be published next week by the library and available, at least for now, only in its gift shop.
Gewirtz said he had included much of the fantasy material in a 2007 Kerouac exhibition he mounted at the library, and had planned to add a chapter about the fantasy sports in the catalog but ran out of space. "I'm glad I waited," he said, "because it forced me to go into it all in much more depth."
The game could be played using cards alone, but Gewirtz thinks that more often Kerouac determined the result of a pitch by tossing some sort of projectile at a diagramed chart on the wall. In 1956, he switched to a new set of cards, which used hieroglyphic symbols instead of descriptions. Carefully preserved inside plastic folders at the library, they look as mysterious as runes.
The horse-racing game was played by rolling marbles and a silver ball bearing down a tilted Parcheesi board, using a starting gate made of toothpicks.
Apparently, the ball bearing traveled faster than the marbles, some of which were intentionally nicked to indicate equine fragility and mortality. So the ball bearing became the nearly invincible horse Repulsion, "King of the Turf," whose legendary speed and stamina are celebrated in Kerouac's racing sheets.
A byline that frequently appears in the racing sheets and the baseball newsletters is "Jack Lewis," an Anglicization of Kerouac's French first name, Jean-Louis.


1. Health
Lower Back Exercise - Strengthening Your Back with the Abdominal Bridge
Updated February 12, 2011
Bridge Exercise for Back Pain - Alleviate Back Pain with the Bridge Exercise
If you are interested in strengthening your back, a key lower back exercise to include in your routine is the abdominal bridge. Here's how to perform this important core strengthener.
Difficulty: Easy
Time Required: 3 Minutes
Here's How:
 1. Lie on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Try to put each heel in a straight line with its respective sitting bone. This will help you keep your legs in alignment and the stress off your knee, hip and ankle joints. Check your posture to be sure that your trunk makes a straight line and is not torqued or tilted.
 Your arms should be straight down by your side. They'll stay that way throughout the exercise. Keeping your arms by your sides is one thing that makes this abdominal bridge a beginner's version.
 2. Inhale, then exhale and tighten your stomach muscles.
 3. Inhale again and exhale, press your feet into the floor and tighten your stomach muscles to help you lift your posterior up. At first, taking your hips high is not as important as doing the exercise with good technique.
 If you have tight low back muscles, you may find that you can only minimally lift your pelvis and lower back. That's okay. Stop where you feel the stretch in your back.
 4. Keep your posterior lifted for one slow inhale. Then exhale and lower your body back to the ground.
 5. Repeat several times. Each time, try to go a little higher and stay up a little longer. (Remember to keep breathing!)
 1. Although the overall goal is to lift your hips high up in the air, let your pain guide you as to how high that is. Stop at the point where you feel a moderate stretch, or "the good hurt", and breathe through the feeling. With repetition, you'll be able to lift your pelvis higher.
 2. This exercise builds hip strength, a key component of a healthy low back.
 3. Try not to flatten your neck. Put a small pillow at the nape of your neck to protect your spinal curve and/or for comfort.
 4. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as you can.
 5. Source:
What You Need
 - A firm, level area of the floor
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 2. Health
 3. Back & Neck Pain
 4. Back Exercises
 5. Abdominal Bridge Lower Back Exercise - Abdominal Bridge Exercise for Strengthening Your Lower Back
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text:
First of all, it has nothing to do with thermodynamics (that it, it is _not_ the array of Boltzmann weights of the states). Wstate is just the array of weights used for construction the density matrix for orbital optimization. If you are interested in more than one state, you should obtain the orbitals equally good (or equally bad) for all the states of interest. If you give preference to one of the states, your resulting orbitals will be biased and, therefore, sort of meaningless.
If you perform a state-averaged CASSCF for different geometries (say, along the reaction path), you'll see that the dominant configurations in your states of interest (say, ground and 1st excited state) change. These changes in the weights of individual configurations within the target states reproduce the changes in the corresponding wavefunctions along the reaction path. For example, the dominant configuration in the ground state was...2200... (the digits are the occupation numbers) with 99% weight. As you move toward the transition state, the weight of this configuration will decrease, while the weight of...2110... will increase. The state with dominant...2200... configuration will become excited (therefore, state crossing should occur in some point). In the product state, you'll again have the ground state dominated by...2200..., but the orbitals will be different, namely, product-like (rather than reagent-like). If you perform such a calculation, you'll see it clearly.
So, the amount of states to be averaged is governed by the amount of terms that cross along your reaction path. If you're lucky, you'll need only closed-shell singlet, 1st excited singlet, and a triplet. This is typical, for example, for rotation around conjugated bonds in linear conjugated systems. Since I know nothing about you system, I cannot say anything about wstate a priori.
Moreover, you may try state-specific CASSCF (that is, with default wstate(1)=1,-0). If you see that the dominant configuration of your ground state changes substantially along the reaction path, state-averaging is needed.
As for the active space size... it does not have to be _large_, but is _must_ be balanced. For example, if you see symmetry breaking in the electron density where the nuclear configuration is symmetric, something is definitely wrong. In this case, you should carefully examine and change you state-averaging scheme, then revise your active space. The natural orbitals with occupancies >1.99 and <0.01 can be considered as inactive for the given state-averaging scheme and, therefore, can be excluded from the active space or replaced by some others.
On Sun Sep 28 '14 1:25am, alex wrote
>Thanks for the comment. To be honest the voluntarism is what makes me really upset - if you have two different mcscfs converged, which one is (more) trustworthy and why? I can explain only orbital selection part of the the problem - the difference is due to limited active space and better understanding/bigger size of the active space would be more accurate. But what is about nstate? I have plenty of states very close at energy scale and I am not sure that in active site of my protein the amount of excited substrate is say 0.28 or 0.5 under thermal pressure of the surrounding protein body. It can be next to zero and just waiting for kinetic energy to be focused by protein body for example, why not? Intuitively I would join reaction path/coordinate to states weight selection because for reasonably selected active space only certain route of weights increasing for desired states is leading toward the reaction products. So can you please give some insights of why do you think that ignoring of the reaction coordinate and setting states on/off is the best strategy?
>Thanks for the suggestion - I'll check aldet vs guga performance.
>On Sat Sep 27 '14 8:35pm, sanya wrote
>>I agree with Ilya: the choice of active space and state-averaging scheme is mostly a matter of trial-and-error and experience. Using localized and properly reordered orbitals may help to reduce the active space.
>>By the way, I recommend using cistep=aldet option ($DET group is used in this case instead of $DRT), which is better parallelized. If you need to average the states of only one multiplicity, set pures=.t. In this case, you may set ispin to 0 or 1, depending on which multiplicity (odd or even) you need. Don't forget to adjust NSTGSS to 3*NSTATE. If different multiplicities should be averaged, set pures=.f.
>>Playing with fractional weights in wstate is not a good idea. Actually, fractional weights are used in very special cases. Just set 1 if you want to include the state in the averaging or 0 to exclude it.


text:
Penicillium is a fungus, and is the most abundant mold source in soil. There are more than 150 species of penicillium.
Penicillium that is more than two-weeks old is bluish in color.
Penicillium is a cryophilic fungi, which means it likes the cold, growing best at 34 degrees (the temperature of a refrigerator). It is xerophilic, which means it can obtain moisture from the air if humidity is at 60% or higher.
Penicillium looks a bit like a Dali-rendering of a tree. Click the following links for photos and drawings:
Penicillium notatum and penicillium chrysogenum are used to make penicillin. In fact, it is sometimes referred to as "medicinal mold".
Other varieties, such as penicillium roqueforti are used to ripen cheese, although it can also cause mold in grain crops.
Penicillium fumiculosum is used in antibotics.
Penicillium citrinum is used in laboratories.
Penicillium simplicissium produces an enzyme that helps crops.
Penicillium expansum causes soft rot of apples.
Penicillium viridicatum, penicillium citreonigrum, penicillium citrinum, Penicillium crustosum, penicillium islandicum, and penicillium verrucosum can cause illness when eaten.
Unchecked penicillium growth can develop mycotoxins.
Some people are allergic to penicillium.
Temperature: Prefers the cold, refrigerators
Food: Fruit, bread
Water: Can take water vapor from the air. Will not grow if the relative humidity is under 60%.
Potential Allergen: Yes
Copyright 2000-2002, The Law Offices of Cynthia Coulter Mulvihill, APC


text:
If you're new to collaborative design, this is Paula Mestre and Luke Burrows' description:
It is a methodology that includes involving stakeholders, designers and users on an equal footing in the design process in order to help ensure the product designed meets their needs and is usable.
An idea for a new service or solution is presented and the stakeholders are asked to participate during several stages of an innovation process: the initial exploration and problem definition both to help define the problem and to focus ideas for solution, and during development, they help evaluate proposed solutions.
So - a great way to achieve a common vision among your stakeholders at the start of a project. The presentation looked at techniques to involve everyone on an equal footing using methods that empowered everyone to contribute - prototyping and expressing the user journey.
I encounter quite a few projects in their later stages when this kind of thing hasn't happened. It's something we could definitely benefit from doing more of at the University. The techniques have certainly worked for me.
Collaborative design session outline and presenter info - User Vision website
Session slides on slideshare - Collaborative design by Paula Mestre and Luke Burrows, User Vision
Paula and Luke showed a couple of videos in their presentation. I particularly liked this one illustrating the customer experience vision for a business concept - the Greengrocer.


B L U M E N T H A L H O U S E C O N S E R V A T I O N P L A N
The Blumenthal House is among the very best houses in the 'International Modernist" style in New Zealand. It is one of very few New Zealand houses of any period to be published internationally.
The house is considered to be the best work of Vladimir Cacala. Cacala arrived in New Zealand from Czechoslovakia in 1952, and quickly established a reputation as an architect of the Bauhaus school. Vladimir Cacala was trained in modern architecture in a part of Europe that had embraced modernism before the war. He brought that knowledge and experience with him to New Zealand. His life and work demonstrates the huge cultural shifts of the 20th Century, and is a significant example of the cultural contribution made by European emigres to New Zealand society in the post war years.
The Blumenthals were also emigres to New Zealand. Their personal story connects New Zealand to the greater arc of 20th Century history, particularly the effects on Europe of the rise of Fascism, anti-semitism and the massive disturbances to populations and cultures caused by the Second World War. The arrival of the Blumenthals in New Zealand was a consequence of those events that has resulted in our country becoming a richer place thanks to their contribution to cultural life, including but certainly not limited to, the commissioning of this house.
The house is also an excellent example of building in the post war period. The house represents the changes that occurred in the Eastern suburbs of Auckland in the post war years, the rapid subdivision of what was farmland; the beginnings of the post war suburbs.


text:
Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: May 18, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412971935 | Print ISBN: 9781412966702 | Online ISBN: 9781412971935| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Located in the Baltic, Estonia was a part of the Russian Empire until it gained its independence in 1920. Occupied by the Russians, then the Germans, then again by the Russians, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union, only becoming independent again in 1991. With the majority of the population speaking Estonian, a language unrelated to others in the region, it has not been as heavily influenced by the Russians and Germans as other countries in the region. Culturally aligned to Scandinavia, many of the pastimes ofearly medieval Estonians had much in common with those of the Vikings. Many games involved practicing for prowess in battle such as axe-throwing, chopping wood, archery, running along...


Physical Property Definition in Chemistry
Measuring cups
huePhotography / Getty Images
A physical property is a characteristic of matter that can be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of the sample. The measurement of a physical property can change the arrangement of matter in a sample but not the structure of its molecules. In other words, a physical property might involve a physical change but not a chemical change. If a chemical change or reaction occurs, the observed characteristics are chemical properties.
Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties
The two classes of physical properties are intensive and extensive properties:
 - An intensive property does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample. It is a characteristic of the material regardless of how much matter is present. Examples of intensive properties include melting point and density.
 - An extensive property, on the other hand, depends on sample size. Examples of extensive properties include shape, volume, and mass.
Examples of physical properties include mass, density, color, boiling point, temperature, and volume.


text:
The rare prolonged snowstorms and low temperatures that have caused havoc in many parts of China are mainly related to La Nina and abnormal atmospheric circulation, Chinese meteorologists said.
The unbalanced precipitation in China this winter greatly resembles the aftermath of La Nina event in history, which indicates that the latest development of La Nina is a main cause of China's abnormal snowy weather, meteorologists with Jiangxi Provincial Meteorological Bureau said.
The experts predicted that the La Nina event, which formed in August last year, will continue to the end of the spring season.
They also pointed out that the abnormal atmospheric circulation in some regions of Europe and Asia, which has lasted for nearly 20 days since mid-January, is responsible for the rampant chilly weather, rain and snowstorms.
(Xinhua News Agency February 2, 2008)


Karrigell/Write an interactive application in a single script
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
< Karrigell
Jump to: navigation, search
Edit the same script, index.py, like this :
def index():
 form = FORM(action="show")
 form <= INPUT(name="city")
 return HTML(BODY(form))
def show(city):
 return city
This script defines 2 functions, index() and show(). In index() we build an HTML form, in show() we handle the data entered in the form
In function index() we first create an HTML form with the class FORM, with the parameter "action" set to "show", the name of the function that will handle the data entered by the user
Then we build this form with INPUT instances. For this we "add a child" to the FORM instance with the operator <= (think of it as a left arrow, meaning "add child") : first an input tag with name "city", then a submit tag with value "Ok". Note that the attribute "type" is written Type with an uppercase initial, to avoid confusion with the Python name "type"
When the script is called by http://localhost/index.py/index, the form is printed in the web browser. Enter a value in the input field, then click on "Ok" : the value in the address bar of your browser will be set to http://localhost/index.py/show?city=..., and you will see the data you entered
How does this work? The value entered in the field "city" is passed as the argument to the function show() - the "action" attribute of the form. This function just returns this value, so the browser prints it
The name of the arguments of the function that receives the HTML form must be the same as the names in the HTML form. You can also use the usual Python syntax for unspecified arguments :
def show(**kw):
 return kw['city']