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BISD ASPIRE is a 21st Century Community Learning Center afterschool program for students, parents and families. The TEA-funded program has four components:
- To offer academic enrichment for students in core academic subjects
- To offer a broad array of additional enrichment programs and activities that reinforce and complement regular academic programs
- To offer college and workforce readiness opportunities for students
- To offer families of students served opportunities in literacy and related educational development
Through the grant BISD offers extended learning opportunities to meet the diverse academic, cultural, recreational and safety needs of students and families who would otherwise not have access to these enrichment opportunities, through sustainable afterschool, weekend and summer learning activities. The grant is managed by a project coordinator. Each center is under the direction of the school principal, a site coordinator, and campus advisory team.
Programs provided on each campus:
Services and activities that support all educational areas as needed to promote student achievement and success in their school experiences. Programs should create exciting intrinsic motivation to sustain constant student participation. All academic activities are cocurricular in the school day learning.
Academic support includes Homework Help.
Core content is curriculum such as:
- Mindworks Multidisciplinary Resources
- Linda Hoyt Literacy
The Lions Quest curriculum provides opportunities for students to practice good citizenship through cooperation and service to others.
Services, activities, and experiences designed to enrich and expand students' understanding of life and involvement in the community, such as:
- Positive social, cultural and recreational experiences (e.g., sports, gardening, cooking, DIY in Art);
- Activities that aid in the development of interpersonal and health and wellness skills; and
- Enrichment activities/classes (e.g., robotics and coding, journalism, fashion design).
College and Workforce Readiness
Services and activities that promote workforce awareness, job and/or college readiness, skills training, preparations for the workforce and assistance in the attainment of employment and/or funding for college.
Family and Parental Support Services
Services and activities that support and help to increase the participation of the parents in the students' educational experience.
If you have any questions or comments, please contact _PHONE_.


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Update (10/27/2023): The seventh Philadelphia school in 2023 closed due to asbestos. According to the Philadelphia Inquirer, Southwark Elementary School closed in October. Most students would attend South Philly High School. It's the first school closure in Philadelphia of the 2023-2024 school year.
Update (05/01/2023): The sixth Philadelphia school in 2023 was closed due to finding asbestos. According to CBS News, Universal Vare Charter School is temporarily closed asbestos was detected during a routine check.
Update (04/25/2023): Another school in Philadelphia closed due to asbestos. According to NBC10 Philadelphia, C.W. Henry School in the Mount Airy neighborhood closed due to finds of the cancerous substance. This makes five Philadelphia schools to close because of asbestos just in 2023.
There's another chapter to the ongoing asbestos crisis in Philadelphia public school buildings.
According to the ABC affiliate in Philadelphia and other media outlets, two more Philadelphia schools closed due to discoveries of dangerous asbestos. This makes multiple reports in the last few weeks of Philadelphia schools dealing with asbestos sightings.
According to the reports, Frankford High School and Mitchell Elementary School closed down the second week of April, after Spring Break ended. Virtual learning began Tuesday, April 11. There are approximately 900 students at Frankford High and 350 students at Mitchell Elementary.
According to the Philadelphia Inquirer, the issue occurred due to inaccurate record-keeping of asbestos-containing plaster. The records inaccurately labeled the plaster as "non-asbestos containing" and safe for decades.
Reports state Frankford High School may reopen within a week after closing, but Mitchell Elementary School should remain closed for the rest of the school year. While virtual learning is a temporary solution for the students, the plan reportedly is to find an in-person setting for Mitchell Elementary students for the remainder of the school year.
What Is Asbestos?
Asbestos is a dangerous mineral that can cause mesothelioma cancer, lung cancer and other deadly diseases. It is a fire-resistant and durable substance capable of preventing fire damage in buildings. However, as years pass with no renovation or repairs, asbestos can decay and fragment, which releases sharp fibers that can cause cancer if inhaled or ingested.
During the 20th century, many buildings were constructed with asbestos inside of the walls, in roof tiles and more. School buildings were part of the group, and many old school buildings that haven't been renovated in decades still contain decaying asbestos.
Asbestos Concerns Among Philadelphia Schools in 2023
These are the third and fourth Philadelphia buildings to close due to asbestos just in 2023. Building 21 High School closed down in March as students were relocated to Strawberry Mansion High School. The next week, Mastery Charter Simon Gratz High School was shut down. They reopened soon after.
According to The Philadelphia Inquirer, approximately 400 students from Building 21 High School have occupied one floor of Strawberry Mansion High School since the school closed.
As of October 2023, there have been seven Philadelphia schools to close since March 2023:
- Building 21
- Frankford High
- C.W. Henry Elementary
- Mastery Simon Gratz High
- Mitchell Elementary
- Southwark Elementary
- Universal Vare charter school
There have been other Philadelphia schools dealing with asbestos prior to 2023. The crisis began in 2019, when Benjamin Franklin High School and Science Leadership Academy shut down. Five more schools shut down in 2019 and four schools shut down in 2020, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
If not for the pandemic shutting down in-person learning, there might have been more asbestos sightings in other schools a lot sooner than in 2023.
- 2 Philadelphia schools discuss next steps following asbestos discovery. ABC6. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 04/12/2023.
- Frankford High School. Great Philly Schools. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 04/12/2023.
- Mitchell Elementary School. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 04/12/2023.
- Asbestos is closing two more Philly schools — one for the rest of the year. Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 04/13/2023.
- South Philadelphia school temporarily closed after finding asbestos. CBS News. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 05/01/2023.
- Asbestos closes Southwark Elementary School. Most students to relocate to South Philly High. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved from: _URL_ Accessed: 10/27/2023.
Sources & Author
Sources & Author

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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2nd January 1920
RIC enrolls first British Recruits
As the War of Independence escalated, the Royal Irish Constabulary was becoming more and more overstretched. In December 1919, the government began to recruit ex-servicemen from Britain to bolster the police force in Ireland. These servicemen became known as the Black and Tans - due to the mixed colours of their uniforms. In July, they were joined by the Auxiliary Division, composed of ex-officers from the war.
The Black and Tans and Auxiliaries became notorious for their lack of discipline and reckless behaviour throughout their time in Ireland.
War of Independence, Military & Policing
'The New RIC'- RIC Christmas card with the RIC, Black and Tans, Auxiliaries and Station Defence.
Police Museum, Belfast


8th Musical
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Essential Questions:
- What are the components that make up a musical?
- What does it take to be a successful participant of an ensemble?
* What are facets of a musical production? (eg. set design/building,costumes,advertizing, drama, music and dance)
. Parts of an operetta: plot, characters, songs, movement/staging.
* Social-cultural context of the era when the operetta was written
Skills and Processes:
*Performance of a full-scale operetta
*Audition, rehearse and perform
*Demonstrate an understanding of the parts of an operetta: plot, characters, songs, movement/staging, costumes and makeup
*Audition, performances (at last show we ask the students if they want teacher prompting backstage)
*Self evaluation and teacher narrative
Scores of Gilbert and Sullivan operetta (Mikado,Pirates of Penzance, Iolanthe,HMS Pinafore)
Multicultural Dimension:
*Examine the play's historical context, classism, sterotyping, and how one culture views another
British parliamentry system at the turn of the 19th century. Japenese culture & traditions


Edit Article
Computer users have differing needs, for some printing is important. Adding a printer to Linux may seem different from other operating systems. If you're buying a printer avoid Lexmark as these have the worst compatibility with Linux. Networked printers are convenient and include printers on a wireless network which are even more convenient. So this article assumes you have a network and printer and are running KDE.
 1. 1
 Turn on your network (or router) and ensure it can see any network devices. If you use MAC filtering you will need to add your printer and an IP address.
 2. 2
 Turn on your printer and connect it to your network. Usually this is done on a panel on the printer if it is wireless or plugged in directly if it is wired.
 3. 3
 Turn on your computer and see if it detects your printer automatically.
 4. 4
 If it does not appear automatically, go through the add printer wizard as superuser. Click administrator mode (enter your password) and you will have a red border.
 5. 5
 Click Add, then new printer to launch the wizard.
 6. 6
 Choose your connection type.
Article Info
Categories: Stub | Linux | Printers
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Español: agregar una impresora de red en Linux, Italiano: Aggiungere una Stampante di Rete su Linux, Русский: добавить сетевой принтер в Linux
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This article is about Jacob's son. You may be looking for Asshur the city or Asshur the son of Shem.
Asher was the eighth son of Jacob, and the second of Jacob's two sons by Zilpah, Leah's maid. The other son by Zilpah was Gad [1]. When Jacob blessed his 12 sons before he died, he said that Asher would have a life blessed with an abundance of food and delicacies befitting a king [2]. Asher made the journey with Jacob and the family from Padan Aram to Canaan, and then later to Egypt.
The name Asher means "happy."
 1. Genesis 30 (Link)
 2. Genesis 49:20 (Link)


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Gardening Articles: Edibles :: Vegetables
A Solution for Heavy Containers
by Charlie Nardozzi
Container gardening continues to be hugely popular, and many gardeners love to experiment with large containers, mixing and matching edibles, flowers, and even small shrubs. However, large containers have some drawbacks. They take a lot of potting soil to fill and can be heavy and cumbersome to move around. Since most flowers and edibles only need 8 to 10 inches of soil for their root systems, some gardeners fill the bottoms of large containers with crushed rock, broken pots, or packing peanuts to save on potting soil and make the containers lighter. Now, theres a new product that can help.
Better than Rocks is a 100 percent recycled plastic mesh that fits into any size pot. Unlike rocks or pot shards, the mesh keeps soil from falling to the bottom of the pot and clogging the drainage holes or washing away through the holes. Excess water can easily drain through the mesh. You can use Better Than Rocks to fill as much as one-third of the pot volume. The mesh is lightweight and easy to clean so it can be reused each year.
For more information on Better Than Rocks, go to:Better Than Rocks.


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NEW MEXICO CLIMATE CENTER
New Mexico Crop Information
Cotton Water Production function or the relationship between Evapotranspiration and yield
Et = evapotranspiration or water used by crop.
y= 134.87 +14.25Et where y is kg/ha and Et is cm. The coefficient of determination is 0.66
The reference for this work is Sammis T. W. 1981. Yield of Alfalfa and Cotton as Influenced by Irrigation. Agronomy Journal 73:323-329
Cotton coefficient(k) to calculate evapotranspiration(ET) where Et=k*Eto
Eto = reference evapotranspiration or potential evapotranspiration referenced to grass.
Crop Coefficients use growing degree days (GDD) accumulated from planting based on the averaging method of calculating GDD with a maximum temperature cutoff of 30 C and a minimum cutoff temperature of 12.5 C. The Base Temperature is 12.5 C. To convert from GDD to Date get the accumulative heat units for the current year from the weather convert page. Use the metric format because the GDD days are metric units. To convert GDD in degree C to GDD in degree F multiply the value by 1.8.
The equation for the crop coefficient (k) is: k=4.24E-4 +1.20E-3 Gdd +4.62E-7 GDD^2-5.77E-10 GDD^3 with an R^2=0.76 based on data from Artesia and Las Cruces NM. The crop coefficient equation is appropriate for a furrow irrigated crop with cotton yield around 1800 kg/ha or 1600 lb/ac
The reference for this work is Sammis T. W., C. L. Mapel, D. G. Lugg, R. R. Lansford, J. T. Mc Guckin 1985. Evapotranspiration Crop Coefficients Predicted Using Growing Degree Days ASAE 28(3):773-780


September 13
Back to the Future Pro-Regression Technique
Regression to Cause Hypnosis
Question: You commented, "If you have time, you can amplify a negative feeling during a Future Pace and bridge back to where it's coming from. If not, make a note of it for the next session." Would you expand on that statement a bit? This sounds more detailed than what I have been doing. When future pacing, I usually have the client look back and see all the good decisions that they made in changing and then have them bring that knowledge back with them to the present. I have never amplified a negative feeling while placing them in the future. – Erick Lundin, CH
Everything we do after clearing an ISE is Future Pacing.
Some call this Age Progression.
We gather up all the changes in the Initial Sensitizing Event (ISE.)
We then we pace these changes forward through each Subsequent Sensitizing Event (SSE).
This allows us to do two things.
 1. Test the results
 2. Integrate changes
Pacing forward from the ISE through the SSEs allows you to test the results of the changes that occurred in the causal event. So, you can make sure that nothing remains of the problem.
Being thorough will result in lasting results for your clients and not merely temporary change.
If nothing remains of the problem, pacing forward through the SSEs encourages the Subconscious Mind to integrate all changes.
This makes all the changes available to the adult consciousness of the client.
This happens naturally through the process of growing the Child up into adulthood having those changes.
They become a part of the client's life experience (which is where all our programming comes from). So, what generally happens in a regression hypnotherapy session is as follows.
 1. Track back to the causal event (ISE).
 2. Resolve the negative thoughts and feelings trapped in the event.
 3. Test to ensure the event is clear.
 4. Gather up all the positive change that's occurred.
 5. Future Pace to carry these changes forward, testing and transforming SSEs.
 6. Integrate the accrued transformations into the client's present self (identity, circumstances, actions, etc.)
 7. Future Pace to test the results and instill a positive expectation for future.
The causal event itself doesn't change.
All we're changing are the thoughts and feelings associated with the event so that the client is no longer bothered by it.
The main difference that has occurred is that, Subconsciously, that event is finally over.
This means that the body-mind system can relax.
The client made it through. They're okay. So, there's no further need for the Subconscious Mind to dwell on it and generate the unwanted symptoms.
When the client is able to move through the ISE, just as it happened the first time, without feeling any emotional distress, the next step is to pace the Child forward into the next subsequent event (SSE). So you're moving the client forward in time along an imaginary set of tracks.
Linear time is a construct of the Conscious Mind, not the Subconscious Mind.
We use a linear process because it makes sense to the Conscious, Thinking Mind. That's where the change needs to occur. So, you are Future Pacing from the ISE. And you are creating a new timeline.
Some might say that you're building new neural pathways.
Using a linear timeline provides a sense of order which allows the Conscious Mind to find new meanings and make new decisions.
It also allows the client to transfer the benefits into their current life.
You can test the client's responses, and make adjustments as needed, to ensure a complete resolution of the problem.
This experience then compound all changes, making them more powerful.
When you pace forward from the ISE, the SSE should change.
This is a consequence of resolving the ISE.
What's changed in the ISE naturally ripples into subsequent events, changing them. So, they play out the way they would have, based on how the ISE was experienced.
Typically, what will happen is, either the situation in the SSE will play out the same way but the Child won't get triggered, or the situation in the SSE will be different.
It's possible that it never would have happened. So, things can play out very differently than they did the first time. For example, kids in the school yard don't reject the Child this time because the Child no longer perceives the situation as a threat.
Or the bullies in the schoolyard are still there, but this time, instead of freezing, the Child walks away or gets help.
Or the Child avoids a risky situation because she's no longer vulnerable to those things. She's "smarter" for having learned something in the ISE.
Or the Child is simply disinterested in the whole scenario and goes off to play.
Any change of this nature indicates that the changes made in the ISE have taken effect. This is what would have happened, had the client been able to make sense of things at that time.
Because the Child has changed, the Adult client has changed. As a result, s/he is now free to think, feel and act in a more resourceful way.
In a way, it's as if the ISE never occurred.
While the initial sensitizing event happened, and the Client can still remember it, the "sensitizing" effect has been extinguished.
The mis-perceptions and fears have been neutralized. So, the way the client remembers it is different, now.
There's no longer any emotional charge around the memory. This allows the memory to be shifted into long-term memory as "completed."
Memory is stored energetically, through emotion, and for the purpose of survival.
Think pain-pleasure motivation. So, over time, the memory will fade because it has no significance in the client's present life.
It no longer serves any purpose beyond what the client learned from it. And the SSE now reflects what would have happened had the client known, then, what she knows now.
In this scenario, the test has been passed.
This is when you want to compound the daylights out of the newer, better, more empowering thoughts and feelings and insights. So, as you move through each subsequent event, continue to reinforce all the changes.
This approach to future pacing is a process of accruing change.
The client is gathering experiences which reinforce a more resourceful state as they progress along their timeline, all the way up to being a Grownup in the chair.
Think of this as "bringing home" all those changes to the Adult client.
Sometimes there's a block.
When you pace forward from the ISE into a subsequent event, the client sometimes runs into difficulty. There's a block.
It might be some fear, or anxiety, or anger. But this is why we test.
Testing will tell you when there is something still calling for resolution.
If so, now you must decide. Depending on what comes up in that situation, and how much time you have left in the session, you need to decide on a course of action.
If the block is a recurrence of the original pattern, I would go back to the ISE and clear it there. That's the seed-planting event.
If it's a minor glitch, a little doubt, perhaps, I would address it in the SSE. I would then test the results in the next SSE.
Sometimes, you can shift things simply by reminding the Child about what s/he learned in the ISE. This can be enough to bring these new resources forward into the current situation.
Some new patterns just need to be practiced a few times to truly be owned.
If it's the same pattern, and there's still intensity to it, there could be another ISE that's feeding into the problem.
In this case, I would bring up the feeling and bridge back to an earlier time.
If you're short on time, wrap things up for next session.
Button the client up so that you can come back to the same event in the next session. Then, in the next session, begin with a review of the event to bring up the next layer and proceed from there.
As you move through the SSEs you are Future Pacing the Child.
When the ISE is totally clear, each SSE acts to reinforce the better-informed decisions made in the ISE.
As a result, the expectations for the future will change. And that's what's responsible for the symptoms.
The expectation – of self, others, the world, God, etc. – is a result of decisions made in the ISE.
Decisions form thoughts. And well-practiced thoughts become beliefs. A belief says, "this is how things work – this is what to expect."
The emotion connected to that belief is what makes it a self-fulfilling prophecy (we call it programming.)
As a result, the client thinks and feels and acts as if it were true because it has become a Subconscious "truth."
Compounding through the SSEs acts as a Convincer.
As you move through the SSE's you are compounding all the new responses.
These are better thoughts and feelings. So, the client gets an experience that helps her to realize that she has changed, that she does feel better.
NOW the client has proof that change has occurred.
This satisfies the Conscious Mind's need for reason. That's where the change needs to happen.
As a result, she feels more confident about


Longboards typically move slower the longer they get. Many advanced longboarders like a longer board so they can "walk the nose," meaning the cross one foot over the other until they get to the nose of the board while they are on the wave.
Traditional longboards are anywhere from 9 feet to 11 feet, and are used by advanced longboarders who like to do oldschool surf tricks and beginners who need the longer size to learn to stand up and balance.
Boards that are anywhere from 9 feet to 7 feet are typically referred to as "fun boards." They are long enough and buoyant enough for a beginner but short enough to turn and duck dive. "Short boards" are boards that are 7ft or shorter. They are harder to get into to waves and travel down the face of the wave much faster than longboards and fun boards. They are much easier to turn however, and most advanced surfers ride them. They are mostly used for aggressive carving and tricks like "getting air."
Board Shape and Design
There are an endless supply of different board shapes and designs. I wouldn't possibly be able to describe them all in one article, but let's go over some basic shapes and designs:
Traditional longboard: As we have discussed earlier, traditional longboards have a rounder nose, are thick, buoyant and a flatter design. They are great for old school style surfing, typically emulating a 60's style of surfing, and learning to surf.
Traditional short board: A short board is much shorter, thinner and have very pointed noses. They have harder rails and usually have three or four fins. They are harder to catch waves on but many more advanced surfers like them because you can duck dive to get out in bigger waves, and they are much easier to turn and perform more aggressive tricks on, like "bashing the lip."
Eggs and fun boards: Hybrids between long and shortboards. They are short sized but have rounded noses and more buoyancy for easier wave catching while maintaining maneuverability. They are great for novice surfers who are looking to get into shorter boards to ride, before graduating onto a traditional short board.
Fish: Fish boards are usually ridden at a short size, like 5 to 7 feet, because they are thicker and more bouyant. They can turn and maneuver just as easily as a traditional shortboard, but catch waves easier with their thickness. They are a step down from a fun board. Many surfers with a more old school, slower and smoother style of surfing like these boards because they glide a little slower and smoother in the water than an aggressive shortboard. They are called fish boards because the tail is shaped like a fish. This allows for a wider tail for stability, but without sacrificing lesser surface area. My personal favorite type of board, fish boards are great for tricks and turns, but offer a mellower approach to surfing.
Harder rails are easier to turn, but don't keep their line in the wave as easy. Softer rails can be slightly harder to turn, but keep balance in the wave easier. It all depends on what you want. As a beginner, rails aren't a huge issue because you won't be doing technical turns yet. Rail shape and ratio to the board is more of a concern when a surfer is more advanced and wants to have more control over the boards performance.
There are five basic shapes of tails: pin tail, round tail, squash tail, fish/swallow tail and square tail. A pin tail is good for holden it's line down the wave. It is usually used for boards to ride giant waves. Less surface area means you have less chance of losing your balance on the wave, a must for surfers riding huge waves. Definitely an advanced tail shape.
Round tails are good for a looser ride and more turning ability. The wider surface area allows more lift, which means easier maneuvering.
A squash tail has even more surface area. It typically is used the most on short boards that ride waves from three to ten feet. It is a very responsive shape and is a favorite amongst surfers that like big, powerful turns and carving up and down the wave.
A square tail offers the most turning power, but is a little more stable than a round and squash tail, because the corners of the tail are sharp. They are the most typical tail shape on longboards.
Fish and swallow tails are best for softer waves, where the lack of speed makes balancing and turning harder. This is because you get wide surface area, but the pointed tips on the end of the V give good stability.
Rocker can be found in the tail of the board and at the nose. Less rocker means more maneuverability on the wave, but since there is less surface area on the water, it will be harder to catch waves. If you are just starting out, more rocker is good because it gives you extra stability and wave catching power.
There are many many types of fins to choose from, but let's go over some basic types.
A "single fin" is used for longboards and retro shortboards. Turns are longer and slower, and carving is slower as well. A large single fin holds its line in the wave very well, but is hard to turn. Single fins are best for longboarders who want to hold a straight line so they can walk up to the nose of the board.
If you want a more high performance longboard that turns easily, I would go with a thruster set up. Two fins on the side and a fin in the middle. All the fins are the same size. Thruster set ups provide stability while turning and carving, and offer a looser ride.
On shorter boards, you can have a twin fin, thruster or quad set up. Twin fins set ups typically use larger fins then thruster set ups. Turning and maneuvering is quick and smooth. A thruster set up is usually used for high performance shortboards that want to turn aggressively and travel very fast down the wave.
A "quad" set up consists of four fins. All identical in size, with two fins on each side of the tail. A quad set up will be the loosest and most reactive turning. It feels very similar to skateboarding, as the fins respond quickly to any movement of your feet.
Beginners Guide To Longboard Surfing
 In general, it's important to observe surf etiquette, no matter what kind of board you are on. Don't paddle out into the lineup and immediately sit deepest. Wait your turn for your wave. That is why it's called the "line up." Start at the shoulder of the wave and work your way up as surfers take their turns catching waves.
On a longboard, you will want to catch the wave pretty early, like right before it breaks. Shortboarders typically catch the wave right after it breaks, when the wave is the steepest because they don't have as much speed getting into the wave. Because you'll be on a longer board, you don't want to take off when the wave is that steep. Sit a little further out and catch the wave just before it breaks, this will give you more time to pop up and get into the pocket of the wave.
Longboard tricks
If you decide you want to stick with longboarding for a while, there are fun things you can learn! When you feel you have good balance on the board, you can practice wider, deeper turns, riding parallel to the face of the wave instead of straight in the white wash, and if you are feeling really adventurous, try walking up to the nose of the surfboard.
With enough practice, you'll be doing all these things in no time! Stay respectful and aware of other surfers, wear sun protection, and most importantly, have fun!
Must-Have Longboard Surfboard Accessories
Longboards need leashes and wax. "Sticky Bumps" and "Sex Wax" are the two most popular brands of wax. When getting a leash, you generally want it to be the same length as the board.
One option for long boards is a traction pad on the top deck over the fin(s). When turning a surfboard, you must put your foot over the fins to maneuver. A traction pad allows your foot to stay in place as you turn. They are a favorite amongst surfers who like high performance longboards.
Sometimes people put deck decals or surfboard paint on the top deck. This can be fun too. It will make you stick out though, so make sure your presence in the water is a good one.
A longboard surfboard bag is a great idea as well. It will keep your board protected from dings and scratches during transport to the beach.
applying surf wax
Installing fins
Longboard Surfboard Pros and Cons
There are many benefits to longboarding, but depending on what kind of surfing you want to do there can be some drawbacks. Here are the pro's and con's of longboarding.
Pro's: Longboarders have the easiest time catching waves. Because there is a lot of surface area of board, it doesn't take much momentum to get a glide going to catch the wave. You can sit further out in the line up and catch waves much earlier, increasing time on the wave.
They are much easier to balance on, as the deck is much wider and longboards travel slower in the water. (There is more drag on the vertical face of the wave.) This is why longboards are perfect for beginners.
You can do cool tricks on a longboard. "Walking the nose" and "cross stepping" are very popular activities on a longboard. Cross stepping is when you cross one foot over the over sideways depending on if you are slowing down or speeding up on the


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GONDAN delivers Research Vessel Dr Fridtjof Nansen
Today GONDAN has delivered the Oceanographic Research vessel "Dr Fridtjof Nansen" to the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research. After recently completing successfully the comprehensive sea trials program, the vessel is heading today to Bergen, her Port of Registry.
The vessel, outfitted according to the best shipbuilding standard for modern noise reduced Research Vessels, in compliance with the strict requirements of ICES 209, will mainly operate in tropic and sub-tropic areas in developing countries. Cutting edge technology has been used for the vessel to develop activities focused on marine ecosystem studies with emphasis on fish stock assessment. In addition, the vessel will be used for: data collection for studies and understanding of climate change effects, mapping of marine biodiversity, measurements of CO2 and the resulting acidification of the oceans, measurements of oxygen and de-oxygenation of the oceans and studies of pollution.


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I want to run a block bootstrap on the relative returns, but I'm not sure if subtracting the mean is important.
A bootstrap sequence is a synthetic sequence generated using the original sequence. If you're backtesting or estimating certain measures, such as volatility or the mean, then you can use the bootstrap to get a confidence interval on these values. The issue is in the way the bootstrap sequence is generated. You have to cut the original sequence into blocks, for the block bootstrap, and select blocks uniformly at random and place them in the sequence they were selected until you have a new bootstrap sequence of length n. You can't use the original prices, so you have to use the relative prices. These relative prices are the same as 1 day returns. I am wondering if mean centering is important in practice. I currently take the difference of their logs,
but it seems that some posts have suggested subtracting the mean return from the difference of logs
$\log\left(\frac{r_t}{r_{t-1}}\right) - \mu_r$
Most of the papers have an assumption of zero mean sequences. It's easy to zero-mean, but I'm afraid that this introduces some lookahead bias as the mean of the entire sequence is only known with knowledge of the full sequence. Why is subtracting the mean useful/important in practice?
share|improve this question
What is the purpose of the bootstrap? – John Jun 5 '13 at 20:54
Hi _USER_ I updated the question. Thanks – Amir Sani Jun 7 '13 at 10:18
" You can't use the original prices, so you have to use the relative prices." Do you mean returns? – Quartz Jun 7 '13 at 12:01
Anyway for risk a 0 mean return is a common assumption. Not only using a drift is an arbitrary decision (just like 0 drift, but slightly less so) and the process might not be stationary, but there's $\mu_r$'s estimation error too. As a compromise you could blend in $\mu_r$ weighting it by (an estimate of) the estimate precision, not just strictly statistical precision but also sample relevance taking into account how far in the past you're measuring (200 days or weeks are different in two ways). – Quartz Jun 7 '13 at 12:11
You could simply do density kernel smoothing estimation of the underlying probability distribution of each separate block, generate the data from that and then pick subsets of the resulting data. This should not depend on the mean of the sequence. – SMeznaric Jun 15 '13 at 15:16
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
It obviously depends on what you're trying to do but since we're speaking about returns zero centering is what's usually done because of the null hypothesis claiming that expected excess returns are zero. You zero center the distribution because you want to obtain a distribution satisfying the null hypothesis. In this distribution you then plug your sample mean and get a p-value.
This comes in handy in performance evaluation. It's what Aronson does in Evidence Based Technical Analysis when measuring the significance of the observed profits. It's also what White does in A Reality Check for Data Snooping when calculating the p-value for each model. White calculates for example those two V-values. For a single model you have
$$\bar V_1 = n^{1/2} \bar f_1$$
which is basically the sample mean (see the paper if you don't get the $n^{1/2}$ value) and you also have the bootstrapped distribution
$$\bar V_{1,i}^* = n^{1/2} (\bar f_{1,i}^* - \bar f_1)$$
which as you can see is zero centered through mean subtraction. The p-value is then obtained by plugging in $\bar V_1$ in the $\bar V_{1,i}^*$ distribution.
I also wouldn't say this adds any forward looking bias as you're not using the mean information to make any kind of decision. You're simply trying to determine whether the observed returns over a certain period beat the expected returns of a random strategy.
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When you do bootstrapping, the actual problem is that you have too few events to really get an actual distribution. There are X methods to get the original set enriched, reinserting the events based not only on the uniform distribution when selecting the nth event out of the N total ones.
As the mean is one of the first characteristics of a distribution (the 1st moment), substracting a mean (whatever reasons you have), you implicitly throw information away. You might well calculate whatever mean you want at the very end and do with it the intended stuff.
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Your Answer


text:
Clover seed brings benefits to Oregon's growers and the environment
Expanding the market for crimson clover seed means economic growth and fertilizer reduction
Crimson clover isn't just a pretty sight to passersby – the seed crop was worth more than $5 million to Oregon in 2011. OSU Extension is working to boost that number by promoting the clover's nitrogen-producing qualities to growers in other states.
Crimson clover has long been used as a cover crop, and because it puts nitrogen into the soil, it can help growers save on fertilizer and reduce chemicals from leaching into groundwater. More than 95 percent of the crimson clover seed produced in the United States comes from western Oregon. Of the 7,650 acres harvested last year in Oregon, 63 percent of it came from Washington County.
Extension field crop faculty member Nicole Anderson has been working with the Oregon Clover Commission to form partnerships with local Extension agents, crop consultants and growers in other states. Anderson and the commission also created a popular brochure with recommendations for establishing and managing crimson clover cover crops.
Source: Oregon Agricultural Information Network, Nicole Anderson

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Apr. 5, 2011 Fossil teeth of African animals show that during the past 10 million years, different plant-eating critters began grazing on grass at different times as many switched from a salad-bar diet of tree leaves and shrubs, says a University of Utah study.
The first animals to hit the hay -- technically warm-season grasses known as C4 plants -- were zebras' ancestors, starting 9.9 million years ago. Next, some but not all rhinos made the switch, beginning 9.6 million years ago. Grass-grazing spread 7.4 million years ago to the ancestors of elephants. Hippos began grazing on grass more slowly. And giraffes, with heads in the trees, never left the salad bar.
The study -- by a Utah-led international team of researchers -- is being published online in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
It constructed a 7-million-year record of dietary change -- from 10 million to 3 million years ago -- by analyzing carbon isotope ratios in 452 fossilized teeth from nine animal families living at three sites in Kenya also occupied by ape-like human ancestors.
"This record is the first to illustrate the dietary response among herbivore families to the appearance of warm-season grasses in East Africa" at least 10 million years ago, says the study's first author, Kevin Uno, a doctoral student in geology at the University of Utah. "Grass is now the main food for many herbivores there."
He adds: "The results paint a picture of differential dietary response to changes in climate and landscape from 10 million to 3 million years ago, a period that includes the appearance of hominids that eventually gave rise to humans."
The findings "demonstrate that different animals respond differently to ecological change," says geochemist Thure Cerling, the study's senior author and a distinguished professor of geology and geophysics, and biology at the University of Utah.
"This has implications for the future of our planet as climate and ecology change as a result of human activities -- not only climate change, but land-use change such as agriculture and desertification," he adds. "And it is not always possible to predict how different parts of the ecosystem will respond to any of these changes."
Uno and Cerling did the study with John Harris of the George C. Page Museum in Los Angeles; paleontologist Meave Leakey of Kenya's Turkana Basin Institute based at Stony Brook University in New York; and Japanese scientists Yutaka Kunimatsu and Masato Nakatsukasa of Kyoto University, and Hideo Nakaya of Kagoshima University.
You are What You Eat: True 10 Million Years Ago
You are what you eat -- and the same was true for African animals that lived millions of years ago. Their diets were recorded by carbon isotope ratios in the enamel of their now-fossilized teeth. The ratios reveal whether an animal ate plants that used so-called C3 or C4 photosynthesis to convert sunlight to energy.
C3 plants include trees, shrubs and cool-season grasses. Most C4 plants are warm-season grasses and sedges commonly found in the tropics. Today in East Africa, nearly all grasses are C4 grasses. And, for the record, modern hays often mix C3 and C4 plants.
Dietary carbon is incorporated into tooth enamel, letting researchers determine whether long-dead animals grazed on C4 grasses or browsed on C3 trees and shrubs.
Global or regional changes in climate have the potential to transform a forest into grassland or vice versa. When this happens over large areas, animals must change their diets or deal with the consequences, which in extreme cases might mean moving to a new habitat or eventually going extinct.
The diet record of East African herbivores from 10 million to 3 million years ago shows dramatic change occurred at different rates and times. The change was a shift from eating C3 plants -- trees, shrubs and cool-season grasses -- to eating warm-season, tropical C4 grasses, which first appeared in East Africa 10 million to 15 million years ago.
The animals' switch to grasses began after warm-season grasses first appeared in East Africa, but long before grasslands began to spread rapidly in the region. Previous evidence indicates East Africa was dominated by C3 ecosystems (trees, shrubs and cool-season grasses) during the Middle and Late Miocene Epoch about 16 million to 5 million years ago, but that mosaic landscapes with C4 grasslands were present.
Cerling's previous research found no evidence of widespread grasslands earlier than 4.2 million years ago. "A major shift toward arid environments in the region began about 2.7 million years ago," Uno says. "And only during the past 1 million years did grasslands become as dominant as they are today in East Africa."
But even before 4.2 million years ago, "there was enough C4 grass around for a whole bunch of animals to make a living off of it," he adds.
The first herbivores to eat C4 grasses had longer teeth that took more time for abrasive grasses to wear down. The increased availability of C4 grasses meant there was a new food source available for any herbivore to try if they could digest the gritty grasses, which have more cellulose and lower nutritional quality than most C3 plants.
"If you lived in a town that only ate beef for dinner and the frozen fish stick guy came through selling TV dinners at half price (because everyone ate beef), wouldn't you at least try fish for dinner?" Uno asks. "That example is a bit anthropomorphized, but I see C4 grasses as new resources that may not have been as much in demand as C3 cool-season grasses, trees and shrubs. This could be because some animals had a hard time digesting C4 grasses."
A History of East African Plant Eating
The new study showed this dietary history for East African plant-eating animals:
- Ancient equids, from which the zebra evolved, were the first herbivores to develop a diet primarily of C4 grass. Between 9.9 million years ago and 7.4 million years ago, they made a rapid transition, geologically speaking, from eating trees and shrubs to eating almost exclusively C4 grasses.
- Relatives of the rhino also adopted primarily C4 grass diets before most other families, as far back as 9.6 million years ago. However, some kept browsing on trees and shrubs or had mixed diets of those plants plus C4 grasses. Thus, different rhino species were not necessarily competing for the same food -- as is true with modern rhinos.
- Two elephant ancestral lines, elephantids and gomphotheres, did not begin their switch to C4 grass until about 7.4 million years ago, but once they did, they remained grazers until very recently, probably in the last million years or so. Today, African and Asian elephants eat mostly C3 trees and shrubs.
- Suids, ancestors of bushpigs and warthogs, were slow to eat C4 grass. Few ate it more than 9 million years ago, and only from 6.5 million to 4.2 million years ago did suids have a diet that either was a mix of C3 leaves and C4 grasses or dominated by grasses. Modern suids occupy many ecosystems, so they have diets with both kinds of plants.
- The common hippo today eats mostly C4 grass, but 9.9 million years ago, its ancestors were only eating C3 trees and shrubs. The change was gradual.
- Bovids -- which today include gazelles, wildebeest and cape buffalo -- were eating C4 grass by 9.6 million years ago, but some species maintained C3 diets, some ate C4 grasses and others ate both.
- Now-extinct deinotheriids, which had two tusks in the lower jaw and were relatives of elephants, show no sign of C4 grass in their diet throughout their history.
- Giraffids, which gave rise to the modern giraffe, relied only on C3 plants throughout the record, in part because their long necks are designed to get to leaves in trees, not grass at their hooves.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- Kevin T. Uno, Thure E. Cerling, John M. Harris, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Meave G. Leakey, Masato Nakatsukasa, Hideo Nakaya. Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011; DOI: 10.1073/pnas._PHONE_
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


What Is The Meaning Of Recklessly In English?
What is the meaning of recklessly?
1 : marked by lack of proper caution : careless of consequences.
2 : irresponsible reckless charges..
How do you use reckless in a sentence?
1, She was charged with reckless driving. 2, She was a good rider, but reckless. 3, He showed a reckless disregard for his own safety. 4, He had always been reckless with money.
What's another word for reckless?
Some common synonyms of reckless are adventurous, daredevil, daring, foolhardy, rash, and venturesome. While all these words mean "exposing oneself to danger more than required by good sense," reckless implies heedlessness of probable consequences.
What does good recklessly mean?
The fact that the need could have been fake simply did not outweigh the good that would come if the need was indeed real. Thus, "Do Good Recklessly" was born. The purpose of the phrase "Do Good Recklessly" is to put the kindness and compassion of the world back into perspective.
What is reckless Behaviour?
Reckless behavior. Definition. Reckless behavior is the conscious disregard of a substantial and unjustifiable risk. … They know others are not engaging in the behavior (i.e., it is not the norm). The behavior represents a conscious choice to disregard what they know to be a substantial and unjustifiable risk.
What does recklessness mean?
adjective. utterly unconcerned about the consequences of some action; without caution; careless (usually followed by of): to be reckless of danger.
Is reckless a negative word?
The word reckless comes from the Old English word receleas, meaning "careless, thoughtless, heedless." If you have a reckless attitude, you aren't concerned about what happens to yourself or others who are affected by your actions. In this usage, reckless is the opposite of considerate.
What does bawl mean?
1 : to cry out loudly and unrestrainedly a sergeant bawling at his troops. 2 : to cry loudly : wail He lay on his bed, bawling uncontrollably. transitive verb. : to cry out at the top of one's voice "Get out of the car!" she bawled. bawl.
How much is too much meaning?
When to Use Too Much Too much is a phrase that means excessive or excessively.
Whats the opposite of lazy?
What is the opposite of lazy?hard-workingdiligentindustriousconscientiousassiduoushardworkingambitiouscommitteddedicateddevoted30 more rows


text:
About the National Youth Leadership Forum: Pathways to STEM Alumni
Building New and Bigger Pathways
The NYLF Pathways to STEM Alumni program was developed specifically for students who previously attended the National Youth Leadership Forum (NYLF): Pathways to STEM. The program provides these students with the opportunity to build upon their previous Envision experience and further cultivate their passion for STEM.
At NYLF Pathways to STEM Alumni, students learn by doing as they participate in hands-on simulations that allow them to take on roles, Maker Center Challenges that provide them with additional exposure to STEM opportunities and allow them to showcase their creativity, and an offsite experience filled with interactive learning.
Virtually all career fields today require a solid foundation of STEM. Early and frequent exposure to these fields can set today's kids on a path to success by giving them the tools needed to make informed decisions about the future. During the program, students will gain increased exposure to STEM opportunities and further develop essential success skills while also reconnecting with old friends and forming new bonds with their fellow Envision alumni.


text:
We have from long time 3.2.3 breeding group CB.
Our Pseudemys nelsoni are all captive bred. The males are bigger then the females. The biggest male is about 28 cm SCL and 1,8 kg. They are housed for all the year in a large and deep pond with others Emididae like Chrysemys and Graptemys. We don't never notice aggressive behaviours among these turtles, because all the specimen have a lot of space available. We feed Pseudemys nelsoni only once a week with vegetables, grass, fruit, and once a month with dead fish and shrimps; in the pond they can find food everytime they need.


text:
Spring gobbler season is coming up. Here are a few safety tips:
1. Positively Identify Your Target
Be certain the bird is fully and plainly visible before pulling the trigger. Do not shoot at sounds or movement.
2. Never Stalk a Turkey
Movement or sounds you think are a turkey may be another hunter. Be patient and let the bird come to you.
3. Protect your back
Select a large tree, rock or other natural barrier while calling. Hunt in open woods.
4. Shout "STOP" to alert approaching hunters
Never move, wave or make turkey sounds to alert others of your position.
5. Dress to be safe
Never wear red, white, blue or black clothing. These are the colors found on mature gobblers
6. Cover up
Don't carry harvested birds in the open. Cover them with fluorescent orange or completely conceal from view in a game bag.
7. Be seen
Fluorescent orange is not required for spring gobbler hunting. However, wearing fluorescent orange,especially while moving, is an added safety precaution


text:
IntroductionThis article presents a WPF application that renders an object graph which the user can rearrange via drag-and-drop. The graph highlights all circular dependencies between its nodes. The application was built in Visual Studio 2008, and compiled against the.NET Framework v3.5 with Service Pack 1.
BackgroundRecently at work, I wrote some code that analyzed an object graph in order to determine the order in which its objects should be initialized. The requirement was to initialize the objects on which an object depends before initializing that object. In a scenario like that, the object graph cannot contain any circular dependencies (i.e., where an object indirectly depends on itself, such as object A depends on object B, and object B depends on object A).
After implementing that logic, I thought it would be interesting to create a user interface that showed an object graph and highlighted any circular dependencies it contained. This weekend, I had some free time, so I wrote the application described in this article which does exactly that.
What the program doesThe simplest example of what this application does is shown in the following screenshot:
The object graph seen above has only four nodes and no circular dependencies. Each node in a graph can be moved by the user so that he or she can arrange the objects into whatever layout makes the most sense. After rearranging the graph seen previously, it can look like this:
Now, let's take a look at a graph that contains a circular dependency:
The nodes and node connectors that are part of the circular dependency are highlighted in red. Notice how this graph has a button in the top right corner. Clicking on that button causes the graph to perform a 3D flip, and shows a detailed listing of all circular dependencies in the graph, as seen below:
There is a more complicated graph in the application that contains three circular dependencies:
Notice how the mouse cursor over the node connector on the left side has brought up a tooltip that explains which nodes are associated with that connector. In this example, the node connector links two nodes that both depend on each other. If we were to flip this graph over, the details view would list all three circular dependencies in the graph, like this:
Now that we've seen what this application does, let's take a look at how it works.
Building a graphThe data shown by a graph could come from anywhere. In this application, the data for each graph comes from an XML file included in the source code. The following XML describes the simplest graph in the application (the first graph seen in the previous section of this article):
See full details: _URL_


text:
Day #29 (3/18/2014) Web Footed Gecko
We decided to head to Africa for the week! We headed to the Sahara desert on our first day to find a special little reptile. After settling in to camp and making sure all our stuff was bagged up to keep it sand free. We grab our hats, mud sunscreen and binoculars and headed out on today's adventure! It took us a while to find the Web Footed Gecko, but we did find it!
Their range/habitat: Western Southern Africa/desert
Their length/weight: 4 ¾ -5 ½" Conservation Status: common
Their diet: Carnivore: insects
- Web Footed Geckos are pink with dark markings.
- They have webbed feet that helps them run across the sand.
- Web Footed Geckos have large eyes.
- They dig long tunnels in the sand for shelter.
- They drink water that condenses on their skin overnight.
- Web footed geckos have wide range of vocalizations.
These teeny little geckos were hard to spot! They blend right in to their desert homes! They have such amazing adaptations for living in a harsh habitat. We sure were tired after spending the day in the hot desert. We were happy that we bought plenty of water and hay snacks.
-Ellie and Edmond


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data For 1st order linear ordinary differential equation, how do "unique solution" and "particular solution" differ? 2. Relevant equations if dy/dx = f(x,y) and partial f(x,y) with respect to y are both continuous, then there exists a unique solution within a region R. 3. The attempt at a solution Not really a homework question. I am just curious and sort of confused. The way I understand it is particular solution is a subset of unique solution, is that true?


What is Dash?
Dash (DASH) is an open sourced, privacy-centric digital currency. It was originally released as XCoin (XCO) on January 18, 2014.
Differences between Litecoin and Dash
With chained hashing, high end CPUs give an average return similar to that of GPUs. Another side effect of the algorithm is that GPUs run at about 30% less wattage than scrypt and 30% to 50% cooler, putting less stress on the computing setup and ensuring lower energy bills for miners.
Currency supply
Estimated 22 million coins maximum, with a 7% decrease in the number of coins generated per year.
Chained hashing
Dash uses a chained hashing algorithm approach called X11. Instead of using the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 256 or Scrypt it uses a sequence of eleven scientific hashing algorithms for the proof-of-work.


text:
It's no secret U.S. students lag far behind in math compared to dozens of other countries in the developed world, but mathematicians behind a new museum are working to get students back in the race. NY1's Shazia Khan filed the following report.
It may not amount to much for some folks, but for former math professor Glen Whitney mathematics equals an infinite number of thrills.
"There are constant surprises, there's constant moments of discovery and that thrill of a-ha! when you see the way something comes together," Whitney said.
Up until recently, Whitney worked as a hedge fund executive but is now busy calculating his next move to open the Museum of Mathematics or MOMATH next year in a 19,000 square foot space in the Flatiron District. It would be the only one of its kind in the country.
"It's not going to be numbers scribbled up on a wall," said Whitney. "It's going to be shapes and how do they fit together and it's going to to be curves that they can either touch or maybe they can drive the model car on."
The idea to build a museum grew out of the"Math Midway," a traveling exhibition featuring more than a dozen interactive exhibits Whitney founded in 2009.
"What I saw was a real cultural problem that we have in this country that math almost has this place within what we do. It's kind of picked on. It's kind of off in the corner," Whitney said.
So far, the museum has raised $22 million with big help from Google, Consolidated Edison and other companies encouraging learning through science, technology, engineering and math.
"We have corporations that are supporting us primarily because they see it as a benefit to them in the long term, that if we can get kids to come in and get excited about math that those children will become the employees of tomorrow that will help their institutions be productive," said Museum of Mathematics COO Cindy Lawrence.
For more information on the museum and its current programs, visit momath.org.
The "Connect A Million Minds" initiative encourages school programs designed to inspire students to pursue science, technology, engineering and math. For more information, visit connectamillionminds.com.


text:
Climate change and agrobiodiversity: Strengthening adaptability and resilience, facilitating adaptation and transition
28 January 2010 | News story
Agrobiodiversity is already proving to be important in helping rural communities and farmers throughout the world adapt to climate change. Diversity (genetic, species and ecosystem) in production systems can improve adaptability and resilience and is an essential part of adaptation to changing production conditions.
The Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research (PAR) is compiling information on the experiences of indigenous peoples and rural communities who are using agrobiodiversity to adapt to changing conditions and provide improved livelihood strategies.
The responses from indigenous and rural communities to change are being represented on an interactive map, through which you can access the individual stories and the information source.
Some challenges that have emerged include:
- The need to ensure that there is sufficient diversity within production systems to maintain adaptability;
- The importance of maintaining traditional adapted materials (crop and livestock varieties) within production systems and of allowing them to evolve and adapt to changing conditions;
- The need for new materials in many situations and hence improved methods of dissemination and exchange of resources and information;
- The recognition that farmers, pastoralists, forest dwellers, and fisher folk are having to adopt alternative livelihood strategies and need to exchange skills, knowledge, practices and experiences;
- The importance of combining traditional knowledge and experiences with new scientific developments
Ensuring that rural communities and farmers around the world can meet these challenges requires new knowledge and new partnerships that embed agrobiodiversity maintenance and use in climate change response strategies.
We would love to learn from the communities where you and your colleagues are involved. Please make your contribution at this link to enrich the knowledge base we are compiling.
Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research
c/o Bioversity International
via dei Tre Denari 472/a


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Old October 22nd, 2011, 01:17 AM
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The Council Revolt
Rated M for Violence, Romance and other mature themes
Created, Written, GM'ed and Produced by Yagerbomb
The setting of this story takes place in a fictional region called Harnendor in the Early Renaissance time period. Map is featured below. All technology is that of the early Renaissance Era. The official time marked for the beginning for the Role-play is Late Spring (around May) of the year 1478, although past event described in the plot may be in previous time frames.
Location description:
Quick note: Ethir _____= Large River
Dor-En-Ernil is a frigid, mountainous tundra where plant and animal life is scarce. For plants, mosses and lichen are the only common plants, however some types of hardy bushes are adept to survive in the area. For animals, Caribou are the dominant herbivore in the province, yet over-hunting has reduced their numbers. Bison, Mountain Sheep and Wolves also exist in the area, to complete the ecosystem. The life in Dor-En-Ernil is filled with hardships, and the people who live there are mostly in poverty. The lifestyle there is based on hunting, and the more animals you have killed hunting, the more respected you are. However, the animals hunted do not go to waste. The people of Dor-En-Ernil pride themselves on using every part of the animal to use. The villages in Dor-En-Ernil are small, and the buildings are made out of straw and sometimes rock. The culture of Dor-En-Ernil is similar to the Mongolians, with the exception that the people of Dor-En-Ernil are not nomadic. The Capital of Dor-En-Ernil is Lond Ernil, which is a fortress surrounded by twenty-foot walls and contains the largest prison in Harnendor, the Ernil Keep. The people of Dor-En-Ernil, or Ernilian, are usually big, husky and hairy. The island of Tolfalas is part of the province as well, the island hosting a large population of seabirds.
The province of Anduin is comprised of the regions of Lebennin and Ithilien. The borders extend from the Laer Galadrin Mountain Range in the south to the Town of Limbir in the west. The Province of Anduin is a cold, large grassland. Short grasses grow in the area, and some shrubs and a handful of trees are found in Anduin. For animals, Caribou and Bison are the main herbivores, although burrowing animals such as rats, moles, and burrowing owls etcetera are in the area. Wolves and snow leopards are the top predators in the Anduin Province. The people in Anuduin are very similar to those of Dor-En-Ernil, except that Anduinians are able to focus on farming as well and are generally more well-off. Anduin has produced many phenomenal minds in the past, such as Carzikal, who invented the wheel, Viktel Farro, who developed an operational irrigation system and Hannik Requer, who proved that the Earth is not the center of the universe, and is currently researching a concept called " Gravity". The villages in Anduin are similar to Dor-En-Ernil, although Anduinian villages are bigger and have lower poverty rates. Anduin's capital is Pelargir, a larger version of any Anduinian village.
Harondor is the second largest Province in Harnendor, only Khand is bigger. Harondor contains the region of Haruzan, which is where the Capital City of Harondor, Gobel Ancalimon resides. Gobel Ancalimon is a sprawling port city, and is a major trade city for the Harnendor area, bringing in traders from the Deserts of Arysis to the tundra's of Dor-El-Ernil. Harondor stretches its borders from the Laer Galadrin Mountains from the North, to the Ephel Duath Mountains in the North East, to the Dune Sea Mountain Range to the South, and the Chelkar River mouth to the east. The region of Harondor is a temperate forest, where trees, grasses and shrubs vegetate the area, while Deer, Elk, squirrels, beavers, falcons, owls, finches, hummingbirds and amphibians reside, along with predators like bears, wolves, cougars, jaguars and tigers are found. There are many resources in the Harondor Province, such as animals, lumber, rock and metals and fish. The small villages and towns in Harondor are styled similar to renaissance Italy, except for a few small villages that are suited either for hunters or miners. The exception to the general town structure in the Harondor Province is the City of Ramlond, which is a large castle city. The Harondorians are the richer people of Harnendor, and have more citizens and money available. As you get closer to the Ethir Harnen, farmland becomes more prominent. Harondorian culture is that of early renaissance Italy, mixed with Medieval Europe.
Khand is the largest Province in Harnendor, encompassing an enormous landmass. The Province of Khand is made up of Upper and Lower Khand, Chelkar, Pezarsan, Lurmsakun, Arysis and Kajbah. Khand is mostly an enormous desert, although the regions of Chelkar and Pezarsan are near rivers, so they are suited for farming and a wetter climate. The borders of Khand are far apart, spanning from the Chelkar River in the west to the Ephel Duath Mountains to the North West and the Dune Sea to the South. Lurmsakun has giant stone, marble and iron deposits, making it a coveted area. Kajbah is very mountainous, and has been known as a hiding spot for many run-aways. The Capital of Khand is the largest City in Harnendor, Sturlurtsa Khand, a sprawling city with gigantic markets and spectacular palaces and monuments. For plants and animals, both are scarce. In the farming areas of Pezarsan and Chelkar, the natural habitat has been demolished to counter Khand's rising population, so natural life is extinct in the river regions, or "West Khand". In the massive desert areas of Khand, moisture is rare, so plants and animals are rare. You can find Cacti and some shrubs in the desert; along with Scorpions, Armadillos, Camels and species of lizards manage to survive in the deserts. The villages and towns in West Khand are small farming communities, except for Amrun, which is a large port City. The villages and towns in the Desert are small, walled communities designed to keep sandstorms and invaders out. The culture of the Khand people is similar to that of the Arabians of the late-medieval times. Some of Harnendor's greatest historical figures have come out of Khand, including Deskyr Al Khand, who ruled Harnendor for eighty-one years, and inventor Tykir Un Shalee, who created the idea of refining metals, and Tykir's son, Hamm Un Shalee, who invented forging these metals into tools. Much other historical significance has come out of Khand.
Umbar is a mysterious region, and is found south of Harondor. The Nen Umbar Bay, which the Province of Umbar is surrounding, closes in the Province with a large Mountain range. The terrain in Umbar is very mountainous and treacherous, and as cliffs descend into the Ocean. There are very few plants in Umbar, most of them being shrubs and mosses. For animals, sea and land birds dominate the area, although small land animals can be found like shrews, mice and otters. The big predator in Umbar is Dragons, which are selectively unique to Umbar. These Dragons are divided into different groups, which will be discussed later. The Capital of Umbar is a city called Umbar, which a bigger version of any Umbarish village, small and made out of caves and rocks.
Nothing much is known about Nurn, other than it is impossible to reach from any part of Harnendor, and that once every two thousand years, someone leaves Nurn to the rest of Harnendor.
Five years ago, the year 1473, the Deity of Harondor, Excalus, died at the age of eighty-four. The Nation of Harnendor was shocked at the loss of their Deity, as Excalus was thought to live forever. Having Excalus living forever would have worked out for the People of Harnendor, as Excalus was a fair and just ruler. There was one problem though: Excalus did not have a child ready to take the throne. So, Excalus' council, which consisted of Gijer Sol Khand, from the Khand Province, King Jesfer of Harondor, Chieftain Heikman from Dor-En-Ernil, Noble Farris


Pet Care
Yellow Starthistle
Yellow Starthistle
Scientific Name: Centaurea solstitialis
Family: Compositae
Toxicity: Toxic to Horses
Toxic Principles: Unknown
Clinical Signs: The plant is not usually eaten unless other forage is unavailable, or when incorporated into hay. Poisonings occur at ingestions of 50%- 200% of the animal's body weight over a 60 to 90 day period of grazing. Clinical signs have been referred to as "chewing disease", where horses chew but are unable to obtain food or swallow. Signs seen include a grinning appearance, open mouth with protruding, lolling tongue, yawning, head tossing, central nervous system depression, lost interest in food, difficulty breathing due to inhalation of food, submerging the head in water in an attempt to drink. Death can occur due to lack of eating and drinking, leading to dehydration and malnutrition.
yellow starthistle
Credit: Steve Dewey, Utah State University,
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WEDNESDAY, Dec. 19 (HealthDay News) -- Residents of several Southern states are among the most likely to have poor heart health in the United States, a new study finds.
But the country as a whole is having trouble. Only about 3 percent of U.S. adults surveyed who don't have heart problems managed to meet all of seven criteria for cardiac well-being, such as ideal levels of weight, blood pressure, physical activity and diet.
On the other side, nearly 10 percent of those surveyed were in poor shape heart-wise, meeting two or fewer of the requirements. That number reached 16 percent in West Virginia, 14 percent in Alabama, Mississippi and Kentucky, and 13 percent in Louisiana.
"Disparity continues to exist in cardiovascular health in America, not just by social demographics like race, gender, age and education level, but also by state," said study lead author Dr. Jing Fang, an epidemiologist with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In the United States, heart disease is responsible for an estimated one-third of all deaths. However, researchers say death levels for cardiovascular disease have fallen significantly over the last four decades, and a lot of that has to do with people taking better care of their health.
The new study is based on a survey of more than 350,000 people in 2009 who didn't have existing heart disease or previous strokes. The study authors acknowledged that its design has a weakness because it relies on people's perceptions of their health instead of medical records.
The investigators examined whether the participants met seven criteria for ideal cardiac health set by the American Heart Association: no high blood pressure; no high cholesterol; no diabetes; a healthy weight; no smoking; at least 150 minutes a week of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity; and a diet with five or more servings of fruit and vegetables a day.
The researchers adjusted their statistics so they wouldn't be thrown off by high or low numbers of participants of certain ages.
The state with the lowest percentage of residents with ideal cardiac health -- 1 percent -- was Oklahoma. Washington, D.C., topped the list with nearly 7 percent, followed by the states of Vermont and Connecticut (nearly 6 percent) and Virginia (5 percent).
Why were people in such relatively good shape in Washington, D.C., which is largely populated by black Americans who often have poor heart health? Fang said the city stands out because it has low levels of obesity and high levels of people with healthy diets.
Residents in some Southern states, particularly in the Deep South, had higher levels of obesity, high blood pressure and smoking, she said.
It's clear that southerners are at higher risk of heart problems, according to health researchers who have identified a "stroke belt" in the South, where strokes are more common than elsewhere in the country. It includes North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee and Louisiana.
What can be done with the study findings? Donna Arnett, president of the American Heart Association and chair of epidemiology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, said the findings are crucial to gauge the progress of her association's project to improve the country's heart health by 20 percent by 2020.
As for states, "they should be empowered to tailor their [health] programs to their population's specific needs," she added.
But what about states, such as some of those in the South, that are poor? "If funds are limited, it may not be about doing more, but doing smarter," Arnett said.
The study was published Dec. 19 in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
For more about preventing heart disease, visit the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SOURCES: Jing Fang, M.D., M.S., epidemiologist, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; Donna Arnett, Ph.D., M.S.P.H., professor and chair, department of epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and president, American Heart Association; Dec. 19, 2012, Journal of the American Heart Association
hypertension and blood pressure levels
Interruption can cause spike in systolic pressure, study found
New research suggests you may be able to manage hypertension—without resorting to meds
Scientists say that eating too much of the sweet stuff may be destroying our health. But can a normal American family really learn to survive on less?


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Here's a quick summary about what I'm trying to do: Let's say I got two layers. One (A) with 10 polygons and one that is more granular with 100 polygons (B). Just to check if the behavior of PostGIS and ArcMap is the same, I would like to select all polygons in B that are under a polygon in A. Since the sum of all polygons of both layer got the same shape, all polygons of B should be selected. If I do that in ArcMap, everything works fine (100 of 100 polygons selected). If I use the following statement in PostGIS, some of the polygons are not in the resultset (about 10%):
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom);
No I want to be more specific. Let's say I'd like to select all Polygons from B that are under a specific polygon from A with a polygon_id = 1. For this I use the following statement:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, (SELECT layer_b.geom WHERE layer_by.polygon_id = '1');
But now, I get a empty resultset and I really don't know why. Could somebody explain me this behavior? Note: I just imported shape files without assigning a special SRID or something like this. I appreciate any help. :)
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
Looks like ST_Contains is the correct function. Two things come to mind that could cause the results you are getting. First, invalid geometries can silently cause all kinds of trouble. Run a query similar to the following on both of your tables:
SELECT gid AS invalid_gid
 FROM layer_a
 WHERE NOT St_IsValid(geom);
Second issue could be that the polygons do not actually have the topological properties that you think they do. Replace St_Contains with St_Intersects and that should help to inform you. Let me know what that yields.
Your second query appears to have typos, but should look more like this:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid
 FROM layer_a, layer_b
 WHERE layer_b.polygon_id = 1
 AND St_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom)
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Hey Scro, I tried it with your statement and rechecked the results from ArcMap and now its looks good. Seems that I had it wrong. I thought ST_Contains would do this job for me, but now it know, that ST_Contains only selects Polygons that are completly in/under the other polygon. And ST_Intersects selects all polygons that intersects with the bigger one. Looks good now. Thank you very much! :] – Chronnie Mar 14 '13 at 12:46
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Nutrition Lesson Plans Tools Teaching Super Healthy Kids Worksheets
Nutrition Lesson Plans Tools Teaching Super Healthy Kids Worksheets.
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The ankle bones include the calcaneus, cuboid, external cuneiform, internal cuneiform, middle cuneiform, navicular, and talus. The talus sits at the top, under the fibula and tibia (the bones of the lower leg). Ligaments and tendons (types of fibrous connective tissue) connect the leg bones with the ankle bones, thus preventing slippage. They also offer stability during movement. Tendons protect the ligaments. When a person is standing, the ligament is slack. The calcaneofibular ligament's responsibility is to control inversion. Inversion involves turning the foot on its side, so the bottom of the foot faces the opposite foot.
The calcaneofibular ligament connects the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones of the foot. The ligament is two centimeters long, five millimeters wide, and three millimeters thick.
Damage to this ligament occurs when the foot twists too much while the toes point upwards towards the shin. Doctors diagnose damage with a talar tilt test. During a talar tilt test, the patient sits on a bench with the foot flat or slightly angled. The doctor holds the leg above the ankle and manipulates the foot to create inversion. If there is pain, the doctor knows the ligament connecting the talus and calcaneus is the cause.


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Background: Oral mucositis induced by cancer therapy alters cancer patient's life. Nutraceuticals these days is for their various activities which could neutralize the toxicity induced by cancer treatment. Purpose: Comparision between the effect of grape seed and fruits of Physalis peruviana methanol extract in reduction of mucositis induced by Cetuximab drug. Study Design: Animal study. Methods: 60 male rats divided into 6 groups as 10 in each group. Control group of rats with no intervention given. The other 5 groups were given Cetuximab drug alone or with grape seed extract (simultaneously or 1 week before Cetuximab drug) or Physalis extract (simultanously or 1 week before Cetuximab drug). After sacrifice, tongue was dissected and tissue preparation was done for all samples. Digital counting was done by image analyzer computer system for (a) filliform papillae in H&E stained sections, (b) mast cells in mast cell tryptase stained sections to assess inflammation. The area percent for bax immune-expression in other immune stained sections were also measured done to assess apoptosis. Results: The difference between the groups was assessed for statistical significance (P<0.0001) by ANOVA test. The greatest mean number of filiform papillae was recorded in control group I. Greatest mean number of mast cells and the greatest mean area percent of bax immune expression were recorded in group II. Conclusion: Grape seed extract and Physalis extract could neutralize the harmful effect of cancer therapy. Physalis extract had more potent effect in reducing the inflammation induced by Cetuximab drug.
Anti-inflammatory Effect, Cetuximab, Mucositis, Physalis peruviana.
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Yoriichi Type Zero ( (より) (いち) (ぜろ) (しき) Yoriichi Reishiki?) is a Battle Doll constructed by Kotetsu's ancestors during the Sengoku Era. According to Kotetsu's father, it was based off of an actual person, that being Yoriichi Tsugikuni.[2][3]
Yoriichi Type Zero's appearance largely resembles Yoriichi Tsugikuni, the person it was modelled after. It has six arms and hands that each hold a katana, due to the fact that two arms weren't enough to even come close replicate Yoriichi's movements. It is also shown to be heavily damaged, with half of its face and one of its arms missing.
Swordsmith Village Arc
Abilities and Powers
Yoriichi Type Zero has 108 different movements based off of the person it was modelled after. Its power surpasses most humans, which is why it is used as a training dummy for Demon Slayers. However, as centuries passed on, it has vastly withered and eroded, making it likely far weaker than what it was during the Sengoku Era.
 1. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 103 (Page 3).
 2. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 102 (Pages 17-19).
 3. Kimetsu no Yaiba Manga: Chapter 103 (Pages 2-3).


By UNDP Ethiopia's Accelerator Lab team
To reduce the spread of the coronavirus Biruk Girma placed a washing station at the entrance of his restaurant in Addis Ababa to make sure that every customer washed their hands before they entered.
However, he quickly noticed two things. Customers were using almost 5,000 litres of water in just two days since the water kept running waste for the 20 seconds people were lathering soap on their hands. Secondly, people in the community were using the washing station even if they were not coming into the restaurants because they didn't have access to public facilities.
To address these challenges, he considered motion-activated faucets but found them too expensive and required electricity which wasn't reliable. So, he created mechanically operated but regulated washing stations that could extend the two day supply of water to nine days and be used by differently-abled people. This model became so successful at his restaurant, that he has been donating to care centres for the elderly and hospitals while sharing his design with those that can make their own.
Girma's innovation and other home-grown, tech-driven solutions are what UNDP's Accelerator Lab set out to discover through the COVID-19 challenge grant launched recently in partnership with the Ministry of Innovation and Technology (MiNT). We have learned through our exploration that for developing countries like Ethiopia whose economy is volatile and predominantly informal, the COVID-19 pandemic is more than a health crisis and has grave social and economic implications that require multiple innovative interventions at all levels.
The journey of finding these solutions through the challenge grant started by engaging the tech and innovation community, finding out how technology can help us as well as on how they can leverage the existing tech community ecosystem to curb the pandemic. The main objective of the Innovation Challenge is to enlist Ethiopian innovators and the tech sector to develop home-grown solutions that can combat the pandemic focusing on, among other issues, health services (contact tracing, surveillance, etc), support to business continuity in the public sector and community mobilization.
In addition to the innovation challenge, we wanted to create a space for innovators to get inspiration for their ideas and hold discussions on how innovation can help in a crisis like that we are in. To realize this we have partnered the Pears Program for Global Innovation in Israel and the Embassy of the State of Israel to host webinars on innovations in the health sector, government business continuity and tackling the socioeconomic impact of the pandemic, drawing from Israeli experts. In these webinars, practical experiences were shared for the benefit of Ethiopians in the tech community, entrepreneurs, academia and government officials. Among the key lessons learnt from these exchanges is the need fora strong public-private partnership in the delivery of service and the creativity and innovation that goes with this. It was interesting to see the curiosity from both sides and this is something we hope to facilitate in the futre.
Empowering local innovatons
Given the importance of bringing many actors on board to contribute to the efforts being made nationally to combat the pandemic, the innovation challenge aimed to create an enabling environment for local innovators/researchers or businesses with ground-breaking close-to-market solutions to help tackle the virus with availing challenge funds, create a platform for quickly testing and scaling up their solutions.
Because of the situation we are in, the challenge grant was hosted online through a simple application portal and announced the call for solutions on local TVs, radios and different social media channels. The call was open for ten consecutive days and by the deadline we have received 446 submissions from different parts of the country.
Our partner MInT has established a national task force to lead the innovation challenge and set up a technical evaluation team that have 25 members from different institutions with enough representation of the private sector. At the end of the process, 12 finalists were selected, most of the solutions presented by the innovators are health-related and include automatic sanitizer dispenser and touch-free handwashing machines; mechanical ventilators; disinfectant booth and software solutions. The finalists will receive grant money and coaching support to further develop their prototypes into scale-able products.
It is important to note, however, that the innovators that are part of this challenge grant are individuals who saw a need in their communities and jumped in to create solutions. They were not asked to do so but volunteered themselves in using their skills to help find innovative solutions to the national crisis. The majority of the solutions that were submitted were already available for the public to use but needed some form of support to take them to scale.
This is why, as an accelerator lab, we seek grassroots solutions to address development problems through our solution mapping strategy. Communities that are close to the issue more often than not can create solutions that work. Innovators like the ones we saw through the challenge grant are rallying together to address these issues at a larger scale, and this is where we can step in to provide the support.
What's next?
We believe it is not enough to only make awards and grants but also ensure the sustainability and profitability of the solutions we are investing in. To this end, we are planning a couple of interventions to empower the innovators.
As a first step, our accelerator lab is bringing human-centred Design to the process. The plan is to introduce the selected innovators to the concept and help them test and refine their solutions using this process. human-centred design is a systematic method for acquiring a deep understanding of customers, their environments, and their routines to create innovative solutions to the problems that they face. This resulting in products that are usable with higher adoption rates and profitable business models.
Most of the innovators are very young and don't have much exposure to entrepreneurship and business management skills. Therefore, through collaboration with the Entrepreneurship Development Center (EDC), we are also working to put the innovators in an entrepreneurship training program to get appropriate skills and mentorship.
In the end, connecting the innovators to relevant government agencies, innovations centres and other investors so that they can scale up their solutions quickly would be a good exit strategy. One of the positive insights that we have seen on this process is bringing different critical partners on board from the beginning who are interested in the issues to help us to know who is likely to take these solutions to scale. This is linked with ongoing government initiatives which create demand for the product or service line awarded. In partnership with MiNT, a national implementation task force has been established to support the scaling of the solutions.
We would like to thank our partners who have worked with us to address this crisis.
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text:
BREAKING ON THE
See also:form of torture and execution formerly in use, especially in France and Germany. It is said to have been first used in the latter
See also:country, where the victim was placed on a cartSee also:wheel and his limbs stretched out along the spokes. The wheel was made to slowly revolve, and the man's bones broken with blows of an iron
See also:bar. Sometimes it was mercifully ordered that the executioner should strike the criminal on chest and stomach, blows known as coups de
See also:grace, which at once ended the torture, and in France he was usually strangled after the second or third
See also:blow. A wheel was not always used In some countries it was upon a
See also:frame shaped like St Andrew's
See also:Cross that the sufferer was stretched. The punishment was abolished in France. at the Revolution. It was employed in Germany as
See also:late as 1827. A murderer was broken on the
See also:row or wheel at
See also:Edinburgh in 1604, and two of the assassins of the
See also:regent Lennox thus suffered
See also:death.
WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Ice...
JOSEPH WHEELER (_PHONE_)
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WORLD TIDES© and WORLD CURRENTS© are MATLAB GUI programs for the analysis and prediction of tides...
|19 Jun 2009||MATLAB Central Team||
WORLD TIDES© and WORLD CURRENTS© are MATLAB GUI programs for the analysis and prediction of tides and tidal currents in coastal oceans and estuaries. Up to 35 tidal constituents may be selected using a harmonic reduction in variance procedure similar to multiple regression analysis to obtain a customized set of tidal harmonic constants. Predictions can then be made at water level or water current stations that have these constants in any region of the world. Although the programs were written with oceanographers and ocean engineers in mind who often work in areas with a paucity of reliable field data, files up to one year in length may be analyzed. Companion programs 'coopsR6m' and 'coopsVhr' permit downloading of recent and historical data from more than 240 active water level stations in the continental U.S., Alaska and Hawaii using SOAP web services provided by the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). WORLD TIDES can now perform storm tide analysis of the data and determine extratidal water levels using Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) and Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), datums determined by the program.


text:
1) In evidence
The basis for admitting testimony or evidence into evidence. For example, an attorney must lay a foundation in order to admit an expert witness' testimony or a company's business records into evidence. Laying a foundation establishes the qualifications of a witness or the authenticity of evidence.
2) Fund or endowment
A fund or endowment established for a benevolent purpose, such as charity, religion, education, or research.


USACO 2021 January Contest, Bronze
Problem 1. Uddered but not Herd
Contest has ended.
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A little known fact about cows is that they have their own version of the alphabet, the "cowphabet". It consists of the 26 letters 'a' through 'z', but when a cow speaks the cowphabet, she lists these letters in a specific ordering that might be different from the order 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' we are used to hearing.
To pass the time, Bessie the cow has been humming the cowphabet over and over again, and Farmer John is curious how many times she's hummed it.
Given a lowercase string of letters that Farmer John has heard Bessie say, compute the minimum number of times Bessie must have hummed the entire cowphabet in order for Farmer John to have heard the given string. Farmer John isn't always paying attention to what Bessie hums, and so he might have missed some of the letters that Bessie has hummed. The string you are told consists of just the letters that he remembers hearing.
INPUT FORMAT (input arrives from the terminal / stdin):
The first line of input contains the 26 lowercase letters 'a' through 'z' in the order they appear in the cowphabet. The next line contains the string of lowercase letters that Farmer John heard Bessie say. This string has length at least $1$ and at most $1000$.
OUTPUT FORMAT (print output to the terminal / stdout):
Print the minimum number of times Bessie must have hummed the entire cowphabet.
In this example, the cowphabet is ordered the same as the normal alphabet.
Bessie must have hummed the cowphabet at least three times. It is possible for Bessie to have only hummed the cowphabet three times, and for Farmer John to have heard the letters in uppercase as denoted below.
 - In test cases 2-5, the cowphabet is the same as the normal alphabet.
 - Test cases 6-10 satisfy no additional constraints.
Problem credits: Nick Wu
Contest has ended. No further submissions allowed.


Researchers have Come Up with the Largest Family Tree Recorded so far
The newest family tree recorded by researchers compiles data that spans a length of over 500 years. This family tree links together over 13 million people spanning over 11 generations. This number of people is larger than the population of Belgium or the population of Cuba. Why is this family tree important? Well, this data is important because it reveals the set of migration patterns and how people married each other in North America and Europe.
How was this family tree created by researchers?
They used a large amount of data that was taken from one of the biggest genealogical websites. How much data can such a website contain? Well, this one had the complete records of over 86 million people and it is working on updating their data continuously. 85% of the profiles recorded on this website came from North America and Europe.
What did the author of the study have to say?
Yaniv Erlich, the author, said that this study provided a family tree that is completely unique. In order to compile this data, they used a mathematical form to calculate the validity of the information provided by the website.
They found that as time passed people stopped marrying their cousins and tried to find partners outside of their own families. Up to 1750 people would travel for a very short distance to seek their spouses and up to 1850 people would decide to marry their fourth cousins. This data contradicts recent evaluations and it shows that, in the present, members of society are more likely to seek partners that are not related to them and that live further away as well.
When talking about genes, the team of researchers analyzed data from 1600 up to 1910 and found that the gene combination influenced up to 16% the longevity of the individuals.
The main conclusion of this study is that, up to an extent, we are all related to one another, whether we realize it or not.
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