Wednesday, 20 July 2011
Latin Terms Used in Shipping Law
Some might say that shipping law is one of the more old fashioned categories of civil law, especially in comparison with say Intellectual Property or Media law. And although the Woolf Reforms* signalled the death knell for much of the latin used in civil courts in England and Wales it is still common to come across the use of legal latin in shipping law claims and cases.
Here is a list of some of the most common legal latin phrases and words and their meanings.
Latin - English - Meaning
Ab Initio - From the outset - This is normally used to describe that something is invalid or unlawful from its beginning. For example if you entered an illegal contract and after some time operating under it someone breached it, you might say that the contract was invalid from the date of the breach whereas another party
might argue that the contract was void ab initio, in other words it was never effective.
Bona Vacantia - Ownerless goods - Some legal systems, including the English legal system, have a concept of Bona Vacantia, to organise how to deal with property which is owned by no one. Examples of such property would be if someone set up a company and then suddenly moved to the Amazon (for a lfiestyle change). The company would eventually be dissolved for not trading and its assets, not being claimed by any shareholders, would be Bona Vacantia and go to the government (essentially). Another example is the assets of people who die with no known relatives and leaving no will.
De Minimus Non Curat Lex - The law does not concern itself with trifles - This is a very useful maxim. The point behind it is that the law is made for keeping order in society (criminal) and allowing confidence in personal and commercial contracts (that the Civil law will uphold them if broken). All this is for the greater good of everyone in the society. The law is not there to pick on tiny points and punish people or businesses for tiny technicalities which are of no interest to anyone. For example, if you walk on the grass where there is a sign that says 'do not walk on the grass', you may have technically broken an agreement with the landowner or caused criminal damage but neither the civil nor criminal courts will be interested in your actions as they are relatively insignificant. Another example, that I witnessed myself, was someone entering train station barriers to meet a friend on the platform. They were asked where they were going by an attendant on the platform and when they explained he told them the terms of their season ticket say they must only enter the area beyond the barriers for the purpose of travel. Whilst this may be true no court would be interested in such a minor indiscretion.
Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet - You cannot give what you do not have - English law recognises this concept, particularly in relation to the transfer of property. If I sold your car on Ebay, despite you being the owner clearly that would be a fraud so this subtle maxim would probably not be relevant. Where it is more relevant, for instance in a maritime law context, would be if your vessel goes on fire and, although put out, the repair cost will be more than the total insured value. The H&M insurers might agree to pay you the total insured value but in doing so obtain a proprietary interest in the vessel (i.e. a right to sell the fire damaged vessel and offset the proceeds, say £ 10,000 against their payout). If you then accept their cheque and then sell the wreck to a hobbyist boat restorer friend for £ 1, say, then the court could invaludate this sale because you have given something (the proprietary interest in the vessel) that was not yours to give.
Res Judicata - A judged matter - This means that a claim has been dealt with already and cannot be reopened. For example if a Claimant sues someone and they agree to pay them compensation. They spend the compensation and then issue legal proceedings for compensation the defendant would please Res Judicata as a defence on the basis the matter had already been dealt with. Similarly if you are sued and win your case before the court, only to find the Claimant sueing you again for the same claim, you could please Res Judicata.
* The 1996 Woolf Reforms (implemented to civil law cases from 1999 onwards) were designed to make the civil court process in England and Wales more approacheble, cheaper, quicker and easier to understand. As a result they abolished the use of latin in civil cases. As they related to civil cases you will still find latin used in criminal law (Actus reus etc.).
Friday, 15 July 2011
ARTICLE: The Sinking of the "Bulgaria" (2011)
Vessel: Passenger Ship "Bulgaria"
Year: 2011 (July)
Place: Tatarstan, Volga River, Russian Federation.
Incident: Sinking.
Casualties: 77 Adult fatalities, 11 children.
Cause: Age & Maintenance of Vessel / Overcrowding / Heavy Weather.
On 11 July the vessel "Bulgaria" was sailing, heavily overcrowded, when it rolled, allowing water to rush into the internal spaces, causing the vessel to sink. It took just three minutes to sink leaving almost 200 people overboard and trapped inside, two miles from land.
One of the most tragic reports from the incident was that two nearby vessels sailed past and refused to offer assistance to the survivors. It noew appears that legal proceedings will be issued against those two ships by the Russian government.
The ship was 55 years old and its construction meant that any water ingress to internal areas was fatal (there were no seperation comprtments in the hull). The extrememe overcrowding would not allow it to stay upright in the weather it experienced. Investigations into this tragic accident are ongoing.
Sunday, 10 July 2011
NEWS: Greece Gets Tough on Yacht Owners
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Uncovering pathways toward engineering pest resistance
Michigan State University (MSU) scientists are examining the biochemistry of plants in research that could lead to advancements in the production of plants that are less susceptible to insect pests.
"Plants are master biochemists," said Robert Last, MSU Barnett Rosenberg Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, and director of the lab where this research is being conducted. "They are great at making metabolites that protect the plants from the environment. Humans are beneficiaries because some of these products are potent medicines or make our foods more tasty and nutritious."
In Last's lab, postdoctoral scholar Pengxiang Fan and undergraduate biochemistry and molecular biology student Abigail Miller were able to reconstruct the pathway of chemical processes that a tomato plant uses to create useful compounds. The particular compounds they studied, called acyl sugars, are made in both the garden variety and wild relatives of tomato plants. The researchers examined how a single cell in the tip of tiny hairs on these plants ─ called trichomes ─ are able to create products that protect them from being eaten by insects.
"These cells are little self-contained factories," Last, MSU AgBioResearch scientist, said. "Understanding this pathway could also allow us to come up with strategies to make these kind of useful compounds in microorganisms or in other plants that don't normally make them."
For the full story, please visit MSU Today.
Click to subscribe to our e-publications:Subscribe

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


command{\A}{\mathcal{A}} \newcommand{\F}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\Sq}{\mathrm{Sq}} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}$Here's another another example that's worth considering. The method I'll suggest for computing the differentials is a lot hairier and more technically complex than the others, but it is a generic method, and it's very rewarding to watch work. I should immediately mention this that I first heard of this from Mark Behrens, who in turn said he heard of it from Mikes Hill and Hopkins. I don't know whether the chain stops there or if it continues on.
Tilman Bauer mentioned a nice example of a spectral sequence, the homotopy fixed point spectral sequence arising from the complex conjugation $C_2$-action on complex $K$-theory $KU$: $$E_2^{*, *} = H^*(C_2; \pi_* KU) \Rightarrow \pi_* KU^{hC_2} \cong \pi_* KO.$$ The $E_2$ page of this is simple enough to compute; it ends up looking like $E_2 = \Z[\eta, [\beta^2]^{\pm}] / (2 \eta)$, where $[\beta^2]$ is a class in degree $(4, 0)$ coming from $\beta^2 \in \pi_* KU = \Z[\beta^\pm]$, and $\eta$ is a class in degree $(1, 1)$ coming from the nontriviality of complex conjugation on the Bott bundle $\beta$. For good measure, here's a picture of this spectral sequence:
E2 of KU to KO
What's much less obvious to compute is the first nontrivial differential I've drawn in: $$d_3 [\beta^2] = \eta^3.$$ The way people usually see this, as far as I've heard, is to independently identify $KU^{hC_2}$ with $KO$ and then notice that this differential must exist for real Bott periodicity to be true.
But that isn't what you were asking for, as you were hoping to compute differentials more manually. Here is a different route to producing this differential. As $KU$ is a ring spectrum, it comes with a unit map $\mathbb{S}^0 \to KU$, which is equivariant for the trivial $C_2$-action on $\mathbb{S}^0$. The naturality of fixed point constructions then begets a map of spectral sequences $$\begin{array}{ccc} H^*(C_2; \pi_* \mathbb{S}^0) & \Rightarrow & \pi_* (\mathbb{S}^0)^{hC_2} \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ H^*(C_2; \pi_* KU) & \Rightarrow & \pi_* KU^{hC_2}. \end{array}$$ This becomes useful after making an identification: $(\mathbb{S}^0)^{hC_2}$ for the trivial action is given by the function spectrum $F(BC_2{}_+, \mathbb{S}^0)$, i.e., for the Spanier-Whitehead dual spectrum $D \Sigma^\infty_+ \mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^\infty$.
Now recall the cell structure of the top bits of $D \Sigma^\infty_+ \mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^\infty$. Diagrammatically, this is drawn as $$\cdots \overbrace{\bullet - \bullet \phantom{{}-{}} \bullet} - \bullet \phantom{{}-{}} \bullet,$$ where each $\bullet$ denotes a cell (with the rightmost one in dimension 0), each $-$ denotes the multiplication-by-2 map, and the brace denotes the element $\eta$ in the stable stem $\pi_1 \mathbb{S}^0$. This cell structure is actually what dictates the map $H^*(C_2; \pi_0 \mathbb{S}^0) \to H^*(C_2; \pi_0 KU)$ in the spectral sequence: on the $E_1$-page, each cell is represented by a $\Z$ and sent isomorphically to a corresponding $\Z$ in the $E_1$-page for $\pi_* KU^{hC_2}$. The multiplication by $2$ attaching maps become $d_1$-differentials; the action of $d_1$ on the cell in dimension $-s$, corresponding to $H^s(C_2; \pi_0 \mathbb{S}^0)$, is given by multiplication by the degree of the attaching map, and what survives is sent to the elements $1$, $\beta^{-2} \eta^2$, $\beta^{-4} \eta^4$,... in the $E_2$-page for $\pi_* KU^{hC_2}$.
The exciting (and final) observation is that this same procedure determines the $d_3$-differential: it acts on $H^2(C_2; \pi_0 \mathbb{S}^0)$ (i.e., the $(-2)$-cell representative) by mapping to $\eta$ times $H^4(C_2; \pi_0 \mathbb{S}^0)$ (i.e., the $(-4)$-cell representative). Pushing this forward into the spectral sequence for $\pi_* KU^{hC_2}$ begets the differential $$d_3(\beta^{-2} \eta^2) = \beta^{-4} \eta^4 \cdot \eta = \beta^{-4} \eta^5.$$ Translating this differential around using the Leibniz structure recovers the differential I claimed at the start.
These are a lot of fancy words, and proving all the relationships I've claimed in this response is not an easy task, but the end result is very neat! It's also a very general technique: studying these equivariant cells in other $G$-spectra (e.g., some variants of tmf) allows you to produce scores of interesting differentials that you didn't know about before. This specific example is not something I would push on someone "opening the black box" for the first time, but maybe the second or third hundredth time it seems like a fine idea.
In the meantime, the message to take away is that importing differentials by naturality from a filtration spectral sequence which you understand well is a powerful tool when the filtration complex for your favorite spectral sequence is not so easy to write down or to compute with directly.
Think of the specific example as something to look forward to after digesting the rest of the responses to this question.
share|improve this answer
This is a phenomenal answer. Thanks for sharing! – David White Jun 20 '13 at 13:19
Thank you! Mike and Mike and Mark know some really compelling stuff --- they're the phenomenal ones. :) – Eric Peterson Jun 20 '13 at 15:09
Your boxed comment is really important. What is being alluded do are universal examples in the style of Bousfield and Kan. – Sean Tilson Jun 21 '13 at 8:06
Computing differentials in spectral sequences can be fun and very useful, and I absolutely agree with OP that the literature does not cover this adequately -- surely not in a book, but even articles using this are few and far between (Ravenel-Wilson being an excellent one, as Eric mentioned). I think there are a number of reasons for this:
 - Like diagram chases (but on a higher level), print form without the time coordinate doesn't lend itself to a good presentation of what's happening from page to page in a spectral sequence
 - Spectral sequence charts are hard to draw (but, if you don't know it, take a look at the "sseq" TeX package)
 - for many people, computing higher differentials in spectral sequences is the epitome of technicality, and they don't want to read it.
So, it seems to be considered more of a craft than something that can be laid out in a textbook. Additionally, correct me if I'm wrong, this is only done in homotopy theory. I don't really understand why that is, there are plenty of spectral sequences in algebraic geometry, for example, but they tend to collapse. I notice you're based at Seattle, so my strong recommendation would be to go ask an expert to teach you -- you've got Ethan Devinatz and John Palmieri right there, right?
I'll add a few random comments about things to learn. One of my favorite (simple) examples is to compute the homotopy groups of connective K-theory by 1) producing a free resolution of $F_2$ over $A(1)$, the subalgebra of the mod-2 Steenrod algebra generated by $Sq^1$ and $Sq^2$. Then notice that this is $H^*(bo;F_2)$ and run the Adams spectral sequence on this. You can also compute the homotopy groups of real K-theory as the fixed points of the conjugation action on complex K-theory using the hom


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A lot of work is involved when wanting to install a zip line. There are some factors that zip line builders must consider. These factors are; varying rider heights, rider speed, friction, temperature, slope and wind. A professional is required in the process of zip line installation and the components of zip lines are considered and tested. In the process of installing a zip line, the main importance is safety. The line in a zip line is what defines the zip line, the scenery or views of potential riders, the time of enjoying the view and speed involved.
The starting, ending points and the length of the zip line are influence to decision making when designing a zip line. The material used in making the lines of zip lines is stainless steel or galvanized air craft cables. The section at which riders begin and end at are known as platforms are affected by the topography. Raising of the platform is dependent on the complications of the topography.
Platform design is affected by the following factors; primary and secondary brake requirements, topography and space required. Most of all the zip line is required to be long enough to give the zip line brake a lot of room to operate safely while at the same time leaving space for an emergency brake.
In the zip lining experience the zip line brake is considered to be the most important part of the zip line. The best kinds of zip line brakes need to offer passive braking. The automatic slowing down of the zip line and finally stopping at the end of the line without participation of a person is defined as passive braking. A zip line trolley is the vehicle used by riders that is attached down to the zip line. The main agenda from having a zip line trolley is the whether it can handle the speed. Not only are some zip line trolleys designed for impact braking but also are made to be durable with no wear and tear on the zip line equipment.
Not only do guides offer proper rider key steps but also give safety information. Information based on the area, surrounding environment and the scenery is what encompasses the safety information. When guides share the information on the scenery, area and surrounding environment they are able to further engage riders in their zip lining experience.
Trainable and personable are some of the qualities that need to be portrayed by guides. Through successful installation of zip lines, regular conducting of zip line inspection needs to be followed through so as to know when to carry out repair and maintenance services.


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Emergency and Trauma
Emergency and trauma care at the hospitals of Methodist Health System
Medical emergencies may be the most frightening medical problems of all – they're unexpected, serious, and need treatment right away. That's why Methodist Health System maintains emergency rooms, staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week, at our facilities:
About Methodist Health System's Emergency Departments
Whether you need treatment for chest pain, severe headache, severe stomach pain, breathing problems or a broken bone, Methodist Richardson Medical Center's two emergency departments are staffed 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with specialists dedicated to returning you and your family to good health.
Medical teams at Methodist Health System's Emergency Departments stand prepared to handle emergencies including heart attack and cardiac events, severe gastrointestinal ailments and stomach pain, severe, sudden headaches, and other symptoms of medical emergencies, including but not limited to:
- Chest pain, including possible symptoms of heart attack in men and women
- Shortness of breath
- Tightness in chest
- Pain in left arm
- Jaw pain
- Nausea or vomiting
- Sweating, cool, clammy skin, and/or paleness
- Dizziness or fainting
- Unexplained weakness or fatigue
- Rapid or irregular pulse
- Symptoms of heart attack in women
- Pain or discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back
- Chest pain or discomfort with sweating
- Pain that spreads from the chest to the arm, neck, back, or jaw
- Shortness of breath, tiredness, or upset stomach and nausea
- Breaking out in a cold sweat
- Nausea or lightheadedness
- Severe headache, especially if it started suddenly
- Severe stomach pain, including persistent vomiting or diarrhea
- Lower abdominal pain
- Severe bleeding
- Allergic reactions
- Back pain
- Breathing problems and shortness of breath
- Broken bones
- Change in mental status (such as loss of consciousness, confusion, or trouble waking)
- Coughing up blood
- Cuts and lacerations
- Head, spinal cord, or eye injuries
- Insect and animal bites
- Sprains and strains
- Sudden dizziness
- Upper respiratory infections
All care provided in the emergency departments at our hospitals is performed by or under the supervision and guidance of independently practicing physicians on the medical staff at Methodist Health System.
Every minute counts: Call 911
If you think you or someone you know is having a heart attack or stroke, call 911 immediately. Do not drive to the hospital.
By calling 911 at the first sign of symptoms, you buy yourself time. Plus, you give emergency medical personnel the opportunity to start care on-site and en route to the hospital.
The clock is ticking, and every minute counts. The longer you wait, the greater your risk for losing heart muscle, brain cells, and quality of life.
Texas law prohibits hospitals from practicing medicine. The physicians on the Methodist Health System medical staff are independent practitioners who are not employees or agents of Methodist Health System.


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|Home \ Publications \ InProceedings Page||Login|
Bet without Looking: Studying Eyes-Free Interaction During Live SportsAbstract:
This paper presents a comparison study of three different interaction methods for an eyes-free interaction with a second screen application while watching a TV broadcast. These interaction methods were used in WeBet, a touch-based mobile game that prompts users to bet if a goal is about to happen during a football match. WeBet is one of the prototypes we have been developing to increase the remote users' emotional levels during live sports broadcasts, so that they feel like if they were scoring a goal with their team. However, that can only be achieved if the second screen application does not require the users' attention when a goal (key moment) is just about to happen, otherwise they would be frustrated to miss that exciting moment. To this end, we conducted user tests that allowed us to determine the usage patterns and users' preferences regarding three different interaction methods, as well as to identify important refinements to be considered in future developments.


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Q: When you're grateful, what exactly are you full of?
A: You're full of gratitude, of course. But what you're really asking is, what is "grate"?
The "grate" that a "grateful" person is full of, according to John Ayto's Dictionary of Word Origins, "is a now obsolete adjective, meaning 'pleasing' and 'thankful.' "
The old modifier—derived from gratus, a Latin adjective meaning agreeable, pleasing, or thankful—had its heyday in the 1500s and 1600s, according to citations in the Oxford English Dictionary.
"Grateful is a curious sort of adjective," Ayto writes. "It is unusual for adjectives ending in -ful themselves to be formed from adjectives, and it has been suggested in this case that the related Italian gradevole 'pleasing' may have had some influence."
The OED notes that the Italian word was also spelled gratevole, and that the English usage may have been influenced by "an accidental resemblance" between the Italian -vole and the English "-ful" endings.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Oxford says, "grateful" was one of several new words that showed up in English with adjectives attached to the suffix "-ful." Others were "direful," "tristful," and "fierceful."
The Latin adjective gratus has given English several other words, including "gratify," "gratitude," and "gratuity." And the related Latin noun gratia (grace, kindness) has given English "grace" and "gratis."
Check out our books about the English language


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Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Microwave Synthesis and Their Characterization
Abstract:In this study production of fine particle Fe2O3 via microwave processing of Fe(NO3)3·nH2O followed by low temperature annealing was reported. XRD was used to characterize the structural properties of nanoparticles. Approximate particle sizes were between 3–13 nm according to Scherrer's equation. Single point BET measurement results also show that samples have large surface area and they are nanometer sized particles. TEM study was conducted to examine the structure of the nanoparticles. TEM figure is in good agreement with the results obtained from Scherrer's equation using XRD spectra. In order to characterize the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) was used. From these results it can be concluded that the sample containing only maghemite phase exhibits superparamagnetic behaviour, on the other hand sample containing both hematite and maghemite phases shows paramagnetic behaviour above 300 K, superparamagnetic behavior at lower temperatures.
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: February 1, 2008
More about this publication?
- Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (JNN) is an international and multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal with a wide-ranging coverage, consolidating research activities in all areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology into a single and unique reference source. JNN is the first cross-disciplinary journal to publish original full research articles, rapid communications of important new scientific and technological findings, timely state-of-the-art reviews with author's photo and short biography, and current research news encompassing the fundamental and applied research in all disciplines of science, engineering and medicine.
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- Ingenta Connect is not responsible for the content or availability of external websites


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What Does the Bible Teach Us About Food?
Food is a version of God's love
Food is God's most basic way of saying, "I love you. I want to provide for you by nurturing you with food that is beautiful and delectable" (Genesis 1).
In Food and Faith: A Theology of Eating, author Norman Wirzba explores what the Bible can teach us about eating well, and shows how God invites us to share in this love by becoming hospitable and nurturing to others.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Welcome to Lesson 1 of the Advanced Microsoft Word Tutorial. In this lesson we will cover moving around the document. I hope you enjoy the lesson.
Moving Around Your Document
Step 1: View the Bland Document Window
The program window opens along with a blank document window. Usually, both windows are maximized. The program window fills the whole screen, and the document window fills the program window. If your program window isn't maximized, click its Maximize button. To minimize the program window to a button on the Windows taskbar, click the Minimize button.
Step 2: View the Title Bar
The title bar tells you what is in the window. When the document window is maximized, it has to share the title bar with the program window, so the title bar contains the names of both the program (Microsoft Word) and the file. (Document1 is a temporary name for your document. When you save it for the first time, you will replace that name with a name you choose).
Step 3: Use the Menu Bar
The Word menu bar contains menus, which in turn contain all the available Word commands. All the tasks you need to perform are available through menu commands. To use the menu commands, click the menu name to display the menu and click the command you want.
Step 4: Use the Standard Toolbar
By default, Word displays the Standard and Formatting toolbars side-by-side onscreen. The Standard toolbar appears on the top, as shown in this figure. The Standard toolbar contains shortcuts for frequently used commands such as those to open, save, and print documents, and to undo mistakes. To activate a toolbar button, click it. To see a button name, hover the mouse pointer over the button for a moment; a ScreenTip appears with the button name.
Step 5: Use the Formatting Toolbar
The Formatting toolbar, located next to the Standard toolbar, contains shortcuts for commands that change the appearance of the document. To activate a toolbar button, click it. To view the name of the button, point at the button to reveal a ScreenTip.
Step 6: Use the Ruler
The ruler shows you where your margins are, and it lets you set tabs and indents. If you don't see the ruler, you can display it by opening the View menu and choosing Ruler.
Step 7: Use the Work Area
The typing area in a new document is the large blank space bordered by vertical and horizontal scrollbars. The insertion point (a vertical, blinking line, also known as the cursor) shows you where the next character you type will appear. When the mouse pointer is placed over the typing area, it resembles an I-beam.
Step 8: Use the Scrollbars
The vertical and horizontal scrollbars allow you to view different portions of your document. Use the arrows on the scrollbars to scroll in the appropriate direction or drag the scroll box. Use the Previous Page and Next Page buttons (at the bottom of the vertical scrollbar) to jump quickly from one part of your document to the next.
Step 9: Viewing the Status Bar
The status bar indicates the current page, the total number of pages, and the location of your insertion point on the page. As you use Word, the status bar sometimes displays other information as well.


Science in the News
Touch the Big Bang
So much of modern science, (the search for the Higgs boson, the attempts to make nuclear fusion a reality, and even the latest dinosaur discovery) are too far away, too hot, too cold, too large or too small to get our hands on. But here's some modern science you can actually reach out and touch.
The REAL First Day of Spring
Panorama of COSI on a sunny day
A Higgs Update
So what's it all about?
Twas the Night Before Mars-mas
An ode to the Mars Curiosity written by our very own Emily Dorrian who is an Associate Faculty Leader for Operations:
Twas the night before Mars-mas, when all through Gale Crater,
Not a creature was stirring, not even a gator;
Mount Sharp was piled in the center with care,
In hopes Curiosity soon would be there;
Alien Invader!
Imagine yourself on the surface of Mars. The temperature is a balmy zero degrees Fahrenheit. The pink, nearly cloudless Martian sky surrounds a tiny but blindingly bright Sun, shining its feeble light on the frigid surface. In other words, it's a beautiful day on the Red Planet.
Suddenly the sky opens up in a fiery and terrifying display. What can only be described as a creature from another world begins a rapid descent to the Martian surface. In the space of seven minutes, what was a speck of fire in the sky becomes an enormous robotic vehicle firmly planted on the surface of Mars. It promises quite a show.
First a parachute catches as much of the thin Martian air as it can, slowing the body of the craft down from a blistering 900 mph to a still-deadly 180 mph.
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Houstonia longifolia Gaertn.
Habitat: Slaty ledges or rivershore gravels, not strongly acidic. [Non-tidal rivershore (non-forested, seasonally wet)].
Range: Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Oklahoma.
Aids to Identification: Bluets are small, slender plants with opposite stem leaves, small 4-petaled flowers, and inferior ovaries. The common bluet, Houstonia caerulea, found growing on lawns, has flowers that have a yellow center and horizontally spreading corolla lobes. Houstania longifolia has uniform colored white to pale blue flowers and ascending corolla lobes and occurs in different habitats.
Ecological characteristics: Usually found growing in slight cracks or depressions on rivershore ledges. Maine populations although apparently persistent are not large and the plants tend to be small.
Phenology: Herbaceous perennial, flowers July - September.
Synonyms: Formerly known as Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertn.) Hook., Houstonia purpurea var. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Gray.
Known Distribution in Maine: This rare plant has been documented from a total of 18 town(s) in the following county(ies): Cumberland, Kennebec, Penobscot, Sagadahoc, Somerset.
Dates of documented observations are: 1885, 18XX, 1906 (2), 1909, 1916, 1979, 1984 (2), 1986 (3), 1987 (3), 1988, 1989, 1990 (2), 1994, 1996 (3), 1997, 2000 (4), 2001, 2002
Reason(s) for rarity: Habitat naturally scarce, at northern limit of range.
Conservation considerations: Known populations are small, but the plant seems to persist on the few river ledges where it grows. Heavy recreational use of ledges could pose problems.


Piadina is the new flat-bread sensation in the USA. Five minutes of reading knowledge.
Buongiorno amici:
Being asked questions during cooking classes is a normality, and often the most basic becomes the most intricate. We tend to compare foods with "it looks like, or taste like." We often confuse ingredients, techniques, and taste. Someone from the group compared quesadilla to Piadina. The possible misunderstanding prompted me to share some primary notions that can be useful.
Let's begin by saying that mashed potatoes are not potatoes pureed, just like Piadina is a very distant relative to Quesadilla, because:
Quesadilla has no fat in the mixture, made with corn masa, thinner, and dry to the palate. Quesadilla requires a moisture spread of some sort and a filling to make it palatable. No one will eat it dry, or without a filling, therefore it cannot be included in the bread category. Piadina is bread, that can be eaten warm with olive oil and salt and without filling if preferred.
And so the story goes.
Legendary film director Federico Fellini loved it, and the poet Giovanni Pascoli wrote poems about piadina. The most straightforward combination of 00 wholemeal flour, lard, water, and salt has never tasted so natural and wholesome. Those essential elements continue untouched to this day. The simplicity and quality of the ingredients make it a digestible and practical street food snack, consumed at every hour of the day, in kiosks, beaches, picnics, and while standing on street corners. We can call it Piada, pieda, pida, and pié, depending on the municipalities; still, the rustic flatbread represents the people's frugal meal, and now elevated to stardom here in the US by numerous hand-held food franchises. And so what is Piadina? Let's figure out how to make it and stuff it.
It is a synonym of the territory, a symbol of the Italian agricultural culture, and the nobility of the farmers who strongly promoted until it achieved the ambitious recognition of the IGP appellation. There are two Piadine Romagnole you should know. Besides the classic Romagnola, another Romagnola variation from the Rimini area exists, and it's equally delicious. (Romagna is the twin region of Emilia, geographically recognized as Emilia Romagna).
Based on the Production Regulations, the classic Piadina Romagnola has a diameter between 15 and 25 centimeters and 4 to 8 millimeters in height. In comparison, the Rimini variety has a diameter ranging from 23 to 30 centimeters, but much slimmer. Both types are popular in Rimini, Forlì-Cesena, Ravenna, and Bologna (up to the communities near the archival course of the Sillaro River tributary).
The raw dough of Piadina Romagnola does not contain yeasts or raising agents (disodium diphosphate, corn, or wheat starch). Additional ingredients, such as the bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate), appear only in the manufacturing process choice.
The more traditional version has lard, as quoted above because the fat allows preserving the most authentic flavor of the piada. However, those who want something lighter can opt for extra virgin olive oil, perhaps from the hills of Rimini or Brisighella, if available.
From a nutritional perspective, the piada (piadina) fat (lard) ingredient is unsaturated and has less cholesterol than an equal amount of butter by weight. Unhydrogenated lard contains no transfats; for several century lard was regarded as a "poverty food" because of its plentiful availability and the fat of choice, especially among farmers and bakers.
An average Piadina Romagnola does not exceed 500 calories. Choices of filling will contribute to increasing the calories, such as high-fat creamy cheese and hams. However, plenty of options are available for a healthier filling version.
The cooking of Piadina
The recipe below offers the steps in making piadina at home with significant results. Mix the dough and shape into equal individual portions. Once the dough has rested, roll each part with a rolling pin.
Cook piadina, in hot terracotta surfaces or cast-iron; either method will work very well. The latter often takes precedents among traditionalists because the steel surface heats up considerably, allowing homogeneous cooking, color, and aroma. A sizeable non-stick skillet can substitute the cast-iron, but owning an iron pan and learning how to use it can offer several advantages for other cooking forms. Place the piadina in the pan and move it a little. Some parts will swell, and piercing the surface with a fork will prevent the piadina from swelling.
Repeat the operation on the other side. Cooking times are essential, as the pan's temperature must not be less than 200 degreesthree minutes on each side, to avoid the risk of burning. Never keep the heat low: otherwise, the piadina will take longer to cook, losing all the moisture and becoming dry and hard to chew. Piadina can also be prepared in advance and stored, but not in the fridge. Wrap it with a cotton cloth, so it remains soft and fragrant.
How to stuff it
Piadina Romagnola allows great freedom in the choice of fillings. In the inland areas of Romagna, cheeses and cured meats are most popular, as well as Squacquerone cheese with rocket, or tomato, and eggplant au gratin with Prosciutto of Parma.
Going towards the coast, fish prevail: in the Rimini area, the piadina is typically paired with sardines or saraghina, radicchio, and onion. Another combination can include green asparagus, mascarpone cheese with a drop of traditional balsamic vinegar from Modena. There are, however, many combinations, including the classic watercress, potatoes, and sausage, which seems to be the favorite among locals. Lately, the new trend includes gelato, fresh fruit compotes, and Nutella, the omnipresent hazelnut spread, incredibly popular among the younger generation.
It can be a single dish with an excellent source of carbohydrates and proteins, all depending on the ingredients chosen for the content,
The origins of the piadina.
The history of piadina has very ancient roots. In the 7th century BC, the Etruscans were the first to use a mixture of flour and fat as a substitute for bread. Nevertheless, it is with the Romans that the piadina becomes widespread. The name was panis depsticius or crushed bread. The Roman politician and writer, Marzio Porzio Catone, the Censor, wrote the recipe in his Liber de Agricoltura around 160 BC. Thanks to the simple preparation and storage, it was unleavened bread with which the soldiers fed during the war campaigns.
It became popular around the 12th century AD as popular table additions thanks to low-cost cereals, not taxed by the landowners. The word piadina appeared for the first time in an official document of 1371, used by Cardinal Angelica in his description of Romagna as land territory.
For centuries, piadina has replaced bread, especially in times of crisis and famine, because of its easy-to-retrieve ingredients. In better economic times, those who were a little more affluent opted for olive oil instead of lard. At the end of World War II, severe bread rations afflicted the country; the piadina was much more present on the fortunate ones' tables.
Watch out for imitations.
As with all food varieties, there are imitations frequently marketed. The Industrial Property Office of Canada sought a trademark (La piadina in North America) in a 2019 application. The Consortium for the Promotion and Protection of Piadina Romagnola PGI rejected and dismissed the request, based on the Consortium regulatory guidelines. Someone is always attempting to counterfeit a classic Italian cuisine product but often short-lived because veritable food relies on the quality of ingredients and artisanal procedures.
Piadina will be here to stay for further generations to enjoy. Its popularity has increased over the years. It has now appeared on fine dining tables worldwide while remaining the people's street food snack, evidenced by the stats below.
According to the Consortium data, it went from 6,500 tons of Piadina Romagnola Igp in 2014 to over 27,000 in 2019.
Almost 50% of the piadina produced is Igp certified. In contrast, the total number of piadina produced is 51,000 tons, of which 42,000 are for large-scale distribution (2019 data), an increase of + 6.2% compared to 2017.
We Italians are traditionalists and habitual, not so inclined to alimentary revolutions. It is no wonder we do not believe in the "it looks like, or taste like." but seek originality.
Classic piadina Romagnola
Ingredients for six
3 -3/4 cups of double 00 Italian flour (all-purpose flour can be a substitute)
Three tablespoons of high-quality lard or 50 grams of extra virgin olive oil
Two teaspoons of sea salt
1 -1/3 cups of bottled water
Pour the flour on the work surface, forming a fountain. Add the lard (or extra-virgin olive oil) and knead the dough using just enough lukewarm salted water to obtain a relatively firm dough. K


ReliPoietin 2000 iu
Qty:TotalItem priceSaving
1 dose $24.00 $24.00 -
2 doses$43.20 $21.60 $4.80
3 doses$61.20 $20.40 $10.80
4 doses$76.80 $19.20 $19.20
5 doses$90.00 $18.00 $30.00
20 doses$336.00 $16.80 $144.00
ReliPoietin 4000 iu
Qty:TotalItem priceSaving
1 dose $43.00 $43.00 -
2 doses$77.40 $38.70 $8.60
3 doses$109.65 $36.55 $19.35
4 doses$137.60 $34.40 $34.40
5 doses$161.25 $32.25 $53.75
20 doses$602.00 $30.10 $258.00
Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. It also has other known biological functions. For example, Erythropoietin plays an important role in the brain's response to neuronal injury. Erythropoietin is also involved in the wound healing process.
When Erythropoietin is used as a performance-enhancing drug, it is classified as an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA). Erythropoietin can often be detected in blood, due to slight difference from the endogenous protein, for example in features of posttranslational modification.
Relipoietin is used for treatment of anemia (low hemoglobin or abnormally reduced number of red blood cells) related to severe kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy for certain tumors, or due to zidovudine treatment for HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Relipoietin is also used in moderately anemic patients scheduled to have major bone surgery (hip or knee replacement surgery) to reduce the need for blood transfusion.
Relipoietin belongs to an identical type of human glycoprotein hormone called erythropoietin.
Relipoietin works by stimulating red blood cell production.
Common side effects: hypertension, myalgia, arthralgia, flu like syndrome, rashes and urticaria., hypertensive crisis with encephalopathy-like symptoms e.g., headache, confusion, generalised seizures, thrombosis, arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, conjustive heart failure and precipitation of myocardial infarction.
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Sculpture of Hanuman in terracotta
Terracotta designs outside the Kantajew Temple, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Glazed building decoration at the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.
Terracotta, Terra cotta or Terra-cotta (Italian: "baked earth",[1] from the Latin terra cotta), a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic,[2] where the fired body is porous.[3][4][5][6] Its uses include vessels (notably flower pots), water and waste water pipes, bricks, and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably. In archaeology and art history, "terracotta" is often used of objects not made on a potter's wheel, such as figurines, where objects made on the wheel from the same material, possibly even by the same person, are called pottery; the choice of term depending on the type of object rather than the material[citation needed].
Production and properties[edit]
An appropriate refined clay is formed to the desired shape. After drying it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. The typical firing temperature is around 1000°C. The iron content gives the fired body a yellow, orange, red, "terracotta", pink, grey or brown color. Fired terracotta is not watertight, but surface-burnishing the body before firing can decrease its porousness and a layer of glaze can make it watertight. It is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for tableware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck. Some types of terracotta are created from body that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").
Terracotta was the only ceramic produced by Western and pre-Columbian people until the 14th century, when European higher fired stoneware began production. Terracotta has been used throughout history for sculpture and pottery, as well as bricks and roof shingles. In ancient times, the first clay sculptures were dried (baked) in the sun after being formed. Later, they were placed in the ashes of open hearths to harden, and finally kilns were used, similar to those used for pottery today. However only after firing to high temperature would it be classed as a ceramic material.
In art history[edit]
Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro (3000-1500 BC). Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult and a belief in a mother goddess.[7] The Burney Relief is an outstanding terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BC.
The ancient Greeks' Tanagra figurines are mass-produced mold-cast and fired terracotta figurines. Significant uses of terracotta have included Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Terracotta Army of China, built in 209–210 BC.
Precolonial West African sculpture also made extensive use of terracotta.[8] The regions most recognized for producing terracotta art in this part of the world include the Nok culture of central and north-central Nigeria, the Ife/Benin cultural axis in western and southern Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the Igbo culture area of eastern Nigeria, which excelled in terracotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area.
In chemistry[edit]
In chemistry, pieces of terracotta are used as a heterogeneous catalyst to "crack" long-chain alkanes. This process is useful for obtaining more useful products, such as gasoline or petrol, from less useful ones, such as highly viscous long chain alkanes.
Advantages in sculpture[edit]
As compared to bronze sculpture, terracotta uses a far simpler process for creating the finished work with much lower material costs. Reusable mold-making techniques may be used for series production. Compared to marble sculpture and other stonework the finished product is far lighter and may be further glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Merriam-Webster.com
 2. ^ OED, "Terracotta"
 3. ^ 'Diagnosis Of Terra-Cotta Glaze Spalling.' S.E. Thomasen, C.L. Searls. Masonry: Materials, Design, Construction and Maintenance. ASTM STP 992 Philadelphia, USA, 1988. American Society for Testing & Materials.
 4. ^ 'Colour Degradation In A Terra Cotta Glaze' H.J. Lee, W.M. Carty, J.Gill. Ceram.Eng.Sci.Proc. 21, No.2, 2000, p.45-58.
 5. ^ 'High-lead glaze compositions and alterations: example of byzantine tiles.' A. Bouquillon. C. Pouthas. Euro Ceramics V. Pt.2. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland,1997, p._PHONE_ Quote: "A collection of architectural Byzantine tiles in glazed terra cotta is stored and exhibited in the Art Object department of the Louvre Museum as well as in the Musee de la Ceramique de Sevres."
 7. ^ Jacob Neusner, ed. World Religions in America. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.
 8. ^ H. Meyerowitz; V. Meyerowitz (1939). "Bronzes and Terra-Cottas from Ile-Ife". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 75 (439), 150-152; 154-155.
External links[edit]


text:
The "sculptured rock from Forsyth County, Georgia" is a petroglyph that currently sits in front of Baldwin Hall at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. It was moved there in the late 1990s from its location next to the President's Building.[i] It was originally located in north Georgia and was "found near Mt. Tabor Baptist Church in the Northwestern part of Forsyth County."[ii] It was first described in White's Statistics of Georgia in 1849:
"On the road from Canton to Dahlonega, 10 miles northwest from Cumming, is a very remarkable rock. It is an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long, and two and a half feet wide. It is three-sided, with irregular converging points, upon which are characters, seventeen of them varying in shape. The largest circles are eight inches in diameter. From its appearance, it must have been wrought at a very remote period. The designs are very irregular, and it is probable that they were executed by the same race of people who constructed the mounds in this and other sections of the State. What the characters on this rock mean, the oldest inhabitants cannot tell. The oldest Indians could give no account of it."[iii]
It was next mentioned twenty-four years later in the book Antiquities of the Southern Indians, Particularly of the Georgia Tribes by Charles C. Jones, Jr. originally published in 1873. Jones referred to the petroglyph as the "Sculptured Rock from Forsyth County, Georgia." I will refer to this petroglyph as the Forsyth Petroglyph throughout this paper for brevity's sake. In his book Jones states:
"In Forsyth County, Georgia, is a carved or incised bowlder of fine-grained granite, about nine feet long, four feet six inches high, and three feet broad at its widest point. The figures are cut in the bowlder from one-half to three-quarters of an inch deep….As yet no interpretation of these figures has been offered, nor is it known by whom or for what purpose they were made. It is generally believed, however, that they are the work of the Cherokees. On the eastern end of the bowlder, running vertically, is a line of dots, like drill-holes, eighteen in number, connected by an incised line."[iv]
It was next mentioned in an 1888 Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology Report entitled "Picture-writing of the American Indians." This report noted that "the characters in it are chiefly circles, including plain, nucleated, and concentric, sometimes two or more being joined by straight lines, forming what is now known as the 'spectacle shaped' figure."[v]
The report goes on to compare the petroglyph to so-called cup-and-ring sculptures around the world, especially in the Middle East, British Isles and India, which have supposed astronomical interpretations. Sir James Simpson who developed a classification system for these types of petroglyphs notes that "occasionally four or five or more of [these symbols] are placed in more or less regular groups, exhibiting a constellation-like arrangement."[vi] In Palestine and Jordan similar designs are said to be "reasonably suggestive of the sun, moon, and stars."[vii] In India these designs are "correlated with the worship of Mahadeo, one of the many names given to Siva, the third god of the Hindu triad, whose emblem is the serpent."[viii]
The Forsyth petroglyph was next mentioned in 1950 in an article by Margarett Perryman entitled "Hunting Petroglyphs in North Georgia" in the second issue of Early Georgia, the journal of The Society for Georgia Archaeology. [ix] In this article she notes:
"My general reading on North American Indians naturally included, Antiquites of the Southern Indians, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., and it was there I found the first reference to rock writings in Georgia. One of the stones he described and pictured was said to be in Forsyth County. So at long last it became possible for me to actually examine a genuine Georgia petroglyph.
But finding even that well documented stone was not so easy. It took a good bit of detective work and much pussy-footing around the Public Library to find out in what section of Forsyth County the stone was located.
The first hunt was ready to start but we had to make some rather careful plans, for these were the days of gasoline rationing. We had to do a lot of round about town walking and weaning of the car to save up enough gas coupons to make the first expedition up into Forsyth County.
The favorable day finally arrived and after losing our way innumerable times on the backwoods roads, some miles west of Silver City, we were able to locate the stone. There on the wayside of a little dusty country road was my first Georgia petroglyph. Totally neglected and forgotten and practically obscured from sight by brambles and looking somewhat like a fat grey granite whale, was the most beautiful carved stone I ever saw. The elements had been kind to the stone, for most of the symbols were still discernible, although grey-green lichens had grown into most of the markings.
On that Sunday afternoon this petroglyph was given a most thorough examination. Our fingers traced every concentric circle until they were roughened and grimy. We admired the perfect symmetry which the ancient stonecarver had achieved in his well proportioned designs. We marveled how every symbol had been carved with such precision and how deeply cut. We counted the little nut size holes that were spaced so neatly and carefully down the entire backbone of the rock.
Luck was with us that day for the owner of the land on which the stone lay was our guide and companion. He valued his 'old Indian rock' very much and he was quite elated to have us admire his prize possession. His name was Mr. Corn and I shall never forget his genuine friendliness and his twinkling eyes as he told us exciting tales about the old stone.
He told us how folks had come in the dead of night and dug under and about the stone in quest of the forty pony loads of pure Indian gold; how many a brawny copper colored lad had skulked about the stone at dusk to study the inscriptions; how old and bearded tramps with tattered treasure maps had appeared in the evening mists and disappeared after much pacing around the stone; of the quaint old men that appeared often with weird treasure finding gadgets to prod and poke the ground about the stone; of the vandals that attempted to dynamite the stone, believing it to be hollow and hoping to find the treasure inside; of the law suits and land fights that had taken place in years gone by.
Mr. Corn gave us the information that there were other rock writings on his farm and was interested in showing them to us that day. But night was falling fast, so we promised that we would be back soon and bring our camera and take photographs of all his stones.
Alas and alack! Well laid plans often go astray and it was many months before we could get back to Forsyth County with our camera equipment and then Mr. Corn was gone.
The new owner of the land was considerate enough to let us take photographs of the petroglyph and he grudgingly consented to let us search for the stonecarvers ancient cutting tool. The only thing he was interested in was seeing that we did not get the treasure for our own.
He knew absolutely nothing about there being other carved stones in the vicinity. But he did show us a large purposely shaped, obviously imported piece of rock with a rather recent and crudely carved letter N on its top side. He claimed that this rock was the key that would unlock the whereabouts of the, 'hundred pony loads of Indian gold,' and he knew exactly where it was buried almost…
After getting home and developing our pictures we compared them with the drawing of the stone as shown in Jones book. The shape of the stone was identical, measurements agreed, but the symbols as shown in our photographs would not match those of Jones. Some of the symbols were alike but placement of them was entirely different and we found many symbols that Jones had not shown.
Then the question arose had Jones actually seen this stone? Or had he seen it and waited until a much later date before he drew the picture from memory? Or had he acquired the drawing from some other person who had been careless? Or had symbols been cut at a later dater after Jones had examined the stone? Apparently here was just another one of the baffling mysteries that always seem to pester and torment a petroglyph hunter."
Later in this article Perryman compared the Forsyth petroglyph to the Track Rock petroglyphs and noted:
"The Forsyth County stone and the stones in Union County have symbols totally dissimilar, the rocks are of a different geological nature, the topographical placement of the petroglyphs varies, and it appears to me that the two stones were carved for somewhat different purposes. But there is one important feature that is almost identical; the fact that both have nut size holes carved upon them of a similar diameter and depth."
When I first discovered the illustration of this petroglyph in Jones' Antiquities, I immediately assigned it an astronomical interpretion based purely on its appearance, not yet having read the Smithsonian report. I stated in 2004 on my website LostWorlds.org that at first glance it appeared to be a star map.[x] This is the first known attempt at interpreting the Forsyth Petroglyph.
To the above potential interpretation, I add the proposal that designs on the Fors


you to focus on what needs to move or change.
First you're going to get the spot to move. Then you'll get it to move consistently. Then you'll get it to move as the result of ever-lighter cues.
To put a visible spot on your horse, you can use a dab of antiseptic cream from your first aid kit, a round price sticker from the home/school/office aisle of your grocery store, or maybe your horse has a handy marking or a whorl of hair just where you need to concentrate. A spot can also be the concho on your saddle, the horn, a saddle string. It can be a button on your shirt, your belt buckle, or your knee. Use whatever makes it easier for you to see progress in movement.
When you're in the saddle, you can't see the horse's feet because his shoulders and hips are in the way. You can, however, see a concho on your saddle. If that concho moves to the left, so have the horse's feet. If your back cinch's D-ring moves to the right, so has your horse's hindquarters.
From the moment you pick up your rein, it's connected to that spot. If you want your horse to back up, focus on one of your shirt buttons. You pick up your rein and apply the lightest pressure necessary to get the movement. If the button on your shirt backs up, your horse has gone with it. If your spot is on the horn of your saddle and that spot has moved next to the gate, so have you and so has the rest of the horse.
We'll work on different spots, but realize that one little spot is all you have to worry about at any given time.
Direction: Whether that spot is on us, on the saddle, or on the horse, there are only six directions it can go: up, down, forward, back, left, and right. You'll give your leg or rein cue with as little pressure and movement as is necessary to get the response. The important thing is to know what spot you want to move and where you want it to move.
Reward: How does the spot "know" what you want it to do? There's nothing magic-it's a specific cue that you'll teach your horse means "go forward," "lower your head," "back up," or any of the hundreds of other things you ask them to do. Horses don't like pressure. To avoid it, they'll try different actions or motions. The instant your horse moves the spot you're focusing on in the direction you want, immediately release the pressure.
That release of pressure is a way of saying "Yes! That's it!" when the horse-probably accidentally at first-begins to do what you want him to. Don't wait for the movement to be completed. It takes time for the entire horse to respond. The instant you even think that spot is moving in the right direction, release.
Let's suppose you want your horse to move sideways, as in a sidepass. You'll focus on a spot on your horse's side, like a saddle concho or screw on the seat. You pick up on the rein with a steady pressure. If you release as soon as you see your spot move, he has moved his shoulder, which means his feet are about to move. By the time his feet move, he has already had his "yes" release. The next time you ask, his response will be faster and lighter.
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Watch and Observe
Whenever you get a response from your horse, watch what else happens. Say you want your spot on the top of your horse's tail to back up. When it does, lots of other things happen as well. The tail goes back, which means the feet are backing up. If the feet are backing up, they're obviously not going forward, which may be an important tool if you want your horse to slow down, stop, or stand still. The horse's neck and back are rounding more, which is building muscle. He's also shifting his weight to his hindquarters, shortening the distance from his head to his tail, and beginning to collect, which will make him more powerful and more maneuverable at the same time.
A New Recipe
Your job as teacher for your horse becomes easier if what you teach is easier. Grandma's method of cooking bacon worked for her, but she probably never intended for later generations to follow what she did without thinking. Just because we have been taught one way of doing things doesn't mean that's the best answer for every horse or every rider. It doesn't mean that we can't learn a better or different way to do something.
Try something simpler and see if it works for you and your horse.


text:
Point Lookout in Green Ridge State Forest
Describing a place as "one of Marylandís best kept secrets" is over-used, but in the case of Point Lookout at Green Ridge State Forest, it is true - it really is one of Marylandís best-kept secrets. Not to be confused with the better-known southern Maryland state park of the same name, visitors are always pleasantly surprised by Point Lookoutís spectacular view over the ancient Potomac River valley in Marylandís Ridge and Valley Province.
The overlook is accessed from Oldtown Road, the oldest colonial road in eastern Allegany County. In 1758 during the French and Indian War, Colonel Thomas Cresap, Marylandís great pathfinder, blazed this road to improve and shorten the route between Fort Cumberland and Fort Frederick.
It is believed that the name "Point Lookout" originated during the Civil War when Union troops stationed at neighboring Little Orleans were assigned to protect the C&O Canal and Railroad from Confederates intent on destroying the bridges and aqueducts along the Potomac River. Lookouts were established at Point Lookout and other nearby ridges from which Union troops could observe the canal, railroad and Confederate movements through the valley.
Visitors to Point Lookout today can enjoy the same view that the Union troops had 140 years ago. From the overlook can be seen 243 acres of land that was once owned by George Washington. The father of our nation traveled back and forth over what was then trackless wilderness more than 16 times as a surveyor, landowner, military officer, and later as the President of the United States. In the 1840s, this serpentine section of the river was appropriately known as "General Washingtonís Horseshoe Bend".
In the early 1800s the ownership log becomes a bit more complicated: Partners Richard Caton of Catonsville lore and William Carroll of Rock Creek owned much of the land that is today Green Ridge State Forest, including Point Lookout. Caton was the son-in-law of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, while (William) Carroll was the grandson of Daniel Carroll, a framer of the U.S. Constitution. Located near Point Lookout off Carroll Road are the ruins of Carroll Chimney, built in 1836 as one of the nationís early steam-powered sawmills. It is the only surviving structure remaining from the period, as the duoís business ventures into iron ore and timber cutting eventually proved unsuccessful.
In the late 1800s, the Merten family of Cumberland acquired Point Lookout and the Green Ridge property from the Carroll family. The Mertens cut, burned and converted the forest into an apple orchard, which they promoted as "the largest apple orchard in the universe". They then subdivided the land into more than 3,000 ten-acre lots and sold each lot to individual owners all across the country.
To impress potential buyers, the Mertensí first stop on their orchard tour was Point Lookout. The family proclaimed the overlook as the most beautiful spot on the East Coast: "I can say that from Point Lookout is the most beautiful view my eyes have ever fallen upon. It excels Pikeís Peak or any other.... There is no view equal to it." However, in 1918, the Mertens fell into bankruptcy and abandoned the orchard and Point Lookout.
Green Ridge State Forest came into being in 1931 when the State of Maryland purchased just over 2,000 acres of the old orchard lands; more than 70 years later the forest has grown to 43,000 acres and includes Point Lookout. The Department of Natural Resources established the area around Point Lookout as wildlands, thus protecting the view on the Maryland side.
Point Lookout, once part of the "largest apple orchard in the universe", is now part of Green Ridge State Forest, Marylandís largest contiguous block of forestland within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. As one of the Merten familyís publicity men described the area roughly 100 years ago, "Tourists have traveled thousands of miles and then pronounced it the most beautiful view in the United States...[Yet] there are few people in Maryland who know the place exists". Still not well known, it is just one more reason Point Lookout is one of Marylandís best-kept secrets.
Consider a visit and enjoy its scenic wonders yourself.
Forest Service Home
Maryland Park Service Home


text:
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has recognised that in some cases thorough examinations undertaken in accordance with the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) may lapse because of the COVID-19 pandemic and they will, therefore, take a pragmatic approach to enforcement in these cases.
This, however, depends on the duty holder (i.e. the business) demonstrating that the lapse is as a direct result of the pandemic. Furthermore, the duty holder should only use lapsed equipment if they can demonstrate it is critical for essential work and it can still be safely operated. Above all else, it's very important to remember that thorough examination of equipment remains a legal requirement, but Southalls view based on the HSE response is as follows:
- Service providers (i.e. testing companies) may not be able to visit promptly due to prioritising their visits. As a minimum duty holders should contact the provider for an update on timescales. Records (e.g. notes, emails, etc.) of this contact should be kept.
- Can the service provider offer you any further information or advice on the types of interim checks that you may be able to undertake?
- Could the service provider accommodate a video call, providing a visual overview of the equipment? Whilst would not satisfy LOLER it could be seen as a reasonable attempt to get the service provider to look over any lapsed equipment.
- Ask yourself if the use of the equipment is essential? Can alternative equipment, with a current report of thorough examination, be used instead? If possible, take out of use equipment that is beyond its LOLER and use other equipment e.g. pump trucks or sack trolleys.
- In the case of passenger lifts, can staircases be used instead?
- Where a lifting aid is in use to lift people, such as a scissor lift, is this essential for use? For example, if a bulb in a warehouse has failed, now the days are lighter can the replacement of the bulb be delayed?
- Can operations or processes be restricted or changed to lessen the need for the use of lifting equipment?
- If the thorough examination has lapsed, is the continued use of the equipment essential? You MUST be able to justify this, for example, you work in or supply to an essential industry sector?
- You need to consider the immediate degree of harm that is likely, for example, what is the likelihood that lifting equipment or the goods being lifted, could fall on to people? Also, consider matters such as if any failure could cause damage to a building.
- Is the condition of the equipment deemed acceptable from operational history and visual pre-use checks? Nobody is expecting the person carrying out these checks to have full engineering understanding, but additional items such as the visual condition of chains and forks on lift trucks could be implemented for example. Look at your previous thorough examination reports, have all of the observations or listed category defects been rectified?
- Is there an opportunity to use in-house maintenance personnel or your routine service provider to undertake some routine checks? Can the frequency of these be increased for the time being so, for example, can they be completed monthly?
- Ensure you are following your other key controls around for example lift truck use such as remaining 2m clear of the trucks as this gives you an extra level of protection in the event of there being a failure of lifting equipment.
If an engineer is able to visit, please remember that social distancing rules will apply and you will need to make arrangements to ensure that this remains the case. As part of Southalls response to the crisis, a social distancing guide has been produced to assist you in knowing what steps to take (learn more here).


text:
Angelica is a tall biennial plant that acquired the name from its supposed ability to prevent or cure plague. People considered it a "guardian angel." All parts of the plant are aromatic. Use the leaves in salads, add the seeds as a flavoring in cooking, cook the roots as a vegetable and candy the stems. Essential angelica oil is used to flavor vermouth and Benedictine.
- More detailed information can be found in The Georgia Fruit & Vegetable Book
by Walter Reeves and Felder Rushing
- See also Home Garden Angelica
WHEN TO PLANT
Plant angelica in early spring, as soon as the worst of the freezing weather is over. It can tolerate frost but not temperatures that get down to the teens at night.
WHERE TO PLANT
This tall-growing herb needs room because it will reach 5 feet tall and spread 2 to 3 feet. Angelica prefers a location with light, moist soil that is in partial shade (filtered sun all day or shade part of the day). These plants fit equally well in a perennial border and the vegetable garden.
HOW TO PLANT
Buy started plants in the spring. Space the plants at least 2 feet apart in the garden in well-prepared soil. Usually, a couple of plants are sufficient for culinary needs. Since these are biennial plants, they flower the second year after planting and then die out. To have flowering plants each year, plant or sow seed each year. You may collect seeds in the fall and sow them immediately, or you may save seeds in an airtight jar in the refrigerator and sow them the following spring.
CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Control weeds until the plants are large enough to shade them out. Mulching is not recommended as weed prevention because of its potential to attract slugs. The plants prefer cool weather and moist soil; as with most aromatic herbs, these plants do better in soil with low fertility. Water angelica in dry weather. Giving them 1 inch per week is probably okay but too lush growing conditions cause overly tall, weak plants.
Harvest leaves as needed during the season. Pick pieces of fresh stem with the leaves for candying. At season's end, collect and dry the leaves. Harvest the seeds as they ripen in the flower heads. If flower heads are removed, these plants will last several years, growing as short-lived perennials. If the plant is allowed to flower and the seed is allowed to ripen on the plants and fall to the ground, angelica can become naturalized in the garden. Plant it where it can grow undisturbed by other gardening activities.


text:
Examples of matriarchal clans were widespread throughout the world, persisting into modern times. Many of the North American indigenous tribes were matriarchal. Among the Iroquois, the women only tilled the soil (with primitive hoes). They controlled the food supply, cooked the food, tended the children and made the clothing for the tribe. The men helped agriculturally only by clearing new ground. They also hunted, fished, made weapons and went to war. Marriages were generally arranged by the mothers and chief women. The husband only visited his wife's home (lodge or long house) occasionally. He was obligated to bring game or fish, and if he did not, she could divorce him. Married couples had the right to divorce whenever they wished to. Generally, if they had children, this was discouraged by the tribe. The women also dominated the ruling council. The women decided on war and peace and the disposition of prisoners. Inheritances were strictly passed from women to their children.
Other North American indigenous matriarchal tribes
included the Wyandots,
Narragansetts, Winnebegs, Creeks, Potawattamis and Pueblos. Some South
American, Caribbean, East African, Southeast
Asian and Pacific Island tribes had
matriarchal organization as well" (1).
Of course, this began
about 10,000 years ago. There is ample evidence that matriarchal
societies flourished. So marriage was not always monogamous and
it was not always for life.
However, over time,
men began to accumulate wealth and were able to buy a wife instead of
serve for one. This gave way to a patriarchal system where the
strongest and wealthiest were those in charge.
Marriage rules were
definitely developed as a control. Only by requiring women to be
monogamous could a man assure that the child she bore was his.
This was important because a man did not want to pass his money, land,
holdings and title to someone that was not his blood relative.
And in the Jewish nation it became important to be able to prove what
tribe you belonged to, because kings were descended only from certain
In a matriarchal
society, a woman could have as many men as she chose, so the men could
never prove which child was theirs, and the power always resided with
the mother, who could pass down her power and possessions to any child
she chose, and no man could lay claim to them because he had no proof
the child was his. But in the patriarchal system, no matter how
many wives he had, he always knew the children were his, and even if
his wife was unfaithful, the child could still be considered his.
Today, marriage is
still used as an attempt to control those involved in
it. In the United States, having more than one wife
or husband is illegal. The marriage contract is a legal entity
designed to discourage parties from dissolving their unions. It
is designed to encourage marriages to stay together, but if we have
learned anything in this modern age, it is that a piece of paper has
not been successful in keeping marriages together. It has not
been a deterrent at all. 50% of marriages still end in
divorce. How much easier would it have been if those people
involved in those unions had been free to leave whenever they
wanted. It would be so much less messy.
Marriage seeks to
control people's sexual encounters, intimate relationships, procreative
abilities, and much more. Legislatures seek to force
society to accept one particular pattern of intimate
relationships. Who gave our government the right to legislate our
relationships? Today there is a debate going on about
whether or not same sex couples should be allowed to marry. Of
course they should, because nobody should be allowed to decide for
another person who they can marry.
Marriage laws and
expectations are often unfair. Should gays and lesbians
desire to get
married like the rest of us? Why would they want to subject
themselves to constraints and limitations of marriage that we have
accepted? If I was them, I would boycott marriage and not seek to
be involved in such a limiting, antiquated contract.
People like the way
marriage feels, in the beginning. It feels like security, it feels like
belonging, like finally you have a place in the universe. You feel all
warm and cozy. You feel like someone is taking care of you.
For many people, the
and cozy feeling changes, and it begins to feel very
constricting. So people hang on for weeks, months, years, instead
of saying, "This isn't working for me" or "I love you, but there are
aspects of this relationship that just don't fit with the way I want to
live my life." And people sacrifice what they really want out of
life. because they are made to feel that they are wrong to leave.
They are told "You took vows, you can't break your vow." I say,
DON'T take vows. And even if you get married, don't make
unconditional promises. Announce your love for each other at your
wedding, don't make vows.
Even as I write this,
I am involved in a relationship in which I have a strong desire to
marry. As humans we crave the feeling that we are permanently
joined with that which makes us happy. And that's OK as
long as we realize the reality that we don't have to be controlled by
society's expectations about marriage or relationships. Be brave
enough to forge the kind of relationship that works for you, unhindered
by the obstacles society would place upon you.


text:
Use the Login Page Settings page to customize your login page.
To navigate to the Login Page Settings page, click the gear wheel, select Users & System Administration, and click Login Page under Customize.
Here, you can change the background image and the welcome text that displays above the Login credentials. The default text for the welcome text is your company name as registered in kintone Store.
To customize your login page:
- Enter desired Welcome Text in the box. To display nothing in this area of the Login Page, just leave this field blank.
- Click Browse, locate a file from your device, and select a background image.
- To delete the image, click the Delete icon.
- Click Save.
- When you logout and log back in, you will see the new image and text.
You can use the following file types for the background image:


text:
Via this project, the UIA in Mexico City commits itself to reduce its environmental footprint and help to improve community living conditions, also undertaking to make sustainability a factor in all the university's teaching and research.
Archive for Carbon footprint
The Province's Reconciliation with Creation: A Survey of Environmental Activities has shown that many Jesuit works in Australia have already incorporated audits into their environmental program. Others are seeking to do a comprehensive analysis of their carbon footprint in the future.
Many Jesuit and partnered schools have already gone down the path of implementing an audit system for their school communities.
Creighton University is among the more than 70 Jesuit schools, parishes, communities and organizations across the nation committing themselves to an unprecedented campaign to help reduce climate change which disproportionally impacts the poor and vulnerable. As part of the Ignatian PeaceAction, students from Jesuit schools, parishioners from Jesuit churches and Jesuit communities have committed to pray and act on climate change issues with a particular emphasis on mitigating the negative effects of climate change on the poor.
What is conveniently overlooked is the fact that aviation's contribution to global emissions varies from two per cent to five per cent or more, depending on who's counting. Compounding these calculations is the fact that burning fuel at high altitude has nearly three times the climate impact of burning the same fuel at ground level. There is added complexity because the nitrous oxides created are 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide, and the effects from condensation trails (contrails) are difficult to quantify.


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I'd like to make a application, like this one. The application enables to make a tile with text.
I found that I couldn't write text in tile easily, because StandardTileData class dosen't have such a function to write text in tile. StandardTileData class just enables to set Title, BackgroundImage, Count, etc. The sample is like this.
StandardTileData secondaryTile = new StandardTileData
 BackgroundImage = new Uri("/TileColors..png", UriKind.Relative),
 Title = "title",
 Count = null,
ShellTile.Create(new Uri("/MainPage.xaml?id=1", UriKind.Relative), secondaryTile);
So, I think we may need to make bitmap image included text. I don't have other good ideas. Does anyone know how to make bitmap image from stackpanel?
My code is like this,

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1 Answer 1
maybe that function will help you out:
 public static void SaveToIsolatedStorage(FrameworkElement element, string file, bool scaled=true)
 var bmp = new WriteableBitmap(element, null);
 IsolatedStorageFile iso = IsolatedStorageFile.GetUserStoreForApplication();
 double width = Math.Round(element.ActualWidth * ((double)Application.Current.Host.Content.ScaleFactor / 100f), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
 double height = Math.Round(element.ActualHeight * ((double)Application.Current.Host.Content.ScaleFactor / 100f), MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero);
 if (!scaled)
 width = element.ActualWidth;
 height = element.ActualHeight;
 using (var stream = iso.CreateFile(file))
 bmp.SaveJpeg(stream, (int)width, (int)height, 0, 100);
 SaveToIsolatedStorage(uiElement, "uiElement_as_screenshot.jpg");
Edith: it seems i am late on this one but it could help anyone else ;)
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Oxford Dictionaries Online defines embedded in the meaning I'm interested in as:
Definition of embed
verb (embeds, embedding, embedded)
[with object]
 - (often as adjective embedded) design and build (a microprocessor) as an integral part of a system or device:
 it eliminates the need for an embedded controller on the plotter
Etymonline traces the word back to a geological term, but I doubt system engineers reached to geology in coining this meaning, and while nowadays the use is widespread and common, as I think about it, there are other ways to phrase this kind of relationship/property that must have felt just as, or more intuitive — integral, intristic, bound, inherent, ingrained, nested.
I'm interested in origins of this use of this word. Who, when, in what context used it first in this meaning? Any backstory/motivation?
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Since you've got access to OED, I'd start there. I doubt they've gotten to E on the current pass (it started on M), but it's likely to have something of use, and it may have the actual answer. When's is OED's first citation? What's the context. What other uses of embed were at that time already established in engineering?... That will give you some tentative search terms for stepping the use back on Google Books. – StoneyB Jan 29 '13 at 13:45
_USER_: I don't have access to the full OED, just free oxforddictionaries.com – SF. Jan 29 '13 at 14:05
The content of etymonline is most likely from OED. – Mitch Jan 29 '13 at 14:23
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Etymonline itself says "figurative sense is from 1835".
There's a few things to note here. Firstly, in 19th Century Britain, geology was the gentleman's science par excellence; The Geological Society of London rivalled the Royal Society in respect and membership. It was not unheard of for fossil collecting to be done in top hat and tails (okay, that was just one particularly eccentric fellow, but still). Mary Anning had supported her family by selling sea shells on the sea shore.
As such, anyone who wanted to take pride in being intellectually current, wanted to consider himself reasonably knowledgeable on, and to hold informed opinions about, geology. We could compare it to the buzz around web technologies of the 1990s dot-com era.
As such, it's not at all surprising to find a geological term used figuratively, any more than it was to see nightclub posters telling us when and where they would be @ in the 90s.
The other thing is that embed is a simple word of obvious construction. It would be unusual to see someone use a geological term like quaquaversal used in other contexts (though Thomas Pynchon once used it of a beard), but we can see em- + bed and immediately widen it mentally to the figurative use. A figurative use that arguably is really no longer figurative (do you think of geology when you hear it?).
So, on we go through the centuries, or about century and a half, and the Apollo mission is making use of a computer guidance system to hopefully steer people to and from the moon. What to call this configuration?
Integral. Very bad choice, the "integrated circuits" used in it were still a hot new technology in themselves. They already had a meaning for integral and its variants.
Intristic. Invites the question, "As opposed to what?". What we could call the extrinsic parts of a Saturn V that's in space, are those parts in a control room in Texas.
Bound. Maybe. Maybe a bit too wide though.
Inherent, ingrained, nested. All of these make me wonder "what isn't?" given the context.
On the other hand, one novel feature of this computer, was that the integrated circuits, and the wiring between them was physically covered in epoxy in a way that would bring embedded to the mind of anyone looking for the mot juste to describe it physically, since the end of the 1800s.
So, of course they could have called it something else, any naming decision could have gone differently, but that embedded was chosen is pretty reasonable and understandable.
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As for the "what is opposite", it's "standalone". Computers that are not an intristic part of a bigger device but stand on their own as general-purpose devices. But I must agree immersing everything in Epoxy was standard these days and it totally evokes the geological imagery. – SF. Jan 29 '13 at 16:00
My point was more that nothing was standalone on a Saturn V, unless we count those things left on earth as part of the overall system. – Jon Hanna Jan 29 '13 at 16:17
There was a plenty of "external" control devices and computers tasked with driving various systems. Of course using one in context of a space probe would be utterly stupid design decision, but the "as opposed to what" is not really an issue. "Embedded" is not a half of a dual system, it's a design choice vs "remotely controlled". – SF. Jan 29 '13 at 16:33
I think its not being an issue, is what makes it an issue when it comes to thinking of the name; we tend to name by what is remarkable about something and which makes it stand apart from other things. To people working on that project, something being intrinsic to the design wasn't remarkable, when so many other things were intrinsic by one definition or another. – Jon Hanna Jan 29 '13 at 16:37
I think I understand: Nowadays we contrast embedded vs general-purpose, but at the time that wasn't the case; it's the "embedded in epoxy" that evolved into this modern meaning. - Is that what you mean? – SF. Jan 29 '13 at 17:35
Let's refer back to the Oxford Dictionaries Online definition of embed:
1 fix (an object) firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass: he had an operation to remove a nail embedded in his chest
 - implant (an idea or feeling) so that it becomes ingrained within a particular context:
 the Victorian values embedded in Tennyson's poetry
 - Linguistics place (a phrase or clause) within another clause or sentence:
 (as adjective embedded)
 the embedded sentence has no overt introducer
 - Computing incorporate (a text or code) within the body of a file or document:
 this is the standard way of embedding data in your program
 - (often as adjective embedded) design and build (a microprocessor) as an integral part of a system or device: it eliminates the need for an embedded controller on the plotter
All these examples show a smaller, integral item or part fixed soundly inside a larger item, in much the same way a fossil is embedded in a rock. They don't necessarily all stem directly from the original fossil use, rather it had long since became a general term and was therefore quite a natural choice for computing as well.
There are other computing uses: embedded software runs on things not usually thought of as computers, such as mobile phones and set-top boxes; an embedded system is a special system designed to run as part of a larger computer system.
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text:
This worksheet was made to accompany the Super Simple version of the traditional cumulative song There's A Hole In The Bottom Of The Sea in ESL / EFL classes with young learners. The worksheet focuses on the following vocabulary:
Instructions for the students:
cut out the dominoes and paste them in the correct order!
Get some more free printables for this song and create great ESL / EFL classes with young learners!Download


text:
06, P=0.001) for an overuse injury, and athletes who trained more than 700 hours during a year had 2.1-fold risk (95% CI 1.21-3.61, P=0.008) for an overuse injury compared to the others. Athletes who reported a tendon injury were on average two years older than athletes without such an injury (P<0.001). Conclusion: We found that low number of recovery days and a high amount of training are training-related risk factors for overuse injuries in top-level endurance athletes. The higher number of tendon overuse injuries in older than younger athletes may indicate that age-related degeneration plays an important role in the etiology of tendon injuries. These findings should be taken into account when planning exercise programs for endurance athletes.
INTRODUCTION: Achilles and patellar tendinopathy are overuse injuries that are common among athletes. Isolated eccentric muscle training has become the dominant conservative management strategy for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy but, in some cases, up to 45 % of patients may not respond. Eccentric-concentric progressing to eccentric (Silbernagel combined) and eccentric-concentric isotonic (heavy-slow resistance; HSR) loading have also been investigated. In order for clinicians to make informed decisions, they need to be aware of the loading options and comparative evidence. The mechanisms of loading also need to be elucidated in order to focus treatment to patient deficits and refine loading programmes in future studies. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this review are to evaluate the evidence in studies that compare two or more loading programmes in Achilles and patellar tendinopathy, and to review the non-clinical outcomes (potential mechanisms), such as improved imaging outcomes, associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS: Comprehensive searching (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents and SPORTDiscus(™)) identified 403 studies. Two authors independently reviewed studies for inclusion and quality. The final yield included 32 studies; ten compared loading programmes and 28 investigated at least one potential mechanism (six studies compared loading programmes and investigated potential mechanisms). RESULTS: This review has identified limited (Achilles) and conflicting (patellar) evidence that clinical outcomes are superior with eccentric loading compared with other loading programmes, questioning the currently entrenched clinical approach to these injuries. There is equivalent evidence for Silbernagel combined (Achilles) and greater evidence for HSR loading (patellar). The only potential mechanism that was consistently associated with improved clinical outcomes in both Achilles and patellar tendon rehabilitation was improved neuromuscular performance (e.g. torque, work, endurance), and Silbernagel-combined (Achilles) HSR loading (patellar) had an equivalent or higher level of evidence than isolated eccentric loading. In the Achilles tendon, a majority of studies did not find an association between improved imaging (e.g. reduced anteroposterior diameter, proportion of tendons with Doppler signal) and clinical outcomes, including all high-quality studies. In contrast, HSR loading in the patellar tendon was associated with reduced Doppler area and anteroposterior diameter, as well as greater evidence of collagen turnover, and this was not seen following eccentric loading. HSR seems more likely to lead to tendon adaptation and warrants further investigation. Improved jump performance was associated with Achilles but not patellar tendon clinical outcomes. The mechanisms associated with clinical benefit may vary between loading interventions and tendons. CONCLUSION: There is little clinical or mechanistic evidence for isolating the eccentric component, although it should be made clear that there is a paucity of good quality evidence and several potential mechanisms have not been investigated, such as neural adaptation and central nervous system changes (e.g. cortical reorganization). Clinicians should consider eccentric-concentric loading alongside or instead of eccentric loading in Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. Good-quality studies comparing loading programmes and evaluating clinical and mechanistic outcomes are needed in both Achilles and patellar tendinopathy rehabilitation.
Rotator cuff (RC) tears represent a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries attended to at the clinic and thereby make RC repair surgeries one of the most widely performed musculoskeletal procedures. Despite the high incidence rate of RC tears, operative treatments have provided minimal functional gains and suffer from high re-tear rates. The hypocellular nature of tendon tissue poses a limited capacity for regeneration. In recent years, great strides have been made in the area of tendonogenesis and differentiation towards tendon cells due to a greater understanding of the tendon stem cell niche, development of advanced materials, improved scaffold fabrication techniques, and delineation of the phenotype development process. Though in vitro models for tendonogenesis have shown promising results, in vivo models have been less successful. The present work investigates structured matrices mimicking the tendon microenvironment as cell delivery vehicles in a rat RC tear model. RC injuries augmented with a matrix delivering rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) showed enhanced regeneration over suture repair alone or repair with augmentation, at 6 and 12-weeks post-surgery. The local delivery of rMSCs led to increased mechanical properties and improved tissue morphology. We hypothesize that the mesenchymal stem cells function to modulate the local immune and bioactivity environment through autocrine/paracrine and/or cell homing mechanisms. This study provides evidence for improved tendon healing with biomimetic matrices and delivered MSCs with the potential for translation to larger, clinical animal models. The enhanced regenerative healing response with stem cell delivering biomimetic matrices may represent a new treatment paradigm for massive RC tendon tears.


Ford's "Pinto" Memo
The following figures are drawn from the 1973 memorandum* written for and circulated amongst senior management
at the Ford Motor Company concerning cost-benefit analysis of retrofitting or altering production of autos and light
trucks susceptible to fires from leaking gas tanks after roll-over.
Fatalities Associated with Roll-Over-Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires
Expected Costs of producing all US cars and light trucks with fuel tank modifications:
Expected Costs of producing vehicles without fuel tank modifications:
Thus, the costs for fixing the roll-over problem was $137 million, while the computed cost of cases where injuries occur was only $50 million.
It is unclear exactly how this information was utilized by Ford management, and controversy remains about how early in time senior managers were aware of the problem of crash-induced fires in the Pinto, which became the focus of civil and criminal litigation.
What would you do? Why?
*"Fatalities Associated With Crash Induced Fuel Leakage and Fires," by E.S. Grush and C.S. Saundy, Environmental and Safety Engineering.
**By the way, the $200k and $67k figures for the average value of a lost or injured adult life is drawn from the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) calculation of the estimated costs to society of automobile accidents. It is not a low-ball figure fabricated by Ford. (For example, the $200k for death was calculated by adding estimated direct costs of $163k -- such as loss of future earnings, plus $37k of indirect costs -- such as hospital and insurance costs, legal and court costs, victim pain and suffering, funeral costs, and property damage.) This is the calculation typically used by the U.S. Federal government for performing cost-benefit analyses of highway construction projects (e.g. determining how safely we should build our roads and highways). Even today, such figures are commonly used by many state and local, as well as federal, government agencies to weigh costs of various tax-supported programs.