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posted on: 10.04.2010
Woven between the stories of fellow Berliners and their own struggles with the war, Fallada tells the full tale of Otto and Anna. What's beautiful about his storytelling is that he doesn't give any more meaning to the postcards than what they deserve. The cards never achieved their desired affect. They didn't incite others to rise up against Hitler. They didn't bring comfort to those who read them. If anything, the cards induced panic and fear in all who found them. But for Otto and Anna, the "ridiculously small" act of leaving the cards throughout Berlin allowed them to remain decent, even if doing so would cost them their lives.
Every Man Dies Alone is an interesting peek at another perspective of World War II - the Germans who did not agree with Hitler but were powerless to stop him. The book is quietly thrilling and suspenseful, offering a glimpse into the distrust and paranoia that permeated Germany at the time.
Though written in 1947, the book wasn't translated into English until 2009, and the story behind the novel is just as interesting as the novel itself. During World War II, Hans Fallada was addicted to drugs and alcohol and imprisoned in a Nazi insane asylum. After his release, he quickly sat down to write Every Man Dies Alone, completing the novel in just 24 days. He never lived to see its publication.
With a focus on a personal conviction to remain good, Every Man Dies Alone reminds us that no matter how insignificant our actions may seem, they have the potential for a profound and lasting effect.


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Selected hydrologic data for Cache Valley, Utah and Idaho, 1969-91
Open-File Report 92-173
Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Division of Water Rights
- D. Michael Roark and Karen M. Hanson
This report contains hydrologic data collected in Cache Valley from 1969 to 1991. The report area is in north-central Utah and southeast Idaho, within the Basin and Range physiographic province described by Fenneman (1931), and includes about 660 square miles.
Most of the data in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Divisions of Water Resources and Water Rights. Some of the data collected before 1969 were previously published by McGreevy and Bjorklund (1970).
The purpose of this report is to provide hydrologic data for use by the general public and by officials managing the area's water resources, and to supplement interpretive reports for the area. Tables 1 to 7 contain selected well, spring, and surface-water data. The numbering systems used in this report for hydrologic-data sites are illustrated in figure 1. Hydrologic-data sites are shown on plate 1.
These data could not have been collected without the cooperation of local residents and officials of irrigation companies and municipalities, that permitted access to their wells, springs, and canals to measure water levels in wells and flow in springs and canals. The Idaho Department of Water Resources also provided valuable assistance and data.
Additional publication details
- Publication type:
- Publication Subtype:
- USGS Numbered Series
- Selected hydrologic data for Cache Valley, Utah and Idaho, 1969-91
- Series title:
- Open-File Report
- Series number:
- Year Published:
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Publisher location:
- Salt Lake City, UT
- Contributing office(s):
- Utah Water Science Center
- Report: iv, 65 p.; Plate: 19.04 in x 32.33 in
- Public Comments:
- This is also Utah Hydrologic-Data Report no. 48
- United States
- Idaho, Utah
- Other Geospatial:
- Cache Valley

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Partition Lawsuits: Real Estate Litigation Between Co-Owners of Real Property
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Partition lawsuits allow co-owners of property to split up. Partition is the real estate litigation equivalent of divorce for people who own real property together. The law does not force individuals to remain as co-owners in the event that one of the owners wants to split up. The partition process in California is governed by Code of Civil Procedure section 872.010 et seq.
How Can Real Property Be Partitioned?
In other words what will the final result of a partition action be? The court can do three possible things in a partition lawsuit. The first is to physically divide the property. If the partition action is between owners of a large plot of land, the court can give each party a portion of the land and let them do what they please with their portion. The second option is to sell the property and divvy up the proceeds. The second option is the most common in an urban setting since a home or building cannot usually be divided up among the owners. The third option is partition by appraisal. California law has a presumption in favor of dividing the property if possible because the law presumes that people intended to own property and it wants to respect that wish. Again, at least in a city like Los Angeles, the partition lawsuit involves a single plot of land with a property on it that cannot be divided and therefore option two is the most common form of partition.
Does A Partition Lawsuit Make Sense?
As you can see, every possible outcome of a partition lawsuit is something that the parties could agree upon themselves without going through partition litigation. In a perfect world co-owners would be able to agree to either buy and sell to each other or sell the property to a third party and divide the proceeds. The parties could accomplish this much more quickly through agreement and they would save a tremendous amount of money on attorneys fees and court costs. But we do not live in a perfect world. Partition lawsuits often arise because of emotional issues between the parties–anger, betrayal, lack of communication and other non-legal impediments. We handle a lot of family partition lawsuits where the co-owners are siblings or other family members. Their issues are not so much legal issues but rather anger issues over other parts of their personal lives ("my brother is always trying to boss me around", "my sister was always the favorite child", "my parents really wanted me to have the property").
The thing to remember is that every co-owner is entitled to partition. The court will not look into whether your parents loved you more or whether your brother is bossy. If there are co-owners and one of the co-owners wants out, partition will occur. Another idea to keep in mind is that the court has only limited remedies in a partition lawsuit. It may divide the property or force a sale. The court will not award pride, wreak vengeance or even force an apology. A forced sale will not make the other co-owner a better person. Therefore, the personal issues between the parties will have to be dealt with in a different forum at a different time.
What To Do When You Are Sued For Partition.
An experienced real estate litigation attorney will recommend an early mediation. Mediation is a voluntary settlement process where the parties use a third party neutral mediator to try to reach an agreement. Los Angeles has numerous mediators and mediation providers. Theoretically, settlement of a partition lawsuit should be easy. If the parties both wish to sell, the parties should hire a broker to sell the property for the best price and then divide the money according to each co-owner's ownership interest and any accounting issues. If one party wishes to buy the other co-owner out, the parties can hire a neutral appraiser to determine the fair market value of the property and the purchasing owner can pay the selling owner.
Sadly most partition litigation does not settle so easily. One or both of the owners needs to go through the litigation process for awhile before coming to his or her senses. Eventually the cost and anxiety caused by the litigation leads to settlement (and most partition lawsuits do settle eventually). However, most owners who have been involved in real estate litigation and have paid attorneys' fees and costs would probably look back and wish they had settled earlier.
Real estate litigation attorney Laine T. Wagenseller specializes in real estate and partnership litigation in Los Angeles. Attorney Wagenseller founded Wagenseller Law Firm and the firm's goal is to be the preeminent boutique real estate litigation law firm in Los Angeles. For more articles on partition lawsuits and other real estate litigation topics, please visit
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Compensation for services, regardless of the form, constitutes income to the recipient. Consequently, the exchange of services by two individuals is treated as income to each. However, there are numerous examples of an exchange of services that the IRS has never sought to tax. The most common example is an exchange of services by a married couple who divide the household chores between them. The focus of this article is to propose a principled reason for not taxing those exchanges and to explore the limits of that exclusion. The author contends that the income tax operates exclusively on commercial transactions, and so income derived from a noncommercial activity is not taxable. The article explores what types of activities can be classified as noncommercial for this purpose.
As a corollary to the proposed noncommercial rule, the article contends that the income tax does not apply to individuals who pool their labor to obtain a common goal. The resulting exchange of services are not taxable. The article considers the question of how broadly a common goal can be defined for this purpose. The article examines several specific activities in which services are exchanged and which should not be taxable. Specifically, among others the article examines: baby sitting barter clubs, cooperative nursery schools, and home schooling.
Verbatim from the Tax Prof Blog.
Near the top of the unstated issues at stake in the analysis is the taxation of families who do not consist of married couples but share a household, but the article also takes on children's allowances.
One reason that article is notable is that we managed so long without it. All of the activities discusses are commonplace and long standing, yet the nation's tax administration has managed without any coherent theory to explain its everyday practice somehow, without mishap. The situation is actually surprisingly common in American law, where the focus is on the close calls and not the easy ones.


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see also Inter-Becoming
John Cobb on David Bohm
I find the example of David Bohm instructive. He devoted many years to developing a process model to replace the substantive ones that are still in use. He sometimes called his new model holographic since it was based on a radical doctrine of internal relations. In this respect it is highly congenial to process thought. Each entity, instead of being self-enclosed, is seen as fragmentarily containing all the others. Bohm could make sense of many quantum phenomena in this way. Before he died, he completed, together with Hiley, a comprehensive theory that can account for all the known facts in a far less paradoxical fashion than had been thought possible.
- John Cobb, The Potential Contribution of Process Thought, June 24, 2003
David Bohm on the Implicate Order
The quantum theory is, without doubt, the most revolutionary development in modern physics. Unfortunately, a large part of its potential impact on our overall world view has been lost sight of, because it is generally treated as being nothing more than a calculus, for which no general imaginative conception is thought to be possible. The main emphasis in working with this theory has therefore been on the development of a mathematical formalism that can predict the widest possible range of experimental results. In this talk I shall, however, describe in general terms how the quantum theory, understood somewhat more imaginatively than is usually done, can point to a new order in physics, which I call the enfolded order, or the implicate order.
- David Bohm, The Implicate or Enfolded Order: A New Order for Physics by David Bohm. for entire article click here


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- Special Sections
- Public Notices
15 ways to thank your sponsor!
1. Have your students write thank-you notes to your sponsor.
2. Have your students design cards or draw pictures for your sponsor.
3. Send your sponsor a completed NIE lesson that you have done with your class.
4. Send a photo of your class.
5. Have all students draw a picture of how they use the newspaper and bind them into a book for your sponsor.
6. Have the students do a poster of their handprints in finger paint and sign their names to the handprints. (This is great for displaying!)
7. Write a note to your sponsor explaining why/how you use the newspapers in your class.
8. Shop at, support and patronize your sponsor's business, and when you go in, mention to the clerk or owner that the business is your sponsor.
9. Have the students make a collage showing their appreciation for the sponsor using images, words or letters cut from the newspaper. The sponsor could display it in the place of business.
10. Research your sponsor's business with your students. What types of jobs, products or services are offered? Make a poster and deliver it to your sponsor with a note explaining what you did.
11. Have the kids pose for a class photo and mount it in the center of a poster board. Have all the students sign on the thank-you poster, which then can be displayed in the store or window.
12. Have the students design a thank you in the form of a newspaper's front page. Headline could be something like KIDS FROM ABC SCHOOL THANK XYZ BUSINESS. Stories could be all about the business and what the kids are doing with the newspapers in class.
13. Make a video of the class and have the kids read poems or letters they have written, act out a news brief or even sing a song. Send it to your sponsor.
14. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper publicly thanking your sponsor. Clip and send a copy to your sponsor.
15. Make a large thank-you card with each student giving a reason why he or she likes using the newspaper in the classroom.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Culturally Relevant Pedagogy and Novice Teacher Persistence: An examination of perception and persistence
- Author(s): Medeiros, Jennifer Levine
- Advisor(s): Siyahhan, Sinem
- et al.
A key indicator of novice teacher efficacy is how adept teachers believe themselves to be with respect to impacting students' behavior, motivation, and achievement. Culturally relevant pedagogy has been proven to improve education outcomes in all three of these areas. This explanatory sequential, mixed-methods study examined culturally relevant pedagogy, novice teacher efficacy, and novice teacher persistence in an effort to understand the potential ways each area can impact the other two. Proper teacher training in culturally relevant pedagogy may increase general teaching self-efficacy and novice teacher retention, improving education outcomes for the most at-risk students. As such, this study used an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach to understand the possible relationships between novice teachers' self-efficacy beliefs around culturally relevant pedagogy, their overall perceptions of themselves as qualified, effective teachers, and their decisions on whether or not to persist at their site, in their district, or in education altogether. The study found little variance between novice teachers' confidence levels on both the Culturally Relevant Teaching Outcome Expectancy scale and the Culturally Relevant Teaching Self-Efficacy scale when data was aggregated by age group, sex, or years of teaching experience. Mean self-efficacy scores showed the greatest difference between the 26-35 age group and the 36-45 age group and between White and non-White respondents. While further investigation is required to delve more deeply into these differences, there is an implication that older teachers and teachers of color are inclined to greater confidence levels with regards to implementations of culturally relevant pedagogy. Interview data brought forth six key themes connecting to influences pushing novice teachers towards and away from culturally relevant practice; these themes can be organized into internal and external factors. Internal factors include ambivalence, critical consciousness, and self-reflection. External factors include relationships, time, and school culture. Other significant findings show novice teachers who have strong support for engaging with and reflecting on implementation of culturally relevant practices are more likely to pursue opportunities to practice and improve their culturally relevant practice. Results of this study provide insight for district administration and teacher leaders to guide the organization of teacher induction and teacher training programs. Limitations of this study, including the short time period for data collection and the limited sample size, will be discussed.


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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in Midlife Depression
Depression afflicts over 27 million adults in the US and is associated with impaired white matter integrity in the brain that ultimately disrupts the communication of neurons and is linked to poor response to antidepressants, functional decline and cognitive impairment, especially in older individuals. Depression is also associated with increased inflammation which worsens with age and may contribute to white matter pathology through increasing brain glutamate, a neurotransmitter that in excess is toxic to both white matter cells and neurons. The goal of the proposed research is to test the hypothesis that inflammation increases brain glutamate in middle-aged depressed patients which in turn is associated with increased white matter pathology and alterations in behavior and cognition. For more information on this study please click here or if you are interested in participating in this study, please contact us.


Quick Answer: What Time Should A 14 Year Old Be Home?
Why do teens sleep late?
This nightly 'sleep debt' leads to chronic sleep deprivation..
How late should a 15 year old stay out?
11pm seems quite late for a 15-year-old, even at weekends. I would set her curfew time a little earlier than that, and then you can reward her for sticking to it by extending it a bit in a few months.
Can a minor be out past curfew?
It is unlawful for any minor under the age of 18 years to remain in any public place, or any private business open to the public, between the hours of 10:00 p.m. on any day and sunrise of the immediately following day; provided, however, that the provisions of this section shall not apply when: A.
Should 14 year olds have a bedtime?
How late should 13 year olds stay up?
That said: "9pm is a sensible approach." For teenagers, Kelley says that, generally speaking, 13- to 16-year-olds should be in bed by 11.30pm.
Should a 14 year old have a phone?
What should a 14 year old be allowed to do?
What time should a 14 year old go to bed?
How much sleep your child really needs, by age groupAgeRecommended hours of sleepHours not recommended3-5 years10 to 13Less than 8, more than 146-13 years9 to 11Less than 7, more than 1214-17 years8 to 10Less than 7, more than 1118-25 years7 to 9Less than 6, more than 113 more rows•Feb 3, 2015
How late can 14 year olds stay out?
But that aside, 'time wise' I'd say at 14 that 8pm is late enough to be out unless there's a club/event on, they need to be in bed & asleep not too long after that, to get a proper amount of sleep.
Is 7 hours of sleep good for a 14 year old?
Why do teens lie?
When should a 13 year old go to bed?
They typically go to bed between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. and wake up between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. Children at this age typically go to bed between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. and wake up around 6 a.m. and 8 a.m., just as they did when they were younger.
How late should a teenager stay out?
Some parents prefer a set curfew, while others prefer to vary curfew decisions by the circumstances: One night 10:30 makes sense; another night, midnight is acceptable. Flexibility encourages a teen to demonstrate responsibility in exchange for expanded privileges.
How can I fall asleep in 10 seconds?
What time can a 14 year old work till?
On a Sunday, a 14-year-old may only work two hours. On a school day, a 14-year-old may not work: at all during school hours; before 7am or after 7pm; for more than two hours a day; or for more than 12 hours in any school week.


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|This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2011)|
The Venus symbol (♀) is a depiction of a circle with a small cross below it. The symbol is historically associated with the Roman goddess Venus or the Greek goddess Aphrodite. It has a Unicode designation of U+2640, and is used in various media to represent things associated in some way with the mythological character, including:
- The female sex
- The planet Venus
- The chemical element copper
- Feminism in philosophy and sociology
- The female connector in a pair of mating connectors or fasteners
It is also believed by some to represent a hand mirror, with the top half of the symbol representing the actual mirror, and the bottom half representing the handle of the mirror.


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Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
In 2004, Stanford University became one of the first institutions to allow Google to digitize chunks of its library collection as part of the Google Books Library Project.
In 2004, Stanford University became one of the first institutions to allow Google to digitize chunks of its library collection as part of the Google Books Library Project. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
The periodical shelves at Stanford University's Engineering Library are nearly bare. Library chief Helen Josephine says that in the past five years, most engineering periodicals have been moved online, making their print versions pretty obsolete — and books aren't doing much better.
According to Josephine, students can now browse those periodicals from their laptops or mobile devices.
For years, students have had to search through volume after volume of books before finding the right formula — but no more. Josephine says that "with books being digitized and available through full text search capabilities, they can find that formula quite easily."
In 2005, when the university realized it was running out space for its growing collection of 80,000 engineering books, administrators decided to build a new library. But instead of creating more space for books, they chose to create less.
The new library is set to open in August with 10,000 engineering books on the shelves — a decrease of more than 85 percent from the old library. Stanford library director Michael Keller says the librarians determined which books to keep on the shelf by looking at how frequently a book was checked out. They found that the vast majority of the collection hadn't been taken off the shelf in five years.
Keller expects that, eventually, there won't be any books on the shelves at all.
"As the world turns more and more, the items that appeared in physical form in previous decades and centuries are appearing in digital form," he says.
Given the nature of engineering, that actually comes in handy. Engineering uses some basic formulas but is generally a rapidly changing field — particularly in specialties such as software and bioengineering. Traditional textbooks have rarely been able to keep up.
Jim Plummer, dean of Stanford's School of Engineering, says that's why his faculty is increasingly using e-books.
"It allows our faculty to change examples," he says," to put in new homework problems... and lectures and things like that in almost a real-time way."
A New Trend In Libraries?
For the moment, the Engineering Library is the only Stanford library that's cutting back on books. But Keller says he can see what's coming down the road by simply looking at the current crop of Stanford students.
"They write their papers online, and they read articles online, and many, many, many of them read chapters and books online," he says. "I can see in this population of students behaviors that clearly indicate where this is all going."
And while it's still rare among American libraries to get rid of such a large amount of books, it's clear that many are starting to lay the groundwork for a different future. According to a survey by the Association of Research Libraries, American libraries are spending more of their money on electronic resources and less on books.
Cornell University's Engineering Library recently announced an initiative similar to Stanford's — but the move to electronic books is also meeting some resistance. An effort by Arizona State University to use Amazon's Kindle to distribute electronic textbooks was met with a lawsuit because the device wasn't fully accessible to the visually impaired.
Meanwhile, back at Stanford's new Engineering Library, librarians are looking forward to spending less time with books and more time with people.
"That's what we're so [excited about]," Josephine says, "the idea of actually offering more services, offering more workshops, offering more one-on-one time with students."
But some Stanford students express mixed feelings about the shift. Engineering student Sam Tsai is checking out some old-fashioned paper books.
"To read a book on the screen is kind of tiring for me," Tsai says, "so I sometimes like [the] paper form. But if I can access books online, it's much more convenient for me, so I would actually prefer that as well."
For now, at least, Tsai can have the option of both.


remember that when you perform schedule compression techniques that you may change the Critical Path, create more than one Critical Path, or be forced to Crash or Fast-Track more than one path to achieve your goals. This is also true on exam day…
What to Memorize
There is not much that you can add to your Brain Dump for the exam in this area. Adding the formula for determining Float and Free Float may be handy, or you may want to include a quick graphic on how to perform a Forward and Backward Pass to the Brain Dump. This area requires practice to become efficient. You will likely see a few test questions that require you to quickly draw a Schedule Network Diagram to answer the question.
Memorize - Study
KA Critical Reasoning & Testing Skills
Figure 6-11Q: You are the Project Manager on a project to refurbish an office space. You are preparing a Schedule Network Diagram for the project to graphically display this for your Project Sponsor and the project team. Given the activity list below, you determine that the fastest the project can be completed is ____ days and the Critical Path is _______________________.
Activity Predecessor Duration (in days)
A Start 3
B Start 5
C B 4
D A, C 7
E D 3
F E, G 7
G C 11
 1. 27, [B-C-F-G]
 2. 20, [A-D-E-F]
 3. 27, [B-C-G-F]
 4. 26, [B-C-D-E-F]
EXPLANATION: In order to complete this scenario, we need to create a Schedule Network Diagram to graphically show the relationships and duration of each activity. After drawing, the diagram and calculating the duration, we can see that there are four paths; [A-D-E-F], [B-C-D-E-F], and [B-C-G-F]. After adding the duration of each activity for each path, we see that [A-D-E-F] has a duration of 20 days, [B-C-D-E-F] has a duration of 26 days, and [B-C-G-F] has a duration of 27 days. This means that the shortest amount of time the project can be completed in is 27 days, so answers B and D are out. Now, look at the two remaining answers, A and C. They have the correct duration, but the incorrect order. The order of the activities is [B-C-G-F], so answer D is our correct answer here.
Closing Summary
Schedule Network Diagrams are an important tool for a variety of reasons. The most obvious of which is the ability to take apart a question on exam day to determine the Critical Path, the Free Float, Total Float, or perform Schedule Compression on an activity list. This HAS TO BE a part of your Study Plan, and you should attempt to become efficient at drawing these correctly. Many of the examples in this article are oversimplified in order to assist with helping you understand the concepts. The questions on the exam will not be quite so simple and may even contain distracting information that prevents you from achieving the success you need to pass the exam. Make sure that you enlist the help of a few experts, like the team at PM-ProLearn, to help you perform your best on test day!
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Changing Our Thinking about Sticking Together
The pitch is thrown, the batter connects—crack! For a fraction of a moment, these two objects are stuck together, pulled together by adhesion energy and pushed apart by their own elasticity.
This moment of adhesion is studied by the field of engineering known as contact mechanics. By measuring things like force, elasticity, and surface area, baseball statisticians (read: engineers) can describe how the objects deform and connect using the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model of elastic contact, a foundational theory of the field.
But Yale researchers led by Eric Dufresne, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Physics, and Cell Biology, have shown that this model doesn't always hold up. If the ball—in this case a hard, silica microsphere—is small enough and, more importantly, is thrown at a soft enough surface—such as a sticky, flat, silicone substrate—then the adhesion obeys a new set of rules. In these cases, solid surface tension, which opposes adhesion by flattening the surface of soft solids, dominates elasticity, to the point that the silicone substrate adheres to the microsphere in a manner similar to the way cream adheres to a spoon.
"Given the current boom of interest in stretchable electronics and biomaterials, we hope this new understanding could lead to making materials with exciting new properties," said first-author Robert W. Style of Yale. The team, which also includes Callen Hyland, Rostislav Boltyanskiy, and John S. Wettlaufer of Yale, publishes their results today in Nature Communications under the title "Surface Tension and Contact with Soft Elastic Solids."


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My last blog introduced the idea of using Microsoft Visual Studio Code to work with Power BI Models. For this article, I build on that idea by showing how you can use a TOM based script to automatically generate measures in your model Power BI (or Azure Analysis Services) model.
For simplicity, the example in this blog will do the following:
– Connect to an instance of Power BI Desktop
– Iterate through every Table in the model
– Iterate through every Column in the "current" table from the outer loop
– If the Column is numeric and not hidden, create a simple [Sum of ] measure
Read on for demonstration code and a walkthrough of the process.


From Integrated Circuit Packaging, Assembly and Interconnections
An anomaly that is in non-conformance with normally accepted characteristics.
The sharpness of a deposited pattern, or the exactness with which a feature is patterned with respect to the intended design.
A debilitating change in a material characteristic or a device performance.
In packaging: Refers to the number of components on a circuit or board or the amount of conductor circuitry on a device package, a substrate or board.
A bare die (an element) or a packaged component.
A condition that results when molten solder has coated a surface and upon cooling recedes leaving areas of uncovered base material.
Plural of die.
An unpackaged semiconductor, e.g. a diode, transistor or an integrated circuit, separated from a wafer. Also referred to as a bare die or a chip.
Bonding of semiconductor die to a package/substrate. Same as die bonding.
Adhesive attachment of a semiconductor die to a package/substrate. Can be thermally conductive or non-thermally conductive.
The process of attaching a semiconductor die to a package, substrate or board with a eutectic or solder alloy.
The machine used for die bonding.
Any material that does not conduct electricity, an insulator, such as glass, ceramic or epoxy. Sometimes used to refer to a nonconducting ink or paste.
Copyright Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2007 under license agreement with Books24x7
Products & Services
Electronic and IC Packaging Services
Foam Bonding Tapes
IC Sockets and Headers
Electrical and Electronic Resins
Thermal Compounds and Thermal Interface Materials
Topics of Interest
E EDGE DEFINITION/EDGE ACUITY The sharpness of a pattern deposited by a thick film or thin film process. See Definition. ELECTRICAL ISOLATION Separating two or more conductors from each other by means...
B BACK END In semiconductor manufacturing the point at which all wafer processing has been completed and testing, assembly and packaging begins. BAKE Subjecting a part, package, board, substrate or an...
F FAILURE ANALYSIS A process to determine reasons why a device, circuit or assembly does not meet performance specifications. FAILURE MECHANISM A process intended to determine cause for the failure of...
Ken Gilleo Cookson Electronics 21.0 INTRODUCTION The semiconductor die or chip typically is bonded to a substrate for several critical reasons. First, an unattached die is subject to much greater...
OVERVIEW Adhesives used in the assembly of electronic circuits serve four main functions: Mechanically attach parts such as semiconductor die, components, substrates, packages, and heat sinks.


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Toward Sustainable Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials in Sub-Saharan Africa: a report by Tony Read
An extract from the foreword by Peter Nicolas Materu, Practice Manager, Education Global Practice, World Bank (GEDDR), is given below.
This study was commissioned as part of the World Bank's effort to support universal availability of textbooks in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It examines the cost and financing barriers to universal textbook provision in the region, and
is a compilation of the author's rich and multifaceted experience, across several decades working in the education sector in Africa. It covers a wide range of education issues including curriculum development and review, teaching and learning materials (TLM) provision, literacy and numeracy, language of instruction policy, procurement systems, distribution challenges, print manufacturing, materials development and design, and TLM management and usage in schools. Recent issues raised by attempts to embed information and communications technology (ICT) and other educational technologies within national education systems are also covered, as is the growing recognition that improved TLM system management is a critical component in achieving affordable and sustainable TLM provision
to all students.
The study will be particularly useful for policy makers, development partners, and other stakeholders attempting to understand the wide range of issues surrounding the complexity of textbook provision in SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa).
The complete report on 'Where Have All the Textbooks Gone? Toward Sustainable Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials in Sub-Saharan Africa' is available at the link below.


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During the 2016 AIUM Annual Convention, Michael Kolios, PhD, was awarded the Joseph H. Holmes Basic Science Pioneer Award. We asked him a few questions about the award, what interests him, and the future of medical ultrasound research. This is what he had to say.
- What does being named the Joseph H. Holmes Basic Science Pioneer Award winner mean to you?
It means a lot to me to be recognized by my peers in this manner. It motivates me to work even harder to contribute more to the community. I have been associated with the AIUM for a long time and have thoroughly enjoyed interacting with all the members over the years. When I peruse the list of the previous Joseph H. Holmes Basic Science Pioneer Awardees and look at their accomplishments, I feel quite humbled by being the recipient of this award, and hope one day to match their contributions to the field.
- What gets you excited the most when it comes to research?
I get excited when I generate/discuss new ideas, participate in the battle of new and old ideas, and the immensely complex detective work that is required to prove or disprove these new ideas. I thoroughly enjoy the interactions with all my colleagues and trainees that join me in this indefatigable and never-ending detective work, as solving one puzzle almost always creates many new ones. This is what I've encountered in the last 2 decades while probing basic questions on the propagation of ultrasound waves in tissue, and how different tissue structures scatter the sound. Finally, I get very excited when I try to think about how to use the basic science knowledge generated from this research to inform clinical practice, and envisioning the day this will potentially make a difference in the lives of people.
- How can we encourage more ultrasound research?
We need to provide the resources to people in order to do the research in ultrasound. Most funding agencies are stretched to the limit and success rates are sometimes in the single digits. This makes it very challenging to do research in general, including ultrasound research. Therefore, pooling resources and providing environments where ultrasonic research can excel will partially help—creating/promoting/maintaining centers for ultrasound research. This can also be promoted through networking and professional societies, such as the AIUM.Another thing to do to encourage more ultrasound research is by demonstrating the clinical impact of ultrasound and how it could be used to save the lives of patients. Only through the close collaboration of basic scientists/engineers with clinicians/clinician-scientists/sonographers can this be achieved. Developments in therapeutic ultrasound for example are very exciting, and have recently attracted the attention of both public and private funding agencies with many success stories. Moreover, providing seed money through opportunities such as the ERR (Endowment for Education and Research) is a step in the right direction—to give people the opportunity to pursue their ideas in the field of ultrasound research.
- What new or upcoming research has you most intrigued?
While I spent a lot of time trying to understand ultrasound scattering, and how changes in tissue morphology influence this scattering, I'm currently dedicating most of my time to the new field called photoacoustic imaging. It is known that conventional clinical ultrasound has relatively poor soft tissue contrast, but in photoacoustic imaging light is used to generate ultrasound. These ultrasound waves, created when light is absorbed by tissue, provides exciting results that allow not only probing tissue anatomy, but also function in ways that not many other modalities can. After the light is absorbed and the waves initiated, everything we know about ultrasound applies—and in fact we can use the same ultrasound instrumentation to create images. I expect this imaging modality to have clinical impact in the near future.
- You are well accomplished within the medical ultrasound research community, but when you were young what did you want to be when you grew up?
When I was young I wanted to be firstly an astronaut, then a philosopher, pondering basic questions and fundamental problems in nature. I ended up studying physics and its applications in medicine. It has been a highly rewarding choice!
- If you were presenting this award at the 2017 AIUM Annual Convention, who would you like to see receive it and why?
I'd like to see someone that has contributed to ultrasound, with work spanning from the basic science/engineering to clinical application! It would also be encouraging to see the next recipient being a woman or minority, reflecting the true diversity from which new ideas come, and representing a constituency for which society has relatively recently given the opportunity to contribute to science in a meaningful and sustained manner.
Who would you like to see win an AIUM award? What ideas do you have to increase the interest in and funding for research? Comment below or let us know on Twitter: _USER_.
Michael Kolios, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Physics, and Associate Dean of Science, Research and Graduate Studies at Ryerson University.


text:
Semigroups of order-decreasing transformations
MetadataShow full item record
Let X be a totally ordered set and consider the semigroups of orderdecreasing (increasing) full (partial, partial one-to-one) transformations of X. In this Thesis the study of order-increasing full (partial, partial one-to-one) transformations has been reduced to that of order-decreasing full (partial, partial one-to-one) transformations and the study of order-decreasing partial transformations to that of order-decreasing full transformations for both the finite and infinite cases. For the finite order-decreasing full (partial one-to-one) transformation semigroups, we obtain results analogous to Howie (1971) and Howie and McFadden (1990) concerning products of idempotents (quasi-idempotents), and concerning combinatorial and rank properties. By contrast with the semigroups of order-preserving transformations and the full transformation semigroup, the semigroups of orderdecreasing full (partial one-to-one) transformations and their Rees quotient semigroups are not regular. They are, however, abundant (type A) semigroups in the sense of Fountain (1982,1979). An explicit characterisation of the minimum semilattice congruence on the finite semigroups of order-decreasing transformations and their Rees quotient semigroups is obtained. If X is an infinite chain then the semigroup S of order-decreasing full transformations need not be abundant. A necessary and sufficient condition on X is obtained for S to be abundant. By contrast, for every chain X the semigroup of order-decreasing partial one-to-one transformations is type A. The ranks of the nilpotent subsemigroups of the finite semigroups of orderdecreasing full (partial one-to-one) transformations have been investigated.
Thesis, PhD Doctor of Philosophy
Items in the St Andrews Research Repository are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
Third International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems
There is an increasing demand in industry to use formal methods to achieve software-independent verification and validation of safety-critical systems, e.g., in fields such as avionics, automotive, medical, and other cyber-physical systems. Newer standards, such as DO-178C (avionics) and ISO 26262 (automotive), emphasize the need for formal methods and model-based development, speeding up the adaptation of such methods in industry.
The aim of this workshop is to bring together researchers and engineers who are interested in the application of formal and semi-formal methods to improve the quality of safety-critical computer systems. FTSCS strives strives to promote research and development of formal methods and tools for industrial applications, and is particularly interested in industrial applications of formal methods. Specific topics include, but are not limited to:
- case studies and experience reports on the use of formal methods for analyzing safety-critical systems, including avionics, automotive, medical, and other kinds of safety-critical and QoS-critical systems
- methods, techniques and tools to support automated analysis, certification, debugging, etc., of complex safety/QoS-critical systems
- analysis methods that address the limitations of formal methods in industry (usability, scalability, etc.)
- formal analysis support for modeling languages used in industry, such as AADL, Ptolemy, SysML, SCADE, Modelica, etc.
- code generation from validated models.
More detailed information can be found at FTSCS 2014 website


text:
XII. This activity involves reading a scenario and discussing the correct way for a school bus driver to handle it. Options for using the scenarios can be found on page 5.
Follow these steps to conduct the activity.
- Review the instructions (XII.A-D) with the participants.
- Read the scenario slowly.
NOTE: There are 10 scenarios, covering the various conditions addressed in the module. You will not need to use all of them. If you have presented the entire module, you can choose 5-6 of the scenarios. If you have only presented one section of the module, you can use a scenario that corresponds to that section. You may choose to develop your own scenarios using weather conditions particular to your local area.
- Ask participants to say how that scenario should be handled by the school bus driver. In each scenario the school bus is a medium-sized conventional bus equipped with a two-way radio and carrying middle school students.
NOTE: One alternative would be to first have each participant write down how he or she would handle the situation. Then discuss the scenario as a group. This process ensures that each school bus driver will have had to think about the scenario.
- Record the responses on a flip chart.
- After all the responses are listed, ask if certain actions need to happen before others. Starting with #1, indicate the order in which the actions should happen.
NOTE: With each scenario, the correct actions are listed in the order in which they should occur. If the order isnít important, the actions are preceded by a bullet instead of a number.


text:
Visitors to Dickson Mounds Museum's more than 15,000 square feet of exhibits discover many different ways of interpreting the past, including innovative displays of artifacts, arts, and archaeology; exciting hands-on activities; and multi-media presentations.
Reflections on Three Worlds reveals the world of Mississippian people whose 800-year-old sites surround the museum today. The exhibits depict the complex life and culture of these people, trace in detail the evidence of archaeology, and lead to a spectacular multimedia event that takes one through a kaleidoscope of sights, sounds, symbols, music and voices of the three worlds of Mississippian belief.
Other exhibits at Dickson Mounds include an interactive Discovery Center; a Special Exhibits Gallery; the Eveland Village Site, where the remains of three early Mississippian buildings are preserved for viewing on the museum grounds; and an exhibit that tells the story of the museum itself, History.
Those wishing to schedule a tour or program at the museum will find details at Group Programs.
Dickson Mounds also offers the traveling exhibit The North American Bald Eagle.


text:
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high resolution intravascular imaging method that allows visualization of flow diverter struts and the vessel wall. In this study, malapposition of the flow diverter that continues into the neck of the aneurysm, named communicating malapposition (CM), was investigated as a potential factor for delayed aneurysm healing.Methods
40 New Zealand White rabbits underwent elastase induced aneurysm creation, and were subsequently assigned to one of four treatment groups based on flow diverter type and administration of antiplatelet therapy. All animals underwent post device deployment balloon angioplasty and subsequent OCT to assess device/vessel apposition. The incidence of CM seen on OCT was assessed with a binary scoring system: 0–CM present; 1–CM absent. At 30 days, DSA was acquired to assess aneurysm healing. Aneurysm healing on terminal DSA was measured using a previously developed 5 point scale, with a score of 3 or 4 considered a positive outcome.Results
All animals were grouped into a single cohort for analysis as no difference in the rate of CM or healing was seen in the four treatment groups. Significant interaction between the absence of CM and a positive outcome was confirmed by Fisher exact test (P=0.0034). Angioplasty was shown to treat 33% of the cases of CM seen at implant, and these treated cases overwhelmingly had a positive outcome (P<0.001).Conclusion
The use of OCT to assess CM of flow diverters has been shown to be predictive of the 30 day healing rate of an animal model of aneurysms.


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Louis Washkansky (1913-67)
Louis Washkansky was a Lithuanian Jew who moved to South Africa in 1922 and became a grocer. Although he participated in sport and led a healthy lifestyle, he was diabetic and suffered from an incurable heart disease, resulting in three heart attacks which led to congestive heart failure.
Washkansky was the recipient of the first successful human heart transplant on 3 December 1967. He received the heart of a young woman, Denise Darvall, who had been critically injured in a car accident. His ground-breaking surgery was performed by Christiaan Barnard, who immediately became famous around the world.
Even though Washkansky died 18 days after he received his transplant, his surgery was considered a success and while many other heart transplant patients died after a short period of time in the early period of transplant surgery, advances in drug therapy and surgical techniques have provided a longer life for recipients.


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Kids love guessing games and ours are no exception. I remember teachers holding their fingers up behind their backs and the child who guessed the closest to the number of fingers they were holding up got a privilege, such as walking out first to recess. The game never got old because there was always a new opportunity to guess. This continued into higher grades where teachers would write down a number and have students guess. In kindergarten and preschool, guessing the number is exciting enough and needs no further reward.
How many gems am I holding? Pre-K and Kinder Guessing Game From 0 to 5
You will need:
- 5 glass gems or other small objects
- That's it!
This game is so simple that it requires no set-up except gathering five gems or other small items. If you use something other than gems, it should be easy for the children to grasp without dropping. Tell them you are going to put between zero and five gems into their hands which they will hide behind their backs. They will not know how many gems are in their hands. Other students will each take turns guessing how many gems there are and then the student with the gems (or no gems) will take his hands out from behind his back and open them for all to see and determine who was the closest. The game continues until each child has had a turn. This is a great game for rainy days and can be done spontaneously as it requires no prep time! You can also change it up to be a guessing game about colors by placing a colored bear or other object into their hands and have everyone guess the color.
MORE Hands-on, Playful ways to teach the numbers 0-5 with these activities from the Early Childhood Education Team. Follow the hashtag _TAG_ to find all of the FREE learning activities from the team.
Learning 2 Walk


Windows Programming
.NET 1.1+
Setting the Foreground Window
In a previous article I described the use of the SendKeys class. This type's methods provide a last resort way to control other applications, allowing you to send keys to the keyboard buffer and have them received by the target software. One of the problems with this approach is activating the target window in the first place. A solution to this problem is to use the SetForegroundWindow function.
SetForegroundWindow is a Windows Application Programming Interface (API) function, which you can call using Platform Invocation Services (P/Invoke). The function is quite simple. It has a single parameter, to which you provide the handle of the window to be activated. The function returns a Boolean value with true indicating success and false meaning that the window could not become active. Failures can happen for several reasons, such as the window being locked or having open menus.
Declaring the Function
To demonstrate SetForegoundWindow's use we'll create a simple program that finds all of the running instances of Notepad and uses SendKeys to send them some text. To begin, create a new Windows Forms application project. We'll be using the System.Diagnostics namespace to work with processes and System.Runtime.InteropServices for P/Invoke, so add the following two using directives to the code behind the automatically generated form:
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
We can now declare the Windows API function by adding the following within the code block of the form's class:
static extern bool SetForegroundWindow(IntPtr hWnd);
Calling the Function
Our sample program is simple. Firstly we will use the Process class's static method, GetProcessesByName, to obtain an array containing one Process object for each running Notepad. We'll then loop through each of the objects so that every Notepad instance is affected.
Within the Process class is the MainWindowHandle property. This holds the handle of the application's main window. As we are targeting Notepad this will be the correct handle, as Notepad can only include one window. We'll use the handle with SetForegroundWindow to activate each Notepad window in turn. We'll then send some text to the active window using SendKeys.
To add this functionality, start by creating a new button on the form in the form designer window. Double-click the button to add a click event and include the following code within the event's method:
Process[] processes = Process.GetProcessesByName("notepad");
foreach (Process process in processes)
 SendKeys.Send("Hello, world!");
You can now test the program. Start several instances of Notepad before running the program and clicking the button. You should see the text, "Hello, world!" added to each Notepad's text.
18 May 2013


We are working on the intangible layers that compose tangible Architecture
Exercise 01a: Draw intangible layers. Data visualisation and taxonomy
Exercise 01b: 2D composition by overlapping layers
Exercise 02: Materialilty. Use data layers to create architectural elements
Exercise 03: Artificial Topology. 3D space design by combining layers of intangible data.
COVID-19. FORCED INTANGIBILITY. How does social space change??
LABEA means oven in basque language and it is the visible face of one of the experimental workshops on architectural design at the faculty of Architecture of the University of the Basque Country


Barrel (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Ale casks at a brewery in the UK. These are firkins, each holding 9 imperial gallons (41 l) or a quarter of a UK beer barrel.
A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the U.K. beer barrel and U.S. beer barrel), oil barrels, and so forth. For historical reasons the volumes of some barrel units are roughly double the volumes of others; volumes in common use range approximately from 100 to 200 litres (22 to 44 imp gal; 26 to 53 US gal). In many connections the term drum is used almost interchangeably with barrel.
Since medieval times the term barrel as a unit of measure has had various meanings throughout Europe, ranging from about 100 litres to about 1,000 litres. The name was derived in medieval times from the French baril, of unknown origin, but still in use, both in French and as derivations in many other languages such as Italian, Polish and Spanish. In most countries such usage is obsolescent, increasingly superseded by SI units. As a result, the meaning of corresponding words and related concepts (vat, cask, keg etc.) in other languages often refers to a physical container rather than a known measure.
In the international oil market context, however, prices in United States dollars per barrel are commonly used, and the term is variously translated, often to derivations of the Latin / Teutonic root fat (for example vat or Fass).[1]
In other commercial connections, barrel sizes such as beer keg volumes also are standardised in many countries.
Dry goods in the US[edit]
 - US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (115.6 L) ( ≈ 3.28 US bushels)
 - Defined as length of stave 28 12 in (72 cm), diameter of head 17 18 in (43 cm), distance between heads 26 in (66 cm), circumference of bulge 64 in (1.6 m) outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 410 in (10 mm)[2] (diameter ≈ 20.37 in or 51.7 cm). Any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent. This is exactly equal to 26.25 US dry-gallons.[3]
 - US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (95.5 L) ( ≈ 2.71 US bushels)
 - Defined as length of stave 28 12 in (72 cm), diameter of head 16 14 in (41 cm), distance between heads 25 14 in (64 cm), circumference of bulge 58 12 in (1.49 m) outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 410 in (10.16 mm)[2] (diameter ≈ 18.62 in or 47.3 cm). No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches.[4]
 - Cornmeal, 200 pounds (90.7 kg)
 - Cement (including Portland cement[5]), 4 cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg)[3]
 - Sugar, 5 cubic feet (142 L) (37 US gal)
 - Wheat or rye flour, three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg)
 - Lime (mineral), 280 pounds (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 pounds (81.6 kg) small barrel[6]
 - Butter and cheese in UK, 224 pounds (102 kg)[3]
 - Salt, 280 pounds (130 kg)[3]
Fluid barrel in the US and UK[edit]
Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the UK a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal; 164 L). In the US most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L).[7][8] The size of beer kegs in the US is based loosely on fractions of the US beer barrel. When referring to beer barrels or kegs in many countries, the term may be used for the commercial package units independent of actual volume, where common range for professional use is 20–60 L, typically a DIN or Euro keg of 50 L.
Richard III, King of England from 1483 until 1485, had defined the wine puncheon as a cask holding 84 gallons and a wine tierce as holding 42 gallons. Custom had made the 42 gallon watertight tierce a standard container for shipping eel, salmon, herring, molasses, wine, whale oil, and many other commodities in the English colonies by 1700. After the American Revolution in 1776, American merchants continued to use the same size barrels.[9]
Oil barrel[edit]
In the worldwide oil industry, an oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 159 litres,[10] or 35 imperial gallons.[11]
Oil companies that are listed on American stock exchanges typically report their production in terms of volume and use the units bbl (one barrel), or kbbl or Mbbl (one kilobarrel, one thousand barrels), or MMbbl (one million barrels), and occasionally for wider comprehensive statistics Gbbl (or sometimes Gbl), for giga-barrel (one billion barrels).[12] There is a conflict concerning the units for oil barrels (see § Definitions and units). For all other physical quantities, according to the International System of Units, the uppercase letter "M" means "mega-" ("one million"), for example: Mm (one million metres, megametres), MHz (one million hertz, or megahertz), MW (one million watts, or megawatt), MeV (one million electronvolt, or megaelectronvolt). But due to tradition, the Mbbl acronym is used today meaning "one thousand bbl", as a heritage of the roman number "M" meaning "one thousand". On the other hand, there are efforts to avoid this ambiguity, and most of the barrel dealers today prefer to use bbl, instead of Mbbl, mbbl, MMbbl or mmbbl.
Outside the United States, volumes of oil are usually reported in cubic metres (m3) instead of oil barrels. Cubic metre is the basic volume unit in the International System. In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic metres, but convert to barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported to the US. The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic metre = 6.2898 oil barrels,[13] but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the border, since the volumes are specified at different temperatures, and the exact conversion factor depends on both density and temperature. Canadian companies operate internally and report to Canadian governments in cubic metres, but often convert to US barrels for the benefit of American investors and oil marketers. They generally quote prices in Canadian dollars per cubic metre to other Canadian companies, but use US dollars per barrel in financial reports and press statements, making it appear to the outside world that they operate in barrels.
Companies on the European stock exchanges report the mass of oil in tonnes. Since different varieties of petroleum have different densities, however, there is not a single conversion between mass and volume. For example, one tonne of heavy distillates might occupy a volume of 6.1 barrels (970 litres; 256 US gallons). In contrast, one tonne of crude oil might occupy 6.5 barrels (1,030 litres; 273 US gallons), and one tonne of gasoline will require 7.9 barrels (1,260 litres; 332 US gallons).[14] Overall, the conversion is usually between 6 and 8 barrels (954 and 1,270 litres; 252 and 336 US gallons) per tonne.
The measurement of an "oil barrel" originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields. The Drake Well, the first oil well in the US, was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859, and an oil boom followed in the 1860s. When oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes. Some of these barrels would originally have been used for other products, such as beer, fish, molasses, or turpentine. Both the 42-US-gallon (159 L) barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-US-gallon (151.4 L) whiskey barrels were used. Also, 45-US-gallon (170 L) barrels were in common use. The 40 gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.
Around 1866, early oil producers in Pennsylvania came


Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
Master of Engineering Science
Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Dr. Takashi Kuboki
The direct long-fiber reinforced thermoplastic (D-LFT) process is a streamlined material processing technique which includes various types of equipment. It is imperative to understand how the process and its operating conditions affect degradation and thermal properties of the processed material for industry applications. This study investigates effects of process stages, extruder temperature, and screw speed on molecular weight and thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) composites throughout the D-LFT process. Viscosity number (VN) measurements, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on collected samples. In conclusion, it was found that thermo-oxidative degradation is the main degradation mechanism of the glass fiber reinforced PA6 composites during the D-LFT process. Therefore, minimizing temperature and residence time of the extruders as well as exposure time of plastificate to atmospheric conditions along the conveyer is an effective way to minimize degradation of PA6.


text:
Continued evolution is the essence of urban life. Conservation is a matter of ensuring that the qualities that define a place are maintained while change continues to happen.
In some places change needs to be promoted. Regeneration may be necessary where economic change has left a residual built environment that needs to be adapted to new purposes.
Inclusion of historic buildings in a regeneration project provides a catalyst for change, setting standards for creative and sustainable design. See links in left margin to sites that are or may become such catalysts.
Scotland is highly urbanised. Many towns owe their origin to burgh status granted by David I in the 12th
century; and others to a wave of improvement and planned settlement in the 18th
century. Massive transformation in the 19th
century saw Scotland's cities and industrial towns grow exponentially. Much of the built fabric of towns and villages dates from this period.
Densities within towns and cities are higher in Scotland than in England, thanks to the tenement and the high rise, and so even quite small Scottish settlements have recognisable urban form. What would be defined as a village in England often in Scotland has the character of a town.
Scottish Government Urban Rural Classification
View the Scottish Government Urban Rural Classification maps
- Large urban areas with a population of over 125,000. This includes smaller towns adjacent to a large city such as Glasgow.
- Other urban areas with a population of 10,000 to 125,000
- Small towns with a population of 3,000 to 10,000
- Rural areas with a population of less than 3,000
Seven cities have a combined population of 1,545,000: a third of all Scots. The city regions of Scotland together account for two thirds of the population and are the economic drivers. Cities also contain 68% of the most deprived postcode sectors in Scotland (overwhelmingly in Glasgow) and so it is here that most regeneration activity is directed.
Following the Cities Review
, Historic Scotland funds city heritage trusts that offer conservation expertise and are vehicles for grants and other initiatives. See related external links.
A town may in Scotland be the principal urban unit in a dispersed area, and so investment in it has a multiplier effect on surrounding rural areas.
Towns are the focus for community activities; they contain a significant proportion of Scotland's listed buildings and more than half of the total number of conservation areas. They are an important element in Scotland's appeal to visitors and to potential inward investors.
There are over 645 conservation areas in Scotland, all designated by local planning authorities. They are areas of special historic or architectural interest, the character of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. The overall layout may be just as important to that character as individual buildings. The majority are urban: parts of cities and towns plus a few villages and cultural landscapes.
Many conservation areas now have appraisals to explain the character that the local authority aims to preserve and also what can be enhanced. They are required to justify article 4 directions that remove certain permitted development rights. Examples can be found on the Edinburgh Council website
, Aberdeen City Council website
, Glasgow City Council website
and Midlothian website
. Some communities have developed Conservation Area Appraisals of their own.
There used to be classification as "Outstanding" by Historic Scotland of those conservation areas eligible for funding from Scottish Ministers. Following public consultation in 2004, and enactment of the Planning etc (Scotland) Act (2006), there is now no requirement that a conservation area first be classified outstanding. Historic Scotland will therefore no longer make these classifications but still should be informed when conservation areas are designated, varied or cancelled by local authorities. Please would local authorities send digital updates to _EMAIL_
For more on managing conservation areas see the Scottish Government planning advice note 71
or the associated short guide to conservation areas
published jointly by Historic Scotland and the Scottish Government.
The Scottish Urban Regeneration Forum
(SURF) is the independent regeneration and inclusion network for Scotland. SURF operates from two basic principles:
- Successful and sustainable regeneration is only achievable when all aspects of physical, social, economic and cultural regeneration are addressed in a holistic approach.
- The people who are the intended beneficiaries of any regeneration effort must be meaningfully involved in the process if it is to be successful in planning, implementation and maintenance.
Funding for Regeneration
The Historic Environment Regeneration Fund was created by Historic Scotland in 2006 to support area-based regeneration and conservation initiatives undertaken by local authorities.
The Townscape Heritage Initiative has seen awards by Heritage Lottery Fund of £39.2 million to 33 Scottish conservation areas since 1997. In 2006 and 2007 half of the awards made across the UK went to Scotland.
At the crux is management of conservation areas through:
- Conservation Area Appraisal
- Local participation
- Employment of project officers
- Resolution for key buildings at risk
- Use of empty floorspace
- Reinstatement of missing or damaged architectural detail, and its future protection
- Priority public realm projects with a conservation slant
The Scottish Burgh Survey
A guide to the archaeological resource in towns, published by Historic Scotland, helps to influence decision-makers and to set the research agenda on questions that may be answered by archaeology where development occurs. Publications in the latest series are can be found on the Council for British Archaeology


text:
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
The Aran Islands (Irish: Oileáin Árann) or The Arans are three large slabs of rock located at the mouth of Galway Bay, on the west coast of Ireland. They are pelted every day with rainstorms, enormous waves brought upon by the rainstorms, and struggling poets come to look upon the enormous waves brought upon by the rainstorms. It has no natural vegetation, soil, or clean water, plus a terrifyingly small supply of naturally occurring oxygen. For these reasons, the islands are revered in Irish culture, and many dozens of thickly-accented peasants call the big rocks their homes.
Geography and island life
Three enormous pieces of limestone make up the Aran Islands, their enormousness decreasing as one travels west to east. They are found stranded in the middle of the Galway Bay (or "Galbay" for short), which pummels the island daily with foamy waves and wavy foam. Each island is composed of solid limestone, with some dirt and patches of grass sneaking into the cracks like brave weeds sprouting in the margins of a filthy city street.
Seaweed is the main currency of the Aran Islands due to its plentiful nature, with otherwise commonplace items such as wood and dirt functioning as luxury goods. The exchange rate between buckets of seaweed and clods of dirt in 2005 were 5 : 1, though the 2008 recession has since inflated the rate to 8 : 1.
Local peasants rely on food and supplies imported from Galway to survive, creating a parental mentality among residents of the mainland city over the years. They subject the islands to monthly inspections, making sure each peasant has enough resources to barely sustain them day-to-day and stays away from alcohol and recreational drugs. An unsatisfactory inspection used to be punished with forcible eviction from the islands, though the obvious benefits of eviction have since rendered the punishment obsolete. It is now more common for residents to suffer a "grounding," forcible placement in the corner of the island with no seaweed supper for two weeks.
Inishmore is the largest, and westernmost, of the Aran Islands. Its almost completely flat surface makes it ideal for bicycling, though the abrupt 40 foot cliffs around the island's circumference make it ideal to invest in quality brakes. Being the largest of the three islands, it is the most diverse and well-populated island by far, housing over thirteen types of impoverished Irishman, eight types of impoverished Irishwoman, and over eighty-nine different types of rocks.
Inishaan, the middlemost island in all demographic and geological aspects, suffers from a severe inferiority complex brought about by the constant bullying of Inishaan. Plus, Galway says that it doesn't have a favorite island, but it always treats Inisheer better just because it is smaller and cuter. For example:
- Inisheer always gets extra corn, and always starves a little less around harvest season
- Inisheer always gets to sell their seaweed to Galway for extra nickels, but when Inishaan tries to do the same, they get told "Don't you think you're a little too big for this?"
- Inisheer always gets molested more often. Inishaan finds this slightly disturbing.
Inisheer, the littlest island, functions as the cultural center for all of Aran, hosting several festivals on pivotal dates each year. Lá Uafásach, a tremendous feast of edible-looking rocks on the Summer Solstice, is celebrated to ease into the fallow period that plagues the Aran Islands from July through May.
A similar festival, Réabhlóid Dúnmharú Léidearnach Thointrí, takes place on December 16th, at the peak of the third starvation cycle. A wide variety of games are played to distract the population from their dead or dying children, such as Maraigh gach ceann eile le carraigeacha ar an ceann, a feat of strength, and Caith do leanaí i aigéan, a disposal of said dead or dying children.
Written history of the Aran Islands did not exist until the 17th Century, when the first tree was imported from neighboring Galway, subsequently processed into paper using a paper processor imported from Galway, and written upon using a pen imported from Galway. Archaeological remains suggest that the island was populated sparsely by Celtic Druids pre-1600, though nothing is known about their culture spare that they starved and died off, as was popular in Irish society at the time.
During the 14th Official English Oppression, the Aran Islands were re-settled by refugee Catholics from Eastern Ireland. The British gave the poor peasants two options: "Go to Connacht, or go to Hell;" naturally, the fleeing citizens stumbled upon Aran en route to Hell. The Anglican army considered extending their oppression to Aran, but a quick view of the big limestone rocks from across the bay convinced them otherwise. When the Irish regained control of their homeland after the brutal Land War some centuries later, a team was sent to Aran to tell them it was finally safe to come back. They were bemused to discover that a nation of rocks and seaweed had not technologically advanced an inch between 1600 and 1890.
"They were carrying their kids in baskets and just chewing on hunks of moss, or some similar, strange vaguely green-ish substance," said representative Dan O'Donnell, who recounted his firsthand experience with the Aran Islanders in an official report to the Dubhlinn Tymes, "I asked the wives and children where all their husbands were, and they told me that the men had all gone out on the communal canoe to catch a fish and would be back in two weeks. You'd think they had been living under a rock for all those years, but the rock was actually living under them."
Since the official report, the Aran Islands have transformed into a makeshift zoo displaying the traditional customs of Irish life and language. Due to the islands' idyllic rockiness and complete lack of natural resources, the economy of the Aran Islands hinges upon tourism. It is annually flooded by poets and prosets in search of lost words and inspiring metaphors hidden inside the mossy cracks and rustic villages that dot the island.
Perhaps the most distinguished alumni of so-called Aran University is poet and playwright J.M. Synge, who journeyed to Aran on the advice of W.B. Yeats, who had never been to the islands but needed to distract Synge so he could screw his girlfriend. Synge's memoir of his travels pulls a remarkable amount of something out of nothing, detailing walks along the cliffs down to the smallest dropping pebble, conversations with the village elder down to the smallest fiber of his beard. While Synge discovered the natural energy that contributed to his ensuing fame in Irish literary circles, Yeats rode his wooden canoe all over Synge's soon-to-be-ex in one of Irish history's few win-win situations.
Man of Aran
When more natives began leaving the island in search for more habitable habitats, something had to be done to preserve Aran culture. In 1934, using a primitive camcorder imported from Galway, ten of the remaining twelve Inishaan villagers produced, directed, and starred in Man of Aran, a propaganda film championing the tough Aran lifestyle. From a joyous feast of muddy wood with a dash of mold, to the tragic shipwrecking of their last canoe, the film chronicles a day in the life of the typical (and, by the time principal photography was complete, only) Inishaan family.
The audiovisual parade of triumph, misery, and even more misery was a hit at the Irish box office, drawing larger crowds of poets than ever seen before. However, it failed to attract any permanent residents, and the number of Arannies dwindled into oblivion in the ensuing decades. It is now inhabited entirely by crouching metaphor hunters who, daily, mistake each other for simple peasantry.


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Changing the video playback speed
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Stree Shakthi
"Behind every successful man is a woman". This is the statement we have heard many a times in the English language. The underlying aspect of this statement is that women are always behind men or in the background of men.
In the Indian context, the same thought is expressed very differently. It is known as Saha Dharmini. The man and woman are equal and together in their role in society. It is this concept that is expressed in divinity as "Ardhanari"- half man and half woman.
In this subject capsule, we look at the Indian woman and her role in this civilization through her various facets.
Education – Indian women:
One of the primary erroneous views is that, women were not given access to education in those days. The traditional Indian records as well as the British records categorally show that women had equal educational opportunity in India till about a few hundred years back.
After a basic study which was common to both boys and girls the women had special higher studies for them called as Savithri Vachana.
The other erroneous comment is, women were not allowed in the field of Vedic studies. In fact over 24 women Rishi have themselves composed the Veda and women Rishi Gargi and Maithreyi have substantially contributed to Brihadaranya Upanishad.
Stree Dhana – Dowry:
In the field of Law, the one sore point that has been expressed is that the women have been controlled and squashed with the ancient concept of StreeDhanaStree Dhana concept that was practiced in India prior to the arrival of British in India was very different from the dowry that we know of today.
This Stree Dhana concept of ancient to medieval India was practiced so that the women had equal right to the wealth of the family. Once the wealth enters the female kingdom it would remain only in the female kingdom and the male members of the family have no right over the wealth of the ladies or StreeDhana.
This concept ensured economic independence and respect to the women of India through the ages. This concept of equality to women in wealth was alien to the medieval British administrators and hence they changed the law which became detrimental to the women.
Women preserve:
Apart from controlling the wealth of the land and the respect that goes with it, the women also controlled two other important aspects of the agrarian society, they being water and seeds.
 - Water:
All across the land of India right from Kashmir to Kanyakumari there are 10,00,000 water harnessing and irrigation projects of India which have been used for thousands of years. The upkeep and maintenance of these have always rested with the women. It is they, who have provided the waters for the irrigation of their fields and for their homes. That is why almost all the rivers in India have a feminine name given to them.
Unfortunately the current generation has not understood this, noble and sustainable concept in the last couple of decades, because water harnessing is now being administered by men who have turned them into garbage dumps.
To revive the water harnessing scenario it is for the women to once again wrest control of the water harnessing systems of the land so that their ilk do not have to suffer in providing water for their families.
 - Seeds:
Traditionally the seed bank of India was in the hands of women. Year after year they would garner the best of produce and keep it aside as seeds for the next season sowing.
Because of this alround role they had in the society and the respect that accrued from it, they also had the freedom of choice in choosing their life partner.
 - This concept was called "Swayamvara" – meaning self choice.
 Women festival
 This wholesome role of women in the society led to them having their own special women festivals all over India.
 Through this multimedia capsule, we see the high role of women in the Indian society because of which the women were not looked down upon in India but had equality in gender through the ages in the progress of Indian civilization.


The Real Story Behind Yuri Gagarin's Death
On April 12, 1961, a Soviet Air Force pilot named Yuri Gagarin rocketed out of obscurity and into history when he orbited the Earth in his Vostok 1 spacecraft.
From that point on he was the face of Soviet success in space; his winning smile was broadcast around the world. Less than seven years later, he was killed in a bizarre plane crash, the details of which have never been clear. Until now.
Gagarin's fellow cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first man to perform a spacewalk, has finally seen the accident report and told Russia Today television network what really happened to the first man in space.
PHOTOS: Out of This World Space Memorials
On March 27, 1968, Yuri Gagarin was piloting a MiG-15 fighter jet with instructor Vladimir Seryogin on a routine training flight. It wasn't the only activity in the sky that day. An Su-15 was also flying a test, though it was scheduled to fly well above Gagarin's MiG. And Leonov, meanwhile, was running parachute jump training. For both activities – flying and jumping — the weather was lousy. It was raining, and there were low clouds causing limited visibility.
Leonov was waiting for the official word canceling his parachute training when heard two very loud booms. The first was the sound of an airplane breaking the sound barrier, the second was a crash. They were seconds apart, followed by silence. He knew something was wrong.
When a team of investigators found the crash site, they found Seryogin's body but no sign of Gagarin. The brief hope that the first man in space had ejected in time was dashed when his remains were found the next day. Leonov identified him by a mole on his neck.
Leonov and Gherman Titov, another colleague of Gagarin's who made history's second spaceflight, both served on the accident investigation board. Leonov spoke to witnesses who saw the Su-15 streaking out of the clouds with its tail smoking and burning, a clear sign that its afterburner was working. But the witness accounts put this plane too low, far lower than its planned flight altitude of nearly 33,000 feet. It was seen low, closer to the 2,000 foot mark where Gagarin's plane had been flying.
PHOTOS: NASA's Spacesuits Through the Years
But the official report never mentioned the Su-15. Instead, it blamed the crash on pilot maneuvers. Gagarin and Seryogin likely swerved to avoid hitting a bird, a move that put them into a tailspin and unrecoverable dive. It was an explanation that might have satisfied civilians, but aviation professionals knew this was hardly a possibility.
In the years and decades that followed, rumors swirled about Gagarin's death.
Had Gagarin been drinking? Was he distracted, taking pictures of birds from the air when he should have been paying attention to his aircraft? Had the pilots succumb to hypoxia after a cabin pressurization valve failed? Or had it been sabotage? Gagarin was the poster boy for Soviet success in space under Nikita Khrushchev, but the cosmonaut wasn't the favorite of the new Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. Politically-driven murder was among the theories.
The Soviet government did investigate some of the claims. Theories that Gagarin was intoxicated, that he and Seryogin had been distracted taking pictures from the cockpit windows, and sabotage were ruled out. As was flight controller action; the KGB found no evidence that crews on the ground had provided the pilots with bad weather data.
But all these non-causes didn't point to a cause. It's been a mystery for 46 years.
PHOTOS: Gagarin's Falsified Flight Record
Now, a newly released document has solved the case. The declassified report has confirmed that an Su-15 fighter jet was flying an unauthorized path close to Gagarin's MiG-15. And while the report misrecorded Leonov's testimony — he heard booms two seconds apart, not 15-20 seconds apart – confirmation of a second aircraft explains a lot.
A larger aircraft like the Su-15 has the power to roll a smaller plane like a MiG-15 over in its wake if the two come too close to one another. Leonov's memory of booms two seconds apart suggests they were, somewhere around 30 feet from one another. That's close enough for the Su-15 to shake the MiG from the sky. There was also new data in the report. It seems Gagarin's plane hit the ground traveling at close to 470 miles per hour, and there was just 55 seconds between the pilot's last communication and impact with the ground.
This information has been fed into a computer and various simulations of the accident run. It turns out that the only viable explanation for the crash is that the Su-15 flew too close to the MiG. The force of the larger aircraft flipped the smaller, forced it into a spiral dive towards the ground.
The last missing part of the story is the name of the Su-15 pilot, and that's a detail we'll likely never know. Leonov isn't allowed to name names. Of the pilot, the former cosmonaut simple said that he is a good test pilot and for the world to know his identity will fix nothing.
Image credit: Getty
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text:
Poverty can include an income below a certain level
If you are homeless or suffering from poverty
These options are for citizens experiencing different levels of poverty and each one may not apply to everyone.
- Find a homeless shelter in order to stay warm
- Find housing
- Get more education to increase your income potential (statistically, the more education one has, the more they will make throughout their lifespan)
- Eat something for free or inexpensively
- Get a better job
Solutions and how you can help
- Donate food or other items to help alleviate poverty.


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Might As Well Jump
Laszlo Laufer and Bottyan Nemeth, two Hungarian researchers at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, have found that gamer's button pressing is predicatable two seconds beforehand based on skin conductance. Using a basic game called YetiSports JungleSwing that involves a yeti jumping from tree to tree, they measured volunteer's heart rate, skin conductance and electrical activity. After analysis of the data, they found that skin conductance by itself is enough to predict a jump two seconds before the player does it.
They think the technology could have useful applications for pilots among others, helping to speed up reaction time. They also see usefulness in computer games that could incessantly piss you off by predicting your next move. Sensors could probably easily be built into the next generation of console controllers with feedback actually affecting gameplay. To what extent is obviously unknown, but this should come in handy when somebody creates a game where you have to fight a gun-wielding psychic.


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you practice it, the easier it becomes. This is one of my absolute favorite breathing techniques to practice. I notice that my breath flows so much easier after I practice square breathing. If four seconds is too long for you to hold, you can modify by doing "triangle breathing" where everything is held for a count of 3.
Extended exhalation (EE). In EE, you consciously make your exhale LONGER than your inhale. For example, you might inhale to a count of 5 and exhale to a count of 8. Your HR slightly elevates when you inhale, and it lowers when you exhale. Thus, when you extend the length of your exhale, your heart rate drops quite a bit, which can trigger the PNS to ramp up. As we have discussed a ton in this series, when your PNS is turned on, it makes your body and mind feel calmer and more peaceful. PNS activation also gives your body time to work on digestion, elimination, and tissue repair, leading to better overall wellness within your body and mind.
Alternate nostril breathing (ANB). ANB is a breathing technique where you close off one nostril (using your finger) while exhaling through the other nostril. Then, you inhale through the same nostril you just exhaled from. Next, you switch nostrils by closing off the first nostril (with another finger), and exhaling, then inhaling, through the other nostril. Repeat this process as many times as you would like. ANB helps to reduce SNS activation and increase activity in the PNS. ANB has also been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP), and after 8 weeks of practicing ANB, the magnitude of BP reduction increased (meaning the BP continued to decrease over time with ANB). ANB has also been shown to increase your concentration/focus and lung function.
Bhramari breath. Bhramari breathwork involves placing your index fingers on the space between your ear and your cheek, one on each side. You can let your other fingers curl into your palm (as in the first picture), or you can place your other fingers on the top of your head (as in the second picture). Inhale and then exhale as you make a humming sound ("mmmm"). Bhramari breath, completed 5 days per week for 5 minutes each day, resulted in increased PNS activity, as measured by HRV in various research studies. Certain sounds, including humming, are also known to be very calming to the nervous system.
How Often, and For How Long, Should I Practice Breath Work?
There is no set rule as to how many minutes or repetitions you need to complete when doing breath work. It is truly up to you and your schedule. I personally think that five minutes is perfect - it is just long enough to be challenging and create change but short enough to not be too daunting or overwhelming. If you cannot devote five full minutes to breath work every day, try to incorporate it when and where you can. For example, maybe you do a few rounds of square breathing while waiting for your coffee at Starbucks, or maybe you do a few rounds of diaphragmatic breathing when driving into work. I often practice breath work in the shower after a long day at work. It really helps me to unwind and let go of any craziness from the day. And sometimes I practice it while waiting for a patient at work or when I am driving in my car. Find what works for you and your schedule so that you can practice breath work everyday. Your body and mind will thank you!
Breath work, sometimes referred to as pranayama in the yoga world, is the conscious regulation of breath through certain techniques and exercises. Some breathing techniques are up-regulating to the nervous system, which means that they trigger the SNS to turn "on." These up-regulating exercises were not discussed in this blog post. Other breathing techniques are down-regulating to the nervous system, which means that they trigger the PNS to turn "on." There are many varieties of down-regulating breathing exercises, including breath awareness, diaphragmatic breathing, square breathing, and more. These down-regulating exercises increase activity in the PNS, typically measured via heart rate variability (HRV). When your PNS is active, it causes you to feel calm, relaxed, and safe. Increased activity in the PNS also gives your body the opportunity to work on cellular repair, waste removal, and digestion. Thus, when your PNS is dominant, you truly can feel healthier in your body and mind.
As always, the information presented in this blog post is derived from my own personal practice and study of neuroscience, human movement, and yoga. If you have specific questions about beginning a breathing practice, please consult with your physician. If you have not already, please subscribe to my newsletter by adding your email at the bottom of the page. This way you can "stay in the know" about my latest blog posts, coupons, and other health/wellness information. Special thanks to my incredible husband for doing all of the artwork, and taking the photos, in this post.
~Namaste, Jackie Allen, M.S., M.Ed., CCC-SLP, RYT-200, RCYT
Andre, C. (2019). Proper Breathing Brings Better Health. Scientific American. Article link here.
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Kim, S.H. et al. (2013). Mind-body Practices for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 61(5): 827 – 834.
Kuppusamy, M. et al. (2020). Effects of yoga breathing practice on heart rate variability in healthy adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Integrative Medicine Research. 9: 28 – 32.
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Telles, S., et al. (2014). Blood Pressure and Heart Variability during Yoga-Based Alternate Nostril Breathing Practice and Breath Awareness. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 20: 184 – 193.
Telles, S., et al. (2016). Heart rate variability in chronic low back pain patients randomized to yoga or standard care. BioMed Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16: 1 – 7.
Tyagi, A. and Cohen, M. (2016). Yoga and heart rate variability: A comprehensive review of the literature. International Journal of Yoga. 9(2): 97 – 113.
Vinay, A.V., et al. (2016). Impact of short-term practice of yoga on heart rate variability. International Journal of Yoga. 9(1): 62 – 66.