text:
During the first week in August, Hurricane Isaias piled on power outages to the 1.6 million residents in the Northeast who were already dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. With massive road closings and businesses shut down, it was difficult to determine what was open and what services were available.
When a natural disaster such as Isaias hits, people look for information from the businesses and services they rely on, including their Credit Unions. Quick, effective communication regarding branch closings, special hours of operation, loan extensions, etc., can be efficiently communicated through Text Messaging.
Although Isaias was a Category 1 hurricane, its aftermath is shaping up to be the worst storm to hit the region since Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which was a Category 3. That's because of the compounding impact of the pandemic. Credit Unions, inherently dedicated to their members' success, can use Text Messaging to provide welcome — and necessary —lines of communication.
For example, Credit Unions can push out a mass message to members indicating the operational status of branches. For a more personal experience, Text Messaging can also be 1:1, providing forgiveness to those with loan payments due while experiencing a power outage, for example.
Research has found that between 95% and 99% of all Text Messages are read within 15 minutes of being received. In addition, Morgan Stanley reports 91% of all U.S. citizens have their mobile devices within reach 24/7. Because SMS is supported on nearly every mobile device–from the most advanced smartphone to the most entry-level flip phone–Text Messaging is the perfect platform to communicate urgently during a pandemic or natural disaster.
During natural disasters, people seek communication and information. However, an abundance of phone calls can flood networks, ultimately causing them to crash. Text Messages work differently: They are sent through an SMS wireless gateway and use different technology than voice messages.
During Hurricane Sandy, FEMA encouraged people to send text updates to loved ones rather than flood voice networks with calls. Doing so reduced congestion on voice networks, making it easier for first responders and people with life-threatening emergencies to communicate.
When daily life is significantly disrupted, whether because of a natural disaster or a pandemic, it is critical that Credit Unions are able to communicate with members quickly and effectively. Text Messaging helps not only to inform members, but also helps them to feel connected during uncertain times.


text:
If you experience frequent headaches, be sure to mention them at your next visit to our New Bern NC dentist office. Dr. Stephen Hoard is one of the most experienced dentists in North Carolina for the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ Disorders and symptoms like frequent headaches.
How Headaches Relate To Dentistry
One of the more common symptoms that patients with TMJ disorder share are frequent headaches. These "TMJ headaches" often occur in the morning as a result of clenching and grinding during sleep. Other signs that could indicate TMJ headaches are:
- Pain or tension at the sides of the face
- Pain in the neck and/or upper shoulders
- Migraine, or migraine-like headaches
- Frequent earaches without infection
TMJ Headache Therapy
If you suspect that your headaches are caused by TMJ, teeth grinding or other dental problem, the first step is an evaluation with the dentist. Dr. Hoard will review your dental and medical history and examine the fit of your bite and alignment of the TMJ.
Depending on the dentist's findings, one or several treatments may be recommended. Treatment may include an oral appliance, such as a TMJ mouthguard, and/or bite correction therapy which would solve problems with the alignment of teeth and TMJ joints.
TMJ Mouthguard – Also known as a bruxism appliance, a TMJ mouthguard is a removable appliance that is worn during sleep. This type of treatment can be especially helpful for patients who experience frequent headaches. The dentist will custom make this sleep appliance to fit over the teeth, protecting the teeth and TMJ during clenching and grinding.
Bite Correction – When the teeth don't make proper contact, it can create stress and tension. Headaches can easily result from maligned occlusion, which is typically corrected through a series of adjustments to bring the upper and lower teeth into proper alignment. This type of therapy can include reshaping the teeth, orthodontics, and restorations such as crowns, bridges or implants depending on the severity of your condition.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
As debate rages over sexism and misogyny in Canberra and across the country, a global survey has found Australian women are the most economically empowered in the world.
The study says Australian women are the world's most economically advanced in terms of access to education, market participation and anti-discrimination policies.
Despite Australia still failing to pay women salaries equal to men – average weekly earnings for women are 17 per cent less than men – the survey by international consulting and management firm Booz & Company found it topped a list of 128 countries in allowing women to play a role as economic agents in their social and political systems.
Australia was followed by three Scandinavian countries — Norway, Sweden and Finland. New Zealand was fifth.
At the bottom of the list were Yemen, Pakistan, Sudan and Chad.
Across the globe, the survey found up to 1 billion women will enter the world's workforce over the next decade.
Called The Third Billion Index, the report argues that while the burgeoning populations of India and China have been given much attention by the media, less has been paid to the 1 billion women who will soon enter the world's workforce.
The report compares each country's performance at providing women with:
- primary, secondary and tertiary education;
- equal pay for equal work;
- non-discrimination policies;
- access to childcare;
- property ownership rights;
- ability to access credit.
It also looks at whether wages are equal, the number of women in work compared with men, and whether there is equality in the number of female managers, senior business leaders and politicians.
The study used data from the World Economic Forum and the Economist Intelligence Unit to isolate factors that allowed women to have access to the larger economy.
The huge jump in female employers and employees, managers and entrepreneurs would power global economic growth but key decision-makers in many countries had insufficiently studied its impact, the report argues.
"There is a clear correlation between... processes and policies regarding women's economic opportunities and the actual success of women in their national economies," said Karim Sabbagh, a partner with Booz & Company.
The research also found several common challenges that all women face, regardless of how well the country performed in "empowering women".
"Around the world, women are the primary caregivers for children, the elderly and the sick, and this responsibility hampers their economic development," said another Booz and Co partner, DeAnne Aguirre.
She said several elements were critical in increasing access to work for women, including widespread, affordable care for children, the elderly and the sick; cultural changes aimed at dividing care work more equitably between men and women; and recognition by the private sector of the importance of care work for all employees.
Nations the report says have not yet started to tackle the issue of women more easily entering the workforce, or gaining equality more generally, include most of the Arab states in the study's index, as well as Indonesia, Laos and Nigeria.
Helen Conway, the director of the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency, said that, on the face of it, the Booz report painted a positive picture.
"In particular, Australian women are among the best educated in the world," she said, with a recent World Economic Forum report also finding Australian women ranked first in educational attainment.
She said Australia's high level of female university graduates - more than 50 per cent - and some "infrastructure" such as the federal government's Paid Parental Leave scheme all helped.
But, Ms Conway warned, relative to similar countries, the reality in Australia was not as optimistic as the Booz report indicated.
"Australia has a relatively low female workforce participation rate (Australia was ranked 14th in the participation rate of women of the 34 OECD nations in 2010), and a gender pay gap of 17.5% that refuses to budge," she said.
"There is a large body of research showing Australia has a long way to go in removing barriers to women's workforce participation," she said.
She said that the high proportion of well-educated women in Australia had not translated to substantial increases in the percentage of women in corporate leadership positions. ''[Which suggests] that we are wasting our female talent," Ms Conway said.
The agency's Australian Census of Women in Leadership will be released next month, and is expected to show that, when it comes to women in corporate Australia, the nation still lags badly behind.
- Download documents from The Third Billion Index here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


OTTAWA -- At this point in the race, based on polling, a majority government may not be in the forecast for either the Liberal or Conservative parties. That's prompted a flurry of attention on the prospect of a minority or coalition government.
But what would that mean?
There are a few scenarios that could unfold, but first it's important to establish that there is no real rule book for how these post-election talks can go, just historical convention and precedent.
Parliament has 338 seats, so in order to win a majority government—like the Liberals did in 2015—a party needs to elect 170 or more MPs. Heading into the campaign the Liberals held 177 seats, the Conservatives had 95, the NDP held 39, the Bloc Quebecois had 10, the Green Party had two seats, and the People's Party had one. The 42nd Parliament also had several independents as of dissolution.
"We actually have to be prepared for a scenario where one party wins the popular vote and another party potentially wins the greatest number of seats but short of a majority government, which would create a democratic impasse, where there'd be a significant proportion of Canadians who would be very upset that hypothetically the winner of the popular vote did not have a chance to form a government," said pollster Nik Nanos.
In the event that no one wins a majority of the seats—something both Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau and Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer say they remain confident in being able to do—then things could go a few different ways.
Before getting into the various scenarios, here's a brief explainer on minority governments and coalitions:
 - What is a minority government? When the party with the most seats, but not a majority of them, tries to govern and maintain the confidence of the House by relying on cross-party agreements or vote-by-vote support to get the votes needed on key issues and bills in order to be able to advance policy. There have been several examples in the past, including three since 2000.
 - What is a coalition government? When parties join forces to hold a larger share of seats than any other party. This can include formal agreements where the cabinet includes members from both, or all parties depending on how many team up. Extremely rare in Canada, a coalition government has not been formed federally in modern political times.
Here's a brief synopsis of where the party leaders stand on minority or coalition potentialities:
 - Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau: Has so far dodged questions on whether he'd look at teaming up with anyone post-election, saying he is focused on electing a progressive government with a "strong mandate" as the best way to stop the Conservatives. As a backbench MP, he did support the failed 2008 coalition attempt between the Liberals, Bloc Quebecois and NDP.
 - Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer: Has flatly rejected the notion of forming a coalition government, or working with any other party under any circumstance, calling the prospect of the progressive parties teaming up something "Canadians can't afford."
 - NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh: He was the first to really stir up the coalition talks, saying he would "absolutely" work with the other parties and do "whatever it takes" to keep the Conservatives out of power, including teaming up with the Liberals. His team later cited minority agreements or vote-by-vote support as other possibilities. Singh has also has spelled out the conditions for his party's support in a minority Parliament. They include implementing national pharmacare and dental care, as well as electoral reform.
 - Green Party Leader Elizabeth May: Has previously said her support in a minority scenario is contingent on the party presenting a serious climate plan, something she's said none have done to date. May has also said she would rather defeat a government and ultimately force Canadians back to the polls rather than allow a party with a climate plan not up to her standards to govern.
 - Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet: Has said he isn't interested in teaming up with anyone in a coalition, but would decide on a case-by-case basis whether to support various initiatives proposed by either a Conservative or Liberal minority.
 - People's Party Leader Maxime Bernier: He has said he would not join any coalition.
And here's how it could all play out:
Liberals look to govern
According to experts, the incumbent party is largely seen to have the first right to attempt to continue governing after an election, even if they don't win the most seats. So that means Trudeau could take the first chance to test the confidence of the House of Commons even if the Conservatives win more seats than the Liberals.
This would mean Trudeau, who would still be the prime minister, reconvening MPs for a new session of Parliament. There, he'd present a Speech from the Throne and this would be the first and key confidence vote he'd need to pass.
"If he does, he carries on as government; if he doesn't, he's out," said former House of Commons law clerk Rob Walsh.
In a minority there is no formal power-sharing agreement and the governing party just needs to ensure they secure enough votes on key issues or bills to stay alive.
Walsh said that Trudeau's staff in this situation would likely be talking to the third parties about securing their support, depending on how many seats each has and how many votes Trudeau would need, but he wouldn't necessarily have to have secured agreed backing beforehand.
He said Trudeau could essentially say to the third parties: "I dare you, vote me out of office and you're going to get a Conservative government, or if it's three months down the road, vote me out of office and you're going to get another election."
In a minority government case the Liberals would be "governing on eggshells," and not knowing when they may be defeated, depending on the kind of cross-party support they're able to muster, said Walsh.
Conservatives look to govern
If the Conservatives have the most seats but not a majority, they will "claim almost certainly the right to form government," says Paul Thomas, senior research associate at the Samara Centre for Democracy.
Given the convention that the sitting prime minister gets the first shot, unless it's a clear Conservative victory and Trudeau concedes, the Conservatives wouldn't likely be given the chance to form government until after the Liberals tried and failed.
If they are given a chance to govern as a minority, it would roll along in the same way described for the Liberals above.
It's also in this scenario that a possible coalition could form among the more left-leaning parties in an effort to combine to hold the most seats and thwart a Conservative government, on some sort of agreement for moving ahead more progressive policies. A coalition was attempted, unsuccessfully, just weeks after the 2008 election by the Liberals, Bloc, and NDP, and was largely seen as a power-grab.
It would be in this kind of a situation where Governor General Julie Payette might play a bigger role.
"The governor general after the election only really becomes involved if you need to name a new government," said Thomas, explaining that it is the governor general's discretion to determine who has the "reasonable expectation" to maintain the confidence of the House and that only when a party loses confidence and requests a dissolution of Parliament, is their discretion needed to decide what happens next, like calling upon another party leader to form an alternative government.
While the talk of the last few days has been about a coalition forming, the experts CTV News spoke with say it remains a very unlikely outcome.
Canadians head back to the polls
It's true, Canadians could be faced with another election campaign all over again. If the situation is unstable enough that no one manages to hold together a government, or that all attempts are futile, then it may be back to the polls in hopes of a more decisive result.
However elections cost millions of dollars, and that's a factor parties would have to keep in mind should they decide to trigger another election.
And, of course, keep in mind that party standings can fluctuate. If a member is removed from caucus for one reason or another, resigns their seat, or dies, then the balance of who holds the firmest grip on power could fluctuate.
With files from CTV News' Omar Sachedina


text:
Videos tagged with ShowMeDo
In this Python tutorial, I will be teaching you how to make a simple Tkinter program, that has a window and text to display. Although not much, it is the basis for which you will build larger, better applications on.
This shows you how to limit the frames per second (FPS) in pyGame and how to limit the updates so that users with better graphic cards can play at a reasonable speed.
This shows you how to create a quadrat that's controlled by the keyboard input of the user. The videos shows how to handle keyboard events to drive 2D animation.
This tutorials shows you how to create a simple pyGame program with threading, showing a window that terminates itself after a given time.
This fourth showmedo covers arrays, ranges, the foreach loop statement and the scope of variables.
In this ShowMeDo we are going to import a couple built-in classes written in Actionscript 2.0 and show how simple animation can be acheived by reusing classes.
In this next ShowMeDo we are going to do the exact same thing we did last time, but this time using an Actionscript 2.0 class.
In this ShowMeDo we look at using Movieclips in Flash, as well as assigning some basic interactivity in Actionscript to a Movieclip symbol.
This 2-part PAMIE tutorial show you how to write scripts faster using the writeScript method. The User can see how to enter the expected input so later in Part 2 (forthcoming) we can verify the expected output. There are also some tips on using methods as test-cases. This is good when you want to build up test suites.
I introduce extensions I have made to GNU Make which allow better error messages, tracing and enable the debugging of Makefiles. For anyone who has ever tried to debug a makefile before you'll know just how difficult it can be! Resources: remake homepage A transcript exists in the wiki. If you like this video and you'd like to encourage Rocky to make another entry in the series, you can leave a...


text:
FoodFun Lifeskills Instructional Software
FoodFun LIS' flagship product is a software package designed for non-readers, generally individuals with autism and developmental disabilities, and other people with developmental disabilities. Most transition/lifeskills training programs focus on four key areas of life: food/cooking/nutrition, money management, health/safety, and social interaction/leisure. FoodFun's product focuses on food/cooking as well as social interaction, two of the primary lifeskills needed for independent living.
Non-readers rely on visual images as a form of communication, a replacement for the more typical text that readers are able to understand. The first component of the software is a digital cookbook of recipes. The software displays pictures of the different ingredients needed for the recipe. The pictures are then printed allowing the individual to take the picture to the grocery store facilitating the purchasing of the groceries. On each picture is also text explaining what the item is. Within each recipe is the ability to print the different utensils and pots needed to complete the item. While the recipes are meant to be cooked with support, the main goal is to allow the individual to have independent shopping.
The user first sees a bunch of different pictures of food dishes with names below the pictures. The user then chooses a dish and is brought to a screen where the ingredients are listed by picture and also the different utensils/pots/pans needed are listed. Once the user chooses what they want to prepare they can then print up a list of the different ingredients. The list is picture based (with text) and they are able to take the picture list to the grocery to assist them in purchasing the ingredients independently.
The second component of the software is the social occasion/party planning module. This is the fun part (in addition to the fun food pictures). Everyone likes to plan for party. The screen opens with pictures showing different occassions such as a picnic in the park, friends and movie night, birthday party, holiday event, pool party, etc. When the user clicks on the chosen image they hear 30 seconds of background music in a theme matched to the event that they have chosen. Once they have chosen the event the software takes them through the different steps of food preparation for the event. These food preparation steps are the previously explained food component that is now organized not by dish but by event. If a picnic in a park is chosen there will be several dishes to be made, all of them cold as there is no way of heating the dishes while you are in the park. All users of this module will be entertained by the background sounds as well as the excitement of planning for a party.
This component is especially important in the individual's development. Planning activities are especially important for a population that is so isolated. Without socialization skills such as parties, the clients end up learning the skills and then sit in their apartment alone.
Ultimately, FoodFun's software product combines two of the most important lifeskills/transition training areas, food preparation and social leisure. The food component allows the non-reading individuals with developmental disabilities to become more independent in their daily activities. The social planning module leverages the existing food module and assists the users in panning for social occassions centered around food. This module is designed to be entertaining to capture the interest and imagination of the user, drawing them into the software, creating the desire to use the product.
The software product will be developed by three contract programmers. The software will be upgraded yearly.


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What Does Science Say About the Three Second Rule?
You really were looking forward to taking a bite of that hamburger, carrot, Popsicle, gummy bear, you name it, but one second ago it landed on the floor. Within another second, you've swooped it up and are now considering the three second rule. Should this age old meme justify your blowing it off and sticking it your mouth acting like nothing happened?
Given that the three second rule is so well known, health experts weighing in on it is nothing new, but for those of you who may not have thought twice about eating morsels that have hit the floor, here's a little bit of scientific food for thought. The Daily Mail reports that researchers at Manchester Metropolitan University tested different foods — bread with jam, cooked pasta, ham, a plain biscuit and dried fruit — for different lengths of time on the floor. After three, five and 10 seconds on the floor, the researchers studied the food for any potentially harmful bacteria it may have picked up.
The Daily Mail has more on the results:
The study revealed that dropped foods with a high salt or sugar content were safer to eat after being retrieved, as is less chance of harmful bacteria surviving on such items.
Eating processed food from the floor poses the lowest risk — one of its few benefits — given that it generally contains such high levels of sugar and salt.
MMU technical officer Kathy Lees said: "No specific organisms were detected on the biscuit, which has a low water activity level and low adhesion ability.
"Ham is a processed meat preserved with salt and nitrates which prevents the growth of most bacteria.
"The cooked pasta had a slightly increased yeast count after five seconds and very low levels of Klebsiella were detected at all contact times, three, five and ten seconds."
The dried fruit also displayed Klebsiella after five and ten seconds and the yeast count was too numerous to count.
"The bread and jam showed no bacterial growth after time on the floor, which can be linked to the high sugar content of the jam which makes it unlikely to support microbial growth."
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation also recently reported on the three second rule, and their expert said it is really never acceptable to follow this practice:
Food technologies research scientist Phillip Button says it's never safe to eat anything that's touched the floor.
"From my understanding just don't bother".
"Even five seconds is enough for a substantial amount of bugs to latch on to the food."
Of all the germs that are on the ground or on the floor of your home, fecal matter is one of the most common contaminants says Dr Button.
Surprised? If you are strong proponent of eating food dropped on the floor for a short amount of time, researchers recommend frequent washing of the floor — once a day — with a mop-head that is replaced every three months or more. Button said while it may seem like carpeting would be a safer bet to eat from, hardwood and tile are most likely cleaner.
Featured image via Shutterstock.
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TU Berlin
Nachhaltigkeitszertifikat // Sustainability CertificateBachelor/Master Thesis
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Bachelor's/Master's thesis with a focus on sustainability
For the acquisition of the certificate, the bachelor and/or master thesis, or an additional project work, shows clear references to sustainability topics.
Even in the case of very technical or natural science oriented theses, integration is possible, e.g. by addressing life cycle related ecological and social impacts such as the origin of the raw materials used, working conditions, possible use scenarios or risks. Overall, a technology assessment can always be part of a technical thesis. The situation is similar for theses in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. If necessary, the coordinator of the sustainability certificate can be consulted to discuss the alternatives.
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text:
Length: 8.5 - 9.5 mm
The Phymata species are the most commonly encountered Ambush Bugs in eastern North America. Two species are most commonly encountered in the region, Phymata pennsylvanica (shown here) and Phymata americana. The latter differs by having a continuously smooth margin of the connexivum, while P. pennsylvanica has a prominent notch on the fourth segment as seen in the photo at left.
Phymata Ambush Bugs are sit-and-wait predators that are well camouflaged on flower heads. When an insect comes within reach, they are quick to grab it with their massive forelegs. Despite their diminutive size they are seemingly fearless about grabbing bees and other large prey.
Right: Males of Phymata pennsylvanica are typically much smaller than females. They are also darker, though not always this dark. Even in the darkest males the legs and abdomen remain pale.
Punzalan et al. (2008) argue that evolutionarily speaking, darker males have had an advantage in warming more quickly in the sun, enabling them to find females and mate even under chilly conditions.
American Insects site


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Can someone please explain the set-user-ID mechanism in Unix? What was the rationale behind this design decision? How is it different from effective user id mechanism?
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3 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
You might know the normal read, write and execute permissions for files in unix.
However, in many applications, this type of permission structure--e.g. giving a given user either full permission to read a given file, or no permission at all to read the file--is too coarse. For this reason, Unix includes another permission bit, the set-user-ID bit. If this bit is set for an executable file, then whenever a user other than the owner executes the file, that user acquires all the file read/write/execute privileges of the owner in accessing any of the owner's other files!
To set the set-user-ID bit for a file, type
 chmod u+s filename
Make sure that you have set group-other execute permission too; it would be nice to have group-other read permission as well. All of this can be done with the single statement
 chmod 4755 filename
It is also referred to as Saved UID. A file that is launched that has a Set-UID bit on, the saved UID will be the UID of the owner of the file. Otherwise, saved UID will be the Real UID.
What is effective uid?
This UID is used to evaluate privileges of the process to perform a particular action. EUID can be changed either to Real UID, or Superuser UID if EUID!=0. If EUID=0, it can be changed to anything.
An example of such program is passwd. If you list it in full, you will see that it has Set-UID bit and the owner is "root". When a normal user, say "mtk", runs passwd, it starts with:
Real-UID = mtk
Effective-UID = mtk
Saved-UID = root
Reference link 1
Reference link 2
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man credentials is a good source of information in this case. See also this questiin on SO. For historical explanation see this archived post.
Rather than calling "set UID" and "effective UID" a mechanism, the whole concept of UIDs should be called that. The rationale for existence of the various UIDs are various troubles with privilege separation. Even regular (unprivileged) users sometimes need to do things (access resources) that only privileged users can. To achieve this easily, programs can change their UIDs. There are 3 types of these:
 - real UID - the UID that owns a process
 - effective UID - the UID a process currently runs as - this determines the actual capabilities of the process at any particular moment. This is also what ps shows you in the USER field.
 - saved set UID - placeholder used for switching back and forth between real and effective UIDs
The need for the last one arises from the fact, that regular users can only switch between these three and nothing else and a setuid program usually needs to know somehow, who was the user who loaded it (plus the real UID should not be changed since that would create even bigger mess).
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mtk's expalanation is a good one.
The passwd example is one of privilege escalation -- passwd always runs as root since it must alter files that only root is allowed to alter. This makes it important that the passwd executable not be prone to buffer overflows, etc, such that a clever normal user might be able to put it to uses for which is was not intended.
Another rationale is to protect the user in the same manner as you might use su if you are logged in as root -- in order to diminish or restrict your privileges for a specific tasks, not escalate them. For example, if I have permission to start a daemon service that does not require access to my stuff and has its own stuff, which is all it needs (eg, a logger), running it suid will mean it only has access to that stuff and not mine or anyone elses.
Note that it is possible to set uid programmatically even if the suid bit is not set on the executable, however, that will not work for escalation. Ie., if you are a normal user and write a program that sets uid at some point itself, that program cannot switch to root. Apache works this way, I believe. It is usually started by root and has one process that then forks children which switch uid to a non-privelleged user (eg, "httpd"). Those child processes are what do the actual web server work.
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Any design engineer must seriously consider the manufacturing environment when looking to select a pressure transducer for inclusion within a refrigeration chiller, pump, engine test equipment, or other machinery. The life of a pressure transducer is proportional to the system design and assembly process.
Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) that follow strict guidelines such as the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) methodology will rarely have issues. Although, if transducers are placed in a manufacturing environment where they're exposed to excessive temperature, voltage, EMI/RFI, shock, handling, and overpressure, then problems will occur. These six elements should be considered by all OEM design engineers when designing a system to be manufactured and shipped to their customer.
Excessive high temperatures usually result in pressure transducer difficulties, because a handful of components can only operate within certain temperature ranges. Even if the excessive temperature is used within a close vicinity to the transducer, there can be adverse effects on it's functionality.
2. Voltage Spikes
Voltage spikes can also be damaging to pressure transducers after being installed in machinery on the OEM's manufacturing floor as a result of the short intensive transients in voltage. The source of the voltage spike is extremely hard to trace, making it more of an issue. As a result of this problem, OEM engineers must be aware of the environment that the pressure transducer is place within. AC voltage stabilizers, zener diodes, or other voltage limiting strategies can help protect the transducer from potential harm.
3. Fluorescent Lighting
Fluorescent lighting's association with voltage puts pressure transducers in danger of failure. Fluorescent lamps require an initial high voltage to start the electrical arc through argon and mercury, which then heats the mercury until it becomes a gas. Another issue with this lighting is that the magnetic field that fluorescent lighting creates can induce voltages into transducer wires, which the control system may misinterpret as an actual output signal.
Naturally pressure transducers are susceptible to the negative effects of electromagnetic emission or electrical disturbances. Motor generator sets should be located at a distance away from transducer machinery to avoid faulty signals and other issues associated with induced voltage. Contactors, power lines, computers, cell phones, and large machinery should always be avoided. Reducing the EMI/RFI noise is possible through shielding, filtering, and suppression.
Pressure transducer operational problems can also arise from shock and vibration. Shock is a sudden, unexpected impact that transmits energy to a device in a relatively short time interval. Vibration is a continuous oscillation directed at the transducer, and can damage functionality through even a test engine cell's constant vibration.
Overpressure has numerous causes, and for that exact reason should be carefully avoided. Overpressure can result from water hammer, heat unintentionally applied to the system, or a faulty pressure regulator. Although pressure transducers can withstand occasional pressures up to their proof pressure rating, pressures that are above proof but below burst pressure can result in permanent damage.
The manufacturing environment in which a pressure transducer is exposed to needs to be carefully designed by OEM engineers. One way to avoid future damage to the transducer's operation is to understanding both the overall system and design that it would come in contact with. By eliminating all these factors in the environment, there will be minimal maintenance and require less service than expected.
CLICK HERE to learn more about General Industrial OEM & how Setra can help you.


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The Shadow Proclamation was an organization responsible for keeping order in the Milky Way Galaxy. It had several prisons within the galaxy, including Impel Down. Its operatives included Blackout (before he stopped working undercover), Artrix (before she died), and Sunstorm (before he left to join Blackout). It was commanded by the Shadow Architect until Blackout dismantled it.
Following the collapse of the Shadow Proclamation, its duties in the Milky Way Galaxy were assumed by the Galactic Government.


text:
North Carolina Financial Publications
Created by Kurt Brenneman
Years covered by this guide: 1876-present
As explained at NC OpenBook, state government creates a budget, collects revenue from many sources, and spends money on projects and services. The publications below open the book on the management of these monies and, by doing so, "help create a better, more efficient state government that works for the people of North Carolina," according to NC OpenBook.
Five North Carolina state agencies perform the budget and financial management functions of state government:
Source: Program Evaluation Division, North Carolina General Assembly.
These agencies produce the publications that, together, ensure the transparency of the state's finances. Remember that the state's fiscal year starts July 1 and ends the following June 30, so that all financial reporting is for that period. A separate guide to North Carolina state budget publications is here. This study guide is designed to describe publications in our collections related to North Carolina's finances, and, where appropriate, give links to digital versions of the publications that can be printed or saved.
- Statistical Abstract of North Carolina Taxes.
The North Carolina Department of Revenue administers the state tax laws and collects taxes due to the state in an impartial, uniform, and efficient manner. The Department also accounts for the state's tax funds. The Statistical Abstract provides statistics concerning taxes imposed under the Revenue Laws of North Carolina. It gives legislators, tax professionals, researchers, and other interested citizens of North Carolina information about the amount of taxes collected, classifications of taxpayers, and the geographic distribution of taxes. The Statistical Abstract includes both historical series of data and detailed reports for the most recent fiscal or tax year available.
- Categories: Taxation--North Carolina--Statistics-Periodicals.
- Paper availability: 2005-present
- Digital availability: 2004-present
- Alternate Names: none
- North Carolina Biennial Tax Expenditure Report.
Tax expenditures are created to give economic assistance to certain groups of producers or consumers in the economy or to promote other policy goals. In compliance with requirements of the General Statutes of North Carolina, the Department annually prepares this report of tax expenditures contained in the Revenue Laws of North Carolina. This listing of expenditures and measurements of their costs will allow legislative review of their impact on the state's economy and on government revenues.
- Categories: Tax expenditures--North Carolina-Periodicals, Tax expenditures--Law and legislation--North Carolina-Periodicals, Tax exemption--Law and legislation--North Carolina--Periodicals.
- Paper availability: 1976-present
- Digital availability: 2005-present
- Alternate Names: North Carolina Tax Expenditure Report; Biennial Tax Expenditure Report
- The State Treasurer's Annual Report to the People of North Carolina.
The North Carolina Department of State Treasurer is the state's banker and custodian of public monies. The Department has broad authority over the finances of the state. Its key responsibilities are management of the state's Pension Fund, the Teacher & State Employee and Local Government pension plans, the State Bank, the state's 401(k)/457 plans, and the State Disability Program. It also manages state and local debt issuance, oversees local government finance, and acts as fiscal advisor to the state. This annual report reviews the year's activities of the State Treasurer.
- Categories: Finance, Public--North Carolina--Periodicals.
- Paper availability: 1876-presenT
- Digital availability: 2003-present
- Alternate Names: Biennial Report of the State Treasurer to the Governor of North Carolina; Biennial Report of the Public Treasurer of North Carolina; Biennial Report of the Treasurer of North Carolina; Annual Report of the Treasurer of North Carolina; Report of the Treasurer of North Carolina; Biennial Report, Treasurer, State of North Carolina; Report of N.C. State Treasurer; North Carolina Department of State Treasurer Annual Report; The State Treasurer's Annual Report
- State of North Carolina General Fund Monthly Financial Report.
The North Carolina Office of the State Controller is the state's chief financial officer and manages the North Carolina Accounting System. The Office's mission is to provide essential fiscal services to support North Carolina's state government. It functions to assist state agencies in complying with state and federal fiscal laws, rules, regulations, and generally accepted accounting principles. The Report presents revenues, receipts, appropriated expenditures, and disbursements on a cash basis in the month when cash is received or cash is disbursed. The Cash Management Control System operated by the Office is the source for the amounts presented in this report.
- Categories: Finance--North Carolina-Periodicals, Finance, Public--North Carolina-Periodicals, North Carolina--Appropriations and expenditures.
- Paper availability: digital-only
- Digital availability: 2010-present
- Alternate Names: General Fund Monthly Financial Report
- North Carolina Comprehensive Annual Financial Report.
Just like public companies file an annual report to make their finances transparent to their employees, shareholders, regulators, and the public, the North Carolina Office of the State Controller publishes an annual report with all information necessary for anyone to gain an understanding of the State's financial activities during the previous fiscal year.
- Categories: Financial statements--North Carolina, Finance, Public--North Carolina--Accounting-Statistics, North Carolina--Finance--Accounting-Statistics.
- Paper availability: 1986-present
- Digital availability: 1997-present
- Alternate Names: A Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
- North Carolina Financial Highlights.
This popular report is intended to summarize basic financial information about the state. This information is supported in more detail in the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report above. The Financial Highlights provides information at the governmentwide level in addition to the major fund level. Coverage of legally separate, but related, organizations is limited to universities and community colleges and is at a high level. North Carolina Financial Highlights is the product of a coordinated effort on the part of state and local governments to issue simplified financial reports that make transparent information about the state's financial condition. This popular report is a report for the people.
- Categories: Finance, Public--North Carolina, Budget--North Carolina, North Carolina--Appropriations and expenditures.
- Paper availability: 1998-present
- Digital availability: 1998-present
- Alternate Names:
- Single Audit Report.
The North Carolina Office of the State Auditor produces many publications that increase financial transparency. The Office audits the financial affairs of all state agencies, and can perform special audits and investigations requested by the Governor or the General Assembly. The results of these audits are published in reports that can be retrieved, viewed, and/or printed easily at the Office's website. In compliance with state law an annual financial audit of the state financial reporting entity is completed each year by the Office. The State Auditor's examination is conducted in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted.
- Categories: North Carolina--Auditing-Periodicals, Auditors' reports--North Carolina-Periodicals, Finance, Public--Auditing--North Carolina-Periodicals, Grants-in-aid--North Carolina-Auditing, Administrative agencies--North Carolina, North Carolina--Appropriations and expenditures--Periodicals.
- Paper availability: 1986-present
- Digital availability: 2001-2002
- Alternate Names: State of North Carolina Single Audit Report


text:
Extensions are additional lengths or dimensions that are added to the original form of something. The natural antonym for the word "extensions" is "reduction" or "decrease", where objects or qualities are diminished or made shorter. Another antonym for "extensions" could be "shortening", where something is reduced in length or size. Additionally, "contraction" is a relevant antonym that denotes the process of shrinking or reducing in size. Opposite terms to "extensions" may also include "curtailment," "limitation," or "restriction", all of which describe limiting, lowering, or minimizing factors. These antonyms provide a range of options for expressing the opposite of the concept of extensions.
Antonym of the day
- accord, affection, agreement.


text:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging in Evaluating Patients Who Are Undergoing Treatment for Gliomas
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
RATIONALE: Diagnostic procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), (done before, during, and after treatment) may help doctors predict a patient's response to treatment and help plan the best treatment.
PURPOSE: This phase II trial is studying how well MRI and MRSI evaluate patients who are undergoing treatment for gliomas.
Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors
Procedure: conventional surgery
Procedure: magnetic resonance imaging
Procedure: magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
Radiation: radiation therapy
|Study Design:||Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
|Official Title:||Improved Characterization of Brain Tumors By MRI and MRS|
- Survival [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Time to clinical progression [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Study Start Date:||November 2003|
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:||April 2007 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)|
- Determine the magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) characteristics of patients who are undergoing treatment for supratentorial glioma.
- Determine the survival of patients who undergo magnetic resonance imaging and MRSI.
- Determine the clinical outcome of patients who undergo these imaging procedures.
- Correlate measures of metabolic tumor burden (i.e., CNI, CCCrI, CrNI, and LLI) with survival and clinical outcome in patients who undergo these imaging procedures.
- Determine the time to clinical progression in patients who undergo these imaging procedures.
OUTLINE: Patients are assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups based on grade of disease.
- Group 1 (patients with grade II glioma): Patients undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Patients then receive chemotherapy. Patients undergo repeat MRI/MRSI after courses 2 and 4 of chemotherapy.
- Group 2 (patients with grade III-IV glioma): Patients undergo MRI/MRSI and then undergo surgical resection of the tumor. Patients then receive chemoradiotherapy. Patients undergo repeat MRI/MRSI within 2 weeks and at 2 months after completion of radiotherapy.
Patients are followed for recurrence, disease progression, and survival.
PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 250 patients will be accrued for this study.
|United States, California|
|UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center|
|San Francisco, California, United States, 94115|
|Principal Investigator:||Sarah J. Nelson, PhD||University of California, San Francisco|


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Near Field Communication
This tutorial will have you make a coil for NFC and connect it up to your Pi. It will then teach you how to send and receive messages through your coil to give your Pis/robots a new way to communicate.
You will probably also want to find another person doing this tutorial or a spare robot so you can test both sending and receiving messages.
NFC is a simple form of wireless communication. On the sending side we have a coil of wire connected through a transistor/OP-AMP so that we can push large amounts of current through it. Using the general purpose clock we can drive this at 64 KHz (a frequency that our circuits are tuned for). This means that we are very rapidly (64000 times a second) turning the coil on and off. This means there is an alternating current going through our coil of wire which in turn creates a rapidly changing magnetic field. When a second coil (the receiving side) is brought close, its wire is being "cut" by this magnetic field as it changes and so a current is induced in the receiving coil. Our shield then contains a tuning, amplifying and envelope detection circuit. This will boost any signal received at 64KHz and then change it to an on/off signal that can be read by the GPIO pins (presence of 64KHz is on, absence is off). Schematics are available for those interested.
So with a coil connected either side it means that we can send and detect 64 KHz signals. If we actually want to send some more meaningful data we'll then have to put another protocol layer on top of this.
This leaves us with a few extra choices to make, the first of these is to choose a clock rate for our data. We want to avoid the 64 KHz range as this will simply be enveloped, we also don't want to go higher as the Pi's GPIO pins won't be able to keep up. The sensible range is therefore a low one which won't be filtered out and is easy for the Pi to keep up with. We won't be sending a lot of data and so to ensure that we have lots of slack so that our timing isn't too critical (important as we're using a slow interpreted language and Linux rather than a real-time operating system), so a clock rate of about 10 Hz seems appropriate. You might like to see if you can get it running faster after you've got it working.
Next we have to choose the protocol for data itself. There are many choices you can make here, if you only have a few messages you'll ever want to send you can come up with custom binary opcodes for each, this would allow you to give as much difference as possible between them (a large Hamming distance) so that the chance of miscommunication is limited. You could otherwise set up protocols including error-checking (for example extra bit for parity or CRC). It would even be possible to use serial RS232 at a very low baud rate. If you've done the morse code on an LED tutorial, then you're most of the way to being able to send sentences over NFC.
First you'll need to make the coil. You'll need about 5m of enamelled wire. The fact it's enamelled means that it can remain very thin whilst still being insulated, allowing more turns of the coil and so a stronger magnetic field being produced.
Wind you coil around the holder for your robot; about 30 turns should be sufficient. Try to keep the coil tight. Make sure that you have enough wire on each end to still connect it to your Pi. You may find it useful to use a small piece of tape to stop the wire uncoiling.
Using the sandpaper, strip insulation off the wire at each end so that it can be electrically connected to the Pi. Now screw the ends of the wire into the points on the shield labelled "Coil". It doesn't matter which way round the two ends are, but make sure that they are not touching each other – you don't want to create a short circuit. In this photo, the ends of the wire have been connected to lengths of insulated wire to avoid short-circuiting.
You may like to mount your coil on the front of a robot chassis, so it looks something like this:
Decide with your partner whether you'd like to try to implement both sending and receiving individually before testing, want to work together on the code, do one each, etc. We'll show how to send a binary string or Morse code messages – decide if you want to use a different protocol.
Open up a Python console (as root since we're using GPIO).
Now in the console let's import the necessary libraries and send a 1 second pulse.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) _TAG_ the alternate mode for pin 4 (GPCLK0) GPIO.setup(4,GPIO.ALT0) _TAG_ the clock frequency to 64 Khz) GPIO.setclock(4,64000) _TAG_ on the clock GPIO.output(4,1) _TAG_ 1 second then turn off time.sleep(1) GPIO.output(4,0)
Now we know how to send a simple pulse try to write a script which takes a binary string and transmits it at 10 Hz. We recommend you add a 1 before any message to signal the start and a 1 at the end followed by 0s for 1 second. We'll also split up any data into bytes (padding with 0s at the end, so be sure to send whole bytes), this should give us almost 0.5 byte/s speed!
To send Morse code will require only minor modifications to the LED script, so have a go if you like.
Open up a Python console as root.
Checking whether you are being sent a 1 or 0 at any one time is easy.
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.IN) while True: print(GPIO.input(17)) time.sleep(0.1)
This will print out the current state of the coil 10 times per second: if it is being sent a signal it will print "True", otherwise it will print "False".
Actually receiving a message is a bit harder however, this is because we have to make sure the timing is right, this is very easy when we have another clock signal at the transmission rate as we can just check at the rising clock edges. However, as we lack this we have to try to get the timing information from the data transmission itself. This is why we made sure to always send a high bit to start and stop every byte.
When we receive the first high signal we can then listen every 0.1 seconds after that to get each bit. We then know we should be receiving a high bit for the 9th. If we don't, we know that there has been some sort of error – either loss of transmission or mistiming, so the byte is invalid. If we do receive the last bit then we can go back to listening for a start bit again, but be sure to wait 0.1s so that we don't read the end again as the start!
Because there will be some noise in the system we may sometimes read a 1 or 0 when the other was sent. To try to minimise errors further try taking about 5 readings for each period and assume whichever there are more of is the correct value. (Try just adding up the inputs and checking if >3.)
Try and write this script. Test it out with your partner to see if you can communicate.
As you can send bytes, converting ASCII to binary and back is quite straight forward.
gives you the integer for the character 'a' then converts it to binary giving you '0b1100001'.
will therefore give you just '_PHONE_'. As this is only 7 bits you would want to pad with 0s on the left to make up to 8 before trying to send. Note that not all characters will be 7 bits.
An easy way to pad up to 8 bits with 0s on the left is
To convert back:
converts the binary string to an int (explicitly saying it has base 2) then the int to a character.
You could also try receiving the Morse code and using this to drive an LED. This can be done with a simple loop - have a go. For a bit more of a challenge, try to also decode it.
EXTENSION: Secret Messages
Sending a message on an LED works, but allows anyone within sight to intercept and read your message. Using NFC means that the message can only be received within a very controlled region.
Try using the blob detection tutorial to automatically align two robots so that they can exchange messages without anyone else knowing what the messages are.


Welcome to this project
Waves propagate in solids in a very special way. The stiffness properties define the elastic properties in a specific crystal, either isotropic or anisotropic. Having each direction in the crystal differences in the stiffness constant with respect to others, they have also differences in the resistance or facility for flux energy passing. As a result of this the energy flux takes some preferred directions which are not always perpendicular to the source.
The slowness velocity graphs for crystals allows predict energy flux deviations and solve the wave reflection-refraction problems.
In order to generate these slowness velocity graphs, it is necessary to use the wave equations and the material properties of the crystals.
This project allows the user to generate the slowness surfaces in an excel application.
To apply specific course knowledge in a practical application (useful not only for personal learning process but also for any other person who wants to get involved).
To describe the application tool in an open user's manual guide included in this document.
To identify the capabilities, limitations and possible improvements to the application.
VTech 2008 Wave Propagation in Solids Course Projects
Miguel Ortega - All rights reserved


text:
DEPARTMENTS & OFFICES
ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAM-WIDE STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
Assessment of Program - Wide Student Learning Outcomes in the Department of Engineering
The undergraduate Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering majors in the Department of Engineering are currently accredited by the Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology - Engineering Accreditation Council (ABET-EAC). This specialty accreditation was first granted to RMU in August, 2004 and it was renewed in July, 2010 through September 30, 2016.
ABET-EAC accreditation, like other subject-specific accreditations, has very specific and stringent requirements for the measurement of student learning outcomes. ABET-EAC identifies these learning outcomes and specifies that they must be taught, and assessed, throughout a student's coursework in an accredited program. The burden of proof is put upon the Department of Engineering to insure that it is in compliance with this critical accreditation requirement. The Department must also have convincing proof that it is assessing these outcomes and making curricular improvements on the basis of the findings from the assessment program.
ABET-EAC-accredited engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain:
The Department of Engineering has implemented a comprehensive system of measurement in order to measure how effectively its students are mastering the eleven attributes set forth above. Other, more specific, ABET-prescribed outcomes apply to individual concentrations or majors within the Department. This system, originally devised at Ohio Northern University, requires instruction and assessment of multiple ABET-EAC learning outcomes in every course in the Engineering Curriculum. Specific sections of examinations or other in-course student assignments are dedicated to the assessment of one or more of the eleven ABET-prescribed outcomes in each course in the Department.
- an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
- an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
- an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability
- an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams
- an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems
- an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility
- an ability to communicate effectively
- the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context
- a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning
- a knowledge of contemporary issues
- an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
Each Engineering faculty member prepares a report for each course taught that summarizes student performance on the assessments dedicated to ABET-EAC-prescribed learning outcomes. The Department has established a standard regarding student performance on these assessments: it is deemed "attained" if 80% of their students score 80% or better on an ABET-related assessment. The departmental faculty review all of these reports at the end of each semester to assess overall student performance on the ABET-EAC prescribed learning outcomes. If cumulative performance on all ABET-related assessments falls below an overall threshold of 80% then there is grounds for remedial action.
The Department has now collected course assessment results for seven semesters beginning with Spring 2004. The composite results of the FCAR assessment process are summarized in an Excel table that is reviewed by the Department's administration and faculty. In all, 26 engineering courses have been assessed. A total of 432 separate assessments of the 11 ABET Derived outcomes were made and 113 assessments of concentration-specific outcomes reported.
The results from the FCAR assessments are very encouraging. Outcome J (knowledge of contemporary issues) was the single outcome which failed to reach the 80% criteria. The Department noted acceptable assessments 76% of the time across all five semesters for this area of student learning.
The assessment findings are discussed at weekly faculty meetings and instructors share ideas on how to improve course delivery as well as assessment strategies. Professors teaching courses for the first time can draw upon the recommendations made previously for course improvement. Overall the process appears to be resulting in better student achievement and continuous improvement of course delivery.


Realdo Colombo
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Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus.
Realdo Colombo (c. 1516, Cremona – 1559, Rome) was an Italian professor of anatomy and a surgeon at the University of Padua between 1544 and 1559.
Early life and education[edit]
Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus, was born in Cremona, Lombardy to an apothecary named Antonio Colombo. Although little is known about his early life, it is known he took his undergraduate education in Milan and he appears to have pursued his father's profession for a short while afterwards. He left the apothecarys' life and apprenticed to the surgeon Giovanni Antonio Lonigo, under whom he studied for 7 years. In 1538 he enrolled in the University of Padua where he was noted to be an exceptional student of anatomy. While still a student, he was awarded a Chair of Sophistics at the university. In 1542 he returned briefly to Venice to assist his mentor, Lonigo.
Academic career[edit]
In 1543, he returned to Padua to take over the position of Andreas Vesalius, who had travelled to Switzerland to oversee the printing of his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Colombo remained in Padua in this capacity for two years before traveling to Pisa at the behest of Cosimo I de Medici. While in Pisa, he worked extensively with Michelangelo. He intended to collaborate with Michelangelo on an illustrated anatomy text to rival De Fabrica but this never came to pass, likely due to Michelangelo's advanced age. In 1548 Colombo took a position at the Sapienza in Rome which he kept until his death in 1559. Because Colombo was not an expert of Galen, the anatomical authority of his time, and because of his very public disputes with the revered Vesalius and Gabriele Falloppio, he was never very highly regarded in Italy.
Colombo and Vesalius[edit]
The relationship between Colombo and Vesalius is not entirely clear. It is often thought that Colombo was a student of Vesalius, but this may not have been the case. Regardless, they had become bitter rivals by 1555. While teaching Vesalius' classes in 1543, Colombo pointed out several errors Vesalius made, most notably attributing properties of cows' eyes to the eyes of humans. Although Vesalius has been much maligned for correcting Galen, Colombo was the first person to criticize him for his own mistakes. When Vesalius returned, he was outraged. He publicly ridiculed Colombo, calling him an "Ignoramus" and stating that "what meager knowledge [Colombo] has of anatomy he learned from me"[citation needed] on a number of occasions. Despite Vesalius's claims, it is likely that Colombo was a proper colleague of Vesalius rather than a student. For one thing, Vesalius attributes many of his discoveries in De Fabrica to Colombo who is referred to as a, "very good friend." Vesalius and Colombo were also from very different academic backgrounds. Vesalius was a Galenic expert, trained in Leuven, whereas Colombo began his study of anatomy as a surgeon. Finally, Colombo refers frequently to Lonigo as his teacher of surgery and anatomy, never mentioning Vesalius.
Colombo and Falloppio[edit]
Title page of De Re Anatomica
Colombo published his only work, De Re Anatomica, in 1559 shortly before his death. Many of the contributions made in De Re Anatomica overlapped the discoveries of Gabriel Falloppio, most notably their claims of having discovered the clitoris. Falloppio published his own book, Observationes Anatomicae, in 1561 and claimed that he had written the work four years prior.[citation needed] This is unlikely as Falloppio's work contains several thinly veiled references to De Re Anatomica. In 1574 Leone Giovanni Battista Carcano (1536–1606), a student of Falloppio, formally charged Colombo of plagiarism, although since Colombo had been dead for over a decade nothing came of these charges.
Contributions to anatomy[edit]
Colombo made several important advances in anatomy, including the discovery of the pulmonary circuit which paved the way for William Harvey's discovery of circulation years later. In the Galenic tradition, blood passed between the ventricles of the heart through micropores in the heart's septum and venous blood became arterial blood in the left ventricle of the heart where air was supplied by the pulmonary vein. During vivisections of dogs and other animals, Colombo repeatedly found only blood, and no air, in the pulmonary vein. In his model, venous blood travelled from the heart to the lungs where it was mixed with air and then returned to the heart. The permeability of the septum was questioned by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 and by Ibn al-Nafis in the 12th century and both proposed that the blood was pushed from the right ventricle to the left via the lungs, however, both of these accounts were largely forgotten. Colombo was the first to propose the pulmonary circuit in an intellectual climate that could expand on his theory. In addition to the pulmonary circuit, Colombo also discovered that the main action of the heart was contraction, rather than dilation as had previously been thought. Both of these discoveries were later confirmed by William Harvey.
Much cited is Columbo's naming and description of the clitoris as "Amor Veneris, vel Dulcedo Appelletur." He stated, "It should be called the love or sweetness of Venus."[1] (See historical and modern perceptions of the clitoris.)
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Elizabeth D. Harvey (Winter, 2002). "Anatomies of Rapture: Clitoral Politics/Medical Blazons". Signs 27 (2): 315–346.
Realdo Colombo in fiction[edit]
External links[edit]


GLAMPING – Nature served on silver platter
Studenteropgave: Speciale (inkl. HD afgangsprojekt)
 - Katarina Leci Sakacova
4. semester, Turisme, Kandidat (Kandidatuddannelse)
This research deals with a new trend in tourism, glamping. This type of tourism is rather unexplored, which is the main reason for choosing this topic. The knowledge about glamping is usually very brief and restricted to a short explanation of the term glamping as glamorous or luxury camping. This stresses only bond with nature without having to sacrifice the luxury. However, this clarification is not sufficient for the purpose of suppliers. In order to make their services effective, it is important to know their customers much deeper. Therefore, this research attempts to present at least one part of missing knowledge about glampers.
This study seeks answers to the following questions about glampers, their motivations, needs and happiness during their glamping holidays (as a more profound equivalent of tourist satisfaction):
What characterizes glampers as tourists?
What are the motivations, needs, wants and expectations expressed by glampers?
How do glampers imagine happy holiday?
The first question is the main question of this study. The following questions are sub-questions, which should help to dig deeper into specific areas, and hence to get even better understanding of glampers' thinking.
This research is an exploratory qualitative study written under the social constructivist paradigm. The data were collected in three stages. The first step was a passive netnography where Facebook groups, travel blogs, glamping sites and online forums about glamping were searched and observed. Furthermore, the preliminary definition of glamping on basis of web pages of glamping suppliers, academic literature, newspaper articles and online definitions (more than 280 different data sources were revised). The second stage was continuing in the more focused passive netnography of two Facebook groups and 13 blogs. The third, and the most important, stage consists of six Skype interviews and six e-interviews. The data from different sources was scrutinized and compared in order to identify patterns of glampers' behaviour, needs and happiness.
The theories about motivations for nature-based tourism, push & pull factors, consumption of luxury products and services and happiness in tourism were used to explore important characteristics of glampers. The analysis showed that there are two main groups of glampers – resort glampers and caravan glampers. Resort glampers are customers of luxury glamping resorts whilst caravan glampers use their personalized caravans during their holidays. Both groups wish to be close to nature but they do not want to give up the comfort, which they are used to at home. These comforts entail tasty food, good vine, comfortable bed and many small accessories, which create a homely atmosphere. Resort glampers seek relax, adventurous outdoors activities and a lot of privacy, which allows them to bond with their families. Caravan glampers are motivated also by these things. However, the most important for them is the independence and creativity. They can be characterized as travellers, who are keen on personalizing and making their caravans beautiful. They concentrate on sharing their inventions and ideas. They love freedom, which allows them to explore the country and to get to know other people. The socializing aspect of glamping is crucial for them.
The purpose of this research is to fill in at least one part of the aforementioned missing knowledge about glampers and to demonstrate that glamping has more faces than only luxury. The aim is not to find an ultimate answer to the aforesaid questions, and hence the findings should not be generalized. Instead, discovery of patterns about glampers' motivations, needs, wants and happiness is a goal of this study.
ID: 76860446


Historical Ecology
Historical Ecology can be described as the interface between ecology and historical geography that undertakes studies of lost or degenerated historic ecosystems (Eagan and Howell eds., 2005). This encompasses data, techniques, and perspectives from paleoecology; land-use history from old maps, historical aerial photographs, oral histories, and land surveys; and long-term ecological research and monitoring extended over decades. Currently the Grand Bay NERR is using 19th century US Coast Survey and land survey plat maps, aerial photos, oral histories from local residents, and dendrochronology (tree ring data) methods to better understand how ecosystems and their resources have been altered over the centuries. This information can help guide natural resource management practices and set references for restoration initiatives.


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A body was projected vertically upwards at 9.1 meters per second. Determine the time taken to reach the maximum height. Take 𝑔 equal to 9.8 metres per second squared.
In order to solve this question, we will use one of the equations of motion or SUVAT equations: 𝑣 equals 𝑢 plus 𝑎𝑡, where 𝑢 is the initial velocity, 𝑣 is the final velocity, 𝑎 is the acceleration, and 𝑡 is equal to the time. The body is projected vertically upwards at 9.1 meters per second. This means that 𝑢 is equal to 9.1. At the maximum height, the velocity of the body is zero metres per second. Therefore, 𝑣 is equal to zero. As gravity is working against the body, 𝑎 is equal to negative 9.8 metres per second squared. And finally, 𝑡 is the value we're trying to calculate.
Substituting in these values into the equation 𝑣 equals 𝑢 plus 𝑎𝑡 gives us zero is equal to 9.1 minus 9.8𝑡. Rearranging this equation gives us 9.8𝑡 is equal to 9.1. Dividing both sides of the equation by 9.8 gives us a value for 𝑡 of 9.1 divided by 9.8. This is equal to 13 14ths of a second or 0.93 seconds to two decimal places.
This means that the time taken for a body to reach its maximum height if it is projected vertically upwards at 9.1 meters per second is 13 14ths of a second.


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discover (part of speech: verb)
locate (part of speech: verb)
- The committee hesitated, and then one by one came after us, more anxious, I think, to complete the fiasco than to unearth facts. - "Caves of Terror", Talbot Mundy.
- I don't want you and Letitia to think that I was just making catspaws of you both, and forcing you without knowing, to help me unearth him in his lair. - "The Princess Virginia", C. N. Williamson A. M. Williamson.
- He also inspected the crypts of churches, to unearth traces of the priests' lubricity. - "The Aspirations of Jean Servien", Anatole France.


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Division of Fishes History
Ichthyology - The Early YearsThe Division of Fishes traces its origin back almost as far as The Field Museum itself. Ichthyology began under the leadership of assistant curator Oliver Perry Hay in 1894. Hay, while primarily interested in North American fossil vertebrates, started the fish collection. In 1897, Hay was replaced by Seth Eugene Meek. Meek began the Museum's long-term commitment to the collection of and research on Neotropical fishes. While Meek and his collaborators made extensive collections across Middle and northern South America, he is best known for his pioneering work on the freshwater fishes of Mexico and Panama (with Samuel F. Hildebrand). After the passing of Meek in 1914, a young Carl L. Hubbs was hired as an assistant curator in the Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology in 1917. During his brief career in Chicago (ending in 1920) and later at The University of Michigan and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Carl Hubbs would go on to publish more than 700 scientific articles and be elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences.
Fishes - The Weed, Woods, and Grey Era
In 1921, the Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, along with the other zoological divisions, anglicized its name to the Division of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles and hired Alfred Cleveland Weed as its new assistant curator. Weed explored and published across the diversity of fishes, frequently publishing pamphlets and books aimed at educating the public about the biology of fishes. This focus on educating the public about fishes also manifested itself in his efforts to improve fish-related exhibits at the Museum. Other important endeavors included his participation in one of the early marine ichthyological explorations of Greenland in the late 1920s. Weed ended his career at The Field Museum as a full curator in the revamped Division of Fishes in 1942. Around the time of Weed's departure, Fishes expanded by promoting Loren P. Woods from previous staff positions in Education and Fishes to assistant curator in 1941 and making then volunteer, Marion Grey, an associate in 1943. Woods would be at the helm of Fishes for the next 37 years except for a four-year period (_PHONE_) when Marion Grey led the department while Woods served in the Navy during World War II. Grey would go on to publish 15 papers, principally on deep-water fishes, during her 22 years at The Field Museum. During this time, current curator emeritus, Robert F. Inger, spent a short time (_PHONE_) as an assistant curator of fishes before moving over permanently to Amphibians and Reptiles. After returning from the Navy, Woods participated in numerous marine collections to the Indian Ocean, western Atlantic, southeastern Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. These extensive marine collections greatly expanded what had been a primarily freshwater collection. From these collections, Woods' scientific endeavors would lead him to publications on both freshwater and marine groups, but he is most remembered for his work on the damselfishes (Pomacentridae) and the squirrelfishes, alfonsinos, and nannygais (Berycoidei). Woods retired from the Field Museum after 40 years of service in 1978.
Fishes - The Johnson, Stewart, and Chernoff Era
Before Woods retired, Fishes hired Robert K. Johnson in 1972 to further research and collection efforts on marine fishes. While at the Museum, Johnson initially focused on the systematics of deep-sea fishes, primarily from the Aulopiformes (lizardfishes and allies) and Chiasmodontidae (swallowers). In 1975, Johnson traveled with several colleagues, primarily Dave Greenfield of Northern Illinois University (NIU), to the coast of Honduras. This trip began Johnson's long association with Greenfield that would lead to his adjunct appointment at NIU and numerous collection trips to Belize and Honduras that led to numerous papers on the ecology and systematics of reef fishes and tremendous collections. In addition to his appointment at NIU, Johnson had an adjunct appointment at the University of Chicago. It was this love of teaching that led Johnson to leave The Field Museum for a professorial position at the College of Charleston in 1986. Johnson always placed a large emphasis on service to his institution and his primary scientific society, the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH). At The Field Museum, Johnson served as Chair of Zoology and played a major role in expeditions for members, including tours to the Gulf of California, Honduras, and Alaska. His tremendous service efforts were later recognized by the creation of the Robert K. Johnson Award for Exceptional Service after his untimely death in 2000. This ASIH award is given annually in his honor. Following Woods retirement, Donald J. Stewart was hired in 1979 to continue The Field Museum's excellence in Neotropical freshwater fishes. From 1978 to 1985, Stewart made extensive collections in South America, particularly expeditions to Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Stewart is best known for his systematic work on armored catfishes (Loricarioidei) and the endangered Arapaima. His research interests remain in the ecology, conservation, and management of freshwater systems in South, Central, and North America in his current post as a professor of environmental and forest biology at the State University of New York's College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse.
Following the departure of Stewart and Johnson, Barry Chernoff was hired from the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia in 1987 to continue his work on Neotropical silversides (Atheriniformes) and tetras (Characiformes). In addition to substantive Neotropical fish collections (including several Aqua-RAPs with the Museum's ECCo: Environment, Culture, and Conservation program), Chernoff spearheaded efforts for the computerization of the Fishes collection. With support from the institution and the National Science Foundation (NSF BSR-_PHONE_, _PHONE_ and NSF DEB-_PHONE_, _PHONE_), Fishes was able to complete data capture and verification in a MUSE database. In addition to his efforts within Fishes, Chernoff also served as Chair of Zoology before his departure from the Museum in 2002 to take a faculty position in Biology at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.
Fishes - The Modern Era
Since the early 1990s, The Division of Fishes has seen a number of changes to our collection management practices with the movement of specimen catalogs from pen and paper to electronic databases, the physical movement of the entire Fishes collection (now in the Collections Resource Center), and the ever increasing challenges associated with the loaning and shipping of specimens. The Fishes professional staff has guided the division through these advances as well as maintaining and caring for more than 1,700,000 specimens. Collection Manager Mary Anne Rogers (_PHONE_) oversaw the creation of the fish collection database, the migration of the entire database from MUSE to EMu, and the move of the entire collection to the Collection Resource Center. Rogers was instrumental in the creation of a diversity of Fishes procedures and polices relating to the care and handling of specimens and the shipment of loans according to IATA rules. Collections Assistant Kevin Swagel joined the museum in 1984 and eventually found a home in Fishes (1991-present). Swagel has now managed Fishes for more than 20 years. Swagel has been responsible for the day-to-day running of the division, including countless important duties ranging from the maintenance of the budget, to coordinating visitors, to ensuring the long-term stability of the Museum collections. As an all-around naturalist, Swagel combines his expertise with fishes with an intimate knowledge of birds and plants, often making collections across multiple zoological divisions and Museum departments. More recently, Swagel was part of the Fishes contingent that made deep-sea fish and invertebrate collection off of San Diego. Philip Willink (2002-2010) started at The Field Museum as a post-doctoral fellow working with Barry Chernoff on the Aquatic Rapid Assessment Program in South America, and he eventually transitioned into an Assistant Collection Manager position. During his time at the Museum, Willink continued our Neotropical collection and research efforts and really established a Chicago-based field program. Willink began studying Wolf Lake in southeast Chicago, and he was able to trace the species composition through time and human development. He also created ties to local researchers from the Department of Natural Resources and the Army Corps of Engineers. Through these efforts, he published a Fieldiana on the Fishes of Will County and is now working on the fishes of Chicago proper. As a collection manager, Willink's largest contributions were with the building of collections, identifying specimens in the backlog, spearheading efforts to process new collections, training students, volunteers, and staff in the identification of fishes, and the development of methods associated with digital photography and the Fishes image database.
In 2007, Chris Jones (2007-2011) and Susan Mochel transitioned from volunteers in Fishes to Collections Assistants. Together, they have worked on a number of projects, culminating in their project to photograph representatives of all of the nominal types included in the Fishes collections and their participation in the 2010 deep-sea fish expedition off of California. During his tenure, Jones has primarily focused on the identification of fishes in the division's backlog, identifying thousands of lots from localities ranging


Sri Lanka Ship Causes Environmental Disaster
A burning ship off the coast off Sri Lanka has leaked hazardous chemicals into the eco system, causing an environmental disaster. The ship in question, the X-Press Pearl, has been branded 'the toxic ship' by the BBC due to the devastating impact that the incident has caused.
Why is the Sri Lanka ship disaster so harmful?
This environmental disaster has been regarded one of the worst in Sri Lankan history, and now most of the ship has settled at the bottom of the Indian Ocean. This makes matters worse, as the ship's cargo contained 25 tonnes of many harmful chemicals, such as methanol, nitric acid and sodium methoxide. The ship was also carrying 28 containers of raw materials that can be used to make plastic bags. These chemicals and other materials can be incredibly harmful to both humans and wildlife, and many fish and other marine animals have been found lifeless on the beaches of Sri Lanka.
The impact on marine life
The impact that this event has had on marine wildlife has been catastrophic. Fish, birds and turtles have been found on the beaches with microplastics in their systems. The plastic pellets that are used to make plastic bags are reportedly the most harmful to the marine life, as they can be fatal.
A coordinator at the Pearl Protectors, which is an organisation dedicated to protecting marine life in Sri Lanka, Muditha Katuwawala, has said that what happened here was very close to a "nuclear disaster", thus illustrating just how devastating this disaster is. It has been reported that the country may not recover from this for years, or even decades to come.
Loss of livelihood
Fisherman have also been banned from going any closer than a 50-mile radius of the incident. This has negatively impacted their lives as their livelihood and income have disappeared almost overnight.
Fishing has been banned despite the huge clean-up operation that is underway, as well as the many law enforcement officers and firemen that have been tackling Sri Lanka's biggest environmental disaster.
Could it have been avoided?
It is said that the fire was caused by a leak of nitric acid, a substance that the ship was carrying. This has been argued to have been caused by the nitric acid not being stored correctly, or not handled correctly. This leak was discovered at Qatar's Hamad Port, and the ship in question, X-Press Pearl, had requested to discharge the dangerous container, but Hamad Port denied this request, claiming that it didn't have the manpower, which is hard to believe as this port is state-of-the-art and well-resourced.
The X-Press Pearl later also requested to discharge of the leaking container at Hazira Port in Gujarat. This request was also denied due to the same reasons.
Had either one of these ports allowed the X-Press Pearl permission to unload, then this environmental disaster may never had happened.
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Average adult striped skunks weigh 6-8 pounds, though body weight might be significantly heavier in late fall, as the skunks attain layers of fat to sustain themselves through winter. Spotted skunks are much smaller, usually weighing 2-3 pounds. Males of both types are slightly heavier than females.
All striped skunks have a white stripe on the head between the nose and the forehead. A white crest, or cap, is typical on the top of the head, and a continuing white stripe usually divides the shoulder area into two stripes that continue along the sides of the animal into the tail. The amount of white coloration varies with the individual skunk, with some having broad stripes, narrow stripes, short stripes, or even none at all.
Spotted skunks have a white patch on the forehead area and a broken pattern of white striping that appears as blotches or spots of white in the otherwise black fur. The amount of white also varies with individuals. Some spotted skunks have mostly black tails, while other can be mostly white.
The scent glands in skunks are well developed. Musk, or essence, can be sprayed repeatedly as a defense. The yellowish compound is powerful in all skunks and contains sulfuric acid, which can cause temporary blindness in other animals and man.
Striped and spotted skunks have five toes on each foot. The front feet have relatively long claws to assist in digging for grubs and other food. Skunks have 34 teeth, including four pointed, sharp canines.
Skunk fur is rather long — and longer on tails than on bodies. Underfur is white under the white guard hairs and grayish under the black-colored guard hairs.
Striped skunks often breed during February, and the males do a great deal of traveling at this time to locate females. Many times, females live in an underground den through the winter with only one male, who will protect the communal den from invasion by another male.
Gestation periods are usually 63 days, and all bred females seek solitary dens to raise their young by themselves. Litter sizes of striped skunks are usually six to eight, except for the first litter, which usually numbers four.
The eastern species of spotted skunk usually breeds in April. Gestation is about 60 days before three to five young are born. The western species breeds in September or October, and gestation is about 140 days due to a delayed implantation process.
The new litter of striped and spotted skunks begin following their mothers at 6 weeks of age. Travel is often single-file, and the young are quick to learn to find grubs and insects.
The family unit breaks up as the young reach 3 months of age. Dispersal is not significant, and the juvenile females may continue to share their mother's den. Males are evicted, however, by the dominant male, and the juvenile male skunks are forced to find other suitable den locations.
Striped skunks are mostly nocturnal, doing most of their hunting and traveling during the night. Territory sizes are somewhat small, and overlapping or sharing territories is normal, as the species does not defend its territory against others of the same species. Home ranges are considered to be about 4 square miles, but most skunks do not travel more than a mile or so in one night's activity.
Communal dens are common during the time of year that young are not being raised, and six to 20 skunks might share a den with one male at a time.
Striped skunks suffer from poor vision at a distance of more than 2 or 3 feet. A keen sense of smell enables them to easily locate foods, which vary with the season. Not a particularly swift animal, skunks don't need good distance vision to locate prey, which have little or no mobility. The ability to see a predator at a distance is not necessary either, as the threat of spraying its musk will usually deter all but ignorant predators, which soon receive a lesson.
Skunks usually give ample warning before they spray their musk. Spraying is a defense mechanism and used only when the animal feels that it is necessary to protect its own life. Warnings usually include a lifting of the tail, a turning of the back towards the danger, and sometimes a pounding of the front feet in a drummer-like fashion.
Striped skunk weight: up to 8 pounds
Spotted skunk weight: 3 pounds
Striped skunks have poor vision at more than 2-3 feet
Spotted skunks can do handstands
Spotted skunks are more agile than striped skunks. Their territory sizes are similar to striped skunks'. Spotted skunks can climb very well, and they descend trees headfirst.
When threatened, spotted skunks commonly do handstands, balancing on their front feet while they lift their bodies into the air. This balancing act usually lasts for about 5 seconds at a time. The species can spray an offender from this position.
Spotted skunks are almost strictly nocturnal, usually retiring to a den before daylight and coming out only after dark in the evening.
Skunks are not true hibernators, but both species may spend weeks at a time in dens during cold temperatures and deep snow conditions. Striped skunks usually utilize underground dens that have been made by badgers, groundhogs, or foxes. At times, they will tolerate other species in their dens, even curling up and sleeping with a raccoon.
Spotted skunks prefer dens under or in old buildings. Oftentimes, a den will on the second floor of an old barn. Dens in haylofts are common, and spotted skunks easily climb to the elevated areas.
Slow and poorly sighted furbearers, striped skunks are opportunistic feeders. Grubs and insects are commonly located and dug out of the ground, along with juvenile mice, rabbits, and ground-nesting birds or eggs. Fruits and grains are eaten when available, and carrion is commonly eaten during the winter months when many foods are not available.
Spotted skunks are more efficient than striped skunks as predators. These smaller skunks kill and eat significantly more mice and rats. Spotted skunks also frequent the edges of streams and ponds, and they wade in shallow water in pursuit of crayfish, a preferred food.
Striped skunks are found in all the North American states except Alaska and Hawaii. Populations of spotted skunks are sporadic and inconsistent in most areas.
Although skunks are not well liked by people, they do provide valuable services by controlling significant numbers of injurious insects in the larval stages. The diet of spotted skunks is almost entirely beneficial to man. Both striped and spotted skunks can raid chicken houses. The worst offender is usually the spotted skunk because it can climb easily to gain access.
Spotted skunks do dig up lawns in pursuit of grubs, and this is an annoyance to those who spend time and money to groom lawns.
The concern of rabies in striped skunks is very real. More striped skunks than all other species combined are tested positive for rabies every year, and this disease is always a threat to livestock, pets, and man.
Striped skunks can destroy a significant number of waterfowl nests. However, recent studies indicate that they may be beneficial to waterfowl populations because skunks are the only significant predator of a far more serious waterfowl: the snapping turtle. Striped skunks relish snapping turtle eggs, which are commonly found, unearthed, and eaten.
Six years of age is considered old for striped and spotted skunks.


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Our tool for Sandpipers identification allows anyone to identify the species when the scientific name is unknown. Using a sequential selection of physical characteristics, the number of possible Sandpipers is narrowed until a final selection of Sandpipers meeting the selected physical characteristics.
Below, you will find the names of sandpipers species, click on the sandpipers name to find out more about the sandpipers species
Below, you will find the distinctive physical characteristics of sandpipers you want to identify. On the left will appear the sandpipers species which meets these characteristics.