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The adding of sugar to the must to achieve the right alcohol level.
The process of adding sugar to fermenting grapes in order to increase alcohol.
The process of adding sugar to the fermenting wine to raise the final alcohol level. Because the sugar is converted to alcohol, it does not add sweetness to the finished wine, but the process is forbidden in some regions.
Procedure of adding sugar to the grape juice before fermentation to increase the alcohol content of wines. Prohibited by law in California and Italy.
The addition of sugar during fermentation to increase a wine's alcoholic strength.
Addition of sugar during fermentation to increase the alcohol level.
A French invention. The process of adding sugar to the must to increase potential alcohol and thus, the body of a wine. Chaptalization is not allowed in Prädikat wines, but can often be used to good effect in an estate's basic wine (QbA).
addition of sugar to the must before fermentation to increase the alcohol level
Adding sugar to fermenting grape juice in order to pump up the alcohol level of the resulting wine. This is sometimes done in cool climates or poor years where grapes don't ripen quite enough to develop high amounts of sugar. Different places have different laws regarding this kind of thing.
The addition of sugar to wine. An illegal practice in Australia.
common cool climate winemaking procedure which compensates for underripe grapes by adding sugar to the fermentation vat in order to produce a more alcoholic wine. Named after French statesman Jean Antoine Chaptal and usually strictly controlled.
adding sugar to unfermented grape juice to increase the final alcohol level. A common enough practice in much of the world, but one that is often not openly discussed.
The adding of sugar during fermentation, particularly common in Northern Europe where grapes may struggle to ripen fully, it isn't done to make the wine sweet but to raise the alcoholic strength as all the sugar turns to alcohol. Whilst both legal and widespread in France it is forbidden in California.
The addition of sugar to juice before and/or during fermentation, used to boost sugar levels in under-ripe grapes and alcohol levels in the subsequent wines. Common in northern European countries, where the cold climates may keep grapes from ripening, but forbidden in southern Europe (including southern France and all of Italy) and California.
The addition of sugars to the wine before fermentation. The purpose is to raise the alcohol level of a wine when the grapes are not ripened adequately. It is illegal in certain wine regions.
Named after its "inventor" Jean-Antoine Chaptal who suggested adding sugar to under-ripe juice before FERMENTATION so that more ALCOHOL could be produced.
The process of adding sugar to grape juice deficient in it, to make sure the resulting wine has sufficient alcohol. Illegal in California.
A winemaking process where sugar is added to the must to increase the alcohol content in the fermented wine. This is often done when grapes have not ripened adequately.
is the addition of "foreign" sugars (beet or cane) to a must in order to raise the final alcoholic content of the wine.
The process of adding sugar to the fermenting wine to raise the final alcohol level. Often used in France to raise low alcohol levels by 1 to 2 percent. Because the sugar is converted to alcohol, it does not add sweetness to the finished wine.
(shap-it-al-iz'-ae-shun) The practice of adding sugar to the juice prior to fermentation to increase the potential alcohol and quality of the wine. Illegal in many regions, and tightly controlled in others. In some cooler wine regions it would not be possible to make wine in some years with out chapitalizing.
The addition of sugar to the must before or during fermentation in order to raise the level of alcohol in a wine.
To add sugar during the fermentation process when the grapes have not ripened adequately, for the purpose of raising the alcohol level of the wine. It is not done to make the wine sweet, as the sugar is fermented into alcohol. Chaptalization is common in northern Europe, where grapes have to struggle to fully ripen. It is legal in some regions (Burgundy) and not allowed in others (California).
Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to unfermented wine must in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation.


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A leguminous tree or shrub of warm climates, with feathery leaves and plume-like flowers that typically resemble bottlebrushes.
- Genus Albizia, family Leguminosae
More example sentences
- In fact, for those whose sexual dysfunction is emotionally related albizzia can be very effective.
- In its natural habitat tun is found growing in mixed stands comprising other broad-level species like terminalias, albizzias, bombax, ficuses, shisham, acacias, etc.
- A dining room next to the living room, of 26 m², large family table, beautiful chimney with insert, two large French windows facing the sea, the third on to the albizzias.
modern Latin, named after Filippo degli Albizzi, a Tuscan nobleman who introduced the silk tree A. julibrizzen into Italy in the mid 18th century.
Definition of albizzia in:
- The US English dictionary

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Why is artificial light a concern? Artificial lighting has many different applications and is. How do artificial lights work? Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps. When sunlight is directed through a prism and onto a screen, it is separated into a rainbow pattern on the screen.
Humans have long created artificial lights by burning or heating materials, and candles as well as other flame operated lamps are still in common use today.
How to use artificial light in a sentence. Incandescent: An incandescent bulb consists of a filament that glows when electricity is passed through it. We spend a third of our lives either sleeping… or trying to get to sleep. As mentioned earlier, the sun works on its own schedule, not yours, so you will need to make some decisions regarding artificial light sources.
Although artificial light cannot be used to replace natural light in a long period of time, it can be used for temporary replacement with or without combination with. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial light of variable intensity and wavelength on aggregation, phototaxis and photokinesis in the. Although many studies have documented how artificial light harms individual species, the impacts on whole ecosystems and the services they. It frees us from the darkness, and allows us to light our homes and communities.
The issue of fenestration in exhibition galleries is much debated. Completely artificial light facilitates the controls that are. In Brilliant, award-winning author Jane Brox offers a. Okay, for the naturalists growing plants with artificial light may be considered cheating. But sometimes you have to replicate certain conditions.
A review of the literature reveals the need for reliable and stable artificial light sources that can be used as simulators of daylight and skylight. Afraid of using artificial light in food photography? Information about artificial light nuisance.
In agriculture, the use of artificial lighting seeks to provide a source of light that is similar to sun light. With the innovation of technology, LEDs. Sunlight is the perfect balance of wavelengths necessary for plant growth and blooming, but you can also use artificial light to help your plants along. Not all bats can endure the light, but those that can have found feasts in well-lit areas. Now, however, streetlamps are being equipped with LEDs, which do not. From the album A Better Version of Me.
Sensing Space The prolific. In previous chaptersmuchof thehistoricaldevelopment of artificial lighting has been presentedandseveralsubjects have been traced to the. JPG Disorientation from artificial lighting causes thousands of hatchling deaths each year in Florida and is a significant marine turtle.
We can deal with excessive artificial light coming from poorly positioned security lights, garden lights, flood lighting from sports grounds or industrial lighting. Light at night can have strong effects on the behaviour. In many cases, artificial light in the night-time environment is sufficiently. Understanding the impacts of artificial night-time light on wild plants and natural vege-. This chapter presents an overview of artificial lighting means and their efficiency in.
Therefore, artificial light in antiquity could be both effective and economical. Rapid growth in the use of artificial light means much of the world is experiencing a "loss of the night," according to a study published in the. A question which has received modern attention is whether, when the dominant building relies on artificial light or could be provided with much greater artificial. Over the past couple of centuries, artificial light has gradually become a ubiquitous part of our environment. The modern man is constantly.


What Makes a Supercar?
What Makes a Supercar?
By Ryan Hooper
Asking what makes a car super is like asking, what makes a woman beautiful - everyone has its own opinion.
A term supercar was coined to describe extremely expensive, extremely beautiful and extremely fast cars. But the proper use of this term is often subjective and disputed, especially among enthusiasts. There is no clear definition of what characteristics a car must have to be a supercar. What constitutes a supercar is often a matter of opinion. Also, the use of the term is heavily dependent on the era - a car that is considered to be a supercar at one time may lose its superiority in the future.
It is also important to know that the term refers to factory-built, usually unmodified, street-legal cars. Heavily modified and potentially street - illegal vehicles do not fall into the supercar category. Supercars are not muscle cars or tuned up sports cars. And there is no such thing as a cut price supercar.
A supercar is a car that combines speed, handling, unique design and represents the pinnacle of the automaker's art. It is the car equivalent of a supermodel or a race horse. There are, off course, some basic criteria for measuring whether a car should be considered a supercar or not. Things to consider: design, acceleration, top speed, handling, power-to-weight ratio, style, rarity, price - all of these has to be super in a supercar.
Want an example? Here is a prime example - The Bugatti Veyron.
The Bugatti Veyron is currently (2007) the most expensive (around $1.5 million) and fastest fully street legal car in the world. The Guinness Book of World Records included Bugatti Veyron under the heading - Fastest Production Car. With 1001 horsepower this supercar champion features all the most recent automotive advancements and is able to achieve a top speed of 253 mph (407km/h). This is faster than any production car ever made, it's actually faster than Formula 1 cars. Supercars are not just fast, they are blazingly fast.
Other supercars include: Koenigsegg CCX, Pagani Zonda, McLaren F1, Saleen S7 Twin Turbo, Enzo Ferrari, Lamborghini Murcielago and so on.
On the fun side, if you ever doubt whether a car is a supercar or not, consider this:
A car might be a supercar if:
 - you have a wallpaper or a poster of it
 - it's worth more than your house
 - you drool when you see one
 - it can break the speed limit in 1st gear
 - you will probably never own one,
 - but if you do, you would never give the keys to the valet.
In conclusion, a supercar is a car that changes your idea of what a car is and what a car can do.
Ryan Hooper is a car lover and a big admirer of the first true American supercar: Saleen S7 [_URL_]
Article Source: _URL_


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Monash University has launched a new project designed to capture community memories of World War One. The One Hundred Stories are stories that have not been told before. They highlight the experiences of women as well as men, recover the too often forgotten contribution of Indigenous Australians, and emphasise the ongoing cost of war to the community as a whole.
The One Hundred Stories remember not just the men and women who lost their lives but also those who returned to Australia, the gassed, the crippled, the insane, all those irreparably damaged by war. The Great War shaped the world as well as the nation. Its memory belongs to us all.
Please be part of this great project by contributing your ideas and stories of who should be included within the One Hundred Stories.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A straight hemostat usually looks very much like a small pair of cuticle scissors, but the end is blunted instead of sharp. This is because it is not used for cutting, but mostly for pinching off blood flow from an artery or vein during a surgical operation. Hemostats are also commonly used by people who need to move small objects around delicately. The pinching end of a hemostat can be either curved or straight.
The handle of a straight hemostat has two holes for fingers, and between them is a locking mechanism. Usually taking the form of interlocking teeth, the locking mechanism of a hemostat can be adjusted easily to allow the grip on an object to be loose or tight. Once locked, the user can then use both hands to accomplish another task, leaving the hemostat in place until it is unlocked.
Surgery is perhaps the most common situation where a person would use a straight hemostat. Once sterilized, a surgeon will use a hemostat to pinch off the flow of blood from a vein or artery until ligation is complete. The type of hemostat used often depends on a surgeon's personal preference, or it may be determined by the limited amount of room in which a surgeon has to maneuver. The hemostat is not a modern invention — surgeons have used them for over 500 years.
Craftsmen may use a straight hemostat for moving small objects with finesse. For example, to assemble a model car, a hobbyist may use a straight hemostat to grasp tiny pieces which are difficult to hold with the fingertips. A fisherman might use a hemostat to tie or untie a lure. During a dissection, hemostats are often used to hold pieces of the skin or other organs apart for visual inspection of deeper areas. Also, the metal hemostat can be used as a heatsink when soldering electrical circuits.
Also known as arterial forceps or hemostatic clamps, hemostats are usually made of stainless steel, although there are some models that are made of other materials, or even gold plated. Stainless steel hemostats are typically used in surgery. For that purpose, they are sterilized in an autoclave before use. The use of hemostats in surgery may be for animals or humans, and a straight hemostat is often a staple of advanced medical kits, such as those used by emergency medical technicians or combat medics. Hemostats can range in length from 3.5 in (8.89 cm) to 18 in (45.72 cm) or longer, depending on the intended use.


The Role of the Phases of The Moon in Weight Loss
The Role of the Phases of The Moon in Weight Loss
April 27, 2020moon phasesWeight loss9784Views
The Role of the Phases of The Moon in Weight Loss
Can The Moon Influence Weight Loss?
The alignment of the Moon, Sun and Earth that occurs during a Full Moon cause changes in the atmospheric pressure and movement of the water in the Earth's rivers and oceans. According to the International Federation of Phyto and Aromatherapy, Full Moon also has an effect on human's metabolism enabling people to remove the toxins and fat from the body faster and easier.
Lunar Cycles
The lunar cycles have a direct impact on our health, our emotions, and our overall state of mind tend to change during Full Moon, but the influence of the Moon does not stop here; there are studies that show how, during Full Moon, patients who undergo heart surgery have better surviving rates but also less time spent in the hospital during the recovery period.
It is also believed that women have a stronger connection with the moon due to their menstrual cycles. In some points during the menstrual cycle, fluid retention can occur and, even though, not all women are at the same point in their menstrual cycle when Full Moon occurs, it is believed that the werewolf diet, or the lunar diet, can help them lose weight.
What Is The Werewolf Or Lunar Diet?
The werewolf or lunar diet can help people to expel toxins from the body, stimulating the process of lipolysis (the process of decomposition of fat stored in the cells in our bodies), helping the organism to absorb nutrients by supporting the enzymes in our bodies.
The werewolf diet is a type of detox diet that cleans the intestines of toxins, allowing people to lose weight and excess water from the body. Women might be able to see better results than men, however this diet is good for both sexes.
Related Article: 5 Must Have Health Apps
Moon Diet Plans
People who want to lose weight should know that there are two moon diet plans they can follow. Both plans include liquid cleanse that not only help them lose weight but also reduce cravings. The liquid cleanse can be done during Full Moon, New Moon or the beginning of a moon phase.
The Basic Moon Diet Plan
This diet plan is simple and easy to follow – all people have to do in order to lose excess liquid from their bodies is to consume only water and juices during Full Moon or New Moon. It is recommended to consume liquids known for their diuretic properties, such as spring or mineral water, green tea and fresh juices made at home from fresh vegetables and fruits.
The Extended Moon Diet Plan
As opposed to the basic moon diet plan that covers only one phase of the moon, the Full Moon or the New Moon, the extended plan covers all phases of the moon including the waning phase and waxing phase. This plan has three different steps.
The first step of the extended moon diet plan is a replica of the basic diet moon plan and it should be done during both Full Moon and New Moon.
The second step that takes place during waning moon involves eating solid, regular food and drinking eight glasses of water per day. The eight glasses of water are very important if you want to reduce your cravings and to continue to lose weight during the other phases of the moon.
Related Article: Simple Cooking Tips That Will Help Eager Beginners
The third and last step involves avoiding sweets and fats and not eating after 6 PM. The waxing moon is the phase of the moon when people experience the most food cravings so being extra careful during this period of time is mandatory for the success of the moon diet plan.
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Senator Proposes Legislation To Cut College Textbook Costs
State Senator Thomas P. Morahanis proposing Senate legislation to lower the cost of textbooks for college students. His bill would provide guidelines to encourage professors and bookstores to slow costs, which the federal Government Accountability Office (GAO) found are "rising faster than inflation or tuition." The GAO study found that at four year colleges more than a quarter of the cost of tuition and fees is spent on books, while at community colleges, the cost of books often amounts to almost 75% of tuition and fees.
"It is critical that we encourage professors to limit their use of new editions of books when previous editions don't differ much. Many students and parents are frustrated with textbook companies making minor changes to books, reissuing them every few years to quash the used book market. Students shouldn't have to spend half their tuition for assigned books," said Morahan.
Morahan's legislation would require the following:
Ÿ That governing boards of public institutions of higher education implement policies, procedures, and guidelines that encourage efforts to minimize the cost of textbooks for students at public colleges and universities while maintaining the quality of education and academic freedom. The guidelines would ensure the following:
Ÿ That faculty textbook adoptions are made with sufficient lead time to universityor contract-managed bookstores so as to confirm availability of the requested materials and, where possible, ensure maximum availability of used textbooks;
Ÿ That in the textbook adoption process, the intent to use all items ordered, particularly each individual item sold as part of a bundled package, is affirmatively confirmed by the faculty member before the adoption is finalized. If the faculty member does not intend to use each item in the bundled package, he would notify the bookstore, and the bookstore would order the individualized items when their procurement is cost effective for both institutions and students and such items are made available by the publisher;
Ÿ That faculty members affirmatively acknowledge the bookstore's quoted retail price of textbooks selected for use in each course;
Ÿ That faculty members are encouraged to limit their use of new edition textbooks when previous editions do not significantly differ in a substantive way as determined by the appropriate faculty member; and
Ÿ That the establishment of policies include provisions for the availability of required textbooks to students otherwise unable to afford the cost.


text: While large, good condition, well-shaped oysters have high market value, they require optimal growing conditions and labour intensive techniques to culture. To handle this NSW oyster growers are progressively moving towards innovative technologies, one of which allows automated bulk processing of oysters. Growers now purchase sophisticated graders that clean, count and sort large number of oysters quickly and efficiently. While graders are routinely used to count and sort oysters into batches of similar size, these machines are actually measuring the characteristics of individual oysters. This presents an unprecedented opportunity to collect high-quality oyster growth and growing area performance data. This project focuses on the assessment of oyster lease and cultivation method performance. This can be translated into a management tool for improving the industries' productivity and environmental sustainability. The project also demonstrates the possibility of implementing a long term oyster performance monitoring program, with minimum additional effort from the growers.


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In Team Cherry's Hollow Knight, there are a lot of areas with their own kinds of enemies. One of these areas is The Hive.
Under Kingdom's Edge is a large community of bees called The Hive. The Hive is built from brown and translucent honey-like materials. In addition, the architecture in the area follows a hexagonal shape just like honeycombs.
In The Hive, the Knight will encounter different kinds of enemies: Hivelings, Hive Soldiers, Hive Husks, Hive Guardians, and the Hive Knight who is the optional boss of the area.
In this area, the Knight can also encounter and obtain a lot of items: ten Geo Deposits (with two only reachable by entering the north entrance), two Grubs (with one only reachable by entering the north entrance), a Mask Shard, a Whispering Root with 20 essences, and the Hiveblood Charm which you can only obtain after defeating the Hive Knight.
Reach The Hive
Before being able to reach The Hive, the Knight must first obtain the Tram Pass, which can be found in the wreck of a tram in the Failed Tramway in Deepnest, to access Kingdom's Edge.
After obtaining the Tram Pass, this is what the Knight must do:
- From Deepnest or Ancient Basin, enter the Tram and interact with the glowing button in the rightmost part of the Tram (if you start from Deepnest, interact with the glowing button twice to reach Kingdom's Edge).
- Next, exit the Tram and proceed to the right where you'll encounter spike pits, which you can easily jump and dash over
- Continue to the right until you reach a wall and two Hivelings. Kill the Hivelings then with the Soul gained from killing them, cast the Vengeful Spirit/Shade Soul Spell on the wall to break it and reveal a pathway (going up the wall and exiting above leads to Kingdom's Edge).
Once in The Hive, the Knight can open a path that can help access the further depths of The Hive. Just continue on the path of the area until you reach this part of the map:
Then, there will be a breakable wall that leads back to Kingdom's Edge.
Additionally, there is another entrance to The Hive but this time it is an isolated part of The Hive which contains a Grub and Geo Deposits. This entrance can be found just before entering Kingdom's Edge's central cliff. You will find a few more stray Hivelings and a breakable floor (exactly before the entrance to the central cliff). Then, this pathway is filled with pools of acid


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Learning Forward Blog
At Learning Forward, our blog posts tend to feel more like lively conversations with our colleagues, partners, and clients. The blog is a space where Learning Forward staff members and guest authors endeavor to share timely and highly relevant insights for the benefit of our readers to keep them connected to resources and tools that can help them in their schools and districts.
Throughout the year, our blog covers a range of professional learning topics as well as news about our own organization. We strive to keep readers connected to important work, committed as professional learning advocates, and inspired by the dedicated educators and school professionals who make sure all kids have access to meaningful learning that helps them achieve their potential. We hope you enjoy this review of our top 15 stories of 2022.
15. Learning Forward CEO | President Denise Glyn Borders will retire in June 2022 Borders joined Learning Forward in 2019 as Executive Director after serving as president of SRI Education. She led the organization during its pivot to virtual and hybrid learning models.
14. Inspiration to lean into the important work of professional learning Learning Forward's 2021 Annual Conference featured remarks by U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona.
13. How states embed Standards for Professional Learning State leaders share how they implement standards and what it looks like when policy guides practice.
12. Effective leadership: Webinar teases out findings from principal preparation, professional learning studies Frederick Brown, Learning Forward President and CEO, facilitated a webinar in June featuring two studies supported by The Wallace Foundation reflecting decades of research and study on what kind of preparation and professional learning principals need to help them be effective, support teachers, and contribute to student achievement.
11. Announcing a new website: Powered by Title II Learning Forward launched its Title II advocacy resource website in January 2022. The site aims to provide an introduction to Title II funding and valuable data and tools.
10. U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona's speech outlining the Department of Education's priorities and vision for education In January, Secretary Cardona named the most-urgent school reopening needs – increased access to mental health resources; expanded parent and family engagement; and interventions for students who felt disproportionate impacts from the pandemic.
9. Leaders voice how revised professional learning standards are transformative Members of Learning Forward's standards advisory council, research partners, district leaders, and principals describe how revised Standards for Professional Learning address the challenges educators and students face as they struggle to recover from the setbacks of the pandemic.
8. Frederick Brown named Learning Forward President & CEO Brown hit the ground running, publishing key priorities for Learning Forward during his first week serving as the organization's new leader.
7. Why now is exactly the time you should be hiring instructional coaches Building and district leaders have had many open teaching spots to fill. Filling coaching roles also must be a priority.
6. Standards for Professional Learning evolve to drive progress Revised professional learning standards are resonating with educators and leaders eager to dig into what's new.
5. The Learning Professional's top 10 articles of 2022 Learning Forward's flagship publication revealed its 2022 articles that resonated most with readers.
4. Here's what The Learning Professional will focus on in 2023 The Learning Professional 2023 themes speak to urgent issues facing the education field at large, homing in on how professional learning can help educators at every level meet those big challenges.
3. What professional learning leaders can learn from Disney Disney staffers are renown for creating a fun culture that helps people thrive.
2. Learning teams that really improve student outcomes Learning teams can be a part of a holistic, proactive approach to accelerating learning.
1. Coaching with compassion starts with relationships The best way to make progress in any coaching relationship is by dialing into the personal first.
This Blog Post was published on Learning Forward.org
Gail Paul is Learning Forward's content marketing specialist, where she helps learning Forward expand our outreach and supports our growing communications needs. Before joining Learning Forward, Gail was a communications consultant and freelance journalist, committed to helping organizations and their leadership teams create and measure clear communication that informs, persuades, and inspires action, advocacy, and alignment. She previously served as vice president of communications & marketing for the port authority in Cincinnati, Ohio, and has led several teams in communications strategy, editorial voice and storytelling, and production of high-quality content across various channels and platforms. Gail holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism from The Ohio State University, with focused study in Economics.


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The discoveries in Mkhambathi Nature Reserve on South Africa's Wild Coast were made by scientists and volunteers from Earthwatch during an eight-day period in 2008. The scientists were working in partnership with Eastern Cape Parks, the government organisation that manages the protected areas in the Eastern Cape Province.
Earthwatch scientist Dr. Michelle Hamer of the South African National Biodiversity Institute and the University of KwaZulu-Natal explains the significance of the findings: "These discoveries are important because they highlight just how little we know about our biodiversity, even in a relatively well studied country like South Africa. This particular area is also threatened by the construction of a major motorway nearby and by mining of the dunes in the adjacent area. There is also a lot of pressure to develop tourism infrastructure inside the reserve. This means that many of these species could have disappeared before they were even discovered by scientists."
Dr. Hamer says: "At least if we understand the importance of the area in terms of its invertebrate fauna, then we can try to protect it. Will it make a difference to anyone if these new species go extinct? We don't know for sure, but we do know that every species that is removed from an ecosystem results in some weakening of the ecosystem. This could have an effect on the cleanliness of the water or on soil fertility, for example."
Executive Vice President of Earthwatch, Nigel Winser, says: "These new discoveries by Michelle Hamer and her field assistants confirm the rich biodiversity of this grassland ecosystem. Systematic surveys of flora and fauna such as these, underpin long term management strategies for habitats under threat and Earthwatch is proud to be supporting this invertebrate research over many years. Such findings give a boost to conservation commitments in South Africa."
The scientists confirmed 18 new species of invertebrates, but suspect that another 18 might also be newly discovered. A report, highlighting the important information about the invertebrates of Mkhambathi, was presented to Eastern Cape Parks scientists earlier this year for use in their conservation planning and management strategies. The new species are currently in the process of being named, described and illustrated by scientists at museums and other research institutes in South Africa.
Earthwatch has supported Dr. Hamer's research in South Africa for seven years. Dr. Hamer says: "We have also collected new species on other expeditions in South Africa, but the large number collected in such a short time at Mkhambathi is quite unusual. Many of the species we collected seem to be unique to a small area in or around Mkhambathi."
She adds, "Mkhambathi has enormous potential for ecotourism, providing economic benefits to South Africans through this. Conflicting pressures may, however, result in the destruction of key habitats and subsequently the biodiversity of the reserve. Collecting data is critical in any motivation for continued conservation."
Earthwatch scientists in South Africa have discovered 18 new species of invertebrate including spiders, snails, millipedes, earthworms, centipedes and true bugs.


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The History of the Peanut Allergy Epidemic with author, Heather Fraser
What happened to create an epidemic of peanut allergy that threatens the lives of children in Western cultures? In her book The History of the Peanut Allergy Epidemic, Heather Fraser provides a far-reaching history of the current epidemic of peanut allergy and offers compelling answers as to why this condition develops primarily in children. How has the prevalence of peanut allergy ballooned to over four million people in the U.S. alone? Tune in and find out as Teri and Heather cover these vital questions.


Finding an Internship or Co-op
Regardless of major, there are strategies that go beyond entering a keyword into a search engine you can utilize when searching for an internship or co-op. This session covers the main differences between internships and co-ops, student and employer motivations, how to effectively read a posting, and how to use HuskyCareerLink for maximum results. Discover key steps to becoming a stronger candidate for your next internship or co-op!
Contact: _EMAIL_


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Over the years we have provided content that covers both historical and present day fermentation of fish and fish products.
We have received permission to publish some excerpts from one of our reference books: Fish Processing Sustainability and New Opportunities (Edited by George M. Hall) through the publisher Wiley-Blackwell.
The art of fermenting fish and fish products has been important for human nutrition long before refrigeration and the microscope. The references below specifically outline the process that has been employed by man for thousands of years, through the lens of today's scientific understanding. This scientific description covers not only the important work of this industry, but also what we do here at Green Pasture.
The following content is selected from Fish Processing Sustainability and New Opportunities (Edited by George M. Hall); all copyrights belong to Wiley-Blackwell. We will include it in our new website as well!
7 Sustainability of Fermented Fish Products
S. Kose and George M. Hall
Fermented fish is a broad term for different kinds of fish products. Traditionally, preservation of fresh fish was by salting, smoking and sun-drying (see Chapter 3). Salting and drying in a tropical climate can be prolonged due to high humidity and frequent rainfall, which allows fermentation to start, and people gradually acquired a liking for the taste and the aroma of fermented fish. Another attraction of fermented fish was as a cheap process for underdeveloped countries as an alternative to heavily salted fish products. The ability of fermentation to enhance the flavour (or to mask the taste of tainted fish products) increased its production and consumption even in developed countries (Saisithi, 1994).
Today, the demand for fermented food is so great that more varieties are sought. By partially supplementing ordinary salted fish with carbohydrate sources, such as palm sugar, roasted rice or cooked rice, traditional fermented fish products with different tastes and aromas are obtained. Nowadays, non-traditional fermented fish products are also produced using bacterial starter cultures.
Fermented fish is generally seen as a South-East Asian product through prime examples such as fish sauce. However, studies showed that such products are commonly found in other parts of the world, especially in Africa. Fermented fish production and consumption are also reported to occur in European countries such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden. However, most studies on fermented fish are of either African or Asian origin (Adams et al., 1985; Essuman, 1992; Saisithi, 1994).
7.2 PRINCIPLES OF THE FERMENTATION PROCESS
The complex ripening process consists of chemical and biochemical reactions that change the characteristics of the fish tissue and thus the sensory properties of the fish. Ripening is believed to be caused mainly by enzymic actions which split macromolecules such as protein and fat in the fish musculature into low molecular weight compounds, e.g. peptides, amino acids and free fatty acids. The texture of the salted fish becomes softer and tenderer during the ripening phase and a pleasant, typical taste is formed (Schubring and Oehlenschläger, 1997). The enzymes responsible for ripening are reported to be endogenous proteolytic enzymes from the internal organs and muscle tissue of the fish. The other source of enzymes is known to be bacterial, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Østergaard et al., 1998) derived either from fish, salt or other ingredients used in the process.
The use of salt in fresh fish preservation as selective microbial agent has been reported by various researchers (Anihouvi et al., 2007). LAB are found as the dominant micro-organisms in many fermented fish products where their primary role is to ferment available carbohydrates and thereby cause a decrease in pH. The combination of low pH and organic acids (mainly lactic acid) is the main preservation factor in fermented fish products. Generally, pH should be below 5–4.5 in order to inhibit pathogenic and spoilage bacteria (Østergaard et al., 1998; Paludan-Müller et al., 1999). In addition, salt and spices (such as garlic, pepper or ginger) may add to the safety of products and, in some products, garlic may serve as a carbohydrate source for the fermentation. The salt concentration may range from 1% to 20% (w/w) in different forms of fermented fish having a pronounced influence on the microbial growth and the rate of fermentation, and thereby on the sensory quality and safety of the product. It is therefore of interest to identify the optimal salt concentration, which does not inhibit the growth of the fermenting microorganisms, and in addition contributes positively to the flavour and texture of the product (Achinewhu and Oboh, 2002; Paludan-Müller et al., 2002; Komatsuzaki et al., 2005). Sustainability is enhanced here by the exploitation of a native enzyme system, native bacterial flora and ambient temperature controlled and directed to human benefit.
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text: Argentina has borrowed more than it could repay on five occasions since independence in 1816. The Museum of Foreign Debt in Buenos Aires, set up in 2005 by a group of spirited economics professors, helps explain why. Exhibits trace a timeline from the nation's first default in 1827 to the most recent, in 2001, when the government triggered the largest default in history by suspending repayments on loans worth $142 billion."The museum helps those hurt by the debt issue understand the technical details," says founder Simón Pristupin. Museo de la Deuda Externa, Centro Cultural Ernesto Sábato, 763 José E. Uriburu.


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This question arose in the comments of A question about groups of intermediate growth. I think it might be interesting to put it more in evidence.
Let $G$ be a f.g. group with a fixed symmetric set of generators $S$ and denote by $B(n)$ the ball of radius $n$ about the identity w.r.t. the word metric induced by $S$.
Fix an integer $k\geq1$ and define $\overline\zeta_k(G)=\lim\sup_n\frac{|B(nk+k)|}{|B(nk)|}$.
Observe that
 1. If $G$ has polynomial growth, then $\overline\zeta_k(G)=1$, for all $k$.
 2. If $\overline\zeta_k(G)=1$ for all $k$, then $G$ has sub-exponential growth.
General question: What can we say about $\overline\zeta_k(G)$ if $G$ has intermediate growth?
Martin Kassabov, in the comment to my question, suspects that it should be always (or most of the times) equals to $1$, but I cannot find even a single examples of a group of intermediate growth for which it is equal to $1$. I have to say that my knowledge about groups of intermediate growth is very little and I just tried to apply Corollary 1.3 in, but, as already observed by Martin, it is not strong enough to give an example of groups of intermediate growth whose $\overline\zeta_k(G)=1$.
Particular question: Is there an example of group of intermediate growth for which $\overline\zeta_k(X)=1$, for all $k$?
Thanks in advance,
share|cite|improve this question
there is not "easy proof" of the observation 1, and for observation 2 it is enough to have it for some $k$. – kassabov Nov 15 '11 at 16:41
Yes, I was sure about the second point... – Valerio Capraro Nov 15 '11 at 19:32
1 Answer 1
It seems that if $\bar \zeta_k > 1$ for some $k$ then $\bar \zeta_k > 1$ for all $k$. Also it is clear $\lim_k \sqrt[k]{\bar \zeta_k} = 1$.
My guess is that most known groups of intermediate growth satisfy $\bar \zeta_k=1$, but proving this require very carefull estimates for the size of the balls. Notice that until recently the growth type on any group of initermediate growth have not be computed, which requires just a "crude" estimates of the growth type. You can see the recent papers of Bartholdi and Eschler: and, where they have computed the growth type of many groups, but I fell that their estimates are far from what you need to get $\bar\zeta_k=1$.
share|cite|improve this answer
the second claim (about the limit) is clear and follows from your argument in the other question. Can you please give me some details about the first claim: if $\overline\zeta_k >1$ for some $k$, then $\overline\zeta_k>1$, for all $k$? Thank you very much in advance. – Valerio Capraro Nov 15 '11 at 22:27
Using that $B(n)$ is an increasing function one can easily see that $\sqrt{\zeta_k} \leq \zeta_l$ for $k


The Biopunk Directory (Cyberpunked) [DIYbio]
The Biopunk Directory (Cyberpunked) [DIYbio]
As a comprehensive directory of biopunk and DIYbio resources, this list is continiously updated. New items are marked with a icon. If you would like to suggest an addition, please send an email to the address listed at the bottom of this page.
You may enjoy the complementary cyberpunk directory as well.
Updated: 4 June 2013
What is Biopunk?
Biocurious (Lab)
Biocurious (Blog)
Biohackers LA (Lab)
Biopunk Discussion Forums
Biopunk Manifesto
Cyberpunked: Journal of Science, Technology, & Society
The Dark Laboratory
DIYbio News (OWW)
Genspace (Lab)
Medgadget (Blog)
MIT Registry of Standard Biological Parts
Our Biotech Future
Protocol Online
Synthetic Biology Primer (OWW)
Synthetic Biology Project
Facebook Page
Internet Relay Chat
Biohacking: An Overview
Biopunk Manifesto
Do-It-Yourself Biology (MITworld)
The Implications of Synthetic Biology (MITworld)
Introduction to Biology (MITocw)
Molecular Movies
Programming DNA
The Editor
Science Commons
The Biopunk Directory
Biopunk (a portmanteau word synthesizing "biotechnology" and "punk") is a term used to describe: 1. A hobbyist who experiments with DNA and other aspects of genetics.[1][2] 2. A techno-progressive movement advocating open access to genetic information.[3][4] 3. A science fiction genre that focuses on biotechnology and subversives.[5]
Biopunk is a synonym for biohacker, a term used to describe a hobbyist who experiments with DNA and other aspects of genetics.[1][2] A biohacker is similar to a computer hacker who creates and modifies computer software or computer hardware as a hobby (i.e., "wetware hacker"), but should not be confused with a bioterrorist, whose sole intent is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants (in the same way a computer hacker should not be confused with the more popular, yet erroneous, use of the term, describing someone who spreads computer viruses or breaks into computers systems for malicious purposes).[6] Some promoters[who?] and critics[who?] of biohacking argue that--using a laptop computer, published gene sequence information, and mail-order synthetic DNA--just about anyone has the potential to construct genes or entire genomes from scratch. However, this is not known to have occurred as of January 2007.[7]
The biopunk movement is a small intellectual and cultural movement, which encompasses a growing number of scientists, artists, and cultural critics who are organizing to create public awareness of how genomic information, produced by bioinformatics, gets used and misused. On the basis of a presumed parallel between genetic and computational code, science journalist Annalee Newitz has called for open-sourcing of genomic databases and declared that "Free our genetic data!" is the rallying cry of the biopunk.[3][4] Biological Innovation for Open Society is an example of an open-source initiative in biotechnology aiming to apply open license for biological innovation.[8]
Self-described "transgenic artist" Eduardo Kac uses biotechnology and genetics to create provocative works that concomitantly revel in scientific techniques and critique them. In what is likely his most famous work, Alba, Kac collaborated with a French laboratory to procure a green-fluorescent rabbit: a rabbit implanted with a green fluorescent protein gene from a type of jellyfish in order for the rabbit to fluoresce green under ultraviolet light.[3] The members of the Critical Art Ensemble have written books and staged multimedia performance interventions around this issue, including The Flesh Machine (focusing on in vitro fertilisation, surveillance of the body, and liberal eugenics) and Cult of the New Eve (analyzing the pseudoreligious discourse around new reproductive technologies).[9] New School associate professor Eugene Thacker leads the Biotech Hobbyist collective and has written extensively on the field.[10][not in citation given]
Biologist, speculative-fiction author, and self-described biopunk, Meredith L. Patterson is known for her work on yogurt bacteria within the DIYbio community, as well as being the author of "A Biopunk Manifesto",[11][12] which she delivered at the UCLA Center for Society and Genetics' symposium, "Outlaw Biology? Public Participation in the Age of Big Bio". This manifesto is modeled after "A Cypherpunk Manifesto" by Eric Hughes, which states the goals of the cypherpunk movement. The influence of the cypherpunks (a cyberpunk derivative like the biopunk subculture) on the biopunk community does not end there; Patterson's husband and long-time collaborator Len Sassaman was a cypherpunk contemporary of Hughes. Patterson and Sassaman have worked together on a number of biohacking projects and heavily promoted the continued legality of citizen science, both on moral and practical grounds.[13][14]
The biopunk movement is also a political movement. Some members have been jailed for their work with harmless microbes, such as artist and activist Steve Kurtz.[citation needed]
Science fiction
Biopunk science fiction is a subgenre of cyberpunk fiction that portrays the underground side of the "biotech revolution" that, in the 1990s and 2000s, was expected to begin having a profound impact on humanity in the first half of the 21st century. Biopunk stories explore the struggles of individuals or groups, often the product of human experimentation, against a backdrop of totalitarian governments or megacorporations which misuse biotechnologies as means of social control or profiteering. Unlike cyberpunk, it builds not on information technology, but on synthetic biology. Like in postcyberpunk fiction, individuals are usually modified and enhanced not with cyberware, but by genetic manipulation.[5] A common feature of biopunk fiction is the "black clinic", which is a laboratory, clinic, or hospital that performs illegal, unregulated, or ethically-dubious biological modification and genetic engineering procedures.[15] Many features of biopunk fiction have their roots in William Gibson's Neuromancer, one of the first cyberpunk novels.[16]
One of the prominent writers in this field is Paul Di Filippo, though he called his collection of such stories ribofunk, with the first element being taken from the term ribosome.[17]
The 1969 novel The Andromeda Strain shares many elements with later biopunk fiction, though lacking the dystopian view of society underpinning most books representative of the cyberpunk genre.[citation needed]
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


text: The effect of UVR on biological systems is wavelength dependent. Action spectrum for DNA damage is an essential component of understanding the effects of increased UVB on a range of Antarctic invertebrate larvae. The wavelength dependency is quantified using spectral weighting functions which provide information such as the target organelles/molecules of the UVR, the degree that organisms are... influenced by wavelengths that are enhanced by the process of ozone depletion and the activity of sunscreening and anti-oxidant compounds. Biological weighting functions (BWFs) were made for 3 embryonic stages of Sterechinus (eggs, blastula, 4 armed larvae) and embryos of Acodantaster, Perknaster and Parbolarsis. The embryos and larvae were exposed to artificial lights for 3 days. Three filter treatments with 50% nominal cut-off at 280, 305, 320, 375 and 400nm wavelengths were used. DNA was analysed for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Using the species specific BWF and spectral irradiance data, biological effective irradiances were calculated for a given ambient light environment. Modelling of the species specific and stage specific effects of ozone depletion on larval stage were made using the BWFs and the change in ambient light field during ozone depletion.


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Motivation: I'm working on a computational problem at the moment, and have some very good routines for natively working with simplicial complexes and calculating homology, but the structures I'm dealing with arise naturally as cubical complexes.
Problem: Is there an efficient way to triangulate the n-cube, i.e. calculate a (relatively) small list of n-simplices on the same vertices as the cube, and which define a simplicial complex spanning the cube?
I've done some reference-chasing and there seems to be no decently-sharp estimate (as an upper or lower bound) for the asymptotic complexity of the problem, although the best upper-bounds I'm aware of (for the size of the smallest solution-set) seem to indicate something exponentially smaller than factorial (see Haiman, 91). This paper also exhibits a lower bound, given below
Orden and Santos improved the upper bound somewhat, by reducing the base of the exponential.
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See also "Simplexity of the $n$-cube" at The Open Problems Garden: garden.irmacs.sfu.ca/?q=op/simplexity_of_the_cube – Joseph O'Rourke Feb 10 '11 at 16:54
4 Answers 4
up vote 13 down vote accepted
For the question as stated, it's a big open problem to triangulate the $n$-cube, and the papers that you cite are basically the state of the art. The lower bound that you give is simply a matter of comparing the volume of an $n$-cube to the volume of the largest possible $n$-simplex inside it, only with the extra idea due to Warren Smith to work in hyperbolic geometry rather than in Euclidean geometry. As you should notice, this lower bound is exponential, while all of the upper bounds are factorial. The upper bound comes from the following simple idea of Haiman: Suppose that you have good triangulations of some low-dimensional cubes. Then you can take their Cartesian product and use the standard step triangulation of a product of simplices. Using for example the triangulation of a 3-cube with 5 simplices instead of the usual 6, this immediately gives you a small exponential gain over the $n!$ answer using the standard step triangulation. Orden and Santos offer a slight improvement of Haiman's idea.
Combinatorialists take this summary of results as an invitation to do better. The upper and lower bounds are very far apart.
If your ultimate goal is to compute homology in high dimensions, then you are much better off NOT triangulating the cubes. It is computationally superior to make chain complexes directly from the cubical complex, and then use the same integer linear algebra that you would have used otherwise.
share|improve this answer
The combinatorialists do not seem to have made much progress. The last real advance in the field is Warren Smith's thesis (which was in 1988, if I recall). The problem (known as "the simplexity of the cube") has been around for a very long time, though I don't know the whole history. – Igor Rivin Feb 10 '11 at 16:38
A slight improvement on the lower bound was recently obtained by Alexey Glazyrin (_URL_ _URL_ Basically, it changes the $2^n$ factor in Nick's initial post to an $e^n$. Smith's hyperbolic volume method gave an $\sqrt{6}^n$.
But, of course, as Greg points out, the real open question is whether the simplicity of the cube grows as the $c^n n!/n^{n/2}$ of the lower bounds or as the $c^n n!$ that can be achieved by actual constructions (or something in between).
share|improve this answer
In case it is helpful for your computational problem, note that the freely available software CHomP will compute homology of cubical complexes.
share|improve this answer
Cubical complexes in general, or just subcollections of the standard tiling of Euclidean space by unit cubes? It looks like the latter to me. – Greg Kuperberg Feb 10 '11 at 16:49
Awesome, thank you! I've been trying in HAP(GAP package), but it's not too happy (so far as I can tell) if I'm not working with a complex where each cube sits inside a cube of maximal dimension, the so-called "pure" complexes. So I can't just start sticking extra squares hanging off my cubes, say. – Nick Loughlin Feb 11 '11 at 11:11
I didn't notice Greg's comment, which would suggest that my last post was off-the-mark, although I will check it out. – Nick Loughlin Feb 11 '11 at 11:12
If you think of the $n$-cube as unordered sequences of points from $[0,1]$, and the $n$-symplex as an ordered sequence of points from $[0,1]$, then it is easy to see how to decompose the $n$-cube into $n!$ simplices each of hyper-volume $1/n!$. I am not sure that this is a triangulation --- no opinion at this writing, but if not, then try subdivision.
share|improve this answer
Yes, this and some related triangulations are known - a slightly better version (in 3d gives 5 simplices instead of 6) is to 2-colour the vertices and dissect-off a simplex at each odd vertex, say, and then deal with the polytope you're left with - see theorem 3.6.3 here: books.google.com/books?id=SxY1Xrr12DwC&pg=PA315 – Nick Loughlin Feb 10 '11 at 13:20
5 simplices is sharp in three dimensions, since if you take the regular ideal cube, you will see that the simplices it is subdivided in are regular also. – Igor Rivin Feb 10 '11 at 16:36
Of course, "ideal" means ideal in hyperbolic 3-space. Do other geometries in higher dimensions give worse estimates? – Douglas Zare Feb 10 '11 at 17:14
Your Answer


GE-SpMM: General-purpose Sparse Matrix-Matrix Multiplication on GPUs for Graph Neural Networks
Guyue Huang, Guohao Dai, Yu Wang, Huazhong Yang
Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
arXiv:2007.03179 [cs.DC], (7 Jul 2020)
 title={GE-SpMM: General-purpose Sparse Matrix-Matrix Multiplication on GPUs for Graph Neural Networks},
 author={Guyue Huang and Guohao Dai and Yu Wang and Huazhong Yang},
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved significant improvements in various domains. Sparse Matrix-Matrix multiplication (SpMM) is a fundamental operator in GNNs, which performs a multiplication between a sparse matrix and a dense matrix. Accelerating SpMM on parallel hardware like GPUs can face the following challenges: From the GNN application perspective, the compatibility needs to be considered. General GNN algorithms require SpMM-like operations (e.g., pooling) between matrices, which are not supported in current high-performance GPU libraries (e.g., Nvidia cuSPARSE). Moreover, the sophisticated preprocessing in previous implementations will lead to heavy data format conversion overheads in GNN frameworks. From the GPU hardware perspective, optimizations in SpMV (Sparse Matrix-Vector) designs on GPUs do not apply well to SpMM. SpMM exposes the column-wise parallelism in the dense output matrix, but straightforward generalization from SpMV leads to inefficient, uncoalesced access to sparse matrix in global memory. The sparse row data can be reused among GPU threads, which is neither possible in SpMM designs inherited from SpMV. To tackle these challenges, we propose GE-SpMM. GE-SpMM performs SpMM-like operation on sparse matrices represented in the most common Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) format, so it can be embedded in GNN frameworks with no preprocessing overheads and support general GNN algorithms. We introduce the Coalesced Row Caching method to process columns in parallel and ensure coalesced access to sparse matrix data. We also present the Coarse-grained Warp Merging to reduce redundant data loading among GPU warps. Experiments on a real-world graph dataset show that GE-SpMM achieves up to 1.41X speedup over Nvidia cuSPARSE and up to 1.81X over GraphBLAST. We also embed GE-SpMM in GNN frameworks and get up to 3.67X speedup over popular GNN models like GCN and GraphSAGE.
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text:
It's not hard to see how this fungus of Lilliputian proportion gets its name. And while the cups do look like tiny bird's nests, they're actually the fruiting body of the fungus. Inside, the "eggs," are the peridioles that contain the spores which are the basis of its reproduction.
NATURE IS THE COOLEST THING EVER!! :-)
These remarkable little bird nests in miniature are yet another powerful (and cosmically-cool!) reminder that the natural world never disappoints. Get outside. Exercise your curiosity. Feed your soul. _TAG_


text:
This installment is part of a broader learning series to help you become a Jupyter Notebook ninja in Microsoft Sentinel. The installments will be bite-sized to enable you to easily digest the new content.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK: And, once you've completed all of the parts of this series, you can take the Knowledge Check. If you score 80% or more in the Knowledge Check, you can expect your very own Notebooks Ninja participation certificate from us.
Jupyter Notebooks are a fantastic resource for security analysts, providing a range of powerful and flexible capabilities. Microsoft Sentinel's integration with Notebooks can provide a quick and straightforward way for security analysts to use Notebooks, however for those new to Notebooks and coding they can be a little daunting.
In this blog we will cover some of the basics of creating your first Microsoft Sentinel Notebook using Python, including how to troubleshoot some common issues you may come across.
Before we begin, make sure to familiarize yourself with Notebooks in Microsoft Sentinel via Azure Machine Learning.
If you wish to learn more about this topic, we are running introductory training on December 16th, 2021: Become a Jupyter Notebooks Ninja – MSTICPy Fundamentals to Build Your Own Notebooks. Sign Up Here
One of the important things about using Python in Notebooks is that you can install and use code libraries (referred to as packages) created by others, allowing you to access the functionality they provide without having to code them yourself.
There are several ways to install Python packages depending on how you want to find and access the packages, however the simplest and easiest is using pip. Pip (_URL_ is the package installer for Python and makes finding and installing Python packages simple.
You can use pip to install packages via the command line, or if you are using a Notebook, directly in a Notebook cell. Installing directly in a Notebook is often preferred as it ensures that you are installing the package in the same Python environment the Notebook is being executed in. To install via a Notebook code cell, we need to use '%pip' followed by install and the package name. e.g.:
%pip install requests
If you already have a package installed but you want to update to the latest version, you can add the '--upgrade' parameter to the command used:
%pip install –upgrade requests
You may also want to install a specific version of a package. This can be done by specifying the version number.
%pip install requests==2.22.0
Once a package is installed, you need to import the package before it can be used. This is done with the 'import' statement.
There are 2 ways to import things in Python:
- 'import ' - this will do a standard import of the package
- 'from import ' - this imports a specific item from the package
You can also import packages and rename them for ease when calling them later:
'import as '
import pandas as pd
For example, the popular Machine Learning tool package scikit-learn is installed with:
%pip install scikit-learn
However, it is imported with:
Now that we know how to install and import packages, we can install packages that will be useful to us in creating our Notebook. MSTICPy is a package created by the Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC) and provides a range of tools to make security analysis and investigations in Notebooks quicker and easier. You cand find out more about MSTICPy here:
We can now install MSTICPy. To make sure we get the latest version if we already have it installed, we are going to use the –upgrade parameter.
%pip install --upgrade msticpy
Now we could import MSTICPy with 'import msticpy' however it is a big package with a lot of features, so to make it easier we have a function called 'init_notebook' that conducts several checks to make sure the environment is good, handles key imports and set up for us.
import msticpy msticpy.init_notebook(globals())
MSTICPy can handle connections to a variety of data sources and services, including Microsoft Sentinel. As such it needs to handle several configuration details and credentials, things such as the Microsoft Sentinel workspaces you want to get data from, or API (Application Programming Interfaces) keys for external services such as Virus Total.
To make it easier to manage and re-use the configuration and credentials for these things MSTICPy has its own config file that holds these items - 'msticpyconfig.yaml'.
The first time you use MSTICPy you need to populate your msticpyconfig.yaml file. This is a one-time activity once you have created it, you can simply re-use in future. To help with the set-up we have created several Notebook widgets to help you populate the file.
We have also created a Notebook to help you create to file. Once you have run the 'Getting Started' Notebook it is recommended that you run the 'Configuring your Notebook Environment' Notebook before creating your first Notebook, you can find this in the Microsoft Sentinel portal.
You can also find more documentation on the config file and creation of it, in the MSTICPy docs
Querying data from Microsoft Sentinel is handled by MSTICPy's 'QueryProvider'. The first step is to initialize a QueryProvider and tell it we want to use the Microsoft Sentinel Query provider.
The other thing we want to provide the QueryProvider with is some details of the workspace we want to connect to. We *could* do this manually, but it is much easier to get details from the configuration we set up earlier. We can do this with 'WorkspaceConfig'
from msticpy.nbtools import nbinit nbinit.init_Notebook(namespace=globals()) qry_prov=QueryProvider("MicrosoftSentinel") ws_config = WorkspaceConfig(workspace="MyWorkspace")
What WorkspaceConfig is doing is creating the connection string used by the QueryProvider. We can see what that connection string looks like with:
Once set up we can tell the 'QueryProvider' to 'connect' which will kick off the authentication process. There are several ways that we can handle that authentication but when starting off we can use the default options that prompts the user to log in using a Device Code.
This will then display a code in the Notebook cell output and prompt you to open a browser and end the code shown. You will then login as normal using your Azure AD (Azure Active Directory) credentials.
You can then go back to the Notebook and see that the authentication has been completed:
Now that we are connected to Microsoft Sentinel, we can start to look at running some queries to get some data. MSTICPy comes with several built-in Microsoft Sentinel queries to get some common datasets into the Notebook. These are different to the queries included in the Microsoft Sentinel GitHub and are more focused on collecting common sets of data that users might need to answer analytical questions.
You can see a list of the MSTICPy queries with '.list_queries.'
You can also use '.browse_queries()' to see the available queries in an interactive browser widget.
Now that we have found a query that we want to run we simply pass its name to the 'QueryProvider' and that in turn returns to results of the query in a Pandas Data Frame. Most queries support additional parameters, but we are showing one here that does not need any parameters.
More typically the query function will expect parameters such as the host name or IP address that you are searching for.
If you try to run a query without supplying the required parameter, it will return an error message including the help for the query with the parameter definitions.
Most queries also require date/time parameters for the beginning/ending bounds of the query. By default, these are supplied by a time range set in the query provider. Each instance of a query provider has its own time range. You can change the default query range by running the following.
This brings up a widget letting you change the defaults for this query provider. You can also supply "start" and "end" parameters to the query function – either as Python datetimes or as time strings:
from datetime import datetime qry_prov.LinuxSyslog.user_logon( host_name="mylxhost", start="2021-11-19 20:30", end=datetime.utcnow() )
In addition to the stock query, we can customize certain elements of the query.
For example, if we want to append a line with '| take 10' to the query we have selected to limit the number of results returned we can pass that in with the 'add_query_items' parameter:
qry_prov.SecurityAlert.list_alerts(add_query_items="| take 10")
Data returned by the 'QueryProvider' comes back in a Pandas Data Frame. This provides us with a powerful and flexible way to access our data.
One of the core things we want to do is look at specific rows in our table. Each table has an index that can be used to call a row using '.loc', alternatively we can return a row by its position in the table with '.iloc'
We can also choose just to return specific columns by providing a list of them to the Data Frame (note the "[:5]" means return the last 5 rows):
alert_df.iloc[:5][["AlertName", "AlertSeverity", "Description"]]
We can also do things such as search for rows with specific data:
One of the powerful elements of Notebooks is combining data from Microsoft Sentinel with data from other sources. One of the most common sources of this data in security is Threat Intelligence (TI) data. MSTICPy has support for several Threat Intelligence data sources including:
The first step in using these TI


text:
Texas Physics Consortium
Texas Physics Consortium (TPC) is a group of Physics Departments that pool faculty expertise and institutional resources to provide access to quality upper-level undergraduate and graduate physics courses. The TPC use of pooled resources provides their students with the wide range of upper level physics courses usually available at only large institutions while maintaining the intimate student-faculty interaction of a small department. The TPC has submitted an application to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board for all TPC institutions except Commerce to award a single Joint BS Physics Degree. If the proposal is approved, the TPC would become the third largest producer of B.S. Physics Graduates in Texas.
Instructional Delivery Methods
The Texas Physics Consortium uses multiple instructional methods to provide instruction to students in each course based upon course content and the location and needs of the student. Methods used include:
- Face-to-Face instruction - At a student's local campus
- Trans Texas Video Network - live interactive video to students on remote campus sites
- live Webcasts from Texas A&M System - non-interactive method for delivery to student's home or workplace using the Internet
- streaming archived video on Texas A&M System Media Matrix - non-interactive mode for students unable to make class
- interactive web conferencing and archived video using Saba Centra - for nuclear engineering courses out of Texas A&M
While interactive instruction is always best, for students with geographical, work or family conflicts, non-interactive live classroom instruction using a personal computer or anytime asynchronous instruction through streaming video or Saba Centra enables students to complete the degree without delay.
Unlike most undergraduate physics programs, the breadth of the Texas Physics Consortium enables students access to every required upper-level physics course in the Joint BS Degree on an annual rather than bi-annual rotation. This provides flexibility for course scheduling making it easier for students to complete the degree in less time than would otherwise be possible.


text:
Suppose you have a ~250GB hard disk and a removable hard disk whose capacity is ~320GB, and you want to backup all the files from the hard disk to the removable disk. With "dd", it is a very easy task. Again, suppose your hard disk's Linux device name is /dev/sda and the removable disk is /dev/sdb. The following command can copy all the content from /dev/sda to /dev/sdb:
dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb
Here, if=… sets the source and of=… sets the destination. "dd" doesn't care of the contents of the hard disk. It just reads bytes from /dev/sda and writes them into /dev/sdb. It doesn't know what are files. So, the hard disk file system and how many partitions it has are not important. For example, if /dev/sda is splitted into three partitions, the /dev/sdb will have the same partitions.
Most of time you don't want to make a complete duplication of your hard disk. You may prefer to creating an image file of the hard disk and save it in other storage devices. The following command will create an image file "disk1.img" in your user's directory from /dev/sda:
dd if=/dev/sda of=~/disk1.img
Since you have created an image file, you can compress it with "gzip" or "bzip2":
gzip disk1.img _TAG_ disk1.img.gz
bzip2 disk1.img _TAG_ disk1.img.bz2
Backing up a hard disk partition is much similar to backing up a whole hard disk. The reason is that Unix/Linux uses device name, such as /dev/sda1, /dev/sda5… to indicate the partitions. For example, if you want to create an image file from the first partition of /dev/sda, use "dd" like this:
dd if=/dev/sda1 of=~/disk2.img
By the way, you can copy a partition to another partition completely, just set "of" to the partition's device name. For example:
dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdb5
This command will copy all the contents from /dev/sda1 to /dev/sdb5. You must be sure that the capacity of /dev/sdb5 is larger than /dev/sda1.
To restore a partition or a hard disk from an image file, just exchange the arguments "if" and "of". For example, restore the whole hard disk from the image file "disk1.img":
dd if=disk1.img of=/dev/sda
Restore the first partition of /dev/sda from the image file "disk2.img":
dd if=disk2.img of=/dev/sda1
How to do it by network?
Netcat is also a really handy utility for cloning drives as it allows you to do the transfer over the network (make sure you have a fast connection) without putting copy-from and copy-to drives in the same machine.
On the machine you are copying from:
dd if=/dev/sda | nc 10.1.1.2 9000
On the machine you are copying to (assume IP is 10.1.1.2):
nc -l -p 9000 | dd of=/dev/sda


text:
If you are embarking on deep arse play, for example; 'fisting' or 'anal intercourse' then you may want to douche beforehand to ensure that you are clean from faeces and to enable you to relax due to not having any unwanted surprises.
A 'douche' is an apparatus that you can purchase from a chemist or an adult sex shop that fills with water and it has a cylinder type object that is inserted through the sphincters and into the rectum which enables you to squirt water inside in the aim of cleaning out waste products. Other type of douches include hoses that fit on to a tap and the other end into your anus.
The first thing to remember – only ever use plain, clean water – preferably body temperature. You do not need antiseptics or disinfectants or anything else in a douche, as they all irritate the lining of the arse and can make the arse unhealthy.
Also it is NOT recommended to use the douches that attach to the shower or a tap, for a number of reasons (variable water pressure, you can't control the amount of water that goes in, difficult to keep clean). If you do want to douche then use the small bulb douche (some men use these to squirt lube inside their rectum) or the gravity fed bags.
Start by using lube to help with the insertion of the douche:
- Hoses or nozzles have no sharp edges
- Douching involves introducing water into the anal canal and lower rectum
- Use only plain water
- Regular use of douching for constipation is not a good idea.
- Don't use chemicals – soaps – or perfumes when douching
- Feeling of cleanliness – helps to relax – not worried about encountering any poo surprises
- There are several douching implements available on the market – your local chemist or adult bookstore will have a range available for you to choose from.
- The bulb style is recommended – small amount of water.
- Permanently plumbed (to your shower) douching equipment are also available
- Low water pressure and monitoring water temperature is very important.
- Warm or body temperature water.
- Using small amounts of water rather than continuously flowing water is preferable.
- Having a high fibre diet & supplementing your diet with live cultures such as acidophilus bifidus found in good yogurt products is also recommended.
- Maintaining good anorectal health will make douching much easier & quicker
Over-douching can wash out all of the anal mucus therefore drying out the anus, in-turn making any insertion more painful due to causing 'grabbing' and increasing the risk of condom breakage.
Alternative to douching:
- If douching makes you uncomfortable – don't do it!
- A high fibre diet – good anorectal health, combined with inserting your finger in your anus while showering, – can provide perfectly adequate cleanliness for most anal stimulation or activity.


The In-Between Spaces
Designers and builders have an opportunity to elevate the alley as a neighborhood amenity.
By David Poppleton, RA
Considered radical 20 years ago, New Urbanist concepts are now commonplace in neighborhood design. The car and garage are being deemphasized, and higher value is being placed on the pedestrian experience. Great care and attention is being given to the design of streets, sidewalks, and fronts of homes.
But what about the alley? In many cases, it could be argued that the alley is the true front of the home: in the everyday routine of going to and from work, running errands, or heading out on a bike ride, families travel through the alley.
Yet while the alley is experienced many times a day, it is most often neglected as the back of the house. It's the place you take the trash and access the garage. A dark strip of asphalt, it is typically value-engineered to save money on details and finishes. The alley is the forgotten piece of the neighborhood.
It doesn't have to be this way
The alley could be so much more. If the alley were treated as more of a "front door" experience, it would improve and enrich the overall feel of the community. In London, the Mews have been transformed into highly desirable neighborhoods that bring character and charm to the densely packed city streets.
In other cities around the globe, alleys have been transformed into lively entertainment areas lined with small shops and restaurants, creating pedestrian-friendly zones between the busy car-dominated streets. Those in-between spaces have become the heart of the city, where businesses thrive and people come together to create community.
Could the same thinking be brought into neighborhood design? What if we reimaged the alley as a place that encourages community, connection, and play? How would the perception of the alley change if it was designed to be an engaging space?
Photo by TK Images
A thoughtful alley design can transform an ordinary neighborhood into a lifestyle community, increasing home values and sales. This "found" space becomes a lasting memory, a touch point that sticks in the head of a potential buyer–it sets a neighborhood apart, making it a destination.
When we think of the alley differently, it becomes a place that enhances people's daily lives and gives them a place they are proud of and can call home.
Here are just a few ways to turn the alley into a neighborhood amenity:
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Activity barns. The garage isn't just for cars or storage. Creatively placed doors allow the garage to become an extension of the backyard. Whether a place to escape the rain at a family barbeque, a game room, an artist studio, or workshop, the garage is a flexible space that can enhance and complement the outdoor area.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Home design. The massing of the home is designed to soften the alley; single-story massing will open the alley up and allow light to penetrate the yard and home. Well-placed trees reach up past the architecture and create a shade canopy that reduces the building mass and creates a welcoming environment. Ornamental trees, grasses, and shrubs create pops of color for year-round interest and engagement.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Covered patios. Creating a welcoming outdoor space is essential to activating the alley and making it into the neighborhood amenity it could be. Covered outdoor space encourages people to gather and hang out. Low fences and gates welcome guests to the "front" of the house while giving each home a little personality.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
The plaza. Replacing the predictable asphalt paving with permeable pavers helps mitigate water runoff and softens the utilitarian nature of how we typically view the alley. It also creates the perception that you aren't heading into the back of a home. Enhancing the alley with landscaping helps turn it into a plaza space that encourages people to get outside, be active, and engage with their community of neighbors.
Image courtesy of DTJ Design
Gardens. Home herb and flower gardens are a major trend in backyard design, but with lots getting smaller and smaller, it's hard to find enough land to plant a garden. Pulling the fence back and pushing the garden into the alley allows home owners to plant raised gardens for their favorite herbs, vegetables and flowers. The alley is activated as people water and tend to their plants, creating opportunities for neighbors to run into each other and develop friendships, reinforcing the feeling of community.
—David Poppleton, RA, is an associate/senior architect with DTJ Design in Boulder, Colorado
This article was originally published in the Best in American Living magazine 2017 fall issue.
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Given a set of tiles on a grid, I want to determine:
 - If the tiles make an enclosed figure
 - If the tiles make an enclosed figure when you count the sides of the board as an edge of the figure
 - If either of the previous two statements are true, which additional tiles fall inside the enclosed figure the initial tiles form.
The player will begin by pressing down on one tile, then dragging their finger to other tiles to create a chain of same-colored tiles. I will check as I go to see if the next tile is valid. Ex. If the player begins on a red tile, their only next valid move is to an adjacent red tile (diagonals do count). When the user lifts their finger, I need to be able to check for the 3 items above.
So my initial thought was that, since I was checking for the validity of the chain each time I went, when the player lifted their finger I could check if the first and last tiles were adjacent. (I already know they're the same color.) If they were adjacent I had a hunch that I'd made an enclosed figure, and I was going to come here to try and see if I was missing something big, and to get some kind of logical/mathematical proof that my hunch was correct (or an example proving it incorrect.)
But that's when I thought of item number 2: I also have to account for chains which use an edge of the board as a side of the enclosed figure. In that case, the first and last items in the chain would not be adjacent, but I would still have an enclosed figure. So now I'm back to square one, a bit.
What can I do with this chain of grid coordinates to figure out if they make an enclosed figure or not? And once I do know I have an enclosed figure, what's the best way to get an additional list of all tiles that fall inside its bounds?
enter image description here
enter image description here
Above I've drawn pictures of what I expect the 4 possible results of this test can be.
 1. The chain does not make an enclosed figure.
 2. The chain does make an enclosed figure.
 3. If you count the sides of the board as an edge (or more than one edge) of the figure, the chain does make an enclosed figure.
 4. The chain does make an enclosed figure, but there are extra data points (validly selected by the user as part of the chain) which are not a part of the figure that is created.
Case 4 is the trickiest, because you'd have to extract the "extra" chain links to find the enclosed figure and the pieces that fall inside it (but not around the "unenclosed" area).
So... Anyone have an idea of a good way to solve this, or just a starting point for me? I'm kind of going in circles at this point and could use another set of eyes.
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ What about intersecting paths like a figure-8, or pentagram? Would you assume the non-zero or the even-odd fill rule? \$\endgroup\$ – Anko Apr 21 '14 at 12:24
 - \$\begingroup\$ Case 4 could also merge with Case 3: Enclosed using sides of board, with extra information \$\endgroup\$ – ChargingPun Apr 25 '14 at 18:17
 - \$\begingroup\$ If you have a vertical line running down the center of your board from top edge to bottom, which side of the board is 'enclosed'? \$\endgroup\$ – Steven Stadnicki May 1 '14 at 18:11
 - \$\begingroup\$ I think we should assume that the smallest space is enclosed for now. Unless OP specifies otherwise. \$\endgroup\$ – Tom 'Blue' Piddock May 13 '14 at 11:55
1. Detecting a loop of tiles
The problem seems similiar to detecting a cycle (loop) in a graph, see here or here.
 - The set of nodes V of that graph G=(V, E) are the tiles,
 - an edge e = (v1, v2) exists between two different nodes, if the tiles are direct or diagonal neighbours
2. Handling the screen border case
The screen border consists of those imaginary tiles which would form a one tile wide rim around the screen of visible tiles.
According to your specification part of the screen border would form an implicit part of a closed loop. Just to detect a closed loop, it would be sufficient to extend the graph G to a graph G'by honoring the connection via this rule:
 - another edge exists between any two different nodes, if the two tiles are each positioned directly near the border of the screen
Thus tiles at (0,0) and (1,0) would be part of a closed loop, together with the "border tiles" (-1,0), (-1,-1), (0, -1), (1, -1).
3. The inner part of a looped area
I would go into a similiar direction to what user Arthur Wulf White suggested:
Limiting the set of tiles we have to examine by the bounding box of the loop tiles.
Then using a flood fill to select all tiles within the bounding box which are either exterior or interior to the closed loop. It can only be one of those two cases. Which one we have to find out afterwards.
Extending the bounding box by one tile in each direction would be a good idea as well, yielding the extbb, so we just end up with one connected set of exterior points, in case we started the flood fill with an exterior tile.
Once we have the flood fill area, we would calculate its bounding box as well, the ffbb. In case we started with an exterior tile, it should be identical to the extended loop bounding box.
ffbb == extbb
In case we started with an interior tile, it should yield a distinctly smaller bounding box, because the loop tiles have to be sandwiched in between both bounding boxes.
ffbb < extbb
The initial starting tile for the flood fill could be any tile within the extbb which is a free tile. Maybe picking one randomly is the best approach.
If I would know before that the interior is smaller than the exterior, I would start around the center of mass of the loop points which is in the interior for many areas (counter example: C shaped area), otherwise on the border of the extbb. But I have no idea how to estimate this.
Final remarks
Normaly I would say a simple walk starting from some tile and keeping a list of visited tiles would be sufficient to detect a cycle, but that screen boundary condition might yield a more complicated graph, so you should be on the safe side with a graph algorithm.
Below is an example where the interior is not connected, on the other hand the cycle detection should find two loops in that case, one should get discarded.
some cases
You can resolve this by:
 1. Finding the bounding box of that shape.
 2. Increasing it's size by 1 in each direction.
 3. Iterating over the frame of the new slightly enlarged bounding box and applying flood-fill.
 4. If there are any tiles that you did not mark with flood-fill that are not on that chain then they are enclosed. I suppose that by your definition if there are enclosed tiles than the shape is a closed figure.
To do one, iterate over all tiles on the chain and find their minX, minY, maxX and maxY and that is your bounding box or AABB.
Two is trivial.
Iterating over the frame is simple, just make sure not to flood-fill outside the grid. You can learn how to flood-fill in Wikipedia.
For number four you can start by only checking tiles adjacent to the chain. You could flood-fill from any tile you find that is not marked to locate more tiles.
Your intuition is right, assuming that the chain ends as soon as the user tries to select a tile they have already selected. In that case, the shape in general looks like a lasso, in your picture (4). If they can keep swiping, then they can draw many loops, and things get more complicated. What you want to do is answer the points-in-polygon question.
First, we need to define the problem. I am going to assume that the situation looks like (2), i.e. any tail has been stripped off, and the end connects back to the start, so that each tile has exactly one "predecessor" and exactly one "successor" in the chain (where the predecessor of the successor of tile X is always tile X). Further, if you follow "successors" for long enough, you eventually get back to where you started. You can use Gurgadurgen's suggestion to detect whether the loop actually crosses back on itself at any point. Assuming you end the user's input when it does, it will look like some series of nodes in a line, followed by a loop. You can strip the line off the get the loop.
Now we, for each row do the following:
 1. Start at the left edge, and keep track of a boolean for each tile which tells whether we are IN or OUT. Start OUT.
 2. If the current tile is part of the chain, look at both the successor and the predecessor (which must be adjacent). If either is strictly above (i.e. north, north east, or north west of


Attend to the right things at the right time
Many warehouses store expensive inventory and equipment. With people and transportation constantly flowing in and out of the warehouse property, it's a constant hub of activity. It puts them at risk for many things, like a fire, or a flood, product damage, or employee safety. Among them, theft is a critical problem.
Warehouses have commonly incorporated video cameras to help catch activity going on in and around the property. But in most cases, when loss is identified, the warehouse manager or security staff turn to the video security system to search for the right footage. The challenge is that there is an ocean of video footage, and sometimes none of it clearly tells what happened. This makes forensic search difficult and time-consuming. In short, conventional video monitoring systems cannot effectively help identify an intrusion event at the time it is happening and thus prevent at the very beginning.
Accurate trespassing alarm
Video monitoring with accurate trespassing alerts on the detection of a human intrusion event will be a great improvement. This is where Hikvision AcuSense technology comes in.
Today's security products equipped with Hikvision's AcuSense technology automatically send out alerts when a human or a vehicle is detected. Thanks to an advanced Deep Learning algorithm, technology precisely distinguishes and categorizes objects into "human," "vehicle," and "other." Alarms triggered by the "other" objects such as a beam of light, an animal, the movement of foliage, etc., are disregarded, leaving the true events which are associated with humans and vehicles for users and security personnel to focus and act. Additionally, related videos are automatically sorted by categories for easier search.
Focused technology in action
So in the warehouse setup, AcuSense cameras are installed to stay alert day and night. If an intruder enters an area of attention, an alarm will be triggered; simultaneously the onsite AcuSense camera produces a flashing light and an auditory warning – which can be pre-recorded – with the aim of frightening the intruder away. This transforms the traditional passive monitoring to active deterrent. At the same time, security staff is notified with an alert on the monitor or on the tablet during patrol. Accordingly, a video clip upon that trespassing event displays what is happening. If needed, security staff can call the police immediately to take action.
Check out this warehouse security video with Hikvision AcuSense technology in action.
...that's easily accessible
Warehouses with an existing Hikvision video monitoring system can easily enjoy the benefits of AcuSense technology without a full system upgrade. If the front-end cameras do not need replacing, warehouses can incorporate either a Hikvision AcuSense NVR or DVR, easily giving them efficient target search on humans and vehicles events. Conversely, if warehouses are looking for a proactive deterrent solution against intrusion activities, AcuSense network cameras can be added or used to replace the legacy cameras at key locations. When anyone passes by, the camera flashes and delivers an audio alarm to ward off the intruder.
The same goes for applications at residences, restricted areas or dangerous areas for example in zoos or scenic spots. It's also true for central alarm stations, where security staff always depend on accurate alarms to take effective and efficient action. Even the task of searching recorded footage becomes much easier as related videos are automatically sorted into categories labelled human, vehicle, or other events.
Improved alarm accuracy allows the actual events to draw your attention. That means improved security, and confidence.


text:
The most significant part of a teacher's role lies in building the right learning environment for students and creating a positive learning experience. A student's experience with one course or one teacher can turn him or her into self-driven, life-long learners.
The role of the teacher, or facilitator, is especially important in the area of skill development, because students learn useful skills from their experiences and environments. Therefore, teachers and trainers need to create an environment from which students derive maximum learning.
Our courses for vocational trainers/facilitators focus on building trainer competencies that encourage experiential learning through a learner-centric approach.
Vocational education is any form of training that results in a specific set of job skills. During vocational training the student trains in a particular skill in order to develop that skill set for a career.
A vocational trainer teaches students job skills which they can apply to gain employment and become salary earners. While many vocational trainers perform their jobs in typical classroom environments, some work in conference rooms, warehouses, labs, or other places where specific jobs are performed.
A vocational trainer needs to have adequate knowledge of the principles of training, a strong theoretical knowledge of the subject, and the ability to communicate the knowledge of the subject to his or her students. The trainer should also have the ability to use computers in their lessons.


text:
The associate in science degree and certificate options in machine technology at Allan
Hancock College will prepare you for a successful career in the machining and manufacturing
The machine technology program at Allan Hancock College progresses from basic to advanced
machining courses. The first course in the program covers all the basic skills of
machine technology. In the advanced classes students apply basic skills to more advanced
machining using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines.
As a graduate of the machine technology program students will have mastered the techniques
used in modern machine technology and programming.
Students learn the working properties of metals and use the skills they learn with
machine tools to plan, carry out, and create machined products that meet precise specifications.
In addition to machine lab work, students will learn to read and interpret blueprints
and acquire a mastery of applied mathematics.
As a student you will be trained to work with and understand:
- Basics of tool grinding and cutting theory
- Conventional lathes and milling machines
- Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines
- Mastercam CAD/CAM software
The curriculum at Allan Hancock College is continuosly addressing emerging technologies such as Computer Aided Manufacturing and Design (CAD/CAM) and rapid proto-typing. In
just two years students are trained to become a skilled machinist with the tools necessary begin
a career in the high-tech world of machine technology.
Why choose to become a machinist?
- Opportunities for employment are good for both men and women in manufacturing technology or machining
- Employers continually look for workers with experience in CAD/CAM and CNC programming
- Technical and applied mathematical academic skills in the manufacturing and product
development industries are in demand
- New technologies are continually emerging allowing workers to develop a broad range
According to the Employment Development Department, the median wage in 2009 for Machinists in California is $37,997 annually or $18.26
The hourly wages for Machinists in California vary depending on training and experience.
With the training students receive from the Machine Technology program at Allan Hancock
College students can expect to earn wages of up to $20 an hour.
Industrial Technology Department, Building O
Marna Lombardi, Administrative Secretary
Phone: _PHONE_
Monday-Thursday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Friday, 8 a.m. - 4 p.m.
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"I chose the academy because it was local and it's one of the best. The academy is a very rigorous program that has demanded the utmost of my physical capability, my time requirements and everything that I'm capable of doing and bringing to the program. It's challenged me, it's challenged my teammates and it will challenge anyone else that decides to join."
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Video: Machine Tech student Lucas has goals to own a machine shop.


text:
I have heard that there is no limit on the growth of trees, but then why do some trees, such as boxelders and poplars, tend to live shorter than redwoods, for example? Some advertisements for improved lombardy poplars state that their trees have an extended life span, up to 75 years?
Although most plants can potentially reproduce sexually, there are some plants that effectively always reproduce by shedding off branches that when fall in the right conditions, grow into new 'clones' of the same tree, which the exact genetic material. In these cases, it is advantageous for the tree to be able to survive as long as possible. Plants that reproduce sexually by the cross of two different individuals have a recombined genetic material in every generation, and the survival of that plant with that new genome is usually shorter.