Talk:Examples of Bias in Wikipedia/Archive10
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"Wikipedia allows the use of B.C.E. instead of B.C. and C.E. instead of A.D."
Here is Wikipedia's policy:
"Both the BCE/CE era names and the BC/AD era names are acceptable, but be consistent within an article. Normally you should use plain numbers for years in the Common Era, but when events span the start of the Common Era, use AD or CE for the date at the end of the range (note that AD precedes the date and CE follows it)."
Much of the world has been using the so-called "Common Era" indicator for some time. This is the same reason that Wikipedia occasionally allows British spellings (i.e. colour or fibre) and use of the metric system in articles - hardly evidence of bias. A restriction of the usage of C.E. or B.C.E., on the other hand, would be Western-centric and biased.Archibald 19:27, 27 September 2007 (EDT)
 - Archibald, your posting borders on the pedantic! How many articles, using AD or BC actually remain that way? Editors are constantly changing to the secular-progressive CE. --şŷŝôρ-₮KṢρёаќǃ 19:35, 27 September 2007 (EDT)
 - A "Pedant" is one who focuses on trivialities while ignoring the big picture. This word does not apply to my post. Wikipedia policy tries to avoid ANY date suffixing to avoid this type of controversy. The majority of the English-speaking world is now using the "C.E." system. Nevertheless, Wikipedia neither supports it nor discourages it. This cannot be bias. To research your claim, I jumped to five random historical articles on Wiki. Three used AD/BC dating, and two used no dating (just writing, for example, "The year 1300"). In my experience editors who terraform an article to change its dating system are usually disciplined. If I attempt to go through an article and append "AD" to every date, you can be sure my edit will be reverted by an editor. Again, Wiki neither discourages not supports any counting system.Archibald 00:00, 1 October 2007 (EDT)
"The majority of the English-speaking world is now using the "C.E." system"
Huh? I doubt this is true, but if it is it is an example of enforced politically correct speech and nothing more. I never heard of "C.E." until about 1996, and even then in 1996 it was only in the context of a pagan writer openly hostile to the Christian basis of Western culture. If it is in common usage today, I would ask why, who decreed that it should be in common usage, who is promoting it, and what their real agenda is? "C.E." is a neologism. It was not in significant usage prior to the past few years, and probably not used at all before the 1990s. Use of neologisms is bias. I would go so far as to say that anything that came into common usage after about 1988, when the political correctness movement started becoming a significant force affecting the culture, is suspect because of the probable influence of multiculturalism and other aspects of the P.C. movement, and should be questioned at best and in most cases not used at all. Parrothead 22:39, 9 October 2007 (EDT)
" 'C.E.' is a neologism." That's true, and it's also true that "Common Era" dating catches on mainly with people who wish to remove references to Christ from daily life. (Laughably futile, as the date itself - still a reference to Christ's birth - is absolutely ingrained in the system.) Still, though prefer to continue using "A.D." and "B.C." because I see no reason to change, some tiny percentage of Wiki articles use "C.E." merely reflecting that a certain percentage of the population prefers that system.Shocktherapy 09:56, 15 October 2007 (EDT)
New #1 - WP's CP entry
Maybe add a line or two of how several sysops (Ed Poor, Karajou (editing as an anonymous IP), Mr. Martinez were the ones I spotted on the fly) edited the article and often tried to add their own bias to it, but apparently never, ever touched that claim you mentioned (which has been in the article since March or April, btw.)? (I didn't check each and every edit in the long edit history, but if my claim about the no-touching is wrong, I'll be happy to concede the point as soon as somebody shows me the diff), meaning that they apparently saw nothing wrong with it.
And sourcing aside, how can you say that CP is not supportive of YEC when you support sysops like Conservative and others, who openly push YEC in key articles, making it look like the most likely alternative while merrily bashing "evolutionism" and related old-earth concepts? CP seems to go to great lengths to make all issues connected to an old Earth look like some wild theory with no proof at all. If you wish to prove me wrong, be my guest. This is just my impression after a good while of lurking and posting. --Jenkins 17:46, 30 September 2007 (EDT)
If I've added "bias" to an article, please give the article name and expose the "bias" you allege that I added. Otherwise, I must assume you are simply making a personal attack for ideological reasons (as liberals habitually do). Ironically, liberals (when caught doing this) will then generally add insult to injury by claiming conservatives do what liberals actually do: again, without supplying actual examples. The term Democrats invented for this, the "politics of personal destruction", applies splendidly (or abysmally?) to liberals. I wish liberals would return to the roots of liberal education and use evidence and reason to make arguments, instead of groundless jabs. --Ed Poor Talk 07:54, 1 October 2007 (EDT)
[meaningless blather omitted by sysop Ed Poor]
I stand by what I said, and exactly by what I said. What you or Andy try to put into my mouth is none of my business. If you feel like blocking me for that post, go ahead. But I feel you hurt me enough by slapping me around with your pretty little speech about ideological attacks and how liberals and Democrats attack without providing examples. But of course, that was anything but an attack or whatever. Here, just do it. I'll stand still. An hour? A day? A month? Or hey, maybe a permanent one! After all, Conservapedia has so many active editors left, it can easily afford to permanently block a guy who created, like, THIRTY or so most wanted pages within ten days. And oh, another block will do WONDERS for my motivation to help! Yes, all in the name of justice for my bad, bad attack. Do I sound bitter?...can you be blocked for that? --Jenkins 08:29, 1 October 2007 (EDT)
Your motivation is not an issue. The only thing that matters is whether our readers can trust you. I asked you to give the article name and expose the "bias" you allege that I added. Your response implied that you hadn't made the allegation at all. Then you went on an emotional tangent and (as I predicted) followed up your denial with a tit for tat attack, as if your failure to provide examples of your false accusation is excused by my not giving fresh examples of what is common knowledge: that liberals (like you) make ideological attacks without providing examples.
I don't know if you really believe what you are saying or are simply hoping to confuse the reader with convoluted arguments. But you can take a week to think over what you have done. Perhaps you will choose to clarify whether or not you think I have "added bias" to any encyclopedia article. Unless you are prepared to give an example, you would do well to take that back. That is the only way you can regain trust: by admitting your error.
Unlike liberals, we conservatives are very forgiving people. Just admit your mistake, embrace the truth and join us! :-) --Ed Poor Talk 09:04, 1 October 2007 (EDT)
Your first paragraph, even if true, would not be a defense for Wikipedia, so it is irrelevant and I'll ignore it.
Your second paragraph fails to address the essence of Wikipedia's defamation as quoted in point 1: "Conservapedia is a wiki-based web encyclopedia project with the stated purpose of creating an encyclopedia... supportive of... Young Earth creationism."
This is a great example of the danger of ellipses. Maybe it was different when whoever wrote this, but here's what it says now: "Conservapedia is an English-language wiki-based web encyclopedia project with the stated purpose of creating an encyclopedia written from a sociallyand economically-conservative viewpoint supportive of Conservative Christianity." This is a true statement that few CPers would argue with. Young Earth creationism is mentioned in the next sentence, which makes this "quote" pathetically misleading and its attempted point laughably meaningless. RWest 15:08, 11 October 2007 (EDT)
It's not just that Wikipedia's statement is false. It


text:
The objective of this course is to provide a clear understanding of private septic systems, discuss the types of systems and their components, as well as explain how to perform proper inspections to ensure septic systems are in proper working order.
1. Inspecting Residential Septic Systems
2. Final Exam

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Flights: A Novel Short Answer Test - Answer Key
Olga Tokarczuk
Buy the Flights: A Novel Lesson Plans
1. How many of the first vignettes focus on the narrator's motivations for writing?
2. The first vignette in Flight describes the narrator's discovery of what element as a toddler?
3. The narrator states that darkness causes her to feel like taking what action?
4. What type of beverage does the narrator invoke to describe the way in which darkness unfolds?
5. The narrator's first true experience with travel takes place during what period of her life?
When she is a young child.
6. As a child, the narrator had dreamt of one day becoming what?
A boat.
7. What is the narrator's destination during her first true experience with travel?
A river.
(read all 180 Short Answer Questions and Answers)
This section contains 4,192 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Flights: A Novel Lesson Plans
Flights: A Novel from BookRags. (c)2021 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.


10 Lies We Have to Stop Believing About Child-Free Women | Fairygodboss
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10 Lies We Have to Stop Believing About Child-Free Women
It has been said that the child-free lifestyle is one of society's last-standing taboos.
As a member of the child-free community myself, I was surprised to learn that many people still disapprove of people making the decision to never have children. There are a lot of questions and assumptions about the community. Here are ten common lies about child-free people and why they're wrong.
1. They hate children.
It is true that some child-free people do not enjoy children and don't have a desire to interact with them, but to say that the entire community hates children is highly inaccurate. Many of us have children in our lives that we love a lot, and most of us care about the welfare and future of children in general. You probably won't find many child-free individuals who will help you change a diaper, but that doesn't mean that we don't want to be present in their lives in a different capacity.
2. They want everyone to stop having children.
The beauty of personal decisions is that we all get to make our own. Anyone who wants children and is able to take care of them should certainly be able to have them.
3. They won't have anyone to take care of them when they are old.
Many people think that children are a way to insure against growing old alone. Many people also find that, after spending much of their income raising children, there is little left for retirement, and frequently their adult children have little or no interest in keeping them company. Instead of spending money on diapers, toys and tuition, child-free individuals can invest heavily in retirement plans for decades, ensuring high-quality senior care for themselves.
4. They are selfish.
It's not selfish to be child-free. It's selfish to bring a child into the world that you may not be able to love or support. It's selfish to make such a massive decision without seriously considering if you're prepared to devote your entire being to that path. Having children is a MAJOR decision that you can never be undone, and it is a good thing that society is becoming more intentional about when or if they want to have children.
5. They would love their children if they had them.
This is a treacherous assumption to make. Many people have had children under this assumption and are forever filled with regret and resentment for themselves, their partner and even their child. If someone tells you that they do not want to be a parent, please believe them. There is nothing more unfortunate than a child born into a family where it is unwanted, unloved or uncared for.
6. They will regret not having children.
There are plenty of people who have had very happy and fulfilled lives without children, and they have no regrets. Alternately, there are plenty of people who have said after their children are raised and out of the house that although of course they love their children, if they had to do it over, they may have chosen a different path. Every journey is unique, and it's vital that we all consider our options instead of simply having children because that's the "normal" thing to do.
7. They are just young, and will change their minds.
No, they won't. Many CF people choose to take part in medical procedures such as vasectomies or hysterectomies to permanently prevent chance of pregnancy. It's not "maybe later." It's a no.
8. They have no true meaning in life.
Child-free people can devote their lives fully to anything that they choose, such as scientific discoveries, improving their communities, building and growing businesses, writing books, making art, become a real estate mogul, build empires, founding nonprofit organizations or changing lives. This article highlights a number of highly accomplished women who chose not to have children.
9. They are all "crazy cat ladies".
Because child-free people are lonely, right? Wrong. Child-free adults can have much more active social lives than parents do, as well as unique hobbies and interests. Many of them certainly do have pets, however, some CF individuals are opposed to taking care of life in general, which is why they don't want to be parents. Some people do not want to be caretakers at all, for children or animals.
10. They are only child-free because they physically can't reproduce.
Most child-free people are physically able to have children, they simply choose not to. Most child-free people are child-free by choice, but certainly not all. As time goes on, the community will probably grow larger as more people realize that it is acceptable to not have children for no reason other than that they simply do not want to, and also as reliable contraceptive and family planning services become available to more people.
Every child-free person is different. Although we exist as a community, you will find people on all sides of the spectrum regarding the aforementioned myths. One size does not fit all, so it's never safe to make assumptions about why a person decides to not have children. We all have different preferences, and different reasons why we decide to be child-free. One thing that the child-free community can agree on is that it would be a beautiful world when all everyone has the freedom and opportunity to choose their own path.
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Aubrea Ashe is an accountant, sustainable fashion advocate, and author of the book "83 Reasons I Don't Want A Baby: Deal With It."
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text:
New Zealand v the toothfish pirates
AS the world's fish stocks become increasingly depleted, long-range fishing fleets sail to ever more remote areas. Now New Zealand is trying to stop the plunder of one of the last great fishing grounds. It has dispatched its newest frigate, the Te Kaha, to patrol the Southern Ocean off Antarctica in a bid to prevent what it regards as "pirates" making off with the Patagonian toothfish.
New Zealand is angry that fleets of longliners—ships with lines of baited hooks that may trail a couple of kilometres behind them—are moving east to the Ross Sea, New Zealand's Antarctic dependency. Fishing in the region is supposed to be covered by the 23-member Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Some ships are breaking its rules; others are putting themselves outside the convention by re-registering with countries that are not members.
The Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) is a deep-sea species that commands high prices in Japan and America. The stocks in other fishing grounds are all but exhausted. Last year some 60,000 tonnes of Patagonian toothfish worth about $100m were traded, say New Zealand officials. Some people reckon half the total catch is illegal. Many of the fish are landed in Mauritius.
It is feared that not only will the Southern Ocean ground soon be fished out, but the depredations will have a devastating effect on local seabirds, which often die trying to take the longliners' bait. The convention's officials fear that some thousands of birds, including albatrosses, will be killed in this way in the Antarctic if the fishing is not regulated.
Not much is known about the Patagonian toothfish. It can live at depths of 3,500 metres (11,400 feet), reach the age of 50 and grow to 2.2 metres, but no one can be confident about how fast it can recover from intensive fishing. Denzil Miller, of the South African Sea Research Institute, believes that, if the harvesting goes on at current rates, it can be fished for only another two to three years.
New Zealand, which maintains a strict quota management system for its own fisheries, is determined to stop the pillage in its Antarctic neighbourhood. The Te Kaha will be supported by long-range aircraft. She will carry inspectors with authority to board any fishing vessel flying the flag of one of the convention's member states. But what will happen if they encounter toothfish pirates is unclear.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Seek and you will find
Ellis Potter looks in turn at monism, dualism, and Trinitarianism.
Ellis Potter looks at the worldviews of Eastern religions and compares them with a Christian, Trinitarian worldview.
3 results found in the feature "Resources" for the phrase "" by the author "Ellis Potter".
- Quotes (" ") around words will search for that exact phrase.
- An asterisk (*) at the end of a word acts as a wildcard character and will give you results that begin with the search phrase e.g.. bib* will return results that match bible, biblical etc.
- A plus sign (+) at the beginning of a word means that the word must be found
- A minus sign (-) at the beginning of a word means that the word must not be found
- A tilde (~) at the beginning of a word means that word is less important than other words


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On Measuring and Calibration: Plasma Contrast Ratios
I just finished a plasma TV review for an upcoming issue of S+V. As I was writing up its brightness and contrast ratios, I realized there could be some confusion about the numbers.
If you measure the contrast ratio of plasmas (all plasmas, not just this one) the same way you do other types of televisions - namely LCDs and projectors - they post poorer numbers than other technologies.
This isn't a performance issue as much as it's a measurement issue. And why that is... that's kinda interesting.
There isn't an established way to measure contrast ratio, and the most common methods produce wildly different, and sometimes misleading, results.
Here at S+V we measure a full-screen white image (100-IRE, or "maximum" white) and a full screen black image (0-IRE, or the darkest signal a TV can get). This might get you 50 footlamberts on the light side, and something like 0.050 footlamberts on the dark side. 50/0.05=1,000, so that's a contrast ratio of 1,000:1.
This technique is fine for LCDs and projectors, but plasmas work differently.
Each pixel in a plasma TV uses a certain amount of energy to "ignite" its little pocket of gas, creating ultraviolet light. The UV energy excites the red, green, and blue phosphors, which then create the light that you see as an image.
This may be one of Wikipedia's more poorly written articles, but here's how they say plasmas work.
The power supply in the TV can only output so much energy at a time, so if you ask it to do something out of the ordinary (like a full-screen 100-IRE image), it limits how bright the TV can be overall. So - unlike in the case of other technologies - a 100-IRE full-screen image is not the brightest a plasma can be.
The thing is, you almost never see a full-screen white image. The Progressive Insurance ads, where the actors are on some sort of white soundstage, is an example. Skiing during the Olympics is another. In movies and TV shows, this almost never happens.
Studies have shown that the average picture level of the majority of programming is around 25-IRE across the whole screen. Parts of the screen are brighter (of course), but other parts are darker. Therefore, the average is about 25-IRE. But you can't just measure 25-IRE, as that's dark gray and looks like nothing. A 100-IRE window (the upper left of the four "full screen" images above) has maximum white over 25% of the screen. For our purposes, this is the same as 25-IRE across the whole screen.
So a more accurate way to test how a plasma TV works is using this 25% white window, where most of the screen is black, save a 100-IRE rectangular window in the center. This approximates the average picture level of most programming. If you were to run a 12.5% window, or a 5% window, the plasma might be even brighter on that section (up to a point), but these aren't really relevant numbers. Why would you care that one pixel is 70 footlamberts?
I like using car analogies, as I'm a car nut and feel that more people are familiar with cars than with A/V gear. So imagine two cars under test: one goes 0-60 in 5 seconds, the other takes 5.9. The 5-second car is faster, correct? What if the 5-second car has really tall gearing, and does the 0-60 all in first gear, but the 5.9 car has much shorter gearing, requiring 3 gear shifts of 0.3 seconds each for the same stint? Other factors aside, these cars will feel similarly fast, much more so than the numbers suggest. This is more a problem of the fairly meaningless 0-60 measurement than it is a problem for the cars. It's arguable the 5.9 car would be faster in most situations due to is more useable gearing.
Just as the incessant focus on 0-60 times has resulted in slower cars (due to ridiculous gearing), so too have TV manufactures designed some ridiculous methods to produce meaningless contrast ratio figures.
Here's why: Because LCDs and projectors have a set light source (either CCFLs, LEDs, or UHP lamps in most projectors), their image-creating technology just manipulates the light created. With LCDs and LCOS, the light created by backlights/lamps is blocked to create an image. The DMD chip or chips in DLP projectors reflect the light from its lamp. As such, there is no significant electrical current difference between 100-IRE and 0-IRE. So full-screen 100-IRE/0-IRE is about as accurate as such a measurement can be.
Or to put it another way, measuring one of these displays with a 25% window isn't likely to result in any different numbers than a 100-IRE full screen. OK, to be fair, it's more likely to reveal differences in your measurement procedure more than any differences in the actual TV. (There are exceptions to be made depending on lenses and some other variables, but that's best saved for a different article).
Beyond the blatant lying all manufacturers now do about contrast ratios, the "dynamic" contrast ratios of most LCDs and front projectors may produce significant "numbers" but do little for actual on-screen performance. These dynamic numbers are merely the increase or decrease of the backlight - or opening/closing of an iris - depending on the average video level on screen. If it's a dark scene (or a 0-IRE test pattern) the backlight turns down, creating a darker image, if it's a bright scene (or 100-IRE test pattern) the backlight goes back up, creating a bright image.
The problem is that, at any given moment, the contrast ratio isn't nearly as good as the numbers suggest. If you have a brightly lit face on a dark background, the difference between the two is only a fraction of any claimed dynamic contrast ratio. I explain more about this aspect of the problem in the article linked in the last paragraph.
So in the end, it's likely that a given plasma TV will have a better contrast ratio than its numbers suggest - at least when given fair measurement procedures.


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Facts and figures
The European dairy industry is transforming yearly 135* billion litres of raw milk into a broad range of products, both for consumption and for application in the production of many food, feed and pharma products.
Realising reasonable prices for the raw milk delivered by ca. 1 mln** farms, the dairy industry is essential for the preservation and development of socio-economic structures in rural areas. The dairy industry represents ca. 13% of the turnover for the total food and drink industry in Europe; it employs ca. 10% of people working in the European food and drink industry.
The various dairy products produced by the European dairy industry, such as liquid milk, cheese, fresh dairy products and butter, are an essential and functional contribution to the diet of all consumers in Europe. In other words, the dairy industry is one of the industry sectors that is of main importance for a healthy development of Europe.*source: ZMP, 2009 figures** 2008
European Dairy Association (EDA, aisbl) - 14 rue Montoyer, 1000
Phone: 00 32 2 549 50 40 - Fax: 00 32 2 549 50 49 -


Re: Serialization and canonicalization
From: Hiroshi Maruyama
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2000 09:25:31 +0900
To: _EMAIL_
Message-ID:
When encrypting a substructure of an XML document, we need to
preserve the data model so that it will be decrypted into exactly
the same substructure. XML Canonicalization (or C14N) is one
way to serialize an XML substructure without losing any information.
As long as the data model (or information set) is preserved, any
serialization method will do. C14N satisfies this property and
is implemented for XML Signature anyway, I think it is reasonable
to reuse the C14N standard.
By the way, I believe this discussion is exactly why I insist that
the processing model of XML Encryption should be defined using
the XML InfoSet (or equivalent data model). It may free us from
confusing questions such as character encoding, default
attribute values, external entities, data types, and so on.
Hiroshi Maruyama
Manager, Internet Technology, Tokyo Research Laboratory
From: _EMAIL_@w3.org on 2000/11/13 05:41
Please respond to _EMAIL_
Sent by: _EMAIL_
To: _EMAIL_
Subject: Serialization and canonicalization
There has been mention of serialization and canonicalization transforms
in the discussion so far. I don't understand the need for these.
Serialization would be needed if we were starting with a non-serial
representation of the data to be encrypted, such as a DOM tree or an
XPath node-set. Isn't it adequate to presume that we are beginning with
an XML document in serialized form? Serialization issues could then be
ruled out of scope for this effort.
Canonicalization is an issue for signature verification, where it is
desired that semantically-neutral changes to an XML signed document
could still allow the signature to verify. This motivated the desire
to specify canonicalization algorithms for the XML signature effort.
However the issue does not arise in the same way for XML encryption.
Canonicalizing data before encryption would not aid in decryption,
as far as I can see.
The one transform which seems relevant to an encryption effort is
compression. Compressing data before encryption is helpful for two
reasons. First, encrypted data is not compressible, so compressing before
encryption is our only opportunity to do so. Second, the compressed data
generally has less structure then plaintext data. This can theoretically
make the encryption harder to break (but this is a weak effect, and
there are countervailing factors).
Are there reasons for continuing to consider serialization and
canonicalization issues?
Hal Finney
PGP Security
Received on Sunday, 12 November 2000 19:26:29 UTC


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Communication and Resolving Conflict
What Can Be Hard About Living in Community?
For many of us, one of the hardest things about living in community is dealing with conflict. Unfortunately the mainstream culture doesn't teach healthy conflict resolution skills, so it's essential for us to learn them in order for our community to thrive. One major skill is learning to communicate more clearly, compassionately, and effectively. This can be incredibly challenging, but when it works well, also incredibly rewarding. Paying attention to our own reactions and needs, while acknowledging that others may legitimately perceive things very differently, goes a long way toward making this work.
Every day offers us the chance to practice better communication skills. NVC (non-violent communication) has been a helpful tool for many here. Other approaches commonly used at DR include personal/internal work, emotional processing, informal counseling/support, and support groups of various kinds. Formal and informal mediation is also available when people need help to work through conflict.
How We Relate to Conflict
At Dancing Rabbit, however, we strive to work with conflict in a manner where we don't shy away from the issues. Instead we take the time to talk things over and work them out. It's not always easy and we often don't handle things as we'd ideally like to, but we do make a real effort to bring up feelings when we have them and to address them with the people involved.
We try to make a space that is safe for people to bring up issues that are affecting their lives. Sometimes this is done informally through social networks of support, sometimes with mediation, and sometimes through more formal processes with specific formats.


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Recently I explained how we in the Education Department measure the impact of our LACMA On-Site program through various activities in the classroom, at libraries, and here at the museum. Today I'm going to share some recent statistics from the thorough evaluation of that program.
After an eleven-month evaluation of the program, we learned that art and artists are a part of students' daily use of what they know and their expanded viewpoints of the world. In addition to being engaged in thinking, talking about, and making art, schoolchildren have been positively impacted in ways that have fundamentally changed how they use language to talk about art and the artistic process. Through this program children and adults have found personal and meaningful connections with works of art. Parents, classroom teachers, school administrators, and librarians value the program and recognize the importance of the arts in children's lives.
Here are six key findings:
The program makes a positive impact in language development for participants. Students are using art vocabulary and noting details in their language, and are able to express themselves using descriptive language. In LAUSD's diverse population, the program also supports language development for English Language Learners. And teachers report that students' use of descriptive language continues beyond the art workshops. One of the most significant benefits of the evaluation was identifying ways more students could have a chance to voice their ideas in short instructional settings by providing opportunities for students to work in small groups and pairs during instruction.(1)
Participants are using and exploring a range of new art materials not readily available to them, including collage, watercolor painting, oil pastel, and clay. Students and families are learning and applying specific skills and techniques related to these art media, which expands their understandings of those techniques and materials. (2)
Program participants overwhelmingly find personal and meaningful connections between their own lives and LACMA's permanent collection as seen in their artwork. In particular, teens engage in library workshops because the content is relevant to their lives and families and librarians relate to concepts that resonate with their communities. (3)
The program content resonates with participants and administrators. In the schools, students and teachers relate that they are using LACMA arts curriculum for further development of critical thinking skills and other core academic areas. For example, the program fosters the development of students' analytical skills through the process of expressing and supporting their opinions when talking about art. Teachers integrate the curriculum for varying purposes, connecting vocabulary words, art concepts, and workshop themes with their ongoing instruction. (4)
Classroom teachers, school administrators, librarians, and parents place a high value on the program and desire to continue the experience. Teachers recommend it to their colleagues, librarians value the program's emphasis on family learning, and principals value the quality of LACMA's staff, teaching artists, resources, and support. Both teachers and librarians note specific reasons to continue the collaboration with LACMA and see it as an integral component of the school curricula or library community programming.
In addition to achieving its short-term goals, the program has made strides in achieving longer-term goals, including increasing levels of action around art education by school administrators and sustaining arts engagement in the LAUSD elementary and middle schools.
The evaluation also documents a well-known, but sometimes overlooked, aspect of arts education: arts learning provides English Language Learners, students falling behind in traditional classroom settings, and students with special needs with opportunities to excel and often exceed their teacher's expectations.
What does it take to provide meaningful, effective, large-scale programming in an urban and widespread area such as Los Angeles? These evaluation findings help to identify a programming model that can be transferred to other areas of the country, using shared outcomes and teaching strategies. Formal documents that share the evaluation findings, both in print and on LACMA's website, will be available this summer.
(1) Across all grade levels, specific and descriptive language expanded. In the libraries, children used descriptive words to talk about art.
(2) Of particular significance, over 90 percent of all participating K-5 students applied skills in using art materials and over 80 percent of middle school students applied skills in using art materials. 92 percent of children participating in the library program applied an art skill or technique as well. Typically reticent in these situations, 51 percent of adults are applying arts skills or techniques for the first time.
(3) Across all programs, over 90 percent of participants are including personal content in their own artwork.
(4) At the elementary and middle school levels, 93 percent of teachers saw connections with other subjects.
Elizabeth Gerber, Manager, School & Teacher Programs


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Most Roma speak Romani, an Indo-Aryan language likely derived from Sanskrit. Romani is also related to Pothohari, a language spoken in the Pakistani Punjab region. A 2003 study published in Nature suggests Romani is also related to Sinhalese, presently spoken in Sri Lanka. Today, however, most Roma speak the dominant language of their region of residence. Romani is not currently spoken in India.
Roma society and culture
The traditional Roma place a high value on the extended family. Roma law establishes that the man's family must pay a dowry to the bride's parents. Virginity is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Roma practice of child marriage. In 2003, one of the many self-styled Roma tribal "kings," Ilie Tortică, banned his subjects from entering their children into marriage until they have come of legal age. This ban has been seen by some as being in direct conflict with traditional Roma family practices. A rival Roma patriarch, Florin Cioabă, ran afoul of Romanian authorities in late 2003, when he married off his youngest daughter, Ana-Maria, aged 12, well below the legally marriageable age in Europe.
Roma social behavior is strictly regulated by purity laws (marime or marhime), still respected by most Roma and among Sinti groups by the older generations. This regulation affects many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people, and things: parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs, because they produce impure emissions, and the lower body. Fingernails and toenails must be filed with an emery board, as cutting them with a clipper is taboo. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is considered impure for 40 days. Death is seen as impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. Many of these practices are also present in Hindu cultures such as those of Bengal and the Balinese. There are very similar practices found in Judaism. However, in contrast to the Hindu practice of cremating the dead, Roma dead must be buried. However, it should be noted that many South Indian Hindu communities also bury their dead. It is possible that this tradition was adapted from Abrahamic religions after the Roma left the Indian subcontinent.
Roma have usually adopted the dominant religion of the host country while often preserving their particular belief systems and indigenous styles of worship. Most Eastern European Roma are Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Church, or Muslim. Those in Western Europe and the United States are mostly either Catholic or Protestant. Most Roma in Latin America are Orthodox. In Turkey, Egypt, and the southern Balkans, the Roma are split into Christian and Muslim populations. Roma religion has a highly developed sense of morality, taboos, and the supernatural, though it is often denigrated by organized religions. It has been suggested that while still in India the Roma people belonged to the Hindu religion, this theory being supported by the Romani word for "cross," trushul, which is the word which describes Shiva's trident Trishula.
Since World War II, a growing number of Roma have embraced Evangelical movements. For the first time, Roma became ministers and created their own, autonomous churches and missionary organizations. In some countries, the majority of Roma now belong to the Roma churches. This unexpected change has greatly contributed to a better image of Roma in society. The work they perform is seen as more legitimate, and they have begun to obtain legal permits for commercial activities.
Evangelical Roma churches exist today in every country where Roma are settled. The movement is particularly strong in France and Spain; there are more than one thousand Roma churches (known as "Filadelfia") in Spain, with almost one hundred in Madrid alone. In Germany, the most numerous group is that of Polish Roma, having their main church in Mannheim. Other important and numerous Romani assemblies exist in Los Angeles, Houston, Buenos Aires, and Mexico. Some groups in Romania and Chile have joined the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In the Balkans, the Roma of Macedonia, Kosovo, and Albania have been particularly active in Islamic mystical brotherhoods Sufism.
Roma music is very important in Eastern European cultures such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro, Macedonia, Hungary, Russia, and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Roma musicians have influenced European classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. The lăutari who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Roma, although their music draws from a vast variety of ethnic traditions—for example Romanian, Turkish, Jewish, and Slavic—as well as Roma traditions. Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performer in the lăutar tradition is Taraful Haiducilo. Many famous classical musicians, such as the Hungarian pianist Georges Cziffra, are Roma, as are many prominent performers of manele.
The distinctive sound of Roma music has also strongly influenced bolero, jazz, flamenco, and Cante Jondo in Europe. European-style Gypsy jazz is still widely practiced; one who acknowledged this artistic debt was Django Reinhardt.
Later, Roma people who came to the Americas contributed to almost every musical style. Salsa music, rumba, mambo, and guajira from Cuba, the tondero, zamacueca, and marinera from Peru, mariachi music from Mexico, llanero from the borders of Venezuela and Colombia, and even American country music have all been influenced by their mournful violins and soulful guitar.
Relations with other peoples
Because of a false image that they like to steal and kill innocent animals and refuse to live like normal people, there has been a great deal of mutual distrust between the Roma and their more settled neighbors. Persecution of Roma reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos.
There are still tensions between the Roma and the majority populations around them. Common complaints are that Roma steal and live off social welfare, and residents often reject Roma encampments. In the UK, "travelers" (referring to Irish Travelers and New Age Travelers as well as Roma) became a 2005 general election issue, with the leader of the Conservative Party promising to review the Human Rights Act 1998.
This law, which absorbs the European Convention on Human Rights into UK primary legislation, is seen by some to permit the granting of retrospective planning permission. Severe population pressures and the paucity of "Greenfield land" (undeveloped) sites have led to "travelers" purchasing land, and setting up residential settlements almost overnight, thus subverting the planning restrictions imposed on other members of the community.
"Travelers" argued in response that thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Roma applicants each year and that statistics showed that 90 percent of planning applications by Roma and "travelers" were initially refused by local councils, compared with a national average of 20 percent for other applicants, disproving claims of preferential treatment favoring Gypsies.
They also argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalized their community, for example by removing local authorities' responsibility to provide sites, thus leaving the "travelers" with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves.
In Denmark there was much controversy when the city of Helsingør decided to put all Roma students in special classes in its public schools. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory, and the Roma were put back in regular classes.
During the Enlightenment, Spain briefly and unsuccessfully tried to assimilate the Roma into the mainstream population by forcing them to abandon their language and way of life; even the word gitano was made illegal. Many nations have subsequently attempted to assimilate their Roma populations.
Roma and crime
The popular image of Roma as tramps and thieves unfit for work contributed to their widespread persecution. This belief is often cited as the etymological source of the term gyp, meaning to "cheat," as in: "I got gypped by a con man." The German name Zigeuner is often thought through popular etymology to derive either from Ziehende Gauner, which means 'travelling thieves', or from the Hungarian Cigány from their word "szegény" meaning "poor." The validity of these derivations, however, is disputed.
Roma in Central and Eastern Europe
In Central and Eastern Europe, Roma often live in depressed squatter communities with very high unemployment, while only some are fully integrated in the society. However, in some cases—notably the Kalderash clan in Romania, who work as traditional coppersmiths—they have prospered. Although some Roma still embrace a nomadic lifestyle, most migration is actually forced, as most communities do not accept Roma settlements.
Many countries that were formerly part of the Eastern bloc and former Yugoslavia have substantial populations of Roma. The level of racial integration of Roma into society remains limited. In these countries, they usually remain on the margins of society, living in isolated ghetto-like settlements. Only a small fraction of Roma children graduate from secondary schools, although during the Communist regime, at least some of these countries forced all children to attend school, and provided them, like other citizens, with all required basics such as textbooks and


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|April 25, 2011||Posted by admin under Trees|
The magnolia tree is probably one of the most beautiful trees when it is in full bloom. And why would you not think that with its precious little flowers covering the entire tree, making it look like it comes straight out of heaven and planted on earth, and perhaps that is closer to the truth than one would believe when you hear about the age of this beauty.
Although it might look fragile, the magnolia tree has been around for millions and millions of years and even outdates the bees which are the usual mean for plants to pollinate each other.
The magnolia tree actually uses beetles for pollination and that has made the flowers extremely tough against insect-attacks, not to be eaten before the beetle has a chance to fulfill its pollination.
The flowers of the magnolia tree are pretty special from most other flower-bearing trees. Usually the front and back leaves of a flower, often referred to as petals and sepals, differs from each other both in shape, color and texture but the on the flowers of the magnolia tree there is not such a difference. These flower leaves are known as tepals and the name originated from just the magnolia tree.
With the magnolia tree found in the eastern parts of northern America, it is the state flower in both Mississippi and Louisiana and also the state tree in Mississippi. But this tree is actually more common over the world than that. Also found in Central and South America, in the West Indies and also in the eastern parts of Asia where it since long is believed to have health-giving abilities. This ancient tree seems to have a great future ahead of it.
When planting a magnolia tree be sure to have the right tools in handy, one should never be caught under equipped while tending to a garden. Ask at your local garden store what kinds of tools and fertilizer you might need. The magnolia tree is not the easiest of trees to plant because it will need a lot of space around it and both watering and fertilizing during its younger years. If you place the magnolia tree so it is just partly shaded, you can count on that those parts will not bear flowers and therefore render the whole tree imperfect.
Once you get the magnolia tree growing there is very little you have to do. Pruning is absolutely unnecessary and even recommended against. It is a tree with very low branches, almost like a huge shrub, so if you wanted a shadow tree you should have chosen a different kind of tree that doesn't take offense of you cutting of its lower limbs. Just remove dead and injured parts of your magnolia tree and watch it grow tall, wide and strong. And never forget to enjoy its beauty.
Japanese Magnolias – magnificent trees for garden landscaping
These lovely spring-blooming trees are also called purple or saucer magnolias.
Magnolia Tree Care
Something that you should know before planting is how your soil and climate are. Different trees like different kinds of environments and will affect the length of your magnolia tree care.
Although most magnolia trees prefer well drained soils it is not sure that it is the best solution for you. Also, some magnolias are so called evergreen plants, with that meaning it won't drop it leaves at any special season but continuously grow leaves all over the year. If those are appropriate to your needs or if you want your tree that changes over seasons is also something you should consider before you get to work. They all differ when it comes to magnolia tree care.
When planting be sure to keep its roots moist at all times before it gets into the ground. If the roots get too dry the whole tree can be ruined before you even get to planting it. That would just be proof of bad magnolia tree care. Plant the tree at the same depth as it was when you bought it and be gentle while filling the hole, remember that most magnolias prefer well-drained soils. If you plant it from seeds, just follow the instructions, they are there to help and guide you through the process, if you still feel uncertain, ask at your local garden store. They will most probably have some good tips.
While growing your young magnolia, care for its need and give it water and fertilizer once and awhile. This is especially important during the growth season when they try to pull as much energy as it can from the ground. Try not to use any pesticide if not called for, it is better for the tree and its surroundings to be spared unnecessary spraying. Also, do not prune the young plant. This is no oak or other shade tree but more of an enormous and beautiful bush, it is supposed to have low-growing branches.
Magnolia tree care tip #4
Once fully grown you can put your skill of magnolia tree care to the side, the tree now cares for itself. Never prune if not called for and water it only in case of a very dry season. Remove dead pieces from it and try to let it get as much sun as possible. If in the shade of another plant, the only care is to cut the other plant or relocate it. They need their space and can not be allowed to stand in the shade. It will hold back its growth and even inhibit the tree from flowering. No one would want that.
Types of Magnolia Tree
There are a lot of different types and it would be a tremendous amount of work to list every single one. So in this article only some examples will be mentioned and described. This should not be mistaken for a complete list.
Southern Magnolia – Magnolia grandiflora
This is one of the types also known as Bull Bay. It is an evergreen tree, means that the tree won't drop its leaves because of season, and is found in the south-eastern parts of the United States. The leaves are dark green and bears white flowers that smell incredible of lemon. Although nothing else than an ornamental, it is extremely sturdy against the winter cold. Even with the ground freezing, the winter sun is more harmful to it than the cold itself.
Anise Magnolia – Magnolia salicifolia
Also known as Willow-leafed magnolia, this tree has foliage much denser than of ordinary magnolia trees, although not as thick as a proper Willow. The leaves as also thinner than most other types and these two things combined give it a nice texture. Only found in Japan, this magnolia tree type grows at first in a characteristic pyramid shape but becomes more irregular over time. The lemon scented flowers bloom before the leaves come in the early spring and can be totally destroyed by returning frost.
Sargent's Magnolia – Magnolia sargentiana
Although this type can be found in Central Park in New York, it actually only grows wild in a very small area in a province of China. This very large tree has dark green, almost leathery, foliage and large pale purple-reddish flowers. Due to development in China the small area has been fragmented into even smaller areas. It is not known if it will survive this kind of stress and is therefore in the IUCN Red List.
Sweetbay Magnolia – Magnolia virginiana
Commonly known as only the Sweetbay, is the first magnolia tree type ever to be described scientifically. Although also originated in the south-eastern of USA, it can either be evergreen as the Bull Bay or shed its leaves from season to season. The difference is caused by variations of climate and temperatures. The flowers of this tree are rather medium-sized and have a white creamy tone to them. The fast growth and flowers makes this a hit in various parks and gardens.
There are many other types but these are the ones that I find the most attractive. If you didn't find the magnolia tree type that you were interested in, keep on browsing the web. I am sure you can find more tree-friends such as me.
Incoming search terms:
- types of magnolia trees
- magnolia tree care
- Kinds of Magnolia Trees
- different types of magnolia trees
- magnolia tree


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Thunderstorm Phobias in Dogs
Thunderstorm phobia is a disorder in which there is persistent and exaggerated fear of storms, or the stimuli associated with storms. To treat this condition, your veterinarian should have some grasp of pathophysiology, as this phobia involves physiologic, emotional, and behavioral components.
Thunderstorm phobia occurs in both dogs and cats, but dogs are often more susceptible to this type of fear. If you would like to learn more about how this condition affects dogs, please visit this page in the petMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
Stimuli that elicit fear include rain, lightning thunder, strong winds, and possibly changes in barometric pressure and static electricity. This fear may then induce one of more of the following signs:
It may also affect some body systems in a variety of ways, including:
The exact cause of thunderstorm phobia is unknown, but it may include a combination of the following factors:
A veterinarian will rule out any conditions which can cause similar behavioral responses such as separation anxiety, barrier frustration, and noise phobias. Otherwise, they will conduct further tests to identify any conditions or abnormalities that may have arisen from effect of the fear to the thunderstorm.
Anything that produces an action or reaction
A medical condition in which the patient has an abnormally fast heartbeat
The term for a quick heartbeat
A real fear of something
A lack of desire for food
The digestive tract containing the stomach and intestine
Elevated levels of glucose in the blood
A condition in which the skin becomes inflamed
Excessive Vocalization in Dogs
Excessive vocalization refers to uncontrollable, excessive barking, whining or crying,...
Extreme Fear and Anxiety in Dogs
Fear is the instinctual feeling of apprehension resulting from a situation, person,...
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How Your Overweight Pet Could Benefit from...
Pet obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Fortunately, there are some things...
What Are Lean Proteins and How They Can Help...
Protein is an important component in your pet's food, but not all proteins are the...


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MSYNCSection: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)
Index Return to Main Contents
NAMEmsync - synchronize a file with a memory map
DESCRIPTIONmsync() flushes changes made to the in-core copy of a file that was mapped into memory using mmap(2) back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before munmap(2) is called. To be more precise, the part of the file that corresponds to the memory area starting at start and having length length is updated.
The flags argument may have the bits MS_ASYNC, MS_SYNC, and MS_INVALIDATE set, but not both MS_ASYNC and MS_SYNC. MS_ASYNC specifies that an update be scheduled, but the call returns immediately. MS_SYNC asks for an update and waits for it to complete. MS_INVALIDATE asks to invalidate other mappings of the same file (so that they can be updated with the fresh values just written).
RETURN VALUEOn success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
- MS_INVALIDATE was specified in flags, and a memory lock exists for the specified address range.
- start is not a multiple of PAGESIZE; or any bit other than MS_ASYNC | MS_INVALIDATE | MS_SYNC is set in flags; or both MS_SYNC and MS_ASYNC are set in flags.
- The indicated memory (or part of it) was not mapped.
AVAILABILITYOn POSIX systems on which msync() is available, both _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES and _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO are defined in to a value greater than 0. (See also sysconf(3).)
B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128-129 and 389-391.


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To help speed up Web browsing, Windows XP comes with a local cache containing any DNS addresses that have been looked up recently. Once an URL has been resolved by an Internet name server into a numerical IP, the information is stored locally. Anytime your browser requests an URL, Windows XP first looks in the local cache to see if it is there before querying the external name server used by your ISP. If it finds the resolved URL locally it uses that IP. This is supposed to save time and cut down on Web traffic.
The default time period for keeping an address in the cache is 24 hours. Thus, a problem can arise if the IP for an URL changes before the 24 hour period is up. In this case an error message will result if you try to connect to the URL. It is not a frequent occurrence but is not unknown. Another more common problem can arise from URLs that are temporarily busy or from congested Internet traffic. If a negative response is received from an attempt to connect, that result is also kept in the local cache. The default time period for retaining a negative response is five minutes. In other words, once a negative response is received you will not be able to connect to the site for at least five more minutes. Since temporary congestion lasting a few seconds is often the cause of a momentary inability to connect to a site, this delay of five minutes can be a nuisance.
Clear the DNS Resolver Cache
Fortunately, it is possible to clear out the local DNS cache in order to get around these types of problems. Windows XP comes with a useful command-line utility, ipconfig, which has a switch, flushdns, for removing the entries in the cache. Open a command prompt and enter "ipconfig /flushdns" (without quotes) and the cache will emptied. Personally, I find that it sometimes speeds up Internet browsing to do this flush even when there are no obvious error messages. If you are curious about the contents of the DNS cache, they can also be seen by using ipconfig. In this case open a command prompt and enter "ipconfig /displaydns". If you are experiencing trouble connecting to a particular Web site, it may be useful to see if its URL is in the cache and what IP is being used.
Configure the DNS Resolver Cache
A way to minimize problems from the long default wait times that are used for holding data in the DNS cache is to reduce the times (known as Time to Live or TTL). This requires a Registry edit so should be done only by those who know how to restore their Registry. The Registry key that is involved is
The binary entry MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit can be used to control how long positive responses are kept. Values are in seconds and the default value in the absence of an entry (the usual case) is 86,400 seconds or one day. If you wish to shorten the TTL, create the entry and enter your preferred time in seconds. Most PC users will probably not gain much this way, however.
Negative responses are another story. I often encounter Web sites that do not respond immediately but which are available after a short wait and a retry. A wait of five minutes would be neither convenient nor necessary. I see no reason to store negative responses in the DNS cache and I have tweaked my own Registry to prevent them from being entered. In this case create a binary entry for the above Registry key and name it NegativeCacheTime. Set the value to "0" (zero). If you prefer to keep the negative responses, but with a shorter TTL, enter the appropriate number of seconds. The default TTL is 300 seconds.
Defend Against Responses from Non-Queried Servers
If its settings are left alone, the DNS cache will also accept responses from servers that it never queried. In other words, Web sites that you never tried to reach could send a message looking like a response and it would be stored in the cache. This is a security hole that might allow unauthorized DNS servers to send invalid information for the purpose of misdirecting subsequent DNS queries.
Again a Registry edit is called for. To disable responses from sites that you never asked for, create a DWORD entry named QueryIpMatching. Put it in the same Registry key above and give it a value of 1.


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Like always it depends on what you want to do.
diff(log(x)) calculates relative changes. This also takes care of exponential trends. For example, you would use this to detrend the stock price development of Google. According to the logarithms laws:
$$log(a) - log(b) = log(a/b)$$
all.equal(log(3) - log(5), log(3/5))
This means, instead of using the absolute difference for detrending you are using the relative change. As a bonus differences calculated using the natural logarithm can also be interpreted as a precentage change. For more information I recommend:
Cole, T. J., & Altman, D. G. (2017). Statistics Notes: Percentage differences, symmetry, and natural logarithms. BMJ, 358(August), j3683. _URL_
On the other hand
log(diff(x)) calculates the absolute differences before the logarithm is applied. If you calculate a trend using this method, the trend would be more outlier resistant (but this also applies to
diff(log(x))). This is helpful if there are a small number of big jumps in the time-series. Beware this method would potentially break your analyses when the difference is 0 or negative. (in R:
log(0) = -Inf or
log(-1) = NaN)
In my opinion
diff(log(x)) is the better default choice. While there probably is a use-case for
log(diff(x)), it's quite hard to think of one.


Your heartbeat may affect how your body perceives stimuli
Your heartbeat may affect how your body perceives stimuli
Your heart affects how you feel — literally.
A new study from researchers in Germany explored the effects of why the human body's sensitivity to outside sensory stimuli changes with your heartbeats.
This study draws upon the scientists' previous research, which determined individuals' ability to identify external stimuli, such as an electric shock, was weaker during systole [SIS-tolee], when the heart directs blood outside of the heart, than diastole, [di-AS-tolee] which refills it.
New research linked this shift in sensitivity to a unique feature of the electrical activity inside the brain. This feature, related to our state of consciousness, is responsible for communicating the degree to which a sensory stimulus is interpreted as unexpected. The more surprising the stimulus, the stronger the signal, indicating the body needs to pay close attention.
In addition, researchers also discovered that the more aware an individual was of their heartbeat, the worse they were at detecting external stimuli. The findings suggest that the brain is capable of quickly switching attention between internal sensations, such as a heartbeat, and external ones. However, we cannot direct our attention to both at the same time.
The research presents a variety of implications for health care. Notably, it may indicate that the bidirectional communication between the heart and brain can become disrupted during a heart attack or stroke, which affects blood flow. This could lead to better understanding of the cognitive impairment that many people with heart disease experience.
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's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. She has read Lamarck's work under her own steam and is a "first rate critic".
Letter 7124 – Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [8 February 1870]
In this letter, Darwin seeks Henrietta's editorial help with chapters three and four of Descent of Man. He seeks her "deep criticisms" as well as her help with tone and style.
Letter 7123 - Darwin to Darwin, H. E., [March 1870]
In this letter Darwin thanks his daughter, Henrietta, for editing a manuscript version of chapter two of Descent, which was on the mental powers of man and lower animals. She has thoroughly mastered Darwin's manuscript; her corrections and suggestions are "excellent" and her transpositions "most just".
Letter 7858 – Darwin to Wallace, A. R., [12 July 1871]
In this letter, Darwin tells Wallace that he will let his family determine the worth of a paper on Mivart. While Henrietta, "who is a great critic", thought the article worth reprinting, Emma was less convinced.
Letter 8089 – Darwin to Litchfield, H. E., [2 December 1871]
In this letter, Darwin sends a chapter on voice from Expression for Henrietta's perusal. Darwin asks Henrietta for corrections as well as input on style and praises her patience.
Letter 8427 – Darwin to Litchfield, H. E., [25 July 1872]
In this letter, Darwin thanks Henrietta for her editorial help with Expression. Her alterations are "all good" and most have been accepted.


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A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five Summary & Study Guide Description
A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. This study guide contains the following sections:
This detailed literature summary also contains Topics for Discussion on A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five by George R. R. Martin.
A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five Plot Summary
Preview of A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five Summary:
George R. R. Martin's A Dance with Dragons, is book five in the fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire. The book, a work of fiction, is by no means a stand alone book. For those who are not familiar with the characters and various complex scenarios, the book will prove to be nearly impossible to follow. For those who do manage to follow it, there will be numerous trips to the lengthy and complicated appendices to learn about characters, places, and situations.
The story opens with the introduction of Varamyr, a human who is able to "warg" into other life forms, including wolves. Many characters throughout the story can leave their bodies and force their spirits into another for various purposes. This causes some conflict for humans who turn into animals since they are often required to hunt other humans for food.
Varamyr is a powerful...


related areas.
 4. Analyse a play:
- Read a play by an established playwright:
- Analyse the play by scenes and units:
- Understand the forms of theatre both folk and proper stage presentations:
- Do Play reading:
- Attend a play performance and analyse it:
- View recordings of different plays which can be procured from the archives of cultural organizations in different.
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"People may not realize how broad the opportunities are in public service fields," says Connie Bosse, vice president of Kaplan University's College of Public Service. "From law enforcement and emergency responders to teachers and child advocates and behavioral therapists who help children with developmental disabilities, thousands of career options offer people the chance to make a living and help others in a meaningful way."
Numerous studies on job satisfaction show that workers in a broad range of fields say job satisfaction is important to them. Public service jobs such as firefighting, teaching and therapy consistently rank among the top most-satisfying careers in the General Social Survey conducted by the National Organization for Research.
Whether you're a recent high school graduate looking for a direction in higher education or an established professional looking for a meaningful career change, public service holds many opportunities. The Kaplan University College of Public Service created a Network of Good video series which highlights alumni and their path to public service. As with any career, it's important to receive the right training, education and degree to ensure professional success. Here are some degree paths that can lead to public service careers:
* Human services – A bachelor of science in human services can prepare you to work in a variety of fields, including mental health, social services, education, rehabilitation and even the courts. If you already have an associate or bachelor's degree, you may be eligible for an accelerated degree path.
* Education – Graduate programs are designed to serve educators and instructors at every level, from colleges and universities to K–12 environments. There is also a bachelor in early childhood development that encompasses caring for the educational needs of young children and can extend far beyond the elementary school classroom. This degree can open doors to careers in childcare centers, Head Start programs and other beforeand after-school care settings.
* Public administration – Strong leaders are vital to the success of any organization, whether public or private. A master's in public administration can help you qualify to serve in leadership roles in local, state or federal government agencies, a variety of organizations and nonprofits.
* Homeland security – With natural disasters and terrorist threats making daily headlines, the federal government says demand for professionals qualified to work in homeland security and emergency response roles will increase. A master's degree in homeland security and emergency management can help you find a career in emergency preparedness and response, border and transportation security, information analysis, homeland defense and more.
For those interested in learning more, there is a wealth of information, inspirational stories and videos about public service professionals at the Center for Public Service, an online information resource center created by Kaplan University. Visit the site at center-public-service.kaplanu.edu.


. But in a world where there was a campaign to canonise Edward II *pauses for hysterical laughter*, anything is possible.
March 1322: minstrel John le Boteler, who uses the name 'Fiery King', is captured at the battle of Boroughbridge.
October 1322: Edward grants John le Boteler's forfeited houses in Pontefract to his harper William Morley, called 'King of the North'.
28 October 1322: smarting from his recent ignominious near-capture by the Scots at Rievaulx Abbey, Edward gives a pound to Sourelius, minstrel of the earl of Louth, who plays for him in York.
January 1323: Edward gives £2 to 4 clerks of Snaith, Yorkshire, for "playing interludes in the hall at Cowick before the king and Sir Hugh [Despenser]".
February 1323: gives a pound to his 'piper minstrel', Laurentin.
February 1323: Edward gives a mark to John, his nakerer. This may be the Janinus the nakerer who had perfomed for the king as early as 1303 (Edward gave him money to buy skins to cover and repair his nakers). Nakerers called Janotus and Januche also appear, possibly the same man with a variety of spellings of his name.
1323: Edward listens to northern women singing songs about Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester (killed at the battle of Evesham in 1265 fighting against Edward's father).
6 January 1325: Edward gives an Epiphany gift of 50 shillings to his minstrels, and 2 shillings to his piper Little Alein for his performance.
12 February 1325: Edward gives 20 pounds compensation (a huuuuge amount of money!) to 2 squires of his chamber, Giles of Spain and Berduk de Till, who burnt their arms - and thighs as well, in Berduk's case - while "playing before the king." What they were doing unfortunately isn't stated. This took place at Burgundy (Borgogne), a hut or cottage in the precincts of Westminster Abbey where Edward spent quite a bit of time in the last couple of years of his reign, shunning all his luxurious accommodation in and around London. Bless his little peasant heart.
24 February 1325: Thomelyn Sautriour ('psalterer') of London plays before the king in his chamber at the Tower, and receives a pound.
1331: in Edward III's reign, Roland le Fartere performs by "making a leap, a whistle and a fart." :-)
28 January, 2009
The Great Famine, 1315 to 1317
A post about the natural disaster which affected northern Europe in the early fourteenth century.
In the mid-1310s, the climate was bizarre in the extreme, and it rained heavily and constantly for much of the summer of 1314 and most of 1315 and 1316. (I wonder if it rained during the battle of Bannockburn in June 1314?) This torrential rain, inevitably, caused flooding; crops rotted away and livestock drowned in the waterlogged fields. The result was the Great Famine, which is estimated to have killed at least five per cent, and perhaps much more, of the population of England. The rest of northern Europe suffered a similar or higher death toll. The author of the Vita Edwardi Secundi, evidently unaware that this was a pan-European disaster, knew exactly where to apportion blame: on the English people themselves, who "excel other nations in three qualities, in pride, in craft, and in perjury." Therefore, "the hand of God appears to be raised against us…I firmly believe that unless the English Church had interceded for us, we should have perished long ago...All this comes from the wickedness of the inhabitants." He also blamed the fact that Saturn had been in the ascendant for three years, but now that Jupiter was about to succeed, the rain would cease and the fields be filled with abundance.
The shortage pushed up prices enormously. Anonimalle and Lanercost say that a quarter of "badly cleaned and scantly weighed" wheat cost forty shillings or more, six or eight times the normal price, Anonimalle that "two little onions" cost a penny – a few hours' wages for most people – at Cheapside in London, while the St Albans chronicler gives the price of a quarter of salt as a staggering thirty-five shillings. (Imagine having to work half a day or more just to be able to afford two small onions!) The Sempringham annalist says "there were great floods of water throughout England, and the wheat was destroyed, and the hay also, and there was great famine and great dearth of wheat throughout the land." He gives the price of a quarter of wheat as twenty-four shillings and more, a quarter of barley as sixteen shillings and a quarter of oats as twenty shillings, many times the usual price. Such bread as was available could not satisfy hunger, as the grain was soaked from the endless rain and had to be dried in ovens before it was cooked, and contained minimal nutrients.
In March and April 1315, Edward II did his best to mitigate his subjects' misery by ordering the price of basic foodstuffs, grain and various kinds of meat, to be regulated. According to the Anonimalle, Edward passed these regulations with the advice of his privy council and without the consent of the magnates, and the chronicler, rather unfairly, calls Edward's council "feeble" and the regulations "foolish," claiming that the king and his advisors were trying to "deceive the common people." The Vita, on the other hand, says that the earls and barons themselves developed the regulations, "looking to the welfare of the state." Edward's attempts to improve the situation inevitably resulted only in traders refusing to sell what few goods they had at an artificially low price. In August 1315, Edward proclaimed that the magnates of the realm should limit the number of courses served at their tables, on account of the "excessive and abundant portions of food" they were accustomed to enjoying.
According to the St Albans chronicler, when Edward visited St Albans from 10 to 12 August 1315 even he had difficulties buying bread for himself and his household. Still, the king was in a far better position than the majority of his subjects: in Northumbria, already weakened and despoiled by Scottish raids, "dogs and horses and other unclean things were eaten," says the Vita, and the St Albans chronicler says that horse meat was precious and that "fat dogs" were stolen. The port of Berwick-on-Tweed suffered particularly. Its warden, Maurice Berkeley, sent anguished letters to Edward and the royal justice William Inge between October 1315 and February 1316, telling them "no town was ever in such distress," that the garrison were deserting, dead of hunger or reduced to eating horses, and that if Edward failed to send help immediately, "the town will be lost by famine." Berkeley ended one letter by saying "Pity to see Christians living such a life."
And for others, imminent starvation drove them to far worse horrors than eating pets or horses. Rumours of cannibalism were rife, and the St Albans chronicler even claims, I hope with great exaggeration, that some people resorted to eating children. After the famine came a "severe pestilence," which claimed many more victims. Dead bodies were so numerous they could hardly be buried. In their misery and starvation, many people begged for food, stole whatever they could, and murdered others for what little food they had.
Even in a hand-to-mouth economy where food shortages were common, nothing as bad as this had ever been seen before: "Such a scarcity has not been seen in our time in England, not heard of for a hundred years," says one chronicler, and others agree, talking of misery "such as our age has never seen" and "such a mortality of men in England and Scotland through famine and pestilence as had not been heard of in our time." The unsuccessful regulations concerning the price of foodstuffs were abolished at the Lincoln parliament of early 1316, which met the approval of the Bridlington chronicler: "How contrary to reason is an ordinance on prices, when the fruitfulness or sterility of all living things are in the power of God alone, from which it follows that the fertility of the soil and not the will of man must determine the price."
The weather finally improved in 1317, and gradually the famine loosened its dread grip. But for the long-suffering inhabitants of Europe, far worse was to come: the first great outbreak of the Black Death lurked three decades round the corner.
- Vita Edwardi Secundi Monachi Cuiusdam Malmesberiensis, ed. Noel Denholm-Young (1957), pp. 63-70.
- Annales Londonienses _PHONE_, in W. Stubbs, ed., Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, volume 1 (1882), pp. 238-239.
- Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon Auctore Canonico Bridlingtoniensi, in Stubbs, Chronicles, volume 2 (188


Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Chapter 5
Miscible Displacement
Fluid Properties in Miscible Displacement: Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency
Mobility Ratio
The mobility of a fluid (i) is defined as :
Mobility of fluid equation
μi = Viscosity,
Ki = Effective permeability of the rock to fluid i.
The mobility ratio (M) of a displacement process is defined as the mobility of displacing fluid divided by the mobility of the displaced fluid. Mobility ratio is one of the most important parameters of a miscible displacement and has a profound influence on volumetric (macroscopic) sweep efficiency of the solvent and on the integrity of solvent slugs. Consider an idealized situation where solvent displaces oil at the irreducible water saturation (secondary recovery process) and where mixing of solvent with the oil is negligible. No water is flowing and the permeabilities to oil and solvent are equal. Mobility ratio in this case is simply the ratio of oil and solvent viscosities:
In practice mixing of solvent and oil does occur during the course of the displacement, which can result in an effective viscosity ratio that is less than the ratio of pure component viscosities. The viscosities of miscible solvent are typically small (< 0.1 cp) and thus the mobility ratios are greater than one. Viscosity ratio or mobility ratio, as defined by eq. (5‑34), ranges from 4 to 86 in the different MCM processes. Stalkup[2] reports data on a number of FCM projects. For these, the viscosity ratio ranges from 4 to 40. When the mobility ratio is smaller than one it is called favorable mobility ratio and called unfavorable when it is greater than one. Solvent/water injection is a technique to reduce solvent mobility by reducing solvent relative permeability. The most accepted mobility ratio definition at presence of mobile water is:
equation mobility ratio definition at presence of mobile water
Figure 5‑32 gives areal sweep efficiency (fraction of the pattern area invaded by pure solvent) at breakthrough of the displacing fluid as a function of M. the upper curve is based on photographs taken during displacement of one colored liquid by a second, miscible colored liquid in a scaled model, while the lower one is based on a material balance calculation made from the known volume of injected liquid and assuming piston like displacement. Because of mixing along the liquid-liquid interface, the area measurement yields a slightly larger areal sweep value than material balance result. As indicated in Fig. 4.4, the difference in the two curves is a measure of the mixing that occurs at the interface.
As seen, the areal sweep efficiency (EA) at breakthrough is a strong function of M. at M=1.0, areal sweep is about 70%. It increases slightly at smaller, favorable mobility ratios and decreases very sharply as M is increased. The poorer performance at larger M values occurs for two reasons: first viscous fingering occurs at M > 1.0 and become more noticeable as M increases. Second for M > 1.0 the geometry contribute to the early breakthrough. Because of the geometry, the smallest flow resistance and therefore the larger flow velocity is along the center line connecting the injection and production wells. Fluid flowing along this line breaks through first in a homogeneous reservoir. When M > 1.0 the fluid with lower mobility value (displaced fluid), is replaced by the injected fluid (with higher mobility). Because the major flow is along the center line path (as the shortest pass), the resistance along that path is reduced more than along any other line other than path. The result is that the larger the value of M the earlier breakthrough occurs.
Areal Sweep Efficiency as a Function of Mobility Ratio
Figure 5-32: Areal Sweep Efficiency as a Function of Mobility Ratio[3]
[1] "Enhanced Oil Recovery", Don, W. Green, G. Paul Willhite, 1998
[2] "Miscible Dispalcement", Stulkup Jr., F.I., Monograph series, SPE, Richardson, TX(1983).
[3] "Efficiencies of miscible displacement as a function of mobility ratio", Trans, AIME (1960)219, 264-72


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Another fossil discovery has been made, and true to form it is hailed as 'amazing'.
The mesosaur egg was at first mistaken for dung when it was found in south america by Graciela Piñeiro.
It turned out that instead of being a turd, it was in fact a 6 inch mesosaur embryo apparently still coiled up inside an egg.
Martin Sander from the university of Bonn in Germany quipped of the find as "A formal step in this transition was when eggs evolved to be deposited on dry land."
Our resident scientist and common sense advocate had this to say "Of course the evolution of eggs (?!) is of the least concern. One might wonder why certain fish, frogs and such have not bothered to evolve eggs suitable for dry land laying? Are we to believe that the mesosaur developed land dwelling abilities only to have to wait for it's eggs to beneficially mutate to dry land laying? Or did the mesosaur produce dry land eggs and have to wait for the mutation of legs to lay eggs on dry land? Such utter 'bulleggs' is the stuff of evolution, and I marvel at the absurdities which it produces. Is it coincidence that this 'discovery' has occurred to coincide with Easter?"
We tried to contact the high priest of evolution, Richard Dawkins, but he was sadly unavailable for comment, preparing his latest sermon.


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1. First I'll start it off with a single basic 'Line Shape' for the basis of the background pattern.
Now select the 'Line Shape' tool on the toolbar and draw in the shape.
Here I've experimented with a large and small grid.
Note: It's also best to trim excess space from your document, or leave just enough to margin between your shapes. (Image/Trim or Draw a Rectangular Marquee then Image/Crop).
3. Now go to Edit Menu Option and from the list choose 'Define Pattern' (Edit > Define Pattern) for each of the different size Patterns.
4. Give these Patterns a name as I have captured, then hit 'OK'.
5. Now create a new document at your desired 'Preset Size'.
6. Then go to the Toolbar and select the 'Paint Bucket (G)' Tool.
7. Then go to the top 'Options Bar', and:
1. Change the 'Foreground' option to 'Pattern' (as I have captured)
2. Then select your previously made Line grid patterns from the drop 'Preset' list.
(It' usually the last ones in the list!)
8.Create a New Layer separate from your Background Layer.
With your 'Paint Bucket' Tool still selected, click once on the newly created Layer.
You should now have as I have captured to the right.
I experimented with both grid sizes, experiment with your preferred grid size.
Below is a simple wire frame effect you can apply to the grid.
9.Duplicate the grid layer and hide the original so you won't lose it.
Now go to the 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' on the toolbar and draw in (Hold Shift Key as you draw) on the duplicate grid layer. (As I have captured)
10. Then go to 'Filter/Distort/Spherize'.
11. Choose the settings as I have captured and click 'OK'.
12. Then choose 'Select/Inverse' from the main menu bar.
Then hit the 'Delete' key on the keyboard to eliminate the outside of the grid pattern.
13. Now that the excess pattern is gone, choose 'Select/Inverse' option from the main menu again to restore the original Elliptical Marquee, then go 'Edit/Stroke' and apply a 1px line around the globe.


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Xiaoze Xie
Paul L. and Phyllis Wattis Professor of Art, Professor of Art and Art History
Recommended Stories
Through the eyes of Stanford art and art history professor Xiaoze Xie, the shelves of a library hold so much more than paper. Books and newspapers found in libraries around the world are a primary subject of his art, which revolves around themes of history, memory, and time.
In his ongoing series of paintings based on photos of stacks of newspapers, Xie explores the layers of meaning in these everyday objects. How do we document and remember the past? What ideologies are embedded in those pages? How do we perceive the world through media? These are just some of the questions posed by his close examination of news images and text.
Xie's highly acclaimed art, which consists primarily of paintings but also of photo installations and video, has been widely exhibited. Whether painting periodicals from Chinese libraries or depicting books in the MoMA library as a tribute to modernism, Xie creates work that engages with the outside world.
In the classroom, Xie continues that dialogue about the social and political possibilities of art. He gains insight from students' fresh perspectives, as he encourages them to stretch their creative potential into new frontiers.
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Letter-writing saves history
Letter-writing saves history!
In 1863, 1944 and 1961, three people each wrote one letter and thereby saved history for the fourth-graders in November 2013 who were attending a hands-on career day at Jackson's Northview Elementary.
The Civil War era letter in cursive, the WWII typewritten letter and the 1961 hand-printed letter from New York City rocked the Common Core Standards approach!
We used writing letters as a guide to life skills. I illustrated the ways science, math, social studies and reading are all a part of my job as Director at the Jones Museum as seen through the preservation and use of those letters written during the past 150 years. Also, we worked at reaching conclusions about the letters and the situations of the letter writers as related to Jackson County history.
For 20 minutes, history was alive in that school library through those letters.
Remember, no matter the date or topic, every letter is valuable because it tells a story and contributes to lifelong learning.
So be a superhero and save history.
Hurry and write at least one letter in 2013 and beyond!
Posted on Wed, November 27, 2013
by Megan Malone filed under


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In the new Ofsted framework there are Three "I's" and the first "I" is for Intent. Intent is basically purpose, and in this blog I will be looking at the purpose behind some of what we do as music teachers. Our intentions are possibly really good, but are they actually positively affecting at the students?
"I" is for Intention
As a teacher my intention is to always ensure that my students learn, enjoy learning and get opportunities to extend this learning outside the classroom. But I guess it has been a while since I have really thought about the purpose behind some of my lessons, schemes and topics. Key Stage 3 is a great place to start with Intention, and I have been looking at my schemes of work in the last few weeks.
- Why do you teach a particular topic?
- What is the purpose behind a specific activity or topic?
- How do you feel a scheme of work will affect the learners?
- Have you thought about another way of doing things?
Time is precious in teaching and we often don't have enough of it. But taking time to think about our Intentions is certainly a worthwhile activity. Take a scheme of work that you are not planning on teaching In a few weeks. Start having a look at it and think about the purpose of teaching it.
Start with Why
I read a great book over the summer about how we need to Start With Why. I feel like that is a good place to begin with Intention – Why are we teaching Blues, Reggae, Minimalism, Serialism etc. Why are we asking students to create an Ostinato? Why are we suggesting they read this sheet, listen to this piece or complete this essay. When you start with Why you begin to see the purpose, or lack of purpose behind tasks.
Starting with Why is also great for our Extra-Curricular programme as we begin to think through what we offer. Why do we have two rehearsals a week for orchestra and only one for choir? Why are we singing this piece when it is too hard for the choir? Is this piece actually right for the students in front of me. "I" is for intent and also rhymes with Why!
Long Term Plan
One thing I have realised is that if I am going to fully tackle this Intention topic then I am going to need to explain this to students. I see this as part of my long term plan for the year – "class this is what I intend for you to learn this year". By laying out these intentions early on, students are then able to see how they are progressing. A task that has a hidden intention, or a lack of purpose, will be much harder for students to engage with. When I teach Film Music I feel like students really latch on to it. Why? Well because they see film music in action all the time and can clearly grasp the purpose. It is something they can experience and see the direct results of when they add the music to a piece of film.
So my plan is to look at the long term and share this with the students. I think showing them why we are going to study a piece or topic is a really good way of sharing intention and getting them on board. It will also be a good test for you as a teacher to see if your intentions are clear. "I" is for Intent shared with students.
It is clear that we compose in order to make music. But there is so much more to it than that. I have been sharing with students what they will learn through a specific compositional task. Sometimes the purpose or intention behind a compositional task is to learn about rhythms or learn about chord progressions. I love doing a One Note composition where students have to think about everything except melody. When students know why they are completing a composition they will enjoy it more and learn more. We have to move away from – we are composing because we need you to get a GCSE in music!
When studying set works at GCSE or A-Level it is quite good to look at the Intentions behind the study of that. Why this piece, this composer and this genre? What is the purpose behind the study of Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique? There are lots of questions like that and they can actually spark some interesting discussions in class. I don't mean the "Why do we have to do this – because the exam board says so" I mean the – "Why is it that this piece from 1830 has survived and stood the test of time". Those kind of questions are really good, particularly at A-Level. The intention for any Set Work Analysis needs to focus not just on the exam. It needs to focus on the Wider aspects of understanding the context and the history of history.
Start with I
When it comes to this new framework it is clear that we have to start with I. But I wanted to add something Beyond "I" is for Intent. You do need to start with I – you! Letting any of this get on top of you is not a good plan. As music teachers I believe that we do so much and I put that in my blog the other day about Ofsted. I actually think that this new framework could swing in our favour. So start with you and don't let any of this stuff bog you down!
And if you missed my previous blogs then do check them out:


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(Ocean County) teachers Sue Gethard, Jane Hall, and Regina Balsys received a $3,388 grant from the NJEA Frederick L. Hipp Foundation for Excellence in Education to implement their project, Between Friends. Working with the local chapter of the Association of Retarded Citizens (ARC), students will incorporate the values advocated through character education in an educational and social setting within the ARC facility. The students will meet the ARC clients at a luncheon at the ARC center. The ARC clients have a contract with the telephone company and will show the students how to make "boards" that are used in the telephones. Students will share life experiences and participate in recreational and seasonal activities throughout the school year. At the end of the program, students will create a memories album to present to their ARC friends.
The goal is to foster respect and understanding for the developmentally-disabled population. By participating in daily activities of ARC clients, students will truly understand their needs and desires. Between Friends can bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood.
For further information, contact:


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EditorConfig Python Core
EditorConfig Python Core provides the same functionality as the EditorConfig C Core. EditorConfig Python core can be used as a command line program or as an importable library.
EditorConfig makes it easy to maintain the correct coding style when switching between different text editors and between different projects. The EditorConfig project maintains a file format and plugins for various text editors which allow this file format to be read and used by those editors. For information on the file format and supported text editors, see the EditorConfig website.
sudo python setup.py install
If you are writing a plugin a language that can import Python libraries, you may want to import and use the EditorConfig Python Core directly.
Using as a Library
Basic example use of EditorConfig Python Core as a library:
from editorconfig import get_properties, EditorConfigError filename = "/home/zoidberg/humans/anatomy.md" try: options = get_properties(filename) except EditorConfigError: print "Error occurred while getting EditorConfig properties" else: for key, value in options.items(): print "%s=%s" % (key, value)
For details, please take a look at the online documentation.
Running Test Cases
Cmake has to be installed first. Run the test cases using the following commands:
cmake. ctest.
-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE to run the tests using an alternative versions of
Python (e.g. Python 3):
cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3. ctest.
Unless otherwise stated, all files are distributed under the PSF license. The odict library (editorconfig/odict.py) is distributed under the New BSD license. See LICENSE.txt file for details on PSF license.


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Industrial scale electrochemical processing of organic chemicals has been practiced for almost 100 years. An estimated 120 different processes have been piloted at various scales and at least 60 are now commercial. The biggest of these is the electrohydrodimerization of acrylonitrile to adiponitrile a key constituent in the production of Nylon.
Other examples of reactions that can be carried out electrochemically include:
- Nitro Reduction
- Coupling Reactions
Please contact us to discuss how we may assist you with your synthesis.


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S.-L. Liu, R. R. Martin, F. C. Langbein, P. L. Rosin. Segmenting Geometric Reliefs from Textured Background Surfaces. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 4(5):565-583, 2007. [DOI:10.1080/_PHONE_.2007._PHONE_] [Published] [PDF]
Segmentation of geometric reliefs from a textured background has various applications in reverse engineering. We consider two approaches to solve this problem. The first classifies parts of a surface mesh as relief or background, and then uses a snake which moves inwards towards the desired relief boundary, which is coarsely located using an energy based on the classification. The second approach initially smoothes the surface to eliminate the background texture, and locates the snake at the relief boundary using an energy based on the step between the background and the relief. Both snakes start at simple user-drawn contours, and are driven towards the relief boundaries by the snake energy functional. In both cases, the snake has different evolution phases with different energy terms, to initially rapidly drive the snake towards the relief boundary, and to later accurately match it. To describe geometric textures, we analyze surface differential properties, and integral and statistical quantities based upon them, computed at multiple scales taken over local neighborhoods, following similar ideas from image texture processing. For classification, we use a support vector machine together with sequential forward floating search for feature selection. A straightforward Laplacian method is used for smoothing. We use example scanned models to demonstrate that both approaches are useful, but are suitable for different types of model.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.