text:
usually want to
preserve. If this location is not specified, such files are temporarily
written to the temporary R directory, and subsequently removed.
outcome_column: Specifies the name of the column
that contains the outcome values. In case of survival outcomes two
columns should be specified that indicate time and event status,
respectively. For survival outcomes familiar determines which columns
contain time and event data. The
is not required in case the formula interface is used.
outcome_type: Specifies the type of outcome being
modelled. Should be one of the outcome types mentioned above in the Supported outcomes section. If not
specified, it can potentially be inferred from the data contained in the
column(s) specified by the
class_levels: Specify the class levels of two-class
binomial) and multi-class (
outcomes. For two-class outcomes, the second level specifies the class
regarded as the positive class. The values should match values present
in the outcome column Specifying this argument is not necessary in case
the outcome column is encoded as a factor. If left unspecified, the
unique values in the outcome column are used as values.
competing_risk_indicator: Specifies the values that should
be used as event, censoring, and competing risk indicators for survival
analysis, respectively. Familiar uses default values for censoring
no) and event
otherwise. Note that the
competing_risk outcome type will
be fully implemented in a future release.
series_id_column: Specifies the names of the columns
containing batch, sample, and series identifiers respectively. These are
described in more detail in the Preparing
your data section.
Familiar processes tabular data. In this case, a table consists of rows that represent instances, and columns that represent features and additional information. This is a very common representation for tabular data. Let us look at the colon dataset found in the survival package, which contains data from a clinical trial to assess a new anti-cancer drug in patients with colon cancer:
# Get the colon dataset. <- data.table::as.data.table(survival::colon)[etype==1] data # Drop some irrelevant columns. ":="("node4"=NULL, "etype"=NULL)] data[, ::kable(data[1:5])knitr
Here we see that each row contains a separate instance.
study columns are identifier
columns. Familiar distinguishes four different types of identifiers:
Batch identifiers are used to identify data belonging to a batch,
cohort or specific dataset. This is typically used for specifying
external validation datasets (using the
parameter). It also used to define the batches for batch normalisation.
The name of the column containing batch identifiers (if any) can be
specified using the
batch_id_column parameter. If no column
with batch identifiers is specified, all instances are assumed to belong
to the same batch. In the colon dataset, the
column is a batch identifier column.
Sample identifiers are used to identify data belonging to a
single sample, such as a patient, subject, customer, etc. Sample
identifiers are used to ensure that instances from the same sample are
not inadvertently spread across development and validation data subsets
created for cross-validation or bootstrapping. This prevents information
leakage, as instances from the same sample are often related – knowing
one instance of a sample would make it easy to predict another, thus
increasing the risk of overfitting. The name of the column containing
sample identifiers can be specified using the
sample_id_column parameter. If not specified, it is assumed
that each instance forms a separate sample. In the colon
id column contains sample
Within a sample, it is possible to have multiple series, for
example due to measurements at different locations in the same sample. A
series differs from repeated measurements. While for series the outcome
value may change, this is not allowed for repeated measurements. The
column containing series identifiers may be specified by providing the
column name as the
series_id_column parameter. If not set,
all instances of a sample with a different outcome value will be
assigned a unique identifier.
Within a sample, or series, it is possible to have repeated measurements, where one or more feature values may change but the outcome value does not. Such instances can for example used to assess feature robustness. Repeated measurement identifiers are automatically assigned for instances that have the same batch, sample and series identifiers.
The colon dataset also contains two outcome columns:
status that define (censoring) time
and survival status respectively. Survival status are encoded as
0 for alive, censored patients and
patients that passed away after treatment. Note that these correspond to
default values present in familiar. It is not necessary to pass these
The remaining columns in the colon dataset represent
features. There are two numeric features,
nodes, a categorical feature
rx and several
categorical and ordinal features encoded with integer values. Familiar
will automatically detect and encode features that consist of
type. However, it will not automatically convert the features encoded
with integer values. This is by design – familiar cannot determine
whether a feature with integer values is intended to be a categorical
feature or not. Should categorical features that are encoded with
integers be present in your dataset, you should manually encode such
values in the data prior to passing the data to familiar. For the
colon dataset, this could be done as follows:
# Categorical features $sex <- factor(x=data$sex, levels=c(0, 1), labels=c("female", "male")) data$obstruct <- factor(data$obstruct, levels=c(0, 1), labels=c(FALSE, TRUE)) data$perfor <- factor(data$perfor, levels=c(0, 1), labels=c(FALSE, TRUE)) data$adhere <- factor(data$adhere, levels=c(0, 1), labels=c(FALSE, TRUE)) data$surg <- factor(data$surg, levels=c(0, 1), labels=c("short", "long")) data # Ordinal features $differ <- factor(data$differ, levels=c(1, 2, 3), labels=c("well", "moderate", "poor"), ordered=TRUE) data$extent <- factor(data$extent, levels=c(1, 2, 3, 4), labels=c("submucosa", "muscle", "serosa", "contiguous_structures"), ordered=TRUE) data ::kable(data[1:5])knitr
Manual encoding also has the advantage that ordinal features can be
specified. Familiar cannot determine whether features with
character type values have an associated order and will
encode these as regular categorical variables. Another advantage is that
manual encoding allows for specifying the reference level, i.e. the
level to which other levels of a feature are compared in regression
models. Otherwise, the reference level is taken as the first level after
sorting the levels.
The experimental design defines how data analysis is performed.
Familiar allows for various designs, from very straightforward training
on a single dataset, to complex nested cross-validation with external
validation. Experimental design is defined using the
experimental_design parameter and consists of basic
workflow components and subsampling methods. The basic workflow
fs: positions the feature selection step. This
component should always be present, even if
fs_method="none". Moreover, note that the feature selection
step only determines variable importance. Actual feature selection takes
place after optimisation for model hyperparameters determines the
optimal number of features.
mb: positions the model building step. This
component should always be present.
ev: positions the external validation step. This
should be used in conjunction with the
parameter to specify which batches/cohorts should be used for external
ev is optional.
Each basic workflow component can only appear once in the
experimental design. It is possible to form an experiment using just the
basic workflow components, i.e.
fs+mb+ev. In these experiments, feature selection is
directly followed by modelling, with external validation of the model on
one or more validation cohorts for
fs+mb+ev. These options
correspond to TRIPOD type 1a and 3, respectively. TRIPOD analysis types
1b and 2 require more complicated experimental designs, which are
facilitated by subsampling.
Hyperparameter optimisation does not require explicit specification. Hyperparameter optimisation is conducted when required to determine variable importance and prior to building a model.
Subsampling methods are used to (randomly) sample the data that are not used for external validation, and divide these data into internal development and validation sets. Thus the dataset as a whole is at most divided into three parts: internal development, internal validation and external validation. Familiar implements the following subsampling methods:
bs(x,n): (stratified).632 bootstrap, with
n the number of bootstraps. Bootstrapping randomly samples
the data with replacement, and on average assigns 63.2% of the samples
to the new subsampled subset to form the in-bag dataset with the same
size as the original dataset. Remaining, unselected samples form the
out-of-bag dataset. All pre-processing steps and hyperparameter
optimisation (if any) are performed using the in-bag data.
bt(x,n): (stratified).632 bootstrap, with
n the number of bootstraps. Functions like
but pre-processing parameters and hyperparameters (if any) are inherited
from the enveloping layer. That is, for
twenty bootstraps are created from the development dataset, and feature


text:
Global Albedo Map of Mars
The albedo of any planetary surface is defined as the fraction of incident solar radiation reflected by the surface. The magnitude and spatial distribution of Martian surface albedo are important inputs for characterisation of Martian surface and Atmospheric circulation. The global Short Wave Infra Red (SWIR) albedo map in wavelength band 1.64-1.66 µm has been derived for the surface of Mars using the data from Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) onboard the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). Five months (October 2014- February 2015) of radiance data from the reference channel of MSM are converted to the top of atmosphere reflectance normalised to sun-sensor viewing geometry and incoming solar flux. The global view of MSM derived Martian SWIR albedo has been averaged at ~50 km spatial resolution.
The bright regions (albedo > 0.4) are mainly localised over the Tharsis plateau, Arbia Terra and Elysium Planitia regions of Mars. The low albedo regions (< 0.15) are mainly localized in Syrtis Major and Southern highlands and parts of Northern hemisphere. In general low albedo values are associated with darker surface on Mars having volcanic rock basalt on surface. Higher albedo values represents surface covered by Dust. The area shown in blue colour indicates the presence of basaltic composition while red indicates the dust covered regions of Mars.
Global albeda of Mars using MSM data

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Paint is the image editor included with Windows. Most photographers probably overlook MS Paint for editing photos as it has relatively limited tools compared with the likes of Photoshop. However, the new Windows 10 Paint 3D app has certainly added another dimension to the image editor. One thing you can do with both Paint apps is add a transparent background to a picture so that one image can overlap another.
There are two ways that you can make a picture's background transparent. The first method involves cutting out a foreground area in an image so that the rest of its surrounding background becomes transparent. Then you can paste the foreground over another image. The second method involves deleting an area from a picture so it's left with a transparent area that you can fill by adding a second background image layer.
You can add transparent backgrounds to selected foregrounds with the original Paint. However, that Windows accessory doesn't save transparent backgrounds so that you can combine images with layers.
However, you can set up image layers with transparent backgrounds in Paint 3D. This is how you can make a background 100% transparent in both Paint and Paint 3D.
Add Transparent Backgrounds to Images With Paint
- Open Paint by clicking the Cortana button. Enter the keyword 'Paint' in Cortana's search box, and select to open Paint.
- Next, click File > Open; and select an image to open.
- Press the Select button, and then click the Transparent selection option.
- Select the Free-form selection option on the Select button's menu.
- Trace around a foreground area to preserve from the original picture with the cursor by holding the left mouse button. The rest of the picture left outside the traced area will be the transparent background.
- Right-click within the rectangle that appears around the selected area. Select Cut on the context menu to remove the selected foreground from the picture as in the snapshot below.
- Now open an entirely new image in Paint.
- Press the Ctrl + V hotkey to paste the foreground area you traced from the first image. As that picture now has a transparent background, you can see the rest of the second image behind it as shown below.
- Now left-click the pasted foreground image, and drag it to a suitable position on the background picture.
Add Transparent Backgrounds to Saved Images With Paint 3D
Cutting the foreground out in Paint leaves a blank area in the original picture. However, that does not become a transparent region in the original picture when you save the image. Consequently, the area cut out remains blank when you open the image and utilize layers in other image-editing software as shown in the snapshot directly below.
However, Paint 3D in Windows 10 does save transparent areas in images. Although the app doesn't include a full layers tool, you can also insert one picture on top of another so that it overlaps. This is how you can fill the transparent area left in one picture with a background layer image in Paint 3D.
- Enter 'Paint 3D' in Windows 10's search box. If you haven't had the Creators update, add the app to Windows 10 from this website page.
- Select to open the Paint 3D app below.
- Click Menu > Open > Browse files, and select an image to open in Paint 3D.
- Press the Canvas button to open the sidebar shown directly below.
- Click the Transparent canvas setting on the sidebar.
- Press the Select button, and then drag the selection rectangle over an area of the image to delete.
- Press the Ctrl + X hotkey to cut out the area from the picture as in the snapshot below. That leaves the picture with a blank transparent area that any background layer can fill.
- Click Menu > Save as, and select the 2D PNG option.
- Enter a file title in the text box, and press the Save button.
- Click Menu > New to open a blank canvas.
- Click Menu > Open > Browse files, and select to open a background layer image for the transparent picture you just saved.
- Click Menu > Insert, and select to open the transparent image that you saved. The transparent image will open on top of the background layer as shown in the snapshot directly below.
- As you can see, the background image layer now fills the transparent area in the overlapping picture. You can resize the overlapping picture by moving the cursor to one of the selection border's corners, holding the left mouse button and then dragging the cursor.
- To rotate the foreground picture layer, hover the cursor over the rotation circle at the top of the selection border and hold the left mouse button. Drag the cursor left or right to rotate the selected layer clockwise or anti-clockwise.
So, that's how Paint and Paint 3D users can add transparent backgrounds to images. Then you can combine the transparent images with other pictures by pasting the selected foreground or overlapping them with layers.
RELATED STORIES TO CHECK OUT:
- Paint cannot save this file. Save was interrupted, so your file has not been saved
- Microsoft Paint will still be available in the Windows Store
- Krita 3.0 is an amazing free Windows 10 painting app, takes on Photoshop


Education:The Space Race and Satellite Technology
From GHN
Revision as of 13:56, 9 May 2013 by Administrator2 (Talk | contribs)
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9-12 World History/US History
Time Required for Completed Lesson
1 class period
Common Core State Standards
Grades 9-10 Key Ideas and Details RH.9-10.2. Determine a central idea or information of a primary source or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text.
RH.9-10.3. Analyze in detail a series of events described in a text; determine whether earlier events caused later ones or simply preceded them.
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas RH.9-10.9. Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources.
Whiteboard, projector, PowerPoint, copies of readings, videos
Anticipatory Set
1) Discussion of the Cold War in the context of the space race and satellite technology.
2) Short teacher-generated PowerPoint on the evolution of telecommunications, from early forms like smoke signals to the internet and satellite technology.
1) Students will read about the space race from
2) Students will fill in a timeline marking the evolution of telecommunications.
3) Students will read select portions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
4) Teacher will lead a class discussion on the consequences of the Telecommunications of 1996.
5) Teacher will lead a class discussion on the possible democratizing impact of satellite radio on the communications industry.
1) gMain ideas and supporting details of reading will be highlighted
2) Varied methods of lesson plan to accommodate different learning abilities.
3) Small group interaction
Students will break into groups in order to debate the impact of satellite radio on citizen communication and news dissemination.
Open-ended question: What role does satellite radio have in the following areas: communication, news, terrestrial radio, citizenship?
1) Literacy skills will be applied throughout the lesson.
2) Computer skills will be applied.
3) Artistic and graphic aspects of the lesson will be applied
4) Oral and debate skills will be emphasized.
1) Students will create a Venn diagram comparing the terrestrial radio with satellite radio.
2) Teacher will point out that the two original satellite radio companies, Sirius and XM, have merged. We will have a short class discussion on how this alters what they have learned.
Submitted by: Neal Ziskind


text:
How the Wild West REALLY looked: Gorgeous sepia-tinted pictures show the landscape as it was charted for the very first time
By Rob Cooper
These remarkable 19th century sepia-tinted pictures show the American West as you have never seen it before - as it was charted for the first time.
The photos, by Timothy O'Sullivan, are the first ever taken of the rocky and barren landscape.
At the time federal government officials were travelling across Arizona, Nevada, Utah and the rest of the west as they sought to uncover the land's untapped natural resources.
Breathtaking landscape: A view across the Shoshone Falls, Snake River, Idaho in 1874 as it was caught on camera by photographer Timothy O'Sullivan during Lt. George M. Wheeler's survey west of the One Hundredth Meridian that lasted from 1871 to 1874. Approximately 45 feet higher than the Niagara falls of the U.S and Canada, the Shoshone Falls are sometimes called the 'Niagara of the West'. Before mass migration and industrialisation of the west, the Bannock and Shoshone Indians relied on the huge salmon stocks of the falls as a source of food. And the John C. Fremont Expedition of 1843, one of the first missions to encounter the falls reported that salmon could be caught simply by throwing a spear into the water, such was the stock
Land rising from the water: The Pyramid and Domes, a line of dome-shaped tufa rocks in Pyramid Lake, Nevada photographed in 1867. Taken as part of Clarence King's Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, O'Sullivan's mesmerising pictures of the other-wordly rock formations at Pyramid Lake committed the sacred native American Indian site to camera for the first time
Famous photographer: Timothy O'Sullivan whose childhood and background are the subject of debate among photographic scholar was of Irish ancestry. It is known that as a teenager he worked in the studio of the legendary 19th century photographer Mathew Brady, who is seen as the father of photo-journalism. A veteran of the American Civil War in its first year, O'Sullivan turned his hand to photographing the horrors of war in during the final three years of the conflict before setting out on his cross-continental expeditions.
Timothy O'Sullivan, who used a box camera, worked with the Government teams as they explored the land. He had earlier covered the U.S. Civil War and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century.
He also took pictures of the Native American population for the first time as a team of artists, photographers, scientists and soldiers explored the land in the 1860s and 1870s.
The images of the landscape were remarkable - because the majority of people at the time would not have known they were there or have ever had a chance to see it for themselves.
O'Sullivan died from tuberculosis at the age of 42 in 1882 - just years after the project had finished.
He carted a dark room wagon around the Wild West on horseback so that he could develop his images. He spent seven years exploring the landscape and thousands of pictures have survived from his travels.
The project was designed to attract settlers to the largely uninhabited region.
O'Sullivan used a primitive wet plate box camera which he would have to spend several minutes setting up every time he wanted to take a photograph.
He would have to assemble the device on a tripod, coat a glass plate with collodion - a flammable solution. The glass would then be put in a holder before being inserted into a camera.
After a few seconds exposure, he would rush the plate to his dark room wagon and cover it in chemicals to begin the development process.
Considered one of the forerunners to Ansel Adams, Timothy O'Sullivan is a hero to other photographers according to the Tucson Weekly.
'Most of the photographers sent to document the West's native peoples and its geologic formations tried to make this strange new land accessible, even picturesque,' said Keith McElroy a history of photography professor in Tucson.
'At a time when Manifest Destiny demanded that Americans conquer the land, he pictured a West that was forbidding and inhospitable.
'With an almost modern sensibility, he made humans and their works insignificant.
'His photographs picture scenes, like a flimsy boat helpless against the dark shadows of Black Canyon, or explorers almost swallowed up by the crevices of Canyon de Chelly.'
Native Americans: The Pah-Ute (Paiute) Indian group, near Cedar, Utah in a picture from 1872. Government officials were chartering the land for the first time as part of Lt. George M. Wheeler's survey west of the One Hundredth Meridian which O'Sullivan accompanied the Lieutenant on. During this expedition O'Sullivan nearly drowned in the Truckee River (which runs from Lake Tahoe to Pyramid Lake, located in northwestern Nevada) when his boat got jammed against rocks.
Breathtaking: Twin buttes stand near Green River City, Wyoming, photographed in 1872 four years after settlers made the river basin their home. Green River and its distinctive twin rock formations that stand over the horizon was supposed to the site of a division point for the Union Pacific Railroad, but when the engineers arrived they were shocked to find that the area had been settled and so had to move the railroad west 12 miles to Bryan, Wyoming.
19th century housing: Members of Clarence King's Fortieth Parallel Survey team explore the land near Oreana, Nevada, in 1867. Clarence King was a 25-year-old Yale graduate, who hired Irish tough guy O'Sullivan for his Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Funded by the War Department, the plan was to survey the unexplored territory that lay between the California Sierras and the Rockies, with a view toward finding a good place to lay railroad tracks while also looking for mining possibilities and assessing the level of Indian hostility in the area.
Incredible: Tents can be seen (bottom, centre) at a point known as Camp Beauty close to canyon walls in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona. Photographed in 1873 and situated in northeastern Arizona, the area is one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes in North American and holds preserved ruins of early indigenous people's such as The Anasazi and Navajo.
On this rock I build a church: Old Mission Church, Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico pictured in 1873 where the Zuni people of North have lived for millennia. O'Sullivan was famous for not trying to romanticise the native American plight or way of life in his photographs and instead of asking them to wear tribal dress was happy to photograph them wearing denim jeans.
9. Native Americans: Boat crew of the 'Picture' at Diamond Creek. Photo shows photographer Timothy O'Sullivan, fourth from left, with fellow members of the Wheeler survey and Native Americans, following ascent of the Colorado River through the Black Canyon in 1871. O'Sullivans work during Lt. George M. Wheeler's survey west of the One Hundredth Meridian in Black Canyon has been called some of the greatest photography of the 19th century and a clear inspiration for that other great American photographer Ansel Adams.
Landscape: Browns Park, Colorado, as seen by Timothy O'Sullivan in 1872 as he chartered the landscape for the first time. Historians have noted that even though the photographer had become a more-than-experienced explorer at this point, the ordeals of the Wheeler survey tested him to the extremes of his endurance
Rockies: A man sits on a shore beside the Colorado River in Iceberg Canyon, on the border of Mojave County, Arizona, and Clark County, Nevada in 1871 during the Wheeler expedition. Lieutenant Wheeler insisted that the team explore the Colorado River by going upstream into the Grand Canyon--apparently to beat a rival, who had first gone downriver in 1869. There was no particular scientific reason to do the trip backward.
Timothy O'Sullivan's darkroom wagon, pulled by four mules, entered the frame at the right side of the photograph, reached the center of the image, and abruptly U-turned, heading back out of the frame. Footprints leading from the wagon toward the camera reveal the photographer's path. Made at the Carson Sink in Nevada, this image of shifting sand dunes reveals the patterns of tracks recently reconfigured by the wind. The wagon's striking presence in this otherwise barren scene dramatises the pioneering experience of exploration and discovery in the wide, uncharted landscapes of the American West.
Industrial revolution: The mining town of Gold Hill, just south of Virginia City, Nevada, in 1867 was town whose prosperity was preserved by mining a rare silver ore called Comstock Lode. On the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Clarence King insisted that his men dress for dinner every evening and speak French, and O'Sullivan had no difficulty fitting in.
Early rails: A wooden balanced incline used for gold mining, at the Illinois Mine in the Pahranagat Mining District, Nevada in 1871. An ore car would ride on parallel tracks connected to a pulley wheel at the top of tracks. Because of his work in U.S Civil War of 1861 to 1865, the organisers of the two geological surveys that he photographed knew that O'Sullivan was made of stern stuff and therefore could cope with the rigors of life outdoors far from home
Silver mining: Here photographer Timothy O'Sullivan documents the actvities of the Savage and the Gould and Curry mines in Virginia City, Nevada, in 1867 900ft

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The Medieval Mason
Interior Wall, Romsey Abbey
Stone buildings and stonemasons went together in the Middle Ages. It took skill and ingenuity to produce beautiful buildings, many of which have stood for centuries. It also took planning and the use of sophisticated lifting equipment.
Stone was an expensive material to use, even if it was quarried locally, and it needed skilled men to cut and shape it.
Different groups of men worked with the stone needed for a castle, a cathedral or a church. The stone had to be quarried first. Quarrymen were not masons. Their job was simply to get the stone for the masons to work on out of the ground. Usually, local stone was used, but occasionally stone could travel long distances, even from other countries. For Winchester Castle, for example, stone was brought from Selborne (18 miles away), the Isle of Wight (30 miles, but half of them on water), Haslebury (70 miles) and Caen (across the Channel in France). Transport costs, as well as the quality of the stone, meant that stone brought from far away was very expensive.
There were different classes of masons and the first two were the rough masons and the freemasons. The rough masons were unskilled and made the rubble walls, which were often used where neither strength nor appearance was considered important. Rubble was a low grade of stone, which could not be cut or shaped. Sometimes rubble walls were dressed so that an inner core of rubble was covered with smoothly-cut and close-fitting stones. This photograph shows a rubble interior.
Arrow Slit, Arundel Tower, Southampton
Freemasons could cut freestone to make squared blocks (ashlars) or complex shapes. The interior and exterior walls of Romsey Abbey pictured at the top of the post and below are made of cut stone. The freemasons put the stones in place and carved the decorative parts of a building. Freemasons earned more than rough masons, but they were not at the top of the chain.
Exterior Wall, Romsey Abbey
The master mason was in overall charge of the building site. He was the designer, engineer and contractor. He was the man employed by the patron to be responsible for all the building work. There would be a contract between the master mason and the patron which set out what the master mason was to build and how much he would be paid for doing so. He designed the building and took on all the men he needed to get the job done. He was paid by the patron and he, in turn, paid all the other men employed on the building site.
Some patrons wanted more of a say in the design than others and some master masons seem to have reused design elements from one building to another. They might even have been employed specifically to incorporate something that they had done elsewhere and that the patron liked.
Designs for decorative work were illustrated on a tracing floor. This was a plaster-covered surface on the ground onto which the master mason could trace the full-size design. From this he made a wooden template for the freemason to use as a pattern.
The masons worked in a lodge – a wooden structure on the building site that provided some shelter while they worked on the stone. It was also a place for them to eat and rest.
The cut stones were heavy. At ground level they could be moved on wooden rollers, but getting them to the tops of ever-growing walls required more ingenuity. A pulley was used to lift stones. Usually, this was done with the help of one or more men inside a treadmill. A hand winch could be used for small blocks of stone.
Most buildings were designed using squares and circles. The master mason used simple geometry to work out the proportions with a compass and a square. He did not necessarily need to understand the mathematics behind his design.
The working season was usually from the feast of the Purification of the Virgin, or Candlemas (2nd February), to All Saints Day (1st November). At the end of the season the work was covered, often with straw, to protect it from the elements until the next season. Work stopped before temperatures fell below freezing, as the mortar was useless once it had frozen.
Medieval building techniques can be seen at the archaeological project at Guédelon, where a castle is being built using techniques from the thirteenth century. The DVD Secrets of the Castle, which was filmed there, shows these techniques.
Filed under DVD Review
11 responses to "The Medieval Mason
 1. Fascinating, as always! 🌺
 Liked by 1 person
 2. At every level, those masons did amazing work.
 Liked by 1 person
 3. That was interesting to read. Isn't it marvellous what they were able to accomplish without all the sophisticated kit available nowadays. And the length of time it took to complete a project. Quite awesome. A fascinating topic. Thankyou.
 Liked by 1 person
 4. Pingback: Anatomy of a Castle – Furniture | A Writer's Perspective
 5. Kora
 Hello! I am doing a speech on Masons from medieval times for my history class. I can't seem to find how much their pay was. Could anyone help me? It is needed by 02/05/21. Thank you!
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text:
Face Identification by a Cascade of Rejection Classifiers
MetadataShow full item record
Nearest neighbor search is commonly employed in face recognition but it does not scale well to large dataset sizes. A strategy to combine rejection classifiers into a cascade for face identification is proposed in this paper. A rejection classifier for a pair of classes is defined to reject at least one of the classes with high confidence. These rejection classifiers are able to share discriminants in feature space and at the same time have high confidence in the rejection decision. In the face identification problem, it is possible that a pair of known individual faces are very dissimilar. It is very unlikely that both of them are close to an unknown face in the feature space. Hence, only one of them needs to be considered. Using a cascade structure of rejection classifiers, the scope of nearest neighbor search can be reduced significantly. Experiments on Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) version 1 data demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant speed up and an accuracy comparable with the brute force Nearest Neighbor method. In addition, a graph cut based clustering technique is employed to demonstrate that the pairwise separability of these rejection classifiers is capable of semantic grouping.


Why was Alexander Hamilton important?
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pohnpei397's profile pic
Posted on (Answer #1)
Alexander Hamilton is important mostly for what he did while George Washington was president. He was also a major American figure in the Revolutionary War, but it was his work in government that is most important.
Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury under the government created by the Constitution. In this position, he created the financial structure for the United States. He set up a system for funding the national debt. He proposed a national bank and a tariff. He did these things because he wanted to set up a stable economic environment that would allow the United States to eventually become a wealth and industrialized nation.
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text:
Scrabble word: GENDERS
In which Scrabble dictionary does GENDERS exist?
Definitions of GENDERS in dictionaries:
- noun - a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives
- noun - the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
- verb - to bring into existence


text:
Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data
Mansor, S. B. and Cracknell, Arthur P. and Shilin, B. V. and Gornyi, V. I. (1994) Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15 (8). pp. _PHONE_. ISSN 0143-1161
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
The potential utility of thermal infrared and short wavelength infrared data for detecting and mapping sub-surface high temperature sources is analysed. In this study, NOAA-9 AVHRR data and Landsat-5 TM data were used to detect and map sub-surface coal fires. Brightness temperature depicted by AVHRR band 3 illustrated high thermal anomalies in the suspected area. Due to the relatively low spatial resolution of the AVHRR data, only TM data is used in detailed analysis. The short wavelength infrared sensors (bands 5 and 7) have been used to locate the positions of the most intense burning. The thermal band (band 6) has been useful in distinguishing gross thermal anomalies from the background of solar warming, The resultant surface temperature anomalies are compared to surface temperatures derived from thermal infrared aerial survey and ground measurements. Correlation of these data indicate that the relatively coarse resolution of the thermal TM data enabled the detection, delineation and quantifying of sub-surface coal fire zones. However, the capability of the short wavelength infrared bands to locate the position of the fire fronts is only preliminary. The research shows that the information gathered from the TM data could only be used as a basis for planning the detailed ground geothermal operation. The investigation also reveals the potential capability of the AVHRR band 3 to detect sub-surface high temperature sources such as coal fires.
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text: This is the earliest dated armor from the royal workshops at Greenwich, which were established in 1515 by Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47) to produce armors for himself and his court. It is also the earliest surviving Greenwich garniture, an armor made with a series of exchange and reinforcing pieces by which it could be adapted for use in battle and in different forms of the tournament. Furthermore, the overall etching and gilding place it among the most richly decorated of all Greenwich armors. The design of the decoration is attributed to the German-born Swiss artist Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543), who worked at the English court from 1526 to 1528.The surviving exchange elements of this armor are a reinforcing breastplate with lance rest for use in the field or in the mounted tournament with lances; a left-hand gauntlet reinforce, or manifer, also used in the tournament with lances; and a right-hand locking gauntlet for the mounted tournament with swords.A highly unusual and innovative feature is the ventral plate, which was worn strapped to the chest beneath the breastplate in order to lessen the weight supported from the shoulders. A ventral plate is found on only one other armor, made in Greenwich in 1540 for Henry VIII.This armor is believed to have been made for Henry VIII and presented by him to the French ambassador François de La Tour d'Auvergne, viscount of Turenne, who led a diplomatic mission to London in 1527. After the viscount's death in 1532, the armor presumably passed to his friend Galiot de Genouilhac, grand master of artillery and grand ecuyer (master of the horse) of France, from whose descendants it came to The Metropolitan Museum of Art.


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No one likes to think about the repairs they may encounter with their heating system, but it's likely that at some point you will need to call for heating repair in Macon City. If you have a radiant heating system, the repairs you may have to manage will depend at least somewhat on the kind of radiant heating system you have. There are two main types of radiant heating systems – hydronic and electric – and different repairs can develop with each type. As such, it's best to address this question by breaking down the two types of systems first.
Hydronic radiant heating systems heat via hot water or steam. A boiler is needed to generate the hot water, so a boiler is an important part of a hydronic heating system. The types of repair problems that you may see with a hydronic radiant heating system are:
- Issues with the boiler – boilers are durable and have fewer moving parts than a furnace, but age can wear a unit down. If the boiler isn't working the way it's supposed to, your radiant heating won't, either.
- Airlock – just as bubbles can get into the piping and cause an issue with a radiator, they can do the same with the PEX tubing used for your radiant heating. An airlock can cause a blockage in the flow of the steam or water, creating a cold spot where there should be heat.
Electric radiant heating uses a cable that heats when electrified. The cable can be installed directly to the subflooring, be installed as part of an electrically-conductive mat or set in cement. Repair problems that can develop with an electric radiant heating system are:
- Tripping circuit breakers – depending on the size of your radiant flooring space, you may need to upgrade your electric box in order to accommodate the extra electrical load the flooring requires; if you don't, you could end up with tripping circuit breakers that cut off the electricity and your heat.
- Uneven heating – should the electric cables suffer any kind of damage or be defective, you could have sections of your flooring that aren't getting any heat, resulting in uneven heating.
Radiant heating repairs in Macon City should always be handled by a trained expert, so if you are experiencing problems with your radiant heating, contact Premier Indoor Comfort Systems today.


text:
For the past year and more, the New York State Board of Regents has spent a huge proportion of its time designing and debating a test-based educator evaluation system. The system was developed by AIR (American Institutes for Research) and has been criticized as inaccurate by Bruce Baker, who says that even AIR recognizes how flawed the system is. Yet Governor Cuomo, Mayor Bloomberg and Chancellor Tisch say "full speed ahead."
Regent Roger Tilles, who represents Long Island on the state Board of Regents, wrote the following letter and distributed it to many people. He asks the right questions:
Friday, we were all witnesses to the horror of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings. As the story unfolded, we learned of the selfless devotion of the teachers and administrators, putting themselves in danger while trying to protect their students, their children.
In trying to put these events in a context that we, as policymakers must try to do, I asked myself these questions:
1. What kind of algorithm measures the kind of devotion that we saw and I am sure we would see in crisis after crisis in all of our schools?
2. How do you establish a preand post-test for the kind of personal responsibility that these professionals demonstrated?
3. How do we measure the trust that these children and their parents have placed in us as educators "in loco parentis"?
4. What kind of virtual teacher would be able to foster the communication needed to create a trusting atmosphere where learning can take place?
Let us remember these questions as we are asked to develop policies that insure the future of our children and our country.
Roger Tilles, Member
New York State Board of Regents


text:
Bianca Törok, Roland Törok, Forna Norina
The study aimed to assess the distribution of periimplant augmentation techniques and graft materials in relation to demographic factors and local parameters.
Materials and method. In a study group of 100 edentulous patients candidate to dental implants it was investigated the share of bone augmentation techniques and graft materials in relation to age groups, edentation localization (maxillary vs mandibular; dental groups); alveolar bone resorption degree.
Results. GBR technique was mostly used with highest shares as follows: 92,3% for maxillary implant sites in age group 50-59, 78,3% for maxillary implant sites in areas of molars and premolars, all implant sites Misch class B.
Conclusions. Traditional GBR was the most used addition technique, followed by SGBR and block transplant for all age groups, localization and alveolar bone resorption degrees. Xenografts were the most used augmentation materials for all categories of alveolar bone resorption.


text:
Accession Number : ADA184128
Title : Intelligence Decision Support System for the Republic of Korea Army Engineer Operation.
Descriptive Note : Master's thesis,
Corporate Author : NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
Personal Author(s) : Jang,Chang K
PDF Url : ADA184128
Report Date : Jun 1987
Pagination or Media Count : 87
Abstract : In the current circumstances of the Korean Army, the engineer units perform two major missions-river crossing and obstacle/denial operations - to support the combined arms team. To accomplish these missions, engineer units need various kinds of data and information during the planning phase of operations. This kind of data and information can be provided by the information processing system that is to be developed in this thesis. This thesis is to apply a computer based information processing system to the planning phase of the military operations. The author presents an intelligent decision support system for the Army Engineer Operations, specifically the river crossing and obstacle/denial operations. The purpose of this system is to maintain and analyze the related information stored in the computer and to provide the resulting information to the commanders and their staffs to help them make their decisions more effectively. To accomplish this task, the author has used the structured system analysis and design methodology through the system development process, and has implemented the river crossing operation in a microcomputer with dBASE III Plus as an example.
Descriptors : *INFORMATION PROCESSING, *INFORMATION SYSTEMS, *MILITARY ENGINEERING, *ARMY PLANNING, *ARMY INTELLIGENCE, ENGINEERS, DECISION MAKING, KOREA, MILITARY OPERATIONS, PLANNING, MILITARY COMMANDERS, MICROCOMPUTERS, CROSSINGS, RIVERS, MILITARY FORCES(FOREIGN), MILITARY REQUIREMENTS, MILITARY ENGINEERS, THESES, SOUTH KOREA, ALGORITHMS, AREA DENIAL, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Subject Categories : Military Intelligence
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE


text:
HOW TO CALCULATE POOLS WINNINGS!
If you have always been in the dark about figuring out how much you won whenever your games click, this post will solve your problem.
List of pool betting sites in Nigeria Click here Now
Winnings like 3/3, 4/4,5/5 etc in fixed odds are easiest to calculate when the maximum number of lines obtainable have been secured. Just multiply the amount staked by the odd for the coupon that week.
However, if in a permutation game, you get at least the minimum selection required, to determine your winnings, first you must know the lines of your selection, then your winning lines which is defined by the numbers you get correctly in your selection (check the permutation reckoner below or at back of your special advance fixture). You can then calculate your winning as follows:
1. Multiply your winning lines by the amount staked per line.
2. Multiply what you get in (1) above by the odd for the game that week.
For example: If you make a permutation of 3 from 6, the total number of lines is 20(check the permutation reckoner). If your total investment on the coupon is N500, that means the coupon was staked at N25 per line. If out of the 6 games, 5 are correct, your winning line is 10. If the odd for the game that week is 40, then your winning will be:
10 multiplied by 25 = 250
250 multiplied by 40 =10,000
However, there is a more direct formula for this calculation which is:
Winning = WL x Odd x AS
WL = Winning Lines = 10
Odd = Coupon Odd = 40
AS = Amount staked = 500
TLS = Total Lines staked = 20
Winning = 10 x 40 x 500 = 10000
You staked 10 numbers, expecting a minimum of 3, on coupon with N24,000 in week 41. 8 of your selection were correct and they played total of 9 draws on coupon. How much did you win?
WL = 56
Odd = 100
AS = 24000
TLS = 120
Winning = 56 x 100 x 24,000 = 1,120,00
That same week, you staked 6 numbers expecting a minimum of 3 draws, with N1200. 3 of your selections were correct. How much did you win?
WL = 1
Odd = 100
AS = 1200
TLS = 20
Winning = 1 x 100 x 1200 = 6000
But if 4 of your selection had been correct, your winning would have been:
Winning = 4 x 100 x 1200 = 24,400
If you had gotten the whole 6 selections correct, your winnings would have been directly calculated as:
Winning = Odd x AS
= 100 x 1200 = 120,000
In the calculation of winnings, the ready reckoner comes very handy in determining the total lines staked, how much to stake and the winning lines. Download and study the image below
Source : solutiontipster


text:
IIT JEE/JEE Advanced
All Engineering exam page
CBSE Sample Papers Class 10
ICSE Sample Papers Class 10
View complete NRI section
Amount of substance
Express in base units
Important:The following conventions are adopted while writing a unit.(1) Even if a unit is named after a person the unit is not written capital letters. i.e. we write joules not Joules.(2) For a unit named after a person the symbol is a capital letter e.g. for joules we write 'J' and the rest of them are in lowercase letters e.g. seconds is written as 's'. (3) The symbols of units do not have plural form i.e. 70 m not 70 ms or 10 N not 10Ns. (4) Not more than one solid's is used i.e. all units of numerator written together before the '/' sign and all in the denominator written after that. i.e. It is 1 ms-2 or 1 m/s-2 not 1m/s/s. (5) Punctuation marks are not written after the unit e.g. 1 litre = 1000 cc not 1000 c.c.It has to be borne in mind that SI system of units is not the only system of units that is followed all over the world. There are some countries (though they are very few in number) which use different system of units. For example: the FPS (Foot Pound Second) system or the CGS (Centimeter Gram Second) system.Dimensions The unit of any derived quantity depends upon one or more fundamental units. This dependence can be expressed with the help of dimensions of that derived quantity. In other words, the dimensions of a physical quantity show how its unit is related to the fundamental units.To express dimensions, each fundamental unit is represented by a capital letter. Thus the unit of length is denoted by L, unit of mass by M. Unit of time by T, unit of electric current by I, unit of temperature by K and unit of luminous intensity by C. Remember that speed will always remain distance covered per unit of time, whatever is the system of units, so the complex quantity speed can be expressed in terms of length L and time T. Now,we say that dimensional formula of speed is LT-1. We can relate the physical quantities to each other (usually we express complex quantities in terms of base quantities) by a system of dimensions.Dimension of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental quantities must be raised to represent the given physical quantity.
ExampleDensity of a substance is defined to be the mass contained in unit volume of the substance. Hence, [density] = ([mass])/([volume]) = M/L3 = ML-3 So, the dimensions of density are 1 in mass, -3 in length and 0 in time. Hence the dimensional formula of density is written as [ρ]= ML-3T0It is to be noted that constants such as ½ π, or trigonometric functions such as "sin wt" have no units or dimensions because they are numbers, ratios which are also numbers.Units and Dimensions are important from IIT JEE perspective. Objective questions are framed on this section. AIEEE definitely has 1-2 questions every year directly on these topics. Sometimes both IIT JEE and AIEEE do not ask questions on units and dimensions directly but they change units and involve indirect application. So it's very important to master these concepts at early stage as this forms the basis of your preparation for IIT JEE and AIEEE Physics.At askIITians we provide you free study material on units and dimensions so that you get all the professional help needed to get through IIT JEE and AIEEE easily. AskIITians also provides live online IIT JEE preparation and coaching where you can attend our live online classes from your home!
Multiplication of Vectors 1. Multiplication of...
General Physics Topics Dimensions | Applications...
Vector Components Components of a Vector: From the...


An obstetrician wants to learn whether the amount of prenatal care and the wantedness of the pregnancy are associated. He randomly selects 939 women who had recently given birth and asks them to disclose whether their pregnancy was intended, unintended or mistimed. In addition they were to disclose when they started receiving prenatal care. If ever. The results of the survey are as follows
Wantedness of pregnancy Less than 3 months 3 to 5 months More than 5 months
intended 593 26 33
unintended 64 8 11
mistimed 169 19 16
a. compute the expected values of each cell under the assumption of independence
b. verify that the requirements for performing a chi square test of independence are satisfied.
c. Compute the chi square test statistic
d. Test whether prenatal care and the wantedness of pregnancy are independed at the α=0.05 level of significance
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I create a simple simulink model using Matlab Function block to calculate angles of 4 dof robotic arm using Robotic toolbox Matlab while input is x, y and z values. I used forward kinematics to calculate angles. Model and error is shown in below images: enter image description here enter image description here
My code is given below (which is put in matlab funcrion block):
function [theta1,theta2,theta3,theta4]=invkin(px,py,pz)
% code to find inverse kinematics solution for 4 dof rootic arm
preach = [px py pz]; % reach point of end-effector
theta1 = 0; theta2 = 0; theta3 = 0; theta4 = 0;
% create links using D-H parameters
L(1) = Link([ 0 0 0 pi/2 0],'standard');
L(2) = Link([ 0.15005.4318 0 0],'standard');
L(3) = Link([0.0203 0 -pi/2 0],'standard');
L(4) = Link([0.4318 0 pi/2 0],'standard');
%define link mass
L(1).m = 4.43;
L(2).m = 10.2;
L(3).m = 4.8;
L(4).m = 1.18;
%define center of gravity
L(1).r = [ 0 0 -0.08];
L(2).r = [ -0.216 0 0.026];
L(3).r = [ 0 0 0.216];
L(4).r = [ 0 0.02 0];
%define link inertial as a 6-element vector
%interpreted in the order of [Ixx Iyy Izz Ixy Iyz Ixz]
L(1).I = [ 0.195 0.195 0.026 0 0 0];
L(2).I = [ 0.588 1.886 1.470 0 0 0];
L(3).I = [ 0.324 0.324 0.017 0 0 0];
L(4).I = [ 3.83e-3 2.5e-3 3.83e-3 0 0 0];
% set limits for joints
 L(1).qlim=[deg2rad(-160) deg2rad(160)];
 L(2).qlim=[deg2rad(-125) deg2rad(125)];
 L(3).qlim=[deg2rad(-270) deg2rad(90)];
 L(4).qlim=[deg2rad(-170) deg2rad(110)];
 %build the robot model
 rob = SerialLink(L, 'name','Puma56');
 qready = [0 -pi/4 pi/4 0]; % initial position of robot
T1= transl(preach); % convert of reach point of 4x4 homogenous matrix
[qreach,err,exitflag] = rob.ikcon(T1, qready); % find inverse kinematics with error
theta1 = qreach(1,1); theta2 = qreach(1,2); theta3 = qreach(1,3); theta4 = qreach(1,4);
How to solve these errors.
 - $\begingroup$ Constant inputs to a Matlab function to displays... why are you using Simulink at all? Why not just do it all in a Matlab script? $\endgroup$ – Chuck Mar 20 '17 at 19:07
After looking closer at your code, I'll reiterate my comment - why are you doing this in Simulink? I'll make your code briefer for clarity:
function [theta]=invkin(px,py,pz)
theta = 0;
L = ;
preach = ;
rob = f(L);
qready = ;
T1= f(preach);
qreach = f(rob,T1,qready);
theta = qreach;
 1. You aren't using the inputs at all.
 2. You're constantly resetting theta to zero at the start of the script, so if you did happen to make the inputs time-varying, I don't think the time-varying output would be what you want because you're not progressing through time. Your script would run a complete simulation at every call.
Imagine plotting this from a Matlab script - plot(time,theta) - again, there's no time dependence here. You just have one value, theta, that describes the joint angles required to achieve the desired end effector position. Your plot would be a horizontal line.
I would imagine this might be contributing to the trouble you're having implementing the fix you were given.
 - $\begingroup$ Sorry _USER_, by mistake I made preach = [px py pz] as comment while pasting code on here. Still the error is same. Your first question is why theta = 0. Because if I don't use theta = 0, matlab give error like Error in port widths or dimensions. Output port 1 of'matlabfunik/MATLAB Function/pz' is a one dimensional vector with 1 elements.And answer to your second question why I'm using simmechanics because inverse kinematics is first part after getting angle I want to do inverse dynamics of my robot. So, output from this I will used input in inverse dynamics. $\endgroup$ – Naseeb Gill Mar 20 '17 at 22:07
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ - You're getting the error in port widths because your code isn't structured to do what you want it to do. The only reason I can think of that you're running this in Simulink is because you're trying to convert your [px py pz] to a trajectory (time varying arc) and want to simulate how the robot moves. In order for that to work, though, you need to get the joint angle solution and apply it to your robot. You may be intending to add some dynamic simulation, but you don't have it yet, so you're left running a static simulation in a dynamic environment. $\endgroup$ – Chuck Mar 21 '17 at 11:54
In Simulink the Matlab embedded function block supports only a subset of the available commands in Matlab. If you want to use external functions, you have to declare these using coder.extrinsic().
If the problem is with nested functions and not with declaring the external function, you could try to de-nest the function, by simply deleting the 'value' function from the file it is defined in and create a new, separate file for the function on the same path. Please keep in mind that this is a workaround, not really a fix.
 - $\begingroup$ Thanks _USER_ for your reply but when used coder.extrinsic('value') in matlab function block, it shows same error. How to remove this. value function is shown below: function out = value(v, opt) if opt.sym out = sym(v); else out = v; end end $\endgroup$ – Naseeb Gill Mar 19 '17 at 16:47
Your Answer


Tobacco is a high-density crop that is mowed several times throughout its cycle and that can be a good thing, because it can produce as much as 160 tons of fresh biomass per hectare.
Biomass that is suitable for producing bioethanol. Smoking cigarettes is bad but renewable energy is good, tobacco just needs some help from science.
For a recent study, tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold and Havana commercial cultivars were genetically modified to increase their production of starch and sugars, which contributes to the increase in ethanol production. Traditional tobacco growing allows the plant to develop and the leaves to grow and get bigger, as the nicotine is synthesized when the plant is more mature. However, if the plants are used for producing biofuels, the researchers go for a higher-density crop similar to that of forage crops.
As Professor Jon Veramendi of Elhuyar Fundazioa explained, "What has been done now is fieldwork with these two tobacco cultivars and it has been found that the starch and sugars in the tobacco leaf are in fact higher. The tobacco plants are sown very close to each other and various mowings are made throughout the cycle. When the plant has grown to a height of about 50 cm, it is cut and the output is taken to the biomass processing factory. That way, it is possible to obtain up to 160 tonnes of matter per hectare over the whole cycle."
Published in
Molecular Breeding.
Source: Elhuyar Fundazioa


text:
The phaser is the standard Federation beam weapon system.1 The Federation divides weapons into Type classifications; a Type 1 phaser is a small weapon which fits into the palm of the hand, a Type 2 is a larger hand-held variant2, while a Type 3 is a rifle style weapon.3 Phaser hand weapons came into service c.2260, replacing the laser pistols then in service.4 Larger version had been in service on board Starships for at least ten years before this.5 Phaser is an acronym for PHASed Energy Rectification, a term which referred to the original process by which stored or supplied energy was converted to another form for release toward the target without any need for an intermediate energy transformation. Although this term is something of a holdover, it remains true in modern phaser systems.6
Phaser energy is released by the rapid nadion effect. Rapid nadions are short lived subatomic particles which can liberate and transfer strong nuclear forces within a class of crystals called fushigi-no-umi.6
Phasers have various distinct effects on the target. At low settings the beam causes pain and loss of consciousness in most beings.7 At higher levels a great deal of thermal energy is imparted to the target, causing significant heating - phasers can heat rock to 8,000oC.7 Phasers can also be set to nuclear disruption5, and phaser beams can carry physical objects such as nanoprobes.8 Phaser weapons can be set to fire narrow beams9, wide beams10, long pulses11, or short pulses - the latter can even be set to proximity blast if required.12 Federation phaser weapons are enourmously powerful - even a small hand unit is capable of blasting the whole side off a building.13Various models have been used over the years; several designs allow a Type 1 unit to be plugged into a handgrip to form the Type 2.7 In early models the large phasers carried by starships were mounted as single element weapons, known as a phaser bank.14 More modern weapons group weapons into multi-element arrays. These use force coupling to allow the energy of one emitter to be transferred almost instantly to another - a process which can be repeated along arrays of almost limitless size.6 The effects of a Federation Type 1, 2 and 3 weapons are according to a 16 level scale. Settings 1-3 cover stun effects; at levels higher than 7 the majority of phaser energy is in the form of nuclear disruption. A large portion of the target is simultaneously vaporized and transitioned out of the continuum, a process which is instantly fatal. The higher power settings available with Type 3 phasers (setting 9+) cause severe damage over a wide area. These settings are rarely used because of the relatively high power consumption; a single setting 10 discharge uses more than twenty five times as much energy as a setting 7 discharge, while a setting 16 discharge uses over three hundred and fifteen times as much.15
This is a small hand unit, approximately the size of a pack of cards.16 They can fire up to Setting 817, which causes total vaporization of humanoids as 50% of affected matter transitions out of the continuum.18
This is a larger hand unit. Early models of the type 2 phaser used a type 1 phaser clipped into a pistol grip7, but modern weapons seem to have little in common with the smaller model.19 The modern type 2 phaser can fire up to setting 1620, which causes the destruction of some 3,900 metric tons of rock per 0.28 second discharge.21
The type 3 is a rifle version of the phaser weapon. The standard model as used in the mid 2360s used a somewhat similar ""business end"" as the type 2 then in service.20 It had 16 beam settings, with a fully autonomous recharge system. The weapon was gyrostabilised and had multiple target acquisition capability.22 Compared to the type 2 the weapon had a 50% greater energy reserve, but was no more powerful.23
By 2373 the type 3 had been fitted with a modified targeting unit.24
Compression Phaser Rifle : The compression phaser rifle was in service in the early 2370s.25 When the Dominion threat became urgent in late 2370, Starfleet decided to issue its forces with a new class of heavy rifles to increase the firepower available to them. The Modern Phaser Rifle project would evaluate two competing designs, the Heavy phaser rifle and the Compression phaser rifle. Both would be rushed into service as fast as possible.
The Compression rifle concentrated on simplicity. The LiCu 521 discharge crystal was doped with arsenic atoms and trisilinate molecules in order to restrict the phaser energy discharge. The doping materials diverted a small part of the discharging energy to re-establish the charge barrier between the discharge crystal and the Sarium kelleride power crystal, limiting or compressing the beam to a maximum of 200 picoseconds of firing. This would fire the entire energy discharge in a beam of only 6 centimetres length, greatly increasing the intensity of the energy and so enhancing the effect on the target.
Although it was by far the simpler of the two weapons, great difficulties were encountered during the development of the compression rifle. Most of these centred around thermal damage to the discharge crystal resulting from the very high energy intensities flowing through it. Average firing lifetime of an emitter crystal in the first model developed was only 9.6 nanoseconds - 48 discharges - a far from acceptable figure. Redesign of the shape of the emitter boosted this figure to 28 nanoseconds, still not sufficient for a field weapon. The solution arrived at was to install two high capacity cooling systems, one mounted on either side of the rifle. This boosted the emitter crystals lifetime to 600 nanoseconds, or 3,000 discharges. Starfleet deemed this just about acceptable and rushed the compression rifle into limited service.
The weapon was never satisfactory - although the cooling systems worked reasonably well they made the weapon heavy and difficult to use properly at long ranges. The emitter crystal was also rather sensitive to adverse environmental conditions, and if not treated carefully cracking could occur - a breakdown which would lead to a thermal explosion on the next discharge. Although it was issued to some ground forces units and to the four units of the Intrepid class Starship then in service, several thermal explosion accidents forced Starfleet to withdraw the compression rifle shortly after it entered service in 2371. None now remain in use.
Type 3b : This weapon was based on research done in connection with the Sovereign class starship. It incorporates the first true transitional-phase pulse accelerator, a field-replacable deuterium plasma generator, twelve stage plasma accelerator, and a five stage cascading prefire chamber. The weapon is capable of firing either beams or pulses. The 3b also has a new seeker/tracker, which is capable of both passive and active EM and subspace detectors.
The weapon has been produced in at least two variants; one with duranium alloy metal stiffening on the barrel and one without.26
The type 4 phaser is a medium sized device fitted to small vehicles such as shuttlecraft.27
As of 2364 this was the heaviest weapon in use aboard Federation vessels, comprising the main armament of the Galaxy class starship.6
Previously designated as the 'Type 10+' for security reasons, the Type 12 phaser has been used in dedicated planetary defence arrays and as the main armament of heavy fortified starbases since 2363. It was considered that the Type 12 was unsuitable for use on a starship platform because the energy requirements of the array where too high and the supporting hardware too bulky. However, by 2368 the power plant of the Sovereign class had grown large enough to support Type 12 arrays in place of the planned Type 10 models; technical improvements had also allowed for considerable shrinkage in the size of the equipment. The main phaser armament of the new Sovereign class starship therefore comprises Type 12 phaser arrays as does the armament of the Prometheus class currently under development. These are the most powerful phaser weapons currently in use by the Federation.
It has long been recognized that the initial impact of a phaser strike on a shield system is the most damaging part of the firing sequence. Many cultures have sought to increase weapon effectiveness against shields by developing pulse cannon - that is, weapons which fire large numbers of tightly packaged bursts rather than a continuous stream. Early Federation vessels such as the Constitution class where equipped with weapons which could fire such pulses12, but the weapon is not without its drawbacks; the hardware involved tends to be very difficult to manage precisely, resulting in much poorer control over the beam characteristics. The Federations starship design ethic has always stressed that full control must be maintained over all weapons at all times, in order to allow non lethal force to be used in starship combat situations; in addition, many scientific experiments use weapon systems to apply energy in controlled amounts to external phenomena in order to study reactions. Given this, the Federation gradually moved away from pulse cannon. The refit given to the Constitutions in the 2270's removed the pulse firing feature from that class, equipping them with a 'rapid burst mode' which was something of a compromise between pulse and continuous phaser beams.11 Further designs continued to de-emphasize the pulse firing feature, although all basic phaser hardware is capable of firing relatively short bursts and this has remained a feature of Federation combat tactics.19
With the development of the USS Defiant, the pulse phaser


text:
Museum of Early Trades and Crafts
Housed in a 1900 Richardsonian-Romanesque Revival
James Library building listed on the National Register of Historic
places, the Museum of Early Trades & Crafts explores 18thand
19th-century American history, with a focus on New Jersey. Drawing
on its collection of over 8,000 hand tools and their products, METC
uses material culture to interpret the lives and technologies of people
who lived and worked before the rise of large-scale industrialization
in this country. The Museum offers visitors of all ages a broad range
of changing exhibits, and related programs that address many facets
of early American history, craftsmanship, and the diversity of trades
performed by men and women.
It all started with Madison residents, Edgar and Agnes Land who shared
a passion for collecting 18th and 19th century objects that were made
and used by ordinary people in New Jersey. Their collection had grown
to almost four thousand items when they approached the Borough of Madison
and requested the use of the
vacated James Library building as a museum.
Their objective was to interpret and preserve the history of the farmers, artisans and crafts people who settled in New Jersey. It was also to educate about the lives of ordinary people, an aspect of history that they felt was not being adequately addressed by other museums. On February 18, 1969, the Articles of Incorporation were filed and the Museum of Early Trades & Crafts was created.
Since that time, the collection has grown to over 8,000 artifacts representing more than twenty-one different trades. The Museum's mission continues to fulfill the vision of the Lands. Over 8,000 visitors a year enjoy the programs and exhibits of the Museum, and marvel at the magnificent building that houses it.
Originally given to the town of Madison by D. Willis James as the first free library, the building was solidly constructed of stone on the outside and brick on the inside. Accented by a clock tower and arched stained and painted glass windows, the building is an example of Richardson Romanesque Revival architecture. Many people think it was a church until they look more closely at the windows to see that the images are of artistic and educational themes. Meant to inspire library patrons, over sixty quotations excerpted from classic literature exalting science, art, music and reading accompany the the visual images in the windows. There is even an angel dispensing knowledge to the young.
Bringing the building back to life meant removing everything that had been added to or changed about it since 1899. The goal was to restore the building's beauty and make it accessible to all. A conservatory was added to bring more light into the building and to house the new elevator and a second staircase. Craftsmen removed and restored the stained and painted glass windows. When plywood and plaster walls were removed from one interior room, built-in bookcases and a large mantel piece appeared, complete with andiron and the carved inscription: How forcible are right words. This room at the back of the building, lighted by windows which show a lighthouse and running brooks, is enlivened each time a train goes by on the elevated track outside as the sun shines through the wheels and spaces between the cars. The restoration cost nearly two million dollars, required four years of preparation, and took two years to complete.
Family activities, school and scout programs and special workshops are scheduled throughout the year. Lectures, gallery tours on historic preservation and architecture, local walking tours, music and craft demonstrations allow participation by visitors of all ages. Activities during school vacations and holiday weekends add to the excitement at the Museum. Bus tour and collaborative programming with other museums, arboretums and historic houses are some of the activities that the Museum inspires.
Regular Museum admission is $5.00 for adults, $3.00 for seniors, students & children 6 and older, and free for members and children under 6. Family maximum admission $13.00. The Museum is open Tuesday – Saturday 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. and Sunday Noon to 5 P.M. Closed Monday. (SUMMER HOURSJuly & August, Tuesday-Saturday 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. and Closed Sunday & Monday.) _PHONE_. For more information, visit their website.


text:
Watchers, carers, and administrators: the smart homes of tomorrowSee on Scoop.it - Web of Things
How smart should a smart home be before it's worthy of the name? Diane Cook's research into smart homes goes well beyond presence-detecting light switches; she's interested in homes that observe their residents and make decisions on their behalf.
If ambient intelligence is next, it's logical that the home will be among the first places we experience it. But what will this mean? "The idea is that computer software playing the role of an intelligent agent perceives the state of the physical environment and residents using sensors, reasons about this state using artificial intelligence techniques, and then takes actions to achieve specified goals," writes Cook. Such goals include "maximizing comfort of the residents, minimizing the consumption of resources, and maintaining the health and safety of the home and resources."
See on arstechnica.com


A SCience Odyssey Radio Transmission
How is a Radio Wave Emitted?
Diagram of atoms within a wire showing movement of electrons between atoms
OK. So we have a signal that is sent to a radiosmitter's antenna. How does that signal get from the antenna to the air?
Let's first take a look at the signal. The signal is an electic current, and every electric current is actually electrons moving in a wire.
Wire is made of metal, usually copper. All of the atoms that make up the wire have something in common -- each has one or two electrons in its outer-most shell.
These electrons do not have a strong bond with the rest of the atom. In fact, it takes just a slight amount of energy to push the electron away from its atom.
But if you have enough energy, the outer electrons from all of the atoms will move at once. They will each travel from one atom to the next atom, and so on.
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I want to read a txt file that contains a lot of different chunks of text separated by a string. In xcode this is pretty easy and i just use.
self.Array = [text componentsSeparatedByString: @"NEWSTRING"];
I don't seem to get this to work in android though, I can read in the whole text and put it into an array but it doesn't get separated so its just one long text.
I am using this code
 AssetManager mngr;
 String line = null;
 boolean skillcheck = false;
 StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(0);
 String[] bb = null;
 tester = new ArrayList ();
 try {
 mngr = getAssets();
 InputStream is = mngr.open("mytext.txt");
 InputStreamReader sir = new InputStreamReader(is);
 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(sir);
 } catch (IOException e1) {
Any good ways to do this?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can use String.split method
String[] result = text.split("sometext");
For your acknowledgement
String.split returns the array of strings computed by splitting this string around matches of the given regular expression
share|improve this answer
You should use StringTokenizer.
StringTokenizer sTok=new StringTokenizer(stringVariable, "newString");
stringVariable is the file contents and newString is the delimiter string.
The second parameter of the StringTokenizer's constructor is the delimiter. It can be a new line \n or comma, or whatever you want.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
By Pierfranca Forchini
This ebook explores the linguistic nature of yank motion picture dialog, declaring its resemblances to face-to-face dialog. the cause of such an research lies within the undeniable fact that motion picture language is commonly thought of to be non-representative of spontaneous language. The booklet offers a corpus-driven examine of the similarities among face-to-face and film dialog, utilizing certain attention of person lexical words and linguistic gains in addition to Biber's Multi-Dimensional research (1998). the information from an present spoken American English corpus - the Longman Spoken American Corpus - is in comparison to the yankee motion picture Corpus, a corpus of yankee motion picture dialog purposely equipped for the study. at the foundation of facts from those corpora, the publication exhibits that modern motion picture dialog doesn't vary considerably from face-to-face dialog, and will for that reason be legitimately used to review and educate ordinary spoken language.
Read Online or Download Movie Language Revisited: Evidence from Multi-Dimensional Analysis and Corpora PDF
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This ebook explores the linguistic nature of yank motion picture dialog, stating its resemblances to face-to-face dialog. the cause of such an research lies within the undeniable fact that motion picture language is commonly thought of to be non-representative of spontaneous language. The e-book provides a corpus-driven learn of the similarities among face-to-face and picture dialog, utilizing distinctive attention of person lexical words and linguistic gains in addition to Biber's Multi-Dimensional research (1998).
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Extra resources for Movie Language Revisited: Evidence from Multi-Dimensional Analysis and Corpora
A machine-readable format favors both quantitative and qualitative data studies; it allows for computerized storing, quick searching and manipulating of data, which can be easily enriched with extra information. Furthermore, the machine-readable format allows for objectivity and replicability of the studies, and ensures that information can be exchanged within the scientific community, and the data re-used. xls formats were chosen to facilitate data processing and information retrieval. 0 analyses.
Furthermore, Biber and Finegan (2001b) and Conrad (2001) have investigated specialized domains: the former have analyzed medical research articles and the latter textbooks and journal articles in biology and history (Conrad 2001). Helt (2001), Rey (2001) and Quaglio (2009), instead, have studied dialect variation by comparing British and American spoken English, male and female language in American television series, and TV series conversation and face-to-face conversation, respectively. Secondly, as pointed out above, Biber's (1988) approach has useful applications, such as predicting the extent to which two linguistic features vary when they occur together in texts: A large negative correlation indicates that two features co-vary in a systematic, complementary fashion, i.
To take an example from the AMC, the total number of words transcribed for the movie Shallow Hal is 11,490, whereas the script retrieved from the web4 contains 10,660 words. Another important difference is the number of occurrences of features which are typical of spoken language: there are 49 occurrences of you know and 31 of I mean in the transcription of the movie Shallow Hal, whereas they occur respectively 38 and 23 times in the web script. The following extracts, which have been taken from the movie corpus used in this study (the AMC, cf.


text: According to psychological theories of environmental affect, the physical environment moderates the walking experience and its psychological wellbeing benefits. The present paper further demonstrates that affective experiences also influence intentions to walk. A study to explore the influence of affective experiences of walking on walking intentions is reported. A sample of adults working or studying in Bristol, UK (n = 384) participated in an experiment involving virtual exposure to one of five environments, with evaluations of their affective experience and of intentions to walk in the setting. A subsample (n = 14) then took part in photo-elicited semi-structured interviews. Multiple regression analyses showed that affective experiences of walking influenced walking intentions. Interview analyses highlighted the role of traffic, city busyness, and poor aesthetics. This is the first empirical study that examines the walking experience and related walking intentions from the pedestrian perspective employing theories of environmental affect. The findings indicate that safety, comfort, and moderate sensory stimulation are crucial elements for the walking experience. Following this, a strategy to promote active mobility in the built environment can be constructed around safety, comfort, and moderate sensory stimulation by targeting the micro elements that prevent them.


text:
This page provides definitions of the essential FRAM terminology. Although the method has reached a stable version, the definitions are subject to continuous improvements; new terms may be therefore be added and existing definitions may change unexpectedly. Users are consequently advised regularly to check for updates to the Glossary.
Latest update, January 30, 2016
Activity: the description of the work that is done. The origin is in French ergonomics in the 1950s, where a distinction was made beween task (tâche) and activity (activité). The task corresponds to the formal description of work (checking out a customer at a supermarket, taking a blood sample in a hospital, starting up a coal-fired power plant). The activity corresponds to the description of how the task is carried out in practice. Task and activity thus corresponds to work-as-imagined (WAI) and work-as-done (WAD). An activity comprises a number of functions, usually described in the order in which they were carried out (relative to a time-line).
Aspect (of a FRAM function): Each FRAM function is described by six aspects, namely: Input, Output, Precondition, Resource, Control, and Time. An aspect should be described if it deemed reasonable by the analysis team, and if there is sufficient information or experience to do it. But it is not necessary to describe all six aspects for all functions; indeed, it may sometimes be either impossible or unreasonable to do so. For foreground functions, it is necessary to describe at least Input and Output. For background functions that represent a source of something, it may be sufficient to describe the Output. Similarly, for background functions that represent a sink, it may be sufficient to describe the Input. Note, however, that if only Inputs and Outputs are defined, the FRAM model regresses to a simple flowchart or network. (The term 'aspect' has become the established name; alternatives are 'characteristics,' 'dependencies,' or even – affectionately – 'thingies.')
Approximate adjustments: When working conditions are underspecified or when time or resources are limited, it is necessary to adjust performance to match the conditions. This is a main reason for performance variability. But the very conditions that make performance adjustments necessary also mean that the adjustments will be approximate rather than perfect. The approximations are, however, under most conditions good enough to ensure successful performance.
Background function: Foreground and background refer to the relative importance of a function in the model. It has been common practice in human reliability assessment to invoke the presence of so-called Performance Shaping Factors (PSF) to describe the conditions that influence the events being studied. Instead of doing that, the FRAM represents the PSFs as background functions. The background functions denote that which affects the foreground functions being studied. In other words, the background functions constitute the context or working environment. These background functions should clearly be described in exactly the same way as other functions, although possibly with less detail. A designated background function may become a foreground function if the focus of the analysis changes.
A background function can have one or more Outputs, but cannot have any other aspects defined. The FMV will automatically categorise a function as a background function if it only has Output(s). But as soon as another aspect is added, the status changes from a background function to a foreground function. Background functions are typically used to denote the sources for Input, Precondition, Resource, Control, and/or Time aspects of downstream functions. A background function may therefore be seen as a placeholder for an upstream function that does not need to be specified further. Since background functions do not need to be described in more detail, they provide a convenient way of limiting the expansion of a FRAM model.
A drain is a special type of background function.
Bimodal principle: Technological components and systems function in a bimodal manner. Strictly speaking this means that for every element e of a system, the element being anything from a component to the system itself, the element will either function or it will not. In the latter case the element is said to have failed. The bimodal principle does, however, not apply to humans and organisations. Humans and organisations are instead multi-modal, in the sense that their performance is variable – sometimes better and sometimes worse but never failing completely. A human 'component' cannot stop functioning and be replaced in the same way a technological component can.
The principle of bimodal functioning may admittedly become blurred in the case of systems with a large number of components, and/or systems that depend on software. In such systems there may be intermittent functions, sudden freezes of performance, and/or slow drift, e.g., in sensor measurements. However, the principle of bimodal functioning is true even in these cases, since the components are bimodal. It is just that the systems are intractable and that the ability adequately to describe and understand what is going on therefore is limited.
Boundary: An important question for any analysis is how far it should go, or rather when it should stop (the stop rule). This is the issue of how when a FRAM model is (reasonably) complete. An analysis may often go beyond the boundaries of the system as initially defined. This can be because the description of the aspects of a function makes it necessary to include additional functions in the model, or it because some background functions may be found to vary and thereby affect designated foreground functions, in which case they should be treated as foreground functions and the boundary extended correspondingly. The semi-explicit stop rule of the FRAM is that the analysis should continue until there is no unexplained (or unexplainable) variability of functions – which is the same as saying that the analysis has reached a set of functions which can be assumed to be stable rather than variable. But the boundary is relative rather than absolute, and refers to functional characteristics rather than physical characteristics.
Calculated instantiation. In a calculated instantiation the FRAM is interpreted as a network or a graph, where the functions are the vertices (nodes, points) and the potential couplings are the edges (arcs, lines). Because the functions are assumed to be carried out in a known and predetermined sequence, the outcome can be calculated from the instantiation. This calculation must, of course, respect that the uncertainty or unpredictability in the functions is not simply probabilistic, but may require other techniques, such as Bayesian networks, fuzzy sets, rule interpretation, etc. Regardless of which solution is chosen, the basic assumption is still that the edges (and vertices) are both well defined and static.
Calculated instantiations provide a solution to the practical demands for quantitatve results. But interpreting a FRAM model as a graph or network makes it difficult to consider alternative instantiations (such as alernative sequences of functions) from the same model. This can be done by using emergent instantiations.
Control (as aspect): Control, or control input, is that which supervises or regulates a function so that it results in the desired Output. Control can be a plan, a schedule, a procedure, a set of guidelines or instructions, a program (an algorithm), a 'measure and correct' functionality, etc. A different type of Control is social control and/or expectations. Social control can be external, e.g., the expectations of others, for instance the company or management, or internal, such as when we plan do to some work and make clear to ourselves when and how to do it. Social control can also be internal, as a kind of self regulation. External social control will typically be assigned to a background function. The description of a Control should be a noun, if it is a single word, or begin with a noun if it is a short sentence.
Coupling: In the book 'Normal accidents', Perrow (1984) proposed that systems in general could be described by two dimensions called coupling and interactiveness. Coupling describes the degree to which subsystems, functions, and components are connected or depend upon each other; the degree of coupling can range from loose to tight. The FRAM makes a distinction between the potential couplings that are defined by a FRAM model, and the actual couplings that can realistically be assumed to exist for a given set of conditions (an instantiation). While the actual couplings always will be a subset of the potential couplings, they may be different from the couplings that were intended by the system design.
Downstream functions: A FRAM model describes the functions and their potential couplings, rather than how the functions are organised for specific conditions. It is therefore not possible to say with certainty whether one function always will be carried out prior to or after another function. In an instantiation of the model, detailed information about a specific situation or scenario is used to create an instance or a specific example of the model. This establishes a temporal organisation of the functions as they are likely to unfold (or become activated) in the scenario, and it is only possible to consider functions in their temporal and causal relations when an instantiation has been produced. Functions that – in the instantiation – happen after other functions, and which therefore may be affected by them, are called downstream functions. The notion of downstream function is relative rather than absolute.
Drain: A drain is a function that receives one or more Inputs; it represents a further process or continuation of the event or activity. A drain is a placeholder for downstream functions that are not included in the analysis; these can of course, be developed in more detail if the analysis requires.
Elaborate description of Output variability: The elaborate description of the possible variability of the Output from a function comprises ten dimensions:
The Output can vary with respect to timing (onset, when the Output is produced)
The Output can vary with respect to duration (how long it continues)
The Output can vary with


text:
Carville first produced acrylic components in the form of aircraft windows and canopies back in the 1940's. These windows and canopies were used in both civil and military aircraft.
As aircraft evolved, there was a desire to remove weight and improve aircraft performance and fuel efficiency. Aircraft manufacturers began to adopt plastic materials such as Perspex acrylic for use in flight instrumentation.
Early flight instruments were laminated using adhesives, however, these manufacturing methods were not always reliable. An aircraft experiences extreme temperature variations when leaving the ground on a hot day (+40⁰C) and flying to high altitude (-50⁰C). Variable temperatures and material expansion and contraction can result in material delamination and component failure.
Carville developed our proprietary diffusion bonding techniques in the 1960's which allowed acrylic material to be thermally bonded without the requirement for solvents or adhesive. The diffusion bonding process resulted in components which were mechanically strong and considerably more reliable.
Aircraft Lighting Components
In modern civil aircraft, each passenger's seat has an overhead reading light. The light uses a single point light source and a lens to focus the light to a specific area within the passengers seating area. This allows individuals to have light without impacting on the comfort of other passengers. Carville manufacture a range of bespoke acrylic lighting components for aircraft customers in Europe and the USA.
Civil and military aircraft use lenses as part of the navigation and control systems. Carville manufacture light weight acrylic lenses with concave, convex or aspheric profiles.
Map and Storage Pockets
Aircraft flight decks require storage areas for plans, maps and other documentation that may be required during flight. Carville produce a range of bespoke storage pockets and compartments for use in civil and emergency service air support aircraft.


text:
Experts say that body expressions can reveal more details about someone's personality than they know. The way people hold their first is an example of it.
It shows several aspects of their temperament, general attitude towards the life, and how they react in certain circumstances. According to Voice Meaww, there are three main ways people hold their fists. Those are the following:
- The Star
Experts usually call'stars' those people who place their the thumb beside the other four fingers in a resting position. Those who hold their firsts this way are said to be gentle, sensitive, compassionate, and considered
They also can understand other's emotions and act accordingly, which make others see them as accessible people and good friends to be with and to talk to.
The stars are organized, strategic, and tend to be more creative than the rest of people. Even though they are introvertive, they like a bit of social exposure. When others notice the stars' attitude, they might try to take advantage of them, so they must be careful.
- The Overachiever
In this type of fist, people put their thumbs covering (or protecting) the other four fingers. The 'overachievers' are usually talented, charismatic and extroversive. They don't hold back their thoughts and emotions and are always focused on a goal.
They are driven and ambitious but like to work in isolation for that goal they have in mind. Since the overachievers are too focused on their dreams, others tend to judge them and believe that there is something wrong with them, even if it is nor truth.
- The Gentle Soul
For this fist, the thumb hides behind the other fingers just as if those people were trying to hide their thoughts from others. Those with 'gentle souls' are introvertive and are attracted to honest and straightforward individuals.
They like to spend time with friends but there is a point wherein they need a break. People who get in the 'gentle souls' personal space have a hard time. They are loyal and kind, which are characteristics that many looks for when choosing a good friend.
It is important to point out that people's personality is not strictly related to the way they hold their fists. It is just a common reference found in many subjects.
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