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In the following, we demonstrate how to get the most out of Datup forecasts to increase accuracy levels and decrease lead times in demand planning. To do this, the basic, intermediate and advanced journey and usage scenarios will be described.
These use cases will allow the analyst to take into consideration various fields of the results cubes, which will better guide decision making with respect to sales, demand, supply or similar behaviour.
Basic Use Case: Suggested Forecasts
This use case guides better decision making for:
Know the volume of demand required by customers for each item for one or more future months.
Propose in S&OP sessions demand volumes according to optimistic, conservative or pessimistic sales conditions.
Assess the certainty or uncertainty of demand forecasts.
Prioritise portfolio forecasting by top-selling items, turnover and demand variation.
This scenario focuses on suggested forecasts, automatically generated and selected by the platform. First, you must locate the date and the item of interest, by means of the columns
Itemrespectively. The column
Pronóstico Sugerido shows the suggested forecast for the date and item under analysis, based on historical demand behaviour (
Demada Histórica); considering seasonality, levels, trends and even relationships with other items in the portfolio.
In addition, the column
Pronóstico Sugerido Supwhich presents an alternative scenario to the suggested forecast when there are indications or a substantial increase in demand for the item is anticipated for the specific period. The
Pronóstico Sugerido Sup is often very useful for S&OP sessions, where the trading counterpart often arranges higher values for forecasts of certain items, subject to marketing campaigns or higher consumption strategies. Instead of opening the space for speculation for such a possible higher level of demand, the platform offers an alternative value that contemplates such an over-demand scenario. On the other hand, the solution also presents an alternative value for the under-demand scenario, where the trading partner foresees a discouragement in the consumption of the item for future periods. The field
Pronóstico Sugerido Inf contains the amount of demand to be considered.
WMAPEThe error expected for the forecast period, based on the errors obtained by testing the backtestsThis is to simulate the demand forecast for previous periods, where the actual behaviour is known, hence it is possible to measure performance. By default, Datup performs 5 of these simulations, or backtests in each iteration of the models.
Finally, it is suggested to take into account the column
RankingThis allows us to determine the items with the highest consumption, turnover and stability in demand. In other words, it identifies the items of highest and lowest value for the business.
Intermediate Use Case: Suggested Intervals
This use guides better decision making for:
All the advantages of the basic journey.
Know which items are recurrently over-predicted with respect to their historical demand to prevent excessive inventory losses.
Know which items are recurrently under-predicted with respect to their historical demand to prevent out-of-stock losses or stock-outs.
The second scenario accompanies the suggested forecasts with suggested ranges, allowing the demand analyst to know which items have been consistently underor over-forecast in the past. The column
Intervalo Sugerido indicates the forecast interval associated with the suggested forecast in column
Pronóstico Sugerido. Accordingly, the suggested upside forecasts (
Pronóstico Sugerido Sup) and downward (
Pronóstico Sugerido Inf) are also accompanied by their suggested intervals
Interval Sugerido Supy
Intervalo Sugerido Infrespectively.
The forecast intervals
Intervalo Sugerido Sup y
Intervalo Sugerido Infare not only calculated for the periods to be forecast, but also for each forecast period. backtest or simulation. It is precisely in this way that it is possible to determine what is the forecast interval, and hence the most likely suggested forecast, based on its repetition in the observed demand history.
As a practical matter, the demand analyst or planner can determine whether an item is susceptible to over-demand if the suggested range
Intervalo Sugerido has one of the following values:
Lo60. On the contrary, the item is susceptible to overdemand if the
Intervalo Sugerido presents either
Up95. In both cases, the over-demand is set with respect to the forecast point that lies in the middle of all forecast intervals.
Using forecast intervals allows the demand planning process to anticipate and avoid overproduction or oversupply events, as well as stock-outs or stock-outs.
Advanced Use Case: Naive Forecasting and Forecast Intervals
This use guides better decision making for:
All the advantages of the intermediate journey.
Examine naïve forecasts, i.e. averages or last observations, to plan demand on items with high variation or intermittency and increase their accuracy.
Examine the suggested forecasts for each item and period to see how high or low demand may behave in different market circumstances.
Evaluate the MASE error to determine in which cases it is advisable to use naïve forecasts to increase planning accuracy.
The third and final scenario involves the naïve forecast and all the associated forecast intervals estimated by Datup. This collection of values allows the analyst to know all possible scenarios of high and low forecasted demand.
The forecasts point
Pronóstico Puntolower 95
Pronóstico Inf 95, lower 80
Pronóstico Inf 80, lower 60
Pronóstico Inf 60, higher 60
Pronóstico Sup 60, higher than 80
Pronóstico Sup 80 and above 95
Pronóstico Sup 95 The total number of points Datup estimates for each date and item to consider the different scenarios of high, medium and low demand. The algorithm automatically selects the scenario, and in turn the most likely value. However, the cube results are presented in an open way to the analyst to enable possible additional exercises.
For its part, the naïve prognosis in the column
Pronóstico Naive calculates the forecast value by means of a rolling window average. The size of the window coincides with the number of periods to forecast. For example if you want to forecast 4 weeks, the rolling window calculates the naive forecast by taking the average of 4 weeks at a time from history. Datup compares the performance of its model against the naïve forecast, as there are items whose stability in the demand history suffers from high intermittency and/or random sharing that prevent their forecasting through traditional or advanced statistical methods. The value of the
MASE shows the result of this comparison. Values close to 1 (above or below) confirm the superior performance of the Datup model, while values well above 1 favour the use of the naive forecast.
Pronóstico Naive. If this is the scenario, in the bucket, the naïve forecast will be the value suggested as the forecast for the period evaluated.
Advanced Use Case: Impact, Correlation and Causality
This journey guides decision making to:
Identify the variables or indicators that have the greatest impact on the forecast for one or more items of interest. Upward or downward changes in the associated variables are most likely to produce significant variations in the planning forecasts.
Determine the variables or indicators correlated with the items of interest. That is, the variables whose upward or downward changes produce changes in the Items of Interest, in the same proportion.
Determine the causal variables or indicators for the items of interest. That is, the variables whose upward or downward changes are a direct cause for the future behaviour of the items of interest.
In conjunction with demand planning, it is possible to know the items, variables or indicators that have the greatest impact on the forecasts, accompanied by a percentage of importance; the higher the percentage, the greater the importance of the variable. Datup automatically identifies and orders the determining variables in the planning. In this way, analysts can focus their efforts on tracking key indicators whose changes have a direct and considerable influence on forecasts. In the example in the graph, US Existing Home Sales is the most important indicator for the generated forecasts with a 15% share, followed by the Acetic Acid Index (7.4%), Acetic Acid RMB (6.4%) and US Ethanol Price (6.2%). Thus, analysts can identify among hundreds of variables, which are the top-n that really influence purchase prices, sales quantities or demand units for future periods, in order to put in place better targeted trading, purchasing, production or distribution strategies in advance.
Correlation provides a second criterion in the selection of the variables or indicators that deserve greater attention in the decision-making processes for purchasing, negotiation, production or distribution, as it determines which are the variables whose upward or downward trends generate a direct or inverse behaviour in an item of interest. In general, variables with a direct correlation between 0.7 and 1 or an inverse correlation between -1 and -0.7, deserve to be taken into account. In this case, the item or indicator of interest is the purchase price of the raw material Vynil Acetate Monomer (VAM). The directly correlated indicators are: Price VAM ADC (0.9), VAM Index (0.86), Acetic Acid Index (0.85) and Acetic Acid RMB (0.85). At this point, special attention should be paid to those variables that appear with high percentages of importance and high correlations, i.e. Acetic Acid Index and Acetic Acid RMB, as their upward variations will most likely produce upward variations also in the price of VAM. It is important to check if there are variables with high negative correlations (-1 to -0.7), as they may indicate an inverse behaviour, a rise in


February 23, 2021
Why Yoga requires Social Justice.
When I first started practicing yoga, I believed there was one goal, and one goal only: heal thyself.
This became my sole mantra, but soon I learnt that there was so much more I needed to be doing.
My belief that yoga was only about self-development was confirmed as I traveled the world, moving amongst communities who echoed this same solitary goal as mine: heal thyself.
The people I met at yoga schools, shalas, ashrams, festivals, and intentional communities all seemed to be striving for the same thing. It was almost as though there was this prevailing belief that all we had to do was simply be yogis, and then that would be enough to magically make all of the problems of the world go away.
I soon realized that yoga is not just about wellness and healing, although from the outset it may seem that way. In addition to healing, yoga also asks us to cultivate compassion and peace, and sometimes these things need to be fought for.
Yoga, I've discovered, is also a social justice movement. Or at least, that's what it should be.
Many years after I began practicing yoga I realized how single-minded the "heal thyself" perspective was. It was limiting and restrictive, preventing yogis from really getting out there to do the hard work that social justice requires.
As my yoga journey deepened, so did my self-inquiry on this topic. I began to wonder a cacophony of things:
If yoga is about reclaiming the self, and developing the self for the benefit of all beings on Earth, then shouldn't yogis have the interests of all beings at heart, whether on the mat or off?
Why were so many "spiritual" people I met focused more on their asanas—more on themselves—and less on the social justice movements of marginalized groups?
As yogis (who may or may not come from lives of privilege), isn't it our duty to go into the margins of oppression, to help fight for others so they can also eventually realize themselves, like we are doing?
Only in recent years, as the division in the world has widened, have I—and many others—begun to realize that yoga is not just about the self. Yoga is about the whole. And until all individuals inside of "the whole" no longer need to worry for their safety, their lives and no longer need to fight social injustices like racism, sexism, and homophobia (to name a few), we as yoga practitioners have a lot of work to do in order to make sure all individuals are included in this movement.
As a person of privilege, I wasn't aware of current social justice movements until my early 20s, which now seems unbelievable to me. Before then, I had been living unaware, moving in circles of mostly white, middle class Australians. Everyone in my world came from stable, mostly nuclear families, had jobs with good wages, access to cars, money, and affordable education. I was lucky, young, and blissfully ignorant.
It was only when I started to travel and see the world (often as a solo woman), that I realized not everyone had a life as cushy as mine—not even close. I traveled to India and saw beggars without limbs, children drunk and passed out on the side of the road with no one doing anything about it. I saw mothers begging tourists for money in Bali, and corrupt police officers take advantage of local people in Sri Lanka.
Last year I saw a video of a man being murdered by a police officer crushing his throat, and headlines of a woman being shot in her sleep. Then, I saw hundreds of reports of "Indigenous deaths in custody" right here in my home country. Not only had I never experienced such hardship myself, but I hadn't even known that these hardships were happening. How did I miss all of it for so long?
While knowing this fact suddenly illuminated a new level of personal gratitude for the life I had been born into, it also left me with a sinking feeling. I thought: maybe if we are people who can do more, we should do more. And maybe I am one of those people.
I could've very easily switched back into the mode of nonchalance, the mode of not caring about all of those things that I saw out in the world. The mode of blissful ignorance and apathy. It would be easy—more than easy. I could "turn a blind eye" and slip right back into my regular life like nothing had happened. But knowing the tenets of yoga—that the goal is to spread compassion and enlighten all beings—and knowing what I know and seeing what I saw meant there was no chance of going back to turning the other way.
Yoga provides so much nourishment for people all over the world. But yoga also asks something of us, however subtle that message may be: to fight injustices. Because when we lift others up, we lift ourselves up. The suffering of others is not separate from the suffering of the individual. And connecting the dots of yoga and social justice has never been more urgent than it is right now.
I have adapted my "heal thyself" yoga mantra over time. Now it goes a little something like this:
Do yoga and go to a protest. Be vegan and have a hard conversation on racism. Meditate daily and donate money to causes.
Heal thyself and fight injustice.
It's all yoga.
When we recognize that it's all part of the practice—part of "the work"—when yogis begin to live as social justice warriors, we come closer to our goal of compassion and peace for all.
No one needs to be left behind.
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Second question, probably better: Turing Machine which generates order on the set of its states
I would like to ask ( if it is not terribly obviously wrong):
- Do Turing Machine generates nontrivial lattice structure on alphabet set $L$ or on the set of its states $Q$ or on its Cartesian product $Q \times L$? )
- Is this mapping is unique? (Unfortunately, it seems that not in the case of $L$ or $Q$ alone. But maybe if we combine a set of states with a set of alphabet symbols $Q \times L$? )
- How different statements on the theory of computability translated into lattice theory looks like?
- Has anyone investigated this? Maybe someone knows some references?
What about similar construction for lambda calculus (where order may be generated by substitution sequence)?
I am in doubt whether it makes sense. Well, but now that so many have described, I will let it stay as is.
The Turing machine (TM) is an abstract model for effective implementation of (finite algorithmic) calculation. TM is defined over some alphabet of symbols L and reading data performs a finite sequence of operations on these symbols in the manner described a kind of mapping, let's call it the transition mapping. TM has a certain inner state q which may be one element of a finite set Q. Transition mapping specifies that if the machine reads in the current cell the symbol x from L.changes it to a symbol x ', and next data would be read from right (R) or left (L) cell. During this operation the state machine will change q to q '.
Lattice is "a partially ordered set (also called a poset) in which any two elements have a unique supremum (the elements' least upper bound; called their join) and an infimum (greatest lower bound; called their meet)." STOP and START are both bound elements for all the other steps of TM computation. So in fact there is a graph depicting such "computation" flow on which START and STOP elements are minimal and maximal and which forms maybe a lattice.
During the operation of the machine goes through a set of states $START = q_0 -> q_i ->... -> q_k-> q_N = STOP$. Elements of the START and STOP are a kind of extreme elements - the machine starts to work in the state of the START and never return to it, and it ends in a position to stop and it never goes out (if the calculations will be completed ). Of course there is possible trivial lattice defined with order as $ START \leq q_i \leq STOP $ for any $i$. But it is not the only possibility, and usual flow diagram for computation states $q_i$ usually looks much more interesting an complicated.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: A Tucson-based non-profit organization, Watershed Management Group (WMG), is pursuing the sustainable development of local resources with the long-term vision being an improved quality of life for the greater community. WMG has developed several public demonstration sites around Tucson through outreach workshops involving local businesses, community organizations, schools, homeowners, and many others. The demonstration sites showcase rainwater harvesting efforts integrated with native landscaping, local food production, energy conservation, waste reduction, and community building. Public response to participate in the workshops has been excitingly overwhelming; not only are homeowners and businesses interested in harvesting water, there is also a substantial number of Neighborhood Associations who are seeking avenues to implement water harvesting techniques. The substantial response from the community to participate in the demonstration sites indicates the need to provide more participatory educational opportunities to the community, and in particular to improve lowcost methods of urban resource conservation to ensure integration of these principals in lower income neighborhoods.


text:
The authors have been studying the strain sensitive materials which are based on conductivity change resulting from structural change in percolation system. In this study, we have developed a maximum strain memory sensor, which enables to detect damage to structures easily even after a large earthquake. To confirm the performance as the sensor, tensile tests embedded into concrete specimen have been conducted. As a result, it is discovered that this sensor is sufficiently effective to diagnose cracks in the concrete structure.
In recent years, the importance of Structural Health Monitoring has been recognized but an SHM system still confronts serious problems related to complexity and cost in practical use. To solve these problems, the authors have developed the simple and smart SHM system by integrating self-diagnosis material and a wireless data measurement device. By installing this SHM system, it is possible to detect damage to structures easily even after a large earthquake or other disaster and also to inspect possible deterioration of a structure in a short time. As a practical matter this SHM system is expected to be very reliable, and when it is mass-produced it should have a low cost. To confirm the utility of the damage detection of a building after a large earthquake, the pre-production system was installed in a specimen simulating the beam-to-column connection part in a mid-size conventional reinforced concrete building, and a loading test was performed on the specimen. The effectiveness of the proposed system is demonstrated by the test results.
The authors have been continuously conducting a series of research works on the development of the fiber reinforced composites as self-diagnosis materials. The function to detect damage is based on the property of carbon materials as a conductor of electricity. The conductive fiber reinforced composite, which is the glass fiber reinforced plastics added carbon particles for electrical conductivity, has been confirmed to possess excellent sensitivity as a self-diagnosis materials. In this study, a self-diagnosis material with the ability to memorize damage history has been applied. Irreversible resistance changes dependent on the strain histories of the composites were utilized to achieve this ability. The authors have also developed an electrically conductive film sensor bonded on the concrete surface to detect cracks and measure crack width. The specimens of the reinforced concrete bridge pier columns were tested under quasi-static cyclic lateral loading. The performance of the proposed self-diagnosis materials to detect damage to concrete structures is evaluated through confirmation of the relationship between the extent of damage and the variation of electrical conductivity of self-diagnosis materials. On the basis of the obtained experimental results, the applicability of self-diagnosis materials to structural health monitoring for concrete structures are discussed in detail, and the practical monitoring techniques for structures are proposed.
The authors have developed an electrically conductive fiber reinforced composite that its electrical resistance changes almost in proportion to strain. This material was tested for its tensile and bond behaviors. As a result, it was discovered that this material applied for the strengthening of concrete structures is highly effective to diagnose cracks in the concrete.


Reducing euthanasia by reducing the number of owner-relinquished cats: Resources to keep cats in their homes
Last week, in, "Reducing euthanasia by reducing the number of owner-relinquished cats: An introduction to keeping cats in their homes," we talked about how keeping cats in their homes would decrease the rate of euthanasia in shelters. To summarize, we could virtually eliminate euthanasia for space concerns in our shelters if we help owners with the resources they need to keep their cats!
1) Roughly one million cats now surrendered by their owners to shelters each year would stay out of shelters because their owners would choose not to rehome them.
2) Another one million cats would be adopted from rescues and shelters by people who otherwise would've accepted the other one million privately rehomed cats each year now from owners who'd no longer feel the need to rehome them.
Out of those two million cats described above, preventing rehoming in even "just" HALF of those cases would mean one million cats out of shelters that end up or stay there now. Since, according to the ASPCA, 860,000 cats are euthanized at shelters each year now, that one million cats saved from ending up or staying at the shelter now would mean no cats would be euthanized solely due to space concerns at shelters.
I'll say this clearly: shelters are not the problem. They find themselves with more animals than they possess resources to care for them. If you take this post as an indictment of shelters, you're wrong. Shelters provide valuable services to homeless animals in their communities. Instead of abandoning a cat outside (to avoid a shelter), please take it to a shelter - preferably a no-kill shelter. Cats cannot fend for themselves outside - especially after being house-pets.
There is one elephant in the room that I've chosen not to address here: Would the people who keep their cats instead of rehoming them still rehome them at some point for another issue or the same one? At times, in working with people who feel the need to relinquish their cats, one gets the feeling some "owners" are looking for an excuse for not making an effort to keep their cats or seeing cats as inconveniences. The fact that you're reading about how to keep your cat is admirable and respectable - and I thank you for making an effort. You are NOT the kind of "owner" I refer to by saying some "owners" make excuses or see cats as inconveniences. In the declaw debate, I often hear a person say, "Well, if I can't declaw, I won't get a cat." It would make sense that once we address one inconvenience, another inconvenience popping up later might produce the same result as if we rehomed the cat the first time.
For that person who sees furniture as worth more than a cat, would a subsequent move or behavioral issue from that cat be enough for the person to choose to rehome anyway? What kind of life do those cats remaining in a home have with people who give up their cats at the slightest inconvenience? I don't have the answers - but as long as cats are being killed in shelters because our shelters don't have enough room for all the cats brought there - keeping a cat for even a few more months than one would otherwise saves at least one or two other lives. Do I deny that some people don't even WANT help to keep their cats? No. Do I deny that considering rehoming one's cat at one point makes it more likely they will contemplate that again in the future? No. But I know that what you get out of your relationship with your cat is directly related to what you put it in. People accept this about human friendships and marriages - why should it be any different with our cats? You can be sure that after putting in the work to understand your cats and making an effort to keep them, the relationship you have with your cat will not only be meaningful to you - but to your cat(s) as well.
Why cat owners rehome their cats
Now that we understand the numbers - let's look at why cat owners rehome their cats and what we can do to help minimize the cases where owners feel the need to rehome their cats. After hours of research and trying to group a myriad of reasons for rehoming cats into larger, over-arching categories, I like how Weiss et al. combined all primary reasons for rehoming into five different groups. The five categories containing all the principal reasons given for rehoming pets in Weiss et al.'s study, in decreasing order of prevalence for cats as determined in the study: 1) pet-associated issues, 2) family-associated issues, 3) housing-associated issues, 4) cost-associated issues and 5) other issues. Two earlier studies from New et al. and Salman et al. agree with Weiss et al.'s findings: pet-related issues (pet-specific characteristics, pet-specific behavior and pet-specific health issues) represent the largest share of reasons given for surrendering one's cat to a shelter (they break down the reasons differently than Weiss et al. - but one can quickly add up the figures in the charts of these studies relative to cats, following Weiss et al.'s classification system. New et al. and Salman et al.'s findings are identical to Weiss et al.'s in the order of issues leading to surrender - from highest to lowest: pet, family, housing, cost, etc.).
Along with summarizing issues encompassed within each over-reaching category, I've put together a summary of things to consider before starting one's research and a list of resources to help people keep their cats. A few suggestions, helpful for all reasons a person might rehome a cat, should be the first things to consider when you find yourself wondering if you must relinquish your cat:
1) Contact your veterinarian for help/resources specific to you and your cat.
2) Contact local rescues/shelters to see if they have intervention or surrender prevention programs to help people keep their cats.
3) Learn about "underutilized aspects of pet retention" in Keeping Pets in Homes - Online course via Maddie's Fund.
As much as I'd love to include every resource out there addressing how to keep cats in their homes, that's nearly impossible. If you take nothing else from the resources post, I hope you at least recognize that there ARE resources out there to help you keep your cat - the resources in this post are only a tiny sample of what you can find with enough time and patience. If none of the resources I share help, there is an innumerable number of other resources out there with a simple search. One of the most challenging aspects of writing this post was choosing just a handful of resources from the multitudes available online.
We don't endorse and we didn't intensely scrutinize resources listed. While we vetted resources in a cursory manner, we didn't look into research to support assertions or information. Additionally, we're not monitoring any of these resources for future updates or content. At the time of writing this post, these resources appeared responsible and useful. However, we are not vets and we don't have any special veterinary or behavioral training.
Pet-associated issues:
Examples: Behavioral issues (including aggression, litter box issues, destructiveness), breed requirements and health issues.
Behavioral issues
Please keep in mind that when your cat shows changes in behavior and problematic behavior, those issues can have an underlying medical issue - especially if your cat is in pain. Cats effectively hide their pain, and problem behaviors can be one of the few clues we humans get that a cat is in pain. Before depending on these resources to address behavioral issues, please contact your veterinarian to assess your cat's health to rule out any underlying medical problem. For more on what changes in cat behavior warrant concern: Behavior Changes to Watch out for in Cats.
For a detailed analysis of how cat behavior problems might be indicative of cat illness
Stress or a change in routine MAY also cause behavioral issues - mainly with inappropriate elimination or aggression - that might otherwise signal a medical issue in cats.
To read more about stress in cats and the link between stress and behavioral issues:
Additionally, if your cat is not spayed or neutered and displays behavioral problems, you might choose to spay or neuter your cat to see if that reduces undesirable behaviors. While neutering isn't the cure-all for all behavioral issues, there are multiple benefits of neutering/spaying evidenced in cat health and cat behavior.
To read more about the benefits of spaying and neutering cats:
Patronek et al. found that almost a third of owners surrendering cats attributed the reasons for these surrenders to the consequences of the cats not being spayed or neutered.
To find a low-cost spay/neuter clinic:
Next, in considering cats exhibiting behavioral issues, many people interpret "normal" cat behavior as unwanted or problematic. Scratching is an excellent example of "normal" cat behavior misunderstood by their owners. Instead of construing the scratching as destructive or vindictive, please understand cats' scratching is instinctual. To understand feline instincts better and understand what qualifies as "normal" cat behavior, please check out our article on instincts here: Feline instinctsPatronek et al. found that first-time cat owners, those with unrealistic expectations of the nature of cats as pets and those who hadn't read a book or other material relating to typical cat behavior, were at increased risk of relinquishing their cats. If you have questions about why your cat acts a certain way, please read Why Does My Cat…?
Also, many of the answers to cats' mis


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Maurice Sendak, one of the most influential children's artists of the 20th century, sadly has passed away at the age of 83 after a short illness. His most famous work, Where the Wild Things Are was published in 1963, and inspired an animated short directed by Gene Deitch. Many of his books were turned into TV and feature projects over the years.
Born in Brooklyn, to Polish-Jewish immigrant parents, Sendak was exposed to death and mortality at an early age because of The Holocaust. After watching Walt Disney's Fantasia at the age of 12, he decided to become an illustrator, and the first of his efforts was published in 1947, after which he spent much of the 1950s illustrating children's books written by others, before beginning to write his own stories.
He gained international acclaim after writing and illustrating Where the Wild Things Are. The book's depictions of fanged monsters concerned some parents when it was first published, as his characters were somewhat grotesque in appearance, and In the Night Kitchen, caused much controversy in several American states - and has often been subjected to censorship - for its drawings of a young boy prancing naked through the story. It was listed number 21 on the "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999."
An early member of the National Board of Advisors of the Children's Television Workshop during the development stages of the Sesame Street television series, Sendak adapted his book Bumble Ardy into an animated sequence for the series, with Jim Henson as the voice of Bumble Ardy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: In the presence of abundant water and sunlight, most plants conduct photosynthesis using what is known as the C3 pathway. Some plants can conduct C4 photosynthesis in water-limited conditions; a different enzyme collects carbon dioxide from the air to form a 4-carbon chain that lends itself to the pathway name. In water-poor conditions, some plants collect and process carbon at night rather than during the day through crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, named for its discovery in succulents. In the December 1, 2017 issue of Nature Communications, a team led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory researchers and including scientists at the Joint Genome Institute sequenced and analyzed the genome of Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi to better understand how this plant transitioned from C3 to CAM photosynthesis. Read more on the JGI website.


Navigate inside entity objects
Hi All, I am working on an application, where i have list of questions that need to be answered by user. I have all the question created already in a Master Entity and i am using this entity to show questions on a page where i have a template grid (4*4) showing all question number and data view (listing to list view ) to show the correspond questions. Now i have option to click on question numbers to show the question on right in a data view but i want a button also which will navigate me through the question. Like i am on question 1 and i click next and move to question 2. Is their any way by which i can achieve this? Thanks
1 answers
You can try doing the following
 1. In your entity you must have some attribute that determines the order of the question
 2. Develop two buttons in dataview (previous and next)
 3. When pressing the next button, retrieve the current object in dataview,
 4. Based on the order from the object, get the question with next order, pass it to the dataview and refresh it.
 5. I already have my doubts on this, but this is for you to try
Another option to try would be
 1. Try having a template grid showing all details of questions and limit the items shown to 1 with pagination enabled.
 2. But you can not have listen to widget option working between two template grids.


text:
Many people may look to switch gas and electricity provides to reduce the impact rising prices are having on their household bills, which are having an impact on many families.
A study by Santander revealed 29 per cent of individuals say their overall standard of living has been negatively affected by spiralling costs for everyday essentials.
It found gas bills have almost trebled over the last ten years, while electricity prices climbed by 109 per cent between 2002 and 2012.
However, over the same period, average incomes increased by just 24 per cent, according to data from the Office for National Statistics.
Banking director at Santander Carlos Palacios said this is a situation that is likely to get worse in the future as expenses continue to spiral.
However, he noted: "There are a number of things people can do to reduce their household bills, from installing home energy monitors to analysing their energy usage or changing their utility suppliers."
Recently, a study by Policy Exchange found half of people say reducing energy bills should be a key priority for politicians.
If you want to find out more about switching energy suppliers and how you could save hundreds of pounds in minutes, click here.
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really want to publish this for some reason.
 -... many more possibilities...
It is important to understand why your supervisor is behaving like this, in order to react appropriately. For example, if your supervisor has very bad time-management skills and keeps forgetting your paper, it is probably better to ask about this much more often than every few weeks.
Options for understanding your supervisor better include just asking him or her about it, or asking someone who successfully collaborated with your supervisor in the past. Maybe some former grad students of your supervisor figured out how to effectively interact with your supervisor and you can learn the trick from them.
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text:
Button Cutting Set-Up, 1919.
Photograph courtesy U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
Before 1890, there was little interest in mussels. Occasional pearl discoveries prompted the sporadic collection of shells. Early mussel gatherers prized pearls and the lustrous nacre of the shells, which made an attractive finish for gift items, brush handles, pistol grips, and jewelry. Irregular pearls,
called slugs, were sold to makers of costume jewelry.
William Salter, who, in Peoria, Illinois, in 1872, dug several tons of clams and sent them to Europe for assessment as to their possible commercial value, is credited as being the first commercial clammer. Some years later in Germany, John Beopple obtained some of these shells. Knowing only that they came from somewhere about two hundred miles from Peoria, he saw an opportunity for himself in the future. He immigrated to the United States in 1887, heading straight for Petersburg, Illinois, where his sister was living.
He began searching for quality mussels and ended up in Muscatine, Iowa, which would become the center of pearl button making for 40 years. Beopple is credited with being the first American button-maker to use fresh-water shells. He developed some tools and borrowed a friend's (Henry Grau) lathe to start the business, which grew rapidly. Beopple took on partners as the firm grew, partners who saw a chance to mechanize when better machines became available. Beopple resisted mechanization, sold his interest in the firm, and started another button-making venture, but never again succeeded to the level of his first company.
In 1891, the fashion industry started a new trend--the use of pearl buttons
as the clothing fastener of choice, creating a large market. Fresh-water mussel shells were a cheaper and higher quality source than salt-water shells and other materials such as wood, glass, metal, and bone. Other events helped to create this industry. In 1890, the McKinley Act prohibited the importation of buttons. This protection continued with the Dingley Act of 1897. The design of shell-cutting machines
was improved to work better and faster.
The primary use of shells was the manufacture of buttons, although some shell was made into decorative parts for items such as handles of knives, hairbrushes, and cigarette cases. Illinois River button factories mainly cut the unfinished blanks and shipped them overland to be ground and polished into buttons in much larger facilities, such as those in Muscatine, Iowa that opened in 1891 and transformed musseling from parties of waders searching shallow waters to fleets of motorized boats plucking huge numbers of mussels from the deepest pools.


Home / Media Centre / News / 2019 / 360 Degrees of NATO Maritime Activities
360 Degrees of NATO Maritime Activities
NORTHWOOD, United Kingdom - NATO Maritime Command Headquarters and all of the Standing Naval Forces are participating in various exercises, operations and activities across Europe this week, demonstrating NATO's defence in 360 degrees. The story below outlines some of the ways in which NATO is providing 360 degree security on the maritime frontier.
Starting in the United Kingdom, NATO Maritime Command Headquarters is conducting exercise Dynamic Bonus, an internal exercise designed to test the Headquarter's evolving battle rhythm. Moving of the coast of Scotland in the North Atlantic, Standing NATO Maritime Group One (SNMG1) ship ESPS Almirante Juan de Borbón is participating in US-led ballistic missile defence exercise Formidable Shield. The exercise includes ships from the Netherlands, Denmark, United States, Canada, France, Spain, Italy, Norway and United Kingdom. Moving north and inland, the remainder of the group, with ships from the United States, Germany, Poland, Turkey and the United Kingdom, is patrolling the Baltic Sea and working with NATO Baltic Air Policing units during the week.
Continuing in the Baltic Sea, Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group One (SNMCMG1) with ships from Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom is participating in Lithuanian-led operation Open Spirit. Open Spirit is a historical ordnance disposal operation that clears mines from the Baltic Sea Floor and also serves to train mine hunting ships on live ordnance. In addition to SNMCMG1, the operation also includes ships from France, Latvia, Lithuania, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal. The international operation is aimed at clearing the Baltic seafloor of naval mines remaining from World War I and World War II in order to minimise the threat to maritime navigation, fishery, and other economic activities in the Baltic Sea.
Heading south to the western Mediterranean Sea, Spain is hosting Spanish Mine Exercise (MINEX) off the coast of Mallorca. Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group Two (SNMCMG2) is participating with ships from Germany, Spain and Turkey, joining ships from Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, United States, Belgium and Germany to practice mine hunting and neutralization in the Mediterranean.
Further east in the central Mediterranean, Standing NATO Maritime Group Two (SNMG2), with ships from the Netherlands, Canada and the United Kingdom is participating in Italian exercise Mare Aperto off the coast of Italy, honing maritime warfare skills from anti-submarine warfare to air defence. Beyond SNMG2, ships from France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the United States are participating. Finally, a portion of SNMG2 is operating a bit further east in the Aegean Sea with ships from Germany, Albania, Greece and Turkey supporting Greek and Turkish border authorities as well as the European Union's border force Frontex to cut the lines of human trafficking and smuggling.
NATO Maritime is active across the maritime frontiers of the European Theatre and is focused on delivering 360 degrees of maritime focused awareness and connectivity.
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Poem by IMMANUEL MIFSUD
Poem appears in both Maltese and English below.
Malta is a country caught in the crosscurrents: between North Africa and continental Europe; between insularity and a constructive role on the world stage; between prehistoric ruins and the blockchain. Mifsud is the voice of Malta, reflecting the archipelago in its richness, complexity, and contradictions. His is the voice through which the margins question the center; myths of progress are challenged; and the ancient interrogates the present, as in "Ġgantija II."
The Ġgantija ("Giantess") temples of Gozo were built during the Neolithic and are thought to be more than 5,500 years old, older than the pyramids of Egypt. They were erected by a people who worshipped a mother figure, a goddess. Awareness of intergenerationality and the unbroken cycles of life takes on a peculiar intensity when all that you have ever been surrounds all that you are in the present — and all you might aspire to become. It is comforting; it is confining. "Ġgantija II" was commissioned for an interdisciplinary event and an excerpt from it, in the Maltese, has been incorporated into a public sculpture on the island of Gozo.


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Australian inventor of 'black box' recorder diesSYDNEY (AP) — David Warren, an Australian scientist who invented the "black box" flight data recorder, has died, defense officials said. He was 85.
SYDNEY (AP) — David Warren, an Australian scientist who invented the "black box" flight data recorder, has died, defense officials said. He was 85.
Warren, who died Monday, came up with the idea for the cockpit voice recorder after investigating the crash of the world's first commercial jet airliner, the Comet, in 1953, the Department of Defence said in a statement. He thought it would be helpful for airline accident investigators to have a recording of voices in the cockpit.
He designed and constructed a black box prototype in 1956, but it took several years before officials understood just how valuable the device could be and began installing them in commercial airlines worldwide.
Warren was born in 1925 in a remote part of northeast Australia. In 1934, his father was killed in a plane crash in Australia.
He became the principal research scientist at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation's Aeronautical Research Laboratories in Melbourne from 1952 to 1983.
"Dr. Warren's flight data recorder has made an invaluable contribution to safety in world aviation," the defense department said in a statement.
In 2002, Warren was awarded the Order of Australia — among the nation's highest civilian honors — for his work.
Warren is survived by his wife Ruth, four children and seven grandchildren.


Industry News
Mythbusters: Ductless Systems Are Harder to Maintain than Ducted
Mythbusters: Ductless Systems Are Harder to Maintain than Ducted
Myth: Ductless Systems Require More Maintenance than Ducted
The Truth:
The earliest ductless HVAC systems earned the reputation of being high-maintenance compared to their ducted conventional counterparts.
In decades past, that may have been true. The earliest ductless systems were typically only single-zone systems. They were compared to window units and were limited in performance. Only once multi-zone ductless systems were introduced with heating capability did contractors start considering them for replacing central ducted systems."
At the time, these systems had complex technology in comparison to central ducted. They came with features that needed explanation and know-how to use, such as microprocessor and remote controls, that required more advanced contractor training. The outdoor units were compact and the indoor units had unfamiliar components, making even well-trained technicians hesitant to open them up for servicing.
Window units, on the other hand, were relatively simple to understand and cheap enough to easily replace if they were broken beyond what a contractor was comfortable fixing. Many people paused at the idea of installing a ductless system while the window units were so uncomplicated and affordable. Thus, the high-maintenance stereotype was born.
Today's ductless options are vast, with multiple styles of indoor units and multi-zone systems, such as Mitsubishi Electric Zoned Comfort Solutions®, now able to provide whole-house heating and air conditioning. With multiple indoor units to factor in, homeowners may assume more servicing is needed than traditional systems. However, many ductless systems actually end up saving homeowners money in the long-term in utility and servicing costs compared to ducted systems. How could that be, you ask?
Longevity and Reliability
One major appeal of modern ductless units is their longevity. These systems have been engineered to last with the same level of reliability and high-quality performance from day one to year 20. The systems' reliable operation translates to less frequent maintenance needs and concerns for repairs, saving homeowners money and stress.
Mitsubishi Electric ductless systems are equipped with INVERTER-driven compressor technology, so they use only the precise amount of energy needed to heat or cool a space. This makes them up to 40 percent more efficient than fixed-capacity ducted systems.
The systems' INVERTER-driven compressors run smoothly, increasing speed when needing more performance and lowering speed when conditions are at set point. Traditional, fixed-speed compressors, on the other hand, cycle on and off to reach and maintain set points, essentially running at either 100 percent or 0 percent without middle ground. This start/stop cycle leads to greater wear-and-tear on the equipment and therefore, more frequent servicing. Think about driving your car. If you're consistently flooring the gas pedal and slamming on the breaks, your engine components will need replacement sooner than a car that's driven at a steady speed with gradual starts and stops.
Our ductless units use a two-step filtration process, which not only keeps the air you're breathing clean and healthy, but also helps prevent dirt and dust from clogging your units and causing them to malfunction. But proper care and maintenance is a crucial part of the filters' performance.
Fortunately, cleaning and maintaining our ductless units' filters couldn't be easier! The units are designed so the filters are easy to remove, wash and reinstall. Homeowners simply open the access door, take out the screens, clean them and then slide them back into place. Making filter maintenance easy for homeowners improves the lifespan of both the filters and the units.
The filters are not the only easily-accessible part of our indoor units. Unlike ducted systems, which commonly require technicians to enter attics, crawl spaces or mechanical closets to service indoor units or ductwork, ductless systems' air handlers are in the common, more accessible areas of the home.
Many of our units, including the EZ FIT™ Recessed Ceiling Cassette, are designed so they can be serviced from below. This allows technicians to diagnose, troubleshoot and resolve issues more quickly and with less disruption to the home.
No HVAC system is maintenance-free, but our modern ductless systems make maintenance easy, compared to conventional systems. Through advancements in efficiency, filtration and unit design, we've made it simple for homeowners and contractors to keep their systems in good working condition. We're hopeful that someday soon the myth of high-maintenance ductless systems will be a thing of the past.
To learn more about our maintenance-friendly heat pump options, please visit


text: [en] Knowledge of soil moisture dynamics and its spatial variability is essential to improve our understanding of root water uptake and soil moisture redistribution at the local scale and the field scale. We investigated the potential and limitations of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to measure three-dimensional soil moisture changes and variability in a large, undisturbed, cropped soil column and examined the interactions between soil and root system. Our analysis sustained the value of ERT as a tool to monitor and quantify water contents and water content changes in the soil, as long as the root biomass does not influence the observed resistivity. This is shown using a global water mass balance and a local validation using time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes. The observed soil moisture variability was rather high compared to values reported in the literature for bare soil. The measured water depletion rate, being the result of combined effects of root water uptake and soil water redistribution, was compared with the evaporative demand and root length densities. We observed a gradual downward movement of the maximum water depletion rate combined with periods of redistribution when there was less transpiration. Finally, the maximum root length density was observed at −70 cm depth, pointing out that root architecture can strongly depend on soil characteristics and states.


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Decoding the Irrational Consumer was written to help marketing practitioners demystify neuromarketing, a relatively new field of marketing research used to understand consumer response to marketing stimuli. This book presents in plain terms the key theoretical tools required to implement neuromarketing studies and achieve desired research outcomes. Marketers and researchers will learn how to effectively and confidently brief data processors, and confer with neuroscientists and technicians. They will gain keen understanding of recent developments in behavioural science and data-processing technology, as well as sophisticated neuromarketing tools used to understand subconscious responses including behavioural economics, eye-tracking, implicit response measures, and facial coding. The author discusses when to apply these techniques and others, how to combine them effectively and how to correctly interpret resulting data to generate valuable insights that aid in decision making. About the series: The Marketing Science series makes difficult topics accessible to marketing students and practitioners by grounding them in business reality. Each book is written by an expert in the field and includes case studies and illustrations enabling marketers to gain confidence in applying the tools and techniques and in commissioning external research.
Decoding the Irrational Consumer
How to Commission, Run and Generate Insights from Neuromarketing Research
Management & Computers


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Browsing Articles publicats (Psicologia) by Subject "HEXACO- 60"
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Exploring the stability of HEXACO-60 structure and the association of Gender, Age, and Social Position with personality traits across 18 countries (Wiley, 2021-07-23)Objectivess: The present paper tests the cross-national stability of the HEXACO-60 structure across 18 countries from four continents. Gender and age differences across countries will be examined. Finally, this is the first...


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Chayote or Sayote Production
Chayote (Sechium edule) popularly known as Sayote in the Philippines, is an edible plant that belongs to the gourd family Cucurbitaceae along with melons, cucumbers and squash. The fruits are pear shaped with thin green wrinkly skin and white flesh, ranging from 10 to 20 cm in length. The flesh has a fairly bland taste, and a texture described as a cross between a potato and a cucumber. It can be eaten raw, cooked, mashed, baked, boiled, fried, or even pickled. The root, stem, seeds, and leaves of the plant are all edible. Chayote is a good source of amino acids and high in fiber, potassium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C.
Chayote vine can be grown on the ground, but it is a climbing plant that will grow onto anything and can easily rise as high as 12 meters when it can reach a tree or house. Its leaves are heart-shaped, 10–25 cm wide and with tendrils on the stem. The flowers are cream-colored or somewhat green that come out beneath a leaf or branch. If the plant is male, the flowers will show in clusters. The plant's fruit is light green and elongated with deep ridges lengthwise.
Chayote can be grown in the tropics and subtropics from sea-level to 6000 feet above sea-level. The crop is very sensitive to frost. Optimum conditions for growth and fruiting are 30C daytime and 15C nighttime temperatures. It requires 12 to 12.5 hr daylength for flowering. The plant can grow under full sun to mild shaded conditions. Fruits exposed to full sun are light yellow, while shadegrown plants produce darker green fruit.
Culture and Management:
Chayote prefers rich, well-drained soil. It can not withstand waterlogging. In wet high rainfall areas it is planted in raised hills or mounds. Good preparation of the planting hole is important. Work the soil 2 feet deep and 3 feet in diameter. Addition of organic matter will improve drainage and nutrient uptake.
Propagation and Planting
Propagation is by planting the entire fruit. Young basal shoot cuttings are also sometimes used. Place the fruit at a 45 degree angle
with the shoot downward and the narrow stem-end base slightly protruding from the soil line. Deep planting will lead to fruit rot. Space plants 7-11 feet apart. Some growers use a 12 x 12 field spacing. The trellis is about 6 feet tall and needs to be solid to support the prolific growing vines. In home-gardens the plants can be trained to grow on trees or fences. In areas with no irrigation, the crop is planted at the beginning of the rainy season. Planting material (whole fruits) are normally available locally from fellow gardeners or growers.
Chayote needs ample soil moisture for good growth. Irrigation is necessary during dry spells in the growing cycle. Do not allow the soil to waterlog, however. Sprinkler irrigation may disrupt bee activity during pollination resulting in flower abscission.
In the homegarden chayote requires little nitrogen but fruit yields do respond to potassium fertilization. Excessive nitrogen applications may promote vine growth at the expense of fruit yields. Excessive nitrogen may also result in flower abscission. Under commercial conditions rates between 300-500 lbs/acre of N are required to attain maximum yields. For maximum yields the N is applied every two months at two application points 5 inches deep at a 5 inch distance from the plant, plus 50 lb/acre of P2O5 applied all at planting, and 50 lbs/acre of K2O applied half at planting, and the second half six months after planting. In a 200 day growing season, chayote was found to absorb most nitrogen and phosphorus between 105 and 135 days after planting, and to absorb most potassium between 150 and 165 days after planting. In the 200 growth cycle chayote removed 48 lbs of N; 9.5 lbs of phosphorus, and 10 lbs of calcium on a per acre basis.
The vines flower in 3-5 months and the fruits are ready for harvest 28-32 days after pollination. Under commercial conditions the fruit is picked two or three times weekly when slightly immature, just before the seed protrudes from the apex. Yields vary from 75-600 fruit per vine which amount to 50,000 fruit per acre in commercial fields (60-100,000 lbs/acre). Yields often decline after the third year. To control growth habit and for ease of harvest, vines may be trimmed after each harvest.
Fruits must be harvested and handled carefully to prevent cuts, bruises, and spread of diseases. It is normally pre-cooled in cold rooms or through forced air. In the market, it is packaged in fiberboard boxes with dividers, each piece in a film bag, single layer, 24-30 count for 20 lbs per box. The boxes are hand-loaded or unitized on pallets. During handling the fruits are sensitive to chilling at 41F (5C), to moisture loss, and are sensitive to ethylene. Chilling injury results in swollen, watery looking spots formed on the periderm. Chayote can be stored for 4-6 weeks at 45F and 85-90 RH. Sprouting is promoted at 78F (25C).
Pests and Diseases
Diseases and insects are similar to those affecting squash and pumpkin. Roots of chayote are susceptible to the nematode Heterodera radicicola. The melon fly causes blemishes, but do not develop on the fruit. Other insect pests include cucumber beetle, squash ladybug, and the squash vine borer. Early downy mildew attacks often kills chayote before reaching maturity. Common diseases in the tropics include Mycovellosiela cucurbiticola, and Ascochyta phaseolorum. These diseases are common during the rainy season and persist until harvest. High disease incidence of Mycovellosiela and Ascochyta have also been observed in fields receiving high nitrogen fertilization rates.
Source: Hector Valenzuela; Photos: wikipedia.com and kelsielita.com


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- uploaded: Aug 2, 2011
- Hits: 190
(Note: The period of assignment of copyright of this film is expired. It is now a public property.)
This award-winning ethnographic film (in two parts) made by Sathya Mohan deals with the nature-man interaction and the associated belief system. It examines the features of the environment and ecology in relation to the Koyas economic system - the interaction of productive forces and the natural resources. The economy, the social organization, the religion and the mythology of the Koyas are closely inter-related, inter-dependent and interacting. Each aspect of the nature-man interaction and the belief system attached to it, viewed as a whole - as a complex - gives the basic picture of the Koya culture. The basis of enormous diversity in the Indian cultural matrix lies in its varied ecological conditions. The interplay of nature and culture is implicit in the little traditions of the sub-continent. The Koya culture is unique in adapting itself to its natural setting.


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Salud Pública de México
Print version ISSN 0036-3634
LARA-VALENCIA, Francisco et al. Neighborhood socio-environmental vulnerability and infant mortality in Hermosillo, Sonora. Salud pública Méx [online]. 2012, vol.54, n.4, pp.367-374. ISSN 0036-3634. _URL_
OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the impact of contextual variables at the neighborhood level on a health marker in the city of Hermosillo, Mexico and discusses the importance of collaboration between planners and health professional to minimize the negative effect of contextual factors on urban health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Few studies in Mexico have assessed health outcomes at the intra-urban scale and their interaction with neighborhood-level contextual variables. Using spatial analysis and geographical information systems, the paper explores the association between infant mortality and an index of socio-environmental vulnerability used to measure urban contextual factors. RESULTS: Two high infant mortality clusters were detected within neighborhoods characterized by relatively good environmental conditions and one in a neighborhood with a poor environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the clustering of high infant mortality areas and some association with built environment factors in Hermosillo. The results support the need to reconnect public health and urban planning as a way to create healthier environments in Mexican cities.
Keywords : urban health; infant mortality; health disparities; city planning; geographic information systems; Mexico.


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Japanese swords, £18.00
Weight: 4.410 g
Gift of Dr F. Parkes Weber
Coins and Medals
Silver 2 reales coin of Philip V, mutilated for use in Dominica as 2 bitts
Issued in Spain, AD
Mutilated for use in Dominica, about 1770-72
A coin pierced officially for use in a British colony
The island of Dominica in the eastern Caribbean became a colony, firstly of France and then of Great Britain in the eighteenth century. Like other West Indian colonies, Dominica provided the colonial power with the important commodity, sugar. To work the sugar plantations the colonists needed labour, which was provided by the trade in slaves from Africa.
As the colonies had no coinage of their own, mutilated Spanish or Portuguese silver coins were used instead. These were either cut into segments, or a hole was stamped into them, which in the case of Dominica was heart-shaped.
This mutilation of the coins had a dual purpose: it identified the currency for use in the colony, and also reduced the weight of the silver in the coin, thereby discouraging the export of the coin from the island. The metal disks cut out of the coin (known as dumps) were also used as money in their own right.
F. Pridmore, The coins of the British Commo, Part 3: West Indies (London, Spink, 1965)


ORF523: Noisy oracles
Today we start the third (and last) part of our class titled: 'Optimization and Randomness'. An important setting that we will explore is the one of optimization with noisy oracles:
 - Noisy 0^{th}-order oracle: given x \in \mathcal{X} it outputs Y such that \mathbb{E}(Y | x) = f(x).
 - Noisy 1^{st}-order oracle: given x \in \mathcal{X} it outputs \tilde{g} such that \mathbb{E}(\tilde{g} | x) \in \partial f(x).
Somewhat surprisingly several of the first-order algorithms we studied so far are robust to noise and attain the same performance if one feeds them with the answers of a noisy 1^{st} order oracle. This was first observed by Robbins and Monro in the early Fifties, and the resulting set of techniques is often referred to as stochastic approximation methods. For instance let us consider the Stochastic Mirror Descent:
 \begin{align*} & \nabla \Phi(y_{t+1}) = \nabla \Phi(x_{t}) - \eta \tilde{g}_t, \ \text{where} \ \mathbb{E}(\tilde{g_t} | x_t) \in \partial f(x_t), \\ & x_{t+1} \in \mathrm{argmin}_{x \in \mathcal{X} \cap \mathcal{D}} D_{\Phi}(x,y_{t+1}). \end{align*}
The analysis of this algorithm follows the exact same lines than the standard version. The key observation is that:
 \begin{eqnarray*} \mathbb{E} \ f(x_t) - f(x) & \leq & \mathbb{E} \ g_t^{\top} (x_t - x), \ \text{where} \ g_t \in \partial f(x_t) \\ & = & \mathbb{E} \left( \mathbb{E} (\tilde{g}_t|x_t)^{\top} (x_t - x) \right), \\ & = & \mathbb{E} \ \tilde{g}_t^{\top} (x_t - x), \end{eqnarray*}
and now one can repeat the standard proof since \tilde{g}_t was used in the algorithm. This yields the following result.
Theorem. Let \Phi be a mirror map \kappa-strongly convex on \mathcal{X} \cap \mathcal{D} with respect to \|\cdot\|, and let R^2 = \sup_{x \in \mathcal{X} \cap \mathcal{D}} \Phi(x) - \Phi(x_1). Assume that f is convex and that the noisy oracle is such that \mathbb{E} \|\tilde{g}\|_*^2 \leq \sigma^2. Then Stochastic Mirror Descent with \eta = \frac{R}{\sigma} \sqrt{\frac{2 \kappa}{t}} satisfies
 \[\mathbb{E} f\bigg(\frac{1}{t} \sum_{s=1}^t x_s \bigg) - \min_{x \in \mathcal{X}} f(x) \leq R \sigma \sqrt{\frac{2}{\kappa t}}.\]
Of course the exact same reasoning applies to the Mirror Descent for Saddle Points. One can also get the rate 1/t for strongly convex functions using the idea described in this lecture. High-probability results can be obtained using Markov's inequality, and stronger concentration results can be proved under a subgaussian assumption on the tails of the estimates \tilde{g}, see Proposition 2.2. here.
Let us now see some application of this noisy framework.
Statistical Learning
We are interested in the solving the following problem:
 \[\min_{w \in \mathcal{W}} \mathbb{E} \ \ell(w, Z),\]
where \ell : \mathcal{W} \times \mathcal{Z} is a known loss function such that \ell(\cdot, z) is a convex function \forall z \in \mathcal{Z}, and Z is a random variable whose distribution is unknown. While the distribution of Z is unknown, we assume that we have access to a sequence of m i.i.d. examples Z_1, \hdots, Z_m. A typical example within this framework is the case where z=(x,y) represents a pair of (input, output) and the function \ell is one of the loss function we saw in this lecture, for example the logistic loss \ell(w, (x,y)) = \log(1 + \exp(- y w^{\top} x)) with \mathcal{W} \subset \mathbb{R}^n, \mathcal{Z} = \mathbb{R}^n \times \{-1,1\}.
Let g(w,z) be a subgradient of \ell(\cdot, z) at w, and let f(w) = \mathbb{E} \ \ell(w, Z). We assume that \mathbb{E} g(w, Z) \in \partial f(w). Note that we cannot perform a gradient descent on f(w) as we would need to know the distribution of Z to compute a subgradient of f. On the other hand one has access to unbiased estimates of these subgradients with the i.i.d. examples Z_1, \hdots, Z_m. Thus one can use the Stochastic Mirror Descent, where at each iteration a new example is used to compute the noisy subgradient, precisely we take \tilde{g}_t = g(w_t, Z_t). In particular with m examples one can only run the algorithm for m steps, and one gets to a precision of order 1/\sqrt{m}. If in addition f is strongly convex then one can in fact obtain a precision of order 1/m with the step sizes/averaging described in this lecture.
Acceleration by randomization
In the previous example there was no alternative to the use of noisy subgradients as the distribution of Z was unknown. However in some cases, even if the distribution of Z is known, it might be beneficial to artificially sample examples from the distribution in order to avoid computing difficult integrals. Consider for example the problem of minimizing an average of convex functions:
 \[\min_{x \in \mathcal{X}} \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^m f_i(x).\]
We have seen several important examples of this form where m might be very large. Note that computing a subgradient of f(x) = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=1}^m f_i(x) takes O(m N) time where O(N) is the time to compute the subgradient of a single function f_i(x). Thus a standard gradient descent algorithm will take O(m N / \epsilon^2) time to reach an \epsilon-optimal point. On the other hand one can simply sample (with replacement) an index i \in [m] at every iteration (which takes time O(\log m)), and perform a step of gradient descent using only the subgradient of f_i. This method will reach an \epsilon-optimal point (in expectation) in time O(\log(m) N / \epsilon^2), which is much cheaper than the requirement for GD!
Note that if f is also strongly convex, then GD needs O(m N / \epsilon) time to reach an \epsilon-optimal point, and SGD needs only O(\log(m) N / \epsilon) time (with appropriate step sizes/averaging as discussed above). The situation becomes more favorable to GD if in addition f is smooth (recall that for strongly convex and smooth functions one has an exponential rate of convergence for GD), and we will come back to this in the next lecture.
Let us consider another example which we studied at the end of the previous lecture:
 \[\min_{x \in \Delta_n} \max_{y \in \Delta_n} x^{\top} A y,\]
where A \in \mathbb{S}^n (the symmetry assumption is just for sake of notation). It is clear that the rate of convergence of MD-SP for this problem is of order \|A\|_{\max} \sqrt{\frac{\log n}{t}}. Furthermore each step requires to compute a subgradient in x and y, which are of the form A y and Ax. Thus the time complexity of one step is of order O(n^2) (which is the time complexity of a matrix-vector multiplication). Overall to reach an \epsilon-optimal points one needs O(\|A\|_{\max}^2 \frac{n^2 \log n}{\epsilon^2}) elementary operations. Now the key observation is that the matrix-vector multiplication can easily be randomized, especially since x, y \in \Delta_n. Let A_1, \hdots, A_n be the column vectors of A, then A x = \sum_{i=1}^n x


Why do most landlords conduct regular building inspections in Melbourne?
The recent researches have proven that the number of landlords who carry out regular building inspection has greatly increased. However, there are still some landlords out there who think that inspecting their buildings is very expensive and they do not want to waste their money conducting the inspection. The truth is that it is essential as a landlord to conduct regular building inspections since at the end of the day; they are the people who will benefit from the inspection. Some of the people will wonder how the building inspections will benefit them, yet they will have to pay some money. However, if you get to talk to any landlord who has been conducting building inspections, they will tell you that they like it and that they are not wasting their money. In case there are landlords out there who want to find the goodness in building inspections, this article will discuss the reasons why they should also be among those conducting building inspections in Melbourne.
1. It ensures that you are aware of the conditions of your buildings.
Most of the landlords have so many buildings that they have rented to people, and because they do not live in those houses, it is very hard for them to know about the conditions of their buildings. For this reason, building inspections in Melbourne gives the landlords a chance to know the conditions of their houses even without living in them. The only thing that helps them know whether the ceiling, the floor, tiles, drainage systems and also lighting are in the right conditions are the building inspections. This is why most of the landlords will conduct the inspections regularly so that they can always have an understanding of their property.
2. To budget for repairs.
Repairs also require to be budgeted for like the other investments. For this reason, most landlords in Melbourne will conduct building inspections for them to know which sections of their buildings require repairs so that they can budget for the repairs. It also enables them to ensure that they have done the repairs as early as possible and to avoid at all costs repairing them when it is too late for them since it will require more money and time to complete the repairs.
3. Building inspections attract more buyers.
Have you been wondering why other landlords have more tenants than you? Then one of the reasons is that they conduct regular building inspections, but you do not. Another reason why most landlords in Melbourne will conduct building inspections is to ensure that they have attracted as many tenants as possible. The number of tenants wanting to stay in your building will increase since they will have faith in you that there are no pests in your building, no defects and if the building has errors, you will work on them and lastly that their families will be safe in your building. However, if you do not conduct the inspection, the tenant will not trust whatever you tell them about your building since they have never seen you conducting inspections.
4. To find out the value of the building.
There are other times that landlords wish to sell their buildings. Without knowing the value of your building, it will be very difficult for you to sell the building at the right cost. For this reason, some landlords conduct building inspections to ensure that they know the real value of the building.
5. To ensure that they have insured their building.
For you to insure your building, you must ensure that you have done building inspections. For this reason, the landlords who need insurance covers for their buildings must conduct building inspections and work on the issues found during the inspection for the insurance company to accept insuring them. Gallo Property Inspection offer building inspections in Melbourne. They are glad to assist building owners and landlords.
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How to prepare your truck for warmer weather?
Your truck has faithfully served you during the harsh winter months and now it's time to prepare your truck for warmer weather. Here are a few simple steps every truck driver should take.
1.Service the air conditioner and air dryer.
You don't want to risk your A/C breaking down in the middle of a heat wave. So be sure to have the system inspected and serviced. While you're at the service shop, ask the mechanic to take a look at the air dryers and eliminate any moisture to help prevent build up inside air brake and anti-lock brake components that could lead to corrosion.
2. Clean the radiators.
Over time, the truck's radiators get covered in dirt, reducing the efficiency of heat transfer. Be sure to have the radiators blown or washed out at a truck service shop.
3. Inspect the fan hubs.
The fans play a crucial role during the summer months because they help transfer heat through the radiator when the A/C is working.
4. Remove truck winter fronts.
Truck winter fronts help protect the truck during cold weather and keep the vehicle at an optimal temperature and promote faster interior warmup. Now that spring has sprung, take the time to clean and inspect the fronts before putting them into storage.
5. Check bug screens.
Bug screens guard the radiator from getting clogged with bugs. Clean them out and check for damage.
6. Switch to summer windshield wipers.
Winter windshield wipers are designed to clear away snow and ice and are not effective for clearing off rain and bugs during the summer months.
7. Switch to summer windshield washer fluid.
Use summer windshield washer fluid to help clear away bugs and keep your windshield clear. Winter washer fluid contains ingredients that help melt ice and frost, while summer windshield washer fluid has ingredients that help clear away bugs.
8. Inspect all lights.
Check all lights, including brake and reverse lamps, to make sure they're functioning properly.
9. Check and replace air filters.
You might think that winter air is cleaner than spring and summer air, but the truth is there's no difference. Regularly replacing the air filters will help keep the interior air clean and free of pollutants.


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Royal Llama of the Inca
If you are coming to the Museum today, please use one of the following entrances: 79th Street and Central Park West, subway entrance, or Weston Pavilion (Columbus Avenue entrance). The Rose Center for Earth and Space and the 81st Street entrance will be closed today, Friday, May 24.
Most Inca goldwork and silverwork was melted down by the Spanish conquistadors. The Museum's silver llama figurine is a rare example of Inca metalwork. Approximately 500 years old, it is from the Island of the Sun, or Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.
Every morning, an Inca priest presided over the sacrifice of a llama at the temple of the Sun. Anthropologists think that this figurine is a special white llama covered with a red blanket that was kept by the Inca ruler, or Sapa Inca, as a kind of mascot.
Hall of South American Peoples


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I saw mention of a 'dish' hold, and cannot figure out what this means exactly from Google searches. There are many sites selling dish holds like this one, but I don't understand what 'dish' means from the pictures. Plates? Something to do with their flatness?
"Dish holds" are holds that are (in relation to their total size) rather flat.
That seems to be their defining property - they can be round, have pockets, edges or other interesting features on them, but the one thing they have in common is their flat shape. This is in contrast to e.g. large jugs or slopers etc. which stick out more from the wall.
From my experience, a dish hold is one containing a smooth, shallow concave indentation, generally looking like the shape of a bowl or dish. I think it would fall under the sloper category, although slopers include both smooth concave and convex surfaces.
Below are some examples:
The indentation on the right would be considered a dish hold.
Another example of a dish hold.


The Greater Chatham Initiative was born from a comprehensive plan for economic growth and neighborhood vitality (The Plan). Our mission is to strategically invest (consistent with The Plan) in the Chicago communities of Chatham, Greater Grand Crossing, Avalon Park, and Auburn Gresham so they can re-emerge as communities of opportunity and choice.
About Us
Historically, the Chatham neighborhood's residential and economic stability has been both a beacon and an anchor for Chicago's south side, which bodes well for Chicago as a whole.
In recent years, Greater Chatham has been confronting new challenges: the number of middle-income jobs in the US economy has shrunk, including middle-wage public sector jobs, with a disproportionate impact on the African-American middle class; the aftermath of the national foreclosure crisis is painfully evident in Greater Chatham's "frozen" housing market; and the area is experiencing the in-migration of a lower-income, lower-skilled population looking for higher-quality housing options and better quality of life.
The Greater Chatham Initiative is an organization charged with developing and driving the implementation of a comprehensive strategy to revitalize the Chatham, Auburn Gresham, Avalon Park and Greater Grand Crossing neighborhoods on Chicago's south side.
In 2016, our organization authored a plan to spearhead a new approach to integrated neighborhood and regional development, tailored to the assets, dynamics and economics of the new, 21st century economy.
Residents often identify not only with "Greater Chatham" or one of the four community areas but also with the many and varied "neighborhoods" within them, including West Chatham, Park Manor, Marynook and Chesterfield.
Cultural icons like Mahalia Jackson and
Gwendolyn Brooks as well as African-American businesses like Johnson Products and
Seaway National Bank have called Greater Chatham their home.
To build something that is real and tangible, it is important to follow these principles:
 1. State the goals and what metrics will need to be tracked
 2. Outline the strategies that could help achieve the goals
 3. Identify a series of initiatives that are tactical project/ program ideas to execute. They must be:
 - scalable so they can broadly and substantially impact the community
 - sustainable so they can continue after strategic-investments conclude
 - innovative and transformative, minimally making great strides to positively changing existing systems and maximally making fundamental paradigm shifts
 - rapidly deployable and have a fast-moving trajectory toward a successful tipping point.
 4. Create an action plan that builds a platform to identify and prioritize initiatives based on neighborhood specific goals, identify resources and community partnerships, and put forth timelines.
The Greater Chatham Initiative is a necessarily ambitious undertaking. This plan aims to make the community one of both opportunity and choice. These are suggested goals and metrics. We will further refine the below as we investigate, plan and undertake the Initiatives.
Connect and align the residents and businesses of Greater Chatham with the Chicago region's next economy growth opportunities.
Revitalize and upgrade housing, stabilizing underwater homeowners and enabling new homeownership.
Enrich the community's array of retail, support services and other community amenities.
Increase public-sector and private-sector investments and decrease in individual public supports.
Create a next-economy inclusive civic infrastructure that connects community residents and businesses with regional stakeholders in fluid, flexible and innovative networks that are accountable to both communities and markets.
Enhance the social system and quality of life.
Start typing and press Enter to search


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What is special about the gene?
THIS EVENT HAS NOW TAKEN PLACE
A one day arts and humanities interdisciplinary symposium
Tuesday 11 September 2007, Cardiff University
- David Amigoni - English literature
- Roberta Bivins - Historian
- Tim Ingold - Anthropologist
- Lenny Moss - Philosopher
- Alison Wray - Linguistic theorist
The gene seems to have captured the public imagination and to exercise a fascination and symbolic influence in many fields outwith the context of its scientific discovery and usage. Like the atom, and a few other scientifically-derived concepts, the gene appears to overflow with secondary metaphors, entailments and projections that have significance for individuals, groups, activities and worldviews well beyond the laboratory bench. Possibly the symbolic traction of this concept/symbol will make it as significant in human social thought, imagination, and development as the notion of evolution itself.
This symposium for 30-40 participants forms part of an ongoing project looking at the symbolic and cultural significance and meanings of the gene and genetics. It aims to harness arts and humanities insights and methods into a dialogue about understanding the significance of the gene. It is also concerned with the impact the gene and genetics might have on the shaping of arts and humanities disciplines and the things that they seek to understand and study.
The six main presenters at this symposium, all leading arts and humanities scholars drawn from a range of disciplines such as literature, history, religious studies, anthropology, linguistics, and philosophy, have been invited, from their own disciplinary perspective, to address the question, What, if anything, is special about the gene? They will do this having regard to the need to take specific examples, and to address an interdisciplinary audience. While humanities academics will be the main presenters, other participants will come from a range of scientific and humanities disciplines to enrich critique and dialogue. Scholars who have so far accepted invitations to make presentations include: Professor Tim Ingold FBA (anthropologist), Professor Alison Wray (linguistic theorist), Professor Lenny Moss (philosopher), Dr Roberta Bivins (historian).
This will be a very exciting and unusual interdisciplinary event, bringing together scholars from all the main humanities disciplines to extend their insights and methods beyond their usual audiences and topics. If you would like to attend, please complete and return the registration form. There is a registration fee of £10 to cover meals and refreshments. The event is subsidised by the School of English, Communication and Philosophy.
Further details of the symposium are available from the contacts below.


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The Tale of Taishokan, 1640/80
Pair of six-panel screens; ink, colors, and gold on paper
each 173 x 374 cm
Restricted gift of Charles C. Haffner III and Muriel Kallis Newman; Alyce and Edwin DeCosta and Walter E. Heller Foundation Endowment; through prior gift of Charles C. Haffner III, 1996.436.1-2
This screen narrates the medieval Taishokan tale, an action-adventure story that captivated medieval and early modern audiences whether they saw it performed on the Noh, Bunraku or Kabuki stage, or depicted in paintings and prints. The many variants of the tale combine elements from early Japanese mythology and history; 14th-century Buddhist temple origin legend (engi) that reflects continuing anxiety about foreign invasion in the wake of the Mongol attacks of the late 13th century, and Noh play motifs.
The story unfolds from right to left, opening with a scene in and around the courtyard of Fujiwara Kamatari's residence in the Nara area. Kamatari, the most powerful courtier of the seventh century, was the first and only person ever granted the rank of 'Taishokan,' the highest rank in a system used only between 647 and 685. According to legend, reputation of Kamatari daughter's beauty made its way to China, where the emperor Taizong fell in love with her sight unseen, and asked to marry her. Kamatari's daughter, Kohakunyo, is shown boarding her carriage to be sent abroad on the ships depicted below. Her new home, the Chinese court, is shown to the left. On the left screen, the treasures that the princess sends back to Japan, the most precious of them a jewel in which is embedded a tiny statue of the Buddha, have been entrusted to the Chinese general Wanhu. Wanhu is shown in battle with the forces of the dragon king who lives beneath the sea and succeeds in stealing the precious jewel. In the end, Kamatari (in other versions, such as the Noh play Ama [15th c.] and Chikamatsu Monzaemon's Bunraku play Taishokan, it is Kamatari's grandson Fusasaki) enlists the help of a diver woman to recover the stolen jewel. She manages to sneak into the undersea Dragon Palace, recover the jewel, and escape—pursued by the Dragon King's horde. Just as she reaches the surface—at the very center of the screen—she is slain by one of the Dragon King's minions, a serpent-warrior. When the men on Kamatari's ship recover her body, they find the jewel concealed in a slit she had cut into her chest—she had knowingly sacrificed herself, that is, to recover the precious jewel.
For a translation of one version of the Taishokan story, see Melanie Trede, Image, Text and Audience: The Taishokan Narrative in Visual Representations of the Early Modern Period (Peter Lang, 2003).
The Saint Louis Art Museum, Beyond Golden Clouds: Japanese Screens from the Art Institute of Chicago and the Saint Louis Art Museum, October 18, 2009- January 3, 2010
The Art Institute of Chicago, Beyond Golden Clouds: Japanese Screens from the Art Institute of Chicago and the Saint Louis Art Museum, Regenstein Hall, June 26-September 27, 2009.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Storytelling in Japanese Art. February 2012.
Janice Katz, ed., Beyond Golden Clouds: Japanese Screens from the Art Institute of Chicago and the Saint Louis Art Museum, exh. cat. (Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2009).
Janice Katz, "Allusion and Illusion: Harimaze-type Folding Screens in The Art Institute of Chicago and the Saint Louis Art Museum," Orientations, 40, 5, (June 2009), pp.48-53.
Shirahata et al. 1990, vol. 1, cat. 147.


text: The Text tool lets you place a fixed size string of text on the page. The size is determined by the Paint Attributes and the Text Attributes. If you want to dynamically change the size of the text, you'd want to use the Text Dynamic tool. Text is added to a model by first entering it in the text field at the bottom of the screen and then tapping the location where you'd like to place it. You can also drag your finger around the screen to reposition it. Once you lift your finger, the position is set. The position defined is the lower left corner of the text. Normal Snapping Behavior applies. There are some important facts about paints and fonts that you should be aware of. The text will be drawn using the current paint attributes so take care how you configure your Paint Layers. The font will be the same for every paint layer, but you have many, many options for configuring Paint, not simply the text size and color. Stroke Style has an impact on how the text is rendered. For instance, using only a "stroke" style rather than a "stroke-and-fill" style will give you hollow letters. You might want that. You might not. Just be aware that if the text doesn't look the way you want it, then you should check your paint attributes of each of your Paint Layers and the text attributes (which apply to all layers). Here's an example.


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Punchayet in Hindi
Meaning of Punchayet in Hindi
Hindi is a very rich language that's why Punchayet has many meanings in the Hindi language like Panchaayat, Panchaayate.
What is the spelling of Panchaayat, Panchaayate in Hindi?
The spelling of Panchaayat, Panchaayate in Hindi is पंचायत, पंचायते. Please note some of the English words' spelling can be wrong because we have written as Hindi pronunciation. If you are using these in legal documents then please verify with other sources also.
Similar meaning words of Punchayet
Here is a list of the words that are very similar to Punchayet. You can see the meaning of words by clicking on the words.


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December 18, 2012
Could 3D printing be a climate revolution?
Additive manufacturing has five key attributes that could help places as different as the United States and Pakistan enhance their climate-resilience, and ultimately, their security. AlertNet reports.
... Additive manufacturing is also inherently energy efficient. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, additive manufacturing on average uses 50 percent less energy and saves up to 90 percent on materials costs compared to traditional manufacturing. Because one prints only the desired product, it greatly reduces the amount of materials used, and the energy required for manufacturing.
Furthermore, since additive manufacturing involves sending data around the world via the internet, rather than sending physical materials, shipping, packaging and storage is reduced to almost nil, which dramatically reduces energy use.
Read full article.
The Permanent Link to this page is: _URL_


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What is the difference? With VHDs, it is a classification of virtual drive. The other two types have already been covered and now it is time to briefly cover what makes the difference VHD disk interesting.
Why does it exist? Perhaps the most obvious answer is that it could save space. The difference disk is actually linked to a parent disk. The parent disk represents a read-only copy of a VM. Technically it does not need to be a full copy but let's assume that it is to make it easy. Once the parent and child (difference disk) are bound, the parent VHD is no longer allowed to change. The child VHD has pointers to the parent VHD by using various name markers (relative/absolute, UNICODE/UTF-8). The link is not guaranteed and obviously it is possible for an admin/user to break the connection. It would be an easy mistake to make. The difference file could be moved to another system which has no access to the parent file.
What lives in the child disk? Only the written changes are kept in the virtual disk. Also, the changes are marked on a sector bitmap which shows which sectors are coming from the child and which ones are coming from the parent. From the operating system point of view, this is transparent. However, the VM player is responsible for splitting up the requests between the two virtual disks (parent and child). This also means that the two disks need to be opened when the VM is running.
The sector bitmap is actually at the front of the blocks in the VHD. In a dynamic disk, the sector bitmap shows which sectors have been written. For a difference disk, it shows the ownership of the sectors between child and parent.
I have been playing with difference disks over the last couple of weeks and now understand the nature of how this fits together. One key point is that this is happening at the sector level which would make it very hard to figure out which files had changed.
An annoying aspect of the sector bitmap is that it does not align with clusters. Because the first volume sector happens at 0x3F, the first eight sector cluster happens from 0x3F to 0×46. So, cluster zero maps to bits in three different bytes of the sector bitmap. Life would have been a bit easier if the clusters aligned with the sector bitmap bytes. Nevermind, this is really only annoying for people trying to correspond volume clusters to low-level sectors.
It is worth noting that the difference VHD disk has no intelligence about what is being written. In other words, it is highly likely that data written which happens to be the same as before will still trigger usage in the difference disk. Also of interest is that all VHD disks have no sense of what has been freed. This means that even if written data is freed by the file system, it will still be retained in the VHD. And finally, all data is treated equally so this means that even if the data is not worth keeping (temporary content) the VHD will do its best to hold onto it blindly. It appears that the pagefile fails into this category.
The greatest value of the difference disk would come from a template model. An admin could create a dynamic VHD disk for the work environment and then use the difference disk to create user copies. The benefit would be space savings and potentially faster transfer for remote use (assuming the template is already there). The missing piece is being able to update the template and have it take affect on the user difference disks. By the current definitions/standards, this will not work. The simple reason why is that it would be nearly impossible to merge the two together based on blocks changing on both the child and the parent. Since the VHD format has no knowledge of files and directories, it has no way of knowing what to merge.
The difference disk seems similar to linked clone technology. However, linked clone uses versioning which allows for the parent to move forward. Unfortunately, even linked clones have no knowledge of how to merge with an updated parent.


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Electronic communications, postal services and media in the Brussels-Capital Region are BIPT's main fields of activity. For each of them, the regulatory action of BIPT is based on six basic objectives:
- fostering healthy competition and maintaining market access;
- contributing to the development of a domestic market of efficient networks and services;
- protecting the users' interests while taking account of social inclusion, a high level of protection, clear information and transparency;
- managing scarce resources such as radio frequencies and numbering resources;
- ensuring network security;
- The new European electronic communications code (EECC) has added an additional objective. This code has not been transposed into Belgian law yet, but it will naturally influence the Council's actions for the next three years. The new and sixth objective is the following:
Concerning electronic communications, the Institute promotes connectivity and access to very high capacity networks, including fixed, mobile and wireless networks, as well as the take-up of such networks.


text:
We have made every reasonable effort to ensure that the MO.gov web site complies with standards of accessibility. Thus, we have implemented the following:
- Labels for form elements.
- Column and row headers for tables where appropriate.
- Non-scripted alternative content where appropriate.
- Alternate text and/or long description attributes for images.
- Title attributes for links.
- Links allowing users without styles to "skip to content" or "skip to navigation".
Questions and concerns about the MO.gov web site and accessibility may be expressed by contacting the webmaster.


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Over time, the submersible probes used to measure levels in water and wastewater often get covered with stubborn deposits such as algae and mussels, which can disrupt the measurement process. Attempts to remove these deposits mechanically can also very easily destroy a sensitive stainless steel sensor membrane. This is where the LMK 808 plastic submersible probe from BD|SENSORS, with its robust capacitive sensor made of highly pure ceramic, really comes into its own - and it is being exhibited for the first time at HANNOVER MESSE 2017.
Since it is not sensitive to deposits, the LMK 808 is ideal for level and gauge measurement in water and wastewater applications. The secret to its success is the heart of the probe - an extremely robust, virtually maintenance-free capacitive ceramic sensor. This, combined with a plastic casing, makes the submersible probe resistant to aggressive and abrasive substances and therefore virtually indestructible. Any contamination can be easily removed without damaging the membrane. Moreover, BD|SENSORS has relocated the overvoltage protection mechanism from the cable to the detachable probe head and developed effective protection against cables being bitten through - thus ensuring that even the supply cable is effectively protected against damage. The LMK 808 combines measurement precision with long-term stability and minimal maintenance outlay.