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|Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
In linguistics, a calque (//) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word "skyscraper" led to calques in dozens of other languages. Another notable example is the Latin weekday names, which came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following a practice known as interpretatio germanica: the Latin "Day of Mercury", Mercurii dies, was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz" (*Wodanesdag), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English, then "Wednesday" in Modern English.
The term calque itself is a loanword from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"), while the word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort. Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching: while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language.
Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
One system classifies calques into five groups. However, this terminology is not universal:
- Phraseological calques: idiomatic phrases are translated word for word. For example, "it goes without saying" calques the French ça va sans dire.
- Syntactic calques: syntactic functions or constructions of the source language are imitated in the target language, in violation of their meaning.
- Loan-translations: words are translated morpheme by morpheme, or component by component, into another language.
- Semantic calques (also known as semantic loans): additional meanings of the source word are transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language. As described below, the "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal; many other languages have extended their own native word for "mouse" to include the computer mouse.
- Morphological calques: the inflection of a word is transferred. Some authors call a this a morpheme-by-morpheme translation.
Also, some linguists refer to a phonological calque, in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 (pinyin: léidá)., which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder".
Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service "Saorview" is a partial calque of that of the UK service "Freeview", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "liverwurst" (< German Leberwurst) and "apple strudel" (< German Apfelstrudel).
The common English phrase "flea market" is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages also calque the French expression (directly, or indirectly through some other language).
Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation, is of the English word "skyscraper", which may be calqued using the word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scraping", "scratching", "piercing", "sweeping", "kissing", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word.
translātiō and trāductiō
All Germanic languages (except for English, Icelandic, and Dutch), and some Slavic languages, calqued their words for "translation" from the Latin translātiō, substituting their respective Germanic or Slavic root words for the Latin roots. The remaining Slavic languages instead calqued their words for "translation" from an alternative Latin word, trāductiō, itself derived from trādūcō ("to lead across" or "to bring across")—from trans ("across") + dūcō, ("to lead" or "to bring").
The West and East Slavic languages (except for Russian) adopted the translātiō pattern, whereas Russian and the South Slavic languages adopted the trāductiō pattern. The Romance languages, deriving directly from Latin, did not need to calque their equivalent words for "translation". Instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words, trāductiō.
The English verb "to translate" was borrowed from the Latin translātiō, rather than being calqued. The Icelandic word þýða ("translate"; cognate with the German deuten, "to interpret") was not calqued from Latin, nor was it borrowed.
The "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using a diminutive or, in Chinese, adding the word "cursor" (thus "鼠标", "mouse cursor").. At least 35 languages have their own versions of the English term.
- Gachelin, Jean-Marc (1986). Lexique-grammaire, domaine anglais. Université de Saint-Etienne. p. 97. ISBN 978-2-901559-14-6.
- Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of northern mythology. D.S. Brewer. p. 371. ISBN 0-85991-369-4.
- Knapp, Robbin D. 27 January 2011. "Robb: German English Words." Robb: Human Languages.
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
- Smith, May. The Influence of French on Eighteenth-century Literary Russian. pp. 29–30.
- Fowler, H. W. 1999. "Vocabulary § Foreign Words." chap. 1 in The King's English (2nd ed.). New York: Bartelby.com.
- Gilliot, Claude. "The Authorship of the Qur'ān." In The Qur'an in its Historical Context, edited by G. S. Reynolds. p. 97.
- Yihua, Zhang, and Guo Qiping. 2010. "An Ideal Specialised Lexicography for Learners in China based on English-Chinese Specialised Dictionaries." Pp. 171–92 in Specialised Dictionaries for Learners, edited by P. A. F. Olivera. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 187.
- Durkin, Philip. The Oxford Guide to Etymology. § 5.1.4
- "flea market", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, 2000 Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
- The 22 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- The 54 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, p. 83.
- "Þýða í Enska - Íslenska-Enska Orðabók". Glosbe. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
- The 35 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- Kasparek, Christopher. 1983. "The Translator's Endless Toil." The Polish Review 28(2):83–87.
- Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. 2003. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X
- —— 2009. "Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns." Journal of Language Contact (2):40–67.
|Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|For a list of words relating to Calque, see the English calques category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|


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£1: Scotland: Forth Railway Bridge
Years of issue:
6 - Common
The third series of £1 coin designs depicts bridges from each of the four constituent countries in the United Kingdom. This coin features the Forth Railway Bridge to represent Scotland. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge to the East of Scotland which connects the capital city Edinburgh with Fife. Construction began in 1883 and it was the first major structure in Britain to be constructed of steel, using ten times as much as the Eiffel Tower.
You might be interested in:
Change Checker Scarcity Index: 6
Own the UK 2004 Forth Bridge £1

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


3-year-old Sherwyn Youngest Member of High IQ Society 'Mensa'
Sherwyn Sarabi is a three-year-old child and is selected as the member of Mensa - the largest and oldest society of the world for people with high IQ. He became the youngest member of this society and his score of IQ is 136, which makes him stand among top 1% cleverest people of the world.
This brilliant child from Barnsley, South Yorkshire started speaking when he was 10 months old and started talking in full sentences when he was 20 months old. At the age of two years, he could count up to 200, can recognize the countries and their flags and name them. He was also able to tell about the planets in the solar system, parts of the body and internal organs.
His proud 36-year-old mother Amanda Sarabi, who was a former teacher, says that his general knowledge is amazing as he knows about everything. She never feels like talking to a 3-year-old child. He likes to watch news especially on world weather, and never watch the children's program.
She also adds that when Sherwyn asks him on certain topic, she teaches him best of her knowledge and sometimes has to look for the answer to explain it to him. She confessed that she never imposed on teaching anything to him, and also adds that she and her husband Davoud are well-educated but were never any extra-ordinary like him.
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Italian Greyhound
Italian Greyhound
Vital Statistics:
Place of Origin: Italy
Group: Sighthound, Toy
Height: 13-15 in.
Weight: 8-18 lbs.
Life span: 12-15 yrs.
Trainability: moderate
Good with children: yes with gentle children
Good with other pets: yes with early socialization, but may chase small animals
Dog of the Month for June
The Italian Greyhound is gentle soul very affectionate and devoted to family. A swift hunter who uses all senses.
What is the origin of the Italian Greyhound?
In the Mediterranean area, art works dating back 2,000 years depict dogs resembling the Italian Greyhound. They were great favorites of Italian nobles. The Italian Greyhound appeared in the U.S. in the late 1800s.
What does the Italian Greyhound look like?
The Italian Greyhound is a small dog, 13-15 inches tall and weighing 8-18 lbs. The head is long and narrow with a dark nose. Ears are small and folded. Eyes are large and dark. The chest is deep and narrow. The straight tail has a slight curve. The coat is short and smooth. Colors are any color except brindle or black and tan. Weekly brushing will keep the coat in good condition.
What is the temperament of the Italian Greyhound?
This gentle dog can be timid with strangers. Early socialization will help check timidity. They are very devoted to and affectionate with their family. Italian Greyhounds shy away from children and adults who don't treat them gently. They should have a daily walk with an opportunity to run.
What is the Italian Greyhound used for?
The Italian Greyhound is swift and hunts using sight, scent and sound. Best of all it is a loyal companion.
Possible Health Issues
Risk of broken legs and tail bone, progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts, blindness, frostbite, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, other autoimmune diseases.
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Port Alberni Tsunami Early Warning System
This page is still currently under construction. Please check back soon for Detailed Information About The Tsunami Warning System
The City of Port Alberni is one of the most tsunami susceptible developed areas in Canada. Port Alberni is located at the head of a very narrow 60 km long inlet open to Barclay Sound on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. The geography of the inlet can result in amplification of tsunami's height to approximately three times the wave height experienced in Barclay Sound.
Several scientific studies have been carried out regarding the propagation of tsunamis in the Pacific Basin. Port Alberni has in all cases been identified as a maximum wave amplitude site with wave height predictions ranging from 9 meters to 16 meters above tide level. A 10 meter tsunami would result in inundation of about 600 hectares or 35% of the area of Port Alberni including the entire industrial area, most of the northern central business district and a large residential area. Close proximity of log booms would likely increase the damage and loss of life caused by a tsunami due to impact of logs with homes and other buildings.
A sophisticated Tsunami Alert System is currently in place in the Pacific Basin, allowing quick notification to communities. The warning time provided depends on the distance from the earthquake epicentre to the community. Port Alberni would have up to 3 hours notice of a Tsunami generated in Alaska or Japan but would get 30 minutes or less notice of a locally generated tsunami. Due to the possible very short warning time, communities must be able to evacuate the inundation zone very quickly, if major loss of life is to be avoided.
One of the most effective methods of rapid evacuation is through use of a tsunami early warning system, consisting of a network of radio controlled public address speakers. This type of system can notify the population very quickly, and given proper public education, can result in fast and efficient evacuation of an inundation zone. There are such system currently in use in several tsunami prone areas including Oregon, Hawaii, Alaska, and Japan.
Golden Street Tower Margaret Street Tower 4th and Redford Tower 2nd and Kingsway Tower Portable Control Unit For Tsunami Warning System

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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(PhysOrg.com) — The eyes of moths, which allow them to see well at night, are also covered with a water-repellent, antireflective coating that makes their eyes among the least reflective surfaces in nature and helps them hide from predators in the dark. Mimicking the moth eye's microstructure, a team of researchers in Japan has created a new film, suitable for mass-production, for covering solar cells that can cut down on the amount of reflected light and help capture more power from the sun.
In a paper appearing in Energy Express, a bi-monthly supplement to Optics Express, the open-access journal published by the Optical Society (OSA), the team describes how this film improves the performance of photovoltaic modules in laboratory and field experiments, and they calculate how the anti-reflection film would improve the yearly performance of solar cells deployed over large areas in either Tokyo, Japan or Phoenix, Ariz.
"Surface reflections are an essential loss for any type of photovoltaic module, and ultimately low reflections are desired," says Noboru Yamada, a scientist at Nagaoka University of Technology Japan, who led the research with colleagues at Mitsubishi Rayon Co. Ltd. and Tokyo Metropolitan University.
The team chose to look at the effect of deploying this antireflective moth-eye film on solar cells in Phoenix and Tokyo because Phoenix is a "sunbelt" city, with high annual amount of direct sunlight, while Tokyo is well outside the sunbelt region with a high fraction of diffuse solar radiation.
They estimate that the films would improve the annual efficiency of solar cells by 6 percent in Phoenix and by 5 percent in Tokyo.
"People may think this improvement is very small, but the efficiency of photovoltaics is just like fuel consumption rates of road vehicles," says Yamada. "Every little bit helps."
Yamada and his colleagues found the inspiration for this new technology a few years ago after they began looking for a broad-wavelength and omnidirectional antireflective structure in nature. The eyes of the moth were the best they found.
The difficulty in making the film, says Yamada, was designing a seamless, high-throughput roll-to-roll process for nanoimprinting the film. This was ultimately solved by Hideki Masuda, one of the authors on the Energy Express paper, and his colleagues at Mitsubishi Rayon Co. Ltd.
The team is now working on improving the durability of the film and optimizing it for many different types of solar cells. They also believe the film could be applied as an anti-reflection coating to windows and computer displays.
More information: Paper: "Characterization of antireflection moth-eye film on crystalline silicon photovoltaic module," Noboru Yamada, Toshikazu Ijiro, Eiko Okamoto, Kentaro Hayashi, and Hideki Masuda, Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue S2, pp. A118-A125. Available at: _URL_ … -19-102-A118


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Breezing Up, 1876 by Winslow Homer
Breezing Up was the capstone of Homer's Gloucester paintings, his most popular painting since Prisoners from the Front, and so compellingly attractive that his critics, as they were seldom at this time willing to do, forgave the coarseness and abbreviation of style that, even here, they could not entirely pass by without comment.
The finished work indicates that the significant influence of Japanese art on Western painters in the 19th century also touched Homer, particularly in the compositional balance between the left (active) and right (sparse) halves. Homer had visited France in
1866 and 1867, and the influence of marine scenes by the French painters Gustave Courbet and Claude Monet is apparent as well.
Today, Breezing Up is considered an iconic American painting, and among Homer's finest. The National Gallery of Art purchased the work in 1943, described by the institution's web site as "one of the best-known and most beloved artistic images of life in nineteenth-century America."


Metamorphosis of the Butterfly
Metamorphosis of the Butterfly
By: Claudy: 09-03-2018
Metamorphosis or transformation is the central theme of this work of art. The butterfly is the ultimate symbol of phenomenal transformation, as it breaks free from the grey chrysalis and unfolds its multicolored wings and morphs into an exquisite shape after several stages of development. For Native Americans, the butterfly has always been a symbol of change and balance, of transformation and freedom, of the state of sleep and dreaming and in general of good luck.
The ample use in this extended butterfly wing of bluish from the ancient Indigofera also refers directly to the seemingly magical power of this pigment plant to provide transformation, coloring the woolen yarn magically when it is pulled from the indigo bath. The drab brownish green instantly turns into a divine blue under the influence of the oxygen in the fresh air. Transformation is essential to human development and comes about if there is an openness to receive and willingness to let this natural dynamic process take place. With the madder, a root that takes at least five years to develop into a full red pigment.
The Metamorphosis of the Butterfly is also about time as a positive and valuing the labor of love, of time-consuming techniques like hand embroidering writing its poetry forward in times to come. Both pigments indigo and madder were specifically chosen because they are treasures of the cultural heritage from the Dutch Golden Age when Rembrandt and Vermeer benefitted from these pigments in their paintings. By using them in contemporary art the pigment plants are preserved and embedded into modern times.
Looking at the lush colors and the multilayered sumptuous materials the passerby is invited to think about their history and their origins and dream away and let curiosity and imagination do its soothing work during a break in a days work.
Commissioned by Art in Embassies, US Department of State, curators Virginia Shore and Sarah Tanguy.


text: The Kinghans, locally spelled Da Hinggang or Na Hinggan Ling, are a forested volcanic range, extending 700 miles along the eastern edge of the Mongolian Plateau in western Manchuria, China. Several parallel subranges are separated by valleys from the main range, creating a long, narrow system 80 to 100 miles wide. The mountains tend to slope gently from the west, reaching moderate elevations of only 2,000 to 3,000 feet. Their eastern slopes drop off comparatively steeply, forming a steep backdrop to the more densely populated cities and towns of eastern China. Qiqihar is the largest city immediately east of the range.


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Sunday morning classes for children age 3 through grade 5 meet during the 10:30 AM Service.
When prompted, the children leave the sanctuary and gather in the Tower Room. Usually this happens at the beginning of the Sequence Hymn which precedes the Gospel reading. They meet their teachers there and go to their respective classrooms for a 40-minute Children's Word, snacks and activities. They return at the Passing of the Peace for the Eucharist.
The Kangaroo Group
Pre-K (age 3) – Grade 1
Meets in the Chapel
The Elephant Group
Grade 2 – Grade 5
Meets on the 2nd floor of the Parish House
Children and Youth Leaders
- At 9:15AM on Sunday during the adult Faith Forum children from infant to grade 5 are welcome in the Cribbery in the Parish House. There will be age-appropriate activities.
- During the 10:30 AM Sunday service children are invited to help take the food donations to the altar during the offering.
- On the 2nd Sunday of each month during the 10:30AM Sunday service children are encourage to stay by the altar to observe after bring up the offering.
- Older children often participate in the service either as acolytes or readers.


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generally do so by driving into the opposing forwards.
The role of the backs is to move the game forward by running or kicking the ball. The fly-half controls how to do this. The backs tend to score more tries. The backs tend to be smaller than the forwards and as a result more agile and faster, but less strong.
The following diagram locates the various positions in the 15-man team. All members of the starting 15 wear jerseys numbered from 1 to 15 and keyed to their positions (though alternatives exist); see rugby union positions and rugby union numbering schemes for more information. The first eight players, known as forwards or the pack, play in the scrum. The remaining seven players play as the backs(two "half-backs", four "three-quarter" backs and a "fullback").
The rugby union nations
The major Rugby Union playing nations are those which play in the northern hemisphere Six Nations Championship: England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales; and those which play in the southern hemisphere Tri Nations Series: Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The minor nations include those nations which have qualified for the Rugby Union World Cup: Argentina, Canada, Fiji, Georgia, Japan, Namibia, Romania, Samoa, Spain, Tonga, United States, Uruguay. For further details see the List of international rugby union teams. Rugby Union is the national sport of Wales, New Zealand and Pacific countries such as Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa (although these three specialise in sevens)
The International Rugby Board has 96 Unions and 5 regional Associations. The rugby-playing world often sees a distinction between the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere teams. After decades of domination by New Zealand, South Africa, and more recently Australia, England under Clive Woodward succeeded in turning the rugby world upsidedown by regularly beating the three Southern Hemisphere giants culminating in 2003 when they beat Australia in the final of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup. New Zealand and France also reached the semifinals.
The major international teams (represented on the IRB) are:
- Australia (nicknamed The Wallabies)
- France (nicknamed Les bleus)
- Italy (nicknamed The Azzurri)
- New Zealand (nicknamed The All Blacks)
- South Africa (nicknamed The Springboks)
Rugby Union World Cup
- Men's and women's versions of the Rugby World Cup take place every 4 years.
England won this most recently in on Saturday 22nd November 2003, with Jonny Wilkinson scoring a last minute drop-goal to win the match 20-17 in extra time, beating Australia in a closely contested match.
Six Nations Rugby Tournament
The first steps towards the modern day Six Nations tournament took place in 1871 when England lost by one goal to Scotland at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh. In the 1880s, both Wales and Ireland joined and the Home International Championships emerged. France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations first appeared. However, the Home Nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence. France then rejoined in _PHONE_, though the Second World War halted proceedings for a further eight years. France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first one of which was played in 1947.
- If a team wins all five of their games they achieve a "Grand Slam".
- If one of the Home Nations beats the other three, this is called the "Triple Crown".
- The Calcutta Cup is contested in the annual Six Nations match between England and Scotland.
- The team in last place is said to have won the "Wooden Spoon".
Tri Nations Series
The Tri Nations Series is an annual international Rugby Union series held between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The series is played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.
- Super Powers Cup — Canada, Japan, Russia and United States
- Churchill Cup — Canada, United States and England, with one invited team
- In this competition, England does not send its full men's national side, instead sending its "A" team. However, England does send its full women's national side.
- Three Nations — Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa
- European Nations Cup — national teams from second tier countries
- World Sevens Series
- Super 12 — teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
- Heineken Cup — European club, provincial and regional teams
- European Challenge Cup and European Shield — European club, provincial and regional teams knock-out tournament
- Zurich Premiership — English clubs
- Powergen Cup — English clubs knock-out tournament
- Currie Cup — South African provincial tournament
- National Provincial Championship (NPC) - New Zealand provincial tournament
- Ranfurly Shield — New Zealand provincial challenge trophy
- Celtic League — provincial/regional teams from Ireland, Scotland, and Wales
- Ligue Nationale de Rugby — French clubs
- Super 10 (Italian premiership) — Italian clubs
- see also: Rugby union at the Olympic Games
- Antim Cup — Georgia and Romania
- Bledisloe Cup — Australia and New Zealand
- Calcutta Cup — England and Scotland
- Cook Cup — Australia and England
- Freedom Cup — New Zealand and South Africa
- Gallaher Cup — France and New Zealand
- Hopetoun Cup — Australia and Scotland
- Lansdowne Cup — Australia and Ireland
- Mandela Challenge Plate — Australia and South Africa
- Millennium Trophy — England and Ireland
- Puma Trophy — Argentina and Australia
- Trophée des Bicentenaires — Australia and France
Main article: history of rugby union
The legendary story about the origin of Rugby football, whereby a young man named William Webb Ellis "picked up the ball and ran" while playing football at Rugby School is almost certainly a complete fiction. Pundits have dismissed the story as unlikely since an official investigation by the Old Rugbeian Society in 1895. However, the trophy for the Rugby Union World Cup bears the name of "Webb Ellis" in his honour, and a plaque at the school 'commemorates' the 'achievement'.
Playing football has a long tradition in England and football games had probably taken place at Rugby School for two hundred years before three boys published the first set of written rules in 1845. Until the formation of the Football Association (FA) in October 1863 each football team would agree on a set of rules with opponents before a match. Teams which competed against each other regularly would tend to agree to play a similar style of football.
Rugby football has a claim to the world's first "football club", formed at Guy's Hospital Football Club, London in 1843, by Rugby School old boys. A number of other clubs formed to play games based on the Rugby School rules. Blackheath Rugby Club, founded in 1858 ranks as the world's oldest surviving rugby club.
Blackheath Rugby Club was a founder members of the Football Association. But when it became clear that the FA would not agree to rules which allowed running with the ball in hand (a fundamental part of the rugby game), Blackheath withdrew from the FA just over a month after the initial meeting. Other rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA.
For the next few years rugby clubs continued to agree rules before the start of each game as they had always done, but on January 26, 1871, the Rugby Football Union (RFU) formed, leading to the standardisation of the rules for all clubs in England that played a variety of the Rugby School laws. Soon most countries with a sizable rugby community had formed their own national unions. In 1886, the International Rugby Board (IRB) become the world governing and law-making body for rugby. The RFU recognised it as such in 1890.
The 1890s saw a clash of cultures within the game, between working men's rugby clubs of northern England and the southern clubs of gentleman, a dispute revolving around the nature of professionalism within the game. On August 29, 1895 21 clubs split from the RFU and met at the George Hotel in Huddersfield to form the Northern Rugby Football Union, commonly called the Northern Union. NRFU rules gradually diverged from those of Rugby Union, although the name Rugby League did not become official until the Northern Rugby League formed in 1901. The name Rugby Football League dates from 1922.
A similar schism open up in Australia and other rugby playing nations. Initially Rugby League in Australia operated under the same rules as Rugby Union. But after a tour by a professional New Zealand team in 1907 of Australia and Great Britain; and an Australian Rugby League tour of Great Britain the next year; Rugby League teams in the southern hemisphere adopted Rugby League rules.
For clarity and convenience it became necessary to differentiate the two codes of rugby. The code played by those teams who remained in national organizations which were members of the IRB became known as Rugby Union. The code played by those teams which played "open" rugby and allowed professionals became known as Rugby League. Although the IRB claimed to be enforcing the amateur status of rugby union, many refered to the situation as "shamateurism".
On August 26, 1995 the IRB declared Rugby Union an "open" game and removed all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game. ". The move from amaterism to professionalism has been one of great success and has undoubtedly increased the quality


Is that a big number?
An article discussing India's shrinking production of food per person was linked to in a blog I read today with the eye-catching extract that
[India] wastes…more fruits and vegetables than the UK consumes.
It sounds big at first, but considering the population of India is 20x that of the UK that's only really saying they have a 5% rate of wastage, and that's before you get into any adjustments for an Indian diet containing relatively higher amounts of fruit and vegetables.
Between 1997 and 2009, an estimated 200,000 Indian farmers committed suicide, buried under mountains of rising debt
Again, a big headline number, but once you start to divide out by the time period, and the 1.2bln population – a greater proportion of which would be farmers relative to Western countries – it no longer stands out. Let's say 0.5% of the UK's population are farmers*, and that India has only 10 times as many farmers (I'd guess that's conservative). Converting the suicide rate into British terms, it would be the same as saying 1 in 5,000 British farmers commit suicide each year**. I suspect that is the national suicide rate, give or take.
There were some interesting observations in the article though.
The average farm in India is now smaller than five acres, 50 per cent less than in 1947
One reason being land is split into parcels and passed onto several sons in the next generation. With diseconomies of scale like this, the thrust of the article that India now produces less food per person than it did at independence is reasonable.
updates, now that I'm online:
*This source counts 300,000 farms in the UK, so I'm quite happy with my 0.5% estimate!
**wikipedia lists the UK and India as having broadly similar suicide rates of roughly 1 per 10,000.
2 Responses to Is that a big number?
 1. Joseph says:
 About 8,000 farmers commiting suicide in in India per yer over that period is a huge number if you consider that fact that they are predominantly farmers and don't have the luxury of welfare that is found in England that is used for comparison. That number means there are about 3 times that number of children who are now orphans if not more.
 2. J Agnew says:
 This is where people are taking numbers out of context to make the problem far worse than they really are. It looks like the analysis that Marc has done is spot on. The reality is that suicide rate as a function of the total population is in line with the general suicide rate. 200k seems like a huge number, but in truth it is over a 12 year period and in a country with a population of 1.2billion. I think that if you looked at shoe salesmen, you would find a similar rate.
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The world's first camera-free eye tracking glasses that offer unprecedented speed, data quality and power efficiency
Power & Processing Efficiency
adhawk mindlink girl
See into the future
How it works
Traditional Eye Tracking System
Traditional eye tracking systems use power-hungry cameras and computationally demanding image processing to locate the eye's position
Camera-Free Systems
AdHawk eliminates cameras in favor of a tiny MEMS device that scans a low power beam of light across the eye thousands of times per second to produce gaze data 10x faster than many cameras
Simple and Elegant System Architecture
Minimal circuitry detects the reflected light and calculates the eye's coordinates with resolution that rivals expensive research-grade instruments
Unprecedented Speed and Precision
Unlock new insights into the intentions and mental states of a user with superior data quality in the wild


Q.The owners of a post-and-beam we've just completed are having a condensation problem on the inside of the windows. The colder it gets, the more ice develops on the glass, to the point the windows won't open. We used good-quality windows. The temperature downstairs is 72°F; upstairs it's 62°F. Could the house be too airtight?
A.Paul Fisette responds: The problem is that the inside surface of the window is below the dew point temperature of the air that comes in contact with it. This means either that you have too much moisture in the house or that the window is not insulative enough, so that its inside surface is too cold. You might have both conditions. The indoor relative humidity (RH) should be around 35%, but it should not go above 50%. Monitor the RH for a week with a device that records high and low readings. You can purchase these at stores like Radio Shack for about $20. If you learn that the humidity in the home is too high, figure out why and lower it.
A good place to start is by investigating exhaust fans in bathrooms, kitchens, and other high-moisture areas. Be sure that the fans are working correctly and are being used. If you find that the RH is okay, I would suspect that either the window is not as energy efficient as you think or it leaks air. Air may be leaking through the window seals, around the weatherstripping, or around the rough opening. This might be cooling the inside surface of the window below dew point temperature.
Another issue to consider is that post-and-beam houses are built with timbers that often have a high moisture content. Typically, the timbers are installed green, because it's expensive to kiln-dry such large pieces of lumber. This may raise moisture levels inside the house for a year or two. Because the window units are typically installed within a timber framework involving headers, sills, and side members that are wet, each window has a local moisture source. Get a moisture meter and check the moisture content of the timbers. Eventually, they will stabilize at a moisture content of 8%. Even if the inside surface of timbers (the side facing the living space) is dry, the surfaces within the wall cavity are most likely wet. If wet timbers are the problem, you can raise the indoor temperature, circulate warm air toward the windows, and use a dehumidifier for the short term.


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You can add more videos later to a certain YouTube playlist. All you have to do is press the 'Add videos' button and then select your videos on the aforementioned dialogue box. You can even edit a Playlist, like changing its name, order of the videos, add or change description etc. Just watch the following short video to learn to change order of videos.
change order of videos in a playlist
There's another shortcut way to move a video either to top or bottom. Actually, to the right of each video in a YouTube playlist, there's a 'More' button and a cross button right above its duration. These two buttons normally don't show, they show only while you hover over them. Click on the 'more' button to move a video to the top or the bottom. You can also use the cross button to get a video off the YouTube playlist.
Add a video to multiple playlists
You can actually add any video to multiple playlists on your channel. I am talking about the non-time-consuming way. Surely you can visit the 'playlists' page to edit any playlist(s) individually and add a certain video manually. But that would be a time-consuming matter. What I am going to show you now could be called the 'shortcut way'. It's described below.
First of all you need to click on the 'Edit' option of the particular video while you're on video manager. To the lower-right of the page you'll see the option to '+Add to playlist'. Just click on it, you'll see the list of all the created playlists on your channel. Check the boxes next to playlists you want to add the video to. You will also see an option to create a playlist right there and then. Create a new YouTube playlist if needed. After creating it, you can add the video to it by checking the associating box. Well, whatever changes you made here, be sure to hit the blue 'Save' button at last. The while procedure is shown in the following short video.
adding a video to multiple playlists and creating a new playlist
Download a YouTube playlist by YTD
Now that we have talked about how to create and edit a YouTube playlist, let's learn how to download one. There might be many ways to do that, but I prefer to use YTD in this case. When you put the url of a playlist in YTD to download, you may see the following warning/confirmation:
download a youtube playlist through YTD
If you hit the 'Yes' button, then the whole playlist will start to be downloaded. Upon hitting the 'No' button only the first video of the YouTube playlist will be downloaded. Also while downloading a single video from a playlist, be careful. Suppose you were watching all the videos in a YouTube playlist and suddenly you felt the urge of downloading a single video from the middle of the list. If you copy its link and then paste on YTD, then the above warning sign may appear. If you're going to download a single video, then be sure to hit the 'No' button. To know more about YTD video downloader, here's a nice article for you:
YTD video downloader: Learn how to use that properly
Promote YouTube channel through the use of a blog: Have bigger watch time and earnings
If you promote YouTube channel through the use of an established or semi-established blog, you could have some excellent privileges which you would not have in case of promotion by a social media site like Facebook. The privileges or advantages are that you're likely to have greater watch time and hence the possibility of bigger earnings from your channel.
You know when you share your YouTube videos on Facebook, people hardly care about them, unless you own a popular Facebook profile or page having a lot of regular and dedicated followers. When your Facebook friends or random visitors to your timeline click on those videos to watch them, it is likely that they won't watch your full video. In most cases, they will watch only for 1 or 2 minutes, unless the video content is really exquisite.
Use a blog to promote youtube channel
If you're able to use a blog to promote YouTube channel, then it might be a great idea to do that. This blog could be yours or someone else's. In case you don't have an established blog of yourself, find someone who has. Request them to embed your YouTube videos into the articles of their blog. If needed, be prepared to pay them an amount as if you're about to put ads on their site. Just make sure that your videos have content that is relevant to that blog. For example you can embed a video with title 'How to apply for AdSense' in an article that describes 'Things you should know about AdSense'.
This embedding of your videos into their blog/site will help you promote YouTube channel to a great extent. As previously mentioned, this way you're going to have a bigger watch time on your videos. As a result your videos content will be considered great and hence YouTube's AI will choose to promote your channel quickly.
The difference between blog readers and Facebook visitors
I don't mean that a person who is a blog reader can't be a Facebook visitor. The point is that while you're on Facebook, your mood is totally different compared to that while reading a blog. While on Facebook, you're likely in a casual mode. When people are in this mood, they don't prefer to watch some serious tutorial videos.
Let's face it, they don't browse Facebook to watch videos in the first place, do they? While Facebook's and Twitter's news feed is so full of interesting images and stories, why would people prefer to watch YouTube videos there? Even if they click on a video, they may not watch it for an extended time. That's why no matter how funny and interesting your videos are, they don't get the appreciation they deserve on social media sites. The result is that you have a poor watch time on your YouTube videos and your channel keeps struggling to get established.
Watch-time and percentage watch-time: Know the importance
Come to know why your channel might be stuck with no success
Unless your channel has a good recent average watch time, YouTube's automated system may not choose to take it to the next level. So you had better find a blog or a serious platform like this to promote YouTube channel.
Also you should know that your YouTube earnings are kind of proportional to your watch time. It also depends on which countries the viewers are mostly from. If you can't have majority of your viewers from countries like US, UK, Canada etc. because of your video content or language, that's one thing you have to take for granted. It means you can do nothing about it, unless you change your video content and/or niche and start using a first world language.
But by putting your videos on a blog or a serious platform like this you pave the way to enhance your channel's average watch time and hence the possibility of bigger earnings, compared to other new YouTubers who promote YouTube channel only on Facebook, Twitter and Google+.
How long have I been thinking about this kind of promotion?
I have been thinking about the 'promote youtube channel by a blog' thing for quite a long time now, almost one and a half years. In 2016, YouTubing (earning through uploading videos on YouTube) was kind of easy. Once one of my channels was terminated, I easily created another channel and started my activities on that. It took me only 10-15 days to establish a channel back then. Here 'establish' means to have sufficient number of views and earnings (you know once YouTube earnings start like $10-$20 per day, it's satisfactory for most new YouTubers).
But I was surprised to find that some people didn't need to take even 10-15 days to have their channel established. It looked like they established their YouTube channel overnight. I was wondering as to how that was possible. Then I started scrutinizing their channel. On its homepage I saw the link to their blog. I found that their blog/site was well established and it had existed for a long time then. Naturally blogs like this could have thousands of subscribers and followers. Some of these visitors may surely choose to watch the YouTube videos that are embedded on the site. And they do it for an extended period of time, because they're surely in a serious mode and not in a hurry anyway.
Will these high watch time videos be ever suggested on YouTube's watch page?
Now you might ask a question as to whether these high watch time videos will ever be suggested on YouTube's watch page or featured on its homepage. The answer is – they sure might be. If a channel has many videos all with high watch time, YouTube's artificial intelligence will surely at a point decide to promote that channel. It will then present its videos to viewers who like to watch similar content. This will be done by featuring the videos on these people's YouTube homepage, even by suggesting them on their YouTube watch page.
The viewers have nevertheless the option to mark the videos as 'Not interested', but they are not likely to. This is because Youtube features and suggests videos from various channels based on your watch history. I have found some people complaining that an 18+ or adult video was suggested to them by YouTube automated system. And they claim that they never watched such video previously on YouTube. Well, surely they're not speaking 100% truth. They must have previously watched at least one video which had similar content. (This article describes how to promote YouTube channel by a blog)
Now take my blog and YouTube videos for example.
Recently I have created a new YouTube channel where I have been uploading videos on YouTubing. The purpose of these videos is to present the content of my


text: Jackie's journey into the unravelling mysteries of the spiritual realm started as a casual glance into her clairvoyant skills, a cute hobby, to pass the evenings away. The Angels had other plans. This story is the unravelling of the information, about the spiritual world through her eyes, as she discovers more about herself, her gifts, and her visions that turned into poetry. Written as a firsthand, introductory account of her awakening spiritual awareness, this book is set in a semi biography format, interlaced with spiritually inspired poetry. The reader is ushered through a variety of personal life lessons that eventually lead into discovering Love, Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Truth. Jackie shares with us experiences, which lead her to feel directed to share the messages, the questions, and inspirational thoughts that came through. The reader is encouraged to ask questions, and form their own opinions as Jackie's quest for knowledge opens the doors for people to explore their own views and experiences about the spiritual realm, and to learn more about the Truth of who they are.


Definitions for police power
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word police power
 1. police power(Noun)
 The inherent power, incident to sovereignty, of a state to regulate and exercise reasonable control over matters of public health, public morals, public safety, and in general, all things relating to the general welfare.
 1. Police power
 In United States constitutional law, police power is the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their inhabitants. Under the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the powers prohibited from or not delegated to the Federal Government are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. This implies that the states do not possess all possible powers, since some of these are reserved to the people. The exercise of police power can be in the form of making laws, compelling obedience to those laws through legal sanctions, physical means, or other forms of coercion and inducements. Controversies over the exercise of police power, particularly the use of physical means, arise when its exercise by the federal government conflicts with the rights of the states or when its exercise by federal or state authorities conflicts with individual rights and freedoms. Police powers are, from the point of view of state courts, also restricted by state constitutions. The concept of police power is used by federal courts which do not have jurisdiction to interpret state constitutions: from the point of view of federal constitutional law, states have general police powers except where restricted by the federal Constitution.
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Elf: A small being with magic powers or a supernatural being or mischievous creature. The word comes from aelfnoth, which means 'elf-courage'. Elves were originally thought of as shining, radiant, beings of light.
Emblem: Symbol that represents something used as a distinctive badge.
Enchant: Put someone under a magic spell or make someone delighted.
Energy: In myths the main use of the term energy is as a force or power or electrical charge.
Entity: A thing that has an existence, often in myths the word is used as a way of referring to a spirit or unknown supernatural being.
Era: A period of history.
Excavate: Make hollow or extract by digging.
Exorcise: Expel an evil spirit from a person or place.


Stellar Rubella: Starspots on F, G and K Stars of Different Ages and Rotation Periods
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[21.01] Stellar Rubella: Starspots on F, G and K Stars of Different Ages and Rotation Periods
E.F. Guinan, L.E. DeWarf, S. Messina, and G.P. McCook ( Villanova University)
We present high precision photoelectric photometry of a sample of bright, single F, G, and K- type main-sequence and subgiant stars. Several of the stars are members of clusters or moving groups and thus have well determined ages. The majority of the stars are main-sequence to subgiant G-types stars that range in age from 70 Myr to 10 Gyr with directly measured rotation periods from 2.7 days up to 40-50 days. The observations have been carried out with Automatic Photometric Telescopes (APTs) located on Mt Hopkins, Arizona beginning in 1988; standard UBVRI \ or uvby \ filters were used. As expected, the youngest, fastest rotating stars in the sample typically have the largest, rotationally modulated starspot light variations. Some of the stars show relatively rapid changes in their light curves that are explained by differential rotation of the starspot groups. In addition, some of the stars that have been observed over several years show long-term, seasonal trends in their mean brightness levels that most likely arise from starspot cycles.
The starspot properties (areal coverage, distribution, and temperature) are determined from the modelling of the multiwavelength light curves. For certain stars, comparisons of these photospheric starspots properties to their corresponding chromospheric, transition region, and coronal activity indicators obtained in the UV, EUV \ and X-ray are presented and discussed. Analogies are also made to the magnetic properties of the Sun.
This research is supported by NSF AST 86-16362, NASA NAG5-2160, and NAG5-2494.
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Should You Have a Power of Attorney for Your Children Going to College?
Few things are as exciting as watching your children go off to college. In many ways, it signals the end of their childhood and the beginning of their life as an adult. While you have undoubtedly prepared them well for this stage in their life, most parents neglect to provide a power of attorney for health care and a durable power of attorney for finances.
Why College Students Need a Power of Attorney
In the vast majority of cases, students heading off to college have recently turned 18. This means that in the eyes of the law, they are independent adults. Of course, just because they are legal adults doesn't mean they are going to be entirely independent from day one. This is why helping them to set up a power of attorney for health care and finances is such a good idea.
Each of these documents enables your child to grant you the legal right to act on their behalf when needed. If they experience a medical emergency, for example, this document will allow you to make decisions about their treatment while they are unable. Without a power of attorney in place, there may be significant delays in receiving treatment. You may even need to have a court hearing in some cases.
A durable power of attorney for finances allows your child to name agents to assist with various financial transactions. For example, you will be able to more easily make tuition payments and discuss financial obligations.
Contrary to popular belief, a power of attorney does not simply grant you full and unlimited power over their life. When properly written up, your child will be able to benefit from these key legal documents while still maintaining independence and control over their own life.


Tolkien Gateway
Revision as of 03:08, 9 January 2009 by (Talk)
The Wise were a group of people among the various kindreds of the Children of Ilúvatar who had great knowledge and understanding of history and other lore. They were greatly respected, but always few in number. The Wise were both female and male; those who were female were sometimes referred to as Wisewomen.
The following people were often considered to be among the Wise:


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We've been on a roll recently with dolphins, and this latest story is just as interesting.
Much like humans, dolphins have names for each other. They call out each other by specific "whistle" signatures, including using unique tones of voice when calling each other.
Discovery reports that bottlenose dolphins actually call out the names of their loved ones when separated from them. They're the only other animals, besides humans, that have been found to do this. They also can call out their own name to introduce themselves.
"A dolphin emits its signature whistle to broadcast its identity and announce its presence, allowing animals to identify one another over large distances and for animals to recognize one another and to join up with each other," King explained. "Dolphin whistles can be detected up to 20 km away (12.4 miles) depending on water depth and whistle frequency."
Another type of dolphin, spinner dolphins, even spin and splash in the water to "talk" to each other. One splash may be a warning while another means it's time to mate. If you haven't seen spinner dolphins before, they loads of fun to watch. Here are a few images from this amazing (and short) National Geographic video on them:
And to refresh your memory of some of the other amazing dolphin stories, here are a few from recent weeks:


minutes… So, how did it feel? Leave me your answer in the comments.
 1. The Effect of Abdominal Massage on Constipation and Quality of Life.
 2. Effects of abdominal massage in management of constipation – a randomized controlled trial.
 3. Abdominal massage for the alleviation of constipation symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled feasibility study.
 5. Effects of manual lymph drainage for abdomen on the brain activity of subjects with psychological stress
 6. Cortisol Decreases and Serotonin and Dopamine Increase Following Massage Therapy.
 7. The Effect of Aromatherapy Abdominal Massage on Alleviating Menstrual Pain in Nursing Students: A Prospective Randomized Cross-Over Study
 8. Wikipedia: Small intestine
 9. Wikipedia: human digestion
 10. Abdominal massage: another cause of maternal mortality.
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Forest Management, a segment in the E Connection Series | The E Connection
Resource type: Video - Curriculum
What is a day in the life of a forester like what do the people who maintain our state forests actually do? The goal of a forester is to provide the best crop of timber possible, while still maintaining the forestsą diversity for future growth and wildlife habitat. Foresters from the Aitkin area DNR office inspect and mark a stand of trees, in this case oak, for selective thinning. Foresters are also using new technology to help manage state land. With satellite and aerial photography, they can quickly survey Minnesota land and share information through the Internet.
Privacy Statement | SEEK is a program of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency


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The Northern Virginia Soil & Water Conservation District provides advice on planning and constructing ponds or maintaining your existing pond.
General pond maintenance includes aquatic weed and algae control, dam inspection, fish stocking, shoreline erosion control and water quality management.
Aquatic weed and algae control
A pond may be filled with a nuisance aquatic weed or algae. How can the owner get rid of it? Solutions may include biological, physical, or chemical methods.
As an example, to rid a pond of the aquatic weed hydrilla, a pond owner might try the following:
- Biological—Introduce triploid grass carp (a sterile fish) that will feed on the hydrilla.
- Physical—Remove the hydrilla by gently uprooting the whole plant. A boat may be needed to do this.
- Chemical—Use an appropriate EPA approved herbicide.
Often a combination of two or all three of these approaches is most effective.
Establishment of deep-rooted vegetation on the dam of a pond is discouraged because the root system may compromise the stability of the dam. For example, when a tree dies, the root system may rot. The decaying root system may provide a conduit for water and the dam may start to seep. Mature trees on dams also pose a risk during severe storms. Storm winds and saturated soil conditions may cause a tree to topple or uproot taking a portion of the dam with it.
Seepage around a dam most commonly occurs around the barrel (the horizontal pipe that takes water out of the pond) or along the toe of the dam.
To prevent this:
- Seal the pond side of the dam with bentonite; or
- Install a perforated pipe to intercept seepage.
In most cases, it is advisable to seek professional help with these tasks.
To ensure a healthy fish population, a proper ratio needs to be maintained among or between the species. Overabundance of one species compared to another creates an imbalance which affects fish growth and productivity.
The most common fish combination in Northern Virginia is largemouth bass and blue gill. Largemouth bass prey on blue gill fingerlings. If the blue gill population is low, the largemouth bass will not have enough to eat, they will become stunted and their reproduction rates will drop. Blue gill are highly prolific. If the largemouth bass population is too low, the blue gill population may grow quickly. Over-population of blue gill creates severe competition for food within the pond. Lack of food slows and/or stunts the fishes' growth. The blue gill, although plentiful, stay very small in size.
To enhance fishing opportunities in a pond, you may add catfish to the bass/blue gill mix. As bottom feeders, catfish do not affect the balance of the other fish.
Wave action, surface runoff entering the pond and wildlife activities can all cause shoreline erosion.
If shoreline erosion becomes a concern, allow a buffer of natural vegetation to grow or plant native vegetation at the edge of the water and on the shore. The root systems and stems of the vegetation will reduce erosion due to wave action and surface runoff. Shoreline vegetation also provides hiding places for predators and may discourage Canada geese and other wildlife whose activities can cause erosion.
In some cases, reinforcement of the shore using stones or timber may be necessary.
Poor water quality in a pond often is a result of poor use and/or management of land that drains to the pond. Examples include over-application of chemical fertilizers or location of animal waste piles upslope of a pond.
Unfortunately, a pond may receive surface runoff from land that is not maintained by the pond owner. In such cases, educating neighboring land owners or users can help.
The smaller the pond, the greater the potential for poor water quality. If adjusting land use in the pond's drainage area is not possible or sufficient to improve water quality, simply aerating a pond to increase dissolved oxygen in the water can greatly improve water quality.
Building a Farm or Amenity Pond in Fairfax County from the Northern Virginia Soil & Water Conservation District.
Private Pond Management from the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.
Native Plants for Conservation, Restoration and Landscaping
from the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.
The riparian buffer plant table includes species appropriate for pond shoreline projects.
Dealing with Excess Aquatic Vegetation in Your Pond from the Northern Virginia Soil & Water Conservation District.
Backyard Pond: Backyard Conservation Tip Sheet from the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Ponds—Planning, Design, Construction from the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.


Climate impact induced crisis in Europe: an exploration of scenarios
Submitted by Robin Hocquet | published 9th Oct 2020 | last updated 17th Feb 2021
Flooded street in Venice
Major concurrent coastal and river flooding in Europe could result in widespread destruction of property and cause a financial crisis. Photo: Roberto Trombetta / Flickr - CC BY-NC 2.0
Given the reality of globalisation, climate risk is in many cases "borderless" in nature. Climate impacts in one country will create risks and opportunities in other countries, due to cross-border connectivity within regions and globally.
PlanAdapt, in collaboration with Global Climate Forum, conducted a study on near term climate impacts with significant economic risks for the European economy. The relevance of climate impacts for Europe was explored through the development of qualitative future scenarios. Climate-impact induced crises in Europe may be triggered by climate impacts occurring either within or beyond Europe and can be triggered by both direct physical impacts on people or physical assets and indirect impacts. Indirect impacts refer to all impacts that are not direct physical impacts and can be categorised as supply chain interdependencies and financial system interdependencies.They may be beyond the range of typical experience.
The report provides orientation regarding potential future developments by examining six scenarios of climate impacts that can trigger social, political, economic or financial crises in Europe in the next decade. The scenarios have been identified through literature review and interviews with domain experts
*Download the full publication from the right-hand column. The key messages from the publication are provided below. See the full text for more detail.
*The study was embedded in the "Transformative responses to the crisis" project by Finance Watch Deutschland and Heinrich-Böll-Foundation that aims at developing scenarios for future economic and financial crisis and creating policy proposals that transform our economic system towards sustainable economies.
Crisis Scenario 1: Major flooding in central and western Europe
 - Scenario: Major river flooding in central Europe or coastal defence failure during a major storm surge in western Europe, causing hundreds of billions in damages.
 - Climate change contribution: Sea-level rise of 4 cm per decade; and increases in precipitation intensity.
 - Exposure: Assets and population in coastal and river floodplains; e.g. €130 billion in physical assets in Germany alone.
 - Critical threshold:
 - Direct impacts: Impacts greater than 1% EU GDP attained for 1-in-250 year flood in Germany, Austria, Czech (€198 billion in damages).
 - Indirect impacts: Overwhelmed disaster risk financing mechanisms lead to slow recovery and depression.
Crisis Scenario 2: Drought in southern Europe
 - Scenario: Prolonged drought in southern Europe leads to crop loss, decreased tourist arrivals, and conflict between water users. Social unrest exacerbates the economic impacts leading to economic crisis.
 - Climate change contribution: Increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in southern Europe likely across even low emission scenarios.
 - Exposure: Farmers and tourism operators in southern Europe: e.g. tourism contributes more than 10% of GDP in Mediterranean countries, and agricultural is large employer.
 - Critical threshold:
 - Direct impacts: Agriculture production loss and tourism losses (€30 billion); decreased household water consumption.
 - Indirect impacts: Conflicts and unrest lead exacerbate slowdown leading to economic crisis (€110 billion).
Crisis Scenario 3: European electricity grid vulnerability
 - Scenario: Power supply failure due to an extreme weather event (e.g. storm, flooding) or a demand peak, during cooling water shortages due to drought and high temperatures.
 - Climate change contribution: Increases temperature and droughts, reducing cooling water availability for energy sector.
 - Exposure: Regions with water scarcity, high cooling water needs and electricity demands peaks e.g. for air conditioning.
 - Critical threshold:
 - Direct impacts: Relatively small direct impact threshold, if it triggers failure of interregional transmission during period of low production capacity.
 - Indirect impacts: Blackouts longer than a few days, as critical infrastructure breaks down, can trigger crisis.
Crisis Scenario 4: US coastal real estate market collapse
 - Scenario: Flooding induces a rapid drop in US coastal real estate prices inducing a global financial crisis.
 - Climate change contribution: Global mean sea-level rise of 4cm/decade sea-level rise, possibly accelerating beyond 2050.
 - Exposure: US coastal real estate in the 1-in-100 year coastal flood plain ($1.4 trillion); and system-relevant investors exposed to these risks, e.g. as owners or lenders.
 - Critical threshold:
 - Direct impacts: Modest flood events (e.g. Superstorm Sandy, $65 billion in damages) may trigger a major correction across several regional real estate markets.
 - Indirect impacts: Difficult to quantify financial crisis inducing thresholds in advance; depends on exposure of European financial institutions.
Crisis Scenario 5: Global agricultural supply chain collapse
 - Scenario: Extreme weather events in key producing regions and transportation hubs disrupting agricultural trade flows.
 - Climate change contribution: Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events affecting production and transportation networks (e.g. ports).
 - Exposure: Small, open industrialised economies, of which Europe has many, highly dependent on agricultural imports.
 - Critical threshold
 - Direct impacts: Crop losses (greater than $1 billion in value) in multiple world regions due to extreme weather.
 - Indirect impacts: Concurrent with transportation hub disruption, e.g. storm damage and flooding of key ports, leading to food price spikes, and protectionist policy responses
Crisis Scenario 6: Large-scale migration due to conflicts in Africa
 - Scenario: Temperature rises, and prolonged droughts in Africa, and particularly the Sahel region, leads to decreasing agricultural production, which in turn leads to the outbreak of armed conflicts and state collapse. Large-scale migration ensues resulting in a migration crisis in Europe.
 - Climate change contribution: The link between climate and armed or violent conflict is contentious.
 - Critical threshold
 - Direct impacts: One mechanism for increasing conflict risk is that drought leading to agricultural failure can in turn lead to large-scale internal displacement from rural areas to urban centers.
 - Indirect impacts: Indirect impacts that could trigger a migration crisis in Europe would be migrant arrivals exceeding those of the past decade. A survey of demographics in Sahelian countries, and past experiences in regard to the proportion of migrants that flee conflict and civil war, shows that major conflict in Sahelian countries does have the potential to produce crisis in Europe.
Discussion and Conclusions
The six climate-induced crisis scenarios until 2030 show that threats to Europe arise from a range of different hazards in different parts of the world, and that climate change is already increasing the likelihood of these events.
Climate-induced crisis remain however‚ tail risk' events for Europe at least in the relatively near-term. The first one is a tail risk of an event or conjunction of events that can be quantified with some (low) probability, such as flooding events, where adaptation or preparation measures might be calculated. A second type of tail risk' events are those for which it is not possible to assign probabilities, such as electricity grid failures and US real estate correction leading to a global financial crisis and conflict migration. Measures to reduce these risks can be taken on a more 'precautionary principle' or 'no regrets' basis, aiming to adjust systems in such a way as to avoid that these risks materialise at all.
Another important observation is that for nearly all of the scenarios discussed above climate change interact with one or several other socio-economic conditions in order to produce the scale of impacts needed to induce a crisis.
The key role played by socio-economic conditions in crisis scenarios points to the need for responses to these crises that do not simply return to business-as-usual, but rather that improve resilience to such events in the future, or avoid their occurrence altogether, i.e. to "build back better".
Finally, the authors emphasise that a lack of considering long-term resilience in economic recoveries, would leave such recoveries prone to failure, laying the seeds for the next, even more catastrophic collapse.


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HWY SAFETY PROGRAMSImpaired Driving
Emergency Medical Services
Safe On All Roads (SOAR) ProgramMotor vehicle crashes have a significant impact in Montana's Indian country - American Indians comprise 6.2% of the population in Montana, but represent about 17% of the motor vehicle crash deaths in the state, on average, and about 25% of the alcohol-related fatalities. The majority of fatalities were unbuckled.
The Montana Department of Transportation is deeply committed to reducing crash deaths and injuries on the reservations in Montana. The department initiated the SOAR program to reduce highway fatalities through education and community outreach on Montana Reservations.
Based on the fatality data, the SOAR program focuses on impaired driving prevention and occupant protection. Program messages and communications are developed within each tribe to resonate to each individual culture.
The program relies on strong local partnerships, especially with the tribal college. Other local partnerships include law enforcement, injury prevention, transportation planning and health education personnel. A local coordinator identifies outreach opportunities and acts as a spokesperson and advocate for traffic safety on each reservation.
RESOURCESSafe On All Roads (SOAR) website
Safe on All Roads (SOAR) on Facebook
Management of the ProgramThe program is under the guidance of the Director of the Montana Department of Transportation and the State Highway Traffic Safety Office. Numerous advisory individuals also contribute volunteer time to support the program.
State Highway Traffic Safety Office


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Gray back, tullibee, lake herring, whitefish.
Characterised by a thick dorsal fin and a split tail, the cisco has a terminal mouth (lower jaw slightly protruding from the upper jaw). The body is elongated and slender, with less than 100 scales along the lateral line. The pelvic axillary, or dagger, is well developed. The colouration is dark grey to bluish on the back, silvery on the sides and white underneath. All fins are relatively transparent, although the anal and pelvic fins can be milky in adults. As a group, cisco (and whitefish) are easily distinguished from other species by the presence of the adipose fin. Cisco can be distinguished from lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), which inhabit the same deeper waters, by their pointed snout, terminal mouth and lack of teeth. The mouth of the cisso is at the end of the head, while that of the whitefish is behind and below the snout. They differ from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in that they have larger scales, a larger mouth and no teeth.
Ciscos are primarily native to Canada, where they are distributed roughly east of the Mackenzie River through Ontario and north through the Northwest Territories and much of Quebec. They inhabit the Great Lakes and their tributaries (including the St Lawrence River). Found in some lakes in states bordering the Great Lakes, including the Finger Lakes in New York, and in the headwaters of the Mississippi River.
Cold water lakes are preferred habitats for cisco. They may be near the surface when the water is cold, or a few hundred metres deep, but they usually remain below the thermocline in stratified lakes. They tend to accumulate in the middle layers of water and move to shallower areas as the water cools in autumn. Water temperatures above 60°F are lethal to cisco, so as surface water warms, these fish move to deeper water. In winter, many swim close to the surface, providing ice fishing opportunities.
Cisco can range in length from 6 to 25 inches, with an average size of 10 to 14 inches and 1⁄2 lb. The world all-tackle record belongs to the Manitoba fish (C. artedii), which weighed 7 lb 6 oz. The average life expectancy is 8 years. In some lakes the cisco population can be sparse and most fish are small.
Life history and Behavior
Cisco is a schooling fish that spawns in large aggregations in late autumn after moving to shallow waters 3 to 10 feet deep, often on reefs, when water temperatures are around 39-41°F. Females can lay up to 30,000 eggs on the lake bottom, usually on gravel or rocks. The eggs require no parental care and hatch within 4 months. Almost all cissos reach maturity by the fourth season. Some, such as the small cisco (C. sardinella), are anadromous but do not migrate far from the estuary.
Food and feeding habits
The main food source for cisco is plankton. In early spring, when they are most active (and shallow) feeders, they may eat minnows, crustaceans and mayflies.
|Conservation status||No information|
|Life span, years||8|
|Maximum body weight, kg||3.3|
|Maximum length, cm||63.5|
|Sailing speed, m/s||No information|
|Threat to people||Edible|
|Way of eating||Predator|


Justice missing in wrongful life cases
By Richard Ackland
May 12, 2006
AMID all the worries about the constitutionality of the corporations power's latest little love child, WorkChoices, it is amazing that the High Court managed this week to deliver its decision in the anxiously awaited "wrongful life" cases.
The corporations power is a snack compared to the importation of religion, morality, metaphysics and logic into the legal principles involved in determining whether someone who might not have been born at all, had their mother's doctor not been negligent, can be compensated for severe disabilities because they had in fact been born. What a field day.
Alexia Harriton, 25, and Keeden Waller, 5, were born terribly disabled. Alexia's mother had German measles while pregnant. Her doctor did not diagnose rubella and did not prescribe a follow-up blood test. Importantly, he did not advise her there would be a very high risk her child would be born with abnormalities. Alexia is blind, deaf, mentally retarded, suffers from spasticity and requires constant care.
Keeden was born after his parents underwent IVF. However, his father had a genetic condition that was not investigated by the IVF doctors and was passed on to the child, resulting in permanent brain damage, cerebral palsy and uncontrolled seizures.
Suing in their own right, the two children sought damages against the doctors. With only two of the 11 judges who grappled with these claims in three courts being on the side of the angels, the forces arrayed on the side of darkness must have been pretty formidable.
The problem was that in a claim for compensation the law seeks to quantify the damage against an identifiable benchmark, which would normally be the condition of the claimant before an injury. However, a "wrongful life" case involves comparing the value of a disabled life with no life at all, because had the doctors not been negligent the probability is that these two foetuses would have been legally aborted.
The law would require proof that in these circumstances you would be better off not being born. And not too many judges want to go there.
The majority throughout thought it is not possible to compare existence with non-existence, and so it is therefore impossible to quantify any loss. That is why Alexia and Keeden failed.
In examining this argument Justice Michael Kirby cited Ludwig Wittgenstein's view of existence: "Death is not an event of life. Death is not lived through."
What the majority position fails to accommodate is that there is a new modern order. Medical technology can detect abnormalities at very early stages of the development of a foetus. Good medical practice regularly results in the non-existence of human beings. What has been created by way of Alexia and Keeden is precisely what the doctors were engaged to prevent being created.
The High Court majority was not prepared to push the set-and-dried principles further. The black-letter brigade screamed at the court in 2003 for allegedly taking the law into new territory in the "wrongful birth" case of Cattanach v Melchior, where it was found that a wife and mother whose sterilisation operation was unsuccessful could recover damages for the financial requirements that flowed from the birth of a healthy child.
The new judge on the block, Justice Susan Crennan, wrote the lead reasons in these two "wrongful life" cases, getting into some contentious water in the process. She said these disabilities are only one dimension of humanity: "… every human life, within its circumstances and limitations, is characterised by an enigmatic and ever-changing mixture of pain and pleasure related to [biological] needs."
Justice Kirby, in the minority of one, cut through the artifice - the comparison with non-existence is a fiction, a creature of legal reasoning. The upshot is that the medical practitioners who were neglectful and caused damage have escaped "scot-free" and the law countenances this outcome.
A final wrinkle. If Alexia's and Keeden's parents had sued for damages in their own names there was every prospect of success. Yet it was too late for them to do that because the limitation period had gone.
And some people think that the Work Choices case is depressing.


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A new paper from an assessment expert cautions the state consortia that are designing common tests that while computer-based and computer-adaptive testing offer the possibility of improving assessment, getting them right presents significant challenges.
The paper by Mark D. Reckase, a professor of measurement and quantitative methods at Michigan State University, is aimed at the two big groups of states that are using Race to the Top money to design tests for the new common standards. It's the latest of many papers that have been issued from the testing and policy worlds since the consortia began their work.
Reckase's paper is one of three issued today by the Rennie Center for Education Research & Policy, and Policy Analysis for California Education, or PACE. The other two deal with tests for English-language learners and tests for science. You can see all of them at PACE's website, collected under the title, "The Road Ahead for State Assessments."
Reckase offers an accessible discussion of computer-based and computer-adaptive testing for regular folk, and places the current assessment work in the context of the changes in how testing is used. He details the advantages of each, including, for computer-adaptive, dispensing with the need to try to measure wide ranges of student ability with only the set of test items printed in a booklet.
But key challenges accompany the endeavor to move from paper-and-pencil to computer. For one, computer-adaptive testing (in which items are geared to the student) requires a larger and better-designed pool of test items than does traditional testing, he said. High-stakes tests will require a larger pool of items—likely 1,600 or more—than low-stakes tests, which might require closer to 200, Reckase writes. And test items in the pool have to be administered to "several hundred to several thousand" students in the design phase to determine exactly how the items function before the test is finalized, a process that could take up to a year, he says.
Another of the difficulties of computer-based testing is getting access to seat time in front of computers for massive numbers of students. In a state with 100,000 students in a given grade level, Reckase notes, a three-hour test will require 400,000 hours of seat time in front of a computer, including time for administrative issues. Such questions, combined with how many students a day can be tested, and how wide the testing window can be, pose a "difficult design issue" for states, he says. Having students use their own computers raises a whole host of other issues, including test security.
"Resolving the issues of computer access is one of the most challenging parts of implementing [computer-adaptive testing]," Reckase says in the paper.
The complex software needed to manage the computer-adaptive testing has its own challenges, he says. Off-the-shelf or custom-designed, it's expensive. But he cautioned states against taking the cheap route: "Forcing the implementation of a [computer-adaptive assessment] to fit existing software will likely result in serious problems later in the implementation," he writes.
Reckase also cautions against running parallel computer-based and paper-and-pencil testing systems, saying comparability of results is questionable.
He notes that such cautions can be "very discouraging" to test designers, but tries to perk people up by discussing several large-scale computer-based testing systems that he considers successful, including the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), and two tests used for college-course-placement purposes, the ACT's COMPASS, and College Board's Accuplacer.
In the end, Reckase muses about the possibility of doing away with stand-alone testing altogether: "If all of students' day-to-day classroom work can be collected through computer systems and scored using intelligent evaluation software, the need to have a separate, stand-alone [computer-adaptive assessment] is no longer present," he wrote. "As the development of [such] systems progresses, the goal of many educators—to have instruction and assessment be one and the same—can be met."


Recenty Gearbox Innovations started a cooperation with This leads towards more results and data driven information for the growers of both companies.
Gearbox and make data-driven cultivation possible
Data-driven cultivation, also known as Data Driven Growing, is a common concept. How can greenhouse growers respond to this? and Gearbox Innovations work together to support growers in this. combines plant physiology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the basis for smart solutions. When this knowledge is brought together with image analysis and the knowledge about Gearbox AI, this results in new insights for you as a grower.
"By combining images and data in a smart way, new insights are created into how plants respond to circumstances. By responding to this, it is possible for growers to achieve better crop results", said Peter Hendriks (Managing Director
Gearbox supplies high-quality cameras and sensors and makes smart software that automatically monitors the growth and quality of plants and fruits or flowers. In addition, the company can automate the resulting (crop) operations. The data generated by the Gearbox products (GearSense and GearVision) is made visible in
Because discloses multiple data sources at nurseries, growers have the option to make this image analysis and sensor data visible in their own dashboard in addition to the data from, for example, the climate computer. This dashboard is completely adjusted based on the needs of the individual grower. In addition to displaying the data, it is possible to analyse the data within MyLetsGrow. For example, it is possible to analyse the effect of extra light on the growth of the crop. In addition, more in-depth analysis can be done, including the stress level of a crop. The data analysts of are ready for users to dive deeper into this.
"We make smart innovations together," says Peter Hendriks, "we reinforce each other."
Just like, Gearbox is also growing internationally. Gearbox supplies both internationally and nationally mainly to breeders and growers. Gearbox helps a grower or a breeder further with providing more insights and optimization of cultivation process. Gearbox also automates monitoring and analysis of plant organs such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) etc. Gearbox assesses quality and development in order to optimize the cultivation process, save costs and increase product quality.


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The availability of vending machines is very important because many people depend on them to access products conveniently. They are normally used to dispense candy, drinks, food and other consumables that do not require a sales person's presence. These machines cater for the needs of consumers whenever they need them. Considering the pace at which the world is working in today, it is important to have fast-paced machines that dispense what consumers need. These types of machines are preferred by many traders because of the many benefits they have.
· Increase of sources of income
A vending machine helps the organization to increase its sources of income. In light of the fact that people are increasingly becoming busier, there has been a rising demand for the fast foods. Therefore, businesses are looking for ways of meeting this demand by placing machines in various locations. This has gone a long way in boosting the income of businesses. Organizations are on the lookout for reliable suppliers of vending machines that can be positioned in high traffic areas.
· Saves time
Vending machines allow consumers to access their preferred products while on the go. This helps to save them time. The machine can be positioned in a location where there are no cafeterias in the vicinity. This makes it possible for people to access their favorite products such as fast food during their leisure or work. Therefore, consumers do not have to take long journeys to find products because the machines are often strategically positioned to cater for their needs.
· Saves money
Businesses have a lot to gain from vending machines. These machines help them save a substantial amount of money in the form of labor cost that is often required to make their products available to consumers. The machines play an important role in dispensing products and collecting money from the consumers within good time. Businesses have gone out of their way to install machines that accept different types of payments including credit cards. This makes it possible for more consumers to make their purchases.
Innovative businesses are looking for ways of taking advantage of these machines. Vending business is popular in educational institutions. The machines make it possible for students to access drinks and snacks conveniently and at competitive rates. The school can boost its revenue by installing machines in strategic locations within the school compound. To ensure the best results, it is important to ensure healthy nutritious foods are supplied to students using the machines.
Source by Sila Rodney


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This history of U.S. Savings Bonds is rich with images that tell the story of our nation's heritage. Click the milestones below to explore the evolution of savings bonds from their infancy through the Digital Age.
On February 1, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed legislation that allowed the U.S. Department of the Treasury to sell a new type of security, the U.S. Savings Bond. One month later, the first Series A Savings Bond was issued. Its low purchase price of $18.75, with a face value of $25, eventually led the bond – along with the subsequent B (1936), C (1938) and D (1941) bond – to be nicknamed "the baby bond."
With the start of U.S. involvement in World War II in 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the new Series E Defense Savings Bond – known informally as Defense Bonds – to finance the war. On April 30, he purchased the first such bond from Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, and the bonds became available to the public the next day. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Defense Bonds became known as War Savings Bonds, or informally as War Bonds. War Stamps were also introduced in small denominations (10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1, $5) so any citizen could support the war for as little as one dime. The "Minute Man of Concord" sculpture, by David Chester French, was chosen as a symbol of the U.S. Savings Bonds Program.
To help finance the war, the Treasury Department developed a number of initiatives targeting different audiences including American workers, women, and farmers. Additionally, the Treasury Department approved the use of a payroll deduction plan for the purchase of War Bonds. This later became known as the Payroll Savings Plan, and is still available electronically today.
Artists, entertainers and schools pitched in to support the bond effort. Norman Rockwell's "Four Freedoms" paintings — originally published in The Saturday Evening Post — were taken on a nationwide department store tour, raising $130 million in War Bond sales. Occasionally, movie premieres offered admission with the purchase of a bond, while star-studded parades and touring shows entertained audiences and promoted bonds. The Hollywood Bond Cavalcade, for example, was a traveling variety show featuring the likes of Lucille Ball, Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney. Even schools got behind the bond effort, purchasing 90,000 Jeeps through bond and stamp purchases as part of the "Schools at War" program.
Savings bonds evolved into a popular way for families to build their nest egg. By 1945 and 1946, more Americans bought savings bonds than cashed them. Surveys at the time indicated many people resisted cashing their bonds to allow the savings to grow.
To sustain post-war bond sales, the entertainment industry promoted U.S. Savings Bonds by integrating messages into television programs such as "Father Knows Best," "Superman" and "Lassie."
H Bonds offered a current income bond that paid interest every six months — and earned interest for 30 years. They were replaced by Series HH Savings Bonds in January 1980.
President John F. Kennedy encouraged Americans to purchase U.S. Savings Bonds. His administration established the U.S. Industrial Payroll Savings Committee, an organization of top business leaders aimed at spearheading payroll savings campaigns in American industry. Its first campaign, staged in 1963, stimulated the largest enrollment of new payroll savers since World War II. President Kennedy met and thanked the Committee in the Rose Garden of the White House on November 5, 1963 – just 17 days before his assassination.
The 25th anniversary of the Series E Savings Bond in 1966 saluted the broadcasting industry for the millions of promotional words (and musical notes) it had contributed to bond sales since 1941. The Treasury Department, in collaboration with the motion picture industry, produced a short film titled "The Land We Love" that tied the nation's history and geography to the savings bond tradition. A second film, the "Star Spangled Salesman," was produced two years later and featured stars such as Carol Burnett, Milton Berle, Howard Morris and The Three Stooges.
President Ford was a strong supporter of the U.S. Savings Bonds Program. During his presidency, the nation's 200th birthday coincided with the 35th anniversary of the U.S. Savings Bonds Program. The film "An American Partnership" celebrated the Bicentennial and highlighted a yearlong campaign honoring the role of citizens in financing the nation's growth.
The 1980s continued to promote savings bonds through pop culture references. The decade started with the introduction of Series EE and HH Bonds. Later, "Cheers" television show characters made witty references to savings bonds, and famed race car driver Aloysius (Cappy) Coleman Jr. took the wheel of the official U.S. Savings Bonds race car. The car made its debut in 1989 at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in North Carolina.
To help Americans finance their dream of a college education, Congress created the Education Savings Bond program. Under this program, Series EE Savings Bonds purchased by qualified taxpayers on or after January 1, 1990, are tax-free if used to pay tuition and fees at eligible educational institutions.
Fifty years after the introduction of the Series E Savings Bond, the Treasury Department launched a yearlong golden anniversary campaign, "Celebrate an American Tradition – 50 Years of U.S. Savings Bonds." The campaign included public service announcements featuring Bugs Bunny as well as a publication of the history of the U.S. Savings Bond Program.
The Treasury Department introduced the Series I Savings Bond to encourage more Americans to save for the future while protecting their savings against inflation. The new bond series, launched at an official ceremony led by Vice President Al Gore, is indexed to the Consumer Price Index in denominations as small as $50. Artwork on the bonds feature eight historical figures from the late 19th and 20th centuries, including: Helen Keller, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Dr. Hector P. Garcia, Chief Joseph, Gen. George C. Marshall, Albert Einstein, Marian Anderson and Spark M. Matsunaga.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Bureau of the Public Debt first made digital Series I Savings Bonds available for purchase online in 2002. The digital Series EE Savings Bond soon followed. The TreasuryDirect.gov website was launched in 2004, offering Americans a one-stop shop for purchasing and redeeming savings bonds and other Treasury securities online.
As of January 1, 2012, paper savings bonds are no longer being sold over the counter at banks and other financial institutions. Instead, Americans can continue to buy savings bonds online from the convenience of home through TreasuryDirect.gov. Opening a TreasuryDirect account is free, and you can buy and manage your savings bonds online, anytime – 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can also purchase online savings bonds as gifts – TreasuryDirect offers a variety of gift certificates for any occasion. Visit TreasuryDirect.gov for more information.


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I recently blogged that you can now play Angry Birds in your web browser. This opens up all sorts of video analysis possibilities for physics lessons and assessment. Students can easily make their own videos or you can pre-record your own. Videos can be recorded using Jing, Screencast-O-Matic, or Camtasia Studio. Analysis can be done in Logger Pro or Tracker.
Here are some possible investigations to carry out (shared by Michael Magnuson on the WNYPTA email list):
1. Make a reasonable estimate for the size of an angry bird, and determine the value of g in Angry Bird World. Why would the game designer want to have g be different than 9.8 m/s²? Download Angry Birds video.
2. Does the blue angry bird conserve momentum during its split into three? Download Red and Blue Birds video.
3. Does the white bird conserve momentum when it drops its bomb? Why would the game designer want the white bird to drop its bomb the way that it does? Download White Bird video.
4. Describe in detail how the yellow bird changes velocity. You will need to analyze more than one flight path to answer this question. Download Yellow Birds video.
5. Shoot an angry bird so that it bounces off one of the blocks. Determine the coefficient of restitution and the mass of the angry bird. Download Red Birds and Falling Block video.
You can download each video using the links above or get them all here.
Other posts with ideas about how to use Angry Birds in physics class:
- Rhett Allain's analysis of The Physics of Angry Birds.
- John Burk's post Introducing projectile motion using Angry Birds
- Peter Kupfer's post Angry Birds and Physics
How have you used (or will use) Angry Birds in the classroom?
UPDATE 12-28-2011: Our class has been featured on CUNY-TV's "Science and U!" Jump to 10:25 in the video below: