text:
I am trying to do a classification exercise on email docs (strings containing words).
I defined the distance function as following:
def distance(wordset1, wordset2):
if len(wordset1) < len(wordset2):
return len(wordset2) - len(wordset1)
elif len(wordset1) > len(wordset2):
return len(wordset1) - len(wordset2)
elif len(wordset1) == len(wordset2):
You didn't mention the type of
wordset2. I'll assume they are both
You defined your distance as the word counting and got a bad score. It's obvious text length is not a good dissimilarity measure: two emails with different sizes can talk about the same thing, while two emails of same size be talking about completely different things.
So, as suggested above, you could try and check for SIMILAR WORDS instead:
import numpy as np def distance(wordset1, wordset2): wordset1 = set(wordset1.split()) wordset2 = set(wordset2.split()) common_words = wordset1 & wordset2 if common_words: return 1 / len(common_words) else: # They don't share any word. They are infinitely different. return np.inf
The problem with that is that two big emails are more likely to share words than two small ones, and this metric would favor those, making them "more similar to each other" in comparison to the small ones. How do we solve this? Well, we normalize the metric somehow:
import numpy as np def distance(wordset1, wordset2): wordset1 = set(wordset1.split()) wordset2 = set(wordset2.split()) common_words = wordset1 & wordset2 if common_words: # The distance, normalized by the total # number of different words in the emails. return 1 / len(common_words) / (len(wordset1 | wordset2)) else: # They don't share any word. They are infinitely different. return np.inf
This seems cool, but completely ignores the FREQUENCY of the words. To account for this, we can use the Bag-of-words model. That is, create a list of all possible words and histogram their appearance in each document. Let's use CountVectorizer implementation from scikit-learn to make our job eaiser:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer def distance(wordset1, wordset2): model = CountVectorizer() X = model.fit_transform([wordset1, wordset2]).toarray() # uses Euclidean distance between bags. return np.linalg.norm(X - X)
But now consider two pairs of emails. The emails in the first pair are composed by perfectly written English, full of "small" words (e.g.
that) necessary for it to be grammatically correct. The emails in the second pair are different: only containing the keywords, it's extremely dry. You see, chances are the first pair will be more similar than the second one. That happens because we are currently accounting for all words the same, while we should be prioritizing the MEANINGFUL words in each text. To do that, let's use term frequency–inverse document frequency. Luckly, there's a very similar implementation in scikit-learn:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer def distance(wordset1, wordset2): model = TfidfVectorizer() X = model.fit_transform([wordset1, wordset2]).toarray() similarity_matrix = X.dot(X.T) # The dissimilarity between samples wordset1 and wordset2. return 1-similarity_matrix[0, 1]
Read more about this in this question. Also, duplicate?
You should now have a fairly good accuracy. Try it out. If it's still not as good as you want, then we have to go deeper... (get it? Because... Deep-learning). The first thing is that we need either a dataset to train over or an already trained model. That's required because networks have many parameters that MUST be adjusted in order to provide useful transformations.
What's been missing so far is UNDERSTANDING. We histogrammed the words, striping them from any context or meaning. Instead, let's keep them where they are and try to recognize blocks of patterns. How can this be done?
Let's use Keras to simply our lives. It should look something like this:
#... imports and params definitions model = Sequential([ Embedding(max_features, embedding_dims, input_length=maxlen, dropout=0.2), Convolution1D(nb_filter=nb_filter, filter_length=filter_length, border_mode='valid', activation='relu', subsample_length=1), MaxPooling1D(pool_length=model.output_shape), Flatten(), Dense(256, activation='relu'), ]) #... train or load model weights. def distance(wordset1, wordset2): global model # X =... # Embed both emails. X = sequence.pad_sequences(X, maxlen=maxlen) y = model.predict(X) # Euclidean distance between emails. return np.linalg.norm(y-y)
There's a practical example on sentence processing which you can check Keras github repo. Also, someone solves this exact same problem using a siamese recurrent network in this stackoverflow question.
Well, I hope this gives you some direction. :-)


text:
Notes on the Geography of Malaysia: KL Take Two: Photo 3
The shophouse originated in Singapore during the 1840s. The standard form included a five-foot covered walkway or kaki lima with living quarters extending overhead to the property line. The view here is along Jalan Tun HS Lee, the former High Street.
(See H.S.H. Lim, "The Shophouse Rafflesia: An Outline of its Malaysian Pedigree and its Subsequent Diffusion in Asia," in Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1993; cited in Gullick, p. 47.)
Back to Malaysia: KL Take Two chapter
Short link for this page: _URL_.com?justpic=32395
* Australia * Austria * Bangladesh * Belgium * Botswana * Brazil (Manaus) * Burma / Myanmar * Cambodia (Angkor) * Canada (B.C.) * China * The Czech Republic * Egypt * Fiji * France * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Hungary * India: Themes * Northern India * Peninsular India * Indonesia * Israel * Italy * Japan * Jerusalem * Jordan * Kenya * Laos * Kosovo * Malawi * Malaysia * Mexico * Morocco * Mozambique * Namibia * The Netherlands * New Zealand * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * The Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Singapore * South Africa * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Syria (Aleppo) * Tanzania * Thailand * Trinidad * Turkey (Istanbul) * Uganda * The U.A.E. (Dubai) * The United Kingdom * The Eastern United States * The Western United States * The Heartland State: Oklahoma * Uzbekistan * Vietnam * The West Bank * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe *

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Classic World Cutting Fruit Puzzle
Teach your child about different types of fruit while putting this puzzle back together. They will love this chunky fruit set.
Your child will learn to name and identify the fruit, as they remove and match them back to the images on the board. Puzzles help build children's hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills, while also encouraging problem solving and discovery.
This puzzle even includes a knife allowing your child to safely practice the motions of cutting fruit themselves!
The fruit shapes included are apple, lemon, pear, orange, kiwifruit, strawberry, pineapple, peach and watermelon!
Size: 32 x 32 x 5 cm


WSTG - Latest
Testing for SSI Injection
Web servers usually give developers the ability to add small pieces of dynamic code inside static HTML pages, without having to deal with full-fledged server-side or client-side languages. This feature is provided by Server-Side Includes(SSI).
Server-Side Includes are directives that the web server parses before serving the page to the user. They represent an alternative to writing CGI programs or embedding code using server-side scripting languages, when there's only need to perform very simple tasks. Common SSI implementations provide directives (commands) to include external files, to set and print web server CGI environment variables, or to execute external CGI scripts or system commands.
SSI can lead to a Remote Command Execution (RCE), however most webservers have the exec directive disabled by default.
Test Objectives
 - Identify SSI injection points.
 - Assess the severity of the injection.
How to Test
To test for exploitable SSI, inject SSI directives as user input. If SSI are enabled and user input validation has not been properly implemented, the server will execute the directive. This is very similar to a classical scripting language injection vulnerability in that it occurs when user input is not properly validated and sanitized.
First determine if the web server supports SSI directives. Often, the answer is yes, as SSI support is quite common. To determine if SSI directives are supported, discover the type of web server that the target is running using information gathering techniques (see Fingerprint Web Server). If you have access to the code, determine if SSI directives are used by searching through the webserver configuration files for specific keywords.
Another way of verifying that SSI directives are enabled is by checking for pages with the.shtml extension, which is associated with SSI directives. The use of the.shtml extension is not mandatory, so not having found any.shtml files doesn't necessarily mean that the target is not vulnerable to SSI injection attacks.
The next step is determining all the possible user input vectors and testing to see if the SSI injection is exploitable.
First find all the pages where user input is allowed. Possible input vectors may also include headers and cookies. Determine how the input is stored and used, i.e if the input is returned as an error message or page element and if it was modified in some way. Access to the source code can help you to more easily determine where the input vectors are and how input is handled.
Once you have a list of potential injection points, you may determine if the input is correctly validated. Ensure it is possible to inject characters used in SSI directives such as and [a-zA-Z0-9]
The below example returns the value of the variable. The references section has helpful links with server-specific documentation to help you better assess a particular system.
When using the include directive, if the supplied file is a CGI script, this directive will include the output of the CGI script. This directive may also be used to include the content of a file or list files in a directory:
To return the output of a system command:
The SSI directives can also be injected in the HTTP headers, if the web application is using that data to build a dynamically generated page:
GET / HTTP/1.1


text:
To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 10.0.0 or greater is installed.
Interview with the 2002 Nobel Laureate in Physics Riccardo Giacconi, at the 58th Meeting of Nobel Laureates in Lindau, Germany, 30 June 2008. The interviewer is Adam Smith, Editor-in-Chief of Nobelprize.org. Riccardo Giacconi talks about why he sees himself as both as an American and as a European, why Rome is his favourite city in the world (2:30), his beginnings in physics (5:43), the provocative nature of his recent book aimed at young people moving into science (14:30), why scientists are like children (19:07), the importance of methodology in scientific research (32:18), the remarkable unexpected discovery of cosmic X-rays (46:47), and how most of the matter in the universe remains to be discovered (55:54). Credits: Ladda Productions AB (camera)
Copyright © Nobel Web AB 2009
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002


- Sample Chapter is provided courtesy of Cisco Press.
 - Date: Jun 1, 2015.
 1. Campus Network Structure
 2. Types of Cisco Switches
 3. Study Tips
 4. Summary
 5. Review Questions
Chapter Description
Types of Cisco Switches
Switches are the fundamental interconnect component of the campus network. Cisco offers a variety of switches specifically designed for different functions. At the time of this writing, Cisco designs the Catalyst switches for campus networks and Nexus switches for data centers. In the context of CCNP, this book focuses mostly on Catalyst switches.
Figure 2-12 illustrates the current recommended Catalyst switches. However, in the competitive campus switch marketplace, Cisco continuously updates the Catalyst switches with new capabilities, higher performance, higher density, and lower cost.
Figure 2-12
Figure 2-12 Cisco Catalyst Switches
Interesting enough, the Catalyst 6500 was not detailed in Figure 2-12. Despite its extremely long life cycle, Cisco marketing has finally shifted focus to the Catalyst 6800. For a large number of you reading this book, you have likely come across the Catalyst 6500 at some point in your career.
Cisco offers two types of network switches: fixed configuration and modular switches. With fixed configuration switches, you cannot swap or add another module, like you can with a modular switch. In enterprise access layers, you will find fixed configuration switches, like the Cisco Catalyst, 2960-X series. It offers a wide range of deployments.
In the enterprise distribution layer, you will find either fixed or modular switches depending on campus network requirements. An example of a modular switch that can be found in the distribution layer is the Cisco Catalyst 3850-X series. This series of switches allows you to select different network modules (Ethernet or fiber optic) and redundant power supply modules. In small businesses without a distribution layer, the 3850-X can be found in the core layer. In large enterprise networks, you might find 3850-X in the access layer in cases where high redundancy and full Layer 3 functionality at the access layer are requirements.
In the enterprise core layer, you will often find modular switches such as the Cisco Catalyst 6500 or the Catalyst 6800 series. With the 6800 switch, nearly every component, including the route processing/supervisor module and Ethernet models to power supplies) is individually installed in a chassis. This individualization allows for customization and high-availability options when necessary.
If you have a network where there is a lot of traffic, you have the option to leverage the Cisco Catalyst 4500-X series switches into the distribution layer. The Catalyst 4500-X supports supervisor/route process redundancy and supports 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
All switches within the 2960-X, 3850-X, 4500-X, and 6800-X series are managed. This means that you can configure an IP address on the device. By having a management IP address, you can connect to the device using Secure Shell (SSH) or Telnet and change device settings. An unmanaged switch is only appropriate for a home or very small business environment. It is highly recommended not to use an unmanaged switch in any campus network.
This section just described a few examples of Cisco switches and their placement in the network. For more information, go to _URL_
The next section compares Layer 2 and Layer 3 (multilayer switches).
Comparing Layer 2 and Multilayer Switches
A Layer 2 Ethernet switch operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. These types of switches make decisions about forwarding frames based on the destination MAC addresses found within the frame.
Recalling basic networking: A switch collision domain is only port to port because each switch port and its associated end device is its own collision domain. Because there is no contention on the media, all hosts can operate in full-duplex mode, which means that they can receive and transmit data at the same time. The concept of half duplex is legacy and applies only to hubs and older 10/100-Mbps switches, because 1 Gbps operates by default at full duplex.
When a switch receives in store-n-forward mode, the frame is checked for errors, and frames with a valid cyclic redundancy check (CRC) are regenerated and transmitted. Some models of switches, mostly Nexus switches, opt to switch frames based only on reading the Layer 2 information and bypassing the CRC check. This bypass, referred to as cut-through switching, lowers the latency of the frame transmission as the entire frame is not stored before transmission to another port. Lower switching latency is beneficial for low-latency applications such as algorithm trading programs found in the data center. The assumption is that the end device network interface card (NIC) or an upper-level protocol will eventually discard the bad frame. Most Catalyst switches are store-n-forward.
MAC Address Forwarding
To figure out where a frame must be sent, the switch will look up its MAC address table. This information can be told to the switch or it can learn it automatically. The switch listens to incoming frames and checks the source MAC addresses. If the address is not in the table already, the MAC address, switch port, and VLAN will then get recorded in the forwarding table. The forwarding table is also called the CAM table.
What happens if the destination MAC address of the frame is unknown to the switch? The switch then forwards the frame through all ports within a VLAN except the port the frame was received on. This is known as unknown unicast flooding. Broadcast and multicast traffic is destined for multiple destinations, so it will get flooded by default.
Referring to Figure 2-13, in the first example, the switch receives a frame on port 1. The destination MAC address for the frame is 0000.0000.5555. The switch will look up its forwarding table and figure out that MAC address 0000.0000.5555 is recorded on port 5. The switch will then forward the frame through port 5.
Figure 2-13
Figure 2-13 Layer 2 Switching Operation: MAC Address Forwarding
In the second example, the switch receives a broadcast frame on port 1. The switch will forward the frame through all ports that are within the same VLAN except port 1. The frame was received on port 1, which is in VLAN 1; therefore, the frame is forwarded through all ports on the switch that belong to VLAN 1 (all ports except port 3).
The next subsection discusses Layer 2 switch operation from a mechanics point of view.
Layer 2 Switch Operation
When a switch receives a frame, it places the frame into an ingress queue. A port can have multiple ingress queues, and typically these queues are used to service frames differently (for example, apply quality of service [QoS]). From a simplified viewpoint, when the switch selects a frame from a queue to transmit, the switches need to answer a few questions:
 - Where should the frame be forwarded?
 - Are there restrictions preventing the forwarding of the frame?
 - Is there any prioritization or marking that needs to be applied to the frame?
Decisions about these three questions are answered, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 2-14 and described in the list that follows.
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-14 Layer 2 Switch Operation: Mechanics
 - Layer 2 forwarding table: The Layer 2 forwarding table, also called the MAC table, contains information about where to forward the frame. Specifically, it contains MAC addresses and destination ports. The switches reference the destination MAC address of the incoming frame in the MAC table and forward the frames to the destination ports specified in the table. If the MAC address is not found, the frame is flooded through all ports in the same VLAN.
 - ACLs: Access control lists (ACLs) do not only apply to routers. Switches can also apply ACLs based on MAC and IP addresses. Generally only higher-end switches support ACLs based on both MAC and IP addresses, whereas Layer 2 switches support ACLs only with MAC addresses.
 - QoS: Incoming frames can be classified according to QoS parameters. Traffic can then be marked, prioritized, or rate-limited.
Switches use specialized hardware to house the MAC table, ACL lookup data, and QoS lookup data. For the MAC table, switches use content-addressable memory (CAM), whereas the ACL and QoS tables are housed in ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM). Both CAM and TCAM are extremely fast access and allow for line-rate switching performance. CAM supports only two results: 0 or 1. Therefore, CAM is useful for Layer 2 forwarding tables.
TCAM provides three results: 0, 1, and don't care. TCAM is most useful for building tables for searching on longest matches, such as IP routing tables organized by IP prefixes. The TCAM table stores ACL, QoS, and other information generally associated with upper-layer processing. As a result of using TCAM, applying ACLs does not affect the performance of the switch.
This section only touches on the details and implementation of CAM and TCAM needed for the CCNP certification. For a more detailed description, review the following support document at Cisco.com:
The next subsection discusses Layer 3 (multilayer) switch operation in more detail.
Layer 3 (Multilayer) Switch Operation
Multilayer switches not only perform Layer 2 switching but also forward frames based on Layer 3 and 4 information. Multilayer switches not only combine the functions of a switch and a router


The evolution of credit cards
Worldpay Editorial Team
July 09, 2019
When considering how to process credit card payments, it's easy to think it happens in the blink of an eye. A transaction made with a wave of a smartphone is almost like magic. But the fact is that payment processing technology has come a long way from the original credit cards, especially with the introduction of smartphones.
If you want to know how to process credit card payments, it's worth taking a look back at the evolution of credit cards and payment technology of yesteryear, from cardboard to plastic, zip-zaps to EMV.
How credit cards got started
While closed loop charge cards began with retail, oil and travel companies in the early 1900s, it wasn't until the 1950s when what we know as the modern day credit card was born.
It all began in 1949, when Frank McNamara, a prominent executive, forgot his wallet while dining in a Manhattan restaurant. The embarrassment of not being able to pay prompted McNamara to return a year later and pay for his meal with a small cardboard "charge" card, the precursor to the Diners Club Card, which became the world's first multipurpose charge card.
While the Diners Club Card was cardboard, American Express introduced the first plastic credit card in 1959. Credit cards truly entered the mainstream with widespread acceptance in the 1960s when Bank of America (eventually Visa) introduced the general-purpose credit card by licensing their brand to banks, which allowed consumers to make installment payments on their purchases.
Evolution in payment technology
Affectionately called a zip-zap machine or knuckle-buster, the manual imprinter was one of the first credit card processing "technology" used by merchants. The imprinter allowed a merchant to capture the information on a customer's credit card, and provided three copies using carbon paper—one each for the customer, the bank, and the merchant. (The nickname "knuckle-buster" came from the fact that employees often developed skinned knuckles from the repetitive motion of using the machine.)
When manual card imprinters were commonplace, card authorization and approval weren't part of completing a credit card transaction. Instead, Mastercard and Visa issued a booklet listing all the credit card numbers that were cancelled, stolen, or were past due, for merchants to cross-reference before verifying purchases. It was a time-consuming process, and often inefficient since the booklet went out of date quickly. Many small businesses just skipped this part of the process altogether, which left them vulnerable to fraudulent charges.
As more consumers began to use credit cards and transaction amounts grew larger, telephone authorization was introduced as a way to determine a customer's credit line and facilitate a transaction. Merchants continued to use the manual imprinter to capture cardholder data, but could also call a phone number listed on the back of the card to verify funds availability. This process generally took a good amount of time and was not always followed by all merchants.
Shortly after an engineer at IBM developed magnetic stripe technology in 1969, the card brands began incorporating it into credit cards to hold customer data used to facilitate transactions. Ten years later, Visa introduced the first point of sale terminals, which began replacing manual imprinters. POS terminals allowed a business to electronically capture and send credit card information, greatly speeding up the transaction approval process, and contributing to the growth in credit card usage.
As computer technology rapidly advanced, the POS terminal became more and more advanced, as well. POS systems were not only able to process transactions faster and more securely, but also had the ability to integrate with other business systems such as accounting, inventory tracking, and employee scheduling. Some systems allowed merchants to capture customer data and offer loyalty programs, further promoting credit card usage.
While the magnetic stripe was among the first efforts to secure credit cards, the introduction of of EMV took the effort several more steps forward. The chip cards we have all become more familiar with in recent years, use an embedded computer chip to protect transaction data. EMV chip cards require different hardware to process than magnetic stripe cards, since they are "dipped" rather than swiped in the terminal. EMV chip card acceptance in the US has been on the rise since the fraud chargeback liability shift that took place in October 2015. In the UK, chip and pin was implemented in 2006 and marked the largest change in the way Europeans pay.
Other payment technology advancements have taken credit card transactions to a whole new level— making it possible for a business to accept secure payments in-store or remotely using a physical card or mobile device, online on an eCommerce site, and even on a mobile app.
In 1994, the first online sale was facilitated by UK-based retailer, Shop Direct. The development of Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, which allows two devices to communicate when in close proximity, has enabled contactless payments using a smartphone and a mobile wallet such as Apple Pay and Samsung Pay. Virtual payment terminal technology makes it possible to take payments on-the-go, using a mobile device or tablet.
What's next
Even as it seems like credit card processing technology and merchant services cannot get any more advanced, they undoubtedly will. In addition to more advanced efforts to secure payment transactions, contactless payments are expected to continue to evolve—from wearables such as watches and rings, to biometric fingerprints and retinal scanners. Merchants who want to know how to process credit card payments should partner with a reputable provider, because who knows where the technology will take us from here? One thing is for certain, however—it's highly likely that plastic credit cards are likely to become as obsolete as the zip-zap machine.


text:
WASP-18b is also a strong contender in the least-habitable-planet-yet-detected competition. It has a mass roughly ten times Jupiter's and skims 2.6 stellar radii above the surface of the parent star. The orbital period is a mere 22 hours 36 minutes. A year in less than a day.
To the offhand glance, even the simple presence of the planet seems puzzling. It's so close to its parent star that tidal orbital decay should haul it in for destruction on a timescale that's alarmingly short in comparison to the ~1 billion year age of the parent star. Either WASP-18b has been found on the very cusp of its dénouement (which seems unlikely) or tidal dissipation in the parent star is much lower than in a star like the Sun.
Darin Ragozzine pointed me to to a recent article by Barker and Ogilvie that indicates that WASP-18 may indeed be very poor at dissipating tidal energy. It's an F-type star, somewhat more massive than the sun, with a negligible convective envelope, and no good recourse to turning tidal waves into heat. It's like a bell that can ring and ring without making a sound. According to Barker and Ogilvie, similarly inviscid F-type parent stars are also responsible for the survival of WASP-12 and OGLE-TR-56b. Their prediction for WASP-18b would be that changes in the orbital period will not be observable, even with the excellent precision that will be obtained by timing the orbit over periods of a decade or more.
Darin also pointed out something else that's pretty cool. As is also the case with HD 209458b and HD 189733b, the transit of WASP-18b is readily visible in the archived photometry from the Hipparcos mission. Indeed, the planet has been sitting in open view on the web for well over a decade, assuming, of course, that one knew exactly where to look. To see it with 20-20 hindsight, use the folding applet provided at the Hipparcos web site. Enter the Hipparcos catalog number (7562) for the parent star, and fold the 130 published photometric measurements at the 0.94145299 day orbital period. Can you see the transit?
On worlds like WASP-18b, surface temperatures are well in excess of 2000 K. Under such conditions, the ionization fraction is high enough that the planetary magnetic field can affect the weather.
On Earth, where air is composed of neutral atoms and molecules, the wind blows right through magnetic field lines. By contrast, on WASP-18b, the ionization fraction is high enough that the winds will have a tendency to drag the planetary magnetic field lines along. This stretches the field lines, and like rubber bands, they offer a restoring force. Whereas ordinary exoplanetary weather can be described using the equations of hydrodynamics, on an ultra-hot Jupiter, the richer behavior of magnetohydrodynamics comes into play. As a consequence, I have little intuitive sense of what's going on at the sub-stellar point of WASP-18b, but I've got little doubt that it's interesting and complicated.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
From Ohio History Central
Ohio Stadium is where The Ohio State University football team plays its home games. It is located on the university's campus in Columbus, Ohio.
The stadium opened in 1922. It cost approximately 1.3 million dollars to build. This was one of the earliest stadiums constructed of concrete, and many people feared that the structure would collapse. The stadium was constructed in the shape of a horseshoe, and fans nicknamed the structure "the Horseshoe" or "the Shoe."
At the time of its opening, Ohio Stadium was the largest stadium west of the Allegheny Mountains. It officially could hold 66,210 fans when it first opened, although fans routinely filled the stadium beyond capacity. Many people said that the stadium would never be filled due to its large size. The first game played in Ohio Stadium occurred on October 7, 1922, when Ohio State played Ohio Wesleyan. At the dedication game, The Ohio State University versus the University of Michigan, on October 21, 1922, 71,385 fans attended. Originally, there were no restrooms for women, as it was deemed unfashionable for women to attend sporting events, such as football games, during the 1920s.
Over the years, Ohio Stadium underwent some dramatic changes. Due to the demand for more seats, The Ohio State University eventually constructed temporary stands at the south end, the open end, of the stadium. Originally players played on a grass field, but in 1971, Ohio State installed Astroturf. In 1990, grass returned to Ohio Stadium. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Ohio Stadium went under a renovation. The university replaced the temporary stands in the south end of the stadium with permanent ones. Skyboxes and a new press box were also added. The field was also lowered more than fourteen feet to make room for additional seating. When the renovation was complete in 2001, the stadium could now officially hold 101,568 fans, making it the third largest stadium in the United States.


text:
Patients with chronic illness can benefit when their families support them in managing their care. This report provides information and resources for enhancing family involvement.
Family members can play a valuable role in helping to manage the care of individuals with one or more chronic illnesses. This report draws together a broad range of research findings, case studies, and resources to assist patients, their families, and health care providers to maximize the benefits of family involvement in chronic care support.
As more Americans are diagnosed with chronic illness, interest in family involvement in care support is growing. A variety of family intervention programs is available, and three of these are described in the report:
- A couples-oriented education and support program focused on setting goals for osteoarthritis self-help and care
- A program stressing communication techniques that support autonomy for patients with heart failure
- A technology-enabled program that helps distant family members in the monitoring of heart failure patients' symptoms and test results
These and other programs offer strategies for handling challenges, improving communications, and maximizing the benefits of family involvement in chronic illness care.
The complete report is available under Document Downloads.


1. Draw a structured flowchart describing the steps you would take to cook popcorn in a microwave oven. Include at least one decision.
2. Create the pseudocode to go along with the flowchart created in question above.
3. Describe the features of unstructured �spaghetti code� and why it is important as a programmer to avoid this method of writing code.
4. Identify and describe the three basic structures.
5. Explain in detail why pseudocode is an important part of software development.
6. Describe the difference between variables and constants.
7. Explain AND OR logic.
8. Explain the advantages of modularizing your programs.
9. Explain how an array occupies computer memory.
10. Describe the advantages of Object-Oriented programming
11. Detail the advantages of looping.
Explain event driven programming Show transcribed image text
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text:
Automatic and social effects on accommodation in monolingual and bilingual speech
Enzinna, Naomi Ruth
This dissertation investigates the automatic and social mechanisms underlying accommodation, and how these mechanisms influence the time-course of accommodation. In particular, I examine whether accommodation occurs for reasons related to social factors (e.g., affiliation) or whether accommodation occurs automatically (e.g. recency, novelty)—and how these automatic and social factors influence accommodation at various points both within an interaction and after. The social dimensions of accommodation are addressed by examining accommodation in monolingual and bilingual speech. Specifically, I test whether monolingual and/or bilingual participants converge more with either a monolingual or bilingual model talker, and whether a participant's speech community influences whether they accommodate to a model talker. To investigate these questions, participants completed a referential communication task with two pre-recorded model talkers: an English monolingual model talker and a Spanish-English bilingual model talker. The participants themselves were either English monolinguals or Spanish-English bilinguals, from either a majority monolingual community (Ithaca, NY: 7.1% Hispanic/Latinx) or a majority bilingual community (Miami, FL: 68.6% Hispanic/Latinx) (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017b, 2017a). Thus, there were four participant groups: English monolinguals from Ithaca (M-Ithaca), Spanish-English bilinguals from Ithaca (B-Ithaca), English monolinguals from Miami (M-Miami), and Spanish-English bilinguals from Miami (B-Miami). In order to address the time-course of accommodation, each participant interacted with each model talker one-at-a-time, and those interactions were divided into four blocks. Changes in accommodation were then examined by block. During the experimental task, model talkers asked participants about words on a game board. The words on the boards appeared in pairs, containing both a prime word and a target word. The target words included the dependent variable, Voice Onset Time (VOT) in voiceless stops in English. VOT was selected because it differs in English and Spanish: English has long-lag VOTs at the beginning of a stressed syllable, where Spanish has short-lag VOTs. Half of the prime words contained the dependent variable, creating a priming condition, and half of the prime words did not, creating a non-priming condition. Using these methods, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 addressed the following two questions: (1) Is accommodation automatic and/or socially-modulated? (2) Does accommodation increase during a priming condition? If so, does priming interact with automatic and social factors? Experiment 2 addressed the following two questions: (1) What is the time-course of accommodation? Specifically, how quickly do participants accommodate to a model talker, and how long does accommodation last within an interaction? (2) Will the most-recent, previous interaction influence accommodation during the following interaction? The results of Experiment 1 provide evidence that accommodation is both automatic and socially-modulated. All participant groups produced longer VOTs with the monolingual model talker and shorter VOTs with the bilingual model talker, indicating that all participants automatically adjusted their speech to accommodate to both model talkers. Additionally, participants accommodated to model talkers when primed by speech that is not common in their speech community. For example, participants from the monolingual community (B-Ithaca, M-Ithaca) produced shorter VOTs when primed by the bilingual model talker. Thus, participants automatically accommodated to speech that is novel to them. Accommodation was also influenced by social factors. Specifically, bilinguals from the monolingual community (B-Ithaca) produced the longest VOTs with the monolingual model talker, and monolinguals from the bilingual community (M-Miami) produced the shortest VOTs with the bilingual model talker. In both cases, the model talker did not share the same linguistic background as the participant group but did share the same linguistic background as the majority population in their speech community. Thus, a need to affiliate with their speech community, as linguistic outsiders in their speech community, led B-Ithaca and M-Miami to converge more with the monolingual and bilingual model talkers, respectively. Experiment 2 examines the time-course of social and automatic accommodation. The results provide evidence that socially-motivated accommodation is more persistent (i.e., longer-lasting) than accommodation that occurs due to automatic causes. Specifically, automatic effects found in Experiment 1 occurred in earlier blocks of an interaction, while social effects occurred in later blocks. Also, social factors (e.g., affiliation) related to the most-recent, previous interaction with a model talker influenced participants' accommodation to a different model talker in the following interaction. For example, participants from the bilingual community (M-Miami, B-Miami) who interacted with the bilingual model talker first produced shorter VOTs when interacting with the monolingual model talker afterward. Thus, the time-course for socially-motivated accommodation is longer than the time-course for automatic accommodation. As such, socially-motivated accommodation is more likely to lead to long-term accommodation and, ultimately, language change.
accommodation; English monolingual; Spanish-English bilingual; speech community; voice onset time; VOT; Linguistics
Cohn, Abigail C.; Tilsen, Samuel; Huffman, Marie
Ph. D., Linguistics
Doctor of Philosophy
dissertation or thesis


Unpacking formalization of firms in low income countries
A roadside basket vendor in Nairobi, 2018
The International Centre for Tax and Development has an interesting new article out which assesses the idea of promoting formalization of small firms in low income countries. As they note,
 1. First, there is no simple distinction between formal firms and informal firms: there are many degrees of 'formalisation', with many firms registered in some areas, but not others, and paying some taxes and fees, but not others.
 2. Second, formalisation policies, including registering new taxpayers, are often drawn up without adequate appreciation of the practical challenges of taxing informal businesses and actually raising new revenue from registered taxpayers.
 3. Third, the term 'informal sector' lumps together a hugely diverse set of businesses, ranging from large tax-evading firms to small and micro businesses. Relatively large, but informal and cash-based firms present a major problem of tax evasion. By contrast, expanded taxation of smaller firms offers limited revenue potential, while requiring distinctive strategies more attuned to questions about equity, inclusion, and administrative realities.
 4. Finally, simply widening the tax net is insufficient to strengthen tax–accountability linkages or taxpayer engagement. More nuanced strategies are likely needed.


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 The Shortest History of England
 The story of England as you've never seen it before.
 In his bestselling, internationally-acclaimed The Shortest History of Germany, James Hawes told the story of a nation in 240 invigorating pages, tracing the roots of today's challenges back to the first encounters with Rome. In The Shortest History of England, he takes the same approach to his homeland.
 As he journeys from Caesar to Brexit via Conquest, Empire and World War, he discovers an England very different to the standard vision. Our stable island fortress, stubbornly independent, the begetter of parliaments and globe-spanning empires, is riven by an ancient fault-line that predates even the Romans; its fate has ever been bound up with that of its neighbours, whether we like it or not; and - for the past 1,000 years - it has harboured a class system like nowhere else on Earth.
 There has never been a better time to understand why England is the way it is, and there is no better guide
 Author: James Hawes
 Brand: Old Street Publishing
 Number of pages: 240 pages
 Binding: Hardback


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Would there be a possibility that there is lead paint in birdfeeders and bird baths, manufactured in China. If so, how do birds and animals react to lead?
Considering the recent publicity about high levels of lead in toys imported from China, you are wise to be concerned. A 2006 study from the University of Cincinnati determined that India, China and Malaysia produce consumer paints with dangerously high lead levels; these paints are used in a variety of products intended for export. The United States banned leaded paint in 1978 as it was linked to developmental problems in children. Lead paint affects birds and other wildlife as well. Burger and Gochfeld's 2000 study, published in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, confirmed that even low-levels of lead affected growth, locomotion, balance, food begging, feeding, thermoregulation, depth perception, and individual recognition in birds. Young birds affected by lead may not recognize their siblings or parents due to impaired cognitive ability and tend to wander from their nests. Higher levels of lead can lead to death.
Paint issues aside, the wood China uses to construct bird houses as well as other products is a source of concern. China does not harvest its own forests for the majority of the products manufactured in that country. Russia, Malaysia and Indonesia are the three largest suppliers of timber to China. These countries have limited forest management, and much of the wood China uses is actually obtained illegally from threatened forests. The forests in Indonesia, in particular, are home to many species of birds which are threatened by the rampant deforestation. To ensure that wood products you buy are from reputable sources, look for Forest Stewardship Certified (FSC) wood. The concerned consumer should ask questions about the source of any wood product, such as furniture or paper, to make sure your purchase doesn't encourage the deforestation of threatened areas.


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Summary traits of southern Appalachian orogen
major components (described from foreland to hinterland): Map from USGS shows some of these major divisions and the distinction between the Northern and Southern Appalachians, with New York City close to the switch over location. One questions that can be asked is what in the geologic history led to the difference between the northern and southern sections. We are focusing on the Southern Appalachians simply because I know it a bit better.
- Valley and Ridge foreland fold-thrust belt.
- thin-skinned, no basement involvement.
- Pennsylvanian (Alleghanian in age).
- North American shelf sediments involved in the deformation, Cambrian
and Ordovician passive margin wedge of strata.
- In above map from the USGS, while the details are not clear, the thickening of the Paleozoic strata to the east is clear. This is the passive margin associated with the Iapetus, which when closed produced the Appalachians.
- Rome shale as a detachment
- Blue Ridge:
- North American basement (Grenville) involvement
and Iapetan rift sediments in western part.
- rocks are metamorphosed, with polyphase,
- eclogites and ultramafites in eastern part.
- folded thrust nappes, but thin skinned, and underlain by Paleozoic carbonates.
- seems likely that any suture in here somewhere.
- Brevard zone - major fault separating Piedmont
from Blue Ridge. Early thrust component, large late major dextral motion.
- complex of terranes. Larger ones Carolina
terrane and Avalon terrane.
- Pine Mountain thrust window - see through
crystalline thrust sheet into underlying N. American cratonic
- large scale folds, and an extensivenetwork of dextral
strike-slip faults active in Alleghanian.
- Alleghanian magmatism also occurs, mainly granites, some gabbros. Alleghanian granites carry dextral shear fabric.
- Mauritanides in northwest Africa are the
other half of orogen.
- Triassic rift basins along its interior (in the Piedmont).
- Coastal Plain composed of Cretaceous and Tertiary passive margin sediments.
Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachians outlined by two white lines in the USGS Tapestry Map, Image source: _URL_
This is a shaded relief DEM image taked from the NASA Visible earth site. See if from the description you can pick out the following: anticlines and possiple thrusts in the Valley and Ridge, the approximate contact between the Valley and Ridge, the Brevard zone. The land surface as a geologic signature simply because erosion selectively etches into the underlying geologic structure.
Some major events:
- Taconian deformation
(Late Ordovician, circa 440 Ma) of North American marigin clear
in the northern Appalachians. First major accretion event - obduction
- A slew of other events inbetween Taconian
and Alleghanian - assigned to Acadian.
- Significant Alleghanian crustal thickening,
and hinterland dextral strike-slip suggests decoupled oblique
convergence. Associated clastics from Appalachian extent all
the way into Nebraska.
- Map above showing simplified Pennsylvanian paleogeography. Note the extensive shoreline'swamp areas' where coals were deposited. Image from USGS site _URL_
- Map above showing the details of the Appalachian coal basin, with the eastern edge involved in the Valley and Ridge folding. Image source from USGS site _URL_
- Subsequent Triassic rifting.
- Some things as basic as the polarity of subduction
are still in debate.
Map showing two of the better exposed, studied and known Triassic grabens in the Appalachians - the Newark and Connecticutt River basins. More basins lie buried underneath the Coastal Plain Province. This rifting started perhaps some 50-60 millions after the Alleghanian deformation stopped - not along time. Image source: _URL_
Penetration of Appalachian strain and fluids into the continent.
- calcite twin analysis
- squee-gee model and Mississippi Pb-Zn deposits.
- why are they still high, still mountains?
- are the Alleghanian granitoids from subduction,
crustal anatexis, lithospheric delamination?
- what was the polarity of subduction before
final continental collision?
- when was the Carolina terrane accreted?
materials for Plate Tectonics, GEOL 3700, University of Nebraska
at Omaha. Instructor: H. D. Maher Jr., copyright. This material
may be used for non-profit educational purposes with appropriate
attribution of authorship. Otherwise please contact author.


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- A spinal cord injury can happen to anyone at any time.
- There are 600 new spinal cord injuries every year in Ontario (more than one a day) and current estimates indicate that there are approximately 33,140 Ontarians living with spinal cord injury. (Urban Futures Institute Report, 2010)
- In Canada there are more than 1,500 new spinal cord injuries per year. There is an estimated 86,000 people living in the country with spinal cord injuries. (_TAG_ based on research by the Urban Futures Institute, 2010)
- Spinal cord injury is one of the most traumatic events to occur in an individual's life.
- Spinal cord injury affects family, friends, employers, community and the health care system.
- People can, and do, make a positive adjustment to life with a spinal cord injury given the right supports at the right time.
- On average, it takes 2 to 3 years to attain sufficient independence following a spinal cord injury.
- Intensive psycho-social support is a critical component to rehabilitation from the onset of injury, through acute hospitalization, rehabilitation and transition to community living.
- It is estimated that the annual economic burden of traumatic SCI in Canada is approximately $3.6 billion, of which $1.8 billion is associated with direct health care costs. (Urban Futures Institute Report, 2010)
- The top causes for traumatic spinal cord injuries in Ontario are:
- unintentional falls – 43.2%
- motor vehicle accidents – 42.8
- In Ontario, males represent 68.4% of traumatic spinal cord injuries. Women represent 31.6%.
- In Ontario, the highest incidence of traumatic injury is to individuals in the age range of 20-29 and to also, those over 70 years of age.
- Problems related to pain, mobility and agility affected the largest number of adults. Nearly 3 million adults aged 15 and over, or 11% of this age group, reported one of these limitations. (PALS 2006)
- Disabilities related to mobility were present in less than 2% of people between the ages of 15 and 24, but affected about 44% of individuals aged 75 and over. (PALS 2006)
- Ontario reported a disability rate (15.5%) slightly higher than the national rate. (PALS 2006)
- It is estimated that 90% of what we know about spinal cord injury has been discovered in the last 20 years. (Rick Hansen Institute)
- SCI Info
- Regional Offices
- Get Involved
- Looking forward to seeing members and other key stakeholders at our AGM tomorrow!
- _USER_ It's an amazing prize - a cottage at Forest Glen Resort in Muskoka! _URL_
- Thx _USER_ _USER_ _USER_ _USER_ _USER_ _USER_ 4 RT about Relay _TAG_ _URL_
On average, it takes 2 to 3 years to attain sufficient independence following spinal cord injury.
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Purchase this article with an account.
Nader Noori, Laurent Itti; Selective Impact of Mental Abstract Tasks on Visuospatial Short-Term Memory. Journal of Vision 2012;12(9):293. doi: 10.1167/12.9.293.
Download citation file:
© ARVO (_PHONE_); The Authors (2016-present)
Recent findings of neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies suggest that brain regions with visual-spatial characteristics are involved in a wide range of working memory tasks that require memory manipulation (Olson and Berryhill 2009). The spatial registry hypothesis (Noori and Itti 2011) provides an account for these findings by assuming a functional role for brain regions with visual-spatial encoding features in registering task-relevant working memory items in a spatially-organized short-term memory. These spatial registries may then be used as a reference to the items of the working memory for selective processing through shifting the spatial attention towards the registry locations. This hypothesis predicts that the impact of a secondary executive working memory task on the visuospatial short-term memory is selective to regions of the space that are being used for the corresponding registry process. We test this prediction by investigating the impact of the mental sorting of four characters on the visuospatial short-term memory of visual targets along horizontal and vertical directions. Our results show that when the working memory is engaged in the maintaining of four characters, the error rate in recalling horizontally spanned targets is significantly lower than vertically spanned targets (respectively 20.7%(M) +/- 2.4%(SEM) and 30.7%(M) +/- 3.7%(SEM) (ttest;n=15,p<0.0202)). However when subjects rearrange those characters in an ascending order, the error rate for horizontal targets significantly increases to 33.2%(M) +/- 2.8%(SEM) (ttest;n=15,p<0.00097) while the error rate for vertically spanned targets does not show a significant change (ttest;n=15,p>0.53). In a control experiment subjects are assigned a double counting task concurrent with retaining locations of two targets located on a circle. Doubling the signal rate for the mental task did not affect the error rates in recalling the location of the visual targets. This finding suggests that the observed impact might not be associate to deferring potential rehearsing process in the visuospatial short-term memory.
Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2012
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only


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"The town that aluminum built;" "the Aluminum Capital of the World;" "the definitive company town in its heyday:" these all describe the central Arkansas community of Bauxite. According to Ernie Deane's "Arkansas Place Names," the Pittsburg Reduction Company is credited as founder of the town named for the famous ore in 1907, though the General Bauxite Company had opened a mine and plant a few years earlier in 1897. The mining industry is gone today but the town remains a thriving community.
At the peak of mining, Bauxite had more than 7,000 residents who lived and worked there. Most of the company town no longer exists except for the community center. Today the community center houses the Bauxite Museum, dedicated to the history of the town and the industry that built it. Displays at the museum cover three decades, from the 1920s through the 1950s, and deal with such topics as family/community, the mining industry, the area's ethnic diversity, military heritage, school days and sports. One of the most unusual and popular exhibits is what is known as "Bauxite Teeth," a problem that affected both workers and residents in the early days of mining. Though the local water stained teeth an unpleasant brown, doctors found the "Bauxite Teeth" to have harder enamel and be healthier than normal.
Other ways Bauxite honors its heritage is the naming of the high school athletic teams – "The Miners" -- while two main thoroughfares are named Alcoa and Reynolds after the major aluminum producers who mined there during the prime days of the industry. The ore also serves as the official state rock which is hard enough to have been used in various types of construction. It was used in 1887 to surface the road from Sweet Home to Little Rock. And in 1893 residents of the next-door-neighbor town of Benton used the then unknown substance to build a home for Dr. Gann in lieu of payment for bills. The solid structure still stands and houses the Gann Museum of Saline County.


Kate is a feminine given name with four letters. The variants of Kate are: Katharina, Katarina, Kaja, Caitlin, and Katerina.
Historic Spread
Kate is a common name in several countries. Denmark has the highest popularity.
Siblings of Kate
We don't yet have siblings for Kate. Do you know person named Kate who has siblings? If so, we are very thankful if you can tell us. It takes less than a minute. Thank you very much!
Second names of Kate
Kate is used as a second name for:
Similar sound-alike Names
The following names sound similar to Kate:
Anagrams of Kate
The following names are spelled with the exact same letters as Kate:
More Given Names
The following given names are alphabetically before or after Kate:
Kätchen Käte
Here is a selection of 10 given names, that also starts with letter K and are 4 letters long.


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IMAGE: Aerial image of the city of Barcelona (Spain) taken by astronauts of the International Space Station. view more
Credit: Image courtesy of the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA Johnson Space Center. _URL_
A study performed by an international team led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a centre supported by the "la Caixa" Foundation, reports a link between exposure to blue light at night and higher risk of developing breast and prostate cancer. Blue light is a range of the visible light spectrum emitted by most white LEDs and many tablet and phone screens. The results have been published in Environmental Health Perspectives.
"WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified night shift work as probably carcinogenic to humans. There is evidence pointing to an association between exposure to artificial light at night, disruption of the circadian rhythm, and breast and prostate cancers. With this study we sought to determine whether night exposure to light in cities can affect the development of these two types of cancer", explains Manolis Kogevinas, ISGlobal researcher and coordinator of the study. "We know that depending on its intensity and wave length, artificial light, particularly in the blue spectrum,
Article originally posted at


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Worrying nutrition results in Cambodia
The 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) findings show disappointing trends in the nutritional status of children. Evidence from three national sample surveys in 2008, 2009 and 2010 show that progress on underweight and stunting...
An analysis of child deprivation and inequality in Cambodia
This paper presents a profile of children in Cambodia, paying particular attention to those who are left behind in different spheres - education, health and nutrition, and protection - against the backdrop of society's prevalent inequality.
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey
The 2010 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (2010 CDHS) is part of the worldwide MEASURE DHSproject which assists countries in the collection of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs.
Child Accident and Injury in Cambodia
The Cambodia Accident and Injury Survey was the largest community-based survey on child mortality and morbidity ever conducted in Cambodia.
The Imperative of Improving Child Nutrition and the Case for Cash Transfers in Cambodia
The economic benefits are dominated by productivity gains from reduced stunting and from increased schooling and cognitive ability attributable to health in early childhood.


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Make a Maze with Drinking Straws!
On those lazy summer afternoons, there's nothing like a fun puzzle or maze to keep your third grader fascinated. You can find books of mazes in toy shops, but with a piece of corrugated cardboard, a marble, and some bendable drinking straws, you and your child can make a three dimensional toy that you can enjoy again and again. And while you're busy crafting, remember this: for third and fourth graders, mazes are an excellent math tool. Teachers encourage kids to explore them as a way to strengthen logical reasoning and spatial thinking, both of which are crucial to success in geometry. Kids will benefit from this activity if you make the maze, but the learning will be even deeper if your child designs it herself. With these simple materials, that should be a snap!
What You Need:
- Flat piece of corrugated cardboard, 12"x18" or so
- Box of bendable drinking straws
- Exacto knife
- Plastic mesh bag, such as for onions or oranges
- Hot glue gun
- Ruler and pen
- Bright colored marker


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Yesterday, Terrafugia, Inc. announced that its proof-of-concept flying car had successfully taken off and landed at Plattsburgh International Airport in upstate New York. This vehiclewhich requires a Sport Pilot license to flytakes 30 seconds to switch between flying and driving, making it a "roadable aircraft." Its wings fold up automatically and all parts, including the propeller, are stored on the vehicle when its takes to the road. The company claims this car was the first road-ready aircraft ever to take flight. While this might be technically true, the flight of Terrafugia's vehicle (which was a runway test flightmore of a hop than a full flight.) has a lot more to prove to make a big splash in the long history of the pursuit of a production-ready flying car. In light of this news, we look back at some of our favorite, quirkiest and most innovative flying cars ever made.
The First! (Approved to Fly)
The first flying car to be certified to fly by the governmentthen in the hands of the Civil Aeronautics Administration, now known as the Federal Aviation Administrationwas designed by Robert Fulton and developed by Continental, a company that he formed in 1945. His version of the flying car was called the Airphibian; it was a plane with detachable wings, adapted for the road. The prototype was first flown on Nov. 7, 1946. The Airphibian never made it in the light aircraft market and the company eventually fell apart in 1954.
Flying Cars for the Military
Sure, flying cars are every civilian's dream, but they're likely going to first be used by the militaryat least that is what Paul Moller, Chairman of the Board at Moller International, is counting on. The Moller Skycar M400 is an Osprey-cum-Camaro that is designed to take off and land vertically. Moller has taken the XM-4 and M200X models for more than 200 manned and unmanned flights since 1970. The latest version, the M400 model, uses a principle similar to that of the British Harrier jump jet: redirecting thrust. Though a separate model hasn't been specifically designed for civilian use, Moller International says that the vehicle can also be used in a multitude of other ways such as chartered travel, express delivery, border patrol, police and fire work and search and rescue. Though the M400 has received its share of rave reviews, Moller is still having trouble securing funding.
(Photo by Ralph Crane//Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)
Throughout the history of the pursuit of the flying car, it seems, the Aerocar has had a foot in the door. Moulton Taylor's first idea for a road-ready airplane came to him in 1946 when he was inspired by the Fulton's Airphibian. His inspiration soon became a working prototypein 1949consisting of a vehicle that stored its wings in a trailer while traveling on the road. Over two decades later, in 1971, the Aerocar III was featured in Popular Mechanics.
The latest Aerocar, the Aerocar 2000, came into being after Ed Sweeney, who was part of the Monster Garage team that built Jesse James's flying car, was inspired by Moulton Taylor's flying craft. Sweeney's version is a modern take on Taylor's 1950s Aerocar. This vehicle uses a "flight module" which has to be attached to the car by being backed into it and connected.
The DIY Flying Car
Practically as long as people have been building cars in their garages, they've been sinking moneylots of itinto flying DIY road vehicles. Even with hefty upfront costs and huge time commitment, plenty of DIYers have pursued of the dream of the flying car.
Eighty-eight years ago, one such tinkerer, an Argentinian inventor, built a hovering flying machine that was featured in a 1921 issue of Popular Mechanics. The vehicle was constructed using two propellers mounted one above the other that rotated in opposite directions. By using dual propellers, the vehicle was capable of rising or descending in a straight line, flying forward at any angle and hovering over one spot.
The Flying Car as a Work of Art
While the goal of most flying cars is to push them to the commercial market, thus jump-starting a Jetsons-like world of flying vehicles and sky-high garages, some mechanics are happy just dabbling in flying vehicles for the fun of it. In a cover story for Popular Mechanics in 2005, Jesse James looked to make flying cars an art form by using a Panoz Esperante GT to build a vehicle he had dreamed of constructing since he was 7 years old.
Taking just five days to build the vehicle, James painted his flying car a "shiny Red Baron red" and went out on the track with the editors to take it for a test flight. Surprisingly enough, the GT with wings was able to stay a good 3 feet off the ground for a 300-foot-long flight. While this was not a record distance for a flying car, it gets top marks for best-looking flying car, everso far.
The Modern-Day Push for the Flying Car
Today, there continue to be companies competing to make a modern, factory-ready, flying road vehicle. Still, with few working prototypes and cash flow at an all-time low, these companies have a number of hurdles before being able to bring a vehicle to market. The FSC-1, made by Labiche Aerospace, is one car that has been in development since the 1980s. A nonfunctional prototype was seen on display in Los Angeles in 2007.
The X-Hawk, made by Urban Aeronautics, is another modern concepta flying car with a "rotorless" vehicle that takes off and lands vertically. We have yet to see much beyond plastic moldings and computer simulations for this vehicle (see below).


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What are the 3 main types of potential energy?
Types of potential energy include:
- Gravitational potential energy.
- Chemical energy.
- Nuclear energy.
- Elastic potential energy, also called spring energy.
- Electrical potential energy especially in a capacitor.
Is heat an example of potential energy?
Heat is not an example of potential energy; in fact, it is not a type of energy at all. It is not potential energy, kinetic energy nor thermal energy….
What is a good sentence for potential?
Potential sentence example. What is the potential impact of the costs of future technologies? I am eager to do what I can to help the children of our Province reach full potential. Her earning potential is higher in a private home, around $60,000.
Which is the best example of potential energy?
It is dependent on the mass of the object, the height of the object above the ground or Earth, and the acceleration due to gravity. Examples of Potential Energy: 1. A rock sitting at the edge of a cliff has potential energy. If the rock falls, the potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy.
How is potential energy related to kinetic energy?
All items have potential energy based on their position ( gravitational potential energy) and ability to bounce ( elastic potential energy). When the potential energy of an object is combined with its kinetic energy, it results in mechanical energy.
Is the trampoline an example of potential energy?
A trampoline that is not being used has no potential energy. It begins to store energy only when an object bounces on it. This type of potential energy is elastic. The springs are a classic example of elastic potential energy, since when stretched they absorb potential energy that is released when contracted.
Where does the chemical potential energy come from?
It has been observed that chemical potential energy is present in many naturally-occurring and man-made compounds. The atoms that are strongly bonded (ionic or covalent bonds) are said to have low potential chemical energy as compared to those with weaker bonds.


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Early Friday in a small, brightly lit operating room in Johns Hopkins Hospital, a half-dozen doctors and nurses huddled over the gut of a cancer patient, quietly passing metal instruments and surgical sutures.
After more than four hours of cutting and sewing, the lead surgeon, Dr. John L. Cameron, lifted his slightly bloodied hands, thanked his colleagues and headed for the door. The 75-year-old immediately declared the complex, life-saving surgery "one of the simpler ones."
He should know. This was Cameron's 2,000th Whipple, a surgery that gives pancreatic cancer patients their only chance of long-term survival.
Cameron has not only greatly enhanced the odds of surviving the surgery at his own hospital, colleagues and surgeons outside of Hopkins say, but has also taught a generation of other doctors. And that has helped give some hope to those diagnosed with a disease that once was a certain death sentence.
"This has been a lifelong project of his," said Dr. Julie A. Freischlag, chair of Hopkins' surgery department and Cameron's successor in the position after almost two decades. "A lot of surgeons do the operation well because he trained them. He's probably responsible for more like 10,000 surgeries."
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers, though it's not as common as many other types. About 95 percent of sufferers aren't alive five years after their diagnosis.
If they have the Whipple procedure, their five-year survival rate is closer to 20 percent, according to the National Cancer Institute. The institute estimates there will be nearly 44,000 new pancreatic cancer cases in the United States this year and more than 37,000 related deaths.
To survive the cancer, patients have to survive surgery. Since Cameron took up a scalpel in the 1970s, a lot more do.
The surgical death rate has dropped from a quarter in the mid-1980s to almost none today. The improvements have come from better selection of surgery candidates, improved anesthesia and post-operative care, and repetition, said Cameron and others familiar with the surgery.
"When I first became chair of surgery in 1984, I wanted to focus on an operation and a disease where there was a lot of room for improvement," Cameron said a day before his milestone surgery. "That led me to pick pancreatic cancer and the Whipple."
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer, such as pain, yellowing eyes and digestive issues, aren't obvious, so the cancer often spreads before it's discovered. Surgery is an option only when the cancer is caught early and hasn't spread. The Whipple can take from four to nine hours and typically involves removing the head of the pancreas and the tumor, as well as the gallbladder, the common bile duct and part of the small intestine.
The patient death rate remains high because the cancer frequently returns. But Cameron said he views every patient as the one who will survive.
"Every patient I see I think we're going to cure," he said. "I tell them that and I believe it. … It's what the patients want."
Cameron pointed to other advances that make his job easier, such as chemotherapy that keeps cancer from returning after surgery and shrinks tumors so more patients can have surgery in the first place.
A vaccine developed by another Hopkins doctor can keep the cancer at bay, he said. And then there is also a test in the works at Hopkins and elsewhere that someday may be used — like the PSA test for prostate cancer — to assess someone's risk for developing the disease and their need to be scanned regularly.
Cameron plans to slow his surgery schedule a bit this summer and go on the road, marketing the hospital and all it has to offer pancreatic cancer patients.
That means a change to a schedule he's kept for decades, rising at 4:30 a.m. and arriving at the hospital every day of the week at 5:15 a.m. He typically stays until 6 p.m., except on Saturdays and Sundays when he leaves around noon.
He still plans to perform surgery two or three days a week for the next year.
That probably doesn't mean any more time for golf or his four kids, seven grandkids or wife of 54 years, though he insisted they have not been neglected over the years. He has dinner every Sunday evening with the families of two of his children, who both work at Hopkins.


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Did Dogs Really Eat Slaves, Like in 'Django'?
100 Amazing Facts About the Negro: Plus, whether slaves rode horses or had Mandingo death matches.
(slaveryimages.org; original source unidentified)
Horses and horsemanship played an interesting role during slavery. The most famous black horseman in the Revolutionary period was our old friend, William "Billy" Lee, George Washington's slave and personal attendant, the only slave whom Washington freed upon his death. Billy Lee was, by all accounts, a superb horseman, and rode just behind his master.
In the black abolitionist Henry Bibb's famous slave narrative of 1849, horses compose almost a leitmotif: Before finally attaining his freedom, he is captured, handcuffed and tied by his feet to a horse and returned to slavery, but he effects his ultimate escape by stealing another horse ("the best looking of them") from a large plantation, and riding him "not less than forty miles that night, or before sunrise the next morning," to gain his freedom. Bibb, a famous newspaper editor whose narrative was extremely popular, tells us, "I thanked God, and thanked the horse for what he had done for me, and wished him a safe journey back home."
And then there is the famous 1862 painting titled "The Fugitive Slaves," by Eastman Johnson, which depicts a slave family fleeing to freedom on a stallion, suggesting that horses were used by slaves to make their escapes.
Slaves also rode horses professionally: As Lisa K. Winkler writes in Smithsonian Magazine, slaves served as jockeys from Colonial times, long before black men dominated the first decades of the Kentucky Derby (in the first Derby in 1875, 13 of 15 jockeys were black): "…when President Andrew Jackson moved in the White House in 1829, he brought along his best Thoroughbreds and his black jockeys. Because racing was tremendously popular in the South, it is not surprising that the first black jockeys were slaves. They cleaned the stables and handled the grooming and training of some of the country's most valuable horseflesh," they "were allowed to travel the racing circuit" and "they competed alongside whites." So, for as effective as the trope is used in Django to distinguish a free Negro from a slave, this is not historically accurate.
It Was a Dog-Eat-Slave World
Professional slave catchers used dogs to chase and capture fugitive slaves. As David Doddington writes in "Slavery and Dogs in the Antebellum South" for the website Sniffing the Past, "it was the use of trained dogs that appears to have most concerned" the slaves. "Former slaves claimed that masters, patrollers, or professional slave catchers would use'savage dogs, trained to hunt and follow the track of the poor colored fugitive,' " according to the 1857 slave narrative of William J. Anderson.
But tracking slaves is one thing; devouring them, as happens in Django, is quite another. Did this happen -- could this have happened -- given the fact that the ultimate goal of a master was to exploit his human chattel for maximum profit, and destroying property would not be perhaps the best business decision?
Apparently, it sometimes did happen. Doddington quotes a slaveholder from Louisiana named Bennett H. Barrow, "who kept a detailed dairy and frequently mentioned the importance of dogs in capturing runaways, as well as the terrible violence they could inflict: 'hunting Ruffins Boy Henry, came across Williams runaway caught him dogs nearly et his legs off, near killing him.' "


text: In layman's terms, Contingency Analysis (CA) is a 'what if' scenario simulator that evaluates, provides and prioritizes the impacts on an electric power system when problems occur. A contingency is the loss or failure of a small part of the power system (e.g. a transmission line), or the loss/failure of individual equipment such as a generator or transformer. This is also called an unplanned 'outage'. Contingency analysis is a computer application that uses a simulated model of the power system, to: • evaluate the effects, and • calculate any overloads, resulting from each outage event. Contingency Analysis is essentially a 'preview' analysis tool. It simulates and quantifies the results of problems that could occur in the power system in the immediate future. CA is used as a study tool for the off-line analysis of contingency events, and as an on-line tool to show operators what would be the effects of future outages. This allows operators to be better prepared to react to outages by using pre-planned recovery scenarios. Future CA as described in this use case template is an enhanced application that takes advantage of the improved communications architecture being defined by IECSA for the future. It will use wide area data and other data to improve its reliability, and to analyze power system security (safe and stable operation) for a wide operating region. Future CA will also incorporate intelligence features to resolve execution problems by using its knowledge base of previous experience in solving difficult situations.


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The University Record, March 18, 1998
To help environment, limit number of children
The Feb. 18 article "Take Part in Environmental Theme Semester by conserving paper, energy" listed some nice ideas like use smaller font sizes, print on both sides, etc., but forgot the most important contribution we can make to the environmentăto limit the number of children we produce to no more than two.
Consumption and pollution are directly proportional to the size of the human population. Everything in the list is trivial compared to the benefit we can cause to the environment by each of us limiting the number of children we produce to at most two.
In our country now-a-days most couples are going for three, four kids; some are even having seven kids in one pregnancy and winning huge prizes. This trend is not helpful to the environment.
If you run this item again later on, I hope the fact that limiting the number of children to at most two is the most beneficial thing to the environment that we can do, will be highlighted prominently.
Katta Murty, professor of industrial and operations engineering


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- Lesson 10: The Multitrack Mixer View
There are two different interfaces for the Multitrack Editor. The one we've covered so far resembles the editor in a video program, whereas the Mixer view emulates the "look and feel" of a traditional hardware mixer as used in audio productions for well over half a century. The major difference, aside from the look, is that the Mixer view does not allow for working with clips. However, you can see more multitrack project parameters at once, which is often convenient for mixing.
Although some students might feel more comfortable with one option or the other initially, encourage them to get used to switching to whichever view is "the right tool for the right job." When doing recording and arrangement with a multitrack project, the regular Multitrack Editor is usually the preferred interface. But when all tracks are recorded and the arrangement is complete, the project will transition to mixing, and the Mixer view is usually the best choice for that function.
Goals for this lesson
In this lesson, students will learn how to do the following:
- Switch from the Multitrack Editor to the Mixer view
- Adjust the Mixer fader heights to allow for greater resolution when setting levels
- Show/hide various areas to customize the Mixer size and configuration
- Scroll through different Effects Rack inserts and sends within their respective areas
- Scroll to view different groups of channels if the Mixer window isn't wide enough to show them all
- Differentiate among channel types via color coding
- Rearrange the Mixer channel order


_USER_ {AllenENEURO.0538-19.2020, author = {Allen, Leila M. and Jayachandran, Maanasa and Viena, Tatiana D. and Su, Meifung and McNaughton, Bruce L. and Allen, Timothy A.}, title = {RatHat: A Self-Targeting Printable Brain Implant System}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, elocation-id = {ENEURO.0538-19.2020}, year = {2020}, doi = {10.1523/ENEURO.0538-19.2020}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, abstract = {There has not been a major change in how neuroscientists approach stereotaxic methods in decades. Here, we present a new stereotaxic method that provides an alternative approach to a traditional u-frame stereotaxic device and reduces costs, surgical time, and aids repeatability. The RatHat brain implantation system is a 3D-printable stereotaxic device for rats that is fabricated prior to surgery and fits to the shape of the skull. RatHat builds are directly implanted into the brain without the need for head-leveling or coordinate-mapping during surgery. The RatHat can be used in conjunction with the traditional u-frame stereotaxic device, but does not require the use of a micromanipulator for successful implantations. Each RatHat contains several primary components including the implant for mounting intracranial components, the surgical stencil for targeting drill sites, and the protective cap for preventing damage from impacts and debris. Each component serves a unique function and can be used together or separately. We demonstrate the feasibility of the RatHat in four different proof-of-principle experiments: (1) a three-pole cannula apparatus, (2) an optrode-electrode assembly, (3) a fixed-electrode array, and (4) a tetrode hyperdrive. Implants were successful, durable, and long-lasting (up to nine months). RatHat print files are easily created, can be modified in computer aided design (CAD) software for a variety of applications, and are easily shared, contributing to open science goals and replications. The RatHat has been adapted to multiple experimental paradigms in our lab and should be a useful new way to conduct stereotaxic implant surgeries in rodents.}, URL = {_URL_ eprint = {_URL_ journal = {eNeuro} }


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provided sufficient work is done to move the pencil from George's end and the ends are fixed as mentioned before, the only thing that possibly can result from this is that the whole pencil is translated in the direction of the force, including the unperturbed position about which any fexural vibration is occuring. Thus, the whole thing, which is staying together as one piece can only move in the direction of the force and since the other end is fixed wrt any flexural red herrings you've introduced, it moves with George's end, without delay.
Again, since the information about the movement between the atoms of the material is transmitted by photons, which themselves move at the speed of light, I don't see how this can occur "without delay". Also I am wondering how what you claim can possibly be true, when it is patently obvious that one can move one end of a long steel bar from side to side without the far end moving at all. (The bridge movie makes this entirely clear). The bar flexes, because it is not perfectly rigid.
The exchange particles are continually being produced and resonating, and only over infinitessimally distances and are there throughout, rather than acting sequentially or within any time lag. because they are simultaneous. If they weren't you'd have one half of the pencil leaving the other half behind. Can you not see that that is ludicrous?
This isn't well explained at all. You will have to explain why and how the photon exchanges occur simultaneously along the entire length of the material, rather than being emitted and absorbed by each molecule in sequence.
And nobody is claiming that the pencil moves by halves; this is a straw man argument. The claim is that each molecule in the pencil moves the ones next to it; the procedure is done by the electromagnetic interactions between the particles and is not simultaneous.
As for "ludicrous", it is ludicrous that one could move a 93 million mile long pole instantaneously. I am always prepared to be convinced; physics is definitely very strange and at times entirely counterintuitive, but you'll need to do a heck of a lot better than that to convince me. In particular, I'd like some outside confirmation—that is, credible websites that cite the relevant theory and data.


Is Gelatin Halal? What about Bovine sources?
"Is gelatin Halal? What if it is from a bovine source but not slaughtered according to shari'ah"
Gelatin, as far as my research has shown,
does not go through a chemical or molecular change in which it is modified into another substance.
Gelatin is an irreversibly hydrolysed form of collagen, without any chemical or molecular transformation. Basically the collagen of the animal is washed (with peptides and other substances added), and through this process the collagen is broken down and processed into another form, whether that be liquid or solid. There is no transformation that renders it into a totally different and separate substance.
Looking at Gelatin Sources
Based on this, you have to look at the source:
 1. Naturally, fish and vegetable sources are completely acceptable.
 2. Bovine sources (as well as any other animal with is Halal to eat) are acceptable
 - if that animal was slaughtered in a manner acceptable to the Shariah.
 - If the gelatin is from an animal slaughtered or killed incorrectly, then it is not permissible.
 3. If it is from Porcine sources, it is categorically forbidden.
and Allah knows best
updated 09/30/2012
To add a little more context, I thought I'd add this from the above linked Wikipedia article:
While there are many processes whereby collagen can be converted to gelatin, they all have several factors in common. The intermolecular and intramolecular bonds which stabilize insoluble collagen rendering it insoluble must be broken, and the hydrogen bonds which stabilize the collagen helix must also be broken The manufacturing process consists of three main stages:
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You want a paper aeroplane to do more than just fall slowly and gradually through the environment. You want it Origami Instructions Box to move ahead. You make a papers aeroplane move forward by throwing it. Usually the harder you throw a paper aeroplane the further it will fly. Typically the forward movement of your aeroplane is called thrust Thrust helps to give an aeroplane lift. Here's how. Hold one end of a sheet of paper and move it quickly through the environment. The toned sheet hits against the air in its way. The air pushes upward the free part of the moving paper. A paper aeroplane must move through the air so that it can stay upward for longer flights.
Here is how you can see and feel what happens when Mon Bateau De Papier Jean Humenry Paroles air pushes. Location a sheet of document flat against the palm of your upturned hands. Turn your hand over and push down quickly. You can go through the air pressing against the paper. The paper stays in place against your hands. You can see the paper's edges pushed back again by the air. Right now hold a piece of crumpled paper in your palm. Again turn your hand over and push down. The smaller surface of the paper hits less air. You are feeling less of a push against your hand. Unless you push down very quickly, the paper will fall to the ground before your hand reaches
Air is a real substance even though you can't see it. A flat sheet of document falling downwards pushes against the air in the path. The air pushes back from the paper and slows its fall. A new crumpled piece of paper has a smaller surface pushing against the air. The air doesn't push back as strongly as with the toned piece, and the golf ball of paper falls faster. The spread-out wings of a paper aeroplane keep it from falling quickly down to the floor. We the wings give a plane lift.
The secret lies in the form of the wing. The front edge of an aeroplane's Bateau De Papier Chanson wing is more rounded and thicker than the rear advantage.
Which paper falls to the ground first? What seems to keep the smooth sheet from falling quickly? We live with air all around us. Our planet earth is between a layer of air called the atmosphere. The atmosphere expands hundreds of miles over a surface of the planet.
Take two sheets of the same-sized paper. Crumple one of the papers into a ball. Hold the crumpled paper and the flat paper high above your face. Drop them both at the same time. The force of gravity drags them both downward.
Have you ever flown a paper aeroplane? Sometimes it twists and Avion En Papier Dessiner loops through the air and then comes to red, gentle as a feather. Additional times a paper rudder climbs straight up, flips over, and dives headfirst into the ground. What keeps a paper aeroplane in the air? How can you make a paper aeroplane require a00 long flight) How can you make it loop or switch! Does flying a papers aeroplane on a windy day help it to stay aloft? What can you learn about real aeroplanes by making and flying paper aeroplanes? Why don't experiment to discover some of the answers.
The particular Paper Aeroplane Book
Why is paper aeroplanes soar and plummet, loop and glide? Why do they Tuto Avion En Papier Qui Vole Bien travel whatsoever? This book will show you how to make them and clarifies why they are doing things they do. Making paper eeroplanes is fun and. using the author's stepbystep instructions and doing the simple experiments he implies, you will also discover what makes a real aeroplane travel. As you make and fly paper planes of different Designs, you will learn about lift, thrust, pull and gravity; you will see how wing size and ships and fuselage weight and balance affect the lift of a aircraft: how ailerons, alleviators and the rudder work to make a plane great or climb. loop or glide, roll or rewrite. Once
Clear diagrams and delightful drawings show each step for making the aeroplanes and illustrate the experiments suggested by the author.
Typically the front edges of the wings of any real aeroplane are usually tilted slightly upwards. As with a kite, the air pushes against the tilted underside of the wings, giving issues the plane lift. The greater the angle of the lean the more wing surface the air pushes against. This particular results in a greater amount of lift. But if the angle of the tilt is actually great, the Avion En Papier Qui Vole Loin Et Bien air pushes from the larger wing surface presented and slows down the forwards movement of the airplane. This is called drag.
Move functions slow a airplane down, as thrust works to make it move forward. At the same time, lift functions make a plane go up, as gravity tries to make it fall down. These four forces are usually working on paper aeroplanes just as they work on real aeroplanes. There is still another way most real aeroplanes and some paper aeroplanes use their wings to increase lift. The top-side as well since the bottom part side of the side can help to give the plane lift.


Toilet Roll Puzzle
Fun to make and fun to use, these paper roll puzzlers provide little ones with lots of mix 'em up, match 'em up fun.
Toilet Roll Puzzle
What you need
Cardboard rolls from paper towels or bathroom tissue
White paper
Glue stick
Head-to-toe pictures of people cut from magazines
 1. To make each paper roll puzzler, first cover cardboard rolls with white paper. Secure with glue.
 2. Then cut each roll into 2-inch sections.
 3. Find pictures of people in magazines and carefully cut them out. (Head-to-toe pictures work best.)
 4. Measure from the top of each picture, to the bottom and mark at two-inch intervals.
 5. Then cut the pictures into these two-inch sections.
 6. The size of your picture will determine how many paper roll sections you will need. Some puzzles will have two or three sections while others may have four.
 7. Glue each two-inch picture section to a paper roll section. Now you've created the puzzle pieces.
 8. Next stack them up to recreate the original picture or mix and match them to create wacky variations.
 9. You can also glue a second picture to the backside of each roll section, to double your puzzle fun!
All done!
Toilet Roll Puzzle
What do you think of this project? Let us know!


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These are generally calm, obedient, and disenfranchised. This type of interpretation that is simplified definately not truth. The written text you are likely to read promises to inform the facts about Japanese females. It explains why the marriage using them could be an idea that is good.
Why Japanese Ladies Are therefore Popular?
Diligence in most task is a feature that is essential of females. We usually do not signify, state, German or women that are english lazy. Their diligence is significantly diffent. It's measured and thrifty. Japanese females devote on their own be effective selflessly, with pleasure. They express their distinctive visual sensitiveness every time.
Politeness, attention, care, thriftiness, as well as other similar options that come with a woman that is japanese around self-control. It really is her core function who has different tones. It arose through the effect of Buddhism and Shinto traditions.
The trick of Japanese women's appeal is explainable. It comprises of four properties that are essential
- Japan is without question a mysterious and country that is enclosed. The western world got familiar with the united states within the century that is 18th. Before the twentieth century, Japan has remained xenophobic. Continue reading


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Apprenticeship Standards Early Years Educator (L3)
As an Early Years Educator, or similar role such as nursery nurse or childminder, you will work as a highly trained professional, who play a key role in ensuring that young children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. You will be working in a range of settings, including full day-care, children's centres, pre-schools, reception classes and as childminders, either on your own or supervising others to deliver the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) requirements set by Government for the learning, development and care of children from birth to five years old.
As an Early Years Educator, you will:
- Plan and supervise child-initiated and adult-led activities, which are based around the needs and interests of each individual child
- Support children to develop numeracy and language skills through games and play
- Take key-person responsibility to help ensure each child feels safe and secure
- Observe each child and shape their learning experience to reflect their observations
- Meet the care needs of the individual child, such as feeding, changing nappies and administration of medicine
- Work in partnership with other colleagues, parents and/or carers or other professionals to meet the individual needs of each child
Apprentices must successfully complete a Level 3 Early Years Educator qualification. Please refer to the DfE list of approved EYE qualifications
Apprentices without Level 2 English and maths will need to achieve this level prior to taking their end-point assessment. For those with an education, health and care plan or a legacy statement, the apprenticeships English and maths minimum requirements are Entry Level 3, and the British Sign Language qualification is an alternative to English qualifications for apprentices for whom this is their primary language.
Apprentices must successfully complete the Level 3 Award in Paediatric First Aid (RQF) or Level 3 Award in Emergency Paediatric First Aid (RQF) to meet the EYFS requirements.


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It happens to everyone
It is normal to miss family, or friends and things familiar at home after your arrival at Bates. If these thoughts are strongly felt for a while, a talk with the International Student Advisor can provide understanding as well as several helpful suggestions to alleviate these feelings and thoughts. Often, new students respond to this by speaking with roommates and friends while arranging a steady study schedule and attending a regular slate of activities. Though it is not possible to say or predict when homesickness subsides, it does, usually sooner rather than later.


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hi, i was wondering does anyone know anything about egyptian uses of different herbs (perfuming,incense, medicinal etc.) im curious about herbs that were popularly used in ancient egypt, and what types of herbs they had connections to, either by native growth, or by trade with other countries.
Here are some remedies that the Ancient Eyptians used with herbs:
: Used as an incense to remove demonic possession. Used as an ointment to relieve headaches, or drunk to relieve stomach aches.
: Remedy for snake bites and fevers. Also used to heal broken bones and sores after being mixed with honey.
: Mostly used for stomach upsets.
: Uses included relieving toothache and headaches.
: Drunk to banish fevers. Also was used as an insect repellent.
: Mainly used for headaches.
Plants used in perfumary:
There is apparently
a perfume called Kyphi engraved on the temple walls of Edfu and Philae.
Cinnamon, Juniper Berries, Cyperus, Cardamom, Marjoram and Lotus, were among the many ingredients in perfume making. Along with animal fat, oil and sweet wine.
I believe that many of the Ancient Egyptians herbs and spices were imported from the Mediterranean, although in the later years the Egyptians attempted to grow many foreign plants in their land.
Frankincense and Myrrh were used as incense as offerngs in rituals to the gods. These resins were imported from Central Africa via Nubia.


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Definition: Originally a flat spatula for flipping oatcakes on a griddle, the Spurtle is better known as a stick for stirring porridge. Over time, this implement changed shape and began being used specifically for stirring oatmeal and soups. It is similar to a wooden spoon without the bowl which was removed as it tears cooked oats apart. It is in common use throughout Scotland.
Also Known As: Stirring stick
Alternate Spellings: spirtle