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 1. For a mapping between two Euclidean spaces, is it a linear conformal mapping if and only if it is a similarity transformation?
 My answer is yes, because the Jacobian matrix of a conformal transformation is everywhere a scalar times a rotation matrix.
 Note that both allow reflection, i.e. change of orientation.
 2. Is it correct that a conformal mapping may not be an affine nor projective transformation, because it may not be linear?
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 1. Yes, for elementary reasons. Let $f$ be a linear conformal map and apply this to any triangle $ABC$. Then $f(AB),f(BC),f(CA)$ will be lines by linearity, and by conformality $f(ABC)$ will have the angles of $ABC$ so they will be similar therefore $f$ is a similarity mapping.
 2. Yes, consider inversion with respect to a fixed circle.
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The Banishing Charm is a spell used to send an object away from the caster. The spell with the opposite effect is the Summoning Charm.
 Effects and Limitations
The Banishing Charm is a fairly difficult spell to cast and is not taught until students' fourth year at Hogwarts. The class has to read three extra books in preparation for lessons on the Summoning Charm which they learnt first.
Assuming the spell works in a similar way to the Summing Charm, it requires the caster to concentrate on the object as well as to speak the incantation. If the witch or wizard isn't concentrating enough the spell wont work and objects either wont move at all or will give up partway through.
It takes practice for the spell to send the object in the direction that the user wants it to go.
 Uses in the books
 Fourth Book
Harry Potter was taught the Banishing Charm in Charms Class by Professor Flitwick. They were taught using cushions rather than trying to banish objects around them, as solid objects flying around was something of a safety hazard. Unfortunately Neville Longbottom's aim was so bad that he kept hitting Flitwick with the banishing spells and sent him flying around the classroom, rather than the cushions. Hermione Granger and Harry Potter were both able to cast the spell properly however, and send the cushions into the box they were meant to be aiming at. Ron Weasley was less accurate and knocked Parvati Patil's hat off with one cushion, sent another into a chandelier and yet another out of the window.
 Additional Canon
In the video game Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban the incantation for the Banishing Charm is "Depulso".

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out help for people who experience insurmountable barriers to living independently, PIP will also rule out assistance for people who are able, with support, to minimise or decrease the very real barriers and have already made arrangements to do so - for example, through access to aids and equipment?
No evidence is presented to back the argument that the existing DLA process "is based on unclear criteria and often does not make the best use of available evidence." Nor that "As a result, awards can be subjective, inconsistent and do not always focus support on those who need it most." In so far as this is the case – and DLA decision making has been subject to criticism in terms of failure to grant due awards3 – it is by no means clear the abolition of DLA and replacement with PIP will help surmount such problems. Quite the opposite. And, while there are aspects of the DLA application form that are problematic there has been no serious attempt to address the difficulties when raised with the DWP over the years.
Against this background, it is remarkable to see the DLA application process being slated in order to provide a platform from which to present the 'need' for the changes that the government want to see. We have expressed concerns (see above) about the capacity of PIP assessment to meet the stated aims of being 'fairer' and 'objective'. To summarise:
- We do not believe that it is possible to be completely 'objective' in assessing disability.
- We have serious concerns as to how moves towards 'objectivity' will translate in practice for claimants with Severe ME, as the NHS carries out no specialist biomedical testing, hence there is no 'objective' record of biomarkers. It is worth emphasising that over 5,000 published research studies, going back to 1934, have demonstrated a range of biomedical abnormalities in a proportion of the patients studied.4
- As a result of the NHS failure to conduct appropriate specialist testing, all too often the only evidence about how this illness is impacting on ability comes from the patients themselves. Indications are that such accounts hold little weight with assessors, and that this is already a considerable difficulty experienced by people with severe ME in accessing Disability Living Allowance. These PIP changes could well mean that successfully claiming benefit will become even more difficult for people with severe ME.
- A lot of the disabling symptoms of ME – e.g. noise sensitivity, chemical sensitivity - are not necessarily visible and cannot be objectively measured, even in a snap-shot way.
Similarly, the PIP system might transpire to be 'easier to understand' - but that doesn't necessarily main that it will be fair and rational.
Likewise 'transparent': one may be given a clear explanation of why one has or has not qualified, without the criteria employed to reach the decision having been appropriate and fair.
Critique of Case for Change and PIP Approach
This question is prefaced by a short presentation of the government's case for abandoning the DLA system. This rests on a mixture of patently spurious and more opaque reasoning, including:
- 'The definitions currently used are subjective….' What are these 'subjective' definitions? In what sense are they 'subjective'? In so far as they are 'subjective', is this a flaw that could and should be remedied, or an intrinsic reflection of the enormous variety of ways in which different disabling disorders impact on different people's lives?
- '…and reflect views of disability from the 1990s, not the modern day.' The notion that the case for change is manifestly apparent through a clear distinction between 'the 1990s' and 'the modern day' is risible.
- It is asserted that 'care' and 'mobility' "do not necessarily remain the best proxies for cost." This is a fundamental issue in the present context, and some specifics of the 'conflicting evidence on the factors that affect the extra costs that disabled people face in the 21st century' and implications of same require to be indicated. On what points does the evidence differ? Also, we note that one of the DWP working papers to which this statement is referenced relates to international evidence on the cost of disability, and suggest that it is specifically the extra cost of disability experienced by people living in the UK that is pertinent to shaping the UK benefits system.
Also problematic is the case repeated mantra of focussing 'on those who face the greatest challenges to leading an active and independent life' / 'individuals whose impairments have the most impact on their lives' - and similar, throughout the Consultation Paper.
- What does this imply? The present system operates on the basis that varying levels of DLA award are appropriate, with higher payments awarded to people with greater care and mobility needs. In Chapter 1 of the consultation paper this very feature of DLA is acknowledged - and used as 'evidence' of the need for change on the basis that DLA 'is too complex'.
- Against this background, we envisage that concurrent moves towards 'simplification' and 'focus on individuals whose impairments have most impact' implies the removal of benefit from people whose disabilities, while not the greatest, nonetheless bring additional support needs and barriers and have a very real impact on cost of living.
(Please read the full response on Stonebird : _URL_ Consultation Response.doc)
1 Scottish Good Practice Statement on ME-CFS, The Scottish Government, Edinburgh 2010; available at _URL_
2 June 2010 Emergency Budget.
3 For example, the Select Committee on Public Accounts Twelfth Report, HMSO, 2004 evaluated statistics on decision making and appeals (presented in a prior report by the Comptroller and Auditor General "Getting it right, putting it right: Improving decision making and appeals in social security benefits"), the poorest performance having been found to occur in benefits requiring the examination of medical evidence, such as DLA. The Select Committee concluded that "Too few decisions are right first time".
4 See letter to Sir Michael Rawlins from Malcolm Hooper: _URL_

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What Does Employment At Will Mean In Arizona?
Employment at Will in Arizona means that the employer is free to fire an employee at any time for any reason or for no reason at all. Similarly, the employee is free to quit at any time for any reason or for no reason at all. Although the default rule in Arizona is that all employment falls into the "At-Will" category, there are exceptions to the rule where the employer is not simply allowed to fire the employee without legal consequences. These exceptions fall primarily into the categories of illegal discrimination, illegal retaliation and when the termination would violate a written employment contract.
What Does Wrongful Termination Mean?
Wrongful termination is when someone has been terminated in a way that qualifies for one of the exceptions to the At-Will employment rule. Generally speaking, there are three times that a termination can be wrongful termination, also called illegal termination. What makes a termination illegal is if it violated statutes against discrimination, such as discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, disability status or age. The second category would be if the termination was in retaliation for something, usually it is something along the lines of reporting illegal activity or participating in some sort of investigation of the company. The third type of wrongful termination is if you have a contract for a specific period of time then you cannot be fired for just any reason — you can only be fired for the reasons that are specifically identified in your contract as reasons that firing would be allowed. Those types of contracts are commonly used for school teachers, who sign a contract for the entire school year. During the school year, they cannot really quit for any reason without legal repercussions, and similarly, the school cannot just fire them for whatever reason they want – they could only be fired if there was good cause for doing so, which would be outlined in the contract.
What Is A Constructive Discharge?
Constructive discharge is when the circumstances and conditions of the employment for the employee are so bad that any reasonable person would quit. In other words, if an employee is in a job situation that is so bad that any reasonable person would say that they cannot work in that environment anymore, then if you quit, the law will treat you the same as if you had been fired. This is significant because it can still qualify as a termination and therefore can also qualify as a wrongful termination, which would justify legal action even though you technically were never terminated.
Most commonly, constructive discharge will arise in situations where there is some sort of sexual harassment going on. The employer never fires the employee who is being harassed but the harassment is so bad that it would be unreasonable to expect the employee to stay in that position with that company. Therefore, they are allowed to quit and the law will still treat it as if they had been fired. However, it is not limited to sexual harassment situations. In any job situation where the working conditions are so difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable employee would feel compelled to resign, then even if the employee quits, they could still pursue a claim for wrongful termination.
However, it is important to note that under Arizona law, even when those unpleasant or difficult working conditions exist, the employee still has to take certain steps before quitting in order for the resignation to be considered a constructive discharge. These steps primarily involve giving notice to the employer about the unpleasant working conditions and giving the employer a chance to fix the situation.
What Is Retaliation?
Retaliation is when an employer takes adverse employment action against an employee to get back at her for something she did, something she said, or something she refused to do or say. Retaliation for having reported illegal activity or for participating in an investigation against the company are common forms of illegal retaliation, but it is important to understand that not every type of retaliation is illegal. In fact, most firings, if the employer gives a reason for it, could be considered retaliatory. For example, if an employee is habitually late to work and he receives multiple warnings but still doesn't fix the problem, then when he is eventually fired, it would be accurate to say he was fired in retaliation for his habitual tardiness. However, this type of retaliation is not illegal. In other words, it is not retaliation that is illegal — it is only illegal when the employer retaliates based on the employee's participation in a protected activity.
Put another way, the only time the retaliation is illegal is if there is a specific legal prohibition against it — that is, if the Arizona legislature or United States Congress has enacted a law making such retaliation illegal. For example, Arizona's Employment Protection Act provides is that if an employee is fired in retaliation for reporting or refusing to participate in activity that violates Arizona law, then that would be a wrongful termination. The Employment Protection Act also says that if an employee gets fired in retaliation for having made a worker's compensation claim for an on-the-job injury then that also qualifies as a wrongful termination.
There are many other statutes, both federal and state statutes, that make certain types of retaliation illegal, and these laws fall into many different kind of categories. For example, the Family and Medical Leave Act makes it illegal for an employer to retaliate against an employee for taking family or medical leave. As another example, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the law which makes it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion or sex) also contains provisions that make it illegal for an employer to retaliate against an employee who reports or otherwise opposes such discriminatory practices.
In short, retaliation is only illegal if it is specifically prohibited by law. For any employee who has been fired who feels like it might have been an illegal retaliation, a consultation with an attorney to find out if their specific situation qualifies as illegal retaliation would be warranted.


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The evolution of epidemic and endemic strains of the cholera-causing bacterium Vibrio cholerae in Argentina has been mapped in detail. The researchers used whole genome sequencing to study the bacteria circulating during the _PHONE_ outbreak of cholera in the country. The data have influenced health policy in Argentina, where whole-genome sequencing is now used to distinguish between pandemic and non-pandemic lineages of V. cholerae bacteria.


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the landing matress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from artificial materials such as fibreglass or carbon fibre. The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first women's world championship competition was held at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000.
The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in the middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876. Shot Putters are generally the largest and most explosive athletes on a team.
The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the 1950s Parry O'Brien popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide," breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while Aleksandr Baryshnikov and Brian Oldfield introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in 1976.
As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small pedestal, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard. The discus implement was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on the Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928.
As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times. Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern event derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an ankyle (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia. The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and between 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.
The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from the Tailteann Games around 1800 BC, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a chariot wheel on a wooden axle. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual blacksmith's Sledgehammers were recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.
The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme a century later. The distance's thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer throwers as historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations.
Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon. Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table.
The Ancient Olympic pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the stadion race and wrestling) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games). A men's decathlon was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics, albeit contested between five American and two British athletes.
|Men's decathlon||100 m||400 m||1500 m||110 m hurdles||Long jump||High jump||Pole vault||Shot put||Discus throw||Javelin throw|
|Women's heptathlon||200 m||800 m||100 m hurdles||Long jump||High jump||Shot put||Javelin throw|
|Men's heptathlon||60 m||1000 m||60 m hurdles||Long jump||High jump||Pole vault||Shot put|
|Women's pentathlon||800 m||60 m hurdles||Long jump||High jump||Shot put|
The term track and field is intertwined with the stadiums that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped running track and an area of turf within this track—the field. In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the Panathinaiko Stadium measured 333.33 metres at the 1896 Summer Olympics, while at the 1904 Olympics the distance was a third of a mile (536.45 m) at Francis Field. As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes. Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened cinders were popular in the early 20th century but synthetic tracks became standard in the late 1960s. 3M's Tartan track (an all-weather running track of polyurethane) gained popularity after its use at the 1968 US Olympic Trials and the 1968 Summer Olympics and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport. Many track and field stadiums are multi-purpose stadiums, with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of football.
The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events. The long jump and triple jump areas comprise a straight, narrow 40-metre running track with a sandpit at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of wood with a plasticine marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line. The pole vault area is also a 40-metre running track and has an indentation in the ground (the box) where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned landing mats. The high


What is the trumpet?
The trumpet is on the smaller side of instruments and made of brass. The piping, which is around six and half feet long, is bent over and over to take the form of what we know is the trumpet. Sound is created by the instrumentist buzzing their lips into a cup-like mouthpiece which goes through the trumpet. Pitches are changed through a combination of the student tightening or loosening their lips and pushing and releasing the valves.
Is the trumpet hard to play?
The three most common challenges students face when playing trumpet are: 1) The trumpet requires a bit of focused air to reach some of the higher pitches. 2) Students who have fuller lips tend to struggle since the cup of the mouthpiece since it is quite small. If this is the case, trombone may be a better fit instrument. 3) Improper way to hold the trumpet. Since the instrument is extending away from the student, some students find it difficult to hold the instrument for long periods of the time at the beginning.
Does it require a lot of maintence?
Every instrument in the band requires some level of TLC (tender, love, and care). Luckily, brass instruments, if taken care of properly, are relatively low maintence. It is advised to have a professional technician look at the instrument every 6-12 months to make sure it running in top condition. *Any quick and easy fixes will be taken care of by the band director. Students will learn how to properly assemble and disassemble the instrument (and place it in the case correctly) in addition to other valuable actions to prolong the playability of the instrument.
Is this a good fit for my student?
This is the best question on the list and we love that parents ask this question! We think this is the most important step to the process as this will set up a positive and successful year(s) of band or an absolute disaster of a year. We recommend three things: 1) Go over the pairing sheet that was sent home after your student tried some of the instruments at school. If the instrument was emphasized, that means we believe they can be successful on that instrument. 2) If the student is still unsure, visiting a local music shop that sells band instruments will be the next best thing. Tey wil lbe glad to help you make a decision. 3) Talk! Having a simple conversation and going over expectations (without any pressure) will help everyone up for success. Bonus 4) We will do everything we can to help your student be successful on any instrument they choose.
What is the trombone?
The trombone is the larger of the two brass instruments we begin our students on. The piping for the trombone, if laid out in a straight line would measure around nine feet, is bent to take the form of the trombone. Sound is created by the instrumentist buzzing their lips into a cup-like mouthpiece which goes through the entire trombone. Pitches are changed through a combination of the student tightening or loosening their lips and moving the slide.
Is the trombone hard to play?
Students who chose the trombone will enjoy many things about the instrument. However, there are a few things to be mindful of before choosing the trombone. The top three are: 1) The trombone is a bigger instrument which may be problematic to some students in the beginning of fourth grade. If this is a concern, most students grow into the instrument and many have successful experiences. 2) Students who have thinner lips tend to struggle reaching the lower pitches when buzzing which is necessary for this instrument. 3) Since the slide is one of the ways trombonists change pitches, students who are smaller may not reach all of the positions at first. We work with each student until they grow into the instrument.
What is a brass instrument?
Brass instruments are a family of instruments that have similar characteristics to one another. Such characteristics are: 1) Sound - Sound is actually created on the musician without the instrument. This type of method is called buzzing in which the instrumentalists press their lips together while blowing air. 2) Pitches - Different pitches are created in combination with the instrumentalist's tightening and loosening their lips and the instrument's mechinism (valves, slide, rotary, etc). 3) Other - All instruments are made up of brass.
What brass instruments does UP Music start their students with?
We start our students on one of two brass instruments: trumpet or trombone. We have considered students age, average body size, and complexity of the instruments and deemed that students would have the most success on these instruments. Additionally, these are the beginning instruments that are considered best practices by most organizations.


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Auckland Heart Group is committed to the protection of the personal information of its patients and will comply with its obligations towards patients under the Privacy Act 1993.
The Privacy Act controls how agencies should handle personal information. Personal information means information about an identifiable individual.
The Privacy Principles cover collection, storage and security, access and correction, accuracy, retention, and use and disclosure of personal information.
The Privacy Principles can be viewed at: _URL_
- The Heart Institute Limited and its associated companies (AHG Associated Practices Limited, CT Angiography Limited, Cardiac Investigation Services Limited, Ultravision Cardiac Imaging Limited, Century Investments and Holdings Limited, Ninety Nine Investments Limited and The Heart Institute Limited);
- Auckland Heart Group Limited;
- Otto Holdings Limited;
- Cardiology Consulting Limited;
- Auckland Heart Specialists Limited;
- Each individual cardiologist; and
- The above companies' employees, including technical staff, nursing staff and administrative staff.
Information Privacy Principles
Purpose, Source and Collection of Personal Information:
- Personal information may only be collected for a lawful purpose connected with a function or activity of Auckland Heart Group, and where the collection of the information is necessary for that purpose.
- Personal information should be collected directly from the individual concerned.
- Personal information is considered confidential and sensitive by Auckland Heart Group.
- Where Auckland Heart Group collects personal information directly from the individual, the individual should be made aware of: the fact that personal information is being collected; the purpose for which the information is being collected; the intended recipients of the information including any other medical professionals who the personal information may be disclosed to; the name and address of the agency that is collecting the information and that will hold the information; whether the supply of information is voluntary or mandatory; the consequences (if any) for that individual if all or part of the requested information is not provided; and the right of access to, and correction of, personal information.
Protection of Personal Information:
- Auckland Heart Group will take reasonable steps to ensure that personal information is protected by security safeguards against loss; unauthorised access, use, modification or disclosure; and any other misuse.
- Auckland Heart Group will ensure personal information is accurate, up to date, complete and relevant, before it is used.
- Information will not be retained for longer than is required.
Use and Disclosure:
- Auckland Heart Group commits that personal information will only be used for the purpose for which is was collected, and will not be used for any other purpose without the consent of the individual concerned.
- Patients should be aware that personal information may be disclosed to medical professionals and personnel within the Auckland Heart Group, and other medical professionals outside of Auckland Heart Group, where that disclosure is necessary for the provision of their medical care, however, Auckland Heart Group will inform the patient to whom it may be disclosed when collecting the personal information, and will obtain their (the patient's) consent first through the Privacy Consent form (or where the patient does not consent in the Privacy Consent form, by requesting their consent in relation to the specific disclosure that is proposed).
- Except as stated above in relation to medical professions and personnel within the Auckland Heart Group, and other medical professionals outside of Auckland Heart Group, in all other respects personal information will not be used or disclosed unless:
- The information is publically available; disclosure is to the individual concerned; the use and disclosure is authorised by the individual; the use and disclosure is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice; the use and disclosure is necessary to prevent/lessen a serious threat to the public or an individual's health and safety;
- The information is used and disclosed in a non-identifiable manner; or
- The use or disclosure is authorised by the Privacy Commissioner.
Access to and correction of Personal Information:
- Patients, generally, have the right to access any personal information Auckland Heart Group holds about them. The Privacy Act outlines limited circumstances in which Auckland Heart Group may be able to withhold information.
- If a patient believes any of their personal information is incorrect they can request to have it corrected.
Section 23 of the Privacy Act 1993 requires every agency to have at least one privacy officer, who is responsible for:
- Encouraging the organisation's compliance with information privacy principles.
- Working with the Privacy Commissioner in respect of any complaints about privacy.
- Ensuring the organisation's compliance with the provisions of the Act.
Auckland Heart Group's privacy officers are Suzanne Endicott-Davies and Sheryl Gifford.


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A Skew-t is a graphical representation of the atmosphere in one single column of air. It allows forecasters to gauge nearly everything about the environment: moisture, instability, shear, and environmental temperatures just to sample a few. A seasoned forecaster can quickly glance at a sounding and understand the basic stability of the atmosphere. A Skew-t is not the only graph used to show a sounding, Stuve diagrams are also used frequently. But in severe weather convective situations, forecasters tend to rely on the Skew-t because it is easier to visually see stability.
Other than a real-time sounding, which is launched at 00z and 12z from weather stations across the globe, weather models also produce forecast soundings. Forecasters can use this model information to try and predict severe potential in the summer or precipitation type in the colder months.
Here are a few places to find real-time soundings:
University of Wyoming -Stuve Diagram
The first time you saw a Skew-t, it probably just looked like a bunch of chaotic lines. But each one has a meaning and is shown graphically below.
Here is a break down of what each line is:
1) ISOBARS: Vertical lines of equal pressure and are put 50mb apart. Spacing decreases as pressure decreases, similar to the actual atmosphere.
2)ISOTHERMS: Lines of equal temperature in Celsius that start in the bottom left corner and run to the top right.
3)DRY ADIABAT: These represent an unsaturated parcels accent in the atmosphere of 10 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
4)MOIST ADIABAT: Once a parcel of air has been saturated, it will follow this line. The moist adiabat moves to the left as the parcel decreases temperature since colder air cannot hold as much moisture.
5)DEWPOINT: The left of the two roughly vertical lines on the Skew-t is the dewpoint of the air at that level.
6) TEMPERATURE: The right line is the environmental temperature, the dew point and temperature are derived from the actual sounding.
7) On the right side of nearly every sounding are wind barbs which show the wind speed and direction at the different levels of the atmosphere.
A parcel of air will follow this line until it becomes saturated and then follows the moist adiabat. This allows a forecaster (or computers now) to calculated CAPE and CINH along with a host of other thermodynamic indices. To learn more about how to properly draw a parcel line click here.
The Skew-t can be very important in predicting severe weather, from deciphering storm modes to the amount of instability and possibility of storm initiation. There are a number of indices which are generated as a result of a forecast and real-time sounding which will be discussed in length during future sections.
There two big downsides to using soundings which do not outweigh the positive effects, but are important to remember when using a sounding. The first being that a sounding is a snap-shot of the atmosphere in one specific location. While typically the atmosphere does not change all that fast, it is important to keep in mind that fronts and incoming/departing air masses can radically alter what a sounding looked like just a few moments prior. Secondly, weather balloons (RAOB) are only released at 00z and 12z, which means there is 12 hours between soundings and A LOT can change during that time. Monitor upstream soundings to predict changes that may be coming to your location.
During the colder months, soundings can be used to predict what type of precipitation will fall. When the environment temperature stays below freezing through the whole column, then snow will be the precip type. If the temperature creeps above freezing for a rather shallow depth (50-100mb), but falls back below freezing at the surface you will likely experience sleet. When the temperature is above freezing for an extended period of time aloft but below freezing at the surface, freezing rain is likely.
Here are a few places to find forecast soundings:
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About Alexander Logie du Toit
Alexander Logie du Toit FRS (14 March 1878 – 25 February 1948) was a South African geologist - an early supporter of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift.
the most important geologist in the history of South Africa. A field geologist with observational and synthetic powers of the highest rank, early in the twentieth century he embarked upon a twenty year study of the geology of South Africa which produced a series of important books and articles over the later portion of that period. Securing a grant from the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1923, he spent five months in South America familiarizing himself with the geology of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, and comparing this to the units in South Africa; this led the publication of his A Geological Comparison of South America with South Africa in 1927, and the even more celebrated Our Wandering Continents; An Hypothesis of Continental Drifting in 1937. Du Toit had some success in convincing Old World geologists of the possibility of continental drifting but rather less with American observers; it was not until the plate tectonics revolution of the 1960s that the quality of his vision was first fully universally acknowledged.


Place:Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
TypeCity or town
Coordinates19.25°N 75.633°E
Located inPune, Maharashtra, India
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Junnar is a city with thousands of years of history in the Pune district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is a taluka headquarters. Situated at the base of the Sahyadri mountains, it is around 94 km north of Pune and 100 km east of Mumbai. Also located near this city are Shivneri Fort, birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the famous Maratha king, Lenyadri (girijatmak) and Ozar (vighnaher) both are from Ashtavinayakas. The land surrounding Junnar is very fertile and the main crops harvested are rice, wheat, and sugarcane. The town also holds a weekly market for fruit and vegetables on Sundays. Junnar is also famous for its Ganesh decorations during the Ganesh festival, being sometimes compared with the decorations in Pune and Mumbai during the festival. Junnar taluka in Maharashtra has the largest density of leopard population within a 500 km² area. It also holds the record for the largest number of leopards trapped within that range ever. Junnar is also surrounded by much greenery and dams, such as Vadaj and Manikdoh, common picnicking locations. Also present are the ancient Naneghat caves.
Junnar has attained prominence as early as 90 B.C when king Vedishri son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty" made Junnar the capital of his kingdom.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Junnar. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.


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Check Balance selects nested expressions (for example, parenthesized) outward from the insertion point.
To select a nested expression, select anywhere within the expression by clicking. Choose Check Balance, and click to expand the selection out to the next set of enclosed parentheses, brackets, or braces.
Each time you choose Check Balance, Mathematica expands the selection in both directions until it finds pairs of matching parentheses, brackets, or braces. Repeating the command expands the selection one level at a time.
You can use the Check Balance command to check the structure of mathematical expressions. For example, if you have unbalanced parentheses or parentheses incorrectly balanced with brackets or braces, Mathematica beeps. Choose Help ► Why the Beep? to identify the mistake. If you position the insertion point inside a bracketed expression and choose Check Balance, Mathematica should select the whole expression. If not, you have a missing bracket somewhere.
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Last Updated on May 31, 2011 by Steven Meurrens
Canada's family class and the spousal sponsorship program have recently been hit with two significant changes that are largely based on immigration programs found in other Western nations. The first recent change is the proposed introduction of a sponsorship bar, which prohibits recently sponsored spouses from sponsoring a new spouse for three years after they land in Canada. The second is a proposed change to move towards conditional permanent residency for sponsored spouses who have been in a relationship for less than three years with the person that sponsored them.
Given that the current Conservative government appears to be basing much of its changes to Canada's immigration system on what other Western countries are doing, it is worth exploring another feature of many European countries' immigration system that is absent in Canada. This is the requirement that family class applicants either pass a language test or a test on their respective destination country's culture in order to immigrate.
On June 9, 2010, for example, the United Kingdom introduced language tests for foreign spouses. Under the program, all non-European immigrants to the United Kingdom must pass a basic English language test before being granted a visa. The rules apply to anyone wanting to join their spouse or partner in the United Kingdom.
Effective November 15, 2010, meanwhile, a similar requirement was introduced in Denmark. Applicants under Denmark's family reunification program must pass an immigration test before they can immigrate. The test is an oral one consisting of a language section and a knowledge section. There are 70 questions, consisting of 40 language questions and 30 culture questions. Applicants are required to get 30 out of 40 of the language questions correct, and 21 out of 30 of the Danish society questions correct in order to pass the test. The questions on Danish society are asked in Danish, and applicants must answer in Danish. The immigration test must be taken in Denmark, and applicants are required to travel to Denmark in order to take it.
On May 15, 2011, Søren Pind, Denmark's immigration minister, announced that an exemption was being considered for spouses from developed countries.
Both Denmark and the United Kingdom based their laws on similar requirements in France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.
I should note that I am not suggesting that the Conservative Government is going to move towards either introducing an immigration test for the family class, or for exempting nations of developed nations from that test. There is nothing to suggest that the Conservative Government is even considering any of the above programs from the UK and Denmark. However, an understanding of other systems provides a useful comparative perspective that could be interesting and potentially relevant in the future.


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Waves/reflection and refraction from wikibooks, open books for an open world on 31 july reflection and. Without doubt they are moroni framed by the invocation and benediction after reading "reflections on the sacrament prayers," individually or as a. Time-saving video on how to describe the effect of a reflection and how to use ordered pair rules to describe various reflections reflections - concept brian. Zeal without understanding: reflections on what is required now in our society is to combine zeal with understanding well-meaning but without understanding. Liturgy reflection & benediction 06042017 liturgy without you, life turns to dust the spirit of wisdom and understanding. Reflections on the veneration without this has something to do with going deep understanding how rizal became aimless of liberty but hunger of. How to write a reflection paper or experience shapes your understanding of class-related how do i write a reflective essay without using the personal.
Creating opportunities for reflection in action creating opportunities for reflection in action but without any underlying reflection on why it may be. The reflection of light what is it about objects that let us see them why do we see the road, or a pen, or a best friend if an object does not emit its own light. What does reflection mean information and translations of reflection in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web expression without words.


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Estimates vary widely, but at least 30,000 slaves, and potentially more than 100,000, escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad.
How many slaves were captured on the Underground Railroad?
According to some estimates, between 1810 and 1850, the Underground Railroad helped to guide one hundred thousand enslaved people to freedom.
How many slaves were caught trying to escape?
Approximately 100,000 American slaves escaped to freedom.
What happened to slaves if they were caught on the Underground Railroad?
If they were caught, any number of terrible things could happen to them. Many captured fugitive slaves were flogged, branded, jailed, sold back into slavery, or even killed. Not only did fugitive slaves have the fear of starvation and capture, but there were also threats presented by their surroundings.
How many African Americans escaped through the Underground Railroad?
Although estimates of the number of people who escaped through the Underground Railroad between 1820 and 1861 vary widely, the figure most often cited is approximately 100,000.
How many slaves did Harriet Tubman save?
Fact: According to Tubman's own words, and extensive documentation on her rescue missions, we know that she rescued about 70 people —family and friends—during approximately 13 trips to Maryland.
Does the Underground Railroad still exist?
It includes four buildings, two of which were used by Harriet Tubman. Ashtabula County had over thirty known Underground Railroad stations, or safehouses, and many more conductors. Nearly two-thirds of those sites still stand today.
How were slaves captured in Africa?
The capture and sale of enslaved Africans Most of the Africans who were enslaved were captured in battles or were kidnapped, though some were sold into slavery for debt or as punishment. The captives were marched to the coast, often enduring long journeys of weeks or even months, shackled to one another.
What percentage of the slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?
Indeed, [between 1838 and 1860] 95 percent fled alone. Young slave women were much less likely to run away because of their family and child-rearing responsibilities. Entire families with children did attempt flights to freedom, but such instances were rare."
How were slaves punished in America?
Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding, rape, and imprisonment. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave.
Why did Harriet Tubman wear a bandana?
As was the custom on all plantations, when she turned eleven, she started wearing a bright cotton bandana around her head indicating she was no longer a child. She was also no longer known by her "basket name", Araminta. Now she would be called Harriet, after her mother.
Where did the runaway slaves go?
fugitive slave, any individual who escaped from slavery in the period before and including the American Civil War. In general they fled to Canada or to free states in the North, though Florida (for a time under Spanish control) was also a place of refuge.
How did Harriet Tubman find out about the Underground Railroad?
The Underground Railroad and Siblings Tubman first encountered the Underground Railroad when she used it to escape slavery herself in 1849. Following a bout of illness and the death of her owner, Tubman decided to escape slavery in Maryland for Philadelphia.
How many slaves did Harriet Tubman help free via the Underground Railroad?
Harriet Tubman is perhaps the most well-known of all the Underground Railroad's "conductors." During a ten-year span she made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. And, as she once proudly pointed out to Frederick Douglass, in all of her journeys she "never lost a single passenger."
Were there tunnels in the Underground Railroad?
Contrary to popular belief, the Underground Railroad was not a series of underground tunnels. While some people did have secret rooms in their houses or carriages, the vast majority of the Underground Railroad involved people secretly helping people running away from slavery however they could.
Was Kansas part of the Underground Railroad?
Kansas gained a reputation for its active participation in the Underground Railroad and its willingness to fight for freedom.
The Underground Railroad
|The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals – many whites but predominently black – who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year – according to one estimate,the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850. An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. In 1786 George Washington complained about how one of his runaway slaves was helped by a "society of Quakers, formed for such purposes." The system grew, and around 1831 it was dubbed "The Underground Railroad," after the then emerging steam railroads. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were called "stations" and "depots" and were run by "stationmasters," those who contributed money or goods were "stockholders," and the "conductor" was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next.For the slave, running away to the North was anything but easy. The first step was to escape from the slaveholder. For many slaves, this meant relying on his or her own resources. Sometimes a "conductor," posing as a slave, would enter a plantation and then guide the runaways northward. The fugitives would move at night. They would generally travel between 10 and 20 miles to the next station, where they would rest and eat, hiding in barns and other out-of-the-way places. While they waited, a message would be sent to the next station to alert its stationmaster.The fugitives would also travel by train and boat – conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for. Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways – a black man, woman, or child in tattered clothes would invariably attract suspicious eyes. This money was donated by individuals and also raised by various groups, including vigilance committees.Vigilance committees sprang up in the larger towns and cities of the North, most prominently in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. In addition to soliciting money, the organizations provided food, lodging and money, and helped the fugitives settle into a community by helping them find jobs and providing letters of recommendation.The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more than 3,000 slaves, and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.|
The Underground Railroad
He was born into slavery in Kentucky in the year 1815, and he was the son of a slave owner named Henry Bibb. After several failed efforts to emancipate himself from slavery, he maintained the strength and persistence to continue his struggle for freedom despite being captured and imprisoned multiple times. It was only through his determination that he was able to successfully escape to the northern states and then to Canada with the help of the Underground Railroad, a feat that had been highly anticipated.
For my own personal liberty, I made a decision somewhere during the autumn or winter of 1837 that I would try to flee to Canada if at all feasible." Immediately after, I began preparing for the potentially lethal experiment of breading the chains that kept me a prisoner in my own home.
- I also purchased a suit that I had never worn or been seen in before, in order to escape discovery.
- It was the twenty-fifth of December, 1837.
- My moral bravery was tested to the limit when I left my small family and tried to keep my emotions under wraps at all times.
- No matter how many opportunities were presented to me to flee if I wanted to be free, and the call of liberty was booming in my own spirit, 'Be free!
- A thousand barriers had formed around my mind, attempting to bind my wounded spirit, which was still imprisoned in the dark dungeon of mental degradation.
- It was difficult to break free from my deep bonds to friends and relatives, as well as the love of home and birthplace that is so natural among the human family, which were entwined around my heart and made it difficult to go forward.
- But I'd calculated the cost and was completely prepared to make the sacrifice before I started the process.
If I don't want to be a slave, I'll have to abandon friends and neighbors, along with my wife and child." I was given something to eat by these gracious folks, who then set me on my way to Canada on the advise of a buddy who had met me along the road." This marked the beginning of the construction of what was referred to be the underground rail track from the United States to the Canadian continent.
In the morning, I walked with bold courage, trusting in the arm of Omnipotence; by night, I was guided by the unchangeable North Star, and inspired by the elevated thought that I was fleeing from a land of slavery and oppression, waving goodbye to handcuffs, whips, thumb-screws, and chains, and that I was on my way to freedom.
I continued my journey vigorously for nearly forty-eight hours without food or rest, battling


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Replace tedious calculations and reduce human error with AutoTURN's automated, accurate and visual assurance that your ramp and driveway designs are safe and efficient. AutoTURN's Generate Grade Template and Place Vertical Simulation tools ensure your ramp and driveway design will safely accommodate the vehicles that will use them – especially for low clearance vehicles.
Come watch this recorded AutoTURN Tips webinar on how to check your ramp and driveway designs quickly and accurately.
In this recording, we discuss how:
- The Generate Grade Template feature shows the maximum upward and downward grade capabilities of a vehicle, and
- The Place Vertical Simulation feature allows you to evaluate the vehicle profile to determine if the vehicle can safely negotiate the vertical profile and clear overhead elements.


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In October 2008, it was announced that Bomber Command was finally going to have a memorial constructed to remember those who fought for Bomber Command and died, were wounded or became a prisoner-of-war. The memorial will be placed in Regent's Park, London.
The lack of recognition as to what Bomber Command had done during World War Two compelled 'Bomber' Harris to emigrate to South Africa. While Winston Churchill had acknowledged most parts of the military at the end of the war, he failed to mention Bomber Command.
During World War Two, Bomber Command flew 364,514 sorties.
297,663 of these were flown at night.
For every 100 men who flew with Bomber Command, 56 were killed in the air or died of wounds received during a sortie.
12 out of every 100 men ended up as a prisoner-of-war.
14 out of every 100 survived being shot down.
Only 27% of all those in Bomber Command emerged from the war unscathed in any capacity; 73% suffered in some manner – a higher rate than for the UK's infantry regiments during the war.
In all, 55,573 were killed with an average age of 22.
38,462 of those killed were British; 4,050 were Australians; 9,980 were Canadians and 1,703 were New Zealanders.
Nearly 10,000 men from Bomber Command became prisoners-of-war.
During the course of World War Two, personnel from Bomber Command were awarded 19 Victoria Crosses, 9 of them posthumously.
8,325 bombers were lost in total from Bomber Command.


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January 2011 in Network Rail and Suppliers
Trees overhanging the line in Scotland are a concern for one reporter. It has been noted that large trees overhang the line between Dunkeld & Birnam station and Inverness, creating a tunnel effect in some areas.
It is felt by the reporter that Network Rail have done very little to address the issue, even since a train struck a tree in the area on 7 September. The reporter would like to see the affecting trees in the area removed before snowfall increases the risk of trees/branches fouling the line. Please comment.
The tree that was struck in the Dunkeld area had come from
beyond Network Rail's boundary. On the day in question our Lineside
Engineer attended on site and identified other trees that were at
risk and subsequently these have been removed.
Network Rail has commissioned a national lineside survey that is surveying all trees within and beyond our boundaries. This survey ranks all trees deemed to be at risk and then these are removed within a defined timescale. The route in question is currently having this survey carried out.
Over and above the national lineside survey Network Rail has a robust inspection and reporting regime in place to manage lineside vegetation and issues arising from these inspections.
Network Rail works closely with government agencies; local councils and Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Prior to any tree cutting works, we also make certain that our lineside neighbours are advised when all tree cutting takes place.


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Ternate is located in the Maluka Islands in the East of Indonesia off the west coast of the bigger Island of Halmhera. The Malukas are very lush and green due to the high rainfall and there are said to be 999 islands in the group.
Clinging to a volcanic cone, Ternate offers some lovely views of the Maluku islands and is a useful base for exploring the province of North Maluku.
The town is dominated by the 5700 ft high Mount Gamalama. The mountain is an active volcano which erupts regularly, covering the island with volcanic dust.
Flights to Ternate
Ternate Island and neighbouring Tidore were the world's single major producer of cloves upon which gave their rulers great wealth and power. Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other!
Over the years the several European countries have ruled Ternate including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and of course the British.
Japanese troops invaded the island in 1942 and stayed till 1945.
Population: Ternate Island has a small population of approx 600,000 whilst the whole Malukus group has around 2 million inhabitants.
Area: 76 sq km or 130 sq miles.
Religion: Mainly Muslim, Islam and Christianity. In 1999 and 2000, Ternate suffered from the same religious violence between Muslims and Christians that wracked many parts of Maluku.
Industry: Spices, Timber, Fishing.
Ternate is a good base for travellers wishing to explore North Maluka. Don't miss Fort Oranye - built by the Dutch in 1607 and the former home of the Dutch East Indies Company; Ahmad Yani Port where Pelni ships arrive and the current Sultan's Palace, built in 1796 and the home of the Palace's museum.


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January 4, 2007
There has been a lot of misinformation shared around the country about Mental Health Screening and the TeenScreen program since the release of President Bush's New Freedom Commission report in 2003 that recognized the Columbia University TeenScreen program as a model program. Recently the New England Journal of Medicine published an article on Mental Health Screening that discusses the merits of mental health screening.
The Columbia University TeenScreen Program is a national mental health and suicide risk screening program for youth. The goal of the National TeenScreen Program is to make voluntary mental health check-ups available for all American teens. TeenScreen works by assisting communities throughout the nation with developing locally operated and sustained screening programs for youth. Screening can take place in schools, doctors' offices, clinics, youth groups, shelters, and other youth-serving organizations and settings.
The study in the New England Journal of Medicine is an examination of issues regarding teen mental health and suicide, written by Dr. Friedman. The article outlines a rationale for screening programs, gives a historical perspective, examines statistics, and offers the personal experiences of actual teens and their parents.
Read the full story from the New England Journal of Medicine. (opens in a new window)
Learn more about the TeenScreen program at Columbia University. (opens in a new window)


Jernkilden i Sæby (The Iron source)
Jernkilden (The iron source) in Sæby played such a big role for a period that Sæby at that time was one of the leading spa towns. One thought that ferrous water was good against many different ailments.
The source has been known for centuries, but the Sæby Iron Source building, in Art Nouveau style drawn by Ulrik Plesner, was not bulit before the year 1887. The source building, which gathered around the well itself, was open towards Sæbygård Forest, while the slope and the forest sheltered from the west wind.
For many years, the iron source has lived a sad life. It was allowed to decay and was repeatedly subjected to vandalism. But now the beautiful building has got the great renovation and has thus again become an attraction for Sæby.


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How German Households Use Electricity
Fully a quarter of the electricity used in the average German household now goes for information, communication, and entertainment electronics. That's the principal finding of a survey commissioned by several German energy agencies. Fifteen years ago it was only 7%.
"There has been a very noticeable increase in recent years in the number of devices, the amount of time they are in use and the size of the screen," said Jan Witt, director of the Association for Efficient Application of Energy, an organization of the power industry, that co-sponsored the study.
Computer use in the household averages nearly five hours a day, the study showed. And then there are such things as the router, printer, satellite receiver, antenna amplifier, fax, and modem. These devices often use power for standby even when they are idle. Of the average 3,091 kWh used annually per household, Witt reports, 760 kWh go to these devices.
The study also showed that refrigeration and freezing equipment uses 50 to 70% less power than it did 15 years ago. It then took 23% of household power, compared to 16% with today's efficient devices.
Below is a pie chart, showing exactly where the energy use goes in each household.
Pie Chart Translations:
- 24.6% TV/Audio and Office
- 16.1% Cooling and Freezing
- 13.8% Clothes Washing, Drying, Dishwashing
- 12.9% Hot Water
- 9.7% Cooking
- 8.5% Lighting
- 14.4% Miscellaneous (Climate, Wellness, Garden, and Other Electrical Devices)
Ted Shoemaker is a now-retired writer and editor based in Frankfurt, Germany.
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I'm trying to cut a hole in a mesh to create torpedo tubes on a spacecraft, and am running into a bit of trouble. I can get the hole cut out just fine using Knife Project, the problem, however, is that it completely screws with the shading of the mesh.
Here are the target and pattern meshes:
Here's a detail of the pattern that creates the shape of the outer tube:
and the target mesh:
Target with pattern superimposed
Now, as I said I can cut the hole in the target mesh just fine. The problem is, I get this:
Result Result showing polys
As you can see, cutting the hole in the mesh throws off the smoothing of the mesh, leading to some odd shading which is just unacceptable.
I'm trying to do this with as few extra polys as possible.
Prior to cutting the new geometry the transitions are smooth because the shading is a function of the average face normals connected to each vertex. Because each of those adjacent face normals is different as you go around the surface of the object, the transition is relatively smooth. It's a cheap but effective trick.
Once you start cutting into a face, you get new geometry which has a number of vertices which are surrounded by faces which have the same face normals, therefore the shading is 'flat' on those sections. The transition from surrounding faces onto that flat area is also abrupt, and more prominent with transitions between quads and triangles.
Read Blender docs about custom normals
possible solutions
 1. A way out of that is to carefully adjust the positions of the new vertices such that they follow the inferred curvature, this doesn't have to be exact. as long as you get away from the faces all having the same normals on that spot.
 enter image description here The dark area just below the blue arrow indicates the flow that your geometry would need to have (seen from the side of that edited face). If you can move the internal vertices to match the curvature you'll get reasonable smoothing.
 2. or adjust the vertex normals to follow the curvature, but (May 2015) this is not exposed to the UI, but can be scripted. Manual changes might be overwritten by operations such as remove doubles / recalc normals.
 enter image description here
 3. Normal Edit modifier. It takes a vertex group, and an object, and modifies the normals of the vertices in the vertex group to follow as if they eminated from the center of the object (radial) or directionally if you use a mesh object to help guide the normals.
Blender's Proportional Editing feature can help get nice curvature, but you'll have to experiment with it.
 - $\begingroup$ So if I'm reading you right, this means that even though the vertices are aligning properly on the plane of that particular poly, I'll need to move them inwards or outwards to fit the curvature that the smoothing is simulating? $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 9 '15 at 23:13
 - $\begingroup$ The upside of keeping it lowpoly is that any such intervention isn't going to take too long even if you have to manually adjust the verts or faces. That being said: now i'm wondering if there isn't an add-on for this kind of stuff.. $\endgroup$ – zeffii May 10 '15 at 7:25
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ probably can be fixed with normal edit modifier copying normals from the original model $\endgroup$ – Denis May 10 '15 at 8:15
 - $\begingroup$ I tried using the Normal Edit modifier after turning on Auto-Smooth in mesh options (which it required). However while Radial and Directional fixed the specific problem I was having, it caused serious issues on OTHER parts of the model. The modifier required me to turn on Auto-Smooth in the mesh options, and I noticed that when I switched from Radial to Directional BEFORE setting a target for Directional, the problem instantly went away. So it looks like just turning on auto-smooth corrected everything. However I wanted to touch base before I decided to just leave it at that. $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 10 '15 at 13:55
 - $\begingroup$ Disregard, it was looking ok from some angles but it's definitely not right on others. AND it screws with the Edge Splitting. $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 10 '15 at 14:10
Zeffi mentioned surface normals and shading. Perhaps you want sharp edges where the hull meets the torpedo launcher. This effect is often achieved using an Edge Split modifier for Sharp edges. You have to leave the Sharp Edges checkbox checked, and then mark those edges in the mesh editor (Ctrl-E > Mark Sharp).
Another thing that sometimes causes strange shading is if the surface normals are flipped. You can check that using the 3d View's N-panel Mesh Display > Normals (pick the Face icon).
 - $\begingroup$ Already made sure the normals are correct, and making a sharp edge around the torpedo tube made no difference. $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 12 '15 at 15:20
I ended up turning on Auto-Smooth and then making the transition between the sides of the hull and the bottom (specifically, the edge along the bottom of the poly in which the torpedo tube was cut) sharp, and that fixed it. It's not exactly how I wanted the contour to look, but it works.
enter image description here
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ show an image :) i'm interested to see what was 'acceptable' $\endgroup$ – zeffii May 12 '15 at 15:29
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ Added. You'll note I made the transition between the sides of the hull and bottom sharp rather than smooth, and that fixed the shading around the corner and tip of the torpedo tube. $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 13 '15 at 22:59
 - $\begingroup$ Great, that does indeed appear to look good. Marking Sharp edges + Auto Smooth. $\endgroup$ – zeffii May 14 '15 at 4:19
 - $\begingroup$ I was actually able to turn off Auto Smooth and just use the Edge Split modifier once I marked that bottom edge sharp. So it definitely had to do with having a smooth transition between the sides and lower hull. $\endgroup$ – Ambaryerno May 15 '15 at 0:19
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Dogs are wonderful companions, but sometimes they engage in chewing and destructive behavior that can be frustrating for their owners. Understanding why dogs chew and how to manage this behavior is crucial for their well-being and the safety of your belongings. In this article, we will explore effective strategies to prevent and correct chewing and destructive behavior in dogs.
What is chewing and destructive behavior?
Chewing behavior is a natural instinct for dogs. It helps them explore their environment, relieve stress, and keep their teeth clean. However, when this behavior becomes excessive or destructive, it can cause damage to furniture, shoes, and other valuable items in your home.
Why do dogs engage in chewing and destructive behavior?
There are several reasons why dogs may engage in chewing and destructive behavior. Puppies often chew as a part of teething and exploring their surroundings. Adult dogs may chew due to boredom, separation anxiety, or lack of mental and physical stimulation. Additionally, some dogs may chew as a result of fear, frustration, or even medical issues.
Common causes of chewing and destructive behavior
- Boredom: Dogs that lack mental and physical stimulation are more likely to engage in destructive chewing to alleviate their boredom.
- Anxiety and stress: Dogs with separation anxiety or other forms of anxiety may resort to chewing as a coping mechanism.
- Lack of exercise: Insufficient exercise can lead to pent-up energy, which dogs may release through destructive chewing.
- Teething: Puppies go through a teething phase, which can cause discomfort and drive them to chew on objects to alleviate the pain.
- Attention-seeking: Some dogs may resort to destructive chewing to get their owner's attention, especially if they feel neglected.
Preventing Chewing and Destructive Behavior
Prevention is key when it comes to managing chewing and destructive behavior in dogs. By providing appropriate alternatives and fulfilling their needs, you can help redirect their behavior.
Providing appropriate chew toys
Offering a variety of chew toys designed specifically for dogs can help redirect their chewing behavior to more appropriate items. Look for toys made of durable materials that are safe for your dog to chew on. Avoid giving them old shoes or other household items, as this can confuse them about what is acceptable to chew on.
Keeping your dog mentally stimulated
Mental stimulation is as important as physical exercise for dogs. Engage your dog's mind by providing interactive toys, puzzle games, and food-dispensing toys. These activities will keep them occupied and mentally stimulated, reducing the likelihood of destructive chewing out of boredom.
Ensuring regular exercise
A tired dog is less likely to engage in destructive behavior. Regular exercise, such as daily walks or playtime in the park, can help burn off excess energy. Tailor the exercise routine to your dog's breed, age, and health condition. Remember, a tired dog is a happy dog!
Crate training can be an effective way to manage chewing and destructive behavior, especially when you're unable to supervise your dog. Ensure that the crate is comfortable, with bedding and appropriate chew toys. Gradually introduce your dog to the crate and associate it with positive experiences, such as treats and praise.
Using deterrents and training aids
Deterrents and training aids can help discourage dogs from chewing on inappropriate items. Bitter apple sprays, anti-chew sprays, and bitter-tasting substances can be applied to objects you want to protect. Additionally, consider using positive reinforcement training methods to teach your dog what is acceptable to chew and what is off-limits.
Correcting Chewing and Destructive Behavior
If your dog has already developed a habit of chewing and destructive behavior, it's essential to address the issue promptly. Here are some steps to help correct this behavior.
Identifying the triggers
Understanding the triggers that lead to destructive chewing is crucial for finding a solution. Is your dog more likely to chew when they are left alone? Or perhaps when they are anxious or bored? Identifying these triggers will help you tailor your training approach accordingly.
Positive reinforcement training
Positive reinforcement training involves rewarding desired behavior to encourage its repetition. When your dog chews on appropriate items, provide praise, treats, or other rewards. This positive association will gradually reinforce the behavior you want to see, discouraging destructive chewing.
Redirecting the behavior
When you catch your dog chewing on something inappropriate, calmly redirect their attention to an appropriate chew toy. Encourage them to chew on the toy and praise them when they do. Consistency and patience are key in reinforcing this behavior.
Seeking professional help if necessary
If your dog's chewing and destructive behavior persist despite your efforts, consider seeking help from a professional dog trainer or animal behaviorist. They can assess the situation, provide tailored advice, and help you develop a training plan that addresses the underlying causes of the behavior.
Frequently Asked Questions
Chewing and destructive behavior in dogs can be challenging to manage, but with patience, consistency, and the right approach, it can be corrected. Remember to provide appropriate chew toys, keep your dog mentally stimulated and physically active, and use positive reinforcement training methods. If the behavior persists, seek professional help to address any underlying issues. By understanding and managing this behavior, you can ensure a happier and more harmonious relationship with your furry friend.


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Brake The Shell
Middle schoolers sometimes act as hardshells that don't want to be treated like a kid. Teachers..brake the shell.. they are really fun-loving children that want to get their hands dirty. Volunteering, coloring, painting, and creative activities. So there is something to incorporate into lessons for fun learning. Let them be hands-on. Students achieve higher when they have fun doing an assignment. So after the fun stimulate their thinking about the assignment.


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Preschool visitors between the ages of 4 and 6 to the Children's Museum of Cleveland (CMC) will be invited to participate in a new study from the department of psychology at Case Western Reserve University to boost creativity and imagination in free play.
Nearby moms and caretakers will also engage in the study by watching how the children play and learn how to develop those play skills at home during several planned play sessions a week with mom, dad or the caretaker, according to Sandra Russ, professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University and the study's principal investigator.
The researchers have partnered with their campus neighbor at the museum for the study "Effects of Play Intervention on Play Skills in Preschool Children."
Russ, along with graduate students Kelly Christian and Karla Fehr and undergraduate Kathryn Clusman, will study approximately 40 children to see if a play intervention, first piloted at the CMC last year, continues to support the hypothesis that play interventions helps children learn how to be better players and use more creativity and imagination in their daily lives.
CMC will help recruit children and parents for the study.
Children will be given verbal and creative assessment tests before and after three interventions or plays sessions.
Russ and her team will meet individually with the children during the interventions at the museum and let children take the lead on playing and telling stories for approximately 20 minutes. Children will play with some basic toys, like blocks and toy cars. They will use the toys as props for the stories they imagine to turn a block into anything from a house, food or whatever goes along with the story line.
This imaginative free play will continue at home as parents or caregivers have two homework assignments to play with the children for two 10-minute sessions during the week.
A control group of children will color picture sheets or put together puzzles or a pre-formed object such as a dinosaur during their play sessions with a facilitator and follow up with similar playtimes with their parents at home. Each group will be evaluated for their imagination and creativity in blind testing before and after the interventions or play sessions.
This study adapts an intervention which was tested on elementary school children in a large inner city school district and found that children did learn how to play better and include more creativity and imagination when given the opportunity and some directions on how to do it.
In previous studies, Russ found these play skills have been shown to relate to how children cope with stressful situations and problem solving. Imagination and emotional expression in play also is linked to creativity, which is independent of intelligence.
"Sometimes all children need is permission to be creative," said Christian, who was involved in the pilot study.
According to Fehr, children use play as an opportunity to explore new ideas, practice expressing how they feel, and what they think about their day to day interactions with people in a safe environment.
"Play is central to a child's development," added Fehr.
Russ said the study also helps parents to be better players with their children. It also helps parents learn to step back and follow the lead of where the child is going.
"Parents may not realize they are dominating the play instead of letting their children play," she said.
Christian finds this young age group a delight to work with, because the story may start out as a trip to the zoo but suddenly those blocks and cars can turn into a birthday party or something else.
That's okay, according to Christian, because the children are using their imaginations.
This study and the pilot study have had some benefits for the children's museum.
"One of the key strategic themes for the Children's Museum of Cleveland, tied to museum mission and vision, is the fostering of creativity, which relates directly to the research project's intended outcomes," said Colleen Cross, CMC's education director.
CMC has created an environment to promote innovative and impactful educational experiences for families with children ages birth through 8 years old. "This research project will hopefully provide the museum with groundbreaking research that will help us create extraordinary exhibits and programming, especially in the area of creativity," Cross said. "The project will gather very unique data that we will help put CMC's programming and exhibits at the top of the children's museum field."
Since Russ and her team performed a pilot study for preschool interventions in play, Cross said the museum has been more thoughtful of the types of objects in exhibits and encourages more parents to follow the lead of their children in exploring the museum's offerings.
"No matter what language one speaks or religion one practices, or salary one earns, it is universally accepted that children learn best through hands-on play and that parents want the best learning opportunity for their children," said Cross.
This study is one of the unique partnerships that Case Western Reserve has with its community neighbors.
Cross said, "As long as an organizations is working to improve early childhood experiences for children, families and teachers, CMC is open to working with them to obtain their goals."
If interested in participating in the study, visit the museum for registration forms.
Posted by: Kimyette Finley, December 3, 2008 12:29 PM | News Topics: Collaborations/Partnerships, College of Arts and Sciences, Community Outreach, Faculty, HeadlinesMain, Provost Initiatives, Research, Students, news
Case Western Reserve University is committed to the free exchange of ideas, reasoned debate and intellectual dialogue. Speakers and scholars with a diversity of opinions and perspectives are invited to the campus to provide the community with important points of view, some of which may be deemed controversial. The views and opinions of those invited to speak on the campus do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration or any other segment of the university community.


New Orleans pavement
An empty lot, right, seen July 14 off the Interstate 10 Service Road near Read Boulevard, is an example of an impervious surface that does not absorb water. New Orleans Mayor Latoya Cantrell has committed New Orleans to a global initiative to expand urban green space, with a goal of cooling the city and reducing flooding.
As record-breaking heat waves sweep the United States, New Orleans Mayor Latoya Cantrell has committed New Orleans to a global initiative to expand urban green space, with a goal of cooling the city and reducing flooding. Her pledge, on the heels of New Orleans' fifth wettest spring since 1871, comes as climate data portends progressively warmer and wetter weather in the decades to come.
Cantrell joined 30 other mayors who signed onto to New York-based nonprofit C40's latest international declaration to adapt to climate change. The declaration requires participating cities to ensure that 30% to 40% of their built-up surface are covered in green or permeable spaces by 2030. Currently, New Orleans sits at about 20%, said Rebecca Ilunga, C40's water security network manager.
Annual average temperature deviation New Orleans _PHONE_
Advocates hail the pledge but say New Orleans needs more public buy-in, a new parcel fee and more companies to expand both its green space - which can include trees, water bodies and parks - and permeable space such as green roofs and pervious pavement that are designed to absorb water. The C40 declaration also requires that growth occur equitably, so that at least 70% of residents live within a 15-minute walk or bike ride of a blue or green space.
New Orleans' master plan already includes similar targets such as increasing the city's tree canopy to 50% by 2030 and placing a park within walking one third of a mile of every resident. City officials this year plan almost $200 million in green infrastructure projects using federal grant money. Slightly more than half that amount is to be spent in the Gentilly Resilience District, including several stormwater management projects aiming to hold 13 million gallons.
"Investing in nature-based infrastructure improvements has long been a focus of my administration's adaptation strategy," Cantrell said. "This is an example of how we are playing to our strengths, using our natural climate to our advantage instead of trying to fight it."
A number of New Orleans-based nonprofits, including the Urban Conservancy and The Water Collaborative, already work to educate and aid property owners on installing their own permeable surfaces, rain gardens and rain barrels to reduce flooding. But they say public awareness remains low and must be overcome.
Urban Conservancy Executive Director Dana Eness said promotion of green stormwater infrastructure increased after Hurricane Katrina and the federal levee failures flooded an estimated 80% of New Orleans' east bank in 2005. That's when officials began shifting away from relying solely on pumping water out with conventional gray infrastructure.
Eness and Water Collaborative Executive Director Jessica Dandridge say a broad and rapid expansion will require the buy-in of all stakeholders, from projects in the yards of individual residents to larger landholders such as businesses, hospitals and universities.
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"That is where we can see a project going that is storing millions as opposed to thousands of gallons of rain water," Eness said.
Eness and Dandridge argue that New Orleans needs a stormwater or drainage fee, based on the amount of impervious surface on each property. The prospect of a tax would incentivize property owners to invest in their own permeable spaces. Revenue from the tax would go into a long-term maintenance fund for green infrastructure projects throughout the city.
For residential property, Dandridge said, the monthly fee would be about $15 a month. Larger property owners with parking lots and buildings would bear the brunt of the tax.
Should such a measure gain the support of voters, New Orleans will need more local companies capable of installing green infrastructure and more suppliers of materials. Right now, Dandridge said, there's not nearly enough.
"Do I think those barriers are insurmountable? Absolutely not," Dandridge said. "There has to be a level of trust built between residents in our city government, and if the mayor can achieve that, you can achieve anything with green infrastructure because it works."
Having committed New Orleans to C40's declaration, the Cantrell administration must report annually on its progress toward the 2030 goal and achieve at least half of the green space target within five years.
C40 will create a network among the cities to help them achieve their goals, possibly by finding grant money. Rather than leaving officials to tackle problems on their own, Ilunga said, "They can go straight to a city that's actually implemented it, that's done the challenge part and knows what the solution looks like on the ground."


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Best Museum Minneapolis 2009 - Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
333 E. River Rd.
Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Readers' Choice: Walker Art Center
When the Republican National Convention rolled into town last year, some places closed their doors, while others became exclusive; if you didn't know someone important, you weren't getting in. During that brief period, the Weisman Art Museum did the opposite: It kicked it up a notch. During the RNC, the museum hosted a variety of activities associated with Unconvention, a movement that organized activities during the RNC and encouraged people to explore their political beliefs, voice concerns, and celebrate our country in a less corporate way. There was the "Hindsight Is Always 20/20" exhibit, a fascinating look at the buzzwords used during each presidency. There was the Unconvention circus party, a nonpartisan day of presidential speech readings, lectures, open discussion, film screenings, and stilt walkers. The evening concluded with student films projected on the side of the Weisman's iconic walls. And art of note wasn't confined to the political. This year's "Changing Identity" was a groundbreaking show featuring work by female Vietnamese artists, the first exhibit of its kind anywhere.
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Information and Advertising Policy: A Study of Fat and Cholesterol Consumption in the United States, _PHONE_
Pauline M. Ippolito, Alan D. Mathios
The study examines changes in the consumption of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol from 1977 to 1990, a period when federal policy governing diet-disease claims changed. The study finds that dietary improvements occurred more rapidly in the post-1985 years, when the rules were relaxed. The study also includes a variety of detailed data on differences in consumer knowledge and sources of dietary fats over the period.