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The History of the University Archives
The University of Alberta has always been conscious of its historical role as the first university of the province. Its first recognition of the importance of its archival record was in 1951 with the construction of the new Rutherford Library where provision was made for an archives storage room. However, it was not until 1962 that a University Archives Committee was established. The space needs for an archives were documented in the Brooke Report of the Campus Planning Committee in 1965.
In 1967 the General Faculties Council recommended and the Board of Governors approved the creation of the position of University Archivist. In that year, as a pilot project, records of the office of President Henry Marshall Tory were arranged and described.
The following year James McPherson Parker was appointed the first University Archivist and space was provided in the Rutherford Library for the Archives. One of the first tasks of the new Archivist was to develop the Archives policy which was approved by the Board of Governors in 1969. The policy defined archival records and identified a role for the Archives in the acquisition of the University's permanently valuable records, those of University-sponsored student and faculty associations, and those of teaching and administrative staff. The policy included audio-visual materials in its definition of archives. It defined deposit rules and the role of the University Archives in the disposition of University records.
The Archives was to serve all the University from quarters designed to permit convenient access to researchers and officers of the University. The Archivist was responsible for the acquisition, preservation and making available for research of all materials placed in the Archives. The policy gave the Archivist broad responsibility for records management and authority to accept donations on behalf of the University. It set out the roles of the newly created Archives and Documents Committee. Finally, the policy established rules for transferring records to the University Archives and set out a 25-year access restriction and copyright for the permanently valuable records of the University.
Armed with this policy, the Archives undertook a records survey in 1970 and submitted a document retention and disposal policy which was approved by the Board of Governors in 1974. This policy defined University documents and classes of records which were to be transferred to the Archives and set broad retention periods for active records. It indicated those records which could be deposited of. It established transfer procedures for archival records and established a procedure for the control and disposal of University documents. It confirmed the 25-year access rule. In that year an Assistant Archivist joined the Executive Secretary (position established in 1969) and the Archives Assistant (1970) in completing the staff complement of four persons.
The Archives became an independent department in 1975 and the following year the Archives and Documents Committee established a sub-committee for Documents Retention and Disposal (DRAD) to establish disposition schedules and to authorize the destruction of University documents. DRAD worked with the University Archivist in compiling a general documents inventory and a General Documents Schedule for administrative records. This latter manual was issued in 1985.
In 1986 the Archives became a unit within a new Department of University Archives and Collections, with Jim Parker as Director. Shortly after the appointment of Bryan Corbett as Chief Archivist in 1987 the Archives began work on a Subject Classification Guide for the Records of the University of Alberta. This guide, designed as a tool to assist departments in developing filing systems, was drafted by 1989.
The new Department was an administrative fusion of the University Archives and University Collections. The Timms Collections Center was to be the home of the department. With the cancellation of the Center in 1989 and the retirement of the Director in 1990, the two units were split with University Collections becoming Museums and Collections Services.
The University Archives returned to the University Library system and, since 1994, the bulk of its holdings have been housed at the Book and Record Depository (BARD) which opened in that year as the Library's off campus storage facility. Since 1995, the University Archives has formed part of Learning Systems Enterprises. The University Archivist reports to the Executive Director, Learning Systems Enterprises.
Copyright© 1999. All rights reserved.


= Defining kinds without an associated datatype = This ticket to track this request is #6024. When using '-XDataKinds' GHC automatically promotes every datatype to a kind, and its constructors to types. This forces us to declare a datatype for every kind. However, sometimes we are not interested in the datatype at all, only on the kind. Consider the following data kind that defines a small universe for generic programming: {{{ data Universe star = Sum Universe Universe | Prod Universe Universe | K star }}} This universe comes with an associated interpretation: {{{ data Interpretation :: Universe * -> * where L :: Interpretation a -> Interpretation (Sum a b) R :: Interpretation b -> Interpretation (Sum a b) Prod :: Interpretation a -> Interpretation b -> Interpretation (Prod a b) K :: a -> Interpretation (K a) }}} In this case, having to declare a datatype for 'Universe' has two disadvantages: 1. We cannot use kinds (such as '*') while defining a datatype, so we are forced to make 'Universe' a parametrised datatype, and later always instantiate this parameter to '*' (like in the kind of 'Interpretation'). 2. We lose constructor name space, because the datatype constructor names will be taken, even though we will never use them. So 'Prod' and 'K' cannot be used as constructors of 'Interpretation' as above, because those are also constructors of 'Universe'. '''Solution''': let users define things like {{{ data kind Universe = Sum Universe Universe | Prod Universe Universe | K * }}} By using 'data kind', we tell GHC that we are only interested in the 'Universe' kind, and not the datatype. Consequently, 'Sum', 'Prod', and 'K' will be types only, and not constructors. Also, {{{ data type D = C }}} defines a datatype 'D' which is not promoted to a kind, and its constructor 'C' is not promoted to a type. == Caveats == === Star in Star === If, in the future, we make '* :: *', we will no longer have separation of types and kinds, so we won't be able to make such fine distinctions. === Recursive Groups === === Kind and Type Namespaces === As kinds and types currently share a namespace, 'data kind' and 'data type' declarations '''in the same module''' can still conflict. However, if they are in separate modules, this can be controlled by use of the module system. == Alternative Solutions == Add {{{ data Star }}} in 'GHC.Exts' such that the promotion of datatype 'Star' is the kind '*'. As a datatype, 'Star' is just an empty datatype. ''Advantages'': very easy, backwards compatible ''Disadvantages'': somewhat verbose, doesn't fix (2) == Alternative Notations == * Use 'data only' instead of 'data type'. * Use ''data' instead of 'data kind', suggested by Gabor Greif. In both cases, we felt that using 'type' and 'kind' as the modifiers to the 'data' declaration better reflect what's being defined.


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), co-authored with mathematician Dave Bayer, which concluded that the deck did not start to become random until five good riffle shuffles, and was truly random after seven, in the precise sense of variation distance described in Markov chain mixing time; of course, you would need more shuffles if your shuffling technique is poor. Recently, the work of Trefethen et al. has questioned some of Diaconis' results, concluding that six shuffles are enough. The difference hinges on how each measured the randomness of the deck. Diaconis used a very sensitive test of randomness, and therefore needed to shuffle more. Even more sensitive measures exist and the question of what measure is best for specific card games is still open. Diaconis released a response indicating that you only need four shuffles for un-suited games such as blackjack.
On the other hand variation distance may be too forgiving a measure and seven riffle shuffles may be many too few. For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81% probability of winning New Age Solitaire where the probability is 50% with a uniform random deck. One sensitive test for randomness uses a standard deck without the jokers divided into suits with two suits in ascending order from ace to king, and the other two suits in reverse. (Many decks already come ordered this way when new.) After shuffling, the measure of randomness is the number of rising sequences that are left in each suit.
Shuffling algorithms
A computer is capable of generating a "perfect shuffle", a random permutation of the cards; beware that this terminology (an algorithm that perfectly randomizes the deck) differs from "a perfectly executed single shuffle", notably a perfectly interleaving faro shuffle. The Fisher–Yates shuffle, popularized by Donald Knuth, is simple (a few lines of code) and efficient (O(n) on an n-card deck, assuming constant time for fundamental steps) algorithm for doing this.
There are other, less-desirable algorithms in common use. For example, one can assign a random number to each card, and then sort the cards in order of their random numbers. This will generate a random permutation, unless any of the random numbers generated are the same as any others (i.e. pairs, triplets etc.). This can be eliminated either by adjusting one of the pair's values randomly up or down by a small amount, or reduced to an arbitrarily low probability by choosing a sufficiently wide range of random number choices. If using efficient sorting such as mergesort or heapsort this is an O(n log n) average and worst-case algorithm.
Other common ad-hoc algorithms try to emulate manual shuffling with poor success: the permutations they produce are usually far from random and the running times are poor.
In online gaming
These issues are of considerable commercial importance in online gambling, where the randomness of the shuffling of packs of simulated cards for online card games is crucial. For this reason, many online gambling sites provide descriptions of their shuffling algorithms and the sources of randomness used to drive these algorithms, with some gambling sites also providing auditors' reports of the performance of their systems.
See also
- Aldous, David; Diaconis, Persi (1986). "Shuffling Cards and Stopping Times". American Mathematical Monthly 93 (5): 333–348. doi:10.2307/_PHONE_. JSTOR _PHONE_.
- Bayer, Dave; Diaconis, Persi (1992). "Trailing the Dovetail Shuffle to its Lair". The Annals of Applied Probability 2 (2): 295–313. doi:10.1214/aoap/_PHONE_.
- Diaconis, Persi (1988), Group Representations in Probability and Statistics (Lecture Notes Vol 11), Institute of Mathematical Statistics, pp. 77–84, ISBN 978-0-940600-14-0
- Diaconis, Persi (2002), "Mathematical Developments from the Analysis of Riffle Shuffling, Technical Report 2002-16", Technical Reports 2002 (Stanford University Department of Statistics)
- Diaconis, Persi; Graham, Ronald L.; Kantor, William M. (1983). "The mathematics of perfect shuffles". Advances in Applied Mathematics 4 (2): 175–196. doi:10.1016/0196-8858(83)90009-X.
- Mann, Brad (Winter 1994), "How many times should you shuffle a deck of cards?", UMAP Journal (Undergraduate Mathematics and Its Applications) (COMAP (Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications)) 15 (4): 303–332mirrored at Dartmouth College Chance Project: Teaching Aids: Articles, "How many times do you have to shuffle a deck of cards?"
- Trefethen, L. N.; Trefethen, L. M. (2000). "How many shuffles to randomize a deck of cards?". Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 456 (2002): 2561–2568. doi:10.1098/rspa.2000.0625.
- Van Zuylen, A.; Schalekamp, F. (2004). "The Achilles' Heel of the GSR Shuffle: A Note on New Age Solitaire". Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences (Cambridge University Press) 18 (3): 315–328. doi:10.1017/S0269964804183034. ISSN 0269-9648. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- (Van Zuylen & Schalekamp 2004)
- Kolata, Gina (January 09, 1990). "In Shuffling Cards, 7 Is Winning Number". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
- (Trefethen & Trefethen 2000)
- "Shuffling the cards: Math does the trick". Science News. Friday, November 7, 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008. "Diaconis and his colleagues are issuing an update. When dealing many gambling games, like blackjack, about four shuffles are enough."
- Assaf, Sami; Persi Diaconis, and K. Soundararajan. "A Rule of Thumb for Riffle Shuffling" (PDF). t.b.a. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
- (Mann 1994, section 10)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shuffling playing cards|
Physical card shuffling:
Mathematics of shuffling:
- Real World Shuffling In Practice
- Shuffle - MathWorld - Wolfram Research
- Ivars Peterson's MathTrek: Card Shuffling Shenanigans
Real World (Historical) Application:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Slider Puzzle: Lesson 7
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==Slider Puzzle Lesson 7: The n-puzzle (Mathematical Patterns and Sequences)==
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Current revision as of 13:28, 5 July 2007
 english | español HowTo [ID# 47764] +/-
The n-puzzle is general name for a slider puzzle that consists of a grid of numbered squares with one square missing, and the numbers out of sequence. The 9-puzzle is a 3×3 numbered grid, the 16 puzzle is a 4×4 numbered grid. The goal of the n-puzzle is put the scrambled numbers back in sequence.
The n-puzzle is a classical problem for modeling repeatable steps (or "algorithms") involving mathematical patterns (or "heuristics.") For example, you can begin by counting the number of misplaced tiles as you formulate a strategy for solving the puzzle. The n-puzzle also helps students to understand that some tile arrangements are unsolvable.
 - Recognize patterns.
 - Practice classification and grouping.
 - Practice sequencing.
 - Put numbers in order.
1) Start the Slider Puzzle activity and choose the category labeled "Sequencing." Sequencing is when you put things into a logical order.
2) When the first image comes up, think how this image is set up differently from the one on the Slider Puzzle. The Slider Puzzle creates a large image, where all the squares are pieces of the larger image, while the Sequencing image contains a number on each tile.
3) Try to solve the 9-tile puzzle first. Try to put the numbers in order from smallest to largest. Model for other students how to slide the keys and place them in order.
4) Once you are able to solve the 9-puzzle, share your strategies with the class. How is this different from the Slider Puzzles where you are assembling a picture?
5) Now try to solve the 16-puzzle. How is this harder or easier?
6) After completing the 16-puzzle, walk around and help those who are having trouble.
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Chewing gum is a soft, flavored confectionery designed for maximum adherence to minivan carpets. It is also used for freshening breath, blowing bubbles, popping bubbles in order to annoy coworkers, and for reminding smokers that their doctor was right: nicotine is really addictive.
Tree sap vs. Manilkara zapota van Royen
The first gum chewers voluntarily put into their faces the same thing that sticks to our hands for a week after putting up a Christmas tree.Varieties of substances have been chewed for enjoyment by humans for centuries: ancient man chewed aromatic twigs from trees, ancient woman then chewed ancient man for chewing twigs when he should have been hunting wild animals they could chew for food, while the wild animals in turn chewed ancient woman while ancient man was out not hunting them, completing the great, masticating circle of life. Then, somewhere around the mid 1860s, American John Bacon "Yes, That's My Real Middle Name" Curtis and his exemplary 19th-century beard created and sold the first commercial chewing gum, which he named "State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum", an appropriate name considering IT WAS MADE FROM TREE SAP. Yes, the first gum chewers voluntarily put into their faces the same thing that sticks to our hands for a week after putting up a Christmas tree. Around that same time chicle, a rubbery tree sap made from the sapodilla tree, a member of the family Sapotaceae, known botanically as Manilkara zapota van Royen (syns. M. achras Fosb., M.) blah blah science was brought to the US by Mexican President General Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de "Long Name" Lebrón. President Long Name gave the gummy sap to his former secretary Thomas Adams (not the Thomas Adams who was the Lord Mayor of London, or the son of U.S. President John Adams, or the Commander-in-Chief of India, or the English organist and composer, or the English bookseller and publisher, or the English Nottingham lace manufacturer and philanthropist, etc.). Adams first intended to use the substance as a replacement for rubber tires, but after realizing no one wanted to drive around on thin, pink wheels that popped every two feet and stuck all over your fenders, he naturally switched to using chicle to manufacture gum. He marketed this first product in 1871 as "Adams New York Chewing Gum" because the name "Most Boring Gum Name In The Universe" was already taken by the aforementioned "State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum", and soon gums such as Chiclets and Black Jack dominated the market.
The dawn of Dubble Bubble, plus: more science
The first successful gum designed specifically for blowing bubbles (previous test versions had caused hideous disfigurement) was invented by Walter Diemer for the Fleer company in 1928 (Official Motto: "Thanks a Lot For Warning Us About The Stock Market Crash, History"). Called "Dubble Bubble", it was an immediate hit among school children because it deliberately misspelled "double" and their teachers couldn't do a thing about it. The 1930s and 40s saw the replacement of chicle with synthetic substances; primarily hydrocarbon polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber, isobutylene, isoprene copolymer, paraffin wax, blah blah more science. Although flavors and gimmicks, such as dental industry-mandated sugarless gum or bacon gumballs, have been added over the years, modern chewing gum has changed little since its inception, except for the parts about it coming from tree sap and tasting like tree sap and smelling like tree sap and sticking to your face like tree sap and also not being pink.
Chewing gum facts
- The world's oldest piece of chewing gum is over 9,000 years old. And, yes, it tastes horrible.
- Chewing gum while cutting onions can keep you from crying. Conversely, chewing onions while cutting gum causes those around you to laugh uncontrollably.
- If bubble gum gets stuck in your hair, congratulations! You're not bald. You can remove it by rubbing the stuck gum with peanut butter. To remove the peanut butter, sprinkle cornstarch on the area and let stand for 15 minutes. To remove the cornstarch, dab it with chewing gum.
- The largest bubble ever blown was 23 inches in diameter by Susan Williams of Fresno, California, who is still presumed to be floating somewhere over the Pacific Ocean.
- One of bubble gum's most famous icons is Bazooka Joe, who, curiously, is actually armed with a Smith and Wesson Model 460V Revolver and whose real name was "Alphonse LeCribbage".
- The Topps card company began packing gum in their baseball card sets in order to teach kids about the dangers of chewing pink cardboard.
- A common myth is that if you swallow chewing gum a watermelon will grow in your stomach. This, of course, is not true; watermelon's grow in your pancreas. Swallowed gum is processed normally through the digestive system, where it is excreted and used to make circus peanuts.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


start for your materials? Were some materials faster or slower by a small or large margin?
 4. Were your results what you expected or were you surprised? If so, how?
 5. For more advanced analysis, make vector diagrams showing the direction and relative magnitude of the friction forces that illustrate the results for each of your test materials.
Share your story with Science Buddies!
 - Pick one of the fastest materials from your initial experiment to try these variations.
 - Size of contact surface area: sitting vs. lying down; legs straight ahead or tucked onto the mats; taller person vs. shorter person of similar weight.
 - Weight of slider: compare two people of very different weights.
 - Temperature: try your experiment on a hot day and then repeat it on a cold day.
 - Moisture: dry, sunny day versus a foggy day or just after a rain.
 - If you use a concrete slide, try it with and without loose sand on the surface of the slide.
 - If you have multiple slides, made from different materials (e.g., plastic, metal, concrete), you can extend your experiment to include the different slides.
 - For a more quantitative experiment on friction, see the Science Buddies project Effect of Friction on Objects in Motion.
Share your story with Science Buddies!
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There is great confusion among the scientific community about whether women who are drug abusers should breast feed their babies. In order to shed some light on this issue, scientists from various Spanish hospitals and research centres are reviewing the methods used to detect substances in breast milk, their adverse effects, and the recommendations that mothers should follow in this month's issue of the journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.
"The general recommendation is to totally avoid drug abuse while breastfeeding, because these substances can pass directly through to the newborn", Óscar García Algar, co-author of the study and a doctor in the Paediatrics Department at the Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, tells SINC.
The researcher adds: "This recommendation extends to the prenatal period, because these substances are passed on to the foetus via the placenta, and then in the postnatal period via the environment. If they have exposure through the milk, they will certainly also have had it during the pregnancy, and they can also be in the environment, as is the case with tobacco smoke".
For this study, the team used the average daily intake of the breastfeeding baby, around 150 millilitres of milk per kilo of weight, as a benchmark. The recommendations are listed for each substance, taking the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) as a reference.
Nicotine, caffeine and alcohol
The breast milk of smoking mothers contains between 2 and 240 nanograms of nicotine per millilitre, which means their babies receive a dose equivalent to 0.3 to 36 micrograms/kg/day. These infants tend to suffer more from colic and are more prone to respiratory infections.
The advice is to give up smoking during pregnancy and breastfeeding, or at least to limit the habit as much as possible, extend the time between the last cigarette and the baby's feed, use nicotine patches, smoke outside the house and avoid smoky environments.
Caffeine – found in coffee, tea, cola drinks and medicines – can cause irritability and insomnia. Although the level of caffeine absorption varies greatly from one person to another, this substance has a lengthy half-life in newborns. For this reason, it is recommended to reduce consumption during breastfeeding to a maximum of 300 mg/day, equivalent to around three cups of coffee per day.
For alcohol, the exact risk is still ill-defined, and no studies have been carried out to correlate the dose, although some research suggests it can harm the infant's motor development, as well as causing changes to their sleep patterns, reduce the amount they eat, and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.
The AAP feels that alcohol consumption is compatible with breastfeeding, but this study states that no amount can be considered safe until the levels in breast milk are established. Strategies for minimising risk include feeding the baby before consuming alcoholic drinks, or at least allowing two or three hours to pass after drinking. Alcoholic women are advised to feed their babies with a bottle.
The risks of alcohol to the foetus in pregnant women have already been shown. "But despite this, a recent study by our group showed that 45.7% of the women who came to give birth in our hospital had consumed considerable amounts of alcohol during pregnancy", says the doctor.
Cannabis, cocaine and other drugs
Cannabis, which is transmitted both through the mother's milk and smoke, can cause sedation, lethargy, weakness and poor feeding habits in breastfeeding babies. The long-term risks are also unknown. Women are advised not to use it, but if they use marijuana occasionally, the experts advise them to do so several hours before feeding, and not to expose their children to the smoke.
The advice on cocaine, meanwhile, is to "totally avoid it" during breastfeeding. The first case of toxicity caused by this drug through breast milk was a baby boy just two weeks old who suffered irritability, trembling, dilated pupils, tachycardia and high blood pressure after feeding.
Women are also advised against breastfeeding if they take amphetamines. These can cause agitation, crying and lack of sleep. Using them also reduces a mother's ability to care for her children.
Breastfeeding is not recommended either for women who use heroin, which is excreted into the milk in sufficient amounts to cause addiction in the baby. In the case of "need", the advice is to allow at least one or two days to pass after taking the drug before feeding the baby, and to start a substitute treatment as soon as possible, if possible with methadone.
Other opiates used as medicines – morphine, meperidine and codeine – are excreted into the milk in minimal amounts and are compatible with breastfeeding, as are benzodiazepines, as long as they are taken in controlled doses. These are the drugs most frequently prescribed to women during pregnancy and after birth.
In terms of anti-depressant and anti-psychotic drugs, the AAP says "these can be a cause for concern during breastfeeding". For now, their effects on breastfeeding babies are unknown, and further studies are recommended.
Fríguls B, Joya X, García-Algar O, Pallás CR, Vall O, Pichini S. "A comprehensive review of assay methods to determine 5 drugs in breast milk and the safety of breastfeeding 6 when taking drugs". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 397(3):1157-79, junio de 2010. Doi 10.1007/s00216-_PHONE_-0.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Eye of the Storm: Chords of Memory – Reclaiming One's Identity
by Sung Jin Hong
Photos by Adrienne Metzinger, Korea 2009
TOP: Paying respects to my ancestors at the gravesite of my grandfather during Chuseok
CENTER: South Koreans honoring their North Korean ancestors at the DMZ as they cannot visit their graves in North Korea.
BOTTOM: Outdoor sculpture displayed at the DMZ in South Korea.
Similar to Henry DeTamble in Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife (2003), I run almost every day to keep myself balanced and remain focused in the moment. When I ran in a marathon during the visit to my homeland Korea for the first time in twenty-five years, I heard Korean drummers and dancers interacting with a pulsating rhythm. The same rhythm was played by a monk using a wood block while meditating in a Buddhist temple. The obsessive rhythm became the birth of Eye of the Storm (2010).
Eye of the Storm unites the experiences during my marathon, a visit to a Buddhist temple, and explores the intense experience of my last full day in Korea: revisiting my grandfather's grave and setting foot into the Demilitarized Zone. When I visited the DMZ, it happened to be on the weekend of Chuseok, a major harvest festival during the Autumn Equinox. Comparable to Thanksgiving, Chuseok is the most important holiday in Korea.
Chuseok is also a time when families visit their ancestors and pay respect towards them. I have fond childhood memories of our family and relatives gathering together at my grandparents' grave. We would sing, pray, laugh, play games, and of course, the best part was eating so much delicious food. It was a time of remembering our ancestors and celebrating life with family and loved ones. Each member of the family took turns bowing and pouring my grandfather's favorite soju (a Korean rice vodka) onto his grave.
On the last full day of my pilgrimage to Korea, my uncle Won Hee Lee took his family and my wife Adrienne and me to visit my grandfather again. The last time I visited him was almost 25 years ago, which was when our family emigrated to the United States. It was exactly the way I remembered it. But now there was an acute awareness of how much I missed my homeland and heritage. I just dropped and bowed, which is part of a Confucian practice of showing gratitude towards ancestors. Some may feel that bowing to ancestors is an antiquated ritual and may conflict with one's own religious or non-religious beliefs. It really didn't matter; I came from my grandfather and he continued to bring family and friends together to perpetuate and strengthen relationships. As an adult, I expected my visit to my grandfather's grave to be another ritual that I should do but I was deeply moved by visiting him again.
Then, my uncle took us to the DMZ, which many people consider it to be Tolkien's Mordor on earth. The DMZ in reality is peaceful and even beautiful. Since hardly anyone steps foot onto this area, nature can grow without interference from humans and animals can roam freely. During Chuseok, Koreans separated from their ancestors and families by the 38th parallel come to the DMZ and pay homage to their lost loved ones. It was moving to witness some of the pain of separated families being reunited in spirit.
The climax of Eye of the Storm reaches an end at the DMZ. It depicts my personal experiences being in one of the tunnels that North Korea has dug underground. A friend recently asked me if Eye of the Storm is a political statement. That's for the listener to decide. Eye of the Storm has become a cross-cultural symphonic poem pursuing a critical awareness of one's own heritage and current day conflicts of one's homeland. I have discovered the pursuit of reclaiming one's cultural identities is complex and is often both a spiritual and intellectual process. Similar to the teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X emphasizing multi-cultural awareness during the Civil Rights Movement, Eye of the Storm seeks a world full of possibilities with multiple perspectives even in the complete darkness from one of tunnels of the DMZ.
Eye of the Storm was written during the summer of 2010. It is scored for three flutes, piccolo, two oboes, English Horn, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four French Horns, two trumpets, two trombones, bass trombone, harp, timpani, Buk, tam-tam, suspended cymbal, bass drum, wood block, strings, and audience.
Eye of the Storm is commissioned by West Village Concerts.


text:
Guest post by researcher Adam Duerr
Linked paper: Topographic drivers of flight altitude over large spatial and temporal scales by A.E. Duerr, T.A. Miller, L. Dunn, D.A. Bell, P.H. Bloom, R.N. Fisher, J.A. Tracey, and T.E. Katzner, The Auk: Ornithological Advances.
Like many people, I am fascinated by bird flight. Unlike most people, I get to study flight of Golden Eagles for a living. These large birds move through the landscape primarily by soaring—a style of flying where they hold their wings outward and rarely flap, saving them considerable energy. Instead of flapping, they rely on rising air currents to gain altitude.
Two types of rising air currents provide most lift for soaring eagles. The first, thermal updrafts, form when energy from the sun heats air at the Earth's surface and causes it to rise. Eagles circle within these columns of rising air to gain great altitude and then glide out of the thermals to move across the landscape. The second, orographic updrafts, form when winds are deflected upward by structures such as ridges or hills. Eagles can then soar at relatively low altitude above and along these structures.
Although updraft formation depends on the interaction of weather and topography, our goal for this study was to determine if topography alone can explain how high eagles soar. To do this, we used telemetry systems that we placed on the backs of 91 Golden Eagles in California, which recorded the eagles' locations every 15 minutes. For each of the almost 180,000 locations we recorded of eagles in flight, we compared the eagle's altitude with the characteristics of the topography below.
We found a strong relationship between topography and flight altitude for the Golden Eagles in our study. In places where the topography made the formation of orographic updrafts likely, eagles were more likely to fly at lower altitudes, while in places where the topography made the formation of thermal updrafts likely, eagles were more likely to fly at higher altitudes. We also found that the effects of some topographic features depended on their region within California, which may be due to regional differences in weather patterns, land cover, or a variety of other factors that we did not include in our analysis. Our topography-based model of flight altitude is much simpler than other models of avian flight altitude, thanks to the fact that it lets us ignore weather conditions, which are constantly changing. Instead, we can simply estimate how high a Golden Eagle is likely to be flying as it crosses over any point of interest in California. Wildlife managers can use this type of information to predict where eagles may collide with wind turbines and power lines; therefore, making these predictions in an accurate and straightforward way is critical for Golden Eagle conservation.


Chasing the Cyclops.jpg
The Making of the Powysverse Mythology
by William Latham
In 2001, Powys publisher Mateo Latosa and author William Latham embarked on a journey that resulted in the Space:1999 novels Omega and Alpha, a journey that involved creating a unified mythology to tie together the apparently random incidents that fans have called the Mysterious Unknown Force. Chasing the Cyclops tells the story of how the mythology was built, how the novels were plotted, and ultimately, how answering questions posed for a quarter century revealed still greater mysteries!
Published December 2010


text:
Small island developing states in the Pacific are among the most dependent on remittances, and innovation in the 'fintech' sector could ensure more money ends up in local communities, not traditional money transfer operators, Tientip Subhanij writes.
Remittances remain the most important source of external financing for low and middle income countries worldwide. Despite a severe global recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, remittances to these countries are projected to have grown a robust 7.3 per cent, to reach US$589 billion in 2021.
Remittances are also showing resilience in the Asia-Pacific region. Inflows are expected to grow 6.7 per cent in 2021 and 5.9 per cent in 2022, and are estimated to account for as much as 63.4 per cent of the total increase in global remittances in 2021 and 2022.
The region is also home to the most remittance-dependent countries globally – Tonga, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan – whose economies received remittances on average exceeding 30 per cent of their gross domestic product.
Remittances generally flow directly to households instead of governments or businesses. They play a crucial role in financing the development of local communities, alleviating poverty, and ensuring better access to healthcare and education.
They also contribute to economic growth by boosting private consumption and stabilising economic output in times of crisis. Moreover, remittances can encourage entrepreneurship by providing the funds to support small businesses. They are also essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including by reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, and supporting decent work and economic growth.
Unfortunately, remittances are still far from an efficient mechanism for prosperity and inclusiveness. This is due to unsustainably high transaction costs.
In the first quarter of 2021, the average cost of sending $200 across international borders was 6.4 per cent of the amount transferred, according to the World Bank's Remittance Prices Database.
The costs of sending remittances to Pacific small island developing states (SIDS) are among the highest in the world at 9.75 per cent of the transaction value, or more than three times the SDG target of three per cent. Tackling this issue is therefore crucial for economic and social development and improving financial inclusion.
By tracking the evolution of remittance costs and listing operating firms and their characteristics, innovative online platforms have emerged as helpful tools to stimulate market competition and bring down prices. Migrant workers can now consult and compare the services provided by remittance companies regarding the cost, transfer method, and transaction speed.
Our recent article on fintech and remittances in the Pacific, published in Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, explores this critical issue and finds that fintech companies significantly and systematically charge fewer fees than conventional money transfer operators and banks.
This can be explained by their distinct business model, which does not rely on brick-and-mortar agents but operates exclusively through the Internet or mobile phones. Examples include peer-to-peer online platforms and cross-border mobile money providers.
Pacific SIDS can benefit the most from these fintech-based remittance services. The difference in fees that traditional remittance service providers charge compared to fintech companies is the biggest for that subregion. This means that remittance-dependent households could further increase their savings by reducing transaction costs. Savings could be as significant as $960 per year for just one Tongan family.
Surveys show that 72 per cent of Fijians and 92 per cent of Samoans receive money from abroad through conventional money transfer operators. Western Union's services alone are used in Tonga by about 83 per cent of the individuals who receive international remittances.
An important question is why do migrant workers still use traditional remittance services when more affordable ones are already available?
One reason is that even when low-cost services are already present in a country, other barriers impede people from adhering to them: accessibility, awareness, literacy, and trust. Lack of these resources would explain why migrants still primarily use traditional remittance providers over fintech companies.
Pacific SIDS are at various stages of digital development and face different challenges, ranging from poor information and communications infrastructure to a robust cash culture.
These diverse challenges require policy responses that are tailored to each country-specific context.
Papua New Guinea, for instance, needs to invest in universal access to electricity. Samoa and Tonga, on the other hand, should implement a digital government-to-person system of transfers. Effective policy action can only be achieved by raising awareness of countries' particular needs.
Today, remittances not only represent the largest source of external finance for many developing countries, but also significantly complement government cash support to families facing hard times. Given the enormous volume of remittances transferred to the Pacific from its overseas workers, savings from reduced remittance costs could be recycled into the local economy and spur greater growth.
Facilitating the flow of remittances and reducing their cost should be a key component of Pacific government policy. The time is now ripe to leverage fintech in remittances and make this type of finance cheaper for developing nations, especially the Pacific SIDS.
This article is published in partnership with Devpolicy. It is based on an article in Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies journal, 'Finteching remittances in paradise: A path to sustainable development', by Hongjoo Hahm, Tientip Subhanij and Rui Almeida. All articles in the journal are free to read and download.


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Asian pickled vegetable consumption. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and the study said that further well-designed prospective studies were warranted. However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".
The 2009 meta-analysis reported heavy infestation of pickled vegetables with fungi. Some common fungi can facilitate the formation of N-nitroso compounds, which are strong oesophageal carcinogens in several animal models. Roussin red methyl ester, a non-alkylating nitroso compound with tumour-promoting effect in vitro, was identified in pickles from Linxian in much higher concentrations than in samples from low-incidence areas. Fumonisin mycotoxins have been shown to cause liver and kidney tumours in rodents.
- Chou, Lillian. "Chinese and Other Asian Pickles". Flavor and Fortune (Fall 2003 Volume). Institute for the Advancement of the Science And Art Of Chinese Cuisine. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- Minnesota Department of Agriculture "Pickle Bill" Fact Sheet
- Antimicrobial Effects of Mustard Flour and Acetic Acid
- McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, pp. 291–296. ISBN 0-684-80001-2.
- Science of Pickles: Fascinating Pickle Facts
- Zeldes, Leah A. (2009-12-02). "Eat this! Southern-fried dill pickles, a rising trend". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
- Pickled Pigs Feet Recipe
- Brain damage from alum used in pickling
- Islami, F (2009). "Pickled vegetables and the risk of oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis". British Journal of Cancer 101: 1641–1647. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc._PHONE_. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
- Liu, J. G.; Li, M. H. (1989). "Roussin red methyl ester, a tumor promoter isolated from pickled vegetables". Carcinogenesis 10 (3): 617–620. doi:10.1093/carcin/10.3.617. PMID _PHONE_.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pickled food|
- Fermented Fruits and Vegetables. A Global Perspective. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- National Center for Home Food Preservation: How do I...Pickle
- Pickles (BBC)
- British Journal of Cancer Review of Research involving cancer risk from pickled vegetable consumption


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The role of ammonium, calcium, and ethylene in the development of the physiological disorder early bunch-stem necrosis of Vitis vinifera L. c.v. 'Cabernet Savignon'
Early bunch-stem necrosis (EBSN) is a physiological disorder which can severely affect fruit set in grapevines. Poor set due to EBSN has been responsible for up to 50% crop losses in many New Zealand and Californian vineyards. The specific cause(s) of EBSN are unclear. Involved researchers presently acknowledge EBSN's correlation with site specific stress(es), with most maintaining that EBSN is the grapevines acclimation response to a reduced carbon status, with damage symptoms mediated through elevated rachis NH₄⁺ levels. The experiments reported here investigated the influence of NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, CaCl₂, ethephon, and α-ketoglutarate treatments on the leaf and opposing inflorescence of single node Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) cuttings. Results from these investigations concluded that: • Incubation of cuttings in ethephon concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM induced significant levels of EBSN. • Incubation of cutting in 10, 20, 30 mM NH₄NO₃, 5, 10, 15 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, and 10, 20, 30 mM CaCl₂ induced only 'EBSN-like symptoms'. • Incubation of cuttings in 0.1, 1, and 10 mM α-ketoglutarate induced no significant reduction in EBSN or EBSN-like symptoms. Secondly ethylene production levels by excised grape inflorescences following NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, CaCl₂, ethephon, and α-ketoglutarate treatments were measured. Conclusions drawn from investigations were that: • Incubation of cuttings in 0.1, 1, and 10 mM ethephon significantly increased ethylene production by excised grape inflorescences. • Incubation of cuttings in NH₄NO₃ or (NH₄)₂SO₄ treatments did not significantly influence ethylene production by the excised inflorescence. • Incubation of cuttings in CaCl₂ treatments did not significantly influence ethylene production by the excised inflorescence. • Incubation of cuttings in 0.1, 1, and 10 mM α-ketoglutarate treatments significantly increased ethylene production by excised grape inflorescences. The above conclusions clearly support the involvement of ethylene in the development of, and manifestations associated with, EBSN. The involvement of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺ and α-ketoglutarate however remains unclear.... [Show full abstract]


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During the cold winter months, dried, chapped, and cracked lips are a common concern for all. If you've wondered if you can put vaseline on your lips, you're right, it can be your best bet when that happens as it works as a thick moisturizing agent that smooths your lips and eliminates dryness and chapping. Also, you are usually advised not to use products like lipsticks or glosses since they can worsen the problem. While Vaseline may be the most widely used lip balm, does it really work? Keep reading to learn more.
In This Article
Is Vaseline Good For Chapped Lips?
Vaseline is basically petroleum jelly, a type of occlusive moisturizer that helps lock the moisture in your skin (1). Unlike humectants that acquire water from the air, Vaseline works by forming a protective barrier on the lips to prevent moisture loss. This means that it does not add any moisture to your lips but seals in the existing moisture, making ti an effective lip therapy product. Therefore, if your lips are chapped and need moisture, applying Vaseline first will not do you much good since there is not enough moisture for it to lock in (2).
Vaseline is good for lips. It is a safe and gentle way to retain moisture in your lips and keep them protected. It strengthens the skin barrier and helps deal with extreme dryness and irritation (3). You can include it in your daily skin care regimen and use it in combination with other moisturizing products to prevent your lips from chapping. It also improves lip nourishment. Additionally, it may even speed up lip healing.
Bianca, a blogger, shared her experience of using Vaseline to keep her lips healthy in her personal blog. She said, " My lips instantly feel hydrated, moisturized, smooth and soft not only when applied but even after it wears off, my lips still feel nourished (i)."
Dr. Anna Chacon, MD, FAAD, says, "You may make your chapped lips worse if you only lick them before applying Vaseline, as lips don't retain water very well."
However, you must also remember that Vaseline is produced by a refining process that uses potentially harmful chemicals. Also, it is obtained from petroleum using a drilling technique that is harmful to the environment. It is a complicated product and needs thorough analysis before you decide to buy it.
Slathering Vaseline on your chapped lips is not a great way to use it. Learn the best way to use this chapped lip remedy in the next section.
How To Use Vaseline On Lips
When your lips dry out and turn flaky, you should avoid licking or picking the flaky skin. Here's what you need to do to improve lip care:
- Exfoliate your lips to buff away the dead skin and flakes. You can make your own exfoliating scrub with sugar and natural lip emollients such as cocoa butter.
- Moisturize your lips with a soothing moisturizer or lip balm containing hyaluronic acid and ceramides to prevent irritation and further chapping. You can also use a natural moisturizer, such as shea butter, coconut oil, cocoa butter, etc., to moisturize dry lips.
- Finally, apply a coating of Vaseline to lock the moisture in and retain the softness and smoothness of your lips. It can be used as a lip conditioner or a lip salve.
Note: Do not exfoliate your lips daily. You can use a mild exfoliant to scrub away dirt, dead skin, and impurities from your lips 2 to 3 times a week.
While Vaseline is great for locking the moisture in your lips, you need to take some precautions as it can cause some side effects. Check them out below.
Side Effects Of Vaseline On Lips
Some side effects of Vaseline include:
- Adverse Reaction
Petroleum-based products may cause adverse reactions like redness and irritation if you have sensitive skin. Therefore, always perform a patch test on your arm before using Vaseline on your sensitive skin.
Petroleum jelly may cause a fungal or bacterial infection if you don't maintain proper hygiene before using it. Its sticky texture may trap fungi or bacteria that you then apply and spread around your lips. So, make sure that you keep your jar of Vaseline clean and in a hygienic place. Also, make sure that you wash your hands and cleanse and dry your lips properly before applying it to your chapped lips.
- Aspiration Pneumonia
Please consult your doctor before using Vaseline around the nose or the mouth area, especially for children. Accidentally inhaling Vaseline can lead to aspiration pneumonia (4).
- Clogged Pores
Vaseline is comedogenic, which means it can clog pores. When you use it on your lips, there are chances that the pores around your mouth can get clogged up and unclean over time. Therefore, cleanse your lips thoroughly before using Vaseline.There have been concerns regarding the potential carcinogenic effects of petroleum jelly, which are mostly related to its manufacturing process. However, Vaseline and other commercially available petroleum jelly are refined and purified to remove any carcinogenic material.
Now, let's answer the question that is on everyone's mind.
Is Vaseline Better Than Chapstick?
You can use a chapstick infused with sunscreen (SPF) on your lips to keep them hydrated and moisturized and then top up with Vaseline to prevent the moisture from escaping. The main differences between chapstick and Vaseline are:
- Chapsticks can be flavored and fragranced, whereas Vaseline is odorless, tasteless, and colorless.
- Vaseline contains petroleum jelly with a bit of scent to lock in the moisture, whereas chapsticks are made with moisture-infusing ingredients that help in healing dry lips.
- Chapsticks are only made for lips, whereas Vaseline can also be used on other body parts (like knees and elbows) to get rid of dryness.
So, should you use chapstick or Vaseline for lip maintenance? Both! Chapstick moisturizes dry lips, and Vaseline helps in sealing the moisture in and keeping the skin barrier intact. While you can get away with using just chapstick, there is no point in using Vaseline without applying chapstick first.
Chapped lips can be annoying and even painful. Learn how to prevent your lips from chapping in the next section.
How To Prevent Chapped Lips
Some of the things you can do to prevent chapped lips are:
- Do not breathe from your mouth. Mouth breathing emits warm air over your lips that can lead to dryness and chapping.
- Do not keep licking your lips when they are dry. People find it almost irresistible, but your saliva can worsen the dryness and leave your lips even more chapped and flaky.
- Avoid touching your lips repeatedly when they are dry and chapped. This can transfer germs onto their surface and cause an infection.
- Drink plenty of water to keep your body, skin, and lips hydrated.
- During winters, use a humidifier in your room to maintain optimum humidity. Lack of moisture in the air causes skin dryness due to trans-epidermal water loss.
- Stay away from lip products like lip softeners or lip ointments that contain artificial dyes and fragrances as they can lead to dryness and allergic reactions. Also, products containing preservatives and harsh substances like sulfates and parabens are best avoided as they strip away the natural oils from your lips and leave them dehydrated.
- Use a lip moisturizer or balm with SPF since excessive sun exposure can also cause dryness.
- Ingredients such as menthol, cinnamon, salicylic acid, and alcohol can irritate the skin and make it dry and flaky. Avoid them in your lip products.
- Exfoliation is the key. It helps eliminate dirt and impurities to smoothen the skin.
Besides following these tips, you can also avoid certain ingredients that can dry out your lips and use others that can heal them. Check them out below.
Ingredients To Avoid That May Dry Out Your Lips
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, these are some of the worst offenders on the list (5):
- Artificial flavors and fragrances
- Octinoxate or oxybenzone
- Propyl gallate
- Salicylic acid
Ingredients That Can Heal Dry Lips
These are some of the best ingredients to combat lip dryness (5):
- Mineral oils
- Castor oil
- Shea butter
- Cocoa butter
- Zinc oxide and titanium oxide
- White petroleum jelly
- Hemp seed oil
Infographic: Does Vaseline Work Well For The Lips?
Do you also find yourself worrying about dry, chapped, and cracked lips during the winter months? Well, your ideal solution probably is Vaseline, which can smoothen your lips and reduce dryness and chapping. But how good is Vaseline really for lips? Does it have any side effects? To learn more, consider checking out the infographic below.
Using Vaseline for lips is not new. People have been using it for years to prevent cracked and chapped lips during the winter season. However, applying Vaseline first will not do any good to your lips as it only helps lock in the existing moisture. To prevent chapping, you may have to use it with other moisturizing products like a lip balm, chapstick, or lip mask. You can follow the steps discussed in the article to know the best way to use Vaseline on your lips.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it okay to keep Vaseline on my lips overnight?
Yes. Keeping Vaseline on the lips overnight will moisturize and soften them.
Can Vaseline make


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The cigarette beetle is a small insect – less than 1/8″ long. However, it is a serious pest of tobacco that is in storage. The cigarette beetle is also a pest of stored food products in homes, warehouses, and food processing facilities.
The cigarette beetle is oval-shaped. It is light brown and has tiny holes on the back. When it is viewed from above, the beetle's head is hidden and it has a "humped" appearance.
Many people confuse the cigarette beetle and the drugstore beetle. The drugstore beetle has tiny holes on its back and they are in straight rows. The holes on the cigarette beetles back are not in rows. The antennae of the two beetles are different. The cigarette beetle's antenna has tiny ridges like teeth on a saw blade. The drugstore beetle's antenna is straight and it ends in a club shape.
The cigarette beetle larva is white and grub-like. It is usually less than 1/8″ long and it usually curls into a C-shape. The larva has well-developed legs and many hairs on its body.
Cigarette beetles attack almost every type of food. They have been found in dried fruits, dried vegetables, dried flowers, nuts, spices and seeds. They have been found eating book binding paste, dry dog food, and fabrics like silk and leather.
The adult beetle deposits eggs on the food material. When the eggs hatch, the larvae eat and grow. As they grow, the larvae shed their skins 5 or 6 times. When they are ready to change to adults, the larvae spin silken cocoons.
Controlling cigarette beetles begins with a thorough inspection. It is important to find everything that the larvae are eating. Go through the pantry and the cabinets and check all of the food packages. Discard everything that is infested. Vacuum the shelves thoroughly before replacing the food on the shelves.
Inspect packages at the store. Do not buy food products in broken or torn packages. Store food in containers with lids that fit tightly.


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Who says you have to be able to read to join a book club? Not us! Bookworms is a pre-reader club geared for 4-6 year-olds and their parents. In this program kids and adults read, craft, chant and sing while they learn essential early literacy skills, delve into a book and spend time having fun at the library. Here is what the Bookworms kids were doing this month:
This month's book was The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss
After reading the book at home, the kids came to the Bookworms meeting ready to discuss, craft and play! Now you can be a book worm too! Grab your copy of The Cat in the Hat and play along at home!
- Thing 1 and Thing 2 do not play in a "nice" way. What do they do that isn't nice? Can you think of any other examples of naughty ways to play? What is a nice way to play?
- The books ends, and we never find out if the kids told their mother about the Cat in the Hat's visit. Would you tell your mother? Why or why not?
- What are some things you like to do on a rainy day?
Extend it! Extend the discussion about what to do on a rainy day by writing your child's responses on rain-drop shaped pieces of paper. This is good practice understanding that spoken language can be written. Say each word as you write and name the letters. This helps your child with letter knowledge. Can you cover the fridge with raindrops? What about the window?
Get Moving! In the book, the Cat teaches some pretty cool tricks! Here is a page of "cat tricks" How many can you do? Another fun game that helps kids listen to language and have fun with sounds is the game Seuss-aphone. It is like telephone but with more Cat(in the hat)ittude! Your child is having fun, but you know you are working on phonological awareness–and on your way to helping him learn to read.
Want more storytime fun at home? Subscribe to this blog or like us on Facebook! Want to join the fun? Registration for all of our storytimes, book clubs and special programs is still open!


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A reader writes:
First, I very much enjoy your blog. I hope you can keep at it for long time. Now, my question concerns what is the proper way to dispose of religious objects such worn out bibles, tarnished or worn crucifixes, old prayer cards, broken rosaries, religious pamphlets, etc.? Some of my coworkers and I had a discussion today about what to do with them. One person couldn't bring himself to dispose of them in the trash out of respect. Another felt that broken or worn items could be thrown out without any guilt. Can you help us out? We all want to do the right thing.
The disposition of this type of religious object is not something that is regulated by canon law. Consequently, there is not a canonical "right answer" here.
Catholic doctrine also does not treat the subject in any detail, and thus there is no doctrinal "right answer" beyond the general axiom that a religious object should be treated with the reverence that is due it. The question is: How much reverence is that?
It is difficult to give a definite answer, but there are certain levels of reverence that would clearly be wrong. For example:
1) So little reverence that we commit actual sacrilege with the items (e.g., using them as part of a Black Mass)
2) So much reverence that we can never get rid of them and have to squirrel them away when they can no longer be used.
The correct answer falls somewhere between these two extremes, and it is likely to vary from one object to another. Indeed, a pious custom of many Catholics is to distinguish between those objects that have been blessed and those that have not. This appears to be a useful division in that in the case of blessed objects, the Church has in at least a minor way consecrated the item to sacred use, while in the latter case it has not. It thus would make sense to show more reverence in the disposition of a blessed object than an unblessed one.
Correspondingly, a common pious custom is to dispose of blessed objects by either burning them (if they are flammable) or burying them (if they are not). In the former case, the object is destroyed, thus removing its blessing, and the ashes (or other remains) can simply be thrown away.
In the case of objects that were never blessed (or that have been destroyed, removing their blessing), this custom holds that they can simply be thrown away like any other non-blessed object.
As indicated, this is a pious custom and not a matter of law or doctrine, so individual consciences may vary without there being sin. If one person feels comfortable disposing of a religious object in a way that happens to be different than my preferred way of doing it, I would not on that account tell him he's doing anything wrong. If the Church wanted to mandate ways of doing this, it would.
The key thing is not the physical manner of disposing of these objects but the fact that one is doing so with a right heart. If one "reverently throws away" something then his heart is displaying reverence, which is the important thing. What physical act is used to express this reverence is not what is at issue--be it burning or burial or even if there is no outward act but simply a grateful recognition of the role God has allowed the object to play in one's religious life.


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Image Collection: Medical Anatomy and Illustrations
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Picture of Leg
Image Source: MedicineNet, Inc.
In popular usage, the leg extends from the top of the thigh down to the foot. However, in medical terminology, the leg refers to the portion of the lower extremity from the knee to the ankle.
The leg has two bones: the tibia and the fibula. Both are known as long bones. The larger of the two is the tibia, familiarly called the shinbone. "Tibia" is a Latin word meaning both shinbone and flute. It is thought that "tibia" refers to both the bone and the musical instrument because flutes were once fashioned from the tibia (of animals).
A wide range of conditions may affect the legs such as restless leg syndrome, edema, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), shins splints, claudication, spider veins and more.
Image Source: MedicineNet, Inc.
Text: MedicineNet, Inc.
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How Saudi Restaurants Can Increase their Efficiency With An Automatic KOT System
Technology has become an indispensable part of streamlining and running restaurant operations seamlessly. The restaurant Kitchen Order Ticket (KOT) is a small, yet critical aspect of the restaurant ordering system. KOT is a note which is forwarded to the kitchen and billing division, as soon as an order is placed while one copy is retained in the system for future reference. Kitchen Order Tickets primarily contain details related to the items ordered, table number, and the quantity. Having an automated restaurant KOT reduces the scope for manual errors, saves time, helps with real-time reporting of all the orders at your restaurant, and reduces monetary discrepancies. This article explains how an automated KOT System improves restaurant ordering and kitchen Operations and why restaurants in Saudi Arabia must consider shifting towards it.
How An Automated KOT System Will Improve Restaurant Ordering And Kitchen Operations In Saudi Arabia
Traditional KOT generation is a slow, manual process, having much scope for errors, and gives little room for monitoring and tracking the orders. Thus, it is important to switch to an automated restaurant KOT application that not only saves time and increases efficiency but also reduces your costs in the long run.
A smart restaurant POS provides instant KOT generation and helps manage other operations such as customer relationship management, inventory management, detailed reporting, etc.
An automated KOT system is easy to use and install. The entire process can be broken down into three simple steps:
 - Install KOT printers in the kitchen and bar.
 - Make sure that the kitchen prepares and supplies food, based on the printed KOT. Train all your staff accordingly.
 - Install the POS system at the foodservice desk.
Shifting to an automated restaurant generation process can have a lot of benefits. These are the various ways in which an automated restaurant KOT generation process can smoothen your restaurant operations:
1. Ease Of Use
The method of accepting orders into the POS is straightforward. After punching the orders into the system, one can automatically generate the restaurant KOT. Due to its touchscreen interface, it becomes easy for the servers to operate the KOT system. Even for the restaurant staff that is not very tech-savvy, a simple and automatic KOT generation process makes it much easier to process the orders.
2. Accelerates Restaurant Services
The food service process is accelerated as the order is punched on the shop floor, whereas the KOT is printed in the kitchen in real-time. In the traditional KOT generation process, there is always a requirement to handover the KOT manually.
This arrangement also saves time as it allows the automatic capture of data. It reduces the overall table turnaround and the time taken to serve the customers. This has a direct impact on customer satisfaction since it takes less time for your staff to communicate, prepare, and deliver the orders.
In case operators are looking for ways to further automate the restaurant ordering system, they can digitize the entire KOT generation process too. A Kitchen Display System (KDS) comes in handy as instead of printing a paper-based KOT, the orders are directly displayed on display screens along with the order details. KDS not only improves efficiency in your restaurant kitchen, but it also saves substantial time and helps improve the customer experience.
Why Do You Need Cloud Kitchen POS
3. Integrates Seamlessly With Online Ordering Platforms
One of the biggest challenges that restaurateurs often face is streamlining the food delivery orders from online ordering platforms such as Talabat, UberEats, etc. Unless your restaurant ordering system is automated, there are high chances that the online orders may get delayed or missed while sending them to the kitchen for preparation. An automatic restaurant KOT application system ensures that online orders are directly accepted at the POS, and the KOT is generated immediately and printed in the kitchen.
4. Reduces the Scope for Discrepancies
Restaurants can have complete control over their business through real-time monitoring, even if they have outlets at multiple locations. Live analytics allow you to view the number of KOTs generated and enable you to monitor your restaurant operations at all times, from anywhere.
As one can easily access daily sales and stock details, it helps in minimizing revenue leakage. When restaurant operators in Saudi Arabia can monitor the entire information related to raw materials, whether in stock or items that need to be ordered, etc. there will be fewer chances of duplicate orders. One can also exercise theft control because you can keep a tab on the inflow and outflow of materials in real-time.
5. Reduces Dependency On Manual Entries
In the manual KOT generation system, the wait staff always checks or rechecks the KOT. Automated restaurant KOT system not only reduces the manual tasks at hand but also lowers the labor costs. Besides, it also cuts down the wrong delivery problem as it contains the token number, which is also present on the bill.
New-age cloud restaurant POS systems are easy to install and do not require much space. When the billing apps are integrated with the KOT feature, restaurant operators do not need to invest much. These are usually affordable and bring an overall improvement to the business and the revenue earned.
An automated restaurant KOT application will not only help you accelerate your restaurant operations but will also help in reducing your operating expenses to a great extent. Invest in an automated KOT generation system and increase the efficiency of your restaurant operations in Saudi Arabia.
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Image text transcribed for accessibility: Two thin circular coxial coils each of radius a, having N turns, carrying current I, and seperated by a distance d, are lettered to as Helmholtz coils for the case when d=a. This set up is well known for producing an approximately uniform magnetic field in the vicinity of its center of symmetry. Find B on the axis of symmetry-the z axisof the Helmholtz coils. show that dBz/dz=0 at the point p midway between the two coils.
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New plant discovered in Fiji
19 January 2012 | News story
A new flowering plant belonging to the Medinilla plant group has been discovered in the highlands of Matasawalevu village, on the island of Kadavu in Fiji. The plant was found during a biodiversity assessment of the Nakasaleka district carried out as part of IUCN's Water and Nature Initiative (WANI).
There are around 193 known species of Medinilla, occurring in Madagascar, Africa, South Asia and the Pacific Islands. Of the 193 species, 11 can only be found in Fiji. One of them is the Tagimoucia flower, Medinilla waterhousei, the floral emblem of Fiji.
IUCN's WANI works with local communities to help them better manage water resources on Kadavu island. The team was monitoring the degradation of the river basin in the area when the new plant was discovered.
"The discovery of this previously unknown species of plant gives us a sense of just how fragile nature can be," says Dr Milika Sobey, Water and Wetlands Programme Coordinator at IUCN's Oceania Regional Office. "The fact that it was found during work on a watershed management project is one more lesson in how important it is that nature is included in the priorities for water management."
"Through the Water and Nature Initiative IUCN has shown in more than 30 countries worldwide that by working with local people and partners, it is possible to put in place sustainable solutions that meet the water needs of both people and nature," says Dr Mark Smith, Director of the IUCN Global Water Programme.
The species was found on the border of grassland and primary forest. This location makes it highly vulnerable to bush fires that are common in the area.
"We only managed to find one plant of this kind," says Mr Marika Tuiwawa, of the University of the South Pacific's Institute of Applied Science, IUCN member and partner in the WANI project, who discovered the species. "Commercial agricultural activities and uncontrolled bush fires are the main threats to this species. A simple fire could destroy it in a matter of minutes."
The plant's common name has not been confirmed yet but the name Medinilla matasawalevu has been suggested to illustrate its location.
"The fact that only one plant of this kind was found so far and that it occurs in such a vulnerable place should set alarm bells ringing," says Dr Jane Smart, Global Director of IUCN's Biodiversity Conservation Group. "The challenge now is to protect the new species and raise awareness of its importance among local communities, to secure its long term future."
Work is currently underway to confirm the exact classification of the new species, for which DNA research may be carried out.
For more information please contact:
Ewa Magiera, IUCN Media Relations, m +41 79 856 76 26, _EMAIL_
Claire Warmenbol, IUCN Water Programme Communications, m +41 79 _PHONE_, _EMAIL_


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Wed January 30, 2013
How Florida's Aquifer Models Are Inaccurate, And Why That Might Be A Problem For Our Water Supply
Understanding how water flows through Florida's aquifer is integral to maintaining safe and sufficient supply of fresh water, but current computer models used to monitor the state's aquifers and springs are "full of holes" according to some critics.
The Tampa Bay Times reported on Monday that there is a disconnect between "how water pumping permits are routinely issued throughout much of Florida" and the impact those permits have on the state's rapidly dwindling resources. Currently, state officials employ computer models "that use a false assumption" about how water flows under the ground's surface when issuing permits.
Though the current models predict a steady rate of movement through sand and gravel, field tests have demonstrated the unpredictability of the water flow, owing in large part to the existence of karst (limestone filled with holes) below the surface. Scientists using a "dye test" were able to more accurately track the speed at which water moves underground.
The dye test gave a vivid illustration of the difference. The scientists running the test picked their drop sites with help from one of the state's models. The model predicted how fast a liquid would trickle along underground toward the spring. Different zones would give the dye a 2-year trip, a 10-year trip and even a 100-year trip. But when they dropped the dye in, the stuff rocketed through the aquifer. It zoomed across half the predicted 100-year distance in just six months.
Pete Butt, the scientist who supervised the test, said the dye would have traveled even faster if the test had taken place during Florida's rainy season. The findings reveal potential vulnerabilities in the state's water management system. Not only are the computer models used to monitor water use and levels, but to track the rate of contamination from chemicals, sewage, and other pollutants.
Though another "more accurate" computer model based on water flow through karst exists, the state reportedly will not "touch it" because it was created by Coca-Cola, which at one time owned a bottling plant near High Springs.


35. Things to Do as a Secretary
See Images Translate Repeat WPM:
Edward is a secretary in a doctor's office. He does a lot of things. He greets patients. He asks for their information. He records their height and weight. He tells them how long they have to wait. He answers phone calls. He always knows what to say. Edward also keeps the files organized.
Vocabulary Cloze Sentences Dictation
Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved.


text:
Why do some touchscreen gadgets look clearer than most, and why do others attract fingerprints?
Until now, no one really knew. But today, scientists at the 238th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society described the development of a test to assess the performance of smudgeand reflection-resistant coatings on touchscreen displays.
It might sounds like a trivial issue but phone, camera and media player manufacturers spend millions to ensure that their touchscreens are easy to view in bright light and resist greasy finger smudges.
However, the structure and mechanisms of screen coatings are poorly understood, so Dr Steven Carlo developed a test to determine the chemical composition and effectiveness of smudge and reflective resistant materials. Carlo explains, "Surfaces are particularly important in consumer products. Our work investigates how products can be modified to reduce smudging and reflections. These modifications can offer improved resistance to fingerprints, anti-reflection properties or enhanced physical resistance."
The basis of anti-smudge coatings is a perfluoro alkyl ether, a derivative of Teflon with added chemicals to enhance its repellent effects. Anti-reflective materials use alternating layers silica and aluminum to bend and diffuse light to reduce glare.
Carlo and his team used depth profile X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemistry of these coatings. Anti-reflective coatings need alternating layers, which have differences in their refractive index, a measure of how fast light travels through a material. Fluorocarbons in general have low refractive indices and offer anti-smudge properties.
XPS allowed the scientists to visualize the multi-layer structure and the chemical species present in each layer. In general, they found that the greater the number of layers there are in a coating, the greater the anti-reflective properties. Carlo and his team also discovered that more silica and aluminum layers led to better glare reduction.
The tests should lead to tougher, crisper screens - and may even mean that future touchphones don't require ugly protective skins.


as Ketanos. Again, not an easy task for a beginner. (Yes, he might be taught NiCham Kol MuKeh, but it is Latin to
In summation, my feeling is that this concept should not be taught at the time of Hascholas Kriah. I do not know if there is a Mesorah to teach it or not. (I did not learn it until after my Bar Mitzva.) I would appreciate to hear the opinions of
K. Gross
Mon, 14 Jan 2013 12:46:10 GMThttp://www.shailamorah.com/kriah-roundtable/sightwordsPicture
English reading is commonly taught using a "Whole Language" approach which includes sight words as described below:
Whole word, also known as "Sight Word" and "Look and Say", teaches reading skills and strategies in the context of authentic literature. Word recognition accuracy is considered less important than meaning accuracy; therefore, there is an emphasis on comprehension as the ultimate goal.
Students in this method memorize the appearance of words, or learn to recognize words by looking at the first and last letter from rigidly selected vocabularies in progressive texts (such as The Cat in the Hat). Often preliminary results show children taught with this method have higher reading levels than children learning phonics, because they learn to automatically recognise a small selection of words. However later tests demonstrate that literacy development becomes stunted when hit with longer and more complex words later.
That said, does anyone teach "Sight Words" in Lashon Kodesh? What have your results been? Do you feel this is worthwhile? What about with boys who are having difficulty with Kriah?
C. Klien


text:
formal power series solutions for a linear ODE
formal Taylor series solutions for a linear ODE
FPseries(ode, var, vn, opts)
FTseries(ode, var, vn, opts)
FPseries(LODEstr, vn, opts)
FTseries(LODEstr, vn, opts)
linear ODE with polynomial coefficients
LODEstruct data structure
dependent variable, for example yx
new function in the form vn
optional arguments of the form keyword=value
The FPseries and FTseries commands return a power series solution of the given linear ordinary differential equation with polynomial coefficients which must be homogeneous or inhomogeneous with a right hand side that is a polynomial, a rational function, or a "nice" power series (see LODEstruct) in the independent variable x.
If ode is an expression, then it is equated to zero.
The routine returns an error message if the differential equation ode does not satisfy the following conditions.
ode must be linear in var
ode must have polynomial coefficients in x
ode must be homogeneous or have a right-hand side that is rational or a "nice" power series in x
The coefficients of ode must be either rational numbers or depend rationally on one or more parameters.
A homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with coefficients that are polynomials in x has a linear space of formal power series solutions ∑n=0∞vnPnx where P[n]x is one of x−an, x−ann!, 1xn, or 1xnn!, a is the expansion point, and the sequence vn satisfies a homogeneous linear recurrence. In the case of an inhomogeneous equation with a right-hand side that is a "nice" power series, vn satisfies an inhomogeneous linear recurrence.
The routines choose a polynomial basis depending on the expansion point. If a is a rational or algebraic number, then the basis is x−an for FPseries and x−ann! for FTseries. If a=∞, then the basis is 1xn for FPseries and 1xnn! for FTseries.
Both routines then build a linear recurrence Rvn=0 for the sequence of coefficients of the series solution in the chosen basis. They determine the number M of initial values of this sequence so that it is possible to calculate any element from these initial values using the recurrence (taking into account the order and the zeros of the leading coefficients of the recurrence), and calculate these initial values.
The formal power series is represented by an FPSstruct data structure:
where v0,...,vM are expressions, the initial series coefficients.
In the case of an inhomogeneous equation with a rational right hand side the commands work similarly. In the case of a "nice" power series right hand side the recurrence Rvn is inhomogeneous.
x=a or 'point'=a
Specifies the expansion point in the case of a homogeneous equation or an inhomogeneous equation with rational right-hand side. The default is a=0. It can be an algebraic number, depending rationally on some parameters, or ∞. In the case of a "nice" series right-hand side the expansion point is given by the right-hand side and cannot be changed.
Specifies a nonnegative integer N, the required number of initial terms of the series solutions. If this option is given, then the routine compares it with the determined number M and, if M


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Natural toxin killing Calif. dolphins, sea lions
LOS ANGELES (AP) Dolphins and sea lions that have died along the Southern California coast in recent weeks may be victims of a deadly neurotoxin produced by a seasonal algae bloom, experts said Tuesday.
The same poison was found in samples from millions of fish that suffocated in a Redondo Beach harbor last month, and researchers hope to determine if it is present in samples from a similar but s maller fish die-off Monday in Ventura Harbor.
Experts don't believe the fish died from the toxin but some marine mammals have become its victims.
In the past few days, three sea lions and three dolphins that beached themselves in Orange County died or were destroyed because they had incurable domoic acid poisoning, said Kirsten Sedlick, animal care supervisor for the Pacific Mammal Center in Laguna Beach.
On Tuesday, the center dispatched crews to rescue another four dolphins and a sea lion, she said. Tests will determine whether they also were victims of the neurotoxin.
Domoic acid is produced naturally, but levels often soar in the spring with the blooming of a certain species of algae off the California coast. At least one bloom was spotted in the past few weeks off the Southern California coast.
Mussels and small fish eat the algae and concentrate the poison, then are eaten in turn by pelicans and sea mammals.
Since April 3, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has received reports of about 40 sea lions and 17 dolphins with domoic acid poisoning symptoms.
The outbreak was still relatively mild but it was too early to tell whether it might become more serious, said Joe Cordaro, an NOAA wildlife biologist.
"You never know how bad they're going to be, and we still don't know what the factors are that cause these major blooms," he said. "We don't know if it's (storm) runoff, we don't know if its high temperatures … there's just so many factors."
In 2002 and 2003, domoic acid poisoning was blamed for sickening or killing more than a thousand sea lions and 50 dolphins in Southern California.
Humans aren't at risk unless they consume contaminated shellfish.
Because of elevated domoic acid levels, the California Department of Public Health put its annual quarantine on sport harvesting of wild mussels into effect on March 29 — a month earlier than usual. Commercially harvested mussels are not affected, the agency said.
The agency warns that eating tainted mussels can cause severe illness, coma and even death. The quarantine runs through Oct. 31.
The department declined to speculate on why the levels were high so early.
Domoic acid also was found in sardines taken from Redondo Beach on the Los Angeles County coast, where an estimated 2.5 million fish crowded into King Harbor, depleted the oxygen and suffocated last month.
What caused the fish to pack in to the harbor is unknown.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Provided by: buffer_1.19-11_amd64
buffer - very fast reblocking program
buffer [-S size] [-b blocks] [-s size] [-z size] [-m size] [-p percentage] [-u microseconds] [-B] [-t] [-Z] [-i filename] [-o filename] [-d]
-i filename Use the given file as the input file. The default is stdin. -o filename Use the given file as the output file. The default is stdout. -S size After every chunk of this size has been written, print out how much has been written so far. Also prints the total throughput. By default this is not set. -s size Size in bytes of each block. The default blocksize is 10k to match the normal output of the tar(1) program. -z size Combines the -S and -s flags. -b blocks Number of blocks to allocate to shared memory circular buffer. Defaults to the number required to fill up the shared memory requested. -m size Maximum size of the shared memory chunk to allocate for the circular queue. Defaults to one megabyte. -p percentage Only start a write when the given percentage of the internal queue is full. A percentage around 75 often proves best. Defaults to zero. -u microseconds After every write pause for this many microseconds. Defaults to zero. (Surprisingly a small sleep, 100 usecs, after each write can greatly enhance throughput on some drives.) -B Force each block written to be padded out to the blocksize. This is needed by some tape and cartridge drives. Defaults to unpadded. This only affects the last block written. -t On exiting print to stderr a brief message showing the total number of bytes written. -Z If reading/writing directly to a character device (like a tape drive) then after each gigabyte perform an lseek to the start of the file. Use this flag with extreme care. It can only be used on devices where an lseek does not rewind the tape but does reset the kernels position flags. It is used to allow more than 2 gigabytes to be written. -d Print debug information to stderr during operation. Sizes are a number with an optional trailing character. A 'b' multiplies the size by 512, a 'k' by 1024 and an'm' by a meg.
Buffer reads from standard input reblocking to the given blocksize and writes each block to standard output. Internally buffer is a pair of processes communicating via a large circular queue held in shared memory. The reader process only has to block when the queue is full and the writer process when the queue is empty. Buffer is designed to try and keep the writer side continuously busy so that it can stream when writing to tape drives. When used to write tapes with an intervening network buffer can result in a considerable increase in throughput. The default settings for buffer are normally good enough. If you are a heavy tape user then it is worth your while trying out various different combinations of options. In particular running a buffer at both ends of the pipe can provide a substantial increase (see last example below).
$ buffer < /etc/termcap > /dev/rst8 $ tar cf -. | rsh somehost 'buffer > /dev/rst8' $ dump fu - | rsh somehost 'buffer -s 16k > /dev/nrst8' $ tar cf -. | buffer | rsh somehost 'buffer -S 500K -p 75 > /dev/rst0'
There are 2 limits in buffer affecting the maximum total buffer size: The maximum number of blocks (2048) and the maximum size of a block (512kB). This results in a maximum total buffer size of 1GB. Note that there is also a kernel limit for the maximum size of a shared memory segment (used by buffer internally) which is typically much lower than the limits in buffer. So if buffer complains about not being able to create a shared memory segment, this limit might have to be raised using the command sysctl kernel.shmmax=XXX (see also sysctl(1) and proc(5)).
Internally, for printing purposes, buffer counts in terms of the number of kilobytes output. If the blocksize you use is not a whole number of kilobytes then the numbers printed will be inaccurate.
Thanks to Kevin Twidle for a lot of early suggestions and patches to make it work with non-tar/dump tapes to exabyte drives. Thanks to Andi Karrer , Rumi Zahir and Christoph Wicki for patches to make buffer work when trying to write single tape files of greater than 2 gigabytes.
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991 by Lee McLoughlin.


brisbane aboriginal tribes indooroopilly meaning aboriginal place names in queensland brisbane aboriginal history brisbane aboriginal history. Real estate employment home and garden.
Aboriginal Place Names for Brisbane and Surrounds
There were seven dialects spoken by the Moreton Bay tribes-the Yoocum of Nerang, extending to the Logan; the Cateebil, from the Logan to the Brisbane; the Waccah, from the Brisbane to the Caboolture; the Cabbee, north of the Caboolture; the Nhulla of Bribie; the Coobennpil of Stradbroke; and the Gnoogee of Moreton Island. What was called the Noonuccal of Amity was actually so nearly allied to Coobennpil that it could hardly be called a separate dialect, though it had its own negative and affirmative.
There were three negatives, on Fraser Island-Waccah, Cabbee, and Warr - but it was all one dialect. Stradbroke Island, as a whole, was known as Cheranggaree, and the tribes were Cherang garee-Cabalehu. The south end of the island was called Minjerribah, the name by which it was known to the mainland blacks. Mud Island was Bung-umba, Bird Island Moppanbilla, Peel Island Chererooba, St. Helena Noogoon, Green Island Tanggeera. To the Stradbroke and mainland blacks Moreton Island was known as Gnoorgann pin.
Names of Fishes
In Coobennpil the following were the names of the fishes:- Groper, coojung; bream, gnoolan; pike, yoocoh; dewfish, booigoom; blackfish, dang-alla; eel, chagine; silver eel, choorooin; garfish, joonboroo; flathead, duggin; horse mackerel, doolbie-doolbie; snapper, bim ba; crab, weenyam; kingfish, deeambilla; mullet, andaccal; tailor fish, poonbah; whiting, boorenn; oyster, keenying urra.
Those are a few of the names taken by me from Coobennpil speaking blacks over 50 years ago, before the dialects were mixed. Brisbane was known to all the Bay blacks at that time as Maginnchin, but the Cateebill people, on the south side, called it Meeannjin. That was the name of the spot now occupied by the Botanic Gardens, and meant the tulip wood, also "Gnarrim-tenberra," of which there were many splendid trees in the dense scrub which once covered the site of the Gardens.
The word Woolloongabba was the name of the creek that ran along parallel with the old Ipswich-road, and through Woolloongabba. It was a series of circular, or partly circular, clay waterholes, only connected in wet weather.
Then the rain water would run from one to the other, swirling round in each hole before rush ing into the next. Woolloongabba meant swirling water, but the blacks pronounced it Woolloon-capemm, from woolloon, the word for a whirlpool or whirlwind, and capemm, one of the names of water.
Clement Wragge called his house "Capemba," meaning water there, the affix ba, or bah, at the end of an aboriginal word being equivalent to our adverb of place there, so Capemba meant water there, just as Toowoomba means toowoom there, or the place where we get the toowoom.
Mount Cotton was called Boolimba, and Joong-gabbin, and Bulimba was Toogoolawah. The hill near Bulimba, White's Hill, was Numearran and where the ferry is, was Jing-gee-limbin. Mt. Gravatt was Caggara-mahbill, from Caggara, the porcupine, and the Hamilton was Yerrool, the old sandbank in front being Moroo-mooroolbin, or "long nose," from mooroo, the nose, and mooroolbin, long.
Breakfast Creek
The blacks called Breakfast Creek, at the mouth, Yow-oggera, and Yuoggera, but the 'u' was mistaken for an 'n' in the Survey office, and it has remained Enoggera ever since. The place we call Enoggera was Booloorchambinn. the name of the turpentine, and the tribe who lived there were the "Boondoorburra." The old and long since extinct Brisbane tribe were called Boorpoobanburra, the burra being a generic word for the aboriginal race, like the, "Murri" of the Kamilroy.
The site of the 'present Enoggera sale yards was Booiycoba. The point at Breakfast Creek, where the Harris family lived, was Garran-binbilla, the name of the horizontal vines used in lacing the supporting stays of a camp.
Toowong was called Gootcha, one of the names of honey, and it also was a name of One Tree Hill. There were two native bees, one a little larger than the other, one being gootcha, and the other cubbye. Wooloowin was the word for fish. All fish were Wooloowin.
One Tree Hill (Mt Cootha)
To the blacks One Tree Hill was known as Gootcha and Mappee, gootcha being honey, and mappee a word for the posterior, actually meaning the posterior of the range which ends in One Tree Hill, the aboriginal fancy picturing some imaginary resemblance arising out of their ingenious doctrine of correspondence.
The hill got its unfortunate name of Coot-tha in the following manner: A gentleman named Radford, who was at the time acting as Assistant Clerk of parliament, went to old "King Sandy," "Gairballie," and asked him what the blacks called One Tree Hill. Radford had been to Sandy several times before, and on each occasion forgotten to give the old fellow some reward, so, instead of giving Radford either Gootcha or Mappee, he wilfully, of most wicked malice aforethought, gave him a word, the use of which, it translated into English, would be rewarded with a fine of anything up to £5.
Hence, the urgent need of removing it from the maps, and substituting Gootcha, Mappee, or Cubbye. Mappee, on the Russell River, was the name of the tree climbing kangaroo.
Spring Hill
Spring Hill was known as Woomboonggoroo, as that was the place where an aboriginal of that name was killed by the relatives of "Dundahli," a black who was hanged in 1854 for several murders of whites, hanged on the site of the present G.P.O.; and his last words to the crowd of listening blacks on Spring Hill conveyed an earnest wish for them to kill Woomboonggoroo, whom he accused of having betrayed him.
His relatives and friends were careful to see that wish fulfilled, and Woomboonggoroo duly died suddenly on Spring Hill from the visitation of a nulla. Previous to that occasion the old name of the hill was Mahreel, one of the names of a stepmother.
In Vulture street, South Brisbane, near the Dry Dock, is the old home of the Stephens family, of whom the father, T. B. Stephens, was at one time Minister for Lands. They called that home CumCumbookie-bah, from Cumbookie, the freshwater crayfish, and bah, "there," meaning the place where we get "cumbookie," which were numerous in two of the waterholes near Stephens' house.
Away out on the Ipswich road near Stephen's tannery, called Ekibin, that and Yekkabin being names of the reeds which grew, round the adjoining waterhole, The large flags, of which the celery-like roots were roasted and eaten by the blacks, were, called jinboora, allied with the,' Down's blacks' jimboor, whence came the name of Jimbour station; both-words in the Waccah dialect.
From Cleveland to Sandgate
Cleveland was Nandeebie, Lytton was Gnaloongpin, and Wellington Point was Cullen Cullen. King Island was Yeroobin. and Sandgate was called Moora, in Waccah and Warrah by blackson Stradbroke. Can we not create titles and elevate that genial old colonist, Jack Hayes, to the position of "Marquis of Moora". Verily, Sandgate has changed since that 3rd of December, 1S53, when Dowse and his son were badly speared by the blacks on the site of the' present modest castle of the "Marquis 'of Moora".
One unfortunate aboriginal word has suffered more than usual, the word ' Tingalpa', pronounced Ting-al-bah by the blacks from tingal, the word for fat,' and bah, 'there,' as usual, actually "the place where we got the fat," 'originating with an early settler, who had a fat cow killed by