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Wednesday 22 May
Comoro rousette (Rousettus obliviosus)
What's the World's Favourite Species?Find out here.
Comoro rousette fact file
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Comoro rousette description
One of the smallest species of fruit bat in existence, the Comoro rousette (Rousettus obliviosus) is a little known species. Thick, dull, grey-brownish fur covers the body, while its facial features are fox-like. The Comoro rousette has a very bright, rose-coloured eyeshine when reflected by light (3).
Species in the genus Rousettus are unique among fruit bats due to their ability to use echolocation. The Comoro rousette has been observed to emit faint but audible clicking sounds during flight, within caves and when foraging. This species also uses loud vocalisations within the roost sites (3).
- Also known as
- Comoros rousette. Top
Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation - Comoros Islands:
WWF - Comoros Islands:
- Detecting objects by reflected sound. Used by bats and odontocete cetaceans (toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises) for orientation and to detect and locate prey.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Fruit-eating/ fruit eater.
- A category used in taxonomy, which is below 'family' and above 'species'. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a 'binomial' Latin species name; the second part is the specific name.
- The state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth.
- Active at night.
IUCN Red List (December, 2010)
Western Indian Ocean Regional Group - Comoro rousette (December, 2010)
- Sewall, B.J., Granek, E.F. and Trewhella, W.J. (2003) The endemic Comoros Islands fruit bat Rousettus obliviosus: ecology, conservation and Red List status. Oryx, 37(3): 344-352.
- Reason, P.F., Trewhella, W.J., Davies, J.G. and Wray, S. (1994) Some observations on the Comoro rousette Rousettus obliviosus on Anjouan (Comoro Islands: Western Indian Ocean). Mammalia, 58(3): 397-404.
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Comoro rousette biology
Comparatively little is known about the elusive Comoro rousette; however, some studies into its social, roosting and feeding behaviours have been undertaken (3).
Similar to many species of bat, the Comoro rousette roosts in large colonies. Aggregations of this species have been recorded to number between as little as 100 and as many as 13,000 individuals. Within these roosts, the Comoro rousette forms tight clusters containing 50 to several hundred bats. The bats are highly active within the roost, grooming, fighting, spending time scratching, and searching for better positions within the colony (3).
A nocturnal species, the majority of the individuals within the roost do not leave the protection of the cave until just before sunset. The Comoro rousette will spend much of the night foraging and feeding, although some individuals may return to caves early, followed by the remaining colony at sunrise (3).
The Comoro rousette is largely frugivorous; however, flowers and leaves are also included in its diet (3). This species is extremely manoeuvrable, and while foraging for food, the Comoro rousette exhibits unusual flight behaviour, hovering in front of the fruit from which it then feeds. This is fairly rare behaviour for fruit bats as hovering requires large amounts of energy (3).
Not much is known about the breeding biology of the Comoro rousette, although it is likely to be similar to other Roussetus species. The gestation period is likely to be between four and five months, with lactation lasting for a period of about three months. It is possible that the Comoro rousette may give birth more than once a year (4).Top
Comoro rousette range
The Comoro rousette is endemic to the Comoros Islands in the Indian Ocean, where it inhabits only three of the four islands: Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli. This species is restricted to roosting at low elevations (1).Top
Comoro rousette habitat
The Comoro rousette is a lowland forest-dwelling species that roosts in caves. It is believed that the entire Comoro rousette population resides in only six remote caves across the three islands, which are surrounded by dense vegetation (1).Top
Comoro rousette status
The Comoro rousette is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Comoro rousette threats
The Comoro rousette has a relatively small range, and is known from only six roost sites. With so few roost sites, the loss of just one could have a significant impact on the entire population (3). Currently, the main threat facing the Comoro rousette is human interference. Cave-roosting fruit bats are particularly susceptible to human disturbance, and human activity has also been noted to impact the behaviour of the Comoro rousette (3).
The impact of human activity on the behaviour of the Comoro rousette has been observed by locals. With the human population on the islands increasing, this could potentially pose a problem to this species in the future (3).
Deforestation is a major threat to this species, with high levels seen throughout the Comoros Islands. Increasing deforestation may reduce the food availability for this species, but also native forests can provide protection for fruit bats from changes in the environment, including droughts and cyclones (3).Top
Comoro rousette conservation
At present there are no known specific conservation programmes for the Comoro rousette (1). The human impact on the population is currently minimal, as the caves are surrounded by dense vegetation and are not easily accessible. However, ensuring that human activity remains limited around roost sites, and protecting trees and other vegetation around cave entrances should be the focus of future conservation efforts (3).
A number of locals have already been trained to carry out a monitoring program for Livingstone's flying fox (Pteropus livingstonii), and this could be extended to help carry out surveys of the Comoro rousette to identify new roost sites and monitor population numbers (3).Top
Find out more
More information on the conservation of fruit bats:
Find out about conservation on the Comoros Islands:
This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
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Books, arts and culture
Johnson: Language networks
When bigger isn't better
A study of translation and multilingual web users reveals language connections—and therefore language prestige
HOW would you rank "important" languages? If asked to rattle them off, many people start with English, but after that are reluctant to go further. Important how, they ask. One approach would be to look at people and money: surely a language is important if it is spoken by lots of people, in countries with great wealth (and presumably, therefore, power).
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But in December came a new approach. A group of scholars* approached the task by first looking at how languages are connected to one another, rather than viewing them in isolation. They then decided to see if this was a good predictor of how many famous people spoke a given language. If a language is well connected to others (a "hub" language with many bilinguals), its speakers will tend to be famous. And the names of the connected languages turn out to be rather interesting.
To find links between languages, the researchers created a "global language network" (GLN) three different ways (see graphic). One was Wikipedia editors: a bilingual Wikipedian who edits articles in both Arabic and English counts as strengthening the bond between Arabic and English. The second was Twitter: users who had tweeted at least six full sentences in a second language were treated as strengthening the bond between those two languages. The third was a more formal, old-fashioned metric: book translation. UNESCO, the United Nations' cultural organisation, keeps a database of translated books, and each of the 2.2m translations was counted as a bond strengthening the two languages. (These bonds, of course, are asymmetrical: some languages have more books translated out of them than into them and vice-versa.)
View full image here
The resulting networks are striking in many ways. English is central to all of them. But with many other languages, their connectivity has little to do with their home country's modern power. Take the network implied by book-translation. The data come from _PHONE_, and so Russian is an important node in the network. Not only were books translated between Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union (Armenian, Kirgiz and Latvian, say), but Russian is significantly connected to languages from South and South-East Asia and the Middle East. The contrast with Wikipedia and Twitter, which skew much more modern, is striking: Russian suddenly becomes a peripheral node.
Chinese, too, is peripheral in the authors' networks. In the book-translation network, the world's most spoken language is isolated, connected mainly to other Chinese languages plus a few in South-East Asia, notably Vietnamese. This may make sense given the time-frame of the book-translation database, skewed to decades before China's spectacular rise. But Chinese is also a bit-player on Twitter, as a result of the popularity of Sina Weibo, a competing Twitter-like service, in China. The same is true of Wikipedia: here Chinese is somewhat better connected, but it is still much less than its size or GDP would predict, possibly thanks to the existence of a Wikipedia-like Baidu Baike collaborative encyclopedia.
The upshot is clear: big languages are not necessarily global, and vice-versa. Arabic and Hindi—two other languages with hundreds of millions of speakers—are as peripheral as Chinese and Russian. The big nodes in the networks besides English are predictable: French, Spanish and German, especially. The first two were successfully flung far and wide by colonialism. German has centuries of prestige in science, philosophy and literature, despite the failures of Germany's colonial efforts.
But these results must be handled with care, the authors note. The paper says nothing about the inherent qualities of any language, or the cleverness of its speakers. César Hidalgo, one of the authors, notes that the paper is really about elites. Bilinguals with time to edit Wikipedia are not typical people, nor are book translators (or even bilingual Twitter users). But they do play an outsized role in the transmission of culture across borders. The main finding of the paper is that people are more likely to become globally famous (as measured, in part, among people with Wikipedia entries in at least 25 languages) if they speak one of the most networked languages. The world's most brilliant person may be a speaker of Hmong or Nahuatl, but the road to fame leads through other languages.
There is a "what else did you expect?" nature to the outsized role of Western languages in three Western-born products: the mass book-publishing industry, Wikipedia and Twitter. But the results are still meaningful: Twitter really is globally important (just ask the Iranian mullahs or the former president of Tunisia). Sina Weibo and VK (Russia's Facebook) are not. Their homemade nature may be a point of pride—it certainly keeps censors happy—but it also means cutting down a country's cultural influence.
For the language learner, the networked nature of languages poses an interesting dilemma: should you learn a language popular among global elites? The tradition of learning French still looks like a good bet here. Or should you learn a language whose number of globetrotting bilinguals is small relative to its importance? Supply and demand says that this will be valuable. This is the real case for learning Chinese: not because it is the rising global language, but because it isn't—at least certainly not yet. Given China's huge role in the global economy, the number of outsiders fluent in Chinese is still far too few.
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White children are more likely than black or Hispanic children to be given CT scans when arriving at hospital emergency rooms with minor head trauma, a study has found.
Children with the most troubling symptoms, like changes in mental functioning or signs of skull fracture, received CT scans at relatively high rates regardless of race, the researchers reported. But among children at low risk of trauma, 17 percent of non-Hispanic whites received scans while only 10 percent of black and Hispanic children did.
The study, published this month in Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, suggests that white children may be getting unnecessary scans and may be exposed to unnecessary radiation. The study sample included more than 42,000 children who went to emergency rooms from 2004 to 2006.
Doctors cited parental anxiety or request as an important influence in decisions to give scans to low-risk white children.
"Doctors have to make good choices about what tests to do," said Dr. JoAnne Natale, a professor of pediatrics at the University of California, Davis. "Perhaps there are times we use information that is not directly clinically relevant, and I think we should be conscious of that."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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One important goal of the SAS project was to develop an educational outreach component. The team decided to use Ocean Acidification
as the theme for a project based learning curriculm. Lesson plans were created to introduce the fundamental chemical principles that
explain ocean acidification and to show how technology has been developed to advance our scientific research. The final lesson plan involves students building their own
simplified water sampler (or Mini-SAS). This lesson is a great introduction to the new'maker movement' and provides students with a simple and guided introduction into becoming an engineer.
Lesson 1: Introduction to Chemistry and Ocean Acidification
The goal of this lesson is to reinforce basic scientific principles taught in the classroom and apply them to increase students' comprehension of ocean acidification, an environmental issue that is threatening marine ecosystems. Students will first learn about pH and buffering capacity of solutions such as oceans. They will then explore the influence of humans and marine animals and plants on the acidity of the oceans. Lastly, students will learn how natural resources and the historical rise in the use of fossil fuels has contributed to increasing atmospheric CO2 and ocean acidification.
Lesson Plan 1:
Introduction to Chemistry and Ocean Acidification
Supplement presentation to introduce ocean acidification
Lesson 2: Science and Technology
In this lesson students will be introduced to the concept that science and technology go hand-in-hand. It is a simple concept but one that is becoming more apparent as new breakthroughs in science are often brought about by new technologies. In return, scientific discoveries are often the foundation for developing new technologies. Students are also introduced to the Engineering Design Process, which is similar to the scientific method. There is a brief activity outlined in the lesson plan to give students some inspiration for STEM projects.
The activity is a presentation based on important milestones in the ocean science and technology fields that have brought NOAA to the forefront of marine research around the world.
Lesson 3: Build a Mini-SAS
A lesson plan and material list are provided to allow students an opportunity to build a simplified sampler, or Mini-SAS, of their own. The design is based on the circuitry of the SAS, but made with a Sparkfun kit and a few accessory parts. Students work in groups to assemble the components on a breadboard and connect the Arduino microcontroller to that. There is an exciting challenge for the students to sample water from one vial and transfer it to another by customizing the delay and volume of water sampled.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Chromebook Lesson Ideas
Station Activities for the Elementary Classroom
About the Project
Station-based instruction is a great teaching strategy for technology. Students move among a variety of activities matched to their ability or interest levels. Meanwhile, the teacher is freed up to work with small groups or individual students on special challenges.
Set up three to five station activities for individual students or small groups to work on such as spelling games, flashcards, typing activities, or manipulatives. Students rotate through the stations every 5 to 15 minutes. Lessons usually take place over at least a 30-minute period. Ideally, one of the stations involves working directly with the teacher.
Tips and Suggestions
Getting students to the right website, screen, page, etc. can be a slow process. Speed it up by using QR codes and access cards so that elementary students are taken to the correct page each time. Develop sets of activity cards for your workstations, so that you can quickly pull them out as needed. Students can use a QR scanner app and the camera on their Chromebook to visit the activity website.
Remember, not all of your stations need to incorporate technology! Having a variety of digital and hands-on activities will increase student interest.


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The disclosure requirements for Related Party Transactions in published accounts are a common cause of confusion, on the face of it, its sounds easy but getting it right is often a balance between compliance and relevance. The rules are set out in the Companies Act 2006, FRS8 and for smaller companies FRSSE (April 2008). The rules apply to both Full and Abbreviated Accounts.
- FRS 8 defines a related party to include an entity's subsidiaries, associates, joint venture interests, directors and close family members of directors.
- The standard requires an entity's transactions with related parties, regardless of whether a price is charged, to be disclosed in that entity's financial statements.
FRS 8 section 3 and FRSSE section 15.7 states that disclosure of the following is not required:
- Pension contributions paid to a pension fund
- Emoluments in respect of services as an employee or the reporting entity
- Transactions with parties simply because of their role as:
- Providers of Finance
- Utility Companies
- Government Departments
- Customer, Supplier, Franchiser, Distributor or Agent
The disclosure under FRS8 and FRSSE should include:
(a) the names of the transacting related parties
(b) a description of the relationship between the parties
(c) a description of the transactions
(d) the amounts involved
(e) any other elements of the transactions necessary for an understanding of the financial statements
(f) the amounts due to or from related parties at the balance sheet date and provisions for doubtful debts due from such parties at that date
(g) amounts written off in the period in respect of debts due to or from related parties.
Dividends to directors do meet the definition of related party transactions and are disclosable as such.
Trival items don't require disclosure and the principle of materiality should be applied.
An item of information is material to the financial statements if its misstatement or omission might reasonably be expected to
influence the economic decisions of users of those financial statements, including their assessments of management's stewardship.
The Companies Act 2006 places a statutory duty on directors in relation to potential conflicts of interest:
A director must "avoid a situation in which he has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with the interests of the company".
Related Party Transactions will often create a potential conflict of interest.
Authorisation may be given by the directors—
(a)where the company is a private company and nothing in the company's constitution invalidates such authorisation, by the matter being proposed to and authorised by the directors; or
(b)where the company is a public company and its constitution includes provision enabling the directors to authorise the matter, by the matter being proposed to and authorised by them in accordance with the constitution.
The authorisation is effective only if—
(a)any requirement as to the quorum at the meeting at which the matter is considered is met without counting the director in question or any other interested director, and
(b)the matter was agreed to without their voting or would have been agreed to if their votes had not been counted.
So it is vital that Directors disclose any potential conflict of interest and seek authorisation from the Board of Directors.


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Horizontal gradients in the wet path delay derived from four years of microwave radiometer data
Journal article, 2000
We have analyzed four years of inferred wet path delay data from a microwave radiometer operating at 21.0 and 31.4 GHz. We have applied a four parameter gradient model to the wet delays, using different lengths of the time series for the gradient estimation. The mean gradient, averaged over 15 to 1440 minutes, varies between 0.9 and 0.4 mm End has a preferred direction towards the north-east. Increasing the averaging time causes the estimated gradient to decrease. The 15 minutes mean gradient is 1.3 mm for the summer months and 0.7 mm for the winter months. Structure function results are also presented.


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was contained in the stock solution. Since the solute concentration of the stock solution is known as well as the volumes of stock and solvent, it is possible to calculate the concentration of solute in the dilute solution. The dilute solution is always less concentrated than the stock or starting solution. There are several ways to describe and prepare dilutions. Explanations are provided in this section as well as a laboratory exercise to introduce you to dilution preparation.
A. VOLUME-TO-VOLUME DILUTIONS
1. Ratio Method
This type of dilution describes the ratio of the solute volume to the total volume of the dilute solution. For example, to make a 1:10 dilution of a 1M NaCl solution, you would mix one part of the 1M solution with 9 parts of solvent (probably water), for a total of ten parts. If you needed 10mL of the 1:10 dilution, then you would mix 1mL of the 1M NaCl with 9mL of water yielding a total volume of 10mL. If you needed 100mL of the 1:10 dilution, then you would mix 10mL of the 1M NaCl with 90mL of water yielding a total volume of 100mL. The new concentration of NaCl in both solutions is determined by multiplying the stock concentration by the dilution ratio:
1M NaCl x 1/10 = 0.1M NaCl
2. Direct Calculation Method
Sometimes it is necessary to use an aliquot of one solution to make a specific volume of a more dilute solution. To calculate the volume of the more concentrated solution that will be needed to prepare the new solution, you can use the formula:
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
V1= volume of more concentrated solution needed to make the new solution (usually the unknown)
C1= concentration of starting solution
V2= final volume of new solution
C2= final concentration of new solution (must be less than C1)
For example, if you have 2.5 ml of a 1M solution of NaCl and you want to make 3 ml of a 0.33M solution of NaCl, you can use the formula to calculate how much of the 1M solution you will need.
V1 x C1 = V2 x C2
(V1)(1M) = (3mL)(0.33M)
V1 = (3mL) (0.33M)/1M
V1 = 1mL
The calculations show that you will need to use 1mL of the 1M solution. Since the diluted solution is to have a final volume of 3mL, you can calculate the volume of solvent by subtracting V1 from V2 : 3mL – 1mL = 2mL. Therefore, adding 2mL of solvent to 1 ml of a 1M solution of NaCl will yield 3mL of a 0.33M NaCl solution.
3. Serial Dilutions
Serial dilutions involve the preparation of successive dilutions that vary the concentration of the solute by a constant factor, so that each successive dilution is a multiple of the previous dilution. For example, in ten-fold serial dilutions each successive dilution is one tenth of the previous dilution yielding dilution ratios of 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, and so on. Serial dilutions may be used to prepare a series of standard concentrations for a biochemical assay, or to dilute a very dense culture of microorganisms to a concentration suitable for counting. It is very important to prepare serial dilutions carefully since each successive dilution will magnify the effect of any previous error.
How would you prepare a dilution series? As shown in Figure 1, you could begin with a stock solution of 1 mg/ml and set up a series of dilutions in which the dilution ratio relative to the stock solution progressively changes by one-half. In this instance, the concentrations of the successively diluted solutions would be 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 of the original concentration. If you needed 1 ml of each dilution, you could set up a series of 5 test tubes, with the first one empty and the rest with 1mL of solvent. You would then pipette 2mL (twice the volume needed for your test) into tube 1. Then transfer 1mL of that volume to tube 2, making a 1/2 dilution since there was 1mL of water in tube 2. After mixing the contents of tube 2, half that sample (1mL) would be transferred to tube 3, making a 1/4 dilution since the 1 ml of water that was already in tube 3 will dilute the incoming 1/2 dilution by 1/2 (1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4). This procedure is repeated until the last tube is reached, which will contain 2 ml of a 1/16 dilution of the stock solution.
B. Prepare Serial Dilutions of Cobalt Chloride and Cupric Chloride Stock Solutions
Each pair will use the stock solution you just prepared to create a series of 4 dilutions. Each dilution in the series will differ from the previous dilution by 1/2, so the dilution ratio for each tube is 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16. Calculate the concentrations of cupric chloride or cobalt chloride that the tubes will contain after the dilutions have been prepared, and record them in your lab notebook.
- Label four microcentrifuge tubes with the dilution ratios: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16.
- With a 200 μL micropipette and clean tip add 100 μL deionized water to each tube. Discard the tip as instructed by your instructor.
- Using a clean pipette tip, add 100 μL of stock solution to the tube labeled 1/2, close the lid, and mix by inversion (not vortexing).
- Use a clean pipette tip to add 100 μL of the 1/2 dilution to the tube labeled 1/4; mix.
- Use a clean pipette tip to add 100 μL of 1/4 dilution to the tube labeled 1/8; mix.
- Use a clean pipette tip to add 100 μL of 1/8 dilution to the tube labeled 1/16; mix.
- Using a clean pipette tip, remove 100 μL of solution from the 1/16 tube, and discard it in the sink. You now have four tubes containing 100 μL of four different working concentrations of your reagent. Observe the color intensity of the four solutions and record in your lab notebook. Also, observe the relative volumes of the four solutions. If they are different from each other, then inaccurate pipetting has occurred. Save these dilutions for use next week.
- Familiarize yourself with the Lab wiki and bookmark it on your computer. Read material relating to course assignments and lab attendance, as well as instructions about lab notebooks in the Introduction To Cell Biology page and in the Resources section. Be sure to familiarize yourself with the safety information (also found in the Resources section).
- Before you come to lab next time, read all the material in Lab 2 and outline the day's work in your lab notebook according to the example your instructor went over for Lab 1.
- After reading the material in the Lab 2 wiki, please take the online quiz through Sakai. Your instructor will give you more information about how to take this quiz.
- Make sure that you understand all the concepts covered in Lab 1. Solve the practice problems below on a piece of paper (NOT IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK!) and hand them in at the beginning of lab 2. The practice problems must be done individually. Your instructor will grade the problems and return them to you in lab 2.
Practice Problems (5 points)
Media:BISC_110_S13_Lab_1_Practice_Problems.doc Download Assignment below in Word format through this link
In the following problems, please show all calculations, including the units. To receive full credit, make sure to answer all parts of each question.
- a) How many grams of sucrose (MW=342) would you need to make 100mL of a 10-2 M sucrose solution? b) How many milligrams of sucrose would you need to make this same solution? c) Express 10-2 M as a millimolar (mM) concentration.
- Compound Z has a MW of 100. Your lab partner weighed 25 grams of compound Z and dissolved it in water to a final volume of 1 liter. a) What is the concentration of the solution expressed as a percentage by weight (w/v)? b) What is the concentration of the solution expressed as molarity?
- Convert a 0.26M solution of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (MW=237.9) into %(w/v) units. b) How would you make a 5% (v/v) solution of ethanol from 100% ethanol?
- You need to prepare 2 methanol solutions


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A football place kicker is about to attempt a field goal from the 30-yard line. He is lined up directly in front of the left goal post; but since there is a wind coming from the right side of the field, the kicker aims for the right goal post. This means that, from above, the ball will be kicked at a 79º angle to the 30-yard line.
A.) The player kicks the ball at this angle with enough force to make the ball go 47 miles per hour, and the wind is blowing at 10 miles per hour. Use a vector sum of these two forces to show that, under these circumstances, the kicker will miss the field goal.
B.) To make the field goal, the resultant force of the kick and the wind actually should have a magnitude of 50 miles per hour and a direction of 85º. To counteract the 10-mph wind, with what speed--and at what direction--should the football player kick the ball?
I am needing help figuring out the answers to this question. I would appreciate if someone could give great detail in explaining how to do this step by step to finding answers so I will know how to do it.


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In Education edit
Evaluation in education is the word used to discuss how the effectiveness of the learning environment is assessed.
Shared resources for evaluating wikiversity resources or courses run on wikiversity are being developed (see, e.g., Valuation).
In Research edit
Evaluation in research is a formal procedure to quantify the level of actual or anticipated parameter under investigation. This evaluation may be theoretical, experimental or hybrid (see, e.g., Seismic performance evaluation).


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FileListBox.Path Property
Gets or sets the current path for a FileListBox.
Namespace: Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility.VB6
Assembly: Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility (in Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility.dll)
public string Path { get; set; }
Property Value
Type: System.String
A String that contains the current path, not including the file name.
The value of the Path property is a string indicating a path, such as C:\Ob or C:\Windows\System. For a FileListBox control, the default is the current path when the control is created at run time.
Use this property when you are building an application's file-browsing and manipulation capabilities. Setting the Path property has effects similar to the MS-DOS chdir command; relative paths are allowed with or without a drive specification. Specifying only a drive with a colon (:) selects the current directory on that drive.
The Path property can also be set to a qualified network path without a drive connection using the following syntax:
Changing the value of Path for a FileListBox control generates an PathChange event.
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How To Sing Well In Chillier Weather
We all know how difficult it can be during the colder months in Canada – everything takes longer, and sometimes it's so cold, it's dangerous to be out in the elements for too long. This kind of weather has a direct impact on singers as well, so here are three tips to help you sing well during those cold winter months:
#1. Dress for Success:
Dressing for the weather just seems like common sense, but there are a few extra things you can do to help your voice out. Anytime your body shivers, you are creating tension, which directly impacts your sound. Make sure you're wearing enough layers so that your body doesn't need to shiver to create warmth. Protect your neck with a scarf, and try to cover your mouth and nose if it's really cold outsie.
#2. Nourish Yourself:
It can be easy to forget to eat well, since we often turn to more comfortable food fare during the winter months. It's especially important before a concert to ensure that you're giving your body the best food and drink possible, so that you can be at your best. Hydration is especially important during winter months, since we often have to exert ourselves more, and the city is so dry in the winter. Make sure you're drinking enough water!
#3. Warm-up Well:
It's important to always warm-up before singing, but this becomes especially important during the winter months. Because of the dry air, and the cold air, our bodies produce more mucus, and dries our throat out. Give yourself an extra few minutes to warm up, and make sure to hydrate as you sing!
How else can you prepare yourself to sing well in chillier weather? Tell us in the comments below!


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Atlanta may be the perfect place for Chris Chung-kei Lai to work.
It's a dense urban area, yet it's just a few hours from more than 100 miles of coastline. For an engineer interested in how water flows through salt marshes and how heat escapes from cities (or doesn't), Atlanta offers a wealth of opportunities.
"One of my major research areas is turbulent flows through coastal vegetation and through an array of buildings in a city," said Lai, who will join the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering faculty this fall. "These flows are related to the management of wetlands and microclimate in a city: for example, how nutrients and sediments are moved through salt marshes and how heat released in a city is moved or trapped between buildings."
Lai said turbulence in these kinds of flows presents engineers with a difficult problem.
"When a turbulent flow passes through an array of objects, like coastal vegetation or a series of tall buildings, the situation gets complicated," Lai said. "The fluid motions are strongly modified by the flow fields created around the objects. This is where classic theories of turbulence fail, demanding new analysis and new ideas to understand what's happening."
Lai's approach to the problem involves physical laboratory experiments to understand the underlying physics, then creating models to predict these complex flows and designing devices to help manage them.
"Environmental fluid mechanics is at the heart of the human experience, as we are affected by our surroundings," Lai said. "With a growing world population, and increasingly populated coastal urban areas, it is important to understand how the environment responds to our increasing demands in order to achieve sound management of our environmental resources."
His work on turbulence also has impact across disciplines, including for mechanical and aerospace engineering. He's planning a new kind of experimental facility at Tech that allows him to observe and document flow around objects in all three dimensions.
"Engineering is a perfect marriage of science and practice," Lai said. "This is especially true in environmental fluid mechanics, where elegant mathematics is combined with physical experiments and computer simulations to solve complex fluid flow problems important to society: wastewater disposal, river sediment transport, and pollutant dispersion in urban canopies, for example."
Lai joins Georgia Tech from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where he has been a postdoctoral researcher on the Extreme Fluids team. His doctoral work at Texas A&M University focused on the transport of oil and gas after underwater spills with the support of the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative.
- Chris Chung-kei Lai
- Water Resources Engineering
- Other new faculty:


text:
Calculate Mushrooms, white, microwaved calories from carbohydrates, fats and proteins based on weight
Gravels and Substrates
Materials and Substances
What is rem heavy particles?
Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man) is the derived unit of any of the quantities expressed as the radiation absorbed dose (rad) equivalent. The dose equivalent in rems is equal to the radiation absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the quality factor. The quality factor is unique to the radiation type. Various radiation types have different biological effect, even for the same amount of radiation absorbed dose (rad). Rem heavy particles expresses the radiation absorbed dose in human tissue to the effective biological damage caused by exposure to heavy particles.read more...»
What is linear density or linear mass density measurement?
The linear density (μ) of a one-dimensional object, also known as linear mass density, is defined as the mass of the object per unit of length. The derived SI unit of the linear density measurement is kilogram per meter (kg/m). The linear density is a property of strings and other one-dimensional objects.read more...»


Technological advancements in inflatable technology redefining abrasive blasting operations.
Supplier: Giant Inflatables Industrial
14 February, 2021
Technological advancements in inflatable technology have redefined the way in which industry professionals are performing abrasive blasting operations.
Whether you're sand blasting, soda blasting, garnet blasting, ice blasting, or blasting with another abrasive media, you should ask yourself the following question:
Can I get the job done more effectively and save time, money and resources in the process?
The answer may well be yes, and here's why: With traditional blast booths and chambers your abrasive blasting operation needs to take place back at your home base where expensive blast booth space may lay idle while rent is being paid. In most instances that valuable space could well be better utilized to undertake operations that increase return to your bottom line. But what if your blast booth could disappear when not in use?
A great example is how Queensland Air Services saved heaps by utilizing their hanger space wisely. Inside their expensive hanger workshop multiple operations need to take place, including grit blasting, painting and Non Destructive Testing. All these would conventionally need a separate and space utilizing booth. They have chosen wisely and now use temporary inflatable booths for their abrasive blasting, painting and NDT operations, saving space and cutting expensive costs.
Problem 1: Inability to conduct operations at your client's premises.
Traditional blast chambers are ridged space occupying fixtures This is a consequence of the antiquated infrastructure required to establish a safe and containing blasting environment. This costs industry professionals a great deal of effort, time and money in having to repeatedly move the blast subject to the blast chamber often over long distances.
Now at last, new inflatable technologies allows for blast chambers of all sizes to be completely portable. It's as simple as connecting a power source to blow up the inflatable. Within minutes, a fully functional blasting environment can be set up anywhere and operate in any weather conditions. This repositions the assumption that the blast subject needs to be relocated to the blast chamber. Instead, take the blast chamber to the blast subject and save valuable resources and reduce costs in the process. Wherever the job is, whatever needs to be blasted, the appropriate shelter and blasting equipment can be easily moved to the right location.
Problem 2: Waste Vs Sustainability.
Conventionally the requirement to create a blasting and containment environment when on site utilizes scaffolding to create that structure. Conventionally wasteful and environmentally harmful plastics are commonly used to enclose and secure the space. These plastics are single-use and represent an ongoing liability to the environment, client and operator for every single future blasting job.
Utilizing a compact and cost effective Inflatable Blast Chamber is a completely sustainable undertaking. There is no environmental liability, and no working at height dangers. The operator sets up and reuse the same inflatable asset every job as it comes, knowing there is no procurement cost or environmental hazard for single-use wasteful materials.
Problem 3: Cost.
With easy setup, easy transport and their capacity to be reused for repeated jobs, inflatable blast booths are not just superior for their convenience, but they are also incredibly cost effective. The return on your invest can be realized in just 3 - 4 jobs. Client the likes of Siemens and Origin energy can attest to the meaningful saving that they have made and the very quick asset repayment.
So, if you are looking to purchase a blast booth or you are setting up a blast environment, take a moment to consider inflatable technology and how it might save you time, money and resources. It may be the new simple solution to your blasting needs.


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Biochemically and histopathologically comparative review of thiamine's and thiamine pyrophosphate's oxidative stress effects generated with methotrexate in rat liver
Ismail Demiryilmaz, Ebru Sener, Nihal Cetin, Durdu Altuner, Bahadir Suleyman, Fatih Albayrak, Fatih Akcay, Halis Suleyman
Med Sci Monit 2012; 18(12): BR475-481
Available online: 2012-12-01
Background: Oxidative liver injury occurring with methotrexate restricts its use in the desired dose. Therefore, whether or not thiamine and thiamine pyrophosphate, whose antioxidant activity is known, have protective effects on oxidative liver injury generated with methotrexate was comparatively researched in rats using biochemical and histopathological approaches.
Material/Methods: Thiamine pyrophosphate+methotrexate, thiamine+methotrexate, and methotrexate were injected intraperitoneally in rats for 7 days. After this period, all animals' livers were excised, killing them with high-dose anesthesia, and histopathologic and biochemical investigations were made.
Result: Biochemical results demonstrated a significant elevation in level of oxidant parameters such as MDA and MPO, and a reduction in antioxidant parameters such as GSH and SOD in the liver tissue of the methotrexate group. Also, the quantity of 8-OHdG/dG, a DNA injury product, was higher in the methotrexate group with high oxidant levels and low antioxidant levels, and the quantity of 8-OHdG/dG was in the thiamine pyrophosphate group with low oxidant levels and high antioxidant levels. In the thiamine and control groups, the 8-OHdG/dG rate was 1.48±0.35 pmol/L (P>0.05) and 0.55±0.1 pmol/L (P<0.0001). Thiamine pyrophosphate significantly decreased blood AST, ALT and LDH, but methotrexate and thiamine did not decrease the blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH. Histopathologically, although centrilobular necrosis, apoptotic bodies and inflammation were monitored in the methotrexate group, the findings in the thiamine pyrophosphate group were almost the same as in the control group.
Conclusions: Thiamine pyrophosphate was found to be effective in methotrexate hepatotoxicity, but thiamine was ineffective.
Keywords: Rats, Rats, Wistar, Peroxidase - metabolism, Oxidative Stress - drug effects, Methotrexate - adverse effects, Malondialdehyde - metabolism, Liver - pathology, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase - metabolism, Glutathione - metabolism, Deoxyguanosine - metabolism, Aspartate Aminotransferases - metabolism, Animals, Alanine Transaminase - metabolism, Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism, Thiamine - pharmacology, Thiamine Pyrophosphate - pharmacology


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Who Needs UST Training?
If you own or operate an underground storage tank, you have certain responsibilities, including mandatory training. UST operator training is intended for workers and employers who work at storage tank sites. The training for UST operators is divided into three classes:
Each class must be trained to comply with their responsibilities so that they know how to eliminate any possibility of leaking storage tank systems.
Underground Storage Tank training teaches you how to properly install the storage tank system and keep it secure from spills, overfills, and corrosion. Additionally, you'll learn about your responsibilities for recordkeeping and reporting leaks. Finally, you'll learn about following regulatory rules during the installation of new tanks and the closure of existing ones.
Browse our online UST training courses to find the right one to meet your state and operator class requirements.
Why Are Underground Storage Tanks Regulated?
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an underground storage tank (UST) consists of a tank, or group of tanks, connected by underground piping with at least 10% of their combined volume underground.
Underground storage tanks are used for numerous purposes, but the USTs that must comply with federal regulations typically contain either petroleum or certain hazardous substances. And the reason USTs are dangerous is that they have the potential to leak into soil and contaminate groundwater. Additionally, fumes and vapors can travel underground and accumulate in areas like garages and basements where they can create dangerous hazards, including explosions and fire.
To keep the public safe, Congress passed a series of laws in 40 CFR part 280 and gave the EPA the authority to regulate underground storage tanks. The EPA also has authority over any underground storage tanks in Indian Country. Additionally, many states have their own regulations for USTs that are stricter than the federal regulations.


The Morphin Grid
Supertrain Megazord
Redirected from Rail Rescues
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this wiki
PRLR-Supertrain Megazord
Supertrain Megazord
Zords: Rail Rescues 1 to 5
Season: Lightspeed Rescue
First Appearance: Rising From Ashes
Last Appearance: Rise Of The Super Demons
Number of Episode
Full list of appearances
Length: m
Width: 59.9 m
Height: 80 m
Weight: 15000 tons t
Speed: 7500 km/h km/h
By running off a raised rail section and becoming airborne, the Rail Rescues could combine to form the Supertrain Megazord. As the Rail Rescues were large enough to house the Lightspeed Rescuezords, the Supertrain Megazord was substantially larger than the other Megazords. Rail Rescues 1 and 2 formed the arms, Rail Rescue 3 formed the thighs, head, and torso, and Rail Rescues 4 and 5 formed the legs. It had missiles and an Ion Turbine weapon at its disposal, known as its Gatling Blasters. At first almost twice as tall as its opponents, some later monsters were grown even larger to combat the Supertrain Megazord.
Unfortunately, due to the massive output needed to power the Zords in their Megazord form, the Supertrain often overcharged itself which resulted in the Rangers being injured from within the cockpit. During its initial battle, the Megazord nearly tore itself apart, overloading twice by using its weapons.
The Supertrain Megazord was badly damaged by Diabolico, but not destroyed. In the final battle against Super Demons Diabolico and Olympius, it's arm was dismantled due the heavy amounts of damage it took and therefore lost a massive amount of power and was rendered useless. It is not known whether it was repaired (although it was seen having it's remains loaded onto carrier trucks, but it is not known whether the remains were sent back to the Aquabase for long term repairs, or scrapped due to the Megazord being beyond repair).
Rail Rescues
The Rail Rescues are the secondary Zords, mainly functioning as carrier Zords, although they are the first to appear in the show. They consist of five train vehicles that can store the Rescuezords or Omegazords. When traveling through Mariner Bay, they combine to form one train in numerical order (1 is the first car and five is the last) and use the local train tracks for travel.
Each Rail Rescue was based off of a different type of train car.
 - Rail Rescue 1: A locomotive
 - Rail Rescue 2: A subway car
 - Rail Rescue 3: A freighter
 - Rail Rescue 4: A coach car
 - Rail Rescue 5: A bullet train locomotive
Zords Carried
 - The toy for the Supertrain Megazord has been considered one of the largest megazord toys ever made (only to be beaten by the "over-sized" Pyramidas)
See Also
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WATER QUALITY AND
LOGGING SEDIMENT CONTROL ACT (LSCA)
LSCA and Water Quality go hand-in-hand, making sure the water you use is clean. Approximately 1.8 million West Virginians rely on clean water for drinking, cooking, bathing, swimming and fishing to name a few. To help ensure your water quality is safe before, during and after a logging operation, the West Virginia Legislature passed the Logging Sediment Control Act in 1992 (19-1B).
This law sets guidelines for logging companies to use when timbering. Part of the Act states logging operations be registered and supervised by individuals who have completed Division of Forestry certification program. The law also requires loggers to follow Best Management Practices (BMPs) that prevents useless soil erosion or run-off that could potentially cause problems in nearby ponds, streams, rivers or other bodies of water.
You as a citizen can do your part to ensure logging jobs and your water continues to be safe. If you or someone you know is planning on harvesting timber, please check to make sure the logging company you use is licensed to complete timbering operations in West Virginia. Download the Licensed Loggers for the most current list of available licensed loggers in the state. By using a properly licensed timber operator AND a certified logger, you know the workers will use BMPs that reduce both soil erosion and water pollution.
For a list of Licensed Timber Operators or Licensed Certified Loggers in West Virginia, download the appropriate form on this page.
Licensed Timber Operators and Certified Loggers
Licensed Timber Operators Last updated 5/17/13
Licensed Certified Loggers Last updated 5/17/13
Once you decide to cut, make sure the following criteria will be completed:
- Timber Operator is licensed with the West Virginia Division of Forestry.
- Obtained logger certification by completing a WVDOF training class.
- Filed a timbering operation notification with the WVDOF within three days of start up.
- Posted a sign with company name and timbering license number.
FORESTS AND FLOODS
In 2001, at the request of State Forester Randy Dye, an expert committee consisting of representatives of state, federal and private agencies prepared a report that reviewed and summarized scientific literature regarding the effects of timber management activities on flooding. This report concerns the storms of July 2001 in southern West Virginia. No effort has been made to polish this report for widespread publication; however, due to continual interest in the issue, the Division of Forestry is making this publication available to the public through its website. This.pdf document is 89 pages in length and can be downloaded using Adobe Acrobat.
The following documents are in.pdf format and require Adobe Acrobat Reader to view or print. Click on the Adobe Icon to download a free version of this program.
Forests and Floods
2003 McCutcheon Report
In February 2003, Steven C. McCutcheon, Ph.D. prepared a report for the Division of Forestry entitled "Hydrologic Evaluation of the
Curve Number Method for Forest Management in West Virginia." This report is 38 pages and available for download as a.pdf document. To download the McCutcheon Report, click on the link below.
On January 8, 2006, Dr. McCutcheon testified before the Forest Management Review Commission. Download the file below to read his seven page presentation.


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ERIC Number: ED321385
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1989-Nov
A Study of the Impact of Educational Reform Movements.
An assessment of the relative and absolute impact of various educational reform movements on student learning and an analysis of school superintendents' roles in such movements are the purposes of this study. Mailed surveys to 70 experienced New York school superintendents yielded a 78.6 percent response rate. The first phase focused on the individual impacts of 10 recent educational reform movements, and the second phase compared the movements with each other with respect to student learning and the role of the superintendency. Findings indicate that the perceptions of the value of recent educational reform movements vary widely. Approaches with specific target populations were viewed as having the most impact on student learning, and those with less structure and definition were perceived as having little impact. A conclusion is that although reform efforts may have some value, the real work of education lies in addressing specific problems at the district level. Twenty-two summary tables of survey findings are included. (12 references) (LMI)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A


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With the sale of the Documentum business to OpenText, enterprises with built-out Documentum infrastructures are looking at their options. Some will recommit to Documentum, and some will set a path to move to alternative content management technologies. All of them, however, will have to decide how to manage the large volume of content they have accumulated in their Documentum repositories.
In other posts, I have talked about decommissioning and archiving strategies that can be used to guide the move off of Documentum. But the reality is that in almost any scenario enterprises with a long Documentum legacy will have content stored in Documentum repositories for a long time into the future.
So the question is, how can that content be managed better? How can costs be reduced? And how can you get the most out of it?
Reduce Volume to Reduce Costs
Like any content repository, it is almost certain that 40% or more of the content stored in your Documentum environment is duplicate, redundant, obsolete or trivial. So one way to save money is to eliminate that "ROT" in an organized way.
Analytics tools let you peer into content repositories and analyze the content, identifying not just redundant and trivial content but private and confidential information as well. These tools connect a periscope to your Documentum environment, through which you can easily identify content of different types and stored items with different characteristics, based on the content of each item, not just the metadata.
Once identified, cleansing and mitigation steps will reduce the volume of the content and the security of any private information (PII and PCI) hidden inside the items. This work will potentially reduce storage costs, increase compliance with your security policies, and reduce the cost and complexity of any future migration efforts
Add Retention Management to Reduce Risk
Retention management policies define which types of content you need to retain and for what period. Regulatory requirements and internal information governance policies dictate retention policies.
Adding retention management to Documentum content is simple with tools that allow you to connect to document repositories and map each item to a retention policy. Once mapped, each item can be scheduled for destruction when it reaches its defined expiration date.
The result is less content is vulnerable to both data theft attempts and legal discovery proceedings. "Defensible Destruction" means that you destroy items as part of a defined process, executed consistently. Retention management is the cornerstone of defensible destruction.
A secondary capability is litigation hold. Some tools (full disclosure, Everteam offers one), include the capability to place sets of items on litigation hold, ensuring their preversation as soon as you identify them as part of a document request associated with a legal proceeding or internal investigation.
Employ Analytics to Extract Additional Value
Modern content analytics tools have the power and intelligence to identify patterns embedded in the content of all items stored in your Documentum environment. A simple example: If you have ten thousand contracts stored in Documentum, wouldn't it be useful to see which ones, and how many, include the phrase "most favored nation" somewhere within the document?
The natural language processing (NLP) capabilities of content analytics tools can also identify patterns in your documents that you are not explicitly searching for. For an insurance company, that might mean certain phrases in claims documents that tie back to factors that could be screened for at the time of underwriting.
The point is that there are insights buried in your Documentum content, and content analytics tools can surface those insights so that you can act on them. Some of these tools are preconfigured to work with Documentum content.
The Long View
Documentum has been around for more than 20 years, and some companies have been using it nearly that long. That means there are vast quantities of documents stored in Documentum and that content needs to be managed and optimized for the long term.
Take a look at the available tools to analyze your Documentum content, to add retention management and litigation hold capabilities, and to provide deep content analytics. These tools will help you reduce the volume and costs of that content, reduce the risks associated with retaining it, and increase the value you can extract from it.


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Visual perception and the associated structural and genetic components are highly developed in insects. However, it is unclear how well these features are developed in ectoparasitic insects that have secondarily reduced or lost vision. While it is well known that fleas have reduced or completely lost their eyes, it is unclear whether the underlying genetics associated with vision have remained intact. We present data from a study of the long-wavelength opsin gene sampled across a range of mecopteran and siphonapteran taxa, which include fully visual insects (panorpids and boreids) to species with eyes reduced or absent (fleas). The evolution of this gene is evaluated in light of a robust phylogeny for Mecoptera and Siphonaptera, providing greater insight into the evolution of the opsin gene complex in insects.
Species 1: Siphonaptera (fleas)
Species 2: Mecoptera Panorpidae (scorpionflies)
Species 3: Mecoptera Boreidae (snow fleas)
Back to Student Competition Ten-Minute Papers, A2, Systematics, Morphology, and Evolution
Back to Student Competition TMP Orals
Back to The 2003 ESA Annual Meeting and Exhibition


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|Deformation of Cell Passing through Micro Slit between Micro Ridges Fabricated by Photolithography Technique|
Yusuke Takahashi, Shigehiro Hashimoto, Atsushi Mizoi, Haruka Hino
A micro slit has been designed between micro ridges, and deformation of a biological cell passing through the micro slit has been observed in vitro. The slit, of which the width is 0.87 mm and the height is 0.010 mm, has been made between the micro ridges on the transparent polydimethylsiloxane disk and on the glass disk by the photolithography technique. The slit is placed at the middle part of a flow channel. Four kinds of cells were used in the experiment: C2C12 (mouse myoblast cells), HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), Hepa1-6 (mouse hepatoma cells), and Neuro-2a (mouse neural crest-derived cells). The suspension of each kind of cells was introduced to the slits. The deformation of cells passing through the micro slit was observed with an inverted phase-contrast microscope. The experimental results show that cells deform to the flat circular disk and pass through the micro slit of 0.010 mm height. The deformation ratio, the passing velocity, and the shape index of cells through the slit were evaluated: Hepa1-6 is deformed with the increase of the passing velocity, and HUVEC elongates along the flow. The designed slit between micro ridges has capability to evaluate the deformability of cells.
Empowering Teachers to Raise Career Awareness in Computing: Lessons Learned
Giti Javidi, Ehsan Sheybani
Students' attitudes towards Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) has been a topic of enduring interest in the field of STEM education over the past decade – but why? After all, there is no sense in which people are concerned about students' attitudes towards the learning of English or history. So what drives the interest in these topics? Previous research has suggested a relationship between teachers' and students' attitudes towards a subject area. In order to increase student representation in STEM, we need teachers who have positive attitudes and can serve as role models to encourage their students to pursue STEM careers. In this paper we argue that in order to engage students' interest in the technical career paths, we must start with inspiring and training teachers to instill such interest in their students at early age. We present our experiences and outcomes from a teacher training program. Through the training, we were able to help teachers explore ways to incorporate programming into their curriculum, gain STEM career awareness and develop an understanding of importance of soft skills in STEM. The results show that teachers were able to gain confidence in incorporating their subject matter into Scratch-based classroom activities and teaching this material in a classroom setting and gain a better understanding of careers in STEM.
Tutorial Continuing Education: Innovative Strategy in a Tertiary Specialized Health Unit
Flaviana Maciel, Mariana Acioly, Viviane Fragoso, Thalita Santos, Carolina Martins
Hospital Pelopidas Silveira-IMIP/SES/SUS is a tertiary-unit, specialized in cardiology, neurology, neurosurgery and interventional radiology. It is the only hospital of Brazilian Public-Health-System (SUS) with this profile and a 24h-acute-cardio/neurovascular facility. Challenges of Continuing-Education include a) guaranteeing appropriate level of basic knowledge, b) empowering clinical staff to remain up to date in current knowledge. HPS Continuing-Education Program is based on three branches: a) Classroom-Tutorials (CT), b) Online-Tutorials at "Pelopidas Digital" Virtual-Teaching-Platform (PD-VTP) and c) Daily-Practice Evaluation (DPE). This paper presents logistic details of HPS Continuing-Education Program. Training team coordinates tutorial meetings and performs continuous statistical analysis. Evaluation team visit hospital departments daily, observing in practice the incorporation of information provided, and retraining individuals in their work scenarios. Both teams perform curriculum development, meeting planning and creation of digital-training-modules. Tutorial meetings have pre/post-tests, allowing monitoring of attendance, topic significance and short-term retention. Tutorial groups are formed by 6-12 employees sharing similarities in training needs. CT is offered to 4 groups-of-interest: a) nurses, b) nursing assistants, c) administrative staff, porters, drivers, d) cleaning, laundry and security staff. Problematization and active strategies have resulted into an attractive, structured educational program customized to produce short-term results. The strategy is of interest to institutions sharing similar challenges.
Flipped Science Inquiry@Crescent Girls' School
Peishi Goh, Azrina Wan, Deepa Patel, Linda Shear
This study shares the findings of a school-based Action
Research project to explore how inquiry-based science practical
lessons designed using the Flipped Science Inquiry@CGS
classroom pedagogical model influence the way students learn
scientific knowledge and also students' development of 21st
century competencies, in particular, in the area of Knowledge
Taking on a broader definition of the flipped classroom
pedagogical model, the Flipped Science Inquiry@CGS
framework adopts a structure that inverted the traditional
science learning experience. Scientific knowledge is constructed
through discussions with their peers, making use of their prior
knowledge and their experiences while engaging in hands-on
Through the study, it is found that with the use of the Flipped
Science Inquiry@CGS framework, learning experiences that are
better aligned to the epistemology of science while developing
21st century competencies in students are created.
"Real Language": Combining Intermediate Spanish Language Learners and ESOL/Native Speakers for Vernacular Language Acquisition
This paper addresses the possibilities of combining Spanish language learners and English language learners in high school and post-secondary institutions for mutual benefit to learn authentic language. Academic or "classroom" Spanish is insufficient to empower students for today's workplace. The concept behind "Real Language" is illustrated by an example of an interdisciplinary activity to facilitate communicative interaction in genuine language and promote cultural understanding between intermediate Spanish students and ESOL/native speakers at the high school and post-secondary level. Students are asked to utilize their life skills in interactive, freestyle conversation without the intervention of an instructor. The learning space for language exchange is an out-of-class venue for a non-intimidating, more authentic setting. This simple qualitative study investigates the potential value of this sort of interdisciplinary activity. The intent is to evaluate attitudes of the participants in relation to confidence in their ability to use the target language, and their willingness to use it in social and professional environments and, in addition, to facilitate cultural understanding. The positive result of the project is validated by the voice of the student participants as they reflect on their experience in "Real Language". Could this concept facilitate evolving strategies for interdisciplinary contemporary foreign language learning?
Automatic Tagging as a Support Strategy for Creating Knowledge Maps
Leonardo Moura De Araújo, Doris Cáliz Ramos
Graph organizers are powerful tools for both structuring and
transmitting knowledge. Because of their unique characteristics,
these organizers are valuable for cultural institutions, which
own large amounts of information assets and need to constantly
make sense of them. On one hand, graph organizers are tools
for connecting numerous chunks of data. On the other hand,
because they are visual media, they offer a bird's-eye view
perspective on complexity, which is digestible to the human
eye. They are effective tools for information synthesis, and are
capable of providing valuable insights on data. Information
synthesis is essential for Heritage Interpretation, since
institutions depend on constant generation of new content to
preserve relevance among their audiences. While Mind Maps
are simpler to be structured and comprehended, Knowledge
Maps offer challenges that require new methods to minimize
the difficulties encountered during their assembly. This paper
presents strategies based on manual and automatic tagging as an
answer to this problem. In addition, we describe the results of a
usability test and qualitative analysis performed to compare the
workflows employed to construct both Mind Maps and
Knowledge Maps. Furthermore, we also talk about how well
concepts can be communicated through the visual
representation of trees and networks. Depending on the
employed method, different results can be achieved, because of
their unique topological characteristics. Our findings suggest
that automatic tagging supports and accelerates the construction
The Pariah in Contemporary Society: A Black Sheep or a Prodigal Child? (Invited Paper)
About the book written by Marcienne Martin, The Pariah in Contemporary Society: A Black Sheep or a Prodigal Child?, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017, 145 p.
Be the ugly duckling in a family, the head of a Turk in a group, or the pariah in a society, amounts to living in marked and implicit difference, in indifference, even in cruelty.
The research which this book is dedicated to articulates the concept of the "pariah," and it is through the various filters presented above that we will proceed to its analysis. Besides these, we will try to study the notion of the "pariah" using the different strata that make up human society, such as wonderful tales and literature. We will also present the perception of lexicologists and psychologists, because behind the word there is the object, which is apprehended differently by the human psyche because it is included in value systems varying from one sociocultural group to another. Even though the project is ambitious, it cannot cover this notion entirely because a large number of questions emerge from it. This amounts to opening a Pandora's Box dedicated to this status constructed by human beings


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The main motivation for studying Earths global carbon cycle is to enable scientists to predict future levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. According to Steven C. Wofsy, an environmental scientist at Harvard University, the ability to predict carbon dioxide levels is important if Earth scientists are to answer fundamental questions like how much will global temperatures rise over time, and how will this affect other aspects of Earths climate?
"Are those 2 billion tons of carbon missing permanently, or
temporarily?" Wofsy asks. "Youre at a loss to predict if you
dont know why the carbon is disappearing and if it will stay
In a concerted effort to solve the mystery of the missing carbon, NASA led an interdisciplinary Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) from 1994-97 that spanned two Canadian provinces. Wofsy, along with members of 85 other science teams from five nations, participated in the investigation. Their prime suspect was the boreal forest. Named after Boreas, Greek god of the north wind, boreal refers to the mostly evergreen forest that encircles the Earth at high northern latitudesbetween 43°N-65°Noccupying between 16 to 20 million square kilometers of the Earths land surface. Could this cold, mostly coniferous ecosystem be the culprit?


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Job Title Certified Hospice Aide
Location Silva, Missouri
Department Nursing
FLSA Status Non-Exempt
Shifts hiring Full-time
The hospice aide is a paraprofessional member of the interdisciplinary group who works under the supervision of a registered nurse and performs various services for a patient as necessary to meet the patient's personal needs and to promote comfort. The hospice aide is responsible for observing the patient, reporting these observations and documenting observations and care performed.
The hospice aide will be assigned by a Registered Nurse in a manner that promotes quality, continuity and safety of
a patient's care.
Responsibilities of the hospice aide include, but are not limited to, the following:
1. Performing personal care needs after given a patient's assignment and attending to his/her requests promptly. If unable to perform a certain task, report to the Case Manager immediately.
2. Providing patient and family with positive communication techniques, within realm of ethical and respectful care, including confidentiality.
3. Meeting safety needs of patient and using equipment safely and properly (foot stools, side rails, 02 etc.)
5. Assisting in dressing and undressing patients as assigned.
6. Planning and preparing nutritious meals, including shopping, as assigned.
7. Assisting in feeding the patient as assigned.
8. Taking and recording oral, rectal and auxiliary temperatures, pulse, respiration and blood pressure when ordered with appropriate completed/demonstrated skills competency.
9. Providing proper care and observation of patient's skin to prevent breakdown of tissue over bony prominence.
10. Assessing and reporting on patient's condition and significant changes to the Case Manager. Also aware of the caregiver or other individuals living with the patient and interpersonal issues.
11. Assisting in ambulation and exercise as instructed by the hospice nurse or therapist.
12. Provide normal range of motion and transfers/positioning as directed.
13. Assistance with self-administered medications as allowed by state regulations, such as "reminders."
14. Offering and assisting with bedpans and urinals. Providing assistance as assigned with light laundry needs.
15. Performing range of motion and other simple procedures as an extensional therapy service as ordered with appropriate completed/demonstrated skills competency.
16. Providing respite for patient's/family/caregiver when on-site, as appropriate.
17. Keeping patient's living area clean and orderly, as assigned.
18. Adhering to the organization's documentation and care procedures and standards of personal and professional conduct.
19. Participates in quality assessment performance improvement teams and activities.
20. Respectful of patient and family/caregiver environment and patient's personal needs.
1. Meets the training requirements of the State.
2. Completed a minimum of 75 hours of classroom and supervised practical training. Sixteen hours of class room must be completed prior to a mandatory 16 hours of practical training.
3. At least 18 years of age.
4. Ability to read and follow written instructions and document care given.
5. Understands hospice philosophy, comfortable providing specialized care to the terminally ill.
6. Satisfactory references from previous employers.
8. Has empathy for the needs of the ill, injured, frail and the impaired.
9. Possess and maintains current CPR certification.
10. Demonstrates tact, patience and good personal hygiene.
11. Licensed driver with automobile that is insured in accordance with organization requirements and is in good working order.
12. Successfully completes a probationary period. This probationary period is to ensure the aide is competent in the above qualifications, and is documented by the supervisor and the employee.
13. Effective social interaction, communication and organizational skills and the ability to perform a variety of tasks efficiently.
1. Good oral and written communications
2. Good organizational skills
1. Community home environment
2. Exposure to infectious diseases
3. In and out of automobile
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ISPRS 2001 Mars Cartography using MOLA Control
The stereo photogrammetric observable equations are presented relating control point image location to camera distortions, camera pointing, spacecraft position, Mars-fixed areocentric control point location, and Mars parameters such as spin axis direction, spin rate and prime meridian location. The use of these equations in a minimum variance, least squares, block adjustment process are describes to add both horizontal and vertical control to the image data using Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimetry data. An example is presented locating Viking Lander 1 (VL-1) on the surface of Mars in Mars-fixed coordinates using overlapping, stereo Viking Orbiter images and MOLA data surrounding the VL-1 site.
- T. Duxbury
- Added to Astropedia
- 15 May 2012
- 9 July 2013
- Geospatial Data Presentation Form


SPICOSASpicosa Website
<< | overview | >>
CoPraNet: Rehabilitation of the Leirosa Sand Dunes
Type of Entry: Case Study
Duration: 06/1999 - 12/2007
The implantation of a submarine outfall pipe in 1995 for the cellulose pulp and paper companies Celbi and Soporcel, lead to some changes in the Leirosa sand dunes system. The use of hard machinery and the nearby presence of a breakwater increased the lasting problems of erosion in this coastal ecosystem.
Sand accretion was the first step to the reconstruction of the Leirosa dunes (which started in 2000). After that, to stabilize the sand, revegetation was carried out with transplants of the grass Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, the most appropriate plant species used in these situations.
The winter of 2000/2001 was particularly severe and in February 2001 most of the oceanic side of the Leirosa rehabilitated sand dune system was destroyed. The monitoring plan continued, to assess sand erosion and vegetation growth.
In February 2005, after evaluating several alternatives, the Leirosa sand dunes were reconstructed with layers of geotextiles filled with sand. Once the sand containers were in place, this protection barrier was covered by a 1 m layer of sand which was planted with A. arenaria, turning this area into an attractive and safe coastal dune system.
Some problems, probably caused by unapropriate seal of the geotextiles layers, lead to their opening in some parts of the 3 bottom layers in March 2006. In order to stabilize and reinforce the sand dune in this specific damaged area, a proposal of rehabilitation including geotextiles tubes is currently being analysed.
A protocol involving two industries, Celbi and Soporcel, and the IMAR research Institute, was established already in the year 1999, to promote the sustainable rehabilitation of the Leirosa dune system. It follows a brief presentation of this successful collaboration.
Keywords: Dune maintenance, Dunes, Erosion, Flora
Coastal Protection of the Leirosa Sand Dunes (601.766 Bytes)
Contact: João Rebola
Celulose Beira Industrial, S.A. (CELBI)
3081-853 Figueira da Foz
Telephone: + 351 233 955 600
Fax: + 351 233 955 648
E-Mail: _EMAIL_
Website: _URL_ (under construction)
Partner: Celulose Beira Industrial (CELBI), S.A. (_URL_ (under construction))
Portucel Soporcel, Figueira Mill (_URL_)
IMAR - Instituto do Mar (_URL_)
BBF - Tecnologias do Ambiente (_URL_)
NAUE GmbH & Co. KG ( _URL_)
CCDRC - Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional do Centro (_URL_)
Budget: 191.370
Financed by: Celulose Beira Industrial (CELBI), S.A. (_URL_ (under construction))
Portucel Soporcel, Figueira Mill (_URL_)


When you express interest in organizations through Movement Talent, we will screen your application and identify what, if any, coaching and training we would recommend. We do this because the movement space is unique in many ways, and we want our applicants to not only meet the requirements that the space demands, but to make your candidacy shine.
We work with some of the movement's best trainers and coaches, who can help prepare you in clarifying your personal vision and aspirations, enter a new movement space, make a transition, and/or supplement your onboarding.
Organizing 101 Reading List
Performance Evaluation in 2020
Ikigai: A Japanese Concept Meaning "A Reason for Being" [PDF]
70/20/10 Explained [PDF]
Denise Collazo Shares How to Thrive in the Fight
Movement Career Stories
Kudaja Navarrete's career trajectory is not what you'd expect. She was a successful retail manager juggling work and school, but she eventually dropped out of college to focus on pursuing upper management.
Ultimately, it was the skills that Kudaja honed as a manager – and not what she acquired in a classroom – that helped land her a dream position as Operations Manager at Detroit Action. Initially, Kudaja was unsure she has the right qualifications for the job, particularly because she didn't have a college degree.
However, Kudaja's years moving up the ranks in retail management meant that she could take in new information quickly, analyze it, and act on it. Her "non-traditional" background meant she had a diverse skillset and fresh perspective that Detroit Action knew it needed.
"It's my way of paying it forward." Gregory Cendana shares the experiences that led him to pursue movement work, from his childhood to his time understanding the impact of affirmative action at UCLA. He describes the importance of being a lifelong student as the nature of activism work shifts over time.
Greg emphasizes the need to learn from past events and those with experience. His work is grounded in identifying the root causes of inequality and recognizing the interconnected nature of movement work. He passes on advice to those who are interested in movement work, including a reminder to create space for joy and healing.


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From Ohio History Central
It remains unclear, but some historians claim that Canton, Ohio, residents Frank and Robert Menches invented the hamburger. In 1885, these two brothers were selling pork sandwiches at the Erie Agricultural Fair in Hamburg, New York. Supposedly, the brothers ran out of pork and could not find a butcher willing to slaughter a pig. The two men proceeded to purchase five pounds of beef, ground the beef up, and then mixed several items, including coffee and brown sugar, into the meat. The Menches brothers supposedly named their sandwich after the town where they first served the product. Demand purportedly was so high that the two men continued to travel from fair to fair, selling their hamburgers.
In 1991, descendants of the Menches brothers discovered a copy of the original recipe. They began selling the original hamburgers at fairs, just like their ancestors had done. Today, they also sell the hamburgers, known as Menches Gourmet Burgers, in grocery stores. The company is located in Green, Ohio. They also have sold the hamburgers on QVC, a television shopping channel.


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Catherine de Lange, contributor
It took just 2 hours for this giant dust storm to cover the city of Phoenix, Arizona, last Tuesday. The huge wall of dust affected the entire metropolitan area - home to more than 4 million people - depositing thick layers of dust and reducing visibility to zero in many areas.
Photographer Mike Olbinski captured the once-in-a-lifetime storm's progress in this time-lapse film. "I've lived in Phoenix for 35 years and seen tons of dust storms. This was something else entirely," he says.
Local meteorologists agree. While dust storms are common in the Sonoran Desert, where Phoenix is situated, this one reached extraordinary proportions. According to Phoenix's National Weather Forecast Office, the cloud reached a maximum height of 1500 to 1800 metres, with its leading edge spanning 160 kilometres and spilling forwards at 64 kilometres per hour.
The dust cloud was triggered by thunderstorms on nearby high ground, which blew fast-travelling gusts of wind towards Phoenix. These gusts, aided further by gravity, accumulated dust from the desert and arid farmland on their way to the city. The effect is thought to have been especially severe because of prolonged drought: the area has had less than half the expected amount of rain since the end of last summer.


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4 April 2014
OECD Conference Centre, Paris
Part of the OECD's work on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and inclusive growth, this workshop focused on learning lessons from the experience of developing countries aiming to emulate apparent success stories with using SOEs as part of the development process.
Discussions addressed the following questions:
- Over the past decades, what role has been assigned to state interventionism in selected countries in the context of development strategies and industrial policy?
- How has this role been implemented through corporate action, e.g. SOEs, publicly-owned development banks or special-purpose vehicles?
- What are the main conclusions regarding the feasibility of approaches?
Background papers presented by their authors shed light on experiences with using SOEs as agents of development in Asia; South Africa; Latin America; and, the Middle East and North Africa.
Representatives from governments, the private sector, trade unions, civil society and academia attended the workshop.
See also: The role of SOEs in economic development in China
DOCUMENTS AND BACKGROUND MATERIAL
Managing state assets to achieve developmental goals: The case of Singapore and other countries in the region
Role of SOEs in India's economic development
SOEs in Brazil: History and lessons
Evolution of SOEs in South Africa
SOEs in the Middle East and North Africa English | Arabic
CONTACT - Please contact Ms. Yunhee Kim if you require further information.
Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises
Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices


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The cape honeysuckle (Tecoma capensis or Tecomaria capensis) brightens your landscape with vivid coral orange blooms from mid-autumn through early winter in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 to 11. The evergreen plant grows as a vine up to 25 feet long, but is often trained as a shrub 6 to 10 feet tall. Prune in late winter to early spring to maintain your cape honeysuckle's shape and still see plenty of coral blooms.
Remove any dead or damaged branches at their base with hand pruners or loppers whenever you notice them.
Clip off any minor frost damage with hand pruners, removing foliage that is limp and dark brown or discolored around the edges back to where it connects to the branch.
Cut out up to one-third of the largest, oldest canes with pruners or loppers. Space your cuts evenly throughout the plant to both open up its interior to light and air and control its height. Repeat annually to keep growth in check.
Follow any long stems that extend outside the basic mound profile of the plant during the growing season back to a side branch or bud up to 1 foot inside the plant. Cape honeysuckle can send out long stems that need to be controlled to maintain the plant as a shrub. Cut back any stems that touch the ground so they don't root and spread.
Cut the plant back to within 6 inches of ground height in early spring when it has outgrown its space, is no longer blooming well or has experienced significant winter damage. Cape honeysuckle can die back when temperatures drop below 28 degrees Fahrenheit but will re-sprout in spring.
Things You Will Need
- Hand pruners
- Plant "Apricot," a smaller, more compact cultivar, to minimize trimming.
- Cape honeysuckle is tolerant of salt spray.
- Hand pruners can handle stems up to 1/2 inch in diameter. Use loppers for branches up to 1 1/2 inches across.
- Though the plant is not widely invasive, it has escaped cultivation in subtropical and tropical climates.
- Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images


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Sell your city's utilities!
Chandigarh still serves as the capital of Punjab, India. The city was designed as a modernist 'oeuvre-total' by Le Corbusier in the 50's. He conceived everything from the city plan, to the government buildings, the urban equipment, official furniture, logos and identity. Start from scratch, make it functional, and liveable.
In 2010, the city is worth a lot, as a design good, within the plains of Punjab, India, where people still struggle to define their economy.
Le Corbusier's identity, beyond its true functionality, is being sold for cool-hunters all over the world, from its manholes (21 000$), city lamps (30 000$), and magistrate chairs (up to 30 000 $). Punjab's people rip their public goods off, and make it worth more then modernist icons.
Chandigarh manhole cover.
Auctioned at $ 21,600. June 5, 2007.
Rockefeller Plaza, New York.
Jeanneret chairs at a jail in Chandigarh, after inmates had restored them. Many of the city's chairs had been thrown out. Taken from the NYTimes.
- In an article from The Independant: « When Jawaharlal Nehru commissioned the French architect Le Corbusier to build the city Chandigarh he proclaimed it as the embodiment of a newly independent India 'unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of the nation's faith in the future'. »
« Amid India's high-speed transformation into a world power, the purpose-built furniture that once filled the city's chic public spaces is being systematically sold off in the auction rooms of London, New York and Paris. »
- And in The New York Times: « The process by which the avant-garde furniture left the city's offices and made its way to New York and Paris reflects a broader ambivalence among the public toward Le Corbusier's heritage in Chandigarh and widespread official neglect of his work. »
- You can also read here: « City's dump fetches millions at christies: What, however, is a sad news for the city is that all these were sold at a pittance. Many items had been discarded as waste. According to rough estimates, alt 80 per cent of the furniture and other relics of the time have been sold. Some of the original drawings made by Le Corbusier are also missing from the city. »


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If you're applying for a Norway Schengen visa, you may need to provide a flight reservation for visa application as part of your application. A flight reservation is a temporary booking or holds on a flight itinerary that demonstrates your intended travel plans. You need it to show proof of onward or return travel to visa officers.
In this article, we'll discuss some tips on how to reserve a Schengen visa dummy ticket for your Norway Schengen visa application.
A Bit About Norway
Norway is a country located in Northern Europe, known for its breathtaking natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and high standard of living. Norway houses stunning fjords, majestic mountains, and the mesmerizing phenomenon of the Northern Lights.
Norway is a member of the Schengen Area, which is a group of 26 European countries that have abolished border controls, allowing for seamless travel across their territories. This makes Norway an attractive destination for tourists and travelers.
In addition to its natural attractions, Norway has a strong economy and high standard of living. The country has a well-developed welfare system, providing its residents with access to quality education, healthcare, and social benefits. Norway also has a progressive environmental policies, focusing on sustainability and renewable energy.
The culture of Norway is rich and diverse, with a strong emphasis on traditions and folklore. Norwegian literature, music, and art are celebrated globally for their unique expressions and influences from the country's history and mythology. The country's friendly and welcoming people, known as Norwegians, are known for their hospitality and inclusivity towards visitors.
In summary, Norway is a captivating country with its stunning natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, high standard of living, and progressive policies. It offers a diverse range of experiences for travelers, making it a popular destination for tourists and explorers alike.
What Is Flight Reservation For Visa?
Flight reservation for visa application is the process of reserving a flight itinerary or booking a flight ticket without actually purchasing it, solely for the purpose of visa application. Likewise, it involves obtaining a confirmation or reservation of a flight from an airline or a travel agency, which provides proof of intended travel for visa application purposes.
Moreover, flight reservation for visa application is a common requirement for many countries when applying for a visa, especially for Schengen visas or other types of tourist or visitor visas. It serves as evidence of a planned trip, including the proposed dates of travel, destination, and duration of stay, which helps visa officials assess the applicant's travel plans and intentions.
Additionally, the flight reservation for visa application typically includes details such as the flight itinerary, including departure and arrival dates, flight numbers, and the traveler's name. It is important to note that flight reservations are not actual tickets and do not guarantee a confirmed booking or seat on a flight.
Therefore, obtaining a flight reservation for visa application usually involves contacting an airline or a travel agency and providing the necessary details for the intended travel. Some airlines or travel agencies may charge a nominal fee for providing a flight reservation, while others may offer it for free.
Hence, it is advisable to check with the airline or travel agency about their specific procedures and requirements for flight reservation for visa application.
In conclusion, flight reservation for visa application is the process of obtaining a temporary flight itinerary or confirmation without purchasing an actual ticket, used as proof of intended travel for visa application purposes. It is a common requirement for many countries and can be obtained from airlines or travel agencies, providing important documentation to support visa applications.
Tips To Get Flight Reservation For Norway Schengen Visa Application
Here are some tips to get a flight reservation for a Norway Schengen visa application:
- Contact an airline or travel agency: Research and identify airlines or travel agencies that provide flight reservation services. You can contact them directly through their website, customer service, or visit their physical location.
- Provide accurate details: Ensure that you provide accurate details about your intended travel, including the proposed dates of travel, destination, and duration of stay. This information will be used to create your dummy flight booking.
- Be prepared with necessary information: Have all the necessary information handy, such as your passport details, personal information, and travel itinerary, as this will be required to create the flight reservation.
- Inquire about fees and charges: Some airlines or travel agencies may charge a nominal fee for providing a flight reservation, while others may offer it for free. Inquire about any fees or charges upfront to avoid surprises later.
- Confirm reservation validity: Check the validity period of the flight reservation, as some countries may require it to be valid for a certain duration, usually until the visa application decision is made.
- Ask for a confirmation: Request for a confirmation or proof of the flight reservation, such as an email or printed document, which you can submit along with your visa application as proof of intended travel.
- Follow up and confirm: After obtaining the flight reservation, double-check the details for accuracy, and follow up with the airline or travel agency to confirm that the reservation has been made and is valid.


text: Dublin, Ireland is scheduled to constructing its first metro in 2010, with a pair of tunnels connecting the city center to the airport. This study presents first-order predictions of the anticipated soil settlement and related building damage for a single structure on the route. The structure is a 19th century, stone church on glacial till situated almost directly above the shallowest portion of one of the tunnel crowns and immediately adjacent to a station box. To assess potential damage, a settlement trough is predicted based on another recent Dublin tunnel and the anticipated settlement is applied to the church. Damage predictions based on these freefield predictions are made and then revised as to the anticipated impact of the structure itself based on building stiffness, which significantly reduces the maximum differential settlement from 63mm to 36mm resulting in minimal predicted damage.