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Status conference is a legally mandated, court-ordered meeting with a judge (or sometimes an authorized counsel). The purpose behind it is to:
- Determine a date for the trial
- Obtain updated information on the defendant with ongoing conditions pre-set by the courts (like house arrest or home monitoring)
- If a party does not attend a status conference, the party's requests regarding scheduling changes could effectively be ignored.
- If a plaintiff, or a representative for the plaintiff, does not attend the status conference, the case may potentially be dismissed.
Introduction to Status Conferences
Have you ever found yourself muddled up in the complex world of legal proceedings, grappling with jargon like 'status conferences'? Many of us, even those from the legal profession, often struggle with understanding the structural labyrinth that makes up the legal system. Here at JED™ Platform, we're all about making the complex simple, so let's demystify one term: status conference.
A status conference is a critical mainstay in the legal process, intended to streamline case management and ensure efficiency. It is a court-ordered convening with a judge or an authorized counsel, held to lay the groundwork for trial proceedings, keep track of the case's progress, establish trial dates, and to update on any ongoing conditions determined earlier by the courts. Considerably significant, non-attendance at such a conference could potentially have repercussions – it could lead to requests for scheduling changes being overlooked or even result in case dismissals.
In our role of supporting pretrial services at JED™ Platform, we frequently engage with the reality of status conferences and understand the vital part they play within the wider legal landscape. This article will bring clarity on what exactly a status conference means, its purpose, and its implications, aiming to equip you with a clear, practical understanding of the term. Throughout we will prioritize simplicity, aiming to transmute complex ideas into easy-to-grasp concepts, just as we do with our reliable pretrial software solutions.
Status Conference – A Snapshot
Let's dive right in, unfolding what exactly a status conference stands for in the maze of legal terminologies!
The Purpose of a Status Conference
The status conference is a pivotal part of the court proceedings, serving as a platform for vital discussions and decisions. It is a court-ordered event that involves the parties and attorneys involved in a case. The primary purpose of a status conference is twofold: identifying the current status of the case and determining the next steps required to reach disposition.
Identifying the Current Status of the Case
The status conference gives everyone involved in the case a clear understanding of where they currently stand. This involves assessing the progress that has been made since the last status conference or hearing, discussing any conflicts or issues that have arisen, and evaluating the readiness of the parties for the trial.
The lawyers of the parties involved, along with the judge or magistrate, review the evidence, discuss potential resolutions, and address any procedural or substantive issues. This exercise ensures that everyone is on the same page and helps in avoiding any undue surprises or delays during the trial.
Determining the Next Steps Required to Reach Disposition
The status conference is not just about understanding where the case stands but also about planning the way forward. This involves setting timelines for completing pre-trial matters, such as discovery and motions, discussing plea bargains or settlement agreements, and scheduling further hearings or the trial itself.
The judge or magistrate plays a crucial role here, guiding the parties in their next steps and ensuring that the case moves along efficiently. The judge may also suggest mediation or other alternative dispute resolution options if it seems that the case could be resolved without a trial.
At JED™ Platform, we understand the importance of these conferences in the pretrial process. Our pretrial software solutions are designed to assist in fair risk assessments and provide effective monitoring services, ensuring that our clients are well-prepared and informed as they navigate through their legal journey.
In the next section, we'll delve deeper into the role of a status conference in different types of cases.
The Role of a Status Conference in Different Types of Cases
Understanding 'what is a status conference' and its role can greatly benefit our clients as they navigate their legal journey. The nature of a status conference can vary depending on the type of case involved.
Status Conference in Criminal Cases
In a criminal case, a status conference often involves the prosecution and defense attorneys exchanging evidence. This is a critical stage where the strength of each side's case becomes clearer, informing the strategies they will employ moving forward. Additionally, status conferences in criminal cases may also involve discussions about plea bargains. A plea bargain is an agreement in a criminal case where the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This process can significantly expedite the resolution of a case, sparing the need for a full trial.
Status Conference in Civil Cases
In civil cases, a status conference can take a slightly different turn. Along with the exchange of evidence, attorneys also stipulate to certain terms and begin negotiations on a settlement agreement. A settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins. The role of the judge in a civil status conference can be quite involved as they often give their opinion on settlement offers and coordinate timelines for other pre-trial matters.
Status Conference in Divorce Cases
When it comes to divorce cases, a status conference serves a unique purpose. It offers an opportunity for parties to discuss the progress of the case and what steps need to be taken before the case can be concluded. It also often serves as a platform for negotiation and resolution of issues related to property division, alimony, child custody, and support. By facilitating open lines of communication, a status conference can help prevent prolonged and contentious courtroom battles.
In all types of cases, the status conference plays a pivotal role in ensuring the legal process moves forward in a timely and efficient manner. At JED™ Platform, we are committed to providing our clients with the tools and support they need to navigate these crucial stages of their legal journey.
What Happens at a Status Conference?
When you're asking "what is a status conference," you're likely also curious about what exactly happens during one. Essentially, it's a meeting where attorneys from both sides come together to discuss the progress of the case and plan out the next steps. Here's a closer look at the key aspects of a status conference.
Exchange of Evidence
One of the primary activities during a status conference is the exchange of evidence. Here, the attorneys from both parties share the evidence they have gathered for their case. This can include documents, witness testimonies, or any other information relevant to the case. The aim is to ensure that all parties are on the same page regarding the evidence that will be presented in the trial. In a criminal case, this process often involves the prosecution and defense attorneys exchanging evidence, as noted by Cornell Law School.
Discussion of Plea Bargains or Settlement Agreements
In some instances, a status conference may also involve discussions about plea bargains or settlement agreements. Plea bargains are often discussed in criminal cases, where the defendant may agree to plead guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a lighter sentence. On the other hand, civil cases may involve discussions about settlement agreements, where the parties aim to resolve the dispute without going to trial.
While it's not necessary that a plea or settlement will be agreed upon during the status conference, the discussion provides an opportunity for attorneys to negotiate and potentially find an acceptable resolution for all parties involved.
Setting Timelines for Pre-Trial Matters
Finally, a status conference often involves setting timelines for various pre-trial matters. This can include deadlines for the submission of evidence, dates for further hearings, or timelines for negotiations. As Cornell Law School points out, sometimes a judge will attend a status conference to give their opinion on plea or settlement offers and set timelines for other pre-trial matters.
In some cases, like in divorce cases, the Magistrate's goal during a status conference is to move your case along as quickly as possible but also carefully, according to Pine Tree Legal Assistance. Therefore, setting clear timelines is a crucial part of ensuring that the case progresses smoothly and efficiently.
At JED™ Platform, we understand the importance of a well-conducted status conference in ensuring that all parties are well-prepared for the trial. Our pretrial software solutions provide robust support to attorneys, helping them prepare effectively for status conferences and other crucial stages of the legal process.
The Consequences of Not Attending a Status Conference
A status conference is a crucial part of the pretrial process, and non-attendance can lead to serious consequences. It's important to understand the implications, so you can make informed decisions about your case.
Ignoring Requests for Scheduling Changes
If a party or their representative fails to attend the status conference, the court may ignore any requests made by that party for scheduling changes. This means that if you or your representative don't show up, you lose the ability to influence the timeline of your case. This could result in inconvenient court dates and deadlines, potentially putting you at a disadvantage as you prepare for trial.
Possible Dismissal of the Action
The consequences can be even more severe if the plaintiff or a representative of the plaintiff doesn't attend the status conference. According to the, the action may be dismissed entirely. In other words, the court might decide to close the case, and you lose the opportunity to pursue your claim or defend against a lawsuit.
It's important to note the role of the JED™ Platform in helping clients navigate these crucial stages of the pretrial process. Our software solutions aid in providing fair risk assessments and robust monitoring services, ensuring you stay on top of your responsibilities and never miss important events like a status conference.
In conclusion, understanding what a status conference is and the consequences of not


2007-03-14 Dan Gildea - Trees can be made to grow sideways, or upside down, using \psset{treemode=R} for right, L for left, or U for up. - each node surrounded by tabular env to allow use of \\ inside node label - added example of drawing arrows between nodes and example of sideways tree to manual


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Visual C++/MFC Tutorial - Lesson 1: Behind the Scenes with Handles and Messages
Lesson 1: Behind the Scenes with Handles and MessagesThough you think you want to dive right into the code, you really don't. Windows programming is overwhelming at first. Let's take a quick look at how Windows works. The backbone of all of your programming will be responding to and sending messages. What are messages? Messages are simply a 32bit number designating some event. Example: You move the mouse, a message (defined as WM_MOUSEMOVE) is 'posted' to the active window. You press a key, a message (WM_KEYDOWN) is 'posted' to the active window. You resize the window, a message (WM_SIZE) is 'posted' to the active window. Get the picture?
Now where do these messages go? They get queued up and a window eventually takes them out of the queue and reacts to them. For instance when a window gets the WM_MOVE message it changes the coordinates of the window and redraws it on the screen.
Now lets tie these two things together. Say you have a window. You will have a handle to it (called an HWND). Lets name your handle your_HWND. The operating system wants to tell you to redraw your window because it was just uncovered by some other window. Windows passes you a message like this:
PostMessage(your_HWND, WM_PAINT, 0,0);
This function posts a paint messages to the window with handle your_HWND. The last two parameters are used for extra information about the message. Don't worry about them for now.
Now your application will have a function with a big case statement in it to handle all of the messages. For example:
void HandleTheMessage(long Message)
Ok that is basically how windows works under the hood. That should be enough to get you going when we start talking about MFC.
HistoryDate Posted: August 4, 2000

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Three-Phase Distribution or Transmission Lines
Electrical power lines that carry electric energy from one point to another in an electric power system, using three power lines, to transmit three different electrical signals. The phases, or electrical signals, required for most large rotating machines which are used in many manufacturing processes and for many commercial/large wind turbines. The U.S. Department of Labor: Occupational Safety & Health Administration has a great online guide illustrating generation, transmission, and distribution equipment in an easy to understand format:
The amount of electric power drawn at a specific time from an electric system, or the total power drawn from the system. Peak load is the amount of power drawn at the time of highest electrical demand. Or a device or aggregation of devices that are connected to an electrical system that consume electrical power.
Dual Line Feed
A dual line is a second, redundant transmission line connecting a turbine to the grid that allows your project to generate power even if the first line is taken out of service.
Windustry Newsletter - Winter 2000/2001
August 3, 2000 - 2:57pm -- Anonymous
Winter 2000/2001 Newsletter
Cultivating a U.S. Wind Energy Vision
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Jennie Bristow and Frank Fucedi are authors who have examined what is happening in Great Britain's efforts to supervise relations between adults and children. It increasingly is necessary in the United Kingdom for any adult having a relationship with a child to undergo investigation by the Criminal Records Bureau(CRB) to determine if they are fit for interaction with children. This means anyone like a coach, a bus driver, a charity or community worker, must undergo criminal investigation. A parent, who for one reason or another, never went through the process can not do simple tasks such as drive children or accompany a bus trip. One children's coach emphatically stated, "I only allow CRB'd parents to drive team members to training."
No one wants sexual predators molesting children, but have we crossed the line of common sense? Criminal record checks tell what has happened in the past and offer no information about the present. Paperwork and being forced to undergo investigations may well turn decent people into skeptics who prefer their privacy to undergoing a bureaucratic process. Are we losing valuable people who have something to offer children? It also raises another question– are we building a sense of mistrust on the part of children that anyone could be a potential molester?
As one who spent fifty years in the field of education, my impression is the overwhelming number of people in the occupation are not into molesting children. I have noticed increasingly that children have less and less contact with older adults which only serves to create barriers between the generations at a time when children need to connect to their past.


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Who invented Champagne?
Who invented Champagne?
Champagne (/ʃæmˈpeɪn/, French: [ʃɑ̃paɲ]) is sparkling wine or, in EU countries, legally only that sparkling wine which comes from the Champagne region of France.
Many people use the term Champagne as a generic term for sparkling wine but in some countries, it is illegal to label any product Champagne unless it both comes from the Champagne region and is produced under the rules of the appellation.
Who invented it? Unknown When? 1490s What happened? The bubbles in champagne were initially considered a serious problem for the Champagne region.
Read Also बच्चों के लिए बनाएं पान कुल्फी
Changes in climate starting during the 1490s caused temperatures to drop, creating a shorter growing season.
The effect on fermentation was disastrous. The yeast that converted sugars to alcohol in grape juice would stop working too early and lay dormant until the following spring.
When the weather warmed back up, the yeast would start a second fermentation, producing carbon dioxide in the juice.
This secondary fermentation caused stoppers to push out and bottles to explode. But once these bubbles were harnessed, the results were miraculous.
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From OpenEMR Project Wiki
Important PHP Includes
- Establishes global functions & variables.
- Establishes global functions & variables. If you include globals.php, this will be included as part of that.
- Access control system. Manages which users can control/see which features.
- Functions to search and modify the table "patient_data".
- SQL Functions.
Functions to open a new window, just a regular window or a dialog window.
- $srcdir - [OpenEMR Path]/library
- function xl()
- Translates text to the language specified in global preferences. Use this for all text that will be displayed.
- Declared in: /library/translation.inc.php
- Included if you include: /library/globals.php
General How To


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. You can distribute your data across the databases, allowing the server to hold more data than can be stored in a single database.
The following sections describe how a directory database stores data.
About Directory Entries
LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) is a standard text-based format for describing directory entries. An entry is a group of lines in the LDIF file that contains information about an object, such as a person in your organization or a printer on your network. Information about the entry is represented in the LDIF file by a set of attributes and their values. Each entry has an object class attribute that specifies the kind of object the entry describes and defines the set of additional attributes it contains. Each attribute describes a particular trait of an entry.
For example, an entry might have the object class organizationalPerson, indicating that the entry represents a person within a particular organization. This object class allows the givenname and telephoneNumber attributes. The values assigned to these attributes give the name and phone number of the person represented by the entry.
iPlanet Directory Server also uses read-only attributes that are calculated by the server. These attributes are called operational attributes. There are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions.
Entries are stored in a hierarchical structure in the directory tree. In LDAP, you can query an entry and request all entries below it in the directory tree. This subtree is called the base distinguished name, or base DN. For example, if you make an LDAP search request specifying a base DN of ou=people, dc=siroe,dc=com, then the search operation examines only the ou=people subtree in the dc=siroe,dc=com directory tree.
However, all entries are not automatically returned in response to an LDAP search. Entries of the ldapsubentry object class are not returned in response to normal search requests. An ldapsubentry entry represents an administrative object, for example the entries that are used internally by Directory Server to define a role or a class of service. To receive these entries, clients need to search specifically for entries of the ldapsubentry object class.
For more information about roles, see "Managed, Filtered, and Nested Roles". For more information about class of service, see "Class of Service".
Distributing Directory Data
When you store various parts of your tree in separate databases, your directory can process client requests in parallel, improving performance. You can also store your databases on different machines, to further improve performance.
To connect your distributed data, you can create a special entry in a subtree of your directory. All LDAP operations attempted below this entry are sent to a remote machine where the entry is actually stored. This method is called chaining.
Chaining is implemented in the server as a plug-in. The plug-in is enabled by default. Using this plug-in, you create database links, special entries that point to data stored remotely. When a client application requests data from a database link, the database link retrieves the data from the remote database and returns it to the client.
Directory Design Overview
The previous sections described directory services in general and the iPlanet Directory Server in particular. Now it is time to consider the design of your own directory service.
Planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. During your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your users, and the applications that will use your directory. With this data, you can design a directory service that meets your needs.
However, keep in mind that the flexibility of iPlanet Directory Server allows you to rework your design to meet unexpected or changing requirements, even after you deploy Directory Server.
Design Process Outline
The remainder of this guide divides the design process into six steps:
How to Plan Your Directory Data.
Your directory will contain data, such as user names, telephone numbers, and group details. Chapter 2 "How to Plan Your Directory Data," helps you analyze the various sources of data in your organization and understand their relationship with one another. It describes the types of data you might store in your directory, and other tasks you need to perform to design the contents of your Directory Server.
How to Design the Schema.
Your directory is designed to support one or more directory-enabled applications. These applications have requirements of the data you store in your directory, such as format requirements. Your directory schema determines the characteristics of the data stored in your directory. Chapter 3 "How to Design the Schema," introduces the standard schema shipped with iPlanet Directory Server, describes how to customize the schema, and provides tips for maintaining consistent schema.
Designing the Directory Tree.
Once you decide what data your directory contains, you need to organize and reference that data. This is the purpose of the directory tree. In Chapter 4 "Designing the Directory Tree," the directory tree is introduced and you are guided through the design of your data hierarchy. Sample directory tree designs are also provided.
Designing the Directory Topology.
Topology design involves determining how you divide your directory tree among multiple physical Directory Servers and how these servers communicate with one another. Chapter 5 "Designing the Directory Topology," describes the general principles behind topology design, discusses using multiple databases, describes the mechanisms available for linking your distributed data together, and explains how the directory itself keeps track of distributed data.
Designing the Replication Process.
With replication, multiple Directory Servers maintain the same directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. Chapter 6 "Designing the Replication Process," describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service.
Designing a Secure Directory.
Finally, you need to plan how to protect the data in the directory and design the other aspects of your service to meet the security requirements of your users and applications. Chapter 7 "Designing a Secure Directory," describes common security threats, provides an overview of security methods, discusses the steps in analyzing your security needs, and provides tips for designing access controls and protecting the integrity of your directory data.
Deploying Your Directory
After you have designed your directory service, you start the deployment phase. The deployment phase consists of the following steps:
Piloting Your Directory
The first step of the deployment phase is installing a server instance as a pilot and testing whether your service can handle your user load. If the service is not adequate as it is, adjust your design and pilot it again. Adjust your pilot design until you have a robust service you can confidently introduce to your enterprise.
For a comprehensive overview of creating and implementing a directory pilot, refer to Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services (T. Howes, M. Smith, G. Good, Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1999).
Putting Your Directory Into Production
Once you have piloted and tuned the service, you need to develop and execute a plan for taking the directory service from a pilot to production. Create a production plan that includes the following:
An estimate of the resources you need For information on administering and maintaining your directory, refer to the iPlanet Directory Server Administrator's Guide.
Other General Directory Resources
For more information about directories, LDAP, and LDIF, take a look at the following:
RFC 2849: The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) Technical Specification
RFC 2251: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3)
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Copyright © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Some preexisting portions Copyright © 2001 Netscape Communications Corp. All rights reserved.
Last Updated February 26, 2002

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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I've created a check box on a window using the following call to CreateWindowEx()..
(note: h_check is a window handle(HWND), h_mainwindow is a handle to the parent window which has been created, CBID_CW is a constant and is used as an id number, app_instance is the hInstance passed to WinMain())
h_check = CreateWindowEx(NULL, "BUTTON", "Blah", WS_VISIBLE | WS_CHILD | BS_AUTOCHECKBOX | BS_TEXT, 0, 0, 100, 17, h_mainwindow, (HMENU)(CBID_CW), app_instance, NULL);
My problem lies here.. The main window background is white but the check box has a grey background behind the text. I want to change the colour of the grey area behind the check boxes text to white so it matches the rest of the window.
Can anyone give me an example of how to do this without drawing the check box myself?
If i have to draw the checkbox myself that doesn't matter but it would be easier if i could just get windows to draw it a different colour.


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Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
early explorations of Antarctica
...European geographers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were to conjecture about the mythical Terra Australis, Maori legend tells of a New Zealand Polynesian war canoe, under the command of one Ui-te-Rangiora, that sailed at least as far south as the frozen ocean. The legendary vast size of the continent shrank to nearly its present one when in 1772–75 the Englishman James Cook...
What made you want to look up "Ui-te-Rangiora"? Please share what surprised you most...


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While a pepper's seeds and membranes (or ribs that the seeds are attached to) are edible, they are not always preferable. How to remove them depends on the pepper shape or variety and how you plan to use the pepper. The seeds in a sweet pepper are often slightly bitter tasting, and those in a chile pepper are the hottest part of the pepper. If you like maximum heat from a chile pepper, use the seeds and membranes.
Purchasing, Storing, and Washing Peppers
- No matter what kind of pepper you are purchasing, look for one with glossy, bright skin and a shape that is normal for the variety. If a pepper is bruised, shriveled, or has soft spots, it is past its prime.
- Store sweet peppers, covered, in the refrigerator for up to 5 days. Store chile peppers in the refrigerator, unwashed and wrapped in paper towels in a plastic bag, for up to 10 days. The exception is the serrano chile, which should be stored in the crisper drawer instead of in plastic.
- Just before using peppers, scrub them clean with a produce brush and rinse thoroughly.
Hold the whole pepper upright (stem up) on a cutting surface. With a sharp knife, slice the pepper as close to the stem as possible from top to bottom into four large, flat pieces. The stem, membranes, and seeds should all be left in one unit. Trim any usable pepper from the stem unit before discarding. The flat pepper pieces are now ready to use or to slice or chop.
This method works best for chile peppers that don't stand upright, but it also works for sweet peppers that have been cut into pieces. For a whole pepper, lay the pepper on its side on a cutting surface and cut off the stem, if desired. Cut the pepper in half from top to bottom or into quarters. Starting with one pepper half or quarter, slide the tip of a small knife under the attached seeds and membranes to cut them out. If any of the seeds remain, turn the pepper piece over and tap lightly until the seeds tumble out.
Chile Pepper Precaution
Because fresh chile peppers contain volatile oils that can burn your skin and eyes, wear disposable plastic or rubber gloves when working with them. Avoid direct contact with the peppers as much as possible, and if your bare hands do touch the peppers, wash your hands and nails well with soap and water.
For a side dish or light entree, cut peppers in half vertically as described above and stuff each half. Or, for heartier portions, stuff one pepper per serving. Start by cutting the top from each pepper so it looks like a thin lid. Working over a bowl, use the tip of a small knife to cut out the membrane or rib and attached seeds. Turn the pepper over and tap it lightly until any remaining seeds tumble out. Before stuffing a pepper, slightly trim the bottom, without cutting through to the inside, so it will stand evenly.


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Applying Statistical Methods to the Loss Reserve Calculation: Who Doesn't Want a 1,000% ROI on a Six-Month Project? (Selected Topic)
Connors, Michael, Bona, Stephen, Business Credit
This article addresses an opportunity in the utility industry for significant benefits, Building on the concepts put forth in "Scoring the Account Lifecycle," this article will articulate why a company should take the logical next step beyond the use of statistically based behavioral scoring for risk analysis and collection treatment strategies to the use of statistical methods for loss reserve calculation. The good news is that your organization can implement this methodology even if you're not yet using behavioral scoring. Scoring for customer treatment purposes will be an outgrowth of the reserve methodology analysis and development.
It doesn't seem like too much of an over-generalization to put forth the following rationale for a re-evaluation of the loss reserve calculation process.
1. Regulation created an environment where utilities needed to be, and benefited from being, "conservative" in their approach to reserving for potential losses.
2. Deregulation, in all its forms, brings the end of regular rate reviews and adjustments, unless it's downward, and a focus, best described as if under a microscope, on shareholder returns, O&M (operational and maintenance) expense reductions, DSO improvements, delinquency reductions, and increased revenues from non-service sources.
3. Traditional methods for calculating loss reserves don't differentiate between accounts charging-off in January versus those in July.
4. Most current methodologies also don't consider that you cannot forecast which customers will go to final or inactive status; aging buckets alone, even if combined with Tariff or account type, are not sufficient data for an accurate reserve calculation; and the effects of external economic factors are not adequately considered.
This article will address the following:
* The purpose of the Loss Reserve.
* A brief overview of accepted methods for calculating the reserve.
* Investment in a thorough understanding of customer behavior such as through scoring, meets the requirement needed to justify developing a new loss reserve methodology.
* Of those who do "final," it can be predicted with great confidence who will or won't pay. Understanding who won't pay and will charge-off can be applied to the entire A/R in order to calculate a more accurate reserve.
* How economic factors are accounted for in a good statistical model
* External auditor approval.
Loss Reserve: What Is It?
Even if you aren't personally responsible for the care and feeding of the loss reserve estimate, if you are involved in credit, collections, customer service, sales or finance, you are likely affected by it daily.
At its simplest, the loss reserve is an estimate of that portion of the outstanding accounts receivable that will most likely not be collected. In a cash accounting environment, reserves are not technically an issue because income isn't recognized until payment is received. Before creation of the reserve concept, charge-offs were booked as an adjustment to income when they were deemed uncollectible. The problem with this approach is that losses, if not accounted for until deemed uncollectible, are not recognized in the same period as the corresponding income. So the "Reserve" or "Allowance for Bad Debt" concept, a multiple entry system for estimating future losses and accounting for it against the appropriate revenue, was developed. Without going into the gory details of the debits and credits necessary, the gist of the process is that a contra asset account, Allowance for Loss Reserve, is set up with the A/R on the balance sheet. The estimated losses for the present A/R are booked to this account in order to reflect the true net value of the A/R. This valuation is critical for accurate reporting, budgeting and investor analysis.
Borrowing from SEC banking regulations regarding loss allowance calculations, since there aren't regulations and processes documented specifically for utilities, or most other industries, here are some nuggets of wisdom regarding loss reserves. …


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I've been reading something about Quantum Mechanics where they introduce the maths slightly more rigorously. They talk about vector spaces and an inner product which yields a scalar. Moreover complex conjugation appears.
Of course I know about complex numbers, but is there a more general framework which defines more generally what a scalar means and also what conjugation (and inner product) means? Maybe some more general algebra which also satisfies some minimum axioms?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In the context of vector spaces, a scalar is a member of the underlying field.
An inner product is a special kind of bilinear form on a vector space over the reals or complexes. Inner products satisfy conjugate symmetry, which over the reals is just plain symmetry.
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I guess I have to look up more closely what field and vector space means. Can scalars be something else than reals or complex numbers? – Gerenuk Feb 15 '12 at 12:37
I'll go through these, but I'm not an expert to see the general picture confidently enough and not make premature judgements. So can scalars in vector spaces be something different than real numbers or complex numbers? – Gerenuk Feb 15 '12 at 14:58
_USER_, sure. The reals are a vector space over the rationals and so are polynomials with rational coefficients and the set $\mathbb Q(\sqrt 2)=\{ a + b \sqrt 2 : a,b \in\mathbb Q\} \subset \mathbb R$. – lhf Feb 15 '12 at 15:03
Thanks! Hmm, not sure if I understand it right. I basically wonder if the result of the inner product of two vectors can be something different than a real number or a complex number. You are saying they can? And if such algebra exists, how would you define the general conjugation neccessary for the definition or inner product? – Gerenuk Feb 15 '12 at 15:25
To nit-pick on your question, scalars could be anything that you can define a field with. As long as you also define addition, subtraction, commutative multiplication, and division without zero, your scalars might be rabbits, or anything. Of course, this is completely equivalent to choosing numbers instead.
The concept of a "number" extends to hypercomplex numbers like quaternions or octonions. However, their multiplication is not commutative, and hence they do not form a field. A vector space requires an underlying field. Multiplication of integer, rational, real, or complex numbers satisfy commutativity. This, among other requirements, makes them candidates for fields.
Refer to the Wikipedia article on fields to get an impression of more possibilities, most notably finite fields.
In the context of modules (a generalized notion of vector spaces), a scalar is not required to form a field, but only a ring instead, i.e., division need not be defined. This includes quaternions as scalars, in this context (!). Considering the fact that you delve in quantum mechanics, you might want to extend these notions to octonions as well. Many arithmetic and algebraic lemmata also apply to these.
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For completion, some (as far as I know, French) authors develop the theory of vector fields in the generality of division rings (not necessairly commutative). – G. Sassatelli May 18 at 11:37
Yes, a division ring (or skew field) is a special case of a ring,, namely one with division. The ring of quaternions is an example of a non-commutative division ring. – Douba May 18 at 13:26
I actually thought I had deleted that comment... Well, I'm sorry, you have a point. – G. Sassatelli May 18 at 13:37
Your Answer


_USER_{Pietri1992, author = "Pietri, F. and Leclerc, Annette and Boitel, L. and Chastang, Jean François and Morcet, J. F. and Blondet, M.", title = "Low-back pain in commercial travelers.", journal = "Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health", year = "1992", month = "Feb", day = "18", number = "1", pages = "52--58", abstract = "
The role of occupational environment in the occurrence of low-back pain was analyzed for 1719 commercial travelers (1376 men and 343 women). At the beginning of the study (T0) the group was interviewed to determine current lifestyle and occupational factors associated with low-back pain during the previous 12 months. Twelve months later (at T1), a subsample of 1118 persons (893 men, 225 women) was reinterviewed to study the association between the incidence of low-back pain during the year of follow-up and the risk factors at T0. At T0 low-back pain was significantly related with time spent driving a car at work, comfort of the car seat, carrying loads during work, standing for long periods at work, smoking, and psychosomatic factors. At T1 driving 10 h/week or more, seat comfort, and psychosomatic factors were associated with first occurrence of low-back pain.
", issn = "0355-3140", doi = "10.5271/sjweh.1614", url = "_URL_ url = "_URL_ }


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Claire Mcloughlin and David Hudson from the University of Birmingham's International Development Department summarise the Developmental Leadership Program's recent 10 year synthesis report, Inside the Black Box of Political Will.
When reforms fail, people often bemoan a lack of 'political will'. Whether it's failure to introduce legislation promoting women's rights, not getting vital public services to rural communities, or weak implementation of anti-corruption measures, the shorthand answer is often that the political motivation just wasn't there. On the flipside, its often assumed a politician's willingness to spend valuable political or reputational capital can tip the balance in favour of meaningful change.
Political will may be a temptingly simple and intuitive explanation for why reforms succeed or fail, but it's a turn of phrase masquerading as an explanation. What exactly is 'political will'? Where does it come from? And crucially, how can it be strengthened? Political will is a classic black box problem. Even if we think it matters – it somehow mysteriously transforms outcomes – we don't know how, exactly.
For more than ten years, research from the Developmental Leadership Program (DLP) has investigated the inner workings of the black box. The findings challenge two basic assumptions about where political will comes from. First, it's not an individual phenomenon that happens inside politicians' heads, but a collective one. No individual leader can bring about change by themselves. Frankly, there's no point having political will if you don't have the collective capacity to implement it. Second, collective political will doesn't magically appear – motivation to act is built through a political process of contestation – the conflictual, though not violent, process of negotiation and deliberation. Leaders are never entirely free from rules that constrain or restrain them. In the real world, change hinges on the complex relationships between individuals and the norms and rules they inhabit – their institutional context.
The sum contribution of the research is to show how political will can be curated and embedded through a process of 'developmental leadership'. This is a collective, strategic and political process through which people contest institutions and make change happen. It happens in the backstreets, meeting halls and homes of Suva, where a social movement of organisers and activists successfully blocked the proposed removal of protection on the grounds of sexual orientation from the Fijian Constitution. Or in Jordan, where a coalition successfully helped introduce new legislation protecting women from domestic violence. Or through the clan structures and secondary schools of Somaliland, where peace was secured and has been maintained against the odds.
Developmental leadership is typically messy, often protracted, and frequently beset by missteps and reversals. It relies on three core elements coming together at the individual, collective and societal level (see diagram)
First, on motivated and strategic individuals with the incentives, values, interests and opportunity to push for change. Experience of higher education is key to the emergence of leaders with shared values, key skills and political networks. Elites that that helped bring about change in Mauritius, Ghana, and Somaliland were well-educated and had often gone to the same schools or universities. They often viewed their experience of higher education as formative to their future motivation in pushing for developmental change. But motivation is not enough. Even the most willing agents need a combination of power and opportunity to realise their goals, as well as the skill to work strategically. Women leaders in the Pacific used their family and political networks, alongside their education and expertise and international networks, to effectively navigate male-dominated political environments in highly politically-savvy ways.
Second, motivated people must overcome barriers to cooperation and form coalitions with sufficient power, legitimacy and influence. Their effectiveness hinges on the kinds of political strategies and tactics they use, their perceived local legitimacy, the quiet political work they do behind the scenes, and ultimately, their pragmatism. Trust between the public and private sectors can be built through leaders using symbolic public gestures that signal commitment. Coalitions can be made up of people committed to reforms, as well as those who are simply opportunistic.
Third, coalitions' power and effectiveness partly hinges on their ability to contest and de-legitimise one set of ideas and legitimise an alternative set. Fixed ideas can be a significant impediment to change, and the work of coalitions is often to change the ideas that underpin all institutions. If they can do that, they can reformulate institutions in ways that are perceived as locally legitimate, anchor them in local norms, and therefore make change more sustainable. Narratives and framing are important for how ideas are changed – that is, how change is communicated to the people who need to be convinced it's fair and right for society. Effective gender programming sometimes may have to avoid using the language of gender entirely, for example.
So what does this all mean for building political will? Institutions do change, whether rapidly or incrementally, through a political process of contestation. Aid actors can strategically support this process if they think and work politically. They can support the development of leadership values and motivation through quality education at all levels. They can create space for coalitions to form and to work their politics. Even networks with high levels of trust need 'safe spaces' where these processes can occur. And they can navigate legitimacy politics by identifying areas for contesting norms and ideas, without undermining the legitimacy of the actors they work with.
Collectively, this adds up to a bigger picture on how donors can approach politics, power and ideas in aid programming. This sometimes means letting the process run its course, and not jumping to answers. Politics is not a problem of political will, it is the necessary process through which agents defend, contest and change institutions, and through which the necessary political impetus for change is built and sustained. Politics is not the obstacle, it is the way forward.


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Unraveling Online Behavior: Understanding Why Some Players Are Mean on Minecraft Servers
Minecraft, a game celebrated for its creativity and community, brings together players from all walks of life to collaborate and share in the virtual realm. However, in this interconnected world, encounters with mean-spirited players can be disheartening. In this article, we will delve into the complex realm of online behavior on Minecraft servers and seek to understand the reasons behind some players' mean actions.
Anonymity and Disinhibition:
One factor that influences online behavior is the sense of anonymity. Players often feel shielded by the virtual veil, which may lead to disinhibition. This reduced accountability can cause some to act in ways they wouldn't in face-to-face interactions, leading to mean-spirited behavior.
Competitiveness and Ego:
Minecraft servers can foster a competitive environment, especially in PvP-oriented realms. Some players may become consumed by the desire to win, leading to aggressive and negative behavior as they seek to assert their dominance.
Griefing and Trolling:
Griefing, or intentionally disrupting others' gameplay, and trolling, where players provoke reactions for their amusement, are unfortunately present in online gaming communities. Minecraft servers are not immune to such behavior, and it can contribute to a negative atmosphere.
Cultural and Age Differences:
Minecraft attracts a diverse player base, encompassing individuals from various cultures and age groups. These differences in values, communication styles, and maturity levels can sometimes result in misunderstandings and conflicts, leading to mean interactions.
In an online setting, some players may emulate the behavior of others, especially if they observe mean-spirited actions going unchecked. This copycat behavior can perpetuate a cycle of negativity on the server.
For some players, online gaming serves as an escape or emotional outlet. They might channel their frustrations or stress into the game, inadvertently expressing negativity through mean actions.
Lack of Consequences:
The perception of lenient consequences for mean behavior on some servers can embolden individuals to act unkindly. Addressing this issue requires robust moderation and enforcement of community guidelines.
Unraveling online behavior on Minecraft servers reveals a complex web of factors that influence why some players exhibit mean-spirited actions. Anonymity, competitiveness, cultural differences, and a lack of consequences all play a role in shaping online interactions. However, it's crucial to remember that the vast majority of Minecraft players engage in positive and collaborative experiences.
So, as we continue to build and explore in the Minecraft universe, let us strive to foster an inclusive and respectful community. By understanding the factors that contribute to mean behavior, we can work towards creating a more welcoming and enjoyable environment for all players. Empathy, understanding, and clear community guidelines can pave the way for a virtual realm that showcases the best of what Minecraft has to offer. Happy crafting and compassionate gaming!


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The Other Loving: Uncovering the Federal Government's Racial Regulation of Marriage
Rose Cuison Villazor
Hofstra University - Maurice A. Deane School of Law
New York University Law Review, Vol. 86, p. 1361, 2011
Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 11-11
This Article seeks to fill a gap in legal history. The traditional narrative of the history of the American racial regulation of marriage typically focuses on state laws as the only sources of marriage inequality. Overlooked in the narrative are the ways in which federal laws also restricted racially mixed marriages in the decades before 1967 (when the Supreme Court invalidated antimiscegenation laws in Loving v. Virginia). Specifically, during the American occupation of Japan after World War II, a combination of immigration, citizenship, and military laws and regulations led to restrictions on marriages along racial lines. These laws also converged to prevent married couples, many of whom were White American soldiers and local Japanese women, from living in the United States together. Accordingly, this Article claims that the confluence of immigration, citizenship, and military laws functioned as a collective counterpart to state antimiscegenation laws.
By unearthing this neglected history, this Article seeks to deepen the conventional account of the public regulation of mixed marriages. As the Article reveals, racial barriers to marriage were far more pervasive than previously acknowledged. Contrary to the familiar chronicle, racial restrictions on marriage occurred through federal laws, were enforced by federal officials, took place beyond state borders, and effected distinct harms on interracial couples whose experiences have largely escaped legal and scholarly inquiry. Recovering this lost history thus provides a more complete story of antimiscegenation regulation. Moreover, it draws attention to the largely undertheorized role that immigration law played in preventing interracial marriages and provides insight into contemporary debates on federal involvement in marriage regulation.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 79Accepted Paper Series
Date posted: March 19, 2011 ; Last revised: December 5, 2011
© 2013 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The Job
Research and applied research are the primary tasks of botanists. Literally every aspect of plant life is studied: cell structure, anatomy, heredity, reproduction, and growth; how plants are distributed on the earth; how rainfall, climate, soil, elevation, and other conditions affect plants; and how humans can put plants to better use. In most cases, botanists work on a specific problem or set of problems in their research. For example, they may develop new varieties of crops that will better resist disease. Some botanists focus on a specific type of plant species, such as fungi (mycology), or plants that are native to a specific area, such as a forest or prairie. A botanist working in private industry, for example, for a food or drug company, may focus on the development of new products, testing and inspection, regulatory compliance, or other areas.
Research takes place in laboratories, experiment stations (research sites found at many universities), botanical gardens, and other facilities. Powerful microscopes and special mounting, staining, and preserving techniques may be used in this sort of research.
Some botanists, particularly those working in conservation or ecological areas, also go out into the field. They inventory species, help re-create lost or damaged ecosystems, or direct pollution cleanup efforts.
Nonresearch jobs in testing and inspection or as lab technicians/technical assistants for universities, museums, government agencies, parks, manufacturing companies, botanical gardens, and other facilities also are available.
Botany is an extremely diverse field with many specialties. Ethnobotanists study the use of plant life by a particular culture, people, or ethnic group to find medicinal uses of certain plants. Study of traditional Native American medicinal uses of plants is an example.
Forensic botanists collect and analyze plant material found at crime scenes.
Forest ecologists focus on forest species and their habitats, such as forest wetlands. Related studies include forest genetics and forest economics. Jobs in forestry include work in managing, maintaining, and improving forest species and environments.
Mycologists study fungi and apply their findings in agriculture, medicine, and industry for development of drugs, medicines, molds, and yeasts. They may specialize in research and development in a field such as antibiotics.
Toxicologists study the effect of toxic substances on organisms, including plants. Results of their work may be used in regulatory action, product labeling, and other areas.
Other botanical specialists include morphologists, who study macroscopic plant forms and life cycles; palynologists, who study pollen and spores; pteridologists, who study ferns and other related plants; bryologists, who study mosses and similar plants; and lichenologists, who study lichens, which are dual organisms made of both alga and fungus.
Related Professions


Child containers
Component: NServiceBus
NuGet Package NServiceBus (7.2 - 7.3)
Child containers are a snapshot of the main container providing an additional instance lifetime scope.
Child container scope in NServiceBus
NServiceBus creates a child container for each transport message that is received. During message processing, all InstancePerUnitOfWork scoped instances that are created are resolved as singletons within the context of the same message. This is helpful to support the sharing of database sessions and other resources with lifetimes specific to the processed message.
Objects can be configured in a child container scope using the InstancePerUnitOfWork lifetime:
 registration: components =>
Deterministic disposal
Child containers automatically dispose all IDisposable instances created with InstancePerUnitOfWork lifetime once the message is processed. This is useful for managing things like database sessions which must be disposed of properly.
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Gentle Alarm Clock Alternatives
Is the shrieking sound of a loud alarm clock really the best way to start your day? Wake up with light, vibration, nature sounds, or scent with these gentle alarm clock alternatives.
What is the first thing you hear when you wake up? Is it an insistently piercing blast of noise from your bedside alarm clock?
Are you, literally, alarmed into consciousness each day?
When you are roused from sleep by a strident sound that is designed to be alarming, your endocrine system dutifully delivers a burst of adrenaline to your body, preparing you for "fight or flight" in response to the urgent message of a crisis at hand. You are starting your day in a state of acute stress.
Is the alarm clock's loud and abrasive noise just an unavoidable part of life in the modern world? You may not have the luxury most days of sleeping in until you naturally feel like getting up, but you can, if you like, choose a kinder way to tell your body that it's time to get up. Some gentle alarm clock alternatives feature softer, more peaceful sounds, and others nudge you awake through one of your other senses — sight, touch, or smell — rather than your sense of hearing.
Some Intriguing Alarm Clock Alternatives
A nature sounds alarm clock,
which plays recorded or simulated sounds from nature, such as ocean surf, waterfalls, running rivers, songbirds, crickets, or heartbeats. Sometimes other sounds are offered as well, such as wind chimes or drumming rhythms. A nice bonus is that you can also use it to fall asleep to a soothing soundscape.
A chime clock,
which features actual chimes that are rung, for a peaceful and harmonious sound. An example is the Zen Alarm Clock.
A sunrise clock or dawn simulator,
which starts with a dim glow that gradually lights up to full brightness over the course of half an hour. This is a very natural and healthy way to awaken, since the sleep hormone melatonin is dissipated by light. It is even more effective if you sleep in near-total darkness, which promotes melatonin production, easing you into restful sleep. Another benefit of a sunrise clock is that it allows your body to awaken any time during the "sunrise," at a natural point during its sleep cycle.
An aromatherapy clock,
which begins wafting an aroma such as coffee, lavender, pine, or eucalyptus. You load it with aromatherapy beads with the fragrance of your choice.
A vibrating alarm clock,
such as the Shake Awake. It's often marketed to deaf users, but anyone can use it. Some models are vibrating devices that you clip onto your pillow; others come with a more powerful shaking unit that you put under your mattress. Pillows with timed vibrators built in are also available, or you can wear a vibrating wristwatch. Some people who have trouble waking up with even the loudest alarm clocks are able to wake up to a vibration. And it's perfect if you need to wake up but you don't want to disturb others who are in the same room with you.
A sleep phase monitor.
The idea here is that the device detects your sleep phases and wakes you at a point when you are in a shallow phase of sleep, within the time window that you set. (Or at the end of the time window, whichever comes first.) You eliminate some of the grogginess you often feel when you are dragged awake out of a deep sleep phase. Examples are:
 - The Sleeptracker watch, $100 to $180 (US dollars). You wear it as a wristwatch, and it detects your body movements while you sleep, using them to determine when you are in a shallow sleep phase and thus more ready to be awakened. It has a vibration alarm mode.
 - The aXbo alarm clock, $220 to $350. This device also tracks your sleep phase by detecting your sleep movements, using a terry cloth wrist sensor that transmits the information wirelessly to the tabletop clock. You can choose from various wake-up sounds, including nature sounds and musical melodies, at the volume you choose.
 - The Zeo Personal Sleep Coach, $200 to $400. This is a more sophisticated version of the sleep phase tracker concept; it uses a headband to track and record your brain's electrical signals. One of its features is that it can wake you up during a transition into or out of REM sleep within your selected time frame, using music or nature sounds.
A number of gentle alarm clock products combine several sensory modes, such as the Peaceful Progression wake-up clock from Hammacher Schlemmer, which is a sunrise clock with nature sounds and aromatherapy. And even a silent alarm clock will also typically offer a traditional ringing or beeping sound as a backup, in case the gentler mode is not enough to penetrate through to your sleeping mind.
Your Turn!
What's your favorite wake-up strategy?
How do you wake up best? Do you use a "gentle" alarm clock, or have another non-traditional way of waking up? What's your best non-alarming wake-up technique?
Send in your favorite wake-up tip. The best tips received will be published on this page.
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The years between 2000 and 3000. Being the millennium that the human brain/mind makes its greatest leaps in power, knowledge and exploration. The connecting of all human thought in real-time will most likely occur in the next 1000 years. The word "Cerebellennium" is a combination, or portmanteau, of the words CEREBELLUM (part of brain) and MILLENNIUM (a thousand years).
The human mind will change in unforeseeable ways over the next 1000 years, as the Cerebellennium unfolds.


A science blog with Eric Berger
Bacteria turn deadlier in space. What about babies?
The big news today is that Salmonella bacteria shot into space last summer came home three times as deadly. Scientists had expected this because ground-based experiments suggested the zero-gravity environment of space might increase virulence.
Would a space-born baby survive?
But it's fascinating all the same.
All life that we know of evolved in one Earth gravity. We've already seen what effect spaceflight has on human bones, muscles and the immune system (it weakens all of them). Now we're seeing that it has a striking effect even on the smallest of living things.
Perhaps the coolest part of the new research is that it pinpoints the changes in Salmonella down to the genetic level, finding that microgravity caused the bacteria to express (turn on/off) 167 different genes than bacteria that were kept on the ground. These genetic changes increased the virulence of the bacteria.
While reporting the story, Jeanne Becker at the National Space Biomedical Research Institute told me about an earlier space experiment during which astronauts grew human kidney cells on orbit. Those cells expressed a remarkable 1,600 different genes than the Earth-grown variety.
All of this leads me to an intriguing question. If genes express differently in space, what will happen if (when, really) a baby is conceived in space? How about a newborn's development? I can see this becoming a huge moral question some day, especially with the radically different gene expression.
A space baby would very likely be something that's virtually non-human, if he or she survived at all.
Categories: Genetics, Space
Eric Berger
51 Responses
 1. ttyler5 says:
 " …a really expensive way to have fresh omellets…."
 Oh, Hunter-san, humble servant not think so!
 Device fix eggs with chemical at diverse stages of embryonic development!
 Not so tasty and probabrary lethal!
 " …results? "
 Firstly, here's a more detailed description of the the device:
 " Experiment Operations
 " The Avian Development Facility (ADF) was designed for Japanese quail eggs and houses 36 egg holders. The egg holders have been designed to isolate the eggs from vibration, thus minimizing any launch and re-entry effects to the developing embryos.
 " Egg holders are mounted on two rotating centrifuges that can provide both microgravity and variable gravity environments (up to 1-g – normal Earth gravity).
 " The avian facility offers pre-programmable control of the interior environmental temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2) concentration thus providing optimal conditions for embryo development.
 " Additionally, it has an automated system that can be programmed to add a chemical fixative to the egg,which stops the development process and preserves the embryo, at specific times during incubation.
 " The ADF also rotates eggs – similar to the turning in a natural environment. Temperature can be maintained within +/-.05 degree Celsius of the set point between the range of 78.8 degrees Fahrenheit (26 degrees Celsius) and 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius). The relative humidity can be maintained within +/- 7.5% of the set point between the range 50 and 70 percent.
 " The Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide levels are actively controlled to the set points defined by the researcher and the range of centrifugal force provided by the carousels is 0 to 1-g (in 0.1-g increments).
 " The ADF fits into a middeck locker on the Orbiter, making it easily accessible prior to launch and after landing."


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The chief difference between a primary prevention trial and a secondary prevention trial (SPT) in Alzheimer disease (AD) is related to the targeted group of participants. As currently conceptualized, a primary prevention trial recruits asymptomatic individuals from the general population, whereas an SPT recruits only asymptomatic (or preclinical) individuals who are biomarker-positive for AD.1 Recent examples of the latter include the AD kindred trial in Antioquia, Colombia, which recruits only participants who are PS1 E280A mutation carriers with a familial history of early-onset disease, and the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's study (hereafter referred to as the A4 study), which targets adults 70 years of age or older with high amyloid levels in the brain as determined by a positron emission tomographic scan. The latter study is the subject of the article by Donohue et al,2 who seek to identify a primary end point for that SPT.
Kryscio RJ. Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer DiseaseThe Challenge of Identifying a Meaningful End Point. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(8):947-949. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1120


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"washing, purification," 1610s, from Late Latin elutionem (nominative elutio) "a washing out," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin eluere "to wash out, wash off, clean," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + luere "to wash" (see lave). Especially in reference to a process of obtaining sugar from molasses.
1. Extracted ion chromatograms for protein chromatography based on peptide elution were generated.
2. Results Saponins in 80 % ethanol elution was the highest and over %.
3. Results Saponins in 80 % ethanol elution was the highest and over 36 %.
4. Different elution fractions from pummelo peel extract exhibit different antioxidative activity.
5. Gradient elution chromatography was applied to determine the ginsenoside contents in Shengmai injections.


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- About us
- Current Activities
- Protecting the Rights of Migrants through the UN System
- Promoting Migrants Voices through International Migrants Day
Millions of migrants face health risks.
Date: 03/03/2010 - 11:15
The World Health Organization and International Organization for Migration say many of the nearly one-billion international and internal migrants around the world suffer from ill health because of stress and exploitative work conditions. The Geneva-based agencies, along with the government of Spain, are sponsoring a Madrid conference, Wednesday through Friday, to explore ways to improve the health of migrants.
The two agencies say most migrants are healthy. But, those who are not tend to be among the estimated 214 million migrants who leave their countries in search of a better life abroad.
These disadvantaged groups include undocumented migrants, people forced to migrate because of natural or man-made disasters and groups such as victims of trafficking. The agencies say these migrants often suffer exploitation and physical and mental abuse.
WHO Senior Migrant Health Officer Jacqueline Weekers says migrants also are more susceptible to ill health because many live in poverty. She says they lack access to health and social services and social protection.
"Think of living in overcrowded settings," Weekers said. "Think of lack of proper nutrition over long periods of times, etc. But, also unattended chronic problems will cause a great burden on the health of migrants over time. We need to think of occupational health issues. Most migrants migrate because they look for work and they end up in work situations that are degrading, dangerous and dirty. They do jobs that many others will not do and very often without health insurance."
Weekers notes more than half of all migrants are women. Many have migrated on their own. She says women migrants who are in an unprotected situation often are subjected to sexual abuse.
She says the mental health of migrants is another area of great concern.
"Mental health is not only of relevance for those who experience grave stressful situations such as refugees or people who are on the go, who experience human rights violations," Weekers said. "But, also the many migrants who find themselves greatly isolated and marginalized and not able to communicate with people around them."
The World Health Assembly, which took place in Geneva in 2008 passed a resolution on the Health of Migrants. The issue will come up again at this year's assembly, in May.
Weekers says the three-day conference in Madrid will take stock of what has happened since the resolution was adopted two years ago. She says the aim of the meeting is to identify policies and legislation that will improve the health of migrants.
Source: Voice of America News
Publication date: 02 March 2010
Branchez-vous sur Radio 1812 pour la JIM!
- Les étrangers en Roumanie
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- Le prix de l'exil
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- L'Atlas des Migrants en Europe
- Claire Rodier - auteur de "Xénophobie business"
- A propos du film "Ceuta, douce prison)
- Interview avec Marc Boulnois, maire de Norrent-Fontes
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database administration expertise is required.
In this context, you can think of ArcGIS Server for Workgroups as being an extension for ArcEditor or ArcInfo to help you manage and serve workgroup ArcSDE geodatabases. Of course, ArcGIS Server can perform many more functions and tasks. See An overview of GIS services
Enterprise ArcSDE included with ArcGIS Server for Enterprises: This is the traditional ArcSDE technology that runs on Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DB2, and IBM Informix and can scale to databases of any size and number of users, running on computers of any size and configuration. Users provide their own DBMS license for this level of ArcSDE use. The DBMS is typically administered and managed by a database administrator (DBA).
To learn more about ArcGIS Server, see An overview of GIS services
|You do not need to monitor and manage the use of your memory and cpu's for SQL Server Express. The SQL Server Express software will automatically limit computer use to 1 GB RAM on a single cpu and to a database size of 4GB.
|Personal ArcSDE is included free as a part of ArcEditor and ArcInfo. If you choose to install SQL Server Express, you can administer SQL Server Express databases using ArcCatalog.
|When you install the ArcGIS Server for Workgroups, you can install and use SQL Server Express and ArcSDE. After installing SQL Server Express, you can use ArcCatalog to administer SQL Server Express databases on your computer.
|These various levels enable users to take full advantage of ArcSDE geodatabases for any number of users, large or small. It allows organizations to have one scalable data architecture that works across their single user systems up into their large enterprise systems.
ArcSDE provides long and short transaction management on the DBMS transaction framework
The ArcSDE geodatabase includes advanced support for managing edits and updates to a multiuser geodatabase. As GIS increasingly adds users and the requirement to manage data from an array of sensor networks, the need for transaction management becomes more critical. In GIS, long transactions are needed along with the more common, short database transactions that are orchestrated on the DBMS's short transaction framework.
Often, GIS users have specialized transactional requirements, one of which is the need for some transactions to span long periods of time (sometimes hours, even days and months, not just seconds or minutes).
Additionally, a single editing session in a GIS can involve changes to multiple rows in multiple tables. Users need to be able to undo and redo changes. Users want to treat each edit session as a single transaction when they commit their changes. Furthermore, the edits must often be performed in a system that is disconnected from the central, shared database.
During these specialized GIS data flow processes, the GIS database must remain continuously available for daily operations, where each user might have a personal view or state of the shared GIS database.
In a multiuser database, the GIS transactions must be orchestrated on the DBMS's short transaction framework. ArcSDE plays a key role during these operations by managing the high-level, complex GIS transactions on the simple DBMS transaction framework.
ArcSDE does this by storing change information as delta records in the database; isolating multiple edit sessions using versions; and supporting complex transactions, automatic archive, and historical queries.
See An overview of editing and maintaining data
for more information.


Article Text
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Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
 1. Jai D Parekh1,
 2. Susan E Wozniak2,
 3. Kamran Khan2,
 4. Sudhir K Dutta1,3
 1. 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 2. 2Department of General Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 3. 3Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 1. Correspondence to Kamran Khan, kamkmd92{at}
The antiemetic properties of marijuana are well known, but there is increasing evidence of its paradoxical hyperemetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, known as 'cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome' (CHS). We report a case of CHS encountered in our outpatient clinic. We also completed a review of the literature using PubMed in patients over 18 years of age with CHS. Understanding the diagnostic criteria and risk factors associated with CHS may reduce the ordering of unnecessary and expensive investigations, and pursuing inappropriate medical and surgical treatments. Ultimately, abstaining from cannabis use leads to resolution of symptoms in the majority of patients.
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Reflecting and revisiting to enhance your skiing performance
Pressure, precision and perception.
During lock down I have had time to do jobs that I have been putting off and also to come up with projects that I would like to achieve going forward.
Lock down for me has been a good opportunity to reflect and revisit, so I am taking this opportunity to add to my older article 3P's to help improve your skiing which discussed using PATIENCE, PERSEVERANCE and PRACTICE.
I would like to expand this further with another 3 P's that have a strong influence on how you perform. These are PRESSURE, PRECISION and PERCEPTION.
This to me has three meanings:-
1. The Mental pressure, coping with situations as they evolve in front of you. This is constantly changing as you descend down a piste, always keep your mental pressure in check, do not push too hard and become overwhelmed, otherwise fear will override your enjoyment. You may like to read read my older article about how to cope with busy pistes.
2. The Physical Pressure, can your body cope, are your muscles strong enough, are you protecting any old injuries. It's very important to know your body and its limitations. Speed, angle, terrain, snow texture and the weather all have a big affect on your body and mind. Pre-season training to get fit to ski and snowboard can really help.
3. The Foot pressure. This is the tangible feeling under the sides of your feet when your skis edges are gripping with the snow. Understanding this and being more aware of where you feel the pressure, will help your balance and agility. Ask yourself, can you move when you want to move, or is there a delay. If there's a delay, there are changes to be made which will enhance your enjoyment.
Keeping these three pressures in check will enable you to become the Duracell battery and last long.
Grab a piece of paper, a pencil and a circular bowl. Draw a semi circle around the bowl keeping your eyes closed and repeat it three times. Now remove the bowl and trace the same line with your eyes closed. Practice it three times, you will be amazed how close you can trace the same line.
Now imagine your big toe is the point of the pencil and the snow is the white piece of paper, now allow your ski edges to take you on an arc, use your big toe of your outer foot to guide you to the finish of your curve. You do not need to see your big toe to draw with it.
When you want to steer with even more accuracy, try using your little toe of your inner foot. You must be skiing parallel to achieve this.
Remember skis are designed to take you along a curve, that is why the ski edge is shaped like an hour glass. The more you use the ski design, the more accurate you will become. Remember be patient your skis will guide you if you are well balanced. Take your time especially when you move from one curve to the next, feel the edges guiding you into your next curve.
Try this task. Draw a circular area on the piste with your eyes, can you steer to that area, start with a larger circle and then reduce it down to a spot on the snow. Can you steer to exactly where you were looking.? Try it now moving from curve to curve.
Achieve that close relationship between looking and steering, just like riding your bike or driving your car. This is particularly apparent when descending along a winding road. This is one way to start your precision journey.
Perception is how we see our skiing environment and how we interpret it. Depending on how we interpret it, will affect your emotional state and in turn will affect your balance and agility. For example, changing from a nice wide open groomed blue piste, with only a few people on it, to a narrow chopped up blue piste with a drop to one side, with more people on it, will affect your mood. How you perceive the situation ahead of you, will also affect your decision making. Read my previous article about real outcomes.
From the example above a very simple way of changing your perception, especially if your mood has gone from elation to fear, is to change your focus. Instead of taking in the big picture, just deal with what is just in front of you and put accuracy into each curve, imagine that each curve is in a square frame as soon as one square is finished move to the next square, before you know it you will be linking squares and looking further a head and because you were focused on the task you have forgotten about the narrowness, the chopped up snow and the drop to one side.
Then with success, fear will turn back to elation. By repeating the same run 3 times, your perception of that run will have changed and what was an issue, is no longer. However, this does rely on you wanting to repeat it again, this is where you must try and dig deep and keep persevering to overcome your emotions.
Please remember though, if you do a run and you feel that you cannot repeat it, then you may also not have the full range of skills that are needed, you have pushed to hard. This is where it is important to get the most from your ski lessons
Sometimes a small piece of information can help shape the way you think and act and so will enhance your performance and enjoyment.
I am looking forward to the end of lock down now and the opening up of ski resorts again.
Hope to see you soon!
All articles


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Physics-based simulation of two driven pendulums that start almost identically; this demonstrates sensitivity to initial conditions of chaotic systems. It looks like a single pendulum at first, but wait for a minute and you will see the two pendulums diverge in their behavior.
Click the "Sim" tab to access parameters such as: starting angle difference, drive amplitude, frequency, mass, gravity, and damping. You can drag the pendulum with your mouse to change the starting position.
The pendulums are continuously driven by an external torque force that varies between twisting clockwise and counterclockwise. This torque force is represented by the curved arrow, the length of the arrow corresponds to the strength of the force.
These are two independent pendulum simulations running simultaneously. They start with almost identical initial conditions, but just slightly different starting angles (the difference is the angle difference parameter). Running for several minutes produces the graph shown at left.
You will notice that the pendulums stay in sync for a while, then drift slightly apart, and then are soon completely different in their behavior. This is an example of sensitivity to initial conditions which is a hallmark of chaotic systems. This is also known as the Butterfly Effect whereby a butterfly flapping its wings in North America could cause a storm to occur in South America.
The angle difference parameter specifies the difference between the start angle of the two pendulums. Try different values for the starting angle difference, and measure how much time it takes for the pendulums to diverge significantly. If you make a graph of this (difference in starting angle vs time to divergence), is it a linear or exponential curve? Is this different to how a linear system would respond?
For the math behind the simulation see the page about the Chaotic Driven Pendulum; this is the same simulation as that one, except here there are two pendulums.
Also available are: open source code, documentation and a simple-compiled version which is more customizable.


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Prof. Barduhn, who gave a talk about expatriate teachers, once said, 'If English were a drug, expatriate teachers would be the dealers…' In her talk entitled Language Dealing, she starts by looking into the definition of 'the drug'. Are dealers necessarily drug takers themselves? Drugs can serve to imprison but are drugs necessarily bad? Could they not be medicine, which could serve as an anti-exploitation tool?
In Hawkins (1974) 'I-thou'it' triangle as spreaders of this drug, Prof Barduhn states that 'I' refers to the expatriate teacher, the 'thou' the students and other expat teachers, and explaining the 'it' as the fishing rod in the metaphor 'Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and he can fish and you feed him for a lifetime'.
Quoting Johnston (1999) talking about the Expatriate Teacher as Postmodern Paladin, these teachers are fighters of a noble cause, not unlike the errant of the medieval knights. He suggest that ELT as a whole is a marginal occupation, expanding on the idea of postmodernity.
The original Paladins crossed the seas for adventures with spiritual (self-realisation) and earthly (material gain and acquisition of a good reputation) goals.
The knight errant are those who choose to work outside their own country and the wish to educate, to share knowledge, expertise and skils. It's also characterised by the 'restless traveller', wandering the earth and never settling.
The knights knew what they believed in and why they were venturing forward, and knew that eventually they would go home.
So why do ELT teachers keep going to other countries and new ones too?
Are we cultural marginals and do we have an identity group?
Differentially perceptual groups and identity group, Prof Barduhn talks about perceptual groups as how others see you versus the identities given to you, before explaining cultural marginality and highlighting the fact that ELT teachers are often the non-dominant community in a dominant community.
The definition of an encapsulated marginal is one where there is no revognised reference group, conscious of self, troubled by ambiguity and never 'at home'. The definition of a constructive marginal is one of a marginal reference group, conscious of choice, intrigued by complexity and never not 'at home'.
Stated by respondent teachers in her research as reasons and motivation for going to live in each country, 'travel', 'love of teaching' and 'career advancement' occurred frequently, but professional development was highlighted as one of the more common answers.
This challenges the theory that most ELT teachers living overseas are of the back packer variety.
Family was stated at the number one reason why people move back to their own country.
When examining the changes in attitude amongst the teachers living overseas, it was clear that most became most tolerant and understanding of their country of origin (and its culture), got involved in more teaching fields e.g. ESP, saw themselves as ambassadors for their own country, thought of the new culture as gradually becoming part of them, and saw their job as important ('We teach future leaders, We make English more attainable for the masses') and are happy living abroad.
But as Chinese becomes more in the globalising world, would those involved in teaching of Mandarin have the same attitudes and motivation? Are they also on medieval knights' errants?
Going through her results, here are some findings regarding Chinese expat teachers:
'I'm more critical of my country but love it more'
'I have no power to change methodologies', 'I've become more student-centred, teacher as a guide instead of dictator, to guide learners to see the fun in Chinese and understand the similarities between English and Chinese.'
Growing towards an acceptance of Western values like tolerance, quality orientation, etc.
'As long as China's economy keeps growing, it'll become important as a world language'
Very few non-native Chinese teach Chinese in the UK.
Expat teachers are the only way people can access Chinese culture.
Expat teachers might not have an influence on trends in teacher training but conversely teacher training trends would have an influence on expat teachers.
Belonging to teaching associations and getting conference updates were a common path towards professional development.
So what is the drug?
Could the phenomenon of expat teachers be considered a historical and cultural movement?
TESOl culture is seen to equate 'diversity', 'cooperation' and 'respect'.
Could these also stand for Chinese language teaching culture?
So what are we dealing?
The answer might not be the same for everyone but teacher training needs to delve further in social and economic theory so that we are doing it with more awareness.


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Today is 3/14/15 — Super Pi Day — so was I telling my 7-year-old son all about the number this afternoon. When I told him that keeps on going forever and ever he asked "How do you know that?" Although I don't know a proof that I could explain to a 7-year-old, I wanted to record the following proof which uses only basic calculus. It is essentially Niven's famous proof, as generalized by Alan Parks, but I have tried to write it in a way which is more motivated than the usual treatments. As a bonus, the proof also shows that e is irrational.
Let be a positive real number. Our goal is to assume that is rational and use this assumption to construct a continuous function and a sequence of polynomials for with the following properties:
(1) and all are positive on the interval.
(2) There is a sequence of real numbers with as such that for each, for all
(3) The integral is an integer for all.
To see why this gives a contradiction, note that (1) and (3) imply that for all, but if is the maximum value of on then (2) implies that
which is less than 1 for sufficiently large.
Let be the set of all continuous functions on with the property that both and are integers. Note that is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication (it is what mathematicians call a ring).
We define to be the set of all in whose derivative belongs to for all. The product rule for derivatives shows that is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, and by definition it is closed under taking derivatives.
Key Observation #1: If and, then for all
Proof: The proof is by induction on. The case is trivial. Assume that. We have by assumption, and by the chain rule we have. Since and is closed under multiplication, the result follows. Q.E.D.
We define to be the set of all in with a antiderivative in for all More formally, consists of all functions in such that for each, there exists in whose derivative is. Note that by definition we in fact have.
Key Observation #2: If and is a polynomial, then is an integer.
Proof: The proof is by induction on the degree of. If then is constant, and the result follows easily from the fundamental theorem of calculus. Assume the result is true for polynomials of degree. Letting be an antiderivative of in and applying integration by parts, we obtain
which is an integer by the inductive hypothesis. Q.E.D.
We can now prove our main theorem, which as we will see implies that both and are irrational.
Main Theorem: Suppose there is a function with for. Then is irrational.
Proof: Assume for the sake of contradiction that with positive integers. Then the function belongs to and satisfies. (The derivative of is and its second derivative is.) It follows from Key Observation #1 that belongs to for all By Key Observation #2, is an integer for all. On the other hand, both and all are positive on. Thus conditions (1) and (3) above are satisfied. To see that (2) is satisfied as well, let be the maximum value of on. Then, which goes to zero as. As discussed above, conditions (1),(2),(3) together now lead to a contradiction. Q.E.D.
Corollary 1: is irrational.
Proof: Take and. Q.E.D.
Corollary 2: is irrational.
Proof: Assume with positive integers and take and. Q.E.D.
1. As mentioned in the introduction, this post is a reorganization and repackaging of the proof given in this article by Alan E. Parks, which originally appeared in the American Math Monthly. I first came across Parks's proof in the book "Biscuits of Number Theory", edited by Arthur Benjamin and Ezra Brown.
2. As Parks notes in his article, the main theorem easily implies the following generalizations of Corollary 1 and Corollary 2:
- If and if and are both rational, then is irrational.
- If is a positive rational number then is irrational.
3. The strategy of proof here is a very natural one. Every irrationality proof that I know of for or involves reaching a contradiction by constructing a positive integer less than 1. And the argument used to bound the integral in (3) appears frequently (albeit in a different context) in analysis, especially elementary complex analysis. And the Key Observations, while clever, are simple consequences of the product rule for derivatives, the chain rule, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. So unlike other irrationality proofs that I've seen, I find this argument quite motivated. It is also accessible to anyone who has studied calculus and mathematical induction. And finally, it's nice that the same argument proves irrationality of and at the same time.


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19th Arondissement - Buttes Chaumont
Before 1860, when Paris was re-arranged into its present shape, the 19th arrondissement was part of the township of Belleville – and very much the rough end of it. In the north, there were the docks and the municipal slaughterhouses, and with much of the land to the south (after centuries of gypsum mining) being too porous for permanent structures, the entire area had been abandoned to rat-infested knacker's yards, bull-baiting rings and the largest municipal rubbish dump.
A daring act of social engineering was to change all that: the Park of Buttes Chaumont, still the town's prettiest, was conceived as an island of gentility whose effects, it was hoped, would eventually radiate to heal the whole district. Or, in the words of Baron Haussmann (the de facto Mayor of Paris at the time): to provide "moral uplift" for the entire area.
After 150 years, however, the Park still has a long way to go, its gentrifying effects having penetrated the area about two blocks deep. The docks along the Canal, meanwhile, have made way for showpiece municipal housing (alongside an art-house cinema and restaurants), while the slaughterhouses have been converted into the Parc de la Villette, France's largest "hands-on" museum for science and technology and well worth a visit, particularly if you travel with kids.© NileGuide


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Troubleshooting: IE6 defect interferes with screen refresh of dynamic select controls
If your application users acess Process Commander with Microsoft Internet Explorer Version 6.0 (IE6) and your application includes a Gradient filter in a style sheet, you will notice that scrolling the container window causes Dynamic Select controls (drop-down lists) to disappear.
When you click within the window at the locus of a particular Select control, the control reappears.
This is a known defect in IE6.The defect surfaces in applications using a customized CSS (referenced in a skin rule) in which a gradient filter has been enabled. The problem does not occur when you use the same CSS without a gradient filter applied, or the standard skins.
The problem is caused by style coding like this example:
filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Gradient(enabled='true',GradientType=0, startColorStr='_TAG_', endColorStr='#95A6C7')
The following screens illustrate the initial UI state and the disappearance and reappearance of Dynamic Select controls when focus changes between your scrolling and clicking interactions.
If you need to support IE6, do not use gradient filters when you customize the standard CSS.
If you need to use gradient filters in your customized CSS, upgrade to IE7. (Note that gradient features are a Microsoft extension to CSS, not supported by non-Microsoft browsers.)
For more information, refer to the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) article cited.


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The Lady Actress (ISBN: _PHONE_)
by Kelly S. Taylor, Ph.D.
"Anna Cora Mowatt Ritchie, a mid-nineteenth century American author, public reader, playwright and actress, was a well-known and respected figure among her contemporaries in American literary and dramatic circles. Despite this, she is largely forgotten to modern theater lovers. In her day, she played to packed theaters and could number Edgar Allen Poe, David Henry Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson among her fans. Oral Interpretation scholars have called her the first "lady" elocutionist because she was the first female to enter the career of public reader without a previous career on the stage. In 1989, John Gentile, writing a history of prominent solo performers, credited her, along with famed actresses Fanny Kemble and Charlotte Cushman, with bringing to solo performance a level of prestige previously unknown in America. He claimed that they, as respectable women in a traditionally disrespected career, brought a respectability and an acceptance that allowed women of a later age to enjoy professional platform careers.1 Her brief career as a public reader inspired many imitators."
Read Chapter 1: FASHIONED LADY: THE LIFE AND MANY CAREERS OF ANNA CORA MOWATT


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"The river is constantly turning and bending and you never know where it's going to go and where you'll wind up. Following the bend in the river and staying on your own path means that you are on the right track. Don't let anyone deter you from that."
~ Eartha Kitt
The relation between the river and the mountain is pretty symbolic. The river with all its gushing waters symbolizes motion – the dynamism of life. And the mountains with their huge, unwavering existence are the symbol of obstacles that we face in life. The river makes its way through the mountains – sometimes it is able to break through the solid rocks and sometimes it bends its path – but never stops until it meets the sea. Together the river and the mountain teach us the biggest lesson of life – keep going until you reach your goal; until the purpose of life is served. There will be problem, there will be obstruction, there will be barrier – but you should learn to make your way through it and move on.
River Paro, Bhutan
Published in response to the Daily Post Weekly Photo Challenge: Symbol.


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This book breaks new intellectual ground in the analysis of the German welfare state. Bleses and Seeleib-Kaiser argue that we are witnessing a dual transformation of the welfare state, which is caused by the emergence of new dominating interpretative patterns. Increasingly, the state reduces its social policy commitments towards securing the achieved living standard of former wage earners, which in the past had been the key normative principle of social policy in Germany, while at the same time public support and services for families are expanded.
- Publication Date:
- 23 / 08 / 2004


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Iran: Who holds the power?
Click on the chart below to unravel Iran's complex political system
The armed forces comprise the Revolutionary Guard and the regular forces. The two bodies are under a joint general command. All leading army and Revolutionary Guard commanders are appointed by the Supreme Leader and are answerable only to him. The Revolutionary Guard was formed after the revolution to protect the new leaders and institutions and to fight those opposing the revolution. The Revolutionary Guard has a powerful presence in other institutions, and controls volunteer militias with branches in every town.
All key army leaders are appointed by the Supreme Leader
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