text: basic steps in benificiaion plant,Basic Steps for Diagnosing Plant Problems - Master Gardener.Basic Steps for Diagnosing Plant Problems. Barb Larson, Kenosha County Horticulture Educator. Diagnostic Steps. 1. Identify the Problem. 2. Identify Signs & Symptoms. 3. Collect Information. 4. Research. 5. Follow up with Client. Step 1: Identify Problem. • Identify Plant (or Insect). • Clarify if using common names/terms.basic steps in benificiaion plant,Gardening for Beginners: 8 Easy Steps to Planting a Shrub or Tree.Mar 6, 2018. There's more to planting a tree or shrub than digging a hole and plonking it into the ground. Some plants aren't the least bit fussy and will tolerate this, but most trees and shrubs will benefit from a little care. If you plant your trees or shrubs properly, you will ensure that they will have a good start in life and.6 Simple Steps to Grow Plants from Seed - Earl MayNov 16, 2017. In addition to saving you money, growing your own herbs, vegetables and ornamental plants from seed is extremely rewarding.


text:
In the ancient world, particularly in the Near East and
, a red moon was a sure sign not only of turbulent, dry weather, but also death. In Medieval Europe, the opposite seems to be the case as long as the ruddy moon appeared in August or September when it was the sign of good weather throughout harvest season. Egypt
A moon with a ring around it – often spoken of in 16th and 17th century lore as "the moon wearing a veil" – was a sign of rain.
The full moon was considered a favorable weather sign in Ancient Rome if it was not blocked by clouds. This continued to be the case until the early modern period, when the fear of witches congregating under full moons tainted a previously happy time.
Stars, too, were thought to foretell the weather both in the short and long term. Bright stars, particularly in a winter sky, foretold a clear day to follow. Dim stars covered by fog or mist were a portend of snow or sleet. Venus, the morning and evening star, was said to hint at the growing season when she rose in the springtime sky. If she stayed low and hugged the land, summer would be cool and crops would grow indifferently. If the star was high in the evening, and particularly if she was seen shimmering before the sunset, then a glorious summer and banner crops were surely in the offing.
Header: Starry Night Over the
Rhone by Vincent van Gogh c 1888

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program (CBWNP) at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) conducts research into many aspects of chemical, toxin, and biological weapons and develops strategies for their elimination. The CBWNP's research agenda includes:
- appraising the security implications of emerging biological and chemical technologies, such as synthetic biology and nanobiotechnology, evaluating governance approaches, and initiating innovative approaches to prevent the misuse of select technologies;
- examining major case studies of chemical and biological weapons programs (e.g., the USSR, Iran, Iraq) via interviews with the weaponeers, key officials, and inspectors or through primary source documentation;
- evaluating the potential for the development of novel chemical and biological warfare agents;
- exploring avenues for nontraditional players, such as the private sector, to play constructive roles in the nonproliferation arena;
- facilitating dialogues with various stakeholders in select troubled countries and regions to address their idiosyncratic chemical and biological weapons proliferation problems;
- monitoring developments related to international biological and chemical arms control and disarmament;
- studying public health systems for the purpose of generating findings that will be utilized by state, county, and other local health departments to prepare for and respond to catastrophic events caused by biological, chemical, and radiological materials.
- monitoring and assessing biological cooperative threat reduction activities in countries that once constituted the Soviet Union and follow new developments in this field as they expand to the Middle East, Asia, and Africa;
- assessing the proliferation potential of the anti-plague systems of the former Soviet states and their possible benefits to international public health.
The Program's products include reports, journal articles, books, occasional papers, and profiles of CBW capabilities of select countries. For example, the March 2012 special issue of the Nonproliferation Review addressed global perspectives on the Biological Weapons Convention and was launched at the BWC Review Conference in December 2011.
Further, the Program augments CNS community-building efforts by training Monterey Institute students and visiting scholars from former Soviet republics, China, and developing countries in Africa, Asia, and South America in technical and policy issues related to CBW nonproliferation.
About the Staff
- Dr. Raymond A. Zilinskas, CBWNP Director
Zilinskas currently is co-authoring (with Mr. Milton Leitenberg) the book The Soviet Biological Weapon Program: A History and as part of the Minerva project is conducting research on scientists who operated Saddam Hussein's chemical weapons program and officers who directed their applications against external and perceived internal enemies.
- Dr. Amy E. Smithson, full-time Senior Fellow
Smithson specializes in creating innovative approaches to chemical and biological weapons proliferation problems and in in-depth field research on issues related to dual-use chemical and biological technologies, weapons proliferation, threat reduction mechanisms, defense, and homeland security.
Her book, Germ Gambits: The Bioweapons Dilemma, Iraq and Beyond (Stanford Univ. Press, 2011), debunks myths about how United Nations Special Commission inspectors uncovered Iraq's cover bioweapons program after the 1991 Gulf War. In a Foreign Affairs review, Lawrence Freedman pronounced Germ Gambits 'riveting... The book reveals how the inspectors became sleuths, combining forensic skills with scientific expertise to outfox Iraqi authorities who pretended that there was nothing to be found."
Adjunct Staff Members
- Mr. Mark Bishop (chemistry), Adjunct Professor, has a BS from the University of California Santa Barbara and an MA in chemistry from the University of California Irvine, and he has been a chemistry instructor at Monterey Peninsula College since 1975. He is the author of An Introduction to Chemistry, a chemistry textbook used many colleges and universities in the U.S. and throughout the world. He is also the creator of all of the educational tools at preparatorychemistry.com and is actively involved in the chemical education branch of the American Chemical Society.
- Dr. Paul J. Jackson (biosciences), Adjunct Professor, earned his Ph.D. at the University of Utah in Molecular Biology. For the past 18 years he has been studying bacterial pathogens, first working to develop DNA-based methods of detecting these microbes and their remnants in environmental and laboratory samples, then developing methods to differentiate among different strains of the same pathogenic species. He has been Senior Scientist in the Global Security and Physical and Life Sciences Directorates, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, since 2005. During 2011-2012 he is a Visiting Scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute.
- Dr. Robert J. Melton (public health), Senior Fellow, earned his Medical Doctor degree at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Master's in Public Health at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. During _PHONE_ he was Health Officer, Monterey County Health Department, Salinas, California and during 2002-2006 was Public Health Medical Officer at the Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. He currently serves on the Advisory Board to CalPREPARE.
Graduate Student Research Assistants
Like other CNS programs, the CBWNP employs graduate student research assistants (GRAs) drawn from the MIIS' student body. GRAs work at the CBWNP encompasses a wide range of research and training activities that aim to add to their analytical and experiential skills, thus providing added value to their academic repertoire. The CBWNP GRAs during spring 2012 are:
- James Bishop (BA 1990, Middlebury College). Expected MA in May 2012 with a major in Nonproliferation & Terrorism Studies. Second language is Arabic/Serbo-Croatian. Current interest is American/European right-wing extremism.
- Eva Cheng (BA 2010, Southwestern University). Expected MA in May 2012 with a major in Nonproliferation & Terrorism Studies. Second language is Chinese. Major interest is Dark Networks.
- Catherine Dill (BS 2009, Georgetown University). Expected MA in May 2013 with a major in Nonproliferation & Terrorism Studies. Second language is Mandarin Chinese. Major interests are verification mechanisms of nonproliferation treaties and regimes, and East Asia nonproliferation issues.
- Casey Mahoney (BA 2011, Middlebury College). Expected MA in May 2012 with a major in Nonproliferation & Terrorism Studies. Second language is Russian. Major interest is nonproliferation and Russian and Eurasian affairs.
- Chris McKallagat (A.B. 2004 Princeton University). Expected MA in Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies in December 2012. Language of study is Arabic. Major interest is Middle East nonproliferation and disarmament.
- Elizabeth Wolcott (BA 2010, University of California, Berkeley). Expected MA in May 2012 with a major in Nonproliferation & Terrorism Studies. Second language is Russian. Major interest is terrorism, cult phenomena, and biological/chemical weapons nonproliferation.
The CBWNP's main office is at the Monterey Institute of International Studies (MIIS) in Monterey, California, and it is represented at the CNS office in Washington, D.C.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


12 Ways to Fuel Your Own Fire
Image source
"The number of hours in a day is fixed,
but the quantity and quality of energy
available to us is not."
Those who care about performance fuel their own fire.
"Energy, not time, is the fundamental currency
of high performance." Loehr and Schwartz
If you can't name five things you habitually do to fuel your fire, I predict you'll soon be ashes. Annual vacations don't count. I'm talking weekly or daily routines.
12 ways to fuel your own fire:
 1. Stop trying to control others. Few things drain energy more than trying to make others do things they don't want to do. Align don't force.
 2. Listen without solving.
 3. Live your life, not the life others want you to live.
 4. Create predictability with useful systems.
 5. Complete tasks. Long-term projects are like Chinese water torture. Break them down. Create a series of completion points.
 6. Take slow walks. They don't need to be long, just slow. Tip: Try whistling.
 7. Go to bed!
 8. Hold your head up and breathe deep.
 9. Exercise.
 10. Let small stuff be small.
 11. Do more of what you love. Off-set energy draining activities with energy giving activities. You completed three energy drainers, go find vitality. I love being with people. Grabbing a coffee refuels my tank.
 12. Eliminate clutter.
Bonus: Hang with positive friends.
Stoke your own fire. No one else will. Don't wait for the energy fairy. She ain't coming.
Related posts:
Finding Vitality
The 5 Powers of Leadership Rituals
What are leadership energy drainers?
What daily routines help leaders restore personal vitality?


This probability must add to one across the team. Using this true underlying usage probability, we can then simulate chances and obtain an observed usage value.
Note that from this rotation, A plays in 700 chances, B plays in 500 chances, C plays in 400 chances, and D plays in 400 chances. Running one simulation, we find that the usage for each player is given by (.801,.404,.410,.1825), for players A, B, C, and D, respectively. This is obtained from the usage formula above!
First, we see that this is not a true usage, as the players' probabilities do not sum to one. Normalizing will not give us a remotely close answer. The normalized answer is (.446,.225,.228,.101).
Second, we see that team usage is much closer to the truth, but not quite there either. Team usage, being the percentage of total team chances, changes the denominator in usage to look at all chances; regardless if the player of interest is in the game. In this case, the team usage is (.561,.202,.164,.73). However, we can do better with estimation.
Since we have a perfect sampling frame, called a Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), we can apply the associated algebra to recover the true usages of each player with respect to their team.
Have you figured out the true usages of each player?
Incomplete Multinomial Distribution
The example above highlights an important distribution in basketball analytics: the incomplete multinomial distribution. This distribution descriptively states that while there are a collection of options we can select from, we cannot observe all options simultaneously.
In the case of lineups, we cannot play the entire roster at the same time. We can only select five players. In technical terms, we are looking for the probability that player Yi within a lineup Ci from a team of players Ai will execute the chance:
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 10.41.11 AM
where the p's are the players' true usage on the team. In real life, we never know the values of p, just as we agonizingly forced upon ourselves in the example above. Therefore, we take our sampling design (lineups) and observed usages at the player and lineup levels and perform an estimation procedure.
The likelihood function for the incomplete multinomial distribution is given by:
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 10.54.08 AM
where p is the vector of true usages for the players of on a team, a is the observed chances executed by a player, b is the variable cell counts associated with the different lineups, and S is the matrix indicating the player lineups.
For the example above, we have
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 10.59.44 AM
We use the designation of the count b as being negative due to the offset of chances – first player. Yes, the players are ordered in terms of most used to least used.
Attempting to solve for p is this distribution is challenging. The maximum likelihood method leads to a series of equations:
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 11.04.53 AM.png
Drat, there's that pesky sum of probabilities must be one, again. Seriously, however, we have four equations resulting from the MLE problem. Note that the (i) term indicates the row vector in S. The value, TAU, is an auxiliary vector that arises in the computation of the MLE; and therefore can be "injected" into the second equation, provided the inverse necessarily exists in the top equation.
Weaver Algorithm
As there is no analytic solution for the MLE, we can perform an optimization. A proposed algorithm by Fanghu Dong and Guosheng Yin identifies a numerical method for applying a fixed-point interation methodology for finding an optimized maximum likelihood estimator for the incomplete binomial distribution. They call this the Weaver Algorithm after the mechanical weaving machine.
p = np.array(np.ones(4))/4.
s = np.sum(a) + np.sum(b)
error = 1
while error >.00001:
 tau = b/,np.transpose(p))
 temp = a/(s*np.array(np.ones(4)) - np.transpose(,np.transpose(tau))))
 pup = temp/sum(temp)
 error = - pup),np.transpose(p-pup))
 p = pup
print('True Usage: ', trueP)
print('Estimate: ', p)
print('Uses: ', a)
Using this code above, we obtain estimates of the true usages:
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 11.14.04 AM
That is, the estimated true usages are (.587,.185,.154,.073) which are much closer to the truth; which are (.60,.20,.15,.05).
Application: 2018-19 Brooklyn Nets
For the 2018-19 NBA season, the Brooklyn Nets had a total of 19 players on roster that led to 637 different lineups of the 11,628 possible lineup combinations. Of these 637 lineups, 439 lineups managed to draw at least one chance. That is, a total of 198 lineups such as
Jared Dudley, Ed David, Shabazz Napier, Joe Harris, and Treveon Graham
played together for at least one game and registered zero chances.
Restricting ourselves to all lineups that participated in at least one chance, we find the distribution of chances executed by player:
Here, we see that D'Angelo Russell maintained the most chances for the Nets with 1860 estimated chances. Significantly behind Russell was Spencer Dinwiddie at 1137 chances. Using conditional usage, this is 31.1% for Russell and 24.2% for Dinwiddie.
At the team level, this turns out to be much smaller at the team scale. Running Weaver's algorithm, it turns out that Russell's overall usage is closer to 24 percent!
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 3.39.03 PM.png
We see that Dzanan Musa's usage gets corrected to reflect his playing time and that, despite only taking 19% of Brooklyn's overal chances, D'Angelo Russell doesn't tumble down towards 19%. Instead he "corrects" to 24.16%.
Using the unbalanced incomplete block design, we obtain an estimated 31.4% usage across all lineups, not far off from the measured 31.1% as before. Therefore recovery using the sampling frame is shows that Russell's "scheduling" as a 24.16% player would indeed result in a 31% usage player.
Comparison: 2018-19 Denver Nuggets
We can compare the Nets to the Denver Nuggets. The Nuggets played with a total of 18 players during the 2018-19 season and used even far fewer lineups that resulted in chances: 329.
The Nuggets are used as a contrast only to show what a "top-heavy" team does with respect to true usage:
Screen Shot 2019-10-18 at 3.55.25 PM
In this case, we see the Nuggets primarily use Jamal Murray and Nikola Jokic. This is no surprise. Their respective values of 24.9 and 27.4 come down a bit, but the relationship/offset remains relatively the same.
Here we see the comparison of Denver and Brooklyn as usage of players in order of highest to lowest. In this case, that despite Denver having the "star power" of Jokic and Murray, they also maintain a stable 7-man rotation; whereas Brooklyn has 5-man rotation. Typically, teams want to run with 7-8 man rotations.
Brooklyn's knock on usage comes from the cost of injury as the team managed to have only 6 players play 65 or more game; a minimum of 80% of the season.
The takeaway here is we get to use an incomplete sampling frame to being to understand the underlying value of players within a system. A significant challenge of this algorithm, however, is the aspect of injury.
Under this model, the rotations are assumed to be at the discretion of the coach. However, a player may not play due to injury. Therefore a much more advanced model is needed to be used. That, in turn, is called the censored incomplete multinomial model. But that's for another day.
3 thoughts on "Story Underneath Usage: Incompleteness
 1. Great article, thanks for detailed statistical explanations.
 My question is the following: Would it be more efficient if we offset the players registered certain amount of 'chances' to better understand the tendencies of lineups?
 - You mean like rewrite the "table" as a log-linear model? (Sorry, trying to understand the question).
 One note is that if this is a "2-on-2" system of game play, we actually recover the Bradley-Terry model which is well-known in sports rankings.
 2. Pingback: Story Underneath Usage: Incompleteness
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From Lazarus wiki
Revision as of 17:34, 29 June 2014 by BigChimp (talk | contribs) (CSV and SDF)
CSV means Comma-Separated Values, and is a popular file format that is unfortunately not completely standardized.
It is a text based file format with
 - data fields separated by commas (or, in variants, other characters like tabs and semicolons)
 - there may or not be a header line that lists the field names
 - field data containing delimiters may be prohibited or enclosed by quotes (most commonly the double quote character)
 - line endings (#13 and/or #10) may or may not be allowed in field data
RFC4180 (see [_URL_ tries to codify and standardize existing practice; it makes sense to conform to this standard when writing CSV data (and accept all RFC4180 data when reading). Another, different, specification can be found at [1].
A sample CSV snippet:
Jim,Weston,_PHONE_,"Also known as ""The Butcher"""
Apparently a header line is used here, as are quoting using double quotes.
Spreadsheet packages such as Microsoft Excel and OpenOffice/LibreOFfice Calc are able to export to and import from this format. However, as Microsoft Excel may interpret some fields such as date fields differently depending on a user's OS locale, it may pay to find alternative ways of transferring data (e.g. using the FPSpreadsheet code).
Delphi (and FreePascal) have a very similar (but not identical) format, SDF. See SDF for more details.
CsvDocument is a robust implementation of both the RFC 4180 CSV format and the alternative Creativyst/Excel CSV format. It offers both line-based and document-based access. Recommended for use with FPC/Lazarus. See CsvDocument.
TStringList offers the DelimitedText property. This parses a line of text out into separate fields. Note, however, that DelimitedText is supposed to be in SDF, a Delphi-specific format that is very much like CSV, but does not conform with RFC4180 completely.
Tips: when reading CSV data, set the StrictDelimiter property to true.
When writing out CSV data, set StrictDelimiter to false and output the DelimitedText property. One oddity is that e.g. tab characters are removed when writing out data using StrictDelimiter:=false
SDF format
See SDF#SDF format
FreePascal offers the SDFDataset, which stores data in SDF format. Note: FPC 2.6.x and earlier store sdfdataset data in a format that is not completely CSV or completely SDF compatible. Sdfdataset is planned to be rewritten to store data in CSV format.
As indicated, SDF differs from CSV. Depending on the flavour of CSV, this format may be close enough to what a reading application expects to function.
Warning: SDFDataset will likely not work at least on ARM-based Windows CE/Windows mobile, see _URL_
Note: Nov 2012: SDFDataset is intended to be (but has not yet been) redefined to use RFC4180 CSV format. See e.g. _URL_
TSdfDataset and TFixedDataset sample files
 - Sample SDF file
Below is a sample database for TSdfDataset. Note that the first line has the names of the fields and that we are using commas as separators:
3,transistor npn,transistor npn
 - Sample TFixedDataset file
Each record occupies a fixed amount of space, and if the field is smaller, spaces should be used to fill the remaining size.
Name = 15 chars; Surname = 15 chars; e_mail = 20 chars;
Piet Pompies _EMAIL_
Using the datasets: example code
Sometimes it is useful to create the dataset and work with it completely in code, and the following code will do exactly this. Note some peculiarities of TSdfDataset/TFixedDataset:
 - The lines in the database can have a maximum size of about 300. A fix is being researched.
 - It is necessary to add the field definitions. Some datasets are able to fill this information alone from the database file.
 - One should set FirstLineAsSchema to true, to indicate that the first line includes the field names and positions.
 - The Delimiter property holds the separator for the fields. It will not be possible to use this char in strings in the database. Similarly it will currently not be possible to have line endings in the database because they mark the change between records. It's possible to overcome this by substituting the needed comma or line ending with another rarely used char, like #. When showing the data on screen all # chars could be converted to line endings and the inverse when storing data back to the database. The ReplaceString routine is useful here.
uses sdfdata, db;
constructor TComponentsDatabase.Create;
 FDataset: TSdfDataset;
 inherited Create;
 FDataset := TSdfDataset.Create(nil);
 FDataset.FileName := vConfigurations.ComponentsDBFile;
 FDataset.FileMustExist := false; //don't require existing csv file
 // Not necessary with TSdfDataset:
 // FDataset.TableName := STR_DB_COMPONENTS_TABLE;
 // FDataset.PrimaryKey := STR_DB_COMPONENTS_ID;
 // Adds field definitions
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('ID', ftString);
 //schema addition is needed so that sdfdataset writes out the csv header correctly:
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('NAMEEN', ftString);
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('NAMEPT', ftString);
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('HEIGHT', ftString);
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('WIDTH', ftString);
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('PINS', ftString);
 FDataset.FieldDefs.Add('DRAWINGCODE', ftString);
 // Necessary for TSdfDataset
 FDataset.Delimiter := ',';
 FDataset.FirstLineAsSchema := True;
 FDataset.Active := True;
 // Sets the initial record
 CurrentRecNo := 1;
When using TSdfDataset directly be aware that RecNo, although it is implemented, does not work as a way to move through the dataset whether reading or writing records. The standard navigation routines like First, Next, Prior and Last work as expected, so you need to use them rather than RecNo. If you are used to using absolute record numbers to navigate around a database you can implement your own version of RecNo. Declare a global longint variable called CurrentRecNo which will hold the current RecNo value. Remember that this variable will have the same convention as RecNo, so the first record has number 1 (it is not zero-based). After activating the database initialize the database to the first record with TSdfDataset.First and set CurrentRecNo := 1.
Example code:
 Moves to the desired record using TDataset.Next and TDataset.Prior
 This avoids using TDataset.RecNo which doesn't navigate reliably in any dataset.
 _USER_ AID Indicates the record number. The first record has number 1
procedure TComponentsDatabase.GoToRec(AID: Integer);
 // We are before the desired record, move forward
 if CurrentRecNo < AID then
 while (not FDataset.EOF) and (CurrentRecNo < AID) do
 // We are after the desired record, move back
 else if CurrentRecNo > AID then
 while (CurrentRecNo >= 1) and (CurrentRecNo > AID) do
Data Export
FreePascal/Lazarus database export functionality (e.g. TCSVExporter on the Data Export tab) offers CSV export functionality for datasets.
Jan's CSV components
See JCSV (Jans CSV Components).
ZMSQL stores data in semicolon-delimited files (using SDF?).


text:
Patellar Luxation Part 1: Pathoanatomy, Diagnostic Tips and Client Education
This lecture begins with a discussion of what determines whether the patella tracks normally or it luxates. Understanding of this relevant pathoanatomy guides the veterinarian in their diagnostic methods, client education, case selection, and surgical techniques. Diagnostic tips include a discussion of breeds at risk for medial patellar luxation (MPL) vs. lateral patellar luxation (LPL), gait patterns typical of MPL and LPL, the importance of the standing examination and hip extension, video demonstration of cruciate ligament evaluation and common radiographic errors that can be avoided. This module concludes with a discussion of evidence-based answers to questions commonly asked by pet owners. After attending this lecture, attendees will be better able to understand and diagnose patellar luxation (including the difficult cases) and to educate pet owners with regard to their commonly asked questions.


text:
Sudo make me a pseudosphere
You may have seen it before: a magician spreads out a deck of cards on a table into a long row. He tilts the endmost card upward, and the neighboring cards rise accordingly, resting on the adjacent card. The next thing you know there is a beautiful shape, an array of cards coming to a sharp point which can be moved back and forth with the magician's finger.
This is a tractrix. It's actually the same shape as the curve that you get when you drag a pole along a line in the ground. You can imagine this by imagining each card in the spread as a pole at a different instant in time. The pole is being dragged by the lower side of the card, and the upper side is the side being dragged, as shown in this animation.
To make things more interesting, what would the cross-section of these cards look like when rotated about a horizontal axis? Each card would rotate to become a cone, so we would be left with a collection of nested cones that together form the surface of revolution of the tractrix.
This surface is called the pseudosphere, and it is a classic example of constant negative curvature (saddle-shaped curvature). What is cool is that we have built a surface with negative curvature out of many cones, which are intrinsically flat in the sense that they could be built from flat waffles to make waffle cones. This presents itself as a wonderful way to build a pseudosphere from paper: cut out a bunch of identical circles from paper, and roll them up into variously sloped cones, and then stack them from most shallow to steepest.
I calculated the optimum sizes of paper circles and cut them up and created a lovely model of this. It looks like a dunce cap with a very sharp point at the top. In reality, it goes infinitely far up, but I didn't have enough time to build it that far. I did, however, have enough paper to build the infinite version, because it turns out that the surface area of the pseudosphere is finite despite its infinite extent, which is kind of cool.
The pseudosphere is a series of stacked cones, each with slightly differing slopes. The thing that I found particularly interesting about this model is that the cones have the interesting property that they can all be cut from equally sized disks of paper.
The following video is what this Pseudosphere model looks like in all its glory.


For example, to open a new read, waiting up to 500msec for an item:
 GET work/t=500/open
 Or to close an existing read and open a new one:
 GET work/close/open
 - DELETE
 Drop a queue, discarding any items in it, and deleting any associated journal files.
 - FLUSH
 Discard all items remaining in this queue. The queue remains live and new items can be added. The time it takes to flush will be linear to the current queue size, and any other activity on this queue will block while it's being flushed.
 Discard all items remaining in all queues. The queues are flushed one at a time, as if kestrel received a FLUSH command for each queue.
 Display the kestrel version in a way compatible with memcache.
 Cleanly shutdown the server and exit.
 Reload the config file and reconfigure all queues. This should have no noticable effect on the server's responsiveness.
 Dump a list of each queue currently known to the server, and list the config values for each queue. The format is:
 queue'master' {
 The last queue will be followed by END on a line by itself.
 Display server stats in memcache style. They're described below.
 Display server stats in a more readable style, grouped by queue. They're described below.
 - MONITOR
 Monitor a queue for a time, fetching any new items that arrive. Clients are queued in a fair fashion, per-item, so many clients may monitor a queue at once. After the given timeout, a separate END response will signal the end of the monitor period. Any fetched items are open transactions (see "Reliable Reads" below), and should be closed with CONFIRM.
 - CONFIRM
 Confirm receipt of count items from a queue. Usually this is the response to a MONITOR command, to confirm the items that arrived during the monitor period.
Reliable reads
Normally when a client removes an item from the queue, kestrel immediately discards the item and assumes the client has taken ownership. This isn't always safe, because a client could crash or lose the network connection before it gets the item. So kestrel also supports a "reliable read" that happens in two stages, using the /open and /close options to GET.
When /open is used, and an item is available, kestrel will remove it from the queue and send it to the client as usual. But it will also set the item aside. If a client disconnects while it has an open read, the item is put back into the queue, at the head, so it will be the next item fetched. Only one item can be "open" per client connection.
A previous open request is closed with /close. The server will reject any attempt to open another read when one is already open, but it will ignore /close if there's no open request, so that you can add /close to every GET request for convenience.
If for some reason you want to abort a read without disconnecting, you can use /abort. But because aborted items are placed back at the head of the queue, this isn't a good way to deal with client errors. Since the error-causing item will always be the next one available, you'll end up bouncing the same item around between clients instead of making progress.
There's always a trade-off: either potentially lose items or potentially receive the same item multiple times. Reliable reads choose the latter option. To use this tactic successfully, work items should be idempotent, meaning the work could be done 2 or 3 times and have the same effect as if it had been done only once (except wasting some resources).
GET dirty_jobs/close/open
(receives job 1)
GET dirty_jobs/close/open
(closes job 1, receives job 2)
Server stats
Global stats reported by kestrel are:
 - uptime - seconds the server has been online
 - time - current time in unix epoch
 - version - version string, like "1.2"
 - curr_items - total of items waiting in all queues
 - total_itmes - total of items that have ever been added in this server's lifetime
 - bytes - total byte size of items waiting in all queues
 - curr_connections - current open connections from clients
 - total_connections - total connections that have been opened in this server's lifetime
 - cmd_get - total GET requests
 - cmd_set - total SET requests
 - cmd_peek - total GET/peek requests
 - get_hits - total GET requests that received an item
 - get_misses - total GET requests on an empty queue
 - bytes_read - total bytes read from clients
 - bytes_written - total bytes written to clients
For each queue, the following stats are also reported:
 - items - items waiting in this queue
 - bytes - total byte size of items waiting in this queue
 - total_items - total items that have been added to this queue in this server's lifetime
 - logsize - byte size of the queue's journal file
 - expired_items - total items that have been expired from this queue in this server's lifetime
 - mem_items - items in this queue that are currently in memory
 - mem_bytes - total byte size of items in this queue that are currently in memory (will always be less than or equal to max_memory_size config for the queue)
 - age - time, in milliseconds, that the last item to be fetched from this queue had been waiting; that is, the time between SET and GET; if the queue is empty, this will always be zero
 - discarded - number of items discarded because the queue was too full
 - waiters - number of clients waiting for an item from this queue (using GET/t)
 - open_transactions - items read with /open but not yet confirmed
Kestrel as a library
You can use kestrel as a library by just sticking the jar on your classpath. It's a cheap way to get a durable work queue for inter-process or inter-thread communication. Each queue is represented by a PersistentQueue object:
class PersistentQueue(val name: String, persistencePath: String,
 _USER_ var config: QueueConfig, timer: Timer,
 queueLookup: Option[(String => Option[PersistentQueue])]) {
and must be initialized before using:
def setup(): Unit
specifying the path for the journal files (if the queue will be journaled), the name of the queue, a QueueConfig object (derived from QueueBuilder), a timer for handling timeout reads, and optionally a way to find other named queues (for expireToQueue support).
To add an item to a queue:
def add(value: Array[Byte], expiry: Option[Time]): Boolean
It will return false if the item was rejected because the queue was full.
Queue items are represented by a case class:
case class QItem(addTime: Time, expiry: Option[Time], data: Array[Byte], var xid: Int)
and several operations exist to remove or peek at the head item:
def peek(): Option[QItem]
def remove(): Option[QItem]
To open a reliable read, set transaction true, and later confirm or unremove the item by its xid:
def remove(transaction: Boolean): Option[QItem]
def unremove(xid: Int)
def confirmRemove(xid: Int)
You can also asynchronously remove or peek at items using futures.
def waitRemove(deadline: Option[Time], transaction: Boolean): Future[Option[QItem]]
def waitPeek(deadline: Option[Time]): Future[Option[QItem]]
When done, you should close the queue:
def close(): Unit
def isClosed: Boolean
Here's a short example:
var queue = new PersistentQueue("work", "/var/spool/kestrel", config, timer, None)
// add an item with no expiration:
queue.add("hello".getBytes, 0)
// start to remove it, then back out:
val item = queue.remove(true)
// remove an item with a 500msec timeout, and confirm it:
queue.waitRemove(500.milliseconds.fromNow, true)() match {
 case None =>
 println("nothing. :(")
 case Some(item) =>
 println("got: " + new String(
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The Making of the first: Highlights of the Golden Haggadah on vellum
General characteristics:
1. To produce an original manuscript, a Haggadah, based on the artwork of the famous Golden Haggadahpublished in Guadalajara, Spain, circa 1320.
To accomplish this, we will use the same materials and techniques used in Medieval times: real vellum/parchment, calligraphy, illumination, miniaturizing, raisedand flat-gold gilding, as well as artistic bookbinding.
2. The Haggadah will be accompanied by a How-to Book Guide that will explain the following:
a. The meaning of the book: Cultural/traditional aspects of the Haggadah
b. The art of the book: explaining the use of different materials and artistic techniques such as vellum, gilding, natural pigments and others.
Specific characteristics:
Our team of multidisciplinary artists will work on several specific areas of the publication, according to their skills:
1. Calligraphy (Hebrew, English and Spanish)
2. Flat and raised gold-gilding
3. Pigment making
4. Drawing and painting
5. Bookbinding
6. Vellum making (lambskin)
The Golden Haggadah will measure 8.5" x 5.5"
Date of release: Passover 2012
Enjoy the singular beauty of these extraordinary books which, by preserving the ancient tradition of Illuminated Manuscript making, also highlight the artistic and cultural values of its content.
Downhill Publishing
80 Eighth Ave., Suite 1M
New York, NY 10011
Tel: 1+_PHONE_
Ramon Abajo, CEO
Todd Blackmore, New Projects Director
Contact Us
8 + 3 =


text:
Energy efficiency: Who pays and who benefits?
Published date: 17 Dec 2012
Download full publication
ECO is a new programme that aims to improve the energy efficiency of homes in Great Britain. Only a limited number of people will be able to benefit from ECO but the cost of the policy will be borne by all energy bill-payers. This report assesses what those costs might be and how the benefits and costs will be distributed.
Coming into force on 1 January 2013, ECO is a programme that will cost suppliers an estimated £13 billion a year. In what marks a radical change from previous supplier obligations, ECO will oblige suppliers to deliver high-cost energy efficiency improvements and improve households that are fuel-poor. Households that are not eligible for support through ECO will have the option of installing measures at no up-front cost through the Green Deal. Unlike the policies it replaces, it explicitly aims to address both carbon emissions and fuel poverty.
If government estimates are accurate then the cost of ECO will replace, roughly pound-for-pound, the costs created by the current policies, worth about £50 a year in the average annual household energy bill. However, analysis of previous policies suggests that the government's estimates could be much too low or too high, which means the cost to consumers could dip to £20 or soar to £116 a year.
There are also concerns that lack of capacity and resources at the local authority level could undermine the scheme's ability to reduce carbon emissions at the lowest cost possible, and that suppliers may find it difficult to identify and engage efficiently and accurately suitable fuel-poor households.
The report's recommendations include:
- An early review to consider which measures are eligible under ECO, including the possibility of extending the policy to include loft and cavity wall insulations.
- Government support for local authority involvement in the form of a £40 million investment in local authority staff and resources.
- Close monitoring of suppliers' progress towards achieving the fuel poverty target in ECO to identify whether this target is deliverable and cost-effective.
- A pilot of the 'Low-Cost, Low-Efficiency Area' (LILEA) approach to targeting resources at fuel-poor homes, which could be significantly more efficient and cost-effective than current methods.
- Suppliers should be required to submit detailed information on the costs of delivering their ECO obligations, which should be independently verified.
Reg Platt, Senior Research Fellow
Author(s) : Will Straw - 18 Jan 2013
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text: According to the Wikipedia entry: A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and Apothecaries' system, equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. It is nominally based upon the mass of a single virtual ideal seed of a cereal. From the Bronze Age into the Renaissance the average masses of wheat and barley grains were part of the legal definitions of units of mass. Rather, expressions such as "thirty-two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear" appear to have been ritualistic formulas, essentially the premodern equivalent of legal boilerplate.:27 Another source states that it was defined as the weight needed for 252.458 units to balance a cubic inch of distilled water at 30 inches of mercury pressure and 62 degrees Fahrenheit for both the air and water. Another book states that Captain Henry Kater, of the British Standards Commission, arrived at this value experimentally. The grain was the legal foundation of traditional English weight systems, and is the only unit that is equal throughout the troy, avoirdupois, and apothecaries' systems of mass.:C-6 The unit was based on the weight of a single grain of barley, considered equivalent to 1 1⁄3 grains of wheat.:95 The fundamental unit of the pre-1527 English weight system known as Tower weights, was a different sort of grain known as the "wheat grain". The Tower wheat grain was defined as exactly 45⁄64 of a troy grain.:74 My powder measure is calibrated in grains based on the mass of that volume of 2fg GOEX Black Powder.


Olympus E-1
Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras with interchangeable lenses are popular with serious amateur and professional photographers. Unfortunately, digital SLR cameras are very susceptible to dust. And if dust particles get inside the camera while you're changing lenses, they can stick to the image sensor and show up as dark spots in every photo you take.Shake It Off
Once dust sneaks into your camera, it will stay there until it is removed. Since digital image sensors are very delicate, some camera manufacturers recommend that shutterbugs bring dirty cameras into a service center for cleaning. As a result, many SLR users are reluctant to change lenses, especially when shooting in windy or dusty conditions. This, of course, detracts from their cameras' versatility.
The new Olympus E-1 digital SLR camera tackles the dust problem head-on with its Olympus Supersonic Wave Filter. The front of the E-1's image sensor is protected from dust by a movable membrane connected to an ultrasonic transducer. During the camera's power-up cycle, the transducer vibrates the membrane at ultrasonic speeds. The motion of the membrane shakes off any dust, which is captured by a piece of sticky tape.
During our recent testing of the E-1, we took thousands of pictures with dozens of lens changes without a single dust spot in any of our images. Now there's no excuse for not cleaning up your photos.


text:
History continues to play a role in conflicts. But what can historians do to prevent the abuse of history for political purposes? Historians without Borders in Finland aims to further public discussion about history and to promote the use of historical knowledge for peace-building and conflict resolution.
May 19-20 Historians without Borders organised an international networking conference 'Historians without Borders: The Use and Abuse of History in Conflicts' which constituted the starting point of an international network of Historians without Borders.
Martti Ahtisaari Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
Bernard Kouchner Co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières
Margaret MacMillan Professor at the University of Oxford
Peter Turkson President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
Romila Thapar Professor Emerita at Jawaharlal Nehru University
Ibrahim Gambari Chairman and Founder, Savannah Center for Diplomacy, Democracy and Development
1917 in Finnish and Russian Historiography | Writing a Common History for Israel and Palestine | Turks and Armenians, 1915 and after | Colonial History or History of Colonialism | The Presence of History in East Asia: Why Can't Bygones be Bygones? | Power, Diplomacy, Revolution or Society in Modern Mediterranean History? | US – Latin American Relations in Historiography
Discussion and decision on the establishment of an International Network of Historians without Borders and on the follow-up for the initiative.


ASK PLAYBILL.COM: A Question About Clybourne Park's Inspiration
By Robert Simonson
April 26, 2012
Bruce Norris' Pulitzer Prize-winning Clybourne Park, now on Broadway, takes a page out of A Raisin in the Sun. Did Norris have to pay for rights to the source material?
Question: We loved the ideas and personalities in Clybourne Park, and we got curious about playwright Bruce Norris using the setting and a character from A Raisin the the Sun as the launch pad for his play. Did he get permission or pay a royalty to the Lorraine Hansberry estate for use of elements from the 1959 play, or is the copyright law flexible since the play might be considered a satire? — P.T., Athens, OH
Funny you should ask. We were curious about that, too, so when we recently interviewed playwright Norris, we asked him.
Clybourne Park, which won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and is currently playing on Broadway, takes its initial inspiration from Lorraine Hansberry's classic 1959 tale of black life in America, A Raisin in the Sun. That play, which is focused on the struggles of the Younger family, had a single white character. That is Karl Lindner, a bigoted representative the all-white neighborhood — Clybourne Park — where the African-American Youngers plan to move. He visits the family in an effort to convince them to stay put, in their own neighborhood.
Jeremy Shamos as Karl in Clybourne Park.
photo by Joan Marcus
Lindner plays a central role in the first act of Norris' play, which is set in the house that the Youngers have bought. Having failed with the Youngers, Lindner tries to convince the white owners of the home to either not sell to the African-American family, or to sell to someone else. In the second act, set 50 years later in the same house, characters include descendants of both the Youngers and Lindner. However, the name Younger is never mentioned in the play.
Norris said he did not ask the permission of the Hansberry estate. "We await the lawsuit," he joked.
Norris said he felt he was on pretty safe ground. He cited the famous case of "The Wind Done Gone," a 2001 novel written by Alice Randall, and published by Houghton Mifflin, which plays off characters and situations from Margaret Mitchell's "Gone With the Wind." The story is told from the viewpoint of Cynara, a slave who is the daughter of Scarlett O'Hara's father and Mammy, making her Scarlett's half-sister. Though the source inspiration of the book is obvious, Randall avoids using the names of Mitchell's characters.
"Margaret Mitchell's estate sued," said Norris, saying "The Wind Done Gone" infringed on the copyright of "Gone With the Wind." "But the book didn't use any of Mitchell's text, just ideas and characters." Houghton Mifflin's lawyers argued that the book was a parody. In 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned a lower court's injunction against publishing "The Wind Done Gone." One year later, Mitchell's estate dropped the litigation when Houghton Mifflin agreed to make an unspecified donation to Morehouse College, an all-male, historically black college in Atlanta.


text:
The aims of the PhD project are to (1) investigate the mechanics of the adhesive structures of marine mussel plaques attached to various wet surfaces; (2) develop mussel plaque inspired engineering solutions that exhibit extreme mechanical behaviours.
Marine mussels can attach various wet surfaces via a unique adhesive structure, the plaques. Mussel plaques can maintain high performance, long–lasting anchorages that allow mussels to survive the significant dynamic forces exerted by the turbulent tidal currents as well as by the attack from predators. Understanding of the mechanics and mechanisms of how marine mussel plaques interact with wet surfaces can contribute toward developing bioinspired engineering solutions such as high performance adhesive materials, novel approaches for joining dissimilar materials as well as high performance lightweight structures.
The PhD will focus on the mechanics of (1) the internal structure of the plaque core and (2) the interfaces within the adhesive structures of a mussel plaque. Test samples mimicking the adhesive structures will 3D-printed for investigation. Finite element simulations will be conducted to interpret the experimental finding. The PhD will also develop mussel plaque inspired approaches to join dissimilar engineering materials
Full university fees are covered at the level set for UK/EU students (£4,407 p.a.). The stipend (tax-free maintenance grant) is £15,285 p.a. for the first year, and at least this amount for a further two.
The studentship is funded by Leverhulme Trust and is open to UK/EU students (full award – fees plus stipend). A limited amount of partial funding is available for exceptional international applicants who are highly qualified and motivated.
Prospective candidates will be judged according to how well they meet the following criteria:
- A 2.1 class or above honours degree in Applied Maths, Engineering, Physics or Materials Science
- Good written English and spoken communication skills
The following skills are desirable but not essential:
- Ability to program in Matlab
- Familiarity with FEM and Abaqus
- Experimental testing on materials and structures
Please direct any enquiries to Dr. Tao Liu, [email protected]
Please apply online directly here.
When applying for this studentship, please include the reference number (ENG1402 and supervisors name, Dr Tao Liu) within the personal statement section of the application. This will help in ensuring your application is sent directly to the academic advertising the studentship.


The Machine-SUIF Control Flow Graph Library
Release version
Glenn Holloway and Michael D. Smith
Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Harvard University
The Machine-SUIF CFG library provides an abstraction of control flow graphs with nodes containing lists of machine instructions. Such a CFG can be used to replace the linear instruction-list representation of the body of a procedure being compiled. The library supports translation of the linear representation to and from CFG form, transformation of a CFG by adding, reconnecting, and removing nodes, and fine-grained control over individual program instructions within CFG nodes. It allows precise control of program layout, to ensure that re-linearization leaves instructions in the desired order.
The CFG library is lean by design. We have factored tools for control-flow and data-flow analysis into separate libraries, based on this one. Users can pick the functionality they need, and they can build other CFG-based tools without incurring overhead for features they don't need.
This document discusses the Machine-SUIF control flow graph (CFG) library. It discusses design goals, the interface to the library, implementation decisions, current status, and planned updates.
The Machine-SUIF CFG library presents an abstraction of control flow graphs built on the basic instr_list structure of the Machine-SUIF system. It allows you to build CFGs and to transform them by rearranging and reconnecting nodes. Machine SUIF provides companion libraries based on this one that support control-flow and data-flow analysis.
The CFG library consists of files in the cfg subdirectory of the machsuif distribution package. This document describes its design and use. It assumes that the reader is familiar with the SUIF and Machine-SUIF systems and has read the machine library documentation.
The following section discusses the development and research goals that drove the design of our CFG library. Section [->] describes our view of how the library will be used. Sections [->] through [->] describe the programming interface provided by the CFG library, and they provide some notes on its implementation.
Goals for the CFG Library
This section lists our goals for the CFG library.
The next section gives an overview of how we expect the library to be used.
One of the things that makes the control-flow graph such a useful compile-time abstraction is that it abstracts away from sequential code. It enables graph-based transformations and allows them to be expressed without reference to a linear code layout. By parceling a procedure's instruction list into basic blocks, we make it efficient to reorder the blocks without having to splice their instructions into a new linear order.
The question arises whether to manage the control instructions within a CFG so that at all times they correctly reflect some linear order. Take the code for a simple if... then... else... statement. Suppose the code generator has produced a conditional branch instruction to the else statement, and has place the then statement after the if test. The then code ends with a jump around the else statement to the join point. Breaking basic blocks after control instructions will put a jump at the end of the node for the then statement, and none at the end of that for the else statement, which just falls through. If a transformation now inverts the sense of the conditional branch and adjusts CFG flow edges accordingly in the CFG, what should be done to the instruction lists in the then and else nodes? The natural re-linearization algorithm would remove the jump from the end of the then node and insert one at the end of the else node. Should such jump adjustments be made every time the CFG changes?
For many kinds of optimization, this isn't important, either because they change no control flow at all, or because they are not concerned with the precise schedule of instructions. For these, it's fine to leave the selection of a final layout and the adjustment of jump instructions to the library method that re-linearizes the flow graph.
For other optimizations, like instruction scheduling and code placement, it's essential to know exactly what instructions will appear where, and in fact, to be able to control such decisions precisely.
The Machine-SUIF CFG library allows you to control the layout relationship between any pair of nodes, but it also allows you to leave the layout of part or all of a CFG unspecified. At the time two nodes become constrained to be adjacent in memory order, the library may remove or insert a trailing jump instruction to achieve consistency with this constraint. But in the absence of layout constraints, it doesn't insert or remove jumps as the graph is transformed.
To implement this policy efficiently, the library must have quick access to the control-transfer instruction (CTI), if any, in each node. It relies on there being at most one CTI, and it keeps a record of its position. As a client, you're free to modify any of the instructions in a block, but when you change the CTI, you're expected to call a library method to reflect the change. [The library doesn't assume that CTI instruction, will be the last in the node; that would make it difficult, for example, to support scheduling for delayed-branch architectures by placing instructions after the control instruction of a block. The library doesn't provide full support for such architectures; e.g., when building a CFG, it always breaks basic blocks at control transfer instructions. Completing the support for target code with delay slots following branch instructions would require subclassing to perform the necessary construction-time adjustments.] Common operations on nodes, such as replacing one of its control successors, update the CTI directly, without requiring the programmer to make changes at both the graph level and the instruction level.
We have tried to keep the CFG library, and particularly its class interfaces, lean. Though Machine SUIF provides flow analysis libraries based on our CFG abstraction, users may want to write their own. We've tried to make it easy to do so.
Class Cfg
The two main classes used in the CFG library are Cfg and CfgNode. A Cfg represents an entire control flow graph for a procedure. The nodes within a Cfg have class CfgNode. The functions operating on class Cfg handle the graph overall: graph expansion and simplification, graph validation and printing, and the enumeration of nodes and edges. Those operating on CfgNode are about managing a node's relations with its control and layout neighbors and out keeping its code consistent with those relations.
CFG construction
To create a CFG or to normalize the form of an existing CFG, use the following functions:
= (U->)
Cfg* new_cfg(InstrList*, bool keep_layout = false,
 bool break_at_call = false,
 bool break_at_instr = false);
void canonicalize(Cfg*, bool keep_layout = false,
 bool break_at_call = false,
 bool break_at_instr = false);
void remove_layout_info(Cfg*);
void fix_layout(Cfg*);
Creation function new_cfg parses a linear list of instructions into basic blocks. There are options for determining precisely what constitutes a basic block and whether the original linear layout of the instructions should be reflected by initial layout constraints. Given an existing CFG, you may want to ensure that it has the same form as if built from scratch with a given option set. The canonicalize function serves this purpose.
Each of the flags keep_layout, break_at_call, and break_at_instr is optional. When keep_layout is true, the CFG gets node-layout constraints reflecting the program's initial linear layout. When break_at_call is true, each procedure-call instruction is treated as a CTI, so that it terminates the CFG node that contains it. break_at_instr means that each node of the graph contains only one instruction.
The remove_layout_info function clears all layout constraints in a given graph.
The fix_layout function, on the other hand, imposes layout constraints wherever they don't already exist. In some cases, it inserts additional insert unconditional branch instructions. That happens when a potential fall-through edge in the CFG cannot actually be realized by fall-through because of a conflicting layout constraint. Likewise, fix_layout may eliminate an unconditional branch if it turns out to be equivalent to fall-through in the newly-imposed layout.
CFG inspection
= (U->) [D->]
CfgNode* get_node(Cfg*, int pos);
CfgNode* get_node(Cfg*, CfgNodeHandle);
CfgNode* node_at(Cfg*, LabelSym*);
int nodes_size(Cfg*);
CfgNodeHandle nodes_start(Cfg*);
CfgNodeHandle nodes_last(Cfg*);
CfgNodeHandle nodes_end(Cfg*);
CfgNode* get_entry_node(Cfg*);
CfgNode* get_exit_node(Cfg*);
void set_entry_node(Cfg*, CfgNode*);
void set_exit_node(Cfg*, CfgNode*);
Their capsule summaries:
get_node(cfg, pos) returns the node at pos in cfg's node list, where pos is a position in the list (either a zero-based integer or a handle).
get_node(cfg, label) returns the node of cfg at label.
nodes_size(cfg) returns the number of nodes in cfg.
nodes_start(cfg) returns a handle on the first element of cfg.
nodes_last(cfg) returns a handle on the last element of cfg.
nodes_end(cfg) returns the sentinel handle for cfg.
get_entry_node(cfg) returns cfg's entry node.
get_exit_node(cfg) returns cfg's exit node.
set_entry_node(cfg, entry) sets cfg's entry node to entry.
set_exit_node(cfg, exit) sets cfg's exit node to exit.
Type CfgNodeHandle is an abbreviation for an STL iterator.
= (U->)
typedef list::iterator CfgNodeHandle;
The nodes_ functions are so named because the sequence of node pointers in a Cfg is called nodes. These functions are frequently used; since a Cfg


10 examples that show the value of cognitive diversity
1. The mystery of our kidney tubules
Reference: Edward de Bono's Lateral Thinking: An Introduction
2. Why this particular pathology in a drug discovery trial?
3. Who has a higher probability to solve a problem?
4. Stop new diamond fractures from happening
Reference: QFD Institute, TRIZ workshop
5. Reducing surgery infections
6. How to really help the homeless?
7. Predicting solar particle storms
8. Who starts billion dollar companies?
9. Stopping a key enzyme that powers the AIDS virus
10. Auto-Tune to…ahem…enhance recordings
Reference: New Yorker Magazine, The Gerbil's Revenge
I'm _USER_ on Twitter.
Why crowdsourcing works
CrowdCrowdsourcing is a method of solving problems through the distributed contributions of multiple people. It's used to address tough problems that happen everyday. Ideas for new opportunities. Ways to solve problems. Uncovering an existing approach that addresses your need.
Time and again, crowdsourcing has been used successfully to solve challenges. But…why does it work? What's the magic? What gives it an advantage over talking with your pals at work, or doing some brainstorming on your own? In a word: diversity. Cognitive diversity. Specifically these two principles:
 - Diverse inputs drive superior solutions
 - Cognitive diversity requires spanning gaps in social networks
These two principles work in tandem to deliver results.
Diverse inputs drive superior solutions
Cognitive toolkit
As described by University of Michigan Professor Scott Page in The Difference, our cognitive toolkits consist of: different knowledge, perspectives and heuristics (problem-solving methods). Tapping into people's cognitive toolkits brings fresh perspectives and novel approaches to solving a challenge. Indeed, a research study found that the probability of solving tough scientific challenges is three times higher if a person's field of expertise is seven degrees outside the domain of the problem.
In another study, researchers analyzed the results of an online protein-folding game, Foldit. Proteins fold themselves, but no one understands how they do so. This is particularly true of experts in the field of biochemistry. So the online game allows users to simulate it, with an eye towards better understanding the ways the proteins fold themselves. As reported by Andrew McAfee, the top players of Foldit were better than both computers and experts in the field at understanding the folding sequence. The surprising finding? None had taken chemistry beyond a high school course. It turns out spatial skills are more important to solve the problem than deep domain knowledge of proteins.
Those two examples provide real-world proof for the models and solution-seeking benefits of cognitive diversity described by Professor Page.
Solution landscape - cornstalksProblem solving can be thought of as building a solutions landscape, planted with different ideas. Each person achieves their local optimum, submitting the best idea they can for a given challenge based on their cognitive assets.
In addition to being a source of novel ideas, cognitive diversity is incredibly valuable as feedback on others' ideas. Ideas are improved as people contribute their distinct points of view. The initial idea is the seedling, and feedback provides the nutrients that allow it to grow.
Cognitive diversity requires spanning gaps in social networks
Cognitive diversity clearly has a significant positive effect on problem-solving. Generally when something has proven value to outcomes, companies adopt it as a key operating principle. Yet getting this diversity has not proven to be as easy and common as one might expect.
Strong weak no tiesBecause it's dependent on human behavior. Left to our own devices, we tend to turn to our close connections for advice and feedback. These strong ties are the core of our day-in, day-out interactions.
But this natural human tendency to turn to our strong ties is why companies are challenged to leverage their cognitive diversity. University of Chicago Professor Ron Burt describes the issue as one of structural holes between nodes in a corporate social network in his paper, Structural Holes and Good Ideas (pdf). A structural hole is a gap between different groups in the organization. Information does not flow across structural holes.
In and of themselves, structural holes are not the problem. Rather, the issue is that when people operate primarily within their own node, their information sources are redundant. Over time, the people in the node know the same facts, develop the same assumptions and optimize to work together in harmony. Sort of like a silo of social ties.
Idea quality vs diversity of connectionsThe impact of this is a severe curtailment of fresh thinking, which impacts the quality of ideas. Professor Burt found empirical evidence for this in a study of Raytheon's Supply Chain Group. 673 employees were characterized by their social network connections, plotting them on a spectrum from insular to diverse. These employees then provided one idea to improve supply chain management at Raytheon. Their ideas were then assessed by two senior executives.
The results? Employees with more diverse social connections provided higher quality ideas. To the right is a graph of the rated ideas, with a curve based on the average idea ratings versus the submitter's level of network diversity. The curve shows that with each increase in the diversity of a person's connections, the higher the value of their idea.
Employees with access to diverse sources of information provided better ideas. Their access to nonredundant information allowed them to generate more novel, higher potential ideas. Inside organizations, there are employees who excel at making diverse connections across the organization. These people are the ones who will provide better ideas. They are brokers across the structural holes in social networks.
Professor Burt provides the key insight about these brokers:
People connected to groups beyond their own can expect to ﬁnd themselves delivering valuable ideas, seeming to be gifted with creativity. This is not creativity born of genius; it is creativity as an import-export business. An idea mundane in one group can be a valuable insight in another.
An "import-export business". Consider that for a moment. It's a metaphor that well describes the key value of the brokers. They are exchange mechanisms for cognitive diversity. They are incredibly valuable to moving things forward inside organizations. But are organizations overly dependent on these super-connectors? Yes. Companies are leaving millions on the table by not enabling a more scalable, comprehensive and efficient means for exchanges of cognitive diversity.
Would if we could systematize what the most connected employees do?
Systematize the diverse connections
Crowdsourcing doesn't eliminate the need for the super-connectors. They play a number of valuable roles inside organizations. But by crowdsourcing to solve problems, companies gain the following:
 - Deeper reach into the cognitive assets of all employees
 - Avoiding the strong ties trap of problem-solving
 - Faster surfacing of the best insights
 - Neutralize the biases that the super-connectors naturally have
As you consider ways to improve your decision-making and to foster greater cross-organizational collaboration, make crowdsourcing a key element of your strategic approach.


Asymptotic Logical Uncertainty: A Benford Learner
by Scott Garrabrant3 min read24th Aug 2015No comments
Personal Blog
This post is part of the Asymptotic Logical Uncertainty series. In this post, I will give an algorithm, BenfordLearner, that passes the Benford test. This algorithm further satisfies whenever is an irreducible pattern with probability.
In the following algorithm, we define to be 1 whenever.
 1: P=0
 2: M=N
 3: for j=0 to N
 4: M_Y=0
 5: for Y a TM expressible in K_Y M_Y
26: M_Y=M_X
27: if M_Y


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CRAZY WISDOM explores the arrival of Tibetan Buddhism in America through the story of Chogyam Trungpa, the brilliant "bad boy of Buddhism" who fled his homeland during the Chinese Communist invasion. Trungpa arrived in the U.S. in 1970, and legend has it that he said to his students: "Take me to your poets." Trungpa eventually became renowned for translating ancient Buddhist concepts into language and ideas that Westerners could understand, while shattering all preconceived notions about the way an enlightened teacher should behave. Judged harshly by the Tibetan establishment to begin with, Trungpa's teachings are now recognized by Western philosophers and spiritual leaders, including the Dalai Lama, as authentic and profound. Today, twenty years after his death, Trungpa's name still evokes both admiration and outrage. What made him tick, and just what is "crazy wisdom" anyway? With unprecedented access to Trungpa's inner circle and exclusive never-before-seen archival material, CRAZY WISDOM looks at the man and the myths about him, and attempts to set the record straight.
Produced by Lisa Leeman and Johanna Demetrakas
Directed by Johanna Demetrakas


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Here are several other accounts of the February 1919 events. Start with Roberta Gold's article from the Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide and "An Account of What Happened in Seattle and Especially in the Seattle Labor Movement, During the General Strike, February 6 To 11, 1919" written by Anna Louise Strong and members of the General Strike Committee. The Tacoma Public Library has a compilation of more detailed articles (starting with Edwin Short's account of the strike in Tacoma, followed by Robert Friedheim's article on the strike in Seattle, and memoir accounts by Art Shields and Harvey O'Connor). Also take a look at Sinan Demeril's strike timeline.
Here is an interactive map the shows the location of important events and union headquarters in 1919. Use it to plan a walking tour of downtown Seattle. Here is a selection of fascinating photographs from the strike.
The Labor Archives of Washington State has digitized more than a hundred important documents from the strike, including pamphlets, minutes of strike committee meetings, IWW leaflets, and reports of agents hired to spy on labor activists.
In 1977, Professor Rob Rosenthal interviewed 35 men and women who participated in or remembered the 1919 General Strike. Rosenthal has generously agreed to share these oral histories with the Seattle General Strike Project. These audio MP3 files and transcripts comprise a rare and valuable resource. The narrators speak not only about the events of 1919 but about later aspects of Pacific Northwest labor and political history. Dave Beck is the most famous of the men and women interviewed. Later to serve as President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Beck was 24 years old at the time of the General Strike, newly discharged from the Navy and was part of a group of Teamsters who opposed the strike.
A fascinating and complicated history of labor movements and radical activism in Washington state set the context for the General Strike. The reports that follow explore a variety of issues, including the role of the IWW in the strike; the the way that the labor movement responded to women workers and to the African American community; how the national media covered the strike. In addition, there are reports on key unions and organizations like the right-wing Minutemen; reports on earlier strikes; and biographical essays on Anna Louise Strong, Mayor Ole Hanson, and University of Washington President Henry Suzzallo. Students in Professor James Gregory's History 498 course spent spring quarter 1999 researching and writing some of these reports. Students of History 353 added additional reports in Spring 2003. The reports are described on the Research Papers page. They are listed below.
The Politics of Gender in the Writings of Anna Louise Strong by Rebecca Jackson
The Industrial Workers of the World in the Seattle General Strike by Colin Anderson
African-Americans and the Seattle Labor Movement by Jon Wright
Women and the Seattle Labor Movement by Lynne Nguyen
How the National Press Reported the General Strike by Sheila Shown
Spying on Labor: The Seattle Minute Men by Susan Newsome
Campus Kaiser: Henry Suzzallo, the University of Washington and WWI Labor Politics by Patrick Farrell
International Shingle Weavers of America by Phil Emerson
Mayor Ole Hanson: Fifteen Minutes of Fame by Trevor Williams
Shipyard Workers on the Eve of the General Strike by Patterson Webb
Seattle Newspapers Report on Shipyard Workers in 1918 by Patterson Webb
Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen by Erik Mickelson
The International Union of Timberworkers _PHONE_ by Chris Canterbury
Laundry Workers Struggle for Recognition 1916-17 by Kimberley Reimer
The Seattle Telegraphers Lockout of 1918 by David Radford
The Mooney Congress and the 1919 Seattle General Strike by Stan Quast
The IWW, the Newspapers, and the 1913 Seattle Potlatch Riot by James Larrabee
Where Women Worked During World War I by Tae H. Kim
Washington State's 1911 Workmen's Compensation Act: The Newspaper Coverage by Ryan Deibert
Perceptions of Race in the Seattle Union Record by Chad Seabury
This lesson plan by Omar Crowder is designed for an 11th grade class. Click here. It satisfies national and state standards and requires students to write an opinion-editorial (op-ed) piece and give a class presentation. It is made available by the Northwest History Consortium of the Northwest Educational Service District. NWEWSD's area includes 35 public school districts and several private schools in Island, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, and Whatcom counties.


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Getting personal: four modern ways to engage participants
A successful whole of a defined contribution plan comprises three parts:
- a solid investment menu
- strategic plan design
- employee participation
While the first two are directly driven by the plan fiduciary, employee participation is a combination of both plan design and employee-initiated action. The question then becomes: How can employees become motivated to get the most out of their retirement plan to help improve their retirement outcomes?
And a critical question it is! The onus of saving for — and managing assets through — retirement has increasingly shifted to employees over the past few decades, and the result isn't encouraging. According to the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI), 40% of all U.S. households — where the head of the household is between 35 and 64 — are projected to run short of money in retirement. As an industry, we have some serious work to do. Yes, "we." While the responsibility may have been shifting to individuals, saving for retirement is, and should continue to be, a team effort that involves plan fiduciaries, industry providers and the government in addition to employees. Empowering participants to take action is a great start, but how to empower them is another question.
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a motto that has been around for centuries, but today, it can be applied to the modern world of retirement.
At a minimum, plan fiduciaries are required by the Department of Labor to provide participants with the following documents:
- Summary plan description
- Individual benefits statement
- Automatic enrollment notice
- Summary annual report
- Blackout period notice
There is an ongoing debate in the defined contribution industry about whether participant education is effective at helping employees understand how their retirement plan works and how they will benefit from participating in it. Spoiler alert: It's not. Sure, plan fiduciaries are obligated to provide specific information to eligible employees and plan participants, but that alone isn't enough to motivate them.
To understand why, let's look at the simple definition of the word "educate," which means, "to train by formal instruction and supervised practice especially in a skill, trade or profession."3
Traditional methods of participant education often rely too much on lectures or slide presentations. This type of learning requires the learner to passively absorb and retain information. To retain learning, adult learners need opportunities to make a connection with the content and apply it to real life. Adults bring experiences and self-awareness to learning that younger learners do not, and therefore need to be better engaged, which is defined as: "to hold the attention of; to induce to participate."4 So let's evolve beyond merely educating employees and explore ways to engage them to both boost participation rates and positive outcomes.
1. Getting engaged
How adults learn has become a hot topic among academics, psychologists and professional educators. There's even a term for it: andragogy.
Malcolm Knowles, a pioneer in the study of adult learning, observed that adults learn best when the five principles of andragogy are applied:
- Learning is self-directed.
- Learning is experiential and utilizes background knowledge.
- Learning is relevant to current roles.
- Instruction is problem-centered.
- Students are motivated to learn.5
There are also three primary learning styles: visual, auditory and kinesthetic. Visual learners tend to learn by looking, seeing, viewing and watching. Auditory learners tend to learn by listening, hearing and speaking. Kinesthetic learners tend to learn by experiencing, moving and doing.
Incorporating the principles of andragogy and learning styles into plan enrollment and information sharing instead of relying on traditional lectures and materials may positively increase employee engagement.
There are also three primary learning styles: visual, auditory and kinesthetic
2. Playing games
Gamification, game elements in nongame contexts, is an increasingly popular technique used to help employees learn. But this shouldn't be surprising, because people generally like games.
Gamification builds from research in cognitive science that identifies adults' psychological ideals and draws upon them to engage "gamers" to play. These innate ideals include:
- The need for recognition – often through rewards, progression or status
- A sense of belonging – leveraging leaderboards or virtual teamwork
- Emotional connection – through incorporating relatable narratives into the game
- Stress relief – by clearing distractions and creating hyperfocus
- Loss aversion – helping maintain engagement to protect earned rewards
While increasing engagement is great, it's not enough. The ultimate goal is to get employees to take actions that may improve their chances for a successful retirement. One study has found that gamification works. TIAA found that over a seven-month period, 22% and 28% of participants, respectively, who participated in two separate gamified plan information sessions, took action in their retirement plans afterward.7 Plan fiduciaries can work with service providers to determine whether they offer some of these practices.
Did you know?
43% of U.S. adults say they often or sometimes play video games on a computer, TV, game console or a portable device like a cell phone.*
3. Creating financial independence
Using financial wellness tools is one of the most impactful ways to introduce the benefits of gamification to employees. The U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau defines financial wellness as an individual's current and perceived financial state of being in which an individual:
- Has control over day-to-day, month-to-month financials
- Has the capacity to absorb a financial shock
- Is on track to meet financial goals
- Has the financial freedom to make choices that allow him or her to enjoy life8
Plan sponsors increasingly recognize that helping employees save for retirement is becoming more complex as workplace demographics shift. Millennials, for example, are doing far worse than previous generations, according to a study by Deloitte.
Research shows that the state of an employee's financial wellness can have a direct correlation to engagement, absenteeism and productivity in the workplace.
The combination of student loans, rising rents and higher healthcare costs has driven the average net worth of Americans aged 18 to 35 down to $8,000, a 34% drop since 1996. At the same time, millennials are paying more for basics such as food and transportation all while incomes have stagnated.9 Saving for retirement may now require employees to do some prework to tackle immediate financial issues, such paying down debt and building savings. Addressing employees' finances holistically may not only help the employees but can benefit employers too. Research shows that the state of an employee's financial wellness can have a direct correlation to engagement, absenteeism and productivity in the workplace.
According to Mercer, employees' perceptions of their financial literacy are even more important than their actual levels of financial literacy in achieving financial wellness. Employees who lack confidence may be paralyzed by inertia and may fail to take even simple actions that could help.10 Alicia Munnell, director at the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, says stress over finances causes many to delay other savings goals, specifically saving money for retirement. Budgeting and coaching, student loan refinancing and credit management are some examples of financial tools employers can use to empower employees to take control over their finances. By leveraging the principles of adult learning and gamification within a holistic financial wellness framework, plan sponsors can support their workforce in achieving financial wellness.
4. Building trust
Modern portfolio theory suggests that investors choose portfolios that maximize risk-adjusted returns. In a perfect world, participants would follow similar logic when choosing investments in their 401(k) plans and evaluate each one based on their financial goals, risk tolerance and overall asset allocations. Yet studies show that participants often choose investments for factors other than those supported by portfolio theory. One such factor is brand trust. Recent studies by TIAA found that brand trust plays a large role in asset allocations, and plan participants are more likely to invest in funds with brand names they trust.11 These are important considerations for how plan sponsors present investment options to participants on the investment menu.
In an effort to simplify investment lineups, some plan sponsors offer white-label funds, which are generic investment options that often use a mix of underlying funds to provide multimanager exposure to an asset class. In many cases, plan sponsors will attach their own names to such investment vehicles. One TIAA study tested whether "branding" the white-label fund with the company's name makes a difference. According to the study, the employee's relationship with the firm, and how that translates into trust in their employer, could affect inflows to funds branded with the employer's name.
Options showing the names of highly trusted employers were found to be more attractive to plan participants than equivalent "generic" white-label options. The studies also found that participants expect higher risk-adjusted returns and lower risk from options that display the name of a highly trusted brand or highly trusted employer.
These findings have important implications for plan sponsors when it comes to menu design. Employers with highly trusted brands could capitalize by displaying their names on investment options to engage participants and motivate them to invest.
Did you know?
The DOL requires that fiduciaries provide participants with sufficient information to make informed investment decisions. Specifically, the participant must be given a description of investment alternatives available in the plan, including a general outline of the investment objectives and risk-and-return characteristics of each alternative.
Defined contribution plans can help countless employees save for retirement, and as a plan sponsor, you want your participants to benefit fully from the plan you offer. By using modern strategies to get employees engaged in their own financial well-being, you can help them achieve a retirement lifestyle that can be more than the sum of its parts.


What Role Do Local Regulators Play with the Implementation of SMA?
 - Ruben Cohen, Model Risk at Bank of America Merrill Lynch
 - 07.10.2016 09:17 am
Ahead of the 7th Annual Operational Risk Management Forum, read here an interview with Mr. Ruben Cohen, Independent Consultant, about the role of local regulators in the implementation of SMA and the impact SMA will have on capital.
What role do local regulators play with the implementation of SMA?
There is a huge difference between the implementation of the AMA and SMA. The AMA, with its large number of moving parts and adjustable parameters, which could easily run into the hundreds, is so convoluted that local regulators placed much emphasis on trying to understand its configuration, making sure it is implemented correctly and not being misused.
The SMA, on the other hand, is highly prescriptive, with all of its parameters clearly and transparently defined. So there is little room for manoeuver when it comes to its implementation. The local regulators' role in the implementation of the SMA would, therefore, be more focused on checking if the correct data are being used in the capital calculation process, because this is the only place that the numbers can be played with.
What are the new requirements and what impact will SMA have on capital?
Several research papers have already appeared on this subject, assessing the impact of the SMA on capital. The main conclusion of most of these is that the SMA causes an uplift in the aggregate capital in comparison with the AMA capital across a consortium of banks, with some increasing and others decreasing. This means that some banks will be over insured and others underinsured against operational risk in comparison to their AMA capital, but this assumes that the AMA capital is correct and the SMA is not. The studies also show an apparent bias of the SMA in favour of the US against the European banks.
What is the future of operational risk modelling following the SMA?
Focus will be on simplicity, consistency and transparency. Given the highly prescriptive and transparent nature of the SMA, it will be easier for local regulators to better understand the models and determine, on the spot, whether the numbers generated do or do not make sense. This way, regulatory checks and feedback will be much swifter, with time scales spent on regulatory reviews significantly shorter.
The SMA will also enable the risk managers to use the models independently, without having to rely on the op risk quants to generate the numbers. The SMA will therefore make communications between management and the modelling teams more interactive and, certainly, much less intimidating due to its more simple and transparent nature.
Will the SMA have to evolve or change after it is officially launched?
Absolutely! Recent research shows that the SMA has a number of flaws. However, many of these flaws were found with a strong bias towards keeping the AMA and getting rid of the SMA altogether.
If there is no choice but to bring in the SMA in its current, proposed form, changes will have to be made to it and
one of them is to shift it more towards an LDA-type equation, albeit at the entity level and excluding all the details that have plagued the AMA and the complications that led to its downfall. The AMA route, with all the baggage it carries, is now very likely going out of the window and the way forward is to make simplicity, consistency and transparency a major focus in the next generation of op risk capital models, whether it's the proposed SMA or a different version of it.
What would you like to achieve by attending the 7th Annual Operational Risk Management Forum Conference?
These conferences are the best places to meet people who share your interests, ideas and expertise. So they are ideal for learning something new, getting up to speed and networking.
Other Interviews


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|Region||Tororo District, Uganda|
|Native speakers||360,000 (2002 census)|
Adhola, also known as Jopadhola and Ludama, is a dialect of Southern Luo spoken by the Adhola people (AKA Jopadhola or Badama) of Uganda. Dhopadhola is generally mutually intelligible with Acholi, Lango, Kumam, and Alur of Uganda and Dholuo of Kenya.
The prefix dho means "language of". It can be attached to a nationality or speech community to imply the language of such a people. jo means "people of". The infix pa means possessive 'of'.
Dhopadhola thus means the language spoken in Padhola.
Padhola is the area or region where Dhopadhola is spoken.
Jopadhola is the plural of Japadhola; a person who speaks Dhopadhola. Hence, Jopadhola are speakers of Dhopadhola.
Ja is a prefix meaning the 'doer' or a person belonging to a particular place or position. The plural is Jo. That is, people who do something or belong to a particular place or organisation.
Jafwonji means a teacher.
Jofwonji means teachers.
Jawer means a singer.
Jower means singers.
Janywol means a parent.
Jonywol means parents.
Japach means a carpenter.
Jopach means carpenters.
|Adhola dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator|
|This Nilo-Saharan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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also be used as limits or boundaries between control points (Figure Orienteering-10).
Figure Orienteering-10. Handrails.
d. Attack Points. These are permanent known landmarks that are easily identified on the ground. They can be used as points of reference to find control points located in the woods. Some examples of attack points are stream junctions, bridges, and road intersections.
F-11. CIVILIAN ORIENTEERING
Civilian orienteering is conducted under the guidelines of the United States Orienteering Federation with at least 70 clubs currently affiliated. Although civilian orienteering is a form of land navigation, the terms, symbols, and techniques are different from the military.
a. An expert military map reader/land navigator is by no means ready to compete in a civilian orienteering event. However, military experience in navigating on the ground and reading maps will help individuals to become good orienteers. Several orienteering practices and complete familiarization with the map symbols and terms before participating in a real orienteering event is recommended.
(1) Map. The standard orienteering map is a very detailed, 1:15,000-scale, colored topographical map. All orienteering maps contain only north-south lines that are magnetically drawn; this eliminates any declination conversions. Because of the absence of horizontal lines, grid coordinates cannot be plotted and therefore are not needed.
(2) Symbols (Legend). Despite standard orienteering symbols, the legend in orienteering maps has a tendency to change from map to map. A simple way to overcome this problem is to get familiar with the legend every time that a different map is used.
(3) Scale. The scale of orienteering maps is 1:15,000. This requires an immediate adjustment for the military land navigator, especially while moving from point to point. It takes a while for a person that commonly uses a 1:50,000 scale to get used to the orienteering map.
(4) Contours. The normal contour interval in an orienteering map is 5 meters. This interval, combined with the scale, makes the orienteering maps so meticulously detailed that a 1-meter boulder, a 3-meter shallow ditch, or a 1-meter depression will show on the map. This may initially shock a new orienteer.
(5) Terms and Description of Clues. The names of landforms are different from those commonly known to the military. For example, a valley or a draw is known as a reentrant; an intermittent stream is known as a dry ditch. These terms, with a description of clues indicating the position and location of the control points, are used instead of grid coordinates.
b. The characteristics of the map, the absence of grid coordinates, the description of clues, and the methods used in finding the control points are what make civilian orienteering different from military land navigation.


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Understanding marginality as a consequence of mass labour surplus, the solution therefore lies in creating the conditions where labour is in high demand. With labour scarcity, the masses are able to have negotiating power against the capitalists, linking wages to productivity increases. The reverse situation exists in the developing world today, one of labour surplus and weak demand. Elsenhans paths development through mass consumption markets, as without them there is no interest in developing new technologies. Overcoming underdevelopment requires a developmental state that first fosters domestic markets with policies of import substitution, and then a dual strategy of industrialisation coupled with exchange rate devaluation at the point of export potential. Alongside this industrialisation, measures should be taken to increase mass incomes as this causes an increase in mass demand which, in turn, creates incentives for investment and begins the accumulation process.
KeywordsComparative Advantage Moral Hazard Technical Progress Export Market Investment Good
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