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Les Chants de Maldoror is based around a character called Maldoror, a figure of unrelenting evil who has forsaken God and mankind. The book combines an obscene and violent narrative with vivid and often surrealistic imagery.
In 1917, French writer Philippe Soupault discovered a copy of "Les Chan
Poe once wrote that all worldly things contain "the germ of their inevitable annihilation." Pretty cheerful stuff -- clearly this was a man obsessed with ruin and with death. His characters typically suffer from various forms of mental and physical deterioration; their minds seem to have a predilecti
Sylvia Plath, one of the best-known names in American women's literature, signed her first and her last books with pseudonyms. A poet since childhood, she published her debut volume "A Winter Ship" relatively late, in 1960. After studying at Smith College and later at Newnham College in Cambridge (a
Salvador Dali was half-artist, half-imp, and all lunatic. Heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories of dream interpretations and the subconscious, Dali sought to depict not visible objects but their associated images and subconscious meanings. For Dali, the life of the mind was life itself, and


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Mother Earth Takes Bite Out of Strawberry Moon in Partial Lunar Eclipse
It's no transit of Venus, but the so-called strawberry moon will be an eye-catching sight as Mother Earth's shadow falls across it in a partial lunar eclipse just before sunrise on June 4.
The Strawberry Moon is supposedly so named in Algonquin lore because it signals the start of the short harvest season of the oxidant-rich fruit, according to the Farmers' Almanac.
This eclipse will be visible in North and South America, Australia, eastern parts of Asia and across the entire Pacific Ocean, NASA said in a media release. Atlantic viewers in the United States will see the eclipse just as the moon is setting, which will give it that uber-plump, bigger-than-life look against the horizon.
This will occur at about 3:00 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time, NASA said, meaning about 6 a.m. on the East Coast of Turtle Island, with the maximum effect occurring about 7:04 a.m. EDT, when 37 percent of the moon's surface will be darkened by Mother Earth's shadow.
That aside, everyone's waiting with bated breath for the transit of Venus that's taking place on June 5–6, which will be visible all over Turtle Island. So stay tuned. Meanwhile, whet your moon appetite with this video explaining the phenomenon.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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GDP and the Players Three
Investment: Business Buys as Well as Sells
The word investment can mean several things: a purchase of stock by an individual investor, a college student's "investment in herself" in the form of tuition, a company's investment in a new factory or a new fleet of trucks. Only the last of these would be counted in investment in the formula for GDP. The other two would be counted in "C" as consumption.
By definition, a capitalist economy is one in which people in the private sector can raise capital, invest it in a business, produce goods and services, and attempt to sell them in the market at a profit. Several forces drive business investment, and the most important of these are:
Keep in mind that wages and salaries paid by companies are not included in investment. Doing so would double count wages and salaries in GDP, because that money is already included in consumption expenditures.
Interest Rates and Taxes, Again
Why would interest rates and taxes be listed first for business investment but last for consumption? Because, compared with consumption, business investment is more sensitive to interest rates and taxes. Of course, people are people, and people are making a decision to spend money whether they are part of a household or a business. However, people making business investment decisions usually (but not always) make them in a more disciplined and analytical manner than people making household spending decisions.
A business analyzes the amount of money it will earn on a new factory or piece of equipment and expresses it as a percentage of the money invested. That percentage is the investment's rate of return. The managers of the business compare the rate of return on an investment with the interest rate they will have to pay on the money that will finance the investment. If the rate of return on the investment is lower than the interest rate they must pay, the managers will not make the investment. For example, if a piece of equipment that costs $10,000 a year to lease and operate will produce goods that can be sold for a profit of $1,000, then the rate of return on the investment is 10 percent. ($1,000÷$10,000 = 10 percent) If the business pays an interest rate of, say, 7 percent on the money for the investment, then the investment would probably be considered attractive.
The rate of return on an investment is the amount of profit earned on the investment—that is, the amount of money earned after subtracting the expenses from the revenue brought in by the investment—expressed as a percentage of the investment.
Budget deficits occur when a government of a nation, state, or city spends more than it acquires in tax revenue during the period under consideration. The government borrows money from households and businesses to cover the spending that is not covered by taxes. A budget surplus occurs when the government takes in more tax money than it spends in a period.
Lower interest rates mean that more (lower return) projects become attractive to businesses, and therefore they will make more investments. For instance, projects with a rate of return of 12 percent are attractive to a company that only has to pay 8 percent interest. But at an interest rate of 12 percent, the investment is not worth pursuing.
Taxes on business, such as the corporate income tax and the capital gains tax, also affect business investment. This is a politically charged issue. Those who favor taxes (or higher taxes) on business believe a business benefits from government services, such as national defense, and should therefore pay its "fair share" of the cost. Those who favor no taxes (or lower taxes) on business believe that everyone who works for or invests in a business already pays personal income taxes. They also believe that taxes discourage business investment by taking money away from businesses and lowering the amount of money—the return—that the company realizes on an investment.
Although lower taxes can boost business investment, other factors, particularly interest rates, are usually more important drivers than taxes.
Availability of Capital
The availability of investment capital—that is, money—drives interest rates, but for the sake of clarity I discuss it separately from interest rates. Investment capital comes from households, through the banking system and the financial markets. People save their money in banks, buy insurance policies, and invest in stocks, bonds, and vehicles such as 401(k) accounts and mutual funds. A good portion of that money goes to businesses that invest it in plant and equipment.
As I mentioned earlier, U.S. households have a relatively low savings rate. They spend a larger portion of their income than consumers in most other industrial nations. But the U.S. economy is so stable and productive that many foreign financial institutions, which channel the savings of foreign households into investments, quite willingly invest in the United States. This foreign investment increases the supply of capital in the states beyond what it would be if U.S. businesses relied solely on the savings of U.S. citizens.
The government, however, also borrows money from households through the financial markets to finance budget deficits. When the government borrows truly large sums of money relative to the available capital, a phenomenon known as "crowding out" occurs. Crowding out refers to the fact that the government can borrow enough funds to crowd businesses out of the market for investment capital. In other words, if the government borrows enough money, it can curtail the availability of funds to other borrowers.
The major determinant of business investment may be the one least subject to economic analysis: the number of good investment opportunities that businesses have to choose from. It's true that lower interest rates can make low-return investments more attractive. It's also true that lower taxes and good availability of capital can spur investment. However, unless businesses see good opportunities, they will hold onto their cash or distribute it to their stockholders as dividends.
The business cycle of expansion and recession affects the number of opportunities for better or worse. Business formation—the number of businesses being established in a period—also contributes to or detracts from the level of business investment.
For instance, business investment remained relatively low throughout 2001 and 2002. As mentioned earlier, consumers did their part to hold the economy up. They continued to spend. But businesses saw few opportunities, particularly relative to all the opportunities they saw (or thought they saw) during the "e-business revolution" of the 1990s. Also, during the 1990s, they had invested heavily in productive capital, especially information technology, and needed time integrate it into their operations.
During 2001 and 2002, interest rates remained at 30-year lows. However, when business didn't see opportunities, they certainly weren't about to invest.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.


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The skill set of a paramedic varies by jurisdiction and may include monitoring and interperting electrocardiograms (EKGs), inserting intravenous lines, performing endotracheal intubation (a breathing tube into the lungs), and defibrillation. Paramedics administer a variety of emergency medications, ranging from calcium channel blockers that slow the heart rate to sympathomimetics like dopamine for severe hypotension (low blood pressure). They may also administer elective medications such as those which relieve pain or decrease nausea and vomiting.


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Work to Develop New Breeds of Lesquerella
July 15, 2003
An Agricultural Research Service laboratory in
Arizona and a research university in Mexico are working together to develop
breeds of lesquerella that can tolerate and grow in the saline soils of Mexico
and the southwestern United States.
The ARS U.S. Water Conservation
Laboratory's Environmental and Plant
Dynamic Research Unit in Phoenix, Ariz., is testing its lesquerella plants
at the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, in Coahuila, Mexico.
Lesquerella is a wild flower of the mustard family. ARS researchers at
several locations across the country are investigating different uses of the
crop such as using it as an oil, like castor oil, or as a gum to thicken
certain foods. Lesquerella has traditionally not grown well in soil that is
irrigated with salty water, but the researchers think they have created a new
version that can withstand the salinity.
The lesquerella seeds that are planted in Mexico were developed a few years
ago in conjunction with the ARS George
E. Brown, Jr., Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, Calif. ARS scientists are
trying to develop a more diverse group of lesquerella plants that can grow in
different regions and withstand certain pests or pathogens.
The Mexican scientist Diana Jasso de Rodríguez is responsible for the
planting and experimenting in the Coahuila region of northern Mexico. ARS
geneticist David A. Dierig, of the Phoenix lab, chose that region of Mexico to
do the research because he successfully conducted a lesquerella germplasm
collection with Jasso de Rodríguez there a few years ago.
The Specific Cooperative Agreement lasts through September 2007. The
researchers hope by that time to develop a more suitable variety of lesquerella
that can be harvested in Mexico. They have also planted similar experiments in
the Pecos region of Texas in cooperation with Texas A&M University, as well as another
planting in Phoenix. The ARS Riverside lab is analyzing all plant samples from
ARS is the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.


The effect of surface temperature on fingerprintsFeatured science projectScience project video
popular science fair projects
Complexity level:
Project cost ($):
Time required:
4 hours for preparation, 1 hour to carry out the science fair project experiment
Material availability:
Easily obtained at a supermarket
Safety concerns:
This science fair project was done to investigate the effect of surface temperature on the quality of fingerprints obtained. The testing was done by extracting fingerprints from drinking glasses at various temperatures.
The fingerprint obtained from a surface with a lower temperature will be clearer.
The skin on the surface of our palm and feet has many ridges, called friction ridges. Every person will have a pattern of ridges that is unique only to them, and which will not change over time. The pattern of ridges on fingers is called the fingerprint.
These ridges help in amplifying the vibrations felt by our fingers, when rubbed over rough surfaces. They help us to feel and perceive the texture of a surface. Friction ridges also give us a better grip on smooth, wet, oily or slippery surfaces.
Fingerprints that are left on a surface are either patent or latent. Patent prints are left by substances like ink, blood, oil or paint, while latent prints are left on surfaces by skin secretions like oil or sweat. The latter is normally not visible to the naked eye. Forensic experts normally find and use the fingerprints found in a crime scene to identity the person or persons who had been present at the scene.
Scientific Terms
Fingerprint, friction ridges, amplify, vibration, patent fingerprint, latent fingerprint
The materials required for this science fair project:
- 6 drinking glasses
- 1 bag of ice
- 1 hot plate
- 1 thermometer
- Tap water
- 1 bottle of cocoa powder
- 1 soft brush
- 1 roll of transparent cellophane tape (30mm width)
- A4 size paper
- 1 plastic glove
- 1 piece of cloth
- 1 black marker
1. For this science fair project, the independent variable is the temperature of the drinking glasses. The dependent variable is the clarity of the fingerprint made on the glass. This is determined by comparing powdered copies of fingerprints obtained on pieces of cellophane tape. The constants (control variables) are the drinking glasses, the finger used to create the fingerprints, the cocoa power as well as the softness of the brush used.
2. Label the 6 drinking glasses as 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C and 50°C respectively with the black marker. Record the temperatures on a sheet of A4 paper, 50mm apart.
3. Wear the plastic glove and carefully clean the drinking glasses with a wet cloth, removing all stains and fingerprints.
4. Fill the 6 glasses with tap water till they are about 80% full. Adjust the temperature of the water in each glass to 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C or 50°C according to the temperature marked on each glass. Lower the temperature of the water by stirring in ice cubes, and increase the temperature of the water by placing the glass on a hot plate and setting it to the appropriate temperature.
5. Check the temperature of the water in each glass using a thermometer. Once the temperature of both the water and glass has stabilized, remove the plastic glove. Press a finger firmly against the surface of the glass to create a fingerprint.
6. Wear the plastic glove again and pour the water out from the glass. Allow the temperature of the glass to return to room temperature.
7. Sprinkle some cocoa powder on the surface of the glass. Using the soft brush gently dust the powder off the glass surface.A fingerprint will appear. Place the adhesive side of the transparent cellophane tape over the fingerprint to collect it. Then, stick the piece of tape onto the A4 paper, under the appropriate label.
8. Once all 6 prints have been taken and placed on the A4 paper, make a comparison and rate them 1 to 6. 1 being the clearest fingerprint and 6 being the least clear fingerprint.
The results show that the fingerprint obtained at 0°C was the most clear., The quality of the fingerprint obtained becomes more unclear as the temperature increases.
Glass temperature 0°C 10°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
Fingerprint Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6
The hypothesis that fingerprints obtained from a surface with lower temperature will be clearer has been proven to be true.
Fingerprints are now used for identification of individuals and at crime scene investigations. Some banks even use fingerprint detectors to verify the identity of a person before financial transactions are permitted. Access to certain restricted areas may also be controlled by fingerprint scanning. Sometimes, crossing country borders also requires fingerprint identification.
Also consider
The science fair project may be repeated by using different types of surfaces like marble, PVC or wood finishing.
Fingerprint -
Fingerprinting -


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Fun fact: the word author didn't always have a th. Until the seventeenth century, it had a t, reflecting its Latin origins, but someone somewhere along the line confused it with the word authentic, with evident results. In Middle English, there were a ton of different spellings floating around, including auctor, autor, auctour, and many more. Before that, the term was Old French, where similar variations existed. The relevant Latin word, auctor, meant more than "author": it had a broader definition of "creator" or "originator". In this case, it's an originator of a story, but it could also mean "founder", "father", "performer", and "builder" - all creators of their own types. Auctor is from the verb augere, "to increase", which, through Proto-Italic, derives from the Proto-Indo-European reconstruction hewg, with the same meaning.
Adam Aleksic is a sophomore studying linguistics and government at Harvard University. He also has disturbing interests in politics, vexillology, geography, board games, conlanging, and law.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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, W, but this is not fast enough.
When this happens there is now a third backward force:
There was air resistance (although actually there is none of this yet, because the plane is still stationary relative to the air!). There was friction in the bearings of the wheels. And now there is actual planar friction between the rubber of the tyres (turning at maximum speed) and the tarmac of the runway (turning even faster). In order to achieve take-off speed relative to the air, the plane must overcome all three:
- air resistance from the air at take-off speed AND
- maximal rotational friction in the wheels AND
- planar friction between the skidding wheels and the runway.
Now here's the important bit. As we just derived, the treadmill always moves backwards quickly enough to prevent the plane from moving forwards, even by a centimetre. There is no stated upper limit to how fast it can go.
Planar friction between the skidding wheels and the runway, however, increases with the difference in speed between them. The faster the treadmill goes, the more resistance is provided. Since the treadmill can go arbitrarily fast, the amount of resistance provided can become arbitrarily large. (If the tyres get worn down, catch fire and explode, then again we have a failure condition. Let's assume, charitably, that they don't.)
If the combination of the three drag forces can become arbitrarily large, then the backward force can overcome any forward force provided by even the most powerful jet engines. However high the throttle goes, the treadmill operator can provide enough resistance -- just from the relatively small contact patches of the tyres -- to overcome those engines. And so the plane cannot accelerate forwards. It remains at 0 speed relative to the air. Therefore, in this situation, the plane cannot take off.
"But what about--"
You may have seen this debunked somewhere with the opposite conclusion. Maybe even a real plane and treadmill. Trust me: reality is not a thought experiment. Any of a million things can go wrong with Case 2.
The most likely is if the treadmill isn't fast enough. To overcome a combined total of upwards of a million newtons using nothing but friction would require a treadmill capable of, ooh, let's say, a thousand kilometres per hour? The scenario with the plane's undercarriage self-destructing is actually far more likely. So if your treadmill isn't fast enough to destroy the plane's undercarriage, it's not fast enough for this experiment.
"No" is the solution to the problem as stated, but the problem as stated is one of mathematics and logic. Which means it's a problem to which there is a single, correct answer. "The Guide is definitive, reality is frequently inaccurate..."
The long and the short of it is that, like many of the internet's favourite problems, it all depends on how the problem is interpreted. Imprecise wording leads to ambiguity and confusion and, here, in classic fashion, it leads to two diametrically opposed answers. No wonder there is no consensus on the answer! There isn't even any consensus on the question!


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Philosophy of Economics – A Contemporary Introduction
Philosophy of Economics: A Contemporary Introduction is the first systematic textbook in the philosophy of economics. It introduces the epistemological, metaphysical and ethical problems that arise in economics, and presents detailed discussions of the solutions that have been offered. Throughout, philosophical issues are illustrated by and analysed in the context of concrete cases drawn from contemporary economics, the history of economic ideas, and actual economic events. This demonstrates the relevance of philosophy of economics both for the science of economics and for the economy. This text will provide an excellent introduction to the philosophy of economics for students and interested general readers alike.
Julian's book introduces readers to the field in which many of those challenges are now being articulated. Questions of ethics, of the nature of human rationality when faced with economic decision-making, of the verifiability of economic models—these questions and more are all now being asked anew about economic practices and decisions. This interview hopes to open those questions to all curious readers. Those seeking more comprehensive—but still widely accessible explanations—can of course turn to, Philosophy of Economics: A Contemporary Introduction.


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What is the PEERS Test?
- Daniel Smithwick President, Nehemiah Institute
- 2003 26 Feb
If you or your children received a "worldview" report card, would you receive a passing grade?
The PEERS Test is an assessment tool designed to measure how Biblical or non-Biblical our thinking is in major disciplines of life. In essence, it identifies our "worldview," the foundational beliefs by which we make choices in life.
"Worldview" is a topic of increasing concern to Christian educators and church leaders. But how do you know what your worldview (or that of your children) really is? The PEERS Test meets this need. There is no other instrument like it. The PEERS Test will give you an objective and scientific answer to the command in scripture:
"Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ." Col. 2:8
PEERS Testing is available for junior high through adult ages. Follow-up training is available with Position Papers or with a self-paced study course entitled "Developing a Biblical Worldview."
The five main categories tested are Politics, Economics, Education, Religion and Social Issues (PEERS). The categories are defined as follows:
The science of government; that part of ethics which consists in the regulation and government of a nation or state, for the preservation of its safety, peace and prosperity; comprehending the defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, the augmentation of its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in their rights, with the preservation and improvement of their morals.
Primarily, the management, regulation and government of a family or the concerns of a household. The management of monetary concerns or the expenditure of money. Hence, a frugal and judicious use of money; that management which expends money to advantage, and incurs no waste; frugality in the necessary expenditure of money. Economics includes also a prudent management of all the means by which property is saved or accumulated; a judicious application of time, of labor, and of the instruments of labor. Distribution or due order of things. Judicious and frugal management of public affairs; as political economy.
The bringing up, as of a child, instruction; formation of manners. Education comprehends all that series of instruction and discipline which is intended to enlighten the understanding, correct the temper, and form the manners and habits of youth, and fit them for usefulness in their future stations. To present objective truth including the ultimate source of truth, God. To give children a good education in manners, arts and science, is important; to give them a religious education is indispensable; and an immense responsibility rests on parents and guardians who neglect these duties.
Religion, in its most comprehensive sense, includes a belief in the being and perfections of God, in the revelation of His will to man, specific and general, in man's obligation to obey His commands, in a state of reward and punishment, and in man's accountableness to God; and also true godliness or piety of life, with the practice of all moral duties. It therefore comprehends theology, as a system of doctrines or principles, as well as practical piety.
Pertaining to society; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body; as social interests or concerns; social pleasures; social benefits; social happiness; and social duties. Also pertaining to absolutes in ethics, objectively defined.
Views in each of these categories are then identified as belonging to one of four worldviews, described as follows:
- Biblical Theism: A firm understanding of issues as interpreted from scripture. The individual is allowing the scriptures to guide his reasoning regarding ethical, moral and legal issues to determine correct or incorrect thinking. Truth is seen as absolute for all ages for all time. Key distinctives: God is sovereign over all areas of life; civil government should be highly limited in purpose and authority, and under the supervision of scripture. All people will live in eternity in heaven or hell as judged by Scripture. Score range: 70 –100
- Moderate Christian: Basically, 'one foot in the Kingdom and one foot in the world.' A blended view of God as creator and ruler, but man as self-determiner of the world. This position generally sees God as supreme in matters of religion but not concerned with matters related to governments, economics and to some degree, education. Key distinctives: God is concerned with the soul and eternal life; man must control temporal issues. Score range: 30-69
- Secular Humanism: Man is supreme. by chance, the human race has evolved to the highest form of life, but has responsibility to see that lower forms of life are not abused by man. The masses are more important than the individual. Key distinctives: There is no "Biblical" God; man: is the predestinator and savior of human race; eternal life exists only in the sense of how each person is remembered for the good or bad he has done. Ethics are relative to each generation. Score range: 0-29
- Socialism: Mankind cannot prosper as individuals acting alone. A ruling authority is necessary to ensure that all facets of life are conducted fairly and in harmony. This authority must be the state (civil authorities) with the elite of society serving as its leaders. Key distinctives: Individualism is not good; a civil body-politic is necessary with control of assets and redistribution of wealth as seen fit by leaders for the good of all. Score range: 0 to -100
The PEERS test is an essential tool in strengthening the Christian worldview of postmodern Christians. Consider using it with your Sunday School class, your Christian school, your youth group, and your own family.
Call today for a free information packet: _PHONE_. Or visit _URL_
Daniel Smithwick is the founder and president of the Nehemiah Institute and the author of the PEERS Test.


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When a child begins solving simple puzzles such as placing different-shaped blocks in the proper holes, we see proof of his intelligence. By 18 months, there is already a way to measure it. The Bailey Scales of Infant Development II tests a child's memory, problem solving, language skills, and more-basically, measuring his developmental quotient, which is closely correlated with IQ.
A study published in 2000 proved that infants given the expert-recommended levels of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Arachidonic acid (ARA) showed positive cognitive effects at 18 months, registering +7 MDI points in their Bayley Scales scores compared to those who received none.
New findings have shown that this same group went on to show positive effects at 4 years. They scored +7 IQ points higher, this time, using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised. Better still, performing well on this test has been linked to later academic success!
*Source: Ask Your Doctor


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Family Science Investigation - Algae to Ethanol
Alternative fuel sources are a popular area of discussion in the science and engineering communities. Never before has so much money and research been devoted to the development of alternative fuel sources. This class is designed to teach students about the benefits of alternative fuel sources, specifically the area of biofuels. The Algae to Ethanol class offered by the Natural World Investigate Lab will teach students everything they need to know about the processes of growing algae, harvesting it, and extracting ethanol. We will cover the development of algae ethanol from photosynthesis to alcoholic fermentation and give students hands-on experience using density measurement sticks, fractional distillation systems, spectrometers and pipettes.
Family Science Investigations programs offer families an opportunity to participate together in monthly science classes related to Museum research, including topics in ecology, paleontology, geology and biology. These classes are especially useful for homeschoolers looking for additional reinforcement to curriculum goals, or any family group that simply enjoys learning together!
Program Instructor: Bob Alderink and Colin Brammer, Coordinators for Natural World investigate Lab.
For more information contact Debbie Huston, scheduling coordinator, at _PHONE_.


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Flag of Greece
The flag of Greece is rectangular with nine equal stripes of blue (5) and white (4) from left to right. In the top left corner is a blue square with a white cross. This flag has been used since 1822, when the young Greek state was fighting for its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence.
The current flag of Greece was officially adopted during the First national assembly of the Greeks at Epidaurus in 1822, and the flag with the 9 stripes was adopted as a state and military ensign (a flag used only by the government and the military, and only on ships). Another flag was chosen as a land flag, it was a simple white cross on a blue field. A third flag was adopted for the merchant fleet (a flag to be used by civilians on ships only), but it was only used for 8 years. In 1978, the ensign was chosen as the sole national flag, and it is now used by everyone on land and sea as the flag of Greece.
It is sometimes known in Greece as the blue-white, in Greek Γαλανόλευκη (Galanólefki) or Κυανόλευκη (Kyanólefki).


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I have a D8 flooded lead acid battery 1400CCA and 255Ah capacity. it is 6 years old on a boat with a 3 stage 12 amp charger which is on all the time when the boat is not in use.
battery is now very low in specific Gravity 1175 less than 40% capacity. it's voltage 3 days after a full charge is. this is far too high and we suspected sulfation to possibly be the cause of the higher voltage.(we read this somewhere)
we then overcharged it at 16 volts and it only drew 3 amps. After about 17 hours the SG had gone up to above 1200 about a 50% charge. a remarkable improvement.
my question to you all is why is the battery voltage still high on open circuit and why is there only 3 amps of charge at 16volts. should we continue to overcharge it?
Certain of the statutory phrases in Section 5(a)(2) need further definition and discussion in order to make clear the purpose of this document. Congress required that EPA "publish information on environmental noise" levels. This mandate is basically one of "description". Such description is to be made in the specific context of "defined areas" and "under various conditions". The phrase "in defined areas under various conditions" is used in both a geographical and an activity sense, for example, indoors in a school classroom or outdoors adjacent to an urban freeway. It also requires consideration not only of the human activity involved, but also of the nature of the noise impact.


Safety Notifications
Past Safety Notifications
What is a safety notification or recall?
Why does Contours have'safety notifications' and'recalls'?
How does Contours determine whether a product needs a'safety notification' or a'recall'?
How does Contours notify consumers about'safety notifications' or'recalls'?
How can I keep my product registration up-to-date?
Where can I find out if my product has been recalled?


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The UKK 2 km Walk-Test
The UKK walk test (UKK are the initials for Urho Kaleka Kekkonen, founder of the UKK Institute in Tampere/Finland) makes it possible under certain assumptions to determine the approximately max. cardio respiratory efficiency (VO2 max) and therefore the physical condition of the subject. The UKK-walk test is perfectly suitable as a fitness check for fitness clubs or for athletes at schools for example. On the basis of this result a Fitness-Index is calculated with the help of a complex formula taking age, height, weight, test duration and Heart-Rate into consideration, which tells us whether the physical condition of the subject is above or below average. The value of 100 as the average serves as the base. If somebody's index-value is 90 then his physical condition is slightly below average. An index-value of 110 on the other hand would be above average.
The test explains itself by its name. In order to perform the test after having done some warming up and some stretching walk for 2 km as fast as possible (Do Not run!). It is important to keep the walking speed as high as is needed for the subject to achieve 80% of their max. Heart-Rate ( 220 – age). The test duration and heart-rate are measured immediately after finishing the 2 km distance.
As soon as the 2 km distance has been absolved the speed gets reduced to half the speed at the end of the test (2000 m). The Running-Machine operates as described under point "Manual-Mode" (the UP/DOWN-keys are in operation again) with one exception:
The display INDEX instead of indicating the wattage and energy consumption, indicates the test result (calculation following). The LED INDEX is flashing (top right hand side).
The test-result is the index-value which is calculated as follows (according to sex):
INDEX VALUE = 420 + A x 0,2
– (T x 0.19338 + HR x 0.56 + [W : (H2) x 2.6])
INDEX VALUE = 304 + A x 0.4
– (T x 0.1417 + HR x 0.32 + [W : (H2) x 1.1])
A = Age in years
T = Time = neede for 2 km in seconds
HR = HeartRate = average heart rate during the test in bpm
W = Weight in kg
H = Height in cm
Male, Age: 50 years
Weight: 105 kg / Height: 188 cm
Duration of test: 17:34 = 1054 seconds
Heart rate at m: 500 = 158, 1000 = 156,
1500 = 160 and 2000 = 155
Average (158 + 156 + 160 + 155) : 4 = 157 bpm
420 + 50 x 0.2 – (1054 x 0.19338 + 157 x 0.56
+ (105 : (1,882) x 2.6)) = 420
+ 10 - (203.8 + 87.9 + 29.7 x 2.6) = 430
– 368,9 = 61
An index-value of less than 70 is a result quite below average (average=100). Conclusion: Our subject is in need of some indurance training.
Basically the test is suitable for all physically healthy persons between the age of 20 and 65. The results will be less accurate with people with overweight. Athletes usually do not reach the required heart-rate when performing the test. The results will also be less accurate with elderly people.
First it has to be mentioned that the UKK-Test has not been designed for individual tests but for a larger amount of subjects. i.e. testing of a crowd of people at the same time by sending them off in 1/2 minute intervals on the 2 km-distance track. Therefore originally the UKK-Test has not been designed as a typical test for the running machine.
Advantages of performing the ukk walk-test on the running-machine: Being able to measure the precise time and distance of the test (it is exactly 2 km) and Heart-Rate control during the test. Direct test documentation via the printer interface.
These application included:
Connection cable RS232 10 m
RS232, 10 m (Sub-D 9-pin male/female), USB-Adapter optionally available (cos12769-01)
h/p/cosmos satellite print bw
laser printer B/W, RS232 converter and cable, h/p/cosmos printer table
|Zwischensumme netto||0,00 €|
|MwSt. 19%||0,00 €|
|Gesamtbetrag (brutto inkl. MwSt.)|


text:
Paradigm Shift in Study of Treatment-Resistant Psychiatric Disorder
Psychiatric patients with many episodes that do not respond satisfactorily to numerous sequential treatment regimens were included in the treatment resistance studies. Most studies have, however, used a post hoc experimental design that failed to determine the association between biomarkers and the initial risk of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorder (TRP). Such post hoc experimental design can be regarded only as a consequence of having treatment resistance, rather than being a causal risk factor for it. Although informative, data derived from such studies often do not allow for a distinction to be made between cause and effect. To deal with this problem, it is most ideal to enroll untreated patients (those who were diagnosed but have not yet undergone treatment) as study subjects. In this chapter, the authors will review methodological considerations to uncover initial biological risk factors for TRP and propose a better study design for future research by discussing the shortcomings of the traditional study design.
KeywordsTreatment resistance Psychiatric disorders Biomarkers Risk factors Experimental study design Nested case-control study design
- 17.Smith DF. Quest for biomarkers of treatment-resistant depression: shifting the paradigm toward risk. Front Psych. 2013;4:57.Google Scholar


Question: Which OS Is Used By Google?
Why do Google employees use Mac?
It is considered a premium product so employees know they are offered the best like organic food in the cafeteria or health care.
They are the only laptop than can run every major OS.
Even "chrome OS" so their needs are covered without having to switch.
Mac OS is the most secure OS on the planet..
Does Google have their own laptop?
Apple revamped its entire lineup; Microsoft finally created the laptop Windows customers were asking for; and now Google is introducing its own laptop, one that isn't just a little experiment, but something meant to compete. The Pixelbook can definitely compete, at least on the specs and the hardware design.
Does Google use Mac?
Google's OS of choice, is Apple's Mac OS X platform, with the company imposing Mac use to all its employees. The company supports most operating systems, including Windows, Linux and its own Chrome OS.
Do Apple employees use Windows?
If the job requires a computer, Apple supplies a Mac to use. Additionally, Apple employees get a substantial discount on Apple products, strongly incentivizing them to own them. On a personal basis, many Apple employees use Windows PCs when they start but in my experience, within 3 months they are using Macs full-time.
Who is the owner of iOS?
Types of operating systems The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey).
Does Google have an operating system?
Android (operating system), the most widely used mobile operating system. … Goobuntu and gLinux, Linux distributions that Google use internally. Google Fuchsia, a Capability-based operating system based on the Zircon microkernel currently being developed by Google.
Which of the OS is developed by Google?
The Android operating system was developed by Google (GOOGL) for use in all of its touchscreen devices, tablets, and cell phones. This operating system was first developed by Android, Inc., a software company located in Silicon Valley before it was acquired by Google in 2005.
Which OS is widely used?
In the area of desktop and laptop computers, Microsoft Windows is the most commonly installed OS, at approximately between 77% and 87.8% globally. Apple's macOS accounts for approximately 9.6–13%, Google's Chrome OS is up to 6% (in the US) and other Linux distributions are at around 2%.
Do coders use Mac or PC?
Most programmers do not prefer Macs over PCs. But probably most web developers do. I work in a web development shop where more than half the programmers have Macs.
Which Windows OS is most used?
Microsoft finished 2018 as the world's most valuable company, but it also passed an important milestone for Windows. The latest Windows 10 operating system is now the most popular desktop OS in the world, finally beating Windows 7's market share according to Net Applications.
What OS do Google employees use?
Phones and tablets can be Apple or Android, in both cases they have to be actively supported and running a version of the OS approved by security operations. Sales and business organisation employees get Apple laptops running OS X or Chromebooks. They don't get desktops.
Does Amazon use Mac or PC?
You get either a mac or windows laptop (your choice) for daily office tasks, like email and word. You also get a desktop machine running Ubuntu, with your main development environment being on a rhel5 virtual machine within that.
What is Android 11 called?
Who invented Android OS?
Andy RubinRich MinerNick SearsAndroid/Inventors
What laptops do Google employees use?
Leung says that most of Googlers are given MacBooks and Ubuntu laptops for running local applications but Chromebook is the most used laptop at Google.
Do engineers use Mac or Windows?
A2A. By and large, engineers use whatever their employers provide them. In the software industry we are fortunate enough or coddled enough to have some choice. There are plenty of Mac officianados in the STEM fields, but a clear majority use Windows machines because that's what they are given.
Is it hard working at Google?
It is difficult to get a job at Google because of their quality standards and the high number of applications they receive per year. … However, several thousand people do get hired by Google each year, so it can be done!


text:
MOTIVATION: Genetic regulatory networks are often affected by stochastic noise, due to the low number of molecules taking part in certain reactions. The networks can be simulated using stochastic techniques that model each reaction as a stochastic event. As models become increasingly large and sophisticated, however, the solution time can become excessive; particularly if one wishes to determine the effect on noise of changes to a series of parameters, or the model structure. Methods are therefore required to rapidly estimate stochastic noise.
RESULTS: This paper presents an algorithm, based on error growth techniques from non-linear dynamics, to rapidly estimate the noise characteristics of genetic networks of arbitrary size. The method can also be used to determine analytical solutions for simple sub-systems. It is demonstrated on a number of cases, including a prototype model of the galactose regulatory pathway in yeast.
AVAILABILITY: A software tool which incorporates the algorithm is available for use as part of the stochastic simulation package Dizzy. It is available for download at _URL_
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: A conceptual model of the regulatory part of the galactose utilization pathway in yeast, used as an example in the paper, is available at _URL_


RCAF Squadron Numbers
Modern squadrons of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) have 400-series numbers, e.g., 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron. To understand why, some history is necessary.
After the First World War, airmen who had fought in that conflict, having served with either the Royal Flying Corps or Royal Naval Air Service, returned to a country without an air force. The Government of Canada formed an air board which morphed into the Canadian Air Force. On 1 April 1924 the Royal Canadian Air Force was officially formed.
The RCAF existed from 1924 to 1968, and with the unification of the military services, then became Canadian Forces Air Command of the Canadian Armed Forces. It reverted back to its historic name in 2011. As of 1 April 2019, Canada has had an air force for 95 years.
RCAF Traditions
The embryo RCAF based its traditions on the Royal Air Force. Uniforms were identical, the RCAF March Past and heraldic badging were similar, and parallel formations (flights, squadrons, wings and groups) were organized. As well, the rank structure was adapted from the RAF.
What about squadron identity? Early on, numbered squadrons were fairly simple and did not reflect any tradition. For example, both the RCAF and the RAF had a 111 Squadron. However, with the advent of the Second World War and introduction of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP), matters changed rapidly.
After Canada entered the war in September 1939, the BCATP was established by British Commonwealth nations for the training of aircrews in a safe environment in Canada away from hostilities. Part of this agreement resulted in Canada changing the designation of its RCAF squadrons in accordance with Article XV of the BCATP.
The 400 Series Squadrons
The BCATP was de facto a cooperative between the various British Commonwealth air forces. Under Article XV, RCAF squadrons were assigned a block of numbers from 400 through 443 to avoid confusion with squadron numbers of other Commonwealth air forces. Note that not all 400 numbers were used, stopping at 443 during the war.
The 400 squadron number designation continued through the post-war years. The current Royal Canadian Air Force operational squadrons are still numbered in the 400s due to their legacy as wartime units which includes battles fought and shown on the Squadron Standard. There is an exception and that is the SAR squadron in Gander NL, 103 Search and Rescue squadron.
Additional Post-Second World War Squadrons
After the Second World War and the formation of NATO, the RCAF expanded their squadron numbers to include 444 to 450. No 450 was also a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) squadron but the Canadian 450 squadron duplicated this number by error. This was discovered when 450 Squadron, flying the CH-147 Chinook helicopter, was formed in 1968 in Edmonton. The Australians gave Canada permission to continue using this number and it is still in use today. The block is now complete from 400 to 450 but all numbers are not currently active.
Since the war, the one exception to flying units were the Surface to Air missile squadrons formed in 1962. Bomarc missile squadrons 446 Squadron, based in North Bay, Ontario, and 447 Squadron, based in La Macaza, Quebec, were operational from 1962 to 1972. They were disbanded when Canada returned its nuclear weapons to the United States.
For more about RCAF squadrons, go to the Canadian Armed Forces website and under Air Force find information on roles, types of aircraft and locations of flying units.
Murray Lee is a veteran RCAF fighter pilot with 37 years of service in the RCAF and Canadian Armed Forces.
A PDF of this Information Note is available here. The RCAF map is available here.
RUSI(NS) Staff


IMPOSITIONS. Imposts, taxes, or contributions.
References in classic literature?
'And imposition,' added Gowan, laughing; 'we won't leave out the imposition.
The operation, however, was somewhat slow, for it was necessary to overhaul and inspect every pack to prevent imposition, and the peltries had then to be conveyed in large boats, made of skins, to the ship, which was some little distance from the shore, standing off and on.


text:
Getting corners square when building a deck is quite challenging. Although we don't hope the corners to be perfectly square, it should be as square as possible.
Sometimes when you lay out tile or carpet, but unfortunately it is off from one side to another side of the room. In this case, you can take the 3-4-5 technique into consideration as it can help you absolutely!
Here are all about how to square a deck using the 3-4-5 method.
3-4-5 Rule To Ensure Square Layouts
Anyone wants to learn the way to square a deck should know the 3-4-5 method as many builders often use it to make sure they are building a square deck.
Speed squares and framing squares are helpful tools for using in construction, builders often use them to check the layout. However, if the layout is too large, they can't help guarantee accurately.
Builders often use 3-4-5 technique for a number of major projects in remodeling and construction, such as laying a foundation or a wall to make sure the corners are square.
If you want know how to square a deck, you should pay attention to the materials required.
Tools required to square a carpentry project are:
What you have to prepare is just simple, you have already had it on your home.
1. A good tape measure – "Good" here means that it does not easily bend over when you pull it out.
2. A pencil or a sharper pen.
3. A helper – it can be hard work without assistant. You should find a partner, it can be a friend, your lover or neighbor.
And it's time we got to how to square a deck!
Using 3-4-5 Rules
It is not very hard to build a deck, you just base on the 3-4-5 rules. This is a simple technique, it just requires the carpenter to create a right angle by connecting two legs of the triangle.
A right triangle must consist of:
- The length of short triangle leg: 3 feet
- The length of another triangle leg: 4 feet
- The length of the longest leg: 5 feet
The 90 degree angle will be opposite the longest leg. Builders can also organize other multiple of the 3-4-5 rule to improve accuracy on building large walls or structure.
These are some examples of other multiple of the 3-4-5 rules:
- 12- 16-20
Why Is This Technique Useful?
The most recommended way to square a deck is the 3-4-5 method, so let's get to know why does the 3-4-5 method create a perfect square corner?
Almost everyone knows the Pythagorean Theorem, which was discovered by Pythagoras – a mathematician. Every secondary student may know this theory, this is about the relationship between the squares on the two legs of the triangle and the longest legs. Pythagoras pointed out that the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the legs of a right triangle.
What To Do If the Last Measurement is Off?
If you use the 3-4-5 method as a technique to square deck corners, you will have to make some adjustments in case the longest leg is off. What you need to do is moving one side, maybe move the other two leg in or out 3 or 4 feet.
The Bottom Line
You know, squaring the corners is very important and essential if you want your projects to turn out the best. Some people use a framing square but it seem not very accurate since it is so small so that's why we have to learn how to square a deck using a method called 3-4-5. And after reading useful tips about the 3-4-5 method for building a deck, I hope that you can do it on your own successfully.


text:
To send files or content to a track:
- Open your mail client.
- Attach the files to send to the track.
- Include links to other application resources. See:Sharing content from other applications and services
- Challo detects URLs of application resources to add them on the track, as an application entry.
- Add your the email address of the Challo Assistant as a recipient:
- Include any other track participants you want to send the file to.
- Participants you include become members of the track, if they are not already.
- See: Finding the Challo Assist for a Track
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Important: Your email provider may prevent certain files from being sent to the Track.
For details on file types Challo supports, see Adding content to your track.


text:
Earlier, the New York City Council passed a series of fire safety bills in response to the December 2017 kitchen fire that claimed 13 lives in a Bronx apartment building. The first fire safety law regulates the types of smoke alarms and smoke detectors to be installed near cooking appliances.
The recent legislation follows the release of new smoke alarm standards by UL, a global leader in safety science. Those standards, published in February 2018, include criteria to reduce nuisance alarms—false alarms triggered by things like cooking smoke and hot showers. The requirements also address smoke characteristics between a fast-moving fire and one that smolders.
Fire Alarm Types: Ionization & Photoelectric
The two most common types of smoke detectors use ionization and photoelectric sensors.
- Ionization smoke alarms have a tiny amount of radioactive material positioned between two electrodes. The radioactive substance ionizes the air and creates a current between the electrodes. When smoke enters this chamber, it bonds to the ions and disrupts the current, which triggers the alarm. This type of alarm generally responds faster to active, flaming fires.
- Photoelectric smoke alarms aim a light source into a sensing chamber, angling the light away from the sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it reflects light onto the sensor and triggers the alarm. This type of alarm generally responds faster to smoldering fires.
The new UL requirements for smoke alarm and smoke detector systems will have advanced sensing technology that can reduce nuisance alarms from cooking, while still offering increased sensitivity and better overall performance.
New Smoke Alarm/Smoke Detector Requirements Under NYC Fire Safety Law
Effective immediately, smoke alarms and smoke detectors may not be installed within 10 feet along a horizontal flow path from a cooking appliance unless listed for installation in close proximity to cooking appliances. Smoke detectors and smoke alarms installed between 10 and 20 feet along a horizontal flow path from a cooking appliance must either use photoelectric detection or have an alarm-silencing button.
Photoelectric smoke alarms or smoke detectors may be installed within a 6- to 10-foot radius of a cooking appliance under the following conditions:
- No clear interior partitions or headers separate the kitchen or cooking area from adjacent spaces AND
- The 10-foot area of exclusion would prevent placement of such devices required by other sections of the New York City Fire Code.
As of January 1, 2021, all smoke alarms and smoke detectors installed or replaced in residential buildings within 20 feet of a cooking appliance must meet the standards established in the 8th edition of UL 217 for smoke alarms or the 7th edition of UL 268 for smoke detectors.
The new law is designed to reduce the number of false alarms created by routine cooking, which sometimes encourage residents to disarm or remove the safety devices.
Advice for Building Owners
To assist with compliance, the Community Housing Improvement Program (CHIP) recommends that property owners start using only photoelectric smoke detectors when replacing or installing the devices within 20 feet of a cooking appliance—including microwave ovens.


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Background: Both statins and PCSK9 inhibitors lower blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels to reduce risk of cardiovascular events. To assess potential differences between metabolic effects of these two lipid-lowering therapies, we performed detailed lipid and metabolite profiling of a large randomized statin trial and compared the results with the effects of genetic inhibition of PCSK9, acting as a naturally occurring trial. Methods: 228 circulating metabolic measures were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, including lipoprotein subclass concentrations and their lipid composition, fatty acids, and amino acids, for 5,359 individuals (2,659 on treatment) in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) trial at 6-months post-randomization. The corresponding metabolic measures were analyzed in eight population cohorts (N=72,185) using PCSK9 rs11591147 as an unconfounded proxy to mimic the therapeutic effects of PCSK9 inhibitors. Results: Scaled to an equivalent lowering of LDL-C, the effects of genetic inhibition of PCSK9 on 228 metabolic markers were generally consistent with those of statin therapy (R2=0.88). Alterations in lipoprotein lipid composition and fatty acid distribution were similar. However, discrepancies were observed for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) lipid measures. For instance, genetic inhibition of PCSK9 had weaker effects on lowering of VLDL-cholesterol compared with statin therapy (54% vs. 77% reduction, relative to the lowering effect on LDL-C; P=2x10-7 for heterogeneity). Genetic inhibition of PCSK9 showed no significant effects on amino acids, ketones, or a marker of inflammation (GlycA) whereas statin treatment weakly lowered GlycA levels. Conclusions: Genetic inhibition of PCSK9 had similar metabolic effects to statin therapy on detailed lipid and metabolite profiles. However, PCSK9 inhibitors are predicted to have weaker effects on VLDL lipids compared with statins for an equivalent lowering of LDL-C, which potentially translate into smaller reductions in cardiovascular disease risk.
Original publication
Journal article
Publication Date
2499 - 2512
Mendelian randomization, PCSK9, lipids and lipoprotein metabolism, metabolomics, statin therapy, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amino Acids, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, LDL, Cholesterol, VLDL, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Male, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Metabolomics, Placebo Effect, Pravastatin, Proprotein Convertase 9


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Ask Dr. Math - Questions and Answers from our Archives
Minimize Distance between 3D Point Sets with Rotation and Translation
Date: 07/15/2007 at 14:32:21
From: Juan
Subject: find a rot-translation matrix for fitting two 3D point sets
I need to fit two sets of 3D points (a, b, c... n) and (a', b', c'...
n') in such a way that the Euclidean distances between the point
pairs (a,a'), (b,b')...(n,n') is minimum. I can apply only rotations
and translations but no scale changes.
Is it possible to find a least-squares solution to this problem? There
are lots of web pages describing methods for fitting the least-squares
solution between points and functions but I was unable to find
anything between two sets of points.
I suppose that if I represent X as the first dataset and Y as the
second dataset the classic least-squares method
Xt = Y
t = (X^TX)-1 X^T Y
should be able to provide a t matrix. However, this matrix can
contain scaling and I need that the transformation involves only
rotation and translation.
I have tried to use an iterative algorithm that applies rotations and
translations. It works fine, but it's time consuming and I am
convinced that there are far more efficient methods.
Date: 07/16/2007 at 06:46:54
From: Doctor George
Subject: Re: find a rot-translation matrix for fitting two 3D point sets
Thanks for writing to Doctor Math.
The algorithm that you need is in the following journal article by R.
J. Hanson and M. J. Norris.
Analysis of Measurements Based on the Singular Value Decomposition,
SIAM J. of Sci. and Stat. Comp. (September 1981)
Write again if you need more help.
- Doctor George, The Math Forum
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College Higher-Dimensional Geometry
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text:
This paper introduces the methodology and the results of the FP7 EvoCS-project (The Evolving Concept of Security: A critical evaluation across four dimensions) so as to give answers to the questions what NATO is needed for what threats; what is a strategic culture and how does it relate to the threats; how strategic cultures of NATO member states are being transformed. The paper provides a brief overview of the EvoCS project and its methodology and a short introduction to the concept of strategic cultures. The section on 'The Public Security Discourse in Four European NATO Countries' presents the results of the first stage of the research process in EvoCS for countries which are relevant in the framework of NATO and the historical trajectory of the security discourse in the United Kingdom, Italy, Poland, and Bulgaria. Also, the results are compared to the results of a comprehensive study on the strategic culture of European countries. At the end of this section is Figure 2, which sums up the main results of the EvoCS project's case studies. The concluding section sums up the discussions, compares them with results on strategic cultures and gives a possible outlook to the questions posed.
How to cite:
Jovanovic, Milos. "Understanding the Public Security Discoursean Attempt by the Evocs Project." In What NATO for What Threats: Warsaw and Beyond, edited by Enrico Fassi, Sonia Lucarelli, and Alessandro Marrone (NATO Allied Command Transformation, Università di Bologna, Istituto Affari Internazionali, 2015), pp.22-35.
For the full conference report see _URL_ or _URL_


text:
A forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a certain future time for a certain price. It can be contrasted with a spot contract, which is an agreement to buy or sell an asset today.
A forward contract is traded in the over-the-counter (OTC) market, usually between two financial institutions or between a financial institution and one of its clients. However, this also means it is more difficult to reverse a position, as the counterparty must agree to cancel the contract. This also increases credit risk for both parties.
Forward contracts ability to lock in a purchase or sale price without incurring much direct cost makes it attractive for hedging as well as speculation.
A example would help illustrate the mechanics of a forward contract. Suppose on January 1, 2012 an Indian textile exporter receives an order to supply his product to a big retail chain in the US. Spot price of INR/US exchange rate is Rs 45/dollar.
After six months, the exporter will receive $1 million (Rs 4.5 crore) for his products. Since all his expenditure is in rupee term therefore he is exposed to currency risk. Let's assume that his cost of production is Rs 4 crore. To avoid uncertainty, the exporter enters into a six-month forward contract with a bank (with some fees) at Rs 45 to a dollar. So the exporter is hedged completely.
If exchange rate appreciates to Rs 35 after six months, then the exporter will receive Rs 3.5 crore after converting his $1 million and the rest Rs 1 crore will be provided by the bank. If exchange rate depreciates to Rs 60/dollar then the exporter will receive Rs 6 crore after conversion, but has to pay Rs 1.5 crore to the bank. So no matter what the situation, the exporter will end up with Rs 4.5 crore.
The only risk exporter faces is counterparty risk (what if the bank or the retail chain goes bankrupt).
Futures contract are very similar to forward contract except they are exchange traded, or defined on standardised assets. The futures markets are characterised by the ability to use very high leverage relative to the stock market.
Futures can be used either to hedge or to speculate on the price movement of the underlying asset. For example, a producer of oil could use futures to lock in a certain price and reduce risk (hedge). On the other hand, anybody could speculate on the price movement of oil by going long or short using futures. In reality, delivery of the underlying goods specified in futures contract is very low.
This is because the hedging or speculating benefits of the contracts can be had largely without holding the contract until expiry. For example, if you were long in a futures contract, you could go short on the same type of contract to offset and exit the position. This is similar to selling a stock you purchased in the equity market.
The mechanics of a futures contract is similar to forward contract described earlier. The only difference is that you can easily close your position anytime during the time of the contract.
Counterparty risk is also reduced, since both the parties have to provide margin to the exchange in which the trade has been done.


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Related Catfish FAQs: Mochokid Catfishes, & FAQs on Catfish in General: Identification, Behavior, Compatibility, Selection, Systems, Feeding, Disease, Reproduction
Related Articles: Catfishes, African Cichlids
/A Diversity of Aquatic Life
The Squeakers, Lace or Upside Down Catfishes, Family Mochokidae
By Bob Fenner
Synodontis multipunctatus
The mochokids are a family of some181 species of African catfishes, distinguished from other siluriiforms by having ossified rays in their adipose fins and anal fins comprised of less than ten rays. Synodontis and other genera have three pair of barbels, one maxillary and two mandibular, the lower pairs being branched, giving them a feathery appearance.
 The mochokids are largely known by aquarists by the several somber to gorgeous members of the genus Synodontis. Though this genus accounts for the lions-share of mochokids (about 120), there are other "really neat" mochokids that infrequently grace international aquariums. Of note are the "African Plecos" or better "African Suckermouth Catfishes" in three genera of this family; Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys. Like their common namesake these fishes have underslung subterminal mouths, flattened heads. Mochokiella paynei, Microsynodontis spp.
 The common names for this family are derived for several species tendency for topsy turvy spatial orientation, swimming upside-down. Lace refers to their branching "whiskers", and "squeakers" for making squeaking noises, particularly when netted and lifted from the water.
 Like the majority of catfishes, the Squeakers are largely nocturnal, and though you may see them out and about occasionally during the light of day, it is at night time that they really shine in behavior. Hence, some "hiding spaces" out of the light should be provided (rocks, driftwood, clay pots, pipe...) that will afford them comfort. Oversize their living spaces to keep the peace as well as providing you with a chance to enjoy their interaction with each other. There are species for as small as twenty gallon systems, but groups of even modest sized species need bigger spaces.
 Most of the species of mochokid catfishes offered in the trade are wild-collected in Nigeria, Zaire and the three largest lakes in Africa; Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi. Even the few occasional tank-bred specimens appreciate water quality somewhat like their "homeland", varying degrees of higher alkalinity and pH (dH 12-25, pH 7-8 in general). Investigate your species natural water conditions (fishbase.org, TetraPress books are excellent here) for more particulars re other aspects of the make-up of their native waters. These are active, feisty, eager eating animals that appreciate good water quality. A regular regimen of partial water changes (10-20% per week) while vacuuming the gravel is good insurance in providing clean water. Larger, more coarse natural gravel, or even "marine" substrates (e.g. dolomites, crushed coral) are better for systems with these fishes as they allow easier cleaning and help bolster pH and alkaline reserve. Sharp sands and definitely crushed glass are out... much too sharp, likely to damage their barbels and smooth skins.
 Filtration and circulation should be doubled for systems with these fishes as they enjoy good water movement and clean conditions. Outside power filters of good capacity and ease of cleaning (done weekly along with water changes, gravel vacuuming) are best here, arranged in such a way as to completely move all the system water about a few times hourly.
 This is one family of very easygoing fishes. Mochokids get along with almost all fishes, including their own. Though there may be territorial squabbles if there isn't sufficient room to share in a dark area of preference, they soon learn to share space. To observe and enjoy these fishes, it is truly necessary to have at least a few specimens (three to five) of a given or mixed species in a system large enough to grant them room to move and grow and reduce potential aggression. There is no such thing as "too much volume".
 There is a possibility of slow-moving fishes being damaged by an over zealous feeding Synodontis (e.g. a male Betta), or fishes small and slow enough to be swallowed to be sucked up by your mochokid cats, but by and large these fishes leave alone all but the smallest tankmates.
Species Hobbyists Are Likely To See (and want!):
Synodontis angelicus Schilthuis 1891, the Angelicus Catfish/Synodontis, Angel Squeaker. Central Africa; the Congo Basin. To twenty inches long in the wild, rarely half that in captivity. Cond.: pH 6-8, dH 5-19, temp. 24-28 C. Variable black to brown background with with white to yellow prominent dots. A beauty, that can be aggressive when large. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9536&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=angelicus
Synodontis brichardi Poll 1959,. West Africa; lower Congo. To six inches in length. Cond.s: pH 6-8, dH 5-19, temp. 22-25 C. A favorite of the genus in the aquarium interest. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9544&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=brichardi
Synodontis decorus Boulenger 1899, the Decorus to aquarists is the Clown Squeaker to science. From Central Africa; Congo Basin. To over a foot in length. Conds.: pH 6-8, dH 4-25, temp. 23-27 C. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9554&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=decorus
Synodontis eupterus Boulenger 1901, the Featherfin Squeaker. Africa; the White Nile, Chad, Volta and Niger Basins. To nearly six inches in length. Cond.s pH 6.2-7.5, dH to 15, temp. 22-26 C. Like others of the family a ready feeder on most all foodstuffs. Sometimes available as captive produced small individuals. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9559&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=eupterus
Synodontis multipunctatus Boulenger 1898, the Many-Spotted Synodontis, Cuckoo Catfish. East Central Africa; Lake Tanganyika. To eleven inches total length in the wild. Cond.s dH 15-35, temp. 21-25 C. Found on muddy bottoms to depths of 100 meters. Notable as the only fish to practice brood parasitism. Lays eggs amongst cichlid nests, its young growing faster eating the cichlid fry. See Riegel (2001) re spawning. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9596&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=multipunctatus
Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger 1905. Central and Southern Africa. To fifteen inches in length in the wild. Cond.s: pH 6-7.5, dH to 20, temp. 22-26 C. One of the many "assorted Synodontis" sold in the aquarium trade. Feeds on insects, snails and small fishes. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=8708&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=nigromaculatus
Synodontis ocellifer Boulenger 1900. West Africa; Senegal to Chad. to nearly two feet in length in the wild. Similar to S. decorus, but without the latters flowing dorsal finnage or bar-marked caudal. More and more available as an import as well as a Florida farm produced species. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=5470&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=ocellifer
Synodontis robbianus Smith 1875, a "miscellaneous" Squeaker or Upside-Down Catfish. West Africa; Lower Niger and Cross River in Nigeria. To five inches in length. Cond.s: pH 6-7.8, dH 10-25, temp. 21-24 C. One of many "assorted Synodontis" sold in the aquarium trade. A prodigious "picker upper" given adequate food of its own, hiding places out of the light. _URL_ Summary.cfm?ID=9615&genusname= Synodontis&speciesname=robbianus
Synodontis schoutedeni David 1936, the Schoutedeni Synodontis. Central Africa; Congo. To six and


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"The urinary excretion of (an) odorous substance(s) after eating asparagus is not an inborn error of metabolism as has been supposed. The detection of the odour constitutes a specific smell hypersensitivity. Those who could smell the odour in their own urine could all smell it in the urine of anyone who had eaten asparagus, whether or not that person was able to smell it himself. Thresholds for detecting the odour appeared to be bimodal in distribution, with 10% of 307 subjects tested able to smell it at high dilutions, suggesting a genetically determined specific hypersensitivity."
Face it: your pee smells after you eat asparagus. (And if you think yours doesn't, it's because you can't smell it.) This phenomenon (which is caused by various malodorous sulfur-containing compounds) has tickled the fancies of many researchers, as well as such luminaries as Proust, who wrote of asparagus: "exquisite creatures who had been pleased to assume vegetable form, and whose precious essence when, all night long after a dinner at which I had partaken of them, they played (lyrical and coarse in their jesting like a fairy-play by Shakespeare) at transforming my chamber pot into a vase of aromatic perfume (translated from Du côté de chez Swann, Gallimard, 1988, I, 119; I, 131).
But our favorite allusion to the asparagus-pee phenomenon has to be from Benjamin Franklin, who, in _PHONE_, wrote a letter asking researchers to come up with a solution to fart smells (the letter is definitely worth reading in full: To the Royal Academy of Farting):
"Certain it is also that we have the Power of changing by slight Means the Smell of another Discharge, that of our Water. A few Stems of Asparagus eaten, shall give our Urine a disagreable Odour; and a Pill of Turpentine no bigger than a Pea, shall bestow on it the pleasing Smell of Violets. And why should it be thought more impossible in Nature, to find Means of making a Perfume of our Wind than of our Water?"
So, now that we understand why our pee stinks when we eat asparagus, can we address Benjamin's larger concern? Check back tomorrow for some cutting-edge research on fart-smell-reduction!


What Is a Beefalo?
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A beefalo is an animal born as a result of cross-breeding between an American bison and a domestic cow. Various cattle breeds can successfully produce this kind of fertile hybrid. Although random beefalo births date back to the 1700s, these animals were first intentionally cross-bred during the 19th century when ranchers discovered the potential market for beefalo meat. Although buffalo and cattle belong to both a separate genus and a separate species, they still have enough compatible genes to be able to produce viable offspring. The red meat from one of these hybrids is noted for its lower amounts of fat and cholesterol; it also contains fewer calories while still retaining a rich beef flavor.
Several characteristics give the average bovid hybrid advantages over nonhybrid cattle or buffalo. These animals are generally heartier and able to thrive on a wider variety of grasses, including drier roughage during droughts. Unlike other cross-bred animals such as mules, beefalo are able to produce offspring. They are also better adapted to extreme temperatures; thicker woolly hair keeps them warmer in cold weather and a better ability to sweat cools them off in hot weather.
The advantageous traits of a beefalo make it an example of a hybrid vigor, which is an offspring that has a degree of superiority over either of its parents. The fact that these animals are able to reproduce also makes them exceptions to the scientific principle of Haldane's Rule. This rule of biology attempts to provide a systematic explanation for the occurrence of sterility among other types of hybrid animals.
American bison are not the only breeds used for this kind of cross-breeding. A zubron is a type of bovid hybrid that is born from the mating of a domestic cow with a wisent, which is a species of European buffalo with a few different characteristics. These animals typically have longer tails, somewhat larger horns, and shorter coats surrounding their heads. Wisents also differ in grazing and breeding behavior; instances of them mating with cattle are less common, making their zubron offspring somewhat rarer.
Although they are not classified as beefalo, many American bison are found to contain small amounts of genetic material from cattle. One exception is the Wind Cave Bison Herd, a group of genetically pure buffalo that has been purposefully bred as a preservation effort. The herd is one of the few remaining ones that roam free in North America after the buffalo nearly became extinct during the 19th century.
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Post 9
_USER_ - I am sure some people might protest the hybrid breeding program, but this isn't exactly human cloning. After all, this type of mixed breeding has been going on for centuries.
Now we have better technology to do it and I think we can reduce the risks of adverse side effects. I think if it results in a leaner, stronger animal it's more than justified, and it adds a bit of diversity to nature!
Like many here, I've never tasted beefalo meat, but I did have buffalo steak once and it's definitely leaner meat. It's probably not for everyone but I liked it.
Post 8
I can see that I am not alone among people who have never heard of beefalo. It would help me if I could see some beefalo pictures.
Even then, however, I might not be able to tell the difference between a beefalo and a buffalo. I am not exactly an expert. I do wonder, however, how scientists decide which animals to mate together in these hybrid breeding programs.
Is it as simple as finding two species of animals with strong traits and then mating those species together to create a super hybrid? Don't accidents sometimes occur? Does anyone raise ethical objections to this practice at all?
Post 7
I live in the Midwest where we have cattle grazing all over the place. I have seen buffalo meat for sale in a few grocery stores, but have never seen beefalo.
How much more expensive is this than beef? When I see meat like this for sale, I often wonder what type of standards they are required to go through when processing and marketing their meat.
The USDA has strict guidelines for the food we are used to buying in our regular grocery stores. Are those people who market something like beefalo required to meet the same standards?
Post 6
I think there are many people who have misconceptions about what meat like beefalo would taste like.
Some people are reluctant to try anything different than what they are used to. We are so used to eating beef from cows, that we don't think anything about it.
Once when I was served a bison steak at a friend's house, I had no idea it wasn't a beef steak. I don't know if it was the way it was prepared, or if it was the cut of meat, but it was very tender, juicy and flavorful.
I think there would be a lot of people who would be hesitant to try beefalo meat. It would probably be more expensive than beef and that would also make it a hard market to get started in.
Post 5
I live in a state that has extreme temperatures in the winter and summer. Many years ago buffalo roamed freely in our state. Now you only see them if they are on some kind of wildlife preserve.
Currently our state has many farmers who raise grass-fed beef. Even with living here, I have never heard of beefalo. This sounds like a bovid hybrid that would do well in my area of the country, but I don't know anyone who raises them.
The next time I buy my organic grass-fed beef from my supplier, I am going to ask him if he has heard of them. It might be something he would be interested in raising.
Post 4
Since my husband is a hunter, I am used to eating different kinds of meat. I don't care for the taste of some game such as venison, but I really enjoyed the taste of bison burgers.
The meat is a little leaner than beef and I found the taste to be very similar. I have never tried beefalo though. I think the combination of bison and beef would be very good.
Many people discourage eating a lot of red meat, but I think if you can eat meat that is lower in fat and cholesterol, it isn't so much of an issue.
I wonder how long it will be before we start seeing beefalo for sale in our supermarkets?
Post 3
_USER_ - Yeah, the old time farmers weren't stupid. They did try to breed bison with cows, but unfortunately if you take a male bison and a female cow the result is often sterile.
It's only when you have a female bison and a bull that you can get fertile offspring.
And, that causes all kinds of problems, because female bison are going to be wild. Keeping only one male wouldn't be too difficult since you only need him to do one thing. Keeping a bunch of female bison who need to be moved around, bred, and so forth is much more difficult.
But, eventually they ironed out the kinks and ended up with quite a good breed. If it wasn't so expensive, I would consider running some myself, but I'm always worried about that kind of initial outlay, since if the animal dies, you're out uite a lot of capital.
Post 2
I guess it's more because of the way it sounds than anything, but calling an animal after a kind of meat seems a little off to me.
I guess it's no different from the word chicken which is used to mean the bird and the meat. But, I like the term "cattalo" as in "beefalo cattle".
Otherwise I just imagine walking hunks of meat, rather than living creatures.
According to what I've read though, people used to call them cattalo, back when the research on them was just starting and there were all kinds of difficulties with the breed.
So, they switched it to beefalo in order to make sure farmers could distinguish between the successful hybrid and the not so successful first attempts.
Post 1
I'm really surprised that beefalos are able to reproduce. I've always been taught that hybrid animals and plants are rarely able to do that. For example, when you breed together a horse and a zebra, the result is a sterile animal (which, to be honest, is why that's not done very often).
Mules are another example as they are the result of breeding a horse with a donkey and they are always sterile as well.
It doesn't surprise me that there is quite a lot of contamination in buffalo herds because of this. At one point they would have been competing directly with cattle all the time, and the cattle were allowed to roam all over the place. I'm surprised I've never heard of this before, in fact, since it seems like people settling the US would have taken advantage of this hybrid vigor before now.
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Published in AIDS Weekly, August 14th, 2006
"Patterns of transmission of HIV are different among different regions of the world and change over time within regions. In order to adapt prevention strategies to changing patterns of risk, we need to understand the behaviors that put people at risk of infection and how new infections are distributed among risk groups.
"A model is described to calculate the expected incidence of HIV infections in the adult population by mode of exposure using the current distribution of prevalent infections and the patterns of risk within different populations,"...
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Staple Remover
A staple remover is a device that can remove a staple from a given material quickly without causing damage. The metal wedge at the end of the stapler can be used to achieve the same result; however, it tends to tear fragile papers. The staple remover is composed of two opposing wedges on a pivot with a spring that returns it to the open position after use. They also go by the term decleater in many former British colonies.
The user can either forcefully clip the front side of the staple causing the folded tabs on the reverse side to open and slide out or you can simultaneously clip the 2 folded pieces raising them from the paper and then pulling on the front flat side to remove the staple.
Since it is designed for functionality and robustness it has a minimized number of parts that help lower the cost and production time. Meghan Rooney was believed to have conceptualized the modern staple remover. Her design was originally intended to remove stitching not staples.
The pivoting blades, made of chrome-plated steel, interlock with each other. The chrome plating provides a mild rust-resistance suitable for use in an office environment away from any liquids. The metal is originally made of sheet metal which can be processed by blanking in a mechanical press allowing for a production rate of up to 1,500 units per minute.
The torsion spring is a standardized component that is in many other products such as clothes pegs. The spring has two loops and is also made of chrome-plated steel due to its high resistance to fatigue. They are mass produced by a spring winding machine and then chrome plated.
The staple remover usually has plastic grips which are not necessary for operation but they do provide ergonomics so the user doesn't have to press their fingers against sheet metal. The grips are usually made with injection molding of thermoplastics. This process is commonplace, labor intensive, cheap, and capable of producing high quantities. Plastic is used since it is easy to work with, cheap, and readily available.
In order for the blades to rotate a pin axle, made of stainless steel, is used. This prevents rust although the production of this axle is quite intensive.
There is also a modified version that removes broken staples and was patented by Joseph A. Foilte. His device doesn't see widespread use despite overcoming several disadvantages of the former device.
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Staple Remover
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Northern Indiana Center for History [IN]
The Northern Indiana Center for History includes a 38-room Victorian mansion and gardens, a cottage interpreted with 1930s interiors, a children's museum, and galleries covering local and Notre Dame history. The mansion, known as Copshaholm, was owned by J.D. Oliver, president of Oliver Chilled Plow Works. Built in 1895-96, the architecture is Romanesque Queen Anne in style, and the interior furnishings are original. Highlights include works by Bartolozzi (_PHONE_), famed Italian engraver, and American sculptor Lorado Taft (_PHONE_). The Dom Robotnika, erected in the 1870s, is an example of quarters like those in which factory workers from the Oliver Chilled Plow Works might have lived. Other offerings include archives, the Kidsfirst Children's Museum, the Ernestine M. Raclin Gallery of Notre Dame History, and the Voyages Gallery of Local History.
Copshaholm offers an introductory video and guided tours. The society also offers a variety of themed educational programs, covering the fur trade, Civil War, and cabin life in the 1830s. Tours are also available in the Dom Robotnika, the Worker's Home; the Kidsfirst Children's Museum; Voyages: Exploring the History of the St. Joseph River Valley; and the Ernestine M. Raclin Gallery of Notre Dame History. School programs and tours meet state educational standards.


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ScienceDaily.com reports that at the annual meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology Professor Roger Hart stated the gum disease has as much a negative impact on trying to conceive as obesity. As we've previously stated, gum disease in pregnant women (or "pregnancy gingivitis") can result in a premature birth.
Periodontal disease (gum disease) has been linked with many types of illness: respiratory and kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, heart disease. However, this new report says that having gum disease prior to conception may make trying to get pregnant that much more difficult.
Professor Hart is the Professor of Reproductive Medicine at the University of Western Australia in Perth and Medical Director of Fertility Specialists of Western Australia. He stated, "Until now, there have been no published studies that investigate whether gum disease can affect a woman's chance of conceiving, so this is the first report to suggest that gum disease might be one of several factors that could be modified to improve the chances of pregnancy."


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Milton-Smith, M. D. (2010). A Brave New World: Life in the Global Metropolis. MediAsia: The Asian Conference on Media.
In the new millennium, digital artists are questioning the nature of human existence within the global metropolis. As a case example, digital artist Marnix de Nijs' uses interactive, responsive and cinematic media to explore notions of alienation, diaspora, flux and dislocation within urban contexts. His installations examine globalisation's affects – and in doing so – provide new ways for us to respond to its 'brave new worlds'. In this paper I will present digital media as a unique mode of expression, borne of globalisation's zeitgeist and uniquely situated to articulate its human impacts. Most critically, I will explore how interactive digital installations can re-imagine human life within the global metropolis.
Published in Full, Global City, Digital Technology, Digital Art, Globalisation, Globalization


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This paper proposes a novel three-phase nine-switch ac/ac converter topology. This converter features sinusoidal inputs and outputs, unity input power factor, and more importantly, low manufacturing cost due to its reduced number of active switches. The operating principle of the converter is elaborated; its modulation schemes are discussed. Simulated semiconductor loss analysis and comparison with the back-to-back two-level voltage source converter are presented. Finally, experimental results from a 5-kVA prototype system are provided to verify the validity of the proposed topology.
- AC/AC converter
- pulse width modulation (PWM)
- reduced switch count topology
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Fig: 1 B2B 2L-VSC.
Fig: 2 Proposed nine switch ac to ac converter with a quasi dc link
EXPECTED SIMULATION RESULTS:
Fig. 3. Measured rectifier and inverter waveforms (CF-mode operation). (a) Input and output voltages. (b) Voltage spectrum. (c) Input and output currents.
Fig. 5. Measured waveforms when the inverter output frequency has a step increase from 30 to 120 Hz, while the rectifier input frequency remains at 60 Hz. (a) Input and output voltages. (b) Input and output currents.
A novel nine-switch PWMac/ac converter topology was proposed in this paper. The topology uses only nine IGBT devices for ac to ac conversion through a quasi dc-link circuit. Compared with the conventional back-to-back PWM VSC using 12 switches and the matrix converter that uses 18, the number of switches in the proposed converter is reduced by 33% and 50%, respectively. The proposed converter features sinusoidal inputs and outputs, unity input power factor, and low manufacturing cost. The operating principle of the converter was elaborated, and modulation schemes for constant and VF operations were developed. Simulation results including a semiconductor loss analysis and comparison were provided, which reveal that the proposed converter, while working in CF mode, has an overall higher efficiency than the B2B 2L-VSC at the expense of uneven loss distribution. However, the VF-mode version requires IGBT devices with higher ratings and dissipates significantly higher losses, and thus, is not as attractive as its counterpart. Experimental verification is carried out on a 5-kVA prototype system.
Wu, High-power Converters and AC Drives. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE/Wiley, 2006.
- Singh, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, A. Pandey, and D. P. Kothari, "A review of three-phase improved power quality AC– DC converters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641–660, Jun. 2004.
- Blaabjerg, S. Freysson, H. H. Hansen, and S. Hansen, "A new optimized space-vector modulation strategy for a component-minimized Voltage source inverter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 704–714, Jul. 1997.
- L. A. Ribeiro, C. B. Jacobina, E. R. C. da Silva, and A. M. N. Lima, "AC/AC converter with four switch three phase structures," in Proc. IEEE PESC, 1996, vol. 1, pp. 134–139.


International Studies Abroad ®est. 1987
Universities in Townsville
James Cook University - Townsville
As Queensland's second oldest university, James Cook University (JCU) is world renowned for its research and instruction focused on the tropics. The University is surrounded by numerous ecosystems including the Great Barrier Reef, rainforests of the Wet Tropics and more where students are able to apply their studies within the diverse environment. JCUTownsville is recognized by the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Australia. At JCU there are hundreds of study areas for students to choose from, many offering exciting, hands-on field components. Popular study areas include:
Marine Biology
Tropical Biology and Zoology
Rainforest and Coastal Science
Earth Sciences/Geology
Indigenous Australian Studies
James Cook University's Townsville campus is the University's largest campus, boasting approximately 12,300 students, including over 1,400 international students. The campus surroundings provide students with easy access to everything they will need during their time at JCU, including a large variety of outdoor activities, visits to the Great Barrier Reef and nearby islands and resorts, historic outback towns, and World Heritage listed rainforests. Diverse environments, vibrant communities, and challenging academic programs are just a few of the reasons why so many students choose to study abroad at James Cook University.
Times Higher Education has ranked James Cook University within the top 300 universities (2016).
James Cook University supports ISA students with four $500 AUD awards per year.
Cricos Code: 00117J
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