Royal SMIT Transformers
Ready for the
Large power Transformers
up to 765 KV
Whilst in the 21st century electronic components are in general becoming increasingly small and compact, at Royal SMIT Transformers B.V.. in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, larger and heavier power transformers are being developed. However, there is an important parallel: in both situations technicians are constantly pushing the boundaries to the limit.
The development of electricity grids worldwide towards ever-larger generating units requires transformers that have higher voltages and higher capacities. Amongst other things, the development of transformers is limited by their exceptional dimensions and weight, because this large electro technical component has to be transported to its destination in one piece. In the nearly one hundred year old history of Royal SMIT Transformers B.V., the transformer is still based on the same principle. However, the production location of Smit in Nijmegen was transformed several times to stay ahead of this development.
And this was successfully achieved! In 2008, the company took another giant step forward by introducing air cushion transportation for transformers in final assembly and testbay, resulting in a time decrease for each transformer movement by approximately 8 hours.
The Lean Manufacturing principles are propagated and employees are trained and encouraged to strive for continuous improvement. The purpose of this is to achieve a shorter throughput time, without negative effect to the quality level. An important motivating factor is having a well filled orderbook in hand.
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The Strangest Scripture in the New Testament
Ron Cantor — February 5, 2014 — Leave a comment
As a Jewish person, I can tell you that the word Baptism conjures up horrible images for my people. From the early years of Catholicism, Jews were forced to be baptized as Christians. Sometimes it was under the threat of death. Other times the consequences of not being baptized was merely being thrown out of your home and country. For example, the Spanish Inquisition declared that Jews who would not convert to Catholicism (and thus, be baptized), must leave the country.
In some cases Jews were kidnapped and forcibly baptized—one being the son of a rabbi in 1762. ( The worst case was in Russia just two centuries ago. The Russian empire kidnapped Jewish males from the age of 12 for military service. "The number of forced or virtually forced baptisms which resulted, probably exceeded all similar cases in other lands throughout history."(
He did what?
Because of this thuggish history, Jewish people tend to cringe when they simply hear the word baptism. When news gets out of a Jewish person coming to faith in Yeshua and willingly getting baptized, they are disgusted. And it's understandable, based on the history. But it wasn't always like that.
And that leads us to what I consider to be the strangest verse in the entire Bible.
 "How can anyone object to these people being baptized in water?" (Acts 10:47)
Who are "these people" and who is talking? The speaker is the Jewish apostle Simon Peter, and he is referring to Gentiles at the home of Cornelius. It was a major controversy for Gentiles to be baptized as believers in Yeshua. This had not yet been done. For the first nine years the Gospel was preached exclusively to Jews.
Simon Peter, after a vision and a word from the Lord (Acts 10), slightly confused, goes to the house of this Roman soldier and shares with the people in the house the message of Yeshua. The Holy Spirit falls upon these people in the midst his sharing. The Jewish believers witness this and are stunned—Gentiles receiving the Holy Spirit!!!
Simon Peter declares, "How can anyone object to these Gentiles being baptized in water?" This was a major controversy that wasn't settled for another ten years (The Jerusalem Council, Acts 15).
Reverse Controversy
But since when is baptizing Gentiles controversial? Can you imagine someone objecting at say… First Baptist Church, that they are baptizing non-Jews? That would be ridiculous. However, if they were baptizing large numbers of Jews, that might make some waves.
What most people—Jews and Gentiles—do not know, is that Baptism (or Water Immersion) is Jewish. Long before Queen Isabella sought to compel the Jews of Spain to convert and be baptized, the Jews of Israel would wade through the waters of immersion.
When John the Baptist, the Jewish prophet, came preaching repentance through baptism, we have no record of anyone protesting, "What is this strange new tradition you are evoking?" Water immersion was already a major part of Judaism. The Torah teaches that priests would need to be immersed in water as part of their consecration (Ex. 29:2-5). Before any Jewish man could bring a sacrifice to the Temple in Jerusalem, he would first have to walk though a mikvah, a water immersion tank, to symbolize ritual cleansing.
How to Immerse 3,000 People Without a River?
Furthermore, have you ever wondered how Simon Peter and the apostles immersed 3,000 Jewish men in one day in Jerusalem? Jerusalem is not Tel Aviv or a city in the Galilee, where the Mediterranean Sea or the Jordan River could be utilized. Jerusalem sits on a mountain. There are no lakes, rivers or seas nearby. However, archeologists have unearthed nearly 50 mikvot—immersion tanks—which were used in Temple worship. With 50 tanks receiving 60 people each, 3,000 could be immersed in a matter of hours. Without these Jewish Mikvot, it would have been impossible.
Today, mixing Judaism with an act of water immersion, as we see among the Jews of the New Testament, is like mixing oil and water. But in the first century it was not like that. The controversy of their day had nothing to do with Jews being immersed, but Gentiles! And Simon Peter heard from other Jewish people almost immediately after he did the "unthinkable"—baptizing Gentiles into the Body of Yeshua.
How strange is this?
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. In relation to the design for a Reformed and Presbyterian educational ministry familiar themes emerge: It will be reformed by the Word of God, Biblically grounded, historically informed, ecumenically involved, socially engaged, and communally nurtured.
To be reformed by the Word of God is to study both Scripture and the contemporary world for the sake of authentic worship and responsible mission. To be historically informed is to approach with appreciation the historic faith as evident in the confessions, linking us with the communion of saints through the ages. To be ecumenically involved is to be led by the Holy Spirit into becoming more aware of the oneness of the church, and to participating in mission with other denominations and in other countries. To be socially engaged is to follow obediently as God in Christ transforms the world, forms the church, inaugurates the New Age, and calls the church to participate in the liberating, reconciling work of the Spirit in the world. To be communally nurtured is to grow in the knowledge of God and obey Christ's call as we care for one another and serve those who are "outside the camp.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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You are browsing a version that is no longer maintained.
DoctrineModule provides a bridge between Laminas and Doctrine 2. It gives you access to features that can be used across Doctrine 2 ORM as well as Doctrine 2 ODM. It provides an abstraction layer on top of Doctrine\Common which allows the end user to build functionality being completely unaware if he's currently working with Doctrine ORM or Doctrine MongoDB ODM.
You can find more details about the features offered by DoctrineModule:
- Authentication documentation: this explains how you can use the DoctrineModule authentication adapter and authentication storage adapter to provide a simple way to authenticate users using Doctrine.
- Caching documentation: DoctrineModule provides simple classes to allow easier caching using Doctrine.
- CLI documentation: learn how to use the Doctrine 2 command line tool, and how to add your own command.
- Hydrator documentation: if you are using Laminas Forms (and I hope you are!), doctrine-laminas-hydrator provides a powerful hydrator that allows you to easily deal with OneToOne, OneToMany and ManyToOne relationships when using forms.
- Paginator documentation: discover how to use the DoctrineModule Paginator adapter.
- Validator documentation: this chapter explains how to use ObjectExists and NoObjectExists validator, that allow you to easily validate if a given entity exists or not.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


When you use the Open With context menu, Windows 2000 records the program used to open the file extension.
If you accidentally opened a file with the wrong program, you can remove the entry:
1. Use Regedt32 to navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FileExts\<.extention>\OpenWithList.
2. Each entry uses a value name that is a letter, as in a, and a data string which is the program that opened the file, like Notepad.exe. Locate the program that you wish to delete and record the value name. Delete this value name.
3. Edit the MRUList value name and remove the letter that you deleted.


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Yes - of course it does. Without "random" in front choice is an attribute with no object. I didn't actually do it, but thats what would happen - "choice is not defined blahblah" Is that the same as saying its not a "global namespace"?
I'd have to consult a reference book to be 100% sure. I'm not certain how a pure object oriented language treats namespaces compared to a procedural language (ie, C++ is both procedural and OOP - I need to do a review
For example, In C++ you explicitly state your namespaces - in 99% of cases students do this by adding a line 'using namespace std;' (std = standard) near the top of their file, which is frowned upon with most real projects. By doing this they don't have to put the namespace std in front of functions defined in std.
cout << "hello" << endl; //prints hello
std::cout << "hello" << std::endl; //prints hello
Now say you have a special cout function that prints ascii numbers instead of the letters to the console. You can define a namespace in your file called Manta and do this....
Manta::cout << "hello" << std::endl; //prints 90 88 96 96 99 (just guessing the ascii values)
In practice, namespaces are used in procedural languages to avoid name clashes. When a project gets large enough, you start running out of good descriptive variable names, so it is better to create seperate namespaces and reuse these descriptive names instead of resorting to complicated naming gyrations.
"It looks to me like random might be a static class with static methods, hence, no need to instantiate anything. "
Yes - a very good way to say it. How come the texts don't say that?
Got me - maybe I should write a book.
This is just what I think is happening... I'd have to consult python.org to be sure.
Do Java and C++ have Modules? Please describe or give a definition to me for that.
No. Java has the following....
packages - groups of related classes form a package.
example: javax.swing is the package for the swing classes
example: java.lang contains the core classes of the Java language
classes - you know what these are....
Math is a class containing fields and methods related to math
JButton is a class for instantiating a button in swing
And you can create your own packages.... there are a few rules for doing this.
In C++, which supports both procedural and OOP, the main library is called the STL - standard template library, which uses the namespace std like I showed you above. Instead of using a package, C++ has a keyword called friend - imo, friends are the most unfriendly thing I've seen in any language and I much prefer Java's use of packages.
My language class didn't cover Python - C++, Java, Ada, LISP, Fortran, Prolog, Cobol and some others - here is what one of the tutorials says...
You can use a module to organize a number of Python definitions in a single file. A package is a way to organize a number of modules together as a unit. Python packages can also contain other packages.
So Python has both modules and packages where it looks like a module is a related to group of classes and functions, and a package is a related group of modules and other packages. Here is a link that I think will explain it in detail.... I plan on reading it later tonight.


DEFINITION of 'Bullish Homing Pigeon'
A trend indicated by a large candlestick followed by a much smaller candlestick whose body is located within the vertical range of the larger candle's body. In both candlesticks, the stock price has to have closed down from the opening price. This pattern may indicate that there is a weakening of the current downward trend.
Bullish Homing Pigeon
BREAKING DOWN 'Bullish Homing Pigeon'
If a bullish homing pigeon trend is seen in a chart it may be a good for traders to exit short positions and begin to enter into long positions. The worse the downward movement in the stock, the more likely a closing of a short position should be taken by a trader.
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List of aviation terms
Wikimedia glossary list article
(Redirected from Landing)
The following is a list of terms commonly used in Aviation.
- Air cargo - Cargo that is moved using airplanes. Many companies that move cargo, such as FedEx and the US Postal Service, have their own airplanes for moving air cargo. Most large airports have entire sections of the airport and warehouses for dealing with air cargo.
- Airport - a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land.
- Arrival area (Arrivals) - The area of the terminal used for airplanes coming to the airport.
- Baggage - luggage and other items brought on the airplane by passengers. One piece of small baggage can often be brought on the airplane by the passenger. Large baggage (or if the is many small pieces) are kept in a special part of the airplane.
- Baggage area - The area of the airport terminal used for dealing with Baggage. These often have one or more large moving belt(s). The passengers wait at the belt for their baggage to move to them.
- Concessions - Businesses often inside the airport terminal. These usually sell food, beverages or retail goods such as book, magazines or souvenirs to passengers.
- Concourse - An open space for people to move around in an airport terminal.
- Departure area (Departures) - The area of the terminal for airplanes leaving the airport.
- Destination - The place an aircraft is going to. An aircraft may have more than one destination. This is because it takes people to many places along its travel. For example, an aircraft leaving Atlanta, may stop at Memphis, Dallas, and Boulder before finally stopping in San Diego. San Diego is its final destination on this travel, but the other cities are also destinations.
- Flight - The noun form of Fly. This is the term for what a person takes when they fly. She took a flight to Atlanta. It can also be used in the name of the trip - She took Flight 213 to Atlanta. If an airport had 500 flights that day, it means airplanes came to and left the airport 500 times that day.
- Domestic flight - A flight that starts and ends in the same country. This is usually between two cities in the same country. For example, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Los Angeles, California.
- International flight - A flight that starts in one county and ends in an other country. For example, from Moscow, Russia to Sydney, Australia.
- Gates - The areas on the concourse where passengers get on to the airplane
- Hangar - a large building which can store airplanes.
- Hub - The central location an airline uses for its operations. Most airlines keep their headquarters and maintenance facilities as at a single airport. Most flights from that airline go through this airport.
- Landing - The act of an airplane returning to the ground.
- Runway - The part of the airport where planes take off or land.
- Take-off - The act of an airplane leaving the ground.
- Terminal - The main building of an airport used by passengers and cargo.
- Tower - The tower in an airport is a building used for air traffic control.
- Aircraft - vehicle used for flying.
- Attack aircraft - A type of military aircraft used mainly to attack targets on the ground.
- Biplane - an aircraft with two sets of wings mounted one above the other.
- Fighter aircraft - A type of military airplane used mainly to fight with other airplanes.
- Fixed-wing aircraft - The type of aircraft commonly thought of by most people. It has wings that do not move. The wings on some fixed wing aircraft can move a small distance but are generally fixed in one position. For example, the wings on an F-14 can be rotated from a forward position (for better control at slow speed and for take off and landing) to a rear position (for better control at high speed). Most airplanes are fixed wing.
- Jet aircraft - Aircraft that use jet engines to make them move.
- Propeller powered aircraft - Aircraft that use propellers to make them move.
- Rotary wing aircraft - Aircraft such as Helicopters.
- Training aircraft - A type of military aircraft used mainly to train pilots.
- Triplane - An aircraft with three sets of wings. German World War I pilot Manfred von Richthofen (The Red Baron) is well known for flying a triplane.
- Water bomber - A type of aircraft used to fight the fire.


Significant atmospheric river to bring heavy rain to Northern California this weekend
Filed in Uncategorized by on February 6, 2014 246 Comments
Special Update: heavy precipitation makes at least a brief return to N. California
Given the ongoing extreme drought conditions and the potential for a high-impact rain event in Northern California over the next 72 hours, I've provided the following (brief) update in the interest of keeping up with the rapidly changing weather pattern.
GFS simulation of major atmospheric river event over NE Pacific Ocean. (NOAA/ESRL)
Atmospheric River expected to bring heavy precipitation to Northern California
"Heavy" and "rain" are not words that have been used in the same sentence for a long time here in California, but it does appear that–for the first time in 14 months–some truly substantial precipitation is headed for parts of NorCal. I discussed in my last post the seemingly modest potential for an Eastern Pacific atmospheric river to impact California over the upcoming weekend, and in the meantime the numerical forecast models have trended considerably stronger with this event. Current satellite imagery depicts the early stages of what promises to be a significant precipitation event over the weekend.
Satellite-derived water vapor imagery depicting moisture plume associated with the atmospheric river extending as far south as the Hawaiian Islands. (NOAA/NRL)
Atmospheric rivers: a quick overview
Short-term forecast through the weekend
Despite the absence of a strong synoptic-scale storm system near California, the extremely moist air associated with the incoming atmospheric river will likely produce heavy rainfall in orographically favored parts of Northern California. In fact, in the coastal mountains and foothills of the Northern Sierra, rain totals by Monday could approach or even locally exceed 6-7 inches. Rain totals will be considerably less heavy (but still impressive, especially by recent standards) along the North Coast and in the Northern Sacramento Valley. The I-80 corridor between San Francisco and Sacramento will be an approximate dividing line between heavy and more moderate precipitation (though the Santa Cruz Mountains could also see rain totals approach or even exceed 4-5 inches). Rain totals at lower elevations in NorCal may be anywhere from 1-4 inches. Southern California, unfortunately, will probably receive only very light rainfall from this event. As is often the case with subtropical moisture plumes/atmospheric rivers, snow levels will be very high for most of this event–well above 8000 feet in most cases.
GFS projection for accumulated precipitation from this weekend's atmospheric river event. (NOAA/NCEP)
GFS projection for accumulated precipitation from this weekend's atmospheric river event. (NOAA/NCEP)
Rainfall of this magnitude will be capable of causing some modest hydrological issues in some regions, including the possibility for urban and small stream flooding. Main stem rivers will be very unlikely to experience flooding given the record-dry antecedent conditions, but since this will actually be the first heavy precipitation event of the season in most places the potential for 14 months of accumulated debris to clog smaller watercourses could present some problems if rain rates are high on Saturday. Some locally gusty winds may be possible at times this weekend, but in general the lack of a strong surface low will prevent strong winds from causing significant problems.
By Monday, ridging will start to build back in across the Eastern Pacific, but a secondary atmospheric river may brush the far North Coast (near the Oregon border) will some additional significant precipitation early next week. Current indications are that most of California will trend toward drier conditions once again, but the overall pattern in the Eastern Pacific will likely be more progressive that it has been in months. I'll have more details on this after the weekend storm passes through.
Will this weekend's heavy rainfall end the drought?
In a word: no. There will likely be beneficial increases in streamflow and runoff into reservoirs following the most intense period of precipitation this weekend, and this storm should (finally!) put an end to the Northern California fire season, at least for a little while. However, as the National Weather Service in Sacramento has helpfully illustrated, the ratio of the amount of precipitation expected to fall this weekend to the long-term precipitation deficit is roughly the same as the volume ratio of a 10-ounce coffee mug to a 5-gallon bucket. So: while this weekend's atmospheric river may bring more than the proverbial "drop in the bucket," we still have a very long way to go before our extraordinary drought conditions are substantially mitigated. Stay tuned.
Tags:,,,,,


text:
Peesi tali fiefia/en
- This is the wikipedia for the language of TONGA, Polynesia, South Pacific.
- Ceci est la wikipédia en tongien, la langue des TONGA, Polynésie, Pacifique Sud.
- Dit is de wikipedia in het Tongaans, de taal van TONGA, Polynesië, Stille Oceaan.
- Ko e wikipedia ʻeni maʻa lea fakatonga ʻi TONGA ni, ʻi Polinisia, mo e muli.
This wikipedia is made in the Tongan language. However, to help strangers to move around, some of the main navigation pages have an English translation. Also some articles which may be interesting to foreign scholars (but not interesting enough for the general public to warrant inclusion on the English wikipedia), they too may have translations.
If there is it appears in the upper right corner of the screen as follows:
- English abstract available GO when the English text is an abstract of the Tongan version or only a small part of it.
- English translation available GO when the English text is essentially a translation of the Tongan, but it does not need to be a literal translation
- More information in English available GO when the English text is more extensive than the Tongan, addressing topics not found in the Tongan text.
See the list of articles with an English translation here.
Current number of articles: 1,689 FOKI


text:
Jiggety, Joggety, Jig
- Deck of playing cards
- Three to thirteen players can play this game.
- Deal the cards facedown evenly among the players. Place any extra cards faceup in the middle of the table.
- Each player holds his cards so that he can see them, but no one else can.
- The dealer chooses any card from his hand and lays it faceup in front of him.
- The player to the dealer's left checks for a card of the same number in his hand or among the leftover cards. If he finds one, he lays it down and shouts, "Jiggety!"
- If he doesn't, the next player to the left takes a turn.
- The next player to find a match lays it down and shouts, "Joggety!"
- The third player to find a match lays it down and shouts, "Jig!" which ends the round.
- The "jigger" gets to start the next round.
- The player who runs out of cards first wins the game.
More on: Activities for Kids
Copyright © 2001 by Patricia Kuffner. Excerpted from The Children's Busy Book with permission of its publisher, Meadowbrook Press.
To order this book visit Meadowbrook Press.


Picaresque Novel Definieren 2021 - realestategambia.com
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What's a Picaresque? The Top 5 Novels By William Giraldi Jul 20, 2012 Busy Monsters newly released in paperback is about a jilted fiance who embarks on a hilarious, ill-advised odyssey to win. This style of novel originated in Spain in 1554 and flourished throughout Europe for more than 200 years, though the term "picaresque novel" was only coined in 1810. It continues to influence modern literature. The term is also sometimes used to describe works, like Cervantes' Don Quixote and Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers, which only contain some of the genre's elements. Charles Dickens, who was influenced by Fielding, wrote his first six novels in the picaresque form, with Martin Chuzzlewit 1844 being the transitional novel to his later more serious and mature works. Other novels with elements of the picaresque include the Canadian Solomon Gursky Was Here and the English The Luck of Barry Lyndon 1844. A solid definition of the picaresque novel is rather hard to come by. The term "picaro," taken from a 17th century Spanish word, typically describes a low-born hero or rogue who uses his wits to wander through various branches of society without truly belonging to any of. Picaresque novel definition? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the conversation right now!
What is the definition of Picaresque Novel? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the. What kind of literature is a picaresque novel? What does culpable mean? What's a cenotaph? Every Veterans Day, I hear about the Queen of England laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in London. What does gallimaufry mean in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo? My vocabulary is.
a reasonably competent answer. in even simpler terms, we can say that the 'picaresque' novel was an early type of novel which related the adventures and deeds of a rogue or such type of person. Best Picaresque Novels Best of the Best novels of or relating to a genre of usually satiric prose fiction; often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social degree living by his or her wits in a corrupt society. All Votes Add. Get an answer for 'Describe an example of a picaresque novel in British Literature from the Victorian Era.' and find homework help for other The Picaresque Novel questions at eNotes. A picaresque novel is an early form of a novel, relating the adventures of a rogue adventurer as he goes from place to place and his effort to survive.
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The Prostate Tumor Volume & Density calculator measures prostate tumor volume and PSA density. This is an unprecedented time. It is the dedication of healthcare workers that will, Calculating Prostate Volume BPH Volume of an ellipsoid (like the prostate, hematoma, etc.): Volume (mL) = L x W x H x pi/6 Volume (mL) ≈ L x W x H x Prostate Volume = 2 x 4 x 8 x π/6 = cc Tumor Density = 6 / = ng/mL/cc. 5/13/ · To estimate the volume of your prostate simply fill in its length, width and height. The formula to estimate prostate volume is as follows: Prostate volume = Length x Width x Height x π/6 How to calculate PSA Density and its meaningAuthor: Łukasz Białek.
Calculare volum prostata
Prolate ellipse volume calculation is fast, precise and practical for clinical application. Subcategory of 'Diagnosis' designed to be very sensitive Rule Out. Enter your email address Calculare volum prostata we'll send you a link to reset your password. Additionally, hormone therapy and chemotherapy are used. This tool calculates prostate tumor volume. MSKCC does not assume any risk whatsoever for your use of the prediction tools or the information contained herein. PSA density. Calculation Calxulare for both formulas are presented in our online prostate Calculare volum prostata volume calculator.
This tool calculates prostate tumor volume.
Prostate Cancer Nomograms: Volume, Dimension & Density | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Skip to main content. For the 10 volumes, m = ml and s = ml. Because we are dealing with only one sample, df = n −1=9. We therefore need look only at the df =9 row in Table The prostate volume 59 ml yields t = (59−)/=, which places it standard deviations above the mean. 6/24/ · Know Your Prostate Size (Volume) Since everyone is different, it should be no surprise that every man's prostate is a different size. Here's why it can matter and how it can help to know: What IS surprising to me after over a decade as an advocate, and on a Helpline, is that most men don't know what size their prostate is, and most men are never even told.
Prostate Volume Calculator
In such a case, it is important to see a doctor, who will decide whether or not to perform the prostate biopsy. Sign In Required. Prostate Width W length. To Calculare volum prostata the density of PSA, you are going to need your PSA result and the volume of your prostate or its dimensions. Prostate length.
Vollmer is also affiliated with the pathology department at Duke University Medical Center. To view Dr. Vollmer's publications, visit PubMed. This is an unprecedented time. It is the dedication of healthcare workers that will lead us through this crisis. Thank you for everything you do.
Calc Function Calcs that help predict probability of a disease Diagnosis. Subcategory of 'Diagnosis' designed to be very sensitive Rule Out. Disease is diagnosed: prognosticate to guide treatment Prognosis.
Numerical inputs and outputs Formula. Med treatment and more Treatment. Suggested protocols Algorithm. Disease Select Specialty Select Chief Complaint Select And you've got your result! But what exactly does it tell you? Generally, a PSA Density result of 0. In such a situation, it is essential that you go to a urologist, who will decide whether or not a prostate biopsy needs to be performed. On the other hand, you need to remember that a result of less than 0. If you liked this calculator, check out our other health-related calculators such as the mean arterial pressure calculator or the macro calculator.
Embed Share via. Prostate volume. PSA density. Adrenal washout calculator. Albumin creatinine ratio. Bladder volume. Prostate cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia The prostate is an exocrine gland in the male reproductive system.
Its concentration is usually elevated in the case of prostate cancer, but it may also indicate prostatitis or BPH Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Generally, a PSA density of 0. In such a case, it is important to see a doctor, who will decide whether or not to perform the prostate biopsy. Please remember that this calculator is not a substitute for clinical judgment. In case of any concerns please consult your physician to address your specific health problem.
Length cm :
Prostate Tumor Volume & Density – MDCalc
A prostate tumour or prostate cancer is one of the most caused cancer among men. The increase of cells in the body crowding the normal cells are called as cancer or tumour. The prostate is a gland found only in the male. The prostate cancer volume calculator can find the prostate volume and tumour density. Enter orostata width, height, length of the prostate and the psa value in the prostate cancer volume calculator to find the prostate cancer density measurement. Note : This statistics calculator is presented for your own Calculare volum prostata use and Calculare volum prostata to be used as a guide only.
Medical and other decisions should NOT be based on the results of this calculator. Although this calculator has been tested, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of its calculations or results.
Prostate Volume Calculator
This PSA density calculator is an easy tool which enables you to evaluate your PSA density – an important indicator of prostate cancer in patients with a mildly elevated PSA. To determine the density of PSA, you are going to need your PSA result and the volume of your prostate or its dimensions. Do not hesitate to check out our other health calculators, including the body fat calculator and the lung cancer risk calculator. Calculare volum prostata prostate is an exocrine gland in Calculare volum prostata male reproductive system. Its function is to produce and secrete an alkaline fluid which is an essential Calculare volum prostata of semen. The prostate may be the source of several health-related problems, out of which the most important Calcklare are Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia BPH and Prostate Cancer.
In benign prostatic hyperplasiathe prostate often enlarges in a benign way to prosatta point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to often urinate frequency or taking a while to get started hesitancy.


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Let $G$ be any countable discrete group, and $H_1, H_2$ be two subgroups of $G$ with some fixed finite index $m>1$.
My question is:
Is it always possible to find some automorphism $\phi$ of $G$, i.e., $\phi\in Aut(G)$, such that $\phi(H_1)=H_2$?
If not, could any one give some counterexample to illustrate this? Thanks in advance!
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3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Nope: let $G=C_4\times V_4\times\mathbb Z$, where $C_4$ is the cyclic group of order $4$ and $V_4$ is the Klein $4$-group. Let $H_1=C_4\times\{e\}\times\mathbb Z$ and $H_2=\{e\}\times V_4\times\mathbb Z$. Both subgroups have index $4$, but they aren't isomorphic.
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So we can take two non-isomorphic finite groups $G_1, G_2$, of the same order $n$S and a take an infinite group $H$, and consider $G=H\times G_1\times G_2$. Then $H_1=G\times G_1, H_2=G\times G_2$ may work generalizing your idea. – P Vanchinathan Mar 21 at 1:15
_USER_ It depends. Using your notation, if $H$ is a direct sum of countably many copies of $G_1\times G_2$, then $G_1\times H$ is isomorphic to $G_2\times H$ after all. In my example, there is no such accidental isomorphism, since $C_4\times\{e\}\times\mathbb Z$ has an element of order $4$, and $\{e\}\times V_4\times\mathbb Z$ doesn't. – Chris Culter Mar 21 at 1:25
The dihedral group of order 8 has a subgroup isomorphic to the cyclic group of order 4, and has a subroup isomorphic to the Klein group. Both subgroups have index 2 but are non-isomorphic since the first has an element of order 4 but the second does not. No smaller order group G can be found as a counterexample since a nontrivial subgroup of such a G would have order 2 or order 3.
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Dihedral group G of order 8 also has two subgroups of order 2 with no automorphism of G taking one to the other (take one central, and one not). – Jack Schmidt Mar 21 at 1:57
Take $m\mathbf{Z}, n\mathbf{Z}\subset \mathbf{Z}$. As isomorphisms have to send generator to generator we get conflicting requirement $\phi(1)=\pm1, \phi(m)= \pm n $. So your question has a negative answer.
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They don't have the same index though – Bruno Joyal Mar 21 at 1:05
OOps, I looked at the title and was misled. My answer is incorrect. – P Vanchinathan Mar 21 at 1:11
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text:
Torpedoing Conventional Thinking on the Cheonan
The narrative around the Mar. 26 sinking of the South Korean Navy Corvette Cheonan, and the death of 46 sailors, seems pretty straightforward: the ship was sunk by a North Korean (DPRK) torpedo. That was the conclusion by a South Korean (ROK) panel of 47 military and military-research experts and three international representatives. The only question left unanswered was the DPRK's motive, with fallout from an internal power struggle holding the inside track.
But two researchers from the University of Virginia and Johns Hopkins University are suggesting there may have been a rush to judgment, and that the evidence presented by the panel is deeply flawed. Seunghun Lee, a professor of physics at Virginia, and J.J. Suh, an associate professor of Korean Studies at Johns Hopkins, have analyzed the findings of the Joint Civil-Military Investigation Group (JIG) and found them wanting.
The JIG concluded that the Cheonan was ripped in two by an external explosion from a North Korean torpedo, which ROK naval units recovered. But according to Lee and Suh, those conclusions are "riddled with such serious flaws as to render the JIG's conclusion unsustainable." They even suggest that some of the X-ray data used to tie the torpedo to the explosion "may have been fabricated."
Americans who watch television saw a sobering re-creation of the event in which an exploding torpedo's powerful bubble destroyed a similar sized ship. But according to the two authors, the South Korean Navy has not been able to "produce a bubble simulation consistent with the information presented in the JIG report." The simulations run by the JIG instead show a bubble forming, striking the ship, deforming the hull, and making a small rupture, not tearing the ship in half.
According to the authors, "If the bottom of the ship was hit by a bubble, it should show a spherical concave deformation resembling the shape of a bubble, as the JIG's own simulation suggests, but it does not." Instead, the damage seems more consistent with a "collision with a hard object."
What is also missing is any sign of what is called the "pre-bubble shock wave," nor does internal damage and crew casualties appear to be consistent with those inflicted by a shock wave.
Lee and Suh also take issue with the chemical and X-ray analysis of the residue on the hull that the JIG found to be consistent with the chemical signature of an explosion caused by the recovered torpedo. According to the authors, the "critical evidence" used by the JIG "to link the Cheonan sinking to the alleged explosion of the torpedo is scientifically groundless and perhaps fabricated."
The two researchers also question the torpedo itself, and particularly a blue ink marking on the weapon spelling out "Hangul "in Korean. The torpedo's deeply corroded surface is consistent with an explosion that would burn off the weapon's protective paint. The only problem is that ink boils at a much lower point than paint, 150 degrees Celsius and 350 degrees Celsius respectively. "This inconsistency—the high heat tolerant paint was burnt but the low heat tolerant ink was not—cannot be explained and casts serious doubt on the integrity of the torpedo as 'critical evidence,'" write the two authors.
"While we emphatically note that our findings do not prove that North Korea did not do it, we conclude that the JIG has failed to prove that it did," the authors argue. "The seriousness of the inconsistencies in fact casts doubt not only on the validity of the JIG conclusions but also on the integrity of its investigation."
If North Korea didn't sink the ship, who did? Maybe it was not a "who but a "what." Some of the damage is consistent with a collision. Is there damage that might indicate an internal explosion? The DPRK certainly has a history of doing provocative things, but part of that reputation comes from the relentless demonization of Pyongyang. The North Koreans have always shown an affection for bombast, but they have been generally careful not to do something that would provoke a war.
It may turn out that the North Koreans did sink the Cheonan, but the evidence is hardly the slam-dunk it has been represented as in the media. And doubts about the DPRK's guilt may well explain China's reluctance to join in the pile-on condemnations of Pyongyang, as well as for the careful wording of the recent United Nations resolution that condemned the incident but avoided assigning blame.
What is clear is that in-house investigations are always open to suspicion. No matter what the Israeli's handpicked panel to investigate the attack on a Turkish ship comes up with, it will have no credibility outside of Israel.
Lee and Suh conclude that "given the inconsistencies" of the JIG investigation, the South Korean government should "re-open the investigation and form a new, and more objective" investigation. "The dead sailors deserve such a report. So does the international community."
Visit Conn's blog, Dispatches from the Edge.


Evolutionary predisposition is the analysis du jour when describing all of human behaviour. These days everything we do--from appreciate music to donate to charity--evidently boils down to our desire to lure a mate and make many babies.
Now it seems a scientific study has proven an evolutionary reason for depression:
A study published this month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggests this clever idea might even be true.
Carsten Wrosch from Concordia University in Montreal and Gregory Miller of the University of British Columbia studied depression in [97] teenage girls... Their conclusion was that those who experienced mild depressive symptoms could, indeed, disengage more easily from unreachable goals. That supports Dr Nesse's hypothesis. But the new study also found a remarkable corollary: those women who could disengage from the unattainable proved less likely to suffer more serious depression in the long run.
The conclusion to this study is that mild depression is in fact a healthy response to failure. The resulting decline in motivation then lets gloomy folks conserve energy and craft new goals. Disengaging early on saves people from feeling more severe depression down the road.
Adding injury to insult, Dr Wrosch published a paper in 2007 that found that guilelessly pursuing "unattainable" goals (ie, "following your dreams") is also bad for your health (something about concentrations of the inflammatory molecule C-reactive protein, naturally).
It is often satisfying to learn of some sort of evolutionary reason for behaviour--particularly the otherwise odd or inscrutable kind. Philosophers and psychologists may chafe at such a tidy approach to analysing human activity, but it is usually reassuring to believe there is some sort of method to the madness.
This theory on depression, however, is uniquely depressing. How unfortunate to learn that it is in fact healthier to be unambitious, and that dogged ("boot-strap"?) persistence can lead to despair. This, evidently, is the reason why Americans suffer the highest depression rate in the world, Dr Nesse speculates. The problem is all those many goals.
Picture credit: fakelvis (via Flickr)


text:
OPERATION RHEINÜBUNG: Hypothetical Scenarios
By José M. Rico
Many readers enjoy thinking of questions such as: What would have happened if Bismarck had arrived in Brest?
or would having the Tirpitz along have changed anything?
I too find some of these "what if" questions/scenarios interesting, even though I personally don't like to speculate too much, as every opinion can be argued and it's impossible to reach definitive conclusions.
Anyway, I have tried to display a few of the most common scenarios carefully.
1. Bismarck escapes the British net and reaches Brest on 28 May 1941.
Let's say that the fatal torpedo hit in the rudders did not occur, and the Bismarck entered in Brest on the following day.
After sinking the Mighty Hood and four days of continuous chase, Bismarck's crew would have been received as heroes.
Possibly even a welcome greater than that Prien and the men of U-47 received after sinking the Royal Oak in October 1939.
The victory would have gone without any doubt to the Germans, although their primary objective (sink British merchant shipping) wouldn't have been accomplished.
Therefore, despite of damaging the prestige of the Royal Navy and angering Mr. Churchill (who probably would have fired a few of his Admirals), from the operational point of view, Bismarck's sortie would still be somewhat of a failure.
Moreover, due to the damage received in the Denmark Strait and the following torpedo hits, the Bismarck would have had to enter dry dock for repairs.
This would frustrate her prompt return to the Atlantic as the battleship could not be utilized again for at least the next two months.
Assuming the RAF would not damage the Bismarck again at Brest, the ship could resume its operations in the autumn, and maybe try to join the Tirpitz sailing from Germany.
Otherwise, it is likely that Bismarck, together with Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen would retreat to Germany through the English Channel early in 1942.
With all the battleships back at home, the Bismarck could be then sent to Norway and operate together with the Tirpitz against the Allied Arctic convoys in _PHONE_.
That would have tied down even more Allied warships in Scapa Flow, but that is another story and I won't go any further on that.
2. Bismarck escapes undamaged and gets lost in the Atlantic after sinking the Hood.
Now let's say Bismarck and Prinz Eugen receive little or no damage during the Battle of the Denmark Strait.
They then reach the Atlantic and break contact with the pursuing British forces.
The German ships could then concentrate on the British convoys.
The use of a powerful ship such as the Bismarck for merchant raiding offered great promises of success indeed, as she could tie down the British battleship escorting a convoy therefore allowing the Prinz Eugen to attack with impunity.
Both German warships could have managed to sink 20-30 ships (Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sank 22 in two months) and then return home in August.
That of course wouldn't have changed the course of the war, but as the British were already suffering heavy losses to the U-boats, a "few more tons" of valuable shipping lost to surface ships could make the difference and force the Admiralty to take further measures in this regard.
3. Operation Rheinübung: Bismarck and Tirpitz sail together in the spring of 1941.
As we already know, the battleship Tirpitz had been commissioned on February 1941, and was not ready for combat operations in the spring of 1941.
On the other hand, it is interesting to note that the British battleship Prince of Wales had been commissioned in late March 1941, and spent only a couple of weeks of trials when she engaged Bismarck in the Denmark Strait.
This ship was far from being 100% battle ready and even had dockyard workers on board.
Nevertheless, she managed to score three hits on Bismarck.
So, it is quite reasonable to believe that Tirpitz would have added a far greater punch than Prinz Eugen, whether she was fully ready for combat or not.
Moreover, Bismarck and Tirpitz would have formed a more homogeneous pair such as Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, and, if one Bismarck caused such a fuss, it is not hard to imagine what two Bismarcks could have done operating together in the Atlantic.
The Royal Navy would still have more warships available, but the balance changes a bit as the British heavy units now have to face sixteen 38 cm guns installed in armoured floating platforms that can move at 30 knots.
In fact, the real problem for the Royal Navy wouldn't have been the numbers, but the capability to concentrate a strong, and above all, fast enough battleship force in the right place at the right time to face the German warships.
The famous motto often applied on Bismarck: "faster than anything stronger and stronger than anything faster", perfectly illustrates what the Royal Navy has to deal with here.
Let's assume things had developed as originally planned for with Bismarck and Prinz Eugen in May 1941.
In order to have a chance of a victorious outcome, Admiral Tovey would have most likely changed the disposition of his force and would have reinforced Vice Admiral Holland's battle group with an additional warship (Repulse?), while he himself stayed on King George V which would join the slow Rodney later.
So, Bismarck and Tirpitz would have fought against Hood, Prince of Wales, and Repulse in the Denmark Strait.
Interesting engagement, isn't it?
Whatever the outcome of that battle could be, if the German battleships managed to reach the Atlantic, then Tovey would have to rely on carrier air strikes to damage or slow down at least one them.
This wouldn't have been an easy task either as the Swordfish now have to face the AA artillery of two warships, and as one can imagine a lucky torpedo hit in a rudder does not occur every day.
Finally, had Admiral Lütjens managed to shake off his pursuers and reach the Atlantic in condition to wage war on the British merchant shipping, the situation would be quite different than his earlier sortie with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.
The Bismarck and Tirpitz could attack any British convoy, even those escorted by a battleship.
The Royal Navy simply didn't have enough warships to protect every convoy against two battleships of this kind.
4. The German Naval High Command mounts a combined operation with the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz, and the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin in the Spring of 1941.
This is one of the most frequently asked questions among the public: What if Bismarck had sailed with the Tirpitz and the Graf Zeppelin?
The answer is simple, if Bismarck and Tirpitz together already offer more than a threat to the Royal Navy, the addition of the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin definitely inclines the balance to the German side.
It is not crazy to think about it.
Launched on 8 December 1938, the Graf Zeppelin could have been ready for service long before the spring of 1941 if its construction hadn't been suspended in April 1940.
Unfortunately for the Germans this carrier was never commissioned.
Now, let's assume the Kriegsmarine sends the Bismarck together with Tirpitz and Graf Zeppelin to the Atlantic in the spring of 1941 to sink enemy shipping.
The Graf Zeppelin, equipped with more than 40 aircraft (Bf 109T and Ju 87C Stuka), would not only have provided adequate air cover to the battle group, it would also have been able to launch air strikes on enemy merchantmen and warships if needed.
The German carrier-based aircraft were far superior to their contemporary British counterparts, and the Bf 109 wouldn't have had any problem at all dealing with the old Swordfish and Fulmars, not to mention the big Catalinas.
In addition, the Stuka dive bombers (with up to 1,000 kg/2,200 lbs. in bombs) could attack and inflict heavy damage on any British battleship force attempting to intercept the German battleships long before it could reach ballistic range.
An embarked air wing permanently in the air, would have also helped with the reconnaissance, thus permitting to signal surface contacts to the battleships and U-boats, and a greater cooperation of all arms.
This would have presented a big problem to the Royal Navy which most likely would have been unable to deal with such a powerful task force.
The Graf Zeppelin was the best opportunity the Kriegsmarine had to turn the balance in its favour (especially in 1941), and not to put this ship in service was a great mistake.
The lack of air support sealed the fate of excellent warships that were already difficult to sink without air cover, and that otherwise could hardly have been defeated.
The Graf Zeppelin almost completed. This carrier could have changed the fate of the Bismarck.
5. Operation Rheinübung postponed until the autumn of 1941.
This possibility was actually considered by the German Naval High Command, although ultimately Grand Admiral Raeder opted not to do so.
In the autumn of 1941, the Tirpitz would have been finally ready to sail with B


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Halima is a novel covering the controversial relationship between two lovers from two opposing Nigerian cultures and religions. South-Eastern Nigeria, and Northern Nigeria are culturally rich regions, as are other parts of the country. The significance of the unification of these two sectors, as emphasized in this novel through this couple, is the consolidation of the spirit of the Nation. The journey of Nnanna and Halima, in a unique, though culturally unpopular union, heralds the birth of a son, who eventually brings two families and cultures together. The divisiveness is forgotten to celebrate this precious gift of new life. This son is a Metaphor, representing the future: emergence of a strong nation where differences in language and culture only serve to strengthen the land. It is the responsibility of the two lovers families presented in this novel, to embrace the future, and invest in
it as they raise their son, the future. Old traditions which cripple positive change, are modified to fulfill this task. Halima also illustrates the joys of sisterhood, and brotherhood, as the country Nigeria, the continent of Africa, and the entire world, usher in the new era of Globalization, beyond ethnic boundaries.
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text:
South African Journal of Agricultural Extension
versión On-line ISSN 2413-3221
versión impresa ISSN 0301-603X
ABDU-RAHEEM, K. A. y WORTH, S. H.. Food security and biodiversity conservation in the context of sustainable agriculture: the role of agricultural extension. S Afr. Jnl. Agric. Ext. [online]. 2013, vol.41, n.1, pp.01-17. ISSN 2413-3221.
Accomplishing household food security simultaneously with biodiversity conservation, particularly on communal farm lands, constitutes a great challenge in South Africa. This is because biodiversity species are being threatened on lands wherein agricultural production is done in the name of securing food availability. The general threats to biodiversity are in the forms of deforestation and habitat fragmentation, encroachment, pollution, invasion of alien species, wild fires, logging, and hunting. Over time, agriculture emerges the greatest threat to biodiversity. Using this framework, this paper presents a scientific argument, backed with empirical evidences, by exploring the role that agricultural extension can play to realise the goals of biodiversity conservation on South African communal and farm lands. Drawing on relevant published works, this paper argues that extension is particularly well positioned to address both food security and biodiversity conservation concerns through the instruments of linkages, local knowledge facilitation, social capital and education.
Palabras clave : Agricultural extension; Biodiversity conservation; Food security; Sustainable agriculture.


text:
Abandoned Explosive Ordnance (AXO)
Explosive ordnance that has not been used during an armed conflict, that has been left behind or dumped by a party to an armed conflict, and which is no longer under control of the party that left it behind or dumped it. Abandoned explosive ordnance may or may not have been primed, fused, armed or otherwise prepared for use.1
The process through which the initial area indicated as contaminated (during any information gathering activities or surveys that form part of the General Mine Action Assessment process) is reduced to a smaller area.2
Note: Area reduction may involve some limited clearance, such as the opening of access routes and the destruction of mines and Explosive Remnants of War that represent an immediate and unacceptable risk, but it will mainly be as a consequence of collecting more reliable information on the extent of the hazardous area.
Usually it will be appropriate to mark the remaining hazardous area(s) with permanent or temporary marking systems.
Note: Likewise, area reduction is sometimes done as part of the clearance operation.
Battle Area Clearance (BAC)
The systematic and controlled clearance of hazardous areas where the hazards are known not to include mines.2
Cluster bombs, or cluster munitions, are weapons that can be dropped from the air or fired from the ground. They release numerous explosive fragments – bomblets, or submunitions. Bomblets that fail to explode on impact pose the threat of death or injury long after conflict is over.
Their presence means a lack of access to safe land, limiting agricultural development, the reconstruction of vital infrastructure, and the work of relief and development agencies.
In parts of South East Asia, the local name for cluster bomblets is 'bombies'.
Community Liaison (CL)
Community Liaison teams are the eyes and ears of MAG. Their job is to go out and liaise with communities to find out what and where the problem is.
See also: More on Community Liaison
Confirmed Hazardous Area (CHA)
A Confirmed Hazardous Area is an area identified by a non-technical survey in which the necessity for further intervention through either technical survey or clearance has been confirmed2.
Convention on Cluster Munitions
The Convention on Cluster Munitions prohibits all use, stockpiling, production and transfer of cluster munitions. Separate articles in the Convention concern assistance to victims, clearance of contaminated areas and destruction of stockpiles.
The Convention was opened for signature at a signing conference in Oslo in December 2008 and entered into force on 1 August 2010.
Conventional Weapons Management and Disposal (CWMD)
MAG uses the term Conventional Weapons Management and Disposal (CWMD) to refer to its to work in support of weapons and ammunition disposal and security. This includes dealing with Small Arms and Light Weapons, as well as items such as aircraft bombs, large calibre artillery, mortar ammunition and rockets.
The term also reflects the different roles that MAG takes on within this sector, from direct clearance activities and Physical Security and Stockpile Management, to capacity building and training.
CWMD is a coordinated and integrated approach that supports states to develop sustainable solutions to armed violence, and is an essential contribution to local, national and regional security and aspects of Armed Violence Reduction (AVR).
See also: More on CWMD
The Country Director is the most senior representative in each MAG programme, responsible for managing and coordinating staff, developing and maintaining relationships with key stakeholders, strategic financial management, administration and logistical support, in-country strategic planning, proposal writing and budgeting, compliance with local regulations, overall security management and fundraising.
See also: Careers with MAG
Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)
Disarmament is the collection, documentation, control and disposal of small arms, ammunition, explosives and light and heavy weapons from combatants and often from the civilian population.
Demobilisation is the formal and controlled discharge of active combatants from armed forces and groups, including a phase of "reinsertion" that provides short-term assistance to ex-combatants.
Reintegration is the process by which ex-combatants acquire civilian status and gain sustainable employment and income. It is a political, social and economic process with an open time-frame, primarily taking place in communities at the local level.
Source and more information: United Nations Peacekeeping website
Explosive Ordnance (EO)
All munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion materials and biological and chemical agents.
This includes bombs and warheads; guided and ballistic missiles; artillery, mortar, rocket and small arms ammunition; all mines, torpedoes and depth charges; pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers; cartridge and propellant actuated devices; electro-explosive devices; clandestine and improvised explosive devices; and all similar or related items or components explosive in nature.2
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
The safe removal and controlled destruction of unexploded, abandoned and other ordnance.
Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)
General Mine Action Assessment (GMAA)
The continuous process by which a comprehensive inventory can be obtained of all reported and/or suspected locations of mine or Explosive Remnants of War contamination, the quantities and types of explosive hazards, and information on local soil characteristics, vegetation and climate; and assessment of the scale and impact of the landmine and ERW problem on the individual, community and country2.
Impact Assessment helps MAG to identify those communities which are most vulnerable from minefields, and also assesses the potential socio-economic impact that clearance of these minefields would have.
Improvised Explosive Device (IED)
Often associated with booby traps, IEDs are usually made locally – often referred to as 'homemade' – and have all the elements of a mass manufactured mine or booby trap.
Internally displaced person/people (IDP/IDPs)
People who've been forced to move to other areas of their own country due to conflict.
Landmine Impact Survey (LIS)
A Landmark Impact Survey quickly ascertains the extent of potential contamination from landmines and unexploded ordnance after conflict. The survey maps potential dangerous areas and also gathers data from the community, such as socioeconomic blockages resulting from actual or perceived contamination.
A landmine is defined by the Mine Ban Treaty as "a munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or a vehicle."
Landmines are generally divided into two main groups – anti-personnel and anti-tank – and have four main component parts: an outer structure made of either plastic, wood, metal, Bakelite, rubber or even glass; a fuse or firing mechanism; a detonator; and high explosives.
Some contain thousands of pieces of shrapnel, designed to fire out to great distances, while others have been made with a minimum amount of metal and are therefore difficult to detect using metal detectors.
Landmines are often round in shape and range from the diameter of a small paperweight to a large tin of sweets or, in the case of anti-vehicle landmines, as large as dinner plates.
Anti-personnel landmines can also be square or shaped like a butterfly. Others are cylindrical, with spikes that stick out of the ground. Homemade copies are called improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
There are different injuries sustained by landmines due to the varying types:
- Blast landmines are pressure-activated and generally produce injuries from the explosive detonating;
- Fragmentation landmines (various types) contain shrapnel, which is fired out into victims when the mine detonates;
- Bounding fragmentation landmines jump out of the ground to waist level when activated and fire thousands of deadly fragments, in some cases to a radius of around 100m.
Anti-vehicle or anti-tank landmines are larger and take greater pressure to activate. They can rip through vehicles when detonated and cause devastating damage to drivers and passengers. These landmines do not fall under the Mine Ban Treaty. An innocent person's vehicle could most certainly activate an anti-vehicle landmine.
Also not falling under the Mine Ban Treaty is the Claymore. This is a 'directional' fragmentation landmine designed to be 'trigger-activated' rather than detonated by an indiscriminate person, and therefore bypassing the treaty. However the Claymore is often rigged up with a trip-wire fuse that can be tripped by a victim.
Man-Portable Air Defence Systems: Short-range surface-to-air missile systems intended for attacking and defending against low-flying aircraft. Most are easily handled by a single individual and are shoulder-launched. The most advanced MANPADS can effectively engage aircraft at ranges of up to 8,000m (five miles).3
See also: More on MANPADS
Activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of mines and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). Mine action is not just about demining; it is also about people and societies, and how they are affected by landmine and ERW contamination.
The objective of mine action is to reduce the risk from landmines and ERW to a level where people can live safely; in which economic, social and health development can occur free from the constraints imposed by landmine and ERW contamination, and in which the victims' needs can be addressed.4
Mine Action Team (MAT)
Specially trained multi-skilled teams who detect and remove the remnants of conflict.
Meetings of the States Parties (MSP)
The 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction banning


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The story behind the creation of the IKEA assembly Dataset. The tale of 4 postdocs, a major screw-up, and how they emerged victoriously.
This post will show you a good way to visualize normal vectors on 3D point clouds. At the beginning of my master's degree, I was working on a project where I used normal vectors on 3D point clouds to perform
This was my first visit to IMVC which just celebrated 10 years of activity. I found it to be a very interesting combination of academia and industry work which provides a great platform for disseminating knowledge and fostering future collaborations.
Important links: [paper], [code], [video],[poster] Abstract We propose a normal estimation method for unstructured 3D point clouds. This method, called Nesti-Net, builds on a new local point cloud representation which consists of multi-scale point statistics (MuPS), estimated on a local
I recently accepted a research fellow position at the ANU node of the Australian Centre for Robotic Vision (ACRV) under the supervision of Prof. Stephen Gould (starting July 2019). Shortly after, he invited me to attend the Robotic Vision
When I started writing this post I thought it would be a chronologically ordered technical documentation of my research visit. Eventually, I found it much more coherent when divided into major events and it came out much less technical
This post aims to gather all of the useful links spread across multiple posts on the topic of 3D point cloud classification. Recently we published a paper about 3D point cloud classification using our 3D modified Fisher Vector (3DmFV) representation


39 40 41 43 44 45 46 48 49 50
51 55 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
73 75 76 77 80 81 82 83 84 85
88 91 92 93 94 96 97 98 99 100
Note: If you did not read about the random header, or are not interested in it, you can replace random elements insertion with rand. The set size would differ!
In the same family, the class multiset allows non-unique elements to be put into a container, in sorted order. For example:
// Codename: SET2.CPP
multiset ms;
for(int n=0;n<20;n++)
 ms.insert( n % 4);
for(auto iter = ms.cbegin(); iter!= ms.cend(); ++iter )
 wcout << *iter << "\t";
Would produce the following output:
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Since it allows multiple items to have the same value.
Advancements in sets
 - Inclusion of constant iterators, already elaborated above.
 - Emplace functions, and move-semantics (will be described later).
 - New classes, named unordered_set and unordered_multiset, and their new special methods.
You see that set always puts elements in ordered sequence. Thus, the insertion is costly (O(log n) approximately) - and, as you might understand by "Big-O" notation, that insertion time complexity increases as the number of elements increases. Anyway, I am not here to put these jargons. Let me put it short, a set keeps only unique elements, and in sorted ordered. Insertion, Deletion, and Searching take the same time: O(log n).
With TR1, a few compilers, including Visual C++, added an unordered set named unordered_set, which keeps only unique elements, but not in any specific order. It puts elements in a set of buckets with the help of a hash function.
Header for unordered sets:
Note: Before TR1, the unorderedness of sets were available through the hash_set and hash_multiset classes. These classes, however, did not have all the features that are in the new classes.
Okay, before something gets more complicated, let's change our set to unordered_set (in code file SET1.CPP):
_TAG_
// This is in code-named SET1.CPP, as given above
unordered_set us;
And see the output:
18 82 14 91 28 92 84 77 13 97
23 64 31 10 55 83 19 100 32 96
80 16 73 98 99 75 11 49 81 94
30 15 65 1 43 76 12 88 51 66
68 4 37 85 22 5 69 40 48 71
6 70 50 67 44 39 41 46 45 93
The same collection of values, no duplicates - but not in any given sequence. The logical question you should ask, "Is unordered_set faster than set?". Well, yes! The insertion time is almost the same (expert comments needed), but unordered_set would locate the element faster than set. See this article for performance benchmarking. The following code inserts elements into a set, then searches half of them:
/*unordered_*/ set the_set;
const int nSize = _PHONE_;
for(int n=0;n0; n -= 2) // Alternate
nEnd = GetTickCount();
wcout << (nEnd - nStart )<< "m s\n";
Which, on my machine, results in displaying:
1123 ms 250m s
And when the set is changed to unordered_set, the result is:
Which loudly declares unordered_set to be the winner for the searching-competition.
Similarly, behavior wise, the unordered_multiset would behave the same as the multiset class. The change of set to unordered_multiset in SET1.CPP results in the following output:
18 18 82 14 91 28 28 92 92 84
13 13 13 97 97 97 23 64 64 31
31 10 10 55 55 19 19 100 100 100
32 32 96 96 96 96 80 80 80 80
80 80 16 73 98 99 75 75 11 49
49 49 81 81 94 30 15 15 1 43
43 76 76 12 88 88 51 66 66 68
4 4 4 4 37 85 22 22 69 40
40 48 71 71 5 83 83 70 77 77
50 67 44 39 6 41 46 45 65 93
These are a total of 100 numbers (and not just 60 numbers), since multi-sets allow non-unique numbers. You also see that unlike multiset, which stores elements in sorted order, the unordered_multiset doesn't adhere to sorting. But, a close analysis of numbers shown above (which is just the begin to end iteration) reveals that similar numbers are grouped together. This is where buckets and hash-functions play and show their role. Remember, buckets and hash-functions also play a role in unordered sets; though it is not explained yet.
Likewise, when you change from multiset to unordered_multiset in SET2.CPP, it would put numbers in buckets. Since numbers were few and already inserted in order (0 to 3), the result doesn't differ (see SET2.CPP's output). But for other sets of values and insertion order, multiset and unordered multiset would definitely differ, since unordered set doesn't put elements in sorted order.
Unordered sets and maps use buckets and hash-functions to store elements. There are a set of functions to see how they are performing, how many buckets are there, and how many elements there are in the buckets, and the load order of the buckets. You can also ask to rearrange the buckets (re-hash). It is also possible to use your own function as the hash-function. Since these concepts are common to both unordered sets and unordered maps, I would explicate them after the unordered maps discussion below.
Improvements in maps
For the reader who has no idea or has a foggy idea about STL maps, let me brief. A map stores a key and its value, and the key must be unique. With set, the key is the value (i.e., both are same). The value can be duplicate, but key cannot. In a students-collection, the roll-number can act as key (roll-numbers are unique), and the student's name can be the value. The following example clears out some fog:
map Roll2Name;
Roll2Name.insert(make_pair(12, "Canon"));
Roll2Name.insert(make_pair(13, "Sony"));
Roll2Name.insert(make_pair(14, "Nikon"));
Roll2Name.insert(make_pair(15, "Olympus"));
// Get name of student having roll-no 14
string sName = Roll2Name[14]; // Same as Roll2Name.find(14)->second;
wcout << "Name: " << sName.c_str();
An element of the map is of type pair. Thus, for the above code, it is the pair . The find method returns an iterator of the pair type.
Similarly, multimap allows non-unique keys to be stored into a map. Both map types store keys in sorted order. Examples below would illustrate more.
Advancements in maps
 - Inclusion of constant iterators.
 - Emplace functions and move-semantics, which would be described later.
 - Member function map::at, which behaves the same as map::operator[] for element access


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SANTO DOMINGO, Aug 03 (IPS) - One of the major difficulties to overcome in climate change adaptation policies in the Dominican Republic is society's low awareness of the risks, even though this Caribbean island nation is seriously exposed to the impacts of the phenomenon.
The probable consequences of climate change for the Dominican Republic range from the loss of 14 percent of the country's territory by 2100 and the salinisation of half of its aquifers, to more intense natural catastrophes like hurricanes and unusual rainfall patterns.
"This is why one of the main focuses of our work is to try to sensitise people about the issue, to get them to understand how much they could lose due to this problem," the projects coordinator at the Dominican Institute for Integral Development (IDDI), Evaydee Pérez, told IPS.
She said risk perception among Dominicans is low. That is also true for those involved in the tourism business, she added, pointing out that the rule for building hotels at least 60 metres from the coast is not always respected.
And awareness remains low, she said, despite the risk of salinisation, which is already affecting the water supplies of hotels that depend on the millions of tourists who visit the country every year.
The expert said there is still a tendency to see climate change as a problem of the future. Nor do people realise that it is not only an environmental issue, but also an economic and social concern, she added. "Many people don't understand this, and see it as a myth, an excuse," she said.
A Gallup poll commissioned by the government found that climate change was the fifth most pressing concern among the Dominicans surveyed, and that the population had very little knowledge about the causes of the phenomenon.
The IDDI, a non-profit institution created in 1984 to help fight poverty in both rural and urban areas, sponsors several projects designed to foment understanding and promote climate change adaptation measures in the most vulnerable communities.
The institute is part of Climacción, a Dominican initiative that brings together individuals, organisations, companies and academic institutions in a movement that generates ideas and actions mainly aimed at raising awareness on and researching climate change.
After clarifying that the idea is to complement government efforts, Pérez said public policies would be more efficient if the local population participated. "For example, it is important for women to talk about how they are affected by climate change, and what can be done. They are hit harder by the effects of this problem," she said.
In the La Barquita de Los Mina neighbourhoods, one of many that stretch along the Ozama River in Santo Domingo, Eridania Rosario is one of the women who do not seem to be daunted by the rigours of the climate - even though on more than one occasion, her house has been almost completely covered with water when the river flooded.
"If you ask 50 people from La Barquita, they will all say the same thing. Our main problem here is the river, which overflows its banks when it rains a lot," she told IPS. As the president of the neighbourhood association, Rosario is more informed than most local people, and believes the rains have become more intense as a result of climate change.
Other people told IPS they did not know why the Ozama River kept flooding, and said they built their humble shacks there, defying the danger, because they had nowhere else to live. "Without a doubt, these sectors are the most vulnerable to climate change," Pérez said.
Some 30 organisations in the capital joined together in May in the "community network for adaptation to climate change", to come up with joint actions, especially in the city's most vulnerable communities, which are home to some 400,000 people, according to Pérez's estimates.
The network was created through an IDDI project to promote education and communication. "We talk about the issue in plain language, because one of the hurdles to eliminating barriers is that information on climate change is still couched in scientific terms, and the message doesn't reach the public," she said.
A study that the IDDI published in July states that 13 of the country's 31 provinces face high or very high vulnerability to climate change, including Santo Domingo, the country's industrial and economic hub, as well as provinces along the border with Haiti. (The Dominican Republic covers two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, and Haiti makes up the remaining portion.)
The study says that one of the top priorities is capacity-building to raise the level of awareness of the local population on the risks they face. "There are many families who live in those areas as if they had adapted to the danger," said Luis Alejo, coordinator of the IDDI risk management group.
The strategy followed by his unit in communities at risk of natural disasters is to sensitise people about the dangers to which they are exposed, while strengthening local capacities of prevention, mitigation and response to extreme weather events.
"There is a national system that includes municipal prevention committees, but they have to be rooted in, and accompanied by, the grassroots level. Neighbourhood organisations and associations, clubs and churches must be included in the process of training, capacity-building and coordination," Alejo told IPS.
The support includes supplying the tools for local residents to act in an organised manner in case of floods, landslides or other emergencies, such as loudspeakers, generators, radio equipment, shovels, wheelbarrows, flashlights and other elements.
© Inter Press Service (2012) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service
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History of Rapa Nui
Your location: Welcome! (Main page) / Culture, history / History of Rapa Nui
Was the first highest rank leader of Easter Island, he is believed to have brought his people on 2 boats more than 1.000 (perhaps even 1.700) years ago to the island.
Western literature refers to Hotu Matu'a as to "Rapa Nui's first king", although it is known that there were no real kings, but rather tribal rulers in Polynesia, we continue to use this term. Hotu Matu'a was considered the "Ariki Mau" by the locals, this meaning sort of a "major leader" or "highest ruler".
The settlement of the island
With certainly we can affirm that Easter Island has been inhabited for over 1.200 years. But, specialists still debate on when the first settlers lead by the legendary Hotu Matu'a arrived.
Specialists consider that the island was colonized sometime between 300 BC and 800 BC. Pollen analysis, DNA analysis and also the studies of local legends point out to various periods between this interval. Of course, some people might have arrived later and others earlier, but it is generally accepted by the great public that the island was uninhabited before 300 BC, despite the fact that there is scientific evidence that Easter Island was inhabited before Hotu Matu'a's arrival.
According to the legends, the Ariki Mau, Hotu Matu'a arrived from an island or group of island called Hiva. Linguistic analysis of the Rapa Nui language suggests that the place of origin was the Marquesas Islands.
Legends say that a person called Hau-Maka (Haumaka) had a dream in which his spirit travelled to an island located far away in order to look for new land for the ruler Hotu Matu'a.
Hau-Maka's dream trip took him to the Mata Ki Te Rangi, meaning "Eyes that look to the Sky", an island located in the center of the Earth. This piece of land was called "Te Pito 'o the Kainga", meaning "center of the Earth".
After Hau-Maka woke up, he told about his dream to Motu Matu'a, the supreme leader who ordered 7 men to travel to the island. So they did and they return to Hiva with the news that indeed, there is new land far away. Following this discovery, Hotu Matu'a traveled with 2 boats with settlers and colonized what we call today "Easter Island".
Several hundreds of years ago a bloody conflict had broken out on Easter Island. This is attributed to a variety of factors: remoteness, overpopulation, deforestation, tribal rivalry.
Easter Island is one of the most isolated islands
in the World. Even today, if you fly with a modern airplane from Santiago,
Chile, it takes 5-6 hours to get there. Imagine how difficult it was about
1.500 years ago!
It is believed that this island was formed by ancient volcanic eruptions.
Roggeveen, the Dutch discoverer of the island had estimated a number of 2.000 - 3.000 inhabitants in 1722. But specialists analyzed the bones, the legends and have come to the conclusion that around the 1500s and the 1700s there could have been as many as 10.000 - 15.000 people living on the island.
Overpopulation could have been the primary reason why the locals started fighting each other. This is believed to have lead to the splitting of the population into several tribes, families. Some think there were 2 tribes fighting, others believe there were multiple families.
During the fights, many moai statues and ahu platforms were destroyed, magnificent statues pulled down. Perhaps it was a revenge against the god(s)? Or just because of anger at the constructors? Perhaps the towards the ancestors who had cut down so many trees in order to move the statues?
The tribal wars have even lead to cannibalism.
During Roggeveen's visit it was noticeable that life on the island has degenerated due to deforestation and the depletion of the island's natural resources.
Today, Easter Island has very few trees, this is due to the fact that the locals had used up all wood for firewood, boat and house construction, but certainly have irresponsibly cut down large amounts of trees for building tools to move and put the moai into place.
Once there were forests of palm trees on Rapa Nui, now the only palm trees that exist were planted. So are all other trees which were brought here from other islands and the Americas.
The disappearing of forests has coincided with the conflict on the island. There was not enough wood to make fishing boats, therefore the islands could forget about going out for fishing and also about leaving the island! The disappearance of wood has also led to the decrease of the number of bids, which could not construct nests anymore. The locals found themselves stuck for good on what they believed to be the "Center of Earth".
The discovery of Easter Island
On Sunday, April 5th, 1722, the first Europeans arrived to the island called by locals "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Because it was discovered on Easter, it was named "Easter Island".
The discoverer was Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutch captain.
The name we hear so often, "Rapa Nui" is a newer one, given to the island by Polynesians in the mid 1800.
The oldest name known for this island is "Te Pito 'o Te Henua".
Over 800 statues are today on the island, but when Roggeveen discovered Easter Island, these were in pretty good shape, many in place. Afterwards many have fallen. It is generally believed that there were revolts, conflicts and the islanders pulled them down. There even are theories that point out to the possibility of tsunami tidal waves, which could have demolished moai statues, for example it is strongly suggested that the site of Ahu Tongariki was destroyed by such a force coming from the ocean.
Recovery from the conflicts, colonization and more tragedy
Following the drastic decrease of population induced by the tribal violence and famine, Rapa Nui had recovered only by the mid 1800s, when about 4.000 people lived there. But in the 1800s and the 1900s, more and more Europeans and South Americans arrived to Easter Island, which had become part of Chile in 1888.
Tragically many Rapa Nui people were forcefully deported to Peru and Chile, many others died of diseases brought in by the white man.
All these have almost lead to the extermination of the whole population. In 1877 only 111 Rapa Nui people existed on the island.
Later, the island's population took a positive turn and many Polynesians, Amerindians and white men from Chile and Peru came to settle here.
Today tourism, fishing, some agriculture account for the main economic resources of the island. In fact, tourism which so far helped the island may be its biggest threat as more and more people flock to this tiny triangular land on a weekly basis.