text:
Cultural Deprivation is a term referring to the absence of certain expected and acceptable cultural phenomena in the environment which results in the failure of the individual to communicate and respond in the most appropriate manner within the context of society. Language acquisition and language use are commonly used in assessing this concept.
Proponents of this term argue that the culture of the people in the working class (regardless of race, gender, ethnicity and other factors) is inherently deficient and different from the middle class.
According to this theory, this deprivation results in the working class remaining always poor and unable to leave their class to higher classes.
Cultural Deprivation refers to the social class structure of society. How the middle class gain cultural capital via primary socialization compared to that of the working class who have been socialized differently without this culture capital. Culture capital is what helps the middle class succeed in the capitalist system of society; the norms and values the middle class lean help their educational achievement and employability. The working class members of society that lack culture capital do not pass it on to their children, reproducing the class system (Willis (1977) Learning to Labour). Morais Suggests that middle class children's culture capital allows them to communicate with their middle class teachers more effectively than the working class children which Morias et al suggest is a contributor in the inequality between social classes.
With arguments from Bourdieu (understanding Bourdieu 2004 webb et al) that state schools are set up to make everybody middle class whereby only the middle class and some high achieving working class can achieve this. Continuing his argument that exams suit the middle class, academic work meets the strengths of the middle class leaving the working class trying to meet the expected standards of others strengths with their weaknesses. The culture deprivation from a Marx perspective suggests that the material and resources available to the working class is limited, thus are educated poorly before entering the first steps of education. Some pupils start school with the ability to read at a low level, some can't even write their name. This shows the difference in opportunity and values that create a culture deprivation for the working class at a very early age.
- Willis, P. (1977) How working class kids get working class jobs. Learning to Labour. Saxon House
- Webb, J. Schirato, T and Danaher, G. (2002) Understand Bourdieu. Saga Publication
- Morais, A. Neves, I. Davies, B. Daniels, H. (2001) Towards a Sociology of Pedagogy. New York: Peter Lang
Further reading
- Bernstein, B. (2002) Educational Codes and Social Control, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 23: 4. (The whole of this edition is useful for understanding Basil Bernstein).
- Chitty, C. (2002) Education and Social Class. The Political Quarterly, 73 (2), pp. 208 – 210.
- Legewie, J. and DiPrete, T. A. (2012) School Context and the Gender Gap in Educational Achievement. American Sociological Review, 77, (3), pp. 463 – 485.
- Leathwood, C. and Archer, L. (2004) 'Social class and educational inequalities: the local and the global', in Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 12, (1).
- Leicester, M. (1991). Equal Opportunities in School: Social Class, Sexuality, Race, Gender and Special Needs, Harlow, Longman.
- Mac an Ghaill, M. (1996) 'Sociology of Education, state schooling and social class: beyond critiques of the New Right hegemony', British Journal of Sociology of Education, 17: 163-176.
- Marks, G. N. (2011) Issues in the Conceptualisation and Measurement of Socioeconomic Background: Do Different Measures Generate Different Conclusions? Social Indicators Research, 104, (2), pp. 225 – 251.
- Reay, D. (2001) "Finding or losing yourself?': working-class relationships to education', Journal of Education Policy 16(4): 333-346.
- "Cultural deprivation". Biology online. 3 October 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2013.


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The Power of DryFire
It is most likely strange to you that an article from an ammo manufacturer is discussing on dry fire (training without live ammunition). However, if skill improvement is really the focus, then we would be remised not to discuss this valuable tool. Dryfire is talked about in many circles of the competitive and tactical communities. Opinions and use vary across the spectrum and are often polarizing. Let's be honest, putting thousands of rounds down range requires, a lot of ammo and a lot of time. These 2 components are often not available in large quantity for most people out there pursuing excellence in a shooting discipline.
Dryfire allows an individual to acquire a very large volume of repetitions of key skill sets required in most 3gun, USPSA, IDPA and Precision matches. The term "muscle memory" is often used to describe the benefit of this activity. The better explanation is getting enough reps that you can turn what started out as a conscious action (or something you must think about in detail to achieve) to a subconscious action (something you do without thinking about the specific mechanics of the operation). THIS IS HUGE in practical application.
The complexities of executing a stage plan occupy all the availability of the conscious mind, so to maximize this stream of data in your mind, you do not want to be thinking consciously about the mechanics of a good draw, or a pistol mag change or how to dump a shotgun and remember to actuate the safety. These actions need to happen on their own due to significant repetitions and the driver is the most economical method to acquire these skills.
If you have been convinced by the arguments above that dry fire is a practice you need to adopt, you are probably asking yourself how to structure this and what this training looks like. The good news is there are a lot of resources out there that give you good direction. Ben Stoeger has several books on the topic for USPSA that can easily be adopted for 3Gun. Dry fire targets are available through several resources as well. One key point to consider, is that a dry fire session does not need to be lengthy to be successful. 15 to 30min is a lengthy session when you consider how many pistols, draws, mag changes and gun manipulations can be done in that period of time. Fatigue will bring about bad habits to be thoughtful as to how you are feeling as you start to build a program for yourself. In conclusion,don't, forgot this valuable tool. Dry fire is not a substitute for live fire, but rather a valuable addition to your overall training regimen.
Josh T.


Nov 07
The new ListView control has two properties that you might confuse when you start using the control. As you may have guessed by this post, they have different purposes (but they"re both templates).
The EmptyDataItem lets you set the aspect of the control when its DataSource property is null,,)ie, the control will render that template when it has no items to show).
The EmptyItemTemplate is used only when you"re using grouping. When you do that, your control will output something like this:
A | B | C
D |E | F
In the previous schema, each group has at most 3 elements: each line represents a group and each letter represents an item that the control is showing. Now suppose that in the previous example you only have 5 elements:
A | B | C
D |E | XXX
If you specify a template for the EmptyItemTemplate property, then the control will render the XXX item with the contents you specify in that template.
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 1. nauman
 6:20 am - 1-20-2010
 2. Nauman Ahmed
 6:21 am - 1-20-2010
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The Psychology of Place Attachment: Why We Are Connected to Locations
Edited by Lina Maragha
"Home is where the heart is" a phrase repeated by many, is a quote that I find myself wondering about. As I sit at my desk and look at my computer which houses the entirety of university for me this year, I find my thoughts wondering off about somewhere else I would rather be. Not just anywhere, a place that I love, where the people are kind, my experiences have been memorable and my visits frequent. Place attachment is the connection one has to their favourite destination, home or location. It can be made meaningful through independent or group experiences. The psychological process of place attachment is driven by three factors, affect, cognition, and behaviour.
The Affect
We as people can bond with our locations. There is an emotional connection that may occur between person and place when it satisfies a "human need". These places bring feelings of "well-being" and "pride". It works the other way as well, in places you might have had a traumatic experience in, it is likely you will be averse to it. For example, a childhood home may be of significance but it does not always have to be associated with positive feelings.
Similar to the way music and songs bring back memories so can our location. Place attachment in response to cognition is the personal connection and meaning you can have with a given destination. These may be cottages, cities or other areas that you have frequented which is common in people and this can show "one's self-concept".
Behaviour refers to interpersonal attachment and the closeness one remains to the location that is missed. This occurs when there is a positive bond to somewhere you have been and your efforts to return or the distance you keep in order to increase visits. Homesickness expresses the bond one may have for their homes after being away for long periods of time and their longing to return.
We may have personal connections to locations however, it can also be the people we were there with that grow our desire to return. Positive experiences with groups of individuals can draw out intense memories when looking back. Experiences can "create meaning". Something many of us have heard during the pandemic is "its not New York without New Yorkers," and I think this is true of many places right now. The energy that was once there is no longer. One important location I think students are missing is campus. A large part of university is the experiences and people you meet along the way. For some who live close, they can take a walk through campus but it is not the same without the constant energy from the student body. As for others who live further from their friends and school it can bring up emotions that cause one to reflect on happy memories.
However, school is certainly not the only place we could be longing for right now. Here are some suggestions to help you feel closer to your favourite place:
Homesick Candles
This is a company that sells candles with the scents of several different states and countries that you may be in desire to return to.
One of my favourite things to do while being home is to research some movies or shows that were filmed in the location I am missing. It is a lot of fun to watch and remember visiting the sights.
Look back on pictures you took when visiting last and FaceTime a friend to talk about the fun times and happy memories you made together.
Enjoy food that brings up nostalgic feelings.
Music is powerful and can have strong connections to moments in our lives. Refer back to what you were listening to when you last visited your favourite place.
Gifford, Robert, Scannell, Leila. (2008, September 22). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework.


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Why we want what we want: A new book looks to explain it all Add to...
"The enjoyment we get from something derives from what we think that thing is.... For a painting, it matters who the artist was; for a story, it matters whether it is truth or fiction; for a steak, we care about what sort of animal it came from; for sex, we are strongly affected by who we think our sexual partner really is."
More Related to this Story
In How Pleasure Works: The New Science of Why We Like What We Like, Yale psychologist Paul Bloom looks at how things gratify us, from sex, food and art, to celebrity memorabilia and our own imaginations.
Drawing on research in neuroscience, child development and behavioural economics, Prof. Bloom argues that while human sexual desires used to be driven by evolution, many today have little to do with survival or reproduction. He spoke with The Globe and Mail from New Haven, Conn.
You write that pleasure is rooted in essentialism. What do you mean by that?
The argument that I make in my book concerning sexuality and romance is that what arouses us isn't just superficial. We don't merely respond to certain sights, smells and sensations. Rather, a lot of our response is dictated by who we think we're responding to. Essentialism has an adaptive benefit. It pays off, from an evolutionary point of view, to care about invisible aspects of people, to fall in love with specific individuals.
What about the places where pleasure veers off evolutionary course, like fetishes? You write about foot and high heel shoe fetishists. You say we aren't sexually aroused by trees but there is objectum sexuality disorder, with people falling for roller coasters and the Eiffel Tower. How do you explain that in terms of pleasure?
If anybody tells you they know what's going on in fetishes, they're lying to you. Nobody has the foggiest idea. People tell their cockamamie behaviourist stories, which is that someone is approaching sexual release and his eyes happen to fall upon a woman's shoe. But why a shoe? Why not an alarm clock, or a lamp?
You preface a discussion on pleasure and sexual fetishes such as foot fetishes with a turkey study conducted in the 1950s, in which male turkeys were aroused by a lifelike model of a female turkey. The researchers began taking the replica apart, eventually leaving only the head behind, but the turkeys were still trying to mount the head.
Male turkeys are just turkeys. They can be aroused by very minimal stimuli.
"People can be turkeys," you write. "We can be transfixed by a body part while being indifferent to the person who comes with it."
That's the way fetishes are stupid. They're stupid because they're like the male turkey trying to mount the head. You're triggered by something, like a foot or something, without access to all the richness and complexity of normal desire.
What about pornography, which is far more widespread than foot fetishes? You point out that even animals look at porn, describing experiments with rhesus monkeys who gave up their fruit juice to look at photos of female monkey hindquarters.
Monkey porn.
Why do humans get pleasure from pornographic images?
The story of pornography is an accident. We've grown smart enough that we can fool ourselves into thinking we're looking at real world things. [Pornography]works by exploiting the fact that to some extent, we're indifferent to the difference between reality and fiction.
You quote psychologist Geoffrey Miller, who argued that the human penis evolved to be longer, thicker and more flexible than the penises of other primates so that men can give women more sexual pleasure, and that women are drawn to men who can give them that. You also point out that women don't have to orgasm to get pregnant. So what is the evolutionary benefit of that particular pleasure?
It's a huge debate - and I'm agnostic. One view is that it's an adaptation, that [female]orgasm helps the intake of sperm or facilitates pair bonding between males and females. If the female receives a rush of pleasure, she becomes more attached to the male and all sorts of good things arise from it. The other view is that it's an accident, that the female clitoris is just a homologue of a male penis.
You argue that our minds and sexuality are "not rationally calibrated to modern times." You point out society's unrelenting focus on virginity with people like Natalie Dylan, who tried to auction off her virginity.
For men, virginity matters a lot and there's an evolutionary rationale for that. The man can be confident that any children arising from sexual contact are his. From a genetic point of view, the worst possible fate for a man is to devote his life to raising children that do not contain his genetic material. That's from the natural selection point of view.... Humans are smart enough to create social systems where the genes don't really matter, but our biology and our minds have not evolved to be that smart. A lot of our desires are calibrated from our evolutionary past and they don't make sense, but that doesn't make them go away.
At the same time, you write that the mind is ultimately much more than a "Machiavellian schemer" or "data cruncher:" it's also an "entertainment centre, shaped by the forces of sexual selection to give pleasure to others."
What some evolutionary theorists argue, somewhat convincingly, is that a lot of what goes on when there are forces of evolution at play is that we be entertaining to one another. This is because we select each other as mates, as friends. They could please you by being pretty, funny and clever, so we've evolved to be pretty and funny and clever.
Does it take some of the pleasure out of pleasure to dissect it like this?
People always wonder that. There's a quote from Keats about the rainbow being less pretty once it was explained, but I don't think so. A theory of why you like art or sex or food doesn't make the pleasure go away. If anything, it has the chance of enhancing it because once you know how something works, you can exploit that knowledge for your own pleasurable benefit.
This interview has been condensed and edited.
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This project investigates the neglected history of secularism in the United States. In contemporary political and academic discourse, the nineteenth century is imagined as a golden age of religious activism. By focusing on a series of Church-State controversies across the nineteenth century, this project uncovers a popular and flourishing secularist movement dedicated to removing religion from the public square. The study thus shows that secularism, which historians have relegated to the margins of the American past, was in fact a powerful movement in terms of its impact on nineteenth-century society and its legacy for Americans today.
|Effective start/end date
|30/06/13 → 13/11/18
- Australian Research Council (ARC): A$83,512.00
- Australian Research Council (ARC): A$255,000.00

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Configure Blob Storage with Private Access
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Learn On Demand Pro Series
45 minutes
In this IT Pro Challenge virtual lab, learners configure an Azure storage account with a private blob container, use it to upload a file and make this container available through a shared access signature. Those pursuing Data Analyst, Network Engineering, and System Administrator careers benefit from allocating and using cloud storage.
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This virtual lab will prepare you to create and customize Azure storage in a private blob (a setup to hold vast amounts of data) container and make it selectively available through a shared access signature. You will also upload a file to the container, use Bash through Cloud Shell to run commands, and check your work after completing each exercise. Upon completion of this lab, you will know how to allocate storage capacity and manage container access effectively.
Beginning learners who have used a Windows system and a command-line interface will have adequate preparation to succeed in this guided virtual lab. It is recommended that lab participants set aside a full thirty-minute time block to do lab exercises in one sitting. Learners will not be able to come back to lab activities in progress. However, participants may take the virtual lab more than once. Learners who have a file ready for upload before starting the lab will find it helpful in completing the lab more effectively. The lab sets up an Azure portal with a resource group and web app already provisioned.
If you pursue a career as a System Administrator, Network Engineer, Cyber Operator, Data Analyst, or Microsoft Azure Cloud Engineers, you will want to take this virtual lab. You will learn how to customize and allocate storage accounts effectively, manage private containers to allow only authorized users, and upload data from a system to the cloud storage. Furthermore, you will enter and manipulate Bash commands in Azure Cloud Shell to set up a shared access signature helpful in safeguarding a private storage container, while allowing authorized users access. Much work to manage systems, networks, storage, and security happens inside Azure cloud shell, and this lab expands Bash knowledge.
Understanding the Scenario:
You are a system administrator for a company that is migrating its application services from its data center to Azure. You need to create and deploy an Azure virtual machine that hosts Windows Server 2016 Datacenter. You also need to add a data disk to the virtual machine and implement Azure Disk Encryption as a proof of concept.
Create a Storage Account That Has a Blob Container:
In this virtual lab portion, you will create and configure a storage account. Then, you will add a blob container and set the public access to private. By making the storage private, you cannot read the container contents unless you have a key or the credentials. Azure automatically assigns a primary key when you create the storage account.
Upload Files to the Storage Account:
The lab exercise asks you to upload a file, you have on hand, to the private storage account created previously. You can add metadata, information about the file's contents when you upload or afterward. Metadata consists of key-value pairs and helps you to organize and retrieve data. For example, if you ever upload four hundred videos, you can track different content through the metadata. Also, you can manage and manipulate metadata through applications, like Azure Cloud Shell and command-line tools.
Generate a Shared Access Signature for the Private Container:
The instructions have you enter and run commands in Bash, to generate a read-only shared access signature (SAS) for a limited period. To use Bash, you open Cloud Shell and set the storage account, through the advanced settings. In this lab exercise, you use the storage account you created in the first lab section. As a result of executing a SAS, you get a SAS token. Make sure the SAS can work for at least twenty-four hours. You use the SAS in the next lab section.
Test the Web Application:
You open the Web Application and enter the credentials (storage account name and key and SAS token) to access it. The Web App returns two URLs, one with and another without the SAS token. You check that the URL without the SAS token generates an error, and the one with the SAS token returns the file.
You will know how to create and use a private container to upload files and to manage access. Upon completion, you will:
 - Provision Azure storage.
 - Create a blob storage container that has private blob access.
 - Upload a file to the blob container.
 - Set the metadata of a blob.
 - Generate a SAS token for the storage container.
 - Verify that a web app has access to a file in the blob container.
You will also have hands-on experience with Bash in the Azure Cloud Shell, which will be handy in managing files uploaded and efficiently managing private containers.
Comprehensive Learning
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All teacher candidates wonder how to score their best on certification exams, whether they are taking the MTEL, FTCE, Praxis, or another state test. Each certification exam includes a reading comprehension section. Even the best readers often shudder when approaching this subject matter. What if your interpretation is different than what the text means? Can you even prepare for the reading comprehension portion of the exam?
Yes, you can. After reading the presented passage, one of the first things to do is determine whether the text is objective or biased. This will help you understand what you will be asked in the question portion of the exercise.
Evaluating the intent behind a written passage is beneficial not only on your certification exam but also when reading an article in a magazine, the newspaper, or online content.
Here are just a few facts to look for when reading a passage to decide whether factual or opinion-based writing.
- The language in the text is neutral, and the writer does not "take sides" on an issue.
- Both pros and cons are presented, or "all sides" of the topic.
- Multiple sources for and against the subject are offered.
- The writer's opinion includes supporting facts, and all relevant information is included.
- The writing is often emotional and leans toward the opinions of only one side of an argument or issue.
- The writer's claims or statements are usually unsupported with facts.
- The only sources used are those that support the writer's opinion.
- Facts and information from the opposing side are missing.
When you determine the difference between the two types of passages in an exam or other setting, it is easier to draw the appropriate conclusions in the writing and answer related questions in the manner that the examiners have pre-determined.
Check out our teacher certification exam prep courses to learn additional ways to improve your scores on your teacher licensure exam. It can be done!


abilities were the result of intelligence versus skills he developed (in part because of Feynman's many self-deprecating comments), and I think it should be obvious (although apparently it is not, to everyone), that Feynman was both a supergenius and he had developed a large number of unusual skills (such as techniques for mental arithmetic, solving integrals, etc).....And yet his tested IQ was only 124: if you're testing for intelligence that's a major false negative.
To not understand the point of this section in particular appears to mean that you are in the camp (with me) that agrees that he was in fact a genius, despite his disclaimers to the contrary.
Elsewhere on this page, some people apparently deny that even Feynman ever used the FeynmanAlgorithm. I believe there is strong evidence that Feynman did use it -- in addition to many, many other algorithms as well -- and that although many of his other techniques are usable by many other people, the Feynman algorithm itself is available only to a rare few.
This may be a matter of degree; some of us may be able to do the FeynmanAlgorithm at, say, 1% of the intensity that Feynman did, so really I mean "as successfully as Feynman, on problems of equal difficulty", or some such qualification.
There is no widespread controversy amongst those competent to assess his work, so I don't see the problem (notwithstanding vociferous punters). Certainly he himself employed a large number of different problem solving techniques, as would anyone skilled in his field. He also was amongst the brightest of his generation. People take this 'algorithm' far, far too literally, and as a result some fairly inane things have been said on this page.
Discussion on skill theory
Sussman is obviously both right and wrong. He's right that there are teachable, workable approaches other than the mystic-blank-mind approach. But he is completely incorrect in basically saying that the latter is a bunch of nonsense; on the contrary, the blank-mind approach actually does work for some people - but not for everyone.
It works for me in particular, which means that the onus is on Sussman to prove that it's nonsense. The null hypothesis is not knowing whether it's nonsense or not. He's taking a strong stand.
He is declaring himself to be in the category for whom it does not work, and that's fine - he's a brilliant guy who has his own obviously workable approaches to problem solving - but it's not fine for to dismiss out of hand approaches that are, in fact, well-known to work for some people, just because they don't work for him.
The blank mind approach is a way of paying attention to one's own intuitions, which basically is about the highly parallel pre-conscious processing that can create insights as a gestalt rather than as the result of a long sequence of logical steps. Such intuitions still need to be tested by logic, of course.
-- DougMerritt
Fortunately you can probably have your cake and eat it too! It appears that Sussman was only talking about gurus who tell their students that the OneTrueWay that everyone solves problems was to blank their minds. If you look at the context, he's talking about students who weren't offered by their earlier educators different ways to solve problems, and come to his MIT classes unable to solve problems any other way. (Now, I don't have a moment to watch the recording repeatedly, so I'm open to corrections on what Sussman claimed.)
In particular, he presents cute algorithms describing how people might solve problems; these are specified at high levels, which means any sort of mystical technique could certainly work, if it works for you. A trivial case is when you get the right answer immediately.
Ramanujan may be a case study here -- I believe he once explained that the goddess Namagiri game him problem-solving insights. But IIRC Hardy and Hofstadter mentioned that Ramanujan also erred, and that one good thing in his favor was that he was able to modify wrong assumptions he made. [note: when refactoring, need to cite]
-- TayssirJohnGabbour
I have no problem with that. I like the notion of multiple tools in the toolbox, and I applaud Sussman for teaching new ones. (P.S. I greatly admire Ramanujan, too, but I understand very little of his work except in broad outline.) -- DougMerritt
In his book "Indiscrete Thoughts", the mathematician Gian-Carlo Rota describes another "Feynman method":
This advice is also given by RichardWesleyHamming in YouAndYourResearch, about halfway through. Hamming and Feynman did work together, so it's unclear who should get the credit.
Don't just write the problem, write the problem in an email to Feynman, including everything that you know and tried so that He is up to speed with where you are. This forces you to organize your idea and slashes through any imaginary loops you may think you have.
When staring at the paper in zen-like meditation doesn't work, the engineer in me will sometimes resolve to brute force approaches just to get an answer and work backwards. This means busting out the protractor for geometrical problems, excel spreadsheets for those who don't code and need an answer to an iterative problem. Brute force approaches can take a lot of time and end up being dead-ends if you give up or start with the wrong assumptions, but you'll get better acquainted with the problem, that's for sure.
I have used the FeynmanAlgorithm a few times to great effect. Sometimes it is in fact possible to reason out an odd bug. It is impressive to take a bug report for seemingly impossible behavior from apparently straightforward code, think really hard, come up with the problem, and fix the bug and know your fix is right before you even test it.
From my indications, it seems to require massively parallel thinking more than anything else. Remember Feynman and the bongo drums? It was said he could play 10 beats with his right hand to 11 with his left. I'm guessing this is a different application of the same basic skill. I have learned massively parallel thinking to the point of often being to run a nondeterministic FSA in my head to solve a tricky problem. See TruckNumber for a problem that if this is understood the original definition works, otherwise it doesn't and trying to fix it results in worse definitions. --JoshuaHudson
Contrast: ExtremeAlgorithm
See Also: RichardFeynman, MysticalProgramming, UngarMethod, HeisenBug, SolveForSpecialCaseThenSolveForGeneralCase, TheoryOfInventiveProblemSolving YouAndYourResearch
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text:
Welcome to a handmade flower's blog - Camellia Bees. I will show you how to make paper Lisianthus flower. Follow my step by step tutorials to make them quickly.
You just need to prepare the simple ingredients as below:
- Crepe paper
- White floral wire
- Glue or Hot glue gun
- Tissue paper
- Floral tape
- Paint palette
Now let's to make a pretty paper Lisianthus flower by yourself!!!
Step 1: Bud of Lisianthus flower
Roll up the floral wire in a flower bud pattern using tissue paper, then grab the floral tape to wrap it tightly.
Once you have the stigma, fold the paper and cut the petals according to the pattern and size: 1inch * 2inch.
Next, glue and paste about 5-6 petals then paste into the stigma and remember to gently twist the petals with your hand.
Step 2: Calyx and leave of Lisianthus flower
Cut green crepe paper by size: 3/4 inch*1 1/2 inch, then cut calyx as shown above. Cover the bud with glue and sepals, continue using crepe paper to wrap the whole trunk of paper Lisianthus flower.
Finished the calyx is when you scan the color of the petals from outside to inside to complete.
Making leaves for Lisianthus flowers is really easy, you just need to cut green crepe paper into a square with the size: 6cm * 6cm. Then cut the square in half diagonally.
Finally you symmetrically cut the cut paper onto the floral wire and trim the leaves to make it complete.
Step 3: Main flower of paper Lisianthus
First, fold crepe paper and cut petal pattern with specific dimensions:1 1/2 inch*3 inch. Next you use color to paint each petal to get the natural color of the Lisianthus flower.
Next, Paste the successive petals similar to that in step 1 then wrap the petals into the floral wire.
Finally, make calyx and trunk to complete the main flower.
After having all the parts: buds, flowers and leaves. We glue them together with glue to complete the paper Lisianthus flower.
To follow more details to step by step to make paper Lisianthus flower. Please click and watch the video below. Hopefully, with the above easy instructions, you can complete a beautiful paper flower to decorate or make a gift for your friends or relatives. Let's try it!!!!
If you like my instructions, don't forget to click like, share and subscribe to my channel.
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Chegg Guided Solutions for Physical Science with Modern Applications 5th Edition: Chapter 17
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 - Step 1 of 2
 , all liquids are not soluble with each other.
 - Step 2 of 2
 Solvents that have polar molecules dissolve both solutes with polar molecules and solutes that are ionic. For example, sodium chloride is an ionic compound, which is dissolved in water, which is polar solvent.
 Solvents that have nonpolar molecules dissolve solutes having nonpolar molecules. For example, oil has nonpolar molecules, which are dissolved in nonpolar solvent benzene.
 Solutes that have polar molecules do not dissolve solutes having nonpolar molecules. And solutes that have nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in solvents having polar molecules.
Step-by-step solutions for this book and 2,500 others
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text:
Left to right: Cooper Rinzler PhD '17, graduate student Youyang Zhao, and MIT Assistant Professor Antoine Allanore developed new formulas for predicting which molten compounds will be semiconducting and built a high-temperature thermoelectric device to produce electricity from molten semiconducting compounds that could reuse industrial waste heat.Credit: Denis Paiste/Materials Processing Center
The beauty of something like this is that we can capture both, we can improve waste heat collection, which we may care about from an energy savings perspective, but industry is encouraged to use it because it actually benefits them in the context that they care about directly as well.
Charles Cooper Rinzler, PhD '17
Antoine Allanore's research group is offering a solution to the large amounts of wasted heat energy from glass and steel makers: a liquid thermoelectric device with a molten compound of tin and sulfur. This compound can efficiently convert waste heat to electricity, opening the way to affordably transforming waste heat to power at high temperatures.


text:
Skin protection from cosmetic chemicals
Minimize the amount of chemicals your skin absorbs from cosmetics
It is important to check the ingredients contained in your favorite cosmetics because you may not realize that what you put on your skin can be directly absorbed. It has been found that women can absorb up to five pounds of chemicals from their makeup alone each year. Skin protection from chemical ingredients in cosmetics can help decrease skin irritations and possibly decrease your risk of developing cancer. Some cosmetic ingredients, such as parabens, have been recently linked to cancer.
Skin MD Natural Shielding Lotion strengthens the skin's natural barrier, blocking chemicals and irritants and increasing skin protection. When applied before makeup Skin MD Natural can help reduce the amount of chemicals your skin absorbs from cosmetic products.
Skin protection from these chemicals is important
- Benzyl Acetate is a solvent that is used in many cosmetics and personal care products. It is easily absorbed by the skin and has been linked to prostate cancer.
- Benzethonium Chloride is an anti-microbial agent that can be found in moisturizers. It can cause major health issues, as it is an immune system toxicant and possible organ system toxicant. It has also been linked to triggering asthma.
- Parabens are used as a preservative in a number of skin care products to extend their shelf life. They can cause allergic reactions to those with sensitive skin. Even worse, parabens have been linked to breast cancer.
- Petroleum is an inexpensive skin softener found in a number of facial and body care products. Research has shown that petroleum may contain cancer-causing contaminants.
Skin protection from chemicals with natural skin care products
There are no federal guidelines for the beauty industry when it comes to labeling a product as natural, so be sure to check the full ingredient label and don't be fooled. If you want to keep your skin soft and smooth without the risk of toxic chemicals try Skin MD Natural Shielding Lotion, it's over 93% all natural. Our special blend of active natural ingredients and scientific advances protect and hydrate skin without toxic ingredients.
Dermatologists have realized the importance of skin protection against chemicals and the value of natural ingredients which is why board-certified dermatologist Dr. Lisa Benest says, "I trust Skin MD Natural for my patients with dry skin. There are no artificial colors or fragrances and the ingredients are natural."
Eco Friendly, Cruelty Free and Vegan Skin Care
Skin MD Natural and Skin MD Natural + SPF 15 are manufactured in the United States using 100% solar power, free of animal products and animal testing.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. What Is a Delaware Holding Company?
2. Holding Company Controversy
3. Requirements for Delaware Holding Companies
4. How to Start a Delaware Holding Company
Updated July 13, 2020:
The Delaware holding company requirements are very important for parent and holding companies to follow. A parent company can form a holding company in the state of Delaware to hold certain assets of the larger company. If the requirements are not followed properly, the parent company can face lawsuits or even have their holding company shut down.
What Is a Delaware Holding Company?
Holding companies in Delaware were formed because of the state income tax law, which made it possible for foreign companies (those not formed in the state of Delaware) to be partially tax-exempt.
The tax code of Delaware states that corporations that operate within the state boarders only to maintain and manage their investments, intangible property, or trusts that are registered with the Investment Company Act of 1940 as investment companies may be exempt from corporate taxation.
Due to this taxation treatment for such companies, businesses began setting up corporations in Delaware that would act as sort of tax-exempt boxes to put their intangible assets in, called holding companies. These intangible assets or investments include things such as:
 - Stocks
 - Bonds
 - Notes
 - Patents
 - Patent applications
 - Trademarks
 - Trade names
 - Trade secrets
Delaware holding companies are frequently used to hold different types of intellectual property as well as investments. These companies are subsidiaries of larger companies that own the rights to any of the assets held there. The parent company gets licenses for access to those assets, which gives royalties back to the subsidiary company. The fees paid for the licensure are tax deductible. Therefore, using a holding company doesn't add much cost to the operations of the parent company.
Holding Company Controversy
Some states take issue with the idea of holding companies because they see it as a loss of tax revenue that should be theirs. Certain states have actually sued multinational companies such as Victoria's Secret, Radio Shack, and Home Depot in an effort to recover the taxes they missed out on.
Holding companies do offer companies an opportunity to save money, but they can also lead to audits and lawsuits. The states that allow holding companies don't usually have a problem with the practice. However, the states where the companies are primarily doing business sometimes feel they are being cheated out of tax dollars.
The audits and lawsuits the state pursues against holding companies are usually meant to prove that the holding company is only set up to avoid paying taxes. They attempt to prove that the holding company doesn't conduct any business in the state in which it is formed but simply hides assets from taxation.
Requirements for Delaware Holding Companies
Holding companies formed in Delaware must be careful to meet all the necessary requirements to help avoid audits and legal issues. It is essential that the holding company maintains a separate identity from the parent company and a status of good standing with the SOS (Secretary of State). Some of these critical requirements include:
 - Not allowing the holding company to conduct any business beyond simply managing intangible assets.
 - Not allowing the holding company to purchase any property that isn't necessary to manage the parent company's assets.
 - Keeping the holding company up-to-date with all fees and filing requirements with the state.
 - Keeping up with all debt payments required of the holding company.
 - Maintaining the right amount of capital in the holding company necessary to manage the parent company's assets.
 - Maintaining a separate legal identity from any owners or members of the holding company.
 - Maintaining separate records and bank accounts from other companies, including its parent company.
 - Filing separate tax returns from those of the parent company.
Delaware holding companies should also be sure to keep up with all the basic requirements for corporations, like holding annual meetings, filing documents with the state, etc.
How to Start a Delaware Holding Company
To start a holding company in the state of Delaware, you'll follow the basic steps for starting an LLC or corporation in the state. The business's main address should be within the state borders. All Delaware holding companies must adhere to state laws regarding their:
 - Formation
 - Operation
 - Taxation
 - Contracts.
The best way to start and maintain a successful Delaware holding company is to get counsel from an experienced business lawyer.


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Small reservoirs are important to flood control and water resource utilization in local areas. This study proposes a WebGIS-based flood control management system to support the flood discharge of small reservoirs during intensive rainfall in the flood season. The agile software development method and a loosely coupled structure are used to combine multidisciplinary knowledge from different experts. A flood level forecasting model for reservoirs in humid regions is established based on rainfall and water level measurements. It aims to provide concise information for reservoir managers to choose an appropriate discharging scheme, so that the capacity is maintained in a safe range on the next day. Using the Hengshan Reservoir in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River as an example, the model verification reveals that it is acceptable for rainfall events whose daily amount is near or above 100 mm (the heavy rainstorm level in China), and the system is verified by a trial operation during the typhoon season. While most existing flood control systems focus on river basins and large reservoirs, this study considers the data availability and practical flood discharging scenario of small reservoirs, and provides a useful tool for flood control management.
- flood control management
- limited hydrological measurements
- lower reaches of the Yangtze River
- small reservoir
- First received 11 May 2016.
- Accepted in revised form 29 September 2016.
- © IWA Publishing 2017


text:
So long as the true-or-false-test of the
returns a true value when it is evaluated, the body is repeatedly
evaluated. This process is called a loop since the Lisp interpreter
repeats the same thing again and again, like an airplane doing a loop.
When the result of evaluating the true-or-false-test is false, the
Lisp interpreter does not evaluate the rest of the
expression and 'exits the loop'.
Clearly, if the value returned by evaluating the first argument to
while is always true, the body following will be evaluated
again and again... and again... forever. Conversely, if the
value returned is never true, the expressions in the body will never
be evaluated. The craft of writing a
while loop consists of
choosing a mechanism such that the true-or-false-test returns true
just the number of times that you want the subsequent expressions to
be evaluated, and then have the test return false.
The value returned by evaluating a
while is the value of the
true-or-false-test. An interesting consequence of this is that a
while loop that evaluates without error will return
or false regardless of whether it has looped 1 or 100 times or none at
while expression that evaluates successfully never
returns a true value! What this means is that
while is always
evaluated for its side effects, which is to say, the consequences of
evaluating the expressions within the body of the
This makes sense. It is not the mere act of looping that is desired,
but the consequences of what happens when the expressions in the loop
are repeatedly evaluated.


text:
Getting into New Orleans at 1 am because of "mechanical trouble" meant that I haven't been at my best so far. But I've already heard one amazing talk today.
Luc Devroye gave the ANALCO plenary lecture on "Weighted Heights of Random Trees", based on work with his students Erin McLeish and Nicolas Broutin. After having sat through many talks with titles like this, I generally approach them with great caution and with a clear escape route. But...
This was an amazing exposition of a topic that could have become dry and terse, and essentially incomprehensible, within a slide or two. He had jokes, (that were funny), a global plan for the material, enough technical material that I went away feeling like I'd learnt something, and intuition galore. And the work itself is very beautiful.
So what was it all about? The problem is really quite simple to state. Suppose I give you a (random) weighted binary tree, where nodes attach to parents randomly, and edges may have weights chosen randomly. What is the maximum height of such a tree?
The standard application for such a tool is in analyzing binary search trees. The height of a such a tree controls the running time of an algorithm that needs to use it. And there's now a vast literature analyzing both the asymptotics of the height distribution (basically it's sharply concentrated around 2 log n) and the specific constants (the maximum height of a random binary search tree is roughly 4.3 log n, and the minimum is around 0.37 log n).
The "master goal" that Devroye described in his talk was this: Suppose I have a general way of attaching nodes to parents (that leads to a general distribution on subtree sizes), and a general way of attaching weights to edges (rather than being deterministically 1 for binary search trees). Such a general model captures the analysis of tries (trees on strings that are very important in text searching), geometric search structures like k-d trees, and even restricted preferential attachment models in social network analysis (Think of the edges as hyperlinks, and the height of the tree as the diameter of a web tree).
Is there a generic theorem that can be applied to all of these different situations, so that you can plug in a set of distributions that describes your process, and out pops a bound on the height of your tree? It turns out that you can (with some technical conditions). The method uses two-dimensional large-deviation theory: can you estimate the probability of a sum of random variables being bounded by some function, while at the same time ensuring that some other sum of random variables (that might depend slightly on the first) is also bounded?
An example of a 1D large deviation result is of course a Chernoff bound. Devroye showed that a 2D large deviation bound for the height of such trees can be expressed in a similar form using the so-called Cramér exponent, something that will probably not be surprising to experts in large deviation theory. After that, the analysis for any tree process becomes a whole lot easier. You have to analyze the corresponding Cramér function for your distributions, and a bound (with a constant; no big-O nonsense here!) pops out.
He also talked about a neat extension of this method to analyzing the "skinnyness" of k-d tree decompositions, showing that for a kind of "relaxed" k-d tree construction, the skinniest cell can be extremely skinny (having a super-linear aspect ratio). It's the kind of result that I imagine would be very difficult to prove without such a useful general theorem.


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As if deadly sinkholes and Burmese pythons weren't enough, now Florida may find itself contending with another summer of giant mosquitoes that pack a ferocious bite, LiveScience reports. Dubbed gallinippers, the quarter-sized mosquitoes hatch after a flood or rainstorm, and saw a bumper crop after Tropical Storm Debby struck Florida last summer. Now another rainy season could produce even more: "I wouldn't be surprised, given the numbers we saw last year," says an entomologist.
A gallinipper is 20 times the size of a typical mosquito, "and it's mean, and it goes after people, and it bites, and it hurts," says Anthony Pelaez of Tampa's Museum of Science and Industry. A gallinipper bite "feels like you're being stabbed." What's more, they may be resistant to bug repellent (the Orlando Sentinel recommends a DEET-containing repellent all the same) and like to strike fish, wild animals, and pets. Neat factoid: Entomologists don't always recognize the term "gallinipper," which arose in Southern folk culture. But the insect's first mention dates back to 1897, when a writer called it "the shyest, slyest, meanest and most venomous of them all." (Read more mosquito stories.)


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A new type of heat pump being developed at Purdue University could allow residents in cold climates to cut their heating bills in half.
Heat pumps provide heating in winter and cooling in summer but are not efficient in extreme cold climates.
"With this technology, we can maintain the efficiency of the heat pump even when it gets pretty cold outside," said Eckhard Groll, a professor of mechanical engineering who is working on the project.
The innovation aims to improve efficiency in general but is especially practical for boosting performance in cold climates. The new heat pumps might be half as expensive to operate as heating technologies now used in cold regions where natural gas is unavailable and residents rely on electric heaters and liquid propane.
"We'll be able to extend the geographical range where heat pumps can apply," said W. Travis Horton, an assistant professor of civil engineering. "So this could open up a whole new market."
Researchers expect to complete a prototype by the end of the three-year, $1.3 million project.
The new technology works by modifying the conventional vapor-compression cycle behind standard air conditioning and refrigeration.
"This could be a relatively simple modification to existing heat pumps, refrigeration and air conditioning systems," said James Braun, a professor of mechanical engineering.
For more information on the Purdue heat pump project, visit _URL_.


text:
|The Pulaski Project
by Betsey Russell
Ed Pulaski may be best known for the firefighting tool he invented, a cross between an ax and a hoe that bears his name and. still is used in firefighting today. But Pulaski's heroics during the 1910 wildfIres that devastated the forests of North Idaho, Eastern Washington and Montana tell an even more compelling story, one - that Silver Valley residents hope will draw tourists and others to a historic site, trail and interpretive center.
|Photo courtesy of Museum of North Idaho|
This undated photo was taken at the mouth of War Eagle Mine, now known as the Pulaski Tunnel, near Wallace. The tunnel is named for Ed Pulaski, who invented the handy tool that kept forest firefighters from having to carry both an ax and a hoe. He was a Forest Service ranger in Wallace in August 1910 when the woods exploded into a firestorm, trapping 1,800 firefighters between Wallace and Avery. Drawingbn his knowledge of the area, Pulaski led his45-man crew to safety in the abandoned mine. Pictured are Joe Helm, left, and a man identified only as McKay.
Long before he invented the handy tool that kept forest fire-fighters from having to carry both an ax and a hoe, Pulaski was a Forest Service ranger in Wallace in August 1910 when the woods exploded into a fIrestorm, trapping 1,800 firefighters between Wallace and Avery.
Drawing on his knowledge of the area, Pulaski led his 45-man crew to safety in an abandoned mine, now known as the Pulaski Tunnel. There, they lay face down through a suffocating night of smoke and heat. Their leader kept some from panicking and heading outside to certain death with the end of his pistol. He beat, out flaming timbers at the mine's entrance with horse blankets and mine water he gathered in his hat.
Though the whole group lost consciousness during that night, including Pulaski, nearly all survived, and crawled back through the smoking, charred woods to Wallace in the morning.
"The fire was so hot that it killed the fish in the creek," said Jim See, a guidance counselor and teacher at Mullan High School. "When the firefighters came out, they could not sit on the rocks because they were so hot beside the creek."
See is an avid hiker and amateur historian who noticed that the historic tunnel site and the trail leading to it have been deteriorating, and feared they could soon be lost forever.
Now, a Silver Valley group is working to restore the historic site and trail, build a new trailhead and historic markers and eventually create a national wildfire education center and museum at the trailhead site.
"It's already on the National Register of Historie Places," See said. "And so is the escape route."
The project is now known as the Pulaski Project, and work is scheduled to start this summer on restoring, realigning and marking the trail and the tunnel entrance. At the behest of Idaho Sen. Larry Craig, Congress has appropriated nearly $300,000 for the Forest Service to take on the project.
Rep. Mary Lou Shepherd, D-Prichard, this month told the House State Affairs Committee about the project and the story. Eventually, a $15 million interpretive center and museum is envisioned to serve as a national center for wildfIte education.
A "fire room" would give visitors the experience of the sights, sounds and smells of a raging wildfire, she said.
The House committee agreed to introduce a resolution Shepherd proposed to "express support and encouragement for the efforts of the Pulaski project, and acknowledge the dedication of the wildfire fighters, past, present and future."
Former Rep. Don Pischner, R-Coeur d'Alene, has been working with the project.
"My dad knew Ed Pulaski," Pischner said. "In my generation, Ed Pulaski was this big hero."
When the backers had access problems to part of the trail, Pischner discovered that the land is now owned by his employer, Stimson Lumber. Soon, there was a letter of agreement for access, including easements and possibly a land sale.
Idaho Historical Society Director Steve Guerber said he thinks the Pulaski Project is "a great idea," that could both preserve and make more accessible "the site where a significant historic event took place."
The trailhead is about half a mile south of Wallace. From there, the trail runs about two miles to the tunnel.
See said, "We're going on a hike with the engineers in April, once the snow allows that to happen, so we can identify exactly where the trail is."
The tunnel itself is too dangerous for public access, he said, but possibilities include an overlook or structure where visitors would be able to peer into the old mine.
For more information,
Pulaski Tunnel: _URL_.


Path tracer depth of field
Scene rendered with 214 samples.
Scene rendered with 214 samples.
Scene rendered with 214 samples.
Essentially, we will define the distance to the focal plane and a blur radius. For each primary ray we find its intersection with the focal plane, \(\vec{p}\), and jitter the ray origin by an amount, \(\vec{d}\). We then define the new ray direction as \(\vec{r}=\vec{p}-\vec{d}\). Consequently, objects on the focal plane will appear in focus. Below is the addendum to the kernel() function.
 __vector dir = __vector(x - width / 2, -y + height / 2, 0 + width) + offset;
 __ray ray = { __vector(0, 0, 0), dir.unit() };
 u1 = rand_device[i*width*height*3+index+1];
 u2 = rand_device[i*width*height*3+index+2];
 r1 = 2 * M_PI * u1;
 r2 = u2;
 offset = __vector(cos(r1)*r2, sin(r1)*r2, 0.0) * blur_radius;
 __vector p = ray.origin + dir * (focal_distance / width);
 ray.origin = ray.origin + offset;
 ray.direction = (p - ray.origin).unit();
Again, don't forget to update the Makefile to reference the proper locations for the and libraries.
Download the updated project: pathtracer_dof.tar.bz2
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text:
The antimatter costs 62.5 trillion per gram. In the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. The problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year (global GDP is 65 trillion dollars). In physics the'anti-matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter...
Californium costs $ 27 million per gram. Why is it needed? An element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. In the West it was created only once since its opening in 1950. The californium is a'chemical element with the symbol Cf and the atomic number 98. It is a transuranic element, synthetic, radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c...
The price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. The colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. Why do we need diamonds? The natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. Also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind...
materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry


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suppose I have independent random variables $X_i$ which are distributed binomially via $$X_i \sim \mathrm{Bin}(n_i, p_i)$$.
Are there relatively simple formulae or at least bounds for the distribution $$S = \sum_i X_i$$ avaialble?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
See this paper (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens).
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I have the same question and i read the paper (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens). unfortunately the approximations are not clear to me ( for example how are the probabilities in Table 2 calculated?) – May Dec 6 '12 at 22:33
_USER_: I had the same problem these days and I ended up using the explicit formula given in the linked paper. Should be fine if you don't have too many samples. – Michael Kuhn Dec 7 '12 at 20:26
_USER_: so you used poisson binomial distribution function, unfortunately I have many samples and I need to use an approximation. – May Dec 11 '12 at 0:16
_USER_: These seems to be an R package for this distribution: – Michael Kuhn Dec 11 '12 at 9:09
_USER_: thank you. I also found this paper – May Dec 11 '12 at 15:40
This answer provides an R implementation of the explicit formula from the paper linked in the accepted answer (The Distribution of a Sum of Binomial Random Variables by Ken Butler and Michael Stephens). (This code can in fact be used to combine any two independent probability distributions):
# explicitly combine two probability distributions, expecting a vector of
# probabilities (first element = count 0)
combine.distributions <- function(a, b) {
 # because of the following computation, make a matrix with more columns than rows
 if (length(a) < length(b)) {
 t <- a
 a <- b
 b <- t
 # explicitly multiply the probability distributions
 m <- a %*% t(b)
 # initialized the final result, element 1 = count 0
 result <- rep(0, length(a)+length(b)-1)
 # add the probabilities, always adding to the next subsequent slice
 # of the result vector
 for (i in 1:nrow(m)) {
 result[i:(ncol(m)+i-1)] <- result[i:(ncol(m)+i-1)] + m[i,]
a <- dbinom(0:1000, 1000, 0.5)
b <- dbinom(0:2000, 2000, 0.9)
ab <- combine.distributions(a, b)
ab.df <- data.frame( N = 0:(length(ab)-1), p = ab)
plot(ab.df$N, ab.df$p, type="l")
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One short answer is that a normal approximation still works well as long as the variance $\sigma^2 = \sum n_i p_i(1-p_i)$ is not too small. Compute the average $\mu = \sum n_i p_i$ and the variance, and approximate $S$ by $N(\mu,\sigma)$.
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Unfortunately, I cannot say anything about the Variance. In what direction would the normal approximation go? – Lagerbaer Mar 30 '11 at 22:31
Do you mean, "is the normal approximation an overestimate or an underestimate?" That depends on the range of values you are considering. Both distributions have total mass $1$. – Douglas Zare Mar 30 '11 at 23:29
I'd be interested in an estimate on the expected value. – Lagerbaer Mar 31 '11 at 3:03
To use a normal approximation, you have to know the mean and variance. (To use the more complicated approximations in the paper PEV cited, you need more information, such as the first 4 moments.) If you don't know the expected value, then what do you know about these binomial summands? – Douglas Zare Apr 3 '11 at 4:41
I know $n_i$ and $p_i$ of each of the summands, and hence I know the expected value and variance of each of the summands. – Lagerbaer Apr 3 '11 at 4:44
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text:
Water security is a defining feature of the opportunities and limits for growth and development in Bangladesh. The country has made enormous strides in reducing poverty between 1990 and 2015. It is one of Asia's most dynamic economies with water shaping its rich history and future growth.
Complex hydrology, chronic water-related risks, high exposure to water-related hazards and rapid environmental change mean that Bangladesh is already addressing challenges that will affect other South Asian countries in the decades ahead. But poverty reduction and growth efforts will not achieve desired development outcomes unless they include productive investments in water security and protective interventions against water-related risks.
This working paper highlights the key water security risks to Bangladesh's growth and poverty reduction efforts and illustrates evidence of significant but uncertain water security risks. It examines the progress made by Bangladesh in reducing poverty and improving growth. It then proposes potential locations to establish REACH Water Security Observatories for 'universal drinking water security' and to reduce 'water security risks for the coastal poor'.
© 2022 REACH


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Below are three easy questions dealing with circles, distances and their areas etc.
Venkatanarayana Road, T.Nagar, Chennai 600017 has a playground that is circular in shape. Mukesh started running in clock wise direction from point X. Anil started running from point X in anti-clockwise direction. Mukesh ran 550 m and Anil ran 330 m before they met each other. What is the area of this ground?
a) pi x 16.9 x 102 m2 b) pi x 1.97 x 102 m2 c) pi x 19.6 x 102 m2 d) pi x 1.69 x 102 m2
Answer : c) pi x 19.6 x 102 m2
Circumference of a circle = 2 x 22/7 x radius
Mukesh has run 550 m and Anil has run 330 m before they met. So the circumference of the circle would be the sum of the distances they covered = 550 m + 330 m = 880 m.
Circumference = 880 m = 2 x 22/7 x R
R = 880 x 7 divided by 2 x 22 = 140 m.
Area = pi x R2 = pi x 19.6 x 102
Cubbon Park, Bangalore has a circular garden inside it constructed hundreds of years ago. Bangalore Corporation has been maintaining this garden nicely. Many people – retired persons, young persons go for jogging around this circular garden in the early mornings. The radius of the garden is 777 m. Rajendra Kumar and Nagendra Kumar are two close friends. One day they started jogging from a point on the border of circle—Rajendra Kumar went in anti clockwise direction and Nagendra Kumar went in clockwise direction. Nagendra Kumar met Rajendra Kumar after travelling 2416 Km lesser than that would had been covered by Rajendra Kumar. What is the distance covered by Rajendra Kumar before meeting Nagendra Kumar?
a) 3560 m b) 5360 m c)3650 m d)none of these.
Answer : c) 3650 m
Total circumference of the circular garden = 2 x 22/7 x 777 = 4884 m.
Let the distance covered by Nagendra Kumar when they met be X.
Let the distance covered by Rajendra Kumar when they met be Y.
It is given that Y - X = 2416 -> eq 1
Also we know that sum of the distances covered by both the friends should be equal to the circumference of the circle
Therefore Y + X = 4884 -> eq 2
Adding equations 1 and 2 we get 2Y = 7300
Therefore Y = 7300 / 2 = 3650.
Hence, Distance covered by Rajendra Kumar = 3650 m
There is a circular garden in Mattuthavani, Madurai and is being maintained by a private transport company for many years. The radius of the ground is 1554 m. Gunaseelan and Munusamy started running from a point at the circumference in opposite directions. Gunaseelan ran at an average speed of 60 metres per minute and met Munusamy after running for 44 minutes. How much distance Munusamy would have covered before meeting Gunaseelan?
a) 7128 m b) 6128 m c) 5456 m d) none of these.
Answer : a) 7128 m
Circumference of circular ground = 2 x 22/7 x 1554 m = 9768 m
Distance covered by Gunaseelan in 44 minutes travelling at 60 metres per minute = 60 x 44 = 2640 m
Let distance covered by Gunaseelan when they met = X. We have already found X to be 2640 m.
Let distance covered by Munusamy when they met = Y.
Similar to previous question, we have X + Y = Circumference
2640 + Y = 9768
Distance covered by Munusamy = Y = 9768 - 2640 = 7128 m


text:
Author(s): Goey AK, Mooiman KD, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH, Meijerman I
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Abstract The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) by cancer patients is increasing. Concomitant use of CAM and anticancer drugs could lead to serious safety issues in patients. CAM have the potential to cause pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs, leading to either increased or decreased plasma levels of anticancer drugs. This could result in unexpected toxicities or a reduced efficacy. Significant pharmacokinetic interactions have already been shown between St. John's Wort (SJW) and the anticancer drugs imatinib and irinotecan. Most pharmacokinetic CAM-drug interactions, involve drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, in particular CYP3A4. The effect of CAM on CYP3A4 activity and expression can be assessed in vitro. However, no data have been reported yet regarding the relevance of these in vitro data for the prediction of CAM-anticancer drug interactions in clinical practice. To address this issue, a literature research was performed to evaluate the relevance of in vitro data to predict clinical effects of CAM frequently used by cancer patients: SJW, milk thistle, garlic and Panax ginseng (P. ginseng). Furthermore, in clinical studies the sensitive CYP3A4 substrate probe midazolam is often used to determine pharmacokinetic interactions. Results of these clinical studies with midazolam are used to predict pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Therefore, this review also explored whether clinical trials with midazolam are useful to predict clinical pharmacokinetic CAM-anticancer drug interactions. In vitro data of SJW have shown CYP3A4 inhibition after short-term exposure and induction after long-term exposure. In clinical studies using midazolam or anticancer drugs (irinotecan and imatinib) as known CYP3A4 substrates in combination with SJW, decreased plasma levels of these drugs were observed, which was expected as a consequence of CYP3A4 induction. For garlic, no effect on CYP3A4 has been shown in vitro and also in clinical studies garlic did not affect the pharmacokinetics of both midazolam and docetaxel. Milk thistle and P. ginseng predominantly showed CYP3A4 inhibition in vitro. However, in clinical studies these CAM did not cause significant pharmacokinetic interactions with midazolam, irinotecan, docetaxel and imatinib. Most likely, factors as poor pharmaceutical availability, solubility and bioavailability contribute to the lack of significant clinical interactions. In conclusion, in vitro data are useful as a first indication for potential pharmacokinetic drug interactions with CAM. However, the discrepancies between in vitro and clinical results for milk thistle and P. ginseng show that clinical studies are required for confirmation of potential interactions. At last, midazolam as a model substrate for CYP3A4, has convincingly shown to correctly predict clinical interactions between CAM and anticancer drugs. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article was published in Cancer Treat Rev
and referenced in Journal of Clinical Trials


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Clue: Atmospheric region with a "hole"
We have 1 answer for the clue Atmospheric region with a "hole". See the results below.
- Covering with a hole in it
- Protection from ultraviolet rays
- Ultraviolet radiation blocker
- Holey protector
- Stratospheric stratum that protects the Earth from the Sun
- It's found all around the world
- Chlorofluorocarbons damage it
Last Seen In:
- New York Times - March 09, 2004
Found an answer for the clue Atmospheric region with a "hole" that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!


text:
|House of Black|
|Notable family members|
- "Toujours pur."
- —The family motto, translating to "Always Pure"[src]
The Noble and Most Ancient House of Black was one of the largest, oldest and wealthiest pure-blooded wizarding families in Britain. Many wizarding families in Britain are distantly related to the House of Black. Like the Malfoy and Lestrange families, the House of Black is synonymous with elevated status and wealth. The Black family tree is displayed in the drawing room of the family home at 12 Grimmauld Place in London, England on an intricate tapestry, as an ornate mural. It starts in the Middle Ages and shows the dominant line of the family up to the present day.
By the late twentieth century, the House of Black had become extinct in the male line with the deaths of Sirius and Regulus Black, neither of whom had children. The female line remained extant through the Malfoy family and Teddy Lupin, though the latter descends from a Black who was disowned. It has not been confirmed that the Potter family is also distantly related to the Black family through Dorea Black; they are, however, related through Ginny Weasley, who married Harry Potter and had three children.
The Black family traces its origin back to the Middle Ages. They claim to have entirely magical ancestry, but as Sirius Black informed his godson Harry Potter, no true pure-blood families existed by the twentieth century. The pure-blood families like the Blacks simply removed Muggles and Squibs from their family trees. The Blacks place a great importance on blood purity, considering themselves akin to royalty in the wizarding world and disdaining Muggles, Squibs, Blood traitors and Muggle-borns. The family motto, which can be found on the family crest, is Toujours Pur, which means "Always Pure" in French. Many members took this phrase very seriously.
Because of their views, a large number of the Black family members practise the Dark Arts and supported Lord Voldemort during the First and Second Wizarding Wars. A few Blacks even became Death Eaters, while many others never took the Dark Mark but believed in the "purification" of the wizarding world nevertheless. A few members of the family, however, disagreed with the traditional views of their family; Sirius Black, for example, joined the Order of the Phoenix, as did Nymphadora Tonks, a distant member of the Black family. Both were murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange née Black, Sirius' cousin and Tonks' aunt, in battle. Supportive of Voldemort at first, the family loyalists who did not become Death Eaters got cold feet when they saw the levels he would go to achieve his goals.
With Sirius' death, the male line of the Black family ended; the female line continues through the descendants of his cousins Andromeda Tonks and Narcissa Malfoy, his second cousin, once removed, Arthur Weasley, the Burke family, the Crouches, the Longbottoms and the Potter family.
Harry is shocked to find Sirius is related to the Malfoys, but Sirius explains all pure blood families are interlinked somehow. Sirius is, in fact, related to Molly and Arthur Weasley.
Legend: Names in grey boxes were removed from the tree by Walburga Black. The published tree does not contain descendants of side branches of the family.
The original tree described from Grimmauld Place was subject to some magical interference. According to Sirius Black, his mother Walburga blasted names of "blood traitors" off the tapestry without hesitation. The Black family motto of Toujours Pur ("always pure") was followed assiduously by family members; any who disagreed with the notion of blood purity or married Muggles or people of different blood statuses were disowned and blasted off the family tree, as were any Squibs. Thus, family members that remain on the tapestry can be assumed to have married fellow pure-bloods. Some even married their own cousins; Walburga and Orion Black, for instance, were second cousins. Generations of this practice resulted in inbreeding, which in turn has caused problems such as low fertility and mental instability.
The known disowned members are Eduardus Limette Black (for an unknown reason), Isla Black, for marrying Muggle or Muggle-born Bob Hitchens, Phineas Black, for supporting Muggle rights, Marius Black, for being a Squib, Cedrella Black, for marrying blood traitor Septimus Weasley, Alphard Black, for giving gold to his runaway nephew Sirius, Sirius Black III, for running away from home, and Andromeda Black, for marrying Muggle-born Ted Tonks.
|Eduardus Limette Black||Unknown|
|Isla Black||Marriage to Muggle/Muggle-born Bob Hitchens|
|Phineas Black||Muggle rights supporter|
|Cedrella Black||Marriage to Blood traitor Septimus Weasley|
|Andromeda Black||Marriage to Muggle-born Ted Tonks|
|Sirius Black||Blood traitor|
|Alphard Black||Supported his disowned nephew|
Etymology of Given NamesEdit
Most Black family members are named after stars or constellations. For example, the star Sirius is in the constellation Canis Major (the Dog). What's more, Sirius Black, an Animagus, could morph at will into a black dog named Padfoot. Another example is Bellatrix, the third brightest star in the constellation Orion, which is also the name of Sirius's father and Bellatrix's uncle. Cygnus, Andromeda, and Cassiopeia are also constellations, and Regulus, Alphard and Arcturus are stars as well.
Some members of the extended family have also chosen to follow this naming pattern. For example, Narcissa Malfoy née Black named her son Draco, which is the name of a constellation. In turn, he named his son Scorpius, which is one of the constellations of the zodiac, known as Scorpio in Western astrology. Narcissa herself, however, was not named in keeping with this convention. She was instead named for a plant, the flower Narcissus. Lycoris Black is also named for a plant.
However if a member of the family is disowned and blasted off the Black family tree then the name is never used again in the following generations.
|Family Name||Astronomical Origin|
|Alphard Black||Alphard is the brightest star in the constellation Hydra.|
|Andromeda Tonks née Black||Andromeda is a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere and the name of a galaxy.|
|Arcturus Black I, II, III||Arcturus is the brightest star in the constellation Boötes the Herdsman.|
|Bellatrix Lestrange née Black||Bellatrix is a star in the constellation Orion.|
|Cassiopeia Black||Cassiopeia is a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere.|
|Cygnus Black I, II, III||Cygnus is a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere, also known as the Northern Cross.|
|Draco Malfoy||Draco is a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere.|
|Orion Black||Orion is a well-known constellation in the Northern Hemisphere.|
|Phoebe Black||Phoebe is perhaps associated with another name of the sun god Apollo, Phoebus.|
|Pollux Black||Pollux is a star in the constellation Gemini.|
|Regulus Black I, II||Regulus is the brightest star in the constellation Leo.|
|Scorpius Malfoy||Scorpius is a constellation in the Southern Hemisphere.|
|Sirius Black I, II, III||Sirius is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major.|
- Alexia Walkin Black
- Alphard Black — removed posthumously for leaving money to his disowned nephew
- Andromeda Tonks née Black — disowned for marrying a Muggle-born, Ted Tonks
- Arcturus Black I
- Arcturus Black II
- Arcturus Black III
- Bellatrix Lestrange née Black
- Belvina Burke née Black
- Callidora Longbottom née Black
- Cassiopeia Black
- Cedrella Weasley née Black — disowned for marrying a blood traitor, Septimus Weasley
- Charis Crouch née Black
- Cygnus Black I
- Cygnus Black II
- Cygnus Black III
- Dorea Potter née Black
- Eduardus Limette Black — disowned for an unknown reason
- Elladora Black
- Hester Black
- Isla Hitchens née Black — disowned for marrying a Muggle, Bob Hitchens
- Licorus Black
- Lucretia Prewett née Black
- Lycoris Black
- Marius Black — disowned because he was a Squib
- Misapinoa Blishwick née Black
- Narcissa Malfoy née Black - wife of Lucius Malfoy and mother of Draco Malfoy
- Orion Black - Walburga's husband.
- Phineas Nigellus Black
- Phineas Black — disowned for supporting Muggle rights
- Pollux Black
- Phoebe Black
- Regulus Black I
- Regulus Black II
- Sirius Black I
- Sirius Black II
- Sirius Black III — removed for being a blood traitor; removed after he ran away.


Quick Answer: What Is The Noun Form Of Poor?
What are the 3 types of poverty?
Who is poor man?
Can friendly be used as an adverb?
Some adjectives, such as friendly, lovely, timely, and masterly, already end in -ly and have no distinct adverb form. Use the adjective within an adverbial phrase: "It was done in a ____ way."
Is poverty a noun or verb?
noun. the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor. deficiency of necessary or desirable ingredients, qualities, etc.: poverty of the soil.
Is poor a noun or adjective?
adjective, poor·er, poor·est. having little or no money, goods, or other means of support: a poor family living on welfare. … characterized by or showing poverty. deficient or lacking in something specified: a region poor in mineral deposits.
What is the abstract noun form of poor?
The abstract noun of poor is poverty or poorness.
Can poor be a noun?
Poor exists as a collective noun and has to be preceded by 'the'. The poor It doesn't have a plural 'poors'.
What is the verb form of poverty?
' Being poor is a state of being and not an action, so there is no verb form of poor. However, some compound expressions like "to become poor", "to become impoverished", "to make your way out of poverty" can be used to denote the action of becoming poor or the action of rising from poverty.
What is a adjective word list?
Is the word best an adjective?
best (adjective) best (adverb) best (noun) … second best (noun)
Is friendly a noun or verb?
adjective, friend·li·er, friend·li·est. characteristic of or befitting a friend; showing friendship: a friendly greeting.
What type of noun is poor?
Answer. The word 'poor' is a noun, a plural, uncountable noun; a word for people of little means in general. Example use: The government has many programs to help the poor. The noun form of the adjective 'poor' is 'poorness'.
What is the verb of friendly?
Is poverty a common noun?
As detailed above, 'poverty' is a noun. … Hopefully there's enough info above to help you understand the part of speech of poverty, and guess at its most common usage.
Is Poorish a word?
adjective. somewhat poor; rather poor.
Is Poorer a proper word?
The dictionary dictates poorer as the correct form, with some allowing both forms. According to Google Ngram Viewer poorer is more common in books by an immense factor of 100.
What is the noun form of friendly?
friendly. noun. plural friendlies. Definition of friendly (Entry 3 of 3)
What is the abstract noun of Attract?
AttractionAnswer. Attraction is the abstract noun for attract as it cannot be seen or touched.
What is the abstract noun of die?
List 13 – Forming Abstract NounsVerbAbstract NounAbstract Noundiedeathpermissiondodeedpleasureemployemploymentrefusalfreefreedomsale7 more rows
Is the word hungry an adjective?
adjective, hun·gri·er, hun·gri·est. having a desire, craving, or need for food; feeling hunger.
What is the abstract noun for true?
truthAnswer and Explanation: The abstract noun of true is truth. The abstract noun of true is formed by adding the suffix -th and dropping the e.


Romp n' Roll Franchise
Romp n' Roll Franchise Information
Romp n' Roll is a franchise for a business providing enrichment and recreational programs for children.
It was founded in 2004 and started franchising in 2006. They have designed programs that are developmentally appropriate for all stages like in art, movement, and in music. These programs are available for children aged three months up to six years old. The exercises provided help them grow their bodies, mind, and encourage them to use their imagination. These programs and activities have been proven to successfully form the child's foundation to be fully prepared for school years and in life. They hold small classes that are conducted by enthusiastic and experienced teachers and all done in an environment that is both safe and stimulating. They now have eight locations in the United States and two locations that are company owned.
What programs and classes do they offer at a Romp n' Roll?
They have classes involving art, gym, sports, music, cooking, and dancing. For art, they have classes for 16 months old to five years old. It is divided in groups such as Two for Tots, Art Explorers One, Crayons to Canvas, Two for Twos, Art Explorers Two, and Rompy's Adventure. For gym, they have classes divided into groups such as Babies Gym and Music, Gymnastics, Good Sports, Rhythm n' Roll, Open Gym, Gym for two years old, Gym for 10 to 18 months old, Gym for 16 to 24 months old, and Gym with mixed ages.
For Sports, They introduce the children to basketball, soccer, baseball, golf, hockey, and bowling through the liberal use of sports equipments. For Music, they have Tumble Tunes for 10 to 24 months old, Tumble Tunes for two to three years old, and Rhythm n' Roll for three to five years old. For cooking, they have the Chef Rompy for three to five years old. They will learn to prepare treats like chicken quesadillas, sunshine shakes, and healthy dessert nachos. For dancing, they have Dance with Rompy for ages three to five years old. They learn ballet, contemporary dance, jazz, and hip hop. Other classes include the Princess Class, Construction Junction, Silly Science, Aargh, Matey!, Superheroes, and All Aboard Rompy for children aged two and a half to five years old.
They also have summer camps with themes such as Firefighters, Knights, Princesses, and Dragons, The Zoo Crew, 3-2-1 Blast Off!, Beach Party!, Rockin' and Rollin', 'Red, White, and Blue', Going Buggy, Under the Big Top, Get Sporty!, Pirates, Aaargh!, and The Days of the Dinosaurs.
Cost and requirements on running a Romp n' Roll franchise
Expect to be investing about $199,000 to $300,000. The cost of the Romp n' Roll franchise fee is $39,500 with an on-going royalty fee of 6%. The terms of agreement are not renewable. They do not allow absentee ownership. They also require that a franchisee should be a "people person" and an effective manager.
What is included in the franchise package?
There will be a training program for you and an employee. You will be provided with a set of DVD of their instructors teaching classes for you to be able to conduct yours the same way they do at their flagship locations.
Romp n' Roll Contact Details
You may reach them at:
Address: 9677 West Broad Street Westpark Shopping Center Glen Allen, VA 23060
Phone: _PHONE_


Vital Statistics:
Place of Origin: Germany
Group: Toy
Height: 9 1/2-11 1/2 inches
Weight: 7-9 lbs
Life span: 11.4 years
Trainability: moderate
Good with children: older children
Good with other pets: moderate
What is the origin of the Affenpinscher?
Affenpinschers are one of the oldest of the toy breeds. In 17th century Europe there were many small terriers used for hunting vermin. In Germany the smaller terriers were pets as well as mouse killers. These became known as Affenpinschers. In German, Affen means "monkey" and pinscher means "terrier." The French call them "moustached little devils."
What does the Affenpinscher look like?
The Affenpinscher is 9 1/2-11 1/2 inches tall and weighs 7-9 lbs. The head is domed with a short muzzle. Ears can be erect, semi-erect or dropped. If cropped, the ears are pointed and erect. Eyes are round and dark. The tail is sometimes docked and carried erect. The coat is hard, medium length. Colors are black, gray, silver, red, black and tan or belge (red, black and white), with or without a black mask. The coat should be brushed 2-3 times a week.
What is the temperament of the Affenpinscher?
These little dogs can be very mischievous. Affenpinschers are very lively and playful and do well with older children. They get along well with other dogs and pets when raised with them. They can be stubborn and need early positive, consistent training. Patience is necessary for house training. Affenpinschers are bold and curious, like to bark and climb. They are affectionate with their family and very protective. Exercise can be games indoors or in the yard and short walks.
What is the Affenpinscher used for?
While they were once used to hunt vermin, Affenpinschers are mainly lap dogs today.
Health Issues
Kerato Conjunctivitis (KCS-decrease in tear production), Hyperadrenocorticism, cataracts, patellar luxation
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About this book
"Data-Driven 3D Facial Animation" systematically describes the emerging data-driven techniques developed over the last ten years or so. Although data-driven 3D facial animation is used more and more in animation practice, to date there have been very few books that specifically address the techniques involved.
Comprehensive in scope, the book covers not only traditional lip-sync (speech animation), but also expressive facial motion, facial gestures, facial modeling, editing and sketching, and facial animation transferring. It provides an up-to-date reference source for academic research and for professionals working in the facial animation field. An edited volume, the book brings together contributions from leading researchers and practitioners working in both academia and in the leading animation studios.


text:
Autoguiding and Acquisition at MDM
John Thorstensen, Dartmouth College
Basic Concepts and Terminology
The MDM telescopes point pretty accurately, but not to
arcsecond accuracy. They track pretty well, but exposures
longer than a minute or so are likely to be trailed.
It's therefore important to be able to acquire objects
and guide the telescope. This document describes how to do
Because the telescopes are on equatorial mounts, the field
does not rotate on the focal plane as the telescope tracks
across the sky. This is a great simplification.
To keep the telescope from drifting off target as it tracks,
the usual strategy is to use an offset guide star.
This is a star in some part of the focal plane away from the
science field of view, which is reflected by a
"pickoff mirror", mounted on a movable guide probe),
through some optics into a guide camera.
An autoguiding program watches the guide star, and if
it appears to drift -- indicating that the telescope is
going off-target -- it sends a correcting signal to the
telescope. With proper tuning, this can be very accurate,
holding the telescope at a constant celestial position
to within a fraction of an arcsecond. Such accuracy
is necessary for good direct imaging,
and is also very desirable for spectroscopy.
The figure below is a sketch of the telescope
focal plane (the 2.4m and 1.3m are similar).
The pickoff mirror is mounted on the
guide probe, which moves on an XY stage as shown.
The pickoff mirror is above the science instrument (it's
in the Multiple Instrument System (MIS) guider unit),
so it can't collide with the science instrument; however,
it can block the science instrument field of view.
This can be a useful capability (e.g. for finding a bright
star when you're lost), but it's important to retract it
into a safe position when you're taking data.
A Fast, Accurate Way to Acquire Targets
The Hubble Space Telescope acquires targets by searching for
pre-selected guide stars at their expected locations in the
focal plane. We can do the same at MDM, and it makes
operations very efficient. Here's the idea:
That's the core concept -- using the guide probe and
autoguider as a powerful
aid to accurate centering as well as guiding. The enabling
technologies are the accurate guide stage, and the availability
of catalogs such as UCAC3.
- The guider pickoff mirror can be positioned accurately
and reproducibly, and can be moved in very fine steps.
- Over the last decade or so, deep, accurate star catalogs
have become available for the whole sky. In particular, the
UCAC3 goes to around 16th magnitude with roughly 0.1 arcsec accuracy.
- It is not difficult to compute where a guide star will land
in the focal plane when your target is centered, and to move
the guide probe into this position. When you set on the
target, the guide star should appear. You can then fine-tune
the pointing by moving the telescope so the guide star falls
in the right place in the guide camera. Assuming the guide
probe is set correctly, you should now be very close to the
- Wait, it gets better! Suppose you now want to make really
small adjustments to the telescope pointing, for example to center
a star in a spectrograph slit. The best way to do this is to
move the guide probe a bit -- the autoguider will cause the
telescope to follow, within a few guide cycles. Presto, you're
now perfectly centered, and -- as a bonus -- you've locked
the telescope into position with the autoguider.
The hardware and software at MDM make this strategy relatively
easy to implement, but of course you need to "know what buttons
to push". That's covered in the rest of this document.
Guiding with Maxim DL and the Finger Lakes cameras
As of mid-2011, the ancient image-tube guide cameras at both
telescopes have been replaced with modern, self-contained
CCD cameras. An extremely
fancy (and expensive) Andor unit was used at the 2.4m during 2010-2011,
but it has been replaced with a more modest Finger Lakes Instrumentation (FLI)
camera that offers some advantages for this task. The Finger
Lakes cameras are run using commercial
Maxim DL software, which provides autoguiding capability.
Camera Startup Procedure.
The camera is all set up. If you go into the Expose tab
and hit the Start button, it should fire off repeated
exposures and display them.
- The Maxim DL software runs
under Windows. If you're logged out of the machine, log in as
OBSERVER (the password is posted on the monitor frame).
- Start Maxim DL by clicking on it.
- In Maxim DL, click on the camera control
icon highlighted in the picture above. [It's supposed to resemble
a camera with a cable hanging off it.]
The Camera Control Window appears; you'll spend almost
all your time here.
- Select the Setup tab in the Camera Control window (as
- Press Connect to connect with the camera.
- Turn the Coolers controller On.
- You can check the temperature setpoint under Camera 1
(which should show FLI-New); the cooler button
opens a dialog box. A good setpoint is negative-35 C, which
the camera can maintain even when it's fairly hot out. In
the winter you might be able to go somewhat cooler, but -35
is cold enough for our purposes.
- Go to the Guide tab.
- Pop the Options menu (right side, halfway down),
and select Camera Settings,
which pops this window:
- In the dialog box, be sure that the third button down on the
right reads Close Shutter, as shown. [The button toggles
between Open Shutter and Close Shutter. When it reads
Close Shutter, it's waiting
for a command to close it, and hence keeps the shutter open. We want to
keep the shutter open to avoid wearing it out by running it with every
- Click on OK to commit to open shutter; the window closes.
- The Options menu under Guide also lets you set
the Track Box size; 64 x 64 is usually a good choice.
- Still in the Guide tab, select a 2-second
exposure, and set aggressiveness to 5 in both axes. You
can set this higher if you find it too sluggish, but beware
of overshoot; in bad seeing, you might want to dial it lower
to avoid pointlessly chasing a jumping image.
- Go to the Expose Tab (not the expose radio button
in the Guide tab!), which looks like this:
- Set 1 second exposures for Expose, and select continuous
- Once again, in the Options menu, bring up
Camera Settings, toggle the shutter button so
that it reads Close Shutter and
- In the Options menu, be sure that No Calibration
[Here's a sample 512-square frame from the Expose control.
The faint vertical stripes are probably due to the fact that
we're operating without a shutter, so that the bright star 'paints'
those pixels during the (very fast) read cycle.]
Manipulating the Image Display
Here are some things you can do to change the display:
- To change the magnification, put the mouse in the
image area and use the scroll wheel.
- To change greyscale stretch, you have
two options: (1) Right mouse button, "Screen Stretch"
item; useful choices are "low", "medium", "high", and
"range"; or (2) Hold down the Shift key and
the left mouse button simultaneously, and
move the mouse in the image area.
- With the right mouse button, you can draw a box, and
if you click on it just so you can drag it around. This will
What you're seeing:
In the standard orientation of the FLI camera, with the
instrument rotator at zero, the guide field
appears with North at the top and East to the left.
This is rotated by 90 degrees from the guider cartoon in
JSkyCalc. At the 2.4 m the scale is 0.223 arcsec per pixel
that the whole 512-square field subtends 114 arcsec.
However, the corners are vignetted -- especially the upper
left -- so the useful field is somewhat smaller.
[At the 1.3m, the field should be larger, but as of this
writing it has not been measured directly.]
Using the Autoguider
[This is organized a little awkwardly, having been pasted from
another document. Read this and the section on
Establishing offsets at the start of
your run and it should all become pretty clear.]
In the guide tab there are three important options in the buttons on the
right - Expose, Calibrate, and Track.
Some notes about the user interface and nomenclature:
- The "Expose" radiobutton inside the Guide tab
is entirely different from the "Expose" tab. I feel
that it was a design error on Maxim DL's part to give them
the same name.
- MaximDL uses the word "track" to mean "issue guiding
corrections to the telescope". The "