ToDoMenu, Basic Computer Science
In this assignment, you should create a class called ToDoMenu which has a main method that contains the code that implements a command-line menu for managing a collection of ToDoItem objects. You will also create a class called ToDoList which contains a collection of ToDoItem objects and some methods for managing the data in that collection. You will reuse both the ToDoItem class and the ToDoUtil class that you wrote for p3.
The ToDoItem class needs to be modified to implement the Comparable interface.
A ToDoList is a collection of ToDoItem objects
The ToDoList class needs to contain an ArrayList of ToDoItem objects. Feel free to add any other variables that you think would be useful.
ToDoList needs methods to provide the following functionality:
Add a ToDoItem to the ToDoList.
Return the number of ToDoItem objects in the ToDoList.
Return a particular ToDoItem by index. This will allow you to write loops that process each ToDoItem in the ToDoList.
Return a reference to an array containing all the ToDoItem objects in the list. This array should be exactly the right size for the number of ToDoItems in your ToDoList.
Return an array containing all the ToDoItems in a particular category.
Add any other methods you find you need.
The ToDoUtil class provides the following static methods for input and output of ToDoItems and ToDoLists.
Method signature Functionality
Methods written for p3
ToDoItem inputToDoItem( Scanner in) Read a ToDoItem from the keyboard
void printToDoItem( PrintStream out, ToDoItem task) Output a ToDoItem to the PrintStream out in the following format
submit p3
Methods added for this program
ToDoItem readToDoItem( Scanner in) Read data for a ToDoItem from a file. This method should read the data that is output by the printToDoItem method. This method is very similar to the inputToDoItem method above but doesn''t need the user prompts. You can assume that the data comes in the order given above but you should be able to handle input with no field data.
design for p3
void printToDoList( PrintStream out, ToDoList theList) Output all the ToDoItems in a ToDoList to the PrintStream out. This method should use the printToDoItem method to output each ToDoItem.
void readToDoList( Scanner in, ToDoList theList) Read all ToDoItems in the file connected to the Scanner in (using readToDoItem) and add them to the given ToDoList. This method should be able to read a file that was output by the printToDoList method.
You need to write the main class, ToDoMenu, which consists of a main method which is basically a command-line menu that allows you to manage the items in your ToDoList.
The main method should create a ToDoList.
Your command-line menu should support the following options
Menu Choice Functionality
n create a new (empty) ToDoList
r Request the name of a file from the keyboard and read ToDoItems from that file (using readToDoList method) and add them to the current ToDoList.
i Read a single ToDoItem from the keyboard (using inputToDoItem) and add it to the ToDoList
d Display all ToDoItems to the console (using printToDoList)
w Write the ToDoItems to a file (using printToDoList) whose name is entered from the keyboard
f Display a submenu that allows the user to find and display all the ToDoItems that meet a particular criterion. Your program is required to support find by category and the option to find all ToDoItems with a particular keyword in the description. Use the menu choices shown in the table below.
s Display a submenu that allows the user to sort the ToDoList in order by a particular field. Sorting by due date is required. Use the same menu choices (shown in the table below) as in the find menu.
q Exit the program
* The find and sort menus should support the same selection characters. The c and k options in the find menu and the d option in the sort menu are required.
Menu Choice Find functionality Sort Functionality
k Find ToDoItems with a given keyword in the description. Sort ToDoItems by description.
c Find ToDoItems that have a particular category. The category should be read from the keyboard. Sort ToDoItems by category.
d Find ToDoItems with a given due date. Sort ToDoItems by due date.
p Find ToDoItems with a given priority. Sort ToDoItems by priority.
x Exit - return to the main menu.
Unimplemented options should do nothing except print a message.
This program should handle IOExceptions and all Exceptions due to bad input data. Handle any other exceptions that you find.
This program should either prevent or handle any Exceptions caused by missing data (e.g. a null dueDate).
Provide a file called todo-data.txt that contains data for ToDoItems (in the format that readToDoItem and printToDoItem read and write) to thoroughly test your methods and menu.
Extra Credit (Up to 15 points): Implement one or more of the find and sort options that aren''t required.
Extra Credit (+3 points): Add an optional command line argument which is the name of a file to read the initial ToDoList from. If the command line argument is not present, the initial ToDoList should be empty.
Extra Credit (+5 points): Create a runnable jar file for your project. This allows a user to simply double-click on the jar file to run the project. The name must be todo-menu.jar.
Posted Date: 4/24/2012 4:58:51 PM | Location : United States
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Here below are frequently asked questions (FAQ) listed up for your convenience. If you still have any unanswered questions or concerns, please contact us!
Carbfix is pioneering the process of rapid underground mineralization of CO2 i.e. turning otherwise emitted CO2, - or CO2 captured directly from the atmosphere, into stone to mitigate climate change. Climeworks is involved in the follow-up project Carbfix2.
Here you can find more information about the history of Carbfix.
Reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere is considered one of the main challenges of this century. The Carbfix technology mitigates climate change by injecting CO2 at selected geological sites. The geology required for CO2 injection through the Carbfix technology differs from geology required for conventional Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. Therefore, Carbfix enables the possibility of doing CCS in areas where it had not previously been considered feasible. Additionally, the Carbfix method adds to the storage security by dissolving the CO2 prior to or during injection, and by the rapid and permanent mineralization of the injected CO2.
Carbfix is not the ultimate solution to climate change but rather one of the methods that can be used to tackle global warming. Carbfix is a new tool that can be used concurrently with other known and future methods.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has estimated that large scale application of carbon capture and storage is vital if the world is to limit global temperature increase to below 2°C. The Carbfix method increases the portfolio of CCS by providing a safe, efficient way to permanently immobilize CO2 where basalts and water sources are located near to CO2 sources and thus contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Check out our website home page for how many tons of CO2 have been injected for permanent storage by Carbfix into reactive basalts. Currently, the annual capacity of the injection system is about 12,000 tons of CO2
Chemical reactions between the basaltic host rock and CO2 loaded injection water have been shown to be rapid, resulting in over 95% permanent mineral CO2 sequestration in under two years.
Mineralization is so quick because dissolution of CO2 prior to or during injection ensures that chemical reactions between host rock and injected fluid begin to take place immediately after injection. The high reactivity and chemical composition of the basaltic host rock (up to 25% by weight of calcium, magnesium and iron that can combine with the injected CO2 to form stable carbonate minerals) play an even larger role in the efficiency of permanent mineral storage in basalts.
The mineralization of the injected gases is observed using tracers and by following geochemical signals, both of which are monitored by the sampling of fluids from wells in the vicinity of the injection point. Measured tracer concentration in monitoring wells and mass balance calculations enable evaluation of CO2 mineralization. The mineralization has also been quantified using different isotopes.
Basaltic rocks are highly reactive and contain the metals needed for permanently immobilizing CO2 through the formation of carbonate minerals. They are often fractured and porous, containing storage space for the mineralized CO2. Furthermore, basalt is the most common rock type on the surface of Earth, covering ~5% of the continents and most of the oceanic floor.
It has been estimated that the active rift zone in Iceland could store over 400 Gt CO2 (400 billion tons of CO2). The theoretical storage capacity of the ocean ridges is significantly larger than the estimated 18,500 Gt CO2 stemming from the burning of all fossil fuel carbon on Earth. The question remains, how much of this theoretical storage capacity is feasible to use for mineral storage of CO2
The pore space, chemical composition, and wide distribution of basalts makes it the perfect candidate to develop the Carbfix process. However, other reactive rocks such as andesites, peridotites, breccias and sedimentary formations containing calcium, magnesium and iron rich silicate minerals can also do the job. Studies on that subject are undertaken in Carbfix2 and the related GECO project.
Yes, with time basalt can become saturated. However, the potential for mineralization is greater than burning of all fossil fuel carbon on Earth. There can occur some micro-fracturing due to mineralization and opening of new pathways for the injected fluid that channels the fluid towards new available pore space and fractures.
The 5% is the uncertainty of the measurements – we can be sure that over 95% of what we injected was mineralized within two years of injection. The final fraction might have taken longer to mineralize – but eventually all of the injected CO2 is turned into stone, and we have proved this happens rapidly, or within a few years of injection.
The Carbfix process requires substantial amounts of water to carry the the CO2 in dissolution and to promote reactions underground. However, the water is sourced from the same reservoir in which the injection takes place and is therefore circulated and reused to a certain extent. But even dry regions that lack fresh water may still be good geological candidates. Carbfix has developed the scientific basis for using seawater to dissolve CO2 instead prior to injection, significantly expanding the applicability of the technology. A field site demonstration of mineral storage using seawater is scheduled in 2022.
During the preparation stages of Carbfix, it was realized that the same process could be used to capture and mineralize hydrogen sulfide (H2S), another polluting gas that is detrimental to human health. Since hydrogen sulfide is, like CO2, a water soluble gas it can be co-captured in the Carbfix water scrubbing process, which offers considerable added value for industries (the same is also true of other common industrial gases, such as NOx and SOx). The Hellisheidi geothermal power plant emits around 9,500 tons of H2S every year and is subject to environmental regulations. The original Sulfix R&D project was carried out by Reykjavik Energy at Hellisheidi in 2009-2012 with the objective of determining the fate of dissolved H2S injected into the basaltic reservoir. The current system captures roughly 85% of the H2S and injects it underground where it rapidly mineralizes into pyrite mostly (fool's gold, FeS). The Sulfix process is significantly more economical and more environmentally friendly than existing industrial sulfur removal processes. In Iceland, it is a common misunderstanding that Sulfix preceded Carbfix and was somehow the precursor to the implementation of Carbfix. In fact, Carbfix was established in 2006 by a team of scientists that were focused on CO2 abatement to combat climate change.
The main energy requirement associated with the Carbfix technology is the energy to pressurize CO2-charged water to 25 bar at 25 °C. The energy demand at 25 °C as a function of CO2 partial pressure for the pressurization of 1 tonne of CO2-charged pure water is approximately 75 kWh.
Independent seismic risk assessments are conducted during the preparation phases of injection activities. At present, on-site seismic networks are deployed and combined with selected stations from the national permanent seismic network to increase the detection level and location accuracy of detectable seismic activity. Injection sites are monitored before and during the preparation phases of well drilling activities. In addition, storage sites are typically developed in a stepwise manner, where each development stage accounts for any possible induced seismicity due to previous stages. This approach minimizes the risk of seismicity felt at the injection site.
The Carbfix method is operational at Hellisheiði Geothermal Powerplant, and soon to be applied to the Nesjavellir geothermal system. Monitoring programmes for both systems have been developed alongside environmental impact assessments (EIAs). Furthermore, environmental impacts of the combined heat and power (CHP) plant at Hellisheiði and the carbon intensity of its electricity production has been quantified from a life-cycle perspective, see here for more details.
Hellisheiði Geothermal Project has been subject to the Geothermal Sustainability Assessment Protocol (GSAP). GSAP assess the environmental, social, technical, and financial performance of geothermal power projects in accordance with a defined list of sustainability categories. Click here to view Hellisheiði's sustainability profile (Figure 4, Page 119).
Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are conducted to assess the environmental impacts associated with the total life cycle of goods, services, or processes, i.e., from resource extraction to end-of-life. An LCA conducted by Karlsdottir et al. (2020) on the Hellisheiði Geothermal Power showed that the Carbfix method, used for reinjection of CO2 at Hellisheiði, reduces the Global Warming Potential (GWP100) by 27.8% for electricity production over the 30-year operational time. In addition, the Sulfix method, developed for the reinjection of H2S at Hellisheiði decreased the Acidification Potential (AP) by 62.5%. For more information click here.
The primary focus of Carbfix is to remove CO2 from the air and be a part of the solution to the climate change crisis. As the Carbfix method relies on CO2 injection into basalt


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Description of impactProf LAU Chi-pang is one of a few scholars who can claim to be true experts on the history of Hong Kong and South China. His passion for the city has led him to devote more than 20 years to research, teaching, and collecting as many "Hong Kong stories" as possible. He has published more than 30 scholarly publications in academic journals and books and all have been widely cited.
"An appreciation of history is all important; without it, a city or region can start to appear totally 'lost' and 'forgotten' almost overnight," Prof LAU believes. "It lets you understand the unique position of your own city in the world and how and why it is different from every other city and country." Prof LAU's research covers "everything" and seeks to capture all walks of life, including oral history, personal memoirs and official studies of the colonial era up to interviews with doctors who fought through the Sars crisis, which affected hundreds of people in 2003.
How will the History Learning Programme impact the younger generation?
The Jockey Club Hong Kong History Learning Programme, and the Knowledge Transfer project commissioned by the Hong Kong Museum of History, are recent highlights among Prof LAU's other work and engagements.
The former aims to develop a comprehensive set of teaching and learning resources by delving into the breadth of Hong Kong history. It can then support the main learning areas of "personal, social and humanities education" in the curriculum of primary and secondary schools with the help of five key components. These range from the development of teaching kits on Hong Kong history to thematic seminars, study tours, oral history workshops and mobile exhibitions.
"There will be over 75 topics covering aspects of geography, politics, the economy, society, culture, biography, buildings, and other thematic records," Prof LAU says.
He hopes the programme will cultivate a more in-depth understanding - among students and teachers - of Hong Kong's development and changes. It should also inspire the younger generation to think of ways to preserve the city's precious collective history and give them a sense of why understanding the past matters so much.
What is the significance of the Knowledge Transfer project?
"For the Knowledge Transfer programme, we have been interviewing professionals and people who have served society during their careers," Prof LAU says.
Earlier this year, for example, he interviewed over 20 local toy manufacturers who made their names in overseas markets over the past few decades. The findings were the basis for "The Legend of Hong Kong Toys" exhibition. "These legendary manufacturers had a lot of interesting stories to share," Prof LAU says. "Most of them started from scratch and successfully developed all sorts of technical know-how over the years."
The two projects will help to further Lingnan's mission of developing a research network among historians and institutions for the study of Hong Kong and South China as well as establish Lingnan University as a hub of Hong Kong and South China historical research.
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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
2/11/2014 (1 year ago)
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In the new economy, time banks are gaining popularity.
Alternative currencies such as Bitcoin and BerkShares are gaining popularity as people look for ways to escape what they see as a rigged and flawed system of monetary exchange in government currencies. However, the idea of banking time as opposed to money is also making a comeback.
In a time bank, time is the money.
In a time bank, time is the money.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (
2/11/2014 (1 year ago)
Published in Business & Economics
Keywords: time banking, bitcoin, currency, alternative, christian, volunteer, service
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - Throughout history, people have exchanged many things as currency. Yap islanders once exchanged ownership of stones that were too large to move, but accepted them as payment. Today, people exchange virtual currencies such as bitcoin. However, there is another form of currency with a very fixed value -time.
St. Joseph, pray for those who labor.
How it works is a person may have a hobby or a skill they can share with others. It does not matter if that skill is accounting or counseling or even some form of manual labor. In a time bank, all hours are equal, no matter the work. The hours of service are provided but no cash is exchanged. Instead, a person can "bank" their hours at a time bank, verifying with their customer that the hour of service was provided.
With the credit of an hour due, a person can redeem it for an hour of something else. For example, a mechanic could spend an hour repairing a car for one person, and in exchange buy an hour of piano lessons for his daughter.
Time banking was first developed by Robert Owen, the British industrialist and social reformer. The system failed because people produced too many things that others had no interest in having, but the labor supply he had to work with was much less diverse than today.
Today, people from many walks of life are contributing to time banks, including professionals such as business consultants, psychologists, and art critics. There are also many people who are poor, and who earn very little, but still have marketable skills. The time banks allow them to exchange labor for things, such as lessons or services which they would not be able to afford with cash.
The idea of time banking is popular politically. Liberals like it because it provides access to services for the poor. An hour of work cleaning something can get you an hour of tax preparation or auto repairs. Meanwhile, fiscal conservatives like the idea because it makes people less reliant on the government to provide services to others at steep government prices.
The entire scheme, when it works, works beautifully, allowing each person to contribute their talents to the community while taking what they need from the common pool of talent.
It is, quintessentially Christian.
Until recently, time banks have been local, community affairs, more akin to community charity organizations. They are also rare, found in large cities such as New York and in poor communities where there is plenty of work to do, but no money to fund it.
But now, time banking is hitting the mainstream with several websites dedicated to time banking and the exchange of hours. Now people can do work for time as opposed to working for free. It provides people who need services but have no income to pay for them to access those services. It also upholds the integrity of work, making a person less dependent on charity.
Time banking isn't intended to replace the traditional exchange of money for work, however it can provide a powerful supplement to it, and it can empower people while fostering a sense of community and service to others.
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The Return
A Novel
Victoria Hislop
List Price: 15.99*
* Individual store prices may vary.
Other Editions of This Title:
Paperback (10/1/2009)
Already a #1 bestseller in the UK, The Return is a captivating new novel of family, love, and betrayal set against a backdrop of civil war, flamenco, and fiery Spanish passion. The author of the beloved international bestseller The Island, Victoria Hislop now transports the reader to Granada, Spain, in a time of historic turmoil. The Return is a colorful and spellbinding saga of a family inspired by music and dance, only to be torn apart by fragile hearts and divided loyalties during the bitter war that brought the dictator Generalissimo Francisco Franco to power.
Harper Perennial, 9780061715419, 416pp.
Publication Date: October 6, 2009
About the Author
Conversation Starters from
 1. 'In the picture book of marriage, they were the perfect married couple. It was a story told for an audience.' What does this extract tell us about Sonia and James's relationship? What changes between them as the novel progresses? Is James a villain? What tactics does he employ to control Sonia?
 2. Why are music and dance so important to the characters in The Return? What does the way a character dances say about them and their relationships? Why is Sonia so drawn to flamenco in particular, and why does James disapprove of her dance classes so vehemently?
 3. 'We need real men in this country … Spain will never be strong while it's full of fairies.' What image of masculinity do the Ramírez males – and the other men in the book – present? Is maleness portrayed as a good or bad thing? How do women exert their power?
 4. Did you identify any family traits that ran through the Ramírez generations? Does Sonia take after her father or her mother, or any of her other relations?
 5. 'For Ignacio, there was a distinction between what he regarded as being a casual informer and actually being an assassin' Why does Ignacio make this distinction? Is it an accurate one? Where else in the novel are we invited to compare physical violence with more subtle forms of cruelty?
 6. 'The saints and martyrs with their painted on blood and theatrical stigmata had once been part of her life. Now she saw the church as a sham, a cupboard full of redundant props'. Why does Mercedes lose her faith? How does The Return portray religion and particularly the Catholic Church?
 7. What does this book have to say about friendship? Is blood thicker than water?
 8. 'The lack of truth in [Concha and Mercedes'] correspondence did not mean there was no love between them. It merely meant that they loved each other enough to want to protect the other party'. Who else withholds information in the novel, and why? What is the role of these secrets or non-disclosures? How do they affect the plot?
 9. What did you make of Javier and Mercedes' relationship? Is it a childish infatuation, a survival tactic, a 'fathomless love', or what?
 10. What does The Return have to say about politics? To what extent does it affect real life? Did you detect a political bias to this book? If so, what is it?
 11. What is the relevance of bull fighting in The Return? Does it tell us anything about Spanish culture or the Civil War more generally? Is it relevant that Republican citizens are assassinated in Granada's bullring and that Ignacio is hunted and killed like a bull? If so, why?
 12. How does the history of the Ramírez family represent the Spanish Civil War more generally? Do you find their story a good way of conveying the history of the Civil War? Is Victoria Hislop successful in melding fact and fiction together?
 13. "Antonio discovered that there was nothing more brutalising than to drive a bayonet into another human being and in this killing he felt part of himself die too." How does Antonio's perspective on killing compare to Ignacio's, and to other characters'? Were you surprised by the novel's violence? How does Victoria Hislop treat the subject of death in her writing?
 14. Whose story did you enjoy most? Did the different strands hang well together, do you think?
 15. "On his outstretched hand lay nothing more than a small mound of dirt, a pathetic sample of Spain's soil that he had brought with him over the mountains." What does this old man's gesture tell us about the emigrant experience? How do other characters in the book think about exile and home?
 16. If you have read The Island, what similarities and differences did you identify between the two novels? Are there any plot and structure devices common to both? How do the two heroines, Sonia and Alexis, compare?


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What effects do factors that impair or enhance performance in individuals have when these individuals act in groups? We provide a framework, called the GIE ("Effects of Grouping on Impairments and Enhancements") framework, for investigating this question. As prominent examples for individual-level impairments and enhancements, we discuss sleep deprivation and caffeine. Based on previous research, we derive hypotheses on how they influence performance in groups, specifically process gains and losses in motivation, individual capability, and coordination. We conclude that the effect an impairment or enhancement has on individual-level performance is not necessarily mirrored in group performance: grouping can help or hurt. We provide recommendations on how to estimate empirically the effects individual-level performance impairments and enhancements have in groups. By comparing sleep deprivation to stress and caffeine to pharmacological cognitive enhancement, we illustrate that we cannot readily generalize from group results on one impairment or enhancement to another, even if they have similar effects on individual-level performance.
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caffeine, enhancement, group performance, group processes, impairment, neuroenhancement, pharmacological cognitive enhancement, process gains, process losses, sleep deprivation, stress, Caffeine, Group Processes, Humans, Motivation, Psychomotor Performance, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation


How to Count Data in Selected Cells With Excel's COUNTIF Function
COUNTIF combines the IF and COUNT functions
The COUNTIF function combines the IF function and COUNT function in Excel. This combination counts the number of times specific data is found in a selected group of cells. The IF portion of the function determines what data meets the specified criteria and the COUNT part does the counting.
Excel COUNTIF Function Syntax
In Excel, a function's syntax refers to the layout of the function and includes the function's name, brackets, and arguments. The syntax for the COUNTIF function is:
Screenshot of Excel showing the COUNTIF Function in action
The function's arguments tell the function what condition is being tested for and what range of data to count when the condition is met.
 - Range: The group of cells the function is to search.
 - Criteria: The value compared with the data in the Range cells. If a match is found, the cell in the Range is counted. Actual data or the cell reference to the data can be entered for this argument.
Enter the Example Data
Follow the steps in this article to create and use the COUNTIF function. In this example, the COUNTIF function counts the number of sales representatives with more than 250 orders.
A screenshot showing data used with the COUNTIF function in Excel
The first step to using the COUNTIF function in Excel is to enter the data. Enter the data into cells C1 to E11 of an Excel worksheet as shown in the image above. The COUNTIF function and the search criteria (greater than 250 orders) will be added to row 12 below the data.
The tutorial instructions do not include formatting steps for the worksheet. Your worksheet will look different than the example shown, but the COUNTIF function will give you the same results.
Build the COUNTIF Function
Although it is possible to type the COUNTIF function into a cell in a worksheet, it's easier to use the built-in COUNTIF function in Excel to enter the function.
 1. Select cell E12 to make it the active cell. This is where the COUNTIF function will be entered.
 2. Select the Formulas tab of the ribbon.
 3. Choose More Functions > Statistical.
 4. Select COUNTIF in the list to open the Function Arguments dialog box. In Excel for Mac, the Function Builder opens.
 Screenshot of Excel showing the COUNTIF Function Arguments dialog box
The data entered into the two blank rows in the dialog box form the arguments of the COUNTIF function. These arguments tell the function what condition is being tested for and what cells to count when the condition is met.
Highlight the Range Argument
The Range argument tells the COUNTIF function which group of cells to search when trying to find the specified criteria.
 1. In the Function Arguments dialog box (or the Formula Builder if you're working on a Mac), place the cursor in the Range text box.
 2. Highlight cells E3 to E9 on the worksheet to enter these cell references as the range to be searched by the function.
Specify the Criteria Argument
The Criteria argument tells COUNTIF what data it should find in the Range argument. Although actual data (such as text or numbers like >250) can be entered for this argument, it is best to enter a cell reference into the dialog box (such as D12) and enter the data you want to match into that cell in the worksheet.
 1. Place the cursor in the Criteria text box.
 2. Select cell D12 to enter that cell reference. The function searches the range selected in the previous step for data that matches whatever data is entered into this cell.
 3. Select OK when you're finished. On a Mac, select Done to complete the function.
An answer of zero appears in cell E12 (the cell where the function was entered) because data has not been added to the Criteria field (cell D12).
Add the Search Criteria
The last step in the tutorial is to add the criteria the function will match. In this case, the number of Sales Reps with more than 250 orders for the year will be counted.
 1. Select cell D12. This is the cell identified in the function as containing the criteria argument.
 2. Type >250 and press Enter.
 A screenshot showing the results of the COUNTIF function in Excel
 3. The number 4 appears in cell E12.
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float at the water surface and are brought ashore by wind and waves. This apparently inert brown powder is actually made of dry cysts of brine shrimp, which remain in diapause as long as they are kept dry.
Fig. 16 - Dehydrated artemia cysts
As a non-selective filter feeding, brine shrimp feed on particulate matter of biological origin, bacteria and algae of suitable size. While freshly hatched nauplii of selected batches represent an appropriate food for fish fry; older larval stages have to be given special feeds to upgrade their nutritional value for fish larvae.
Rearing methods
Artemia rearing for aquaculture purposes follows two ways, naupliar production and biomass production. Nauplii and metanauplii are easily produced from hatching cysts in dedicated units. Cyst incubation takes approximately 24 hours at 30°C, in salty water under strong light and with aeration. Fully enriched metanauplii would require an additional 12-24 hours of rearing.
Fig. 17 - Nauplius and metanauplius
Biomass production takes a few days and adult artemia are harvested. These can be either immediately fed to fry, or be frozen to be used later. In recent years, however, this process has been progressively replaced with new and reliable artificial diets.
Artemia use in aquaculture
The use of Artemia nauplii as live food for the rearing of fish and crustacean larval stages, has been one of the most important steps in the development of marine aquaculture. With the exclusion of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia has almost entirely replaced the mass rearing of other live-food zooplankters that were tested earlier on by many researchers and producers but which were discarded for reasons of technical complexity or because they culture was economically unfeasible.
Fig. 18 - Harvesting of floating cysts with special boat
The production of resistant cysts has been the real advantage offered by Artemia. Cysts can be stored for years and live nauplii can be obtained after 24 to 36 h incubation. A reserve of "stored live food" has been the important guarantee needed in hatcheries, where it has simplified the planning of production activities.
The resistance to anoxic conditions of Artemia cysts made possible their storage in sealed containers, simplifying marketing and transport. Moreover, Artemia nauplii were found be an excellent food for fish and crustacean larval stages, even when used alone.
Even if Artemia cysts still remain an expensive product and if their market availability shows fluctuations, important progress has been made during the last years:
Nutritional value of Artemia
For the larval rearing of marine fish and crustacean species, Artemia nauplii and rotifers are the most commonly used live food preys. The advantages of Artemia are multiple: off the shelf and regularly available dormant cysts, they are easy to produce, are visible as prey and are highly palatable to the larvae
A major constraint, however, in the use of Artemia as a food organism for marine fish larvae is its variable nutritional quality. This problem can be circumvented with the use of enrichment techniques adding essential fatty acids (HUFA's). As Artemia is a non-selective filter feeder, it filters all particles of suitable size from its surrounding environment and special feeds can be given to improve its nutritional value. Enriched nauplii produce better performances in fish larvae in terms of growth and survival. Besides enrichment with HUFA's, other nutrients such as vitamins, as well as prophylactic and therapeutic drugs, can also be passed to the fish larvae via the Artemia nauplii acting as carriers.
Fig. 19 - Harvesting of cysts by hand
According to the desired HUFA's levels in Artemia, different enrichment products and enrichment periods can be used. Maximum levels of approximately 60 mg/g DW are obtained with a 24-h enrichment with Super Selco. In all these cases, the final DHA/EPA ratio in Artemia is less than 1. For more sensitive species that need a higher DHA/EPA ratio, enrichment with DHA Selco is advisable; this results in a total HUFA's enrichment level similar to that obtained with Selco, though the DHA/EPA ratio exceeds 1.5.
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text:
costume. They circle around the foot of the tree that was honoured in the Wassailing ceremony, their stamping a signal to awaken the animal and earth spirits for spring time. The best of these performers is honoured by having an Oxhorn Cake, similar to the wassail cake, placed on his ox horn. He must then dance around and try to dislodge the cake as the watching revellers eat their own versions of this delicacy and try to guess whether the Oxhorn Cake will fall before or behind the ox performer.
The obvious pagan undertones of these celebrations did not augur well with the Christian church, especially the Puritan faction. In Scotland, John Knox put an end to Christmas in 1562. In England the observance of Christmas was forbidden by an Act of Parliament in 1644, which declared Christmas "an extreme forgetfulness of Christ by giving liberty to carnal and sensual delights." The House of Commons sat on Christmas Day and sheriffs were sent out into the countryside to make sure that merchants opened for business on the day. This led to a situation of stand-off between Pro-and anti-Christmas factions and riots ensued. Upon the restoration of Charles II to the throne, Christmas celebrations were once again permitted.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Main Content
Locate node in graph
k = findnode(G,nodeID) returns the numeric node ID, k, of the node in graph G whose name or index is nodeID. The numeric node ID is zero if the node is not in the graph.
collapse all
Create a graph, and then determine the numeric node index for the nodes named 'AB' and 'BC'.
s = {'AA' 'AA' 'AA' 'AB' 'AC' 'BB'};
t = {'BA' 'BB' 'BC' 'BA' 'AB' 'BC'};
G = graph(s,t)
G =
 graph with properties:
 Edges: [6x1 table]
 Nodes: [6x1 table]
k = findnode(G,{'AB' 'BC'})
k = 2×1
k contains the row index into G.Nodes.Name for each specified node.
Input Arguments
collapse all
Example: G = graph(1,2)
FormSingle NodeMultiple Nodes
Node index
Example: 1
Example: [1 2 3]
Node name
Character vector
Example: 'A'
Cell array of character vectors
String scalar
Example: "A"
String array
Example: k = findnode(G,'Chicago') returns the numeric node ID for the node in graph G with the name 'Chicago'.
Data Types: char | cell | string
Output Arguments
collapse all
Numeric node IDs, returned as a scalar or column vector. The values of k are indices into G.Nodes(k,:).
Introduced in R2015b


text:
Woodford County, Kentucky
|Woodford County, Kentucky|
Woodford County courthouse in Versailles, Kentucky
Location in the state of Kentucky
Kentucky's location in the U.S.
191.98 sq mi (497 km²)
190.68 sq mi (494 km²)
1.30 sq mi (3 km²), 0.68%
122/sq mi (47/km²)
|Time zone||Eastern: UTC-5/-4|
Woodford County is a county located in the heart of the Bluegrass region of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of 2000, the population was 23,208. Its county seat is Versailles. The county is named for General William Woodford, who was with General George Washington at Valley Forge. It is part of the Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 191.98 square miles (497.2 km2), of which 190.68 square miles (493.9 km2) (or 99.32%) is land and 1.30 square miles (3.4 km2) (or 0.68%) is water.
Adjacent counties
- Franklin County (northwest)
- Scott County (northeast)
- Fayette County (east)
- Jessamine County (southeast)
- Mercer County (southwest)
- Anderson County (west)
The county was formed from a part of Fayette County, Virginia in 1788. It was named for William Woodford, an American Revolutionary War general from Virginia who died while a prisoner of war in 1780. It was the last of the original nine counties established that formed the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1792.
As of the census of 2000, there were 23,208 people, 8,893 households, and 6,643 families residing in the county. The population density was 122 per square mile (47 /km2). There were 9,374 housing units at an average density of 49 per square mile (19 /km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.08% White, 5.41% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.13% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. 2.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 8,893 households out of which 35.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.90% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.30% were non-families. 21.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the county the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 31.20% from 25 to 44, 25.10% from 45 to 64, and 10.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $49,491, and the median income for a family was $58,218. Males had a median income of $39,284 versus $27,972 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,839. About 5.20% of families and 7.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.00% of those under age 18 and 13.10% of those age 65 or over.
Cities and towns
Notable residents
- John Buford - Union cavalry officer during the American Civil War
- Albert Benjamin "Happy" Chandler, Sr.- Baseball commissioner and Kentucky governor
- Ben Chandler - U.S Representative
- John Conlee - Country music singer
- Charles W. Field - United States Army officer and Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives
- Mike Gentry - Football player
- Chad Pennington - former NFL quarterback
- Taylor Phillips - 2006 America's Junior Miss
- William Shatner - Actor
- Sam Shepard - Actor
- William T. Sterling - Wisconsin legislator and pioneer
- Charles ScottBrig. General during the American Revolution and fourth Governor of Kentucky 1808-12
Col. Thomas Marshall-_PHONE_. Commander of the 3rd Virginia Regiment. Col. Marshall was the father of the future Chief Justice John Marshall.
Recent Royal visits
- Queen Elizabeth II stayed in Woodford County at Lane's End Farm in May 2007. She also attended the Kentucky Derby in Louisville.
- Huntertown Elementary
- Northside Elementary
- Southside Elementary
- St. Leo's (Serves K-8/Private)
- Simmons Elementary
- Woodford County High School
- Woodford County Middle School
- Midway College
See also
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- Railey, William E, "History of Woodford County, Kentucky," 1938, p 3
- Railey, William E, "History of Woodford County, Kentucky," 1938, p 4
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- The Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, vol. 64, pg. 97. 1904


text:
Wheat BeltArticle Free Pass
Wheat Belt, principal crop-growing region of Western Australia, occupying about 60,000 square miles (160,000 square km) in the southwestern section of the state. Served by the Perth-Albany Railway, the crescent-shaped belt is delineated on the west by a line drawn from Geraldton south through Moora, Northam, and Katanning to the western end of the Great Australian Bight. The eastern boundary of the belt bulges as far east as Southern Cross. The Wheat Belt receives as much as 20 inches (500 mm) of rainfall annually in the west, declining to 10 inches (250 mm) in the east. In addition to wheat, the area yields oats, barley, and wool. The Wheat Belt developed after the decline of gold mining in 1905 and was aided by the introduction of superphosphate fertilizers, new breeds of livestock, machinery, government loans, surveys, railway feeder-line construction, immigration, and "soldier settlement schemes" for military veterans after both World Wars.
What made you want to look up "Wheat Belt"? Please share what surprised you most...


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Centaur from the pediment of Parthenon
A relief is a sculptured artwork where the form is modeled out from a flat background.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found around the world, to decorate important buildings, such as temples.
The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types of relief[change | change source]
Roman Hetaera, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing
Several types of relief are commonly used and defined, although, in all cases the images must attach to the background.
Famous reliefs[change | change source]
Famous examples of reliefs include:
Gallery[change | change source]


text:
Useful return from short-circuit or
This could have been a bootnote on the next post but time flew and now it will have to be a post on its own. Consider two solutions to the same problem:
My point earlier was that having or return not a boolean, but the actual first non-false argument led to some simple beautiful constructs. I stand by that, but there's another important difference between the two solutions. Consider first the actual sequence of evaluations in the C++ example:
Since value_or is a function, it's argument must be evaluated before the function can be called. With this follows that it is necessary to evaluate all three functions before we can decide which result to use - even though all we want is the first value. Compare that to a short-circuit or:
The important point here is, that if (a) evaluates to non-nil, it is returned and nothing else is evaluated. Only if it is nil, do we evaluate (b), and so forth.
So in conclusion; not only is a short-circuit or operator that actually returns the first non-false value useful for elegant programming constructs, it is also the most efficient solution for the solution of this simple problem.
In programming, if you find that your solution to a simple problem is not simple, you are in trouble. The short-circuit or is indeed a simple solution to a simple problem.


Fluttering Spirit
Fluttering Spirit
 "And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings" (Ezek. 1:25).
 That is the letting down of the wings? People so often say, "How do you get the voice of the Lord?" Here is the secret. They heard the voice when they stood and let down their wings.
 A dear one told me several days ago of a certain thing she prayed about, "But," said she, "I did not wait until the answer came."
 "Be still! Just now be still!
Something thy soul hath never heard,
Something unknown to any song of bird,
Something unknown to any wind, or wave, or star,
A message from the Fatherland afar,
That with sweet joy the homesick soul shall thrill,
Cometh to thee if thou canst but be still.
 "Be still! Just now be still!
There comes a presence very mild and sweet;
White are the sandals of His noiseless feet.
It is the Comforter whom Jesus sent
To teach thee what the words He uttered meant.
The willing, waiting spirit, He doth fill.
If thou would'st hear His message,
Dear soul, be still!"


is sufficient, because the order guarantees that the subquery will never be executed with the same inputs again once new inputs are read from the ordered correlation attributes. Again, ODs extend the applicability of such order-based optimizations to further attributes.
Also, cost predictions, e.g., for operator costing, can take ODs into account to more accurately estimate execution costs of operators that rely on ordered data.
Inclusion dependencies
Inclusion dependencies often serve data linkage and data integration scenarios as they may span across multiple data sources. We illustrate in this section, how they can be utilized also for query optimization.
INDs and joins
By their definition, INDs are most relevant for join operations. An often used join variant are semijoins \(R \ltimes _{{\varvec{X}}} S\), which are used to filter R by the tuples that have a matching tuple in S. In SQL, semijoins are expressed as joins with a post-projection on the attributes of the R side, which is \(\pi _R(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S)\). Given the IND \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) with its formal definition \(\forall t_r \in R, \exists t_s \in S : t_r[{\varvec{X}}] = t_s[{\varvec{X}}]\), all tuples from R match tuples in S so that the semijoin is redundant; hence, it can be removed. Note that this optimization requires all \(R.{\varvec{X}}\) to be NOT NULL or the IND to follow the null \(\ne \) null semantics. This is because the semijoin filters out all tuples with null values in \(R.{\varvec{X}}\); the IND \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) with null \(=\) null semantics, on the contrary, might find a matching tuple in S with the same null values as the R tuple.
A popular, yet dependency-independent optimization technique is semijoin reduction [11, 112], which reduces the number of tuples considered by join operators before the actual join is conducted. For this reduction, the matching (non-dangling) tuples are determined a priori by utilizing semijoins. The semijoin reduction \((R \ltimes \pi _{{\varvec{X}}}( S ) ) \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S\) is equivalent to the plain join operation \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S\). The rationale is that identifying the matching tuples in R and joining only these with S is more efficient than joining R and S directly. This semijoin technique is particularly useful for distributed database setups that need to minimize expensive data transfers. However, if all tuples from R match tuples in S, which is the case under an IND, semijoin reductions are unnecessary but still costly as they effectively perform the join twice. So if the IND \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) is known, semijoin reductions on \(R.{\varvec{X}}\) can be avoided. Because the semijoins are used only as pre-filters in this optimization, it is possible to use INDs based on null \(=\) null and null \(\ne \) null semantics in this optimization: By using null \(=\) null INDs, we might eliminate semijoins that would filter some records with nulls in the join attributes, but (i) the following join filters them anyway so that the result remains correct, (ii) removing such semijoins might not even impact the performance negatively depending on the number of actually filterable null records, because the filtering costs might outweigh the data transfer overhead, and (iii) adding a default null check to all join tuples before sending them would easily solve the issue.
Johnson and Klug [64] as well as Cheng et al. [24] discuss and evaluate techniques to eliminate joins in the presence of INDs and foreign-key constraints, respectively. If a foreign-key constraint holds, it allows to eliminate certain joins whose result is known without executing them: Given the IND \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) and a UCC on \(S.{\varvec{X}}\) on the relations R and S, then the join \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S\) can be avoided if there are no further selections or projections on any attributes of S. This is, because the IND guarantees that every tuple of S joins with a tuple in T, and the UCC ensures the absence of multiple matching tuples. The described optimization, again, requires that either \(R.{\varvec{X}}\) is free of null values or the IND is valid under null \(\ne \) null semantics.
The idea of join elimination can be extended to intermediate joins: If there are two joins \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S\) and \(S \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T\) with the INDs \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) and \(S.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq T.{\varvec{X}}\) and a UCC on \(S.{\varvec{X}}\), the two joins can be reduced to a single join \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T\) following from the transitivity of INDs [21]. The UCC on \(S.{\varvec{X}}\) is necessary, because duplicate values in \(S.{\varvec{X}}\) would cause record duplication that would be ignored in the optimized case. The removal of S also requires that the SQL query neither contains attributes from S in its final projection nor that it filters S. The authors state that transitive join queries are suboptimal and could be avoided in the first place, but they are nevertheless often seen in practice, because applications and object-relational mappers automatically generate them or database users can access only specific views that contain unnecessary joins. For this reason, query optimizers can benefit from such IND-based optimization techniques.
Deutsch et al. show that in certain cases a join \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S\) can be replaced with a join \(R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T\) [33]. This replacement can be beneficial for peer database systems, in which T might offer faster access or higher availability due to being located at a different site than S. This rewrite requires the INDs \(T.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) and \((R \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} S).{\varvec{X}} \subseteq T.{\varvec{X}}\) to hold. Because the second IND depends on a query result, a practical implementation would need to check the stricter, but discoverable IND \(S.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq T.{\varvec{X}}\).
Further optimization opportunities with INDs
Although IND-based query optimizations seem to focus primarily on join operations, various further optimization opportunities exist.
Query folding Query folding is an optimization technique to answer queries by rewriting them in a way that lets them use certain resources, e.g., cached query results or materialized views instead of base tables. Jarek Gryz demonstrated in [51] how INDs enable further scenarios for the application of query folding with views.
Assume a query that accesses the attribute combination \({\varvec{X}}\) of a relation S. If no materialized view contains \(S.{\varvec{X}}\), this query does not have a query folding and cannot be answered using views. However, assuming that there is an IND \(R.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S.{\varvec{X}}\) and a materialized view on \(R.{\varvec{X}}\), the query could be rewritten to access \(R.{\varvec{X}}\) instead of \(S.{\varvec{X}}\) so that the answer to the query can be retrieved via query folding from \(R.{\varvec{X}}\)'s materialized view. Clearly, the rewrite may return only a subset of the actual result of the initial query, but this might be acceptable for certain use cases where users need their answers quickly [51].
Deutsch et al. [33] as well as Ileana et al. [57] explain how INDs (the original work uses more general tuple-generating dependencies) enable rewritings that utilize materialized views or result caches if set semanticsFootnote 12 are assumed. For example, a join \(S \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T\) can be replaced by accessing a view \(V_{ST}\) if the INDs \(S \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T \subseteq V_{ST}.{\varvec{X}}\) and \(V_{ST}.{\varvec{X}} \subseteq S \bowtie _{{\varvec{X}}} T\) hold.
Exists Correlated subqueries as part of EXISTS statements can also be simplified with INDs. Given the IND \(R.A \subseteq S.A\), the query
can be computed without accessing S, because the IND ensures that


The 5 Action Steps to Purchasing a Firearm?
Each step is essential to the process and they are written in chronological order. I am going to go over each step in more detail so you understand exactly what needs to be done and so you can take action.
 1. Getting your permit & understanding firearm laws. Go to the courthouse in your county that you live in and go to the probate court. You have to get fingerprinted, and a background check while the price varies from state to state. But you can always call down to the probate court in the county that you live in and get the fee. So you know how much money to bring.
 2. Decide which firearm you wantWhen deciding which firearm you want. You really want to focus more on which application. So, what's the application of the firearm you plan on using it for concealed carry or home defense? Then based on that we can choose the make and model. Do you want a full size firearm or are you looking for something more compact, sub compact or micro compact and once you decide on that you can go to the gun store and feel the different models in YOUR hand as well.
 3. Take a legit firearm safety course. When you're taking the course, get familiar with how to actually apply the safety rules, so that you're clear and you understand how to make that firearm safe, Whether its a webinar, presentation or demonstration. It doesn't matter just choose what learning style fits you best & remember this safety course is going to educate you on how to safely apply the universal safety rules and how to safely conduct a safety check of the weapon.
 4. Visit a range with someone a competent instructor. The instructor will go over the safety rules but for the most part they will teach you how to operate the firearm and apply the fundamentals. Fundamentals meaning how to properly grip the pistol, how to line the sights up, how to press the trigger and etc. He will show you how to apply the fundamentals of marksmanship. See if I can shoot all the different models, see how you feel and what you like, love and don't like. Also, keep in mind the reasoning for wanting a firearm.
 5. Make your purchase & Welcome to the B|D family. Oftentimes when people go to purchase a firearm they have the tendency to listen to the person behind the counter and for the most part that person might not be as knowledgeable as we may think. This may lead to someone pressing on you what THEY may like. So get the gun that feels best in your hand and for you and what you like don't be led astray rather by the coolest, or fanciest firearm because someone may like it or you seen it in john wicks movie!


text:
Yes. Sound Boxes can be purchased for $10 and that includes shipping within the continental U.S. Please contact Customer Care for details.
Does Cloud b sell sound boxes separately?
Glad to hear it — Thanks for the feedbackWas this article helpful?
- How should my Cloud b Sound products be used?
- Are Cloud b sound products safe for all ages?
- The pouch on my soothing sound product is too small, what to do?
- How do I change the batteries in the sound box?
- Is a soothing sound product suitable for my newborn/infant?
- Can the sound boxes be set to continuously play?
- What materials are used to make Cloud b Sound Products?
- How does the sound box function?
- My sound box is making a "crackling" or "static" sound when activated, what to do?
- I have changed the batteries but my sound box will not turn on, what to do?
- How long will the sound boxes play?


text:
Certification Body SERCONS performs a full range of activities so that your company can easily obtain a Seismic Resistance Certificate for equipment or buildings and structures, as well as provide advice on any issues related to the procedure for issuing this document.
Seismic stability – is one of the important technical characteristics of buildings, structures and industrial equipment, which determines the level of their resistance to earthquakes. The seismic resistance certificate is issued on the basis of test results and confirms that the construction work or the use of the tested equipment can be carried out under certain conditions.
Technical conclusion in the field of the use of atomic energy:
Our company performs the following works in the field of static and dynamic analysis of process equipment, pipelines and building structures:
- static analysis;
- dynamic analysis (taking into account snow and wind load);
- fatigue of the structure;
- thermal analysis (climatic analysis);
- complex nonlinear contact;
- tasks in the explicit formulation;
- Vibration resistance;
- loss of stability in bending;
- creep; nonlinear materials and geometries;
- impact resistance.


text: Source: _URL_ På svenska Abstract of presentation at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 2005-12-06; and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2005-12-08 A nuclear waste repository located below a regional groundwater recharge area may provide significant hydrogeologic safety advantages in Sweden, adding to the safety provided by the engineered barrier system. This concept of multiple-barrier waste isolation has been an essential element of the repository system to be implemented in Sweden. At a recharge-area repository location, should the unlikely event of engineered barrier failure occur, escaping radionuclides would follow extremely long and deep subsurface paths, allowing most radionuclides to decay to harmless levels before reaching the surface. In contrast, a nuclear waste repository located within a groundwater discharge area has very short paths, possibly allowing escaping radionuclides to reach the surface in a short time. Because most coastal areas of Sweden are within or near the primary discharge areas for regional ground-water flow, a coastal repository may provide a lower margin of the hydrogeologic safety component in the multiple-barrier system than a repository located below a major inland recharge area. The international principle of containment system 'optimization' might then lead to selection of an inland recharge-area site, if one could be identified, and if this is a sociallyand economically-feasible option. There are two major difficulties in reliably locating major groundwater recharge areas in Sweden. First, high-density brines exist at depth in the bedrock, and the groundwater flow field is driven in a complex manner by both topographic relief and by variable-density forces in the fluid. Second, because of the extreme heterogeneity of the fractured bedrock, the internal hydrogeologic structure and bedrock properties will remain unknown at required spatial scales making it impossible to ascertain the subsurface flow pattern. Despite these difficulties, groundwater recharge-area sites with long flow paths may be revealed through the prospective use of variable-density ground-water flow simulation to evaluate the possible range of flow patterns in the bedrock. A simulation is required for each potential bedrock description that can be envisaged. Then, the most advantageous sites are those that remain major recharge areas in all simulations, irrespective of the modeled bedrock description.


text:
Need to get rid of building material left over from that remodeling project? How's the garden? Concerned about pests and fertilizers?
Metro, the regional government, has produced a couple of guidebooks to walk you through those conundrums.
"Construction Salvage and Recycling Toolkit 2010-11" is a revised directory of recyclers in the Portland metropolitan area. It's intended to help contractors, developers, architects and property owners save money and conserve natural resources by reusing and recycling construction and demolition debris. The new edition lists more than 100 local recycling sites and includes increased options for drywall, concrete and mixed construction waste. An interactive version is available online.
The second publication, "Grow Smart, Grow Safe," is a joint effort by Metro and the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, Wash. It helps home gardeners and landscape professionals identify and reduce the use of toxic products. The sixth edition ranks 600 fertilizers, pesticides and soil amendments to help readers find lawn and garden products least hazardous to people, pets, wildlife and waterways. In addition, regional experts share tips on simply and safely growing a healthy, productive garden.
"Whether keeping valuable construction materials out of the landfill or preventing harmful garden chemicals from entering the waste stream, these important practices help build a more sustainable future," Metro Council President David Bragdon said in a news release.
Free copies of either publication are available by calling Metro Recycling Information at _PHONE_, or by downloading electronic versions.


You want to see how quickly the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers converges on φ.
Phi, known by the nickname "the golden ratio" and written as \$φ\$, is an irrational number, almost as popular as π and e. The exact value of \$φ\$ is \$\frac {1 + \sqrt 5} 2 = 1.618...\$
The Fibonacci sequence is a recursive series of integers calculated by
$$F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2} \\ F_0 = 0 \\ F_1 = 1$$
Calculate \$φ\$'s value and the ratio \$\frac {F_n} {F_{n-1}}\$. How closely does \$φ\$ match the ratio?
\$n = 2\$, ratio: \$\frac 1 1 = 1.000\$, compared to \$1.618...\$, 0 decimal spots match
\$n = 5\$, ratio: \$\frac 5 3 = 1.666...\$, compared to \$1.618...\$, 1 decimal spot matches
1 integer \$n\$ to calculate \$\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}\$
\$ n >= 5\$
1 integer \$x\$, indicating the number of decimal places that match the value of \$φ\$
It is acceptable that the program only works accurately until the float precision limit of the language.
Test Cases
Input -> Output
5 -> 1
10 -> 2
12 -> 2
15 -> 5
20 -> 7
23 -> 7
25 -> 9
50 -> 18
100 -> 39
Do not round the ratio of \$\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}\$
Rounding will give you errors.
Let's look at \$n = 5\$ again.
\$1.666...\$ rounds to \$1.7\$ and \$1.618...\$ rounds to \$1.6\$, so 0 is the wrong answer.
Useful information and math.
The limit of the ratios of the consecutive Fibonacci terms as \$n\$ tends to infinity is the golden number \$φ\$. The inverse of this ratio is \$\frac 1 φ\$ which equals to \$φ−1\$.
\$\frac 1 φ = φ -1 \$
\$ \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}} = φ\$
Winning criterion
Code Golf.
 - 4
 \$\begingroup\$ What is the expected return value for, say, \$n=3\$, where the ratio doesn't even match the digit before the decimal point (\$F_3/F_2=2.0\$)? \$\endgroup\$ – Delfad0r Apr 30 at 8:46
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ Thanks, although this invalidates some of the answers below, you may want to notify the authors and add n=3 as a testcase. \$\endgroup\$ – Delfad0r Apr 30 at 8:58
 - 2
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ thanks for the heads up! Now, thinking about it, it would be better for everyone if we said, you wont be given inputs under 5. Will save everyone from updating their answers. \$\endgroup\$ – EliteDaMyth Apr 30 at 9:01
 - 3
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_, Please take a look at above comments, Taking in consideration this issue, we have decided n will always be more than 5. \$\endgroup\$ – EliteDaMyth Apr 30 at 9:43
 - 2
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_, I think there was a misunderstanding, for n=13, the fibonacci ratio is 1.61805555...... The golden ratio is _PHONE_.... Comparing these two numbers, we find that the digits 6180 are common, i.e. the first four decimal places match, hence the answer would be 4. \$\endgroup\$ – EliteDaMyth Apr 30 at 10:00
12 Answers 12
JavaScript (ES7), 77 75 69 67 bytes
Try it online!
n => ( // main function, taking n
 g = p => // g is a recursive function taking p which, along with q,
 // is used to compute the Fibonacci sequence
 --n > 1? // decrement n; if it's still greater than 1:
 g(q, q += p) // do a recursive call with (p, q) = (q, q + p)
 : // else:
 (1 + 5 **.5) // compute the golden ratio
 / 2 //
 * (m *= 10) // multiply m by 10 and multiply the golden ratio by m
 ^ // xor (forces the decimal places to be discarded)
 q / p // compute q / p (last Fibonacci term / penultimate one)
 * m // multiply by m
 ? // if the above values are not equal:
 0 // stop
 : // else:
 1 + g(p) // increment the final result and do a recursive call
)(q = m = 1) // initial call to g with p = q = m = 1
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Your answer seems really interesting. Is there any chance you could add an explanation! \$\endgroup\$ – EliteDaMyth Apr 30 at 9:06
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ I've added a commented version. Let me know if something is still unclear. \$\endgroup\$ – Arnauld Apr 30 at 9:28
 - \$\begingroup\$ Thank you! your solution is amazing, as always! \$\endgroup\$ – EliteDaMyth Apr 30 at 9:38
 - \$\begingroup\$ This is supremely neat, very nice work! \$\endgroup\$ – Etheryte Apr 30 at 23:17
Haskell, 76 75 bytes
g n=last[i|i<-[1..n],i?n==i?99]
Try it online!
The relevant function is g, which takes n as input and returns the number of matching decimal digits between \$\varphi\$ and \$F_n/F_{n-1}\$. It probably won't work if the answer is larger than 15 because that's the maximum precision allowed by Doubles.
f=0:scanl(+)1f is the standard Haskell definition of the Fibonacci numbers.
e?n=floor$10^e*f!!n/f!!(n-1) is a function (?) which computes $$ \left\lfloor10^e\cdot\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}\right\rfloor. $$
g n=last[i|i<-[1..n],i?n==i?99] finds the largest exponent i such that $$ \left\lfloor10^i\cdot\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor 10^i\varphi\right\rfloor. $$ Note that \$\varphi\$ is computed as \$F_{99}/F_{98}\$ to save bytes, since the error is far beyond the accuracy of Doubles. Also, the fact that the answer will always be smaller than n is exploited.
APL (Dyalog Extended), 37 32 bytes
Full program, assumes ⎕IO←0.
-5 bytes by not using dfns.fibonacci.
Try it online!
(+/,⊃)⍣⎕⍳2 calculates adjacent fibonacci pairs. Starting with 0 1 ≡ ⍳2, iterate input () times: pair the sum of both values +/ with the first value.
2÷⍨1+√5 ⍝ Phi
, ⍝ paired with
÷/(+/,⊃)⍣⎕⍳2 ⍝ fib(n) ÷ fib(n-1)
↑⍕¨ ⍝ format both numbers as strings and arrange in character matrix
=⌿ ⍝ reduce each column by equality
2↓ ⍝ remove the first two values (first digit and decimal point)
0⍳⍨ ⍝ get the index of 0 in this list
 ⍝ this is the first index where Phi and fib(n-0) ÷ fib(n-1) differ
Jelly, 17 bytes
Try it online!
Probably can be improved.
,'ÆḞ÷/Ṿ=ØpṾ¤ŒɠḢ_2 Main monadic link
, Pair with
 ' n-1
 ÆḞ Get the Fibonacci numbers
 / Reduce by
 ÷ division
 Ṿ Convert to string
 = Equals [vector


ALTIUS: a mission for the environment, an opportunity for Belgian actors
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Published on 20 February 2020
ALTIUS is a satellite mission developed to face two of the biggest challenges facing humanity today: the increase in greenhouse gases that fuel climate change and the depletion of stratospheric ozone which protects us from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
This mission initiated by Belgium presents a great opportunity not only to Belgian scientists specializing in the study of the atmosphere but also to the companies—again Belgian—that were very recently tasked by ESA to develop the satellite and its imaging instrument.
Using original observation techniques and innovative technology, ALTIUS, scheduled to launch in 2023, will continuously record high-resolution vertical profiles of ozone and other atmospheric components.
Atmosphere under high surveillance
After decades of sustained development, the number of space missions to analyze the atmosphere has declined considerably, leaving the scientific community with only a handful of useful instruments.
The first signs of a global recovery of the ozone layer actually reveal a complex pattern: trends vary with latitude and altitude, while growing evidence suggests a strong coupling between climate change and the recovery of the ozone layer.
The ozone layer protects life on Earth agains ultraviolet radiation, but it is also a potent greenhouse gas. Satellites can deliver measurements on atmospheric ozone and monitor seasonal changes in distribution. Source: ESA
A better understanding of these patterns is an essential prerequisite for informed political decision-making. To continue to supply atmospheric models, it is mandatory to develop an instrument capable of monitoring, with good vertical resolution, the evolution of ozone as well as other compounds such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and aerosols.
These detailed measurements will support broader operational services as well as long-term monitoring and understanding of the atmosphere to help address current serious concerns.
A Belgian tale
ALTIUS is part of the ESA Earth Watch programme, but Belgium is the main contributor. Initiated by the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BISA) and supported by the Federal Science Policy (BELSPO), the mission represents an excellent opportunity for both scientists and the space industry in our country.
The European Space Agency has just appointed two Belgian companies, QinetiQ and OIP Sensor Systems, as the main contractors respectively for the development and assembly of the satellite and for the production of the on-board scientific instrument.
PROBA 2.00 platform and eagle-eye camera
The satellite will be installed on the P200 omnidirectional platform, the latest generation of the PROBA family. The space missions PROBA-1, PROBA-2, and PROBA-VEGETATION have demonstrated, over their accumulated 35 years, the exceptional performance of this type of small but sturdy platform.
The ALTIUS (Atmospheric Limb Tracker for Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere) instrument consists of three independent spectral cameras covering the UV, Visible (VIS) and Near Infrared (NIR) ranges. They can take measurements in different geometries from a low Earth orbit (LEO), which allows them to collect high-resolution concentration profiles. These measurements are made not only by using the scattering of sunlight in the illuminated part of the atmosphere, but also by absorbing the solar spectra during transitions between day and night and the stellar spectra in the nocturnal part of the atmosphere. This approach guarantees continuous measurement capacity over the complete orbit..
 More information
Contract secures build of ozone-monitoring Altius satellite
QinetiQ et OIP Sensor Systems remportent un contrat de plusieurs millions d'euros avec l'ESA
ALTIUS va analyser la partie haute de l'atmosphère
ALTIUS: baseline observation geometries and special modes (video by BISA aeronomy)
ALTIUS: Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere
Ozone ups and downs


text:
|Trees and Shrubs that Tolerate Saline Soils and Salt Spray Drift||
Concentrated sodium (Na), a component of salt, can damage plant tissue whether it contacts above or below ground parts. High salinity can reduce plant growth and may even cause plant death. Care should be taken to avoid excessive salt accumulation from any source on tree and shrub roots, leaves or stems. Sites with saline (salty) soils, and those that are exposed to coastal salt spray or paving de-icing materials, present challenges to landscapers and homeowners.
|May 1, 2009||430-031|
|Urban Forestry Issues||May 1, 2009||420-180|
|Value, Benefits, and Costs of Urban Trees||May 1, 2009||420-181|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have writen a program that can be summarized as follows:
def loadHugeData():
 _TAG_ it
 return data
def processHugeData(data, res_queue):
 for item in data:
 _TAG_ it
def writeOutput(outFile, res_queue):
 with open(outFile, 'w') as f
 while res!='END':
res_queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
if __name__ == '__main__':
 p = multiprocessing.Process(target=writeOutput, args=(outFile, res_queue))
 processHugeData(data, res_queue)
The real code (especially 'writeOutput()') is a lot more complicated. 'writeOutput()' only uses these values that it takes as its arguments (meaning it does not reference 'data')
Basically it loads a huge dataset into memory and processes it. Writing of the output is delegated to a sub-process (it writes into multiple files actually and this takes a lot of time). So each time one data item gets processed it is sent to the sub-process trough res_queue which in turn writes the result into files as needed.
The sub-process does not need to access, read or modify the data loaded by 'loadHugeData()' in any way. The sub-process only needs to use what the main process sends it trough 'res_queue'. And this leads me to my problem and question.
It seems to me that the sub-process gets it's on copy of the huge dataset (when checking memory usage with 'top'). Is this true? And if so then how can i avoid id (using double memory essentially)?
I am using Python 2.6 and program is running on linux.
share|improve this question
Can you restructure your code to use iterators instead of loading all that loadHugeData in? It would seem that you could if it's as it seems load/process/enqueue/dequeue/write – sotapme Feb 7 '13 at 11:55
The "hugeData" is unfortunately a tab-separated txt file basically containing a sparse array. And I need "random access" to this data based on the line number during processing. Therefore loading it into memory (with sparse array specific optimisations) makes processing a lot faster. – anti666 Feb 7 '13 at 12:04
It might be massively over-engineering to suggest using something like 'beanstalkd to do the process integration but it would be interesting to know if it helped/scaled/perfomed. As usual other people's problems are always more interesting. – sotapme Feb 7 '13 at 13:14
add comment
1 Answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The multiprocessing module is effectively based on the fork system call which creates a copy of the current process. Since you are loading the huge data before you fork (or create the multiprocessing.Process), the child process inherits a copy of the data.
However, if the operating system you are running on implements COW (copy-on-write), there will only actually be one copy of the data in physical memory unless you modify the data in either the parent or child process (both parent and child will share the same physical memory pages, albeit in different virtual address spaces); and even then, additional memory will only be allocated for the changes (in pagesize increments).
You can avoid this situation by calling multiprocessing.Process before you load your huge data. Then the additional memory allocations will not be reflected in the child process when you load the data in the parent.
share|improve this answer
Faster than me well done. Linux is COW so the moment the parent process writes to the data, the data will be duplicated. If the parent process only reads the data then there will only be one instance of the data BUT top (I'm almost sure) will show the data as belonging to both processes. meminfo should provide more accurate numbers on memory use. – Eli Algranti Feb 7 '13 at 11:39
Indeed. I think the most common OS are COW these days (I was just trying to be as generic as possible). Great feature but often causes confusion when interpreting the output of process-based memory reporting tools (i.e. top, ps, etc...). meminfo on Linux will report correctly as will pmap on Solaris; no idea about Windows though :) – isedev Feb 7 '13 at 11:46
Note also that every Python object contains a reference count that is modified whenever the object is accessed. So, just reading a data structure can cause COW to copy. – Janne Karila Feb 7 '13 at 11:46
Not sure about accessed. You probably mean referenced, no? (i.e. a = SomeObject, b = a) – isedev Feb 7 '13 at 11:48
Ty for the answer. Calling multiprocessing.Process before loading the data seems to have solved the issue. I will look into meminfo aswell. – anti666 Feb 7 '13 at 11:58
show 2 more comments
Your Answer


text:
Create balloon ghosts with your child and let their imaginations take flight. This a fun art and craft kids activity that encourages kids creativity as they create scary balloon ghosts out of balloons!
Number of players:
What you need:
- White balloons
- 2 white plastic grocery bags per balloon
- Black permanent marker
Cut the handles off the grocery bags.
If there are coloured markings on the bag, cut those off too.
Leaving the seam at the bottom of the bag intact, cut the bag into strips so it hangs like streamers from the bottom seam.
Blow up a white balloon.
Tape two of your cut up plastic bags around the bottom of your balloon, so the streamers hang from the bottom (see note).
Draw two eyes and a simple spooky mouth on the exposed part of your balloon using the permanent marker.
Your Balloon Ghost is now ready to hang or fly!
- If you plan on hanging your ghost balloons as decorations, tape the plastic bag streamers around the smooth end of the balloon. This is so you can use the tied end of the balloon to attach a string for hanging.
- These balloon characters can be turned into jellyfish for an underwater theme - just use lots of tropical colours for your balloons and bags, and draw on a happy face!
- Kids will love using these Balloon Ghosts as volleyballs in a fun game of Volley Balloons at a party!


text:
14th SeSaMO Conference
Paths of Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa
University of Turin (Italy)
31 January–2 February 2019
Challenging Narratives of Oppression: Middle Eastern Studies and the Politics of Research
Lorenzo Casini, University of Messina
The counter-revolutionary wave that has recently swept through the Middle East has found legitimation in Europe and the US in a "discursive order" (Fairclough 1989, 1995) in which the claims of the Arab revolutions have been disqualified as naïve utopias, while systematic human rights violations by Arab regimes have been minimized or justified. Within this emerging discursive order, old orientalist ideas long discarded by the academic community (e.g. the incompatibility between Islam and democracy; Arab exceptionalism and so on) have turned into incontestable assumptions on which narratives of imminent threats coming from the region (e.g. "terrorism", "migration") have been articulated. Besides legitimizing the Arab counter-revolutions, mainstream discourses on the Middle East have served also to ground dominant discursive and social orders in the West where a new nationalist rhetoric is rapidly catching on in several countries.
Drawing on ongoing debates within the Italian Society for Middle Eastern Studies (SeSaMO) on the role of scholars of the Middle East in the present political scenario, this panel explores the potential of research as a means of resistance and transformation. Within this wide framework, the panel invites contributions that address the following themes:
CONVENOR'S ACADEMIC PROFILE:
Lorenzo Casini is Assistant Professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of Messina. Most of his research concerns the study of the Arabic novel through theoretical approaches drawn from debates in "cultural studies" and the "sociology of literature". Currently he is preparing a monograph in English language on the poetical and political deployments of the European theme in the Egyptian novel and working on a new project on recent developments in Gulf literature.
Please find the paper submission form at the following link:
State the name of the panel and send your proposal exclusively at the following address:
EMAIL ADDRESS(ES): _EMAIL_
Please download the paper submission form at the following address: _URL_
State the title of the Panel "Challenging Narratives of Oppression. Middle Eastern Studies and the Politics of Research"
and send the proposal exclusively to the official email address of the conference: _EMAIL_


It Happened
in History!
(Go to It Happened in History Archives)
Dorothy M. Richardson
On May 17, 1873, an extraordinary woman who would go on to become an extraordinary writer was born. Dorothy Richardson began work on Pilgrimage, her life-long experimental novel, around 1915, about the same time that Joyce, Proust, and Woolf were conducting similar literary experiments. She was the first writer to work in what came to be called "stream of consciousness." Virginia Woolf credited her with the invention of something that Woolf herself would go on to make famous, "the psychological sentence of the feminine gender."
Pilgrimage is an autobiographical work, covering twenty-five years of Richardson's remarkable and moving life. Living alone in poverty and near-isolation, she set out to find a literary style with which to tell the story of a young woman coming into possession of herself while painstakingly avoiding the fluffery of "the romantic and realist novel alike."
Born into impoverished gentility, from the age of seventeen Richardson was forced to earn her own living. She worked for a while as a tutor-governess, first in Hanover and then in London. Finally, she took a position in an English country house.
Richardson's mother committed suicide in 1895, and that led to the breakup of the family. Richardson moved back to London and went to work Harley Street as a secretary/assistant to a dentist.
While in London, she began moving among avant garde Socialist and artistic circles, including the Bloomsbury set. She began publishing translations and working as a freelance journalist and eventually gave up her secretarial job. In 1917, she married artist Alan Odel. Odel was years younger than she and was a distinctly Bohemian figure, with his waist-length hair wound around his head. Until his death in 1948, he spent the winters with his wife in Cornwall and the summers in London.
Throughout her career, Richardson published large numbers of essays, poems, short stories, sketches, and journalistic pieces. But her reputation as a writer rests firmly on her Pilgrimage sequence. The first of the works in the group, Pointed Roofs (1915), was the first book in English to explore stream of consciousness. The author disliked the term as used to describe her work, preferring to call her form of writing "interior monologues." The discovery of this technique is often credited to Joyce and Woolf, and the failure to regard Richardson's role as pivotal to its development is due mostly to the critical neglect of Richardson's writing during her lifetime. The fact that Pointed Roofs displays the writer's admiration for German culture at a time when Britain and Germany were at war may also have contributed to the general lack of recognition of the book's radical importance.
Often thought of as a feminist writer, Richardson calls for equal rights for women and affirms the importance of the feminine point-of-view as subject matter for her books. The main character in Pilgrimage, Miriam, is a woman in search of her own full identity, which she knows is impossible to define in male terms of reference. To achieve the right effect, Richardson bent the rules of punctuation nearly to breaking, and she extended sentence length to the point of near annoyance. All that she did, she explained, in the name of "feminine prose," which she clearly saw as necessary for the expression of her character's feminine experience.
She also worked hard at removing her presence as narrator from her works. She complained about male writers constantly injecting their voices into their work. "Bang, bang, bang, on they go, these men's books, like an L.C.C. tram, yet unable to make you forget them, the authors, for a moment." She liked James' works for their psychological depth, but she abhorred his male ego, which she described as "a non-stop waggling of the backside as he hands out, on a salver, sentence after sentence.... So what? One feels, reaching the end of the drama in a resounding box, where no star shines and no bird sings."
Richardson's goal was to develop a style that allowed her to disappear from her work while allowing art its own "power to create, or arouse, and call into operation...the human faculty of contemplation."
In fact, she succeeded all too well, both in her work and personally. Although she caused an initial flurry of interest in stream of consciousness, she just as quickly disappeared from the literary scene. Book sales lagged even behind her fame, and she had to depend upon the kindness of friends and her own work ethics to support herself. While Proust was independently wealthy, Joyce had rich patrons and sponsors, and Woolf had her own publishing house, Richardson struggled along on her own, something she did for half a century. When her one affair resulted in pregnancy and then miscarriage, she was upset about losing the baby but happy to give up the father, H. G. Wells.
Living in an attic on the edge of fame was a way of life to which she seemed resigned. Two blocks away, the Bloomsbury Group met regularly. Six blocks from there, Mary Wolstonecraft had, a century earlier, written Vindication of the Rights of Women. Across the alley from her flat, she could see W. B. Yeats writing by the light of "two immensely tall, thick white candles."
Yet, despite her influence on those who would follow in her literary footsteps--and eventually overtake them--she seemed too preoccupied with her writing to be very concerned about her success.
It was only when she was alone and in the intervals of quiet reading that she came into possession of her hands. With others they oppressed her by their size and their lack of feminine expressiveness. No one could fall in love with such hands. Loving her, someone might come to tolerate them. They were utterly unlike Eve's plump, white, inflexible little palms. But they were her strength. They came between her and the world of women. They would be her companions until the end. They would wither. But the bones would not change. The bones would be laid, unchanged and wise, in her grave. - from Pilgrimage
Dorothy Richardson died alone, greatly forgotten and in poverty, in 1957.
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13 Religious Perspectives On Mourning And Memorial Events
Different religions have various approaches to mourning and memorial events.
While some religions have prescribed mourning periods and memorial events, others do not. Here are some major religions' perspectives on mourning and memorial events.
Episcopalians do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Baptists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Buddhists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Catholics do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Eastern Orthodox
The mourning period for Eastern Orthodox Christians lasts for forty days. Within those forty days, the third day, the ninth day, and the fortieth day all have special significance. After forty days, memorials are celebrated at three months, six months, nine months, one year, and on the anniversary of the death for at least seven years. For close relatives, the mourning period may last for one year, during which widows and widowers may wear only black clothing and will recite Panikhidas regularly. Close relatives may also stay home from work for one week and avoid social gatherings for two months.
Hindus observe both a mourning period and memorial events. The day after the cremation, the eldest male relative (known as "karta") will return to the crematory and collect the ashes. Traditionally, the ashes should be immersed in the Ganges River, though more and more other rivers are becoming acceptable substitutes. For Hindus living outside of India, there are companies that will arrange for the shipment of the cremated remains to India and will submerge the ashes in the Ganges.
The cremation of the deceased marks the beginning of the mourning period, which lasts for 13 days. During this time, the family will stay at home and receive visitors, though mourning rituals may differ depending on the community. A photograph of the person who died may be prominently displayed, and a garland of flowers may be placed on the photograph. Throughout the mourning period, the rite of "preta-karma" will be performed, which assists the disembodied spirit of the deceased to obtain a new body for reincarnation.
One year after the death, the family will observe a memorial event called "sraddha," which pays homage to the person who died. The karta will invite Brahmins, members of the highest caste, to the home and provide them with an elaborate meal, treating them as he would his own parents.
There are two periods of mourning in Judaism. The first, called "shiva," meaning "seven," takes place over the seven days immediately following the funeral. During shiva, the family gathers every day in a family home to mourn and pray. For seven days, family members do not go to work or participate in the routine of their normal lives. Guests are received during this time. On the first day of shiva, a shiva candle is lit, which will burn for the duration of the week.
The second period of mourning is called "shloshim," meaning "thirty," and lasts until the thirtieth day after the funeral. During shloshim, mourners will resume many of their daily routines, but will continue to recite the Mourner's Kaddish daily. Shloshim marks the end of the formal mourning period and a full return to daily life, except in the event that mourners are mourning the death of a parent. If a parent has died, the formal mourning period lasts an entire year.
Any time within the first eleven months after the death, there will be a ceremony around the installation of the headstone, called a "headstone unveiling." (Though a headstone unveiling is traditional, there is no religious obligation to have an unveiling.) Before the ceremony begins, the headstone is covered in a sheet or cloth. Those in attendance gather around the headstone and recite psalms and perhaps a brief eulogy before removing the cloth. The Memorial Prayer, called "El Maleh Rachamim," is then recited. If there are at least ten people in attendance, the Mourner's Blessing, called "Mourner's Kaddish," may be recited. After the prayers have been recited, those in attendance will place small stones on the headstone as a sign that you visited the grave and as a sign of respect for the person who died.
There are two specified memorial events in Judiasm. The first, called "yahrzeit," is observed on the anniversary of the death (according to the Hebrew calendar). Every year, the night before the anniversary of the death, a yahrzeit candle is lit, which will burn for 24 hours, and the mourner recites the Mourner's Kaddish.
The second memorial event, called "yizkor," takes place on Yom Kipur, the Day of Atonement, as well as on the holiday of Shemini Atzeret and on the last days of the holidays Passover and Shavuot. Yizkor is a memorial prayer service, and mourners will go to synagogue to mourn with the community.
Lutherans do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Methodists do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Mormons do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Traditionally, the Muslim mourning period lasts 40 days. Depending on the degree of religiousness of the family, however, the mourning period may be much shorter.
Widows are expected to observe a longer mourning period, generally of four months and ten days. During this time, widows are prohibited from interacting with men whom they could potentially marry (known as "na-mahram"). However, this rule may be overlooked in cases of emergency, such as when the widow must see a doctor.
Presbyterians do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.
Quakers do not observe any specific mourning periods or memorial events.