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This article is about the tauren priest order. For seers in general, see seer.
HordeThe Seers
Tahu Sagewind Cataclysm.jpg
Main leader Tahu Sagewind (creator)
Race(s) TaurenTauren Tauren
Character classes Priest
Capital Thunder Bluff
Theater of operations Mulgore, Azeroth
Language(s) Taur-ahe
Affiliation Thunder Bluff, Sunwalkers,[1] Horde
Legion Conclave
Status Active
The Seers[2] are an order of tauren priests who revere "the wisdom of the Earthmother as illuminated by the Light".[3]
They were founded by Tahu Sagewind after a series of theological discussions with Aponi Brightmane about the importance of balancing out the night elven focus on moon-worship through reverence of light as part of their worship of the Earth Mother. As such, they rediscovered the use of the Light.[4] The way of the priest is a new one for the tauren, but it draws on the ancient traditions of their seers.[3] The Seers exist under the Sunwalkers led by Aponi.
Philosophical beginning
Concurrently with the war against the Lich King, Brightmane and Sagewind discussed whether the tauren have overlooked a key aspect of balance, noting the night elves' near exclusive worship of the moon, known to the tauren as Mu'sha. Yet both Mu'sha and An'she, the sun, are the eyes of the Earth Mother. The pair concluded that the night elves, through their ties to tauren druids, passed on their cultural prejudice against the sun to their tauren students. To properly revere the Earth Mother they hold sacred, the two decided to strive for balance and further explore the powers of the sun, An'she.
Many have speculated that this intense pondering led Tahu to create the first priests of the tauren, allowing them to channel the powers of the Light to aid their people.[4]
Cataclysm This section concerns content related to Cataclysm.
Tauren priests were added as a playable class/race combination.
Some shaman renounced their path to become priests, such as Seer Ravenfeather.
Legion This section concerns content related to Legion.
After the fall of Tirion Fordring, Orik Trueheart asked the Sunwalkers for help and Tahu Sagewind of the Seers came to assist him on his quest.
Tahu then left to join the Conclave under the new High Priest. Several tauren sun priests are seen in Dalaran, Netherlight Temple and Deliverance Point on the Broken Shore.
Known members
Name Role Status Location
Horde Tahu Sagewind Creator, a powerful Seer, and priest trainer Alive Elder Rise, Thunder Bluff
Horde Seer Ravenfeather Priest trainer Alive Camp Narache, Mulgore
Horde Seer Beryl Priest trainer Alive Elder Rise, Thunder Bluff
Horde Seer Kaya Priest trainer Alive Elder Rise, Thunder Bluff
Horde Seer Alsoomse Priest trainer Alive Bloodhoof Village, Mulgore
Horde Seer Liwatha Priest trainer Alive Valley of Wisdom, Orgrimmar
See also
 1. ^ N Paladin [98 - 110] Seeker of Truth: Tahu Sagewind says: You asked the Sunwalkers for aid, and I have come. May my presence bring success to your quest, Orik.
 2. ^ N Paladin [98 - 110] Seeker of Truth
 3. ^ a b [Hallowed Note]
 4. ^ a b Ultimate Visual Guide, pg. 129


Personal Health
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Jesus Is Their Health Care: Why Conservative Christians Oppose Real Reform
Christian conservatives support health care co-operatives -- but only for other Christians. Sounds like something Jesus would approve of.
Why do conservative Christians in the US favor healthcare co-operatives? Speakers at the Family Research Council's values voters summit this month unanimously opposed any government-run options, which they believe may lead to "European socialism". But they endorsed collectivism in another guise: health co-operatives. This differentiation is the logical outcome of crass, Christian right exclusivity.
Manchester, my adopted home, is the birthplace of the British co-operative movement – a place, at the coalface of the industrial revolution, that experienced extreme inner city poverty and depravation. A place where working-class people, struggling with a multitude of 19th-century problems in health and housing, collectively sought to help each other in times of crisis.
Co-operatives enabled those of like minds and similar situations to weather storms in which, through no fault of their own, good working men and women simply needed a little assistance: an illness that temporarily lowered the family income, the expense of healthcare and even funeral costs. Co-operatives were a common-sense solution to the occasional crisis of the common man.
In a similar fashion, co-operatives seem one common-sense solution in America's healthcare debate. They offer an alternative to individually purchased private health insurance or to limited employee schemes with high deductibles, both of which are costly for the average citizen. Healthcare co-operatives could bring together individuals, increasing their purchasing power and driving down the cost of health insurance. It isn't the glorious NHS, but it's a good idea with a solid history.
Of course, a part of that history is the context in which it was given birth. The industrial revolution, as the coming of the age of capitalism, was the thesis to which the co-operative movement was the antithesis. The individualism, the force of the market, produced a level of squalor, a level of personal insecurity and a fundamental disregard on the part of business, for the collective need. For that moment in history, the most famous (adopted) Mancunian was named Marx. He wrote much of his critique of capitalism as he sat watching the factories billow smoke into the Manchester air above and the sewers running through the streets below.
Co-operatives were a better alternative to parish councils. Those traditional ports in a storm were overwhelmed by capitalism, and Protestant pragmatism led to prioritizing poor relief. The "deserving" poor were delineated from the "undeserving" poor. Those deserving of help were those familiar to the parish councillors, those known to be of moral standing, those who could be trusted, upon receipt of help, to do better. The landscape around Manchester is dotted with workhouses that gave refuge, employment and some education to those less deserving and more fitting for a life akin to indentured servitude.
For all their invocations of fear of "European socialism", it is somewhat surprising to find American values voters endorsing a policy so anathema to free-market capitalism – a significant shift for those normally endorsing individual responsibility. The ideological Petri dish for co-operatives was the recognition of the limits of individualism and capitalism. Undoubtedly, values voters endorsing co-operatives would not share this ideological moment of conception. So what is motivating this new-found recognition of the benefits of collective bargaining?
Given their penchant for delineating categories of "us" and "them" – those who speak the Truth and those who do not speak with God's voice – values voters seem more like traditional English parish councils, with a clear message of who is deserving and undeserving. During a breakout session at the values voters summit in 2007, Hillary Clinton's healthcare plan was dismissed as a means for the "gay lobby" to ensure healthcare for all homosexuals – who, because of their sin, would eventually die of Aids.


admissions – which are typically orphaned animals that will stay at the center for long durations until they are independent.
Quick releases – which are typically sub-adult or adult animals with minor injuries that can be released in short timespans.
All others, esp. orphans that will be shifted to the long-term care zone, must be shifted there after being quarantined.
Transporting wild animals
Handling and transportation, especially on long journeys, can be a very traumatic experience for the animal. Stress during transportation can be caused due to many factors including noise, unfamiliar and unnatural surroundings, increased human contact, cramped space and excessive heat. Even though transportation may be inevitable, stress can be minimized significantly.
Animals must be kept in dark quiet crates during transport. Transport crates may be cushioned on the insides if necessary. The use of rough flooring is extremely helpful in giving the animal a better grip and preventing it from slipping. Long journeys may be undertaken at night, if required, to minimize heat stress especially in the summer months.
Simple measures like the use of blindfolds, ear muffs, etc. can significantly reduce external stimuli and thereby the anxiety caused. Horns may be tubed if transporting many ungulates together in the same crate. Often, animals may be sedated or tranquilized during transit but this may only be done by experienced veterinarians.
Please refer to our page on Strayed Animals for more information.
Squeeze cages
Although any serious intervention may warrant sedation, there may be times when an animal may have to be restrained without sedation. A squeeze cage can be an excellent option for larger mammals, especially carnivores, at such times.
Pet crates and cages
As they are specially designed for the purpose, pet crates are an excellent option for transporting smaller animals. The only drawback is that they are not available in larger sizes for bigger animals.
Baskets are exceptionally handy when transporting small animals. They are not only a lot more affordable and readily available but also permit transportation with ease. Baskets can also be used to house injured birds, small mammals and reptiles temporarily. If seclusion is required, the basket may simply be covered with a large towel or blanket.
Cardboard boxes
You may often have to rush to the rescue of a small animal without being adequately prepared. Borrowing a cardboard box at such times, which is easily available anywhere, can help you transport the animal to a more secure location. Ensure to secure it firmly before travelling. Some holes may also be punched in the box for adequate circulation during travel.
Snake bags
Although most rescuers resort to inverted pillow cases or jute bags in an emergency, it is advisable to have a few snake bags ready for use. A snake bag is quite simply a breathable cotton bag (preferably dark colored) with a few external loops on the outside of the bag. The external loops, which are 2-3 inches in length, allow easy handling of the bag without the risk of being bitten by a venomous species when touching the bag directly. All rough edges (which may be neatly sewed) must be on the outside of the bag – the bag must be smooth on the inside.
Snake bags are often the preferred carriers for transporting snakes after rescue. They are easy and comfortable to carry and transport both for the snake and the handler. In summer months, the bag may be lightly sprinkled with water to maintain the temperature during transport and prevent the snake from overheating although the bag must never be placed in direct sunlight if a snake is in it.
N.B. A snake must not be kept in a bag for over a couple of hours – bags are only designed for temporary transit. If it must be brought to captivity for any reason, the snake must be shifted to an appropriate crate or enclosure.
Useful links
Adams, K.M. (2009) Environmental enrichment for non-human primates
Download pdf
Bonal et al. (2011) Protocols for the transport of wild animals
Download pdf
CZA - Barrier designs for zoos
Dow, S. (2007) Designing an enclosure
Download pdf
Kulpa-Eddy et al. (2005) USDA Perspective on environmental enrichment for animals
Download pdf
Mallapur et al. (2002) Enclosure design and space utilization by Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India
Download pdf
Plowman, A. (undated) A keeper's guide to evaluating environmental enrichment
Download pdf


text:
Gas Suppression Systems
Like many industries, in the field of fire protection, it is becoming increasingly important to source fire protection products that reduce the use of hazardous substances. Gaseous fire suppression is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire. The system typically consists of the agent, agent storage containers, agent release valves, fire detectors, fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling), agent delivery piping, and agent dispersion nozzles. Less typically, the agent may be delivered by means of solid propellant gas generators that produce either inert or chemically active gas.
The gas supression specialists within Circum have detailed knowledge and ensure BS EN 15004-1 compliance which covers requirements and recommendations for design, installation, testing, maintenance and safety of gaseous fire fighting systems in buildings, plants or other structures.
Since 2003, Halon systems have been illegal (Montreal Protocol Agreement) but there are many options to replace Halon with more current and effective gas suppression systems and here at Circum, we would be pleased to work with you to find the ideal fire suppression system that best suits your premises and conforms to current legislation.
With experience in a multitude of system, Circum is not tied to one product and is therefore able to recommend the most suitable system for your building, business and budget. These may include Carbon Dioxide, FM200, Novec 1230, LPG iFlow, Argonite, Inergen and Ansul R102.
Benefits vary according to the gas and include:
- Reduced maintentance and installation costs
- Eco friendly
- Low refilling costs
- No residue to clean up after discharge
- Zero Ozone depletion potential
- Electrically non-conductive
- Suitable for occupied areas
- Computer suites
- Telecommunications facilities
- Archive stores
- Petrochemical plants
- Offshore oil and gas installations
- Gas turbines
- Control centres
- Switchgear rooms
- Art galleries

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Maroon & Maroons
Maroon and Maroons became the University of Chicago's official color and nickname, respectively, at a meeting of students and faculty on May 5, 1894.
Before the University held its first classes on October 1, 1892, the Board of Trustees had selected goldenrod (yellow) as the school's official color. By 1894, however, Chicago's legendary football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg believed that a change was necessary.
"The yellow ran, soiled easily, and had a regrettable symbolism which our opponents might not be above commenting upon," said Stagg in his autobiography, Touchdown!
Because maroon was not already in use by any major school in the Midwest, Stagg and his associate J.E. Raycroft brought a selection of maroon shades to the 1894 meeting of students and faculty. From those ribbons, a choice was made, and the baseball team appeared in that color during its final games of the 1894 season.
On July 21, 1894, the first mention of a U. of C. athletic team as Maroons appeared in the Chicago Tribune in an article about the baseball team.
While Maroons is the official nickname of the University of Chicago's sports teams, the Phoenix – which is featured as part of the University's shield – serves as the school's mascot. The U. of C. Board of Trustees adopted the shield in 1910.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Name
A file name is a name that refers to a file. File names may be relative
or absolute; the meaning of a relative file name depends on the current
directory, but an absolute file name refers to the same file regardless
of which directory is current. On GNU and Unix systems, an absolute
file name starts with a slash (the root directory) or with '~/' or
'~user/' (a home directory). On MS-Windows/MS-DOS, an
absolute file name can also start with a drive letter and a colon, e.g.,
Some people use the term "pathname" for file names, but we do not;
we use the word "path" only in the term "search path" (q.v.).
- File-Name Component
- A file-name component names a file directly within a particular
directory. On GNU and Unix systems, a file name is a sequence of
file-name components, separated by slashes. For example, foo/bar
is a file name containing two components, 'foo' and 'bar'; it
refers to the file named 'bar' in the directory named 'foo' in
the current directory. MS-DOS/MS-Windows file names can also use
backslashes to separate components, as in foo\bar.
- Fill Prefix
- The fill prefix is a string that should be expected at the beginning
of each line when filling is done. It is not regarded as part of the
text to be filled. See Filling.
- Filling text means adjusting the position of line-breaks to shift text
between consecutive lines, so that all the lines are approximately the
same length. See Filling. Some other editors call this feature
- Font Lock
- Font Lock is a mode that highlights parts of buffer text in different
faces, according to the syntax. Some other editors refer to this as
"syntax highlighting". For example, all comments (q.v.)
might be colored red. See Font Lock.
- A fontset is a named collection of fonts. A fontset specification lists
character sets and which font to use to display each of them. Fontsets
make it easy to change several fonts at once by specifying the name of a
fontset, rather than changing each font separately. See Fontsets.
- Formfeed Character
- See Glossary—Page.
- A frame is a rectangular cluster of Emacs windows. Emacs starts out
with one frame, but you can create more. You can subdivide each frame
into Emacs windows (q.v.). When you are using a window system
(q.v.), more than one frame can be visible at the same time.
See Frames. Some other editors use the term "window" for this,
but in Emacs a window means something else.
- Free Software
- Free software is software that gives you the freedom to share, study
and modify it. Emacs is free software, part of the GNU project
(q.v.), and distributed under a copyleft (q.v.) license called the
GNU General Public License. See Copying.
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- The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a charitable foundation
dedicated to promoting the development of free software (q.v.).
For more information, see the FSF website.
- On a graphical display (q.v.), there's a narrow portion of the frame
(q.v.) between the text area and the window's border. These
"fringes" are used to display symbols that provide information about
the buffer text (see Fringes). Emacs displays the fringe using a
special face (q.v.) called
fringe. See fringe.
- See Glossary—Free Software Foundation.
- FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. This is one standard
method for retrieving remote files (q.v.).
- Function Key
- A function key is a key on the keyboard that sends input but does not
correspond to any character. See Function Keys.
- Global means "independent of the current environment; in effect
throughout Emacs". It is the opposite of local (q.v.). Particular
examples of the use of 'global' appear below.
- Global Abbrev
- A global definition of an abbrev (q.v.) is effective in all major
modes that do not have local (q.v.) definitions for the same abbrev.
- Global Keymap
- The global keymap (q.v.) contains key bindings that are in effect
everywhere, except when overridden by local key bindings in a major
mode's local keymap (q.v.). See Keymaps.
- Global Mark Ring
- The global mark ring records the series of buffers you have recently
set a mark (q.v.) in. In many cases you can use this to backtrack
through buffers you have been editing, or in which you have found
tags (see Glossary—Tags Table). See Global Mark Ring.
- Global Substitution
- Global substitution means replacing each occurrence of one string by
another string throughout a large amount of text. See Replace.
- Global Variable
- The global value of a variable (q.v.) takes effect in all buffers
that do not have their own local (q.v.) values for the variable.
- GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU's Not Unix, and it refers to a
Unix-compatible operating system which is free software (q.v.).
See Manifesto. GNU is normally used with Linux as the kernel since
Linux works better than the GNU kernel. For more information, see
the GNU website.
- Graphic Character
- Graphic characters are those assigned pictorial images rather than
just names. All the non-Meta (q.v.) characters except for the
Control (q.v.) characters are graphic characters. These include
letters, digits, punctuation, and spaces; they do not include
 or . In Emacs, typing a graphic character inserts
that character (in ordinary editing modes). See Inserting Text.
- Graphical Display
- A graphical display is one that can display images and multiple fonts.
Usually it also has a window system (q.v.).
- Highlighting text means displaying it with a different foreground and/or
background color to make it stand out from the rest of the text in the
Emacs uses highlighting in several ways. It highlights the region
whenever it is active (see Mark). Incremental search also
highlights matches (see Incremental Search). See Glossary—Font Lock.
- Hardcopy means printed output. Emacs has various commands for
printing the contents of Emacs buffers. See Printing.
- is the Emacs name for C-h or . You can type
 at any time to ask what options you have, or to ask what a
command does. See Help.
- Help Echo
- Help echo is a short message displayed in the echo area (q.v.) when
the mouse pointer is located on portions of display that require some
explanations. Emacs displays help echo for menu items, parts of the
mode line, tool-bar buttons, etc. On graphical displays, the messages
can be displayed as tooltips (q.v.). See Tooltips.
- Home Directory
- Your home directory contains your personal files. On a multi-user GNU
or Unix system, each user has his or her own home directory. When you
start a new login session, your home directory is the default
directory in which to start. A standard shorthand for your home
directory is '~'. Similarly, '~user' represents the
home directory of some other user.
- A hook is a list of functions to be called on specific occasions, such
as saving a buffer in a file, major mode activation, etc. By
customizing the various hooks, you can modify Emacs's behavior without
changing any of its code. See Hooks.
- Hyper is the name of a modifier bit that a keyboard input character may
have. To make a character Hyper, type it while holding down the
 key. Such characters are given names that start with
Hyper- (usually written H- for short). See User Input.
- "Iff" means "if and only if". This terminology comes from
mathematics. Try to avoid using this term in documentation, since
many are unfamiliar with it and mistake it for a typo.
- An inbox is a file in which mail is delivered by the operating system.
Rmail transfers mail from inboxes to Rmail files in which the
mail is then stored permanently or until explicitly deleted.
See Rmail Inbox.
- Incremental Search
- Emacs provides an incremental search facility, whereby Emacs begins
searching for a string as soon as you type the first character.
As you type more characters, it refines the search. See Incremental Search.
- Indentation means blank space at the beginning of a line. Most
programming languages have conventions for using indentation to
illuminate the structure of the program, and Emacs has special
commands to adjust indentation.
- Indirect Buffer
- An indirect buffer is a buffer that shares the text of another buffer,
called its base buffer (q.v.). See Indirect Buffers.
- Info is the hypertext format used by the GNU project for writing
- Input Event
- An input event represents, within Emacs, one action taken by the user on
the terminal. Input events include typing characters, typing function
keys, pressing or releasing mouse buttons, and switching between Emacs
frames. See User Input.
- Input Method
- An input method is a system for entering non-ASCII text characters by
typing sequences of ASCII characters (q.v.). See Input Methods.
- Insert


text:
SCIENCE MEDICINES HEALTH
EPAR summary for the public
This is a summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Actraphane. It explains how the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) assessed the medicine to reach its opinion in favour of granting a marketing authorisation and its recommendations on the conditions of use for Actraphane.
What is Actraphane?
Actraphane is a suspension for injection that contains the active substance human insulin. It is available as vials, cartridges (Penfill) or prefilled pens (InnoLet or FlexPen). Actraphane contains both fast-acting (soluble) and long-acting (isophane) insulin:
- Actraphane 30: soluble insulin 30% and isophane insulin 70%;
- Actraphane 40: soluble insulin 40% and isophane insulin 60%;
- Actraphane 50: soluble insulin 50% and isophane insulin 50%.
What is Actraphane used for?
Actraphane is used to treat diabetes.
The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription.
How is Actraphane used?
Actraphane is given by injection under the skin in the thigh, the abdominal wall (at the front of the waist), the gluteal region (buttocks) or the deltoid region (shoulder). The injection site should be changed for each injection. The patient's blood glucose (sugar) should be tested regularly to find the lowest effective dose.
An agency of the European Union
© European Medicines Agency, 2015. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
The usual dose is between 0.3 and 1.0 international units (IU) per kilogram body weight per day. Actraphane is given 30 minutes before a meal. It is usually given once or twice a day when a rapid initial effect together with a more long-lasting effect is needed.
Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin to control the blood glucose or when the body is unable to use insulin effectively. Actraphane is a replacement insulin which is very similar to the insulin made by the pancreas.
The active substance in Actraphane, human insulin, is produced by a method known as'recombinant technology': the insulin is made by yeast cells into which a gene (DNA) has been introduced, which makes them able to produce insulin. Actraphane contains insulin in two forms: a soluble form, which acts quickly (within 30 minutes of injection) and an isophane form, which is absorbed much more slowly during the day. This gives Actraphane a longer duration of action. The replacement insulin acts in same way as naturally produced insulin and helps glucose enter cells from the blood. By controlling the blood glucose, the symptoms and complications of diabetes are reduced.
Actraphane has been studied in a total of 294 patients with type 1 diabetes, when the pancreas cannot produce insulin, and type 2 diabetes, when the body is unable to use insulin effectively. About one-third of the patients had type 1 diabetes and the remainder had type 2 diabetes. The study compared Actraphane 30 to a similar mix, but made up using an insulin analogue (insulin aspart). The study measured the level of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbAlc) after 12 weeks, which is the percentage of haemoglobin in the blood that has glucose attached. HbA1c gives an indication of how well the blood glucose is controlled.
Actraphane led to a decrease in the level of HbA1c, indicating that blood glucose levels had been controlled to a similar level to that seen with other human insulin. Actraphane was effective for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
The most common side effect with Actraphane (seen in more than 1 patient in 10) is hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose levels). For the full list of all side effects and restrictions, see the package leaflet.
The CHMP decided that Actraphane's benefits are greater than its risks and recommended that it be given marketing authorisation.
A risk management plan has been developed to ensure that Actraphane is used as safely as possible. Based on this plan, safety information has been included in the summary of product characteristics and the package leaflet for Actraphane, including the appropriate precautions to be followed by healthcare professionals and patients.
The European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for Actraphane on 7 October 2002.
The full EPAR for Actraphane can be found on the Agency's website: _URL_ medicine/Human medicines/European Public Assessment Reports. For more information about treatment with Actraphane, read the package leaflet (also part of the EPAR) or contact your doctor or pharmacist.
This summary was last updated in 11-2013.


text:
Our products in gas pre-heating
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Heat Exchanger make your Gas Systems efficient!
The use of heat exchangers increases the efficiency of your systems. The pre-heating of the gas makes your system pressure-stable and the gas thus transportable.
Most gas installations require compensation for the so-called 'Joule-Thomson' effect. With this effect, the gas temperature decreases with a constant flow rate through pressure reduction. Thus, the gas cools down, for example by using pressure reduction systems, by external temperature fluctuations or by flow through long transport lines. If the gas is heated at selected system points pressure stability or gas temperatures are achieved which make a subsequent system component more efficient, e.g. for gas turbines.
We offer you tube heat exchangers for the heating of gases, saturated steam or water in the range of gas technical systems.
We calculate our heat exchangers optimally for your process. An optimally adapted design saves resources and makes your overall system more economical.


text:
Making Money: The Philosophy of Crisis Capitalism
In Making Money, Ole Bjerg turns these questions into a matter of philosophical rather than economic analysis. Using the thinking of Slavoj Žižek, while still engaging with mainstream economic literature, the book provides a genuinely philosophical theory of money. This theory is unfolded in reflections on the nature of monetary phenomenon such as financial markets, banks, debt, credit, derivatives, gold, risk, value, price, interests, and arbitrage. The analysis of money is put into an historical context by suggesting that the current financial turbulence and debt crisis are symptoms that we live in the age of post-credit capitalism. By bridging the fields of economics and contemporary philosophy, Bjerg's work engages in a productive form of intellectual arbitrage.


text:
1) Hint to use with Like clause
If your SQL contain a LIKE clause then you could consider using a hint on the column where an index exists on this column.
Use the /*+index(table index_name) */ hint. The LIKE clause may prevent the use of the index. If the index is physically smaller than the table then it will likely be faster to use the index rather than the table.
Append only works with Insert into table1 select * from table2;
It really doesn't make sense for a single-row insert


text:
COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY STUDIOMississippi Delta. Click image to enlarge.
With its ability to carry and deposit rich sediment, the Mississippi River has for centuries built up and maintained the fertile land of the Delta. The progressive re-engineering of the river and the delta in the past three centuries — much of it under the direction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers — has produced significant regional and national benefits, serving especially the shipping and petrochemical industries. But we know that these economic benefits have been purchased at enormous environmental costs, and that the sustainability of the gulf ecosystem is threatened. The devastation wrought by successive hurricanes — Katrina, Rita, Ike, Gustav — and the explosion this summer of the offshore Deepwater Horizon and the catastrophic oil spill that followed, have heightened awareness that the region faces a perilous future. The Coastal Sustainability Studio is focused on exploring solutions that match in boldness and scale the gravity of the problem: restoring the power of the Mississippi River.
Image credit: Coastal Sustainability Studio


with a legend or just leave the gaps as they're rather intuitive. However, if there are lots of no answers I think this again lends credibility to analyzing them separately as with lots of no answers the hold time line chart will become overwhelming.
BTW: If you have clear targets to compare the data to or maybe historical data to use as implied targets then there there are probably more interesting ways to visualize the data such as bullet graphs or maybe a deviation column chart to show hold time or no-answer deviation from industry averages or some other useful comparative data. As showing "time to live agent" in minutes may not be as informative as using some other comparative measure such as the historical data or industry averages.
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text:
Towards a technological university: A design approach to knowledge creation
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Irish economic strategies, in line with broader global strategies, aim to promote innovation and knowledge creation. The past notion that knowledge was a learned entity which stopped and was repeated as needed no longer fits. It is considered that in order to develop innovative fluid thinking and new knowledge creation, the focus shifts from the actual knowledge to the competencies and skills that the practice and application of the knowledge brings. In direct response to this, the Irish Higher Education system is witnessing a period of transition. As part of this transition, some of the Institutes of Technology (IOTs) will merge to become Technological Universities (TUs). The TU focus will extend beyond teaching and learning towards innovation and knowledge creation. The Irish design education sector is innovation focussed and is based on a tradition of practice oriented learning. This thesis aims to position the role of practice oriented learning in the context of innovation and knowledge creation within Irish design education. The approach may now be of value as a process in knowledge creation in other disciplines, as they transition to the emergent Irish TU model. In order to achieve this the overall research area was refined and broken down into the following research questions: 1. What is the strategy behind the focus on knowledge creation and innovation within the transitioning higher education system? 2. How is knowledge created within design education? 3. What role does practice oriented learning play in achieving knowledge creation? 4. How can the value of practice oriented learning benefit an emerging TU culture? Design research is based upon the ability to identify and implement the most appropriate approach to data collection and the analysis of collected material. The 'research through design' approach was the selected methodology for the project. Research through design presumes an interpretative understanding of the material or data being collected. It works when there is an openness and readiness to engage in new or surprising situations in the course of research. This methodology has a focus on synthesising information to form creative insights. The approach was selected as it does not pursue verification or falsification, but rather an interactive interpretative dialogue with the design situation (Frayling, 1993). This is appropriate when the research seeks to uncover strategy as opposed to gathering facts or data, we seek instead to make meaning of the data. One approach to synthesising information involves deep interaction with the data through visual mapping. This approach was selected on the basis that visual mapping would provide a means to deal with the complexity of considering three key areas of research namely; policy, industry and education. The visual mapping enables us to see how and when policy, industry and education interact to arrive at today's strategy for the emerging TU's. This involves decision making throughout the project based on analysis and findings to provide direction. Whilst this method provides a clear rationale for the project direction there is still an amount of subjective interpretation. In order to provide further rigour to this method, a pragmatic approach was taken to test findings through field research using interviews, observations and workshops. In addition to this, peer review and publications were carried out throughout the project. The peer reviews acted as a test bed for the latest thinking in this research area from an international context. The findings to date indicate the strategy behind the transitioning Irish Higher education system is to promote knowledge creation as opposed to the traditional knowledge consumption. This is being driven by economic demands in response to the global shift from production based economy to knowledge based economy. The economic demands are both national and International and strive for innovation through knowledge creation. The thesis defines knowledge creation within design education as a specific process of tacit and explicit knowledge exchanges that occur within a shared space or context. Tacit knowledge is explored as informal knowledge based on experiences, insights and intuition. The findings show that tacit knowledge is produced through practice oriented learning approach used in Irish design education. This approach, used by design may be of value to other disciplines as existing structures transition towards the emerging model of TU with the aim of promoting knowledge creation.
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The nCipher Advisory #13 cited in your securityfocus.com link contains the explanation of the vulnerability (in the section "Cryptographic details").
The CBC-MAC algorithm works similar to the CBC encryption algorithm, but only outputting the final block (or a part of this).
Each block of the plain text is XOR-ed with the previous ciphertext and then encrypted.
This means we XOR the first block with the initialization vector before it first comes into contact with the block cipher. So changing only the first block together with a corresponding change in the initialization vector will mean that the same value is input to the block cipher, which gives the same resulting authentication tag at the end (which does not have to be changed).
If the initialization vector is fixed as zero (or some other constant), there is no way for the attacker to change it together with the first block, and this kind of attack is not possible. As an added bonus, we have one block of data less to transfer.


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In this video lesson, you'll learn how to find the intersection of two graphs on the TI-Nspire graphing calculator.
The two functions graphed here are a line and parabola, but you could use this same approach for the intersection of two lines, or virtually any functions the TI-Nspire can graph. It's also certainly possible to have more than two functions graphed at a time. You just have to let the Nspire know which two functions you are trying to find the intersection of.
- Video lesson: Finding the intersection of two graphs on the TI-84
- Video lesson: Tables on the TI-Nspire
- Video lesson: Basic graphing features of the TI-Nspire


Lawman Lecture 8 Final [020410]
Lawman Lecture 8 Final [020410] - Disease Patterns Disease...
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Unformatted text preview: Disease Patterns Disease Patterns Patterns of disease in the U.S. have changed from acute infectious disorders to "preventable" disorders Tuberculosis, influenza, measles, poliomyelitis lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, alcohol, and other drug abuse Death Rates for the 10 Leading Causes Death Rates for the 10 Leading Causes of Death per 100,000 Population, United States, 1900 and 2001 _PHONE_ Cognitivebehavioral approaches Selfmonitoring Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modeling Stimulus control The selfcontrol of behavior Broadspectrum cognitive behavior therapy Relapse How Can We Change Health How Can We Change Health Behaviors? Attitudinal approaches Assume that if we give people correct information about their poor health habits they may be motivated to change those habits SelfMonitoring SelfMonitoring Selfobservation Tracking/Diaries Frequency Antecedents Consequences Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Modeling Modeling Observing another person's behavior Health related examples? Stimulus control interventions Stimulus control interventions Rid the environment of discriminative stimuli Stimulus control interventions Stimulus control interventions Creating new discriminative stimuli signaling that a new response will be reinforced CognitiveBehavioral Approaches CognitiveBehavioral Approaches The Selfcontrol of behavior Selfreinforcement Positive reinforcement (adds a desired factor) Negative reinforcement (removes an aversive factor) Positive selfpunishment (adds an unpleasant stimulus) Negative selfpunishment (removes a pleasant stimulus) Contingency contracting Contingency contracting Forming a contract with another person detailing what rewards and punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a behavior Covert Selfcontrol Covert Selfcontrol Covert selfcontrol Cognitive restructuring Selftalk I'll never be able to quit smoking I can do this Skills training Skills training Provides individuals with alternative ways of coping with the anxiety Goals: 1) reduce anxiety that occurs in social situations 2) introduce new skills for dealing w/situations that cause anxiety 3) provide an alternative behavior for the poor health habit that arose in response to social anxiety Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Nonjudgmental, emphatic, encouraging Clientcentered counseling Get the client to think through and express some of his/her own reasons for and against change; interviewer listens and provides encouragement Goal: enhance selfmotivation Relaxation training Relaxation training Deep breathing produces physiological changes (e.g. dec heart rate) Progressive muscle relaxation individual learns to relax all muscles in the body to discharge tension or stress Goal: stress reduction BroadSpectrum Cognitive BroadSpectrum Cognitive Behavior Therapy Multimodal CBT Therapist selects several complimentary methods to intervene Combination of techniques can be more effective than one Can be tailored to the problem Goal: Provide a comprehensive approach to behavior change in response to multiple stimuli Relapse Relapse Relapse Relapse Relapse rates tend to stabilize at 3 months (6mo is the critical time period) Why? Genetic factors, withdrawal effects, cues, depressed, anxious, stressed Abstinence violation effect Consequences Reducing relapse Relapse Prevention Relapse Prevention High motivation; High commitment Have people identify high risk situations then develop coping skills Cue elimination or restructuring the environments Lifestyle rebalancing Goal: longterm behavior change What is largely missing? What is largely missing? Social Context Environment Peers Social norms Policy Setting Built Environment SelfDetermination Theory SelfDetermination Theory Assumptions Motivation is on a continuum Intrinsic motivation sustains longterm behavior Autonomy Belongingness Competence Social context influences your motivation An Intervention Example: An Intervention Example: ACT (Active by Choice Today) Program Overview Cognitive Behavioral Components 2 hour after school program, 3 days a week Snack, homework, group time, physical activity Skills training Engage in PA Build selfefficacy Group time: how to do it at home, strategies ACT Program ACT Program Cognitive Behavioral Components Motivation Fun Social Choice Modeling Contingencies Staff and peers engaging in PA Group rewards ACT Program ACT Program Cognitive Behavioral Components Relapse Prevention Strategies for overcoming barriers Engaging others How are some intervention How are some intervention components related? Motivation α Peer Social Support t' β Physical Activity Can you pick out cognitive Can you pick out cognitive behavioral pieces? How do these change when they go home?...
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This note was uploaded on 02/17/2011 for the course PYSC 465 taught by Professor Wilson during the Spring '10 term at South Carolina.
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ena magna graft was created. Microvascular free flap transfer was performed as a 2-stage procedure two weeks after the shunt operation. The microvascular reconstructive technique is described in detail.
The successful use of zirconia ceramics in orthopedic surgery led to a demand for dental zirconium-based implant systems. Because of its excellent biomechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and bright tooth-like color, zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO2) has the potential to become a substitute for titanium as dental implant material. The present study aimed at investigating the osseointegration of zirconia implants with modified ablative surface at an ultrastructural level.
A total of 24 zirconia implants with modified ablative surfaces and 24 titanium implants all of similar shape and surface structure were inserted into the tibia of 12 Göttinger minipigs. Block biopsies were harvested 1 week, 4 weeks or 12 weeks (four animals each) after surgery. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed at the bone implant interface.
Remarkable bone attachment was already seen after 1 week which increased further to intimate bone contact after 4 weeks, observed on both zirconia and titanium implant surfaces. After 12 weeks, osseointegration without interposition of an interfacial layer was detected. At the ultrastructural level, there was no obvious difference between the osseointegration of zirconia implants with modified ablative surfaces and titanium implants with a similar surface topography.
The results of this study indicate similar osseointegration of zirconia and titanium implants at the ultrastructural level.
Psychological factors are not only important in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), but also in patients suffering from tooth loss and/or in those awaiting prosthodontic care with fixed or removable dentures as several authors emphasize. The purpose of the present prospective observational study was to compare prosthodontic outpatients of the Department of Prosthodontics at the University of Duesseldorf and patients seeking care at the TMD/Orofacial Pain Outpatient Clinic (TMD/OFPOC) at the same university with respect to sociodemographic data, self-reported somatic complaints, and psychological impairment.
A total of 234 patients received two self-administered questionnaires including the Symptom-Check-List. Complete data have been obtained from 65 prosthodontic outpatients and 60 patients of the TMD/OFPOC.
Results indicated statistically significant group differences regarding sociodemographic data and somatic complaints. Concerning the latter, in 11 of the 21 items, groups differed significantly and confirmed the absence of any mixing between the two outpatient clinics. Although the evaluation of psychological impairment revealed no significant group differences, in 21.9% of the prosthodontic outpatients and in 22.0% of the patients from the TMD/OFPOC, the extent of the determined psychological impairment was similar to that of psychotherapeutic outpatients; in 9.4% and 8.5% it was similar to that of psychotherapeutic inpatients, respectively.
Within the limitations of this study, in approximately one third of the evaluated patients of both the prosthodontic outpatient clinic and the TMD/OFPOC the psychological impairment reached values comparable to those of psychotherapeutic outpatients and psychotherapeutic inpatients. Therefore, the present findings emphasize the need to intensify the integration of psychosomatic aspects into dentistry and, in particular, to add psychological considerations to future German education plans.
Facial trauma or tumor surgery in the head and face area often lead to massive destruction of the facial skeleton. Cell-based bone reconstruction therapies promise to offer new therapeutic opportunities for the repair of bone damaged by disease or injury. Currently, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are discussed to be a potential cell source for bone tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to investigate various supplements in culture media with respect to the induction of osteogenic differentiation.
Murine ESCs were cultured in the presence of LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), DAG (dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate) or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Microscopical analyses were performed using von Kossa staining, and expression of osteogenic marker genes was determined by real time PCR.
ESCs cultured with DAG showed by far the largest deposition of calcium phosphate-containing minerals. Starting at day 9 of culture, a strong increase in collagen I mRNA expression was detected in the DAG-treated cells. In BMP-2-treated ESCs the collagen I mRNA induction was less increased. Expression of osteocalcin, a highly specific marker for osteogentic differentiation, showed a double-peaked curve in DAG-treated cells. ESCs cultured in the presence of DAG showed a strong increase in osteocalcin mRNA at day 9 followed by a second peak starting at day 17.
Supplementation of ESC cell cultures with DAG is effective in inducing osteogenic differentiation and appears to be more potent than stimulation with BMP-2 alone. Thus, DAG treatment can be recommended for generating ESC populations with osteogenic differentiation that are intended for use in bone tissue engineering.
Diseases and defects of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), compromising the cartilaginous layer of the condyle, impose a significant treatment challenge. Different regeneration approaches, especially surgical interventions at the TMJ's cartilage surface, are established treatment methods in maxillofacial surgery but fail to induce a regeneration ad integrum. Cartilage tissue engineering, in contrast, is a newly introduced treatment option in cartilage reconstruction strategies aimed to heal cartilaginous defects. Because cartilage has a limited capacity for intrinsic repair, and even minor lesions or injuries may lead to progressive damage, biological oriented approaches have gained special interest in cartilage therapy. Cell based cartilage regeneration is suggested to improve cartilage repair or reconstruction therapies. Autologous cell implantation, for example, is the first step as a clinically used cell based regeneration option. More advanced or complex therapeutical options (extracorporeal cartilage engineering, genetic engineering, both under evaluation in pre-clinical investigations) have not reached the level of clinical trials but may be approached in the near future. In order to understand cartilage tissue engineering as a new treatment option, an overview of the biological, engineering, and clinical challenges as well as the inherent constraints of the different treatment modalities are given in this paper.
Dentin dysplasia type I is characterized by a defect of dentin development with clinical normal appearance of the permanent teeth but no or only rudimentary root formation. Early loss of all teeth and concomitant underdevelopment of the jaws are challenging for successful treatment with dental implants.
A combination of sinus lifting and onlay bone augmentation based on treatment planning using stereolithographic templates was used in a patient with dentin dysplasia type I to rehabilitate the masticatory function.
(i) a predisposition for an increased and accelerated bone resorption was observed in our patient, (ii) bone augmentation was successful using a mixture of allogenic graft material with autogenous bone preventing fast bone resorption, (iii) surgical planning, based on stereolithographic models and surgical templates, facilitated the accurate placement of dental implants.
Bony augmentation and elaborate treatment planning is helpful for oral rehabilitation of patients with dentin dysplasia type I.
Tissue engineering of bone and cartilage tissue for subsequent implantation is of growing interest in cranioand maxillofacial surgery. Commonly it is performed by using cells coaxed with scaffolds. Recently, there is a controversy concerning the use of artificial scaffolds compared to the use of a natural matrix. Therefore, new approaches called micromass technology have been invented to overcome these problems by avoiding the need for scaffolds. Technically, cells are dissociated and the dispersed cells are then reaggregated into cellular spheres. The micromass technology approach enables investigators to follow tissue formation from single cell sources to organised spheres in a controlled environment. Thus, the inherent fundamentals of tissue engineering are better revealed. Additionally, as the newly formed tissue is devoid of an artificial material, it resembles more closely the in vivo situation. The purpose of this review is to provide an insight into the fundamentals and the technique of micromass cell culture used to study bone tissue engineering.
Functional rehabilitation of patients afflicted with severe mandibular and maxillary alveolar atrophy might be challenging especially in malformed patients.
Treatment planning using sinus lifting and implant placement before Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy in a patient with severe mandibular and posterior maxillary alveolar atrophy and skelettal class-III conditions due to cleft palate are described.
A full functional and esthetic rehabilitation of the patient was achieved by a stepwise surgical approach performed through sinus lifting as the primary approach followed by implant placement and subsequent Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy to correct the maxillo-mandibular relation.
Stabilisation of the maxillary complex by a sinus lifting procedure in combination with computer aided implant placement as preorthodontic planning procedure before Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy seems to be suitable in order to allow ideal oral rehabilitation especially in malformed patients.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare odontogenic tumor which is often misdiagnosed as odontogenic cyst. To acquire additional information about AOT, all reports regarding AOT and cited in "pubmed" since 1990 onward were reviewed. AOT accounts for about 1% until 9% of all odontogenic tumors. It is predominantly found in young and female patients, located more often in the maxilla


Star and Planetary Formation – Naturalistic/Evolutionary Perspective
Posted by on Aug 8, 2014 in Marianis from the Front, The Biggest Challenges to Evolution | 2 comments
There are countless stars in the universe and with each star, there could be many planets. How do stars form? How do rocky planets form and how do gas planets form? What causes stars and planets to form? Have we observed any form? How often should a star be born? How does this evidence affect the age estimates of our universe?
Naturalistic/Evolutionary Answer:
"In the Milky Way today the average annual star formation rate is ten solar masses," but it is thought to have been much higher in the past.[i] "Researchers still do not know the details of how clouds of gas and dust collapse to form stars, or why most stars form in groups, or exactly how planetary systems form. Young stars within a star-forming region interact with each other in complex ways. The details of how they evolve and release the heavy elements they produce back into space for recycling into new generations of stars and planets remains to be determined through a combination of observation and theory."[ii]
Somewhere, out there...All over the universe, nebulae (large gas clouds) and galaxies serve as stellar nurseries where stars are born. Complex interactions of gravity and other forces from nearby objects condense and collapse a gas cloud into a dense rotating sphere, which first becomes a protostar. The Hubble Space Telescope has captured places of dense, star-birthing areas, like the bright resonance ring within the NGC 3081 galaxy.[iii] Often radiation and compression waves from other stars will trigger further star formation in dense clouds of gas.[iv] In this dense, rotating protostar, the inside of this sphere heats up due to the increased pressure, which causes nuclear fusion (fusing hydrogen atoms together to make helium) to occur, which is the lighting up of the star. "Stars are responsible for the manufacture and distribution of heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen."[v]
Right after a star is formed there is still a lot of mass circling in a disc around it. In the Core Accretion Model, over millions of years, these bits of rocky, heavy elements slowly condense, collide and clump together due to gravity to form rocky (terrestrial) planets. In this model, lighter elements are blown further away from the sun and are therefore more dense and abundant to be able to condense into the gas planets. There must be great forces pushing the gas together since the force of the expansion of gas is greater than gravity and this must have happened very quickly, which is a challenge to the theory. The forces and speed of these rocky and gas planets must be just right or else the planets will spiral out of control and possibly into the sun. Early on in each planet's formation, the moons would have been created by large impacts or by capturing other floating material in the early solar system.
Because of the challenges to the Core Accretion Model, the Disk Instability Model is becoming more popular and presents answers showing that the gases would coalesce very quickly to form gas planets even "in as little as a thousand years." This model shows that "clumps of dust and gas are bound together early in the life of the solar system" and "they also quickly reach an orbit-stabilizing mass that keeps them from death-marching into the sun."[vi]
h"Scientists think Earth started off as a waterless mass of rock. Radioactive materials in the rock and increasing pressure deep within the Earth generated enough heat to melt Earth's interior, causing some chemicals to rise to the surface and form water, while others became the gases of the atmosphere. Recent evidence suggests that Earth's crust and oceans may have formed within about 200 million years after the planet had taken shape."[vii]
by Brian Mariani and others
Before commenting, please read the following disclosures.
[i] Keith Cooper, When Did the Universe Have the Right Stuff for Planets? September 4, 2012, Astrobiology Magazine,,, accessed June 20, 2014.
[ii] Webb Science: The Birth of Stars and Protoplanetary Systems, NASA,, accessed June 20, 2014.
[iii] Rob Garner and Brian Dunbar, Hubble Eyes Golden Rings of Star Formation, June 13, 2014, NASA,, accessed June 20, 2014.
[iv] Brian Dunbar and NASA Administrator, The Formation of Stars, March 22, 2014, NASA,, accessed June 20, 2014.
[v] Ruth Netting, Stars, May 14, 2014, NASA, accessed June 20, 2014.
[vi] Nola Taylor Redd, How Was Earth Formed?, January 8, 2013,,, accessed November 1, 2013.
[vii] Charles Q. Choi, Earth: Orbit, Composition, Atmosphere & Other Facts, November 15, 2010,,, accessed June 20, 2014.
 1. The above theories are indeterminate! If I start with faith that there was a Big Bang, and the universe is billions of years old, I am left to looking for long time natural events that remain indeterminate. I am particularly amused by the theory of compression waves initiating star formation as there is nothing to compress against unless there were harmonic forces in frequency with each other exactly opposite of each other with the star material in the middle; what are those chances as the material would squirt out unless the compression forces were equal all around! The above article is full of innuendo and defies physics as we know it in our little sphere of influence in the universe. Christ will return and replace this universe before this mystery is ever answered
 - Good points, thanks for commenting, Charles! This naturalistic/evolutionary position is based on assumptions and have a lot of huge challenges to overcome in their explanations. Yet another evidence of God and His created order! -Brian
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In Spain and other countries, open channel distribution networks have been replaced by on demand-pressurized networks to improve the water-use efficiency of the water distribution systems, but at the same time the energy requirements have dramatically risen. Under this scenario, methodologies to reduce the energy consumption are critical such as: irrigation network sectoring, critical hydrant detection, improving the efficiency of the pumping system and the irrigation system, or introducing solar energy for water supply. But once these measures are undertaken, the recovery of the energy inherent in excess pressure in the network should be investigated. Hydropower energy recovery in irrigation is still largely unexplored and requires further investigation and demonstration. All of these methodologies should be considered as useful tools for both, the reduction of energy consumption and the recovery of the excess energy in pressurized irrigation networks. To accomplish this, the REDAWN project (Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic Area Water Networks) aims to improve the energy efficiency of water networks through the installation of innovative micro-hydropower (MHP) technology. This technology will recover wasted energy in existing pipe networks across irrigation, public water supply, process industry, and waste-water network settings.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


You are here: Home Insurance How To Appeal A... How To Appeal...
How To Appeal Denial Of A Referral Or Pre-certification For Treatment
When an insurer denies coverage for a referral to another doctor or for pre-certification for a treatment, the denial rests on the insurer's opinion that what is being suggested is not "medically necessary."
There is no clear cut definition of "medical necessity." Instead, the definition depends on the context and who is making the decision. The basic concept is that medically necessary services are those which are reasonable and necessary or appropriate based on current clinical standards of care.
Build your case for medical necessity by taking the following steps:
 - Step 1. Pull our a copy of your insurance policy.
 - Each health insurance policy defines medical necessity in wording which is specific for the particular insurer. Locate the description in your insurance policy. Note the page on which it is located and the exact wording of the definition.
 - Locate the policy's specific exclusions (treatments etc. which are not covered). Note whether the requested referral or treatment is specifically excluded. If not, note the page number where the exclusions are listed.
 - Step 2. Check to determine if either the referral or treatment is required to be covered by the laws in your state. If there is such a mandate, note the citation and the exact wording.
 - To learn the law of your state, go to The Actors' Fund Of America's Health Insurance Resource Center ( offsite link, click on your state, then click on "Insurance Guides" and/or Complaints/Appeals). If you have difficulty, contact your Department of Insurance. They can guide you. To locate contact information for your state insurance department, see: offsite link. Click on "NAIC States and Jurisdictions."
 - Step 3. Put together a brief description of your current health condition. Include a chronology of your symptoms and any tests and treatments you have undergone which relate to the current subject
 - Step 4. Obtain a letter from your doctor explaining why the referral or treatment is medically necessary. Ask the doctor to include references which suppport his or her reasoning.
 - Step 5. If you can, obtain additional evidence to support your request. For example, letters from other specialists or copies of studies or reports. Work with your doctor and/or his or her head nurse to pull together this information.
 - Step 6. Write a letter which includes the above information. We provide a sample letter which you can link to in: Health Insurance: Claims: Appeals: Sample Letter: Not Medically Necessary
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Working in partnership with Parents and Carers
All Scout groups have a duty to make reasonable adjustments to support the participation of young people with additional needs. Developing a positive relationship and working in partnership with parents or carers, is key to supporting the successful inclusion of young people with additional needs in Scouting.
Where a young person with additional needs or disabilities is joining Scouting, we advise an initial meeting with the parent or carer. This will enable you to identify the young person's individual needs and plan any support needed to enable them to access Scouting.
Ideally, this conversation would take place face to face. The conversation should involve the leader, parent or carer and, if appropriate, the young person themselves. It may be helpful to involve someone in a local inclusion role or who has particular expertise in this area. Ensure that the meeting feels like a conversation, not an interview; it is just the starting point of an ongoing relationship.
It is important to be positive but realistic, and to establish expectations by helping parents or carers understand our policy and approach, and the context of Scouting. Introducing the parent or carer to the Programme and offering a sense of what a typical section meeting looks like will help the parent or carer anticipate the aspects of Scouting that their child may particularly enjoy or find beneficial, and any aspects they may need some additional support with.
Be honest about your level of knowledge and skills, and explain you are keen to learn from them. Ask about how the young person is supported at home and at school, and discuss any strategies or approaches that could be used in Scouting. Explain to the parent or carer how you plan to store and share information, and ensure that they agree to this.
Further guidance, along with suggested topics and questions, are available within our parent or carer conversation framework and the parent or carer questionnaire.
Prior to the meeting, it may be useful to gain some background knowledge of the type of additional need the young person has.. Remember that each young person will be different, so avoid making any assumptions, and take the lead from the parent or carer in the language they use to describe their child's additional needs.


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The follow courses and workshops are offered for parents and caregivers:
Does your child switch hands when they use utensils or crayons? Do they hold a pencil or crayon 'correctly'? Colour and stay in the lines? Use scissors? All of these are called 'fine motor' skills and if your child is struggling, we can help!
Parenting Your Challenging Child
Parenting Your Challenging Child is a 10 week workshop series for parents of children who are more intense, sensitive, perceptive, persistent or energetic.
Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (S.T.E.P.)
If you left the hospital with the baby and not the 'how to' book, this parenting course will be of value to you.
You, Your Child and Self Regulation
What is it? Does your child have it? Do you? This course will help to answer these questions.
Parenting from Two Homes
Parenting is challenging. Parenting from two homes because of separation or divorce is additionally challengin. This workshop can help you understand the impact of divorce on your children and guide you through these transitions.
Talk to Me
If words are not coming easily for your child…if both you and your child are getting frustrated at trying to talk and understand each other or if you would like to learn some early language strategies with your child in a fun way, Talk to Me is the perfect program for both of you.
After school program for girls, building self-esteem and friendships
For more information:


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What's New
April 2014 - CamRanger is now capable of controlling StackShot!
Sound Activated Triggering
By connecting a microphone to StopShot you can trigger on anything that makes noise. StopShot has a gain control on it to allow the microphone sensitivity to be adjusted. Some examples of pictures that were triggered by sound are shown below. After the trigger is first sensed you can program StopShot to fire the flash or shutter with virtually any delay you wish.
Using StopShot with a microphone is very easy. Simply plug the microphone into the microphone jack and plug the camera or flash into trigger 1. Using the UP button adjust the delay for trigger 1 according to your setup. You can see a diagram below of what the StopShot display will look like. In this case StopShot is programmed to wait 5mS before it fires the camera or flash. 5mS is 5/1000 of a second or 0.005s. This would be a good starting point for capturing a balloon in the middle of popping. Start with the gain in the middle position and adjust it clockwise if you need the microphone to be more sensitive or counterclockwise if you need it to be less sensitive.
Microphone for Sound Activated Pictures
== StopShot==
Trigger 1: 5.0 mS
Trigger 2: off
Trigger 3: off
Shutter lag can be a huge factor when using sound as a trigger. The shutter lag of a high end DSLR is around 50 mS. This is way too much lag to capture many noisy events. Balloons popping, bulbs smashing and cork popping are all examples of events that will be over by the time the camera gets around to actually taking the image. The fix for this it to shoot in a darkened room and have StopShot fire the flash instead of the camera. You will have to hold the shutter of the camera open when creating the event.
Another thing to keep in mind when using sound as a trigger is that sound moves slow... really slow in terms of high speed events. Consider a balloon popping, it takes around 10mS to completely deflate. Sound moves at about 340m/s. If you take your first shot with the microphone at 0.5m and then move the microphone to 1.5m for the next shot you just added 3.4mS of delay to when the flash fires. Your balloon shot goes form being mid pop to completely over by the time the flash fires.
Below are some examples of what is possible with sound triggering. Click on the image to see a larger version.


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The Function and Strategy of Problem Solving
By Chris Bach and The Third Way – The Next Generation in Reinforcement Training
Last month, we moved into a very important area of dog training, PROBLEM SOLVING. Chris shared her theory on the "function and strategy" for teaching dogs.
We are continuing our discussion on Problem Solving. This month Chris explains her theory on the "function and strategy of problem solving".
The function of problem solving is different than teaching and much more complex. Problem solving involves the entire teaching process but only as one of its components. It also entails totally changing and therefore totally controlling the consequences of a response. In addition, the trainer must also eliminate the emotional fluctuation brought on by the presence of specific stimuli as well as "stimulation" itself.
Changing a dog's response to stimuli, both operantly and classically is infinitely more difficult than teaching new consequences, or keeping emotional fluctuations to a minimum in the first place.
Because the function of problem solving is changing rather than just teaching, strategies are also different and much more complex.
The strategy for problem solving has four keys:
- The dog is NEVER to blame.
- The problem response must never occur again.
- A new incompatible response must be taught and proofed in a separate venue.
- When this new response is reliable, it is cued before the problematic response can occur.
I always accept the blame if my dog fails to conform to my expectations or requirements. My expectations are wrong, not my dog. My dog is perfect. I have failed to either adequately teach him what I want, or to recognize some limitation that prevents him from meeting my goals. It is up to me to teach him properly and/or modify my expectations.
The problem solving process begins with people taking full responsibility for their dog's actions. Next, people must recognize that there is a problem only because the dog is failing to meet some human-imposed expectation. Dogs are and always will be PERFECT at being dogs and at being their individual self. They are imperfect only in the minds of people.
Once people accept responsibility for there being a problem, they must precisely identify the problem and then explore their options for dealing with it.
The purpose of this is to assist dog owners and caretakers in identifying the real problem and exploring the options available. Then once an option is chosen, a viable and realistic program that the dog owner or caretaker can accept and/or implement can be developed.
The Third Way's PROBLEM SOLVING FUNCTIONS and STRATEGIES
Problem Solving Function:
Modify the contingencies for a response and/or modify the contingencies for an emotional state change.
Problem Solving Strategy:
- Take responsibility for the problem
- Identify the problem
- Consider the Four Options (which will be discussed in up coming columns)
- Commit to the chosen option
- Design a program
- Management program for Option Two
- Problem Solving Program for Option One
(c) THE THIRD WAY ~ Chris Bach ~ 2002. All rights reserved.


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What is the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media?
Founded in 2004 by Academy Award®-winning actor and advocate Geena Davis, the Institute and its programming arm, See Jane, are at the forefront of changing female portrayals and gender stereotypes in children's media and entertainment. The Institute is uniquely positioned to spotlight gender inequalities at every media and entertainment company through cutting-edge research, education, training, strategic guidance and advocacy programs. Our mission is to work within the entertainment industry to dramatically alter how girls and women are reflected in media.
Why Did Geena Davis Create the Institute and See Jane?
While watching children's entertainment with her young daughter, Geena Davis was astounded by the dearth of female characters. Fueled to take action, she commissioned the largest research project on gender in film and television ever undertaken, conducted by Dr. Stacy Smith at the USC Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism. The research confirmed the disparity she observed: in family films, there is only one female character for every three male characters. In group scenes, only 17% of the characters are female. The repetitive viewing patterns of children ensure that these negative stereotypes are ingrained and imprinted over and over.
What Type of Work Does the Institute Do?
The Institute is the only research-based organization working within the media and entertainment industry to engage, educate, and influence the need for gender balance, reducing stereotyping and creating a wide variety of female characters for entertainment targeting children 11 and under. We have amassed the largest body of research on gender prevalence in entertainment, which spans more than 20 years. Our biennial symposium is the only event convening over 300 decision makers, content creators, and thought leaders to share best practices and create a blueprint towards establishing a gender-balanced media landscape.
Our three-tiered approach of research, education and advocacy has brought the Institute to leading media and entertainment companies, organizations, educational institutions and multinational companies such as the United Nations, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Business Civic Leadership Center, the Wall Street Journal Women in the Economy Task Force and many others. The Institute's research studies are frequently quoted in major media outlets including the The New York Times, Newsweek, Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, USA Today, Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, The Wall Street Journal, CNN, and MSNBC.
How the Institute is Making an Impact
What People are Saying about Us
"As an actress, Geena Davis played the first female president on TV and a baseball player in a popular movie, but as a media consumer she concluded long ago that there was something wrong in the way women were portrayed. Davis, a best actress Oscar®-winner who is trying to change the portrayal of women in media, appeared at the United Nations promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women in children's media." —CNN
"At the official launch of UN Women, the very famous actress Geena Davis said, 'If girls can see it, they can be it.' Our job is to give girls and young women the inspiration and the tools to be what we know they can be." —UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon
"What do actress Geena Davis, Britain's Duchess of York, UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon and the head of the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists have in common? They're all committed to empowering women." —The Huffington Post
"Thank you to Geena Davis for recognizing the gender bias in kid's movies and doing something to change it." —San Francisco Chronicle
"So now Davis is taking her data to industry meetings. And she has reason to hope that some executives are listening." —The New York Times
"Davis has personally put loads of energy into examining the damaging effects of media on young girls and advocating to put more strong female characters on screen." —Politico
"The findings of the Geena Davis Institute studies consistently encourage us to remain mindful of gender representations in our series. We appreciate Geena's dedication to bringing this issue to the forefront and reminding us that we can remedy it." —Linda Simensky, PBS
"I firmly believe that the content we create in the entertainment industry has repercussions & influence beyond anything we are yet aware of, and I think See Jane & the Geena Davis Institute are powerful ways to get that information to the content creators." —Jessica Julius, Creative Executive of Development, Walt Disney Animation
"Thank you Geena, for helping bring a voice to those who have no voice." —Paula Clapp, Co-Founder Stolen Youth (Seattle, WA)
"We feel this is incredibly important work and, as people who watch literally hundreds and hundreds of films per year for work, we know all too well how real this issue is." —Tom Hall, Artistic Director, The Sarasota Film Festival
"I think what you're doing is really important, and it's opened my eyes to our news coverage and stories as well." —Angela Hunter, SVP & Executive Producer, Channel One News
"No parent who has tried to reconcile the sweet storyline of 'The Little Mermaid' with Ariel's skimpy attire will be surprised at a new [GDIGM] study that reveals family films often portray female characters as eye candy." —Chicago Tribune
"Geena's commitment to shattering on-screen stereotypes of women goes beyond her roles." —Women's Foundation of California
"Actress Geena Davis visited the United Nations to speak on gender portrayal in the media. Well-known for her Academy Award®-winning performances and successful Hollywood career, Davis is quickly becoming more recognized for her pioneering advocacy work." —Media Global News
Friends & Partners
It takes a community to create change! Here are some wonderful groups we are proud to link to:
Academy Award winner Geena Davis is one of Hollywood's most respected actors, appearing in several roles that became cultural landmarks. Earning the 2006 Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series -- Drama, Davis broke ground in her portrayal of the first female President of the United States in ABC's hit show "Commander in Chief."
In 1989, Davis received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as the offbeat dog trainer Muriel Pritchett in Lawrence Kasdan's "The Accidental Tourist." She was again nominated for an Academy Award and Golden Globe for her performance as Thelma in Ridley Scott's "Thelma and Louise," in which she co-starred with Susan Sarandon.
Davis went on to receive a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress for her portrayal of baseball phenomenon Dottie Hinson in "A League of Their Own."
Davis made her feature film debut starring opposite Dustin Hoffman in "Tootsie." She went on to star in such films as "The Fly," "Beetlejuice," "Earth Girls are Easy," "Angie," "The Long Kiss Goodnight," and "Stuart Little."
Few have achieved such remarkable success in as many different fields as Davis has: she is not only an Oscar and Golden Globe winning actor, but a world-class athlete (at one time the nation's 13th-ranked archer), a member of the genius society Mensa, and is becoming recognized for her tireless advocacy of women and girls nearly as much as for her acting accomplishments. She is the founder of the non-profit Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media and its programming arm See Jane, which engages film and television creators to dramatically increase the percentages of female characters -- and reduce gender stereotyping -- in media made for children 11 and under.
Davis is also a former trustee of the Women's Sports Foundation, serves on the Board of the White House Project, is an appointee to the California Commission on the Status of Women, and is an official partner of UN Women in their effort to change the way media represents women and girls worldwide.
Davis holds honorary degrees from Boston University, Bates College and New England College.
Madeline Di Nonno
Madeline Di Nonno is the Executive Director of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media and its programming arm See Jane, the leading non-profit working with the entertainment and media community to improve gender diversity in children's entertainment through research based programs. Madeline leads the Institute's strategic direction and brings over 25 years experience in media, marketing and business development in the entertainment, digital media and consumer packaged goods industries. Founded in 2004, the Institute's mission is to transform how the entertainment community depicts children in its content, sensitize the industry on gender portrayals and reduce stereotyping in entertainment and media targeting children 11 and under.
Previously, Madeline served as President and CEO of On The Scene Productions, a leader in the digital media. She lead the company's new business development and content distribution platforms for short-form "video storytelling" content for the entertainment, healthcare, corporate, and consumer products clients such as Nike, Gatorade, Iconix, and PepsiCo.
As Senior Vice President, Worldwide Marketing for Anchor Bay Entertainment/Starz Media, a leading independent entertainment company, Madeline supervised global brand marketing, original product development, acquisitions, digital media and publicity initiatives for home entertainment and limited theatrical releases in North America, United Kingdom and Australia. She spearheaded the worldwide marketing launch for theatrical home entertainment releases from Overture Films.
Prior to Anchor Bay Entertainment, Madeline served as Head of Marketing for Echo Bridge Home Entertainment, an independent entertainment company. Responsibilities included brand marketing, advertising, publicity, acquisitions and ecommerce initiatives for Echo Bridge theatrical and home entertainment releases.
Madeline previously served as Executive Vice President and GM for Nielsen EDI, a leading provider of Theatrical distribution measurement and information. Responsibilities included new business development and client management of Nielsen EDI's theatrical research practice.
As Senior Vice President, Marketing Alliances and Digital media at the Hallmark Channel, Madeline helped launch


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Faculty / Organisational entity
- Fraunhofer (ITWM) (2) (remove)
- On the Construction of Discrete Equilibrium Distributions for Kinetic Schemes (1999)
- A general approach to the construction of discrete equilibrium distributions is presented. Such distribution functions can be used to set up Kinetic Schemes as well as Lattice Boltzmann methods. The general principles are also applied to the construction of Chapman Enskog distributions which are used in Kinetic Schemes for compressible Navier Stokes equations.
- A new discrete velocity method for Navier-Stokes equations (1999)
- The relation between the Lattice Boltzmann Method, which has recently become popular, and the Kinetic Schemes, which are routinely used in Computational Fluid Dynamics, is explored. A new discrete velocity model for the numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible uid ow is presented by combining both the approaches. The new scheme can be interpreted as a pseudo-compressibility method and, for a particular choice of parameters, this interpretation carries over to the Lattice Boltzmann Method.


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Determining What's Wrong
Any normal, healthy, wild bird, when approached by a human being, will fly away. If it doesn't, something is wrong with it.
Most times one of the following is what's wrong:
It's too young to fly away.
(see the section called Young Birds)
It's been injured and can't fly away.
(see the section called Injured Birds)
It's sick and too weak to fly away.
(see the section called Sick Birds)
- It's tame (probably because it was improperly raised in captivity) and doesn't know it should fly away.
Next: Young Birds


Candle Lit Energy
3.6 based on 18 ratings
Updated on Feb 05, 2012
Grade Level: 7th - 9th; Type: Chemistry
During the burning process, potential energy in a candle is converted to heat energy. This science project measures the amount of heat energy released by a burning candle.
Research Questions:
 - How much energy does a candle release when it burns?
 - How much potential energy does a candle have?
In order to start a chemical reaction, you need to use some activation energy, such as a burning flame. The activation energy consists of potential energy being converted to a different type of energy, such as kinetic or heat energy. In this project, you can calculate the amount of calories of heat energy that a given amount of candle produces.
 - Hole puncher
 - Juice can
 - Stick or glass rod
 - Water
 - Large can
 - Can opener
 - Candle stub
 - Scale
 - Tin foil
 - Thermometer
 - Match
Experimental Procedure
 1. Punch two holes, one in either side of the juice can, near the top. Thread a stick or glass rod through the holes. This will hold the juice can above the larger can.
 2. Add 100 ml of tap water to the juice can. Leave the water for a few minutes so that it reaches room temperature.
 3. Remove the bottom of the larger can, so that it is shaped like a metal tube.
 4. Cut five triangular holes in the bottom of the tube, spaced as equally as possible around the tube. These holes will let air circulate to the candle so that it will continue to burn.
 5. Weigh the candle stub, and record its weight in grams.
 6. Stand the tube up, and place a candle on a piece of foil in the center of the tube.
 7. Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the water in the juice can. Write down this temperature.
 8. Light the candle, and immediately place the juice can into the larger can. The juice can should by suspended by the stick or glass rod.
 9. Stir the water in the juice can with a thermometer until it reads ten degrees higher than the original water temperature. Then blow out the candle.
 10. Weigh the candle and record the measurement.
 11. Calculate how many calories of heat were delivered to the water. To do this multiply the mass of the water (100) by the number of degrees the temperature was raised (25). Then divide the product by the number of grams the candle lost during the burning process. This will show you how many calories each gram of candle released, and therefore how much potential energy each gram of candle has.
Terms/Concepts: Potential energy; Calories of heat; Law of conservation of energy
 - Easy Genius Science Projects with Chemistry, by Robert Gardener. Pp 65-67.


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Introduction to Dragos Rule
Have you ever wondered why NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, and other molecules in the same group have different bond angles? The bond angle of ammonia is 107 °, but for PH3, there is a difference of 13°, i.e.94°. Similarly, for AsH3 and SbH3, the corresponding bond angles are 93° and 92°, respectively.
Now let's discuss why NH3 and PH3 have a difference in bond angle of 13°. To explain this anomalous property, the Dragos rule can be used. In Dragos molecules, hybridisation does not occur for compounds of elements of the third period or higher, bonded to a less electronegative element like hydrogen.
If the central atom of a molecule belongs to the 15th or 16th group and is in the 3rd period or below, and is bonded to a substituent having electronegativity less than or equal to 2.5, then the lone pair present in the s-orbital doesn't participate in hybridisation and bonds are formed by pure p-orbitals. As pure p-orbitals are at 90 ͦ to each other, the angle between bond pairs is close to 90 ͦ. A lone pair of s-orbitals is found in a stereo chemically inactive s-orbital.
Dragos molecules have no hybridisation.
Hence, i = ∞.
The bond angle is nearly equal to 90 ͦ. It ranges between 90-92 ͦ.
As for molecules formed with elements of the 3rd period or above, they usually form weak bonds because of poor overlapping of atomic orbitals.
Conditions for Dragos Rule
The central atom should be large. That is, the third period or higher.
The side atom or the surrounding atom should be small and less electronegative, like hydrogen (EN≤2.5).
There should be a lone pair present. Lone pairs are usually present in s-orbitals and do not participate in hybridisation. Hence, these pairs of electrons are stereo-chemically inert. Or the s-orbital is said to be stereo-chemically inactive.
Molecules satisfying these conditions fall under the class of Dragos molecules.
Elements forming Dragos Molecule
Phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), sulphur (S), selenium (Se), and tellurium (Te) of the 15th and 16th groups, respectively effectively obey Dragos' rule. Hence, being bismuth and polonium radioactive, they show deviation from obeying Dragos' rule. Examples of Dragos molecules include: PH3, AsH3, SbH3, H2S, H2Se, H2Te etc.
Applications of Dragos Rule
The Dragos Rule can be used to predict the basicity of molecules. While considering NH3 and PH3, NH3 is more basic than PH3. It is because the lone pair of nitrogen atoms are present in their hybrid orbitals, whereas those of phosphorus are in unhybridised orbitals. Nitrogen is sp3 hybridised. Hence, these electrons are involved in hybridisation. In PH3, the lone pair is stereo-chemically inactive and not involved in hybridisation.
Thus, NH3 > PH3
Hybridization of PH3
2. Reducing Character
Dragos molecules act as reducing agents. The size of the atom increases as it moves down a group. Hence, the bond strength will decrease because of the poor overlapping of atomic orbitals.
∴ SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > NH3
3. Percentage s-Character
The Dragos molecule has no hybridisation, hence the percentage of s-characters is zero. Also, it is found that these molecules have a very small bond angle. The bond angle has an inverse relationship with the percentage s-character. Some other relations of percentage s-character are derived as follows:
% s-character ∝ Bond angle
∴ % s-character ∝ Bond strength
Phosphine is an example of a Dragos molecule. It has a chemical formula of PH3. In the phosphine molecule, phosphorus belongs to the third period and obeys all the conditions of the Dragos Rule. The phosphorus atom makes three sigma bonds with three hydrogen atoms. The s-orbital of phosphorus has a lone pair that is not involved in hybridisation.
Thus, the formation of PH3 is solely dependent on p-orbitals. Every hydrogen atom forms a 90-degree angle with a phosphorus atom. Thus, it takes on the shape of a trigonal pyramid.
The Dragos rule is limited to certain elements only.
This rule is set up such that only the third or higher period elements follow it. From this, it is clear that the Dragos rule is applicable only to p-block elements.
Not all elements of p-block obey this rule.
Dragos molecules have no hybridisation. It is because the lone pairs present in the s-orbital do not participate in hybridisation. Thus, only p-orbitals are involved in the formation of Dragos molecules.
The bond angle observed in Dragos molecules is considered relatively small, nearly equal to 90 degrees. Due to this, groups of 15 and 16 elements tend to form hydrides easily, as hydrogen is a less electronegative atom.
The solubility of Dragos molecules in water is slightly lower as compared to the compounds of the 2nd period.
The bond angles of hydrides in groups 15 and 16 or elements in the third period or higher are explained by Drago's rule.
It only applies to PH3, AsH3, SbH3, H2S, H2Se, and other related compounds.
Drago's rule states that when the following criteria are met, there will be a significant energy difference between the involved atomic orbitals, preventing any orbital mixing or hybridisation.
Only p-orbitals are involved in the formation of Dragos compounds.
The bond angle of the Dragos molecule is nearly 90 ˚.
FAQs on Dragos Rule
1. Explain the hybridisation of hydrogen telluride.
Hydrogen telluride is a Dragos molecule. It has a chemical formula of H2Te. In the hydrogen telluride molecule, the tellurium belongs to the fifth period and obeys all the conditions of the Dragos rule. Like in water, the tellurium atom makes two sigma bonds with two hydrogen atoms. The s-orbital of tellurium has two lone pairs that are not involved in hybridisation.
Thus, the formation of H2Te only depends on p orbitals. Every hydrogen atom forms a 90-degree angle with a tellurium atom. Thus, hydrogen telluride acquires a bent shape or V-shape.
2. Predict the geometry of SF6 and SH6 molecules.
In the SF6 molecule, the sulphur atom has six electrons in its valence shell. These electrons form covalent bonds with the most electronegative atom, fluorine. SF6 forms six S-F bond pairs. There is no lone pair in this molecule. Therefore, the hybridisation of SF6 is sp3d2. Hence, SF6 acquires an octahedral geometry. In the SH6 molecule, there is no hybridisation.
Even if there are vacant d-orbitals, they do not get hybridised. Since these vacant d-orbitals do not participate in hybridisation due to the large s-d energy gap, a large amount of energy should be required for effective overlapping.
3. Predict the reducing power of H2S, H2Se, and H2Te molecules.
H2S, H2Se, and H2Te are examples of Dragos molecules formed by the 16th group. The reducing power of molecules depends on the size of the atoms from which they are formed. The size of an atom increases as we move down the group. The size is given in the order of Te > Se > S. As the atom grows larger, its effective valence shells overlap more effectively, which reduces the atom's effective nuclear charge. As a result, the reducing character deteriorates, and the bond becomes weaker. It follows that H2Te > H2Se > H2S is the order of reducing power.