text:
Painting is often good therapy, but you can kick it up a notch by using marshmallows as the painting tool. You can grade the type of grip used by using the large marshmallows or the mini marshmallows.
You can use regular paint on paper and just dip the marshmallow in and make designs on the paper.
I decided to try a fully edible painting activity since our painting tools were edible. I used powdered Jello with a little water added as the paint. Our "paper" was sugar cookies.
This is a good activity for kids who avoid foods. Playing with food as a toy is a good way to get kids accustomed to being around different foods. Using the tiny marshmallows helps with achieving a tip pinch, and works on developing a tripod grasp for handwriting.
- Marshmallows (large and mini)
- Paint or Jello
- Paper or sugar cookies
**** I often will link to things on Amazon. These are usually affiliate links that will pay me a couple of dollars if you happen to buy something while there. Any money made through the Amazon links goes back into this site and helps us keep it going. Thank You.


Tornado – FX
Software : Houdini 14
Debris, Debris Skirt and Rain are particle simulations.
7up – Commercial
Client : 7up
Studio : Framestore LA
Work : CG Crowd.
The system was subdivided in 3 steps:
It Follows – VFX Work
Project : It Follows (2014)
Production companies: Northern Lights Films, Animal Kingdom, Two Flints
Director-screenwriter: David Robert Mitchell
Director of photography: Michael Gioulakis
Production designer: Michael T. Perry
Costume designer: Kimberly Leitz-McCauley
Editor: Julio C. Perez IV
Music: Disasterpeace
Sales: Cinetic/Visit Films
Related articles:
Yahoo Movies
The Hollywood Reporter
Python SOP vs VOP SOP – and the winner is …
Check it out yourself:
OTL | HIP
Why VEX is it faster?
 - it allows multithreading
 - it doesn't have the overhead loading times of importing Python libraries
Why sometimes Python is better?
 - because differently from VEX, it allows recursion
If you want speed, use VEX.
If you need recursion, use Python.
lsystem wrapper
In this nth experiment I wanted to create a way to wrap a growing geometry on the surface of another geometry without relying upon UVs on the target geometry.
The OTL I created takes 3 inputs:
 1. lsystem (this will be wrapped on top of 2)
 2. poly geometry
 3. one point
L-System (points and edges)
The L-System provided as first input can be any L-System where the root point of a new branch overlaps the point it generates from. In other words if you 'window' select the first point of a branch in your L-System you should end up selecting 2 points.
Inside the OTL the L-System is pre-processed adding point attributes (like an attr that specifies if a certain point is a branch root, or the direction of each segment) that will make traversing it's hierarchy later on way faster.
Something like this:
Wrapped Geometry (any geometry)
The OTL wraps the original L-System around this geometry. It can be any geometry. This geometry will be converted into a VDB SDF in the OTL, sample and gradient volume vops are used to quickly find the closest point on this surface. Because of this approach, the OTL doesn't require any UV coordinate to locate positions on this geometry and it's super fast since the SDF is calculate only once at the beginning of the whole simulation and contains already all the info to calculate the closest point on the surface with just a couple of multiplications and sums.
Start Point (one point)
The closest point of the Start Point on the Wrapped Geometry is where the root of the 'wrapped' L-System will sit. This point must be as close as possible to the the Wrapped Geometry surface (in order to have it within the Wrapped Geometry SDF VDB voxels).
How it works
This is the interface to the OTL
The original L-System is flattened on the XY plane before being processed.
The root (the first point calculated) of the wrapped L-System (WL) is the closest point of the Start Point (SP) on the Wrapped Geometry (WG). The initial direction is given by the vector specified in the OTL UI (see image above).
Every 'next' point position is calculated starting from the position of the previous point. For this reason I used a foreach loop making sure to uncheck the parameter "merge", since I want the same data to be processed and provided to the next cycle after adding a new point.
To calculate the closest point on the surface from a certain point in the world space, I've used VDB SDF. SDF are already a blessing provided by Houdini but they've always had a certain level of imprecision. VDB SDF are way faster to calculate, and much more precise (thank you DreamWorks Animation for this gift!).
The following is the VOP SOP structure to calculate the closest point on surface, given an SDF volume and a sample location in world space:
In this example I've created the wrapped L-System, and then used a Ray Sop to make sure each point really was on the surface, once per frame (Ray Sop is very fast).
I made sure to preserve the Width attribute calculated by default in the L-System Sop and I used it in the PolyWire Sop to drive the width of the Tubes as explained in the PolyWire documentation:
….This node works like the Wireframe node, but this node creates more complex tube geometry from curves, with smoother bends and intersections than Wireframe, especially for L-systems.
The four numerical parameters support all the local variables of the Point operation, plus the LSYSTEM specific variables of $WIDTH, $SEGS, $DIV, $LAGE, $GEN, and $ARC….
WL has been calculated on a static WG (I choose the first frame of the hand animation). Then I used a Lattice Sop to wrap WL on the animated version of WG. Before applying the Lattice Sop I've calculated and stored the density of the points on a point attribute on the animated WG via VOP SOP where I used Point Cloud vex nodes to access the same geometry and return the number of points within a certain radius. Then I've used the density attribute to drive the size of the metaballs internally used by Lattice Sop.
L-Systems are perfect to create intricate veins systems. Because L-Systems are a parallel rewriting systems, their size might get huge very fast. For instance in the previous example the original L-System had 95 generations and ~66k points. Nevertheless the generation of the L-System itself was very fast (less than 1s per frame for 95 generations).
OTL processing time to calculate the Wrapped L-System in this example:
Frames 1-84 (83 frames) : less than 2 minutes
Frames 85-91 (7 frames) : ~1 minute
Frames 92-96 (4 frames) : ~1 minute
Frames 97-99 (2 frames) : ~1 minute
Frames 100-102 (2 frames) : ~1 minute
Frames 103-104 (1 frame): ~1 minute
Frame 116 : ~2 minutes
Frame 122 : ~3 minutes
Frame 131 : ~5 minutes
Frame 138: ~10 minutes
Frame 145: ~21 minutes
Time to calculate 145 frames ~ 3h 40m.
On an Intel Core i7 3.0Ghz – 4 cores – 8 logical
All VOP SOPs are set to 1 thread per proc.
As you can see, processing times increase exponentially when the number of L-System generation starts getting crazy so if the idea is, for instance, to cover a full animated character with veins, the best approach is divide and conquer, instead of using one single massive L-System.
Now, I guess this is just a way to accomplish this effect, I am sure there are many others I've not thought about. So, feel free to comment and pitch ideas!


Legislative Committees
Environment and Public Works
National Senate Committee
410 Dirksen Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510-6175
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_
Web Address:
(1) Committee on Environment and Public Works, to which committee shall be referred all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the following subjects:
1. Air pollution.
2. Construction and maintenance of highways.
3. Environmental aspects of Outer Continental Shelf lands.
4. Environmental effects of toxic substances, other than pesticides.
5. Environmental policy.
6. Environmental research and development.
7. Fisheries and wildlife.
8. Flood control and improvements of rivers and harbors, including environmental aspects of deepwater ports.
9. Noise pollution.
10. Nonmilitary environmental regulation and control of nuclear energy.
11. Ocean dumping.
12. Public buildings and improved grounds of the United States generally, including Federal buildings in the District of Columbia.
13. Public works, bridges and dams.
14. Regional economic development.
15. Solid waste disposal and recycling.
16. Water pollution.
17. Water resources.
(2) Such committee shall also study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to environmental protection and resource utilization and conservation, and report thereon from time to time.


text:
- Cauliflowers can be quite demanding plants to grow, especially if you have limited time to tend to your garden. They need very consistent and regular watering for the best results.
-Best grown in full sun with deep, fertile soil
- Most of the winter varieties we associate with being cauliflowers are actually broccoli.
- Traditionally white, you can now get orange, purple or lime green.
- I highly recommend Romanesco as you just break off what you need, they are easy to grow and are very expensive to buy in the stores.
Sowing and Growing
- I like to sow cauliflower directly where it is to grow. Sow 1cm deep in rows 7.5cm apart
- Plant out Summer varieties 60cm apart.
- Plant winter varieties 75cm apart as they are slightly larger.
- Space rows 60cm apart
- The key to growing a successful cauliflower is to water well and consistently. If the watering is not regular not the heads will not develop properly, or if they do develop they will bolt. Mulching around the plants will help lock in a little bit of moisture.
- Occasional summer feed will help as they are hungry plants, in the summer I feed once a week.
- Protect summer crops from sun by tying leaves up over the head, do the same to protect winter ones from the frost.
Between each plant
Between each row
Summer & Autumn
Winter & Spring
- From seed to harvest takes 18-25 weeks for Summer varieties and up to 50 weeks for winter cabbages.
- Start cutting while heads are still firm
- If heads start to separate, harvest straight away as you left it too long and flavour will be less
- Early Summer: Candid Charm, Mayflower
- Summer/Autumn: All year round, Clapton, Snowball, White Step, Sunset
- Winter/ Spring: Halsmees, Galleon, Medallion
- Coloured: Cheddar, Graffiti, Violet Queen

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Founded around 1700 by a group of German Lutherans known as Pietists, the Halle Orphanage became the institutional headquarters of a universal seminar that still stands largely intact today. It was the base of an educational, charitable, and scientific community and consisted of an elite school for the sons of noblemen; schools for the sons of artisans, soldiers, and preachers; a hospital; an apothecary; a bookshop; a botanical garden; and a cabinet of curiosity containing architectural models, naturalia, and scientific instruments. Yet, its reputation as a Pietist enclave inhabited largely by young people has prevented the organization from being taken seriously as a kind of scientific academy—even though, Kelly Joan Whitmer shows, this is precisely what it was.
The Halle Orphanage as Scientific Community calls into question a long-standing tendency to view German Pietists as anti-science and anti-Enlightenment, arguing that these tendencies have drawn attention away from what was actually going on inside the orphanage. Whitmer shows how the orphanage's identity as a scientific community hinged on its promotion of philosophical eclecticism as a tool for assimilating perspectives and observations and working to perfect one's abilities to observe methodically. Because of the link between eclecticism and observation, Whitmer reveals, those teaching and training in Halle's Orphanage contributed to the transformation of scientific observation and its related activities in this period.


text:
|GUHSD > Educational Technology Resources > Teacher Exchange > Artifact Details|
Ratios & Proportions-Relating to the physical world
Date Submitted: 5/22/2009
Description: These are your basic notes for teaching ratio and proportion, enhanced with a link to a website to illustrate the Chief Crazy Horse problem on p. 566 of the Heath Algebra I text. The link can be used separate from the text as well.
Click Here To Download (21 KB ~ Word [.doc])
Not yet rated
Educational Technology Resources Home

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Fauna and Flora at Shibayachi
The Shibayachi wetland harbors a rich variety of marsh plants, typical of lowland mires. It is a rare wetland which remained undestoryed in an urban area. Its isolation from the rest of vegetation helped the preservation of its genuine flora since old times. For this reason, the government designated this wetland a national natural treasure in September 1936.
As many as 73 species of marsh plants such as nohanashobu (iris ensata var. spontanea) and sundew are present and many water birds such as waterhens, little grebes and Indian spot-billed duck visit here. Looking into the water, we find another world with small insects such as whirligig beetles, diving beetles and dragonfly nymphs.
Dragonfly nymphs spend a couple of years under the water before emergence. Male and Female dragonflies mate while flying in the air and female dragonflies lay eggs in the water. They are born in water and, after flying high in autumn, go back dead to the mother water in winter. They are not the only ones to repeat the perennial cycle of life and death in the Shibayachi wetland.
Back to Odate City


This is SUMOmini, created by Maria Keet. I mainly deleted the instances and domain concept directly subsumed by owl:Thing and some weird proeprties, like the 'absolute height of an aircraft'. A provisional and necessarily lossy translation to OWL. Please see for the original KIF, which is the authoritative source. This software is released under the GNU Public License YAGO mapping thanks to. WordNet content thanks to Produced on date: Sun May 09 18:37:01 PDT 2010 constitution (ConstitutionFn?AREA) denotes a class containing all Constitutions adopted by the government of the GeopoliticalArea?AREA. For example, (ConstitutionFn UnitedStates) contains the ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStates. absolute value The value of (AbsoluteValueFn?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber?NUMBER. abstraction A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class. begin A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins. begin node A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), BeginNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a beginning. cardinality (CardinalityFn?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass?CLASS or the number of members in the?CLASS Collection. complement The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C. end A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends. extension A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. first (FirstFn?LIST) returns the first item in the List?LIST. For example, (FirstFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value of Monday. floor (FloorFn?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber?NUMBER. flow (FlowFn?FLUID) denotes the Motion process associated with the constitutive pieces of the FlowRegion?FLUID. front A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. future A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity. geographic center (GeographicCenterFn?REGION) denotes the geographical center of the GeographicArea?REGION. imaginary part (ImaginaryPartFn?NUMBER) returns the part of?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor. inner boundary (InnerBoundaryFn?REGION) denotes the inner boundary of the Region?REGION, where?REGION has an inner and outer orientation with respect to another object. outer boundary (OuterBoundaryFn?REGION) denotes the outer boundary of the Region?REGION, where?REGION has an inner and outer orientation with respect to another object. past A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity. predecessor A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. premises (PremisesFn?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of premises of the Argument?ARGUMENT. when A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn?THING), (time?THING?TIME) does not hold. abbreviation (abbreviation?STRING?THING) means that?STRING is an abbreviation used to refer to?THING. Abbreviations include acronyms and other abbreviated forms. (abstractCounterpart?AB?PHYS relates a Physical entity to an Abstract one which is an idealized model in some dimension of the Physical entity. For example, an Abstract GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an actual Computer in a ComputerNetwork. abstract part part A meronymy relation similar to part, but for abstract rather than physical things. (address?AGENT?ADDRESS) means that?ADDRESS is an address or part of an address for the Agent?AGENT. (agent?PROCESS?AGENT) means that?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. ancestor The transitive closure of the parent predicate. (ancestor?DESCENDANT?ANCESTOR) means that?ANCESTOR is either the parent of?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc. (attribute?OBJECT?PROPERTY) means that?PROPERTY is a Attribute of?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red). before (before?POINT1?POINT2) means that?POINT1 precedes?POINT2 on the universal timeline. before or equal (beforeOrEqual?POINT1?POINT2) means that?POINT1 is identical with?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. capacity (capacity?OBJ?QUANTITY) means that?OBJ can contain something that has the measure of?QUANTITY. This predicate denotes maximal capacity, i.e.?OBJ can hold no more than?QUANTITY. Note, however, that this does not mean that capacity is a SingleValuedRelation, since an object may have various maximal capacities across different dimensions, e.g. a particular box may have a capacity of 3 pounds and a capacity of 1 liter. cardinality (cardinality?SET?NUMBER) means that there are?NUMBER of elements in the SetOrClass?SET. catalyst A relation between a ChemicalProcess and a Substance that acts to acelerate or enable the ChemicalProcess. causes The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes?PROCESS1?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process?PROCESS2. causes proposition (causesProposition?FORMULA1?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by?FORMULA1 causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs described by?FORMULA2. Note that unlike entails, the time during which?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which?FORMULA1 holds, although?FORMULA1 and?FORMULA2 can hold simultaneously. Note, also, that causesProposition is a predicate, not a truth function. The following rule (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp?FORMULA1?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not?FORMULA2) (not?FORMULA1))). causes subclass The causation relation between subclasses of Process. (causesSubclass?PROCESS1?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of Process?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing Death). conclusion (conclusion?ARGUMENT?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the Argument?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that?ARGUMENT entails?PROPOSITION. conjugate (conjugate?COMPOUND1?COMPOUND2) means that?COMPOUND1 and?COMPOUND2 are identical CompoundSubstances except that one has one more Proton than the other. connected (connected?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that?OBJ1 meetsSpatially?OBJ2 or that?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially?OBJ2. connected downstream (connectedDownstream?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with?OBJ2 along a directed system such as a RiverSystem. consistent (consistent?PROP1?PROP2) means that the two Propositions?PROP1 and?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. contains The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by?OBJ2. controlled (controlled?EVENT?OBJECT) means that during the AchievingControl denoted by?EVENT,?OBJECT comes to be physically controlled by an Agent. cooccur (cooccur?THING1?THING2) means that the Object or Process?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. crosses (crosses?OBJ1?OBJ2) means that Object?OBJ1 traverses Object?OBJ2, without being connected to it. date A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute


text:
A research team has created nano sponges that can effectively filter organic pollutants from water.
Researchers Changxia Li and Freddy Kleitz from the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Vienna in Austria built their own material for the filters.
Using a combination of a highly porous covalent organic framework (COF) and graphene they found they could effectively scrub pollutants away.
The new material is efficient in filtering organic pollutants, such as organic dyes, which are usually soluble in water, non-degradable and sometimes even carcinogenic, as reported by the university on August 1, 2022.
The first author of the study and postdoctoral scientist, Changxia Li reported: "There are various ways today, including activated carbon filters, to purify water, but there is still room for improvement in terms of the efficiency or adsorption capacity of the applications."
According to a university statement, porous materials have a much larger total surface area in comparison to non-porous ones, and can consequently attach particularly large numbers of molecules to the surfaces during adsorption.
COF which are a novel class of particularly porous materials, are furthermore characterized by low density and low weight.
The researchers reported: "We have developed a method to form COF in a comparatively environmentally friendly way using water and were able to use it to design small 'sponges' with special pore sizes and pore shapes in the nanometer range as well as a coordinated negative surface charge that very selectively attracts the positively charged target molecules, i.e. our dyes, from the water.
"Just like the sponge absorbs the water, only here it's the pollutants."
According to the researchers when using COF powder, the inner pores of the material are no longer available to the pollutants as the outer edge pores are clogged, particularly with large pollutant molecules.
The university stated: "The novel composite material developed offers a consistently permeable structure: To do this, the researchers grew COF on thin nano-layers of graphene.
"The combination of graphene – in itself a 2D layer of carbon atoms – and the up to two nanometer thick layer of COF resulted in a compact, open 3D structure.
"The ultra-thin COF layer could expose more adsorption sites than the loose COF powder."
In addition, the researchers said: "The large pores of the graphene network in combination with the ultra-thin COF layer and its large number of adsorption sites therefore enable particularly fast and efficient wastewater treatment."
The relatively small amount of material necessary for graphene and the prospect of reusing the composite material as a filter makes the development of these nano sponges rather inexpensive.
The study was published in the weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal "Angewandte Chemie".


Atomic layer epitaxy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) or Atomic Layer Chemical Vapor Deposition (ALCVD), now more generally called Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), is a specialized form of epitaxy that typically deposit alternating monolayers of two elements onto a substrate. The crystal lattice structure achieved is thin, uniform, and aligned with the structure of the substrate. The reactants are brought to the substrate as alternating pulses with "dead" times in between. ALE makes use of the fact that the incoming material is bound strongly until all sites available for chemisorption are occupied. The dead times are used to flush the excess material. It is mostly used in semiconductor fabrication to grow thin films of thickness of the atomic order.
This technique was invented in 1970, then patented in 1977, by Dr. Tuomo Suntola, at the Helsinki University of Technology in Finland. Dr. Suntola tried in fact to grow thin films of Zinc sulfide to fabricate electroluminescent flat panel displays. The main trick used for this technique is the use of a self-limiting chemical reaction to control in a very accurate way the thickness of the film deposited.
Compared to basic chemical vapour deposition for example, chemical reactants are pulsed alternatively in a reaction chamber and then chemisorb on to the surface of the substrate in order to form the monolayer. This is very clever because the reaction is very easy to set up and it doesn't require that many restrictions over the reactants, allowing the use of a wide range of materials.
ALD introduces two complementary precursors (e.g. Al(CH3)3 and H2O) alternatively into the reaction chamber. Typically, one of the precursors will adsorb onto the substrate surface until it saturates the surface and further growth cannot occur until the second precursor is introduced. Thus the film thickness is controlled by the number of precursor cycles rather than the deposition time as is the case for conventional CVD processes. ALD allows for extremely precise control of film thickness and uniformity.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
It was a border town between the Saxon and the Vikings (c.900AD), and again during the Civil War between the Royalists and Parliamentarians (c.1643AD). The Normans (c.1185) built a motte and bailey castle, nowadays called "Bury Mount", which has undergone re-shaping. Towcester was a busy coaching town, until the railways came. Then it was a busy traffic thronged town on the A5 until the M1 motorway was built.
On this site you can
- Find out about the History of Towcester
- See Photographs and Line Drawings
- Research your Family History from the lists we provide
- Find out about Towcester People and Places, and of course
- Find information about the Towcester and District Local History Society, including our varied programme of meetings, social events, research projects, summer outings and the books and booklets we have published.
Click The Society / Guide to this web site to see what we have written about Towcester.
Click History / Towcester history external links to see what other people have written.


text:
Title: Voyage around my screen, voyage around with my screen: space perception from physical, through digital, to hybrid
Author: Giorgos A. Papakonstantinou
Address: Department of Architecture, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Abstract: Navigating and communicating within urban space is fundamental in everyday life activity. Human spatial conception and experience could be categorised in three different states: 1) presence in the physical environment; 2) presence in a virtual environment, mediated by representation technologies, either analogue or digital; 3) mental presence in an imaginary environment. This text focuses on the emergence of a fourth state of spatial experience, that of the synthetic spatial context, afforded by mobile computing and location detection technologies. Contemporary urban environments offer a multiplicity of layers of information (social, historical, etc.) through material elements and display systems communication. Mediated spatial activity in digital environment is mapped onto the physical, urban environment. Thus, mediated digital content and physical spatial experience are projected onto the urban space.
Keywords: visual representation; urban representation; physical space; digital space; hybrid space; urban space; locative media; media archaeology; screen space.
Int. J. of Arts and Technology, 2017 Vol.10, No.3, pp.176 - 188
Date of acceptance: 22 Oct 2016
Available online: 13 Sep 2017


text:
Hittite, 14th-13th century BC
Probably from Anatolia (modern Turkey)
This beautiful figurine of a young Hittite girl is made of ivory. Her hair is drawn back and hangs in a pig-tail down her back. She stands in a formal pose with her hands by her sides. The proportions of the figure, lacking curves, show her youth. The treatment is naturalistic except for the stylized ears and the triangles indicating the knees. The pubic triangle was originally inlaid, and other parts of the ivory may have been covered in precious metal.
The function of the figurine is unknown, but ivory was widely used in the ancient world to decorate furniture The dowel hole in the square base of the figure suggests it was once attached to something.
From around 1650 BC a Hittite king rebuilt Hattusa (modern Bogazköy) and made it his capital. Between about 1400 and 1200 BC the Hittites established one of the great empires of the ancient Near East, extending into western Anatolia and south into Syria. They adopted many of the traditions of Syria and Mesopotamia, including the cuneiform writing system, and vied with the Egyptians for control of the wealthy Canaanite cities on the coast.
D. Collon, Ancient Near Eastern art (London, The British Museum Press, 1995)


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UK Vaccine Passport Plan to Use Existing NHS App
Michael Behr
UK Vaccine Passport
Despite controversy surrounding 'vaccine passports', the UK is moving ahead with plans to use a smartphone app to enable international travel.
The UK has revealed plans to retrofit an existing NHS smartphone app to work as a 'vaccine passport', Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has said.
He said that the system would use the same app used to book appointments with the NHS. New functions will be added to demonstrate that users have been vaccinated or tested.
Government sources have added that the plan will not use the NHS Covid track and trace app, which allows people to check-in to venues.
However, the NHS appointment booking app is currently only in use in England. While the Scottish government has said that it is working on a digital system to show that people have been vaccinated, there are no concrete plans available yet.
It is also unclear how having multiple different systems in the UK will work.
So-called vaccine passports would allow people to prove they have been vaccinated and allow them to travel and attend gatherings. Multiple countries are currently considering whether, and how, to implement them. These could include an app like the one being introduced in the UK, a digital certificate with a QR code, which the EU is considering, or even a physical piece of paper.
"I'm working internationally with partners across the world to make sure that system can be internationally recognised," Shapps said in comments to Sky News.
He also said that the UK will announce the green list of countries people in the UK will be able to visit without having to quarantine in the coming weeks. However, travellers will still need to be tested before leaving and on returning to the UK
At present, the UK government has said that May 17 is the earliest date when non-essential international travel will be allowed.
Vaccine passports have proven controversial, with people opposed to having to prove they have been vaccinated against Covid-19 in order to engage in various activities.
On the one hand it would mean that people with a degree of protection against the coronavirus could freely travel or attend large gatherings with a minimal risk of spreading the virus.
However, they have also brought up concerns about privacy and discrimination, with people who exercise their right not to be vaccinated being excluded from activities. In addition, storing the vaccination record digitally could restrict older people and those on low incomes, as they are less likely to own smart phones.
Furthermore, in order to work there would need to be international standards to prevent forgery. Currently, airports, border agencies and airlines are concerned that a lack of a clear global standard would stop them being accepted across every jurisdiction.
Michael Behr
Senior Staff Writer
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Mehanna at the Supreme Court: Is translating jihad texts a crime?
Is Translating Jihadist Texts on the Internet a Crime?
Is Translating Jihadist Texts on the Internet a Crime?
The citizen's guide to the future.
Sept. 3 2014 6:49 AM
Translating Terrorism
Is publishing radical Islamic texts on the Internet a crime?
Photo by Larry Downing/Reuters
Chief Justice John Roberts ruled that Americans can't "coordinate" with terrorists. Does translating their propaganda count?
Photo by Larry Downing/Reuters
In the spring of 2005, Tarek Mehanna began translating radical Arabic books and videos into English for the website At Tibyan. The materials had an undeniable flavor of terrorism, encouraging readers to join al-Qaida and kill American soldiers in Iraq. But even the government acknowledges that Mehanna never translated anything at the direct behest of al-Qaida operatives—which is why it's rather surprising that the government successfully prosecuted him for providing "material support" to a terrorist organization and sentenced him to 210 months in prison.
Mark Joseph Stern Mark Joseph Stern
Everybody agrees that Mehanna supported al-Qaida's cause; At Tibyan is a fairly popular terrorist forum, and Mehanna translated its content with the clear intention of swaying opinion toward the jihadist cause. But translating, publishing, and praising ideological texts, no matter how morally vile, is generally considered to be a basic free speech activity. Everyone knows that the First Amendment protects translations of Mein Kampf. Why did Mehanna's translation of jihadist hosannas land him behind bars?
That's the question Mehanna is asking the Supreme Court, which will decide whether to take his case later in September. If the justices do agree to review Mehanna's conviction, it'll be wading into a constitutional controversy at once timeless and novel. The court has long recognized that cheerleading for terrorism may eventually cross the line from free speech to a criminal act. But the Internet's ability to spread ideas and connect like-minded people may now force the justices to reconsider that boundary. And if the court lets Mehanna's conviction stand, it may wind up drawing the line dangerously close to the kind of Internet activity some of us engage in without a second thought.
The Supreme Court has been grappling with the question of dangerous speech for as long as America has been attempting to suppress dissent in the name of national security—that is, pretty much forever. For our first century or so, nobody thought that criminalizing anti-American speech raised a real First Amendment concern. But in a 1919 case called Abrams v. United States, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, joined by Justice Louis Brandeis, cracked the orthodoxy wide open, issuing a stunning dissent from the conviction of a revolutionary anarchist who advocated a violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Holmes described a constitutional command to tolerate anti-government speech, explaining that censorship of "opinions that we loathe and believe to be fraught with death" is unacceptable unless those opinions "imminently threaten" the country's safety.
Today, Holmes' view is more or less the law. But that hasn't kept Congress from passing censorship laws on the theory that a certain group's speech qualifies as a clear and present danger to the country. The latest attempt, a post-9/11 anti-terrorism law, made it illegal for anyone to "knowingly" provide "material support or resources" to a foreign terrorist organization, even for nonviolent purposes. What if that material support comes in the form of otherwise protected speech? That's OK, said the Supreme Court in a 2010 called Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project—so long as the terrorist sympathizer truly "coordinated" with a terrorist organization.
This "coordination" standard appears nowhere in the law itself; the court wrote it in, since, without it, the statute would be a hopelessly unconstitutional suppression of speech. But where, exactly, does free speech end and unlawful terrorist coordination begin? We'll save that question for another day, the court wrote, when a "concrete fact situation" presents itself.
Mehanna is hoping the court will view his prosecution as precisely the kind of "concrete fact situation" it prognosticated in 2010. But even if the justices vote to take his case, it's no sure thing that they'll grant him First Amendment protection. There's little doubt that Mehanna wanted to help terrorists; it seems the only thing that stopped him was his own utter fecklessness. He flew to the Middle East to join a terrorist training camp but couldn't find any; he was intent on killing American troops stationed in Iraq but got cold feet once he arrived in Fallujah. When an actual al-Qaida associate finally got in touch in Mehanna asking him to translate a video, Mehanna seems to have overlooked the email; when the associate followed up six months later, Mehanna was puzzled, responding, "what do u mean."
The government's case, then, is built on the tenuous theory that by associating with al-Qaida associates and promoting jihadist speech, Mehanna provided coordinated material support to terrorists. There is, however, a problem with this theory: It's exactly what the government promised it wouldn't do in Humanitarian Law Project. During oral arguments for that case, then-Solicitor General Elena Kagan told Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Anthony Kennedy that Americans could "absolutely" still meet and communicate with terrorists, and advocate for their causes. The one activity the law forbade, Kagan agreed, was "communicat[ing] advice" to terrorists "on how to pursue their goals."
Why is this distinction between "advocacy" and "communication" important? Because without it, we may accidentally become a nation of criminal terrorist sympathizers. The Internet fosters association and amplifies advocacy. Under the government's revised interpretation of the law, an American who uses the Web to defend terrorist groups might find herself facing federal prosecution.
This scenario might seem far-fetched—but in reality, it's chillingly plausible. Imagine an American driven to sympathize with Hamas, a designated foreign terrorist organization, after seeing images of brutality in Gaza. She posts Facebook statuses supporting Hamas' mission to "free Gaza" and converses with other Hamas supporters—including a few associates of the organization—on a blog. Eventually, she begins translating Hamas' statements and posting them online at the behest of her newfound comrades. All of this activity would seem to be a constitutionally protected form of speech and association. But under the government current theory, our Hamas sympathizer is, in fact, a criminal who has "coordinated" with terrorists to provide them with "material support."
Mehanna hopes tech-flavored hypotheticals like these will convince the Supreme Court that the law (as the government construes it) is an infringement on his free speech rights. He's also arguing that this interpretation of the law in unconstitutionally vague—that is, its contours are so blurry that Mehanna couldn't have known his actions were criminal. It'll be a close call. The justices have a mixed record in applying legal principles to new technology; sometimes, they do a decent job; other times, they get confused about GPS trackers and tiny constables.
But for a dispute that's fundamentally about speech on the Internet, Mehanna's case isn't really that much different from the one the court grappled with back in 1919. Posting jihadist translations on a Web forum is essentially a modern version of handing out violently anarchist pamphlets in the streets. In 1919, a few hundred people might read your calls to action; today, a few billion could. That prospect might sound scary—but scariness isn't usually a reason to send a man to prison for his advocacy. With Mehanna, the government has functionally admitted that it doesn't think terrorist sympathizers deserve free speech rights. It's the same old drama we've seen for a century, with jihadists playing the familiar role once occupied by anarchists and communists. The bogeyman, and the technology, may change. But our fears remain largely the same.


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The Immigration History Research Center is home to thousands of feet of archival records that illuminate the immigrant experience, past and present. While these records are available to students and teachers for research in the University of Minnesota's Andersen Library, exploring the archive from afar is as simple as connecting to the internet. The IHRC's collection of digitized archival material provides a plethora of resources suitable for a variety of purposes, including the creation of curriculum for K-12 educators interested in migration history.
What were characteristics of the immigrant experience? How did immigrants and refugees adjust to their new lives in the United States? Inversely, how did American citizens born in the United States react to the increased diversification of their communities, and learn to live with individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds? Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Social Studies expect students of all grade levels to consider how immigrants and citizens alike participate in the civic lives of their communities, and to understand the steps that immigrants take to become United States citizens. Incorporating digitized archival material into lesson plans will provide opportunities for students to engage these questions, and prompt young people to begin considering the many types of common experiences that bring together people from all corners of the globe.
In the pages that follow, IHRC staff members have identified digitized images from the collections of the Ukrainian Folk Ballet of the Twin Cities; Immigration and Refugee Services of America; and the International Institute. Founded in 1919, the International Institute was established to provide various services for migrants who recently arrived to the United States. With branches in Minneapolis/Saint Paul, St. Louis, San Francisco, and other major U.S. cities, the International Institute continues to address the needs of the immigrants and refugees who settle in the United States.
The images have been organized thematically in order to initiate student discussion related to Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards and Benchmarks that address the study of migration. By incorporating these archival records into lesson plans, students will be able to think critically about the immigrant experience. Furthermore, working directly with primary sources will enable students to practice and develop research skills that will become increasingly important as they progress in their studies.
English language class
To discover more digital records for use in K-12 lesson plans, visit the IHRC's portal for digital resources via the University of Minnesota's UMedia Archive:_URL_
Click here for additional resources.
Back to the Spotlight on Selected Sources index page
Back to all finding aids in IHRC VITRAGE.


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Why doesn't Python have a "with" statement like some other languages?
Starting with Python 2.5, Python does in fact have a with statement, which is used to control execution of code in a specific context:
with manager() as ctx:... do something with ctx...
Here, the object returned by the call to manager will be called before and after the with-body has been executed, no matter what happens inside the statement. This is primarily used for resource management. For example, the following statement guarantees that the file is closed after the file has been processed:
with open(filename) as f: process(f.read())
However, this article is about the kind of with-statement that's available in Object Pascal and several other languages, where it is basically used to add the attributes of a given object to the current scope. In pseudo-Python, it could look something like:
with-object obj: attrib1 = value attrib2 = value
where attrib1 and attrib2 would then refer to object attributes, rather than a local variable with the same name.
Unfortunately, there's no obvious way to implement such construct for Python, since it would be ambiguous.
Some languages, such as Object Pascal, Delphi, and C++, use static types. So it is possible to know, in an unambiguous way, what member is being assigned in a "with" clause. This is the main point — the compiler always knows the scope of every variable at compile time.
Python uses dynamic types. It is impossible to know in advance which attribute will be referenced at runtime. Member attributes may be added or removed from objects on the fly. This would make it impossible to know, from a simple reading, what attribute is being referenced — a local one, a global one, or a member attribute.
For instance, take the following incomplete snippet:
def foo(a): with-object a: print x
The snippet assumes that "a" must have a member attribute called "x". However, there is nothing in Python that guarantees that. What should happen if "a" is, let us say, an integer? And if I have a global variable named "x", will it end up being used inside the with block? As you see, the dynamic nature of Python makes such choices much harder.
The primary benefit of "with-object" and similar language features (reduction of code volume) can, however, easily be achieved in Python by assignment. Instead of:
function(args).dict[key][index].a = 21 function(args).dict[key][index].b = 42 function(args).dict[key][index].c = 63
ref = function(args).dict[key][index] ref.a = 21 ref.b = 42 ref.c = 63
This also has the side-effect of increasing execution speed because name bindings are resolved at run-time in Python, and the second version only needs to perform the resolution once. If the referenced object does not have a, b and c attributes, of course, the end result is still a run-time AttributeError exception.


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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Informal Other. Usually used in the phrase a whole nother, as in the sentence That's a whole nother story.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Same as neither.
- pro. Caribbean Neither.
- adj. Caribbean Neither.
- adv. obsolete Nor.
- pro. obsolete Another.
- adj. Different, other. (Now usually in a whole nother)
GNU Webster's 1913
- conj. obsolete Neither; nor.
- adj. Other; -- variant spelling used mostly in the phrase a whole nother (i. e., a completely different), as though formed by splitting the word "another".
- Variant of other, showing metanalysis. (Wiktionary)
- From alteration of another (interpreted as a nother). (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Cause I should expect you'd give me somethin 'nother and make a great man of me!"
"But he presently heard the door of the locked room open, a man's voice, slightly elevated by liquor and opposition, saying, "I know what's due from one gen'leman to 'nother" -- a querulous, objecting voice saying,"
"To the ranter who whines about people saying" nother "- learn the difference between"
"However, even though you would probably not like to acknowledge it, we have a whole "nother" half of our state to the east."
"Then there's the issue of bands who were one-hit wonders in the U.S. (or two-hit wonders) but are known on a whole nother level ( "nother" should be a world) in the UK."
"Thursday, April 12, 2001 x 2 - Key word here is 'nother"
"He was great source of worriment to my Mammy, ole lady Lucy Price and 'nother 'oman, ole lady Lucy Charles."
"He shall pay that cent one way or 'nother 'fore he gets through."
"Don't eat with yer fingers -- don't grab no vittles off one 'nother's plates; don't reach out for nothin', but wait till yer asked, 'n' if you never _git_ asked don't git up and grab it."
"Don't eat with yer fingers -- don't grab no vittles off one 'nother's plates; don't reach out for nothin', but wait till yer asked, 'n if yer never git asked don't git up and grab it -- don't spill nothin' on the table cloth, or like's not Mis 'Bird' ll send yer away from the table."
These user-created lists contain the word 'nother'.
Ever play "Words With Friends" with someone and they throw down some strange, unlikely group of letters that makes even the most mild and squeaky clean tongued person say "whiskey tango foxtrot"?...
Anything with to do with the word "other," or any sort of otherness (including words with the letters o-t-h-e-r, in that order, in their definitions).
misspellings i like
Looking for tweets for nother.


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Signs of grain beetles
See how to identify signs of a problem
Common signs of stored product insects (SPI) may include finding damage, adult insects such as weevils, floury dust, infected grains and moulded goods.
Infestations in your home can be controlled by removing and sealing all sources of the infestation. Remove food crumbs that may have accumulated inside or under the cupboard, shelves, cracks and crevices.
Yes. In order to control SPI, the infested food must be removed or destroyed in a manner that the infestation will not further disperse or treated in a way that presents no hazards in its end use.
Pests in food, also known as Stored Product Insects (SPIs), covers a very large range of insect species. Some of these include:
Lesser Grain Borer
Drugstore Beetle (also known as Biscuit Beetle)
Rusty Grain Beetle
Saw Toothed Grain Beetle


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Our mathematics collections include instruments for applications of mathematics such as navigation and surveying in addition to mathematical instruments as we understand them today. They include octants, sextants and measuring wheels for measuring distances along a road.
Our most famous physics exhibit is the blackboard used by Albert Einstein, but our collections also contain many historic instruments used by scientists in seeking to understand and measure the natural world.
The building that now houses the History of Science Museum originally contained a chemical laboratory. Our chemistry displays include artefacts that chart the development of chemistry up to the twentieth century.
Oxford University's History of Science Museum and the Bodleian Libraries are joining forces to collect the stories of the COVID-19 pandemic — and the extraordinary responses to this global challenge across Oxford University.


What is resistance tolerance?
 1. Say I have a 20 ohm resistor with a tolerance of 5%. What does it mean to have a tolerance of 5%??
 2. jcsd
 3. berkeman
 Staff: Mentor
 The value is guaranteed to be between 0.95 * R and 1.05 * R.
 4. berkeman
 Staff: Mentor
 Another way to say it is +/- 5%
 5. So would it make perfect sense to say that for this example that the value of this resistor is guaranteed to be between (.95)(20) and (1.05)(20) which is 19 ohms and 21 ohms? Is that the correct idea?
 6. berkeman
 Staff: Mentor
 Exactly. 5% of 20 Ohms is 1 Ohm.
 7. Just one more question :biggrin:
 Say you put 2 of these resistors in series. The resistance will jump to 40 ohms but what happens to the tolerance? Will it double or stay the same?
 8. berkeman
 Staff: Mentor
 You can figure that one out for yourself, using the equation for the total resistance.
 You know that the smallest you can get is 19+19 Ohms, and the largest is 21+21 Ohms. What tolerance does that indicate.
 Now do it for the parallel resistor case.... Do you get a similar or different answer...?
 9. Oh ok I see. Just do 2(19)/40 and 2(21)/40 and you get the same tolerance of 5% I believe. In other words, whether in series or parallel, the tolerance doesn't change.
 Thanks! :biggrin:
Have something to add?


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The wheel of time or wheel of history is a concept in several religions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as Buddhism and Hinduism, which regard time as cyclical and consisting of repeating ages. Many other notable cultures also believe in this Wheel of Time: notably, the Q'ero Indians in Peru who are the direct descendants of the Incan empire, as well as the Hopi Indians of Arizona, believe in this cyclical idea of time.
- See Kalachakra for details.
The Wheel of Time or Kalachakra is a Tantric deity that is associated with Tibetan Tantric Buddhism
, which encompasses all four main schools of Sakya
, and is especially important within the lesser-known Jonang
The Kalachakra tantra prophecies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of Shambhala led by a messianical king.
The "wheel of time" is a reference to the clockwork of modern magicians, a euphemism for the wheels and cogs of older clockwork machinery
It should also be noted that in order to measure time we (Homo sapiens
) need a cyclical
unit; thus the term wheel of time.
's internationally bestselling fantasy series, The Wheel of Time
, is very likely to have been inspired by this concept.
has proposed a model in which time is cyclic
, and the universe repeats exactly an infinite number of times. Because it is the exact same cycle that repeats, however, it can also be interpreted as happening just once in relation to time.


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What age do you feel it is appropriate to start reading Harry Potter to kids? Thank you. — Genevieve
Fun question, Genevieve! Since Harry Potter is just turning 11 as the first book starts, I've found my kids in the 9-13 age range relate to it the most. Although, if you have a child that can't get enough independent reading at age 7 or 8, they might be game as well. Or, if you're reading aloud to your child, 7 or 8 could work too — because you can explain anything they don't understand as you go.
What's your opinion, Dear Readers? Any literacy professionals out there that have some good advice?


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Just in case you thought drills are the product of 21st century home improvement television programs, maritime archaeologists have proof that bow drills were used as far back as 400 B.C. by the Greek Phocaeans who resided in the western area of modern-day Turkey. (Actually, bow drills are well known even earlier, and were recovered, for example, from the Uluburun Shipwreck dated to the end of the 14th century BCE).
In contrast to the rather mundane uses of modern drills (mainly drilling holes for construction), bow drills were multipurpose – aside from serving for drilling and construction purposes, the bow drill also made fire and was an important tool widely used in wood working, boat building and even dentistry.
A wooden bow drill was found on the Ma'agan Mikhael Shipwreck discovered in 1985 70 m off shore Kibbutz Maagan Mikhael, along Israel's Mediterranean coast. The ship was excavated, dismantled under water, conserved over a period of seven years and reassembled at the Hecht Museum at the University of Haifa. The artifacts including the bow drill were excavated and retrieved for research in the laboratory on shore. However, from the bow drill only the wood remained, with a hollow and several small wooden cleats that apparently secured a bit; its metal did not survive. Recently, as part of the conservation procedure for this unique item, archaeologists cleaned the drill, including its inner recess, and found minute remains and traces of metal, but its characteristics are not known. The shape of the recess inside the wood could not be traced, nor could we ascertain the shape of the metal bit that did not survive.
Yaacov Kahanov, Head of the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, notes that this particular wooden drill is well preserved. "We want to understand how the tool was structured. What kind of metal served as the drill's bit? What was its shape? How was the carpenter / shipbuilder able to ensure that the bit wouldn't come loose during usage?"
Using RayzorX Pro digital radiography system, the bow drill was X-rayed from several angles. The detailed, sharp images resulting from averaging and the use of cutting-edge enhancement tools indicated that remnants of metal were still present in the wood although the bit had disappeared. Prof. Kahanov notes: "The X-ray images indicate that there was an iron blade embedded in the wooden bow. The blade obviously corroded, staining the wood and leaving traces of metal behind."
He adds: "Rayzor Digital Radiography imaging even enables us to see the grooves left by the bowstring. But aside from this, the sharp X-ray images indicate that the blade's bottom section was square, a shape which artisans apparently realized a century ago optimizes anchoring and stress-resistance. The structure of the tool is brilliant, but we wouldn't have been aware of this if it weren't for the advanced digital X-ray equipment used."


Literary Terms and Definitions: T
TABOO (also spelled tabu): (1) In anthropology, a taboo is a socially prohibited activity. For instance, in classical Greek culture, it was forbidden for a murderer or menstruating woman to enter the sacred space of a temple or the central agora of a city beyond a temenos boundary lest that action spread contagious miasma. (2) A linguistic taboo is a social prohibition that forbids mentioning a word or subject. Commonly, various cultures might have taboos against mentioning bodily fluids, defecation, certain sexual activities, or certain religious terms. These terms often suffer linguistic pejoration and become "curse-words." For instance, in Britain, the adjective bloody is considered taboo or impolite to speak aloud as a curse word because of its older religious connotations as a medieval curse about the blood of Christ's wounds. In American English, words describing specific sexual activities or bodily functions usually are taboo for polite conversation, and so on.
TABULA (Latin, "tablet," plural tabulae): The Latin and medieval term for a wax tablet, i.e., a rectangle or square of wax poured into the hollow of a wooden board, or in some cases, two wooden boards with two hollows. The two could then be attached together by string through bored holes, with leather straps, or with bronze or brass hinges. A scribe could use a sharpened stylus (usually of wood, bone, or metal) to inscribe letters on the soft wax for temporary record-keeping. He could later "erase" the tablet through simple application of heat to melt the wax. In medieval schools, it was common for students to take their notes on such tabulae during lecture, study them at night and commit the notes to memory, then erase the tablets for re-use the next day. That sort of high-stakes mnemonics often startles modern students unused to such mass memorization, but does illustrate the powers of the conditioned mind. See also tabula rasa, below.
TABULA RASA (Latin, "erased tablet"): The term used in Enlightenment philosophy for the idea that humanity is born completely innocent, without any initial predispositions, attitudes, or beliefs. Accordingly, no natural state of humanity exists, but instead, humanity is infinitely malleable. The newborn child is thus a "blank slate" on which experiences and education will write his or her future personality and beliefs. The idea is influential in the philosophical writings of Locke, Rousseau, and Wollstonecraft, but it also influences literary fiction such as Frankenstein, in which the monster's account of his experiences after his initial creation characterize him as an innocent tabula rasa.
TACTILE IMAGERY: Verbal description that evokes the sense of touch. See imagery.
TAG: "Tags" are catch-phrases or character traits that a fiction writer uses repeatedly with a character. For instance, both the phrase, "Elementary my dear Watson," and the "smoking-pipe-with-deer-hunter-hat" ensemble of Sherlock Holmes, are two "tags" Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses repeatedly as distinguishing marks for that character. In the old Doc Savage adventurer thrillers of the 1940s and 1950s, the phrase, "The Man of Bronze" was a verbal tag to describe the protagonist, while the author used a sword hidden in a cane as the object-tag for his dapper lawyer side-kick. Meanwhile, the author used ape-like visage as a descriptive tag for "Monk," the stunted chemist who was a part of his crime-busting team. Tags thus can be either phrases or words or they can be imagery and description or perhaps simple objects and wardrobe--overall, a very versital term.
TAIL-RHYME (translated from French rime couée, or Latin rhythmus caudatus, also called caudate rhyme): A unit of verse in which a short line, followed by a longer line or section of longer lines, rhymes with a preceding short line. The number of possible variants following this scheme are too many to list here. Famous examples can be found in Chaucer's "Sir Thopas" and Drayton's "Ballad of Agincourt." The following example of tail-rhyme comes from P. B. Shelley's "To Night":
Swiftly walk o'er the western wave,
Spirit of Night!
Out of the misty eastern cave,
Where, all the long and lone daylight,
Thou wovest dreams of joy and fear,
Which make thee terrible and dear,--
Swift be thy flight!
TANKA: A genre of Japanese poetry similar to the haiku. A tanka consists of thirty-one syllables arranged in five lines. The lines contain five / seven / five / seven / seven syllables. Also known as the waka or uta, it originated in the 600s CE, and it is regarded as the classic, ancient Japanese poetic form. It has had little influence on Western poetry, though Amy Lowell and Adelaide Crapsey have imitated it. Contrast it with the much more influential haiku.
TAUTOLOGY: An unartful redundancy, unneeded repetition, or or misused periphrasis in writing or speech. Contrast with tautotes (TBA). See discussion under periphrasis and repetition.
TELEMACHIA: The first four books of The Odyssey are together called the Telemachia because they focus on the problems Telemachus faces while waiting for his father Odysseus to return home.
TELESCOPED METAPHOR: Also called a complex metaphor, a telescoped metaphor appears when the vehicle of one metaphor becomes the tenor of another closely connected to it. Deutsche points out an example from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Here, Octavian speaks to Antony concerning Octavian's sister, Octavia, who is also Antony's wife. Octavia serves as a tie that binds the two men to each other politically. Octavian compares Octavia first to peace, then compares peace to cement, then makes a comparison to a battering ram:
Let not the peace of Virtue which is set
Betwixt us, as the cement of our love
To keep it builded, be the Ram to batter
The Fortune of it.
Here, Caesar's sister is the tenor, and "peace of Virtue" is the vehicle, initially. The "cement of love" is vehicle next, which has "peace of Virtue" as its tenor. That in turn is transformed into a battering ram as the metaphor continues to unfold and extend like a collapsible telescope. See further discussion of vehicle and tenor under metaphor.
TELESTICH: A poem in which the last letters of successive lines form a word, phrase, or consecutive letters of the alphabet. Compare with abecedarian poem and acrostic.
TEL QUEL SCHOOL: A school of French intellectuals associated with Philippe Seller's review Tel Quel. Sample members include Julia Kristeva, Jean-Joseph Goux, and Jacques Derrida.
TEMENOS (from Greek "to cut"): In Classical Greek culture, the temenos is a sacred area marked off as holy ground. On this special plot of land, we might find temples dedicated to a particular god, sanctuaries, holy groves, the race-course for Pythian or Olympic games, the agora in the center of each city, and the Acropolis. Stones called temenos markers would indicate the boundary, and it would be taboo for any ritually unclean person to cross this line lest they risk creating or spreading miasma.
TEMPO: The pace or speed of speech and also the degree to which individual sounds are fully articulated or blurred together. The faster the tempo, the more likely sounds will blur or elide.
TEMPORAL: In grammatical and linguistic discussion, something relating to the element of time. See further discussion under clause.
TEMPORAL NUMBERING: One of several possible numbering systems in a language's grammar. For a discussion of temporals, see multiplicatives.
TEMPTATION MOTIF: A motif in which one of the protagonist's primary struggles is the conflict between his or her sense of (1) personal honor and ethics and (2) his or her personal desires, ambitions, or wickedness. Biblical examples include the fall of mankind in Genesis, David and Bathsheba, and Satan's three temptations of Christ. This motif is central to a variety of patristic, medieval and Renaissance works, including the Confessions, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Paradise Lost, and The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. Stories that involve a temptation motif frequently focus on internal conflict or psychological drama in addition to any external plot lines. In medieval theology, the temptation motif was often divided into three categories: concupiscentia carnis (physical temptations of the flesh such as gluttony, drunkenness, and illicit sexuality), concupiscentia oculora ("temptation of the eyes" i.e., mental temptations for imagined material possessions, power or wealth) and superbia vitae (pride concerning life--the desire humans have to be more than what God created humans to be.) Perhaps the most dramatic example is the Faustian bargain, a temptation motif in which an individual sells his or her soul to the devil.
TENDENTIAL: In grammar, tendential refers to action that has been attempted but remains incomplete--especially interrupted action. This situation is only of minor concern in English grammar, but it is important in Greek and other languages.
TENOR: In common usage, tenor refers to the course of thought,


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Certainly, there are Spanish native speakers who can't roll the r, but this is not a common problem and rarely represents a difficulty to children.
According to logopedics (logopedia)--the study, and correction, of speech defects, especially in children--this is called "rotacismo" or "dislalia del fonema r".
Dislalia is classified as a speech disorder. It sounds very weird to native Spanish speakers and according to logopedists it can lead to low self-esteem, social isolation and even statter.
If you allow me to add a personal anecdote here, I've only heard a handful of native speakers having difficulties to roll the r in my whole life, and in this particular moment I can't even remember a person among friends, relatives, students, teachers, colleagues etc... who has this problem.
Please note that even if there are regions where the r is not rolled (some evidence here would be welcome) does not invalidate this truth: that not being able to roll the r in the same way as the rest of the population is a rare phenomenon and of course considered a speech impediment, which can most of the times be corrected by a logopedist.
Please also note that rolling the r is not exclusive to Spanish. Other languages, such as Russian, Polish and German as spoken in Bavaria, roll the r in (nearly) the same way. The same that we are discussing here applies to those languages.


Home Blog 10 Facts On Why Listening To Music While Riding A Motorcycle Beneficial
10 Facts On Why Listening To Music While Riding A Motorcycle Beneficial
by Bethann E. Danley
Music While Riding A Motorcycle Are Beneficial
We all that one song, which when we listen, makes any significant problem in life look small. Listening to music is one of the proven ways to bring stress levels down.
While many people think like a reputable blogger for headphones and as what we believe this blogger has his own motorcycle too! this website (Iron Horse Trading) says that listening to music while riding a motorcycle or driving a car is risky, we would like to tell you; it isn't.
The research mentioned that chances of getting into an accident at 20 percent lower while listening to music while riding a motorcycle. It improves creativity and helps concentrate better.
High level of physical activity saves you from clinical depression later in life. E-Bikes are the best option to exercise outdoors, in the open greenery, in the park, and on the nation – congested roads. Applying outside helps to reduce your tension, confusion, anger, and depression.
And listening to music while you ride your bike and go to work or even go out on an adventure is something you'll love.
Top 10 reasons for listening to music while riding a bike is a good idea
riding with earbuds
Here are ten proven facts that encourage you to listen to music while riding a motorcycle:
1. Better alertness when you listen to music
all your senses are heightened because it has a positive effect on your brain. You are more alert to what's going on around you, without being too aware of it. Multitasking becomes easier your conscious mind is focused on the road, while your subconscious mind is busy finding something attractive.
2. Faster reaction time you ride your motorcycle on one route
it becomes muscle memory, and your focus reduces. It is natural and happens to anyone. If a speeding truck or car comes your way, you won't be very attentive. However, if you are listening to music, your subconscious mind is vigilant, so you react to a threat faster and take the necessary action.
3. Improved mental stability
Let's say, there's a car in front of your motorcycle and it isn't moving ahead. On any other casual day, you'd keep honking unless it runs but when you are listening to music, your reaction is going to be a little different. If the car isn't running, you'll want to get down and check if there's something wrong with the driver. That's the calming effect music has on your mind.
4. Soothing effective you are in a bad mood
leave it to your favorite genre of music to change it. Music generally has a soothing effect on you, which helps you to relax and let go of the negative or angry emotions and feelings. If you are feeling uncomfortable while riding your motorcycle because the weather is too hot and humid, listen to music and it won't be as bad.
5. Reduce environmental noise pollution
Listening to the loud sound of vehicles and their horns can be intimidating if you are a new driver. It can get you stressed, which can make things a lot worse. When you listen to music, this noise is replaced with songs that you love. You are aware of somewhere honking, but at least, it is a lot lower.
6. Better mood while going on a motorcycle ride is fun
it can get stressful if there is traffic the entire ride. Long wait at the signal and closed roads along with the truck can put you in a bad mood, which will ruin your trip and you will carry that mood for the rest of the day. Listening to music will make you a better judge of the situation, so you don't unnecessarily spoil your mood because of others.
7. No boring long rides
Long, dreamy rides with friends are enjoyable but traveling alone, especially for work can be boring. You know it well that nothing good is going to come out of procrastination. While talking to someone through the best earbuds for motorcycle is not the safest option, listening to your favorite playlist is.
8. Improved social status
Let's say you are on a road trip with this motorcycle group you found a few days ago. You don't know anyone but also don't know how to approach them. You would've definitely heard that music brings people together. Play the songs you like on your motorcycle's stereo system and you'll start making friends.
9. A boost in creativity you are working on a creative project but can't think of how going forward with it
go on a ride on your motorcycle while listening to music to clear up your mind. Take a couple of rides and you'll get the idea and if you still can't think of anything, just relax because the best ideas come to the mind during the most unexpected situations.
10. Reflection of their personal music lovers
it is essential to express their personality. Also, others can tell a lot about your character depending on the genre of music you play. For example, you are playing pop music, your co-riders will think you are a cheery person. Playing angry or sad music reflects that you are upset and trying to let go off the anger.
Additionally, you build on your leg muscles like quadriceps muscles, hamstrings, calf muscles, hip flexors, Gluteus Maximus, and plantarflexion of the foot and dorsiflexion of the foot.
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Sewtec recognises the importance of developing partnerships with local communities.
Supporting our local community
Developing lasting partnerships with local communities is important to Sewtec, which we demonstrate through the following initiatives:
- Sourcing products and services from local businesses wherever feasible.
- Regularly supporting charitable initiatives; for example, fundraising for Yorkshire Air Ambulance.
- Providing work experience to pupils from local schools who are pursuing a career in engineering.
- Sourcing and developing apprenticeships in collaboration with local colleges.
- Creating stronger relationships with local colleges and universities through offering work placements and graduate positions.


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Problem 4 from the IMO 2013 - Synthetic Solution
What Might This Be About?
Let $ABC$ be an acute triangle with orthocenter $H,$ and let $W$ be a point on the side $BC,$ lying strictly between $B$ and $C.$ The points $M and N$ are the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C,$ respectively. Denote by $\omega_1$ is the circumcircle of $BWN,$ and let $X$ be the point on $\omega_1$ such that $WX$ is a diameter of $\omega_1.$ Analogously, denote by $\omega_2$ the circumcircle of triangle $CWM,$ and let $Y$ be the point such that $WY$ is a diameter of $\omega_2.$
Prove that $X,$ $Y$ and $H$ are collinear.
Let $F$ be the other point of intersection of $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2.$ We know that $F$ lies on $XY.$
Let $\omega$ be the third Miquel's circle, i.e., the circumcircle of $AMN.$ By Miquel's theorem, $F$ is on $\omega.$ $H$ is also on $\omega$ and what's more $AH$ is its diameter. This is because the two inscribed angles (one at $M,$ the other at $N$) are right, one pair of their sides intersects on $\omega$ (at $A$), so the other pair of their sides also intersects on $\omega.$ But these sides are formed by $BM$ and $CN$ that intersect at $H.$
Now, $\angle AFH=90^\circ,$ by Thales' Theorem. It follows that $AFW$ is a straight line. From $WF\perp XY$ together with $AF\perp FH$ we obtain that $H\in XY.$
Note: as in the case of the analytic solution, the requirementd that the triangel be acute and $W$ lie strictly between $B$ and $C$ are redundant.
Suffice it to stipulate that $W$ does not coincide with either $B$ or $C$ and that the angles at $B$ and $C$ are not right.


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The caloric test is a part of the ENG. It reflects an attempt to discover the degree to which the vestibular system is responsive and also how symmetric the responses are, between left and right. It is a test of the lateral semicircular canals alone -- it does not assess vertical canal function or otolithic function. While not as good as we would like, the caloric test is the best that we have.
The caloric response was first described in by Robert Barany in 1906.
Most caloric tests nowadays are done using a computerized system as shown below. The computer analyzes the caloric data, computing peak slow-phase velocity.
|Contemporary ENG system (Courtesy of ICS medical)|
|Balloon version of caloric (one of the variant caloric tests, see below.) We strongly advise against doing this.|
There are several variant caloric tests, but at present, the standard is the bithermal caloric test. This is based on simple common sense. All of these variants have the advantage of greater convenience, but the disadvantage of lower accuracy than the bithermal test.
When air is used, there is greater variability than water. When water is not used directly, as in the balloon test, heat or cold is not conducted as efficiently to the ear.
When fewer irrigations are used, as in the monothermal test, there is less averaging of data and lower accuracy. Bilateral irrigation sacrifices knowledge of each ear's individual response in favor of speed. Because of the considerable inaccuracy even for the best of the lot, the bithermal water method, we think it is imprudent to adopt more convenient but less accurate methodology.
|Eye movement tracing during caloric in a patient with a mild bilateral reduction in responses. For the first 35 seconds, little is seen. In the next panel, a left-beating nystagmus gradually builds up. It begins to wane after roughly a minute, and at that point, fixation is attempted. This subject did not suppress the nystagmus very well.|
The caloric test is ordinarily performed with the subject reclining, head inclined 30 deg up from horizontal so as to make the lateral canal horizontal. Water is introduced into the ear canal on one side, either 7 deg centigrade above or below assumed body temperature. The flow rate is such that the ear rapidly equilibrates with the water. The water is stopped after 30 seconds, and nystagmus is observed, while the subject is distracted (usually with tasks such as naming of animals, counting backwards, etc). This is sometimes called "tasking", see following.
Nystagmus commonly builds for about 30-60 seconds, then gradually decays away over roughly 2 minutes. After a rest of at least 5 minutes, the procedure is repeated with either the opposite temperature water, or on the other side. Eye movements are usually recorded with either EOG or a video method, such as is shown on the graphic above.
Ideally subjects undergoing caloric tests should have no sedating medications for the last 24 hours. Sometimes this is difficult, as for example, when persons are addicted to medications in the Valium family. In this situation, usually 12 hours is sufficient. More data about medication effects is found here.
If no response is detected, or at least none greater than the spontaneous nystagmus, then ice water should be performed. This is done with the head in the standard position on the "dead" side, and then the person is turned prone so that the head is inverted. If there is a true caloric response, the waveform will reverse. If it is just spontaneous nystagmus, the nystagmus will not be affected. A possible pitfall of this methodology is positional nystagmus.
Similarly, if there is one "outlier" response -- the operator should attempt to resolve this -- usually by repeating it.
From the peak slow-phase velocity of nystagmus four numbers are obtained -- cold right, cold left, warm right, and warm left. Spontaneous nystagmus (SN) should be subtracted from these, and then the absolute value taken. From these responses, LC, LW, RC, RW, three additional numbers are derived:
If spontaneous nystagmus is not subtracted off first, peculiar results may appear, such as greater than 100% paresis (which is obviously impossible).
There is considerable test-retest variability. The upper limits for test-retest variation for paresis were found by Proctor et al to be 24%. The upper limits for DP was 22%. This suggests that upper limits of normal should be set at greater than these values, which do not take into account variability of the normal population, and are therefore inappropriately low.
Although difficult to decode due to presentation of logarithmically transformed data, the paper by Sills, Baloh et al. 1977 has considerable useful data concerning caloric parameters.
There are many methods of distracting persons during the process of recording their nystagmus. Without distraction, responses can be suppressed which reduces validity. Tasks in which the subject produces a listing of items from memory seem reasonable and effective.
|Quiz -- i.e. "what is your age", what is your favorite color.||Less effective||Fomby et al, 1992|
|Hand-motor task, clinician directed. Touch the thumb to finger as directed by clinician.|
|Alphabet task -- third letter of alphabet following a given letter randomly selected by clinician|
|Math task, Add or subtract a number given by clinician from a running total|
|Quiz task: Name colors, states in USA, cities in...||Best task|
|Hand-motor task -- touch thumb to first finger once, 2nd twice, third three times, etc.|
|Alphabet task #2 -- every third letter in the alphabet|
|Math task #2 -- count backwards by 3's or 7's.||Less effective|
There have been several attempts made to model the caloric response. The response is theoretically a combination, possibly nonlinear, of temperature differential induced convection stimulation of the canal, a direct effect of temperature on the nerve, transduction responses in the mechanics of the cupula, adaptation responses in the nerve and brainstem, and other central processing effects, mainly including velocity storage. A descriptive curve-fitting approach to the response is exemplified by that of Formby et al (1992, 2000).
The above is somewhat useless, as it boils down to just saying that it is very complicated. A more pragmatic way of thinking about it is to observe that the peak caloric response is largely proportional to the temperature differential across the lateral canal. The temperature differential depends on several things:
So, simple predictions are that bigger temperature differences cause bigger calorics responses, water is more reliable than air, and that wax plugs should greatly decrease caloric responses.
Currently caloric testing technology does not control for most of these variables - -body temperature is not measured, there is no adjustment for air vs water in reporting norms, there is no methodology of documenting that the tip went where it went and that the ear is free of wax, and there is no adjustment for the ear canal diameter. The lack of basic controls causes variability and reduces the value of the caloric test.
Fixation suppression is ordinarily evaluated by waiting till the caloric response is near peak, then allowing vision for 10 seconds, with instruction to fixate on a target. This is a close-to worthless test. The reason for this is that it is "all over the map" -- some patients fixate very well, some not at all. It depends on how nauseated they are, how well they can see without their glasses, and how cooperative they are. A more formal way of saying this is that the scatter in fixation suppression is so large, that practically any value falls within the "normal" range.
Another intrinisic problem with fixation suppression is that it is dependent on the size of the caloric response. It is much easier to suppress a 10 deg/sec response (such as due to an air caloric) than a 50 deg/sec response. To do this properly, one would need norms scaled to the caloric response. Thus the values that are produced by conventional caloric equipment have no norms. Also one would need to adjust for visual acuity (which usually is greatly reduced in persons who take off their glasses for the test). As there are so many huge flaws with the fixation suppression test, it is a result that is reported but that knowledgeable clinicians ignore.
The rotatory chair fixation test is far better controlled. It has the same problem though with visual acuity.
Acute Unilateral Vestibular Loss
|This patient has only spontaneous nystagmus on the left (about 6-8 deg/sec). On the right the traces are shifted downward due to the spontaneous nystagmus. The weakness calculation probably underestimates the amount of caloric weakness. (Figure courtesy of Dr. D. Yacovino). The most common cause of this ENG pattern is vestibular neuritis.|
Another example -- a complete loss of calorics due to vestibular nerve surgery can be found here.
Recovery from vestibular loss
|The same patient as above, one year later. Now there are clearly caloric responses on both sides, and the spontaneous nystagmus is gone. The notch in both traces at about 80 seconds shows that this patient has good fixation suppression (Figure courtesy of Dr. D. Yacovino).|
Absent Caloric Responses
|This patient has no measurable caloric response. The most common cause of absent caloric responses is


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Many common tech support issues in VMware products can be solved using what we call Resolution Paths. Resolution Paths are collections of modular steps that can be used to solve tech support issues.
Being modular, they can be re-used in other resolution paths. A good example is using the ping command to test network connectivity. This step is used in all kinds of troubleshooting procedures. Put a number of these steps together, and you have a method.
Down the very first left hand column of each resolution path are common issues that customers encounter. To the right of each these are VMware's recommended steps to resolving these issues. Each and every one is hyper-linked directly to our Knowledge base article on that topic.
These can be very handy and can save you having to make that call into Tech Support. Click the links below. There's one for each potential problem area.


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Latin American applied research
versión impresa ISSN 0327-0793
Lat. Am. appl. res. v.34 n.4 Bahía Blanca oct./dic. 2004
Minimum gas flow rate in a countercurrent isothermal gas stripper
A. Silva, C. Castillo and J. H. Krasuk*
Departamento de Termodinámica y Fenómenos de Transporte, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Sartenejas, Baruta, Edo. Miranda, Apdo. Postal No.89000, Caracas, Venezuela
Abstract It is presented an analytical expression for the minimum gas flowrate required for the design of an isothermal countercurrent gas stripper, when Henry's law (H > 1) applies and the gas and liquid streams are concentrated in the soluble gas of the binary gas mixture. This solution allows for a faster and more accurate result, for (GB)min, than the graphical procedure presently in use.
Key Words
Stripping. Absorption. Separation. Isothermal. Mass Transfer. Minimum Gas Flow.
* Autor to whom correspondence should be addressed
One of the first steps in designing an isothermal gas stripper is to calculate the minimum gas flow rate, which satisfies the given specifications. The graphical procedure currently used when dealing with concentrated gas mixtures, consists in employing a Y, X plot, where these are molar ratios or "molal stoichiometric units" (Sherwood et al., 1975) in the gas and liquid phase, respectively. The advantage of using this type of diagrams is that the operating line is a straight line that permits, from its slope, a direct calculation of (GB)min.
The case here considered is the design of an isothermal gas stripper, for highly concentrated binary mixtures, when Henry's Law applies.
There are several gas/liquid systems of industrial interest that still follow Henry's law when the gas mixtures are concentrated in the soluble gas; some examples are hydrogen in organic liquids and petroleum cuts (Birthler et al., 1963; Chao et al., 1981; Alessi et al., 1996; Battino and Clever, 1996; Luhring and Schumpe, 1989; Herskovitz et al., 1983; King and Najjar, 1977), carbon monoxide in organic liquids (Luhring and Schumpe, 1989), carbon dioxide in water (Perry, 1963), in organic liquids (Luhring and Schumpe, 1989) and bitumens (Lal et al., 1989) and hydrogen sulphide in hydrocarbons (Lal et al., 1989). Practically all theses systems have a Henry's constant higher than unity and therefore, as demonstrated in Section II, show an equilibrium curve which is concave upward in the Y, X diagram. In a Y, X plot, when the equilibrium line is concave downward and Henry's Law applies, as is the case for H<1 as demonstrated in Section II, the solution for the inert molar ratio (LB/GB)max is straight forward:
(LB / GB)max = (Y*2 - Y1) / (X2 - X1) (1)
In the stripper design case all molar ratios in Eqn. 1 are specified except Y*2, but this is given by:
Y*2 = y*2 / (1 - y*2) (2)
where y*2 = H.x2 can be obtained from Henry's Law; consequently, Eqn. 1 allows the direct calculation of the (LB/GB)max ratio without any need of performing a Y, X plot for the isothermal stripper of concentrated gas mixtures when Henry's law applies and H<1.
The case we are dealing with is a countercurrent isothermal stripper for concentrated gas mixtures when H>1, which applies to most of the above indicated gas/liquid systems of industrial interest. In this situation the equilibrium curve is concave upwards. Fig. 8.11 in (Treybal, 1980) shows how the graphical procedure, mostly used at present to get (GB)min, is employed. This is also shown in present Fig. 3. From the point Y1, X1, which corresponds to the dilute bottom of the stripper, in the Y, X diagram, the operating line is drawn tangential to the equilibrium line. This determines the point YM, XM and the slope of this tangent gives (LB/GB)max from which (GB)min is obtained.
The present development allows the direct calculation of (GB)min, for such case, without any graphical procedure.
Here it is discussed the range of values of Henry's constant to obtain an equilibrium curve with upward or downward concavity in a Y, X plot. Henry's Law applies:
y = Hx (3)
Substituting Y, X in Eqn. 3 results:
Y = X H / (1 + X (1 - H )) (4)
Since Y and X can not have negative values Eqn. 5 and Eqn. 6 must hold:
Y > 0 (5)
X > 0 (6)
Consequently, for Eqn. 5 to be true, since H is always positive,
1 + X (1 - H ) > 0 (7)
and the following expressions hold :
H < 1 X > 0 (8)
H > 1 0 < X < 1/ (H -1) (9)
The first derivative of Eqn. 4 is:
This is always positive and increasing for all values of Y and X, under Eqn. 5 and Eqn. 6; consequently the operating line tangent to the equilibrium line also has a positive slope.
The second derivative is:
When H>>1, which is true for many of the gas/liquid systems indicated above, the second derivative is:
When H>1, since Eqn. 7 is valid, the second derivative given by Eqn. 11 is positive, thereby giving an equilibrium curve with upward concavity. On the other hand, when H<1 the second derivative is negative and the equilibrium curve is concave downward. Because of the background given in the previous section, the development that follows deals only with the H>1 case. To our knowledge there is no analytical solution for the minimum gas flow required in the isothermal stripping of a liquid when this gives rise to a concentrated gas mixture and Henry's law applies (H>1).
To obtain the maximum molar ratio (LB/GB)max Eqn. 4 is equated to the operating line, which is shown in the right member of Eqn. 13:
which after some rearrangement becomes Eqn. 14:
a X 2 + b X+ c = 0 (14)
a = a.(H - 1) (15)
b = (H - 1).[Y1 - a.X1] + H - a (16)
c = a.X1 -
Y1 (17)
Here above a = (LB/GB)max has been introduced.
The solution to Eqn. 14 is:
Equation 18 gives the two possible points of intersection between the equilibrium and operating lines which are represented by "D" and "E" in Fig. 1. In the present case, the solution must be only one and real; therefore Eqn. 19 must be satisfied:
b2 - 4ac = 0 (19)
Equation 19 and Eqn. 18 determine point XM, where the operating line touches tangentially the equilibrium line, as shown in Fig. 1.
Substituting the coefficients "a", "b" and "c", given by Eqn. 15 through Eqn. 17, in Eqn. 19, results in another cuadratic equation in a :
da2 + ea + ¦ = 0 (20)
d = [(H - 1).X1 - 1]2 (21)
¦ = [(H - 1).Y1 + H]2 (23)
Finally the solution for a = (LB/GB)max is given by Eqn. 24:
Since Eqn. 7 holds, the same happens with Eqn. 25:
[1 - (H - 1).X1] > 0 (25)
It is also true that:
H X1 > Y1 (26)
since X1 belongs to the dilute bottom of the tower and consequently Eqn. 26 is practically same as Eqn. 27:
H x1 > y1 (27)
This is true because the equilibrium line must be over the operating line for the stripper to function. Then the first term in the solution given by Eqn. 24 is positive and same happens with the second term that is preceded


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- Disease free beginning of crop: 1) Protect seeds from soil, seedling diseases & tough weather conditions. 2) Controls aspergillus by giving a great start to the groundnut crop.
- Uniform germination: Xemium systemicity ensures quick penetration in seeds ensuring uniform germination.
- More plants per acre: 1) Maximizes the seedling vigor. 2) Profuse rooting enhances stress tolerance.


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Ninja Wilderness Survival Guide
Surviving Extreme Outdoor Situations (Modern Skills from Japan's Greatest Survivalists)
Ninja master and survival expert Hakim Isler presents modern day survival strategies based on the techniques of Japan's ancient ninja.
If you find yourself in an unexpected extreme situation—while wilderness camping, hiking or adventuring off the beaten path—a fundamental understanding of your surroundings can make the difference between life and death. By harnessing the powers of nature, the ninja built a legendary reputation as survivalists with an ability to thrive in even the most inhospitable situations. By studying their ancient philosophy and techniques, alongside modern science, you can prepare yourself to survive in any outdoor environment.
The basis for ninja survival skills comes from the Buddhist philosophy of the five elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Wind and the Void. By understanding how the elements relate to the human body, the formula for survival becomes clear.
- Earth – protection from the harsh elements using trees, leaves, dirt, grass, and vines to build shelter
- Water – effectively cool off when overheated and avoid dehydration
- Fire – properly use fire to warm the body and to purify water by boiling it
- Wind – harness the power of wind to ventilate shelters, smoke meat and help build fires
- Void – apply knowledge and creativity while developing a survival plan
Isler has over 20 years of experience as a martial artist, Special Forces soldier and security expert. With over 135 full-color photos and 60 illustrations detailing these time-tested methods, this book offers insights that are extremely practical.
The foreword by Ninjutsu master Stephen K. Hayes masterfully connects the past to the present by providing unique and valuable insights for surviving mentally in the outdoors.


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Garden with Insight v1.0 Help: Weather next day functions: generate today's solar radiation
This function generates solar radiation for today.
If the "simulated" option for solar radiation is chosen: Today's solar radiation will be
randomly chosen from a normal distribution. The standard deviation for
the normal distribution is calculated from the maximum possible radiation that could reach the earth's
surface today for this climate. The maximum possible radiation depends on the latitude and the day of the
year. The standard deviation is defined as one-quarter of the difference between the maximum possible
radiation and the mean radiation (for today). A number is randomly drawn from a normal distibution having the mean already
calculated for today and this standard deviation. The value is then adjusted for autocorrelation using the autocorrelation matrix.
If the "always 10.0" option for solar radiation is chosen: The solar radiation is set at ten
MJ/m2 (megajoules per square meter). If the "smoothed" option for solar radiation is
chosen: The solar radiation is set at the smoothed long-term
average. The adjustment for yesterday's rain is ignored. If the "unchanging" option for
solar radiation is chosen: The solar radiation stays the same as it was yesterday.
calculation of mean for normal distribution today
EPIC Air Temperature and Solar Radiation
EPIC Day Length