Interview with Norma Johnson & Holly Fulton
Norma Johnson & Holly Fulton
Holly Fulton is a racial justice advocate and facilitator in Denver, CO. She has written a series of monologues on the topic of her family history and racial justice.
Norma Johnson is a poet, storyteller, racial justice advocate and facilitator in Boulder, CO.
Together, they have created a unique workshop that encourages people to tell their histories around race.
R4S: Norma and Holly, you have created a racial justice workshop with a twist – you interweave Holly's monologues with Norma's poetry and encourage your audience to begin writing their own racial justice themed stories. How did you create this new workshop format?
Norma: Essentially, Holly and I have found a way to speak to each other through a creative form; people find it very powerful. You could say it's a white story meeting a black story; both are uniquely American stories. We've found that stories are a very potent vehicle for social change. Everybody has a story; to explore race through our personal stories is very powerful. And, that's what we offer in this workshop.
Holly: Exactly. I remember performing a part of my monologue for Norma and asking how she felt about it. Instead of responding directly, Norma read a poem. We were both taken aback by the experience and wanted to share it with an audience.
R4S: How has collaborating changed the nature of your work?
Norma: To me, the creative work has become a lot richer. Rather than reading my poetry to an audience, where the communication is just one way – Holly and I weave a conversation, back and forth. Whatever your race, whether you're black or white, you can identify with some element in the story, and be surprised by another. This juxtaposition seems to inspire people to dive into their own stories from there, to enter the conversation on race in a new way.
Holly: It's really a form of call and response, with Norma and me moving up and down the stage responding to each other, emotionally, physically.
Norma: Exactly. Call and response forms are steeped in African tradition. Someone calls out a song or a statement or a welcoming and the community responds to that, gives an answer. That's what I feel my poems are to Holly's monologues.
R4S: So how does storytelling differ from other types of racial justice and racial healing work, like lectures and workshops?
Norma: It's uniquely personal. I believe we think in stories. We hold stories, we act from stories. Our behaviors are the results of the stories we've accumulated over a lifetime.
Holly: Norma uses this word 'dropping' a lot, the idea that to connect in a creative way, people need to drop from head to heart to gut. To the space of feeling rather than thinking.
R4S: Are there particular themes that come up in white people's stories?
Holly: Guilt and shame are common themes. There is an interesting distinction between the feeling shame on me and the feeling shame on all of us that seems to be important to explore.
Norma: Yes. Don't put a Band-Aid on feelings of shame and guilt. Shame and guilt are there for a reason. They're trying to tell you something - not that you're a bad person, but that there's a bunch of feeling locked up in there.
R4S: How would you advise readers to apply a creative approach to their own racial justice journey?
Holly: Look for your own way; theatrical, performance, music, whatever your medium may be. Then, bring black people and white people together, build a creative work together. Create an opening for dialog.
Norma: Small bites, everything in small bites. I really would encourage people to remember - we don't have to be anything except ourselves. The combination of all the things that we are and all the experiences we've had and the way that we think, particularly our gifts, talents and skills - these are the things that are going to take us to our stories, reveal to us the answers. We just need to listen.


An insightful critique of "Red Letter Christianity"
Karen Swallow Prior has an insightful article about "red-letter Christianity"—a movement that gives hermeneutical priority to Jesus' words (the so-called "red letters") over the rest of the words of scripture. Her bottom line says it all:
All of the words of Jesus come through the narrators of the Bible. If the black letters of the narrators are reliable, so too are the red letters of Christ. If the narrators are unreliable, however, then the words of Christ they convey are untrustworthy as well. The only way to the red letters is through the black letters.
It's a really helpful article dealing with the question from a literary perspective. Read the rest here.
 - Don Johnson
 The idea that the so-called Red Letters of what Jesus said and what he did not say (really what is not recorded) somehow form a canon within the canon is false from the premise. One reason is one cannot really tell in all cases where what Jesus says ends, there were no quote marks so it is a matter of interpretation in some cases where a quote ends. So the "Jesus canon" Is not even well defined.
 The other point about what (supposedly) Jesus did NOT say (really what is not included in what he said) is that Jesus was Jewish and furthermore was declared to be without sin. This means quite a few things about what is not recorded him as saying, because it implies he believed the Tanakh and correctly interpreted it and lived it. This means he did not need to say a lot of things, it was just implied. It also means that some text in the NT about Jesus cannot contradict the Tanakh is another point, but I will just mention that here.
Comment here. Please use FIRST and LAST name.


CHOW points out that the process of baking the beans a few times causes a chemical reaction called pyrolysis, where the sugars and amino acids in the beans start to give off a rather unpleasant smell. They're still edible, they just wouldn't be fun to eat. Instead, line the bottom of the pie crust with parchment paper and pour in some rice. Bake your pie crust, and it'll still hold its shape, but some of the butter from the crust will seep through the paper and get into the rice.
You can then cook the toasted rice into a delicious, buttery rice pilaf, as opposed to pouring mildly smelly beans into a plastic bag for the next time you want to make a pie. Do you use beans for pie crusts, or just buy pre-made? Share your baking tips in the comments below. Photo by Kimberly Vardeman.
Can I Eat the Beans I Use for Pie Weights? | CHOW via The Kitchn


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Our weekly roundup of the latest news in the world of health.
HIV researchers and health officials talked this week at a conference about the challenges of fighting the virus. But they also said there's new hope for preventing its spread. New research found that an advanced CT scan may shorten emergency room visits for chest pain. But the test also had drawbacks. The U.S. legal system is struggling against a growing variety of synthetic drugs sometimes called "bath salts." And a study released this week concluded that expanding Medicaid to cover more people may save lives.
This Issue: AIDS Conference Hears about Hopes and Challenges CT Shows Mixed Results for Chest Pain Legal System Fights Surge in 'Bath Salts' Study: Medicaid Expansion May Cut Death Rates
In the News:
AIDS Conference Hears about Hopes and Challenges
World health systems still face challenges to control the spread of HIV. But speakers at a conference this week expressed hope that the next generation could be AIDS-free. "There is no excuse scientifically to say we cannot do it," said Anthony Fauci, M.D., of the National Institutes of Health. The United States pledged an extra $150 million to for prevention and treatment in poor countries. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said one step that can occur by 2015 is to treat pregnant women to make sure no babies are born infected. Dr. Fauci said research shows that treatment can reduce the chance of spreading the infection by 96%. That requires starting treatment as soon as someone is diagnosed. For men, circumcision is "stunningly successful" in reducing the risk of infection by a female sex partner, Dr. Fauci said. Challenges include the high rate of infection among gay black men in the United States. Among those age 30 and under, nearly 6% are infected each year. Women in Africa need better ways to protect themselves when partners won't use condoms. A new study will test a drug-coated ring worn inside the vagina. The Associated Press and USA Today wrote about the conference.
CT Shows Mixed Results for Chest Pain
If you have chest pain, but aren't having a heart attack, an advanced CT scan can help get you out of the emergency room sooner, a study published this week finds. But it might not be worth the extra radiation and later tests. The study included 1,000 people with chest pain. All had electrocardiograms and blood tests that suggested a heart attack was unlikely. Then they were randomly divided into 2 groups. People in one group got standard tests, such as a stress test. The others got a type of CT scan that gives a detailed view of arteries around the heart. People spent an average of 23 hours in the hospital with the CT scans and 30 hours with standard tests. About 47% were sent home after the CT scans, compared with 12% who had standard tests. The others were admitted. But those in the CT group received 3 times as much radiation as the standard-care group. They also were more likely to have expensive tests later, so their total testing costs were a bit higher. The Journal of the American Medical Association published the study. The Associated Press wrote about it.
Legal System Fights Surge in 'Bath Salts'
Lawmakers and police across the United States are struggling to keep up with a wave of constantly changing new synthetic drugs. The Associated Press wrote about the problem this week. The drugs are known as "bath salts" because they often are packaged as common household items. The drugs typically are made in labs by amateur chemists. President Obama signed a bill earlier this month to ban more than two dozen of the most common ones. But a U.S. official said the illegal drug industry keeps inventing new ones. The drugs mimic the effects of drugs such as cocaine and other stimulants. They can cause hallucinations and paranoia. People using the drugs may turn violent. U.S. law prohibits selling drugs that mimic illegal drugs. But officials said it can be hard to prosecute sellers of bath salts. One reason is that they often are marked "not for human consumption."
Study: Medicaid Expansion May Cut Death Rates
Expanding Medicaid under the new health care reform law may save thousands of lives, a study released this week concludes. The study looked at what happened in 3 states that recently have expanded Medicaid in ways similar to what the law requires. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the law in June. But it said that states can refuse to expand Medicaid, a joint state-federal program. The expansion would cover mostly uninsured adults without children. It would include those with annual incomes up to about $15,400. Since 2000, Maine, Arizona and New Hampshire have all expanded Medicaid to include low-income adults without children. The study compared them with neighboring states that did not expand the program. It found a 6% drop in death rates in the 3 states after they expanded Medicaid. The other states did not have a similar drop. The New England Journal of Medicine published the study. The Associated Press wrote about it.
Used with the permission of the copyright owner. All rights reserved. The above summaries are not intended to provide advice on personal medical matters, nor are they intended to be a substitute for consultation with a physician.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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gloss over the squares. To do this, follow these steps:
Create a rectangle by using the Rectangular Tool. Press R to select it. Draw a line intersecting all the squares in half. Make the height go as far as almost touching the text above it. An example of this is below.
The rectangle is in grey in my picture (zoomed in), but this is only to show you where to put it. In your image, make it white.
Next convert your rectangle to a â€™graphicâ€™. If you do not remember how to get the convert to box up press F8.
Click inside your rectangle, choose the color mode as â€™Alphaâ€™ and like with the text before drop the opacity down to around 25%.
View the final result below:
Thank you for viewing this tutorial – we hope you liked it
Copyrigh @ EvenICouldDoIt 2007


Worms in a Drainfie...
Clear all
Worms in a Drainfield
New Member
Joined: 2 years ago
Posts: 1
Topic starter
Can worms be used for a secondary filtration system. If the runoff from a septic tank led to a vermicomposting bin, would the secondary wastewater provide enough nutrient for the worms to feed? If so, what would be the ideal mix for it to be in?
Thanks and apologies for my lack of understanding. Just trying (and struggling) to get my head around everything
Eminent Member Admin
Joined: 4 years ago
Posts: 42
Hi Nico
Yes you can use a worm ecosystem to clean septic tank effluent. If it's in an uncontained filter bed, then the worm population will adjust itself, along with the microbial population, to be the optimum balance for the amount of nutrient available in your unique situation. That's the advantage of working with natural systems. They're self-maintaining and self-correcting. So provided the conditions remain within what's tolerable for the health of the ecosystem as a whole, it will regulate itself. (Just as the Earth has done for billions of years until humans thought they knew better...) So if you set up a greenfilter bed as per the Design & construction page and just add worms, the ecosystem will start to establish and then do what it does best.
Worms have been used in many bioremediation projects to clean up all manner of pollutants. Most of these projects have been based on an inorganic substrate (see the scientific studies linked on the Why worms? page) but work so much better with organic material which is the ecosystem's natural habitat.


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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the normative development of the electrophysiological response to auditory and visual novelty in children living in rural Kenya. METHODS: We examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by novel auditory and visual stimuli in 178 normally-developing children aged 4-12 years (86 boys, mean 6.7 years, SD 1.8 years and 92 girls, mean 6.6 years, SD 1.5 years) who were living in rural Kenya. RESULTS: The latency of early components (auditory P1 and visual N170) decreased with age and their amplitudes also tended to decrease with age. The changes in longer-latency components (Auditory N2, P3a and visual Nc, P3a) were more modality-specific; the N2 amplitude to novel stimuli decreased with age and the auditory P3a increased in both latency and amplitude with age. The Nc amplitude decreased with age while visual P3a amplitude tended to increase, though not linearly. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in the timing and magnitude of early-latency ERPs likely reflect brain maturational processes. The age-related changes to auditory stimuli generally occurred later than those to visual stimuli suggesting that visual processing matures faster than auditory processing. SIGNIFICANCE: ERPs may be used to assess children's cognitive development in rural areas of Africa.
Original publication
Journal article
Clin Neurophysiol
Publication Date
564 - 576
Acoustic Stimulation, Age Factors, Brain Mapping, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Female, Humans, Kenya, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time


December 2016 Issue
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Want to Get Into the Slaughter Goat Business?
Several times each week, I receive phone call from someone who wants to buy live goats in quantity to sell for slaughter. Usually in Florida or a similar state with a large ethnic population, he accurately sees a great business opportunity. He is telephoning goat raisers whose names he has found on the Internet, expecting to find a steady supply of slaughter goats. He knows next to nothing about goats; he just knows that demand for goat meat is high in his area. He has no idea how difficult it will be to find a steady supply. He believes that he can call around the country, locate and purchase hundreds of goats, ship them to his location, slaughter and process the animals, and make a lot of money.
This is not the real world.
There aren't enough meat goats raised for slaughter in the United States to come anywhere close to meeting the demand, and most of these goats are raised in areas far from the locations where large numbers of goat consumers live for reasons I will explain later in this article. About 40% of goat meat consumed in the United States is imported frozen from Australia and New Zealand.
When I started raising goats in 1990, there were about 12 million goats (meat, milk & hair) in this country. In 2014, that number had decreased to less than 2 million. There are several reasons for this: (1) Goats -- ALL goats -- as a species are dry-land animals and much of the USA is too wet to raise meat goats successfully; (2) Most folks don't have enough acreage or the right kind of acreage that allows meat goats to feed themselves as much of the year as possible. Having lots of the right kind of land available on which to raise meat goats is critical to making money raising them for slaughter; (3) Goats (like deer) are very selective (picky) eaters that are difficult to raise properly and profitably. They cannot be feed-lotted. They cannot handle the stress and wormloads that occur in crowded living conditions. Goats need to live like deer, roaming over large acreage in uncrowded conditions and eating "from the top down" so they can avoid the blood-sucking stomach worms that kill them.
I recommend to each caller is that once he has done more research on his actual market, he should contact a commercial auction house, speak with the auctioneer, and hire an order-buyer to purchase what he needs weekly from all of the commercial auctions near his market. He needs this middle man to provide that steady supply of goats to meet his local demand. He cannot find it from individuals. The average goat-raising operation doesn't produce a steady supply of slaughter goats. He also needs to find a slaughter facility that will kill and process the goats at an affordable price. Processing charges are typically quite high, i.e. as much as $40-$60 per goat. Goat slaughter facilities don't exist in many locales. One of the biggest reasons for this is the lack of a steady supply of slaughter goats. That is why most facilities that process goats do it as an add-on to their primary business of slaughtering cattle. Any good business person knows that demand without supply is a failing business model. To create a demand and then not have the supply to fill that demand is to doom your business before it gets off the ground.
Recently a representative of a group of people who wanted to vertically integrate the goat business from raising goats to owning a slaughter house to selling the goat meat visited my ranch. He admitted he and his friends knew nothing about goats other than there is a widespread demand for goat meat. His investment group assigned him the responsibility of investigating what is involved in raising goats before they proceeded. Like most people, his initial thought was: How hard can it be? I spent the entire day with him, going over every aspect of goat raising. His group was planning to buy 1,000 acres of land in West Texas at a price that would only buy rocks, put 1,500+ goats on it, and hire people to take care of the goats. His team leader had run the numbers of how many goats they needed to provide the kind of financial return they required and fit the amount of money they were willing to invest. The group would soon be feedlotting goats once they realized that the goats were wormy, starving, and dying under those living conditions. Won't work. It has been tried many times; much money has been wasted and lots of goats have died. He is an intelligent professional who lives in a city and just had no concept of what is involved in raising goats. I understand and respect that. I've been there. You just cannot make goats live this way; they will simply sit down and die. It also won't be easy to find people who know how to raise goats successfully. Because of the small numbers of goats, many veterinarians have little to no knowledge of goats. You must be your own vet most of the time. You must learn to use medications off-label because very few medications are made for goats.
If your goal is to buy and sell goats for slaughter, you aren't likely to find an adequate supply. Your only realistic alternative is to set up a goat-raising operation in conjunction with your order-buying business to add to your supply line. It's a numbers game.
Raising goats is not like manufacturing products or providing services. These are living creatures whose habits and health issues cannot be molded to fit your plans. You can raise goats for slaughter but you must have lots of the right kind of land in the right climate and have extensive knowledge of goat health, nutrition, and management. You need people who are willing to work and live with the goats on a 24/7 basis, taking care of their health and nutritional needs. You need to learn to THINK LIKE A GOAT and you'll be able to use your knowledge of these unique animals to achieve your goals. Otherwise, you are destined to lose lots of money and have many goats die in your care before you ever get them to a slaughter destination.
Suzanne W. Gasparotto, Onion Creek Ranch, Texas 12/3/16
Goat Camp™ 2017
Taking reservations for
Goat Camp™ 2017
Oct 23-26, 2017
Click Here for more info...
Consultation & Evaluation Services for Hire
Contact Suzanne Gasparotto at
_PHONE_ for prices and availability.
Meat Goat Mania


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Correlation-based learning is, as a whole, often called Hebbian learning. The Hebb rule (10.2) is a special case of a local learning rule because it only depends on preand postsynaptic firing rates and the present state wij of the synapse, i.e., information that is easily 'available' at the location of the synapse.
Recent experiments have shown that the relative timing of preand postsynaptic spikes critically determines the amplitude and even the direction of changes of the synaptic efficacy. In order to account for these effects, learning rules on the level of individual spikes are formulated with a learning window that consists of two parts: If the presynaptic spike arrives before a postsynaptic output spike, the synaptic change is positive. If the timing is the other way round, the synaptic change is negative (Zhang et al., 1998; Markram et al., 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998,1999; Debanne et al., 1998). For some synapses, the learning window is reversed (Bell et al., 1997b), for others it contains only a single component (Egger et al., 1999).
Hebbian learning is considered to be a major principle of neuronal organization during development. The first modeling studies of cortical organization development (Willshaw and von der Malsburg, 1976; Swindale, 1982) have incited a long line of research, e.g., Linsker (1986b); Obermayer et al. (1992); Linsker (1986a); Kohonen (1984); Miller et al. (1989); MacKay and Miller (1990); Linsker (1986c). Most of these models use in some way or another an unsupervised correlation-based learning rule similar to the general Hebb rule of Eq. (10.2); see Erwin et al. (1995) for a recent review.
Correlation-based learning can be traced back to Aristoteles 10.2 and has been discussed extensively by James (1890) who formulated a learning principle on the level of 'brain processes' rather than neurons:
When two elementary brain-processes have been active together or in immediate succession, one of them, on re-occurring, tends to propagate its excitement into the other.A chapter of James' book is reprinted in volume 1 of Anderson and Rosenfeld's collection on Neurocomputing (Anderson and Rosenfeld, 1988). More than 50 years later, Hebb's book (Hebb, 1949) of which two interesting sections are reprinted in the collection of Anderson and Rosenfeld (1988) was published. The historical context of Hebb's postulate is discussed in the review of Sejnowski (1999). In the reprint volume of Anderson and Rosenfeld (1988), articles of Grossberg (1976) and Bienenstock et al. (1982) illustrate the use of the rate-based learning rules discussed in Section 10.2. Kohonen's book gives an overview of some mathematical results for several generic rate-based learning rules (Kohonen, 1984).
For reviews on (hippocampal) LTP, see the book of Byrne and Berry (1989), in particular the articles of Sejnowski and Tesauro (1989) and Brown et al. (1989). Cerebellar LTD has been reviewed by Daniel et al. (1996,1998) and Linden and Connor (1995). Further references and a classification of different forms of LTP and LTD can be found in the nice review of Bliss and Collingridge (1993). For the relation of LTP and LTD, consult Artola and Singer (1993). A modern and highly recommendable review with a focus on recent results, in particular on spike-time dependent plasticity has been written by Bi and Poo (2001). The theoretical context of spike-time dependent plasticity has been discussed by Abbott (2000).
© Cambridge University Press
This book is in copyright. No reproduction of any part of it may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.


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Date of wing molt initiation, based on the regression of tenth primary length on capture date, was calculated for breeding and nonbreeding Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) on the Colville River Delta, Alaska. Breeding females initiated wing molt significantly later than breeding males and nonbreeding males and females; the molt of breeding females was correlated with the date on which their eggs hatched. Breeding males did not differ significantly from nonbreeding males and females in the date of molt initiation. Timing of molt in breeding males and females was consistent with the views that females delay molt while replenishing energy spent on reproduction, but was also consistent with the breeding pair's need for primaries to defend territories and to defend and brood young. Other results, including an increase in an index of female body condition throughout most of the molt period, and a positive correlation between clutch size and female hatch-to-molt interval, were not predicted by the hypothesis that past energy expenditures constrain the timing of molt. Patterns of wing molt within and among other Northern Hemisphere geese and swans are also difficult to explain on the basis of energetics alone. For example, breeding females initiate molt before breeding males in many species. Also, there is extreme asynchrony between mates in two swan species; one of those species also exhibits variation in which sex initiates wing molt first. Both patterns suggest that asynchrony, per se, is important, probably to facilitate brood protection or territory defense. In Tundra Swans and other northern breeding geese and swans, the non-energetic demands of territory defense, brood defense, and brooding are probably important constraints on the timing of wing molt.
Additional publication details
The timing of wing molt in tundra swans: energetic and non-energetic constraints

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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As your child progresses through his or her school career, you can expect the workloads to get bigger and the assignments to get tougher — but there is a way to successfully prepare for these challenges. With Sylvan's study skills programs in Irving, your child will spend time learning effective time management and exam prep strategies that will put them on the right track towards successful college applications. It's an excellent way to encourage the best habits for staying on top of even the longest "to do" list. After all, we emphasize practical organizational skills as part of our study skills program in addition to proven academic techniques. That's how we help Irving pre-teens and teens prepare to succeed in the classroom and beyond.
A Tailored, Personal Approach
Not all students learn those essential "higher order" thinking skills the same way. Anything from help with exam preparation, assignment planning and research techniques to developing advanced active listening skills for maximizing in-class learning could be required. That's why we take each student's unique needs into consideration, tailoring our sessions to focus on proven ways to study more effectively and boost grades.▼
We Can Help With All Kinds of Study Skills, Including:
- Time Management
Our Tutors Can Help Make a Difference
So what happens next once you've registered your son or daughter for our study skills program in Irving? Our tutors will be there to encourage positive study and concentration skills that will last a lifetime. They will also provide useful tips for improving test preparation as well as assignment and project planning. We also focus on fostering a positive attitude towards education by making sure to acknowledge every student's accomplishments on a regular basis.
Our study skills program at a glance:
- Strategic and academic planning: How to set goals and track projects in the short-term and long-term.
- Time management: How to use your time more effectively and manage workloads.
- Better organization: How to create a better personal study space and organize schoolwork.
- Planning and performance management: How to make use of an academic planner and track grades.
- Expectation management: How to identify teacher expectations, understand priorities and start using active listening techniques in class.
- Higher education and career preparation: How to successfully navigate the college admissions process, write a compelling cover letter and prepare for a job interview.


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Arts and Artisans of Early 19th-Century Portland
Text by William David Barry and John Mayer
Images from Maine Historical Society, the Maine State Museum
Portland's growth began in 1786 when citizens changed the name of the town from Falmouth Neck.
Between then and the middle of the nineteenth century, the footprint of the city as it exists today was established, a maritime economy flourished, and the population increased dramatically.
Newly enriched merchants and community leaders from Portland's middle and upper classes provided support for itinerant and local artisans.
By the early nineteenth century, products made by native born and locally trained artists replaced those of itinerants and the work of these Portland artisans found their way into private home and influenced the efforts of students, teachers, and performers in city schools, theaters, and academies.
The demand for the arts helped native born and locally trained decorative painters, gilders, silversmiths, potters, furniture and cabinetmakers, tinsmiths, and other artisans thrive in Portland in the early nineteenth century.
Fashionable costumes and stately poses rendered with care and emphasis provide a visual sense of the personal style and stature of the period.
Finely crafted furniture made with exotic or colorful materials illustrate changes over time in taste, design, and craftsmanship.
These works represent the distinctive nature of the arts and artisans of Portland.
This two-part online exhibit is based on an exhibit featured from June to December 2005 at the Maine Historical Society Museum. The exhibit was sponsored by Noyes & Chapman Insurance, Maine Employers Mutual Insurance Co. and the Phineas W. Sprague Memorial Foundation.
Click on the links below the images to view Part I: Early Years; and Part II: Arts Flourish in Portland.


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Water rushes down the wooden sluice causing the mammoth wheel to turn with a groan as wooden gears begin their noisy clatter and huge belts whirr. As large as a house, this engine rotates a granite wheel to grind wheat into flour. Once upon a time, every village had one; now, these gristmills are historical treasures. Although several authentically reconstructed mills are scattered throughout eastern North America, only a handful of originals have survived to modern times. Four of these can be found in the Charlevoix region, a mere hour east of Quebec City on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River.
Bread has been called the staple of life, and this dietary necessity spawned a mechanical revolution that grew to encompass mills for pumping water, sawing wood, forging metal and pumping air for iron furnaces. The first gristmill in North America was built in Nova Scotia in 1607. When Cardinal Richelieu inaugurated the seigneurial system in 1627, a church and gristmill were mandated for the centre of each estate. However, one doesn't have to be a baker, mechanic or historian to be fascinated by the mills of the Charlevoix or beguiled by their bucolic settings.
The Banal or Seigneurial Mill in Les Eboulements was built in 1790 and is the best-preserved seigneurial site in the province. Touted as being completely original, the primary wooden gearing was actually replaced by steel and cast iron at some point in the late 19th century, although the secondary belt systems appear to be original. Regardless, the beauty of the mechanical system in this particular mill is its readily visible integration of new materials without changing its original characteristics. While this is a historic site that's open to the public during the summer, it also remains a commercial business where organic wheat is still ground between antique French grindstones.
Chemin du port begins adjacent to the seigneurial property. Dropping 360 metres to St. Joseph de la Rive, it provides a panoramic view of the St. Lawrence River and Ile aux Coudres. A ferry (free) crosses to this lovely island discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, which was named for its abundant hazelnut bushes.
Alexis Tremblay built a gristmill on Ile aux Coudres along the stream called the Rouge River in 1825. After several years of drought rendered the mill inoperable, his son, Thomas, built a windmill on the opposite side of the brook in 1836. This was the last "tower" windmill to be built in Quebec. Both are now part of the island's Milling Economuseum, where guides in period costumes will explain the function of various components in the gristmills and the new interpretation centre provides information about their history. The gift shop even sells flour as well as bread baked on the premises in wood-fired ovens.
The Tremblay water-powered mill remained in commercial operation until 1956. Comparing the gearing system and working layout of the watermill and the windmill is especially interesting considering that they are contemporary to each other and built by the same family. From a technical standpoint, there's not much difference between Thomas Tremblay's mill of 1836 and what a wind-powered gristmill would have looked like 200 years earlier. The windmill has been restored, but to such a minimal degree that "authentic repairs" is a much better description for this gem. There are a few cast-iron components, but this is what machines looked like in the 17th and 18th century when they were made primarily of wood. There isn't another place on this continent where a windmill and watermill can be captured in the same photo.
The four gristmills in the Charlevoix region illustrate differences in architecture, the evolution of mechanics, and all are situated in settings that attract landscape painters. The Remy, located on Route 138 just north of the village of Baie St. Paul, is the largest and is similar to those built in the eastern United States during the first half of the 19th century.
In 1825, the Seminaire de Quebec commissioned Jacob Fortin to build a gristmill on the Remy River. Despite being created under Quebec's seigneurial system, the Remy was designed as a commercial venture and became so successful that it ground flour from 1827 to 1950. Converted to produce animal feed, it operated into the 1980s. It was acquired by Heritage Charlevoix, a land trust founded by local residents Frank and Anne Cabot in 1992, and restoration began in 1997. In 2007, the Remy Mill once again began grinding flour from locally grown organic wheat.
The wooden floors of the mill are sculpted by 150 years of foot traffic, and the stairs testify to the tread of mill workers carrying heavy sacks of grain to the second floor, the marks of their metal-tipped staves stamped in the planking. Half of two floors in this stone mill were the millwright's home and are furnished with period pieces. The windows in the residence clearly show the thickness of the double stonewall construction.
The gearing and machinery are not original but are modern reconstructions, and this makes the Remy gristmill particularly interesting. The water wheel - the largest in Quebec - is made of white oak and most of the gears have wooden teeth. Some parts are steel and ballbearing bushings have replaced those of cast-iron. If these materials had been available in the early 19th century, millwrights would have used them. Today, the craft skills of building, maintaining, and operating water-powered mills are almost lost arts, and this is one of those rare places where they are being rediscovered.
At the Boulangerie La Remy, flour that has been ground in the mill behind and above this converted farmhouse is transformed into delicious loaves of bread in two gorgeous wood-fired brick ovens. The converted farmhouse is not indigenous to the site, but was moved from a nearby village for this specific function. Loaves include traditional white baguettes and sourdough to modern brioche, flavoured (including raisin and cranberry) breads, their signature Meteorite, and even pizza and apple pie.
The Charlevoix is internationally recognized for its specialty food producers and outstanding restaurants, so it seems natural to discover award-winning bakers like Boulangerie Pains d'exclamation in La Malbaie and Boulangerie Bouchard on Ile aux Coudres. Traditional loaves of crusty sourdough made with locally grown organic wheat have become a trademark specialty of the region and each gristmill site has its own traditional wood-fire ovens where loaves can be bought. Sourdough bread baked in wood-fired ovens is far removed - philosophically and texturally - from commercially made products. Combined with locally grown organic wheat and the stone-ground milling process, the results are one of the ultimate gourmet delights.
This concentration of original gristmills is unique in North America, and whether you're interested in baking, mechanics, history, architecture, photography or painting, a visit to the mills of the Charlevoix promises to be a rewarding experience while touring this region.
If you go
Lodging ranges from camp sites to a five-star hotel
The Charlevoix region, noted for its painters and exquisite cuisine, is located 93 kilometres northeast of Quebec City on Route 138. There are numerous restaurants and lodging ranges from camping sites to five-star hotels. For more information: charlevoixtour ism.com or write Charlevoix Tourism, 495 Blvd. de Comporte, La Malbaie, QC G5A 3G3 _PHONE_
The Banal Mill, 157 Principale, Route 362 in the village of Les Eboulements, 16 kilometres east of Baie St. Paul. There's a modest admission charge and you can purchase bread made for the flour ground at this mill. hcq-chq.org, _PHONE_. Admission: $3.
Ile aux Coudres: 12 kilometres from Les Eboulements. The ferry runs 25 times a day between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. and is free of charge. traversiers.gouv.qc.ca, _PHONE_
Les Moulins de l'Islet aux Coudres/ Milling Economuseum, 36 Chemin du Moulin, Ile aux Coudres. lesmoulinsiac.com, _PHONE_. admission $9 adults/$5 children/$20 families.
Boulangerie Bouchard, 1648 Chemin des Coudriers, Ile aux Coudres, _PHONE_
Moulin Remy, 235 Terrasse de la Remy, Route 138 5.6 kilometres north of Baie St. Paul. moulindelaremy.com, _PHONE_. Admission: $5.
Pains d'exclamation, 398 Rue Saint Etienne, La Malbaie, _PHONE_. All types of loaves and pastries, including bread from locally grown wheat, ground at the mill, and baked in wood-fired ovens.


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Learning objectives are a type of ePortfolio item that enable you to take ownership of your learning by allowing you to manage and track personal learning goals.
- Associate learning objectives with artifacts, reflections, collections, and presentations that demonstrate progress toward your learning plan. If you submit a learning objective to a dropbox folder, its associated items go with it.
- Share learning objectives with rubrics attached to them to generate feedback and informal assessment from other ePortfolio users. (Items associated with a learning objective are not available to others unless you specifically share them.)
- Display learning objectives in presentations and add them to collections.
- Submit a learning objective to a dropbox folder for formal assessment. Associated items serve as evidence toward meeting the learning objective.
- Use learning objectives as an organizational tool by categorizing your ePortfolio items by learning experience.
- Delete learning objectives that are no longer relevant to your learning path.
Import learning objectives into your ePortfolio
If you are in an independent studies or co-op program, you might have the ability to directly import learning objectives into your ePortfolio.
- On the My Items page, click Learning Objective from the Add button.
- Click on the course you want to import learning objectives from.
- Select the check boxes beside the learning objectives you want to add.
- Click Import.
Associate items with learning objectives
Do one of the following:
- Click Associate Learning Objective from the context menu of an artifact, reflection, collection, or presentation.
- On the Edit page for an item, click Associate Learning Objectives.
- On the My Items page, select the items you want to associate with a learning objective, then click Associate Learning Objective from the More Actions button.


Rooms and Resources design in Lotus Notes/Domino 7
Learn about how we've improved the design and function of the Rooms and Resources feature in Lotus Notes/Domino 7.
Bruce Kahn, Advisory Software Engineer, IBM
Bruce Kahn is an Advisory Software Engineer for IBM. He frequently volunteers and teaches classes for the American Red Cross. On weekends, he occasionally gets to spend time with his family.
30 August 2005
Also available in Japanese
Lotus Domino 4.5 saw the introduction of Rooms and Resources (R&R) functionality, along with Calendaring and Scheduling (C&S). The R&R system is intended to be an integrated way for users to reserve rooms or resources for meetings, events, or any sort of activity. When setting up a meeting, you can invite a desired meeting room and/or resource, as you would other users, either from within the C&S interface or from an R&R database. Unlike C&S, which is part of each user's mail file, R&R requests were handled by using a shared database in which each room or resource resides.
Notes/Domino 7 brings significant enhancements to the R&R system. This article explains these enhancements. We begin with a quick look at the history of R&R in Notes and Domino. We then look at specific new R&R features in Notes/Domino 7, including interface improvements and "clusterability." This article assumes you're familiar with basic Notes and Domino features.
A brief history of Rooms and Resources
In Notes/Domino 4.x, R&R used a set of agents and relied on the Agent Manager to handle reservation requests, updates, and cancellations (which we will collectively refer to as "reservation requests" for the remainder of this article). Although this provided the required R&R functionality, it left some room for performance improvements, due to inherent delays involved in processing reservation requests.
For Domino 5.x and 6.x, we upgraded the R&R system to use template scripts and/or backend processing code to handle the processing of reservation requests. There was still one agent involved, but its sole purpose was to just do "past event" purging, so timeliness was not that important. This revised system was an improvement over the R4.x design, primarily because it performed faster. In addition, it also shared the C&S autoprocessing feature used to autoprocess messages sent between users. This code reuse meant that users could expect more consistent behavior.
While the newer R&R system was more responsive than the original one, it still had some external dependencies that in some instances could allow rooms or resources to be double-booked. Autoprocessing was performed by server-side code or in the database, but both relied on the accuracy of busytime data to function optimally. Given that busytime information is updated in an asynchronous manner by the Schedule Manager (SchedMgr), there were small windows of opportunities that could allow a single room to be reserved by conflicting reservation requests from either C&S or via the R&R database. This window was tiny (a few seconds at most), and for it to be encountered, conflicting reservation requests needed to be created or delivered to the R&R database within that window. In practice, we did not find this occurring with any real frequency except in environments that had a large number of users contending for a very small pool of conference rooms. The number of potential conference room scheduling conflicts is much smaller with a pool of 200 users than it is with a population of thousands of users.
This window for double (or more) booking would actually be much larger if we permitted R&R databases to have replicas on multiple servers. The reason for this is that any reservation requests created directly in the R&R database was automatically accepted if the room or resource did not already appear as "busy" in the busytime system. As a result, the window for double booking becomes much larger due to the latency between saving the accepted reservation into a second replica and having it replicate back to the R&R database's home server so it can be put into busytime. This increased potential risk was key to our decision to disallow replicas of R&R databases in Domino 5.x and 6.x.
Figure 1 is a high-level diagram of the Domino 5.x/6.x R&R design; request processing logic existed in the Notes client and router:
Figure 1. R&R system for Domino 5.x/6.x
Domino 7: A new model for Rooms and Resources
For Domino 7, we wanted to address customer comments regarding the usability and reliability of the R&R system. To this end, we redesigned the R&R system with a primary goal of closing the window for double bookings. This was the principal criterion by which all design decisions were evaluated. If a proposed feature or enhancement permitted double bookings, it was disallowed. Our secondary criterion was to redesign the system in such a way that we could allow for replicas of an R&R database on multiple servers. We took this criterion a step farther and actively embraced "clusterablity" by adding cluster failover to the processing of reservation requests.
In addition, we provided a set of new R&R-related features that any Notes client can use. To enjoy the benefits of the new R&R system, all you have to do is upgrade your server and R&R database to Domino 7. Your users can still use their current version of the Notes client they want, and still get all the benefits of the new design. The new R&R system is designed to be independent of the Notes client version, although for other client activity, it is good practice to stay within two Notes releases of the Domino server release.
The new design for R&R involves centralizing all the reservation request processing and anything it actively depends on for proper function. To this end, we created a new Domino task, the Rooms and Resource Manager (RnRMgr). Figure 2 is a high-level diagram of the Domino 7 R&R design:
Figure 2. R&R system for Domino 7
R&R system for Domino 7
In addition to centralizing all request processing logic/authority into RnRMgr, we updated the SchedMgr and Router tasks. SchedMgr no longer tries to update busytime for a room or resource; it now updates busytime solely for users. As for the Router, only requests to C&S users are still actively autoprocessed; the autoprocessing routines it uses no longer process any R&R-destined requests.
The job of the RnRMgr task is to watch for reservation requests in an R&R database and to process them in the order in which they arrive or were created. As part of this processing, RnRMgr will both query and update busytime to be as current as possible, so that even the delivery of back-to-back conflicting requests will not cause a double booking to occur. Since the decision to accept or decline a reservation request is performed in a single place (rather than in multiple places), there is no possibility of conflicting requests being accepted and thus double booking a room or resource.
To centralize all the request processing logic, we trimmed the R&R template and removed all logic that would accept a request. We still preserved some of the original logic so that the R&R database can perform assorted checks, such as owner restrictions checking and disallowing requests that would be rejected by RnRMgr. It also still does busytime checks, so that a user is not allowed to save a request for an already-reserved date and time. (Nothing would be more frustrating than to have to repeatedly save new reservation requests for an already-reserved room just because the database lets you request it anyway!)
R&R database feature enhancements
In Notes/Domino 7, the R&R database performs much of what it did in previous releases, but with a subtle change. In earlier releases, you could assume that if you could save your reservation request, the reservation was accepted and the room was yours. Because the final decision on a reservation request is now handled by RnRMgr, your expectations should now be that if you can save the reservation request, you are likely to get your request accepted. However, there could be someone "in line" ahead of you, and then you might not get the request. This minor change to the behavior is necessary to ensure the integrity of the system and to increase user confidence.
The most noticeable change to the R&R user interface in Notes/Domino 7 is the addition of new reservation request status indicator icons. The purpose of these icons is to visibly indicate the status of any reservation request. These new indicators are:
 - An hourglass to indicate an unprocessed reservation request.
 - A green checkmark to indicate an accepted reservation request.
 - A red X to indicate a declined reservation request.
Each reservation displayed in the views will have one of these three status indicators on it, as shown in figure 3:
Figure 3. Reservation status indicators
Reservation status indicators
Typically, unless RnRMgr is not running, you will rarely see the hourglass icon (and if you do, it only appears for a few seconds at most). In the By Resource view shown in figure 3, you can see that the user has two accepted reservations, one declined reservation (because it conflicted with another), and one pending reservation request. The R&R database will not let you create a reservation request that it knows will be declined because another reservation was already accepted, so you should not see many red X icons either. Those that you do see typically are the result of conflicting requests being created or delivered simultaneously.
There are also several new features added to the R&R template in Notes/Domino 7 to make R&R more productive and useful for Notes users.These include:
 - "quick


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This course provides theoretical and practical instruction on wind turbine tower rescue and high angle rescue and personal protective equipment. Students cover the theory and practice of addressing emergent rescue situations in, on and around wind turbines.
Date First Offered:
Total Hours: 35
Lecture Hours: 20
Laboratory Hours: 15
This course is offered online:
- Personal protective equipment utilization and maintenance
- High angle rescue considerations and practice
- Tower rescue practices
- Tower climbing safety practices
Upon successful completion of this course, learners will be able to:
- Identify personal protective equipment components and their application
- Describe safe rescue practices during emergency situations
- Safely climb 100 meter towers
- Participate in high angle rescue procedures
- Engage in partnered rappelling and climbing exercises
- Complete climb and descent procedures
Use initiative to identify tasks.
Use time productively.
Select and use appropriate tools.
Final Exam: 20 %
Quizzes and Tests: 30 %
Lab Work: 20 %
Participation: 30 %
Nature of Participation:
Climb 100 meter tower
Percentage of Individual Work:
Course Offered in Other Programs:
Coveralls, footwear having CSA approved safety-toe protection, CSA approved safety glasses with clear lenses, learning modules, notebooks, and calculator.
Required - BZEE, BZEE Curriculum Manual (BZEE). Chapters Covered: SelectionsAdd Content...


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The quality of education in infant and toddler centres
Early childhood education is a highly diverse sector that includes many different philosophies and approaches to the education and care of young children.
All ERO education reviews in the early childhood sector focus on the quality of education. For ERO this includes the quality of:
- the programme provided for children;
- the learning environment; and
- the interactions between children and adults.
In this report, ERO based its introductory statements and findings about the programme, learning environment and interactions on a set of evaluation indicators published by ERO4, references to provision for infants and toddlers in Te Whāriki, and signposts and explanations of the Revised Statement of Desirable Objectives and Practices (DOPs) published by the Ministry of Education.5


Aerospace & Defense
Sales and Marketing Collaboration
by Holly Lyke Ho Gland 16 May 2012
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The Growth Team Membership™ (GTM) program recently surveyed marketing executives to identify their principal challenges for 2012. The survey found that marketers struggle to (1) cultivate a differentiated value proposition that resonates with clients, and (2) ensure Sales adopts the appropriate messaging and materials.
Survey respondents indicate that understaffing and a lack of strategic alignment across Sales and Marketing's leadership are the primary causes of Marketing's struggles. By joining forces with Sales, Marketing can address the strategic alignment issue and tap into additional staff. However, successful collaboration requires taking a closer look at the following three areas:
1. Goal Alignment—Since revitalizing the value proposition requires a substantial commitment in time and resources, it is essential that Marketing and Sales agree on the reason for the revitalization at the outset. To achieve this goal, marketing and sales executives need to build consensus on answers to the following questions:
 - Are our assumptions about how we are perceived by our customers accurate?
 - Can we quantitatively prove any of our assumptions?
 - How does our value proposition differentiate us from the competition?
 - Does our current messaging tell the story we want?
 - How consistently is our messaging being used?
2. Sales Involvement—No matter how necessary, or how compelling, the redesigned value proposition may be, the sales force may still resist it. Successful marketers understand that sales reps want some measure of control over the way they communicate with their customers and are prone to resenting outside influence. Marketers therefore involve the sales force throughout each stage of the new value proposition's development (including messaging creation). This inclusion builds cross-functional ownership of the new messaging and limits the likelihood that Sales will reject it later on. Furthermore, it speeds new messaging roll-out, since the sales force will already be familiar with the value proposition and how to tailor its message for various segments.
3. Continuous Engagement—Trust and transparency are crucial to any long-term successful collaboration between Sales and Marketing. One way to maintain this openness is through regularly scheduled meetings between senior management in Sales and Marketing. Growth Team Membership researchers have found that a monthly cadence works best for keeping the conversation flowing, collecting feedback, and addressing collaboration challenges. Monthly meetings also allow marketers to track value proposition adoption and identify opportunities for improvement.
While sales and marketing collaboration is a perennial challenge, some companies have found ways to unite these often-at-odds functions. Take the experience of Kronos, a workforce management software solutions company. For many years, Kronos considered itself a market leader, in spite of its flat product revenue growth. This disconnect stimulated Marketing and Sales to collaboratively revise and differentiate Kronos' value proposition and messaging. Kronos' sales and marketing teams followed the practices outlined above—alignment, inclusion, and engagement—to overcome key barriers to collaboration. Successful collaboration has resulted in 92% of the sales force consistently using the messaging. Kronos' new value proposition has also led to a 36% increase in its earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization (EBITA).
In conclusion, Growth Team Membership survey data suggest that marketers are committed to differentiating their companies through redesigned value propositions. However, Marketing's efforts are constricted by a lack of coordination and buy-in from Sales. By including Sales in the development process, Marketing can ensure its efforts are adopted and strengthen its relationship with Sales for long-term success.
Want to learn more about best practices for sales and marketing integration?
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3.6 "Quick Calculator" Mode
There is another way to invoke the Calculator if all you need to do is make one or two quick calculations. Type C-x * q (or M-x quick-calc), then type any formula as an algebraic entry. The Calculator will compute the result and display it in the echo area, without ever actually putting up a Calc window.
You can use the $ character in a Quick Calculator formula to refer to the previous Quick Calculator result. Older results are not retained; the Quick Calculator has no effect on the full Calculator's stack or trail. If you compute a result and then forget what it was, just run C-x * q again and enter '$' as the formula.
If you use C-x * q from inside the Calculator buffer, the effect is the same as pressing the apostrophe key (algebraic entry).
The result of a Quick calculation is placed in the Emacs "kill ring" as well as being displayed. A subsequent C-y command will yank the result into the editing buffer. You can also use this to yank the result into the next C-x * q input line as a more explicit alternative to $ notation, or to yank the result into the Calculator stack after typing C-x * c.
Quick Calculator results are actually evaluated as if by the = key (which replaces variable names by their stored values, if any). If the formula you enter is an assignment to a variable using the ':=' operator, say, 'foo := 2 + 3' or 'foo := foo + 1', then the result of the evaluation is stored in that Calc variable. See Store and Recall.
If the result is an integer and the current display radix is decimal, the number will also be displayed in hex, octal and binary formats. If the integer is in the range from 1 to 126, it will also be displayed as an ASCII character.
For example, the quoted character '"x"' produces the vector result '[120]' (because 120 is the ASCII code of the lower-case 'x'; see Strings). Since this is a vector, not an integer, it is displayed only according to the current mode settings. But running Quick Calc again and entering '120' will produce the result '120 (16#78, 8#170, x)' which shows the number in its decimal, hexadecimal, octal, and ASCII forms.
Please note that the Quick Calculator is not any faster at loading or computing the answer than the full Calculator; the name "quick" merely refers to the fact that it's much less hassle to use for small calculations.


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Below is a basic overview of StarTip's widgets and how you can take full control over your widget by referencing the local member'self'.
If you want to stop a repeating widget from updating, just use
Do not do self:Update() ;) I may place a safeguard in place to prevent this bomb from occurring.
Let's start with the Text widget.
1 ) First of all, your widget has a name. Reference that with'self.name'.
2 ) Your widget has an error object that will print some message, paying attention to StarTip's set error verboseness. Usage: self.error:Print("Error", 2)
3 ) You can change your widget's code string by referencing'self.value'
4 ) Your widget can have a 'prefix' and a 'postfix'
5 ) Each widget has a'self.color'
6 ) Each widget has a precision, which isn't actually working at the moment. But you should be able to modify how many digits are shown in numeric returns.
7 ) Each widget has an 'align' member, which can be changed by using
WidgetText.ALIGN_LEFT, WidgetText.ALIGN_CENTER, WidgetText.ALIGN_RIGHT, WidgetText.ALIGN_MARQUEE, WidgetText.ALIGN_AUTOMATIC, WidgetText.ALIGN_PINGPONG = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 self.align = WidgetText.ALIGN_LEFT
8 ) Each widget has an 'update' member which is used to adjust how fast the widget updates. Note that setting this value to 0 will stop the timer all together.
9 ) Each widget has a'repeating' member. If false then self:Update() will only be called once once self:Start() is called internally.
10 ) Each widget has a'speed' member. This value is used to determine how fast marquee text will scroll. Note that setting this value to 0 will stop the timer all together.
11 ) Each widget has a 'direction' member.
WidgetText.SCROLL_RIGHT, WidgetText.SCROLL_LEFT = 1, 2 self.direction = WidgetText.SCROLL_RIGHT
12 ) Each widget has a 'cols' member, indicating how many character cells wide the marquee text should be.
13 ) Each widget has a 'dontRtrim' member, indicating whether to trim whitespace to the right of the resulting text or not.
Lastly you can feed self:Init(config) with all new parameters. I don't see this being very useful though. You would have to provide all fields at once.
- Date created
- Mar 15, 2011
- Last updated
- Mar 17, 2011


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Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus
January 2011, Wiley-Blackwell
This price is valid for United States. Change location to view local pricing and availability.
Other Available Formats: E-book
This unique contribution to the ongoing discussion of language acquisition considers the Argument from the Poverty of the Stimulus in language learning in the context of the wider debate over cognitive, computational, and linguistic issues.
- Critically examines the Argument from the Poverty of the Stimulus - the theory that the linguistic input which children receive is insufficient to explain the rich and rapid development of their knowledge of their first language(s) through general learning mechanisms
- Focuses on formal learnability properties of the class of natural languages, considered from the perspective of several learning theoretic models
- The only current book length study of arguments for the poverty of the stimulus which focuses on the computational learning theoretic aspects of the problem


text:
New discoveries celebrated at special research events
2011 psychology graduate Anna Reichard is heading to Australia for a year-long internship at an anxiety clinic at Macquarie University and then plans to apply for a Ph.D. program in clinical psychology. She attributes these opportunities for success to the undergraduate research she participated in at Appalachian State University.
"I have gained an immense amount of knowledge from the research I have conducted as an undergraduate. I have been involved in a variety of projects that have taught me a great deal about ethics, data collection, statistics, literature reviews and critical thinking. I am a better student because of the opportunities I have had to complete research. The faculty members I have had the opportunity to work with have been an incredible resource for me, both academically and personally," said Reichard. Her research focused on the development of social competence in preschoolers.
She's not alone in believing undergraduate research positively shapes students' education.
"I've learned some very important research steps, such as how to prepare samples, keep the lab aseptic and keep a control," said Daniel Townsend, a junior biology/pre-professional major. "It's been nice to have a professor who is so knowledgeable and so willing to take time to make sure I understand how research is done."
Townsend has been studying lateral root development in ferns and flowering plants under the mentoring of Dr. Guichuan Hou in the Department of Biology. His next research step is to further examine specimens using Appalachian's state-of-the-art transmission electron microscope. "Having that piece of equipment in our microscopy lab is phenomenal," he said.
Freshman Jenna Calamai wants to be a science teacher. Her scholarly work with a NASA-funded after-school program called CAN-DOO (Climate Action Network through Direct Observations and Outreach) is helping prepare her for that. "I loved going to the schools. The children were excited, and it was empowering to share the knowledge with them through hands-on experiments that they typically don't get in science class," the chemistry major said.
Why does Appalachian value student research?
Appalachian encourages undergraduates to make new discoveries because it expands instruction and gives valuable experience for jobs and for graduate school. Throughout the academic year, students in most disciplines pursue some type of research or creative endeavor alongside a faculty mentor. Students frequently present their findings at local, regional and national professional meetings, as well as at special events.
"Research is the most intense form of learning, and for the faculty member it is the most intense form of teaching. There is nothing like it," says Dr. Edelma Huntley, dean of research and graduate studies at Appalachian.
As far as having "transforming experiences" while in college, "there's nothing better than an awesome faculty member and a student who is eager to learn and intellectually engaged," says Cindy Wallace, vice chancellor for student development. "It's the best that we are at Appalachian."
Opportunities at local and national level
This April, four major events highlighted the quality and quantity of research performed by both graduate and undergraduate students at Appalachian:
- Two research teams presented at the 7th Annual National Sustainable Design Expo on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., April 15-17, 2011, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. They also competed in the EPA's P3: People, Prosperity and the Planet student design competition for sustainability.
- 20 Appalachian students were selected to present their work at the 2011 National Conference for Undergraduate Research (NCUR), held at Ithaca College in Ithaca, N.Y., March 31 - April 2, 2011. The event featured 2,000 participants.
- Five students were among 60 UNC system students who presented their research projects April 13 at the Research in the Capital in Raleigh. This biennial event at the N.C. General Assembly provides state legislators the opportunity to meet undergraduate researchers and to learn about their efforts to address social, economic and cultural issues impacting the state.
- 140 student presentations that represented 85 faculty mentors and 20 academic departments were showcased at the 14th Annual Celebration of Research and Creative Endeavors on the Appalachian campus.
The students' research projects contribute to the knowledge regarding topics such as: the health benefits of exercise; the effect of drought on certain types of plants; the role of natural killer cells in fighting tumor cells; energy-use reduction; the impact of oil production on indigenous peoples in the Amazon; pollutants found in the air in the Southeast; flood plain mapping; bee colony tracking techniques; and more.
- Students develop mobile application for beekeepers
- Student team to represent Appalachian at the 2011 Solar Decathlon
- Appalachian receives grant for summer undergraduate research
- Students work to solve some of today's pressing issues
- Graduate students gain research experience
- Space Grant funds student research
- Office of Student Research


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SOAP Parameter DOS
Usually each SOAP request contains some sort of parameter that is passed to the application logic. If the application logic doesn't check what type of parameters are passed a classical buffer overflow within the application logic can easily occur if the parameters are out of bound. A simple example is a string value whose range of values is exceeded.
NOTE: This attack is not web application specific. All applications processing user input might be vulnerable to this attack. However it was added to show how to perform input validation for web service applications as described in "Attack mitigation / countermeasures".
This attack is also known as Parameter Tampering attack.
There are no attack subtypes for this attack.
Prerequisites for attack
In order for this attack to work the attack has to have knowledge about the following things:
- Attacker knows endpoint of web service. otherwise he is not able to reach the web service.
- Attacker knows what parameters are expected by the application logic.
- Attacker can reach endpoint from its location. Access to the attacked web service is required. If the web service is only available to users within a certain network of a company the attack is limited.
Graphic representation of attack
- Red = attacked web service component
- Black = location of attacker
- Blue = web service component not directly involved in attack.
Let us assume that the attacked web service expects an integer value between 0 to 15. Which equals a variable size of 4 bits. If an attacker passes an integer smaller than 0 or greater than 15 a buffer overflow will occur if the application logic does not handle this exception. In Listing 1, the passed value is 20.
 20
Listing 2: Attack example "XML Namespace Prefix Attack"
Attack mitigation / countermeasures
Every application - no matter from what source the data is coming - has to perform strict input validation. Web service applications are no different. However since web service requests are processed in stages the attack can be detected very early during strict schema validation. Using strict schema validation for input validation has the advantage that - if an attack was detected - other stages such as signature verification or decryption do not get processed; saving system resources by avoiding unnecessary resource intensive public key operations.
NOTE: Just because user input passed schema validation doesn't mean that the data is 100% save. An attacker might have found other techniques such as Attack Obfuscation to hide the attack from schema validation. To be on the save side. Both schema validation and the application logic should validate the user input!
Listing 2 shows an excerpt of an XML Schema matching Listing 1. The type is restricted to "integer" and the value is limited to the domain 0 to 15.
.. ..
Listing 2: Excerpt of a XML Schema limiting the number of occurrences of the element and the string length of the value within the element tags.
Categorisation by violated security objective
The attack aims at exhausting the system resources, therefore it violates the security objective Availability.
Categorisation by number of involved parties
Categorisation by attacked component in web service architecture
Categorisation by attack spreading
- Leroy Metin Yaylacioglu. Business value einer web service firewall. Master's thesis,Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, 2008.


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Members visit free all year! Purchase and visit today.
Avoid the line! Print your tickets at home.
Bob: Male, born June 14, 2002 at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Arrived at the Zoo on April 17, 2003. Identifiable by a bright white mask.
Goldie: Female, born June 14, 2002 at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Arrived at the Zoo on April 17, 2003. Identifiable by a golden crest.
Spiderman: Male, born June 14, 2002 at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Arrived at the Zoo on April 17, 2003. Identifiable by a dark mask.
These three coatis are siblings from the same litter.
Look below the rocky outcroppings or up high on the branches.
The white-nosed coati is also referred to as coati mundi. In Belize they have a local name "Quash".
White-nosed coati typically live into their teens in zoological settings. In the wild they may live between 5-10 years.
Coatis are considered non-seasonal breeders, however many accounts have them breeding between April and June. Gestation is typically 10-11 weeks. A female may emerge from the nest with her young within 5 weeks after birth. The coati may produce a litter of 2-7 offspring. The young weigh only 3.5 to 6.3 ounces (100-180 g) at birth.
A typical day would find a coati foraging and walking up to 1.5 miles (2000 meters) a day in search of food. Coatis will climb trees however they spend much of their time on the ground. When startled the coati will climb to the tree tops for safety. They have been observed climbing as high as 98 feet (30 meters). They are a diurnal species, which means they are active during the day.
Their head and body measure 1.3-2.3ft (400-700mm) and their shoulder height is measured at about 1 ft (300mm). The tail alone can measure 1-2.3ft (300-700mm). They are similar in size to a raccoon.
9-13 pounds (4-6 kg).
The coati is an omnivore consuming mainly fruits and insects in the wild, but they also enjoy a variety of small vertebrates and eggs. At the Zoo the coati receive a base diet of a commercial raw meat mix. The meat mix provides the majority of the nutrients the animals require. The enrichment portion of the diet includes a variety of insects, fruit, eggs and rodents offered on a rotation through the week. The enrichment portion of the diet promotes normal feeding and foraging behaviors and contributes to the overall nutrient intake of the animal.
The coati can be found inhabiting tropical rainforests and dry scrub. They range from Arizona through Mexico and Central America to Panama and can be found in some areas of South America.
3400 W GIRARD AVEPHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
COPYRIGHT ©2013PHILADELPHIA ZOOALL RIGHTS RESERVED


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MAKING QUILT LABELS
- Always identify your quilts. Attach a label that tells who, when, where, and any other pertinent information you may want to add.
- Reduce or enlarge the design, using a copy machine, to make any size label.
- Trace motif onto fabric of your choice using a permanent, waterproof pen. Trace outside line using a washable marking pencil of your choice. (Appliqué guideline)
- Cut fabric 1/4" away from traced line for seam allowance.
Tip: Cut a piece of freezer paper larger than the label. Press paper, using a dry iron, to the wrong side of the fabric, shiny side against fabric. Trace the design. The paper will help to make the process of tracing the lines easier. After design has been traced, remove the paper.


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Optimize your LiDAR mission parameters before you fly.
Calculate your flight plan, review estimated LiDAR data quality, and upload a terrain-following KMZ directly to your UAV!
Explore the effects that different parameters have on your data before you fly. Estimate your data quality and reduce costs by experimenting with various flight paths, altitudes, and other variables using the Phoenix Flight Planner.
How does Phoenix Flight Planner Help Me?
LiDAR data is heavily affected by sensor, altitude, terrain, and more. Using the Flight Planner tool, Phoenix customers can save time and money by planning missions before going into the field.
- Calculate your flight plan based on your area of interest (AOI).
- Estimate your LiDAR swath and point density based on terrain, speed, and more.
- Anticipate MTA zones that may affect data quality, especially in uneven terrain.
- Upload a terrain-following KMZ directly to your UAV.


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Automated dock loading and unloading systems are materials handling solutions that load or unload trucks and trailers automatically by using different kinds of conveyors, rollers, skates, docks and drives. Automated dock loading and unloading usually requires two systems: a system in the trailer and a system inside the dock. When the trailer is positioned at the dock, the entire load is loaded or unloaded automatically.
These systems are an essential component of a smooth and profitable logistics system and can be integrated into warehouse management systems, automated guided vehicles and production lines.
1. Eliminates the expense of running a forklift fleet
Forklift fleets are expensive to purchase and the ongoing maintenance and operation costs are significant. The fleet depreciates in value and ultimately has to be replaced with very little resale value. As an alternative, investment in capital infrastructure that replaces the need for a fleet of forklifts requires less maintenance and costs significantly less to operate. It also has a considerably longer lifespan than a forklift fleet and return on investment will be greater.
2. Optimises human resources and reduces labour costs
Automated dock loading and unloading systems eliminate double handling of materials and therefore require less human intervention to run. This enables human resources to be redeployed into higher value work. Furthermore, by eliminating the need for a forklift fleet this eradicates the expense of forklift operators.
3. The number of trucks required in the vehicle fleet is reduced
The speed of dock loading and unloading systems (3 minutes as opposed to 40 minutes) means that trucks are not idling for up to 40 minutes at each end. This ensures trucks are back on the road in a timely fashion, reducing the total number required in the fleet and aiding operational efficiency.
4. No demurrage charges
Demurrage charges are incurred when warehouse operators overstay the length of time allocated by a supplier to unload a container delivery. The high frequency of warehouse deliveries in today's fast paced global economy mean that ongoing demurrage charges are significant.
5. Improves workplace safety
Forklifts are dangerous. By eliminating the need for a fleet of forklifts this increases workplace safety exponentially.
No forklifts = no accidents.
Download the factsheet below


text: The Human Rights Archive recently acquired the papers of journalist and human rights activist Robert J. Cox. Born in England, Cox arrived in Argentina in 1959 to begin work at the English language Buenos Aires Herald where he would eventually rise to the position of Publisher and where he would remain until his exile in 1979. During his tenure at the Herald, Cox witnessed and reported on the turbulent events of Argentina's modern history including the growth of left wing guerrilla groups such as the Montaneros and right wing paramilitary groups such as the AAA, the short-lived but tumultuous presidency of Isabella Peron, and the massive human rights abuses of the military dictatorship which ruled the nation from 1976 to 1983. During the dictatorship Cox worked closely with human rights groups and activists including Marshall Meyer and Patt Derian whose papers are also part of the Human Rights Archive collections, to expose the crimes of the dictatorship and to help the abducted and disappeared as well as their families. Detained, jailed, and threatened, Cox and his family went into exile in 1979, but he continued to work on human rights issues in Argentina as well El Salvador and Nicaragua.


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eupedia.com/forum/showthread.php?t=25506 Maciamo: I2a appeared in southern Europe during the Ice Age. It is associated with native Europeans before the spread of agriculture. Because it is very widespread, in ancient times it could be Greek, Dalmatian, Dacian, Illyrian, Roman or even Celtic. I2a1 is the Western version (Italy, France, Iberia), while I2a2 is Eastern (Balkans, Greece, Poland, Russia). But many people are just I2a. I2a2 = Dinaric, ex-Yugoslavia, or what was called Illyria in Greco-Roman times. The highest percentage of I2a (probably I2a2) is found in Dalmatia and Herzegovina. Dalmatia is part of Croatia, and Herzegovina is part of Bosnia (actually, the name of country is Bosnia and Herzegovina). Both regions are mostly populated by the same ethnic group – Croats. The border between Dalmatia and Herzegovina is just a political one, there is no natural border and you'll find the same people at both sides.
The migration routes of the ancestors of European men from Africa to Europe. Grey routes show the genetic developments (by mutations) of European Haplogroups E3b, F, G, I, j, N, and R1. Coloured circles = the approximate geographic locations of the main four male populations during the last glacial maximum (LGM) about 20 kya. Red, blue, brown, and yellow arrows show essential population movements during the recolonization of northern europe during the late glacial period (about 16-10 kya). Green arrows indicate arrival of Early Farmers in the Balkans and Mediterranean coast about 10 kya.
About 10 kya the farmers of the Middle East, representing African Clan E (its sub-clan E3b) and two sub-clans of F (the "Caucasian" Clan G and the "Near Eastern" Clan J), spread to Anatolia and further to Greece and the Mediterranean coast. Clans I, E3b, J, and G all originate from the Middle East, but only E3b, J, and G (not I) belong to the group of "Early Farmers." Clan I had spread into Europe before the emergence of effective domestication of wild plants and animals (i.e. the beginning of agriculture and cattle raising) in the Middle East. Because of their early departure, they were still hunter-gatherers at the time of the arrival of the Early Farmers in the Balkans, and they were taught to cultivate land and raise cattle by their "Middle East brothers" after the "reunion of the family" in the Balkans. Accordingly, Clan I represents the "Old Europeans," rather the Early Farmers.
European men (more precisely, their Y chromosomes) can be classified into two categories:
(a) Those who are Old Europeans in the sense that, at the start of the LGM, their paternal lineages already were in Europe and they came to the four refuges when they were forced out of northern Europe. They were first to repopulate Europe after the LGM and they formed the bulk of the present European male population.
(b) Those who during the Ice Age still were in the warm regions of Asia and Africa. These latter populations came to Europe during the Neolithization of Europe (the arrival of farming) that started about 10 kya. The frequencies of the two groups of men are shown in the tables in columns OE (Old Europeans) and EF (Early Farmers). The frequency of the Old Europeans will be considered here as the sum of R1b + R1a + I + N and that of the Early Farmers is the sum of E3b + J2 + G.
Four refuges and their typical Y-chromosome haplogroups. From west to east they are the
Iberian, Balkan, Ukrainian, and Siberian refuges. The bigger circles represent the four refuges, and
the smaller ones the peak areas of the corresponding populations today.
I call the two groups of haplogroups and clans "Early Farmers" and "Old Europeans."
In the Middle East and Anatolia, the Early Farmers represent the majority (about 55-64%), while in Europe the frequency declines sharply in a clinal gradient from about 35-57% of the male populations in the southern Balkans and southern Italy, to a frequency near zero in far northwest Europe.
The white section of each circle belongs mainly to the Old European populations R1b, I, R1a,
and N3, while the sum of the coloured sections show the approximate share of the Early Farmers. The map is based on King and Underhill (2002).
The coloured slices of the easternmost three circles in show that the Caucasus was a major source area for G2, Lebanon and Syria were important sources for Clans E3b, J2 came in about equal portions from the Caucasus and Lebanon, with slightly less from Syria. Bellow J2a distr. from _URL_
Haplogroup E3b is a branch of the "African" Haplogroup E. Haplogroup E originated in Africa. This is true also of its European subhaplogroup E3b. In Africa, this subgroup has four separate peak areas; these are in Southern Africa, Morocco, Northern Libya, and the Horn of Africa. The last two bear witness to the route from northwest Africa through Anatolia to Europe. (The frequencies are relatively high also in Anatolia.) Left map – the geographical distribution of Haplogroup E (including all of its subhaplogroups). In Europe, Haplogroup E3b has peak values (about 25%) in Albania; about equally high frequencies are also typical of some other parts of the Balkans and southern Italy. Many of the newcomers representing subclan E3b learnt agriculture on their way through the southwestern part of the Middle East. They represent one group of the typical Early Farmers of Europe.
Haplogroup R1b has its peak values in West Europe and its total area extends far beyond the eastern border of Europe. The fact that this haplogroup has two secondary peaks outside Europe (one in Georgia and the other in Uiguria) tends to indicate that the R1b men may have arrived in Europe from the Caucasus or Central Asia.
Kivisild 2005 – R1b: The East-European subgroup stayed in the Ukrainian refuge during the cold periods of the Ice Age. The haplogroup has four peak areas: one in northern India, another in Altai, a third one in the Mari area (Central Volga region), and a fourth one in the Polish-Russian region.
The high frequencies of Haplogroup N in northeastern Europe and practically all Siberia show that the men of this clan came to Europe from the Siberian refuge. This group can also be called "Uralic-Altaic" as many of its present-day representatives speak Uralic (Finno-Ugric) or Altaic languages. Clan N3 extended to the west and east; today, Clan N2 speaks Samoyedic languages, while the western clans of N3 speak Finno-Ugric languages and eastern clans Altaic and Paleo-Siberian languages.
Four language phyla in Europe. Blue = Indo-European, yellow = Finno-Ugrian (Uralic), grey = Turkic (Altaic), and red = Basque. The question of which language a population speaks today may be more dependent on the languages spoken in the past by ancient men than by those spoken by ancient women. This statement is supported by the idea that women were more mobile than men—the men have supposedly more often stayed in their original living areas, while women have often moved to the homes of their mates. Accordingly, the languages of men have usually remained unchanged while women have sometimes accepted a new language in their new living area. If this is true, Y-chromosome data being reviewed here may provide more information about the spread of ancient languages than mitochondrial DNA.
The approximate areas of European language groups: (1) The Indo-European languages: Blue = Germanic (CG = Continental Geramnic, BG = Britain Germanic, and NG = North Germanic), B = Baltic, dark green = Slavic (WS = West Slavic, ES = East Slavic, and SS = South Slavic), C = Celtic, R = Romance, A = Albanian, G = Greek, O = Ossetian.
(2) The Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages: F = Finnic, Sa = Saami, V = Volgaic, P = Permic, H = Hungarian (a Ugric language), N = Nenets
(3) The Turkic languages: Ta = Tatar, Ch = Chuvash, Bsh = Bashkirian, Tu = Turkish. (4) The Basque language: Bs
Language Shifts: Contrary to the general way of thinking among traditional linguists, it is apparent that language shifts have been common during the time of modern man in Europe, and by comparing the genome and languages one can make detailed assumptions about the language shifts having taken place in Europe. At least the following eleven major language shifts seem to have occurred in Europe:
The men of the South-Slavic populations of the Balkans are genetically from the Balkan refuge with high frequencies of Haplogroup I1b1-P37, but linguistically they are from the Slavic group. In this case,


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Neural networks applied to ultrasonic tomographic image reconstruction
UNSPECIFIED (1997) Neural networks applied to ultrasonic tomographic image reconstruction. NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS, 5 (2). pp. 106-123. ISSN 0941-0643Full text not available from this repository.
A neural network system has been developed which can reconstruct images of defects within fibre reinforced polymer composite samples. This paper discusses the problems associated with the image reconstruction of the ultrasonic data using neural networks, together with various methods adopted to improve the performance of the neural network system, including a modification to the error backpropagation algorithm.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA76 Electronic computers. Computer science. Computer software|
|Journal or Publication Title:||NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS|
|Number of Pages:||18|
|Page Range:||pp. 106-123|
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Innovations for a climate-friendly chemical production
Because energy is needed to perform chemical reactions, fossil fuels are the largest source of CO2 in the chemical industry. BASF's steam crackers, for example, must reach a temperature of 850°C in order to break down naphtha into olefins and aromatics for further processing. If this energy could come from renewable electricity instead of the natural gas typically used now,
CO2 emissions could be dramatically reduced by as much as 90%.


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Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History
The Weather History for January 18th
- Extreme cold weather prevails across the eastern United States. In Lower Michigan, a temperature of 28 degrees below zero was reported in Grand Rapids.
- Arctic air and deep snow results in record cold across interior Lower Michigan. The temperature plunges to 25 below zero at Lansing and 20 below at Jackson. Along Lake Michigan, clouds and an onshore flow keep lows from falling below zero. The low of 10 above at Muskegon is 35 degrees warmer than the low at Lansing.
- A blizzard moving through the Dakotas pulls warm air up over Michigan. Record highs in the upper 50s and lower 60s are followed by a line of heavy rain and severe thunderstorms. At least one weak tornado is spawned by the squall line, which is quickly followed by a blast of arctic air and rain changing to snow. Rapids snowmelt and heavy rains, followed by a quick freeze, leads to many areas of ice jam flooding.
Select Other Dates in Southwest Lower Michigan Weather History


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Fraction of pore volume occupied by oil at the end of oil displacement that used a specific fluid. This reservoir engineering quantity signifies the ultimate recovery under a given displacement process and represents the endpoint of the relative permeability curves in reservoir simulation. The residual oil saturation quantity is.
It is defined as the remaining hydrocarbon after the reservoir has been fully flooded. An Sor study has been performed in one of the major carbonate fields onshore Abu Dhabi UAE.
The hydrocarbon is oil and. The oil that remains in the porous media after waterflooding is called remaining oil saturation (ROS) which is larger than the relative permeability residual oil saturation (Sorw or simply Sor). This residual oil saturation varies depending on lithology, pore size distribution, permeability, wettability, fluid characteristics, recovery. Nomenclature What is the residual oil saturation for water flooding vs immiscible gas. Residual oil relationships.
Ask PERM (QA) Bufret Lignende Oversett denne siden 26. Amir Asks PERHi there,.
Field scale definitions define residual NAPL saturation in terms of NAPL mobility relative to the scale of the problem (e.g. oil reservoir production, NAPL plume recovery). One definition for residual oil saturation is focused on liquid saturated conditions in the reservoir or aquifer when oil (or LNAPL) ceases to be recovered. During recovery and transport of the core, the majority of the water will drain out, leaving residual oil and irreducible water.
The sum of residual oil saturation plus irreducible water saturation is usually less than 1. In older reservoirs with many years of production, there may. It is the reduction of oil saturation which mainly occurs in reservoirs which are being depleted in secondary and primary programs. It is an important measure used to decide whether EOR are suitable for exploitation. Abstract New techniques of determining residual oil saturation from logs are proposed. The inherent technical constraints, such as stripping, are discusssed. A reduction in oil saturation occurs as reservoirs are depleted during primary and secondary recovery programs.
However even the most effective secondary recovery programs still may not reduce oil saturation to the unrecoverable oil saturation point of the reservoir. In order to continue to reduce. This necessitates the estimation of movable oil saturation, which represents the maximum volume of oil that can be moved or produced ultimately from a reservoir. Laboratory tests and field applications show that low-salinity water flooding could lead to significant reduction of residual oil saturation.
There has been a growing interest with an increasing number of low-salinity water flooding studies. However, there are few quantitative studies on flow and transport behavior of low -salinity.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of surfactant concentration, surfactant adsorption and interfacial tension between oil and aqueous phase on the Amott wettability index and the residual oil saturation during waterflooding. The flooding experiment and Amott wettability tests were performed on core. DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL OIL SATURATION Reliable evaluation and knowledge of residual oil saturation is a key factor in the selection and proper planning of tertiary recovery methods. Looking for abbreviations of SOR? Displacement efficiency can approach 1 if residual oil saturation can be driven to zero.
Conventional miscibleor near-miscible-gasflood simulation often overestimates oil recovery, mostly because it does not capture a series of physical effects tending to limit interphase compositional exchanges. The authors present a new engineering solution to this problem in the near-miscible case. Whether thermal or non-thermal methods are employe the objective of EOR is to reduce residual oil saturation and improve sweep efficiency, while maximizing rate of return on capital and reducing operating cost.
Non-thermal methods include chemical, microbial, and COflooding. But heat–primarily steamflooding –is. In general, cores obtained with the pressure core barrel under conditions of minimal flushing are needed in order to obtain residual saturations that can be treated with reasonable confidence.


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Podcasts & RSS Feeds
Most Active Stories
That's What They Say
Sun June 24, 2012
Ever wonder what LOL means?
Laugh out loud, or lots of love?
LOL might not actually mean what you think it does. Anne Curzan is a professor of English at the University of Michigan. She told Michigan Radio's Rina Miller that students tell her they use LOL as a listening noise.
"A listening noise is what we do in face to face conversation when we show people we're paying attention, and we make little noises like, 'uh huh, uh huh, yeah,'" Curzan said.
"And what's happening when speakers are now texting or doing online chatting, they need to show people that they're there, and LOL has become an online listening noise or a back channel...the other thing it can do is show that you're kidding. So if you send a message, and you want to make sure that you're showing that you are being sarcastic or ironic or just kidding you can put LOL at the end," said Curzan.
Miller said, "Some of us might think that our language is on the skids, and it's all children's fault (LOL)."
Curzan disagrees. "I think what we see happening is that speakers are taking the English language and adapting it to the new needs that they have. And online, the communication is so fast that we need the written language now to do things that the spoken language can do for us, so we're using LOL as a listening noise, or we're doing things like using those winky faces to say, 'I'm kidding,' or 'I'm smiling right now' to help the people who are reading our messages understand."